2013 IK Start season

The Norwegian football club IK Start returned to the top league Tippeligaen for the 2013 season. It was their second full season with Mons Ivar Mjelde as manager, and they finished the season in 9th place. They also took part in the Norwegian Cup, reaching the quarter-finals stage before being beaten by Lillestrøm.

Squad
As of 1 February 2013.

Transfers

Winter

In:

Out:

Summer

In:

Out:

Competitions

Tippeligaen

Results summary

Results

Table

Norwegian Cup

Squad statistics

Appearances and goals

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Goal scorers

Disciplinary record

Notes

References

Category:IK Start seasons
Start


Kunturiri (Pacajes)

Kunturiri (Aymara kunturi condor, -(i)ri a suffix, Hispanicized spelling Condoriri)  is a  mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Pacajes Province, Charaña Municipality. Kunturiri lies north-west of the mountain Wayra Lupi Qullu and north-east of the mountain Ch'iyara Salla.

References

Category:Mountains of La Paz Department (Bolivia)


2006 Allianz Suisse Open Gstaad – Singles

Gastón Gaudio was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Richard Gasquet.

Richard Gasquet won in the final 7–6(7–4), 6–7(3–7), 6–3, 6–3 against Feliciano López.

Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.

Draw

 NB: The Final was the best of 5 sets while all other rounds were the best of 3 sets.

Finals

Section 1

Section 2

References
 Draw

Category:Swiss Open (tennis)
Category:2006 ATP Tour


Yeni Türkü

Yeni Türkü (means New Türkü in Turkish) is a band in Turkey. The group has held concerts and has recorded a number of albums since forming in 1978. Their musical style is characterized by a combination of traditional Turkish and modern musical instruments, including the oud, baglama, kemenche, qanun and guitar. Their music reflects influences of music from around the world (one example is Inti-Illimani). All group members have changed several times throughout the years, with the exception of the lead singer Derya Köroğlu.

Band members

Current members
 Derya Köroğlu - vocal, guitar, baglama
 Erkin Hadimoğlu - keyboards (1992–present)
 Furkan Bilgi - classical stringed violin (1997–present)
 Serdar Barçın - wind instruments (flute, clarinet) (2001–present)
 Sezer Alemdar - guitar (2003–present)
 Bahadır Tanrıvermiş - drums, percussion (2006–present)
 İsmail Soyberk - bass guitar (2008–present)

Former members

 Selim Atakan - piano, flute (1977–1991)
 Zerrin Atakan - vocals (1977–1981, 1983–1986, 1987–1988)
 Eftal Küçük - guitar, kemane, Greek guitar (1979–1985)
 Tuncer Tezcan - baglama, vocals (1980–1985)
 Tuğrul Bayrak - bass guitar (1980–1991)
 Murat Buket - oud (1980–1997)
 Fuat Oburoğlu - wind instruments (flute, clarinet), vocals (1984–1989, 1991–1997)
 Cengiz Onural - guitar, kemence (1985–1997)
 Halis Bütünley - percussion, vocals  ("Vira Vira, "Rumeli Konseri") (1989–1991)
 Tayfun Duygulu - wind instruments (soprano saxophone, clarinet) (1989–1991)
 Raci Pişmişoğlu - bass guitar (1997–2006)
 Fatih Ahıskalı - oud (1997–2011)
 Erdinç Şenol - drums, percussion (1999–2006)

Zerrin Atakan became a psychiatrist in the United Kingdom in 1989. She also divorced with Selim Atakan, was married with 1975 at same year. Fuat Oburoğlu founded a band named "Durup Dururken" in 2001, which Tuğrul Bayrak also joined two years later. Durup Dururken released debut album, "Yeryüzüne Merdiven" in 2007. Cengiz Onural and Murat Buket (left from them after 3rd album) formed the İncesaz Group in 1997 and has released 10 albums since 1999. Tayfun Duygulu became a solo vocalist and has released 6 albums since 1993.

Discography

 Buğdayın Türküsü (LP-MC, 1979)
 Akdeniz Akdeniz (LP-MC-CD, 2 April 1983)
 Film Müzikleri (MC, 1983)
 Çekirdek Sanat Evi Resitali (MC, April 1984)
 Günebakan (LP-MC-CD, 22 July 1986)
 Dünyanın Kapıları (LP-MC-CD, 30 August 1987)
 Yeşilmişik (MC-CD, 24 September 1988)
 Vira Vira (MC-CD, 7 May 1990)
 Rumeli Konseri (MC-CD, 14 July 1991)
 Aşk Yeniden (MC-CD, 28 November 1992)
 Külhani Şarkılar (MC-CD, 3 August 1994)
 Süper Baba - Film Müzikleri (MC-CD, 13 July 1995)
 Telli Telli (Remixes) (CD, 28 August 1996)
 :tr:Her Dem Yeni (MC-CD, 2 September 1996)
 "Yeni" (MC-CD, 20 August 1999)
 Koleksiyon (MC-CD, 2003)
 Koleksiyon 2 (CD, 2004)
 Koleksiyon 3 (CD, 25 May 2006)
 Koleksiyon 4 (CD, 2 February 2008)
 Şimdi ve Sonra (CD, May 2012)

References

External links

 A detailed article about the group available from the Wayback Machine at  BROKEN LINK
   Article on Yeni Türkü

Category:Turkish musical groups


1957 Pittsburgh mayoral election

The Mayoral election of 1957 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was held on Tuesday, November 5, 1957. The incumbent mayor, David Lawrence of the Democratic Party won an unprecedented fourth term. Lawrence defeated former Court of Common Pleas Judge John Drew. For the third straight election, the powerful mayor gained quiet support from the Republican business community for his urban renewal projects, which compromised the GOP candidate's position.

References

Category:1957 Pennsylvania elections
Category:1957 United States mayoral elections
1957
Category:1950s in Pittsburgh
Category:November 1957 events


Dorilla in Tempe

Dorilla in Tempe is a melodramma eroico pastorale in three acts by composer Antonio Vivaldi with an Italian libretto by Antonio Maria Lucchini. The opera premiered at the Teatro San Angelo in Venice on 9 November 1726. Vivaldi later revised the opera numerous times for several different performances throughout the second half of his career.

History
Dorilla in Tempe was well received at its premiere and became one of Vivaldi's personal favorites. The opera was the first work by Vivaldi to include in its cast the mezzo-soprano Anna Girò, who went on to form a lifelong friendship and professional partnership with the composer. The opera was also noted for its visual aspects, boasting some of the most elaborate sets (by Antonio Mauro) in the history of opera up to that point and for its beautiful choreography by Giovanni Galletto.

In 1728 the opera was revived at the small Teatro San Margherita in Venice with an almost identical text, and again in Prague at the Sporck Theatre in the spring of 1732, this time with substantial alterations to the libretto. During Carnival 1734 the opera was revived at the Teatro San Angelo, this time as a pastiche using recent music by other composers, including Hasse, Giacomelli and Leo.

Music
The only surviving score of Dorilla in Tempe, located in Turin, is from this 1734 pastiche production. The score includes not only the many insertions into the opera but also a number of the deletions from earlier productions. Unusually for Vivaldi’s operatic scores, the sinfonia is clearly linked with the main opera: it follows the title-page instead of preceding it, and the music of its final movement – a C major version of the opening of the Spring concerto– reappears in the opera’s opening chorus, appropriately in praise of spring. The opera displays a pastoral nature, particularly in its choral and ballet music, that is at times mixed with heroic elements, as in the elaborate celebrations at the end of Act 2, where a hunt is enacted to the inevitable horn accompaniment.

Pasticcio Arias

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorilla_in_Tempe

Giacomelli

Bel piacer saria d’un core - Nomio

Rete, lacci, e strali adopra - Filindo

Non vo che un infedele - Filindo

Hasse

Mi lusingha - Elmiro

Sapro' ben con petto forte - Elmiro

Non ha piu pace - Filindo

Leo

Vorrei dai lacci scogliere - Elmiro

Sarro

Se ostinata - Admeto

Roles

Synopsis
The story takes place in Tempe. Like the music, the plot intertwines pastoral and heroic elements and centers on the shepherd Nomio, who is in fact Apollo in disguise. Nomio falls in love with Dorilla, the daughter of Admeto, King of Thessaly, who is herself in love with the shepherd Elmiro. Admeto is forced by the gods to save his kingdom by offering his daughter as a sacrifice to the sea-serpent Pitone, but she is rescued just in time by Nomio. Nomio claims the hand of Dorilla as his reward, but she remains reluctant and escapes with Elmiro. The pair are captured, and Elmiro is sentenced to death. Finally, however, the intervention of Nomio, revealing his divine identity, saves the situation and Dorilla and Elmiro are reunited.

Recordings
 1994 Dorilla: María Cristina Kiehr, Elmiro: John Elwes, Admeto: Philippe Cantor, Nomio/Apollo: Jean Nirouët. Ensemble Baroque de Nice, Gilbert Bezzina Opéra de Nice 1994,2008
 2017 Diego Fasolis, Romina Basso, Serena Malfi, Christian Senn, Marina De Liso, Sonia Prina, Lucia Cirillo. 2017 Naïve Records (in Naxos Catalog)

References
Notes

Sources
Cross, Eric, "Dorilla in Tempe", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed November 21, 2008), (subscription access)

Category:Operas by Antonio Vivaldi
Category:Operas
Category:1726 operas


Mogurnda mogurnda

Mogurnda mogurnda, commonly known as  the northern trout gudgeon or northern purple-spotted gudgeon is a freshwater fish native to northern Australia and New Guinea.

References

northern trout gudgeon
Category:Freshwater fish of New Guinea
Category:Freshwater fish of Australia
northern trout gudgeon


Gray flying fox

The gray flying fox (Pteropus griseus) is a species of flying fox in the family Pteropodidae. It is not to be confused with the grey flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus). It is found in Indonesia, but not in the Philippines, despite occasional reference to such. Very little is known about this species.  It probably roosts individually or in small groups.  It was listed on appendix II of CITES, and is classified as "Data Deficient" by the IUCN. This species has been decimated by hunting for bushmeat in Indonesia.

Taxonomy
The species was first described in 1810 by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, using a specimen obtained on Timor during a French scientific expedition. Geoffroy's assignment of the species to the genus Pteropus has remained current.

Ecology
Specimens of Pteropus griseus have been found to be infested with Cyclopodia horsfieldi, a species of Nycteribiidae fly.

References

Category:Pteropus
Category:Bats of Indonesia
Category:Endemic fauna of Indonesia
Category:Fauna of the Lesser Sunda Islands
Category:Mammals described in 1810
Category:Bats as food
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Aztec cuisine

Aztec cuisine is the cuisine of the former Aztec Empire and the Nahua peoples of the Valley of Mexico prior to European contact in 1519.

The most important staple was corn (maize), a crop that was so important to Aztec society that it played a central part in their mythology. Just like wheat in much of Europe or rice in most of East Asia, it was the food without which a meal was not a meal. It came in varieties that differed in color, texture, size and prestige, and was eaten as corn tortillas, tamales or ātōlli, maize gruel. The other constants of Aztec food were salt and chili peppers and the basic definition of Aztec fasting was to abstain from these two flavors.

The other major foods were beans and New World varieties of the grains amaranth (or pigweed), and chia. The combination of maize and these basic foods would have provided the average Aztec a very well-rounded diet without any significant deficiencies in vitamins or minerals. The cooking of maize grains in alkaline solutions, a process called nixtamalization, significantly raised the nutritional value of the common staple.

Water, maize gruels and pulque (iztāc octli), the fermented juice of the century plant (maguey in Spanish), were the most common drinks, and there were many different fermented alcoholic beverages made from honey, cacti and various fruits. The elite took pride in not drinking pulque, a drink of commoners, and preferred drinks made from cacao, among the most prestigious luxuries available.  Favored by rulers, warriors and nobles, they were flavored with chili peppers, honey and a seemingly endless list of spices and herbs.

The Aztec diet included a variety of fish and wild game: various fowl, pocket gophers, green iguanas, axolotls (a type of water salamander), a type of crayfish called acocil, and a great variety of insects, larvae and insect eggs. They also domesticated turkeys, duck and dogs as food and at times ate meat from larger wild animals such as deer, but none of these were a major part of their diet. They ate various mushrooms and fungi, including the parasitic corn smut, which grows on ears of corn. Squash (also known as cucurbita) was very popular and came in many different varieties. Squash seeds, fresh, dried or roasted, were especially popular. Tomatoes, though different from the varieties common today, were often mixed with chili in sauces or as filling for tamales.

Eating in Aztec culture could take on a sacred meaning, especially as evidenced in ritual cannibalism. The act of eating another human was deeply connected to the Aztec mythology, in which gods needed to consume the sacrificed flesh and blood of humans to sustain themselves, and the world. One way to look at this is that since human flesh was a food of the gods, it was sacred, and consuming sacred food could sanctify an individual and bring him or her closer to the gods. Further, certain warriors, in their afterlife, were believed to have been turned into butterflies and hummingbirds with the ability to fly back to the realm of the living to feed on nectar. From this, the importance the Aztecs ascribed to the act of eating is clear.

Meals
Most sources describe two meals per day, though there is an account of labourers getting three meals, one at dawn, another one at around 9 in the morning and one at around 3 in the afternoon. This is similar to the custom in contemporary Europe, but it is unclear if intake of ātōlli, maize gruel, was considered a meal or not. Drinking a good amount of the thicker kinds of ātōlli could equal the calories in several corn tortillas, and ātōlli was consumed on a daily basis by most of the population.

Feasts

Many accounts exist of Aztec feasts and banquets and the ceremony that surrounded them. Before a meal, servants presented fragrant tobacco tubes and sometimes also flowers with which the guests could rub their head, hands and neck. Before the meal would start each guest would drop a little food on the ground as an offering to the god Tlaltecuhtli. As military prowess was highly praised among the Aztecs, table manners imitated the movement of warriors. The smoking tubes and flowers went from the left hand of the servant to the right hand of the guest and the plate accompanying the smoking tube went from the right hand to the left hand.

This was an imitation of how a warrior received his atlatl darts and shield. The flowers passed out bore different names depending on how they were handed out; "sword flowers" went from left hand to right and "shield flowers" went from right hand to left. When eating, guests would hold their individual bowls filled with dipping sauce in the centre of the right hand and then dip corn tortillas or tamales (which were served from baskets) with the left. The meal was concluded by serving chocolate, often served in a calabash cup along with a stirring stick.

Men and women were separated at banquets and, though it is not entirely clear from the sources, it seems as if only men drank chocolate. The women would more likely have drunk pozolli (maize gruel from finely ground maize) or some type of pulque. Rich hosts could often receive guests sitting in rooms around an open courtyard similar to Middle Eastern caravanserai (or han in Turkish) and senior military men would perform dances. Festivities would begin at midnight and some would drink chocolate and eat hallucinogenic mushrooms so that they could tell about their experiences and visions to the other guests.

Right before dawn singing commenced and offerings were burned and buried in the courtyard to ensure the fortune of the children of the hosts. At dawn, the remaining flowers, smoking tubes and food were given to the old and poor that had been invited, or to the servants.  As with all other aspects of life, the Aztecs stressed the dual nature of all things, and toward the end of the banquet the host would be sternly reminded by his elders of his own mortality and that he should not be overcome with pride.

Domestic feasts
Aztec private feasts included music singing, storytelling, dancing, incense burning, flowers, tobacco, offerings, and gift-giving. Aztec feasts were a display of material culture and wealth, notes by Friar Bernardino de Sahagún and Friar Diego Durán describe Aztec feasts as events where "everything was to be created in abundance". Feasts were organized to the point of ritual, there were roles and relationships displayed and reinforced. Hosts needed to meet the obligations of banqueting, in order not to "offend" their guests, and guests needed to reinforce the hosts' stature. There are multiple important events in Aztec society that called for feasts. Child naming ceremonies involved the ritual calling out of the baby's name and progressed into a large organized feast. This feast could consist of dressed bird or dog, meat and/or maize tamales, beans, cacao bean, and roasted chilli's.

Izcalli child presentation ceremonies were also important, part of the Aztec agricultural calendar. Izcalli was the last "month" of the calendar. Every fourth Izcalli celebration included the introduction of children, born during this four year period, to the Aztec community. This feast introduced the child to actions important to their religious life such as singing, dancing, ceremonial drinking, sacrificial bloodletting, and body modification. The food served during this feast was traditionally spicy. Noted by Sahagun was: "And the sauce of the tamales was called 'red chilli sauce'. And when the good common folk ate, they sat about sweating, they sat about burning themselves. And the tamales stuffed with greens were indeed hot, gleaming hot." The wedding process also contained many ceremonies, the parents of a young male, when marriage was desired, had to ask permission of his calmecac school leaders. Part of this process was a feast of tamales, chocolate, and sauces. During the wedding itself, there were feasts of pulque, tamales, and turkey meat. Funerary feasts were also common among the wealthy class. Served at these feasts was octli (pulque), chocolate, bird, fruit, seeds, and other foods.

Public feasts
Parts of the 260-day ritual calendar of the Aztecs were veintena. Veintena can be approximated as "months"; however, they are more aptly described as 20-day public ceremony periods. Each 20-day veintena was a full and complex festival made up of ceremonies dedicated to specific gods and deities of the current veintena. Regional and local ceremonies differed in deities and methods from the official state-sponsored ones at Tenochtitlan. Food was an important part of veintena ceremonies; it was both consumed and adorned by priests. It was noted that during the ceremonies honoring Xipe Totec the priests would adorn themselves in arrays of "butterfly nets, fish banners, ear of maize, coyote heads made of amaranth seed, tortillas, thick rolls covered with a dough of amaranth seeds, toasted maize, red amaranth, and maize stalks with ears of green or tender maize." In the ceremonies honouring Mixcoatl, after a "great hunt," Aztecs would feast on deer, rabbit, and all other animals killed in the hunt. Hunting was also important to celebrations dedicated to Xiuhtecuhtli when Aztec boys and young men would hunt for ten days. The products of these hunts would then be turned over to priests, who cooked them in large fire flies.

Food preparation
The main method of preparation was boiling or steaming in two-handled clay pots or jars called xoctli in Nahuatl and translated into Spanish as olla ("pot"). Ceramics were vital to the cooking process and served at least three major purposes: nixtamal preparation, tamale steaming, and cooking beans, stews, and hot beverages. The xoctli was filled with food and heated over a fire. It could also be used to steam food by pouring a little water into the xoctli and then placing tamales wrapped in maize husks on a light structure of twigs in the middle of the pot.

Tortillas, tamales, casseroles and the sauces that went with them were the most common dishes. Chili and salt were both ubiquitous and the most basic meal was usually just corn tortillas that were dipped in chilis that had been ground in a mortar with a little water. Dough could be used to encase meat, sometimes even whole turkeys, before cooking. In major Aztec towns and cities there were vendors that sold street food of all kinds, catering to both the rich and poor. Other than ingredients and prepared food every imaginable type of ātōlli could be bought, either to quench one's thirst or as an instant meal in liquid form.

Women, in charge of domestic duties in Aztec societies, were also the cooks. Generally, men did not directly participate in cooking. Based on where cooking tools are usually found, it seems that kitchens were a simple, single-room structure separate from the house itself. Most cooking probably took place on a small triangular hearth in the kitchen.

Kitchen tools
Most information regarding Aztec cooking tools comes from finding the tools themselves, as depictions of the tools in art are rare, and when they are featured, they aren't particularly prominent or detailed. Luckily, tools were most often made of stone and ceramics and as such can be found in large quantities in good condition for study.

Manos and metates were the tools of choice for grinding nixtamalized maize (nixtamal). It was also used to grind sauce ingredients like peppers, though different sets of manos and metates would likely have been used to avoid getting other flavors in maize dough (masa). The metate is a stone slab that can be slightly concave. Nixtamal was placed on top of the metate and the mano, effectively a rough cylindrical stone, was rolled over it, grinding the nixtamal. The mano and metate is a tool that would have been used every day, since ground nixtamal usually goes bad within a day. Ethnographies of 20th century indigenous communities seem to indicate that women could have spent between four and eight hours a day at a metate grinding nixtamal, but women in a 2007 study at Xaltocan insisted that an experienced woman could grind all she needed for the day in only an hour; regardless, use of a metate for grinding is considered tedious work. The mano and metate remained as the grinding tool of choice in central Mexico, as it tends to grind finer than European-style mills, and tortillas made from masa ground on a mano and metate are still considered of a higher quality, if much more labor-intensive. However, some argue that the reason women used to and still do grind nixtamal by hand is because it was a way for men to limit the amount of free time women have in an effort to prevent extramarital affairs.

The molcajete is another grinding tool. It is a bowl made of porous basalt rock, and an accompanying basalt cylinder was used to grind foods into the molcajete. It looks and functions very similarly to a western mortar and pestle. The fact that a molcajete will hold whatever is prepared in it means it would have been ideal for preparing sauces that would spill off the sides of a metate, and molcajetes could also be used as serving vessels.

Comals are a type of ceramic griddle with a smooth top and a porous bottom used for cooking various types of tortillas, as well as for non-maize foods like peppers and roasted squash. It is possible that comales could also have been used as makeshift pot lids for the sake of convenience.

There are several references to frying in the accounts of Spanish chroniclers, but the only specification of the Aztec type of frying appears to be some kind of cooking that was done with syrup, not cooking fat. This is corroborated by the fact that no evidence for large-scale extraction of vegetable oils exist and that no cooking vessels suited for frying have been found by archaeologists.

Foods

Aztec staple foods included maize, beans and squash to which were often added chilis, nopales and tomatoes, all prominent parts of the Mexican diet to this day. They harvested acocils, a small and abundant crayfish of Lake Texcoco, as well as Spirulina algae, which was made into a sort of cake called tecuitlatl and was rich in flavonoids. Although the Aztecs' diet was mostly vegetarian, the Aztecs consumed insects such as grasshoppers chapulín  (singular) or chapulines  (plural), maguey worm, ants, larvae, etc. Insects have a higher protein content than meat, and even now they are considered a delicacy in some parts of Mexico.

Cereals

Maize was the single most important staple of the Aztecs. It was consumed at every meal by all social classes, and played a central role in Aztec mythology. To some of the first Europeans, the Aztecs described maize as "precious, our flesh, our bones". It came in a vast number of varieties of various sizes, shapes and colors; yellow, reddish, white with stripes of color, black, with or without speckles and a blue-husked variant that was considered to be particularly precious. Other local and regional varieties must have also existed but few were recorded. Maize was revered to such an extent that women blew on maize before putting it into the cooking pot so that it would not fear the fire, and any maize that was dropped on the ground was picked up rather than being wasted. One of the Aztec informants of the Spanish Franciscan missionary and chronicler Bernardino de Sahagún explained the practice in the following way:

A process called nixtamalization was used all over America where maize was the staple. The word is a compound of the Nahuatl words nextli ("ashes") and tamalli ("unformed corn dough; tamal"), and the process is still in use today. Dry maize grain is soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution, usually limewater. This releases the pericarp, the outer hull of the grains and makes the maize easier to grind. The process transforms maize from a simple source of carbohydrates into a considerably more complete nutritional package; it increases the amount of calcium, iron, copper, zinc that are added through the alkalide or the vessel used in the process and niacin, riboflavin and more protein already present in the corn that is not digestible to humans are made available through the process.

The inhibited growth of certain mycotoxins (toxic fungi) is another benefit of nixtamalization. If the processed maize, the nextamalli, is allowed to ferment, further nutrients, including amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan are made available. Together with beans, vegetables, fruit, chilis and salt nixtamalized corn can form a healthy and diverse diet.

Spices
A great number of herbs and spices were available to the Aztecs in seasoning food. Among the most important, chili peppers come in a wide variety of species and cultivars, some domesticated and many of them wild. These included a great range of heat intensity depending on the amount of capsaicin present, with some being mild and others being very piquant. The chilis were often dried and ground for storage and use in cooking, some roasted beforehand to impart different tastes. Flavors varied significantly from one type to another, including sweet, fruity, earthy, smoky, and fiery hot.

Native species of plants used as seasonings produced flavors similar to Old World spices that often proved to be more easily accessible in cooking after the Spanish conquest. Culantro or Mexican coriander provides a much stronger flavor than its Old World parallel, cilantro, and its leaves can be easier to dry. Mexican oregano and Mexican anise likewise produce flavors reminiscent of their Mediterranean counterparts, while allspice has an aroma somewhere in between nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon.

The bark of canella or white cinnamon has a soft, delicate flavor that might have eased the acceptance of the more pungent cinnamon of Ceylon into modern Mexican cuisine. Before the arrival of onions and garlic, subtler but similar wild plants such as Kunth's onion and other southern-ranging species of the genus Allium, as well as the fragrant leaves of garlic vine may have been appropriated. Other flavorings available included mesquite, vanilla, achiote, epazote, hoja santa, popcorn flower, avocado leaf, and other indigenous plants.

Drink

Alcohol
Many different alcoholic beverages were made from fermented maize, honey, pineapple, cactus fruit and other plants. The most common was octli which was made from maguey sap. It is today known as pulque, an Antillean term. It was drunk by all social classes, though some nobles made a point of not downing such a humble beverage. Drinking was tolerated, even for children at some occasions, but becoming intoxicated was not. The penalties could be very stiff, and were stricter for the elite.

The first transgression of a commoner would be punished by tearing his house down and sending him off to live in the field like an animal. A noble would generally not get a second chance and could be executed for overindulging in alcohol. Getting intoxicated appeared to have been more tolerated for elderly people; Spanish translations of the Codex Mendoza note that there were specific circumstances that allowed the elderly to get intoxicated:

It is shown how, according to the laws and customs of the lose of seventy years of age, man or woman, if such old persons had children or grandchildren. These had license and freedom to use it.

This did not prevent the occasional tragedy of nobles who became alcoholics and drank themselves into poverty, squalor and an early death. An informant of Sahagún told the sad story of a former tlacateccatl, a general and commander of over 8,000 troops:

Ātōle
Ātōle (), maize gruel, accounted for a considerable amount of the daily calorie intake. The basic recipe for ātōle was eight parts water and six parts maize with lime that was cooked until it softened and then ground. The mixture was then boiled until it thickened. There were many variations of ātōle: a mixture of 1/10 maguey syrup made nequātōle; adding chili ground with salt and tomato would make iztac ātōle; letting maize dough sour for 4–5 days and then adding more fresh dough with chili and salt would make xocoātōle. Beans, baked corn tortillas with the crust cut off, toasted maize, chia, amaranth and honey could also be added and there was pinolli, ground toasted maize that was carried by travelers in sacks which could be mixed with water on the road for an instant meal.

Cacao
Cacao had immense symbolic value. It was a rare luxury and an import that could not be grown within the boundaries of the Aztec Empire. There are no detailed descriptions of how cacao solids were prepared, but there are a number of allusions to the fact that it was eaten in some form. Cacao beans were among the most valuable commodities and could be used as a form of payment, although of somewhat low value; 80-100 beans could be used to buy a small mantle or a canoe-full of fresh water if one lived on the salty part of the lakes around Tenochtitlan. Nevertheless, beans were frequently counterfeited by filling empty cacao shells with dirt or mud.

Cacao was commonly drunk as cacahuatl, "cacao water", and was the beverage of warriors and nobles. It was considered a potent intoxicant and something that was drunk with great solemnity and gravity and was described as something "not drunk unthinkingly" by the Spanish chronicler Sahagún. Chocolate could be prepared in a huge variety of ways and most of them involved mixing hot or tepid water with toasted and ground cacao beans, maize and any number of flavorers such as chili, honey, vanilla and a wide variety of spices.

The ingredients were mixed and beaten with a beating stick or aerated by pouring the chocolate from one vessel to another. If the cacao was of high quality, this produced a rich head of foam. The head could be set aside, the drink further aerated to produce another head, which was also set aside and then placed on top of the drink along with the rest of the foam before serving.

Dietary norms
The Aztecs stressed moderation in all aspects of life. European authors and chroniclers were often impressed by what they perceived as exemplary frugality, simplicity and moderation. Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, the bishop of Puebla and viceroy of New Spain in the 1640s reported:

Fasting
The primary meaning of an Aztec fast was to abstain from salt and chilis and all members of Aztec society engaged in fasting to some extent. There were no regular exceptions from the fast, something that shocked the first Europeans who came into contact with the Aztecs. Though fasting was common in Europe, there were permanent exceptions for the women and small children, the sick or frail and the elderly. Before the New Fire ceremony, which occurred every 52 years, some priests fasted for a whole year; the other priests 80 days and lords 8 days.

Commoners engaged in fasts, but less rigorously. There was also a permanent contingent of fasters in Tehuacan. Along with various ascetic rigors like sleeping on a stone pillow, they fasted for periods of four years on one 50-gram corn tortilla (about 2 ounces) per day. The only respite came every 20 days, when they were allowed to eat whatever they wanted.

Even rulers such as Moctezuma were expected to cut down on their otherwise luxurious lifestyle and did so with considerable conviction and effort. At times he abstained from luxuries and sex with women and ate only cakes of michihuauhtli and seeds of amaranth or goosefoot. The lord's chocolate was also replaced with water mixed from parched bean powder. This can be contrasted with the fasts of many European nobles and clergy that, while obeying the letter of the religious regulation by replacing meat and animal products with fish, were still luxurious feasts in their own right.

During the fourteenth month, called Quecholli, ceremonies in honor of the hunting god Mixcoatl there would be a large hunt as part of the ritual. To prepare for the hunt Aztecs would fast for five days. The fasting was done, according to Sahagun, "for the deer, so that it would be a successful hunt."

During the celebrations of the god Tezcatlipoca, his priests fasted for ten, five, or seven days continuously before the main feasts. They were known as "those who do penance."

During celebrations of Huitzilopoctli it was noted by Friar Duran: "I have been assured that they became so weak because of the terrible eight-day fast that for another eight days they were not themselves, nor were they satisfied with eating. Many became gravely ill, and the lives of many pregnant women were in danger."

During festivals in honor of Chicomecoatl, there would be a drastic back and forth of gorging and fasting. So much so that people would become ill.

Food and politics
Bernal Diaz del Castillo comments on how the ruler of Tenochtitlan was served food:

His cooks had more than thirty styles of dishes made according to their fashion and usage, and they put them on small low clay braziers so that they would not get cold ... if it was cold they made him a fire of glowing coals made from the bark of certain trees ... the odor of the bark ... was most fragrant ... they put the tablecloths of white fabric ... They served him on Cholula pottery, some red and some black ... and from time to time they brought him some cups of fine gold, with a certain drink made of cacao.

Sahagun provides a list of the different types of tlaquetzalli, a chocolate drink served to Aztec lords:

The ruler was served his chocolate, with which he finished [his repast] - green, made of tender cacao; honeyed chocolate made with ground-up dried flowers - with green vanilla pods; bright red chocolate; orange-colored chocolate; rose-colored chocolate; black chocolate; white chocolate."

Aztec expansion was targeted in ways to gain or maintain access to foodstuffs need for ceremony and everyday life. The leader's ability to acquire food needed for ritual was important for his political success.

Cannibalism

The Aztecs practiced ritualistic cannibalism. Victims, usually prisoners of war, were sacrificed in public on top of temples and pyramids by cutting out their hearts. The bodies were then thrown down to the ground where they were dismembered. The pieces were then distributed to the elite, which were mostly warriors and priests. The meat was consumed in the form of stews flavored only with salt and eaten with corn tortillas, but without the otherwise ubiquitous chili.

The veintena Tlacaxipehualiztli was one of intense human sacrifice, it was noted by Sahagun that "it was the time when all captives died, all those taken, all those who were made captive, the men, the women, all the children." It began with the sacrifice of captured warriors, the flesh of the sacrificed warriors would be taken to the residence of the Aztec who had captured the warrior. The capturer was forbidden to feast on the flesh of the sacrificed, however his family would eat it. A stew called tlacatlaolli was prepared out of dried maize and into each serving would be placed a piece of the flesh of the captive.

In the late 1970s the anthropologist Michael Harner suggested that the Aztecs had resorted to large-scale, organized cannibalism to make up for a supposed protein deficiency in the diet. This idea gained limited support from some scholars, but has been shown to be based on unfounded assumptions about eating habits, agriculture and demographics, making it a highly unlikely scenario.

See also

 Mexican cuisine
 Maya cuisine
 Moctezuma's Table
 Muisca cuisine
 Inca cuisine
 Domesticated plants of Mesoamerica

References

Sources
Bosland, Paul. (1999). "Chiles: A Gift from a Fiery God". HortScience. 34(5): 810.
Cambridge World History of Food (2000), 2 vol. editors Kiple, Kenneth F. and Coneè Ornelas
Carrasco, Davíd. 1995. "Cosmic Jaws: We Eat the Gods and the Gods Eat Us." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 63 (3): 429–63.
Civitello, Linda (2011). Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 112. .
Coe, Sophie D. (1994) America's first cuisines
"From Grinding Corn to Dishing Out Money: A Long-Term History of Cooking in Xaltocan, Mexico." In The Menial Art of Cooking: Archaeological Studies of Cooking and Food Preparation, edited by Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique and Graff Sarah R., 99-118. University Press of Colorado, 2012.
Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. (1990) Aztec medicine, health, and nutrition

Cuisine
Category:Mesoamerican cuisine
Category:Native American cuisine
Category:Cannibalism in North America
Category:Mexican cuisine
Category:Mesoamerican diet and subsistence


Church Avenue station

Church Avenue station may refer to:
Church Avenue station (BMT Brighton Line), a subway station near East 18th Street in Brooklyn
Church Avenue station (IND Culver Line), a subway station at McDonald Avenue in Brooklyn
Church Avenue station (IRT Nostrand Avenue Line), a subway station at Nostrand Avenues in Brooklyn


Warming Up!

Warming Up! is an album by American jazz pianist Billy Taylor featuring tracks recorded in 1960 and released on the Riverside label. The recordings were first released as Custom Taylored on a SESAC "electronic transcription" to promote SESAC-controlled material to radio stations and re-released as Easy Like on the Surrey label in 1966.

Reception

Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars.

Track listing
All compositions by Billy Taylor except as indicated
 "Warming Up" - 2:29
 "Easy Like" (Teddy Castion, Taylor) - 2:36
 "That's Where It Is" - 2:45
 "Native Dancer" - 2:31
 "Coffee Break" - 3:05
 "Afterthoughts" - 2:51
 "Easy Walker" - 2:46
 "Lonesome Lover" - 2:29
 "Don't Bug Me" - 2:36
 "You Know What I Mean" - 3:04
 "Uncle Fuzzy" - 2:36
 "No Aftertaste" - 3:08

Personnel
Billy Taylor - piano
Henry Grimes - bass
Ray Mosca - drums

References

Category:1960 albums
Category:Billy Taylor albums
Category:Riverside Records albums
Category:Albums produced by Esmond Edwards


List of breweries, wineries, and distilleries in Utah

This is a list of breweries, wineries, and distilleries in the state of Utah.

As of 2013 there were eighteen breweries operating in the state. As of November 2017, this number had increased to 27, ranking 40th in total number of breweries and 38th in per capita number of breweries, with 1.4 per 100,000 people of age 21 and over. However, Utah is 27th in the total number of craft beer barrels produced, and 16th per capita..

There are also 14 distilleries and nine wineries currently operating in Utah.

Breweries

Distilleries and wineries

See also
 Beer in the United States
 List of breweries in the United States
 List of microbreweries
 Alcohol laws of Utah

References

External links
 https://www.beeradvocate.com/place/city/82/

Distilleries in Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Breweries, Wineries, And Distilleries
Utah
Category:American cuisine-related lists
Category:Food and drink companies based in Utah


Barry Lester

Barry M. Lester is an American psychiatrist, currently a professor at Brown University. He is a Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science and American Psychological Association.

References

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Brown University faculty
Category:American psychiatrists
Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science


Leen Barth

Leendert Barth (born 11 January 1952 in Puttershoek) is a Dutch former football player. He was mainly a back-up goalkeeper who played his entire career in Belgium.

Playing career

Club
Barth started his career with Fortuna Vlaardingen. At the age of 19, he moved to RSC Anderlecht where he would soon become back-up goalie for Jan Ruiter, and later on for Jacky Munaron. Being denied a chance as first choice keeper, Leen Barth moved to a different Brussels side, Union SG. He stay there for one season.

In 1976, Leen Barth signed for Club Brugge. He play for them until 1981. Barth then went to cross city rivals Cercle Brugge where he remained until his retirement.

International
Leen Barth represented his country at youth level.

Managerial career
He became coach of lower league clubs, FC Knokke and SK Torhout, and then quit football.

Honours

Club
Anderlecht
Belgian First Division (2): 1971–72, 1973–74
Belgian Cup (3): 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75

Club Brugge
Belgian First Division (3): 1976–77, 1977–78, 1979–80
Belgian Cup (1): 1976–77
European Cup finalist: 1977–78

Cercle Brugge
Belgian Cup (1): 1984–85

References

External links
Leen Barth at Clubbrugge.be
Leen Barth at Cerclemuseum.be

Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Binnenmaas
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Dutch footballers
Category:Netherlands under-21 international footballers
Category:Fortuna Vlaardingen players
Category:R.S.C. Anderlecht players
Category:Royale Union Saint-Gilloise players
Category:Club Brugge KV players
Category:Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players
Category:Belgian First Division A players
Category:Dutch expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Belgium


Happy Talk (album)

Happy Talk (also issued as Sweet Soul) is an album by organist Shirley Scott recorded in 1962 and released on the Prestige label.

Reception
The Allmusic review stated "It includes a nice "Jitterbug Waltz." All are standards".

Track listing
 "Happy Talk" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) - 8:40
 "Jitterbug Waltz" (Fats Waller) - 5:40
 "I Hear a Rhapsody" (Jack Baker, George Fragos, Dick Gasparre) - 4:50
 "My Romance" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) - 5:15
 "Where or When" (Hart, Rodgers) - 4:50
 "Sweet Slumber" (Lucky Millinder) - 5:15

Personnel
 Shirley Scott - organ
 Earl May - bass
 Roy Brooks - drums

References

Category:1963 albums
Category:Albums produced by Ozzie Cadena
Category:Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio
Category:Prestige Records albums
Category:Shirley Scott albums


Fibronectin binding protein A

Fibronectin binding protein A (FnBPA) is a Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMM cell surface-bound protein that binds to both fibronectin and fibrinogen.

It is an adhesin which enables Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) to adhere to host cells of another organism, and an invasin facilitating its internalisation into these cells. This is true over a range of different cell types.  The FnBP alone is capable of providing this invasive property, without the requirement of co-receptors. Even FnBP coated beads have been shown to become internalised into cells

S. aureus is able to bind to host cells in the absence of the FnBP, but its adherence and invasive properties are much reduced (up to a 500-fold decrease in number of internalised cells)

Structure

The FnBP inserts into the cell wall of S. aureus by means of a C-terminal LPXTG anchor. Two fibronectin binding domains have been identified - one is present in the C-terminal D repeat region, and one in the N-terminal A region

Mechanism

The fibronectin binding protein is able to bind fibronectin present in the extracellular matrix. Similarly, the α5β1 integrin present on host cells also binds fibronectin to create a link to its actin cytoskeleton, binding via the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif present in fibronectin. Fibronectin is able to act as a ‘bridge’ between S. aureus and the host cell, with both S. aureus and the host cell binding at either end of the molecule, and therefore facilitate adherence.

Clinical significance
The FnBP is involved in adherence to a wide range of mammalian cells and is hence implicated in various infections.

It is implicated in the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis, and is the predominant adhesin for adherence to osteoblasts, a cell type present in large quantities within bone. Few S. aureus cells become internalised into osteoblasts in the absence of the FnBP

FnBPs are essential in the formation of biofilms by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain LAC. They are specifically involved in primary attachment.

References

Category:Blood proteins


Portanova

Portanova may refer to:

People
 Daniele Portanova, an Italian football player
 Gennaro Portanova, an Italian Catholic cardinal

Places
 Portanova (Casal Cermelli), a civil parish of the commune of Casal Cermelli in the  Province of Alessandria, Italy

Other
 Portanova (Osijek), a shopping center in Osijek, Croatia
 Porta Nova (Volterra), a city gate of the commune of Volterra, in Tuscany, Italy

See also
Porta Nuova (disambiguation)


Rob Robinson (American football)

Rob Robinson (born September 25, 1977) is an American football coach and former player. He is formerly the head football coach at Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Robinson was announced as the new head coach on December 19, 2013, replacing Kenny Evans. Before becoming head coach at Northeastern State, Robinson was an assistant coach and offensive coordinator at Washburn. It was announced in October 2018, that his contract would not be renewed. Robinson resigned on October 31, 2018, with only two season games left.

Playing career
Robinson was a four-year letterman and three-year starter playing as a fullback at William Jewell College. In both 1997 and 1998, Robinson was the Special Teams Player of the Year, was an all-conference selection his junior year, and was named to the Player's Leadership Committee and All-Heart of America Athletic Conference Third Team as a senior.

Personal life
Robinson and his wife, Jess, have two sons and one daughter.

Head coaching record

References

Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football fullbacks
Category:Northeastern State RiverHawks football coaches
Category:Washburn Ichabods football coaches
Category:William Jewell Cardinals football players
Category:People from Trenton, Missouri


Slipping Through My Fingers

"Slipping Through My Fingers" is a song written by Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson and recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA from their 1981 album The Visitors, with lead vocals by Agnetha Fältskog. The song is about a mother's regret at how quickly her daughter is growing up, and the lack of time they have spent together, as the girl goes to school.

The inspiration for the song was Ulvaeus' and Fältskog's daughter, Linda Ulvaeus, who was seven at the time the song was written.

The song was only released as a single in Japan (Discomate, 1981), where it was a red vinyl promo single for The Coca-Cola Company with nothing on the B-side except a printed picture of the group. An album with the same name and a similar-looking cover was also released in Japan.

Spanish version
"Se Me Está Escapando" is the Spanish Language version of "Slipping Through My Fingers", with lyrics by Buddy and Mary McCluskey. The song was released as a single in Spanish-speaking countries in 1982 and also included on the South American versions of the album The Visitors. The track was first released on CD in 1994 as part of the Polydor US compilation Más ABBA Oro, and in 1999 included on the expanded re-release of ABBA Oro: Grandes Éxitos.

Cover versions
 The song is used in the ABBA songs-based musical Mamma Mia!, as well as the 2008 movie adaptation in which it is sung by Meryl Streep and Amanda Seyfried. The song is used when the mother, Donna, is helping her daughter, Sophie, to get ready for the wedding. In the context of the musical, Donna sings the song as if she is reminiscing about her joys and also her regrets about raising Sophie all alone. Donna also can't believe how quickly Sophie has grown up.
 American stage musical singer Wendy Coates recorded a cover of the song for her 2001 album Journeys.

References

External links
abba4therecord.com

Category:1981 singles
Category:ABBA songs
Category:Songs about nostalgia
Category:Songs about school
Category:Songs about parenthood
Category:Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus


Brickwood baronets

The Brickwood Baronetcy, of Portsmouth, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 29 June 1927 for Sir John Brickwood, Chairman and Managing Director of Brickwood & Co Ltd, brewers, and Chairman of the Portsmouth Chamber of Commerce. Brickwood had previously been knighted in 1904. The title became extinct on the death of his son from his third marriage, the third Baronet (who had succeeded his half-brother in 1974), in 2006.

Brickwood baronets, of Portsmouth (1927)
Sir John Brickwood, 1st Baronet (1852–1932)
Sir Rupert Redvers Brickwood, 2nd Baronet (1900–1974)
Sir Basil Graeme Brickwood, 3rd Baronet (1923–2006)

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Category:Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom


Handcuff knot

A handcuff knot is a knot tied in the bight having two adjustable loops in opposing directions, able to be tightened around hands or feet.  The knot itself does not possess any inherent locking action, and thus is not as easy to use for such purposes as the name might suggest.

The knot is also known as a hobble knot for similar reasons, from the idea that the knot was sometimes used on the legs of horses to limit the distance their riders had to walk in the morning to retrieve them.

The knot consists of two simple loops, overlaid, and with the ends pulled through.  At that stage, the knot is slippery and easy to adjust.  The knot can be "locked" by making one or more overhand knots with the loose ends in the manner of a reef knot.

The sizes of the two loops can also be fixed by making half hitches with each end over the necks of the loops. This configuration is known as the fireman's chair knot.

See also
Tom fool's knot, a similar knot sometimes incorrectly identified as a handcuff knot
List of knots

References


Indarbela nais

Indarbela nais is a moth in the family Cossidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1898. It is found in Costa Rica.

References

Category:Metarbelinae


WHHZ

WHHZ (100.5 FM), branded as "100.5 The Buzz", is a commercial radio station licensed to Newberry, Florida, broadcasting to the Gainesville area.  The station is owned by the MARC Radio Group and transmits with an Effective radiated power of 44 kw from a tower site 2 miles west of Trenton.

History
The FCC added 100.5 MHz class A allocation for Newberry to the table of allotments on December 17, 1986.  Newberry Broadcasting Corporation applied for and was granted the construction permit on January 10, 1990.  During the construction phase, the allotment was upgraded to a class C3. The station first signed on the air on November 18, 1994.  Originally, as a class C3 FM station broadcasting from a tower site west of High Springs, Florida, it never had good penetration into its primary target market of Gainesville.

After several call letter changes and format changes; WBXY in 1998, WRGK in 1999, it was sold to Asterisk Communications who then sold the station to Pamal Broadcasting.  The sale was consummated in February 2001.  Pamal immediately co-located the station with its other market stations in the WLUS building on SE 27th Street.  The format was changed briefly to CHR before finally settling on Alternative Rock. When University Of Gainesville-owned WRUF-FM changed formats in 2010 from Active Rock "Rock 104" to Country (as "103.7 The Gator"), WHHZ adopted an Active Rock format. On April 17, 2014 WHHZ transitioned back to an Alternative Rock format.

In July 2004, the transmitter was relocated to sister station WKZY's tower and the signal was upgraded to a class C2 FM allocation.  This greatly improved coverage of the Gainesville city metro.  Unfortunately, the improved signal never translated to higher ratings or higher revenue for the station. In October 2005 the studios were moved across town to the Sunshine Broadcasting building on 100 NW 76th drive in the Tower Hill Office Park along with Pamal's other Gainesville stations. In July 2011, WHHZ and all of its sister stations were sold by Pamal Broadcasting to the MARC Radio Group, an upstart radio broadcaster based in Winter Park.

References

External links
100.5 The Buzz Online

HHZ
Category:Alternative rock radio stations in the United States
Category:Radio stations established in 1986
Category:1986 establishments in Florida


The Spell of the Yukon (film)

The Spell of the Yukon is a 1916 American silent American drama film directed by Burton L. King and starring Edmund Breese.

Cast
 Edmund Breese as Jim Carson
 Arthur Hoops as Albert Temple
 Christine Mayo as Helen Temple
 William Sherwood as Bob Adams (as Billy Sherwood)
 Evelyn Brent as Dorothy Temple
 Frank McArthur as Megar
 Joseph S. Chailee as Rusty
 Jacques Suzanne as Billy Denny
 Mary Reed as Yukon Kate
 Harry Moreville as Ike Boring
 Lorna Volare as Bob Adams as a Baby (as Baby Volare)
 Claire Lillian Barry as Undetermined Role

References

External links

Category:1916 films
Category:1910s drama films
Category:American films
Category:American drama films
Category:American silent feature films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by Burton L. King
Category:Films based on poems
Category:Films based on works by Robert W. Service

Category:Metro Pictures films


Pseudaminic acid synthase

Pseudaminic acid synthase (, PseI, NeuB3) is an enzyme with systematic name phosphoenolpyruvate:2,4-bis(acetylamino)-2,4,6-trideoxy-beta-L-altropyranose transferase (phosphate-hydrolysing, 2,7-acetylamino-transferring, 2-carboxy-2-oxoethyl-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

 phosphoenolpyruvate + 2,4-bis(acetylamino)-2,4,6-trideoxy-beta-L-altropyranose + H2O  5,7-bis(acetylamino)-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-alpha-L-manno-2-nonulopyranosonic acid + phosphate

The enzyme requires a divalent metal ion, preferably Mn2+ and Co2+.

References

External links

Category:EC 2.5.1


Prosipho macleani

Prosipho macleani is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks.

Description

Distribution

References

External links

Category:Buccinidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1916


SS Paris City

A number of steamships were named Paris City, including –

, a British cargo ship in service 1920–37
, a British cargo ship in service 1946–54

Category:Ship names


Puk

Puk or PUK may refer to:

 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), an Iraqi-Kurdish political party in Iraqi Kurdistan;
 PIN unlock key, code for resetting the personal identification number on mobile devices;
 Buk (puk), a traditional Korean drum.


Marwa and al-Majnun al-Faransi

Marwah wa al-Majūn al-Faransi () is a classical Middle Eastern love story. It is based on the legend of a young man named Shams al Faransy () from Central Asia, born during the 14th century. There were many Arabic versions of the story at the time.

Story
Shams al-Faransi (or al-Faransawi) ibn Fattuta ibn Rumi was a poet, sailor, explorer, translator, writer, and linguist (born May 2, 1373; year of death uncertain, possibly 1458 or 1467), most probably one of the sons of famous explorer Ibn Battuta. He became famous for his poetry and adventurous life. He was most probably born in Afghanistan, but lived in Spain, in Andalucia as a disciple of famous Arab philosophers in the tradition of Averroes, in Morocco, Egypt and parts of Africa. He traveled to Venice, where he became close to French poet and feminist Christine de Pizan and became known as Al-Faransi ("the Frenchman"). But he went on traveling and he fell in love with Marwa bint Ahmad on his trip back to Spain, while he was in Cairo. They fled together to Europe and he wrote songs about his love for her. When they arrived in Europe he asked for her hand in marriage, but was sent by the Caliph to Africa, promising he would return soon after he accomplished his mission. She gave him a silver medallion with a poem by Mansour al-Hallaj. She also gave him a piece of wood that she carved with his name, and he never parted with this piece of wood, wherever he traveled. The medallion and the carving were found in his tomb in 1937 and kept at the Kabul Museum, but were stolen during the war in 2002.

While he was in the desert, he was held prisoner by a tribe of the ruthless Zaghawa warriors. In the meantime, Marwa was introduced to another man, who was more suitable according to Arab traditions.

This type of love is known in Arabic culture as “Virgin Love” (Arabic: حب عذري), because the lovers never married or made love. Other famous Virgin Love stories are the stories of “Qays and Lubna”, “Kuthair and Azza”,  “Layla and Majnun” and “Antarah ibn Shaddad”. His observations on the flight of his dove and of a desert Eagle led him to write poems on flying and dreams of taking Marwa in the air with him. In the late 19th Century, it inspired a Frenchman, Pierre-Louis Maillard, to closely observe the birds in Cairo. Maillard became known as "Majnoun al Faransy" (lit. "The Mad Man of France").

Category:Medieval Arabic literature
Category:Love in Arabic literature
Category:Medieval legends
Category:Literary duos
Category:Love stories


Ramsey (company)

Ramsey is a Turkish men's clothing manufacturing and retail business, owned by Remzi Gür and founded by him in London in the 1970s, and now with 155 retail stores in 26 countries.

History
Ramsey is owned by Remzi Gür, and was founded by him in London in the 1970s, and has factories in Turkey and shops from Dublin to Almaty.

In 2012, Ramsey signed a three-year clothing sponsorship deal with the British football team Liverpool FC.

As of December 2015, Ramsey has 155 retail stores in 26 countries.

References

Category:Textile companies of Turkey


Rock Perdoni

Renso Guido Perdoni (born December 10, 1947), nicknamed Rock Perdoni, is an American former football player who was a consensus All-American tackle for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team. Afterward, Perdoni played professionally for three seasons in the Canadian Football League (CFL).

Early years

Perdoni was born in Italy, near Milan.  Perdoni moved to the United States with his family when he was 6 years old.  He grew up in Wellesley, Massachusetts, where he attended Wellesley High School and played for the Wellesley Raiders high school football team.

College career

Ferrum College

Perdoni initially attended Ferrum College, which was then a two-year junior college, located in Ferrum, Virginia, where he played lineman for the Ferrum Panthers football team from 1967 to 1968.  As a second-year starter in 1968, he was a team captain and standout lineman for the Ferrum Panthers team that won the National Junior College Athletic Association national championship.  He was recognized as the national junior college lineman of the year in 1968.

Georgia Tech

After completing his sophomore year at Ferrum, Perdoni transferred to Georgia Tech in Atlanta, Georgia.  He was a two-year starter at defensive tackle for coach Bud Carson's Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in 1969 and 1970.  Memorably, in 1969, he had ten-tackle performance in which his pass rush contributed to four interceptions in the Yellow Jackets' 6–0 upset of the Georgia Bulldogs.  He was named a third-team All-American by the Associated Press following his 1969 junior season.

As a senior team captain in 1970, he was a key member of the Yellow Jackets team that compiled a 9–3 record, and had 13 tackles in the Jackets' 17–9 victory over the Texas Tech Red Raiders in the December 1970 Sun Bowl.  Following his senior season, he was a finalist for the first annual Lombardi Award, honoring the best college lineman of the year, and he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 1970, when he received first-team honors from the Associated Press (AP), the America Football Coaches Association (AFCA), Central Press Association (CPA), the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), United Press International (UPI), Football News, The Sporting News and the Walter Camp Foundation.

Perdoni was inducted into the Georgia Tech Sports Hall of Fame in 1979.  As of 2013, he still ranks among the top ten Georgia Tech linemen for career tackles, with 210.

Professional career

After his college career, he signed with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League, and he played the defensive tackle position for the Blue Bombers and Hamilton Tiger-Cats during the  season.  He also played for the Edmonton Eskimos in , and the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1972 and .  During his three-season CFL career, Perdoni played in 32 regular season games.

See also

 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
 List of Georgia Tech alumni

References

Category:1947 births
Category:Living people
Category:All-American college football players
Category:American football defensive tackles
Category:American people of Italian descent
Category:American players of Canadian football
Category:Canadian football defensive linemen
Category:Edmonton Eskimos players
Category:Ferrum Panthers football players
Category:Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football players
Category:Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Category:Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Category:Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
Category:Players of American football from Massachusetts
Category:Wellesley High School alumni


Martin-Baker

Martin-Baker  Aircraft Co. Ltd. is a British manufacturer of ejection seats and safety-related equipment for aviation. The company's origins were originally as an aircraft manufacturer before becoming a pioneer in the field of ejection seats. The company's headquarters are in Higher Denham, Buckinghamshire, England with other sites in France, Italy and the United States.

Martin-Baker supplies ejection seats for 93 air forces worldwide. Martin-Baker seats have been fitted into over 200 fixed-wing and rotary types with the most recent being the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II programme.

Martin-Baker claimed in 2016 that since the first live ejection test in 1945, a total of 7,613 lives have been saved by the company's ejection seats.

Martin-Baker also manufactures what it calls "crashworthy" seats for helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. , over 20,000 crashworthy seats have been delivered. The Martin-Baker company continues as a family-run business, run by the two twin sons of the late Sir James Martin since Autumn 1979.

History
"Martin's Aircraft Works" was founded at Denham by James Martin and Captain Valentine Baker with financial help from Francis Francis.  The company was building a prototype aircraft, the M.B.1, using the design patents for aircraft structures held by Martin. On 17 August 1934 the Martin-Baker Aircraft Company was formed to continue the work of aircraft development.

Martin and Baker designed an unconventional, two-seat, low-wing monoplane design in the early 1930s as the MB1. This was powered by a de Havilland Gipsy engine mounted in the fuselage behind the seats and driving a fixed pitch propeller through a shaft running horizontally between the pilot and passenger. The project was abandoned due to financial constraints, although the fuselage and engine installation had been completed. Martin-Baker also constructed an autogyro designed by Raoul Hafner. This, their first complete aircraft project, was later tested by Captain Baker at Heston Aerodrome.

In 1935, Martin and Baker designed and flew their Martin-Baker M.B.1, a two-seat light touring aircraft. Their first military design was the Martin-Baker M.B.2, a Napier Dagger–powered fighter that flew in 1938. It was a private venture to meet Air Ministry Specification F.5/34 for a fighter for service in the tropics. The M.B.2 was tested but neither it nor other designs to F.5/34 were adopted.

 Martin-Baker M.B.3 (1942): a six-cannon fighter design, powered by a Napier Sabre. Baker was killed in a crash while testing the prototype.
 Martin-Baker M.B.4 (1943): a Rolls-Royce Griffon-engined fighter, cancelled on the drawing board.

The Martin-Baker M.B.5 which first flew in 1944 had started out as the second MB3 prototype but was extensively redesigned with a tubular steel fuselage. It used the Griffon engine driving contra-rotating propellers.
 Martin-Baker M.B.6 (1945): a Second World War jet fighter project with a swing-arm, 0/0 spring-loaded ejection seat.
 Martin-Baker M.B.7 (1946) Black Bess: a postwar interceptor/high-speed test aircraft concept. Small flying models were made but the concept was cancelled in 1947.

Martin-Baker manufactured aircraft components, including retrofit improvements to the ammunition belt feeds and armoured seats for Supermarine Spitfires, throughout the Second World War. James Martin also designed and manufactured explosive bolt cutters fitted to bomber wings to cut barrage balloon cables that were fitted to many aircraft and saved a number of aircraft.

In 1944 the company was approached by the Ministry of Aircraft Production to investigate ejection systems enabling pilots to bail out safely from high-speed fighter aircraft.

Ejection seats

Martin-Baker investigated ejection seats from 1934 onwards, several years before Germany and Sweden proposed similar systems in 1938. The company concluded that an explosive-powered ejection seat was the best solution. In particular, Baker's death in 1942 during a test flight of the MB3 affected Martin so much that pilot safety became his primary focus and led to the later reorganisation of the company to focus primarily on ejection seats.

In 1944, James Martin was asked by the Ministry of Aircraft Production to develop methods for fighter pilots to escape their aircraft. Martin decided that the best method involved ejection of the seat with the occupant sitting in it, aided by an explosive charge. After ejection, the pilot would separate from the seat and open his parachute by pulling a ripcord in the usual way.

At that time there was little information on how much upward thrust the human body could withstand. Data relating to "g" forces in catapult launching of aircraft involved horizontal thrust and was therefore inapplicable to the new problem. Tests would have to be conducted to find out how much upward "g" force a person could tolerate. These were done by shooting a seat up a near-vertical path, loading the seat to represent the weight of the occupant, and measuring the accelerations involved.

A 5-metre (16 foot) test rig was built in the form of a tripod, one of the legs being in the form of guide rails. The seat was propelled up the guide rails by a gun, consisting of two telescopic tubes energised by an explosive cartridge. The guide rails were provided with ratchet stops every 75mm (3 inches), so that the seat was automatically arrested at the top of its travel.

Studies were conducted to find the limits of upward acceleration that the human body could stand. The first dummy shot with the seat loaded to 200lb was made on 20 January 1945, and four days later one of the company’s experimental fitters, Bernard Lynch, undertook the first "live" ride, being shot up the rig to a height of 4 feet 8inches. In three further tests, the power of the cartridge was progressively increased until a height of 10 feet was reached, at which stage Lynch reported the onset of considerable physical discomfort.  The first seat was successfully live-tested by Lynch on 24 July 1946, who ejected from a Gloster Meteor travelling at  IAS at  over Chalgrove Airfield in Oxfordshire.

The first production Martin-Baker ejection seat, a 'Pre-Mk 1', was installed in the Saunders-Roe SR.A/1 prototype.

The first use of an ejection seat in a practical application by a British pilot involved the Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52 flying wing experimental aircraft in May 1949.

Martin-Baker was a pioneer in expanding the operational envelope of the ejection seat to enable it to be used at low altitudes and airspeeds, leading eventually to a "zero-zero" capability.

Applications

Martin-Baker Mk.1

Martin-Baker Mk.2

Martin-Baker Mk.3

Martin-Baker Mk.4

Martin-Baker Mk.5

Martin-Baker Mk.6

Martin-Baker Mk.7

Martin-Baker Mk.8

BAC TSR-2

Martin-Baker Mk.9

Dornier Do 31
Hawker Siddeley Harrier
Nord 500
SEPECAT Jaguar
VFW VAK 191B

Martin-Baker Mk.10

Martin-Baker Mk.11
Pilatus PC-7 Turbo Trainer
Pilatus PC-9
PZL-130TC Orlik

Martin-Baker Mk.12
Hawker Siddeley Harrier

Martin-Baker Mk.14 NACES (SJU-17)

This ejection seat is used by the US Navy and is often designated Martin-Baker NACES (Naval Aircrew Ejection Seat) SJU-17 with a suffix letter for the different variants.
Grumman F-14D Tomcat
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk

Martin-Baker Mk.15
Pilatus PC-7 Mk II
UTVA Kobac

Martin-Baker Mk.16
Beechcraft T-6 Texan II
Dassault Rafale
Eurofighter Typhoon
TAI Hürkuş
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
Northrop T-38 Talon
Pilatus PC-21

Martin-Baker Mk.17

Extremely compact and lightweight ejection seat designed with minimise mass and maintenance. Most lightweight ejection seat in Martin-Baker inventory.
Grob G 120TP

Operations
The Martin-Baker company once used its own airfield, Chalgrove Airfield, in Oxfordshire for operational testing of ejection seats. In 2016, ejection tests were carried out at Cazaux Air Base; the company's Meteor aircraft testbeds were flown from Chalgrove to France for them.

Two Gloster Meteor T.7 aircraft, WL419 and WA638, remain in service with the company as flying testbeds. Another Meteor (WA634), used in early development of ejection seats, is retained at the RAF Museum at RAF Cosford.

Ejection Tie Club

Martin-Baker also sponsors an "Ejection Tie Club," producing a tie, patch, certificate, tie pin and membership card for those whose lives have been saved by a Martin-Baker ejection seat. The company also partnered with Bremont to produce a limited-edition wristwatch for members of the club. The watch must be purchased privately, though Martin-Baker does subsidize its cost.  , there are now over 6,000 registered members of the club since it was founded in 1957.

Red Arrows pilot incident
In 2011, Red Arrows pilot Flt. Lt. Sean Cunningham was ejected from his Hawk T1 jet on the ground at RAF Scampton. The parachute failed to deploy and the South African-born Cunningham was killed. On 22 January 2018, company director John Martin entered a guilty plea to breaching Section 3(1) of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 on behalf of Martin-Baker wherein he admitted that the company had been aware of a technical problem with the ejector seat since 1990, but failed to notify the RAF.
It transpired that both the MoD and the Health and Safety Executive had withheld evidence showing the company had regularly provided the necessary information to MoD since, at least, 1958.  The primary evidence was in the form of an RAF training film. Had the instructions in the film been followed, Flt Lt Cunningham's parachute would have opened. It further emerged that MoD had instructed its staff not to implement this training, and re-issued this instruction after the accident. "The firm admitted the health and safety breach on the basis it had failed to provide a written warning to the RAF about over-tightening a bolt on the aircraft."

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Bowyer, Michael J.F. Interceptor Fighters for the Royal Air Force 1935-45. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1984. .
 Green, William, ed. "Mr. Martin's Memorable M.B.5." Air International Vol. 16, no. 2, February 1979.
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Fighters, Volume Two. London, Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961.
 Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Fact Files: RAF Fighters, Part 2. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1979. .
 Johnson, Brian and Terry Heffernan. A Most Secret Place: Boscombe Down, 1939–45. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1982. .
 "The Martin-Baker MB-V." Flight, No. 1927, Volume XLVIII, 29 November 1945. p588-590

 Zuk, Bill. Janusz Zurakowski: Legends in the Sky. St. Catharine's, Ontario: Vanwell, 2004. .
 Ramsden J, "Martin-Baker: 50 years, 5,000 lives, 50,000 seats" FLIGHT International, 26 May 1979 p1733-1735

External links

 Electronic Library, see Propulsion Systems Contribution to Success of Aircrew Emergency Escape Systems (PDF File, pay site)
 Exit In Extremis a 1948 Flight article
 At low altitudes each second is vital - 150ft. 600mph a 1954 Flight advertisement for Martin-Baker ejection seats
 Seat and Aircraft - 930 lives saved a 1965 Flight advertisement for the Martin-Baker Mk. 6HA zero-zero ejection seat as fitted in the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel
 VTOL a 1966 Flight advertisement for Martin-Baker zero-speed zero altitude ('zero-zero') ejections seats

Category:Aircraft component manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Category:British companies established in 1929
Category:Companies based in Buckinghamshire
Category:Denham, Buckinghamshire
Category:Ejection seats
Category:Science and technology in Buckinghamshire
Category:Science and technology in Oxfordshire
Category:Technology companies established in 1929


Shikari Shambu

Shikari Shambu (Hunter Shambu) is an Indian comic character created by Vasant Halbe and Luis Fernandes  for the Tinkle magazine in 1983. Shikari Shambu  is one of the  characters of Tinkle.

Shambu is a cowardly and lazy shikari (hunter) whom the rest of the world perceives as courageous. He always tries to run away from dangerous animals, but due to some stroke of luck always ends up as a hero. He lives with his wife Shanti. In The Legend of Shikari Shambu (Tinkle Magazine No.573), it was revealed that Shambu, before being called "Shikari" Shambu, fell on a tiger and knocked him out. It was after this incident that he got the name "Shikari" Shambu.

He is shown as, always wearing his large hunting hat, that covers his eyes and green pant and shirt. He carries a large rifle which he never uses properly.

Origins

By 1988, Tinkle was already on its way becoming the most popular children’s magazine in India. Their biggest rival that time was another children magazine named Target, run by Living Media. Unlike Tinkle, Target was more of a narrative magazine, with a few pages of comics. Their flagship character that time was Detective Moochhwala (Hindi for "the man with a mustache") by Ajit Ninan. Moochhwala who was a detective with penetrating eyes and a huge mustache. Tinkle decided to create a competing character. Subba Rao and Dhruva, two of the creators at Tinkle, came up with the proposal for such a character. They decided to base this new character on a boastful but cowardly big game hunter in the then famous television drama, I Love Lucy.

Luis Fernandes then worked on producing the first story, which was originally named "Shambu", before Shahid Hidayat prefixed Shikari (Hindustani for "hunter") to the name. Some of his editorial teammates had reservation over the use of the name Shikari, as the wildlife conservation theme was in its prominence. But, the sheer charisma of the name, they and the editor Anant Pai, decided to let it continue. But, contrary to the name, the creators ensured that Shambu never would shoot or kill any animal in any of its episodes. More than that, creators slowly even disassociated him from his trademark hunting gun, after few episodes. The "non-violence" policy of Tinkle also resulted in Shambu being portrayed as more of an explorer than a hunter.

One of the reasons for the popularity of Shikari Shambu, was due to the comical illustrations of the artist, Vasant Halbe. Halbe, who was a freelancer at Tinkle that time, had impressed the editorial team with his earlier works. Once he was confirmed officially as the artist for the series, he showcased his character sketches, of which a drawing of Shikari with his Topi (hat) pulled down over his eyes, caught everyone’s attention. The sketch went on to be the among the flagship character of Tinkle. In 1997, Savio Mascarenhas replaced Halbe as the illustrator.

References

Category:Indian comics
Category:Comics characters introduced in 1983


White-collared yuhina

The white-collared yuhina (Yuhina diademata) is a bird species in the white-eye family Zosteropidae.

It is found in China, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

References

Collar, N. J. & Robson, C. 2007. Family Timaliidae (Babblers)  pp. 70 – 291 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 12. Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

white-collared yuhina
Category:Birds of China
Category:Birds of Myanmar
Category:Birds of Yunnan
white-collared yuhina
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


John Leach

John Leach is the name of:

John Leach (judge) (1760–1834), English judge
John Leach (Royal Navy officer) (1894–1941), Royal Navy captain
John Albert Leach (1870–1929), Australian ornithologist
Johnny Leach (1922–2014), British table tennis player
John Leach (MP), British Member of the UK Parliament for West Surrey (1832)

John Leach (footballer) (1866–1931), English footballer
John Leach (cricketer) (1846–1893), English cricketer

See also
John Leech (disambiguation)


30th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry

The 30th Massachusetts was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Service
The 30th Massachusetts was initially organized at Camp Chase in Lowell, Massachusetts by Benjamin F. Butler as the "Eastern Bay State Regiment" on December 31, 1861. The regiment moved to Boston on January 2, 1862 where it mustered in for a three-year enlistment on January 4, 1862 under the command of Colonel Nathan Dudley.

The regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, Department of the Gulf, to October 1862. Defenses of New Orleans to January 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1864, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. Department of Washington to June 1865. Department of the South to December 1865.

The 30th Massachusetts mustered out of service on December 1, 1865.

Detailed service
Sailed from Boston on steamer Constitution for Fort Monroe, Va., January 13, arriving January 16; then sailed for Ship Island, Miss., February 6, arriving there February 12, and duty there until April 15. (Company K joined the regiment March 9.) Operations against Forts St. Phillip and Jackson, Mississippi River, April 15–28, 1862. Occupation of Fort St. Phillip April 28. Moved to New Orleans April 29–30. Occupation of New Orleans May 1. Expedition to New Orleans & Jackson Railroad May 9–10. Moved to Baton Rouge May 30–31. Expedition from Baton Rouge June 7–9. Williams' Expedition to Vicksburg, Miss., and operations in that vicinity June 18-July 23. Ellis Cliff June 22. Hamilton Plantation, near Grand Gulf, June 24. Moved to Baton Rouge July 23–26, and duty there until August 21. Battle of Baton Rouge August 5. Moved to Carrollton August 21–22, and duty there until November 4. Garrison duty at New Orleans until January 13, 1863. Moved to Baton Rouge January 13–14. Expedition to Port Hudson March 7–27. Operations against Port Hudson May 12–24. Monett's Plantation and on Bayou Sara Road May 18–19. Plain's Store May 24. Siege of Port Hudson May 24-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Cox's Plantation, Donaldsonville, July 12–13. Camp at Baton Rouge August 1-September 2. Sabine Pass Expedition September 4–11. Moved from Algiers to Brashear City September 16, thence to Berwick and to Camp Bisland September 26. Bayou Teche Campaign October 3-November 30. At New Iberia, until January 7, 1864, and at Franklin until February 18. Veterans on leave February 18-May 3. Moved to New Orleans May 3–16, and to Morganza June 13. Moved to New Orleans, then to Fort Monroe, Va., and Washington, D.C., July 2–13. Snicker's Gap Expedition July 14–23. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Mt. Jackson September 23–24. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Winchester, Kernstown, and Stephenson's Depot until April 1, 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., April 21–22, and duty there until June 1. Grand Review of the Armies May 23–24. Moved to Savannah, Ga., June 2–6, then to Georgetown, S.C., June 13, and to Florence June 27. To Sumter July 9. Duty in 3rd Sub-District Eastern South Carolina until December.

Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 404 men during service; 4 officers and 57 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 341 enlisted men died of disease.

Commanders
 Colonel Nathan Dudley
 Colonel Samuel D. Shipley

Notable members
 Captain Eugene W. Ferris, Company D - Medal of Honor recipient for action at Berryville, Virginia, April 1, 1865

See also

 List of Massachusetts Civil War Units
 Massachusetts in the American Civil War

References
 Dyer, Frederick H.  A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA:  Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
 Howe, Henry Warren. Passages from the Life of Henry Warren Howe: Consisting of Diary and Letters Written During the Civil War, 1816-1865 (Lowell, MA: Courier-Citizen Co., Printers), 1899.

Category:Military units and formations established in 1861
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865
Category:Massachusetts Civil War regiments
Category:1861 establishments in Massachusetts


Louis Saalschütz

Louis Saalschütz (1 December 1835 — 25 May 1913) was a Prussian-Jewish mathematician, known for his contributions to number theory and mathematical analysis.

Biography

Louis Saalschütz was born to a Jewish family in Königsberg, Prussia, the son of archaeologist Joseph Levin Saalschütz. From 1854 to 1860 he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Königsberg. In 1861 he received his doctorate under the supervision of Franz Ernst Neumann, with the dissertation Ueber die Wärmeveränderungen in den Höheren Erdschichten Unter dem Einfluss des Nicht-periodischen Temperaturwechsels an der Oberfläche.

From 1861 to 1882 he was teacher of mathematics, mechanics, and engineering at the Royal School of Mechanics in Königsberg and the University of Königsberg, where he became an associate professor in 1875 and full professor in 1888.

References

Category:1835 births
Category:1913 deaths
Category:19th-century Prussian people
Category:19th-century German mathematicians
Category:20th-century German mathematicians
Category:People of German-Jewish descent


Tourism in Slovakia

Tourism in Slovakia offers natural landscapes, mountains, caves, medieval castles and towns, folk architecture, spas and ski resorts.

More than 5.0 million people visited Slovakia in 2017, and the most attractive destinations are the capital of Bratislava and the High Tatras. Most foreign visitors come from the Czech Republic (about 26%), Poland (15%) and Germany (11%). But majority of all visitors are Slovak (60%, about 3 million)

Statistics
Most visitors to Slovakia in who stayed in tourist accommodation establishments come from:

Natural environment

Some 40% of Slovakia is covered with forests. Slovakia’s forests contain a wide biodiversity and animals include brown bears, wolves, foxes, wild boars, muskrats, chamois and lynxes. Slovakia features a high percentage of wildlife included in protected areas. There are hardly any mountain ranges and areas not under some form of protection.

One of Slovakia's main tourist attractions are the Tatra Mountains, (particularly the High Tatras), the highest part of the Carpathians. They feature many rare plant and animal species and offer numerous skiing, hiking and mountaineering opportunities.

Rivers and streams in the mountains of Slovakia are often used for rafting and other white-water based activities and sports. The use of rafts has a very long tradition and especially rafts on the spectacular Dunajec river are very popular among tourists.

Slovakia contains numerous mineral springs and spas. There were 94 destination spas in 2007, which contained more than 11,900 beds. In 2007, there were 276,200 visitors in Slovak spas, which is a 9% increase from 2006. 35.2% of the visitors were foreign.

The spas include:
Balneological spas: Bojnice, Brusno, Dudince, Lúčky, Piešťany, Sklené Teplice, Sliač, Smrdáky, Trenčianske Teplice, Turčianske Teplice
Climatic spas: Nový Smokovec, Štós, Štrbské Pleso, Tatranské Matliare, High Tatras
Mixed spas: Bardejovské Kúpele, Číž, Nimnica, Rajecké Teplice and Vyšné Ružbachy
New water parks are being built throughout the country. Recently built parks include Tatralandia in Liptovský Mikuláš, Aquacity in Poprad and Aquathermal in Senec.

Slovakia's karst areas offer an extremely high number of caves and their list is being expanded every year owing to new discoveries. The number of caves per capita may be the highest in Europe . Thirteen caves are open to the public, the longest of which is 9 km long. Some of them have been proclaimed as UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. Among them, Ochtinská Aragonite Cave is one of three aragonite caves in the world.

Architecture and landmarks

Castles

Slovakia contains many castles, most of which are in ruins. The best known castles include Bojnice Castle (often used as a filming location), Spiš Castle (the largest fortified castle in Europe , on the UNESCO list), Orava Castle, Bratislava Castle, and the ruins of Devín Castle. Čachtice Castle was once the home of the world's most prolific female serial killer, the 'Bloody Lady', Elizabeth Báthory.

Historical architecture

Slovakia's position in Europe and the country's past (part of the multicultural Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg monarchy and Czechoslovakia) made many cities and towns similar to the cities in the Czech Republic (such as Prague), Austria (such as Salzburg) or Hungary (such as Budapest). A historical center with at least one square has been preserved in many towns. Large historical centers can be found in Bratislava, Trenčín, Košice, Banská Štiavnica, Levoča, and Trnava. Historical centers have been going through restoration in recent years.

Churches

Historical churches can be found in virtually every village and town in Slovakia. Most of them are built in the Baroque style, but there are also many examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture, for example Banská Bystrica, Bardejov and Spišská Kapitula. The St. James Church in Levoča with the tallest wood-carved altar in the world and the Church of the Holy Spirit in Žehra with medieval frescos are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The St. Martin's Concathedral in Bratislava served as the coronation church for the Kingdom of Hungary. The oldest sacral buildings in Slovakia stem from the Great Moravian period in the 9th century.
Very precious structures are the complete wooden churches of northern and northern-eastern Slovakia. Most were built from the 15th century onwards by Catholics, Lutherans and members of eastern-rite churches.

Folklore

Slovakia also has rich folk traditions: songs, dances, folk art, folk costumes and folk and vernacular architecture. Complete historical villages were preserved only in some cases, such as in Čičmany, Vlkolínec (UNESCO site), Brhlovce, Špania Dolina, Osturňa, Podbiel, Stará Hora in Sebechleby, Plavecký Peter, Veľké Leváre, and Ždiar.

Souvenirs and shopping
Typical souvenirs from Slovakia are dolls dressed in folk costumes, ceramic objects, crystal glass, carved wooden figures, črpáks (wooden pitcher), fujaras  (a folk instrument on the UNESCO list) and valaškas (a decorated folk hatchet) and above all products made from corn husks and wire, notably human figures. Souvenirs can be bought in the shops run by the state organization ÚĽUV (Ústredie ľudovej umeleckej výroby - Center of Folk Art Production). Dielo shop chain sells works of Slovak artists and craftsmen. These shops are mostly found in towns and cities.

Prices of imported products are generally the same as in the neighboring countries, whereas prices of local products and services, especially food, are usually lower .

Museums and galleries

Sport

Food and beverage

Food remains relatively cheap compared to Western Europe. Slovakia offers regional wines and beer brands. The most popular wines are from the Tokaj, Little Carpathians, Nitra, Topoľčany and Záhorie regions. Hubert is a Slovak sparkling wine brand and Karpatské Brandy Špeciál is a popular brandy. Demänovka and Horec are traditional herbal liqueurs. Other popular Slovak distilled beverages include slivovica (plum brandy) and borovička, made of juniper berries. Popular beer brands are Topvar, Zlatý Bažant, Šariš, and Corgoň.

Cheese and cheese products (especially bryndza, korbáčik, oštiepok, parenica, and tvaroh cheeses), žinčica are traditional Slovak specialties.

It is voluntary, that if you are satisfied with services in restaurant or in a pub, you can give staff tips, as these are not included in the final bill. It could be up to 10 percent of the total bill.

Objects on the UNESCO World Heritage List

Objects currently on the list:
Banská Štiavnica (a former major mining town) and tajchy (ancient water reservoirs around the town)
Bardejov (a historic town)
Levoča, Spiš Castle and associated cultural monuments
Levoča
Spiš Castle
a medieval ecclesiastical town Spišská Kapitula
frescos in a medieval church in Žehra
Spišské Podhradie
Vlkolínec (folk architecture)
Caves in the Slovak Karst:
Dobšinská Ice Cave
Domica Cave
Gombasek Cave
Jasovská Cave
Krásnohorská Cave
Ochtinská Aragonite Cave
Primeval beech forests in Poloniny National Park and Vihorlat Mountains (localities: Havešová, Stužica, Rožok and Kyjovský prales)
Wooden churches in central and eastern Slovakia (in Hervartov, Tvrdošín, Kežmarok, Leštiny, Hronsek, Bodružal, Ladomírová, Ruská Bystrá)

History

Tourism in what is today Slovakia began to develop in the mid-19th century when travellers started to visit the High Tatra and Low Tatra mountains.  The first accommodation and catering facilities were built in the late 19th century and this development accelerated after 1918 with the creation of Czechoslovakia.  The number of tourists grew steadily from 270,000 domestic and 45,000 foreign tourists in 1926 to 546,000 domestic and 82,000 foreign tourists in 1936.  The development of the tourist industry slowed down during World War II.  After the introduction of the Communist regime in 1948, Westerners were no longer welcomed in Czechoslovakia, which naturally caused material losses to the tourism industry.  Tourism was controlled by the communist regime ideologically, politically and economically, and the regime failed to invest sufficiently in tourism facilities and infrastructures (with the exception of the High Tatra region). On the other hand, however, since most Czechoslovakian citizens were virtually prohibited from travelling abroad (especially to the West), the regime had to provide more recreational facilities for the population in its own country: In 1989 (at the end of the Communist regime), there were 988 accommodation facilities (389 hotels, 17 motels, 200 hostels, 82 camping sites, 130 cottage camps and other) with 145,822 beds in Slovakia. These were used by some 3.9 m tourists (956,702 from abroad). The biggest tourist centers included Bratislava, High Tatras, Košice, Banská Bystrica and Piešťany. The number of travel agencies (ČEDOK, Tatratour, Slovakotourist, Javorina etc.) was limited by the government.

After the fall of Communism in 1989, Slovakia's tourism began to adapt to the condition of market economy. The facilities were gradually privatised and new facilities have been built, also with the help of foreign capital. Dozens of new travel agencies have been established, and the number of tourist from abroad and income from tourism increased considerably. Passive tourism (Slovaks travelling abroad) increased as well – in the 1990s Slovaks travelled predominantly to the neighbouring countries and Croatia, and since the late 1990s the foreign destinations of Slovaks have shifted to major world tourist destinations (Egypt, France, Indonesia etc.).

Trivia
In 2006, the government of Slovakia formally protested against the film Hostel, stating that the film portrayed Slovakia as a dangerous country with police corruption, where tourists could easily be kidnapped and murdered. The film, the government stated, damaged the image of Slovakia and could be harmful to the tourism industry.

See also
List of castles in Slovakia
List of caves in Slovakia
List of national parks of Slovakia

References

External links

 List of the business in Slovakia
 List of the lawyers in Slovakia
 Slovak national tourism portal
 Official website of the Slovak Tourist Board
 Guided tours in Slovakia
 Resort in Slovakia

Slovakia


Sarvezg Darreh Bid

Sarvezg Darreh Bid (, also Romanized as Sarvezg Darreh Bīd) is a village in Chin Rural District, Ludab District, Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 93, in 24 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Boyer-Ahmad County


Palace of Depression

The Palace of Depression (or Palace Depression) was a building made of junk that was located in Vineland, New Jersey, built by the eccentric and mustachioed George Daynor, a former Alaska gold miner who lost his fortune in the Wall Street Crash of 1929. This amusement was known as "The Strangest House in the World" and the "Home of Junk" and was built as a testament of willpower against the effects of The Great Depression.

History

Beginnings

George Daynor claims that he was guided to New Jersey by an angel, who provided the design for the palace. Completed on Christmas Day 1932, the palace was built on  which cost him four dollars. Daynor said that his palace was "the greatest piece of originality ever brought about in the history of Man." He would charge 25 cents for a tour.

Daynor was a publicity hog and claimed to be "the most photographed man in the world." After Peter Weinberger was kidnapped on 4 July 1956, Daynor called the FBI and falsely reported that the kidnappers had visited the palace. The FBI followed the false claim and Daynor was imprisoned for a year.

The Palace of Depression was linked with another disappearance, that of William Ebenezer Jones III, who went missing in 1962; the grounds of the Palace of Depression were dug up, but no body was ever found.

Decline

Daynor died a pauper in 1964 at a reported 104 years old. After Daynor's death, a fire destroyed the Palace of Depression and Vineland razed it in 1969.

Restoration
As of 2001, a city restoration project to rebuild the Palace of Depression was in progress. Local companies and individuals were encouraged to volunteer materials and labor. Kevin Kirchner initially started the effort in 1998 and has led the restoration effort since its beginning.  It took about 3 years just to obtain the permits and clear the wooded property before actual re-construction of The Palace began in 2001.  As of 2017 much of the Palace building itself has been rebuilt and an adjacent Historical Center/Museum was also erected on the site.  The project is scheduled to tentatively take another two years before opened to the public regularly. The Palace is currently open to the public for tours in limited capacity.

In pop culture
 In 1938 George Daynor made a film about his park entitled The Fantastic Palace.
 The 1983 film Eddie and the Cruisers references the Palace Depression.
 The Trenton rock n' roll band the Cryptkeeper Five titled a 2006 album Rise of the Palace Depression.

Notes

References

External links
 The Palace of Depression Official Site
 RoadSide America entry
 The Fantastic Palace, a documentary about the Palace of Depression, on IMDb
 Coilhouse.

Category:Buildings and structures in Cumberland County, New Jersey
Category:Great Depression in the United States
Category:Novelty buildings in New Jersey
Category:1932 establishments in New Jersey
Category:1969 disestablishments in New Jersey