Charles Hampden-Turner

Charles Hampden-Turner (29 September 1934 in London, England) is a British  management philosopher, and Senior Research Associate at the Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge since 1990. He is the creator of Dilemma Theory and co-founder and Director of Research and Development at the Trompenaars-Hampden-Turner Group, in Amsterdam.

Biography
Hampden-Turner was born in London in 1934 and grew up in Cambridge, in a house on the site where Robinson College now stands. He was educated at Wellington College, a military public school attended by his father, and did his national service with the same regiment his father had served in, the Suffolk Regiment.

On finishing military service, Hampden-Turner attended Trinity College, Cambridge. He spoke often in the Cambridge Union Society and was elected Chairman of the Cambridge University Conservative Association.

Publications
Books/Monographs
 1970, Radical man. London: Duckworth.
 1974, From Poverty to Dignity: a strategy for poor Americans. Garden City: New York.
 1976, Sane Asylum: Inside the Delancey Street Foundation. San Francisco Book Company: San Francisco.
 1981, Maps of the Mind: Charts and concepts of the mind and its labyrinths. Macmillan Publishing Company: New York.
 1983, Gentlemen and tradesmen: the values of economic catastrophe. London: Routledge/Kegan Paul.
 1990, Charting the corporate mind: from dilemma to strategy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
 1990, L'enterprise face a ses valeurs: cartographier les tensions et developer la synergie. Paris: Les Editions d'Organisation.
 1993, with Fons Trompenaars, The seven cultures of capitalism: value, systems for creating wealth in the United States, Britain, Japan, Germany, France, Sweden, and the Netherlands. London: Piatkus.
 1994, Corporate culture: how to generate organisational strength and lasting commercial advantage. London: Piatkus.
 1997, with Fons Trompenaars, Mastering the infinite game: how East Asian values are transforming business practices. Oxford: Capstone.
 1997, with Fons Trompenaars, Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business. London: Nicholas Brealey.
 2000, with Fons Trompenaars, Building cross-cultural competence: how to create wealth from conflicting values. Chichester: Wiley.
 2001, with Fons Trompenaars, 21 leaders for the 21st century: how innovative leaders manage in the digital age. Oxford: Capstone.
 2004, with Fons Trompenaars, Managing people across cultures. Chichester: Capstone.
 2005, with B. Groen, The Titans of Saturn: leadership and performance lessons from the Cassini-Huygens mission. Singapore and London: Marshall Cavendish Business and Cyan Communications Ltd.
 2015, with (Fons Trompenaars/ Tom Cummings), Nine Visions of Capitalism, Oxford: Infinite Ideas Ltd.

Book Chapters
1992, "Foreword." In Common, R., Flynn, N. and Mellon, E. (eds.): Managing public services: competition and decentralization. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.vii-x.
1993, "Dilemmas of strategic learning loops." In Hendry, J. and Johnson, G., with Newton, J. (eds.): Strategic thinking: leadership and the management of change. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 327-346.
1994, "Foreword." In Huffington, C. and Brunning, H. (eds.): Internal consultancy in the public sector: case studies. London: Karnac Books, pp.xiii-xv.
1994, "Foreword." In McCaughan, N. and Palmer, B.: Systems thinking for harassed managers. London: Karnac Books, pp.xiii-xvii.
1996, "Strategic dilemmas occasioned by using alternative scenarios of the future." In Garratt, B. (ed.): Developing strategic thought: rediscovering the art of direction-giving. London: McGraw-Hill, pp. 99-138.
1996, "Mintzberg, Henry (1939-).", "Morgan, Gareth (1943-).", "Reich, Robert M. (1946-)." & "Schon, Donald (1930-)." In: Warner, M. (ed.): International encyclopedia of business and management. London: Routledge, 1st edition, pp. 3492-3495.
1996, "A world turned upside-down: doing business in Asia." In Joynt, P. and Warner, M. (eds.): Managing across cultures: issues and perspectives. London: International Thomson Business Press, 1st edition, pp. 275-305.
1996, "Designing the infinite game: the forty-fifth International Design Conference in Aspen." In Kao, J. (ed.): The new business of design. New York: Allworth, pp. 207-221.
1997, "Mintzberg, Henry (1939-)." In Sorge, A. and Warner, M. (eds.): The IEBM handbook of organizational behaviour. London: International Thomson Business Press, pp. 661-664.
 1997, "Masters of the infinite game." In Mulgan, G. (ed.): Life after politics. London: Harper Collins, pp. 361-368.
 1998, "Reich, Robert M. (1946-)."' "Mintzberg, Henry (1939-).", "Schon, Donald (1930-).", "Morgan, Gareth (1943-).", "Reich, Robert M. (1946-)." & "McGregor, Douglas (1906-64)." in: Warner, M. (ed.): The IEBM handbook of management thinking. London: International Thomson Business Press, pp. 466-469.
 2000, "Perspectives on management in the Americas." In Warner, M. (ed.): Regional encyclopedia of business and management: vol.1: Management in the Americas. London: Thomson Learning, pp. 94-108.
 2002, "A mirror-image world: doing business in Asia." In Warner, M. and Joynt, P. (eds.): Managing across cultures: issues and perspectives. London: Thomson Learning, 2nd edition, pp. 143-167.
 2003, "Culture and management in Singapore." In Warner, M. (ed.): Culture and management in Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 171-186.
 2012, Cross-cultural management textbook: Lessons from the world leading experts, Introduction by Edgar H. Schein with Fons Trompenaars, Meredith Belbin, Jerome Dumetz, Juliette Tournand, Peter Woolliams, Olga Saginova, Stephen M. R. Covey, Dean Foster, Craig Storti, Joerg Schmitz

External links
 Charles Hampden-Turner.at jbs.cam.ac.uk.
 Charles Hampden-Turner at Global Business Network.
 Charles Hampden-Turner at 7d-culture.nl.
 BBC world service about Trompenaars and Hampden Turner.

Category:1934 births
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Category:Academics of the London Business School
Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge
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Category:Living people


Crerar

Crerar is a Scottish surname. The original name is the Scots version of the Gaelic criathar.
The surname Crerar was first found in Inverness and the surrounding Scottish highlands, where the Crerar's held a family seat from ancient times.

People
 Duncan MacGregor Crerar (1836–1916), Scottish poet.
 Finlay Crerar, RAF officer
 Harry Crerar (1888–1965), Canadian World War II commander.
 John Crerar (1750–1840), Scottish gamekeeper and composer.
 John Crerar (1827–1899), American industrialist.
 Peter Crerar (1785–1856), Scots-Canadian civil engineer.
 Thomas Crerar (1876–1975), Canadian politician.

Places
 Crerar, Ontario, a neighborhood of Hamilton, Ontario named for the Canadian general Harry Crerar.
 John Crerar Library, a library operated by the University of Chicago named for the American industrialist John Crerar.

References

Category:English-language surnames
Category:Scottish surnames


Michael Opeyemi Bamidele

Michael Opeyemi Bamidele (born July 29, 1963) popularly known as MOB, is a Nigerian Lawyer, human right activist, politician and member of the 7th National Assembly, 8th National Assembly and 9th National Assembly consecutively representing Ekiti Central Senatorial District of Ekiti state at the Nigerian senate.

Early life
Bamidele was born on July 29, 1963, at Iyin Ekiti, a town in Ekiti State, southwestern Nigeria into the family of the late Sir Stephen Ogunjuyigbe Bamidele but spent his early life in Lagos State where he Baptist Academy secondary school before he proceeded to Obafemi Awolowo University where he obtained a bachelor's degree in Religious studies.
Bamidele later attended the University of Benin where he received a bachelor's degree in Law in 1990.Having graduated from the Nigerian Law School,he was Called to the Bar in 1992.
Bamidele proceeded to Franklin Pierce University where he received a master's degree in Law and was called to the New York Bar in January 1999. MOB is one of the defence counsel, led by Chief Godwin Olusegun Kolawole Ajayi to the Moshood Abiola on his treason felony trial.

Political life
In June 1992, he contested in the primary elections to the Federal House of Representatives representing Oshodi/Isolo Federal Constituency in Lagos State under the platform of Social Democratic Party but lost the election.
He served as Special Assistant on Legal Matters to Senator Bola Tinubu until November 1993 when Nigeria's democracy was truncated by the late Gen. Sanni Abacha, a former Nigerian head of state and military dictator.
In July 2000, he was appointed Senior Special Assistant to the Lagos State Governor on Political and Intergovernmental Relations.
He was later appointed as commissioner for Lagos State Ministry of Youth, Sports and Social Development in Bola Tinubu's led administration. On April 2011, he was elected as a member of the 7th National Assembly to represent Iyin Ekiti federal constituency. In March 2015, in his article entitled: “My hatred for Asiwaju Bola Tinubu”, criticized the released of The Lion of Bourdilion, a documentary film aired by Africa Independent Television on March 1, 2015 and the role played by the opposition party, in the release of the controversial film.

References

Category:1963 births
Category:Living people
Category:Nigerian politicians
Category:Baptist Academy alumni
Category:University of Benin (Nigeria) alumni
Category:Obafemi Awolowo University alumni
Category:Yoruba politicians
Category:People from Ekiti State
Category:Nigerian Law School alumni
Category:Nigerian lawyers
Category:Yoruba legal professionals


Georg Quistgaard

Georg Quistgaard (19 February 1915 - 20 or 21 May 1944) was one of 102 members of the Danish resistance to the German occupation of Denmark in World War II who were executed following a court-martial.

Biography
Georg Brockhoff Quistgaard was born on 19 February 1915 in Peder Skramsgade 11-3, Copenhagen to Cand.polit., secretary at Børsen Georg Brockhoff Quistgaard and wife Marie Bolette née Breyen, and was baptized on 3 May 1915 in the Church of Holmen. His father had died before his birth, on 18 December 1914 at Rigshospitalet at the age of 40.

In 1924 Quistgaard together with his mother and his older sister Bodil had moved to Sankt Mortensvej 6, Roskilde, the residence of his maternal grandmother Eleonora Isidora Wilhemine née Nielsen widow after brewer in Roskilde Marius Henrik Gustav Emil Breyen.

On Palm Sunday 1929 Quistgaard was confirmed in Roskilde Cathedral, still residing Sankt Mortensvej 6, Roskilde.

The following year he lived at the same address with his mother, his older sister Bodil and a housekeeper. The mother had not remarried and worked as a county treasurer.

As a youth, Quistgaard dropped out of high-school and travelled through Europe on foot and bicycle. In Paris, he met the two year younger Ellen Nielsen who was also from Copenhagen and they returned to Denmark.

On 24 September 1938 he and Ellen married in Copenhagen City Hall, while residing Dønnerupvej 1, Vanløse, he as an art dealer she as a secretary.

They opened a small shop of art works in Copenhagen, which went out of business in 1940.

In 1944 he and his wife had registered a phone as translators at the address Aabenraa 10, Copenhagen.

Resistance

During the occupation of Denmark, Quistgaard was connected to "Hjemmefronten" (the home front) og Special Operations Executive for whom he was a contact person and courier. He scouted for new airdrop sites, helped found the Hvidsten group as well as participating in their initial airdrop receptions.

Quistgaard and his wife provided support for Special Operations Executive (SOE) operatives organized by British Intelligence.

Additionally Quistgaard participated in the reception of allied airdropped weapons in the area of Gyldenløves Høj.

On several occasions Quistgaard demanded (in vain) that one SOE operative, an Englishman who had parachuted into Denmark, should be returned as inadequate. During a subsequent interrogation of this operative by the Gestapo, he identified Quistgaard as being with the Resistance.

On 13 January 1944 the Gestapo arrested Quistgaard in his home (Abenraa 10, Copenhagen) after an exchange of fire; they incarcerated him in Vestre Fængsel. His wife was not at home and managed to escape to Sweden, a fact which the resistance later communicated to Quistgaard.

The January 1944 issue of De frie Danske describes a drawn out firefight around 3 pm in the Copenhagen street Aabenraa between the Gestapo and Danish patriots. The newspaper learned that five people were arrested in a building there, after they ran out of ammunition.

On 28 January 1944 the Gestapo arrested Quistgaard's mother. The interrogation by the Gestapo took place at their headquarters in Dagmarhus. Quistgaard's prison diary and letters to his wife and mother suggest that he did not feel he was subjected to torture, but rather that there was some element of mutual respect between him and his interrogators. Quistgaard's initial interrogation included sleep deprivation, including one 28-hour interrogation, and thinly veiled threats of being beaten with a rubber baton.

This changed one day when his interrogator proclaimed: "It is up to you alone how long this woman has to remain here", after which the woman was revealed to be his mother. His mother was released after about two weeks of imprisonment.

On 2 March 1944 Quistgaard was moved with eight others to Schwerin.

On 25 April 1944 he was transferred back to Vestre Fængsel.

On 12 May 1944 Quistgaard was put on trial as one of twelve members of the resistance in front of three judges from the SS. As witnesses, the prosecution presented two SOE operatives, known as Jacob Jensen and Bent. The former incriminated eight of the twelve to the point where they admitted to the charges. Quistgaard along with two other men and Monica Wichfeld were condemned to death with the execution pending any new acts of sabotage. Two days later the four death sentences were published in the Danish newspapers.

On the evening of 20 May 1944 Quistgaard wrote what was to be his last letter, to his mother. It was smuggled out the following day by Jørgen Kieler.

On 20 or 21 May 1944 Quistgaard and the two other men condemned at the trial were executed. Monica Wichfeld had her sentence commuted to life imprisonment but died in German captivity before the end of the war. The news of the execution was published by the papers on 23 May.

After his death
On 14 June 1945 an inquest in the Department of Forensic Medicine of the university of Copenhagen showed that Quistgaard was executed with gunshot wounds to the chest.

On 26 June a memorial service was held for Quistgaard in Grundtvig's Church and on 29 August he and 105 other victims of the occupation were given a state funeral in the memorial park founded at the execution site in Ryvangen. Bishop Hans Fuglsang-Damgaard led the service with participation from the royal family, the government and representatives of the resistance movement.

In 1946 his prison diary and letters were published, prefaced by Elias Bredsdorff. The royalties from the book were donated to Frihedsfonden.

Legacy and honors
 Together with Erik Briand Clausen and two other resistance members who fell victim to the German occupation Quistgaard is commemorated with a memorial stone on Gyldenløves Høj.

Bibliography

References

External links

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Category:1944 deaths
Category:People from Copenhagen
Category:Danish people of World War II
Category:Danish resistance members
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Category:People condemned by Nazi courts
Category:Danish people executed by Nazi Germany
Category:Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany


Mary Dempster

Mary Dempster (born 12 February 1955) is a Canadian volleyball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1955 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian women's volleyball players
Category:Olympic volleyball players of Canada
Category:Volleyball players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Winnipeg


Mitrella africana

Mitrella africana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.

Description

Distribution

References

External links

Category:Columbellidae
Category:Gastropods described in 2005


Daniel McCallum

Daniel Craig McCallum (21 January 1815 – 27 December 1878) was a Scottish-born American railroad engineer, general manager of the New York and Erie Railroad and Union Brevet Major General during the American Civil War, known as one of the early pioneers of management. He set down a set of general principles of management, and is credited for having developed the first modern organizational chart.

Early life and education
McCallum was born in Johnstone in the council area of Renfrewshire in the west central Lowlands of Scotland in 1815. In 1822, while he was still a boy, his family emigrated to Rochester, New York. He did attend elementary school, but did not want to follow his father's footsteps and become a tailor. Instead McCallum left school to become a carpenter and worked his way up.

New York engineer
In the early 1840s, McCallum worked as a civil engineer in Rochester, designing buildings including Saint Joseph's Church. Soon he started building and maintaining railway bridges as subcontractor for the New York and Erie Railroad. By the late 1840s, the New York and Erie Railroad placed McCallum in charge of its bridges, and he started experimenting with new construction methods. He developed and in 1851 patented a new type of bridge, named the "McCallum Inflexible Arched Truss Bridge", which could withstand heavier loads and required less maintenance than previous designs. One such at Lanesboro, Pennsylvania over the Susquehanna River, drew national attention for its durable construction.

In the early 1850s, the New York and Erie Railroad promoted McCallum to superintendent of the Susquehanna Division, one of the railroad's five operating divisions. About two years later (1854/54) he received another promotion, becoming the railroad's General Superintendent and succeeeding Charles Minot during Homer Ramsdell's presidency. In this position McCallum supervised the entire railroad, as well as restructured it to make it more efficient and safe. New management and communication methods used the telegraph. McCallum also described these new management principles, and introduced the first modern organizational chart. On 25 February 1857

In 1858, McCallum resigned from the Erie Railroad and founded the McCallum Bridge Company.

U.S. Military Railroad Superintendent
On February 11, 1862, weeks after President Abraham Lincoln signed the Railways and Telegraph Act of January 31, 1862 (which authorized the President to seize and operate any railroad or telegraph company's equipment for use during the American Civil War), the new Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton appointed McCallum as Military Director and Superintendent of the United States Military Railroad with the staff rank of colonel. The USMRR's primary mission was to repair and operate captured Southern lines to support the Union army. The previous Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, had called on the Pennsylvania Railroad's Vice President Thomas A. Scott to coordinate railroads and Scott had been promoted to Assistant Secretary of War. However, President Lincoln replaced Cameron in January after newspapers reported he unduly favored the North Central Railroad in which he was a stockholder, at the expense of rival railroads including the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, including allowing removed B&O track and telegraph wire to be shipped to repair damaged Virginia lines. On April 22, 1862, Stanton summoned West Point graduate Herman Haupt, who had become a leading railway engineer after resigning his U.S. Army commission and who had applied for Scott's job, to evaluate the engineering required to rebuild the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac line in Virginia. On May 28 Haupt was also appointed a colonel, but he twice refused military rank (including a promotion to brigadier general on September 5, 1862), instead becoming the civilian Chief of Construction and Transportation in the Department of the Rappahannock. Although Haupt would have difficulties dealing with some military men, he worked well with McCallum.

McCallum remained in Washington during the war to oversee the "big picture" of USMRR operations, and especially coordinate deliveries of locomotives and other equipment with manufacturers. He received a brevet promotion to brigadier-general of volunteers for faithful and meritorious services on September 24, 1864, and his authority was extended to the Western Theater and to support Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. He received another promotion to major general in 1865. In July 1866 McCallum was mustered out of the service, and published a report on the military railroads during the war.

MacCallum also wrote a set of poems. The most famous was called 'Lights on the Bridge', which he wrote shortly before his death, memorializing his friend, Sam Campbell, a railroad engineer killed in 1842. McCallum himself died in Brooklyn, New York, on December 27, 1878.

Work

Architecture, 1830s-40s

McCallum was an architect in Rochester from 1840, and for a few subsequent years. He was an accomplished architect and held a high position in his profession. Among the prominent buildings erected by him are the House of Refuge, St. Josephs Church, St. Marys Hospital, and the Odd-Fellows' Hall building. He did much to improve the general architecture of the city. His drawings and studies were carefully made, and his plans well-adapted to location.

The St. Josephs Church was originally built 1843-1846 in the simple monumental tradition of the Greek Revival, with a gray stone facade of series of arched bays on the exterior facade. The simple church was enlarged 1849 into cruciform plan that sat a thousand. The interior was remodeled in 1895. The first steeple added in 1859 and replaced with a tower in 1909, designed by Joseph Oberlies. Nowadays only the preserved facade of St. Joseph's Church has remained.

McCallum's Patent Timber Bridge, 1840s-60s
Late 1840s McCallum developed a specific truss bridge construction for the railroad bridges, called McCallum inflexible arched truss. It was constructed principally of pine timber, with less than the ordinary portion of iron rods, blots and casings. An editorial notice from Appletons' Mechanics' Magazine, edited by Julius W. Adams commented on McCullam's Patent Timber Bridge, built in 1851 over the Susquehanna River, near Lanesboro', Pennsylvania, for the New York and Erie railroad.

We have no hesitation in affirming, that of all the timber bridges patented in this country, there are none, in point of strength, economy (in which we include ultimate durability), facility of repair, and uniformity of action, to be preferred before this plan of bridge lately patented by Mr. D. C. McCallum, of Oswego, engineer or ways and structures on the New York and Erie railroad.The bridge shown in elevation (see image) has been built lately for the New York and Erie railroad, at Lanesboro', over the Susquehanna river, in the place of one built by ourselves, several years since, under the orders, and according to the plan of the chief engineer of that road, but which proved unequal to the duty imposed upon it; and its removal became a matter of necessity.We objected to the plan of the original bridge, built in that locality, as we have ever done to any plan of bridge in which the attempt was made to unite the independent systems of arch and truss, and make toe stability of the bridge dependent upon their uniformity of action. In this plan of Mr. McCallum, the two principles are not independent as heretofore; but the action of the arch in the upper chord is made an integral part of the truss itself; and instead of two systems acting unequally, and to the ultimate injury of the structure, we have the best features of both united in a manner which admits of entire uniformity of action.In the construction of bridges for railroad purposes, two prominent difficulties have long been discovered, viz., a lack of sustaining principle towards the ends of the trusses and near the abutments, and an entire absence in many cases of a proper counteracting principle to prevent vertical vibration by a moving load. See Haupt on Bridges, to which admirable work the reader is particularly referred for a full description of the proper office of a counter-brace...

These inflexible arched truss were used in wooden railroad bridges across the US and Canada in the 19th century.  After his work at the New York and Erie Railroad, in 1858 McCallum founded the McCallum Bridge Company in Cincinnati. The company specialized in railroad bridges, which they build in the Western and Southern States. Some of the Howe truss men were so impressed by McCallum's business success (if not by his arguments) that they began arching their top chords, and a notable example of this practice was the Rock Island Bridge over the Mississippi River. The advent of steel bridges in the 1860s effectively made obsolete his unique design.

Large-scale management problems at New York & Erie Railroad, 1850s

McCallum had started at the New York & Erie Railroad as subcontractor to build and maintain bridges, was appointed superintendent of one region and eventually made it General superintendent in 1855, controlling over 5000 employees. In this position McCallum came in contact with the large-scale management problems, which other great railroad companies such as the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad also faced. One of the main problems of these largests railroad companies was the rising of costs of moving freight in compare to smaller companies. McCallum postulated that this was caused by inefficient internal organization. In his 1856 report to the stockholders of the New York & Erie Railroad he explained:

A superintendent of a road fifty miles in length can give its business his professional attention and may be constantly on the line engaged in the direction of its details; each person is personally known to him, and all questions in relation to its business are at once presented and acted upon; and any system however imperfect may under such circumstances prove comparatively successful.    In the government of a five hundred miles in length a very different state exists. Any system which might be applicable to the business and extent of a short road would be found entirely inadequate to the wants of a long one. and I am fully convinced that in the want of system perfect in its details, properly adapted and vigilantly enforced, lies the true secret of their [the large roads’] failure; and that this disparity of cost per mile in operating long and short roads, is not produced by a difference in length, but is in proportion to the perfection of the system adopted.

New methods had to be invented for mobilizing, controlling, and apportioning capital, for operating a widely dispersed system, and for supervising thousands of specialized workmen spread over hundreds of miles. The railroads solved all these problems and became the model for all large businesses. The main innovators were three engineers, Benjamin H. Latrobe of the Baltimore and Ohio, McCallum of the Erie, and John Edgar Thomson of the Pennsylvania. They devised the functional departments and first defined the lines of authority, responsibility, and communication with the concomitant separation of line and staff duties which have remained the principles of the modern American corporation.

Illustrative organization chart, 1855

As general superintendent McCallum in 1855 designed an illustrative organization chart of the New York and Erie Railway, which is considered to be the first modern organization chart, which was compiled and draw by the civil engineer George Holt Henshaw. On the chart is written, that the diagram represents a plan of organization, and exhibits the division of administrative duties and shows the number and class of employees engaged in each department, and is dated September 1855.

The chart explains that the diagram is compiled from the latest monthly report and indicates about the average number of employees of each class engaged in the Operating Department of the railroad company. It shows the powers and duties of each individual and to whom they are subject to report. It further describes:

By inspection it will be seen that the Board of Directors as the fountain of power, concentrates their authority in the President as the executive Officer, who in that capacity directly controls those officers who are shown on the Diagram at the termini of the lines diverging from him, and these in their turn, though all the various ramifications down to the lowest employee control those who terminate the lines from them.All orders from the Superior officers are communicated in the above order, from superior to subordinate to the point of desired; thereby securing despatch in their execution and maintaining proper discipline without weakening the authority of the immediate superior of the subordinate controlled by the order thus transmitted. Each individual therefore holds himself responsible only to his immediate superior..."

Furthermore, a table is added showing the number of offices and employees classed. First were listed the employees in the five divisions of the New York &  Erie Railroad divided in workers at the station, on trains, on repairs of trucks, and on repairs of bridges and buildings.

The chart was thought lost for years, and only located at the Library of Congress after many years of research after Alfred Chandler had suggested its existence. It was found by Charles D. Wrege (1924-2014) and Guidon Sorbo Jr. (1927-2008) in 2005. They suggested that the visualization of the organizational tree probably was inspired by the shape of a local flower Salix caprea (goat willow, also known as the pussy willow, or great sallow).

 Principles of management, 1856
As General Superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad, McCallum developed new ideas about a modern system of management. In his 1856 report he formulated the following requirements: A system of operations to be efficient and successful should be such as to give to the principal and responsible head of the running department a complete daily history of details in all their minutiae. Without such supervision the procurement of a satisfactory annual statement must be regarded as extremely problematical. The fact that dividends are made without such control does not disprove the position, as in many cases the extraordinarily remunerative nature of an enterprise may insure satisfactory returns under the most loose and inefficient management.McCallum presented the following general principles for the formation of such an efficient system of operations, reprinted in Vose (1857) First. A proper division of responsibilities.Second. Sufficient power conferred to enable the same to be fully carried out, that such responsibilities may be real in their character.Third. The means of knowing whether such responsibilities are faithfully executed.Fourth. Great promptness in the report of all derelictions of duty, that evils may at once be corrected.Fifth. Such information to be obtained through a system of daily reports and checks that will not embarrass principal officers nor lessen their influence with their subordinates.Sixth. The adoption of a system, as a whole, which will not only enable the general superintendent to detect errors immediately, but will also point out the delinquent.About the core principle of management, he summarized: All that is required to render tho efforts of railroad companies in every respect equal to that of individuals, is a rigid system of personal accountability through every grade of service.
Vose (1857, p. 416) added, that all subordinates should be accountable to, and directed by, their immediate superiors only. Each officer must have authority, with the approval of the general superintendent, to appoint all persons for whose acts he is held responsible, and to dismiss any subordinate when in his judgment the interests of the company demand it.

 American Civil War, 1862-65

In the American Civil War 11 February 1862, McCallum got appointed Military Director and Superintendent of the Union railroads, with the staff rank of colonel, by Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War. McCallum had authority to "enter upon, take possession of, hold and use all railroads, engines, cars, locomotives, and equipment that may be required for the transport of troops, arms, ammunition, and military supplies of the United States, and to do and perform all acts... that may be necessary and proper... for the safe and speedy transport aforesaid," he wrote in his 1866 report. McCallum's view was that his organization "was a great construction and transportation machine, for carrying out the objects of the commanding generals." As superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad McCallum had developed a reputation as an autocratic leader, running his railroad with "strict precision and stern discipline." But to his credit, he combined his engineering and administrative talents with his pleasant personality to make a success of his tenure.

As McCallum's assistant was appointed Herman Haupt, who also  was called to service in early 1862. The two worked practically independent from each other. While McCallum was the administrative head of the U.S. Military Railroads, Herman Haupt was in charge of the operations of the railroad in the field. At the time that McCallum assumed his duties, the seven-mile road from Washington to Alexandria, Virginia, was the only railroad in federal government control. By May 1862 the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, which ran from Alexandria southwest toward Orange, Virginia, was an important supply line, as was the Manassas Gap Railroad, which covered the territory between Manassas Junction and Front Royal and Strasburg. By the end of the war, the U.S. Military Railroads had, at different times during the war, used parts of 17 railroads as military lines in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania and 23 in Tennessee, Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, and North Carolina. In addition, the small Construction Corps grew from about 300 men in 1863 to nearly 10,000 men by the end of the war.

During his stint as superintendent of the U.S. Military Railroads, McCallum fulfilled the function of liaison officer between the government and the many railroads on the one hand, and manufacturers of railroad equipment on the other. His greatest success was supporting the western operations from Nashville and Chattanooga under Gen. William T. Sherman in summer of 1864, by successfully supplying General Sherman's army of 100,000 men and 60,000 animals." "The successful supply of Sherman's army in its campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta was the most outstanding achievement of the military railroads," later reported Thomas Weber in The Northern Railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865.

In 1865 McCallum participated in the organization of the Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln. Following his death by assassination, the body of Abraham Lincoln was brought from Washington, D.C. to its final resting place in Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois, by funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries. The Department of War designated the route and declared railroads over which the remains passed as military roads under the control of McCallum as director and superintendent of United States Military Railroads. No person was allowed to be transported on the cars except those authorized by the War Department, and the train never moved at speeds of more than  an hour to avoid any accidents.

To McCallum was due much of the efficiency of the railroad service during the civil war. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers "for faithful and meritorious services," 24 Sept. 1864, and Major General, 13 March 1865. On 31 July 1866, he was mustered out of the service. In the same year he published a report on the military railroads during the war, written with James Barnet Fry.

 Reception

 American timber bridges
The 1863 article entitled "American Timber Bridges" by the Institution of Civil Engineers described that:Timber-bridge building has become an especial branch of Engineering in the United States, and there are several firms who devote their whole time to this subject. The large number of bridges required for 30,000 miles of railway has necessarily given great field for experience, and many designs having been tried, the plan of bridge now the most general, becomes of course the more valuable. Of the firms alluded to, one of the most eminent is that of Mr. D. C. McCallum, an Engineer of high standing, who was for several years the manager of the New York and Erie Railway, a length of 460 miles, exclusive of branches. The Inflexible Arched Truss being now probably in more general use than any other bridge... The first mention [in Great Britain] of this bridge, and of Mr. McCallum's admirable system of working trains by the electric telegraph, will be found in Captain Galton's Report on the Railways of the United States.
The National Cyclopedia of American Biography (1897) confirmed, that the inflexible arched truss introduced by McCallum has probably  been in more general use in the United States than any other system of timber bridges. A 2012 Historic American Engineering Record confirms that:According to Raymond Wilson's article "Twenty Different Ways to Build a Covered Bridge," Technology Review May 1971, an estimated 150 McCallum truss bridges once existed. In 1858, there were 55 McCallum truss spans on the New York & Erie Railroad and an advertisement for "McCallum's Inflexible Arch Truss" in Poor's 1860 "History of the Railroad and Canals of the United States", lists 20 railroad lines using this type of truss.Poor's 1860 "History of the Railroad and Canals of the United States" is published in: Railway Locomotives and Cars, Volume 33. (1860), for example see p. 346
This success didn't last much longer. McCallum continued to construct bridges during the Civil War, but the type of bridge fell out of favor. It was obsolete by 1870, because it was difficult to frame and metal constructions had taken over.

Nowadays the only remaining example in the world of the McCallum truss is the Percy Covered Bridge (1861), ironically an automobile and footbridge. It crosses the Chateauguay River at Powerscourt, Québec, between the municipalities of Elgin and Hinchinbrooke.

 Management principles
Chandler (1977) stipulated that:McCallum's principles and procedures of management, like his organization chart, were new in American business. No earlier American businessman had ever had the need to develop ways to use internally generated data as instruments of management. None had shown a comparable concern for the theory and principles of organization. The writings of James Montgomery [a British textile manager with American experience] and the orders of plantation owners to their overseers talked about the control and discipline of workers, not the control, discipline, and evaluation of other managers. Nor does Sidney Pollard in his "Genesis of Modern Management" note any discussion about the nature of major principles of organization occurring in Great Britain before the 1830s, the data at which he stops his analysis.McCallum's work drew national and international attention. Chandler (1977) recalled that Poor had McCallum's organization chart lithographed and offered copies for sale at $I a piece. Douglas Galton, one of Britain's leading railroad experts, described McCallum's work in a parliamentary report printed in 1857. So too did the New York State Railroad Commissioners in their annual reports. Even the Atlantic Monthly carried an article in 1858 praising McCallum's ideas on railroad management.McCallum's ideas were further developed by others, such as Chandler (1956) explained: "expert railroad engineers as George Vose and John B. Jervis wrote much on the principles of systematic management which McCallum had first articulated and Poor had expanded upon."

 Selected publications
 1856. "Report of the Superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad to the Stockholders, for the Year Ending September 30" in: Annual Report. New York and Erie Railroad Company, 1856. p. 33-97
 1857. "Report of D. C. McCallum to the stockholders of the New York and Erie Railroad, March 25"  in: Annual Report. New York and Erie Railroad Company, 1857. (Extract online)
 1859. McCallum's inflexible arched truss bridge explained and illustrated 1861. Military railroads, 1861-1867: general orders, instructions and reports. United States. War Dept.
 1862. Soldiers' marching song: "Our country and our home." Air--"John Brown". 4 pages.
 1866. Reports of Bvt. Brig. Gen. D. C. McCallum: director and general manager of the military railroads of the United States, and [of James B. Fry] the provost marshall general. With James Barnet Fry. United States. Military Railroad Dept.
 1870. The Water Mill and Other Poems. Brooklyn, N.Y.

 Further reading
 Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1956). "Henry Varnum Poor: philosopher of management, 1812-1905." in: Men in Business. William Miller (eds.) Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1956. Chapter III and IV
 Hopper, Ken, and Will Hopper (2007). "Dan McCallum Creates the Multidivisional Corporation" in: The Puritan Gift: triumph, collapse and revival of an American dream''. IB Tauris Publishers, 2007. p. 66-73

References

Attribution
 This article incorporates public domain material from  ; and other public domain material from books and websites.

External links

 Laying Down the Principles: Management at library.hbs.edu

Category:1815 births
Category:1878 deaths
Category:American civil engineers
Category:19th-century American railroad executives
Category:American business theorists
Category:Scottish business theorists
Category:Scottish engineers
Category:People from Johnstone
Category:Union Army colonels


Thomas Durkin (rugby league)

Thomas Durkin (18 April 1895 – March 1958) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1910s and 1920s. He played at club level St. Helens (Heritage № 227) and Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 279), as a forward (prior to the specialist positions of; ), during the era of contested scrums.

Background
Thomas Durkin worked as a labourer at Pilkington's plate glassworks, and he died aged 62 in St. Helens, Lancashire, England.

Playing career

Challenge Cup Final appearances
Thomas Durkin played as a forward, i.e. number 12, in St. Helens' 3-37 defeat by Huddersfield in the 1915 Challenge Cup Final during the 1914–15 season at Watersheddings, Oldham on Saturday 1 May 1915, in front of a crowd of 8,000.

Notable tour matches
Thomas Durkin played as a forward, i.e. number 11, in Wakefield Trinity's 3-29 defeat by Australia in the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain match during the 1921–22 season at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 22 October 1921.

Club career
Thomas Durkin made his dêbut for St. Helens in the 17-0 victory over Swinton at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 25 January 1913, he played his last match for St. Helens in the 15-8 victory over Leigh at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Friday 22 April 1921, he was transferred from St. Helens to Wakefield Trinity prior to the 1921–22 season, he made his dêbut for Wakefield Trinity during October 1921, and he played his last match for Wakefield Trinity during the 1922–23 season.

References

External links
Search for "Durkin" at rugbyleagueproject.org

Category:1895 births
Category:1958 deaths
Category:English rugby league players
Category:Rugby league forwards
Category:Sportspeople from St Helens, Merseyside
Category:St Helens R.F.C. players
Category:Wakefield Trinity players


Telephone numbers in Egypt

Land lines

Mobile phone numbers
There are currently four mobile network operators in Egypt: Orange, Vodafone, Etisalat, and We (by Telecom Egypt).

List of other codes

Egypt
Category:Telecommunications in Egypt
Category:Egypt communications-related lists


Holland (album)

Holland is the 19th studio album by the American rock group the Beach Boys, released on January 8, 1973. Self-produced by the band, the album peaked at number 36 in the US and number 20 in the UK. The album is the second of two studio recordings to feature Blondie Chaplin and Ricky Fataar, who joined the band the previous year to record Carl and the Passions – "So Tough". It is also the third and final studio album created under the management of Jack Rieley.

Recording
Former Beach Boy Bruce Johnston suggested that the group record their new album in France, "but somehow it ended up being recorded in Holland. I had to secretly come down and do vocals. ... even though I was out of the band, I still sang on albums." To record the album, the band members and their families moved to Baambrugge, in the Netherlands,  Vocalist and guitarist Al Jardine later commented: "It was rough being in Holland. We were working 24/7 in a small homemade rebuilt piecemeal little studio in a garage next to a cow pasture. Yeah, it was rough. We didn’t even have the correct electricity [...] so that kind of affected the sound of our equipment. It was a mixed blessing."

The cover of the album depicts (upside down) a tugboat in the Kromme Waal, a canal in central Amsterdam.

Mount Vernon and Fairway (A Fairy Tale)

Mount Vernon and Fairway (A Fairy Tale) is a 12-minute musical fairy tale that was included as an EP with Holland. It was primarily composed by Brian Wilson and narrated by manager Jack Rieley, with Wilson providing the voice of the Pied Piper. (An instrumental version of Mount Vernon and Fairway without narration appears on the 1993 boxed set Good Vibrations: Thirty Years of The Beach Boys.)

Wilson has said that he listened to Randy Newman's 1972 album Sail Away "over and over" while physically writing down the lyrics that became the Mount Vernon and Fairway suite.

Reception

It was voted number 648 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).
Writing in Rolling Stone, critic Jim Miller called Holland a 'special album' and said: "Like the finest Beach Boys' work, Holland makes me consistently smile, as much at its occasionally unnerving simplicity of viewpoint as at its frequently ornate perfection. Although the Beach Boys may be an acquired taste, once the listener has granted them their stylistic predilections, their best records become irresistible." Critic Robert Christgau praised the sound quality of Holland, but believed that the album had strayed too far from what the Beach Boys did best. He said: "I suppose that in time their tongue-tied travelogue of Big Sur may seem no more escapist than 'Fun Fun Fun', but who'll ever believe it's equally simple, direct, or innocent?"

In later years, Elvis Costello ranked the album as one of his favorite records of all time. Camper Van Beethoven have said that when recording their album La Costa Perdida, Holland was an enormous inspiration to them. Tom Petty was also a fan of Holland and penned liner notes for the 2000 CD reissue, in which he described the album as 'beautiful' and said of Carl Wilson's track "The Trader": 'Carl's vocal on The Trader is, well, something of a miracle. The Trader may be the best piece of work ever by a man who did many, many great vocals. The song is the centerpiece to Holland and all these years later still leaves me with my mouth hung open when I hear it."

In his 2016 autobiography, Brian Wilson said of Holland: 'There are some great songs on that record. 'Steamboat' kicks ass. I really like 'Only with You' and 'Funky Pretty', too. It's a damned good album no matter where or how we made it'.

Accolades

(*) denotes an unordered list

Track listing

All narration by Jack Rieley, except "Magic Transistor Radio", narrated by Brian Wilson.

Personnel

Partial credits from Beach Boys archivist Craig Slowinski.

The Beach Boys
 Blondie Chaplin – vocals, bass guitar, guitar
 Ricky Fataar – vocals, drums except "Funky Pretty,” slide guitar on "Big Sur," synthesizer on "Leaving This Town," percussion on "Funky Pretty”
 Al Jardine – vocals, guitar, banjo
 Mike Love – vocals
 Brian Wilson – vocals on “California Saga: California” and "Funky Pretty"; drums, synthesizer, and piano on "Funky Pretty"
 Carl Wilson – vocals, guitar, piano, electric piano, Moog bass on "California Saga: California" and "The Trader"
 Dennis Wilson – vocals, piano
Additional musicians
 Daryl Dragon – Moog bass except "California Saga: California" and "The Trader"
 Bruce Johnston – backing vocals on “California Saga: California”
 Tony Martin, Jr. - steel guitar on "Sail On, Sailor" and "Steamboat"
 Charles Lloyd – flute on "California Saga"
 Marilyn Wilson, Diane Rovell — backing vocals on "Steamboat"

Charts
Albums

UK Singles

US Singles

Chart information courtesy of Allmusic and other music databases.

References

Category:The Beach Boys albums
Category:1973 albums
Category:Capitol Records albums
Category:Reprise Records albums
Category:Brother Records albums
Category:Albums produced by the Beach Boys


Untouchables (law enforcement)

The Untouchables were special agents of the U.S. Bureau of Prohibition led by Eliot Ness, who, from 1930 to 1932, worked to end Al Capone's illegal activities by aggressively enforcing Prohibition laws against his organization. Legendary for being fearless and incorruptible, they earned the nickname "The Untouchables" after several agents refused large bribes from members of the Chicago Outfit.

Due to its significant success and enduring legacy, the unit has subsequently had a lasting impact on the techniques and methods of modern organized crime law enforcement units.

Mission
Shortly after taking office in 1929, Herbert Hoover, the 31st President of the United States, gave Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon and Attorney General William D. Mitchell a plan for attacking large bootlegging gangs with small teams of Prohibition agents working under special United States attorneys. Neither Mellon nor Mitchell moved to implement Hoover's plan until attorney Frank J. Loesch of the Chicago Crime Commission approached the president in March 1930, asking his help in bringing down Al Capone. Hoover, facing the political fallout of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, instructed his administration to make the Capone case a priority.

At that time, Capone was already under investigation by agents from the Treasury's Bureau of Internal Revenue. In 1929, an investigation led by U.S. attorney George E. Q. Johnson into a Chicago Heights bootlegging gang allied with the Capone mob had uncovered financial records suggesting members of the Chicago Outfit could be found guilty of evading federal income tax. Agents of the Treasury Department's Intelligence Unit, serving under Elmer Irey, used this evidence to convict Capone's brother Ralph of tax fraud in April 1930, but they lacked sufficient evidence to charge Capone when Loesch met with Hoover. In June 1930, Special Agent Frank J. Wilson was placed in charge of this investigation.

In late 1930, Attorney General Mitchell, impatient with Johnson's lack of progress on the Capone case, decided to implement President Hoover's idea for sending a small squad of Prohibition agents to break up the Capone gang. Johnson selected twenty-seven-year-old Eliot Ness, a special agent with the Prohibition Bureau who had played key roles on the Chicago Heights case and an investigation into Ralph Capone's bootlegging operations, to head this elite squad.

Ness was ordered to lead raids against the Outfit's illegal breweries and distilleries, depriving Capone of the income he needed to pay the corrupting graft that was his greatest protection against prosecution, while also gathering evidence that could be used to prosecute Capone and his associates for conspiracy to violate the Volstead Act. Ness selected several agents, most from outside Chicago, whom he believed to be trustworthy, before beginning an extensive wire-tapping operation to gather information for the raids.

The squad located several Capone breweries and stills in and around Chicago and began raiding them in March 1931. Within six months, Ness's agents had destroyed bootlegging operations worth an estimated $500,000 and representing an additional $2 million in lost income for Capone. Their efforts reportedly inflicted significant financial harm on Capone and his organization while Frank Wilson and the Intelligence Unit worked to build their tax evasion case.

Failed attempts by members of the Capone mob to bribe or intimidate Ness and his agents inspired Charles Schwarz of the Chicago Daily News to begin calling them "untouchables," a term Schwarz borrowed from newspaper stories about the untouchables of India. George Johnson adopted the nickname and promoted it to the press, establishing it as the squad's unofficial title.

In June 1931, Capone was indicted first for income tax evasion and then for five thousand counts of conspiracy to violate the Volstead Act, the latter based on evidence gathered by Ness and his Untouchables. Capone pled guilty to all charges after George Johnson agreed to recommend a -year sentence. But Federal Judge James H. Wilkerson refused to accept Johnson's agreement and, once Capone changed his pleas, brought the tax case to trial. Although Capone would never be prosecuted on the Prohibition charges, that indictment formed the basis of a tax suit brought by the federal government following Capone's conviction for income tax evasion.

Ness and the Untouchables continued to attack the Outfit's beer and liquor empire during and after Capone's trial, their efforts resulting in estimated lost income in excess of $9 million. In recognition of this work, Ness was promoted to Chief Investigator of the Prohibition Bureau for Chicago in 1932. By that point, the Untouchables had essentially been disbanded, though Ness would continue to lead raids against Outfit breweries and distilleries until the repeal of Prohibition in 1933.

Members
Because corruption was endemic among law-enforcement officials, Ness searched records of all Prohibition agents to create a reliable team. The initial group, aside from Ness himself, numbered six. Over the course of the investigation, some agents left the squad for various reasons, while others were brought on as manpower shortages within the Prohibition Bureau allowed.

The Primary Ten
In June 1931, after Capone pleaded guilty to conspiracy to violate the National Prohibition Act, the Prohibition Bureau credited ten agents with building the case against him. These may be considered the core members of the Untouchables:
 Eliot Ness
 Joseph D. Leeson, an expert driver with the specialty of tailing.
 Lyle B. Chapman, a former Colgate University football player and investigator.
 Samuel Maurice Seager, a former Sing Sing death row corrections officer.
 Warren E. Stutzman, an ex-Pennsylvania police officer.
 Paul W. Robsky, a pilot and daring raider from South Carolina. (He later collaborated with Oscar Fraley, as Ness had on The Untouchables before him, on The Last Of The Untouchables, a heavily fictionalized account of the Capone investigation.)
 Martin J. Lahart, a close friend of Ness's from Chicago, who had worked with him on previous investigations.
 Bernard V. "Barney" Cloonan, a muscular Irish agent known for his strength and investigative experience.
 Robert D. Sterling, a longtime Prohibition agent and the eldest of the core ten, who only served on the team for three weeks.
 Marion A.R. King, a talented undercover agent and the youngest member of the squad.

Other Members
Other agents known to have served with the squad, but who were not named among its primary members, include:
 William J. Gardner, Native American former athlete and football star at the Carlisle Indian School who was named by Knute Rockne to his personal All-Time All-America Team.  A former soldier and lawyer, Gardner was among the first agents Ness selected for the team, but he soon deserted the squad for personal reasons.
 Ulric H. Berard, another member of the initial six who only served with the team for a brief period.
 E. A. Moore, a member of the initial six but not a full agent, who left after apparently failing to qualify for civil service.
 Thomas J. Friel, a former Pennsylvania state trooper.

Disputed Members
Given the Untouchables' enduring fame, other names have often been attached to the squad in error. These include:
 Frank Basile, a former bootlegger who served as Ness's informant and driver after being arrested for bribery. Although Basile assisted Ness during an earlier investigation of a Capone-connected mob in Chicago Heights, he was murdered in December 1928, before the Untouchables were formed.
 Jim Seeley, a former private investigator once mentioned by Ness as a participant in the investigation, though no contemporary evidence establishing his existence is known to exist.
 Al "Wallpaper" Wolff, a Chicago Prohibition agent who only served under Ness after the investigation was largely over.
 George Steelman and Arnold Grant, mentioned in Oscar Fraley and Paul Robsky's book The Last of the Untouchables as members of the squad who were dismissed for accepting bribes. Ness biographers Max Allan Collins and A. Brad Schwartz identify these as fictional characters possibly inspired by Bernard Cloonan, who was also suspected of corruption.

References

External links
 Dusty Roads of an FBI era, about Eliot Ness And The FBI
 TIME, about The Untouchables
 Free Information Society, Biography of Elliot Ness
 another Biography of Elliot Ness
 Our History (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives)

Category:Prohibition in the United States
Category:History of law enforcement in the United States
Category:The Untouchables


2009 in Dutch television

This is a list of Dutch television related events from 2009.

Events
9 May - Lisa Hordijk wins the second series of X Factor.
29 May - 12-year-old singer and guitarist Tessa Kersten wins the second series of Holland's Got Talent.
3 July - Singer and winner of the first series of Idols Jamai Loman and his partner Gwyneth van Rijn win the fourth and final series of Dancing with the Stars.

Debuts

Television shows

1950s
NOS Journaal (1956–present)

1970s
Sesamstraat (1976–present)

1980s
Jeugdjournaal (1981–present)
Het Klokhuis (1988–present)

1990s
Goede tijden, slechte tijden (1990–present)

2000s
X Factor (2006–present)
Holland's Got Talent (2008–present)

Ending this year
Dancing with the Stars (2005-2009)
De Club van Sinterklaas (1999-2009)

Births

Deaths

See also
 2009 in the Netherlands


George Weeks (priest)

The Very Rev. George Edward Weeks (26 December 1868 – 25 August 1941) was an English Anglican clergyman who was the Dean of Nelson from 1916 to 1923.

Weeks was born in Portsmouth, the son of George Horatio Weeks. He was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge (B.A. 1890; M.A. 1896),  Durban University (B.D. 1901) and Trinity College Dublin (LL.B. 1910; LL.D. 1911). He was ordained in 1893. His first post was a  curacy at St George in the East, Stepney After this he was at St James, Hatcham then a naval chaplain.   He held incumbencies in Durban, South Kensington and Lowestoft before his time as Dean. Afterwards he was Head teacher of Trinity Grammar School, Sydney.

He married Marian Frances Sophia Simmonds in 1894. He died in 1941.

References

Category:1868 births
Category:1941 deaths
Category:People from Portsmouth
Category:Deans of Nelson
Category:Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Category:Australian headmasters
Category:English emigrants to Australia


Francis Cosne

Francis Cosne (17 May 1916 – 13 December 1984) was a French film producer and screenwriter. He produced 28 films between 1948 and 1979. In 1972, he was a member of the jury at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival.

Selected filmography
 Les Parents terribles (1948)
 Fanfan la Tulipe (1952)
 Lucrèce Borgia (1953)
 Madame du Barry (1954)
 Women's Club (1956)
 Angélique, Marquise des Anges (1964)
 Marvelous Angelique (1965)
 Angelique and the King (1966)
 Untamable Angelique (1967)
Angelique and the Sultan (1968)
 Une femme fidèle (1976)

References

External links

Category:1916 births
Category:1984 deaths
Category:French film producers
Category:French male screenwriters
Category:French screenwriters


Sherlock River (Western Australia)

The Sherlock River is a river in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. It was named on 11 July 1861 by the surveyor and explorer Frank Gregory while on expedition in the area.

The headwaters of the river rise from numerous springs on the Abydos Plain below the Mungaroona Range near the western edge of the Mungaroona Range Nature Reserve then flows in a northerly direction past the Chichester Range and then continuing North. The river crosses the North West Coastal Highway near Mount Fraser before discharging into Sherlock Bay and the Indian Ocean.

The river forms a large estuary at the river mouth with an area of

Major pools exist along the length of the river including; Coonanarrinna Pool and Weedeemilegener Pool.
The main riverbed is very wide and is mostly dry, with a minor ocean outlet from a large salt marsh estuarine area that contains small areas of mangroves.

References

Category:Rivers of Western Australia
Category:Pilbara


Port of Jambukola

The Port of Jambukola or Dambakola Patuna () is an ancient port to the north of Jaffna, in the Northern Province, Sri Lanka.

History
After Mihindu Maha Thero brought Buddhism to Sri Lanka in 250BC, his sister, Theri Sanghamitta arrived in Sri Lanka with a Sacred Bo Sapling one year later to this port. The temple Samudda-panasala (Jambukola Viharaya) was built commemorating the arrival of the Bo sapling by King Devanampiya Tissa (250-210 BC). Later, the same king planted one of the first eight shoots of the Sri Maha Bodhi, on the same place where he kept the original tree before bringing it to Anuradhapura. King Vijayabahu I (1070–1110) has restored this site. The remains of the vihara, such as the Buddha footprint stone and vatadage seen up to recent times no longer exist there.

This port gradually faded in importance while port Mahathiththa/ Mahathota/ Mantota (now Mantai) located at the mouth of Malvatu oya developed as a key intersection of sea-routes and the Dambakola Patuna Viharaya was lost in time. The Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka, the Mahavamsa and Samanthapaasasdika mention pilgrims coming from "Yonaka" country to Jambukola to worship the Jambukola Viharaya in the ancient times.

Present
Unfortunately today there is nothing on the temple which shows any antiquity. Most of the structures in the temple including the stupa which has been completed in a record 65 days have been done by the Sri Lankan Navy. Even the current bo tree was planted in 1998 by the Navy.

See also
 Port of Mahatittha
 Port of Mathoddam
 Port of Urkavalthurai

References

Category:Ports and harbours of Sri Lanka


Evans Kidero

Evans Odhiambo Kidero (born May 20, 1957) is a Kenyan politician and former Governor of Nairobi County. He served as CEO of Mumias Sugar Company for 8 years, resigning in 2012 to join elective politics.

Early life
Kidero was born in Majengo as the eldest in a family of 7. He did  his O level at Agoro Sare High School then for his A level, attended Mangu High School where he eventually became Head Boy, also known as prefect. He graduated from the University of Nairobi in 1983 with a Degree in Pharmacy and went on to obtain a Masters in Business Administration at the Kenyan United States International University in 1990.
He was CEO of the Mumias Sugar Company for eight years before resigning from that position in 2012 to pursue a career in politics.

Political career
Kidero was elected as the first governor of Nairobi County in the Nairobi gubernatorial elections of 2013 on an ODM ticket.

Following a petition by Ferdinand Waititu, who ran against him in the gubernatorial election, Kidero was ousted as Nairobi Governor, with the court citing electoral malpractices. Kidero was later reinstated by the Supreme Court following an appeal that overturned the decision of the Court of Appeal.  In 2017 elections, Evans Kidero lost to  Mike Sonko in the Nairobi gubernatorial election.

Dr. Kidero is married to Susan Mboya, daughter of the late Kenyan politician, Tom Mboya. He has three children from a previous marriage to the late Abigail Odhiambo Kidero.

Graft Charges And Arrest
In August 2018 Evans was arrested on charges of abuse of office, money laundering and bribery.  In October 2018, it was further revealed the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission was investigating him for alleged embezzlement of public funds while at the helm of the Nairobi County and the Mumias Sugar Company Limited. According to Kenya’s Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission’s investigations, Kidero’s worth is Sh9 billion in terms of assets.

See also
 Timeline of Nairobi

References

External links

Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:Orange Democratic Movement politicians
Category:County Governors of Kenya
Category:University of Nairobi alumni
Category:People from Nairobi


Halvor Floden

Halvor Floden (22 July 1884 – 3 December 1956) was a Norwegian schoolteacher, children's writer, novelist, poet and playwright.

Biography
He was born in Trysil to farmer Torgal Olsen Floden and Tea Skjærholde. In 1907 he married teacher and nurse Anne Olsdatter Haugen (1867-1945) and settled as a schoolteacher in Elverum. Through his marriage,  he became the brother-in-law of children's book author Ole Haugen-Flermoe (1878-1956) and newspaper editor Olav Hougen (1890-1943).

Floden made his literary debut in 1911, with the children's book Brør og halvbrør. Among his 24 children's books are Fagerlia from 1915, Frik med fela from 1917, and Kari Trestakk from 1922. His novel Vi har bruk for deg from 1937 treats the subject of exploitation of children. The posthumously Ein fjellgard was issued by Norsk Folkeminnelag in a series on cultural history. He was awarded the Melsom Prize in 1935.

References

Category:1884 births
Category:1956 deaths
Category:People from Trysil
Category:Norwegian schoolteachers
Category:Norwegian children's writers
Category:Norwegian male novelists
Category:20th-century Norwegian poets
Category:Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
Category:Norwegian male poets
Category:20th-century Norwegian novelists
Category:20th-century Norwegian male writers


Jumbo Church of Christ

The Jumbo Church of Christ is a historic church in rural Izard County, Arkansas, west of the city of Melbourne.  It is located on the Jumbo Road (County Road 10), about  west of its junction with Arkansas Highway 9.  It is a vernacular Plain Traditional wood frame structure, built on sandstone piers and topped with a gabled corrugated metal roof.  The church was built c. 1927-28 by the citizens of the then-thriving community of Jumbo, and is one of its few surviving structures.  The community's decline began after 1949, when its municipal services were consolidated with those of Melbourne, and people began moving to the larger community.  The church was abandoned in 1984, but restored in 1997 by a group of former residents of the area.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Izard County, Arkansas

References

Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Category:Churches completed in 1927
Category:Churches in Izard County, Arkansas
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Izard County, Arkansas


Electoral district of Kingborough

The electoral district of Kingborough was an electoral district of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. It was based in the region to the immediate south of Tasmania's capital city, Hobart, and included the Huon Valley towns of Cygnet, Huonville, Kettering, Margate and Sandfly.

The seat was created as a single-member seat ahead of the Assembly's first election held in 1856. In 1886, it became a two-member seat and absorbed the neighbouring seat of Queenborough, whose member, Edward Crowther, was to win one of the seats at each of the three elections held under this system. At the 1897 election, Queenborough was recreated and Kingborough returned to being a single-member seat. It was abolished when the Tasmanian parliament adopted the Hare-Clark electoral model for the entire state in 1909.

Members for Kingborough

References

 Parliament of Tasmania (2006). The Parliament of Tasmania from 1856

Category:Former electoral districts of Tasmania
Category:1856 establishments in Australia
Category:1909 disestablishments in Australia


David Petrikin

David Petrikin (December 1, 1788 – March 1, 1847) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

David Petrikin was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania.  He studied medicine and was admitted to practice.  He moved to Danville, Pennsylvania, and engaged in the practice of medicine.  During the War of 1812, he served as a surgeon with the Second Regiment of the Pennsylvania Riflemen.  After the war returned to Danville and continued the practice of medicine.  He also erected and operated a woolen mill.  He was elected prothonotary of Columbia County, Pennsylvania, on March 15, 1821.  He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.  He served as postmaster of Danville from February 1, 1834, to March 21, 1837.

Petrikin was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses.  He served as the chairman of the United States House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds during the Twenty-sixth Congress.  He died in Catawissa, Pennsylvania, in 1847.  Interment in Petrikin Cemetery in Danville, which was later converted into a memorial park.

Sources

The Political Graveyard

Category:1788 births
Category:1847 deaths
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Category:Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Category:American army personnel of the War of 1812
Category:American military doctors
Category:People from Danville, Pennsylvania
Category:People from Columbia County, Pennsylvania
Category:Pennsylvania prothonotaries
Category:American postmasters
Category:Pennsylvania Democrats
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians


Osada Leśna

Osada Leśna may refer to the following places in Poland:
Osada Leśna, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oleśnica in south-west Poland
Osada Leśna, Greater Poland Voivodeship, a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Święciechowa in west-central Poland


Jackie du Preez

John Harcourt "Jackie" du Preez (born 14 November 1942 in Salisbury, Rhodesia)  was a  Rhodesian cricketer who played in two Tests for South Africa against Australia in 1967.

A leg-spinner and useful lower-order batsman, he was educated at Prince Edward School and first played for Rhodesia aged 18 against New Zealand in Bulawayo in October, 1961. He represented Rhodesia a record 112 times before retiring in 1979.

Later he served as a national selector for Zimbabwe.

References

External links
 Jackie du Preez at Cricinfo
 Rhodesian sport profiles: Jackie du Preez

Category:1942 births
Category:Afrikaner people
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of Prince Edward School
Category:Sportspeople from Harare
Category:Rhodesia cricketers
Category:South Africa Test cricketers
Category:South African cricketers
Category:White Rhodesian people
Category:White Zimbabwean sportspeople


Nora Maccoby

Nora Maccoby is an American artist, filmmaker, and environmental activist.

In 2004, Maccoby created the bipartisan energy literacy initiative, Nature's Partners.

Nora wrote the screenplay for the movie Buffalo Soldiers that was released in 2001.

References

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:American artists
Category:American filmmakers
Category:American women environmentalists
Category:American environmentalists
Category:Maccoby family


Palm Beach County School of the Arts

The Palm Beach County School of the Arts was the original performing, fine arts and communications magnet school for Palm Beach County, Florida.  Founded in 1989 as a middle/high school it grew class year by class year into that mission. In 1998 the school was split into a high school, the Dreyfoos School of the Arts on another campus, and the Middle School of the Arts, which later became the BAK Middle School of the Arts on the existing campus.

History

In 1989, the School District of Palm Beach County, Florida, facing mandatory desegregation of its schools  implemented a magnet school program instead, to voluntarily attract white students to predominantly African-American neighborhood schools.  North Shore High School in West Palm Beach was converted into the Palm Beach County School of the Arts in 1990. The Palm Beach County School of the Arts opened as a middle school with 250 students, grades 7-9, enrolled. The school focused on five arts areas: Communication arts, dance, music, theatre, and visual arts. The school was expanded by adding a new 7th grade class. In 1994 the school was a middle and high school with students from grades 7 through 12.  The need to separate the schools into proper middle and high schools was facilitated by Alexander W. Dreyfoos, Jr., a wealthy patron who made a pledge of $1,000,000 in support to build a new high school of the performing arts on the closed campus of Twin Lakes High School in 1997.  In 1998, the high school was moved to the new campus, and the existing facility was renamed the Middle School of the Arts.

In 2002, the school was renamed the Bak Middle School of the Arts.  Mrs. Dora Bak of Palm Beach donated $1.5 million bequest to the school to honor her late husband, Dr. Richard Bak, who was a renowned economist and statistician, specializing in international markets, finance and economics.

References

Category:Defunct schools in Florida
Category:Defunct schools of the performing arts in the United States
Category:Schools in Palm Beach County, Florida
Category:Public middle schools in Florida
Category:Public high schools in Florida
Category:Educational institutions established in 1989
Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1998


Augusto Conte Mac Donell

Augusto Conte Mac Donell (died ) was an Argentinian lawyer and politician. He was a leader of the Christian Democratic Party. He cofounded and led the   (CELS). He was a defender of human rights.

Career
He was Under Secretary of Defense for Policy of the Benevolent dictatorship of the revolution.

On July 7, 1976, his son Augusto María Conte Mac Donell disappeared while he was in military service. His years-long and ultimately unsuccessful search for his son led him to become a human rights defender.

He committed suicide in 1992.

In 1963 Conte was elected vice president.

He wrote many articles, perhaps most importantly one in which he developed the theory of global parallelism, which he cowrote with Emilio Mignone, and presented at the Colloquium of Paris.

Recognition
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights held a ceremony to commemorate the events that took place at the former ESMA, with Horacio Verbitsky (journalist and president of CELS); Estela de Carlotto (president of the  Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo), Marta Vázquez (member of Mothers Línea Fundadora), Graciela Lois (supporter of Relatives of Disappeared and Detained for Political Reasons), and Aldo Etchegoyen (co-president of the Permanent Assembly for Human Rights).

References

Category:1927 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:Argentine lawyers
Category:20th-century Argentine politicians
Category:Argentine human rights activists
Category:Suicides in Argentina


Alucita tesserata

Alucita tesserata is a species of moth of the family Alucitidae. It is known from South Africa.

References

Category:Alucitidae
Category:Moths described in 1918
Category:Moths of Africa
Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Yelena Struchayeva

Yelena Struchayeva (; born January 5, 1965 in Almaty) is a Kazakhstani sport shooter. Struchaeva qualified for the women's trap as a 43-year-old at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, by winning the gold medal from the 2007 Asian Shooting Championships in Kuwait City, Kuwait. She scored a total of 69 points after firing three sets of 25 targets and receiving six misses in the qualifying round of the competition. She added seventeen more shots to obtain a total of 86 points in the final, but missed out of the bronze medal triumph to United States' Corey Cogdell in a four-person shoot-off. In the end, Struchaeva finished the event in sixth place, after losing out in a fifth-place match against Lithuania's Daina Gudzinevičiūtė.

References

External links
NBC Olympics Profile

Category:Kazakhstani female sport shooters
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic shooters of Kazakhstan
Category:Shooters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Almaty
Category:1965 births
Category:Shooters at the 2006 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games competitors for Kazakhstan


Pissonotus marginatus

Pissonotus marginatus is a species in the family Delphacidae ("delphacid planthoppers"), in the order Hemiptera ("true bugs, cicadas, hoppers, aphids and allies").
Pissonotus marginatus is found in North America.

References

Further reading
 American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico, Ross H. Arnett. 2000. CRC Press.
 Bartlett, Charles R., and Lewis L. Deitz (2000). Revision of the New World Delphacid Planthopper Genus Pissonotus (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea). Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs, vi + 234.
 Metcalf, Z. P. (1943). General Catalogue of the Hemiptera, Fascicle IV: Fulgoroidea, Part 3: Araeopidae (Delphacidae), 552.

Category:Delphacini


Mangfall Valley Railway

The Mangfall Valley Railway () () is a single-tracked, electrified railway that runs through the Mangfall valley in Bavaria, Germany, between Holzkirchen and Rosenheim. It is exclusively used by regional services. However it also acts as a diversionary line in case of difficulties on the Munich–Rosenheim railway.

History
The Mangfall Valley Railway was part of the first rail link between Munich and Rosenheim (and beyond that to Salzburg/Kufstein), the so-called Maximiliansbahn. It was built by the state of Bavaria and completed on 31 October 1857. At that time the route ended in the Rosenheim suburb of Am Roßacker. Not until 13 November 1858 was the first "real" station opened in Rosenheim complete with locomotive shed and turntable. That locomotive shed still exists today and is used as an exhibition building (e.g. the Bajuwaren- and Der Inn exhibitions). The railway was mainly used at that time to transport coal from the mine at Hausham to the Salinensudhaus salt works in Rosenheim.

From Bad Aibling there was an electrified branch line to Bad Feilnbach, now dismantled. There was also a short stub line to Vagen, that was still used in the 1940s for passenger traffic. Later the tracks were only used to access the Leitzach factory, before it was knocked down in the early 1990s.

The planned double-tracked expansion of the route has not been realised to this day, because in 1871 the newly built direct route from Munich to Rosenheim via Grafing (today the /) took over the role of the main line. In 1971 the line was electrified in order to provide a relief line for the heavily trafficked KBS 950 route. The turnouts in the stations are unusually long in order to fulfil this function.

Several new stations, at Feldolling, Hinrichssegen, Bad Aibling and Rosenheim, were to have been built some years ago; planning for them began in 1995. But even in 2006 the Deutsche Bahn stated that it could not give a firm date for the actual in-service date of the new stations. Local politicians have made strong complaints against Deutsche Bahn.

Accidents and incidents
On the route between Bad Aibling and Kolbermoor on May 28, 1945 military train full of soldiers collided head on with an empty train. The accident, which occurred in a forest, took five lives and caused 21 injured, some seriously. Contributory cause was the interruption of telephone and communication lines between Bad Aibling and Kolbermoor at the end of World War II.

On 9 February 2016 the Bad Aibling rail accident occurred only 700m from the location of the 1945 accident when two passenger trains were involved in a head-on collision near Bad Aibling. Several people were killed and many more were injured.

Route
The departure point for the route is at Holzkirchen on the KBS 955/956/957 (Munich–Holzkirchen–Bayrischzell/Lenggries/Tegernsee), where line 3 (KBS 999.3) of the Munich S-Bahn also ends. Kreuzstraße station is also an S-Bahn terminus, in this case for route 7 (KBS 999.7).

At Rosenheim the line meets the KBS 950 and 951 main lines as well as the less important, unelectrified and single-tracked main line to Mühldorf (KBS 944).

The entire route was worked until recently by locomotive-hauled push-pull trains, but more recently by electric multiple-units of DBAG Class 425. A higher train frequency is planned, as is the introduction of more stations (see table).

See also

Weitere Information on the Mangfalltalbahn
Plans for the new Mangfalltalbahn as at 2002

References and footnotes

Category:Railway lines in Bavaria
Category:Railway lines opened in 1857
Category:1857 establishments in Germany
Category:Buildings and structures in Miesbach (district)


Șuici

Șuici is a commune in the northern Argeș County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Ianculești, Paltenu, Păuleni, Rudeni, Șuici and Valea Calului.

Șuici commune is situated at approximately 22 km from Curtea de Argeș.

References

Category:Communes in Argeș County


For the Rest of My Life

"For the Rest of My Life" (also known as "4 the Rest of My Life") is a song by American R&B singer Robin Thicke from his sixth studio album Blurred Lines (2013). Written and produced by Thicke and ProJay, the song was serviced to urban adult contemporary radio as the second single from Blurred Lines on May 21, 2013.

Remix
The official remix is a duet with R&B singer Tamar Braxton and is called "For the Rest of My Life, Pt. 2". It premiered on the Atlanta urban contemporary radio station WVEE on  February 12, 2014. The remix was released as a digital single on February 25, 2014.

Commercial performance
"For the Rest of My Life" impacted urban adult contemporary radio in the United States on May 21, 2013 as the second single from Blurred Lines. Billboard described the song as having a "more familiar R&B vibe" appealing to Thicke's core fan base, following the release of the international hit "Blurred Lines". It was later released digitally to the iTunes Store on June 4, 2013. "For the Rest of My Life" became Thicke's fourth number-one hit on the Billboard Adult R&B Songs chart.

Charts

Release history

References

External links

Category:2013 singles
Category:2013 songs
Category:Robin Thicke songs
Category:Songs written by Robin Thicke
Category:Tamar Braxton songs
Category:Interscope Records singles
Category:Soul ballads
Category:2010s ballads


Blanket, Texas

Blanket is a town located in Brown County in west-central Texas, United States. The population was 390 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Blanket is located in eastern Brown County at  (31.826469, -98.788172). U.S. Routes 67 and 377 pass along the southeast edge of the town, leading southwest  to Brownwood, the county seat, and northeast  to Comanche.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, 402 people, 170 households, and 113 families resided in the town. The population density was 699.5 people per square mile (272.3/km²). The 189 housing units averaged 328.9 per square mile (128.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 92.54% White, 1.00% African American, 1.00% Native American, 3.73% from other races, and 1.74% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 9.20% of the population.

Of the 170 households, 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5% were not families. About 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the town, the population was distributed as 28.4% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $34,375, and for a family was $42,222. Males had a median income of $34,063 versus $16,667 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,611. About 15.4% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 31.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Blanket is served by the Blanket Independent School District.

Photo gallery

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.  According to the Köppen climate classification, Blanket has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps.

Six-man football

Six-man football is played in Blanket by Blanket High School and Blanket Junior High School. Six-man football is a variation of American football played with six players on a team, rather than 11. Blanket High's six-man football team broke the 100 points in a game mark when in 2014 they defeated Loraine High 101-99 during a Class 1A Division 2 bidistrict playoff game. Also over the years, Blanket High School has won numerous awards from Six-man Heaven Arts Contest  in areas of film, poetry, web design, photography, and music, all focused om six-man football. Six-man football follows rules and organization laid out by the UIL, governing body of high school sports in Texas.

References

Category:Towns in Brown County, Texas
Category:Towns in Texas


Meadows Center for Water and the Environment

The Meadows Center for Water and the Environment, formerly Aquarena Springs and later the Aquarena Center, is an educational center in San Marcos, Texas, dedicated to the preservation of the unique archeological and biological resources of Spring Lake.  Visitors can take glass-bottomed boat tours of Spring Lake and view live native animals and fish in the Discovery Center.

The function of the Meadows Center for Water and the Environment is to develop and promote programs and techniques for ensuring sustainable water resources for human needs, ecosystem health, and economic development. At Texas State University-San Marcos, the Meadows Center serves as an integrating mechanism for the university’s multidisciplinary departments that are involved with aquatic resources. Texas State is home to several departments and research centers engaged in critical scholarly work on water management issues. The Meadows Center at Spring Lake Hall houses the Texas Stream Team, a volunteer program that monitors the water quality of freshwater systems through the state.

Aquarena Center was established in 1994 when Southwest Texas State University purchased land previously used as an amusement park, including Spring Lake, an artificial freshwater reservoir which contains several of the San Marcos Springs.

History
The San Marcos Springs are the headwaters of the San Marcos River.  The site contains more than 200 springs with water from the Edwards Aquifer and that discharge an average of  of water daily, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in North America. Artifacts discovered in digs conducted from 1979 to 1982 date back 12,000 years.

The first Europeans to visit the springs were probably Spanish explorers in 1689. The springs were an important stop on the Old San Antonio Road and the Chisholm Trail. In 1847, former Republic of Texas vice president Edward Burleson purchased the land surrounding the headwaters of the river and built a cabin on the hill overlooking the headwaters.  Two years later Burleson built a dam just below the springs to power a mill. This dam, which created Spring Lake, still exists today.  A.B. Rogers purchased the property in 1926 and his son, Paul, developed a hotel there in 1928 and introduced glass bottom boats to the lake.

Spring Lake has been visited by notable individuals including Robert E. Lee, Jay Gould, and Helen Miller Shepard.

In the 1950s, construction of a submarine theater and large spillway at one end of the lake to produce a swimming pool led to the opening of Aquarena Springs, an amusement park, at the site in 1951. Other features of the park were the Alpine Swiss Sky Ride (a Von Roll skyride), an Intamin 220 foot Sky Spiral that moved vertically above the lake and rotated 360°, and "Ralph, the Famous Swimming Pig" and "mermaid" performers that could be viewed from the submarine theater. The park also included a coin-operated arcade in which human visitors would "compete" in games like Tic-tac-toe against chickens, whose "moves" in the game were determined by pecking lights which appeared only on the chicken's side of the machine.  At its peak, Aquarena Springs attracted 250,000 visitors annually.

The center added a Wetlands Boardwalk in a shallow area of Spring Lake. The boardwalk, made of recycled plastic lumber, floats on the water and circles a marshy area that showcases the flora and fauna of a wetland ecosystem.

Aquarena Center was designated as a "critical habitat," subject to the Endangered Species Act, because the springs are home to the fountain darter, the Texas Blind Salamander, the San Marcos Salamander, the San Marcos gambusia, and Texas Wild Rice. The San Marcos gambusia may be extinct as none have been seen since 1983.

Research

The main aim of the center is research.

The MCWE participates in underwater archaeology.  It searches for Henry Morgan’s lost fleet while exploring caves in Mexico, Spring Lake, and shipwrecks.

The center uses unmanned aircraft (Unmanned Autonomous Vehicle) to capture photos and gather information for projects related to fisheries, wildlife, and watershed management and restoration.

International watershed studies

The Meadows Center is dedicated to the sustainable management of the world’s freshwater resources.

Spring Lake management
They oversee the Spring Lake Management Plan, which is designed to protect healthy ecosystems, provide research and educational opportunities, and offer access for service activities. As active partners in the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan, they help ensure minimum continuous spring flows of the Comal and San Marcos Springs.

Filmography
The Aquarena Springs Amusement Park was the actual location of the resort in the 1978 film Piranha, directed by Joe Dante.

References

 "What is Aquarena Center". Texas State University San Marcos Aquarena Center. Retrieved Jul. 28, 2005.

 "Aquarena Springs". TexasEscapes.com. Retrieved Jul. 28, 2005.
 "San Marcos Springs". The Edwards Aquifer Homepage. Retrieved Jul. 28, 2005.

External links

 Dive America -- information on scuba diving at the Aquarena Center
 Diving into Spring
 Aquarena Springs Photo Gallery
 Aquarena Springs Documentary

Category:Education in Hays County, Texas
Category:Landmarks in Texas
Category:Buildings and structures in San Marcos, Texas
Category:Defunct amusement parks in Texas
Category:Defunct amusement parks in the United States
Category:Protected areas of Hays County, Texas
Category:Nature centers in Texas
Category:Tourist attractions in Hays County, Texas
Category:1994 establishments in Texas


Épagny, Haute-Savoie

Épagny is a former commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Épagny-Metz-Tessy.

See also
Communes of the Haute-Savoie department

References
INSEE

Category:Former communes of Haute-Savoie
Category:Populated places disestablished in 2016