List of Australian athletics champions (women)

Australian Athletics Championships for women have been conducted since 1930.

At the first National Championships, only 3 events (100 yards, 80 metres hurdles, and High Jump) were contested, but the programme has since expanded to include the full track and field programme.  Until 1963, championships were only held once every two years.

The most successful athlete at the Championships has been thrower Gael Martin who won 20 events in the 1970s and 1980s.

Australia's national champions in athletics are listed below, by event.

100 metres
Note: 100 yards until 1967

1930: Chrissie Dahm
1931: Not held
1932: Eileen Wearne
1933: Emily Brookes
1934: Not held
1935: Edith Robinson
1936: Edith Robinson
1937: Decima Norman
1938: Not held
1939: Not held

1940: Lola Forster
1941: Not held
1942: Not held
1943: Not held
1944: Not held
1945: Not held
1946: Not held
1947: Not held
1948: Joyce King
1949:  Not held

1950: Marjorie Jackson
1951:  Not held
1952: Marjorie Jackson
1953:  Not held
1954: Marjorie Jackson
1955:  may might be held

1956: Wendy Hayes
1957:  Not held
1958: Marlene Mathews
1959:  Not held

1960: Pat Duggan
1961:  Not held
1962: Glenys Beasley
1963: Dianne Bowering
1964: Joyce Bennett
1965: Debbie Thompson  (USA)
1966: Joan Henricksen
1967: Dianne Burge
1968: Dianne Burge
1969: Jenny Lamy

1970: Raelene Boyle
1971: Raelene Boyle
1972: Raelene Boyle
1973: Raelene Boyle
1974: Denise Boyd
1975: Denise Boyd
1976: Raelene Boyle
1977: Raelene Boyle
1978: Debbie Wells
1979: Denise Boyd

1980: Denise Boyd
1981: Debbie Wells
1982: Helen Davey
1983: Diane Holden
1984: Debbie Wells
1985: Jenny Flaherty
dead-heat with Diane Holden
1986: Diane Holden
1987: Diane Holden
1988: Jane Flemming

1989: Sue Broadrick
1990: Jane Flemming
1991: Monique Dunstan
1992: Melinda Gainsford
1993: Melinda Gainsford
1994: Gwen Torrence  (USA)
1995: Melinda Gainsford
1996: Cathy Freeman
1997: Melinda Gainsford
1998: Melinda Gainsford

1999: Lauren Hewitt
2000: Melinda Gainsford
2001: Lauren Hewitt
2002: Lauren Hewitt
2003: Sharon Cripps
2004: Gloria Kemasuode (NGR)
2005: Sally McLellan
2006: Sally McLellan
2007: Sally McLellan
2008: Fiona Cullen

2009: Sally McLellan
2010: Melissa Breen
2011: Sally McLellan
2012: Melissa Breen
2013: Toea Wisil
2014: Sally Pearson
2015: Melissa Breen
2016: Melissa Breen
2017: Toea Wisil
2018: Riley Day

200 metres
Note: 220 yards until 1967

1930: Not held
1931: Not held
1932: Not held
1933: Amy Bremer
1934: Not held
1935: Edith Robinson
1936: Edith Robinson
1937: Decima Norman
1938: Not held
1939: Not held

1940: Jean Coleman
1941: Not held
1942: Not held
1943: Not held
1944: Not held
1945: Not held
1946: Not held
1947: Not held
1948: Joyce King
1949:  Not held

1950: Marjorie Jackson
1951:  Not held
1952: Marjorie Jackson
1953:  Not held
1954: Marjorie Jackson
1955:  Not held
1956: Betty Cuthbert
1957:  Not held
1958: Marlene Mathews
1959:  Not held

1960: Betty Cuthbert
1961:  Not held
1962: Glennys Beasley
1963: Joyce Bennett
1964: Joyce Bennett
1965: Dianne Bowering
1966: Joyce Bennett
1967: Jenny Lamy
1968: Dianne Burge
1969: Jenny Lamy

1970: Raelene Boyle
1971: Raelene Boyle
1972: Raelene Boyle
1973: Raelene Boyle
1974: Denise Boyd
1975: Denise Boyd
1976: Raelene Boyle
1977: Raelene Boyle
1978: Denise Boyd
1979: Denise Boyd

1980: Denise Boyd
1981: Debbie Wells
1982: Sharon Ruxton
1983: Denise Boyd
1984: Debbie Wells
1985: Maree Holland
1986: Diane Holden
1987: Diane Holden
1988: Kerry Johnson
1989: Sue Broadrick

1990: Cathy Freeman
1991: Cathy Freeman
dead-heat with Esther Paolo
1992: Melinda Gainsford
1993: Melinda Gainsford
1994: Cathy Freeman
1995: Melinda Gainsford
1996: Cathy Freeman
1997: Melinda Gainsford
1998: Melinda Gainsford

1999: Lauren Hewitt
2000: Cathy Freeman
2001: Lauren Hewitt
2002: Lauren Hewitt
2003: Sharon Cripps
2004: Lauren Hewitt
2005: Lauren Hewitt
2006: Melanie Kleeberg
2007: Monique Williams (NZL)
2008: Makilesi Batimala (FIJ)

2009: Monique Williams (NZL)
2010: Jody Henry
2011: Sally McLellan
2012: Melissa Breen
2013: Monica Brennan
2014: Ella Nelson
2015: Ella Nelson
2016: Ella Nelson
2017: Toea Wisil
2018: Riley Day

400 metres
Note: 440 yards until 1967

1930: Not held
1931: Not held
1932: Not held
1933: Not held
1934: Not held
1935: Not held
1936: Not held
1937: Jean Coleman
1938: Not held
1939: Not held

1940: Irene Talbot
1941: Not held
1942: Not held
1943: Not held
1944: Not held
1945: Not held
1946: Not held
1947: Not held
1948: Shirley McConnachie
1949:  Not held

1950: Shirley Strickland
1951:  Not held
1952: Shirley Strickland
1953:  Not held
1954: Pam Bryant
1955:  Not held
1956: Shirley Strickland
1957:  Not held
1958: Brenda Jones
1959:  Not held

1960: Dixie Willis
1961:  Not held
1962: Dixie Willis
1963: Betty Cuthbert
1964: Dixie Willis
1965: Judy Pollock
1966: Judy Pollock
1967: Judy Pollock
1968: Sandra Brown
1969: Elaine Frawley

1970: Sandra Brown
1971: Cheryl Peasley
1972: Judy Pollock
1973: Charlene Rendina
1974: Marg Sargant
1975: Charlene Rendina
1976: Bethanie Nail
1977: Marian Fisher
1978: Maxine Corcoran
1979: Maxine Corcoran

1980: Raelene Boyle
1981: Terri Cater
1982: Raelene Boyle
1983: Denise Boyd
1984: Kim Robertson (NZL)
1985: Debbie Flintoff-King
1986: Debbie Flintoff-King
1987: Sally Fleming
1988: Maree Holland
1989: Maree Holland

1990: Sharon Stewart
1991: Renee Poetschka
1992: Sharon Stewart
1993: Renee Poetschka
1994: Renee Poetschka
1995: Cathy Freeman
1996: Renee Poetschka
1997: Cathy Freeman
1998: Cathy Freeman
1999: Cathy Freeman

2000: Cathy Freeman
2001: Nova Peris
2002: Catherine Murphy (GBR)
2003: Cathy Freeman
2004: Annabelle Smith
2005: Tamsyn Manou
2006: Jane Arnott (NZL)
2007: Tamsyn Manou
2008: Tamsyn Manou
2009: Tamsyn Manou

2010: Joanne Cuddihy (IRL)
2011: Tamsyn Manou
2012: Joanne Cuddihy (IRL)
2013: Caitlin Sargent-Jones
2014: Morgan Mitchell
2015: Anneliese Rubie
2016: Morgan Mitchell
2017: Morgan Mitchell
2018: Anneliese Rubie

800 metres
Note: 880 yards until 1967

1930: Not held
1931: Not held
1932: Not held
1933: Not held
1934: Not held
1935: Not held
1936: Not held
1937: Audrey Bradfield
1938: Not held
1939: Not held

1940: Betty Judge
1941: Not held
1942: Not held
1943: Not held
1944: Not held
1945: Not held
1946: Not held
1947: Not held
1948: Kit Mears
1949:  Not held

1950: Mavis Monaghan
1951:  Not held
1952: Stella Massey
1953:  Not held
1954: Beris Folland
1955:  Not held
1956: Joyce Hanger
1957:  Not held
1958: Brenda Jones
1959:  Not held

1960: Dixie Willis
1961:  Not held
1962: Dixie Willis
1963: Dixie Willis
1964: Dixie Willis
1965: Judy Pollock
1966: Judy Pollock
1967: Judy Pollock
1968: Sandra Brown
1969: Cheryl Peasley

1970: Cheryl Peasley
1971: Cheryl Peasley
1972: Judy Pollock
1973: Charlene Rendina
1974: Charlene Rendina
1975: Charlene Rendina
1976: Charlene Rendina
1977: Penny Gray
1978: Julie Schwass
1979: Charlene Rendina

1980: Terri Cater
1981: Terri Cater
1982: Heather Barralet
1983: Heather Barralet
1984: Heather Barralet
1985: Bronwyn Fleming
1986: Wendy Old
1987: Sarah Collins
1988: Sharon Stewart
1989: Sharon Stewart

1990: Wendy Old
1991: Sharon Stewart
1992: Jodie Nykvist-Hebbard
1993: Narelle Parr
1994: Sandy Dawson
1995: Sandy Dawson
1996: Lisa Lightfoot
1997: Saleena Roberts
1998: Tamsyn Manou
1999: Tamsyn Manou

2000: Tamsyn Manou
2001: Tamsyn Manou
2002: Tamsyn Manou
2003: Tamsyn Manou
2004: Rikke Ronholt (DEN)
2005: Katherine Katsanavakis
2006: Suzy Walsham
2007: Tamsyn Manou
2008: Tamsyn Manou
2009: Madeleine Pape

2010: Katherine Katsanavakis
2011: Tamsyn Manou
2012: Tamsyn Manou
2013: Kelly Hetherington
2014: Brittany McGowan
2015: Brittany McGowan
2016: Brittany McGowan
2017: Lora Storey
2018: Brittany McGowan

1500 metres
Note: One Mile until 1967

1960: Not held
1961: Not held
1962: Not held
1963: Not held
1964: Not held
1965: Beth Stanford
1966: Beth Stanford
1967: Margaret Clifford
1968: Brenda Carr
1969: Cheryl Peasley

1970: Raie Thompson
1971: Jenny Orr
1972: Jenny Orr
1973: Jenny Orr
1974: Jenny Orr
1975: Angela Cook
1976: Judy Pollock
1977: Angela Cook
1978: Alison Wrench
1979: Penny Gray

1980: Sue Muir
1981: Margaret Reddish
1982: Sharon Dalton
1983: Linda Gray (NZL)
1984: Anne McKenzie (NZL)
1985: Geng Ziunuan (CHN)
1986: Penny Just
1987: Jackie Perkins
1988: Marg Leaney
1989: Liz Miller

1990: Wendy Old
1991: Suzy Walsham
1992: Jodie Nykvist-Hebbard
1993: Susie Power
1994: Marg Leaney
1995: Sonia O'Sullivan (IRE)
1996: Marg Crowley
1997: Mandy Giblin
1998: Liz Miller
1999: Sarah Jamieson

2000: Naomi Mugo (KEN)
2001: Suzy Walsham
2002: Georgie Clarke
2003: Suzy Walsham
2004: Sarah Jamieson
2005: Sarah Jamieson
2006: Sarah Jamieson
2007: Lisa Corrigan
2008: Veronique Molan
2009: Sarah Jamieson

2010: Kaila McKnight
2011: Zoe Buckman
2012: Kaila McKnight
2013: Zoe Buckman
2014: Zoe Buckman
2015: Heidi See
2016: Heidi See
2017: Heidi See
2018: Linden Hall

3000 metres

1970: Not held
1971: Not held
1972: Not held
1973: Not held
1974: Jenny Orr
1975: Angela Cook
1976: Irene Cooke
1977: Phyllis Lazarakis
1978: Phyllis Lazarakis
1979: Rhonda Taylor

1980: Sue Muir
1981: Jenny Lund
1982: Megan Sloane
1983: Anne Lord
1984: Donna Gould
1985: Jackie Perkins
1986: Jackie Perkins
1987: Jackie Perkins
1988: Jackie Perkins
1989: Ann Hare  (NZL)

1990: Krishna Stanton
1991: Jenny Lund
1992: Rhona Makepeace
1993: Krishna Stanton
1994: Liz Miller
1995: Not held
1996: Not held
1997: Not held
1998: Not held
1999: Not held

2000: Not held
2001: Not held
2002: Not held
2003: Anna Thompson
2004: Not held
2005: Not held
2006: Not held
2007: Lauren Fleshman (USA)
2008: Chloe Tighe
2009: Melanie Daniels

2010: Not held
2011: Not held
2012: Not held
2013: Not held
2014: Not held
2015: Bridey Delaney
2016: Not held
2017: Not held

5000 metres

1995: Carolyn Schuwalow
1996: Kate Anderson
1997: Kate Anderson
1998: Anne Cross
1999: Natalie Harvey
2000: Anne Cross

2001: Elizabeth Miller
2002: Hayley McGregor
2003: Benita Johnson
2004: Georgie Clarke
2005: Benita Johnson
2006: Eloise Wellings

2007: Benita Johnson
2008: Georgie Clarke
2009: Sarah Jamieson
2010: Eloise Wellings
2011: Belinda Martin
2012: Kaila McKnight

2013: Kaila McKnight
2014: Emily Brichacek
2015: Magdalene Masai (KEN)
2016: Genevieve Lacaze
2017: Heidi See
2018: Celia Sullohern

10,000 metres

1980: Not held
1981: Not held
1982: Not held
1983: Maureen Moyle
1984: Sally Pearson
1985: Mary O'Connor (NZL)
1986: Tania Turney
1987: Jackie Perkins
1988: Carolyn Schuwalow
1989: Coral Farr

1990: Sue Mahony
1991: Jenny Lund
1992: Sue Hobson
1993: Sue Hobson
1994: Sue Hobson
1995: Lisa Martin
1996: Not held
1997: Kylie Risk
1998: Natalie Harvey
1999: Natalie Harvey

2000: Sonia O'Sullivan (IRE)
2001: Sonia O'Sullivan (IRE)
2002: Kerryn McCann
2003: Anna Thompson
2004: Benita Johnson
2005: Hayley McGregor
2006: Benita Johnson
2007: Jessica Ruthe (NZL)
2008: Melinda Vernon
2009: Lara Tamsett

2010: Eloise Wellings
2011: Eloise Wellings
2012: Joyce Chepkirui (KEN)
2013: Neely Spence Gracey (USA)
2014: Nikki Chapple
2015: Veronica Wanjiru (KEN)
2016: Eloise Wellings
2017: Camille Buscomb (NZL)
2018: Celia Sullohern

100 metres hurdles
Note: 90 yards or 80 metres Hurdles until 1967

1930: Clarice Kennedy
1931: Not held
1932: Jean Manson
1933: Clarice Kennedy
1934: Not held
1935: Clarice Kennedy
1936: Clarice Kennedy
1937: Isabel Grant
1938: Not held
1939: Not held

1940: Decima Norman
1941: Not held
1942: Not held
1943: Not held
1944: Not held
1945: Not held
1946: Not held
1947: Not held
1948: Shirley Strickland
1949:  Not held

1950: Shirley Strickland
1951:  Not held
1952: Shirley Strickland
1953:  Not held
1954: Gwen Wallace
1955:  Not held
1956: Norma Austin
1957:  Not held
1958: Norma Thrower
1959:  Not held

1960: Norma Thrower
1961:  Not held
1962: Jackie Dufall
1963: Pam Kilborn
1964: Pam Kilborn
1965: Pam Kilborn
1966: Pam Kilborn
1967: Pam Kilborn
1968: Pam Kilborn
1969: Pam Kilborn

1970: Maureen Caird
1971: Diane Pease
1972: Penny Gillies
1973: Gaye Dell
1974: Gaye Dell
1975: Gaye Dell
1976: Gaye Dell
1977: Penny Gillies
1978: Cheryl Boswell
1979: Penny Gillies

1980: Penny Gillies
1981: Penny Gillies
1982: Glynis Nunn
1983: Glynis Nunn
1984: Glynis Nunn
1985: Glynis Nunn
1986: Glynis Nunn
1987: Jenny Laurendet
1988: Jane Flemming
1989: Helen Pirovano (NZL)

1990: Jenny Laurendet
1991: Jayne Moyes
1992: Jayne Moyes
1993: Jane Flemming
1994: Jane Flemming
1995: Jane Flemming
1996: Sam Farquharson (GBR)
1997: Jane Flemming
1998: Debbi Edwards
1999: Eunice Barber (FRA)

2000: Valerie Manning (USA)
2001: Jacqui Munro
2002: Jacqui Munro
2003: Jacqui Munro
2004: Jacqui Munro
2005: Sally Pearson
dead-heat with Fiona Cullen
2006: Sally Pearson
2007: Sally Pearson
2008: Andrea Miller (NZL)

2009: Sally Pearson
2010: Hayley Butler
2011: Sally Pearson
2012: Shannon McCann
2013: Shannon McCann
2014: Sally Pearson
2015: Sally Pearson
2016: Michelle Jenneke
2017: Sally Pearson
2018: Sally Pearson

200 metres hurdles

1968: Not held
1969: Not held

1970: Maureen Caird
1971: Maureen Caird

1972: Pam Ryan
1973: Gaye Dell

1974: Gaye Dell
1975: Gaye Dell

400 metres hurdles

1970: Not held
1971: Not held
1972: Not held
1973: Not held
1974: Not held
1975: Lyn Young
1976: Marian Fisher
1977: Marian Fisher
1978: Marian Fisher
1979: Lyn Foreman

1980: Lyn Foreman
1981: Lyn Foreman
1982: Lyn Foreman
1983: Debbie Flintoff
1984: Debbie Flintoff
1985: Debbie Flintoff
1986: Debbie Flintoff-King
1987: Sally Flemming
1988: Debbie Flintoff-King
1989: Helen Graham

1990: Jenny Laurendet
1991: Debbie Flintoff-King
1992: Gail Millar-Luke
1993: Renee Poetschka
1994: Lauren Poetschka
1995: Jacqueline Parker (GBR)
1996: Rebecca Campbell
1997: Evette Cordy
1998: Stephanie Price
1999: Lauren Poetschka

2000: Lauren Poetschka
2001: Jana Pittman
2002: Jana Pittman
2003: Jana Pittman
2004: Rebecca Wardell
2005: Lauren Wells
2006: Sonia Brito
2007: Lauren Wells
2008: Lauren Wells
2009: Tamsyn Lewis

2010: Lauren Wells
2011: Lauren Wells
2012: Jess Gulli
2013: Lauren Wells
2014: Lauren Wells
2015: Lauren Wells
2016: Lauren Wells
2017: Lauren Wells
2018: Lauren Wells

3000 metres steeplechase

1999: Melissa Rollison
2000: Melissa Rollison
2001: Rachel Penney (NZL)
2002: Melissa Rollison
2003: Victoria Mitchell

2004: Marnie Ponton
2005: Kristy Villis
2006: Melissa Rollison
2007: Donna MacFarlane
2008: Donna MacFarlane

2009: Donna MacFarlane
2010: Melissa Rollison
2011: Victoria Mitchell
2012: Milly Clark
2013: Genevieve LaCaze

2014: Victoria Mitchell
2015: Genevieve LaCaze
2016: Madeline Hills
2017: Victoria Mitchell
2018: Victoria Mitchell

Marathon

1980: Jane Kuchins
1981: Rosemary Longstaff
1982: Barbara McKerrow (NZL)
1983: Annick Loir-Lebreton (FRA)
1984: Ngaire Drake (NZL)
1985: Ngaire Drake (NZL)
1986: Ngaire Drake (NZL)
1987: Tani Ruckle
1988: Ngaire Drake (NZL)
1989: Jan Fedrick

1990: Hiromi Satoyama (JPN)
1991: Jackie Hallam
1992: Mari Tanigawa (JPN)
1993: Eriko Asai (JPN)
1994: Joanne Cowan
1995: Julie Rose
1996: Sylvia Rose
1997: Susan Hobson
1998: Lisa Dick
1999: Carolyn Schuwalow

2000: Krishna Stanton
2001: Krishna Stanton
2002: Heather Turland
2003: Helen Verity-Tolhurst
2004: Jenny Wickham
2005: Jackie Fairweather
2006: Jennifer Gillard
2007: Eliza Mayger
2008: Lisa Flint
2009: Lisa Flint

2010: Roxie Fraser
2011: Kirsten Molloy
2012: Lauren Shelley
2013: Sharon Ryder
2014: Tarli Bird
2015: Kelly-Ann Varey
2016: Virginia Moloney

10 kilometre road walk

1982: Not held
1983: Sue Cook
1984: Sally Pierson
1985: Kerry Saxby
1986: Kerry Saxby
1987: Kerry Saxby
1988: Kerry Saxby

1989: Miriam Harding
1990: Kerry Saxby-Junna
1991: Jane Saville
1992: Jane Saville
1993: Kerry Saxby-Junna
1994: Kerry Saxby-Junna
1995: Kerry Saxby-Junna

1996: Kerry Saxby-Junna
1997: Jane Saville
1998: Jane Saville
1999: Kerry Saxby-Junna
2000: Lisa Paolini
2001: Lyn Ventris
2002: Claire Woods

2003: Simone Wolowiec
2004: Claire Woods
2005: Simon Wolowiec
2006: Natalie Saville
2007: Megan Szirom
2008: Not held
2009: Not held

20 kilometre road walk

1980: Not held
1981: Not held
1982: Not held
1983: Sally Pierson
1984: Kerry Saxby
1985: Kerry Saxby
1986: Kerry Saxby
1987: Kerry Saxby
1988: Bev Hayman
1989: Kerry Saxby-Junna

1990: Sue Cook
1991: Sharon Schnyder
1992: Gabriele Blythe
1993: Anne Manning
1994: Anne Manning
1995: Anne Manning
1996: Simone Wolowiec
1997: Jill Maybir-Barrett
1998: Wendy Muldoon
1999: Not held

2000: Erica Alfredi (ITA)
2001: Kerry Saxby-Junna
2002: Jane Saville
2003: Jane Saville
2004: Jane Saville
2005: Jane Saville
2006: Jane Saville
2007: Claire Tallent
2008: Johanna Jackson (GBR)
2009: Cheryl Webb

2010: Claire Tallent
2011: Claire Tallent
2012: Claire Tallent
2013: Tanya Holliday
2014: Kelly Ruddick
2015: Tanya Holliday
2016: Rachel Tallent
2017: Regan Lamble

Pole vault

1995: Emma George
1996: Melissa Harris
1997: Emma George
1998: Emma George
1999: Tatiana Grigorieva
2000: Emma George

2001: Jenni Dryburgh (NZL)
2002: Tatiana Grigorieva
2003: Melina Hamilton (NZL)
2004: Kym Howe
2005: Melina Hamilton (NZL)
2006: Tatiana Grigorieva

2007: Kym Howe
2008: Alana Boyd
2009: Alana Boyd
2010: Elizabeth Parnov
2011: Charmaine Lucock
2012: Vicky Parnov

2013: Alana Boyd
2014: Elizabeth Parnov
2015: Alana Boyd
2016: Elizabeth Parnov
2017: Eliza McCartney (NZL)
2018: Nina Kennedy

High jump

1930: Rosa Winter
1931: Not held
1932: Doris Carter
1933: Doris Carter
1934: Not held
1935: Doris Carter
1936: Doris Carter
1937: Doris Carter
1938: Not held
1939: Not held

1940: Doris Carter
1941: Not held
1942: Not held
1943: Not held
1944: Not held
1945: Not held
1946: Not held
1947: Not held
1948: Coral Stewart
1949:  Not held

1950: Jacqueline Baumann
1951:  Not held
1952: Mary Grace
1953:  Not held
1954: Carol Bernoth
1955:  Not held
1956: Jan Cooper
1957:  Not held
1958: Michele Mason
1959:  Not held

1960: Helen Frith
1961:  Not held
1962: Carolyn Wright
1963: Robyn Woodhouse
1964: Michele Brown
1965: Robyn Woodhouse
1966: Michele Brown
1967: Robyn Woodhouse
1968: Carolyn Wright
1969: Carolyn Wright

1970: Carolyn Wright
1971: Carolyn Wright
1972: Raylene Parke
1973: Carolyn Lewis
1974: Raylene Parke
1975: Raylene Parke
1976: Christine Annison
1977: Christine Annison
1978: Katrina Gibbs
1979: Vanessa Browne

1980: Christine Stanton
1981: Christine Stanton
1982: Katrina Gibbs
1983: Christine Stanton
1984: Vanessa Browne
1985: Christine Stanton
1986: Christine Stanton
1987: Christine Stanton
1988: Vanessa Browne
1989: Vanessa Ward

1990: Vanessa Ward
1991: Alison Inverarity
1992: Tania Murray (NZL)
1993: Alison Inverarity
1994: Alison Inverarity
1995: Alison Inverarity
1996: Lea Haggett (GBR)
1997: Alison Inverarity
1998: Alison Inverarity
1999: Alison Inverarity

2000: Alison Inverarity
2001: Carmen Hunter
2002: Petrina Price
2003: Miyuki Aoyama (JPN)
2004: Petrina Price
2005: Sophia Begg
2006: Ellen Pettitt
2007: Ellen Pettitt
2008: Catherine Drummond
2009: Petrina Price

2010: Petrina Price
2011: Ellen Pettitt
2012: Miyuki Fukumoto (JPN)
2013: Miyuki Fukumoto (JPN)
2014: Eleanor Patterson
2015: Eleanor Patterson
2016: Eleanor Patterson
2017: Eleanor Patterson
2018: Cassie Purdon

Long jump

1930: Not held
1931: Not held
1932: Not held
1933: Connie Hudson
1934: Not held
1935: Thelma Peake
1936: Thelma Peake
1937: Thelma Peake
1938: Not held
1939: Not held

1940: Decima Norman
1941: Not held
1942: Not held
1943: Not held
1944: Not held
1945: Not held
1946: Not held
1947: Not held
1948: Judy Canty
1949:  Not held

1950: Judy Canty
1951:  Not held
1952: Verna Johnston
1953:  Not held
1954: Valerie Schwarzinger
1955:  Not held
1956: Erica Willis
1957:  Not held
1958: Beverley Watson
1959:  Not held

1960: Sylvia Mitchell
1961:  Not held
1962: Pam Kilborn
1963: Pam Kilborn
1964: Helen Frith
1965: Willye White (USA)
1966: Helen Frith
1967: Pam Kilborn
1968: Lenore Liscombe
1969: Diane Pease

1970: Diane Pease
1971: Diane Pease
1972: Lyn Tillett
1973: Erica Nixon
1974: Erica Nixon
1975: Erica Nixon
1976: Erica Nixon
1977: Lyn Jacenko
1978: Lyn Jacenko
1979: Lyn Jacenko

1980: Linda Garden
1981: Chris Stanton
1982: Linda Garden
1983: Robyn Strong
1984: Robyn Strong
1985: Linda Garden
1986: Robyn Lorraway
1987: Nicole Boegman
1988: Nicole Boegman
1989: Jayne Moffitt (NZL)

1990: Peta Kennedy
1991: Jayne Moffitt (NZL)
1992: Nicole Boegman
1993: Nicole Boegman
1994: Nicole Boegman
1995: Nicole Boegman
1996: Chantal Brunner (NZL)
1997: Chantal Brunner (NZL)
1998: Nicole Boegman
1999: Eunice Barber (FRA)

2000: Kylie Reed
2001: Chantal Brunner (NZL)
2002: Bronwyn Thompson
2003: Bronwyn Thompson
2004: Kerrie Taurima
2005: Kerrie Taurima
2006: Bronwyn Thompson
2007: Bronwyn Thompson
2008: Bronwyn Thompson
2009: Jacinta Boyd

2010: Jessica Penney
2011: Kerrie Perkins
2012: Kerrie Perkins
2013: Kerrie Perkins
2014: Brooke Stratton
2015: Chelsea Jaensch
2016: Brooke Stratton
2017: Naa Anang
2018: Brooke Stratton

Triple jump

1986: Anne Turnbull
1987: Lynette Smith
1988: Lynette Smith
1989: Karen Charlton
1990: Karen Charlton
1991: Jayne Moffitt (NZL)
1992: Leanne Stapylton-Smith (NZL)
1993: Nicole Boegman

1994: Yoko Morioka (JPN)
1995: Mariklud Viduka
1996: Shelley Stoddart (NZL)
1997: Tania Dixon (NZL)
1998: Connie Henry (GBR)
1999: Carmen Miller
2000: Nicole Mladenis
2001: Nicole Mladenis

2002: Nicole Mladenis
2003: Jeanette Bowles
2004: Nicole Mladenis
2005: Jeanette Bowles
2006: Linda Allen
2007: Jeanette Bowles
2008: Emma Knight
2009: Linda Allen

2010: Meggan O'Riley
2011: Emma Knight
2012: Ellen Pettitt
2013: Linda Leverton
2014: Linda Leverton
2015: Nneka Okpala (NZL)
2016: Nneka Okpala (NZL)
2017: Meggan O'Riley
2018: Meggan O'Riley

Shot put

1930: Not held
1931: Not held
1932: Not held
1933: Cora Hannan
1934: Not held
1935: Vera Cowan
1936: Vera Cowan
1937: Vera Cowan
1938: Not held
1939: Not held

1940: Cora Hannan
1941: Not held
1942: Not held
1943: Not held
1944: Not held
1945: Not held
1946: Not held
1947: Not held
1948: Pat Lucas
1949:  Not held

1950: Ann Shanley
1951:  Not held
1952: Val Lawrence
1953:  Not held
1954: Val Lawrence
1955:  Not held
1956: Mary Breen
1957:  Not held
1958: Margaret Woodlock
1959:  Not held

1960: Margaret Woodlock
1961:  Not held
1962: Mary Breen
1963: Jean Roberts
1964: Jean Roberts
1965: Jean Roberts
1966: Jean Roberts
1967: Jean Roberts
1968: Jean Roberts
1969: Jean Roberts

1970: Jean Roberts
1971: Anne Karner
1972: Anne Karner
1973: Christine Schultz
1974: Anne Karner
1975: Anne Karner
1976: Gael Mulhall
1977: Gael Mulhall
1978: Gael Mulhall
1979: Gael Mulhall

1980: Gael Mulhall
1981: Gael Mulhall
1982: Bev Francis
1983: Gael Mulhall
1984: Gael Martin
1985: Gael Martin
1986: Gael Martin
1987: Gael Martin
1988: Astra Vitols
1989: Astra Vitols

1990: Nicole Carkeek
1991: Daniela Costian
1992: Christine King (NZL)
1993: Daniela Costian
1994: Daniela Costian
1995: Lisa-Marie Vizaniari
1996: Georgette Reed (CAN)
1997: Beatrice Faumuina (NZL)
1998: Beatrice Faumuina (NZL)
1999: Tressa Thompson (USA)

2000: Helen Toussis
2001: Yoko Toyonaga (JPN)
2002: Michelle Haage
2003: Sumi Ichioka (JPN)
2004: Valerie Adams (NZL)
2005: Valerie Adams (NZL)
2006: Ana Pouhila (TGA)
2007: Ana Pouhila (TGA)
2008: Valerie Adams (NZL)
2009: Valerie Adams (NZL)

2010: Joanne Mirtschin
2011: Margaret Satupai
2012: Dani Stevens
2013: Terina Keenan (NZL)
2014: Terina Keenan (NZL)
2015: Chelsea Lenarduzzi
2016: Chelsea Lenarduzzi
2017: Alifatou Djibril
2018: Maddison Wesche (NZL)

Discus

1930: Not held
1931: Not held
1932: Not held
1933: Cora Hannan
1934: Not held
1935: Cora Hannan
1936: Doris Carter
1937: Cora Hannan
1938: Not held
1939: Not held

1940: Doris Carter
1941: Not held
1942: Not held
1943: Not held
1944: Not held
1945: Not held
1946: Not held
1947: Not held
1948: Charlotte MacGibbon
1949:  Not held

1950: Charlotte MacGibbon
1951:  Not held
1952: Jeanette Joy
1953:  Not held
1954: Lorraine Murphy
1955:  Not held
1956: Lois Jackman
1957:  Not held
1958: Lois Jackman
1959:  Not held

1960: Isabel De Neefe
1961:  Not held
1962: Rosslyn Williams
1963: Mary McDonald
1964: Mary McDonald
1965: Jean Roberts
1966: Jane Adams
1967: Jean Roberts
1968: Jean Roberts
1969: Jean Roberts

1970: Jean Roberts
1971: Anne Karner
1972: Sue Culley
1973: Sue Culley
1974: Anne Karner
1975: Anne Karner
1976: Denise Ashford
1977: Gael Mulhall
1978: Gael Mulhall
1979: Gael Mulhall

1980: Gael Mulhall
1981: Gael Mulhall
1982: Andrina Rovis-Herman
1983: Gael Mulhall
1984: Gael Martin
1985: Sue Reinwald
1986: Gael Martin
1987: Gael Martin
1988: Astra Vitols
1989: Daniela Costian

1990: Daniela Costian
1991: Daniela Costian
1992: Daniela Costian
1993: Daniela Costian
1994: Daniela Costian
1995: Daniela Costian
1996: Lisa-Marie Vizaniari
1997: Beatrice Faumuina (NZL)
1998: Beatrice Faumuina (NZL)
1999: Lisa-Marie Vizaniari

2000: Alison Lever
2001: Alison Lever
2002: Beatrice Faumuina (NZL)
2003: Beatrice Faumuina (NZL)
2004: Beatrice Faumuina (NZL)
2005: Beatrice Faumuina (NZL)
2006: Beatrice Faumuina (NZL)
2007: Dani Stevens
2008: Dani Stevens
2009: Dani Stevens

2010: Dani Stevens
2011: Dani Stevens
2012: Dani Stevens
2013: Terina Keenan (NZL)
2014: Dani Stevens
2015: Dani Stevens
2016: Dani Stevens
2017: Dani Stevens
2018: Dani Stevens

Javelin

1930: Not held
1931: Not held
1932: Not held
1933: Clarice Kennedy
1934: Not held
1935: Clarice Kennedy
1936: Clarice Kennedy
1937: Elsie Jones
1938: Not held
1939: Not held

1940: Charlotte MacGibbon
1941: Not held
1942: Not held
1943: Not held
1944: Not held
1945: Not held
1946: Not held
1947: Not held
1948: Charlotte MacGibbon
1949:  Not held

1950: Charlotte MacGibbon
1951:  Not held
1952: Charlotte MacGibbon
1953:  Not held
1954: Vera Pepper
1955:  Not held
1956: Patricia O'Neill
1957:  Not held
1958: Anna Pazera
1959:  Not held

1960: Anna Pazera
1961:  Not held
1962: Maureen Wright
1963: Anna Pazera
1964: Anna Pazera
1965: Pam Telfer
1966: Anna Pazera
1967: Anna Pazera
1968: Barbara Friedrich (USA)
1969: Mary Thomas

1970: Petra Rivers
1971: Petra Rivers
1972: Jenny Symon
1973: Jenny Symon
1974: Petra Rivers
1975: Chris Hunt
1976: Chris Hunt
1977: Pam Matthews
1978: Pam Matthews
1979: Pam Matthews

1980: Pam Matthews
1981: Petra Rivers
1982: Petra Rivers
1983: Petra Rivers
1984: Petra Rivers
1985: Jeanette Kieboom
1986: Sue Howland
1987: Sue Howland
1988: Kate Farrow
1989: Kaye Nordstrom (NZL)

1990: Louise McPaul
1991: Louise McPaul
1992: Akiko Mayajima (JPN)
1993: Louise McPaul
1994: Joanna Stone
1995: Kirsten Hellier (NZL)
1996: Tanja Damaske (GER)
1997: Joanna Stone
1998: Louise McPaul
1999: Hayley Wilson (NZL)

2000: Sueli Dos Santos (BRA)
2001: Bina Ramesh (FRA)
2002: Bina Ramesh (FRA)
2003: Bina Ramesh (FRA)
2004: Bina Ramesh (FRA)
2005: Kimberley Mickle
2006: Kimberley Mickle
2007: Kimberley Mickle
2008: Katherine Mitchell
2009: Kimberley Mickle

2010: Kimberley Mickle
2011: Kimberley Mickle
2012: Kimberley Mickle
2013: Kimberley Mickle
2014: Kimberley Mickle
2015: Sunette Viljoen (RSA)
2016: Lu Huihui (CHN)
2017: Kelsey-Lee Roberts
2018: Katherine Mitchell

Hammer throw

1980: Not held
1981: Not held
1982: Not held
1983: Not held
1984: Not held
1985: Not held
1986: Not held
1987: Bernadette Serone
1988: Bernadette Serone
1989: Joanne Capper

1990: Bernadette Serone
1991: Bernadette Serone
1992: Deborah Sosimenko
1993: Deborah Sosimenko
1994: Deborah Sosimenko
1995: Deborah Sosimenko
1996: Olga Kuzenkova (RUS)
1997: Deborah Sosimenko
1998: Deborah Sosimenko
1999: Deborah Sosimenko

2000: Lisa Misipeka (ASA)
2001: Bronwyn Eagles
2002: Bronwyn Eagles
2003: Brooke Billett
2004: Bronwyn Eagles
2005: Bronwyn Eagles
2006: Brooke Billett
2007: Karyne Di Marco
2008: Bronwyn Eagles
2009: Bronwyn Eagles

2010: Gabrielle Neighbour
2011: Gabrielle Neighbour
2012: Gabrielle Neighbour
2013: Lara Nielsen
2014: Lara Nielsen
2015: Lara Nielsen
2016: Akane Watanabe (JPN)
2017: Lara Nielsen
2018: Alexandra Hulley

Pentathlon
Events: 80 metres hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump, 200 m until 1970
Events: 100 metres hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump, 200 m until 1977
Events: 100 metres hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump, 800 m until discontinuation

1953:  Not held
1954:  Not held
1955:  Not held
1956: Norma Rose
1957:  Not held
1958: Marlene Middlemiss
1959:  Not held

1960: Helen Frith
1961:  Not held
1962: Helen Frith
1963: Pam Kilborn
1964: Helen Frith
1965: Helen Frith
1966: Helen Frith

1967: Pam Kilborn
1968: Pam Kilborn
1969: Jeanette Tandy
1970: Jeanette Tandy
1971: Diane Pease
1972: Lyn Tillett
1973: Erica Nixon

1974: Erica Nixon
1975: Erica Nixon
1976: Erica Nixon
1977: Erica Hooker
1978: Glynis Nunn
1979: Margaret Hamley
1980: Glynis Nunn

Heptathlon
Events: 100 metres hurdles, shot put, high jump, 200 m, long jump, javelin, 800 m

1980: Not held
1981: Glynis Nunn
1982: Glynis Nunn
1983: Terri Genge (NZL)
1984: Glynis Nunn
1985: Jocelyn Millar-Cubit
1986: Jane Flemming
1987: Jane Flemming
1988: Jane Flemming
1989: Sharon Jaklofsky-Smith

1990: Katie Ackerman
1991: Leisa Bruce
1992: Kylie Coombe
1993: Jane Flemming
1994: Jane Flemming
1995: Jane Jamieson
1996: Jane Jamieson
1997: Clare Thompson
1998: Jane Jamieson
1999: Sherryl Morrow

2000: Sherryl Morrow
2001: Jane Jamieson
2002: Clare Thompson
2003: Kylie Wheeler
2004: Kylie Wheeler
2005: Kylie Wheeler
2006: Kylie Wheeler
2007: Kylie Wheeler
2008: Kylie Wheeler
2009: Lauren Foote

2010: Rebecca Robinson
2011: Lauren Foote
2012: Megan Wheatley
2013: Portia Bing (NZL)
2014: Sophie Stanwell
2015: Veronica Torr (NZL)
2016: Sophie Stanwell
2017: Alysha Burnett
2018: Celeste Mucci

See also
 Australian athletics champions (men)
 Australian Championships in Athletics
 Athletics Australia

References

 Australian Athletics Historical Results

Women
Women
Athletics
Category:Lists of winners of athletics competitions
Athletics champions (women)
Category:Lists of female athletes


Level One (The Eleventh House album)

Level One is an album by Larry Coryell and The Eleventh House that was released in 1975 by Arista Records. The album reached number 23 on Billboard magazine's jazz album chart and number 163 on the Billboard 200 chart. Robert Taylor states in his Allmusic review, "This is a forgotten gem from the fusion era."

Track listing

Side one
 "Level One" (Mike Mandel) – 3:02
 "The Other Side"  (Michael Lawrence) – 4:35
 "Diedra"  (Mandell) – 3:56
 "Some Greasy Stuff"  (Alphonze Mouzon) – 3:30
 "Nyctaphobia"  (Mouzon) – 4:04

Side two
 "Suite"  (Larry Coryell) – 5:32
 A. Entrance
 B. Repose
 C. Exit
<li>"Eyes of Love"  (Coryell) – 2:25
<li>"Struttin' with Sunshine"  (Coryell) – 3:20
<li>"That's the Joint"  (John Lee) – 4:03

Personnel
 Larry Coryell – guitar
 Michael Lawrence – flugelhorn, trumpet
 Mike Mandel – keyboards
 Steve Khan – 12-string guitar on "Level One"
 John Lee – bass guitar
 Alphonse Mouzon – drums, percussion

Chart performance

References

Category:1975 albums
Category:Larry Coryell albums
Category:Arista Records albums


Beijing-Shenyang Through Train

The Beijing-Shenyang Through Train (Chinese:北京到沈阳动车组列车) is a Chinese railway that runs between the capital of China, Beijing to Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning. An express passenger train jointly operated by the Beijing Railway Bureau and Shenyang Railway Bureau, the Shenyang Railway Bureau is responsible for passenger transportation. CRH5 Type Passenger trains run along the Jingha Railway across Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, and other provinces and cities for 622 km.

Train trips
D1: Beijing - Shenyang
D2: Shenyang - Beijing
D3: Beijing - Shenyang North
D4: Shenyang North - Beijing
D5: Beijing - Shenyang North
D6: Shenyang North - Beijing
D7: Beijing - Shenyang North
D8: Shenyang North - Beijing
D9: Beijing - Shenyang North
D10: Shenyang North - Beijing
D11: Beijing - Shenyang North
D12: Shenyang North - Beijing
D13: Beijing - Shenyang
D14: Shenyang North - Beijing
D15: Beijing - Shenyang
D16: Shenyang - Beijing
D17: Beijing - Shenyang North
D18: Shenyang North - Beijing
D51: Beijing - Shenyang North
D52: Beijing - Shenyang North

See also
K53/54 Beijing-Shenyang Through Train
D51/52 Beijing-Shenyang Through Train
G217/218 Beijing-Shenyang Through Train
G219/220 Beijing-Shenyang Through Train

References

D
Category:Rail transport in Beijing
Category:Rail transport in Liaoning


Nine Queens

Nine Queens () is a 2000 Argentine crime drama film written and directed by Fabián Bielinsky and starring Ricardo Darín, Gastón Pauls, Leticia Brédice, Tomás Fonzi and Alejandro Awada.

The story centers on two con artists who meet and decide to cooperate in a major scam. The film was nominated for 28 awards and won 21 of them, and is now considered a classic in Argentine film history.

Plot
The film opens at a convenience store early in the morning, the present time. Juan (Gastón Pauls), a con artist, successfully scams the cashier, and later  attempts the same scam again on the next shift.  Marcos (Ricardo Darín), who has been observing him, steps in pretending to be a police officer and takes Juan away. As soon as they are far enough, Marcos tells Juan he is not actually a cop but a fellow con man. Juan asks Marcos to show him the ropes, because his father, also a con man, is in jail and he needs to raise money quickly to bribe a judge to reduce his father's sentence from 10 years to 6 months.

Then, a scheme seemingly falls into their laps: Sandler (Oscar Nuñez), a former business associate of Marcos, needs his help to sell counterfeit copies he made of some rare stamps called "The Nine Queens".  The potential mark is Gandolfo (Ignasi Abadal), a rich Spaniard who is facing deportation and desperate to smuggle his wealth out of the country. Gandolfo has no time to fully check if the stamps are authentic but he hires an expert (Leo Dyzen) to do a quick check and is satisfied.  He offers $450,000 for the stamps, with the exchange agreed to take place that evening. In the intervening time, the stamp expert demands from Juan and Marcos a cut, as he knew the stamps were in fact forged. The fake stamps are then stolen out of Juan and Marcos' hands by thieves on motorcycles who, unaware of their value, toss them into a river.

To salvage the scheme, Marcos approaches Sandler's widowed sister Berta (Elsa Berenguer), the owner of the real stamps, who agrees to sell them for $250,000. Marcos can put up $200,000 and asks Juan to contribute the remaining $50,000. Juan expresses his suspicion that he is being conned since Marcos seems to need exactly the amount that Juan has saved up; but as the $50,000 is not enough to help his father, Juan reluctantly agrees. They buy the real stamps and go to Gandolfo's hotel, but he says he's changed his mind and will now only buy the stamps if he also gets to sleep with Marcos' sister Valeria (Leticia Brédice), a hotel employee. Valeria's price is that Marcos must confess to their younger brother Federico (Tomás Fonzi) how Marcos cheated him out of their family inheritance in Italy. Gandolfo pays for the stamps with a certified check. However, the bank crashes the next morning, making the check worthless.

It appears that Juan and Marcos are both ruined. In the final scene, Juan goes to a warehouse, where he greets the motorcycle thieves, Gandolfo, Sandler and his sister Berta, and Juan's fiancée Valeria — revealing that the real con was to swindle Marcos out of $200,000 as revenge for all the times he cheated his family and his partners.

Background
The main character of the film is trying to remember the tune of a Rita Pavone song throughout the film. The song, "Il Ballo Del Mattone", plays as the end credits run.

Distribution
The film opened wide in Argentina on August 31, 2000.  The film was screened at various film festivals, including: the Telluride Film Festival, United States; the Toronto International Film Festival, Canada; the Medellín de Película, Colombia; the Portland International Film Festival, United States; the Cognac Festival du Film Policier, France; the München Fantasy Filmfest, Germany; the Norwegian International Film Festival, Norway; and others.

In the United States it opened on a limited basis on April 19, 2002.

Remakes
The film's screenplay was adapted in the 2004 film Criminal. It was also used as a basis for three Indian films: the Bollywood film Bluffmaster! (2005), the Malayalam film Gulumal (2009) and the Telugu film All the Best (2012).

Critical reception
Nine Queens garnered mostly positive reviews from film critics. On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an overall 92% "Certified Fresh" approval rating based on 93 reviews, with a rating average of 7.5 out of 10. The site's consensus is: "Deliciously twist-filled, Nine Queens is a clever and satisfying crime caper." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 0–100 reviews from film critics, the film has a rating score of 80 based on 30 reviews, classified as a generally favorably reviewed film.

Film critic Roger Ebert liked the screenplay of the film, and wrote, "And on and on, around and around, in an elegant and sly deadpan comedy. A plot, however clever, is only the clockwork; what matters is what kind of time a movie tells. Nine Queens is blessed with a gallery of well-drawn character roles, including the alcoholic mark and his two bodyguards; the avaricious widow who owns the 'nine queens' and her much younger bleached-blond boyfriend, and Valeria the sister, who opposes Marcos' seamy friends and life of crime but might be willing to sleep with Gandolfo if she can share in the spoils."

The San Francisco Chronicle film critic, Edward Guthmann, also reviewed the film positively and thought the actors performed quite well,  writing, "Fast-paced and unerringly surprising, Nine Queens is nicely performed by a large cast, particularly Darín as a goateed, less-than-perfect hoodwinker. David Mamet plowed this con-the-con turf in Heist, House of Games and The Spanish Prisoner, but Bielinsky, in his directing debut, makes it seem sassy and reinvented."

Awards
Wins
 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Silver Condor; Best Actor, Ricardo Darín; Best Cinematography, Marcelo Camorino; Best Director, Fabián Bielinsky; Best Editing, Sergio Zottola; Best Film; Best Original Screenplay, Fabián Bielinsky; Best Supporting Actress, Elsa Berenguer; 2001.
 Biarritz International Festival of Latin American Cinema: Best Actor, (tie) Ricardo Darín and Gastón Pauls; for Nueve reinas; 2001.
 Bogotá Film Festival: Audience Award, Fabián Bielinsky; Golden Precolumbian Circle, Best Director, Fabián Bielinsky; 2001.
 Lima Latin American Film Festival: Elcine First Prize, Fabián Bielinsky; 2001.
 Lleida Latin-American Film Festival: Audience Award, Fabián Bielinsky; Best Director, Fabián Bielinsky; 2001.
 Oslo Films from the South Festival: Audience Award, Fabián Bielinsky; 2001.
 Cognac Festival du Film Policier: Grand Prix, Fabián Bielinsky; Premiere Award, Fabián Bielinsky; 2002.
 Fantasporto: Directors' Week Award, Best Screenplay, Fabián Bielinsky; 2002.
 Portland International Film Festival: Audience Award Best First Film, Fabián Bielinsky; 2002.
 Sant Jordi Awards: Best Foreign Actor, Ricardo Darín. Also for La Fuga (2001) and El Hijo de la Novia (2001); 2002.

References

External links

 Nueve reinas at the cinenacional.com

Category:2000 films
Category:2000s crime drama films
Category:2000s mystery films
Category:Argentine films
Category:Films shot in Buenos Aires
Category:Films set in Buenos Aires
Category:2000s heist films
Category:Argentine independent films
Category:Spanish-language films
Category:Films about con artists


Novi Avion

The Novi Avion (Serbian Cyrillic:Нови Aвион ) was a fourth generation multi-role combat aircraft programme that was to be built by Yugoslav aircraft manufacturer SOKO.

The Avion featured a cropped delta-canard configuration and was to be capable of achieving supersonic speeds under a combat configuration. The Avion shared several areas of commonality with French company Dassault Aviation's Rafale fighter aircraft; France had provided considerable technical assistance to Yugoslavia during the course of the Avion programme. Development work on the fighter was undertaken by the Vazduhoplovno Tehnički Institut (VTI) (Aeronautical Technical Institute) of Belgrade, the former Yugoslavia's main military-technical institute, in cooperation with Dassault Aviation.

Upon its entry to service with the SFR Yugoslav Air Force, which was anticipated to occur during the late 1990s to early 2000s, the Avion would have been used as a replacement for the nation's aging fleet of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21s. The nation also anticipated considerable exports sales of the type. During 1991, the entire programme was halted due to a lack of available finance just prior to the commencement of production and a year prior to the scheduled date of the type's envisioned maiden flight. The Avion was terminated as a consequence of the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars and the subsequent break-up of the country.

Overview

Background
During the mid-1980s, the Avion programme was initiated with the aim of increasing Yugoslavia's political independence by becoming self-sufficient in the manufacture of military equipment; at that point, air superiority fighter jets were the only major element that Yugoslavia was still reliant upon imports, having obtained the capability to manufacture all other military equipment. The term Novi Avion was used to describe the project alone, it is believed that the aircraft would have received a proper designation upon entering service.

The Avion was intended to be used as a replacement for the Yugoslavian Air Force's fleet of around 120 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21s. In service, the aircraft was envisioned as fulfilling multiple mission roles, including air-defence, ground-attack and aerial reconnaissance, being designed to possess both high manoeuvrability and supersonic penetration speeds. The aircraft was a recognised priority programme for the Yugoslavian People's Army and was partly funded by the national government out of general research and development and modernisation funds, as well as being partly provided by industry. In addition to the MiG-21s, by 1990s, the Yugoslavian Air Force operated a force of 14 Mikoyan MiG-29 Fulcrum A fighters, while it had also been claimed to have selected the Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot to be procured its dedicated close air support aircraft. In addition, the Yugoslavian Air Force was expected to place further orders for the MiG-29 during the 1990s, which were reportedly intended to bolster the remaining MiG-21 fleet until the Avion could be inducted into squadron service.

Both France and French company Dassault Aviation's upcoming Rafale fighter bore a heavy influence on the design of the Avion. The Novi Avion was to be Yugoslavia's first supersonic aircraft, accordingly, the national industry lacked experience in the design and testing of such fighters and sought out external partners to provide assistance. During the late 1980s, a preliminary design study, heavily influenced by the Rafale, had been submitted by Dassault. The Avion shared several areas of commonality with the Rafale, such as an almost-identical delta-canard configuration and a similar engine intake arrangement. It has been claimed that the addition of strakes extending aft from the trailing edge of the wing were account for the single engine arrangement adopted for the type. According to aerospace publication Flight International, the majority of design differences between the Rafale and the Avion were due to the smaller size of the latter, especially in terms of its tail section.

Search for partners and termination
By March 1990, the selection of an engine to power the Avion was reportedly imminent. It was claimed that engine proposals had been received from several major international manufacturers, including General Electric's F404, Rolls-Royce's RB199, Pratt & Whitney's PW1120 and Snecma's M88 turbofan military-grade engines, which were reportedly amongst options under study by Yugoslavia. Potential engine arrangements may have included a licensing arrangement to produce the successful engine in Yugoslavia. During the 1990s, the development costs related to the fighter had been reportedly anticipated to fall between $150 million and $200 million per year throughout the remainder of the decade. At one stage, Yugoslavia expected to construct approximately 150 of these planes to replace both its MiG-21 and Soko J-21 Jastreb fleets, while export sales of several hundred Novi Avions on the world market had also been anticipated by the country.

By early 1990, the government of Yugoslavia had conducted several discussions with various countries, aiming to open up negotiations to jointly develop the fledgling fighter aircraft. While the nation had already announced that, in principle, it would proceed with production of the Avion, it sought outside partners to share the aircraft's considerable development cost. However, these aspirations for extensive multinational collaboration were often complicated by political factors, which were typically dominated by scepticism. During 1990, Flight International wrote of Yugoslavia's partnership efforts: "For this to become a realistic hope, let alone a possibility, will require political change beyond anything already seen in Eastern Europe. Western companies wanting to work with Jugoslavia on Novi Avion have been warned by their governments to exercise care lest technology end up in the wrong hands".

During 1991, Yugoslavia disintegrated into several different nations, which quickly resulted in the Avion programme being abandoned due to the financial resources necessary to start production of the fighter having become unavailable following the break-up of the country. Reportedly, work had been initially halted due the lack of funding while further efforts were made to acquire foreign partnership arrangements. Following the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars, resulting in the complete collapse of the nation, any revival of the project henceforth became highly unlikely. At the time of the Avion's cancellation, the design was approximately one year away from completion; at this point, several production facilities and prototypes of some elements of the aircraft such as its cockpit, had already been constructed. If the fighter had not been cancelled at this point, it was scheduled to have conducted its maiden flight during 1992; the Avion was reportedly expected to enter squadron service at some point during the mid 2000s.

Design

The Novi Avion was a fourth generation multi-role combat aircraft. In terms of its basic layout, it featured a cropped delta-canard configuration. Externally, the Avion resembled the French-built Dassault Rafale, although it differed by being both smaller and only powered by a single engine. It was designed to fill a variety of different roles, including air superiority, interception, reconnaissance, ground attack, and anti-shipping operations. According to statements by senior Yugoslavian Air Force officials, the design involved the extensive use of composite materials, which were to comprise a large proportion of the structure. It was to be furnished with various advanced systems, such as integrated navigation/attack systems and a multi-purpose radar system.

The Avion was to incorporate a number of features that were intended to lower its radar cross-section (RCS), although this would not have been to the extent of being a true stealth aircraft. It was intended to be equipped with an advanced Electronic countermeasures (ECM)/Electronic counter-counter-measures (ECCM) suite, which was to be domestically developed in Yugoslavia. The cockpit was also relatively advanced for the time, integration features such as a speaker recognition capability. The Avion was often claimed to be an all-Yugoslav design, and was not based on any foreign fighter aircraft; however, France provided considerable technical assistance in designing many of the most complex components and elements of the aircraft that Yugoslavia lacked experience with, such as the Avion's multipurpose radar system.

No engine had been selected to power the Avion prior to the 1991 design freeze; however, according to Flight International, the two most likely candidates were the American General Electric F404, and the French Snecma M88 turbojet engines, the latter of which being the same engine that was later used to power the Dassault Rafale. In addition, the majority of the armaments that the fighter would have carried in service were likely have been either French-designed weapons, or would have been domestically manufactured with assistance provided by France. The design requirements for the fighter were thought to have included a thrust-to-weight ratio in excess of 1:1. The fighter's anticipated maximum speed at sea level was to be no less than Mach 1.1, while its top speed when flown at an altitude 36,000 ft (11,000m) was to have been in the vicinity of Mach 1.8.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 Novi avion at vazduhoplovnetradicijesrbije.rs, retrieved 4-12-2013

Category:Canard aircraft
Category:Cancelled military aircraft projects
Category:Delta-wing aircraft
Category:Soko aircraft


Patrick Amoah

Patrick Amoah (born 18 August 1986) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a defender for FOC Farsta in the Swedish Fifth Division.

Club career

Djurgårdens IF and Assyriska FF (loan)
Amoah joined the Swedish Allsvenskan side Djurgårdens IF from the junior squad at the start of the 2004 Allsvenskan season and then joined Assyriska FF on loan in the 2006 Superettan season before returning to Djurgårdens IF after helping the club avoid relegation to the Division 1 2007 season.

CF Atlético Ciudad and Paris FC
Amoah then went on to play in Spain in 2007, signing with CF Atlético Ciudad for the 2007–08 Tercera División season before joining French side Paris FC for the 2008–09 Championnat National season.

White Star Woluwe
Amoah then signed for his first club in Belgium, White Star Woluwe, who were at the time playing in the Belgian Third Division. He helped the club gain promotion from the Third Division to the Belgian Second Division by scoring 35 goals in 46 games in the 2010–2011 Belgian Third Division season. This prolific strike rate earned him a move to newly 2011–12 Belgian Pro League season promoted side OH Leuven.

OH Leuven
Amoah joined Belgium Belgian Pro League side OH Leuven for the 2011–12 Belgian Pro League in August 2011. In his first official match for OHL, which was also the first match at the highest level of Belgian football for a team from Leuven in over 60 years, Amoah scored an injury time winner against Belgian giants Anderlecht. However, this proved to be his only goal for OHL as he appeared in six further games without scoring, eventually leading to his demotion to the substitute bench. Midway through the season, he transferred back to Woluwe.

Return to White Star Woluwe
Amoah returned to former club White Star Woluwe on the first day of 2012, 1 January, to help the club gain promotion from the 2011–12 Belgian Second Division to the 2012–2013 Belgian Pro League.

Fortuna Sittard
Amoah signed a two-year contract with the Dutch Jupiler League team Fortuna Sittard in 2013, but left the team already in 2014.

Back to Sweden
After half a year without a club, Amoah signed for Swedish third division team Huddinge in January 2015.

Personal life
Amoah was born to a Finnish mother and Ghanaian father.

Honours

Club

 Djurgårdens IF
 Allsvenskan: 2005
 Svenska Cupen: 2004

References

External links
 Voetbal International profile

 Amoah klar för Ciudad de Lorquí (2008–01–07)

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Solna Municipality
Category:Djurgårdens IF Fotboll players
Category:Assyriska FF players
Category:Swedish footballers
Category:Swedish expatriate footballers
Category:Sweden youth international footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Category:Expatriate footballers in France
Category:Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain
Category:Paris FC players
Category:RWS Bruxelles players
Category:Oud-Heverlee Leuven players
Category:Fortuna Sittard players
Category:Huddinge IF players
Category:Vasalunds IF players
Category:Allsvenskan players
Category:Superettan players
Category:Division 1 (Swedish football) players
Category:Tercera División players
Category:Championnat National players
Category:Belgian First Division A players
Category:Belgian Second Division/Belgian First Division B players
Category:Belgian Third Division players
Category:Eerste Divisie players
Category:Swedish people of Finnish descent
Category:Swedish people of Ghanaian descent


1988 Arab Club Champions Cup

The 1988 Arab Club Champions Cup was played in United Arab Emirates in the city of Sharjah. Al-Ettifaq won the championship for the first time beating in the final Club Africain.

Participants

Preliminary round

Zone 1 (Gulf Area)

Kazma SC and Fanja SC advanced to the final tournament.

Zone 2 (Red Sea)

Al-Ettifaq and Al-Merrikh advanced to the final tournament.

Zone 3 (North Africa)
Preliminary round tournament held in Tunis, Tunisia.

1 Match abandoned at the 70' due to a fights between staff and players of both teams. Club Africain were declared winners.
Club Africain and KAC Marrakech advanced to the final tournament.

Zone 4 (East Region)
Preliminary round tournament held in Damascus, Syria from 4 to 10 August 1988.

Al-Shabab Baghdad and Jableh SC advanced to the final tournament.

Final tournament
Final tournament held in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates from 21 October to 4 November 1988.

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Semi-finals

Third place match

Final

Winners

References

External links
6th Arab Club Champions Cup 1988 - rsssf.com

UAFA Club Cup, 1988
UAFA Club Cup, 1988
1988


Esino, Vladimir Oblast

Esino () is a rural locality (a village) in Kovrovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2010.

References

Category:Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast


Henry Hennessy

Henry Hennessy (1826–1901) was an Irish physicist and Fellow of the Royal Society.

Life
Born at Cork, Ireland on 19 March 1826, he was the second son of John Hennessy of Ballyhennessy, County Kerry, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Casey of Cork; John Pope Hennessy was a younger brother of Henry's. Educated at Cork under Michael Healy, he  as a Roman Catholic in the 1840s did not seek a university education, but took up the profession of an engineer.

In 1849 Hennessy was made librarian of Queen's College, Cork, and in 1855, on the invitation of John Henry Newman, he became professor of physics at University College, Dublin. In 1874 he transferred his services to the Royal College of Science, Dublin, where he was appointed professor of applied mathematics. He was dean of the college in 1880 and again in 1888. Hennessy was made a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1851, and was its vice-president from 1870 to 1873. He was also elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1858.

In 1890 Hennessy resigned his chair at 65, under the new rules for superannuation in the Civil Service. A memorial to the government protesting against his retirement was without effect. For financial reasons he went abroad, but returning to Ireland under medical advice, he died on 8 March 1901, at Bray, County Wicklow.

Works
In Hennessy's first paper from 1845, in the Philosophical Magazine, he proposed to use photography for the registration of barometric and thermometric readings. In Researches in Terrestrial Physics (Philosophical Transactions, 1851) he argued from the figure and structure of the Earth and planets, that they were of fluid origin, and that a fluid nucleus at a high temperature was enclosed within their crust. He also wrote on meteorology and on climatology, deducing laws which regulate the distribution of temperature in islands. 'On the Influence of the Gulf Stream  led to a request to report on the temperature of the seas surrounding the British Isles for the Committee on Irish Fisheries in 1870.

Among Hennessy other proposals was one for a decimal system of weights and measures, based on the length of the polar axis of the Earth, rather than the Earth's quadrant, on which the metric system is based. Standards such as the polar foot and the polar pound, and a complete set of weights and measures on the polar system, constructed under Hennessy's supervision, were stored in the Museum of the Royal College of Science, Dublin. In the same museum were models of his mechanical inventions, one of them illustrating the structure of sewers best adapted to obtain the greatest scour with due provision for storm water <ref>Cf. Hydraulic Problems on the Cross-sections of Pipes and Channels', Proc. Roy. Soc. 1888.</ref> He published also:

 On the Study of Science in its Relation to Individuals and Society, Dublin, 1858; 2nd edit. 1859.
 On the Freedom of Education (a paper at the Social Science Congress, Liverpool, in 1858), 1859.
 The Relation of Science to Modern Civilisation'', 1862.

Family
Hennessy married Rosa, youngest daughter of Hayden Corri, and had issue.

Notes

External links
Attribution

Category:1826 births
Category:1901 deaths
Category:Irish physicists
Category:Irish engineers
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society


Safeway Stores plc v Burrell

Safeway Stores plc v Burrell [1997] ICR 523 is a UK labour law case, concerning redundancy.

Facts
Safeway Stores plc (now owned by Morrisons) wanted to de-layer and reorganise its departments under its ‘Safeway 2000’ plan. Mr Burrell was a petrol station manager at the Penzance, Cornwall, supermarket. The petrol station manager post would be replaced by a petrol station controller who got paid less. The work was much the same. The former job description carried some management responsibility but Mr Burrell had not in practice performed them. Mr Burrell did not apply for the new post and got redundancy. He then claimed unfair dismissal. The Tribunal held the employers had not demonstrated Mr Burrell was redundant, because the new job involved the same work as before.

Judgment
Peter Clark J held the Tribunal had used the wrong test for redundancy as understood from ERA 1996 section 139(1)(b). The right one is to ask (1) whether the employer’s need for employees had diminished and (2) whether the dismissal was caused by the diminution. So the case was remitted to be reheard. He noted that one should concentrate on the diminution of employees, not of work, referring to Carry All Motors Ltd v Pennington. Furthermore, a business reorganisation is interesting factual background, but its fact does not answer the two stage question of redundancy.

Notes

Category:United Kingdom labour case law
Category:Court of Appeal of England and Wales cases
Category:1997 in case law
Category:1997 in British law


George & James

George and James is an album by The Residents, released in 1984. It was subtitled American Composer Series - Volume 1. The American Composer Series was originally supposed to be an ongoing project lasting from 1984 until 2000 that profiled a number of different artists. The idea was to "make music about music." Ultimately only two full albums surfaced (Stars and Hank Forever is the other one), although a few tracks from the planned album profiling Sun Ra and Ray Charles have surfaced.

This particular offer includes a side of reworked George Gershwin songs, while side two has the same songs in the same order as side one of James Brown's classic Live at the Apollo.

Unenthusiastic reviews, the transition from vinyl to CD (meaning that the concept of a split album would be spoiled) and re-negotiation of the songwriting fees (making the project financially impossible) scuppered the series.

Track listing

Bonus Track on British Cassette Release
 "It's a Man's Man's Man's World"

Personnel
The Residents: Performance

Raoul N. Di Seimbote: Portrayal Of The Famous Flames

Category:The Residents albums
Category:1984 albums
Category:Recordings of music by George Gershwin
Category:James Brown
Category:Cultural depictions of James Brown
Category:Ralph_Records_albums


RMS Royal Adelaide (1838)

RMS Royal Adelaide was a paddle steamship owned and operated by the City of Dublin Steam Packet Company. Its principal route ran between London and Cork.

Final journey
The Royal Adelaide, captained by John Batty, left Cork fully laden with cargo and about 250 passengers on Wednesday, 27 March 1850, touching off at Plymouth on the Thursday evening. By the time the ship left Plymouth for London at 3.00 am on Friday, there were almost 300 deck passengers.

The ship was lost at about 11.00 pm on Saturday, 30 March 1850 on Tongue Sands north of Margate, with the loss of all on board. News only reached London late on Sunday as the river pilot waiting for the ship happened to meet a Deal pilot (Charles Gillham) who reported seeing a ship of a similar description in distress the previous evening (London Illustrated News 6 and 13 April 1850).

The dead included more than 150 deck passengers from Ireland, during a time when the Great Famine was at its height.

External links
Moving Here website

Royal Adelaide (1838)
Royal Adelaide (1838)
Royal Adelaide (1838)
Category:1850 in the United Kingdom
Category:Maritime incidents in March 1850
Category:Shipwrecks of the River Thames
Category:Maritime disasters in Kent


Ayumi Yasutomi

is a Japanese economist and politician.  She is a Professor in the Institute of Advanced Studies on Asia at the University of Tokyo. Yasutomi came out as a trans woman in 2014.

Research
Yasutomi is a specialist in the economics of Manchuria, whose research received a Nikkei Economics Culture Award. Other research interests include the socio-ecology of East Asia, theoretical economics, population dynamics, harassment theory, Peter Drucker and the thought of Confucius.

Career
Yasutomi's first tenured post was as a Visiting Research Associate at the London School of Economics, 1996-7. In 1997 Yasutomi was employed as Assistant Professor at Nagoya University until moving to the University of Tokyo in 2000. In 2009, Yasutomi was promoted to Professor, after holding several assistant professor roles within the university.

Education
Yasutomi graduated from the Kyoto University in 1991 with a degree in economics and continued to graduate with a PhD in 1997 on the financial history of Manchuria.

Political Career
In July 2018 Yasutomi ran as a candidate in the mayoral elections for Higashimatsuyama, near Tokyo. She lost to the current candidate Koichi Morita by a margin of 12,000 votes. In Yasutomi's campaign agenda, her main priority was a focus on bringing an end to child abuse. In 2019, Yasutomi was one of ten candidates from the new Reiwa Shinsengumi party to stand for election to the House of Councillors.

The film Reiwa Uprising was made about Yasutomi's attempt to be elected and was screened at the Tokyo Film Festival in 2019.

See also
 List of transgender people
 Deirdre McCloskey

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:1963 births
Category:Japanese women in politics
Category:Transgender and transsexual politicians
Category:Transgender and transsexual women
Category:LGBT politicians from Japan
Category:Japanese women  economists
Category:University of Tokyo faculty


Iscayachi Formation

The Iscayachi Formation, in older literature also referred to as Guanacuno Formation, is an extensive Tremadocian geologic formation of western and southern Bolivia. The shales and sandstones were deposited in a shallow marine to pro-delta environment. The formation reaches a thickness of .

Fossil content
The formation has provided the following fossils:

 Akoldinoidia sinuosa
 Altiplanelaspis palquiensis
 Angelina hyeronimi, A. punctalineata
 Asaphellus communis, A. riojanas
 Deltacare prosops
 Conophrys erquensis
 Golasaphus palquiensis
 Jujuyaspis keideli
 Kainella andina, K. meridionalis
 Kvania lariensis
 Leptoplastides mariana
 Macrocystella bavarica
 Micragnostus hoeki
 Onychopyge branisai
 Parabolinella argentinensis, P. boliviana
 Pharostomina alvarezi, P. trapezoidalis
 Rhabdinopora flabelliformis
 Rhadinopleura incaica
 Rossaspis rossi
 Saltaspis steinmanni
 Shumardia erquensis
 Leptoplastides cf. granulosa
 Altiplanelaspis sp.
 Araiopleura sp.
 Broeggeria sp.
 Ctenodonta sp.
 Dictyonema sp.
 Koldinioidia sp.
 Leiostegium sp.
 Nanorthis sp.
 Onychopyge sp.
 Palquiella sp.
 Parabolina sp.
 Saltaspis sp.
 Sphaerocare sp.
 Trilobitarum sp.
 Tropidodiscus sp.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Bolivia

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 J. L. Benedetto. 2007. New Upper Cambrian-Tremadoc rhynchonelliformean brachiopods from northwestern Argentina: evolutionary trends and early diversification of plectorthoideans in the Andean Gondwana. Journal of Paleontology 81(2):261-285
 A. Pribyl and J. Vanek. 1980. Ordovician trilobites of Bolivia. Rozpravy Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved. Rada Matematickych a Prirodnich Ved. Academia Praha, Prague, Czechoslovakia 90(2):1-90
 R. Suárez Soruco. 1976. El sistema ordovícico en Bolivia. Revista Tecnica YPF Bolivia 5(2):111-123

Category:Geologic formations of Bolivia
Category:Ordovician System of South America
Category:Ordovician Bolivia
Category:Tremadocian
Category:Shale formations
Category:Sandstone formations
Category:Shallow marine deposits
Category:Deltaic deposits
Category:Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Category:Paleontology in Bolivia
Formations
Formations


Annie Armitt

Annie Armitt (1850–1933) was an English novelist, poet, short story writer, and essayist. She was also one of the founders of a school in Eccles, England.

Early years
Annie Maria Armitt was born in Salford, England, in 1850, the middle of three gifted daughters of William and Mary Ann (Whalley) Armitt.

The sisters were all well educated, and Armitt – who knew from an early age that she wanted to be a writer – studied English literature at Islington House Academy. This academy was in Salford and it trained people to teach along Pestalozzian principles. Her older sister Sophie took to botany and would later become a nature writer, and her younger sister Mary Louisa (known as Louie) excelled at music and natural history and later wrote (mainly for periodicals) on topics ranging from ornithology to local history.

Founding a school
Armitt travelled to Paris in 1866 with Sophie to study French, but the following year her father died unexpectedly and she returned to England. Armitt and her sisters then established a school at Eccles in Lancashire.

In 1877, Armitt, married Stanford Harris, a physician, and the couple went to live near Hawkshead. Neither of them were well and the marriage was not happy.

Literary work
Armitt published her first novel, The Garden at Monkholme, in 1878. It was critically well received, with The Westminster Review praising it as "a new departure in fiction" for its focus on characters who were unattractive and for Armitt's ability to make drama out of commonplace events. Similarly, The Scottish Review admired it for Armitt's outstanding depiction of character. Her 1885 novel In Shallow Waters was praised for its compelling depiction of the self-sacrificing protagonist, Henry Dilworth. An excerpt from this novel gives a sense of Armitt's dry, Austenian style at its best:
"She did not admire clever girls, and was never enthusiastic in her praise of good ones—those at least, who were specially marked out as such by their parochial visitations and love of week-day services...She was inclined to insinuate that any one who made a very visible application of herself to heavenly things must be drawn thereto by a lack of earthly prosperity."

Armitt also published poems, short stories, and essays, including a brief life of Mary Shelley. The poet Robert Browning wrote that he was impressed by some of her poems.

Old age
In 1882, Armitt's sisters came to live near Hawkshead in the town of Rydal, and after being widowed, Armitt joined them there in 1894. The sisters lived together until Sophie and Louie died in 1908 and 1911. Armitt survived her sisters by two decades, dying in 1933.

Selected novels
The Garden at Monkholme (1870)
Man and His Relatives: A Question of Morality (1885)
In Shallow Waters (1885)

References

Category:1850 births
Category:1933 deaths
Category:British women writers
Category:People from Salford


Nick Pynn

Nick Pynn (born 17 November 1962) is a British musician and composer noted for his use of bass pedals and live looping with electroacoustic stringed instruments. He has been described as an ‘avant folk’ artist, whose early interests were in world folk and experimental music.

Career
Having made many of the instruments he still uses, Nick Pynn started his musical career in the mid-80s with the Leigh-on-Sea 'soil music' barn-dance band, The Famous Potatoes. He played fiddle, banjo, mandolin, mandocello and viola on their albums, The Sound of the Ground, It Was Good for My Old Mother, and Born in a Barn.

Pynn joined Steve Harley in 1990 on acoustic guitar and fiddle, taking the lead guitar role in 1996. The 'Stripped to the Bare Bones' tour of 1998 with Pynn accompanying Harley on mandocello, dulcimer, acoustic guitar and violin was released on CD :Stripped to the Bare Bones from the Jazz Café, London, and the two-man show received a 5 star review at the Edinburgh Festival. The success of these led to Harley and Pynn playing over a hundred dates in 1998, performing under the explanatory tour-title "Stripped to the Bare Bones". Pynn’s debut solo CD on the Roundhill label In Mirrored Sky (1995) is a collection of autumnal pieces, and features bass player Herbie Flowers and Adrian Oxaal of James on cello. Flowers introduced Pynn to Richard Durrant, which led to the joint album Nick and Dick (1997). In 2000 Nick joined the new acoustic version of The Crazy World of Arthur Brown. Pynn contributes most of the instrumentation and arrangements on the 2007 release The Voice of Love.

In August 2001, Pynn went to Edinburgh with The Life and Death Orchestra for a Festival  production of poetry, written by survivors of the Holocaust put to music. During the second half of the month, he joined American Perrier Award winning comedian Rich Hall in his band, Otis Lee Crenshaw and The Black Liars. Pynn also met Jane Bom-Bane, and together they wrote and produced Rotator, a CD of palindromic (forwards and backwards) songs for 2002, and the Fringe show 'Year of the Palindrome'. Further collaborations followed with comedians Boothby Graffoe, Jo Neary, Simon Munnery, Kevin Eldon, Omid Djalili and Stewart Lee.

Pynn premiered a solo show in 2003 called 'Music from Hotels Rooms, Forests and Submarines', using wine glasses, playing cards and live sampling in addition to his various stringed instruments. In May 2004 Pynn's third solo album Afterplanesman was released, the reissue of which made it into The Sunday Times 100 Best Albums of 2008. In the following year at the Edinburgh Festival, Pynn won a 'Spirit of the Fringe Award' for his music.

2007 started with sell-out shows at the Sydney Opera House with The Lost and Found Orchestra (a creation of Stomp) in which Pynn played musical saw, bed bass, bellows organ, bottle bellows, metalophone, traffic-cone berimbau and squonkaphone amongst other instruments. Later that year, Pynn won the 'Star of the Festival Award' in Brighton, and was co-winner of the 'ThreeWeeks Editor's Award' with Jane Bom-Bane. In November he played solo shows in Dubai and Abu Dhabi.

An album of original Pynn compositions The Colours of the Night released in October 2009 was recorded above Bom-Bane's Cafe in Brighton in which a 12 piece orchestra recorded their parts ‘one at a time’.
Nick often tours with Kate Daisy Grant with whom he won The Latest Award for 'Best Music Act' in the Brighton Fringe in 2013.
In 2014 Nick was celebrated in the show ‘Stewart Lee & Friends: celebrating the music of Nick Pynn’ at the Brighton Dome in which Nick was joined by guest artists Arthur Brown, Kate Daisy Grant, Boothby Graffoe, Mike Heron, Georgia Seddon and Jane Bom-Bane in an evening of comedy and music. His 2015 self-released album ‘Waterproof’ showcases Nick’s songwriting side.

Selective discography
Solo recordings
In Mirrored Sky (Roundhill RHLCD43)  1995
Music from Windows (Roundhill RHLCD99) 1999
Afterplanesman (Roundhill ROUND004)  2004
In Mirrored Sky / Music from Windows (Roundhill ROUND007) reissued as double package in August 2007
The Colours of the Night (Roundhill rhlcd09) 2009
talktapes (Roundhill rhlcd011)  2011
Nick Pynn Live at the QEH and Edinburgh Fringe (Roundhill rhlcd012)  2012
Waterproof' (Oscar Records Osc002) 2015Buffalo Orbison' (Oscar Records Osc003) 2018

Collaborations
Nick And Dick The acoustic collaborations of Nick Pynn and Richard Durrant (LongMan 026CD) 1997; re-issued 2006
Rotator (Roundhill ROUND2002) Nick Pynn and Jane Bom-Bane 2002

References

External links
Nick Pynn biography at nickpynn.co.uk
Nick Pynn page on MySpace

Category:Outsider musicians
Category:1962 births
Category:Living people
Category:British guitarists
Category:British male guitarists
Category:British violinists
Category:British male violinists
Category:British songwriters
Category:British record producers
Category:British composers
Category:21st-century violinists
Category:21st-century British male musicians


Weems v. United States

Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349 (1910), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court. It is primarily notable as it pertains to the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. It is cited concerning the political and legal relationship between the United States and the Philippines, which at that time was considered a U.S. colony (see Philippine–American War for more information).

Background
Paul A. Weems, plaintiff in error, was a disbursing officer of the Bureau of Coast Guard and Transportation. He was charged, in the Philippine courts, with falsifying a public and official document for the purposes of defrauding the government. He was convicted of this and sentenced to 15 years incarceration, and a fine of 4,000 Philippine pesos. The conviction and sentence was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands. Weems filed a demurrer to the charges, but this was overruled as well.

Weems filed a writ of error with the U.S. Supreme Court, claiming that the charges against him were improper, and his conviction should, therefore, be overruled.

Arguments
The argument brought by the plaintiff contained four points, one of which was abandoned due to a mistake of fact. The abandoned point was that the record did not state that Weems was arraigned, that he issued a plea to the complaint upon his demurrer being overruled, and that he was "ordered to plead to the complaint."

The three points that the plaintiff actually argued are as follows:
 First, the Philippine court was in error when it overruled Weems' demurrer. This point is based on the plaintiff being described as a "disbursing officer of the Bureau of Coast Guard and Transportation of the Philippine Islands," a body politic which does not exist.
 Second, the record did not demonstrate that Weems was present when he was tried, or that he was actually in court at any time.
 Third, the Philippine court's sentence of 15 years in prison constituted cruel and unusual punishment, necessitating a reversal of the judgment.

Decision
Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court, joined by Chief Justice Fuller and Justices Harlan and Day. Justice Lurton, who had not been a member of the Court when the case had been argued, did not take part in the decision. Justice Moody was absent on account of sickness and Justice Brewer died before the opinion was delivered.

The Court determined that the plaintiff's first assignment of error was incorrect. The opinion cited acts of U.S. Congress and the Philippine Commission as indicating that their respective governments, while politically connected in important ways, were separate and distinct entities. The Court specifically cites the Philippine Criminal Code of Procedure, which, in part, requires that charges be, "in such form as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended," and that no trial, judgment, or other proceeding can, "be affected, by reason of a defect in matter of form which does not tend to prejudice a substantial right of the defendant upon the merits."

Addressing the second and third points of the plaintiff's argument simultaneously, the Court determined that the sentence of 15 years in prison was unconstitutionally cruel and unusual. In particular, the Court noted that the conditions of incarceration specifically included being chained from wrist to ankle and compelled to work at "hard and painful labor." Citing a line of cases related to 8th Amendment concerns, the Court demonstrated also that such a severe penalty for so relatively minor a crime was impermissible. In fact, the Court stated that even if the least severe form of punishment statutorily allowed for this crime had been ordered, this would have been "repugnant to the Bill of Rights." Stating that the fault was in the law itself, and seeing no other applicable law under which Weems could be sentenced, the Court ordered the judgment reversed, with directions to dismiss the charges entirely.

Dissent
Chief Justice White wrote a dissenting opinion, with which Justice Holmes concurred. The dissenters asserted that constitutional provisions should not be allowed to "progress" so as to include what they were not intended to include. Regarding the particular constitutional provision in question, the dissenters characterized the Court's opinion as follows: "the clause against cruel punishments, which was intended to prohibit inhumane and barbarous bodily punishments, is so construed as to limit the discretion of the lawmaking power in determining the mere severity with which punishments not of the prohibited character may be prescribed." Justices White and Holmes did not object to extending the Eighth Amendment so as to ban newly devised bodily punishments that are inhumane and barbarous; instead they contended that "the prohibition against the infliction of cruel bodily torture cannot be extended so as to limit legislative discretion in prescribing punishment for crime by modes and methods which are not embraced within the prohibition against cruel bodily punishment."

Citation regarding 'Enduring Constitutional Rights', including privacy
"Legislation, both statutory and constitutional, is enacted, it is true, from an experience of evils but its general language should not, therefore, be necessarily confined to the form that evil had theretofore taken. Time works changes, brings into existence new conditions and purposes. Therefore a principle to be vital must be capable of wider application than the mischief which gave it birth. This is peculiarly true of Constitutions. They are not ephemeral enactments, designed to meet passing occasions. They are, to use the words of Chief Justice Marshall, 'designed to approach immortality as nearly as human institutions can approach it.'" (Weems v. United States (1910) 217 U.S. 349, 373)

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 217

External links

Category:United States Supreme Court cases
Category:Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause case law
Category:1910 in United States case law
Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court


Catechism of a Revolutionary

The Catechism of a Revolutionary refers to a manifesto written by Russian revolutionary Sergey Nechayev between April and August 1869.

The Manifesto
The manifesto is a manual for the formation of secret societies.

It is debated how much input Mikhail Bakunin had or if it is solely the work of Nechayev. The work called for total devotion to a revolutionary lifestyle. Its publication in the Government Herald in July 1871 as the manifesto of the Narodnaya Rasprava secret society ("Общество народной расправы") was one of the most dramatic events of Nechayev's revolutionary life, through its words and the actions it inspired establishing Nechayev's importance for the Nihilist movement. The Catechism is divided into two sections; General Rules of the Organisation and Rules of Conduct of Revolutionaries, 22 and 26 paragraphs long respectively; abridged versions were published as excerpts in the anarchist periodicals Freiheit and The Alarm.

The most radical document of its age, the Catechism outlined the authors' revolutionary Jacobin program of organisation and discipline, a program that became the backbone of the radical movement in Russia. The revolutionary is portrayed in the Catechism as an amoral avenging angel, an expendable resource in the service of the revolution, committed to any crime or treachery necessary to effect the downfall of the prevailing order.

Criticism
Critics of anarchism argue that the Catechism reflects the innately violent and nihilistic nature of the philosophy. Scholar Michael Allen Gillespie has hailed the Catechism as "a pre-eminent expression of the doctrine of freedom and negation" that arose in the Fichtean notion of the "Absolute I" that had been concealed in Left Hegelianism. Prominent Black Panther of the 20th century Eldridge Cleaver adopted the Catechism as a "revolutionary bible", incorporating it into his daily life to the extent that he employed, in his words, "tactics of ruthlessness in my dealings with everyone with whom I came into contact". The ideas and sentiments in the work had been in part previously aired by Zaichnevsky and Nikolai Ishutin in Russia, and by Carbonari and Young Italy in the West.

The journal Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique published a letter from Bakunin to Nechayev, in which Bakunin wrote, "You remember how you were angry with me, when I called you abrek and called your Catechism the Catechism of abreks?"

See also
 Russian nihilist movement
 Anarchism and violence
 Professional revolutionaries
 Demons, an 1872 novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky influenced by the events surrounding the publication of the Catechism.

Footnotes

References

External links

 Nechayev, The Revolutionary Catechism

Category:1869 books
Category:Anarchist manifestos
Category:Nihilist works
Category:Russian non-fiction books
Category:Anarchism in Russia
Category:1869 documents


Kazue Kojima

was a Japanese freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1932 she was a member of the Japanese relay team that finished fifth in the 4×100 mm freestyle relay. In the 100 m freestyle competition she was eliminated in the first round. Four years later she finished sixth in the 400 m freestyle. In the 100 m freestyle competition she was eliminated in the semi-finals, and as part of the Japanese 4 × 100 m relay team she was eliminated in the first round.

References

Category:1916 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:Japanese female swimmers
Category:Female freestyle swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Japan
Category:Swimmers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Category:Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics


Thomas Worsley Staniforth

Thomas Worsley Staniforth (7 June 1845 – 25 March 1909) was a British hymn writer.

Life
Thomas was born in Sheffield, England to Thomas Staniforth, a Grinder and Cordelia Worsley. His family lived in the Wicker area of the city. Prior to becoming interested in music, Thomas worked as an Accounting clerk. By the time of the 1871 Census he had relocated to Brighton and is described as an Organist. Thomas primarily worked at St Paul's Church, Brighton as Organist and Choirmaster and later moved onto a position as music master at Highgate School in London.

On 27 February 1872 his hymn O Thou Our Souls was chosen to be performed at St. Paul's Cathedral during a thanksgiving service for the recover of then Prince of Wales Edward VII. Other notable hymns composed by Staniforth include Jerusalem my happy home and St Paul He was also a regular contributor to the Sheffield Telegraph for whom he wrote articles on church history and music.

Towards the end of the century he retired back to Sheffield. On 5 October 1898 he married Sarah Susannah Nicholson (Denton), a widower at the Wicker Parish church. He died on 25 March 1909 and was buried on 29 March 1909 at City Road Cemetery.

References

Category:1845 births
Category:1909 deaths
Category:People from Sheffield
Category:Church of England hymnwriters


Chintō

Chintō (鎮東) (In Shotokan, Gankaku (岩鶴)) is an advanced kata practiced in many styles of karate. According to legend, it is named after a stranded Chinese sailor (or pirate), sometimes referred to as Annan, whose ship crashed on the Okinawan coast. To survive, Chintō kept stealing from the crops of the local people. Matsumura Sōkon, a Karate master and chief bodyguard to the Ryūkyūan king, was sent to defeat Chintō. In the ensuing fight, however, Matsumura found himself equally matched by the stranger, and consequently sought to learn his techniques.

It is known that the kata Chintō was well known to the early Tomari-te and Shuri-te schools of karate. Matsumura Sōkon was an early practitioner of the Shuri-te style. When Gichin Funakoshi brought karate to Japan, he renamed Chintō (meaning approximately "fighter to the east") to Gankaku (meaning "crane on a rock"), possibly to avoid anti-Chinese sentiment of the time. He also included the use of high side kicks (yoko keri keage) instead of the original front kicks (mae- geri keage) and modified the actual pattern of movement, or embusen, to a more linear layout, similar to the other Shotokan kata. It is sometimes said that Chintō should be performed while facing eastwards due to its name, however, this could equally be a reference to its origins and the legend of Sōkon and Chintō.

The kata is very dynamic, employing a diverse number of stances (including the uncommon crane stance), unusual strikes of rapidly varying height, and a rare one-footed pivot. Today, Chintō is practiced in many karate styles like: Wado-ryū, Shūkōkai, Isshin-ryū, Isshin Kempo, Chitō-ryū, Shōrin-ryū, Shitō-ryū, Shotokan, Gensei-ryū, Matsubayashi-ryū, and Yōshūkai. Chinto is also practiced in Tang Soo Do and Soo Bahk Do where it’s known as Jin Do or Jin Tae.

References

Redmond, R. Kata: The Folk Dances of Shotokan, 2006 )

External links
Akari-ki Karate: Chinto
Isshin-ryu chinto kata page

Category:Karate kata


824th Bombardment Squadron

The 824th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 484th Bombardment Wing at Turner Air Force Base, Georgia, where it was inactivated on 25 March 1967.

The squadron was first activated during World War II as a Consolidated B-24 Liberator unit.  It served in combat in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations for operations over Germany and Austria.  Following V-E Day it operated with Air Transport Command in returning American troops to the United States.  The squadron was activated again in 1963 as a Strategic Air Command unit, and was one of the first Boeing B-52 Stratofortress units to participate in combat in the Vietnam War.

History

World War II

The 824th Bombardment Squadron was first activated at Harvard Army Air Field, Nebraska on 20 September 1943 as one of the four squadrons of the 484th Bombardment Group.  The squadron trained with Consolidated B-24 Liberators until March 1944, when it moved to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations.  Shortly before deploying, the squadron was redesignated as a Pathfinder unit, although it never performed pathfinder missions.

In April 1944, the squadron began flying combat missions from Torretto Airfield, Italy.  Until the end of the war, it acted primarily as a strategic bombing organization, attacking oil refineries and storage facilities, industrial facilities and lines of communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the Balkans.  On 13 June 1944, the unit's target was marshalling yards near Munich, Germany.  However, the Germans deployed a smoke screen that effectively hid the target, making the attack unfeasible.  Despite losses from flak and interceptor aircraft, the squadron proceeded to its secondary target at Innsbruck, Austria.  Its persistence in the face of opposition earned the unit a Distinguished Unit Citation.

Two months later, on 21 August 1944, the squadron received a second DUC for an attack on underground oil storage facilities near Vienna, Austria.  Without fighter escort, the squadron fought its way through intense opposition to strike the target.

The squadron was sometimes diverted from strategic targets.  It bombed bridges, viaducts, marshalling yards, and supply dumps to assist troops advancing on Rome between April and July 1944.  In September 1944, the unit transported petroleum products to troops participating in Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France.  At the end of the war it supported the final advances in northern Italy.

Following V-E Day, The unit was assigned to Air Transport Command,  It used its B-24s as transport aircraft, flying personnel from locations in France and Italy to Casablanca, French Morocco. It also engaged in transport operations from North Africa to the Azores or Dakar in French West Africauntil it was inactivated on 25 July 1945.

Strategic Air Command
In 1959 Strategic Air Command (SAC) established the 4138th Strategic Wing at Turner Air Force Base, Georgia as part of SAC's plan to disperse its Boeing B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers over a larger number of bases, thus making it more difficult for the Soviet Union to knock out the entire fleet with a surprise first strike.  In 1962, in order to perpetuate the lineage of inactive bombardment units with illustrious World War II records, SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its Major Command controlled strategic wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to replace them with Air Force controlled units, which could carry on their lineage and history.  In this reorganization, the 824th was activated on 1 February 1963 to replace the 336th Bombardment Squadron, which was simultaneously inactive and transferred its mission, personnel and B-52s to the 824th.

Half of the squadron's aircraft were maintained on fifteen-minute alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce their vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. The squadron trained for strategic bombardment operations to meet the operational commitments of SAC. On 13 January 1964, a squadron B-52D bomber was returning to Turner from Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts.  The plane was carrying two nuclear weapons.  Near Cumberland, Maryland, the aircraft encountered severe turbulence and failed structurally.  Only two crewmembers survived the crash.

In April 1966, the squadron became non-operational when its personnel and B-52Ds deployed to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, where they replaced B-52Fs that SAC had been deploying to Andersen for the Vietnam War since the previous year.  The squadron's planes had been modified under a program called Big Belly, which increased their bombload to 84 500lb bombs or 42 750lb bombs, from the 27 they could previously carry.  The squadron returned to Turner on 30 September 1966, and was awarded an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the actions of its personnel while deployed with the 3d Air Division at Anderson.

In December 1965, Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense, directed reductions of SAC’s bomber force. This program called for the retirement of all B-52Cs and several subsequent B-52 models.  As a result, the squadron's return to Turner was brief.  Turner was scheduled to close as a SAC base in the spring of 1967.  The squadron inactivated on 25 January 1967.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 824th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 14 September 1943
 Activated on 20 September 1943
 Redesignated 824th Bombardment Squadron (Pathfinder) on 14 February 1944
 Redesignated 824th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 11 November 1944
 Inactivated on 25 July 1945
 Activated on 15 November 1962 (not organized)
 Organized on 1 February 1963
 Inactivated on 25 January 1967

Assignments
 484th Bombardment Group, 20 September 1943 – 25 July 1945
 Strategic Air Command, 15 November 1962 (not organized)
 484th Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1963 – 25 January 1967

Stations
 Harvard Army Air Field, Nebraska, 20 September 1943 – 2 March 1944
 Torretto Airfield, Italy, April 1944
 Casablanca-Anfa Airport, French Morocco, c. 25 May – 25 July 1945
 Turner Air Force Base, Georgia, 1 February 1963 – 25 January 1967

Aircraft
 Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945
 Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, 1963–1967

Awards and campaigns

See also
 List of B-52 Units of the United States Air Force
 1964 Savage Mountain B-52 crash
 B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

External links

Category:Strategic Air Command units
Category:Bombardment squadrons of the United States Air Force
Category:Bombardment squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces
Category:Military units and formations established in 1943


Nayef bin Mamdouh bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

Nayef Bin Mamdouh Bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud (born 1971) is a member of the Saudi royal family, the House of Saud.

Biography
Nayef is the son of Mamdouh bin Abdulaziz, former governor of Tabuk Province. He received his bachelor's degree in Islamic Studies from King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah, and earned a master's degree in Islamic theology at the Islamic University of Madinah.

Nayef is known for his inventions, which include a rescue and relief helicopter with a massive firefighting unit, for which he received a grand prize at the International Federation for Inventors (IFIA), Geneva International Exhibition of Inventions.

Personal life
Prince Nayef is married and has five children:-
Prince Abdullah bin Nayef
Prince Abdul Rahman bin Nayef
Prince  Nawaf bin Nayef
Princess Faiza bint Nayef
Princess Sultana bint Nayef

References

External links
Nayef bin Mamdouh Official website

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:House of Saud
Category:Arab princes
Category:Governors of provinces in Saudi Arabia
Category:King Abdulaziz University alumni
Category:People from Riyadh
Category:Islamic University of Madinah alumni
Mamdouh, Nayef bin
Category:Saudi Arabian princes


School of Broadcasting & Communication

The School of Broadcasting & Communication (SBC) is a part of the 'Society for Arts & Mass Communication', a non-profit, non-governmental organization (NGO) registered under 'Registrar of Firms and Societies Act, 1973', of the government of the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in Mumbai.

The school is affiliated to Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Mass Communication, Asia's only journalism university, established at the behest of India's former Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi. The vice president of India is the 'Kuladhyaksha' of the University. The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh is the Chairman of the General Council, which is the supreme decision-making authority. The council includes a member of Lok Sabha, a member of Rajya Sabha, Chairman of the Press Council of India, ten members representing different states of the country-five of them appointed by the chief ministers and five representing five Indian languages.

References

External links
 School website

Category:Education in Mumbai
Category:Journalism schools in India
Category:Broadcasting schools


Frogmore, Ontario

Frogmore, Ontario is a small hamlet that is located northwest of Valley Heights Secondary School. Agriculture is the main industry and commerce is non-existent. There is a concrete products company and a church in the hamlet. It is one of the westernmost communities in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada.

Frogmore's earliest known inhabitants, from around the year 1000 until approximately 300–350 years later, were the Algonquin nation.  They were noted flint-workers and evidence of their skill in crafting arrowheads is still to be found in open worked field areas surrounding the village. The next wave of inhabitants were the Attawandaron nation, the Neutrals, who occupied the region from about 1350 until their absorption by the Iroquois in the year 1651. The last significant native nation to occupy the area was the Mississaugas.

In 2001, Haldimand-Norfolk was dissolved into two separate single-tier counties. Frogmore became part of the newly formed County of Norfolk.

Summary
This community has approximately 147 people; a sizeable population of them are German Mennonites and Mexican Mennonites. Named in 1886 after one of Queen Victoria's residences in Hampshire, England.

Six wind turbines with a generation capacity of approximately 9 MW of electricity have been placed in the vicinity, about 7 kilometres to the south near the shore of Lake Erie. Norfolk County regional council passed a resolution to be an "unwilling host" to future wind turbine development in May 2013. Frogmore is not seeing notable population growth as people may choose to move to the larger nearby communities of Simcoe, Delhi, and Tillsonburg.

The popular tourist destination of Port Burwell is just a 30 minutes' drive to the southwest of this community. Another historic community, Sparta, along with the St. Thomas Raceway Park lies 45 minutes to the southwest from Frogmore.

Climate
The winter of 1975 was the only unusually mild winter in the region from 1897 to 1977. From the late 1990s onwards, winters have become more mild due to Earth's changing climate. Frogmore traditionally belongs to the humid continental climate zone, even with the recent mild winters and warmer dry summers. As in all communities, towns and cities throughout the world, global warming due to human industrial activity has altered the climate of Frogmore over the decades.

References

Category:Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario


Kavilda stronghold

The Kavilda stronghold (, ) was a castle in Tartu County, Estonia, on the western slope of the Kavilda River. Nowadays the site is located in Mõisanurme village, Elva Parish.

According to Leonhard von Stryk, the castle was first built in 1354 by Bartholomäus von Tiesenhausen. Other sources say it was built in 1361 by Arnold von Vietinghoff, the Master of Livonian Order.

The castle was destroyed during the Livonian War somewhere between 1564 and 1582. It was probably knocked down before the invasion of the Poles. Thereinafter Kavilda existed only as a manor but not as a castle.

The castel was a castellum-alike building with a tower-shaped residential building. Nowadays only one and a half floors have remained, most of it under the ground.

References

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1354
Category:Castles in Estonia
Category:Buildings and structures in Tartu County
Category:Elva Parish


Artova

Artova is a town and a district of Tokat Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is located  southwest of Tokat. A railway line through Artova connects the town in the north with Samsun and in the southwest with Sivas.

The town's current mayor is Lütvü Yalçın ([AKP]).

References

Artova at YerelNet

Category:Populated places in Tokat Province
Category:Districts of Tokat Province