Burmese kyat

The kyat (,  or ;  ; ISO 4217 code MMK) is the currency of Myanmar (Burma). It is often abbreviated as "K" (singular or plural) or "Ks" (plural), which is placed before or after the numerical value, depending on author preference.

The term kyat derives from the ancient Burmese unit kyattha, equal to 16.3 grams of silver.

Current MMK exchange rates
From 2001-2012, the official exchange rate varied between 5.75 and 6.70 kyats per US dollar (8.20 to 7.00 kyats per euro).  However, the street rate (black market rate), which more accurately took into account the standing of the national economy, has varied from 750 kyats to 1335 kyats per USD (985 to 1475 kyats per EUR). The black market exchange rates (USD to MMK) decrease during the peak of the tourist season in Burma (December to January).

On 2 April 2012, the Central Bank of Myanmar announced that the value of the kyat against the US dollar would float, setting an initial rate of K 818 per US dollar.

On 20 March 2013, the Finance Ministry announced that it would abolish Foreign Exchange Certificates (FEC), which were mandatory for tourists to buy at least US$200 worth of until 2003, a measure used to stop visitors from exchanging on the black market.

History

First kyat, 1852-1889
The kyat was a denomination of both silver and gold coinages in Burma until 1889. It was divided into 20 pe, each of 4 pya, with the mu and mat worth 2 and 4 pe, respectively. Nominally, 16 silver kyats equal 1 gold kyat. The silver kyat was equivalent to the Indian rupee, which replaced the kyat after Burma was conquered by the British.

Second Kyat, 1943-1945
When the Japanese occupied Burma in 1942, they introduced a currency based on the rupee. This was later replaced by banknotes in all kyat denominations. This kyat was subdivided into 100 cents. The currency became worthless at the end of the war when the Burmese rupee was reintroduced in 1945.

Third kyat, 1952-
The present kyat was introduced on 1 July 1952. It replaced the rupee at par. Decimalisation also took place, with the kyat subdivided into 100 pya.

Coins

First kyat
In 1852, Mindon, the second last king of Burma, established the Royal Mint in Mandalay (Central Burma). The dies were made in Paris. Silver coins were minted in denominations of 1 pe, 1 mu (2 pe), 1 mat (4 pe), 5 mu (10 pe) and 1 kyat, with gold 1 pe and 1 mu. The obverses bore the Royal Peacock Seal, from which the coins got their name. The reverse contained the denomination and mint date (in the Burmese era, which starts from AD 638). In the 1860s and 1870s, lead coins were issued for  and  pya, with copper, brass, tin and iron  pe (1 pya) and copper 2 pya. Further gold coins were issued in 1866 for 1 pe,  mu and 1 kyat, with 5 mu issued in 1878.

Second kyat
No coins were issued for this currency.

Third kyat
In 1956, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 pyas and 1 kyat. The new coins bore the same obverse figure of the Chinthe from the Second kyat coins and the same reverse design, with the value of the coin in Myanmar writing and numerals surrounded by Myanmar flower designs.

In 1966, all coins were redesigned to feature Aung San on the obverse and were all changed in composition to aluminium. Furthermore, the coins were slightly reduced in size. However, they retained the same shapes and overall appearance of the previous series of coins. These were circulated until being discontinued in 1983.

In 1983, a new series of coins was issued in bronze or brass 5, 10, 25, 50 pyas and cupro-nickel 1 kyat. Although the 25 pyas were initially round, it was later redesigned as hexagonal due to size and appearance confusions with the 10 and 50 pyas. These would be the last official series of coins to be issued under the name of "Burma."

1 pya coins were last minted in 1966, with the 5 and 25 pyas last minted in 1987 and the 10 and 50 pyas in 1991.

In 1999, a new series of coins was issued in denominations of bronze 1 kyat, brass 5 and 10 kyats, and cupro-nickel 50 and 100 kyats under the name "Central Bank of Myanmar." These are also the first coins of Burma to depict Latin letters.  These coins were intended for vendors and services as an alternative to large amounts of worn out, low denomination banknotes. High inflation has since pushed these coins out of circulation.

In late 2008, the Myanmar government announced that new 50 and 100 kyat coins would be issued. According to newspaper articles, the new 50 kyat coin would be made of copper, with the usual Burmese lion on the obverse and the Lotus Fountain from Naypyidaw on the reverse. The 100 Kyat coin would be of cupro-nickel and depict the Burmese lion on the obverse and the value on the reverse.

Banknotes

First kyat
No banknotes was issued for this currency.

Second kyat
The Burma State Bank issued notes for 1, 5, 10 and 100 kyats in 1944, followed by a further issue of 100 kyat notes in 1945.

Third kyat

In 1952, the Union Bank of Burma formed a Currency Board which took over control of the issuing of currency and a more important change to the currency was the introduction of the decimal system in which 1 kyat was decimalised into 100 pyas. On 12 February 1958, the Union Bank of Burma introduced the first kyat notes, in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 100 kyats. These were very similar in design to the last series of rupee notes, issued earlier. Later on, 21 August 1958, 20 and 50 kyats notes were introduced. The 50 and 100 kyat notes were demonetised on 15 May 1964. This was the first of several demonetisations, ostensibly carried out with the aim of fighting black marketeering.

1965-1971
The Peoples Bank of Burma took over note production in 1965 with an issue of 1, 5, 10 and 20 kyats notes.

1972-1988
In 1972, the Union of Burma Bank took over note issuance, with notes introduced between 1972 and 1979 for 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 kyats. The notes were printed by the Security Printing Works in Wazi, Upper Burma (established c. 1972) under the technical direction of the German printing firm Giesecke & Devrient.

On 3 November 1985, the 50-, and 100-kyats notes were demonetized without warning, though the public was allowed to exchange limited amounts of the old notes for new ones. All other denominations then in circulation remained legal tender. On 10 November 1985, 75-kyats notes were introduced, the odd denomination possibly chosen because of dictator general Ne Win's predilection for numerology; the 75-kyats note was supposedly introduced to commemorate his 75th birthday. It was followed by the introduction of 15- and 35- kyats notes on 1 August 1986.

Only two years later, on 5 September 1987, the government demonetised the 25-, 35-, and 75-kyats notes without warning or compensation, rendering some 75% of the country's currency worthless and eliminating the savings of millions of Burmese. On 22 September 1987, banknotes for 45 and 90 kyats were introduced, both of which incorporated Ne Win's favourite number, nine. The resulting economic disturbances led to serious riots and eventually a coup d'état in 1988 by General Saw Maung.

Banknotes of 50 pyas, 1 kyat and 5 kyats are rare. Most daily transactions are round up to nearest 10 kyats.

1989 to present

Following the change of the country's name to Myanmar on 20 June 1989, new notes began to be issued, but returning to more useful or practical denominations. This time, the old notes were not demonetised, but simply allowed to fall into disuse through inflation as well as wear and tear. On 1 March 1990, 1-kyat notes were issued, followed by 200-kyats notes on 27 March 1990. On 27 March 1994, notes for 50 pyas, 20, 50, 100, and 500 kyats were issued, followed on 1 May 1995, by new 5- and 10-kyats notes. 1,000-kyats notes were introduced in November 1998.

In 2003, rumours of another pending demonetisation swept through the country, resulting in the junta issuing official denials, but this time, the demonetization did not materialise. In 2004, the sizes of the 200, 500, and 1,000 kyats notes were reduced in size (to make all Burmese banknotes uniform in size) but larger notes were allowed to remain in circulation. 50 pyas, 1, 5, 10 and 20 kyats banknotes are now rarely seen, because of their low value.followed on 4 January 2020, by new 1000-kyats notes.

On 1 October 2009, 5,000-kyats banknotes were issued measuring 150 x 70 mm. Along the top front is written Central Bank of Myanmar in Burmese, and in the centre is a white elephant. On the back is a picture of Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (Assembly of the Union) legislature buildings, the Central Bank of Myanmar with "FIVE THOUSAND KYATS 5000" written in English. This new denomination is five times larger than the previous largest denomination. Public response has been mixed, with some welcoming a higher value note reducing the number of banknotes which need to be carried. Other responses have suggested a widespread fear that this will simply fuel the current rate of inflation, which was supported by a jump in the black market exchange rates following the public announcement of this change. The Central Bank of Myanmar introduced new 5,000-kyats banknotes on 1 October 2014 to prevent counterfeiting, it reported on 18 September. The revised notes are varnished and have enhancements made to the printing, watermarks, and security thread and is the same size, colour and design as the 2009 issue, which continues to be used.
The new notes will last longer and be cleaner, the central bank said. The announcement followed recent media reports that counterfeit Ks 5,000 and Ks 10,000 banknotes were circulating widely. Police seized eight counterfeit Ks 10,000 bills and a printer allegedly used to make them on 12 September in Yangon’s Tamwe Township.

On 9 June 2012, the Central Bank announced that 10,000-kyats notes would be introduced into circulation to better facilitate financial transactions in a largely cash-oriented economy. They were issued on 15 June 2012.

Ever since the Third Kyat was introduced, the Myanmar currency has no indication of the date in which the note came into circulation nor the signature of the issuing authority.

Foreign Exchange Certificates

In 1993, Myanmar began issuing foreign exchange certificates (FEC) in denominations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 kyats. These were exchanged on a parity ratio with the United States Dollar and were valued separately from the regular kyat. Conversion of foreign currency into kyats was made illegal as exchange rates were set artificially high. During much of this period, two valuations of the Myanmar kyat emerged; The official rate which averaged around 6 MMK = 1 USD, and the black market rate which averaged tens of times higher. Foreign visitors to Myanmar could only transact currency in FEC's or could only obtain kyats at the artificially high official rates. Illegal peddlers often had to be sought out to exchange currency.

On 1 April 2012, the Government of Myanmar began allowing for a managed float of the kyat and legalised the use and exchange of foreign currencies in Myanmar to better reflect the global exchange rates, attract investment, and to weaken the black markets. On 20 March 2013, the government announced the discontinuation and gradual withdrawal of FEC's.

Re-design Proposal
Following the removal of General Aung San's portraits from the banknotes of the Myanmar kyat in 1987, there have been calls by both the public and opposition politicians to reinstate them, as well as criticizing the use of animals on banknotes in circulation. Writer U Nyi Maung notes that foreign countries use portraits of their national leaders and heroes on their banknotes, such as Thailand, and encourages the reinstatement of General Aung San's portrait on the Kyat to remember his legacy. In October 2017, a proposal was submitted by National League for Democracy MP U Aung Khin Win to debate the issue in the Pyithu Hluttaw.

While the Central Bank of Myanmar argues that the cost of reprinting new notes bearing the General's portrait would be monumental considering Myanmar's current economic situation, U Aung Khin Win stated that new notes would only be reprinted to replace damaged notes or in the release of new denominations or size of Kyat banknotes.

The debate on this issue took place in the Pyithu Hluttaw on 17 November 2017. The proposal was wholly rejected by the military bloc, but it was passed with 286 votes for, and 109 against.

References

External links

 Central Bank of Myanmar
 THE UNIVERSAL PAYMENT SYSTEM - Kyat to Myanmar

Kyat
Category:1852 introductions


Eupragia oxinopa

Eupragia oxinopa is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1929. It is found in Colombia.

References

Category:Moths described in 1929
Category:Eupragia
Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Fairchild 91

The Fairchild 91, (a.k.a. A-942), was a single-engine eight-passenger flying boat airliner developed in the United States in the mid-1930s.<ref name = "Taylor">Taylor, Michael J.H. . Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation”. Studio Editions. London. 1989. </ref>

Design
Fairchild designed the aircraft in response to a Pan American Airways request for a small flying boat to operate on their river routes along the Amazon and Yangtze. The result was a conventional high-wing cantilever monoplane with its radial engine mounted above the wing in a streamlined nacelle. Before construction of the prototype was complete, however, Pan American no longer required the aircraft to operate in China, and Fairchild modified the design to optimise it for the tropical conditions of Brazil.

Operational history
After the first two aircraft were delivered, Pan American cancelled the remaining four aircraft on its order, discovering that the two aircraft they had already purchased were capable of handling their entire Amazon River demand; the Model 91 had become a victim of its own success. Fairchild completed one more airframe under the designation A-942-A. The sole A-942-B was specially built for the American Museum of Natural History [regn. no. NR777], to be used by naturalist Richard Archbold on his second expedition to New Guinea in 1936-37. The prototype was sold to the Spanish Republican Air Force, but was captured by the Spanish Nationalists and was used by them until 1938. One of the privately owned A-942s served with the RAF in Egypt for a time.

Note: Some sources state that seven aircraft were built, but this is incorrect, probably brought about by confusion due to the frequent changes in engine installations.

Variants
Fairchild 91 Baby Clipper
The initial version built to a Pan American specification for use on river-based sectors, initially powered by a 750hp Pratt & Whitney S2EG Hornet. Three built,[NC14743 (prototype with retractable wing floats, and Zap flaps), NC14744 = PP-PAP, NC15952 = PP-PAT].
Fairchild A-942-A
Alternative designation for the Fairchild 91
Fairchild 91B Jungle Clipper
Specially equipped for NYC Museum of Natural History, initially powered by a 700hp Wright F-52 Cyclone. One built, NR777.
Fairchild A-942-B
Alternative designation for the Fairchild 91B.
Fairchild XSOK-1
Proposed U.S. Navy scout variant; cancelled before any aircraft were built.

Specifications (A-942-A)

References
Notes

Bibliography

Taylor, Michael J.H. . Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation”. Studio Editions. London. 1989.

External links

Category:1930s United States airliners
Category:Flying boats
91
Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft
Category:High-wing aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1935


Bruin, Kentucky

Bruin is an unincorporated community in Elliott County, Kentucky, United States.  It lies along Routes 7 and 409 just south of Grayson Lake State Park. Bruin is northeast of the county seat, Sandy Hook.  Its elevation is 689 feet (210 m).

The post office was established on 28 December 1869 by Samuel Mobley The community was named after Bruin Creek which flows parallel to Route 7 on the east side.

References

External links
 Bruin, KY: Community Profile

Category:Unincorporated communities in Elliott County, Kentucky
Category:Unincorporated communities in Kentucky


Eddie Goldenberg

Edward "Eddie" Goldenberg,  is a Canadian writer and advisor. He served as a senior political advisor to Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien with Jean Pelletier and Aline Chrétien. Described as Chrétien's "Machiavelli," from 1993 until 2003 he was chief policy advisor for Jean Chrétien, becoming chief of staff in 2003. Goldenberg’s 2006 memoir, The Way It Works, focused on his time in government.

Career
Goldenberg first worked for politician Jean Chrétien in 1972 with a summer internship after completing his first year at McGill University Faculty of Law. Goldenberg later served as Prime Minister Chrétien's Chief of Staff during his term in office, before leaving to become a partner at the Ottawa office of law firm Stikeman Elliott LLP. Goldenberg later became a partner at Bennett Jones LLP.

In 1990, Goldenberg was "co-ordinating the 10 policy groups that have been organized to brief Chrétien on various issues and to write speeches." From 1993 until 2003 he was Chrétien's long-time aid and chief policy advisor. He was involved with the government when the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1998 and then signed in 2002, and later wrote on the matter. He became the Prime Minister's Chief of Staff in 2003 and is one of the authors of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

He was a supporter of Bob Rae's bid to become Liberal leader in 2006.  He worked with Paul Martin, Terrie O’Leary and Chaviva Hosek "on finalizing the text of the famous Red Book, officially titled Creating Opportunity: The Liberal Plan for Canada."

Goldenberg worked in the past for Power Corporation. In 2018, he was a senior partner at Bennett Jones, LLP.  In 2019, he was still working with Jean Chretien on diplomatic matters with China.

Goldenberg's The Way It Works book
Goldenberg is the author of The Way It Works, a book about his experiences working with Chrétien. It focuses especially on 1993 until 2003 during Goldenberg's time as Senior Policy Advisor to Chrétien. Goldenberg’s 2006 memoir, The Way It Works, was called by Maclean's "a bluntly realistic endorsement of the Savoie-Simpson thesis with none of the handwringing." The memoir also covers Goldenberg's recollections of the writing process for 'the Red Book, which set the Liberal platform for the 1993 federal election. In 2006, it was a finalist for the Shaughnessy Cohen Award for Political Writing.

Publishing history
  Author of The Way It Works (September 18, 2007, )

References

External links
 Bennett Jones LLP biography

Category:Living people
Category:Lawyers in Ontario
Category:Chiefs of staff of the Canadian Prime Minister's Office
Category:McGill University alumni
Category:1948 births
Category:McGill University Faculty of Law alumni


Pine Grove, St. Helena Parish, Louisiana

Pine Grove is an unincorporated community in St. Helena Parish, Louisiana, United States. Pine Grove is located at the junction of Louisiana highways 16 and 449,  southwest of Greensburg. The community has a post office with ZIP code 70453.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in St. Helena Parish, Louisiana
Category:Unincorporated communities in Louisiana


2012–13 Eastleigh F.C. season

The 2012–13 season will be the 33rd season in the history of Eastleigh, being known as Eastleigh F.C. The club is competing in the Conference South for the 8th consecutive season, which started in the 2005–06 season following reorganisation of clubs in the 6th Level of English football. This will also be the first full season under the ownership of Bridle Insurance Limited, who bought the club in November of the previous season.

Season commentary

Pre-Season (May to July)
At the end of the 2011-12 season, the club announced the pitch at the Silverlake Stadium was to be renovated. Pitch specialists Speedcut Contractors Ltd have been called in to re-seed the stadium's pitch, as well as the club's training ground on Lower Hardmoor. Speedcut are known for undertaking the same work at Brentford F.C last year.

Soon after the end of the 2011-12, the club announced their first signing of the pre-season, with striker Marvin Williams joining from Salisbury City on a 2-year contract. Marvin’s claim to fame is his cousin is former England, Arsenal and Crystal Palace legend, Ian Wright. Williams started his career at Millwall as a trainee, and has also played for Yeovil Town, Brentford and Swedish club Östersunds FK.

On 4 May, the club announced 4 players were being released. Ian Herring, Richard Gillespie, Scott Rogers and Jamie Brown will leave the club. Chris Flood, who is contracted for the 2012-13 season, has been transfer listed. Several days later it was further announced that young defender Ben Wilson had been released, and long standing midfielder Danny Smith transfer listed.

The club's second signing of the pre-season was announced on 8 May as left sided midfielder Dale Binns from newly promoted side Woking. Binns started his career at Tottenham Hotspur, and has also played over 200 times for current Isthmian League Premier Division side Hendon, scoring 41 times. Unfortunately, the club jumped the gun on the announcement, as following this the player himself denied the deal had been concluded. Ultimately, this did not affect Binns joining the club.

The club's third signing came in the form of Boreham Wood’s defender Osei Sankofa, who agreed a one-year deal. Sanofa was followed by Glen Southam from Dover Athletic  and Jai Reason from Braintree Town. These signings announced in May 2012 were in addition to the signing of 19-year-old goalkeeper Jack Dovey from Southampton on a 2-year deal. The signing followed Dovey spending the year on loan with Eastleigh during the 2011-12 season. Shortly after, the club confirmed striker Lee Peacock had signed a 1-year extension to his contract, to the end of the 2012-13 season.

Further departures were announced in June 2012, when youngster Jordace Holder-Spooner left Eastleigh to sign for rivals Basingstoke Town. An extended agreement was announced on 15 June with sponsor 911uk.com, which is a Porsche enthusiast website, to continue the sponsorship for the 2012-13 season, which continues the club's drive over the last 6 months to increase and maintain the number of sponsors. This was followed by an extension to the sponsorship agreement with local motordealer Snows Motor Group, and the unveil of Lawshield as sponsors for the South Stand (opposite the clubhouse end) at the Silverlake Stadium for the 2012-2013 season.

The sole signing announcement in June was of highly regarded Scottish striker Craig McAllister from Newport County. McAllister had previously played for Eastleigh back in 2001 and 2004.

The signing of McAllister was followed in July by ex-Eastleigh Goalkeeper, 41-year-old Wayne Shaw, who returned to the club following his release from rivals Sutton United, and will double up as number 2 to Jack Dovey, and as goalkeeping coach. Shortly after, the club announced the signing on a long term contract of 22-year-old striker/right winger Moses Ademola who joined from 2011-12 Conference South champions Woking. Ademola managed 21 goals in 71 league appearances during his stay at Woking.

The Spitfires made their 10th signing of the summer when the club announced Staines Town left-back Adam Everitt had joined the club. The 30-year-old previously played for Eastleigh in the 2007/08 season.

August to October
Shortly before the start of the season, on 17 August, it was announced that Braintree Town young midfielder Callum McNish had joined the club on an initial one-month loan deal.

On Tuesday 11 September, following 3 successive league defeats, the last 4-0 away to newly promoted side Billericay Town, the club announced following a meeting  between manager Ian Baird and Stewart Donald, it was agreed that Ian Baird would leave the club with immediate effect. Baird's replacement was announced the following day as ex-Stevenage Borough manager Richard Hill. Hill has also had spells assisting John Gregory at both Wycombe Wanderers and QPR, and Brian Little at Aston Villa. He has also been employed as assistant manager at Gillingham, Tranmere Rovers and Northampton Town. Hill has been positive since his appointment as manager, still targeting promotion after Eastleigh's disappointing start to the season. The new manager began with a good 4 - 2 win in his first match, at home in the league to Maidenhead United.

On 20 September 2012, the club announced the club captain Daryl McMahon had been sold to league rivals Dover Athletic, following 2 failed bids. Glen Southam subsequently inherited the club captaincy.

Eastleigh were looking for a new assistant manager following the departure of Shaun Wilkinson on 2 October. His replacement was later announced as Guy Butters, who most recently had been manager of non-league Winchester City. Wilkinson was followed out of the club shortly afterwards by player-coach Wayne Shaw  and defender Gary Elphick. The later left due to Richard Hill having to reduce the size of the playing squad before he can bring in new faces of his own. Marvin Williams departed in late October, as Hill continued to reshape the squad, and create funds within the current budget. Williams was sold to Sutton United.

November to January
A press release surfaced on 1 November to announce that there had been an improvement in the finances of the club. Former club chairman Paul Murray had agreed to write-off loans totalling £70,000, and convert them into donations. In a similar move, current shareholder Stewart Donald has done the same with loans totalling £190,000.

On Tuesday 20 November, the club's home league match vs Truro City was called off for the second time, due to a waterlogged pitch. The match was previously called off a month previous due to the financial troubles Truro have experienced recently.

The club announced on 27 November that they had created a new partnership with local Premier League club Southampton. The partnership will see some of Southampton’s fixtures in the Barclays U21 Premier League staged at Eastleigh's Silverlake Stadium, and will also see the two clubs’ youth programmes share ideas on how to develop local youth football.

On the same day, the club also announced the departure of joint top scorer Moses Ademola to league rivals Dover Athletic. Ademola, who signed for Eastleigh in the summer on a long term contract, is the second first team player to have been sold to Dover in the 4 months since the start of the season. Admeola was ultimately replaced on 13 December with journeyman striker Richard Pacquette, who had been released on a free transfer from Bromley earlier that week. Earlier during the week, the club's home match vs Truro City was postponed for the third time. The latest 2 postponements due to a frozen pitch, and the first time due to the financial problems of Truro. The match has been rearranged to be played on Tuesday 22 January 2013.

On 20 December, concerning the situation regarding the stadium, the club announced that an offer had previously been made to the board at ‘Ten Acre Holdings’ (the current owners). Following discussions the board of Ten Acre Holdings felt that they were willing to accept the offer presented to them as long as the remaining shareholders also felt a desire to sell the ground at this stage. On this basis a full shareholders meeting was called and the outcome was that a clear large majority were in favour of accepting the offer and that the sale of the freehold should progress.

Ten Acre Holdings had been set up to safeguard the club and enable it to get back on a sound financial footing, which it has achieved over recent years. The proposed purchase is intended to provide the football club with the strongest possible opportunity to continue its progression.

During late December, Richard Hill mentioned his intention for the club to move towards full-time training. The club have twice gone down the road of daytime training before, most recently at the start of the 2011/12 season. On that occasion it was mainly youngsters involved as part of the club's player development programme. But this time Hill will be working exclusively with the first-team squad, where possible. This is due to many of the players having jobs in addition to playing for the club, where they are not in the financial position to be able to give up these jobs to train full-time.

The changing nature of the first team squad continued in January 2013, with the transfer listing of defenders Osei Sankofa and long serving player Tom Jordan, and the return to Gillingham of on-loan goalkeeper Ross Flitney who was recalled. Striker Richard Pacquette was also released after spending just under a month at the club, scoring once from two appearances. This has been offset by the arrival of defender Alex Lacey from Conference National side Luton Town on a one-month loan deal, and the permanent signing of former Hereford United, Northampton Town and Luton Town central defender Dean Beckwith, who has arrived on a contract until the end of the 2013/14 season. Another defender was also signed in Chris Todd from Forest Green Rovers on 10 January on an 18-month contract. Todd has previously played for Exeter City and Torquay United.

February onwards
Given the buildup in the number of defenders by the end of January, long serving defender Tom Jordan was released after 4 and a half years with the club. Jordan was quickly signed by ex-Eastleigh manager Paul Doswell at Sutton United.

Squad

Coaching staff

Transfers

Statistics

Appearances and goals

Accounts for all competitions up to & including match vs Welling United on 27 April 2013.
Last updated 23:06, 03 May 2013.

|-
|colspan="16"|Reserve Team Members Appearances In The First Team:

|-
|colspan="16"|Players no longer at the club:

|-
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Top scorers

Accounts for all competitions up to & including match vs Dover Athletic on 4 May 2013.
Last updated 12:54, 11 May 2013.

Disciplinary record

Accounts for all competitions up to & including match vs Welling United on 27 April 2013.
A red card resulting from 2 yellow cards in 1 match is recorded as 2 yellow cards, and 1 under 2 yellow cards column

Captains
Accounts for all competitions up to & including match vs Dover Athletic on 4 May 2013.

League position

League table

Results summary

Matches

Pre-season

Conference South

Playoffs

FA Cup

Hampshire Senior Cup

FA Trophy

References

Category:Eastleigh F.C. seasons
Eastleigh F.C.


JTLS

JTLS may refer to:

 Joint Technical Language Service, a British translation service
 Joint Theater Level Simulation, a civil/military and humanitarian assistance/disaster relief simulation


The Three Crowns

The Three Crowns is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone.

Synopsis

A childless king heard a voice asking him whether he would rather have a daughter who would flee him or a son who would destroy him.  After consulting his wise men, who argued over whether the danger to life or honor was the worse, he concluded that the daughter would be less harmful to his realm; he went back to the garden and answered the voice that he wanted the daughter.  She was born, and her father tried to shelter her in a castle, but when she was fifteen, he concluded a marriage for her.  When she left to go to her husband, a whirlwind carried her off.

The wind left her at an ogress's house in the forest.  An old woman there warned her of the danger, saying the ogress did not eat her only because she needed a servant and the old woman was old and tough; she gave the princess the keys, to go inside and clean the house perfectly, which was her only chance.  The princess, Marchetta, cleaned the house.  When the ogress returned, the old woman hid Marchetta and claimed the credit.  When the ogress left again, the old woman fed Marchetta and told her to prepare a very fine dinner to charm her, warning her that if the ogress swore by all the seven heavens, she was not to be trusted; only her oath by her three crowns was trustworthy.  The ogress praised the dinner and made many fine oaths about what she would do for the cook, but only when she swore by her three crowns did Marchetta come out.  The ogress said that Marchetta had outsmarted her and could live in the castle as if it were her own; she gave her the keys and warned her against opening one doorway.  One day Marchetta opened it and found three women dressed in gold, sitting on thrones, asleep; these were the ogress's daughters, whom she kept there because they would be in danger if not woken by a king's daughter.  They woke, Marchetta fed them each an egg, and the ogress returned.  Angry, she slapped Marchetta; then she tried to appease her, but Marchetta insisted on leaving.  The ogress gave her a suit of men's clothes and a magic ring, which she should wear with the stone turned inside.  If she were ever in great danger, and heard the ogress's name like an echo, she should look at the stone, but not until then.

Marchetta went to the king and, claiming to be a merchant's son driven out by his wicked stepmother's cruelty, took service as a page.  The queen, believing her to be male, desired her as a lover and propositioned her.  Marchetta, not wishing to reveal that she was a woman, said that she could not believe that the queen would cuckold the king.  The queen told the king that the page had tried to seduce her.  The king immediately condemned Marchetta to death.  Marchetta lamented her fate and asked who would help her; the echo said, "The ogress"; Marchetta remembered the stone and looked at it.  A voice proclaimed that she was a woman, shocking her guards.  The king demanded her story, and Marchetta gave it.  The king had his wife thrown into the sea, invited Marchetta's parents to his court, and married her.

Variants
The woman who disguises herself as a man is also found in Giovanni Francesco Straparola's Costanza / Costanzo; his variant is later but appears to be more derived from the folk tradition.  A later French variant, Belle-Belle ou Le Chevalier Fortuné by Madame d'Aulnoy, touches on the same theme, but shows more influence from Straparola.

The motif of "a woman who successfully disguises herself as a man and then is accused of seduction" is documented in writing even earlier than Straparola. The Golden Legend, a collection of hagiographies first compiled around 1260, has several stories of female saints who dress themselves as monks and are accused of seduction or rape.

The woman disguised as a man is found in folk fairy tales as well, such as Vasilisa The Priest’s Daughter and The Lute Player.

References

Category:Italian fairy tales


1780 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1780 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and fall in 1780. The 1780 season was extraordinarily destructive, and was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history with over 28,000 deaths. Four different hurricanes, one in June and three in October, caused at least 1,000 deaths each; this event has never been repeated and only in the 1893 and 2005 seasons were there two such hurricanes. The season also had the strongest and deadliest Atlantic hurricane of all time, the Great Hurricane of 1780. Only one of the storms was not a hurricane.

Landfalling storms affected the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Cuba, Bermuda, Louisiana, Georgia, Florida, and the New England states.

Context
This destructive season should be seen against a backdrop of the American Revolution, which involved hostilities in the Caribbean by the fleets of Spain, France and the Dutch Republic operating against British fleets with the concomitant greater risk of loss of life due to increased exposure of warships and transports to hazardous weather conditions. This critical coincidence is at least partially responsible for the unprecedented losses of life inflicted, especially in the three fierce hurricanes that struck in quick succession during October.

Systems

San Antonio Hurricane

The San Antonio Hurricane is also known as the St. Lucia Hurricane.  On June 13, a hurricane "caused deaths and losses" on Puerto Rico, after having also struck St. Lucia, where it killed around 4,000 to 5,000 people.  It later went on to the Dominican Republic.

Louisiana Hurricane

New Orleans experienced a powerful hurricane on August 24, with winds gusting over 160 mph.  The hurricane completely destroyed 39 of the 43 buildings on Grand Isle, Louisiana. The eye then passed over New Orleans and severely damaged structures in what is now known as the French Quarter.  The hurricane also caused harvest-ruining crop damage, severe flooding, and tornadoes across southeast Louisiana.  It is believed that the hurricane killed around 25 people.

St. Kitts Tropical Storm

On August 25, St. Kitts in the Leeward Islands was struck by a storm.

Savanna-la-Mar Hurricane

A strong storm formed in the southern Caribbean Sea on October 1. Shortly after, it sank the British transport ship Monarch with all hands, including several hundred Spanish prisoners. The hurricane began to move northwest towards Jamaica, where it destroyed the port of Savanna-la-Mar on October 3. Many of the town's residents gathered at the coast to watch, but the 20 foot storm surge engulfed the onlookers in addition to the docked ships and many of the town's buildings. In the nearby port village of Lucea, 400 people perished and all but two structures were destroyed; 360 people were killed in the nearby town of Montego Bay. The hurricane would later sink the British frigate Phoenix, killing 200 crew members, and ships-of-the-line Victor, Barbadoes, and Scarborough among others. It continued its direction, and made landfall in Cuba on October 4, followed by a pass over the Bahamas. The storm is believed to have caused 3,000 deaths.

The Great Hurricane

The second hurricane of October 1780 formed before or on October 10.  It is still referred to as "The Great Hurricane" or "Great Hurricane of the Antilles" in some places, but its official name is "San Calixto Hurricane." The hurricane devastated the island of Barbados on October 10 with 200+ mph wind gusts, killing 4,300 and creating an economic depression. St. Vincent suffered a 20-foot (6 meter) storm surge. The storm went on to kill 6,000 people on the island of St. Lucia and 9,000 on Martinique, with its capital city, St. Pierre, becoming almost completely demolished. It later moved northwestward toward the island of St. Eustatius, killing 4,000 to 5,000 and devastating Puerto Rico, Dominique, and Bermuda.  In total, the hurricane caused a record 22,000 deaths in the eastern Caribbean Sea and rates as the all-time deadliest hurricane in the Atlantic. The high number of fatalities is due in part to "the presence of the powerful fleets of Britain and France, both maneuvering on nearby islands to strike blows at each other's rich possessions in the Antilles." The storm dissipated on or after October 18.

Solano's Hurricane

A powerful hurricane in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico struck a Spanish war fleet of 64 vessels under José Solano en route from Havana, Cuba to attack Pensacola, Florida, the capital of British West Florida. The ships had 4,000 men aboard under the military command of Bernardo de Gálvez, and 2,000 died. The slow-moving hurricane, known to history as "Solano's hurricane", was first noted near Jamaica on October 15. Progressing northwestwards it likely crossed the western end of Cuba, before shifting northeastwards to Apalachee Bay. It struck Solano's fleet on October 20. The hurricane's dissipation is disputed as some claim it dissipated somewhere over the southeastern United States around October 22, while others claim that it crossed the U.S. and finally dissipated over the North Atlantic on October 26.

Lesser Antilles Hurricane

In late October, a tropical cyclone struck Barbados and then St. Lucia on October 23.

New England Hurricane

Around November 17, a tropical cyclone moved up the east coast of the United States disrupting the British blockade of the New England states. It is unknown whether this storm was fully tropical.

See also

List of Atlantic hurricanes
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

Atlantic Hurricane Season, 1780
Category:Atlantic hurricane seasons
Category:1780 natural disasters


Nickel plating

Nickel plating may refer to:

Nickel electroplating, a technique of electroplating a thin layer of nickel onto a metal object
Electroless nickel plating, an auto-catalytic chemical technique used to deposit a layer of nickel-phosphorus or nickel-boron alloy on a solid workpiece


The New Adventures of Old Christine (season 3)

The third season of The New Adventures of Old Christine premiered on February 4, 2008 and concluded on March 31, 2008. It was originally intended to have 13 episodes, since CBS scheduled the series as a midseason replacement, but due to the Writer's Strike, it was shortened to 10 episodes. It is the shortest season of the series.

In this season, Christine and Mr. Harris have a smooth going relationship, until Christine's schedule becomes too hectic midway through the season causing Mr. Harris to leave her. Meanwhile, Richard and New Christine take their relationship up a notch and buy a house together, which coincidentally is Christine's dream house leaving her feeling jealous and confused. Barb leaves her husband and she has a short-lived fling with Matthew much to Christine's horror.

This season marks the reunion between Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Jason Alexander, who previously worked together in Seinfeld.

Wanda Sykes, who plays the role of Barb, was upgraded to series regular status for this season.

Cast and characters

Main
 Julia Louis-Dreyfus as "Old" Christine Campbell
 Clark Gregg as Richard Campbell
 Hamish Linklater as Matthew Kimble
 Trevor Gagnon as Ritchie Campbell
 Emily Rutherfurd as "New" Christine Hunter
 Tricia O'Kelley and Alex Kapp Horner as Marly and Lindsay (a.k.a. "The Meanie Moms")
 Wanda Sykes as Barbara 'Barb' Baran

Recurring
 Blair Underwood as Daniel Harris
 Lily Goff as Ashley Ehrhardt
 Marissa Blanchard as Kelsey

Guest stars
 Andy Richter as Stan
 Tom Papa as Mike Gay
 Mary Beth McDonough as Mrs. Wilhoite
 Stephanie Faracy as Dr. Jacobson
 Ben Feldman as Timmy
 Gigi Rice as Shelley
 Dave Foley as Tom
 Jason Alexander as Dr. Palmer

Episodes

Ratings

References

Category:2008 American television seasons


Mondonville-Saint-Jean

Mondonville-Saint-Jean  is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Eure-et-Loir


Sowi Dół

Sowi Dół () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kaliska, within Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

References

Category:Villages in Starogard County


Devra Bada Satawela

Devra Bada Satawela (Hindi: देवरा बड़ा सतावेला) is a 2010 Indian Bhojpuri language film directed by Rajkumar R. Pandey. The main stars are Pradeep Pandey, Ravi Kishan, Pakhi Hegde, Monalisha and Pawan Singh in this film.

Plot

Cast

Pradeep Pandey as Chintu
Ravi Kishan as Ravi
Rani Chatterjee as Rani
Monalisha as Mona
Pawan Singh as Pawan
Awadhesh Mishra as Sunny

Soundtrack

References

External links

Category:2010 films
Category:Indian films
Category:Indian action films
Category:2010s Hindi-language films
Category:Bhojpuri-language films


Nowy Świat, Międzyrzecz County

Nowy Świat  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzciel, within Międzyrzecz County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately  west of Trzciel,  south of Międzyrzecz,  north of Zielona Góra, and  south-east of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

References

Category:Villages in Międzyrzecz County


Nemapogon nigralbella

Nemapogon nigralbella is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in Spain, France, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Croatia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Baltic region, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia.

The wingspan is 12–17 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July.

References

Category:Moths described in 1859
Category:Nemapogoninae


John Lavarack

Lieutenant General Sir John Dudley Lavarack,  (19 December 1885 – 4 December 1957) was an Australian Army officer who was Governor of Queensland from 1 October 1946 to 4 December 1957, the first Australian-born governor of that state.

Early life

Lavarack was born in Kangaroo Point, a suburb of Brisbane in Queensland, on 19 December 1885. He was educated at Brisbane Grammar School, where he excelled in the school's army cadets program.

Military career

First World War
On 7 August 1905, Lavarack was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Royal Australian Artillery. In early 1913, he trained as an officer at the Staff College, Camberley in England, and upon the outbreak of the First World War was assigned first to the War Office, then as a brigade major of the 22nd Division artillery. Lavarack's division spent a month in France during September 1915, but was transferred to Salonica in Greece, where it fought in the Balkans Campaign.

In February 1915, Lavarack was assigned to the Australian Imperial Force, but did not join it until July 1916 when he joined the Australian 2nd Division for the Battle of Pozières. He was subsequently assigned as brigade major for the 5th Division, commanding two field artillery batteries during fighting at the Somme and the advance on the Hindenburg Line. In May 1917, his staff college training saw him transferred to 1st Division headquarters, which instigated a lifelong mutual antagonism between Lavarack and his superior at HQ, Thomas Blamey.

By December 1917, Lavarack was a lieutenant colonel and general staff officer, 1st grade, in the Australian 4th Division, and took part in battles at Dernancourt, Villers-Bretonneux, Hamel and Amiens, with Lavarack's hand in planning for the Battle of Hamel setting the stage for several subsequent Australian victories.

Between the wars
After the war, Lavarack returned to Australia, where he took up a post at the Royal Military College, Duntroon. In 1926, he was promoted to brevet colonel, and in 1927 attended the Imperial Defence College in London. Back in Australia in 1929, he found himself in heavy debate with fellow IDC student Frederick Shedden over the Australian government's adoption of the "Singapore strategy". Shedden believed that the presence of the Royal Navy in Singapore would deter any aggression from Japan, whilst Lavarack was sure that Japan would take advantage of Britain's focus on Europe and that Australian army forces should prepare for a possible invasion.

In January 1933, Lavarack was made commandant of the Royal Military College, Duntroon. On 21 April 1935, with a temporary promotion to major general (later made permanent in June), he was appointed Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the head of the Australian Army. As CGS, Lavarack pulled no punches over what he saw as an over-reliance on the Royal Navy and neglect of Australia's land forces—renewing his argument with Shedden, and causing considerable friction with the Australian government, in particular a number of successive ministers for Defence.

Second World War
In 1938, British officer Lieutenant General Ernest Squires was appointed Inspector-General of the Australian Military Forces. Lavarack and Squires worked together to prepare Australia for war, and by the time Lavarack returned from a tour of Britain, the Second World War had begun. With Squires replacing him as CGS, Lavarack was promoted to lieutenant general and made General Officer Commanding Southern Command. In 1940, Lavarack was considered to command 6th Division, but Thomas Blamey, now the commander of I Corps, refused his appointment, citing "defects of character". Lavarack instead took command of the newly formed 7th Division, also accepting a demotion to major general which was almost certainly instigated by Blamey.

In 1941, the commander-in-chief in the Middle East, Lord Wavell, ordered Lavarack to Tobruk, where his units were successful in repelling Erwin Rommel's forces. Wavell requested Lavarack take command of the Western Desert Force, but he was once again confounded by Blamey, who insisted that he was unsuitable for high command. After further successes in the Syria-Lebanon Campaign, Lavarack was re-promoted to lieutenant general, and took over Blamey's role as commander of I Corps, with Blamey now deputy commander-in-chief in the Middle East.

Following the outbreak of war with Japan, I Corps was shifted to the Far East, arriving in Java in January 1942. Lavarack was recalled to Australia, where he was made acting commander-in-chief of Australian forces whilst waiting for Blamey to return from the Middle East to fill the role. He then commanded the Australian First Army, with responsibility for defending Queensland and New South Wales. In 1944, he flew to the United States where he became head of the Australian Military Mission, and was military advisor for Australia to the United Nations Conference on International Organization. He returned to Australia in August 1946, and frustrated by his lack of active command and constantly being passed over by Blamey and others, he retired from the military in September that year.

Governor of Queensland

In 1946, the Premier of Queensland, Ned Hanlon, offered the post of Governor of Queensland to Lieutenant General Sir Leslie Morshead, who declined. Hanlon then offered the post to Lavarack, who accepted and was sworn in on 1 October—the second Australian-born person to hold a governorship in Australia (Sir John Northcott had been made Governor of New South Wales two months previously). After completing his five-year term in 1951, Lavarack's governorship was extended by another five years to 1956. In February 1952, he proclaimed Queen Elizabeth II as the monarch in Queensland, following the death of her father King George VI. Lavarack's oath of allegiance and oath of office were then re-administered (at his request) to reflect the new monarch. He was then reappointed for a further year from 1 October 1956, but due to ill health, Lavarack only served four months of the extended term, and was relieved of his duties on 25 January 1957 by his lieutenant governor, although he officially remained governor until September 1957.

Later life
Lavarack retired to his home in Buderim on a pension of £1000 per annum. On 4 December 1957, he collapsed at the breakfast table and died. He was survived by his wife and three sons. A state funeral was held on 5 December 1957.

Honours
For his service during the First World War, Lavarack was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (1918) and the French Croix de guerre (1919). He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1919, and Mentioned in Despatches three times.

In 1942, following I Corps' actions in the Syria-Lebanon Campaign, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1954 and a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1955 while Governor of Queensland.

The Lavarack Barracks in Townsville, Queensland were named in his honour.

References

|-

|-

|-

Category:1885 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Defence Studies
Category:Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Category:Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
Category:Australian generals
Category:Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Category:Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Australian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Category:Australian military personnel of World War I
Category:Australian military personnel of World War II
Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Category:Governors of Queensland
Category:People from Brisbane
Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)


Welcome to the Neighborhood (TV series)

Welcome to the Neighborhood is an American reality television series produced in 2005 by ABC along with The Jay & Tony Show, MGM Television and New Screen Concepts that was notable for the amount of controversy it garnered before it was aired. It subsequently became one of the few American TV series to be cancelled before airing a single episode.

The show was a contest to win a lush dream home in an exclusive cul-de-sac in Circle C Ranch in  Austin, Texas. The catch is that the local families decide who will win, and while they are all conservative, white, upper-class Christians, all the contestants are not.

Families

 The Crenshaws - A religious African-American family
 The Eckhardts - A Caucasian/Native American Pagan family
 The Gonzalezes - A Hispanic family
 The Lees - A Korean family
 The Morgans - A Caucasian family with a stripper mother
 The Sheets - A Caucasian family with heavily tattooed Republican parents
 The Wrights - A family consisting of a gay Caucasian couple and their adopted African-American son

See also
 List of television series cancelled before airing an episode

References

External links

Category:Unaired television programs
Category:2000s American reality television series


People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union

The People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union was the highest military department of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946.

History
In the 1920–1930s, the highest military authority of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic/Soviet Union was called the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs.

On June 20, 1934, the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs of the Soviet Union was transformed into the All-Union People's Commissariat for Defense of the Soviet Union. On December 30, 1937, the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the Soviet Union was allocated from it.

On February 1, 1944, in connection with the adoption of the Law of the Soviet Union on the creation of military formations of the Union republics, the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union was transformed from the All–Union People's Commissariat into the Union–Republican. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic has created its own People's Commissariat of Defense.

On February 25, 1946, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union, the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union merged with the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the Soviet Union into a single Union–Republican People's Commissariat of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. Under this name, the central authority was designated in documents for less than a month, since in accordance with the Law of the Soviet Union of March 15, 1946 on the transformation of the Councils of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and Union Republics into Councils of Ministers, it was renamed the Ministry of Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. On February 25, 1947, in accordance with the aforementioned decisions, amendments were made to the Constitution of the Soviet Union.

The printing organ of the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs in the part of the General Staff was the Military Affairs magazine.

The central organ of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union to educate the commanding and rank-and-file staff of the Red Army, to promote combat training tasks and to develop advanced military thought was the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper.

People's Commissars
Clement Voroshilov (June 20, 1934 – May 7, 1940)
Semen Tymoshenko (May 7, 1940 – July 19, 1941)
Joseph Stalin (July 19, 1941 – February 25, 1946)

Key Documents

Structure

On July 26, 1940
General Staff of the Red Army,
General Directorate of Political Propaganda of the Red Army,
Main Directorate of the Air Forces of the Red Army,
Main Artillery Directorate of the Red Army,
Main Armored Directorate of the Red Army,
Main Military Engineering Directorate of the Red Army,
Main quartermaster department of the Red Army,
Department of combat training of the Red Army,
Air Defense Administration of the Red Army,
Office of Communications of the Red Army,
Office of the Military Chemical Defense of the Red Army,
Red Army Fuel Supply Administration,
Management of higher military educational institutions of the Red Army,
Department of military educational institutions of the Red Army,
Office of the Red Army
Sanitary Administration of the Red Army,
Veterinary Administration of the Red Army,
Office of the People’s Commissar of Defense,
Finance Department at the People’s Commissar of Defense.

See also
Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union
General base
Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

References

Sources

External links
 List of Orders of the People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union
 Diplomats of the People's Commissariat of Defense: On the Eve and During the War on the Website of the Ministry of Defense of Russia

Category:Command and control
Category:Military of the Soviet Union


William Gregory (lord mayor)

Sir William Gregory (c1400 in Mildenhall - 1467 in London) was Lord Mayor of London from 1451 to 1452.

Biography
The son of Roger Gregory of Mildenhall,  and an Alderman of the Skinners Company, he made generous bequests to St Anne and St Agnes, Gresham Street.

He died in January 1467 and was buried in St. Anne's Church, Aldersgate. He had been married three times and had two daughters.

See also
List of lord mayors of London

References

External links
Mildenhall Parish Council
St Anne & St Agnes, Gresham Street
The Skinners Company

Category:1400s births
Category:1467 deaths
Category:People from Mildenhall, Suffolk
Category:English knights
Category:15th-century lord mayors of London
Category:Knights Bachelor


Zoarab

Zoarab was king of the Daylamites in the late 6th-century. He is first mentioned in 590, when he together with Sarames the Younger, betrayed the Sasanian king Hormizd IV (r. 579–590) by murdering his general Pherochanes. Zoarab then joined the rebellion of Bahram Chobin, while Sarames joined a group of dissatisfied nobles led by Vistahm and Vinduyih.

Bahram Chobin managed to briefly become king of the Sasanian Empire from 590 until he was defeated and killed in 591. Hormizd IV's son Khosrow II thereafter became king, but Vistahm later rebelled himself; Zoarab joined his rebellion, which lasted from 591 to 596 or from 594/5 to 600.

Sources

Category:6th-century births
Category:6th-century Iranian people
Category:Sasanian generals
Category:Year of death unknown
Category:Daylamites
Category:Rebellions against the Sasanian Empire


British E-class submarine

The British E-class submarines started out as improved versions of the British D-class submarine. The E class served with the Royal Navy throughout World War I as the backbone of the submarine fleet. The last surviving E class submarines were withdrawn from service by 1922.

All of the first group and some of the second group of the class were completed before the outbreak of World War I. The group 1 boats cost £101,900 per hull. As submarine technology improved, the E class went through several design modifications. The group 2 boats cost £105,700 per hull. The Group 3 boats, the last group, incorporated all improvements.

The class primarily served in the North Sea and the Baltic, while some served with Russian ships in Russian coastal waters before their crews scuttled the submarines to avoid them falling into the hands of the Communists, who were fighting to take control of Russia. Additionally, some of the submarines operated against the Turks.

The British L-class submarine eventually replaced the E class.

Boats
Group 1
E1 - Launched 9 November 1912.
E2 - Launched 23 November 1912.
E3 - Launched 29 October 1912.  Torpedoed by U-27 on 18 October 1914.
E4 - Launched 5 February 1912.
E5 - Launched 17 May 1912.  Mined & sunk in the North Sea, 7 March 1916.
E6 - Launched 12 November 1912.  Mined on 26 December 1915.
E7 - Launched 2 October 1913.  Scuttled on 5 September 1915 in the Dardanelles during the Battle of Gallipoli.
E8 - Launched 30 October 1913.
AE1 - Built for the RAN.  Lost near Papua New Guinea, 14 September 1914.
AE2 - Built for the RAN.  Scuttled on 28 April 1915, in the Sea of Marmara during the Battle of Gallipoli.
Group 2
E9 - Launched 29 November 1913. Part of the British submarine flotilla in the Baltic.
E10 - Launched 29 November 1913.  Lost 18 January 1915.
E11 - Launched 23 April 1914.
E12 - Launched 5 September 1914.
E13 - Launched 22 September 1914. Ran aground and interned by the Danes.
E14 - Launched 7 July 1914. 27 January 1918, Sunk by coastal battery fire. Nine survivors.
E15 - Launched 23 April 1914.  Destroyed on 19 April 1915 in the Dardanelles.
E16 - Launched 23 September 1914.
E17 - Launched 16 January 1915.
E18 - Launched 4 March 1915. Mined & sunk in the Baltic Sea close to the Estonian island of Hiiumaa, possibly on 2 June 1916.
E19 - Launched 13 May 1915.
E20 - Launched 12 June 1915.  Torpedoed on 5 November 1915 in the Dardanelles.
Group 3
E21 - Launched 24 July 1915.
E22 - Launched 27 August 1915. In 1916 fitted as aircraft carrier for two Sopwith Baby floatplanes. Torpedoed and sunk in North Sea off Great Yarmouth while on surface by German U-boat, 25 April 1916.
E23 - Launched 28 September 1915.
E24 - Launched 9 December 1915.  Minelayer.
E25 - Launched 23 August 1915.
E26 - Launched 11 November 1915.  Lost on 6 July 1916.
E27 - Launched 9 June 1917.
HMS E28 was cancelled on 20 April 1915.
E29 - Launched 1 June 1915.
E30 - Launched 29 June 1915.  Lost on 22 November 1916.
E31 - Launched 23 August 1915.
E32 - Launched 16 August 1916.
E33 - Launched 18 April 1916.
E34 - Launched 27 January 1917. Minelayer. Mined off the Frisian Islands 20 July 1918.
E35 - Launched 20 May 1916.
E36 - Launched 16 September 1916.  Lost on 17 January 1917.
E37 - Launched 2 September 1915.  Lost on 1 December 1916.
E38 - Launched 13 June 1916.
E39 - Launched 18 May 1916.
E40 - Launched 9 November 1916.
E41 - Launched 22 October 1915.  Minelayer.
E42 - Launched 22 October 1915.
E43 - Launched 11 November 1915.
E44 - Launched 21 February 1916.
E45 - Launched 25 January 1916.  Minelayer.
E46 - Launched 4 April 1916. Minelayer.
E47 - Launched 29 May 1916.  Lost on 20 August 1917.
E48 - Launched 2 August 1916.
E49 - Launched 18 September 1916.  Mined & sunk near Huney in the Shetland Islands, 12 March 1917.
E50 - Launched 13 November 1916.  Mined & sunk, 1 February 1918.
E51 - Launched 30 November 1916.  Minelayer.
E52 - Launched 25 January 1917.
E53 - Launched in 1916.
E54 - Launched in 1916.
E55 - Launched 5 February 1916.
E56 - Launched 19 June 1916.

Notes

References
Submarines, War Beneath the Waves, from 1776 to the Present Day, by Robert Hutchinson

External links

 Diving video of the E34
 Diving video of the E47
 Non-fiction accounts of E-class activities during WWI by Rudyard Kipling

E class submarines, British


Bäriswil

Bäriswil is the name of two places in Switzerland:

 Bäriswil, Bern, in the Canton of Bern
 Bäriswil, Solothurn, in the Canton of Solothurn


Ebro Delta

The Ebro Delta (, ; , ) is the delta region of the Ebro River (, ), in the southwest of Catalonia Province of Tarragona . It is on the Mediterranean Sea, and is the northernmost point, by some designations, of the Gulf of Valencia.  Its location per Ramsar site designation is .

Geography

The Ebro Delta is one of the largest wetland areas in the western Mediterranean region, at . The Ebro delta has expanded rapidly on soils washed downriver. The town of Amposta, a seaport in the 4th century, demonstrates the historical rate of growth of the delta as it is now located well inland from the current river mouth. The rounded form of the delta attests to the balance between sediment deposition by the Ebro and removal of this material by wave erosion.

The area at the primary mouth of the Ebro is currently protected by several fluvial islands: the Isle of Garxal (), the Isle of Sant Antoni (), and the Isle of Buddha ().

The Ebro Delta was placed, with  in 1993, on the Ramsar Convention list of wetlands of international importance as defined for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value.

Uses

Agriculture
Some delta areas have been drained for agricultural use over the centuries.  The modern delta is in intensive agricultural use for rice, fruit (in particular citrus), and vegetables. The Rice-producing Cooperative of the Ebro Delta accounts for a production capacity of 45 thousand tonnes of rice annually, from 14 varietals, cultivated on 22,000 hectares. Compared to the major Spanish rice-producing regions of Andalusia and Extremadura, yields in the Ebro Delta are more consistent, due to a stable water supply.

Since 1992, the Ebro Delta is one of three Spanish regions awarded a Protected Designation of Origin for rice production. "The designation includes six varieties: bahía, bomba, fonsa, montsianell, sènia and tebre, grown exclusively in the towns of Aldea, Ampolla, Amposta, Camarles, Deltebre, Sant Carles de la Ràpita and Sant Jaume d'Enveja."

A network of canals and irrigation ditches constructed by both agricultural and conservation groups are helping to maintain the ecologic and economic resources of the Ebro Delta. The zebra mussel, an invasive species, is expanding through the delta and upstream in Ebro waters. Due to its rapid rate of reproduction with a competing advantage, the zebra mussel is adversely affecting native species.

Wildlife
In 1983 Spain designated a large part of the delta as a natural park. Ebro Delta Natural Park (Catalan: Parc Natural del Delta de l'Ebre, Spanish: Parque Natural del Delta del Ebro) has a total surface area of    The natural park has protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans, and estuaries that provide extensive habitats.

The park is of international importance for eight of its plant species and 69 of its vertebrate fauna. It has some 95 breeding species of birds, is also very important for over 300 species of a wide range of transient and overwintering species, and serves as an essential stopover point for large numbers of migratory birds and waterfowl. The Ebro delta has the world's largest colony of Audouin's gulls.  In 2006 it held a record number of more than 15,000 pairs.

See also
Salt wedge, an estuary issue
List of rivers of Spain
Bomba rice — also with D.O. status for rice
Calasparra — also with D.O. status for rice

References

Ebro in the Columbia Encyclopedia

External links

Parc Natural del Delta de l'Ebre
"Google Translate" version: Ebro Delta Natural Park
Earth from Space: The Ebro Delta. — seen from Space
Iberian Nature: The River Ebro and Delta
Birding in Spain: Photo gallery of the Ebro Delta and surrounding area - birds, plants, and landscapes.
Places to stay in Riumar, next to nature reserve in the Delta del Ebro - nature reserve, stayover, holiday homes.
The Trinidad Salt Pans - Pans within the Ebro River Delta Nature Reserve
Generalitat de Catalunya: Parcs Naturals, Delta de l'Ebre — official park homepage

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Category:Estuaries of Spain
Category:Wetlands of Catalonia
Category:Natural parks of Catalonia
Category:Landforms of Catalonia
Category:Landforms of Spain
Category:River deltas of Europe
Category:Province of Tarragona
Category:Ramsar sites in Spain


N. minuta

N. minuta  may refer to:
 Naticopsis minuta, an extinct sea snail species in the genus Naticopsis and the family Neritopsidae
 Neohoratia minuta, a very small freshwater snail species endemic to Switzerland
 Nepotilla minuta, a sea snail species

See also
 Minuta


Erumbali

Erumbali is a village in the Annavasal revenue block of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Demographics
As per the 2001 census, Erumbali had a total population of 1222 with 630 males and 592 females. The sex ratio was 1015. The literacy rate was 57.20%

References

Category:Villages in Pudukkottai district


Frederic Charles Lascelles Wraxall

Sir Frederic Charles Lascelles Wraxall, 3rd Baronet (1828 – 11 June 1865), was a miscellaneous writer.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Sutherland|authorlink=John Sutherland (author)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzJ3yNVVqtUC&pg=PA681|chapter=Wraxall, Sir [Frederic Charles] Lascelles|pages=681|title=The Stanford Companion to Victorian Literature|origyear=1989|year=1990}}</ref>

Life
He was educated at Shrewsbury, where he was Dyke scholar, and matriculated from St Mary Hall, Oxford, on 26 May 1842, but left the university without graduating. In May 1863 he succeeded his uncle, Sir William Lascelles Wraxall, as third baronet.

From 1846, he spent the greater part of his life on the continent. In 1855 he served for nine months at Kerch in the Crimea as first-class assistant commissary, with the rank of captain, in the Turkish contingent. His experiences during this period are depicted in his Camp Life: Passages from the Story of a Contingent (1860). Before going to the Crimea he had issued "A Visit to the Seat of War in the North", a brochure which purported to be a translation from the German, but was probably original. Wraxall continued to interest himself in military matters. In 1856 he issued A Handbook to the Naval and Military Resources of European Nations; in 1859 The Armies of the Great Powers; and in 1864 a volume called Military Sketches, which was chiefly concerned with the French army and its leaders, but had also chapters on the Austrian army, the British soldier, and "The Chances of Invasion".

In 1858, he led the Naval and Military Gazette, and from January 1860 to March 1861 The Welcome Guest, and he sent frequent contributions to the St. James Magazine and other periodicals. In 1860 he edited for private circulation the Persian and Indian dispatches of Sir James Outram. He was well versed in modern history, more particularly that of France and Germany during the last two centuries. His Memoirs of Queen Hortense, written in collaboration with Robert Wehran (1861, 2 vols. 8vo; reissued in 1864), is little more than a compilation of gossip, but Historic Byeways, two volumes of essays reprinted from periodicals, shows extensive reading. Besides other stories of German, French, and Russian history is Mr. Carlyle's latest Pet, a hostile criticism of the characters drawn by that historian of Frederick William I, based upon the recently published Aus vier Jahrhunderten of Karl von Weber.

Wraxall's most important historical work was The Life and Times of Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway (1864, 3 vols. 8vo.). He claimed to have shown by original research the worthlessness of the evidence on which the queen was divorced after the Struensee affair, and published for the first time (iii. 252–3) the letter protesting her innocence, which the queen wrote just before her death to her brother George III of the United Kingdom. He obtained through the Duchess of Augustenburg a copy of the original in the Hanoverian archives, and through Sir Augustus Paget was afforded access to the privy archives of Copenhagen. He also used the privately printed Memoirs of the Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Cassel (brother-in-law of Christian VII of Denmark), the Memoirs of Reverdil (secretary to Christian), and the private journals of Sir N. W. Wraxall. The English foreign office remained closed to him.

Works
Wraxall published several novels. They include:Wild Oats: a Tale, 1858, 12mo; 1865, 8vo.Only a Woman, 1860, 8vo; 1861, 8vo.The Fife and Drum, or Would be a Soldier, 1862, 8vo.Married in Haste: a Story of Everyday Life, 1863, 2 vols. 8vo.The Black Panther, or a Boy's Adventures among the Redskins, 1863, 8vo; Boston, 1865, 16mo.The Backwoodsman, (illustrated), 1864, 8vo; 1871, 8vo.Golden Hair: a Tale of the Pilgrim Fathers, (illustrated), 1864, 8vo.Mercedes, a romance of the Mexican war, 1865, 3 vols.Fides, or the Beauty of Mayence, (adapted from the German), 1865, 3 vols.

He was author also of:Remarkable Adventures and Unrevealed Mysteries, 1863, 2 vols. 8vo, containing articles on Struensee, Königsmark, D'Acon, Cagliostro, Clootz, and other adventurers;Criminal Celebrities, a collection of Memorable Trials, 1861, 8vo;The Second Empire as exhibited in French Literature, 1852–63, 2 vols. 8vo; 1865.

In 1862, he made the authorised British translation of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, which was reissued in 1864 and 1879. He made many other translations from French and German. A posthumous volume, collected from magazines, entitled Scraps and Sketches gathered together'', appeared in September 1865.

Personal
Wraxall was born at Boulogne, France, in 1828, was the eldest son of Charles Edward Wraxall (1792–1854), lieutenant royal artillery, by Ellen Cecilia, daughter of John Madden of Richmond, Surrey. His grandfather was Sir Nathaniel Wraxall.

Wraxall married, in 1852, Mary Anne, daughter of J. Herring, esq. She died without issue on 27 November 1882. He died at Vienna on 11 June 1865. The baronetcy passed successively to Wraxall's younger brothers, Sir Horatio Henry (1832-1882) and Sir Morville Nathaniel Wraxall (1834–1898), the fifth baronet.

References

Attribution

Burke's Peerage and Baronetage
Men of the Time, 1862
Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886
Times, 17 June 1865
Athenæum, 17 June 1865
Ill. Lond. News, 24 June 1865
Allibone's Dict. Engl. Lit.
Walford's County Families
Works in Brit. Mus.

External links

Category:1828 births
Category:1865 deaths
Category:English writers
Category:People educated at Shrewsbury School


Savoy Palace

The Savoy Palace, considered the grandest nobleman's townhouse of medieval London, was the residence of John of Gaunt  until it was destroyed in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.  It lay between the Strand and the River Thames – the present Savoy Theatre and Savoy Hotel were named in its memory. In the locality of the palace the administration of law was by a special jurisdiction apart from the rest of the county of Middlesex, known as the Liberty of the Savoy.

Savoy Palace
In the Middle Ages, although there were many noble palaces within the walls of the City of London, the most desirable location for housing the nobility was the Strand, which was the greatest part of the ceremonial route between the City and the Palace of Westminster, where the business of parliament and the royal court was transacted.  Other advantages of the Strand were that a house could have a water frontage on the Thames, the great water highway, and be free of the stink, smoke, and social tumult of the City of London downstream and generally downwind to the east, and its constant threat of fires.

In 1246 King Henry III granted the land between the Strand and the Thames, on which the palace was soon built, to an uncle of Queen Eleanor, Peter, Count of Savoy, whom he created Feudal Baron of the Honour of Richmond. The house the Count of Savoy built there later became the home of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and his descendants, the Dukes of Lancaster, lived there throughout the next century. In the 14th century, when the Strand was paved as far as the Savoy, it was the vast riverside London residence of John of Gaunt, a younger son of King Edward III who had inherited by marriage the title and lands of the Dukes of Lancaster. He was the nation's power broker and in his time was the richest man in the kingdom second to the king. The Savoy was the most magnificent nobleman's house in England. It was famous for its owner's magnificent collection of tapestries, jewels, and other ornaments. Geoffrey Chaucer began writing The Canterbury Tales while working at the Savoy Palace as a clerk.

Destruction
During the Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler in 1381, the rioters, who blamed John of Gaunt for the introduction of the poll tax that had precipitated the revolt, systematically demolished the Savoy and everything in it. What could not be smashed or burned was thrown into the river. Jewellery was pulverised with hammers, and it was said that one rioter found by his fellows to have kept a silver goblet for himself was killed for doing so. Despite this, the name Savoy was retained by the site.

Savoy Hospital

It was here that Henry VII founded the Savoy Hospital for poor, needy people, endowing it with land and leaving instructions for it in his will. In 1512, Letters Patent issued by Henry's successor, Henry VIII, established the Hospital as a body corporate consisting of a Master and four Chaplains, enabling it to acquire the land and begin building; the first office-holders appear to have been appointed in 1517. The grand structure ('dedicated to the honour of the Blessed Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and St. John the Baptist') was the most impressive hospital of its time in the country and the first to benefit from permanent medical staff. It consisted of a large cruciform arrangement of dormitories, around which were placed the chapel, separate lodgings for the Master and other officials, domestic ranges and a tower, which served among other things as a secure treasury and archive. Statutes published in 1523 stipulated a distinct role for each Chaplain (namely seneschal, sacristan, confessor and hospitaller) and listed several other officials, including a matron, who was assisted by twelve other women. Each evening, an hour before sunset, the hospitaller, vice-matrons and others opened the gates and admitted the poor, who went first to the chapel to pray for the founder, then to the dormitory where they were allotted a bed for the night; the matron's staff were also to see that the men were bathed and their clothing washed. In the morning they departed (though the sick were allowed to remain and were attended to).

From early in its existence the Hospital appears to have been prone to mismanagement. An inquiry into its administration was held in 1535. In 1553 the foundation was suppressed by King Edward VI, only to be refounded three years later by Queen Mary. In 1570 the Master, Thomas Thurland, was removed for abuse of office, after removing the hospital's treasures, selling its beds, burdening it with a private debt (of £2,500), and engaging in sexual relations with the staff. Thereafter the hospital's fortunes waned. Buildings in the precincts were converted into houses for the nobility (and in the course of the 17th century several were given over to tradesmen). During the Civil War it was requisitioned to serve as a military hospital. When Charles II came to the throne, he re-established the Hospital under its former statutes; however, in 1670 some of the buildings were again taken over by the military (for the use of men wounded in the Dutch Wars), and in 1679 the Great Dormitory and the Sisters' Lodgings were converted into barracks for the Foot Guards. By this time the nobility had vacated their houses within the precincts, and a number of tradespeople had moved in, including glove-makers, printers and leather-sellers. In 1695 a military prison was built on part of the site by Sir Christopher Wren.

The Savoy Conference had been held here in 1661 between Anglican bishops and leading nonconformists, which had led indirectly to the establishment within the precincts of a variety of chapels for different nonconformist congregations. French Protestants were given use of the 'Little Chapel' at that time (it was rebuilt for them by Wren in 1685); the German Lutherans were given the former Sisters' Hall to serve as a church in 1694. A German Calvinist Chapel and a Quaker Meeting House were also provided on the site.

A commission appointed by King William III reported that the Hospital's main function, relief of the poor, was being utterly neglected; it made recommendations, but these were not enacted. In 1702, the office of Master being vacant, Sir Nathan Wright, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, dismissed the remaining Chaplains and formally declared the Hospital foundation dissolved.

List of Masters of the Savoy Hospital

The Masters of the Savoy were:

1517 William Hogill (occurs 1529 and 1541)
1551 Robert Bowes
1553 Ralph Jackson (reappointed 1556)
 Thomas Thurland (occurs 1559 and 1561, deposed 1570)
 William Mount (died 1602)
1602 Richard Neile
1608 George Montaigne (appointed Bishop of Lincoln 1617)
1618 Walter Balcanquhall (appointed and resigned 1618)
1618 Marco Antonio de Dominis (resigned 1621)
1621 Walter Balcanquhall (deposed 1645)
1629 John Wilson
1645 John Bond
1658 William Hooke
1660 Gilbert Sheldon (appointed Archbishop of Canterbury 1663)
1663 Henry Killigrew (died 1700)
1700–1702 Vacant

Savoy Barracks

The Hospital complex remained in use as barracks for most of the 18th century. In 1776 much of the structure was destroyed in a fire; at the time it housed a military infirmary, prison and recruiting station. As early as 1775 Sir William Chambers (who was already responsible for rebuilding the adjacent riverside property, Somerset House, to serve as government offices) was asked to draw up plans to replace the Hospital buildings with an entirely new Barracks for the Foot Guards (to accommodate 3,000 men). He drew up plans for a three-sided quadrangle of six-storey buildings, open towards the river, behind an elevated river terrace (akin to that built as Somerset House): details included pyramid roofs on the four corner pavilions, a large double-domed structure in the centre of the north wing (which would have served as a chapel) and a subterranean gallery where prisoners would exercise, beneath the main parade ground. He was paid for his design in 1795 but the scheme never went ahead, being finally dropped in 1804. In 1816-20 almost all the remaining hospital buildings were demolished to make way for the approach road to the new Waterloo Bridge.

Savoy Chapel

The only hospital building to survive the 19th-century demolition was its hospital chapel, dedicated to St John the Baptist.  It once hosted a German Lutheran congregation, and is now again in Church of England use as the church for the Duchy of Lancaster and Royal Victorian Order. Before taking up folk music, the young Martin Carthy was a chorister here.

Today
The Savoy is remembered in the names of the Savoy Hotel and the Savoy Theatre which stand on the site. Many of the nearby streets are also named for the Savoy: Savoy Buildings, Court, Hill, Place, Row, Street and Way. Savoy Place is the London headquarters of the Institution of Engineering and Technology.

See also
 List of demolished buildings and structures in London
 Savoy Conference
 Savoy Declaration

References

Category:Royal buildings in London
Category:Royal residences in the City of Westminster
Category:Former houses in the City of Westminster


Incontinence pad

An incontinence pad is a small, impermeable multi-layered sheet with high absorbency that is used in the incontinence and health-care industries as a precaution against urinary incontinence. It is generally made of cotton if washable or paper if disposable. The term may be used to refer to what are also known as "incontinence diapers" or "incontinence nappies". Incontinence pads are usually placed in an undergarment or on a bed or chair under a person. Incontinence pads are manufactured in light and heavy grades which offer a range of absorbencies, often referred to as a 'working capacity', which refers to the true absorbency an incontinence pad offers when in use. These sorts of pads can come as panty-liners, inserts, pads or even available as replacement underwear.

In the UK, chair or bed based protective pads, known as chair pads or bed pads, are commonly used in healthcare settings where incontinence may be an issue. They are usually constructed in layers of quilted absorbent fabric and alternating liquid impermeable plastic or polyurethane. Products containing polyurethane are generally considered better as they provide a waterproof backing, whilst still allowing air to circulate reducing the risk of rashes and sores.

See also
Adult diaper
Urinary incontinence
Rothwell banding system

References

Category:Urinary incontinence


Two & Two (2011 film)

Two & Two is a 2011 political themed short film directed by Babak Anvari, co-produced by Babak Anvari and Kit Fraser and written by Babak Anvari and Gavin Cullen. The short film, which runs for 7 minutes,stars a male teacher and twelve students in a grey wall classroom, showing the first lesson which is an expression of 2 + 2 = 5. It is notably similar to the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell.

Plot

The film begins with a suited, male teacher entering a decaying, dirty classroom with twelve schoolboys. Through an intercom on the wall, the headmaster announces that there will be ongoing changes in the school, and that the students are to listen to all instructions from their teacher. The teacher then begins the lesson by writing "2 + 2 = 5" on the chalkboard. When the children protest, he immediately silences them, calling for order in the classroom. He then continuously commands the students to repeat the equation after him. One timid student raises his hand and carefully suggests that two plus two is four, not five. The teacher calmly commands him, "don't think, you don't have to think", and again reassures the students that the answer is indeed five. The teacher then demands the class to copy the incorrect equation into their notebooks, which is depicting that how power is circulated in the society. Another student stands up in protest, and adamantly shouts that the answer is four instead. The teacher angrily asks him, "who gave you permission to speak?" The student holds his ground, maintaining that two plus two is equal to four. Further attempts by the teacher to force the student to acknowledge that two plus two equals five fails. He then leaves the classroom and returns with three older students, bearing red armbands (in a similar fashion to the Soviet & Chinese Red Guard) and an army-like stature. The teacher asks the senior students for the solution to the equation, and the three answer five in perfect union. The student remains determined, and is called to the front of the room, where he is handed a piece of chalk to complete the equation, "2 + 2 = ". Clearly frustrated, the teacher tells the student that this is his last chance to give the correct answer. The three senior students suddenly raise their arms and point seemingly invisible rifles at the boy against the board, imitating an execution. The boy, after some deliberation, boldly writes "4". The teacher is visibly disappointed, and sudden gunfire is heard as blood splatters across the blackboard and the boy's body slumps, lifeless, to the ground. The rest of the class is silent, stone faces processing what they had just seen. The senior students proceed to carry out the dead boy's body, and the teacher resumes his lesson, as if nothing occurred. As the teacher continues to order the students to write down "2 + 2 = 5" in their notebooks. At last,one student is seen scratching out "5" and replacing it with a careful "4".

Nominees

Two & Two was nominated for the 2011 BAFTA Film Awards for Best Short Film.

Cast

 Bijan Daneshmand - Teacher
 Ravi Karimi - Student 1
 Pouyan Lotfi - Student 2

References

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1701187/

External links
 Two & Two on IMDb

 Two & Two soundtrack at Blacksands.Productions
 Two & Two video on Vimeo

Category:2011 films
Category:2011 short films
Category:Nineteen Eighty-Four
Category:Iranian short films
Category:2010s political films