Peter Goodwin (maritime author)

Peter Goodwin is a British maritime historian and author, and the former Keeper and Curator of .

Biography
Peter Goodwin served in the Royal Navy in nuclear submarines, qualifying as a marine engineer. Subsequently, he worked in Glasgow as a consultant design engineer, before completing an MPhil at the Institute of Maritime Studies, at the University of St Andrews.  As an article by Haley Storey explains, "Peter's interest in 18th century ship construction began when he was just eight years old and, like many boys his age, he enjoyed putting together wooden models".

Between 1991–2011, he was the Keeper and Curator of , HM Naval Base Portsmouth.

He has written eight books on ship construction and Britain's maritime heritage, specialising in the career and ships of Lord Nelson. Goodwin "is widely acknowledged as one of the leading writers on the sailing warship".

Of Nelson's Ships (2002), Nautical Magazine wrote "Superb description of life in the Georgian Navy… Compelling read recommended to everyone with an interest in naval history".

Goodwin’s Nelson’s Men O’War (2005), released to coincide with the bi-centenary of the Battle of Trafalgar, was written in conjunction with the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.

Goodwin has also acted as a historical consultant, most notably on the 20th Century Fox film, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, inspired by Patrick O’Brian's series of Aubrey–Maturin novels, and the television adaptation of Hornblower, in which he made a brief cameo.

Bibliography
 HMS Victory (2006)
 The Ships of Trafalgar: The British, French and Spanish Fleets, October 1805, Conway Publishing (2005)
 Nelson's Men O'War: The Illustrated Story of Life in Nelson's Navy, Andre Deutsch Ltd (2005)
 The Bomb Vessel Granado, 1742: Anatomy of the Ship, Conway Publishing (2005)
 Nelson's Victory: 101 Questions & Answers about HMS Victory, Nelson’s Flagship at Trafalgar 1805, Conway Maritime Press (2004)
 Nelson's Ships: A Comprehensive History of the Ships in Which He Served, 1771–1805, Stackpole Books (2002)
 The Naval Cutter Alert, 1777: Anatomy of the Ship, Conway Maritime Press (1991)
 The 20-Gun Ship Blandford: Anatomy of the Ship, Conway Maritime Press (1988)
 The Construction and Fitting of the Sailing Man of War 1650–1850, Conway Maritime Press (1987)

References

Category:Living people
Category:British non-fiction writers
Category:British curators
Category:Royal Navy submariners
Category:British naval historians
Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Category:British male writers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Father Makes Good

Father Makes Good is a 1950 American comedy film directed by Jean Yarbrough and written by D.D. Beauchamp. The film stars Raymond Walburn, Walter Catlett, Gary Gray, Mary Stuart, Barbara Brown and Olin Howland. The film was released on May 7, 1950, by Monogram Pictures.

Plot

Cast
Raymond Walburn as Henry Latham
Walter Catlett as Mayor Colton
Gary Gray as David Latham
Mary Stuart as Barbara Latham
Barbara Brown as Mrs. Latham
Olin Howland as Milo Williams
Jack Kirkwood as Homer Smedley
Brett King as Steve Emory
Georgie Nokes as Georgie Colton
Robert Emmett Keane as Seton
Mary Field as Mrs. Sweeney
G. Pat Collins as Mr. Joe Sweeney
Paul E. Burns as Watchman
Francis Ford as Fisherman

References

External links

Category:1950 films
Category:American films
Category:English-language films
Category:American comedy films
Category:1950s comedy films
Category:Monogram Pictures films
Category:Films directed by Jean Yarbrough


J-invariant

In mathematics, Felix Klein's -invariant or  function, regarded as a function of a complex variable , is a modular function of weight zero for  defined on the upper half-plane of complex numbers. It is the unique such function which is holomorphic away from a simple pole at the cusp such that

Rational functions of  are modular, and in fact give all modular functions. Classically, the -invariant was studied as a parameterization of elliptic curves over , but it also has surprising connections to the symmetries of the Monster group (this connection is referred to as monstrous moonshine).

Definition

The -invariant can be defined as a function on the upper half-plane

where:

     (the modular discriminant)

This can be motivated by viewing each  as representing an isomorphism class of elliptic curves. Every elliptic curve  over  is a complex torus, and thus can be identified with a rank 2 lattice; that is, a two-dimensional lattice of . This lattice can be rotated and scaled (operations that preserve the isomorphism class), so that it is generated by  and . This lattice corresponds to the elliptic curve  (see Weierstrass elliptic functions).

Note that  is defined everywhere in  as the modular discriminant is non-zero. This is due to the corresponding cubic polynomial having distinct roots.

The fundamental region

It can be shown that  is a modular form of weight twelve, and  one of weight four, so that its third power is also of weight twelve. Thus their quotient, and therefore , is a modular function of weight zero, in particular a holomorphic function  invariant under the action of . Quotienting out by its centre  yields the modular group, which we may identify with the projective special linear group .

By a suitable choice of transformation belonging to this group,

we may reduce  to a value giving the same value for , and lying in the fundamental region for , which consists of values for  satisfying the conditions

The function  when restricted to this region still takes on every value in the complex numbers  exactly once.  In other words, for every  in , there is a unique τ in the fundamental region such that . Thus,  has the property of mapping the fundamental region to the entire complex plane.

Additionally two values   produce the same elliptic curve iff  for some . This means  provides a bijection from the set of elliptic curves over  to the complex plane.

As a Riemann surface, the fundamental region has genus , and every (level one) modular function is a rational function in ; and, conversely, every rational function in  is a modular function. In other words, the field of modular functions is .

Class field theory and
The -invariant has many remarkable properties:

If  is any CM point, that is, any element of an imaginary quadratic field with positive imaginary part (so that  is defined), then  is an algebraic integer. These special values are called singular moduli.
 The field extension  is abelian, that is, it has an abelian Galois group.
 Let  be the lattice in  generated by  It is easy to see that all of the elements of  which fix  under multiplication form a ring with units, called an order. The other lattices with generators  associated in like manner to the same order define the algebraic conjugates  of  over . Ordered by inclusion, the unique maximal order in  is the ring of algebraic integers of , and values of  having it as its associated order lead to unramified extensions of .

These classical results are the starting point for the theory of complex multiplication.

Transcendence properties
In 1937 Theodor Schneider proved the aforementioned result that if  is a quadratic irrational number in the upper half plane then  is an algebraic integer.  In addition he proved that if  is an algebraic number but not imaginary quadratic then  is transcendental.

The  function has numerous other transcendental properties.  Kurt Mahler conjectured a particular transcendence result that is often referred to as Mahler's conjecture, though it was proved as a corollary of results by Yu. V. Nesterenko and Patrice Phillipon in the 1990s.  Mahler's conjecture was that if  was in the upper half plane then  and  were never both simultaneously algebraic. Stronger results are now known, for example if  is algebraic then the following three numbers are algebraically independent, and thus at least two of them transcendental:

The -expansion and moonshine
Several remarkable properties of  have to do with its -expansion (Fourier series expansion), written as a Laurent series in terms of  (the square of the nome), which begins:

Note that  has a simple pole at the cusp, so its -expansion  has no terms below .

All the Fourier coefficients are integers, which results in several almost integers, notably Ramanujan's constant:

.

The asymptotic formula for the coefficient of  is given by

,

as can be proved by the Hardy–Littlewood circle method.

Moonshine
More remarkably, the Fourier coefficients for the positive exponents of  are the dimensions of the graded part of an infinite-dimensional graded algebra representation of the monster group  called the moonshine module – specifically, the coefficient of  is the dimension of grade- part of the moonshine module, the first example being the Griess algebra, which has dimension 196,884, corresponding to the term . This startling observation, first made by John McKay, was the starting point for moonshine theory.

The study of the Moonshine conjecture led John Horton Conway and Simon P. Norton to look at the genus-zero modular functions. If they are normalized to have the form

then John G. Thompson showed that there are only a finite number of such functions (of some finite level), and Chris J. Cummins later showed that there are exactly 6486 of them, 616 of which have integral coefficients.

Alternate expressions
We have

where  and  is the modular lambda function

a ratio of Jacobi theta functions , and is the square of the elliptic modulus . The value of  is unchanged when  is replaced by any of the six values of the cross-ratio:

The branch points of  are at , so that  is a Belyi function.

Expressions in terms of theta functions

Define the nome  and the Jacobi theta function,

from which one can derive the auxiliary theta functions. Let,

where  and  are alternative notations, and .  Then,

for Weierstrass invariants , , and Dedekind eta function . We can then express  in a form which can rapidly be computed.

Algebraic definition
So far we have been considering  as a function of a complex variable. However, as an invariant for isomorphism classes of elliptic curves, it can be defined purely algebraically. Let

be a plane elliptic curve over any field. Then we may perform successive transformations to get the above equation into the standard form  (note that this transformation can only be made when the characteristic of the field is not equal to 2 or 3). The resulting coefficients are:

where  and .  We also have the discriminant

The -invariant for the elliptic curve may now be defined as

In the case that the field over which the curve is defined has characteristic different from 2 or 3, this is equal to

Inverse function
The inverse function of the -invariant can be expressed in terms of the hypergeometric function  (see also the article Picard–Fuchs equation). Explicitly, given a number , to solve the equation  for  can be done in at least four ways.

Method 1: Solving the sextic in ,

where , and  is the modular lambda function so the sextic can be solved as a cubic in . Then,

for any of the six values of .

Method 2: Solving the quartic in ,

then for any of the four roots,

Method 3: Solving the cubic in ,

then for any of the three roots,

Method 4: Solving the quadratic in ,

then,

One root gives , and the other gives , but since , it makes no difference which  is chosen. The latter three methods can be found in Ramanujan's theory of elliptic functions to alternative bases.

The inversion applied in high-precision calculations of elliptic function periods even as their ratios become unbounded. A related result is the expressibility via quadratic radicals of the values of  at the points of the imaginary axis whose magnitudes are powers of 2 (thus permitting compass and straightedge constructions). The latter result is hardly evident since the modular equation of level 2 is cubic.

Pi formulas

The Chudnovsky brothers found in 1987,

which uses the fact that

For similar formulas, see the Ramanujan–Sato series.

Special values

The -invariant vanishes at the "corner" of the fundamental domain at

Here are a few more special values given in terms of the alternative notation  (only the first four of which are well known):

References

. Provides a very readable introduction and various interesting identities.

. Provides a variety of interesting algebraic identities, including the inverse as a hypergeometric series.
 Introduces the j-invariant and discusses the related class field theory.
. Includes a list of the 175 genus-zero modular functions.
. Provides a short review in the context of modular forms.
.

Category:Modular forms
Category:Elliptic functions
Category:Moonshine theory


Same Heart (disambiguation)

"Same Heart" is a 2014 song by Israeli recording artist Mei Finegold.

Same Heart may also refer to:

Games
Doushin: Same Heart (同心 same heart) Japanese electronic game

Music
Ddokateun Mam (똑 같은 맘, "Same Heart")
"Same Heart", a 1986 song by Jennifer Rush in duet with Michael Bolton, written by Michael Bolton, from Passion and Stronghold – The Collector's Hit Box
"Same Heart", No.6 Dutch hit single by Laura Jansen


Forrest Bird

Forrest Morton Bird (June 9, 1921 – August 2, 2015) was an American aviator, inventor, and biomedical engineer. He is best known for having created some of the first reliable mass-produced mechanical ventilators for acute and chronic cardiopulmonary care.

Biography
Bird was born in Stoughton, Massachusetts. Bird became a pilot at an early age due to the encouragement of his father, a World War I pilot, and from meeting Orville Wright at an early age. He performed his first solo flight at age 14. By age 16 he was working to obtain multiple major pilot certifications.

Bird enlisted with the United States Army Air Corps, and entered active duty in 1941 as a technical air training officer due to his advanced qualifications. This rank, combined with the onset of World War II, gave him the opportunity to pilot almost every aircraft in service, including early jet aircraft and helicopters.

The newest models of aircraft were capable of exceeding altitudes at which humans can breathe, even with 100% oxygen supplementation, introducing the risk of hypoxia. Bird discovered that an oxygen regulator in a crashed German bomber he was ferrying back to the U.S. for study seemed to contain a pressure breathing circuit. He took the oxygen regulator home, studied it, and made it more functional. It became the standard design for high-altitude oxygen regulators for most military aircraft until recent time. Bird studied medicine " ... to understand the human body and its stress in flight". This led to him developing efficient respirators and ventilators.

In 1967, Bird developed the Bird Innovator, a conversion of the Consolidated PBY Catalina amphibian aircraft. His company was Bird Oxygen Breathing Equipment Inc, later renamed Bird Corporation, the aircraft being based at Palm Springs until 1976.

Bird resided in Sagle, Idaho, close to the Canada–US border which is where his home, production facilities, museum and ranch were located. Dr. Bird collected and restored old planes, old cars, and motorcycles. As of June 1, 2019, the museum is located at 2678 W Cessna Blvd, Hayden, ID and open Tuesday thru Saturday from 9:00AM to 3:00PM.

Forrest and Pamela Bird opened the Bird Aviation Museum and Invention Center in July 2007, with aviator Patty Wagstaff cutting a ceremonial ribbon at the end of the runway while flying. The Bird's are the founders and owners of the museum, which showcases Bird's various aircraft and inventions.
On December 10, 2008, Bird received the Presidential Citizens Medal from President George Bush. The United States honored him for his groundbreaking contributions and for his work to keep America at the forefront of discovery. On October 7, 2009, President Barack Obama awarded Bird the National Medal of Technology and Innovation, a recognition of his "outstanding contributions to the promotion of technology for the improvement of the economic, environmental or social well-being of the United States."

Bird died at the age of 94 of natural causes at his Sagle, Idaho home on August 2, 2015.

Mechanical ventilators

The first "Bird" units
Bird created a prototype ventilator unit which was tested on seriously ill patients with limited success. His first prototype consisted of strawberry shortcake tins and a doorknob. Most of these first units were sold to the Army, in the original format of tins and the doorknob. Further revision resulted in the 1955 release of the "Bird Universal Medical Respirator" (sold as the Bird Mark 7 Respirator and informally called the "Bird"), a small green box that became familiar to hospital patients soon after its introduction. The Bird Mark 8 added the capabilities of NEEP (Negative End Expiratory Pressure). This was frequently used to power a set of fluidic servos (sort of relays.) He subsequently made a ventilator for infants, nicknamed the "Babybird". This device was one of several devices that appeared on the market designed to effectively ventilate small children and infants. These devices played a significant role in reducing the rate of breathing-related infant mortality from 70% to 10%. The Bird Mark 7 Respirator is still in use around the world. In addition he produced the Fluid Control Device.

Subsequent developments

Bird won the Lifetime Scientific Achievement Award in 1985 and received another one in September 2005.  He continued to contribute to the field of pulmonary science by participating in the development of the VDR, a ventilator that permits management of the most challenging patients including ARDS, trauma and inhalation injury.  In 1995, Bird was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He was named "Inventor of the Week" by MIT in February 2001. The American Respiratory Care Foundation names one of its annual awards after Bird.

History of Bird Corp.
1965: First factory assembly line rolls out a medical respirator for home health, the Mark III.
1971: Bird introduces first infant ventilator.
1978: Bird sells his namesake company to 3M, which took it public.
1984: 3M sells Bird Products to the management group of a competitor, Bird Medical Technologies Inc.
1987: The Bird 6400ST is released, the first new-generation ventilator.
1990: Bird Medical Technologies goes public, and is traded on NASDAQ under the ticker, BMTI.
1992: Bird Medical, reporting $36.5 million in sales in 1991, lays off 21 of 211 workers, citing poor economic conditions and falling sales. Despite the downturn, construction of its new,  building at 1100 Bird Center Drive, its present site, continues.
1995: Thermo Electron Corp., which acquired Bird in a $67 million buyout of Bird stock, moves a Riverside-based subsidiary into the Palm Springs location. That year, Dr. Bird is inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
2002: Through acquisition and consolidation, the venture becomes a part of VIASYS Respiratory Care.
2009: Cardinal Health Inc., a Fortune 20 company based in Dublin, Ohio, is spun from its parent company to the wholly owned subsidiary, CareFusion Corp. The year before, Cardinal Health relocated three sister companies to the Palm Springs operation: Bear Medical of Riverside, SensorMedics Corp. of Yorba Linda and EME Medical of Brighton, England.

See also
 Oxygen mask
 Aviation medicine
 Portable oxygen concentrator

References

External links

 MIT Inventor of the Week: Forrest Bird
 American Respiratory Care Foundation: Forrest M. Bird Achievement Award
 National Inventors Hall of Fame: Forrest Bird
 About.com: Forrest Bird
 Forrest Bird on 60 Minutes
 Percussionaire
 Bird Aviation Museum

Category:1921 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:American inventors
Category:American pulmonologists
Category:American aviators
Category:National Medal of Technology recipients
Category:Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Category:United States Army Air Forces officers
Category:United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Category:People from Stoughton, Massachusetts
Category:Northrop University alumni
Category:Physicians from Massachusetts


Print Audit

Print Audit is a private company that provides print tracking and copy auditing tools to  office equipment dealers and end-users. The company's main software product is Print Audit 6.

In addition to its headquarters in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, the company has offices in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia and Latin America.

History
The company was co-founded in December 1999 by John MacInnes to create products that could help companies recover the costs associated with photocopying.  Over the next ten years, the company developed print and photocopying products to track, analyze and control the printing patterns of organizations.  The company asserts that to date it has installed print management software on 2 million workstations worldwide.

Products

Print Management Products

Dealer Sales Tools

Awards and recognition
 2012 U.S. Military Certificate of Networthiness

References

 Alberta Venture
 Managed Print Services Association
 Image Source Magazine
 Dunsdon, Nicole. 'The Customer is All Right'. The Globe and Mail, October 14, 2008.
 Calgary Herald
 The Imaging Channel

External links
Print Audit

Category:Companies based in Calgary


Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings

The Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited (; also called Myanma Economic Holding and abbreviated UMEHL or UMEH) is one of two major conglomerates run by the Burmese military (through the Ministry of Defence), the other being the Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC). In May 2012, when the United States suspended sanctions against Burma (Myanmar), sanctions against UMEHL were kept in place, because of its affiliation to the Burmese Tatmadaw.

UMEHL also operates Myawaddy Bank and the Burmese military's pension fund. The headquarters are located on Maha Bandula Road in Yangon's Botataung Township.

History

UMEHL was established in February 1990 under the Special Companies Act as the economic arm of the Burmese military, during a period of privatisation and transition from a socialist command economy, with an initial capital of US$1.6 billion. UMEHL was established to generate profits from light industry and the trade of commercial goods.

In the 2000s, several state-run enterprises including sugar factories were transferred under the control of UMEHL and MEH. By 2007, UMEHC wholly owns seventy-seven firms, nine subsidiaries and seven affiliated companies. Its shares are available to military units, active duty and retired military and veterans' groups, returning a 30% profit since 1995.

The UMEHL conglomerate is jointly owned by two military departments; 40% of shares are owned by the Directorate of Defence Procurement while 60% of shares are owned by active and veteran defence personnel, including high-ranking military officials of the former ruling military junta, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) and veterans organisations. UMEHL is exempt from commercial and profit taxes.

In 2010, UMEHL opened Ruby Mart, a  5-storey shopping complex in Yangon's Kyauktada Township, in a building that once housed the Ministry of Commerce's Myanmar Agricultural Produce Trading.

UMEHL is one of 18 Burmese firms involved in the development of the  Thilawa Area near Yangon.

The conglomerate has also been involved in lucrative partnerships with drug lords.

Economic interests

UMEHL has a monopoly on the country's gems sector and also has a significant portfolio in various industries including banking, tourism, real estate, transportation, and metals. With its affiliation to the Burmese military, which directly ruled the country for almost 50 years, UMEHL has exclusive access to secure preferential contracts with foreign firms. Most FDI in Burma is done through joint ventures with UMEHL.

Among its subsidiaries include:
 Bandula Transportation
 Parami Bus
 Myawaddy Trading
 Five Stars Ship Company
 Myawaddy Bank
 Virginia Tobacco Company Limited
 Myawaddy Tours & Travel
 Myawaddy Enterprises Group
 Pyininbin Industrial Park (in North Yangon's suburbs)
 UMEH Textile
 Jade mines (in Kachin State)
 Ruby and sapphire mines (in Shan State)

UMEHL has a 45% share in Myanmar Brewery Limited (MBL), which manufactures Tiger Beer, Myanmar Beer, ABC Stout and Anchor Beer. Myanmar Brewery Limited is a joint venture between UMEHL and Japan's Kirin Company, which bought the 55% stake of Fraser and Neave Ltd in 2015. Prior to the acquisition, UMEHL was involved in a controversial attempt to acquire a majority stake in Myanmar Brewery, which controls over 2/3 of the country's beer market.

References

Category:Conglomerate companies of Myanmar
Category:Military of Myanmar
Category:Holding companies established in 1990
Category:1990 establishments in Myanmar
Category:Government-owned companies of Myanmar


HNoMS Stord (G26)

HNoMS Stord was an S-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War, which was transferred to the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy in 1943.

Description
Stord displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. She had an overall length of , a beam of  and a deep draught of . She was powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Stord carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave her a range of  at . Her complement was 170 officers and ratings.

The ship was armed with four 45-calibre 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark XII guns in dual-purpose mounts. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, Stord had one twin mount for Bofors 40 mm guns and four twin  Oerlikon autocannon. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple mounts for  torpedoes. Two depth charge rails and four throwers were fitted for which 70 depth charges were provided.

Construction and career
She was laid down as HMS Success, but transferred to the Norwegians before completion. She was renamed HNoMS Stord when commissioned on 26 August 1943 under the command of Lt.-Cdr. Skule Storheill. The ship served in the Home Fleet in the 23rd Destroyer Flotilla. She played an important role in the Battle of the North Cape sinking of the German battleship . Stord went in as close as 400 yards (360 m) to the Scharnhorst before firing torpedoes. After the battle, Admiral Fraser sent the following message to the Admiralty: "... Please convey to the C-in-C Norwegian Navy. Stord played a very daring role in the fight and I am very proud of her...".

In an interview in The Evening News on 5 January 1944, the commanding officer of  said: "... the Norwegian destroyer Stord carried out the most daring attack of the whole action..."

In June 1944 Stord also took part in the Normandy landings.

Postwar
Stord was officially purchased from the UK government in 1946 and scrapped in Belgium in 1959.

A model of Stord (approximately 300:1) can be seen in the D-Day museum at Arromanche, Normandy.

On 28 September 2014, Håkon Nilsen (1913-1976), the torpedo commander aboard Stord during the Scharnhorst attack, was the first Norwegian war veteran who in recognition of heroic service was posthumously awarded the Arctic Star by the United Kingdom.

In 2015 another Arctic Star was awarded to Chief Petty Officer Arne Olsen (1917-1990) who saw active service for the Norwegian Navy.

References

Bibliography

External links

Evig Heder (Eternal Honor) by Norwegian Broadcasting (NRK)

Category:S and T-class destroyers
Category:Ships built on the Isle of Wight
Category:1943 ships
Category:World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Category:S-class destroyers of the Royal Norwegian Navy
Category:World War II destroyers of Norway
Category:World War II shipwrecks in the English Channel


Gunniopsis quadrifida

Gunniopsis quadrifida, the Sturts pigface, is a plant endemic to Australia that that is within the Aizoaceae family. This family consists of a diverse array of species that inhabit arid and/or saline coastal and inland areas, with the plants displaying leaf morphology that is conducive to such harsh environments. Typical features of members of this genus that lie within this family of succulents includes the presence of fleshy-leaves that acts as a water reservoir for the plant with the habit of a smalls shrub.

Description
Gunniopsis quadrifida, commonly known as sturts pigface, is a succulent plant in the iceplant family, Aizoaceae. It is endemic to Australia.

The shrub has a divaricate, compact and rounded habit typically growing to a height of  with leaves that are about  long.

Documented cases of the western distribution of the plant flowering have been noted to occur from August to January with the plant producing white flowers with a diameter of approximately . Southern distributions have been noted to flower through the year with the appearance of the seeds being a black kidney-shaped object that can be up to 1.5mm and covered in round tubercule’s

Ecology

It is found around salt lakes and on saline flats in inland areas of the Wheatbelt, Mid West and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy, loam or clay soils. It is also found in inland areas of the Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland and New South Wales.The habitat includes the margins of salt lakes and clay pans with plants being seen to grow in sandy, clay or loamy soil conditions.

With specific locations of distribution including the:

·        Beard’s Provinces: Eremaean Province, South-West Province.

·        IBRA Regions: Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Gascoyne, Geraldton Sandplains, Mallee, Murchison, Yalgoo.

·        IBRA Subregions: Avon Wheatbelt P1, Carnegie, Eastern Goldfield, Eastern Mallee, Eastern Murchison, Geraldton Hills, Southern Cross, Tallering, Western Mallee, Western Murchison.

·        Local Government Areas (LGAs): Coolgardie, Coorow, Cue, Dalwallinu, Dowerin, Dundas, Esperance, Greater Geraldton, Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Kondinin, Koorda, Laverton, Leonora, Menzies, Mingenew, Morawa, Mount Marshall, Murchison, Perenjori, Sandstone, Three Springs, Westonia, Wiluna, Yalgoo.

It is also distributed amongst the inland areas of the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales and the northern half of South Australia. The Sturt’s Pigface is listed as near threatened with rare sightings at the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales and is more commonly documented to be present in the northern parts of South Australia and Western Australia.

Taxonomy

The species was first formally described as Sesuvium quadrifidum by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1859 in the work Report on the Plants Collected During Mr. Babbage's Expedition into the North West Interior of South Australia in 1858. It was reclassified by von Mueller in 1861 as Aizoon quadrifidum and then again in 1889 by Ferdinand Albin Pax to the Gunniopsis genera in the Prantl and Engler's work Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien.

Closely related species

There are 14 species that comprise the genus of Gunniopis that were once members of the genera Aizoon, Gunnia and Neogunnia all of which share similar plant morphology driven by evolutionary forces that allow the species to adapt to the arid and saline environments. The name is derived from the Greek word opsis meaning resembling which alludes to the resemblance of the genus to the genus Gunnia

Specially, the 14 recognized species includes:

·        Gunniopsis divisa

·        Gunniopsis glabra

·        Gunniopsis intermedia

·        Gunniopsis kochii

·        Gunniopsis papillata

·        Gunniopsis propinqua

·        Gunniopsis quadrifida

·        Gunniopsis rodwayi

·        Gunniopsis rubra

·        Gunniopsis septifraga

·        Gunniopsis tenuifolia

·        Gunniopsis zygophylloides

·        Gunniopsis calcarea Chinnock

·        Gunniopsis calva

With Gunniopsis quadrifida being the most common and widespread of the species

Conservational Importance

The human population is continuing to expand, and with it, the negative consequences such as habitat fragmentation, invasive species and climate change associated with the increase in land-use for development and agricultural purposes, these negative impacts can all contribute to the decline of ecosystem functions, and threaten existing species that inhabit that environment.

The Gunniopsis quadrifida population has already been seen to be reduced in its distribution across inland NSW, NT and QLD. This reduction of the population can be due to anthropogenic causes such as targeted exploitation (from illegal harvesting) or more likely due to habitat degradation associated with intensified land-use both aspects of which have been seen to play a role in reducing the biodiversity of floral species when compared to the levels present pre-European settlement.

Australia is a country displaying a high-rate of population growth amongst other similar international countries with more than a third of its growth originating amongst the four cities consisting of Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Melbourne.

Although the majority of population growth is centered on urban areas, through technological advancement driven by an increased need for land required for housing/agriculture akin to the development of metropolitan areas amidst the Mojave desert, the arid landscapes of which the Sturt Pigface currently inhabit in the relative absence of human interaction may be threatened in the future.

As various desert animals depend upon the Sturt Pigface for food/shelter, a shift in phenology (which is a common occurrence due to climate change), the interactions between this plant/animal dependence and as such it is important to survey and monitor the Sturt Pigfaces’ in order to preserve the animal species that utilize the plant as a resource, as well as any potential invasive species that may compete with the plant which can increase its susceptibility to extinction.

References

quadrifida
Category:Flora of Western Australia
Category:Plants described in 1889


Anemone multifida

Anemone multifida is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common names cutleaf anemone, Pacific anemone and globe anemone. It is native to northern North America from Alaska to New York and as far south as Arizona and New Mexico. It is also known from parts of South America.

A. multifada is poisonous as it has high ranunculin content: about 8.1% in aerial parts and 4% in root per dry weight.

This is a perennial herb which is quite variable in appearance, especially across varieties. It grows from a branching caudex to heights from 10 to 70 centimeters. The long petioled leaves are covered in a coat of long silky or coarse white hairs. Each leaf is divided into many long, pointed lobes, and the lobes are sometimes subdivided. Including the petiole a single leaf may be 5 to 20 centimeters long. The inflorescence holds one or more flowers. The flowers have no petals but five to eight petallike sepals which may be nearly any color. They are somewhat hairy, especially on the outer surface. The center of the flower contains up to 80 stamens. The fruit is a hairy, beaked achene a few millimeters long.

There are several varieties of this species:
A. m. var. multifida - throughout species range
A. m. var. saxicola (red windflower) - limited to western parts of species range
A. m. var. stylosa - limited to Utah and Arizona
A. m. var. tetonensis - limited to the montane west of the contiguous United States

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment

multifida
Category:Flora of North America


West Salem, Wisconsin

West Salem is a village in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States, along the La Crosse River. It is part of the La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 4,799 as of the 2010 Census.

History
West Salem was platted in 1856. It was named Salem by a Baptist minister named Elder Card because the word meant "peace" in Arabic and Hebrew. The word West was added to the name when mail was confused with another town in the state named Salem.

The donation of approximately ten acres of land to a railway company led to the creation of West Salem. A station was built in West Salem on the original Milwaukee and La Crosse Railway which ran to La Crosse. It was later taken over by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway (later becoming the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad). The railway used the land to build a depot and tracks.

Geography
West Salem is located at  (43.899795, -91.086614).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and  is water.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,799 people, 1,831 households, and 1,259 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 1,869 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.7% White, 0.4% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 1,831 households of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.2% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99.

The median age in the village was 39.2 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.4% male and 52.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,541 people, 1,706 households, and 1,230 families living in the village. The population density was 1,911.2 people per square mile (736.5/km²). There were 1,765 housing units at an average density of 743.0 per square mile (286.3/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.04% White, 0.51% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.07% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.

There were 1,706 households out of which 41.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.0% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 23.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the village, the population was spread out with 30.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $43,449, and the median income for a family was $50,176. Males had a median income of $34,459 versus $22,439 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,904. About 3.3% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.

Government

The village president is Dennis Manthei. The village administrator is Teresa Schnitzler. The village treasurer is Benjamin Heller.

Education
The public West Salem School District consists of:

 West Salem Elementary School
 West Salem Middle School
 West Salem High School

The private schools are:

 Coulee Region Christian School
 Christ Saint John's Lutheran School

Historic sites
 The Hamlin Garland House
 The Palmer Brother's Octagons

Parks and recreation

Veterans Memorial Park
Lake Neshonoc
La Crosse Fairgrounds Speedway

Notable people

 Charles S. Benton, U.S. Representative from New York
 Tom Black, NBA player, graduated from high school in West Salem.
 George G. Bingham, Oregon jurist
 Frank P. Coburn, United States House of Representatives
 Hamlin Garland, writer - West Salem was his summer house, but he was born here.
 Harry W. Griswold, United States House of Representatives
 Michael Huebsch, former Wisconsin State Assembly representative and former director of the Wisconsin Department of Administration
 Jay L. Johnson, United States admiral
 Damian Miller, major league baseball player
 William F. Miller, Wisconsin legislator
 Norbert Nuttelman, Wisconsin legislator and farmer
 Arthur H. Parmelee, football coach and physician

Images

References

External links

 Village of West Salem website
 West Salem School District website
 Sanborn fire insurance maps: 1894 1898 1904 1910 1922

Category:Villages in La Crosse County, Wisconsin
Category:Villages in Wisconsin
Category:Populated places established in 1856


Thomas Waters

Thomas James Waters (July 17, 1842 – February 5, 1898) was an Irish civil engineer and architect. He was active in Bakumatsu and early Meiji period Japan.

Biography
Waters was born in Birr, County Offaly, in Ireland in 1842, as the eldest son of the local surgeon. In 1864, while in his early 20s, he appears to have become involved in the building of the Royal Mint in Hong Kong. Through his uncle, Albert Robinson, he came into contact with representatives of Thomas Blake Glover, a noted British merchant resident in Nagasaki. Glover arranged for Waters to be employed by Satsuma Domain to construct steam-powered sugar mills on the island of Amami-Oshima, and he then moved to Kagoshima to design western-style buildings in 1867. After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Waters was hired by the new Meiji government and commissioned to build the new Imperial Japanese Mint in Osaka, which was commenced in 1868 and completed in 1870.

After successfully completing this commission, he was invited to Tokyo and officially accepted as foreign advisor by the government, where his title was "Surveyor-General". He helped design a branch of the Japanese Mint in the Ginza area of Tokyo, designed and built the headquarters building for the Imperial Japanese Army and a bridge in the Tokyo Imperial Palace grounds, Tokyo. However, his largest commission came after a devastating by fire in 1872 destroyed the Ginza district. Tom Waters,  his brother Albert Waters, and English colleague A N Shillingford, supervised the rebuilding of the Ginza area with a broad central thoroughfare, lined with a series of one- and two-story Georgian brick buildings there. The district was henceforth known as Bricktown (Rengagai), and came to be regarded as a symbol of modernity and westernization in Japan.

However, Waters soon faced increasing competition from foreign architects and newly trained Japanese architects and engineers. He ended ties with Japan around 1878.

He worked briefly in Shanghai, China before working as a mining engineer in the South Island of New Zealand. He then joined his brothers, Ernest and Albert in the United States where they became involved in silver and gold mining in Colorado. He died on February 5, 1898 at the age of 55, and his grave is located at Fairmount Cemetery in Denver, Colorado.

Further reading
Dr Meg Vivers has published articles and a book about Thomas Waters.

References

External links
More information about "Senpukan"
Ginza Bricktown (woodcut)

Category:Irish architects
Category:Irish expatriates in Japan
Category:Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Category:1842 births
Category:1898 deaths
Category:Anglo-Irish people
Category:Irish expatriates in the United States
Category:19th-century Irish architects
Category:People from Birr, County Offaly


Donald H. Peterson

Donald Herod Peterson (October 22, 1933 – May 27, 2018) was a United States Air Force officer and NASA astronaut. Peterson was originally selected for the Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program, but, when that was canceled, he became a NASA astronaut in September 1969. He was a mission specialist on STS-6 on board Challenger. During the mission Peterson performed a spacewalk to test the new airlock and space suits. He logged 120 hours in space. Peterson retired from NASA in 1984.

Biography

Early life and education
Donald Peterson was born in Winona, Mississippi, on October 22, 1933. Peterson graduated from Winona High School in 1951. One of his high school teachers said, "I never did hear any adverse criticism of him by students or teachers.  He was just superior."

Peterson desired financial help for college, and after listening to a Navy recruiter's speech, elected to join a service academy. He enrolled in the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1955, electing to join the Air Force. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant.

After working with Air Training Command until 1960, he was asked if he would be interested in getting a degree in nuclear engineering so he could join a program involving aircraft powered by a nuclear reactor. He enrolled in nuclear engineering at the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology. Six months before graduation, the program was cancelled. He earned his Master of Science degree in 1962. He also worked towards his Ph.D at the University of Texas.

USAF career
After graduating from West Point in 1955, his assignments included four years as a flight instructor and military training officer with the Air Training Command, three years as a nuclear systems analyst with the Air Force Systems Command, and one year as a fighter pilot with Tactical Air Command, including three months of combat weapons training.

He was a graduate of the Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, and was one of the third group of astronauts assigned to the USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program.

He logged over 5,300 hours flying time, including more than 5,000 hours in jet aircraft.

NASA career

Peterson became a NASA astronaut in September 1969 after the MOL program was cancelled. He served on the astronaut support crew for Apollo 16.

Peterson retired from the United States Air Force with the rank of colonel after having completed more than 24 years of active service, but continued his assignment as a NASA astronaut in a civilian capacity. His areas of responsibility included engineering support, man/machine interface, and safety assessment.

Medical issues likely prevented Peterson from training as a space shuttle pilot. He was a mission specialist on STS-6, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on April 4, 1983. He was accompanied by Paul J. Weitz (spacecraft commander), Col. Karol J. Bobko (Pilot), and Dr. Story Musgrave (Mission Specialist). The crew had a combined 111 years of flying experience and an average age of 48 years and 5 months. The crew was dubbed "The Geritol Bunch" for their high experience.

During this maiden voyage of the spacecraft Challenger, the STS-6 crew conducted numerous experiments in materials processing, recorded lightning activities, deployed the first tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-A), and activated three Getaway Specials. Peterson and Musgrave conducted the Shuttle program's first extravehicular activity (EVA) to test the new suit, the Shuttle airlock, and new tools and techniques for construction and repair outside a spacecraft. After 120 hours of orbital operations STS-6 landed on the concrete runway at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on April 9, 1983. With the completion of this flight, Don Peterson had logged 4 hours 15 minutes in extravehicular activity and a total of 120 hours in space.

Post-NASA career
Peterson resigned from the NASA Astronaut Corps in November 1984, and worked as a consultant in the area of manned aerospace operations.

Personal life and death
Peterson married Bonnie Ruth Love in 1957. They had three children. She died in 2017. He died on May 27, 2018, at his home in El Lago, Texas, of Alzheimer's disease and bone cancer, at the age of 84.

Honors
He was awarded the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Meritorious Service Medal, and the JSC Group Achievement Award (1972).

References

External links

Category:1933 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:American astronauts
Category:American test pilots
Category:NASA civilian astronauts
Category:People from Winona, Mississippi
Category:Military personnel from Mississippi
Category:United States Air Force officers
Category:United States Military Academy alumni
Category:Air Force Institute of Technology alumni
Category:U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
Category:Space Shuttle program astronauts


Dick Couch

Dick Couch is an American author, professor, and former U.S. Navy SEAL.

Early life and education
Couch was born in Mississippi and raised in Southern Indiana. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1967. After attending DASH controller training, he reported aboard the naval destroyer USS Mansfield (DD-728). He graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) Class 45 in 1969, and was the class Honorman. He graduated first in his class at the Navy Underwater Swimmers School and the Army Free Fall (HALO) School. As Whiskey Platoon Commander with SEAL Team One in Vietnam, he led one of the few successful prisoner of war rescue operations of that conflict.

Career
Following his release from active duty service in the U.S. Navy, Couch served as a maritime and paramilitary case officer with the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1997, he retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of Captain. At that time, he held the senior command billet in the SEAL reserve community.

Personal life
Couch and his wife, Julia, live in Idaho.  However, he is currently serving as a Professor of Ethics at the United States Naval Academy.

Bibliography

Fiction
Seal Team One (1991 )
Pressure Point (1993; 2006 )
Silent Descent (1994 )
 Rising Wind (1996 )
The Mercenary Option (2003 )
Covert Action (2005 )
Tom Clancy Presents: Act of Valor  (Novelization of film of the same name, 2012 )
Tom Clancy's Op-Center: Out of the Ashes (with George Galdorisi, 2014 )
Tom Clancy's Op-Center: Into the Fire (with George Galdorisi, 2015 )

Non-fiction
The Warrior Elite: The Forging of SEAL Class 228 (2003 )
U.S. Armed Forces Nuclear, Biological And Chemical Survival Manual 2003
The Finishing School: Earning the Navy SEAL Trident (2005 )
Down Range: Navy SEALs in the War on Terrorism  (2006 )
Chosen Soldier: The Making of A Special Forces Warrior (2007 )
The Sheriff of Ramadi: Navy SEALs and the Winning of al-Anbar (2008 )
A Tactical Ethic: Moral Conduct in the Insurgent Battlespace (2010 )
Sua Sponte: The Forging of a Modern American Ranger (2012 )
Always Faithful, Always Forward: The Forging of a Special Operations Marine (2014 )
By Honor Bound: Two Navy SEALs, the Medal of Honor, and a Story of Extraordinary Courage Tom Norris and Mike Thornton, with Dick Couch  (2016 )

References

External links
 Dick Couch Interview on USNI Blog
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Couch, May 8, 2011

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century American novelists
Category:American military writers
Category:Novelists from Idaho
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:People from Mississippi
Category:People from Blaine County, Idaho
Category:People from Indiana in the Vietnam War
Category:United States Navy captains
Category:United States Navy SEALs personnel
Category:American naval personnel of the Vietnam War
Category:United States Naval Academy alumni
Category:21st-century American novelists
Category:American male novelists
Category:United States Navy reservists
Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers
Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers
Category:American male non-fiction writers


The Imitation Game (play)

The Imitation Game is a television play written by Ian McEwan and directed by Richard Eyre, a BBC Play for Today, first broadcast on 26 April 1980.

Plot
It is 1940 in Frinton and 19-year-old Cathy Raine turns down a job at the local munitions factory and, much to the consternation of her parents and boyfriend Tony, joins the ATS. She is assigned to a wireless listening station, transcribing Enigma coded morse transmissions from Nazi Germany and makes friends with Mary. After an altercation in a pub she is moved to Bletchley Park, the centre of the code-breaking operation, only to find herself cleaning and making tea. She overhears the male staff discussing the eponymous 'Imitation Game', devised by Bletchley Park's Alan Turing. Cathy is befriended by Cambridge mathematics don Turner (based loosely on Turing) and they end up in bed together but for Turner it is a failure and he accuses her of planning it all to humiliate him. Later Cathy is caught in Turner's room reading documents relating to the Ultra programme, and she is incarcerated in military prison for the remainder of the war.

Cast
Harriet Walter as Cathy Raine
Lorna Yabsley as Anna Raine
Bernard Gallagher as Mr. Raine
Gillian Martell as Mrs. Raine
Simon Chandler as Tony
Brenda Blethyn as Mary
Nicholas Le Prevost as Turner

Inspiration
Writing in 1980, Ian McEwan stated: "Initially I wanted to write a play about Alan Turing, one of the founding fathers of modern computers', but his researches provided very little material, 'by this time other facts about Bletchley Park interested me more. By the end of the war ten thousand people were working in and around Bletchley. The great majority of them were women doing vital but repetitive jobs...The ‘need to know’ rule meant that the women knew as much as was necessary to do their jobs, which was very little. As far as I could discover, there were virtually no women in at the centre of the Ultra secret. There was a widely held view at the beginning of the war that women could not keep secrets. I had come to think of Ultra as a microcosm, not only of the war but of a whole society...By having a woman at the centre of the film (I no longer thought of it as a play), I could disguise my own ignorance about Ultra as hers. The idea was to have her move from the outermost ring to the very centre, where she would be destroyed."

References

External links

 Ian McEwan writes about his television plays · LRB 5 February 1981

Home Video
The Imitation Game will be available on DVD 1 October 2018.

Category:1980 television plays
Category:Enigma machine
Category:Films with screenplays by Ian McEwan
Category:Plays about World War II
Category:Bletchley Park
Category:Play for Today
Category:Cryptography in fiction


Algiers Motel incident

The Algiers Motel incident occurred in Detroit, Michigan, United States, throughout the night of July 25–26, 1967 during the racially charged 12th Street Riot. At the Algiers Motel, approximately one mile east of where the riot began, three civilians were killed and nine others abused by a riot task force composed of the Detroit Police Department, the Michigan State Police, and the Michigan Army National Guard. Among the casualties were three black teenage boys killed, and two white women and seven black men wounded as a result. The task force was searching the area after reports were received that a gunman or group of gunmen, possibly snipers, had been seen at or near the motel.

One death has never been explained as the body was allegedly found by responding officers.  Two deaths have been attributed to "justifiable homicide" or "self-defense". Charges of felonious assault, conspiracy, murder, and conspiracy to commit civil rights abuse were filed against three officers. Charges of assault and conspiracy were also filed on a private security guard. All were found not guilty.

Background
The 12th Street Riot began in the early morning hours of Sunday, July 23, 1967. The Detroit Police Department at the time was 93% white, of whom 45% working in black neighborhoods were considered to be "extremely anti-Negro" and an additional 34% were "prejudiced". The riot began after police raided a black-owned business that hosted a "blind pig" (illegal bar), during a party to celebrate the safe return of two black Vietnam War veterans. Police had expected a small number of patrons; however, there were 85 or more patrons inside. As the dozens of partygoers were being loaded into police vans, a mob of people formed around the scene. One of the sons of the blind pig's owner jumped on the roof of a car and threw a bottle at the police, and the mob followed suit. In the ensuing violence, numerous businesses were looted or burnt down as the riot spread to other districts of Detroit. At first, police officers were ordered to hold back from responding to the rioting, to prevent an escalation in violence. A curfew was imposed and many people in Detroit stayed home or took shelter. Detroit Fire Department (DFD) personnel were held back from the fires by looters throwing objects at them or by snipers. Michigan Army National Guardsmen were activated by the Michigan government and were patrolling the streets and guarding several large businesses. Michigan State Troopers and United States Army paratroopers were also deployed to patrol the streets.

The Algiers Motel at 8301 Woodward Avenue near the Virginia Park district was a black-owned business, owned by Sam Gant and McUrant Pye. It was one of three motels in Detroit owned by Gant and Pye, the others being the Alamo, at Alfred and Woodward, and the Rio Grande, on West Grand near Grand River. Prior to Gant and Pye's purchase in 1965, the motel's white owner had barred black people from staying at the motel. The Algiers was known to police as a center of drugs and prostitution and was raided regularly by the vice squad. It was located close to the then-headquarters of General Motors (GM) and executives of the firm were regular customers. To the rear of the motel, a three-story detached home, known as the Manor House or Annex, was also rented to clients. Its street address was 50 Virginia Park Street, and it was accessible from Virginia Park and through a driveway from Woodward. The motel itself was laid out in the shape of a "U", with its office, pool and cabana rooms to the left and a two-story wing of rooms to the right around its parking lot. The Manor House could be seen from Woodward Avenue.

After the riot started, the Dramatics singing group left a concert on Saturday, July 22 and they all checked in at the Algiers. Three of the members—Ron Banks, Larry Demps and Michael Calhoun—left before the 25th, leaving Roderick Davis, Larry Reed and the band's valet Fred Temple at the motel. On the evening of July 25, the Motel Annex was occupied by several people who had taken refuge from the rioting:

 Carl Cooper, 17, black male, killed by David Senak
 Lee Forsythe, 20, black male, a survivor
 Micheal Clark, 21, black male, a survivor
 Julie Ann Hysell, 18, white female, a survivor
 Karen Malloy, 18, white female, a survivor
 Aubrey Pollard, 19, black male, killed by Ronald August
 Karl Greene, 26, black male, Vietnam War veteran, a survivor
 Larry Reed, 22, black male, singer and member of The Dramatics, a survivor
 Fred Temple, 18, black male, valet to The Dramatics, killed by Robert Paille

Incident

On July 25, 1967, police and National Guardsmen were protecting the Great Lakes Mutual Life Insurance building one block north. Security guard Melvin Dismukes was guarding a store across the street from the Algiers. After midnight, shots were heard and Guardsman Ted Thomas reported gunfire in the vicinity of the Algiers Motel. A large contingent of Detroit police officers, State Troopers, and Guardsmen were ordered to investigate. They observed people in the windows of the Algiers' annex building, and consequently shot out those windows and stormed the building through its three entrances.

According to testimony, three of the black youths—Cooper, Clark, and Forsythe—and the two white women, Hysell and Malloy, were listening to music in a third-floor room of the annex. Cooper pulled out a starter pistol and shot multiple blanks in the air, drawing return fire from the various authorities outside. Alarmed and frightened, the occupants fled to other rooms as law enforcement personnel rushed into the annex.

Carl Cooper was the first youth shot to death in the incident. Cooper had been in a third-floor room but his dead body was found in a first-floor room, A-2. He may have been killed by law enforcement personnel when they first entered the building: according to later testimony, he may have been mistaken for an armed rioter. Alternatively, several law enforcement witnesses later testified that Cooper was already dead when they entered the building. The shooting was never fully explained and no one was ever arrested for Cooper's death.

His injuries were consistent with buckshot wounds from the type of shotguns the Detroit Police Department used at that time. In their testimony about the entering of the annex, Guardsmen, State Troopers and Detroit police officers each testified they were not the first to enter, stating that Cooper was already dead when they arrived, leaving responsibility for the death unexplained. In the federal conspiracy trial, the defense would attempt to show that Cooper was killed by occupants of the motel before the police arrived, but this was denied by those occupants. Instead, they testified that at least one policeman shot into the rooms first, and checked for persons later.

The occupants of the motel's annex were then rounded up in the first-floor hallway and lined up against the wall. The various officers present hit each of the persons in turn, threatening to kill them unless they told the officers who had the gun and was sniping from the motel. The two 18-year-old women, Juli Hysell and Karen Malloy, were both forcibly stripped naked and each harangued as "nigger lovers." Several of the men were shown a knife on the floor and told to pick it up, so they could be killed in "self-defense". In turn, each of the black youths in line was taken into rooms and intimidated with threats or gunshots and told to stay still and quiet or be killed. The policeman who had escorted the occupant then returned to the hallway, making some comment about the death of the individual. First, per conflicting reports, an officer took one of the youths into a room and fired a shot into the wall, to make the prisoners believe he was dead. He then asked Guardsman Ted Thomas if he wanted to kill one. Thomas then took an occupant into a room and shot into the ceiling. Aubrey Pollard was then taken to room A-3 by Officer Ronald August. August would later admit to Pollard's killing, stating it was in self-defense. A spent cartridge found next to Pollard was a .300 Savage, a type used for sporting rifles, and not issued to police officers. Pollard had extensive injuries to his head. Witnesses described how he had been beaten on the head with a rifle, with force enough to break the rifle. The remaining occupants then admitted that Cooper had had a starter pistol and had used it earlier.

The sound of gunshots was then heard outside the motel and the police officers left. Two remaining officers escorted the remaining prisoners out of the motel annex and told them to run home or they would be killed too. The death of the third youth, Fred Temple, occurred at that time or later. Several of the prisoners who were allowed to leave recalled Temple still being alive when they exited the motel. However, Temple's body was later found in room A-3. He had been shot by Officer Robert Paille, who later testified it was in self-defense during a struggle over his gun.

The officers did not report the deaths to the Detroit Police Homicide Bureau as required. The next day, on July 26, 1967, Charles Hendrix, whose security firm provided security for the Algiers, found the bodies in the annex and reported the deaths to the Wayne County Morgue, which then called the Detroit Police Homicide Bureau. Detectives Edward Hay, Lyle Thayer, a photographer and several patrolmen arrived around 3 a.m. The scene was examined and the bodies removed. A knife was found next to the body in A-2, but no gun was found and the cartridges and shell casings were left. The investigator's activities, including the flashes from the camera and the presence of police on the roof of the building, were noticed by Guardsmen stationed nearby and they shouted a challenge to identify themselves. The detectives left the scene to return at a later time, feeling it was not safe to stay on scene that night.

Aftermath

The deaths were reported to the press as having happened in an exchange of gunfire with snipers. However, the Detroit Free Press interviewed the witnesses of the events, who all claimed to have been unarmed and that the dead men were not snipers. The deaths were reported to Congressman John Conyers and the NAACP and motel witnesses appeared in a press conference held by Conyers on the conduct of the military and police. The US Department of Justice began an investigation under assistant District Attorney Robert Murphy, who interviewed witnesses. The witnesses' accounts were delivered to Detroit prosecutors on July 29. The Free Press investigated the story and retained a pathologist, Dr. Robert Sillery, to examine the bodies. His conclusions were that all three had been killed inside the home and all had been shot twice, shot from slightly behind and at close range, and in defensive postures.

Five days after the incident, The Detroit News reported the story of one of the survivors, Karl Greene, stating that one of the National Guard warrant officers murdered the men.

Security guard Melvin Dismukes, who was black, was the first to be charged. He was arraigned for the felonious assault of Lee Forsythe and Michael Clark in the first-floor hallway of the annex. He was freed on $1,500 bail. Dismukes's trial took place in May 1968. He was found not guilty of the charge of felonious assault. The all-white jury returned the verdict in 13 minutes.

Officer David Senak, Officer Ronald August, and Officer Robert Paille, confessed to taking part in the killings of Pollard and Temple and were charged with murder. Each spent one night in jail and were released on $5,000 bail. August had given a statement to detectives that the three were dead when he arrived, but asked for that statement back and submitted a second statement asserting he had shot Pollard in self-defense. At the pretrial examination, Guard Warrant Officer Ted Thomas identified August as the shooter of Pollard and 23-year-old Vice Patrolman David Senak as the officer who did the questioning and beating. Senak had allegedly taken part in the killing of two men earlier in the riot before arriving at the Algiers Motel. Paille's initial confession was ruled inadmissible and August claimed self-defense. Senak appeared as a witness and testified that he had not seen August or Paille fire their weapons. One of the motel survivors, Michael Clark, gave conflicting evidence that August and Paille had taken him into a room and threatened him when Hersey falsely wrote Senak and Thomas had actually done so. Judge DeMascio ruled that August could be indicted for the murder of Pollard, but charges against Paille for the murder of Temple were dropped.

The Citywide Citizens' Action Committee, organized by Dan Aldridge, was formed by a coalition of Detroit black leaders. They held a tribunal of their own, convicting August, Paille, Dismukes and Thomas for their roles in the murders and sentencing them to death. The jury included novelist John Killens and activist Rosa Parks. Without revealing himself, Dismukes attended the tribunal.

On August 23, Ronald August, Robert Paille and David Senak were arrested for conspiracy under Michigan law. The conspiracy trial began on September 27 in Recorder's Court. The trial was three days in length. Judge Frank Schemanske dismissed the conspiracy charges in December. Schemanske concluded that while there was "unfortunate violence" at the motel, it was "scarcely surprising" but also "overzealous". He also stated that "[the witnesses] in their calculated prevarication to the point of perjury was so blatant as to defeat its object." The decision was appealed to the Michigan Supreme Court but that was later dismissed.

Trial of Robert Paille
The dismissal of the murder charge against Paille by Judge DeMascio during the pre-trial was appealed by Prosecutor William L. Cahalan. Recorder's Court Judge Geraldine Ford ordered the case back to Judge DeMascio for further testimony. Paille's attorney Norman Lippitt then appealed to the Michigan Court of Appeals, which chose not to hear the case. Lippitt then appealed to the Michigan Supreme Court. In 1970, the Supreme Court ruled that the Wayne County Court of Appeals should determine whether the case could be reopened. In 1971, the Wayne County Court ordered the Recorder's Court to take additional testimony.

The final appeal would be heard in February 1972. Judge George Ryan of Detroit Recorder's Court would dismiss the murder charge in August 1972, stating that Paille's confession was inadmissible because he had not been advised of his Constitutional rights as per the 1966 Miranda Warning law. He cited the testimony of Detroit detective Charles Schlacter, who stated that he "viewed both August and Paille" as suspects when he took the statements. Schlacter stated that if he had informed them of their rights, they would not have confessed. In Ryan's judgment, the law meant that persons must be advised of their right to remain silent in what was an "atmosphere of coercion."

Trial of Ronald August
The first-degree murder trial of Ronald August was held in May and June 1969 in Mason, Michigan. It had been moved from Detroit to escape publicity, partly because of a 1968 book on the incident. In opening statements, defense attorney Norman Lippett described Pollard as "an antisocial personality" and "potential killer" and the killing by August as "justifiable homicide" while prosecutor Avery Weiswasser described the killing as "murder with malice aforethought and with full premeditation."

August admitted killing Pollard, describing it as "justifiable homicide" because Pollard had attempted to grab his shotgun. According to Detroit Free Press reporter Walker Lundy, there were as many descriptions of the shooting as there were witnesses. Two State's witnesses, Greene and Hysell, who had been at the motel, failed to appear to testify.

Guardsman Thomas took one of the youths into a room and fired a shot into the ceiling. Senak then gave August a shotgun and told August to "shoot one". Thomas stated that he heard no sounds of struggle or words between August and Pollard before he saw "a flash of clothing, heard a shotgun blast and saw Pollard's body fall". Thomas then told an officer either "this was police business" or "this was bad business" and "he was leaving". According to Thomas, August said no words throughout the incident.

Karen Malloy, one of the two women in the motel, testified that she saw Cooper shoot a starter's pistol at another black youth in a room on the third floor of the motel. The police then shot out the window of the room and the occupants fled. She ran to the room of Robert Greene and hid there until a police officer with a rifle arrived. The officer fired into the closet and a bathroom. Then, he asked if there was anyone in either place. They were all herded into the first floor hallway, where she said several of the black youths were beaten and taken individually into motel rooms. She testified she was not beaten but she had been forcibly stripped naked. She testified that she could not identify August as one of the officers and that she had not seen any of the killings.

State Troopers Philip Martin, John Fonger and Archie Davies testified at the trial. All testified to the lineup and beatings going on and officers taking individuals from the line into motel rooms and shooting their guns in a "game" to frighten the prisoners. Davies and Fonger testified that they heard shots and then a man in blue shirt and riot helmet leave room A-3, ejecting empty shells from a revolver, stating "that one tried for my gun" and "the room is secure". Martin testified that he saw no resistance, no sniper weapons and no arrests made while at the motel. After Fonger reported the events to his supervisor, the supervisor stated that it was "in the hands of the Detroit Police and he didn't like what was going on" and the Troopers left.

On June 3, August testified in his own defense. He stated that he saw the bodies of Cooper and Temple when he entered the building, and saw a lineup against the wall. He testified that, when asked by Senak, he took Pollard into room A-3 and closed the door. There, Pollard asked if he was going to shoot him. August said he would not and he had never shot anyone. He asked Pollard if he knew anything about a sniper and Pollard said he did not. August testified that Pollard then pushed August's shotgun away and then grabbed the gun. August stated then he tried to fire the gun, but the safety was on. Pollard then came at him and he fired, killing Pollard. He testified: "I thought he was going to take the gun away from me. He scared me." August testified that he did not file a report immediately after the shooting, as required, on the advice of either Paille or Senak. When August arrived at the station the next day, he found out that no one else had filed a report. Paille was the only one with a radio and was supposed to have called for an ambulance and squad car. He testified that he, Senak and Paille filed a joint report. Two days later, they were summoned to the station to file individual statements. August admitted lying in his statement to his supervisor, then asking for the statement back to change it, to admit he had taken part in the shootings and had done so in self-defense.

The trial concluded on June 9 with summations by prosecutor Avery Weisswasser and defense attorney Norman Lippitt. Judge William Beer instructed the all-white jury to either convict August of first-degree murder or acquit him. They could not return a verdict of the lesser charges of second-degree murder or manslaughter, as both the defense and the prosecution had requested. According to the Free Press, legal sources described Beer's instructions to the jury as a direction to find an acquittal on the other possible options. Beer's instructions to the jury were criticized by black leaders as "having all but guaranteed an acquittal" for August.  After deliberating for 2 ½ hours, the jury found August not guilty.

Federal conspiracy trial
The earlier Schemanske decision incensed Kenneth McIntyre, the assistant U.S District Attorney and he pushed to reopen a federal investigation of the killings. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated the case. J. Edgar Hoover personally reviewed the policemen's statements, and described them as "for the most part untrue and were undoubtedly furnished in an attempt to cover their activities and the true series of events." On May 3, 1968, a federal grand jury indicted Melvin Dismukes, Ronald August, Robert Paille and David Senak on a charge of conspiring to deny civil rights to the motel occupants. An indictment was not pursued against Thomas because the government wanted his testimony against the others. The federal conspiracy trial was delayed, both by the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, but also the publication of The Algiers Motel Incident. U.S. Judge Stephen Roth was assigned the case. The defense asked for a change of venue. Roth closed the hearings to the press and waited a full year until September 1969 before ruling on the change of venue, ordering the trial to be moved to his hometown of Flint, Michigan.

In January and February 1970, the federal conspiracy trial was held in Flint, Michigan. It, like the August murder trial, had been moved from Detroit partially because of the publication of The Algiers Motel Incident. It meant it was nearly impossible to get any black persons on the jury. Defense lawyer Lippitt represented the policemen and admitted later that he felt the book publishing had helped his case as he felt that no black person in Detroit would be impartial. "I wouldn't want a black man on the jury. I was hoping for all the prejudice I could get."

The other woman held prisoner at the motel, Juli Hysell, testified at the trial. She testified about the starter pistol incident and the lineup in the hallway, but could not identify any of the defendants as being present at the motel. James Sortor, another of the black youths held at the motel, did identify the defendants August, Paille and Dismukes as being present at the motel, but he testified that he had not heard any shooting inside the motel. He stated that he "was beaten so many times he lost count." Roderick Davis testified that he had heard the shots and the sounds of people running on the stairs. Both Hysell and Sortor testified that Cooper was still alive when the police arrived.

Senak's lawyer stated that Temple was shot while being handcuffed after Temple grabbed Senak's service revolver. State Trooper Hubert Rosema testified that he heard scuffling noises and gunshots coming from the room. Senak was overheard to yell "He's got my gun" multiple times. He testified that afterwards, he went into the room and saw Temple still breathing, lying against the bed. No aid was called for Temple as far as he knew.

Several witnesses were called to support the charge of a cover-up by August, Paille and Senak to save face. Police Lieutenant Robert Boroni testified about the contents of the July 29 first report the three policemen filed stating that they entered the motel, saw the lineup, saw that the prisoners were already wounded and left. August's July 31 statement stated that he did not fire his gun inside the motel, and he saw no Guardsmen on the premises. Detroit homicide detective Robert Everett testified that August filed a separate statement two hours later that he had shot Pollard in self-defense and that Paille admitted shooting Temple. Police Lieutenant Gerald Hallmark provided a statement that later that day August and Paille asked to revise their statements. According to Hallmark, August said "the media have the events all wrong and that he did what he had to do."

After deliberating for nine hours, an all-white jury found the four not guilty of conspiracy. In a review of the trial, the Detroit Free Press felt that prosecutors Avery Weiswasser and McIntyre were "outpointed by Lippitt."

The Algiers Motel Incident

In 1968, author John Hersey wrote a book about the incident. Hersey interviewed survivors, members of the victims' families, and some of the law enforcement personnel who participated in the raid, and also consulted forensic reports, in identifying the law enforcement personnel involved in the killings. The proceeds from royalties from the book (over 550,000 copies were printed) were turned over to a college scholarship fund for African American students by Knopf. Hersey stated in the book that he "will not take any money from any source for the publication of this story."

Legacy
None of the three Detroit policemen worked again for the Detroit Police. Paille took other jobs including crane operator, construction worker, carpenter and insurance agent. Senak opened a construction business. Dismukes became a security guard for the Detroit Pistons. He received death threats from the Black Panthers. August resigned from the Detroit Police in July 1977. He became a building tradesman. August, Paille and Senak all moved out of Detroit. Lippitt later became an Oakland County Circuit Judge and today practices law in Birmingham, Michigan. The Detroit Police has since become an integrated police force and its commission is elected.

In 1968, Cahalan filed suit to close down the Algiers Motel but was unsuccessful. It re-opened as "The Desert Inn". The motel and manor house were demolished in 1979. This was done as part of the "New Center" urban renewal project sponsored in part by General Motors. The Motel was located at 8301 Woodward Avenue, between Woodward and Virginia Park in the geographic center of Detroit. The site where the motel and the manor house stood is now an open greenspace known as Virginia Park.

Both the Pollard family and the Temple family filed lawsuits against the Detroit Police officers. Settlements were reached in each case. In 1976, the City of Detroit paid each family $62,500 ($ today) to settle. Larry Reed left The Dramatics after the incident, and today sings in church choirs.

In 2013, Mercilee Jenkins' play Spirit of Detroit was performed at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. The play is centered on the stories of Anthony, a black man, and Lucy, a white woman who were friends in childhood and reunited during the 1967 riot, at the Algiers Motel hiding out from the violence.

In 2017, Annapurna Pictures released Detroit, a feature film dramatization of the 12th Street Riot and the Algiers Motel incident, directed by Kathryn Bigelow. Hysell acted as a special advisor on the film and was present every day on the set. The movie soundtrack includes a singing performance by Algee Smith of Larry Reed's song "Grow".

References

Notes

External links

Category:1960s in Detroit
Category:1967 crimes in the United States
Category:1967 in Michigan
Category:1968 books
Category:African-American history in Detroit
Algiers Motel Incident, The
Category:Riots and civil disorder in Detroit
Category:July 1967 events
Category:Police brutality in the United States
Category:Motels in the United States


Old House & Essex Coach House

Old House and Essex Coach House are adjoining grade II listed buildings on The Green, Southgate, London.

See also
Arnoside House and Essex House

References

External links

Category:Southgate, London
Category:Houses in the London Borough of Enfield
Category:Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Enfield
Category:Grade II listed houses in London