Gray Commission

The Commission on Public Education, known as the VPEC or Gray Commission (after its chair, Virginia state senator Garland Gray), was a 32-member commission established by Governor of Virginia Thomas B. Stanley on August 23, 1954 to study the effects of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education issued on May 17, 1954 and May 31, 1955, and to make recommendations. Its counsel were David J. Mays (until December 1957) and his associate Henry T. Wickham.

Background

Even before establishing the commission, Stanley had announced his opposition to the Brown decision. Stanley was allied with U.S. Senator, Harry F. Byrd, head of the Byrd Organization that had long dominated politics in the state, and who as time passed would become more and more staunchly against racial integration, which he rationalized on anti-miscegenation grounds.

The day after Brown I, Stanley had called for "cool heads, calm study, and sound judgment" and said he would write to Byrd, who at first was neither defiant nor conciliatory. But within days, the governor's office was deluged with letters expressing fears about communist plots (this being the McCarthy era and early Cold War) and race mixing. Stanley assured those citizens that schools would remain segregated for the 1954-1955 school year.

On June 20, 1954, twenty legislators from Southside Virginia met in a Petersburg firehouse, called together by state Senator Garland Gray (in whose district the firehouse lay) and declared themselves "unalterably opposed" to racial integration in the schools. They included U.S. Congressmen Watkins Abbitt and Bill Tuck, as well as state senators Gray, Mills Godwin and Albertis Harrison. Four days later many fourth District citizens descended onto the state capitol.

On June 25, 1954, after meeting with other Southern governors in Richmond (and learning about the Petersburg firehouse meeting, but about two months before announcing this commission's membership), Stanley had vowed, "I shall use every legal means at my command to continue segregated schools in Virginia". Section 140 of the State Constitution had specifically provided for racial segregation in public schools. Stanley now proposed repealing Section 129 of the State Constitution, which required the state provide free public schools. Radical segregationists proposed to close public schools to avoid integration, which upset other Virginians.

Because all 32 of Governor Stanley's appointees on August 30, 1954 were legislators (13 senators and 19 delegates), all were male Caucasians. The Virginia Council of Churches had urged Stanley to appoint commissioners of both races, but he announced that a legislative commission would be better because legislators would have to consider and act upon its proposals. Republican Ted Dalton had also called for a nonpartisan biracial commission to work out a desegregation program for Virginia. State superintendent of public instruction Dowell Howard expressed his hope that the problem could be solved gradually.

Stanley's appointees were weighted towards those districts with the largest black communities by percentage, which thus would be most affected by the Supreme Court's rulings. Thus, the 4th and 5th U.S. Congressional districts (Abbitt's and Tuck's) accounted for ten members and the 1st U.S. Congressional district (then represented by ex-football coach Edward J. Robeson Jr.) had five members. All three of those districts were Byrd Organization stronghold and had many counties with more black than white residents, although poll taxes, Jim Crow laws and other tactic restricted blacks' voting power (sometimes those southern and eastern Virginia counties were referred to as "Black Belt"). By that autumn white leaders in those affected communities had formed the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties, which would radicalize their response.

The Commission's first meeting was held on September 13, 1954; members elected Gray chairman. Gray then selected an eleven-member executive committee. The full commission decided that all its sessions, as well as those of the executive committee would be closed to the public, although it could hold public hearings.

Members of the Commission

Garland Gray of Waverly (6th Senatorial District), Chairman
Harry B. Davis of Norfolk, vice-chairman
Howard H. Adams of Eastville representing Accomack and Northampton counties
J. Bradie Allman of Rocky Mount representing Franklin County
Robert F. Baldwin Jr. of Norfolk (2nd Senatorial District)
Joseph E. Blackburn of Lynchburg
Robert Y. Button of Culpeper (27th Senatorial District)
Orby L. Cantrell of Pound representing Wise and Norton counties
Russell M. Carneal of Williamsburg representing Charles City, James City, New Kent and York Counties and Williamsburg
Curry Carter of Staunton (22nd Senatorial District)
Walter C. Caudill of Pearisburg (19th Senatorial District)
Charles W. Cleaton of South Hill, representing Mecklenburg County
John H. Daniel of Charlotte Court House, representing Charlotte  and Prince Edward Counties
Charles R. Fenwick of Arlington (9th Senatorial District)
Earl A. Fitzpatrick of Roanoke (35th Senatorial District)
Mills E. Godwin Jr. of Suffolk (5th Senatorial District)
James D. Hagood of Clover (4th Senatorial District)
Albertis S. Harrison Jr. of Lawrenceville (7th Senatorial District)
Charles K. Hutchens of Newport News
S. Floyd Landreth of Galax (14th Senatorial District) (one of 2 Republicans)
Baldwin G. Locher of Lexington, representing Rockbridge, Bath and Buena Vista counties
J. Maynard Magruder of Arlington
G. Edmond Massie of Richmond (35th Senatorial District)
William M. Minter of Mathews County ÷(31st Senatorial District)
W. Tayloe Murphy Sr. of  Warsaw, representing Nortunberland, Westmoreland, Lancaster and Richmond counties
Samuel E. Pope of Drewryville, representing Southampton County
Harold H. Purcell of Louisa (27th Senatorial District)
James W. Roberts of Norfolk
Vernon S. Shaffer of Maurertown representing Shenandoah County (one of 2 Republicans)
W. Roy Smith of Petersburg, representing Petersburg and Dinwiddie County
J. Randolph Tucker, Jr. of Richmond
Chase S. Wheatley Jr. of Danville

Hearings and report
The Commission held only one public hearing. That eleven hour session occurred after the elections, on November 14, 1954 in Richmond, and included testimony from over a hundred persons.

The Commission then issued a preliminary report in January 1955, as the next legislative session began, noting popular opposition to integration and pledging to design a program to prevent enforced integration in Virginia's public schools. Basically, it proceeded from an assumption that Brown was both bad law and bad social policy.

Brown II, in which the Supreme Court told school districts to desegregate public schools "with all deliberate speed" was issued on May 31, 1955.

Six months later the Gray Commission issued its 18-page final report, on November 11, 1955, four days after the Virginia Supreme Court in Almond v. Day (which concerned other vouchers) held that Section 141 of the state Constitution barred appropriating public funds to support private schools.

The Commission's final suggestions included, but were not limited to:

 Amending the state compulsory attendance law so no white parent need send his or her child to an integrated school
 Pupil placements boards with a local option so that a school board could assign pupils to various public schools, based on factors including availability of facilities and transportation, health, the child's aptitude and the welfare and  best interests of other pupils attending that school
 A tuition grant program for parents who wished to send their children to private academies rather than an integrated school

Criticism and aftermath

Even Gray withdrew support because the plan Mays drafted included a local option. Many segregationists wanted any public school allowing segregation to be closed. On November 14, 1955, Governor Stanley called an extra session of the Virginia General Assembly which began on November 30, 1955 and adjourned on December 3, 1955. Virginia's voters overwhelmingly approved a constitutional convention in January 9, 1956 (necessary to amend the constitution to allow private school vouchers), but little legislation was passed in the regular legislative session which began two days later and ended on March 12. Meanwhile, on March 6, 1956 the constitutional convention approved a tuition voucher amendment. The Gray Commission met again in May 1956, but made no additional recommendations. Both segregationists and moderates had come to oppose the original Gray Commission plan, especially after extensive press criticism led by James J. Kilpatrick and after federal judges in July 1956 ordered integration of schools in Norfolk, Arlington and Charlottesville.

Meanwhile, the Gray Commission's executive committee met, and with the assistance of then-attorney general J. Lindsay Almond Jr. crafted the more radical Stanley plan. An initial draft of July 25, 1956 failed to receive the full commission's approval the following day. However, the commission passed a redrafted version by a 19-12 vote on August 22. Governor Stanley had called a special legislative session, which began meeting on August 27. It ultimately passed the Stanley plan.

However, that defiance produced more litigation, and the existing desegregation lawsuits dragged on. On March 26, 1957, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld lower court orders for desegregation of Arlington and Charlottesville schools, but gave segregationists some hope by denying certiorari a case which denied black children admission to a school in Old Fort, North Carolina using a pupil placement system (and without the school closure provisions of the Stanley plan). That spring, the NAACP also challenged various aspects of the new Virginia plan which were directed against it and similar to new legislation in other southern states. Those reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1958 as Scull v. Virginia ex rel. Committee on Law Reform and Racial Activities and Harrison v. NAACP. Meanwhile, Almond brought a "friendly" lawsuit against comptroller Sidney C. Day, seeking the Virginia judiciary's approval of the school voucher plan after the constitutional changes (after he was elected Governor in 1957, his successor as Attorney General, former Gray Commission member Albertis Harrison was substituted in the legal proceeding captions).

On January 19, 1959, both the Virginia Supreme Court in Harrison v. Day and a three judge federal panel in James v. Almond found the Stanley plan unconstitutional.

References

Category:History of racial segregation in the United States
Category:Race legislation in the United States
Category:Legal history of Virginia
Category:History of African-American civil rights
Category:Civil rights movement


Pochaiv

Pochaiv (, also Pochayev, , , , ,  Pochayuv) is a town in the Ternopil Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is the located in the Kremenets Raion (district), and is located 18 km south-west of Kremenets and 70 km north of the oblast capital, Ternopil.

The current estimated population is around 8,200 (as of 2001).

The city is known for the Pochayiv Lavra, the second largest Eastern Orthodox monastery in Ukraine.

Gallery

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Category:Towns in Ternopil Oblast
Category:Cities of district significance in Ukraine


Sycophancy

Sycophancy is flattery that is very obedient, or an indication of deference to another, to an excessive or servile degree.  A user of sycophancy is referred to as a sycophant or a “yes-man.”

Alternative phrases are often used such as:

See also

References

Further reading

External links

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Category:Interpersonal relationships
Category:Human behavior
Category:Bullying
Category:Ancient Greece


Red Table Mountain

Red Table Mountain, elevation , is a summit in the Sawatch Range of central Colorado. The peak is south of Eagle in the White River National Forest.

See also

List of Colorado mountain ranges
List of Colorado mountain summits
List of Colorado fourteeners
List of Colorado 4000 meter prominent summits
List of the most prominent summits of Colorado
List of Colorado county high points

References

External links

Category:Mountains of Colorado
Category:Mountains of Eagle County, Colorado
Category:North American 3000 m summits


John Penton (motorcyclist)

John Penton (born August 19, 1925) was an influential figure in the development of off-road motorcycle racing in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. He was a national champion enduro rider and entrepreneur who went on to develop an enduro motorcycle brand that bore his name. He also founded a successful off-road motorcycle boot and apparel company. Penton was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998.

Motorcycling career
Penton grew up on his family farm near Amherst, Ohio where he learned how to ride a motorcycle on his father's 1914 Harley-Davidson. He served in the Merchant Marine and in the Navy during the Second World War then, returned home and soon bought a Harley-Davidson Knucklehead motorcycle.

Penton entered the grueling Jack Pine 500-Mile Enduro in 1948 where, he was impressed by the performance of the BSA motorcycle ridden by the race winner. The advantage that the nimble, lightweight British motorcycle had over heavier, more powerful motorcycles left an impression on Penton. He rode a BSA B33 to a second-place finish in the 1949 Jack Pine Enduro. The second-place finish inspired Penton to find a better performing enduro motorcycle.

In 1950, Penton and his brothers opened a motorcycle dealership in Amherst where, they sold BSA as well as BMW and NSU motorcycles. Penton became one of the top motorcycle enduro competitors in the nation, representing the United States seven times at the International Six Days Trial (now called International Six Days Enduro) between 1962 and 1970. The International Six Days Trial is a form of off-road motorcycle Olympics which is the oldest annual competition sanctioned by the FIM dating back to 1913. He was also a long-distance motorcyclist, setting a transcontinental crossing record in 1958 when he rode a BMW R69S from New York to Los Angeles in 52 hours and 11 minutes.

After winning the 1966 Jack Pine Enduro on a Husqvarna, the Swedish motorcycle manufacturer named him the distributor of the brand for the eastern United States. As the baby boomer generation came of age during the 1960s and 1970s, off-road motorcycling experienced a boom in popularity. Penton sought to capitalize on this boom by providing a lightweight off-road motorcycle. After failing to convince Husqvarna to produce an even lighter off-road machine, he decided make his proposal to the KTM factory in Austria which, at the time produced bicycles and mopeds.

Penton offered to put up $6,000 of his own money if KTM would build prototypes to his specifications which, would be sold in the United States as Penton motorcycles. He formed a successful racing team that supported some of the top enduro racers of the era including his son, Jack Penton who competed in 12 ISDT events as well as Dick Burleson, Carl Cranke and Billy Uhl. By the time Penton sold the distributorship to KTM, approximately 10 years later, more than 25,000 Penton motorcycles had been sold in America.

Penton's innovations also included off-road motorcycling apparel. With the assistance of Italian boot manufacturer Alpinestars, he developed one of the biggest-selling off-road motorcycle boots in the nation. Top motocross racer Bob Hannah wore the boots and consulted on improvements to the design. By the late-1970s, his boot and apparel company accounted for over half the sales in the American market.

He was inducted to the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998. A book, John Penton and the Off-Road Motorcycle Revolution, and a 2014 video documentary about Penton's life, Penton: The John Penton Story, narrated by Lyle Lovett, have been created.

Further reading

References

Sources

External links
John Penton at the Motorcycle Hall of Fame

Category:Living people
Category:1925 births
Category:People from Amherst, Ohio
Category:20th-century American businesspeople
Category:American motorcycle racers
Category:Enduro riders
Category:Long-distance motorcycle riders
Category:Motorcycle racing team owners
Category:United States Merchant Mariners of World War II


RESTORE Act

The RESTORE Act (the Resources and Ecosystems Sustainability, Tourist Opportunities, and Revived Economies of the Gulf Coast States Act) is a United States federal statute that was signed into law by President Barack Obama on July 6, 2012.  It was enacted by the 112th United States Congress as an amendment to the "Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century" bill, a far-reaching transportation bill that included many other provisions.  The act was in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that occurred on April 20, 2010, which caused significant environmental, ecological, and economic damage to the U.S. Gulf Coast.

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Origins

On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon, an oil rig located in the Gulf of Mexico that was owned by Transocean and drilling for British Petroleum (BP) exploded, killing 11 workers and injuring 16.  The rig burned for over a day before it sunk into the gulf on April 22, 2010.  Following the explosion, the seafloor oil gusher flowed for 87 days, spilling an estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil into the gulf.

The spill resulted in widespread damage to the environment and ecology of the gulf coast states, as well as subsequent economic damage to their tourism and fishing industries.  BP settled with the Department of Justice for a record-high $4.525 billion in fines, however further legal proceedings are ongoing.  In September 2014, a U.S. district judge issued a ruling that BP was mostly responsible for the spill, which could result in as much as $18 billion in additional penalties under the Clean Water Act.

Bill

The purpose of the RESTORE Act is to direct the allocation of civil penalties paid after July 6, 2012 under the Clean Water Act.  It directs that eighty percent of the money collected will go the Gulf Coast Restoration Trust Fund in the U.S. Treasury Department, a trust fund created under the bill, and that twenty percent will go to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which is managed by the U.S. Coast Guard and available primarily for oil spill related emergency response efforts.

The eighty percent that will go to the Gulf Coast Restoration Trust Fund will be allocated as follows:
 Thirty-five percent will go to the Direct Component, and will be divided equally among the five gulf states for restoration activities.
 Thirty percent will go the Comprehensive Plan Component, and will be directed according to the plan proposed by the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council.
 Thirty percent will go to the Spill Impact Component and will be allocated to entities representing the gulf states for restoration activities approved by the Council.
 The remaining five percent will be equally divided between the NOAA RESTORE Act Science Program and the Centers of Excellence Research Grants Program.

Legislative history

On July 21, 2011, Senators Mary Landrieu (D-La.) and Richard Shelby (R-Ala.) introduced the RESTORE Act with support from environmental and business organizations.  On March 14, 2012, the Senate passed the RESTORE Act as an amendment to the transportation bill 76-22.  On June 29, 2012, both the House and Senate passed the full transportation bill by votes of 373-52 and 74-19, respectively.  On July 6, 2012, President Barack Obama signed the transportation bill, including the RESTORE Act, into law.

References

Category:Acts of the 112th United States Congress
Category:United States federal transportation legislation


European Financial Stability Facility

The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) is a special purpose vehicle financed by members of the eurozone to address the European sovereign-debt crisis. It was agreed by the Council of the European Union on 9 May 2010, with the objective of preserving financial stability in Europe by providing financial assistance to eurozone states in economic difficulty. The Facility's headquarters are in Luxembourg City, as are those of the European Stability Mechanism. Treasury management services and administrative support are provided to the Facility by the European Investment Bank through a service level contract. Since the establishment of the European Stability Mechanism, the activities of the EFSF are carried out by the ESM.

The EFSF is authorised to borrow up to €440 billion, of which €250 billion remained available after the Irish and Portuguese bailout. A separate entity, the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM), a programme reliant upon funds raised on the financial markets and guaranteed by the European Commission using the budget of the European Union as collateral, has the authority to raise up to €60 billion.

Function
The mandate of the EFSF is to "safeguard financial stability in Europe by providing financial assistance" to eurozone states.

The EFSF can issue bonds or other debt instruments on the market with the support of the German Finance Agency to raise the funds needed to provide loans to eurozone countries in financial troubles, recapitalise banks or buy sovereign debt. Emissions of bonds would be backed by guarantees given by the euro area member states in proportion to their share in the paid-up capital of the European Central Bank (ECB).

The €440 billion lending capacity of the Facility may be combined with loans up to €60 billion from the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (reliant on funds raised by the European Commission using the EU budget as collateral) and up to €250 billion from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to obtain a financial safety net up to €750 billion.

Had there been no financial operations undertaken, the EFSF would have closed down after three years, on 30 June 2013. However, since the EFSF was activated in 2011 to lend money to Ireland and Portugal, the Facility will exist until its last obligation has been fully repaid.

Lending
The Facility can only act after a support request is made by a eurozone member state and a country programme has been negotiated with the European Commission and the IMF and after such a programme has been unanimously accepted by the Euro Group (eurozone finance ministers) and a memorandum of understanding is signed. This would only occur when the country is unable to borrow on markets at acceptable rates.

If there is a request from a eurozone member state for financial assistance, it will take three to four weeks to draw up a support programme including sending experts from the Commission, the IMF and the ECB to the country in difficulty. Once the Euro Group have approved the country programme, the EFSF would need several working days to raise the necessary funds and disburse the loan.

Guarantee commitments
The table below shows the current maximum level of joint and several guarantees for capital given by the Eurozone countries. The amounts are based on the European Central Bank capital key weightings. The EU requested the eurozone countries to approve an increase of the guarantee amounts to €780 billion. The majority of the risk of the increase from original €440 billion falls on the AAA rated countries and ultimately their taxpayers, in a possible event of default of the investments of EFSF. The guarantee increases were approved by all Eurozone countries by 13 October 2011.

The €110 billion bailout to Greece of 2010 is not part of the EFSF guarantees and not managed by EFSF, but a separate bilateral commitment by the Eurozone countries (excluding Slovakia, who opted out, and Estonia, which was not in Eurozone in 2010) and IMF.

In addition to the capital guarantees shown in the table, the enlarged EFSF agreement holds the guarantor countries responsible for all interest costs of the issued EFSF bonds, in contrast to the original EFSF structure, significantly expanding the potential taxpayer liabilities. These additional guarantee amounts increase if the coupon payments of the issued EFSF bonds are high. On 29 November 2011, European finance ministers decided that EFSF can guarantee 20 to 30% of the bonds of struggling peripheral economies.

(° Estonia entered the eurozone on 1 January 2011, i.e. after the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility in 2010). Greece, Ireland and Portugal are "stepping out guarantors", except where they have liabilities before getting that status. Estonia is a stepping out guarantor with respect to liabilities before it joined the eurozone.

Management
The chief executive officer of the EFSF is Klaus Regling, a former Director General of the European Commission's Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs, having previously worked at the IMF, the German Ministry of Finance and in the private sector as Managing Director of the Moore Capital Strategy Group in London.

The Board of the European Financial Stability Facility comprise high level representatives of the 17 eurozone member states, including Deputy Ministers or Secretaries of State or Director Generals of the Treasury. The European Commission and the European Central Bank can each appoint an observer to the EFSF Board. Its chairman is Thomas Wieser, who is also chairman of the EU's Economic and Financial Committee.

Although there is no specific statutory requirement for accountability to the European Parliament, the Facility is expected to operate a close relationship with relevant committees within the EU.

Developments and implementation
On 7 June 2010 the eurozone member states entrusted the European Commission, where appropriate in liaison with the European Central Bank, with the task of:
 negotiating and signing on their behalf after their approval the memoranda of understanding related to this support;
 providing proposals to them on the loan facility agreements to be signed with the beneficiary member state(s);
 assessing the fulfilment of the conditionality laid down in the memoranda of understanding;
 providing input, together with the European Investment Bank, to further discussions and decisions in the Euro Group on EFSF related matters and, in a transitional phase, in which the European Financial Stability Facility is not yet fully operational, on building up its administrative and operational capacities.

On the same day the European Financial Stability Facility was established as a limited liability company under Luxembourg law (Société Anonyme), while Klaus Regling was appointed as chief executive officer of the EFSF on 9 June 2010 and took office on 1 July 2010. The Facility became fully operational on 4 August 2010.

On 29 September 2011, the German Bundestag voted 523 to 85 to approve the increase in the EFSF's available funds to  (Germany's share €211bn). Mid-October Slovakia became the last country to give approval, though not before parliament speaker Richard Sulík registered strong questions as to how "a poor but rule-abiding euro-zone state must bail out a serial violator with twice the per capita income, and triple the level of the pensions – a country which is in any case irretrievably bankrupt? How can it be that the no-bail clause of the Lisbon treaty has been ripped up?"

Granting of EFSF aid to Ireland
The Euro Group and the EU's Council of Economics and Finance Ministers decided on 28 November 2010 to grant financial assistance in response to the Irish authorities' request. The financial package was designed to cover financing needs up to €85 billion and would result in the EU providing up to €23 billion through the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism and the EFSF up to €18 billion over 2011 and 2012.

The first bonds of the European Financial Stability Facility were issued on 25 January 2011. The EFSF placed its inaugural five-year bonds for an amount of €5 billion as part of the EU/IMF financial support package agreed for Ireland. The issuance spread was fixed at mid-swap plus 6 basis points. This implies borrowing costs for EFSF of 2.89%. Investor interest was exceptionally strong, with a record breaking order book of €44.5 billion, i.e. about nine times the supply. Investor demand came from around the world and from all types of institutions. The Facility chose three banks (Citibank, HSBC and Société Générale) to organise the inaugural bonds issue.

Granting of EFSF aid to Portugal
The second Eurozone country to request and receive aid from EFSF is Portugal. Following the formal request for financial assistance made on 7 April 2011 by the Portuguese authorities, the terms and conditions of the financial assistance package were agreed by the Euro Group and the EU's Council of Economics and Finance Ministers on 17 May 2011. The financial package was designed to cover Portugal's financial needs of up to €78 billion, with the European Union—through the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism—, and the EFSF each providing up to €26 billion to be disbursed over 3 years. Further support was made available through the IMF for up to €26 billion, as approved by the IMF Executive Board on 20 May 2011.

EFSF was activated for Portuguese lending in June 2011, and issued €5 billion of 10-year bonds on 15 June 2011, and €3 billion on 22 June 2011 through BNP Paribas, Goldman Sachs International and The Royal Bank of Scotland.

Enlargement
On 21 July 2011, the eurozone leaders agreed to amend the EFSF to enlarge its capital guarantee from €440 billion to €780 billion. The increase expanded the effective lending capacity of the EFSF to €440 billion. This required ratifications by all eurozone parliaments, which were completed on 13 October 2011.

The EFSF enlargement agreement also modified the EFSF structure, removing the cash buffer held by EFSF for any new issues and replacing it with +65% overguarantee by the guaranteeing countries. The increase of 165% to the capital guarantee corresponds to the need to have €440 billion of AAA-rated guarantor countries behind the maximum EFSF issued debt capital (Greece, Ireland, and Portugal do not guarantee new EFSF issues as they are recipients of Euroland support, reducing the total maximum guarantees to €726 billion).

Once the capacity of EFSF to extend new loans to distressed Euroland countries expires in 2013, it and the EFSM will be replaced by the European Stability Mechanism (once it is ratified, see Treaties of the European Union#Eurozone reform). However, the outstanding guarantees given to EFSF bondholders to fund bailouts will survive ESM.

On 27 October 2011 the European Council announced that the member states had reached agreement to further increase the effective capacity of the EFSF to €1 trillion by offering insurance to purchasers of eurozone members' debt. European leaders have also agreed to create one or several funds, possibly placed under IMF supervision. The funds would be seeded with EFSF money and contributions from outside investors.

Greek bailout
As part of the second bailout for Greece, under a retroactive Collective action clause, 100% of the Greek-jurisdiction bonds were shifted to the EFSF, amounting to  (130bn new package plus 34.4bn remaining from Greek Loan Facility) throughout 2014.

Rating
The Facility aimed for ratings agencies to assign a AAA rating to its bonds, which would be eligible for European Central Bank refinancing operations. It achieved this in September 2010 when Fitch, and Standard & Poor's awarded it AAA and Moody's awarded it Aaa, making it easier for it to raise money. The rating outlook was qualified as stable. On 16 January 2012 the Standard and Poors (S&P) lowered its rating on the European Financial Stability Facility to AA+ from AAA; the downgrade followed the 13 January 2012 downgrade of France and eight other euro-zone nations which has sparked worries that EFSF will have further difficulties raising funds. In November 2012, Moody's downgraded it.

Controversies

The EFSF enlargement process of 2011 proved to be challenging to several Eurozone member states, who objected against assuming sovereign liabilities in potential violation of the Maastricht Treaty of no bailout provisions. On 13 October 2011, Slovakia approved EFSF expansion 2.0 after a failed first approval vote. In exchange, the Slovakian government was forced to resign and call new elections.

On 19 October 2011, Helsingin Sanomat reported that the Finnish parliament passed the EFSF guarantee expansion without quantifying the total potential liability to Finland. It turned out that several members of the parliament did not understand that in addition to increasing the capital guarantee from €7.9 billion to €14.0 billion, the Government of Finland would be guaranteeing all of the interest and capital raising costs of EFSF in addition to the issued capital, assuming theoretically uncapped liability. Helsingin Sanomat estimated that in an adverse situation this liability could reach €28.7 billion, adding interest rate of 3.5% for 30-year loans to capital guarantee. For this reason the parliamentary approval process on 28 September 2011 was misleading, and may require a new Government proposal.

Operations
As of January 2012 the EFSF had issued 19 bn euro in long-term debt and 3.5 bn in short-term debt.

 25 January 2011	5.0 bn euro 5-yr bond
 15 June 2011	5.0 bn euro 10-yr bond
 22 June 2011	3.0 bn euro 5-yr bond
 7 November 2011	3.0 bn euro 10-yr bond
 13 December 2011	1.9719 bn euro 3-month bill
 5 January 2012	3.0 bn euro 3-yr bond
 17 January 2012	1.501 bn euro 6-month bill

Bailout programs for EU members (since 2008)

See also
 European Fiscal Compact
 European Stability Mechanism (ESM)
 Greek government-debt crisis
 Global financial crisis
 Maiden Lane Transactions
 Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
 Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
 List of acronyms: European sovereign-debt crisis

Notes

References

External links
About EFSF

Category:Policy and political reactions to the Eurozone crisis
Category:Eurozone
Category:European Union organisations based in Luxembourg
Category:Organizations established in 2010
Category:2010 in the European Union


Chalcaea

Chalcaea was a town of ancient Thrace, inhabited during Roman times.

Its site is located near Sırataş in European Turkey.

References

Category:Populated places in ancient Thrace
Category:Former populated places in Turkey
Category:Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Category:History of Istanbul Province


Sasha Pokulok

Sasha Pokulok (born May 25, 1986 in Vaudreuil-Dorion, Québec) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for the Berlin Blackjacks of the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey.

Playing career
Pokulok played one season with the Notre Dame Hounds of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League. He spent two seasons with the Cornell Big Red of the ECAC Hockey League before signing an entry-level professional contract with the Capitals on July 6, 2006. Pokulok was drafted by the Washington Capitals 14th overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

On June 4, 2010, Pokulok left North America as a free agent and signed a one-year contract with German team, DEG Metro Stars of the DEL.

On July 5, 2012, Pokulok left Europe and signed a contract with Cornwall River Kings of the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey. Pokulok skated with the River Kings over parts of four seasons, scoring 109 points in 119 games. While nursing a lower body injury, Pokulok was traded to the Saint-Georges Cool FM 103.5 on January 11, 2016 for utility player Maxime Vachon, a 2016 first round pick (1st overall), along with a 2016 fifth round pick (33rd overall).

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

References

External links

Category:1986 births
Category:Athol Murray College of Notre Dame alumni
Category:Bakersfield Condors (1998–2015) players
Category:Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Category:Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey players
Category:Hershey Bears players
Category:Ice hockey people from Quebec
Category:KHL Medveščak Zagreb players
Category:Living people
Category:National Hockey League first round draft picks
Category:People from Vaudreuil-Dorion
Category:San Antonio Rampage players
Category:South Carolina Stingrays players
Category:Springfield Falcons players
Category:Washington Capitals draft picks
Category:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Croatia


Harutzim

Harutzim (, lit. Diligents) is a community settlement in central Israel. Located in the Sharon plain near Ra'anana, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaSharon Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

History
The village was established in 1951. Its name is taken from a biblical verse; (Proverbs 10:4): "The hand of the diligents makes rich."

References

External links
Official website

Category:Community settlements
Category:Populated places established in 1951
Category:Populated places in Central District (Israel)
Category:1951 establishments in Israel


Nalbariya dialect

Nalbariya dialect is a dialect of Assamese language spoken primarily in and around the Nalbari district of Assam.  It is one of three of the Kamrupi group of dialects—the others being Barpetia dialect and Palasbariya dialect.

Phonology

Nalbariya has seven vowels, identical to Barpetia dialect, and almost identical to Standard Assamese, which has an additional vowel.

Notes

References

Category:Assamese language


Carlos Henríquez Consalvi

Carlos Henríquez Consalvi, alias Santiago is a Venezuelan author, journalist, radio maker and museum director.

Life

Youth and study
Consalvi was born in Mérida in 1947. His parents were opponents of the Venezuelan dictatorship, which caused that part of his youth he grew up in Mexico and Costa Rica. In 1958, after the end of this era, the family returned to its home country.

He studied journalism at the Central University of Venezuela. After an earthquake in 1972 devastated Managua in Nicaragua greatly, Consalvi traveled with a group of young people to the Nicaraguan capital to help the victims there.

Career
Consalvi's intense interest in history brought him for research in archives in Paris, Madrid and Rome. Afterwards he went to Nicaragua for research of Central America in the 19th century. He was here as well, when Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, the owner of the paper La Prensa, was killed in 1978. There-upon Consalvi started to write editorial articles on human rights in the country for this paper.

After the fall of the Somoza family in 1979 and at the beginning of the government of the sandinists, Consalvi moved to El Salvador where he founded Radio Venceremos in 1980, an underground radio station that counterbalanced the news emissions of the Salvadoran government during the civil war (1980-1991). On this period he later wrote his book La Terquedad del Izote.

Realizing the importance of the memory of cultural history for the reconstruction of a society, in 1996 he founded the Museo de la Palabra y la Imagen. The museum opened its doors in 1999 and preserves a unique collection of films, photographs, writings and objects on the culture and history of El Salvador. With the museum he holds the objective to promote human rights, social justice and peace.

Furthermore, Consalvi wrote several novels and a great number of literary narrations. He produced audiovisual work, among which the documentary films 1932, cicatriz de la memoria, "La palabra en el bosque", La Frontera del Olvido, and an animated cartoon of the Salvadoran writer Salarrué, called Cuentos de Cipotes.

In 2008 Consalvi was honored with a Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands. The jury rewarded him "for his outstanding work as a broadcaster, for creating spaces of freedom, and for his commitment to the promotion of memory and its active role in the reconstruction of Salvadoran society."

Work

Bibliography
1977: La Muerte los miraba desde el mar, Nicaragua, historical narrative
1992: La Terquedad del Izote: La historia de Radio Venceremos, , translated into English as Broadcasting the Civil War in El Salvador: A Memoir of Guerrilla Radio,
1996: Luciérnagas en el Mozote, San Salvador, human rights
ca. 1997: Tentaciones y Estropicios, historical narratives
ca 2000 "Ernesto interiano, los mendigos me amaban" historical narratives
2006: Morazan: Recuerdos del Futuro,
2010: Prudencia Ayala: La Hija de la Centella, women rights

Expositions
 La Huella de la memoria
 Roque Dalton: La palabra del volcán
 Kabrakan, la furia de los Dioses
 El Legado de Salarrué
 Prudencia Ayala, la lucha por los derechos femeninos
 De la Guerra a la Paz
 El Mozote, nunca más
 Memoria de los Izalcos
 Patria Peregrina, Vida y Obra de Pedro Geoffray Rivas
 "1932, insurrección en la oscuridad"
 " Nuestras voces"
 "Mujer, la desnudez de mi lenguaje"
 "Trémula tierra"

References

Category:1947 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Mérida, Mérida
Category:Venezuelan male writers
Category:Venezuelan journalists
Category:Museum directors


2019 Indian Ocean Island Games

The 2019 Indian Ocean Island Games, officially known as Jeux des îles de l'océan Indien Maurice 2019 or simply JIOI Maurice 2019, is the 10th edition of this multi-sport event for athletes representing the National Olympic Committees of Indian Ocean island nations. It was held in Mauritius from July 19 – 28, 2019.

Organisation

Venues

The Games

Participating IOCs
Over 2,000 athletes, from 7 countries, participated in the 2019 Indian Ocean Island Games.

Sports
A total of 14 sports will be represented in the 2019 Indian Ocean Island Games.

  Athletics (62)
  Badminton (5)
  Basketball (2)
  Boxing (10)
  Cycling (3)
  Football (1)
  Weightlifting (15)
  Judo (24)

  Sailing (9)
  Swimming (20)
  Table tennis (14)
 Volleyball
  Beach (2)
  Indoor (2)
  Rugby (1)

Medal table

References

External links

 Official website

Indian Ocean Island Games
Indian Ocean Island Games
Category:Indian Ocean Island Games


Halstenbek station

Halstenbek station is on the Hamburg-Altona–Kiel line and is a railway station served by the city trains of the Hamburg S-Bahn, managed by DB Station&Service for the Hamburg S-Bahn plc, overseen by the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund. The station is located in the municipality Halstenbek in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

Station layout
The station is an elevated island platform with 2 tracks and two exits. The station is accessible for handicapped persons via a lift at the north (main) entrance. The platforms have a tactile ground indicator system for blind persons.

Station services

Trains
The station is served by rapid transit trains of the line S3 of the Hamburg S-Bahn. Trains for Pinneberg stop on platform 1. Trains for Stade via Hamburg central station stop on platform 2.

Buses
There is a bus stop in front of the station.

Facilities at the station
No personnel are based at the station, but there are SOS and information telephones, ticket machines, 105 bicycle stands and 100 park and ride parking lots.

Gallery

See also
Hamburger Verkehrsverbund HVV

References

External links
DB station information
Network plan HVV (pdf)

Category:Hamburg S-Bahn stations in Schleswig-Holstein
Category:Buildings and structures in Pinneberg (district)
Category:Railway stations opened in 1883
Category:1883 establishments in Germany


Prytanes confusus

Prytanes confusus is a species of dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. It is found in the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America.

References

Further reading

Category:Rhyparochromidae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Insects described in 1953


ESGN

ESGN (Evil Seeds Grow Naturally) is the debut studio album by American rapper Freddie Gibbs. The album was released on June 19, 2013, by ESGN and Empire Distribution. The album features guest appearances from   Daz Dillinger, Spice 1,  Jay Rock, G-Wiz,  Hit “Skrewface”, Big Kill, Lil Sodi, Problem, Y.B., D-Edge, G.I. Fleezy and BJ the Chicago Kid.

Background
On March 23, 2013, the first song from the album titled "The Color Purple" was released. In an April 2013, interview with HipHopDX, Freddie Gibbs spoke about when the album would be released, saying: "I’m ‘bout to drop that ESGN album probably in June for the summer time, just to hold niggas over before we drop that Cocaine Piñata with Madlib. ESGN is gonna be me, G-Wiz, D-Edge, Hit Screwface, G.I. Fleezy and Big Kill. We putting that shit together right now. It’s gonna be kind of on that Jay-Z Dynasty: [Roc La Familia] type shit. I got a lot of records that I like. We’re gonna fuse that thing together and make that shit work to show what we’re working with collectively. Basically, this album gave me a chance to breathe and breathe fire on mothafuckas I’ve been wanting to breathe fire on. So it’s really giving me a little outlet right now. Once I whack niggas on this mothafuckin’ album then I’m gonna fall back on they ass and just chill for the summertime, get my dick sucked and drink drinks with umbrellas and shit in them, nigga. Just like Tony Soprano said, niggas is getting wacked. Niggas is getting’ clipped. This album is strictly for niggas that’s getting they nuts clipped." On May 14, 2013, Freddie Gibbs announced that his debut album ESGN would be released in July. On May 27, 2013, he announced on his Twitter account that the album would be released on July 9, 2013. On June 11, 2013, the first single from the album "One Eighty Seven" featuring Problem was released. On June 13, 2013, the second song from the album "Freddie Soprano" was released. On June 17, 2013, the music video was released for "Eastside Moonwalker". The album was later released three weeks before its original July 9, release date on June 20, 2013. On July 1, 2013, the music video was released for "Lay It Down". On July 15, 2013, the music video was released for "Have U Seen Her" featuring Hit Screwface. On August 26, 2013, the music video was released for "The Real G Money". On January 8, 2014, the music video was released for "One Eighty Seven" featuring Problem.

Music, songs and lyrics
In June 2013, during an interview with XXL, Freddie Gibbs previewed the album. He spoke about “Eastside Moonwalker”, saying: "That’s one of the dopest tracks. Shout out to GMF. He produced that. It’s showing people that I’m the staple of the game when it comes to Gary [Indiana]. Michael Jackson is dead, so I gotta pick up the torch and run with it for my city. Actually, I am the only person grabbing it. I am just doing what I got to do. I’m the eastside moonwalker. I stay high, baby.” He also spoke about “Freddie Soprano”, saying: "That’s the definitive verse from the album. Basically, telling y’all what it is. How I feel about what’s what." He spoke about “F.A.M.E.” which features Daz Dillinger and Spice 1, saying: "[The acronym stands for] ‘Fuck All My Enemies.’ You know who I am talking about. If you an enemy—fuck you. I grew up listening to Daz and Spice-1. If it wasn’t for guys like that, I wouldn’t be rapping. Any project I do, I try to pay homage to guys that I respect. Last project I fucked with Jadakiss. He's one of the guys that when I came up, I came up listening to. He's still an athlete in this game. He's still one of the best in it. He don’t get his credit. I always try to pay homage to the guys that were instrumental in my career with me coming up. That's why I linked up with Daz and Spice-1. [This is a diss] track to anybody who want it. If the shoe fits, wear it. I’m talking shit about all of you niggas. If the shoe fits, wear it. If you pick up the shoe and you put it on. You want to take to Twitter and you want to get on your track and say something about Freddie Gibbs, make sure you got your hardhat on." He spoke about “Lay It Down” which is produced by Willie B, saying: "Shout out to Willie B. He fuck with Jay Rock and them. He produced that shit. That’s one of them hard-hitting joints. It’s going straight to the point. Lay it down. That’s a robbing song." He also spoke about “Have U Seen Her” which features Hit Skrewface, saying: "This is featuring my boy Screwface. SMKA, they produced that. That’s one of them bangers. It’s hard.”

Critical reception

ESGN received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 73, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 5 reviews. Anthony Asencio of HipHopDX gave the album three and a half stars out of five, saying "Ultimately, ESGN may not be a cultural event. It doesn’t introduce a new sound, nor does it feature many moments we haven’t heard before. Yet what makes this album important are all the reasons Hip Hop needs Freddie Gibbs. On any one album, he can give you pieces of Tupac, UGK, Three 6 Mafia, and blend them into a harmony that would make Bone Thugs-n-Harmony proud. And on that point, ESGN is a massive success." Chris Mench of XXL gave the album an L, saying "None of this criticism is to say that ESGN is a bad album. Freddie is a talented rapper with great flow and a wise selection of collaborators, and many songs are individually effective. Rather, it is simply an album that lacks a clear perspective on the many heavy topics it tackles. A first time listener may walk away feeling very familiar with Freddie Gibbs’ sound, but still unsure of who exactly he is." David Amidon of PopMatters gave the album a seven out of ten, saying "For those hip-hop fans forever in pursuit of the latest glass-shattering bass and semi-auto mob rules, ESGN is likely 2013’s flagship release. This is Gibbs’ deep breath; let's see what direction he takes off running in next."

Chris Bosman of Consequence of Sound gave the album four out of five stars, saying "Gibbs’ EPs and mixtapes tend to run long, and ESGN – at 19 tracks — is no exception. The length is a weakness. The bleakness of Gibbs’ world, even when it's going well, can leave you gasping. The shock is somewhat lost in the number of tracks. In the scheme of the album, it's a minor quibble. ESGN digs new paths through rap's hallowed grounds. It may not be the crossover success that those who ride for Gibbs would love to see, but it doesn’t diminish this excellent record." Jonah Bromwich of Pitchfork Media gave the album a 6.9 out of 10, saying "On “Hundred Thousand", Gibbs supplies a perfect—and, true to form, concise—review of ESGN himself. “Ain’t trying to be the man, just trying to maintain.” Callin an album "more of the same" sounds dismissive but its something that fans are often happy to receive and there are those for whom 20 tracks of Gibbs rapping nearly perfectly will be enough. But for everyone else, ESGN comes as an unwelcome reversion to the mean. It's the sound of a rapper more than happy to maintain his narrow lane after being burned by the industry, one who's lost the ambition to leave his comfort zone, at least for the time being."

Track listing

Charts

References

Category:2013 debut albums
Category:Freddie Gibbs albums
Category:Albums produced by Sap (producer)
Category:Empire Distribution albums
Category:Albums produced by Willie B


Living in the Plastic Age

"Living in the Plastic Age" (on some releases simply listed as "The Plastic Age") is a synthpop song written, performed and produced by The Buggles. It was released as the second single from their debut album The Age of Plastic on 14 January 1980.

The B-side of the single, "Island" was written as a 'Thank You' to their record company, Island Records.

Background and composition
The lyrics of "The Plastic Age" comment on the coldness of the culture of plastic technology in the 1970s. The song is 5 minutes and 8 seconds long, and is played at a tempo of 140 beats per minute. The song begins with sounds of telephones ringing, and brief, garbled yells, before a piano, synthpop bass and drumbeat start the song. There are also vocals that build up each chorus of the song.

Trevor Horn remembers about the song:

The 7" vinyl UK and Spanish version of the single included both the album version of the song on its A-side and the song "Island" on its B-side. In Spain, the song was released as "La Edad Del Plastico".  The single's French and Netherlands 7" vinyl release included an edit version of the song on their A-side, but the song "Island" was still on the B-side of both those releases. The Canadian release of the 7" vinyl included the edit of the song on the A-side, but, instead of "Island", the song "Johnny on the Monorail" was included on the B-side.

A 2011 Japanese re-issue of The Age of Plastic album features the longer version as on the original vinyl album and also includes the shorter "single version" as a bonus track.

Commercial performance
"Living in the Plastic Age" received chart performance on the UK Singles Chart, German Media Control Charts, the Dutch Top 100 and Top 40, in Wallonia and in France. The song was the forty-fifth best-selling song of 1980 in France, with sales of under 350,000 units.

Critical reception
Critical reactions to the songs have been positive.

Contemporary

In its 1980 review, Smash Hits listed the song as one of the best tracks on parent album "The Age of Plastic", alongside "Video Killed the Radio Star".

Retrospective

Don Ignacio, in a review of The Age of Plastic, gave the song an A+, and considered the song to be a highlight of the album. Krinein Magazine wrote that songs from the album, "The Plastic Age", "Kid Dynamo", "Elstree", and "Johnny On The Monorail", were "equally effective in their melodies, rhythms and harmonies." Napster's Nicholas Baker said of "The Plastic Age" as one of the songs from the album that Trevor Horn's "considerable songwriting prowess" was evident in. In an Allmusic review of the album, the song was rated an AMG pick track.

Music video
The Buggles also created an unusual, futuristic and illusion-like music video for the song.  The video, directed by Russell Mulcahy, was only rarely shown on music channels but VH1 Classic occasionally airs the video. The music video for "Living in the Plastic Age" employed bright colours, harsh source lighting, lots of color keying, and provocative motifs (women in body paint portraying inanimate objects). Fine Print Magazine found the video to be unmemorable.

The band also recorded a mimed performance of the song for Top of the Pops, originally broadcast on 24 January 1980.

Legacy
Will Harris of PopMatters said, in a 2003 review of Supertramp's album Breakfast in America, that the song "Living in the Plastic Age” might've had a keyboard bit cribbed from "Fool's Overture".

In 2004, The Buggles reunited (including Debi Doss, Linda Allen and Bruce Wooley) at Wembley Arena to perform "Video Killed the Radio Star" and "The Plastic Age" in front of Prince Charles, Prince of Wales as part of a Prince's Trust charity concert celebrating Horn's career as a producer.

French Extreme Metal band Carnival in Coal covered this song for their 2005 album Collection Prestige.

The song was performed at a September 2010 Buggles reunion performance, billed as "The Lost Gig", that took place at "Ladbroke Grove's Supperclub", Notting Hill, London. It was a fund raiser with all earnings going to the Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability. With the exception of "The Plastic Age" and "Video Killed the Radio Star", "The Lost Gig" saw the first live performances of all songs from The Age of Plastic.

Chart positions

References

External links

Category:1980 singles
Category:The Buggles songs
Category:Songs written by Geoff Downes
Category:Songs written by Trevor Horn
Category:Music videos directed by Russell Mulcahy
Category:1979 songs
Category:Island Records singles


Radosław Zawrotniak

Radosław Aleksander Zawrotniak (born 2 September 1981 in Kraków, Małopolskie) is a Polish fencer who won a silver medal in Men's Team Épée (Fencing) at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, together with Tomasz Motyka, Adam Wiercioch, and Robert Andrzejuk.

For his sport achievements, he received:
 Golden Cross of Merit in 2008.

Record Against Selected Opponents
Includes results from all competitions 2006–present and major competitions from pre - 2006. The list includes athletes who have reached the quarterfinals at the World Championships or Olympic Games, plus those who have earned medals in major team competitions.

  Joaquim Videira 1-2
  Dmitriy Karuchenko 1-0
  Érik Boisse 0-1

References

sports-reference

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Polish male fencers
Category:Fencers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Fencers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic fencers of Poland
Category:Olympic silver medalists for Poland
Category:Sportspeople from Kraków
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:European Games competitors for Poland
Category:Fencers at the 2015 European Games


Governor Islands (South Orkney Islands)

The Governor Islands in the South Atlantic () are a group of islands and rocks  north of Penguin Point, the northwestern extremity of Coronation Island, in the South Orkney Islands. They were discovered by Captain George Powell and Captain Nathaniel Palmer during their joint cruise in December 1821. The name appears on a chart based upon a running survey of the South Orkney Islands in 1912–13 by Petter Sorlle, a Norwegian whaling captain.

See also
 List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands

References

Category:Islands of the South Orkney Islands


Robert Merwald

Robert Merwald (born 1971 in Munich) is a German baritone active in opera, oratorio, and lied, primarily in Germany and Austria.

Biography
He began singing as a boy soprano with the Regensburger Domspatzen. From 1994 he studied singing at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München in Munich and attended masterclasses with Kurt Moll and Irwin Gage. While a member of the Prinzregententheater opera school and the Akademietheater he performed in works by Mozart, Nicolai and Henze. In 1998 he received a grant from the Deutscher Bühnenverein, and the following year won the Meistersänger-Wettbewerb singing competition in Nürnberg.

His operatic roles at the Tiroler Landestheater in Innsbruck have included the Father in Hänsel und Gretel, Daniello in Krenek's Jonny spielt auf, Silvano in Un ballo in maschera, Papageno in The Magic Flute and Albert in Werther. (He also sang Albert with Nationaltheater Mannheim.)  Amongst the opera roles he has sung at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz are Schaunard in La bohème, Graf Dubarry in Die Dubarry, Maximilian in Candide, and Wilhelm Reischmann in Henze's Elegie für junge Liebende

He has sung as a soloist with the Schwäbischer Oratorienchor (Swabian Oratorio Choir) in the Dettingen Te Deum, Israel in Egypt, and Alexander's Feast by Handel as well as in Haydn's The Creation and Bach's Mass in B Minor.

In musical theatre, he appeared in the title role of Ludwig II at the Festspielhaus in Füssen, as José in Man of La Mancha at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz and as Sorel in The Consul at the Orangerie, Neustrelitz.

Recordings
Robert Merwald appears as a soloist with the Vocalensemble Ingolstadt on:
Mozart: Missa solemnis / Mayr: Te Deum in D major – Georgian Chamber Orchestra, Franz Hauk (conductor). Naxos Records.
Mayr: Che originali! – Georgian Chamber Orchestra, Franz Hauk (conductor). Guild Records.
Mayr: La Passione and Stabat Mater No 5 – Georgian Chamber Orchestra, Franz Hauk (conductor). Guild Records.

References

External links
Merwald's performances at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz
Artist's biography, Tiroler Landestheater
Programme notes Israel in Egypt, Schwäbischen Oratorienchor, 6 May 2007, p. 13.

Category:1971 births
Category:German operatic baritones
Category:Living people
Category:Hochschule für Musik und Theater München alumni
Category:21st-century German singers
Category:21st-century male singers


Robert Marshall (cricketer, born 1869)

Robert Lionel Marshall (28 December 1869 – 15 January 1937) was an English first-class cricketer.

Marshall was born at Walsall in December 1869 and was educated at Radley College. He toured the West Indies with R. S. Lucas' XI in 1894–95, making his debut in first-class cricket on the tour against Barbados at Bridgetown. Marshall made seven further first-class appearances on the tour, playng additional matches against Demerara, Trinidad and Jamaica. He scored 55 runs on the tour at an average of 9.16 and a high score of 19 not out. With the ball, he took 5 wickets at a bowling average of 32.60 and best figures of 3 for 71. He died at Finchley in January 1937.

References

External links

Category:1869 births
Category:1937 deaths
Category:People from Walsall
Category:People educated at Repton School
Category:English cricketers
Category:R. S. Lucas' XI cricketers


Joseph Johnson Leeman

Joseph Johnson Leeman (1842 – 2 November 1883) was an English Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1883.

Leeman was the son of George Leeman, previous MP for York, and his wife Jane Johnson daughter of Joseph Johnson of London. He was a Deputy Lieutenant for the West Riding of Yorkshire and the City of York.

At the 1880 general election Leeman was elected Member of Parliament for York. He held the seat until his death aged 41 in 1883.

Leeman married Emily Maud Mary Smethurst daughter of Richard Smethurst of Ellerbeck, Lancashire in 1879.

References

External links

Category:1842 births
Category:1883 deaths
Category:Deputy Lieutenants of the West Riding of Yorkshire
Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Category:UK MPs 1880–1885


1996–97 Liverpool F.C. season

During the 1996–97 English football season, Liverpool F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).

Season summary
Liverpool led the Premiership for much of the season, and established a five-point lead at the top before New Year's Day 1997. However, the team were overtaken by Manchester United in the latter stages of the season, and it was United who ultimately won the league, though Liverpool squandered several more chances to reclaim the top position. The side were marred both by the rise of the "Spice Boys" culture, as well as by defensive aberrations; dropping points at their previously impregnable Anfield home. A 2–1 home defeat against bottom of the table Coventry City denied Liverpool the chance to return to top spot with six games to go, United having lost at home to Derby the previous day. Indeed, a win over United at Anfield in April would have put Liverpool top with just three matches to go, but United won 3–1 to effectively clinch the title. The title lost, Liverpool still went into the final match of the season in second place with a two-point lead over Newcastle and Arsenal, but a 1–1 draw with Sheffield Wednesday meant they ended up finishing 4th on goal difference, thus missing out on a place in the newly expanded UEFA Champions League and leaving Roy Evans and his team with a UEFA Cup place as scant consolation for a season which had promised much and giving rise to the phrase "finishing fourth in a two horse race".

In the cups there was more disappointment. Liverpool's UEFA Cup Winners' Cup campaign ended in the semi-finals with a 3–2 aggregate defeat to Paris St Germain. In the FA Cup they lost 4–2 to eventual winners Chelsea in the fourth round, having led 2–0 at half-time and squandered chances to extend their lead. Liverpool were knocked out in the Coca-Cola Cup quarter-finals by eventual finalists Middlesbrough.

The side were nevertheless praised for their attractive attacking style of football. Steve McManaman and Robbie Fowler continued to excel for the club, and Fowler continued his prolific strike partnership with Stan Collymore, scoring 47 goals between them. Fowler's suspension for the final four games was a big blow and effectively ended any lingering hopes of title glory. Fowler also received a UEFA Fair Play award, for protesting that he had not been fouled by Arsenal goalkeeper David Seaman when the referee awarded a penalty kick. The season also saw the debut of teenage prodigy Michael Owen.

Former defender Mark Wright stated in an interview that this was the season in the 1990s that the Liverpool team truly had the talent and opportunity to win the title but threw it away: "We did come close to winning the league a few times and we finished fourth one season when we were the best team. We were better than Manchester United, better than everyone, and we finished joint second but ended up fourth because of goal difference. That was the season we should have won the title and we all know that. I remember some of the games we lost and the way we dropped points against certain sides. David James dropped a few clangers and I remember them because in certain games he didn't have anything to do, then all of a sudden he thinks he's got to be involved in the game. He would come rushing out and all of a sudden you would be 1–0 down", he said.

Final league table

First-team squad

Transfers

In

Out

Results

Premier League

FA Cup

Football League Cup

European Cup Winners' Cup

Statistics

Appearances and goals

|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Goalkeepers

|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Defenders

|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Midfielders

|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Forwards

|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Players transferred out during the season

|}

Top scorers

Premier League
  Robbie Fowler 18
  Stan Collymore 12
  Steve McManaman 7
  Patrik Berger 6
  John Barnes 4

Notes

References

Category:Liverpool F.C. seasons
Liverpool


Mathias Le Turnier

Mathias Le Turnier (born 14 March 1995 in Audenge) is a French cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . In August 2018, he was named in the startlist for the Vuelta a España.

Major results
2016
 2nd Overall Ronde de l'Isard
 2nd Overall Tour de Gironde
2018
 1st  Young rider classification Tour La Provence
2019
 10th Overall Tour du Haut Var
1st  Young rider classification
 10th Overall Tour de Hongrie

Grand Tour general classification results timeline

References

External links

Category:1995 births
Category:Living people
Category:French male cyclists
Category:Vuelta a España cyclists


Padukka

Padukka is a town in the district of Colombo in the Western Province of Sri Lanka.  It has a population of roughly 8,000.  Elevation 44feet.

Padukka, which is part of the Avissawella electorate is situated 33 kilometers east of Colombo, the commercial capital of Sri Lanka, and on the bank of Pusweli Oya on a high ground surrounded by marshland.

History

The town of Padukka is thought to have been founded as a camp site by the forces of the Seethawaka Kingdom in the 16th century CE, on the banks of the Pusweli Oya (a major tributary of Kelani Ganga river), at a location where the Arukwathu Oya (stream) joins the Pusweli Oya.  It was a well-protected site with marshland and hills surrounding the site.  Legend says that the town got its name as it was under the "Naa" (Iron Wood) Trees in the town that the Portuguese Army rested after being defeated by the Army of King Seethawa Rajasinghe in the battle at the adjoining Hanwella Fort.  It was said that the defeated Portuguese army rested there until they settled their minds.  Thus in the Sinhala Language it was called "Paha Dukka" ("paha"= vanish; "dukka"= sadness), which became "Padukka" ( පාදුක්ක )later.  The famous "Naa" (Iron Wood) Trees are still present at the town's rest house premises.

Padukka has also played a significant role in other wars against Portuguese occupants as an integral part of the Hewagam Korale which literally means the korale (an administrative division) that provided soldiers (hewa).  According to the historical data, Sinhalese soldiers confronted the retreating Portuguese army, chased them down at the current Galagedera junction, and inflicted heavy casualties upon the Portuguese contingent.

Names of satellite villages bear testimony to the rich historical legacy of Sithawake kingdom in current Padukka area.  Angampitiya which is just 4 miles from the city centre is believed to be the place where king observed the kind of martial art known as Angam Poraya.  Kelimadala is believed to be the play ground of Sithawake royalty.  Bope was a thick jungle according to the book Kunsthanthinu hatana( Konstantine's war) written by Alagiyawanna Mukaweti of "Subhasithaya" fame.

Moreover the area called "Legumbima",in the adjoining village, "Udumulla", had been a camp site of Portuguese Army.

Location

Padukka can be accessed via the B240 (Sri Jayawardanapura - Padukka - Bope highway, earlier B2) highway (33 km from Colombo) or by the Kelani Valley Railway Line (take approximately 1.5hrs for the slow train ride from Colombo - distance 35 km).  An alternative but comfortable drive (36 km from Colombo) is via the Colombo-Avissawella (Highlevel) road (A4 Axis) up to Galagedera junction.  From here, one has to take a turn to the right and drive on Horana road to Padukka town(1.5 km).  It is one of the borders of Colombo District. Horana, the next town after Padukka, belongs to Kalutara District.  Homagama, Horana, Hanwella, Halbarawa and Handapangoda are the adjoining towns to Padukka.  Udumulla, Meepe, Galagedera, Liyanwala, Malagala,Yatawatura,Beliaththawila, Kahawala, Menerigama, Poregedara, Kotigamgoda, Bope, Arukwatta, Weragala, Angampitiya, Pitumpe, Uggalla, Wewelpanawa,Diddeniya, Udagama, Dambora, Panaluwa, Angamuwa, Meeriyagalla, Mawathagama, Galkaduwa, Koshena, Watareka, Daampe, Horagala-East, Horagala-West, Kurugala and Madulawa are main satellite villages scattered around Padukka.

Public Transport - Bus

Public Transport - Train
 Kelani Valley line

Tarin Time schedule - http://eservices.railway.gov.lk/schedule/homeAction.action?lang=en

Development

The development of Padukka as an urban center began with the building of a road from Colombo to Ingiriya in the 19th century and the opening of the interior forests with the spreading of rubber, tea, cinnamon and coconut plantations.  The building of the Kelani valley railway in 1902, which ran from Colombo to Yatiyantota and Ratnapura passing Padukka and Avissawella, also contributed greatly to the growth of the city.  In 1871, when the first census in the country was done, the town's population stood at 400.

With rapid urbanization in the country, Padukka and its surrounding villages have started to expand vastly.  As a result, the government has carved out a separate divisional secretariat division for Padukka from the Hanwella division to which it previously belonged.  Padukka city has become the main administrative centre of this divisional secretariat whose current population stands at 54395

Demographics

Padukka is predominantly a Sinhalese area, with 95% of the population being Sinhalese.  Tamils (both Sri Lankan and Indian) comprise 2.5% while Sri Lankan Moors are also present.  1405 people live in the estate sector in the division.  Religious composition is also similar to racial distribution with 95% Buddhists, 1.9%  Hindus, 1.1% Christians and 1.7% Muslims.

The number of housing units in the Padukka division, according to the census data of 2001, is 15010 while total number of building units including government buildings is 17065.

Administration

The Padukka city, which was once administered by the Padukka—Waga Village Council is now run by the Seethawaka Pradeshiya Sabha (Divisional Council).  Notable government institutions in Padukka include:
 Divisional Secretariat
 Police Station
 Government Hospital
 Rest House
 Railway Station
 Siri Piyaratana Central College

The office of the Medical Officer of Health (MOH) the main preventive medicine centre for public health activities in the region is situated on Horana Road in Padukka town.  This MOH office has a unique history having dated back to British colonial era.  The Padukka hospital also has a long history in the Sri Lankan medical system.

There is a monumental gas lamp placed in the center of the town to commemorate the peace treaty ending World War I in 1919.  Padukka also has a splendid Rest House run by the Sri Lanka Tourist Board and also a few Guest Houses.

Two out of three Satellite Earth Stations in Sri Lanka are also situated in Padukka.  Today Padukka is also famous for having a number of rubber estates while there are substantial amounts of graphite deposits in and around the area.  The highest mountain in the Colombo district, Udagama Kanda (1492 ft) lies near Padukka.

Newly built Padukka Sathi Pola (weekly fair) opened in 2014 at town itself. Branches of Bank of Ceylon, People's Bank, Hatton National Bank, Commercial Bank & Sampath Bank are situated at Padukka.

Maps
 https://www.google.lk/maps/place/Padukka/@6.8436433,80.1011896,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3ae252b4e771f95f:0x7b8423cfccab27b7?hl=en

References

External links
 Padukka Divisional Secretariat office
 Census data of the Department of Census and statistic
 Padukka travel guide
 Padukka Earth satellite center
 Centre for education development of the National Institute of education, Meepe, Padukka
 Padukka.com

Category:Settlements in Colombo District


King's School, Pontefract

The King's School is a coeducational secondary school with academy status, located in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England. It is one of the four oldest schools in Yorkshire, dating from 1139 and was refounded by King Edward VI in 1548.

History
King's School Pontefract was founded in 1139. Little documentation survives from its early years, and it was refounded in the reign of King Edward VI. It has been associated with the Duchy of Lancaster since 1588 when it was given an endowment to allow it to continue functioning. In 1792 it was refounded yet again by George III who is the eponymous king. Annual payments of £50 were made by the Duchy of Lancaster until 1869. It closed in the 1880s but reopened on 4 May 1890 and has continued to the present day, although it was relocated in 1932.

Grammar school
The present buildings were opened on 14 July 1932 by Sir F. Stanley Jackson. It was a boys' grammar school with around 650 boys, operated by the West Riding County Council. Four houses were formed, each associated with a name and a colour. They were Atkinson (yellow), Lyon (blue), de Lacy (green) and King Edward (red). Classes corresponding to years were numbered from 1 to 5 with three streamed classes in each year from and including Form 2. Upon entry to the school boys were placed in classes 1A, 1B and 1C ordered by surname alphabetically. In the second form streaming started with the top 30 rated pupils being placed in 2R (R for Rapid as year 3 was skipped by these pupils, passing directly to 4R). The other classes in the second form were 2A, 2B, 2C based on academic level. Thereafter the classes were for example in the 5th form: 5R, 5A, 5B. All pupils had a form master and went to classes with specialist Teachers. There were not enough rooms for all classes to have a form room - some of the upper sixth form used to have the corridor outside the dining room as their form room. Only a few pupils stayed on for the sixth form, many pupils left the school at 16. It was expected that the R-class pupils would go on to the sixth form. The Grammar school had a tradition of playing Rugby Union and there were fields outside for this purpose, which were converted for cricket in the summer.

Comprehensive
The school became a comprehensive with a sixth form in 1978. Pontefract Girls' High School, the girls' grammar school became New College, Pontefract, and 11-18 school. In 1987, Pontefract schools lost their sixth form, with a sixth form college being established at NEW College, Pontefract.

Academy
The school converted to academy status on 1 April 2013 and is one of two high schools with Carleton High School in Pontefract Academies Trust.

Headmasters
The following have been headmasters:
 1548 John Stagg
1585 Lyonell Naylor
1593 John Marshe
1593 William Hartley
1622 Arthur Bromeley
1622 Thurston Elliott
1654 Thomas Lake
1662 Thomas Hunt
1672 Joseph Swift
1685 Nathan Drake
1689 Thomas Atkinson
1697 Thomas Horwood
1705 Thomas Horwood
1713 Francis Lassells
1737 Richard Harrison
1742 William Holmes
1778 Miles Steadman
1793 James Bindloss
1806 James Dixon
1807 Archibold C Campbell
1822 Pattison Watman
1851 Samuel W Newbald
1869 Thomas Longley
1874 Henry Caukwell
1889 Thomas H Nichols
1918 Edward B Forrest
1939 John D Lean (Died late 1958)
1959 Alan Aldous
1970 J. Gavin Peck
1977 Mrs Joyce Grace (nee Pickersgill)
1985 V.S Kenningham
2000 Julie Craig
 2013 Barbara Tibbets
2018 Elaine Briggs

Admissions
The school is currently situated on a raised area near Ackworth Road in Pontefract, along Mill Hill Lane, southwest of the town centre and the A645/A639 crossroads. There are over 1,000 pupils, 55 full-time and 8 part-time teaching staff with a similar number of additional staff. Its current headteacher is Elaine Briggs. The King's School, Carleton High School and many of the Primary Schools in the two pyramids are now members of Pontefract Academies Trust (previously, Pontefract Education Trust)

Sport
The school's sporting traditions include rugby union (the year 11 team reached the final of the Yorkshire Cup in 2006), and athletics, with some pupils achieving local and national honours.

Notable former pupils

 Derek Birdsall, graphic designer, who redesigned the Book of Common Prayer in 2000
 Ken Booth, E. H. Carr Professor of International Politics from 1999 to 2008 at Aberystwyth University
 David Cockburn, the Certification Officer for Trade Unions and Employers’ Associations since 2001, and Chairman from 1983 to 1986 of the Industrial Law Society.
Paul Dibb, Director of the Strategic  and Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University (1991-2004), former Deputy Secretary of the Australian Department of Defence (1989–91), Director of the Defence Intelligence Organisation (1986–89), and Head of the National Assessments Staff for the National Intelligence Committee in Canberra (1974–79).
 Michael Eaton, former chief spokesman of the National Coal Board during the miners' strike
 Scott Grant KCB, Chief Royal Engineer from 1999 to 2004, Quartermaster-General to the Forces from 1998 to 2000, and Colonel Commandant from 1997 to 2004 of the Royal Engineers
 Peter Howdle, Professor of Clinical Medicine from 2006 to 2009 at the University of Leeds, and Professor of Clinical Education from 1996 to 2006
 Henry John Poskitt, Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds from 1936 to 1950
Pete Doherty was the only student who enjoyed art at King’s and even went on to create painting in his career
 Rich Johnston, cartoonist, writer and journalist
 Simon Thorp, Viz cartoonist
 Peter Townend, former social editor of Tatler
 Alan Murray, the Hoare Chair in Responsible Management at Winchester Business School 2012 onwards
 Nick Revell, stand-up comedian and scriptwriter*
Geoffrey Watkins, Chief Financial Accountant for HM Revenue and Customs
Jesus Christ (notoriously known as GG Allin) left King’s in year 8 to pursue his music career

References

Category:Secondary schools in the City of Wakefield
Category:1139 establishments in England
Category:Educational institutions established in the 12th century
Category:Defunct grammar schools in England
Category:Pontefract
Category:Academies in the City of Wakefield


Appreciative advising

Appreciative advising (AA) is a social-constructivist advising philosophy that provides a framework for optimizing advisor interactions with students in both individual and group settings. The heart and soul of appreciative advising is the organizational development theory of appreciative inquiry that was developed in 1979 by David Cooperrider at Case Western Reserve University. Appreciative advising also draws from the positive psychology, social constructivist theory, and choice theory literature.

History
Appreciative advising emerged from an article written by Jennifer L. Bloom and Nancy Archer Martin titled "Incorporating Appreciative Inquiry into Academic Advising" that appeared in the online academic advising journal at Penn State, The Mentor, on August 29, 2002.  Subsequently, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) began implementing the concepts outlined in the article and began to demonstrate success in terms of student retention.  Bryant Hutson and Scott Amundsen at UNCG coined the term "appreciative advising". Bloom, Hutson, and He (2008) wrote the first book, titled The Appreciative Advising Revolution, on the topic.

In 2012, the University of South Carolina began offering an online appreciative advising course as well as a process for certifying appreciative advisers.  Building on the success of the appreciative approach to academic advising, the movement has expanded to other areas, including teaching (appreciative college instruction), orientation, admissions, Greek life, and tutoring. This expansion of the principles of appreciative advising is now known as appreciative education.

Core

The six phases

Disarm
The Disarm phase involves making a positive first impression with students and allaying any fear or suspicion they might have of meeting with the advisor.
Discover
The Discover phase is spent continuing to build rapport with students and learning about their strengths, skills, and abilities through utilizing effective and positive open-ended questions that encourages narratives.
Dream
The Dream phase involves uncovering students' hopes and dreams for their futures.
Design
The Design phase is spent co-creating a plan to make their hopes and dreams come true.
Deliver
The Deliver phase is the implementation phase where students carry out their plan, and the advisor’s role is to support them as they encounter roadblocks.
Don't Settle
The Don't Settle phase involves challenging students to achieve their full potential and supporting them along their journey.

Certification

Professional certification
The University of South Carolina's Office of Appreciative Education now offers a professional rating for academic advisers: Appreciative Advising Certification. Certified Appreciative Advisors are committed to a standard of excellence in the field of advising and optimizing their students' educational experiences. The certification process includes successful attendance of the Appreciative Advising Institute or completion of the appreciative advising course, as well as completed advising rubrics, recommendations, a current CV, and personal advising theory.

Benefits of certification
Advanced professional qualification
Increased skills and knowledge
Raised professional expectations
Elevated advising experience for students

Appreciative Advising Institute
The Appreciative Advising Institute was first held in August 2011 in Las Vegas, Nevada. The 2012 Appreciative Advising Institute was held July 28–31 in Charleston, SC. The Institute is intentionally designed to teach participants the theoretical structure of appreciative advising and to provide skills training in implementing this framework. This conference is designed to provide ample opportunity for participants to extend theory to practice.  Participants learn how the six phases help both the advisor and advisee optimize their educational experiences.

Appreciative Advising Course
The Appreciative Advising Course is designed to be a community of learners (instructors included). There are opportunities for participants to interact with other community members each week. This is done via discussion board conversations, as well as optional live chat dialogues. Active participants greatly enhance their own learning experience as well as that of the community. This is an eight-week course.

Institutions using AA

 University of North Carolina Greensboro
Advising, adviser training, undergraduate academic courses, Appreciative Advising Inventory, and graduate-level ESL courses
 University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Advising, adviser training, TEAL Learning Community, and Academic Recovery Program
 Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
Advising students on probation, workshops for students on probation, and adviser training
 University of South Carolina at Columbia
Advising students on probation, adviser training, Appreciative Advising Inventory, advising master's degree students in Higher Education and Student Affairs programs, and a graduate-level course that focuses on appreciative advising
 Miami University Hamilton
Advising all students, including probation students; advising syllabus; adviser training; and Appreciative Advising Inventory
 Eastern Illinois University
Advising adult and non-traditional students, electronic advising
 Prairie State College
Advising at-risk students, faculty and adviser training
 Grand Valley State University
Advising honors students and candidates for fellowships
 Florida Atlantic University
Advising traditional and non-traditional students, honors students, probation/suspension/at-risk students; advising syllabus, advisor training, workshop presentations

UNCG's usage

Academic recovery programming
When students feel academically discouraged, such as when they are on academic probation, they may need to be reminded of the strengths that led them to college in the first place.  Students in academic trouble also typically have a limited time in which to improve their status. Practically, it is quicker to correct this status by building on strengths and maintaining a course load and engaging in academic and social behaviors that reflect these strengths than it is to attempt to correct long-standing deficits.  The SAS 100 program at UNCG features the use of the Appreciative Advising Inventory as the basis for three mandatory advising sessions and the use of appreciative advising questions in weekly reflections and discussions.  All instructors are trained to use appreciative advising in their meetings with the students. After the appreciative approach was introduced, retention of SAS 100 students improved 18%. When control and treatment groups were compared, the treatment group achieved a statistically significant GPA gain of .73 (p=. 03) compared to the control group at .42.

Internal transfer advising
Appreciative advising can be used in internal transfer cases in which a student has realized that their current declared major may not be a good fit, but are struggling to identify a new major. Student Academic Services at UNCG has used appreciative advising to assist declared pre-nursing majors who have not met continuance requirements.  This began as a pilot program in the spring of 2005, and currently includes all pre-nursing majors who have a cumulative GPA that has been identified as not competitive by the School of Nursing.  The goal of the program is to help students explore their options, given that they are unlikely to be accepted into the School of Nursing.  Of the 145 students served by the program during the spring and fall semesters of 2005, 30% have changed their major, while an additional 43% continue to receive advising through Student Academic Services.  The mean GPA for participants has also improved dramatically.

First-year Experience Program
UNCG's First-Year Experience program is called University Studies 101 (UNS 101), and uses a curriculum emphasizing appreciative advising. One stated aim of the program is to assist students in discovering their purposes, identifying their strengths, and aligning these newly discovered assets with plans for their future.  The activities, class discussions, and assignments used in the course guide students through the six appreciative advising stages. A comprehensive program evaluation which includes the tracking of academic outcomes and assessment of student attitudes and behaviors has evidenced the positive impact of the UNS 101 program (Hutson & Atwood, 2005). For example, the freshman to sophomore retention rate of freshmen who completed UNS 101 in fall 2006 and returned for fall 2007 was 81.9%. This compares to a retention rate of 74.4% for freshmen who did not take the course. Meanwhile, the average first semester GPA for students who did not take the course was 2.49, while UNS 101 participants had an average first semester GPA of 2.72.

References

Further reading
Books
 The Appreciative Advising Revolution by Jennifer L. Bloom, Bryant L. Hutson, and Ye He
 Appreciative College Instruction: Becoming a Force for Positive Change in Student Success Course by Jennifer L. Bloom, Bryant L. Hutson, Ye He, and Claire Robinson

Articles
For a more exhaustive list of articles consult  appreciativeadvising.net. Those listed below were pulled from that site.
 Truschel, J. H. (2007, July 6). "Using Appreciative Inquiry in advising at-risk students: Moving from challenge to success". The Mentor.
 Larkin, M. (2008, February 6). "Creating reflection on international experiences through appreciative advising". The Mentor.
 Pembleton, H. L. (2009, February 5). "Master's students, Appreciative Advising, and the transition", The Mentor.
 Braunstein, M. (2009, March 4). "Advising honors students within the Appreciative Advising framework". The Mentor.
 Olsen, N. S. (2009, April 2). "Appreciative Advising and first-generation college students". The Mentor.
 Lyons, R., Sandeford-Lyons, S., Singleton Jackson, A. E. (2010). "Examining the appreciative advising model for student athlete advising". Academic Athletic Journal, 21'' (1), 23-35.

External links
 http://www.appreciativeadvising.net

Category:Social constructionism
Category:Academia


Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Austin, Texas)

Martin Luther King Jr. is an outdoor bronze sculpture depicting the American civil rights leader of the same name by Jeffrey Varilla and Anna Koh-Varilla, installed on the University of Texas at Austin campus, in Austin, Texas. The statue was installed in September 1999. Efforts to erect a monument were initiated by a group of students, who formed the Martin Luther King Jr. Sculpture Foundation in 1987.

See also

 1999 in art
 Civil rights movement in popular culture
 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (Blome sculpture), Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 Martin Luther King Jr. (Wilson sculpture), Washington, D.C.
 Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Houston)

References

Category:1999 establishments in Texas
Category:1999 sculptures
Category:Bronze sculptures in Texas
Category:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
Category:Monuments and memorials in Texas
Category:Outdoor sculptures in Austin, Texas
Category:Sculptures of Martin Luther King Jr.
Category:Sculptures of men in Texas
Category:Statues in Austin, Texas
Category:University of Texas at Austin campus


William S. Duffey Jr.

William Simon Duffey Jr. (born 1952) is a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.

Education and career

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Duffey received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Drake University in 1973 and a Juris Doctor from the University of South Carolina Law School in 1977. He was a private practice from 1977 to 1978, and was an assistant staff judge advocate, United States Air Force from 1978 to 1981. He was in private practice in Atlanta, Georgia from 1981 to 2001. He was a deputy and associate independent counsel, Office of Independent Counsel for the Whitewater investigation from 1994 to 1995. He was an adjunct professor at the University of South Carolina in 2000. He was the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia from 2001 to 2004.

Federal judicial service

On November 5, 2003, Duffey was nominated by President George W. Bush to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia vacated by J. Owen Forrester. Duffey was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 16, 2004, and received his commission on July 1, 2004. He retired from active service on July 1, 2018.

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:1952 births
Category:21st-century American judges
Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia
Category:Lawyers from Philadelphia
Category:United States Air Force officers
Category:United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Georgia
Category:United States district court judges appointed by George W. Bush
Category:University of South Carolina faculty


Lake City Historic Commercial District

The Lake City Historic Commercial District is a U.S. historic district (designated as such on June 6, 1994) located in Lake City, Florida. The district is bounded by Railroad, North Hernando, Duval and North Columbia Streets. It contains 47 historic buildings and 1 structure.

References

External links

 Columbia County listings at National Register of Historic Places

Category:Geography of Columbia County, Florida
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Category:Lake City, Florida
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, Florida
Category:1994 establishments in Florida


UFC Fight Night: Shevchenko vs. Carmouche 2

UFC Fight Night: Shevchenko vs. Carmouche 2 (also known as UFC Fight Night 156 or UFC on ESPN+ 14) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on August 10, 2019 at Antel Arena in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Background
The event marked the promotion's first visit to Uruguay.

A UFC Women's Flyweight Championship bout between current champion Valentina Shevchenko and former UFC Women's Bantamweight Championship challenger Liz Carmouche headlined the event. The pairing met previously under a regional promotion banner in 2010 with Carmouche winning the first bout via second-round TKO (doctor stoppage).

A light heavyweight bout between former UFC Light Heavyweight Championship challenger Volkan Oezdemir and Ilir Latifi was originally scheduled for June 1 at UFC Fight Night: Gustafsson vs. Smith. However, the bout was canceled after Latifi pulled out two days before the event due to a back injury and then rescheduled for UFC on ESPN: Covington vs. Lawler. In turn, the bout was then shifted to this event a week later after Oezdemir was faced with alleged visa issues which affected his travel schedule.

A lightweight bout between Rafael Fiziev and Alex da Silva was scheduled for the event. However, it was reported on July 24 that Fiziev had broken his foot and was forced to pull out of the event. He was replaced by promotional newcomer Rodrigo Vargas.

A flyweight bout between Veronica Macedo and Rachael Ostovich was scheduled for the event. However, it was announced on July 29 that Ostovich was replaced by Polyana Viana for an undisclosed reason.

A welterweight bout between Laureano Staropoli and Alexey Kunchenko was scheduled for the event. However, it was announced on July 29 that Staropoli was forced to pull out of the fight due to a broken nose and was replaced by Gilbert Burns.

A flyweight bout between Ashlee Evans-Smith and Taila Santos was expected for the event. However, Evans-Smith withdrew the bout for an undisclosed reason and was replaced by promotional newcomer Ariane Carnelossi. In turn, it was reported on July 29 that Santos was forced to pull out of the bout due to a wrist injury. No replacement could be found for Santos, thus the bout was cancelled.

Results

Bonus awards
The following fighters received $50,000 bonuses.
Fight of the Night: Vicente Luque vs. Mike Perry
Performance of the Night: Volkan Oezdemir and Veronica Macedo

See also

 List of UFC events
 2019 in UFC
 List of current UFC fighters

References

Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship events
Category:2019 in mixed martial arts
Category:Mixed martial arts in Uruguay
Category:Sports competitions in Montevideo


Nowokajetanówka

Nowokajetanówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dubienka, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine.

References

Category:Villages in Chełm County


Doge (disambiguation)

Doge or DOGE may refer to:
 Doge, a historical Italian chief of state, specifically:
 Doge of Venice
 Doge of Genoa
 Doge (meme), an Internet meme primarily associated with the Shiba Inu breed of dog
 Dogecoin, a cryptocurrency named after the meme
 Döge, a village in north-east Hungary
 DOGE (database) (in French, Documentation en Gestion des Entreprises), an academic bibliographic database
 Elphias Doge, a character from the Harry Potter series

See also
 Dodge (disambiguation)


Raimo

Raimo may refer to:

Raimo Aas (born 1953), Estonian humorist
Raimo Grönberg (born 1953), Finnish actor whose career has mainly based on television
Raimo Hämäläinen (born 1948), professor of Applied Mathematics and Operations Research at the Aalto University School of Science, Finland
Raimo Heino (1932–1995), Finnish designer of coins, relief figures and medallions
Raimo Heinonen (born 1935), Finnish former gymnast who competed in the Summer Olympics in 1956, 1960 and 1964
Raimo Helminen (born 1964), Finnish former professional ice hockey player
Raimo Hirvonen (born 1950), Finnish former wrestler who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics
Raimo Honkanen (born 1938), Finnish former cyclist
Raimo Ilaskivi (born 1928), Finnish politician
Raimo Karlsson (1948–2007), Finnish wrestler who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics
Raimo Kilpiö (born 1936), retired professional ice hockey player
Raimo Lahti (born 1946), professor of Criminal Law at the University of Helsinki
Raimo Mähönen (born 1938), Finnish politician
Raimo Manninen (alpine skier) (1940–2009), Finnish alpine skier who competed in the Winter Olympics in 1964 and 1968
Raimo Manninen (athlete) (born 1955), retired male javelin thrower from Finland
Raimo Pajusalu (born 1981), retired Estonian volleyball player
Raimo Pärssinen, born 1956, Swedish social democratic politician, member of the Riksdag since 1998
Raimo Sirkiä (born 1951), Finnish operatic tenor
Raimo Suikkanen (born 1942), Finnish former cyclist
Raimo Summanen (born 1962), former professional ice hockey forward and the current head coach of HIFK of the Finnish Elite League
Raimo Epifanio Tesauro (1480–1511), Italian painter of the Renaissance period
Raimo Tuomainen (born 1957), Finnish health sociologist and one of the authorities in so called Kuopio discipline
Raimo Tuomela (born 1940), Finnish philosopher
Raimo Valle (born 1965), Norwegian civil servant and politician for the Labour Party
Raimo Vistbacka (born 1945), Finnish politician and former member of the Finnish Parliament
Raimo de Vries (born 1969), Dutch former professional footballer
Raimo Ylipulli (born 1970), Finnish former ski jumper who competed from 1986 to 1994

See also
Art Raimo (1916–2001), American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator
Raimo Kilpiö trophy, ice hockey trophy awarded by the Finnish Liiga to the "gentleman player" of the season
RAIM (disambiguation)
Raimon
Ramo

Category:Estonian masculine given names
Category:Finnish masculine given names