Heinrich Hoffmann (photographer)

Heinrich Hoffmann (12 September 188515 December 1957) was Adolf Hitler's official photographer, and a Nazi politician and publisher, who was a member of Hitler's intimate circle. Hoffmann's photographs were a significant part of Hitler's propaganda campaign to present himself and the Nazi Party as a significant mass phenomenon. He received royalties from all uses of Hitler's image, even on postage stamps, which made him a millionaire over the course of Hitler's reign.  After the Second World War he was tried and sentenced to four years in prison for war profiteering. He was classified by the Allies' Art Looting Investigators to be a "major offender" in Nazi art plundering of Jews, as both art dealer and collector and his art collection, which contained many artworks looted from Jews, was ordered confiscated by the Allies. He recovered the art in 1956 by order of the Bavarian State.

Life and career

After completing his primary school education, Hoffmann trained as a photographer from 1901 to 1903. He found employment in Heidelberg, Frankfurt on the Main, Bad Homburg, Switzerland, France and England until 1909. In 1909 he owned a photographic shop in Munich and started to work as a press photographer. In 1913 he founded the image agency Photobericht Hoffmann. In 1917 Hoffmann was conscripted to the German Army and served as a photo correspondent with the Bavarian Fliegerersatz-Abteilung I in France. In 1919 Hoffmann joined the Bavarian Einwohnerwehren, a right-wing citizens' militia. That year he witnessed the short-lived post-war Bavarian Soviet Republic  in Munich and published a collection of photographs he had taken as Ein Jahr Bayrische Revolution im Bilde ("One Year of Bavarian Revolution in Pictures"). The accompanying text by Emil Herold suggested a connection between the "Jewish features" shown in the photographs and the subjects' left-wing policies.

Odeonsplatz picture

A noted photograph taken by Hoffmann in Munich's Odeonsplatz on 2 August 1914 apparently shows a young Hitler among the crowd cheering the outbreak of World War I.  This was later used in Nazi propaganda, although its authenticity has been questioned.

Hoffmann claimed that he only discovered Hitler in the photograph in 1929, after the Nazi leader had visited the photographer's studio.  Learning that Hoffmann had photographed the crowd in the Odeonsplatz, Hitler told Hoffmann that he had been there, and Hoffmann said he then searched the glass negative of the image until he found Hitler. The photograph was then published in the 12 March 1932 issue of the Illustrierter Beobachter ("Illustrated Observer"), a Nazi newspaper.  After the war, the glass negative was not found.

In 2010 historian Gerd Krumeich, a noted German expert on the First World War, came to the conclusion that Hoffmann had doctored the image. Krumeich examined other images of the rally and was unable to find Hitler in the place where Hoffmann's photograph placed him.  Also, in a different version of Hoffmann's photo in the Bavarian State Archive, Hitler looks different than in the published image. Other analysts have pointed out that Hitler's moustache in the image is not the same style that can be seen in photographs of Hitler while he was serving in the German Army.  They also point out that Hitler makes no mention in Mein Kampf of having been in the Odeonsplatz crowd. As a result of the doubt raised by these considerations, the curators of a 2010 Berlin exhibition about the Hitler cult inserted a notice saying that they could not vouch for the image's authenticity.

Nazi Party
Hoffmann met Hitler in 1919 and joined the Nazi Party on 6 April 1920. He participated in the Beer Hall Putsch as a photographic correspondent. While the Nazi Party was banned in 1923, Hoffmann joined the ephemeral Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft then rejoined the Nazi Party in 1925. The following year he co-founded the Illustrierter Beobachter. In November 1929 he represented the Nazi Party in the district assembly of Upper Bavaria and from December 1929 to December 1933 he served as a city councillor of Munich. In 1940 Hofmann became a member of the Nazi German Reichstag.

After Hitler had taken control of the party in 1921, he named Hoffmann his official photographer, a post he held for over a quarter-century.  No other photographer but Hoffmann was allowed to take pictures of Hitler, and Hoffmann himself was forbidden to take candid shots. Once, at the Berghof, Hitler's mountain retreat, Hoffmann took a picture of Hitler playing with his mistress Eva Braun's terrier. Hitler told Hoffmann that he could not publish the picture, because "A statesman does not permit himself to be photographed with a little dog. A German sheepdog is the only dog worthy of a real man." Hitler strictly controlled his public image in all respects, having himself photographed in any new suit before he would wear it in public, according to Hoffmann, and ordering in 1933 that all images of himself wearing lederhosen be withdrawn from circulation. He also expressed his disapproval of Benito Mussolini allowing himself to be photographed in his bathing suit.

The attempt by Hoffmann to portray Hitler as the epitome of the German people was difficult because he lacked the racial profile of the Nordic race (i.e. tall and blonde hair), which the Nazi New Order sought to preserve. Hoffmann tried to portray Hitler in the best light by focusing more on his eyes, which many found dreamy and hypnotic.

Hoffmann's photographs were a significant part of Hitler's propaganda campaign to present himself and the Nazi Party as a significant mass phenomenon.  In 1926, Hoffmann's images of the Party's rally in Weimar in Thuringia – one of the few German states in which Hitler was not banned from speaking at the time – showed the impressive march-past of 5,000 stormtroopers, saluted by Hitler for the first time with the straight-armed "Roman" or Fascist salute.  These pictures were printed in the main Nazi newspaper, the  Völkischer Beobachter,  and distributed by the thousands throughout Germany.  That rally was the progenitor of the Party's annual mass rallies which were staged quasi-annually in Nuremberg.  Later, Hoffmann's book, The Hitler Nobody Knows (1933) was an important part of Hitler's strenuous effort to manipulate and control his public image.

Hitler and Hoffmann became close friends. Historian Alan Bullock succinctly described Hoffmann as an "earthy Bavarian with a weakness for drinking parties and hearty jokes" who "enjoyed the licence of a court jester" with Hitler. Hoffmann was part of the small party which drove to Landsberg Prison to get Hitler when he was released from prison on parole on 20 December 1924, and took his picture. Later, Hoffmann often dined with Hitler at the Berghof or at the Führer's favorite restaurant in Munich, the Osteria Bavaria, gossiping with him and sharing stories about the painters from Schwabing that Hoffmann knew. He accompanied Hitler on his unprecedented election campaign by air during the presidential election against Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg in 1932.

In the autumn of 1929, Hoffmann and his second wife Erna introduced his Munich studio assistant, Eva Braun, to Hitler. According to Hoffmann, Hitler thought she was "an attractive little thing" – Hitler preferred women to be seen and not heard – but Braun actively pursued him, telling her friends that Hitler was in love with her and claiming she would get him to marry her. Hoffmann reports, however, that even though Braun eventually became a resident of the Berghof – after the death of Geli Raubal (see below) – and was then constantly at Hitler's side during the times he was with his private entourage, she was not immediately his mistress; he believes that did happen at some point, even though Hitler's outward attitude to her never changed. Ultimately, to the surprise of his intimate circle, Hitler married Braun in the Führerbunker in Berlin on 29 April 1945, and the couple committed suicide together, the following day.

On 17 September 1931, Hitler was with Hoffmann on a trip from Munich to Hamburg when the Fǖhrer got word that his niece, Geli Raubal – whom he adored and who accompanied him to almost all social events – had committed suicide by shooting herself. In his post-war memoir, Hitler Was My Friend, Hoffmann expressed the opinion that Raubal killed herself because she was in love with someone other than Hitler, and could not take Hitler's rabidly jealous control of her life, especially after he found out that she had had an affair with Emil Maurice, Hitler's old comrade and chauffeur.

Serving Hitler's regime

When Hitler became the ruler of Germany, Hoffmann was the only person authorized to take official photographs of him. Hoffmann's photographs were published as postage stamps, postcards, posters and picture books. Following Hoffmann's suggestion, both he and Hitler received royalties from all uses of Hitler's image, even on postage stamps, which made both Hitler and Hoffmann millionaires: the postage-stamp royalty amounted to at least $75 million over the course of Hitler's reign. For other subjects, he was represented by Schostal Photo Agency (Agentur Schostal).

In 1933 Hoffmann was elected to the Reichstag, which after the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933 had become a powerless entity with little function except to serve as a stage setting for some of Hitler's policy speeches. As a one-party state, an "election" in Nazi Germany meant marking a ballot approving the Führer's list of candidates; no alternative choices were presented or allowed.

The personal esteem Hitler held for Hoffmann is indicated by the fact that in 1935 he allowed the photographer to issue a limited edition of a portfolio of seven paintings Hitler had made during World War I, even though since becoming Chancellor he had downplayed his desire to become a painter in his youth. In later years, Hitler forbade any publication of or commentary about his work as a painter. Also in 1935, for Hoffmann's 50th birthday, Hitler gave the photographer one of his own paintings of the courtyard of the Alte Residenz ("Old Royal Palace") in Munich, a favorite subject of Hitler's, and one he had painted many times when he was a struggling artist. Hoffmann came to own at least four of Hitler's watercolors – one was purchased in 1944, which provoked the remark from Hitler that it would have been "insane" to have paid more than 150 or 200 marks for it, at most – which were seized by the U.S. Army at the end of the war, and were never returned to Germany.

In 1937, when the selection jury Hitler had chosen to put together the first Great German Art Exhibition to inaugurate the opening of the House of German Art in Munich outraged and angered the Führer with their choices, he dismissed the panel and put Hoffmann in charge.  This dismayed the artistic community, who felt that Hoffmann was unqualified for the role. Frederic Spotts, in Hitler and the Aesthetics of Power, reports that Hoffmann was "an alcoholic and cretin who knew little more about painting than did the average plumber". Hoffmann's answer to his critics was that he knew what Hitler wanted and what would appeal to him.  Nevertheless, even some of Hoffmann's choices were dismissed from the exhibition by Hitler; a room full of somewhat more modern paintings which Hoffmann had selected as possibilities were angrily dismissed by Hitler with a gesture.  Hoffmann remained in charge for subsequent annual Great German Art Exhibitions, making the preliminary selections which were then hung for Hitler to approve or veto.  Hoffmann preferred the conventional work of painters from southern Germany, what Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels called in his diary "Munich-school kitsch", over that of the more experimental painters from the north.

In May 1938, when Hitler decreed the "Law for the Confiscation of the Products of Degenerate Art" – which retroactively justified the Nazis' confiscation without payment of modern art from museums and galleries for the exhibition of "Degenerate Art" mounted in Munich in July 1937, and allowed for the further unpaid taking of such art from institutions and individuals – Hoffmann was one of the commissioners named to centralize the condemnation and confiscation process, along with chairman Adolf Ziegler, President of the Reich Chamber for Visual Arts, art deal Karl Haberstock, and others.  A year later, Josef Goebbels, the Reich Propaganda Minister, brought the commission into his Ministry and restaffed it to include more art dealers, since the sale of these confiscated works internationally was a source of hard currency for the Nazi regime – although not as much as was expected, since the knowledge that the Nazis were putting large numbers of these artworks up for sale depressed their market value. When auctions were halted as war approached, there were still over 12,000 works which the commission Hoffmann sat on had condemned as artistically worthless stored in warehouses.  Hitler personally inspected these, and refused to allow them to be returned to the collections they had been confiscated from.  The result was the burning in the courtyard of Berlin's central fire station of 1,004 oil paintings and 3,825 other works on 20 March 1939.

Along with sculptor Arno Breker, stage designer Benno von Arent, architect Gerdy Troost, and  museum director Hans Posse, Hoffmann was one of the few people whose artistic judgment Hitler trusted. He bestowed the honorific title of "Professor" on Hoffmann in 1938, something he did for many of his favorites in the arts, such as Leni Riefenstahl, the actress and film director; architects Albert Speer and Hermann Giesler; sculptors Breker and Josef Thorak; Wilhelm Furtwängler, conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic; and actor Emil Jannings; among others.

Hoffmann accompanied Hitler on his state visit to Italy in 1938, in which the Führer was much taken by the beauty of the Italian cities of Rome, Naples and Florence and the artworks and architecture they contained. Hoffmann was also one of the party that went to the Soviet Union when Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop secretly negotiated the Non-Aggression Treaty with Vyacheslav Molotov in 1939, which enabled Hitler to invade Poland. Hitler specifically asked Hoffmann to take a close-up photograph of Stalin's earlobes, by which he thought he could determine if the Soviet leader was Jewish or not.  Earlobes that were "attached" would indicate Jewish blood, while those that were "separate" would be Aryan; Hoffmann took the requisite image, and Hitler determined to his own satisfaction that Stalin was not Jewish.  Hitler would not allow Hoffmann to publish photographs of Stalin if he was smoking a cigarette, deeming it inappropriate for a leader of Stalin's status to be shown in that way.

Besides introducing him to Eva Braun, Hoffmann also introduced Hitler to art dealer Maria Almas Dietrich, who used this connection to sell hundreds of paintings to Hitler himself – for the collection of Hitler's planned Führermuseum in his hometown of Linz, Austria – to other high-ranking Nazis, and to various German museums. In 1941, Hoffmann was chief among the many Nazi chieftains who took advantage of the occupation of the Netherlands to buy paintings and other artworks from Dutch dealers, sometimes at inflated prices. This drove the art market up, much to the consternation of Hans Posse, who had been commissioned by Hitler to assemble a collection for the planned museum. Posse appealed to Hitler to put a stop to it, but Hitler refused the request.

Hoffmann was also the person who recommended Dr. Theodor Morell to Hitler for treatment of his eczema.  Morell, who was a member of the Nazi Party, became Hitler's personal physician and treated him for numerous complaints with a panoply of drugs, including amphetamines, cocaine, oxycodone, barbiturates, morphine, strychnine, and testosterone, which may have contributed to Hitler's degraded physical condition by the end of the war.

After about 1941, Hoffmann began to lose favor with Hitler, primarily because Martin Bormann – Hitler's personal secretary after Rudolf Hess flew to Scotland in a quixotic attempt to broker a peace deal – did not like him, and in large part controlled access to Hitler.  Bormann fed Hitler misinformation and innuendo about his rivals for Hitler's attention, such as Hoffmann.

Family
Hoffmann married Therese "Lelly" Baumann, who was very fond of Hitler, in 1911. Their daughter Henriette ("Henny") was born on 3 February 1913 and followed by a son, Heinrich ("Heini") on 24 October 1916. Henriette married National Hitler Youth Leader Baldur von Schirach, who provided introductions to many of Hoffmann's picture books, in 1932. Therese Hoffmann died a sudden and unexpected death in 1928.

Hoffmann remarried shortly afterwards in 1929; his second wife was Erna Gröbke.

Publications
During the Third Reich Hoffmann assembled many photo-books on Hitler, such as The Hitler Nobody Knows (1933) – a book that Ron Rosenbaum calls "central to Hitler's extremely shrewd, extremely well-controlled effort to manipulate his image ... to turn his notoriously non-Nordic-looking foreignness, his much-remarked-upon strangeness, into assets to his charisma" – and Jugend um Hitler ("Youth Around Hitler") in 1934. In 1938 Hoffmann wrote three books, Hitler in Italy, Hitler befreit Sudetenland ("Hitler Liberates Sudetenland") and Hitler in seiner Heimat ("Hitler in his Home"). His Mit Hitler im Westen ("With Hitler in the West") was published in 1940. His final book of this period, Das Antlitz des Führers ("The Face of the Führer"), was written shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War. In 1936 he had effectively seized control of stereographer Otto Schönstein's publishing house, Raumbild-Verlag, which effectively put him in charge of all mass-market stereoscopic (3D) photography in Germany until the end of the Second World War.

After the war, Hoffmann published his memoirs in London in 1955 under the title Hitler Was My Friend.

Later life
Hoffmann figures prominently in the OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit's Reports 1945–46, Detailed Intelligence Report DIR N°1 carries his name. He was arrested by the United States Army on 10 May 1945, and he was later tried and sentenced to four years for war profiteering. The army considered him a "major offender" and Werner Friedman called him one of the "greediest parasites of the Hitler plague." Upon his release from prison on 31 May 1950, he settled in the small village of Epfach in southern Bavaria, where he died seven years later at the age of 72. His widow, Erna, continued to live there together with the former silent-movie star Wera Engels.

Photographic archive

A large archive of Hoffmann's photographs was seized by the United States Army during the Allied occupation of Germany. These are now held by the National Archives and Records Administration and comprise an important source of images for scholars of Nazi Germany. These photographs are in the public domain in the US owing to their status as seized Nazi property, otherwise their copyrights would not yet have expired.

There is also an archive called the 'Bildarchiv Hoffmann', at the Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek) in Munich, Germany.

Secret photos of Hitler
Nine photographs taken by Hoffmann reveal how Adolf Hitler rehearsed poses and hand gestures for his public speeches. He asked Hoffmann to take these shots so he could see what he would look like to his audience, then used them to help shape his performances, which he was constantly refining. Hitler asked that the photographs be destroyed, a request which Hoffmann did not honor.

See also

References
Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography
Bullock, Alan (1992) Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives.  New York: Knopf.
Bullock, Alan (1962) Hitler: A Study in Tyranny London: Penguin.

Fest, Joachim C. (1970) [1963]. The Face of the Third Reich. Bullock, Michael (trans.) New York: Penguin. .
Fest, Joachim C. (1975) [1973]. Hitler. Winston, Richard and Winston, Clara (trans.) New York: Vantage Press.

External links

Category:1885 births
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Bodybuilding at the 2015 Pacific Games

Body building at the 2015 Pacific Games in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea was held on July 13, 2015 at the Caritas Secondary School. In the men's competition Papua New Guinea won five gold medals. Tonga won three gold medals in the men’s heavy categories, as well as the men’s overall title which went to Trevor Huni. New Caledonia and American Samoa took one gold medal each in the women's competition. Virginie Foucault won the overall women's title.

Medal summary

Medal table

Men's Results

Notes

 The original silver medallist, Stanley Bruneau of Tahiti, was disqualified after testing positive for a prohibited drug. Donald Kaiwi was awarded the silver medal. Fiji's Jekesoni Yanuyanudrua was awarded the bronze medal.

Women's Results

References

2015
Category:2015 Pacific Games
Pacific Games


Charles Gillette

Charles Freeman Gillette (1886–1969) was a prominent landscape architect in the upper South who specialized in the creation of grounds supporting Colonial Revival architecture, particularly in Richmond, Virginia.  He is associated with the restoration and re-creation of historic gardens in the upper South and especially Virginia.  He is known for having established a regional style—known as the "Virginia Garden."

Biography

In 1909-1911, Gillette served as an apprentice in the office of Warren H. Manning, a leading early-20th century landscape architect. Gillette moved to Richmond in 1913 to supervise the completion of Manning's landscape design for the University of Richmond's new campus. In 1915, he began designing the grounds of the Nelson House in Yorktown, Virginia. In 1924, he commenced work on the landscape restoration of Kenmore in Fredericksburg, Virginia. A few years later, he initiated plans for the landscaping of Virginia House and Agecroft, both reconstructed English manor houses located in Richmond's Windsor Farms neighborhood. Extensive additions to the Virginia House gardens were completed in 1939. During the 1950s, Gillette redesigned the gardens of Virginia's Executive Mansion at the request of Governor Thomas B. Stanley.  In 1958, he designed the grounds for the Reynolds Metals Company International Headquarters located at Richmond. His commissions also included hundreds of residential projects throughout Virginia and North Carolina.

A number of his works are for properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In popular culture
Author Tom Wolfe references Gillette as the commissioned landscaper of Dupont University in I Am Charlotte Simmons.

Selected works
 University of Richmond (1913), Richmond, VA
 Nelson House (1915), Yorktown, Virginia
 Casa Maria (1921-1922), Greenwood, VA
 Blue Ridge Farm (1923-1924), Greenwood, VA
 Sunken Garden (Virginia) (1923-1924), Williamsburg, Virginia
 Kenmore (1924), Fredericksburg, Virginia
 Agecroft Hall (1926), Richmond, VA
 MacCallum More and Hudgins House Historic District gardens (1927), Chase City, Virginia
 Belfield (1929-1930), Lexington, Virginia
 Gallison Hall (1931-1933), Charlottesville, VA
 Windemere (1860), Richmond, VA
 Midway (Millington, Virginia) (1936), Millington, VA
 Reynolds Metals Company International Headquarters (1958), Richmond, VA
 Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden, Richmond, VA
 Glen Alpine in the Cifax Rural Historic District, Cifax, Virginia
 Oak Grove (Eastville, Virginia), Eastville, VA
 E. Hervey Evans House (1939), Laurinburg, NC
 Monroe Ward, Richmond, VA
 John Whitworth House, Richmond, VA
 Longview Gardens Historic District

References

External links
 The Cultural Landscape Foundation: Charles Freeman Gillette
Garden and Gun: "Gillette's Gem"

Category:American landscape architects
Category:Architects from Richmond, Virginia
Category:1886 births
Category:1969 deaths
Category:Preservationist architects
Category:People from Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin
Category:20th-century American architects
Category:Architects from Wisconsin


Pete Halsmer

John Peter Halsmer (born March 3, 1944 in Lafayette, Indiana), is a former driver in the CART Championship Car series. He raced in 5 seasons (1980, 1982–1985), with 33 career starts, and started in the Indianapolis 500 in 1981-1982. He finished in the top five three times in the CART series, with his best finish in 2nd position in 1983 at Cleveland. In 1992, Halsmer raced in the IROC series, representing IMSA. Pete drove for Ford/Roush (NASCAR owner Jack Roush) from 1986 through 1989 and won six Trans Am races and four GTO races winning the 1989 GTO championship. From 1990 through 1992 he drove for Mazda and won another GTO championship in 1991. From 1994 through 1997 he drove BMWs, winning four GT2 races and winning the Manufacturer's Title in 1996. From 1999 to 2004 he drove for and provided technical consulting for Honda America Race Team winning several championships in Motorola Cup and Grand Am Cup series.  Halsmer is also a 3 time class winner at the 24 Hours of Daytona and was trained as a helicopter pilot and served in the Vietnam War.

Early life and education
Halsmer graduated from Purdue University with degrees in industrial supervision and aviation electronics. He was drafted into the army and  became a helicopter pilot. He served in Vietnam during the Vietnam War in 1970.

Racing record

CART PPG IndyCar World Series

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Indianapolis 500

SCCA National Championship Runoffs

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest race lap)

Complete USAC Mini-Indy Series results

References

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Category:American army personnel of the Vietnam War
Category:American Le Mans Series drivers
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Category:Trans-Am Series drivers
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Sture Baatz

Sture Bengt Lorentz Baatz (26 August 1929 – 14 February 2004) was a Swedish rower. He competed in the eights at the 1952 and 1960 Summer Olympics, but failed to reach the finals.

References

Category:1929 births
Category:2004 deaths
Category:Swedish male rowers
Category:Olympic rowers of Sweden
Category:Rowers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Category:Rowers at the 1960 Summer Olympics


Rieppeleon brachyurus

Rieppeleon brachyurus, known commonly as the zomba pygmy chameleon, is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to eastern and southeastern Africa.

Geographic range
R. brachyurus is found in Malawi, Mozambique, and southeastern Tanzania.

Reproduction
R. brachyurus is oviparous.

References

Further reading
Günther A (1893). "Report on a Collection of Reptiles and Batrachians transmitted by Mr. H. H. Johnston, C.B., from Nyassaland". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1892: 555-558 + Plates XXXIII-XXXV. (Rhampholeon brachyurus, new species, p. 557 + Plate XXXIV, figures 2, 2a).
Matthee, Conrad A.; Tilbury, Colin R.; Townsend, Ted (2004). "A phylogenetic review of the African leaf chameleons: genus Rhampholeon (Chamaeleonidae): the role of vicariance and climate change in speciation". Proc. R. Soc. London B 271: 1967-1975. (Rieppeleon brachyurus, new combination).

Category:Rieppeleon
Category:Reptiles described in 1893
Category:Reptiles of Malawi
Category:Reptiles of Tanzania
Category:Reptiles of Mozambique


Government Thirumagal Mill's College

Government Thirumagal Mill's College, is a general degree college located in Gudiyattam, Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. It was established in the year 1964. The college is affiliated with Thiruvalluvar University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.

Departments

Science
Physics
Chemistry
Mathematics
Botany
Zoology
Computer Science

Arts and Commerce
Tamil
English
History
Economics
Business Administration
Commerce

Accreditation
The college is  recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

See also
Education in India
Literacy in India
List of educational institutions in Vellore
List of institutions of higher education in Tamil Nadu

References

External links
http://www.gtmc.edu.in

Category:Educational institutions established in 1964
Category:1964 establishments in India
Category:Colleges affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University


Lakah

Lakah may refer to:
 Raymond Lakah
 Lakah, Iran


Thomas Crapper

Thomas Crapper (baptised 28 September 1836; died 27 January 1910) was an English businessman and plumber. He founded Thomas Crapper & Co in London, a sanitary equipment company. Crapper held nine patents, three of them for water closet improvements such as the floating ballcock. He improved the S-bend plumbing trap in 1880 by inventing the U-bend. The firm's lavatorial equipment was manufactured at premises in nearby Marlborough Road (now Draycott Avenue). The company owned the world's first bath, toilet and sink showroom in King's Road. Crapper was noted for the quality of his products and received several royal warrants.

Manhole covers with Crapper's company's name on them in Westminster Abbey have become one of London's minor tourist attractions.

Life
Thomas Crapper was born in Thorne, South Yorkshire in 1836; the exact date is unknown, but he was baptised on 28 September 1836. His father, Charles, was a sailor. In 1853, he was apprenticed to his brother George, a master plumber in Chelsea, and thereafter spent three years as a journeyman plumber.

In 1861, Crapper set himself up as a sanitary engineer, with his own brass foundry and workshops in nearby Marlborough Road.

In the 1880s, Prince Edward (later Edward VII) purchased his country seat of Sandringham House in Norfolk and asked Thomas Crapper & Co. to supply the plumbing, including thirty lavatories with cedarwood seats and enclosures, thus giving Crapper his first Royal Warrant. The firm received further warrants from Edward as king and from George V both as Prince of Wales and as king.

In 1904, Crapper retired, passing the firm to his nephew George and his business partner Robert Marr Wharam. Crapper lived at 12 Thornsett Road, Anerley, for the last six years of his life and died on 27 January 1910. Crapper's death certificate records that he died from colon cancer. He was buried in the nearby Elmers End Cemetery.

Posthumous fate of the Crapper company
In 1966, the Crapper company was sold by then owner Robert G. Wharam (son of Robert Marr Wharam) on his retirement, to their rivals John Bolding & Sons. Bolding went into liquidation in 1969. The company fell out of use until it was acquired by Simon Kirby, a historian and collector of antique bathroom fittings, who relaunched the company in Stratford-upon-Avon, producing authentic reproductions of Crapper's original Victorian bathroom fittings.

Achievements

As the first man to set up public showrooms for displaying sanitary ware, he became known as an advocate of sanitary plumbing, popularising the notion of installation inside people's homes. He also helped refine and develop improvements to existing plumbing and sanitary fittings. As a part of his business, he maintained a foundry and metal shop which enabled him to try out new designs and develop more efficient plumbing solutions.

Crapper improved the S-bend trap in 1880. The new U-bend plumbing trap was a significant improvement on the "S" as it could not jam, and unlike the S-bend, it did not have a tendency to dry out and did not need an overflow. The BBC nominated the S-bend as one of the 50 Things That (have) Made the Modern Economy

Crapper held nine patents, three of them for water closet improvements such as the floating ballcock, but none for the flush toilet itself.

Crapper's advertisements implied the siphonic flush was his invention. One such advertisement read "Crapper's Valveless Water Waste Preventer (Patent #4,990) One movable part only" even though patent 4990 (for a minor improvement to the water waste preventer) was not his, but that of Albert Giblin in 1898.
However, Crapper's nephew, George, did improve the siphon mechanism by which the water flow starts. A patent for this development was awarded in 1897.

Crapper invented the manhole cover, enabling easy maintenance access, as well as various improvements to plumbing fittings.

Origin of the word "crap"
It has often been claimed in popular culture that the slang term for human bodily waste, crap, originated with Thomas Crapper because of his association with lavatories. A common version of this story is that American servicemen stationed in England during World War I saw his name on cisterns and used it as army slang, i.e. "I'm going to the crapper".

The word crap is actually of Middle English origin and predates its application to bodily waste. Its most likely etymological origin is a combination of two older words: the Dutch krappen (to pluck off, cut off, or separate) and the Old French crappe (siftings, waste or rejected matter, from the medieval Latin crappa). In English, it was used to refer to chaff and also to weeds or other rubbish. Its first application to bodily waste, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, appeared in 1846, 10 years after Crapper was born, under a reference to a crapping ken, or a privy, where ken means a house.

References

Further reading

External links

Thomas Crapper at Snopes.com
Thomas Crapper & Co. Ltd. - the plumbing company founded by Thomas Crapper

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Category:1910 deaths
Category:British chief executives
Category:British plumbers
Category:British Royal Warrant holders
Category:People from Thorne, South Yorkshire
Category:Toilets


Teliuc mine

The Teliuc mine is a large open pit mine in the western of Romania in Hunedoara County, 15 km west of Hunedoara and 406 km north-west of the capital, Bucharest. Teliuc represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Romania having estimated reserves of 3 million tonnes of ore. The mine produces around 100,000 tonnes of iron ore/year.

References

Category:Iron mines in Romania


C.S. Emelec

Club Sport Emelec is an Ecuadorian sports club based in Guayaquil that is best known for their professional football team. The football team plays in the Ecuadorian Serie A, the highest level of professional football in the country.

Emelec has won fourteen Serie A titles, holding the record of doing so in all decades in which the Serie A has been played. They also have won seven regional titles (record in their region), a record-tying 5 of them in the professional era.

Emelec was founded on April 28, 1929 by George Capwell, the American head of the Electric Company of Ecuador (), from which the club is named after. The name of their home stadium pays homage to the club's founder. The club's most intense rivalry is with crosstown-team Barcelona. Matches between the clubs are known as El Clásico del Astillero.

History
The club was found after an assembly of employees at the Empresa Eléctrica del Ecuador, an electric company in Guayaquil, decided to start an amateur sports league. The initiative was spearheaded by George Capwell, the executive officer of the company who came from the United States. The first sports played in the club were baseball, basketball, boxing, swimming, handball, and football. Capwell did not enjoy football, so the sport was supported only by his employees in non-official but recognized championships. This changed in the 1940s, when Capwell finally lent his support, resulting in the club winning several official local championships, building their own stadium, and hosting the 1947 South American Championship entirely in it.

In 1957, the club became the first national champions in football with a "dream team" that included Derek Haack, Cipriano Yu Lee, José Vicente Balseca, Cruz Ávila, Mariano Larraz, Carlos Alberto Raffo, Jaime Ubilla, Daniel Pinto, Rómulo Gómez and Suárez-Rizzo; they were coached by Eduardo "Tano" Spandre. Since then, they have accumulated thirteen more national titles, placing them 2nd in the national title count behind Barcelona with 15 titles and followed by El Nacional with 13. They have also won seven local titles (two in the amateur area and five in the professional era).

In the 1990s, the football team saw success internationally. In 1995, they reached the semi-finals of the Copa Libertadores; they lost to eventual champions Grêmio. In 2001, the team was close to becoming the first Ecuadorian club to win an international title when they were a finalist in the 2001 Copa Merconorte. In the finals, they lost to Millionarios 3–1 on penalty kicks after tying on aggregate 2–2.

Facilities
Several years after the creation of the Empresa Eléctrica del Ecuador sports club, its founder, George Lewis Capwell, decided that it was time for the club to have its own Baseball stadium, so in 1942 Guayaquil's Municipal authorities donated 4 city blocks for the construction of the first private sports stadium in Ecuador. A year after that, in 1943, Emelec's staff officially named and initiated the construction of the George Capwell Stadium.

George Capwell Stadium opened its doors for the first time on October 21 of 1945, the inaugural game was a Baseball match between Emelec and Oriente, and George Capwell played as a catcher for the "Azules" (Emelec). Although Emelec's president did not like football and their stadium was not initially intended to be a football field, soon after the inauguration the first football match was held. Emelec won 5–4 against an all stars team from the cities of Manta and Bahia.

The 1947 Copa America competition was held exclusively at George Capwell Stadium, and an undefeated Argentina became South America's champion with an all star team that included names like Alfredo Di Stéfano, Félix Loustau, and Norberto Doroteo Méndez. Ecuador finished in 6th place. (Brazil did not participate on this competition).

After the Estadio Modelo was opened in 1959, the George Capwell Stadium became obsolete and was closed for many years. On several occasions it was almost destroyed for various projects that, luckily for the club, were never actually completed.

It wasn't until 1991 that with the leadership of Nassib Nehme that the George Capwell Stadium was reopened, to become once again the house of Emelec. Since its reopening the stadium has been enlarged twice and a new and final change was scheduled for 2014, to reach a final capacity of 45,000 spectators by March 2016.

At the moment the official capacity of the stadium according to the FEF (Federación Ecuatoriana de Fútbol) is 18,000 spectators. However, that number has not been changed even after the two enlargements were finished. The club completed a thorough overhaul and expansion of the stadium in 2017. It is now a state of the art world class stadium fully FIFA compliant with a capacity of 40,000 spectators.

Training ground
Emelec's training ground is located in the north of Guayaquil in a neighborhood called Los Samanes and the training ground itself is called Complejo Deportivo de Los Samanes, translated to Los Samanes Sports Complex. The construction of the Samanes training ground started in 1984 and was finished in 1986 and was built by Filanbanco a large financial institution in Ecuador at the time.

Filanbanco had its own professional football which used Los Samanes until 1989 when despite being one of the top teams at the time, Filanbanco's football club was disbanded due to lack of supporters and high maintenance costs.

During the 1993 Copa America held in Ecuador, the Samanes complex was used by the Argentinean delegation, they stayed and trained there and were very appreciative of its secluded nature and excellent facilities, that among other things included 4 professional football fields, an indoor football field, basketball courts, tennis courts, an Olympic size pool, social area and sleeping area.

After Filanbanco's football club was disbanded, the complex remained in the hands of Filanbanco for their employees to use its facilities, until 1999 when the Ecuadorian financial crisis ended with Filanbanco going bankrupt and ending up in the hands of the AGD a governmental agency created to control, protect and administrate the assets of Filanbanco and other financial institutions that went bust during the crisis.

This meant that Los Samanes ended up in the hands of the Issfa (Instituto de Servicio Social de las Fuerzas Armadas) the Ecuadorian army's social security agency. Because Issfa had no real use for it, the then Football director of Emelec Mr. Omar Quintana Baquerizo managed to loan the training ground for the club and Emelec has been using it ever since.

Initially the agreement was a loan for 5 years, but when the 5 years passed the government and the club arranged a 100-year loan for the facilities, however the high monthly cost agreed has made the payments very difficult for the club and the new administrators led by the club's president Mr. Elias Wated are in talks with the government to settle on a definitive purchase of the training ground.

Honours
Ecuadorian Serie A
 Champions (14): 1957, 1961, 1965, 1972, 1979, 1988, 1993, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017

Ecuadorian Serie B
 Champions (1): 1981 E1

Campeonato Unión Deportiva Comercial de Guayaquil
 Champions (2): 1925, 1933

Campeonato Amateur del Fútbol del Guayas
 Champions (2): 1946, 1948

Campeonato Profesional de Guayaquil
 Champions (5): 1956, 1957, 1962, 1964, 1966

Players

Current squad
As of January 28, 2020.

Out on loan

Reserve Team

Top goalscorers
Emelec has had nine players become the season top-scorer in the Serie A, three players become the top-scorer of the Costa champion (two players repeated), and one player become the top-scorer of the Copa Libertadores.

Seria A
 Carlos Alberto Raffo (1963; 4 goals)
 Carlos Miori (1979; 26 goals)
 Ariel Graziani (1996; 19 goals)
 Ariel Graziani (1997; 24 goals)
 Iván Kaviedes (1998; 43 goals)
 Alejandro Kenig (2000; 25 goals)
 Carlos Juárez (2001; 17 goals)
 Luis Miguel Escalada (2006; 29 goals)
 Jaime Ayoví (2010; 23 goals)
 Miler Bolaños (2015; 25 goals)

Costa
 Carlos Alberto Raffo (1956; 13 goals)
 Carlos Alberto Raffo (1957; 14 goals)
 Carlos Alberto Raffo (1959; 21 goals)
 Carlos Alberto Raffo (1960; 11 goals)
 Carlos Alberto Raffo (1961; 14 goals)
 Ruben Baldi (1964; 11 goals)
 Bolívar Merizalde (1964; 11 goals)
 Bolívar Merizalde (1965; 7 goals)

Copa Libertadores
 Enrique Rayondi (1962; 6 goals)

Managers

Current coaching staff
Manager: Israel Rescalvo
Assistant manager: Héctor Rodríguuez Peña
Physical trainer: Ignacio Berriel

Notable managers
The following managers won at least one trophy when in charge of Emelec:
 Eduardo Spandre (won the 1957 Serie A)
 Mariano Larraz (won the 1961 Serie A)
 Fernando Paternoster (won the 1965 Serie A)
 Jorge Lazo (won the 1972 Serie A)
 Eduardo García (won the 1979 Serie A)
 Juan Silva (won the 1988 Serie A)
 Salvador Capitano (won the 1993 Serie A)
 Carlos Torres Garcés (won the 1994 Serie A)
 Carlos Sevilla (won the 2001 Serie A)
 Rodolfo Motta (won the 2002 Serie A)
 Gustavo Quinteros (won the 2013 and 2014 Serie A)
 Omar De Felipe (won the 2015 Serie A)
 Alfredo Arias (won the 2017 Serie A)

Other sports
Emelec is not only one of the most important football clubs in Ecuador, but it is rated as one of the most important sports club of the country. In their trophy room Emelec has hundreds of cups and medals that have been gained over the years in many different sports. The list includes:

 33 Consecutive National Boxing Championships
 13 Baseball National Championships
 11 Male Basketball National Championships
 18 Female Basketball National Championships
 7 Cycling National Champsionships
 5 Tae Kwon Do National Championships
 5 Judo National Championships
 1 Weight Lifting World Championship

References

External links
Emelec Official website
Emelexista Fansite
Emelec Derby
Pacific Cup Official Website
Official Website of the Boca del Pozo
Azul y Plomo Fansite
Ecuagol Ecuadorian Football Site
Official Site of the Ecuadorian Football Federation

Category:Football clubs in Ecuador
Category:Association football clubs established in 1929

Category:1929 establishments in Ecuador


Thunderegg (band)

Thunderegg is an American rock and roll band and recording project currently based in San Francisco, California, led by songwriter Will Georgantas (guitar, vocals) and including Reese Douglas (guitar) and Alex Jimenez (bass, vocals). Its earliest incarnation was the Yale University band Larry, formed in 1992 and featuring founding Thunderegg players Jake Fournier (bass) and Keith Woodfin (drums).

Between 1995 and 2004, Georgantas recorded the first eight Thunderegg albums by himself to four-track cassette in various apartments in Brooklyn, New York, and his parents' house in Princeton, New Jersey. These albums, from 1995's Universal Nut through 2004's Sweetest One, display increasingly elaborate lo-fi (or "bedroom music") arrangements, and reviewers have remarked on their high lyrical quality. In January 2006, all of these recordings were collected for the anthology Open Book: The Collected Thunderegg, 1995–2004. The independently produced Open Book featured 231 mp3s on a single data CD along with a 108-page illustrated lyric book. It enjoyed a positive reception both for its large scale and its music, which was likened to rock in the vein of Guided by Voices, The Velvet Teen, and The Mountain Goats.

Thunderegg began playing and recording as a full band in 2000 after Fournier moved back east to Hartford, Connecticut, from Portland, Oregon. (The band was named after the thunderegg, the state rock of Oregon.) In 2002 a new full-band version of Georgantas's song "If I Went on a Diet" was selected for inclusion on a compilation CD produced by Jane magazine; in 2005 that song and nine others would comprise Thunderegg's first full-band album, A Very Fine Sample of What's Available at the Mine. Thunderegg's second full-band album, Line Line, would be produced and mixed by Alan Weatherhead (Sparklehorse, Cracker) at Sound of Music Studios in Richmond, Virginia, and released independently in September 2011. A follow-up with Weatherhead, C'mon Thunder, featuring Darren Jessee of Hotel Lights, was released on May 13, 2014, to positive critical reception.

Throughout, Georgantas continued to record at home on a 424 Portastudio: In 2005 he posted a new song every week to Thunderegg's website, the best of which were collected for the CD This Week, which was self-released in early 2007. Several other albums followed, including Not What I Meant, Thunderegg's first San Francisco album, which was recommended for fans of "The Eels, Ween, The Flaming Lips, and Pulp." That album's closing track, "The Guest Star of the Rest Stop," was initially commissioned by author T Cooper for a CD accompanying his 2012 book Real Man Adventures.

Thunderegg toured Germany in the summer of 2013 with a lineup that included Georgantas, Fournier, Moon, and Ken Matsuda (violin), and Georgantas toured the United States (with KC Turner) in summer 2014. In April 2015 the band released the seven-inch single "Ten Sleeves"/"Big Cigarette," again recorded with Weatherhead, this time with the California lineup at Tiny Telephone in San Francisco.

With new drummer André Custodio, the band gelled in the Bay Area as a regularly gigging and touring four-piece band, complementing Georgantas's narrative lyrics with a sound described as "space bar rock" ("space rock, bar rock, space bar rock"). In January 2017, they returned to the studio with Weatherhead, this time at Acoustic Noise in Oakland, to record their new LP, Cosmos. It was completed at Space Bomb Studios in Richmond, Virginia, and released on both black and deluxe color vinyl by Bleeding Gold Records on May 11, 2018.

Discography

 Larry (May 1994)
 Universal Nut (Nov. 1995)
 New England Music (May 1996)
 Personnel Envelo-file (Feb. 1997)
 Thunderegg (Nov. 1997)
 Powder to the People (Aug. 1998)
 Spent Butane: Cassette Outtakes, 1995-1998 (Sept. 1999)
 In Yanistin (Sept. 2000)
 The Envelope Pushes Back (Oct. 2000)
 Sweetest One (Oct. 2004)
 A Very Fine Sample of What's Available at the Mine (June 2005)
 Open Book: The Collected Thunderegg, 1995–2004 (Jan. 2006)
 This Week (Feb. 2007)
 Where Are the Cars (Feb. 2008)
 Platinum (Sept. 2009)
 Gazillion (March 2011)
 Line Line (Sept. 2011)
 Thunderegg History Unit Volume One (March 2012)
 Not What I Meant (Dec. 2012)
 He's Actually Pretty Cool Once You Get to Know Him: A Thunderegg Sampler, 1995-2012 (cassette; Dec. 2013)
 C'mon Thunder (May 2014)
 All Right Could Be Better EP (Nov. 2014)
 "Ten Sleeves"/"Big Cigarette" (7"; Apr. 2015)
 Cosmos (May 2018)

References

External links
 Thunderegg's official website
 Facebook page
 Thunderegg on Discogs

Category:American indie rock groups
Category:Rock music groups from Connecticut


Leonora Tyson

Leonora Helen Tyson born Leonora Helen Wolff (13 August 1883 – 4 February 1959) was an English suffragette and member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).

Life
Leonora Helen Wolff was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, on 13 August 1883, to Gustav Wolff, a German doctor of music, and Rosa Helen Ashton. She was the fifth of six children. In 1901 the family moved to London. In 1908 while living in Drewstead Road, Streatham, the family changed their name from Wolff to Tyson. It was around this time that Rosa Tyson and her daughters Diana and Leonora became involved in the WSPU. In February 1908 Tyson and her mother  were both arrested at the House of Commons while taking part in a protest.

Tyson became very active in the organisation serving as Honorary Secretary of the Streatham branch in 1909 and Secretary of the Lambeth branch in 1910, resuming her role in Streatham in 1911. Tyson spoke at many meetings in Streatham, Lambeth, and further afield. In October 1911 Tyson who was fluent in German represented the WSPU at the Women's Congress in Hamburg, Germany.

In 1911 the Anti-Suffrage Alphabet, authored by Laurence Housman and edited by Tyson, was published in London.

Her suffragette activities led to some time spent in Holloway Prison after being arrested at a protest in central London in March 1912. In April 1912 Tyson went on a hunger strike. She was force-fed by prison authorities after three days refusing food and water. She was released in May of the same year. Her signature is among those embroidered on The Suffragette Handkerchief in Holloway in March 1912.

Tyson died on 4 February 1959, aged 75, at her niece's home in East Sheen.

References

Category:British suffragists
Category:1883 births
Category:1959 deaths
Category:English people of German descent
Category:People from Bradford
Category:People from Streatham


Birjhora Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Bongaigaon

Birjhora Kanya Mahavidyalaya or Birjhora Girls' College  is the higher educational institution for women in Bongaigaon district of India's north eastern state of Assam and the study center which is   open for all under Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University (KKSHOU). The college is situated in the heart of Bongaiogaon city, an important commercial town in Lower Assam and the campus presents a unique and ideal educational atmosphere for all round development of the students.

History
The idea of gifting Bongaigaon an institute of higher education for women brought together a group of likeminded philanthropists and as a result of the combined efforts of these great people, Birjhora Kanya Mahavidyalaya was established in 1993. It is the first institute for higher education for women in Bongaigaon.
The college, which witnessed its journey with 50 students and 7 teachers,  has grown into an institute do excellence today. Since its inception, the institution has been striving hard to usher new dawn in the field of knowledge and wisdom of the state.

Courses
At present, the college offers H.S and Degree(Arts) & B.A. (degree) courses under AHSEC and Gauhati University respectively among various other courses such as B.B.A., B.M.C., D.L.Ed., etc. under Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University, as a study center.

Students offering Major and General courses are to choose any one and two subjects respectively from the following:

 Economics,
 History,
 Education,
 Political Science,
 Statistics,
 Mathematics,
 Advance Assamese,
 Logic and Philosophy.

References

External links

Category:Universities and colleges in Assam
Category:Colleges affiliated to Gauhati University
Category:Educational institutions established in 1986
Category:Bongaigaon
Category:Bongaigaon district
Category:Educational Institutes in Bongaigaon
Category:Colleges in Bongaigaon


Stoford

REDIRECT Barwick, Somerset


Krajów, Masovian Voivodeship

Krajów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przysucha, within Przysucha County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Przysucha and  south of Warsaw.

The village has an approximate population of 100.

References

Category:Villages in Przysucha County


Rhapsody (musical group)

Rhapsody was an Australian female duo that consisted of Kymberlie Harrison and Cathy Ford. They had a minor hit (No. 95 on the ARIA singles chart) in the early 1990s called "Cowboy Lover" on BMG Records.

After the promoter and record label owner Gene Pierson's success with the soap opera actor Melissa Tkautz, who had a No. 1 hit in 1991 as Melissa, he came up with the concept for Rhapsody. He styled the two models and helped them create the song that gave them success.

"Cowboy Lover" was originally a slow reggae song, but was remixed into a dance track by Filthy Lucre, famous for their dance remix of Yothu Yindi's "Treaty".

Prior to Rhapsody, Kymberlie Harrison was a producer for Melissa's hits "Read My Lips" and "(Sexy) Is The Word", written by Roy Lachlan Nicolson.

At the height of their popularity the duo posed in Playboy magazine, making the cover of the August 1993 edition.

External links
Playboy, August 1993 cover
Rhapsody discography on Discogs

References

Category:Australian girl groups
Category:Australian pop music groups
Category:Australian electronic dance music groups


Arturo Rodríguez (Spanish footballer)

Arturo Juan Rodríguez Pérez-Reverte (born 30 April 1989) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for CD Atlético Baleares as a forward.

Club career
Born in Cartagena, Murcia, Arturo began playing as a senior with local CD Bala Azul in the 2008–09 season, in Tercera División. In 2009, he moved to FC Cartagena and was assigned to the reserves in the same category.

In July 2011 Arturo first arrived in Segunda División B, signing with newly formed CF La Unión, scoring 11 goals in the club's first and only season of existence. On 30 June of the following year, he agreed to a contract with another reserve team, Getafe CF B also in division three.

On 8 July 2013, Arturo joined fellow third tier side La Roda CF. On 30 December, he signed for Córdoba CF in Segunda División, after being the Castilian-Manchegan's topscorer with 15 goals in only 19 appearances.

Arturo made his professional debut on 4 January 2014, playing the last 21 minutes and scoring the last of a 2–0 home success over Recreativo de Huelva. He contributed with 19 appearances and two goals, as the Andalusians returned to La Liga after a 42-year absence.

On 15 July 2014 Arturo was loaned to AD Alcorcón, also in the second level. After appearing rarely, he terminated his loan on 7 January of the following year, and moved to fellow league team UE Llagostera hours later, also in a temporary deal.

On 20 January 2016, after spending the first half of the campaign with Córdoba, Arturo was loaned to Dundee until June; he totalled only five games for the Dees, all as a substitute. On 13 July, he returned to Cartagena, now for the main squad in the third level, after agreeing to a two-year contract.

Arturo subsequently spent the remainder of his career in the third division, representing UCAM Murcia CF, CE Sabadell FC and CD Atlético Baleares.

Personal life
Arturo's uncle, Arturo Pérez-Reverte, is a novelist and member of the Royal Spanish Academy.

References

External links

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Cartagena, Spain
Category:Spanish footballers
Category:Murcian footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Segunda División players
Category:Segunda División B players
Category:Tercera División players
Category:FC Cartagena footballers
Category:Getafe CF B players
Category:Córdoba CF players
Category:AD Alcorcón footballers
Category:UE Llagostera footballers
Category:UCAM Murcia CF players
Category:CE Sabadell FC footballers
Category:CD Atlético Baleares footballers
Category:Scottish Professional Football League players
Category:Dundee F.C. players
Category:Spanish expatriate footballers
Category:Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Category:Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Category:CF La Unión players
Category:La Roda CF players


Moiporá

Moiporá is a municipality in eastern Goiás state, Brazil.

Distances and Highway Connections
Distance to the state capital:  160 km.
Distance to regional center (Iporá):  76 km.
Highway connections:  state highway BR-069 west from Goiânia, through Trindade, São Luís de Montes Belos, and then GO-444 for  44 kilometers to Moiporá.  For the complete list of distances see Seplan

Municipal Boundaries
Neighboring municipalities:  Iporá, Córrego do Ouro, Cachoeira de Goiás, Ivolândia, Aurilândia,  and  Israelândia.

Economic Information
The economy was based on services, public employment, small transformation industries, cattle raising, and agriculture.  In 2005 there were 3 industrial units and 20 retail units.  The sector employing more workers was public administration with 153 workers in 2003.  There were no financial institutions in 2007.
GDP (PIB) (R$1,000.00):  12,373 (2005)
GDP per capita (R$1.00):  6,588 (2005)

In 2006 there were 50,000 head of cows, of which 4,350 were milk cows.  Swine, poultry, egg, and milk production were modest.  The main agricultural products in planted area were rice, bananas, manioc, and corn.  None exceeded 500 planted hectares.

Agricultural data 2006
Farms:  235
Total area:  37,042 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 41 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 417 ha.
Area of natural pasture:  28,356 ha.
Area of woodland and forests:  7,450 ha.
Persons dependent on farming:  700
Farms with tractors: 25
Number of tractors:  37
Cattle herd:  92,000 head IBGE

Health and education
In 2007 there were no hospitals and only 4 walk-in health clinics.  The infant mortality rate was 28.88 for every 1,000 live births in 2000.

In 2006 the school system had 4 schools, 20 classrooms, 23 teachers, and 399 students.  There were no institutions of higher learning.  The adult literacy rate was 85.7% in 2000.

Municipal Human Development Index:  0.730
State ranking:  144 (out of 442 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking:  2,418 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000)

History
The region was settled in 1930 by Sebastião Moreira da Silva and his children who built the first huts in an area of fertile lands and perennial springs.  With the arrival of new settlers a village (arraial) was formed called "Cobó", the name given to the knife that Silva used to keep away creditors who wanted to charge him.  In 1953 the settlement became a district belonging to Aurilândia and was called Moiporá, a combination of Moitu (Cachoeira de Goiás) and Iporá, a neighboring municipality.  In 1958 it was dismembered from Aurilândia and made a municipality.

See also
 List of municipalities in Goiás

References

Frigoletto

Category:Municipalities in Goiás


Stoemp

Stoemp is the richer Brussels variant of the stamppot dish in Belgian cuisine. It consists of pureed or mashed potatoes and other root vegetables, and can also include cream, bacon, onion or shallot, herbs, and spices.

The name of the dish sometimes includes the kind of vegetables inside it, for example Wortelstoemp (as wortel is Dutch for "carrot"). This specific combination may also contain egg yolk.

Pronunciation
Stoemp is pronounced , and in some dialects .  It is a typical word of Brabantian dialects, in which, as in standard Dutch, oe is pronounced as the oo in boot or loom.

Ingredients and culture
A simple, rural dish, stoemp enjoys wide appeal.

It is a dish of mashed potatoes with one or more vegetables, such as onions, carrots, leeks, spinach, green peas and cabbage, seasoned with thyme, nutmeg or bayleaf.

Stoemp is traditionally featured alongside fried boudin, fried braadworst, grilled bacon, fried mince or fried eggs.
In some families, it is served with an entrecôte or a horse tenderloin.

Similar dishes
 Bubble and squeak, from England.
 Colcannon and Champ, from Ireland.
 Rumbledethumps, from Scotland
 Pyttipanna, from Sweden
 Biksemad, from Denmark
 Trinxat, from the Empordà region of Catalonia, northeast Spain, and Andorra
 Roupa velha (Portuguese for "old clothes"), from Portugal, often made from leftovers from Cozido à Portuguesa
 Stamppot from The Netherlands
 Hash (food), from the United States
 Also see hash browns and potato cake entries

References

Category:Belgian cuisine
Category:Dutch cuisine
Category:Dutch words and phrases
Category:Potato dishes


Shock worker of Communist Labour

The Shock worker of Communist Labour () was an official title of honour awarded in the Soviet Union to those who displayed exemplary performance in labour discipline (udarniks). It was awarded with a badge and certificate, as well as a cash prize.

The title of shock worker ('udarnik') had existed at least since the 1930s.
However, its promotion was developed in the 1950s as part of a competition in honour of the XXI Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to encourage a communist attitude towards work and the creation of the material-technical basis for the development of communism and education towards a communist society. It was also awarded through the Young Communist League.

According to Pravda, "the main feature of the competition for the title of Shock worker of Communist Labour - as stated in the Salutation of the CPSU Union Conference by participants of the foremost competition teams and Shock worker of Communist Labour - is that it is the organically combined struggle, based on the latest science and technology, to achieve the highest productivity and education of the New Man - the master of the country, which is constantly looking ahead, daring and thoughtful. Tying together the work, learning and life, this contest has an active influence on all aspects of life and human activities, and is an important factor in erasing significant differences between mental and physical labour."

The aims of the movement were as follows:
 Fight for the new man
 Education on the communist attitude toward work
 Education on collectivist principles
 Increase in professional skills
 Combining work and study
 Strengthening of labour discipline
 Overcoming and improving poor working conditions
 Acquisition of related professions
 Improvement of product quality
 Development of modern technology
 Overcoming small proprietors, religion, and other remnants of the capitalist past
 Improvement in morale and behaviour
 Increased social activity among team members

References

See also
 Socialist emulation
 Stakhanovites
Category:Economy of the Soviet Union


M. M. Ayoub

M. M. Ayoub is an Egyptian retired P.W. Horn Professor of Industrial Engineering at Texas Tech University. He is a pioneer in the field of ergonomics, specifically relating to the application of mechanics to manual material handling.

Ayoub holds a BS degree in Aeronautical Engineering which he earned at the University of Cairo, graduating in 1953. His MS (1955) and PhD (1964) are in Industrial Engineering from the University of Iowa.

Ayoub has served as a consultant to both OSHA and NIOSH. He was both the organizer and the first director of the ergonomics division of the Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE) and its first director (the IIE now gives an award in his honor ). He also served as president of the International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety. Additionally, Ayoub is a fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, a fellow of the Ergonomics Society, the American Society of Engineering Education. Ayoub also served on the Human Factors Committee for the National Academy of Sciences, and was a member of the NIOSH Board of Scientific Counselors.

References
 "Who is Dr. M. M. Ayoub?." Retrieved February 22, 2007.

Category:American industrial engineers
Category:Living people
Category:Texas Tech University faculty
Category:University of Iowa alumni
Category:Cairo University alumni
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Wuping, Chongqing

Wuping () is a town of Fengdu County, Chongqing, China. , it has 2 residential communities and 8 villages under its administration.

References

Category:Township-level divisions of Chongqing
Category:Fengdu County


Google Chart API

The Google Chart API is an interactive Web service (now deprecated) that creates graphical charts from user-supplied data. Google servers create a PNG image of a chart from data and formatting parameters specified by a user's HTTP request. The service supports a wide variety of chart information and formatting. Users may conveniently embed these charts in a Web page by using a simple image tag.

Originally the API was Google's internal tool to support rapid embedding of charts within Google's own applications (like Google Finance for example). Google figured it would be a useful tool to open up to web developers.  It officially launched on December 6, 2007.

Currently, line, bar, pie, and radar charts, as well as Venn diagrams, scatter plots, sparklines, maps, google-o-meters, and QR codes are supported.

Google deprecated the API in 2012 with guaranteed availability until April 2015. On March 18, 2019 Google turned off the API. Most companies that were relying on Google Image Charts like Spotify, Microsoft or Dropbox moved to Image-Charts.com, a freemium alternative that is API compatible. Google recommends the successor service Google Charts.

Example

The following URL creates the pie chart below:
http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?chs=200x200&chdlp=b&chtt=Uberman&chdl=Asleep|Aw&chd=t:11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11&cht=p&chco=586F8E,red,586F8E,7D858F,586F8E,7D858F,586F8E,7D858F,586F8E,7D858F,586F8E,7D858F

External Libraries

Instead of creating the URL request manually, there are many open source libraries available for most programming languages.

See also
 Comparison of JavaScript charting frameworks
 List of information graphics software

References

External links
Google Chart API

Chart API
Category:Visualization API


Creative Partnerships

Creative Partnerships was the UK government's flagship creative learning programme, established in 2002 as part of the Council's SR2000 settlement to develop young people's creativity through artists' engagement with schools in nominated areas across England. Following the 2010 election of the coalition government, funding was cut by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and Arts Council England in 2011, with activity in schools ending in summer 2011.

Aim
It aimed to build sustainable learning partnerships between schools, creative and cultural organisations and individuals.

Methods
Creative Partnerships facilitated many long-term links between schools and creative professionals, such as artists, architects, scientists and multimedia developers. Research reports covering many different aspects of the programme, conducted by researchers from a number of universities and consultancies, are available online. Reports include literature reviews about creativity and education, teacher identity, pupil wellbeing and tracking progression in creativity; evaluations and surveys of the programme; and qualitative research investigating pedagogy, wellbeing and progression.  https://archive.is/20131017205459/http://www.creativitycultureeducation.org/tag/research

Who delivered Creative Partnerships?
Between 2002 - 2009, local Arts Council offices delivered the programme in 36 areas of England. Peter Jenkinson OBE was the first national director of the programme and he was succeeded by Paul Collard.
Between 2009 - 2011, responsibility for Creative Partnership was transferred to Creativity, Culture and Education.  Creativity, Culture and Education, chaired by Paul Roberts with Paul Collard as CEO, funded 25 organisations to deliver Creative Partnerships in their local area. These were a range of independent and ‘host’ cultural organisations, with many of the individuals working there transferring from Arts Council England.

Funding
The organisation was managed by Arts Council England and funded by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport with additional funding from the Department for Education. It was finally managed by Creativity, Culture and Education (CCE).

External links
 Creativity, Culture and Education Homepage
 Creative Partnerships Homepage

Video clips
 Creative Partnerships YouTube channel

Category:Arts foundations based in the United Kingdom
Category:Government agencies established in 2002
Category:Arts councils of the United Kingdom
Category:Technology transfer
Category:2002 establishments in England
Category:2002 in art
Category:Arts organisations based in England


South Wales derby

The South Wales derby is a local derby between Welsh football clubs Cardiff City and Swansea City. The fixture is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in British football. Although based in Wales, both clubs play in the English football league system and have won English honours: Cardiff the FA Cup in 1927 and Swansea the Football League Cup in 2013.

The meeting between the two sides took place in 1912, in Swansea's first competitive fixture, and ended in a draw. In the pre-war era, the derby was played infrequently, particularly in the league with only eight meetings between the sides from 1912 to 1945 as the clubs were rarely in the same division. After the Second World War, football attendances rose significantly and the first derby attracted a record crowd of more than 57,000 in 1949. These high attendances continued through the 1950s, including the first derby played in a Welsh Cup final in 1956 which set a record attendance for a match in the competition. Attendances began to fall at the start of the 1960s following a downturn in the fortunes of both teams.

The 1970s saw only five derby matches, all in the Welsh Cup, before Swansea enjoyed a resurgence under the manager of John Toshack in the early 1980s. However, by the end of the decade and the early 1990s, the derby became blighted by hooliganism which led to the fixture becoming the first in Britain to ban away fans from attending. The derby experienced a resurgence at the start of the 21st century, with both teams reaching the Championship before eventually meeting in the top tier of English football for the first time in 2013.

The clubs have played each other more than 100 times in all competitions. Having begun as a friendly rivalry, the relationship between the two sides deteriorated after the 1960s which led to several high profile, violent clashes between supporters that gained the fixture a reputation as one of Britain's fiercest rivalries. Goalkeeper Roger Freestone has appeared in more derbies between the two sides than any other player, making 19 appearances for Swansea in the fixture during his career. Brayley Reynolds scored eight times for Swansea in derby matches, more than any other player. The most recent South Wales derby took place on 12 January 2020 in the EFL Championship, ending in a 0–0 draw at the Cardiff City Stadium.

History

Southern Football League

Cardiff City F.C. was formed in 1899 as Riverside A.F.C. by members of a local cricket club. The team competed in amateur leagues before gaining entry into the Southern Football League and turning professional in 1910. With growing interest in association football in the traditionally rugby union stronghold of Swansea, the decision was taken to form a club. Swansea Town A.F.C. was founded in 1912 and gained admission into the Second Division of the Southern Football League alongside Cardiff. The two clubs faced each other for the first time on 7 September 1912, in Swansea's first competitive fixture, with the match ending in a 1–1 draw; Billy Ball gave the Swans the lead before Cardiff captain John Burton equalised. Swansea went on to claim the first victory between the two sides five months later when they defeated Cardiff 4–2 in the semi-final of the Welsh Cup despite trailing 2–0 at half time. Cardiff lost two players to injury in the second half in a time when substitutes were not permitted, ending the match with nine players. Such was the friendliness between the two sides in the early meetings that when Burton scored a bicycle kick in the match, several of his opponents stopped to shake hands with him in appreciation of the goal.

Cardiff were promoted to the First Division of the Southern Football League at the end of the 1912–13 season. Although the club's met in the fourth qualifying round of the FA Cup the following season, it would be the last competitive fixture between the two sides for six years as the Southern Football League was suspended during the First World War. Two friendlies were played in April 1919 as the clubs began to prepare for a return of competitive football at the end of hostilities with both sides winning a match each. The popularity of the derby quickly became obvious as the first post First World War league fixture attracted a season high crowd of 15,500 for Swansea, who claimed a 2–1 victory, while Cardiff recorded its first victory in the return fixture on 7 February 1920, defeating the Swans 1–0 at Ninian Park following George Beare's goal. The second fixture was attended by 24,317 spectators, the largest crowd ever recorded in the Southern League at the time. A friendly was also held in October 1919 as a benefit match for Cardiff's trainer George Latham who captained his side for the fixture in a 1–1 draw.

Pre-war and wartime

In 1920, in order to expand, the Football League absorbed the teams from the First Division of the Southern League. Swansea were placed into the newly created Football League Third Division but Cardiff were granted a place in the Football League Second Division after winning an election vote. The split resulted in the two sides facing each other only three times between 1920 and 1929, all of which came in the Welsh Cup. Cardiff enjoyed one of the most successful periods in the club's history during the 1920s, winning the 1927 FA Cup final and finishing as runners-up in both the 1925 final and the First Division in 1923–24. In the 1920s the rivalry was considered more friendly and there are accounts of Swansea fans travelling to the 1927 FA Cup final in support of their neighbouring rivals. Goodwill messages were also forwarded to the Cardiff team from Swansea ahead of the match.
Cardiff were relegated to the Second Division in 1929. This resulted in the first league meetings between the two sides for 11 years, a goalless draw in October of that year. A benefit match for several Swansea players was held in April 1930 at Vetch Field and resulted in a 6–2 victory for the home side as Ronnie Williams scored five of his side's goals.

Cardiff were relegated again in 1932, dropping into the Football League Third Division South. As a result, the derby was played only four further times before the outbreak of the Second World War; the clubs were drawn against each other twice in the Welsh Cup, with both ties requiring a replay to decide a winner. In the pre-war era, the Welsh Cup provided more meetings between the two sides than league competition with 10 derbies being played in the Welsh Cup between 1912 and 1939, two more meetings than in league fixtures. The last competitive pre-war derby took place on 23 February 1939 as Cardiff defeated Swansea 4–1 in the fifth round of the Welsh Cup following braces from Harry Egan and Tex Rickards.

With football restricted during wartime, the close proximity of the two sides led to them being grouped together in regional wartime leagues. The first wartime fixture was played in August 1939 under the guise of a charity match for the Jubilee Benevolent Fund. For the 1939–40 season Cardiff and Swansea were placed in the South-West Region and played out a 2–2 draw in their first meeting. In total, the teams met 42 times during wartime. Cardiff dominated competition during this period, winning 30 of the 42 meetings. This included an 8–0 victory for Cardiff in a match that was dubbed the "Bluebirds Blitzkrieg" following hat tricks from Beriah Moore and Billy James.

Post-war
When the Football League resumed in the 1946–47 season, Cardiff won promotion from the Third Division South at the expense of Swansea who were relegated to the same division. Despite this, Cardiff manager Billy McCandless chose to leave the club to join Swansea after receiving a lucrative offer from the rival club. McCandless led Swansea back to the Second Division in 1949, resulting in the first post-war meeting of the sides on 27 August. The match was also the first league meeting between the two sides for 19 years, the longest gap between league matches in the derby's history. With football enjoying a post-war attendance boom, more than 60,000 tickets were sold although only 57,510 spectators were recorded through the turnstiles at the match. The figure is the biggest crowd ever recorded for a South Wales derby in which Cardiff claimed a 1–0 victory through a goal by Tommy Best. The original ticket sales of 60,855 would have also been a club record for both sides; Cardiff's record home attendance is instead 57,893 against Arsenal four years later. The return fixture, in December of the same year, also saw Swansea record its highest ever derby attendance with 27,264 spectators witnessing Swansea win 5–1.

In 1955, Cardiff was named as the capital city of Wales. The decision, along with the perceived favouritism from UK governments believed to have been shown to the city since has been credited as the starting point of the deterioration of relations between the two sides. In 1956, the South Wales derby was played in the final of the Welsh Cup in front of a crowd of 37,500 at Ninian Park. The attendance remains the highest ever recorded in the Welsh Cup. Cardiff went on to win the match 3–2 despite being reduced to ten men within the opening 30 minutes when forward Gerry Hitchens suffered a broken leg. The following year, Cardiff recorded its first victory over Swansea at Vetch Field, winning 1–0 following a goal from Colin Hudson. The next meeting between the sides, in March 1959, resulted in Swansea achieving the same feat by winning at their rivals home ground for the first time in league competition. Mel Nurse scored the only goal of the game from a penalty, the first league goal Swansea had scored at Ninian Park.

Before the 1960s the rivalry was a typically a friendly one and many fans held no animosity towards their Welsh rivals. In the area between the two cities, some fans supported both teams and matches between the sides in the post-war decade often saw opposing fans standing alongside each other on the terraces. The 1960s saw that change as football culture became more aggressive and local rivalries became more important than shared regional identities. The earliest trouble of note between the two teams occurred in February 1960 during a Welsh Cup sixth round tie. Cardiff were due to play a league match two days later and approached the Football Association of Wales (FAW) to postpone the match. The request was denied and in response, Cardiff manager Bill Jones named a reserve side for the fixture. Despite fielding a weakened team, Cardiff went on to win the tie 2–1 in a match that saw several confrontations. Cardiff's Colin Hudson was sent off for a foul with ten minutes remaining before his teammate Steve Mokone and Swansea's Harry Griffiths were also dismissed after wrestling each other to the ground and throwing mud in retaliation. The FAW subsequently fined Cardiff £350 for fielding a weakened side in the competition and warned the club against doing so again in future. Swansea historian Gwyn Rees has stated that fans' animosity began to increase in the late 1960s, citing the 1969 Welsh Cup final as a turning point. The match was the first derby that saw notable issues of violence between the two sets of supporters. At the end of the 1969–70 season, Swansea Town changed its name to Swansea City after the area was granted city status.

Lower divisions and hooliganism

The appointment of John Toshack as Swansea manager in the late 1970s caused further rift between the clubs. Toshack had been born in Cardiff and began his career with the side but his subsequent success with the Swans, winning promotion from the Fourth Division to the First Division during his tenure, saw the balance of power in South Wales shift. Having only played each other five times during the 1970s, all in the Welsh Cup, the two sides met in a league fixture for the first time in for 15 years in 1980. Swansea recorded a 2–1 victory with goals coming from two former Cardiff players, Toshack, in his role as player-manager, and David Giles.

With the escalation of football hooliganism in the United Kingdom in the 1980s, the derbies became plagued by violence led largely by each sides hooligan firms, Cardiff's Soul Crew and Swansea's Jacks. In September 1988, after seeing their side win in Swansea, a group of around 30 Cardiff fans were chased into the sea near Swansea Civic Centre by a group of around 50 Swansea fans. Since then, Swansea fans have adopted a "swim away" gesture, in reference to the event. During an FA Cup fixture in 1992, 39 fans were arrested at Swansea's Vetch Field after clashes between supporters. Significant damage was caused to local shops as well as public transport; John Williams, who played for both sides during his career, described how fans "would fight in the streets, the train station and all the way down the motorway. The fans wanted to show they were the better city."

On 23 December 1993, a match between the two sides was dubbed 'The Battle Of Ninian Park' after violence erupted. The start of the match was delayed for 40 minutes as police attempted to control the rival fans. Swansea fans were placed in the grandstand for the game, seated alongside sections of Ninian Park usually frequented by families. As Cardiff took the lead, Swansea fans began ripping out seats and throwing them at Cardiff supporters, which resulted in the home fans invading the pitch in an attempt to reach the away section. Police were forced to use mounted officers and dog handlers to regain control. The following day national news showing pictures of the violence shocked the nation, with The Times reporting that "at one point several hundred people were brawling on the pitch". The violence led the FAW to ban away fans from this fixture for several years, the first fixture in Britain to do so. Simon Chivers, a fan who attended the match and went on to become an intelligence officer on hooligan firms for the South Wales Police, described the scenes at the match as "the worst violence I have ever seen anywhere in my entire life."

With the two teams in the Third Division, the 1990s saw frequent derby matches and several meetings in cup competitions, although poor results and frequent crowd trouble saw attendances drop; both sides recorded their lowest derby attendances in league competition between 1994 and 1996. Further political divide between the two cities was caused by the Welsh devolution referendum in 1997 when Cardiff was chosen as the site for the newly created Senedd, despite the majority of the city voting against devolution. Swansea, which largely voted in favour of devolution, received funding for a national swimming pool instead. Alan Curtis, who played for both sides, commented, "I think Cardiff has always been perceived [...] to receive whatever funding is going around. It seems to me that everything gets channelled in that direction". Away fans were eventually allowed to attend the fixture again in 1997 under strict monitoring and the introduction of 'bubble' trips, where away fans are escorted in and out of the stadium by police. The two teams were split in 1999 through promotions and relegation. Although they met in a FAW Premier Cup final in 2002, the two sides did not meet in the league for ten years. Despite this, the rivalry still attracted attention; during their celebrations after winning the Football League Trophy in 2006, Swansea players Lee Trundle and Alan Tate brandished a Welsh flag with an anti-Cardiff message and Trundle also wore a T-shirt with an image of a Swansea City player urinating on a Cardiff City shirt. The FAW stated that the images paraded at the match, which took place at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium, were "of an extremely offensive and insulting nature". The two players were arrested for public order offences, fined £2,000 and handed one-match suspensions. A heavy police presence was also required when Swansea fans travelled to Cardiff when they played at the Millennium Stadium in the Football League Trophy final in 2006.

New eras

The first derby in just under a decade took place in the League Cup on 23 September 2008, with Swansea winning 1–0. The match saw sets of supporters from both clubs clash with police after the match. A league fixture, on 5 April 2009 at Ninian Park, was marred by referee Mike Dean being hit in the head by a coin thrown from the crowd, as well as Cardiff fans clashing with police after the match.  The following season, on 7 November 2009, at the Liberty Stadium Swansea claimed a 3–2 victory in a match that again saw crowd disturbances as hundreds of Swansea fans waited outside the ground for the Cardiff fans to depart. This resulted in a total fifteen arrests being made during and after the match. Cardiff fans also vandalised the North Stand in which they were placed for the game for the second year in a row. Seats and toilets were vandalised, pipe work ripped from walls and doors broken in the away fans' area. The damage was reported to cost thousands of pounds. However, police praised the majority of supporters for their behaviour before, during and after the game which was attended by more than 18,000 fans.

Swansea achieved promotion to the Premier League in 2011, becoming the first Welsh team to do so and the first Welsh side in the top division of English football since Cardiff were relegated from the First Division in 1962. Cardiff also gained promotion in 2013. As a result, the first South Wales derby to be played in England's top division took place during the 2013–14 season. Cardiff won the first ever top tier meeting between the sides 1–0 on 3 November 2013, thanks to a headed goal from ex-Swansea defender Steven Caulker. Swansea went on to win the return fixture 3–0 in February 2014, but Cardiff's relegation at the end of the season saw the two sides separated again. The derby was not played for a further five years as the two clubs swapped leagues before both returned to the Championship for the 2019–20 season with Swansea winning the first meeting 1–0.

Record

Tournament-wide summary, as of 12 January 2020

Results list

Key

Key to divisions:
SL Division 1 = Southern Football League First Division
SL Division 2 = Southern Football League Second Division
Division 1 = Football League First Division
Division 2 = Football League Second Division
Division 3 = Football League Third Division
Division 4 = Football League Fourth Division
Championship = EFL Championship

Key to rounds:
QR = Qualifying round
R1 = Round 1
R2 = Round 2
R3 = Round 3
R4 = Round 4
R5 = Round 5
QF = Quarter-finals
SF = Semi-finals
F = Final

Key to colours and abbreviations:

 aet = After extra time
 pen = Penalty kick
 o.g. = Own goal

List

Player records

Appearances
Swansea goalkeeper Roger Freestone has appeared in more competitive South Wales derbies than any other player. He made his first derby appearance while on loan to the club from Chelsea in December 1989. He signed for Swansea on a permanent basis in 1991 and went on to feature in 19 derbies. His final derby appearance was a 1–0 defeat during the 2002 FAW Premier Cup final. Three players are tied for the second most derby appearances; Alan Harrington and Herbie Williams both made 17 appearances for one club, Cardiff and Swansea respectively, while Ivor Allchurch played in derbies during spells with both sides. Allchurch and Freestone both made a record 11 derby league appearances, tied with Ron Stitfall.

Goals
Brayley Reynolds has scored more goals in competitive South Wales derbies than any other player. He began his career with Cardiff in 1956 but joined Swansea in 1959 and scored his first derby goal the following year in a Welsh Cup match. He went on to score in his next three derbies, including two braces. His final goals in a derby match was a third brace during a 3–0 victory for Swansea at Vetch Field in March 1964, ending his career with eight goals against Cardiff. Ronnie Williams tallied one less during his career, scoring seven times for Swansea, while Jimmy Gilligan scored six times in spells with both Swansea and Cardiff. George Johnston is the highest scoring Cardiff player, he scored four times all of which came in the Welsh Cup. Gilligan scored more league goals in the fixture than any other player with five of his goals being scored in the Football League.

Players for both clubs
Transfers between the two sides are relatively rare, the last player to move directly across the South Wales derby divide was Warren Feeney who was loaned to Swansea from Cardiff for a brief spell in 2007. The last player to complete a permanent transfer between the sides was Dave Penney who moved from Swansea to Cardiff in 1997.

In the 1950s and 60s, the two sides saw several players feature for both sides during their careers, including some of the most noted Welsh players of the era, such as Trevor Ford, Ivor Allchurch and Mel Charles. However, as the animosity between the two clubs has worsened, players have sometimes received a hostile reception when playing for both sides of the divide. Dave Penney captained Swansea during the 1997 Football League Third Division play-off Final and made over 100 appearances for the club before joining Cardiff. Despite this, ahead of his first return to Vetch Field in 2004, he stated that he "expected stick" on his return, adding "Moving from one Welsh club to the other is regarded as the ultimate sin down there." Andy Legg joined Cardiff in 1998 having played for Swansea earlier in his career and initially struggled to win over Cardiff fans. When he attempted to celebrate his first goal for the club in front of home fans, he was met with abuse and even received a razor blade in the mail. He later stated, "I'd say the hatred between (Cardiff and Swansea) fans [...] was the most intense I have come across." The rivalry is prevalent among the club's staff as well as fans, David Giles has described how he was warned away from speaking to former friends at Swansea when arriving at the ground as a Cardiff player.

Newport rivalry
Newport County are also a South Wales rival, regarding both Cardiff City and Swansea City as rivals, but particularly Cardiff for reasons of proximity and historic rivalry between the two cities.  The clubs' relative league positions meant that Newport have rarely played Cardiff or Swansea since 1989, though they have faced each other in cup competitions. A survey by Football Fans Census in 2003 saw Swansea, Bristol City and Newport listed as Cardiff's main three rivalries, with Stoke City matching Newport in third. Swansea meanwhile regarded Cardiff, Bristol City and Bristol Rovers as their main rivals.

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Martin Johnes, A Supporters History of the South Wales Derby

Category:Cardiff City F.C.
Category:Swansea City A.F.C.
Category:Newport County A.F.C.
Category:Sport in Cardiff
Category:Sport in Swansea
Category:Wales football derbies