List of aerial tramways

List of aerial tramways (US) or cable cars (Europe) around the world.

For gondola lifts, see the List of gondola lifts.
For funiculars see List of funicular railways
For funitels, see the Funitel article.

Africa

5 Cableways in Algiers the capital.
 Tizi Ouzou Cableway, Tizi Ouzou.
 Oran Cableway, Oran.
 Annaba Cableway, Annaba.
 Skikda Cableway, Skikda.
 Telemcen Cableway, Telemcen.
 Blida cableway to chrea mountain passing by Beni Ali (total length 14 km)

The Table Mountain Aerial Cableway, to summit of Table Mountain, Cape Town.
 The Hartebeestpoort Dam Cableway, Gauteng.

The cross Rivers Government contracted the installation of a cable car to Doppelmayr of Switzerland and it was successfully completed in 2005. It runs from the base to the top of Obudu Ranch Resort in Cross River State of Nigeria.

Asia

Gangtok – A ropeway is in operation in the eastern Himalayan town of Gangtok. The ropeway ferries tourists from one part of the city to another.
 Gulmarg Gondola – Gulmarg, Asia's premier ski resort boasts of the 2nd highest cable car in the world and Asia's highest and longest cable car reaching an altitude of 13,400 ft.
 Visakhapatnam – Design and installation of an 800 PPH capacity, 350 m long Passenger Ropeway at Kailash Giri, Visakhapatnam on BOOT basis built by Conveyor & Ropeway Services Pvt. Ltd.
 Bhopal – Design, supply, erection, commissioning, operation and maintenance of a 400 PPH capacity, 600 m long Passenger Ropeway on BOOT basis, at Bheraghat, Marble Rocks, Jabalpur, M.P. is under execution. The project is awarded by Conveyor & Ropeway Services Pvt. Ltd.
 Darjiling – Revamping of an existing 100 PPD capacity Passenger Ropeway and converting it into 2000 PPD capacity, 2.3 km long, Detachable Grip type, Six-Seater, multi-cabin. GondoIa, taking full Operation & Maintenance control. A Joint Venture WIth West Bengal Forest Development Corporation Limited on Built-Own-Operate (BOO) basis by Conveyor & Ropeway Services Pvt. Ltd.
 Srinagar - Leads to the Sufi Shrine of Makhdoom Sahib on Hari Parbat
  Haridwar Uttarakhand - India's first city having two passenger ropeways, installed by Usha Breco Limited, known as Mansa Devi Udan Kahtola and Chandi Devi Udan Khatola. Mansa Devi ropeways is the busiest ropeway of India and it is in service since 1981. Chandi Ropeway for Maa Chandi Devi Temple since 1997 in service is the second busiest ropeway of India. Both ropeways have 800 PPH capacity.
 Pavagarh Gujarat - Installed by Usha Breco Limited, known as Kalidevi Udan Kahtola. Ropeways also known as 3rd busiest ropeway of India. This ropeway is at Kalika Devi Temple since 1986. This ropeway was refurbished in 2005 with modern technology. This ropeway has 1320PPH capacity, which is highest in India.
  Ambaji Gujarat - Installed by Usha Breco Limited, known as Ambaji Udan Kahtola. Ropeways also known as 4th busiest ropeway of India. This ropeway is at Maa Ambaji Devi Temple since 1998. This ropeway has 760PPH capacity.
 Taratarini Orissa - Installed by Usha Breco Limited, known as Taratarini Udan Kahtola. This ropeway is at Maa Taratarini Temple since 2013. This ropeway has 300 PPH capacity.
  Srisailam Andhra Pradesh-rope way.
  Nainital Uttarakhand-Ropeway is another ropeway in the state of Uttarakhand. The service provides for 2 wagons which carry 8 persons maximum each ferry, on opposite directions i.e. from Mallital Terminus to Snow view. The Rope Way is made with state of the Art Swiss collaboration and has got a very steep ascend and descend. It has views of the lake while ascending and of the flats while descending. It is also one of the longest ropeways of Asia with a stretch of almost 750 meters. The ropeway can be seen in the Northern hill of Nainital and is a major attraction among tourists. The prices are cheap to attract more tourists. Ticket prices are governed by Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam (Government controlled enterprise).

Ganjnameh Cable Car in Hamedan province of Iran is situated in an archaeological site belonging to the Sassanid era.
 Tochal Telecabin in Tehran province of Iran is situated in Velenjak, north of Tehran. 7.5 km and one of the world longest cable car's line.
 Namakabrood telecabin in Mazandaran province of Iran.
 Lahijan telecabin in Guilan province of Iran.

The Masada cableway which lifts visitors from well below sea level up to the butte where the ancient Jewish fortress town's ruins can be seen. The only other way up is a snake path.
 The Rosh HaNikra grottoes cableway which takes visitors down to the grottoes carved by the Mediterranean Sea.
 The Stella Maris cableway in Haifa which lifts people from the Mediterranean coast to the top of Mount Carmel.

Among 170 aerial lifts in Japan, 73 lines are aerial tramways, including 1 funitel. 69 aerial tramways operate full season. See the above article for the full listing of aerial lifts in the country (including gondola lifts). Some notable aerial tramways include:
 The Awashima Kaijō Ropeway, Numazu, Shizuoka, is the first line in the country to go over the sea.
 The Komagatake Ropeway, Nagano, has the station with the highest altitude in Japan, 2,611 m (8,568 ft).
 The Mt. Aso Ropeway, Aso, Kumamoto, is one of the few aerial lifts in the world on an active volcano.
 The Miyajima Ropeway, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, in the holy island of Miyajima.
 The Mt. Hakodate Ropeway, Hakodate, Hokkaidō, is the most popular aerial lift line in Japan, in terms of ridership. It was featured in Noein, 2005 anime.
 The Ryuoo Ropeway, Yamanouchi, Nagano, uses the largest cabins in Japan with 166 passenger capacity.
 The Yuzawa Kōgen Ropeway, Yuzawa, Niigata, also uses cabins with 166 passenger capacity.
 The Shinhotaka Ropeway, Takayama, Gifu, is the first line in the country to use double decker cabins.
 The Tateyama Ropeway, Tateyama, Toyama, makes a part of the Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route.
 The Unpenji Ropeway, Kan'onji, Kagawa, is the fastest line (10 m/s) in Japan.  It also has the longest span in the country, .
 The Yoshino Ropeway, Yoshino, Nara, is the oldest surviving line in Japan, opened in 1929.

The Téléphérique connects the bay of Jounieh, a city 16 km north of the capital Beirut, to Harissa's Our Lady of Lebanon pilgrimage monument at about 650 meters above sea level. It is 1,570 meters long and travels at 3.15 meters/second.

Genting Skyway serves the hilltop resort of Genting Highlands
 The Awana skyway, connects the Awana Country club resort to the hilltop resort of Genting Highlands.
 Penang Cable Car, connects Teluk Bahang in Penang island to the hill resort of Penang Hill. Construction is expected to start in 2006 and it will be the 2nd-longest in the world.

Murree Cable Car & Chair Lift includes two cable car rides and two chairlift rides. All the four rides are owned by a single company and a single ticket is issued for all the four rides which overlook Muree hills

Chongqing An aerial tramway which provides transportation across the Yangtse River. The tramway is 740 m long and operates at 8 m/s. Each cabin can carry a maximum of 45 passengers, with a total design capacity of 900 passengers /hour in each direction.
 Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain Cable Car
 Guangzhou Chimelong Paradise Cable Car
 Heyuan Bavaria Manor Cable Car
 Gulucun Cable Car World's second highest tramway at 400 meters.
 Yushancun Cable Car China's second highest tramway at 350 meters.

Namsan cable car, Seoul.
 Sorak Cable Car, Seoraksan National Park, Gangwon Province, connects to Gwongeumseong Fortress.

Beitou Cable Car
Farglory Ocean Park
Formosan Aboriginal Culture Village#Rides and attractions
Maokong Gondola

Hatyai Cable Car

Europe

"Tatevi tever" ("Wings of Tatev") at the villages Halidzor and Tatev, Syunik region -Spanning 5.7 kilometers across the Vorotan River Gorge, the Tatev Aerial Tramway - the longest passenger aerial tramway in the world.
"Tatev wings" aerial tramway is supported by three towers between its two terminals. One terminal is on a hill overlooking the village of Halidzor and the other is near Tatev Monastery, on the road to Tatev village. At top speed, the tramway travels at 37 kilometers per hour and the ride takes approximately 11 minutes, with its deepest drop at 360 meters aboveground. Two cabins (each with the capacity to hold 25 people) operate at once, traveling in opposite directions. There are six cables altogether (three per cabin, with two cables suspending and one cable pulling each cabin), each uniquely built for the specifications of this project. They are capable of carrying 10–15 times more than the nominal load. The tramway is equipped with a diesel drive unit which will operate immediately in the case of a power outage.

Wings of Tatev is:
 the shortest, most picturesque and impressive route to Tatev Monastery;
 the longest reversible cableway in the world (5752 m), recorded in the Guinness Book of Records.
 Twelve minutes of unforgettable flight above the ravine of the fierce Vorotan River;
 Celestial highway at the altitude of 320 m;
 Cutting-edge engineering solutions by Austrian-Swiss Doppelmayr/ Garaventa Group.

This sub-section is under development.
The cable car at Zell am See in the Austrian Alps is but one of 55 aerial tramways, gondolas and chair lifts in this location alone. Cable cars of all types carry an estimated 500- to 550-million passengers each year in Austria.
 Gletscherbahn Kaprun III - aerial tramway with tallest aerial lift pylon in the world (height: 113.6 metres)
 Tyrolean Zugspitze Cable Car

This sub-section is under development.
There are several cable cars in Azerbaijan. They are in Qusar Shahdag Mountain Resort, Zaqatala and Gabala cities.

There is a total of two cable car routes in Bosnia and Herzegovina, both in the Sarajevo region
 Trebevićka žičara (Trebević cable car) is a cable car route in the City of Sarajevo. First established in 1959 connecting the city with the 1627m high mountain Trebević, it was destroyed at the start of Bosnian war in 1992 with the first victim of the Siege of Sarajevo being the guard of the hill station, Ramo Biber, who was killed on March 2, 1992 and in his honor nowadays the hill station carries his name as well as plaque is found inside of it. The cable car route was restored from ground up in 2017/2018 and opened once again for public use on 6 April 2018, the Day of the City of Sarajevo, more than a quarter of a century after it was destroyed. The reconstruction had a price tag of around 9 million €, including the cable car system, stations as well as work on the immediate surrounding of the stations and the route, with almost 3 million € being a donation of American-Dutch-Swiss psychicist and businessman Edmund Offerman who is married to a Maja Offerman, a women from Sarajevo with whom he visited the city in 1991 and took a ride in the cable car which left a big impact of him, promising to himself that he will do everything to get it going again after witnessing its destruction in 1992. The work on the cable car system was done by Italian company from South Tyrol, Leitner Ropeways. The valley station is on an elevation of 575m in the old part of Sarajevo, just minutes of walking away from Baščaršija and Vijećnica, while the hill station is on an elevation of 1150 m. Raising 575 m up, the hill station provides a panoramic view of the city in the valley below while in the same time enabling the people a trip to nature and the biggest park and forest located within the City boundaries. The cable car route is 2158 m long, resting on 10 steel pillars, takes 7 minutes and 15 seconds to complete (compared to 12–13 minutes before 1992), with a capacity of 1200 persons an hour in one direction and is composed of 33 cabins (capacity 10 persons and 750 kg) in anthracite colour except five of them which are coloured in red, blue, green, yellow and black i.e. the Olympic colours as Mount Trebević hosts the bob track which was used for the 1984 Winter Olympics. The regular price for one person above the age of 6 is €10 for a round trip and working times are from 09:00 till 18:00.
 Cable car on Ravna planina is a cable car system within the Ski Center Ravna planina, 25 km away from Sarajevo and 5 km from Pale and mountain Jahorina. It was opened on 25 December 2017 and consists of 19 blue cabins which are able to transport up to 2200 persons per hour. The valley station is on elevation of 900 m while the hill station is on 1350 m, length of the route is 1350 m. Price is €2.5 for a round trip. The final plan is to connect the Ski Center Ravna planina with the Ski Center on Jahorina which would extend the route of the cable car system to almost 6 km.

Kabinová lanovka na Ještěd - an old aerial tramway, reconstructed in 70s.

The Téléphérique de l'Aiguille du Midi, opened in 1955, can carry 75 passengers in the first section and 65 passengers in the second section. It starts in Chamonix at the altitude of 1030 m to Plan de l'Aiguille at 2317 m for the first section. The second section arrives at the top of the Aiguille du Midi in a station at 3777 m high.
 Vallee Blanche Aerial Tramway using a special support structure for its ropes.

 The Vanoise Express, opened in December 2003 at a cost of €15 million, is a double-decker tramway for 200 passengers in each car. It spans the Ponturin gorge at a height of 380 m (1250 ft) above the ground, linking the resorts of La Plagne and Les Arcs in four minutes to form the Paradiski ski resort. Unusually its two cars run independently of each other on separate cables.
 Telépherique de la Grande Motte in Tignes on the mountain-top with the same name.
 The Téléphérique du Salève, opened in 1932 primarily carries tourists from the Geneva suburb of Vernier with Mount Salève which rises above the city to the south.
 The Grenoble-Bastille cable car (Les Bulles) carries tourists from Grenoble city centre to the Bastille overlooking the city. It was one of the first urban aerial tramways, first opening in 1934. It was reconstructed in 1976 with spherical cabins.

Vake - Turtle Lake, Tbilisi, Since 1965, was by then third cable car in Tbilisi. 1175 meters long with 12 pers. cabins.
 University - Bagebi, Tbilisi Since 1982, was by then fifth cable car in Tbilisi. 320 meters long with 40 pers. cabins.
 Abastumani - Observatory, Abastumani, single 12 pers. cabin, Since 1986, by that time replaced old cable car dating from 1961.
 Nunisi Sanatorium,  Nunisi, single cabin, since 1975.
 Center - Park, Kutaisi, jig back system since 1961 with 12 pers. cabins.
 Martvili - Monastery, Martvili single 12 pers. cabin, since 1985.
 Park - Plateau, Borjomi, single 25 pers. cabin, since 1963.
 Kulo - Tago, Khulo, single 12 pers. cabin, since 1985.
 Center - Naguti, Chiatura jig back system since 2019 with 15 pers. cabins, replacing old single 25 person cabin system from 1967.
 Center - Lejubani, Chiatura jig back system since 2019 with 15 pers. cabins.
 Center - Sanatorium, Chiatura jig back system since 2019 with 15 pers. cabins, replacing old single 25 person cabin system from 1967.
 Center - Mukhadze, Chiatura jig back system since 2019 with 15 pers. cabins, replacing old single 25 person cabin system from 1967.
 Chiatura - Perevisa, Chiatura jig back system since 1953, with 12 pers. cabins. First passenger ropeway in back then Soviet Union and Georgia.
 Sashevardno - Rgani, Chiatura jig back system since 1966, with 8 pers. cabins.
 Avarioni - Itkhvisi, Chiatura
 Tsopi - Avarioni, Chiatura
 Itkhvisi - Darkveti, Chiatura
 Darkveti - Sareki, Chiatura
 Bunikauri - Tabagrebi, Chiatura
 Factory - Tsinsopeli, Chiatura
 Roadway - Itkhvisi, Chiatura
 Mghvimevi - Chikaura - Sapari, Chiatura

The Eibsee Cable Car, which affords visitors access to Germany's highest mountain, the Zugspitze. There is also a rack railway (Zugspitze Railway) up the Zugspitze.
 The Tegelberg Cable Car, or Tegelbahn, near Schwangau in Bavaria in Alpine scenery.
 Fichtelberg Cable Car
 Herzogstand Cable Car
 Rauschberg Cable Car
 Karwendel Cable Car
 Kampenwand Cable Car, Aschau, Bavaria
 Nebelhorn Cable Car, Oberstdorf, Bavaria
 Predigtstuhl Cable Car
 Wendelstein Cable Car, Bayrischzell, Bavaria
 Burgberg Cable Car, Bad Harzburg

The Gibraltar Cable Car, takes passengers to the Top of the Rock of Gibraltar. First constructed in 1969. A cable car for military personnel was installed by 1893.

"Dursey Island Cable Car", connects Dursey Island off the South-West coast of Ireland to the mainland. First constructed in 1969.

Funivie di Savona, an aerial coal cableway in the Province of Savona.
 Josef Mountain Aerial Tramway, an aerial tramway with engine at the cabin
 Ferrovia del Renon (Rittnerbahn) in the province of South Tyrol, the longest aerial tramway in the world in one track (see Guinness Book of World Records).

Sigulda Aerial Tramway, connecting Sigulda town and Krimulda village over picturesque Gauja river valley

Fjellheisen in Tromsø.
 Krossobanen in Tinn is the oldest aerial tramway in Northern Europe. It was built in 1928.
 Loen Skylift in Stryn.
 Ulriksbanen on the mountain Ulriken in Bergen.
 Fjellheisen in Narvik.
 Hangursbanen on the mountain Hanguren in Voss.

Wrocław - Polinka - Wrocław University of Technology student lift over Oder river
 Kasprowy Wierch cableway connecting mount Kasprowy Wierch and Zakopane from 1936 (modernised in 2008). Length 4292 m, difference of elevation: 936 m, Time: 12 min. Capacity: 60 passengers/cabin, Towers: 6.

Gaia's cable car

Lisbon's Expo cable car

Madeira cable car

Bușteni-Babele in Bușteni. Length 4350 m, difference of elevation: 1235 m, Time: 13 min. Capacity: 25 passengers/cabin, Towers: 6.
 Babele-Peștera in Bușteni. Length 2611 m, difference of elevation: 560 m, Time: 10 min. Capacity: 35 passengers/cabin, Towers: 2.
 Bâlea Lake in Sibiu. Length 1687 m, difference of elevation: 1145, Time: 10 min. Capacity: 25 passengers/cabin, Towers: 4.
 Sinaia-Cota 1400 in Sinaia. Length 2328 m, difference of elevation: 591 m, Time: 15 min.
 Cota 1400-Vârful cu Dor in Sinaia. Length 1945 m, difference of elevation: 606 m. Capacity: 28 passengers/cabin, Towers: 2.
 Tâmpa in Brașov. Length 573 m, difference of elevation: 320 m. Towers: none.
 Kanzel, in Poiana Brașov. Length 2449, difference of elevation: 693 m. Capacity: 43 passengers/cabin.
 Capra Neagră, in Poiana Brașov. Length 2802 m, difference of elevation: 735 m. Capacity: 60 passengers/cabin. Commissioned in 1982.

(600 m long).
  (2980 m long), longest aerial tramway system in Russia.

Funivia di San Marino from Borgo Maggiore to the City of San Marino. Length 338 m. difference of elevation: 166m. Capacity: 50 passengers/cabin.

Bohinj-Vogel in the Julian Alps. Length 1663 m
 Zekovec in the Mozirje mountains. Length 3270 m
 Big Pasture Plateau in the Kamnik–Savinja Alps.

Skalnaté pleso - Lomnický štít in High Tatras.

Aeri de Montserrat, at Montserrat, in Catalonia.
 Aeri del Port in Barcelona, Catalonia. From Montjuïc park across the harbour via Torre Jaume I to Torre Sant Sebastia.
 Teleférico de Fuente Dé, Picos de Europa in Cantabria.
 , from Olesa de Montserrat railway station to Esparraguera, in Catalonia.
 Teide Cableway on Pico de Teide, Tenerife, Canary Islands.
 Teleférico de Madrid, Madrid.

Kabinbanan in Åre.
 Norsjö aerial tramway, longest aerial tramway in the world

In Switzerland, about 350 aerial tramways are in use, including:
 Klein Matterhorn Aerial Tramway, the highest cable car in Europe (3883m), Zermatt.
 Klein Titlis, 3020 m, Engelberg. The first revolving cable car in the world.
 Adliswil-Felsenegg cable car, the tramway between Adliswil and Felsenegg, part of Zürich's suburban public transport system.
 Gant Hohtaelli Aerial Tramway near Zermatt using a 94 metre tall aerial lift pylon.
 one serving the Schilthorn mountain in the Bernese Oberland. It appeared in the James Bond movie On Her Majesty's Secret Service. With a length of 6931 m (22,739 ft) in four separate sections, it is the longest aerial tramway system in the Alps. It gains over 2103 m (6900 ft) of elevation.

Beşikdüzü Aerial Tramway, Trabzon Province (3,600 m long)
 Olympos Aerial Tram, Kemer - Mt. Olympos (Tahtalı Dağı) (4,359 m long)
 Bursa Uludağ Aerial Tramway, the longest cable car in Turkey (4,778 m) – replaced by Bursa Uludağ Gondola (8.8 km long)

North America

North Bend Aerial Ferry in British Columbia, since replaced by a bridge, was an aerial automobile ferry connecting Boston Bar to North Bend, across the Fraser River.
 Grouse Mountain in Vancouver, British Columbia, has two aerial tramways running in parallel.
 Hells Gate Airtram in the Fraser Canyon of British Columbia was built as a tourist attraction and descends to its destination from the Trans-Canada Highway to viewing platforms and a footbridge over Hells Gate, a famous narrowing of that canyon.
 Jasper Skytram  to the summit of The Whistlers, near Jasper, Alberta.
 Spanish Aerocar over the Whirlpool Rapids in Niagara Falls, Ontario.

An aerial tramway in Durango, Durango.
 An aerial tramway in Zacatecas City, Zacatecas.
 García Caves aerial tramway in Monterrey, Nuevo León.
 The Barracas del Cobre Aerial Tramway in Copper Canyon of Chihuahua (Third single longest spann in the world 2,800 m).

Alaska
 Alyeska Resort in Girdwood, Alaska
 Mount Roberts Tramway, in Juneau, Alaska

California

 The aerial tramway at Heavenly Ski Resort, near South Lake Tahoe, California
 The aerial tramway at the Transbay Transit Center in San Francisco, connecting the rooftop park to the street level
 The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway in Palm Springs, California, which transports passengers to the top of Mount San Jacinto
 The Squaw Valley Aerial Tramway at Squaw Valley Ski Resort, California, taking skiers from the base to the High Camp area

Colorado
 Estes Park Aerial Tramway in Estes Park, CO

Georgia
 The skylift at Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, Georgia

Montana
 The Lone Peak Tram at Big Sky Ski Resort, in Montana

New Hampshire
 The Cannon Mountain Tram in Franconia, New Hampshire

New Mexico
 The Sandia Peak Tramway in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

New York

 The Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York City is one of three aerial tramways in North America used by commuters as a mode of mass transit (the Portland Aerial Tram and the Telluride-Mountain Village Gondola being the others). Passengers pay with the MetroCard, used on most of the rest of New York City's public transport system.

Oregon
 The Portland Aerial Tram, a commuting tram in urban Portland, Oregon, connecting the South Waterfront district to the Oregon Health & Science University and the Marquam Hill neighborhood. It has a capacity of 30,000 passengers per day.

Tennessee

 The tram to Ober Gatlinburg ski resort and amusement park in Gatlinburg, Tennessee

Texas
The Wyler Aerial Tramway ascends the Franklin Mountains as part of the Texas State Park system. It closed indefinitely in September 2018 due to safety concerns relating to its age.

Utah
 The tram at Snowbird, Utah, a ski and summer resort near Salt Lake City
 Snowbasin Olympic Tram, in Weber County, Utah

Vermont
 Jay Peak Resort ski resort in Jay, Vermont. Built in 1967 by Von Roll of Switzerland; the cabins (cars) were replaced in 2000.

West Virginia
 The Hawks Nest State Park aerial tram, in Fayette County, West Virginia, carries park visitors from the rim of the New River Gorge to the bank of the New River, a descent of more than .
 The aerial tram at Pipestem Resort State Park in Pipestem, West Virginia descends  into the Bluestone River gorge.

Wyoming
 Jackson Hole Tram at Jackson Hole Mountain Resort near Jackson, Wyoming

Oceania

Katoomba Scenic Skyway cable car
 Taronga Sky Safari, Taronga Zoo cable cars lift people from the ferry (sea level) to the top zoo entrance, possibly over 100 m.
 Warragamba Dam from Emu Plains quarry – for construction, now defunct
Eagle Arthur's Seat - 8 passenger cable car - Arthur's Seat, Melbourne, Victoria

South America

Cablecarril Chilecito, in La Rioja

Mi Teleférico, in La Paz

The Sugarloaf Cable Car is located in Rio de Janeiro. It is composed of two separate cable car systems, one going from city level to the top of the Morro da Urca, and a second one going from the hill to the top of the Sugarloaf Mountain. The latter appeared in the James Bond movie Moonraker.
 Another famous aerial tramway in Brazil is located in Poços de Caldas, in the Minas Gerais State.

In Bogotá, a tramway can be used for going from the city level (2600 m above sea level) to the top of the Hill of Monserrate (3152 m). It was built in 1955, and has two cabins each for 40 passengers. The 880 m journey is traveled in 7 minutes, with views over the downtown of the city. On top, there is a shrine in a church, a restaurant and smaller tourist attractions.
 Cable Aéreo between Manizales and Villamaria, 13,000 passengers daily.
In Medellín, the Metrocable, connecting the hilly neighborhoods of the northeast  and northwest sections of the city with the Metro, the elevated subway system.

The Telefériqo in Quito

Mérida cable car. It spans the national park area called the Sierra Nevada de Mérida and connects the city of Mérida with the surrounding heights. Re-opened in April 2016 and once again the highest in the world.
The Mérida Cable Car (Spanish: Teleférico de Mérida) or Mukumbarí is a cable car in Venezuela. Its base is located in the Venezuelan city of Mérida at an altitude of 1,640 metres (5,380 ft), and its terminus is on Pico Espejo, at 4,765 metres (15,633 ft). It is the highest and second longest cable car in the world for just 500 meters, but is in first place for being the only one which combined such height and length. Mérida Cable Car is a journey of 12.5 kilometers, reaching a height of 4,765 meters, making it an engineering marvel that is one of a kind and has over 40 years of history. The whole system was opened to the public in 1960; it was closed indefinitely in 2008, with a declaration that it had reached the end of its service life and is being rebuilt.[1]In 2011 it began a project of total modernization of the cable car which promised to become the most modern in the world. In April 2016 it re-opened its doors to the public.

Movies
 Where Eagles Dare
 On Her Majesty's Secret Service
 Moonraker
 Get Carter

Freight
 Moanda, Gabon - for manganese ore, until superseded by railway.
 Emu Plains to Warragamba Dam for dam construction.
 Asmara-Massawa Cableway formerly in Eritrea
 Manizales - Mariquita Cableway in Colombia

See also
 List of spans
 List of gondola lifts
 Funitel

References

list
Category:Lists of buildings and structures by type


The John Riddell Murder Case

The John Riddell Murder Case is a novel written by Corey Ford under the pseudonym of John Riddell. It was published in 1930. Subtitled "A Philo Vance Parody", it also mocks a number of other best-selling books and authors of the time period.

Plot summary

Acting in response to an incomprehensibly phrased note in Walter Winchell's gossip column predicting that John Riddell will be murdered at 9:00 that morning, Philo Vance alerts the police and travels with the narrator to Riddell's home, only to find that they are too late.

As might be expected from a work of parody, much of the book's humor comes from absurdities and from the ridiculous portrayals of the writings and authors caricatured. Repetition is frequently employed for comedic effect. The fourth wall is broken on several occasions, as when Philo Vance responds to Heath's suggestion that Vance believes that all of the recent best-selling authors are going to be murdered: "'Already there have been thirteen murders, and we're only at'--he glanced down swiftly--'at page 124.'" Philo Vance himself is portrayed as affecting an inconsistently cultured vocabulary and a lazy style of speaking. For example: "I've been evolvin' a rather fantastic theory, and I want to test it a trifle further."

Category:1930 American novels


Meggernie Castle

Meggernie Castle is a castle in the heart of Perth and Kinross, in central Scotland. It is located halfway up Glenlyon, where the river Lyon flows through on its way to join Loch Tay. From the 1920s until the 1950s, the castle was owned by Sir Ernest Wills, 3rd Baronet.

History
Prior to the construction of Meggernie Castle, there is evidence that a thatched keep of some sort was erected on the site. The exact date of the erection of the oldest existing part of Meggernie Castle has not been determined, although some sources claim that it was John Campbell of Glenlyon who built it around 1585. However, there is a document known as the "Register of the Great Seal," in which King James VI grants to the Campbell family the ownership of land in the area to form the Barony of Glenlyon. The chief of this Barony is said to reside in "the Tower named Meggernie" and since this bequest is dated 4 March 1603, this evidence ties in loosely with the construction date of 1585. The thatched keep had a slated roof added to it initially by Robert Campbell of Glenlyon and additions were also made in later years.

Architecture
The walls of the castle are around five feet in thickness in keeping with its role as a defensive structure and in total the castle is five storeys tall. Each corner of the castle possesses a square tower which is bracketed out from the main body of building. The original castle had few windows and those that do exist are narrow slits in the wall. This style is entirely in keeping with the fashion of the day and can be seen in numerous other fortified castles and keeps constructed around the same time. The original castle keep has also had a more modern mansion house attached to it since its construction, although the style of this is still in keeping with that of the original building. Many architectural details of Meggernie can be clearly seen in photographs of the building, including the four small square towers at the corners of the keep, and the long, low mansion house which extends from one side of the keep.

Haunting
Several ghost stories surround Meggernie Castle, the best-known dating from the time that the house was occupied by the Menzies's of Culdares. An early Menzies of Culdares married a very beautiful woman much younger than himself. However, her youth and attractiveness led him to become jealous of her and he is said to have murdered her in a fit of rage. After concealing her body in a locked chest in one of the castle towers, he absented himself for some time and, after his return, spread the story of how his wife had tragically met her death by drowning whilst the two of them had been travelling in Europe. Although the locals believed the story, Menzies still felt anxious and fearful and decided to dispose of the body in the nearby churchyard. Having cut the body in two, he managed to bury the lower half in the graveyard one night, leaving the upper part still in the chest. However, before he was able to bury the upper half, he met with foul play and the next morning his body was found at the entrance to the tower where the upper part of his wife's body still lay. Although Menzies had clearly been murdered, nobody was ever tried for the crime and his death remains a mystery.

Most ghost sightings have involved guests staying at the castle who claim to have seen the upper part of a woman's body floating through the air. One visitor to the castle claims to have been awakened one night by the feeling of a red hot kiss on his cheek. When he sat up in bed, he saw the ghostly form of a woman's torso moving away from his bed towards the wall, before passing through into the next room.

During restoration work at the castle in the mid 19th century, workmen are said to have unearthed skeletal remains of the upper half of a woman's body. These were removed for burial, but sightings of her ghost were reported after this occurred. Claims have also been made that the buried lower half of the body haunts the nearby churchyard.

References
Glencoe and the End of the Highland War, Paul Hopkins, John Donald Publishers Ltd
Fifty Great Ghost Stories, edt. John Canning, Souvenir Press Ltd
Scottish Hauntings, Grant Campbell, Piccolo Ltd.

Category:Castles in Perth and Kinross
Category:Houses in Perth and Kinross
Category:Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross

Category:Listed castles in Scotland
Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
Category:Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland


Conrad, Margrave of Meissen

Conrad I ( – 5 February 1157), called the Great (), a member of the House of Wettin, was Margrave of Meissen from 1123 and Margrave of Lusatia from 1136 until his retirement in 1156. Initially a Saxon count, he became the ruler over large Imperial estates in the Eastern March and progenitor of the Saxon electors and kings.

Life
Conrad was the son of the Saxon count Thimo of Wettin and his wife Ida, a daughter of Count Otto of Nordheim. Both his father and maternal grandfather had been involved in the Saxon Rebellion against the Salian king Henry IV in 1073–75. Thimo was the first to call himself a Count of Wettin after the ancestral seat on the Saale river, while his elder brother Dedi ruled in the Saxon March of Lusatia (Eastern March). His son Henry the Elder also became the first Wettin margrave in Meissen in 1089.

Upon the early death of his father, Conrad succeeded him as Count of Wettin and Brehna. When his cousin Henry the Elder died in 1103, he hoped to be enfeoffed with the Lusatian and Meissen marches by Emperor Henry IV. However, his expectations proved to be false, when Henry's widow Gertrude of Brunswick gave birth to a posthumous son, Henry II. Conrad, with bitterness, spread rumours that Gertrude in fact had given birth to a girl and had replaced her by a peasant's son. When Henry II attained his majority in 1121, he campaigned against his uncle and had him arrested. Conrad faced an end in prison, but avoided this fate when Henry II died in 1123 at the age of twenty, presumably poisoned.

Now head of the Wettin dynasty, Conrad saw his aspirations fulfilled. He succeeded Henry II as Count of Eilenburg and also claimed Lusatia and Meissen. However, that same year, Emperor Henry V enfeoffed Count Wiprecht of Groitzsch with both marches. Furious Conrad forged an alliance with the Saxon duke Lothair of Supplinburg and with the support of several local nobles expelled Wiprecht. Duke Lothair ignored the Imperial bestowal and appointed Conrad Margrave of Meissen; he also named the Ascanian count Albert the Bear Margrave of Lusatia. As Wiprecht was unable to hold his own against his two opponents, Conrad was securely in power in Meissen by Wiprecht's death in May 1124.

In 1136, upon the death Wiprecht's son Henry of Groitzsch, Lothair, then emperor (as Lothair II), appointed Conrad to Lusatia as well. He also ruled the Milceni lands around Bautzen (later known as Upper Lusatia), which had been re-acquired from Poland and remained a part of Meissen, while the March of Lusatia was reduced to Lower Lusatia alone. Obtaining the status of an Imperial Prince, Margrave Conrad had the Polabian territories colonised by Flemish settlers in the course of the Ostsiedlung migration and laid the foundations for the development of the Wettin dominions in Upper Saxony.

In 1143, Conrad also became Count of Groitzsch and Rochlitz and Vogt (bailiff) in Chemnitz and Naumburg. He eased the tensions with the neighbouring Kingdom of Poland by marrying his son Theodoric to Dobroniega Ludgarda, a daughter of the Polish duke Bolesław III Wrymouth. He also married his eldest son Otto II to Hedwig of Brandenburg, a daughter of Margrave Albert the Bear.

In 1147, while the Hohenstaufen king Conrad III of Germany was on the Second Crusade, Conrad joined the Welf duke Henry the Lion, as well as Albert the Bear and the Archbishops of Magdeburg and Bremen to organise a Crusade against the Slavic Obodrites and Wagri tribes. In August, Conrad and Albert, with the bishops of Magdeburg, Havelburg, and Brandenburg, massed their forces at Magdeburg. The Obodrite prince Niklot and his fortresses of Dubin and Dimin were besieged. Both he and Pribislav, another Obodrite prince, were forced to accept Christianity and make peace.

In his later years, Conrad founded the Lauterberg monastery (later Petersberg Abbey) north of Halle, to which he retired after he had officially renounced all secular rights in favour of his son Otto II on 30 November 1156. There he died the following year and was buried next to his wife, Luitgard (Lucarda; d. 1146), daughter of the Swabian count Adalbert of Elchingen-Ravenstein and his wife Bertha of Boll, possibly a daughter of Duke Frederick of Swabia and the Salian princess Agnes of Waiblingen.

Marriage and issue
His wife Luitgard of Elchingen-Ravenstein (–1146), whom he had married before 1119, had blessed him with many children. His eldest surviving son, Otto II, succeeded him in Meissen in 1156, while his second surviving son, Theodoric, succeeded in Lusatia. His son Count Henry of Wettin married Sophia of Sommerschenburg, Countess Palatine of Saxony, daughter of Count Fredrick II of Sommerschenburg and Countess Liutgard of Stade, queen dowager of Denmark.

His issue were:
 Henry, died young
 Otto II, Margrave of Meissen (–1190)
 Theodoric I, Margrave of Lusatia (Dietrich; –1185)
 Dedi III, Margrave of Lusatia (Dedo V of Wettin; –1190)
 Henry I, Count of Wettin (d. 1181), married (1) Sophia of Sommerschenburg (d. 1189 or 1190), daughter of Count Fredrick II of Sommerschenburg, Count Palatine of Saxony and his wife Countess Liutgard of Stade (later queen of Denmark).
 Frederick I of Brehna (–1182)
 Gertrud (d. ), married Count Gunther II of Schwarzburg
 Oda (d. ), Abbess of Gerbstedt
 Adela of Meissen (d. 1181), married King Sweyn III of Denmark (d. 1157), secondly married to Count Adalbert of Ballenstedt (d. 1171)
 Bertha, Abbess of Gerbstedt
 Sophia (d. 1190), married Count Gebhard I of Burghausen
 Agnes II, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1203)

Ancestry

References
Thompson, James Westfall. Feudal Germany, Volume II. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1928.

External links

Category:House of Wettin
Category:Margraves of Meissen
Category:Christians of the Wendish Crusade
Category:1090s births
Category:1157 deaths


The Beauty of Fractals

The Beauty of Fractals is a 1986 book by Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter which publicises the fields of complex dynamics, chaos theory and the concept of fractals. It is lavishly illustrated and as a mathematics book became an unusual success.

The book includes a total of 184 illustrations, including 88 full-colour pictures of Julia sets. Although the format suggests a coffee table book, the discussion of the background of the presented images addresses some sophisticated mathematics which would not be found in popular science books. In 1987 the book won an Award for distinguished technical communication.

Summary

The books starts with a general introduction to Complex Dynamics, Chaos and  fractals. In particular the Feigenbaum  scenario and the relation to Julia sets and the Mandelbrot set is discussed. The following special sections provide in depth detail for the shown images: Verhulst Dynamics, Julia Sets and Their Computergraphical Generation, Sullivan's Classification of Critical Points, The Mandelbrot Set, External Angles and Hubbard Trees, Newton's Method for Complex Polynomials: Cayley's Problem, Newtons's Method for Real Equations, A Discrete Volterra-Lotka System, Yang-Lee Zeros, Renormalization (Magnetism and Complex Boundaries).

The book also includes invited Contributions by  Benoît Mandelbrot, Adrien Douady, Gert Eilenberger and Herbert W. Franke, which provide additional formality and some historically interesting detail. Benoit Mandelbrot gives a very personal account of his discovery of fractals in general and the fractal named after him in particular. Adrien Douady explains the solved and unsolved problems relating to the almost amusingly complex Mandelbrot set.

The images

Part of the text was originally conceived as a supplemented catalogue to the exhibition Frontiers of Chaos of the German Goethe-Institut, first seen in Europe and the United States. It described the context and meaning of these images. The images were created at the "Computer Graphics Laboratory Dynamical Systems" at the University of Bremen in 1984 and 1985. Dedicated software had to be developed to make the necessary computations which at that time took hours of computer time to create a single image. For the exhibit and the book the computed images had to be captured as photographs. Digital image capturing and archiving were not feasible at that time.

The book was cited and its images were reproduced in a number of publications. Some images were even used before the book was published. The cover article of the Scientific American August 1985 edition showed some the images and provided reference to the book to be published.

One particular image sequence of the book is the close up series "seahorse valley". While the first publication of such a close up series was the June 1984 cover article of the Magazine Geo, The Beauty of Fractals provided the first such publication within a book.

Translations

 Italian translation: La Bellezza dei Frattali, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 1987,
 Japanese translation: Springer-Verlag, Tokyo 1988,
 Russian translation: Krasota Fractalov, Mir, Moscow 1993,
 Chinese translation: Z.-J. Jing and X.-S. Zhang, Science Publishers, Beijing 1994, /TP 374

References

External links
Web page of the Center for Complex System and Visualization
Web page of the book at Springer-Verlag

Category:1986 non-fiction books
Category:Science books
Category:Mathematics books
Category:Fractals


Collective leadership

Collective leadership is a distribution of power within an organisational structure. It is considered an ideal form of ruling a communist party, both within and outside a socialist state.

Communist examples

China
Collective leadership in China is generally considered to have begun with Deng Xiaoping in the 1970s, who tried to encourage the Politburo Standing Committee to rule by consensus in order to prevent the authoritarianism of Maoist rule. Jiang Zemin formally established himself as the "first among equals". This era of collective leadership has been said to end with Xi Jinping, following the abolition of term limits in 2018 under his tenure.

Currently, the central authority of the Chinese government is concentrated in the Politburo Standing Committee, which is composed of seven members of the Communist Party of China and headed by the General Secretary of the Central Committee.

Vietnam
In Vietnam, when the country was ruled by Lê Duẩn, collective leadership involved powers being distributed from the office of General Secretary of the Communist Party and shared with the Politburo Standing Committee while still retaining one ruler.

Nowadays, in Vietnam there is not one paramount leader, and power is shared by the party General Secretary, President and the Prime Minister along with collegial bodies such as the Politburo, Secretariat and the Central Committee.

Soviet Union

Collective leadership (, ) or  Collectivity of leadership (, ), was considered an ideal form of governance in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Its main task was to distribute powers and functions among the Politburo, the Central Committee, and the Council of Ministers to hinder any attempts to create a one-man dominance over the Soviet political system by a Soviet leader, such as that seen under Joseph Stalin's rule. On the national level, the heart of the collective leadership was officially the Central Committee of the Communist Party, but in practice, was the Politburo. Collective leadership is characterized by limiting the powers of the General Secretary and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers as related to other offices by enhancing the powers of collective bodies, such as the Politburo.

Lenin was, according to Soviet literature, the perfect example of a leader ruling in favour of the collective. Stalin also embodied this style of ruling, with most major policy decisions involving lengthy discussion and debate in the politburo and/or central committee; after his death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev accused Stalin of one-man dominance, leading to controversy surrounding the period of his rule. At the 20th Party Congress, Stalin's reign was criticized by Khrushchev as a "personality cult". As Stalin's successor, Khrushchev supported the ideal of collective leadership but increasingly ruled in an autocratic fashion, his anti-Stalin accusations followed by much the same behaviour which led to accusations of hypocrisy. In 1964, Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and by Alexei Kosygin as Premier. Collective leadership was strengthened during the Brezhnev years and the later reigns of Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms helped spawn factionalism within the Soviet leadership, and members of Gorbachev's faction openly disagreed with him on key issues. The factions usually disagreed on how little or how much reform was needed to rejuvenate the Soviet system.

Other party examples
Green and other ecosocialist parties often practice collective leadership, either through male and female co-leaders or through several co-spokespersons. This practice is often justified by the Green movement's emphasis on consensus decision making and gender balance.
 Alliance 90/The Greens: the Federal Executive is divided between two co-equal spokespersons, a political director, treasurer, and two vice-chairs.
 Québec solidaire divides its leadership among its president, secretary-general, and male and female spokespersons
 Green Party of England and Wales: from 1990 to 1991, the GPE&W practiced co-leadership among six spokespersons, and from 1991-2008, the GPEW practiced it through a male and female spokesperson. After Caroline Lucas was elected the party's first sole leader and deputy leader in 2008, collective leadership was in hiatus until 2016, when the party leadership was once again divided between male and female co-leaders under a job-share agreement while retaining a deputy leader.
 Scottish Green Party: began to practice collective leadership in 2004 with the election of a male and a female co-convenor.
 Green Party of the United States: the Green National Committee's steering committee is a collective leadership of seven co-chairs, as well as a secretary and a treasurer.
 The Left (Germany): the party executive consists of an elected 44-member committee, headed by a 12-member executive board comprising two party chairpeople, four deputy chairs, a national secretary, treasurer, and four other members.

Notes

Sources

Category:Forms of government
Category:Communism
Category:Politics of the Soviet Union
Category:Collectivism


Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve

The Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve, as part of the Kangaroo Valley Group of Nature Reserves, is a protected area located on the cliffs and plateaus of the Kangaroo Valley in the Southern Highlands and South Coast regions of New South Wales in eastern Australia. The Reserve is situated approximately  south of Sydney,  southwest of Wollongong and  northwest of . The Reserve has a total area of 1684 hectares, and includes 11 privately owned properties. It is critical for it to be pristine for a variety of reasons, not the least the catchment of water, as the Reserve floor flows into the Kangaroo Valley River and the Shoalhaven River, from which the Sydney Water Authority draws water to supply large populations in Sydney and Wollongong.

Established in 2001, the Reserve is ecologically representative of the local Shoalhaven area, which is home to temperate rainforest and threatened species; such as the Brush-tailed rock-wallaby and the apex predator, the tiger quoll. It has a protective covenant placed on it, with the ultimate purpose to ensure the protection of the natural heritage of the area.

In 2003, Devils Glen, Red Rocks and Black Ash Nature Reserves were amalgamated into Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. This is now a part of the Kangaroo Valley National Parks, consisting of the smaller refuges of Kangaroo River, Cambewarra Range, Barrengarry and Rodway Nature Reserves, which are covered by the Southern Regional Forest Agreement.

Kangaroo valley is part of a system of conservation reserves, which includes Kangaroo River Nature Reserve and Barrengarry Nature Reserve. National parks in the area including the Morton National Park, Budderoo National Park and Barren Grounds Nature Reserve.

Geology and soils
The Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve is located in the southern part of the Sydney Basin. The Sydney Basin is located on the central east coast of New South Wales, and it covers an area of 36240 km². The geological basin is filled with sandstones and shales from the Permian to Triassic periods that overlies older basement rocks of the Lachlan Fold Belt.

The southern part of the Sydney basin, the Permian deposits, are subdivided into two major units, the Shoalhaven Group and the Illawarra Coal Measures. The Shoalhaven Group consists of a thick succession of fine to medium-grained clastics passing upwards into a number of lava flows and interspersed volcanic flows, forced into the sandstones and originating from the Gerringong Volcanics. The Cambewarra Latite, which comprises highly feldspathic and sparsely porphyritic lava. It has the highest elevation of the group, situated in the Cambewarra Mountain region. The Illawarra Coal Measures originated from a fluvial environment; they have recognizable marine strata. The group is made up of lithic sandstones, siltstones, shales, and coal seams.

Above the Permian deposits overlie Triassic sediments, which are of fluvial origin. The Triassic deposits are subdivided into three major units: the Narrabeen Group, the Hawkesbury Sandstone and the Wianamatta shale. These groups are made up of volcanic rocks and lithic sandstones, with occasional dark coloured shales, but there is no presence of coal found in these groups. Also, soils of the Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve have good water holding capacity and are fertile.

Climate
The average annual rainfall is above the 1200 mm level that applies around the South Coast. Snowfalls are common above than 1000 m on the Central and Southern tablelands through winter, and even as late as November in unusual falls. The mean yearly temperature remains nearly 16 °C along the Coastal plains. Occasional heat waves occur when the conditions like temperature inversions apply, especially in Kangaroo Valley, which acts as a basin, trapping air with inversion layers. The southern region coastal section around Kiama shows the highest rainfall in summer, whereas the western region has more rain in winter. The climate of the coastal region remains calmer and warmer than high rainfall in Kangaroo Valley. Prevailing winds during summer come from the north-east onshore, whereas winds come from the west and south-west throughout the winter season, particularly in July and August (the 'westerlies'). North Westerly winds occasionally arise in November, bringing dangerous bushfire conditions. The Coastal face of the region is colder in summer and less vulnerable to mist during winter than Kangaroo Valley, which is enshrouded in mist each morning until the sun lifts the mist layer. The South facing cliffs and plateaus of many sites receive scant sunshine and so are damp and cold in winter.

Rivers and water quality

There are numerous small creeks, such as Nugents Creek and O’Hares Creek, flowing through Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve, which eventually flow into the Kangaroo River and Shoalhaven River and onto Lake Yarrunga that is created by Tallowa Dam. The Berry Mountain Section of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve has private dams that provide water to nearby residences. The high rainfall brings fast filling of dams, which from the air or satellite imaging, can be seen dotted throughout the region. The Kangaroo River Sub-catchment is part of the drinking water catchment for Sydney, Illawarra and Shoalhaven Regions.

A water quality survey of benthic macroinvertebrates in Nugent's Creek and O’Hares Creeks conducted by students from the University of Wollongong in April 2016 revealed the presence of Mayfly, Stonefly, Caddisfly and Dragonfly larvae. The largest number of larvae found, were that of the mayfly and stonefly; these two species are sensitive to pollution and are therefore only found in areas where water is of high to good quality i.e. free of pollution.

During the summer, some parts of the river in Cambewarra dry or the water becomes black. 'Black' water is water with little or no oxygen in it. This water is dark in color due to the destruction of plants and other organic matter so as to have high dissolved organic carbon from decomposing vegetation.

History
The range was first in use in the 1800s for red cedar cutting. Mr Richard Brooks, who was a soldier-settler in the Kangaroo Valley, held the first licence to cut red cedar in the area in 1836; it is said that cedar was cut from the many arms of the Kangaroo Valley, with the Cambewarra Range likely to have been one such arm. Logging, burning and trampling of the soils continued with farming and stock. The land was cleared in 1861 with increasing settlements. Around the 1960s, it was partially used for gravel extraction. Today, the area is not under economic use anymore.

The Tharawal (Dharawal) people, traditional custodians, gave the name of the area as Cambewarra. They dwelled as groups in coastal areas, now known as Sydney basin, where they relied on hunting and fishing. They hunted different Possums, Wallabies and Goannas, along with their eggs. Many berries and leafy foods are present in the Reserve, used for food and medicine. Modern covered drain, previously known as creeks, were the main source of fresh water for them.

The term 'Cambewarra' means 'mountain of fire'. So, these aboriginal people named the mountain, Cambewarra, because it was believed that volcano eruption once took place in the mountain. Another logic behind the name, Cambewarra, is that the apex of the mountain is mostly covered by the cloud which appears as the smoke coming from the top of the mountain.

Habitat
Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve has mixed habitats but is dominated by coastal hinterland subtropical warm temperate rainforest consisting mainly of coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetulum) which occurs in protected slopes and gullies. The Red Rocks plateau (formerly known as Red rocks Nature Reserve) and Black Ash segment(Bellawongarah Mountain) of the reserve is also covered in parts by the lowland dry shrub forest, northern coast and hinterland moist heath shrubland. There are small areas of upland swamp on Bellawongarah Mountain and at the western end of the Red Rocks section. The Red Rocks Plateau in small areas also include Northern Coastal Hinterland Heath Shrub Dry Forest and a survey conducted in the area found seven forest communities categorized as: Coachwood rainforest, Open heathland, Brown barrel (E. fastigata)/Sydney blue gum tall open forest, Silvertop ash woodland, Heathland sedge land, Sydney peppermint open forest and Open woodland-heathland. The Berry Mountain section of the reserve comprises three types of rainforest: mixed subtropical/warm temperate rainforest, warm temperate rainforest and dry rainforest. The reserve is providing suitable habitat for a large number of threatened animal species and regionally rare plant species.

Flora
The Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve, a large portion of which is old growth forest, most commonly comprises coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum), Lilly pilly (Syzgium smithii), native laurel(Cryptocarya glaucescens) and
sassafras (Doryphora sassafras).Lowland Dry Shrub Forest is found on the plateau tops and upper slopes in Rodway Nature Reserve and in the Red Rocks and Black Ash sections of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. Other common trees showing dominance in this region includes red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), the scribbly gum (Eucalyptus sclerophylla), brown barrel (E. fastigata), Sydney peppermint (E. piperita), silver quandong, brown beech (Pennantia cunninghamii), soapy box (Citronella moorei), and giant stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa).Small patches of Southern Escarpment Shrub/Fern/Herb Moist Forest also occur in these areas, dominated by brown barrel E. fastigata, whitetopped box E. quadrangulata and river peppermint E. elata. Two endangered plant species Solanum celatum and Cryptostylis hunteriana (vulnerable orchid) were also recorded in the Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. The tall shrubland dominated by Melaleuca linariifolia, together with Leptospermum polygalifolium and Leptomeria acida on plateau tops of Black ash and Red Rocks sections shows significance due to restricted distribution.
The Berry Mountain section of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve showed three separate groupings:
firstly, mixed subtropical/warm temperate rainforest on boulder and scree slope, with silver quandong Elaeocarpus kirtonii, maidens blush Sloanea australis and brush cherry Syzygium australe on deeper soil
secondly, warm temperate rainforest of coachwood, crabapple Schizomeria ovata, sassafras, jackwood Cryptocarya glaucescens, bolly gum Litsea reticulata and lilly pilly on shallower soils and lastly,dry rainforest of whalebone tree Streblus brunonianus, deciduous fig Ficus henneana, red olive-berry Elaeodendron australe, grey myrtle Backhousia myrtifolia and water gum Tristaniopsis laurina on shallowest soils subject to water stress.
In addition to trees, various types of beautiful flowers can be found in this region such as Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and Callistemon citrinus.The study stated that the Cambewarra Mountain area has one of the largest areas of subtropical rainforest remaining in the Illawarra-Shoalhaven .Much of the vegetation is old growth or mature forest but significant areas have been disturbed and there are small areas of regrowth.  The disturbances are a result of fires and selective logging in parts of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve in the early 1900s.

Two threatened plant species have been recorded in Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve.  The endangered Solanum celatum was observed on Cambewarra Mountain early in the 20th century but it is not known if it still occurs there.  The vulnerable orchid Cryptostylis hunteriana is found on the Red Rocks plateau.

Fauna
Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve provides suitable habitat for diverse species of animals as it has a combination of different types of habitat; the diversity is particularly high in the case of birds and herpetofauna. Fauna surveys conducted in the area has revealed a total of 61 species in the Red Rocks section of the Reserve. Several endangered native animal species are found in Camberwarra Range Nature Reserve which includes eastern bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus), brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata), sooty owl (Tyto tenebricosa), powerful owl(Ninox strenua), giant burrowing frog  (Heleioporus australiacus), olive whistler (Pachycephala olivacea),  spotted-tail quoll  (Dasyurus maculatus), eastern bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii), yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis)and long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus).  Rock-wallaby numbers are declining and there is current only one known rock-wallaby colony remaining in the reserves – in the western part of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. Also,Faunal surveys (using remote cameras and hair funnel traps) conducted by citizen scientists (staff and students from the University of Wollongong) since 2014 have revealed the following common native species in abundance: swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor), bush rat (Rattus fuscipes), Eastern swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus), brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis), and sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps).

Human impacts
Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve is larger in area compared to other nature reserves in the same region and it is surrounded by private land. With this urbanization, native faunal and floral diversity has more trends to be influenced by humans. For example, clearing and incursion weed, agricultural pest control and introduced predators such as cats and foxes may affect the fauna and flora in the nature reserve. Lantana is a most common incursion weed type in wet forest margins of Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. The native species of Brush-tailed rock-wallaby is threatened by foxes, but the fox control has been undertaken within the reserve.  Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve has water catchment areas. There are creeks that flow in to Kangaroo river and hence to Lake Yarrunga (Tallowa Dam). That is a part of Shoalhaven Scheme. The dam supplies water for the residences around Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. Although the nature reserve is known to have limited access and few facilities for public, it already has facilities for walking, bird watching, scenery viewing, horse riding (only on public roads within reserve) and educational use like research. A vehicle park and also publicly available vehicle access are available within the reserve. Leobold Hill road and Red Rocks Trig Trail are the roads across the reserve’s plateau which makes available the access through to the end of the cliff line. It makes significant damage to the trail where it crosses a poorly drained area. This happens especially in wet weather.

Research and Management

Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve has recently attracted attention from students and citizen scientists from the University of Wollongong. These student biologists conduct regular fieldwork and ecological research in the reserve to monitor habitat structure and biodiversity. Due to its high conservation values and the reserve holding some threatened species, it is critical to monitor the species population levels, as animals like foxes are capable of disrupting whole populations of native animals like the Rock Wallaby.

Sections of the Reserve were identified for suitability in long term ecological research (see LTER: Long Term Ecological Research Network), and since 2014 areas in the Reserve have been surveyed for its fauna, using various techniques, such as remote cameras and hair funnel traps. These were placed and retrieved for data by scientists and students from University of Wollongong. Twice a year (since 2014) the data is collected and some of it is represented in the gallery of fauna found on this page.

The legislation and policies for the management of nature reserves in NSW come under National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NPW Act), the NPW Regulation, the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act), Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EPA Act), and the policies of the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS).

This area contains the Endangered Ecological Community known as the Illawarra Subtropical Rainforest (in the Sydney Basin Bioregion); see Schedule 2, Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 no 63. The Illawarra Subtropical Rainforest is one of ten priority management sites which have been identified by the NSW Government Office of Environment and Heritage. Site 10:
is the Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. This site incorporates the slopes to the north of Cambewarra, including Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve, up to Tourist Road and extending east towards Jaspers Brush. The total site area is 1,322 (ha)

The developmental control of this Reserve is effectively exercised by the director of the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW). Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve management objectives are to protect and conserve the biodiversity, the geological features and the cultural values of landscapes. There is a rural-residential pressure on this area, as the landscape of Cambewarra Range consists of bushland, agricultural and urban elements. The pressure on the habitat, particularly on the quoll, is undergoing a slow but inevitable transformation towards a higher proportion of cleared land for residential and farm buildings, with gardens, grazing paddocks, and bushfire reduction areas through clearing around buildings. Although not as extensive as it once was, there is still some clearing for defined agricultural use, rather than the lifestyle, accommodation clearing that predominates throughout the region. Other land management issues include encroachment and introduction of weeds, invasion by feral cats, foxes and other introduced animals. There is a degree of difficulty in achieving effective fire protection, in avoiding disturbance from trail bikes and quads, and there can be pollution of streams (spillage, fertiliser runoff) and illegal forest clearing for timber that is sold for furniture manufacture, housing, fencing and boutique firewood use, like the special aromas coming from certain wood-fired ovens.

Given that the native carnivore, the spotted-tail quoll, has been sighted in the Reserve, as the native apex predator or apex carnivore, this species deserves special mention. It is now widely regarded that key objectives of many programmes, which seek to maintain ecosystem function, should include strategies to conserve such carnivores. The study by Glen and Dickman (2008) found that quolls foraged mainly in forested habitat, while introduced carnivores foraged mainly in cleared habitat. This study, although conducted in north-eastern NSW, is still applicable to the Cambewarra area. The study indicated there was a strong potential for competition between quolls and the non-native carnivores, like the fox and feline cat. Thus, continued monitoring, and where applicable, the eradication of pest species such as foxes, cats and dogs, including the use of poison ground baits, is recommended. Ths study also highlights the relationships between clearing of native habitat and the spread of introduced species

Gallery

References

External links

Seeking data: images of sugar gliders

Uncle Frank Mumbler from the South Coast of NSW, Australia.  This song 'Jacky' contains Tharawal language and is likely the only recording ever made of his important story. This film, and many other recordings made in 1987, 88 and 89, are with The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) - a world-renowned research, collections and publishing organisation. AIATSIS promotes "knowledge and understanding of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, traditions, languages and stories, past and present".
Climbing trees
Singing

Category:Nature reserves in New South Wales
Category:Southern Highlands (New South Wales)
Category:South Coast (New South Wales)
Category:2001 establishments in Australia
Category:Protected areas established in 2001


2016 FA Women's Cup Final

The 2016 FA Women's Cup Final was the 46th final of the FA Women's Cup, England's primary cup competition for women's football teams. The showpiece event was the 23rd to be played directly under the auspices of the Football Association (FA) and was named the SSE Women's FA Cup Final for sponsorship reasons. The final was contested between Arsenal Ladies and Chelsea Ladies on 14 May 2016 at Wembley Stadium in London. The match was the second FA Women's Cup Final to be held at Wembley.

Chelsea, managed by Emma Hayes, went into the match as defending champions, having won the 2015 FA Cup, while Arsenal, managed by Pedro Martínez Losa, had won the competition on thirteen previous occasions. But Chelsea were favourites to lift the trophy as Arsenal had enjoyed only moderate success since their victory at the 2014 Cup Final, and had been beaten by Chelsea in a match earlier in the 2016 season of the Women's Super League. Arsenal won the match 1–0, with a first-half goal from Danielle Carter scored in the eighteenth minute, and securing the team their fourteenth FA Cup victory. Carter was also named Player of the Match. The match was attended by a crowd of 32,912, an increase on the 30,710 who attended the 2015 final.

The match was refereed by Sarah Garratt of the Birmingham Football Association, whose appointment was announced by the Football Association on 5 May. The match saw Garratt taking charge of her first FA Cup Final.

Match

Details

References

Cup
Category:Women's FA Cup finals
FA Women's Cup Final
FA Women's Cup Final
FA Women's Cup Final, 2016
FA Women's Cup Final, 2016


Maksim Klikin

Maksim Nikolayevich Klikin (; born 30 April 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.

Club career
He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Arsenal Tula on 28 March 2004 in a game against FC Metallurg Lipetsk.

External links
 Player page by sportbox.ru

Category:1981 births
Category:Sportspeople from Moscow
Category:Living people
Category:Russian footballers
Category:FC Dynamo Moscow reserves players
Category:FC Metallurg Lipetsk players
Category:FC Fakel Voronezh players
Category:FC Mostransgaz Gazoprovod players
Category:FC Arsenal Tula players
Category:FC Zvezda Irkutsk players
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:FC Moscow players
Category:FC Salyut Belgorod players
Category:FC Novokuznetsk players


2012 New York Mets season

The New York Mets' 2012 season was the franchise's 51st season and its fourth in Citi Field. The team celebrated its 50th anniversary, as they became a team in 1962. Johan Santana pitched the first no-hitter in franchise history on June 1, 2012. The Mets missed the post season for a 6th straight year.

Offseason
Shortly after the 2011 season ended, the Mets made changes to their coaching staff, keeping only pitching coach Dan Warthen and hitting coach Dave Hudgens. 3rd base coach Chip Hale went to the Oakland Athletics to join manager Bob Melvin. General Manager Sandy Alderson said that the "changes were necessary for us to move forward." Former A's manager Bob Geren was named to replace Hale.

The additions were intended to improve the depth of the bullpen, which was sub-par in the 2011 season. They added reliever Ramon Ramírez and center fielder Andrés Torres, in exchange for the starting center fielder Ángel Pagán. They also signed Frank Francisco to be their closer, and added Jon Rauch, who is the tallest current player in the major leagues, to be the set-up man for Francisco.

For 2012, the Mets made several construction changes to Citi Field's dimensions. In center field a new 8 foot wall was built in front of the 16 foot wall, coined by fans as "The Great Wall of Flushing." In right field, a new wall in front of the existing Mo's Zone was also built.

The Mets overhauled their uniforms for 2012. The cream colored pinstriped uniform became the primary home uniform, while the snow white uniforms served as the alternate home uniform. The black drop-shadows were removed from the pinstriped, snow white and road gray jerseys and the black two toned cap was retired. The black jersey and all black cap was worn on a limited basis on the road and was retired at the end of the season. The Mets wore two patches, one commemorating the team's 50th anniversary and another honoring Gary Carter, who died of brain cancer on February 16, 2012.

Regular season
The Mets began their 2012 season with a surprising three-game sweep of the Atlanta Braves. The Mets outscored the Braves 12 to 6 in the series. During that series, Frank Francisco became the third player in major league history to record a save in every game of a season-opening series of at least three games, following Derrick Turnbow of the Milwaukee Brewers in 2006 and Salomón Torres of the Pittsburgh Pirates in 2007.

On June 1, Johan Santana made club history by becoming the first Mets pitcher to throw a no-hitter, in an 8–0 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals. This was also the first no-hitter to be pitched against a defending World Series champion since a former Met, Nolan Ryan, did it against the Oakland Athletics in their 1990 pennant season while with the Texas Rangers.

On June 27 against the Chicago Cubs, the Mets became the first major league team to hit a home run cycle. Daniel Murphy began with a two-run home run, his run in 352 at-bats, then in the fourth, then Ike Davis hit a three-run home run followed by Murphy's solo home run off of Casey Coleman, who had replaced starting pitcher Jeff Samardzija. In the sixth inning, Scott Hairston, who was typically a utility outfielder throughout the first half of the season, hit the cycle ending grand slam off of Coleman. The Mets won the game, 17–1.

R.A. Dickey won the 2012 Cy Young Award, becoming the first knuckleball pitcher to do so.

Season standings

NL East standings

NL Wild Card

Record vs. opponents

Game log

Roster

Player stats

Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases; BB = Base on balls; K = Strike outs AVG = Batting average;

Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits; R = Runs; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts; ERA = Earned run average;

Farm system

References

External links
2012 New York Mets season Official Site
2012 New York Mets season at Baseball Reference
2012 New York Mets season at ESPN

Category:New York Mets seasons
New York Mets season
New York Mets


Al Maghal

Al Maghal is a village in Makkah Province, in western Saudi Arabia.

See also

 List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia
 Regions of Saudi Arabia

References

Category:Populated places in Mecca Region


Svastra obliqua

Svastra obliqua, the sunflower bee, is a species of long-horned bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

Subspecies
These three subspecies belong to the species Svastra obliqua:
 Svastra obliqua caliginosa (Cresson, 1878)
 Svastra obliqua expurgata (Cockerell, 1925)
 Svastra obliqua obliqua (Say, 1837)

References

Further reading

External links

Category:Apinae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Insects described in 1837


Rane Willerslev

Rane Willerslev is a Danish anthropologist. In his academic career, he has travelled extensively and has a particular interest in primitive tribal cultures, both present and prehistoric. On 1 July 2017, he was appointed director of the National Museum of Denmark by Culture Minister Mette Bock.

In Denmark, Willerslev is a popular media personality, engaging in TV and radio shows, public panel debates, and interviews relating to his academic interests and his opinions on society and education at large. He has written and co-authored several books, including academic, fictional and biographic works.

Early life and education
Willerslev was born in Gentofte north of Copenhagen as the son of the historian Richard Willerslev and the monozygotic twin of Eske Willerslev. He attended Ordrup Gymnasium. He studied at the University of Manchester where he was awarded a Master of Arts degree in Visual Anthropology in 1996. His 2003 PhD degree was from the University of Cambridge. Willerslev's main field of research has been hunting and spiritual knowledge of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, amongst whom he lived (in the beginning along with his identical twin brother, Eske Willerslev, an evolutionary biologist, and later alone for three years).

Career
From 2004 to 2006, Willerslev was associate professor at the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology in the Department for Social Anthropology at the University of Manchester. In 2006 he returned to Denmark to assume a position as director of the Ethnographic Collections at Moesgård Museum and was also appointed an associate professor at the University of Aarhus, In 2010, he was given a full professorship.

From September 2011 to September 2013, he was the director of the Museum of Cultural History at the University of Oslo. He then returned to Aarhus where he led the arctic research area at the Institute for Anthropology, Archaeology and Linguistics.

On 1 July 2017, Rane Willerslev, took position as CEO of the National Museum Of Denmark. Willerslev was appointed to the position by the Danish Minister Of Culture at the time, Mette Bock, chiefly due to his previous merits as CEO of the Cultural History Museum Of Norway. In order to generate public interest for the National Museum Of Denmark, Rane Willerslev appeared in a series of TV-programs titled 'Ranes Museum' aired in late 2017 and beginning of 2018 on the Danish National Broadcasting Channel. The continuous TV-appearances made Willerslev publicly well known in Denmark for his humorous character and statements which i.a. entailed his preferences for Siberian wilderness clothing as opposed to wearing a suit to the office. In a statement regarding the National Museum Of Denmark's fashion historical exhibition in 2018, Willerslev, in a witty fashion, again proclaimed his preferences for the wilderness outfits and for 1980s fashion: ″The 1980s must have been a period of great human tolerance seeing as something as ugly as 80s fashion was in existence and accepted.″

In the academic world, Willerslev is somewhat controversial in his approach to anthropology and scientific thought at large. Inspired by personal experiences, in particular from his stay in Siberia, he believes that animism and spirituality is an overlooked and wrongfully frowned upon concept in academia.

Publications
The author of several scientific articles, chapters in books and newspaper articles, including contributions on vision and visiology, animism, phenomenology and other anthropological topics, he has also brought out books: Hunting and Trapping in Siberia, which appeared in 2000 (Arctic Information); Soul Hunters: Hunting, Animism and Personhood among the Siberian Yukaghirs, published in 2007 (University of California Press), and On the Run in Siberia, published in 2012 (University of Minnesota Press). Since 2009, Willerslev has been the editor of Acta Borealia: Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Societies. He is also the editor (with Dorthe Refslund Christensen) of the book, Taming Time, Timing Death, published in 2012 (Asgate) and (with Christian Suhr) Transcultural Montage, published in 2013 (Berghahn).

Both in 2006 and 2010, Willerslev was awarded the ‘Elite Researcher’s Awards’ by the Independent Research Councils of Denmark. In 2010, Willerslev gave the Malinowski Memorial Lecture at London School of Economics.

Books:

 Rane Willerslev (2007): "Soul Hunters: Hunting, Animism, and Personhood among the Siberian Yukaghirs", Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
 Rane Willerslev (2012): "On the Run in Siberia", University Of Minnesota Press.
 "Taming Time, Timing Death", Edited by Rane Willerslev and Dorthe Refslund Christensen (2016), Studies in Death, Materiality and Time (Vol. 1), Taylor And Francis.
 Rane Willerslev (2017): "Tænk vildt", People'sPress
 Willerslev, Nørretranders & Brinkmann (2018): "Strejf", People´sPress . A debate about the current transition between the analogue and digital.

Family
Rane Willerslev's twin brother Eske Willerslev is also a scientist, and they are sons of historian, Richard Willerslev.

See also

University of Oslo
Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo
University of Manchester
Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology, University of Manchester
Anthropology
Geography
Sociology

References

Category:Social anthropologists
Category:Danish anthropologists
Category:People associated with the National Museum of Denmark
Category:Academics of the University of Manchester
Category:Aarhus University faculty
Category:University of Oslo faculty
Category:Scientists from Copenhagen
Category:People from Gentofte Municipality
Category:1971 births
Category:Living people


D-stereospecific aminopeptidase

In molecular biology, D-stereospecific aminopeptidase (D-aminopeptidase)  is an enzyme which catalyses the release of an N-terminal D-amino acid from a peptide, Xaa-|-Yaa-, in which Xaa is preferably D-Ala, D-Ser or D-Thr. D-amino acid amides and methyl esters also are hydrolyzed, as is glycine amide.

It is a dimeric enzyme with each monomer being composed of three domains. Domain B is organised to form a beta barrel made up of eight antiparallel beta strands. It is connected to domain A, the catalytic domain, by an eight-residue sequence, and also interacts with both domains A and C via non-covalent bonds. Domain B probably functions in maintaining domain C in a good position to interact with the catalytic domain. Domain C is organised to form a beta barrel made up of eight antiparallel beta strands. It is connected to domain B by a short linker sequence, and interacts extensively with the domain A, the catalytic domain. The gamma loop of domain C forms part of the wall of the catalytic pocket; domain C is in fact thought to confer substrate and inhibitor specificity to the enzyme.

External links
MEROPS family S12

References

Category:Protein domains
Category:EC 3.4.11


Cyclone Arthur (2007)

Cyclone Arthur (RSMC Nadi designation: 08F, JTWC designation: 09P) was the eighth tropical depression and fourth tropical cyclone of the 2006–07 South Pacific cyclone season. Forming as tropical depression on January 25, Arthur rapidly intensified into a strong Category 2 cyclone on the Australian intensity scale according to the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Nadi, Fiji. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center assessed the storm to have peaked as a minimal Category 1 cyclone. Shortly after peaking in intensity, the cyclone began to deteriorate due to unfavorable conditions. Quickly moving towards the east-southeast, the Arthur began to undergo an extratropical transition. After turning towards the southeast, the center of circulation was almost fully exposed due to strong wind shear. However, Arthur briefly re-strengthened late on January 26 before becoming extratropical the next day. Tropical Cyclone Arthur affected several small islands during its existence. French Polynesia observed the most noteworthy effects from the storm, where several landslides damaged a few homes.

Meteorological history

On January 21, 2007, the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Nadi, Fiji identified a tropical depression, which was given the number 08F, about 435 km (270 mi) west-northwest of Savai'i island in Samoa. The depression slowly traveled towards the east-southeast for several days as the overall structure of the storm fluctuated due to  diurnal variations and strong wind shear. Around 1700 UTC on January 22, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the depression. The system developed a large banding feature in the northern portion of the circulation and deep convection formed around the center of circulation. The depression had moved into an area of weak to moderate wind shear with favorable diffulence aloft. Later that day, gale warnings were issued for the northeastern quadrant of the system. Tropical Depression 08F continued to develop as an anticyclone developed above the system, enhancing the environment around it. A mid-latitude trough located north of the depression was steering it towards the east.

Early on January 24, the system became better organized and strengthened into a cyclone at 0600 UTC. The storm, which was named Arthur by the RSMC Nadi, began to undergo rapid intensification as the structure improved significantly. Deep convection developed around the center with strong outflow towards the north. Several hours after becoming a cyclone, the JTWC issued their first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 09P as it traveled quickly towards the east-southeast. The quick movement was due to the influences of subtropical ridge to the north and a trough to the south. Later that day, a banding eye feature began to develop as the storm intensified into a Category 2 cyclone on the Australian intensity scale. At 1800 UTC, the JTWC assessed Arthur to have reached its peak intensity with winds of 120 km/h (75 mph 1-minute winds), the equivalent of a minimal Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Early on January 25, Arthur reached its peak intensity with winds of 110 km/h (70 mph 10-minute winds) with a minimum pressure of 975 hPa (mbar) while located about 635 km (350 mi) north-northwest of Rarotonga. Shortly after peaking in intensity, Arthur began to undergo an extratropical transition and rapidly deteriorated due to strong wind shear.

The storm also began to merge with a low-level frontal boundary associated with the remnants of Tropical Cyclone Zita. The strong shear left the center of circulation partially exposed, with deep convection persisting in only the southeastern quadrant. In addition to the shear, dry air began to enter the system, causing it to weaken further. While continuing to move at a quick pace, the storm began to turn towards the southeast along a baroclinic zone. Early on January 26, the JTWC issued their final advisory on the cyclone as it lost most of its tropical characteristics. Arthur re-intensified shortly after and the JTWC reissued advisories on the storm around 2100 UTC. The brief re-strengthening was the result of a breakdown in the baroclinic zone which allowed convection to redevelop around the center. Around the same time, Arthur left RSMC Nadi's area of responsibility (AoR) and entered the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre Wellington's AoR. The storm completed its extratropical transition around 1200 UTC on January 27, leading to the final advisory being issued on the storm.

Preparations and impact
On January 21, a gale watch was issued for Tutuila, American Samoa, Manu'a, and Swains Island as Tropical Depression 08F approached the islands. Winds of up to 55 km/h (35 mph), with gusts up to 75 km/h (45 mph), were expected. Small craft advisories were issued for the Cook Islands due to large swells produced by the storm. All of the watches were cancelled late on January 23 as the depression was no longer forecast to impact the islands. On January 24, an Orange Alert was issued for the Austral Islands. As the storm neared the region, the alert was upgraded to a Red Alert for Rurutu and Tubuai. Arthur produced minor damages in the Cook Islands—primarily consisting of beach erosion—on January 24. Heavy rains throughout French Polynesia resulted in several landslides which damaged several homes on Tahiti and Moorea. Waves near the islands ranged from 1.5 to 2 m (4.9 to 6.5 ft). Winds in Tubuai reached 85 km/h (50 mph 10-minute winds) with gusts up to 115 km/h (71 mph). Several homes were damaged and roads were blocked by fallen trees throughout the island. Minor coastal flooding also occurred due to the large swells.

See also

 2006–07 South Pacific cyclone season

References

External links

Category:Category 2 South Pacific cyclones
Category:Tropical cyclones in the Cook Islands
Category:Tropical cyclones in French Polynesia
Category:2007 in the Cook Islands
Category:2007 in French Polynesia


OpenClonk

OpenClonk is a free and open-source 2D action game in which the player controls clonks, small but witty and nimble humanoid beings. It is mainly about mining, settling and fast-paced melees and features tactical gameplay elements. The game has been compared and described as mixture of Worms, The Settlers, Lemmings and Minecraft. The game can be played both single-player and multiplayer and is cross-platform, playable on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and OS X.

The OpenClonk project is continuation of the Clonk game series, and is under active development with new features. OpenClonk denotes not just the game, but also the 2D game engine it is based on, which allows the creation of mods using a specially designed scripting language. The source code is available under the ISC license and game content is licensed under CC BY-SA, CC BY and CC0.

Gameplay

The gameplay features elements of action as well as tactical games. The player controls clonks, small but witty and nimble humanoid beings using the keyboard and mouse. Clonks are the main characters in the game and can perform various tasks ranging from shoveling through earth, throwing dynamite to mine gold, use a hammer to construct a building to flying around with airships, riding on rockets and wielding swords. The OpenClonk game world consists of a dynamical and destructible pixel landscape and out of objects living and interacting with that landscape. The landscape is constructed out of different materials like earth, tunnel, sky, coal, ore, gold and water. Players can destroy these materials by digging or explosions for solid materials and by using gravity or pumps for liquids. The various in-game objects and tools available to the clonk allow for a dynamical gameplay.

Gameplay is focused around two elements: In settlement rounds the players need to cooperate and build up large settlements to perform certain tasks like mining gold or constructing a legendary statue, and in melee rounds players battle each other in small arenas. Other types of gameplay include parkour rounds where players have to pass checkpoints in challenging landscapes as fast as possible.

Settlement

Settlement rounds can be played cooperative, where two or more players work towards a mutual goal. In these type of rounds players have to build up settlements using the resources in the landscape, ranging from wood and metal to fire stones. These settlements and their production lines allow the player to construct advanced items and vehicles like grapple bows or airships. With the more advanced items players can fulfill complex tasks and finally the goal of the round. Typical challenges in settlement rounds are provided by inhospitable landscapes, natural disasters like meteors and volcanoes and transporting large objects. Among goals for settlement scenarios one finds:
 Wealth: gain a certain amount of gold (called clunkers in Clonk).
 Expansion: expand your settlement to some area of the landscape.
 Mining: mine a certain amount of valuables like gold or gems.
 Construct Statue: gather statue parts and construct a statue.

Melee

Melee rounds may have different goals, however, they all share the fact that opponents must be eliminated. In OpenClonk melee rounds are usually rather short with a typical length between 5 and 30 minutes. The players control a single clonk and have to attack enemies using the various weapons available in the game, like swords, bows, dynamite, grenade launchers, muskets and catapults. Among the different types of melees are:
 Last Man Standing: players have a certain amount of relaunches and need to survive as long as possible.
 Deathmatch: players have to achieve a certain amount of kills.
 Capture the Flag: Capture enemy flags and bring them to your base to gain points.
 King of the Hill: Try to defend a certain region as long as possible to stay king.

Development
OpenClonk development began with the release of the source of Clonk Rage in February 2009 and a later release under the ISC license in May 2009. The website www.openclonk.org was founded at the same time, acting as a portal for both development and for players. The source code and game content were hosted first using a Mercurial repository, but nowadays using a Git repository.

The game engine is programmed in C++ and is cross-platform. The game is released for and runs on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X, it also may be compiled for FreeBSD. Game content is created using the game's own scripting language C4Script, and is developed simultaneously with the game engine. Since the game content and engine are completely separate, mods and completely new game content can be created based on the OpenClonk engine.

Development of OpenClonk is completely open and contributions from the community are often accepted as patches.

Releases
OpenClonk is being released on a regular basis with roughly a major release every year. Major releases are published when the engine or the game content has received large modifications or important features have been added. Minor releases are done for bug fixes and small updates to the game content. The current stable version is OpenClonk 4.1 released on 16 February 2014.

 OpenClonk 1.0 (3 December 2010)
 OpenClonk 1.1 (28 December 2010)
 OpenClonk 1.2 (12 February 2011)
 OpenClonk 2.0 (1 October 2011)
 OpenClonk 2.1 (10 October 2011)
 OpenClonk 2.2 (10 February 2012)
 OpenClonk 3.0 (14 October 2012)
 OpenClonk 3.1 (15 October 2012)
 OpenClonk 3.2 (18 November 2012)
 OpenClonk 3.3 (10 March 2013)
 OpenClonk 4.0 (26 January 2014)
 OpenClonk 4.1 (16 February 2014)
 OpenClonk 5.0 (5 October 2014)
 OpenClonk 6.0 (15 March 2015)
 OpenClonk 6.1 (12 June 2015)
 OpenClonk 7.0 (16 January 2016)
 OpenClonk 8.0 (4 February 2018)
 OpenClonk 8.1 (17 March 2018)

Reception
In a popularity competition organized by the Linux Game Awards OpenClonk received a third place in the Project of the Month: March 2014. Linux Format named OpenClonk in September 2015 a "HotPick". Furthermore, OpenClonk had on Desura in June 2015 a 8.8/10 user rating. German computer magazine c't has added OpenClonk to a DVD shipped with their magazine in April 2011.

See also

 Clonk
 List of open source games

References

External links

 Download
 OpenClonk source code

Category:Indie video games
Category:Open-source video games
Category:Multiplayer online games
Category:Windows games
Category:Linux games
Category:MacOS games
Category:Creative Commons-licensed video games
Category:Free software programmed in C++
Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games
Category:Software using the ISC license

de:Clonk


Ctenosia

Ctenosia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1900.

Species
 Ctenosia albiceps Hampson, 1901
 Ctenosia infuscata Lower, 1902
 Ctenosia inornata Wileman
 Ctenosia nephelistis Hampson, 1918
 Ctenosia psectriphora Distant, 1899

References

External links

Category:Lithosiini


Gair Glacier

Gair Glacier () is a tributary glacier,  long, rising close southeast of Mount Supernal in the Mountaineer Range and flowing east-northeast to enter Mariner Glacier just north of Bunker Bluff in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE) 1962–63, for geologist H.S. Gair, leader that season of the NZGSAE northern field party.

See also
 List of glaciers in the Antarctic
 Glaciology

References

Category:Glaciers of Borchgrevink Coast


Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra

The Bhor Saidan Crocodile Breeding Centre (Hindi: भौर सैदां मगरमच्छ प्रजनन केंद्र) is located 22 km from Kurukshetra and 13 km from Thanesar at Bhor Saidan village (Hindi: भौर सैदां), also spelled as Bhour Saidan or Bhoor Saiydan, on the Kurukshetra-Pehowa road near Bhureeshwar Temple, one of the pilgrimage sites in Kurukshetra in the Indian state of Haryana.

Bhor Saidan village, sitting on an ancient archeological mound of Painted Grey Ware culture (1200 BCE to 600 BCE)) from the Vedic period of Mahabharata, is a tirth in 48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra on the banks of dried up river bed of Sarasvati River, was named after Kaurava hero Bhurisrava of Mahabharta, son of Somadutta.

History
The Mugger crocodiles are believed to have been brought by one of the Mahants of the nearby temples in the 1930s. In 1980, Forests Department, Haryana took over the breeding centre and the Bhor Saidan village panchayat gave 15+ acre land to the Government of Haryana to start the breeding centre. Periphery has been fenced and a mound inside the pond was created to watch the crocodiles from the close range.

Crocodiles At Bhor Saidan

The centre comprises a wild pond that is used to rear Indian Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus pallustris). The Crocodile Breeding Centre has 10 male, 4 female and 10 young Mugger crocodiles.

Escape of Crocodiles
Around the mid 1980s, several crocodiles escaped from the Bhor Saidan Crocodile Farm and nearby Saraswati drain and several villages have now become the habitat of escaped stray crocodiles that are caught from time to time in the nearby villages such as Mukimpura and Dabkoli.

Crocodile adoption
In 2015, Forests Department, Haryana launched a scheme for individuals, organizations and corporations to adopt animals in state's zoos and breeding centres, including at Bhor Saidan Crocodile Center.

Issues
Since crocodiles have 100+ years life-span and the breeding centre lacks infrastructure to cater for large population of crocodiles, overcrowding is a problem. As a result, caretakers have stopped the external intervention e.g. artificial incubation of the eggs. Though female crocodiles eat the weak youngs and this keeps the population under control.

Gallery

References

See also
 Crocodiles in India

Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Haryana
Category:Zoos in Haryana