David Goggins

David Goggins (born February 17, 1975) is an American ultramarathon runner, ultra-distance cyclist, triathlete, motivational speaker and author. He is a retired United States Navy SEAL and former United States Air Force Tactical Air Control Party member who served in the Iraq War. He is the former world record holder for the most pull-ups done in 24 hours. His self-help memoir, Can't Hurt Me, was released in 2018.

Military career
Goggins initially applied to join the United States Air Force Pararescue. Goggins failed his ASVAB twice before succeeding and entering into 'The Pipeline' (Pararescue training). During the training he had been diagnosed with Sickle cell trait and was advised to stay home for a week, when he had returned to the doctor after a week, he has been told that he could return to the training, but the commander said he would have to do it all over again, he decided not to. He then proceeded to serve as member of the United States Air Force Tactical Air Control Party also known as TACP after completing successful training. Starting from 1994 Goggins served his time in TACP until 1999 and left the United States Air Force.

After three attempts, Goggins succeeded in graduating from BUD/S training with Class 235 in 2001 and was assigned to SEAL Team FIVE. Goggins served in Iraq.
In 2004, Goggins graduated from Army Ranger School with the distinction of enlisted "Top Honor Man."

Charity
After several of his friends died in Afghanistan in a helicopter crash in 2005 during Operation Red Wings, Goggins began long-distance running with the aim of raising money for the Special Operations Warrior Foundation. The Foundation gives college scholarships and grants to the children of fallen special operations soldiers. Competing in endurance challenges, including the Badwater Ultramarathon three times, has enabled Goggins to raise more than $2 million for the Special Operations Warrior Foundation.

Marathon and ultramarathon running

Goggins attempted to enter the Badwater-135, Ultramarathon as a fundraiser, but was told by organizers that he needed to enter another ultramarathon first; as the Badwater is an invitational event.  In 2005, Goggins entered the San Diego One Day, a 24-hour ultramarathon held at Hospitality Point in San Diego. He was able to run 101 miles in 19 hours and 6 minutes—despite never having attempted to run a marathon previously. Soon after, David completed his first marathon (Las Vegas), in a time that qualified him for entrance into the Boston Marathon. After those two events, having yet to be invited to the Badwater-135, Goggins entered into the Hurt-100; an ultra marathon in Hawaii which is widely regarded as one of the hardest ultra-marathons in the world. He was the ninth runner to cross the finish line, and only 23 runners finished the event. He was subsequently granted entry into the 2006 Badwater-135. During the 2006 Badwater-135, he finished 5th overall, an unheard of result from an ultramarathon novice at a world-class event.

He has participated in events such as the Las Vegas Marathon and the Badwater-135 Ultramarathon, where he placed highly.  He also has participated in the Furnace Creek-508 (2009), an ultra-distance invitational Cycling Race.

Three months after completing his first Badwater Ultramarathon in 2006, he competed in the Ultraman World Championships Triathlon in Hawaii. He placed second in the three-day, 320-mile race, cycling 261 miles in two days on a rented bicycle. Before training for that race, he had never ridden a bike competitively.

In 2007, Goggins achieved his best finish at the Badwater-135 by placing 3rd overall.

He returned to the Badwater-135 in 2013, finishing 18th, after a break from the event since 2008.

Over the next two years, he competed in another 14 ultra-endurance races, with top-five finishes in nine of them. He set a course record at the 48-hour national championships, beating the previous record by 20 miles with a total distance traveled of 203.5 miles and earning himself a spot among the top 20 ultramarathoners in the world.

In 2008 he was named a "Hero of Running" by Runner's World.

Motivational speaking

Goggins said "motivational speaker" is just his job title.

As an inspirational speaker, Goggins travels and speaks to sports teams. He has spoken to athletes from professional teams, including the Atlanta Hawks and the Seattle Seahawks, as well as collegiate athletes from the Alabama, Tennessee and Michigan university football programs.

Entrepreneur Jesse Itzler, upon seeing Goggins perform at a 24-hour ultramarathon, called and hired Goggins to live with him in his house for a month. Itzler wrote about his experience on a blog and later published the story as the book

His self-help memoir, Can't Hurt Me: Master Your Mind and Defy the Odds, was released on December 4, 2018.

Health problems

Goggins has reported the following health conditions:

 Asthma
 Obesity
 In the late 1990s, after spending four years in the Air Force, Goggins, who weighed almost 300 pounds, was told that he was too heavy to make it through SEAL training. In less than three months, he returned weighing 190 pounds.
 In 2005, when he decided to run an ultramarathon to raise money for charity, he "weighed 280 pounds from years of power lifting...Eight months later, when I ran Kiehl's Badwater Ultramarathon, I weighed 177 pounds."
 Congenital heart defect
 In May 2010, during a routine medical checkup, his doctor discovered a birth defect known as atrial septal defect (ASD), or a hole between atrial chambers of his heart, and it is only able to function at about 75 percent capacity. This condition typically prevents people from doing activities such as scuba diving or anything at high altitude. Only a few days after learning of the condition, Goggins had surgery to repair his heart.

World pull-up record
On September 27, 2012, Goggins went on the Today Show to attempt to beat the world record for the most pull-ups done in 24 hours. The main aim of the challenge was to raise money for the Special Operations Warrior Foundation. After 6 hours and 30 minutes in, Goggins had completed 2,011 pullups (halfway to the record). By 9:15 pm, after 13.5 hours, he completed pull-up 2588. He had been in considerable pain for hours as a severe bulge burst through the skin of his right wrist. An x-ray at 10:30pm confirmed a right extensor pollicis complex partial tear. The reason for the injury and the failure in the attempt is thought to be the use of a portable pull-up bar that was not bolted down, as opposed to the sturdier equipment he used during the months of training prior to this event. Despite not beating the record, Goggins raised more than $20,000 for his chosen charity.

On November 27, 2012, he completed 3,207 pull-ups in 12 hours, but had to stop due to an injury in his left palm.

On January 19, 2013, in Brentwood, Tennessee, Goggins broke the world record for the most pull-ups done in 24 hours, completing 4,020 pull-ups in 17 hours.

Bibliography

References

External links

 Pain, pleasure to the extreme at San Diego Union-Tribune
 David Goggins Getting Even More Famous (Archive.org snapshot) at Special Operations Warrior Foundation
 Sailors, SEALs complete Ironman at Navy Times
  Attention to detail at Instagram

Category:Living people
Category:American male ultramarathon runners
Category:1975 births
Category:United States Air Force airmen
Category:United States Navy SEALs personnel
Category:United States Navy sailors
Category:Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York
Category:21st-century American military personnel


Vinoo Tewarie

Vinoo Tewarie is a Dutch cricketer. He played a single ODI against Scotland during the World Cricket League. He has also represented the Netherlands at Under 19s level.

References

External List
ESPNcricinfo

Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:Dutch cricketers
Category:Dutch people of Surinamese descent
Category:People from Purmerend


Friis-Holm

Friis-Holm is a Danish bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturer founded by Mikkel Friis-Holm Ottosen and operating out of Lejre, Denmark.

History
Friis-Holm has a background as a chef. In 2000, he began importing Scharffen Berger chocolate to the Danish market. The company produced its first chocolate in 2007 after he had participated in a cocoa project in Nicaragua. The company was initially a gypsy manufacturer whose chocolate was produced at Bonnat's factory in France. In 2015, Friis-Mikkelsen established his own production facility in Lejre, Denmark.

Awards
Friis-Holm received an Annual Award from the Danish Chocolate Society in 2012. It has also won a number of awards at the International Chocolate Awards in London. At the 2014 International Chocolate Awards, Friis-Holm won a gold medal at the world finals in the Bars – Milk plain/origin bars category for their Dark Milk 65% chocolate, as well as two bronze medals in the Bars – Dark plain/origin bars category for their Johe and Nicaliso 70% chocolates.

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Danish chocolate companies
Category:Companies based in Lejre Municipality
Category:Danish companies established in 2007
Category:Food and drink companies established in 2007
Category:Danish brands


Maar Hattat

Maar Hattat ()  is a Syrian village located in Hish Nahiyah in Maarrat al-Nu'man District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Maar Hattat had a population of 798 in the 2004 census.

References

Category:Populated places in Maarrat al-Nu'man District


Sedlašek

Sedlašek () is a settlement in the Municipality of Podlehnik in the Haloze area of eastern Slovenia. The area traditionally belonged to the Styria region. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

References

External links
Sedlašek on Geopedia

Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Podlehnik


17th Regiment

17th Regiment or 17th Infantry Regiment may refer to:

 Royal Leicestershire Regiment, also known as the 17th Leicestershire Regiment of Foot, of the British Army, from 1688–1964
 17th Regiment of Light Dragoons (1759) of the British Army, raised in 1759
 17th Regiment of Light Dragoons (17th Lancers) of the British Army, redesignated as a lancer regiment in 1861
 17th Infantry Regiment (Republic of Korea), a unit of the Republic of Korea Army
 17th Infantry Regiment (United States), a unit of the United States Army
 17th Cavalry Regiment (United States), a unit of the United States Army
 Combat Logistics Regiment 17, a unit of the United States Marine Corps

 American Civil War regiments
 17th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment
 17th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry
 17th Indiana Infantry Regiment
 17th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment
 17th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment
 17th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment
 17th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment

See also
 17th Division (disambiguation)
 17th Brigade (disambiguation)
 17 Squadron (disambiguation)


New Democracy (Greece)

The New Democracy (ND; , Nea Dimokratia, ) is a liberal-conservative political party in Greece. In modern Greek politics, New Democracy has been the main centre-right political party and one of the two major parties along with its historic rival, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). New Democracy, alongside PASOK, were created in the wake of the toppling of the military junta in 1974, which ruled Greece alternately for the previous four decades. Following the electoral decline of PASOK, New Democracy remained one of the two major parties in Greece, the other being the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA).

Having spent four and a half years in opposition to SYRIZA's government, New Democracy regained its majority in the Hellenic Parliament and returned to government under Kyriakos Mitsotakis after the 2019 legislative election.

The traditional support of New Democracy comes from an electorate leaning to the right and conservatives. From a geographical perspective, its main support base is in the rural areas of Greece as well as the city centers of Athens and Thessaloniki. Its support is generally weak in areas like West Greece, Attica, Crete and the Aegean Islands.

The party was founded in 1974 by Konstantinos Karamanlis and in the same year it formed the first cabinet of the Third Hellenic Republic. New Democracy is a member of the European People's Party, the Centrist Democrat International and the International Democrat Union.

History

Foundation

New Democracy was founded on 4 October 1974 by Konstantinos Karamanlis, in the beginning of the metapolitefsi era following the fall of the Greek military junta. Karamanlis, who had already served as Prime Minister of Greece from 1955 to 1963, was sworn in as the first Prime Minister of the Third Hellenic Republic in a national unity government on 24 July 1974, until the first free elections of the new era. He intended New Democracy to be a more modern and progressive political party than the right-wing parties that ruled Greece before the 1967 Greek coup d'état, including his own National Radical Union (ERE). The party's ideology was defined as "radical liberalism", a term defined as "the prevalence of free market rules with the decisive intervention of the state in favour of social justice." The party was formed out of dissident members the pre-Junta Centre Union and National Radical Union, both of former Monarchists and Venizelists.

First government (1974–1981)
In the 1974 legislative election, New Democracy obtained a massive parliamentary majority of 220 seats with a record 54.37% of the vote, a result attributed to the personal appeal of Karamanlis to the electorate. Karamanlis was elected as Prime Minister and soon decided to hold a referendum on 8 December 1974 for the issue of the form of government; with a large majority of 69.17%, monarchy was eventually abolished in favour of a republic. The next major issue for the New Democracy cabinet was the creation of the Constitution of Greece, which entered into force in 1975 and established Greece as a parliamentary republic. On 12 June 1975, Greece applied to join the European Communities, of which it was already an associate member since 1961, while it had already been readmitted to the Council of Europe on 28 November 1974.

In the 1977 election, New Democracy won again a large parliamentary majority of 171 seats, albeit with a reduced percentage of popular vote (41.84%). Under Karamanlis, Greece redefined its relations with NATO and tried to resolve the Cyprus dispute following the Turkish invasion of the island. In 1979, the first conference of the party was held in Chalkidiki, where its ideological principles defined under the term "radical liberalism" were unanimously approved, as well as its statute and the operating regulations of its organizations. It was the first conference of any Greek political party whose delegates were elected by the members.

Karamanlis' vision concerning the accession of Greece into the European Communities, despite the resolute opposition of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) and the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), led to the signing of the Treaty of Accession on 28 May 1979 in Athens; following the ratification of the act by the Hellenic Parliament on 28 June 1979, Greece became the tenth member state of the European Communities on 1 January 1981. Karamanlis was criticised by opposing parties for not holding a referendum, even though Greece's accession into the European Communities had been in the forefront of New Democracy's political platform, under which the party had been elected to power. Meanwhile, Karamanlis relinquished the premiership in 1980 and was elected as President of Greece by the parliament, serving until 1985. Georgios Rallis was elected as the new leader of New Democracy and succeeded Karamanlis in premiership.

Opposition and Mitsotakis' rise to power (1981–1989)
Under the leadership of Georgios Rallis, New Democracy was defeated in the 1981 legislative elections by Andreas Papandreou's PASOK which ran on a left-wing populist platform, and was placed in opposition for a first time with 35.87% share of the vote and 115 seats. On the same day, on 18 October 1981, New Democracy was also defeated in the first Greek election to the European Parliament. In the following December, the party's parliamentary group elected Evangelos Averoff, former Minister for National Defence, as president of New Democracy, but he resigned in 1984 due to health problems. On 1 September 1984, Konstantinos Mitsotakis succeeded him in the party's presidency and he managed to increase its percentage in the 1985 elections to 40.85%, although it was defeated again and remained in opposition.

Second government (1989–1993)

Mitsotakis led New Democracy to a clear win in the June 1989 legislative elections registering 44.28% of the vote but, due to the modification of the electoral law by the outbound PASOK government, New Democracy obtained only 145 seats which were not enough to form a government on its own. The aftermath was the formation of a coalition government under Tzannis Tzannetakis, consisted of New Democracy and Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos), with the latter also including at the time the Communist Party of Greece. In the subsequent elections of November 1989, New Democracy took one more comfortable win, increasing its share to 46.19% of the vote and 148 seats but, under the same electoral law, they were still short of forming a government and this led to a national unity government along with PASOK and Synaspismos, under Xenophon Zolotas.

Eventually, in the 1990 election Mitsotakis' New Democracy defeated once again Papandreou's PASOK with a lead of 8.28%, but this time the 46.89% of votes awarded them with 150 seats, which allowed Mitsotakis to form a majority in the parliament with the support of Democratic Renewal's (DIANA) sole member of parliament and one more seat given by the Supreme Special Court, after a mistake in seat calculation was detected. After three consecutive wide wins with high vote percentages, Mitsotakis became the 178th Prime Minister of Greece, though with a slim parliamentary majority of 152 seats due to the electoral law in force at the time.

In a turbulent international political environment following the 1989 Fall of Communism in Europe, Mitsotakis' government focused on cutting government spending, the privatization of state enterprises, the reformation of the public administration and the restoration of the original electoral system, with the addition of an election threshold of 3%. In foreign policy, the priorities were the restoration of confidence among Greece's economic and political partners, NATO and the United States. Mitsotakis also supported a new dialogue with Turkey on the Cyprus dispute and a compromise over the Macedonia naming dispute; the latter triggered an irritation among the MPs of New Democracy, which led Antonis Samaras to leave it and form a new political party in June 1993, Political Spring; one more withdrawal later from its parliamentary group resulted in New Democracy's loss of the majority in the parliament and the call of early elections.

Opposition (1993–2004)
In the 1993 elections, New Democracy suffered an easy defeat with 39.30% of the vote, something that led to Mitsotakis' resignation and the election of Miltiadis Evert in the party's leadership. In the early 1996 legislative election, New Democracy was defeated again by Costas Simitis' PASOK registering 38.12%, but Evert obtained a re-election as the party's leader in the same year. However, in the spring of 1997 a new conference took place, in order to elect a new president among others. Kostas Karamanlis, nephew of the party's founder, was elected the sixth president of New Democracy.

Under Karamanlis, New Democracy experienced an evident increase in popularity, but in the 2000 elections they lost by only 1.06% of the popular vote, the smallest margin in modern Greek history, registering 42.74% and obtaining 125 seats in the parliament. By 2003, New Democracy was consistently leading Simitis' PASOK in opinion polls; in January 2004 Simitis resigned and announced elections for 7 March, while George Papandreou succeeded him in PASOK's leadership.

Third government (2004–2009)
Despite speculation that Papandreou would succeed in restoring the party's fortunes, in the 2004 election Karamanlis managed to take a clear win with 45.36% of the vote and 165 seats, and New Democracy returned to power after eleven years in opposition, scoring an all-time record of 3,359,682 votes in the history of Greek elections. The regions that consistently support New Democracy include the Peloponnese, Central Macedonia and West Macedonia. On the other hand, the party is weak in Crete, the Aegean Islands, Attica and West Greece.

On 16 September 2007, Kostas Karamanlis won re-election with a diminished majority in Parliament, and stated: "Thank you for your trust. You have spoken loud and clear and chosen the course the country will take in the next few years." George Papandreou, PASOK, accepted defeat (New Democracy party with 41.84%, and opposition party PASOK had 38.1%).

2009 defeat

On 2 September 2009 Karamanlis announced his intention to call an election, although one was not required until September 2011. The parliament was dissolved on 9 September, and the 2009 legislative election was held on 4 October. New Democracy's share of the parliamentary vote dropped to 33.47% (down by 8.37%) and they won only 91 of 300 seats, dropping by 61 since the last election. The rival PASOK soared to 43.92% (up 5.82%), and took 160 seats (up 58). The 33.5% tally marked a historic low for the party since its founding in 1974. Karamanlis conceded defeat and stated that he would resign as a leader of New Democracy, and would not stand as a candidate at the next party election. Two former Ministers for Foreign Affairs, Dora Bakoyannis and Antonis Samaras, as well as Thessaloniki Prefect Panagiotis Psomiadis were announced as candidates, with Samaras being the favorite to win.

On 29 November 2009, Antonis Samaras was elected the new leader of New Democracy by the party base at the 2009 leadership election. Following early results showing Samaras in the lead, his main rival Dora Bakoyannis conceded defeat and congratulated Samaras for his election; later she left New Democracy to found her own party, Democratic Alliance. Samaras himself had also left New Democracy in 1992 because of his hard stance on the Macedonia naming dispute and found his own party, Political Spring; he returned to New Democracy in 2004.

2011 government debt crisis
New Democracy was in opposition during the first phase (2009–11) of the Greek government debt crisis which included the First bailout package agreed in May 2010. The party did not support the first EU/IMF rescue package of May 2010 and the three related austerity packages of March 2010, May 2010 and June 2011. Further measures were agreed by prime minister George Papandreou with the EU and private banks and insurers on 27 October 2011. The aim was to complete negotiations by the end of the year and put in place a full Second bailout package to supplement the one agreed in May 2010. Samaras initially blasted the deal. In reality New Democracy had dismissed cross-party agreement even before the deal was agreed.

A few days later, Papandreou announced a surprise referendum. During the frantic negotiations that followed, Samaras offered to support the austerity package he had initially condemned if Papandreou resigned and an interim government be appointed to lead the country to elections early in the new year.

The referendum was never held, and Papandreou resigned in early November 2011. New Democracy supported the new national unity government headed by Lucas Papademos; however the party's support for austerity appeared lukewarm at first.

Within a few days, party officials spoke of "renegotiating" existing agreements with the EU and IMF. EU partners requested that Samaras sign a letter committing him to the terms of the rescue package, in what was seen as an effort to keep the nationalist elements of his party happy. Samaras argued that his word should be enough and that the demand for a written commitment was "humiliating". Both Papademos and the EU insisted on a written commitment. New Democracy repeated its call for new elections. Samaras was said to be infuriating European leaders by only partly backing the international reform programme. A meeting of Eurozone's Finance Ministers was postponed in February 2012, when it became apparent that not all the main political parties were willing to pledge to honour the conditions demanded in return for the rescue package; a day later Samaras reversed course and wrote to the European Commission and IMF, promising to implement the austerity measures if his party were to win a general election in April. German finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble suggested postponing the election and setting up a small technocratic cabinet like Italy’s to run Greece for the next two years.

Fourth government with PASOK (2012–2015)
In May 2012 general election, the New Democracy regained the largest party but could not obtain a majority. Anti-austerity leftist SYRIZA, led by Alexis Tsipras became the second largest party and refused to negotiate with New Democracy and PASOK. After the general election the New Democracy could not form a coalition government.

New Democracy during its rule introduced a strict immigration policy, and proposed strengthening this policy as part of its political agenda.

In opposition (2015–2019)
In its electoral campaign for the January 2015 legislative election, Samaras promised to continue with his plan to exit the bailout and return to growth by further privatizations, a corporate tax rate reduced to 15 percent and a recapitalization of Greece's banks. The party received a total of 747,214 € of state funding, the largest share of all political parties in Greece. In the election, ND was defeated by SYRIZA. On 5 July 2015 Samaras stepped down from party leadership.

New Democracy was once again defeated by SYRIZA in the September 2015 legislative election, but maintained its number of seats in the Hellenic Parliament. On 10 January 2016 Kyriakos Mitsotakis was elected as new party leader.

On 4 October 2018, the party adopted a new logo.

Fifth government (2019–present)
In the 2019 legislative election, New Democracy won 158 seats in the 300-seat Hellenic Parliament, a majority of the seats, enabling it to form a government on its own under Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis.

International affiliation
New Democracy is a member of the European People's Party, the largest European political party since 1999, and its MEPs sit with the EPP Group in the European Parliament. Internationally, New Democracy is a member of the Centrist Democrat International, and the International Democrat Union.

Electoral history

Hellenic Parliament elections

European Parliament elections

B 2004 results are compared to the combined totals for ND and POLAN totals in the 1999 election.

Party leaders

Symbols
Traditional symbol of the party was Greek freedom torch.

Logos

References

External links

Official website
ND list of MPs_Vouliwatch.gr

Category:Liberal conservative parties
Category:International Democrat Union member parties
Category:1974 establishments in Greece
Category:Political parties established in 1974
Category:Member parties of the European People's Party
Category:Parties represented in the European Parliament
Category:Conservative parties in Greece
Category:Constantinos Karamanlis


1952 in Israel

Events in the year 1952 in Israel

Incumbents
 Prime Minister of Israel – David Ben-Gurion (Mapai)
 President of Israel – Chaim Weizmann until 9 November, (Yosef Sprinzak, acting president 9 November to 16 December), Yitzhak Ben-Zvi from 16 December
 Chief of General Staff - Yigal Yadin until 7 December, Mordechai Maklef
 Government of Israel - 3rd Government of Israel until 24 December, 4th Government of Israel

Events

 9 January - The Knesset approves the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany.
 4 April – In the Hague Tribunal, Israel demands reparations worth $3 billion from Germany.
 10 September – The Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany is signed. According to the Agreement, West Germany was to pay Israel for the slave labor and persecution of Jews during the Holocaust, and to compensate for Jewish property that was stolen by the Nazis.
 9 November – President Chaim Weizmann dies in office and Yosef Sprinzak, Speaker of the Knesset, becomes acting President pending the election and inauguration of a new President.
 7 December – Mordechai Maklef is appointed as the third Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.
 8 December – In the 1952 Presidential Election, the Knesset elects Yitzhak Ben-Zvi as President of Israel, on the third-round ballot. His opponents are Mordechai Nurock, Yitzhak Gruenbaum and Peretz Bernstein.
 16 December – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi assumes office as the second president of the State of Israel.
 24 December – David Ben-Gurion presents his cabinet for a Knesset "Vote of Confidence". The 4th Government is approved that day and the members were sworn in.

Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent events related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which occurred during 1952 include:
 6 January – 1952 Beit Jala Raid: an attack committed by an unknown Israeli party who blew up several houses in the West Bank town Beit Jala, killing between six and seven Palestinian-Arabs, including two children. According to leaflets distributed in the scene of the crime, the attack was carried out in retaliation for the rape and murder of a Jewish girl on 4 December 1951. Israel denied involvement in what it called "this sad affair", and voted to condemn the raid.

Notable Palestinian militant operations against Israeli targets

The most prominent Palestinian fedayeen terror attacks committed against Israelis during 1952 include:
 1 January – Seven armed Palestinian Arab militants attack and kill a 19-year-old girl in her home, in the Beit Yisrael neighborhood of Jerusalem.
 14 July – Five Israeli watchmen killed by Bedouin at Timna.

Notable Israeli military operations against Palestinian militancy targets

The most prominent Israeli military counter-terrorism operations (military campaigns and military operations) carried out against Palestinian militants during 1952 include:
 6 January – Fifteen bedouin killed by an Israeli armoured infantry attack on their camp near Bureij Refugee Camp.

Unknown dates
 The founding of the moshav Bareket.
 The founding of the moshav Givolim.
 The founding of the kibbutz Lahav.
 The founding of the moshav Orot.
 The founding of the moshav Sde Yitzhak.
 The founding of the moshav Shibolim.

Notable births
 16 April – Esther Roth-Shahamorov, former Israeli track and field athlete.
 1 May – Uzi Cohen, Israeli Likud politician (died 2008).
 9 June – Uzi Hitman, Israeli singer, songwriter, composer and television personality (died 2004)

Notable deaths

 14 August – David-Zvi Pinkas (born 1895), Austro-Hungarian-born Zionist activist and Israeli politician.
 21 August – Yitzhak Sadeh (born 1890),  Russian (Polish)-born commander of the Palmach and one of the founders of the Israel Defense Forces at the time of the establishment of the State of Israel.
 9 November – Chaim Weizmann (born 1874), Russian-born first President of Israel.
 Full date unknown – Zeev Ben-Zvi (born 1904), Russian (Polish)-born Israeli sculptor.

Major public holidays

See also
 1952 in Israeli film
 1952 in Israeli music
 1952 in Israeli sport
 Israel at the 1952 Summer Olympics

References

External links


Yves Belle-Belle

Yves Belle-Belle (born 8 June 1973) is a retired Cameroonian footballer who played as a forward.

Belle-Belle won three caps for Cameroon and scored two goals. He made his debut in 1989 in a World Cup qualifier against Gabon. Second, he scored Cameroon's only goal in the 1–6 away defeat to Norway in October 1990. He then scored again in a 1992 African Cup of Nations qualification 1–1 draw against Sierra Leone.

On the club level he featured for HNK Rijeka in the 1995–96 season, Malaysian outfit Melaka United in 1998–99 and German minnows TSF Ditzingen in 1999–00.

References

Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Yaoundé
Category:Cameroonian footballers
Category:Cameroon international footballers
Category:HNK Rijeka players
Category:Melaka United players
Category:TSF Ditzingen players
Category:Cameroonian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Croatia
Category:Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia
Category:Expatriate footballers in Malaysia
Category:Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany
Category:Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Category:Association football forwards
Category:German footballers needing infoboxes


1994 PBA season

The 1994 PBA season was the 20th season of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).

Season highlights
PBA Commissioner Rey Marquez steps down and Deputy Commissioner Jun Bernardino succeeded Marquez as the new PBA Commissioner.
The PBA has decided to send the All-Filipino Cup champions to the Hiroshima Asian Games in their continuing support to help the country in its quest to win the Asian basketball gold.
The San Miguel Beermen earned the right to represent team Philippines by winning the All-Filipino championship over Coney Island. Amateur standouts Marlou Aquino, Kenneth Duremdes, Dennis Espino, Edward Feihl and Jeffrey Cariaso join the RP-San Miguel team.
With injuries still hounding the San Miguel-RP Team in their preparation, Purefoods' stalwarts Alvin Patrimonio and Jerry Codinera, who led the hotdogs to the Commissioner's Cup title, volunteered to play for the Philippine flag, the PBA change its original format in the Governor's Cup, as Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs were seeded, along with San Miguel in the semifinal round, the league gave national coach Norman Black a free hand to pick one more player from Purefoods and he chooses rookie Rey Evangelista, the Alaska Milkmen also release Johnny Abarrientos to the national team with no conditions, three of the five amateur cagers practicing with the team, Dennis Espino, Edward Feihl and Jeffrey Cariaso were dropped from the roster.
The Philippine Team salvaged fourth place, losing their final game against Japan for the Bronze Medal.
Purefoods forward Alvin Patrimonio became the first back-to-back winner of the Most Valuable Player (MVP) award since William Adornado won it during the league's first two seasons. Patrimonio won his third MVP trophy, tying Bogs Adornado' three MVP awards.

Opening ceremonies
The muses for the participating teams are as follows:

Champions
 All-Filipino Cup: San Miguel Beermen
 Commissioner's Cup: Purefoods TJ Hotdogs
 Governors Cup: Alaska Milkmen
 Team with best win-loss percentage: Alaska Milkmen (45-28, .616)
 Best Team of the Year: Purefoods TJ Hotdogs (2nd)

Individual awards
 Most Valuable Player: Alvin Patrimonio (Purefoods)
 Rookie of the Year:  Boybits Victoria (Swift)
 Sportsmanship Award: Jerry Codiñera (Purefoods)
 Most Improved Player: Bong Hawkins (Alaska)
 Defensive Player of the Year: Jerry Codiñera (Purefoods)
 Mythical Five:
Johnny Abarrientos (Alaska)
Ato Agustin (San Miguel)
Jerry Codiñera (Purefoods)
Alvin Patrimonio (Purefoods)
Vergel Meneses (Swift)
 Mythical Second Team:
Boybits Victoria (Sunkist)
Allan Caidic (San Miguel)
Benjie Paras (Shell)
Bong Hawkins (Alaska)
Nelson Asaytono (Swift)
 All Defensive Team:
Jerry Codiñera (Purefoods)
Glenn Capacio (Purefoods)
Johnny Abarrientos (Alaska)
Alvin Teng (San Miguel)
Bong Hawkins (Alaska)

Awards given by the PBA Press Corps
 Coach of the Year: Tim Cone (Alaska)
 Mr. Quality Minutes: Merwin Castelo (Alaska)
 Executive of the Year: Elmer Yanga (Swift)
 Special Award (Outstanding Freshman Season): Rey Evangelista
 Referee of the Year: Ernesto de Leon

Board of Governors
 Emilio Bernardino (Commissioner)
 Ruben Cleofe (Secretary)
 Wilfred Steven Uytengsu (Chairman, General Milling Corp.)
 Jose Concepcion III (Vice-Chairman, Republic Flour Mills Corp.)
 Nazario Avendaño (Treasurer, San Miguel Corp.)
 Renato Buhain (Purefoods Corp.)
 Edgardo Viron Cruz (Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corp.)
 Vicente Santos (Sta. Lucia Realty and Development, Inc)
 Luis Lorenzo, Sr (Pepsi Cola Products Philippines, Inc)
 Bernabe Navarro (La Tondeña Distillers, Inc)

Cumulative standings

References


History of mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is a discipline centered around the concept of using force multipliers, moving components, and machines. It utilizes knowledge of mathematics, physics, materials sciences, and engineering technologies. It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering disciplines.

Dawn of civilization to early Antiquity

Engineering arose in early civilization as a general discipline for the creation of large scale structures such as irrigation, architecture, and military projects. Advances in food production through irrigation allowed a portion of the population to become specialists in Ancient Babylon.

All six of the classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East. The wedge and the inclined plane (ramp) were known since prehistoric times. The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale, and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology. The lever was also used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC, and then in ancient Egyptian technology circa 2000 BC. The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC, and ancient Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 BC). The screw, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-609) BC. The Egyptian pyramids were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, to create structures like the Great Pyramid of Giza.

The Assyrians were notable in their use of metallurgy and incorporation of iron weapons. Many of their advancements were in military equipment. They were not the first to develop them, but did make advancements on the wheel and the chariot. They made use of pivot-able axles on their wagons, allowing easy turning. They were also one of the first armies to use the move-able siege tower and battering ram.

The application of mechanical engineering can be seen in the archives of various ancient societies. The pulley appeared in Mesopotamia in 1,500 BC, improving water transportation. German Archaeologist Robert Koldewey found that the Hanging Gardens likely used a mechanical pump powered by these pulleys to transport water to the roof gardens. The Mesopotamians would advance even further by replacing "the substitution of continuous for intermittent motion, and the rotary for back-and-forth motion" by 1,200 BC.

In Ancient Egypt, the screw pump is an another example of the use of engineering to boost efficiency of water transportation. Although the Early Egyptians built colossal structures such as the pyramids, they did not develop pulleys for the lifting of heavy stone, and used the wheel very little.

The earliest practical water-powered machines, the water wheel and watermill, first appeared in the Persian Empire, in what are now Iraq and Iran, by the early 4th century BC.

In Ancient Greece, Archimedes (287–212 BC) developed several key theories in the field of mechanical engineering including mechanical advantage, the Law of the Lever, and his name sake, Archimedes’ law. In Ptolematic Egypt, the Museum of Alexandria developed crane pulleys with block and tackles to lift stones. These cranes were powered with human tread wheels and were based on earlier Mesopotamian water-pulley systems. The Greeks would later develop mechanical artillery independently of the Chinese. The first of these would fire darts, but advancements allowed for stone to be tossed at enemy fortifications or formations.

Late Antiquity to early Middle Ages
In Roman Egypt, Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) created the first steam-powered device, the Aeolipile. The first of its kind, it did not have the capability to move or power anything but its own rotation.

In China, Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) improved a water clock and invented a seismometer. Ma Jun (200–265 AD) invented a chariot with differential gears.

Leo the Philosopher is noted to have worked on a signal system using clocks in the Byzantine Empire in 850, connecting Constantinople with the Cicilian Frontier and was a continuation of the complex city clocks in Eastern Rome. These grand machines diffused into the Arabian Empire under Harun al-Rashid.

Another grand mechanical device was the Organ, which was reintroduced in 757 when Constantine V gifted one to Pepin the short.

With the exception of a few machines, engineering and science stagnated in the West due to the collapse of the Roman Empire during late antiquity.

Middle Ages
During the Islamic Golden Age (7th to 15th century), Muslim inventors made remarkable contributions in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206 and presented many mechanical designs. Al-Jazari is also the first known person to create devices such as the crankshaft and camshaft, which now form the basics of many mechanisms.

The earliest practical wind-powered machines, the windmill and wind pump, first appeared in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD. The earliest practical steam-powered machine was a steam jack driven by a steam turbine, described in 1551 by Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in Ottoman Egypt.

The cotton gin was invented in India by the 6th century AD, and the spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world by the early 11th century, both of which were fundamental to the growth of the cotton industry. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning jenny, which was a key development during the early Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. The crankshaft and camshaft were invented by Al-Jazari in Northern Mesopotamia circa 1206, and they later became central to modern machinery such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine and automatic controls.

The earliest programmable machines were developed in the Muslim world. A music sequencer, a programmable musical instrument, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated flute player invented by the Banu Musa brothers, described in their Book of Ingenious Devices, in the 9th century. In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable automata/robots. He described four automaton musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable drum machine, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns. The castle clock, a hydropowered mechanical astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari, was the first programmable analog computer.

The medieval Chinese horologist and engineer Su Song (1020–1101 AD) incorporated an escapement mechanism into his astronomical clock tower two centuries before escapement devices were found in medieval European clocks and also invented the world's first known endless power-transmitting chain drive.

The Middle Ages saw the wide spread adoption of machines to aid in labor. The many rivers of England and northern Europe allowed the power of moving water to be utilized. The water-mill became instrumental in the production of many goods such as food, fabric, leathers, and papers. These machines used were some of the first to use cogs and gears, which greatly increased the mills productivity. The camshaft allowed rotational force to be converted into directional force. Less significantly, tides of bodies of water were also harnessed.

Wind-power later became the new source of energy in Europe, supplementing the water mill. This advancement moved out of Europe into the Middle East during the Crusades.

Metallurgy advanced by a large degree during the Middle Ages, with higher quality iron allowing for more sturdy constructions and designs. Mills and mechanical power provided a consistent supply of trip-hammer strikes and air from the bellows.

European Renaissance
During the 17th century, important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England.  Sir Isaac Newton formulated Newton's Laws of Motion and developed Calculus, the mathematical basis of physics. Newton was reluctant to publish his works for years, but he was finally persuaded to do so by his colleagues, such as Sir Edmond Halley, much to the benefit of all mankind. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is also credited with creating Calculus during this time period.

Leonardo da Vinci was a notable engineer, designing and studying many mechanical systems that were focused around transportation and warfare His designs would later be compared to early aircraft design.

Although wind power provided a source of energy away from riverside estate and saw massive improvements in its harnessing, it could not replace the consistent and strong power of the watermill. Water would remain the primary source of power of pre-industrial urban industry through the Renaissance.

Industrial Revolution

At the end of the Renaissance, scientists and engineers were beginning to experiment with steam power. Most of the early apparatuses faced problems of low horsepower, inefficiency, or danger. The need arose for an effective and economical power source because of the flooding of deep-mines in England, which could not be pumped out using alternative methods. The first working design was Thomas Savory's 1698 patent. He continuously worked on improving and marketing the invention across England. At the same time, others were working on improvements to Savory's design, which did not transfer heat effectively.

Thomas Newcomen would take all the advancements of the engineers and develop the Newcomen Atmospheric Engine. This new design would greatly reduce heat loss, move water directly from the engine, and allow variety of proportions to be built in.

The Industrial Revolution brought steam powered factories utilizing mechanical engineering concepts. These advances allowed an incredible increase in production scale, numbers, and efficiency.

During the 19th century, material sciences advances had begun to allow implementation of steam engines into Steam Locomotives and Steam-Powered Ships, quickly increasing the speed at which people and goods could move across the world. The reason for these advances were the machine tools were developed in England, Germany, and Scotland. These allowed mechanical engineering to develop as a separate field within engineering. They brought with them manufacturing machines and the engines to power them.

At the near end of the Industrial Revolution, internal combustion engine technology brought with it the piston airplane and automobile. Aerospace Engineering would develop in the early 20th century as an offshoot of mechanical engineering, eventually incorporating rocketry.

Coal was replaced by oil based derivatives for many applications.

Modern Age
With the advents of computers in the 20th century, more precise design and manufacturing methods were available to engineers. The rise of CAD software has reduced design times and allowed for precision manufacturing. Engineers are able to simulate the forces and stresses of designs through computer programs. Automated and Computerized manufacturing allowed many new fields to emerge from Mechanical Engineering such as Industrial Engineering. Although a majority of automobiles remain to be gas powered, electric vehicles have risen as a feasible alternative.

Because of the increased complexity of engineering projects, many disciplines of engineer collaborate and specialize in sub fields. One of these collaborations is the field of robotics, in which electrical engineers, computer engineers, and mechanical engineers can specialize in and work together. Mechanical Engineering is the most popular of all the engineering fields for college majors in the 21st century.

Professional associations
The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, thirty years after the civil engineers formed the first such professional society Institution of Civil Engineers.

In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871).

Education
The first schools in the United States to offer an mechanical engineering education were the United States Military Academy in 1817, an institution now known as Norwich University in 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science.

In the 20th century, many governments began regulating both the title of engineer and the practice of engineering, requiring a degree from an accredited university and to past a qualifying test.

See also

 History of engineering
 History of chemical engineering
 History of electrical engineering
 History of structural engineering
 History of the steam engine

References

Category:Mechanical engineering
Category:History of engineering
Category:History of mechanical engineering


Francisco Caceres

Francisco Cáceres is a TV host and producer. He's currently the Film Expert for Telemundo’s national morning show, Un Nuevo Día; and the Host of his own weekly film show on DirecTV Latin America, OnCINEMA. He's also the Main Anchor for Fandango Cine, the Spanish version of the popular Movie-Ticketing website Fandango.com.

Early life
Francisco Cáceres was born and raised in Santa Ana, El Salvador. At the age of 18, he moved to San Salvador to attend Central American University UCA. There, he graduated with honors as the first of his class with a bachelor's degree in Communications.

In 2009, he moved to Madrid to earn a master's degree in Filmmaking from Madrid Film School (ECAM) and King Juan Carlos University.

He speaks Spanish, English and French.

Professional career
He started his television career at the age of 20 in El Salvador, hosting and producing various entertainment TV and radio shows like Ticket con Francisco Cáceres, his own weekly film show that started on Telecorporación Salvadoreña and eventually expanded to Cinemark movie theaters in the rest of Central America and Colombia.

In 2013, he moved to Miami to work at Telemundo, as the Network's Film Expert. That same year he started hosting a Film Review Show on DirecTV Latin America, OnCINEMA, that airs in 13 countries in South America.

His experience as a correspondent includes coverage of the Academy Awards, the Grammys, Latin Grammys, and the Cannes, Sundance and Toronto Film Festivals. Besides, he has interviewed some of the most important personalities in entertainment, including George Clooney, Nicole Kidman, Bono, Madonna, Woody Allen, Penélope Cruz, Jennifer López, Latin superstars Café Tacvba and Calle 13, among others.

Behind the scenes, he has directed, written and produced 2 short films, 20 TV Spots and he has created 5 TV Shows in different genres (entertainment, sports, musicals and game shows). Furthermore, he presented his short film Bebé a primera vista (Baby at first sight) at the Short Film Corner of the Cannes Film Festival.

Awards
Francisco was a correspondent for the 3 time Daytime Emmy Awards winning show Telemundo’s Un Nuevo Día.in 2014, 2015 & 2017.

References

External links
 Official website
 Francisco Cáceres at the Internet Movie Data Base
 Francisco Cáceres profile at Telemundo.com
 Francisco Cáceres profile at the Critics' Choice Awards

Category:People from Santa Ana, El Salvador
Category:Salvadoran journalists
Category:Salvadoran television presenters
Category:Central American University alumni


Goldfeld (surname)

Goldfeld is a Jewish East European surname, common among Ashkenazi Jews. Its meaning is 'gold field', probably referring to corn or wheat fields.
Goldfelds in the western hemisphere mostly come from what is now known as Ukraine.

Notables Goldfelds are:
 Dorian M. Goldfeld (born 1947), American mathematician
 Ester Goldfeld (born 1993), American tennis player
 Julius Goldfeld (1860–1937), German lawyer and politician (article in German)
 Otto Goldfeld-Zeltinsh (1889–1941), German-Russian officer of Latvian and German army (article in Russian)
 Stephen Goldfeld (1940–1995), American economist

See also
 Goldfield (disambiguation)
 Goldberg (disambiguation)

Category:Surnames
Category:Jewish surnames
Category:German-language surnames
Category:Toponymic surnames
Category:Yiddish-language surnames


Chi Alpha (Christian Fellowship)

Chi Alpha | ΧΑ (sometimes XA or SfC, officially known as Chi Alpha Christian Fellowship), is an international and interdenominational student Christian Fellowship on college campuses. Sponsored by Chi Alpha Campus Ministries and local churches, it is open to college students of all backgrounds. Even though the national governing organization is a ministry of the Assemblies of God, membership at local chapters includes many people of varying denominations.

Chapter names

Chi Alpha is also known by many local chapter names like, University Christian Fellowship, Chi Alpha Life, Campus Christian Fellowship, “[Insert School-name]" Christian Fellowship, "[Insert School Abbreviation or Short-name]" Chi Alpha on some campuses, or also by the organization's older name 'Christians in Action,' the current name used throughout most of Europe ‘Students for Christ,’ or several other local or regional names. Despite its name, it is not a fraternity or sorority.

Depending on the chapter, Chi Alpha stands for either “Christians in Action”, "Christ's Ambassadors", and/or “Χριστού Απόστολοι (Christou Apostoloi | Christ's Ambassadors)”. The name "Christou Apostoloi" is said to come from 2 Corinthians 5:20 in the New Testament of the Christian Bible which states that “We are therefore Christ’s ambassadors, as though God were making His appeal through us. We implore you on Christ’s behalf, be reconciled to God.” However, according to Strong's Greek Concordance, the exact Greek word in that verse corresponding to the English "ambassador" is 'πρεσβεύω (presbeuó)' in the conjugated form 'πρεσβεύομεν (presbeuomen)' which means "we are ambassadors." The English-to-Greek equivalent 'ἀπόστολος (apóstolos),' which in its plural form 'απόστολοι (apóstoloi)' can be translated back into English as 'apostles,' does not actually occur in the original Greek verse at all but could be a modern Greek translation of an English translation.

Logos
There are many different variations of the logo, and some of them are university specific or city specific while others keep the original national affiliate's  logo.

Motto(s):

Governing Body

Purpose
The mission of Chi Alpha is to reconcile students to Jesus Christ, thereby transforming the university, the marketplace, and the world. Chi Alpha's mission motto is "Every student goes, every student gives, every student prays, and every student welcomes."
To this end, the organization is committed to a fivefold philosophy: being a community of worship, prayer, fellowship, discipleship, and mission.  The core values are Community, Creativity, Diversity, Excellence, Integrity, and Servant-Leadership.

History
The Assemblies of God began a ministry (Chi Alpha Campus Ministries) to collegians in 1947 at the urging of J. Robert Ashcroft (father of John Ashcroft), which consisted of a newsletter sent to college students to encourage them in their faith.

It soon became apparent that a newsletter by itself was inadequate, and so in 1953 Dr. J. Calvin Holsinger  chartered the first Assemblies of God student group at Missouri State University  (formerly Southwest Missouri State University) in Springfield, Missouri where the Assemblies of God headquarters is located. The movement quickly spread to other campuses. For example, the first Chi Alpha to own property was the UC Berkeley chapter, which purchased a house next to campus in 1964.

The name Chi Alpha was inspired by the contemporary Assemblies of God youth movement, Christ's Ambassadors (a phrase in 2 Corinthians 5:20). The initials "CA" were changed to Greek initials "ΧΑ" in order to resemble the names of other college organizations.

Chi Alpha began its development internationally in the 1970s, establishing chapters in Europe under the name Students for Christ, and also into Latin America under various names.

In 1977, the first ever Chi Alpha internship was launched at Western Washington University (WWU) in Bellingham, Washington by the WWU Chi Alpha campus director Brady Bobbink. Since its inception, the internship, known as Campus Ministers in Training (CMIT), has spread to many of the college campuses that Chi Alpha is involved with. CMIT is an internship in which students, after having graduated from a University, dedicate a year of their lives as missionaries to a college campus and receive intense training on how to be an effective missionary for the rest of their lives.

In 1978, Dennis Gaylor became national director of Chi Alpha, and served until April 2013. Chi Alpha is currently led by Scott Martin.

There are now Chi Alpha ministries and fellowships on over 310 campuses throughout the United States involving roughly 28,000 students, and many more in sister organizations around the world.

Chapters

North America

United States

A

AU Chi Alpha: American University
 Chi Alpha Angelo State: Angelo State University
 ASU Chi Alpha (Chi Alpha Arizona State University): Arizona State University
 A-State Chi Alpha: Arkansas State University
 Chi Alpha Arkansas (Chi Alpha UCA, UALR, ATU, Hendrix): Arkansas Tech University
 Chi Alpha Auburn (Auburn University Assemblies of God Ministry): Auburn University
 Chi Alpha Augusta: Augusta University
 Chi Alpha Austin Peay (XApeay): Austin Peay State University

B

 BSU Chi Alpha: Ball State University
Chi Alpha Christian Fellowship at Baylor University: Baylor University
Bellevue College Chi Alpha (BellevueXA): Bellevue College
Bemidji Chi Alpha: Bemidji State University
Above the Haze: A Chi Alpha Campus Ministry (Boston Chi Alpha) | Boston University
Chi Alpha Peoria (Chi Alpha Christian Fellowship On The Campuses of Peoria, Illinois): Bradley University and other universities in Peoria, Illinois.
BuffaloXA (Buffalo State Chi Alpha): Buffalo State College

G

 GMU Chi Alpha (GMUXA): George Mason University

N

 NC State Chi Alpha: NC State

P

 Purdue Chi Alpha: Purdue University

Q

 Queens College Chi Alpha: Queens College

S

 Sinclair Community College
 Stanford Chi Alpha

U

 UVA Chi Alpha (XAATUVA | The Chi Alpha Hub): University of Virginia

 University of Dayton

V

 Virginia Tech Chi Alpha (VTXA | The Chi Alpha House): Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

W

 Winona State University
 Wright State University

Canada

Europe

 SFC-Rotterdam (Rotterdam, South Holland, Netherlands)
Studenten für Christus Deutschland und Europa

Eurasia

 SFC Russia (Russia) -- chartered at Kemerovo State University.

Countries

 India

Latin America

Asia Pacific

Countries

 Japan

Cultural mentions

In the 2014-2015 school year, Chi Alpha at CSU Stanislaus was removed from campus because they required that their leaders be Christians. The case gained national attention and was covered on Fox News. The chapter was eventually reinstated.
 The chapters at Georgetown University and the University of New Hampshire were highlighted in a 2003 article in The New York Times entitled "Of Bart and Homer, and the Many Ways of Faith" - an article about their use of the Simpsons as a Bible study tool, and in 1986 The New York Times mentioned the chapter at Columbia University as representative of a trend of growing Christian fellowships on campuses in the northeastern United States.
Annie Dillard wrote a widely reprinted essay, "Singing with the Fundamentalists", about her experiences singing with a group of students from the Chi Alpha chapter at Western Washington University (a chapter which operates under the local name of Campus Christian Fellowship).

Notable alumni

 Kris Allen, the 2009 American Idol winner, was a member of Chi Alpha when he was a student at University of Central Arkansas in Conway, Arkansas.

References

External links

 Chi Alpha Missions (archived copy)
 Chi Alpha Nicaragua (archived copy)

Category:Assemblies of God
Category:Christian organizations established in 1953
Category:Student religious organizations in the United States
Category:Evangelical organizations
Category:Christianity
Category:Fellowships


American Psychiatric Nurses Association

The American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA) is a professional association of psychiatric-mental health nurses. Founded in 1986, it provides continuing education and a range of professional services to a membership of more than 9000 nurses. It publishes position papers on mental health issues and the care of persons with psychiatric disorders.

Membership
APNA is the largest psychiatric-mental health nursing organization, with more than 40 national and international chapters. Educational levels vary from basic to doctoral. The membership includes psychiatric registered nurses, advanced practice registered nurses, nursing students, licensed practical nurses, and retired nurses.

Publications
APNA has an electronic newsletter entitled APNA News: The Psychiatric Nursing Voice that is emailed to all members monthly.
The Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association (JAPNA) is published bimonthly by SAGE Publications. APNA membership includes a subscription JAPNA. Members may also access JAPNA online. It includes peer-reviewed articles regarding psychiatric and mental health nursing, improving mental health care, and health care policy. It has a circulation of 10,809 subscribers. APNA also co-published Psychiatric-Mental Health: Scope and Standards of Practice with the American Nurses Association and International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses.

Continuing Nursing Education
APNA is an accredited provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. The organization offers live and online continuing nursing education programs.

The APNA Annual Conference is the largest gathering of psychiatric and mental health nurses in the US and consists of three days of continuing education specific to psychiatric mental health nursing.

The APNA Annual Clinical Psychopharmacology Institute offers sessions which provide psychopharmacology continuing education contact hours related to psychiatric medications. This institute addresses the interaction of neurobiological and genetic mechanisms, Axis I and II disorders and clinical syndromes, and current health care issues in recovery including transcultural care delivery. Complex health issues, polypharmacy, and recently approved medications are also addressed.

APNA worked collaboratively with the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners on a three part series, Counseling Points - Caring for Patients with ADHD Throughout the Lifespan. APNA is developing a three part series of Counseling Points on tobacco dependence entitled "Breaking Barriers and Implementing Change".

References

External links

Category:Psychiatric nursing
Category:Nursing organizations in the United States
Category:Medical and health organizations based in Virginia


Cooper T86

The Cooper T86 was a Formula One racing car built by Cooper and first raced in 1967. B and C specification cars were also built to accommodate different engines, but the car could not revive Cooper's fortunes and this type represents the last Formula One chassis built and raced by the former champion team.

T86
The Cooper T81 had proved rather successful when it first appeared in 1966 but by mid-1967 it had slipped behind the newer cars of the leading teams. The new T86 car was built for Cooper's lead driver Jochen Rindt to use, starting with the British Grand Prix, a narrower, lower and lighter car fabricated from Elektron alloys with a bump around the gear lever to give the driver more space while changing gear, a feature that became a common sight on single-seater cars well into the 1970s. The new chassis was some 112 lb lighter than the T81, but was still overweight due to its Maserati V12, an engine whose first incarnation had raced in Formula One in 2.5-litre form some ten years earlier. It was found that the car had a tendency to get light at the front at high speeds, but ahead of the Italian Grand Prix this was fixed by the mounting of a small spoiler on the nose, another innovative feature. Jacky Ickx drove the car at Watkins Glen, and former Grand Prix winner Ludovico Scarfiotti gave the car its last outing for the works team in the first race of 1968.

The car wasn't used for the remainder of 1968, and by 1969 it had been acquired by Colin Crabbe, who got Vic Elford in to drive the car for his appropriately named Antique Automobiles racing team in the International Trophy. Neil Corner drove the car at the non-championship Madrid Grand Prix but Elford came back for the Monaco Grand Prix where the car qualified last and finished last of those still running, 6 laps down in 7th place. It was to be the last time a Cooper was raced in a championship Grand Prix as Crabbe acquired the McLaren M7B for Elford to drive in later races.

T86B
For the 1968 season a 'B' specification T86 was produced to incorporate the BRM V12 which replaced the ageing Maserati unit and made its debut at the second race of the season in Spain. Two cars were initially constructed, a third being built after Redman's crash at Spa, and these were used exclusively by the Cooper works team during the 1968 Formula One season. Cooper's version of the BRM V12 was a less powerful "sportscar" version of the engine, which was already one of the heaviest on the grid, but after finishing third and fourth (thanks to the unreliability of others) in both Spain and Monaco the car gradually slipped down the grid towards the season's end. The Mexican Grand Prix would be the last Formula One race for a works Cooper car, as the Cooper team decided it could not continue to compete in Formula One with no sponsorship money available for 1969 and auctioned off the two T86B chassis still in its possession. The first T86B was acquired by Martin Brain who drove the car with some success in British hillclimb and club races, but in a Formula Libre race at Silverstone in 1970 Brain left the track and flipped the car, and was killed.

T86C
The third T86 built in 1968 was a special 'C' specification car made for a 3.0-litre Alfa Romeo V8 engine as used in the Tipo 33 sportscar, with an eye to Cooper using the Alfa engine in future instead of the BRM. Lucien Bianchi was entered in the car at Brands Hatch and Monza but did not take part in either meeting, Alfa Romeo withdrawing their support when it became clear in testing that the V8 was badly underpowered, with subsequent developments failing on the test bench. Alfa Romeo did eventually enter F1 with the V8 with McLaren in 1970 and March in 1971. The chassis was later converted to F5000 spec with a 5-litre Ford V8 and entered in 11 events in the 1970 Guards European Formula 5000 Championship driven by Fred Place but was not very successful. The following year the car missed the F5000 season as it had been stolen along with a spare engine, but the chassis was later recovered. The car has since been restored to its original form with a similar Alfa Romeo V8 to its intended powerplant, and appears regularly in historic racing.

Complete Formula One World Championship results

 Includes points scored by the Cooper T81 and Cooper T81B entries

References

External links
 Advert for recently sold T86
 Cooper T86 Specifications

Category:Cooper Formula One cars


Convenience Store Woman

is a 2016 novel by Japanese writer Sayaka Murata. It captures the atmosphere of the familiar convenience store that is so much part of life in Japan. The novel won the Akutagawa Prize in 2016. Aside from working as a writer, Murata worked at a convenience store three times a week, basing her novel on her experiences. Originally published in 2016 by Bungeishunjū, an English-language translation by Ginny Tapley Takemori was released by Grove Press (US) and Portobello Books (UK) in 2018. It is the first of Murata's novels to be translated into English.

Plot
Keiko Furukura is a 36-year old woman, who has been working part-time at a convenience store, or konbini, for the last 18 years. She knows since childhood that she is "different" and that expressing her own views and actions is inexplicable and distressing to others, and causes problems.

The highly regulated world of the konbini, where each action is prescribed by the corporate manual, allows her to maintain an identity acceptable to those around her and a sense of purpose. She models her behaviour, dresss style and even speech patterns on those of her coworkers. Keiko maintains some frienships and a relationship with her sister, but finds it increasingly difficult to explain why, after 18 years, she is still single and working as a temp in a convenience store.

In the novel she meets Shiraha, a man who cannot hold a steady job and lives on the fringes of society since he doesn't conform to "normal" expectations. While they have no affection for each other, Shiraha eventually moves in with Keiko. They decide that by pretending to be a couple they can avoid problems with families and a society that expects them to have romantic relationships, children and stable job.

As part of the plan Keiko eventually quits her job in the konbini, though she immediately feels that her life has lost purpose. She stays home, doing nothing, and only at Shiraha's insistence applies for steady jobs.

On the way to the first job interview, Keiko and Shiraha stop at a konbini. She sees that the store is not as regulated and immediately begins rearranging the merchandise and assisting the staff. When Shiraha confronts her, she explains that her purpose in life is to be a konbini employee; even though she knows that it would be easier and more convenient for her to live the semblance of a "normal" life with him. She then walks away from an enraged Shiraha, cancels the interview and resolves to find herself a new konbini.

Background
Murata herself works at a convenience store on a part-time basis. In a profile for The New York Times the author explained she "wanted to illustrate how odd the people who believe they are ordinary or normal are" and that she admires Keiko's character, who choses and is fine with not having sex at all. She says that she wanted to write from the perspective of "someone who defied conventional thinking, particularly in a conformist society".

Reception

Joyce Lau of the South China Morning Post gave the novel four out of five stars, calling it a "cutting commentary on the pressure society puts on its citizens, particularly single women." Julie Myerson of The Guardian gave the novel a generally positive review, calling it "sublimely weird" and praising the "nutty deadpan prose and even more nuttily likable narrator.".

The novel won the Akutagawa Prize and sold over 600.000 copies in Japan.

See also
 Japanese women writers
 Akutagawa Prize

References

External links
Convenience Store Woman, Grove Atlantic

Category:2016 Japanese novels
Category:Bungeishunjū books
Category:Novels set in Japan


Ömer Toprak

Ömer Toprak (born 21 July 1989) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a centre back for German club Werder Bremen, on loan from Borussia Dortmund, and the Turkey national team.

Club career
Toprak began his career with TSB Ravensburg in 1994. In 2001, he moved to FV Ravensburg.

SC Freiburg
Toprak signed for SC Freiburg in 2005. Three years later, He signed his first professional contract in the 2007–08 season. During that period, he played for Freiburg U19 and the reserve team and won 22 games with the latter.

In his first professional season, he featured in 26 league games and scored 4 goals as Freiburg won the 2. Bundesliga and promoted after a defeat of VfL Osnabrück. On 9 June 2009, Toprak suffered from a karting accident, causing him to miss the first half of the 2009–10 season but he recovered, scoring a goal against Hamburger SV on the 65th minute. Toprak played 24 league games during the 2010–11 season.

Bayer Leverkusen
Bayer 04 Leverkusen signed Toprak as a replacement for newly retired Sami Hyypiä for a reported transfer fee of €2 to 3 million. He appeared in the match versus Dynamo Dresden in the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal but they were eliminated 4–3. In Bayer's first match against Mainz 05, he scored an own goal, causing his team to lose 2–0. He scored another own goal against Hertha BSC. Bayer managed to qualify to the Champions League round of 16, where they were eliminated by FC Barcelona.

In January 2014, Toprak agreed a contract extension until 2018.

Werder Bremen
In August 2019, Toprak joined Werder Bremen on a year-long loan from Borussia Dortmund. Werder Bremen announced the deal includes an purchase obligation to permanently sign Toprak that would come into effect with a "high likelihood"; the reported transfer fee agreed for that case was reported as €5 to 6 million.

International career
He was part of the German U-19 national team squad that won the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. He participated in three matches during the tournament, scoring one goal.

On 30 September 2011, Toprak was named to the Turkey national football team squad by coach Guus Hiddink for the upcoming UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches against Germany and Azerbaijan. He made his Turkish debut on 15 November against Croatia in the second leg of UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying play-offs, playing the full 90 minutes of a goalless draw at the Stadion Maksimir in Zagreb which ensured that Croatia advanced to the finals 3–0 on aggregate.

Personal life
Toprak is the son of Turkish immigrants from Sivas. He was born and raised in Ravensburg, Baden-Württemberg. He has one older sister and two older brothers one of whom, Harun, is also a professional football player for FV Ravensburg. His cousin, Rahman Soyudoğru, has also played professional football, including in Germany and Turkey.

On 9 June 2009, Toprak was involved in a karting accident, in which he suffered severe burns and had to be treated in a special clinic. He was able to resume training after only four months.

Career statistics

Club
.

International

Honours
SC Freiburg
 2. Bundesliga: 2008–09

Borussia Dortmund
 DFL-Supercup: 2019

References

External links

 Kicker profile

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Turkish footballers
Category:Turkey international footballers
Category:German footballers
Category:German people of Turkish descent
Category:SC Freiburg players
Category:Association football central defenders
Category:Bundesliga players
Category:People from Ravensburg
Category:Germany youth international footballers
Category:2. Bundesliga players
Category:Bayer 04 Leverkusen players
Category:FV Ravensburg players
Category:Borussia Dortmund players
Category:SV Werder Bremen players
Category:Footballers from Baden-Württemberg


Bogucharsky District

Bogucharsky District  () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Voronezh Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Boguchar. Population: 37,198 (2010 Census);  The population of Boguchar accounts for 31.8% of the district's total population.

References

Notes

Sources

Category:Districts of Voronezh Oblast


Odense City Hall

Odense City Hall () houses the administrative offices of Odense Municipality in the city of Odense on the Danish island of Funen.

Today's building was designed by Johan Daniel Herholdt and Carl Lendorf in the Historicist style, inspired by Italian buildings such as the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena which it closely resembles. Completed in 1885, tts red masonry bears sandstone decorations, stepped gables and a saw-tooth course. It stands on the site of a smaller building from 1480. In 1937, Bent Helveg-Møller won the competition for the building's enlargement. The tower over the main entrance was torn down in 1942 but was not rebuilt. As work was delayed during the war, the extension was not completed until 1955. In conjunction with Hans Christian Andersen's 200th anniversary in 2005, comprehensive renovation work was completed on the building's interiors, including the entrance halls, meeting rooms, banqueting hall and council chamber.

References

Category:Odense
Category:Historicist architecture in Denmark
Category:Government buildings completed in 1883
Category:City and town halls in Denmark
Category:Listed city and town halls in Denmark
Category:Odense Municipality


Vili Savolainen

Vili Savolainen (born 25 October 1985, in Helsinki) is a Finnish football player, who plays as defensive midfielder or a defender.

Savolainen currently represents Tampere United of Veikkausliiga. He started playing football for Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi when he was five years old and made his debut for the senior team, when he was 17 years old. He has also played for the Finnish national team at different junior levels.

References
 Guardian Football

Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Helsinki
Category:Finnish footballers
Category:Veikkausliiga players
Category:Tampere United players
Category:Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players
Category:Association football defenders


Rockford Public School District 205

Rockford Public Schools, officially designated by the state as Rockford Public Schools District 205 is a large unit school district located in Rockford, Illinois. In 2012, the district had an enrollment of 26,980 students, making it the fourth-largest school district by enrollment in Illinois.  Per student, the school district spends approximately $11,400 on average.

History

Early 19th century
Following its founding as two separate settlements in the 1830s, residents of Rockford, Illinois (joined in 1839 from two separate communities) began to set up a network of schools in the community.  From the 1830s to the 1850s, all of the schools in Rockford were private, charging tuition for students.   In 1855, Illinois passed a law requiring communities to establish public schools free of tuition.

1857-1884: Two school districts
In response to the state legislation requiring public schools, the city of Rockford established two separate school districts for each half of the city: District 1, east of the Rock River, and District 2, west of the river.  Operated by the city council (in lieu of a formal school board), both school districts featured a graded structure, from first grade through high school.

The school systems on both sides of the city proved popular, with overcrowding becoming an issue by the end of the 1860s.  Out of necessity, both districts built dedicated elementary schools.

1884-1900: One school district
In 1884, the city of Rockford consolidated its separate school districts into a single citywide school district; a referendum to create a separate school board lost, keeping the schools under city control.  As part of the unification, the two overcrowded schools serving high school grades were replaced by a centrally-located dedicated high school, with Rockford Central High School opening in 1885.

During the 1890s, the school district began a campaign of school expansion and updates, replacing several stone school buildings with brick ones.  In what has become a long-running tradition, school names were renamed from individual city wards to take on the names of historical Rockford citizens.

1900-1950
As Rockford expanded during the first decades off 20th century, so did the school district, adding several elementary schools.  By 1915, Rockford Central High had undergone three additions (in 1900, 1906, 1913), with the school district purchasing an additional building adjacent to the school in 1917.  To partially address the overcrowding, the school district constructed two junior high schools in the early 1920s.  As a further stopgap, 9th grade students were moved out of Central High School after their construction.

By the mid-1930s, the population of Rockford (which had grown seven-fold since 1885) had outgrown its single high school.  In addition, the condition of Rockford Central High was considered too deteriorated to house students.  In 1938, the school board approved $3 million in funding to build two new high schools to replace Rockford Central, with 45% of the budget funded by Works Progress Administration.  Opened in 1940, Rockford East High School and Rockford West High School became the fourth and fifth secondary schools of the district (alongside a second west-side junior also high opened in 1940).

1950-2000
During the 1950s, Rockford underwent a significant period of population growth, becoming the second-largest city in Illinois.  Coinciding with population growth, the city saw significant expansion away from the river westward and eastward.  The creation of entirely new neighborhoods in the city led to construction of several elementary and junior high schools.  By the early 1960s, the expansion outward led to the need for two more high schools, Rockford Auburn on the northwest side and Rockford Guilford on the northeast side. Rockford Jefferson on the southeast side was built in 1977 as a fifth high school (replacing a previous high school of the same name opened in 1956 as a junior high).

During much of the 1990s, the Rockford school district underwent a period of required school desegregation as part of a class-action lawsuit.

Schools

With 45 schools in total, Rockford Public Schools has the third-largest number of schools of any district in the state. The district consists of four high schools, six middle schools, and 29 elementary schools.

References

External links
School district Website

Category:Rockford, Illinois
Category:Education in Rockford, Illinois
Category:School districts in Illinois
Category:Education in Winnebago County, Illinois


Jabah Dar

Jabehdar (, also Romanized as Jabah Dār and Jabahdār) is a village in Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Ardabil County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,529, in 330 families.

References

Category:Towns and villages in Ardabil County


Grief counseling

Grief counseling is a form of psychotherapy that aims to help people cope with the physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and cognitive responses to loss. These experiences are commonly thought to be brought on by a loved person's death, but may more broadly be understood as shaped by any significant life-altering loss (e.g., divorce, home foreclosure, or job loss).

Grief counselors believe that everyone experiences and expresses grief in personally unique ways that are shaped by family background, culture, life experiences, personal values, and intrinsic beliefs. They believe that it is not uncommon for a person to withdraw from their friends and family and feel helpless; some might be angry and want to take action. Some may laugh while others experience strong regrets or guilt. Tears or the lack of crying can both be seen as appropriate expressions of grief.

Grief counselors know that one can expect a wide range of emotion and behavior associated with grief. Some counselors believe that in virtually all places and cultures, the grieving person benefits from the support of others. Further, grief counselors believe that where such support is lacking, counseling may provide an avenue for healthy resolution. Grief counselors also believe that where the process of grieving is interrupted, for example, by the one who is grieving having to simultaneously deal with practical issues of survival or by their having to be the strong one who is striving to hold their family together, grief can remain unresolved and later resurface as an issue for counseling.

Counseling
Grief counseling becomes necessary when a person is so disabled by their grief; and, so overwhelmed by their loss that their normal coping processes are disabled or shut down. Grief counseling facilitates expression of emotion and thought about the loss, including their feeling sad, anxious, angry, lonely, guilty, relieved, isolated, confused, or numb.

It includes thinking creatively about the challenges that follow loss and coping with concurrent changes in their lives. Often people feel disorganized, tired, have trouble concentrating, sleep poorly and have vivid dreams, and they may experience the change in appetite. These too are addressed in counseling.

Grief counseling facilitates the process of resolution in the natural reactions to loss. It is appropriate for reaction to losses that have overwhelmed a person's coping ability. There are considerable resources online covering grief or loss counseling such as the Grief Counseling Resource Guide from the New York State Office of Mental Health.

Grief counseling may be called upon when a person suffers anticipatory grief, for example, an intrusive and frequent worry about a loved one whose death is neither imminent nor likely. Anticipatory mourning also occurs when a loved one has a terminal illness. This can handicap that person's ability to stay present whilst simultaneously holding onto, letting go of, and drawing closer to the dying relative.

Joanne Jozefowski in 1999 through The Phoenix Phenomenon: Rising from the Ashes of Grief summarizes five stages to rebuild a shattered life.

 Impact: shock, denial, anxiety, fear, and panic.
 Chaos: confusion, disbelief, actions out of control, irrational thoughts and feelings, feeling despair, feeling helpless, desperate searching, losing track of time, difficulty sleeping and eating, obsessive focus on the loved one and their possessions, agony from imagining their physical harm, shattered beliefs.
 Adapting: bringing order back into daily life while you continue to grieve: take care of basic needs (personal grooming, shopping, cooking, cleaning, paying bills), learn to live without the loved one, accept help, focus on helping children cope, connect with other grieving families for mutual support, take control of grieving so that grief does not control you, slowly accept the new reality.
 Equilibrium: attaining stability and routines: reestablish a life that works alright, enjoy pleasant activities with family members and good times with friends, do productive work, choose a positive new direction in life while honoring the past, learn how to handle people who ask questions about what you’ve been through.
 Transformation: rethinking your purpose in life and the basis for your identity; looking for meaning in tragic, senseless loss; allowing yourself to have both painful and positive feelings about your loss and become able to choose which feelings you focus on; allowing yourself to discover that your struggle has led you to develop a stronger, better version of yourself than you expected could exist; learning how to talk with others about your heroic healing journey without exposing them to your pain; becoming supportive of others trying to deal with their losses.

Grief therapy
There is a distinction between grief counseling and grief therapy. Counseling involves helping people move through uncomplicated, or normal, grief to health and resolution. Grief therapy involves the use of clinical tools for traumatic or complicated grief reactions. This could occur where the grief reaction is prolonged or manifests itself through some bodily or behavioral symptom, or by a grief response outside the range of cultural or psychiatrically defined normality.

Grief therapy is a kind of psychotherapy used to treat severe or complicated traumatic grief reactions, which are usually brought on by the loss of a close person (by separation or death) or by community disaster. The goal of grief therapy is to identify and solve the psychological and emotional problems which appeared as a consequence.

They may appear as behavioral or physical changes, psychosomatic disturbances, delayed or extreme mourning, conflictual problems or sudden and unexpected mourning). Grief therapy may be available as individual or group therapy. A common area where grief therapy has been extensively applied is with the parents of cancer patients.

Controversies

Efficacy and iatrogenesis

At present (as of 2008), a controversy exists in the scholarly literature regarding grief therapy's relative efficacy and the possible harm from it (iatrogenesis). Researchers have suggested that people may resort to receiving grief therapy in the absence of complicated (or abnormal) grief reactions and that, in such cases, grief therapy may cause a normal bereavement response to turn pathological. Others have argued that grief therapy is highly effective for people who suffer from unusually prolonged and complicated responses to bereavement.

In March 2007, an article in the APS journal, Perspectives on Psychological Science, included grief counseling and grief therapy on a list of treatments with the potential to cause harm to clients. In particular, individuals experiencing "relatively normal bereavement reactions" were said to be at risk of a worse outcome after receiving grief counselling. The APS journal article in turn has been criticized in the British Psychological Society's publication the psychologist as lacking scientific rigour.

Validity of "complicated grief"

Some mental health professionals have questioned whether complicated grief exists. New diagnostic criteria for "complicated grief" have been proposed for the new DSM, the DSM-V. One argument against creating a classification for "complicated grief" holds that it is not a unique mental disorder. Rather it is a combination of other mental disorders, such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and personality disorders.

Empirical studies have been attempting to convincingly establish the incremental validity of complicated grief. In 2007, George Bonanno and colleagues published a paper describing a study that supports the incremental validity of complicated grief. The paper cautions, "the question of how complicated grief symptoms might be organized diagnostically is still very much open to debate." As this is a current debate in the field, new research on this topic is likely to appear in the scientific literature.

Trauma counseling
Anticipating the impact of loss or trauma (to the extent than anyone can), and during and after the events of loss or trauma, each person has unique emotional experiences and ways of coping, of grieving and of reacting or not. Sudden, violent or unexpected loss or trauma imposes additional strains on coping. When a community is affected such as by disaster both the cost and sometimes the supports are greater.

Weeping, painful feelings of sadness, anger, shock, guilt, helplessness and outrage are not uncommon. These are particularly challenging times for children who may have had little experience managing strong affects within themselves or in their family. These feelings are all part of a natural healing process that draws on the resilience of the person, family and community.

Time and the comfort and support of understanding loved ones and once strangers who come to their aid, supports people healing in their own time and their own way. Research shows that resilience is ordinary rather than extraordinary. The majority of people who survive loss and trauma do not go on to develop PTSD. Some remain overwhelmed.

This article addresses counseling with complex grief and trauma, not only complex post-traumatic stress disorder but those conditions of traumatic loss and psychological trauma that for a number of reasons are enduring or disabling. For example, where an adult is periodically immobilised by unwelcome and intrusive recall of the sudden and violent death of a parent in their childhood.

One that they were unable to grieve because they were the strong one who held the family together, or whose feelings of outrage and anger were unacceptable or unmanageable at the time or because the loss of the breadwinner catapulted the family into a precipitous fall losing home, community and means of support.

The post-trauma self
Because of the interconnectedness of trauma, PTSD, human development, resiliency and the integration of the self, counseling of the complex traumatic aftermath of a violent death in the family, for example, require an integrative approach, using a variety of skills and techniques to best fit the presentation of the problem.

Disruption in the previously supportive bonds of attachment and of the person's ability to manage their own affects challenges traditional, so called 'non-directive' client centered counseling approaches. One example of this paradigm shift in approaches is the Multitheoretical Psychotherapy of Jeff Brooks-Harris.

The post-traumatic self may not be the same person as before. This can be the source of shame, secondary shocks after the event and of grief for the lost unaltered self, which impacts on family and work.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wislon | first1 = J.P | year = 2006 | title = Posttraumatic Shame and Guilt | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/34115095480ec005ad51c34ed10259444ee0e568| journal = Trauma, Violence, & Abuse | volume = 7 | issue = 2| pages = 122–141 | doi = 10.1177/1524838005285914 | pmid = 16534148 }}</ref> Counseling in these circumstances is designed to maximize safety, trauma processing, and reintegration regardless of the specific treatment approach.

 See also

 References

Sources
Hammerschlag, Carl A. The Dancing Healers. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1988.

Staudacher, Carol. A Time to Grieve: Mediations for Healing after the Death of a Loved One. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1994.

Further reading
 Yarbrough, Julie (2015). Grief Light: Reflections on Grief''. .

Category:Counseling
Category:Death customs
Category:Grief
Category:Psychotherapy


Eterniti Motors

Eterniti Motors was a short-lived British company founded in 2010 and placed in administration in January 2014.

It unveiled its first and only car, the Hemera, at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. In 2012 the Hemera was shown in China at the Beijing International Automotive Exhibition as the Artemis.

Models

Initially called the Hemera, Eterniti Motor's only vehicle was renamed Artemis when shown at the 2012 Beijing Motor Show. The Artemis features a Porsche 4.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8, producing  and  of torque, resulting in a claimed a 0-62 mph time of 4.2 seconds and a top speed of .

The Artemis has been named the world’s first Super-SUV, extensively modifying the Porsche Cayenne with new carbon composite body panels and ultra-low profile 315/25 tyres that sit on large 23" super-lightweight forged alloy rims. The standard specification features twin electric reclining seats in the rear, a choice of starlight roof lining or panoramic glass roof, quilted undercarpets and boot trim, lambswool rugs, electronic-reveal iPads, and a drinks chiller.

Company history
The company is formally registered as Eterniti Motors Limited and was registered in September 2010. Its first public announcement was not until 16 August 2011. Eterniti Motors is backed by a group of international investors with collective experience in high-level luxury automobiles. The team is said to have extensive experience in retailing some of the most prestigious British and European luxury and high-performance car brands, in markets from the UK to Asia-Pacific. It has further experience in the development and manufacture of high-end components and motor sport.
The company listed Alastair Macqueen, a former XJ220 developer as its Chief Engineer, Tim Sugden as interim General Manager, and Mark Carbery formerly of Lexus as Head of Brand and Communications. Former Formula One driver Johnny Herbert was briefly mentioned as developing and promoting the vehicle.

See also
 List of companies based in London
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links
Official Eterniti Motors website

Category:Car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Category:Defunct companies based in London
Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2010
Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2014
Category:British companies established in 2010
Category:2010 establishments in England
Category:2014 disestablishments in England
Category:2010 in London
Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England


Cosi Fan Tutti

Cosi Fan Tutti is a novel by Michael Dibdin, the fifth entry in the Aurelio Zen series.  One strand of the plot plays on the storyline of the Mozart opera Così fan tutte. In addition, the chapter titles are all taken from the titles of sections of the opera libretto.

Plot
Under a cloud again, Italian police detective Zen thinks he has found himself a backwater sinecure in Naples, Italy, where he can coast towards retirement. He is prepared to tolerate all manner of scams in return for a quiet life with pastries and a cappuccino on his desk every morning, not the least of which is a brothel on the top floor of the police station of which he is nominally in command. But corrupt politicians, shady businessmen and eminent mafiosi are disappearing off the streets at an alarming rate and although Zen's commitment to his work is at an all-time low, he finds himself reluctantly embroiled.

Category:1996 British novels
Category:Novels by Michael Dibdin
Category:Novels set in Naples
Category:Faber and Faber books


MRPL33

39S ribosomal protein L33, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL33 gene.

Function

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.

References

Further reading

External links

Category:Ribosomal proteins