A Hacker Manifesto

A Hacker Manifesto is a critical manifesto written by McKenzie Wark, which criticizes the commodification of information in the age of digital culture and globalization. It was published in the United States in 2004.

Structure, style and influence
A Hacker Manifesto is divided into 17 chapters, with each chapter including a series of short numbered paragraphs (a total of 389) that mimics the epigrammic style of Guy Debord’s The Society of the Spectacle. The opening sentence in the book, “A double spooking the world, the double of abstraction”  is a clear homage to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’ The Communist Manifesto which opens with the line “A specter is haunting Europe - the specter of Communism”. Wark builds on Marx and Engels’ ideas, alongside Deleuze and Guattari, by adding two new classes of workers into the mix - the “hacker class” and the “vectoralist class”.

As its title reads, the book really is a manifesto. It's a public declaration of principles for a radically new vision and a call to arms based on that vision. The written style is not 'difficult' in comparison to other post-structuralist philosophical texts; however in Wark's own words, it's "abstract". There are a few spelling/grammar mistakes and the language can be tricky to sink in at times, but its short, bullet style paragraphs depict a lot in the least possible space. Influenced by Marx, the book is awash with Communist Manifesto-like lingo, and Wark proceeds to link Marx's ideas to concepts in the current digital information age we live in, such as "intellectual property".

Main ideas

Abstraction/hacker
For Wark, hacking begins with what she defines as an "abstraction", the construction of different and unrelated matters into previously unrealized relations. Hackers produce new conceptions, perceptions and sensations hacked out of raw data. Everything and anything is a code for the hacker to hack, be it "programming, language, poetic language, math, or music, curves or colourings"  and once hacked, they create the possibility for new things to enter the world. What they create is not necessarily "great", or "even good", but new, in the areas of culture, art, science, and philosophy or "in any production of knowledge where data can be extracted from it."

Wark argues that (new) information comes from the hack. It doesn't matter if you are a computer programmer, a philosopher, a teacher, a musician, a physicist, if you essentially produce new information - it's a hack . In this sense, hackers are creators and they bring new ideas into the world. The aim of the book is to highlight the origins, purpose and efforts by this emerging hacker class, who produce new; concepts, perceptions, and sensations out of the stuff of raw data.

Commodification of information
The commodification of information is about how information that was free is appropriated by the vectoral class. McKenzie claims that free information is not a product, but a condition of the affective allocation of resources. There are many public and gift economies based around free information that keep the question of property open.

According to McKenzie Wark when information becomes a commodity it means we will only be able to see the information produced by the vectoral class. This is because they are the ones whose profits depend on the scarcity of information. So when information becomes intellectual property we are bound to repeat the same commodity form, because this is what the market decrees. She states that the “hack” which monetizes information introduces the “vectoralist” class.

It is the hacker class that produces new information, free from the restrictions of a property form. This however is then used by the vectoral class, who own and control the means of production of information on an industrial scale and mediates connections and access to information (Paolo Pedercini, the founder of the radical games project Molleindustria cites companies like Google, Uber or Airbnb as typical representatives of the vectoral class). The hacker and the vectoral class aren’t always at odds with each other. They can compromise on the free flow of information and the extraction of wealth from this information to fund its development. Think of the open source movement, Reddit and Wikipedia. McKenzie Wark believes that the hacker class should ally themselves with the other producing classes so that they together don’t have to answer to the vectoral class anymore.

Vectoralist Class
The hacker's main opposition to creating a world where information is free, and free of scarcity, is what Wark denotes as the "vectoralist" class. Named for their control over vectors (i.e. various pathways and networks over which information flows), the vectoralist class are the modern day dotcom corporate giants, the transnational turbo-capitalist regime, who own the means of production and thus monopolize abstractions. They maintain control by waging "an intensive struggle to dispossess hackers of their intellectual property", enforced by a series of patent and copyright laws that are used to separate the hacker class from the fruits of their labor.

Reception
Terry Eagleton, a British literary theorist writing in the The Nation, called the book “a perceptive, provocative study, packed to the seams with acute analysis”.

"Ours is once again an age of manifestos. Wark's book challenges the new regime of property relations with all the epigrammatic vitality, conceptual innovation, and revolutionary enthusiasm of the great manifestos." —Michael Hardt, co-author of Empire

"A Hacker Manifesto will yield some provocative ideas and real challenges to a world in which everything is commodified." —Eric J. Iannelli, The Times Literary Supplement

"Wark- responds to the problems created by the current proliferation of digital culture. He pumps air back into Marxian categories and spices them up with Debord and Gautarri. As Millions of young people illegally download electronic information off the Internet, Wark sees possibilities for revolutionary politics grounded on the chaotic circulation of information freed from the regime of property."

"Writers, artists, biotechnologists, and software programmers belong to the 'hacker class' and share a class interest in openness and freedom, while the 'vectoralist' and 'ruling classes' are driven to contain, control, dominate, and own. Wark crafts a new analysis of the tension between the underdeveloped and 'overdeveloped' worlds, their relationships to surplus and scarcity, and the drive toward human actualization." —Michael Jensen, The Chronicle of Higher Education

External links
 An interview with McKenzie Wark
 The publishers website
 Review by: William W. Sokoloff

References

Category:American non-fiction books
Category:2004 non-fiction books
Category:Philosophy books
Category:Books in philosophy of technology
Category:Works about information


Ozyorsk

Ozyorsk () or Ozersk () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities
Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a town in Chelyabinsk Oblast
Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, a town in Ozyorsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast

Rural localities
Ozersk, Samara Oblast, a settlement in Bolsheglushitsky District of Samara Oblast


Die Stadtkrone

Die Stadtkrone or City Crown is a concept of urban planning put forward by German expressionist architects, and particularly championed by Bruno Taut in the early part of the 20th century. Taut made the concept into the title of his first Book in 1917, published in 1919.

Taut's idea was to establish a garden city with an intellectual and artist city center beyond the concentration of cultural institutions. He suggested creating a representation of the city and its citizens in a virtually religious idealization, comparable to a gothic cathedral of Asian pagodas.

Category:Expressionist architecture

Bibliography


Najbolje do sada... (Šako Polumenta album)

Najbolje do sada... (English translation: The Best Until Now) is the first compilation album by Montenegrin singer Šako Polumenta, which was released in 2005.

Track listing
Punomoć
Aman, Aman
Eh kad bi ti
Sve je laž
Otkud ti pravo
Igraj
Do ludila
Ko si ti
Ovjera
Nisi, nisi ti
Te oči
Vino i ljubav
Daj mi malo vremena
E što nisam sunce
Uz mene godinama
Nekad si moja bila
Bila si
Ispovijest
Brate
Dišem za tebe

References

Category:2005 compilation albums
Category:Šako Polumenta albums


Valerie Jerome

Valerie Jerome (born 28 April 1944) is a Canadian sprinter. She competed in the women's 100 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics. She finished third in the 1959 Pan American Games 4 × 100 metres relay (with Sally McCallum, Maureen Rever, and Heather Campbell). Jerome also finished seventh in the 1959 Pan American Games long jump. She is the sister of Harry Jerome and the granddaughter of John Howard.

References

Category:1944 births
Category:Living people
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1959 Pan American Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Category:Canadian female sprinters
Category:Canadian female long jumpers
Category:Olympic track and field athletes of Canada
Category:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Category:Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Canadian people of African-American descent
Category:Black Canadian sportspeople
Category:Black Canadian women
Category:People from Saint Boniface, Winnipeg
Category:Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Category:Sportspeople from North Vancouver
Category:History of Black people in British Columbia


2016 World Cup of Golf

The 2016 World Cup of Golf (known as the 2016 ISPS Handa World Cup of Golf for sponsorship reasons) was a golf tournament played from 24–27 November at Kingston Heath Golf Club in Melbourne, Australia. It was the 58th World Cup. Twenty-eight countries competed as two-player teams. The format was 72-hole stroke play; the first and third days were alternate shot, and the second and fourth days were four-ball play.

The tournament was won by Denmark by four shots.

Qualification
Jason Day, the individual champion of the 2013 World Cup of Golf, qualified automatically, representing Australia, and was allowed to select his partner as defined below. One player each from 27 other countries qualified based on their position in the Official World Golf Ranking on 1 August. The deadline for these players to commit was 11 August.

The 28 exempt players selected a partner from the same country, if such a player was ranked in the top 500 of the OWGR. If less than five other players from that country were ranked in the top 500, a player could choose a partner from outside the top 500. The deadline for teams to be finalized is 26 August.

Teams
The table below lists the teams in order of qualification (i.e. ranking of seeded player on 1 August 2016), together with their World Ranking at the time of the tournament.

The following players were eligible to be a seeded player but did not commit. The order is based on the World Rankings on 1 August 2016. Three countries with an eligible player did not compete: Argentina, Fiji and Paraguay. They were replaced by Chinese Taipei, India and Malaysia.

  Jason Day
  Dustin Johnson
  Jordan Spieth
  Rory McIlroy
  Henrik Stenson
  Bubba Watson
  Danny Willett
  Branden Grace
  Sergio García
  Justin Rose
  Louis Oosthuizen
  Charl Schwartzel
  Emiliano Grillo
  Martin Kaymer
  Anirban Lahiri
  Fabián Gómez
  Jamie Donaldson
  Vijay Singh
  Fabrizio Zanotti

Final leaderboard

References

External links

Category:World Cup (men's golf)
Category:Golf tournaments in Australia
Category:Sports competitions in Melbourne
World Cup golf
World Cup golf
World Cup golf


Cataract City

Cataract City is a 2013 novel by Craig Davidson published in Canada by Doubleday. The title refers to the city nickname of Niagara Falls and is derived from the Latin word for waterfalls.

Summary

The novel is about two childhood friends, Duncan Diggs and Owen Stuckey, who grow up together in Niagara Falls. The novel alternates between their two perspectives.

In the present day Duncan Diggs, released after eight years from a twenty year sentence at the Kingston Penitentiary, calls his childhood friend Owen Stuckey to drive him back home to Niagara Falls. After dropping him off at his parents place, Owen goes to the woods and reminisces on their childhood friendship together which was based on their mutual hero-worship of a small-time wrestler named Bruiser Mahoney. After seeing Mahoney perform live one night, and meeting him briefly, the boys' fathers get into an altercation in the parking lot with some of their co-workers, the fathers of boys around their age who think that Duncan and his father cheated at a game of go-kart racing. While the police arrest the men Mahoney, who happened to be exiting the arena at the same time, takes the boys into his van with the intention of returning them home. Instead he becomes inebriated and takes them into the forest after learning they have never been camping before. His behaviour becomes increasingly erratic and he reveals his real name is Dade Rathburn and he is from Orillia before telling the boys that wrestling is fake. The next morning Owen and Duncan awake to find him dead and decide to try to follow the tracks of Bruiser's van through the forest in order to find their way home. The boys are lost in the woods for several days with nothing to eat, eventually meeting a vagrant who tries to sexually assault them. After frightening him away with a gun they took off of Mahoney's body they languish in the woods for one more day before discovering an isolated home. From there they are rescued and gradually drift apart from one another for a few years.

They later reunite as teenagers when Duncan discovers two abandoned greyhound puppies and decides to gift one to Owen. Their former baby sitter, Edwina Murphy, helps them bring the greyhounds to a racing track where they discover that Owen's pet, Fragrant Meat, can never be a racer while Duncan's pet, Dolly, is a gifted prodigy. As the boys spend more time at the race track they grow closer to Ed and she and Owen begin a relationship. Meanwhile Owen becomes a star basketball player and begins to distance himself from Duncan again. Owen's basketball career is cut short when he is the victim of a hit and run perpetuated by Clyde Hillicker and Adam Lowery, the sons of the men who fought Owen and Duncan's fathers all those years ago. With his basketball career in ruins Owen goes to college to train as a police office. Meanwhile Ed leaves him for Duncan and the two begin racing Dolly. Dolly moves her way up the race track but becomes grievously injured during a secret after hours race that Duncan participates in. He loses twenty thousand dollars to Lemmy Drinkwater and Dolly loses her leg.

As Duncan matures into adulthood he begins to bare knuckle box in an illegal ring run by Lemmy Drinkwater to supplement the meagre income he earns at the local cookie factory. When he is laid off he agrees to illegally smuggle cigarettes over the Canada–United States border for Lemmy. Shortly after the deal between Duncan and Lemmy is struck he receives a phone call from Owen who makes vague hints that he is being watched by the police. Duncan decides to go through with the deal anyway, however Igor Bearfoot, one of Lemmy's associates, believes he is a snitch and tries to choke him to death. Duncan saves himself by stabbing Igor with a box cutter. He is captured by Owen and forced to stand trial.

In prison Duncan meets a man called Silas Garrow, a professional boxer from the Akwesasne reservation. The two become friends and Garrow teaches Duncan how to improve his boxing skills. In the present day, now that he has been released from prison, Duncan goes to Lemmy and asks him to arrange a fight between him and three men of his choosing. Lemmy arranges the fight and Duncan manages to beat the first two men with some difficulty. The third man is Silas Garrow, with whom Duncan had previously arranged a plan to throw the fight. After winning the fight Duncan manages to nearly bankrupt Lemmy with his winnings. Dissatisfied with his winnings Duncan, Owen and Silas come together to secretly record Lemmy discussing his cigarette smuggling business. However before he can mention it he spots a police issued rifle that Silas is carrying and attempts to shoot him. Silas survives and Duncan and Owen follow Lemmy into the woods only to become grievously injured and lost. They pursue Lemmy for days eventually finding the old van Bruiser Mahoney kidnapped them in. Knowing that they are close to salvation they nevertheless make the wrong turn they made as boys and end up in the cave they found as children. There Lemmy reunites with them and after a scuffle in which Lemmy attempts to murder Duncan and Duncan shoots at Lemmy with Bruiser's old gun, Owen discovers that Lemmy is carrying a cellphone and calls for help.

In the final epilogue we learn that all three men survived and that Duncan, suffering from brain-damage, has left Niagara Falls to pursue Ed and that Lemmy is in Attica.

Reception

Cataract City was published to positive reviews. The National Post wrote of it as a "superb, thoughtful and thoroughly entertaining novel that is, page by page, mostly riveting, its prose flawless and its observations acute and, often touchingly sympathetic." Meanwhile The Globe and Mail praised Davidson as "one of [Canada]'s great kinetic writers."

Awards and nominations

Cataract City was shortlisted for the 2013 Scotiabank Giller Prize.

References

Category:2013 Canadian novels
Category:Doubleday (publisher) books
Category:Novels set in Ontario
Category:Niagara Falls in fiction


William Sladden

William Melville Sladden (13 November 1882 – 12 November 1961) was a South Australian rower. He was a four-time national champion who represented Australia at the 1924 Summer Olympics in the stroke seat of the men's eight.

Pre war rowing
Sladden's senior rowing was from the Murray Bridge Rowing Club. He (and the rest of the champion Murray Bridge senior men's eight) was selected in South Australian state eights to contest the Australian men's interstate eights title at the Interstate Regattas of 1913 and 1914.  They won the national title in 1913  and placed second in 1914.

Post war rowing
Sladden's occupation post war was listed as "Master Mariner" and he returned to competition at the Murray Bridge Rowing Club. The Murray Bridge Rowing Club men's eight continued as the dominant Australian club eight of the 1920s. They won the South Australian state championship from 1920 to 1923 and in 1921 by a margin of ten lengths. For the four years from 1920 to 1923 they were selected in-toto as the South Australian men's eight to contest the King's Cup at the Australian Interstate Regatta. Sladden was the in each of those crews (at stroke in 1920) and rowed in those South Australian King's Cup victories of 1920, 1922 and 1923,.

The South Australian media pushed for Sladden's victorious 1920 King's Cup eight to be sent to the 1920 Antwerp Olympics but with the Victorian and New South Wales Rowing Association in control of selections and funding, there wasn't sufficient support for their campaign. By 1924 with South Australia continuing to dominate Australian eights rowing, their claim could not be denied and after winning a test event raced on Port Adelaide in March 1924, Sladden and the South Australian crew were selected in-toto to represent Australia as an eight at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Funding was raised from the Murray Bridge Rowing Club, the South Australian Rowing Association and the general public of South Australia. The crew were nicknamed "the Murray Cods".  Unlike the 1912 Olympic eight, the Murray Cods were not invited to race in lead-up at the Henley Royal Regatta and in 2000 Ted Thomas jnr a crew member's son, asserted that this was because the eight was crewed by working class men other than  Sladden  It's undisputed that tour funds were scarce and on arrival in France, the crew had to row their shell 60 km to their training base; that on tour a number of the crew (including Sladden) busked as musicians to raise pocket money; and that on race day they first rowed their shell 26 miles from their boatshed to the Olympic course. Their equipment was also sub-par as they rowed with their oars turning in out-rigged poppets rather than in swivelling gates as had become the norm by 1924.

In the Olympic regatta, with Sladden at stroke, the Australian eight finished second behind Italy in their heat, then finished third in the repechage and didn't advance to the final. Sladden did not row on after the Olympics.

References

Category:1882 births
Category:1961 deaths
Category:Australian male rowers
Category:Olympic rowers of Australia
Category:Rowers at the 1924 Summer Olympics


Putamen

The putamen (; from Latin, meaning "nutshell") is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain (telencephalon). The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprise the basal nuclei. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra, the globus pallidus, the claustrum, and the thalamus, in addition to many regions of the cerebral cortex. A primary function of the putamen is to regulate movements at various stages (e.g. preparation and execution) and influence various types of learning. It employs GABA, acetylcholine, and enkephalin to perform its functions. The putamen also plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.

History
The word "putamen" is from Latin, referring to that which "falls off in pruning", from "putare", meaning "to prune, to think, or to consider".

Until recently, most MRI research focused broadly on the basal ganglia as a whole, for various reasons (e.g. image resolution, rarity of isolated infarct or hemorrhage within the putamen, etc.). However, many studies have been done on the basal ganglia and relevant brain-behavior relationships. In the 1970s, the first single unit recordings were done with monkeys monitoring pallidal neuron activity related to movement. Since then, more extensive neuronal tracing, stimulation, and imaging research methods (e.g. fMRI, DWI) that allow for investigation of the putamen have been developed.

Anatomy

The putamen is a structure in the forebrain. Along with the caudate nucleus it forms the dorsal striatum. The caudate and putamen contain the same types of neurons and circuits – many neuroanatomists consider the dorsal striatum to be a single structure, divided into two parts by a large fiber tract, the internal capsule, passing through the middle. The putamen, together with the globus pallidus, makes up the lentiform nucleus. The putamen is the outermost portion of the basal ganglia. These are a group of nuclei in the brain that are interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. Basal ganglia include the dorsal striatum, substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and the subthalamic nucleus.

In mammals, the basal ganglia are associated with motor control, cognition, emotions, learning, and domain-general functions important for executive functioning as well as support for domain-specific languages. The basal ganglia are located bilaterally, and have rostral and caudal divisions. The putamen is located in the rostral division as part of the striatum. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex, via the striatum.

The putamen is interconnected with the following structures:

This description is rudimentary and does not nearly exhaust even the basic established circuitry of the putamen. The cortico-subcortico-cortical circuits with putaminal involvement are dense and complicated, consisting of a wide range of axonal, dendritic, chemical, afferent, and efferent substrates. The putamen's outputs are highly arborized across output structures, and cortical efferents arise from layers III-VI of the cortex, dependent on gyri and location within the putamen. Topographical organization of the putamen combines the following elements: anterior-to-posterior functional and somatotopic gradients, lateral-to-medial functional and somatotopic gradients, diffuse terminal output, patchy localized terminal output, segregated terminals from adjacent regions, finely interdigiated terminals from distal cortical regions in a seemingly overlapping fashion.

Caudate nucleus
The caudate works with the putamen to receive the input from cerebral cortex. Collectively, they can be considered the "entrance" to the basal ganglia. Projections from the putamen reach the caudate directly via the caudolenticular grey bridges. The putamen and caudate are jointly connected with the substantia nigra, however the caudate outputs more densely to the substantia nigra pars reticulata while the putamen sends more afferents to the internal globus pallidus.

Substantia nigra
The substantia nigra contains two parts: the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr). The SNpc obtains input from the putamen and caudate, and sends information back. The SNpr also obtains input from the putamen and caudate. However, it sends the input outside the basal ganglia to control head and eye movements. The SNpc produces dopamine, which is crucial for movements. The SNpc is the part that degenerates during Parkinson's disease.

Globus pallidus
The globus pallidus contains two parts: the globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) and the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi). Both regions acquire input from the putamen and caudate and communicate with the subthalamic nucleus. However, mostly the GPi sends GABAergic inhibitory output to the thalamus. The GPi also sends projections to parts of the midbrain, which have been assumed to affect posture control.

Physiology

Types of pathways
The putamen (and striatum in general) has numerous, parallel circuits that allow for cortico-subcortico-cortico communication loops. These have been described, broadly, as the direct, indirect, and hyper direct pathways. GABAergic projections of the putamen have an inhibitory effect on the thalamus. Thalamic projections from the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei have an excitatory effect on the putamen. Unlike the thalamus, which has broad reciprocal connectivity, cortical projections with the putamen are afferent, thus sending information as opposed to receiving it. Cortical communication is accomplished via multi-fiber pathways as outlined previously (i.e. via other subcortical structures).

Dopamine
Dopamine as a neurotransmitter has a dominant role in the putamen, most of it is supplied from the substantia nigra. When a cell body of a neuron (in the putamen or caudate nuclei) fires an action potential, dopamine is released from the presynaptic terminal. Since projections from the putamen and caudate nuclei modulate the dendrites of the substantia nigra, the dopamine influences the substantia nigra, which affects motor planning. This same mechanism is involved in drug addiction. In order to control the amount of dopamine in the synaptic cleft, and the amount of dopamine binding to post synaptic terminals, presynaptic dopaminergic neurons function to reuptake the excess dopamine.

Other neurotransmitters
The putamen also plays a role in modulation of other neurotransmitters. It releases GABA, enkephalin, substance P, and acetylcholine. It receives serotonin and glutamate.

Function: motor skills
The putamen is interconnected with many other structures, and works in conjunction with them to influence many types of motor behaviors. These include motor planning, learning, and execution, motor preparation, specifying amplitudes of movement, and movement sequences.

Some neurologists hypothesize that the putamen also plays a role in the selection of movement (e.g. Tourette syndrome) and the "automatic" performance of previously learned movements (e.g. Parkinson's disease).

In one study it was found that the putamen controls limb movement. The goal of this study was to determine whether particular cell activity in the putamen of primates was related to the direction of limb movement or to the underlying pattern of muscular activity. Two monkeys were trained to perform tasks that involved the movement of loads. The tasks were created so that movement could be distinguished from muscle activity. Neurons in the putamen were selected for monitoring only if they were related both to the task and to arm movements outside the task. It was shown that 50% of the neurons that were monitored were related to the direction of movement, independent of the load.

Another study was done to investigate movement extent and speed using PET mapping of regional cerebral blood flow in 13 humans. Movement tasks were performed with a joystick-controlled cursor. Statistical tests were done to calculate the extent of movements and what regions of the brain the movements correlate to. It was found that "increasing movement extent was associated with parallel increases of rCBF in bilateral basal ganglia (BG; putamen and globus pallidus) and ipsilateral cerebellum." This not only shows that the putamen affects movement but it also shows that the putamen integrates with other structures in order to perform tasks.

One study was done in order to specifically investigate how the basal ganglia influences the learning of sequential movements. Two monkeys were trained to press a series of buttons in sequence. The methods used were designed to be able to monitor the well-learned tasks versus the new tasks. Muscimol was injected into various parts of the basal ganglia, and it was found that "the learning of new sequences became deficient after injections in the anterior caudate and putamen, but not the middle-posterior putamen". This shows that different areas of the striatum are utilized when performing various aspects of the learning of sequential movements.

Role in learning
In many studies, it has become apparent that the putamen plays a role in many types of learning. Some examples are listed below:

Reinforcement and implicit learning
Along with various types of movement, the putamen also affects reinforcement learning and implicit learning.

Reinforcement learning is interacting with the environment and catering actions to maximize the outcome. Implicit learning is a passive process where people are exposed to information and acquire knowledge through exposure. Although the exact mechanisms are not known, it is clear that dopamine and tonically active neurons play a key role here. Tonically active neurons are cholinergic interneurons that fire during the entire duration of the stimulus and fire at about 0.5–3 impulses per second. Phasic neurons are the opposite and only fire an action potential when movement occurs.

Category learning
One particular study used patients with focal lesions on the basal ganglia (specifically the putamen) due to stroke in order to study category learning. The advantage to using these types of patients is that dopaminergic projections to the prefrontal cortex are more likely to be intact. Also, in these patients, it is easier to relate specific brain structures to function because the lesion only occurs in a specific place. The goal of this study was to determine whether or not these lesions affect rule-based and information-integration task learning. Rule-based tasks are learned via hypothesis-testing dependent on working memory. Information-integration tasks are ones wherein the accuracy is maximized when information from two sources are integrated at a pre-decisional stage, which follows a procedural-based system.

Seven participants with basal ganglia lesions were used in the experiment, along with nine control participants. It is important to note that the caudate was not affected. The participants were tested for each type of learning during separate sessions, so the information processes would not interfere with each other. During each session, participants sat in front of a computer screen and various lines were displayed. These lines were created by using a randomization technique where random samples were taken from one of four categories. For ruled-based testing, these samples were used to construct lines of various length and orientation that fell into these four separate categories. After the stimulus was displayed, the subjects were asked to press 1 of 4 buttons to indicate which category the line fell into. The same process was repeated for information-integration tasks, and the same stimuli were used, except that the category boundaries were rotated 45°. This rotation causes the subject to integrate the quantitative information about the line before determining what category it is in.

It was found that subjects in the experimental group were impaired while performing rule-based tasks, but not information-integration ones. After statistical testing, it was also hypothesized that the brain began using information-integration techniques to solve the rule-based learning tasks. Since rule-based tasks use the hypothesis-testing system of the brain, it can be concluded that the hypothesis-testing system of the brain was damaged/weakened. It is known that the caudate and working memories are part of this system. Therefore, it was confirmed that the putamen is involved in category learning, competition between the systems, feed-back processing in rule-based tasks, and is involved in the processing of pre-frontal regions (which relate to working memory and executive functioning). Now it is known that not only the basal ganglia and caudate affect category learning.

Role in "hate circuit"
Tentative studies have suggested that the putamen may play a role in the so-called "hate circuit" of the brain. A recent study was done in London by the department of cell and developmental biology at University College London. An fMRI was done on patients while they viewed a picture of people they hated and people who were "neutral". During the experiment, a "hate score" was recorded for each picture. The activity in sub-cortical areas of the brain implied that the "hate circuit" involves the putamen and the insula. It has been theorized that the "putamen plays a role in the perception of contempt and disgust, and may be part of the motor system that's mobilized to take action." It was also found that the amount of activity in the hate circuit correlates with the amount of hate a person declares, which could have legal implications concerning malicious crimes.

Role in transgender individuals
The putamen was found to have significantly larger amounts of grey matter in male to female transgender individuals compared to the putamen of a typical heterosexual male. This possibly suggests that a fundamental difference in brain composition may exist between trans women and cis men.

Pathology

Parkinson's disease
After discovering the function of the putamen, it has become apparent to neurologists that the putamen and basal ganglia play an important role in Parkinson's disease and other diseases that involve the degeneration of neurons.

Parkinson's disease is the slow and steady loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. In Parkinson's disease the putamen plays a key role because its inputs and outputs are interconnected to the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus. In Parkinson's disease the activity in direct pathways to interior globus pallidus decreases and activity in indirect pathways to external globus pallidus increases. This is why Parkinson's patients have tremors and have trouble performing voluntary movements. It has also been noted that Parkinson's patients have a difficult time with motor planning.

Other diseases and disorders
The following diseases and disorders are linked with the putamen:

 Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease
 Huntington's disease
 Wilson's disease
 Dementia with Lewy bodies
 Corticobasal degeneration
 Tourette syndrome
 Schizophrenia
 Depression
 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
 Chorea
 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
 Kernicterus
 Other anxiety disorders

In other animals
The putamen in humans is relatively similar in structure and function to other animals. Therefore, many studies on the putamen have been done on animals (monkeys, rats, cats, etc.), as well as humans. However, inter-species variation are indeed observed in mammals, and have been documented for white matter putaminal connectivity. Variation is primarily related to structural connectivity patterns, while somatotopic organization principles are retained. Primate research since the 1980s through to the present has established that cortical regions relation to higher-order cognition primarily send afferent neurons to the rostal-most portion of the putamen, while the remainder of this structure in primates primarily serves sensori-motor functions and is densely interconnected with primary and supplementary motor regions.

Additional images

See also
 Lentiform nucleus

References

External links

 Diagram at uni-tuebingen.de
  – "The Visual Pathway from Below"

Category:Basal ganglia


Aslauga confusa

Aslauga confusa is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and Gabon.

References

External links
Images representing Aslauga confusa at Barcodes of Life

Category:Butterflies described in 1994
Category:Aslauga


Nossa Senhora do Carmo

Igreja e Convento de Nossa Senhora do Carmo (Church and Convent of Our Lady of Mount Carmel), also Igreja do Carmo, is a church and convent complex in Luanda, Angola. Thanks to its good condition, the church is considered to be one of the country's most important religious monuments.

Under the patronage of Queen Luisa de Guzmán, the church was completed in 1689. It was built by the Carmelites who arrived in Luanda in 1659. The simple structure has a plain facade surmounted by a triangular gable. The building had seriously decayed by 1828 but was restored by Dominican priests. The interior is decorated with carved altars, gilded sculptures, frescos and Lisbon tilework.

References

Category:Roman Catholic churches in Luanda
Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1689
Category:1689 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
Category:1689 establishments in Africa


Andrew Pifko

Andrew Pifko is a Canadian actor, comedian, singer, and voice actor, who has worked on numerous projects since beginning his career in 1999.

Career
Andrew has both appeared as and voiced various characters in several TV series such as Queer as Folk, Rescue Heroes, and 'Til Death Do Us Part. He also voiced the playable character Aldo Trapani in The Godfather video games, which are based on the film The Godfather.

Personal life
He is the older brother of actress Cara Pifko.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian male film actors
Category:Canadian male television actors
Category:Male actors from London, Ontario
Category:Canadian male voice actors


Gul Phul

Gul Phul (Sindhi گل ڦل) is a children's magazine in Sindhi published by Sindhi Adabi Board.

History and profile

Gul Phul was started in 1959 and enjoys the status of being the first and oldest children's magazine in Sindhi. The magazine is based in Hyderabad. Its first editor was Ghulam Rabbani Agro. It contains short stories, articles, mathematics, poems, jokes, interviews and other things of interest to children. In February 2016 the editors of the magazine reported that it had not been published for the last five months due to lack of funds by the Sindhi Adabi.

References

External links
 WorldCat record

Category:1959 establishments in Pakistan
Category:Magazines established in 1959
Category:Pakistani children's magazines
Category:Sindhi children's magazines
Category:Media in Hyderabad, India


2013 Uzbek League

The 2013 Uzbek League season was  the 22nd season of top level football in Uzbekistan since independence in 1992. Pakhtakor were the defending champions from the 2012 campaign.

Teams

Mash'al Mubarek and FK Andijan were relegated in the last edition of the Uzbek League to First League. Sogdiana Jizzakh and FK Guliston replaced them.

Managerial changes

Pre-season transfers

League table

Results

Season statistics

Top goalscorers

Last updated: 8 November 2013
Source: Soccerway

Awards

Monthly awards

References

External links
Championat.uz: Standings and Results

Category:Uzbekistan Super League seasons
1
Uzbek
Uzbek


1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 3000 metres

The women's 3000 metres event  at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on March 8.

Results

References

3000
Category:3000 metres at the World Athletics Indoor Championships
Category:1997 in women's athletics


Quartz fiber

Quartz fiber is a fiber created from high purity natural quartz crystals. It is made by first softening quartz rods (in an oxyhydrogen flame) and then creating filaments from the rods. Since natural quartz crystals of high purity are rare, quartz fiber is more expensive than alternatives (glass fiber and high silica fiber) and has limited applications.

Manufacture
Quartz fiber is made from heating quartz rods with an oxyhydrogen flame. Then, filaments are drawn out of the quartz rod, creating quartz fibers. For optical fibers, germanium and phosphorus can be added to increase the refractive index.

Properties
A single quartz fiber can have a tensile strength of . Quartz fibers are chemically stable as they are not affected by halogens (for the most part). Quartz fibers also have a higher thermal resistance than S-glass or E-glass.

Applications

Since quartz fiber is expensive, it has limited applications. It is used mainly for producing composite materials (due to having higher stability compared to glass fiber) and in electrical applications where thermal resistance and dielectric properties are important. It can be used in filtration applications where alternatives such as glass fiber filters cannot be used. Quartz fiber can also be used for physical devices (such as in quartz fiber dosimeters and quartz fiber electrometers).

Quartz fibers can be used in fiber optics. This is due to a quartz fiber having the ability to transport data at a speed of 1 terabit per second, and having a transmission loss of 1 decibel per kilometer.

See also
 Fused quartz
 Quartz fiber dosimeter

References

Category:Fibers


Hyperspeed (video game)

Hyperspeed is a space combat role-playing video game developed by MicroProse Software in 1991 for DOS, and is a sequel to Lightspeed.

Plot
The object is to locate a suitable home for mankind after the humans have made Earth nearly uninhabitable. The player pilots a vessel with a wide variety of weapons and encounters a variety of aliens; while some are friendly to the player's cause, the player must eliminate the hostile aliens or arrange peace treaties with them to allow the habitation of new worlds. There are four star clusters to explore, each one with its own difficulty level.

Gameplay
Spaceflight is similar in style to the Wing Commander or X-Wing titles. Most races initially adopt a neutral stance towards the player, unless they ambush the player in between star systems. The player can then choose to attack or hold their fire, which can influence future relations with that species. The player may also choose to launch an unguided probe to initiate communications with neutral or friendly species. The player-controllable vehicles consist of the main Trailblazer-class cruiser (top left screenshot on box back) and small spacecraft chassis that can be quickly reconfigured for three different roles (that of a space superiority fighter, a powerful self-guided kamikaze missile with poor maneuverability or a weak homing missile with excellent maneuverability). The player can also launch an escape pod if the Trailblazer is hopelessly crippled.

In addition, the Trailblazer is also equipped with a fast moving turret with which to shoot down lightly armored fighter craft. While this weapon (along with the weapons equipped on a fighter-variant chassis) cannot penetrate capital ship armor, the Trailblazer is also equipped with a powerful front-mounted main gun to deal with larger threats. Guided missiles and kamikaze craft can also damage capital ships. Some aliens are equipped with shield generators that can negate main gun attacks. However, these generators are vulnerable to fighter and turret fire, as they are attached to the exterior of the ship. The shield component, along with certain weapon turrets, can be targeted by precision fire - a revolutionary feature for the time. This also ensures that no one weapon system becomes redundant at any point during the course of a game.

As a gameplay element, the Trailblazer cruiser can only be crippled and not destroyed. The ship also contains a view the ship's engine room, which allows the player to enhance the ship's performance by upgrading or replacing the ship's components. The engine room is split into various areas including the Spindrive FTL engine, main cannon, sublight engine, turret, and deflector shielding. These components can be destroyed in battle or by the use of the Emergency Spindrive function in order to retreat from battle and head to a safer star system to recoup and repair. If the Spindrive is running without additional components its fuel efficiency could drop to the point that it could become impossible to reach a friendly base to re-equip without running out of fuel. In this situation, the player would be forced to use the escape pod and return to main base for a replacement Trailblazer. This however would cost precious mission time.

The game gives the player the option to choose one of two star clusters in which to play in. The Hyades cluster is the easier of the two, while the Cerberus cluster offers a challenge for expert players. One can also engage in practice ship-to-ship combat from the main menu, or can elect to view a 3D gallery of some the ships in the game.

The game featured groundbreaking polygonal 3D graphics for its time, running at 320x200 256-color VGA resolution and quality if played on capable hardware.

Publication history
Hyperspeed was published by MicroProse Software in 1991.

Tommo purchased the rights to this game and digitally publishes it through its Retroism brand in 2015.

Reception

Computer Gaming World initially rated the game positively stating that "Hyperspeed offers a refreshing change of pace to this genre" that will "reward players with smoothly animated graphics, excellent sound, and a well-developed, sometimes tongue-in-cheek, storyline." A 1992 survey of science fiction games by the magazine gave Hyperspeed one-plus stars out of five, and a 1994 survey of strategic space games set in the year 2000 and later gave the game three stars. Dragon also rated the game positively, praising the well written manual and comparing the game favorably with Wing Commander I and II.

References

External links
Hyperspeed Base

Hyperspeed at IGN
Hyperspeed at GameSpy

Category:1991 video games
Category:DOS games
Category:DOS-only games
Category:MicroProse games
Category:Space trading and combat simulators
Category:Video games developed in the United States
Category:Video games scored by Jeff Briggs


I Don't Want to Go On Without You

"I Don't Want to Go On Without You" is soul ballad written by Bert Berns and Jerry Wexler and produced by Bert Berns for The Drifters in 1964.

Covers
"I Don't Want to Go On Without You" has been covered by Nazareth, The Escorts (1965), The Moody Blues, The Searchers, Patti LaBelle and The Bluebelles, Van Morrison and many others.

Dusty Springfield gave an acclaimed performance of "I Don't Want to Go On Without You" on show 4 of her first television series Dusty on 8 September 1966. It has been praised as a highlight of her well-received first series. The performance was included on the Dusty Springfield DVD release Live at the BBC on 8 October 2007.

History
Originally intended to be the A-side to "Under the Boardwalk," the song was recorded in May 1964 under the direction of songwriter and producer Bert Berns. After the death of The Drifters' lead singer, Rudy Lewis, who unexpectedly died of a heroin overdose the night before, the song was led by longtime Drifters tenor Charlie Thomas.

References

Category:1964 singles
Category:The Drifters songs
Category:Songs written by Bert Berns
Category:The Moody Blues songs
Category:The Searchers (band) songs
Category:Van Morrison songs
Category:Songs written by Jerry Wexler
Category:Nazareth (band) songs
Category:1964 songs
Category:Atlantic Records singles
Category:Song recordings produced by Bert Berns


Endeavour 33

The Endeavour 33 is an American sailboat, that was designed by Bruce Kelley and first built in 1983.

Production
The design was built by Endeavour Yacht Corporation in the United States between 1983 and 1986, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Endeavour 33 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a near-vertical transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel fitted.

The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar diesel engine of . The fuel tank holds  and the fresh water tank also has a capacity of .

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 168 with a high of 180 and low of 162. It has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Abbott 33
Alajuela 33
Arco 33
C&C 3/4 Ton
C&C 33
C&C 101
C&C SR 33
Cape Dory 33
Cape Dory 330
CS 33
Hans Christian 33
Hunter 33
Hunter 33-2004
Hunter 33.5
Hunter 333
Hunter 336
Hunter 340
Marlow-Hunter 33
Mirage 33
Moorings 335
Nonsuch 33
Tanzer 10
Viking 33
Watkins 33

References

External links

Category:Keelboats
Category:1980s sailboat type designs
Category:Sailing yachts


Battle of Taegu

The Battle of Taegu was an engagement between United Nations Command (UN) and North Korean forces early in the Korean War, with fighting continuing from August 5–20, 1950 around the city of Taegu, South Korea. It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously. The battle ended in a victory for the UN after their forces were able to drive off an offensive by Korean People's Army (KPA) divisions attempting to cross the Naktong River and assault the city.

Five KPA divisions massed around the city preparing to cross the Naktong River and assault it from the north and west. Defending the city were the US 1st Cavalry Division and Republic of Korea Army (ROK) II Corps. In a series of engagements, each of the KPA divisions attempted to cross the Naktong and attack the defending forces. The success of these attacks varied by region, but attacks in the 1st Cavalry Division sector were repulsed and the attacks in the ROK sector were more successful.

During the battle, however, KPA troops were able to surprise US troops on Hill 303 and capture them. Late in the battle, these troops were machine gunned in the Hill 303 massacre. Despite these setbacks, the UN forces were successful in driving most of the KPA off, but the decisive battle to secure the city would occur during the Battle of the Bowling Alley.

Background

Outbreak of war
Following the invasion of South Korea by North Korea and the outbreak of the Korean War on June 25, 1950, the United Nations Security Council voted to send armed forces to defend South Korea. The United States, a permanent member of the Security Council, immediately deployed armed forces (US Navy and US Air Force (USAF) units) to southeastern South Korea because of their immediate availability from their bases in Japan and Okinawa, where the military occupation of Japan was still in effect. Countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom all quickly contributed naval ships in support of the UN action.

The goal of American armed forces was to support the remnants of the ROK in fighting back the North Korean invasion (but only in the southeastern part of South Korea, around the major seaport of Pusan) to prevent the complete collapse of the ROK and of the South Korean Government. However, the UN commander, General Douglas MacArthur, after an inspection trip to South Korea, realised US Army ground forces would need to be committed.

At the time of the North Korean invasion, the closest US ground force was the 24th Infantry Division, which was based in Japan. This division had fewer than its normal contingent of soldiers, and most of its equipment was rather old due to the U.S. Congress's reductions in military spending. In any case, the 24th Infantry Division was the only part of the US Army that was available to quickly reinforce South Korea.

Thus, the 24th Infantry Division was the first American armed force sent to South Korea with the mission to blunt the advance of the KPA and to set up a defensive perimeter around Pusan (the Pusan Perimeter) with the aid of USAF, US Navy and United States Marine Corps aviation forces. MacArthur decided to have his US and ROK troops to dig in around Pusan and hold on until he could assemble a powerful force (the X Corps) to make an amphibious counterattack at Inchon on the northwestern coast of South Korea, near Seoul, later on in 1950. The 24th Infantry Division, along with the ROK held out inside the Pusan Perimeter and awaited reinforcements and counterattacks against the KPA.

Among the US units that reinforced the Pusan Perimeter as soon as they could arrive were the 1st Cavalry Division, the 7th Infantry Division and the 25th Infantry Divisions, along with other units of the US Eighth Army that provided logistical, medical, and intelligence support. Advance units of the 24th Infantry Division were badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on July 5 in the first encounter between US and KPA troops. For the first month after the defeat at Osan, the 24th Division were repeatedly pushed back and forced southeastward by larger numbers of KPA troops equipped with rugged Soviet-made T-34 tanks.

The troops of the 24th Division were systematically pushed southeast in the Battle of Chochiwon, the Battle of Chonan, and the Battle of Pyongtaek, as well as in smaller engagements. The 24th Division made a desperate stand against the KPA in the Battle of Taejon, where it was badly battered, but it delayed the KPA advance until July 20. By that time, the Eighth Army's force of combat troops were roughly equal in numbers to KPA forces attacking the Pusan Perimeter, with new UN forces arriving from America, Australia, New Zealand, etc., nearly every day.

North Korean advance

With the city of Taejon captured, the KPA began surrounding the Pusan Perimeter on the north and the west in an attempt to crush it. The KPA 4th and 6th Infantry Divisions advanced south in a wide flanking maneuver. These two KPA divisions attempted to turn the UN left flank in order to capture Pusan from the southwest, but they became dispersed in the process. They were also exposed to repeated air attacks from the USAF and the US Navy. The KPA attacked the US troops with superior numbers at first, and with T-34 tanks, but despite local defeats, the UN troops, with the help of aviation and naval units were able to extend the Pusan Perimeter all the way south to the East China Sea and to blunt all KPA attacks toward Pusan. American air supremacy over the Pusan Perimeter was a significant factor in helping the UN ground forces maintain their positions.

UN forces were pushed back repeatedly before finally halting the KPA advance in a series of battles around the edges of the Pusan Perimeter. Forces of the 3rd Battalion, 29th Infantry, newly arrived in the country, were wiped out at Hadong in a coordinated ambush by KPA forces on July 27, opening a pass to the Pusan area. Soon after, KPA forces took Chinju to the west, pushing back the US 19th Infantry Regiment and leaving routes to the Pusan open for more KPA attacks. US formations were subsequently able to defeat and push back the KPA on the flank in the Battle of the Notch on August 2. Suffering mounting losses, the KPA force in the west withdrew for several days to re-equip and receive reinforcements. This granted both sides a reprieve to prepare for the attack on the Pusan Perimeter.

Taegu
In the meantime, Eighth Army commander Lieutenant General Walton Walker had established Taegu as the Eighth Army's headquarters. Right at the center of the Pusan Perimeter, Taegu stood at the entrance to the Naktong River valley, an area where KPA forces could advance in large numbers in close support. The natural barriers provided by the Naktong River to the south and the mountainous terrain to the north converged around Taegu, which was also the major transportation hub and last major South Korean city aside from Pusan itself to remain in UN hands. From south to north, the city was defended by the 1st Cavalry Division and the ROK 1st and 6th Divisions of ROK II Corps. The 1st Cavalry Division was spread out along a long line along the Naktong River to the south, with its 5th and 8th Cavalry Regiments holding a  line along the river south of Waegwan, facing west. The 7th Cavalry Regiment held position to the east in reserve, along with artillery forces, ready to reinforce anywhere a crossing could be attempted. The ROK 1st Division held a northwest-facing line in the mountains immediately north of the city while the ROK 6th Division held position to the east, guarding the narrow valley holding the Kunwi road into the Pusan Perimeter area.

Five KPA divisions amassed to oppose the UN at Taegu. From south to north, the 10th, 3rd, 15th, 13th, and 1st Divisions occupied a wide line encircling Taegu from Tuksong-dong and around Waegwan to Kunwi. The KPA planned to use the natural corridor of the Naktong valley from Sangju to Taegu as its main axis of attack for the next push south, so the divisions all eventually moved through this valley, crossing the Naktong at different areas along the low ground. Elements of the 105th Armored Division also supported the attack.

Battle
On the night of August 4 to 5, the KPA 13th Division began crossing the Naktong River at Naktong-ni,  northwest of Taegu. The crossing was not discovered until August 5 when ROK artillery and mortar fire was called on the crossing. Over the course of three nights, KPA soldiers from the division's three regiments crossed the river on rafts or by wading, carrying their weapons and equipment over their heads. The entire division was across by August 7, and assembling several miles from the ROK 1st Division's prepared defenses.

At the same time, the KPA 1st Division crossed the river on barges between Hamch'ang and Sangju, in the ROK 6th Division's sector from August 6 to 8. This attack was discovered quickly by US reconnaissance planes and the KPA 1st Division was immediately engaged by the ROK forces. The two divisions locked in battle around Kunwi until August 17, with the KPA division facing stubborn resistance, heavy air attacks, and heavy casualties.

Opening moves

ROK troops attacked the 13th Division immediately after it completing its crossing, forcing scattered KPA troops into the mountains. The division reassembled to the east and launched a concerted night attack, broke the ROK defenses, and began an advance that carried it  southeast of Naktong-ni on the main road to Taegu. Within a week, the KPA 1st and 13th Divisions were converging on the Tabu-dong area, about  north of Taegu.

The KPA 15th Division, the next of the KPA divisions in the line to the south, received 1,500 replacements at Kumch'on on August 5, which brought its strength to about 6,500 troops. On the next day, its 45th Regiment marched northeast toward the Naktong River. This regiment passed through Sonsan on August 7 and crossed the river southeast of that town while under attack by US aircraft. Once across the river, this regiment headed into the mountains, initially encountering no opposition. Its other two regiments, the 48th and 50th, departed from Kumch'on later and began crossing the Naktong between Indong and [Waegwan before dawn of August 8, constructing underwater bridges for their vehicles. The KPA supported this crossing by direct tank fire from the western side of the river. These tanks next carried out their own river crossing during the day. The KPA 15th Division seized Hills 201 and 346 on the east side of the river at the crossing site before advancing eastward into the mountains toward Tabu-dong,  away. On the next day, the ROK 1st Division regained the high ground at the crossing sites, driving the KPA forces further eastward into the mountains. From August 12 through 16, the three regiments of the KPA 15th Division united on the east side of the Naktong River in the vicinity of Yuhak-san,  east of the crossing site and  northwest of Tabu-dong. The KPA 13th Division quickly locked in combat on Yuhak-san with the ROK 1st Division.

South of Waegwan, two more KPA divisions stood ready to cross the Naktong in a coordinated attack with the divisions to the north. The experienced KPA 3rd Division, concentrated in the vicinity of Songju, and the untested KPA 10th Division, concentrated in the Koryong area, and both mobilized for an attack. These two divisions crossed in the 1st Cavalry Division's sector. The KPA 3rd Division's 7th Regiment started crossing the Naktong at about 03:00 on August 9 near Noch'on,  south of the Waegwan bridge. After discovering this crossing, units of the 5th Cavalry Regiment directed automatic-weapon fire against the KPA units and also called in pre-registered artillery fire on the crossing site. Although the KPA regiment suffered some casualties, the bulk of it reached the east bank and then moved inland into the hills. About 30 minutes later, the 8th and 9th Regiments began crossing the river to the south. The 5th Cavalry Regiment and all its supporting mortars and artillery, now fully alerted, spotted and decimated the troops of the two regiments and turned them back to the west bank. Only a small number of KPA reached the eastern side. From there, they were either captured by the UN troops or hid out until the next night – when they retreated across the river.

Triangulation Hill
At dawn on August 9, the 1st Cavalry Division commander, Major General Hobart R. Gay at his headquarters in Taegu learned of the KPA's river crossing in the area of his division south of Waegwan. Since the first reports were vague, General Gay decided to withhold counterattack until he learned more about the situation. He quickly learned that around 750 KPA infantry troops had gathered on Hill 268, also known as "Triangulation Hill", which was  southeast of Waegwan and  northwest of Taegu. General Gay ordered his division to counterattack the enemy gathering to force them across the river. He and General Walker thought that this attack could be a feint, and that the KPA could be planning a larger attack to their north. Furthermore, the hill was important because of its proximity to the lines of supply. The main Korean north-south highway and the main Seoul-Pusan railroad skirted the base of Triangulation Hill.

At about 09:30, General Gay ordered the 1st Battalion of the 7th Cavalry, to counter the KPA penetration. This battalion moved from its bivouac area just outside Taegu, accompanied by five tanks of A Company, 71st Heavy Tank Battalion. This motorized force proceeded to the foot of Hill 268. Meanwhile, the 61st Field Artillery Battalion shelled the hill heavily.

At about 12:00 the artillery fired a preparation on Hill 268, and the 1st Battalion next attacked it with orders to continue on southwest to Hill 154. Hill 268 was covered with thick brush from about  and trees eight to  high. The day was very hot, and many of the American soldiers collapsed from heat exhaustion during the attack, which was not well-coordinated with the artillery fire. The KPA repulsed the attack.

On the next morning, August 10, air raids and artillery rocked Hill 268, devastating the KPA battalion. That afternoon, General Gay ordered the five American tanks to move along the Waegwan road until they could fire onto the hill from the northwest into its reverse slope. This tank-gun fire caught the KPA troops unprepared while they were hiding from the artillery fire. Trapped between the two barrages, they started to vacate their positions. An American infantry attack next reached the crest of the Triangulation Hill without much trouble, and this battle was over by about 16:00. US artillery and mortar fire was now shifted westward, and this cut off the KPA retreat. White phosphorus shells fired from the 61st Field Artillery Battalion caught KPA troops in a village while they attempted to retreat, and they were then routed by US infantry, suffering over 200 killed. That evening the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, returned to the serve as the division reserve, and elements of the 5th Cavalry finished securing Hill 268.

The KPA 7th Regiment, 3rd Division had been destroyed on the hill. The 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry suffered 14 men killed and another 48 wounded in the two-day battle. About 1,000 men of the 7th Regiment had crossed the Naktong to Hill 268, and about 700 of at them became casualties. Artillery and mortars had inflicted most of the crippling casualties on the regiment. After crossing to the east side of the Naktong, the regiment had received no food or ammunition supply. An estimated 300 survivors retreated across the river the night of August 10–11. The KPA 3rd Division's attempted crossing of the Naktong south of Waegwan had ended in catastrophe. When the survivors of the 7th Regiment rejoined the division on or about August 12, the once powerful 3rd Division was reduced to a disorganized unit of only about 2,500 troops. The KPA placed this division in reserve to be rebuilt by replacements.

Yongp'o crossing
The KPA plan for the attack against Taegu from the west and southwest demanded that the KPA 10th Division make a coordinated attack with the KPA 3rd Division. The 10th Division, so far untested in combat, had started from Sukch'on for the front by rail on July 25. At Chonan it left the trains and continued south on foot through Taejon, arriving at the Naktong opposite Waegwan around August 8. The division was ordered to cross the Naktong River in the vicinity of Tuksong-dong, penetrate east, and cut the main supply route of the UN troops from Pusan to Taegu. The division assembled in the Koryong area on August 11.

Two regiments of the KPA 10th Division, the 29th to the south and the 25th to the north, were to make the assault crossing with the 27th Regiment in reserve. The 2nd Battalion, 29th Regiment, was the first unit of the division to cross the river. Its troops waded across undetected during the night of August 11/12, west of Hyongp'ung. It then occupied Hill 265, a northern spur of Hill 409,  southwest of Hyongp'ung, and set up machine gun positions. The other two battalions followed it and occupied Hill 409. The KPA on Hill 409 soon ambushed a patrol from the 21st Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry Division, which was moving north and trying to establish contact with the 7th Cavalry Regiment during the Battle of the Naktong Bulge occurring simultaneously to the south.

Further north, the 25th Regiment started crossing the Naktong around 03:00 on August 12, in the vicinity of Tuksong-dong, on the Koryong-Taegu road. The 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, covered this crossing site, which was  southwest of Taegu. By daylight, a KPA force of 300 to 400 had penetrated to Wich'on-dong and 2nd Battalion's H Company engaged it in close combat. In a grenade and automatic weapons attack, the KPA overran the advance positions of the company, the mortar observation post, and the heavy machine gun positions. The KPA were apparently attempting to control high ground east of Yongp'o in order to provide protection for the main crossing that was to follow. By 09:00, however, the 2nd Battalion, supported by the 77th Field Artillery Battalion and air strikes, drove the KPA back through Yongp'o and dispersed them.

Second Yongp'o attack
In the three days from August 10 to 12, the Naktong River had dropped  in depth and it was only shoulder-deep at many places due to the lack of rain and the torrid weather. This made any attempt at crossing the river considerably easier.

A more determined KPA crossing of the Naktong in the vicinity of the blown bridge between Tuksong-dong and Yongp'o began early in the morning on August 14. By 06:20, about 500 KPA soldiers had penetrated as far as Yongp'o. Fifteen minutes later, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry soldiers engaged the KPA at Wich'on-dong,  east of the crossing site. At 08:00, General Gay ordered 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry to move to the Yongp'o area to support the 2nd Battalion.

KPA artillery and tank fire from the west side of the river supported the infantry crossing. A large number of KPA reinforcements were crossing in barges near the bridge, while under fire from US air strikes and artillery. This attack also stalled, with the deepest KPA penetration reaching Samuni-dong,  beyond the blown-up bridge. From there the combined fire of US light weapons, mortars and artillery drove them back to the river. By noon, large groups of KPA were trying to recross the river to the west side as American artillery continued hammering them, causing heavy casualties.

By nightfall, the 7th Cavalry Regiment had eliminated the KPA bridgehead at Yongp'o. In the fight, the only major one to take place along the Naktong at a prefabricated crossing site, the 25th and 27th Regiments of the KPA 10th Division suffered crippling losses. The 7th Cavalry estimated that of 1,700 KPA troops that had succeeded in crossing the river, 1,500 had been killed. Two days after the battle, H Company reported it had buried 267 KPA dead behind its lines. In front of its position, G Company counted 150 KPA dead. In contrast, G Company suffered only two men killed and three wounded during the battle. In its first combat mission, the crossing of the Naktong, the 10th Division suffered 2,500 casualties.

Hill 303

Almost simultaneously with the KPA 10th Division's crossing in the southern part of the 1st Cavalry Division sector at Tuksong-dong and Yongp'o, another was taking place northward above Waegwan near the boundary between the division's sector and the ROK 1st Division's sector. The northernmost unit of the 1st Cavalry Division was G Company, 5th Cavalry Regiment. It held Hill 303, the furthest position on the Eighth Army's extreme right flank.

For several days UN intelligence sources had reported heavy KPA concentrations across the Naktong opposite the ROK 1st Division. Early in the morning on August 14, a KPA regiment crossed the Naktong  north of Waegwan into the ROK 1st Division sector through an underwater bridge. Shortly after midnight that night, ROK forces on the high ground just north of the US-ROK boundary were attacked by this force. After daylight an air strike partially destroyed the underwater bridge. The KPA attack spread south and by 12:00 KPA small-arms fire fell on G Company, 5th Cavalry Regiment, on Hill 303. Instead of moving east into the mountains as other landings had, this force turned south and headed for Waegwan.

Early in the morning on August 15, G Company men on Hill 303 spotted 50 KPA infantry supported by two T-34 tanks moving south along the river road at the base of the hill. They also spotted another column moving to their rear which quickly engaged F Company with small arms fire. In order to escape the enemy encirclement, F Company withdrew south, but G Company did not. By 08:30, the KPA had completely surrounded it and a supporting platoon of H Company mortarmen on Hill 303. A relief column, composed of B Company, 5th Cavalry and a platoon of US tanks tried to reach G Company, but was unable to penetrate the KPA force that was surrounding Hill 303.

Later that day, B Company and the tanks tried again to retake the hill, now estimated to contain a 700-man battalion. The 61st Field Artillery Battalion and elements of the 82nd Field Artillery Battalion, fired on the hill during the day. During the night, G Company succeeded in escaping from Hill 303. Before dawn on the 17th, troops from both the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 5th Cavalry Regiment, supported by A Company of the 70th Tank Battalion, attacked Hill 303, but heavy KPA mortar fire stopped them at the edge of Waegwan. During the morning, heavy artillery preparations pounded the KPA positions on the hill.

At 14:00 an air strike came in, attacking the hill with napalm, conventional bombs, rockets and machine guns. The air strike and artillery bombardment were successful in pushing the KPA off the hill. After the strike, the infantry attacked up the hill at 15:30 unopposed and secured it by 16:30. The combined strength of E and F Companies on top of the hill was about sixty men. The artillery and the air attacks killed and wounded an estimated 500 enemy troops on Hill 303, with survivors fleeing in a complete rout.

In regaining Hill 303 on August 17, the 5th Cavalry Regiment discovered the bodies of 26 mortarmen of H Company, hands tied in back, with gunshot wounds to the back. First knowledge of the event came in the afternoon when scouts brought in a man from Hill 303, Pvt. Roy Manring of the Heavy Mortar Platoon, who had been wounded by automatic weapons fire. Manring had crawled down the hill until he saw scouts of the attacking force. In all about 45 men were shot by the KPA in the event, of which only five survived. The total number of men executed around Hill 303 is unclear, as several more men were subsequently discovered in other locations around the hill with evidence of execution. Angered, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, commander of UN forces in Korea, broadcast a warning to North Korean leaders they would be held accountable for the atrocity. However intercepted documents show the KPA command was also concerned with the conduct of its troops and issued orders to limit killing of Prisoners of War.

Carpet bombing
In the mountains northeast of Waegwan and Hill 303, the ROK 1st Division continued to suffer KPA attacks throughout mid-August. KPA pressure against the ROK 1st Division never ceased for long. Under the command of Brigadier General Paik Sun Yup, this division fought an extremely bloody defense of the mountain approaches to Taegu. US planners believed the main KPA attack would come from west, and so the US command massed its forces to the west of Taegu. The US command mistakenly believed up to 40,000 KPA troops were near Taegu. This number was above the actual troop numbers for the KPA, which had only 70,000 men along the entire perimeter. US artillery fire from the 1st Cavalry Division sector supported the ROK in this area. The division's 13th Regiment still held some positions along the river, while the 11th and 12th Regiments battled the KPA in the high mountain masses of Suam-san and Yuhak-san, west and northwest of Tabu-dong and  to  east of the Naktong River. The KPA continued to use the underwater bridge across the Naktong  north of Waegwan as their major route for supply and reinforcements. UN forces continued to target this bridge, even scoring a direct hit with a 155mm howitzer, but it was not seriously damaged.

Through the middle of August, KPA forces relentlessly attacked the sectors occupied by the ROK 13th Regiment and the US 5th Cavalry Regiment. This assault, together with increasingly heavy pressure against the main force of the ROK 1st Division in the Tabu-dong area, began to endanger the UN control of Taegu. On August 16, 750 Korean police were stationed on the outskirts of the city to reinforce faltering military lines. Refugees had swollen Taegu's normal population of 300,000 to 700,000. A crisis seemed to be developing among the people on August 18 when several KPA artillery shells landed in Taegu. The shells, falling near the railroad station, damaged the roundhouse, destroyed one yard engine, killed one Korean civilian, and wounded eight others. The Korean Provincial Government subsequently ordered the evacuation of Taegu, and President of South Korea Syngman Rhee moved the national leaders to Pusan. Following the ordered evacuation, swarms of panicked Korean refugees began to pour out on the roads leading from the city, threatening to stop all military traffic, but Eighth Army eventually halted the evacuations.

On August 14, General MacArthur ordered Lieutenant General George E. Stratemeyer to conduct a carpet bombing of a  rectangular area on the west side of the Naktong River opposite the ROK 1st Division. Intelligence estimates placed the greatest concentrations of enemy troops in this area, some estimates being as high as four KPA divisions and several armored regiments, totalling 40,000 men, who were reportedly using the area to stage their attack on Taegu. General Gay, commanding the 1st Cavalry Division, repeatedly requested that the bombing include the area northeast of Waegwan. This request was denied because of fear that bombing there might cause casualties among the 1st Cavalry and ROK 1st Division troops. Stratemeyer did not think his aircraft could successfully carpet bomb an area larger than  square but he complied with MacArthur's order anyway.

At 11:58, on August 16, the first of the 98 B-29 Superfortresses of the 19th, 22nd, 92nd, 98th and 307th Bomber Groups arrived over the target area from their Far East Air Force bases in Japan and Okinawa. The last planes cleared the target at 12:24. The bombers from  dropped approximately 960 tons of 500- and 1,000-pound bombs. The attack had required the entirety of the FEAF bombing component, and they had dropped 3,084  bombs and 150  bombs. This comprised the largest USAF operation since the Battle of Normandy in World War II.

General Walker reported to General MacArthur the next day that the damage done to the KPA by the bombing could not be evaluated because of smoke and dust, and ground forces could not reach it because of KPA fire. Information obtained later from KPA prisoners revealed the enemy divisions the Far East Command thought to be still west of the Naktong had already crossed to the east side and were not in the bombed area. No evidence was found that the bombing killed a single KPA soldier. However, the bombing seems to have destroyed a significant number of KPA artillery batteries. The UN ground and air commanders opposed future massive carpet bombing attacks unless there was precise information on an enemy concentration and the situation was critical. Instead, they recommended fighter-bombers and dive bombers would better support ground forces. They subsequently canceled a second bombing of an area east of the Naktong scheduled for August 19.

Aftermath
The battles around Taegu saw repeated attempts by the KPA to attack the city. However, the KPA were repeatedly stopped or slowed by US and ROK troops and airstrikes. The five KPA divisions each suffered heavy casualties, and each of them finally collapsed under the strain of both mounting losses and lack of supplies. However, some of these division's troops were able to disperse into the mountains. Some of these troops later assembled for different battles. These final elements of the KPA were finally defeated in the Battle of the Bowling Alley.

Casualties among the 1st Cavalry Division were relatively light. This division suffered a total of about 600 casualties, with around 200 killed in action, including those at Hill 303. American forces in established positions were able to decimate KPA units crossing the Naktong in the open with their artillery fire and air attacks. The exact numbers of soldiers captured and executed compared with those killed in combat are difficult to determine, because of conflicting accounts of how many prisoners were actually held on Hill 303. The KPA suffered much higher casualties, and also a much higher percentage of them killed in action (KIA). This included 2,500 at Yongp'o, 500 at Hill 303, and 700 on Triangulation Hill. This places the total killed at over 3,700 troops, though the exact number of casualties is unknown in the carpet-bombing operation because the patrols of the UN troops were unable to reconnitor this area until much later.

References

Citations

Sources

Category:Battle of Pusan Perimeter
Category:Conflicts in 1950
Category:1950 in Korea
Category:Battles of the Korean War
Category:Battles involving North Korea
Category:Battles involving South Korea
Category:Battles of the Korean War involving the United States
Category:North Gyeongsang Province
Category:August 1950 events


Aaron Rosenberg

Aaron Rosenberg (August 26, 1912 – September 1, 1979) was an "all-American" college football player and a film and television producer with more than sixty credits. His most noted film credit is likely Mutiny on the Bounty (1962).

Biography
Born in Brooklyn, with Jewish origins, he studied at the University of Southern California and played college football. He was an Offensive Guard He was selected for the All-America team in 1932 and 1933, and elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1966.

Film career
Following his college career, Rosenberg worked for nearly fifteen years as an assistant director at the 20th Century-Fox Film Studios. He turned to producing in the early 1950s, and produced the box office hits The Glenn Miller Story (1954), The Benny Goodman Story (1956), as well as Mutiny on the Bounty (1962). Rosenberg was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture as a producer of Mutiny on the Bounty. He retired after producing Reflections of Murder for television in 1974.

Director Budd Boetticher later called Rosenberg his "favorite producer of all time because he was so damn honest. […] He and I had a lot of arguments because we both wanted to make better pictures than Universal wanted us to make."

References

External links

Category:1912 births
Category:1979 deaths
Category:20th-century American businesspeople
Category:All-American college football players
Category:Film producers from New York (state)
Category:American football guards
Category:College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Jewish American sportspeople
Category:Sportspeople from Brooklyn
Category:USC Trojans football players
Category:Film directors from New York City


Georgestown, St. John's

Georgestown is a Neighbourhood Improvement Area in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador a short distance north from downtown of St. John's. This was established in the 1970s as part of an effort by Federal and local government to improve inner cities. Originally what was known as Georgestown village was much smaller and only "extended from Donnelly's Lane to what is now Belvedere Street". The neighbourhood improvement area includes, in addition to the original Georgestown, the former Monkstown and Tubridtown, along with adjoining land, including Circular Road, and Belvedere Road as well as some other parts of the former Belvedere Estate. It is bordered by Military Road (north side), Monkstown Road (both sides), Empire Avenue, a small part of Carpassion Road, the east side of Bonaventure Avenue, and Holy Heart and Brother Rice Schools to the west. It was settled, around 1819, as the city's first suburb. The name is an evolution of "George (Winter)'s Town", as it was known in the 19th century.

The use of the term "town" is indicative of the Irish ancestry of many of the residents of St John's: "[Irish] baile 'a town ... a place'. In place-names, a street or neighbourhood in St John's and other communities on the Avalon Peninsula". Also, in St John's, there is Rabbitown, and Hoylestown.

History
After major fires in St John's in November 1817 a delegation of citizens approached George Winter, who owned land north of Military Road, near Fort Townsend (a British military base), with the intent of establishing a village in a safer area. This led to the establishment of what became known as George's town (later Georgestown–sometimes called Georgetown), The village was built on five acres, on the southern slope above Duggan's Gully, a thousand feet to the north of Military Road, and by 1830 George's Town "extended from Donnelly's Lane to what is now Belvedere Street"

The southern boundary of the current Georgestown, Military Road, was originally built to link the British military establishments Fort William and Fort Townsend, and it also forms the northern boundary of Downtown, St John's. Empire Avenue, the northern boundary–formerly called Raiway Track (Road)–is built on the first route in St John's of the Newfoundland Railway.

Monkstown
This subdivision was developed in the 1860s by James Tobin (later Sir James), who had been born in Monkstown, County Cork, Ireland. (Monkstown ( - 'the town of the monk.) Tobin named the streets of Monkstown after his children, Catherine, William and James (later renamed Mullock) Street. Although Tobin purchased the land in the mid 1840s it was not  until "well into the 1860s" that development began.

Tubridtown
Settled around 1840, Tubridtown, or Tubrid's Town, was "formerly used for an area located east side of Barnes Road, between the Barnes estate, Presentation Convent and St. Bonaventure College properties on the west, and Monkstown on the east". It took its name from James Tubrid who originally owned land in this area.

Heritage buildings
The earliest surviving building in this area is the Harris Cottage, Monkstown Road, which was built in 1833 by William Harris, who moved to St. John's from Ferryland in 1832. Harris was

one of the earliest identifiable builders in St. John's, a carpenter and master builder who was responsible for many of the houses in what is now known as Georgestown. His son, also called William, followed in his father's footsteps, becoming a master builder himself. He is also credited with building many of the houses in the area.

List of other heritage buildings:

Cramm House, 3 Barnes Road

8 Barnes Road

10 Barnes Road

7 Monkstown Road

Monkstown Manor, 51 Monkstown Road

Peppercorn House, 25 Monkstown Road

Bibliography
 Wallace Furlong. 2004. Georgestown: An Historic Corner of Old St. John's, Flanker Press, St. John's, Newfoundland.

See also
Architecture of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Neighbourhoods in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Rawlins Cross, St. John's
Rennies Mill Road

References

External links
Georgestown Neighbourhood Association
The United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland, 1800
The History of a House: 16 McDougall St., Georgestown, St. John's

Category:Neighbourhoods in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Category:History of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador


Ebasco Services

Ebasco Services was a United States-based designer and constructor of energy infrasture, most notably nuclear power plants.

History
The company was formed from the Electric Bond and Share Company, a holding company that sold securities of electric utilities. It was created by General Electric in 1905. Electric Bond and Share was restructured after the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, forming EBASCO Services, a provider of engineering consulting and construction services. Among other projects EBASCO designed nuclear power plants.

By the 1980s, EBASCO had three divisions: EBASCO Engineering, which provided engineering design and A/E services, EBASCO Environmental, which provided environmental engineering and science services, and EBASCO Constructors, which provided construction and construction management.

Ebasco (EBS) was included in Dow Jones Utility Average from  1938 to 1947.

Ebasco Services was one of major US architect-engineers, coordinated design of many nuclear power plants both in the USA and abroad including the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (units 1, 2 and 6).

EBASCO Engineering and Constructors were sold to Raytheon in 1993 and became part of a Raytheon subsidiary, United Engineers and Constructors. EBASCO Environmental was sold to Foster Wheeler, Inc., becoming Foster Wheeler Environmental.

Whistleblowing case
Nuclear whistleblower Ronald J. Goldstein was a supervisor employed by EBASCO, which was a major contractor for the construction of Houston Lighting and Power Company's South Texas Project (a complex of two nuclear power plants). In the summer of 1985, Goldstein identified safety problems to SAFETEAM, an internal compliance program established by EBASCO and Houston Lighting, including noncompliance with safety procedures, the failure to issue safety compliance reports, and quality control violations affecting the safety of the plant.

SAFETEAM was promoted as an independent safe haven for employees to voice their safety concerns. The two companies did not inform their employees that they did not believe complaints reported to SAFETEAM had any legal protection. After he filed his report to SAFETEAM, Goldstein was fired. Subsequently, Golstein filed suit under federal nuclear whistleblower statutes.

The U.S. Department of Labor ruled that his submissions to SAFETEAM were protected and his dismissal was invalid, a finding upheld by Labor Secretary Lynn Martin. The ruling was appealed and overturned by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, which ruled that private programs offered no protection to whistleblowers. After Goldstein lost his case, Congress amended the federal nuclear whistleblower law to provide protection reports made to internal systems and prevent retaliation against whistleblowers.

References

Category:Companies disestablished in 1993
Category:1993 disestablishments in the United States
Category:Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1935
Category:1935 establishments in the United States
Category:Raytheon
Category:General Electric


Nipteria

Nipteria is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

References

Category:Geometridae


Enosh Depthios

Enosh Depthios (born 5 August 1971) is an Indonesian weightlifter. He competed in the men's flyweight event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indonesian male weightlifters
Category:Olympic weightlifters of Indonesia
Category:Weightlifters at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)