Poor Man's Pudding

Poor Man's Pudding () is a Canadian satirical comedy film, released in 1996. It was the final theatrical film directed by Gilles Carle.

The film stars Chloé Sainte-Marie as Yo-Yo and Louis-Philippe Davignon-Daigneault as Alphonse, a New Age cult priestess in Montreal and her faith healer nephew. Events are set in motion when Alphonse's father Aristide (François Léveillé) threatens to commit suicide by jumping off the Jacques Cartier Bridge, leading to an ad hoc neighbourhood referendum on whether or not he should jump. The film is in part a satire of the political and social rhetoric, on both sides of the issue, in the 1995 Quebec referendum; Carle was inspired by, and singled out for special opprobrium in his film, the notion offered by some of his sovereignist friends that Quebec independence would in and of itself solve the social problems of poverty, unemployment and homelessness.

The film garnered two Genie Award nominations at the 17th Genie Awards in 1996, in the categories of Best Screenplay (Carle) and Best Costume Design (Denis Sperdouklis).

References

External links

Category:1996 films
Category:1990s comedy films
Category:Canadian films
Category:Canadian comedy films
Category:French-language films
Category:Films directed by Gilles Carle
Category:Canadian satirical films
Category:Films set in Montreal


List of highways numbered 313

The following highways are numbered 313:

Canada
Manitoba Provincial Road 313
 New Brunswick Route 313
Prince Edward Island Route 313

China
 China National Highway 313

India
 National Highway 313 (India)

Japan
 Japan National Route 313

United States
  Arkansas Highway 313
  Connecticut Route 313
  County Road 313 (Gilchrist County, Florida)
  Georgia State Route 313
  Indiana State Road 313 (former)
  Kentucky Route 313
  Louisiana Highway 313
  Maryland Route 313
 Maryland Route 313A
  Minnesota State Highway 313
  Mississippi Highway 313
  Montana Secondary Highway 313
  New Mexico State Road 313
 New York:
  New York State Route 313
  County Route 313 (Erie County, New York)
  Ohio State Route 313
  Pennsylvania Route 313
  Tennessee State Route 313
 Texas:
  Texas State Highway 313 (former)
  Farm to Market Road 313
  Utah State Route 313
  Vermont Route 313
  Virginia State Route 313
 Virginia State Route 313 (former)
  Wyoming Highway 313

Other areas:
  Puerto Rico Highway 313
  U.S. Virgin Islands Highway 313


LDE – Columbus

Columbus was a tender locomotive operated by the Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company (Leipzig-Dresdner Eisenbahn or LDE).

History
The locomotive was sent to the LDE on the recommendation of the Saxon consul in the United States. Similar locomotives had already proven themselves on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. (cf. Tom Thumb) She was built in 1835 by Gillingham & Winans in Baltimore/USA.

In the LDE's company records the locomotive was later described as unreliable and unusable. Several attempts to give the engine back to the manufacturer failed.

In 1842 the locomotive was given to the  Sächsische Maschinenbau-Compagnie in Chemnitz in payment for the PEGASUS. Beyond that, her fate is unknown. She may be identical with the TEUTONIA, which was delivered to the Magdeburg-Leipzig Railway in 1843.

See also
Royal Saxon State Railways
List of Saxon locomotives and railbuses
Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company

References

Sources

Category:0-4-0 locomotives
Category:Locomotives of Saxony
Category:Early steam locomotives
Category:Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1835


Graeme Foster

Graham Foster is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s. He played for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in 1986 and the Newcastle Knights in 1988.

External links
http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/Graham_Foster/summary.html

Category:Australian rugby league players
Category:Manly Warringah Sea Eagles players
Category:Newcastle Knights players
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Rugby articles needing expert attention


Morten Ansgar Kveim

Morten Ansgar Kveim (27 December 1892 – 24 March 1966) was a Norwegian pathologist most remembered for describing the Kveim test.

Kveim was born at Gjerstad  in Aust-Agder, Norway. First starting in philology, he completed his medical training at the University of Oslo (1924).He qualified in medicine in 1925, and worked in private practice at a number of small towns in Norway. After 1929 he worked in the department of diseases of the skin in the Rikshospitalet in Oslo, becoming assistant physician in 1936.

References

External links

Category:1892 births
Category:1966 deaths
Category:People from Aust-Agder
Category:University of Oslo alumni
Category:Norwegian pathologists
Category:Oslo University Hospital people


Juozas Paukštelis

Juozas Paukštelis born Juozas Ptašinskas (March 2, 1899, Titoniai, Kovno Governorate – July 20, 1981) was a Lithuanian author and translator. His works have been translated into Russian, Polish, and Kazakh.

After receiving a degree from Kaunas University in theology and philosophy, he spent much of his life in the city of Kėdainiai, where he hosted literary gatherings. His house there is now a museum.

In 1985, the Juozas Paukštelis Award was established to honor the books that best describe rural life and its moral and social complexities.

Works
 Našlės vaikas (Widow's Child), 1932
 Kaimynai (Neighbors), 1939
 Vaiduokliai (Ghosts), 1953

References

Category:1899 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:People from Pakruojis District Municipality
Category:People from Kovno Governorate
Category:Lithuanian writers
Category:Vytautas Magnus University alumni


Norma Miller (classicist)

Norma P. Miller (–1988) was a classicist whose key works were translations of Tacitus and Menander. She was a lecturer in Classics at Royal Holloway.

Education and career
Miller studied at the University of Glasgow and the University of Cambridge. She was a lecturer in Classics at Royal Holloway. She also lectured at the Trent University, Ontario, where she held an Ashley Fellowship in 1985–86. She also lectured at the University of Toronto. Her teaching included Greek drama and Miller supervised Phd students included Janet P. Bews. Miller was President of the Classical Association in 1987. After retirement she was a Reader Emeritus at the University of London. Miller was noted for her contributions to classical studies in the UK.

Awards and honours
The Department of Classical Studies and Traill College at Trent University established the Norma Miller fund in her honour in 1991.

Selected publications

Translations
Menander. Plays and Fragments. 1987. Penguin Classics.
Tacitus Annals I. 1963. Letchworth: Bradda Books

Commentaries
Tacitus: Annals XIV: A Companion to the Penguin Translation. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.

Articles
1964. Dramatic speech in Tacitus. American Journal of Philology 85: 279-296
1968. Tiberius speaks : an examination of the utterances ascribed to him in the Annals of Tacitus. American Journal of Philology 89: 1-19.

References

Category:Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London
Category:Women classical scholars
Category:1988 deaths


Aaron E. Wasserman

Aaron E. Wasserman (October 11, 1920 – July 5, 2015) was an American food scientist whose career started out in the medical field in microbiology, then evolved into research with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) into food chemistry. Following his retirement from USDA ARS, Wasserman served as Editor-In-Chief of the Institute of Food Technologists' (IFT) Journal of Food Science (JFS) from 1981 to 1990.

Early life and career
A Pennsylvania native, Wasserman earned his B.S. in 1942 from the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia. He then worked for Merck and Company, and later with USDA ARS before his retirement in the late 1970s or early 1980s. During the same period Dr. Wasserman's Lab at USDA outside of Philadelphia pioneered the area of nitrosamine formation in cured meats.

Journal of Food Science editor-in-chief
Wasserman served as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Food Science from 1981 to 1990. He retired to the Philadelphia area. For his service as editor of JFS, he received IFT's Calvert L. Willey Award in 1990. Wasserman was also named a fellow of IFT in 1979.

Selected works

 Wasserman, A.E. and J.W. Hampton. (1960). "Whey Utilization III. Oxygen Absorption Rates and the Growth of Saccharomyces fragillis in Several Propagators." Applied Microbiology. 8(5): 293-297.
 Wasserman, A.E. and W.J. Hopkins. (1958). "Dissimilation of C14-labeled Glucose by Serratia marcescens." Journal of Bacteriology. 75(4): 492-493.

Death
Aaron Wasserman died of natural causes in the early morning hours of July 5, 2015 surrounded by his family.

References
List of IFT past award winners
List of IFT Fellows

Category:1920 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:American food scientists
Category:American microbiologists
Category:Fellows of the Institute of Food Technologists
Category:Scientists from Philadelphia
Category:University of the Sciences alumni


Glenn County, California

Glenn County is a county  in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 28,122. The county seat is Willows. It is located in the Sacramento Valley, in the northern part of the California Central Valley.

History
Glenn County was formed in 1891 from parts of Colusa County.  It was named for Hugh J. Glenn, who came to be the largest wheat farmer in the state during his lifetime and a man of great prominence in political and commercial life in California.

Sheriffs
Peter Herman Clark (1 Mar 1891- 7 Nov 1894)
William H. Sale (7 Nov 1894- 7 Nov 1900)
Jack A. Bailey (7 Nov 1900- 7 Nov 1918)
Newt Collins (7 Nov 1918- 7 Nov 1922)
Roy D. Heard (7 Nov 1922- 7 Nov 1934)
Lawrence Atherton Braden (7 Nov 1934- 7 Nov 1940)
Roy D. Heard (7 Nov 1940- 7 Nov 1946)
Hal Singleton (7 Nov 1946- 27 Dec 1951)- Killed in Car Crash
Ben Karanig (27 Dec 1951- 7 Nov 1980)
Roger Roberts (7 Nov 1980- 7 Nov 1982)
Richard "Rick" Weaver (7 Nov 1982- 7 Nov 1984)
Louis K. Donnelley (7 Nov 1984- 7 Nov 1998)
Robert "Bob" Shadley (7 Nov 1998- 15 Mar 2005) - Resigned
Larry Jones (15 Mar 2005- 7 Nov 2014)
 Richard L. Warren Jr. (7 Nov 2014- )

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.0%) is water.

Adjacent counties
 Colusa County - south
 Lake County - southwest
 Mendocino County - west
 Tehama County - north
 Butte County - east

National protected areas
 Mendocino National Forest (part)
 Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge (part)
 Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge (part)

Demographics

2011

Places by population, race, and income

2010

The 2010 United States Census reported that Glenn County had a population of 28,122. The racial makeup of Glenn County was 19,990 (71.1%) White, 231 (0.8%) African American, 619 (2.2%) Native American, 722 (2.6%) Asian, 24 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 5,522 (19.6%) from other races, and 1,014 (3.6%) from two or more races.  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10,539 persons (37.5%).

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 26,453 people, 9,172 households, and 6,732 families residing in the county.  The population density was 20 people per square mile (8/km²).  There were 9,982 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile (3/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 71.8% White, 0.6% Black or African American, 2.1% Native American, 3.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 18.2% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races.  29.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 10.8% were of German, 9.4% American, 6.2% English and 5.9% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. 69.5% spoke English, 27.0% Spanish and 2.1% Hmong as their first language.

There were 9,172 households out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the county, the population was spread out with 30.8% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 102.2 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.5 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,107, and the median income for a family was $37,023. Males had a median income of $29,480 versus $21,766 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,069.  About 12.5% of families and 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

Voter registration

Cities by population and voter registration

Overview
Glenn is a strongly Republican county in Presidential and congressional elections. The last Democrat to win a majority in the county was Lyndon Johnson in 1964.

Glenn County is split between California's 1st and 3rd congressional districts, represented by  and , respectively.

In the State Assembly, Glenn County is in . In the State Senate, the county is in .

Crime

The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.

Cities by population and crime rates

Transportation

Major highways
 Interstate 5
 State Route 32
 State Route 45
 State Route 162

Public transportation
Glenn Ride runs buses from Willows to Hamilton City, and on into Chico (Butte County). The nearest Amtrak station is in Chico.

Airports
Willows-Glenn County Airport and Haigh Field are both general aviation airports.

Railroads
California Northern Railroad shortline serves Willows.  The main line runs north to Tehama and south to Davis, where the railroad interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad.  Prior to the line being leased to the California Northern, the route was operated by Southern Pacific and was known as the West Side Line.  The railroad first reached Willows on December 28, 1879, from Davis.  In 1882 the extension from Willows to Tehama was completed.  In 1884 the West Side and Mendocino Railroad constructed a line east from Willows to Fruto.

Communities

Cities
Orland
Willows (county seat)

Census-designated places
Artois
Elk Creek
Hamilton City

Other communities
Butte City
Fruto

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Glenn County.

† county seat

See also
Hiking trails in Glenn County
National Register of Historic Places listings in Glenn County, California
Orland Buttes
Thomas D. Harp, mentions formation of the county

Notes

References

External links

Glenn County Resource Guide

Category:California counties

Category:Sacramento Valley
Category:1891 establishments in California
Category:Populated places established in 1891


Lake Gairdner

Lake Gairdner is a large endorheic salt lake in the Australian state of South Australia, to the north of the Eyre Peninsula. When in flood, the lake is considered the third largest salt lake in Australia.

Description
Lake Gairdner is located about  northwest of the state capital of Adelaide and about  northwest of Port Augusta in the foothills on the northern side of the Gawler Ranges and to the west of Lake Torrens.

The lake is over  long and  across with salt over  thick in some places.

Lake Gairdner was named by the Governor of South Australia, Richard MacDonnell in October 1857 after Gordon Gairdner, a Chief Clerk of the Australian Department in the Colonial Office.

Lake Gairdner along with Lake Everard and Lake Harris form the extent of the Lake Gairdner National Park. The lakes were all once part of an inland sea that stretched all the way to the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Six ephemeral creeks feed the lake including Garden Well Creek, Gorge Creek and Yeltabinna Creek.

The land occupying the extent of Lake Gairdner  was gazetted as a locality by the Government of South Australia on 26 April 2013  under the name 'Lake Gairdner'.

Salt Lake Racing

It has been a site for various land speed record attempts on its salt flats and is currently the location for the annual Speed Week event run by the Dry Lakes Racers Australia.

See also

 List of lakes of South Australia

References

External links

Category:Endorheic lakes of Australia
Category:Saline lakes of South Australia
Lake Gairdner


ATAFC

ATAFC may refer to one of the following English association football clubs:

 Almondsbury Town A.F.C.
 Ashton Town A.F.C.

See also:
 ATFC (disambiguation)


Brdijelji

Brdijelji (Cyrillic: Брдијељи) is a village in the municipality of Kladanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References

Category:Populated places in Kladanj


Legal education in the United Kingdom

Legal education in the United Kingdom is divided between the common law system of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, and that of Scotland, which uses a hybrid of common law and civil law.

Dundee, Glasgow Law School and Strathclyde,  in Scotland, are the only universities in the UK to offer a dual-qualifying degree. Dundee also offers a choice of either English/Northern Irish or Scots law separate LL.B. degrees. Aberdeen offers a "Law with English Law" course which qualifies you in both Scots Law and English Law.

England, Wales and Northern Ireland

Requirements for becoming a lawyer in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland differ slightly depending on whether the individual plans to become a solicitor or barrister. All prospective lawyers must first however possess a qualifying law degree, or have completed a conversion course. A qualifying law degree in England and Wales must contain modules covering the following subject areas:

 Public law (constitutional/administrative)
 European Union law
 Criminal law
 Law of obligations (contract, restitution, and tort)
 Property law (real property)
 Trusts and equity

Following graduation, the paths towards qualification as a solicitor or barrister diverge. Prospective solicitors must enroll with the Law Society of England and Wales as a student member and take a one-year course called the Legal Practice Course (LPC), usually followed by two years' apprenticeship, known as a training contract. Prospective barristers must first apply to join one of the four Inns of Court and then complete the one-year Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC), followed by a year training in a set of barristers' chambers, known as pupillage.

Qualifying law degrees

England

 Anglia Ruskin University
 Arden University
 Aston University
 University of Bedfordshire
 University of Birmingham
 Birmingham City University
 University of Bolton
 Bournemouth University
 University of Bradford
 Bradford College
 Brunel University London
 University of Buckingham
 BPP Law School
 University of Brighton
 University of Bristol
 Bristol Law School, University of the West of England, Bristol
 Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge
 Canterbury Christ Church University
 University of Central Lancashire
 University of Chester
 Coventry University
 De Montfort University
 University of Derby
 Durham Law School at Durham University
 UEA Law School at the University of East Anglia
 School of Law and Social Sciences, University of East London
 Edge Hill University
 University of Essex
 University of Exeter
 University of Gloucestershire
 University of Greenwich
 University of Hertfordshire
 University of Huddersfield
 University of Hull
 Keele University
 University of Kent
 Kingston University
 Lancaster University
 University of Leeds
 Leeds Law School, Leeds Beckett University
 University of Leicester
 University of Lincoln
 University of Liverpool
 Liverpool John Moores University
 University of London:
Birkbeck, University of London
City Law School at the City, University of London
The Dickson Poon School of Law, King's College London
London School of Economics
Royal Holloway, University of London
Queen Mary, University of London
 School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)
UCL Faculty of Laws, University College London
University of London International Programmes
 London Metropolitan University
 University of Manchester
 Manchester Law School at Manchester Metropolitan University
 Middlesex University
 Newcastle University
 New College of the Humanities
 University of Northampton
 Northumbria University*
 University of Nottingham
 Nottingham Law School at Nottingham Trent University
 Open University
 Oxford Brookes University
 Faculty of Law, University of Oxford
 Pearson College London
 Plymouth University
 University of Portsmouth
 University of Reading
 University of Salford
 University of Sheffield
 Sheffield Hallam University
 Southampton Solent University
 London South Bank University
 University of Southampton
 Staffordshire University
 University of Sunderland
 University of Surrey
 University of Sussex
 Teesside University
 University of Warwick
 University of West London
 University of Westminster
 University of Winchester
 University of Wolverhampton
 University of York
 York St John University
 University of Law

Northern Ireland
 Queen's University Belfast
 Ulster University

Scotland
 Dundee Law School at the University of Dundee
 Strathclyde Law School at the University of Strathclyde

Wales
 Aberystwyth University
 Bangor University
 Cardiff University
 University of South Wales
 Swansea University

*Northumbria offers an 'exempting degree' in which the LPC or BVC is combined with the qualifying law degree into a four-year course

Scotland
When the kingdoms of England and Scotland merged to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, the terms of the 1706 Treaty of Union that led to the union guaranteed that Scotland's legal system would continue, separate from that of England and Wales.

Scots law is founded upon Roman or civil law, although today it has evolved into a pluralistic system, using both civil and common law. As in England and Wales, lawyers in Scotland are divided into two groups: solicitors and advocates. Solicitors are members of the Law Society of Scotland, and are only entitled to practise in the lower courts of Scotland, while advocates are members of the Faculty of Advocates and are permitted to appear in the superior High Court of Justiciary and Court of Session. Membership of either (but only one) body can be attained either by sitting that body's professional exams, or by obtaining exemption through the award of a qualifying law degree and successful completion of the Diploma in Legal Practice.

The Diploma in Legal Practice trains students on the practical elements of being a lawyer in Scotland, and consists of a broad range of compulsory modules.

After completion of the diploma, students wishing to become solicitors undertake a two-year traineeship with a law firm, before being admitted as full members of the Law Society. To become an advocate, students undertake a period of training of twenty-one months with a solicitor, before a further nine month unpaid traineeship with an experienced advocate, known as devilling.

Scottish solicitors and advocates are entitled to practise elsewhere in the European Union, provided that they satisfy the requirements of the relevant EU directives. However, to practise elsewhere in the United Kingdom, further courses and examinations are required.

Schools of law
The following institutions offer qualifying degrees of Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.). Those offering the Diploma in Legal Practice are marked with an asterisk (*):

University of Aberdeen School of Law*
Abertay University
Dundee Law School at the University of Dundee*
Edinburgh Law School at the University of Edinburgh*
Edinburgh Napier University
University of Glasgow School of Law*
Glasgow Caledonian University
Robert Gordon University*
University of Stirling
Strathclyde Law School at the University of Strathclyde*

Alternatives to an (initial) law degree
In England and Wales there are also one year conversion courses known as the Common Professional Examination (CPE) or Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL), for non-law graduates as an alternative to the full-length LL.B. degree course, whilst a number of institutions also offer two-year conversion courses, usually at a lower cost with a more distinguished qualification, such as a master's degree.

Scots law regulations usually require a full LL.B qualification. It is possible to complete an honours degree in any other subject, whether in Scotland or elsewhere, and subsequently undertake a qualifying accelerated two-year LL.B. (which is essentially the first two years of the honours LLB) at several universities including Aberdeen, Caledonian, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Strathclyde and Stirling.

See also
Legal education

References

Further reading

Category:Legal education in the United Kingdom


Crankcase dilution

Crankcase dilution is a phenomenon of internal combustion engines in which unburned diesel or gasoline accumulates in the crankcase. Excessively rich fuel mixture or incomplete combustion allows a certain amount of fuel to pass down between the pistons and cylinder walls and dilute the engine oil. It is more common in situations where fuel is injected at a very high pressure, such as in a direct-injected diesel engine.

When a mixture of air and fuel enters the cylinder of an engine, it is entirely possible for condensation of fuel to occur on the cooler parts of the cylinders. The condensate may wash the lubricating oil from the cylinder walls, travel past the piston rings and collect in the oil pan, thus increasing wear and also diluting the lubricating oil. Since the less volatile components of the fuel will have the greatest tendency to condense, the degree of crankcase-oil dilution is directly related to the end volatility temperatures of the mixture.

Causes

Crankcase dilution occurs when the fuel oil from the engine gets into the lube oil of the engine. This can be caused by the walls being wetted due to the fuel condensing in the cylinder. If the engine is cold, or there is an excess amount of cooling around the cylinder, the fuel oil will condense and have a higher chance to end up in the crankcase. Another way that the fuel oil can end up in the crankcase is because there is too much wear on the piston compression rings. The job of the piston compression ring is to keep the oil and the exhaust gases from entering the crankcase, but when there is too much wear it can no longer do its job. Other than the piston rings, “blow-by” gases can push the fuel oil past the rings and into the crankcase. “Blow-by” gases are a mix of fuel oil and exhaust gases that push past the piston rings. Crankcase dilution is caused more when the lube oil is fresher. Another cause of crankcase dilution is a slow or delayed injection cycle. This causes the timing to be thrown off and the oil is most likely to enter the crankcase at this point. Water and dirt can also further the effects of crankcase dilution. Also, soot getting into the lube oil can cause crankcase dilution, but there are additives that can keep the soot at the top of the lube oil. Soot that collects in the crankcase fully goes away when the lube oil is changed out of the engine. Additives can be added to the oil to cause the soot to stay on top of the engine lube oil. These substances getting into the lube oil can accelerate the effects of crankcase dilution.

Effects

Fuel oil in the crankcase lube oil can cause the oil to chemically degrade. This means that the oil loses viscosity and is less effective when lubricating. The loss of viscosity of the lube oil causes the oil to not fully connect and lubricate the moving parts of the engine. This lack of lubrication can cause the engine to have an increased amount of wear over time.

Reducing Crankcase dilution

There are many ways to reduce the amount of crankcase dilution that occurs in an engine. One of the ways is to counteract the loss of viscosity by using a heavier oil. The viscosity that they recommended was 500-575 sec. Another thing that can reduce the effects of crankcase dilution is changing the piston compression rings when they become worn. This would reduce the amount of blow-by gases and overall reducing the effects. Another thing that can be done is to change the car's oil regularly to avoid the wear on your engine from crankcase dilution.

Detecting Crankcase dilution
Detecting crankcase dilution can help reduce the effects that it will have on your engine. There are many ways to detect crankcase dilution. One of the ways is to check the flash point of the oil and compare it to the brand of lube oil. The way to test the flash point of the oil is to manually take a sample and use a testing kit. When the fuel leaks into the lube oil the chemical makeup is different than the normal lube oil. Another way to test for crankcase dilution is to use a SAW to test the concentration of fuel oil in the crankcase oil. SAW stands for surface acoustic wave.

Biodiesel and crankcase dilution

Biodiesel is vegetable oil or animal fats that are mixed with lipids to produce alcohol that can be burned. The alcohol that is produced is the biodiesel. Engines that run on biodiesel have the same problem as regular fuel engines. The biodiesel fuel finds its way into the crankcase of the engine and mixes with the lube oil. When biodiesel leaks into the crankcase, it has more problems than with more traditional fuel. The biodiesel has a higher boiling point than regular fuel and is less likely to evaporate out causing it to stay in the crankcase for a longer period of time. Also, the longer that the biodiesel stays inside of the crankcase, it degrades the organic acids in the lube oil and then reacts with the crankcase wall. After reacting, it causes deposits of the reacted biodiesel in the walls of the crankcase . There are ways that these effects can be reduced. Chevron created additives to reduce the effects of the biodiesel.

References

See also
Oil analysis
Wet stacking

Category:Engine problems


Daniel Lima

Daniel Lima (born 3 May 1980, Brasilia) is a Brazilian-Australian professional mixed martial artist. He has a respectable record of 7-4-2. He is currently living on the Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.

Biography

Daniel Lima was born on 28 December 1980, in Brasilia, Brazil. Growing up, he always had interest in Martial Arts, especially the native martial arts of Brazil; Capoeira and Jiu Jitsu. At the age of 15, Daniel decided to focus all his energy into Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Daniel soon made a name for himself as a strong competitor, winning competitions and titles all over the world in both Brazilian jiu-jitsu and Mixed Martial Arts. These titles include winning the National title in Brazil, the North American Grappling Association title in the United States and the XFC mixed martial arts title in Australia. Daniel has also competed in Japan, New Zealand and the Philippines, and has been ranked number two in the world by the Shooto Association which is the oldest mixed martial arts association in the world. Some major titles he holds are, Brazilian jiu-jitsu National Champion, North American Submission Wrestling Champion and X.F.C Australian Champion.

BJJ
Lima is the Head coach of Fight Club BJJ on the Gold Coast (Miami) in Queensland, Australia. Over the years his teaching ability has grown with his reputation. Together in Brazil, he and Marcio Bittencourt combined their teams to form Fight Club Jiu-Jitsu, which became one of the strongest teams in Bahia, Brazil. From there, Marcio continued to grow and strengthen the team in Brazil while Daniel took Fight Club Jiu-Jitsu around the world. He taught in the US, New Zealand and finally Australia in 2003. He has expanded Fight Club Jiu-Jitsu into a diverse and fast growing organisation in various locations throughout his new home of Australia. He has led Fight Club Jiu-Jitsu to win many championships, including producing world champions of Brazilian jiu-jitsu and international level mixed martial arts fighters. He has also promoted several people to Black Belt in BJJ.

Daniel Lima also has extensive qualifications in the Martial Arts and Sporting areas including Cert II Sport & Recreation, Cert III Sport & Recreation, Cert IV Sport & Recreation, Cert III Fitness, Cert IV Fitness, Cert IV Assessment in Workplace Training, Diploma in Sports Coaching and Advanced Diploma in Sports Recreation, Defensive Tactics Instructor, Dynamic Simulation Instructor, Spontaneous Knife Defence Instructor, Senior First Aid Certificate and Working with Children Blue Card.

Mixed martial arts record

|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8-4-2
| Seiji Otsuka
| Decision (split)
| Nitro MMA
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| align=center| Cleveland/QLD, Australia
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8-3-2
| Kenji Osawa
| Decision (split)
| Shooto: Back To Our Roots 5
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| align=center| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7-3-2
| Albert Manners
| Decision
| Warriors Realm: Warriors Realm 10
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| align=center| Southport/QLD, Australia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6-3-2
| Ayumu Shioda
| Decision (unanimous)
| Warriors Realm: Warriors Realm 9
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| align+center| Southport/QLD, Australia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 5-3-2
| Yasuhiro Urushitani
| Decision (unanimous)
| MARS: MARS World Grand Prix
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5-2-2
| Joe Lira
| Submission (armbar)
| X: plosion: X-plosion 13
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| align=center| Brisbane/QLD, Australia
|
|-
|  Draw
| align=center| 4-2-2
| Kenji Osawa
| Draw
| Shooto 2005: 11/6 in Korakuen Hall
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
|  Draw
| align=center| 4-2-1
| Akitoshi Hokazono
| Draw
| Shooto 2004: 10/17 in Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 4-2
| Ryoto Matsune
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto: Shooto Junkie is Back!
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4-1
| Jamie Ballard
| Submission (armbar)
| Shooto: Australia: NHB
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 3-1
| Eben Kaneshiro
| Decision (unanimous)
| Fearless 2: Bad Blood
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Pasig, Philippines
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3-0
| Ben Manderson
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| Xtreme Fighting Championships 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:49
| Queensland, Australia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2-0
| Stephen Gillinder
| Submission (triangle choke)
| Xtreme Fighting Championships 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:18
| Queensland, Australia
|

References

External links

Fight Club Jiu-Jitsu

Category:Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Category:Australian male mixed martial artists
Category:Brazilian male mixed martial artists
Category:Bantamweight mixed martial artists
Category:Living people
Category:1980 births
Category:Sportspeople from the Gold Coast, Queensland
Category:People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu


József Molnár (writer)

József Molnár (27 August 1918, Budapest, Hungary  1 December 2009, Munich, Germany) was a Hungarian writer, journalist, publisher and printer.

Biography
His mother, Mária Lagler (1886–1943), worked in Budapest as a cook, his biological father is unknown. József grew up in Csepreg with relatives of his mother. He bore his mother's maiden name and was called József Lagler until the age of fourteen when he was adopted by Jenő Molnár. He attended the Kossuth Lajos Grammar School in Budapest.

On 1 December 1938, he became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Hungary. In 1945 he joined the National Peasant Party (Nemzeti Parasztpárt) and was elected to their executive committee. In 1947 he resigned from the party and left Hungary in November 1948. From then on he lived in exile. After arriving in Switzerland, in the summer of 1949 he earned his living in various companies as a labourer. In the further course of his emigration, József Molnár worked for several years as a political commentator at Radio Free Europe. He went on to New York and back again to Europe.

Family
In 1955 he met Olga Leibold, his future second wife. It was a conversation about the novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder. The couple wed in September 1965 and remained together until József's death. His cremated remains are located at the Munich East Cemetery.

Work

In 1950, József Molnár joined a group of Hungarian exiles, who founded a journal of literature and politics,
Látóhatár, and renamed again in 1958 as Új Látóhatár (New Horizon). He founded a printing company in Munich, where the magazine was produced over decades of outstanding quality. He was the spiritus rector of the magazine until the publication of last issue in December 1989. From 1963, he published numerous books of Hungarian authors in his publishing house Aurora. In 1997, Molnár was honored for his life's work with the Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary.

He viewed himself as "a servant of letters". He spent years doing research on the Hungarian punchcutter Miklós Kis (1650–1702), and created Misztótfalusi Kis Miklós Múzeumi Alapítvány. He founded the museum in Misztótfalu, which was inaugurated and opened to the public on 8 September 1991. He was a founding member of the Academia Musicae Pro Mundo Uno in Rome. The Academia was founded in 1978 by József Juhar (a Hungarian theologian and music expert). Juhar and Molnár remained lifelong friends.

Awards
 1991 Pro Cultura Hungarica Plaquette
 1991 Bethlen Gábor Prize
 1994 Nagy Imre Memorial Award
 1997 Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Hungarian Republic

Bibliography
 1996 Tanulmányok a magyar forradalomról ()
 2000 Misztótfalusi Kis Miklós ()
 2002 Áchim L. András élete és halála ()
 2002 A betű szolgálatában. Negyven év az Új Látóhatárért és a nyugati magyar irodalomért. Válogatott írások ()
 2006 Radio Free Europe in the days of the revolution ()
 2009 Életem (Autobiography by József Molnár) ()

Notes

External links
Website „Remember József Molnár“ (Photos)
Death notice József Molnár (German/Hungarian)
Látóhatár – Új Látóhatár (Hungarian)
Academia Musicae Pro Mundo Uno
Research report Kis Miklós (German)

Category:1918 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:Writers from Budapest
Category:Hungarian Social Democratic Party politicians
Category:National Peasant Party (Hungary) politicians
Category:Hungarian journalists
Category:Hungarian writers
Category:Hungarian essayists
Category:Male essayists
Category:Hungarian male writers
Category:Officer's Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)
Category:Hungarian expatriates in Switzerland
Category:Hungarian expatriates in Germany
Category:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty people
Category:20th-century Hungarian people
Category:20th-century essayists


Mujibnagar Day

Mujibnagar Day is celebrated in Bangladesh on April 17 every year. This day is particularly associated with the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent territory.

History
Within a few days of the War of Liberation, the first expatriate government of Bangladesh, known as the Mujibnagar government, was formed on 10 April. On April 17, the first government of independent Bangladesh was sworn in at Mango Garden (Ambanagan) village of Vaidyanathtala (present-day Mujibnagar) in Meherpur district. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was appointed president of this government. But he was then imprisoned in Pakistan. In his absence, Vice-President, Syed Nazrul Islam served as the Provincial President. Tajuddin Ahmed took over as Prime Minister. This government plays an important role in conducting the War of Liberation and building public opinion and support for this war at home and abroad. After the formation of this government, countless people jumped into armed struggle to liberate the country.

Effect
This day Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was declared the first president of Bangladesh, while Syed Nazrul Islam was appointed the acting president in the absence of Sheikh Mujib. Tajuddin Ahmed was appointed as the first prime minister, while Khondoker Moshtaque Ahmed, Capt M Mansur Ali and AHM Qamaruzzaman were named as cabinet members. The interim government named General M.A.G Osmani as Commander-in-Chief of Bangladesh army while appointed Major General Abdur Rob as chief of staff.

See also

 Provisional Government of Bangladesh
 Mujibnagar

References

Category:History of Bangladesh
Category:April observances


Gene desert

Gene deserts are regions of the genome that are devoid of protein-coding genes. Gene deserts constitute an estimated 25% of the entire genome, leading to the recent interest in their true functions. Originally believed to contain inessential and “junk” DNA due to their inability to create proteins, gene deserts have since been linked to several vital regulatory functions, including distal enhancing and conservatory inheritance. Thus, an increasing number of risks that lead to several major diseases, including a handful of cancers, have been attributed to irregularities found in gene deserts. One of the most notable examples is the 8q24 gene region, which, when affected by certain single nucleotide polymorphisms, lead to a myriad of diseases. The major identifying factors of gene deserts lay in their low GpC content and their relatively high levels of repeats, which are not observed in coding regions. Recent studies have even further categorized gene deserts into variable and stable forms; regions are categorized based on their behavior through recombination and their genetic contents. Although current knowledge of gene deserts is rather limited, ongoing research and improved techniques are beginning to open the doors for exploration on the various important effects of these noncoding regions.

History

Although the possibility of function in gene deserts was predicted as early as the 1960s, genetic identification tools were unable to uncover any specific characteristics of the long noncoding regions, other than that no coding occurred in those regions. Before the completion of the human genome in 2001 through the Human Genome Project, most of the early associative gene comparisons relied on the belief that essential housekeeping genes were clustered in the same areas of the genome for ease of access and tight regulation. This belief later constructed a hypothesis that gene deserts are therefore previous regulatory sequences that are highly linked (and hence do not undergo recombination), but have had substitutions between them over time. These substitutions could cause tightly conserved genes to separate over time, thus forming regions of nonsense codes with a few essential genes. However, uncertainty due to differential gene conservation rates in different portions of chromosomes prevented accurate identification.
Later associations were remodeled when regulatory sequences were associated with transcription factors, leading to the birth of large-scale genome-wide mapping. Thus began the hunt for the contents and functions of gene deserts. Recent advancements in the screening of chromatin signatures on chromosomes (for instance, chromosome conformation capture, also known as 3C) have allowed the confirmation of the long-range gene activation model, which postulates that there are indeed physical links between regulatory enhancers and their target promoters. Research on gene deserts, although centralized on human genetics, has also been applied to mice, various birds, and Drosophila melanogaster. Although conservation is variable among selected species’ genomes, orthologous gene deserts function similarly. Thus, the prevailing the contention of gene deserts is that these noncoding sequences harbor active and important regulatory elements.

Possible functions

One study focused on a regulatory archipelago, a region with “islands” of coding sequences surrounded by vast noncoding regions. The study, which explored the effects of regulation on the hox genes, initially focused on two enhancer sequences, GCR and Prox, which are located 200 basepairs and 50 basepairs respectively upstream of the Hox D locus. To manipulate the region, the study inverted the two enhancer sequences and discovered no major effects on the transcription of the Hox D gene, even though the two sequences were the closest sequences to the gene. Thus, the turned to the gene desert that flanked the GCR sequence upstream and found 5 regulatory islands within it that could regulate the gene. To select the most likely candidate, the study then applied several individual and multiple deletions to the five islands to observe the effects. These varied deletions only resulted in minor effects including physical abnormalities or a few missing digits.
When the experiment was taken a step further and applied a deletion of the entire 830 kilobase gene desert, the functionality of the entire Hox D locus was rendered inactive. This indicates that the neighboring gene desert, as an entire 830 kilobase unit (including the five island sequences within it), serves as an important regulator of a single gene that spans merely 50 kilobases. Therefore, these results hinted at the regulatory effects of flanking gene deserts. This study was supported by a later observation through a comparison between fluorescence in situ hybridization and chromosome conformation capture which discovered that the Hox D locus was the most decondensed portion in the region. This meant that it had relatively higher activity in comparison to the flanking gene deserts. Hence, the Hox D could be regulated by specific nearby enhancer sequences that were not expressed in unison. However, the does caution that proximity is inaccurate when either analytical method is used. Thus, associations between regulatory gene deserts and their target promoters seem to have variable distances and are not required to act as borders.
The variability in distance demonstrates that distance may be another important factor that is determined by gene deserts. For instance, distal enhancers may interact with their target promoters through looping interactions which must act over a certain distance. Thus, proximity is not an accurate predictor of enhancers: enhancers do not need to border their target sequence to regulate them. While this leads to a variation in distances, the average distance between transcription start sites and the interaction complex mediated by their enhancer elements is 120 kilobases upstream of the start site. Gene deserts may play a role in constructing this distance to allow maximal looping to occur. Given that the mechanism of enhancer complex formation is a fairly simply regulated mechanism (the structures that are recruited into the enhancing complex have various regulatory controls that control construction), more than 50% of promoters have several long-range interactions. Certain core genes even have up to 20 possible enhancing interactions. There is a curious bias for complexes to form only upstream of the promoters. Thus, given the correlation that many regulatory gene deserts appear upstream of their target promoters, it is possible that the more immediate role that gene deserts play is in long-range regulation of key sequences.
As the ideal formation of enhancer interactions requires specific constructs, a possible side-product of the regulatory roles of gene deserts may be the conservation of genes: to retain the specific lengths of loops and order of regulating genes hidden in gene deserts, certain portions of gene deserts are more highly conserved than others when passing through inheritance events. These conserved noncoding sequences (CNS) are directly associated with syntenic inheritance in all vertebrates. Thus, the presence of these CNSs could serve to conserve of large regions of genes. Although distance may vary in regulatory gene deserts, distance appears to have an upper limit in conservative gene deserts. CNSs were initially thought to occur close to their conserved genes: earlier estimates placed most CNSs in proximity of gene sequences. However, the expansion of genetic data has revealed that several CNSs reside up to 2.5 megabases from their target genes, with the majority of CNSs falling between 1 and 2 megabases. This range, which was measured for the human genome, is varied among different species. For instance, in comparison to humans, the Fugu fish has a smaller range, with an estimated maximum distance of a few hundred kilobases. Regardless of the difference in lengths, CNSs work in similar methods in both species. Thus, as functions differ between gene deserts, so do their contents.

Stable and variable gene deserts

Certain gene deserts are heavy regulators, while others may be deleted without any effect. As a possible classification, gene deserts can be broken down into two subtypes: stable and variable. Stable gene deserts have fewer repeats and have relatively higher Guanine to Cytosine (GpC) content than observed in variable gene deserts.

Guanine and cytosine content is indicative of protein-coding functionality. For example, in a study on chromosomes 2 and 4, which have been linked to several genetic diseases, there were elevated GpC content in certain regions. Mutations in these GC-rich regions caused a variety of diseases, revealing the necessary integrity of these genes. High density CpG regions serve as regulatory regions for DNA methylation. Therefore, essential coding genes should be represented by high-CpG regions. In particular, regions with high GC content should tend to have high densities of genes that are devoted mainly to the essential housekeeping and tissue specific processes. These processes would require the most protein production to express functionality. Stable gene deserts, which have higher levels of GC content, should therefore contain the essential enhancer sequences. This could determine the conservatory functions of stable gene deserts.

On the other hand, approximately 80% of gene deserts have low GpC contents, indicating that they have very few essential genes. Thus, the majority of gene deserts are variable gene deserts, which may have alternate functions. One prevalent theory regarding the origins of gene deserts postulates that gene deserts are accumulations of essential genes that act as a distance. This may hold true, as given the low numbers of essential genes within them, these regions would have been less conserved. As a result, due to the prevalence of cytosine to thymine conversions, the most common SNP, would cause a gradual separation between the few essential genes within variable gene deserts. These essential sequences would have been maintained and conserved, leading to small regions of high density that regulate at a distance. GC content is therefore indication for the presence of coding or regulatory processes in DNA.

While stable gene deserts have higher GC content, this relative value is only an average. Within stable gene deserts, although the ends contain very high levels of GC content, the main bulk of the DNA contains even less GC content than observed in variable gene deserts. This indicates that there are very few highly conserved regions in stable gene deserts that do not recombine, or do so at very low rates. Given that the ends of the stable gene deserts have particularly high levels of GC contents, these sequences must be extremely conserved. This conservation may in turn cause the flanking genes to also have higher conservation rates. Thus, stable genes should be directly linked to at least one of their flanking genes and cannot be separated from coding sequences by recombination events. Most gene deserts appear to cluster in pairs around a small number of genes. This clustering creates long loci that have very low gene density; small regions with high numbers of genes are surrounded by long stretches of gene deserts, creating a low gene average. Therefore, the minimized probability of recombination events in these long loci creates syntenic blocks that are inherited together over time. These syntenic blocks can be conserved for very long periods of time, preventing loss of essential material, even while the distance between essential genes may grow in time.

Although this effect should theoretically be amplified through the even lower GC-content in variable gene deserts (thereby truly minimalizing gene density), the gene conservation rates in variable gene deserts are even lower than observed in stable gene deserts—in fact, the rate is far lower than the rest of the genome. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that variable gene deserts may be recently evolved regions that have not yet been fixed into stable gene deserts. Therefore, shuffling may still occur before stabilizing regions within the variable gene deserts begin to cluster as whole units. There are a few exceptions to this minimal rate of conservation, as a few GC gene deserts are subjected to hypermethylation, which greatly reduces the accessibility to the DNA, thus effectively protecting the region from recombination. However, these occur rarely in observation.

Although stable and variable gene deserts differ in content and function, both wield conservatory abilities. It is possible that since most variable gene deserts have regulatory elements that can act at a distance, conservation of the entire gene desert into a sytenic locus would not have been necessary, so long as these regulatory elements themselves were conserved as units. Given the particularly low levels of GC content, the regulatory elements would therefore be in a minimal gene density situation as observed similarly in flanking stable gene deserts, with the same effect. Thus, both types of gene deserts serve to retain essential genes within the genome.

Genetic diseases

The conservative nature of gene deserts confirms that these stretches of noncoding bases are essential to proper functioning. Indeed, a wide range of studies on irregularities in the noncoding genes discovered several associations to genetic diseases. One of the most studied gene deserts is the 8q24 region. Early genome wide association studies were focused on the 8q24 region (residing on chromosome 8) due to the abnormally high rates of SNPs that seem to occur in the region. These studies found that the region was linked to increased risks for a variety of cancers, notably in the prostate, breast, ovaries, colonic, and pancreas. Using inserts of the gene desert into bacterial artificial chromosomes, one study was able to produce enhancer activity in certain regions, which were isolated via cloning systems. This study successfully identified an enhancer sequence hidden in the region. Within this enhancer sequence, an SNP that conferred risk for prostate cancer, labeled SNP s6983267, was discovered in diseased mice. However, the 8q24 region is not solely limited to conferred risks of prostate cancer. A study in 2008 screened human subjects (and controls) with variations in the gene desert region, discovering five different regions that conferred different risks when affected by different SNPs. This study used identified SNP markers in the gene desert to identify risk conference from each of the regions to a specific tissue expression. Although these risks were successfully linked to various forms of cancer, Ghoussaini, M., et al. note their uncertainty in whether the SNPs functioned merely as markers or were the direct causants of the cancers.

These varied effects occur due to the different interactions between the SNPs in this region and MYC promoters of different organs. The MYC promoter, which is located at a short distance downstream of the 8q24 region, is perhaps the most studied oncogene due to its association with a myriad of diseases. Normal functioning of the MYC promoter ensures that cells divide regularly. The study postulates that the 8q region, which underwent a chromosomal translocation in humans, could have moved an essential enhancer for the MYC promoter.  This areas around this region could have been subjected to recombination that may have hidden the essential MYC enhancer within the gene desert through time, although its enhancing effects are still very much retained. This analysis stems from disease associations observed in several mice species where this region is retained at proximity to the MYC promoter. Thus, the 8q24 gene desert should have been somewhat linked to the MYC promoter. The desert resembles a stable gene desert that has had very little recombination after the translocation event. Thus, a potential hypothesis is that SNPs affecting this region disrupt the important tissue-specific genes with the stable gene desert, which could explain the risks of cancer in various tissue forms. This effect of hidden enhancer elements can also be observed in other locations in the genome. For instance, SNPs in the 5p13.1 deregulate the PTGER4 coding region, leading to Crohn’s Disease. Another affected region in the 9p21 gene desert causes several coronary artery diseases. However, none of these risk-conferring gene deserts seem to be affected as much as the 8q24 regions. Current studies are still unsure about the SNP-affected processes in the 8q24 region that result in particularly amplified responses to the MYC promoter. With the aid of a more accessible population and more specific markers for genome wide association mapping, an increasing number of risk alleles are now being marked in gene deserts, where small, isolated, and seemingly-unimportant regions of genes may moderate important genes.

A caveat

It is crucial to note that although most of the gene deserts explored here are essential, it could be that the majority of the contents in gene deserts are still likely to be inessential and disposable. Naturally, this is not to say that the roles that gene deserts play are inessential or unimportant, rather than their functions may include buffering effects. An example of essential gene deserts with inessential DNA content are the telomeres that protect the ends of genomes. Telomeres can be categorized as true gene deserts, given that they solely contain repeats of TTAGGG (in humans) and do not have apparent protein-coding functions. Without these telomeres, human genomes would be severely mutated within a fixed number of cell cycles. On the other hand, since telomeres do not code for proteins, their loss ensures that there is no effect in important processes. Therefore, the term “junk” DNA should no longer be applied to any region of the genome; every portion of the genome should play a role in protecting, regulating, or repairing the protein coding regions that determine the functions of life. Although there is still much to learn about the nooks and crannies of the immense (yet limited) human genome, with the aid of various new technologies and the synthesis of the full human genome, we may perhaps unravel a great collection of secrets in the approaching years about the marvels of our genetic code.

See also
Conserved non-coding sequence
Gene regulatory network
Noncoding DNA
Non-coding RNA

References

Category:DNA
Category:Gene expression
Category:Non-coding DNA


Minister for International Security Strategy

The Minister for International Security Strategy was a British government position. The last holder of the post was Andrew Murrison, Conservative Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence,

The post was a junior ministerial position within the Ministry of Defence. It ceased to exist in 2014.

References

International Defence and Security
International Defence and Security
International Defence and Security
Category:2008 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:2014 disestablishments in the United Kingdom


Coelogyne pandurata

Coelogyne pandurata is a species of orchid.  It is found in Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines as a large sized, hot growing epiphyte found on large trees near rivers or terrestrial with well-spaced, strongly compressed, oblong or suborbicular, sulcate pseudobulb carrying 2, apical, plicate, elliptic-lanceolate, leaves with a stout petiole that blooms in late spring-summer out of the center of new leads with up to 15 flowers on a terminal, arched to pendant, 6 to 12" [15 to 30 cm] long, racemose inflorescence. The simultaneously opening flowers are highly fragrant of honey but are short lived. This orchid needs wire basket culture as it spreads out quite rapidly and sphagnum with wood chips as media works best and the best time to repot is when the new lead emerges.

References

External links

 Sample image of Coelogyne Pandurata

pandurata
Category:Flora of Brunei
Category:Orchids of Borneo
Category:Orchids of Sumatra
Category:Orchids of Indonesia
Category:Orchids of Malaysia
Category:Orchids of the Philippines


Burning Benches

"Burning Benches" is a song by English rock band Morning Runner and was the fourth track on their 2006 debut album Wilderness Is Paradise Now. The song was also released as the lead single from that album on 20 February 2006, peaking at #19 in the UK Singles Chart (see 2006 in British music).

The single enjoyed a large amount of success on the radio, reaching the BBC Radio 1 B List, as well as being made single of the week by Steve Lamacq, Scott Mills, and Colin and Edith.

The song was, according to the band, not so much about love as it was about obsession. Lead singer Matthew Greener said, "It sounded a bit too lovely, which is why we made it louder towards the end, we wanted to mess it up a bit." It was inspired by the surreal David Lynch horror film Eraserhead, in which the main character Henry Spencer watches and listens to the Lady in the Radiator sing about finding happiness in heaven.

Track listings
 7" R6683
 "Burning Benches" (radio edit) - 4:08
 "People Line Up the Halls" (demo) - 4:25
 CD CDR6683
 "Burning Benches" (radio edit) - 4:08
 "Them Folk" - 2:53
Maxi-CD CDRS6683
 "Burning Benches" (radio edit) - 4:08
 "Them Folk" - 2:53
 "Burning Benches" (acoustic) - 4:06
 "Burning Benches" (video)

Uses in other media
In 2007 the song was used as part of the Adidas 'Impossible is Nothing' advertising campaign.

External links
Burning Benches Music Video
MusicOMH single review
contactmusic.com single review

Category:2006 singles
Category:Morning Runner songs
Category:2006 songs
Category:Parlophone singles


Wigan Darlington Street railway station

Wigan Central railway station was a railway station near the centre of Wigan, Greater Manchester, England.

Location and history
Wigan Darlington Street station was some way east of the two main stations (North Western and Wallgate) which are on the western edge of the town centre.

The station opened on 1 April 1884 as the temporary terminus of the Wigan Junction Railways (WJR) line from Glazebrook West Junction. The WJR was part of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (later to become the Great Central). The permanent terminus - Wigan Central - was completed in 1892 a third of a mile nearer the town centre. When that station opened Darlington Street closed to passengers and became a goods depot.

Services
In April 1884 the service pattern was straightforward. Seven "Down" trains arrived from Manchester Central, one "express" called at Glazebrook only and three called at All Stations. The remaining three missed some stations between Manchester and Glazebrook. With the exception of the "express" all trains called at all stations between Glazebrook and Wigan. The "Up" service was similar.

Closure and after
The line closed to passengers on 2 November 1964 and closed to all traffic the following April.

See also
List of closed railway stations in Britain
Wigan North Western railway station
Wigan Wallgate railway station
Liverpool, St Helens & South Lancashire Railway
Old railway lines in Wigan

References

Sources

External links

Category:Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Category:Former Great Central Railway stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 1884
Category:Railway stations closed in 1892
Category:Buildings and structures in Wigan


Sellia Marina

Sellia Marina is a town and comune in the province of Catanzaro, in the Calabria region of southern Italy.

Geography
Sellia Marina houses the master station of the LORAN-C transmitters in the Mediterranean, for low frequency radio navigation.

Notes and references

Category:Cities and towns in Calabria


MTV (Brazilian pay TV channel)

MTV is a cable and satellite television channel in Brazil, owned by ViacomCBS Networks Americas, who took over the MTV brand in Brazil from Grupo Abril, owners of the defunct MTV Brasil, a broadcast television network. The channel premiered at 9:30 pm BRT of October 1, 2013, with the TV show Coletivation.

Programming

Original programming

 Catfish Brasil - reality television based on the original American format Catfish: The TV Show.
 De Férias com o Ex - reality television based on the original British format Ex on the Beach.
 Deu Match! - Original docu-reality.
 MTV Hits - two-hour program which plays only chart hits.
 No estúdio com o Ex - talk show
 Perrengue - Original TV series.
 Playlist MTV - daily five-hour program dedicated to broadcast music videos.
 Porta na MTVAcquired programming
From MTV USA and MTV2 USA:
 Are You the One? Catfish: The TV Show Ex on the Beach Fear Factor Floribama Shore Jersey Shore: Family Vacation MTV Unplugged Siesta Key Teen Mom Teen Mom 2From MTV International:
 Acapulco Shore Ex on the Beach Geordie Shore Just Tattoo of Us MTV World Stage Super Shore The Charlotte Show The Royal World True Love or True Lies?From other Viacom Media Networks properties:
 South Park (from Comedy Central)

Award shows:
 MTV Millennial Awards Brazil MTV Europe Music Award MTV Millennial Awards MTV Movie & TV Awards MTV Video Music AwardHosts
Current hosts
 Caio Castro (2018 - present)
 Ciro Sales (2016 - present)
 Hugo Gloss (2016 - present)
 Maria Eugênia Suconic (2013 - present)
 Michelli Provensi (2015 - present)
 Ricardo Gadelha (2016 - present)

Former hosts
 Cauê Moura (2017)
 Ana Flávia Bastos (2015)
 Deco Neves (2014)
 Eléa Mercurio (2014)
 Ellen Milgrau (2016 - 2017)
 Felipe Titto (2015 - 2017)
 Fiuk (2013)
 José Trassi (2015)
 Kéfera Buchmann (2014)
 Laurent F (2015)
 Lucas Stegmann (2014)
 Luitha Miraglia (2015 - 2016)
 Mayara Lepre (2013 - 2014)
 Patrick Maia (2013 - 2014)
 Paulo Chun (2013 - 2015)
 Primo Preto (2015)
 Supla (2013 - 2015)
 Talita Alves'' (2013 - 2014)

External links

 Ask Mama MTV (used as a "preview" for the relaunched MTV)

Category:MTV channels
Category:Television channels and stations established in 2013
Category:Television channel articles with incorrect naming style


The Dinner (2017 film)

The Dinner is an 2017 American drama film directed and written by Oren Moverman, based on the Dutch novel of the same name by Herman Koch. It is the third film adaptation of the novel, following the 2013 original Dutch version Het Diner by Menno Meyjes and the 2014 Italian film I nostri ragazzi by Ivano De Matteo. The film stars Richard Gere, Steve Coogan, Laura Linney, Rebecca Hall, Chloë Sevigny, Charlie Plummer, Miles J. Harvey and Adepero Oduye.

The film had its world premiere at the Berlin Film Festival on February 10, 2017, and was theatrically released on May 5, 2017, by The Orchard.

Plot
On a snowy evening in Dobbs Ferry, history teacher Paul Lohman and his wife Claire along with Paul's brother Stan, a Congressman, and his wife Katelyn meet up for an organized dinner at an luxury restaurant that Stan has booked for the four of them.

Stan is accompanied by his personal aides: under pressure that he is the front runner in a race for Governor, as well as helming an important bill through the House on the subject of mental health. It transpires during the course of the film - organised under chapter headings following the stages of the meal - that the four are there to discuss an incident in which their children Michael and Rick verbally and physically harassed a homeless woman trying to sleep at an ATM kiosk leading to her death when Michael threw a lit match that set her sleeping bag on fire, killing her. A third boy, Beau, the adopted son of Stan and Barbara, Stan's ex-wife, left the scene before this occurred, but witnessed that this was an unprovoked attack.

Over the course of the dinner, tensions run amok among the group intercut with flashbacks that view the dysfunctional family's past, and Stan's attempts to help Paul in his depression. The arguments grow more tense as they clash on whether the boys should take the blame or to simply cover up their wrongdoing.

Paul's mental health, which has already become unstable after his wife's cancer diagnosis, finds it deteriorating further when he finds out that Michael uploaded a video of the woman's death online. Michael even refuses to delete the video, causing a schism between him and his father. Paul also is shocked to find that Claire is colluding with Michael in a scheme to pay out thousands of dollars in hush money. After Stan and his wife offer to look after Michael while Claire is in the hospital, Paul becomes angry and accidentally hits him over the head with a saucepan.

At the dinner, Stan makes it clear he wants to withdraw from the gubernatorial race and hold a press conference about the ATM incident, afterwards accompanying his son to the police. A bitter argument ensues between Stan on one side and Claire and Katelyn on the other, with Paul sitting quietly away from the table. Katelyn manages to persuade Stan to hold off on his plan.

Paul, broken and unstable, leaves the restaurant for Stan's house looking for Beau, believing that the solution to the problem is to kill Beau, and a violent confrontation ends with Paul threatening to hit Beau over the head with a rock.

However, Paul is confronted by an enraged Stan, frantically looking for Beau, alongside Katelyn and Claire. While Katelyn tries to phone Beau, a call comes in to Stan's aide that the votes needed for the mental health bill are secure. The film ends on an abrupt note as Paul collapses and croaks out "Mental health for everyone!" as the others move beside him in the snow.

Cast

 Richard Gere as Stan Lohman, Katelyn's husband and Barbara's ex-husband, Paul's politician brother and Rick and Beau's adoptive father.
 Steve Coogan as Paul Lohman, Claire's husband, Michael's father, Stan's brother and an ex-teacher of history in high school.
 Laura Linney as Claire Lohman, Paul's wife and Michael's mother.
 Rebecca Hall as Katelyn Lohman, Stan's wife and Rick's and Beau's stepmother.
 Chloë Sevigny as Barbara Lohman, Stan's ex-wife and Rick's mother and Beau's adoptive mother.
 Charlie Plummer as Michael Lohman, Rick and Beau's cousin and the only son of Claire and Paul.
 Adepero Oduye as Nina, who works for Stan.
 Michael Chernus as Dylan Heinz.
 Taylor Rae Almonte as Kamryn Velez.
 Joel Bissonnette as Antonio.
 Seamus Davey-Fitzpatrick as Rick Lohman, Beau's brother and Stan and Barbara's son.
 Miles J. Harvey as Beau Lohman, Rick's adopted brother and Stan and Barbara's adopted son.
 Laura Hajek as Anna, Michael's girlfriend.

Production
On September 19, 2013, it was announced that Cate Blanchett would make her directorial debut with a film adaptation of the Dutch thriller novel The Dinner, by Herman Koch, scripted by Oren Moverman. Caldecot Chubb produced under his ChubbCo Film banner, and Lawrence Inglee, Eddie Vaisman and Julia Lebedev produced the film for Code Red, ChubbCo and Blackbird. Code Red fully financed the film and Protagonist Pictures handles international sales. Olga Segura and Eva Maria Daniels executive produced, and helped with the development of the project.

Later, in January 2016, it was announced that Moverman would also direct the film. That same month, Charlie Plummer and Adepero Oduye joined the cast of the film.

Filming
Principal photography on the film began on January 21, 2016, in Dobbs Ferry, New York. Later, filming took place in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, including at the Gettysburg National Military Park.

Release
In May 2016, The Orchard acquired distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 10, 2017, and went on to screen at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 24, 2017. The film was theatrically released on May 5, 2017.

Critical reception
The Dinner holds a 45% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Dinner'''s strong ensemble isn't enough to overcome a screenplay that merely skims the surface of its source material's wit and insight." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 58 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing: "Richard Gere, Laura Linney, Steve Coogan, and Rebecca Hall make a riveting quartet in Oren Moverman's adaptation of the Herman Koch novel about a dark-hearted dinner gathering." Eric Kohn of IndieWire also gave the film a positive review, writing: "The Dinner mostly works so long as it stays at the table, and the unresolvable source of anxiety in play suggests that on some level, the meal never ends." Boyd van Hoeij of The Hollywood Reporter'' gave the film a negative review, writing: "By trying to keep the prolonged sit-down affair from becoming excessively stagey, Moverman adds too many distracting flashbacks to maintain the original's hard-hitting and well-aimed gut punch."

References

External links

Category:2017 films
Category:2010s crime drama films
Category:American films
Category:American crime drama films
Category:American nonlinear narrative films
Category:American remakes of Dutch films
Category:Films directed by Oren Moverman
Category:Films with screenplays by Oren Moverman
Category:Films based on Dutch novels
Category:Films shot in Pennsylvania
Category:Films set in Amsterdam
Category:Films shot in New York (state)
Category:The Orchard films
Category:Vertigo Films films
Category:Icon Productions films


R. Olympic Charleroi Châtelet Farciennes

R. Olympic Charleroi Châtelet Farcienness, is a Belgian association football club from the city of Charleroi, Hainaut. As of 2019, they play in the Belgian First Amateur Division.

History
It was founded in 1912 as Olympic Club de Charleroi.  The next year the club registered to the Belgian Football Association to become the matricule n°246. Between 1972 and 1982 the club was named R.O.C. de Montignies-sur-Sambre before referting to its prior name.  In 2000 the club merged with R.A. Marchienne and changed its name from Royal Olympic Club de Charleroi to Royal Olympic Club de Charleroi-Marchienne. Finally in 2019, the club merged with R. Châtelet S.C. to become R. Olympic Charleroi Châtelet Farciennes.

O.C. de Charleroi first appeared in the second division in 1936 and it won its league eight points ahead of U.S. du Centre, a rival club located nearby Charleroi.  It then played in the first division until 1963 (except for the 1955–56 season), joined at that level by the rival Charleroi S.C. in 1947.  Olympic finished 3rd in 1939 and then second in 1947.  The club had a short come back in the first division in 1967–68 and in 1974–75 but dropped back to the lower leagues, playing mostly at the third or fourth level.

References

 Belgian football clubs history
 RSSSF Archive – 1st and 2nd division final tables

External links
Official site

Category:Association football clubs established in 1912
Category:Football clubs in Belgium
R.O.C. de Charleroi-Marchienne
Category:1912 establishments in Belgium
Category:Organisations based in Belgium with royal patronage


Pontiac Regional County Municipality

Pontiac () is a regional county municipality in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada. Campbell's Bay is the county seat. It should not be confused with the municipality of Pontiac, which is located in the neighbouring Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais Regional County Municipality.

Subdivisions
There are 18 subdivisions within the RCM:

Municipalities (15)
Alleyn-et-Cawood
Bristol
Bryson
Campbell's Bay
Clarendon
L'Île-du-Grand-Calumet
L'Isle-aux-Allumettes
Litchfield
Mansfield-et-Pontefract
Otter Lake
Rapides-des-Joachims
Shawville
Sheenboro
Thorne
Waltham

Townships (1)
Chichester

Villages (2)
Fort-Coulonge
Portage-du-Fort

Unorganized Territory (1)
Lac-Nilgaut

Demographics

Population

Language

Transportation

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

Autoroutes
None

Principal Highways

Secondary Highways

External Routes

See also
 List of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec
 Esprit Lodge
 Cycloparc PPJ
 Pontiac Tourism

References

External links

 Official tourism website of Pontiac MRC
 Affaires Municipales et Regions Quebec

Category:Regional county municipalities in Outaouais
Category:Census divisions of Quebec


Malvina Shanklin Harlan

Malvina French Shanklin Harlan (1839–1916), informally known as "Mallie", was the wife of U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan, the grandmother of Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan II, and the author of a 1915 memoir entitled Some Memories of a Long Life, 1854–1911. Her memoir remained unpublished until 2001, when it was published at the instigation of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

Early life and marriage
Malvina French "Mallie" Shanklin was born in 1839 in Indiana, raised in Evansville, and educated at girls' seminaries until she was 16. She was her family's only daughter, and had three brothers. She first met John Marshall Harlan (then of Frankfort, Kentucky) at a dinner event held near her home that was hosted by Harlan's sister and her physician husband in 1854, when she was 16 (shortly after his admission to the bar to practice law), and they married on December 23, 1856, when she was 17 and he was 23. Her family held strongly anti-slavery views, and some members of her family were dismayed when they heard of her involvement with Harlan, as he and his family were slaveholders. She resolved to accept her husband's way of life, following the advice of her mother: "You love this man well enough to marry him. Remember, now, his home is YOUR home; his people, YOUR people; his interests, YOUR interests you must have no other." After a honeymoon at her parents' home, she moved with her husband to Kentucky, and his family gave the couple a slave as a wedding gift. She would later remark on discovering "the close sympathy existing between the slaves and their Master or Mistress", and one of the family slaves was apparently a half-brother of her husband.

She and her husband were both Presbyterians.

Despite being a supporter of slavery at the time, John Marshal Harlan remained a supporter of the Union when the Civil War approached a few years after their marriage, and he joined the Union Army in 1861.
Although Harlan rose to prominence after the war as an opponent of the Emancipation Proclamation and supporter of slavery, in his later life he would eventually become a staunch supporter of civil rights. He became known as the "The Great Dissenter" due to his many dissents in Supreme Court cases that restricted civil liberties.

Memoir
Shanklin Harlan's memoir, completed in 1915 (the year before her death), remained unpublished until 2001, when it was published in the Journal of Supreme Court History at the instigation of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Ginsburg had encountered the 200-page typed manuscript of the memoir among the John Marshall Harlan papers collected by the Library of Congress while doing research for a lecture on the wives of Supreme Court justices for the  Supreme Court Historical Society. Ginsburg and the Historical Society first approached various commercial, academic, and university press publishers without finding any that were interested in publishing the manuscript, before finally deciding to publish it in its entirety in a special issue of the Historical Society's journal, a publication with only 6,000 subscribers. The publication in the journal included 207 footnote annotations and an introduction by Linda Przybyszewski, a professor of history at the University of Cincinnati who had written a biography of John Marshall Harlan in 1999.

Upon its publication by the journal, the memoir was reviewed in an article in The New York Times by Linda Greenhouse, a reporter who covered Supreme Court issues for the newspaper. Greenhouse said the memoir was "the deeply personal story of a girl's transformation from a 17-year-old bride to a confident woman, a mother of six, who offered food and drink to the 200 to 300 visitors who thronged the Harlan residence every Monday afternoon, when the wives of Supreme Court justices were expected to be 'at home' to Washington society". The coverage by the Times increased interest in the memoir among the public and led to offers from several publishers to publish the manuscript as a book. It was then published by Random House with a foreword by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, annotations and an afterword by Linda Przybyszewski, and an epilogue on the Harlan legacy by Amelia Newcomb, a great-great-granddaughter of the Harlans and editor for The Christian Science Monitor.

The range of dates that Shanklin Harlan used in the title of her memoir (1854–1911) was the period of her time with John Marshall Harlan from when she met him when she was 16 until his death in 1911.

Descendants
The Harlans had six children – three sons and three daughters. Their eldest son, Richard, became a Presbyterian minister and educator who served as president of Lake Forest College from 1901 until 1906. Their second son, James S. Harlan, practiced in Chicago and served as Attorney General of Puerto Rico before being appointed to the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1906 and becoming that body's chairman in 1914. Their youngest son, John Maynard, also practiced in Chicago and served as an alderman before running unsuccessfully for mayor in both 1897 and 1905; John Maynard's son, John Marshall Harlan II, served as an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1955 to 1971. Their oldest daughter, Edith, died shortly after she married and bore a child.

Further reading

References

Category:1839 births
Category:1916 deaths
Category:People from Indiana
Category:People from Vanderburgh County, Indiana
Category:20th-century American women writers
Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers
Category:American women non-fiction writers
Category:American memoirists


Mian Kharreh-ye Bala

Mian Kharreh-ye Bala (, also Romanized as Mīān Kharreh-ye Bālā; also known as Meyān Kharreh, Mīān Kherreh, Mīān Khowreh, Miyan Khazeh, and Miyān Khurrah) is a village in Khvormuj Rural District, in the Central District of Dashti County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 200, in 50 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Dashti County


Economy of Chongqing

The economy of Chongqing, China, has developed rapidly during the 21st century. In 2011, Chongqing's gross domestic product exceeded 1 trillion Yuan (US$158.5 billion). In 2013, the economy grew by 12.3%.

The "Chongqing model" was a series of economic and social policies adopted in Chongqing, most closely associated with the later disgraced politician Bo Xilai, who served as the city's Communist Party secretary during 2007–12.

The West Triangle Economic Zone is an economic zone designated by the Chinese government comprising Chengdu, Chongqing, and Xi'an. Created as part of the China Western Development strategy, the zone contributes nearly 40% of Western China's GDP. In addition, Chongqing is one of China's five National Central Cities.

A large central business district is being constructed in the centre of the city of Chongqing, in Jiangbeizui CBD, with high-rise skyscrapers, due to be completed in 2018. Jiangbeizui CBD aims to attract financial institutions, making it a financial center in the future.

New North Zone is an economic administrative zone in north Chongqing, covering a land area of  and established in 2002 to include Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone, Chongqing High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and Chongqing Export Processing Trade Zone.

The Zhongxian–Wuhan Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline, connecting Chongqing and Sichuan gas fields with consumers in Hubei and Hunan provinces. The Three Gorges Dam is a major source of hydroelectric power in the region.

See also
 List of major power stations in Chongqing
Politics of Chongqing

References

External links
 Chongqing: Market Profile, 19 December 2013
 Chongqing (Chongqing) City Information – Major Economic Indicators (2013)
 Chongqing articles from The Economist

Chongqing


Norrviken Gardens

Gardens (Swedish: Norrvikens trädgårdar) is a garden, located about 3 kilometers northwest of Båstad in Skåne County, Sweden. It was founded by horticulturist and pomologist  Carl Rudolf Zacharias Abelin (1864-1961). Norrviken's gardens were  started  as an experimental garden and as a home for his family.

From 1986, Norrviken Gardens was run as a limited company with the Norrviken Gardens Foundation as a guarantee that the plant was maintained and developed in the spirit of Abelin. The garden was chosen as the most beautiful park in Sweden and the second most beautiful in Europe in 2006.

Due to financial issues the park has begun to fall into decline. Different interest groups are doing efforts to come up with new ways to fund the park, but disagreements between the groups have hampered the development of the park.  In 2013, the Board of Directors of the Foundation decided that a bankruptcy application should be filed. In 2013, the gardens with its   main building Villa Abelin were sold to the company, Lilla Båstad.  Today Villa Abelin  houses shops, a restaurant and a gallery.

Gallery

References

External links

Norrvikens trädgårdar website
 Category:Gardens in Sweden
Category:Parks in Sweden
Category:Geography of Skåne County
Category:Tourist attractions in Skåne County