1962–63 Toronto Maple Leafs season

The 1962–63 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the team finish first in the National Hockey League (NHL) with a record of 35 wins, 23 losses, and 12 ties for 82 points. It was the first time they had finished first overall in the league since 1948. In the playoffs, they defeated their arch-rivals, the Montreal Canadiens, four games to one, in the Semi-finals. They then defeated the Detroit Red Wings in five games to win their second straight Stanley Cup.

Offseason

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Schedule and results

All times EASTERN

Player statistics

Forwards

Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes

Defencemen

Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes

Goaltending
Note: GP= Games played; W= Wins; L= Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against

Playoffs

Stanley Cup Finals
Johnny Bower limited the Wings to 10 goals in the five games, and five different Leafs had multiple-goal games: Duff, Nevin, Stewart, Kelly and Keon.

All times EASTERN

1963 Toronto Maple Leafs Stanley Cup Champions

Johnny Bower, Don Simmons, Carl Brewer, Tim Horton, Bob Baun, Allan Stanley, Kent Douglas, Larry Hillman, Red Kelly, Dick Duff, George Armstrong (captain), Frank Mahovlich, Bob Nevin, Ron Stewart, Billy Harris, Bob Pulford, Eddie Shack, Dave Keon, Ed Litzenberger, John MacMillan, Punch Imlach (manager-coach), Bob Haggert (trainer)

Awards and records
Carl Brewer, Runner-Up, Norris Trophy
Kent Douglas, Calder Memorial Trophy
Dave Keon, Lady Byng Trophy

Roster

References
Maple Leafs on Hockey Database
Maple Leafs on Database Hockey

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Category:Stanley Cup championship seasons
Category:Toronto Maple Leafs seasons
Toronto Maple Leafs season, 1962-63
Tor


BMW Asian Open

The BMW Asian Open was a men's professional golf tournament that was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the European Tour. The event was founded in 2001, as part of the European Tour's drive to expand into Asia, and China in particular.

The first two editions were held at Ta Shee Golf and Country Club in Taiwan, before the tournament was moved to the People's Republic of China in 2004, since when it was played at the Tomson Shanghai Pudong Golf Club in Pudong, Shanghai.

In 2005 Ernie Els set a new Asian Tour record for the biggest margin of victory when he triumphed by 13 strokes. In 2008 the prize fund was $2.3 million, an increase of more than fifty percent from the 2006 fund of $1.5 million.

Winners

Numbers in parentheses indicate the European Tour season the event fell into.

References

External links
Coverage on the Asian Tour's official site
Coverage on the European Tour's official site

Category:Former Asian Tour events
Category:Former European Tour events
Category:Golf tournaments in China
Category:Golf tournaments in Taiwan
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2001
Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2008
Category:2001 establishments in Taiwan
Category:2008 disestablishments in China


Monestier, Dordogne

Monestier is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Dordogne


Man with Gun Kills Three!

Man With Gun Kills Three! is Loudermilk's first independent release. There were only 1,000 copies pressed.

Track listing

 "Tooth for a Tooth" - 5:10
 "Alpha + Omega" - 6:02
 "Calcium" - 3:57
 "Blue Lucky Lucy" - 4:50
 "Calamity" - 3:53
 "Puck and Caribbean Splash" - 5:55
 "Thief Liar Crutch" - 3:59
 "A Glamorous Decision" - 4:13
 "-7-1-9-4-" - 5:21
 "My Precious Girl and Sour Apple" - 7:10
 "Secret Track" - 23:20

Category:Gosling (band) albums
Category:1998 albums


KRVN (AM)

KRVN 880 is an AM radio station in Lexington, Nebraska and serving most of the rural central and western part of the state.

The station features agricultural news programming during the day and classic country at night.

KRVN is one of two 50,000-watt stations in Nebraska, the other being KFAB in Omaha.  It is the second-most powerful station in the state; unlike KFAB, it is not a clear-channel, Class A station, but it does operate on a clear-channel frequency, on which WCBS in New York City is the dominant station.  KRVN broadcasts from a four-tower antenna array located in the middle of cornfields near Holdrege, Nebraska.  KRVN is Nebraska's primary entry point station for the Emergency Alert System.

Due to its transmitter power and central Nebraska's flat land (with near-perfect ground conductivity), KRVN boasts one of the largest coverage areas in the Western United States. During the day, tower #3 radiates the transmitter's full power to almost all of Nebraska's densely populated area, as well as more than half of Kansas and northeastern Colorado.  At night, power is fed to all four towers to provide a directional signal aimed to the west to protect WCBS. This results in the second-largest city within its coverage area, Kearney, only getting a grade B signal; a translator at 106.9 FM is used to make up for this shortfall. Even with this arrangement, it is able to cover western Nebraska, northwestern Kansas, northeastern Colorado, and most of the Dakotas.

KRVN is a member of the Nebraska Cornhuskers radio network.

The KRVN network is unique in that it is owned and operated by a cooperative of farmers and ranchers, the Nebraska Rural Radio Association. It was founded in 1948, opening its first station, KRVN, in 1951. It was originally located at 1010 AM, broadcasting with 10,000 watts.  In 1972, it moved to its current frequency and boosted its transmitting power to 50,000 watts; the lower dial position and stronger transmitter enabled it to serve more of central Nebraska's farmers.

The NRRA launched a sister music station with a similar callsign, KRVN-FM (River 93.1), in 1962.

References

External links

About KRVN – Includes a timeline of developments of the Nebraska Rural Radio Association's network

RVN (AM)
Category:News and talk radio stations in the United States


Kohls Ranch, Arizona

Kohls Ranch is a census-designated place (CDP) in Gila County, Arizona, United States. The population was 46 at the 2010 census.

Geography
The CDP is located in northern Gila County at the southern foot of the Mogollon Rim, in the valley of the upper reaches of Tonto Creek. Arizona State Route 260 forms the northern edge of the CDP, running west  to Payson and east  to Show Low. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Kohls Ranch CDP has a total area of , all of it land.

In the eastern part of the CDP is Tonto Creek Camp (formerly Camp Tontozona, the training camp for the Arizona State University football team). There are several cabins and a bar in the vicinity, as well as two Tonto National Forest campgrounds. Kohl's Ranch Lodge is a resort operated by Diamond Resorts.

Demographics

Transportation
Mountain Valley Shuttle stops in Kohl's Ranch on its Phoenix-Show Low route.

References

Category:Census-designated places in Gila County, Arizona
Category:Census-designated places in Arizona
Category:Populated places of the Mogollon Rim


Trams in Trieste

Trieste's urban tramway system was operational from 1876 until 1970.

History

The horse-drawn network
After the creation of the first horse-bus routes in 1860, mostly by the firm "Cimadori", the first horse-drawn tram followed in 1876, organized by “Società Triestina Tranway (STT)”, a Belgian-owned society, also known as “Triester Tramway Gesellschaft” or “Societé de Tramways de Trieste”. The first route, the “via Torrente-corsia Stadion-Boschetto” route, was inaugurated on March 30, 1876. In the later 1800s, the horse-drawn tram network was significantly increased. In 1900, its maximum expansion, the following routes were in service:

 Central RR Station (Südbahnhof)-Boschetto
 Central RR Station (Südbahnhof)-Sant'Andrea
 route to Barcola
 route to Barriera Vecchia
 route to Giuseppina Square
 route to Punto Franco
 route to Bagno Fontana

Electrical operations begin
The STT, in competition with other proposers, won a public tender to realize a network of electric trams in Trieste based on “Sprague system”, collecting electricity from overhead wires. The gauge of the track was of 1445 mm (4 ft, 8 7⁄8 in); the electricity supply was 600 V direct-current.
Consequently, on October 3, 1900, the first route between Barcola (a seaside resort  near the famous Miramar Castle of Maximilian of Austria) and Boschetto (a densely populated district of Trieste) was inaugurated: curiously, almost of the same itinerary of the first horse-drawn tramway.

Fourteen years after, at the onset of the First World War, the STT managed the following routes:

Electric lines:
 Boschetto – Servola
 Via Kandler – Sant'Andrea (K.K.st.B. Station)
 Barcola – Piazza Tommaseo
 Roiano – Via Sette Fontane
 Circle line

Horse-drawn line:
 Stazione Meridionale (Suedbahn Station) – Porto Vecchio

The routes were marked only by colored schedules with name of destination, with no number or letter; different colors identified the different routes. This was done to allow the illiterate to be able to read the map. Every car carried a “train number”, that distinguished any vehicle on the same route (this system – by little dox-matrix indicators – is still valid today, on the buses of “Trieste Trasporti”).

The Municipality enters tramway business

Verify the success obtained by electric trams, the Municipality of Trieste decided to realise and to manage directly further routes, but the licensee STT taken a legal action in order to stand up for oneself. The Supreme Court of Vienna (until 1918, Trieste was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire), however, issued on May 19, 1910 a sentence in favour of Municipality. Therefore, on June 7, 1913 got under way the new route Piazza Goldoni-San Sabba, identified by the number “1” and managed directly by Municipality.:

Finished the World War I as a consequence of Rapallo Treaty (November 1920), Trieste became an Italian town. The new Administration of the Municipality, in order to raise the decent profit resulting from public transportation, decided to take it upon itself the whole net of STT, starting from 1921. Any route was enumerated.

The last route, the "11", opened on December 23, 1928, and ran from the center of the town to “Rion del Re”, a new neighborhood built in the hills in the south-east of Trieste. At the same date, the network reached to the maximum extension, with 124 trams and 86 trailers in service and with 11 routes covered about 45 km (28 miles):

 1 - San Sabba-San Giacomo-Stazione Centrale
 2 - Boschetto-Campo Marzio-Servola
 3 - Boschetto- Stazione Campo Marzio
 4 - Piazza Garibaldi-Campo Marzio-Arsenale
 5 - Piazza Perugino-Roiano
 6 - Piazza Goldoni-Barcola
 7 - Boschetto-Stazione Centrale
 8 - Stazione Centrale-Campo Marzio
 9 -  S.Giovanni-Campi Elisi
 10 - Via Economo-Via Fabio Severo
 11 -  Piazza Verdi-Rion del Re

In 1934 the Municipality decided to unify the public utilities and create the A.C.E.G.A.T., acronym that means “Council Society for Electricity, Gas, Water and Tramway”. At the same time, 48 modern trams (401-448 batches) with high capacity entered in service, in place of the 1900 little trams (101-160 batch) that were retired.

Decline

The decline of the trams quietly began in the 1935, with the conversion  of the route “10” into a bus line, and later into a trolleybus line. Before World War II, the transportation network of A.C.E.G.A.T. consisted of nine tram routes and three trolleybus routes, plus occasional services carried out by buses.

The war, even with its air raids, hardly damaged plants and most of the rolling stock of the A.C.E.G.A.T. remained intact. In June 1945, Trieste was occupied by allied troops that remained there for nine years and created the Free Territory of Trieste. During the refurbishment of the tramway system, many services were conducted by equipped Allied Army lorries (trucks).

The tram, though having reached a good level of quality, was less economic than the trolleybus or motor bus and showed high-grade of performance only on level lines, with flowing itineraries and a high number of passengers; that being so, A.C.E.G.A.T. decided to modified the “mix” between trams and trolleybus, increasing decisively the latter. Around 1952, routes "1", "5", and "11" were converted into trolleybus routes; route "4" was terminated; and routes "6" and "7" were merged. Two night services were created ("31" and "32").

After the “Trolleybus Conversion”, the tram system consisted of the following routes:

 2 – Boschetto-Servola
 3 - San Giovanni-Campo Marzio
 6 - San Giovanni-Barcola
 8 - Roiano-Campo Marzio
 9 - San Giovanni-Campi Elisi
 31 - San Giovanni-Piazza Goldoni-Servola (only overnight service)
 32 - Barcola-Piazza Goldoni-Campo Marzio (only overnight service)

Nearly all of the two-axle trams and countless trailers were scrapped. In the summer time, as Trieste is a seaside resort, the route “6” (piazza Goldoni - Barcola) was created and the routes “3” and “8” took a detour to the beach resorts.

In Italy, in the early 1960s, the economic situation of the public transportation authorities began to fail. Municipalities were coerced to fill the balances of the transportation companies that grew poorer year after year. In order to significantly reduce the costs, it was considered fit to replace the conductors with automatic ticket machines: for many factors, A.C.E.G.A.T. considered these machines unfitting with tram and trolleybus operations. Therefore, the Municipality decided to convert the entire network to bus operations within 1970. In the evening of March 31, 1970, the last urban tram ran in Trieste on route “9”.

The last trolleybus ran in 1975. On July 1, 1977 A.C.E.G.A.T. merged into “Azienda Consorziale Trasporti” and ceased to exist. Today in Trieste, the “Trenovia di Opicina”, a peculiar 1902 extra-urban tram (see map), is the only remaining relic of Trieste's tram network.

Rolling stock

Trailers

Trams

Gallery

Bibliography

 Giorgio Grisilla, Andrea Di Matteo, "Trieste e i suoi tram" article published in "I Treni" n. 222, ETR Editrice, Salò (BS), January 2001, pp. 29–33.
 Guido Botteri (edited by), "I trasporti a Trieste. Dalla Società triestina Tramway all'Azienda Consorziale Trasporti", Nuova Del Bianco, Udine, 1982.
 Roberto Carollo, Leandro Steffè, "Il servizio tranviario nella città di Trieste" chapter in "Il museo ferroviario di Trieste Campo Marzio", Luglio Editore, Trieste, 2007, pp. 106–109, .

See also

Trolleybuses in Trieste
Trieste-Opicina Tramway
List of town tramway systems in Italy

Notes

References

Trieste
Category:History of Trieste
Category:Tram transport in Italy


The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1985 video game)

was released for the Japanese Family Computer console in 1985 by video game company Namco and is based on the popular anime television series of the same name. The game is a side-scrolling shoot 'em up in which the player controls a transformable VF-1 Valkyrie variable fighter in an unending battle against an invading race of giant humanoid aliens known as the Zentradi.

Gameplay

The gameplay is a very basic and fairly standard form of the recognizable style that has become part of the shoot-em-up genre over the years. The player's task is to blast their way through wave after wave of enemy battlepods, power armors and ships until they reach the Zentradi mothership. Inside it, there is only thirty seconds to reach the central reactor, destroy the outer wall and shoot the core. The mission ends and then begins all over again on an infinite loop.

The player's VF-1 Valkyrie can be transformed into three modes: Gerwalk, Battroid and fighter. This adds to the gameplay as the Gerwalk and Battroid modes serve to progressively slow down the horizontal scrolling and make the game less difficult. However they also move slower. The controller's B button fires the Gun Pod while the A button - in conjunction with the movement of the D-pad - engages the transformation mode. A limited number of micro-missiles can be fired by pressing the Select button.

Music
The game's main background music is an 8-bit version of the Lynn Minmay song "Shao Pai Long" ("Little White Dragon"), which was featured in both the original 1982 TV series and its 1984 movie adaptation.

References

External links
Choujikuu Yousai Macross wiki guide at StrategyWiki

Category:1985 video games
Category:Japan-exclusive video games
Famicom
Category:Nintendo Entertainment System games
Category:Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Category:Single-player video games
Category:Video games developed in Japan


Lynn Geesaman

Lynn Geesaman (born 1938) is an American photographer. Her work is included in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Contemporary Photography.

References

Category:1938 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century American photographers
Category:American women photographers


Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings

Sally Hemings has been represented in the media in popular culture due to her association with Thomas Jefferson. She has been portrayed in films and the inspiration for novels, plays and music.

Literature
1853, William Wells Brown, known as the first African-American novelist, published his Clotel; or, The President's Daughter, a novel about a mixed-race daughter and based on the Jefferson-Hemings story.
1974, Fawn McKay Brodie published her psychobiography, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History, which seriously examined the evidence of Jefferson's relationship with Sally Hemings and was a bestseller. Together with articles about the issue and Jefferson-Hemings descendants in American Heritage magazine in 1974 and 1976, popular attention was attracted to the controversy, as her conclusion was vigorously resisted by mainline historians.
1979, Barbara Chase-Riboud's novel Sally Hemings became a bestseller. Hers was the first novel in which an author had portrayed Sally Hemings as a fully realized person. CBS began to adapt the popular novel as a miniseries, but prominent historians Virginius Dabney (a descendant of Jefferson's sister Martha) and Dumas Malone successfully campaigned against it with the network's president William S. Paley, and persuaded him to kill the project.
1993, Steve Erickson's novel Arc d'X features Hemings as one of the main characters.
2016 Sally Hemmings is a main character in the historical novel "America's First Daughter" by Stephanie Dray and Laura Kamoie. The novel draws heavily upon Jefferson's letters and includes his relationship with Hemmings starting in Paris.

In television
1976, the opening episode  of the third season of the TV series, The Jeffersons, was entitled "George and the President," and had a plot linked to the Jefferson–Hemings controversy.
1986, In an episode of Head of the Class, Darlene Merrimen (played by actress Robin Givens) learns that she is a descendant of Sally Hemings.
2000, Sally Hemings: An American Scandal, was a CBS television miniseries (air dates: February 13, 2000 and February 16, 2000; writer: Tina Andrews director: Charles Haid; with Carmen Ejogo as Hemings and Sam Neill as Thomas Jefferson). As PBS noted in a Frontline program, "Though many quarrelled with the portrayal of Hemings as unrealistically modern and heroic, no major historian challenged the series' premise that Hemings and Jefferson had a 38-year relationship that produced children."
2000, PBS Frontline had an extensive documentary program entitled Jefferson's Blood, about the issues of DNA, historical evidence related to Jefferson's likely paternity of Hemings's children, and the significance of the controversy and its issues in American history. Documentary material is on the website for this program.
 2002,  Saturday Night Live parodied the relationship of Hemings and Jefferson titled Thomas Jefferson Meets Sally Hemings in Season 28, Episode 8. Hemings was portrayed by comedian Maya Rudolph, while Jefferson was portrayed by actor Robert De Niro.
 2008, HBO's miniseries John Adams briefly shows Sally Hemings in its final episode, "Peacefield (1803 A.D. – 1826 A.D.)". Hemings, played by actress Lizan Mitchell, is shown comforting Jefferson, played by Stephen Dillane, as he dies at Monticello; and crying openly once he has died.
2013, Sleepy Hollow, a television series on Fox, the episode "Midnight Ride" references an affair between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, citing DNA evidence as proof to the lead character, Ichabod Crane, who knew Jefferson.

In film
1995, Jefferson in Paris, a film, portrayed the early relationship between Sally Hemings (played by Thandie Newton) and Jefferson (Nick Nolte).

In opera
2012, Tom and Sally in Paris is a two-act opera with libretto and music by William Lavonis; he explores Jefferson and Hemings' relationship during the French Revolution.

2016, Monticello Wakes is an opera with libretto by Tim Appelo and music by Garrett Fisher; it focuses on Sally Hemings, her lookalike sister Martha Jefferson, and Thomas Jefferson, and was produced at Loyola Marymount University Los Angeles and accompanied by Tori Ellison's bronze public sculpture installed at City Hall, commissioned by the Mayor of Inglewood, California, who proclaimed the world's first Sally Hemings Day. The sculpture is near Frederick M. Roberts Park, named after Sally Hemings' descendant, who signed legislation to create UCLA, as Thomas Jefferson had created the University of Virginia. In the audience at the premiere was LMU professor Rosalynde Loo, a descendant of Sally's sister Mary.

In theater
2015, In the musical Hamilton, Sally Hemings briefly appears and has a dance solo in "What'd I Miss", the opening to Act II.
2017, Thomas & Sally by Thomas Bradshaw depicted the relationship between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings. This depiction was met with controversy over the question of consent.

In music
2001: From the Diary of Sally Hemings, with a text by author and professor Sandra Seaton, is a song cycle by the American composer William Bolcom; it was premiered at the Library of Congress. The Jefferson-Hemings descendants attended the premiere.
2015: On the Hamilton cast album, Sally Hemings is mentioned very briefly on the track "What'd I Miss?".
2016: On The Hamilton Mixtape album, Sally Hemings is mentioned as a sly reference in the track "Cabinet Battle 3 (demo)."

In art

 American artist Martin Puryear included a piece titled A Column for Sally Hemings in the 2019 Venice Bienniale.

References

Category:Cultural depictions of American women
Category:Cultural depictions of slaves
Category:Cultural depictions of activists

Category:Black people in art


Jus Lyke Compton

"Jus Lyke Compton" is the second single released off DJ Quik's second studio album, Way 2 Fonky. The song is produced by DJ Quik and Rob "Fonksta" Bacon.

Background and release
DJ Quik speaks about how so many cities seemed to be heavily influenced by the urban culture of Los Angeles. Some of the cities included Oakland, San Antonio, St. Louis, and Denver. However, the narrative of Denver is filled with contempt as Quik describes an incident that went down during a visit to the town.

Track listings

Vinyl, 12", Promo, 33 ⅓ RPM
"Jus Lyke Compton" – 4:10
"Jus Lyke Compton (Radio Version)" – 4:10
"Jus Lyke Compton (Acapella)" – 1:11
"Niggaz Still Trippin'" (featuring AMG & Hi-C) – 4:12
"Jus Lyke Compton (Instrumental)" – 4:10

CD single
"Jus Lyke Compton (Radio Version)" – 4:10

Vinyl, 7", 45 RPM
"Jus Lyke Compton" – 4:10
"Tonite" – 5:23

Chart performance

References

Category:1992 singles
Category:DJ Quik songs
Category:Song recordings produced by DJ Quik
Category:Gangsta rap songs
Category:Songs written by DJ Quik
Category:1992 songs


Coleg Gwent

Coleg Gwent () is Wales' largest further education college at various locations in the former county of Gwent, South Wales.

It has 24,000 students ranging from secondary school leavers to mature students. A wide range of part-time and full-time academic and vocational courses are on offer at the college.

Campuses

The college operates from five campuses – City of Newport, Crosskeys, Pontypool, Usk and Blaenau Gwent. The college's administrative headquarters are located at the Usk campus.

There are also two 'Learn-IT' centres, based in Monmouth and Cwmbrân. These offer flexible, drop-in courses on a range of Information Technology subjects as well as marketing, maths, English language and Welsh language.

Collaboration

The college works in collaboration with the five local education authorities in South East Wales to provide an extensive curriculum designed to meet the needs of learners of all ages.

Student support

Coleg Gwent has a range of learner services to help support students. These include a library and computer and information resources and a Students' Union.

Vocational training

The college also has a range of vocational training facilities. These include a training restaurant and hair and beauty salons at the Crosskeys campus (virtual tour available), Ebbw Vale, Newport and Pontypool. There are also workshops for students studying engineering and construction.

In addition, Usk campus offers agricultural courses and has a working farm (virtual tour available), equestrian centre and animal care centre on its premises.

References

External links
Coleg Gwent website

Category:Further education colleges in Blaenau Gwent
Category:Further education colleges in Caerphilly
Category:Further education colleges in Monmouthshire
Category:Further education colleges in Newport, Wales
Category:Further education colleges in Torfaen
Category:Organisations based in Newport, Wales


Nordthüringgau

The Nordthüringgau was a medieval county () in the Eastphalian region of the German stem duchy of Saxony.

Geography
The county was located on both sides of the upper Aller river in present-day Saxony-Anhalt. It was bounded by the Lappwald hill range and the Drömling swamp in the northwest, the River Bode in the southwest, and the Elbe and Saale Rivers in the east, where it bordered on the lands settled by the Polabian Slavs. Towns included the Imperial residence of Magdeburg as well as Haldensleben, Oschersleben, and Calbe.

Neighboring Saxon counties were Osterwalde and Balsamgau in the north, Derlingau in the west, as well as Harzgau and Schwabengau in the south. Beyond Elbe and Saale it bordered on the Morazena, Ciervisti and Serimunt counties, administrative parts of the vast marca Geronis from 937.

History
The Saxon count Christian, probably a scion of the Billung dynasty, was mentioned in the Nordthüringgau about 937. He also ruled in the adjacent Schwabengau and upon the implementation of the marca Geronis in from 945 also over the adjacent Serimunt region beyond the Elbe River, being the brother-in-law of Margrave Gero. Upon his death in 950 he was succeeded by his son Count Thietmar (d. 979), who after the exile of Gunther of Merseburg was appointed Margrave of Meissen in 976. Count Christian' s grandson Gero II (d. 1015) was not able to retain Meissen, but in 993 succeeded his uncle Odo as margrave of the Saxon Eastern March.

The last count in the Nordthüringgau from the Billung dynasty was Thietmar II, Margrave of the Saxon Eastern March from 1015 to 1030. Upon his death, Schwabengau, Harzgau and Nordthüringgau as well as Serimunt were enfeoffed to Esico of Ballenstedt, a maternal grandson of Margrave Odo. Esico became the progenitor of the House of Ascania and his lands over the following generations evolved into the state of Anhalt.

After the deposition of the Saxon duke Henry the Lion in 1180, the lands of the former Nordthüringgau were replaced by the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, the Bishopric of Halberstadt and the Altmark territory of Brandenburg.

Category:Carolingian counties
Category:Former states and territories of Saxony-Anhalt


Wallace River

The Wallace River is a medium-sized river in Washington, United States.  It is a tributary of the Skykomish River and joins near Sultan, just upstream from the mouth of the Sultan River. The Wallace River is  long. Its drainage basin is  in area.

Course
The Wallace River begins at the divide between it and Salmon Creek.  It flows west from here until it enters Wallace Falls State Park, where it flows southwest and drops over three large waterfalls, receives the North Fork Wallace River just below the final falls, before going in a westward direction again.  It receives three large tributaries in short order before passing under the Stevens Pass Highway, Olney Creek, May Creek and Bear Creek.  After flowing under the highway, it continues west until it reaches its confluence with the Skykomish. The North Fork Wallace River begins in Shaw Lake and flows south, passing through two more lakes, Jay Lake and Wallace Lake, before merging with the main fork just below the bottom of the three large waterfalls on the main fork.  A trail leads to all three lakes.

See also
List of Washington rivers

References

Category:Rivers of Washington (state)
Category:Rivers of Snohomish County, Washington


Kastellbakken

Kastellbakken (renamed: Husebybakken) is an abandoned ski jumping hill located at Ullern in Oslo, Norway.

History

It was the venue of Husebyrennet, Norway's and the world's most prestigious Nordic skiing tournament between 1879 and 1891. With a K-point of 20 meters, two world records were set in the hill, at 20 and 22 meters.

The hill originally hosted Husebyrennet ("The Huseby Race"), between 1879 and 1891, except for 1880 and 1882, when the event was held in Akershus. From 1892, the tournament moved to Holmenkollbakken and was renamed the Holmenkollen Ski Festival. Two world records were set in the hill, both by Norwegians: 20 meters by Olaf Haugann in 1879 and 22 meters set by Sveinung Svalastoga in 1881.

World record

External links
 Markafolk

Category:Ski jumping venues in Norway
Category:Sports venues in Oslo
Category:1879 establishments in Norway


Squalius lepidus

Squalius lepidus, also known as the Mesopotamian pike chub, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is found in the Tigris-Euphrates basin.

References

Category:Squalius
Category:Fish described in 1843


Raintown

Raintown may refer to:

Places
Raintown, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Hendricks County
Raintown, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County

Other
Raintown (album), by Deacon Blue

See also
 Rainton, North Yorkshire, England, UK

Distinguish from
 Rain (disambiguation)
 Rain City (disambiguation)
 Rainville (disambiguation)
 Rainberg (Austria)


XHERP-FM

XHERP-FM (branded as "boom 104.7") is a Mexican Spanish-language FM radio station that serves the Tampico, Tamaulipas market area broadcasting on 104.7 MHz FM.

History
XERP-AM 1330 received its concession on November 10, 1958. The station broadcast from Ciudad Madero and was owned by Juan Gualberto Guerra Luna. His estate owned XERP/XHERP until 2013. It broadcast grupera music as a local station called La Tremenda and then repeated W Radio before the transition to Boom FM.

External links

 radiostationworld.com List of radio stations in Tamaulipas

References

Category:Spanish-language radio stations
Category:Radio stations in Tampico


Outside of Paradise

Outside of Paradise is a 1938 American comedy film directed by John H. Auer and written by Harry Sauber. The film stars Phil Regan, Penny Singleton, Bert Gordon, Leonid Kinskey, Ruth Coleman and Mary Forbes. The film was released on February 7, 1938, by Republic Pictures.

Plot

Cast
Phil Regan as Daniel 'Danny' Francis O'Toole
Penny Singleton as Colleen Kerrigan
Bert Gordon as Mischa
Leonid Kinskey as Cafe Owner Ivan Petrovich
Ruth Coleman as Dorothy Stonewall
Mary Forbes as Mrs. Stonewall
Lionel Pape as Mr. Stonewall
Ralph Remley as Timothy
Renie Riano as Ellen
Peter Lind Hayes as Lind
Joe E. Marks as Bass
David Kerman as Felix
Billy Young as Johnny
Cliff Nazarro as Cliff
Harry Allen as Old Man
Gloria Rich as Singer

References

External links

Category:1938 films
Category:American films
Category:English-language films
Category:American comedy films
Category:1930s comedy films
Category:Republic Pictures films
Category:Films directed by John H. Auer
Category:American black-and-white films


John Bowes (steamship)

John Bowes, built on the River Tyne in England in 1852, was one of the first steam colliers. She traded for over 81 years before sinking in a storm off Spain.

Development
Owing to her success, John Bowes is often said to be the first steam collier. That is not quite true. Bedlington of 1841 could have that honour but she only worked locally (albeit in the open sea), she carried the coal in railway wagons (she was not a bulk carrier but a type of ferry) and she was wrecked in 1846.

The entrepreneur behind John Bowes′ design was Charles Mark Palmer. She was the second vessel from his new Jarrow shipyard, founded with his brother George, which would build over a 1000 ships. The vessel's key novelties were the iron hull, water ballast and steam screw propulsion, despite which an auxiliary sailing rig was also fitted.

Career
Her working life started on 27 July 1852, with coal from the Tyne to London. Within the week, she had done the work of two collier brigs for a month and a stream of similar ships followed. Initially, the design of the ballast tanks proved problematical, as they could not be kept watertight, and Palmer tried a number of solutions before settling on longitudinal iron tanks beneath each hold designed by John McIntyre, manager of the Jarrow shipyard from 1853.

This first steam collier had a long and prosperous life. She was re-engined in 1864 and 1883. In 1873, John Bowes was sold to Benjamin Barnett and registered at London, and in 1896, to James Mackenzie ('John Bowes' Steamship Co Ltd) of Dublin.  In 1898, she left the British flag on sale to Scandinavian owners as Spec and later Transit. In 1908, she was sold to Spain, where she traded for a further twenty five years as Carolina, Valentin Fierro and lastly Villa Selgas.

Demise
Whilst owned by Federico Fierro of San Sebastián, and on a voyage from Bilbao to San Esteban de Pravia, with an iron ore cargo, Villa Selgas encountered a storm in the Bay of Biscay, and foundered off Ribadesella, on 12–13 October 1933.  It appears there was no loss of life.

References

External links
 The Wreck of the John Bowes
 The building yard and the John Bowes in Grace's Guide

Category:1852 ships
Category:Ships built on the River Tyne
Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom
Category:Maritime incidents in 1933
Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean


Cyber Village Academy

Cyber Village Academy is a public charter school in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, chartered in 1997. It is located at 768 Hamline Ave S.  The school serves students grades Kindergarten through 12.

History
Cyber Village Academy was founded in February 1997 with the charter to serve the needs of students who are in need of some help when it comes to school in the Minneapolis and St. Paul metro areas and was originally authorized by the Minneapolis Independent School District. It now meets the needs of gifted education and twice exceptional students and is authorized by Innovative Quality Schools. Cyber Village Academy provides help for people who need different learning plans.

Campus
Cyber Village Academy shares a building with  Talmud Torah of St. Paul for its on campus classes. The schools are organized and managed separately. Shared spaces include the library, gymnasium, art room, stage, one computer lab and science lab. The building was originally build as a Works Progress Administration project.  Grounds include a basketball court, playground, and soccer field.

Curriculum
Cyber Village Academy offers two education options:

1) Fusion Program, Grades K-12 uses a hybrid approach: Students spend 3 days on campus and 2 days on-line each week. The school has expanded to K-12 in the 2015-16 school year. Many families appreciate the high level of family involvement as well as the two distinct learning environments. Online days provide students with the opportunity to pursue enrichment activities, complete their work at their own pace, or work in their home environment. On online days, a study center is available for students who wish to use it.

2) Program for Accelerated Studies using Computer-Assisted Learning (PASCAL) -- 100% on line using OdysseyWare web based software supported by licensed teachers and aligned to Minnesota standards.  Contact with teachers is via campus visit, telephone, email & Skype. This program is available to residents of Minnesota in 6th - 12th grade.

References
 http://www.techlearning.com/article/3986
 http://www.twincities.com/ci_18350208?IADID=Search-www.twincities.com-www.twincities.com
 http://www.cybervillageacademy.org

External links
Innovative Quality Schools

Category:Charter schools in Minnesota
Category:Education in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Category:Public elementary schools in Minnesota
Category:Public middle schools in Minnesota
Category:Public high schools in Minnesota
Category:Schools in Ramsey County, Minnesota


Caproidae

Boarfishes are a small family, Caproidae, of marine fishes comprising two genera and 12 species. They were formerly placed in the order Zeiformes with the dories, but are now placed with the Perciformes since they have many perciform characteristics, for instance in the caudal skeleton. Boarfishes are native to the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans, where they are mainly found at depths below .

Boarfishes have deep and thin bodies.  They are small, with only a few species known to reach a maximum total length of .  Their coloration is red, pink, and silvery.

The earliest identified caproid fossils date to the middle Eocene epoch of the early Tertiary period, or roughly 48.6 to 40 million years ago.

See also
 Some fish of the family Pentacerotidae (order Perciformes) are also called boarfish.

References

Category:Extant Eocene first appearances


Abdulrahman Al-Ghamdi (footballer, born 1986)

Abdulrahman Al-Ghamdi is a Saudi Arabian football player for Al-Sharq .

External links

 Goal.com Profile

 slstat.com Profile

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Saudi Arabian footballers
Category:Al-Shoulla FC players
Category:Al-Riyadh SC players
Category:Al-Kawkab FC players
Category:Al-Selmiyah Club players
Category:Al-Sharq Club players
Category:Prince Mohammad bin Salman League players
Category:Saudi Professional League players
Category:Saudi Second Division players
Category:Saudi Third Division Players
Category:Association football goalkeepers


Scifentology II

Scifentology II is American hip hop artist Yak Ballz’s second full-length album.  It features production from Aesop Rock, Mondee, the late Camu Tao, Chapter 7, Adept and Chris Maestro. Guest features include Cage, Tame One, Peter Toh, Thomas Phenomas and Slow Suicide Stimulus.  Full color art work by graffiti graphic artist Ewok One 5MH.

Track listing

Notes and references

Category:2008 albums
Category:Yak Ballz albums
Category:Albums produced by Aesop Rock


Jean Genchi

Jean Genchi (born 25 September 1956) is a British rower. She competed in the women's coxed four event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:British female rowers
Category:Olympic rowers of Great Britain
Category:Rowers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Category:Rowers from Greater London


English grammar

English grammar is the way in which meanings are encoded into wordings in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences, right up to the structure of whole texts.

There are historical, social, cultural and regional variations of English. Divergences from the grammar described here occur in some dialects. This article describes a generalized present-day Standard English – a form of speech and writing used in public discourse, including broadcasting, education, entertainment, government, and news, over a range of registers from formal to informal. There are differences in grammar between the standard forms of British, American, and Australian English, although these are more minor than differences in vocabulary and pronunciation.

Modern English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system of Indo-European in favor of analytic constructions. The personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class (a remnant of the more extensive Germanic case system of Old English). For other pronouns, and all nouns, adjectives, and articles, grammatical function is indicated only by word order, by prepositions, and by the "Saxon genitive or English possessive" (-'s).

Eight "word classes" or "parts of speech" are commonly distinguished in English: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. Nouns form the largest word class, and verbs the second-largest. Unlike many Indo-European languages, English nouns do not have grammatical gender.

Word classes and phrases
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs form open classes – word classes that readily accept new members, such as the noun celebutante (a celebrity who frequents the fashion circles), and other similar relatively new words. The others are considered to be closed classes. For example, it is rare for a new pronoun to enter the language. Determiners, traditionally classified along with adjectives, have not always been regarded as a separate part of speech. Interjections are another word class, but these are not described here as they do not form part of the clause and sentence structure of the language.

Linguists generally accept nine English word classes: the noun, the verb, the adjective, the adverb, the pronoun, the preposition, the conjunction, the determiner and the exclamation. English words are not generally marked for word class. It is not usually possible to tell from the form of a word which class it belongs to except, to some extent, in the case of words with inflectional endings or derivational suffixes. On the other hand, most words belong to more than one word class. For example, run can serve as either a verb or a noun (these are regarded as two different lexemes). Lexemes may be inflected to express different grammatical categories. The lexeme run has the forms runs, ran, runny, runner, and running.  Words in one class can sometimes be derived from those in another. This has the potential to give rise to new words. The noun aerobics has recently given rise to the adjective aerobicized.

Words combine to form phrases. A phrase typically serves the same function as a word from some particular word class. For example, my very good friend Peter is a phrase that can be used in a sentence as if it were a noun, and is therefore called a noun phrase. Similarly, adjectival phrases and adverbial phrases function as if they were adjectives or adverbs, but with other types of phrases the terminology has different implications. For example, a verb phrase consists of a verb together with any objects and other dependents; a prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and its complement (and is therefore usually a type of adverbial phrase); and a determiner phrase is a type of noun phrase containing a determiner.

Nouns
Many common suffixes form nouns from other nouns or from other types of words, such as -age (as in shrinkage), -hood (as in sisterhood), and so on, although many nouns are base forms not containing any such suffix (such as cat, grass, France).  Nouns are also often created by conversion of verbs or adjectives, as with the words talk and reading (a boring talk, the assigned reading).

Nouns are sometimes classified semantically (by their meanings) as proper nouns and common nouns (Cyrus, China vs. frog, milk) or as concrete nouns and abstract nouns (book, laptop vs. heat, prejudice). A grammatical distinction is often made between count (countable) nouns such as clock and city, and non-count (uncountable) nouns such as milk and decor. Some nouns can function both as countable and as uncountable such as the word "wine" (This is a good wine, I prefer red wine).

Countable nouns generally have singular and plural forms. In most cases the plural is formed from the singular by adding -[e]s (as in dogs, bushes), although there are also irregular forms (woman/women, foot/feet, etc.), including cases where the two forms are identical (sheep, series). For more details, see English plural. Certain nouns can be used with plural verbs even though they are singular in form, as in The government were ... (where the government is considered to refer to the people constituting the government). This is a form of synesis; it is more common in British than American English. See .

English nouns are not marked for case as they are in some languages, but they have possessive forms, through the addition of -'s (as in John's, children's) or just an apostrophe (with no change in pronunciation) in the case of -[e]s plurals and sometimes other words ending with -s (the dogs' owners, Jesus' love). More generally, the ending can be applied to noun phrases (as in the man you saw yesterday's sister); see below. The possessive form can be used either as a determiner (John's cat) or as a noun phrase (John's is the one next to Jane's).

The status of the possessive as an affix or a clitic is the subject of debate. It differs from the noun inflection of languages such as German, in that the genitive ending may attach to the last word of the phrase. To account for this, the possessive can be analysed, for instance as a clitic construction (an "enclitic postposition") or as an inflection of the last word of a phrase ("edge inflection").

Phrases
Noun phrases are phrases that function grammatically as nouns within sentences, for example as the subject or object of a verb. Most noun phrases have a noun as their head.

An English noun phrase typically takes the following form (not all elements need be present):
{| cellspacing="5"
|- style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: larger;"
! Determiner || + || Pre-modifiers || + || NOUN || + || Postmodifiers/Complement
|}

In this structure:
the determiner may be an article (the, a[n]) or other equivalent word, as described in the following section. In many contexts it is required for a noun phrase to include some determiner.
pre-modifiers include adjectives and some adjective phrases (such as red, really lovely), and noun adjuncts (such as college in the phrase the college student). Adjectival modifiers usually come before noun adjuncts.
a complement or postmodifier may be a prepositional phrase (... of London), a relative clause (like  ...which we saw yesterday), certain adjective or participial phrases (... sitting on the beach), or a dependent clause or infinitive phrase appropriate to the noun (like ... that the world is round after a noun such as fact or statement, or ... to travel widely after a noun such as desire).

An example of a noun phrase that includes all of the above-mentioned elements is that rather attractive young college student to whom you were talking. Here that is the determiner, rather attractive and young are adjectival pre-modifiers, college is a noun adjunct, student is the noun serving as the head of the phrase, and to whom you were talking is a post-modifier (a relative clause in this case). Notice the order of the pre-modifiers; the determiner that must come first and the noun adjunct college must come after the adjectival modifiers.

Coordinating conjunctions such as and, or, and but can be used at various levels in noun phrases, as in John, Paul, and Mary; the matching green coat and hat; a dangerous but exciting ride; a person sitting down or standing up. See  below for more explanation.

Noun phrases can also be placed in apposition (where two consecutive phrases refer to the same thing), as in that president, Abraham Lincoln, ... (where that president and Abraham Lincoln are in apposition). In some contexts the same can be expressed by a prepositional phrase, as in the twin curses of famine and pestilence (meaning "the twin curses" that are "famine and pestilence").

Particular forms of noun phrases include:
 phrases formed by the determiner the with an adjective, as in the homeless, the English (these are plural phrases referring to homeless people or English people in general);
 phrases with a pronoun rather than a noun as the head (see below);
 phrases consisting just of a possessive;
 infinitive and gerund phrases, in certain positions;
 certain clauses, such as that clauses and relative clauses like what he said, in certain positions.

Gender

A system of grammatical gender, whereby every noun was treated as either masculine, feminine or neuter, existed in Old English, but fell out of use during the Middle English period. Modern English retains features relating to natural gender, namely the use of certain nouns and pronouns (such as he and she) to refer specifically to persons or animals of one or other genders  and certain others (such as it) for sexless objects – although feminine pronouns are sometimes used when referring to ships (and more uncommonly some airplanes and analogous machinery) and nation states.

Some aspects of gender usage in English have been influenced by the movement towards a preference for gender-neutral language. Animals are triple-gender nouns, being able to take masculine, feminine and neuter pronouns. Generally there is no difference between male and female in English nouns. However, gender is occasionally exposed by different shapes or dissimilar words when referring to people or animals.

Many nouns that mention people's roles and jobs can refer to either a masculine or a feminine subject, for instance "cousin", "teenager", "teacher", "doctor", "student", "friend", and "colleague".

Jane is my friend. She is a dentist.
Paul is my cousin. He is a dentist.

Often the gender distinction for these neutral nouns is established by inserting the words "male" or "female".

Sam is a female doctor.
No, he is not my boyfriend; he is just a male friend.
I have three female cousins and two male cousins.

Rarely, nouns illustrating things with no gender are referred to with a gendered pronoun to convey familiarity. It is also standard to use the gender-neutral pronoun (it).

I love my car. She (the car) is my greatest passion.
France is popular with her (France's) neighbors at the moment.
I travelled from England to New York on the Queen Elizabeth; she (the Queen Elizabeth) is a great ship.

Determiners

English determiners constitute a relatively small class of words. They include the articles the and a[n]; certain demonstrative and interrogative words such as this, that, and which; possessives such as my and whose (the role of determiner can also be played by noun possessive forms such as John's and the girl's); various quantifying words like all, some, many, various; and numerals (one, two, etc.). There are also many phrases (such as a couple of) that can play the role of determiners.

Determiners are used in the formation of noun phrases (see above). Many words that serve as determiners can also be used as pronouns (this, that, many, etc.).

Determiners can be used in certain combinations, such as all the water and the many problems.

In many contexts, it is required for a noun phrase to be completed with an article or some other determiner. It is not grammatical to say just cat sat on table; one must say my cat sat on the table. The most common situations in which a complete noun phrase can be formed without a determiner are when it refers generally to a whole class or concept (as in dogs are dangerous and beauty is subjective) and when it is a name (Jane, Spain, etc.). This is discussed in more detail at English articles and Zero article in English.

Pronouns
Pronouns are a relatively small, closed class of words that function in the place of nouns or noun phrases. They include personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and some others, mainly indefinite pronouns.

Personal

The personal pronouns of modern standard English, and the corresponding possessive forms, are as follows:

The second-person forms such as you are used with both singular and plural reference. In the Southern United States, y'all (you all) is used as a plural form, and various other phrases such as you guys are used in other places. An archaic set of second-person pronouns used for singular reference is thou, thee, thyself, thy, thine, which are still used in religious services and can be seen in older works, such as Shakespeare's—in such texts, the  you set of pronouns are used for plural reference, or with singular reference as a formal V-form. You can also be used as an indefinite pronoun, referring to a person in general (see generic you), compared to the more formal alternative, one (reflexive oneself, possessive one's).

The third-person singular forms are differentiated according to the sex of the referent. For example, she is used to refer to a female person, sometimes a female animal, and sometimes an object to which female characteristics are attributed, such as a ship or a country. A male person, and sometimes a male animal, is referred to using he. In other cases it can be used. (See Gender in English.) The word it can also be used as a dummy subject, in sentences like It is going to be sunny this afternoon.

The third-person plural forms such as they are sometimes used with singular reference, as a gender-neutral pronoun, as in each employee should ensure they tidy their desk. Despite its long history, this usage is sometimes considered ungrammatical. (See singular they.)

The possessive determiners such as my are used as determiners together with nouns, as in my old man, some of his friends. The second possessive forms like mine are used when they do not qualify a noun: as pronouns, as in mine is bigger than yours, and as predicates, as in this one is mine. Note also the construction a friend of mine (meaning "someone who is my friend"). See English possessive for more details.

Demonstrative and interrogative

The demonstrative pronouns of English are this (plural these), and that (plural those), as in these are good, I like that. Note that all four words can also be used as determiners (followed by a noun), as in those cars. They can also form the alternative pronominal expressions this/that one, these/those ones.

The interrogative pronouns are who, what, and which (all of them can take the suffix -ever for emphasis). The pronoun who refers to a person or people; it has an oblique form whom (though in informal contexts this is usually replaced by who), and a possessive form (pronoun or determiner) whose. The pronoun what refers to things or abstracts. The word which is used to ask about alternatives from what is seen as a closed set: which (of the books) do you like best? (It can also be an interrogative determiner: which book?; this can form the alternative pronominal expressions which one and which ones.) Which, who, and what can be either singular or plural, although who and what often take a singular verb regardless of any supposed number. For more information see who.

All the interrogative pronouns can also be used as relative pronouns; see below for more details.

Relative

The main relative pronouns in English are who (with its derived forms whom and whose), which, and that.

The relative pronoun which refers to things rather than persons, as in the shirt, which used to be red, is faded. For persons, who is used (the man who saw me was tall). The oblique case form of who is whom, as in the man whom I saw was tall, although in informal registers who is commonly used in place of whom.

The possessive form of who is whose (the man whose car is missing ...); however the use of whose is not restricted to persons (one can say an idea whose time has come).

The word that as a relative pronoun is normally found only in restrictive relative clauses (unlike which and who, which can be used in both restrictive and unrestrictive clauses). It can refer to either persons or things, and cannot follow a preposition. For example, one can say the song that [or which] I listened to yesterday, but the song to which [not to that] I listened yesterday. The relative pronoun that is usually pronounced with a reduced vowel (schwa), and hence differently from the demonstrative that (see Weak and strong forms in English). If that is not the subject of the relative clause, it can be omitted (the song I listened to yesterday).

The word what can be used to form a free relative clause – one that has no antecedent and that serves as a complete noun phrase in itself, as in I like what he likes. The words whatever and whichever can be used similarly, in the role of either pronouns (whatever he likes) or determiners (whatever book he likes). When referring to persons, who(ever) (and whom(ever)) can be used in a similar way (but not as determiners).

"There"
The word there is used as a pronoun in some sentences, playing the role of a dummy subject, normally of an intransitive verb. The "logical subject" of the verb then appears as a complement after the verb.

This use of there occurs most commonly with forms of the verb be in existential clauses, to refer to the presence or existence of something. For example: There is a heaven; There are two cups on the table; There have been a lot of problems lately. It can also be used with other verbs: There exist two major variants; There occurred a very strange incident.

The dummy subject takes the number (singular or plural) of the logical subject (complement), hence it takes a plural verb if the complement is plural. In informal English, however, the contraction there's is often used for both singular and plural.

The dummy subject can undergo inversion, Is there a test today? and Never has there been a man such as this. It can also appear without a corresponding logical subject, in short sentences and question tags: There wasn't a discussion, was there? There was.

The word there in such sentences has sometimes been analyzed as an adverb, or as a dummy predicate, rather than as a pronoun. However, its identification as a pronoun is most consistent with its behavior in inverted sentences and question tags as described above.

Because the word there can also be a deictic adverb (meaning "at/to that place"), a sentence like There is a river could have either of two meanings: "a river exists" (with there as a pronoun), and "a river is in that place" (with there as an adverb). In speech, the adverbial there would be given stress, while the pronoun would not – in fact the pronoun is often pronounced as a weak form, .

Other
Other pronouns in English are often identical in form to determiners (especially quantifiers), such as many, a little, etc. Sometimes, the pronoun form is different, as with none (corresponding to the determiner no), nothing, everyone, somebody, etc. Many examples are listed as indefinite pronouns. Another indefinite (or impersonal) pronoun is one (with its reflexive form oneself and possessive one's), which is a more formal alternative to generic you.

Verbs

The basic form of an English verb is not generally marked by any ending, although there are certain suffixes that are frequently used to form verbs, such as -ate (formulate), -fy (electrify), and -ise/ize (realise/realize). Many verbs also contain prefixes, such un- (unmask), out- (outlast), over- (overtake), and under- (undervalue). Verbs can also be formed from nouns and adjectives by zero derivation, as with the verbs snare, nose, dry, and calm.

Most verbs have three or four inflected forms in addition to the base form: a third-person singular present tense form in -(e)s (writes, botches), a present participle and gerund form in -ing (writing), a past tense (wrote), and – though often identical to the past tense form – a past participle (written). Regular verbs have identical past tense and past participle forms in -ed, but there are 100 or so irregular English verbs with different forms (see list). The verbs have, do and say also have irregular third-person present tense forms (has, does , says ). The verb be has the largest number of irregular forms (am, is, are in the present tense, was, were in the past tense, been for the past participle).

Most of what are often referred to as verb tenses (or sometimes aspects) in English are formed using auxiliary verbs. Apart from what are called the simple present (write, writes) and simple past (wrote), there are also continuous (progressive) forms (am/is/are/was/were writing), perfect forms (have/has/had written, and the perfect continuous have/has/had been writing), future forms (will write, will be writing, will have written, will have been writing), and conditionals (also called "future in the past") with would in place of will. The auxiliaries shall and should sometimes replace will and would in the first person. For the uses of these various verb forms, see English verbs and English clause syntax.

The basic form of the verb (be, write, play) is used as the infinitive, although there is also a "to-infinitive" (to be, to write, to play) used in many syntactical constructions. There are also infinitives corresponding to other aspects: (to) have written, (to) be writing, (to) have been writing. The second-person imperative is identical to the (basic) infinitive; other imperative forms may be made with let (let us go, or let's go; let them eat cake).

A form identical to the infinitive can be used as a present subjunctive in certain contexts: It is important that he follow them or ... that he be committed to the cause. There is also a past subjunctive (distinct from the simple past only in the possible use of were instead of was), used in some conditional sentences and similar: if I were (or was) rich ...; were he to arrive now ...; I wish she were (or was) here. For details see English subjunctive.

The passive voice is formed using the verb be (in the appropriate tense or form) with the past participle of the verb in question: cars are driven, he was killed, I am being tickled, it is nice to be pampered, etc. The performer of the action may be introduced in a prepositional phrase with by (as in they were killed by the invaders).

The English modal verbs consist of the core modals can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, as well as ought (to), had better, and in some uses dare and need. These do not inflect for person or number, and do not have infinitive or participle forms (except synonyms, as with be/being/been able (to) for the modals can/could). The modals are used with the basic infinitive form of a verb (I can swim, he may be killed, we dare not move, need they go?), except for ought, which takes to (you ought to go).

The copula be, along with the modal verbs and the other auxiliaries, form a distinct class, sometimes called "special verbs" or simply "auxiliaries". These have different syntax from ordinary lexical verbs, especially in that they make their interrogative forms by plain inversion with the subject, and their negative forms by adding not after the verb (could I ...? I could not ...). Apart from those already mentioned, this class may also include used to (although the forms did he use to? and he didn't use to are also found), and sometimes have even when not an auxiliary (forms like have you a sister? and he hadn't a clue are possible, though becoming less common). It also includes the auxiliary do (does, did); this is used with the basic infinitive of other verbs (those not belonging to the "special verbs" class) to make their question and negation forms, as well as emphatic forms (do I like you?; he doesn't speak English; we did close the fridge). For more details of this, see do-support.

Some forms of the copula and auxiliaries often appear as contractions, as in I'm for I am, you'd for you would or you had, and John's for John is. Their negated forms with following not are also often contracted (see  below). For detail see English auxiliaries and contractions.

Phrases
A verb together with its dependents, excluding its subject, may be identified as a verb phrase (although this concept is not acknowledged in all theories of grammar). A verb phrase headed by a finite verb may also be called a predicate. The dependents may be objects, complements, and modifiers (adverbs or adverbial phrases). In English, objects and complements nearly always come after the verb; a direct object precedes other complements such as prepositional phrases, but if there is an indirect object as well, expressed without a preposition, then that precedes the direct object: give me the book, but give the book to me. Adverbial modifiers generally follow objects, although other positions are possible (see under  below). Certain verb–modifier combinations, particularly when they have independent meaning (such as take on and get up), are known as "phrasal verbs".

For details of possible patterns, see English clause syntax. See the Non-finite clauses section of that article for verb phrases headed by non-finite verb forms, such as infinitives and participles.

Adjectives
English adjectives, as with other word classes, cannot in general be identified as such by their form, although many of them are formed from nouns or other words by the addition of a suffix, such as -al (habitual), -ful (blissful), -ic (atomic), -ish (impish, youngish), -ous (hazardous), etc.; or from other adjectives using a prefix: disloyal, irredeemable, unforeseen, overtired.

Adjectives may be used attributively, as part of a noun phrase (nearly always preceding the noun they modify; for exceptions see postpositive adjective), as in the big house, or predicatively, as in the house is big. Certain adjectives are restricted to one or other use; for example, drunken is attributive (a drunken sailor), while drunk is usually predicative (the sailor was drunk).

Comparison
Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms in -er and -est, such as faster and fastest (from the positive form fast). Spelling rules which maintain pronunciation apply to suffixing adjectives just as they do for similar treatment of regular past tense formation; these cover consonant doubling (as in bigger and biggest, from big) and the change of y to i after consonants (as in happier and happiest, from happy).

The adjectives good and bad have the irregular forms better, best and worse, worst; also far becomes farther, farthest or further, furthest. The adjective old (for which the regular older and oldest are usual) also has the irregular forms elder and eldest, these generally being restricted to use in comparing siblings and in certain independent uses. For the comparison of adverbs, see Adverbs below.

Many adjectives, however, particularly those that are longer and less common, do not have inflected comparative and superlative forms. Instead, they can be qualified with more and most, as in beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful (this construction is also sometimes used even for adjectives for which inflected forms do exist).

Certain adjectives are classed as ungradable. These represent properties that cannot be compared on a scale; they simply apply or do not, as with pregnant, dead, unique. Consequently, comparative and superlative forms of such adjectives are not normally used, except in a figurative, humorous or imprecise context. Similarly, such adjectives are not normally qualified with modifiers of degree such as very and fairly, although with some of them it is idiomatic to use adverbs such as completely. Another type of adjectives sometimes considered ungradable is those that represent an extreme degree of some property, such as delicious and terrified.

Phrases
An adjective phrase is a group of words that plays the role of an adjective in a sentence. It usually has a single adjective as its head, to which modifiers and complements may be added.

Adjectives can be modified by a preceding adverb or adverb phrase, as in very warm, truly imposing, more than a little excited. Some can also be preceded by a noun or quantitative phrase, as in fat-free, two-metre-long.

Complements following the adjective may include:
 prepositional phrases: proud of him, angry at the screen, keen on breeding toads;
 infinitive phrases: anxious to solve the problem, easy to pick up;
 content clauses, i.e. that clauses and certain others: certain that he was right, unsure where they are;
 after comparatives, phrases or clauses with than: better than you, smaller than I had imagined.

An adjective phrase may include both modifiers before the adjective and a complement after it, as in very difficult to put away.

Adjective phrases containing complements after the adjective cannot normally be used as attributive adjectives before a noun. Sometimes they are used attributively after the noun, as in a woman proud of being a midwife (where they may be converted into relative clauses: a woman who is proud of being a midwife), but it is wrong to say *a proud of being a midwife woman. Exceptions include very brief and often established phrases such as easy-to-use. (Certain complements can be moved to after the noun, leaving the adjective before the noun, as in a better man than you, a hard nut to crack.)

Certain attributive adjective phrases are formed from other parts of speech, without any adjective as their head, as in a two-bedroom house, a no-jeans policy.

Adverbs
Adverbs perform a wide range of functions. They typically modify verbs (or verb phrases), adjectives (or adjectival phrases), or other adverbs (or adverbial phrases). However, adverbs also sometimes qualify noun phrases (only the boss; quite a lovely place), pronouns and determiners (almost all), prepositional phrases (halfway through the movie), or whole sentences, to provide contextual comment or indicate an attitude (Frankly, I don't believe you). They can also indicate a relationship between clauses or sentences (He died, and consequently I inherited the estate).

Many English adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding the ending -ly, as in hopefully, widely, theoretically (for details of spelling and etymology, see -ly). Certain words can be used as both adjectives and adverbs, such as fast, straight, and hard; these are flat adverbs.  In earlier usage more flat adverbs were accepted in formal usage; many of these survive in idioms and colloquially. (That's just plain ugly.)  Some adjectives can also be used as flat adverbs when they actually describe the subject. (The streaker ran naked, not **The streaker ran nakedly.)  The adverb corresponding to the adjective good is well (note that bad forms the regular badly, although ill is occasionally used in some phrases).

There are also many adverbs that are not derived from adjectives, including adverbs of time, of frequency, of place,  of degree and with other meanings. Some suffixes that are commonly used to form adverbs from nouns are -ward[s] (as in homeward[s]) and -wise (as in lengthwise).

Most adverbs form comparatives and superlatives by modification with more and most: often, more often, most often; smoothly, more smoothly, most smoothly (see also comparison of adjectives, above). However, a few adverbs retain irregular inflection for comparative and superlative forms: much, more, most; a little, less, least; well, better, best; badly, worse, worst; far, further (farther), furthest (farthest); or follow the regular adjectival inflection: fast, faster, fastest; soon, sooner, soonest; etc.

Adverbs indicating the manner of an action are generally placed after the verb and its objects (We considered the proposal carefully), although other positions are often possible (We carefully considered the proposal). Many adverbs of frequency, degree, certainty, etc. (such as often, always, almost, probably, and various others such as just) tend to be placed before the verb (they usually have chips), although if there is an auxiliary or other "special verb" (see  above), then the normal position for such adverbs is after that special verb (or after the first of them, if there is more than one): I have just finished the crossword; She can usually manage a pint; We are never late; You might possibly have been unconscious. Adverbs that provide a connection with previous information (such as next, then, however), and those that provide the context (such as time or place) for a sentence, are typically placed at the start of the sentence: Yesterday we went on a shopping expedition.

A special type of adverb is the adverbial particle used to form phrasal verbs (such as up in pick up, on in get on, etc.) If such a verb also has an object, then the particle may precede or follow the object, although it will normally follow the object if the object is a pronoun (pick the pen up or pick up the pen, but pick it up).

Phrases
An adverb phrase is a phrase that acts as an adverb within a sentence. An adverb phrase may have an adverb as its head, together with any modifiers (other adverbs or adverb phrases) and complements, analogously to the adjective phrases described above. For example: very sleepily; all too suddenly; oddly enough; perhaps shockingly for us.

Another very common type of adverb phrase is the prepositional phrase, which consists of a preposition and its object: in the pool; after two years; for the sake of harmony.

Prepositions
Prepositions form a closed word class, although there are also certain phrases that serve as prepositions, such as in front of. A single preposition may have a variety of meanings, often including temporal, spatial and abstract. Many words that are prepositions can also serve as adverbs. Examples of common English prepositions (including phrasal instances) are of, in, on, over, under, to, from, with, in front of, behind, opposite, by, before, after, during, through, in spite of or despite, between, among, etc.

A preposition is usually used with a noun phrase as its complement. A preposition together with its complement is called a prepositional phrase. Examples are in England, under the table, after six pleasant weeks, between the land and the sea. A prepositional phrase can be used as a complement or post-modifier of a noun in a noun phrase, as in the man in the car, the start of the fight; as a complement of a verb or adjective, as in deal with the problem, proud of oneself; or generally as an adverb phrase (see above).

English allows the use of "stranded" prepositions. This can occur in interrogative and relative clauses, where the interrogative or relative pronoun that is the preposition's complement is moved to the start (fronted), leaving the preposition in place. This kind of structure is avoided in some kinds of formal English. For example:
What are you talking about? (Possible alternative version: About what are you talking?)
The song that you were listening to ... (more formal: The song to which you were listening ...)
Notice that in the second example the relative pronoun that could be omitted.

Stranded prepositions can also arise in passive voice constructions and other uses of passive past participial phrases, where the complement in a prepositional phrase can become zero in the same way that a verb's direct object would: it was looked at; I will be operated on; get your teeth seen to. The same can happen in certain uses of infinitive phrases: he is nice to talk to; this is the page to make copies of.

Conjunctions
Conjunctions express a variety of logical relations between items, phrases, clauses and sentences. The principal coordinating conjunctions in English are: and, or, but, nor, so, yet, and for. These can be used in many grammatical contexts to link two or more items of equal grammatical status, for example:
Noun phrases combined into a longer noun phrase, such as John, Eric, and Jill, the red coat or the blue one. When and is used, the resulting noun phrase is plural. A determiner does not need to be repeated with the individual elements: the cat, the dog, and the mouse and the cat, dog, and mouse are both correct. The same applies to other modifiers. (The word but can be used here in the sense of "except": nobody but you.)
Adjective or adverb phrases combined into a longer adjective or adverb phrase: tired but happy, over the fields and far away.
Verbs or verb phrases combined as in he washed, peeled, and diced the turnips (verbs conjoined, object shared); he washed the turnips, peeled them, and diced them (full verb phrases, including objects, conjoined).
Other equivalent items linked, such as prefixes linked in pre- and post-test counselling, numerals as in two or three buildings, etc.
Clauses or sentences linked, as in We came, but they wouldn't let us in. They wouldn't let us in, nor would they explain what we had done wrong.

There are also correlative conjunctions, where as well as the basic conjunction, an additional element appears before the first of the items being linked. The common correlatives in English are:
 either ... or (either a man or a woman);
 neither ... nor (neither clever nor funny);
 both ... and (they both punished and rewarded them);
 not ... but, particularly in not only ... but also (not exhausted but exhilarated, not only football but also many other sports).

Subordinating conjunctions make relations between clauses, making the clause in which they appear into a subordinate clause. Some common subordinating conjunctions in English are:
conjunctions of time, including after, before, since, until, when, while;
conjunctions of cause and effect, including because, since, now that, as, in order that, so;
conjunctions of opposition or concession, such as although, though, even though, whereas, while;
conjunctions of condition: such as if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, in case (that);
the conjunction that, which produces content clauses, as well as words that produce interrogative content clauses: whether, where, when, how, etc.

A subordinating conjunction generally comes at the very start of its clause, although many of them can be preceded by qualifying adverbs, as in probably because ..., especially if .... The conjunction that can be omitted after certain verbs, as in she told us (that) she was ready. (For the use of that in relative clauses, see  above.)

Case
Although English has largely lost its case system, personal pronouns still have three morphological cases that are simplified forms of the nominative, objective and genitive cases:

 The nominative case (subjective pronouns such as I, he, she, we, they, who, whoever), used for the subject of a finite verb and sometimes for the complement of a copula.
 The oblique case (object pronouns such as me, him, her, us, it, us, them, whom, whomever), used for the direct or indirect object of a verb, for the object of a preposition, for an absolute disjunct, and sometimes for the complement of a copula.
 The genitive case (possessive pronouns such as my/mine, his, her(s), our(s), its, our(s), their, theirs, whose), used for a grammatical possessor. This is not always considered to be a case; see .

Most English personal pronouns have five forms: the nominative and oblique case forms, the possessive case, which has both a determiner form (such as my, our) and a distinct independent form (such as mine, ours) (with two exceptions: the third person singular masculine and the third person singular neuter it, which use the same form for both determiner and independent [his car, it is his]), and a distinct reflexive or intensive form (such as myself, ourselves). The interrogative personal pronoun who exhibits the greatest diversity of forms within the modern English pronoun system, having definite nominative, oblique, and genitive forms (who, whom, whose) and equivalently coordinating indefinite forms (whoever, whomever, and whosever).

Forms such as I, he, and we are used for the subject ("I kicked the ball"), whereas forms such as me, him and us are used for the object ("John kicked me").

Declension

Nouns have distinct singular and plural forms; that is, they decline to reflect their grammatical number; consider the difference between book and books. In addition, a few English pronouns have distinct nominative (also called subjective) and oblique (or objective) forms; that is, they decline to reflect their relationship to a verb or preposition, or case. Consider the difference between he (subjective) and him (objective), as in "He saw it" and "It saw him"; similarly, consider who, which is subjective, and the objective whom.

Further, these pronouns and a few others have distinct possessive forms, such as his and whose. By contrast, nouns have no distinct nominative and objective forms, the two being merged into a single plain case. For example, chair does not change form between "the chair is here" (subject) and "I saw the chair" (direct object). Possession is shown by the clitic -'s attached to a possessive noun phrase, rather than by declension of the noun itself.

Negation
As noted above under , a finite indicative verb (or its clause) is negated by placing the word not after an auxiliary, modal or other "special" verb such as do, can or be. For example, the clause I go is negated with the appearance of the auxiliary do, as I do not go (see do-support). When the affirmative already uses auxiliary verbs (I am going), no other auxiliary verbs are added to negate the clause (I am not going). (Until the period of early Modern English, negation was effected without additional auxiliary verbs: I go not.)

Most combinations of auxiliary verbs etc. with not have contracted forms: don't, can't, isn't, etc. (Also the uncontracted negated form of can is written as a single word cannot.) On inversion of subject and verb (such as in questions; see below), the subject may be placed after a contracted negated form: Should he not pay? or Shouldn't he pay?

Other elements, such as noun phrases, adjectives, adverbs, infinitive and participial phrases, etc., can be negated by placing the word not before them: not the right answer, not interesting, not to enter, not noticing the train, etc.

When other negating words such as never, nobody, etc. appear in a sentence, the negating not is omitted (unlike its equivalents in many languages): I saw nothing or I didn't see anything, but not (except in non-standard speech) *I didn't see nothing (see Double negative). Such negating words generally have corresponding negative polarity items (ever for never, anybody for nobody, etc.) which can appear in a negative context, but are not negative themselves (and can thus be used after a negation without giving rise to double negatives).

Clause and sentence structure

A typical sentence contains one independent clause and possibly one or more dependent clauses, although it is also possible to link together sentences of this form into longer sentences, using coordinating conjunctions (see above). A clause typically contains a subject (a noun phrase) and a predicate (a verb phrase in the terminology used above; that is, a verb together with its objects and complements). A dependent clause also normally contains a subordinating conjunction (or in the case of relative clauses, a relative pronoun or phrase containing one).

Word order
English word order has moved from the Germanic verb-second (V2) word order to being almost exclusively subject–verb–object (SVO). The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence, such as he had hoped to try to open it. In most sentences English marks grammatical relations only through word order. The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it. The Object–subject–verb (OSV) may on occasion be seen in English, usually in the future tense or used as a contrast with the conjunction "but", such as in the following examples: "Rome I shall see!", "I hate oranges, but apples I'll eat!".

Questions
Like many other Western European languages, English historically allowed questions to be formed by inverting the positions of verb and subject. Modern English permits this only in the case of a small class of verbs ("special verbs"), consisting of auxiliaries as well as forms of the copula be (see subject–auxiliary inversion). To form a question from a sentence which does not have such an auxiliary or copula present, the auxiliary verb do (does, did) needs to be inserted, along with inversion of the word order, to form a question (see do-support). For example:
 She can dance. → Can she dance? (inversion of subject she and auxiliary can)
 I am sitting here. → Am I sitting here? (inversion of subject I and copula am)
 The milk goes in the fridge. → Does the milk go in the fridge? (no special verb present; do-support required)

The above concerns yes-no questions, but inversion also takes place in the same way after other questions, formed with interrogative words such as where, what, how, etc. An exception applies when the interrogative word is the subject or part of the subject, in which case there is no inversion. For example:
 I go. → Where do I go? (wh-question formed using inversion, with do-support required in this case)
 He goes. → Who goes? (no inversion, because the question word who is the subject)

Note that inversion does not apply in indirect questions: I wonder where he is (not *... where is he). Indirect yes-no questions can be expressed using if or whether as the interrogative word: Ask them whether/if they saw him.

Negative questions are formed similarly; however if the verb undergoing inversion has a contraction with not, then it is possible to invert the subject with this contraction as a whole. For example:
 John is going. (affirmative)
 John is not going. / John isn't going. (negative, with and without contraction)
 Isn't John going? / Is John not going? (negative question, with and without contraction respectively)

See also .

Dependent clauses
The syntax of a dependent clause is generally the same as that of an independent clause, except that the dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (or phrase containing such). In some situations (as already described) the conjunction or relative pronoun that can be omitted. Another type of dependent clause with no subordinating conjunction is the conditional clause formed by inversion (see below).

Other uses of inversion
The clause structure with inverted subject and verb, used to form questions as described above, is also used in certain types of declarative sentence. This occurs mainly when the sentence begins with an adverbial or other phrase that is essentially negative or contains words such as only, hardly, etc.: Never have I known someone so stupid; Only in France can such food be tasted.

In elliptical sentences (see below), inversion takes place after so (meaning "also") as well as after the negative neither: so do I, neither does she.

Inversion can also be used to form conditional clauses, beginning with should, were (subjunctive), or had, in the following ways:
should I win the race (equivalent to if I win the race);
were he a soldier (equivalent to if he were a soldier);
were he to win the race (equivalent to if he were to win the race, i.e. if he won the race);
had he won the race (equivalent to if he had won the race).
Other similar forms sometimes appear, but are less common. There is also a construction with subjunctive be, as in be he alive or dead (meaning "no matter whether he is alive or dead").

Use of inversion to express a third-person imperative is now mostly confined to the expression long live X, meaning "let X live long".

Imperatives
In an imperative sentence (one giving an order), there is usually no subject in the independent clause: Go away until I call you. It is possible, however, to include you as the subject for emphasis: You stay away from me.

Elliptical constructions
Many types of elliptical construction are possible in English, resulting in sentences that omit certain redundant elements. Various examples are given in the article on Ellipsis.

Some notable elliptical forms found in English include:
Short statements of the form I can, he isn't, we mustn't. Here the verb phrase (understood from the context) is reduced to a single auxiliary or other "special" verb, negated if appropriate. If there is no special verb in the original verb phrase, it is replaced by do/does/did: he does, they didn't.
Clauses that omit the verb, in particular those like me too, nor me, me neither. The latter forms are used after negative statements. (Equivalents including the verb: I do too or so do I; I don't either or neither do I.)
Tag questions, formed with a special verb and pronoun subject: isn't it?; were there?; am I not?

History of English grammars

The first published English grammar was a Pamphlet for Grammar of 1586, written by William Bullokar with the stated goal of demonstrating that English was just as rule-based as Latin. Bullokar's grammar was faithfully modeled on William Lily's Latin grammar, Rudimenta Grammatices (1534), used in English schools at that time, having been "prescribed" for them in 1542 by Henry VIII. Bullokar wrote his grammar in English and used a "reformed spelling system" of his own invention; but many English grammars, for much of the century after Bullokar's effort, were written in Latin, especially by authors who were aiming to be scholarly. John Wallis's Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1685) was the last English grammar written in Latin.

Even as late as the early 19th century, Lindley Murray, the author of one of the most widely used grammars of the day, was having to cite "grammatical authorities" to bolster the claim that grammatical cases in English are different from those in Ancient Greek or Latin.

English parts of speech are based on Latin and Greek parts of speech. Some English grammar rules were adopted from Latin, for example John Dryden is thought to have created the rule no sentences can end in a preposition because Latin cannot end sentences in prepositions. The rule of no split infinitives was adopted from Latin because Latin has no split infinitives.

See also

 Disputes in English grammar
 English prefixes
 Subject–object–verb

Notes and references

Further reading

Grammar books

  A CD-Rom version is included.

 Curme, George O., College English Grammar, Richmond, VA, 1925, Johnson Publishing company, 414 pages . A revised edition Principles and Practice of English Grammar was published by Barnes & Noble, in 1947.

  Declerck in his introduction (p.vi) states that almost half his grammar is taken up by the topics of tense, aspect and modality. This he contrasts with the 71 pages devoted to these subjects in The Comprehensive Grammar of English. Huddleston and Pullman say they profited from consulting this grammar in their Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. (p. 1765)

 Huddleston, Rodney D. (1984) Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Huddleston, Rodney D. (1988) English Grammar: An outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 Jespersen, Otto. (1937). Analytic Syntax. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1937. 170 p.
 Jespersen, Otto. (1909–1949). A modern English grammar on historical principles (Vols. 1-7). Heidelberg: C. Winter.

 Korsakov, A. K. (Andreĭ Konstantinovich). 1969. The use of tenses in English.  Korsakov, A. K. Structure of Modern English pt. 1. oai:gial.edu:26766 at http://www.language-archives.org/item/oai:gial.edu:26766
 Three Volumes, translated by Clair James Grece from the German edition Englische Grammatik: Die Lehre von der Wort- und Satzfügung.  Professor Whitney in his Essentials of English Grammar recommends the German original stating "there is an English version, but it is hardly to be used." (p. vi)

 Poutsma, Hendrik. A grammar of late modern English, Groningen, P. Noordhoff, 1914–29, 2 pt. in 5 v. Contents: pt. I. The sentence: 1st half. The elements of the sentence, 1928. 2d half. The composite sentence, 1929.--pt. II. The parts of speech: section I, A. Nouns, adjectives and articles, 1914. section I, B. Pronouns and numerals, 1916. section II. The verb and the particles, 1926.
 Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum, Sidney; Leech, Geoffrey; & Svartvik, Jan. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English. Harlow: Longman.

  This book is a translation of Schibsbye's three volume Engelsk Grammatik published between 1957 and 1961. Schibsbye was a student of Jespersen's and co-author of the sixth volume –Morphology –of Jespersen's seven volume Modern English Grammar.
 Sinclair, John, ed. (1991) Collins COBUILD – English Grammar London: Collins  second edition, 2005 . Huddleston and Pullman say they found this grammar 'useful' in their Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. (p. 1765) A CD-Rom version of the 1st edition is available on the Collins COBUILD Resource Pack
 Sledd, James. (1959) A short introduction to English grammar Chicago: Scott, Foresman.
 Strang, Barbara M. H. (1968) Modern English structure (2nd ed.) London: Arnold.

  4th impression. pts. 1-2. Syntactical units with one verb.--pt.3. 1st half. Syntactical units with two verbs.--pt.3. 2d half. Syntactical units with two and more verbs.
 Whitney, William Dwight, (1877) Essentials of English Grammar, Boston: Ginn & Heath.
 Zandvoort, R. W. (1972) A Handbook of English Grammar (2nd ed.) London: Longmans.
 Peter Herring (2016), The Farlex Grammar Book http://www.thefreedictionary.com/The-Farlex-Grammar-Book.htm

Monographs
 Adams, Valerie. (1973). An introduction to modern English word-formation. London: Longman.
 Bauer, Laurie. (1983). English word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Fries, Charles Carpenter. (1952). The structure of English; an introduction to the construction of English sentences. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
 Halliday, M. A. K. (1985/94). Spoken and written language. Deakin University Press.
 Huddleston, Rodney D. (1976). An introduction to English transformational syntax. Longman.

 —includes Jespersen's monographs Negation in English and Other Languages, and A System of Grammar.
 Kruisinga, E. (1925). A handbook of present-day English. Utrecht: Kemink en Zoon.
 Leech, Geoffrey N. (1971). Meaning and the English verb. London: Longman.
 Marchand, Hans. (1969). The categories and types of present-day English word-formation (2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck.
 McCawley, James D. (1998). The syntactic phenomena of English (2nd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
 Onions, C. T. (Charles Talbut), (1904, 1st edition) An advanced English syntax based on the principles and requirements of the Grammatical society.  London: Keegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. A new edition of An advanced English syntax, prepared from the author's materials by B. D. H. Miller, was published as Modern English syntax in 1971.
 Palmer, F. R. (1974). The English verb. London: Longman.
 Palmer, F. R. (1979). Modality and the English modals. London: Longman.
 Plag, Ingo. (2003). Word-formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Scheurweghs, Gustave. (1959). Present-day English syntax: A survey of sentence patterns. London: Longmans.

External links

 The Internet Grammar of English at the UCL
 English Grammar at the British Council
 English Grammar Guide at EF Education First
 English Grammar 101 - Online Grammar Lessons
 Modern English Grammar by Daniel Kies
 Linguapress online English grammar
 Lingolia English Grammar


European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998

The European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998 (c. 21) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which saw the third major amendment to the European Communities Act 1972 to include the provisions that was agreed in the Amsterdam Treaty which was signed on 2 October 1997 to be incorporated into the domestic law of the United Kingdom  It was given Royal assent on 11 June 1998.

The Act was repealed by the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 on 31 January 2020.

See also
 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union
 European Economic Area
 European Union

Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Union
Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1998


Aleardo Terzi

Aleardo Terzi (1870–1943) was an Italian illustrator and artist.

Life
Terzi was born in Palermo. He died in Castelletto sopra Ticino in 1943.

As an illustrator, Terzi was described as bringing Art Nouveau poster design to a world class level.
He produced work throughout his life, notably for the Italian poster company Casa Ricordi. Most of his work was destroyed in the 1960s when the company cleared its warehouses.

He worked as an illustrator for a Rome daily called La Tribuna Illustrata.
He illustrated an Italian versions of Little Lord Fauntleroy and Gulliver's Travels.

His brother, Amedeo John Engel Terzi (1872–1956), was also an artist (illustrator and entomologist specialising in Diptera).

References

External links

Category:1870 births
Category:1943 deaths
Category:Italian illustrators
Category:Art Nouveau illustrators
Category:People from Palermo
Category:Italian poster artists
Category:Italian stamp designers


Magnusy

Magnusy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wodzierady, within Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Wodzierady,  north of Łask, and  west of the regional capital Łódź.

References

Magnusy