Schutzmannschaft

The Schutzmannschaft or Auxiliary Police (literally: "protective, or guard units"; plural: Schutzmannschaften, abbreviated as Schuma) was the collaborationist auxiliary police of native policemen serving in those areas of the Soviet Union and the Baltic states occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler established the Schutzmannschaft on 25 July 1941, and subordinated it to the Order Police (Ordnungspolizei; Orpo). By the end of 1941, some 45,000 men served in Schutzmannschaft units, about half of them in the battalions. During 1942, Schutzmannschaften expanded to an estimated 300,000 men, with battalions accounting for about a third, or less than one half of the local force. Everywhere, local police far outnumbered the equivalent German personnel several times (in most places, the ratio of Germans to natives was about 1-to-10).

The Schutzmannschaften had a reputation for their auxiliary police battalions (Schutzmannschaft-Bataillonen). Created to support the German offensive, in particular by combating the anti-Nazi resistance, many of these battalions participated in the Holocaust and caused thousands of Jewish deaths. Usually the battalions were voluntary units and were not directly involved in combat. In total, about 200 battalions were formed. Each battalion had an authorized strength of about 500, but the actual size varied greatly. They should not be confused with native German police battalions (SS-Polizei-Bataillone) which the Order Police formed between 1939 and 1945 and which also participated in the Holocaust (see Ordnungspolizei Police Battalions and Reserve Police Battalion 101).

The Order Police organized the Schutzmannschaften by nationality (see Belarusian Auxiliary Police, Estonian Auxiliary Police, Latvian Auxiliary Police, Lithuanian Auxiliary Police, and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police).

Formation
The Germans did not want to use local collaborators on a large scale as they were deemed to be unreliable and inferior (Untermensch). However, the rapid German advance in the Eastern Front and manpower shortages forced Germans to reconsider. Therefore, on 25 July 1941, Reichsführer-SS Himmler authorized creation of Schutzmannschaft. Initially, it was called Hilfspolizei, but Germans did not want to attach a reputable police title to this force. Schutzmannschaften was an integral part of German police structure and dealt with variety of issues, including everyday crimes (except when concerning German citizens). Initially, only a small fraction of local auxiliaries were armed. Due to limited supervision, particularly in rural areas, members of Schutzmannschaften had considerable power and there were frequent complaints of corruption and abuse.

Initially, Schutzmannschaften was organized based on existing police structures and spontaneous anti-Soviet groups that formed at the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. For example, in Lithuania, Schutzmannschaften absorbed units formed by the Provisional Government. Due to this legacy and its semi-military status, Lithuanians associated police battalions with their national aspirations of independent Lithuania. This caused a rift within German ranks: ideologues like Hitler and Himmler saw no place for Baltic nationalism within the Greater Germanic Reich, but the Nazis needed local collaboration and had to maintain at least a shadow of national institutions.

Local men joined Schutzmannschaften due to a variety of reasons. A number of them had prior police or military experience and wanted a job which paid steady wages and provided food rations. Joining the German war apparatus also provided certain privileges and protections for the men and their families (for example, exemption from forced labor). Pensions were available to family members of those killed in anti-partisan operations. Others were motivated by ideological reasons (antisemitism, anticommunism, nationalism) or by opportunities to loot property of murdered Jews. Captured Soviet POWs saw Schutzmannschaften as a way to avoid concentration camps. Such considerations attracted criminals and other opportunists. Most of them were young: in 1944, about half of Schutzmannschaften near Mir were under 25 years of age. Germans complained about their lack of training, discipline, and in some cases refused to supply them with weapons. During 1942, in compliance with orders to enlarge Schutzmannschaft, Germans began to force men to sign up for the service and eliminated service term limits (initially men signed up for one-year or six-month terms). There was a marked difference in attitudes of more enthusiastic early volunteers and later forced recruits. To increase their reliability, Himmler ordered the organization of NCO training, which would include political education, that lasted up to eight weeks.

Organization
The Schutzmannschaft comprised four sections:

 Schutzmannschaft-Einzeldienst (stationary regular police; patrolmen in cities and districts)
 Schutzmannschaft-Bataillonen (mobile police battalions for anti-partisan operations)
 Hilfsschutzmannschaft (reserve units – guarded POWs and carried out work-details)
 Feuerschutzmannschaft (fire brigades)

Police battalions

Organization
Police battalions were divided based on their intended functions into five categories:
Schutzmannschaft-Front-Bataillonen (combat)
Schutzmannschaft-Wach-Bataillonen (guard)
Schutzmannschaft-Ersatz-Bataillonen (reserve/replacement)
Schutzmannschaft-Pionier-Bataillonen (engineer)
Schutzmannschaft-Bau-Bataillonen (construction)

Each battalion had a projected number of four companies of 124 men each, one with a group of machine gun and three groups of infantry. In reality, the numbers varied greatly between occupied territories. Baltic (Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian) battalions were commanded by a native, while Ukrainian and Belarusian battalions had German commanders. The battalions did not have a prescribed uniform and often used uniforms from pre-war national armies. They were identified by a white armband which usually had the inscription Schutzmann, a service number and location. In Directive no. 46, Hitler expressly prohibited Schutzmannschaft to use German badges of rank, the eagle and swastika emblem, or German military shoulder straps. However, members of Schutzmannschaften were eligible for various awards and decorations, including the Iron Cross and War Merit Cross. Schutzmannschaften were generally armed with confiscated Soviet rifles and some officers had pistols. Machine guns were used in anti-partisan operations and mortars were employed in the later stages of the war. In general, the battalions were poorly provided for, sometimes even lacking food rations, as priority and preference was given to German units fighting in the front lines.

Battalion numbers
The Schutzmannschaft battalions were organized by nationality: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Estonians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Tatars. Germans attempted to organize police battalions in occupied Poland, but did not find volunteers and had to use force in forming the single Polish Schutzmannschaft Battalion 202. The battalions were initially allotted numbers as follows (in brackets: re-allotted numbers in 1942; not all numbers were actually used):

 Reichskommissariat Ostland: battalions 1 through 50
 Lithuanian Auxiliary Police: battalions 1 through 15 (1–15, 250–265, 301–310)
 Latvian Police Battalions: battalions 16 through 28 (16–28, 266–285, 311–328)
 Estonian Auxiliary Police: battalions 29 through 40 (29–45, 50, 286–293)
 Belarusian Auxiliary Police: battalions 41 through 50 (46–49)
 Reichskommissariat Moskowien: battalions 51 through 100
 Never actually formed
 Reichskommissariat Ukraine: battalions 101 through 200
 Ukrainian Auxiliary Police (including Tatar units)

Activities
The battalions were not confined to their locations and could be easily moved to locations far outside their home country. Since formation of the battalions was particularly slow in Belarus, many of them were first stationed there. One of the first tasks of the battalions was mass execution of Jews. Attached to Einsatzgruppen as needed, the battalions rounded up, executed, and disposed of Jews. For example, it is estimated that Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft killed 78,000 Jews in Lithuania and Belarus. The mass executions largely ceased by the end of 1941. By that time German advance into Soviet Union halted and Nazi officials considered using the battalions for more direct military duties. In particular, Franz Walter Stahlecker asked to relieve the 16th Army in the Demyansk Pocket. However, Hitler refused. In Directive no. 46, dated August 1942, he agreed to strengthen and enlarge Schutzmannschaft, but to use it only for anti-partisan operations (Bandenbekämpfung) and other auxiliary duties behind the front lines. Some battalions continued to participate in the Holocaust (guarding or eliminating Jewish ghettos). The issue of involving Schutzmannschaft in combat was revisited after the Battle of Stalingrad. Some Schutzmannschaft battalions in Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine and elsewhere were reorganized into Waffen-SS divisions wearing national insignia.

Deserters were a constant problem for the battalions. For example, some 3,000 men deserted Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft between September 1943 and April 1944. After the war, many former members of Schutzmannschaft retreated to the West. A survey of about 200 men revealed that more than 30% had escaped from the Soviet zone. Western authorities showed much less interest in members of Schutzmannschaft than in German Nazis and did not prosecute them. Soviet Union persecuted members of Schutzmannschaft, often sentencing them to death. For example, in Lithuania, 14 men were sentenced to 25 years in Gulag in 1948, 8 men were sentenced to death in 1962, one man executed in 1979. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, several former members of Schutzmannschaft were denaturalized by United States or Canada and deported back to their countries.

Ranks in ascending order

Notes

References

Category:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Germany
Category:Politics of World War II
Category:Local participation in the Holocaust
Category:Holocaust terminology
Category:German words and phrases
Category:Einsatzgruppen

Category:Collaboration with the Axis Powers


Dimeter

In poetry, a dimeter  is a metrical line of verse with two feet.  The particular foot, of course, can vary.

Consider Thomas Hood's "Bridge of Sighs:", in which the first line of a pair is of two feet, each composed of three syllables, and the subsequent line is of two feet, each of two syllables.

Take her up \\ tenderly,
Lift her \\ with care,
Fashioned so \\ slenderly,
Young and \\ so fair.

Also, the first line of William Wordsworth's "We Are Seven":

A simp \\ le Child

References

Category:Types of verses


AmbaCoin

AmbaCoin is the official cryptocurrency of the Cameroons separatists entity of Ambazonia. One AmbaCoin is worth 25 cents (USD), or about 140 Central African Francs. It is said to be backed by the “rich natural resources” of the breakaway region. The AmbaCoin was launched on in 2018 and the ICO was from December 2018 to 2019. The Ambazonian government claims that all profits will go to their independence and humanitarian aid.

References

Category:Cryptocurrencies


Richard L. Tierney

Richard Louis Tierney (born August 7, 1936) is an American writer, poet and scholar of H. P. Lovecraft. He is the coauthor (with David C. Smith) of a series of Red Sonja novels, featuring cover art by Boris Vallejo. Some of his standalone novels utilize the mythology of Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos.

Life and work

Youth
Tierney was born in Spencer, Iowa. His family moved to Mason City in 1942 where he went through the public school system until completing high school. Tierney read two of H.P. Lovecraft's stories ("The Rats in the Walls" and "The Dunwich Horror") in the anthology Great Tales of Horror and the Supernatural edited by Wise and Frazer (1949) at the age of eleven, but was not especially impressed by them since there were no conventional ghosts in the stories. A few years later, aged 15, he read Lovecraft's "The Shadow Out of Time" in Donald A. Wollheim's Viking Portable Novels of Science and was hooked. At around the same age (15 or 16), he was inspired to write poetry by August Derleth's fantasy verse anthology Dark of the Moon: Poems of Fantasy and the Macabre which he read several times in the Mason City Public Library. While he had been a devotee of the poems of Edgar Allan Poe before that, he was especially inspired by the H. P. Lovecraft poems in the anthology (particularly the "Fungi from Yuggoth" and also the poems by Donald Wandrei, Robert E. Howard, Frank Belknap Long and others).

Tierney's first novel, The Winds of Zarr, which combined H. P. Lovecraft (including a Lovecraft-style deity named Zathog - see List of Great Old Ones), Robert E. Howard, time travel and ancient astronauts, and is set in Egypt during the New Kingdom, was penned in 1959 when Tierney was aged 23, but did not see print until 1975.

Early career: 1960s and 1970s

Poetry, Lovecraft studies and art
Tierney graduated from Iowa State College in Ames in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in entomology and worked for many years (1958–71) for the U.S. Forest Service in several western states and Alaska. Tierney has written widely on a variety of esoteric topics, such as the legends concerning Mount Shasta and Amne Machin. Well versed in Meso-American archaeology, during his time working for the Forest Service he spent four winters in Mexico, Central and South America visiting ancient Amerind ruins, (1962–66) photographing many of the most remote mountain and jungle sites—a background he uses in his later Cthulhu Mythos novel The House of the Toad (1993).

August Derleth published some of Tierney's weird sonnets in The Arkham Collector and Tierney also began to submit verse to fantasy/horror markets such as Nyctalops.  His first collection of weird verse appeared under the title Dreams and Damnations, a slim volume issued by The Strange Company in 1975, which included a few of his translations for Charles Baudelaire. Ultimately Tierney's weird verse of the period was issued as Collected Poems (Richard L. Tierney) (Arkham House, 1981) (see below).

Tierney lived in the San Francisco Bay area in the late 1960s and early 1970s and was good friends with the pulp writer E. Hoffmann Price with whom he corresponded extensively. Later in the 1970s, he lived for nearly nine years in the Twin Cities (Minneapolis–Saint Paul), which brought him in frequent contact with horror/fantasy writers such as Carl Jacobi and Donald Wandrei.

In 1972, he moved to Minneapolis to take up writing as a vocation. He made his mark in Lovecraft studies at this time by authoring the essay "The Derleth Mythos", first published in 1972 in Meade and Penny Frierson's HPL (Birmingham, Al: The Editors, 1972, 1975) and reprinted in 1976 in Darrell Schweitzer's Essays Lovecraftian (Baltimore, MD: TK Graphics). The essay famously separates the ideas of Lovecraft from the later elaborations by August Derleth. Essentially, Tierney argues that Lovecraft's cosmic outlook in his fiction was not intended to convey a "good vs evil" approach. Thus Derleth's version of the Cthulhu Mythos, which promotes the "good vs evil" concept, is untrue to Lovecraft's fictional philosophies.

Tierney frequently appeared in the fan press with his cartoons, many drawn from the amateur press association the Esoteric Order of Dagon; a collection of these drawings appeared as Esoterica Mundi in a 50-copy limited edition from Tom Reid in 1976. In the 1970s, Tienrey devoted himself as well to casting more  artistically serious ceramic figurines in a fantastic style similar to Clark Ashton Smith's famous rock carvings.

Robert E. Howard completions
Tierney has completed several story fragments left by Robert E. Howard. In the seventies Tierney edited two volumes of Howard's works for publisher Donald M. Grant - Tigers of the Sea (1973) and Hawks of Outremer (1979). In Tigers of the Sea the title story and "The Temple of Abomination" are posthumous collaborations of Tierney with Howard. In Hawks of Outremer, the story "The Slave Princess" is the sole posthumous collaboration by Tierney with Howard.

In 1975, Silver Scarab press published Tierney's early novel The Winds of Zarr'.

In the late 1970s, Tierney was contacted by editor Philip Rahman (publisher of the Fedogan & Bremer line) who had read Tierney's tale "From Beyond the Stars" in Kirby McCauley's anthology Night Chills (1975), which takes place in NE Iowa.  The two became friends and eventually he published Tierney's Cthulhu Mythos novel The House of the Toad (1993). Philip's brother, Glenn Rahman, urged Tierney to collaborate with him on The Gardens of Lucullus which eventually appeared in 2001.

Other Collaborations
Tierney has collaborated on short fiction with authors including Laurence J. Cornford, Robert M. Price and Glenn Arthur Rahmann. Apart from the 'posthumous collaborations' with Robert E. Howard listed above, Tierney has also posthumously collaborated with Clark Ashton Smith ("Utressor" in Robert M. Price, ed. The Book of Eibon (Chaosium, 2002)) and with Edgar Allan Poe ("The Light-House" in Nyctalops 14 (March 1978) and reprinted in Etchings & Odysseys 2 (May 1983)).

Later career: 1980s to 21st century
In 1981, he returned to Mason City to take care of his mother, Margaret, now deceased. The same year Arkham House published his volume of weird verse, Collected Poems, a volume which critic S. T. Joshi has said "established Tierney as one of the leading weird poets of his generation." Joshi has commented that some of the poems feature the misanthropic bitterness of Ambrose Bierce.

Red Sonja series
For Ace Books, with his frequent collaborator David C. Smith, Tierney co-authored a series of seven novels loosely based on a Robert E. Howard character Red Sonja (a female super-heroine warring against the Turks in 17th century Eastern Europe). Red Sonja's character was loosely based on Red Sonya (note different spelling) of Rogatino in Robert E. Howard's short story "The Shadow of the Vulture" (The Magic Carpet, January 1934), which Roy Thomas rewrote as a Conan story for Marvel Comics Conan the Barbarian #23 (1973). Thomas also somewhat based Red Sonja on another Howard character, Dark Agnes de Chastillon, a sword woman in 16th-century France. For the Red Sonja series, Tierney and Smith were paid $1,000 per book and set the stories in the Hyborian Age, 15,000 years ago. Ace Books published the series in the early 1980s.

Simon Magus/Simon of Gitta series
A long-running series of stories (begun in the mid-1980s) by Tierney featuring Simon of Gitta, a character based on the Gnostic heresiarch Simon Magus is collected in The Scroll of Thoth (1997).

The Biblical figure of Simon Magus is a great figure in the Western mystery tradition. A meticulous researcher, Tierney studied the Roman era and Gnosticism for this series featuring the magician-warrior. Simon of Gitta also features in Tierney's novels The Gardens of Lucullus (with Glenn Rahman) and The Drums of Chaos.

Simon is a Samaritan ex-gladiator whose sorcerous abilities allow him to survive encounters with an array of evil priests, emperors and hideous creatures. His quest for his true love Helen drives Simon and plays an instrumental part in the tales. Some of the stories pay tribute to H.P. Lovecraft, while a story such as "The Blade of the Slayer" is a tribute to Karl Edward Wagner's tales of the swordsman Kane. Magus meets up with Shub-Niggurath (the evil goddess), searches for the Ring of Set, and has several other dark adventures.The Drums of Chaos (2008) is the author's magnum opus: an epic alternate history dark fantasy Cthulhu Mythos novel featuring Tierney's best-known characters, Simon of Gitta and John Taggart. Set in the Holy Land during the time of the ministry of Jesus of Nazareth, Simon of Gitta is on mission to avenge the deaths of his parents, seeking revenge in blood against the Roman officials who committed the murders. As he travels the Holy Lands with his mentor Dositheus, and their student Menander, they become entangled in a complex plot designed to call down a monstrous alien entity to herald a new aeon on Earth. John Taggart, the time traveler from Tierney's The Winds of Zarr becomes involved with Simon of Gitta, as their separate quests converge toward a common goal of saving the very Earth.

Recent work
Tierney has continued to publish weird verse, with the volume Savage Menace and Other Poems of Horror (2010) collecting all his verse subsequent to Collected Poems. In the 1980s he collaborated on one poem, "The Coming of Juss", with Dale C, Donaldson; Tierney has recently collaborated on verse with poets including Charles Lovecraft and Leigh Blackmore.

Robert M. Price gives an audio reading of Tierney's poem "Petition: To Tsathoggua" on the audio CD Strange Aeons (UK: Rainfall Records, 2001).

His prose poem "Autumn Chill" is included in Stephen Jones (ed), Mammoth Book of Best New Horror 22 (Robinson, 2011) - only the second poem to ever appear in this horror anthology series. It is also included in Mammoth Books Presents Unexpected Encounters, an e-book containing four of the works from the Robinson anthology. The work can also be found online in an audio reading by Will Hart.

Tierney is a member of the Unitarians. He finds writing a chore but is sometimes inspired by listening to classical music or film scores. He remains married to Helen Tierney and has a son (Jeriel Tierney).

Awards
Tierney was nominated for the Science Fiction Poetry Association's Grandmaster Award for 2010.

Standalone novelsThe Winds of Zarr (Silver Scarab Press, 1975)For the Witch of the Mists (Ace Books, 1978), with David C. Smith, featuring Bran Mak Morn.The House of the Toad (Fedogan and Bremer, 1993). German edition Im Haus der Krote (Festa, 2008).

Red Sonja series (with David C. Smith)
The heroine is the Hyrkanian warrior Red Sonja. The character is loosely based on Red Sonya created by Robert E. Howard
 #1 The Ring of Ikribu (Ace 1981) (Adapted to comics by Roy Thomas and Esteban Maroto in The Savage Sword of Conan issues 230-3). Smith has written an unproduced screenplay for this novel.
 #2 Demon Night (Ace 1982)
 #3 When Hell Laughs (Ace 1982)
 #4 Endithor's Daughter (Ace 1982) (German ed: Endithor's Tochter)
 #5 Against the Prince of Hell (Ace 1983)
 #6 Star of Doom (Ace 1983)

The Red Sonja novels have been reprinted in German by Heyne Verlag (1990).

Simon of Gitta series
 Scroll of Thoth: Simon Magus and the Great Old Ones (Chaosium, 1997) collects all 12 Simon Magus stories solely written by Richard L. Tierney. A partial list of original publication locations and dates is on-line at the Crypt of Cthulhu archive .
Not included in this collection are:
 The Wedding of Sheila-Na-Gog (Crypt of Cthulhu #29, 1985), with Glenn Rahman. Available on-line from the Crypt of Cthulhu archive .
 The Throne of Achamoth (Weirdbook #21, 1985), with Robert M. Price. Republished in 1995 in The Azathoth Cycle.
 The Gardens of Lucullus (Sidecar Preservation Society, 2001), (with Glenn Rahman).
 The Drums of Chaos (Mythos Books, 2008).

Short stories
 Tigers of the Sea (Zebra Books, 1975), with Robert E. Howard (posthumous collaboration), featuring Cormac Mac Art. Tierney also includes Cthulhu Mythos elements in this work.

Poetry
 Dreams and Damnations: Poems (Madison, WI: The Strange Co., 1975). Pp. 82. Limited ed, 100 copies. Illustrated by James Faulkenberg.
 Collected Poems: Nightmares and Visions (Arkham House, 1981)
 The Blob That Gobbled Abdul and Other Poems and Songs (Mason City: Sidecar Preservation Society, 2000, rpt 2002). Limited to 100, and 50 numbered copies. Intro by Ramsey Campbell. Pp. 20, and 24.Savage Menace and Other Poems of Horror (P'rea Press, 2010). Preface by S.T. Joshi. Illustrated by Andrew J McKiernan. Pp. 132. .

References
Tierney, Richard L. "The Derleth Mythos"
Eng, Steve. "Richard L. Tierney: Arcane Sonneteer" (as part of "Three Poets of Horror: Tierney, Brieding and Brennan", in Darrell Schweitzer, ed. Discovering Modern Horror Fiction II. Mercer Island, WA: Starmont House, 1988.
 Herrron, Don. "Richard L(ouis) Tierney" in S.T. Joshi and Stefan Dzemianowicz (eds), Supernatural Literature of the World, Westport & London: Greenwood press, 2005 (3 vols) pp 1116–1117.
 Joshi, S. T. (2008).  Tierney is discussed in "Some Contemporaries" chapter 7 in Emperors of Dreams: Some Notes on Weird Poetry''. Sydney: P'rea Press.  (pbk) and  (hbk).

External links

Category:1936 births
Category:20th-century American novelists
Category:21st-century American novelists
Category:American fantasy writers
Category:American horror writers
Category:American male novelists
Category:American short story writers
Category:Living people
Category:Cthulhu Mythos writers
Category:People from Mason City, Iowa
Category:Novelists from Iowa
Category:20th-century American poets
Category:21st-century American poets
Category:American male poets
Category:People from Spencer, Iowa
Category:American male short story writers
Category:H. P. Lovecraft scholars


Late Night Joy

Late Night Joy is an American late-night talk show hosted by comedian Joy Behar, which premiered on TLC on November 4, 2015. The half-hour weekly series is filmed in Behar's apartment in New York City, where she invites real-life friends for a drink and a conversation about things that "can only be said behind closed doors."

Episodes

References

External links

Category:2010s American late-night television series
Category:2015 American television series debuts
Category:2015 American television series endings
Category:English-language television programs
Category:Television shows set in New York City
Category:TLC (TV network) original programming


FC Spartak Dnipropetrovsk

FC Spartak Dnipropetrovsk () was an association football team from Dnipropetrovsk (today Dnipro), Ukrainian SSR.

History
The team at Spartak sports society was formed in 1936 (in some sources in 1934) on initiative of Ivan Minakov and was initially called as Promkooperatsia. Among its first trophies was the trophy of "Bolshevistskaya smena" newspaper (Dnipropetrovsk) which the team earned by beating in final game Dynamo Dnipropetrovsk 1:0.

It became the second winner of the Ukrainian republican football championship in 1937 by beating Zenit Stalino in the gold match. According to Vladyslav Rybakov, Spartak Dnipropetrovsk met with Dynamo Kyiv at the final game for Ukrainian champion's title. The winning and the only goal was scored by Leonid Rodos and the Dynamo's goalkeeper Anton Idzkovsky was not able to save the Kievans. The Spartak's 1930s team included such players like goalies Oleksiy Leontyev and Myron Rohachevsky, defenders Mykola Katkov, Tsalik Tsadikov, Anatoliy Dubinin, midfielders Anatoliy Sadovsky, Leonid Rodos, Mykhailo Kolomoyets, Oleksiy Vahonov, forwards Nil Kuntsevych, Samuil Maizel, Mykhailo Cherevatenko, Ivan Teslenko, Petro Luhovy, Mykhailo Diner, Ivan Bashkirov, Mykola Lomakin. Before the war, Spartak competed in Ukrainian competitions in 1938 and 1940, but it placed at the bottom table in both seasons. Beside Ukrainian football competitions, the team also competed in the Soviet Football Cup in 1937 and 1938.

The team was revived after World War II for short period of time, but in 1947 it was merged with Stal Dnipropetrovsk (FC Dnipro).

Coaches
 1934-1937 Ivan Minakov
 1937-1937 Viktor Kaminsky
 1946-1946 Ivan Bashkirov

References

External links

Category:Defunct football clubs in Ukraine
Category:Football clubs in Dnipro
Category:Football clubs in the Ukrainian SSR
Category:1934 establishments in Ukraine
Category:Association football clubs established in 1934
Category:Defunct football clubs in the Soviet Union


Corbyn wreath-laying controversy

On 15 August 2018, a British political controversy was initiated when the Daily Mail claimed that, prior to becoming Labour Party Leader, Jeremy Corbyn had been present at a 2014 wreath-laying at a cemetery which contained the graves of many Palestinian activists including Salah Khalaf and Atef Bseiso, both of whom were members of the Black September Organization and were behind the Munich massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The wreath-laying took place during a commemorative ceremony for victims of the 1985 Israeli air strikes on the PLO headquarters in Tunis, Tunisia, which had been widely condemned at the time, including by the U.S. Government.  Corbyn and the Conservative peer Baron Sheikh had been in Tunisia to attend the International Conference on Monitoring the Palestinian Political and Legal Situation in the Light of Israeli Aggression. The controversy was considered to be part of a wider series of issues relating to claims of antisemitism in the Labour party and Corbyn's personal position on the Middle East, which have escalated since Corbyn became a front-runner for Labour Party leader in August 2015.

Conference
Corbyn, Conservative peer Lord Sheikh and Liberal Democrat peer Baron Andrew Phillips were attending the "International Conference on Monitoring the Palestinian Political and Legal Situation in the Light of Israeli Aggression" in Tunis, organised by the Centre for Strategic Studies for North Africa. According to Sheikh, representatives of Hamas may have been present but he did not meet them. Conservative MPs Robert Halfon (a member of the Conservative Friends of Israel) and Zac Goldsmith called for a party investigation into his attendance, arguing that it breached the party's code of conduct and that a failure to investigate it would be hypocritical. Lord Sheikh denied any wrongdoing, calling the complaints "trivial" and "politically motivated" following Sheikh's condemnation of Johnson's controversial remarks regarding the niqab/burqa.

Ceremony

On 15 August 2018 the Daily Mail claimed that Corbyn had instead been pictured 15 yards (14 m) away from the memorial for the air strike victims while holding a wreath near the graves of Salah Khalaf and Atef Bseiso (senior leaders of Fatah and PLO in the early 1970s) who were accused of having links to the Black September Organization responsible for the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics, in which eleven Israeli Olympic team members were taken hostage and killed in addition to a West German police officer. In a 2014 write-up of the event for the Morning Star, Corbyn wrote that "wreaths were laid at the graves of those who died on that day and on the graves of others killed by Mossad agents in Paris in 1991". Corbyn has not confirmed who he was referring to in this article (Bseiso was killed in Paris in 1992, and Khalaf was assassinated in Tunisia in 1991).

Also on 15 August 2018 the BBC News filmed a report from inside the Hamman Chott Cemetery, showing where Corbyn would have likely stood within the designated area where all dignitaries typically stand on an annual basis to remember those who were killed in the Israel airstrike in 1985 and for senior members of the Palestine Liberation Organization, under the small covered area of the enclosed Palestinian section of the cemetery, which also covers the graves of Bseiso and Khalaf.

There was condemnation from some of the British and Jewish press, as well as from some members of the Labour Party and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Jonathan Goldstein, the head of the Jewish Leadership Council, said Corbyn's alleged participation in an event honoring the Munich terrorists is a "defining moment, typifying and showing his great hostility towards Israel and, through Israel, to the Jewish people". Goldstein criticized Corbyn's refusal to apologise to the Munich Massacre widows and called it "un-British". A Labour party spokesperson stated "Jeremy did not lay any wreath at the graves of those alleged to have been linked to the Black September organisation or the 1972 Munich killings. He of course condemns that terrible attack, as he does the 1985 bombing."  Corbyn stated "I was there because I wanted to see a fitting memorial to everyone who has died in every terrorist incident everywhere".

The Labour Party made a complaint to the press watchdog Independent Press Standards Organisation regarding stories in the Daily Mail, The Sun, The Times, The Daily Telegraph, the Daily Express and the Metro newspapers, arguing that these organisations "seriously misrepresented the event" and "underplayed the role of mainstream Palestinian leaders conducting the ceremony", although the complaint was later dropped.

Funding of trip
In August 2018 Corbyn was reported to Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards following claims that he failed to declare who paid for his Tunisia trip in accordance with parliamentary requirements. The Labour Party stated that the costs of the trip were under the £660 limit at which a declaration should be made. Sheikh, who traveled to Tunis to attend the same conference, but has stated that he was unaware of a wreath laying ceremony, reported that the Tunisian government underwrote his expenses.

E-mails, revealed in April 2019 by the Guido Fawkes blog, showed that Corbyn had asked his staff to "keep it cheap" in order to not hit the £660 limit, which would possibly lead the trip to "be referred to debates etc".

References

External links
Inside the Jeremy Corbyn wreath row cemetery in Tunisia at bbc.co.uk
FactCheck: Jeremy Corbyn and the wreath row at channel4.com

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Category:Political scandals in the United Kingdom
Category:2018 in British politics
Category:Jeremy Corbyn


Paris Métro Line 12

Paris Métro Line 12 (opened as Line A; French: Ligne 12 du métro de Paris) is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro. It links Issy-les-Moulineaux, a suburban town southwest of Paris, to Front Populaire, on the border between Saint-Denis and Aubervilliers in the north. With over 84 million journeys per year, Line 12 is the eleventh busiest line of the network. It has several important stops, such as Madeleine, the 6th arrondissement of Paris, Porte de Versailles and two national railway stations, Gare Montparnasse and Gare Saint-Lazare. The service runs every day of the week, starting at 5:30 a.m. and with the last departure at 0:39 a.m. or on Fridays and Saturdays, one hour later. The line uses MF 67 series trains, the network's standard since the early 1970s; they make a complete journey in 36 minutes.

Line 12 was founded as Line A by the Nord-Sud Company, who also built Line 13. It was built between 1905 and 1910, to connect the districts of Montparnasse, in the south, and Montmartre, in the north. The first trip, from Porte de Versailles to Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, was on 5 November 1910. The line was the second to be built on the north–south axis of the city, in competition with Line 4 of the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP; Paris Metropolitan Railway Company). It was extended bit by bit until 1934 when it reached Mairie d'Issy in the south. Tunnelling to the northern terminus at the Porte de la Chapelle on the perimeter of Paris had been completed in 1916. In 1930, the CMP bought the Nord-Sud company and Line A was integrated into the new, unified network as Line 12. In 1949, the CMP was itself merged into the RATP, Paris's public transport company. They operate the line today and have plans to extend it south as far as the town of Issy-les-Moulineaux and north to La Plaine in Saint-Denis.

The line was built using cut-and-cover excavation techniques. Since this method cannot be used under buildings, the route follows the streets above. It remains unchanged today and many original design features, such as the Nord-Sud company's refined ceramic decor, remain in the stations. Some stations are decorated thematically: Assemblée Nationale has murals explaining the intricacies of the lower house of the French Parliament, while the tiling at Concorde represents an extract from the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789).

History

Planning (1901–1905)
Engineer Jean-Baptiste Berlier proposed to the City of Paris to finance and build a new line linking the areas of Montmartre and Gare Saint-Lazare in the north with Montparnasse and Vaugirard in the south. The line would establish a second north–south transport axis of the city, west of the existing line four. Berlier's design of two deep, parallel, iron-lined tunnels was modelled on the London Underground system. This method allowed the straightest line possible to be built, without passing underneath buildings and free from interference with underground sewers. The City Council liked the plan and on 28 December 1901 granted the tender for a Montparnasse-Montmartre line to Messrs Janicot and Berlier. In June 1902, a new company, new competitor of the "Parisian Metropolitan Rail Company" (CMP), was established : the Nord-Sud Company (in French ). The grant to build what would become Line A was transferred to the Nord-Sud Company; which was approved on 26 March 1907. While the infrastructure of the CMP was financed by the city corporation, Nord-Sud project was the sole responsibility of the Nord-Sud Company.

The link between two important but distant urban centres guaranteed heavy traffic for the line and it would also directly compete with the CMP and tramway companies, threatening their monopoly across the city. The City was wary of inciting new demands to license other lines, and of eventually provoking industrial disorder, something already experienced on the tramway network. French law required a Déclaration d'utilité publique ("Declaration of Public Utility"), a statement of the project's public benefit before municipal construction, the concerns meant that it was not promulgated for the  line until 3 April 1905. The law announced the creation "of [] public utility, of local interest, this establishment, in Paris, of a railroad, electrically powered, dedicated to the transport of passengers and their hand-luggage, from Montmartre to Montparnasse". The law became active on 19 July 1905, the southern terminus was at Porte de Versailles,  long, with a northern branch from Gare St. Lazare to Porte de Saint-Quen. On 10 April 1908, the northern extension from Place des Abbesses to Place Jules Joffrin,  long, was in turn authorised, followed by the final section to Porte de la Chapelle () on 24 January 1912.

Construction and opening (1907–1910)

The boggy undersoil of Paris made it impossible for the engineers to follow their initial concept of deeply excavated, metal-lined tunnels: digging deeper to more stable ground would raise costs. The line was finally established immediately underneath the streets using the cut and cover method of the CMP's lines, then the standard in use on the Metropolitan system. As a consequence, the layout contains several difficult curves especially in the northern part where narrow streets have a winding route. The line had 23 stations, all with vaulted roof construction. An interchange with lines A and B was established at Saint-Lazare, but there was no connection with the CMP's lines.

Work on the sub-fluvial tunnel underneath the Seine, between the Chambre des Députés station (now known as Assemblée nationale) and Concorde, took place between July 1907 and July 1909. This  long section runs through a bed of limestone after a break in the sand on the Rive Gauche. The under-river passage was bored by two early tunnel boring machines, each with an external diameter of . The head of the machine cut into the rock, while in two intermediate chambers 24 hydraulic jacks exerted a pressure of   on the rock walls so the machine could advance. At the back, a mobile arm turned on the axis of the tunnelling shield to install panels on walls of the tunnel.

The two tubes, with an internal diameter of , were made from  thick rings of cast iron. Each ring was constructed from ten  panels, with one  counter-key panel and a  key panel to lock the segments in place. The casing extended  downstream and  upstream. The two tubes are not parallel: the distance between them varies from . Work was delayed by the 1910 Great Flood of Paris. During the works, the future Chambre des Députés station housed an air and water compressor. The compressed air prevented the collapse of the digging shield from the weight of the waters above. The tubes, initially unlined apart from the cast iron rings, were covered with an internal protective layer of masonry in 1920.

The section from Porte de Versailles to Notre-Dame-de-Lorette was inaugurated on 4 November 1910 and opened to the public on the next day. Porte de Versailles was set up as a terminus station with a connection to a workshop. The latter was joined by to the Petite Ceinture rail line, which allowed for the transfer of trains between lines. At the other end, the provisional terminus at Notre-Dame-de-Lorette was set up with three tracks including a central depot.

On the opening day, public representatives rode from Notre-Dame-de-Lorette to Porte de Versailles, and returned to Gare Saint-Lazare for a buffet held in the rotunda. The press reports were laudatory, commenting on the smoothness of journey, and their brightness of the stations. From the beginning, the traffic on the line was significant and the quantity of rolling stock had quickly to be increased. From 5 November 1910 until 30 June 1911, the line carried 29,263,610 passengers.

Developments to the present

On 8 April 1911, the line was extended north to Pigalle. A subsequent three station extension to Jules Joffrin proved particularly difficult. The route passed underneath the hill of Montmartre, which had long been quarried and mined for gypsum to make plaster of paris. During the construction of the tunnel, numerous unknown quarries were discovered forcing a change in the line's route to avoid them. The two intermediate stations, Abbesses and Lamarck – Caulaincourt, are particularly deep: here the tunnels are situated  and  below ground level, respectively. The engineers constructed arches underground to support the weight of the gypsum above. The extension was put into service on 30 October 1912.

Work on the final extension northwards began in September 1912, but the tunnel was not finished at the beginning of the First World War. Though lacking personnel, the construction work continued at a slower pace. On 23 August 1916, in the middle of the war, the line reached Porte de la Chapelle. This extension comprised three new stations, of which the final included three tracks and two central platforms, the central track being used by trains leaving or arriving. Line A intersected with Line 4 at Marcadet – Poissonniers, but no transfer had yet been set up.

On 1 January 1930, the CMP absorbed the Nord-Sud company, and line A became line 12 of the Métropolitain network on 27 March 1931. The line that bore the number 12 in the 1922 plan for a complementary network, from Porte d'Orleans to Porte d'Italie, was abandoned. Thinking that the number of trains on the line was insufficient, the CMP transferred four trains from their holding to augment the service.

The Nord-Sud company lines were powered through overhead cables, whereas the third rail system was in use on the CMP's network. With the ownership transition, the CMP standard was adopted on the lines 12 and 13. As a result, the overhead cables of the Nord-Sud were decommissioned in 1932, one year after those of line 13. Pantographs continued to be used in the Vaugirard workshop. To improve the connection of the lines and facilitate the transfer of the carriages, a new link was built in 1935, between the Montparnasse station and the Vavin station of line 4.

On 12 July 1928, the Seine general council decided to extend the Métropolitain by , taking it beyond the limit of Paris so that line A would serve the town of Issy-les-Moulineaux with two new stations. Work began in 1931 and led to the relocation of Porte de Versailles station further from the city, the new station being set up with two platforms staggered by . The platforms of the old station were removed and sidings were installed to house trains not in use. The extension comprised only two stations with  long platforms, terminating at standard two track station, followed by a reversing area. On 24 March 1934, the southern extension to Mairie d'Issy was inaugurated, the same day as that of line 1 to Château de Vincennes.

On the night of 20 April 1944, during the Liberation of Paris, the freight station of Porte de la Chapelle and the RATP central workshop on rue Championnet were bombarded. The former, which is also the line's terminus, was severely damaged though hasty repairs returned it to service a few days later.

The line was equipped with a centralised control room in 1971. In 1977 the use of MF 67 rolling stock allowed the inauguration of Automatic Train Control on Line 12. A project to extend the line northwards began in 2007. The first phase of the extension is to Front Populaire, which was opened to the public on 17 December 2012.

Time-line
5 November 1910: Line A of the Nord-Sud company was opened from Porte de Versailles to Notre-Dame de Lorette.
8 April 1911: The line was extended northbound from Notre-Dame de Lorette to Pigalle.
31 October 1912: The line was extended from Pigalle to Jules Joffrin.
23 August 1916: The line was extended from Jules Joffrin to Porte de la Chapelle.
1930: The Nord-Sud company was bought by the CMP company. Line A became line 12.
24 March 1934: The line was extended from Porte de Versailles to Mairie d'Issy.
18 December 2012: The line was extended from Porte de la Chapelle to Aubervilliers - Saint-Denis - Front Populaire.

Route

Line 12 is  long and completely underground. It is, by design, a particularly twisting route with multiple corners and steep climbs.

Beginning at Issy-les-Moulineaux, south-west of Paris, with a three way tunnel underneath l'avenue Victor-Cresson, the terminus is at Mairie d'Issy, and has only two tracks. It runs north-east, entering Paris at Porte de Versailles, a major station with three tracks, one of which gives access to the workshop at Vaugirard. The line then runs underneath rue de Vaugirard, following all the bends of this narrow street.

After Falguière, the line veers back south-east in a  radius bend underneath the boulevard du Montparnasse. It connects with line 13 at Montparnasse – Bienvenüe, and exit leads toward the Tour Montparnasse. Before the station, a two-way tunnel branches right (i.e., south), the beginning of a planned branch line to la Porte de Vanves (which later became line C of the Nord-Sud Company). This branch was in turn integrated into the original line 14 of the Métropolitain system, and became a part of line 13 when 13 and 14 were joined at the Seine. The Vanves branch now serves as a depot and workshop.

After the junction with Line 4 at Montparnasse – Bienvenüe, Line 12 goes north-west underneath the Boulevard du Raspail; at  long. After the Rue du Bac station, it runs north underneath the Boulevard Saint-Germain until the river Seine, under which it (and the tunnel of RER Line C) passes via a 4 per cent descent and 3.5 per cent climb, to reappear on the Right Bank. After Concorde, the tunnel burrows below that of Line 1, then follows a twisting route through Rue Saint Florentin, then Rue du Chevalier-de-Saint-George and finally Rue Duphot before reaching Madeleine, named after the Église de la Madeleine, where the bend necessitates curved platforms.

The route also goes underneath the tunnel of the new Line 14, and twists north underneath Rue Tronchet. After intersecting with Line 13, it reaches Saint-Lazare by a curve with a radius of just , turning east under Rue Saint-Lazare.

Between the Trinité station and the Notre-Dame-de-Lorette station the tunnel has three lines, including a central one which connects the two at the exit of Trinité. This extra track was used for a long time to move the trains of Line 13 from the Vaugirard workshop back to their line (before the merger with the old line 14 the extension towards Châtillon – Montrouge and the creation of a new workshop).

In preparation for the ascent of the Montmartre hill, the line veers sharply north in two curves of  radius, putting the tunnel under Rue Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. There it climbs on a 4 per cent slope until the next station, Saint-Georges, which is divided by a pedestrian access way. Line 12 climbs on towards Pigalle station, where the Moulin Rouge is
situated, and it intersects with and runs under Line 2 and passes under a sewer.

Between Abbesses and Lamarck-Caulaincourt stations, the tunnel crosses Montmartre at a maximum depth of , close to the Basilica of the Sacré Cœur, making Line 12 the network's deepest. At Lamarck-Caulaincourt station, the line reaches its highest point, after which it makes a 4 per cent descent towards Jules-Joffrin station, situated under Rue Ordener, then to Marcadet-Poissoniers station, where the line again crosses Line 4. The tunnel runs underneath the railways departing from Gare du Nord, then slants northwards in a  radius curve into Marx Dormoy station, in the Goutte d'Or neighbourhood. The line continues down a slope of 2.6 per cent, with new bends, before arriving at Porte de la Chapelle station, on the northern edge of Paris. This station was previously the northern terminus and has three lines with platforms, leading into a four-tunnel depot. Beyond the depot, a new tunnel was constructed for the first phase of the extension towards Aubervillers, passing underneath the ring road, and exiting the northern fringe of Paris for the first time. After an eastward curvature, the line arrives at Aubervillers - Front Populaire, the first modern station of Line 12. The new station is situated at the edge of Saint-Denis and Aubervilliers, and is a traditional 2-track layout with platforms on either side of the track (From :fr:Ligne 12 du métro de Paris).

Stations

Line 12 consists of 29 stations, including 12 with connections to 9 other metro lines and one RER line, two Transilien networks and two national railway stations.

Design features

Because of the competition with the CMP, the Nord-Sud company paid a special attention to design elements. One of the notable elements is the Saint-Lazare station in which architect Lucien Bechmann designed a rotunda for the tickets and transfer room. The station entrances of the Nord-Sud company, in ceramic and iron, are of a more sober styling than the Art nouveau designs of Hector Guimard for the CMP's entrances. The word "Nord-Sud" appeared in white on red for the maximum visibility at a distance. In the 1970s, the Hector Guimard entrance from Hotel de Ville station was moved to Abbesses station.

In the stations, the supporting walls are vertical and not vaulted, and the ceramic tiles carry the customary "NS" logo of the company. The tile trims are brown in stations without a transfer, and green in those with. Madeleine station has blue tile trim because of its connection with the CMP. In addition, on the headwalls of the tunnels a signage indicate the direction of the trains accompanied by an arrow indicating the platform on the right. All stations on the line inside Paris had this signage, though some have disappeared in renovations over the years. At each station between Solférino and Notre-Dame des Champs (except Rue du Bac) are inscribed "DIRON MONTPARNASSE" or "DIRON MONTMARTRE". In the north, at Marcadet – Poissonniers, Lamarck – Caulaincourt and Abbesses, the signs on the headwalls are "DIRON PTE de VERSAILLES"/"DIRON PTE de LA CHAPELLE". In the south, at Falguière, the signs are "DIRON PTE de VERSAILLES"/"DIRON MONTMARTRE".

Two stations, due to their depth underground, have lifts: Abbesses and Lamarck – Caulaincourt. Five stations have unique décor, each based around a single theme: Abbesses, Concorde, Assemblée nationale, Montparnasse – Bienvenüe and Pasteur.

Abbesses station can be accessed via two shafts, one for the lifts, the other the stairs which are decorated with, on the descent, famous sights in Montmartre such as the Moulin Rouge, Sacré Coeur or place des Abbesses, and depictions of nature and daily life while ascending. This installation was painted in 2007 to replace a mosaic patchwork previously done by artists from the area, which had been vandalised over the years.

Concorde station was renovated in the early 1990s, it is decorated with small ceramic tiles, each depicting a different letter. Together forming extracts from the Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789, the design was conceived by Françoise Schein.

Since 1990, Assemblée nationale station no longer carries election material, but the posters show heads in silhouette, representing the deputies of l'Assemblée nationale. It was designed by Jean-Charles Blais and is regularly refreshed according to the parliamentary calendar.

Montparnasse – Bienvenüe station is named after its location and the "father" of the Metropolitan system in Paris, Fulgence Bienvenüe. Thus it was a natural choice for an exhibition on the technology and literature of the metro, in celebration of its centenary in 2000. Extracts from works about the Metro adorn the walls of its corridors.

Pasteur station has an exhibition dedicated to medicine, installed during the centenary of the Metro and the renovation of the station on Line 6. The panels depict the evolution of biology and medicine since Louis Pasteur, in the context of the time, and with various anecdotes.

Renamed stations
The names of six stations have been changed since the line's opening:
1923: Sèvres – Croix Rouge renamed Sèvres – Babylone.
25 August 1931: Marcadet renamed Marcadet – Poissoniers.
6 October 1942: Montparnasse renamed Montparnasse – Bienvenüe.
15 October 1945: Petits Ménages renamed Corentin Celton in honour of a member of the French Resistance who was working at the Hospice of the Petits Ménages and who was killed by the Nazis during the occupation.
11 May 1946: Torcy renamed Marx-Dormoy.
1989: Chambre des Députés renamed Assemblée Nationale.

Operation

Service

In 2011, the end to end journey time was 35 minutes southwards and 36 minutes northwards. As with all Metro lines, the first trains leave at 05:30, from both terminus as well as from Porte de Versailles station.

On most days, the last northbound train leaves Mairie d’Issy station at 00:39. The last southbound trains leave Porte de la Chapelle station at 00:39 and 00:42, the second terminating at Porte de Versailles station. On Fridays and Saturdays, the final departures are at 01:39. The train frequency is every two to four minutes during the day, and five to seven minutes in the late evening. The frequency on Sundays is four to six minutes. After 00:30 on Friday and Saturday evenings and bank holidays, the interval between trains is 10 minutes. The RATP employs two categories of staff: ticketing agents and drivers. The former manage the stations, sell tickets and look after passengers. Drivers are responsible for the operation of the trains.

Rolling stock
At its inception Line 12 operated four-motor Sprague-Thomson trains, equipped with 600 volt pantographs and scrubbers, the overhead system which supplies the trains with electricity. After the integration of the line into the CMP network, the overhead lines and pantographs were removed. The trains remained unique, using a grey and blue colour scheme for the 2nd class cars and red and yellow for 1st class until 1972.

When Line 7 was modernised with new MF 67 stock between 1971 and 1973, its old Sprague-Thomson trains were transferred to Line 12 to replenish the worn out equipment from the Nord-Sud company. The last train was replaced in May 1972. Line 12 continued to use the Sprague-Thomson equipment for another six years, until 1978, when it was provided with new MF 67 stock.

Intermittently, the MF 2000 stock trains are tested along the Line 12 corridor.

Workshops

The rolling stock of Line 12 is maintained at the Vaugirard workshop, situated underground in the 15th arrondissement of Paris between the rues Croix-Nivert, Desnouettes and Lecourbe, and Lycée Louis-Armand. They connect with the main line on the tunnels toward the Mairie d'Issy station, north until the Porte de Versailles station. It is also connected to the Petite Ceinture, a minor disused railway, by tracks which cross Rue Desnouettes.

As with all rolling stock on the system, heavy maintenance, such as the replacement of worn parts (batteries, paint, springs, etc.), happens at the Choisy workshops. Opened in 1931, the Choisy workshops are underground in the 13th arrondissement, close to the Boulevard Périphérique, and accessible via a fork in line 7. There are two parts, one for maintenance of carriages of Line 7, the other for repairs on trains from all lines on the network. The workshops cover an area of approximately . In 2007, it was staffed by 330 workmen.

Ticketing and finance
The Metro ticketing system uses the "t+" ticket, which permits a journey of any distance and allows unlimited transfers between Metro lines and to the RER within central Paris.

The cost of operating the line is met by the RATP, though ticket prices are set politically and do not reflect the true cost of operating the system. The difference is covered by the Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France, the regional public transport coordinating authority. It sets the general conditions, frequency and duration of services. Their operating cost is financed by an annual block grant raised through a transport tax on businesses and payments from local authorities.

Traffic
Line 12's traffic load is about average for the Métro; the total number of travellers is less than half that of Line 1 and approximately two-thirds of lines 6 and 13. From 1992 to 2004, traffic grew by 0.5%, the 11th (of 13) strongest in terms of traffic growth (excluding Line 14, completed in 1998).

The busiest stations are Saint-Lazare (34.53 million) and Montparnasse – Bienvenüe (29.46 million), both of which serve multiple lines. In 1998, average weekday traffic reached,  commuters,  on Saturday and  on Sunday.

Safety record
There have been two accidents on the line: On 23 April 1930, a collision was caused by human error close to the Porte de Versailles station. A train moving north was stopped before a red signal between Porte de Versailles and Convention stations. A second hit it hard from behind, the driver having passed two stop signals at full speed. Two people were killed, and there were numerous injuries. A derailment on 30 August 2000. The train's automatic control function was broken, and the driver was unused to driving manually and arrived too fast into the steep decline before Notre-Dame-de-Lorette station. The derailment turned the car upside-down, and 24 people were injured. The investigation concluded that a specific emergency signal be installed on the approach to the station, and that drivers preserve their skills by not habitually driving with the auto-pilot function.

Future

Northern extension
An extension north to the provisionally named Proudhon-Gardinoux station on the boundary between Saint-Denis and Aubervilliers opened in 2012. The station will serve La Plaine Saint-Denis, a diverse district that includes many television studios. Initially called "Proudhon – Gardinoux" in the planning stages of the project (after the intersection of rue Proudhon and rue des Gardinoux), the name of the new station will be Front Populaire after the adjacent well-known square.

Construction began in the second half of 2007, and the tunnel boring machine started to operate in 2009. The tunnel will be dug as far as Aubervilliers, but the entrances to the Pont de Stains and Mairie d'Aubervilliers stations will not be built until later. Works on the first stage cost 198.5 million euros (48% from regional funding, 27.5% from the state, 8.5% from the Department's General Council, 16% from the RATP – on a loan approved by the region).

In a second phase, two further stations are envisaged at Pont de Stains and Mairie d'Aubervilliers, both within the town of Aubervilliers. The final plan sees the extension running all the way to RER B at La Courneuve, where the SDRIF plans an ultimate terminus at the tramway station of Tramway Line 1.

Southern extension
A southern extension into the municipality of Issy-les-Moulineaux is envisaged. Discussed at length since the last extension of the line to Mairie d'Issy in 1934, it would run at least up to Gare d'Issy, or possibly all the way to Les Moulineaux thus permitting transfers with Tramway T2 and creating the Issy-Ville station. The project was included in phases 2 or 3 of the Île-de-France regional master plan (SDRIF) adopted on 25 September 2008, with an expected start in 2014 or 2020.

See also

Notes

References

External links

RATP official website
RATP English language website
Interactive Map of the RER
Interactive Map of the Paris métro
Metro-Pole website, dedicated to Paris public transports (unofficial)

Category:Railway lines opened in 1910
Category:Articles containing video clips


Pinipel Island

Pinipel Island, also known as Green Island, is the northern of the two atolls making up the Green Islands, east of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. It is located north of Nissan Island, the southern atoll. It is about  high and cliffy, from  wide, except at the north end.

The namesake main island of the atoll makes up for most of its land area. In addition, there are two tiny islets in the north-western part of the atoll, Sentinel Island and Sau (Sale) Island. The population of the atoll, all on the main island, was 901 at the census of population of 2000, distributed among three villages:
Mantoia, in the north of the main island (pop. 394)
Teah (279), close east of Mantoia
Rogos, also called Rokus, in the central part of the main island (228)

References

Category:Islands of Papua New Guinea
Category:Geography of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville
Category:Solomon Islands (archipelago)


Trifluoroacetone

Trifluoroacetone (1,1,1-trifluoroacetone) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CF3C(O)CH3. The compound is a colorless liquid with chloroform-like odour.

Preparation, reactions, uses
Trifluoroacetone is produced by decarboxylation of trifluoroacetoacetic acid:
CF3C(O)CH2CO2H → CF3C(O)CH3 + CO2
The acetoacetic acid in turn is obtained via condensation of acetate and trifluoroacetate esters.

Trifluoroacetone has been examined as oxidizing agent in Oppenauer oxidation, in which case hydroxyl groups of secondary alcohols can be oxidized in the presence of hydroxy groups of primary alcohols.

Trifluoracetone is also used in a synthesis of 2-trifluoromethyl-7-azaindoles starting with 2,6-dihalopyridines. The derived chiral imine is used to prepare enantiopure α-trifluoromethyl alanines and diamines by a Strecker reaction followed by either nitrile hydrolysis or reduction.

See also
Hexafluoroacetone

References

External links
Safety sheet

Category:Trifluoromethyl compounds
Category:Ketones
Category:Trifluoromethyl ketones


Zhaltusha

Zhaltusha () is a village in Ardino Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern-central Bulgaria.  It is located  southeast of Sofia. It covers an area of 6.452 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 926 people.

References

Category:Villages in Kardzhali Province


Electroatopos

Electroatopos castaneus is an extinct species of ant-like stone beetle, described in 2010, and the only species in the genus Electroatopos. It existed in what is now Myanmar during the Middle Cretaceous period.

References

Category:Staphylinidae genera
Category:Cretaceous insects
Category:Fossil taxa described in 2010
Category:Cretaceous insects of Asia
Category:Burmese amber
Category:Fossils of Myanmar


Scopula rufomixtaria

Scopula rufomixtaria  is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in France and on the Iberian Peninsula.

Subspecies
Scopula rufomixtaria rufomixtaria
Scopula rufomixtaria saharensis (Hausmann, 1993)

References

External links
Lepiforum.de

Category:Moths described in 1863
rufomixtaria
Category:Moths of Europe
Category:Taxa named by Adolphe Hercule de Graslin


RAF Lissett

Royal Air Force Station Lissett or more simply RAF Lissett is a former Royal Air Force station located  south west of Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

History
Originally required as satellite airfield for RAF Catfoss the land was requisitioned in 1940. Although constrained by three roads and the Gransmoor Drain the builders constructed a standard three-runway bomber airfield. It had two hangars and 36 dispersals and three concrete runways.

Lissett opened in February 1943 and No. 158 Squadron RAF arrived from RAF Rufforth to be the resident squadron on 28 February. 158 Squadron was a heavy bomber squadron equipped with the four-engined Handley Page Halifax. The squadron flew the first operational mission on the night of 11/12 March 1943 when ten aircraft were flown to Stuttgart. One aircraft failed to return. The squadron carried out operations up to the end of the war from Lissett. Apart from a few weeks in early 1944 only 158 Squadron operated out of the station, which was unusual for an RAF base. Over the course of the 2 years 158 Squadron was stationed there they completed 250 missions, suffering the loss of 144 aircraft, either destroyed in combat or in accident. In addition, 851 of the squadron's airmen were lost in the war.

In May 1945 with the war at an end the squadron transitioned to a transport role and was transferred to Transport Command. The squadron was re-equipped with the early war four engine Short Stirling bomber before departing to RAF Stradishall in August 1945. With the departure of 158 Squadron the station was relegated to a care and maintenance status, but by the end of the year the airfield was abandoned and the technical areas used for storage.

Based units

Current use

In December 2008 a wind farm housing 12 turbines (Nordex N90's) each standing  high was constructed on the western end of the airfield.

A memorial metal sculpture to 158 Squadron in the form of seven airmen was erected on the base and dedicated to the memory of the 851 airmen who did not return from operations at the airfield. The monument is situated on the edge of the old airfield site on Gransmoor Road, Lissett.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Royal Air Force Station Lissett official history

Category:Royal Air Force stations in Yorkshire
Category:Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom
Category:Wind farms in England


1970 Boston Red Sox season

The 1970 Boston Red Sox season was the 70th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished third in the American League East with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses, 21 games behind the Baltimore Orioles, who went on to win the AL championship and the 1970 World Series.

Offseason
 December 13, 1969: Dalton Jones was traded by the Red Sox to the Detroit Tigers for Tom Matchick.

Regular season
The 1970s began with a new manager for the Red Sox. After the firing of Dick Williams near the end of the 1969 season, general manager Dick O'Connell reached down into the farm system again for a replacement and came up with Eddie Kasko, who had managed the Red Sox AAA farm team at Louisville to a second-place finish in 1969. Eddie had been an infielder for the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, Houston Astros and Boston Red Sox for 10 years (and eventually became the scouting director for Boston).

Eddie took over a team in transition in 1970. Its leading pitcher was Ray Culp, with 17 wins. Jim Lonborg, the superstar of 1967, still was not back in form and went 4–1. Carl Yastrzemski led the team and the American League, with a .329 average, and Tony Conigliaro appeared to have recovered from the horrible beaning of 1967, hitting .266, with 36 home runs and 116 RBIs. Reggie Smith hit .303, and George Scott had a banner year at .296, with 16 homers and 63 RBIs. Unfortunately the Red Sox finished 21 games back of the rampaging Baltimore Orioles, who won 108 games and then went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1970 World Series, 4 games to 1.

There were no scheduled doubleheaders this season at Fenway Park.

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Notable transactions
 May 28, 1970: Tom Matchick was traded by the Red Sox to the Kansas City Royals for Mike Fiore.
 July 14, 1970: Chuck Hartenstein was acquired by the Red Sox from the St. Louis Cardinals as part of a conditional deal.

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Awards and honors
Tony Conigliaro, Hutch Award

Farm system

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Winston-Salem, Greenville

Notes

References

1970 Boston Red Sox team page at Baseball Reference
1970 Boston Red Sox season at baseball-almanac.com

Category:Boston Red Sox seasons
Boston Red Sox season
Red Sox season
Boston Red


List of UK Dance Singles Chart number ones of 2009

These are The Official UK Charts Company UK Dance Chart number one hits of 2009.    The dates listed below represent the Saturday after the Sunday the chart was announced, as per the way the dates are given in chart publications such as the ones produced by Guinness and Virgin.

Number ones

See also
UK Dance Chart
List of UK Dance Albums Chart number ones of 2009
2009 in British music

References

United Kingdom Dance Singles
2009
Number-one dance singles


Spark to a Flame: The Very Best of Chris de Burgh

Spark to a Flame:  The Very Best of Chris de Burgh is the third compilation album by Chris de Burgh, released by A&M Records in 1989.  The album was released largely to capitalise on the resurgence of de Burgh's career after the smash hit of The Lady In Red three years earlier.  As a result, most of the tracks are drawn from his  1980s albums The Getaway, Man On The Line, Into The Light and Flying Colours.

Also notable is the pairing of the songs "Borderline" and "Say Goodbye To It All" - originally from two different albums, which tell a story arc of a conscientious objector fleeing to be with his lover.

Track listing
All songs written by Chris de Burgh.

UK release
"This Waiting Heart" (previously unreleased) – 4:08
"Don't Pay the Ferryman" – 3:24
"Much More Than This" - 2:55
"Sailing Away" – 4:58
"The Lady in Red" – 4:17
"Borderline" – 4:33
"Say Goodbye to It All" – 5:04
"Spanish Train" - 4:47
"Ship to Shore" – 3:47
"Missing You" – 4:06
”Fatal Hesitation“ - 4:14
"Diamond in the Dark" (previously unreleased) – 3:29
"Tender Hands" – 4:28
"A Spaceman Came Travelling" * – 5:10
"Where Peaceful Waters Flow" – 3:53
"High on Emotion" – 4:24

US/Canada release
"This Waiting Heart" (previously unreleased) – 4:08
"Don't Pay the Ferryman" – 3:24
"Much More Than This" – 2:55
"Sailing Away" – 4:58
"The Lady in Red" – 4:17
"Borderline" – 4:33
"Say Goodbye to It All" – 5:04
"Spanish Train" – 4:47
"Patricia the Stripper" – 3:30
"Ship to Shore" – 3:47
"Missing You" – 4:06
"Diamond in the Dark" (previously unreleased) – 3:29
"Tender Hands" – 4:28
"A Spaceman Came Travelling" – 5:10
"Where Peaceful Waters Flow" – 3:53
"High on Emotion" – 4:24

West German/Australasian release
"This Waiting Heart" (previously unreleased) – 4:08
"Don't Pay the Ferryman" – 3:24
"Fire On The Water" – 4:28
"Sailing Away" – 4:58
"The Lady in Red" – 4:17
"Borderline" – 4:33
"Say Goodbye to It All" – 5:04
"One Word (Straight To The Heart)" – 4:16
"A Spaceman Came Travelling" – 5:10
"Ship to Shore" – 3:47
"Missing You" – 4:06
"Diamond in the Dark" (previously unreleased) – 3:29
"Tender Hands" – 4:28
"The Getaway" – 3:52
"Where Peaceful Waters Flow" – 3:53
"High on Emotion" – 4:24

 The album features the remixed version of A Spaceman Came Travelling with a re-rerecorded vocal track, it is subsequently titled A Spaceman Came Travelling '89 on later compilations.

Chart positions

External links
 The Official Chris de Burgh Website

Category:Chris de Burgh albums
Category:1989 greatest hits albums
Category:Albums produced by Rupert Hine
Category:Albums produced by Roy Thomas Baker
Category:A&M Records compilation albums


Yordan Bozdanski

Yordan Bozdanski () (born 7 October 1964) is a Bulgarian former football player and former football manager of Pirin Blagoevgrad.

Career
Born in Sandanski, Yordan Bozdanski played in his career for Pirin Blagoevgrad, Vihren Sandanski, Pirin Gotse Delchev, Septemvri Simitli, Greek Ethnikos Piraeus, Spanish UD Las Palmas and Macedonian FK Maleš. He began managing prior to his retirement as a player.

Honours

As a player
 Pirin Blagoevgrad
 Bulgarian Cup
 Runner-up (1): 1993-94

As a coach
 Vihren Sandanski
 B PFG
 Winner (1): 2004-05

References

Category:Living people
Category:1964 births
Category:Bulgarian footballers
Category:Bulgarian expatriate footballers
Category:Bulgarian football managers
Category:OFC Pirin Blagoevgrad players
Category:FC Vihren Sandanski players
Category:Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. players
Category:UD Las Palmas players
Category:PFC Pirin Gotse Delchev players
Category:First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Greece
Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain
Category:Expatriate footballers in North Macedonia
Category:Macedonian Bulgarians
Category:People from Sandanski
Category:Association football forwards
Category:OFC Vihren Sandanski managers
Category:PFC Pirin Blagoevgrad managers


Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph

The Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, founded by William Brown (c. 1737–1789) as the Quebec Gazette on 21 June 1764, is the oldest newspaper in North America.  It is currently published as an English language weekly from its offices at 1040 Belvédère, suite 218, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.

Formerly a bilingual French-English publication, the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2014.

Origins and history

Founded as the Quebec Gazette in 1764, it is a descendant of several newspapers published during the past three centuries. Until 1842, the newspaper published editions in both French and English. At its inception it originally began as a weekly, but in May 1832, it began appearing in English on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and in French on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The Quebec Gazette merged with the Morning Chronicle in 1873 to become the Quebec Chronicle and Quebec Gazette.

On 25 July 1925 another merger occurred with the Quebec Daily Telegraph and the paper was then published under the banner of the Chronicle-Telegraph until 1934, when it added Quebec to its masthead, where it remains to this day.

In 1959, the paper was sold to the Thomson Publishing Group (then owned by Canadian media mogul Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet, now part of Thomson Reuters) which later sold the newspaper to publisher Herb Murphy. In 1972 it went from being a daily to its current weekly edition format.  Quebec City is a virtually monolingual francophone city, and the area's anglophone population was too small for the paper to be viable as a daily.

The paper was sold again in 1979 to lawyers David Cannon, Jean Lemelin, Ross Rourke and broadcaster Bob Dawson, who later passed it on to David Cannon. It was then bought by Karen Macdonald and François Vézina on 1 January 1993.  On 1 August 2007 it was sold to Peter White, former Hollinger executive and Mr. White sold it to Pierre Little in 2009, a New Brunswick native. In November 2010, majority shares were sold to Ray Stanton of London, Ontario.

Claims of seniority

The Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph claims to be North America's oldest newspaper due to the following:

 The Maryland Gazette began publication in 1727, though it died in its tenth year and the name was only revived in 1922.
 The New Hampshire Gazette began publication on 7 October 1756 and continues as a weekly today. However, the name disappeared for a time and the new version was started from scratch by a different owner who had not purchased the paper from a previous owner.
 In Canada, the Halifax Gazette, founded in 1752, claims to be "Canada's first newspaper." However, its official descendant, the Royal Gazette, is a government publication for legal notices and proclamations rather than a proper newspaper.
 The Newport Mercury began as a weekly in 1758 and still publishes news today under the same name, ceasing publication only for a short period during the American Revolution.
 Finally, there is the Hartford Courant, founded 29 October 1764, a few months after the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph.  However, the Courant claims that it, not the Chronicle-Telegraph, is the oldest newspaper in North America, since it has never missed a day of publication since its foundation while the Chronicle-Telegraph briefly ceased publication during the 1775 Siege of Quebec.

The Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph therefore has a defendable claim to being the oldest surviving newspaper that still publishes news in Canada.

Archive scanning partnership with Google News

In 2008 the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph joined the Google News microfilm scanning project to make its newspaper archives more accessible via Google's free news archive search service.

Publisher Pierre Little stated that:

and that:

See also
 Google News
 List of early Canadian newspapers
 List of newspapers in Canada
 List of online newspaper archives

References

External links

Category:Publications established in 1764
Category:Newspapers published in Quebec City
Category:English-language newspapers published in Quebec
Category:Weekly newspapers published in Quebec
Category:1764 establishments in the British Empire


Gopal Das Shrestha

Gopal Das Shrestha (1930–1998) (Devanagari: गॊपाल दास श्रेष्ठ), a prominent journalist, created the history of English journalism in Nepal. He published and edited the first English daily newspaper The Commoner on 15 July 1956 from Kathmandu. He was an influential intellectual, a remarkable compelling writer and a creative thinker.

Early years

Born on May 21, 1930 to a businessman Chandra Das Shrestha and Dwarika Devi Shrestha in Calcutta (Kolkata), the then capital city of colonial British India, Shrestha did his early schooling in Calcutta. When the World War II broke out in 1939, the family moved back to Nepal. He then completed his higher education in Nepal with merit from Juddhodaya high School (JP), Kathmandu.

Freedom movement

While pursuing his intermediate level at Tri-chandra College, he was constantly inspired and motivated by the ongoing democratic movement taking place in the country against the autocratic Rana regime. This led Shrestha to participate in the freedom movement. He assisted the leading Nepali Rastriya (National) Congress (Nepali Congress Party) on several protest programs, awareness programs and mass meetings. When the then Rana regime banned Nepali Rastriya (National) Congress and declared illegal in April 1948, Shrestha along with the bunch of other senior coworkers namely Tripubar Singh Pradhan, Gopal Prasad Rimal and Bijaya Bahadur Malla formed a new party called ' Nepali Praja Panchyat ' on 12 October 1948. It organized series of public meetings under the fundamental rights provisions of the constitution. But in spite of its legitimacy, the autocratic Rana regime suppressed its activities suspecting a more serious designs against them. Nepal Praja Panchyat then launched a Satyagraha movement in the three cities of Kathmandu Valley, demanding the implementation of the constitutional provisions relating to fundamental rights. Alarmed by this and its political connections with the earlier banned Rastriya Congress leaders, the Rana Government arrested hundreds of political suspects. At the age of just eighteen in late 1948, just few months after his marriage with Manorama Devi Shrestha, Shrestha was also arrested in the protest program at lalitpur, Patan and imprisoned. He was inhumanly beaten and tortured at times when he refused to co-operate with the ruthless authority. Later in early 1951, the regime was forced to release him and his other political coworkers nearly after two and half years in the wake of the deepening gravity of the peoples' movement in and across the border. Soon after their release, in February 1951, one hundred and four years of autocratic regime was overthrown from the power. Democratic Nepal was finally established from a great sacrifice of the people and a long people's struggle. While he was still in prison, it is said that Shrestha was in the name list of twelve freedom fighters submitted by the prison authority to be exterminated for their active involvement in populist crusade.

Entry to journalism

An honest advocate of democracy and civil rights, Shrestha continued his service long after democracy as an active worker of Nepali Congress and Nepal Praja Party. Working alongside the party, Shrestha was strongly drawn to journalism when he was briefly associated with the first Nepali Daily newspaper 'AWAJ' in 1951 published by the eminent poet Yugkabi, late Siddhicharan Shrestha. But it was only in 1956, when he finally embarked into the real world of journalism leaving the politics behind for the rest of his life.

First in nepal

In July 1956, he launched The Commoner, Nepal's English pioneer daily heralding an era of English language journalism in Nepal amidst several impediments during the initial period of democracy. Shortly after two years of publication, in 1958, he was invited by the United States government, the Department of State to attend a study-work-travel program from a prestigious Medill School of Journalism, Northern Western University, Illinois. He was the first ever Nepali journalist to study, live and trained in the United States under US government funding. As a part of his training program, he worked with some newspapers, namely, New York Daily News, Baltimore Post and Washington Times. He further undertook another training program in United Kingdom working briefly with London Times

Active life in journalism

Apart from the regular publication of English daily newspaper The Commoner, he published and edited other Nepali Vernacular dailies and weeklies like Janata Daily, Nepal Times Daily (Hindi edition),  and Yugdoot (weekly)as a sister publications at various times and later Prajatantra weekly and so on. Through these publications, he was able to inform and win the hearts and minds of the people. He also contributed thought provoking articles and editorials to other vernacular dailies and weeklies including Samaj (published and edited by Mani Raj Upadhyaya) and Samikshha (published and edited by Madan Mani Dixit) on regular basis. He is believed to be the first journalist who is very immaculate and an eloquent writer who wrote in native (Nepali) and English language equally well. He is the journalist who strictly practiced ethics of journalism in Nepal and became a role model to modern journalism. Contemporary journalists, political leaders, ministers and other high-profile officials sought his ideas, visions and remarks whenever they need them whether in the time crisis or in political deadlocks.

Achievements and contributions

In his forty five years of illustrious and professional career, Shrestha held several media dignitary positions and played a key role in the gradual evolution of media from restrictive to the 'free press' of today. He was the founder member of Nepal's first Press Committee in 1957. He became the President of Nepal Journalists’ Association twice in late 1959 and again in 1970, founder President of Nepal Press Institute, the first training center for the journalists in Nepal from 1984-1997, President of Press Club and later chairman of Press Council of Nepal in 1995. Serving as the head of different media bodies and a member of first press committee and Royal Press Commission, he made an important contribution to the formulation of press code of conduct in Nepal that strengthened the professional development of journalism in the country. He was always conscious of the fact that the Nepalese journalism needed a sustainable development program in order to attract and retain the people in the profession. When he was the chairman of Nepal Press Council in 1995, Media Development Fund was formed in his initiation which facilitated the small media operators, particularly operating outside the capital city with soft loans which in turn enabled them to sustain professionally. He is the person who first envisaged the need and development of the Media Village in the country for the institutionalized growth of media sector. Apart from that, he unveiled several plans and proposals to uplift the dwindling media sectors during his time but unfortunately, that could not be materialized due to various limitations and hindrances.

Besides, his countless mind gripping editorials and articles were printed in various national and international print media. He has also translated and edited several books and articles that includes the translation of autobiographical book " The Confessions"(Devanagari:कन्फेसन्स ) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in Nepali Language published by Nepal Academy in 1973.

Honours

As a token of appreciation for his contribution to Nepalese society, the then late King Birendra nominated him as a distinguished member of Tribhuvan University Academic Council twice(the only one university at that time). In 1997, he was nominated as member of Raj Parishad (upper house during kingship). He was also decorated with Gorkha Dakshin Bahu (II and IV class) and Subikhayat Trishakti Patta II medal, the highest honors presented and honoured by the King for the distinguished contribution to the country in the field of arts, literature, sports, science, and Social service.

In 1999, the Press Council of Nepal created a journalism award in honor of Shrestha, the "Gopal Das Journalism Award" for his contribution to the development of journalism in Nepal since 1951. This award is presented annually to an exceptional journalist who have contributed and practiced good ethics of journalism in the country. It carries a purse of Rs.100000 and a letter of appreciation.

In September 23, 2003, Nepal's Postal Services Department issued a commemorative postage stamp bearing a picture of Shrestha. The then Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa affixed the first day cancellation mark on his stamp. This was for the first time in Nepal that a postage stamp has been issued to commemorate a journalist honoring the fourth estate of the country.

Shrestha died November 4, 1998 at the age of 68 while still serving as the president of Press Council of Nepal.

References

External links
 The Commoner

Category:Nepalese journalists
Category:1930 births
Category:1998 deaths
Category:Nepalese male writers
Category:Nepali-language writers
Category:Tribhuvan University


List of Hong Kong films of 2006

A list of films produced in Hong Kong in 2006:

2006

External links
 IMDB list of Hong Kong films
 Hong Kong films of 2006 at HKcinemamagic.com
 Hong Kong Filmography (1913-2006) at Hong Kong Film Archive

2006
Films
Hong Kong


Calocoris alpestris

Calocoris alpestris is a species of bug in the subfamily Mirinae of the family Miridae.

Distribution and habitat
This species is distributed in most of Europe. It is normally found in meadows, damp woodlands and in deciduous forests, preferably in the mountains (up to 2000 m).  .

Description
Calocoris alpestris can reach a length of . These large size plant bugs are entirely green, with a very elongate shape. The 1st antennal segment is very long. The base of the scutellum and thin collar behind the head may be dark.

This species is very similar to Calocoris affinis, but it shows a gray-whitish membrane, with darker veining and the 1st antennal segment is usually dark in the basal part.

Biology
Adults can be found from May to August. These bugs are polyphagous, feeding in many different plant species, mainly on Urtica dioica (juices) and Heracleum sphondylium (nectar).

External links
 Nature Spot
 Insekten Box

References

Category:Insects described in 1843
Category:Mirini


Marcus Kennedy

Marcus James Kennedy (born January 29, 1967) is a retired American basketball player.  He was a second round NBA draft pick and played professionally in several countries.

Kennedy, a 6'7" power forward, played college basketball at NCAA Division II Ferris State University from 1986 to 1989, then transferred to NCAA Division I Eastern Michigan for his senior season.  Kennedy averaged 20.0 points and 8.1 rebounds and was named Mid-American Conference Player of the Year and led the Eagles to the program's first NCAA tournament Sweet 16.

After his college career, Kennedy was drafted in the second round of the 1991 NBA Draft by the Portland Trail Blazers (54th pick overall), but did not make the team.  Instead, Kennedy played for the Grand Rapids Hoops of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA), where he averaged 22.6 points and 10.5 rebounds per game and was named first team all-league and CBA Rookie of the Year.  He would play parts of four seasons for the Hoops (later called the Grand Rapids Mackers), averaging 16.5 points and 8.0 rebounds for his CBA career.  Kennedy also played professionally in Spain, Italy, Argentina and Japan.

References

External links
Spanish League profile
College statistics from the Draft Review

Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Argentina
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Italy
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Japan
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Spain
Category:American men's basketball players
Category:Basketball players from Michigan
Category:CB Murcia players
Category:Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball players
Category:Ferris State Bulldogs men's basketball players
Category:Grand Rapids Hoops players
Category:Grand Rapids Mackers players
Category:Juvecaserta Basket players
Category:Liga ACB players
Category:People from Highland Park, Michigan
Category:Portland Trail Blazers draft picks
Category:Power forwards (basketball)


Westmoor

Westmoor can mean:

Westmoor, Indiana, United States, a neighborhood in the city of Fort Wayne
A common spelling of West Moor, a village in Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
Westmoor High School, an American public high school in Daly City, California

Not to be confused with
West Moor SSSI, Somerset, a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the United Kingdom


Izu Kokubun-ji

is a Buddhist temple located in what is now the city of Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan. It is the modern successor of one of the provincial temples established by Emperor Shōmu during the Nara period (710 – 794) for the purpose of promoting Buddhism as the national religion of Japan and standardising control of Yamato rule over the provinces. The foundation stones for the seven-story pagoda of original temple was designated as a National Historic Site by the Japanese government in 1956.

History
Izu Kokubun-ji was founded in 741 as the provincial temple of Izu Province. It was converted at some uncertain time to the Shingon sect, and was burned down repeatedly in the incessant battles between the forces the Takeda clan and the Odawara Hōjō clan during the Sengoku period. In the early Edo period, it converted to the Nichiren sect and was completely rebuilt; however, these buildings were all destroyed by the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake and the site was abandoned.

In 1923, the temple was rebuilt again as , and was renamed to Izu Kokubun-ji in 1954. Archaeological investigations were conducted in 1956. The foundations of the South Gate, Central Gate, Kon-dō and Kōdō (Lecture Hall) were discovered, as wells as the foundations of the surrounding cloister.  The layout of the buildings was in accordance with the standardized "Shichidō garan" formation, similar to Tōdai-ji in Nara, upon which the kokubunji temples were based.

Outside of the main complex, eight foundation stones of the original Nara-period Kokubun-ji’s pagoda were uncovered, immediately behind the present temple’s Hondō. The foundation stones were made of tuff, and duding from the size and layout of the foundation, the pagoda was seven-stories high with a height of 60-meters.

The temple is located approximately one kilometer south of modern Mishima Station on the Tōkaidō Main Line railway.

See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Shizuoka)
provincial temple

References

External links

 Mishima City home page
 Shizuoka Prefecture official site

Category:Historic Sites of Japan
Category:Mishima, Shizuoka
Category:Izu Province
Category:8th-century establishments in Japan
Category:Nara period
Category:Archaeological sites in Japan
Category:Nichiren-shū temples


Crepidotaceae

The Crepidotaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi.

Taxonomic Details

The Crepidotaceae have recently undergone a revision based on phylogenetic analyses. The following characters are typical of this family:
 saprotrophic on woody or herbaceous matter
 gymnocarpic (having the hymenium open and attached to the surface of the thallus)
 spore prints that are pale yellow to brown
 simple cuticle (although some may have pileocystidia)
 cheilocystidia always present
 spores entire, smooth or ornamented but never angular or reticulate

References

Category:Agaricales families