History of Poland (1795–1918)

In 1795 the third and the last of the three 18th-century partitions of Poland ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Nevertheless, events both within and outside the Polish lands kept hopes for restoration of Polish independence alive throughout the 19th century. Poland's geopolitical location on the Northern European Lowlands became especially important in a period when its expansionist neighbors, the Kingdom of Prussia and Imperial Russia, involved themselves intensely in European rivalries and alliances as modern nation-states took form over the entire continent.

The Napoleonic period

At the turn of the 19th century, Europe had begun to feel the impact of
momentous political and intellectual movements that, among their other effects,
would keep the "Polish Question" on the agenda of international issues needing
resolution. Most immediately, Napoleon Bonaparte had established a new empire in France in 1804 following that country's revolution.
Other powers' refusal of the new status of France kept Europe at war for the
next decade and brought him into conflict with the same east European powers
that had beleaguered Poland in the last decades of the previous century. An alliance of convenience was the natural result of this situation. Volunteer Polish legions attached themselves to Bonaparte's armies, hoping that in return the emperor would allow an independent Poland to reappear out of his conquests.

Although Napoleon promised more than he ever intended to deliver to the Polish cause, in 1807 he created a Duchy of Warsaw from Prussian territory that had been part of old Poland and was still inhabited by Poles. Basically a French puppet, the duchy did enjoy some degree of self-government, and many Poles believed that further Napoleonic victories would bring restoration of the entire commonwealth.

In 1809, under Jozef Poniatowski, nephew of Stanislaw II August, the duchy reclaimed some of the territories taken by Austria in the third partition. The Russian army occupied the duchy as it chased Napoleon out of Russia in 1813, however, and Polish expectations ended with the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In the subsequent peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna, the victorious Austrians and Prussians swept away the Duchy of Warsaw and reconfirmed most of the terms of the final partition of Poland.

Although brief, the Napoleonic period occupies an important place in Polish
history. Much of the legend and symbolism of modern Polish patriotism derives from this period, including the conviction that Polish independence is a necessary element of a just and legitimate European order. This conviction was simply expressed in a fighting slogan of the time, "for your freedom and ours." Moreover, the appearance of the Duchy of Warsaw so soon after the partitions proved that the seemingly final historical death sentence delivered in 1795 was not necessarily the end of the Polish nation-state. Instead, many observers came to believe that favourable circumstances would free Poland from foreign domination.

The impact of nationalism and romanticism
The intellectual and artistic climate of the early 19th century further stimulated the growth of Polish demands for self-government.  During these decades, modern nationalism took shape and rapidly developed a massive following throughout the continent, becoming the most dynamic and appealing political doctrine of its time. By stressing the value and dignity of native cultures and languages, nationalism offered a rationale for ethnic loyalty and Romanticism was the artistic element of 19th-century European culture that exerted the strongest influence on the Polish national consciousness. The Romantic movement was a natural partner of political nationalism, for it echoed the nationalist sympathy for folk cultures and manifested a general air of disdain for the conservative political order of post-Napoleonic Europe. Under this influence, Polish literature flourished anew in the works of a school of 19th-century Romantic poets, led by Adam Mickiewicz.  Mickiewicz concentrated on patriotic themes and the glorious national past. Frédéric Chopin, a leading composer of the century, also used the tragic history of his nation as a major inspiration.

Nurtured by these influences, nationalism awoke first among the intelligentsia and certain segments of the nobility, then more gradually in the peasantry. At the end of the process, a broader definition of nationhood had replaced the old class-based "noble patriotism" of Poland.

The era of national insurrections

For several decades, the Polish national movement gave priority to the immediate restoration of independence, a drive that found expression in a series of armed rebellions. The insurgencies arose mainly in the Russian zone of partition to the east, about three-quarters of which was formerly Polish territory. After the Congress of Vienna, Russia had organized its Polish lands as the Congress Poland, granting it a quite liberal constitution, its own army, and limited autonomy within the tsarist empire. In the 1820s, however, Russian rule grew more arbitrary, and secret societies were formed by intellectuals in several cities to plot an insurrection. In November 1830, Polish troops in Warsaw rose in revolt. When the government of Congress Poland proclaimed solidarity with the rebel forces shortly thereafter, a new Polish-Russian war began. The rebels' requests for aid from France were ignored, and their reluctance to abolish serfdom cost them the support of the peasantry. By September 1831, the Russians had subdued Polish resistance and forced 6,000 resistance fighters into exile in France, beginning a time of harsh repression of intellectual and religious activity throughout Poland.  At the same time, Congress Poland lost its constitution and its army.

After the failure of the November Revolt, clandestine conspiratorial activity continued on Polish territory. An exiled Polish political and intellectual elite established a base of operations in Paris. A conservative group headed by Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (one of the leaders of the November Revolt) relied on foreign diplomatic support to restore Poland's status as established by the Congress of Vienna, which Russia had routinely violated beginning in 1819. Otherwise, this group was satisfied with a return to monarchy and traditional social structures.

The radical factions never formed a united front on any issue besides the general goal of independence. Their programs insisted that the Poles liberate themselves by their own efforts and linked independence with republicanism and the emancipation of the serfs. Handicapped by internal division, limited resources, heavy surveillance, and persecution of revolutionary cells in Poland, the Polish national movement suffered numerous losses. The movement sustained a major setback in the 1846 revolt organized in Austrian Poland by the Polish Democratic Society, the leading radical nationalist group. The uprising ended in a bloody fiasco when the peasantry took up arms against the rebel leadership dominated by nobility and gentry, which was regarded as potentially a worse oppressor than the Austrians. By incurring harsh military repression from Austria, the failed revolt left the Polish nationalists in a poor position to participate in the wave of national revolution that crossed Europe in 1848 and 1849. The stubborn idealism of this uprising's leaders emphasized individual liberty and separate national identity rather than establishment of a unified republic—a significant change of political philosophy from earlier movements.

The last and most tenacious of the Polish uprisings of the mid-19th century erupted in the Russian-occupied sector in January 1863 (see January Uprising). Following Russia's disastrous defeat in the Crimean War, the government of Tsar Alexander II enacted a series of liberal reforms, including liberation of the serfs throughout the empire. The high-handed imposition of land reforms in Poland aroused hostility among the conservative landed nobility on the one hand, and a group of young radical intellectuals influenced by Karl Marx and the Russian liberal Alexander Herzen, on the other. Repeating the pattern of 1830–31, the open revolt of the January Insurrection by Congress Poland failed to win foreign backing. Although its socially progressive program could not mobilize the peasants, the rebellion persisted stubbornly for fifteen months. After finally crushing the insurgency in August 1864, Russia abolished the Congress Poland altogether and revoked the separate status of the Polish lands, incorporating them directly as the Western Region of the Russian Empire. The region was placed under the dictatorial rule of Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky, who became known as the Hangman of Vilnius. All Polish citizens were assimilated into the empire. When Russia officially emancipated the Polish serfs in early 1864, an act that constituted the most important event in history of nineteenth-century Poland, it removed a major rallying point from the agenda of potential Polish revolutionaries.

The time of "Organic Work"

Increasing oppression at Russian hands after failed national uprisings finally convinced Polish leaders that the recent insurrection was premature. During the decades that followed the January Insurrection, Poles largely forsook the goal of immediate independence and turned instead to fortifying the nation through the subtler means of education, economic development, and modernization. This approach took the name "Organic Work" (Praca organiczna) for its philosophy of strengthening Polish society at the grass roots, influenced by positivism. For some, the adoption of Organic Work meant permanent resignation to foreign rule, but many advocates recommended it as a strategy to combat repression while awaiting an eventual opportunity to achieve self-government.

Neither as colorful as the rebellions nor as loftily enshrined in national memory, the quotidian methods of Organic Work proved well suited to the political conditions of the later 19th century.  The international balance of forces did not favour the recovery of statehood when both Russia and Germany appeared bent on the eventual eradication of Polish national identity. The German Empire, established in 1871 as an expanded version of the Prussian state, aimed at the assimilation of its eastern provinces inhabited by Poles.  At the same time, St. Petersburg attempted to russify the former Congress Poland, joining Berlin in levying restrictions against use of the Polish language and cultural expression. Poles under Russian and German rule also endured official campaigns against the Roman Catholic Church: the Cultural Struggle (Kulturkampf) of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to bring the Roman Catholic Church under state control and the Russian campaign to extend Orthodoxy throughout the empire.

The Polish subjects under Austrian jurisdiction (after 1867 the Habsburg Empire was commonly known as Austria–Hungary) confronted a generally more lenient regime. Poles suffered no religious persecution in predominantly Catholic Austria, and Vienna counted on the Polish nobility as allies in the complex political calculus of its multinational realm. In return for loyalty, Austrian Poland, or Galicia, received considerable administrative and cultural autonomy.  Galicia gained a reputation as an oasis of toleration amidst the oppression of German and Russian Poland. The Galician provincial Sejm acted as a semiautonomous parliamentary body, and Poles represented the region in the empire government in Vienna. In the late 19th century, the universities of Kraków and Lwów became the centers of Polish intellectual activity, and Kraków became the center of Polish art and thought. Even after the restoration of independence, many residents of southern Poland retained a touch of nostalgia for the days of the Habsburg Empire.

Social and political transformation
Profound social and economic forces operated on the Polish lands throughout the late 19th century, giving them a more modern aspect and altering traditional patterns of life. Especially in Russian Poland and the Silesian regions under German control, mining and manufacturing started on a large scale. This development sped the process of urbanization, and the emergence of capitalism began to reduce the relative importance of the landed aristocracy in Polish society. A considerable segment of the peasantry abandoned the overburdened land. Millions of Poles emigrated to North America and other destinations, and millions more migrated to cities to form the new industrial labour force. These shifts stimulated fresh social tensions. Urban workers bore the full range of hardships associated with early capitalism, and the intensely nationalistic atmosphere of the day bred frictions between Poles and the other peoples remaining from the old heterogeneous Commonwealth of Two Nations. The movement of the former noble class into cities created a new urban professional class. However, the peasants that tried to move to the cities, found all the better positions already occupied by Jews and Germans. This contributed to the national tensions among the Poles, Germans and Jews. At this time the Jewish population in Prussian Poland tended to identify with and want to belong to Germany, insofar as the latter, like the Jews themselves, had a more urbanized, cosmopolitan outlook. Another factor, not to be overlooked or underestimated is the traditional language spoken by the Ashkenazi Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, Yiddish, is also a Germanic language written in Hebrew characters, which afforded some natural compatibility with the German language dominated Austria-Hungarian and Prussian cultures.

These transformations changed the face of politics as well, giving rise to new parties and movements that would dominate the Polish landscape for the next century. The grievances of the lower classes led to the formation of peasant and socialist parties. Communism gained only a marginal following, but a more moderate socialist faction led by Józef Piłsudski won broader support through its emphatic advocacy of Polish independence. By 1905 Piłsudski's party, the Polish Socialist Party, was the largest socialist party in the entire Russian Empire. The National Democracy of Roman Dmowski became the leading vehicle of the right by espousing a doctrine that combined nationalism with hostility toward Jews and other minorities. By the turn of the 20th century, Polish political life had emerged from the relative quiescence of Organic Work and entered a stage of renewed assertiveness. In particular, Piłsudski and Dmowski had initiated what would be long careers as the paramount figures in the civic affairs of Poland. After 1900 political activity was suppressed only in the Prussian sector.

First World War

At the outbreak of the First World War Poland's geographical position between Germany and Russia had meant much fighting and terrific human and material losses for the Poles between 1914 and 1918. At the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in spring 1918, revolutionary Russia renounced Russian claims to Poland. Following the German defeat and the replacement of Hohenzollern rule by the Weimar Republic and the collapse of Habsburg Austria-Hungary, Poland became an independent republic.

War and the Polish lands
The war split the ranks of the three partitioning empires, pitting Russia as defender of Serbia and ally of Britain and France against the leading members of the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary. This circumstance afforded the Poles political leverage as both sides offered pledges of concessions and future autonomy in exchange for Polish loyalty and army recruits. The Austrians wanted to incorporate Congress Poland into their territory of Galicia, so even before the war they allowed nationalist organisations to form there (for example, Związek Strzelecki). The Russians recognized the Polish right to autonomy and allowed formation of the Polish National Committee, which supported the Russian side. In 1916, attempting to increase Polish support for the Central Powers and to raise a Polish army the German and Austrian emperors declared a new Kingdom of Poland, (see Regency Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918). The new Kingdom consisted only of a small part of the old Commonwealth, i.e. the territory of Congress Poland, although some promises were made about a future incorporation of Vilna and Minsk. The Kingdom was ruled by three Regents, possessed a Parliament and a Government, a small army and its own currency, called the Polish mark. The Regency Kingdom was the fourth and last monarchy in Poland's history.

As the war settled into a long stalemate, the issue of Polish self-rule gained greater urgency. Roman Dmowski spent the war years in Western Europe, hoping to persuade the Allies to unify the Polish lands under Russian rule as an initial step toward liberation. In the meantime, Piłsudski had correctly predicted that the war would ruin all three of the partitioners, a conclusion most people thought highly unlikely before 1918. Piłsudski therefore formed the Polish Legions to assist the Central Powers in defeating Russia as the first step toward full independence for Poland.

Much of the heavy fighting on the war's Eastern Front took place on the territory of the former Polish state. In 1914 Russian forces advanced very close to Kraków before being beaten back. The next spring, heavy fighting occurred around Gorlice and Przemyśl, to the east of Kraków in Galicia. In 1915 Polish territories were looted and abandoned by the retreating Russian army, trying to emulate the scorched earth policy of 1812; the Russians also evicted and deported hundreds of thousands of its inhabitants suspected of collaborating with the enemy. By the end of 1915, the Germans had occupied the entire Russian sector, including Warsaw. In 1916 another Russian offensive in Galicia exacerbated the already desperate situation of civilians in the war zone; about 1 million Polish refugees fled eastward behind Russian lines during the war. Although the Russian offensive of 1916 caught the Germans and Austrians by surprise, poor communications and logistics prevented the Russians from taking full advantage of their situation.

A total of 2 million Polish troops fought with the armies of the three occupying powers, and 450,000 died. Several hundred thousand Polish civilians were moved to labour camps in Germany. The scorched-earth retreat strategies of both sides left much of the war zone uninhabitable.

Recovery of statehood
In 1917 two separate events decisively changed the character of the war and set it on a course toward the rebirth of Poland. The United States entered the conflict on the Allied side, while a process of revolutionary upheaval in Russia weakened her and then removed the Russians from the Eastern Front, finally bringing the Bolsheviks to power in that country. The army of Tsarist Russia ceased to be a factor when the Bolsheviks pulled Russia out of the war. At Brest-Litovsk the Bolsheviks renounced Russian claims to Poland. Compelled by force of German arms to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk all formerly Polish lands were ceded to the Central Powers. After the German defeat in the Fall of 1918; the overthrow of the Prussian Monarchy and its replacement by the liberal Weimar Republic, the road to an independent Polish state was opened.

The vacating of both Russia and Germany from Poland gave free rein to the calls of Woodrow Wilson at the Versailles Peace Conference, echoing those of the new Bolshevik regime, to liberate the Poles and other peoples from Greater Power suzerainty. The thirteenth of Wilson's Fourteen Points adopted the resurrection of Poland as one of the main aims of the First World War.

Józef Piłsudski became a popular hero when Berlin jailed him for insubordination. The Allies broke the resistance of the Central Powers by autumn 1918, as the Habsburg monarchy disintegrated and the German imperial government collapsed. In October 1918, Polish authorities took over Galicia and Cieszyn Silesia. In November 1918, Piłsudski was released from internment in Germany by the revolutionaries and returned to Warsaw. Upon his arrival, on 11 November 1918 the Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland ceded all responsibilities to him and Piłsudski took control over the newly created state as its provisional Chief of State. Soon all the local governments that had been created in the last months of the war pledged allegiance to the central government in Warsaw. Independent Poland, which had been absent from the map of Europe for 123 years, was reborn.

The newly created state initially consisted of former Congress Poland, western Galicia (with Lwów besieged by the Ukrainians) and part of Cieszyn Silesia.

References

  – Poland.
 Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage

Further reading
Biskupski, M. B. The History of Poland. Greenwood, 2000. 264 pp. online edition
Blit, Lucjan. The Origins of Polish Socialism: The History and Ideas of the First Polish Socialist Party, 1878–1886 (Cambridge University Press, 1971).
The Cambridge History of Poland, 2 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941 (1697–1935), 1950 (to 1696). New York: Octagon Books, 1971 online edition vol 1 to 1696, old fashioned but highly detailed
Davies, Norman. God's Playground. A History of Poland. Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982 / .
Davies, Norman. Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland. Oxford University Press, 1984. 511 pp. excerpt and text search
Frucht, Richard. Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism Garland Pub., 2000 online edition
 Gerson Louis L.  Woodrow Wilson and the Rebirth of Poland 1914-1920  (1972)
 Getka-Kenig, Mikolaj. "The Genesis of the Aristocracy in Congress Poland," Acta Poloniae Historica (2009), Issue 100, pp 79–112; covers the transition from feudalism to capitalism; the adjustment of the aristocracy's power and privilege from a legal basis to one of only social significance; the political changes instigated by the jurisdictional partitions and reorganizations of the state.
 Hetherington, Peter. Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe (2012) 752pp  excerpt and text search
Kenney, Padraic. "After the Blank Spots Are Filled: Recent Perspectives on Modern Poland," Journal of Modern History (2007) 79#1 pp 134–61, in JSTOR historiography
Lerski, George J. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood, 1996. 750 pp. online edition
Leslie, R. F. et al. The History of Poland since 1863. Cambridge U. Press, 1980. 494 pp.

 Leslie, R. F. "Politics and economics in Congress Poland," Past and Present (1955) 8#1 pp. 43–63 in JSTOR
Lukowski, Jerzy and Zawadzki, Hubert. A Concise History of Poland. (2nd ed. Cambridge U. Press, 2006). 408pp. excerpts and search
Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Poland: A Historical Atlas. Hippocrene, 1987. 321 pp.
Anita J. Prazmowska. A History of Poland, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2004,
Sanford, George. Historical Dictionary of Poland. Scarecrow Press, 2003. 291 pp.
 Wandycz, Piotr S. "Poland's Place in Europe in the Concepts of Piłsudski and Dmowski," East European Politics & Societies (1990) 4#3 pp 451–468.
Wróbel, Piotr. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 1945-1996. Greenwood, 1998. 397 pp.

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Wakken

Wakken is a village and deelgemeente in Dentergem municipality, in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The village is located near the confluence of the Lys and Mandel rivers.

History

Wakken is one of the seven oldest parishes in West Flanders. A charter dated to 791 makes the first known mention of Wakken: "in villa noncupante Wackinio." The spelling of the name has changed several times throughout history: Wackine (870), Wackinna (1010), Wachines (1183), Wackene (1351), Wacken (1467) and Wakken (since 1915).

In the Middle Ages, Wakken was a city without city gates. The fiefdom was owned by the Lords of Harelbeke.

Antoine, bastard-son of Philip the Good, made the court of Wackene to his residence in 1480. His son, Antoine II, married the daughter of Andries Andriessen, knight and Lord of Wackene. Their son Adolf of Burgundy became Governor of Zeeland, Vice Admiral of Flanders and special envoy of Philip II of Spain.

The fiefdom Wackene became a barony in 1614 and a county in 1626. It had its own arrondissement until 1823, when it became part of the arrondissement of Tielt.

Notable citizens

 Joris Van Severen, founder and leader of Verdinaso
 Jodocus Hondius, cartographer, publisher and humanist
 Luc Verbeke, Flemish poet, author, flamingant, co-founder of the Committee for French Flanders
 Hugo Verriest, Flemish priest, author and flamingant
 Modest Huys, painter
 Maurice Meersman, cyclist

References

Category:Populated places in West Flanders
Category:Populated places in Belgium
Category:Dentergem


Macgregoria

Macgregoria is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to:
 Macgregoria (bird), monotypic bird genus containing MacGregor's honeyeater (M. pulchra)
 Macgregoria (plant), a genus of plants in the Celastraceae family


Walckenaeria

Walckenaeria is a genus of spiders in the Linyphiidae family. It was first described in 1833 by Blackwall. , it contains 198 species. Some males in this group have eyes set up on mounds or turrets. This can reach extremes in some members of Walckenaeria, where several of the male's eyes are placed on a stalk taller than the carapace.

Species list
 Walckenaeria abantensis Wunderlich, 1995 — Greece, Turkey
 Walckenaeria aberdarensis (Holm, 1962) — Kenya
 Walckenaeria acuminata Blackwall, 1833 — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria aenea Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria afur Thaler, 1984 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria aksoyi Seyyar, Demir & Türkes, 2008 — Turkey
 Walckenaeria alba Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria allopatriae Jocqué & Scharff, 1986 — Tanzania
 Walckenaeria alticeps (Denis, 1952) — Europe to Iran
 Walckenaeria anceps Millidge, 1983 — Canada
 Walckenaeria angelica Millidge, 1979 — Italy
 Walckenaeria angustifrons (Simon, 1884) — France
 Walckenaeria antica (Wider, 1834) — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria aprilis Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria arcana Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria arctica Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria atrotibialis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1878) — Holarctic
 Walckenaeria auranticeps (Emerton, 1882) — Russia, Canada, USA
 Walckenaeria aurata Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria baborensis Bosmans, 1993 — Algeria
 Walckenaeria basarukini Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — Russia
 Walckenaeria bifasciculata Tanasevitch, 1987 — Azerbaijan, Armenia
 Walckenaeria bifida Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria blanda Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria breviaria (Crosby & Bishop, 1931) — USA
 Walckenaeria brevicornis (Emerton, 1882) — USA
 Walckenaeria brucei (Tullgren, 1955) — Sweden
 Walckenaeria camposi Wunderlich, 1992 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria caobangensis Tu & Li, 2004 — Vietnam
 Walckenaeria capito (Westring, 1861) — Holarctic
 Walckenaeria carolina Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria castanea (Emerton, 1882) — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria cavernicola Wunderlich, 1992 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria chikunii Saito & Ono, 2001 — Japan
 Walckenaeria chiyokoae Saito, 1988 — Japan
 Walckenaeria christae Wunderlich, 1995 — Greece
 Walckenaeria cirriceps Thaler, 1996 — Greece
 Walckenaeria clavicornis (Emerton, 1882) — Holarctic
 Walckenaeria claviloba Wunderlich, 1995 — Crete
 Walckenaeria clavipalpis Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria cognata Holm, 1984 — Tanzania
 Walckenaeria columbia Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria communis (Emerton, 1882) — USA, Canada, Alaska
 Walckenaeria coniceps Thaler, 1996 — Greece
 Walckenaeria coreana (Paik, 1983) — Korea
 Walckenaeria corniculans (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875) — Europe, North Africa
 Walckenaeria cornuella (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939) — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria cretaensis Wunderlich, 1995 — Crete
 Walckenaeria crocata (Simon, 1884) — Algeria
 Walckenaeria crocea Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria crosbyi (Fage, 1938) — Costa Rica
 Walckenaeria cucullata (C. L. Koch, 1836) — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria cuspidata Blackwall, 1833 — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria cuspidata brevicula (Crosby & Bishop, 1931) — USA, Canada, Alaska, Greenland
 Walckenaeria cuspidata obsoleta Chyzer & Kulczynski, 1894 — Hungary
 Walckenaeria cylindrica Xu, 1994 — China
 Walckenaeria cyprusensis Wunderlich, 1995 — Cyprus
 Walckenaeria dalmasi (Simon, 1914) — France
 Walckenaeria denisi Thaler, 1984 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria digitata (Emerton, 1913) — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria directa (O. P.-Cambridge, 1874) — USA, Canada, Alaska
 Walckenaeria discolor Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria dixiana (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944) — USA
 Walckenaeria dondalei Millidge, 1983 — Canada
 Walckenaeria dulciacensis (Denis, 1949) — France
 Walckenaeria dysderoides (Wider, 1834) — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria elgonensis Holm, 1984 — Kenya, Uganda
 Walckenaeria emarginata Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria erythrina (Simon, 1884) — Corsica, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
 Walckenaeria exigua Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria extraterrestris Bosmans, 1993 — Algeria, Greece
 Walckenaeria faceta Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria fallax Millidge, 1983 — Canada
 Walckenaeria floridiana Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria fraudatrix Millidge, 1983 — Russia, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada
 Walckenaeria furcillata (Menge, 1869) — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria fusca Rosca, 1935 — Romania, Ukraine
 Walckenaeria fusciceps Millidge, 1983 — Canada
 Walckenaeria fuscocephala Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria gertschi Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria gologolensis Scharff, 1990 — Tanzania
 Walckenaeria golovatchi Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — Russia, Japan
 Walckenaeria gomerensis Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria grandis (Wunderlich, 1992) — Azores
 Walckenaeria hamus Wunderlich, 1995 — Crete
 Walckenaeria heimbergi Bosmans, 2007 — Morocco
 Walckenaeria helenae Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria hierropalma Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria ichifusaensis Saito & Ono, 2001 — Japan
 Walckenaeria incisa (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) — Europe
 Walckenaeria incompleta Wunderlich, 1992 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria indirecta (O. P.-Cambridge, 1874) — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria inflexa (Westring, 1861) — Sweden
 Walckenaeria insperata Millidge, 1979 — Italy
 Walckenaeria intoleranda (Keyserling, 1886) — Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
 Walckenaeria iviei Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria jocquei Holm, 1984 — Malawi
 Walckenaeria kabyliana Bosmans, 1993 — Algeria
 Walckenaeria karpinskii (O. P.-Cambridge, 1873) — Holarctic
 Walckenaeria katanda Marusik, Hippa & Koponen, 1996 — Russia
 Walckenaeria kazakhstanica Eskov, 1995 — Russia, Kazakhstan
 Walckenaeria keikoae Saito, 1988 — Japan
 Walckenaeria kikogensis Scharff, 1990 — Tanzania
 Walckenaeria kochi (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria koenboutjei Baert, 1994 — Russia
 Walckenaeria korobeinikovi Esyunin & Efimik, 1996 — Russia, Japan
 Walckenaeria kulalensis Holm, 1984 — Kenya
 Walckenaeria languida (Simon, 1914) — Southern, Central Europe, North Africa
 Walckenaeria latens Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria lepida (Kulczynski, 1885) — Holarctic
 Walckenaeria maesta Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria mariannae Bosmans, 1993 — Algeria
 Walckenaeria martensi Wunderlich, 1972 — Nepal
 Walckenaeria mauensis Holm, 1984 — Kenya
 Walckenaeria mengei Bösenberg, 1902 — Germany
 Walckenaeria meruensis Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania
 Walckenaeria mesus (Chamberlin, 1949) — USA
 Walckenaeria mexicana Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria microps Holm, 1984 — Kenya, Uganda
 Walckenaeria microspiralis Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria minuscula Holm, 1984 — Kenya
 Walckenaeria minuta (Emerton, 1882) — USA
 Walckenaeria mitrata (Menge, 1868) — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria monoceras (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947) — USA, Alaska
 Walckenaeria monoceros (Wider, 1834) — Europe to Kyrgyzstan
 Walckenaeria neglecta Bosmans, 1993 — Algeria
 Walckenaeria nepalensis Wunderlich, 1972 — Nepal
 Walckenaeria ngorongoroensis Holm, 1984 — Tanzania
 Walckenaeria nigeriensis Locket & Russell-Smith, 1980 — Nigeria, Kenya
 Walckenaeria nishikawai Saito, 1986 — Russia, Japan
 Walckenaeria nodosa O. P.-Cambridge, 1873 — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria nudipalpis (Westring, 1851) — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria obtusa Blackwall, 1836 — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria occidentalis Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria ocularis Holm, 1984 — Kenya
 Walckenaeria oregona Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria orghidani Georgescu, 1977 — Cuba
 Walckenaeria orientalis (Oliger, 1985) — Russia, Korea, Japan
 Walckenaeria pallida (Emerton, 1882) — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria palmgreni Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — Russia, Mongolia
 Walckenaeria palmierro Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria palustris Millidge, 1983 — Canada
 Walckenaeria parvicornis Wunderlich, 1995 — Mongolia
 Walckenaeria pellax Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada, Alaska
 Walckenaeria perdita (Chamberlin, 1949) — USA
 Walckenaeria picetorum (Palmgren, 1976) — Finland, Russia
 Walckenaeria pinocchio (Kaston, 1945) — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria pinoensis Wunderlich, 1992 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria placida (Banks, 1892) — USA
 Walckenaeria plumata Millidge, 1979 — Italy
 Walckenaeria prominens Millidge, 1983 — Canada
 Walckenaeria puella Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria pullata Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria pyrenaea (Denis, 1952) — France
 Walckenaeria reclusa Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria redneri Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria rufula Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria rutilis Millidge, 1983 — Mexico
 Walckenaeria ruwenzoriensis (Holm, 1962) — Congo, Uganda
 Walckenaeria saniuana (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939) — USA
 Walckenaeria serrata Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria simplex Chyzer, 1894 — Central, Eastern Europe
 Walckenaeria solivaga Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria spiralis (Emerton, 1882) — Russia, Alaska, Canada, USA
 Walckenaeria stepposa Tanasevitch & Piterkina, 2007 — Kazakhstan
 Walckenaeria striata Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria stylifrons (O. P.-Cambridge, 1875) — Europe
 Walckenaeria subdirecta Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria subpallida Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria subspiralis Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria subvigilax Millidge, 1983 — USA
 Walckenaeria suspecta (Kulczynski, 1882) — Poland, Slovakia
 Walckenaeria tanzaniensis Jocqué & Scharff, 1986 — Tanzania
 Walckenaeria teideensis Wunderlich, 1992 — Canary Islands
 Walckenaeria tenella Millidge, 1983 — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria tenuitibialis Bosmans, 1993 — Algeria
 Walckenaeria teres Millidge, 1983 — Canada
 Walckenaeria thrinax (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933) — USA
 Walckenaeria tibialis (Emerton, 1882) — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria torta Bosmans, 1993 — Algeria
 Walckenaeria tricornis (Emerton, 1882) — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria tumida (Crosby & Bishop, 1931) — USA, Canada
 Walckenaeria turbulenta Bosmans, 1993 — Algeria
 Walckenaeria tystchenkoi Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — Russia
 Walckenaeria uenoi Saito & Irie, 1992 — Japan
 Walckenaeria unicornis O. P.-Cambridge, 1861 — Palearctic
 Walckenaeria uzungwensis Scharff, 1990 — Tanzania
 Walckenaeria vigilax (Blackwall, 1853) — Holarctic
 Walckenaeria vilbasteae Wunderlich, 1979 — Finland, Estonia
 Walckenaeria weber (Chamberlin, 1949) — USA
 Walckenaeria westringi Strand, 1903 — Norway
 Walckenaeria wunderlichi Tanasevitch, 1983 — Central Asia
 Walckenaeria yunnanensis Xia et al., 2001 — China

See also
 List of Linyphiidae species

References

External links

Category:Linyphiidae
Category:Araneomorphae genera
Category:Cosmopolitan spiders


Poetry International

Poetry International may refer to:

 Poetry International Web, a webzine and poetry archive of the Poetry International Foundation
 Poetry International Festival, an annual poetry festival in Rotterdam, Netherlands
 Poetry International, an annual poetry festival part of London Literature Festival, founded by Ted Hughes
 Poetry International (magazine), a publication by San Diego State University College of Arts & Letters


Longitarsus ferruginipennis

Longitarsus ferruginipennis is a species of beetle in the subfamily Galerucinae that is endemic to Spain.

References

F
Category:Beetles described in 1910
Category:Endemic fauna of Spain


Fredrik Sixten

Sven Fredrik Johannes Sixten (born 21 October 1962) is a Swedish composer, cathedral organist and conductor. Sixten was born in Skövde, Sweden. He earned his Bachelor of Arts (1986) at the Royal College of Music, Stockholm. He studied composition with Professor Sven-David Sandström and is now recognized as one of Sweden's best-known composers of church music. He is published at all major publishing houses in Sweden.

He was the conductor of Gothenburg's boys choir between 1997 and 2001. Today he is the cathedral organist of Härnösand's Cathedral. His music is represented on several CD recordings and as a conductor one of his five CDs went gold. His music has been performed on Swedish Radio, e.g. his En svensk Markuspassion for two choirs, chamber orchestra and soloists (2004). The Jazz mass was performed 1999 on Swedish television.

Music
Sixten writes first and foremost church music, particularly liturgical music for choir and organ in a variety of combinations. In addition he has also written a number of chamber music compositions.

His music is the  product of an eclectic and comprehensive knowledge of musical history, with the «Master of the Baroque», Johann Sebastian Bach, and 20th century French composers as significant sources of inspiration. Sixten’s musical language also integrates various aspects of jazz technique and of the folk music of his native Sweden.

Most of his works are traditional in structure. His production ranges from large-scale works, such as operas, oratorios and passion to chamber works, including sonatas, toccatas and preludes, not to mention a multitude of contributions to the choral repertoire.

His treatment of the traditional forms is nevertheless characterized by a forward-looking attitude, which includes local and regional forms of expression, an interest in gender roles and a generally contemporary tonal language. These aspects are evident in En svensk Markusspassion, written in 2003, which is the first setting of the passion in Swedish influenced by Swedish  folkmusic , and the first work to use a female singer in the role of Evangelist ever.

With his background as a practising church musician Sixten has to a large extent written music suitable not only for concert performance but also for liturgical use. He has produced a wide range of material suitable for use by average congregations and choirs. In addition to a considerable number of choral works of moderate difficulty he has also been involved in the revision of the Swedish national hymn book. His attitude towards the listener is also such that his production can be appreciated both by musical specialists and non-specialists alike.

Similarly, in his instrumental music Sixten is anxious to communicate by making music which “sounds good”, even though the harmonies can be challenging and the music can take unexpected turns. He does not wish to be regarded as “traditional” or “modern”, but rather as a synthesis of the two.

Partial list of works

 5 hymns for the Church of Sweden's Hymnal
 Jazz Mass
 Stabat Mater for cello solo and choir (SSAA)
 Ave verum corpus
 O magnum mysterium
 Laudate Dominum
 O sacrum convivium
 Credo
 Pie Jesu
 Mariahymn
 Ropa ut din glädje, dotter Sion! (Daughter of Zion, rejoice!)
 Döden tänkte jag mig så
  Vår Fader (Our Father)
 Bana väg för Herren (Prepare the way of the Lord)
 Var inte rädd för mörkret (Be not afraid of the dark)
 Marias vaggvisa
 Requiem for string orchestra, 2 horns and timpani, choir and two soloists (soprano and bass) - also published in an English version.
 Cantata for the St. Lucia for choir, soprano solo and string orchestra (1984)
 Sonatas for violin and piano, and cello and piano (1985)
 String Quartet (1985)
 Prelude et Fugue (1986)
 Messa Misteriosa (2002) for solo organ
 Triptyk (2004)
 En svensk Markuspassion (A Swedish St. Mark Passion) for two choirs, chamber orchestra and soloists (2004)
 Sonata for organ (2006)
 Chaconne for string quartet (2007)
 Three sacred Dances for choir (SSAA), string quartet and piano (2007)

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070902113443/http://www.fredriksixten.se/
 http://www.farm.se/wps/2005/03/12/markuspassionen-2/
 http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/harnosanddomkyrko/
 http://www.goteborgsgosskor.se/
 http://www.lesjolies.nu/
 http://www.nosag.se/cd/cd906.html

Category:1962 births
Category:Living people
Category:Swedish classical composers
Category:Swedish male classical composers
Category:Swedish classical organists
Category:Male organists
Category:Swedish conductors (music)
Category:21st-century conductors (music)
Category:21st-century organists
Category:21st-century male musicians


Nikos Kaklamanos

Nikos Kaklamanos (born July 12, 1981 in Greece) is a Greek professional basketball player. He is 1.89 m (6 ft 2  in) in height. He can play at both the point guard and shooting guard positions.

Professional career
In his pro career, Kaklamanos has played with clubs such as: Pagrati, Olympia Larissa, Trikala 2000, Trikala Aries, Panelefsiniakos, Koroivos, Aiolos Astakou, and Kastorias. He was named the Greek A2 League Player of the Year, by the website Eurobasket.com, in 2008.

External links
Eurobasket.com Profile
Draftexpress.com Profile

Category:Living people
Category:1981 births
Category:Aiolos Astakou B.C. players
Category:Aries Trikala B.C. players
Category:Greek men's basketball players
Category:Kastorias B.C. players
Category:Pagrati B.C. players
Category:Point guards
Category:Shooting guards
Category:Trikala B.C. players
Category:Olympia Larissa B.C. players
Category:Panelefsiniakos B.C. players
Category:Koroivos B.C. players


Renato Bitossi

Renato Bitossi (31 March 1899 – 5 October 1969) was an Italian trade unionist and communist activist.

Born in Florence, Bitossi became an engineering worker and joined the Italian Federation of Metallurgical Workers (FIOM).  He was conscripted into the army in 1917, but was demobilised in 1919 and returned to the factory.  He was elected to the local executive of the union, and was a leading figure in the factory occupations of 1920.

Bitossi was a founding member of the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I), and was elected to the executive of its Florence branch, but in 1924 repeated attacks by Fascists led him to move to Lyon.  There, he organised politically among other Italian immigrants, and was co-organiser of the PCd'I conference in the city in 1926.  In 1927, he secretly moved to Milan to work for the party's executive, but he was arrested and imprisoned until 1932.

On release, Bitossi returned to communist activism, this time in Tuscany and Emilia, but he was again arrested in 1934 and confined to Ponza.  He organised lectures there, and was not released until 1943.  He then returned to Florence and organised armed resistance to the Fascists, and spent a brief period as deputy mayor of the city.  He was also elected as chair of the city's Chamber of Labour, and to the executive of the new Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL).

In 1946, Bitossi was appointed as deputy secretary of CGIL, and moved to Rome; he was also elected to the central committee of the PCd'I.  In 1947, he was elected as joint general secretary of CGIL, in which role he argued for centralised wage bargaining.  He served as a senator from 1948 until 1968, and from 1961 was the president of the World Federation of Trade Unions.

References

Category:1899 births
Category:1969 deaths
Category:Italian Communist Party politicians
Category:Italian trade unionists
Category:People from Florence
Category:Senators of Legislature I of Italy
Category:Senators of Legislature II of Italy
Category:Senators of Legislature III of Italy
Category:Senators of Legislature IV of Italy


Asterias microdiscus

Asterias microdiscus is a starfish native to the Pacific coasts of Far East Russia.

The species was first described by Alexander Michailovitsch Djakonov in 1950 with the holotype collected in Avacha Bay in the Pacific Ocean, off the southeastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, at a depth of 18m in 6.5°C water, in 1912. Djakonov also named a forma brandtii.

It has also been recovered around Karaginsky Island.

The holotype was found on a silt substrate. It has been found at depths of 3-10m, perhaps 18m.

Description
This starfish has five arms. It has an arm length to 8cm; the ratio between the length of the arm and the radius of its disc is 4.5:1. It has planktonic larvae.

References

Category:Asteriidae
Category:Asterias
Category:Animals described in 1950


Tetrafluoroethylene

Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) is a fluorocarbon with the chemical formula C2F4. It is the simplest perfluorinated alkene. This gaseous species is used primarily in the industrial preparation of polymers.

Properties
Tetrafluoroethylene is a colorless, odorless gas. Like all unsaturated fluorocarbons, it is susceptible to nucleophilic attack. It is unstable towards decomposition to C and  and prone to form explosive peroxides in contact with air.

Industrial use
Polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene produces polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymers such as Teflon and Fluon. PTFE is one of the two fluorocarbon resins composed wholly of fluorine and carbon. The other resin composed purely of carbon and fluorine is the copolymer of TFE with typically 6–9% hexafluoropropene (HFP), which is known as FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer). TFE is also used in the preparation of numerous copolymers that also include hydrogen and/or oxygen, including both fluoroplastics and fluoroelastomers. Typical TFE-based fluoroplastics include ETFE, the alternating 1:1 copolymer with ethylene, and PFA, which is a random copolymer similar to FEP but with a minor amount of a perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether (PAVE) rather than HFP. DuPont uses primarily perfluoro(methylvinylether), whereas Daikin uses primarily perfluoro(propylvinylether) in manufacturing PFA. There are numerous other fluoropolymers that contain tetrafluoroethylene, but usually not at greater than 50% by weight.

Manufacture
TFE is manufactured from chloroform. Chloroform is fluorinated by reaction with hydrogen fluoride to produce chlorodifluoromethane (R-22). Pyrolysis of chlorodifluoromethane (at 550-750 °C) yields TFE, with difluorocarbene as an intermediate.
CHCl3 + 2 HF → CHClF2 + 2 HCl
2 CHClF2 → C2F4 + 2 HCl

Alternatively, it can be prepared by pyrolysis of fluoroform:
2 CHF3 → C2F4 + 2 HF

Laboratory methods
The reverse polymerization reaction – vacuum pyrolysis of PTFE at  in a quartz vessel – is a convenient laboratory synthesis of TFE. The PTFE polymer cracks, and at a pressure below  exclusively C2F4 is obtained. At higher pressures the product mixture contains hexafluoropropylene and octafluorocyclobutane.

Safety
The main hazard associated with TFE is that of explosion, especially if oxygen is present. TFE reacts with oxygen at low temperatures to form an explosive oxide, the detonation of which is usually sufficient to trigger explosive decomposition of TFE to C and CF4. Explosions can also be caused by adiabatic compression If pressurized TFE is allowed into a vessel/pipework at a lower pressure as the atmosphere in the vessel is compressed by the TFE, it may become hot enough to detonate it. This has been known to cause explosions. In industry, pipework is flushed with pressurized nitrogen, before the introduction of TFE, both to exclude oxygen and prevent adiabatic compression.

TFE is an alkylating agent, albeit a weak one, and as such is expected to be a carcinogen. LD50(rat, inhalation) = 40000 ppm.

See also
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

References

External links
National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository
Tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride terpolymer -- aka THV, melt-processable members of the fluorocarbon family

Category:Organofluorides
Category:Monomers
Category:IARC Group 2A carcinogens


José Manuel Pareja

Vice Admiral José Manuel de Pareja y Septien (Lima, 8 February 1813 – Valparaíso, 28 November 1865) was a Spanish naval officer, who commanded the Spanish forces during the Chincha Islands War (1864-1866).

Biography

Youth and early career
Pareja was born in Lima in 1813, the son of Brigadier José Antonio Pareja (1757–1813) and Josepha Septien. After the independence of Peru (1821), his family returned to Spain and he joined the Spanish navy. He made the corresponding ships of his class and traveled almost the entire planet, arriving in one of them to the Philippines. In 1831 he made the instructional cruise aboard the frigate Perla, which was at that time the midshipman school ship.

The Chincha Islands War
Pareja was sent to the Pacific in 1864 to relieve Admiral Luis Hernández-Pinzón Álvarez, whose seizure of the Chincha Islands was disapproved in Madrid.

On January 27, 1865, he signed the Vivanco-Pareja Treaty which was considered derogatory to Peruvian national honor. A general uprising followed in Peru and the government of General Juan Antonio Pezet fell on July 7, 1865.

After Chile, in support of Peru, had refused to sell supplies to the Spanish fleet, Pareja went with his fleet to Valparaiso on September 17, 1865 and demanded a public apology. As his demands for satisfaction were refused, he declared war against Chile on the 24th, and proceeded to blockade the principal Chilean ports.

During the last weeks of his life, he suffered a series of setbacks in his handling of the War. On November 17 an armed launch of the frigate Resolution was captured by the Allied steamer Independencia near the port of Talcahuano. He could make no positive advances in his war with Chile, his blockade deteriorated, became ineffective and the crews of the ships became demoralized. The proud Admiral was unaware that on November 26 the Chileans had captured the Spanish schooner Virgen de Covadonga, along with the Admiral's correspondence, at the Naval Battle of Papudo and that during the fight the Spaniards had 4 men dead and 21 wounded. When on November 27 the American Consul casually mentioned it, the Admiral suffered a nervous collapse. It was too much for him. The Covadonga was the second warship lost by Spain (after the loss of the Triunfo) in enemy waters. The next day, November 28, Admiral Pareja dressed in his best uniform, laid down on his bed, and shot himself in the head on board his flagship, the Villa de Madrid, in front of Valparaiso. In his testament, he requested not to be buried in Chilean waters; accordingly, he was buried on the high seas.

See also
Casto Méndez Núñez

External links
 Numancia (includes short biography)
 War Ensign used by Spanish Navy ships between 1785-1931
 Ensign used by Navy ships belonging to the Ferrol Naval Department 1732
 The "Revista Naval" page published in Ferrol in Spanish for the "Armada Española"

Category:1812 births
Category:1865 deaths
Category:Spanish admirals
Category:People of the Chincha Islands War
Category:Spanish military personnel who committed suicide
Category:Burials at sea


John Stewart Socha

John Stewart Socha is a Spring Grove, Minnesota-based radio broadcaster and journalist who specializes in technology subjects.

Socha, originally working on the air as John Stewart, began his broadcasting career in 1981 was an on-air personality at WTMJ in Milwaukee, and later hosted the "Morning Report" at WOAI in San Antonio, Texas. In 1990, he relocated to Spring Grove, Minnesota to create ACPress.com, which offered audio and mixed media tutorials for new computer users.  He also produced The Radio Computer Magazine, which was syndicated on the Sun Radio Network, and was a guest commentator on high-tech issues for the Business News Network, WBAL radio in Baltimore, and the Australian Triple M Network's weekly Byte This program.

Socha also wrote articles on both digital and film photography, using the byline "John Stewart," for eDigitalPhoto and Shutterbug magazines. They can now be found in the Shutterbug web site archives.  He has also been cited in numerous publications as an expert in high-tech issues.

From 2001 - 2006, he was station manager for WKBH, a Roman Catholic radio station in La Crosse, Wisconsin.  Socha now produces radio, television and multimedia projects for a number of non-profit organizations, including the Catholic Diocese of LaCrosse.  He has hosted and produced more than 500 weekly radio shows, "Connecting The Diocese." [diolc.org/connecting]

To date, Socha has produced and narrated 12 audio tutorials, ranging from the 1994 “The DOS Tape” to computer-based CDs tutorials for first-time users of digital cameras and eBay auctions.  His wife, book designer and editor Alice Andersen, has co-written and co-produced these tutorials. Socha has also brought his expertise to Western Technical College in LaCrosse, where he taught non-credit courses on digital photography.

Socha received the 2005 Distinguished Netizen Award from SharewareJunkies.com for his work in high-tech journalism and computer education.

For more than six years, he has answered listeners' questions on a popular statewide mid-day show hosted by Larry Meillor on Wisconsin Public Radio (wpr.org).  He published (2012) the (printed) book, How To Use The Digital Camera You Just Bought! and a second edition is now in print.

References

External links
 LaCrosse Tribune profile
Profile in June 1994 edition of Nation’s Business
 Letter to the Editor in the June 24, 2001 edition of Time Magazine (as John Stewart)

Category:American radio personalities
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:American technology writers
Category:American male journalists
Category:American Roman Catholics
Category:EBay
Category:People from Spring Grove, Minnesota
Category:Catholics from Minnesota


2020 Women's U19 Volleyball European Championship

The 2020 Women's Junior European Volleyball Championship will be the 27th edition of the competition, with the main phase (contested between 12 teams) held in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia from 19 August to 1 September 2020.

Qualification

Venues

See also
2020 Men's U20 Volleyball European Championship

References

External links

Category:Women's Junior European Volleyball Championship
Europe
Category:2020 in Bosnia and Herzegovina sport
Volley
Volley
Volley
Category:International volleyball competitions hosted by Bosnia and Herzegovina
Category:International volleyball competitions hosted by Croatia


Chirakodinja Kinavukal

Chirakodinja Kinavukal (English: Dreams with Broken Wings) is a 2015 Malayalam spoof film. Directed by debutant Santhosh Viswanath, the film has been produced by Listin Stephen under the banner of Magic Frames. The film features Kunchacko Boban, Sreenivasan and Rima Kallingal as the lead characters along with Joy Mathew and Srinda Ashab. Chirakodinja Kinavukal released on 1 May to generally mixed to positive reviews.

Plot
Ambujakshan (Sreenivasan) at long last gets to meet a director (Manoj K Jayan) and a producer (Sunil Sukhada) to narrate his story 'Chirakodinja Kinavukal', which he hopes would finally be made into a film. He declares that he has made a few changes to the script to meet the requirements of the new gen cinema, though the hero of his tale, the Thayyalkkaran (Kunchacko Boban) and his heroine Sumathi (Rima Kallingal) have not changed.
As per Ambujakshan’s story, Sumathi (Rima Kallingal) falls in love with a local tailor (Kunchacko Boban). Her father, a rich woodcutter, is against this relationship and decides to marry her off to an NRI (Kunchacko Boban in a double role). Since it is inevitable to stop the marriage the tailor tried to commit suicide and gets hospitalized. Surprisingly, the marriage comes to a halt. Therefore, in the end, Sumathi and the Tailor reunite.

Cast
 Kunchacko Boban as Thayyalkaran (Tailor), UK Karan (NRI) and Gulf Karan (NRI)
 Sreenivasan as N.P. Ambujakshan
 Rima Kallingal as Sumathi
 Joy Mathew as Virakuvettukaran, Sumathi's father
 Srinda Ashab
 Shebin Benson as Young Thayyalkaran
 Manoj K Jayan as  Uthaman
 Jacob Gregory as Santhosh Balaji
 Saiju Kurup as Commissioner K. P. Benny
 Mamukkoya as Broker
 Innocent as Mapranam Karayogam President T. P. V. Kurup (cameo)
 Lalu Alex as Thayyalkaran's father (cameo)
 Sasi Kalinga as Joppan's Perappan (photo only)
Muktha (actress) in a Cameo Appearance

Reception
Chirakodinja Kinavukal received mixed reaction from viewers and positive reviews from critics. Critics appreciated the style of film which portrayed the pre-existed and existing cliches in contemporary Malayalam cinema. Paresh C Palicha of Rediff.com states that Chirakodinja Kinavukal  doesn’t lampoon any superstars or directors, but it does make fun of cliche-ridden films. Deepa Soman of Times Of India praised the storyline of film and performances of actors.

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack contains 3 songs, all composed by Deepak Dev and Lyrics by B. K. Harinarayanan.

References

External links

Category:Indian parody films
Category:Indian films
Category:2010s Malayalam-language films
Category:Films featuring an item number


Karmanos Cancer Institute

The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, headquartered in Detroit, is the largest cancer research and provider network in Michigan and has 16 treatment locations. It is one of 51 National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer treatment and research centers in the United States. Affiliated with the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the institute has 1,000 staff members, including 300 doctors, and 100 researchers. The staff treats approximately 13,000 patients each year  and operates with a budget of $260 million.

Karmanos' vision is a world free of cancer and its mission is to lead in transformative cancer care, research and education through courage, commitment and compassion.

Karmanos has one of the largest clinical trials programs in the nation, giving patients access to more than 250 treatments often available only at Karmanos. It conducts 800 cancer-specific scientific investigations programs and clinical trials each year. The institute has a Phase 1 program, a participating site in the Early Therapeutics Clinical Trials Network (ET-CTN) of the NCI.  Gerold Bepler is chief executive officer and president of KCI and Justin Klamerus is president of Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Hospital & Network, overseeing clinical operations in Detroit, as well as the Karmanos cancer network across Michigan.

History
Karmanos began as the Detroit Institute for Cancer Research in 1943 and was later named the Michigan Cancer Foundation, encompassing the Meyer L. Prentis Comprehensive Cancer Center of Metropolitan Detroit and the cancer programs of the Detroit Medical Center and Wayne State University. In 1995, the cancer center was named after Barbara Ann Karmanos, the late wife of Peter Karmanos Jr., former chairman and chief executive officer of Compuware Corporation. Barbara Ann Karmanos succumbed to breast cancer at the age of 46.

On October 30, 2013, Karmanos Cancer Institute and McLaren Health Care signed an agreement that created the largest cancer research and provider network in Michigan. The agreement was finalized in January 2014.

Recognition
Karmanos has been named one of America's Best Hospitals for Cancer Care & Research by the Women's Choice Award for 2018. Previously, Karmanos had been ranked as one of America's Best Hospitals for Cancer Care by the Women's Choice Award, from 2011-2012, as well as 2014-2017. It also won the Women's Choice Award for Patient Experience in 2017.

Leadership
The Institute is under the direction of CEO and President Gerold Bepler.

References

Category:Cancer organizations based in the United States
Category:Non-profit organizations based in Michigan
Category:NCI-designated cancer centers
Category:Medical and health organizations based in Michigan


Guest (surname)

The surname Guest is derived from the Old English word giest, which in turn comes from the Old Norse word "gestr", both of which mean "guest" or "stranger."  Spelling variations may include Gest, Geste, Gueste, Ghest, Geest, Geeste, Gist, Ghost, Jest.  Other European counterparts to the name include the German and Dutch "Gast", Luxembourgish "Gaascht", Swedish "Gäst", Norwegian "Gjest", Serbian and Slovakian "Gost", Czech "Host", etc.

History
Among the various theories on last name origins, according to the book The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States of America by H.S. King & Company, 1874, "Guest" derives from a place and not from the occupational status of some ancient forebear given to chronic visiting.  Other theories suggest a spiritual concept i.e. "guests on this earth", or a polite substitute for "serf".  Guest, the place, was near Caen, Normandy, and the original bearers of the name are said to have taken part in the Norman Conquest of England under William I in 1066.  The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Benwoldus Guest. This was dated 1100 in the Old English Names Register, during the reign of King William II of England, 1087–1100. After the conquest, the family settled in Salop (now Shropshire) in middle-western England and apparently held the estate known as Lega from the De Dunstanvilles.  Some ancient land records show Alan De Guest granting the lands of Alric de Lega (Guest) to a monastery called Wembridge Priory in 1150.  His son Thomas (a name which occurs frequently in the Guest line) is mentioned in 1180.  Some of the other Guests of antiquity were Thomas' sons Walter and Leonard, referred to in 1194 and 1280; and Henry, son of Leonard, 1240.  Roger de Lega, or Guest, brother of Henry, had a son Thomas who again gave lands to Wembridge Priory. In 1295 Adam Gest (another variant of the name) was assessor of the parliamentary rolls in Salop.

From this Norman race descended Bishop Edmund Guest (1518–1577) who became the Bishop of Salisbury (1571–1577) and was one of the Reformers.  He was the distributor of alms on behalf of Queen Elizabeth from 1560–1572.  Also of note is the eminent manufacturer Sir John Guest (1785-1852) a baronet and the elder son of Thomas Guest, part owner of the Dowlais Iron Works, who died in 1807.  History records as well the names of George Guest (1771–1831), an organist and composer who lived in Shropshire; Thomas Douglas Guest (1803–1839)  an historical and portrait painter and Joshua Guest of Yorkshire (1660–1747) a Lieutenant General whose regiment fought in the Irish Campaign under William III.  Other examples taken from church registers: Margaret Geeste married Thomas Emberson on October 5, 1546 at St. Margarets Westminster, and Edward Guest married Joane Willson at St. Botolphs Bishopsgate, city of London on September 9, 1632.

Some Guests migrated to Ireland either as part of Henry II's (1166–1172) or any of the other various conquerors' (i.e. Oliver Cromwell's) armies or support people.  Ireland had been connected with England from the time of when the Anglo-Norman barons in the 12th century invaded Ireland and set up English rule; however, effective control of the island eluded the English until almost the end of the Tudor period in the mid-sixteenth century.

Waves of Guests migrated to the New World such as Elizabeth Guest arriving in Maryland in 1637, Walter Guest in Maryland in 1640, George Guest in Virginia in 1647, Anthony Guest in Virginia in 1663, Thomas Guest in New York in 1812, and John Guest in Pennsylvania in 1840.

People with the surname
Al Guest (contemporary), Canadian animation producer
Andrew Guest, American television writer
Ann Hutchinson Guest (born 1918), authority on dance notation and wife of Ivor Forbes Guest
Anthony Haden-Guest (born 1937), British-American writer, reporter, cartoonist, art critic, poet, and socialite
Arthur Guest (1841–1898), British politician
Barbara Guest (1920–2006), American poet and critic
Bill Guest (1928–1985), Canadian television host
Lady Charlotte Guest (1812–1895), Welsh historian and translator; wife of John Josiah Guest
C. Z. Guest (Lucille Douglas Cochrane Guest, 1920–2003), American socialite and fashion icon; daughter in-law of Frederick Edward Guest
Charles Guest (1900–1977), Royal Air Force officer
Charlie Guest (born 1993), Scottish alpine skier
Christopher Guest (born 1948), Christopher Haden-Guest, actor, writer, director, musician
Colin Guest (born 1937), Australian cricketer
Cornelia Guest (born 1963), American socialite, author, businesswoman, and philanthropist
David Guest (communist) (1911–1938), British Communist mathematician and philosopher; killed in Spanish Civil War
David Guest (field hockey player) (born 1981), Australian field hockey player
Douglas Guest (1916–1996), English organist, conductor, teacher, and composer
Edgar Guest (1881–1959), American poet
Edwin Guest (1800–1880), English antiquary
Ernest Lucas Guest (1882–1972), Rhodesian statesman, lawyer and soldier
Ernest Melville Charles Guest (1920–1943), Rhodesian-born RAF pilot of WWII, son of Ernest Lucas Guest
Frederick Edward Guest (1875–1937), British politician; MP; Secretary of State for Air; son of Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne
George Guest (disambiguation)
Geraldine Guest (1913–2006), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
Gladstone Guest (1917–1998), English footballer
Glenda Guest (contemporary), Australian novelist
Harry Guest (born 1938), British poet
Henry Guest (1874–1957), British politician; son of Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne
Ivor Guest (disambiguation)
Jack Guest (1906–1972), Canadian Olympic rower
Jane Mary Guest (c. 1762–1846), English composer and pianist
Jim Guest (born 1940), American aerospace engineer and politician; state representative
Jo Guest (born 1972), English glamor model
John Guest (disambiguation)
Judith Guest (born 1936), American novelist and screenwriter
Kim Mai Guest (born 1969), American voice actress
Lady Charlotte Guest (1812–1895), English translator and businesswoman
Lance Guest (born 1960), American actor
Lennie Guest, Australian rugby league footballer
Matthew Guest (born 1983), Designer and Animator
Melville Guest (born 1943), former British diplomat and cricketer
Michael Guest (disambiguation)
Montague Guest (1839–1909), British politician; son of John Joshua Guest
Nicholas Guest (born 1955), American actor
Oscar Guest (1888–1958), British politician; son of Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne
 Paul Guest, American poet and memoirist
Raymond R. Guest (1907–1991), American businessman, race horse owner and polo player; son of Frederick Edward Guest
Richard Guest (born 1967), English artist and short story author
Rob Guest (1950–2008), British-born New Zealand-Australian actor and singer
Robert Guest, American journalist
Stephen Guest (contemporary), New Zealand-British barrister, Solicitor, Professor
Thomas B. Guest (1816–1884), Canadian politician from Ontario; provincial legislator
Thomas Douglas Guest (1781–1845), British artist
Tim Guest (1975–2009), English author and journalist
Tom Guest (born 1984), English rugby union player
Val Guest (1911–2006), British film director
William Guest (disambiguation)

British peers
Baron Haden-Guest
Leslie Haden-Guest, 1st Baron Haden-Guest (1877–1960), British author, journalist, doctor and politician
Peter Haden-Guest, 4th Baron Haden-Guest (1913–1996), British peer
Christopher Guest (Christopher Haden-Guest, 5th Baron Haden-Guest) (born 1948), British-American comedian and actor
Guest family, descendants of John Guest (1722–1787), a manager of Dowlais Ironworks
Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne (1835–1914), British peer; son of John Josiah Guest: uncle-by-marriage of Winston Churchill
Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne (1873–1939), British politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; son of Ivor Bertie Guest
Ivor Guest, 2nd Viscount Wimborne (1903–1967), British politician

People named with other variants
Gest (surname)

See also
 Guest (disambiguation)

References


Parchman Farm (song)

"Parchman Farm" or "Parchman Farm Blues" is a blues song first recorded by American Delta blues musician Bukka White in 1940.  It is an autobiographical piece, in which White sings of his experience at the infamous Mississippi State Penitentiary, known as Parchman Farm.

Jazz pianist-vocalist Mose Allison adapted it for his own "Parchman Farm" and "New Parchman", which are among his most popular songs.  Numerous artists have recorded their own renditions, usually based on Allison's songs.

Background
Early in his recording career in 1937, Bukka White was arrested and convicted for a shooting incident and was sentenced to Parchman Farm prison in rural Sunflower County, Mississippi. The institution was operated as a hard-time prison labor work farm, which was notorious for its harsh conditions and use of the trusty system.  His recording of "Shake 'Em On Down" became a hit while he was there and as a result, White became somewhat of a celebrity at the prison.  While incarcerated, he recorded two songs for John Lomax, who was conducting field recordings for the Archive of Folk Culture at the U.S. Library of Congress.  When White was released two and one-half years later in 1940 (the circumstances of his early release have been questioned), he resumed his recording career with producer Lester Melrose in Chicago.

Lyrics and style
In March 1940, White arrived at the recording studio prepared to record with several songs.  When Melrose saw that they were mostly reworkings of current popular blues numbers, he encouraged White to take a couple of days and prepare some new material.  White later recalled, "I got down to it" and returned on March 7 with twelve new songs.  One was "Parchman Farm Blues", which he recorded that day (all twelve were recorded over two days, May 7 and 8, 1940).  The song has the elements of Delta blues, including a one-chord modal arrangement and a slide guitar break. However, the melody line is distinctive and relies less on blue notes.  White delivers the vocal in his characteristic grainy, guttural style accompanied by his acoustic guitar, with Washboard Sam on washboard percussion.  His lyrics allude to his time at Parchman:

White never denied responsibility for the shooting, which he claimed was in self-defense: "I shot him where I wanted to shoot him.  Broke this thigh".  Although he usually downplayed his time at Parchman, the difference in his songs after his release is apparent.  According to music historian Ted Gioia, "the rollicking, carefree ethos of 'The Panama Limited', of 'Shake 'Em On Down', is replaced by a darker, more introspective mood in his later recordings.  A sense of pathos enters his music ... [and they] take on a more overtly artistic dimension".

When he last recorded commercially in 1937, rural-style blues was giving way to urban, ensemble blues styles.  By 1940, performers, such as Louis Jordan with jump blues and T-Bone Walker with West Coast blues, were becoming popular and the electrified-Delta sound of Muddy Waters and John Lee Hooker was still a few years away.  As Gioia notes, "It's not clear what audience Melrose had in mind when he agreed to record these songs".  When "Parchman Farm Blues" was released as a single by Okeh Records in 1940, it went largely unnoticed.  A brief review in the Amsterdam News in July 1940 referred to White's songs as "folk music" and not part of any current popular style.  Subsequently, he only performed sporadically until his rediscovery during the American folk music revival in the early 1960s, when Bob Dylan and others began recording his songs, such as "Fixin' to Die Blues".  "Parchman Farm Blues" is included on numerous Bukka White and various artists compilations.

Mose Allison song

In 1957, Mose Allison recorded "Parchman Farm" for his album Local Color.  Although it is inspired by White's song, Allison uses a different arrangement and some new lyrics.  In pondering his detention in the first verse, the singer claims "I ain't never done no man no harm"; however, by the last he admits "all I did was shoot my wife".  The song is performed by a trio with Allison on vocal and piano, backed by Addison Farmer on bass and Nick Stabulas on drums.  It is an uptempo song, which gains even greater momentum through modulation in the second verse.

"Parchman Farm" is one of Allison's best-known songs.  In 1964, he re-recorded it with some new lyrics as "New Parchman" for The Word from Mose album.  Heightening the irony, the first verse includes "Sittin' over here on Parchman Farm, the place is loaded with rustic charm".  "Parchman Farm" since has been recorded by variety of artists.

References

Category:1940 songs
Category:Blues songs
Category:Bukka White songs
Category:American jazz songs
Category:Okeh Records singles


Giulio Quaglio the Younger

Giulio Quaglio the Younger (1668–1751) was an Italian Baroque painter. He was part of the large Quaglio pedigree of Italian artists involved in architecture, indoor fresco decoration, and scenography (stage design) for the court theaters. He was born and died in Laino, a mountain village at Como. Giulio II was involved in fresco decoration in Friuli, including for the chapel of Monte di Pietà at Udine. His most highly valued work is the painting of Saint Nicholas' Cathedral in Ljubljana. He also painted the central hall of Meerscheinschlössl in Graz. He had two sons, Domenico and Giovanni Maria Quaglio.

References

External links

Category:17th-century Italian painters
Category:Italian male painters
Category:18th-century Italian painters
Category:Lombard painters
Category:Italian Baroque painters
Category:1668 births
Category:1751 deaths


Scott Cooper

Scott Cooper may refer to:

 Scott Cooper (baseball) (born 1967), former third baseman
 Scott Cooper, chef at Le Papillon restaurant, San Jose, California
 Scott Cooper (director) (born 1970), actor, writer, and director
 Scott Cooper (football manager) (born 1970), English football manager

See also
 Scott Couper (born 1970), American football player from Scotland


Christian Overby

Christian Overby (born 23 August 1985) is a Danish professional football midfielder who currently plays for the Danish 1st Division side HB Køge.

External links

 Christian Overby on Soccerway.

Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Danish footballers
Category:Viborg FF players
Category:Danish Superliga players
Category:Hobro IK players
Category:Jammerbugt FC players
Category:FC Hjørring players
Category:Vendsyssel FF players
Category:HB Køge players
Category:Danish 1st Division players

Category:Association football midfielders