Buses in Melbourne

Buses in Melbourne, Australia, are a major form of public transport in Melbourne, with an extensive bus network. There are 346 routes in operation with a varying range of service frequencies, (including Night Network, excluding Kew School Services) operated by privately owned bus companies under franchise from the State Government. The Night Network bus system consists of 10 routes and operates on Friday and Saturday nights, and a SmartBus orbital bus network. currently consisting of nine routes, which is intended to facilitate cross city travel, while the current network is predominantly a radial network. Most of the bus network is a covered by the myki ticketing system.

The Skybus Super Shuttle is a non-myki ticketing airport bus service. There are nine other bus companies serving Melbourne Airport, with services to Ballarat, Bendigo, Dandenong, Frankston, Mornington Peninsula, Geelong, Melbourne suburbs, Shepparton and the Riverina. A daily return service from the state's north—starting in Shepparton, passing through Nagambie, Seymour and Broadford—is operated by Airport Direct.

In addition, several local government councils operate free local community bus services within their local areas. In addition, there are tourist bus services in the CBD and nearby tourist attractions.

While the city relies predominantly on an inner-city tram network and radial train network, the outer suburbs of Melbourne are primarily serviced by bus. Melbourne's buses also provide a local feeder to Melbourne's train and tram network. Unlike Melbourne's train and tram networks, up until the 1950s, buses in Melbourne were operated in a largely deregulated free market by private companies.

Post World War II, bus use in Melbourne peaked in 1952-1953 at 157 million passenger trips, but fell in subsequent years to a low of 71.5 million passenger trips in 1980-1981. In the 2013-2014 financial year, a total of 127.6 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses, an increase of 10.2 percent on the previous year continuing the trend of recent years, where patronage has now recovered to 1960s levels.

Bus operators

History

Early history

The Melbourne Motor Omnibus Co Ltd was formed in 1912 to be the first motor bus operator in Melbourne. The company imported a Daimler CC bus from England, which was put to exhaustive tests under local conditions. The bus held 20 persons inside and 14 to 16 on the upper deck. The bus was imported as a complete vehicle, but for future buses cab chassis were to be imported with local Australian coach builders able to make the bus body following the example from the test vehicle.

The Daimler CC bus arrived in November 1912, and featured a Knight sleeve valve engine rated at 40 h.p., a silent chain type gearing system and a worm type gear box. This was the same vehicle that the London County Council had just ordered 400 units of to extend their services around London.

On Christmas Eve 1912 it was reported that the Daimler CC Double Decker bus "glided swiftly and silently along the city streets". The bus at this stage was soon to be plying for hire between Brunswick East and Swanston Street. In January 1913 it was reported that the Daimler bus had been remarkably well patronised with the bus complimented for its "smooth running of the engine, noiseless gears, and the quiet and easy manner in which the load is taken up when starting".

On Saturday 25 January it was reported that the Lord Mayor of Melbourne (Councillor Hennessy) and members of the Melbourne City Council were treated to a bus ride to St Kilda and back on one of the Daimler buses that the Melbourne Omnibus Motor Co was about to put into service. By the end of February another shipment of Daimler buses was to be imported. At this time the company had drawn up contracts for the construction of the bodies locally. The design was to be based on the same as used on the Daimler bus bodies used in London.

In May 1913 it was reported that a number of routes had been established and at this time a new line between St Kilda and Brunswick East had been opened.

In November 1913 it was documented that the Melbourne Motor Omnibus Co Ltd employed over 100 people. In regard to the imported Daimler bus fleet, Australian contractors had at this time completed 18 bus bodies. One of the main local contractors used for the coach building was Messrs. Jas. Flood and Co.

January 1914 the newspapers advised that the Melbourne Motor Omnibus Co was considering implementing an all night bus service between the city and the principal suburbs.

March 1914 also saw the inauguration of half hourly bus services on a Sunday between Melbourne and Prahan. At this time routes also existed through the city to St Kilda, North Melbourne, Flemington Bridge, Brunswick, Doncaster and Heidelberg. In June 1914 the business commenced a trial run of daily services to Kew. In October 1914 Sunday morning routes were established from Fitzroy and Northcote to Melbourne.

In July 1914 the Melbourne Motor Omnibus Co moved the garaging of all its buses to Tinning Street, Melbourne. At this time the business had 20 Daimler buses in service, two due to be put into service within a week, and three more by the end of the month, making 25 the total Daimler fleet.

On 5 November 1914 it was documented that the Sunshine Motor Co who were the national distributors of Daimler commercial vehicles had 22 Daimler bus and truck chassis sold but before they could set sail for Australia from England war was declared. Vehicles from the Daimler factory had been commandeered by the British Government and this would be so while the war was on. With the outbreak of war and the British Governments ban on the export of motor buses the Melbourne Motor Omnibus company could not increase its fleet to adequately meet the increased demand for services. The total number of passengers carried for the year ended 30 June 1914 was 3,141,000 and covered some 459,345 miles. This meant the average Daimler bus in service travelled 34,020 miles.

In addition to the Daimler double decker buses in operation by the Melbourne Motor Omnibus Co, many of Melbourne's private bus operators began by running jitney-style seven-seat buses. The use of these small buses may have been an attempt to circumvent State government road regulations. While some of the early operators ran fixed routes with regular timetables, there was no State Government agency to regulate the routes, or officially recognise them. A number of companies competed with trams, running along tram routes but charging lower fares. The Motor Omnibus Act of 1924 disallowed bus competition along tramway routes.

The Trak Motor-bus Company was founded in 1923 by the bus pioneer and distinguished naval officer Fred Knight, with three other partners. All four men were former officers in the British Navy. Knight also established the Kintrack Motor-bus Company in January 1924, with buses on the city to Caulfield route commencing in March 1924. Kintrak had the distinction of being the first to employ female bus conductors.

Ventura Bus Lines was founded in 1924 by Harry Cornwall, who began operating a bus route between Box Hill and the city, and later ran buses along dirt tracks between Box Hill and Mentone, which roughly equated to the 700 bus route, later integrated into the orbital 903 bus route. Ventura's first depot was at a petrol station on the corner of Station Street and Canterbury Road, in Box Hill South.

In 1925, the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (M&MTB) introduced the first tramways buses. Its first bus route ran down Swanston Street from La Trobe Street, and along Glen Huntly Road to Elsternwick station.

By the 1960s, unlike other Australian cities which had replaced their trams with buses, Melbourne was the only one which retained its major tram network. Melbourne resisted the trend to abolish tram systems partly because its wide streets, and generally geometric street pattern, made the use of trams more practicable than in many other cities. There was also the steadfast leadership of the chairman of the M&MTB, Sir Robert Risson, who argued strongly that trams remained an efficient way of transporting large numbers of people, and that the cost of ripping up the concrete-embedded tram tracks would be prohibitive.

Grenda Corporation was founded in 1945 by George Grenda. After selling his milk truck, he purchased six small buses, four bus routes, and the primary foundations of a bus depot in Dandenong that eventually became Grenda's Bus Services.

1950s – 1960s
From the 1950s onwards, Melbourne's bus operators began replacing jitneys with full-size buses.

Between 1952 and 1969, Ventura purchased Clarinda Transport, High Street Road Bus Service and Knibbs Bus Service. It also added a service between Blackburn and Clayton (roughly equivalent to the current 703 service), added Glen Waverley and East Burwood services, and (in 1957) opened its Oakleigh South depot at the corner of Centre and Warrigal Roads. Also during this time-frame, Ventura closed its Box Hill South depot and replaced it with a new depot at Mahoney's Road, East Burwood.

During the 1960s, the MMTB took over services in the north-eastern suburbs, after the bankruptcy of the private operator. The services would eventually be sold to the National Bus Company. The Tramways Board took the unprecedented step of running its buses to the same level of service as its trams – every 10 to 20 minutes until midnight seven days a week.

In 1969 Ventura purchased several bus routes around Mitcham from C Young.

1970s
In 1970, Ventura acquired Boronia Bus Lines; the two purchases added 12 route services to the company.

Kefford Corporation entered the Victorian bus market in January 1976, when it acquired Point Cook - Werribee Passenger Service.

In 1973 Grenda purchased Peninsula Bus Lines and started Volgren in 1978 also based in Dandenong which has now become Australia's largest bus builder.

Regulation
The collapse of many bus companies led to State Government intervention in Melbourne's bus network in the 1970s. Buses would eventually fall under the responsibility of the Public Transport Corporation. The Public Transport Corporation would take over running ticketing for Melbourne's bus network, and would contract out the operation of routes to various private operators.

1980s

In December 1981, Kefford Corporation expanded its bus business beyond Melbourne, when it acquired Davis Motor Service] in Ballarat.

In 1983 Grenda also expanded with the purchase of Portsea Passenger Service consolidating their presence on the Mornington Peninsula.

In July 1983, the Metropolitan Transit Authority, was formed under the Transport Act 1983 to integrate Melbourne's tram, train, and bus services. The Metropolitan Transit Authority, commonly known as "The Met", would manage Melbourne's bus network through its Bus and Tram Division, as well as operating the tramways bus services.

The reforms included the integration of bus, train, and tram tickets. From 1983 onwards, the State Government began collecting all revenue from the multi-modal tickets, with private bus operators receiving money for costs one month in advance. Unfortunately, the State Government had trouble increasing the fixed-ticket subsidies in line with inflation. The State Government would introduce a moratorium on new bus purchases, as well as make attempts at forcing the consolidation of the numbers of private bus operators, in attempt to overcome the subsidy problem.

Go or Grow
In an attempt to cut costs, the Cain Government wanted to reduce the number of private operators, while increasing the number of cross-city bus routes. At this stage Melbourne's bus network (aside from the MET buses) was run by a large number of small, family operators which ran no more than a handful of routes each. The Cain Government reasoned that it would be more efficient, and cost effective, to have bus services provided by no more than about half a dozen large companies than dozens of small ones: larger operators would bring in economies of scale on bus purchases, repair costs, staffing, and would require fewer depots. The State Government also believed that it would be easier to negotiate contracts with a smaller number of large bus companies than with a large number of small bus companies. Thus the government put pressure on many of the small operators, in 1986, to either "Go or Grow."

In response to the State Government's "Go or Grow" policy, particularly between 1986 and 1988, there was consolidation in the bus industry. 1986 saw Driver Bus Lines amalgamate with Shave Bus Service to form Waverley Transit. The consolidation of small family operators continued into 1987, when Ventura acquired Bentleigh Bus Lines, Rennies Bus Services, Willis Bus Services and Hawthorn Bus Services. As a result of these purchases, Ventura sold its East Burwood depot and replaced it with its larger Knoxfield depot. In August 1987, Kefford Corporation acquired the Bono Bus Services which served Footscray, Highpoint City, and East Keilor. Also in 1987, Cunningham Bus Lines (who operated route 503), Essendon to Brunswick East) was taken over by Moonee Valley Coaches.

The consolidations continued when, in January 1988, Kefford Corporation acquired Sitch Bus Services (which served Sunshine, North Sunshine, St Albans, Footscray, Yarraville, Altona, Laverton, and Williamstown), as well as Sinclair Bus Services (which served Monash University, Elwood, and Gardenvale). August 1988 saw Southland Bus Service (which operated the 645 Southland – Mentone – Sandringham, 652 Southland – Beaumaris, 654 Moorabbin – Southland - Clayton - Westall, 655 Chadstone – Murrumbeena – Southland, 656 Moorabbin – Clayton, and shared the 636 Chadstone – Hughesdale – Southland with Ventura) was taken over by the Grenda Corporation. Southland bus lines, along with other Grenda Group acquisitions including Blue & Silver Bus Lines, Hampton Red, Hampton Green, and Camden Bus Lines were amalgamated into Moorabbin Transit.

New bus moratorium
The bus operators now funded their operations via a State Government subsidy, partially funded by the sale of multi-modal Met Tickets (rather than each bus company issuing their own tickets) which are commonly referred to as a 'Metcard'. In another attempt to reduce costs beyond the 'go or grow' policy, the State Government refused to subsidise new capital investment into the private bus companies (for instance, spending on new depots) and put a moratorium on the subsidies on bus replacement. Any new additions to the fleets of bus companies would have to be covered out-of-pocket by the bus companies themselves. This policy led to the dilapidation of the bus fleet through the late 1980s and into the 1990s, though would later be lifted.

Quince's
In 1988, the then Metropolitan Transit Authority (Met) called for tenders on all of Melbourne's bus routes. Prior to the completion of tenders, Met employees reportedly told Waverley Transit 'not to bother' entering tenders for some of their existing routes. At the completion of the tender process, seven bus routes previously operated by Ventura, and three previously operated by Waverley Transit were tendered out to a company called Quince's Scenicruisers, which had 60 buses used mostly for charter and school services.

In the case Waverley Transit vs Metropolitan Transit Authority, Waverley Transit launched a Supreme Court challenge to the results of the tendering process. The verdict deemed that the State Government had acted inappropriately during the tendering process and restored the bus routes to Ventura and Waverley Transit. In the wake of this verdict, the Met launched an appeal, with Waverley Transit launching a counter-appeal; the cases lasted into the early 1990s, with Waverley Transit ultimately successful.

In spite of this, Quince received the rights to operate a number of new cross-suburban bus routes cutting across a number of bus operator territories, including a route from Brighton to Lilydale.

1990s

By the 1990s Melbourne's public transport network was making huge losses and costing the Victorian state government many millions of dollars. In 1990 the Labor government of Premier John Cain tried to introduce economies in the running of the system, which provoked a long and crippling strike by the powerful transport unions in January 1990. When Cain resigned suddenly in August 1990, Joan Kirner was elected Labor leader and thus became Victoria's first female Premier. In October 1992 the Liberals came to power under Premier Jeff Kennett in a landslide, as a result of the public's complete disillusionment with the Labor government, which was held responsible for the state's economic and budgetary crisis. The Kennett Government pledged corporatisation of Melbourne's public transport network, however policy shifted to supporting the privatisation of the tram system in the wake of a series of public transport union strikes.

Deregulation and Privatisation

Under the government of Jeff Kennett, the state government-run bus routes were privatised. National Bus Company purchased the Public Transport Corporation's bus services in the Northern and Northeastern suburbs of Melbourne, centred around Doncaster.

National Bus Company commenced operations on 27 December 1993 with a fleet made up of former Government owned buses including MAN SL200s and Volvo B59s. The company acquired two depots located at Doncaster and Fitzroy North.

In 1994, National introduced the first of 56 Mercedes-Benz LO812 mini buses. These buses were introduced under National's plan to introduce bus services in local areas previously not serviced by bus routes.

In addition, between 1997 and 2005, National has undergone extensive fleet modernisation programs to phase out Volvo B59s and early model MAN SL200s. This has involved the purchase of 68 Mercedes-Benz O405 series buses along with 53 low floor MAN buses.

In 1996 Grenda purchased Berwick Bus Lines and amalgamated the business with its Pakenham depot to form Cardinia Transit.

A 1997 press release from then Transport Minister Robin Cooper announced that a consortium of Reservoir Bus Company and Dyson's Bus Services were the preferred bidders for the remainder of the Public Transport Corporation's bus routes (particularly in the inner city). In 1998, the routes were sold to the consortium, which operated under the name Melbourne Bus Link.

In 1998, Quince's lost their bus routes. Ironically, Quince's long cross-suburban bus routes were broken up, with sections divided between Ventura, Moorabbin Transit and Driver (for instance, the Monash University – Brighton leg of one Quince's route became part of Ventura route 703, the Glen Waverley – Mitcham section became part of Ventura route 736).

Contracting for bus services in Melbourne and throughout Victoria had occurred from 1 July 1989 until 1999 through the Public Transport Corporation engaging bus operators under subsidised contracting arrangements. In late 1999, the Director of Public Transport was established as the Government agency which procured bus services and entered into bus contracts with operators for Melbourne and large parts of Victoria.

2000s – 2010s

In 2000, Ventura purchased Mount Dandy Bus, while in June of that same year, Kefford Corporation acquired Geelong's Benders Buslines. In September 2003, Dyson's Bus Services acquired the Nixon Group, which was the parent company of Bell Transit, Cobb & Co, and Rambler Tours.

2002 saw the sale of Sandringham Charter Coaches to the Dineen Group, it now operates under the Sandringham & Brighton Coaches brand.

Grenda purchased Frankston Passenger Service in 2002 and merged it with its Peninsula Bus Lines.

In 2004, Ventura purchased the National Bus Company from National Express for A$45 million, becoming the largest private bus operator in Melbourne. While the company has announced that it would continue to use the National Bus Company brand until bus contracts came under re-tender in July 2008, new National Buses are painted in the Ventura livery. Through National Express, Ventura purchased what remains of the old government fleet, which is often of particular interest to railfans, though this section of the fleet will be phased out over the coming years. Also in 2004, in September, Chris' Coaches (which also traded under the 'Melbourne on the Move' brand, and formerly operated Hope Street Bus Line) changed its name to Olympic Coaches.

2006 saw the acquisition of McKenzie's Tourist Services by the Dineen Group. In 2007, Moreland Buslines purchased a 50% stake in the Broadmeadows Bus Service.

In 2007 Grenda purchased Blue Ridge Coaches and followed up in 2008 with the purchase of Hastings Coaches, both were integrated into Peninsula Bus Lines and depot in Hastings was established.

In 2008, Dysons acquired Northern Bus Lines and ComfortDelGro Cabcharge entered the Melbourne market with acquisition of the bus operations of Kefford Corporation. 2009 saw the acquisition of Invicta Bus Services by Grenda Corporation, and US Bus Lines by Ventura. Ventura also acquired the Ivanhoe Bus Company in 2010.

In 2012, Ventura Bus Lines purchased Grenda Corporation making it the largest privately owned bus company in Australia. Ventura has 15 depots located in Doncaster, Oakleigh, Fitzroy, Ivanhoe, Dandenong, Lilydale, Knoxfield, Moorabbin, Croydon, Monbulk, Rosebud, Cardinia, Seaford, Hastings and Keysborough. In the same year Dysons acquired neighbouring company's Reservoir Bus Company and Midland Tours.

In 2013, Transdev Melbourne took over the Melbourne Metropolitan Bus Franchise routes including three SmartBus routes from Melbourne Bus Link and National Bus Company. The franchise was to run for seven years with an option to extend for a further three years. In December 2018, it was announced by the government that the three years extension option will not be taken up.

In 2019, Transit Systems entered the Melbourne market by acquiring Sita Buslines and its operations.

Bus contracting
29 new metropolitan bus contracts came into effect on 1 July 2008, with the contracts held by National Bus Company and Melbourne Bus Link running for five years, while the other 27 contracts running for 7 years with a possible 3-year extension. At the end of the 5-year contracts, the National Bus Company and Melbourne Bus Link routes were tendered out as the Melbourne Metropolitan Bus Franchise, which was awarded to Transdev Melbourne and commenced on 1 August 2013. The 27 contracts all received the 3 year extensions and would end in 2018.

As the existing contracts were expiring soon, the Victorian government announced contract reforms introducing new performance-based contracts in April 2018, with Ventura Bus Lines, CDC Melbourne and Donric Group agreeing to commence 10-year contracts on 1 July 2018. Transdev Melbourne is not part of the contract reform as it operates the separate Melbourne Metropolitan Bus Franchise. However, BusVic and many other bus operators were unsatisfied with the conditions of the contracts, which require operators to transfer any of their assets to the government. Throughout May and June, BusVic and the operators held protests outside the Victorian Parliament House to oppose the new contracts. In June 2018, in response to the backlash, the government offered a seven-year contract to all Melbourne bus operators, with no end-of-term access to staff, depots, fleet and intellectual property. This meant that under this contract, operators are not obliged to transfer any of their assets to the government. Cranbourne Transit, Sita Buslines, Ventura and Donric continued to commence the original 10-year contracts, which end on 30 June 2028, while the other operators, including CDC Melbourne, commenced the new 7-year contracts, ending on 30 June 2025.

Recent developments

Since the Kennett Government left office in 1999, a number of new policy initiatives have been undertaken in regards to Melbourne's bus network, as spelled out in the Melbourne 2030 and Melbourne Transport Plan documents.

These include:

 Improvements to passenger information through Metlink signage
 The introduction of higher-frequency cross-suburban SmartBus routes
 Proposals for a series of orbital bus routes, based on existing and proposed SmartBus routes.
 Progressively upgrading 250 local routes to specified minimum service levels by the state government's Department of Transport. These upgrades will mean that most local routes will run until at least 9 pm seven days a week.
 Coordinating bus service reviews based on discussions between local councils, public transport operators and community groups to address issues for service improvements.

Bus usage dropped sharply in 2006, in contrast to rail use which rose sharply, however it has since recovered.

A series of television advertisements for Metlink since 2008 have promoting public transport in Melbourne, in particular buses featured prominent comedian Frank Woodley.

SmartBus

The first SmartBus service begun on 5 August 2002 and will eventually establish a series of key suburban bus routes, and orbital bus routes, around Melbourne.

Key aspects of this program include longer operating hours, higher service frequency, improved information at bus stops including PIDs at major interchanges, wheelchair accessible services, peak hour priority bus lanes and priority at traffic lights.

SmartBus services typically run every 15 minutes on weekday, 30 minutes during evenings.

SmartBus 900, is the first truly dedicated SmartBus service. This service only stops at dedicated stops along the route from Caulfield railway station to Stud Park Shopping Centre in Rowville. SmartBus 900 was introduced to alleviate some of the pressure on the State Government to introduce a rail service to Rowville.

Patronage levels of SmartBus routes are among the highest in Victoria.

NightBus

Melbourne also has a series of 21 dedicated routes which operate after midnight on Friday and Saturday nights The buses fall under the standard Myki system, All Night Bus buses are fitted with CCTV Surveillance equipment. These routes are operated under the Night Bus brand by private companies under contract to the Department of Transport. The night bus routes are operated by Dysons, Ventura and McKenzie's.

Legislation and governance

Transport Integration Act 2010

The prime statute regulating bus services in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act 2010. The Act established the Department of Transport as the integration agency for Victoria's transport system. The Act also established and set the charters of the state agencies charged with providing public transport services, including buses. The now-defunct Director of Public Transport was empowered by the Act to enter into contracts with operators for the provision of bus and other public transport services. That function was taken over by Public Transport Victoria in 2012. Specific provisions relating to the contracting regime for buses in Victoria are set out in the Bus Services Act 1995.

Bus Services Act

The Bus Services Act 1995 (previously called the Public Transport Competition Act 1995) sets out a scheme which regulates the bus services contract arrangements between the Director of Public Transport and bus operators.

Safety

The safety of bus operations in Victoria is regulated by the Bus Safety Act 2009 which applies to all commercial and non-commercial operations. The Act creates a framework containing safety duties for all bus industry participants and requires major commercial operators to obtain accreditation prior to commencing operations. Accredited bus operators are also required to have a safety management system to guide their operations.

Sanctions applying to the safety scheme established under the Bus Safety Act are contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983.

Safety regulator and investigator

The safety regulator for buses in Victoria is the Director, Transport Safety (trading as Transport Safety Victoria) whose office is established under the Transport Integration Act 2010.

Bus operators in Victoria can also be the subject of no blame investigations conducted by the Chief Investigator, Transport Safety. The Chief Investigator is charged by the Transport Integration Act 2010 with conducting investigations into bus safety matters including incidents and trends.

Ticketing and conduct
Ticketing requirements for buses in Victoria are mainly contained in the Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006 and the Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual. Rules about safe and fair conduct on buses in Victoria are generally contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983 and the Transport (Passenger Vehicles) Regulations 2005.

Recent safety Issues
Recent activity by the independent transport safety regulator, Transport Safety Victoria, has raised serious concerns about the safety of the Victorian bus fleet. Changes made by the Bus Safety Act 2009 and the Bus Safety Regulations 2010 have required mandatory reporting of the results of annual bus safety inspections since February 2011.

See also
 Transportation in Australia
 Transport Legislation Review
 Rail Safety Act

References

External links

 Public Transport Victoria
 Bus Association Victoria – BusVic
 Transport Safety Victoria

Bus routes
Category:Transport in Melbourne


Omowunmi Akinnifesi

Omowunmi Akinnifesi is a Nigerian businesswoman and environmental ambassador for Lagos.

Early life and education
The daughter of a former Central Bank of Nigeria director, Akinnifesi was born in Lagos but spent her early years in Sierra Leone before returning to her native Nigeria with her family. She attended Queen's College, Yaba, where she won several prizes for her art work. In 2008, Akinnifesi graduated from the University of Lagos with a degree in Geography and Regional Planning, In 2012, Akinnifesi obtained a master's degree in Environmental Monitoring, Modelling, and Management from King's College London.

Career
In 2005, eighteen-year-old Akinnifesi was crowned Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria, making her eligible to represent her country at the Miss World Pageant in China that same year, where she engaged in tree planting for the Chinese government. Akinnifesi emerged first runner-up on the Nigerian version of Strictly Come Dancing, Celebrity Takes 2 before she launched her own public relations and usher-hiring business Elle Poise. Aknnifesi has been hailed as a style icon in recent years, and was honoured at the 2011 Allure Style Awards. It was during this time that she revealed that she had experienced a six-year campaign of terror from a stalker.

In 2016, Akinnifesi launched her clothing line labelled,  "Omowunmi"

References

Category:Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria winners
Category:1980s births
Category:Living people
Category:Yoruba beauty pageant contestants
Category:Queen's College, Lagos alumni
Category:University of Lagos alumni
Category:Alumni of King's College London
Category:Miss World 2005 delegates
Category:Businesspeople from Lagos
Category:Nigerian fashion businesspeople
Category:Yoruba women in business
Category:21st-century Nigerian businesspeople
Category:Nigerian women in business
Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Lagos
Category:21st-century businesswomen


Alexander Afanasyev-Chuzhbinsky

Alexander Stepanovich Afanasyev (, 12 March 1817 – 18 September 1875) was a Russian and Ukrainian poet, writer, editor, ethnographer and translator (from Polish and English). In 1853 he started using the pseudonym Чужбинский (Chuzhbinsky) and has been known mostly as Afanasyev-Chuzhbinsky since.

Afanasyev was born in village Iskovtsy, Lubensky region, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire, now Ukraine. He made his debut as a published poet in 1837 ("The Ring", Кольцо, Sovremennik); his first Ukrainian poem came out in 1841 (Saint Petersburg almanac Ластівка, Swallow). His Ukrainian poems were collected in From My Heart (Що було на серці) and published in 1855.

Afanasyev-Chuzhbinsky's two-volume ethnographic work, A Journey to the Southern Russia (Поездка в Южную Россию, Saint Petersburg, 1861) came as a result of his 1856 journey to Pridneprovye (Dnieper River region) which he made as part of an ambitious Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich-inspired ethnographical campaign which involved several major Russian authors, including Alexander Ostrovsky and Alexey Pisemsky.

He took part in compiling the Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language (Словарь малорусского наречия, А – З; 1855) which was endorsed by the Russian Academy of Sciences, even if criticized by several Ukrainian language scholars.

Afanasyev launched Peterburgsky Listok (Petersburg Leaflet) in 1867, and later, in the 1870s Magazin Inostrannoi Literatury (Magazine of Foreign Literature) which he was also the editor of. Afanasyev-Chuzhbinsky translated the works by James Fenimore Cooper, Henryk Rzewuski, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and Józef Korzeniowski. In 1851 he compiled and published the Gallery of Polish Writers in 5 volumes.

He died in Saint Petersburg, aged 59.

References

Category:Russian male poets
Category:Ukrainian poets
Category:1816 births
Category:1875 deaths
Category:Russian ethnographers
Category:Ukrainian ethnographers
Category:Ukrainian lexicographers
Category:Russian lexicographers


Lagging

Lagging may refer to:
 Thermal insulation
 Lagging (epidemiology)
 Lagging indicator (economics)
 Lag


Bryja

Bryja - thin kasza or mash, a Germanic, Celtic and Slavic dish, based on overcooked oat or kasza, that formulated the basis of their respectable cuisine. It is also the name of a traditional Silesian dish served during Wigilia. The dish's names: bryja, breja, brejka, breha, the German Brei have their roots in Celtic languages.

Variations
While a primarily savoury dish, the bryja base can also produce different types of sweets, including the poppy seed-based kutia, as well as the traditional Silesian dish with the same name, made from plums, apples, pears, with the addition of śmietana, wheat flour, cinnamon, sugar and salt.

See also
Polish cuisine
Silesian cuisine

References

Category:Polish cuisine
Category:Silesian cuisine


McLaws Circle

McLaws Circle (also known as Mclaws Circle) is a Busch Business Park located adjacent to the Kingsmill development of Anheuser-Busch in James City County, Virginia near the City of Williamsburg. It is managed by Busch Properties, Inc..

McLaws Circle was named in the 1970s in honor of Lafayette McLaws (1821-1897), a U.S. Army officer and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. In 1861, then Lt. Col. McLaws oversaw construction nearby of the Williamsburg Line,  of defensive works across the Virginia Peninsula which played a crucial role in the Battle of  Williamsburg of the Peninsula Campaign of 1862.

References

Mclaws Circle
Category:Transportation in Virginia


International Circle of Korean Linguistics

The International Circle of Korean Linguistics is a scholarly organization dedicated to the promotion of awareness of, the dissemination of information about, and the facilitation of communication among those in the field of, Korean language and linguistics. It was founded on October 20, 1975. It publishes the journal Korean Linguistics.

The ICKL holds meetings in various locales across the globe every two years. Recent meetings:

2017  Helsinki, Finland
2015  Chicago, Illinois, USA
2012  Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
2010  Ulaanbataar, Mongolia
2008  Ithaca, New York, USA
2006  Guadalajara, Mexico
2004  Çolakli, Turkey
2002  Oslo, Norway
2000  Prague, Czech Republic
1998  Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
1996  Brisbane, Australia
1994  London, United Kingdom
1992  Washington, DC, USA
1990  Osaka, Japan
1988  Toronto, Canada

See also
 List of Korea-related topics
 Linguistics

References

External links
ICKL official site

Category:Korean language
Category:Linguistic societies


Adelaide Vipers FC

Vipers FC  is a football club based in St Clair, South Australia. They currently play in the South Australian State League 2. For the 2016 season, the club was set to join the new  competition, after having played previously in the SAASL.

History
The club has been going since 2006 and, in that time, it have had many different people use the training facilities.

In 2007, the Vipers FC started in division 4 Saturday which was a single team competition.  During the following year, 2008, the club grew to two teams which qualified for division 3.  Division 3 saw the club finish third and, due to a team leaving the competition above, saw the Vipers get promoted to division 2.  In 2009 Division 2, the club grew to 3 teams and had one of its most successful seasons finishing second by a point and gaining automatic promotion to Saturday Premier division.  In 2010, the club was in Saturday amateur’s Premier division with the club growing to 4 senior teams.  Unfortunately in 2010, the club finished last on the table and was relegated back to division 2.  The 2011 season saw the Vipers in a rebuilding phase and turned their focus on competing successfully in division 2 as well as begin to focus on junior development within the club. In 2011, the club fielded only 3 senior teams with all grades finishing mid table.  In 2012, the club remained in division 2 with 3 senior teams but expanded to include 3 junior teams and a little junior development academy.  In 2015, the club decided to leave the SAASL competitions and decided to affiliate with the FFSA.

2016 Season
In 2016, the club finished 6th on the South Australian State League 2.

2019 Season
In 2019, Vipers FC finished 4th and were promoted to South Australian State League 1 via the finals series winning 3-0 away at Gawler. Beating Gawler had Vipers playing Adelaide Hills in the South Australian State League 2 Grand final at Coopers Stadium. With the minor premiers Adelaide Hills going on to win the game AET 3-1.

Current squad

References

Category:Soccer clubs in Adelaide
Category:Soccer clubs in South Australia


2009 PTT Thailand Open – Doubles

Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes were the defending champions, but Paes decided not to participate that year. Dlouhý partnered with David Škoch, but they lost in the first round against Eric Butorac and Rajeev Ram. Butorac and Ram won in the final 7–6(7–4), 6–3, against Guillermo García-López and Mischa Zverev.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

External links
Main Draw

Doubles


Pupinella masuhowaruensis

Pupinella masuhowaruensis is a species of pulmonate gastropod in the family Pupinidae from the mountains of Taiwan.

This species has been recorded formally only from the type locality at 1500 m a.s.l. in Masuhowaru Village, Taoyuan District, Kaohsiung County of Southern Taiwan.

References

masuhowareuensis
Category:Gastropods described in 2004


NGC 4586

NGC 4586 is a spiral galaxy located about 50 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on February 2, 1786. Although listed in the Virgo Cluster Catalog, NGC 4586 is considered to be a member of the Virgo II Groups which form a southern extension of the Virgo cluster. NGC 4586 is currently in the process of infalling into the Virgo Cluster and is predicted to enter the cluster in about 500 million years.

Boxy/Peanut bulge
NGC 4586 has a boxy or peanut-shaped bulge. The bulge has been interpreted to be a bar viewed edge-on.

See also
 List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
 NGC 4469
 NGC 4013

References

External links

Category:Virgo (constellation)
Category:Spiral galaxies
4586
42241
7804
Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1786
Category:Discoveries by William Herschel


Kazakh TV

Kazakh TV is the first national satellite TV channel of the Khabar Agency, the largest media company in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The channel’s first programme was broadcast on 25 October 2002, as part of CaspioNet. The principal mission of Kazakh TV is to present a complete picture of Kazakhstan and Central Asia to foreign viewers.

Kazakh TV broadcasts informative and educational programmes 24 hours a day in Kazakh, Russian, and English. In conjunction with the major satellite operators Eutelsat and Orange S.A., the channel transmits its signal to 93 countries throughout North America, Central America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Transcaucasia.  It has a potential audience of 253 million households.

It provides relevant and objective information about Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The channel broadcasts the main local and international news as well as information about major political, economic and sporting events. The schedules are completed by documentaries, classical and contemporary feature films, children's films, programmes of historical and ethnographic interest, and also views of the most interesting events in the cultural life of the country. These may include theatre performances and various exhibitions.

Satellites: Intelsat 904  (Katelco Plus), Eutelsat (SESAT), Astra 3A  (Kabel Deutschland), Hot Bird 8, and as of November 2011 Galaxy 19 97 West.

References

External links
Official Website

Category:Television stations in Kazakhstan
Category:Government-owned companies of Kazakhstan
Category:Television channels and stations established in 2002
Category:Satellite television
Category:International broadcasters
Category:2002 establishments in Kazakhstan


Grainne Kierans

Gráinne Kierans (born 20 September 1978) is an Irish football coach and former player who was the head coach of Shamrock Rovers team who play in the Women's National League (Ireland). Kierans, the holder of a UEFA A licence, played as a midfielder or striker for several English clubs and represented the Republic of Ireland national team.

Club career
As a 20-year-old, Kierans spent a summer playing semi-professionally in Denmark. From here she was signed by Arsenal, before moving on to Charlton Athletic two years later. At Arsenal she had been one of seven Irish players then at the club, including her former St Patrick's Athletic L.F.C. teammates Emma Byrne and Ciara Grant. Kierans quit Charlton in 2003 then had single season spells with Leeds United, Doncaster Rovers Belles and Bristol Academy.

Kierans returned to Ireland in 2006 through work, then played for Drogheda United and St. Francis. She won the FAI Women's Cup with St. Francis in 2008 then retired in 2009 after playing in the 2009–10 UEFA Women's Champions League qualifying round.

International career
Kierans represented the Republic of Ireland in the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification (UEFA) tournament while attached to St. Patrick's Athletic. She went on to captain the side and was still a member of the squad after returning from her club career in England.

Personal life
After returning to Ireland Kierans ran a gym in Ballyjamesduff.

See also

 Gráinne (given name)

References

External links
FIFA profile

Category:Living people
Category:1978 births
Category:People from Drogheda
Category:Association footballers from County Louth
Category:Republic of Ireland women's association footballers
Category:Arsenal W.F.C. players
Category:Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C. players
Category:Leeds United L.F.C. players
Category:Bristol Academy W.F.C. players
Category:Charlton Athletic W.F.C. players
Category:Republic of Ireland women's international footballers
Category:FA Women's National League players
Category:Expatriate footballers in England
Category:St Francis L.F.C. players
Category:Dublin Women's Soccer League players
Category:Women's association football forwards


Do Ab, Ilam

Do Ab (, also Romanized as Do Āb) is a village in Majin Rural District, Majin District, Darreh Shahr County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 95, in 15 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Darreh Shahr County


Ruž

Ruž (; trans. Rouge) was a Serbian and Yugoslav pop rock band from Belgrade.

History
The band was formed in 1982 and went through numerous lineup changes before a steady lineup was formed: Vuk Rosandić (vocals), twin brothers Miloš (guitar) and Marko Kozić (bass guitar), and Zoran Tomašević "Toma" (drums). Soon, the record label Jugoton showed interest in signing a contract with them. Ruž appeared on the scene when the popularity of teen idols Plavi Orkestar declined, and Ruž won part of Plavi Orkestar's audience. Ruž's debut album Još jedan ples, released in 1988, became a golden record. The album was produced by Ivan Fece "Firči", and featured Marina Perazić on backing vocals, Jovan Maljoković on saxophone, Aleksandar Dujin on keyboards, and Zoran Bulatović "Bale" on bass guitar. All the songs on the album were composed by Miloš Kozić, and the album's main hit was "Zubarka" ("Girl Dentist").

The band's second album, Noćno kupanje (Night Swimming), released in 1990, should have been released by Jugoton, but the band moved to PGP-RTB because of the tensed situation in the country. The album was produced by Đorđe Petrović, and featured Dragan Jovanović on guitar, Feldi Jen on saxophone, Szabo Robert on banjo and harmonica and Kristina and Aleksandra Kovač on backing vocals. Noćno kupanje brought hits "Nemica" ("German Girl") and "Amerikanka" ("American Girl"). The band saw huge success with the album and became teen idols over night. With the concert at Belgrade's Sajmište the band caused hysteria among teenage girls. The band held a tour across Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia, during which they played about 120 concerts. In 1991, at the Belgrade Spring Festival, they performed a cover of Pro Arte song "Jedna mala plava" ("One Blond Little Girl"). The song was released on the album Beograde - Hitovi beogradskog proleća. As Yugoslav Wars began, Rosandić moved to London, and later to the United States.

In 1992, the band, without Rosandić, released the album Čuvari ljubavi (Guardians of Love). The album was produced by Saša Habić, and featured Dragan Jovanović on guitar, Nikola Vranjković on guitar, Saša Lokner on keyboards and Jelena Galonjić on backing vocals. The album featured the hit "Ima nešto u tvojim očima" ("There's Something in Your Eyes"). After the album release, the Kozić brothers, with vocalist Daniel Vuletić, formed the band Čuvari Ljubavi, and released their self-titled album in 1993. At the about same time, Rosandić returned to the country. He and Tomašević, with the bass guitarist Dejan Grujić (formerly of Čutura i Oblaci), continued to work as Ruž. In 1993 they released the album Nº 4. The album was produced by Zlatko Manojlović, most of the songs were composed by him, and the album also featured a cover of "Šošana", old hit by Manojlović's band Dah.

In 1995, Ruž released the album Kao nekada... (Just like Before...). The album was produced by Đorđe Petrović. The songs were written by Grujić, Kozić brothers, and Zana members Zoran Živanović and Radovan Jovićević. The album also featured a cover of Laki Pingvini song "Šizika", on which former Laki Pngvini singer Đorđe Dragojlović made a guest appearance. Other guest appearances included Saša Ranđelović on guitar and Dejan Grujić's brother Darko on keyboards. Soon after the album was released, Rosandić moved to the United States, and Ruž disbanded.

Post breakup
After he left Ruž, Miloš Kozić worked with pop singers Maja Odžaklijevska and Goca Tržan. During the 1990s, Tomašević hosted the show YU Top 10 at TV Pink, and for a short time worked in the record company City Records as marketing director. He moved to the United States in 2001. At the beginning of the 2000s, Grujić joined Irish folk/Celtic rock band Orthodox Celts. In 2003, Rosandić released the solo album Trajem (I Continue), retiring from the scene shortly after.

Discography

Studio albums
Još jedan ples (1988)
Noćno kupanje (1990)
Čuvari ljubavi (1992)
Nº 4 (1993)
Kao nekada... (1995)

References

 Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 - 2006, Janjatović, Petar;

External links
 Ruž at Discogs

Category:Serbian rock music groups
Category:Serbian pop rock music groups
Category:Yugoslav rock music groups
Category:Musical groups from Belgrade
Category:Musical groups established in 1982
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Category:1982 establishments in Yugoslavia


Frank Lancaster Jones

Frank Lancaster Jones (born 1937) is an Australian sociologist specialising in social inequality, social stratification, social mobility, and national identity. He was Head of the Department of Sociology in the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University (1972–2001) and has been the editor (1970–1972) and a co-editor (1990–1993) of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology (which became the Journal of Sociology). He was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 1974. During his career he played a pioneering role in the establishment and development of sociology in Australia.

Early life and education
Frank Lancaster Jones was born in 1937 in Newcastle, New South Wales. In 1957 he received a Bachelor of Arts with Honours degree in anthropology from the University of Sydney, where he was a lively student. Encouraged by John Arundel Barnes, who at the time was the chair of anthropology at the University of Sydney, Jones moved to the Australian National University. At the Australian National University he worked as a research assistant to Jerzy Zubrzycki and began a Doctor of Philosophy degree in demography under Zubrzycki's supervision. His thesis was on the Italian population of Carlton, a suburb of Melbourne, and in the course of his study he relocated to Melbourne. He received his PhD degree in 1962.

Career
Having been awarded an Australian National University Travelling Fellowship, Jones then spent some time at the London School of Economics. After a year in the United Kingdom, Jones returned to Australia in 1963 and took up an appointment at the newly established Department of Sociology in the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University. He was to spend the rest of his career at the Australian National University. He was appointed Professor of Sociology and Head of the Department of Sociology in 1972, remaining in these positions until his retirement in 2001.

Jones was the editor of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology (which was to become the Journal of Sociology) between 1970 and 1972. Together with Barry Hindess, he was a co-editor of the same journal between 1990 and 1993. During his career Jones also acted as a consultant to government commissions and programs on a range of issues, including Aboriginal affairs, city development, multiculturalism, and education.

Research
Jones' research has focused on social inequality, social stratification and mobility (especially with regard to occupational and ethnic stratification), and national identity. His research is generally based on the analysis of large-scale, survey data using quantitative research methods.

Honours
Jones was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 1974.

Selected bibliography

Social inequality, stratification, and mobility

Occupational status scales

Ethnicity and national identity

Decomposing differences between groups

References

External links
 2015 reflections from Jones on the occasion of his Jubilee award from the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (40 years or more as a Fellow of the Academy)

Category:Australian sociologists

Category:1937 births
Category:Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
Category:Living people


Pinkream

Pinkream is a 1996 album by the Japanese noise musician Merzbow. It was originally released as a double 10" LP with one side blank, it was then reissued on CD with two bonus tracks.

Outtakes were included on Red Magnesia Pink in the Merzbox.

Track listing
Vinyl version

CD version

Personnel
Masami Akita – EMS Synthi A, metal junk, noise
Abtechtonics – artwork

Release history

References

Category:Merzbow albums
Category:1996 albums


Angelito

Angelito is the name of:

 Angelito Gatlabayan (born 1952), Filipino politician
 Angelito M. Sarmiento (1947–2015), Filipino politician
 Angelito (TV series), Filipino TV series about under-aged fatherhood

Songs
 "Angelito" (Aventura song), 2005
 "Angelito" (Don Omar song), 2006
 "Angelito" (René y René song), 1964
 "Tu Angelito", a 2010 song by Chino & Nacho


Allosteric enzyme

Allosteric enzymes are enzymes that change their conformational ensemble upon binding of an effector (allosteric modulator)  which results in an apparent change in binding affinity at a different ligand binding site. This "action at a distance" through binding of one ligand affecting the binding of another at a distinctly different site, is the essence of the allosteric concept.  Allostery plays a crucial role in many fundamental biological processes, including but not limited to cell signaling and the regulation of metabolism. Allosteric enzymes need not be oligomers as previously thought, and in fact many systems have demonstrated allostery within single enzymes.
In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of a protein by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site.

The site to which the effector binds is termed the allosteric site. Allosteric sites allow effectors to bind to the protein, often resulting in a conformational change involving protein dynamics. Effectors that enhance the protein's activity are referred to as allosteric activators, whereas those that decrease the protein's activity are called allosteric inhibitors.

Allosteric regulations are a natural example of control loops, such as feedback from downstream products or feedforward from upstream substrates. Long-range allostery is especially important in cell signaling. Allosteric regulation is also particularly important in the cell's ability to adjust enzyme activity.

The term allostery comes from the Greek allos (ἄλλος), "other," and stereos (στερεὀς), "solid (object)." This is in reference to the fact that the regulatory site of an allosteric protein is physically distinct from its active site.

The protein catalyst (enzyme) may be part of a
multi-subunit complex, and/or may transiently
or permanently associate with a Cofactor
(e.g. adenosine triphosphate). Catalysis of biochemical reactions is vital due to the very low reaction rates of the uncatalysed
reactions. A key driver of protein evolution is the optimization of such catalytic
activities via protein dynamics.

Whereas enzymes without coupled domains/subunits display normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics, most allosteric enzymes have multiple coupled domains/subunits and show cooperative binding.  Generally speaking, such cooperativity results in allosteric enzymes displaying a sigmoidal dependence on the concentration of their substrates in positively cooperative systems. This allows most allosteric enzymes to greatly vary catalytic output in response to small changes in effector concentration. Effector molecules, which may be the substrate itself (homotropic effectors) or some other small molecule (heterotropic effector), may cause the enzyme to become more active or less active by redistributing the ensemble between the higher affinity and lower affinity states. The binding sites for heterotropic effectors, called allosteric sites, are usually separate from the active site yet thermodynamically coupled. Allosteric Database (ASD, http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/ASD)  provides a central resource for the display, search and analysis of the structure, function and related annotation for allosteric molecules, including allosteric enzymes and their modulators. Each enzyme is annotated with detailed description of allostery, biological process and related diseases, and each modulator with binding affinity, physicochemical properties and therapeutic area.

Kinetic properties

Hemoglobin, though not an enzyme, is the canonical example of an allosteric protein molecule - and one of the earliest to have its crystal structure solved (by Max Perutz).  More recently, the E. coli enzyme aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ATCase)  has become another good example of allosteric regulation.

The kinetic properties of allosteric enzymes are often explained in terms of a conformational change between a low-activity, low-affinity "tense" or T state and a high-activity, high-affinity "relaxed" or R state.  These structurally distinct enzyme forms have been shown to exist in several known allosteric enzymes.

However the molecular basis for conversion between the two states is not well understood.  Two main models have been proposed to describe this mechanism: the "concerted model" of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux, and the "sequential model" of Koshland, Nemethy, and Filmer.

In the concerted model, the protein is thought to have two “all-or-none” global states.   This model is supported by positive cooperativity where binding of one ligand increases the ability of the enzyme to bind to more ligands. The model is not supported by negative cooperativity where losing one ligand makes it easier for the enzyme to lose more.

In the sequential model there are many different global conformational/energy states. Binding of one ligand changes the enzyme so it can bind more ligands more easily, i.e. every time it binds a ligand it wants to bind another one.

Neither model fully explains allosteric binding, however.  The recent combined use of physical techniques (for example, x-ray crystallography and solution small angle x-ray scattering or SAXS) and genetic techniques (site-directed mutagenesis or SDM) may improve our understanding of allostery.

References

External links
Biochemistry 6th Ed, Stryer Berg and Tymoczko

Category:Enzymes


Literary Wonderlands

Literary Wonderlands: A Journey Through the Greatest Fictional Worlds Ever Created is a 2016 book edited by Laura Miller, co-founder of Salon.com. It is a compendium of "lands that exist only in the imagination," and covers 2,000 years of literary creation. For each work, an entry provides historical context, plot summary, and author biography.

The contents are divided into five chronological sections covering the following works:

Ancient Myth & Legend

The Epic of Gilgamesh, c.1750 BCE
The Odyssey, c.725-675 BCE Homer
Metamorphoses, c.8 Ovid
Beowulf, c.700-1100
The Thousand and One Nights, c.700-947
The Mabinogion, 12th-14th century
The Prose Edda, c.1220 Snorri Sturluson
The Divine Comedy, c.1308-21 Dante Alighieri
Le Morte d'Arthur, 1485 Thomas Malory

Orlando Furioso, c.1516/32 Ludovico Ariosto
Utopia, 1516 Thomas More
The Faerie Queene, 1590-1609 Edmund Spenser
Journey to the West (Xiyouji), c.1592 Wu Cheng'en
The City of the Sun, 1602 Tommaso Campanella
Don Quixote, 1605/15 Miguel de Cervantes
The Tempest, 1611 William Shakespeare
A Voyage to the Moon, 1657 Cyrano de Bergerac
The Description of a New World, called The Blazing-World, 1666 Margaret Cavendish

Science & Romanticism

Gulliver's Travels, 1726 Jonathan Swift
The Journey of Niels Klim to the World Underground, 1741 Ludvig Holberg
The Water-Babies: A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby, 1863 Charles Kingsley
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, 1865 Lewis Carroll
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, 1870 Jules Verne
Erewhon, 1872 Samuel Butler
The Ring of the Nibelung, 1876 Richard Wagner

Treasure Island, 1883 Robert Louis Stevenson
Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions, 1884 Edwin A. Abbott
Looking Backward: 2000-1887, 1888 Edward Bellamy
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, 1889 Mark Twain
The Time Machine, 1895 H. G. Wells
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, 1900 L. Frank Baum

Golden Age of Fantasy

Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, 1906 J. M. Barrie
The Lost World, 1912 Arthur Conan Doyle
At the Earth's Core, 1914 Edgar Rice Burroughs
Herland, 1915 Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Tales of Snugglepot and Cuddlepie: Their Adventures Wonderful, 1918 Cecilia May Gibbs
We, 1924 Yevgeny Zamyatin
The Castle, 1926 Franz Kafka
The Cthulhu Mythos, 1928-37 H. P. Lovecraft

Brave New World, 1932 Aldous Huxley
Conan the Barbarian, 1932-36 Robert E. Howard
Alamut, 1938 Vladimir Bartol
Tlón, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius, 1941 Jorge Luis Borges
Islandia, 1942 Austin Tappan Wright
The Little Prince, 1943 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
The Moomins and the Great Flood, 1945 Tove Jansson

New World Order

Gormenghast, 1946-59 Mervyn Peake
Nineteen Eighty-Four, 1949 George Orwell
The Chronicles of Narnia, 1950-56 C. S. Lewis
I, Robot, 1950 Isaac Asimov
Fahrenheit 451, 1953 Ray Bradbury
The Lord of the Rings, 1954-55 J. R. R. Tolkien
Pedro Páramo, 1955 Juan Rulfo
Solaris, 1961 Stanisław Lem
A Clockwork Orange, 1962 Anthony Burgess
Pale Fire, 1962 Vladimir Nabokov
Planet of the Apes, 1963 Pierre Boulle
One Hundred Years of Solitude, 1967 Gabriel García Márquez
A Wizard of Earthsea, 1968 Ursula K. Le Guin

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, 1968 Philip K. Dick
The Last Unicorn, 1968 Peter S. Beagle
Slaughterhouse-Five, 1969 Kurt Vonnegut
Ringworld, 1970 Larry Niven
Invisible Cities, 1972 Italo Calvino
The Princess Bride, 1973 William Goldman
Dhalgren, 1975 Samuel R. Delany
W or the Memory of Childhood, 1975 Georges Perec
Egalia's Daughters: A Satire of the Sexes, 1977 Gerd Mjøen Brantenberg
The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories, 1979 Angela Carter
Kindred, 1979 Octavia E. Butler
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, 1979 Douglas Adams

The Computer Age

The Dark Tower series, 1982-2012 Stephen King
The Discworld series, 1983-2015 Terry Pratchett
Neuromancer, 1984 William Gibson
The Handmaid's Tale, 1985 Margaret Atwood
The Culture series, 1987-2012 Iain M. Banks
Obabakoak, 1988 Bernardo Atxaga
The Sandman, 1988-2015 Neil Gaiman et al.
Snow Crash, 1992 Neal Stephenson
The Giver, 1993 Lois Lowry
His Dark Materials, 1995-2000 Philip Pullman
A Game of Thrones, 1996 George R. R. Martin
Infinite Jest, 1996 David Foster Wallace
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, 1997 J. K. Rowling
The Bas-Lag cycle, 2000-04 China Miéville

The Eyre Affair, 2001 Jasper Fforde
Inkheart, 2003 Cornelia Funke
Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell, 2004 Susanna Clarke
Cloud Atlas, 2004 David Mitchell
Never Let Me Go, 2005 Kazuo Ishiguro
Wizard of the Crow, 2006 Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
The Yiddish Policemen's Union, 2007 Michael Chabon
The Hunger Games, 2008 Suzanne Collins
1Q84, 2009-10 Haruki Murakami
The Man with the Compound Eyes, 2011 Wu Ming-Yi
The Imperial Radch trilogy, 2013-15 Ann Leckie
Lagoon, 2014 Nnedi Okorafor
Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights, 2015 Salman Rushdie

Critical response
Reviewing the book in The Sydney Morning Herald, Steven Carroll declared that "the sweep is impressive." Andrew Sean Greer, writing in The New York Times, found that the book "does its job admirably: succinctly describing each work in detail and providing enough illustrations to inspire delight." However, he found wide variability in quality among contributors, and he questioned the arbitrary choice of works to include. Alec Scott, writing in The Globe and Mail, faulted the book for not explaining the kinship between fantasy and science-fiction genres, and for its inclusion of "schlock" along with truly literary works. Kirkus Reviews said the book features "an encyclopedia’s breadth and lack of depth."

See also
The Dictionary of Imaginary Places
An Atlas of Fantasy

References

Category:2016 non-fiction books
Category:Encyclopedias of fictional worlds


John Tarleton

John Tarleton is the name of:

 John Tarleton (1718–1773), English ship-owner and slave-trader, Mayor of Liverpool in 1764
 His son John Tarleton (MP) (1755–1841), English ship-owner, slave-trader and politician
John Tarleton (Royal Navy officer) (1811–1880), admiral and Second Sea Lord
John Tarleton (American settler) (ca. 1808–1895), American rancher best known for endowing what became Tarleton State University

See also


Aylett R. Cotton

Aylett Rains Cotton (November 29, 1826 – October 30, 1912) was a nineteenth-century politician, lawyer, judge, teacher and miner from Iowa and California.

Born in Austintown, Ohio, Cotton attended local public schools as a child and later Cottage Hill Academy in Ellsworth, Ohio in 1842 and 1843. He taught school and moved to DeWitt, Iowa with his father in 1844. He attended Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania in 1845 and taught school at Union Academy in Fayette County, Tennessee from 1845 to 1847.

He returned to Iowa in 1847, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1848, commencing practice in Iowa. Cotton moved to California in 1849 and engaged in mining on the Feather River. He moved to Lyons, Iowa in 1851 and became county judge of Clinton County, Iowa the same year, serving until 1853. He was prosecuting attorney of Clinton County in 1854, mayor of Lyons from 1855 to 1857 and was a member of the Iowa constitutional convention in 1857.

Cotton was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 1868 to 1870, serving as Speaker of the House in his final term.

In 1870 he was elected a Republican to represent Iowa's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. While serving in the Forty-second Congress, he narrowly defeated Democrat William E. Leffingwell to win a second term, becoming a member of the Forty-third Congress.  Although his official Congressional biography states that he declined to run for a third term in 1874, newspaper reports indicate that he was an active but unsuccessful candidate for renomination at the Republican district convention in DeWitt, Iowa, on September 1, 1874, losing to John Q. Tufts on the 30th ballot.  In all, he served from March 4, 1871 to March 3, 1875.

He returned to California in 1883 and commenced practicing law in San Francisco, California until his death there on October 30, 1912. He was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in Colma, California.

References

External links

Category:1826 births
Category:1912 deaths
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
Category:Mayors of places in Iowa
Category:Iowa state court judges
Category:District attorneys in Iowa
Category:Lawyers from San Francisco
Category:American miners
Category:Politicians from San Francisco
Category:People from Austintown, Ohio
Category:Allegheny College alumni
Category:American schoolteachers
Category:Speakers of the Iowa House of Representatives
Category:Iowa Republicans
Category:Politicians from Clinton, Iowa
Category:California Republicans
Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:People from DeWitt, Iowa
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:Educators from Ohio


Fazal Mohammad (politician)

In 2005 an individual named Fazal Mohammad was elected to the Kandahar Provincial Council.

References

Category:Politicians of Kandahar Province
Category:Pashtun people
Category:Living people
Category:Kandahar Provincial Council
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Jaime Talens

Jaime Talens (born 29 January 1933) is a Spanish alpine skier. He competed in three events at the 1956 Winter Olympics.

References

Category:1933 births
Category:Living people
Category:Spanish male alpine skiers
Category:Olympic alpine skiers of Spain
Category:Alpine skiers at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Hardancourt

Hardancourt is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

See also
Communes of the Vosges department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Vosges (department)


Aleix Suñé

Aleix Suñé (born 21 May 1986) is a Spanish para-alpine ski guide.  He competed at the 2009 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships while serving as the guide skier for Gabriel Gorce and the 2010 Winter Paralympics with Andrés Boira.

Personal
Suñé was born on 21 May 1986 and was honoured at the 2010 Sports Gala XV.

Skiing
Suñé was the sighted guide skier for Gabriel Gorce and Andrés Boira. At the 2007 Paralympic Winter World Cup, he earned a medal with Gorce. In March 2009, he competed with visually impaired Gorce at the European Cup Alpine Skiing for the Disabled. He finished second in the slalom event. The pair finished sixth overall with 437 points. At the 2009 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships, he and Gorce finished fifth in the Super Combined event.

In November 2009, Suñé attended an event in Madrid organised by Programa de Alto Rendimiento Paralímpico (Programa ARPA) as part of the preparation for the Vancouver Games. Following this, he participated in additional team training at Centre de Tecnificació de La Cerdanya (Girona). At the 2010 IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup in Abtenau, Austria, serving as Andrés Boira's guide skier, the pair finished seventh in the slalom following a first run where they were in the sixth position and a second run where they were in the seventh position. He was unable to compete in the Super Combined event because it was cancelled. He then competed with Boira in the third round of the European Cup later in January 2010 at La Molina in Spain. He won a gold medal in the slalom event. He came into the Aspen World Cup event with 220 World Cup points, ranking ninth in the competition as Boira's guide. This was the last World Cup event before the 2010 Games.

Before departing for the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, Suñé participated in a departure ceremony attended by State Secretary for Sport Sport Jaime Lissavetzky, secretary general of Social Policy Francisco Moza, the President of the Spanish Paralympic Committee Miguel Carballeda, and managing director of the Spanish Paralympic Committee Alberto Jofre. Fog in Vancouver resulted in a change in scheduling for his ski events. Following the Games, the Spanish Paralympic team attended a welcome back celebration at the ONCE Foundation that was also attended by Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo.

References

External links
FIS-Ski – biographie

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Spanish male alpine skiers
Category:Paralympic alpine skiers of Spain
Category:Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Paralympics
Category:Paralympic sighted guides
Category:Spanish sighted guides


Hans Erik Ødegaard

Hans Erik Ødegaard (born 20 January 1974) is a former Norwegian footballer  who played as a central midfielder, and was assistant manager at Mjøndalen IF from 2009 to 2015. He is currently a youth coach at Real Madrid.

Playing career
In his senior career, he played for Strømsgodset from 1993 to 2003 (making 241 league and cup appearances, scoring 52 goals), and Sandefjord from 2004 to 2006 (making 75 league and cup appearances, scoring 22 goals). He played for both clubs in the Tippeligaen and in the Norwegian First Division.

Career statistics

Coaching and management
After retiring, Ødegaard became the assistant manager for Mjøndalen IF in 2009, under manager Vegard Hansen.

They qualified for the promotion play-off tournament three times, finally winning promotion in 2014.

He became a Real Madrid youth coach on 22 January 2015, signing a three and a half year contract as a youth coach when his son, Martin Ødegaard signed a contract with the club.
Hans Erik Ødegaard received an annual salary of 100,000 euros from Real Madrid for work with the children. In addition, the club secured him a premium of three million euros, according to the contract payable 30 days after signing. Converted to the contract equivalent to 957,143 euros per season. By comparison, Zinedine Zidane, who was head coach of Real Madrid's U23 at the time, cashed 600,000 euros a year for this job.

References

External links
Hans Erik Ødegaard at Alt om Fotball.

Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Drammen
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Norwegian footballers
Category:Norwegian Christians
Category:Strømsgodset Toppfotball players
Category:Sandefjord Fotball players
Category:Eliteserien players
Category:1. divisjon players


Courtier's reply

The courtier's reply is a type of informal fallacy, coined by American biologist PZ Myers, in which a respondent to criticism claims that the critic lacks sufficient knowledge, credentials, or training to pose any sort of criticism whatsoever. It may be considered an inverted form of argument from authority, where a person without authority disagreeing with an authority is presumed incorrect prima facie.

A key element of a courtier's reply, which distinguishes it from an otherwise valid response that incidentally points out the critic's lack of established authority on the topic, is that the respondent never shows how the work of these overlooked experts invalidates the arguments that were advanced by the critic.

Critics of the idea that the courtier's reply is a real fallacy have called it the Myers shuffle, implying calling someone out for an alleged courtier's reply is a kind of rhetorical dodge or trick.

Usage history
American Professor of Biology PZ Myers coined the term courtier's reply in a December 2006 entry on his blog, Pharyngula. Myers was reacting to some of the criticism leveled at the 2006 book The God Delusion, in which author Richard Dawkins argues against the existence of a supernatural creator.  Critics argued that Dawkins' lack of qualifications in philosophy or theology called into question a number of his arguments. Myers responded to this criticism by making an analogy, comparing Dawkins to the boy at the end of the fable The Emperor's New Clothes, who is the only reasonable voice that recognizes the Emperor is naked. Myers satirized the aforementioned critics as follows:

I have considered the impudent accusations of Mr Dawkins with exasperation at his lack of serious scholarship. He has apparently not read the detailed discourses of Count Roderigo of Seville on the exquisite and exotic leathers of the Emperor's boots, nor does he give a moment's consideration to Bellini's masterwork, On the Luminescence of the Emperor's Feathered Hat. We have entire schools dedicated to writing learned treatises on the beauty of the Emperor's raiment, and every major newspaper runs a section dedicated to imperial fashion; Dawkins cavalierly dismisses them all. He even laughs at the highly popular and most persuasive arguments of his fellow countryman, Lord D. T. Mawkscribbler, who famously pointed out that the Emperor would not wear common cotton, nor uncomfortable polyester, but must, I say must, wear undergarments of the finest silk. Dawkins arrogantly ignores all these deep philosophical ponderings to crudely accuse the Emperor of nudity.

Myers also characterized H. Allen Orr's criticism of The God Delusion as an example of this argument.

Dawkins himself responded to critics of The God Delusion who argued that he is not a theologian and stated, "Most of us happily disavow fairies, astrology, and the Flying Spaghetti Monster without first immersing ourselves in books of Pastafarian theology." Dawkins quoted the courtier's reply in a debate with Alister McGrath, and he also referenced it in the preface to The God Delusion's 2007 paperback edition.

English literary theorist and critic Terry Eagleton wrote of The God Delusion: "What, one wonders, are Dawkins's views on the epistemological differences between Aquinas and Duns Scotus? Has he read Eriugena on subjectivity, Rahner on grace or Moltmann on hope? Has he even heard of them? Or does he imagine like a bumptious young barrister that you can defeat the opposition while being complacently ignorant of its toughest case?" Luke Muehlhauser, the executive director of the Singularity Institute, wrote on his blog, Common Sense Atheism, that this criticism is irrelevant when the existence or otherwise of God is discussed.  Muehlhauser wrote, "Eagleton misses the point. If a creator god doesn't exist, it doesn't matter whether the imaginary god's grace is best described by Rahner or someone else. Besides, the millions of believers to which Dawkins writes have never heard of Rahner, either. Christianity as practiced by billions of people is not the Christianity of the academic theologians."

Criticism
Roman Catholic philosopher Edward Feser, writing in The American, has called the courtier's reply a rhetorical "pseudo-defense" employed as a "clever marketing tag" in order for members of the New Atheism movement to avoid criticism of their arguments. Feser terms the courtier's reply "the Myers shuffle".

The "Myers shuffle" criticism points out that the courtier's reply rhetoric is usually a summation of logical fallacies or sophistry, and characterizes Muehlhauser's assertion that criticism of someone's philosophical or theological ignorance is irrelevant when the existence or otherwise of God is disputed as a case of the special pleading fallacy. Feser further claims that asserting that the "average believer" is not well informed about theology is a red herring, since something being true does not depend on how many people believe it is true.

References

Category:Informal fallacies


Military Aviation Authority

The Military Aviation Authority (MAA) is an organisation within the British Ministry of Defence and is the single regulatory authority responsible for regulating all aspects of Air Safety across Defence, with full oversight of all Defence aviation activity. It is part of the MoD, but operates independently, via a Charter signed by the Secretary of State for Defence.

The MAA was established on 1 April 2010 in response to the recommendations made by Mr Justice Haddon-Cave in his Nimrod Review, which called for a radical overhaul of military airworthiness regulation.

The authority incorporates the former Directorate of Aviation Regulation & Safety, previously the Defence Aviation Safety Centre (DASC) which had been located at RAF Bentley Priory until the station closed in 2008 and the organisation moved to RAF Northolt. The MAA, which is located at MoD Abbey Wood in Bristol, is led by two 2*s, Director (Operations) and Director (Technical), who collectively form the MAA Executive.

On 1 April 2015, the MAA became part of the Defence Safety Authority. The DSA is led by a 3* Director General who is based in MoD Main Building, Whitehall, London.

Principal personnel
The MAA is led by:
 Director – Air Vice Marshall Steve Shell OBE
 Technical Director – Rear Admiral Malcolm Toy

Previous personnel

Director General
 Air Marshal Tim Anderson (2010–2013)
 Air Marshal Richard Garwood (2013–2015)
 Rear Admiral Paul Chivers (2015–2018)

References

External links

Category:Air traffic control in the United Kingdom
Category:Aviation authorities
Category:British military aviation
Category:Defence agencies of the United Kingdom
Category:Organizations established in 2010
Category:2010 establishments in the United Kingdom


Cilaos

Cilaos is a town and commune on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. It is located centrally on the island, in a caldera of altitude 1,214 m. The caldera (usually known as the 'Cirque') is also named for the community.

History
The name Cilaos comes from the Malagasy word, Tsilaosa (modern form : tsy ilaozana), which means the place one does not abandon .

According to some historians , the word Cilaos finds its origins in the name of a Malagasy slave named Tsilaos who took refuge in this cirque. At the time, slaves were called "brown", whereas runaway slaves were called "black-brown".

The first inhabitants of the cirque of Cilaos were thus "black-browns" who believed themselves to be at the top of the world and completely safe. However, these first runaways were recaptured very quickly, tracked and hunted by well-organized and well-armed slaveholders. In these runaways' attempts to escape recapture, several were killed. It seems likely that these first runaways created the goat paths that climb most of the mountains on Réunion.

After the death or recapture of these runaway slaves, the cirque of Cilaos likely became uninhabited once again for a while, since the first official record of its settlement occur only around 1850. In this year, a spa station was set up, and by 1866, there were 960 inhabitants. By 1900, the population had risen to 2500, and the 1982 census recorded 5629 inhabitants in the whole cirque.

From 15 to 16 March 1952, 1,870mm (73 inches) of rain fell in Cilaos in 24 hours, the greatest amount of rain ever to fall in one day.{Table 3.1 World's Greatest Observed Point Rainfalls (Linsley, Kohler & Paulhus)}

The commune of Cilaos was created on 4 February 1965 when it seceded from the commune of Saint-Louis.

Embroidery

The introduction of embroidery was due to the efforts of Angèle MacAuliffe, daughter of a doctor who worked at a hot-spring clinic in the early 20th century. The techniques that she introduced have scarcely changed since, and the popularity of "Days of Cilaos" embroidery is due in a large part to this stability and tradition.

This local embroidery has been transmitted for over 100 years by local nuns (such as Sister Cécile and Sister Irénée). In 1954, the "Sewing room of Cilaos" was created and Sister Anasthasie (Marie-Hélène Techer) was appointed as its leader. Sister Anasthasie would do her utmost to teach a hundred young girls her embroidery techniques, and she was recognized in 1983 when she received the gold medal "Best worker in France" competition in the lace and embroidery category. In the 1980s, these embroidered works were generally sold out of the workers' homes or more frequently from roadside stands. Furthermore, an association for the promotion of Cilaosian lace was created in 1983 to protect and develop this important craft of the Cirque. In 1985, this association had 50 embroidery workers. Its president was Ms. Suzanne Maillot, Sister Anasthasie's assistant at the "Sewing-room of Cilaos".

Today, an embroidery house of the association lets a few workers learn and show tourists this delicate art.

Climate

Cilaos has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb), with a mild to warm, very rainy wet season from December to April, and a drier, mild season the rest of the year.

See also
Communes of the Réunion department

References
INSEE

External links
 Trail in Cilaos
 The cirque of Cilaos
 the map of trails in Cilaos
 les gîtes : la liste des gîtes et hébergements
 Le Piton des Neiges

Category:Communes of Réunion


1974 World Championship Tennis circuit

The 1974 World Championship Tennis (WCT) circuit was one of the two rival professional male tennis circuits of 1974, the other being the Grand Prix circuit. It was organized by World Championship Tennis (WCT). It was the fourth edition of the WCT circuit and a total of 84 players participated. All players took part in the opening U.S. Pro Indoor tournament in Philadelphia and afterwards were divided into three groups (red, blue and green) of 28 players, with each group playing eight further tournaments.  The season final was played in Dallas by the eight best performers, the top two of each group plus the next two highest point winners, and was won by Australian John Newcombe who defeated Björn Borg from Sweden in four sets (4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2).

Overview

Schedule

January

February

March

April

Standings

Red group

Blue group

Green group

* Qualified for the WCT Finals. The best two players from each group qualified plus the next two players with the highest points total.

See also
 1974 Grand Prix circuit
 1974 USLTA Indoor Circuit
 WCT Finals

References

External links
 ATP 1974 results archive

Category:World Championship Tennis circuit seasons

World Championship Tennis


Burwell Jones

Burwell Otis Jones (born March 23, 1933) is an American former competition swimmer and Pan American Games champion.

At the 1951 Pan American Games held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, he won the bronze medal in the men's 100-meter backstroke, and a gold medal in the men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay event, alongside teammates Dick Cleveland, Ronald Gora and Bill Heusner.

At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, Jones swam for the gold medal-winning U.S. team in the preliminary heats of the men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay.  Although the U.S. team finished first, Jones did not receive a medal under the 1952 rules because he did not swim in the event final.

Jones attended the University of Michigan, where he swam for the Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1952 to 1954.

See also
 List of University of Michigan alumni

External links

Category:1933 births
Category:Living people
Category:American male backstroke swimmers
Category:American male freestyle swimmers
Category:Michigan Wolverines men's swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of the United States
Category:Sportspeople from Detroit
Category:Swimmers at the 1951 Pan American Games
Category:Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Category:Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Category:Pan American Games medalists in swimming


Bathippus

Bathippus is a genus of jumping spiders.

This genus is very similar to the genus Canama.

Members of this genus are distributed throughout the Australasian region.

The genus name is derived from Βάθιππος, a Greek name.

Description
Females are 6 to 9 mm long, males up to 10 mm. Bathippus is a colorful, long-legged genus, with long, thin bodies. The males have long, robust, forward-pointing chelicerae. The colors differ between species, but the carapace is in most species orange, sometimes with lighter stripes. The opisthosoma is grey, sometimes with three or four pairs of dark grey marks. The legs are orange, with the latter two pairs lighter than those in front.

Habits
Bathippus species are often found wandering about on shrubs in rain forests or their vicinity.

Species
 Bathippus birmanicus Thorell, 1895 – Burma
 Bathippus brocchus (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea
 Bathippus dentiferellus Strand, 1911 – Aru Islands
 Bathippus digitalis Zhang, Song & Li, 2003 – Singapore
 Bathippus dilanians (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea, Aru Islands
 Bathippus elaphus (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea
 Bathippus keyensis Strand, 1911 – Kei Islands
 Bathippus kochi (Simon, 1903) – Moluccas
 Bathippus latericius (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea
 Bathippus macilentus Thorell, 1890 – Sumatra
 Bathippus macrognathus (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea
 Bathippus macroprotopus Pocock, 1898 – Solomon Islands
 Bathippus manicatus Simon, 1902 – Borneo
 Bathippus molossus (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea
 Bathippus montrouzieri (Lucas, 1869) – Queensland, New Caledonia
 Bathippus morsitans Pocock, 1897 – Borneo
 Bathippus oedonychus (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea
 Bathippus oscitans (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea
 Bathippus pahang Zhang, Song & Li, 2003 – Malaysia
 Bathippus palabuanensis Simon, 1902 – Java
 Bathippus papuanus (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea, Solomon Islands
 Bathippus proboscideus Pocock, 1899 – New Guinea
 Bathippus rechingeri Kulczynski, 1910 – Solomon Islands
 Bathippus rectus Zhang, Song & Li, 2003 – Singapore
 Bathippus ringens (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea
 Bathippus schalleri Simon, 1902 – Malaysia
 Bathippus sedatus Peckham & Peckham, 1907 – Borneo
 Bathippus seltuttensis Strand, 1911 – Aru Islands
 Bathippus shelfordi Peckham & Peckham, 1907 – Borneo
 Bathippus waoranus Strand, 1911 – Kei Islands

Footnotes

References
  (2000): An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
  (2003): Six new and one newly recorded species of Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Singapore and Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 51(2): 187-195. PDF (B. digitalis, B. pahang, B. rectus)
  (2007): The world spider catalog, version 8.0. American Museum of Natural History.

External links

 Salticidae.org: Diagnostic drawings and photographs

Further reading

 : 1892: Studi sui ragni Malesi e Papuani. IV, 2. Ann. Mus. civ. stor. nat. Genova 31: 1-490. p. 401

Category:Salticidae
Category:Spiders of Asia
Category:Taxa named by Tamerlan Thorell
Category:Araneomorphae genera


BeIN Sports (Spanish TV channel)

beIN Sports Spain is a Spanish network of sports channels owned by Qatari Sports Investments (an affiliate of beIN Media Group) and operated by Mediapro. It is the Spanish version of the global sports network beIN Sports.

beIN Sports holds the rights to broadcast several major association football tournaments on Spanish television. From the 2016/2017 season, Bein Sports will broadcast La Liga and Copa del Rey, featuring exclusive coverage of the two main European competitions UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League, the two main South American competitions Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana and top national leagues including Ligue 1 and Serie A, along with content from other leagues in Europe and the main national cups including Coupe de France, KNVB Beker, DFB-Pokal and Copa do Brasil.

History
On 1 July 2015, after the closure of Gol Televisión, beIN Sports Spain officially launched in Spain on the online platform TotalChannel and Gol Stadium owned by Mediapro. Keeping the channel free viewing until 31 August only for those who were paid to Gol Televisión. On 1 August 2015, beIN Sports will become available on the main national Cable and Satellite platforms.

Offers 1,200 live matches each season and exclusive programming of own production like El Club, Xtra Champions League, Xtra Highlights, The Express Xtra, beINside and Offside with debate, analysis, special and documentaries.

BeIN Sports launched a new YouTube pay channel on 20 October 2015.

On 9th August 2018, After having lost the rights of the most emblematic competitions that it emitted (the UEFA Champions League, the UEFA Europa League and international leagues) the channel ceased its broadcasts, selling the few sports rights it still held to Movistar Liga de Campeones, Champions League, with limitations given by the National Commission of Markets and Competition.

The emissions were closed, although on August 25, 2018, 16 days later, they resumed the transmissions again.

Programming
beIN Sports Spain features live and recorded events from the following leagues and competitions:

Football
UEFA
 : La Liga (8/10 matches per week and the first El Clásico), Copa del Rey and Primera División (women)
 : Ligue 1.
 : Serie A.

See also
 beIN Sports
 beIN Sports MENA
 beIN Sports France
 beIN Sports USA
 beIN Sports Australia
 beIN Sports Canada

References

External links

Category:BeIN Sports
Category:Sports media in Spain
Category:Television stations in Spain
Category:Spanish-language television stations
Category:Television channels and stations established in 2015
Category:2015 establishments in Spain
Category:Sports television in Spain


Peripentadenia

Peripentadenia is a genus of two species of large trees from the family Elaeocarpaceae endemic to the rainforests of northeastern Queensland, Australia. Sometimes they have the common name quandong.

Botanists have formally described two species, both endemic to restricted areas of the Wet Tropics rainforests of northeastern Queensland.

Both species have official recognition of at risk of extinction in the wild.

Species
 Peripentadenia mearsii  Buff or Grey Quandong – endemic to a restricted area of the Wet Tropics rainforests
Synonym and base name: Actephila mearsii
Queensland government official "near threatened" species conservation status.
 Peripentadenia phelpsii  – endemic to a very restricted part of the rainforests of the Mossman area of the Wet Tropics
Queensland government official "vulnerable" species conservation status.

References

Cited works

Category:Elaeocarpaceae
Category:Elaeocarpaceae genera
Category:Flora of Queensland


Zingster Strom

The Zingster Strom is a distinctive, river-like arm of the Barther Bodden lagoon, south of the Zingst peninsula on Germany's Baltic Sea coast. It lies between the island of Kirr and the Zingst and runs from east to west in a semi-circular arc, both ends being open to the south. It is less than one hundred metres wide in places and about three kilometres long. Unlike its rather shallow neighbouring waterbodies it is over six metres deep in places. At its northernmost point lies the village of Zingst with its harbour and a water fowl roosting area. Two smaller islands, Brunstwerder and Gänsebrink, are located in the Strom. The Strom used to have direct access to the Baltic via the Alte Stramminke, a former inlet.

Category:Zingst
Category:Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain


Cham Gaz, Lorestan

Cham Gaz (, also Romanized as Cham-e Gaz) is a village in Jelogir Rural District, in the Central District of Pol-e Dokhtar County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 354, in 79 families.

References

Category:Towns and villages in Pol-e Dokhtar County


Sant Roc

Sant Roc (Catalan name; Spanish: San Roque) is a neighbourhood of Badalona, in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). In 1958 the Badalona city council planned construction on the site, under the name of Barrio del Regadío. It was urbanised beginning in December 1962 and originally inhabited by people resettled from slums in the Barcelona area, after damages caused by major floods. Still nowadays it has an important Roma presence. The Francoist housing organisation Obra Sindical del Hogar y Arquitectura was responsible for most of the construction in Sant Roc, mostly made up of tower blocks.

Public transport
The Barcelona Metro station Sant Roc is located in the neighborhood. It's served by L2 and also by Trambesòs line T5.

References

Category:Geography of Badalona


Ray Gaston

Ray Gaston (born 22 December 1946) is a Northern Irish former footballer who played for Coleraine, Oxford United and Lincoln City. During his spell at Oxford, he played just 12 league games. Gaston also made one appearance for the Northern Ireland national side.

He made his Irish League debut for Coleraine F.C. in February 1965 scoring against Ards. Forming a potent partnership with Jimmy O'Neill (footballer born 1941) they helped win the Ulster Cup in 1968.

For Coleraine he scored 63 goals in 127 total appearances. He scored 14 goals in 26 total appearances for Harps. His son Paul also went on to play for Coleraine.

Honours
 Ulster Cup:
 Coleraine 1968-69
 North West Senior Cup
 Coleraine 1967-68

References

External links
Rage Online profile

Sources
 The Finn Harps Story by Bartley Ramsay ()

Category:1946 births
Category:Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Category:Northern Ireland international footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Coleraine F.C. players
Category:Oxford United F.C. players
Category:Lincoln City F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Ballymena United F.C. players
Category:NIFL Premiership players
Category:Finn Harps F.C. players
Category:League of Ireland players
Category:Living people


1986 NAIA Division I football season

The 1986 NAIA Division I football season, as part of the 1986 college football season in the United States and the 31st season of college football sponsored by the NAIA, was the 17th season of play of the NAIA's top division for football.

The season was played from August to November 1986 and culminated in the 1986 NAIA Champion Bowl, played this year on December 20, 1986 at Burke–Tarr Stadium in Jefferson City, Tennessee, on the campus of Carson–Newman College.

Carson–Newman defeated Cameron in the Champion Bowl, 17–0, to win their third NAIA national title.

Conference standings

Conference champions

Postseason

See also
 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season
 1986 NCAA Division I-AA football season
 1986 NCAA Division II football season
 1986 NCAA Division III football season

References

Category:NAIA Football National Championship


Pierre Boda

Pierre Boda (born 15 July 1993) is an Australian Olympic short track speed skater. He competed at the 2011 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships in Sheffield, and at the 2012 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships in Shanghai. He competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in men's 500 metres (short track speed skating).

In December 2016, Boda was named to Australia's team for the 2017 Asian Winter Games in Sapporo, Japan.

References

External links

Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:Australian male short track speed skaters
Category:Olympic short track speed skaters of Australia
Category:Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Short track speed skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Category:People educated at MacGregor State High School