The Sphere

The Sphere (officially Sphere at Plaza Fountain) is a  high, cast bronze sculpture by German artist Fritz Koenig. It is located in Liberty Park at the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Originally located at the Austin J. Tobin Plaza, the centerpiece survived the collapse of the World Trade Center towers, which resulted from the September 11 attacks in 2001.

The Sphere was recovered from the rubble, visibly damaged but largely intact. After being dismantled and stored near a hangar at John F. Kennedy International Airport, the sculpture was the subject of the 2001 documentary Koenig's Sphere. On March 11, 2002, six months after the attack, the sculpture was moved temporarily to Battery Park, where in unrestored condition it was rededicated (September 11, 2002) with an eternal flame.

Having become a major tourist attraction, the unrestored sculpture was rededicated on August 16, 2017 by the Port Authority at a permanent location in Liberty Park, overlooking the September 11 Memorial and its original location.

Description

The Sphere is  high and cast in 52 bronze segments. Koenig called it his "biggest child". It was put together in Bremen, West Germany and shipped as a whole to Lower Manhattan.

The artwork was meant to symbolize world peace through world trade, and was placed at the center of a ring of fountains and other decorative touches designed by WTC architect Minoru Yamasaki to mimic the Grand Mosque of Mecca, Masjid al-Haram, in which The Sphere stood at the place of the Kaaba. The structural engineers who took a part on this project were Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA), who helped make the globe able to rotate once every 24 hours.

Acquisition
The piece was commissioned by the owner of the World Trade Center, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), in 1966. The Authority's original choice had been Henry Moore, but Koenig was chosen after architect Minoru Yamasaki saw some of Koenig's work at the Staempfli Gallery in Manhattan. Koenig started work in 1967 while the WTC was in the planning stages, and finished it four years later. Originally titled Grosse Kugelkaryatide N.Y. by the artist, the sculpture was soon referred to as The Sphere.

Location history

Immediately after 9/11

After the September 11 attacks, upon recovery from the rubble pile the sculpture was dismantled and sent to storage near John F. Kennedy International Airport. Its extraction had been widely covered in local news media in the New York metropolitan area. As it was a memorable feature of the Twin Towers site, there was much discussion about using it in a memorial, especially since it seemed to have survived the attacks relatively unscathed.

German film director Percy Adlon, who had twice previously devoted films to Koenig, made Koenigs Kugel (Koenig's Sphere) at a time when the sculpture's fate was still uncertain. In the film, the artist and the director visit Ground Zero five weeks after the attacks as the former retells the story of its creation. At first, Koenig opposed reinstalling The Sphere, considering it "a beautiful corpse".

Relocation to Battery Park

The sculpture was eventually returned to Manhattan, and on March 11, 2002, six months to the day after the attacks, it was re-erected in Battery Park, near the Hope Garden, several blocks away from where it once stood. Koenig himself supervised the work; it took four engineers and 15 ironworkers to create a new base. Mayor Michael Bloomberg, his predecessor Rudy Giuliani and other local officials spoke at a ceremony rededicating it as a memorial to the victims. "It was a sculpture, now it's a monument", Koenig said, noting how the relatively fragile metal globe had mostly survived the cataclysm. "It now has a different beauty, one I could never imagine. It has its own life – different from the one I gave to it."

A plaque alongside The Sphere read as follows:

Relocation to Liberty Park

According to NYC Parks spokeswoman Vickie Karp, the city was looking to relocate The Sphere in summer 2012, when construction began to restore Battery Park’s lawn, requiring the sculpture to be moved. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), which owns The Sphere, considered placing the sculpture in Liberty Park, located between the 90 West Street building and the World Trade Center Memorial site. Liberty Park would not be constructed until at least 2014, so a temporary location was needed to place The Sphere. By February 2011, PANYNJ had not made an official final decision on where to place the sculpture once Battery Park construction commenced, requiring the sculpture to be moved, possibly into storage.

An online petition created by 9/11 families demanding the return of The Sphere to the 9/11 Memorial gained more than 7,123 signatures . Officials from the 9/11 Memorial stated that they did not want any 9/11 artifacts cluttering the 8-acre memorial plaza. On June 28, 2012, PANYNJ expressed support for the effort to move The Sphere to the plaza of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. After a public comment by Michael Burke during a meeting of the Board of Commissioners, Executive Director Patrick J. Foye stated:

When Liberty Park opened in June 2016, the question had not been resolved. On July 22, 2016, the Port Authority voted to move the sculpture to Liberty Park, and in August 2017, PANYNJ relocated the sculpture to Liberty Park. On September 6, 2017, the Sphere was unveiled in its permanent home in Liberty Park, overlooking the World Trade Center site. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey held a ceremony at Liberty Park on November 29, 2017 to mark its return to the World Trade Center site.

See also
 Plop art
 Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks

Notes

References

External links

Category:1971 sculptures
Category:Artwork in the World Trade Center
Category:Bronze sculptures in Manhattan
Category:Memorials for the September 11 attacks
Category:Monuments and memorials in Manhattan
Category:Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan


1999 Saskatchewan Roughriders season

The 1999 Saskatchewan Roughriders finished in 4th place in the West Division with a 3–15 record and missed the playoffs. It was their worst record for a season in the current 18-game schedule and their worst since going 2–14 in the 1980 season.

Offseason

CFL Draft

Preseason

Regular season

Season standings

Season schedule

Roster

Awards and records

CFL All-Star Selections
None

Western All-Star Selections
Willie Pless, Linebacker
Neal Smith, Defensive End
John Terry, Offensive Tackle

Milestones

References

Saskatchewan Roughriders
Category:Saskatchewan Roughriders seasons
Saskatchewan Roughriders Season, 1999


Hasdingi

The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe.  They lived in areas of today's southern Poland, western Ukraine, Slovakia and Hungary. They participated in the migratory movements of the Vandals into the Iberian peninsula, and subsequently to North Africa.

The Hasdingi crossed the Rhine into Gaul in 406 AD, although their king Godigisel lost his life in battle against the Franks during the crossing. The Hasdingi settled as foederati in Gallaecia (today Galicia, Asturias and the north of Portugal) along with the Suebi in 409 AD and their kingdom was one of the earliest Barbarian territories to be founded after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Gunderic, Godegisel's successor as king of the Hasdingi, lost his kingdom to king Hermeric of the Suebi in 419 after the Battle of the Nervasos Mountains where the Vandals were overwhelmed by an allied force of Suebi and Romans. He fled to Baetica with his army where he became king of the Silingi Vandals and of the Alans. Gunderic was succeeded by his brother Genseric in 428 AD, who subsequently fled from Iberia to North Africa where he established a kingdom at Carthage.

See also

Haddingjar, who appear to be late reflections of the Hasdingi in Norse mythology.
Migrations period
Silingi
The western Alans and Vandals
Timeline of Germanic kingdoms

References
 Hydatii Episcopi Chronicon

Category:Vandals
Category:Early Germanic peoples
Category:Foederati


Kreitzburg, Indiana

Kreitzburg is an unincorporated community in St. John Township, Lake County, Indiana.

Geography
Kreitzburg is located at .

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Lake County, Indiana
Category:Unincorporated communities in Indiana


Grafton Way

Grafton Way is a street in the London Borough of Camden that runs from Tottenham Court Road in the east to Fitzroy Street in the west. Whitfield Street and Grafton Mews adjoin Grafton Way.

The street was originally known as Grafton Street.

Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda lived in Grafton Street from 1803 to 1810.

References

External links

Category:Streets in the London Borough of Camden


Love Time

Love Time may refer to:

Love Time (film), a 1934 American film
"Love Time" (song), a song by Badfinger on their 1974 album Wish You Were Here


Nextstep (magazine)

NextStepU was a magazine which was founded in the United States in 1995 by David Mammano to help students plan for college, careers and life. It is a national publication for high school students that is distributed in 20,500 high schools in 50 states. The magazine is headquartered in Rochester, New York, where the first issue was published May 17, 1995. Today the magazine is no longer in production and exists as an all-encompassing college planning resource online at NextStepU.com

Online students can find several interactive tools to help them through the college-planning process. On the Path college-planning timeline, users are guided through each to-do before college. The site also features a $10,000 win free tuition college scholarship giveaway, a College Match tool, a scholarship search tool, and free college night handouts for school counselors. School counselors also receive a free resource mailed to them twice each year called LINK Magazine.

In 2008, the Association of Educational Publishers (AEP) named the magazine as a finalist in the "whole publication" category. In 2007, the magazine won AEP's "periodical of the year" title in the young adult category. AEP has previously awarded Next Step the following awards: "whole publication design" (2006), "most improved" (2006), finalist, "best educational portal" (2004), "most improved" (2003) and "best how-to article" (2002).

References

External links
 NextStepU

Category:American student magazines
Category:Defunct magazines of the United States
Category:Education magazines
Category:Magazines established in 1995
Category:Magazines published in New York (state)
Category:Media in Rochester, New York
Category:Magazines with year of disestablishment missing


Hassine Ayari

Hassine Ayari (; born July 4, 1985) is an amateur Tunisian Greco-Roman wrestler, who competes in the men's heavyweight category. Ayari represented Tunisia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, where he competed in the men's 96 kg class. He defeated Morocco's Choucri Atafi in the preliminary round of sixteen, before losing out in the quarterfinal match to Cuban wrestler and Pan American Games champion Yunior Estrada, who was able to score one point each in two straight periods, leaving Ayari without a single point.

References

External links
Profile – International Wrestling Database
NBC Olympics Profile

Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Tunisian male sport wrestlers
Category:Olympic wrestlers of Tunisia
Category:Wrestlers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Tunis


K-casein

Κ-casein, or kappa casein, is a mammalian milk protein involved in several important physiological processes.  In the gut, the ingested protein is split into an insoluble peptide (para kappa-casein) and a soluble hydrophilic glycopeptide (caseinomacropeptide). Caseinomacropeptide is responsible for increased efficiency of digestion, prevention of neonate hypersensitivity to ingested proteins, and inhibition of gastric pathogens.

Structure

Caseins are a family of phosphoproteins (αS1, αS2, β, κ) that account for nearly 80% of bovine milk proteins and that form soluble aggregates are known as "casein micelles" in which κ-casein molecules stabilize the structure. There are several models that account for the special conformation of casein in the micelles. One of them proposes that the micellar nucleus is formed by several submicelles, the periphery consisting of microvellosities of κ-casein Another model suggests that the nucleus is formed by casein-interlinked fibrils. Finally, the most recent model proposes a double link among the caseins for gelling to take place. All 3 models consider micelles as colloidal particles formed by casein aggregates wrapped up in soluble κ-casein molecules.
Milk-clotting proteases act on the soluble portion, κ-casein, thus originating an unstable micellar state that
results in clot formation.

Milk clotting

Chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is an aspartic protease that specifically hydrolyzes the peptide bond in Phe105-Met106 of κ- casein and is considered to be the most efficient protease for the cheesemaking industry. However, there are milk-clotting proteases able to cleave other peptide bonds in the κ-casein chain, such as the endothiapepsin produced by Endothia parasitica. There are also several milk-clotting proteases that, being able to cleave the Phe105-Met106 bond in the κ-casein molecule, also cleave other peptide bonds in other caseins, such as those produced by Cynara cardunculus or even bovine chymosin. This allows the manufacture of different cheeses with a variety of rheological and organoleptic properties.

The milk-clotting process consists of three main phases:

 Enzymatic degradation of κ-casein.
 Micellar flocculation.
 Gel formation.

Each step follows a different kinetic pattern, the limiting step in milk-clotting being the degradation rate of κ-casein. The kinetic pattern of the second step of the milk-clotting process is influenced by the cooperative nature of micellar flocculation, whereas the rheological properties of the gel formed depend on the type of action of the proteases, the type of milk, and the patterns of casein proteolysis. The overall process is influenced by several different factors, such as pH or temperature.

The conventional way of quantifying a given milk-clotting enzyme employs milk as the substrate and determines the time elapsed before the appearance of milk clots. However, milk clotting may take place without the participation of enzymes because of variations in physicochemical factors, such as low pH or high temperature. Consequently, this may lead to confusing and irreproducible results, particularly when the enzymes have low activity. At the same time, the classical method is not specific enough, in terms of setting the precise onset of milk gelation, such that the determination of the enzymatic units involved becomes difficult and unclear. Furthermore, although it has been reported that κ-casein hydrolysis follows typical Michaelis–Menten kinetics, it is difficult to determine with the classic milk-clotting assay.

To overcome this, several alternative methods have been proposed, such as the determination of halo diameter in agar-gelified milk, colorimetric measurement, or determination of the rate of degradation of casein previously labeled with either a radioactive tracer or a fluorochrome compound. All these methods use casein as the substrate to quantify proteolytic or milk-clotting activities.

FTC-Κ-casein assay

Κ-casein labeled with the fluorochrome fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to yield the fluorescein thiocarbamoyl (FTC) derivative. This substrate is used to determinate the milk clotting activity of proteases.

FTC-κ-casein method affords accurate and precise determinations of κ-caseinolytic degradation, the first step in the milk-clotting process. This method is the result of a modification to the one described by S.S. Twining (1984). The main modification was substituting the substrate previously used (casein) by -casein labeled with the fluorochrome fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to yield the fluorescein thiocarbamoyl (FTC) derivative. This variation allows quantification of the -casein molecules degraded in a more precise and specific way, detecting only those enzymes able to degrade such molecules. The method described by Twining (1984), however, was designed to detect the proteolytic activity of a considerably large variety of enzymes.
FTC-κ-casein allows the detection of different types of proteases at levels when no milk clotting is yet apparent, unveiling its higher sensitivity over currently used assay procedures.
Therefore, the method may find application as an indicator during the purification or characterization of new
milk-clotting enzymes.

Notes

References

External links
InterPro: IPR000117 Kappa casein
Fluorescein Thiocarbamoyl-Kappa-Casein Assay for the Specific Testing of Milk-Clotting Proteases
Biotechnology and Microbiology

Category:Proteins
Category:Laboratory techniques
Category:Biochemistry


Pale Moon (film)

is a 2014 Japanese crime drama film directed by Daihachi Yoshida and based on a novel by Mitsuyo Kakuta.

Cast
Rie Miyazawa
Sosuke Ikematsu
Satomi Kobayashi
Yuko Oshima
Seiichi Tanabe
Yoshimasa Kondo
Renji Ishibashi

Reception
It will be in competition at the 27th Tokyo International Film Festival. Rie Miyazawa was nominated for the Asian Film Award for Best Actress at the 9th Asian Film Awards.

References

External links

Category:2014 films
Category:2010s crime drama films
Category:Films based on Japanese novels
Category:Films directed by Daihachi Yoshida
Category:Japanese crime drama films
Category:Japanese films


Holospira arizonensis

Holospira arizonensis, common name the Arizona holospira, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Urocoptidae.

References

External links
 Manual of Conchology. 15, Urocoptidae. pages 81-82.

Category:Urocoptidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1890


Media Luna, Toa Baja, Puerto Rico

Media Luna is a barrio in the municipality of Toa Baja, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 12,221.

History
The United States took control of Puerto Rico from Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and conducted its first census of Puerto Rico, finding that the population of Media Luna barrio was 598.

References

External links

Category:Barrios of Toa Baja, Puerto Rico


Trams in Rockhampton

Rockhampton Council Tramways was a steam tram service which was operated by Rockhampton City Council from 1909 until 1939 in the Central Queensland city of Rockhampton, the only regional city in Queensland to have had a tram service. The line has since been rebuilt and is operated as a tourist attraction by the Archer Park Rail Museum.

Early Tramway Proposals
The idea of a tramway service in Rockhampton had long been discussed prior to the official opening of the city's tramway in 1909.  As early as 1881, the idea had been discussed in the local press.

In 1883, the idea of a horse-drawn tramway was proposed to link the north side of Rockhampton with the south, from Charles Street to the railway station in Stanley Street via Rockhampton City.  In September 1883, the Rockhampton and Northside Tramway Company Ltd was formed.

A construction order was granted to the company in June 1884, and trackwork commenced in Yaamba Road (now Musgrave Street) near Charles Street in August 1884. The work was ultimately abandoned in 1885 and the rails that had been laid were eventually buried.

Further proposals for a Rockhampton tramway were put forward in 1897, 1900 and 1901 which included a proposal for an electric tramway system.

Rockhampton Municipal Council endorsed a proposal in 1903 to construct a tramway system using steam cars burning coke. But this proposal also stalled.

Following a council tramway committee being established in 1906, Queensland's chief railway engineer Henry Charles Stanley was commissioned by the Rockhampton Council in 1907 to investigate the feasibility of a steam tramway system in Rockhampton.

Despite debates on whether an electric system would be preferable to a steam tramway, it was recommended the self-propelled steam cars with small enclosed steam engine be used, namely the French Purrey steam cars designed by acclaimed Bordeaux manufacturer and civil engineer Valentin Purrey.

Having previously observed the Purrey steam cars in Paris, Stanley gave assurances the Purrey steam cars were clean, neat and comfortable compared to the Sydney Steam Motor Trams which ran in Sydney which Stanley described as "highly objectionable, noisy, dirty and dangerous".

Original 1909–1939 Service
The service was officially opened by Queensland Premier (and Member for Rockhampton) William Kidston on the morning of 5 June 1909 with the inaugural tram service departing from a decorative arch at the intersection of Bolsover and William Street in Rockhampton City and making its way to the Rockhampton Botanic Gardens on The Range.

On its first day of operation, 7,300 passengers were transported by the new tramway service.

The trams ran around a belt line of William, East, Archer and Canning Street with routes extending out to the Rockhampton Showgrounds in Wandal, the South Rockhampton Cemetery in Allenstown and up to the Rockhampton Botanic Gardens on The Range. The gauge of the track was 1067mm (3ft 6in).

Throughout the three decades in which the trams ran, the service struggled to be financially viable particularly when it faced competition from a new bus service in the 1920s.

In 1937, Rockhampton City Council made a unanimous decision to replace the tramway system with new diesel buses.

Rockhampton Council Tramways' final service was at 11 pm on 24 June 1939.

During its existence, the tramway service carried over 40 million passengers and travelled over 4.5 million miles while collecting over £350,000 in fares.

Following the closure of the Rockhampton tramway, the council decided to bitumen over the tram tracks, burying them due to the cost involved in removing them.

Accidents
During the thirty years of operation, the trams in Rockhampton became notorious for accidents resulting in casualties – the first of which occurred just two days after the official opening in 1909 when a track worker was struck and killed by a tram.

The most notorious incident occurred on 28 September 1913 when three people were killed when a tram car capsized on a sharp bend at the corner of Ward Street and Dagmar Street after departing the Rockhampton Botanic Gardens following an afternoon performance by the Lakes Creek Brass Band. It was reported that the same tram had left the rails and crashed into a fence at the same location on an earlier occasion.

Another serious incident occurred on 8 January 1919 when a tram collided with a train at the intersection of Denison Street and Archer Street where the tram tracks intersected with the main railway line in Denison Street.  Although 15 passengers were injured, there were no fatalities.

However, there were further fatal accidents involving the steam trams in 1928, 1929 and 1933.

1988 Reconstruction
Interest was sparked in Rockhampton's Purrey steam trams in the early 1970s following articles published in the Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin and Trolley Wire.  The 18–35-year-old group of the Rockhampton branch of the National Trust of Australia began searching for parts of the original steam trams to reconstruct a new Purrey steam tram at the old Canning Street tram depot, in time for the Australian Bicentenary celebrations in 1988.

From 1982, Rockhampton City Council coordinated the restoration project, using grants made available to the Bicentennial Scheme and officially launched the project in June 1984 at a ball to mark 75 years of council-operated public transport in Rockhampton.

Although various parts of the original trams were successfully relocated including the collapsed body of one of the old trams, other parts were sourced from elsewhere including the steam engine unit from the Antique Machinery Society in Brisbane, and a Purrey boiler steam feedwater pump from the Ipswich railway workshops.

Two public open days were held during the steam tram's reconstruction which attracted large crowds.  Following some setbacks, the tram was successfully completed on 10 May 1988 at a cost of $212,000.

On 5 June 1988, Rockhampton mayor Jim Webber officially declared the steam tram restoration complete, exactly 79 years since William Kidston had declared the city's first tram service open on 5 June 1909.

Following the official ceremony, the tram commenced one-way trips along the Denison Street railway line between Stanley Street and Fitzroy Street for a cost of $1 per trip. The tram carried 2,600 passengers between 9:30 am and 4:30 pm.

Tourist Attraction
During the official ceremony at the 1988 event, the general manager of local newspaper The Morning Bulletin Mike McCarthy presented a $20,000 cheque to Mayor Jim Webber to put towards constructing and establishing a permanent tourist tram route in Rockhampton.

Trolley Wire reported at the time that there were two schools of thought on how the newly built Purrey steam tram could be used as a local tourist attraction.  One proposal was for the tram to run along the old railway wharf branch line down Stanley Street and then run along Quay Street parallel to the Fitzroy River past the heritage-listed buildings in the CBD.  The second proposal involved the tram running from the tourist information centre in Lower Dawson Road, then skirt the Yeppen Yeppen Lagoon before terminating at the Rockhampton Botanic Gardens.  It was reported the Yeppen Yeppen Lagoon proposal was the one Rockhampton City Council favoured the most.

However, the Purrey steam tram ultimately found its new home at the old Archer Park Railway Station which was handed over to Rockhampton City Council by Queensland Rail in 1990, for the purpose of transforming it into a museum.

The reconstructed tram is still housed at the Archer Park Rail Museum and operates as a tourist attraction for several hours each Sunday on 1.1 kilometres of isolated tram track between Albert Street and Fitzroy Street which runs parallel to the main line on Denison Street.

The restored tram is believed to be the last operational Purrey Steam Tram in the world.

Future Light Rail
It's unknown whether Rockhampton Regional Council, Livingstone Shire Council or the Queensland Government have any views on whether there is potential to construct a light rail system within the Rockhampton and nearby Capricorn Coast area in the future, similar to Newcastle's or Canberra's light rail networks, which would see trams return to Rockhampton.

This is despite discussions taking place and proposals being put forward in other regional Queensland cities such as the Sunshine Coast, Cairns and Toowoomba.

References

Category:Rockhampton
Category:Trams in Queensland
Category:1909 establishments in Australia
Category:1939 disestablishments in Australia


Thomas Russ Deacon

Thomas Russ Deacon (3 January 1865 – 30 May 1955) was a Canadian politician, the 24th Mayor of Winnipeg in 1913 and 1914.

Deacon was born in Perth, Canada West. After working in Northern Ontario lumber camps, he returned to school, eventually graduating in 1891 with a civil engineering degree at the University of Toronto. After working on the water systems in North Bay, Ontario and on gold mining in Rat Portage, Deacon moved to Winnipeg in 1902 and by 1906 joined the city's council.

He campaigned for mayor on the basis of developing a new source of city water from Shoal Lake in northwestern Ontario. This Greater Winnipeg Water District aqueduct system was created during Deacon's terms as mayor. The Deacon reservoir, built in 1972, was named for Thomas Deacon.

References

Category:1865 births
Category:1955 deaths
Category:Canadian civil engineers
Category:Mayors of Winnipeg
Category:People from Lanark County
Category:University of Toronto alumni


Cavalese cable car disaster (1976)

The Cavalese cable car disaster of 1976 is the deadliest cable car crash in history. On 9 March 1976, the steel supporting cable of an aerial tramway broke as a fully loaded cable car was descending from Mt. Cermis near the Italian ski resort of Cavalese in the Dolomites,  north-east of Trento.

The cabin fell some  down a mountainside, then skidded  before coming to a halt in a grassy meadow. In the fall, the three-ton overhead carriage assembly fell on top of the car, crushing it. Forty-three people died, including 15 children between the ages of 7 and 15 and the 18-year-old cable car attendant. Initial reports stated 42 dead with one missing; however, the last body, that of Fabio Rustia, was found later. The only survivor was a 14-year-old Milanese girl, Alessandra Piovesana, who was on a school trip and was with two friends when the crash happened. She testified in the succeeding trials and later worked as a journalist for the science magazine Airone, before her death from illness in 2009.

The cable car had a capacity of 40 people or . At the time of the crash in the late afternoon it had 44 occupants – justified by the operator, as many of them were children. Most of the victims were West Germans from Hamburg. Among those aboard were 21 West Germans, 11 Italians, 7 Austrians, and one French woman.

The inquest found that during high winds, the stationary and the moving steel cables crossed and one severed the other. The automatic train stop safety system, which could have prevented the disaster, was switched off. Four lift officials were jailed for their part in the disaster.

See also
1990 Tbilisi aerial tramway accident
Saint-Étienne-en-Dévoluy cable car disaster
Singapore Cable Car disaster
Cavalese cable car disaster (1998)

References

Category:History of the Italian Republic
Category:Cable car disasters
Category:Transport disasters in Italy
Category:Transport disasters in 1976
Category:1976 in Italy
Category:March 1976 events in Europe


Guatemalan Christian Democracy

Guatemalan Christian Democracy (, DCG) was a political party in Guatemala. A moderate, reformist  and anti-Communist party, it was a member of Christian Democrat International.

History
The party was established on 24 August 1955 by a group of Catholic businessmen. Although initially a right wing-party, it gradually turned leftwards as younger leaders emerged. It won five of the 66 seats in the December 1955 Congressional elections. In the 1957 general elections it nominated Miguel Asturias Quiñóne as its presidential candidate; Asturias finished third out of the three candidates with 11% of the vote. In the 1958 general elections it was part of a multi-party coalition that nominated José Luis Cruz Salazar for the presidency; he finished second, losing the deciding vote in Congress. In the Congressional elections the DCG ran in alliance with the Party of Anticommunist Unification and Republican Party, together winning 20 of the 66 seats. Following the partial elections the following year, the DCG held 11 of the 66 seats. However, it was reduced to four seats in the 1961 elections.

Following the 1963 coup, the DCG did not contest elections again until 1970. During the 1960s it became more radical, although it remained a centrist party. As a result of its growing radicalism, it became a target for right-wing terrorism and a scapegoat for the government during periods of urban violence. In the 1970 elections it nominated Jorge Lucas Caballeros as its presidential candidate. Also gaining the support of the illegal FURD, Lucas finished third in the three-candidate field with 22% of the vote. The party also failed to win a seat in Congress. It was part of the National Opposition Front alliance for the fraudulent 1974 elections. The alliance's presidential candidate José Efraín Ríos Montt finished second with 34% of the vote, whilst the alliance won 14 of the 60 seats in Congress. However, the legality of that election, in which Ríos Montt lost to Kjell Laugerud García, remains a matter of dispute. The 1978 general elections saw the DCG nominate Ricardo Peralta Méndez as its presidential candidate alongside the Authentic Revolutionary Party. Peralta finished third with 26% of the vote, whilst the DCG won seven seats in Congress. By the end of the 1970s it was one of only two legal left-wing parties remaining in Guatemala, and following a string of assassinations against party leaders, the party announced it was closing its offices across the country in June 1980.

Prior to the 1982 elections the party joined the National Opposition Union (UNO). The UNO nominated Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre as its presidential candidate. Maldonado finished third out of four candidates with 23% of the vote, whilst the UNO won nine of the 66 seats in Congress, of which the DCG took seven. Having won 20 of the 88 seats in the 1984 Constitutional Assembly elections, the 1985 elections saw the DGC come to power for the first time in its history. Its presidential candidate Vinicio Cerezo was elected in the second round of voting with 68% of the vote, whilst the party won 51 of the 100 seats in Congress. After holding power for five years, the party was defeated in the 1990 elections when its candidate Luis Alfonso Cabrera Hidalgo finished third in the presidential race, whilst the party was reduced to 27 seats in an expanded Congress.

Following the 1993 constitutional crisis, early parliamentary elections were held in 1994, in which the DCG won 13 of the 80 seats. In the general elections the following year it was reduced to only three seats, although presidential candidate Fernando Andrade Díaz-Duran finished third with 13% of the vote. The party did not have a presidential candidate in the 1999 elections and won only two seats in Congress. The 2003 elections saw the party lose Congressional representation, whilst its presidential candidate Jacobo Arbenz Villanova received only 1.6% of the vote. The DCG also failed to win a seat in the 2007 elections, with presidential candidate Vinicio Cerezo Blandón receiving only 0.5% of the vote.

Having failed to secure the minimum of 5% of the popular vote or one seat in Congress, the DCG forfeited its registration as a party.

References

Category:Defunct political parties in Guatemala
Category:Political parties established in 1955
Category:1955 establishments in Guatemala
Category:Political parties disestablished in 2008
Category:2008 disestablishments in Guatemala
Category:Christian democratic parties in North America


Jordi Font

Jordi Font (born 1 May 1975 in Barcelona) is a Spanish snowboarder. He placed fourth in the men's snowboard cross event at the 2006 Winter Olympics; he also competed in the same event at the 2010 Winter Olympics but did not finish the qualification round.

References

Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Barcelona
Category:Spanish male snowboarders
Category:Olympic snowboarders of Spain
Category:Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Category:Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics


Andesiana brunnea

Andesiana brunnea is a moth of the Andesianidae family. It is known from a single specimen from Argentina (Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi Lake, Neuquen).

The length of the forewings is about 12.4 mm, making it the smallest of the known Andesiana species. It has a generally dark reddish-brown vestiture. The forewing pattern is reduced to a well-defined, dark brown bar composed of erect dense scales at the end of the discal cell. The hindwings are almost denuded of scales, with scattered brown scales along margins and a darker bar along the end of the discal cell as in the forewing.

The single specimen was caught in early October.

External links
 Andesianidae, a new family of monotrysian moths (LepidopteraiAndesianoidea) from austral South America

Category:Andesianidae
Category:Andesianidae of South America
Category:Fauna of the Andes
Category:Moths of Argentina


Mike Neville (ice hockey)

Michael Joseph Neville (baptised Michel Joseph Neville; October 11, 1902 – January 16, 1958) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centreman who played three seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto St. Pats, and New York Americans. He died in 1958 and was buried at St. Paul Cemetery in Grand-Mere.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Transactions
 Signed as a free agent by the Toronto St. Pats, January 14, 1925.
 Traded by the Montreal Maroons (Windsor-IHL) with Frank Carson, Red Dutton and Hap Emms to the New York Americans for $35,000, May 14, 1930.

References

External links

Category:1902 births
Category:1958 deaths
Category:Canadian ice hockey centres
Category:Ice hockey people from Ontario
Category:New York Americans players
Category:Sportspeople from Toronto
Category:Syracuse Stars (IHL) players
Category:Toronto St. Pats players
Category:Windsor Bulldogs (1929–36) players
Category:Windsor Bulldogs (CPHL) players


2011 XC2

{{DISPLAYTITLE:2011 XC2}}

 (also written 2011 XC2) is a near-Earth asteroid roughly  in diameter that passed less than 1 lunar distance from Earth on 3 December 2011.

From mid October 2011 until 3 December 2011 15:00 UT the small dim asteroid had an elongation less than 60 degrees from the Sun. (While less than 18 degrees from the Sun any dim asteroid can be lost in astronomical twilight, and many observatories can not see below ~40 degrees from the horizon.) On 3 December 2011 at 15:20 UT the asteroid passed  from Earth and at 16:20 UT passed  from the Moon. The asteroid was then discovered on 8 December 2011 by Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) at an apparent magnitude of 19 using a  reflecting telescope. At the time of discovery the asteroid was near opposition to the Sun.

It has an observation arc of 22 days with an uncertainty parameter of 7. Virtual clones of the asteroid that fit the uncertainty region in the known trajectory show a 1 in 455,000 chance that the asteroid will impact Earth on 2 December 2056. With a 2056 Palermo Technical Scale of −4.35, the odds of impact by  in 2056 are about 22387 times less than the background hazard level of Earth impacts which is defined as the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact. Using the nominal orbit, JPL Horizons shows that the asteroid will be  from Earth on 2 December 2056.

References

External links

#
Category:Minor planet object articles (unnumbered)
20111203
20111208


Queima das Fitas

The Queima das Fitas (Portuguese for Ribbon Burning) is a traditional festivity of the students of some Portuguese universities, organized originally by the students of the University of Coimbra.

History
The first Queima das Fitas was organized by the students of the University of Coimbra, which is the oldest university of the country, and for many centuries the only one in Portugal.

Coimbra
Coimbra's Queima das Fitas, the oldest and most famous, is organized by a students' commission formed by members of the students' union Associação Académica de Coimbra. Celebrating the end of graduation courses, symbolized by the ritual burning of the ribbons representing each faculty of the University of Coimbra (UC), it takes place at the second semester (starts on the first Friday of May at 00:00), being among the biggest student festivities in Europe. It lasts for 8 days, one for each UC's Faculty: Humanities, Law, Medicine, Sciences and Technology, Pharmacy, Economics, Psychology and Education Sciences and Sports Sciences and Physical Education. During this period, a series of concerts and performances are held, turning Coimbra in a lively and vibrant city. It also includes a parade of the university students, sport activities, gala ball, and many other public events and traditions, such as the historical nighttime student fado serenade (Serenata Monumental) which happens in the stairs of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra for a crowd of thousands of students, tourists and other spectators.

The Ribbon Burning festivities are the big yearly celebration for the students and townspeople as well. The festivities run for a full week in May beginning with the traditional nighttime fado serenade in the square of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra. The square is packed with students in their black capes and according to the ritual, studies are forgotten for a week of joy and all-night revelry. The high point of the festivities is the Cortejo, a parade beginning in Alta (upper Coimbra, the university historic centre and home to the Rector's Office and the famous University tower) with the graduating students burning their grelo. The parade progresses down the hills of the Alta towards the Baixa (downtown Coimbra, near the river) with dozens of elaborately decorated floats, each in the color of their respective faculties, carrying placards with ironic criticisms alluding to certain teachers, the educational system, national events and leaders. The parade is made up of thousands of "newly liberated" students set apart by their top hats and walking sticks.

After the outbreak in 1969 (April 17) of a crisis opposing the students to the dictatorial government of Marcelo Caetano, the festivities, as well as all other manifestations of the academic traditions, were suspended by the students as an act of protest (decided on May 8, 1969). This was known as the luto académico (Portuguese for academic mourning). However, between 1945 and 1974, there were three generations of militants of the radical right at the University of Coimbra and other universities, guided by a revolutionary nationalism partly influenced by the political sub-culture of European neofascism. The core of these radical students' struggle lay in an uncompromising defence of the Portuguese Empire in the days of the authoritarian regime.

The restarting of the celebrations took place in 1980, in the middle of an intense political controversy between left-wing students who opposed the celebration, and conservative students, who wanted to resume the practice. Such struggle took some time to heal, but the "Queima das Fitas" is now only contested by a small fringe of the more radical left-wing student movements.

Nowadays the beer industry has become an important sponsor of Coimbra's Queima das Fitas, which has given still a wider projection to the festival, quite popular among young people from all around the country and even from Spain. During the festival's week groups of students from other universities, such as Lisbon or Porto, among thousands of other visitors, come to enjoy it. This growth in popularity has involved significant change to the festival, ever more professionalized, moving it a great distance away from its origins at the end of the 19th century. Students of more traditionalist or leftist sensibilities have occasionally decried this as an increased commercialization and commodification of their "mystique" and traditions.

Porto

Porto's Queima das Fitas traces its origins to the beginning of the 1940s, and is a major event in the first week of May, before the beginning of the study period preceding the school year's last exams. The week comprehends 12 events, starting with the Monumental Serenata on Sunday, reaching its peak with the Cortejo Académico on Tuesday, when students from the universities and other higher education institutions of the city march through the downtown streets till they reach the city hall, where they're greeted (and greet back) by the Mayor. During every night of the week a series of concerts takes place on the Queimódromo, next to the city's park; here it's also a tradition for the students in the second last year to erect small tents where alcoholic beverages are sold in order to finance the trip that takes place during the last year of their course.

During the parade through the city, different year students wear and play different parts:
- the graduates (the last year students) wear a top-hat and a walking-cane, both the colour of their Faculty;
- the sophomores wear the traditional costume with their capes fully crossed;
- the freshmen (who after being greeted by the Mayor become sophomores) wear funny/silly outfits (usually with carnival props related to baby-costumes) the same colour as their Faculty, sing songs as loud as they can, do some sort of group dances, usually get hazed a little bit, and when they get to the Town Hall have to crawl on their hands and feet to walk by the Mayor.

Porto's Queima was the first to reborn after the 1974 revolution. In 1978 there was a first try with a Mini-Queima, with only a few faculties involved and having to stand fierce hostility. In 1979 a "Traditional Queima" was put up by an almost clandestine organising committee, gathering students from most of the public faculties: Engineering, Medicine, Economics, Pharmacy, Letters, Science.

This team managed to frustrate the boycott efforts of left-wing students that opposed the celebration, and offered to the academy and the city the full traditional range of activities, that started with a Saturday to Sunday late night Serenade (starting at 00:01h), with traditional Coimbra Fado songs, in the courtyard of Porto's Cathedral. The programme included the blessing of the students' briefcases, decorated with ribbons ("Fitas") of the colour of each faculty, a Charity Day where all revenue from the selling of small cardboard briefcases with poems (some original and cheerfully offered by poet Pedro Homem de Mello) was given to a charity institution, several balls, rallye-paper, Garraiada (mock-up bullfight with small calves) and, specially, a huge parade that attracted an assistance of more than 150,000 that blocked Porto's downtown for several hours, cheering the students and showing that the Queima had its place in the city's celebrations.

Murder of Marlon Correia
In early May 2013, Marlon Correia who was 24 and a student of faculty of sport at the university of Porto was murdered in Queimódromo. This happened as a gang who were heavily armed tried to rob the money from ticket office and eventually killed Marlon. This did not prevent the festival from happening that year and Marlon was honored in the so-called "bênção das pastas".

See also
 Festa das Latas
 University of Coimbra
 Associação Académica de Coimbra
 Rádio Universidade de Coimbra (RUC)
 Praxe
 Academic Crisis
 Coimbra
  Queima das Fitas

References

External links

 About Queima das Fitas, from Associação Académica de Coimbra's webpage.
Universidade de Coimbra
 Associação Académica de Coimbra
 Coimbra's Municipality
 Rádio Universidade de Coimbra (radio channel)
 Queima das Fitas history
 FAP - Federação Académica do Porto
 Queima das Fitas do Porto - FAP
 Informação sobre todas as semanas académicas de Portugal
 Pictures and opinions about Queima das Fitas (Coimbra) - travelblog.org

Category:University of Coimbra
Category:Culture in Coimbra
Category:Education in Portugal
Category:Rites of passage
Category:Portuguese traditions
Category:School traditions


Team6 Game Studios

Team6 Game Studios B.V. is a Dutch privately owned video game developer based in Assen. It was founded in 2001, but it initially developed several games under a different company name. In 2003 the founders decided to change it to the current title. The company currently employs approximately 40 individuals and is headed by director Ronnie Nelis.

The video game company has developed more than 80 games until 2017. It has developed games for PC, Steam, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Android, Amazon, iOS, Oculus, HTC Vive, Nintendo Wii, Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo Switch. The majority of its titles are racing games, but it has also worked on other genres like action-shooters. It is best known for its work on the Monster Jam games and mobile titles like Flatout Stuntman. Since 2016, the studio decided to fully focus on both mobile and console games. Currently it is also working on health and exercise games and VR titles.

History
Team6’s founder and director Ronnie Nelis first project was a fighting game called DeathCompatible, developed for a contest of the game magazine PC Zone. Nelis won the first prize in the contest and as a prize the game would be released, however the publisher who would do so closed its doors shortly after. This didn't stop him from developing games, and shortly after he founded Team6 Game Studios V.O.F., and found a new partner to release their first official title: Taxi Challenge Berlin. In the years after, they specialized themselves in racing games and created many titles over the years. For several of their titles they worked together with car brands like Mercedes, Volkswagen, BMW and Opel.

Most of their games were developed for PC, but starting from 2009 they also developed several titles for Nintendo Wii and Nintendo DS. The studios' own Engine Six was one of the first engines that supported Nintendo Wii and Nintendo 3DS. In 2012 the studio developed the world's first official squash video game simulation in collaboration with the World Squash Federation. The studio developed a second squash game in 2015 which was officially licensed by the Professional Squash Association. Up till 2014 Team6 created most of their titles in their own Engine Six. In 2014 they started using Unity (game engine) for their mobile games and in 2015 they switched to the Unreal Engine for their console titles. Since 2012, the studio has been the official developer for the Monster Jam games for publisher GameMill and IP holder Feld Motorsports, who wanted to take the franchise more towards kids-friendly instead of hardcore simulation.

Along the way, the studio also started developing mobile games for Android and iOs. Originally their first mobile title was New Kids Nitro Racer, however this was ultimately only released on PC. In 2013 Team6 created Flatout Stuntman in collaboration with Nvidia. The Android game was used as a showcase for Nvidia because it supported specific features of the Tegra mobile processor. Flatout Stuntman was well received among critics and users. On Google Play the mobile game received an average score of 4,1 uit 5, based on over 25.000 votes.

In 2014 Team6 partnered up with the health and wellness startup Blue Goji. Together they create interactive fitness games made to play while working out on cardio equipment. Their first title was the iOs game Super Sonic Racers, after which they released several other titles. In 2016 they together released their first VR title: DinoFense.

Games developed
2002
Taxi Challenge Berlin
2003
Taxi Racer Hong Kong 2
Taxi Racer New York 2
2004
Shanghai Street Racer
Taxi Racer London 2
2005
Taxi 3: eXtreme Rush
Downtown Challenge
Manhattan Chase
Scooter War3z
Pizza Dude
2006
Glacier
Super Taxi Driver 2006
2007
ESR: European Street Racing
GSR: German Street Racing
Fiat 500
Ultimate Motorcross
X1 Super Boost / F1 Chequered Flag
2008
Ultimate Monster Trucks
Mercedes CLC Dream Test Drive
Alpha Zylon
2009
Street Racer Europe
Amsterdam Taxi Madness
Glacier 2
Monster Trucks Mayhem
2010
Battle Metal: Street Riot Control
Calvin Tucker's Redneck: Farm Animals Racing Tournament
FlatOut (Wii)
Glacier 3: The Meltdown
Speed
Big City Racer
Heavy, The (cancelled)
2011
Street Racer Europe 2
FlatOut 3: Chaos & Destruction
Supersonic Racer
Hyper Fighters
2012
WSF Squash
2013
New Kids Nitro Racer
Flatout Stuntman
2014
Super Sonic Racers
Engines of War
PSA World Tour Squash
2015
Monster Jam As Big As It Gets
Monster Jam Battlegrounds
Battle Waves
Goji Farm
2016
Monster Jam: Crush It!
DinoFense
2017
Road Rage!
Uphill Rush
2018
Super Street: The Game
2019
Street Outlaws: The List
Super Street: Racer

References

External links

Category:Companies established in 2001
Category:Video game companies of the Netherlands
Category:Companies based in Assens Municipality
Category:Video game companies established in 2001
Category:Video game development companies


Family members of traitors to the Motherland

Traitor of the Motherland family members (Russian: ЧСИР: члены семьи изменника Родины) was a term in Article 58 of Criminal Code of RSFSR about criminal prosecution of wives and children (kin punishment) of all people who were arrested and convicted as "traitors of the Motherland" in the Soviet Union during Stalinist purges of 1930s and later. The practice of automatically convicting wives and children was a base element of the Great Purge. It introduced a new category of the inmates designated for the family members of the person who was recognized as the "Traitor of Motherland"; some Soviet labor camps were designated specifically to this category.

History
The NKVD Order № 00486 instructed about repression of wives and children of enemies of the people convicted to execution or imprisonment. It was dated August 15, 1937 and signed by Nikolai Yezhov acting both as chief of NKVD and General Commissar of State Security (chief of GUGB). The order implemented a resolution by Politburo. The corresponding parts of Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code) were modified accordingly.

As an element of the rollback of the Great Purge, on October 17, 1938, the later NKVD Order № 00689, signed by Lavrenty Beria, said not to arrest wives automatically, together with their husbands, but only after consideration by a single NKVD officer. Only wives that were deemed "politically untrustworthy or socially dangerous" or who knew about the "counter-revolutionary activity" of their husbands were to be arrested.

In 1940 a Politburo decree "On prosecution of traitors to the Motherland and their family members" and some other documents specified exile to Far North of the  family members of those "traitors of the Motherland" who fled across the border. It primarily concerned the population of the territories newly acquired by the Soviet Union during the early years of World War II: Baltic States, taken from Poland Western Belarus and Western Ukraine, and Northern Bukovina taken from Romania.

On June 24, 1942 the State Defense Committee issued top secret resolution No 1926SS "On the Family Members of Traitors of the Motherland" that was signed by Stalin and restored some of the original wording

Order No. 00486

All cases were to be considered by the Special Council of the NKVD.

Wives were subject to imprisonment into labor camps for terms of "at least 5–8 years".

"Socially dangerous" children were to be placed in labor camps, corrective labor colonies, or special-regimen orphanages -see also Orphans in the Soviet Union. The remaining orphaned children were to be placed in ordinary orphanages or with non-convicted relatives (if the latter wished). Personnel of the orphanages to house the children of the convicted were to be purged and refitted with politically reliable staff to properly supervise the "correction" of the children.

Article 5 of the Order stated wives with breast-feeding children, those who were ill, or with ill children were not to be arrested. Article 17 further specified that they were to be placed to labor camps later: breast-feeders after the verdict, those with illness after the recovery.

Article 16 of the Order instructed to place the wives of the "traitors to the Motherland" into the Special Department of Temlag. Article 18 specified various kinds of facilities to imprison "socially-dangerous" children.

During the Great Purge the orphanages became overcrowded, and the country was flooded with runaway orphans, greatly increasing the juvenile delinquency once again since the Russian Civil War.

See also
 Collective punishment

References

External links

Category:NKVD
Category:Government documents of the Soviet Union
Category:Collective punishment
Category:Soviet phraseology


Leota, Indiana

Leota is an unincorporated community in Finley Township, Scott County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

History and culture
Originally called Finley Crossroads after John Finley, an early settler, Leota, Indiana is described as being rich in agrarian culture. Two of Scott County's oldest roads, Cincinnati Trace (now Leota Road) and Brownstown-Charlestown Rd (Bloomington Trail Rd) intersect where there is now a covered bridge. The community was named for the first postmaster's (Mathias Mount) daughter who died when she was only two years old. At one time there was a general store, a canning factory, a post office in Leota and eleven one room schools in the township. The post office ran from 1884 to 1901.

The first doctor in the area was Dr. John Richey who married Sichy Collings, both survivors of the Pigeon Roost Massacre.

Morgan's Raid went through the township in the summer of 1863 taking horses, food, money, etc. while requiring ladies of the area to cook meals for them.

Over the years, Leota has remained deeply connected to agricultural roots. Much of the surrounding township remains active in agriculture through large farms, subsistence farms, household gardens and local husbandry.

Bethel Baptist Church is the primary church in the village with 100 or so active members. Her location on the hill overlooks the valley just below and carries one's eyes to the hills of the Knobstone Escarpment to the west.

Helen Trueblood has hosted a nationally recognized Daffodil Show here in April for many years. The Leota Frolic is held here each August as a way to celebrate the rich cultural history and spirit of this place.

Geography
Leota is located about 30 miles (47 km) north of Louisville, Kentucky, at .

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Scott County, Indiana
Category:Unincorporated communities in Indiana


Dual-clutch transmission

[[File:VW DSG transmission DTMB.jpg|thumb|right|Part-cutaway view of the Volkswagen Group six-speed dual-clutch transmission, the direct-shift gearbox: The concentric multiplate clutches have been sectioned, along with the mechatronics module. This also shows the additional power take-off unit for distributing torque to the rear axle for four-wheel drive applications.—View this image with annotations]]

A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch transmission or double-clutch transmission) is an automated manual transmission in automobiles, closely related to a manual transmission. It uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets. It can fundamentally be described as two separate manual transmissions with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. Although usually operated in a fully automatic mode, many also have the ability to allow the driver to manually shift gears in semi-automatic mode, albeit still using the transmission's electrohydraulics.

History
This type of transmission was invented by Frenchman Adolphe Kégresse just before World War II, although he never developed a working model. If we discount the "Easidrive" automatic transmission developed in the late 1950s by UK's Smiths Industries and Rootes, a system that used dual electro-magnetic clutches and was offered as an option on Hillman and Singer models, the first mass production development of the twin-clutch or dual-clutch transmission started in the early part of 1980 under the guidance of Harry Webster at Automotive Products (AP), Leamington Spa, with prototypes built into the Ford Fiesta Mk1, Ford Ranger, and Peugeot 205. Initially, the control systems were based on purely analogue/discrete digital circuitry with patents filed in July 1981. All of these early AP twin-clutch installations featured a single dry clutch and multiplate wet clutch. Porsche has been experimenting with DCT since 1964. After trying different designs they concluded with a final design tested from 1981 till 1986 and was first used in Porsche 956 in 1983. DCT work continued from Porsche in-house development, for Audi and Porsche racing cars later in the 1980s, when computers to control the transmission became compact enough: the Porsche Doppelkupplungsgetriebe () (PDK) used in the Porsche 956 and 962 Le Mans race cars from 1983, and the Audi Sport Quattro S1.

A dual-clutch transmission eliminates the torque converter as used in conventional epicyclic-geared automatic transmissions. Instead, dual-clutch transmissions that are currently on the market primarily use two oil-bathed wet multiplate clutches, similar to the clutches used in most motorcycles, though dry-clutch versions are also available.

The first series production road car with a DCT was the 2003 Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32.

, the largest sales of DCTs in Western Europe are by various marques of the German Volkswagen Group, though this is anticipated to change as other transmission makers and vehicle manufacturers make DCTs available in series production automobiles. In 2010, on BMW Canada's website for the 3 Series Coupe, it is described both as a seven-speed double-clutch transmission and as a seven-speed automatic transmission. It is a dual-clutch automatic.

Overview
In DCTs where the two clutches are arranged concentrically, the larger outer clutch drives the even-numbered gears and the smaller inner clutch drives the odd-numbered gears. Shifts can be accomplished without interrupting torque distribution to the driven roadwheels, by applying the engine's torque to one clutch at the same time as it is being disconnected from the other clutch. Since alternate gear ratios can preselect an odd gear on one gear shaft while the vehicle is being driven in an even gear (and vice versa), DCTs are the fastest-shifting road car transmission available and are able to shift faster than a professional racing driver using a manual transmission. DCTs can shift more quickly than cars equipped with single-clutch automated-manual transmissions (AMTs), also called single-clutch semiautomatics. Also, with a DCT, shifts can be made more smoothly than with a single-clutch AMT/semi-automatic, making a DCT more suitable for conventional road cars.

Clutch types
Dual-clutch transmissions use two fundamentally different types of clutches: either two wet multiplate clutches, bathed in oil (for cooling), or two dry single-plate clutches. The wet clutch design is generally used for higher torque engines that can generate  and more (the wet multiplate clutch DCT in the Bugatti Veyron is designed to cope with ), whereas the dry-clutch design is generally suitable for smaller vehicles with lower torque outputs up to . However, while the dry-clutch variants may be limited in torque compared to their wet-clutch counterparts, the dry-clutch versions offer an increase in fuel efficiency, due to the lack of pumping losses of the transmission fluid in the clutch housing.

Clutch installation
Currently, three variations of clutch installation are used. The original design used a concentric arrangement, where both clutches shared the same plane when viewed perpendicularly from the transmission input shaft, along the same centre line as the engine crankshaft; when viewed head-on along the length of the input shaft, this makes one clutch noticeably larger than the other.

The second implementation uses two single-plate dry clutches – side-by-side from the perpendicular view, but again sharing the centre line of the crankshaft.

A later variation uses two separate but identically sized clutches. These are arranged side-by-side when viewed head-on (along the length of the input shaft and crankshaft centre line), and also share the same plane when viewed perpendicularly. This latter clutch arrangement (unlike the other two variations) is driven by a gear from the engine crankshaft.

Suppliers

BorgWarner
BorgWarner Inc. supplies wet dual clutches and electrohydraulic control modules (mechatronics) for these dual-clutch transmissions, along with complete dual-clutch transmission and transaxle assemblies. BorgWarner, which call their technology "DualTronic", entered series production (excludes Bugatti Veyron) for Volkswagen Group, which renamed Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG) in 2003 in the Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32. The company signed further agreements with three other (unnamed) European automotive manufacturers to incorporate their components in DCTs.

On 14 January 2009, BorgWarner announced a joint venture with the China Automobile Development United Investment Co., Ltd., which is owned by 12 Chinese automakers. This joint venture is known as the BorgWarner United Transmission Systems Co., Ltd., and is located in Dalian, China. The company has produced various dual-clutch transmission modules beginning in 2011.

The Nissan GT-R uses BorgWarner components, including the dual-clutch module, clutch-control, shift-actuation systems, and synchronizer assemblies.

Eaton
Eaton Corporation developed the first dual-clutch transmission for class 6-7 trucks in North America - Procision.

Fiat Powertrain Technologies

Fiat Powertrain Technologies developed a dual-clutch transmission with Magneti Marelli and BorgWarner called Euro Twin Clutch Transmission. Magneti Marelli produces the control system, which integrates BorgWarner's hydraulic actuation module into its own power and transmission control units. It can handle torque inputs of up to , making it the highest-torque dry-clutch application. Its weight of , including oil and transmission control unit, its three-shaft architecture, especially axially, means it can be installed in several types of B- and C-segment vehicles.

FEV GmbH
FEV developed a DCT with an integrated electric motor, providing hybrid capability. The 7H AMT Transmission provides seven forward speeds with multiple usage of gears (the electric drive can use unused gears from the combustion engine path): this aims to substantially reduce the complexity of the unit, as well as the package size and weight. Another spin-off from this design was the FEV xDCT that provides 10 forward speeds, but with the mechanical complexity of a standard six-speed DCT.

Getrag
Getrag has developed a range of DCT transaxles, including 7DCL750, a seven-speed transaxle for midengine longitudinal applications, capable of taking more than . Getrag provided its DCT in its first commercial applications, for the Dodge Journey and Volvo S40 and V50, from mid-2008. Getrag has developed the 6DCT250 dry clutch DCT, with a maximum torque of 250 Nm,

for use in front wheel drive transverse applications. With use of electromechanical actuation, rather than electrohydraulic, the 6DCT250 transmission surpasses the conventional manual transmission in fuel consumption and CO2 emission.

In the second quarter of 2008, Getrag had signed an agreement with Chrysler to supply its PowerShift DCTs for use in American markets. However, due to the global economic downturn, this was subsequently cancelled.

In 2006, Getrag was also working with Bosch to develop a DCT for use in hybrid vehicles.

In 2015, Getrag introduced a new seven-speed, wet-clutch DCT, the 7DCT300, with a maximum torque of 300 Nm. The first application was the Renault Espace with a 1.6 L, Turbo GDI engine.

Getrag dual-clutch transmissions are used in the BMW M3, BMW 335is, BMW X1 (F48), BMW Z4 (E89) sDrive35i, Dacia Duster EDC, Ferrari California, Ferrari 458 Italia,LaFerrari, Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG, Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X, Mitsubishi Lancer Ralliart, Ford Fiesta, Ford Focus, Renault Megane, Renault Scenic, Smart Fortwo, Volvo V40, Volvo V60 Volvo V70 vehicles.

The 2011–2016 Ford Fiesta and the 2012–2016 Focus with the Getrag DCT's are the subject of a class-action lawsuit and many individual lawsuits.

Graziano
Italian specialist Oerlikon Graziano was in the process of developing a wet-clutch DCT for original equipment manufacturer  fitment into supercars. They planned to have it in production by 2010. Their DCT is aiming to have a torque-handling capacity of , and they are also aiming to improve shift quality over their current AMTs. As of 2011, they supplied the seven-speed DCT for McLaren's MP4-12C supercar with a shifting time of 50ms.

LuK
LuK Clutch Systems, LLC. designed and manufacture the dual dry single-plate clutch system for the Volkswagen Group seven-speed DQ200 direct-shift gearbox (DSG) introduced in 2008. This DSG variant is used in smaller cars, with smaller-displacement engines with relatively low torque outputs. LuK are naming their technology "XSG" for their overview of automated shift gearbox systems, and "Parallel Shift Gearbox" for its own proprietary DCT.

Ricardo
English specialist consulting engineering company Ricardo plc designed and built the Bugatti Veyron's seven-speed dual wet multiplate dual-clutch transmission, specifically to cope with the  of torque generated by W16 engine.

ZF
ZF Friedrichshafen AG, with Porsche, designed and now build the two different variants of the Porsche Doppelkupplungsgetriebe (PDK) seven-speed '7DT' dual wet multiplate clutch transmission.

Applications

Volkswagen Group

The Volkswagen Group's DCT uses the acronym DSG, under the direct-shift gearbox name, from the . It is used in all of their mainstream marques, including Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Škoda, and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, and also its top-tier marque Bugatti. Audi originally used the direct-shift gearbox name, but now uses the name "S tronic" for its DCTs.

The first ever series production DCT was the Volkswagen Group DQ250 six-speed dual-clutch transmission, with dual concentric wet multiplate clutches. It was produced at the Group's Kassel plant under exclusive license from BorgWarner for use in transverse powertrain installations, of either front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive (4WD) layouts. The 4WD versions are fundamentally identical to the FWD versions, but the 4WD versions use an additional bolt-on power take-off unit to direct engine torque to the Haldex Traction rear axle. This DQ250 variant is used in a wide range of models: Volkswagen Passenger Cars (Polo, Golf/Rabbit/Golf Plus, Scirocco, Jetta, Eos, Passat, and Touran); Audi cars (A3, and TT); SEAT cars (Ibiza, León, Altea, and Toledo); Škoda cars (Octavia and Superb); and Volkswagen commercial vehicles (Caddy and T5 Transporter).

A second variant of the DSG went into series production in 2008—the DQ200. This unit has seven forward ratios, but the notable difference over the original DQ250 is the change from wet to dry clutches. This variant uses two single-plate dry clutches, arranged in a tandem design (instead of concentrically) and therefore similar in size. The DQ200 is again for use in transverse applications, but is intended for use in smaller cars, with smaller-displacement engines that generate relatively low torque outputs. When used in the latest Golf with the  engine, this new seven-speed DSG uses roughly 6% (5.9l/100 km for the seven-speed DSG compared to 6.3l/100 km with the six-speed manual gearbox) less fuel than the same engine with a manual transmission and up to 20% less than a conventional automatic transmission. The original DQ250 also remains available.

Volkswagen Group subsidiary Audi AG have also developed an all-new DCT, the DL501, for use in longitudinal powertrains. Like the original transverse DQ250, this DL501 uses dual wet multiplate clutches, but unlike the DQ250, this variant uses seven forward ratios. This DL501 variant made its debut in the Q5, and also is used in the latest versions of the A4 (B8) and S4 (B8). It is also being considered for use in an all new A6.

After the facelift in 2012, the Audi R8 uses a seven-speed S tronic.

Ricardo plc produces the seven-speed DCT for the  2005 Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4.

Lamborghini (VW GROUP)
Lamborghini's first dual-clutch transmission is available in the Lamborghini Huracán LP610-4 (2014–present). The name of the transmission is 7-speed LDF Dual Clutch "Doppia Frizione" with shift characteristics variable via Drive Select Mode and all-wheel drive with electrohydraulic multiplate clutch.

The car has three modes changed using the steering-wheel-mounted "ANIMA" or mode selector. The three modes are strada, sport, and corsa, each with faster shifts. Launch control raises the rotation speed to 4200 rpm before dropping the clutch. The Huracán upshifts automatically at redline, but not before running into the limiter for a fraction of a second. Using the paddles to call for earlier shifts knocks 0.1 to 0.2 sec off the figures.

Kia
Kia Motors has announced the application of the all-new seven-speed DCT to a production model for the first time, the new Kia Cee’d GT Line, which made its global debut at the 85th Salon International de l’Automobile in Geneva on 3 March 2015.

Compared to the six-speed DCT currently used in the European-market Cee'd models, the new transmission is expected to deliver a fuel-economy improvement of 7% and a 5% improvement in 0–62  mph acceleration times. Like most new DCTs, the new transmission features dual dry clutches and two input shafts, allowing for seamless torque delivery between shifts, as well as gear-jumping to the optimal ratio, should the driver ask for it. If that was to apply to the current Forte K3 Koup or ProCee'd GT and GT line, with its 204-hp/265  nm 1.6L inline-four Gamma II T-GDI Turbo engine and also 133-ps/300  nm 1.6L CRDi diesel engine, for example, that would raise its fuel economy from 24 mpg city/36 highway to about 26/39 while bringing its 7.4-second 0–60 run to about 7.0 seconds.

The new transmission is the first of its type from the brand and has been developed in-house by Kia's research and development teams at its Namyang, Korea R&D center. More fuel-efficient than Kia's existing six-speed automatic transmission, the new DCT has been engineered with low fuel consumption and a sporty driving feel when in manual mode, and with comfort and smoothness when left in automatic mode.

Innovative hollow double-gear input shaft allows quick shifts. The DCT is made up of two dry clutches, each fitted with an electric motor-driven clutch actuator to improve responsiveness, and an innovative hollow double-gear input shaft. The hollow shaft itself allows the system to quickly engage even gears, while a solid shaft that runs through the middle operates odd gears. This crossed gear shifting enables continuous power delivery and more efficient packaging, two development cornerstones for the engineering teams behind the project.

The hollow shaft mechanism lets the DCT operate sequentially, the car anticipating the next gear that the driver is likely to need next under acceleration or braking or jump immediately to any of its seven forward gears (and reverse). This is particularly useful under kick down or heavy braking, allowing the driver to remain in control of the vehicle at all times.

The continuous power delivery of the DCT minimizes the loss of torque and forward motion by the powertrain during gear shifts, resulting in more decisive acceleration and a smoother drive. This contributes towards the transmission's boost to performance in all road conditions in its first application in the Cee’d GT line.

Combined with an increase in power from 128 to 133 ps, the DCT's seven gears allow the GT Line's diesel engine to operate at its most efficient speeds at all times. With the engine's torque increased from 265 to 285 nm, the new DCT is engineered to effectively manage outputs up to 300 Nm, achieving a better balance between the engine's improved, more effortless performance and potential for greater fuel economy.

Reduction of noise, vibration, and harshness has also been a focus for the team behind the DCT's development, with an external damper ensuring a higher level of refinement for the new transmission.
After the Cee’d GT Line, which will go on sale across Europe in Q4 2015, the new seven-speed DCT will be made available on a range of other Kia models.

BMW
In January 2008, BMW introduced a dual-clutch transmission for their M3 model, manufactured by Getrag, embedding a DualTronic dual-clutch module from BorgWarner, and dubbed "M double-clutch transmission" (M DCT). The same transmission is used in the second-generation Z4 (the Sdrive35i and sDrive35is versions), and is an available option on the 335i (coupe, convertible), 335is and later 135i builds.

BMW released the new M3 (F80) and M4 (F82) with the seven-speed DCT in 2014. The same DCT was used in the M2 (F87) released in 2016.

BYD
BYD Auto introduced a dual-clutch transmission for its mid-sized family sedan BYD G6.

Chery
Chery group uses a Getrag dual clutch transmission for its Tiggo7 which is equipped with a turbocharged 1.5l engine.

Daimler AG

Mercedes-Benz
The Mercedes SLS AMG uses a Getrag AMG 'SpeedShift' seven-speed dual-clutch gearbox, mounted at the rear in a transaxle configuration, and connected to the engine by a carbon fiber driveshaft enclosed in an aluminium torque tube. According to Mercedes-Benz, it is capable of gear changes in as little as 100 ms. The SLS and the Ferrari California share the same DCT unit.

The Mercedes-Benz CLA 250

and GLA250

both use a seven-speed dual-clutch gearbox developed in-house.

The in house developed 7G-DCT can also be found in A-class and B-class Mercedes cars.

Smart
The "Twinamic" dual-clutch transmission built by Getrag is offered in third-generation Smart Fortwo and Forfour from 2014 on.

 Ferrari

Ferrari incorporated a Getrag-designed and -manufactured seven-speed dual wet-clutch transmission in their California and 458 Italia sports cars.

Fiat Chrysler

Chrysler received the Fiat Powertrain Technologies C635 dual dry-clutch transmission for use on Chrysler's turbo inline-four in the Dodge Dart in 2013.

Fiat Powertrain Technologies (FPT) started production of "TCT" dual dry-clutch transmission (DDCT) in early 2010 at the Verrone plant. The C635 DDCT gearbox is used for B (supermini), C (compact), and D segment (large family) cars, and can handle torque up to . Fiat's C635 DDCT gearbox was introduced in Alfa Romeo MiTo in 2011.

Ford Motor Company

Ford Motor Company released a wet-clutch "PowerShift" transmission on the 2008 Ford Focus (international) and Ford C-MAX. This wet-clutch DCT was designed with gearbox specialist Getrag under the Getrag Ford Transmissions joint venture, founded in 2001, and is expected to feature in other Ford and Volvo models.

Ford announced the US-market version of the Mark VI Ford Fiesta for 2011 featured a dry-clutch PowerShift transmission. Ford also announced the introduction of PowerShift transmission to North American market by 2010. The PowerShift transmission has remained extremely problematic since its release, causing repeated problems with rough or missed shifting in a majority of units. Some units need service for three separate failure modes, and still do not perform as required after a complete replacement. A class-action lawsuit was filed by buyers of Fiesta and Focus models and is pending final approval.

The Volvo version will be built in Koping, Sweden, at Volvo's transmission plant. The PowerShift gearbox will be introduced on the second-generation Volvo S60, and then on to the V50 and C30 models. The XC60 is expected to get this Ford PowerShift gearbox along with other new models to make more sporty cars.

General Motors
In the company's restructuring plan, it revealed that dry dual-clutch transmission would have been available in the 2012 calendar year. However, this plan was cancelled. The GM dual-clutch gearbox was introduced on the GMC Granite, a concept car. Had it been released, the new front-wheel drive transmission would have incorporated the latest innovations for improving fuel economy and performance. The transmission alone would have provide upward of 10% improvement in fuel economy over today's conventional six-speed automatic transmissions. The transmission co-developed between GM and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation features dry, dual-clutch technology. It would have provided shift comfort equal to a conventional fully automatic transmission, with superior quality, while reducing CO2 emissions.

The 2020 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray will feature a dual-clutch transmission.

Honda
Honda implemented the eight-speed DCT in the Acura ILX and TLX. It is also the only company to pair their DCT with a torque converter to smooth low-speed crawling (a problem found in many traditional DCTs). The Acura NSX super car also uses a nine-speed DCT, which consists of launch gear and a cruising gear while seven gears in the middle are geared closer to each other. The Sport Hybrid versions of the Acura RLX and MDX models both have a 7-speed DCT. Neither the 7 nor 9-speed DCTs contain a torque converter as the electric motors of the hybrid system already alleviate the rough slow start issue.

Motorcycles
In October 2009, Honda launched the VFR1200F, a motorcycle with a  V4 engine and optional DCT dubbed the Next Generation Transmission. In May 2009, Honda CEO Takeo Fukui mentioned that Honda was working on a new dual-clutch transmission system that could be matched with future hybrids.

2012 NC700 series have dual-clutch models available: NC700SD, NC700XD and NC700D Integra. It is the second generation from the six-speed dual-clutch transmission first used on the Honda VFR1200F.

2013 Honda introduced the CTX700DCT, a 670 cc dual clutch motorcycle selling as a 2014 model.

The 2016 CRF1000L Africa Twin is available in both 3rd generation DCT and standard transmissions. The NC line has moved to the 3rd generation as well.

In 2016, Honda announced that they are studying a DCT for use in sport bikes as well.

The 2018 Gold Wing and Gold Wing Tour will both offer a 7-speed automatic DCT.

Hyundai
The DCT transmissions used in some Hyundai and Kia passenger vehicles are supplied by Hyundai DYMOS. At the 2009 Geneva Motor Show, Hyundai unveiled ix-onic concept car, which was said to feature a six-speed dual-clutch transmission.

Hyundai released the Veloster with the 6-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2011.

Hyundai released the Sonata and Veloster Turbo with the 7-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2015.

Hyundai released the i30 and Tucson SUV with the 7-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2016.

Hyundai released the Elantra Sport with the 7-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2017.

Hyundai's new Ioniq Hybrid offers a 6 speed transmission with dual clutch for 2017.

Hyundai's new Venue small SUV offers a 7 speed DCT transmission in India from 2019

John Deere
John Deere Tractors introduced its DirectDrive dual-clutch transmission in 2012 in tractors. Currently the transmission is available in the 6R models, although it will likely be phased out in favour of the new AutoPower (AutoPwr) transmission on the new 6230R and 6250R, announced in 2016. The tractors are expected to be in full production by mid - 2017 and the transmission used in them is expected to be seen in future John Deere machinery across the whole range, such as Forage and Combine harvesters. The AutoPower joystick used in the 6230R and 6250R can achieve the top speed from one push of the toggle and has several buttons integrated onto the stick that are programmable for different features. The tractors have also won the prestigious 'Machine of the Year' award 2017.

Lotus
Lotus Cars has submitted a patent application for a lighter, simpler and more compact dual-clutch transmission system. The gearbox shown in the application is an eight-speed unit, with seven forward gears and reverse.

McLaren Automotive
McLaren Automotive introduced a seven speed dual clutch on MP4-12C made in Italy by Oerlikon Graziano. The design comes with a feature called Pre-Cog'' that lets the driver preselect the next highest or lowest gear decreasing shift times.

Mitsubishi

The Mitsubishi Motors Lancer Evolution X and Lancer Ralliart are supplied with Mitsubishi's Twin Clutch SST (abbreviated TC-SST, for "Twin Clutch Sport Shift Transmission" or "Twin Clutch Sportronic Shift Transmission") dual-clutch transmission, controllable by steering wheel mounted magnesium paddle shifters. It is the Getrag-built, PowerShift 6DCT470 transmission in the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution.

Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation
The Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation presented a world first with a double-clutch transmission for commercial vehicles. The new six-speed M038S6 "Duonic transmission" features wet clutches and incorporates the ability to creep in traffic for smoother operation. Although Duonic-equipped trucks will probably be driven mostly in fully automatic mode, the transmission can also be manually shifted.

Nissan
The Nissan GT-R's rear transaxle six-speed dual-clutch transmission also contains the differential for the car's all-wheel drive (AWD) system. Much of the dual-clutch system was engineered by BorgWarner, partnered with Nissan's gearbox supplier Aichi Machine Industry, and weighs a total installed mass of . Code named the GR6, the transmission is quite durable in that it is able to hold in excess of  of torque. Nissan reports shift times of 150 milliseconds.

PSA Peugeot Citroën
PSA has dual-clutch transmission, produced by Getrag, in its Peugeot 4007 and Citroën C-Crosser SUVs, both based on the Mitsubishi Outlander. However, dual-clutch transmissions are never offered in other models.

Porsche (VW GROUP)
Porsche AG offers a series production of two new longitudinally installed "7DT" wet-clutch versions of its previously race-only Porsche Doppelkupplungsgetriebe (PDK) transmission, built by ZF Friedrichshafen AG.

The first variant, the 7DT-45, is used on its 2009 997 Carrera and Carrera S models. This version is also offered on the 2009 Cayman and Boxster models. It uses a ZF Sachs ND2015 clutch pack and has a torque handling capacity of . A higher torque version of the same transmission, the 7DT-70, is also available for the 2010 911 Turbo. This is rated at  and uses a different ZF Sachs clutch—the ND2216.

The second PDK variant, the 7DT-75, is available on the 2009 Panamera and 2014 Macan. This is constructed fundamentally differently from the 7DT-45/7DT-70 versions; in that the internal shafts are mounted above the input shaft, so as to achieve a lower centre of gravity for the Panamera and Macan. It also uses just one oil circuit, whereas the 7DT-45/7DT-70 use two separate circuits with very different specifications of fluids needed.

Both variants use seven forward speeds. Like all DCTs, the Porsche PDK transmission is fundamentally two separate manual transmissions in one. With the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th gears and reverse available on one shaft, and 2nd, 4th, and 6th gears available on the other shaft.

Porsche claim the Doppelkupplung PDK transmission will replace the outgoing conventional Tiptronic automatic transmissions. However, other reliable industry sources state that Porsche still intends to use conventional automatics; with the eight-speed ZF 8HP being cited.

Porsche claims noteworthy improvements in CO2 emissions of around 15% when comparing DCT installations against its former automatic transmission, of which half can be directly attributed to the DCT. When compared directly with a manual transmission, 16% improvement can be directly attributed to the DCT.

Qoros
Getrag received the first order for its dual clutch transmission 6DCT250 from Qoros Automotive Co., Ltd, an independent JV carmaker in China. Attributes of the transmission include easy shifting, reduced fuel consumption compared to conventional automatic transmissions, and flexibility and functionality in hybrid applications. Start of production is planned for 2013 in the Getrag plant Nanchang. In addition to the six speed manual transmissions Getrag will supply to Qoros, the dual clutch transmission 6DCT250 will be applied to the first car under Qoros brand, which will meet all European standards and be exported to western European markets.

Renault
In the early part of 2010 Renault introduced a new six-speed dual dry clutch DCT. This is available on the Mégane with the dCi 110 DPF engine.

Railcar use
A different type of dual-clutch transmission has been used in some railcars. The two clutches are placed one on the gearbox input shaft and the other on the gearbox output shaft. To make a gear change, both clutches disengage simultaneously and a brake inside the gearbox engages. The gearchange occurs with all gears stationary, so no synchronizing mechanism is needed. After the gear change, both clutches re-engage. There is a significant break in power transmission, so this system is unsuitable for shunting locomotives.

References

Category:Automotive transmission technologies
Category:Automobile transmissions


Vladimirs Lubkins

Vladimirs Lubkins is retired Latvian ice-hockey player (forward). He played most of this career for Dinamo Riga, with brief stints with HC Dynamo Moscow and HV Amiens of French league.

References

Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:Dinamo Riga players
Category:Latvian ice hockey forwards
Category:HC Dynamo Moscow players
Category:Gothiques d'Amiens players
Category:Soviet ice hockey players
Category:Soviet expatriate ice hockey players
Category:Soviet expatriates in France


Shayla Smart

Shayla Brianna Smart (born May 30, 2000) is an American-born Jamaican footballer who plays as a forward for Wake Forest Demon Deacons and the Jamaica women's national team.

Her father is Jamaican and her mother is Puerto Rican.

Early life and education
Smart attends Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

International career
Smart has represented Jamaica on the senior national team as well as the under-17 and under-20 national teams. She competed at the 2016 CONCACAF Women's U-17 Championship and the 2018 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship. She made her senior debut on 28 July 2019 against Mexico in the Pan American Games.

References

External links

Category:2000 births
Category:Living people
Category:Women's association football forwards
Category:Jamaican women's footballers
Category:Jamaica women's international footballers
Category:Pan American Games competitors for Jamaica
Category:Footballers at the 2019 Pan American Games
Category:Jamaican people of Puerto Rican descent
Category:American women's soccer players
Category:Soccer players from Florida
Category:Sportspeople from Orange County, Florida
Category:People from Apopka, Florida
Category:African-American women's soccer players
Category:American people of Jamaican descent
Category:American sportspeople of Puerto Rican descent
Category:Women's Premier Soccer League players
Category:Wake Forest Demon Deacons women's soccer players


Elizabeth Losh

Elizabeth Losh is a media theorist and digital rhetoric scholar, who is an associate professor of English and American Studies at the College of William and Mary.

Education
Elizabeth Losh earned a Bachelor of Arts (magna cum laude) from Harvard University, a Master of Fine Arts in creative writing, and a PhD in English with an emphasis in critical theory from University of California at Irvine.
She is Director of Academic Programs, Sixth College at University of California at San Diego, where she also teaches in Communication, Visual Arts, and the Interdisciplinary Computing in the Arts major. She is a member of the editorial board of the journal Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience.

Academic contributions
Losh is a founding member of FemTechNet, an international organization devoted to promoting collaborative research, pedagogy and online learning innovation in feminist art, media and science and technology studies. In 2007, Losh was awarded the John Lovas Memorial Webblog prize.
Losh's main areas of contribution are in interrogating the assumptions embedded in the rhetorics of news, information and pedagogy in digital media platforms and projects, particularly within online cultures and where online cultures intersect with spaces like classrooms and institutions like journalism.

Publications
Losh is the author of books including The War on Learning: Gaining Ground in the Digital University, a book that, as Times Higher Education reviewer Tara Brabazon writes, addresses "what happens when education is treated like a product and not a process" and asks "who speaks for the students?". The London School of Economics Review of Books notes that Losh "effectively moves beyond the headlines and bestsellers that warn of literacy and attention crises among device-devoted youth, and those that dismiss the academy as a hopeless anachronism, to painstakingly deconstruct the 'rhetoric of crisis'".

With Jonathan Alexander, Losh is the author of a guide to writing that introduces graphics as a means of doing pedagogy: Understanding Rhetoric: A Graphic Guide to Writing. Losh is also the author of the Virtualpolitik: An Electronic History of Government Media-Making in a Time of War, Scandal, Disaster, Miscommunication, and Mistakes (MIT Press, 2009), a work highly recommended by Immersive Journalism for being a book that "closely examines the government’s digital rhetoric in such cases and its dual role as media-maker and regulator"

Notes

Category:University of California, San Diego faculty
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:University of California, Irvine alumni
Category:Living people
Category:College of William & Mary faculty
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Peoria Lake

Peoria Lake is a section of the Illinois River between Peoria in Peoria County, Illinois and East Peoria in Tazewell County, Illinois.  The oldest section of Peoria, the largest city on the river, lies at its shores.

The lake is formed by a broadening of the Illinois River, and was first mentioned by the Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette expedition in 1674. Several important Native American settlements were located close to it, like the main villages of the Kickapoo and Potawatomi tribes.  During early European colonization, the lake was called Pimitéoui ("Fat Lake").  And a French Fort on its banks was called Fort Pimitéoui (1691), later known as Old Fort Peoria.

From a modern perspective, the lake runs from just south of the McClugage Bridge (US 24/US 150/War Memorial Drive) to the Murray Baker Bridge (Interstate 74). The larger Upper Peoria Lake flows into the lake on its north side.

The lake is currently a regional tourist attraction and is used for practice of many watersports.  It is also the usual site for the City of Peoria's Fourth of July fireworks display.

See also
Upper Peoria Lake

External links
Peoria Lake Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Project – by the United States Army Corps of Engineers

Category:Lakes of Illinois
Category:Bodies of water of Peoria County, Illinois
Category:Bodies of water of Tazewell County, Illinois
Category:Tourist attractions in Peoria County, Illinois
Category:Tourist attractions in Tazewell County, Illinois
Category:Illinois River
Category:Tourist attractions in Peoria, Illinois


Streptomyces tritici

Streptomyces tritici is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from rhizosphere soil from the wheat-plant Triticum aestivum.

See also
 List of Streptomyces species

References

tritici
Category:Bacteria described in 2018


Altaş, Ardahan

Altaş is a village in the District of Ardahan, Ardahan Province, Turkey.

References

Category:Populated places in Ardahan Province
Category:Ardahan District
Category:Villages in Turkey


Johannes Runnenburg

Johannes Theodorus Runnenburg (19 February 1932 – 16 April 2008) was a Dutch mathematician and professor of probability theory and analysis at the University of Amsterdam from 1962 to 1997.

Biography
Born in Amsterdam he received his MA in Mathematics in 1956 at the University of Amsterdam, and his PhD cum laude in Mathematics and Physics in 1960 with a thesis entitled "On the Use of Markov Processes in One-server Waiting-time Problems and Renewal Theory" advised by Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn.

Runnenburg was appointed Lector in Probability theory and analysis at the University of Amsterdam in 1961. In 1962 he was promoted to Professor of Probability theory and analysis, and from 1966 to his retirement in 1997 was Professor of Pure and Applied Mathematics. Among his doctorate students were Gijsbert de Leve (1964), Laurens de Haan (1970), Fred Steutel (1971), Wim Vervaat (1972), August Balkema (1973), Frits Göbel (1974), Arie Hordijk (1974), Aegle Hoekstra (1983), Peter de Jong (1988) and Leo Klein Haneveld (1996).

Publications
 Machines Served by a Patrolling Operator. 1957
 On the use of Markov processes in one-server waiting-time problems and renewal theory. 1960
 Einige voorbeelden van stochastische processen: openbare les  Universiteit van Amsterdam. 1961.
 An Example Illustrating the Possibilities of Renewal Theory and Waiting-time Theory for Markov-dependent Arrival-intervals. 1961
 On K.L. Chung's problem of imbedding a time-discrete Markov chain in a time-continuous one for finitely many states. With Carel Louis Scheffer. Amsterdam : Mathematisch Centrum, 1962.

References

External links
 Prof. dr. J.T. Runnenburg, 1932–2008

Category:1932 births
Category:2008 deaths
Category:Dutch mathematicians
Category:Scientists from Amsterdam
Category:University of Amsterdam alumni
Category:University of Amsterdam faculty