The Sandman: Endless Nights

The Sandman: Endless Nights is a graphic novel written by Neil Gaiman as a follow-up to his Sandman series. The book is divided into seven chapters, each devoted to one of the Endless, a family of brothers and sisters who are physical manifestations of the metaphysical concepts Dream, Death, Desire, Destruction, Delirium, Despair and Destiny. It was published by DC Comics in 2003. It won the Bram Stoker Award for Best Illustrated Narrative. It is also the first comic book to ever be on the New York Times Bestseller List.

Each tale is stylistically different, and illustrated by a different artist. Most of the tales are independent of each other; however Destruction's tale relates to and immediately follows Delirium's. Destruction and Delirium's tales are the only ones that take place after the events of the Sandman series.

In line with all the other Sandman comics, the cover, logo and book designs were created by Dave McKean.

Endless Nights was preceded by The Wake.

Chapters

Chapter 1: Death - Death and Venice
Art by P. Craig Russell

This story deals with the idea of quality versus quantity of life. It is split between two views: the lives of a group on an island off the coast of Venice protected by magic from Death versus the memories and thoughts of a young American (the conclusion suggests he is a special forces soldier) who has never forgotten his childhood encounter with her.

The story is narrated by a man in his late twenties/ early thirties who seems to be disillusioned with the world around him. He walks around Venice speaking of time, illusion and trickery before seguing into an extended flashback of his childhood trip to Venice. While playing hide and seek he gets lost and meets Death of the Endless before a locked gate. She asks him to open it, which he attempts to do until finally he is found by his cousins hours later. They return to Venice with him in disgrace. The remaining story is his return to that gate, subsequent dealing with Death, musings on the facade of reality, his obsession with Death, and his general melancholy.

The name is derived from Thomas Mann's 1912 novella Death in Venice. The magician's desire on how to die from the beginning of the story was originally stated by Boris the bodyguard in Death: The Time of Your Life. The events in this story seem to be heavily influenced by Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Masque Of The Red Death".  The island itself seems to be partially based on the real abandoned island of Poveglia.

Chapter 2: Desire - What I've Tasted of Desire
Art by Milo Manara

This story depicts a woman who bargains with Desire to win the hand of her love and then loses him to war. The title is probably taken from a line in Robert Frost's poem Fire and Ice. Gaiman himself has said that the story is based on a historical anecdote told by George MacDonald Fraser. He tells the story of a woman named Kara in an apparently pre-Roman Britain, wherein she becomes enamored of a handsome neighbour. Upon consultation later, a witch refers her to Desire. The young man goes to the coast while his father goes to negotiate an exchange of hostages; and upon the latter's failure, Kara tells the former that his father is dead. On the way she meets Desire, who promises to inspire an unbreakable longing in the object of her love, the young man - Danyal. As a result, Danyal courts her for three months, until she consents to marry him. Unfortunately, he is killed soon afterward, and his killers come asking Kara for shelter, which she grants in obedience to cultural tradition. Upon seeing her husband's severed head, she flatters each of the killers into performing contests of strength, skill, and conversation, et al., until her own warriors return the following morning to kill them all. Thereafter, she is said to have remarried; she dies of old age at the conclusion of her story.

Chapter 3: Dream - The Heart of a Star
Art by Miguelanxo Prado

Near the beginning of the habitability of the universe, Dream and his new paramour Killalla of the Glow travel to a meeting of astronomical phenomena, wherein Killalla is astonished to identify the delegates as the very stars, galaxies, and dimensions which comprise the cosmos. At an encounter with her world's own sun, Sto-Oa, Killalla and the star fall in love at the behest of Desire,  while Dream watches. Here, Death is an unmerciful character and Delight has not become Delirium; whereas the defection of Killalla begins Dream's long-standing rivalry with Desire. The first aspect of Despair also appears in the story, quite different in appearance and more sociable than her latter aspect.

In addition, other DC comics characters appear: the character Killalla originates from the planet Oa (although technically from planet Maltus), and is an ancestor of the Guardians of the Universe, who form the Green Lantern Corps; able to manipulate their characteristic green energy, but with incomplete control. Despair has a conversation with a red giant star named Rao about the creation of life on an unstable world and the possibility of a lone survivor to continually mourn the destruction of that world: this is an allusion to the history of Superman, in that Rao is the red giant sun around which Superman's homeworld of Krypton orbited, as well as the Kryptonian God. (The colors of the stars in the story follow the DC Universe's standards, not the actual star life cycle.) The story is narrated by the Sun (here identified by his Latin name of Sol) to the Earth before the evolution there of life.

Elements of "Brief Lives" appear as well: the statement that the palace and its chambers will dissolve into light shows that "matter and light are interchangeable" (one of the reasons that Destruction abandoned his realm and responsibilities); Destruction also plays a "creator" role (elsewhere, he suggests that he and his siblings are both themselves and their polar opposites); Desire provokes distrust and hatred in Dream's heart; Death is declared inevitable (a reference to "The Illusion Of Permanence" in "Brief Lives"); and Delight's speech is already that of Delirium. In both "The Heart Of A Star" and "Brief Lives", characters comment on Destiny's blindness and, in both stories, it is shown that there are questions Destiny cannot answer (in the former, he cannot tell if Killalla loves Dream and, in the latter, he is unable to tell why Delight changed to Delirium). In both stories, again Dream is sad, of which he suspects Desire, and his sorrow changes the world around him, either directly or indirectly (in "The Heart Of A Star" he decides to create life on Earth; and in "Brief Lives" he causes bad weather in the Dreaming).

Chapter 4: Despair - Fifteen Portraits of Despair
Art by Barron Storey, designed by Dave McKean

This collection of fifteen very short vignettes illustrates different aspects of Despair, either the character herself, the emotion in abstract, or people in a state of despair. One is about an unemployed man who's feeding cats, only to have them end up eating each other to survive when he goes on an extended leave for work. Another is about a priest who's being forcibly defrocked due to a molestation scandal, despite the fact that he can prove the allegations false. A third is about a woman who, after committing suicide to escape her pain, sits on the side of the road waiting for the happiness to begin.

In the Introduction, Neil Gaiman states that he had originally planned to write twenty-five "Portraits of Despair", but said "I think, on reflection, that it is probably a good thing that we only created fifteen".

Chapter 5: Delirium - Going Inside
Art by Bill Sienkiewicz

This story is about several mentally unbalanced people who are brought together on a quest to save Delirium from herself. It's possible at the end of this story that Delirium is somewhat healed in some fundamental way; at least two of the people involved in her rescue are also at least partly healed. Daniel/Dream, Dream's raven Matthew, and Barnabas (Delirium's dog protector on indefinite loan from Destruction), also appear as part of the rescue mission. One of the adventurers is based loosely on Henry Darger.

Chapter 6: Destruction - On the Peninsula
Art by Glenn Fabry

This is a story about some archaeologists who uncover and explore a peninsula from many years in the future. Chronologically, this takes place after Delirium's "Going Inside", the chapter preceding this one, featuring Delirium herself. Dialogue between Delirium and a human character indicate that the rift between Destruction and the rest of the Endless has been partially healed. The story is narrated by a female archaeologist who has constant dreams and waking dreams of the world in many post-apocalyptic forms, indicating that she belongs to Destruction's realm; this is echoed in the events of the story as she becomes deeply attracted to him while uncovering artifacts on the peninsula. According to Delirium, the artifacts the archaeologists uncover on the peninsula are not from the future, but a distortion of reality caused by Delirium and/or Destruction's presence in the area. In the end, the peninsula is mysteriously destroyed. The facts that Destruction may have caused the distortion of reality, that he has agreed to talk to his family again, and that the peninsula is ultimately destroyed could somehow imply that he may or may not have come back to his functions and responsibilities.

Chapter 7: Destiny - Endless Nights
Art by Frank Quitely

This short story is simply a wander through Destiny's garden of forking paths. Based on the clothes of Delirium's statue in one of the panels and the posture of Dream's statue, it seems to be taking place during The Kindly Ones. This story was originally to be illustrated by Moebius. Neil Gaiman knew that, because of his age and health, the artist would not be able to give much of a time commitment so he designed this story to be short and full of full page pictures. In the end, sickness prevented Moebius from working on the story and Frank Quitely filled in.

References

Category:Adult comics
Endless Nights
Category:Fantasy comics
Category:Vertigo graphic novels
Category:Eisner Award winners for Best Anthology
Category:2003 American novels


Cocoa production in Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) leads the world in production and export of the cocoa beans used in the manufacture of chocolate, , supplying 38% of cocoa produced in the world. West Africa collectively supplies two thirds of the world's cocoa crop, with Ivory Coast leading production at 1.8 million tonnes , and nearby Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon and Togo producing additional 1.55 million tonnes.  Ivory Coast overtook Ghana as the world's leading producer of cocoa beans in 1978, and today is highly dependent on the crop, which accounts for 40% of national export income. The primary non-African competitor of Ivory Coast is Indonesia, which went from having almost nonexistent domestic cocoa industry in the 1970s to becoming one of the largest producers in the market by the early 2000s. According to the UN FAO, Indonesia overtook Ghana and became the second-largest producer worldwide in 2006. (World Cocoa Foundation provides significantly lower figures for Indonesia, but concurs that it is the largest producer of cocoa beans outside West Africa.) Large chocolate producers such as Cadbury, Hershey's, and Nestle buy Ivorian cocoa futures and options through Euronext whereby world prices are set.

Tree

Theobroma cacao is shade-loving tree native to the understory of rainforests, growing at low elevation in the foothills of the Andes, and the great South American equatorial river basins the Amazon River Basin, and the Orinoco River Basin. The tree is a choice crop for areas of West Africa with low to slight elevations, good soils, and the constant humidity of the tropics.

Farming and Production

The crop is grown in Ivory Coast mostly by smallholder farmers planting on 1-3 hectares. The pods containing the beans are harvested when a sufficient number are ripe, opened to separate the seeds and pulp from the outer rind, and the seeds and pulp are usually allowed to ferment somewhere on the farm, before the seeds are dried in a central location. The dried seeds are purchased by a traitant or buyer who travels among villages in an area to weigh, purchase and collect the crop. The traitant then takes the crop to a short-holding warehouse in a major town or city where the major exporters purchase the seeds and arrange for its export from Ivory Coast.

The entire process requires the labored contribution of a variety of workers, from the farmer who owns the fields, to his laborers who may be family members (in most cases), to others in the village who harvest pods to ferment seeds at the same time, to the local buyers, and the middlemen between these purchasers and the exporters who finally get the crop to an export ship.

With some two million children involved in the farming of cocoa in West Africa, primarily Ghana and Ivory Coast, child slavery and trafficking were major concerns in 2018. However, international attempts to improve conditions for children were failing because of persistent poverty, absence of schools, increasing world cocoa demand, more intensive farming of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labor.

Child labour in cocoa production

Ivory Coast and other West African cocoa producing nations have come under severe criticism in the west for using child slave labor to produce the cocoa purchased by Western chocolate companies.  The bulk of the criticism has been directed towards practices in Ivory Coast. The report "A Taste of Slavery: How Your Chocolate May be Tainted" claims that traffickers promise paid work, housing, and education to children who are then forced to labour and undergo severe abuse, that some children are held forcibly on farms and work up to 100 hours per week, and that attempted escapees are beaten.  A BBC article claimed that 15,000 children from Mali, some under age 11, were working as slaves in cocoa production in Ivory Coast, and Mali's Save the Children Fund director described "young children carrying 6kg of cocoa sacks so heavy that they have wounds all over their shoulders."  In 2001 Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that slaves harvested some cocoa.
In 2013, the U.S. DOL's report Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor in Côte d'Ivoire stated that 39.8% of children aged 5 to 14 are working children and that they "are engaged in the worst forms of child labor in agriculture, particularly on cocoa farms, sometimes under conditions of forced labor." In December 2014, the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor mentioned Ivory Coast among the countries where instances of such working conditions (both child labor and forced labor) are still observed.

A major study of the issue in 2016, published in Fortune in the U.S., concluded that approximately 2.1 million children in various countries of West Africa "still do the dangerous and physically taxing work of harvesting cocoa". The report was doubtful as to whether the situation can be improved.

"According to the 2015 edition of the Cocoa Barometer, a biennial report examining the economics of cocoa that’s published by a consortium of nonprofits, the average farmer in Ghana in the 2013–14 growing season made just 84¢ per day, and farmers in Ivory Coast a mere 50¢. That puts them well below the World Bank’s new $1.90 per day standard for extreme poverty, even if you factor in the 13% rise in the price of cocoa last year. And in that context the challenge of eradicating child labor feels immense, and the chocolate companies’ newfound commitment to expanding the investments in cocoa communities not quite sufficient. ...
'Best-case scenario, we’re only doing 10% of what’s needed.' Getting that other 90% won’t be easy. 'It’s such a colossal issue,' says Sona Ebai, the former secretary general of the Alliance of Cocoa Producing Countries. 'I think child labor cannot be just the responsibility of industry to solve. I think it’s the proverbial all-hands-on-deck: government, civil society, the private sector. And there, you really need leadership.'"

In April 2018, the Cocoa Barometer 2018 report on the $100-billion industry, said this about the child labor situation in West Africa: "Not a single company or government is anywhere near reaching the sectorwide objective of the elimination of child labour, and not even near their commitments of a 70% reduction of child labour by 2020". A report later that year by New Food Economy stated that the Child Labour Monitoring and Remediation Systems implemented by the International Cocoa Initiative and its partners has been useful, but "they are currently reaching less than 20 percent of the over two million children impacted".

Pests
Cacao swollen shoot virus
Phytophthora megakarya

References

Category:Agriculture in Ivory Coast
Category:Cocoa production
Category:Chocolate industry


Alpini and Mountain Artillery formations in World War I

The Alpini (Italian for "alpines") are a specialised mountain warfare infantry corps of the Italian Army, which distinguished itself in World War I fighting in the Alps against Austro-Hungarian Kaiserjäger and the German Alpenkorps. The Alpini were supported by the Mountain Artillery, which both share the Cappello Alpino as identifying symbol. Below follow tables listing the regiments, battalions and groups, companies and batteries of the Alpini and Mountain Artillery active in World War I.

Alpini

History
The Alpini were founded in 1872 and their mission was to protect Italy's northern mountain border with France and Austria-Hungary. Recruited locally in the valleys of the Alps they were the trained in mountain warfare and based in locations along the Alpine arch. The regiments were numbered 1 to 8 from West to East and the regular battalions named for the locations of their depots, which served as training centers and for materiel storage. After the raising of the Belluno battalion on 1 October 1910 the Alpini numbered 79 companies in 26 battalions. Each battalion, with the exception of the Verona, consisted of three Alpini companies of one captain, four lieutenants and 250 men. The Verona was the only battalion to field four companies.

After the outbreak of World War I in 1914 an additional 38 Alpini companies, numbered from 80 to 117, were raised from men, who had completed their military service in the preceding four years (i.e. completed it between 1910 and 1914). These companies were used to augment the regular battalions. Starting in early January 1915 each Alpini battalion activated a reserve battalion. Named after a valley (in Italian: Val or Valle) located near the regular battalion's depot, these Valle battalions were filled with men, who had completed their military service at least four years, but not more than 11 years earlier (i.e. completed it between 1911 and 1904). The companies of the Valle battalions were numbered from 201 to 281, with the numbers 227, 233, 237, 271, and 273 never assigned to a company (227th originally meant for the Val Pellice, but received the 224th Company instead; 233rd originally meant for the Val Dora, but received the 3rd Company instead; 271st originally meant for the Val Fella, but received the 8th Company instead).

After the Italian declaration of war against Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915 the Alpini were heavily employed in the mountainous areas of the Italian front. At the end of 1915 the depots began to raise new battalions with drafted men born in 1896. These battalions were named after mountains (in Italian: Monte) located near the regular battalion's depots and they received the 38 companies already raised in 1914. The new companies of these battalions were numbered from 118 to 157. One additional Monte company (158th for the Fenestrelle battalion), and the Monte Mandrone battalion (159th, 160th, 161st company) were raised later (see 5th Alpini Regiment for details about the Monte Mandrone).

Machine Gunner Companies

At the outbreak of war each infantry and Bersaglieri battalion of the Italian Army fielded one machine gun section with two Maxim 1911 machine guns carried by horses. Alpini battalions fielded two machine gun sections with two Maxim 1911 machine guns carried by mules. After the outbreak of the war this proved quickly to be inadequate and in spring 1916 the army began to raise dedicated machine gunner companies (Compagnia Mitraglieri). These companies were attached to brigades, divisions and army corps, which deployed them with tactical units (regiments, battalions, companies) as needed. 2,277 Machine Gunner companies were raised and numbered continuously. The Alpini depots raised 50 companies equipped with six St. Étienne Mle 1907 machine guns each, and 119 companies equipped with six Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914 machine guns each.

The St. Étienne Mle 1907 equipped machine gunner companies were the: 78th, 79th, 87th, 89th, 91st, 92nd, 116th, 117th, 121st, 133rd, 141st, 143rd, 166th, 167th, 176th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 350th, 416th, 417th, 441st, 442nd, 456th, 467th, 491st, 492nd, 2021st, 2057th, 2101st, 2191st, 2207th, 2227th, 2230th, 2231st, 2232nd, 2233rd, 234th, 2235th, 2236th, 2237th, 2238th, 2260th, 2262nd, 2265th, 2266th, 2268th, 2284th, 2275th, and 2276th.

The Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914 equipped machine gunner companies were the: 201st, 202nd, 215th, 218th, 219th, 257th, 296th, 316th, 347th, 348th, 503rd, 504th, 505th, 506th, 507th, 508th, 509th, 526th, 527th, 557th, 558th, 559th, 560th, 617th, 625th, 636th, 637th, 638th, 639th, 652nd, 661st, 662nd, 663rd, 664th, 665th, 670th, 671st, 691st, 692nd, 693rd, 694th, 695th, 741st, 742nd, 745th, 799th, 817th, 819th, 820th, 821st, 880th, 890th, 891st, 932nd, 933rd, 934th, 935th, 936th, 938th, 979th, 980th, 981st, 982nd, 983rd, 1259th, 1260th, 1261st, 1284th, 1337th, 1351st, 1355th, 1356th, 1357th, 1358th, 1359th, 1374th, 1380th, 1388th, 1397th, 1411th, 1451st, 1452nd, 1457th, 1559th, 1560th, 1602nd, 1603rd, 1604th, 1620th, 1621st, 1622nd, 1634th, 1635th, 1636th, 1637th, 1638th, 1734th, 1740th, 1741st, 1742nd, 1743rd, 1744th, 1747th, 1771st, 1772nd, 1773rd, 1774th, 1775th, 1776th, 1777th, 1778th, 1779th, 1801st, 1802nd, 1830th, 1831st, 1832nd, 1833rd, and 1834th.

Skiers Battalions

During the war each Alpini battalion raised a skiers platoon from its ranks. Starting on 9 January 1917 the army began to combine these platoons in twelve skiers battalions (Battaglione Sciatori) of two companies and one train unit each. Each company had 18 dog sleds: six configured to carry wounded and twelve to carry the company's six Villar Perosa submachine guns with their ammunition. Each company also fielded a machine gun section with two Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914 machine guns. Until the end of March 1917 twelve battalions and two autonomous companies had been formed and numbered from West to East. However already on 15 May of the same year ten of the battalions were disbanded or their men used to form seven regular Alpini battalions. Only the I and II Skiers battalion continued to serve on the glaciers of the Adamello-Presanella Alps and Ortler Alps. Ultimately both battalions were reformed as Alpini battalions in spring 1918. Until the end of the war a total of nine battalions were raised with men and companies of the former skiers battalions and their companies were numbered:
 from 282 to 286 for newly raised companies
 from 290 to 311 for former skiers companies

The numbers 287, 288, 289 were not assigned. As an example: on 15 May 1917 the two newly raised 282nd and 283rd companies were combined with the 302nd company, which contained the remaining men of the V Skiers Battalion to form the Pallanza Alpini Battalion. The battalions were assigned to higher commands as follows:

Initial operational deployment
The regimental commands of the eight Alpini regiments were disbanded in the first years of the war. Their officers were used to create regiment-sized Groups (Gruppo), which numbered twenty by the war's end (1° to 20°) and brigade-sized Groupings (Raggruppamento), which numbered nine by war's end (I to IX). For larger operations divisional commands were assigned groupings and the necessary support units, however these divisions were not part of the Alpini corps. By war's end the 52nd and 80th divisional commands had at one point or the other commanded two Alpini groupings, while the 5th and 75th divisional commands, which were tasked with static defense in the Giudicarie and Bergamasque Alps fielded almost exclusively Alpini Groupings.

As an example for the operational deployment of the Alpini below follows the order of battle of the 52nd Division for the assault on Monte Ortigara on 10 June 1917.

The two commands were renamed I Alpini Grouping respectively IV Alpini Grouping on 20 July 1920

Military Awards
Medals of Military Valor awarded to a battalion for its conduct during the war are also listed in the table below. If more than one battalion distinguished itself in a battle they were collectively awarded a shared medal of military valor, but no matter the number of battalions awarded a shared medal, only one medal was pinned to the regiment's war flag.

1st Alpini Regiment
The 1st Alpini Regiment was based in Mondovì and recruited in the Ligurian Alps and Maritime Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Monte Kukla, and Monte Rombon
 in 1916 in the battles of Monte Rosso, Altopiano di Asiago, and Cimone d'Arsiero
 in 1917 in the battles of Monte Ortigara, Caporetto, Monte Fior, Monte Grappa, and Col della Berretta
 in 1918 in the battle of Sella del Tonale

The regiment's battalions were awarded three Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war, one of which was shared between the Ceva and Monte Saccarello battalions.

Note 1: The 2nd Alpini Company, originally part of the disbanded Pieve di Teco battalion, was re-raised by the Mondovì depot and joined the Mondovì on 5 December 1916.

2nd Alpini Regiment
The 2nd Alpini Regiment was based in Cuneo and recruited in the Maritime Alps and Cottian Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Pal Piccolo, Pal Grande, and Freikofel
 in 1916 in the battles of Monte Fior, Castelgomberto, Monte Kukla, Monte Rombon, and Monte Pasubio
 in 1917 in the battles of Monte Nero, Monte Rosso, Monte Rombon, Monte Vodice, Monte Ortigara, Monte Grappa, and Val Calcino
 in 1918 in the battles of Sella del Tonale, Val Camonica, and Giudicarie

The regiment's battalions were awarded three Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war, one of which was shared between the Val Maira, Val Varaita, Monte Argentera, and Monviso battalions.

3rd Alpini Regiment
The 3rd Alpini Regiment was based in Turin and recruited in the Cottian Alps and Graian Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Monte Vrata, Monte Nero, Tofane, and Tolmino
 in 1916 in the battle of Alto But
 in 1917 in the battles of Monte Vodice, Bainsizza, Monte Nero, Val Resia, and Monte Grappa
 in 1918 in the battles of Monte Altissimo, and Monte Grappa

The regiment's battalions were awarded three Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war, one of which was shared between the Susa and Exilles battalions for the conquest of Monte Nero.

Note 1: The 3rd Alpini Company, originally part of the disbanded Pieve di Teco battalion, was re-raised by the Exilles depot and joined the Val Dora on 24 December 1916.

4th Alpini Regiment
The 4th Alpini Regiment was based in Ivrea and recruited in the Graian Alps and Pennine Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Monte Rosso, Dolje, and Monte Mrzli (Fourth Battle of the Isonzo)
 in 1916 in the battles of Monte Adamello, Monte Cima, Monte Zugna, Monte Cauriol, Monte Cardinal, Alpe di Cosmagnon, and Dente del Pasubio
 in 1917 in the battles of Monte Vodice, Meletta di Gallio, Monte Fior, and Monte Grappa
 in 1918 in the battle of Monte Solarolo

The regiment's battalions were awarded one Gold Medal of Military Valor and five Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war, four of which were shared between the Intra and Val D'Orco, Aosta and Val Toce, Monte Levanna and Aosta, Monte Levanna and Val Toce battalions.

5th Alpini Regiment
The 5th Alpini Regiment was based in Milan and recruited in the valleys of Northern Lombardy, which lie mostly within the Lepontine Alps, Bergamasque Alps and Livigno Alps. The recruiting area of the 5th Alpini extended to the Westerns shore of Lake Garda, with the recruiting area of the 6th Alpini Regiment commencing on the Eastern shore. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Monte Pasubio, Castellaccio, upper Valtellina, Tonale and Lagoscuro
 in 1916 in the battles of Monte Adamello, upper Valtellina, Monte Fior, Monte Vršič, Krasji Vrh, Castelgomberto, and Monte Pasubio
 in 1917 in the battles of Monte Forno, Monte Ortigara, Cima del Campanaro, and Bainsizza
 in 1918 in the battles of Cima Presena, Col d'Echele, Monte Melago, Monticelli, Punta San Matteo, Monte Mantello, Monte Cesen, and Vittorio Veneto

The regiment's Val Chiese battalion served from 1915 to August 1918 in the Val di Ledro and then in the battles of the Piave river. The Edolo battalion served for the entire war in the Adamello range and adjacent Tonale pass area.

In spring 1915 the regiment's Morbegno Depot formed the 1st Alpini Volunteers Company, while in Milan volunteers formed the 2nd Alpini Volunteers Company. The two companies were merged in October 1915 as 1st Volunteer Unit (Reparto Volontari) and fought in the Ortler area until March 1918 when the company was renamed 3rd Alpini Company and assigned to the Mondovì Battalion. The 3rd Company was originally part of the Pieve di Teco battalion, until battalion and company were disbanded after suffering heavy losses. The company was then reformed and assigned to the Val Dora battalion, until battalion company were disbanded after suffering heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto.
Also in spring 1915 the Edolo Depor formed the 3rd Alpini Volunteers Company Val Camonica, which served in the Tonale-Adamello area until June 1918 when it was assigned as 311th Alpini Company to the Alpini Battalion Monte Cavento. In Brescia a large number of volunteers formed another Volunteer Unit, which after training at the Vestone Depot was known as the Volunteer Unit Vestone. The unit was attached to the Vestone battalion and served in the Lake Garda area until August 1916 when it was merged into the 1st Volunteer Unit.

In August 1915 the 5th Alpini Regiment organized the Autonomous Company Garibaldi, which was tasked to garrison the area around the mountain hut of the same name in the Adamello range. On 20 April 1916 the company was elevated to Autonomous Battalion Garibaldi and staffed with Alpini soldiers of the 5th Alpini Regiment. On 6 September 1916 the battalion lost its autonomy and was integrated into the 5th Alpini as Alpini Battalion Monte Mandrone.

The regiment's Morbegno battalion was awarded a Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war.

Note 3: Former 3rd Alpini Volunteers Company Val Camonica

6th Alpini Regiment
The 6th Alpini Regiment was based in Verona and recruited primarily in the Vicentine Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Monte Pasubio, Coni Zugna, Monte Maggio, Altopiano di Tonezza, Altopiano di Asiago, Val Maso, Cima Vezzena, Busa Verde, and Zures
 in 1916 in the battles of Altopiano di Tonezza, Cimone d'Arsiero, Coston di Lora, Vallarsa, Sette Comuni, Monte Pasubio, Asiago, Monte Carbonile, Monte Kukla, Val Lagarina, Roncegno, Cima d'Asta, Alpe di Fassa, Monte Cauriol, and Forcella Magna
 in 1917 in the battles of Bainsizza, Meletta di Gallio, Tonderecar, Melette, Forcella Magna, Monte Kukla, Monte Badenecche, Ronzina, Val Tudrio, Codroipo, Tagliamento, Altopiano di Asiago, Monte Grappa, Col della Berretta, Monte Ortigara, and Col Caprile
 in 1918 in the battles of Monte Cornone, Col del Rosso, Col d'Echele, Croce di San Francesco, Monte Cesen, Vidor, Valdobbiadene, Monte Garda, Lentiai, Ponte di Busche and Vittorio Veneto

The regiment's battalions were awarded six Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war, one of which was shared between the Verona, Bassano, Monte Baldo, and Sette Comuni battalions for their conduct during the battle of Monte Ortigara.

7th Alpini Regiment
The 7th Alpini Regiment was based in Belluno and its recruiting area covered most of the Bellunes Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Forcella di Cima Bos, Val Cordevole, Forcella Lavaredo, Val Costeana, Monte Cavallin, Monte Piana, Tofane, Col di Lana, Punta del Forame, Forcella Magna, Cimon Rava, and Monte Setole
 in 1916 in the battles of Monte Cadini, Col dei Bos, Croda dell'Ancona, Masaré di Fontana Negra, Monte Cima, Monte Cauriol, Asiago, Lavaredo, Tofane, Cristallo, and Creste di Costabella
 in 1917 in the battles of Monte Cauriol, Bainsizza, Tonderecar, Monte Castelgomberto, Monte Tomatico, Val Calcino, Monte Valderoa, Monte Grappa, Monte Rosso, Monte Sol, Val Costeana, Monte Solarolo, Eleventh Isonzo, and Monte Altissimo
 in 1918 in the battles of Monte Altissimo, Monte Solarolo, Monte Grappa, and Vittorio Veneto

In spring 1915 the regiment's Feltre Depot formed the Alpini Volunteers Company Feltre, while the Pieve di Cadore Depot formed the Alpini Volunteers Company Cadore. In 1918 the two companies were merged into the Volunteer Unit Feltre-Cadore and assigned to the 4th Army.

The regiment's battalions were awarded two Silver Medals of Military Valor and two Bronze Medals of Military Valor during the war.

8th Alpini Regiment
The 8th Alpini Regiment was based in Venzone and recruited in the Carnic Alps and Carnic Prealps, and the Western side of the Julian Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Capella Sleme, Monte Jeza, Pal Piccolo, Pal Grande, Freikofel, Monte Croce, Val Dogna, Monte Jera, Monte Nero, Monte Vodil, Stauli Roner, Cresta Verde, Monte Kozliak, Monte Pleca, Monte Rosso, Dolje,
 in 1916 in the battles of Monte Vršič, Pal Piccolo, Monte Vrata, Cimone d'Arsiero, Malga Pozze, Monte Fasolo, Val d'Astico, Costone Cauriol, Asiago, Alpi di Fassa, Alto But, Passo del Cavallo, Cima Busa Alta,
 in 1917 in the battles of Busa Alta, Alto But, Costone Cauriol, Monte Tomatico, Fonzaso, Monte Prassolan, Costone del Pertica, Fontana Secca, Monte Solarolo, Col della Berretta, Col Caprile, Monte Valderoa, Monte Spinoncia
 in 1918 in the battles of Monte Solarolo, Monte Valderoa, Cima Cady, Monte Tonale, Monte Grappa, and Vittorio Veneto (Val Lagarina)

In spring 1915 the regiment's Gemona Depot also formed the Alpini Volunteers Company Gemona-Cividale, which was disbanded in March 1917 after suffering heavy losses.

The regiment's battalions were awarded two Silver Medals of Military Valor, which were shared between the Gemona, Val Fella, and Monte Canin, respectively between the Tolmezzo and Val Tagliamento battalions. The Cividale and Val Natisone battalions were awarded a shared Bronze Medal of Military Valor.

Note 1: The 8th Alpini Company, originally part of the disbanded Pieve di Teco battalion, was re-raised by the Gemona depot and joined the Val Fella on 15 May 1916.
Note 2: As the depot was too close to the front it was moved to Casarsa in 1915.

Battle of Caporetto
The Battle of Caporetto and following retreat was devastating for the Italian Army, which lost 305,000 men. The Alpini units along the Isonzo front and in the Carnic Alps and Dolomites were badly mauled and 20 Alpini battalions had to be disbanded at the end of the battle. A further seven were disbanded two months later to bring the remaining battalions back up to strength. Worst hit was the 8th Alpini Regiment, whose units were all deployed in the Julian and Carnic Alps and had to retrat the farthest. Seven of its ten battalions had to be disbanded, and as the regiment's depots were all overrun by German and Austro-Hungarian troops it could not replenish its ranks. The other regiments, which were badly hit were the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Alpini, which lost between half and two-thirds of their battalions. The following battalions were disbanded:

Reorganization 1918
After the disastrous Battle of Caporetto the Chief of Staff of the Italian Army Luigi Cadorna was finally dismissed and replaced by Armando Diaz. Diaz reorganized the army and ordered the Alpini groups to be formed into permanent formations of three Alpini battalions, each battalion with its own machine gunner company, one mountain artillery group, two autonomous machine gunner companies, and a "reparto cannoncini d'accompagnamento" (loosely translated: small accompaniment cannons unit), with Italian copies of the Austrian 3.7cm Infantry Gun M.15.

Likewise the Alpini groupings became permanent formations of two Alpini groups and one mountain artillery grouping, with two mountain artillery groups each. The Alpini groupings were combined in four divisions: the 5th and 75th static and tasked with the defense of front sectors in Western part of the theater, and the 52nd mobile and able to be deployed along the front as needed.

III Army Corps
The III Army Corps was one of two army corps of the 7th Army, which held the front from Stelvio Pass to the Western shore of Lake Garda. The III Army Corps held the northern part of the front from the Stelvio to Monte Listino, while the XIV Army Corps held the front from Monte Listino to Lake Garda. The XIV Army Corps consisted in 1918 of the 6th, 20th, 21st, and 22nd divisions.

5th Alpine Division
Formed on 24 May 1915 at the outbreak of war the 5th Alpine Division was formed initially by the infantry brigades Palermo and Cuneo, and the 27th Field Artillery Regiment. From its inception until the formation of the 75th Alpine Division the 5th Alpine Division garrisoned the front from the Swiss border through the Ortler Group to Tonale Pass and then through the Adamello Group to the Val Camonica. With the reorganization of the Alpini corps in 1918 the division ceded the III and V Alpini groups to the newly formed 75th Alpine Division and received the VII Alpini Group. For the rest of the war it focused on garrison the front from Gavia Pass to the Tonale pass and then through the Adamello Group and the Northern end of the Val Camonica.

After the Battle of Vittorio Veneto and the following Austro-Hungarian retreat the units of the division advance from Tonale Pass into the Val di Sole on 3 November 1918. They reach Malè and Cles, while a detachment occupies the Mendel Pass overlooking Bolzano, before the Armistice of Villa Giusti comes into effect at 3pm on 4 November.

75th Alpine Division
The 75th Alpine Division was formed on 1 June 1918 with the III and V Alpini Groupings, 42nd Territorial Militia Battalion and the 9th Mountain Artillery Grouping. From June to November the division patrolled the front in the upper Valtellina valley: from the Swiss border to Gavia Pass. For the last Italian offensive at Vittorio Veneto the division ceded on 15 October 1918 the command of the V Grouping and the 15th Group to the XXVII Army Corps. The grouping received the 18th Alpini Group and together the units crossed the Piave river near Vidor on 31 October 1918. While the 18th Group fought its way up the Piave valley towards Mel, the 15th covered the right flank and positioned itself around Valdobbiadene.

Meanwhile back in Valtellina on 3 November 1918 the III Grouping attacked Monte Scorluzzo and Monte Cristallo, the two mountains flanking the Stelvio Pass, and after three years of futile attempts finally managed to dislodge the few remaining Austrian defenders from the pass. By morning of 4 November the battalions of the III Grouping had descended from the pass and reached Prad am Stilfser Joch, Schluderns and the train station at Spondinig, thus cutting railway and road through the Vinschgau valley and with it the route of escape of Austria-Hungary's fleeing troops.

52nd Alpine Division
The 52nd Alpine Division was formed on 10 January 1917 with the infantry brigades Grosseto and Pesaro, and the 11th Field Artillery Regiment. On 17 March of the same year the two infantry brigades were replaced by the 1st, 2nd, 8th, and 9th Alpini Group. Over the course of the year the division received infantry and Bersaglieri units for month long stints in the front line trenches, but its core units remained Alpini groups. After the Battle of Mount Ortigara the 2nd Alpini Group was replaced by the 3rd Group on 9 July and on 20 July 1917 the I Alpini Grouping (1st, 3rd Group) and IV Alpini Grouping (8th, 9th Group) were formally activated.

After various changes due to the Italian retreat after the Battle of Caporetto and the reorganization of the Alpini corps, the division assumed its final organization on 6 March 1918:

80th Alpine Division
The 80th Alpine Division was formed on 20 September 1918 with the VIII and IX Alpini Groupings and the 1st Mountain Artillery Grouping. Assigned to the XXX Army Corps for the last Italian offensive at Vittorio Veneto the division was deployed on the Monte Grappa massiv and tasked to conquer Col dell'Orso, Monte Casonet, Monte Fontanasecca and Monte Solarolo. Attacking on 24 October 1918 the division sustained heavy casualties and failed to meet its objectives until 31 October when the Austro-Hungarian forces began to retreat along the entire front. Until then the VIII Grouping alone had lost 88 officers and 3042 troops – nearly half its starting strength. The enemy's retreat allowed the battalions to advance and take the division's objectives and continue onward to the city of Feltre.

Independent Groups

Geographical Distribution

Mountain Artillery

In 1914 the mountain artillery consisted of two regiments with five mountain artillery groups of three batteries each. Additionally each group stored the material for a fourth battery. The 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment was based in the West of Northern Italy and tasked to support the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Alpini regiments, while the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment was based in the East of Northern Italy and tasked to support the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Alpini regiments. With the rising of tensions the army began to expand the mountain artillery and on 1 February 1915 the 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment was raised in Bergamo. It received the mountain artillery groups Oneglia and Bergamo from the other two regiments and was tasked to support the 1st and 4th Alpini Regiment. At the same time the 36th Field Artillery Regiment began to raise two additional mountain artillery groups.

After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914 an additional 11 mountain artillery batteries, numbered from 51 to 65, were raised from men, who had completed their military service in the preceding four years (i.e. completed it between 1910 and 1914). Each group of the mountain artillery regiments was supposed receive one of these batteries, however for lack of cannons the 53rd, 56th, 60th, and 62nd batteries were not raised until November 1916. Three of these batteries were raised by the 36th Field Artillery Regiment to create the XIV Mountain Artillery Group, the first of 53 mountain artillery groups raised for the war.

Additionally seven batteries equipped with 70/15 cannons were part of the mountain artillery, with six of these deployed in the Italian colonies (41st, 42nd, 43rd in Libya) and one attached to 1st Army. The latter of these batteries was designated 4th Special Battery, while the other six were numbered 41st to 46th.

At the end of 1916 the mountain artillery had grown to 25 groups (I to XXIV, and XXVIII) with 82 batteries, which were numbered from 1 to 81, as the 4th Special Battery was not included in the sequential numbering of mountain artillery batteries. The mountain artillery continued to suffer from a lack of materiel as the army preferred to raise "batterie someggiatti" (loosely translated: pack animal carrying batteries) with the available 65/17 mod. 13 cannons. A mountain artillery battery required 195 horses and mules compared to 137 for a "batteria someggiatta" and therefore the army directed the available cannons to field artillery regiments tasked with raising of the latter type of batteries. In first year of the war 66 "batterie someggiatti" were raised compared to 25 mountain artillery batteries.

In 1917 the mountain artillery added a further six groups (XXV to XXVII, XXIX to XXXI) and 18 batteries for a new total of 31 groups and 100 batteries with 379 65/17 mod. 13 cannons. The size of the mountain artillery doubled in size in early 1918 when all the remaining 84 "batterie someggiatti" and associated groups were reformed as mountain artillery batteries.

Operational Deployment
Mountain artillery batteries were initially often deployed alone or in twos. As the war progressed the mountain artillery groups were deployed in regiment-sized Groupings (Raggruppamento Artiglieria da Montagna), which numbered twelve by the war's end (1° to 12°). From early 1918 onward each Alpini group received a mountain artillery group, while each Alpini grouping received a mountain artillery grouping with two mountains artillery groups. Thus 38 mountain artillery groups were permanently assigned to Alpini groups and groupings, with the remaining groups assigned to divisions and army corps.

1st Mountain Artillery Regiment
The 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment was based in Turin and recruited in Piedmont and the Aosta Valley. Three of the regiment's four groups were based in Turin – a fact reflected in the names of the groups, which combined the Italian name of the city "Torino" with the names of the Alpini battalions they were assigned to support. Only the Mondovì Group was based outside Turin. Until 1 February 1915 the regiment also included the depot in Oneglia with the Mountain Artillery Group Oneglia, which both were transferred on that date to the newly formed 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment.

During the war the regiment's depots raised and trained the commands of nine mountain artillery groupings (Raggruppamento Artiglieria Montagna), the commands of 17 mountain artillery groups (Gruppo Artiglieria Montagna), and 37 mountain artillery batteries, which were each equipped with four 65/17 mod. 13 cannons. Furthermore, two commands of siege groups (Gruppo d'Assedio), and 14 siege batteries were raised and trained by the regiment.

 The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groupings: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 9°, 10°, 11°, and 12°.
 The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groups: XV (66th, 67th, 68th bty.), XIX (14th, 51st, 55th bty.), XXII (47th, 48th, 49th bty.), XXV (82nd, 83rd, 84th bty.), XXIX (91st, 92nd, 93rd bty.), XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIII, XLIV, LII, LVIII, LXII, and LXV.

During the war the regiment's groups fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Col di Lana, Monte Sief, Valsugana, Monte Nero, Monte Javorcek, and Coston del Mrzli
 in 1916 in the battles of Col di Lana, Monte Sief, Monte Cauriol, Monte Cardinal, Busa Alta, Monte Pasubio, Monte Corno, Monte Sleme, and Monte Mrzli
 in 1917 in the battles of Liga, Brodez, Monte Zebio, Bainsizza, Spinoncia, Monte Asolone, Colle dell'Orso, Monte Solarolo, Monte Pasubio, Monte Cucco, and Monte Vodice
 in 1918 in the battles of Spinoncia, Monte Solarolo, Archeson, Conca di Schiavino, Monte Grappa, Monte Valderoa, Conca di Feltre, Passo del Monticello, and Passo Tonale

At the outbreak of war the mountain artillery groups lost their names and were numbered with Roman numerals instead. In the table below these Roman numerals are preceding the groups' names in brackets.

Note 1: The group's 53rd Mountain Artillery Battery was not raised until November 1916 for lack of available 65/17 mod. 13 cannons.

2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment
The 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment was based in Vicenza and recruited in the Veneto. Until 1 February 1915 the regiment also included the depot in Bergamo with the Mountain Artillery Group Bergamo, which both were transferred on that date to the newly formed 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment.

During the war the regiment's depots raised and trained the commands of two mountain artillery groupings (Raggruppamento Artiglieria Montagna), the commands of 13 mountain artillery groups (Gruppo Artiglieria Montagna), and 35 mountain artillery batteries, which were each equipped with four 65/17 mod. 13 cannons. Furthermore, five commands of siege groups (Gruppo d'Assedio), and 21 siege batteries were raised and trained by the regiment.

 The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groupings: 6° and 8°.
 The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groups: XVI (69th, 70th, 71st bty.), XXI (78th, 79th, 80th, 81st bty), XXIII (50th, 53rd bty.), XXVI (85th, 86th, 87th bty.), XXVIII, XXX (94th, 95th, 96th bty.), XLIX, LIII, LIV, LXI, LXIII, LXIV, and LXVII.

During the war the regiment's groups fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Pal Piccolo, Pal Grande, Freikofel, Tolmino, Monte Santa Maria, Santa Lucia, Monte Matassone, Monte Pozzacchio, Monte Coston, Tre Cime di Lavaredo, Monte Piana, Sexten Valley, and Monte Croce Comelico
 in 1916 in the battles of Pal Piccolo, Pal Grande, Zellonkofel, Sabotino, Monte Cengio, Monte Novegno, Veliki Hribach, Monte Maronia, Monte Majo, San Gabriele, Pecinka, and Passo Sentinella
 in 1917 in the battles of Monte Kuk, Monte Vodice, Bainsizza, Castagnevizza, Monte Tomba, Pecinka, Veliki Hribach, Cima Forame, Monte Piana, Stretta di Quero, and Monte Solarolo
 in 1918 in the battles of Montello, Piana della Sernaglia, Monte Asolone, Monte Palone, Valle del Sarca, Val Calcino, and Monte Grappa

At the outbreak of war the mountain artillery groups lost their names and were numbered with Roman numerals instead. In the table below these Roman numerals are preceding the groups' names in brackets.

Note 2: The group's 56th Mountain Artillery Battery was not raised until November 1916 for lack of available 65/17 mod. 13 cannons.

3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment
The 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment was raised on 1 February 1915 in Bergamo. The regiment received the depot in Bergamo with the Mountain Artillery Group Bergamo from the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment and the depot in Oneglia with the Mountain Artillery Group Oneglia from the 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment. The new regiment recruited in Lombardy and Liguria.

During the war the regiment's depots raised and trained the commands of one mountain artillery grouping (Raggruppamento Artiglieria Montagna), the commands of 17 mountain artillery groups (Gruppo Artiglieria Montagna), and 44 mountain artillery batteries, which were each equipped with four 65/17 mod. 13 cannons. Furthermore, two commands of siege groups (Gruppo d'Assedio), and 19 siege batteries were raised and trained by the regiment.

 The regiment raised the following mountain artillery grouping: 7°.
 The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groups: XVII (72nd, 73rd, 74th bty.), XVIII (75th, 76th, 77th bty.), XXIV (56th, 60th, 62nd bty.), XXVII (88th, 89th, 90th bty.), XXXI (97th, 98th, 99th bty.), XXXII, XL, XLV, XLVI, XLVII, XLVIII, LV, LVI, LVII, LIX, LX, and LXVI.

During the war the regiment's groups fought:
 in 1915 in the battles of Val d'Assa, Monte Coston, Monte Altissimo, Brentonico, Monte Nero, Monte Mrzli, Sass de Stria, and Monte Piana
 in 1916 in the battles of Castel Dante, Melette, Monte Fior, Zugna, Passo Buole, Monte Nero, and Tofane
 in 1917 in the battles of Monte Nero, Monte Zebio, zeCastagnevizza, Monte Tomba, Monfenera, Cimone d'Arsiero, Val d'Astico, Piccolo Lagazuoi, and Monte Grappa
 in 1918 in the battles of Fagarè, Monte Pelle, Vallagarina, Cima Presena, Passo del Monticello, Passo Cavento, Roncade, Monte Coston, Monte Grappa, Montello, and Vittorio Veneto

At the outbreak of war the mountain artillery groups lost their names and were numbered with Roman numerals instead. In the table below these Roman numerals are preceding the groups' names in brackets.

Note 3: The Genova group's 60th Mountain Artillery Battery and the Como group's 62nd Mountain Artillery Battery were not raised until November 1916 for lack of available 65/17 mod. 13 cannons.

36th Field Artillery Regiment
The 36th Field Artillery Regiment in Southern Italy raised two mountain artillery groups. One the Mountain Artillery Group Messina fielded three mountain artillery batteries of the permanent army, while the XIV Group fielded three of the batteries activated in spring 1915 with reservists. During the war the regiment's depots raised and trained the commands of two mountain artillery groups (Gruppo Artiglieria Montagna), and an unknown number of mountain artillery batteries.

 The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groups: XX (22nd, 33rd, 59th bty.) and LI.

Other regiments
A further four mountain artillery groups were raised by two field artillery regiments: the 18th Field Artillery Regiment raised the XXXVI and XLI Mountain Artillery Groups together with their batteries, while the 30th Field Artillery Regiment raised the XLII and L Mountain Artillery Groups with their respective batteries.

Geographical Distribution

References

Category:Italian Army
Category:Alpini
Category:Military units and formations of Italy in World War I
Category:Italian Front (World War I)


Multiply (Xzibit song)

Multiply is the first single from Xzibit's album, Man vs. Machine. The chorus is rapped by Nate Dogg. In the music video it shows Xzibit riding on a car. An official remix featuring Busta Rhymes was released as a bonus track in the same album. The video contains cameo appearances by Busta Rhymes, Dr. Dre & WC.

Track listings

CD Single (UK 673 155-2)
 Multiply (explicit) (04:11)
 Multiply (Clean Radio version) (03:50)
 Get Your Walk On (feat. WC + Dat Nigga Daz) 05:02
 Multiply (Video)

Charts

References

Category:2002 singles
Category:Xzibit songs
Category:Song recordings produced by Mr. Porter
Category:2002 songs
Category:Songs written by Xzibit
Category:Songs written by Nate Dogg
Category:Loud Records singles
Category:Songs written by Mr. Porter


Theobald Stein

Theobald Stein (7 February 1829 – 16 November 1901) was a Danish sculptor. He was a professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts and served as its director from 1883 to 1886.

Among his most well-known works are the Niels Juel statue at Holmens Kanal and the Ludvig Holberg statue outside the Royal Danish Theatre, both in Copenhagen.

Biography

Early life and education
Theobald Stein was born on 7 February 1829 in Copenhagen to Sophus August Vilhelm Stein, surgeon and professor in anatomy at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. His younger brothers were the chemist Valdemar Stein and Harald Stein, Bishop of Funen from 1889 to 1899. Theobald Stein was intended for an academic career but from an early age he showed great interest in drawing and upon recommendation from  the many artists who visited the Stein's home, he was therefore instead enrolled at the Academy's drawing school at age 12. At the same time he trained as a sculptor with Christian Christensen, and after Christensen's death in 1845 with Herman Wilhelm Bissen. He was accepted into the model school in 1846 and won both the small and the large gold medal in 1848, as well as both a Neuhausen Award and the Academy's small gold medal for a statuette of Ludvig Holberg in 1851.

Years in Rome
The proceeds from his work and economic support from the Academy enabled him to spend four productive and successful years in Rome.  His work from this period includes Neapolitean Fishing Boy, carrying a Pitcher which was rewarded with a Thorvaldsen Medal in 1860. A bronze cast of it was originally placed by Carl Jacobsen's Albertina Trust in the no longer existing Aborreparken in Copenhagen but has later been moved to Grønningen at Kastellet.

Career at the Academy
In 1861, the year after his return to Copenhagen from Italy, Stein became a member of the Academy and when his father died in 1867 he succeeded him as docent in anatomy. In 1874 he became a titular professor and in 1881 he assumed the position of professor in sculpture at the Model School. From 1883 to 1887 he served as Director of the Academy.

Selected works
 Jason, der bemægtiger sig det gyldne Skind, medens Orpheus og Medea trylle Dragen i Søvn (1850)
 Ludvig Holberg (1850)
 Den blinde Kong Oedipus, der vandrer i Landflygtighed, ledet af Datteren Antigone (1853)
 Johannes Ewald (1855)
 En ung Pige, som kaster Korn til Kyllinger (1856)
 En ung Pige, som plukker en Stjærneblomst itu
 Kong Skjold som Barn
 Loke og Sigyn
 C.F. Harsdorff (1867)
 David med Sauls Vandkrukke og Spyd (1869)
 August Bournonville
 Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae
 Rasmus Nyerup (Nationalmuseet)
 Jacob Peter Mynster
 Hyrden Faustulus med Romullus og Remus

Public sculptures
 Neapolitean Fishing Boy, carrying a Pitcher, Grønningen, Copenhagen
 Ludvig Holberg, Royal Danish Theatre, Kongens Nytorv, Copenhagen (1875)
 Niels Juel, Holmens Kanal (1889)
 John Wycliff, Frederick's Church, Copenhagen (1883–84)
 Martin Luther, Frederick's Church, Copenhagen (1885–87)
 Jan Hus, Frederick's Church, Copenhagen (185-87)
 Suenson Monument, Nyboder, Copenhagen (1889)
 Ansgar, Frederick's Church, Copenhagen (1894)
 Little Gunver, Kongens Have, Copenhagen (1898)
 Asmus Jacob Carstens
 Edward Tesdorpf, Landbohøjskolens Botaniske Have, Copenhagen 1901

Gallery

See also

 Art of Denmark

References

Category:Danish sculptors
Category:1829 births
Category:1901 deaths
Category:Artists from Copenhagen
Category:Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Category:Recipients of the Thorvaldsen Medal
Category:Burials at the Cemetery of Holmen


Foxface (band)

Foxface are a Glasgow-based Scottish rock band featuring Michael Angus (vocals, guitar), John Ferguson (drums, accordion, banjo, mandolin) and Jenny Bell (bass, vocals).

History
Foxface started life as the solo acoustic project of Michael Angus, previously of Peeps into Fairyland.  Along the way he was joined by John Ferguson, also ex-Peeps into Fairyland, before the line up was completed by Jenny Bell.

After disbanding in 2009, Michael Angus went on to form Make Love with David Gow (Sons and Daughters) and Colin Kearney (Eska).

Members

Current
Michael Angus - Vocals, guitar
John Ferguson - Drums, accordion, banjo, mandolin
Jenny Bell - Bass, vocals

Previous
Andrew Smith (Laeto) - Guitar

Discography

Albums
 This Is What Makes Us (2007)

EPs
Foxface EP (2003)

Singles
 Monster Seas / Across To Texa 7" (2006)

External links
Official website
Myspace
Last FM page
Myspace

Category:Scottish indie rock groups
Category:Scottish folk music groups
Category:Gargleblast Records artists


My Super Psycho Sweet 16 (film series)

My Super Psycho Sweet 16 is an American horror film series produced by MTV. The series consisted of three films. In each film represents a birthday theme is used for the character who turns 16 is the plot element of the series.

Films

My Super Psycho Sweet 16 (2009)

Madison Penrose, spoiled throughout her life, convinces her rich parents to re-open a nearby rollerdome for her Sweet 16 birthday party. The rollerdome once closed because a series of brutal murders took place at the locale, and, of course, the killer returns to wreak havoc during her party.

Birthday Theme: Madison Penrose

My Super Psycho Sweet 16: Part 2 (2010)

Skye Rotter is on the run, having fled the Roller Dome massacre from the end of the first movie. With nowhere left to turn, Skye heads to the quiet town of Mill Basin and the mother who abandoned her years ago. There, she meets her younger half-sister Alex and Alex's manipulative best friend Zoe. Skye hopes she's finally found safety in her new family, but she's about to learn she can't outrun her past. While her friends Brigg and Derek desperately try to locate her, Charlie Rotter comes to town with one bloody mission: to turn Skye's upcoming birthday into a Sweet 16 she'll never forget, turning a weekend rager into the savage setting for a Rotter family reunion.

Birthday Theme: Skye Rotter

My Super Psycho Sweet 16: Part 3 (2012)

Having endured the torment of high school, survived the bloodbath at the Rollerdome, and then confronted her serial killer father at the Boneyard - ending his reign of terror once and for all - Skye Rotter is ready to break free of "Psycho Skye" and head to college for a new life. But before Skye can truly escape her dark past, there's still one last party she has to attend - her estranged sister Alex is having her Sweet 16, and someone has made certain the Lord of the Rink's bloody legacy lives on. One way or another, the party will end here.

Birthday Theme: Alex Bell

Cast
Key
A  indicates the actor portrayed the role of a younger version of the character.
A dark gray cell indicates the character was not in the film.

Crew

External links

Category:American teen horror films
Category:Horror film series
Category:Film series introduced in 2009


Renat Nelli

Renat Nelli (), who was born in Carcassonne, Aude in 1906 and died in 1982, was one of the major Occitan authors of the 20th century.

In Vichy France, Nelli joined the French Resistance and in 1945 was one of the co-founders of the Institut d'Estudis Occitans. He also co-wrote the special issue of the Cahiers du Sud magazine on "the Genius of Òc and the Mediterranean Man" (1943), in which the three main lines of his literary mission stand out: the publication and translation of medieval Occitan poets; publishing his own poems; and being a critic. His collections are marked with sensuality and draw their inspiration from the mystical traditions of Cathars and trobadors. He later tried his hand at prose and drama. Renat Nelli is known in French as René Nelli.

Works
 Entre l’espèr e l’abséncia (Between Hope and Absence), 1942
 Arma de vertat (A Soul for Real), 1952
 Vespèr e la luna dels fraisses (Vespèr and the Moon of the Ash Trees), 1962
 L'érotique des troubadours, Toulouse, Privat, 1963 (& 10/18 - 2 vol. - 1974)
 Beatrís de Planissòlas, 1972, a play
 Per una nuèit d'estieu (On a Summer Night), 1976

Category:1906 births
Category:1982 deaths
Category:People from Carcassonne
Category:Occitan-language writers
Category:French Resistance members
Category:20th-century French historians


Miztec (schooner barge)

The Miztec was built as a 3-masted schooner in 1890.  She was later converted to a schooner barge and served as a consort for lumber hookers on the Great Lakes.  She escaped destruction in a severe 1919 storm that sank her longtime companion, the SS Myron, only to sink on the traditional day of bad luck, Friday the 13th, 1921, with the loss of all hands.  She came to rest on Lake Superior's bottom off Whitefish Point near the Myron.

The Miztec’s wreck was illegally salvaged in the 1980s.  Artifacts from the Miztec became the property of the State of Michigan after they were seized in a 1992 Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE) raid on the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum.  The State allows the museum to hold a triple sheave block and hook and a double sheave block and hook from the Miztec as a loan.  Her wreck is now protected by the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve as part of an underwater museum.

Career
The 194 foot wooden Miztec was built as a 3-masted schooner in 1890 in Marine City, Michigan.  She was enrolled at Port Huron, Michigan on 8 April 1890.  On 3 May 1890 she ran ashore near Minorville, Wisconsin.

The Miztec spent the final years of her career as an O.W. Blodgett Lumber Company barge consort towed by lumber hookers. She was stranded by her tow, the SS Myron, off Vermilion Point in a severe November gale in 1919.  She narrowly escaped total destruction and suffered heavy damage but survived the storm while the Myron did not. She was rebuilt in 1919.

Final voyage
The Blodgett fleet of the Zillah, Miztec, and Peshtigo locked through the Soo headed for a spring gale and the Miztec’s doom on Friday 13 May 1921. The wooden steamer Zillah was towing the schooner barges Miztec and Peshtigo.  The Zillah and Miztec carried bulk salt bound for Duluth, Minnesota and the empty Peshtigo was scheduled for drop off at Munising, Michigan.

Ten miles west of Whitefish Point, the fleet met the full  brunt of the storm's heavy snow and near hurricane force winds. The 31-year-old wooden Zillah started taking on water when her seams twisted open in the raging seas. Her 785-horsepower steam engine could barely maintain her bow to the seas. The master of the Zillah decided to turn around and take shelter in Whitefish Bay. The Zillah’s tow line broke during the strain of the turn, stranding the Miztec and Peshtigo in the storm, and then the tow line between the two barges broke.

In an effort to reach the lee of Whitefish Point, the Peshtigo set short sails that the wind soon shredded. The Peshtigo dragged both anchors as the wind and waves forced her toward shore, and the pounding surf of the dangerous shallows. When the crew of the Vermilion Point Life-saving Station saw the Peshtigo’s struggle, they launched two surfboats that were destroyed by the crashing sea. The Peshigo’s anchors finally caught hold about ¼ mile from shore and she and her crew survived the storm.

When the tow line between the Miztec and the Peshtigo broke, Captain Campbell of the Peshtigo saw the Miztec’s lights disappear with his brother on board. His brother was the Miztec’s first mate. While the Miztec survived the 1919 storm that took her partner, the SS Myron, her run of good fortune ended when she sank with the loss of all 7 crewmembers on the traditional day of bad luck, Friday the 13th. Captain Neal, who was rescued near-death clinging to the pilothouse of the Myron in 1919, was serving as the Zillah's first mate when the Miztec sank in 1921. When the freighter Renown came upon the flotsam of the Miztec’s sinking site, its crew sighted a body atop the deck house, but unlike Captain Neal's rescue, the body slipped into the seas as they approached.

The Renown reported their finding to the United States Coast Guard. The Coast Guard went to the wreck scene and buoyed the Miztec’s spar that was protruding from shallow water with plans to dynamite her as a navigational hazard as she lay near the shipping lane, but they were unable to relocate her when they returned. It was believed that as her salt cargo dissolved, she moved along the lake bottom to deeper water. The Miztec came to rest not far from the wreck site her longtime companion lumber hooker, the SS Myron.

No bodies were recovered from the Miztec’s sinking site, but six days after she sank, Native Americans on Maple Island, Ontario discovered the body of Mrs. Florence Pederson, the cook and the wife of the captain of the Miztec.

The Miztec was an estimated $10,000 loss to O.W. Blodgett Lumber Company.

Wreck
The Miztec’s wreck was discovered in 1983 by the Oddessey Foundation in  of water at . The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE) raided the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum at Whitefish Point in 1992 for artifacts illegally removed from the Great Lakes bottomlands.  The DNRE seized around 150 artifacts from the museum, including a triple sheave block and hook and a double sheave block and hook from the Miztec. Following a settlement agreement between the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society and the State of Michigan, the State's artifacts from the Miztec are on loan to the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society for display in the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum.

The Miztec’s wreck is now protected by the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve for future generations of scuba divers.  The Miztec’s remains are broken and scattered on the lake bottom but her anchor and chain and other gear are still present. Although the Miztec’s wreck is one of the shallower wrecks, sports divers are cautioned to be certain of their abilities and equipment for dives because the preserve  does not  include protective bay or coves from the cold and volatile weather. Divers who visit the wreck sites are expected to observe preservation laws and "take nothing but pictures and leave nothing but bubbles."

Notes

References

Category:1890 ships
Category:Merchant ships of the United States
Category:Maritime incidents in 1921
Category:Shipwrecks of Lake Superior
Category:Schooners
Category:Barges of the United States
Category:Schooner barges


Nafata of Gobir

Sultan Nafata of Gobir (r.1797–98), one of a series of rulers of the small Hausa state, today in northern Nigeria.  Best remembered for his opposition to Fulani Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio, who later led a popular uprising against the Gobir rulers, and established the Sokoto Caliphate.

See also
Gobir

External links
List of rulers of Gobir
Igba Rumun Vishigh. CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM IN DIALOGUE: NORTHWEST NIGERIA, 1960-1990. University of Jos, Nigeria (1997).

Category:History of Nigeria


Ferranti Blue Fox

__NOTOC__

The Ferranti Blue Fox was a British multi-role airborne radar designed and built for the Royal Navy by Ferranti Defence Systems in the late 1970s. It had a mixed record in service, and was replaced by the more capable Blue Vixen.

Design and development
Blue Fox was developed to a Royal Navy requirement for a radar to equip the British Aerospace Sea Harrier FRS.1. Its primary role would be to detect large targets like maritime reconnaissance aircraft or anti-shipping bombers flying over the sea. A secondary role was air-to-surface search and strike against shipping. The system was designed within strict limits of size, time and cost.

Ferranti developed the system using components of their Ferranti Seaspray radar, used on the Westland Lynx naval helicopter to detect ships. It emerged as a frequency agile I band radar that weighed less than 85 kilograms in total.

Three two-seat Hawker Hunters were also fitted with Blue Fox radars for Royal Navy Sea Harrier pilot training, designated Hunter T.8M.

Service history
The Blue Fox entered operational service with the Fleet Air Arm in July 1981 when 801 Naval Air Squadron, under the command of Commander Nigel "Sharkey" Ward, was commissioned and went to sea aboard HMS Invincible. Previously, 899 Naval Air Squadron, the Headquarters Training Squadron for the new Sea Harrier and 800 Naval Air Squadron, the first operational unit of the type, had initially flown their aircraft without radar fitted.

Following the Argentinian invasion of the Falkland Islands in April 1982, the British Government dispatched a naval task force to the South Atlantic, including two aircraft carriers, each carrying a Sea Harrier squadron. 801 Squadron was embarked on HMS Invincible and 800 Squadron (now with Blue Fox) on the flagship, HMS Hermes. The leadership of 800 Squadron had experienced difficulties with the Blue Fox radar and took the view that it was useless, discounting Ward's claims that the equipment performed better than Ferranti had predicted. A Ferranti engineer joined the task force at Ascension Islands, primarily to fix a problem with seawater ingress into the radome, but was also able to retune 800 Squadron's radars. However, by that time, confidence in the equipment had been lost and there remained considerable differences in the way it was utilised between the two squadrons throughout the conflict. In the course of the war, four Argentinian aircraft were destroyed in air-to-air combat using Blue Fox. As was expected, the radar was unable to "look down" over land or rough sea and the other interceptions relied on a combination of ships' radars and visual acquisition. However, in moderate sea states, the Blue Fox was found to be useful in the surface search mode, being able to detect a warship at a range of 100 nautical miles. On 2 May, a single Sea Harrier was able to detect the Argentinian carrier group as it approached the British task force.

The Fleet Air Arm's Sea Harrier FRS1 with Blue Fox began to be phased out in 1989 with the introduction of the FA2 version, which was fitted with the more capable Ferranti Blue Vixen radar. The remaining FRS1 aircraft were converted to this standard as the FRS2.

The Indian Navy acquired Sea Harriers in three batches, the first in 1983. For the second batch, to be delivered in 1989, the Indians sought a radar with a better "look down" capability, but the successor to the Blue Fox, the Blue Vixen, was still undergoing trials in the United Kingdom and would not be available for export for some years, so Blue Fox was reluctantly accepted. The Indian Sea Harriers were eventually upgraded by the replacement of Blue Fox with the Israeli Elta EL/M-2032 radar.

Operators

Indian Navy

Royal Navy

See also

 Blue Vixen

References

Notes

Bibliography

Category:Aircraft radars
Category:Ferranti
Category:Military radars of the United Kingdom
Category:History of science and technology in the United Kingdom


Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine

The Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (also known as the Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine) is a state-supported college of two states, Virginia and Maryland, filling the need for veterinary medicine education in both states. Students from both states are considered "in-state" students for admissions purposes.

It is one of 28 colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States and is accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association's Council on Education and the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International. In 2011, the U.S. News 'Veterinary Medicine' Ranking placed the college tied for 17th with Iowa State University in a poll of 25 ranked schools.

The college is considered a constituent college of both Virginia Tech and the University of Maryland. The college's main campus is located on Virginia Tech's campus in Blacksburg, with a branch on the University of Maryland's campus in College Park. It also operates the Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center in Leesburg, Virginia. The college's Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) program is designed to be finished in four years.

History
 Historically, there was a shortage of veterinary colleges in the southern and Mid-Atlantic states. In 1950, the state of Maryland began a contract to allow 10 Maryland students to attend the vet school at the University of Georgia in exchange for the admittance of 10 Georgians into the University of Maryland School of Dentistry. By 1972, Maryland expanded its relationship with out-of-state vet schools to include Tuskegee University, Ohio State University, University of Florida, University of Pennsylvania, and Cornell University. Virginia also tried to address the absence of an in-state veterinary school. In 1971, Virginia entered into contracts administered by the Southern Regional Education Board, allotting 15 seats to Virginia students in the University of Georgia's veterinary school and two seats at Tuskegee University's school.

In June 1971, the Virginia Veterinary Medical Association initiated a study of the need for and feasibility of a college of veterinary medicine. In 1973, a commission of veterinarians and members of the Virginia General Assembly found that Virginia did need a veterinary college to adequately meet its need for veterinary services. The commission recommended that this college should be a regional college, should emphasize service to farmers in Virginia, and should be located at Virginia Tech.

In 1978, the Virginia General Assembly officially established the college as a part of Virginia Tech, one of Virginia's two land-grant universities. Meanwhile, in Maryland, the State Board of Regents decided in 1977 to establish a veterinary school at the University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; however, on May 11, 1979, the Board of Regents decided to join the Virginia school instead. In February 1980, a memorandum of understanding with the then-Virginia school stated that 24 slots in the entering class would be reserved for Maryland students and 40 places would be allocated to Virginia students. This founding class of 64 students entered the college on September 15, 1980 and graduated with DVM degrees in June 1984. The new college was fully accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1990.

The college opened a $10.5 million, 16,000-square-foot Infectious Disease Research Facility in November 2011 and completed a $14.1 million, 30,000-square-foot Veterinary Medicine Instruction Addition in the fall of 2012. Located on the Blacksburg campus, both facilities connect to the main college complex.

Starting with the Class of 2016, the college expanded the number of students in its DVM program. Of the 120 anticipated spots, 50 are reserved for Virginia residents and 30 for Maryland residents. The remaining spots are for at-large applications and include space for up to six West Virginia residents under a new agreement.

Academics
The Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine offers students a DVM degree or an M.S. or Ph.D. in biomedical and veterinary sciences. The college also has a joint program with the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine that leads to a master of public health. In addition to these degrees, students may participate in residency and internships in their desired fields of interest.

Rankings

The College of Veterinary Medicine has a highly reputed Veterinary Medicine program and is one of a handful of core recruiting schools for some of the most selective assignments. Listed below is the 2015 ranking by the U.S. News & World Report:
Veterinary Medicine: No. 19 U.S. News & World Report 2014 Best Graduate Schools.

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine program
The college offers a four-year full-time program leading to the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree. In 2016, it launched a new DVM curriculum that integrates the basic and clinical sciences, incorporates team-based learning, and allows for early entry into the clinics. Veterinary students complete three years of classroom instruction and 12 months of clinical rotations in total. The curriculum also allows students to choose a track in small animal, food animal, equine, mixed species, or public/corporate veterinary medicine.

Over the past five years, the Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine's DVM program has had over 97 percent of its students pass the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE). In 2013-14, all of the college's 95 graduating students passed the exam.

Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences program
The Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences program is part of the Graduate School at Virginia Tech. The program offers a Ph.D. degree that requires 90 credit hours of course work, research, and a dissertation. The Ph.D. can be completed in four years, and prospective students do not need a master's degree to apply. The master's degree requires 30 credit hours of coursework, research, and a thesis and can be completed in two years. The college also has a dual-degree program that leads to both a DVM and Ph.D. in six years. In this program, students can pursue research opportunities in biomedical and/or clinical studies.

Master of Public Health
In collaboration with the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, the veterinary college offers a Master of Public Health professional degree program through the Department of Population Health Sciences. The program is the first of its kind to be accredited at a veterinary college.

Residency and Internships
The Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine provides students with discipline-specific residency programs. All residents must complete a graduate degree (M.S. or Ph.D.). Small-animal clinical residencies and large-animal clinical residencies are designed to provide three to four years of advanced training in specific disciplines in preparation for certification examination by appropriate specialty boards within the veterinary profession. The biomedical sciences and pathobiology residencies, which are part of a combined residency/Ph.D. program, prepare graduates for careers in veterinary clinical pathology or anatomic pathology. The Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center offers residency programs in equine internal medicine and surgery. These programs are fully approved by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine and the American College of Veterinary Surgery.

Internships at the veterinary college are designed to provide post-DVM students with the opportunity for experience in advanced diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in medicine and surgery as well as seminary and manuscript preparation. Internships are also aimed at providing students with training and experience in clinical instruction and preparing them for residency and graduate study or clinical practice.

Hospitals
Students of the Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine can gain veterinary experience by working in one of the college's hospitals: the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, which comprises the Small Animal Hospital and the Harry T. Peters Large Animal Hospital, or the Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center.

Veterinary Teaching Hospital
The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, which comprises the Small Animal Hospital and the Harry T. Peters, Jr. Large Animal Hospital, provides care to clients in the surrounding area. Since the hospital focuses on teaching, residents and interns work closely with clinical faculty members to provide care to small and large animals. Veterinary students in the DVM program participate in three-week clerkships designed to give them hands-on experience; these students welcome patients, record a case history, and conduct the initial examination of the animal prior to consulting with the supervising veterinarian.

Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center
The Marion DuPont Scott Equine Medical Center is a full-service equine hospital located in Leesburg, Virginia. The center, which opened in 1984, has board-certified veterinarians in internal medicine, surgery, and sports medicine as well as veterinarians in residency training programs and licensed veterinary technicians. Since the center's inception, faculty members have helped develop Marquis, the first FDA-approved treatment for equine protozoal myelitis, and GastroGard, a treatment for gastric ulcers.

Research

Students may also gain experience through the college's various research centers, which are spread out across Virginia and Maryland. Under the leadership of the Office of Research and Graduate Studies, the college conducts a broad spectrum of basic/molecular and translational/applied research with a focus on animal health and productivity as well as human health and wellbeing.

Additionally, the school operates a library on its Blacksburg campus that is a part of the Virginia Tech library system.

Center for Public and Corporate Veterinary Medicine
The Center for Public and Corporate Veterinary Medicine (CPCVM) primarily supervises the public and corporate track of the DVM program.  It also coordinates internship opportunities and provides summer fellowships for veterinary students from the United States and several other countries. In 2014, the center's headquarters moved from College Park, Maryland, to Blacksburg, Virginia.

Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases
The central theme of the Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases (CMMID) is "Animal Model of Diseases." The faculty specializes in using various animal models that include not only traditional laboratory animal models (mice and rats), but also non-traditional (chickens, pigs, dogs, fish, crab, equine) animal models. CMMID employs animal models to better understand the disease processes that impact both humans and domesticated species. The center is geared toward addressing current problems in public health that require the use of appropriate animal and tissue culture models, as well as gene-expression analysis.

Center for Animal Human Relationships
The Center for Animal Human Relationships (CENTAUR) is an academic center conducting instructional, research, and outreach programs designed to foster a greater understanding of the mutual benefits associated with human-animal interaction. It provides education, research, and service related to the therapeutic benefits of companion animals. In 2015, the center began a partnership with Saint Francis Service Dogs, a Roanoke-based nonprofit, to raise puppies for future service dog training and teach veterinary students about the human-animal bond.

Center for Reproductive Excellence Using Advanced Technology and Endocrinology
The Center for Reproductive Excellence using Advanced Technology and Endocrinology (CREATE) has three board-certified theriogenologists, each with their own research and species interests. The CREATE Lab offers advanced reproductive services—from breeding soundness and infertility evaluations to genetic counseling—for the following species: equine, bovine, canine, feline, ovine, and caprine.

Laboratory for Neurotoxicity Studies
The Virginia Tech Laboratory for Neurotoxicity Studies conducts investigations studying the effects of toxins on the nervous system. Currently, the laboratory is conducting interdisciplinary research in experimental neurotoxicology studying the effects of agents such as pesticides, solvents, heavy metals, mycotoxins, and nanomaterials in in vitro and in vivo models, funded by federal agencies and industries. Faculty with expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, neuropathology, and veterinary pathology conduct this work.

Veterinary Medical Informatics Laboratory
The Veterinary Medical Informatics Laboratory (VMIL) is an interdisciplinary research and service program within the Office of Research and Graduate Studies. VMIL studies conceptual and structural features of the medical information unique to animals. VMIL also assists in analysis and development of medical information models, databases, and systems. In addition to its research, VMIL acts as a service program by developing terminologies for veterinary organizations.

References

External links

Category:Universities and colleges in Virginia
Category:University of Maryland, College Park
Category:Veterinary schools in the United States
Category:Virginia Tech
Category:Education in Montgomery County, Virginia
Category:Education in Prince George's County, Maryland
Category:Educational institutions established in 1978
Category:1978 establishments in Virginia


Egenolf Lake

Egenolf Lake is a lake in northern Manitoba 75 kilometres south of the provincial boundary with Nunavut, Canada. Pike have been caught at Egenolf Lake measuring well over 50 inches.

Egenolf Lake is the home base of Gangler's North Seal River Lodge and Outposts, a popular sportfishing and hunting operation. Gangler's has introduced an airstrip to the lake to accommodate clients private planes and their commercial chartered airlines.

Ganglers North Seal River Lodge has made adjacent lakes accessible (East Lake, Minuhik Lake and Blackfish Lake).

Category:Lakes of Manitoba


Monségur, Lot-et-Garonne

Monségur is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.

See also
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

Montsegur


Schweizer-Reneke

Schweizer-Reneke, sometimes referred to as Schweizer, is a town  in the North West Province of South Africa. It is the administrative centre of Mamusa Local Municipality. It is commonly referred to as SR and the City of Sunflowers.

History

Schweizer-Reneke was formerly part of the old Transvaal Republic. Founded on 1 October 1888, the town is situated on the banks of the Harts River, with six regional roads exiting the town. The town is named after Captain C.A. Schweizer and Field Cornet C.N. Reyneke. Both men distinguished themselves and were among the ten soldiers killed while storming the stronghold of the Khoi Koi Koranna Khoe and their chief David Massouw on the nearby Mamusa Hill on 2 December 1885 during an action to put an end to cattle rustling in the area. The remains of the stone fortifications of Chief David Massouw can still be seen on Mamusa Hill.

Economy

The principal crops of the region around Schweizer-Reneke are mainly maize, sorghum, groundnuts and sunflower seeds. In addition, cattle and sheep farming is practiced in the region on a relatively large scale on the grasslands where the soil is unsuitable for cultivation. Schweizer-Reneke is rich in diamond deposits. This led to large scale private diamond mining in the area.

Wenzel Dam, just north of the town on the Harts River, has been developed into a holiday resort but sadly is now abandoned.

Demographics
According to the 2001 census, the town of Schweizer-Reneke proper has a population of 2,601, while the adjacent township of Ipelegeng has a population of 30,053, giving the urban area a total population of 32,654.

91.5% of the people in the urban area described themselves as "Black African", 5.6% as "White", 2.5% as "Coloured", and 0.4% as "Indian or Asian". 69.8% of the people of the town proper described themselves as "White", whereas 98.4% of the people of Ipelegeng township described themselves as "Black African".

85.6% of the people in the urban area speak Tswana as their first language, while 7.3% speak Afrikaans, 3.5% speak Sotho and 1.7% speak Xhosa.

Education
The town has public secondary schools:
Hoërskool Schweizer Reneke
Ipelegeng High School
Itshupeng Secondary School
Reabetswe Secondary School

It also has public primary schools:
Laerskool Schweizer Reneke
Kolong Primary School
Ikgomotseng Primary School
Kgatontle Primary School
Tshwaraganelo Primary School
Mamusa Primary School
Charon Primary School
 Roshunville Primary School

Notable people

 Wynand Claassen, former Springbok rugby captain was born here.
 Ahmed Kathrada a South African politician
 Elisabeth Eybers –  Poet
 Irma Stern – Artist
 Essop Pahad, politician

Sport
Schweizer Reneke is home to a soccer club "Mamusa United FC" that plays in the provincial football league.
There is also a big soccer team formed by the Department of Social Development: Mamusa Service Point. The team boasts with local popular players like Molwantwa Sheriff Lehihi, Kwenzekile Scova Mqweba and Peter Maiyane Kgalapa amongst others.

See also
Taung
Ipelegeng

References

Category:Populated places in the Mamusa Local Municipality
Category:Populated places established in 1888


Jedd Novatt

Jedd Novatt (born 1958) is an American sculptor who creates dynamic, non-representational compositions of geometric forms. He is best known for his 'Chaos' series of works in either welded steel or bronze.

Life and work

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Novatt studied literature and sculpture at Sarah Lawrence College before moving to France to study sculpture at the Lacoste School of the Arts (now operated by Savannah College of Art & Design).

Novatt lived and worked in Manhattan until 2002, where he was recognized for his welded and painted steel sculptures and bold, black-and-white collages. He currently resides in Paris France and divides his time among studios in Normandy, New York and the Basque region in Spain.

Novatt’s first solo show was in 1993 at the Tibor de Nagy Gallery. Since then, his works have been exhibited extensively in galleries and museums in the United States and Europe.  Novatt’s works are held in numerous public and private collections worldwide.

Novatt's primary motif, “Chaos”, involves constructions of cube-like forms. Whether the works are created in steel or bronze, the configuration of elements "seems to teeter as if on the point of collapse.”  One critic noted:  “Novatt searches to capture an instant of equilibrium in unstable and fragile situations, similar to our existential condition, but also to the particular moment that we are living.”

Novatt says: "The title Chaos represents an idea that encapsulates various aspects of the definition of the word chaos. Ironically, order is a large part of the idea; or rather the realisation that order might be random. I think about this word for different reasons, but in the end the title Chaos best describes a response to many things, and full of contradictions."

In 2008, Novatt unveiled a series of monumental sculptures entitled Chaos Vascos. The first in the series was part of a solo exhibition at La Piscine, Musée d'Art et d'Industrie de Roubaix in France where it remains on permanent exhibition at the museum's entrance.  Chaos Vascos II was selected for the Beyond Limits 2008 Sotheby's exhibition at Chatsworth House in Derbyshire, England.

2009 saw the unveiling of Chaos Mundaka, the third in Novatt's series of monumental works.  Chaos Mundaka I, was exhibited at Alfa Arte in Spain before being permanently installed in front of the Savannah College of Art and Design, Atlanta Georgia, in October 2009. Chaos Mundaka II, became part of Sotheby's 2009 edition of Beyond Limits at Chatsworth House.

In 2011, an American benefactor donated Chaos Pamplona to the Town of Yountville located in Napa Valley, California.  This monumental work was installed on July 11, 2011.  The official dedication ceremony will take place at 10am on July 16, 2011 with both the benefactor and artist in attendance.

In 2012, the city of Bilbao, Spain installed Chaos Nervion by Jedd Novatt in the Campa de los Ingleses surrounded by the Guggenheim Museum, Raphael Moneo Library and the Cesar Pelli tower. The work was unveiled on July 27 with the Mayor of Bilbao Iñaki Azkuna in attendance.

In 2013, Novatt's monumental works Chaos SAS (pictured above) and Chaos Bizkaia were permanently installed in Miami, Florida as part of the Pérez Art Museum Miami's collection.

In April 2016, Chaos Meteoro, an important monumental work, was unveil at Chatworth House in Derbyshire, United Kingdom.

References

External links
La Piscine- Roubaix
Art Plural Gallery
Beyond Limits at Chatsworth House
Hamiltons Gallery
Hopkins Custot
Studio Visconti
JEDD NOVATT, Marc de Montebello Fine Art, 9 East 84th Street, (212) 472-0918 (New York Times)
Variations on Welded Sculpture (New York Times)
Jedd Novatt tra minimalismo e strutture primarie (Corriere della Sera)

Category:Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Category:Living people
Category:1958 births
Category:Artists from New York City
Category:Sculptors from New York (state)