41st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment

The 41st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, (41 RNSWR), is an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. An Army Reserve unit, it is one of four battalions of the Royal New South Wales Regiment and is attached to the 5th Brigade, 2nd Division. It is based in northern New South Wales, with its headquarters in Lismore and depots in a number of locations including Tweed Heads, Grafton, Kempsey, Port Macquarie and Coffs Harbour. In its present form the battalion was raised in 1965, however, it can trace its lineage back to a couple of Scottish Rifles units formed in the 1800s in Byron Bay and Maclean. It also perpetuates the battle honours and traditions of the 41st Bn AIF, that served on the Western Front during World War I.

History

Earliest militia units
Drawing its lineage from the Byron Scottish Regiment, which had previously existed prior to the Pentropic restructure, 41 RNSWR's predecessor units can trace their history back to the Maclean Company & Byron Company of Scottish Rifles which was formed in 1899. This unit went through a number of name changes during its early history upon Australia's Federation, eventually becoming the 9th Infantry Australian Military Forces (AMF) in 1912. An unrelated unit, designated the 41st Infantry, was based in Penrith, Lithgow and Bathurst at this time.

World War I

1916
During  World War I, the battalion was raised as part of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Originally the battalion was to be known as the 35th Battalion but was renumbered when the 4th and 5th Divisions were raised in Egypt prior to the 3rd Division completing its formation in Australia. Now known as the 41st Battalion, it had been formed in February 1916 at Bell's Paddock (present day site of Brookside Shopping Centre and Mt Maria College) near the current Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, in Brisbane, Queensland, with men drawn from Queensland and northern New South Wales. It was assigned to the 11th Brigade, 3rd Division. Together with the initial raising of the battalion, nine groups of reinforcements were recruited and sent from Brisbane during the course of the war. After initial training, the battalion boarded a train to Sydney in May, 1916 to embark on the HMAT Demosthenes (AT64), to England. They travelled via Cape Town and the Cape Verde Islands, before arriving at Plymouth in July 1916.

The battalion moved with the 3rd Division to training grounds on Salisbury Plain at Larkhill, site of the current Royal School of Artillery. In November 1916, the battalion sailed for the Western Front from Portsmouth, England to Le Havre, France and moved towards the border area with Belgium near Armentières. The battalion entered the frontline for the first time on Christmas Eve, 1916 at the Mushroom Salient, just east of La Chapelle-d'Armentières, of which four soldiers were killed by artillery fire on the first night.

1917
The battalion rotated through the frontline around Armentieres in France and across the Lys River in Belgium for most of the first half of 1917. The first major offensive of the war occurred in June at  the Battle of Messines, where the battalion held the entire 11th Brigade frontage before the mines were set off and the assault began. The battalion was then involved in a series of smaller "Bite and Hold" attacks to exploit the gains from the Battle of Messines. Most notable of these was the assault against the 'Windmill' position of the Germans near Warneton, Belgium. The previous British battalion has stopped short of their intended objective, due to navigational errors on the churned up battlefield. The 41st Battalion thus had to assault across a longer than expected area, then hold on to their gains. The wet and saturated soils meant that trenches were nearly impossible to dig, so the position was merely a series of linked up flooded shell craters, from which the battalion repulsed several counterattacks over the next 18 days. Military Medals were awarded to two soldiers during this action for the heroic and near impossible act of being able to bring rations up to the frontline.

After this action, the battalion was withdrawn from the frontline to the northern France and was brought back up to strength and under went further training. The next major battle was the participation in the Battle of Broodseinde, and Passchendaele in September and October. This saw the battalion leap-frogging the 42nd Bn AIF, to continue the assault, north of the Ypres–Roulers railway. It linked up with the 40th Bn AIF near the present day Tyne Cot Cemetery. The battalion then was used to press home further attacks, until relieved by Canadian forces who went on to capture Passchendaele.

1918
In early 1918, the battalion was resting and refitting in northern France, preparing to return to the Belgian battlefields near Ypres, when the German Spring Offensive occurred and caught the Entente forces off guard. The battalion was hastily ordered south from their rest camp at Quesques to stop the German advance. In the move south, they encountered thousands of fleeing refugees and disorganised retreating British units. At Doullens, the battalion took up defensive positions whilst the Doullens Conference took place, putting all allied Entente forces under French command. After which, the battalion was sent forward to defend beside the Bray–Corbie Road, near Amiens, remaining in the frontline against constant German attack for 39 days before being relieved. It also took part in fighting around Morlancourt at this time. The battalion then took its turn in manning the frontline, including at Villers-Bretonneux, where 'A' Company was essentially wiped out in a German gas attack. Thus to reinforce the battalion before the Battle of Hamel, it was linked up with the American 131st Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, forming a new 'X' Company. However, General John Pershing forbade any American soldiers to fight under foreign command and they were withdrawn shortly before the battle commenced. The battalion then took part in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive which ultimately brought about an end to the war. The 41st Battalion's final involvement in the fighting came in early October when they took part in the joint Australian–US operation along the St Quentin Canal.

After finishing the Hundred Days Offensive near Bony, France, near the present Somme American Cemetery and Memorial, the battalion had been reduced to a strength of less than 250 men, from a normal strength of over 1,000. Due to falling recruitment numbers and the failure of the two conscription referendums in Australia, it was decided to merge the 42nd Bn AIF into the 41st. However, this was met with strong resentment and resistance, in a near mutinous atmosphere. It took three attempts for the units to parade as one, with the 42nd Bn becoming 'B' Company of the 41st Bn, allowed to wear the 42nd Bn unit colour patch underneath their 41st Bn patch. It was out of the line resting when the Armistice was signed in November 1918, yet it took three days for official news of the Armistice to reach them in Saint-Maxent, France. The unit was slowly sent home in a series of groups and was formally disbanded in May 1919. Losses during the war totalled 444 killed and 1,577 wounded. One member of the battalion, Bernard Gordon, received the Victoria Cross. Other decorations included: one Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, two Distinguished Service Orders, 13 Military Crosses and three Bars, 12 Distinguished Conduct Medals, 82 Military Medals and two Bars, four Meritorious Service Medals, 26 Mentions in Despatches and seven foreign awards.

Between the World Wars
In 1918, the original militia unit, which did not deploy overseas during World War I, was amalgamated with the 12th (Byron) Infantry AMF to form the 2nd Battalion, 41st Infantry after the Citizens Force was reorganised to form multi-battalion regiments which were numbered after units of the AIF with which they had been associated. The Australian Governor-General Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson presented the King's Colours to the 41st Bn AIF on 23 August 1920 at The Domain, Brisbane. In 1921, the decision was made to disband all of the AIF and to perpetuate their battle honours and traditions by reforming the Citizens Force along the same lines as the AIF, with the multi-battalion regiments being redesignated as separate battalions and adopting the unit colour patches and battle honours of the AIF. Consequently, the 2nd Battalion, 41st Infantry was redesignated as the 41st Battalion.

In 1927, territorial designations were adopted and the battalion adopted the title 41st Battalion (The Byron Regiment). The motto Mors Ante Pudorem was also approved at this time. Unit Colours were presented to the 41st Bn (The Byron Scottish) in Grafton, NSW on 27 March 1927 during the annual training camp. In 1929, the compulsory training scheme was suspended by the Scullin Labor government, and this, combined with the economic hardships of the Great Depression led to a decline in the number of recruits. As a result, the battalion was amalgamated with the 2nd Battalion to form the 2nd/41st Battalion. In 1933, these two units were delinked, however, the 41st Battalion was amalgamated with the 33rd Battalion to form the 33rd/41st Battalion. They remained linked until 1936 when tensions in Europe meant that the government decided to double the size of the Militia.

World War II
During World War II, the battalion served in a garrison role within Australia and did not see active service overseas, even though it was gazetted as an AIF battalion after the majority of its members volunteered to do so. In 1943, when the Australian Army began reallocating manpower resources, the battalion was amalgamated once more with the 2nd Battalion, forming the 41st/2nd Battalion. They remained linked until  December 1945 when the demobilisation process began and the unit was disbanded.

Citizens Military Force
In 1948, the Citizens Military Force was re-raised, albeit on a limited scale. It was in line with the compulsory service introduced after World War II. The 41st Battalion was re-formed at this time, adopting the title 41st Infantry Battalion (The Byron Regiment), however, the following year its title was changed to The Byron Scottish Regiment. This remained the state of affairs until 1960, when the Pentropic divisional structure was introduced and the battalion became 'E' (Byron Scottish) Company, 1st Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment. The unit remained part of that regiment until being reformed as a full battalion within the Royal New South Wales Regiment after 1965.

Founding of the current battalion
41 RNSWR was formed in 1965 after the Australian Army ended its experiment with the Pentropic divisional structure which, in 1960, had seen the reorganisation of the previously existing regional Citizens Military Force (CMF) infantry battalions into company-sized elements within six new State-based regiments. The experiment was a failure and by 1965, the Army returned to the triangular divisional structure and the CMF was reorganised once more. In an effort to reinvigorate the regional ties that had been so important to the CMF, the Pentropic battalions were reduced and new battalions formed by re-raising a number of their subordinate companies to battalion strength and re-adopting historical numerical designations. As a part of this reorganisation, the Byron Scottish Company, which had been part of the 1st Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment was expanded to form the 41st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, headquartered around Lismore on the northern New South Wales coast.

Recent roles
Recently 41 RNSWR has had a number of operational roles. These roles have included providing soldiers to the serve with INTERFET in East Timor and with the Peace Monitoring Groups in Bougainville. In 2000, they took part in providing security to the Sydney Olympic Games through the Operational Search Battalion. Personnel from the battalion have also deployed as part of commitments to the Solomon Islands as part of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) and Malaysia with Rifle Company Butterworth. In 2011, members of the battalion served in East Timor as part of the Timor Leste Task Group (TLTG).

Kilted tradition
Due to its lineage from the Byron Scottish Regiment, 41 RNSWR retains an entitlement to wear the kilt. The battalion was formerly known as the 41st Battalion, The Byron Scottish Regiment. This is due to the large number of Scots who settled in the north of the state in areas such as Grafton, Byron Bay and Maclean. 41 RNSWR maintains an alliance with the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and personnel from the battalion's Grafton depot may wear the kilt of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders on ceremonial occasions.

Unit motto
"Mors Ante Pudorem" which means "Death before Dishonour". This motto was adopted by 41 RNSWR because since its formation in 1916  none of its personnel have been captured in battle.

Locations
41 RNSWR is located all along the northern New South Wales coast, including depots in:

 Tweed Heads: (1 Platoon, 3 Platoon and Headquarters 'A' Company)
 Lismore: (Battalion Headquarters, Admin Company, 2 Platoon 'A' Company)
 Grafton: (8 Platoon 'C' Company  FGC's)
 Coffs Harbour: (Headquarters 'C' Company, 7 Platoon)
 Kempsey
 Port Macquarie (9 Platoon 'C' Company)
 Taree

Victoria Cross recipients
 Lance Corporal Bernard Sidney Gordon, 41st Battalion, 11th Brigade, 3rd Division:

Notes

References

Further reading

Category:Infantry units and formations of Australia
Category:Military units and formations established in 1965


Presbyterian Church Parsonage (Flagstaff, Arizona)

Presbyterian Church Parsonage is a historic Presbyterian church parsonage at 15 E. Cherry in Flagstaff, Arizona.

It was built in a Queen Anne style and was added to the National Register in 1986.

References

Category:Presbyterian churches in Arizona
Category:Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
Category:Queen Anne architecture in Arizona
Category:Churches completed in 1893
Category:Churches in Coconino County, Arizona
Category:Clergy houses in the United States
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Flagstaff, Arizona


Rubus aboriginum

{{Speciesbox
|image =
|status =
|status_system =
|genus = Rubus
|species = aboriginum
|authority = Rydb. 1913
|synonyms =
 Rubus almus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus austrinus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus bollianus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus clair-brownii L.H.Bailey
 Rubus decor L.H. Bailey
 Rubus flagellaris var. almus L.H.Bailey
 Rubus foliaceus L.H. Bailey
 Rubus ignarus L.H. Bailey
 Rubus ricei L.H. Bailey
|synonyms_ref =
}}Rubus aboriginum is a North American species of dewberry, known as the garden dewberry and  aboriginal dewberry'''. Like other dewberries, it is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, related to the blackberry. It is native to the United States and Mexico, primarily in the southern Great Plains with additional populations scattered in the eastern United States and in Nuevo León.

HabitatRubus aboriginum typically inhabits areas of rocky soil and partial shade, such as open woodlands and abandoned fields.

DescriptionRubus aboriginum is a bushy, viny bramble, up to  in height and breadth, but often smaller. Branches appear 'hairy' when young, and become smooth as they mature, with infrequent, short, hooked thorns. Leaves are ovate, with serrated edges; flowers are white, have five petals, and are about  in diameter. Fruits resemble other dewberries or small blackberries.Rubus aboriginum is very closely related to the northern dewberry, Rubus flagellaris'', and is sometimes treated as a subspecies.

References

External links

aboriginum
Category:Berries
Category:Plants described in 1913
Category:Flora of North America


Scottish government economy directorates

The Scottish government economy directorates were a set of directorates within the Scottish government, the executive arm of the devolved government of Scotland.  The directorates were headed by Dr Andrew Goudie, who also acted as the chief economic adviser to the Scottish government (Goudie retired in 2011 and joined Strathclyde University). The directorates were responsible for transport, sustainable development and planning. In 2010, the transport directorate merged with Transport Scotland, an Executive Agency of the Scottish Government and accountable to Scottish Ministers.

References

Economy
Category:Economy ministries
Category:Economy of Scotland
Category:Transport in Scotland
Category:Town and country planning in Scotland
Category:Sustainable development
Category:Environment of Scotland


Ries Railway

The Ries Railway () is the current name of the line between Aalen and Donauwörth via Nördlingen. The name is derived from the Nördlinger Ries depression, and the line is operated by Deutsche Bahn (DB).

The line consists of a section of the Aalen–Nördlingen railway built by the Kingdom of Württemberg as the Rems Railway and a section of the Nördlingen–Donauwörth railway built as part of the Ludwig South-North Railway by the Kingdom of Bavaria, two of the oldest lines in Germany.

Operations

The line is electrified and built as a single-track, except for the two-track section between Aalen and Goldshöfe.

The height of some platform edges is below the minimum standard of about 38 cm above the rails and the island platforms of smaller stations can only be reached by plank crossings over the tracks. The stations of Hoppingen, Ebermergen and Wörnitzstein have gravel platforms. The stations between Aalen and Nördlingen were extensively renovated with the exception of Goldshöfe station in 2009. Dynamic information displays were installed and the underpass was rebuilt at Nördlingen station in 2011. In addition, the stations of Wörnitzstein and Möttingen received new shelters. The latter station as well as the halts of Hoppingen and Ebermergen were also equipped with dynamic information displays in 2012.

Regional services
Regionalbahn trains operate on the route every hour on weekday and every two hours on weekends. Trains are mostly operated as electric multiple units consisting of Alstom Coradia Continental (class 440) sets. The journey time in 2015, according to the annual timetable from Aalen to Donauwörth was 70 minutes. In the opposite direction trains take 83 minutes (13 minutes longer), because on the single track line the crossing stations are not located appropriately for symmetric scheduling. The crossings places are at Möttingen and Bopfingen.

Goldshöfe Station was originally built not to serve the location, but as a junction station on the lines from Aalen to Nördlingen and to Crailsheim. It is now used by many people from the nearby Hüttlingen community.

Freight traffic
The major freight user is the Marker cement plant in Harburg. The Schwäbische Hüttenwerke (steelworks) in Wasseralfingen is also served by freight trains.

Diversion route
In the case of closures on the Stuttgart–Ulm–Augsburg route, the Ries Railway forms part of a diversion route for long distance traffic between Stuttgart and Munich.

As a result, before the Olympic Games in Munich, in 1971 and 1972, the line was electrified from Schorndorf to Donauwörth via Aalen and Nördlingen.

History
The line was built as part of the Ludwig South-North Railway, opened between Donauwörth and Nördlingen on 15 September 1847, and the Rems Railway, opened between Aalen and Wasseralfingen on 25 July 1861 and extended to Nördlingen in 1863.

In recent years the Ries Railway has been interrupted repeatedly by landslides at different points. The longest of these interruptions was at the Bildwasen tunnel between Lauchheim and Aufhausen between December 2002 and December 2003. It affected the tunnel entrance, which has now been extensively renovated. In the same period, from February 2003 to July 2003, a large slip occurred on a flood embankment between Ebermergen and Donauwörth, bringin traffic on the line almost to a complete halt. These circumstances prompted considerations of closing the track. Before the blocking the route, many trains ran continuously from the Rems Railway to Donauwörth. Since the reopening of the route operations on the Ries Railway are run almost entirely independently.

References

Footnotes

Sources

Category:Railway lines in Bavaria
Category:Railway lines in Baden-Württemberg
Category:Railway lines opened in 1847
Category:Buildings and structures in Ostalbkreis
Category:Buildings and structures in Donau-Ries


Ukrainian Women's Union

The Ukrainian Women's Union () (1920–1938) was the most influential women's organization operating among Ukrainian women outside of Soviet Ukraine. Because they represented Ukrainian nationals living in other sovereign states, the organization solidified their struggle for gender recognition with one for nationalist aims. Formed in Lviv in 1920, the organization did not focus on traditional feminist issues of equality and political agency until after they had built up a base membership and helped improve the social and economic lives of the peasantry which made up the majority of their membership.

History
The Ukrainian Women's Union (UWU) was founded in 1920 by Milena Rudnytska along with , Iryna Sichynska,  and others, to organize women's journals, conferences, and cooperatives. At the time, Ukrainians in the former province of Galicia, which had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire were under Polish rule. Though formed in what was technically Poland, the organization strove to unite all Ukrainian women who were not living in Soviet Ukraine. Unlike Western-style feminist organizations, the UWU was not primarily made up of elites, nor did it focus on attainment of political agency for women. Instead, the focus was on modernizing society through community initiatives and self-improvement programs. Between 1921 and 1930, their goal was to establish economic and cultural structures which could be used to improve the quality of life of all Ukrainians and bring their nationalist cause to the attention of international organizations. In December 1921, the UWU hosted a formal congress to formalize its organization and by 1930 had between 50,000 and 100,000 members. Specific numbers are difficult to attain because Polish authorities at the time prohibited Ukrainians from consolidating their membership into one organization. Some 80 regional branches representing around 1,100 local organizations were formed. From 1931 to 1938, the goals turned more toward political feminism and economics rights-based advocacy.

Leadership of the group understood feminist principals, but they did not pursue a feminist agenda until they had increased their membership and initiated economic and social reforms to improve the lives of Ukrainian families. Many of the leaders were from women's clubs such as the temperance clubs and from the intelligentsia, such as teachers. Most of the membership was from the peasant class and the entire organization based its direction on work rather than theory. Leadership stressed the need for organized social activity to improve lives. The UWU carried out activities like sponsoring art cooperatives which encouraged peasants to create goods, and then collected their handicrafts, exhibited and sold them, fostering a market for their products.

Politically, the group served as a nationalist organ, encouraging political unity for the betterment of all Ukrainians. Because Ukrainian women lived in a non-sovereign state, it was imperative for them to forge their gender identity along the lines of national identity. The UWU of Lviv's leadership were actively involved with the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance, an organization designed to coordinate Ukrainian political responses in Poland. Rudnytska, as a member of the Polish Sejm worked to overcome issues such as suppression of Ukrainian language schools. To bring the case of Ukrainian nationalism to the international arena, the UWU joined such organizations as the International Council of Women, the International Woman Suffrage Alliance and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Speaking out against the 1932–1933 famine and Nazi antifeminist policies, the UWU attempted to expand women's spheres in the 1930s.

In 1934, the UWU in Galicia hosted another congress, ostensively to bolster Ukrainian native culture. The four-day event was attended by around 10,000 delegates and the focus was on active participation of women and their importance in the community affairs of Ukrainian society. In 1935, the UWU founded a journal, Zhinka (Woman) which was edited by Shaparovych and which spoke on education, equality, economic opportunity and training, motherhood, and other women's issues. They also produce articles on exercise and nutrition and public involvement to encourage women to develop a modern sensibility of citizenship. Though the UWU was criticized by Catholic intellectuals, liberals and radicals, the organization managed to maintain its autonomy and the support of peasant population until the outbreak of World War II. On 5 May 1938, the Polish police arrested all of the leadership in all branches of the UWU, thus ending the operations of the most influential Ukrainian women's organization.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Category:Organizations established in 1920
Category:Organizations disestablished in 1938
Category:1920 establishments in Poland
Category:1938 disestablishments in Poland
Category:Feminist organizations in Ukraine
Category:Women's organisations based in Poland


Russell Stuart

Russell Stuart (born July 29, 1976) is a Canadian television producer, talent manager, and founder of the company SuperBox in Beverly Hills, California.

Stuart has appeared on the hit Bravo reality series Vanderpump Rules. He is the manager of actor James Kennedy, Lawrence Charles of The Abbey Diaries, Pascale Wellin of 100 Days of Summer, and Michael Pericoloso of Dating Naked.

Career
Stuart has written, directed, produced, advised on, acted in and composed music for several films and television shows including The Good Wife starring Julianna Margulies and Chris Noth;  The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (Bravo TV) starring Brandi Glanville, Taylor Armstrong, Adrienne Maloof, Kim Richards, Kyle Richards and Lisa Vanderpump; Vanderpump Rules (Bravo TV) starring Lisa Vanderpump; Millionaire Matchmaker (Bravo TV) starring Patti Stanger; Fire with Fire starring Josh Duhamel, Rosario Dawson and Bruce Willis; The Haunted Files The Trip starring Michael Cade, Kelsey Crane and Jason Graham;  D.T.A. starring Alex Skuby, Monica May and Hyacinth Wells; Dumpster Diver starring Alex Quinn and David Shark; Customer Service starring Michael Cade; Camp Virginovoch starring Derek Theler; and Get Him to the Greek starring Jonah Hill and Russell Brand; 5 Then 4 starring Harmony Vizcarra.

Before forming the media and entertainment company SuperBox, Inc., Stuart was an accomplished tennis player winning multiple Nation Junior Championships in his native Canada, before turning professional and briefly playing on the men's professional tennis circuit before being forced to retire early due to injury. Subsequently, Stuart began a successful coaching career travelling with top female players on the Women's Professional Tennis Circuit at such tournaments as the US Open (tennis) in New York City, The French Open in Paris, France and Wimbledon in London, England.

Stuart has been a member of the National Association of Television Program Executives, the National Association of Broadcasters, the Hollywood Radio and Television Society, and the International Radio and Television Society.

References

External links

Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian television producers
Category:Talent managers


Ben Kennedy (Australian rules footballer)

Ben Kennedy (born 3 March 1994) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club and Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A small forward,  tall and weighing , Kennedy is able to contribute as a crumbing forward and is also capable of moving into the midfield. He played top-level football from a young age by representing South Australia from fifteen years of age, including as a bottom aged player in the 2011 AFL Under 18 Championships, and playing in 's senior side in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) at seventeen. His junior achievements included two-time selection in the under 18 All-Australian side, a SANFL star search nomination, and selection in the South Australian under 18 team of the decade. He was recruited by the Collingwood Football Club with the nineteenth selection in the 2012 AFL draft and he made his debut in the 2013 season. He played three seasons with Collingwood for a total of twenty-five matches before he was traded to Melbourne during the 2015 trade period. In October 2017, Kennedy was delisted by Melbourne after managing only 15 games in two seasons.

Junior career
Kennedy played his junior career with the Brighton Bombers before moving to the Glenelg Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL); he attended Sacred Heart College. He received state honours by representing South Australia in the 2010 under 16 championships and he was their leading goalkicker with ten goals from three matches. He made his SANFL debut for Glenelg at seventeen years of age in the opening round match in 2011 against the Sturt Football Club at Glenelg Oval. He played fifteen matches for Glenelg in his debut season, kicking twelve goals and he was named Glenelg's best player in round eight and twenty-two against Sturt and  respectively. He was named as the round eight Star Search nominee, which "recognises the talented youngsters making their mark in league ranks", where he recorded twenty-six disposals, five marks and four goals. He received mid-year state honours through selection for South Australia in the 2011 AFL Under 18 Championships as a bottom-aged player and his performances in the championships saw him rewarded with being named in the All-Australian team in the forward pocket.

Throughout 2011, speculation arose as to whether Kennedy would be one of the two players selected in the 2011 mini-draft with the Adelaide Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club potentially bidding for him. Then Port Adelaide football operations manager, Peter Rohde praised his skills by indicating "there is no doubt he will be a good AFL player...he's an outstanding kick and clever around goal, and clearly we have an interest in him." AFL national talent manager, Kevin Sheehan noted he is a "powerful small forward with a penetrating left foot. He is a goal kicker with pace and ability to compete well in the air for his size." He ultimately was not bid on for the 2011 mini-draft after the concession requested by  was too high. He received a scholarship within the prestigious AIS-AFL Academy with their level two, thirty-one man squad for 2012.

Returning to Glenelg in 2012, he managed four matches for the season after being affected by a groin injury at the start of the season. After recruiters noted they wanted to see him spend more time in the midfield, he spent the year in a dual on-ball, forward role. He was again selected for South Australia in the 2012 AFL Under 18 Championships where he had strong performances against Tasmania and Northern Territory, recording thirty-seven disposals and fours goals, and twenty-nine disposals and a goal respectively. He was named in the All-Australian side for the second consecutive season in the forward pocket. His two seasons in the under 18's with South Australia saw him named in the South Australian under 18 team of the decade 2007–2016 side in the forward pocket.

AFL career

2013–2015: Early career with Collingwood
After predictions Kennedy would be drafted inside the top twenty in the 2012 national draft, he was recruited by the Collingwood Football Club with their second selection and nineteenth overall. He played in the round two and round three matches in the 2013 NAB Cup against the West Coast Eagles and Brisbane Lions respectively, and he was named the third best player for Collingwood against Brisbane, where he recorded nineteen disposals, four marks and a goal. He started the 2013 season playing for the Collingwood reserves in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and he made his AFL debut in the twenty-six point win against the St Kilda Football Club at Etihad Stadium in round six. He was the substitute for the match and he was brought into the game in the third quarter and recorded eight disposals from 33 percent game time. He finished the season with twelve games, and he was the substitute in six matches, he averaged 11.8 disposals and kicked nine goals with a season-best three goals in the Queen's Birthday Clash against the Melbourne Football Club in round eleven at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

Kennedy had a small delay to the 2014 pre-season when he had surgery to relieve the symptoms of compartment syndrome in his legs. He played in the opening match of the season against the Fremantle Football Club at Etihad Stadium where he was the substitute and he replaced Martin Clarke in the third quarter. He was omitted from the side the next week and despite strong performances in the VFL, he played only one senior match in the next fourteen weeks where he was the late replacement for the injured Nick Maxwell in the round seven, thirty-four point win against the Carlton Football Club at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. He returned to the senior side in the fifteen point win against Carlton in round fifteen as the substitute, again as a late replacement for an injured player, he played five of the remaining eight matches, and he finished the season with eight matches in total and he was the substitute in five of the matches.

Kennedy struggled to gain senior selection in the first half of 2015 and his first senior match of the year was in the Queen's Birthday, twenty-five point win against Melbourne in round ten where he was the substitute. This prompted speculation in the middle of the year that he was on the outer and he may be traded at the end of the season to try and gain more senior selection. He managed five matches for the season and after twenty five matches in total for Collingwood in three seasons, he was traded to the Melbourne Football Club in October even though he was contracted to Collingwood until the end of 2016. He cited the opportunity for more senior games as the reason for his move to Melbourne.

2016–2017: Move to Melbourne

Kennedy played all three matches in the 2016 NAB Challenge for his new club and he was named in the best players in the first match against the Port Adelaide Football Club at Elizabeth Oval, and his performances in the NAB Challenge saw AFL Media journalist, Travis King, predict he would  play his first match for Melbourne in round one. He ultimately played the round one match against  in a two-point win at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. He was praised for his match which was labelled as impressive, and he was named as Melbourne's second best player by AFL Media. He played the first ten matches before being omitted for the match against the Hawthorn Football Club at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in round eleven. He played in the VFL for Melbourne's affiliate team, the Casey Scorpions, where he recorded thirty disposals, ten tackles and three goals, and he was brought back into the senior side the next week for the Queen's Birthday match against Collingwood. He played the next five matches before being dropped for the round eighteen match against West Coast at Domain Stadium He played the remainder of the season for Casey and he played in the losing grand final against  at Etihad Stadium. He played fifteen matches in his first season for Melbourne, which resulted in a twenty-first place finish in the best and fairest count. After not managing a senior game in 2017, Kennedy was delisted by Melbourne.

Statistics
 Statistics are correct to the end of the 2017 season

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|  || 27 || 12 || 9 || 6 || 66 || 75 || 141 || 20 || 20 || 0.8 || 0.5 || 5.5 || 6.3 || 11.8 || 1.7 || 1.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|  || 7 || 8 || 4 || 2 || 54 || 44 || 98 || 11 || 15 || 0.5 || 0.3 || 6.8 || 5.5 || 12.3 || 1.4 || 1.9
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|  || 7 || 5 || 2 || 2 || 32 || 23 || 55 || 9 || 11 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 6.4 || 4.6 || 11.0 || 1.8 || 2.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|  || 35 || 15 || 13 || 6 || 128 || 131 || 259 || 47 || 39 || 0.9 || 0.4 || 8.5 || 8.7 || 17.2 || 3.1 || 2.6
|-  style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017
|  || 35 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 40
! 28
! 16
! 280
! 273
! 553
! 87
! 85
! 0.7
! 0.4
! 7.0
! 6.8
! 13.8
! 2.2
! 2.1
|}

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:1994 births
Category:Collingwood Football Club players
Category:Melbourne Football Club players
Category:Glenelg Football Club players
Category:Brighton Districts and Old Scholars Football Club players
Category:Casey Demons players
Category:Australian rules footballers from South Australia


György Sárközi

György Sárközi (1899 – 1945) was a Hungarian poet, translator and writer, and collaborator to the magazine Nyugat, Pandora (1927), Válasz (1935-1938) and Kélet Népe (1939). As he was Jewish, in 1944 he was deported to the work camp of Balf and died there.

References

Category:1899 births
Category:1945 deaths
Category:Hungarian translators
Category:Hungarian writers
Category:Writers from Budapest
Category:Translators from German
Category:Hungarian resistance members
Category:Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
Category:Resistance members who died in Nazi concentration camps
Category:20th-century translators
Category:Hungarian Jews who died in the Holocaust
Category:Jewish writers
Category:Jewish poets


Mongolestes

Mongolestes ("Mongolian robber") is an extinct genus of mesonychid known from the 'Ulan Gochu' formation of Inner Mongolia, and likely originated in Asia. It was the last surviving representative of Mesonychia and became extinct in the early Oligocene.

Mongolestes is distinct from other mesonychids in several dental features, including very large teeth and the loss of the third molar, and a mandibular symphysis that is steeper.

Notes

References

Category:Mesonychids
Category:Rupelian extinctions
Category:Eocene mammals of Asia
Category:Oligocene mammals of Asia


Albert Rothenberg

Albert Rothenberg (born June 2, 1930) is an American psychiatrist who has carried out long term research on the creative process in literature, art, science and psychotherapy. As Principal Investigator of the research project Studies in the Creative Process, Rothenberg has focused on the creative processes of consensually recognized and defined creators. These have included Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, medicine and physiology; Pulitzer Prize and other literary prize winners; and consensually designated young literary and artistic creators.

He has also practiced clinical psychiatry and been administrator and therapist at the Yale Psychiatric Institute, New Haven, Connecticut; John Dempsey Hospital in Farmington, Connecticut; the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, as well as undertakinging private psychiatric outpatient practice in Chatham, New York.

Biography

Early life and education
Rothenberg was born in New York City on June 2, 1930, to Gabriel Rothenberg and Rose Goldberg Rothenberg. His father Gabriel was born in Romania  and came to the United States at the age of seventeen. At 23 years old, Gabriel fought in the US Army during the First World War. Other than attending night school for English, Gabriel had no formal advanced education but later become a successful manufacturing businessman in Danbury, Connecticut. His mother, born in New Haven, Connecticut, was a pianist and became a principal secretary after attending a New York City secretarial school. An eldest brother died immediately after childbirth and Rothenberg's -year-older brother, Jerome Rothenberg, who was quite sickly as a child, survived to become a distinguished American Economist. Rothenberg attended James Madison High School in Brooklyn, New York  where he graduated as Salutatorian.

Career

As an undergraduate at Harvard College, Rothenberg majored in Social Relations and graduated with honors. There, he was influenced to pursue later research in creativity through the example and thought of psychologists Henry Murray and George Klein. His medical career began at Tufts University School of Medicine where he was awarded both the annual Dermatology Prize and  Medical Alumni Award. After graduation as doctor of medicine he went on to pursue residency training in psychiatry at Yale University School of Medicine.

In 1960, he was appointed to the Yale Medical School faculty. During early years at Yale, he was supported in research and teaching by two successive 5-year federal Research Career Investigator Grants. There was an interruption of two years when Rothenberg served as Captain in the U.S. Army Medical Corps as Chief Psychiatrist for American military personnel in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean area. For this service, he received both a Letter of commendation and a Certificate of Merit. He then returned to Yale Medical School, where he remained for nearly 20 years.

In 1976, Rothenberg moved to the University of Connecticut Department Of Psychiatry at Farmington, where he served as the Clinical Director and Director of Psychiatric Residency for the next three years. In 1979, he became the Director of Research at the Austen Riggs Center, an open psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge, Massachusetts and a member of the Harvard Medical School faculty.

Rothenberg was appointed Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard in 1986. The same year, he began a course of three separate research years as a Fellow at institutes for advanced study. In 1986, he was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University; In 1993, he was a Fellow at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences in Wassenaar; and he returned as a Fellow to CASBS in 2014.

In addition to his research on creativity, he has published two novels: Living Color (2001), a story about the slashing of a famous painting in the modern art museum in Amsterdam and Madness and Glory (2012), a story about Dr. Phillipe Pinel, the father of modern psychiatry.

Research
Rothenberg has carried out controlled experimental research with young writers and artists and controlled interview investigations with outstanding prize-winning authors. He found that three interrelated cognitive processes were responsible for their creative achievements. Also, through extensive and intensive research with Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine, Physics, and Chemistry the same processes were found to be operating in their far-reaching and outstanding creative achievements. The three cognitive processes, all of which disrupt the past and the usual and lead to creations are:

Janusian process (previously designated as janusian thinking; derived from the Roman god Janus), consists of actively conceiving and using multiple opposite or antithetical thoughts or constructions simultaneously. The janusian process leads to creation in conceptual and verbal modalities.

Homospatial process (derived from Greek homo) consists of actively conceiving and using two or more discrete entities in the same mental space, a conception leading to the articulation of new identities. The homospatial process leads to creation primarily in the metaphoric and spatial modalities.

Sep-con articulation process consists of actively conceiving and using separation (sep) and connection (con) concomitantly. The sep-con articulation process leads to integrative effects and integration in creation.

Significance
Although, as commonly used, the term creativity has been applied to a wide range of behavior, events, and practices, these have often consisted of simply different or deviant, uncommon, or unusual occurrences. Many studies have been derived from personal intuition or anecdotes, and have often focused simply on skills, divergent thinking or employment in particular types of artistic or scientific occupations. On an operational basis, however, creativity and creative activity is positively valued, usually definitively so, and the value must be consensually validated and stand the test of time.

Moreover, creativity differs from productivity or competence alone—it consists of yielding something novel or new. Rothenberg's work and findings have consistently focused on a strict definition of creativity as the state or production of both newness and value (intrinsic or instrumental). Clear-cut results and applications of these investigations have measured, in whole or in part, all types and levels of creativity. The findings produced by his research consist, for the first time, of empirically determined highly specific and operational types of creative processes. These have been described through his work in the fields of science and literature, visual art, and psychotherapy.

Personal life
Rothenberg is married to Julia Johnson Rothenberg, Emerita Professor of Education at Sage Colleges and noted visual artist and musician. They divide residence each year between homes in the U.S. and southern France. Rothenberg has three children from a former marriage: Michael, Mora and Rina, and eight grandchildren: Elsa, Claire, Maya, Sam, Reed, Ellis, Gabriel, and Lucy.

Achievements and awards
NIMH Research Career Investigator
Fellow, American College of Psychoanalysts
Golestan Foundation Award in Psychiatry
Distinguished Life Fellow, American Psychiatric Association
Guggenheim Fellowship (1974)
Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1987, 2014)
Nominator, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1991-)
Fellow, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (1993)

Works and publications

Scientific

Fiction

References

Category:American psychiatrists
Category:Living people
Category:Physicians from New York City
Category:Yale University alumni
Category:Tufts University School of Medicine alumni
Category:Harvard Medical School faculty
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:1930 births
Category:Harvard College alumni
Category:James Madison High School (Brooklyn) alumni
Category:Rembrandt scholars


Grahamsville Historic District

The Grahamsville Historic District is a historic district located along both sides of NY 55 just east of that hamlet in the Town of Neversink in Sullivan County, New York, United States. Its church is across the road from Tri-Valley Central School. In 1979 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Five buildings are located on its 20 acres (8 ha). The centerpiece of the district is the Grahamsville Reformed Church, which dates originally to the 1840s. In 1874 it was expanded and a cemetery was added. An 1847 boarding house, also within the district, now serves as a gallery for a local artist.

History

The area of today's Grahamsville had initially been settled during the colonial era, but raids by Loyalists and their Indian allies killed or drove them away during the Revolution. So, after independence, the landowners of the Hardenbergh Patent invited tenants to settle in the area, named after an officer who led a unit massacred in the area, once again.

The first known house in Grahamsville dates to 1788. The minimal farming opportunities in the region were supplemented by lumber, which the Catskills had in abundance, and soon that business picked up. In 1813 the town of Neversink raised taxes to build a road (now Route 55) from the Neversink River (now dammed to create Neversink Reservoir) to more-established routes at Wawarsing in Ulster County, to the east. The Marenius Dayton House, an impressive Greek Revival building in the district, was an inn and official stagecoach stop during this era

Lumbering gave way to tanning, as the Catskills' vast Eastern hemlock stands had plenty of tannin in their bark. Judge Stoddard Hammond became rich through this industry, building a tannery complex along nearby Chestnut Creek and a Gothic Revival cottage overlooking it in 1857. Like many Catskill tanners, he did extremely well during the Civil War, supplying the Union Army with all its leather.

He sold the tannery and its associated properties, including a Greek Revival company store that still survives, to his partner John Reynolds New York City after the war. Reynolds kept the tannery going, even after the Panic of 1873, and the citizens of Grahamsville were able to build their church, meeting house and cemetery at the east end of the district the following year. But in 1878 he finally closed it, and the hamlet's tanning days were ended.

With the pollution from the tanneries gone, Sullivan County became a summer resort destination in the late 19th century. The Italian villa-style Southwick House, dating to 1882, is representative of this period.

That business either faded or shifted southwards after the 1920s, and Grahamsville reverted to its farming and lumbering days. The center of the hamlet is now to the west of the district, near the junction of routes 42 and 55, in the wake of the construction of Tri-Valley Central School and Rondout Reservoir to the east. The buildings from Grahamsville's early years are still mostly intact.

Contributing properties

The six elements of the district are:
The Marenius Dayton House,
The 1857 House, a Gothic revival cottage,
The Southwick House,
Tannery Store, now a private residence,
The Grahamsville Rural Cemetery, and
the Grahamsville Reformed Church and its accompanying Memorial Hall

References

Category:National Register of Historic Places in Sullivan County, New York
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Category:Historic districts in Sullivan County, New York


Virginia State Route 36 (1923)

REDIRECT U.S. Route 50 in Virginia


9th Photographic Reconnaissance Group

The 9th Reconnaissance Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Third Air Force, based at Will Rogers Field, Oklahoma. It was inactivated on 6 May 1944.

The unit trained crews and units for photographic reconnaissance and combat mapping. Had no assigned operational squadrons, conducted training with attached squadrons from other units. Aircraft used were F-3 (A-20), F-4 (P-38), F-5 (P-51) F-7 (B-24), F-9 (B-17). Inactivated on 6 May 1944.

References

 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .

External links

Category:Military units and formations established in 1943
009


Cruise Control (play)

Cruise Control is a 2014 play by David Williamson.

Plot
Three couples - one Australian, one English, one American - encounter each other on a cruise.

References

External links
Review of 2014 Sydney production at Sydney Morning Herald
Review of 2014 Sydney production at Stage Noise
Review of 2014 Sydney production at Aussie Theatre

Category:Australian plays
Category:Plays by David Williamson
Category:2014 plays


Vijzelgracht metro station

Vijzelgracht metro station (Dutch: Station Vijzelgracht) is a station on the Route 52 (North–South Line) of the Amsterdam Metro in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It was opened on 22 July 2018.

Vijzelgracht is an underground station situated in the Weteringschans neighbourhood of the Amsterdam-Centrum borough. The station, designed by Benthem Crouwel Architects, is situated beneath the Vijzelstraat between Prinsengracht and Weteringschans in the former Vijzelgracht canal that was dammed in 1933. The station has a 125-metre-long island platform, approximately 9 metres wide. There are two entrances, the north entrance near the Maison Descartes and the south entrance near Weteringplantsoen. The south entrance also serves the tram lines 1, 7, 19 (east–west) and 24 (north–south). The station lies 26 metres below street level and is expected to handle a number of 22,000 passengers and passengers per day.

The platform is accessible by both lift and escalator. The station is future-proofed for a possible parking structure which would be located at the south entrance. It is also future-proofed for a long-proposed East–West metro line that would be built 11 metres below street level under either the Singelgracht or Weteringschans, with the line running over the North–South tunnel and under the south ticket hall.

History

Construction problems
Vijzelgracht station was beset with construction issues affecting nearby structures. On 19 June 2008, four historic buildings on the Vijzelstraat subsided 15 cm and its residents evacuated due to a breach in a tunnel wall, causing water to enter the tunnel, eroding the pilings that supported the buildings, with work stopped on 23 June. Work resumed on 9 September 2008, with the municipal government and the project bureau doing testing and assuring local residents that issues had been mitigated. However, on 10 September, additional buildings began subsiding again, this time 23 centimetres, again caused by water leaks in the tunnel.

In January 2009 a whistleblower, a concrete delivery driver, spoke to the press about the use of old concrete that resulted in cast walls that were brittle and of poor quality. Testing was ordered by the municipal government and conducted by the research firm Deltares, which found 114 weak points and a hole in the concrete sheet pilings used in the Vijzelgracht project. According to the firm, these weak spots were mostly caused by the "use of bad and contaminated concrete and poor reinforcement".

Ramses Shaffy naming proposal
In 2011, a proposal was made to name the station after Dutch actor and singer Ramses Shaffy, a longtime resident of the Vijzelgracht neighbourhood. The municipal government decided to retain the Vijzelgracht name under the policy of naming stations after their locations. However, the city invited artists to create a work of art dedicated to Shaffy in the metro station. On 23 February 2013, Liesbeth List announced on the Dutch television programme "Opium" that an portrait of Ramses Shaffy, interwoven with map lines of the Metro, was designed at the metro station, designed by Dutch artist Marjan Laaper.

Gallery

References

Category:Amsterdam Metro stations


Takayoshi Kano

is a Japanese primatologist, known for his pioneering work on the bonobo  chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). He highlighted their peaceful communal lifestyle, and the high frequency of sexual interactions.  A student of Junichiro Itani, he was a professor at Ryukyu University and at the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University.  In 1973, he founded the first bonobo study center, at Wamba, Luo Reserve. It is the oldest bonobo research area and has survived a number of political upheavals in the region.

Initially in his career, he assisted Toshisada Nishida in his work on the chimpanzees of the Mahale mountains in Tanzania.
  In 1971, Nishida conducted a brief survey looking for the bonobo (or the "pygmy chimpanzee"), and encountered several abandoned chimpanzee nests.
In the conclusion of his report, he suggests that
Before we can begin to make an intensive study, we must first make an extensive preliminary survey covering the vast area of the Central Congo Basin.

In 1973, Takayoshi Kano conducted this survey, covering a large area of several
hundred kilometers on bicycle, when he visited a number of remote villages unaccustomed to non-Africans, some which were hostile.  He eventually came upon the village of Wamba, where the villagers were more welcoming, and he could hear bonobo calls from the forest.  Unlike the area near Lake Tumba visited by Nishida, there was no tradition of hunting chimpanzees for bushmeat here.  It took over a year of effort by Kano and his assistant, Suehisa Kuroda, before they could habituate the first group of bonobos in the area, provisioning them via a sugarcane patch.  The chimpanzees in the area have little fear of humans, because of a local legend, that the humans
and bonobos were cousins.
 According to this belief, an older brother in a family of bonobos held to their traditional lifestyle and his descendants thus remained in the forest as bonobos. However, his younger brother was tired of eating raw foods. Once upon a time, he was roaming in the forest, crying, a spirit of the forest taught him to make fire, after which he left the forest and began eating cooked food. His descendants became humans. Therefore, the village people consider the bonobos akin to distant brothers and do not kill or eat them.
In the local language Bongando, one of the words for the bonobo is elia, or "missed" - the bonobos are thought to have "missed" becoming
human, or have been "blocked" on this path.

Kano was among the first to comment extensively on the sexual practices among the Bonobo, particularly the use of sex as a mechanism for reducing tensions within the group. Kano's work motivated a large group of researchers to work at Wamba, many of them from Kyoto and other institutions in Japan.  He was among the movers for the founding of the Luo Scientific Reserve in 1990.  The group was forced to pause its work several times - during the anti-Mobutu outbreak in  1991-92, and a major disruption after the Tutsi rebellion and war from 1996 to 2002.

Kano's main work, The Last Ape: Pygmy Chimpanzee Behavior and Ecology, was translated from Japanese into English in 1992.

References

Category:Primatologists
Category:Japanese mammalogists
Category:Living people
Category:Japanese academics
Category:Kyoto University faculty
Category:Bonobos
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Universal C*-algebra

In mathematics, a universal C*-algebra is a C*-algebra described in terms of generators and relations. In contrast to rings or algebras, where one can consider quotients by free rings to construct universal objects, C*-algebras must be realizable as algebras of bounded operators on a Hilbert space by the Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction and the relations must prescribe a uniform bound on the norm of each generator. This means that depending on the generators and relations, a universal C*-algebra may not exist. In particular, free C*-algebras do not exist.

C*-Algebra Relations

There are several problems with defining relations for C*-algebras. One is, as previously mentioned, due to the non-existence of free C*-algebras, not every relation defines a C*-algebra. Another problem is that one would often want to include order relations, formulas involving continuous functional calculus, and spectral data as relations. For that reason, we use a relatively roundabout way of defining C*-algebra relations. The basic motivation behind the following definitions is that we will define relations as the category of their representations.

Given a set X, the null C*-relation on X is the category  with objects consisting of pairs (j, A), where A is a C*-algebra and j is a function from X to A and with morphisms from (j, A) to (k, B) consisting of *-homomorphisms φ from A to B satisfying φ ∘ j = k. A C*-relation on X is a full subcategory of  satisfying:
 the unique function X to {0} is an object;
 given an injective *-homomorphism φ from A to B and a function f from X to A, if φ ∘ f is an object, then f is an object;
 given a *-homomorphism φ from A to B and a function f from X to A, if f is an object, then φ ∘ f is an object;
 if fi is an object for i=1,2,...,n, then  is also an object. Furthermore, if fi is an object for i in an nonempty index set I implies the product  is also an object, then the C*-relation is compact.

Given a C*-relation R on a set X. then a function ι from X to a C*-algebra U is called a universal representation for R if
 given a C*-algebra A and a *-homomorphism φ from U to A, φ ∘ ι is an object of R;
 given a C*-algebra A and an object (f, A) in R, there exists a unique *-homomorphism φ from U to A such that f = φ ∘ ι. Notice that ι and U are unique up to isomorphism and U is called the universal C*-algebra for R.

A C*-relation R has a universal representation if and only if R is compact.

Given a *-polynomial p on a set X, we can define a full subcategory of  with objects (j, A) such that p ∘ j = 0. For convenience, we can call p a relation, and we can recover the classical concept of relations. Unfortunately, not every *-polynomial will define a compact C*-relation.

Alternative Approach

Alternatively, one can use a more concrete characterization of universal C*-algebras that more closely resembles the construction in abstract algebra. Unfortunately, this restricts the types of relations that are possible. Given a set G, a relation on G is a set R consisting of pairs (p, η) where p is a *-polynomial on X and η is a non-negative real number. A representation of (G, R) on a Hilbert space H is a function ρ from X to the algebra of bounded operators on H such that  for all (p, η) in R. The pair (G, R) is called admissible if a representation exists and the direct sum of representations is also a representation. Then

is finite and defines a seminorm satisfying the C*-norm condition on the free algebra on X. The completion of the quotient of the free algebra by the ideal  is called the universal C*-algebra of (G,R).

Examples
 The noncommutative torus can be defined as a universal C*-algebra generated by two unitaries with a certain commutation relation.
 The Cuntz algebras, graph C*-algebras and k-graph C*-algebras are universal C*-algebras generated by certain partial isometries.
 The universal C*-algebra generated by a unitary element u has presentation <u | u*u = uu* = 1>. By continuous functional calculus, this C*-algebra is the algebra of continuous functions on the unit circle in the complex plane. Any C*-algebra generated by a unitary element is isomorphic to a quotient of this universal C*-algebra.

References

Category:C*-algebras


Mother Tucker

"Mother Tucker" is the second episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy, an episode produced for Season 4. It originally aired on Fox on September 17, 2006. The episode follows Peter's mother, Thelma, divorcing Peter's father, Francis, and dating news anchorman Tom Tucker. Peter becomes closely attached to Tucker, only for his mother to end the relationship suddenly, leaving Peter feeling abandoned. Meanwhile, Stewie and Brian are employed as DJs on a local radio station, but have creative differences over the tone of the show, which eventually forces Brian to quit.

The episode was written by Tom Devanney and directed by James Purdum. It received mixed reviews for its storyline, and many cultural references. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 9.23 million homes in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Jon Benjamin, Max Burkholder, Phyllis Diller, Phil LaMarr, Joe Lomonaco, Tamera Mowry, Anne-Michelle Seiler, Tara Strong, Nicole Sullivan, Gore Vidal, Gedde Watanabe, and Wally Wingert along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series. "Mother Tucker" was released on DVD along with twelve other episodes from the season on September 18, 2007.

Plot
Peter's mother, Thelma, visits the Griffin family home, and alerts her son, Peter that she has finally left his father, Francis. In an attempt to find her a new husband, Peter's wife, Lois, takes her to a meeting for "single people," where she meets local news anchor Tom Tucker. Thelma and Tom begin dating, which upsets Peter, causing him to attempt to sabotage the new relationship. He is eventually persuaded by Tom that he should let his mother be happy, and the two begin bonding. Eventually, his mother suddenly ends the relationship, however, causing Peter to believe it is his fault. The next day, Peter learns that it is important for fathers and sons to spend time together, and tells Tom that he should spend more time with his own son, Jake, instead.

Meanwhile, after interrupting a broadcast of local radio station WQHG's program "Weenie and the Butt", Brian gets his own radio talk show, when one of the station's producers compliments his speaking voice. Attempting to have an intelligent dialogue with his listeners, and distancing himself from "Weenie and the Butt"'s constant overuse of sound effects, Brian is immediately heckled by Stewie's prank phone calls. After first planning to cancel Brian's show, the station's producer announces that he loved the calls, and eventually decides to hire Stewie as co-host. Stewie then turns Brian's sophisticated talk show into a lewd, raucous, shock jock-style comedy show called "Dingo and the Baby", much to Brian's chagrin, who is reluctant to accept the new format. Upon discovering that people love the new show, however, Brian decides to play along with Stewie's idea. However, when author Gore Vidal, whom Brian had contacted for an interview on his original show, walks into one of his "Dingo and the Baby" broadcasts and leaves in disgust, Brian quits his job in shame. The show is soon replaced by one featuring Cleveland and Quagmire, entitled "Dark Chocolate and the Rod".

Production

The episode was written by series regular Tom Devanney, and directed by James Purdum. During the "Weenie and the Butt" scene, several sound effects can be heard. Each of these were recorded individually by people who have sung at such venues as the Academy Awards, and other high publicity events. Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane has commented that these sound effect recordings took much longer than expected, as they did not sound professional enough. The episode featured guest performances by actress Phyllis Diller, who has portrayed Peter's mother Thelma in various episodes, and Tamera Mowry in her third appearance. Author Gore Vidal appeared as himself in the episode. In the scene involving Thelma trying to convince Peter to accept that she is dating Tucker, she comments, "Tom here has won a local Emmy for his work with the retardeds". The Fox Broadcasting Company has a specific rule stating that the word "retard" or "retarded" cannot be said on their network, but this scene was nevertheless permitted. MacFarlane has commented that he cannot understand why the word is not permitted on Fox, given that it is allowed on other networks. According to MacFarlane and other episode commentators, the scene provoked an angry reaction among the mental health community.

There were several scenes throughout this episode that were removed from the script, and not broadcast. One of these comes just after Tom Tucker apologizes to Peter about losing his temper; it was intended that Jake Tucker would appear, and the origin of his upside-down face would be revealed. The scene with "The Peanuts Reunion" was originally meant for the season four episode "Patriot Games", but was moved to this episode to ease time constraints in "Patriot Games". The scene was described by 20th Century Fox worker Leann Siegel as being depressing.

"Mother Tucker", along with the twelve other episodes from Family Guys fifth season, were released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on September 18, 2007. The sets included brief audio commentaries by MacFarlane and various crew and cast members for several episodes, a collection of deleted scenes and animatics, a special mini-feature which discusses the process behind drawing Peter Griffin, and mini-feature entitled "Toys, Toys Galore".

In addition to the regular cast, voice actor Jon Benjamin, child actor Max Burkholder, actress Phyllis Diller, voice actor Phil LaMarr, actor Joe Lomonaco, voice actress Tamera Mowry, actress Anne-Michelle Seiler, voice actress Tara Strong, voice actress Nicole Sullivan, author Gore Vidal, actor Gedde Watanabe, and voice actor Wally Wingert guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Chris Cox, Ralph Garman, writer David A. Goodman, writer Mike Henry, writer Danny Smith, writer Alec Sulkin, and writer John Viener made minor appearances in the episode.

Cultural references
The episode opens with the Griffin family attending the local Airshow in Quahog, and are shown to be anxiously awaiting one of the pilots to crash. After a pilot successfully lands, Peter expresses his boredom, and states that he would rather be home watching "the tape from The Ring". In a flashback, Peter begins playing the film, after first being warned, with the 1987 film Mannequin appearing instead and having the same effect as the cursed tape. Deciding to stay at the airshow to watch their neighbor, Glenn Quagmire perform, he flies his plane through several billboards (specifically through the crotch of the women's images on the boards), including those for Veronica Mars, The Simple Life and On the Record w/ Greta Van Susteren (which he can only do after "getting some help" from  a Jack Daniel's Tennessee whiskey billboard.

Returning home, the Griffin family decide to watch a television show entitled Roundtable, featuring guests Al Michaels, Harold Ramis, Ray Romano and Kermit the Frog. Once Thelma appears, and alerts Peter of her split-up with his father, Peter is shocked, stating that the same happened at the Peanuts reunion, with Charlie Brown then appearing as a punk rock drug dealer.

When Peter finds Thelma and Tom in bed, a cutaway shows Stewie reading a quotation from the movie Harold and Maude.

After Thelma leaves Tom, he begins showing Peter more affection, causing Lois to believe it to be strange. Peter then states that it is no stranger than when Darth Vader from the film franchise Star Wars was a parking attendant. Vader is then shown in the contemporary world as a failure, and making minimum wage. This scene, as with all scenes that contain references to Star Wars or its characters, was sent to Lucasfilm for approval, in order to protect copyright. After Stewie takes over Brian's radio show, the two begin playing random sound clips from various films and television shows, including dialogue from the 1993 drama film Philadelphia, which was acknowledged as a mistake by Stewie. Other movie clips used by Brian and Stewie are “Oh sexy girlfriend!” from Sixteen Candles (1984) and “Don’t you do it!” from An Officer and a Gentleman (1982).

In an attempt to rebel against Tom Tucker, Peter decides to reach for the freezer to take out some ice cream during dinner, much to the chagrin of Tucker, who attempts to stop him. As Peter lifts a spoon of ice cream to his mouth, he is warned by Tucker several times not to eat it. When he does, however, Tucker repeatedly spanks him, in reference to the 1979 drama feature Kramer vs. Kramer (even though the spanking does not occur in the movie, but it does occur in the 1995 Indian remake, Akele Hum Akele Tum). After author Gore Vidal appears at the radio station Brian had invited him to speak at, Vidal quickly leaves after he finds the show to be low-brow. This causes Brian to quit the show, noting that he has become "worse of a sell-out" than when Stewie appeared in a Butterfinger commercial. Stewie is then shown eating a Butterfinger, and says "Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger", which is a parody of the many Butterfinger commercials featuring Bart Simpson, and utters the annoyed grunt, D'oh!, a phrase used regularly by The Simpsons character Homer Simpson. The bit is also a reference to the negative criticism and similarities between Family Guy and The Simpsons.

Reception
In a slight decrease from the previous week, the episode was viewed in 9.23 million homes in its original airing, according to Nielsen ratings. The episode also acquired a 3.3 in the 18–49 demographic, slightly edging out The Simpsons, in addition to series creator Seth MacFarlane's second show American Dad!, in both rating and total viewership.

Reviews of the episode were mixed, calling it a "slow start to the season." Dan Iverson of IGN reviewed the episode positively, noting that the episode "would make even the most anti-Family Guy television viewers out there laugh pretty hard." Iverson went on to comment, however, that "it probably won't be remembered as fondly as some of the episodes from the first few seasons." For him, the "funniest aspect of the episode" was the radio scene, in which "we get the impression that [radio jockeys] are immature, simple-minded idiots." Brett Love of TV Squad reviewed the episode slightly more negatively, stating that "the whole Peter story just didn't do much for me." Love did find that the "Stewie and Brian stuff was the best part of the episode," but went on to proclaim that "there are 20 more episodes to get it right." In his review of the Family Guy Volume 5 box set, Francis Rizzo of DVD Talk wrote that the radio subplot is "a perfect parody of everything that's wrong in radio."

References

External links

Category:Family Guy (season 5) episodes
Category:2006 American television episodes


CIT Paraguay Open

The CIT Paraguay Open was a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event was classified as a $50,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and was first and only held in Asunción, Paraguay, in 2014.

Past finals

Singles

Doubles

External links
 Official website
 ITF search

Category:ITF Women's Circuit
Category:Clay court tennis tournaments
Category:Tennis tournaments in Paraguay


John Major (17th-century English MP)

John Major was the member of parliament for Southampton, England, during 1628.

References

Category:English MPs 1628–1629


Schizophrenics Anonymous

Schizophrenics Anonymous is a peer support group to help people who are affected by schizophrenia and related disorders including bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic depression and psychosis.

History
The program was established in Detroit, Michigan in 1985. The founder was Joanne Verbanic, who was diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1970. Shortly before forming SA, Verbanic publicly disclosed her diagnosis and discussed her illness on national television in an effort to challenge the stigma associated with the condition. She was a 2006 recipient of a Lilly Reintegration Award in recognition of her lifetime contributions to the mental health community, and she continued to be active as a spokesperson for persons with schizophrenia and other mental illness until her death on May 7, 2015.

By 2007, more than 150 local SA groups operated in 31 of the 50 United States, and in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, France, India and Venezuela.

Technical support for Schizophrenics Anonymous was provided by the National Schizophrenia Foundation (NSF) until 2007 when NSF ceased operations. In response to the loss of a national sponsor, a group of consumers, family members, and mental health providers came together to form a not-for-profit organization, Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Alliance of America (SARDAA).

SARDAA promotes recovery for persons with schizophrenia and related brain disorders including bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, depression with psychosis, and experience with psychosis. They envision a future in which every person with a schizophrenia-related brain disorder has the opportunity to recover from their disorders. The name Schizophrenics Anonymous was changed to Schizophrenia Alliance in 2015 and added Psychosis Support and Acceptance in 2018. They provide an online directory of SA groups, sponsor five weekly SA conference calls, and one Family and Friends conference call. At their annual conference, the group trains individuals and groups who have started or would like to start an SA group.

Although some SA groups are organized by mental health professionals, research has suggested that peer-led SA groups are more sustainable and longer lasting. Some groups are organized in psychiatric hospitals or jails and are not open to the public.

Program principles
The SA program is based on the twelve-step model, but includes just six steps. The organization describes the program's purpose of helping participants to learn about schizophrenia, "restore dignity and sense of purpose," obtain "fellowship, positive support, and companionship," improve their attitudes about their lives and their illnesses, and take "positive steps towards recovery."

Joanne Verbanic wrote the original "Schizophrenics Anonymous" book, better known as "The Blue Book," which describes the six steps to recovery. The steps require members to admit they need help, take responsibility for their choices and consequences, believe they have the inner strength to help themselves and others, forgive themselves and others, understand that false beliefs contribute to their problems and change those beliefs, and decide to turn their lives over to a higher power.

Research
One study about the risks of professional partnerships centers on the partnership between Schizophrenics Anonymous (SA) and the Mental Health Association of Michigan (MHAM) over a 14-year period. The study shows that the professional partnership resulted in increased access to SA Groups across Michigan and organization expansion and development within SA. The professional influence also lead more SA Groups to be held in more traditional mental health treatment settings and led to more professional-led SA groups.

Self-help groups are more available to people who live independently. Researchers at Michigan State University studied whether SA would be successful in group homes. The results were positive: the groups had high attendance and participation and were well liked. However, staff members controlled who could lead and who could attend the meetings, and how the meetings should be run. The programs fell apart. The same obstacle occurred in SA groups started in prisons and monitored by employees.

See also
Self-help groups for mental health
Treatment of schizophrenia

References

External links

Category:Twelve-step programs
Category:Schizophrenia-related organizations
Category:Organizations established in 1985


America Star Books

America Star Books, formerly PublishAmerica, is a Maryland-based print-on-demand book publisher founded in 1999 by Lawrence Alvin "Larry" Clopper III and Willem Meiners. Some writers and authors' advocates have accused the company of being a vanity press while representing itself as a "traditional publisher". It changed its name in 2014, and since 2017 it has stopped accepting new authors.

PublishAtlantica was an imprint of PublishAmerica. PublishAtlantica was headquartered in the UK in Milton Keynes. It was formerly PublishBritannica before a lawsuit from Encyclopædia Britannica. PublishIcelandica was another imprint of PublishAmerica. According to a letter from PublishAmerica in 2006, neither imprint is active.

History
, the executive director of PublishAmerica was Miranda N. Prather. In 2004, Prather said that 80% of authors who submitted manuscripts to the house were rejected, and that the house had "30 full-time editors" with plans to expand. She refused to identify the CEO of PublishAmerica. In 2005, the company had 70 full-time employees of various functions.

In 2004, PublishAmerica published small runs of over 4,800 titles. In 2005, the company had approximately 11,000 authors under contract.

In June 2005, PublishAmerica identified Willem Meiners as "PublishAmerica CEO" and Clopper as "company president".

In August 2005, PublishAmerica was sued by Encyclopædia Britannica for trademark violation over PublishAmerica's PublishBritannica imprint.  The matter was settled out of court, with PublishAmerica agreeing to stop using the "PublishBritannica" name. However, PublishAmerica continued to use the website address on letterhead as late as 2008.

In late September 2005, PublishAmerica announced its books would be returnable by the bookseller if they failed to sell, a standard practice among other commercial publishers. The announcement stated that this applied to "all" of its books, though it noted that there would be "a few exceptions initially" and that the offer would apply to United States booksellers only. In 2009 PA's site said that "many of our books are returnable."

Prather left PublishAmerica (renamed America Star Books) in 2016.

Criticism
PA pays advance fees of US$1–$1,000 to its authors, provides minimal editing, and provides few of the services handled by trade publishing, such as retail distribution, marketing and media relations. Disgruntled authors told Publishers Weekly that PA did not pay royalties owed to them, sold books it no longer had any rights to sell, set unreasonably high list prices and lower-than-average discounts for authors to buy their own books, and either neglected or failed to place books into bookstores.

PublishAmerica's Prather stated that book prices reflected "what the market would bear" and that "we don't control the bookstores in the country." Other PublishAmerica authors have spoken out in support of the publisher, denying it is a vanity press and highlighting the opportunities it gives to unpublished authors.

Acceptance of hoax manuscripts
In an attempt to demonstrate a lack of editorial oversight at PublishAmerica, several authors have written "sting" manuscripts. For instance, in December 2004, PublishAmerica agreed to publish the novel Atlanta Nights, which was later revealed to be a deliberately badly written hoax, featuring every "bad writing" trope the authors could conceive of and one chapter randomly generated by a computer. PublishAmerica also accepted another author's manuscript that featured the same 30 pages repeated ten times.

2005 Arbitration case
In December 2005, PublishAmerica author Philip Dolan, who had spent between US$7,000 and $13,000 promoting his book, learned that no book stores were able to order copies of it.

He took PublishAmerica to arbitration for breach of contract. Dolan also alleged accounting irregularities: despite a clause in his contract allowing him to inspect PublishAmerica's accounts, his accountant was denied access. Dolan received royalties for fewer copies of his book than he was able to account for having sold himself.  He was awarded an unspecified amount in compensation for PublishAmerica's breach of contract, and his contract was rescinded.

Lawsuit
In June 2012, a class action lawsuit was filed in Maryland District federal court against PublishAmerica LLLP, by plaintiffs Darla Yoos, Edwin McCall, and Kerry Levine.

New name
In January 2014, PublishAmerica changed its name to America Star Books. In 2017, America Star Books became ASB Promotions and ceased accepting new authors.

References

External links
 PublishAmerica – official site
 J.K. Rowling and PublishAmerica's unfulfillable promise

Category:Publishing companies established in 1999
Category:Book publishing companies based in Maryland
Category:Companies based in Frederick County, Maryland
Category:1999 establishments in Maryland
Category:Self-publishing companies
Category:2017 disestablishments in Maryland


Let's Don't Call It a Night

"Let's Don't Call It a Night" is a debut song co-written and recorded by American country music singer and American Idol season 9 finalist Casey James.  It was released in August 2011 as the first single from James' self-titled album, released by BNA Records in March 2012.  James wrote this song with Terry McBride and Brice Long.

Critical reception
Jeff Lincoln of Country Standard Time said that the song "has a charming, sultry groove. Exchanging sharp Dobro twangs with understatedly suggestive lyrics, it's something Ronnie Milsap may have plucked for himself 30 years ago." Giving it three stars out of five, Billy Dukes of Taste of Country called the opening lyrics "vapid" but praised the chorus, also saying, "The mood is right".

Music video
Roman White directed the music video.

Chart performance

Year-end charts

References

Category:2011 singles
Category:BNA Records singles
Category:Casey James songs
Category:2011 debut singles
Category:Music videos directed by Roman White
Category:Songs written by Brice Long
Category:Songs written by Terry McBride (musician)
Category:Song recordings produced by Chris Lindsey
Category:2011 songs


List of Inuyasha volumes

The manga series Inuyasha was written and illustrated by Rumiko Takahashi and serialized in Weekly Shōnen Sunday from November 13, 1996, to June 18, 2008. The 558 chapters have been collected into 56 bound volumes by Shogakukan, with the first volume released in May 1997 and the final one in February 2009.

Viz Media licensed the series for an English translated release in North America. Initially, Viz released it in monthly American comic book format (page size 17x26cm, or 6⅝×10¼") under the title "Inu-Yasha[sic]: A Feudal Fairy Tale", with each individual issue containing two or three chapters from the original manga. Eventually, this system was abandoned in favor of collected volumes in trade paperback format, using the same chapter divisions as the Japanese volumes.

The first-edition series of Viz trade paperbacks retained the same title and subtitle but reduced the page size to approximately ISO A5 dimensions (14.5x22.5 cm, or 5⅝x8⅞"). After volume 12, the first-edition A5 series was discontinued. Subsequently, Viz issued new volumes and reprints of older volumes in the "Action Edition" second-edition format, with the simple title "InuYasha" and slightly smaller pages (12.8x19cm, or 5x7½").

Viz released the first 37 volumes on a quarterly schedule, mirror-imaging the artwork to a "flipped" left-to-right format as standard in English-language works, as opposed to the right-to-left reading direction of Japanese. Volume 1 was released on July 6, 1998; volume 37 was released on April 14, 2009. On April 22, 2009, Viz announced that future volumes would be released in an unflipped format on a monthly schedule, starting with volume 38 in July 2009. However, reprints of the first 37 volumes have remained "flipped" instead of being reflipped back to right-to-left.

In November 2009, Viz began to issue a third-edition set of paperbacks in their "VizBig" format, with three of the original volumes combined into each omnibus. These restore the page dimensions to the slightly larger size of the first-edition paperbacks, and also faithfully reproduce the occasional full-color bonus pages that were reduced to grayscale in previous printings.

Viz Media also releases a separate series of "ani-manga" derived from full-color screenshots of the anime episodes, with dialogue and sound effects added in. These volumes are slightly smaller than the regular manga volumes, are oriented in the Japanese convention of right to left, feature new covers with higher quality pages, and are sold at a higher price point versus the regular volumes. Each ani-manga volume is arranged into chapters that correspond to the anime episodes rather than to the manga.

The chapter numbers listed below refer to the overall placement within the series. The Viz reprints have used several different renumbering systems; in the second-edition collections, the first chapter of each volume is indexed as "Scroll One", the second chapter is "Scroll Two", and so on, with the numbering reverting to "Scroll One" at the start of each new volume.

Volume list

Volumes 1–20

Volumes 21–40

Volumes 41–56

Additional chapter

 is a special manga chapter published in Weekly Shōnen Sunday in 2013 for Shogakukan's "Hero Comes Back" manga anthology composed of short stories of their retired series, published to raise funds for the recovery of the areas afflicted by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The chapter was later included in the last volume of the wide ban Inuyasha reprint in 2015. In it, set six months after the last original manga chapter, Inuyasha and Miroku work as yōkai slayers. Kikyō sealed away a minor yōkai called Ne no Kubi before she first met Inuyasha 50 years ago. Ne no Kubi has escaped and seeks the Shikon no Tama. Inuyasha kills Ne no Kubi and Kagome is able to help him without outside spiritual assistance.

References

General

Specific

External links
Interview with English translator

*


Carol Matas

Carol Matas (born November 14, 1949) is a prominent Canadian writer, internationally recognized who lives in Winnipeg, Manitoba with studies in Linguistics and Drama. She has a vast university experience in the teaching of creative writing that has distinguished herself in this genre. She has been awarded multiple prizes for her works of children's and youth literature.

Bibliography
 After the War
 Cloning Miranda
 The Second Clone
 The Dark Clone
 Of Two Minds (with Perry Nodelman)
 More Minds (with Perry Nodelman)
 Out of their Minds (with Perry Nodelman)
 A Meeting of Minds (with Perry Nodelman)
 The Freak
 The Garden
 Jesper
 Kris's War (formerly Code Name Kris)
 Lisa's War
 Past Crimes (2007)
 Sparks Fly Upward
 Visions
 The War Within
 Daniel's Story
 The Primrose Path
 Footsteps in the Snow: The Red River Diary of Isobel Scott (part of Dear Canada series)
 Turned Away: The World War II Diary of Devorah Bernstein (part of Dear Canada series)
 A Season for Miracles: Twelve Tales of Christmas (contributor, part of Dear Canada series)
 Pieces of the Past: The Holocaust Diary of Rose Rabinowitz (part of Dear Canada series)
 A Time for Giving: Ten Tales of Christmas (contributor, part of Dear Canada series)
 Behind Enemy Lines: World War II, Sam Frederiksen (part of I Am Canada series)
 Greater Than Angels
 The Lost Locket
 In my Enemy's House

External links
Carol Matas' Official Website

Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian children's writers
Category:Jewish Canadian writers
Category:Canadian women children's writers
Category:Canadian women novelists


Golden talent of Ukraine

Golden talent of Ukraine is unique national award for young Ukrainian footballers. Winners are determined on a basis of the calendar year results in two age categories – Under-21 (players who are not older than 21 at the end of the year) and Under-19 (players who are not older than 19 at the end of the year). Annual rating is based on monthly surveys of coaches, directors of sport schools, experts, journalists and fans. The final voting is held at the end of a year, to which the participants come with bonus points (for success in the monthly surveys).

The concept of the competition was developed by a football journalist Andrii Kudyrko. In March, 2013 the first monthly survey was held.

The competition conditions
Surveys are conducted in months when matches are played in the Ukrainian Championship (March, April, May, August, September, October and November, according to circumstances – June and July). Respondents call their top three of young and youthful players on a basis of the month results, their votes are summed up (1st place – 3 points, 2nd place – 2 points, 3rd place – 1 point). Indicators of monthly surveys form the annual ranking in both age categories – Under-21 and Under-19.

The top ten of a year is allowed for the final voting with bonus points (1st place – 10, 2nd – 9, ..., 10th – 1). Besides, the players who are trapped in the top 5 of a month at least once and got some bonus points (1st place – 5, 2nd – 4, ..., 5th – 1) are allowed to the final year voting. This ensures the objectivity of the competition – the players who played more consistently during a year (and not only last few months before the final voting) get additional promotion, in traditional polls the one wins more often who proved to be brighter than others at the finish, as recent events are more memorable.

The situation in the category Under-21 in 2013 clearly demonstrated that a complicated procedure of determining the winner in the competition Golden Talent of Ukraine is fair. Serhiy Bolbat got the most points in a year voting, he played the autumn excellent, but with the bonus points for the whole year Ivan Ordets celebrated total victory, who consistently played in spring and autumn.

Prizes
By the end of 2013 six best players (three winners in each of two age categories) received prizes provided by competition partners – diplomas, game shoes and watches.

The voting winners

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

References

External links

Category:Ukrainian football trophies and awards
Category:Awards established in 2013
Category:2013 establishments in Ukraine


Susumansky District

Susumansky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the eight in Magadan Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Susumansky Urban Okrug. It is located in the southeast of the oblast and borders the Sakha Republic in the west and north, Srednekansky District in the east, and Yagodninsky and Tenkinsky Districts in the south. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Susuman. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 9,015, with the population of Susuman accounting for 65.0% of that number.

Geography
The landscape of the district is mostly mountainous. The Nera Plateau and the Tas-Kystabyt are located in the northwestern part of the district.

History
The district was established on December 2, 1953.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Susumansky District is one of the eight in the oblast. The town of Susuman serves as its administrative center.

As a municipal division, the district has been incorporated as Susumansky Urban Okrug since May 1, 2015. Prior to that date, the district was incorporated as Susumansky Municipal District, which was subdivided into three urban settlements and one rural settlement.

Economy
The main industries in the district are gold and coal mining. Despite being rich in natural resources, the district economy suffered in the first decades of the 2000s. The severe climate and poorly developed infrastructure are partly to blame, but the difficult transition from Soviet times has led to the collapse of a number of companies with the result that many inhabitants have left the region.

References

Notes

Sources

Category:Districts of Magadan Oblast
Category:States and territories established in 1953


Jasbir Singh Gill

Jasbir Singh Gill is an Indian politician and a member of Indian National Congress. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from the Khadoor Sahib  constituency of  Punjab  as a member of the Indian National Congress.

References

Category:17th Lok Sabha members
Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India
Category:Living people
Category:Indian National Congress politicians
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:People from Kapurthala district


Dmanisi skull 3

D2700, also known as Dmanisi skull 3, is one of five skulls discovered in Dmanisi, Georgia in 2001 and classified as early Homo erectus. It is an almost complete skull and is in an exceptionally good condition. It was dated stratigraphically as about 1.8 million years old.

Since the publication of the Dmanisi skull 5 in 2013, all of the five Dmanisi skulls (Skull 3 included) have contributed to the ongoing debate on human taxonomy, with some experts proposing the re-categorization of Homo ergaster, and possibly even Homo habilis, as morphologically diverse subspecies of H. erectus.

Discovery
D2700 and D2735 were found in 2001, just a decade after the first discovery of an early hominin mandible D211 at Dmanisi on September 24, 1991. In 1999, partial crania D2280 and D2282 were discovered. Cranium D2282 is likely the accompanying skull to mandible D211 and to be the remains of a young adult around 18–20 years old. Skull D2280 is inferred to have been an adult around 25–30 years old at the time of death. Moreover, in 2005, a new complete skull cranium was found: D4500. This cranium is inferred to be an adult skull and is more commonly known as "Skull 5." D4500's features are very rare compared to early Homo in that it had a small braincase yet an unusually large prognathic face. "Skull 5" has an accompanying mandible, D2600, which was found in 2000.

In 1999 two other skulls had been found at the same site—D2280 and D2282. D2280 was a near-complete brain-case with 780 cc brain-size. D2282 was a cranium and it included many of the facial and upper jaw bones. Its brain size was about 650 cc. In 1991 and 2000, two more lower jaws D211 and D2600 were discovered from the same site.

The five Dmanisi skulls are: D2280 (skull 1), D2282/D211 (skull 2), D2700/D2735 (skull 3), D3444/D3900 (skull 4) and D4500/D2600 (skull 5)

Morphology

The skull was found in an exceptionally good condition including a lower jaw (D2735) found about a meter away which is considered to be of the same person. D2700 is smaller than D2282. The fossil was dated stratigraphically, as from a site that was occupied between c. 1.85 and 1.77 million years ago. Its brain size is estimated at 600 cc.

There are many characteristics in which it resembles H. ergaster (or H. erectus) and also a number that resembles the ER1813.

Vekua et al. (2002) concluded:
In overall shape, D2700 is similar to D2280 and D2282, and D2735 resembles D211. Despite certain differences among these Dmanisi individuals, we do not see sufficient grounds for assigning them to more than one hominid [now, "hominin"] taxon. We view the new specimen as a member of the same population as the other fossils, and we here assign the new skull provisionally to Homo erectus.
All Dmanisi hominin remains were suggested to have been buried quickly after death. D2700 was found with four upper teeth, while D2735 contained eight teeth. As both fossil hominin remains are jointed, it is found that they ultimately fit one another. D2700's narrow nasal bones were found inferiorly broken from the orbital margins. Because the cranium's upper molars were partially erupted, D2700 is believed to have been the skull of a 13 to 15-year-old individual. It is considered that the skull was of a teenager.

There is some uncertainty as to the sex of the individual. The smaller size of the D2700 skull compared to skulls D2280 and D2282 suggests as well as its more slender feature suggest female sex, but the very large size of huge upper canines and large crowns have been argued to support classification as male.

Classification

It was conjectured that the categorical differences seen in for instance the mandibular and dental features of the crania from Dmanisi, may be ascribed to taxonomic diversity, as opposed to all five deriving from the same H. erectus lineage. The rather small braincase of D2700 was believed to be at odds with the characteristics of H. erectus. H. erectus georgicus was besides small in size compared to H. erectus. For these reasons, D2700, along with the other Dmanisi fossil remains, has been variously classified as a new subspecies, H. erectus georgicus, or as a new species in its own right, H. georgicus.

See also
 List of human evolution fossils

References

External links

Category:Homo fossils