Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands

The Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands was formed on January 1, 2011 through a merger of the Institute of Dutch History (, ING) a research institute of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, and the Huygens Instituut of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (founded in 1808). The institute is located in Amsterdam, Netherlands, in the Spinhuis building.

The institute is made up of three thematically oriented sections: one for the study of political and institutional history, one for the study of the history of science, and a third one for the study of literature. The first section dates back to 1902, when it was established as the "Commissie van Advies voor de 's Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatien" (Advisory Commission for Publications in the History of the Empire), under the directorship of the historian Herman Theodoor Colenbrander.

Huygens ING researches texts and sources from the past with the aid of new methods and techniques from the digital humanities. The Institute champions innovation in research methodology, as well as a better comprehension of Dutch culture and history among a broad public.

The institute employs around a hundred researchers, assistants, programmers and auxiliary staff.

Historici.nl
Historici.nl is an independent website about Dutch history for historians and the general public. The platform is supported by Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands and the Royal Netherlands Historical Society. The website publishes old and new resources for history scholars that would remain otherwise unavailable for the public. The themes available are on the history of science, literature, humanities and political institutions of the Netherlands.

References

External links

 historici.nl

Category:Research institutes in the Netherlands
Category:Historiography of the Netherlands
Category:Organisations based in The Hague
Category:Open-access archives


No Sound Without Silence

No Sound Without Silence is the fourth studio album by Irish pop rock band The Script. The album was released by Columbia Records on 12 September 2014 in Ireland and Friday-release countries and on 15 September 2014 in the United Kingdom. The album is the band's first full-length release under Columbia, after releasing their previous three studio albums under Phonogenic Records in Europe and Epic Records in the United States.

Largely recorded aboard the band's tour bus during the length of the 3 World Tour through 2012 and 2013, the album has been described as a "prequel" to the band's eponymous debut album, recorded with the ideology of creating an album better than what they had previously recorded. The album is preceded by "Superheroes", released as the lead single promoting the album on 22 July 2014.

Background
In 2012, The Script released their third studio album, #3. Conceived by the band to appeal to a more mainstream audience, The album was initially released alongside mixed to negative reviews from music critics, who described the album as having been rushed and lacking artistic vision, especially in the band's venture into hip hop influences. Despite the negative reaction from critics, the album was commercially successful, achieving a hot-shot debut on the Irish Album Charts and peaking at #2 on the UK Albums Chart.

The band's 2012 single, "Hall of Fame", became one of the band's most commercially successful singles, peaking at number one on the Irish and UK Singles Chart and reaching the top ten on sixteen national singles charts. The single was also certified Platinum in the United Kingdom by the British Phonographic Industry, 6x Platinum by ARIA in Australia, and 2x platinum in the United States by the RIAA. "Hall of Fame" also appeared on the Official Charts Company's Top 100 most downloaded tracks of all time in the United Kingdom in April 2014, placing number 89 on the overall list.

In April 2015, a special edition version of the album was released in Japan. This featured a bonus disc, containing 6 live-recorded tracks from their show in Tokyo on the NSWS tour. This included 4 back-catalogue songs (Breakeven, The Man Who Can't Be Moved, For The First Time, and Hall Of Fame) as well as 2 songs from the new album (Superheroes, and The Energy Never Dies).

Recording

Most of the material used for the band's fourth studio album was recorded on board the band's tour bus, during the US tours of 2013 and 2014. On that bus, 40 potential tracks were written but ultimately only 11 tracks made the final cut. The band had been travelling with a mobile recording studio during the length of the tour, a production strategy that many other artists have used as an efficient way of recording albums, with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio being one of the earliest examples of such. Lead singer Danny O’Donoghue stated about the album's recording process during the tour, "We’d come off stage and start recording straight away in a studio bus. Everything’s massive, everything’s larger than life on stage so when we hit the studio we wanted it to have that same impact". Guitarist Mark Sheehan also explained that "We come off stage and you can imagine the adrenaline is up there. You can smoke or drink it away, but with a studio there’s somewhere to expel that nervous energy". The 3 World Tour began in September 2012 and ended in July 2013.

O'Donoghue, in addition to touring with the band, had served as one of the four coaches for the first and second series of BBC talent show The Voice UK, having coached Andrea Begley to win the second series of the program. O'Donoghue, however, quit the programme shortly after the second series had aired to focus on the recording and production of No Sound Without Silence, stating that he was focused on The Script "moving forward" as they embarked on "the most important part of our career as a band". He later commented on the decision after the album's unveiling stating, "To go back to being a band and doing what we do best was important".

Packaging
The title of the album, No Sound Without Silence, is both a shortening of philosophical idea put forward by the band and a critical comment on the music industry. No Sound Without Silence is a phrase derived from an idea put forward by the band, where meaningful statements cannot be made without thinking about what you want to say first; the "silence" referring to the silence that persists while a person thinks about what they want to say, and the "sound" referring to the sounds made by people when they speak. The phrase is also a comment on the state of the music industry, where, according to the band, most artists and labels do not think critically about what they want to say, therefore, do not say meaningful things. The Script lead vocalist Danny O'Donoghue commented on the album's title, stating "The time we've been away, we've had time to contemplate about what we want to say to the industry. There is no sound without silence. You can't have anything good to say if you don't think about it first".

Promotion
No Sound Without Silence was formally announced by the band and Sony on 18 July 2014. The album, its artwork and release date was unveiled through a Google Hangouts session attended by the band along with selected fans around the world. The session, which lasted a half-hour, involved the band answering questions from fans through Google+ and saw snippets from four tracks, "Superheroes", "The Energy Never Dies", "Man on a Wire" and "No Good in Goodbye", premiered live during the session. "Superheroes" was the first full track to be lifted from the album, premiering simultaneously on Capital FM and on BBC Radio 1's The Radio 1 Breakfast Show on 21 July 2014, and was released as a promotional single to United States Contemporary hit radio on 28 July 2014. "Superheroes" was also released in the United Kingdom as the band's twelfth single on 31 August 2014, serving as the first single released in promotion of No Sound Without Silence.
Hail Rain or Sunshine was used in the opening scene of the 2014 Irish comedy film, Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie based on the sitcom Mrs. Brown's Boys.

Critical reception

No Sound Without Silence received mixed reviews from music critics, with many commenting that the album is a big improvement from their previous album #3.

Track listing

Personnel
Partly adapted from "Superheroes" liner notes.

The Script
Danny O'Donoghue – lead vocals, keyboard, guitar
Mark Sheehan – lead guitar, backing vocals
Glen Power – drums, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Andrew Frampton – guitar ("Superheroes")

Technical personnel
James Barry – producer ("Superheroes")
Andrew Frampton – producer, programmer ("Superheroes")
Michael Heffernan – recording ("Superheroes")
Ted Jensen – mastering ("Superheroes")
Mark Stent – mixing engineer ("Superheroes")
Geoff Swan – assistant engineer ("Superheroes")
Fergal Toohey – recording, assistant producer, assistant engineer ("Superheroes")

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

Category:2014 albums
Category:The Script albums
Category:Columbia Records albums


Bangavan

Bangavan (in hindi:बनगवां) is a village in Salarpur block, Budaun district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Its village code is 128500. As per the report of 2011 Census of India, The total population of the village is 857, where 454 are males and 403 are females. The village is administrated by Gram Panchayat.

References

Category:Villages in Budaun district


Maine North High School

Maine North High School was a public secondary school in Des Plaines, Illinois, northwest of Chicago. It was located in unincorporated Maine Township, part of Maine Township High School District 207 which includes Maine East, Maine West, and Maine South High Schools. Opened in 1970, it closed just eleven years later in 1981, and served parts of Des Plaines, Glenview, and Niles.

As student population shrank, the decision came down to closing Maine East or Maine North.  Maine East, the oldest school in the district, opened in 1929, but also had considerable numbers of alumni and students with the S.O.S. (Save Our School) campaign pushing to keep it open.  On November 17, 1980, the Board voted 4-3 to close Maine North by 1981, citing that it was not only the smallest school, but the least centrally located of the schools in the district.  In October, the Board voted to close the school at the end of the 1980–81 school year.

The school was subsequently sold along with the District's administrative building, which had its offices relocated to Maine South High School.

Later uses
After its closing, Maine North was used for location shooting of the 1985 movie The Breakfast Club, filmed in the spring of 1984. The library scenes in the movie were shot in the school gymnasium, where a set was constructed.  A plaque downstairs in the building commemorates the movie being shot there.

The school was also used as a training facility for the Chicago Blitz of the short-lived United States Football League and was renamed Blitz Park by head coach George Allen. It also later served as a mortuary college. In 1986, the school's interior was featured in another movie, Ferris Bueller's Day Off.

Today
The Maine North High School building is now used as a district headquarters for the Illinois State Police, a communications center for the Cook County Sheriff's Department, an Illinois Lottery payment office, the largest regional office of the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, the Northern Illinois office of the Illinois Property Tax Appeal Board as well as regional offices for other various Illinois state agencies including the Illinois Department of Financial & Professional Regulation, Central Management Services, and the Illinois Department of Agriculture. The land near the school that was used for athletic fields has been redeveloped into townhouses.

References

External links
 Illinois State Police District 3 (Chicago District)
 Maine Township High School District 207
 Maine North High School Alumni website (thru Maine East)
 Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
 Notable Alumni: Rickards Family story

Category:Des Plaines, Illinois
Category:Educational institutions established in 1970
Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1981
Category:Former high schools in Illinois


The Dot and the Line

The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics () is a book written and illustrated by Norton Juster, first published by Random House in 1963. The story was inspired by Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions, in which the protagonist visits a one-dimensional universe called Lineland, where women are dots and men are lines.

In 1965, the animator Chuck Jones and the MGM Animation/Visual Arts studio worked with Norton Juster to adapt The Dot and the Line into a 10-minute animated short film for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, narrated by Robert Morley with the narration almost verbatim to the book. The Dot and the Line won the 1965 Academy Award for Animated Short Film. It was entered into the Short Film Palme d'Or competition at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival.

The cartoon was released as a special feature on The Glass Bottom Boat DVD in 2005. The cartoon is also featured on the 2008 release of Warner Home Video Academy Awards Animation Collection and the 2011 release of the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1 Blu-ray box-set on the third disc as a special feature.  In 2005, Robert Xavier Rodriguez made a musical setting of the book for narrator and chamber ensemble with projected images, and in 2011 he made a version for full orchestra.

Story
The story details a straight line who is hopelessly in love with a dot. The dot, finding the line to be stiff, dull, and conventional, turns her affections toward a wild and unkempt squiggle. Taking advantage of the line's stiffness, the squiggle rubs it in that he is a lot more fun for the dot. The depressed line's friends try to get him to settle down with a female line, but he refuses. He tries to dream of greatness until he finally understands what the squiggle means, and decides to be more unconventional. Willing to do whatever it takes to win the dot's affection, the line manages to bend himself and form angle after angle until he is nothing more than a mess of sides, bends and angles. After he straightens himself out, he settles down and focuses more responsibly on this new ability, creating shapes so complex that he has to label his sides and angles in order to keep his place. When competing again, the squiggle claims that the line still has nothing to show to the dot. The line proves his rival wrong and is able to show the dot what she is really worth to him. When she sees this, the dot realizes that her relationship with the squiggle has been a mistake; that what she had thought was freedom and joy was nothing more than chaos and sloth. The squiggle makes an effort to reclaim her love by trying to do what the line did, but to no avail, as no matter how hard he tries to re-shape himself, he still remains the same tangled, chaotic mess of lines and curves. Fed up, the dot tells him how she really feels about him, denouncing the squiggle as meaningless, undisciplined, insignificant, and out of luck. She leaves with the line, having accepted that he has much more to offer, and the punning moral is presented: "To the vector belong the spoils."

Legacy

The Dot and the Line served as the inspiration for a collection of jewelry by designer Jane A. Gordon. The short film also inspired The Dot and Line, a blog that publishes essays about cartoons and interviews with voice actors and creators like Genndy Tartakovsky, Andrea Romano, Brandon Vietti, Fred Seibert, and Natalie Palamides.

Notes
 This was one of only two non-Tom and Jerry animated short subjects to be released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer post-1958. The other one is The Bear That Wasn't, released in 1967 as the last-ever MGM animated short.
 "The Dot and the Line" won the final award for an animated short for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and Chuck Jones' only award as a producer.
 This would be one of two Juster books to be adapted for the big screen by Chuck Jones, although Juster had no involvement with the other, The Phantom Tollbooth.
 Unlike other MGM Cartoons from 1963–67, the lion in this film is Leo.

See also
 List of American films of 1965

References

External links

Category:1963 books
Category:1965 films
Category:1965 animated films
Category:1960s American animated films
Category:1960s animated short films
Category:American films
Category:Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
Category:Books by Norton Juster
Category:Films about mathematics
Category:Short films directed by Chuck Jones
Category:Films directed by Maurice Noble
Category:Mathematics fiction books
Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films
Category:American animated short films
Category:Books adapted into films


Malaxis wendtii

Malaxis wendtii, the Wendt's adder's-mouth orchid, is a North American species of orchids native to northern Mexico (Querétaro, Nuevo León, Coahuila) and the US State of Texas.

Malaxis wendtii is an herb up to 45 cm (18 inches) tall. It generally has only one leaf, and above it a long vertical array of small purple flowers.

References

External links
 photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Nuevo León in 1996

wendtii
Category:Flora of Texas
Category:Plants described in 1993
Category:Orchids of Mexico


Doomsday device

A doomsday device is a hypothetical construction — usually a weapon or weapons system — which could destroy all life on a planet, particularly Earth, or destroy the planet itself, bringing "doomsday", a term used for the end of planet Earth. Most hypothetical constructions rely on the fact that hydrogen bombs can be made arbitrarily large assuming there are no concerns about delivering them to a target (see Teller–Ulam design) or that they can be "salted" with materials designed to create long-lasting and hazardous fallout (e.g., a cobalt bomb).

Doomsday devices and the nuclear holocaust they bring about have been present in literature and art especially in the 20th century, when advances in science and technology made world destruction (or at least the eradication of all human life) a credible scenario. Many classics in the genre of science fiction take up the theme in this respect. The term "doomsday machine" itself is attested from 1960, but the alliteration "doomsday device" has since become the more popular phrase.

History
Since the 1954 Castle Bravo thermonuclear weapon test demonstrated the feasibility of making arbitrarily large nuclear devices which could cover vast areas with radioactive fallout by rendering anything around them intensely radioactive, nuclear weapons theorists such as Leo Szilard conceived of a doomsday machine, a massive thermonuclear device surrounded by hundreds of tons of cobalt which, when detonated, would create massive amounts of Cobalt-60, rendering most of the Earth too radioactive to support life. RAND strategist Herman Kahn postulated that Soviet or US nuclear decision makers might choose to build a doomsday machine that would consist of a computer linked to a stockpile of hydrogen bombs, programmed to detonate them all and bathe the planet in nuclear fallout at the signal of an impending nuclear attack from another nation.

The doomsday device's theoretical ability to deter a nuclear attack is that it would go off automatically without human aid and despite human intervention. Kahn conceded that some planners might see "doomsday machines" as providing a highly credible threat that would dissuade attackers and avoid the dangerous game of brinkmanship caused by the massive retaliation concept which governed US-Soviet nuclear relations in the mid-1950s. However, in his discussion of doomsday machines, Kahn raises the problem of a nuclear-armed Nth country triggering a doomsday machine, and states that he didn't advocate that the US acquire a doomsday machine.

The Dead Hand (or "Perimeter") system built by the Soviet Union during the Cold War has been called a "doomsday machine" due to its fail-deadly design and nuclear capabilities.

In fiction

Doomsday devices started becoming more common in science fiction in the 1940s and 1950s, due to the invention of nuclear weapons and the constant fear of total destruction. A well-known example is in the film Dr. Strangelove (1964), where the Dead Hand is triggered by an incompletely aborted American attack and all life on Earth is extinguished. Another is in the Star Trek episode The Doomsday Machine (1967), where the crew of the Enterprise fights a powerful planet-killing alien machine. However, doomsday devices also expanded to encompass many other types of fictional technology, one of the most famous of which is the Death Star, a moon-sized planet-destroying space station.

Various types of fictional doomsday devices have also been activated as part of an AI takeover. This includes the missile launch system in the movie WarGames (1983), control of which has been handed entirely to a computer, and Skynet's nigh-destruction of the human race in The Terminator (1984).

See also
 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident
 Nuclear terrorism
 Conflict escalation
 Fail-deadly
 Global catastrophic risks
 Mutual assured destruction
 Weapon of mass destruction

References

External links
 "The Return of the Doomsday Machine?", Ron Rosenbaum, Slate.com, Aug. 31, 2007
 Doomsday device featured in The Bionic Woman episode Doomsday is Tomorrow
 Channel 7 Two (Australia) - Secrets of War, Series 1, Episode 19

Category:Doomsday scenarios
Category:Nuclear weapons
Category:Science fiction weapons


COLAs (The Shapeshifter)

COLAs appear in The Shapeshifter series of books by Ali Sparkes. "COLA" stands for "Children Of Limitless Ability," a name given in recognition of the children's amazing supernatural powers. There are originally 111 COLAs, including Dax Jones.

The birth of each COLA was heralded by bizarre weather phenomena, ranging anywhere from heatwaves to localized blizzards in summer. For reasons outlined below, none of the COLAs' mothers survived beyond the child's fourth birthday.

Origins
In Stirring the Storm, Dax uses an alien artifact to travel to another planet, where he learns from his aunt, Hessa, that each COLA child is the result of crossbreeding between aliens and humans:

For thousands of years, an alliance has existed between 11 alien planets collectively referred to as "The Quorat". The inhabitants of each planet possess various supernatural abilities. About fifteen years prior to the events of Stirring the Storm, the Quorat felt it was time to integrate a twelfth planet into their alliance, and after surveying many potential worlds, they eventually chose Earth. However, they realized that the human race was still to closed-minded to communicate with them on a proper level, and that if they were to simply arrive on Earth and introduce themselves, they would be greeted with fear and distrust. Therefore, they decided to send ambassadors to Earth, in order to gradually introduce humanity to some of the powers that they possessed, and broaden the minds of their soon-to-be-allies. To this end, several female inhabitants of each Quorat planet were sent to Earth and settled in Britain (chosen for its isolation as an island and because its people were viewed as being among the most tolerant the world had to offer). These women were referred to as "Seeders", and were sent to Earth via an interplanetary 'corridor', activated by a key called a 'cleftonique'. Their arrival resulted in what was referred to as a 'cleftonique aftershock', which disrupted the atmospheric patterns in the vicinity, causing strange weather phenomena. The goal of each Seeder was to find an intelligent human male to marry and mate with, the result of each such union being a COLA child. The birth of these children caused another cleftonique aftershock. However, living on another planet puts one into contact with all sorts of unfamiliar viruses, and prolonged exposure ultimately proves fatal. Females had been chosen because they would be more resistant to such problems, but the physical changes brought about by pregnancy weakened their immune systems. Therefore, all of the Seeder women fell ill and died from various natural illnesses within four years of giving birth. The human father's immunity would be passed on to the child.

Dax's Aunt Hessa states that humanity has always possessed certain minor psychic, dowsing, glamour and healing abilities, but that the powers the COLAs inherited from their mothers are expected to grow far beyond anything the Earth has ever seen before. She also claims that the ultimate purpose of the COLAs is to spread across the world and sire or bear gifted children of their own.

Powers
(several of the below list are only speculations by Gideon Reader who is speculating on Dax's ability, several others were included like slide projector and fax machine, these may be cola powers but cannot be verified as being properly mentioned in the book)
Several examples of Cola powers include:

Dowsing
Clairvoyance
Clairaudience
Clairsentience
Mediumship
Glamour (manifesting as either the ability to vanish from sight or the ability to create illusions)
Snake charming
Levitation
Alchemy
Telepathy
Empathy
Telekinesis
Pyrokinesis (Mia only)
Rune-reading (mentioned only)
Palm-reading (mentioned only)
Soothsaying (mentioned only)
Astral projection (mentioned only)
Mimicry
Healing
Shapeshifting (in the case of Dax Jones and wolf only)
The ability to temporarily steal the powers of other Colas (in the case of Catherine Reader only)

Category:Characters in children's literature


Pioneer Woman (Friedlander)

The Pioneer Woman statue is a work created by sculptor Leo Friedlander. It is located at the Texas Woman's University (TWU) in Denton, Texas, United States, and was commissioned as part of the Texas Centenary celebrations to mark the 100th anniversary of Texas Independence from Mexico. The sculpture was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.

The beginning
On June 3, 1935, the Board of Regents at TWU passed a resolution stating that it urged "the Centennial Commission of Control to allocate the sum of $30,000 for the erection of a statue to the Pioneer Women of Texas to be erected on the campus as a part of the Centennial celebration. The idea for this statue originated with this institution, and  . . . . . . the erection of this statue on the campus will serve the women of the entire State, and will inspire their daughters to continued reference for the heroism and sacrifice of the pioneer women of the past who helped to make the Texas of the present."

University President L.H. Hubbard, proposed the a statue to the Centennial Commission who agreed and responded by announcing an open  competition for sculptors to design the statue.  However "the design of the statue, including the choice of the sculptor, the design, etc, were to be handled under the direction of the State Board of Control, and that the College had nothing whatever to do with the matter."  The Board at that time had to be satisfied with recommending a site on campus where the statue would be placed.
In June 1936, the TWU Board of Regents passed a motion requesting that the Texas Centennial Commission "erect a Memorial Chapel to Pioneer Women on the campus instead of the Statue as proposed at the present time." Had either the Regents or the members of the Centennial Commission known what lay ahead they might well have agreed to this request, and as it turned out, the university did eventually get its chapel, the Little Chapel in the Woods, designed by architect O'Neil Ford. First lady Eleanor Roosevelt spoke at its dedication in 1939.

The competition

By October 1936, plans for the statue were moving forward by "inviting a group of leading American sculptors, about 80 in number, to submit photographs of their work and from this group several sculptors are to be chosen who will be required to submit models of the proposed statue to the Centennial Commission of Control and if the first model submitted is not acceptable other models will be submitted until an accepted group is submitted." Foreshadowing if ever there was.

Among the artists who entered the competition was the Texas sculptor Waldine Tauch, who entered seven different competitions conducted by the Commission. She was to win three of them (memorials to Moses Austin, Isaac and Frances Van Zandt and First Shot Fired For Texas Independence monument) but she was not able to garner the Pioneer Woman statue.  However, she was to play a part in the ensuing drama.

It is not yet clear how many plaster models were submitted, but a "jury of professionals" unanimously chose the one submitted by William Zorach, a sculptor from New York, which included not just a pioneer woman, or a woman and child as did Tauch's model, but the entire family: mother, father, son and daughter. And they were all nude. Nudity was seen, by some, as being appropriate for Classical, allegorical or symbolical portrayals  but was unacceptable for Texas pioneer women.  Upon learning of the commission's decision, Tauch "wasted no time telephoning and writing letters to many friends throughout the state to report the incident."
"Anguished protests from Texans swelled into a controversy dwarfing all previous ones (in Zorach's career).  One astute observer noted the woman had no wedding ring ....  while a chapter of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas declared it, 'the greatest insult that could be offered to these women who believed and practiced the virtue of modesty' ."  Zorach wrote "The newspapers said that if a Texas pioneer had gone around in such a state of nudity he would have been strung to the nearest tree. ... Gutzon Borglum was down there at the time and I was told that he said my figures looked like a bunch of apes," a remark that was widely quoted by opponents of the statue at the time.

Richard Foster Howard, then director of the Dallas Museum of Art, defended Zorach  and the sculptor went so far as to revise his model so that the figures were clothed, but the damage had been done.

It did not take long for the public outcry to induce the commission to reverse its decision, to declare that there was no winner of the competition. "The commission was given quietly and without publicity to Leo Friedlander, a sculptor who had not ever entered the competition."

The statue was modeled, and then following its approval by the various committees in Texas, carved by the Piccirilli Brothers in New York City. At some point in the carving process, someone, either Friedlander or the Piccirilli carvers, became concerned that the statue's right hand and her right thumb and forefinger might be too weak to be self-supporting, so a small block of marble was left to add strength. Often such aids are removed in the work's final carving; they were not in this case.

For the base of the statue, the Dean of Women, Jessie H. Humphries, composed the following inscription:

"Marking a trail in a pathless wilderness pressing forward with unswerving courage she met each untried situation with a resourcefulness equal to the need. With a glad heart she brought to her frontier family her homelands cultural heritage. With delicate spiritual sensitiveness she illuminated the dullness of routine and the loneliness of isolation with beauty and with life abundant and with all she lived with casual unawareness of her value to civilization. Such was the pioneer woman. The unsung saint of the nations immortals."

On another side of the base the carvers included Leo Friedlander's name.

Years later, Zorach's statue, still without clothes, was cast in bronze and obtained by a Colorado bank. It was "discovered" in a courtyard of the bank's branch in Pueblo, Colorado. Later it was moved to Denver and now (2010) resides in front of the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Denton County, Texas

References

External links
Blog about the statue

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Texas
Category:1939 sculptures
Category:Statues in Texas
Category:1939 establishments in Texas
Category:Denton, Texas
Category:Sculptures of women in Texas
Category:Monuments and memorials to pioneer women
Category:Sculptures carved by the Piccirilli Brothers


Cyprus–Ireland relations

Cyprus – Ireland relations are the relations between Cyprus and Ireland. Cyprus has an embassy in Dublin, while Ireland maintains an embassy in Nicosia. Both countries are members of the United Nations and the European Union.

Military relations

Irish military personnel were sent to Cyprus as part of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus.

State visit of the President of Cyprus to Dublin

Then-President of Cyprus Tassos Papadopoulos led a visit of Cypriot politicians and diplomats to Dublin in 2005 to further enhance relations between Ireland and Cyprus. As part of the Cypriot President's visit to Ireland, he officially opened the permanent Cyprus antiques section in the National Museum of Ireland.

References

Ireland
Category:Bilateral relations of Ireland
Category:Cyprus and the Commonwealth of Nations
Category:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations


North Brookfield Railroad

The North Brookfield Railroad in central Massachusetts in the United States was a 4.16 mile railroad opened in 1876. It connected North Brookfield to the Boston and Albany main line at East Brookfield. The B&A leased the line from opening until they were in turn leased by the New York Central Railroad in 1900. The NYC merged to form the Penn Central Railroad in 1968. The line was abandoned by Conrail in the 1970s. In the early 2010s, an attempt was made to rebuild the line to service companies in the area.

The railroad when formed was 90% owned by the town of North Brookfield.  Today the right-of-way is 100% owned by the town of North Brookfield.

Passenger service was discontinued on December 31, 1935. The only stations were at North Brookfield and East Brookfield.

History
The railroad was constructed starting July 20, 1875, and ready for January 1, 1876.

In the first ten years, 107,296 tons of freight was received, 40,040 tons of freight was shipped.  There were 451,099 passengers carried with no injuries or deaths.  The Boston & Albany Railroad paid a percentage of gross receipts, for a total payment of $24,443.74.

Before the railroad, the stagecoach fare was $0.30.  By rail passengers saved 63%.  Freight by ox or horse team cost $0.07/100lb.  By train the cost was about $1/ton, saving 29%.

The lease was renewed for $3,000 per year. From this income, they paid a tax of $652.89 in 1915. On December 31, 1935 an annual renewable lease was signed, effective the next day. This lease was for freight only, with passenger service discontinued.

Proposed revival
Daniel Bigda proposed in 2010 to rebuild the railroad for freight service. Bigda planned to utilize two former passenger locomotives and to install a fuel storage tank.  Although track would be brand new, the trains would operate at Class I speeds -  or less - due to multiple unsignalized grade crossings.

The initiative proceeded as far as the appointment of a constable to serve papers on encroaching neighbors. In May 2018, the town announced that the railroad plans were being abandoned, and that the right-of-way would be converted to a rail trail instead.

References

External links

Abandoned rails article

Category:Defunct Massachusetts railroads
Category:Boston and Albany Railroad lines
Category:Transportation in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Category:Railway companies established in 1876
Category:1876 establishments in Massachusetts
Category:1970s disestablishments in Massachusetts


State formation

State formation is the process of the development of a centralized government structure in a situation where one did not exist prior to its development.  State formation has been a study of many disciplines of the social sciences for a number of years, so much so that Jonathan Haas writes that "One of the favorite pastimes of social scientists over the course of the past century has been to theorize about the evolution of the world's great civilizations." The study of state formation is divided generally into either the study of early states (those that developed in stateless societies) or the study of modern states (particularly of the form that developed in Europe in the 17th century and spread around the world). Academic debate about various theories is a prominent feature in fields like Anthropology, Sociology, Economics and Political Science.
State formation can include state-building, statecraft and nation-building.

The state

A state is a political system with a centralized government, a military force, a civil service, an arranged society, and literacy. Though, there is no clear agreement on the defining characteristics of a state and the definition can vary significantly, based upon the focus of the particular definition. The state is considered to be territoriality bound and is distinct from tribes or units without centralized institutions.

According to Painter & Jeffrey, there are 5 distinctive features of the modern state:

1) They are ordered by precise boundaries with administrative control across the whole;

2) They occupy large territories with control given to organized institutions;

3) They have a capital city and are endowed with symbols that embody state power;

4) The government within state creates organizations to monitor, govern and control its population through surveillance and record keeping;

5) They increase monitoring over time.

Additionally, Herbst holds that there is another relevant characteristic of modern states: nationalism. This feeling of belonging to a certain territory plays a central role in state formation since it increases citizens' willingness to pay taxes.

Explaining early states and explaining modern states
Theories of state formation have two distinct focuses, depending largely on the field of study:

 The early transition in human society from tribal communities into larger political organizations.  Studies of this topic, often in anthropology, explore the initial development of basic administrative structures in areas where states developed from stateless societies. Although state formation was an active research agenda in anthropology and archaeology until the 1980s, some of the effort has changed to focus not on why these states formed but on how they operated.
 In contrast, studies in political science and in sociology have focused significantly on the formation of the modern state.

Early state formation

States are minimally defined by anthropologist David S. Sandeford as socially stratified and bureaucratically governed societies with at least four levels of settlement hierarchy (e.g., a large capital, cities, villages, and hamlets). Primary states are those state societies that developed in regions where no states existed before. These states developed by strictly internal processes and interaction with other non-states societies. The exact number of cases which qualify as primary states is not clearly known because of limited information about political organization before the development of writing in many places, but Sandeford lists ten likely cases of primary state formation in Eurasia, the Americas, and the Pacific.

Studies on the formation of early states tend to focus on processes that create and institutionalize a state in a situation where a state did not exist before. Examples of early states which developed in interaction with other states include the Aegean Bronze Age Greek civilizations and the Malagasy civilization in Madagascar. Unlike primary state formation, early state formation does not require the creation of the first state in that cultural context or development autonomously, independently from state development nearby. Early state formation causation can thus include borrowing, imposition, and other forms of interaction with already existing states.

Modern state formation
Theories on the formation of modern states focus on the processes that support the development of modern states, particularly those that formed in late-medieval Europe and then spread around the world with colonialism. Starting in the 1940s and 1950s, with decolonization processes underway, attention began to focus on the formation and construction of modern states with significant bureaucracies, ability to tax, and territorial sovereignty around the world. However, some scholars hold that the modern state model formed in other parts of the world prior to colonialism, but that colonial structures replaced it.

Theories about early state development
There are a number of different theories and hypotheses regarding early state formation that seek generalizations to explain why the state developed in some places but not others. Other scholars believe that generalizations are unhelpful and that each case of early state formation should be treated on its own.

Voluntary theories

Voluntary theories contend that diverse groups of people came together to form states as a result of some shared rational interest. The theories largely focus on the development of agriculture, and the population and organizational pressure that followed and resulted in state formation.  The argument is that such pressures result in integrative pressure for rational people to unify and create a state. Much of the social contract philosophical tradition proposed a voluntary theory for state formation.

One of the most prominent theories of early and primary state formation is the hydraulic hypothesis, which contends that the state was a result of the need to build and maintain large-scale irrigation projects. The theory was most significantly detailed Karl August Wittfogel's argument that, in arid environments, farmers would be confronted by the production limits of small-scale irrigation. Eventually different agricultural producers would join together in response to population pressure and the arid environment, to create a state apparatus that could build and maintain large irrigation projects.

In addition to this, is what Carneiro calls the automatic hypothesis, which contends that the development of agriculture easily produces conditions necessary for the development of a state. With surplus food stocks created by agricultural development, creation of distinct worker classes and a division of labor would automatically trigger creation of the state form.

A third voluntary hypothesis, particularly common with some explanations of early state development, is that long distance trade networks created an impetus for states to develop at key locations: such as ports or oases. For example, the increased trade in the 16th century may have been a key to state formation in West African states such as Whydah, Dahomey, and the Benin Empire.

Conflict theories
Conflict theories of state formation regard conflict and dominance of some population over another population as key to the formation of states. In contrast with voluntary theories, these arguments believe that people do not voluntarily agree to create a state to maximize benefits, but that states form due to some form of oppression by one group over others. A number of different theories rely on conflict, dominance, or oppression as a causal process or as a necessary mechanism within certain conditions and they may borrow from other approaches. In general the theories highlight: economic stratification, conquest of other peoples, conflict in circumscribed areas, and the neo-evolutionary growth of bureaucracy.

Economic stratification
 Friedrich Engels articulated one of the earliest theories of the state based on anthropological evidence in The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884). The theory of Engels developed from study of Ancient Society (1877) by Lewis H. Morgan and from the sketches of this work by Karl Marx on the Asiatic mode of production. Engels argues that the state developed as a result of the need to protect private property. The theory contended that surplus production as a result of the development of agriculture created a division and specialization of labor: leading to classes who worked the land and to those who could devote time to other tasks. Class antagonism and the need to secure the private property of those living on the surplus production produced by agriculturalists resulted in the creation of the state. The anthropologist Morton Fried (1923-1986) further developed this approach, positing social stratification as the primary dynamic underlying the development of the state.

Conquest theories
 Similar to the economic stratification theories, the conquest theory contends that a single city establishes a state in order to control other tribes or settlements it has conquered. The theory has its roots in the work of Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) and of Jean Bodin (1530–1596), but it was first organized around anthropological evidence by Franz Oppenheimer (1864-1943). Oppenheimer argues that the state was created to cement inequality between peoples that resulted from conquest.

Carneiro's circumscription theory

Robert Carneiro developed a theory (1970) aiming to provide a more nuanced understanding of state formation by accounting for the fact that many factors (surplus agriculture, warfare, irrigation, conquest, etc.) did not produce states in all situations. He concluded that while population pressure and warfare were mechanisms of state formation, they only created states in geographic regions circumscribed, or walled off from the surrounding area. Geographic barriers (or in some cases barriers created by nomadic raiders or by rival societies) create limitations on the ability of the people to deal with production shortfalls, and the result is that warfare results in state creation. In situations of unlimited agricultural land (like the Amazon or the Eastern United States), Carneiro believes that the pressures did not exist and so warfare allowed people to move elsewhere and thus did not spur creation of a state.

Neoevolutionary theories

A number of different theories, sometimes connected with some of the processes above, explain state formation in terms of the evolution of leadership systems. This argument sees human society as evolving from tribes or chiefdoms into states through a gradual process of transformation that lets a small group hierarchically structure society and maintain order through appropriation of symbols of power. Groups that gained power in tribal society gradually worked towards building the hierarchy and segmentation that created the state.

Elman Service (1915-1996) proposed that, unlike in economic stratification theories, the state largely creates stratification in society rather than being created to defend that stratification. Bureaucracy evolves to support the leadership structure in tribes and uses religious hierarchy and economic stratification as a means to further increase its power. Warfare may play a key role in the situation, because it allows leaders to distribute benefits in ways that serve their interests, however it is a constant that feeds the system rather than an autonomous factor. Similarly, anthropologist Henry T. Wright argues (2006) that competitive and conflictual environments produce political experimentation leading to the development of the state. As opposed to theories that the state develops through chance or tinkering, experimentation involves a more directed process where tribal leaders learn from organization forms of the past and from the outcomes they produced.

Other theories
Other aspects are highlighted in different theories as of contributing importance. It is sometimes claimed that technological development, religious development, or socialization of members are crucial to state development. However, most of these factors are found to be secondary in anthropological analysis. In addition to conquest, some theories contend that the need for defense from military conquest or the military organization to conquer other peoples is the key aspect leading to state formation.

Discredited theories
Some theories proposed in the 19th century and early 20th century have since been largely discredited by anthropologists. Carneiro writes that theories "with a racial basis, for example, are now so thoroughly discredited that they need not be dealt with...We can also reject the belief that the state is an expression of the 'genius' of a people, or that it arose through a 'historical accident.' Such notions make the state appear to be something metaphysical or adventitious, and thus place it beyond scientific understanding." Similarly, social Darwinist perspectives like those of Walter Bagehot in Physics and Politics argued that the state form developed as a result of the best leaders and organized societies gradually gaining power until a state resulted. Such explanations are not considered sufficient to explain the formation of the state.

Theories about modern state development
In the medieval period (500-1400) in Europe, there were a variety of authority forms throughout the region. These included feudal lords, empires, religious authorities, free cities, and other authorities. Often dated to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, there began to be the development in Europe of modern states with large-scale capacity for taxation, coercive control of their populations, and advanced bureaucracies. The state became prominent in Europe over the next few centuries before the particular form of the state spread to the rest of the world via the colonial and international pressures of the 19th century and 20th century. Other modern states developed in Africa and Asia prior to colonialism, but were largely displaced by colonial rule.

Political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists began studying the state formation processes in Europe and elsewhere in the 17th century—beginning significantly with Max Weber. However, state formation became a primary interest in the 1970s. The question was often framed as a contest between state forces and society forces and the study of how the state became prominent over particular societies. A number of theories developed regarding state development in Europe. Other theories focused on the creation of states in late colonial and post-colonial societies.  The lessons from these studies of the formation of states in the modern period are often used in theories about State-building. Other theories contend that the state in Europe was constructed in connection with peoples from outside Europe and that focusing on state formation in Europe as a foundation for study silences the diverse history of state formation.

Based on the model of European states, it has been commonly assumed that development is the natural path that states will eventually walk through. However, Herbst holds that in the case African states, as well as in developing countries of other regions, development need not be the natural step. States that struggle their consolidation could remain permanently weak.

Warfare theories

Two related theories are based on military development and warfare, and the role that these forces played in state formation. Charles Tilly developed an argument that the state developed largely as a result of "state-makers" who sought to increase the taxes they could gain from the people under their control so they could continue fighting wars. According to Tilly, the state makes war and war makes states. In the constant warfare of the centuries in Europe, coupled with expanded costs of war with mass armies and gunpowder, warlords had to find ways to finance war  and control territory more effectively. The modern state presented the opportunity for them to develop taxation structures, the coercive structure to implement that taxation, and finally the guarantee of protection from other states that could get much of the population to agree. Taxes and revenue raising have been repeatedly pointed out as a key aspect of state formation and the development of state capacity. Economist Nicholas Kaldor emphasized on the importance of revenue raising and warned about the dangers of the dependence on foreign aid. Tilly argues, state making is similar to organized crime because it is a "quintessential protection racket with the advantage of legitimacy."

Michael Roberts and Geoffrey Parker, in contrast, finds that the primary causal factor was not the "state-makers" themselves, but simply the military revolutions that allowed development of larger armies. The argument is that with the expanded state of warfare, the state became the only administrative unit that could endure in the constant warfare in the Europe of this period, because only it could develop large enough armies.
This view—that the modern state replaced chaos and general violence with internal disciplinary structures—has been challenged as ethnocentric, and ignoring the violence of modern states.

War has played a key role not only in the consolidation of European states but also of some third world states. According to Herbst, external security threats have had a fundamental role in the development of the South Korean and Taiwanese states. A 2017 study which tests the predictions of warfare theories of Tilly and others found that the predictions do not match the empirical record. The study found that median state size decreased from 1100 to 1800, and that the number of states increases rapidly between the twelfth and thirteen centuries and remained constant until 1800.

Commerce theories
Stein Rokkan and others have argued that the modern territorial state developed in places that were peripheral to the commercial "city belt" ("a central regional band extending, roughly, in an arc from the Low Countries, through the Rhineland and into Northern Italy") that ran through Central Europe. The existence of prosperous urban centers that relied on commerce in Central Europe prevented rulers from consolidating their rule over others. The elites in those urban centers could rely on their wealth and on collective security institutions (like the Hanseatic or Swabian league) with other urban centers to sustain their independence. A lower density of urban centers in England and France made it easier for rulers to establish rule over expansive territories.

Feudal crisis theories
Another argument contends that the state developed out of economic and social crises that were prominent in late-medieval Europe. Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants, and the involvement of leaders in the domains of other leaders under religious reasons was the primary problem dealt with in the Peace of Westphalia. In addition, Marxist theory contends that the economic crisis of feudalism forced the aristocracy to adapt various centralized forms of organization so they could retain economic power, and this resulted in the formation of the modern state.

Cultural theories
Some scholarship, linked to wider debates in anthropology, has increasingly emphasized the state as a primarily cultural artifact, and focuses on how symbolism plays a primary role in state formation. Most explicitly, some studies emphasize how the creation of national identification and citizenship were crucial to state formation. The state then is not simply a military or economic authority, but also includes cultural components creating consent by people by giving them rights and shared belonging.

Outside Europe
While modern states existed without European influence around the world before colonialism, post-colonial state formation has received the most significant attention. While warfare is primary in theories about state formation in Europe, the development of the international norm of non-interventionism means that other processes of state formation have become prominent outside Europe (including colonial imposition, assimilation, borrowing, and some internal political processes. John W. Meyer's World Society Theory contends that the state form was exported from Europe, institutionalized in the United Nations, and gradually the modern nation-state became the basis for both those in power and those challenging power. In addition, because many of the early modern states like the United Kingdom and France had significant empires, their institutional templates became standard for application globally.

Africa and Juridicial Statehood
According to academics on state formation in Africa, most notably Jeffrey Herbst, many contemporary African states lack the empirical qualities of states found in their counterparts in the developed world. This is due to the differences in the state building experience between Europe and Africa. Statebuilding in Europe was characterized by the threat of territorial wars, as such states formed as a by product of ruler's efforts in preparing for and waging war. As states in Africa were formed out of decolonization and born in an international system that respected the sovereignty of international borders, this meant that the threat of territorial conquest, which highlighted the European statebuilding experience, was absent from Africa. As such, ruling elite in Africa did not have the impetus to develop strong and effective institutional structures as the survival of the state was guaranteed by the international community. In doing so this led to the proliferation of weak states in Africa, with only juridicial statehood, in reality they lacked effectiveness and legitimacy.

See also
Civil Society
Sovereignty
Global governance
State of nature

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

Kaspersen, Lars Bo and Jeppe Strandsbjerg (eds.) (2017). Does War Make States: Investigations into Charles Tilly's Historical Sociology New York: Cambridge University Press.

Category:Political geography
Category:Political science terminology
Category:Political science
Category:Anthropology
Category:Political concepts
Category:Sociological terminology


Louis Guittar

Louis (or Lewis) Guittar (died 13 November 1700) was a French pirate active in the Caribbean, the West Indies, and New England during the late 1690s and early 18th century.

History

Based in St. Malo, former privateer Guittar commanded the 28-gun La Paix and would attack merchant shipping in the Caribbean and Mid-Atlantic area during the late 1690s.

In early 1700, after plundering and sinking five merchant ships in Chesapeake Bay, he was expecting only the elderly Essex Prize guardship, but was surprised to find instead the fifth-rate frigate HMS Shoreham under Captain William Passenger. The Shoreham had arrived in April 1700 in response to pirate John James looting a number of vessels in the area and forcing the outgunned Essex Prize to retreat. After Guittar chased the remaining merchantman into Lynnhaven Bay, Virginia on May 3, 1700, Virginia Governor General Francis Nicholson accompanied Passenger aboard the Shoreham, reportedly standing on the foredeck throughout the fight.

Although evenly matched, with Passenger's 115 crew and 28 guns to the Guittar's crew consisting of between 150 and 160 sailors and 20 mounted guns (with eight more in the hold), Guittar was forced to surrender after a 12-hour battle. Guittar threatened to blow up La Paix's powder magazine, killing almost 50 prisoners, if he didn't receive quarter and a pardon. Nicholson granted the pirates quarter but referred them to King William of England for trial. With 26 men killed, HMS Shoreham took on the surviving crew members, of which more than half were wounded. Transferred to England, Guittar and 23 of his crew were tried for piracy and hanged in London several months later.

See also
 Canoot - another French pirate active off the New England coast.

Further reading
 Middleton, Arthur Pierce. Tobacco Coast: A Maritime History of Chesapeake Bay in the Colonial Era. Newport News, Virginia: Mariners' Museum, 1953.
 See Jameson's Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period, pages 259-275 (sections 91-101) for an extensive list of depositions and testimony, as well as letters between Passenger and Nicholson and others regarding the actions involving La Paix.

References
 Earle, Peter. The Pirate Wars. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005.
 Peabody & Essex Museum. The American Neptune. Salem, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum of Salem, 1941.

External links
The Virginian-Pilot: Tombstone Recalls Victim of Bloody Naval Battle
Virginia Colonial Records Project

Category:Year of birth missing
Category:1700 deaths
Category:French pirates
Category:18th-century pirates
Category:17th-century pirates
Category:People executed for piracy
Category:Caribbean pirates


Paul Jones (footballer, born 1986)

Paul Jones (born 28 June 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays for Sheffield Wednesday as a goalkeeper.

Career

Charlton Athletic and Leyton Orient Youth
Born in Maidstone, Kent, Jones began his career with the youth system of Charlton Athletic in 2001 before signing for Leyton Orient's youth system in 2002. Despite never breaking into their first team, Jones was thought highly of by then youth coach Alex Inglethorpe.

Exeter City
When Alex Inglethorpe was appointed manager of Conference side Exeter City in Autumn 2004, one of his first moves was to bring Paul Jones in on loan. Arriving part way through the 2004–05 season, Jones quickly established himself as City's first choice keeper, making 23 appearances. In January 2005 he played in Exeter's memorable 0–0 draw at Old Trafford in the FA Cup. On 1 July 2005, Inglethorpe acquired Jones from Orient, and signed him to a permanent deal. At the end of the 2005–06 season, Inglethorpe left Exeter and was replaced by new manager Paul Tisdale. During the pre-season, Jones was forced to compete for his spot with then backup keeper, and former Exeter youth trainee Martin Rice. Days prior to Exeter's first match of the season, Tisdale selected Rice as his first choice keeper. Jones then became Exeter's second choice keeper. He returned to the first-team for the 2007 Conference playoff final, in which he saved a penalty – becoming the first person to do so at the new Wembley Stadium. Exeter failed to win the final though and during the next season, Jones figured mostly as an understudy to Rice's replacement Andy Marriott. He was chosen in the first team again for the play-offs and this time, Exeter managed to win the final at Wembley, with Jones keeping a clean sheet. In the 2008–09 season he played in all 46 League Two matches for Exeter City. Also he won the 2008–09 player of the season award for Exeter City after many stunning performances in goal throughout the season.

Peterborough United
On 31 January 2011 Jones joined Peterborough United on loan until the end of the 2010–11.season. He made the move permanent by signing an initial one-year contract on 24 June 2011 to join on a free transfer. He found himself picked as first choice keeper for the majority of the season, as a result Peterborough offered him a new contract but he rejected it.

Crawley Town
On 26 May 2012, it was confirmed that Jones had signed for newly promoted League One side Crawley Town. He made his debut on 14 August, starting in a League Cup match against Championship side Millwall which ended 2–2, with Crawley winning on penalties by 4–1, and Jones saving two penalties in the shoot-out. After two seasons in League One with Crawley, he was released by at the end of the 2013–14 season. He made 92 league appearances in a Red Devils shirt

Portsmouth
In June 2014 Jones signed for League Two club Portsmouth on a three-year deal. He was manager Andy Awford's first signing as Pompey boss and was the only keeper at Fratton Park when joining, after Trevor Carson's loan expired, whilst both John Sullivan and Phil Smith were released.

On 1 February 2016, Jones re-joined Crawley Town on a 28-day loan.

Norwich City

On 4 July 2016, Jones signed for Norwich City on a two-year deal as goalkeeping cover. Jones made his first appearance for the Canaries in the 6–1 EFL Cup win over Coventry City. However, with him being third choice goalkeeper behind John Ruddy and Michael McGovern, and later Angus Gunn, this would be his only first team appearance for Norwich. In January 2018, he was loaned to Exeter City for the remainder of the season, but again was merely cover for Christy Pym and made no first team appearances.

Fleetwood Town
On 2 August 2018, Jones signed for Fleetwood Town on a one-year deal.

Sheffield Wednesday

On 6 August 2019, Jones signed for Sheffield Wednesday on a free transfer.

Career statistics

Club

References

External links

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Tonbridge and Malling (district)
Category:English footballers
Category:England semi-pro international footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Category:Leyton Orient F.C. players
Category:Exeter City F.C. players
Category:Peterborough United F.C. players
Category:Crawley Town F.C. players
Category:Portsmouth F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:National League (English football) players
Category:Norwich City F.C. players
Category:Fleetwood Town F.C. players
Category:Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players


Nylon Guys

Nylon Guys was an American magazine devoted to men. Its coverage focuses on the interests of guys, including art, music, design, technology, fashion and travel. It is published by Nylon (magazine).

History
Nylon Guys was founded in 2004 by the original co-creator of Nylon (magazine), Jaclynn Jarrett. It began as a companion publication being included with issues of Nylon (magazine).Nylon Guys was published seasonally, twice a year with a circulation of 110,000 copies.Nylon Guys has featured a variety of celebrity men on their covers, including Jesse Eisenberg, Gerard Way, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Pharrell Williams,  and Michael Pitt.Nylon Guys evolved into an online-only all-digital magazine in 2015. Nylon Guys'' Editor in Chief was Michelle Lee (editor) between 2014 and late 2015.

References

External links

Category:American bimonthly magazines
Category:American men's magazines
Category:Magazines established in 2004
Category:Magazines disestablished in 2015
Category:Magazines published in New York (state)
Category:Men's fashion magazines


Ed Lawrence

Edward James Lawrence (July 16, 1906 – November 21, 1961) was a professional football player who spent two seasons in the National Football League with the Boston Bulldogs in 1929 and the Staten Island Stapletons in 1930. Prior to joining the NFL, Lawrence played college football at Brown University. He was a member of the 1926 "Iron Men" football team, which went 9-0-1 and played all but two minutes against Yale, Dartmouth, and Harvard.

Notes

Category:1906 births
Category:1961 deaths
Category:Players of American football from Massachusetts
Category:Boston Bulldogs (NFL) players
Category:Staten Island Stapletons players
Category:Brown Bears football players
Category:Sportspeople from Fitchburg, Massachusetts


Bieleń

Bieleń  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzciel, within Międzyrzecz County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

References

Category:Villages in Międzyrzecz County


Josephus Serré

Josephus Serré (3 February 1907 – 14 December 1991) was a Dutch modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1907 births
Category:1991 deaths
Category:Dutch male modern pentathletes
Category:Olympic modern pentathletes of the Netherlands
Category:Modern pentathletes at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Bergen op Zoom


Hennepin, Oklahoma

Hennepin is a small unincorporated community along State Highway 7 in extreme southern Garvin County, Oklahoma, United States, near where Carter, Garvin County, and Murray county.  Hennepin County was named for Father Louis Hennepin, a member of Lasalle's Louisiana Expedition.

Further reading
Shirk, George H. "First Post Offices Within the Boundaries of Oklahoma". Chronicles of Oklahoma 26:2 (1948) 179-244. (accessed February 23, 2007)
Shirk, George H. Oklahoma Place Names. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.  .

Category:Unincorporated communities in Garvin County, Oklahoma
Category:Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma


Angara-1.2pp

The flight of Angara-1.2pp (; Angara-1.2 pervyy polyot meaning Angara-1.2 first flight) was the maiden flight of Russia's Angara series of rockets. This flight was conducted successfully on 9 July 2014. A unique configuration with parts taken from the Angara-1 and Angara-A5 rockets, the suborbital mission served to flight test each of the new stages developed for the rocket ahead of its operational use.

Background
The Angara is the first new rocket built by Russia since the end of the Soviet Union, and is intended to replace several older rockets including the Proton-M, Zenit and Rokot, as well as ensure independent Russian access to geosynchronous orbit from Plesetsk. The development of the Angara launch vehicle was first approved in 1992.

The Angara-1.2pp rocket consisted of two Universal Rocket Modules (URMs), a URM-1 first stage and a URM-2 second stage. Although it was the first full Angara to fly, three modified URM-1 stages had previously been used in Naro-1 launches; a joint project between Russia and South Korea. It was the first flight for the full power RD-191 engine; the Naro launches used a reduced thrust variant, the RD-151. This was also the first flight for the URM-2, though its RD-0124A engine was an almost identical derivative of the RD-0124 used on Soyuz-2 rockets.

The configuration used for the 1.2pp flight was unique to that mission. For orbital launches the URM-2 upper stage will only be flown on the Angara A5, which will have four additional URM-1 boosters to provide additional thrust. The operational Angara-1.2 will make use of a modified Blok-I stage which is also used by the Soyuz-2-1b and Soyuz-2-1v.

Flight
Angara-1.2pp was launched at 12:00 UTC (16:00 local time) on 9 July 2014. It flew from Site 35/1 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome following an eastward suborbital trajectory  over northern Russia and the Barents Sea towards the Kura Test Range, where the flight concluded 22 minutes later with reentry and the impact of any surviving debris. Launches from Plesetsk to Kura are often used for Russian missile tests, so this trajectory allowed the rocket to be tracked by existing systems during its flight. Shortly after launch the Russian military confirmed that the launch had been successful.

An earlier attempt to launch the rocket had been made on 27 June; however, the launch was scrubbed in the late stages of the countdown. The launch, which had been scheduled for 11:15, was called off with 79 seconds left to go, after a problem with a pump caused a loss of oxidiser pressure. The rocket was subsequently removed from the launch pad and returned to its hangar for repairs.

References

Category:2014 in Russia
Category:2014 in spaceflight
Category:Space launch vehicles of Russia


Bordeaux Tramway Line B

The B line of the Bordeaux tramway is operated by Transports Bordeaux Métropole, and connects Station Pessac Centre in Pessac to Claveau in north Bordeaux.

Equipment
Line B of the tramway uses Citadis 300 cars from Alstom.  These type 402 cars are 44 meters long and offer 300 seats.  These air conditioned cars operate both with overhead power lines and ground-level power supply (APS).

APS is used for part of line B, notably in the center of Bordeaux and when crossing Talence.  The change between APS and overhead lines takes place at the station, Peixotto, at the entrance to the university area.

Route and stations

See also
Bordeaux
Tramway de Bordeaux

External links
 InfoTBC - official site of the Bordeaux bus and tramway network
 Plan Touristique Tbc - tramway and bus network map (pdf)

B
Bordeaux


LoveFilm

Lovefilm was a United Kingdom–based provider of DVD-by-mail and streaming video on demand in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Germany.

Acquired by Amazon.com in 2011, the service had reached 2 million subscribers. It also claimed over 70,000 titles, and over 4 million DVD, Blu-ray or game rentals per month in five countries. Through a series of acquisitions, Lovefilm quickly became the leading online DVD rental and streaming outlet in the UK and Europe.

The company offered a download service alongside postal delivery but this ceased on 23 February 2009. The company also started a "watch online" service which offered over 4,700 films available to watch as part of a subscription. This online viewing was available for free to subscribers who had opted for one of their unlimited monthly rental plans or the unlimited streaming-only account.

On 26 February 2014, Amazon announced that Lovefilm's streaming service would be folded into its Instant Video service, and in August 2017, Amazon announced that the Lovefilm By Post service would end on 31 October 2017, citing a "decreasing demand" for the discs.

History
Lovefilm grew via 10 mergers, and the acquisition of several other on-line DVD rental companies – the three main ones being Online Rentals Limited (the original company), ScreenSelect and Video Island. Scandinavian Netflix clones Boxman, Brafilm and Digitarian were launched in 2002-2003 at the very same time as their UK-peers.

In May 2002, Paul Gardner and Graham Bosher launched Online Rentals Limited (trading as DVDsOnTap), based in Harlow, Essex.

In September 2003, William Reeve and Alex Chesterman launched ScreenSelect, based in Acton in West London. And in the same month Saul Klein launched Video Island, based in Kings Cross in central London, with backing from Simon Franks' Redbus Films.

In June 2003, Ari Wegter, Lasse Stilvang and Joshua Mortensen launched Digitarian in Denmark while Mattias Miksche and Jonas Svensson started Boxman in Stockholm. These two firms established an alliance which dominated the nascent DVD-by-mail sector in the Nordics. The continental founder group played a critical role in the growth and development of Lovefilm in Scandinavia and Germany until exit to Amazon.

In October 2003, Online Rentals Ltd was bought by Arts Alliance Ventures, a family owned private equity firm. In December 2003, DVDsOnTap rebranded to Lovefilm, appointed Mark Livingstone as CEO, and relocated to much larger premises in the Spire Green Business Park in Harlow, Essex.

ScreenSelect led what became a clutch of mergers across the UK DVD rental industry. In December 2003, this began with the acquisition of In-Movies.  In September 2004, ScreenSelect followed up with the merger with Video Island, which combined  ScreenSelect's management and brand with Video Island's venture capital.

The year 2005 saw both Lovefilm and ScreenSelect grow rapidly as fierce rivals – with strong backers, these two firms leaped ahead of their rivals.  Lovefilm reached 50,000 subscribers in December 2004, and shortly afterwards acquired the retail chain Choices' online business. By March 2005, it had reached 100,000 customers, and shipped almost 700,000 rentals. In June 2005, Video Island under the ScreenSelect brand acquired DVDs365 (owner of Mailbox Movies, MovieTrak and Qflicks) and a few months later Lovefilm acquired Webflix. Both rivals acquired a Scandinavian firm; ScreenSelect acquired BraFilm (a Swedish and Norwegian business), and Lovefilm acquired Boxman (operating in Sweden and Denmark). Simon Calver joined as the CEO of Video Island in July 2005.

By 2006 Video Island/ScreenSelect had outgrown Lovefilm, with over 200,000 customers against Lovefilm's 100,000 users. In April 2006, led by Simon Calver Lovefilm and Screenselect merged using ScreenSelect's management and technology platform, but with the Lovefilm brand, and moved the headquarters to Acton – ScreenSelect's original base. By the end of 2006 the Lovefilm brand had replaced ScreenSelect, Brafilm and Boxman everywhere except Norway – which followed in 2008.

In February 2008, Lovefilm acquired Amazon's DVD rental business in the UK and German markets, and in return Amazon became the largest shareholder of Lovefilm.

Besides Amazon and Arts Alliance Ventures, venture capital firms Balderton Capital, DFJ Esprit, Index Ventures and Octopus Ventures also had stakes in Lovefilm.

In 2010, Lovefilm released their PlayStation 3 online streaming service.

On 20 January 2011 it was announced that Amazon, which previously owned 32% of Lovefilm, would take full control of the company in an acquisition deal worth a reported £200m.

In September 2011, a Lovefilm app for the iPad was released to allow streaming films on iPad devices.
The Lovefilm app was also released for the Xbox 360 in December 2011.

On 30 May 2012, Lovefilm partnered with NBC Universal to bring Universal films to their service, and also announced that they would be bringing HD Streaming to their services.

In October 2012, Amazon launched the Kindle Fire HD in the UK and Germany, which included Lovefilm integrated into the Amazon Videos application, much in the same way Amazon Instant Video is integrated in the United States.  Subsequent streaming application launches, including the Wii U in December 2012 and a revamped PS3 application in May 2013, demonstrated a markedly similar – and considerably improved on Lovefilm's previous offerings – UI design shared with Amazon Instant Video.

On 10 June 2013, Lovefilm announced that it would shut down its service in Scandinavia.

Up until July 2013, Lovefilm offered a video game rental service to customers. In July 2013, it issued a statement letting both new and existing customers know that this service would no longer be offered beginning 8 August 2013.

On 21 February 2014, it was announced that the Lovefilm video-on-demand service would be discontinued on 26 February 2014 and folded into Amazon Instant Video. The Lovefilm name will be maintained for the DVD rental business, although this service has been embedded into Amazon as well.

On 14 August 2017, Amazon announced it would be terminating the Lovefilm by Post service on 31 October 2017.

Rental services operated for other companies

Besides its own DVD rental and purchase sites, Lovefilm used to run a number of such sites on behalf of other companies. The following is a list of previous white label services operated by Lovefilm:

WHSmith Movies Direct – from the WH Smith bookstore chain.
Tesco DVD Rental – Service for the Tesco supermarket chain website. On 1 August Lovefilm replaced Tesco DVD Rentals and all customers were switched over and given (at no extra cost) Access to Lovefilms Library on DVD, Access to new features like multiple rental lists, Lovefilm Instant and Games for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3
EasyCinema – Service in conjunction with the Easy Group.
Odeon Direct – Service in conjunction with the Odeon cinema chain.
Nectar DVD Rental – Service for the Nectar loyalty card.
CD-WOW! – an online retailer.
Sofa Cinema – the Guardian newspaper sponsors this site.

Advertising
Lovefilm originally used partners to advertise its services but started to run TV adverts from 2006.  Since then, the number of white label services and partners had decreased, possibly due to increased brand awareness of the Lovefilm name.  Since advertising on a regular basis on TV the company used British male actors for voice overs – Simon Pegg, Ewan McGregor, Bill Nighy and Ray Winstone. In 2009, the theme song for the TV ads was "It Must Be Love" by Madness. Lovefilm advertised in multiple media – online, press, TV, train posters, door drops, promotions and even toilet posters in clubs, pubs and service stations.

"Throttling" and dispute of fair usage policy
Lovefilm came in for criticism from users over its claim to offer "unlimited" DVD rentals. Some users reportedly found the company used long delays at the shipping stage to reduce the number of films a month a customer can rent. In 2006, before the merger with ScreenSelect, Lovefilm was subject of complaints to the Advertising Standards Authority over the use of the word "unlimited" in their advertising. The ASA upheld the complaint. It was revealed that they practised throttling, where high-volume customers experienced slower shipments from different warehouses and selections from lower in their rental list. They were also less likely to receive replacement shipments on the same day a disc is received. The company claimed that this "fair usage" policy means all customers get a similar service.

Dispute with Universal Pictures
In late November 2009, Lovefilm stopped adding new DVDs from the distributor Universal Pictures (UK) to the rental area of their site. This made a number of films unavailable to users, including Public Enemies, The Invention of Lying, Brüno, Funny People, Inglourious Basterds and Kick-Ass. The dispute was resolved in May 2012 and Lovefilm offered for rental and for streaming post-2009 films distributed by Universal Pictures.

See also
Netflix, founded in 1997, had launched their UK online streaming service to compete with Lovefilm.
https://techcrunch.com/2011/01/20/if-amazon-got-lovefilm-at-a-312m-valuation-who-is-buying-the-drinks-tonight-2/

References

External links
Lovefilm Corporate website

Category:Video rental services
Category:Amazon.com acquisitions
Category:Defunct video on demand services
Category:2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:Media companies established in 2002
Category:Media companies disestablished in 2014


Tsiranana

Tsiranana may refer to:

People
Justine Tsiranana (c. 1918 – July 1999), the first First Lady of Madagascar
Philibert Tsiranana, first President of Madagascar
Ruffine Tsiranana, a Malagasy Senator

Places
 Amborovy Airport, also known as Philibert Tsiranana Airport


2013–14 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team

The 2013–14 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team represented Villanova University in the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by the school's 13th head coach Jay Wright, the Wildcats participated in the newly organized Big East Conference and played their home games at The Pavilion, with some select home games at the Wells Fargo Center. They finished the season 29–5, 16–2 in Big East play to win the regular season Big East championship. They were upset in the quarterfinals of the Big East Tournament by Seton Hall. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament where they defeated Milwaukee in the second round before losing in the third round to eventual National Champions UConn.

Rankings

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#00337F; color:#FFFFFF;"| Exhibition

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!colspan=9 style="background:#00337F; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#00337F; color:#FFFFFF;"| Big East Tournament

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#00337F; color:#FFFFFF;"| NCAA Tournament

References

Villanova Wildcats
Category:Villanova Wildcats men's basketball seasons
Villanova
Villanova Wildcats men's b
Villanova Wildcats men's b


Jiaqing Emperor

The Jiaqing Emperor (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), personal name Yongyan, was the seventh emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1796 to 1820. He was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. During his reign, he prosecuted Heshen, the corrupt favorite of his father, and attempted to restore order within the Qing Empire while curbing the smuggling of opium into China.

Early years
Yongyan was born in the Old Summer Palace, 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing. His personal name, "Yongyan" (永琰), was later changed to "Yongyan" (顒琰) when he became the emperor. The Chinese character for yong in his name was changed from the more common 永 to the less common 顒. This novelty was introduced by the Qianlong Emperor, who believed that it was not proper to have a commonly used Chinese character in an emperor's personal name due to the longstanding practice of naming taboo in the imperial family.

Yongyan was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was Noble Consort Ling, the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), a Han Chinese official whose family had been long integrated into the Manchu Eight Banners as part of a Han Banner.

The Qianlong Emperor originally had two other sons in mind for succeeding him, but both of them died early from diseases, hence in December 1773 he secretly chose Yongyan as his successor. In 1789, the Qianlong Emperor instated Yongyan as "Prince Jia of the First Rank" (嘉親王; or simply "Prince Jia").

Accession to the throne
In October 1795, the 60th year of his reign, the Qianlong Emperor announced his intention to abdicate in favour of Prince Jia. He made this decision because he felt that it was disrespectful for him to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, who was on the throne for 61 years. Prince Jia ascended the throne and adopted the era name "Jiaqing" in February 1796, hence he is historically known as the Jiaqing Emperor. For the next three years however, the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name only because decisions were still made by his father, who became a Taishang Huang (emperor emeritus) after his abdication.

After the death of the Qianlong Emperor in the beginning of February 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen, a favourite official of his father. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power, stripped of his titles, had his property confiscated, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess Hexiao, a sister of the Jiaqing Emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates.

At the time, the Qing Empire faced internal disorder, most importantly the large-scale White Lotus (1796–1804) and Miao (1795–1806) rebellions, as well as an empty imperial treasury. The Jiaqing Emperor engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions. He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. However, due in part to large outflows of silver from the country as payment for the opium smuggled into China from British India, the economy declined.

Renaming Vietnam
The Jiaqing Emperor refused the Vietnamese ruler Gia Long's request to change his country's name to Nam Việt. He changed the name instead to Việt Nam. Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains the diplomatic correspondence over the naming.

Opposition to Christianity
The Great Qing Legal Code includes one statute titled "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術). In 1811, a clause was added to it with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1815 and 1817, settled in its final form in 1839 under the Daoguang Emperor, and abrogated in 1870 under the Tongzhi Emperor. It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism among Han Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang, to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and beys.

Chinese nobility
The Jiaqing Emperor granted the title Wujing Boshi () to the descendants of Han Yu.

Death and burial
On 2 September 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing, where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The Draft History of Qing did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a stroke as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, Mianning, who became known as the Daoguang Emperor.

Renzong was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs, 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Chang (昌; lit. "splendid") mausoleum complex.

Family
 Father: Hongli, the Qianlong Emperor (; 25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799)
 Grandfather: Yinzhen, the Yongzheng Emperor (; 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735)
 Grandmother: Empress Xiaoshengxian, of the Niohuru clan (; 12 January 1692 – 2 March 1777)
 Mother: Empress Xiaoyichun, of the Weigiya clan (; 23 October 1727 – 28 February 1775)
 Grandfather: Qingtai (), served as a fifth rank literary official () in the Imperial Household Department, and held the title of a third class duke ()
 Grandmother: Lady Yanggiya

 Consorts and Issue:
 Empress Xiaoshurui, of the Hitara clan (; 2 October 1760 – 5 March 1797)
 Second daughter (2 June 1780 – 6 September 1783)
 Minning, the Daoguang Emperor (; 16 September 1782 – 26 February 1850), second son
 Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank (; 20 October 1784 – 27 June 1811), fourth daughter
 Married Manibadala (; d. 1832) of the Tumed Borjigit clan in November/December 1802
 Miscarriage at three months (18 August 1785)
 Empress Xiaoherui, of the Niohuru clan (; 20 November 1776 – 23 January 1850)
 Seventh daughter (2 August 1793 – July/August 1795)
 Miankai, Prince Dunke of the First Rank (; 6 August 1795 – 18 January 1838), third son
 Mianxin, Prince Ruihuai of the First Rank (; 9 March 1805 – 27 September 1828), fourth son
 Imperial Noble Consort Heyu, of the Liugiya clan (; 9 January 1761 – 27 April 1834)
 Prince Mu of the Second Rank (; 4 February 1779 – 10 June 1780), first son
 Princess Zhuangjing of the Second Rank (; 30 January 1782 – 4 April 1811), third daughter
 Married Sodnamdorji (; d. 1825) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan on 24 December 1801
 Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun, of the Niohuru clan (; 28 May 1787 – 23 April 1860)
 Eighth daughter (8 March 1805 – December 1805 or January 1806)
 Princess Huimin of the First Rank (; 18 February 1811 – June/July 1815), ninth daughter
 Mianyu, Prince Huiduan of the First Rank (; 8 March 1814 – 9 January 1865), fifth son
 Consort Shu, of the Wanyan clan ()
 Consort Hua, of the Hougiya clan (; d. 3 August 1804)
 Sixth daughter (2 August 1789 – 1790)
 Consort Zhuang, of the Wanggiya clan (; d. 9 March 1811)
 Consort Xin, of the Liugiya clan (; d. 26 November 1822)
 Concubine Jian, of the Guan clan (; d. 14 May 1780)
 First daughter (14 May 1780 – 24 November 1783)
 Concubine Xun, of the Shen clan ()
 Princess Hui'an of the Second Rank (; 31 December 1786 – June/July 1795), fifth daughter
 Concubine Chun, of the Donggiya clan (; d. 30 November 1819)
 Concubine Rong, of the Liang clan (; d. 15 June 1826)
 Concubine En, of the Uya clan (; 21 October 1791 – 7 March 1846)
 Concubine An, of the Gūwalgiya clan (; 1 March 1785 – 29 July 1837)

In fiction and popular culture
 Portrayed by Yu Yang in War and Beauty (2004)
 Portrayed by Xin Baiqing Legend of Jiaqing (2005)
 Portrayed by Shaun Tam in Succession War (2018)
 Portrayed by Tang Jiatong in Story of Yanxi Palace (2018)
 Portrayed in Throne of Jade (2006), a historical fantasy novel by Naomi Novik.

See also
 Chinese emperors family tree (late)

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Category:1760 births
Category:1820 deaths
Category:Qing dynasty emperors
Category:18th-century Chinese monarchs
Category:19th-century Chinese monarchs
Category:Emperors from Beijing
Category:Persecution of Christians
Category:1790s in China
Category:1800s in China
Category:1810s in China
Category:Qianlong Emperor's sons


César Reynaldo Navarro

César Reynaldo Navarro de Alba (born 9 June 1968) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI. He currently serves as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.

References

Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:Politicians from the State of Mexico
Category:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Category:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Category:21st-century Mexican politicians


Scopula confusa

Scopula confusa is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1878. It is found in southern Japan and the Russian Far East.

The wingspan is .

References

Category:Moths described in 1878
Category:Moths of Japan
Category:Moths of Russia
confusa
Category:Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler


Cine Latino

Cine Latino was one of the largest cinemas in Mexico City, located on the south side of Paseo de la Reforma, the city's signature boulevard, at #296, in the Zona Rosa district of the Colonia Juárez neighborhood. It opened in 1960. It had two floors and a capacity of 1,850 spectators originally, and after remodelling could hold 2,500. It often hosted premieres such as "Lola la Trailera".

The site is now occupied by the Torre Latino Reforma, at 49 stories, Mexico City's 7th-largest building.

References

Category:Cinemas in Mexico
Category:Buildings and structures in Mexico City


Mansoor Ahmad Mir

Mansoor Ahmad Mir is an Indian Judge and the former Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court.

Career
Mir was born on 25 April 1955, at Rajpora village of Pulwama district in Jammu and Kashmir. He obtained a bachelor's degree (BA) from Amar Singh College in 1976 and LL.B in 1978 from Kashmir University. After practicing law for 14 years, he appeared for Jammu and Kashmir Judicial Services Examination and secured the first position in 1992. Mir was appointed as Additional Judge of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court on 31 January 2005 and later its permanent judge on 7 July 2007. He was transferred to the High Court of Himachal Pradesh (HP) and took over as Acting Chief Justice on 26 November 2013, and remained on the position up to 18 June 2014, when he was appointed as Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh.

References

Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Indian judges
Category:1955 births
Category:Judges of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court
Category:Chief Justices of the Himachal Pradesh High Court


Washington State Library

The Washington State Library is a government agency that operates public libraries in Washington state's prisons and mental hospitals, and maintains collections related to the state government. Based in Tumwater, it is a service of the Washington Secretary of State and was founded in 1853 as the Washington Territorial Library. The library has a collection of 2.25 million physical items and other online resources available to residents of the state.

History

The Washington Territorial Library was established on March 2, 1853, with the signing of the Organic Act by President Millard Fillmore to create Washington Territory. The law included an appropriation of $5,000 for the territory library that was used by appointed Territorial Governor Issac Stevens to buy and ship 2,130 volumes from New York City to Olympia. The first shipment of books departed from New York City on May 21, 1853, aboard the Invincible, which traveled around Cape Horn and South America to San Francisco. The books were transferred to the Tarquinia and arrived in Olympia on October 23, 1853, a few weeks before Governor Stevens arrived from his overland trip and took office. The library was opened to public use beginning in 1855, after an amendment to the territorial library law was passed by the territorial legislature.

Prior to achieving statehood on November 11, 1889, the Territorial Library reported a collection of 10,448 volumes. The new state legislature passed a bill creating the state library on March 27, 1890. The state library's collection was organized under the Dewey Decimal Classification system in 1898, and a card index was created in 1901. The library occupied the Joel M. Pritchard Building on the State Capitol campus in Olympia from 1958 until it was damaged by the 2001 Nisqually earthquake and evacuated. At its greatest extent in the 1990s, the library contained 547,000 books, periodicals, and documents.

The library was moved to a temporary location in Tumwater in December 2001, while the Pritchard Building underwent already-planned renovations and served as the temporary chambers for the state senate. The general collection was downsized by 260,000 books, which were donated to local libraries. The state government proposed closing the state library as part of its 2002 budget, saving $9 million in annual expenses, but the library was saved by eliminating the state library commission and merging operations with the Office of the Secretary of State effective July 1, 2002. The state government attempted to eliminate the state library a second time in December 2002, with collections transferred to local universities and colleges, but was saved by downsizing its staff and reorganizing under the Office of the Secretary of State. The library has since expanded its digital collections, which include scanned copies of older state newspapers and books.

In 2019, the state legislature approved a $2 fee on recorded documents to fund the construction of a new library and archives building in Tumwater. The $108 million project would construct a joint facility on the South Campus near the former state library. The Washington State Archives are currently housed in a building on the capitol campus that was constructed in 1962 and deemed too small to hold the state's records.

Branches and services

The State Library maintains branches at several state agencies, as well as in correctional facilities and mental hospitals:

Washington State Department of Transportation Library
Washington State Department of Natural Resources Library
Washington State Utilities and Transportation Committee Library
Washington State Department of Labor and Industries Library
WSDOT Materials Laboratory Library
Washington Talking Book & Braille Library, Seattle (since 2008)
Eastern State Hospital Library
Western State Hospital Library
Airway Heights Corrections Center Library
Clallam Bay Corrections Center Library
Coyote Ridge Corrections Center Library
Stafford Creek Corrections Center Library
Twin Rivers Corrections Center Library
Washington Corrections Center Library
Washington Corrections Center for Women Library
Washington State Penitentiary Library
Washington State Reformatory Library

Computer network
The Washington State Library coordinates library access to the Washington K-20 Network.

List of librarians

Bion Freeman Kendall, 1853–1857
Henry R. Crosbie, 1857
Urban East Hicks, 1858
Andrew Jackson Moses, 1859
James Clark Head, 1860–1861, 1863, 1865
Thomas Taylor, 1862
John Paul Judson, 1864
Samuel Nelson Woodruff, 1866
Henry Lensen Chapman, 1866
Levi Shelton, 1867–1869
Jeremiah D. Mabie, 1869–1870
Sylvester Hill Mann, 1870
Champion Bramwell Mann, 1870
Issac Van Dorsey Mossman, 1870–1873
Benjamin Franklin Yantis, 1873–1875
Frederick S. Holmes, 1875–1877
Elwood Evans, 1877–1879
Walter W. Newlin, 1879–1880
James Peyre Ferry, 1880–1881
Eliza Des Saure Newell, 1882–1887
Eleanor Sharp Stevenson, 1888–1890

References

Further reading

External links

Special Collections

Category:1853 establishments in Washington Territory
Category:Government agencies established in 1853
Category:Libraries in Washington (state)
Washington