Soleá

Soleares  (plural of soleá, ) is one of the most basic forms or palos of Flamenco music, probably originated around Cádiz or Seville in Andalusia, the most southern region of Spain. It is usually accompanied by one guitar only, in phrygian mode "por arriba" (fundamental on the 6th string); "Bulerías por soleá" is usually played "por medio" (fundamental on the 5th string). Soleares is sometimes called "mother of palos" although it is not the oldest one (e.g. siguiriyas is older than soleares) and not even related to every other palo (e.g. fandangos family is from a different origin)

Lyrics

When singers sing soleá, as with most palos, they normally choose different "coplas" (stanzas), with different melody, and combine them according to the inspiration of the moment or to a previous plan. Even if the singer has a previous plan, it is often altered on the spur of the moment. These stanzas are independent in subject matter from one another.

The content of the lyrics is generally serious in nature, as appropriate to the solemn air of the music. They often have a sententious tone and convey a feeling of intimate pain. Sometimes despair, more typical of seguiriya, can also appear. However, it is difficult to generalize: sometimes a less serious stanza can turn up in the middle of other serious ones, and irony is frequent.

The stanza of the soleá has three or four lines. In four-line stanzas, the second and fourth line are in assonant rhyme, while the first and third are free. In three-line stanzas, the assonance is between the first and the third. Some examples:

A three-line stanza
No se me daba cuidao
me hago cargo que ha sío un ensueño
y a lo pasaíto pasao.
Translation
I didn't mind
I know it was just a dream
and past things are past.

A four-line stanza
Fui piedra y perdí mi centro
y me arrojaron al mar
y a fuerza de mucho tiempo
mi centro vine a encontrar
Translation
I was a stone and lost my centre
and was thrown into the sea
and after a very long time
I came to find my centre again.

This type of stanza is the cuarteta romanceada, one of the oldest and most frequent in Spanish poetry, and is derived from the medieval "Romance" poetic form, a type of traditional epic poetry that has survived in both learned and popular literature to our days.

The melody of a soleá can demand repeating some lines, altering their logical order, or cutting the lines, sometimes even in the middle of words. For example, as stanza like:

En mis cortas oraciones
le pido a dios llorando
que me quite la salud
y a ti te la vaya dando
Translation
In my short prayers
crying, I ask God
to deprive me of my health
and to give it back to youCan be rendered in song like:A Dios llorando yo le pidole pido a Dios llorandoyo le pido a Dios llorandoque me quite la saludy a ti te la vaya dandoen mis cortas oracionesque yo le pido a Dios llorando Musical analysis
Soleá is one of the flamenco palos with the highest number of traditional songs, and it is particularly appreciated by knowledgeable artists and audiences. It is very demanding for singers, as they have to strive to be creative and, at the same time, respectful of the tradition, and they have to succeed in finding a good balance between melodic and rhythmic sides, both extremely difficult. It demands great vocal faculties, and the singer should achieve a balance between passion and restraint.

The melody of a soleá stanza usually stays within a limited range (usually not more than a 5th). Its difficulty lies in the use of melisma and microtones, which demand great agility and precision in the voice. It is usual to start a series of soleares with a more restrained stanza in the low register, while continuing to more and more demanding ornaments in a higher register. The series is quite often finished with a stanza in a much more vivid tempo in the relative Major mode.

 Metre (compás)
The metre or "compás" of the soleá is one of the most widely used in Flamenco. Other palos have derived their compás from the soleá, including Bulerías por soleá, the palos in the Cantiñas group, like Alegrías, Romeras, Mirabrás, Caracoles or, to a certain extent, Bulerías. It consists of 12 beats, and could be described as a combination of triple and duple beat bars, so it's a polymetre form, with strong beats at the end of each bar. The basic "skeleton" of the soleá rhythm, thus, follows this pattern:

(Each number represents a beat. Blue squares mean weak beats, while big brown dots are strong beats.)

Nevertheless, this is just an underlying structure, like a foundation, a kind of grid where flamenco artists creatively draw the rhythm by means of subdivisions, articulation, and less commonly,  syncopation and accent displacement.

The first example of "palmas" is a very common, simple pattern:

Notice that palmas are often (though by no means always) silent during beats 4 to 6, even if beat number 6 is a "strong one". This is specially true when no dancing takes place: the main interest there is the singing (or playing) and too much percussion can take attention away from the music. Those beats though are often marked when there is dance, or when performing other palos in the same metre like Alegrías or Bulería por soleá. However, these are not to be taken as hard-and-fast rules, but just as general guidelines.

A more complex example.

The small orange squares should be played extremely softly.

The above are just two examples among the variety of variations.
When there are two or more people playing palmas, one of them usually plays a base pattern, emphasizing the regular beats, while another plays the upbeats (the "contras", short for "contratiempos").

The soleá can be played rubato, that is, slowing down and speeding up the tempo to enrich its expressive quality. Of course regular tempo is mandatory when it is played and sung to accompany a dancer.

 Harmonic structure
Soléa develops in (altered) Phrygian mode "por arriba" (fundamental on the 6th string), with the III degree of the mode altered to a major 3rd when resolving to I.

To adapt to the singer's vocal range, guitarists can use a "cejilla" (capo) to play in any key while preserving the known chord positions. Modern guitarists often play soleá using other chord positions or even changing the tuning of the guitar to experiment with new sounds, especially in solo instrumental pieces.

The typical flamenco progression iv, III, II, I (an altered Phrygian cadence) is heard several times during the development of the song. In E altered Phrygian, the progression would be Am, G, F, E (the E chord should be Em in a diatonic Phrygian cadence, but its diatonic third – G – is altered to a G).

A usual progression with a four-line stanza is the following:

 first line: E7, Am,
 transition to 2nd line: Am, G, (or F, G)
 2nd line: F, E
 3rd line: G7, C (or C7)
 4th line: Am, G, F, E, F, E

And a usual progression with a three-line stanza:
 first line: E7, Am
 2nd line: G7, C
 3rd line: Am, G, F, E, F, E

 Structure of the Soleá form
Soleá guitar style is easily identified by its metre and Phrygian mode, but also by a series of characteristic phrases.
A guitarist, when playing soleá, will combine:
 "llamadas" (the "call") on the I degree of the Phrygian altered cadence (in E, E major)
 "compas" (the standard accompaniment figure)
 "falseta" (plur. "falsetas"), melodic ideas played between different stanzas.
All sections have an even number of "compas" and are comparable in duration.

 History
The origins of this "palo", as with most "palos", is unknown, though has been subject to much speculation. In spite of being one of the most prestigious "palos", the soleá is considered to be relatively new compared to Tonás and Seguiriyas. The earliest known mention of them, referred to as "soledades", is that of Spanish poet Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, in 1862. The existence of them prior to 1850 is often stated, but has never been proved. Folklorist Demófilo assured, as early as 1879, that they derived from the "coplas de jaleo", a kind festive song style in a very lively rhythm, apparently very popular in the mid 19th century. These facts contradict other views according to which the soleá would be the origin of the rest of flamenco "palos" and was from the beginning a serious and solemn style. In their primitive stages, soléa, as well as jaleo, seem to have been linked to Gypsy environments in several towns of the provinces of Cádiz and Seville.

The golden age of the soleá is considered to be the last quarter of the 19th century, at the time when the "café cantante" (musical café) was the preferential venue for flamenco artists. Most of the soleá melodies we know have been attributed to singers who were active at that time. With the turn of the century, other "palos" like those belonging to the group "cantes libres" like malagueña, tarantas, or Cartageneras took the supremacy. At the times of the "Ópera Flamenca", it was further displace by Fandangos, popular songs fashioned to the Bulerías rhythm and "cantes de ida y vuelta" like the Guajiras.

During the 1950s to 1970s, at the time of the neo-traditionalism of Antonio Mairena and his school, the style went back into favour, becoming, together with Seguiriyas and Tonás one of the most valued by flamenco artists, critics and public. The soleá went again into disfavour after the birth of New Flamenco. Followers of Camarón de la Isla and his school tend to pay less attention to traditional, "hard" styles, and favour other more festive "palos" like Bulerías or tangos, which are easier to mix with pop and commercial music influences.

 Main soleá styles
Soleá "styles" (or rather, we should say "melodies") are traditionally classified under their geographical origin and then by the singer they have been attributed to. These facts are not to be taken as absolute truths. Many times, these attributions rely solely on the oral tradition and the beliefs of singers and the flamenco environment, but rarely on evidence. Even when we know for sure that those singers had an important role in any of these melodies, it cannot be assured that they "created" it. Maybe they just made it popular, or at most developed it.

Soleares from Alcalá
Although the most recent among the traditional styles, some of the Alcalá ones are the most widely sung. The most famous singer of this area, to whom several styles have been attributed, is Joaquín el de La Paula (1875-1933). His four-line style, sung in the low registers and very restrained, is very often used as an introductory stanza to other more high-pitched ones.

 Soleares from Triana
Triana is a quarter in Seville. They are very difficult to classify, owing to their large number of styles and variations. Most attributions to a particular singer are also doubtful.
 "La Andonda". Very little is known of this Gypsy singer. Some styles of soleá have been attributed to her, but there is no proof that they actually have anything to do with her.
 Styles of El Zurraque. El Zurraque is an area in Triana, where potters used to have their workshops. For this reason, these styles are often called "soleares alfareras" (potters' soleares).
 Soleares from Córdoba. They are supposed to derive from the styles of Ramón El Ollero. They were carried to Córdoba by a singer called Onofre, and are often known as "Soleares de Onofre".

 Soleares from Cádiz
 By Enrique el Mellizo (1848–1906). Several styles have been attributed to this singer, one of the most influential in the evolution of flamenco singing for his contributions to several "palos". Other frequent styles include those of Paquirri.

Soleares from Jerez
They are considered to be mostly variations from other local styles. However, those by Frijones (probably born in 1846) have original quality.

Soleares from Lebrija
The most famous are those by singer Juaniquí, of whom there is little reliable information.

Soleares from Utrera
All styles from Utrera are attributed to La Serneta (1837-1910), a singer born in Jerez, who went to live in Utrera when she was young.

 References

External links

Classification of styles of soleares. With many audio examples.
Samples of falsetas in soleá style. With notation, tablature and audio.

Sources
ÁLVAREZ CABALLERO, Ángel: El cante flamenco, Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1998

BLAS VEGA, José & RIOS RUIZ, Manuel: Diccionario Enciclopédico Ilustrado del Flamenco, Cinterco, 1988

ÁLVAREZ CABALLERO, Ángel: La discografía ideal del flamenco, Planeta, Barcelona 1995

MARTÍN SALAZAR, Jorge: Los cantes flamencos'', Diputación Provincial de Granada

Category:Flamenco styles
Category:Spanish dances
Category:Spanish folk music
Category:Spanish music


Yên Lạc District

Yên Lạc is a rural district of Vĩnh Phúc Province in the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 145,316. The district covers an area of 107 km². The district capital lies at Yên Lạc.

References

Category:Districts of Vĩnh Phúc Province


Yasin Temel

Professor Yasin Temel (born 2 July 1977 in Sivas, Turkey) is a neurosurgeon with a strong interest in neuroscience.

Early life
Yasin Temel did his primary school at the Minister Calsschool (Almelo, The Netherlands) He went to secondary school at the Philips van Horne Scholengemeenschap (Weert, The Netherlands). In 1995, he started with Medicine at Maastricht University (Maastricht, The Netherlands) and graduated with designation in 2001.

Career
After receiving his Medical degree, Yasin Temel combined his training in Neurosurgery with his PhD training at Maastricht University Medical Center from 2001 to 2010. In this period he obtained his PhD cum laude from the faculty of Medicine of Maastricht University on 2 February 2007. In 2012 he was appointed as Professor of Neurosurgery. He was the youngest professor of Maastricht University.  The main clinical activities of Temel are in the field of Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery and Skull Base surgery. His research is related to these areas of Neuroscience.

For his scientific work, he has received several personal awards including the Science award of the Dutch brain foundation in 2011 and the JCI’s Ten Outstanding Young Persons special Award in 2011.

Interests
The main scope of Temel’s research is understanding the mechanisms of brain disease and developing therapies.

External links
Maastricht University: https://mhens.mumc.maastrichtuniversity.nl/neuromodulation-experimental-neurosurgery
University Hospital: http://neurochirurgie.mumc.nl/medewerkers/temel
Brightlands: http://www.brightlands.com/meet-bright-people/yasin-temel/

Category:Dutch neurosurgeons
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Category:Maastricht University alumni
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people


Bartolino da Padova

Bartolino da Padova (also "Magister Frater Bartolinus de Padua") (fl. c. 1365 – c. 1405) was an Italian composer of the late 14th century. He is a representative of the stylistic period known as the Trecento, sometimes known as the "Italian ars nova", the transitional period between medieval and Renaissance music in Italy.

Life
Next to nothing is known for certain about his life, but some information can be inferred from his music. He was probably from Padua, and he was a Carmelite, because a picture of him appears in the Squarcialupi Codex in which he is wearing the garb of that order. Most likely he was in the employ of the Carrara family, since references to them appear in his music. There is a possibility he spent some time in Florence around 1389–1390. References to the Visconti family in his music have been variously interpreted: some scholars have suggested that he was away from Padua, and may have been working in support of Gian Galeazzo Visconti during the period of his campaign of conquest in northern Italy, which included Padua, while more recent scholars have attempted to refute this view, suggesting instead that the references may be either satirical or in support of the Carrara family.

Music
The Squarcialupi Codex, the largest source of Italian music of the 14th century, contains 37 pieces by Bartolino. A few other sources contain pieces by him, and his music was evidently widespread, indicating his reputation.

Bartolino's music, unlike that of his contemporary Francesco Landini, shows little influence from the French ars nova. His 27 ballate are almost all vocal duets, in the Italian fashion (the French at that time were mainly writing them as a single vocal line with one or two instrumental accompanying parts). Eleven of Bartolino's madrigals survive; like the ballate, they are mostly for two voices, however there are two pieces for three, and one of them (La Fiera Testa) has a macaronic text which is trilingual, one strophe in Italian, one in Latin and the final Ritornello section in French. This practice was common in the high Middle Ages but had become rare by the end of the 14th century.

See also
Music of the Trecento

Further reading
 Richard H. Hoppin, Medieval Music.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1978.
 Kurt von Fischer/Gianluca d'Agostino: "Bartolino da Padova", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed June 29, 2005), (subscription access)

Category:Trecento composers
Category:Italian male classical composers
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:Year of death uncertain
Category:14th-century Italian people
Category:Medieval male composers


Lycée Jean-Moulin

Lycée Jean-Moulin may refer to:
 Lycée Jean-Moulin (Angers)
  in Blanc-Mesnil (Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France ; )
  in Draguignan (Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ; )
 Lycée Jean-Moulin (Lyon)
  in Pézenas (Hérault, Languedoc-Roussillon ; ).
 Lycée Jean Moulin (Torcy, Seine-et-Marne)
 Cité Scolaire Jean Moulin - Albertville


Two Fists Against the Law

Two Fists Against the Law is a 1980 martial arts movie, directed by Chan Chuen, produced by Ng See-yuen and starring Alan Chui Chung-San and Hwang Jang-lee. The movie is also loosely known as Twin Bitter.

Plot

Lee Yong and Fang Erh, known as extremely cunning men in the town decide to rob Master Tai (Hwang Jang Lee) with his new consignment, since it has been rumored to be worth seven million. Meanwhile, local police captain (Melvin Wong) tries to change their ways. Eventually they discover that Master Tai has been trading
opium. Lee Yong and Fang Erh help the local policeman to fight against the Master Tai for justice.

Cast
Alan Chui Chung-San - Fang Erh
Hwang Jang-lee - Master Tai
Melvin Wong - Local Police Captain
Chik Ngai Hung - Lee Yong
Chiang Kam - Scammed by Fang Erh
Chung Fat - Debt Collector gets beaten by Lee Yong
To Siu Ming - Police Captain's sidekick
Pau Yung Sheng -Police Captain's sidekick
Lee Fat Yuen - Thug
Mang Hoi - Thug
Chan Kwok Kuen - Thug
Philip Ko
Chan Dik Hak - Master Tai's son
Chan Chuen
Cheng Chok Chow
Chan Siu-Kai
Lo Wei

Reception

The film has mixed reviews. On Imdb, the movie is rated 4/10, while websites such as Rarekungfumovies.com give it 3 stars out of 5.

Home media
The movie was released on VHS with an English dubbed version and a VCD version with Cantonese and Mandarin duo audio version. In 1990, they released a VCD version with original Cantonese dubbed version as well.

References

http://www.rarekungfumovies.com/titles/title1252.html

Category:Hong Kong films
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Category:Kung fu films
Category:Hong Kong martial arts films
Category:Cantonese-language films


Salfia Muslim Institute

Salfia Muslim Institute (Urdu: سلفیہ مسلم انسٹ(وٹ ) is a higher secondary school located at Parray Pora, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. The school runs under the non-profit organisation Jamiat-e-Ahle Hadith J&K. It is one of the schools of 'Trans World Muslim University'.

History
The institution was established in 1989 and was located at Tengpora. In 1994 the school relocated to a rented building at Parray Pora, Srinagar. Subsequently, it merged with King Faisal, in 1996  and was shifted to a school-owned building at Parray Pora.

About the school
The school is currently working under Mr Nisar, also principal of the institution. The school has two science labs and one computer lab, and two halls mostly used for exams and occasionally for any other procession. The school work starts after morning assembly at 9:00 am till 2:15 pm, the end of the day work. The school works under the supervision of Mr Shahid Ahmad Lone.

Category:Schools in Srinagar
Category:Education in Srinagar


Trafford (disambiguation)

Trafford is a metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England.

Trafford may also refer to:

People
Trafford Leigh-Mallory (1892–1944), British Air Chief Marshal
Trafford (surname)
De Trafford baronets, including a list of de Traffords

Places

United Kingdom
Bridge Trafford, a hamlet in Cheshire, England
Mickle Trafford, a village in Cheshire, England
Wimbolds Trafford, a village in Cheshire, England

United States
Trafford, Alabama, a town in Jefferson County
Trafford, Pennsylvania, a borough near Pittsburgh

Other uses
Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council, Trafford, England
Trafford College, Trafford, England
Trafford Centre, a shopping mall in Trafford, England
Trafford Hall, a former country house in Cheshire, England, now a hotel
Trafford Mill, a water mill in Cheshire
Trafford Publishing, a Canadian vanity press using print-on-demand technology

See also
Old Trafford (disambiguation)


Yitzhak Gitterman

Yitzhak Gitterman (1889-1943) was a director of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) in Poland, and a member of the underground Jewish Combat Organization.

Gitterman was born in Hornostaipil, Ukraine, Russian Empire and began a career of supporting refugees and other victims of persecution during World War I. In 1921, he was appointed director of the JDC in Poland. He took part in the rehabilitation of the Jewish population and the establishment of welfare institutions.

With the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Gitterman left Warsaw for Vilna, where he rapidly set up operations to aid the refugee community. In December 1939, Gitterman left Lithuania for Sweden to appeal for outside help for Jews in occupied Poland. The Germans stopped his ship in the Baltic Sea and arrested all Polish nationals of military age. Gitterman was interned in a prisoner-of-war camp and returned to Warsaw in April 1940.

Gitterman continued his activities in support of Jewish self-help in Warsaw even after funding from the JDC ceased. He was actively involved in operations of the ghetto underground, including clandestine efforts to document the ghetto experience (code-named Oneg Shabbat). As reports reached the ghetto of the mass murder of Jews in Poland, Gitterman helped raise funds to purchase weapons for the Jewish Fighting Organization  in the Warsaw Ghetto.

Yitzhak Gitterman was killed on January 18, 1943, while taking part in the resistance during the first day of the second major wave of deportations from the Warsaw Ghetto.

Notes
This article incorporates text from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and has been released under the GFDL.

External links
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Yitzhak Gitterman

Category:1889 births
Category:1943 deaths
Category:Polish humanitarians
Category:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising insurgents
Category:Polish Jews
Category:Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
Category:Ukrainian Jews
Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto


Seine-et-Marne's 10th constituency

The 10th constituency of Seine-et-Marne is a French legislative constituency in the Seine-et-Marne département.

Description

The 10th constituency of Seine-et-Marne was created as a result of the 2010 redistricting of French legislative constituencies in which Seine-et-Marne gained two additional constituencies. The seat is a combination of territory from the old 7th and 8th constituencies. It is a relatively compact seat which contains much of the Marne-la-Vallée new town.

The seat was won comfortably by Émeric Bréhier of the PS at its first election in 2012.

Historic Representation

Election results

2017

2012

Sources
Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).

10


Aminul Haque (actor)

Aminul Haque (1921–2011) was a Bangladeshi actor, known for his role in Mukh O Mukhosh, the first Bengali-language feature film to be made in East Pakistan.

Filmography
 Mandir
 Mukh O Mukhosh (1956)
 Akash Ar Mati (1959)
 Tomar Amar (1961)
 Jowar Elo (1962)
 Godhulir Prem (1965)
 Aporajeyo (1967)
 Epar Opar (1975)
 Achena Atithi (1978)
 Nazma (1983)
 Chapa Dangar Bou (1986)
 Rabeya (2008) as Emdad Kazi's uncle

Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions
Haque was awarded the Ekushey Padak in 1991 for his contributions to drama.

References

Category:1921 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:Bangladeshi male film actors
Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male actors


Sonja Egenes

Sonja Egenes (October 19, 1930 – November 27, 1984) was an American politician who served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1971 to 1983.

She died on November 27, 1984, in Iowa City, Iowa at age 54.

References

Category:1930 births
Category:1984 deaths
Category:Politicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Category:Women state legislators in Iowa
Category:Members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Category:Iowa Republicans
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:20th-century American women politicians


William Reeves

William, Bill or Billy Reeves may refer to:

William Reeves (animator) (born 1959), Canadian animator and technical director
William Reeves (bishop) (1815–1892), Church of Ireland bishop and antiquarian

William Reeves (cricketer) (1881–1962), Australian cricketer
William Reeves (finance) (born 1963/64), co-founder of BlueCrest Capital Management
William Reeves (journalist) (1825–1891), father of William Pember Reeves
Bill Reeves (1875–1944), English cricketer
Bill Reeves (basketball) (1904–1983), American professional basketball player
Bill Reeves (footballer) (1888–1940), Australian rules footballer
Billy Reeves (born 1965), British songwriter and broadcaster
Billy Reeves (footballer) (born 1996), English soccer player
William Conrad Reeves (1838–1902), lawyer, academic and legal figure on the island of Barbados
William Pember Reeves (1857–1932), New Zealand statesman, historian and poet

See also
William Reeve (1757–1815), English theatre composer and organist


Brian Wilsterman

Brian Wilsterman (born 19 November 1966) is a Dutch footballer who played in The Football League for Oxford United and Rotherham United.

References

Category:Dutch footballers
Category:Surinamese emigrants to the Netherlands
Category:Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
Category:Eredivisie players
Category:Eerste Divisie players
Category:NEC Nijmegen players
Category:Go Ahead Eagles players
Category:Oxford United F.C. players
Category:FC Dordrecht players
Category:Rotherham United F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Dutch expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in England
Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England
Category:1966 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Paramaribo
Category:Association football defenders


Sanghi Temple

Sanghi Temple, located at Sanghi Nagar in Telangana in India, is about 35 km from Hyderabad city.

The sacred Raja Gopuram, which is very tall, can be seen from  several kilometers away.

The temple complex is located on the top of Paramanand Giri hill, which attracts a number of devotees.

The temple is managed by Mrs Anita Sanghi of the Sanghi Family.

References

__INDEX__

Category:Hindu temples in Hyderabad, India
Category:Temples in Telangana


John Dunlop (Unionist politician)

John Dunlop (20 May 1910 – 10 March 1996) was a Unionist politician from Northern Ireland.

He was Member of Parliament for Mid Ulster from 1974 to 1983. Initially elected as a member of the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party, from 1976 he represented the short-lived breakaway United Ulster Unionist Party.  Eisenhower Fellowships selected John Dunlop in 1989 to represent Northern Ireland. In 1982, he stood unsuccessfully for election to the Northern Ireland Assembly, achieving the lowest-ever vote for a sitting MP at a regional-level election.

References

External links

Category:1910 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Mid Ulster
Category:Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly 1973–1974
Category:UK MPs 1974
Category:UK MPs 1974–1979
Category:UK MPs 1979–1983
Category:United Ulster Unionist Party politicians
Category:Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party politicians


New Zealand Poet Laureate

The New Zealand Poet Laureate is a poet appointed by the National Library of New Zealand to represent New Zealand's community of poets, to promote and advocate for poetry, and to produce a number of published works during their two-year tenure as laureate.

History of the award
The Poet Laureate for New Zealand was not originally appointed by a government agency, but by a commercial company. The award was established by Te Mata Estate, a winery in Hawke's Bay, in 1997, the year of the winery's centenary. Bill Manhire was named the first Te Mata Poet Laureate.

In 2007, the National Library of New Zealand took over the appointment of the Poet Laureate, and has appointed the last seven laureates: Michele Leggott, Cilla McQueen, Ian Wedde, Vincent O'Sullivan, C. K. Stead, Selina Tusitala Marsh, and the incumbent David Eggleton.

Nomination
The National Library accepts public nominations for the position, as well as nominations from universities, libraries and creative writing programmes. The National Librarian of New Zealand then makes the decision following advice from the Poet Laureate Advisory Council, which currently includes first Laureate Bill Manhire and Te Mata Estate chairman John Buck.

Award

The value of the award granted to the Poet Laureate is currently NZD$100,000, of which twenty per cent is retained by the National Library to cover costs such as events, promotion, and the Laureate's tokotoko. A tokotoko is a Māori carved ceremonial walking stick which is presented to the Laureate upon their appointment. The tokotoko is paired with the matua, or "parent tokotoko" which is retained and displayed by the National Library to signify their joint guardianship of the award with the Ngāti Kahungunu. The tokotoko are created by Hawke's Bay artist Jacob Scott, with the matua carved from black maire and containing a poem by the late Hone Tuwhare, the 1999–2001 Laureate.

Based on the tradition of the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom receiving a "butt of sack", the New Zealand Poet Laureate also receives a stipend of wine from Te Mata Estate.

List of New Zealand Poets Laureate

References

External links
New Zealand Poet Laureate blog (National Library of New Zealand)

Category:New Zealand poetry awards


Nude mouse

A nude mouse is a laboratory mouse from a strain with a genetic mutation that causes a deteriorated or absent thymus, resulting in an inhibited immune system due to a greatly reduced number of T cells.  The phenotype (main outward appearance) of the mouse is a lack of body hair, which gives it the "nude" nickname.  The nude mouse is valuable to research because it can receive many different types of tissue and tumor grafts, as it mounts no rejection response.  These xenografts are commonly used in research to test new methods of imaging and treating tumors.  The genetic basis of the nude mouse mutation is a disruption of the FOXN1 gene.

Nomenclature

The nomenclature for the nude mouse has changed several times since their discovery. Originally they were described as nu and this was updated to Hfh11nu when the mutated gene was identified as a mutation in the HNF-3/forkhead homolog 11 gene.  Then in 2000 the gene responsible for the mutation was identified as a member of the Fox gene family and the nomenclature was updated to Foxn1nu.

History and significance
Nude mice were first discovered in 1962 by Dr. Norman R. Grist at Ruchill Hospital's Brownlee virology laboratory in Glasgow. Because they lack a thymus, nude mice cannot generate mature T lymphocytes. Therefore they are unable to mount many types of adaptive immune responses, including:

antibody formation that requires CD4+ helper T cells
cell-mediated immune responses, which require CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells
delayed-type hypersensitivity responses (require CD4+ T cells)
killing of virus-infected or malignant cells (requires CD8+ cytotoxic T cells)
graft rejection (requires both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells)

Because of the above features, nude mice have served in the laboratory to gain insights into the immune system, leukemia, solid tumors, AIDS and other forms of immune deficiency as well as leprosy.
Moreover, the absence of functioning T cells prevents nude mice from rejecting not only allografts, but they cannot even reject xenografts; that is, grafts of tissue from another species.

Most strains of nude mice are slightly "leaky" and do have a few T cells, especially as they age.  For this reason, nude mice are less popular in research today, since knockout mice with more complete defects  in the immune system have been constructed (e.g. RAG1 and RAG2 knockout mice).

Genetics

Nude mice have a spontaneous deletion in the FOXN1 gene.  (Humans with mutations in FOXN1 also are athymic and immune deficient.)  Mice with a targeted deletion in the FOXN1 ("knockout" mice) also show the "nude" phenotype.   Since nude females have underdeveloped mammary glands and are unable to effectively nurse their young, nude males are bred with heterozygous females.

Life span
The life span of nude mice is normally 6 months to a year. In controlled, germ free environments and with antibiotic treatments found in many laboratories that routinely use nude mice, they can live almost as long as normal mice (18 months to two years).

References
The Nude Mouse in Experimental and Clinical Research (Vol.1). Fogh, J; Giovanella, B.C.(eds) Academic Press, 1978,
The Nude Mouse in Experimental and Clinical Research (Vol.2). Fogh, J; Giovanella, B.C.(eds) Academic Press, 1982,

See also
Skinny pig
Earmouse

External links
 A nude mouse can accept tissue grafts from a variety of species

Category:Immunology mice


Ferhatlije

Ferhatlije is a village in the municipality of Hadžići, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References

Category:Populated places in Hadžići


Rural Appalachian Improvement League

The Rural Appalachian Improvement League (RAIL) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation based in Mullens, West Virginia.  Since 2001, when flooding devastated southern West Virginia, RAIL has worked to improve the quality of life for residents of the area.  Its mission is "to build human & civic capacity through incubation of nonprofit and grassroots organizations, and through the provision of programs in health, home repair, and education at the Mullens Opportunity Center." ()

RAIL is located in the Mullens Opportunity Center (MOC), which it also administers.  The MOC is located at 300 Front Street, in the former Mullens Elementary School.  RAIL programs offered at the MOC include GED and literacy classes, high-speed public internet access, meeting space, a fitness center, and business incubator opportunities.  The Upper Guyandotte Watershed Association(UGWA) is a separate non-profit launched by RAIL that also operates out of the MOC.

Many of the programs at RAIL have been developed by AmeriCorps VISTAs, many of whom are from other regions of the United States.  Other RAIL activities focus on community economic development, housing, cultural heritage, environment, and property acquisition.

In 2007, Wyoming County was designated a 'Pilot Community' by Groundwork USA, which is a nationwide organization that is "a network of independent, not-for-profit, environmental businesses" that gets "local people, business, government and other organizations involved in practical projects." Groundwork strives to help communities improve their local environment by reclaiming brownfields, abandoned lands, and other under-utilized properties and returning them to productive use such as recreation, green space, and commercial development. ()

RAIL was appointed administrator for a grant to study the formation of Groundwork Wyoming County (GWWC), and will act as consultant in a feasibility study.  If launched, GWWC will be the first rural Groundwork Trust in the U.S., and its course will set important precedents, both within Groundwork USA and in rural Appalachia.

RAIL also helped launch the Wyoming County Business Retention, Expansion, and Development (BRE&D) Program that works to connect local businesses and entrepreneurs with the resources they need to be successful.  These resources include business planning, employee training, financial assistance, and networking opportunities.

External links
Rural Appalachian Improvement League
Upper Guyandotte Watershed Association
Groundwork USA
Wyoming County BRE&D Program

Category:Rural community development
Category:Charities based in West Virginia


Westfield High School (Westfield, Indiana)

Westfield High School is a public high school located in Westfield, Indiana, north of Indianapolis.  Westfield High School is part of the Westfield Washington School District, and is commonly abbreviated as "WHS."

History
The shamrock was chosen to represent the school's athletic teams due to the significant population of Quakers living in the community who preferred a nonviolent mascot. From 1968, up until 1997, the school was on the south side of Hoover Street. The former high school is still standing, and forms the west end of Westfield Middle School. Before the old high school was built, WHS was located by S.R. 32, east of U.S. 31. This school at one time served grades Kindergarten and 7-12. In 1970, the auditorium and gymnasium were burnt down. The school still served as the junior high, although there was no auditorium or gym. A new middle school was built in 1976. In the fall of 1997, the school relocated to its current location at the intersection of Hoover and Union Streets, just north of the old school.

In 2014, Riverview Health agreed to pay $1.5 million over 10 years for the naming rights to Westfield High School's football stadium.

On April 23, 2015, 16 students were injured as the stage in the school's auditorium collapsed during a concert. The story gained national media attention.

On August 21, 2015, Westfield High School officially opened its new $7.5 million stadium to the public for their first home game. Which they won 38-21 against Harrison.

Athletics
Westfield athletic teams, nicknamed the Shamrocks, compete in the Hoosier Crossroads Conference. WHS is a 4A school in Indiana's class system for athletics, except for football, in which Westfield is a 6A school. Westfield's mascot which appears at many athletic events is named Rocky and resembles a combination of the University of Notre Dame's fighting leprechaun logo and Purdue University's "Purdue Pete". Westfield's Girls' Cross Country team has been a powerhouse throughout Indiana for the past decade and a half, including four state championships: 1998, 2005, 2006, and 2007.  Westfield Boys' golf has also won three state championships, in 2013, 2015 and 2016. After two prior trips to the state finals in football (2A in '92 and 5A in '13) the Rocks won their first State Championship in class 5A football during the '16-'17 season.

Sports offered
 Boys' Baseball
 Boys' and Girls' Basketball
 Boys' and Girls' Cross Country (Girl State Champs 4x - 1998-99, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08)
 Boys' Football (2016 State Champs in 5A)
 Boys' and Girls' Golf (Boys State Champs 3x - 2012-13, 2014-15, 2015-16)
 Boys' and Girls' Soccer
 Girls' Softball
 Boys' and Girls' Swimming & Diving
 Boys' and Girls' Tennis
 Boys' and Girls' Track & Field
 Girls' Volleyball
 Boys' Wrestling
Boys' and Girls Lacrosse
Boys' and Girls' Rugby

Notable alumni

 Kevin Plawecki - Major League Baseball (MLB) catcher
 Eriq Zavaleta - Major League Soccer (MLS) player

See also
 List of high schools in Indiana

References

External links
 Westfield High School

Category:Public high schools in Indiana
Category:Schools in Hamilton County, Indiana


Valle Rico

Valle Rico is a corregimiento in Las Tablas District, Los Santos Province, Panama with a population of 400 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 417; its population as of 2000 was 452.

References

Category:Corregimientos of Los Santos Province


Nototriton stuarti

Nototriton stuarti is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. Being only known from its type locality in the Izabal Department, it is endemic to Guatemala.

The single known individual was collected inside a log in a very wet forest.

References

Category:Nototriton
Category:Endemic fauna of Guatemala
Category:Amphibians of Guatemala
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Category:Amphibians described in 2000


Elwood Henneman

Elwood Henneman (1915 – 22 February 1996) was an American neurophysiologist who studied the properties of vertebrate motor neurons.

Biography and Research
Henneman received his bachelor's degree from Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1937. In 1943 he finished his medical studies at McGill University in Montreal. During a research fellowship at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, Henneman and colleague, Vernon Mountcastle, showed that tactile information about the extremities is represented in an orderly map in the ventrolateral thalamus of the cat and monkey. Further research positions followed, including at the Royal Victorian Hospital and at the Illinois Neuropsychiatric Institute (NPI) in Chicago. At NPI, Henneman discovered that the drug Mephenesin (Myensin) inhibits interneurons in the spinal cord and thus causes muscle relaxation. This discovery helped lead to the development of muscle relaxant drugs.

Of greater impact for the scientific community was Henneman's work describing the physiology of motor neurons, the neurons that control contraction of the muscles. In 1957, Henneman published experimental results that showed that motor neurons that project to the same muscle are recruited on the basis of their size . Henneman's Size Principle describes this relationship.

In 1971, Henneman became chair of the Department of Physiology at Harvard Medical School, a position he held until his retirement in 1984.

Awards and Honors
In 1997, Henneman was posthumously elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Death
Elwood Henneman passed away in 1996 at age 80, of heart failure.

Literature
Hans Peter Clamann: Elwood Henneman and the Size Principle. Journal of the history of the neurosciences. Vol. 11, no. 4 (Dec. 2002) p. 420–421.

References

Category:American neuroscientists
Category:1915 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:McGill University Faculty of Medicine alumni
Category:Harvard College alumni


Timeline of San Sebastián

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of San Sebastián, Spain.

Prior to 20th century

 1682 - Consulate of the Sea established.
 1813
 Siege of San Sebastián.
 31 August: Fire destroys large part of city.
 1817 -  constructed.
 1832 -  (town hall) built.
 1842 - Population: 10,036.
 1843 -  (theatre) opens.
 1863 - City walls dismantled.
 1872 -  newspaper begins publication.
 1874 -  established.
 1879 -  founded.
 1880
 Escuela de Artes y Oficios de San Sebastián (school) opens.
  magazine begins publication.
  (garden) established.
 1886
  established.
 Spanish royal court begins summering at San Sebastian.
 1887 -  built.
 1893 - Miramar Palace built.
 1897
 Cathedral of the Good Shepherd consecrated.
 Orfeón Donostiarra (musical group) formed.
  newspaper begins publication.
  (church) built in the  barrio.
 1900 - Population: 37,812.

20th century

 1902 - San Telmo Museoa (museum) established.
 1903 -  newspaper begins publication.
 1905 - María Cristina Bridge built.
 1909 - Real Sociedad football club formed.
 1912
  (theatre) opens.
  built.
 Igueldo funicular begins operating.
  beach resort established.
 1913 - Atotxa Stadium opens.
 1916 -  (racecourse) built.
 1920
 Los Justicieros anarchist group active.
 Population: 61,774.
 1926 -  established.
 1929 -  constructed.
 1930 - 17 August: Pact of San Sebastián signed.
 1934 - El Diario Vasco newspaper begins publication.
 1936 - July: Siege of Cuartel de Loyola at start of the Spanish Civil War.
 1938 - Gros fronton (sport venue) opens.
 1940 - Population: 103,979.
 1949 - Roman Catholic Diocese of San Sebastián established.
 1953 - San Sebastián International Film Festival begins.
 1960 - Population: 135,149.
 1965 - Velódromo de Anoeta opens.
 1970 - Population: 165,829.
 1990 -  established.
 1993 - Anoeta Stadium opens.
 1999 - Kursaal Congress Centre and Auditorium opens.

21st century

 2001 - Musikene music school founded.
 2003 - City divided into 17 barrios.(es)
 2008 - Population: 183,308 city; 405,099 metro.
 2011
  (church) built in  barrio.
 Basque Culinary Center campus opens.
 Population: 185,512.
 2015 -  elected mayor.(es)
 2018 - 10 June: Pro-independence, 202 kilometer human chain formed between cities of San Sebastián, Bilbao, and Vitoria-Gasteiz.

See also
 San Sebastián history

Other cities in the autonomous community of the Basque Country:(es)
 Timeline of Bilbao

References

This article incorporates information from the Spanish Wikipedia and Basque Wikipedia.

Bibliography

External links

Category:San Sebastián
San Sebastian


Rushmore, Minnesota

Rushmore is a city in Nobles County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 342 at the 2010 census.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land.  Rushmore is located in section 19 of Dewald Township, Minnesota.  It is situated on the Buffalo Ridge, a drainage divide between the Mississippi River and Missouri River systems.

Main highways include:
 Interstate 90
 Nobles County Road 35
 Nobles County Road 13

History

The founding of Rushmore: The city was named for S.M. Rushmore, an early pioneer. The town owes its existence to the construction of the Worthington and Sioux Falls Railway, and the desire of a New York capitalist to establish a land colonization scheme in southwestern Minnesota.  When the Worthington and Sioux Falls Railway was initially surveyed, it was decided to construct a station house in section 19 of Dewald Township. The station house was Named Miller Station, in honor of ex-governor Stephen Miller, and for two years it had no inhabitants. In 1878, George I. Seney, a New York capitalist, secured control of large plots of railroad land in Dewald and Olney Townships. He immediately began the process of colonizing the lands, bringing out settlers from New York City and other eastern points. On May 27, 1878, a Mr. S. M. Rushmore arrived in Worthington along with his family, and immediately took a train for Miller Station. There he established a store to serve Mr. Seney's flood of colonists. A railroad depot was also constructed, and the town was surveyed and platted. In August 1878, the town was renamed Rushmore  in honor of the pioneer shopkeeper, and the community grew rapidly. Indeed, a business directory from the fall of 1879 shows that Rushmore had a general store, a feed mill, an elevator, a hotel, a hardware store, a grocer, a lumber agent, a tinware dealer, a notion store, a jeweler, and two blacksmiths. The town also had a new church and a new school. On March 27, 1900, Rushmore, with a population of 204, was incorporated. Village government promptly began under President S. B. Bedford.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 342 people, 154 households, and 87 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 173 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.6% White, 0.9% African American, 3.8% Asian, 2.3% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6% of the population.

There were 154 households of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.5% were non-families. 37.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.83.

The median age in the city was 41.5 years. 22.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.6% were from 25 to 44; 29.6% were from 45 to 64; and 17% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54.1% male and 45.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 376 people, 154 households, and 97 families residing in the city.  The population density was 1,484.9 people per square mile (580.7/km²).  There were 173 housing units at an average density of 683.2 per square mile (267.2/km²).  The racial makeup of the city was 95.74% White, 0.27% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 3.19% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.99% of the population.

There were 154 households out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 3.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 20.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the city, the population was spread out with 27.7% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $40,000. Males had a median income of $26,667 versus $20,208 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,216.  About 2.8% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, represented by Jim Hagedorn, a Republican. At the state level, Rushmore is located in Senate District 22, represented by Republican Bill Weber, and in House District 22A, represented by Republican Joe Schomacker.

Local politics
The mayor of Rushmore is Gregg Harberts.  City council members are Andrew Noble, Bruce Boltjes, Shirley Vis, and Carol Hieronimus. Rushmore is in Dewald Township and is represented by Nobles County Commissioner Matt Widboom.

References

External links
 Rushmore Booster Club and Community Guide

Category:Cities in Nobles County, Minnesota
Category:Cities in Minnesota


Kardi, Iran

Kardi (, also Romanized as Kardī) is a village in Mah Neshan Rural District, in the Central District of Mahneshan County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 298, in 63 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Mahneshan County


Bhaiyalal Rajwade

Bhaiyalal Rajwade is an Indian politician who was a Bharatiya Janata Party Member of the Legislative Assembly from the Baikunthpur Vidhan Sabha constituency in the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh in India.
And the bhaiya lal rajwade is the minister of the state government of Chhattisgarh.
And his ministries are following:
Labour,
Sports,
Public Grievance,
Youth Welfare of Chhattisgarh.

In the 2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election, Rajwade defeated Indian National Congress candidate Bedanti Tivari. Rajwade had defeated Tivari in the 2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election as well. In the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election, 2003, he had lost to Congress candidate Dr. Ram Chandra Singh Dev.

References

Category:Members of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
Category:Living people
Category:People from Baikunthpur, Koriya
Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Paterson River bridge, Hinton

Hinton Bridge over Paterson River is a heritage-listed road bridge at Hinton-Morpeth Road, Hinton, City of Maitland, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Ernest de Burgh and built in 1901. The property is owned by Roads and Maritime Services, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 20 June 2000.

History

Timber truss bridges

Timber truss road bridges have played a significant role in the expansion and improvement of the NSW road network. Prior to the bridges being built, river crossings were often dangerous in times of rain, which caused bulk freight movement to be prohibitively expensive for most agricultural and mining produce. Only the high priced wool clip of the time was able to carry the costs and inconvenience imposed by the generally inadequate river crossings that often existed prior to the trusses construction.

Timber truss bridges were preferred by the Public Works Department from the mid 19th to the early 20th century because they were relatively cheap to construct, and used mostly local materials. The financially troubled governments of the day applied pressure to the Public Works Department to produce as much road and bridge work for as little cost as possible, using local materials. This condition effectively prohibited the use of iron and steel, as these, prior to the construction of the steel works at Newcastle in the early 20th century, had to be imported from England.

Allan trusses were the first truly scientifically engineered timber truss bridges, and incorporate American design ideas for the first time. This is a reflection of the changing mindset of the NSW people, who were slowly accepting that American ideas could be as good as or better than European ones. The high quality and low cost of the Allan truss design entrenched the dominance of timber truss bridges for NSW roads for the next 30 years.

Percy Allan, the designer of Allan truss and other bridges, was a senior engineer of the Public Works Department, and a prominent figure in late 19th century NSW.

Timber truss bridges, and timber bridges generally were so common that NSW was known to travellers as the "timber bridge state".

Paterson River bridge

The bridge project to replace the existing steam ferry was initiated in 1898, when a contract of was let for its construction for £9,845. A further project of 110 chains of road to connect the new bridge to the Morpeth Bridge was initiated in the same year. The contractor for the work was S. McGill, the same contractor as the Morpeth Bridge. The iron and steel work was provided by Messrs. Pope, Maher and Company, and the steel ropes for the lifting span manufactured by Messrs. Bullivant and Co.

The bridge was designed by Ernest de Burgh, Assistant Engineer for Bridges in the Public Works department, under the direction of Under-Secretary for Public Works and Commissioner for Roads Hickson. It was designed to allow for a clear opening for river traffic of 50ft 5in when opened, and to be able to be raised to give a headway of 25ft 6in above flood, or 45ft above high water.

It was opened by Colonial Secretary John See on 13 February 1901.

The lifting span was fixed in position in 1940.

Description
Hinton bridge is an Allan type timber truss road bridge. It has 2 external timber truss spans, each of 28.0m (92ft) and one internal steel truss lift span of 17.8m (58ft). There are 7 timber approach spans at one end and 3 at the other giving the bridge an overall length of 178.6m (586ft).

The bridge is 14.3m (47ft) above the high water line and the centre lift span previously rose another 7.90m (26ft). The lifting span was fixed in position in 1940 as the need for river steamers ceased.

The internal lift span is supported by twin cast iron cylinders. The timber truss spans are supported by timber trestles. The superstructure provides a carriageway with a minimum width of 5.1m. Guard rails are of post and rail construction over the approach and timber truss spans.

It was reported to be in good condition and to be intact as at 13 September 2005.

Heritage listing

Completed in 1901, Hinton Bridge is an Allan timber truss road bridge, and has a lift span which in the past accommodated river steamers that travelled the Hunter River system. Hinton is one of only three lift bridges in the Hunter region. Most of its engineering details are intact, and the bridge is in good condition. As a timber truss road bridge, it has many associational links with important historical events, trends, and people, including the expansion of the road network and economic activity throughout NSW, and Percy Allan, the designer of this type of truss. Allan trusses were third in the five-stage design evolution of NSW timber truss bridges, and were a major improvement over the McDonald trusses which preceded them. Allan trusses were 20% cheaper to build than McDonald trusses, could carry 50% more load, and were easier to maintain. The people who live in the area around the bridge value the bridge highly, and as such it has social significance. Hinton bridge is in the Hunter Region, which has 15 historic road bridges each constructed before 1905. It gains heritage significance from its proximity to the high concentration of other historic bridges. In 1998 there were 38 surviving Allan trusses in NSW of the 105 built, and 82 timber truss road bridges survive from the over 400 built. Hinton bridge is a representative example of Allan timber truss road bridges, and is assessed as being Nationally significant, primarily on the basis of its technical and historical significance.

Hinton Bridge over Paterson River was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 20 June 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Through the bridge's association with the expansion of the NSW road network, its ability to demonstrate historically important concepts such as the gradual acceptance of NSW people of American design ideas, and its association with Percy Allan, it has historical significance.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

The bridge exhibits the technical excellence of its design, as all of the structural detail is clearly visible. In the context of its landscape it is visually attractive. As such, the bridge has substantial aesthetic significance.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The bridge is highly valued by the nearby Hinton community. Timber truss bridges are prominent to road travellers, and NSW has in the past been referred to as the "timber truss bridge state". Through this, the complete set of bridges gain some social significance, as they could be said to be held in reasonable esteem by many travellers in NSW.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

It is highly rare because of its lift span and age.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

It is representative of Allan timber truss bridges.

See also

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

Category:New South Wales State Heritage Register
Category:Bridges in New South Wales
Category:Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register


Sherman Township

Sherman Township may refer to:

Arkansas
 Sherman Township, Johnson County, Arkansas

Illinois
 Sherman Township, Mason County, Illinois

Iowa
 Sherman Township, Calhoun County, Iowa
 Sherman Township, Hardin County, Iowa
 Sherman Township, Jasper County, Iowa
 Sherman Township, Kossuth County, Iowa
 Sherman Township, Monona County, Iowa
 Sherman Township, Montgomery County, Iowa
 Sherman Township, Pocahontas County, Iowa
 Sherman Township, Sioux County, Iowa, in Sioux County, Iowa
 Sherman Township, Story County, Iowa

Kansas
 Sherman Township, Clay County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Crawford County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Decatur County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Dickinson County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Grant County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Leavenworth County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Ottawa County, Kansas, in Ottawa County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Pottawatomie County, Kansas, in Pottawatomie County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Riley County, Kansas, in Riley County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Sedgwick County, Kansas
 Sherman Township, Washington County, Kansas, in Washington County, Kansas

Michigan
 Sherman Township, Gladwin County, Michigan
 Sherman Township, Huron County, Michigan
 Sherman Township, Iosco County, Michigan
 Sherman Township, Isabella County, Michigan
 Sherman Township, Keweenaw County, Michigan
 Sherman Township, Mason County, Michigan
 Sherman Township, Newaygo County, Michigan
 Sherman Township, Osceola County, Michigan
 Sherman Township, St. Joseph County, Michigan

Minnesota
 Sherman Township, Redwood County, Minnesota

Missouri
 Sherman Township, Cass County, Missouri
 Sherman Township, Dallas County, Missouri
 Sherman Township, DeKalb County, Missouri
 Sherman Township, Harrison County, Missouri
 Sherman Township, Putnam County, Missouri

Nebraska
 Sherman Township, Antelope County, Nebraska
 Sherman Township, Cuming County, Nebraska
 Sherman Township, Gage County, Nebraska
 Sherman Township, Kearney County, Nebraska
 Sherman Township, Platte County, Nebraska

North Dakota
 Sherman Township, Bottineau County, North Dakota

Ohio
 Sherman Township, Huron County, Ohio

Oklahoma
 Sherman Township, Kingfisher County, Oklahoma

South Dakota
 Sherman Township, Brookings County, South Dakota
 Sherman Township, Corson County, South Dakota
 Sherman Township, Faulk County, South Dakota

See also

Sherman (disambiguation)

Category:Township name disambiguation pages


Lancaster's chevauchée of 1346

Lancaster's chevauchée of 1346 was a series of offensives directed by Henry, Earl of Lancaster, in southwestern France during autumn 1346, as a part of the Hundred Years' War.

The year had started with a "huge" French army under John, Duke of Normandy, son and heir of King Philip VI, besieging the strategically important town of Aiguillon in Gascony. Lancaster refused battle and harassed the French supply lines while preventing Aiguillon from being blockaded. After a five-month siege the French were ordered north to confront the main English army, which on 12 July had landed in Normandy under Edward III of England and commenced the Crécy campaign.

This left the French defences in the southwest both weak and disorganised. Lancaster took advantage by launching offensives into Quercy and the Bazadais and himself leading a third force on a large-scale mounted raid (a chevauchée) between 12 September and 31 October 1346. All three offensives were successful, with Lancaster's chevauchée, of approximately 2,000 English and Gascon soldiers, meeting no effective resistance from the French, penetrating  north and storming the rich city of Poitiers. His force then burnt and looted large areas of Saintonge, Aunis and Poitou, capturing numerous towns, castles and smaller fortified places as they went. The offensives completely disrupted the French defences and shifted the focus of the fighting from the heart of Gascony to  or more beyond its borders.

Background
Since the Norman Conquest of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France. By 1337 only Gascony in southwestern France and Ponthieu in northern France were left. The independent-minded Gascons preferred their relationship with a distant English king who left them alone to one with a French king who would interfere in their affairs. Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France () and Edward III of England (), on 24 May 1337 Philip's Great Council agreed Gascony should be taken back into Philip's hands, on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal. This marked the start of the Hundred Years' War, which was to last 116 years.

Before the war commenced, well over 1000 ships a year departed from Gascony. Among their cargoes were over  of locally produced wine. The duty levied by the English Crown on wine from Bordeaux was more than all other customs duties combined and by far the largest source of state income. Bordeaux, the capital of Gascony, had a population of over 50,000, greater than London's, and was possibly richer. However, by this time English Gascony had become so truncated by French encroachments that it relied on imports of food, largely from England. Any interruptions to regular shipping were liable to starve Gascony and financially cripple England; the French were well aware of this.

The border between English and French territory in Gascony was extremely unclear. Many landholders owned a patchwork of widely separated estates, perhaps owing fealty to a different overlord for each. Each small estate was likely to have a fortified tower or keep, with larger estates having castles. Fortifications were also constructed at transport choke points, to collect tolls and to restrict military passage; fortified towns grew up alongside all bridges and most fords over the many rivers in the region. Military forces could support themselves by foraging so long as they moved on frequently. If they wished to remain in one place for any length of time, as was necessary to besiege a castle, then access to water transport was essential for supplies of food and fodder and desirable for such items as siege equipment.

Although Gascony was the cause of the war, in most campaigning seasons the Gascons had had to rely on their own resources and had been hard pressed by the French. In 1339 the French besieged Bordeaux, the capital of Gascony, even breaking into the city with a large force before they were repulsed. Typically the Gascons could field 3,000–6,000 men, the large majority infantry, although up to two-thirds of them would be tied down in garrisons. Warfare was usually a struggle for possession of castles and other fortified points, and for the mutable loyalty of the local nobility.

1345 campaign

By 1345, after eight years of war, English-controlled territory mostly consisted of a coastal strip from Bordeaux to Bayonne, with isolated strongholds further inland. In 1345 Edward III had sent Henry, Earl of Lancaster to Gascony, and had assembled his main army for action in northern France or Flanders. It had sailed but never landed, after the fleet was scattered in a storm. Knowledge of Edward III's intent had kept French focus on the north until late in the campaigning season. Meanwhile, Lancaster had led a whirlwind campaign at the head of an Anglo-Gascon army. He had smashed two large French armies at the battles of Bergerac and Auberoche, captured French towns and fortifications in much of Périgord and most of Agenais and given the English possessions in Gascony strategic depth. During the winter following this successful campaign, Lancaster's second in command, Ralph, Earl of Stafford, had marched on the vitally important town of Aiguillon, which commanded the junction of the Rivers Garonne and Lot, making it important both for trade and for military communications. The inhabitants had attacked the garrison and opened the gates to the English.

French offensive
John, Duke of Normandy, the son and heir of Philip VI, was placed in charge of all French forces in southwest France, as he had been the previous autumn. In March 1346 a French army under Duke John, numbering between 15,000 and 20,000, enormously superior to any force the Anglo-Gascons could field, marched on Aiguillon and besieged it on 1April. On 2April an arrière-ban, a formal call to arms for all able-bodied males, was announced for southern France. French national financial, logistical and manpower efforts were focused on this offensive.

Edward III again gathered a large army in England. The French were aware of this, but given the extreme difficulty of disembarking an army other than at a port, the English no longer having access to a port in Flanders, and the existence of friendly ports in Brittany and Gascony, they assumed that Edward would sail for one of the latter; probably Gascony, in order to relieve Aiguillon. To guard against any possibility of an English landing in northern France, Philip VI relied on his powerful navy. This reliance was misplaced given the naval technology of the time and the French were unable to prevent Edward III successfully crossing the Channel and landing in the Cotentin Peninsula, in northern Normandy, on 12 July with an army between 12,000 and 15,000 strong. The English achieved complete strategic surprise and marched south, cutting a wide swath of destruction through some of the richest lands in France and burning every town they passed.

Philip VI immediately recalled his main army, under Duke John, from Gascony. After a furious argument with his advisers, and according to some accounts his father's messenger, Duke John refused to move until his honour was satisfied. On 29 July Philip VI called an arrière-ban for northern France at Rouen. On 7August the English reached the Seine. Philip VI again sent orders to John of Normandy insisting that he abandon the siege of Aiguillon and march his army north. Edward III marched south east and on 12 August his army was  from Paris. On 14 August Duke John attempted to arrange a local truce. Lancaster, well aware of the situation in the north and in the French camps around Aiguillon, refused. On 20 August, after over five months, the French abandoned the siege and marched away in considerable haste and disorder. Duke John did not rejoin the French army in the north until after it had been heavily defeated at the Battle of Crécy six days later.

Anglo-Gascon offensive

The withdrawal of Duke John's army led to the collapse of the French positions in southern Périgord and most of Agenais. The French only held on to their strongholds in the Garonne valley, Port-Sainte-Marie, Agen and Marmande downstream of Aiguillon. The English extended their control to include the whole of the Lot valley below Villeneuve and most of the remaining French outposts between the Lot and the Dordogne, during late August. Lancaster was able to capture most towns without a fight. John, Count of Armagnac, was appointed French royal lieutenant in the region after Duke John's withdrawal. He struggled to provide effective resistance because of lack of troops; insufficient funds; and repeatedly having his orders countermanded by Philip VI. He formally offered his resignation within three months of his appointment.

Lancaster now held the operational initiative. In early September he launched three separate offensives. Local English sympathisers in the Agenais under Gaillard I de Durfort blockaded Agen and Porte Sainte Marie and raided into Quercy to the west. A large detachment of Gascons was split up to reoccupy the French-held territory to the south and west of the Garonne under the overall command of Alixandre de Caumont, in a mopping up operation. Lancaster took command of 1,000 men-at-arms and approximately the same number of mounted infantry and led them north on 12 September; most of this force was Gascon.

The force in the Agenais raided deep into Quercy, penetrating over . Gaillard, leading 400 cavalry, captured the small town of Tulle. This sparked widespread panic in the province of Auvergne. The army of John of Armagnac was diverted to Tulle, which it besieged from mid-November until late December, when the Gascon occupiers surrendered on terms and were taken prisoner; all were ransomed. The whole French field army of the southwest was tied down by Gaillard's small force. The modern historian Jonathan Sumption describes this as "dislocating the royal administration in central and southern France for three months".

The troops under Caumont swept through the Bazadais, capturing numerous French-held towns and fortifications for little or no loss. Many of these were handed over after negotiations; Bazas itself for example surrendered after negotiating access for its products through English-occupied territory on favourable terms. The French presence in the area was all but extinguished.

Lancaster's chevauchée

Lancaster targeted the rich provincial capital of Poitiers, deep in French-held territory north of his starting point. He marched from the Garonne to the Charente, , in eight days, arriving at Châteauneuf-sur-Charente which he captured. He then diverted  to Saint-Jean-d'Angély to rescue some English prisoners. Saint-Jean-d'Angély was stormed, captured, and sacked. Leaving a garrison, Lancaster turned back towards Poitiers, covering 20 miles a day and taking the towns of Melle and Lusignan on the way. Lancaster reached Poitiers late on 3October.

Poitiers occupied a naturally strong position, but its defences had seen little maintenance for centuries. The city had no royal garrison and the townspeople and local notables had fallen out of the habit of maintaining a guard. Defensive responsibilities were split between the town and three different church bodies, which had the effect of preventing any effective action. The English launched an immediate assault, but they were repulsed by an improvised force organised by some local noblemen. During the night the English found a breach in the wall, which had been deliberately created years before to allow easy access from the city to a nearby watermill. In the morning they seized it and forced their way into eastern Poitiers, killing everyone they came across. As was usual, only those who appeared wealthy enough to afford a ransom were spared. Most of the population fled the city, but over 600 were killed. The town was thoroughly sacked for eight days.

Lancaster was unable to take the royal mint at Montreuil-Bonnin,  west of Poitiers, and marched rapidly back to Saint-Jean-d'Angély. He made no attempt to hold Poitiers; in the province of Poitou he only left troops at Lusignan, a small town with good walls and a strong, modern castle. Once back in Saintonge he took control of the Boutonne valley all the way to the sea, including the major port of Rochefort and the well-fortified island of Oléron. Lancaster then marched south, taking a large number of small towns and fortifications. The French were left in control of much of Saintonge: the eastern parts; the larger fortifications such as the province's capital, Saintes, and its strongest castle, Taillebourg; and several strategically important strongholds on the east bank of the Gironde. Lancaster arrived in Bordeaux, the capital of English Gascony, on 31 October seven weeks after he set out on his chevauchée. He returned to England in early 1347.

Aftermath
Lancaster left garrisons in the captured towns and castles throughout Saintonge and Aunis, with an especially large garrison at Saint-Jean-d'Angély. The Anglo-Gascons supported themselves by raiding French-held and French-leaning territory; as Sumption puts it, they "were not so much expected to control territory as to create chaos and insecurity". Whole provinces, securely held by the French only months before, were overrun by bandits, freebooters, deserters and retained troops of both sides. The population moved away from the villages to the relative safety of the towns, townsfolk who could, moved away from the area, and much of the agricultural land went uncultivated. The French ability to counter-attack was lost as they concentrated on attempting to defend the host of newly vulnerable locations or on recovering towns captured deep in what had been considered safe territory, as at Tulle. French trade declined and their taxation income from the area was severely curtailed. Lancaster had moved the focus of the fighting from the heart of Gascony to 50 miles or more beyond its borders.

The English army in the north, after its victory at Crécy, went on to besiege Calais. Lancaster joined it there in the summer of 1347 and was present when Calais fell after an eleven-month siege, securing an English entrepôt into northern France which was held for two hundred years. The war in southwest France stayed far from Gascony. In 1355 Edward III's eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince, led a large-scale chevauchée north from Bordeaux that devastated France. After another devastating chevauchée in 1356, the French army, commanded by Duke John, now King John II of France, intercepted it and forced the outnumbered English to battle  from Poitiers; the French were decisively defeated and John was captured.

Notes, citations and sources

Notes

Citations

Sources

Category:Battles of the Hundred Years' War
Category:Conflicts in 1346
Category:14th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
Category:1346 in France
Category:1346 in England


Har de puttet noget i kaffen?

Har de puttet noget i kaffen? () is the fourteenth album released 1987 by the Danish rock band Gnags.

Track listing
 Den dejligste morgen — 4:38
 Et kys i solen — 4:33
 Elskende i natten — 3:25
 Den blå mikrofon — 3:38
 Skinne som et juletræ — 4:20
 Som et fyrtårn ved havet — 4:48
 Hun letted låget på hans kikkert — 4:03
 En aften med blinkende stjerner — 4:12
 Dengang jeg var dreng — 3:55
 Jeg elsker dig — 2:55
 Rita's rock'n'roll band (remix) — 4:45

References

Category:1987 albums
Category:Gnags albums


Nachapkino

Nachapkino () is a rural locality (a village) in Ufimsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 28 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

References

Category:Rural localities in Bashkortostan


Hemispherical combustion chamber

A hemispherical combustion chamber is a type of combustion chamber in a reciprocating internal combustion engine with a domed cylinder head. An engine featuring this type of hemispherical chamber is known as a hemi engine.

History

Hemispherical combustion chambers were introduced on some of the earliest automotive engines, shortly after proving the concept of internal combustion engines themselves. Their name reflects the concept of a domed cylinder head and the top of the piston enclosing a space that approximates a half of a sphere (hemi- + -sphere + -ical), although in practice it is generally less than half.

Hemispherical cylinder heads have been used since at least 1901; they were used by the Belgian car maker Pipe in 1905 and the 1907 Fiat 130 HP Grand Prix racer. The Peugeot Grand Prix Car of 1912 and the Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car of 1914 both were four valve engines also, Daimler, and Riley were also using hemispherical combustion chambers. Stutz, beginning in 1912, used four-valve engines, conceptually anticipating modern car engines. Other examples include the BMW double-pushrod design (adopted by Bristol Cars), the Peugeot 403, the Toyota T engine, and Toyota V engine (Toyota's first V8 engine), and Miller racing engines, and the Jaguar XK engine.

Technology and implementation
A hemispherical head ("hemi-head") gives an efficient combustion chamber with minimal heat loss to the head, and allows for two large valves. However, a hemi-head usually allows no more than two valves per cylinder due to the difficulty in arranging the valve gear for four valves at diverging angles, and these large valves are necessarily heavier than those in a multi-valve engine of similar valve area, as well as generally requiring more valve lift. The intake and exhaust valves lie on opposite sides of the chamber and necessitate a "cross-flow" head design. Since the combustion chamber is virtually a hemisphere, a flat-topped piston yields a lower compression ratio unless a smaller chamber is utilized.

Significant challenges in the commercialization of engines utilizing hemispherical chambers revolved around the design of the valve actuation, and how to make it effective, efficient, and reliable at an acceptable cost. This complexity was referenced early in Chrysler's development of their 1950s hemi engine: the head was referred to in company advertising as the Double Rocker head.

Benefits and drawbacks
Although a wedge-head design offers simplified valve actuation, it usually does so by placing the valves side by side within the chamber, with parallel stem axes. This can restrict the flow of the intake and exhaust into and out of the chamber by limiting the diameters of valve heads to total no more than the bore of the cylinder in a two valve per cylinder arrangement. With a hemispherical chamber with splayed valve stem angle, this limitation is increased by the angle, making the total valve diameter size possible to exceed the bore size within an overhead valve configuration. See IOE engine for another method.

Also, the splayed valve angle causes the valve seat plane to be tilted, giving a straighter flow path for the intake and exhaust to/from the port exiting the cylinder head. Engineers have learned that while increasing the valve size with straighter port is beneficial for increasing the maximum power at high rpm, it slows the intake flow speed, not providing the best combustion event for emissions, efficiency, or power in the normal rpm range.

Domed pistons are commonly used to maintain a higher mechanical compression ratio, which tend to increase the flame propagation distance, being also detrimental to efficient combustion, unless the number of spark plugs per cylinder is increased.

Flame temperatures are very high, leading to excessive NOx output which may require exhaust gas recirculation and other emission control measures to meet modern standards. Other drawbacks of the hemispherical chamber include increased production cost and high relative weight (25% heavier than a comparable wedge head according to Chrysler's engineers). These had pushed the hemi head out of favor in the modern era, until Chrysler's 2003 redesign that has proven popular.

Usage

Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo has produced successful hemi-head engines throughout the years. Arguably one of their most beloved examples is Giuseppe Busso's original 2.5-liter V6, which has been cited by some as one of the best and most distinctive sounding production engines (even in its latter 24v forms) of all time. Part of this praise is likely because the hemispherical heads on the original 2-valve engine allowed for an almost completely straight exhaust port, resulting in a less diluted or muddied engine sound, allowing Alfa Romeo to use quieter stock exhausts without losing much of their distinct and beloved race-bred engine noise.

Aston Martin

Aston Martin's famous DOHC (4 cams) V8 used a hemispherical chamber during the late 1960s through to the late 1980s. Each cam controlled one set of valves, either a bank of intake valves or a bank of exhaust valves. The Aston Martin V8 5.3 L (5340 cc/325 in3) produced .

Chrysler

Perhaps the most widely known proponent of the hemispherical chamber design is the Chrysler Corporation. Chrysler became identified primarily by trademarking the "Hemi" name and then using it extensively in their advertising campaigns beginning in the 1960s. Chrysler has produced three generations of such engines: the first (the Chrysler FirePower engine) in the 1950s, the second (the 426 Hemi), developed for NASCAR in 1964 and produced through the early 1970s, and finally the "new HEMI" in the early 2000s. Currently, Chrysler produces 4 variations of the Hemi engine: a 5.7 L that, depending on configuration, makes between 360 and 395 horsepower and 390-407 lb*ft (529-552 N*m) of torque, a 6.4 L (also known as the 392 cubic inch) that makes 485 horsepower and  of torque, a (different) 6.4L that makes 410 horsepower and  of torque, and a supercharged 6.2 L (commonly known as the Hellcat) that makes 707 horsepower and  of torque.

Chrysler also released a hemi 6 in Australia with a non full hemispherical chamber but the top of the line 4.3 L, 265cubic inch motor made . They came out as 215 120 hp 245 160 hp 265(std) 203 hp.

Ford
Ardun heads for the Ford flathead were perhaps the first use of a hemispherical head on a readily available American V8. First offered in 1947 as an aftermarket product, these heads converted the Ford flathead to overhead valves operating in a hemispherical chamber. Zora Arkus-Duntov, who later worked for GM and was a major force behind the development of the Chevrolet Corvette, and his brother Yura, were the "AR" "DUN" of "Ardun."

Ford produced an engine with two overhead cams (one cam per head) and hemispherical chambers in the mid-1960s. The engine, displacing 425 cubic inches and belonging to the FE family of Ford engines, was known as the "427 SOHC"; it was also known as the Cammer. It was a set of SOHC hemi heads that bolted onto Ford's FE engine block. The 1964 engine was designed in 90 days of intensive engineering effort for use in racing. The 427 SOHC used the side oiler engine block modified slightly to deal with the missing in-block cam among other OHC issues. Because of their power levels, and the fact that Chrysler had showed Bill France that a DOHC 426 Hemi was in the works, it was banned from NASCAR races, though allowed in certain drag racing classes. After the NASCAR ban, Ford continued to produce the SOHC, selling it over the counter to racers and others who used it to power many altered-wheelbase A/FX Mustangs and supercharged Top Fuel dragsters. Connie Kalitta, Pete Robinson, and "Snake" Prudhomme all used the engine in their Top Fuel racers. In 1967 Connie Kalitta's SOHC-powered "Bounty Hunter" won Top Fuel honors at AHRA, NHRA and NASCAR winter meets, becoming the only "triple crown" winner in drag racing history. Dynamometer results of the day showed the SOHC Hemi producing almost 700 hp (522 kW) in crate form (100 hp per liter). The overhead cams meant that it was not as rpm-limited as the Chrysler Hemis were with their pushrods and heavy and complex valvetrains.

Later Ford engine designs with hemispherical chambers included the Calliope, which used two in-block cams, arranged one over the other, to drive 3 valves per hemispherical chamber. The pushrods activating the valves from the top camshaft were almost horizontal. In 1968, Ford brought out a completely new engine family called the 385-series. This engine's heads used a modified form of the hemispherical chamber called Semi-Hemi.

In the 1970s, Ford designed and produced a small-block engine with hemispherical heads to address the growing concerns about fuel economy. Unfortunately, even with an ahead-of-its-time direct fuel injection system feeding a stratified charge chamber, the hemi's emissions could not be made clean enough for compliance with regulations. This plus the cost of the valve actuation systems, along with the cost of the high pressure pump needed to deliver fuel directly into the chamber, as well as the gilmer belt drive system needed to drive the pump, made further development pointless at the time. Most 1980s 4-cylinder Fords used the Ford CVH engine, CVH meaning "Compound Valve, Hemispherical (Head)".

Jaguar
Jaguar used this head design, beginning in 1949, on the legendary XK engines, which powered cars ranging from the Le Mans winning D-Type to the XJ6.

Lancia
The Lancia V4 engine and Lancia V6 engine both used hemispherical combustion chambers.

Lotus
Lotus has used hemispherical chambers in some of their engines (see photo to right). The relatively large valves possible in such a chamber allowed large volumes of air-fuel mixture to enter and exit the chamber quickly; not always completely combusted.

Mercedes Benz
Hemispherical chambers were a feature of the M102 engine introduced in 1980, which together with the crossflow head design promoted greater efficiency over the M115 engine it replaced.

MG
The MG factory in Abingdon-On-Thames produced a Twin-Cam variant of the pushrod MGA 1600 MkI MG MGA line from 1958 to 1960. The original push rod 1588 cc cast iron block was crowned with a cast aluminum twin cam cylinder head which included one inlet and exhaust valve each, per cylinder. This configuration enabled a cross flow "hemi head" circulation within the combustion chamber, that enabled improved breathing (volumetric efficiency) as well as utilization of enlarged valves and domed pistons. Early versions proved fragile on the street and in competition due to pre-ignition (detonation), and oil loss, which led to decreasing the compression ratio from 9.1. to 8.3 with redesigned pistons. It was a successful update but sales dropped off so rapidly the company halted Twin Cam production and used the matching chassis for some MGAs, with push rod engines, known as the MGA 1600 MkI and MkII DeLuxe models.

Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi produced several hemi engines including the 'Orion', 'Astron', and 'Saturn' units.

Porsche

Porsche has made extensive use of hemi-head engines, including the air-cooled flat-6 engine in Porsche 911 models from 1963 to 1999. The 1973 2.7 L version generated 56 hp per naturally aspirated litre of piston displacement.

Toyota
Toyota Motor Corporation's V family of engines were a longitudinally mounted V8 engine design. They were used from the 1960s through the 1990s. The V family engine was used in the prestigious Toyota Century. Toyota had worked with Yamaha to produce the first Japanese full aluminum alloy block engine. The V Family is often referred to as the Toyota HEMI as the engine features a similar cylinder head design to those found on the Chrysler's Hemi, even though most of the engine design is completely different.

The V 2.6L engine was first used in the Crown Eight from 1964 to 1967 as part of the second generation Crown range. Thereafter the Crown Eight was replaced by the upmarket Toyota Century.

The 3V, 4V and 5V engines were used in the Toyota Century up until 1997 when it got a complete redesign and gained the 5.0 L 1GZ-FE V12.

The V series engines, like several Toyota Motor Corporation engines (e.g. 2T-C, 2M, 4M etc.) at the time had a hemispherical combustion chamber. The spark plugs were located at the top of the combustion chamber.

Design evolution in modern engines

In the modern emissions-era, the hemi chamber has begun to fade away from continuing development. The hemispherical combustion chamber is the simplest, and easiest design. It has served for more than a century as the basic design in combustion engines, from which all other improvements and engineering developments derive. As the engineering involved in new engines has improved and evolved, the true hemispherical chamber has morphed and twisted into more sophisticated and complex designs that are meant to extract more power, with lower emissions, from any given combustion event.

Many of today's engines use active combustion chambers designed to tumble and swirl the fuel/air mix within the chamber for the most efficient combustion event possible. These active chambers usually look like kidney beans or two merged small 'hemi' areas surrounded by flat quenching areas over the pistons.

References

Category:Piston engine combustion chambers
Category:Piston engine configurations


Thillois

Thillois  is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Marne department

Category:Communes of Marne (department)


Hemispheres of Earth

In geography and cartography, the hemispheres of Earth refer to any division of the globe into two hemispheres (from Ancient Greek  , meaning "half of a sphere").

The most common such divisions are by latitudinal or longitudinal markers:
 North–South
 Northern Hemisphere, the half that lies north of the Equator
 Southern Hemisphere, the half that lies south of the Equator
 East–West
 Eastern Hemisphere, the half that lies east of the prime meridian and west of the 180th meridian
 Western Hemisphere, the half that lies west of the prime meridian and east of the 180th meridian

The East–West division can also be seen in a cultural sense, as a division into two cultural hemispheres.

However, other schemes have sought to divide the planet in a way that maximizes the preponderance of one geographic feature or another in each division:
 Land–Water
 Land Hemisphere, the hemisphere on Earth containing the largest possible area of land
 Water Hemisphere, the hemisphere on Earth containing the largest area of water

Earth may also be split into hemispheres of day and night by the terrestrial terminator.

See also
 Antarctica
 South Pole
 Arctic Ocean
 North Pole
 Earth's geographical centre
 Eastern Hemisphere
 Land and water hemispheres
 Northern Hemisphere
 Southern Hemisphere
 Western Hemisphere

References

External links

Category:Geography


St Crallo's Church

St Crallo's Church, often referred to historically as The Cathedral of the Vale of Glamorgan, is a Grade I listed church in Coychurch Lower, Bridgend County Borough, southern Wales.

History

The church is dedicated to the 6th century Celtic saint, Crallo, supposedly related to both Saint Illtyd and Saint Canna. The village in which the church is situated, Coychurch is known in the Welsh language as Llangrallo; Llan – Church, Grallo – Crallo, the church of Crallo. It is believed that the saint founded a church on the site before the construction of the present medieval building.

The present church is dated to the mid to late 13th century, when it was built as part of St Crallo's College. The church had undergone no changes since it was built until John Prichard began a restoration in 1870. At the time of the restoration, no work was done on the tower because it appeared to be sound and there was a lack of funds for further restoration work.

On 7 February 1877, the tower fell without warning. The south transept of the church was in ruins and the northern transept was badly damaged. The tower's collapse also damaged the cross of Saint Crallo in the church courtyard. In 1888, the church hoped to be able to restore the Saint Crallo cross with the help of a drawing made by F. R Kempson.  Fragments of the cross were carefully preserved. The cross was reassembled and is now kept inside the church. At the time the tower fell, a contractor had been removing the remains of those who had been buried near the tower. Some 1,800 remains were being moved to the east side of the church.

Since the nave had relatively little damage, a temporary wall was built at its east end to allow the church to conduct services. It remained in this condition until the church was able to fund the rebuilding project.  F. R. Kempson was given the responsibility of the rebuilding work in 1888. The stained glass windows of the aisle were installed by Celtic Studios in the mid 20th century, while the western windows of engraved glass were added by Frank Roper in 1963.

Architecture
Newman describes the St Crallo's as 'large and impressive' while E. A. Freeman, writing in 1857, suggested that the building would make 'an admirable model for  small colonial church'. Built in the mid to late 13th century St Crallo's is cruciform in design.

The church contains a memorial to lexicographer Thomas Richards, a 14th-century tomb chest featuring an effigy of praying monk with fine detail on a plain tomb chest, and an 18th-century memento mori tablet on the western wall dedicated to Richard Howell. St Crallo's Church became a Grade I listed building on 26 July 1963. In the churchyard is Coychurch Celtic Cross-Shaft, which is a Scheduled Monument.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Coychurch


National Register of Historic Places listings in Pecos County, Texas

This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Pecos County, Texas.

This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Pecos County, Texas. There are two districts and one individual property listed on the National Register in the county. One property includes a number of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks.

Current listings

The publicly disclosed locations of National Register properties and districts may be seen in a mapping service provided.

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See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Pecos County

References

External links

Category:Pecos County, Texas
Pecos County
Category:Buildings and structures in Pecos County, Texas
*


Weston, Louisiana

Weston is an unincorporated community in Jackson Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Weston has a pre-k through 12th grade school. Weston High School's mascot a wolf.
Weston is located between Jonesboro and Chatham, Louisiana.

Category:Unincorporated communities in Jackson Parish, Louisiana
Category:Unincorporated communities in Louisiana