Politics of England

The Politics of England forms the major part of the wider politics of the United Kingdom, with England being more populous than all the other countries of the United Kingdom put together. As England is also by far the largest in terms of area and GDP, its relationship to the UK is somewhat different from that of Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. The English capital London is also the capital of the UK, and English is the dominant language of the UK (not officially, but de facto).  Dicey and Morris (p26) list the separate states in the British Islands. "England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark.... is a separate country in the sense of the conflict of laws, though not one of them is a State known to public international law." But this may be varied by statute.

The United Kingdom is one state for the purposes of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882. Great Britain is a single state for the purposes of the Companies Act 1985. Traditionally authors referred to the legal unit or state of England and Wales as "England" although this usage is becoming politically unacceptable in the last few decades. The Parliament of the United Kingdom is located in London, as is its civil service, HM Treasury and most of the official residences of the monarchy. In addition, the state bank of the UK is known as the "Bank of England".

Though associated with England for some purposes, the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey have their own parliaments, and are not part of the United Kingdom, the European Union or England.

Prior to the Union, in 1707, England was ruled by a monarch and the Parliament of England. Since the Union, England has not had its own government.

History

Pre-Union politics

The English Parliament traces its origins to the Anglo-Saxon . Hollister argues that:
In an age lacking precise definitions of constitutional relationships, the deeply ingrained custom that the king governed in consultation with the Witan, implicit in almost every important royal document of the period, makes the Witenagemot one of Anglo-Saxon England's fundamental political institutions.

In 1066, William of Normandy brought a feudal system, where he sought the advice of a council of tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics  before making laws. In 1215, the tenants-in-chief secured the Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of his royal council, which slowly developed into a parliament.

In 1265, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester summoned the first elected Parliament. The franchise in parliamentary elections for county constituencies was uniform throughout the country, extending to all those who owned the freehold of land to an annual rent of 40 shillings (Forty-shilling Freeholders). In the boroughs, the franchise varied across the country; individual boroughs had varying arrangements.

This set the scene for the so-called "Model Parliament" of 1295 adopted by Edward I. By the reign of Edward II, Parliament had been separated into two Houses: one including the nobility and higher clergy, the other including the knights and burgesses, and no law could be made, nor any tax levied, without the consent of both Houses as well as of the Sovereign.

The Laws in Wales Acts of 1535–42 annexed Wales as part of England and brought Welsh representatives to Parliament.

When Elizabeth I was succeeded in 1603 by the Scottish King James VI, (thus becoming James I of England), the countries both came under his rule but each retained its own Parliament. James I's successor, Charles I, quarrelled with the English Parliament and, after he provoked the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, their dispute developed into the English Civil War. Charles was executed in 1649 and under Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth of England the House of Lords was abolished, and the House of Commons made subordinate to Cromwell. After Cromwell's death, the Restoration of 1660 restored the monarchy and the House of Lords.

Amidst fears of a Roman Catholic succession, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 deposed James II (James VII of Scotland) in favour of the joint rule of Mary II and William III, whose agreement to the English Bill of Rights introduced a constitutional monarchy, though the supremacy of the Crown remained.  For the third time, a Convention Parliament, i.e., one not summoned by the king, was required to determine the succession.

Post-Union politics

 Treaty of Union agreed by commissioners for each parliament on 22 July 1706.
 Acts of Union 1707, passed by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.
 Act of Union 1800, passed by both the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Once the terms of the Treaty of Union were agreed in 1706, Acts of Union were passed in both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, which created a new Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts dissolved both parliaments, replacing them with a new Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain based in the former home of the English parliament. All the traditions, procedures, and standing orders of the English parliament were retained, as were the incumbent officers, and English members comprised the overwhelming majority of the new body. It was not even considered necessary to hold a new general election. While Scots law and Scottish legislation remained separate, new legislation for both former kingdoms was now dealt with by the new parliament.

After the Hanoverian George I ascended the throne in 1714 through an Act of Parliament, power began to shift from the Sovereign, and by the end of his reign the position of the ministers — who had to rely on Parliament for support — was cemented. Towards the end of the 18th century the monarch still had considerable influence over Parliament, which was dominated by the English aristocracy and by patronage, but had ceased to exert direct power:  for instance, the last occasion Royal Assent was withheld, was in 1708 by Queen Anne. At general elections the vote was restricted to freeholders and landowners, in constituencies that were out of date, so that in many "rotten boroughs" seats could be bought while major cities remained unrepresented. Reformers and Radicals sought parliamentary reform, but as the Napoleonic Wars developed the government became repressive against dissent and progress toward reform was stalled.

Post-devolution politics

While Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland voted for devolved legislatures in referendums in 1997 and 1998 (see 1997 Scottish devolution referendum, 1997 Welsh devolution referendum, and 1998 Northern Irish Belfast Agreement referendum) England has never had any referendum for Independence or devolved Assembly/Parliament.

The Scottish Parliament, National Assembly for Wales and Northern Ireland Assembly were created by the UK parliament along with strong support from the majority of people of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and are not independent of the rest of the United Kingdom. However, this gave each country a separate and distinct political identity, leaving England (83% of the UK population) as the only part of the UK directly ruled in nearly all matters by the UK government in London, although London itself is devolved (see below).

While Scotland and Northern Ireland have always had separate legal systems to England (see Scots law and Northern Ireland law), this has not been the case with Wales (see English law, Welsh law and Contemporary Welsh Law). However, laws concerning the Welsh language, and also the National Assembly for Wales, have created differences between the law in Wales, and the law in England, as they apply in Wales and not in England.

Regarding parliamentary matters, an anomaly called the West Lothian Question had come to the fore as a result of legislative devolution for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland without corresponding legislative devolution for England. Before devolution, for example, purely 'Scottish' legislation was debated at Westminster in a Scottish Grand Committee composed of just those MPs representing Scottish constituencies.

However, legislation was still subject to a vote of the entire House of Commons and this frequently led to legislation being passed despite the majority of Scottish MPs voting against.  (This was especially true during the period of Conservative rule from 1979 to 1997 when the Conservative Party had an overall majority of MPs but only a handful representing Scotland and Wales.)  Now that many Scottish matters are dealt with by the Scottish Parliament, the fact that MPs representing Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland can not vote on those issues as they affect Scotland, but can vote on those same issues as they affect England caused some disquiet. In 2015 English votes for English laws was passed by Westminster to solve this by giving English MPs a veto on legislation.

The Campaign for an English Parliament is a proponent of a separate English parliament.

England in the Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Parliament of the United Kingdom is located at Westminster in London.

The House of Commons
English members of parliament are elected at the same time as those for the rest of the UK. There are 533 English constituencies. Because of their large number, they form an inbuilt majority in the House of Commons. Even though Clause 81 of the Scotland Act 1998 equalised the English and Scottish electoral quota, and thereby reduced the number of Scottish members in the House of Commons from 72 to 59 MPs.

English Grand Committee

For many years an anomaly known as the West Lothian question where MPs from Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are able to vote on matters which only affect England only when those same issues are devolved to their own institutions and has become a major issue in recent years. In May 2015 the Conservative Party won an unexpected overall majority and pledged to commit to a manifesto promise to change parliamentary procedures and create an English Grand Committee to give English MPs a much greater role in issues which affect only England (or England and Wales) as a solution to this issue known as "English Votes for English Laws" (EVEL). On 22 October 2015 following a heated debate in the House of Commons the Conservative Government led by David Cameron by 312 votes to 270 votes approved the proposals which came into effect immediately.

The House of Lords
The House of Lords also has an inbuilt English majority.

Members of the House of Lords who sit by virtue of their ecclesiastical offices are known as the Lords Spiritual. Formerly, the Lords Spiritual comprised a majority in the House of Lords, including the Church of England's archbishops, diocesan bishops, abbots, and priors. After 1539, however, only the archbishops and bishops continued to attend, for the Dissolution of the Monasteries suppressed the positions of abbot and prior. In 1642, during the English Civil War, the Lords Spiritual were excluded altogether, but they returned under the Clergy Act 1661.

The number of Lords Spiritual was further restricted by the Bishopric of Manchester Act 1847, and by later acts. Now, there can be no more than 26 Lords Spiritual in the Lords, but they always include the five most important prelates of the Church: the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Durham, and the Bishop of Winchester. Membership of the House of Lords also extends to the 21 longest-serving other diocesan bishops of the Church of England. The current Lords Spiritual, therefore, represent only the Church of England, although members of other churches and religions are appointed by the Queen as individuals and not ex officio.

England in the Parliament of the European Union

While Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are each treated as single European Parliament constituencies, England itself gets nine European constituencies, out of a total of twelve UK constituencies.  Gibraltar, the only British Overseas Territory that is also part of the European Union, is included in South West England. The current English European constituencies are

'England only' departments of the British Government

Several departments of the British Government have responsibilities for matters affecting England alone:

 The Department for Communities and Local Government.
 The Department for Education is responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19.
 The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is responsible for environmental protection, food production and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England.
 The Department of Health, (DoH) has responsibility for government policy on health, social care and the English National Health Service (NHS).
 The Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted) which is a non-ministerial department headed by Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools in England.

Other departments deal mainly with matters affecting England though they also have some UK wide responsibilities in certain areas;

 The Department for Transport
 The Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Devolution within England

Former regional assemblies

After power was to be devolved to Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales without a counterweight in England, a series of referendums were planned to establish elected regional assemblies in some of the regions. The first was held in London in 1998 and was passed. The London Assembly and Mayor of London of the Greater London Authority were created in 2000.

A referendum was held in North East England on 4 November 2004 but the proposal for an elected assembly was rejected. Plans to hold further referendums in other regions were then cancelled. The remaining eight Partnership Regional Assemblies were abolished in 2010 as part of a Sub-National Review of Economic Development and Regeneration with most of their functions transferring to the relevant Regional Development Agency and to Local Authority Leaders' Boards.

Greater London Authority

Greater London has a certain amount of devolution, with the London Assembly and the directly elected Mayor of London. The Assembly was established on 3 July 2000, after a referendum in which 72% of those voting supported the creation of the Greater London Authority, which included the Assembly along with the Mayor of London. The referendum and establishment were largely contiguous with Scottish and Welsh devolution.

In Greater London, the 32 London borough councils have a status close to that of unitary authorities, but come under the Greater London Authority, which oversees some of the functions performed elsewhere in England by Counties including transport, policing, the fire brigade and also economic development.

The Mayor of London is also referred to as the "London Mayor", a form which helps to avoid confusion with the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the ancient and now mainly ceremonial role in the City of London. The Mayor of London is mayor of Greater London, which has a population of over 7.5 million while the City of London is only a small part of the modern city centre and has a population of less than 10,000.

There is also a London political party, One London, which was represented in the assembly from 2005-8, and is eurosceptic, with roots in the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) and Veritas.

('Devolved Regions' via) Metro Mayors

Localism saw limited return of regional devolution, with devolved powers for (Metro) city expansion and super-councils.

In 2014 it was announced that a Mayor of Greater Manchester would be created as leader of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority, subject to new primary legislation. In 2017 elections were held for Greater Manchester, the Liverpool City Region, the Tees Valley, West of England and the West Midlands as part of the devolution deals allowed by the Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016. The delayed election for the Sheffield City Region followed in May 2018.

Local government

For the purposes of local government, England is divided into as many as four levels of administrative divisions. At some levels, various legislation has created alternative types of administrative division.

Districts in England may also have the status of borough, city or royal borough.

The metropolitan counties were divided into metropolitan districts which are usually called boroughs. When the county councils were abolished the metropolitan districts gained much of their powers and therefore function similar to other unitary authorities.

Shire counties are divided into non-metropolitan districts. Power is shared with the county council, but shared differently from the metropolitan counties when first created.

The civil parish is the most local unit of government in England. Under the legislation that created Greater London, they are not permitted within its boundary. Not all of the rest of England is parished, though the number of parishes and total area parished is growing.

Uniquely English minor political parties

Most of the parties that only operate within England alone tend to be purely interested in English issues, like English Independence or an English Parliament.
Examples include the English Democrats Party, One England, the English People's Party, the English Radical Alliance, the England First Party, and the English independence Party.

Change of major UK Parties towards England

The Green Party of England and Wales has had an amicable split from Scottish counterpart, and the Wales Green Party section is becoming increasingly autonomous.

The Conservative Party adopted a policy of English Votes on English Legislation (EVoEL), to prevent non-English constituency MPs voting on exclusively English legislation.  Despite 'One Nation' Conservativism, some have flirted  with devolution factors like the Barnett-Formula.

The British Labour Party have devolved sub-parties for Scotland (clashed over intellectual property) and Wales. Labour tried unsuccessfully to devolve power to the Regions of England, on the basis of England being dis-proportionately large as a single entity within the United Kingdom. Lord Falconer, a Scottish peer claimed a devolved English parliament would dwarf the rest of the United Kingdom.

The Liberal Democrats (UK) have nominally separate Scottish, Welsh and English parties.

In spite of seeking Independence of the United Kingdom from the European Union, both UK Independence Party and the Brexit Party do not support further onward devolution to England, although support scrapping the Barnett-Formula.

Church of England

The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England. Queen Elizabeth II is the official head of the church, with the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England, while the Archbishop of Canterbury is the head clergyman.  The canon law of the Church of England states, "We acknowledge that the Queen's most excellent Majesty, acting according to the laws of the realm, is the highest power under God in this kingdom, and has supreme authority over all persons in all causes, as well ecclesiastical as civil."  In practice this power is often exercised through Parliament and the Prime Minister.

Of the forty-four diocesan archbishops and bishops in the Church of England, only twenty-six are permitted to sit in the House of Lords. The Archbishops of Canterbury and York automatically have seats, as do the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester. The remaining twenty-one seats are filled in order of seniority by consecration. It may take a diocesan bishop a number of years to reach the House of Lords, at which point he becomes a Lord Spiritual.

Status of Monmouthshire

The historic county of Monmouthshire, lying in the Welsh Marches (the Anglo-Welsh border), is a bone of contention for some English nationalists. Although the county is now mostly in Wales, to add to the confusion, Welsh Bicknor was an exclave of the county, and is in Herefordshire (England). The Welsh Border has historically been more fluid than the Anglo-Scottish border

Monmouthshire's Welsh status was ambiguous until relatively recently, with it often thought of as part of England.  The entirety of Wales was made part of the Kingdom of England by the Statute of Rhuddlan, but did not adopt the same civil governance system, with the area of Monmouthshire being under the control of Marcher Lords.

The Laws in Wales Act 1535 integrated Wales directly into the English legal system and the "Lordships Marchers within the said Country or Dominion of Wales" were allocated to existing and new shires. Some lordships were annexed to existing counties in England and some were annexed to existing counties in Wales, with the remainder being divided up into new counties. Despite Monmouthshire being a new county, it was given two Knights of the Shire in common with existing counties in England, rather than one as in the counties in Wales.

The relevant section of the Act states that "one Knight shall be chosen and elected to the same Parliaments for every of the Shires of Brecknock, Radnor, Montgomery and Denbigh, and for every other Shire within the said Country of Dominion of Wales". As Monmouthshire was dealt with separately it cannot be taken to be a shire "within the said Country of Dominion of Wales". The Laws in Wales Act 1542 specifically enumerates the Welsh counties as twelve in number, excluding Monmouthshire from the count.

The issue was finally clarified in law by the Local Government Act 1972, which provided that "in every act passed on or after 1 April  1974, and in every instrument made on or after that date under any enactment (whether before, on or after that date) "Wales", subject to any alterations of boundaries..." included "the administrative county of Monmouthshire and the county borough of Newport". The name passed onto a district of Gwent between 1974 and 1996, and on 1 April 1996, a local government principal area named Monmouthshire, covering the eastern 60% of the historic county, was created.

However, the issue has not gone completely away, and the English Democrats nominated candidates for the 2007 Welsh Assembly elections in three of six constituencies in the area of the historic county with a view to promoting a referendum on 'Letting Monmouthshire Decide' whether it wished to be part of Wales or England. The party received between 2.2% and 2.7% of the vote (a much lower total than Plaid Cymru) and failed to have any members elected.

Status of Berwick-upon-Tweed

The status of Berwick, north of the River Tweed is controversial, especially amongst Scottish nationalists. Berwick remained a county in its own right until 1885, when it was included in Northumberland for Parliamentary purposes. The Interpretation Act 1978 provides that in legislation passed between 1967 and 1974, "a reference to England includes Berwick upon Tweed and Monmouthshire".

In 2008, SNP MSP Christine Grahame made calls in the Scottish Parliament for Berwick to become part of Scotland again, saying

"Even the Berwick-upon-Tweed Borough Council leader, who is a Liberal Democrat, backs the idea and others see the merits of reunification with Scotland."

However, Alan Beith, the Liberal Democrat MP for Berwick, said the move would require a massive legal upheaval and is not realistic. However he is contradicted by another member of his party, the Liberal Democrat MSP Jeremy Purvis, who was born and brought up in Berwick. Purvis has asked for the border to be moved twenty miles south (i.e., south of the Tweed) to include Berwick borough council rather than just the town, and has said:

"There's a strong feeling that Berwick should be in Scotland, Until recently, I had a gran in Berwick and another in Kelso, and they could see that there were better public services in Scotland. Berwick as a borough council is going to be abolished and it would then be run from Morpeth, more than 30 miles away.".

According to a poll conducted by a TV company, 60% of residents favoured Berwick rejoining Scotland.

Status of Cornwall

Most English people and the UK government regard Cornwall as a county of England, but Cornish nationalists believe that the Duchy of Cornwall has a status deserving greater autonomy. Campaigners including Mebyon Kernow, a Cornish nationalist party, and all five Cornish Liberal Democrat MPs oppose participation in the South West Regional Assembly alongside Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Somerset and Wiltshire in favour of a democratically elected Cornish Assembly.

See also

 National Health Service in England
 Outline of England
 List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
 Political parties in England
 Politics of Scotland
 Politics of Wales
 Politics of Northern Ireland
 Politics of Guernsey
 Politics of Jersey
 Politics of the Isle of Man
 Politics of the European Union
 Duchy of Lancaster
 Duchy of Cornwall

Sources

Footnotes

References


Dreamhunter

Dreamhunter may refer to:
 Dreamhunter (album), an album by the Swedish rock band Treat
 Dreamhunter (band), a Swedish melodic rock band
Dreamhunter, book one of the Dreamhunter Duet


Feed horn

In parabolic antennas such as satellite dishes, a feed horn (or feedhorn) is a small horn antenna used to convey radio waves between the transmitter and/or receiver and the parabolic reflector.  In transmitting antennas, it is connected to the transmitter and converts the radio frequency alternating current from the transmitter to radio waves and feeds them to the rest of the antenna, which focuses them into a beam.  In receiving antennas, incoming radio waves are gathered and focused by the antenna's reflector on the feed horn, which converts them to a tiny radio frequency voltage which is amplified by the receiver.  Feed horns are used mainly at microwave (SHF) and higher frequencies.

The feedhorn also selects the polarization of the waves to be received, which helps to attenuate unwanted signals from adjacent channels and transponders, and from other communications satellites at nearby orbital positions.  This can be either horizontal or vertical if the polarization is linear, or clockwise or counterclockwise (also called left- and right-handed) if it is circular.  Certain devices can also allow a feedhorn to accept both linear and circular, though these cause a slight insertion loss to all incoming signals.

When used with a parabolic reflector or lens antenna, the phase center of the horn is usually placed at the focal point of the reflector, with the  of the horn's radiation pattern set to be at the edge of the reflector.  On a satellite dish, the feedhorn is what is mounted at the end of a mast from the center of the dish, or on tripod legs mounted to the edge of the dish.

In satellite dishes, part of the receiver electronics, the RF front end, is usually mounted in a box just behind the feed horn.  This converts the high satellite microwave downlink frequencies to a lower frequency so it can be more easily sent through the coaxial cable feedline to the receiver inside the building.  This is called the low-noise block downconverter (LNB), and the unit consisting of the horn plus the converter is called the  LNB with feedhorn (LNBF).

See also
 Horn antenna
 Focal cloud

Category:Radio frequency antenna types
Category:Satellite broadcasting
Category:Antennas (radio)

pl:Konwerter satelitarny


Restinga tyrannulet

The restinga tyrannulet (Phylloscartes kronei) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers.
It is endemic to Brazil, on the south Atlantic coast centered on the state of Paraná in a 150 km wide coastal strip.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

References

External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet.
Restinga tyrannulet videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Restinga tyrannulet photo gallery VIREO

restinga tyrannulet
Category:Birds of the Atlantic Forest
Category:Endemic birds of Brazil
restinga tyrannulet
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


South End of Stamford

The South End of Stamford, Connecticut is a rapidly growing neighborhood located at the southern end of the city, just south of the Downtown neighborhood. It is expected to be greatly changed with redevelopment over the next decade, including the massive Harbor Point redevelopment. The South End is a peninsula bordered by Stamford's Central Business District and Interstate 95 to the North and almost totally by water on all other sides (Stamford Canal to the East and the Rippowam River to the West), with few streets linking it to other neighborhoods. It contains some industrial tracts, several old factory buildings, many small homes and apartment buildings, and a number of office buildings.  Most of the neighborhood has been designated as the South End Historic District which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A high-risk flood zone, Stamford's South End is the location of the Stamford Hurricane Protection Barrier, operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Historic district
The South End Historic District covers a  area of the South End neighborhood. The district includes 449 buildings, most dating from the 1870s to the 1930s, and also "an early naturalistic cemetery, and an iron bridge."

The Yale & Towne Lock Works was a major manufacturer which, along with other industry in the area, provided employment and shaped the neighborhood. The oldest structure in the district is the Peter DeMill House. Other notable buildings are Number 715 on Atlantic Street, a tenement building, and the Holy Name Rectory. The historic district includes the Pulaski Street Bridge, a wrought-iron lenticular through-truss bridge over the Rippowam River.

History
The South End was one of the first sections of Stamford to be cleared and held in common by the original settlers from 1641 to 1665. By 1699 it and other sections of the town had been apportioned to individual land owners.

"The area of Stamford known for many years as Hoytville was owned by George Hoyt, a real estate agent and the largest property owner in the city in the 1870s," wrote Susan Nova in an article in The Advocate of Stamford. The South End was the manufacturing heart of the city in the nineteenth through mid-twentieth centuries.
Most of the South End, previously owned by Greenwich-based Antares, which began a multi-use project on  "...abruptly handed the project it spearheaded to Building and Land Technology L.L.C. BLT signed on to the $3 billion-plus project earlier [in 2008] as a co-developer, and announced a $200 million recapitalization of the project," according to the Fairfield County Business Journal. "They showed great vision in assembling and entitling such an extraordinary piece of ground," said Carl Kuehner III, chief executive of BLT, in a prepared statement announcing the change. "Harbor Point incorporates the best in innovative urban design, community planning and technologically advanced environmental design."

Linus Yale Jr. introduced some combination safe locks and key-operated cylinder locks around 1862. Then in 1868, he and Henry Robinson Towne founded the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company in the South End to produce cylinder locks. Yale died later that year. The Yale & Towne lock company manufactured locks there (giving Stamford its early nickname, "Lock City"). And other manufacturing businesses were sited there.

In 1938, the neighborhood was severely flooded by a hurricane that swept through southern New England. Since then, barriers have been constructed in Stamford Harbor to prevent similar flooding. About 600 acres of downtown Stamford is now protected by a two-mile-long barrier system built in 1969 by the Army Corps of Engineers, that "helped prevent about $25 million in damage" during the 11 food storm surge of Hurricane Sandy.

As of 2018, many corporations have moved to Stamford's South End, particularly in the Harbor Point area. Major corporate headquarters include Charter Communications, KAYAK.com, Starwood Hotels & Resorts (now a major Marriott International office), Design With Reach, Centerplate, Thomson Reuters, Daymon Worldwide, High Ridge Brands, and Rhone Apparel, as well as major offices of Bridgewater Associates, and McKinsey & Company.

Pitney Bowes

The Pitney Bowes Corporation has a long history in the South End. In 1917, Walter Bowes moved his operations there, and in 1920 combined his firm with another to form Pitney Bowes. The company had manufacturing operations in the neighborhood for decades and its  corporate headquarters is located at the southern end of the triangular peninsula at 1 Elmcroft Road, where about 550 people worked. Pitney Bowes sold their headquarters building to BLT in 2015, and moved their headquarters to Summer Street in Stamford. The building has been re branded as Silicon Harbor to attract startups to the area.

April 2006 fire
The biggest fire in Stamford's history started on April 3, 2006 in Building 15 of the old Yale & Towne factory buildings. The fire spread to another,  building housing several antiques dealers. Dark clouds of smoke formed over the scene, visible from miles away. About 200 residents from homes on Pacific and Henry streets were evacuated. The biggest casualty was a firefighter who suffered a minor knee sprain.

Stamford Fire Rescue Department Firefighters used 1 million gallons of water in three hours. Then the water mains ran out and water from the nearby harbor had to be pumped in to douse the flames. The fire department spent $25,000 in overtime to put out the fire.

The complex at 735 Canal Street had been rented out by Antares Investment Partners of Greenwich to various businesses, including about 100 antiques dealers.

The blaze started as a fire on a workbench in a piano shop, although city fire marshals never determined the exact cause. City investigators found Antares had not fixed the sprinkler system, although it knew the system was broken when it bought the building in October 2005 from Heyman Properties of Westport. To fix it would have required cutting off the heat in the building as a new heating system was installed, and Antares was waiting until later in the spring or summer for that, Bruce Macleod, operations chief at Antares, had said, according to The Advocate, Stamford's daily newspaper. Heyman officials knew of the sprinkler system problems "and did nothing to fix them for years, the city's chief fire marshal said in April," The Advocate reported. The sprinkler system had broken in the 1990s, when heat was turned off in vacant parts of the building, causing water in the sprinkler system to freeze, cracking the pipes.

The antiques dealers filed a class-action lawsuit against Antares and the piano shop in July 2006.

Redevelopment plans

The Stamford train station and train tracks, along with Interstate 95, separate the South End from Downtown Stamford. Since 2000, real estate near train stations in southwestern Connecticut has been recognized as valuable for office and residential space, and plans are underway for several office buildings near the station in the South End.

In 2008, Building and Land Technology (BLT) purchased , roughly the northern half of the South End, including both the old Yale & Towne site and the site of the former coal gasification plant off Washington Boulevard from Antares. The "Lofts at Yale and Towne", as they are now called, opened in May 2010, on property that once was part of the Yale lock factory located on Henry Street. In mid to late 2010 buildings at 100 and 101 Washington Boulevard were completed and are now home to the luxury apartment complex 101 Park Place and the new office headquarters of Building and Land Technology.

The  Yale & Town site will have  of retail space in new buildings off Canal Street, along with the 225 apartments at the "Lofts at Yale and Towne" located in a century-old, six-story factory building on Henry Street, according to plans Antares presented to the city Zoning Board in early 2007.

About 4,000 housing units are planned for the development, along with some retail and office space. Antares had originally said the retail space in its plans was only to service the South End neighborhood, but in summer of 2006 it submitted a proposal to the city Planning Board for . The Downtown Special Services District objected, and officials of that organization told the Planning Board at a hearing on August 10, 2006 that the retail space could hurt Downtown stores.

In 2009, Pitney Bowes paid an engineering consultant to study traffic in the South End, particularly in connection with plans for new office buildings and residences. According to the study, the new developments will clog traffic in the neighborhood, even with the planned improvements to Washington Boulevard and Atlantic Street (including reconstruction of the railroad underpasses of Atlantic and Canal streets) in the South End.

Fire Department
The Stamford Fire Rescue Department's Fire Station # 2 serves the neighborhood.

In popular culture
 Part of Elia Kazan's 1947 film Boomerang was shot in the South End, particularly at St. Luke's Chapel, and nearly all of the rest of the movie was shot in Stamford, especially the Downtown section.
The musicians Moby and Battery Jackson once lived in some of the abandoned factory space in the South End.

In the South End

Koscusko Park, a city park — at the southern tip of the peninsula
CTE Inc., an anti-poverty agency  — 34 Woodlawn Avenue
South End Branch of Ferguson Library — 34 Woodlawn Avenue
Ponus Yacht Club
Woodlawn Cemetery, a large, old cemetery — in the southeast part of the neighborhood

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Stamford, Connecticut

Footnotes

External links

In the South End
South End Neighborhood Revitalization Zone
Ponus Yacht Club
CTE Inc., an anti-poverty agency
Ferguson Library South End Branch

In Stamford
City of Stamford
Stamford Historical Society

Category:Geography of Stamford, Connecticut
Category:Neighborhoods in Connecticut
Category:Peninsulas of Connecticut
Category:Landforms of Fairfield County, Connecticut
Category:Historic districts in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut


Integrated Data Viewer

The Integrated Data Viewer (IDV) from Unidata/UCAR is a Java based software framework for analyzing and visualizing geoscience data. The IDV release includes a software library and a reference application made from that software. It uses the VisAD library and other Java-based utility packages.

The IDV is developed at the Unidata Program Center (UPC), part of the
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
which is funded by the National Science Foundation. The software is freely available under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License.

Bibliography
 D. Murray, J. McWhirter, S. Wier, S. Emmerson, The Integrated Data Viewer: A Web-enabled application for scientific analysis and visualization, Preprints, 19th Int. Conf. on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, Long Beach, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 13.2.

External links
The IDV Homepage

Category:3D graphics software
Category:Earth sciences graphics software


S.R. Fatepuria College

S.R. Fatepuria College, established in 1965, is a general degree college in Murshidabad district. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. It is affiliated with the University of Kalyani. It also offers post graduate degrees in distance mode under Kalyani University.

Departments

Science

Chemistry
Physics
Mathematics

Arts and Commerce

Bengali
English
Sanskrit
Arabic
History
Geography
Political Science
Philosophy
Physical Education
Education
Economics
Commerce

Accreditation
The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

References

Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Kalyani
Category:Educational institutions established in 1965
Category:Universities and colleges in Murshidabad district


Huluganga Town

Huluganga Town is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.

See also
List of towns in Central Province, Sri Lanka

External links
Department of Census and Statistics -Sri Lanka

Category:Populated places in Central Province, Sri Lanka


Iain MacKay (politician)

Iain MacKay (born 1942) is a Canadian former politician, who was the first leader of the Yukon Liberal Party and the first Leader of the Opposition in Yukon.

MacKay, a chartered accountant, led the Liberal Party into the 1978 election, the territory's first-ever partisan legislative election, and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Yukon as MLA for Whitehorse Riverdale South. Even though his party lost the election overall, he was ironically the only one of the three party leaders to win his own seat, as both Hilda Watson of the Yukon Progressive Conservative Party and Fred Berger of the Yukon New Democratic Party were defeated in their own districts.

He resigned as MLA and party leader in 1980, and was succeeded in both roles by Ron Veale.

MacKay subsequently moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, where he continued to work as an accountant, was active in the BC Liberal Party, and served as a board member of various charitable foundations.

References

Category:1942 births
Category:Living people
Category:Yukon Liberal Party MLAs
Category:Yukon Liberal Party leaders
Category:English emigrants to Canada


Pseudocellus pearsei

Pseudocellus pearsei is an arachnid species in the order Ricinulei. It occurs in caves in Yucatan, Mexico.

References

 Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938 : Arachnida of the orders Pedipalpida, Scorpionida and Ricinulida. Fauna of the caves of Yucatan, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, n. 491, p. 101-107

Category:Animals described in 1938
Category:Ricinulei
Category:Endemic fauna of Mexico
Category:Cave arachnids
Category:Arthropods of Mexico


Ocean dynamics

Ocean dynamics define and describe the motion of water within the oceans.  Ocean temperature and motion fields can be separated into three distinct layers: mixed (surface) layer, upper ocean (above the thermocline), and deep ocean.

Ocean dynamics has traditionally been investigated by sampling from instruments in situ.

The mixed layer is nearest to the surface and can vary in thickness from 10 to 500 meters.  This layer has properties such as temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen which are uniform with depth reflecting a history of active turbulence (the atmosphere has an analogous planetary boundary layer). Turbulence is high in the mixed layer.  However, it becomes zero at the base of the mixed layer. Turbulence again increases below the base of the mixed layer due to shear instabilities. At extratropical latitudes this layer is deepest in late winter as a result of surface cooling and winter storms and quite shallow in summer. Its dynamics is governed by turbulent mixing as well as Ekman transport, exchanges with the overlying atmosphere, and horizontal advection.

The upper ocean, characterized by warm temperatures and active motion, varies in depth from 100 m or less in the tropics and eastern oceans to in excess of 800 meters in the western subtropical oceans.  This layer exchanges properties such as heat and freshwater with the atmosphere on timescales of a few years.  Below the mixed layer the upper ocean is generally governed by the hydrostatic and geostrophic relationships.  Exceptions include the deep tropics and coastal regions.

The deep ocean is both cold and dark with generally weak velocities (although limited areas of the deep ocean are known to have significant recirculations).  The deep ocean is supplied with water from the upper ocean in only a few limited geographical regions: the subpolar North Atlantic and several sinking regions around the Antarctic. Because of the weak supply of water to the deep ocean the average residence time of water in the deep ocean is measured in hundreds of years.  In this layer as well the hydrostatic and geostrophic relationships are generally valid and mixing is generally quite weak.

Primitive equations
Ocean dynamics are governed by Newton's equations of motion expressed as the Navier-Stokes equations for a fluid element located at (x,y,z) on the surface of our rotating planet and moving at velocity (u,v,w) relative to that surface:

 the zonal momentum equation:

 the meridional momentum equation:

 the  vertical momentum equation (assumes the ocean is in hydrostatic balance):

 the continuity equation (assumes the ocean is incompressible):

 the temperature equation:
.

 the salinity equation:
.

Here "u" is zonal velocity, "v" is meridional velocity, "w" is vertical velocity, "p" is pressure, "ρ" is density, "T" is temperature, "S" is salinity, "g" is acceleration due to gravity, "τ" is wind stress, and "f" is the Coriolis parameter. "Q" is the heat input to the ocean, while "P-E" is the freshwater input to the ocean.

Mixed layer dynamics

Mixed layer dynamics are quite complicated; however, in some regions some simplifications are possible.  The wind-driven horizontal transport in the mixed layer is approximately described by Ekman Layer dynamics in which vertical diffusion of momentum balances the Coriolis effect and wind stress.  This Ekman transport is superimposed on geostrophic flow associated with horizontal gradients of density.

Upper ocean dynamics

Horizontal convergences and divergences within the mixed layer due, for example, to Ekman transport convergence imposes a requirement that ocean below the mixed layer must move fluid particles vertically.  But one of the implications of the geostrophic relationship is that the magnitude of horizontal motion must greatly exceed the magnitude of vertical motion.  Thus the weak vertical velocities associated with Ekman transport convergence (measured in meters per day) cause horizontal motion with speeds of 10 centimeters per second or more.  The mathematical relationship between vertical and horizontal velocities can be derived by expressing the idea of conservation of angular momentum for a fluid on a rotating sphere.  This relationship (with a couple of additional approximations) is known to oceanographers as the Sverdrup relation. Among its implications is the result that the horizontal convergence of Ekman transport observed to occur in the subtropical North Atlantic and Pacific forces southward flow throughout the interior of these two oceans.  Western boundary currents (the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio) exist in order to return water to higher latitude.

References

Category:Ocean currents
Category:Dynamics (mechanics)
Category:Marine energy
Category:Water waves
Category:Oceanographical terminology


Tell Me Who You Are (Malene song)

"Tell Me Who You Are" was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, performed in English by Malene.

The song was performed in Danish at Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 2002, titled "Vis mig hvem du er".

The song was performed fourteenth on the night, following Finland's Laura with "Addicted To You" and preceding Bosnia and Herzegovina's Maja Tatić with "Na jastuku za dvoje". At the close of voting, it had received 7 points, placing 24th (last) in a field of 24. This is the worst result Denmark has ever had. For her Eurovision appearance, Malene wore a red top and skirt.

The song is a plea from a woman to her lover for him to "tell me who you are" in order to help them move forwards in their relationship.

Due to the poor placing, Denmark was not invited to participate in the 2003 contest, but was permitted to return in the next year's show. Thus, it was succeeded as Danish representative at the 2004 contest by Thomas Thordarsson with "Shame on You".

Chart positions

References

Category:Eurovision songs of Denmark
Category:Eurovision songs of 2002
Category:2002 songs


Taspine

Taspine is an alkaloid which acts as a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and cicatrizant. It is found in various plants including Magnolia x soulangeana and Croton lechleri.

The first total synthesis was reported by T. Ross Kelly and Roger L. Xie in 1998.

References

Category:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Category:Alkaloids found in Euphorbiaceae
Category:Lactones


Ascozonus

Ascozonus is a genus of fungi in the Thelebolaceae family.

References

External links
Index Fungorum

Category:Leotiomycetes


PDVVP

The Padmashri Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil College Of Engineering, mostly known as P.D.V.V.P. College of Engineering Ahmednagar. was established in 1983 in the Ahmednagar industrial area. It offers   undergraduate and postgraduate courses Its UG courses are accredited by National Board of Accreditation, New Delhi.

The institution is affiliated to University of Pune, recognized by the Government of Maharashtra & approved by AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education), New Delhi.>

References

Category:Engineering colleges in Maharashtra
Category:Education in Ahmednagar district
Category:Ahmednagar
Category:1983 establishments in India
Category:Educational institutions established in 1983


Charles Reid

Charles Reid may refer to:
Charles Reid (rugby union), Scottish rugby player
Charles Reid (snowboarder) (born 1990), Canadian snowboarder
Charles C. Reid (1868–1922), U.S. Representative from Arkansas
Chip Reid, American news reporter
Tony Reid (Charles Anthony Reid, born 1962), Barbados-born American former cricketer
Charles Reid (photographer) (1837–1929), Scottish photographer
Charles Warwick Reid, Hong Kong Prosecutor who was convicted of corruption

See also
Charlie Reid (disambiguation)
Charles Reed (disambiguation)
Charles Read (disambiguation)
Charles Reade (disambiguation)


William Frank McCall Jr.

William Frank McCall Jr., FAIA (April 14, 1916 – March 12, 1991) was a noted architect who—like his colleagues, Edward Vason Jones, James Means, Philip Shutze, et al.—practiced in the classical tradition.  Born April 14, 1916, in Gainesville, Florida, McCall later lived briefly in Albany, Georgia, and moved to Moultrie, Georgia, in 1922.  After receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree from Alabama Polytechnic Institute (later Auburn University), McCall practiced with Miller, Martin, and Lewis Architects, Birmingham, AL, 1938-1941.  After a tour of duty with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the South Pacific during World War II, McCall joined the firm of W. Elliott Dunwody Jr. in Macon, Georgia.  After 1957, McCall opened his own practice in Moultrie where he remained until his death on March 12, 1991.

As a prolific architect, McCall was known for his unerring sense of proportion, scale, and detailing.  He enjoyed a large following from the Sea Island colony—a prestigious resort on the Georgia coast—much as Addison Mizner's following in Palm Beach, FL.  He handled non-residential work with equal style and sensitivity and tutored an impressive number of talented draftsmen/architects who later gained fame after their tenure with McCall's Moultrie practice.

In 1984, McCall was named a fellow of the American Institute of Architects (AIA).  He often cited classical architects David Adler and Philip Shutze as his source of inspiration and in May, 1986, he was awarded the Arthur Ross Award by Classical America.  The award, presented by Kitty Carlisle Hart, was the same award given to Philip Shutze four years earlier.

References
 The Architecture of William Frank McCall Jr., FAIA:  A Complete Designer In The Classical Tradition by William R. Mitchell Jr. (Golden Coast Publishing Co., Savannah, c. 1985)
A Continuing Tradition:  McCall, Wm. Frank McCall Jr., FAIA 1914-1991 (Golden Coast Publishing Co., Savannah, c. 1992).

Category:1916 births
Category:1991 deaths
Category:Auburn University alumni
Category:20th-century American architects


Francisco Páez (singer)

Francisco Páez is a Guatemalan singer and songwriter. He is the vocalist for the rock/pop Latino band Malacates Trébol Shop.

Páez began playing the guitar as a youth. He attended college and eventually became an architect. Páez currently lives in Guatemala City, where he continues his musical career.

References

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Guatemalan male singer-songwriters
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Guatemalan architects
Category:People from Guatemala City


Thyroidologist

A thyroidologist is a medical practitioner specializing in the thyroid and related areas.

In the United States it refers to a board certified endocrinologist physician, who is either a full time academician with multiple responsibilities beside thyroid patient care, or a clinical thyroidologist. A clinical thyroidologist is a board certified endocrinologist, who cares for a majority of thyroid patients, with few patients experiencing other endocrine conditions. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) developed the ENDOCRINE CERTIFICATION IN NECK ULTRASOUND (ECNU) program. ECNU is a professional certification in the field of neck ultrasonography for Endocrinologists, Thyroidologists, and Thyroidology practices. Those certified in the field perform consultations and diagnostic evaluations for thyroid and parathyroid disorders through both diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (UGFNA). ECNU is seen as a distinguished certification, which increases public and patient confidence in thyroid ultrasound practice. These clinical thyroidologists also take on the role of interventional thyroid radiologists, and specialize in non-surgical procedures such as ablation therapy for thyroid and parathyroid cysts and recurrent neck thyroid cancer lymph nodes. This is also known as Ethanol ablation EA, or PEI.

Physicians and medical practitioners who hold the distinction of Endocrine Certification in Neck Ultrasound (ECNU) professional certification are highly specialized thyroidologists in the field of neck ultrasonography. They perform consultations and diagnostic evaluations for thyroid and parathyroid disorders through both diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (UGFNA).

References

Category:Health care occupations
Category:Thyroid disease


William Bryan (North Carolina politician)

William Bryan (17251781) was a Brigadier General over the New Bern District Brigade in the North Carolina militia during the American Revolution.  He was also active in North Carolina politics and was a delegate to North Carolina's Third Provincial Congress in Hillsborough in August 1775 and represented Johnston County, North Carolina in the North Carolina House of Commons in 17781779.

Early life
He was born on October 23, 1724, in Bertie Precinct, North Carolina.   His parents were Needham Bryan and Anne Rombeau.  In 1744, he married Elizabeth Smith with whom he had nine children:  Lewis, William M., Arthur, Elizabeth, Hardy, Blake, Esther, Susannah, and John.

He was a delegate to the North Carolina Provincial Congress when it met in Hillsborough in August 1775.  He was later elected to represent Johnston County in the North Carolina House of Commons in the 17781779 legislative session.  He served on the Committee of Correspondence of the legislature and was also a local justice of the peace.

Military Service
He was appointed as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Johnston County Regiment of the North Carolina militia under Colonel Needham Bryan on September 9, 1775.  He saw action at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge on February 27, 1776, with this regiment.  On April 22, 1776, he was promoted to colonel as commandant of the Johnston County Regiment after Colonel Needham Bryan resigned his commission.

On April 22, 1776, he was appointed as brigadier general and commander of the New Bern District Brigade when General Richard Caswell left this position to become the first governor of North Carolina.  He led the brigade at the Battle of Brier Creek in Georgia on March 3, 1779.  He resigned his commission on April 27, 1779, and returned to life as a civilian politician, except for a short re-activation as commander of the Johnston County Regiment at the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 15, 1781.

Death
He died in Johnston County, North Carolina, on November 28, 1781.  Some biographers say that he and his son Lewis were poisoned by one of his slaves.  The Johnston County Court minutes for November 1780 give an account of the trial and conviction of a slave named Jenny, who poisoned Needham Bryan and other members of his family.  Jenny was burned at the stake in Smithfield, North Carolina, for the murders of three members of the Bryan family.

References

Category:Members of the North Carolina Provincial Congresses
Category:Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Category:North Carolina militiamen in the American Revolution
Category:People from Johnston County, North Carolina
Category:Militia generals in the American Revolution
Category:1724 births
Category:1781 deaths
Category:18th-century American politicians


Robopon Sun, Star, and Moon Versions

Robopon Sun, Star and Moon Versions, or in Japan  are handheld role-playing video games for Nintendo's Game Boy Color. Of the three games, only Sun was released in North America on December 4, 2000 by Atlus, while their original Japan releases were by Hudson Soft. The games focus on a boy named Cody (his default name) and his adventures on his island with his robotic friends. They mostly resemble the Pokémon series of video games, but also bear similarities to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game Robotrek, published by Enix (now Square Enix).

Story

Within Robopon Sun, Star, and Moon versions, the player assumes the role of a child named Cody, whose grandpa is retiring and gives him the family business, a Robopon Dispatching Company. Cody travels around Porombo Island collecting Robopon and battling against the "Legend 7", the top-ranked Robopon collectors on the island. Each time Cody successfully beats one of the Legend 7, he takes his or her place in the ranking system.

Gameplay

Gameplay revolves around collecting, software upgrading, equipment swapping, and battling robotic characters in a similar manner to the Pokémon game series.  To power up the Robopon, the player could add software and parts to them. Parts had varying amounts of space to store software and determined what sort of attacks the Robopon could use. For example, a Robopon could have an "Armgun" or a "Punch" part, and this software adds certain elements to the attacks. Furthermore, software could be added onto other parts, creating more powerful additions. For example, by equipping a "Thunder" software to a "Punch" part, the Robopon would be able to use "Thunderpunch". Software could also be mixed together to create special attacks - by mixing "Fire" and "Thunder" software, the Robopon would have the special move "Zapp!!". This software could also be removed. If you did so, the attack abilities it gave the Robopon would be removed as well. Because only Sun was released in the US, not all of the original 153 Robopon were available because the others were located on the Star Version that was never produced in the US.

Robopon cartridges have an Infrared panel on their top edge that allows them to trade information using waves much like a TV or VCR remote, allowing the cartridge to react to different objects. For example, pointing a remote control at the cartridges and pressing a button might boost the Robopons stats, or open a chest within the games. This feature was called the "GB Kiss". The game included over 150 different Robopon to use, with the first 2 releases and then over 168, with the release of Moon version, though some had to be upgraded, similar to Pokémon's evolution stages. The Robopon were classified as either Arm, Move, or Boot. Arm tended to have high offense, Move were fast, and Boot had the highest stats overall. Boot Robopon could not have their parts or software changed.

Japanese Releases

While the USA only received the Sun Version, the Japanese first had the two main releases, then nearly a year later got the Moon Version, release. The Japanese version of the GB Kiss features a letter writing/sending feature, that can be accessed from the main menu, which can also send messages over the telephone. While for the USA release, only the sending Robopon feature is included on the GB Kiss. These versions are also compatible with the Japanese exclusive game Robot Ponkottsu 64: Nanatsu no Umi no Caramel with the Nintendo 64's Transfer Pak Yet another version, Robot Ponkottsu: Comic Bom Bom Special Version''', was released in Japan on December 24, 1999.

Sequels
Two Game Boy Advance sequels were made; Robopon 2 Cross Version and Robopon 2 Ring Version, in a manner similar to that of the release patterns of different generations of Pokémon games. These games stars Cody traveling to another island but forgetting his Robopon. Subsequently, he has to find new Robopon, but instead of catching them he has to make them by finding different types of batteries and combining them in a method known as "Sparking". The game featured four-on-four battles, where all the Robopon the player had on him would battle against four opponent Robopon.

A Robopon game called Robot Ponkottsu 64: Nanatsu no Umi no Caramel was made for the Nintendo 64 but was never released outside Japan.

Manga
There were three manga series Robot Ponkots (ロボットポンコッツ), Robot Ponkots 2 (ロボットポンコッツ2), and Robot Ponkots Go! (ロボットポンコッツ豪!) created by Wataru Tamori which were all serialized in Comic Bom Bom from the late 1990s to early 2000s. They are unusually risque for children's manga, as the majority of the female characters are depicted as having enormous breasts.

Reception
The game received a 7.0 from IGN, stating that it was a decent game, but played like a clone of Pokémon''. The game received a 3 out of 5 from Nintendo Power.

References

External links

Category:1998 video games
Category:Atlus games
Category:Game Boy Color games
Category:Game Boy Color-only games
Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games
Category:Hudson Soft games
Category:Robopon
Category:Konami franchises
Category:Video games about robots
Category:Role-playing video games
Category:Video games developed in Japan
Category:Video games with alternate versions


Pavel Kondr

Pavel Kondr (born 25 March 1942) is a former Czech cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1942 births
Category:Living people
Category:Czech male cyclists
Category:Olympic cyclists of Czechoslovakia
Category:Cyclists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Plzeň


Zhairi

Zhairi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ben Zhairi (born 1992), Israeli footballer
Liroy Zhairi (born 1989), Israeli footballer


Pyrography

Pyrography or pyrogravure is the free handed art of decorating wood or other materials with burn marks resulting from the controlled application of a heated object such as a poker. It is also known as pokerwork or wood burning.

The term means "writing with fire", from the Greek pur (fire) and graphos (writing). It can be practiced using specialized modern pyrography tools, or using a metal implement heated in a fire, or even sunlight concentrated with a magnifying lens.  "Pyrography dates from the 17th century and reached its highest standard in the 19th century. In its crude form it is pokerwork."

A large range of tones and shades can be achieved. Varying the type of tip used, the temperature, or the way the iron is applied to the material all create different effects. After the design is burned in, wooden objects are often coloured. Light-coloured hardwoods such as sycamore, basswood, beech and birch are most commonly used, as their fine grain is not obtrusive. However, other woods, such as maple, pine or oak, are also used. Pyrography is also applied to leather items, using the same hot-iron technique. Leather lends itself to bold designs, and also allows very subtle shading to be achieved. Specialist vegetable-tanned leather must be used for pyrography (as modern tanning methods leave chemicals in the leather which are toxic when burned), typically in light colours for good contrast.

Pyrography is also popular among gourd crafters and artists, where designs are burned onto the exterior of a dried hard-shell gourd.

History

The process has been practiced by a number of cultures including the Egyptians and some African tribes since the dawn of recorded history. Pyrographer Robert Boyer hypothesizes that the art form dates back to prehistory when early humans created designs using the charred remains of their fires. It was known in China from the time of the Han dynasty, where it was known as "Fire Needle Embroidery". During the Victorian era, the invention of pyrography machines sparked a widespread interest in the craft, and it was at this time that the term "pyrography" was coined (previously the name "pokerwork" had been most widely used) In the late 19th century, a Melbourne architect by the name of Alfred Smart discovered that water-based paint could be applied hot to wood by pumping benzoline fumes through a heated hollow platinum pencil. This improved the pokerwork process by allowing the addition of tinting and shading that were previously impossible. In the early 20th century, the development of the electric pyrographic hot wire wood etching machine further automated the pokerwork process, and Art Nouveau pyrographic gloveboxes and other works were popular in that era. Pyrography is a traditional folk art in many parts of Europe, including Romania, Poland, Hungary, and Flanders, as well as Argentina and other areas in South America.

Equipment
Traditional pyrography can be performed using any heated metal implement. Modern pyrography machines exist, and can be divided into three main categories.

Solid-point burners
Solid-point burners are similar in design to a soldering iron. They have a solid brass tip which is heated by an electrical element, and operate at a fixed temperature.

Wire-nib burners
Wire-nib burners have variable temperature controls. The writing nib is heated by an electric current passing directly through it. Some models have interchangeable nibs to allow for different effects.

Laser cutters
Laser cutters can be set to scorch the material instead of cutting all the way through it.  Many laser cutters provide software facilities to import image files and transfer them onto a sheet of wood.  Some laser systems are sufficiently sensitive to perform pyrography on thin card or even paper.

Woods
Woods differ in hardness, grain, figure, texture, color, and other physical characteristics.
Hardness: All woods can be classified into hard or soft. Usually softwoods are from coniferous (needle-leaved) trees. You may be aware of a little bit of resin oozing and also, a slight turpentine smell when you burn on softwood.

Hardwoods are from broad-leaved trees. These hardwood trees can be classified into two distinct growing seasons each year (hot and cold season or a wet and dry season) such as:
 Earlywood: normally lighter in color and weight and only moderately strong
 Latewood: usually heavier, darker, and much stronger.

Softwood will burn faster than a hardwood does. It does not require very hot temperature to burn as do the hardwoods.

Grain: Grain is the direction of the fibrous elements of the wood cells. This is important to sand with the grain. Also the grain can cause deviation from its intended path with use of woodturning pen unless you apply more pressure and burn slower on the grain.

Figure: This is the natural design, or pattern, that you can see on the cut surface of the wood. The figure present on the wood should always be taken into consideration when you are planning your woodburned design.

Texture: There is a texture on the surface of that wood that feels either coarse or fine, even or uneven.

As a beginning woodburner, avoid using very fine or intricate designs on uneven, coarse-textured wood. Softwoods are more apt to be fine or moderately coarse-textured. With some textures it may mean that you will have to compensate when burning it – going slower on the harder summerwood, faster and with a lighter touch on the softer springwood to create an even burn overall.

Color: Woodburning should be mainly used to enhance the natural beauty of a wooden project, so do not always hide a beautiful figure, grain, luster, or color if it is present.

Safety
The main hazard to be wary of is the extremely fine wood dust when sanding the wood or in some cases the pitch/sap or resin that emits harmful fumes when burning. All wood dust is hazardous & can cause respiratory problems if you do not wear a mask, some more than others & should be avoided. You should always wear a quality dust mask/respirator while power carving, and use a good dust collection system to avoid a lifetime injury to your lungs. These recommendations really are not just for power carving or sanding, but they should be used for burning as well. Remember:
 DO NOT burn on pressure-treated wood. It is treated with chemicals that, although safely bound in the wood fibers for construction purposes, are inherently dangerous to woodworkers and woodburners.
 DO NOT burn on any type of treated wood: Chemically treated, stained, painted, sealed with a finish, etc.  If you must use this type of wood be sure that you have thoroughly sanded it to remove all traces and are burning on bare wood.
Prepared Wood, Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF), man made boards and plywood should never really ever be burned on for several reasons. Prepared wood usually has been chemically treated and burning on it will release toxins into the air. MDF is made out of toxic materials and may cause cancer and other health issues. Man-made boards and such also have layers of glue that releases toxins that may not cause immediate harm but impact one later on in life. Regardless of what you decide, it is always important to work in a well ventilated room with a running fan to encourage the circulation of fresh oxygen and to remove the lingering smoke.

Gallery

References

External links

 Malek Parvaneh - excellence in pyrography
 Pyrography School - showing how it's done
 Pyrography.net
 Pyrography tips and techniques
 Draw with Fire. The Art of Pyrography Stefania Mante
  Davide Della Noce pyrography
  Giuseppe Apollonio
 - Etsuko Ichikawa, using molten glass
 - Michael Turley Pyrographic Portraits on Reclaimed Wood
 Giusy Busco pyrography art
 Pyrography 101 Tutorial's by Nedra Denison

Category:Artistic techniques
Category:Woodworking
Category:Writing implements


Larut (federal constituency)

Larut is a federal constituency in Perak, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Dewan Rakyat since 1974.

The federal constituency was created in the 1974 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.

History
2004–2016: The constituency contains the polling districts of Ulu Selama, Sungai Bedarah, Ulu Selama Barat, Sungai Rambutan, Banggol Jas, Rantau Panjang Utara, Selama Utara, Pekan Selama, Rantau Panjang, Sungai Bayor, Kampong Garok, Kampong Sungai Seputeh, Ulu Mengkuang, Bukit Kelian, Sungai Terap, Tebing Tinggi, Sungai Malau, Kubu Gajah, Sungai Dendang, Ladang Holyrood, Batu Dua Puluh, Kampong Gudang, Sungai Ara, Redang Panjang, Bagan Baharu, FELDA Ijok, Kampong Bendang Luas, Ulu Ijok Timor, Pantai Besar, Relang, Kampong Ayer Hitam, Jelai, Batu Kurau, Ulu Sepetang, Changkat Larah, Taman Rakyat, Kampong Anak Kurau, Bukit Bertam, Changkat Lobak, Sungai Pulau, Sungai Akar, Changkat Perah, Kampong Titi Kasai, Kampong Repoh, Kampong Perak Tengah, Kampong Sempeneh.

2016–present: The constituency contains the polling districts of Ulu Selama, Sungai Bedarah, Ulu Selama Barat, Sungai Rambutan, Banggol Jas, Rantau Panjang Utara, Selama Utara, Pekan Selama, Rantau Panjang, Sungai Bayor, Kampong Garok, Kampong Sungai Seputeh, Ulu Mengkuang, Bukit Kelian, Sungai Terap, Tebing Tinggi, Sungai Malau, Kubu Gajah, Sungai Dendang, Ladang Holyrood, Batu Dua Puluh, Kampong Gudang, Sungai Ara, Redang Panjang, Bagan Baharu, FELDA Ijok, Kampong Bendang Luas, Ulu Ijok Timor, Pantai Besar, Relang, Kampong Ayer Hitam, Jelai, Batu Kurau, Ulu Sepetang, Changkat Larah, Taman Rakyat, Kampong Anak Kurau, Bukit Bertam, Changkat Lobak, Sungai Pulau, Sungai Akar, Changkat Perah, Kampong Titi Kasai, Kampong Repoh, Kampong Perak Tengah, Kampong Sempeneh.

Representation history

Election results

References

Category:Perak federal constituencies


List of African-American documentary films

This list of African American documentary films includes films that were made by African Americans, as well as films on the topic of African Americans.

Films marked with an asterisk (*) are specifically about the Civil Rights Movement.

1930s
 Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert * (1939)

1940s
 Commandment Keeper Church, Beaufort South Carolina, May 1940 (1940)
 Henry Browne, Farmer (1942)
 Negro Colleges in War Time (1943)
 The Negro Soldier (1944)
 The Negro Sailor (1945)
 Wings for This Man (1945)
 The Quiet One (1948)

1950s
 All My Babies (1953)
 A City Decides * (1956)
 The Cry of Jazz (1959)

1960s
 The Five Cities of June * (1963)
 Take This Hammer (1963)
 Children Without (1964)
 The March * (1964)
 Nine from Little Rock * (1964)
 A Time for Burning * (1966)
 The Jungle (1967)
 Legendary Champions (1968)
 Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther (1969)

1970s
 A.k.a. Cassius Clay (1970)
 Black Roots (1970)
 Jack Johnson (1970)
 King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis * (1970)
 The Murder of Fred Hampton (1971)
 Black Rodeo (1972)
 Malcolm X * (1972)
 Always for Pleasure (1978)
 Goodnight Miss Ann (1978)
 80 Blocks From Tiffany's (1979)
 Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist (1979)

1980s
 Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle * (1982)
 Style Wars (1983)
 You Got to Move * (1985)
 Ethnic Notions (1987)
 Eyes on the Prize, part I * (1987)
 Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll (1987)
 The Spirit Moves: A History of Black Social Dance on Film, 1900–1986 (1987)
 Adam Clayton Powell * (1989)
 Tongues Untied (1989)

1990s
 Eyes on the Prize, part II * (1990)
 Color Adjustment (1992)
 A Great Day in Harlem (1994)
 Freedom on My Mind * (1994)
 Malcolm X: Make It Plain * (1994)
 A Time for Justice * (1994)
 Black is... Black Ain't (1995)
 VINTAGE - Families of Value (1995)
 All God's Children (1996)
 All Power to the People (1996)
 The Church of Saint Coltrane (1996)
 The Last Angel of History (1996)
 4 Little Girls * (1997)
 Blacks and Jews (1997)
 Colors Straight Up (1997)
 Midnight Ramble (1997)
 MPG: Motion Picture Genocide (1997)

2000s
 4CHOSEN: The Documentary (2008)
 Afro-Punk (2003)
 Banished (2006)
 Beah: A Black Woman Speaks (2003)
 The Black Candle (2008)
 The Black List, vol. 1 (2008)
 The Black List, vol. 2 (2009)
 The Blues (2003)
 Hairkutt (2005)
 Colored Frames * (2007)
 Dare Not Walk Alone * (2006)
 E Minha Cara/That's My Face (2002)
 Faubourg Treme: The Untold Story of Black New Orleans (2008)
 February One: The Story of the Greensboro Four *
 Flight of the Red Tail Frederick Douglass and the White Negro (2008)
 From Swastika to Jim Crow A Girl Like Me Good Hair Hardwood Home of the Brave* (2004)
 Jim Brown: All-American LaLee's Kin: The Legacy of Cotton Legacy (2000)
 Maafa 21 Marcus Garvey: Look for me in the Whirlwind Meeting David Wilson Mighty Times: The Children's March *
 Mississippi Cold Case *
 My Nappy Roots: A Journey Through Black Hair-itage Negroes with Guns: Rob Williams and Black Power (2004)
 Neshoba *
 The Pact (2006)
 Red Tail Reborn (2007)
 Revolution '67 Rize Salute (2008)
 Scottsboro: An American Tragedy *
 Shouting Fire: Stories from the Edge of Free Speech *
 Sister Wife Slavery and the Making of America Soundtrack for a Revolution *
 Street Fight The Sugar Babies Sunday Driver Sweet Honey in the Rock: Raise Your Voice This Is the Life (2008)
 Tradition Is a Temple Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela Why We Bang The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306 *

2010s
 13th The Barber of Birmingham *
 The Black List (Vol. 3)
 The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution The Czar of Black Hollywood Dark Girls The Fab Five Freedom Riders *
 Hale County This Morning, This Evening Hidden Colors, part 1: The Untold History Of People Of Aboriginal, Moor, and African Descent (2011)
 Hidden Colors, part 2: The Triumph of Melanin (2012)
 Hidden Colors, part 3: The Rules of Racism (2014)
 Hidden Colors, part 4: The Religion of White Supremacy (2016)
 I Am Not Your Negro (2016)
 In the Hour of Chaos Through a Lens Darkly: Black Photographers and the Emergence of a People "Good Hair" and Other Dubious Distinctions Motherland No Crossover: The Trial of Allen Iverson No Lye: An American Beauty Story Reincarnated'' (2013), on Snoop Dogg's conversion to Rastafarianism

 List
 Documentary
African American Documentary
 African American
African American Documentary
Documentary films


Button Oak

Button Oak is a small village in the English county of Shropshire, England. It is 3 miles north east of Bewdley. Button Oak is very similar to nearby village Kinlet and Button Bridge which are also small residential areas. Nearby attractions include the Wyre Forest bike track and nature walk, where wildlife like deer, squirrels and birds can be seen and even a rocket fuel testing facility owned by Roxel buried deep in the woods.

There is also a pub a few yards away from the church, and a caravan site situated behind residents houses.

Transport
There is a bus service through the village, operated by Central Buses. The number 125 bus service operates Mondays to Saturdays, from Bridgnorth to Stourbridge.

Taxi companys from Kidderminster also cover the Button Oak area.

Category:Villages in Shropshire


Brede Pit and Cutting

Brede Pit and Cutting is a  geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Brede in East Sussex. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

This site shows the junction between two formations in the Wealden Group, dating to the Early Cretaceous. It exposes the top 2 metres of the Ashdown Formation and the bottom 1.5 metres of the Wadhurst Clay Formation. The environments change from shallow fluvial to deeper lakes and lagoons and there are fossils of plants, fishes and reptiles.

The site is private land with no public access.

References

Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex
Category:Geological Conservation Review sites


Second Guangxi campaign

The second Guangxi campaign was a three-front Chinese counter offensive to retake the last major Japanese stronghold in Guangxi province, South China from April to August 1945. The campaign was successful, and plans were being made to mop up the remaining scattered Japanese troops in the vicinity of Shanghai and the east coast when the Americans dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender and ending the eight-year-long Second Sino-Japanese War.

See also
 Order of battle: second Guangxi campaign

References

Category:Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War
Category:China in World War II
Category:1945 in China
Category:1945 in Japan
Category:History of Guangxi
Category:August 1945 events


DRG Class 23

The German Class 23 (Baureihe 23 or BR 23) engines of the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) were standard (Einheitslokomotiven) steam engines that were conceived as a replacement for the  Prussian P 8 by the Schichau Works. They were given the same boiler as the Class 50s which were developed in parallel and, like them, the newly developed 2'2' T 26 tender with its front wall that protected train crews during reverse running.

In 1941 the two prototypes were built and delivered. The procurement of 800 locomotives had been planned, however the constraints of the Second World War meant that they never entered full production.

After the war the two locomotives, with operating numbers 23 001 and 23 002, went to the DR in East Germany and were variously stabled in Berlin, Brandenburg an der Havel, Jüterbog and Halle. In 1961, number 23 001 was given a Reko boiler with combustion chamber, developed for the Class 50. In 1970 the locomotive was given EDP number 35 2001-2. Number 23 002 was to be reconstructed, but was retired however in 1967 due to damage to the frame and scrapped.
Number 23 001 was scrapped in 1975 in Cottbus, as it could no longer serve any useful purpose.

After the war, the design of these Class 02 locomotives formed the basis for the new DB Class 23 and DR Class 23.10 locomotives which received the same class designation.

See also
 List of DRG locomotives and railbuses

23
Category:2-6-2 locomotives
23
Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1941
Category:Passenger locomotives
Category:Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Category:1′C1′ h2 locomotives


Clarkeulia expedita

Clarkeulia expedita is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.

References

Category:Moths described in 1984
Category:Clarkeulia
Category:Moths of South America
Category:Taxa named by Józef Razowski


Deendayal Gupta

Deendayal Gupta (1909–after 1957) was an Indian independence activist and politician affiliated with the Indian National Congress (INC), who was elected to the  Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) in 1952. He served as Minister of Food  of Madhya Pradesh in the Ravishankar Shukla government. He also served as Food, Rehabilitation  & Social Welfare Minister of Bombay State from 1956 to 1957. In 1957, he was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and served as its Vice President.

References

Category:Indian independence activists
Category:People from Madhya Pradesh
Category:Indian National Congress politicians
Category:Date of death missing
Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1952–1957
Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1960–1962
Category:Bombay State politicians
Category:1909 births
Category:Bombay State MLAs 1957–1960


Glossodoris buko

Glossodoris buko is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.

Distribution
The type locality for species is Bilbil Island, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, . It was also collected at Bohol Island and Luzon Island, Philippines.

Description
Previously confused with Glossodoris pallida this species is distinguished by details of colouring and internal anatomy as well as DNA sequences from other species of very similar appearance.

References

Category:Chromodorididae
Category:Gastropods described in 2018


Banco Penta

Banco Penta was a bank in Chile. It is headquartered in Santiago, Chile.

References

External links
Official website
Category:Banks of Chile


James Britton Ware

Senator James Britton Ware was a United States Senator from Georgia's 37th District between 1904 and 1905 and a Member of the Georgia Senate and the Democratic political party. He was born on June 16, 1830 in Heard County, Georgia and died on January 30, 1918 in Heard County, Georgia.

Early life
James Britton (J.B.) Ware was born to John Mims Ware and Lucy Sturdivant, and his father died when he was 8 years old. On October 11, 1849, at age 19, he married Sarah Margaret Tabitha Simms, she was 16 years old, at the Bethel Baptist Church in Heard County, Georgia. Sarah Simms was the daughter of John Simms and Comfort Maddox Grace.  Comfort was born March 26, 1798, and married September 16, 1816 in Hancock, Georgia, she was the daughter of Thomas Grace and Sarah "Sally" Maddox.

On October 28, 1850, they purchased 202-1/2 acres from a neighbor, Thomas H. Hanson, and built their home. His superior abilities as a man of affairs being quickly recognized by his fellow citizens, he was elected Justice of the Peace at 21, serving eight years. In 1859 and 1860 he was elected to represent Heard County, Georgia in the general assembly.

During the Civil War in 1863 James raised a company of seventy men, of which he was elected Captain of the State Guards.  It became Company G, of Colonial Wilcoxon’s regiment of state troops and General Iverson’s Brigade, which took part in several skirmishes near Rome, Georgia.  The decision to leave his family was hard because it meant leaving behind his wife and six small children, their ages being 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 and a newborn. His wife, Sarah, would be left alone to administer to all the needs of a large family and a large farm. He left with a heavy heart, to join the war effort.

In 1864 he enlisted in the confederate service, in which he continued rendering valuable service until the surrender.  During the Battle of Atlanta and Sherman's march, the Ware home served as a refuge for relatives and friends in the Atlanta area. During the "unpleasantness" he gave up his business and devoted money, time and labor to caring for the families of the soldiers, a noble service on his part which they never forgot, and were always ready to express their gratitude. Among his brothers who entered the war, only David and James returned home, his brother, John, Jr., left behind a wife, a small son.

After his mother’s death in 1869, James purchased the family home from his siblings, and successfully managed his estate over the next 10 years. In 1872 he was incorporated in the Jury Commissioner’s Bill and served continuously until 1904. In 1874 he was elected to the Georgia Legislature receiving 500 of the 700 votes cast, working in both the House and Senate.

In 1904 James was elected State Senator of the 37th District. While in the Senate he introduced and secured the passage of a bill making drunkenness on the public highway a crime, as well as introducing and having enacted the bill forbidding the sale of whiskey in Georgia within the radius of one mile from a church. He served as foreman of the grand jury over 21 times. He was also Treasurer of the Western Baptist Association, and President of the Corinth Agricultural and Horticultural Club.

July 20, 1906, Resolved, That the Senate learns with regret of illness of the venerable Senator from the 37th district. James B. Ware,
and trust that he will soon be restored to health and his place in the Senate. To the surprise of the state senate Senator J. B. Ware appeared yesterday and took his seat. He was reported to be down and out for the session on account of ill health. Although not well, the senator thinks that he will be able to remain with the body during the remainder of the present session.

Family and death
Senator James B. Ware and Sarah Margaret Tabitha Simms Ware had the following children: (2)
  Alberta Virginia "Ginnie" Ware, 3/8/1851-7/28/1923 married Walter G. Orr;
  Almira Elizabeth "Poss" Ware, 5/21/1853-2/5/1940 never married;
  Adeline Glenn "Ade" Ware, 5/17/1855-2/14/1914 married George T. Snow;
  John Fletcher Ware, 9/12/1857-11/20/1922 married 1. Lula Walker and 2. Eula Adamson;
  Alonzo Crawford Ware, 12/17/1859 - 1/18/1943 married Sarah Kendrick;
  Albert Zollicoffer "Zol” Ware, 12/15/1860- c1943 married Annie Walker (Lula's sister);
  James Britton Ware, Jr., 5/21/1864 – 12/24/1883;
  Henry Hall Ware, 8/28/1866 married Emma Allen on 11/30/1893;
  Robert Houston Thomas Ware, 6/18/1868- After 1943 married Julia Valena Davis 1890;
  Rigdon Mims "Rig" Ware, 11/20/1870-10/1964 married Emily Virginia Shackleford.

Before his death he wrote the following words, "Nothing can give me more consolation in my old age than to see the people of my county obedient and submissive to the will of God which the Scriptures say is the beginning of his love. Oh, what days of rejoicing will be with the good people when the bottle and the pistol toter become a thing of the past."

At a reunion he said, "during my life, I set out to make a useful man of myself, and take such position in life that would make life worth living. My highest ambition in life was to raise my children to be men and women of integrity and dignity, these principles being the foundations of all greatness. To what extent I have instilled these principles into the minds of my children, I leave to my neighbors and to the public to decide. I admonished all my grandchildren, and their children to improve upon their parents." He finished by saying that this day was a happy reunion day, but his prayer was that the world all live so that when death comes, we would meet again for a happy reunion in heaven.  At his death at age 87, he had 40 grandchildren and 41 great grandchildren, and was one of Heard County’s leading citizens. This home recently burned to the ground during a lightning storm and nothing was saved.

References

Category:United States senators from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:1830 births
Category:1918 deaths


David Ludwig

David Ludwig may refer to:

 David Ludwig (physician), American physician
 David Ludwig (composer) (born 1974), American composer


Green House Project

The Green House Project is an American national non-profit organization dedicated to creating alternative living environments to traditional nursing home care facilities.

The project creates “caring homes for meaningful lives” for elders  where residents have private rooms and baths, can move freely through the home, build deep knowing relationships with each other more and even participate in preparing their own meals. It is based on a philosophy seeking to reverse the “enforced dependency” of life in a traditional nursing home by creating small intentional communities of 7-10 elders designed to foster late-life development and growth.

Residents of Green House Project homes have shown “increased reports of mobility and social interaction, and fewer reports of weight loss and depression” compared with those living in traditional nursing home facilities.

History
The project was first developed by Steve McAlilly, CEO of Mississippi Methodist Senior Services, and by geriatrician William H. Thomas (physician) in 2003, with the goal of personalizing elder care by redesigning nursing homes “from scratch” to provide residents more privacy and control over their lives. McAlilly was preparing to demolish the old 'big box' nursing home and build another when he had a creative idea: call up Bill Thomas and ask what he'd do to reinvent care for the frail elderly.

Thomas is an international authority on elder care and has authored four books on the subject. In the early 1990s, Thomas and his wife, Jude Thomas, founded the Eden Alternative, now a global nonprofit organization that aims to deinstitutionalize long term care facilities by changing the culture of the typical nursing home.

Recognizing that nursing homes were “aging faster than the people living inside them,” Thomas later created The Green House Project with the goal of replacing the institutional nursing home model with small intentional communities where elders and staff focus on living full and vibrant lives.

In 2005, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation announced a five-year, $10 million grant for The Green House Project across the United States. NCB Capital Impact currently administers The Green House Project and will continue to do so beyond the current five-year grant.

The first Green House Project home was constructed in 2003 in Tupelo, Mississippi. NCB Capital Impact set a goal to complete 50 houses by 2010; that goal was reached in December 2008. As of 2011, there are 99 Green House Project homes on 43 campuses in 27 states.

Green House Project Homes
In a typical Green House Project home, each elder has his or her own private room and bathroom. Homes typically also include a living room, kitchen and open dining area. The homes are built to blend in with surrounding houses and neighborhoods. The Green House Project model allows for urban, rural and suburban style homes.

Residents do schedules and are encouraged to interact with staff and other residents, plus visitors (pets and family members). Staff members and residents develop personal relationships with one another because of the small community and home atmosphere.

Staff members in Green House Project homes are broken up into four different roles: the Shahbaz, the Guide, the Sage and the Clinical Support Team. The Shahbaz is the versatile worker who provides personal care, prepares meals and performs housekeeping for the elders. The name was borrowed from the Persian word for the sultan's hunting falcon. Thomas liked the image of a keen-eyed, flexible helper, and the word had no English pre-set, so the Shabaz could be a new entity. The Guide is the supervisor of the Shahbaz and is responsible for the operations of the home. The Sage is a local elder who volunteers to be a mentor and advise to the work teams in The Green House Project home. The Clinical Support Team comprises nurses, therapists, services, activities and dietary professionals who work with the Shahbaz to provide individualized care for each elder.

Costs
Green House Project homes that are licensed as traditional nursing homes are eligible for Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements along the same lines as a traditional nursing home. If the facility is licensed as assisted living, Medicaid reimbursement depends on the state’s assisted living provisions. For Medicaid, the costs are equivalent to the traditional Medicaid costs for nursing homes. If the income level is above the Medicaid minimum, there may be a co-pay for residents. For private pay, each facility determines its own private pay cost structure based on their local market.

Evaluations
Recent research by Susan Horn and colleagues (2012) examined differences in the Medicare and Medicaid costs in Green House homes compared to traditional nursing homes. Using previously collected data, the information below reflects a preliminary analysis of this issue. Current research being conducted by a collaborative of research partners under Robert Wood Johnson Foundation funding will examine this issue further.

A 2009 evaluation of Green House Project care found it provided higher direct care (23–31 minutes more per resident per day) than traditional nursing homes and more than four times as much staff engagement with elders outside direct care activities.

In a 2004 report presented to the United States Congress, researchers from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health found that the use of a social model of care and maximum staff empowerment to serve elders needing skilled nursing care resulted in ‘statistically significantly’ favorable outcomes over traditional facilities.” The researchers found that elders in a Green House Project home were able to perform daily functions longer than those in traditional nursing facilities.

In November 2008, Senate Finance Committee Chair Max Baucus (D-MT) said The Green House Project model "has shown promise for both improving the quality of life and care in these settings.”

According to Provider Magazine’s May 2010 cover story about The Green House Project, “The homes, which are designed for the purpose of offering ‘privacy, autonomy, support, enjoyment, and a place to call home,’ are a radical departure from traditional skilled nursing facilities and are considered to be the peak of culture change.”

In 2011, Green House Project was named as one of the “Top Ten Senior Living Design Innovations” by Long-Term Living Magazine.

References

External links
 Green House Project

Category:Medical and health organizations based in Maryland


No Ordinary World

No Ordinary World is the seventeenth studio album by Joe Cocker, released on 9 September 1999 in Europe and on 22 August 2000 in USA. The US edition of the album features two bonus tracks and has different cover artwork. Notable songs on the album include a cover of Leonard Cohen's "First We Take Manhattan" and "She Believes in Me" co-written by Bryan Adams, who had also provided backing vocals for the song.

Track listing
"First We Take Manhattan" – 3:44 (Leonard Cohen)
"Different Roads" – 4:58 (Stephen Allen Davis, Steve DuBerry)
"My Father's Son" – 4:29 (Graham Lyle, Conner Reeves)
"While You See a Chance" – 3:51 (Will Jennings, Steve Winwood)
"She Believes in Me" – 4:44 (Bryan Adams, Eliot Kennedy)
"No Ordinary World" – 3:52 (Lars Anderson, Stephen Allen Davis)
"Where Would I Be Now" – 5:27 (Michael McDonald, Tony Joe White)
"Ain't Gonna Cry Again" – 4:06 (Peter Cox, Peter-John Vettese)
"Soul Rising" – 3:57 (Peter Cox, Graham Gouldman, Peter-John Vettese)
"Naked Without You" – 4:31 (Rick Nowels, Andrew Roachford, Billy Steinberg)
"Love to Lean On" – 4:17 (Steve Diamond, Wayne Kirkpatrick)
"On My Way Home" – 4:13 (Jean-Jacques Goldman, Michael Jones)
"Lie to Me" – 4:01 (J. McCabe, David Z)
"Love Made a Promise" – 5:03 (Paul Brady, Mark Nevin)

''Tracks 13–14 available only on US edition of the album. In Europe both songs were only released as B'sides to different singles.

Personnel
 Joe Cocker – lead vocals
 Jean-Jacques Goldman – acoustic guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
 Billy Lang – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Steve McEwan – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Tim Pierce – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Bob Mann - acoustic guitar, electric guitar, keyboards
 Michael Thompson – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Steve Power – electric guitar
 Adam Seymour – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Patrice Tison – electric guitar
 Robbie McIntosh – electric guitar, keyboards
 Melvin Duffy – pedal steel guitar
 Guy Delacroix – bass guitar
 Bob Glaub - bass guitar
 Dave Catlin-Birch – bass guitar
 Neil Stubenhaus – bass guitar
 Neil Harland – bass guitar
 C. J. Vanston – keyboards, clavinet, Hammond organ, percussion, synthesizer, Fender Rhodes
 Peter-John Vettese – keyboards, piano, Hammond organ, melodica, programming
 Peter Gordeno – keyboards
 Jason Rebello – piano, Hammond organ, Fender Rhodes
 Chris Elliot – piano, Fender Rhodes
 John Savannah – Hammond organ
 David Clayton – synthesizer
 Spike Edney – synthesizer
 Neil Sidwell – trombone
 Chris White – tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone
 Chistopher Deschamps – drums
 Jeremy Stacey – drums
 Andy Duncan – percussion, programming
 Steve Sidwell – trumpet
 Bryan Adams – backing vocals
 Tommy Blaize – backing vocals
 Mary Carewe – backing vocals
 Lance Ellington – backing vocals
 Natalie Jackson – backing vocals
 Mortonette Jenkins – backing vocals
 Marlena Jeter – backing vocals
 Katie Kissoon – backing vocals
 Keith Murrell – backing vocals
 Mark Evans – programming

Production notes
Tracks 1–3, 6–7, 10, 13–14 recorded at Metropolis Studio, London and produced by Steve Power
Tracks 4, 8–9 recorded at Area21/Brittania Row/Olympic Studio 1, London and produced by Peter John Vettese
Tracks 5, 11 recorded at Record Plant, Los Angeles and produced by Pete Smith
Track 12 recorded at Twin Studio, Paris and produced by Jean-Jacques Goldman

Certifications

References

Category:1999 albums
Category:Joe Cocker albums
Category:Parlophone albums