Magnetic mirror

A magnetic mirror, known as a magnetic trap (магнитный захват) in Russia and briefly as a pyrotron in the US, is a type of magnetic confinement device used in fusion power to trap high temperature plasma using magnetic fields. The mirror was one of the earliest major approaches to fusion power, along with the stellarator and z-pinch machines.

In a magnetic mirror, a configuration of electromagnets is used to create an area with an increasing density of magnetic field lines at either end of the confinement area. Particles approaching the ends experience an increasing force that eventually causes them to reverse direction and return to the confinement area. This mirror effect will only occur for particles within a limited range of velocities and angles of approach, those outside the limits will escape, making mirrors inherently "leaky".

An analysis of early fusion devices by Edward Teller pointed out that the basic mirror concept is inherently unstable. In 1960, Soviet researchers introduced a new "minimum-B" configuration to address this, which was then modified by UK researchers into the "baseball coil" and by the US to "yin-yang magnet" layout. Each of these introductions led to further increases in performance, damping out various instabilities, but requiring ever-larger magnet systems. The tandem mirror concept, developed in the US and Russia at about the same time, offered a way to make energy-positive machines without requiring enormous magnets and power input.

By the late 1970s, many of the design problems were considered solved, and Lawrence Livermore Laboratory began the design of the Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF) based on these concepts. The machine was completed in 1986, but by this time, experiments on the smaller Tandem Mirror Experiment revealed new problems. In a round of budget cuts, MFTF was mothballed, and eventually scrapped. The mirror approach has since seen less development, in favor of the tokamak, but mirror research continues today in countries like Japan and Russia.

A fusion reactor concept called the Bumpy torus made use of a series of magnetic mirrors joined in a ring. It was investigated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory until 1986.

History

The concept of magnetic-mirror plasma confinement was proposed in the mid-1950s independently by Gersh Budker at the Kurchatov Institute, Russia and Richard F. Post at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the US.

With the formation of Project Sherwood in 1951, Post began development of a small device to test the mirror configuration. This consisted of a linear pyrex tube with magnets around the outside. The magnets were arranged in two sets, one set of small magnets spaced evenly along the length of the tube, and another pair of much larger magnets at either end. In 1952 they were able to demonstrate that plasma within the tube was confined for much longer times when the mirror magnets at the end were turned on. At the time, he referred to this device as the "pyrotron", but this name did not catch on.

In a now-famous talk on fusion in 1954, Edward Teller noted that any device with convex magnetic field lines would likely be unstable, a problem today known as the flute instability. The mirror has precisely such a configuration, but continued experiments seemed to suggest that the experimental machines were not suffering from this problem, although there were many more practical issues limiting their performance.

In Russia, the first small-scale mirror ("probkotron") was built in 1959 at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk, Russia. They immediately saw the problem Teller had warned them about. To fix the problem, magnetic fields should ideally be concave. This was solved by M.S. Ioffe, who added a series of additional current-carrying bars inside the reactor, such that the resulting magnetic field took on the shape of a twisted bow-tie, known as the minimum-B configuration. They demonstrated that this greatly improved the confinement times to the order of milliseconds.

The mystery of why the US's simple mirrors were not seeing this problem was discovered at a meeting in 1961. Lev Artsimovich inquired how the US team had concluded they had stable plasmas lasting on the order of milliseconds. This turned out to be due to the readings of one diagnostic instrument. When Artsimovich learned they had not accounted for the measurement delay in these instruments, it became clear the US mirrors had been suffering from this problem all along. With this discovery, "Ioffe bars" were quickly taken up by researchers in the US, UK, and Japan.

Tennisball/baseball coils
A group at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy noted that the arrangement could be improved by combining the original rings and the bars into a single new arrangement similar to the seam on a tennis ball. This concept was picked up in the US where it was renamed after the stitching on a baseball. These "baseball coils" had the great advantage that they left the internal volume of the reactor open, allowing easy access for diagnostic instruments. On the downside, the size of the magnet in comparison to the volume of plasma was inconvenient, and required very powerful magnets. Post later introduced a further improvement, the "yin-yang coils", which used two C-shaped magnets to produce the same field configuration, but in a smaller volume.

With the major instability addressed, researchers now discovered that the original leakiness of the design was also far higher than expected. This was traced to a host of newly discovered "microinstabilities" that caused fuel to enter the "escape cone" of the reactor and flow out the ends of the mirror. Suppressing these new problems filled much of the 1960s.

By the late 1960s, magnetic mirror confinement was considered a viable technique for producing fusion energy. In the United States, efforts were initially funded under the United States Atomic Energy Commissions' Project Sherwood. A machine design was first published in 1967. The concept was advocated by Richard F. Post, Kenneth Fowler, Fred Coensgen and many others at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. As a result of advocacy, the cold war, and the 1970s energy crisis a massive magnetic mirror program was funded by the U.S. federal government.

This program resulted in a series of large magnetic mirror devices including: 2X, Baseball I, Baseball II.

However, theoretical calculations showed that the maximum amount of energy they could produce would be about the same as the energy needed to run the magnets.

Tandem mirrors
In the 1970s, a solution was developed. By placing a baseball coil at either end of a large solenoid, the entire assembly could hold a much larger volume of plasma, and thus produce more energy. Plans began to build a large device of this "tandem mirror" design, which became the Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF). Having never tried this layout before, a smaller machine, the Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX) was built to test this layout. TMX demonstrated a new series of problems that suggested MFTF would not reach its performance goals, and during construction MFTF was modified to MFTF-B. TMX itself was also upgraded, to TMX-U.

These machines were built and tested at Livermore from the late 1960s to the mid 1980s. A number of institutions collaborated on these machines, conducting experiments. These included the Institute for Advanced Study and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

The last machine, the Mirror Fusion Test Facility was 372 million dollars, at that time, the most expensive project in Livermore history. It opened on February 21, 1986 and was promptly shut down. The reason given was to balance the United States federal budget. This program was supported from within the Carter and early Reagan administrations by Edwin E. Kintner, a U.S. Navy captain, under Alvin Trivelpiece. Kintner resigned in 1982 complaining that the federal government had not provided the resources needed for the research.

After 1986
Magnetic mirror research continued in Russia, one modern example is the Gas Dynamic Trap, an experimental fusion machine used at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Akademgorodok, Russia.  This machine has achieved a 0.6 beta ratio for 5E-3 seconds, at a low temperature of 1 KeV.

The concept had a number of technical challenges including maintaining the non-Maxwellian velocity distribution. This meant that instead of many high energy ions hitting one another, the ion energy spread out into a bell curve. The ions then thermalized, leaving most of the material too cold to fuse. Collisions also scattered the charged particles so much that they could not be contained. Lastly, velocity space instabilities contributed to the escape of the plasma.

Magnetic mirrors play an important role in other types of magnetic fusion energy devices such as tokamaks, where the toroidal magnetic field is stronger on the inboard side than on the outboard side. The resulting effects are known as neoclassical. Magnetic mirrors also occur in nature. Electrons and ions in the magnetosphere, for example, will bounce back and forth between the stronger fields at the poles, leading to the Van Allen radiation belts.

Mathematical derivation

The mirror effect can be shown mathematically. Assume adiabatic invariance of the magnetic moment, i.e. that the particle's magnetic moment and total energy do not change. Adiabatic invariance is lost when a particle occupies a null point or zone of no magnetic field. The magnetic moment can be expressed as:

It is assumed that μ will remain constant while the particle moves into the denser magnetic field. Mathematically, for this to happen the velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field  must also rise. Meanwhile the total energy of the particle  can be expressed as:

In regions with no electric field, if the total energy remains constant then the velocity parallel to the magnetic field must drop. If it can go negative then there is a motion repelling the particle from the dense fields.

Mirror ratios

Magnetic mirrors themselves have a mirror ratio this is expressed mathematically as:

At the same time, particles within the mirror have a pitch angle. This is the angle between the particles' velocity vector and the magnetic field vector. Surprisingly, the particles with the small pitch angle can escape the mirror. These particles are said to be in the loss cone. The reflected particles meet the following criteria:

Where  is the particle velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field and  is the particle speed.

This result was surprising because it was expected that heavier and faster particles, or those with less electric charge, would be harder to reflect. It was also expected that smaller magnetic field would reflect less particles. However, the gyroradius in those circumstances is also larger, so that the radial component of the magnetic field seen by the particle is also larger. It is true that the minimum volume and magnetic energy is larger for the case of fast particles and weak fields, but the mirror ratio required remains the same.

Adiabatic invariance

The properties of magnetic mirrors can be derived using the adiabatic invariance of magnetic flux under changes in magnetic field strength. As the field gets stronger, the velocity increases proportionally to the square root of B, and the kinetic energy is proportional to B. This can be thought of as an effective potential binding the particle.

Magnetic bottles

A magnetic bottle is two magnetic mirrors placed close together. For example, two parallel coils separated by a small distance, carrying the same current in the same direction will produce a magnetic bottle between them. Unlike the full mirror machine which typically had many large rings of current surrounding the middle of the magnetic field, the bottle typically has just two rings of current. Particles near either end of the bottle experience a magnetic force towards the center of the region; particles with appropriate speeds spiral repeatedly from one end of the region to the other and back. Magnetic bottles can be used to temporarily trap charged particles. It is easier to trap electrons than ions, because electrons are so much lighter This technique is used to confine the high energy of plasma in fusion experiments.

In a similar way, the Earth's non-uniform magnetic field traps charged particles coming from the sun in doughnut shaped regions around the earth called the Van Allen radiation belts, which were discovered in 1958 using data obtained by instruments aboard the Explorer 1 satellite.

Biconic cusps

If one of the poles in the magnetic bottle is reversed, it becomes a biconic cusp, which can also hold charged particles. Biconic cusps were first studied by Harold Grad at the Courant Institute, studies reveal the presence of different types of particles inside a biconic cusp.

See also
 List of plasma (physics) articles
 Polywell

References

External links
 Lecture Notes from Richard Fitzpatrick

Category:Fusion power


Kentucky Route 44

Kentucky Route 44 (KY 44) is a 70.193 mile (112.965 km) long state highway in the U.S. state of Kentucky managed and maintained by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet.

KY 44 originates at a junction with U.S. Route 31W and U.S. Route 60 northeast of West Point. The Highway continues into Bullitt County and passes through the towns of Shepherdsville and Mt. Washington.  In Shepherdsville, KY 44 is an exit along I-65 (Exit 117).  From there, it enters Spencer County and passes through Taylorsville, Kentucky before briefly continuing into Shelby County and then passing into Anderson County.

KY 44 terminates at a junction with U.S. Route 62 and U.S. Route 127 in Lawrenceburg.

Route description

Jefferson County
KY 44 originates at a junction with U.S. Route 31W and U.S. Route 60 (known as Dixie Highway) as a two-lane undivided highway northeast of West Point in far southwestern Jefferson County at the banks of the Ohio River. From its western terminus, KY 44 heads eastward for  passing a mobile home park and crossing over Pond Creek in some woods before entering into Bullitt County.

Bullitt County
Once in Bullitt County, KY 44 becomes Shepherdsville Road and passes a couple of houses and a mobile home park before crossing over a railroad. The route continues to head eastward through a wooded area, notably intersecting the access road to Knob Creek Gun Range (Ritchey Lane), before entering a more open area with more houses lining the road roughly  from the Jefferson County line. At Hilltop Road, KY 44 curves toward the south, then back toward the north, before heading east again. Roughly  from the Jefferson County line, KY 44 enters the city of Shepherdsville, where it becomes West Fourth Street. The route intersects with KY 61(Buckman Street/Preston Highway) in Shepherdsville, a route running north into downtown Louisville. KY 44 then becomes East Fourth Street and  from KY 61 it meets Interstate 65 at Exit 117. Interstate 65 also runs north into downtown Louisville, or south to Bowling Green and Nashville.

East of I-65, KY 44 becomes Mt. Washington Road as it continues eastward out of Shepherdsville and passes through a residential area with many homes and subdivisions lining the route. A few miles east of Shepherdsville, KY 44 enters the city of Mount Washington. In Mount Washington, KY 44 intersects with US 31E/US 150, also known as Bardstown Road. Bardstown Road runs northeast into downtown Louisville and all the way south to the Tennessee state line. The route continues to head east out of Mount Washington and into Spencer County roughly  east of Mount Washington.

Spencer County
Once KY 44 enters Spencer County, it crosses over Dutchman Creek  from the Bullitt County line. East of Dutchman Creek, the road curves southeast, passing through Waterford. From Waterford, the route continues eastward past Spencer County Middle School and Spencer County Elementary School, and enters the city of Taylorsville roughly  from the Bullitt County line.

In Taylorsville, KY 44 becomes West Main Street until it overlaps with KY 55, where it becomes East Main Street. Less than one mile from the western end of the KY 55 overlap, KY 44 turns north out of downtown Taylorsville and crosses over Brashears Creek. It then passes Spencer County High School and meets the western end of the KY 55 overlap where it turns east out of Taylorsville and becomes a 4-lane divided highway known as Little Mount Road. The highway curves northeast a few miles east of Taylorsville, passing north of Taylorsville Lake. KY 44 meets the western terminus of KY 248 around  northeast of Taylorsville. It turns north toward Shelby County and narrows to two lanes.  north of KY 248, KY 44 enters Shelby County.

Shelby County
In Shelby County, the road becomes Southville Pike and curves northeast passing by occasional houses and open fields. KY 44 meets the southern terminus of KY 148  from the Spencer County line and continues for  longer where it meets KY 53 and KY 714 in Southville. The route then becomes concurrent with KY 53 (Mount Eden Road) as it turns toward the southeast. Roughly  from Southville, KY 44 enters Mount Eden and travels along the Shelby-Spencer County line for a short distance. KY 44 finally crosses back over into Spencer County  southeast of Mount Eden. Roughly  down the road, the route crosses over into Anderson County.

Anderson County
In Anderson County, the road travels toward the south, then curves toward the southeast, and then toward the east.  from the Spencer County line, the route meets the eastern end of the KY 53 overlap in Glensboro, where it becomes Glensboro Road. It continues eastward, passing through Anderson City and meeting the southern terminus of KY 395 east of Anderson City. Roughly  east of KY 395, the road curves toward the north, then back toward the east at McDonald Road. KY 44 enters the city of Lawrenceburg where it intersects with US 62 Truck/US 127 Bypass, also known as the Lawrenceburg Bypass or Bypass North. The route ends at its eastern terminus at an intersection with US 127 and US 62  further east.

History

Sections of Route 44 in Bullitt County follows the Wilderness Road, a historic wagon road established in the early 19th century.

Major intersections

See also
Roads in Louisville, Kentucky

References

External links

KentuckyRoads.com KY 44

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Category:Transportation in Jefferson County, Kentucky


Albeli (1955 film)

Albeli is a 1955 Hindi romantic drama film produced and directed by Devendra Goel. The film starred Geeta Bali in the title role of Albeli. It was produced under the Films And Televisions banner. The music director and lyricist was Ravi, who had made his debut as a composer with Goel's  film Vachan released the same year as Albeli. Besides Geeta Bali, the film co-starred Pradeep Kumar, Brijranjana Shukla, Om Prakash, Randhir, Johnny Walker and Tun Tun.

The film involves a girl infatuated by a theatre personality and her antics in trying to get his attention, to the extent of staging a false kidnapping, both falling in love midway through the drama. A side story focuses on the love affair and elopement of the heroine's sister.

Plot
Geeta and Rita are sisters of Mr. Verma, the owner of Nan Ching Chung hotel. Rita is in love with Brij and Geeta helps her elope and get married. Geeta is infatuated by Pradeep, a singer and musician. When she finds out he is in town, she makes several attempts to meet him, but fails. Pradeep meets Geeta when she is helping Rita elope and in some scuffle and misunderstanding he thinks Geeta is trying to escape some people that are out to get her. He helps take her to the police station where she claims to have been abducted by Pradeep himself. Mr. Verma arrives, and fed up with his daughters antics, he sends them to another town where they enroll in a school to learn music. The music teacher is Pradeep, a fact Geeta knew from before. She again helps her sister to go off on her honeymoon with her husband, while pretending to be Rita to keep up pretenses of her still being at the academy. Her masquerade leads to several funny situations in the film. Eventually, the situation unravels, the father accepts Rita's wedding and Geeta and Pradeep are united.

Cast
 Pradeep Kumar
 Geeta Bali
 Brijranjana Shukla
 Om Prakash
 Randhir
 Johnny Walker
 Tun Tun
 Jankidas
 Rajan Kapoor

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ravi, who also wrote the lyrics for the film. The playback singing was by Asha Bhosle, Lata Mangeshkar and Hemant Kumar.

Songlist

References

External links

Category:1955 films
Category:1950s Hindi-language films
Category:Films scored by Ravi
Category:Indian films
Category:Films directed by Devendra Goel


Emil Kvanlid

Emil Kvanlid (4 July 1911, Målselv – 1 June 1998) was a Norwegian nordic combined skier who won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in both 1938 and 1940. Kvanlid belatedly earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1993.

References
Emil Kvanlid Biography
Holmenkollen medalists - click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file
Holmenkollen winners since 1892 - click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file

Category:1911 births
Category:1998 deaths
Category:People from Målselv
Category:Holmenkollen medalists
Category:Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Category:Norwegian male Nordic combined skiers


Iron Canyon Site

The Iron Canyon Site is a Miocene assemblage of vertebrate fossils located in Kern County, California within the Dove Spring Formation dating from ~23.03—5.33 Ma.

Specimens located
Proboscidea (Gomphotheriidae)
Gomphotherium
Rhinocerotidae
Peraceras
Serbelodon S. burnhami
Equidae
Dinohippus
Pliohippus P. tantalus
Megahippus M. matthewi
Amphicyonidae
Ischyrocyon I. mohavensis
Canidae
Epicyon E. saevus
Artiodactyla
Alluvisorex A. chasseae
Paracosoryx P. furlongi
Merychyus
Lipotyphla
Limnoecus
Erinaceidae
Lagomorpha
Hesperolagomys
Rodentia
Thomomys
Cupidinimus C. avawatzensis, C. tertius
Perognathus P. minutus
Geomyidae
Eucastor
Copemys C. dentalis, C. longidens, C. russelli

References

David P. Whistler and Douglas P. Burbank, Miocene biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Dove Spring Formation, Mojave Desert, California, and characterization of the Clarendonian mammal age (late Miocene) in California.Website

Category:Miocene California
Category:Miocene paleontological sites of North America
Category:Geology of Kern County, California
Category:Paleontology in California


Damir Tappeh

Damir Tappeh (, also Romanized as Damīr Tappeh) is a village in Qeshlaq Rural District, in the Central District of Ahar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 124, in 25 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Ahar County


Le Monnier

Le Monnier or Lemonnier may refer to:

People
André Lemonnier (1896–1963), French admiral who pioneered French underwater research with Jacques Cousteau
Anicet Charles Gabriel Lemonnier (1743–1824), French painter of historical subjects
Camille Lemonnier (1844–1913), Belgian journalist and poet
Charles Lemonnier (also known as Maurice Lemonnier, 1860–1930), Belgian liberal politician and mayor of Brussels
Eduardo Le Monnier (1873–1931), French-Argentine architect who worked in the Buenos Aires Central Business District
Élisa Lemonnier (1805–1865), French educationist who is considered to be the founder of vocational education for women in France
Émile Lemonnier (1893–1945), French general
Francis Lemonnier (1940–1998), French actor and director of the Parisian Théâtre des Variétés
Hervé Lemonnier (born 1947), French rallycross, rally and ice racing driver of the Andros Trophy series
Jérôme Lemonnier, French film composer, known from The Page Turner
Louis-Guillaume Le Monnier (1717–1799), French natural scientist, brother of Pierre Charles
Meg Lemonnier (1905–1988), British-born French singer and film actress
Pierre Charles Le Monnier (1715–1799), French astronomer, brother of Louise Guillaume
Pierre-René Lemonnier (1731–1796), French playwright
Pierre Lemonnier (1675–1757), French astronomer, father of Pierre Charles and Louis Guillaume
Thomas-Paul-Henri Lemonnier (died 1927), 1906-1927 bishop of Bayeux-Lisieux

Other
 Camp Lemonnier, United States Naval Expeditionary Base in Djibouti, named after Emile-René Lemonnier.
 Lemonnier premetro station, an underground tram station in Brussels, Belgium
 Le Monnier (crater), lunar crater named after Pierre Charles Le Monnier
 Le Monnier (publishing house), an Italian publishing house, founded in 1837 and bought in 1999 by Mondadori


Detour (song)

"Detour (There's A Muddy Road Ahead)" is a Western swing ballad written by Paul Westmoreland in 1945. The original version was by Jimmy Walker with Paul Westmoreland and His Pecos River Boys, issued around the beginning of November 1945.

The title comes from the repetition of detour in the chorus:

Written in the first person, the song tells of the singer's regrets for the choices made in life.

Spade Cooley (Columbia 36935), with Tex Williams on vocals, had a big hit with it in 1946, spending 11 weeks on the country charts, reaching number two. Other artist scoring big with the song in 1946 included Wesley Tuttle, number three Elton Britt, number five, and Foy Willing, number six.

A well-known version of the song was the popular recording by Patti Page in 1951. It was released by Mercury Records as catalog number 5682, and first entered the Billboard chart on August 4, 1951, staying for 16 weeks and peaking at number five.

Notable cover versions were recorded by Bill Haley & His Comets for the album Haley's Juke Box (1960; not released as a single), Ella Fitzgerald with Herb Ellis, Dean Martin on his 1965 album Houston and an Instrumental version by Duane Eddy, on his album Have 'Twangy' Guitar Will Travel (1958).

In 2016, American singer Cyndi Lauper recorded "Detour" with Emmylou Harris for her album Detour.

In its various versions, it is the Theme music of the Radio program, "Detour, The Folk, Roots, and World Music Show".

References

Category:Western swing songs
Category:1945 songs
Category:1945 singles
Category:Bill Haley songs
Category:Elton Britt songs
Category:Patti Page songs
Category:Duane Eddy songs


Paul Sébillot

Paul Sébillot (6 February 1843 in Matignon, Côtes-d'Armor, France – 23 April 1918 in Paris) was a French folklorist, painter, and writer. Many of his works are about his native province, Brittany.

Early life and art
Sébillot came from an old Breton family and a line of doctors. His father Pierre Sébillot was cited for his devotion during the cholera epidemic of 1832 at Saint-Cast-le-Guildo, and became mayor of Matignon in 1848.

After studying at the communal college of Dinan, Sébillot moved to Rennes to study jurisprudence, which he completed in Paris in 1863. Very interested in painting, he also took courses with Augustin Feyen-Perrin and in 1870 he exhibited at the Salon a canvas entitled Rochers à Marée Basse (Rocks at Low Tide), which was also later shown at London in 1872. Sébillot continued his painting until 1883, during which time fourteen of his works were shown at the Paris Salon and two at the Vienna World Fair in 1873. His inspiration was largely taken from the Breton landscape. He also contributed to several journals as an art critic: Le Bien Public, La Réforme, L'Art français and L'Art libre.

Writings
In parallel with his art work Sébillot began a literary career with the publication in 1875 of La République, c’est la tranquillité the success of which was such that it was republished twice in the same year. It was at that time that he met the folklorist François-Marie Luzel who translated the book into Breton.

After this he published new works regularly. In 1877, he created La Pomme, an association of Bretons and Normans, of which he became president the following year. In 1889, a monthly journal of the same name was created. In 1881 he initiated with Charles Leclerc the publication Collection des Littératures populaires de toutes les nations (Collection of the Popular Literatures of all Nations), to which he contributed La littérature orale de la Haute-Bretagne (Oral Literature of Upper Brittany). In 1882, came the creation of the Société des Traditions populaires, which organized the Dîners de ma Mère l'Oye, meetings of folklorists which gave rise to the journal of the same name. From 1886 he became the general secretary of the association and assumed the direction of the journal.

In 1889, he participated in the first Congress of Popular Traditions in Paris, and was named principal private secretary to the Ministry of Labour, when his brother-in-law, Yves Guyot was named Minister for Labour. He remained in this job until 1892, an ideal position from which to collect the information which would later be the subject of his book Les Travaux publics et les mines dans les traditions et superstitions de tous les pays (Public Works and the Mines in the Traditions and Superstitions of all Lands), in 1894. The following year, he collected the list of his publications (books and articles), under the title Autobibliographie.

In 1905, he was named President of the Société d'anthropologie.

Selected works
Contes populaires de la Bretagne (popular stories of Brittany)
Le folklore de France (1906)

External links
E. Sidney Hartland. "Obituary: Paul Sébillot" Folk-Lore. Volume 29, 1918.
Picture of Sébillot

Category:1843 births
Category:1918 deaths
Category:Breton writers
Category:Collectors of fairy tales
Category:French folklorists
Category:People from Côtes-d'Armor
Category:Pont-Aven painters
Category:French male writers


Chalfont, Pennsylvania

Chalfont is a borough with home rule status in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,009 at the 2010 census. The borough is served by SEPTA Regional Rail's Lansdale/Doylestown Line at Chalfont station.

Chalfont is named after Chalfont St Giles in Buckinghamshire, England. Chalfont was the home of William Penn's first wife, and William Penn is buried at Jordans Quaker Meeting House near Chalfont St Giles.

The Chalfont Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and contains many  American colonial and Victorian-style houses. Several of these are former residences which are currently occupied by businesses and are concentrated near the intersection of Butler Avenue (U.S. Route 202 Business) and North Main Street (Pennsylvania Route 152) and extend along North Main Street.

Chalfont is located within the Delaware Valley.

Geography
Chalfont is located at  (40.289739, −75.210241).

Natural features
Neshaminy Creek and Pine Run pass through Chalfont.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.3 km²), all of it land.

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Chalfont has a Hot-summer Humid continental climate (Dfa). Dfa climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ , at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ , at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥  and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are slightly humid in Chalfont, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > . Since 1981, the highest air temperature was  on 07/22/2011, and the highest daily average mean dew point was  on 08/13/2016. The average wettest month is July which corresponds with the annual peak in thunderstorm activity. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was  on 09/16/1999. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature is . Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was  on 01/22/1984. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < . The average annual snowfall (Nov-Apr) is between  and . Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥  of snow occur once every few years, particularly during nor’easters from December through February.

Ecology

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Bristol would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak (104) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest (25). The plant hardiness zone is 6b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of . The spring bloom typically begins by April 11th and fall color usually peaks by October 30th.

Demographics

As of the 2010 census, the borough was 92.7% Non-Hispanic White, 1.4% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.0% Asian, and 0.8% were two or more races. 1.7% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry .

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,977 people, 1,382 households, and 1,039 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,365.8 people per square mile (912.6/km²). There were 1,404 housing units at an average density of 851.7 per square mile (328.5/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 95.56% White, 1.15% African American, 0.08% Native American, 1.49% Asian, 0.05% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.25% of the population.

There were 1,382 households, out of which 40.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 34.9% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $63,491, and the median income for a family was $70,592. Males had a median income of $51,139 versus $30,842 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $26,248. About 1.1% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.4% of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over.

History

Originally, the Lenape Indians dwelled in present-day Chalfont. In 1683, William Penn signed a treaty with the local chief and parceled the land to the Free Society of Traders. In 1720, Simon Butler bought over 150 acres of land, including the "Village of Chalfont." After the construction of his home and mill, Butler bought more than 400 more acres of land. Butler was a giant historical figure who acted as a legal and economic powerhouse in the area. After his death, the land was parceled to a number of people. Between then and 1901 Chalfont held several names, including Butler's Mill, Kungle's Tavern, Barndtsville, and Whitehallville. For many years, the most important building in the area was the tavern and public house, which has burnt down many times and now stands as the Pop Inn. During the Victorian era, a train-station was built which helped the community grow and brought about the construction of the many Victorian houses.

In 1885, Chalfont established Forest Park. Forest park started out as a small picnic ground where music could be played. The appearance of the train station in Chalfont assured the park's success.  However, as the park grew it became a small amusement park where local people could enjoy rides, a large swimming pool built in the 1930s,  music (including string bands in the 1940s) and as the hosting ground for many company picnics. The park closed its doors forever in 1968.

George Eckhart later owned the Butler's mill which burned in 1835, he built a larger mill. Later Eckhart's son Martin inherited the mill and his other son inherited the farm. Part of the farmland included an woods of mostly oak locally known as Eckhart's Grove which was frequently used for dance parties, family gatherings, religious camp meetings and Sunday School picnics. Later, in 1885 the mill was owned by Philip B. Grove who leased it to Valentine B. Clymer and Matthew S. Cogan when it burned again and was never rebuilt. Another gristmill was built in 1793 not far from Bulter's mill first operated by men named Miller and Evans, later by Francis D. Hartzel, two of his sons succeeded him. After a fire in 1878, the mill was rebuilt and much of the machinery replaced. About 1761, Henry Lewis built a stone tavern operated by George Kungle during the Revolutionary period. Chalfont was known as Kungles Tavern. After Kungle, the tavern was later owned consecutively by James Morris, Lewis Morris, Abner Morris, then John Barndt from Tylersport. The village was then known as Barndtsville.
William Stevens had a store on the south bank of the West Branch Neshaminy Creek and opened a post office in 1845. Chalfont was then known as Whitehallville. In 1869, the North Pennsylvania Railroad changed the name of the station to Chalfont. Sometime before 1885, the farm inherited by Charles Eckhart was purchased by Isaac Funk. On 27 June 1885, Funk opened the Forest Park on the grounds of the Eckhart's Grove. Guest speakers were attorneys from Doylestown J. Freeman Hendricks and John D. James. Music was provided by the Chalfont Cornet Band. On 20 June 1778, detachments of George Washington's army passed through the West Branch Neshaminy Creek and the North Branch Neshaminy Creek as they travelled from their camp at Valley Forge to Monmouth.

Notable people

Bobby Shantz, 1952 American League Most Valuable Player, operated a popular bowling alley and diner with baseball players Joe Astroth and Shantz's brother, Billy Shantz. The Pit-Catcher, aptly named after the combination of Bobby's career as baseball pitcher and Joe & Billy's careers as catchers, was a popular meeting place for Chalfont residents of all ages. The Pit-Catcher displayed Bobby's golden gloves, MVP trophy, and other baseball memorabilia.

References

External links

 Chalfont Borough official website

Category:Boroughs in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Category:Home Rule Municipalities in Pennsylvania
Category:Populated places established in 1765
Category:Populated places in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Category:1765 establishments in Pennsylvania


Vic Matthews

Victor Charles Matthews (born 23 June 1934) is a British hurdler and decathlete. He competed in the men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

He also represented England in the 120 yards hurdles at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Wales. He was the 1956 National decathlon champion.

References

Category:1934 births
Category:Living people
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Category:British male hurdlers
Category:Olympic athletes of Great Britain
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games


Storage tube

Storage tubes are a class of cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) that are designed to hold an image for a long period of time, typically as long as power is supplied to the tube.

A specialized type of storage tube, the Williams tube, was used as a main memory system on a number of early computers, from the late 1940s into the early 1950s. They were replaced with other technologies, notably core memory, starting in the 1950s.

Storage tubes made a comeback in the 1960s and 1970s for use in computer graphics, most notably the Tektronix 4010 series. Today they are obsolete, their functions provided by low-cost memory devices and liquid crystal displays.

Operation

Background
A conventional CRT consists of an electron gun at the back of the tube that is aimed at a thin layer of phosphor at the front of the tube. Depending on the role, the beam of electrons emitted by the gun is steered around the display using magnetic (television) or electrostatic (oscilloscope) means. When the electrons strike the phosphor, the phosphor "lights up" at that location for a time, and then fades away. The length of time the spot remains is a function of the phosphor chemistry.

At very low energies, electrons from the gun will strike the phosphor and nothing will happen. As the energy is increased, it will reach a critical point, , that will activate the phosphor and cause it to give off light. As the voltage increases beyond  the brightness of the spot will increase. This allows the CRT to display images with varying intensity, like a television image.

Above  another effect also starts, secondary emission. When any insulating material is struck by electrons over a certain critical energy, electrons within the material are forced out of it through collisions, increasing the number of free electrons. This effect is used in electron multipliers as found in night vision systems and similar devices. In the case of a CRT this effect is generally undesirable; the new electrons generally fall back to the display and cause the surrounding phosphor to light up, which appears as a lowering of the focus of the image.

The rate of secondary emission is also a function of the electron beam energy, but follows a different rate curve. As the electron energy is increased, the rate increases until it reaches a critical threshold,  when the number of secondary emissions is greater than the number supplied by the gun. In this case the localized image rapidly fades as energy is removed by the secondary electrons.

In any CRT, images are displayed by striking the screen with electron energies between these two values,  and . Below  no image is formed, and above  any image rapidly fades.

Another side effect, initially a curiosity, is that electrons will stick to the phosphor in lit up areas. As the light emission fades, these electrons are likewise released back into the tube. The charge is generally far too small to have a visual effect, and was generally ignored in the case of displays.

Storage
These two effects were both utilized in the construction of a storage tube. Storage was accomplished by striking any suitably long-lived phosphor with electrons with energies just above , and erased by striking them with electrons above . There were any number of varieties of mechanical layouts used to improve focus or cause the image to be refreshed either internally to the tube or through off board storage.

The easiest example to understand are the early computer memory systems as typified by the Williams tube. These consisted of World War II surplus radar display CRTs connected to a computer. The X and Y deflection plates were connected to amplifiers that converted memory locations into X and Y positions on the screen, in most cases such that positions along the X axis represented individual bits within a word, while Y locations were different words.

To write a value to memory, the address was amplified and sent to the Y deflection plates, such that the beam would be fixed to a horizontal line on the screen. A timer then set the X deflection plate to increasing voltages, causing the beam to be scanned across the selected line. The gun was set to a default energy close to , and the bits from the computer fed to the gun to modulate the voltage up and down such that 0's would be below  and 1's above it. By the time the beam reached the other side of the line, a pattern of short dashes was drawn for each 1, while 0's were empty locations.

To read the values back out, the deflections plates were set to the same values, but the gun energy set to a value above . As the beam scanned the line, the phosphor was pushed well beyond the secondary emission threshold. If the beam was located over a blank area, a certain number of electrons would be released, but if it was over a lit area, the number would be increased by the number of electrons stuck to that area. In the Williams tube these values were read by measuring the capacitance of a metal plate just in front of the display side of the tube. As the reading process also erased any stored values, the signal had to be regenerated through associated circuitry. A CRT with two electron guns, one for reading and one for writing, made this process trivial.

Imaging systems
The earliest computer graphics systems, like those of the TX-2 and DEC PDP-1, required the entire attention of the computer to maintain. A list of vectors stored in main memory was periodically read out to the display to refresh it before the image faded. This generally occurred frequently enough that there was little time to do anything else, and interactive systems like Spacewar! were tour-de-force programming efforts.

For practical use, graphical displays were developed that contained their own memory and an associated very simple computer which offloaded the refreshing task from the mainframe. This was not inexpensive; the IBM 2250 graphics terminal used with the IBM S/360 cost $280,000 in 1970.

A storage tube could replace most or all of the localized hardware by storing the vectors directly within the display, instead of an associated local computer. Commands that previously caused the terminal to erase its memory and thus clear the display could be emulated by scanning the entire screen at an energy above . In most systems, this caused the entire screen to quickly "flash" before clearing to a blank state. The two main advantages were:

Very low bandwidth needs compared to vector graphics displays, thus allowing much longer cable distances between computer and terminal
No need for display-local RAM (as in modern terminals), which was prohibitively expensive at the time.

Generally speaking, storage tubes could be divided into two categories. In the more common category, they were only capable of storing "binary" images; any given point on the screen was either illuminated or dark. The Tektronix Direct-View Bistable Storage Tube was perhaps the best example in this category. Other storage tubes were able to store greyscale/halftoned images; the tradeoff was usually a much-reduced storage time.

Some pioneering storage tube displays were MIT Project MAC's ARDS (Advanced Remote Display Station), the Computek 400 Series Display terminals (a commercial derivative), which both used a Tektronix type 611 storage display unit, and Tektronix's 4014 terminal, the latter becoming a de facto computer terminal standard some time after its introduction (later being emulated by other systems due to this status).

The first generalized computer assisted instruction system, PLATO I, c. 1960 on ILLIAC I, used a storage tube as its computer graphics display.  PLATO II and PLATO III also used storage tubes as displays.

See also
 Direct-View Bistable Storage Tube (DVBST)
 Cathode ray tube (for an explanation of how analog storage tubes worked)
 Williams tube and Selectron tube both used the term "storage tube" for early computer memory devices
 Electronic paper

Notes

Category:Vacuum tube displays


Ovula ovum

Ovula ovum, common name the common egg cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.

Description
The shells of these quite common cowries reach on average  of length, with a minimum size of  and a maximum size of .  They are egg-shaped (hence the Latin name ovum, meaning egg). The surface of the shell is smooth, shiny and completely snow white, with a dark reddish-purple interior, visible through the wide and long aperture, which bears teeth on one side only. In the living cowries the mantle is black, with a pattern of small white spots in adults, while juveniles resemble some toxic nudibranchs of the genus Phyllidia owing to their orange yellow sensorial papillae. The lateral flaps of the mantle usually hide completely the white surface, but the mantle is quickly retracted into the shell opening when the cowry is disturbed.

Distribution
This species is distributed in the Red Sea and in the Indian Ocean along East Africa (Aldabra, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Tanzania, Chagos) and in Western and Central Pacific Ocean (New Zealand, Australia, North Sulawesi, Malaysia, Borneo, New Caledonia, Philippines, French Polynesia and southern Japan).

Habitat
Ovula ovum lives in tropical reef in shallow waters at  of depth, usually on algae or soft corals, mainly feeding on Alcyonarian colonies (Leather Coral, genus Sarcophyton and Sinularia sp., Alcyoniidae).

References

 Morton B. & Morton JE. (1983). The sea shore ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
 Lorenz F. & Fehse D. (2009). The Living Ovulidae - A manual of the families of Allied Cowries: * Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, Germany
 Jean-François Hamel & Annie Mercier - Observations on the biology of the common egg shell Ovula ovum in Majuro, Marshall Islands - SPC Trochus Information Bulletin #12 – June 2006
 Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp.
 Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196-219. in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch

External links
 Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition, vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae]
 Cate, C. N. 1973 - A systematic revision of the recent Cypraeid family Ovulidae - Veliger 15: 1-117
 Biolib
 Doris
 Eol
 Ovula ovum

Category:Ovulidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1758


Bullying and suicide

Bullying and suicide, colloquially referred to as "bullycide", are considered together when the cause of suicide is attributable to the victim having been bullied, either in person or via social media. Writers Neil Marr and Tim Field wrote about it in their 2001 book Bullycide: Death at Playtime.

Legal analysts criticise the term bullycide because it links a cause with an effect under someone else's control. Research shows those who are bullied have a higher probability of considering or performing suicide than those who are not. However, there are victims of bullying who do not end up committing suicide, and some of them share their experiences in order to send a positive message to bullying victims that suicide is not the only option.

In 2010, the suicides of teenagers in the United States who were bullied because they were gay or perceived to be led to the establishment of the It Gets Better project by Dan Savage, The online event, Spirit Day, was created in which participants were asked to wear purple as a symbol of respect for the deceased victims of bullying, particularly cyberbullying, and to signify opposition to the bullying of the LGBT community.

Statistics

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) states that almost 45,000 deaths occur from suicide each year. There are about 100 attempts of suicide to every 1 successful suicide. A little over 14% of students in high school consider suicide and approximately 7% of them attempt suicide. Students that are bullied are around 2 to 9 times more likely to consider suicide than non-victims. A study in Britain found that at least half of suicides among young people are related to bullying. 10 to 14 year old teen girls are most likely to commit suicide based on this study. According to ABC News, nearly 30% of students are either victims of bullies or bullies themselves and 160,000 kids stay home from school every day because they are scared of being bullied.

Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is a form of aggression by using the internet and/or electronic communication, such as mobile phones, e-mail, and text message, to cause humiliation, terrorization, embarrassment, and/or psychological distress to a peer. In comparison to verbal bullying, a research study showed that adolescents who reported cyberbullying were 11.5 more likely to have suicidal ideation, while those who have reported verbal bullying were only 8.4 times more Iikely. In another study, 75% of adolescents who experienced cyberbullying presented with higher suicidal ideation than those who have experienced verbal bullying.

Circumstances that can affect a person's vulnerability
 Emotional Distress
 Exposure to Violence
 Family Problems
 Problems within a relationship
 Lack of being connected to school
 Lack of a supportive school environment
 Alcohol and drug use
 Lack of access to support

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBTQ+) youth
Suicide attempts are 2-4 times higher than heterosexual peers. Young adults of the LGBT community "must cope with developing sexual minority identity along with negative comments, jokes, and threats of violence. A research identified that 19 studies were linked to suicidal behavior in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) students to bullying at school. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender students experience more bullying than heterosexual students.

See also
 List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying

References

*


Eran Zahavi

Eran Zahavi (or Zehavi, ; born 25 July 1987) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or as a striker for Guangzhou R&F and the Israel national team.

Zahavi was named the Israeli Footballer of the Year twice (2013 and 2014), and finished as the top goalscorer three seasons in a row in the Israeli Premier League, in 2013–14 (29 goals, all-time club record), in 2014–15 (27 goals), and in 2015–16 (35 goals, all-time club and league record). In December 2014, Zahavi broke the Israeli Premier League record for scoring in consecutive appearances after he scored for the 18th game in a row. In 2016, he broke the Israeli league six-decade-old season scoring record, beating the 1954–55 record. He was named the 2017 Chinese Super League MVP and broke the league's single season scoring record in 2019. Zahavi has been a senior international since 2010, earning 52 caps.

Early life
Zahavi was born in Rishon LeZion, Israel, to Jewish parents. He served as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces.

He also holds a French passport, on account of his French-born father.

Club career

Youth career
Zahavi started his youth career with Hapoel Tel Aviv. At the age of 16 he went to Ironi Rishon LeZion, in his hometown. Two years later, in 2005 he returned to Hapoel. He managed to get to the state cup final with his team but lost to Beitar Jerusalem after a penalty shootout; he scored the equaliser that led to extra time.

Hapoel Tel Aviv

A Hapoel Tel Aviv youth product, Zahavi was promoted to its senior team in 2006, where he won the Israel State Cup, and the championship title after a dramatic match against the fierce rival Beitar Jerusalem in which he scored at the 92nd minute of extra time. Zahavi was reported to have garnered interest from clubs in Belgium during the 2009–10 season.

In the 2010–11 season Zahavi became the top assister of the Israeli Premier League, providing 13 assists during the season.

Palermo
Zahavi signed a five-year deal with the Italian Serie A club, Palermo, before the beginning of the 2011–12 Serie A season. He capped two seasons with 23 appearances in the top league in Italy, scoring two goals versus Bologna and Cagliari.

Maccabi Tel Aviv

In December 2012, towards the winter transfers window opening, Zahavi showed signs of returning to Israel. Following an agreement made by Palermo and Maccabi Tel Aviv, his former club Hapoel Tel Aviv was given seven days to make a bid on him due to a first-option clause in his contract, but it was not exploited. On 21 January 2013, after over a month of speculation in the media, Maccabi Tel Aviv announced his arrival, signing him on a three-and-a-half year contract for €250,000.

At the Tel Aviv derby on 3 November 2014, Zahavi scored a penalty to equalise the score at 1–1 in the first half but was then attacked by a pitch invader. On retaliating, he was sent off, prompting more pitch invasions which led to the match being abandoned.

In the beginning of the 2015–16 season, Zahavi was appointed as Maccabi's new captain after former captain Sheran Yeini signed at Dutch football club Vitesse. On 5 August 2015, Zahavi scored two goals against Czech team Viktoria Plzeň in a 2–0 away victory in the second leg of the third qualifying round after Maccabi lost at home 2–1. On 19 August 2015, Zahavi scored a brace, including a 96th-minute equaliser, in a 2–2 draw against Swiss side Basel at St. Jakob-Park in the first leg of the Champions League playoffs. On 25 August, during the second leg at Bloomfield, he scored a 24th-minute equaliser as the match ended 1–1, a result that sent Maccabi to the Champions League group stage due to the away goals rule. Zahavi finished the Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round as the top goalscorer with 7 goals in 5 games. During the season Zahavi scored 35 league goals, in 36 league games, and set a new Israeli record for league goals in single season. The previous record was set by the striker Nissim Elmaliach, who scored 30 goals in 26 league games during the 1954–55 season.

Guangzhou R&F
On 29 June 2016, Zahavi joined Guangzhou R&F of the Chinese Football League, making him the second Israeli player in China after Liron Zarko. The transfer deal will pay Zahavi a reported $12.5 million over two-and-a-half years.
On 2 July, Zahavi made his debut coming on from the bench at the 60th minute playing against Shijiazhuang Ever Bright with the score a 1–1 draw. 15 minutes later he scored his first goal, and later on, he added an assist to lead his team to a 4–2 victory.

On 13 July, Zahavi scored a hat-trick in 19 minutes in the Chinese FA Cup match against Hebei China Fortune coming on from the bench in the second half and so helping R&F to a 3–0 win. On 18 October, during a league match against Hangzhou Greentown, Zahavi netted his second hat trick in an R&F jersey, propelling them to a 5–2 victory. He found the net in the 33rd, 55th, and 67th minutes of the match. Those goals gave him 16 goals in as many games for R&F, across all competitions. These scoring exploits quickly earned him the nickname "the King of Yuexiushan".

Zahavi finished his first half season for Guangzhou R&F with six goals in four Chinese FA Cup games, and 11 league goals in 15 appearances. In December 2016, according to media reports, Chinese club Shandong Luneng Taishan F.C. offered $20 million for Zahavi, the highest transfer fee ever offered for an Israeli footballer. On 24 January 2017, Zahavi signed a renewed contract with Guangzhou R&F until the end of the 2020 season, for an estimated $7 million per season. On 23 July, in the league match against Yanbian Funde he scored four goals and Guangzhou won 6–2. Zahavi finished the 2017 season with 27 league goals (one short of the league record) to win the CSL Golden Boot Award. He was also named the Most Valuable Player in the Chinese Super League, and selected in the CSL team of the year.

After Shanghai Greenland Shenhua failed to sign Zahavi in September 2017 for a transfer fee of $25 million, Zahavi renewed his contract with Guangzhou R&F in February 2018 for an estimated $10 million per season on a three-year contract. On 2 March, during round 1 of the 2018 CSL season, Zahavi scored a hat-trick and assisted one goal in the 5–4 away win against reigning champions Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao.

In November 2019, Zahavi broke the CSL single season scoring record after scoring his 29th goal of the season, surpassing the previous record set by Elkeson in 2014.

International career

Zahavi made his international debut on 2 September 2010 against Malta in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match. He scored his first goal for the national team on 10 September 2013 against Russia. On 24 March 2019, he scored a hat-trick against Austria in a 4–2 home win during the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying. On 7 June 2019, Zahavi scored a back-to-back hat-trick against Latvia in a 3–0 away win.

As of November 2019, he has made 52 appearances for Israel, scoring 19 international goals.

Career statistics

Club

International goals
Scores and results list Israel's goal tally first.

Honours

Club
Hapoel Tel Aviv
Israeli Premier League: 2009–10
Israel State Cup (2): 2009–10, 2010–11

Maccabi Tel Aviv
Israeli Premier League (3): 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15
Toto Cup: 2014–15
Israel State Cup: 2014–15

Individual
Israeli Premier League Most Assists: 2010–11
Footballer of the Year in Israel (2): 2013–14, 2014–15
Israeli Premier League Top Goalscorer (3): 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
 Israeli Premier League Player of the Month: December 2014
2015–16 UEFA Champions League qualifying phase Top Scorer: 7 goals
Chinese Super League MVP: 2017
Chinese Super League Top Scorer (2): 2017, 2019
Chinese Super League Team of the Year (2): 2017, 2019

References

External links

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Football players from Rishon LeZion
Category:Israeli Jews
Category:Israeli people of French-Jewish descent
Category:Jewish footballers
Category:Israeli footballers
Category:Israel under-21 international footballers
Category:Israel international footballers
Category:Israeli expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Category:Israeli expatriate sportspeople in China
Category:Israeli expatriate footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. players
Category:Hapoel Nir Ramat HaSharon F.C. players
Category:S.S.D. Palermo players
Category:Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. players
Category:Guangzhou R&F F.C. players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy
Category:Expatriate footballers in China
Category:Liga Leumit players
Category:Serie A players
Category:Israeli Premier League players
Category:Chinese Super League players


God's S.T.A.R.

"God's S.T.A.R." is an insert song featured in the 2016 anime series Uta no Prince-sama: Maji Love Legend Star, the fourth season of the Uta no Prince-sama anime series. The song is performed by Quartet Night, a fictional Japanese idol group consisting of the characters Ranmaru Kurosaki (voiced by Tatsuhisa Suzuki), Ai Mikaze (voiced by Shouta Aoi), Reiji Kotobuki (voiced by Showtaro Morikubo), and Camus (voiced by Tomoaki Maeno). The song was released on December 21, 2016.

Reception

The single ranked #1 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, selling over 108,000 physical copies within the first week of sales. "God's S.T.A.R." was ranked #2 on Billboard Japan Hot 100, selling 11,477 copies within the first week of sales. "God's S.T.A.R." was also ranked #1 on Billboard Japan Hot Animation. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan.

Track listing

Charts

References

Category:2016 singles
Category:2016 songs
Category:Anime songs
Category:Japanese-language songs
Category:King Records (Japan) singles
Category:Oricon Weekly number-one singles


Fibular artery

In anatomy, the fibular artery, also known as the peroneal artery, supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg. It arises from the tibial-fibular trunk.

Structure
The fibular artery arises from the bifurcation of tibial-fibular trunk into the fibular and posterior tibial arteries in the upper part of the leg proper, just below the knee.  It runs towards the foot in the deep posterior compartment of the leg, just medial to the fibula.  It supplies a perforating branch to both the lateral and anterior compartments of the leg; it also provides a nutrient artery to the fibula. Some sources claim that the fibular artery arises directly from the posterior tibial artery, but vascular and plastic surgeons note the clinical significance of the tibial-fibular trunk.

The fibular artery is accompanied by small veins (venae comitantes) known as fibular veins.

Branches

Communication branch to posterior tibial artery.

Perforating branch to Anterior lateral malleolar artery.

A calcaneal branch to the lateral part of the calcaneus.

Nomenclature
At one point in its history, both the Greek term perone and the Latin term fibula were competing to describe the smaller bone of the leg.  Many of the arteries, veins, nerves, and muscles in the leg are named according to what bone they are near (e.g. tibialis anterior and the tibial nerve are near the tibia).  So the artery that runs near the smaller leg bone had two names: the peroneal artery and the fibular artery.  The term fibula eventually became the standard name for the bone, but many of the related arteries, muscles, and nerves are still called by the Greek derived name peroneal.  The Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature, states that both fibula and perone derived names are acceptable, but lists the fibula derived names as the preferred terms.

Like fibula, the perone (pronounced pair-uh-knee) means pin of a brooch or buckle.

References

Additional images

External links

Distal peroneal artery - is it an effective outflow source? - Vascularweb.org
  - "The Leg: Nerves and Vessels of the Deep Compartment of the Leg"

Category:Arteries of the lower limb


Terri Fields

Terri Fields is an award-winning book writer and teacher from Phoenix, Arizona. Fields teaches at Sunnyslope High School, where she developed her award winning reading program, Reading is Sweet.

Fields encourages students to read by walking from classroom to classroom and handing out free candy to whomever she catches with one of the books recommended by her on their hands. She has said that one of her goals is to get children to "read with their brains."

Fields was selected as the 1986 Arizona teacher of the year, the first of many awards. In 2000, she was selected as one of the twenty best teachers in the United States, making the All USA Teacher Team. In 2003, she won an award of $2,000 dollars, given to 10 teachers in the 2003 Education's Unsung Heroes contest, sponsored by the ING Group. On November 5 of that year, an article about her was published by the Arizona Republic newspaper.

Fields has also written sixteen teen-oriented story books.

Selected bibliography
 After the Death of Anna Gonzales (2002, Henry Holt & Co.)
 Holdup (2007, Roaring Brook Press)
 Burro's Tortillas (2007, Sylvan Dell)
 My Father's Son (2008, Roaring Brook Press)
 Missing in the Mountains (2008, Cooper Square)
 The Most Dangerous (2012, Sylvan Dell)

References

Terri Fields, WorldCat libraries
How to upgrade that report card USA today
Terri Fields personal website

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Writers from Phoenix, Arizona


Tom Morris (director)

Tom Morris, OBE (born 22 June 1964 in Stamford, Lincolnshire) is an English theatre director, writer and producer. He was the Artistic Director at BAC (Battersea Arts Centre) from 1995-2004, he has been Associate Director at the National Theatre since 2004 and Artistic Director of Bristol Old Vic since 2009.

Early life and education
Morris was born in 1964. He is the younger brother of satirist Chris Morris. He was educated at Stonyhurst College, a Jesuit boys' boarding independent school in Lancashire in north west England, and then read English Literature at Pembroke College at the University of Cambridge from 1983 to 1986.

Career
From 1988 to 1994, Morris taught English Literature and worked in broadcasting and journalism, as a critic and feature-writer for The Times Literary Supplement, The Independent, The Sunday Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian and The Observer, and appeared on BBC television and radio programmes Kaleidoscope, Night Waves and The Late Show.

During this period he also founded Stage of Fools with Nick Vivian and Nick Sweeting, writing, acting and directing at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and on tour.

In 1995, Morris became Artistic Director of Battersea Arts Centre (BAC), staying until 2004 when he joined the National Theatre.  While at BAC, Morris established the Scratch Programme, The Sam Shepherd Festival, The Critics Up for Review, The British Festival of Visual Theatre, Playing in the Dark (which marked the launch of Vanishing Point and Sound and Fury and included the first scratch version of Complicite’s Mnemonic) and BAC Opera (which produced Jerry Springer: The Opera).  While at BAC he also wrote Ben Hur, Jason and the Argonauts and World Cup Final 1966 all with Carl Heap.

In September 2009 Morris took over as Artistic Director of Bristol Old Vic theatre, overseeing the theatre's revival with Executive Director Emma Stenning.  Morris and Stenning expanded the Old Vic's Outreach Programme into every part of the City, set up the widely imitated artist development programme, the Bristol Ferment, and restored the theatre's national and international reputation with West End transfers and national & international touring for Swallows and Amazons,  A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Jane Eyre  and Peter Pan (both of which were re-created for the National Theatre) and festivals such as Bristol Jam and Bristol Proms.

In 2012 Morris & Stenning oversaw the first phase of a multimillion-pound redevelopment, which included the long-awaited refurbishment of the theatre's 250 year old auditorium and creation of new office and rehearsal spaces.  The second phase of redevelopment of Bristol Old Vic commenced in November 2016, designed by Steve Tompkins.  The plans include an overhaul of the front of house spaces and Studio theatre, and completion is expected in autumn 2018.

As well as directing many theatrical productions, Morris has directed and produced several operas., including The Death of Klinghoffer (ENO and the Met) and a staging of Hanel's Messiah (Bristol Proms, 2013).

In 2011 he won the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play for the Broadway production of War Horse, along with co-director Marianne Elliott. Morris was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to theatre.

One interviewer said of Morris: "His tastes are catholic, and frequently risky, but they can produce some of the most inspired, inventive theatre in Britain today."

Tom Morris is on the board of innovating British theatre company Complicite, and is the founding chair of The JMK Trust, set up in honour of James Menzies-Kitchin to provide opportunities for talented young theatre directors.

Selected productions
1999: Macbeth, director, BAC
2001: Jerry Springer: The Opera, producer, BAC
2003-6: The Wooden Frock, Nights at the Circus, (co-writer with Emma Rice), "Kneehigh"
2005: Coram Boy, producer, National Theatre, Olivier
2007: A Matter of Life and Death, writer and adaptor, National Theatre, Olivier
2007–2011: War Horse, co-director and producer, National Theatre, Olivier; transferring to West End and Broadway.
2010: "Juliet and her Romeo", director, Bristol Old Vic
2010: Swallows and Amazons, director, Bristol Old Vic
2011: The Death of Klinghoffer, director, English National Opera; 2014 at the Metropolitan Opera
2013: A Midsummer Night's Dream, director, Bristol Old Vic
2015: The Crucible, director, Bristol Old Vic
2016: King Lear, director, Bristol Old Vic
2016-18: The Grinning Man, director, Bristol Old Vic/Trafalgar Studios
2017: Messiah, director, Bristol Old Vic
2018: Touching the Void, director, Bristol Old Vic & International tour

References

Category:English theatre directors
Category:British opera directors
Category:Artistic directors
Category:Living people
Category:Tony Award winners
Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Category:1964 births
Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire


Scottish Rite Masonic Temple (Los Angeles)

The Scottish Rite Masonic Temple in Los Angeles, California is a monumental building on Wilshire Boulevard which was completed in 1961.  It was designed by Millard Sheets.

The building was purchased by The Maurice and Paul Marciano Art Foundation in July 2013.  It was opened as a contemporary art museum from 2017 to 2019.

It was associated with the Scottish Rite order within Freemasonry.

References

Category:Masonic buildings in California
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1961


Euan Duff

Euan Duff is a photographer and photo-journalist, born in 1939 to the political activist Peggy Duff and her husband Bill, a journalist who died in the latter stages of the Second World War.

He freelanced as a photo-journalist in London during the 1960s and then went into teaching, finally setting up and running the first degree course in photography offered by Trent Polytechnic, Nottingham, before taking early retirement in 1990.

He published How We Are (Allen Lane, 1971) and Workless (with text by Dennis Marsden, Penguin, 1975), and exhibited at the ICA in London in 1971. His work was included in two major retrospectives of British photography: "Through the Looking Glass" at the Barbican in 1990; and "How We Are: Photographing Britain" (whose title derived from his book) at Tate Britain in 2007. His work was featured, along with that of Peter Mitchell, in an exhibition and conference about British photography in the 1970s held at the University of Sussex in 2005, after he had donated much of his early work to their archives. Other work was also donated to the V&A collection, the National Portrait Gallery (including a print of his mother ) and Lincolnshire County Council, but he is not represented in the Arts Council's collections of photography.

The critic John Berger wrote in his introduction to How We Are: "I can think of no comparable contemporary English work of literature or visual art which so gently, so persistently and so finally brings one face-to-face with the wretchedness of the kind of society in which we live: a society in which every personal meaning achieved by an individual is pitted against corporate meaninglessness; in which every personal need, expressed in terms of what is socially available, is in agonizing conflict with the origins of that need in the soul."

References

External links
 The photographic work of Euan Duff
 The Keep

Category:Academics of Nottingham Trent University
Category:English photographers
Category:English photojournalists
Category:1939 births
Category:Living people


S.C. Eintracht

S.C. Eintracht is an amateur American soccer team founded in 1933 which plays in the Cosmopolitan Soccer League.

Founded by German immigrants in Astoria, Queens, and known at times as New York Eintracht, the team entered the German American Soccer League in 1933.  In 1943, it won the first of four straight league titles.  Its last league title came in 1950.  Eintracht won the 1944 and 1945 National Amateur Cup as well as the 1955 National Challenge Cup.  Eintracht also won the Dr. Manning Cup, the Eastern New York State Soccer Association championship, in 1943, 1945, 1946 and 1953.  During the 2010–2011 season, they played in the CSL Metro 2 Division.

References

External links
 SPOTLIGHT ON S.C. EINTRACHT: CSL club celebrates its 75th anniversary

Category:New York (state) men's soccer teams
Category:1933 establishments in New York (state)


Ap Lei Chau Bridge

Ap Lei Chau Bridge is a highway bridge in Hong Kong connecting the island of Ap Lei Chau (Aberdeen Island) to the community of Aberdeen on Hong Kong Island.

The original bridge carried one lane of traffic in each direction. Construction of a twin bridge (the Second Ap Lei Chau Bridge) to its north was started in May 1991 and completed in July 1994, so that there are now two lanes in each direction. Both sides of the bridge have pavements for pedestrian use.

Legislators approved funding for the Second Ap Lei Chau Bridge on 1 May 1991. It opened on 28 July 1994. The first person to drive across it was Kwong Hon-sang, Director of Highways, officiating at the opening ceremony.

The bridge is Ap Lei Chau's only road connection to Hong Kong Island, though it is not the only fixed link as a railway bridge, the Aberdeen Channel Bridge, opened in 2016 as part of the MTR's South Island Line.

See also

 Aberdeen Typhoon Shelters

References

Category:Bridges in Hong Kong
Category:Aberdeen, Hong Kong
Category:Ap Lei Chau


Yuzhnoye Medvedkovo District

Yuzhnoye Medvedkovo District () is a territorial division (a district, or raion) in North-Eastern Administrative Okrug, one of the 125 in the federal city of Moscow, Russia. It is located in the north of the federal city. The area of the district is . As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 81,986.

As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Yuzhnoye Medvedkovo Municipal Okrug.

References

Notes

Sources

Category:Districts of Moscow
Category:North-Eastern Administrative Okrug


Liru Gerdaveh

Liru Gerdaveh (, also Romanized as Līrū Gerdaveh) is a village in Kabgian Rural District, Kabgian District, Dana County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49, in 6 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Dana County


Blond Kouros's Head of the Acropolis

__NOTOC__

The so-called  Blond Kouros's Head of the Acropolis  is the head of a lost marble statue of a young man (Kouros or Ephebe sculpture type) of ca 480 BC, in the Acropolis Museum in Athens, Greece The head and part of the pelvis were found in 1923 northeast of the museum site on the Acropolis of Athens. It belongs to the late archaic or early classical period (Severe style). The curly hair points more to the Archaic than the Classical period.

It measures 25 cm in the vertical, in the horizontal under the ears 12.5 cm and in the depth 22.8 cm. (Schrader 1939:197).

This sculpture could have been created by one of the teachers of Phidias, Hegias of Athens or Ageladas of Argos.

The original blond painting of the curly hair is faded. Only remnants of the paint are visible today.

Gallery
Copy of blond Kouros' head,  color rendition believed to have been used by the artist, painted by Dr. Alfons Neubauer of the Glyptothek, Munich

Notes

Bibliography
 Hans Schrader: Die Archaischen Marmorbildwerke der Akropolis (Textband). Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1939, pp 197ff. Nr. 302.
 Vinzenz Brinkmann: Die Polychromie der archaischen und frühklassischen Skulptur (= Studien zur antiken Malerei und Farbgebung. Bd. 5). Biering & Brinkmann, München 2003, , Kat. Nr. 110

External links

 Virtuelles AntikenMuseum Göttingen
 Acropolis Museum

Category:Acropolis of Athens
Category:5th-century BC Greek sculptures
Category:Archaeological discoveries in Greece
Category:1923 archaeological discoveries


Skinny Girl in Transit

Skinny Girl In Transit is a Nigerian Comedy webseries by NdaniTV. The first episode was released on NdaniTV's YouTube page on 16 Jul 2015. The idea for the series was pitched by Temi Balogun. The series returned to NdaniTV for its fifth season on November 9, 2018 after being on hiatus for over a year. The series has returned again for the sixth season, the first episode of season 6 aired February 14,2020.

Plot summary

Skinny Girl in Transit is a web series produced by Ndani TV, and as the name implies, it is a comedy about a young Nigerian woman and her efforts to lose weight. In the pilot episode, Tiwalade, played by Abimbola Craig, is woken up from a pleasurable dream by her mother, played by Ngozi Nwosu. Her mum wastes no time in informing her that the Holy Spirit ministered to her and the message conveyed was that Tiwalade should lose weight, therefore furthering her hope of finding a husband. Tiwalade's mum performs a series of dramatic gestures and makes several grand statements to emotionally blackmail Tiwalade into agreeing to lose weight. And Tiwalade, who is aware that she is overweight, thinks ‘why not, how hard could it be? However, losing weight turns out to be more strenuous than she originally assumed. In addition, Tiwalade has to deal with a mother who is like a dog with a bone, a sister, played by Sharon Ooja, who is pretty, slim and shallow, and a love-life that is less than appealing.

Season 1 = 12 Episodes

Season 2 = 10 Episodes

Season 3 = 9 Episodes

Season 4 = 12 Episodes

Season 5 = 12 Episodes

Cast

 Abimbola Craig as Tiwalade
 Ngozi Nwosu as Mama Tiwa
 Sharon Ooja as Shalewa
 Norbert Young as Baba Tiwa
 Ayoola Ayolola as Mide
 Bisola Aiyeola as Didi
 Ini Dima-Okojie as Hadiza
 Chioma Okoli as Wosilat
 Beverly Naya as Derin
 Timini Egbuson as Mohammed
 Sophie Alakija as Farida
 Nick Mutuma as Chris
 Ayo Adesanya as Aunty Dupe
 Deyemi Okolawon as Pastor Braithwaite

References

External links
 Skinny Girl in Transit on nlist

Category:Nigerian comedy television series
Category:2010s Nigerian television series
Category:2015 Nigerian television series debuts


Vera Pearce

Vera Pearce (27 May 1895 – 18 January 1966) was an Australian stage and film actress. Her lengthy career was carried out in both her home country and in England.

Biography

Born in Broken Hill (New South Wales), Pearce spent much of her youth in Adelaide, and made her stage debut there at age five with the World's Entertainers She went on to train as a juvenile performer in pantomimes and musical comedies produced by J.C. Williamson Ltd, and in 1910 scored much acclaim for her role in the Firm's hit production Our Miss Gibbs (1910).

After making her film debut in The Shepherd of the Southern Cross (1914), Pearce went to England with the aim of carving out a career there but was induced to return to Australia shortly afterwards by Hugh D. McIntosh, General Manager of Harry Rickards Tivoli Theatres Ltd.

Pearce made her return to the Australian stage in November 1914 as one of the stars of the Tivoli Follies revue, and remained with the show throughout its two and a half year tour around the country. Among the other productions she appeared in over the next seven years were The Beauty Shop (1917), My Lady Frayle (1919), The Officers' Mess (1919), His Little Widows (1920) and Chu Chin Chow (1920), in which she played Zahrat-al-Kulub opposite Charles H. Workman (as Ali Baba).

Pearce moved to the UK in 1922, with one of her earliest shows being Love's Awakening. She went on to work consistently on the London stage in musicals and pantomimes up until her death. Her last notable appearance, though, was in a 1957 New York City production of Georges Feydeau's farce Hotel Paradise (aka L'Hôtel du libre échange). She also appeared in at least 16 films between 1931 and 1966.

Personal life
Pearce was in a long-term relationship with a married man, Hugh D. McIntosh. Her nephew Harold Holt became Prime Minister of Australia.

Historical note
Pearce won two beauty contests in Australia. The first was promoted by West's Pictures in Sydney in 1911. The second event, the 1916 White City Beauty Competition, created controversy when it became known that the judges were linked to the vaudeville industry. The revelation also led to a number of 100-1 bets being placed by well-known "sporting gentlemen" for Pearce to win. When she was announced the winner the huge audience reportedly went "frigidly silent [being] too astounded to take the result seriously"

Filmography

 The Shepherd of the Southern Cross (1914)
 The Martyrdom of Nurse Cavell (1917)
 Just My Luck (1933)
 Yes, Mr. Brown (1933)
 That's a Good Girl (1933)
 So You Won't Talk (1935)
 Royal Cavalcade (1935)
 Heat Wave (1935)
 Southern Roses (1936)
 Please Teacher (1937)
 What a Man! (1938)
 Yes, Madam? (1939)
 Nicholas Nickleby (1947)
 One Wild Oat (1951)
 The Men of Sherwood Forest (1954)
 The Night We Got the Bird (1961)
 The Night We Dropped a Clanger (1961)
 Nothing Barred (1961)

References

External links

Australian theatre credits at AusStage

Category:1895 births
Category:1966 deaths
Category:Actresses from New South Wales
Category:Australian stage actresses
Category:Australian film actresses
Category:People from Broken Hill, New South Wales


Erioderma

Erioderma is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Pannariaceae.  They are commonly called mouse ears or felt lichens, and are small, pale brown to olive-brown foliose cyanolichens with a fuzzy upper surface that have the cyanobacteria Scytonema as their photobiont.  Most species are found in the tropics of Central and South America, although three species are found in coastal regions of North America where they generally grow on mossy branches in humid sites.  All North American species are rare, and two of them, Erioderma mollissimum and Erioderma pedicellatum, are listed as endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC).  Erioderma pedicellatum is also listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Species of Erioderma can resemble Pannaria, Leioderma, or small Peltigera, but their fuzzy upper surface and lack of veins on their lower surface distinguishes them from these lichens.

References

Category:Peltigerales
Category:Lichens


Castle of Salir

The Castle of Salir () is an Almohad fortress, located in the civil parish of the same name (Salir (Loulé)), 16 kilometres from the municipality seat of Loulé in the Portuguese Algarve.

History
The castle is a late Islamic castle, built during a period of intense pressure from Christian forces. It was part of the a network of Almohad castles, an extensive line of coastal defenses that stretched into the interior from Castro Marim until Alcoutim. Salir was a rural defensive post, one of several that were aligned towards the interior: it was an advanced outpost. Its function was to protect the farmers from attacks by Christians, and which intensified after the conquest of Tavira by knights of the Order of Santiago. The construction of the castle occurred in the 12th century, but was King Sancho I of Portugal conquered the settlement in 1189. Ever mindful of Moorish counteroffensives, the walls were reinforced at the end of the 12th century. The majority of ceramics discovered on the site date to the period between the 12th and 13th century.

Salir enters the compiled documents of the Portugaliae Monumenta Historica, as the name of a place taken by commander Paio Peres Correia. The master was to await the arrival of Afonso (1248–1279) so that they could unite their forces and remove the last vestiges of resistance in the Algarve. Consequently, the fortification of Salir, within this context, had a strategic role. Later, a fire destroyed the castle, which was reconstructed two times, before actually falling into ruins.

Around 1505, there were less than 87 residential homes in Salir.

By the end of the 16th century, the castle was already abandoned and in a state of ruins.

In 1758, there were 11 homes in Salir, likely due to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake which caused damage to the castle and surrounding countryside.

The civil parish of São Sebastião de Salir had approximately 408 homes in 1798.

The slow deterioration of the castle was, by 1841, semi-complete, as reports from the site suggest that the structure was in ruins.

The first archaeological investigation of the castle and surroundings began in 1987.

Salir was elevated to the status of town in 1993.

Legend
Salir received its name, from the "disappearance" of the daughter of the Moorish alcalde Aben-Fabilla, so a legend suggests, who escaped when he saw his castle being threatened by the army of Afonso III. But, before fleeing, the alcalde buried all his gold, thinking that he could retrieve it later. When the Christians took the castle, they discovered it was empty, except for the beautiful daughter of the alcade who prayed with fervor, and who had preferred to stay in the castle and die a salir. From a nearby mountain, Aben-Fabilia saw his captive daughter in the hands of the Christians and with his right hand made a sign of the Star of David, uttering some mysterious words. At that moment, while the knight Gonçalo Peres was talking to the girl, she was transformed into a statue of rock. The news of the enchanted Moor permeated the castle. But, one day the statue disappeared. The memory of the strange event became linked to Salir, whose towns folk named the village in honour of the courageous youth. The legend concludes with the reflection that, on certain nights, the enchanted statue appears in the Castle.

Architecture
The castle is located in a rural, semi-mountainous isolated location, implanted in an elevated point in the Algarvean Barrocal, located north-northwest from the parish seat of Salir. It is situated in an area of ample visibility over the fertile valleys to the north and west. The elevated hilltop is 250 metres above sea level, relatively close to the highest points of the Serra do Caldeirão. Located to the east is the Roman archaeological site of Torrinha.

The castle is laid-out in a central, but irregular, plan in the form of oval. The articulated spaces are aligned horizontally, but with no roofing (except for the traditional home at its centre and interpretative center).

The main facade is oriented towards the south, where the slope is less accentuated. A main doorway is not identifiable, although there are indications that it was situated on the extreme southeast, corresponding to the principal access-way to the castle. There are five definable walls, defined by the main fate and four separate towers, all rectangular and some state of ruin. Tower "D", also known as the Muro do Meio (Middle Wall) is in the northeast, in an area of accentuated slope, marked by a robust berm. The wall is little more than  wide, that was almost completely destroyed in course of accessing the spaces; what remains is just a section . Tower "C", known as the Torre da Alfarrobeira (Tower of the Carob Tree) is located in the northern flank of the castle, precisely at the point where the slope in relation to the valley is more accentuated. A three-metre () high section of this wall still remains,  in size. Tower "B", referred to as the Muro Maior (Major Wall) is along the northeastern flank, farthest from the main road, and a section that is similar to the rest, with the addition of buildings abutting along the east and south. The south tower is integrated into these constructions, and abutting the southeastern wall. There are also two sections,  wide, that are conserved to about : in the north, that connect Tower "D" and Tower "B", passing through "C"; and a small section in the southeast, known as the Muro da Sabedoria (Wall of Wisdom). This is all that is left of the circuit that encircles the castle and connected to the interior of the grounds.

The excavated area, east of Tower "B" consists of an irregular rectangular area where the discovery of a few constructions were first identified: specifically, they included a kitchen and living spaces dating to the period of the Moorish occupation of the castle.

The paths are gardened/landscaped with Portuguese pavement stone, limited the corners and towers, while bunks were deposited in the garden around Tower "B".

It is difficult to determine the state of the original interiors, articulation of the spaces, illumination or ceilings, due to the state of decay. The principal artery is defined by the Travessa do Castelo, which parts from the main entrance southeast and terminates in the west, dividing the courtyard of the castle in half.

Interpretative Center
Located in the excavated area of the castle, east of Tower "B", it is a rectangular building, with a simple single floor. The principal facade is oriented to the south, towards the public access-way, accessible by a double flight of stairs.

References
Notes

Sources

Salir
Category:Castles in the Algarve
Category:Buildings and structures in Loulé

fr:Salir (Loulé)