Rick Estrin & The Nightcats

Rick Estrin & the Nightcats are an American four-piece electric blues band (formed in 2008 after the dissolution of Little Charlie & The Nightcats, of which three of the band were members), and consisting of harmonicist/lead vocalist and songwriter Rick Estrin, guitarist Kid Andersen, bassist Lorenzo Farrell and drummer Alexander Pettersen. Blues Revue magazine said, “The ‘Cats are one of modern blues’ most versatile bands.”  Living Blues said, “Estrin’s harp work is masterful” and their music is “intelligently conceived and executed and hugely entertaining.”

Career
The band's latest album, Groovin' in Greaseland, was released on Alligator Records on August 18, 2017. At the Blues Foundation's 39th Annual Blues Music Awards, Rick Estrin & the Nightcats won 'Band of the Year', along with 'Song of The Year' (for "The Blues Ain't Going Nowhere") and 'Traditional Male Blues Artist' (Rick Estrin).

You Asked For It...Live!, was also released on the Chicago-based independent blues record label Alligator Records on July 8, 2014. The album is a live recording from Estrin's hometown of San Francisco and featured original Estrin songs dating back to his days as lead singer, songwriter and harmonica player of Little Charlie & The Nightcats (featuring Little Charlie Baty on guitar). Rick Estrin & The Nightcats released their debut recording Twisted in 2009 and One Wrong Turn in 2012, both also on Alligator Records.

Rick Estrin won the 2013 Blues Music Award for Best Instrumentalist–Harmonica in 2013.  He won the 1994 Blues Music Award for Song Of The Year for his composition "My Next Ex-Wife".  He has written songs for other musicians. Three of his songs appear on Grammy-nominated albums: “Don’t Put Your Hands On Me” (on Koko Taylor’s Force Of Nature), “I’m Just Lucky That Way” (on Robert Cray’s Shame + A Sin), and “Homely Girl” (on John Hammond’s Trouble No More). The Philadelphia Inquirer said, “He’s one of the great characters in blues – a sharp-dressing, smooth talking harmonica-playing hep-cat. He’s also a deceptively subtle writer who can cloak pointed or sobering messages within the band’s good-time vibe.”

Estrin was born in San Francisco, California in 1949, and fell in love with blues after his sister presented him with Ray Charles’ The Genius Sings The Blues when he was 12. He began playing harmonica at age 15, and by age 18 was beginning to work professionally. Early in his career he played with Lowell Fulson, Z.Z. Hill, Travis Phillips, and Fillmore Slim.Estrin names Sonny Boy Williamson II, Little Walter Jacobs and Baby Boy Warren as key inspirations.  He played with and was mentored by Rodger Collins (whose 45rpm recordings include "She’s Looking Good" and "Foxy Girls" In Oakland).  Estrin moved to Chicago when he was 19 and worked with bluesmen Sam Lay, Johnny Littlejohn, Eddie Taylor and Johnny Young.  He met and sat in with Muddy Waters at the Sutherland Hotel in Chicago. He told the Sacramento Bee, “Muddy started shaking his finger in my face and said, ‘You outta sight, boy! You play like a man! I know that sound. That’s my sound.’”  Muddy tried to hire Estrin as a sideman but Estrin did not receive the phone call, and moved back to the Bay Area. He met guitarist Charlie Baty in 1973 and they created Little Charlie & The Nightcats based in Sacramento, CA.
Estrin fronted Little Charlie & The Nightcats for 30 years and performed around the world. They were nominated four times for the Blues Music Award for Band Of The Year. In 2008, Baty retired from touring.  Guitarist Kid Andersen joined Estrin and previous band members Hansen and Farrell and they formed Rick Estrin & The Nightcats that same year. Norwegian born Alexander Pettersen joined the band in 2017 as the drummer.

Since its inception, the band has played around the world, including the Notodden Blues Festivil in Norway, the Lucerne Blues Festival in Switzerland, the Caxias de Soul Festival in Brazil, the Monaghan Blues Festival in Ireland, the Efes Pilsen Festival in Turkey, and the Moulon Blues Festival in the Netherlands. In the United States they’ve played the North Atlantic Blues Festival, the Magic City Blues Festival and the Bayfront Blues Festival. Estrin performed at the Chicago Blues Festival in 2011 as part of the Alligator Records 40th anniversary concert. The band also performed at the Chicago Blues Festival in 2017.

Discography
With Rick Estrin & The Nightcats
 2019 Contemporary (Alligator)
 2017 Groovin' In Greaseland (Alligator)
 2014 You Asked For It...Live! (Alligator)
 2012 One Wrong Turn (Alligator)
 2009 Twisted (Alligator)

As lead singer/harmonica player of Little Charlie & The Nightcats
 2005 Nine Lives (Alligator)
 2002 That's Big (Alligator)
 1998 Shadow of the Blues (Alligator)
 1997 Deluxe Edition (Alligator) compilation
 1995 Straight Up (Alligator)
 1993 Night Vision (Alligator)
 1991 Captured Live (Alligator)
 1989 The Big Break (Alligator)
 1988 Disturbing The Peace (Alligator)
 1987 All The Way Crazy (Alligator)

Current band members
Rick Estrin – Harmonica, vocals
Chris "Kid" Andersen - Guitar, Upright Bass, Background Vocals
Lorenzo Farrell - Upright Bass, Electric Bass, Organ
Alexander Pettersen - Drums, Background Vocals

References

External links
Rick Estrin Official Website
Rick Estrin & The Nightcats at Alligator Records
Rick Estrin & The Nightcats at Intrepid Artists
Interview with Rick Estrin - NAMM Oral History Library (2014)

Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:American blues singers
Category:Contemporary blues musicians


Darkness at Noon (disambiguation)

Darkness at Noon is a novel by Arthur Koestler.

Darkness at Noon may also refer to:
 Darkness at Noon (A Hawk and a Hacksaw album), 2005
 Darkness at Noon (Richard H. Kirk album), 1999
 Mahiru no ankoku (Darkness in the Noon), a 1956 Japanese film

See also
 Dark at Noon, comedy film
 Polar night, the opposite phenomenon of the midnight sun, or polar day


Greg McDonald

Greg McDonald is a British singer-songwriter who announced the forthcoming release of his debut solo album in 2008. He was the frontman of The Dawn Parade, a Bury St Edmunds based British indie band.

McDonald's songs have won awards from Rolling Stone and The International Songwriting Competition, and he has been championed by DJs Tom Robinson, Mark Radcliffe, Steve Lamacq and John Peel, for whom he recorded two Peel Sessions.

Biography

Greg McDonald grew up in a Suffolk village close to Bury St Edmunds, where he and school friend Nick Morley formed The Dawn Parade. Also featuring Barney Wade (bass) and Ben Jennings (drums), The Dawn Parade signed to Cambridge-based indie label Repeat Records, toured extensively, and recorded two Peel Session. In 2003 a new line-up of McDonald on guitar and vocals, Jeremy Jones (lead guitar), Mark Sewell (drums,vocals), and Steve McLoughlin (bass) recorded debut album "The Dawn Parade", released on Repeat Records. In August 2006 the band split, McDonald saying, "I wouldn't have missed it for the world and I didn't."

In late 2007 Greg McDonald's first solo outings marked a darker tone and new acoustic direction as he returned to playing live as a solo performer and with singers Catherine McDonald and Emily Jukes and musicians Jeremy Jones, Sam Inglis and Seymour Patrick.

In January 2008 McDonald announced the forthcoming release of his debut solo album.

Discography

Singles / EPs
With The Dawn Parade
The Dawn Parade EP (2001)
Good Luck Olivia (2001)
Electric Fence Your Gentleness EP (2002)
Caffeine Row (January 2003)
Strung Out On Nowhere (August 2003)
The Underground (November 2004)
As Greg McDonald
Reclaim The Night (June 2009)
A Little Strange (November 2009)
Liberty Waltz (November 2010)

Albums
With The Dawn Parade
The Dawn Parade (2006)
As Greg McDonald
Stranger At The Door (January 2008)
Tomorrow England (March 2011)

Sources
Greg McDonald on Myspace
Band page at Repeat Records website

External links
 Greg McDonald on Myspace
 The Visions on MySpace

Category:English male singers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:People from Bury St Edmunds


Sachima

Sachima (), also called sàqímǎ or shāqímǎ, is a common Chinese pastry, originated among Manchus in Northeast China. Sachima has spread throughout all of China. Its decoration and flavor vary in different regional Chinese cuisine, but the appearance of all versions is essentially the same.  It is made of fluffy strands of fried batter bound together with a stiff sugar syrup, showing similarity to American Rice Krispies Treats, but without the marshmallows. Instead, it has different ingredients that makes it sweet.

Regional variations

Manchu
In Manchu cuisine originally, sachima is a sweet snack. It mainly consists of flour, butter, and rock sugar. It is now popular in mainland China among children and adults.

Cantonese
The Cantonese pastry version of sachima is slightly sweet. It is also made of essentially the same ingredients as the other varieties of sachima. It is often sprinkled with sesame seeds, raisins or dried coconut. The  Cantonese variety of sachima ranges from chewy to crunchy in texture. Most overseas Chinatowns offer the Cantonese style of the pastry. It is commonly found in Hong Kong.

Fujian
Many of the Fujian distribution companies manufacture packaged versions of Sachima.  This version has sesame and is made of wheat flour, vegetable oil, egg, milk, granular sugar, and malt sugar.  The taste is comparatively plain compared to the more sweetened Cantonese version.

Myanmar (Burma)
A similar dish called mayway mont (မရွေးမုန့်), consisting of puffed grains of early ripened glutinous rice congealed into a mass with jaggery syrup, is a popular traditional Burmese snack or mont.

See also
 Çäkçäk
 Funnel cake
 Yeot-gangjeong
 List of Chinese desserts
 Rice Krispie treat

References

Category:Chinese desserts
Category:Chinese pastries
Category:Manchu cuisine
Category:Burmese cuisine
Category:Burmese desserts and snacks


Snoopy's siblings

In Charles M. Schulz's comic strip Peanuts, Snoopy was often stated to have seven siblings. Five appeared at various times in the strip: four brothers, Andy, Marbles, Olaf, and Spike; and one sister, Belle. The two others were never mentioned by name in the comic strip. According to the 1991 TV special Snoopy's Reunion, their names are Molly and Rover; however, their appearance is not considered canonical in the comic strip.

Snoopy having seven siblings was an element of the strip that developed as the strip evolved. In the June 6, 1959 comic strip, following the birth of Charlie Brown's sister Sally, Snoopy remarks that he has no brothers or sisters, and is an "only dog". However, in a series of strips in May 1965 it is revealed that Snoopy has several siblings. In the May 11, 1965 strip Charlie Brown, in the middle of reading a letter Snoopy received from the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm, where Snoopy was born, recites "...and one brother lives in Washington, and the other in Texas...One sister lives in St. Louis, one in Hollywood and one in Kansas...".  Since Charlie Brown is first shown in mid-sentence, it is not clear how many siblings Snoopy is supposed to have had. A few years later, in a March 18, 1970, strip, Snoopy writes in his autobiography: "I was born one bright Spring morning at the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm. I was one of seven puppies."

The apparent first reference to Snoopy being one of eight siblings occurred in the Sunday, December 3 1972 strip.  Snoopy is shown filling out a questionnaire from his publisher, and he writes: "I was one of eight Beagles."

Snoopy's mother is called Missy but has appeared only once in Peanuts on July 26, 1996. His father is called Baxter, and appears on June 18 1989.  A t-shirt that was sold for several years at Target and other stores shows Spike, Andy, Snoopy, Marbles and Olaf in a parody of the famous dogs playing poker print, despite much advertising copy which misidentified the characters.

Andy, Marbles, Olaf, Spike, and Belle appear briefly during the credits of The Peanuts Movie.

Spike
Spike appeared most frequently in the strip. He was a recurring character between 1984 and 1988, and was also used in one-off appearances sporadically through the rest of Peanuts history.

Spike's appearance is similar to Snoopy's, but he is substantially thinner, has a perpetually sleepy-eyed look, sports long, droopy whiskers that look like a mustache, and wears a fedora. He sometimes wears Mickey Mouse shoes which were a gift from Mickey Mouse. He is called Snoopy's older brother during the first story in which he appears.

Spike lives alone in a cactus, in the middle of the desert near Needles, California, only occasionally interacting with the principal characters in the strip, generally in visiting Snoopy. His friends are mostly inanimate saguaro cacti and an occasional tumbleweed. In 1991's Snoopy's Reunion, Spike's home was a huge hollow saguaro in which he kept books and his fiddle. Spike is named after Charles Schulz's childhood dog.

When Spike debuted in the strip in August 1975, it was revealed that his exceptionally low weight was because he had been living with coyotes, and his job was to clean out their den, which apparently causes him to burn off a lot of body fat. Although he got a better-fed appearance after his first visit to the Brown household, he apparently had to go "back to business" soon after returning home, for he soon became as thin as before.

He temporarily became Rerun's dog in I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown, and also starred in his own television special, It's the Girl in the Red Truck, Charlie Brown. He was also a main character in Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown, where he is shown traveling from Needles to visit Snoopy to be the best beagle at his wedding. Spike competes in a dog race to earn money for a bus ticket. He wins the race, but then gets disqualified for not being a greyhound. The final scene shows Spike returning home to Needles where his private residence is a hollowed-out saguaro cactus with modern amenities inside, where he is rewarding himself for his long travels by eating cake from Snoopy's wedding.

During a story, Snoopy and Woodstock and his bird friends rescue Spike from the coyotes, who were apparently furious after Spike tried to sell them oceanfront condos in the desert of Needles. In August 1977, Spike was to be Snoopy's best man at his wedding, only to end up eloping with Snoopy's fiancee and then being dumped himself for a coyote. In 1988, Snoopy is convinced in a letter from Spike that the Summer Olympics were being moved from Yuma to Phoenix. Snoopy, of course, comes to realize that the claim was false after Spike admitted that his "friend", a saguaro cactus, had told him the rumor. On February 15, 1987, Spike attempts to bury his fedora in a time capsule for a future civilization to study "Do not open until 6987!", but abandons this idea when he cannot survive the cold desert nights without the warmth his hat provides.

Another story arc from the 1980s featured Spike as the hero; Charlie Brown's baseball team is at loggerheads when the owner of the vacant lot they play in was told to not allow them to use the field anymore due to possible liabilities. Spike pulls off a real estate coup in which the coyotes (still living in Phoenix) bought the vacant lot so the kids can once again play.

Another storyline was in 1994 when he and his brothers Olaf and Andy visit Snoopy in the hospital. They abruptly leave shortly after Snoopy recovers.

Beginning in a series of strips from May 1981, Spike began joining Snoopy in his World War I escapades as an infantryman fighting in the trenches, the one change in Spike's appearance being that he wears a WWI-style army Brodie helmet instead of his trademark fedora. In a 1996 series when Spike himself comes down ill with the flu, Snoopy and Spike's mother Missy came over on a troopship to visit wearing a fur hat (the soldiers manning the rails of the troopship were also beagles). This was her sole appearance in the strip. At least two strips mentioned his meeting with Mickey Mouse.

In Snoopy's Reunion, Spike is shown being taken away by a rich family (with a limo). In the September 18, 1994, Sunday comic, Spike admits that he ran away from his owners to Needles after accidentally chasing a rabbit into a road, where it was run over. In The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show episode "The Lost Ballpark" Spike made a cameo appearance, his first appearance in any medium other than newspapers.

Spike's final appearance in the strip was on December 21, 1999, two months before the strip concluded. A large statue of Spike resides in a Subway restaurant in Needles. The Schulz family lived in Needles from 1928 to 1930. They moved to Needles to join other family members who had relocated from Minnesota to tend to an ill cousin.

Andy & Olaf
Andy and Olaf live together on a farm. Andy is distinguished by his shaggy coat but otherwise looks like Snoopy. Olaf is obese and wears a hunting cap, and aside from his ears, bears little resemblance to Snoopy or his other siblings. Olaf now has taken residence in Orange, California, and works as a maintenance manager in a department store. Olaf also says his favorite book is still "Joe Bunny", which he has owned since puppyhood.

Olaf is first seen during a series on January 19, 1989, in which he visits Snoopy. During this sequence, Lucy enters with Olaf in an "ugly dog" contest, which he wins (much to his disappointment).  He appears again in 1994 (beginning February 14), where he, Andy, and Spike visit Snoopy, who is in the hospital. After Snoopy recovers, the three brothers abruptly leave. This is the first appearance of Andy in the strip.

After that, Olaf and Andy are shown four times in 1994. They are sitting against a barn contemplating what direction their lives should go in. They appear sporadically after that.

Olaf usually plays the jug, and Andy has a full drum set, but is rather clumsy when carrying it and drops it from time to time.

Andy and Olaf spent some time traveling to Needles to live with Spike. However, after "two right turns and twenty-three wrong ones" they eventually ended up back at Snoopy's doghouse. After a brief stay and failure to become Rerun's dogs, they continued to wander around and were considering buying banjos in their last appearance on September 27, 1999. Andy is the only Peanuts character to have originated in animation before appearing in the strip (with the exception of Molly, Rover, and Missy, the mother). His animated debut was the 1991 TV special Snoopy's Reunion. Andy is based on a wire-haired fox terrier (also named Andy) that Schulz owned from October 1988 to March 1994.

Both Olaf and Andy made their second animated appearance in I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown via a flashback scene.

Belle
Belle is Snoopy's sister. She lives in Kansas City, Missouri, with her teenage son, whom Snoopy noted as resembling the Pink Panther. She is known for making bows. Once she made a bow which looked like the British flag. She also wore a beret in the Snoopy and his Siblings episode, "Ma Cherie: The Trip to Paris". Belle herself bears a strong resemblance to Snoopy, but with longer eyelashes. In addition, she wears a lace collar and sometimes wears a pearl necklace.

Belle only made a few appearances in the strip, but is remembered because of the Belle stuffed animal toys sold in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many people who were not regular readers of the comic strip mistakenly thought that she was Snoopy's girlfriend rather than his sister. In Snoopy's World War I fantasies, Belle is a nurse.

Snoopy's sister made her first appearance in the comic strip on June 28, 1976, though she was mentioned by Snoopy earlier on June 22, 1976. Belle also appeared briefly in the opening sequence of The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show. While she was mentioned in the lyrics to the opening theme song, Belle never made an appearance in the cartoon series. Similar to Spike, Belle also plays the violin.

In 1984, Snoopy and Belle inspired fashion designers around the world, including Lagerfeld, Armani, and de la Renta to create one-of-a-kind outfits in their honor. Both beagles modeled for the "Snoopy in Fashion" exhibition held that year in Japan.

Other than the appearance in the opening credits of the TV series, Belle's only animated special was 1991's Snoopy's Reunion. Also she was mentioned, but not seen, in 2003's I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown.

Marbles
Marbles is the oldest and reputedly the smartest of the siblings, whose only appearances in the comic strip were in 1982 from September 30 to October 9.  Marbles is the only sibling whose ears are spotted rather than being solid-colored.  Unlike Snoopy's siblings Spike and Belle, he does not share in Snoopy's fantasy World War I scenarios, seeing Snoopy's Sopwith Camel as his doghouse, an "ambulance" as a shopping cart, etc. while commenting that "...[Snoopy] was always the quiet one in the family." He leaves a visit to his brother over this. He was also seen to wear jogging shoes.

He also appeared in the 1991 animated feature Snoopy's Reunion and in a flashback from I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown, when Charlie Brown was talking to Rerun about Snoopy's siblings. Marbles plays the banjo.

Other siblings
The other two siblings, Molly and Rover, appeared in Snoopy's Reunion; however, Schulz never depicted or named these characters in the comic strip, so these names are not considered to be canonical. In the television special, these two siblings play the dobro and the mandolin. Molly is shown to be pampered because she has her own makeup.

Snoopy's parents
Snoopy's parents, Baxter and Missy, have each appeared only once in the comic strip (Baxter on June 18, 1989, and Missy on July 26, 1996,) but only Missy appeared on television. Missy appeared in Snoopy's Reunion in the flashback of when Snoopy and his siblings are born and being bought by people. Baxter is said to have lived in Florida, has a large white mustache, and wears glasses and a baseball cap.  Missy bears a strong resemblance to Snoopy and Belle and wore a fur hat.

References

External links
 The Peanuts Animation and Video Page
 Spike's origin strips
 Belle fan site (archived from the original on August 31, 2009)
Snoopy's Siblings in Snoopy's street fair game

Category:Fictional dogs
Category:Peanuts characters


Victoria Bridge, Picton

The Victoria Bridge is a heritage-listed timber trestle truss road bridge across the Stonequarry Creek, located at Prince Street in the south-western Sydney town of Picton in the Wollondilly Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The bridge is owned by Roads and Maritime Services, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. The bridge is also known as the Victoria Bridge over Stonequarry Creek. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 20 June 2000. Designed by Percy Allan and opened on 7 October 1897, Victoria Bridge employs Allan trusses and was built by C. J. Ford of Sydney.

It features the tallest trestles in New South Wales, and is one of the oldest surviving bridges of its type. It is named after Queen Victoria, and is classified by the National Trust. Victoria Bridge is wide enough for a pedestrian walkway and one lane of traffic and is  long. The bridge has a height limit of . The bridge is listed by the Engineers Institute as historically significant.

History

Picton
The town of Picton was named by Major Antill after Sir Thomas Picton in 1841. The location was previously known as "Stonequarry". The Duke of Wellington described Picton as a "rough foul-mouthed devil as ever lived" but very capable. He was "respected for his courage and feared for his irrascible temperament". He was chiefly remembered for his exploits under Wellington in the Iberinan Peninsular War displaying great barvery and persistence. He was killed at the Battle of Waterloo and was the most senior officer to die there. He was buried in the family vault at St. George's, Hanover Square in London. In 1859 Picton was re-interred in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, lying close to the body of the Duke of Wellington.

Victoria Bridge
Timber truss road bridges have played a significant role in the expansion and improvement of the NSW road network. Prior to the bridges being built, river crossings were often dangerous in times of rain, which caused bulk freight movement to be prohibitively expensive for most agricultural and mining produce. Only the high priced wool clip of the time was able to carry the costs and inconvenience imposed by the generally inadequate river crossings that often existed prior to the trusses construction. Timber truss bridges were preferred by the NSW Public Works Department from the mid 19th to the early 20th century because they were relatively cheap to construct, and used mostly local materials. The financially troubled governments of the day applied pressure to the Public Works Department to produce as much road and bridge work for as little cost as possible, using local materials. This condition effectively prohibited the use of iron and steel, as these, prior to the construction of the steel works at Newcastle in the early 20th century, had to be imported from England.

Allan trusses were the first truly scientifically engineered timber truss bridges, and incorporate American design ideas for the first time. This is a reflection of the changing mindset of the NSW people, who were slowly accepting that American ideas could be as good as or better than European ones. The high quality and low cost of the Allan truss design entrenched the dominance of timber truss bridges for NSW roads for the next 30 years.

Percy Allan, the designer of Allan truss and other bridges, was a senior engineer of the Public Works Department, and a prominent figure in late 19th century NSW. Timber truss bridges, and timber bridges generally were so common that NSW was known to travellers as the "timber bridge state".

Description
Victoria bridge is an Allan type timber truss road bridge. It has three timber truss spans, each of . There are no approach spans. The overall length of the bridge is . The super structure is supported by timber trestles which carry a single lane carriage way with a minimum width of  and a footpath. A timber post and rail guard rail extends the full length of the bridge and an Armco barrier protects pedestrians from vehicular traffic.

Condition

As at 15 June 2005, fair and intact.

Heritage listing
As at 15 June 2005, completed in 1897, the Victoria bridge is an early example of an Allan type timber truss road bridge, and in 1998 was in fair condition. As a timber truss road bridge, it has many associational links with important historical events, trends, and people, including the expansion of the road network and economic activity throughout NSW, and Percy Allan, the designer of this type of truss. Allan trusses were third in the five-stage design evolution of NSW timber truss bridges, and were a major improvement over the McDonald trusses which preceded them. Allan trusses were twenty per cent cheaper to build than McDonald trusses, could carry 50 per cent more load, and were easier to maintain. Having the tallest timber trestle supporting piers of any timber truss bridge, the Victoria bridge has an imposing appearance, and is both technically and aesthetically significant as a result.

In 1998 there were 38 surviving Allan trusses in NSW of the 105 built, and 82 timber truss road.

bridges survive from the over 400 built.

The Victoria bridge is a representative example of Allan timber truss road bridges, and is assessed as being State significant, primarily on the basis of its technical and historical significance.

Victoria Bridge over Stonequarry Creek was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 20 June 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Through the bridge's association with the expansion of the NSW road network, its ability to demonstrate historically important concepts such as the gradual acceptance of NSW people of American design ideas, and its association with Percy Allan, it has historical significance.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

The bridge exhibits the technical excellence of its design, as all of the structural detail is clearly visible. In the context of its landscape it is visually attractive. As such, the bridge has substantial aesthetic significance. Having the tallest timber trestle supporting piers of any timber truss bridge, the Victoria bridge has an imposing appearance, and is both technically and aesthetically significant as a result.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Timber truss bridges are prominent to road travellers, and NSW has in the past been referred to as the "timber truss bridge state". Through this, the complete set of bridges gain some social significance, as they could be said to be held in reasonable esteem by many travellers in NSW. The Victoria bridge is valued by the people of the Picton district.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Rare - In 1998 there were 38 surviving Allan trusses in NSW of the 105 built, and 82 timber truss road bridges survive from the over 400 built.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

Representative of Allan truss bridges.

See also

Historic bridges of New South Wales

References

Bibliography

Attribution

Category:New South Wales State Heritage Register
Category:Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Category:Road bridges in New South Wales
Category:Bridges completed in 1897
Category:Allan truss bridges
Picton
Category:1897 establishments in Australia
Category:Picton, New South Wales


Bertil W. Benson

Bertil Wilhelm Benson (June 2, 1843 – ) was a Norwegian-born American politician who was a Democratic member of the Dakota Territory House of Representatives and the namesake of Benson County, North Dakota.

Biography
Benson was born in Skien, Norway in 1843 to Torkel Benson and Kern K. Anderson. He was one of five children. In 1854, Benson moved with his family to La Crosse, Wisconsin, and worked at a local dry goods store. He later moved to Valley City, which was then in Dakota Territory, where he served as vice president of the National Bank of Valley City.

Benson served a term in the territorial legislature in 1883 and 1884, and was influential in the formation of Benson County.

Benson married Mary Hubbard Gould on August 15, 1871. In 1889, he moved to Fairhaven, Washington, where he established a name for himself in real estate.

References

Category:1843 births
Category:1907 deaths
Category:Members of the Dakota Territorial Legislature
Category:North Dakota Democrats
Category:People from Barnes County, North Dakota
Category:Politicians from Bellingham, Washington
Category:Politicians from La Crosse, Wisconsin
Category:Politicians from Skien
Category:Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Category:19th-century American politicians


Frederick Tutu Goodwin

Sir Frederick "Fred" Tutu Goodwin, KBE, was the 6th Queen's Representative to the Cook Islands.

Goodwin joined the Cook Islands Police in 1956.  He served as a constable, then joined the New Zealand Police Force for a short time, before returning to the Cook Islands, where he eventually rose to the rank of Police Superintendent.

He was elected to the Cook Islands Parliament at the 1978 election, representing the seat of Te Au O Tonga for the Democratic Party. He served as assistant minister of energy and works in the government of Tom Davis.  He then worked as a public servant, before being appointed as Queen's Representative in 2001.  In the Birthday Honours 2004 Goodwin was appointed as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to the community

The decision to reappoint Goodwin for another three-year term as Queen's Representative was made in February 2010, and the Queen of New Zealand signed the warrant of appointment in July, to be effective 10 August 2010.
Goodwin stepped down from the role as Queen's Representative on 27 July 2013, being replaced by former Cook Islands Cabinet Minister Tom Marsters

Goodwin's sister-in-law is MP and Deputy Speaker of the Cook Islands Parliament Cassey Eggelton.

References

Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Parliament of the Cook Islands
Category:Queen's Representatives in the Cook Islands
Category:New Zealand police officers
Category:Democratic Party (Cook Islands) politicians
Category:Cook Island knights
Category:Cook Island police officers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Ralph Gebhardt

Ralph Gebhardt is a retired American football coach and player.  He was the head coach at St. John Fisher College from 1987 to 1990.

As a collegiate player at the University of Rochester, Gebhardt was a standout defensive back, earning All-American honors in 1973, 1974, and 1975. He set NCAA records for most touchdowns scored on interceptions in one season (3 in 1974) as well as most interceptions in a career (34 from 1972 to 1975).

Head coaching record

College

References

External links
 University of Rochester Hall of Fame profile

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:American football defensive backs
Category:Rochester Yellowjackets football players
Category:St. John Fisher Cardinals football coaches


Rani of Jhansi Regiment

The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was the Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army, the armed force formed by Indian nationalists in 1942 in Southeast Asia with the aim of overthrowing the British Raj in colonial India, with Japanese assistance. It was one of the very few all-female combat regiments of the Second World War on any side. Led by Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan (better known as Lakshmi Sahgal), the unit was raised in July 1943 with volunteers from the expatriate Indian population in South East Asia. The unit was named the Rani of Jhansi Regiment after Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi.

Establishment
Bose announced the formation of the Regiment on 12 July 1943. Most of the women were teenage volunteers of Indian descent from Malayan rubber estates; very few had ever been to India. The initial nucleus of the force was established with its training camp in Singapore with approximately a hundred and seventy cadets. The cadets were given ranks of non-commissioned officer or sepoy (private) according to their education. Later, camps were established in Rangoon and Bangkok and by November 1943, the unit had more than three hundred cadets.

Training

Training in Singapore began on 23 October 1943. The recruits were divided into sections and platoons and were accorded ranks of Non-Commissioned Officers and Sepoys according to their educational qualifications.  These cadets underwent military and combat training with drills, route marches as well as weapons training in rifles, hand grenades, and bayonet charges. Later, a number of the cadets were chosen for more advanced training in jungle warfare in Burma. The Regiment had its first passing out parade at the Singapore training camp of five hundred troops on 30 March 1944.

Some 200 of the cadets were also chosen for nursing training, forming the Chand Bibi Nursing Corps.

Service
During the INA's Imphal campaign, an initial contingent of nearly a hundred of the Rani of Jhansi troops moved to Maymyo, part of which was intended to form a vanguard unit to enter the Gangetic plains of Bengal after the expected fall of Imphal. A part of the unit also formed the nursing corps at the INA hospital at Maymyo.
Following the failure of the siege of Imphal and the INA's disastrous retreat, the Rani troops were tasked with coordinating the relief and care of the INA troops who arrived at Monywa and to Maymyo and were not used in combat.

End of the regiment
After the fall of Rangoon and the withdrawal of the Azad Hind government and Subhas Chandra Bose from the city and through Burma, the troops originally from Burma were allowed to disband, while the remainder of the regiment retreated along with the retreating Japanese forces on foot and, when available, on mechanised transport. During the retreat it suffered some attacks both from Allied air attacks, as well as from the Burmese resistance forces. The total number of casualties suffered is not known. The unit later disbanded.

See also
Lakshmi Sahgal
Indian National Army
Janaky Athi Nahappan

Footnotes

Sources

External links
The Women's Regiment. National Archives of Singapore.
"Freedom To Us: Intensive training of the Women troops of the Indian National Army", Nippon News, No. 204. in the official website of NHK.

Category:All-female military units and formations
Category:Military units and formations of the Indian National Army
Category:Indian independence movement
Category:Indian women of World War II
Category:Women in war 1900–1945
Category:Military history of India during World War II
Category:Indian National Army
Category:1943 establishments in India


Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder

The Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder was a weekly, later bi-weekly, English language newspaper published in Condobolin, New South Wales, Australia beginning around 1895 and continuing until 1952. It absorbed The Condobolin Argus and Lachlan Advertiser and was continued by The Lachlander.

Newspaper history
The Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder began publication in approximately 1895. It absorbed The Condobolin Argus and Lachlan Advertiser (1892–1900). In 1952 it was continued by The Lachlander, a current publication.

Digitisation
The Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia.

See also
 List of newspapers in Australia
 List of newspapers in New South Wales

References

External links

Category:Defunct newspapers of New South Wales
Category:Newspapers on Trove


Mugalihal

Mugalihal is a village in Belgaum district of Karnataka, India.

References

Category:Villages in Belgaum district


S. S. Institute of Medical Sciences

S. S. Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre (, also referred to as SSIMS&RC) is a Medical school located in Davanagere, Karnataka, India. It is affiliated to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru.

References

Category:Medical colleges in Karnataka
Category:Colleges affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
Category:Education in Davangere
Category:Universities and colleges in Davanagere district


Ex-tangential quadrilateral

In Euclidean geometry, an ex-tangential quadrilateral is a convex quadrilateral where the extensions of all four sides are tangent to a circle outside the quadrilateral. It has also been called an exscriptible quadrilateral. The circle is called its excircle, its radius the exradius and its center the excenter (E in the figure). The excenter lies at the intersection of six angle bisectors. These are the internal angle bisectors at two opposite vertex angles, the external angle bisectors (supplementary angle bisectors) at the other two vertex angles, and the external angle bisectors at the angles formed where the extensions of opposite sides intersect (see the figure to the right, where four of these six are dotted line segments). The ex-tangential quadrilateral is closely related to the tangential quadrilateral (where the four sides are tangent to a circle).

Another name for an excircle is an escribed circle, but that name has also been used for a circle tangent to one side of a convex quadrilateral and the extensions of the adjacent two sides. In that context all convex quadrilaterals have four escribed circles, but they can at most have one excircle.

Special cases
Kites are examples of ex-tangential quadrilaterals. Parallelograms (which include squares, rhombi, and rectangles) can be considered ex-tangential quadrilaterals with infinite exradius since they satisfy the characterizations in the next section, but the excircle cannot be tangent to both pairs of extensions of opposite sides (since they are parallel). Convex quadrilaterals whose side lengths form an arithmetic progression are always ex-tangential as they satisfy the characterization below for adjacent side lengths.

Characterizations
A convex quadrilateral is ex-tangential if and only if there are six concurrent angles bisectors. These are the internal angle bisectors at two opposite vertex angles, the external angle bisectors at the other two vertex
angles, and the external angle bisectors at the angles formed where the extensions of opposite sides intersect.

For the purpose of calculation, a more useful characterization is that a convex quadrilateral with successive sides a, b, c, d is ex-tangential if and only if the sum of two adjacent sides is equal to the sum of the other two sides. This is possible in two different ways—either as

or

This was proved by Jakob Steiner in 1846. In the first case, the excircle is outside the biggest of the vertices A or C, whereas in the second case it is outside the biggest of the vertices B or D, provided that the sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are a = AB, b = BC, c = CD, and d = DA. A way of combining these characterizations regarding the sides is that the absolute values of the differences between opposite sides are equal for the two pairs of opposite sides,

These equations are closely related to the Pitot theorem for tangential quadrilaterals, where the sums of opposite sides are equal for the two pairs of opposite sides.

Urquhart's theorem
If opposite sides in a convex quadrilateral ABCD intersect at E and F, then

The implication to the right is named after L. M. Urquhart (1902–1966) although it was proved long before by Augustus De Morgan in 1841. Daniel Pedoe named it the most elementary theorem in Euclidean geometry since it only concerns straight lines and distances.  That there in fact is an equivalence was proved by Mowaffac Hajja, which makes the equality to the right another necessary and sufficient condition for a quadrilateral to be ex-tangential.

Comparison with a tangential quadrilateral
A few of the metric characterizations of tangential quadrilaterals (the left column in the table) have very similar counterparts for ex-tangential quadrilaterals (the middle and right column in the table), as can be seen in the table below. Thus a convex quadrilateral has an incircle or an excircle outside the appropriate vertex (depending on the column) if and only if any one of the five necessary and sufficient conditions below is satisfied.

The notations in this table are as follows: In a convex quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonals intersect at P. R1, R2, R3, R4 are the circumradii in triangles ABP, BCP, CDP, DAP; h1, h2, h3, h4 are the altitudes from P to the sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD, d = DA respectively in the same four triangles; e, f, g, h are the distances from the vertices A, B, C, D respectively to P; x, y, z, w are the angles ABD, ADB, BDC, DBC respectively; and Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd are the radii in the circles externally tangent to the sides a, b, c, d respectively and the extensions of the adjacent two sides for each side.

Area
An ex-tangential quadrilateral ABCD with sides a, b, c, d has area

Note that this is the same formula as the one for the area of a tangential quadrilateral and it is also derived from Bretschneider's formula in the same way.

Exradius
The exradius for an ex-tangential quadrilateral with consecutive sides a, b, c, d is given by

where K is the area of the quadrilateral. For an ex-tangential quadrilateral with given sides, the exradius is maximum when the quadrilateral is also cyclic (and hence an ex-bicentric quadrilateral). These formulas explain why all parallelograms have infinite exradius.

Ex-bicentric quadrilateral
If an ex-tangential quadrilateral also has a circumcircle, it is called an ex-bicentric quadrilateral. Then, since it has two opposite supplementary angles, its area is given by

which is the same as for a bicentric quadrilateral.

If x is the distance between the circumcenter and the excenter, then

where R and r are the circumradius and exradius respectively. This is the same equation as Fuss's theorem for a bicentric quadrilateral. But when solving for x, we must choose the other root of the quadratic equation for the ex-bicentric quadrilateral compared to the bicentric. Hence, for the ex-bicentric we have

From this formula it follows that

which means that the circumcircle and excircle can never intersect each other.

See also
Complete quadrangle
Cyclic quadrilateral

References

Category:Quadrilaterals
Category:Polygons


Sebete

Sebete  is a small town and commune in the Cercle of Banamba in the Koulikoro Region of south-western Mali. As of 1998 the commune had a population of 3185.

References

Category:Populated places in Koulikoro Region
Category:Communes of Mali


Nero Decree

The Nero Decree () was issued by Adolf Hitler on March 19, 1945 ordering the destruction of German infrastructure to prevent their use by Allied forces as they penetrated deep within Germany. It was officially titled Demolitions on Reich Territory Decree (Befehl betreffend Zerstörungsmaßnahmen im Reichsgebiet) and has subsequently become known as the Nero Decree, after the Roman Emperor Nero, who supposedly engineered the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD. The decree was deliberately disobeyed by Albert Speer.

Background
By the beginning of 1945, the German situation was desperate. Most of the conquered territories had been liberated or recaptured, the Ardennes Offensive had failed, and Allied armies were advancing on Germany proper from both the East and the West. However, Hitler was not willing to accept the terms of unconditional surrender, and considered this as repeating the same shame of Versailles .

This was not the first time Hitler had tried to destroy infrastructure before it could be taken. Shortly before the Liberation of Paris, Hitler ordered explosives to be placed around important landmarks, such as the Eiffel Tower, and key transportation hubs. If the Allies came near the city, the military governor, Dietrich von Choltitz was to detonate these bombs, leaving Paris "lying in complete debris." Von Choltitz, however, did not carry out the order and surrendered to the Allies.

The Decree

Its most pertinent section reads as follows:

 "It is a mistake to think that transport and communication facilities, industrial establishments and supply depots, which have not been destroyed, or have only been temporarily put out of action, can be used again for our own ends when the lost territory has been recovered. The enemy will leave us nothing but scorched earth when he withdraws, without paying the slightest regard to the population. I therefore order:

 "1) All military transport and communication facilities, industrial establishments and supply depots, as well as anything else of value within Reich territory, which could in any way be used by the enemy immediately or within the foreseeable future for the prosecution of the war, will be destroyed."

Actions

The decree was in vain. The responsibility for carrying it out fell to Albert Speer, Hitler's Minister of Armaments and War Production. Speer was appalled by the order and lost faith in the dictator. Just as von Choltitz had several months earlier, Speer deliberately failed to carry out the order. Upon receiving it, he requested to be given exclusive power to implement the plan, instead using his power to convince the generals and Gauleiters to ignore the order. Hitler remained unaware of this until the very end of the war, when Speer, while visiting Hitler in his Berlin bunker, admitted to him that he deliberately disobeyed. Hitler was angry with his minister, but allowed Speer to leave nonetheless. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, 42 days after issuing the order. Shortly afterwards, on May 7, 1945, General Alfred Jodl signed the German military surrender, and on May 23 Speer was arrested on the orders of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, together with the rest of the provisional German government led by Admiral Karl Dönitz, Hitler's successor as head of state.

See also

 Albert Speer
 Gotthard Heinrici
 Hellmuth Reymann
 Morgenthau Plan
 Destruction of Warsaw
 Railroad plough
 Scorched earth

Notes

Category:Nero
Category:Orders by Adolf Hitler
Category:1945 in Germany
Category:Decrees
Category:March 1945 events
Category:1945 documents


Kolmogorov Medal

The Kolmogorov Medal is a prize awarded to distinguished researchers with life-long contributions to one of the fields initiated by Andrey Kolmogorov.

The Kolmogorov Medal was first awarded in 2003 to celebrate 100 years since the birth of Kolmogorov. The recipient is invited to deliver a lecture. Early lectures were published in The Computer Journal.

Recipients

The following people have received the Kolmogorov Medal:

Publications

See also

 List of mathematics awards

References

Category:Mathematics awards


Norman Gale (rugby player)

Norman Gale (24 July 1939 – 30 January 2005) was a Welsh rugby union player. A hooker, he captained the Wales national rugby union team on two occasions in 1967–68. Gale played his club rugby for Llanelli RFC and Swansea RFC, but it was with the Scarlets of Llanelli that he is most associated. He captained Llanelli over two seasons, 1964–65 and 1967–68, and coached the team in the 1973–74 season.

Notes

Category:Rugby union players from Swansea
Category:Llanelli RFC players
Category:Gorseinon RFC players
Category:Swansea RFC players
Category:Welsh rugby union coaches
Category:Welsh rugby union players
Category:Wales international rugby union players
Category:Wales rugby union captains
Category:Rugby union hookers
Category:1939 births
Category:2005 deaths
Category:People educated at Gowerton Grammar School
Category:People from Gorseinon


Peoples Power Assemblies

Peoples Power Assemblies (PPA) is an advocacy group in the United States that coordinates through local offices of the Workers World Party. The group advocates for jobs and against police brutality.

Activists from the group have run for local office.

The group has been involved in organising protests and demonstrations in the aftermath of the killing of Freddie Gray and Korryn Gaines.

References

Category:Left-wing advocacy groups in the United States
Category:Workers World Party


The London Chuck Berry Sessions

The London Chuck Berry Sessions is an album of studio recordings and live recordings by Chuck Berry, released by Chess Records in October 1972 as LP record, 8 track cartridge and audio cassette. Side one of the album consists of studio recordings, engineered by Geoff Calver; side two features three live performances recorded by the Pye Mobile Unit, engineered by Alan Perkins, on February 3, 1972, at the Lanchester Arts Festival in Coventry, England. At the end of the live section, the recording includes the sounds of festival management trying in vain to get the audience to leave so that the next performers, Pink Floyd, can take the stage; the crowd begins chanting "We want Chuck!".    His backing band were Onnie McIntyre (guitar), Robbie McIntosh (drums), Nic Potter (bass) and Dave Kaffinetti (piano). Both McIntosh and McIntyre would later form The Average White Band.

"My Ding-a-Ling", from the live side of the album, was edited to approximately 4 minutes for release as a single. It was Berry's first and only single to reach number 1 in both the US and the UK.

Background
In May 1970, Howlin' Wolf traveled to Olympic Sound Studios in London, England, to record songs for The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions. The album was released in August 1971 and peaked at number 28 on Billboard magazine's R&B Albums chart and number 79 on the Billboard 200. Because of Wolf's success, Muddy Waters recorded his own London Sessions album in December 1971, and Berry did the same in 1972.

Critical reception
William Ruhlmann of Allmusic called the album Chuck Berry's "commercial, if not artistic, peak". Robert Christgau thinks the album is of bad quality, that his voice is croaky and the studio material only fillers.

Commercial performance
The album was not even out for a month, when on October 27, 1972, The London Chuck Berry Sessions was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America with sales of 1,000,000 units. It is Berry's only album to be certified by the RIAA.

Track listing
All songs written by Chuck Berry except as noted

Side one (studio recordings)
 "Let's Boogie" – 3:10
 "Mean Old World" (Little Walter) – 5:45
 "I Will Not Let You Go" – 2:49
 "London Berry Blues" – 5:55
 "I Love You" – 3:26

Side two (live recordings)
 "Reelin' and Rockin'" – 7:07
 "My Ding-a-Ling" (Dave Bartholomew) – 11:33
 "Johnny B. Goode" – 4:23

The release on cassette exchanged "I Love You" and "Johnny B. Goode" to create sides of near-equal length.

This version of "Johnny B. Goode" replaces the first verse of the original with the first verse of "Bye Bye Johnny".

Personnel

Musicians
According to sleeve notes
Chuck Berry –  vocals,  guitar
Derek Griffiths –  guitar on side one
Kenney Jones –  drums on side one
Dave Kaffinetti –  piano on side two
Robbie McIntosh –  drums on side two
Onnie Owen McIntyre –  guitar on side two
Ian McLagan –  piano on side one
Nic Potter –  bass on side two

Technical
Esmond Edwards –  producer
Bob Scerbo - production supervision
Mia Krinsky - album coordination
David Krieger – art director
Tim Lewis –  cover art

Charts

Album

US Singles

UK Singles

References

External links

Category:1972 albums
Category:Chuck Berry albums
Category:Albums produced by Esmond Edwards
Category:Chess Records albums


The Story of Little Black Sambo

The Story of Little Black Sambo is a children's book written and illustrated by Scottish author Helen Bannerman and published by Grant Richards in October 1899. As one in a series of small-format books called The Dumpy Books for Children, the story was a children's favourite for more than half a century.

Critics of the time observed that Bannerman presents one of the first black heroes in children's literature and regarded the book as positively portraying black characters in both the text and pictures, especially in comparison to the more negative books of that era that depicted blacks as simple and uncivilised. However, it would become an object of allegations of racism in the mid-20th century, due to the names of the characters being racial slurs for dark-skinned people, and the fact the illustrations were, as Langston Hughes put it, in the pickaninny style. Both text and illustrations have undergone considerable revisions since.

Plot
Sambo is a South Indian boy who lives with his father and mother, named Black Jumbo and Black Mumbo, respectively.  While out walking, Sambo encounters four hungry tigers, and surrenders his colourful new clothes, shoes, and umbrella so they will not eat him. The tigers are vain and each thinks that he is better dressed than the other. They have a massive argument and chase each other around a tree until they are reduced to a pool of ghee (clarified butter). Sambo then recovers his clothes and collects the ghee, which his mother uses to make pancakes.

Controversy
The book's original illustrations were done by the author and simple in style, typical of most children's books, and depicted Sambo as a Southern Indian or Tamil child. The book has thematic similarities to Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, published in 1894, which had far more sophisticated illustrations. However, Little Black Sambo's success led to many counterfeit, inexpensive, widely available versions that incorporated popular stereotypes of "black" peoples. For example, in 1908 John R. Neill, best known for his illustration of the Oz books by L. Frank Baum, illustrated an edition of Bannerman's story. In 1932 Langston Hughes criticised Little Black Sambo, despite its being set in India, as a typical "pickaninny" storybook which was hurtful to black children, and gradually the book disappeared from lists of recommended stories for children.

In 1942 Saalfield Publishing Company released a version of Little Black Sambo illustrated by Ethel Hays. In 1943 Julian Wehr created an animated version. During the mid-20th century, however, some American editions of the story, including a 1950 audio version on Peter Pan Records, changed the title to the racially neutral Little Brave Sambo.

The book is beloved in Japan and is not considered controversial there, but it was subject to copyright infringement.  was first published in Japan by Iwanami Shoten Publishing in 1953. The book was an unlicensed version of the original, and it contained drawings by Frank Dobias that had appeared in a US edition published by Macmillan Publishers in 1927. Sambo was illustrated as an African boy rather than as an Indian boy. Although it did not contain Bannerman's original illustrations, this book was long mistaken for the original version in Japan. It sold over 1,000,000 copies before it was pulled off the shelves in 1988, when The Association to Stop Racism Against Blacks launched a complaint against all major publishers in Japan that published variations of the story, and this triggered self-censorship among those publishers. In 2005, after copyright of the 1953 Iwanami Shoten Publishing edition of the book expired, Zuiunsya reprinted the original version and sold more than 150,000 copies within five months' time, and Kodansha and Shogakukan, the two largest publishers in Japan, published official editions. These are still in print, and as of August 2011, an equally controversial "side story" for Little Black Sambo, called Ufu and Mufu, is being sold and merchandised in Japan. The reprinting caused criticism from media outside Japan, such as The Los Angeles Times.

Modern versions
In 1961 Whitman Publishing Company released an edition illustrated by Violet LaMont.  Her colorful pictures show an Indian family wearing bright Indian clothes.  The story of the boy and tigers is as described in the plot section above.

In 1996 noted illustrator Fred Marcellino observed that the story itself contained no racist overtones and produced a re-illustrated version, The Story of Little Babaji, which changes the characters' names but otherwise leaves the text unmodified.

Julius Lester, in his Sam and the Tigers, also published in 1996, recast "Sam" as a hero of the mythical Sam-sam-sa-mara, where all the characters were named "Sam".

A modern printing with the original title, in 2003, substituted more racially sensitive illustrations by Christopher Bing, in which, for example, Sambo is no longer so inky black. It was chosen for the Kirkus 2003 Editor's Choice list. Some critics were still unsatisfied. Dr Alvin F. Poussaint said of the 2003 publication: "I don't see how I can get past the title and what it means. It would be like ... trying to do 'Little Black Darky' and saying, 'As long as I fix up the character so he doesn't look like a darky on the plantation, it's OK.

In 1997 Kitaooji Shobo Publishing in Kyoto obtained formal license from the UK publisher, and republished the work under the title of Chibikuro Sampo (In Japanese, "Chibi" means "little,""kuro" means black, and "Sampo" means a stroll, a kind of pun for the original word "Sambo"). The protagonist is depicted as a black Labrador puppy that goes for a stroll in the jungle; no humans appear in the edition. The Association To Stop Racism Against Blacks still refers to the book in this edition as discriminatory.

Bannerman's original was first published with a translation of Masahisa Nadamoto by Komichi Shobo Publishing, Tokyo, in 1999.

In 2004 a Little Golden Book version was published, The Boy and the Tigers, with new names and illustrations by Valeria Petrone. The boy is called Little Rajani.

The Iwanami version, with its controversial Dobias illustrations and without the proper copyright, was re-released in April 2005 in Japan by a Tokyo-based publisher Zuiunsya, because Iwanami's copyright expired fifty years after its first appearance.

It was retold as "Little Kim" in a storybook and cassette as part of the Once Upon a Time Fairy Tale Series where Sambo is called "Kim", his father Jumbo is "Tim" and his mother Mumbo is "Sim".

Adaptations

A board game was produced in 1924 and re-issued in 1945, with different artwork.  Essentially the game followed the storyline, starting and ending at home.

In the 1930s Wyandotte Toys used a pickaninny caricature "Sambo" image for a dart-gun target.

An animated version of the story was produced in 1935 as part of Ub Iwerks' ComiColor series.

In 1939 Little Nipper (RCA Records for children) issued, in addition to a record storybook set of the traditional story, a 2 45-RPM record storybook set entitled "Little Black Sambo's Jungle Band", narrated by Paul Wing. In the story Little Black Sambo (in India) goes for a walk in the jungle and encounters a variety of animals, each with its own distinctive instrument (e.g., elephant with a tuba, "big baboon with a big bassoon", honey bear with a "perfectly peach piccolo", and a long green snake "playing its scales"). They each play a distinctive song for him, and then elect him to be their band director. By trial and error he trains them to play and harmonize together. In short, he is the talented hero of the story.

Columbia Records issued a 1946 version on two 78 RPM records with narration by Don Lyon. It was issued in a folder with artwork showing Sambo to be quite black indeed, though the narrative preserves the locale as India.

In 1961 HMV Junior Record Club issued a dramatised version – words by David Croft, music by Cyril Ornadel – with Susan Hampshire in the title role and narrated by Ray Ellington.

Restaurant
An independent restaurant founded in 1957 in Lincoln City, Oregon, is named Lil' Sambo's after the fictional character.

Coincidentally, a popular US restaurant chain of the 1950s through 1970s, Sambo's, borrowed characters from the book (including Sambo and the tigers) for promotional purposes, although the Sambo name was originally a portmanteau of the founders' names and nicknames: Sam (Sam Battistone) and Bo (Newell Bohnett). For a period in the late 1970s, some locations were renamed "The Jolly Tiger". Nonetheless, the controversy about the book led to accusations of racism that contributed to the 1,117-restaurant chain's demise in the early 1980s. Images inspired by the book (now considered by some racially insensitive) were common interior decorations in the restaurants. Though portions of the original chain were renamed No Place Like Sam's to try to forestall closure, all but the original restaurants in Santa Barbara, California, had closed by 1983. The original location still exists in Santa Barbara under the name Sambo's.

See also

List of banned books
Zambo (or in Southern Spanish Sambo/sambo), a term used in the Spanish colonial caste system to denote a person with both African and Amerindian ancestry.
Ethnic issues in Japan
Murzynek Bambo – Little black Bambo by Polish writer Julian Tuwim
Jynx

References

Further reading
Barbara Bader (1996). "Sambo, Babaji, and Sam", The Horn Book Magazine. September–October 1996, vol. 72, no. 5, p. 536.
Phyllis Settecase Barton (1999). Pictus Orbis Sambo: A Publishing History, Checklist and Price Guide for The Story of Little Black Sambo (1899–1999) Centennial Collector's Guide. Pictus Orbis Press, Sun City, CA.
Dashini Jeyathuray (2012). "The complicated racial politics of Little Black Sambo", South Asian American Digital Archive. 5 April 2012:
Kazuo Mori (2005). "A Comparison of Amusingness for Japanese Children and Senior Citizens of The Story of Little Black Sambo in the Traditional Version and Nonracist Version." Social Behavior and Personality, Vol.33, pp.455–466.

External links

The Story of Little Black Sambo (1923 authorized American edition) at Internet Archive.
The Story of Little Black Sambo (illus. John R. Neill) at Internet Archive.

Category:Child characters in literature
Category:Black people in literature
Category:Novels set in India
Category:British novels adapted into films
Category:1899 children's books
Category:Scottish children's literature
Category:Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for general manga
Category:1890s children's books
Category:British children's books
Category:Censored books
Category:Books about cats
Category:Self-censorship


Tomikazu Fukuda

is the governor of Tochigi Prefecture in Japan, first elected in 2004. A native of Imaichi, Tochigi and graduate of Nihon University, he had served in the city assembly of Utsunomiya, Tochigi since 1983 and then in the Tochigi Prefectural Assembly since 1991. He also served as mayor of Utsunomiya for two terms from 1999 until his election as governor in 2004. He was reelected on November 16, 2008 in a two-person election.

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Mayors of places in Tochigi Prefecture
Category:Nihon University alumni
Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:Governors of Tochigi Prefecture
Category:Municipal councilors in Tochigi Prefecture


Hot-wire barretter

The hot-wire barretter was a demodulating detector, invented in 1902 by Reginald Fessenden, that found limited use in early radio receivers. In effect, it was a highly sensitive thermoresistor, which could recover amplitude-modulated signals, something that the coherer (the standard detector of the time) could not do.

The first device used to demodulate audio signals, it was later superseded by the electrolytic detector, also generally attributed to Fessenden. The barretter principle is still used as a detector for microwave radiation, similar to a bolometer.

Description and construction
Fessenden's 1902 patent describes the construction of the device. A fine platinum wire, about  in diameter, is embedded in the middle of a silver tube having a diameter of about . This compound wire is then drawn until the silver wire has a diameter of about ; as the platinum wire within it is reduced in the same ratio, it is drawn down to a final diameter of . The result is called Wollaston wire.

The silver cladding is etched off a short piece of the composite wire, leaving an extremely fine platinum wire;  this is supported, on two heavier silver wires, in a loop inside a glass bulb. The leads are taken out through the glass envelope, and the whole device is put under vacuum and then sealed.

Operation
The hot-wire barretter depends upon the increase of a metal resistivity with increasing temperature.  The device is biased by a direct current adjusted to heat the wire to its most sensitive temperature.  When there is an oscillating current from the antenna through the extremely fine platinum wire loop, the wire is further heated as the current increases and cools as the current decreases again. As the wire heats and cools, it varies its resistance in response to the signals passing through it. Because of the low thermal mass of the wire, it is capable of responding quickly enough to vary its resistance in response to audio signals. However, it cannot vary its resistance fast enough to respond to the much higher radio frequencies. The radio frequencies are essentially removed, and the sound is demodulated because the current through the circuit varies with the changing wire resistance. Headphones are connected in series with the DC circuit, and the variations in the current are rendered as sound.

See also

 Electrolytic detector a development of the  barretter detector.
 Iron-hydrogen resistor

External links

Patents
 , "Current Actuated Wave Responsive Device" – August, 1902 ("barretter" detector)
 , "Receiver for Electromagnetic Waves" – May, 1903 (improved "barretter")

Other
Detectors of electrical oscillations
Tech Definitions - Radio Concepts
United States Early Radio History
Secor, H. Winfield (January, 1917). Radio Detector Development. The Electrical Experimenter, pages 652+, accessed 2007-12-20.

References

Category:History of radio
Category:Radio electronics
Category:Detectors
Category:Canadian inventions


Zou Dejia

Zou Dejia (; born April 7, 1983)  is a Chinese curler from Harbin.

In 2007, Zou skipped the Chinese team at the 2007 Winter Universiade. The rink finished with a 4–5 record, missing the medal round and placing fifth.

Zou's second international event was at the 2011 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship where he and team mate Li Xue represented China. The pair finished the round robin with a 5–2 record, and won their qualification game against Finland to make the playoffs. However, they lost in the quarter final to Sweden.

In 2012, Zou became the skip of the second Chinese team on the World Curling Tour. His first WCT tour event win as a skip came at the 2012 Horizon Laser Vision Center Classic where he beat Brent Gedak in the final. That year Zou became the alternate on the Chinese national team (skipped by Liu Rui), while skipping his own team on the World Curling Tour. While he didn't play in any games in either event, the team won a gold medal at the 2012 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships and finished sixth at the 2013 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. The team won another gold medal at the 2013 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships and represented China at the 2014 Winter Olympics, finishing in fourth place. The team also played in the 2014 World Men's Curling Championship, placing sixth. Zou played in two games at the Pacific-Asia Championship, but none at the Olympics or Worlds.

In 2014, Zou joined the Zang Jialiang team at third. This team would win a gold medal at the 2014 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships and place 8th at the 2015 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. Zou left the team in 2015 to skip his own team.

As the skip of the Chinese team, Zou won a silver medal at the 2017 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships. After going 6-2 after the round robin, the team would defeat hosts Australia in the semifinal but would lose to the Koreans in the final. He would skip the Chinese team at the 2018 World Men's Curling Championship to a 3-9 record, in 12th place.

Zou returned to the World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship in 2019 with partner Fu Yiwei. The pair went on to finish 19th.

External links

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chinese male curlers
Category:Curlers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Olympic curlers of China
Category:Sportspeople from Harbin
Category:Pacific-Asian curling champions


Mikłusy

Mikłusy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzebieszów, within Łuków County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Trzebieszów,  north-east of Łuków, and  north of the regional capital Lublin.

References

Category:Villages in Łuków County


Brush Mountain East Wilderness

Brush Mountain East Wilderness is a U.S. wilderness area in the Eastern Divide Ranger District of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests. It was designated as wilderness area in 2009 by Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009.

Traversed by the Appalachian Trail, the wilderness is rugged and steep with contrasting habitats containing dry table mountain pine on the southwest ridges and sugar maples, white oaks, and hemlock in wetter drainages.  Small tracts of old-growth forest support bird species dependent on mature, deciduous forests for breeding.

The area is part of the Craig Creek Cluster.

Location and Access
The wilderness is about 8 miles southwest of New Castle, Virginia and extends into Craig, Roanoke, and Montgomery Counties.  It is bounded on the northwest by VA  621, on the northeast by VA 620, on the southeast by FS Road 11060, and a powerline on the south.

The Appalachian Trail travels for 7.5 miles through the wilderness from the northern trailhead on VA 620 to the southern trailhead on VA 621.  Many old access and logging roads, offering additional access to the area, have become overgrown, but others are kept open by hikers and hunters.   An older part of the Appalachian Trail, now abandoned, stretches  a few miles along the midslope of Brush Mountain.

Natural history
The wilderness contains colluvial drainages, toeslopes and alluvial floodplains providing a rich environment that supports yellow poplar, northern red oak, white oak, basswood, cucumber tree, white ash, eastern hemlock, white pine and red maple. In the remaining land, white oak, northern red oak, and hickory are found to the north and west while chestnut oak, scarlet oak and yellow pine are found on ridgetops and slopes to the east and south.  The area is one of the few sites in Virginia with table mountain pine and box huckleberry, species requiring fire to reproduce, and therefore becoming uncommon because of fire exclusion.

The 20-acre Brush Mountain Special Biological Area is located on the crest of the mountain.  The wilderness also contains the Central Appalachian Shale Barrens which support rare plant species such as the Virginia white-haired leatherflower and other unique rare species of plants and butterflies.

The forest type found in the wilderness is a habitat for songbirds such as  cerulean warblers, Swainson’s warblers, black-throated green warblers, and winter wrens.

Topography
The area is part of the Ridge and Valley Subsection of the Northern Ridge and Valley Section with the Central Appalachian Broadleaf-Coniferous Forest-Meadow Province.  This section is marked by ridges oriented along the northeast/southwest and composed of sandstone and shale.  Wide valleys between the ridges are composed of limestone and shale.  The drainage density is high with many tributaries feeding into Craig Creek on the north and Trout Creek on the east and south.

Craig Creek, part of the James River watershed, was once part of the New River watershed before being captured by the James River.

Elevations range from 1520 feet along Craig Creek to 3070 feet at the crest of Brush Mountain.

Cultural History
Audie Murphy, a 2nd world war hero, died in a plane crash on Brush Mountain in 1971.  The crash site, near the Appalachian Trail on the crest of Brush Mountain, is marked by a stone monument erected by the Veterans of Foreign Wars.

Management
The wilderness is managed by the Forest Service. There are some regulations to maintain the integrity of the area as a wilderness. For example, motorized equipment, motor vehicles, and mountain bikes are prohibited, group size is limited to ten people, and limits are placed on camping.

See also
List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
Craig Creek Cluster

References

External links
 Wilderness connect
 Virginia Wilderness
 Trails

Category:George Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Category:IUCN Category Ib
Category:Wilderness Areas of Virginia
Category:Protected areas of Craig County, Virginia
Category:Protected areas established in 2009
Category:2009 establishments in Virginia


The Man Outside (1933 film)

The Man Outside is a 1933 British crime film directed by George A. Cooper and starring Henry Kendall, Gillian Lind and Joan Gardner. It is unrelated to the play The Man Outside, which was not written until 1946.

Plot summary
A criminal gang searches for stolen diamonds stashed in a country house following a major robbery.

Cast
 Henry Kendall as Harry Wainwright
 Gillian Lind as Ann
 Joan Gardner as Peggy Fordyce
 Michael Hogan as Shiner Talbot
 Cyril Raymond as Captain Fordyce
 John Turnbull as Inspector Jukes
 Louis Hayward as Frank Elford
 Ethel Warwick as Georgina Yapp

References

External links

Category:1933 films
Category:British films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films directed by George A. Cooper
Category:1930s crime films
Category:British crime films
Category:Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios

Category:British black-and-white films


1960 New Zealand general election

The 1960 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 33rd term. It saw the governing Labour Party defeated by the National Party, putting an end to the short second Labour government.

Background
The Labour Party had won the 1957 election by a narrow margin, beginning New Zealand's second period of Labour government. However, the new administration soon lost its narrow lead in public opinion, with its financial policies being the principal cause of dissatisfaction. The so-called "Black Budget", introduced by Arnold Nordmeyer, increased taxes substantially, with particularly large increases for alcohol and tobacco taxes; Labour became widely seen as both miserly and puritanical. The government defended its tax increases as a necessary measure to avert a balance of payments crisis, but the opposition, led by Keith Holyoake, made substantial gains out of the issue.

The election
The date for the main 1960 election was 26 November. 1,310,742 people were registered to vote, and turnout was 89.8%. This turnout was slightly lower than what had been recorded in the previous elections. The number of seats being contested was 80, a number which had been fixed since 1902.

Results
The 1960 election saw the governing Labour Party defeated by a twelve-seat margin, having previously held a two-seat majority. National won a total of 46 seats to Labour's 34 seats, and formed the second National government.  In the popular vote, National won 47.59% to Labour's 43.42%.

The Social Credit Party won 8.62% of the vote, but no seats. Three of their candidates missed the nomination deadline, and the opening address of the party leader P. H. Matthews was not noteworthy.

Three new National members of parliament were called the Young Turks: Peter Gordon, Duncan MacIntyre and Robert Muldoon. The other new National MPs were Esme Tombleson, Bill Brown, Harry Lapwood, Logan Sloane, Bert Walker, and Dan Riddiford.

Paddy Blanchfield, Ron Bailey, Norman Douglas and George Spooner entered parliament for Labour.

Votes summary

Bibliography
 The New Zealand Gazette "Members of the House of Representatives Elected – General Election" (20 December 1960) issue 84 page 2002.

Notes

References


Janet (given name)

Janet is a feminine given name meaning "Little Joan". It is a variation of the French proper noun Jeannette, Spanish proper noun Juanita, Russian Жанет (Zhanet), Circassian Джэнэт (Janet), and Hungarian Zsanett. It is also the diminutive of Jeanne or Jane.

List of people with the given name Janet
 Janet Adamson (1882–1962), Scottish politician
 Janet Beery, American mathematician and historian of mathematics
 Janet Carr, Australian physiotherapist
 Janet Cooke (born 1954), disgraced American journalist, forced to return a Pulitzer Prize for a fabricated story
 Janet Ellis (born 1955), British television presenter
 Janet Evans, American Olympic Champion swimmer
 Janet Fockart (d. 1596), Scottish merchant and moneylender
 Janet Franklin, American geographer and landscape ecologist
 Janet Gaynor, American actress
 Janet Holm (1923–2018), New Zealand environmental activist and historian
 Janette Husárová, Slovak tennis player
 Janet Jackson, American pop and R&B singer/songwriter/icon
 Janet Jagan, Prime Minister of Guyana 1997, President of Guyana 1997–1999
 Janet Lee Bouvier, US socialite, mother of the First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy
 Janet Leigh, American actress
 Janet Lennon, American singer
 Janet Lupo (1959–2017), Playboy model
 Janet Lynn, American figure skater
 Janet Maratita, politician from the Northern Mariana Islands
 Janet Margolin (1943–1993), American actress
 Janet Maslin, American journalist
 Janet McTeer (born 1961), British actress
 Janet Napolitano, American politician
 Janet Meakin Poor, American landscape designer
 Janet Reno, former Attorney General of the United States
 Janet Rono (born 1988), Kenyan marathon runner
 Janet Smith (Rhodesia) (1915–1994), wife of Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith
 Janet L. Smith (born 1951), American scientist
 Janet Street-Porter, British media personality
 Janet Waldo, American actress and voice-over artist
 Janet Watt, New Zealand female badminton player
 Janet Wittes, American statistician
 Janet C. Wolfenbarger, lieutenant general and highest-ranking woman in the United States Air Force
 Janet Wright, Canadian actress and theater director
 Janet Yellen, American economist and Federal Reserve Chair

Fictional characters with the given name Janet
 Janet Cunningham, a character in The Final Destination
 Janet Chant, a character in Diana Wynne Jones' Chrestomanci series
 Janet van Dyne, aka the Wasp, a superhero in the Marvel Universe
 Janet Fraiser, a character in Stargate SG-1
 Janet Weiss, a character in The Rocky Horror Picture Show
 Janet Wood, a character in Three's CompanyJanet, a character in The Good PlaceJanet van Dyne, a character in Ant-Man and the WaspJanet, the heroine of Tam Lin''

Category:Circassian feminine given names
Category:English-language feminine given names
Category:Feminine given names


Rio Frio e Milhão

Rio Frio e Milhão is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Rio Frio and Milhão. The population in 2011 was 364, in an area of 63.51 km².

References

Category:Parishes of Bragança, Portugal


List of baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom: K

References


Patrick-Paul Schwarzacher-Joyce

Patrick-Paul Schwarzacher-Joyce (born 5 July 1972) is an Irish alpine skier. He competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Winter Olympics.

References

Category:1972 births
Category:Living people
Category:Irish male alpine skiers
Category:Olympic alpine skiers of Ireland
Category:Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Category:Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from London


Longhua District, Haikou

Longhua () is one of 4 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Haikou, the capital of Hainan Province, South China. The district's total area is , and its population was 440,000 people in 2002.

The Mission Hills Haikou golf course (and Ritz-Carlton Haikou hotel), which is regarded as one of the best golf courses in China, is located within this district.

Administrative regions

Longhua district has jurisdiction over Zhongshan Road, Jinmao Road, Datong Road, Haiken Road, and Jinyu Road.  It also contains the small towns of Chengxi, Longqiao, Xinpo, Zuntan, and Longquan.

Category:Haikou