1997 Páginas Amarillas Open – Doubles

Jana Novotná and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario were the defending champions but only Sánchez Vicario competed that year with Mary Joe Fernández.

Fernández and Sánchez Vicario won in the final 6–3, 6–2 against Inés Gorrochategui and Irina Spîrlea.

Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. The top seeded team received a bye into the quarterfinals.

 Mary Joe Fernández /  Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (Champions)
 Amy Frazier /  Kimberly Po (First Round)
 Rika Hiraki /  Florencia Labat (Quarterfinals)
 Patty Schnyder /  Linda Wild (Quarterfinals)

Draw

External links
 1997 Páginas Amarillas Open Doubles Draw

Doubles


Dex Manley

Dexter "Dex" Manley is an American commercial and video game voice actor. He has worked under 300 commercials and 25 video games. He worked for Microsoft, Boeing Company, Alaska Airlines, and others. Dexter extensively worked for Nintendo, providing voice for many Mario and Donkey Kong games. Manley also lent his voice twice to the Star Fox series, voicing ROB 64 in Star Fox: Assault. He appeared as a host on 2005 SIGGRAPH meeting, where he discussed voice acting topics. Manley is the president of Tenacious Media, media and marketing company operating in Seattle, Washington. Dexter is also a film actor, usually filming in independent films and playing supporting roles.

Known video game work
Kakuto Chojin: Back Alley Brutal - J.D. Stone
Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games – Lakitu
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games - Lakitu (DS version only)Mario Golf - CharlieMario Golf: Advance Tour - CommentatorMario Golf: Toadstool Tour - CommentatorMario Party 9 - LakituMario Party: Island Tour – LakituMario Super Sluggers - Announcer/LakituMario Superstar Baseball - Announcer/LakituMoonbase Commander - DeWulfSaw - Jeff Thomas RidenhourSiN Episodes: Emergence - VariousStar Fox: Assault - ROB 64Starsiege - Squadmate #5Super Mario Galaxy 2'' - Lakitu, Giga Lakitu

Filmography
Cage the Dog - Bobby
Unsung - Bruce
Bloody Mary - Luther
Bullets, Blood & a Fistful of Ca$h - Tommy Two Toes
Son of Terror - Undertaker
Nowhere Man - Mike Jordache
Movie Pizza Love - Martin
Mondo Scooterama - Stooge
Bite Size - Douglas Peatry's Father
The Taken - Chip

References

External links
Official website

Dex Manley at the MobyGames

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:American male video game actors
Category:American male voice actors
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:American entertainment industry businesspeople


Hesco bastion

The HESCO MIL is a modern gabion primarily used for flood control and military fortifications. It is made of a collapsible wire mesh container and heavy duty fabric liner, and used as a temporary to semi-permanent levee or blast wall against explosions or small-arms. It has seen considerable use in Iraq and Afghanistan. It was developed in the late 1980s by a British company of the same name.

Originally designed for use on beaches and marshes for erosion and flood control, the HESCO MIL quickly became a popular security device in the 1990s. HESCO barriers continue to be used for their original purpose. They were used in 2005 to reinforce levees around New Orleans in the few days between Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. During the June 2008 Midwest floods  of HESCO barrier wall were shipped to Iowa. In late March, 2009,  of HESCO barrier were delivered to Fargo, North Dakota to protect against floods.  In late September, 2016, 10 miles of HESCO barriers were used in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for the fall flood of 2016.

Specifically, the brand name for the barrier is "Concertainer" (a portmanteau of "concertina" and "container"), with HESCO Bastion being the company that produces it.

Development
The HESCO MIL was originally developed by Jimi Heselden, a British entrepreneur and ex-coal miner, who founded HESCO Bastion Ltd. in 1989 to manufacture his invention.

Assembly

Assembling the HESCO MIL units entails unfolding it and filling it with sand, soil or gravel, usually using a front end loader. The placement of the barrier is generally very similar to the placement of a sandbag barrier or earth berm except that room must generally be allowed for the equipment used to fill the barrier. The main advantage of HESCO barriers, strongly contributing to their popularity with troops and flood fighters, is the quick and easy setup. Previously, people had to fill sandbags, a slow undertaking, with one worker filling about 20 sandbags per hour. Workers using HESCO barriers and a front end loader can do ten times the work of those using sandbags.

The HESCO barriers come in a variety of sizes.  Most of the barriers can also be stacked, and they are shipped collapsed in compact sets. Example dimensions of typical configurations are  to .

A new system of HESCO MIL Concertainer developed specially for military use is deployed from a container, which is dragged along the line of ground where the barrier is to be formed, unfolding up to several hundred metres of barrier ready for filling within minutes.

See also
 Bremer wall - steel-reinforced concrete blast walls

References

External links

 HESCO Bastion Ltd—HESCO company site

Category:British inventions
Category:Flood barriers
Category:Fortification (architectural elements)
Category:Gabions


Keshwar

Keshwar may refer to:

Tatum Keshwar (b. 1981), South African model
Istgah-e Keshvar, a village in Iran


Electronic waste in India

Electronic waste is emerging as a serious public health and environmental issue in India. India is the “fifth largest electronic waste producer in the world”; approximately 2 million tons of e-waste are generated annually and an undisclosed amount of e-waste is imported from other countries around the world.Annually, computer devices account for nearly 70% of e-waste, 12% comes from the telecom sector, 8% from medical equipment and 7% from electric equipment. The government, public sector companies, and private sector companies generate nearly 75% of electronic waste, with the contribution of individual household being only 16%.

E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their “useful life.” Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common electronic products. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled. There is an upgradation done to this E-waste garbage list which includes gadgets like smartphone, tablets, laptops, video game consoles, cameras and many more. India had 1.012 billion active mobile connections in January 2018. Every year the number is growing exponentially.

According to ASSOCHAM, an industrial body in India the, Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of electronic waste is 30%. With changing consumer behavior and rapid economic growth, ASSOCHAM estimates that India will generate 5.2 million tonnes of e-waste by 2020.

While e-waste recycling is a source of income for many people in India, it also poses numerous health and environmental risks. More than 95% of India’s e-waste is illegally recycled by informal waste pickers called kabadiwalas or raddiwalas. These workers operate independently, outside of any formal organization which makes enforcing e-waste regulations difficult-to-impossible. Recyclers often rely on rudimentary recycling techniques that can release toxic pollutants into the surrounding area. The release of toxic pollutants associated with crude e-waste recycling can have far reaching, irreversible consequences.

By region

In India, the amount of e-waste generated differs by state. The three states that produce the most e-waste are as follows: Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Other states that produce significant e-waste are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab.

Additionally, e-waste is disproportionately generated in urban areas—65 Indian cities generate more than 60% of India’s total e-waste. Mumbai is the top e-waste producer followed by Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata.

Health and safety

Health hazards

E-waste contains many hazardous substances which have been found to be extremely dangerous to human health and the environment; e-waste is often disposed of under less than ideal safety conditions. Since most e-waste is illegally processed by workers operating outside of formally-organized systems, these informal workers commonly practice unregulated and often dangerous recycling techniques that can have serious health consequences.  Unfortunately the recycling labor force has a low literacy rate and very little awareness of the hazards of e-waste which means that many of these workers are unknowingly engaging in activities that are harmful to their health. In Delhi alone, an estimated 25,000 workers including children are involved in crude e-waste dismantling units—annually these units dismantle 10,000–20,000 tons of e-waste with bare hands. They lack proper personal protective equipment and are exposed to toxins though the e-waste. The materials that are not recycled by waste pickers are often left in landfills or burned. Both methods can lead to toxic chemicals leaking into the air, water and soil. Workers in these facilities often do not have adequate safety gear and exposure to e-waste can lead to many health issues. Exposure can happen directly or indirectly through skin contact, inhalation of fine particles and ingestion of contaminated dust. Potential health outcomes from e-waste exposure include changes in thyroid functions, poor neonatal outcomes, including spontaneous abortions, stillbirths and premature births. Side effects also included changes in behaviors and decreased lung function. There is also evidence of significant DNA damage.

Vulnerable populations
Vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, children and the elderly are particularly susceptible to the health risks of e-waste. It is estimated that throughout India, 400,000-500,000 child workers between the ages of 10-15 are involved in e-waste recycling activities. Hazardous chemical absorption can have a negative effect on a child's growth and can cause permanent damages. Children are particularly sensitive to lead poisoning, It is found that the e-waste recycling activities had contributed to the elevated blood lead levels in children. Pregnant women have risks of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, premature births, and reduced birth weights associated with exposure to e-waste.

Environmental impacts
The processes used to recycle and dispose of e-waste in India have led to a number of detrimental environmental impacts. As a result improper recycling and disposal techniques, air, water and soil throughout much of India is now contaminated with toxic e-waste byproducts.

Air
Air pollution is a widespread problem in India—nine out of the ten most polluted cities on earth are in India. An important contributor to India’s air pollution problem is widespread, improper recycling and disposal of e-waste.

For example, dismantling and shredding of e-waste releases dust and particulates into the surrounding air. Low value e-waste products like plastics are often burned—this releases fine particles into the air that can travel hundreds-to-thousands of miles. Desoldering is a technique used to extract higher-value materials like gold and silver which can release chemicals and damaging fumes when done improperly.

In addition to contributing to air pollution, these toxic e-waste particulates can contaminate water and soil. When it rains, particulates in the air are deposited back into the water and soil. Toxic e-waste air particulates easily spread throughout the environment by contaminating water and soil which can have damaging effects on the ecosystem.

Water

India’s sacred Yamuna river and Ganges river are considered to be among the most polluted rivers in the world. It is estimated that nearly 80% of India’s surface water is polluted. Sewage, pesticide runoff and industrial waste, including e-waste, all contribute to India’s water pollution problem.

E-waste contaminates water in two major ways:
 Landfills: Dumping e-waste into landfills that are not designed to contain e-waste can lead to contamination of surface and groundwater because the toxic chemicals can leach from landfills into the water supply.
 Improper recycling: Improper recycling produces toxic byproducts that may be disposed of using existing drainage such as city sewers and street drains. Once these products have been introduced into the local water supply, they can cause further pollution by entering surface water such as streams, ponds, and rivers.

Researchers at Jamia Millia Islamia University collected samples of soil and groundwater from five locations with high e-waste activity and found dangerous levels of contamination near unregulated e-waste sites. According to this study the average concentration of all heavy metals (except zinc) in water near e-waste sites in New Dehli was significantly higher than reference samples.

In addition to being measurable, the effects of industrial waste pollution in India are easily observable. Approximately 500 liters of industrial waste, which includes e-waste, are dumped into the Ganges and Yamuna river daily which has led to the formation of toxic foam which covers large regions of the rivers.

Soil
According to research by Jamia Millia Islamia University, the average concentration of heavy metals in topsoil near e-waste sites in India is significantly higher than in standard agriculture soil samples. Another study tested soil samples from 28 e-waste recycling sites in India and found that the soil contained high levels of toxic Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs).

Further soil sample analysis conducted by the SRM Institute of Science and Technology found the average concentration PCBs in Indian soil to be two times higher than the average amount globally.  In India, PCB compounds are most prevalent in urban areas with the highest rate of soil-contamination found in Chennai (a city that imports e-waste), followed by Bengaluru, Dehli and Mumbai.

Disposal techniques

The current e-waste disposal techniques in India have operated mostly in an informal manner due to the lack of enforcement laws and regulations. This has created a new area of economic gain for the country, especially among the urban and rural poor. Though it helps many make a living, those that are disposing of e-waste are usually not aware of the risks and health hazards that result from certain disposal techniques. There are two sectors that handle e-waste disposal and they can be divided into Informal or Formal Sectors.

Formal sector
The formal sector includes two facilities authorized to deconstruct electronics for the entire country of India and are at capacity with five tons being disposed each day. These facilities primarily receive electronic waste from the producers of “service centers or take-back schemes” or companies that follow the environmental policies on disposing electronic waste. These facilities, though reaching capacity daily, are not the mainstream method of disposal. The formal sector only follows procedure of dismantling and segregating parts. They do not physically dispose of the electronic waste. The informal sector has made it difficult to compete.

Informal sector
The informal sector handles electronic waste by recycling or final disposal. Much of electronics that reach India are out of date to more developed countries. Then, within India, these electronics are passed around until no longer of use. There is a whole economic market for electronic waste because the parts can be dismantled and the scrap metals can be recycled. There are recycling techniques that are not following any type of environmental or health standards. Some of the methods used are acid baths, burning cables, and disposing in nature which can be detrimental to the health of those participating in these disposal techniques.

Regulations
The Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is primarily responsible for regulations regarding electronic waste. Additionally, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) produce implementation procedures to ensure proper management of rules set forth by the MoEFCC.

E-Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2011
An addition to the Environmental Protection Act of 1986, the E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules of 2011 came into effect in May 2012. The rules stated that all manufacturers and importers of electronic goods were required to come up with a plan to manage their electronic waste. Producers or importers had to establish e-waste collection centers or employ take back systems. These rules also mandated that sellers of electronic goods must provide consumers with information on how to properly dispose of the electronics in order to prevent people from dumping their electronics with domestic waste. Further, companies that produce electronics which have the potential to become e-waste must make the consumer aware of the hazardous materials in their product.
These rules established and placed specific responsibilities for each party involved in the production, disposal, and management of electronic waste. Specific responsibilities were given to the producer, collection centers, consumer or bulk consumer, dismantlers, and recyclers. These rules also mandated that commercial consumers and government departments must keep records of their electronic waste and make them available to state and federal Pollution Control Boards.

E-Waste Management Rules, 2016
E- Waste (Management) Rules, 2016
In October 2016, the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 replaced the E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016. This set of rules clarifies duties of responsible parties, enacts more stringent regulations on e-waste production,  as well as clarifies the general definition of e-waste. In these rules, e-waste is defined as “electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing, refurbishment and repair processes. ‘Electrical and electronic equipment’ in turn has been defined to mean equipment which are dependent on electric current or electro-magnetic field in order to become functional.” A major concept presented in theses rules is the idea of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). Producers of electronic products must implement EPR in order to ensure that their electronic waste is delivered to authorized recyclers or dismantlers. These rules establish and place specific responsibilities for each party involved in the production, disposal, and management of electronic waste. Specific responsibilities were given to the manufacturer, producer, collection centers, dealers, refurbisher, consumer or bulk consumer, recycler, and the state government. These rules also stated target goals for certain industries to drastically reduce their collection of electronic waste.

Amendment to the E-Waste Management Rules, 2018
This amendment relaxes certain aspects of the strict E- Waste (Management Rules of 2016). Specifically, the amendment focusses on the e-waste collection targets by 10% during 2017-2018, 20% during 2018-2019, 30% during 2019-2020, and so on. This amendment also gives the Central Pollution Control Board power to randomly select electronic equipment on the market to test for compliance of rules. The financial cost associated with this testing shall be the responsibility of the government, whereas previously, this responsibility was of the producer.

References

Category:Electronic waste in India
India


1939 Detroit Tigers season

The 1939 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fourth in the American League with a record of 84–70, 16 games behind the New York Yankees.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Notable transactions
 May 13, 1939: Vern Kennedy, Bob Harris, George Gill, Roxie Lawson, Chet Laabs, and Mark Christman were traded by the Tigers to the St. Louis Browns for Red Kress, Beau Bell, Bobo Newsom, and Jim Walkup.

Roster
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! colspan="10" style="background-color: #003366; color: white; text-align: center;" | 1939 Detroit Tigers
|-
| colspan="10" style="background-color: #bd5d29; color: white; text-align: center;" | Roster
|-
| valign="top" | Pitchers| width="25px" |
| valign="top" | CatchersInfielders| width="25px" |
| valign="top" | Outfielders| width="25px" |
| valign="top" | ManagerCoaches'|}

 Player stats

 Batting

 Starters by position Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in Other batters Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in Pitching

 Starting pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Other pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Relief pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Farm system

References

External links

1939 Detroit Tigers season at Baseball Reference''

Category:Detroit Tigers seasons
Detroit Tigers season
Detroit Tigers
Category:1930s in Detroit


Methacrylamide

Methacrylamide is an industrial chemical used in the production of polymers and copolymers.

Methacrylamide is a precursor of methyl methacrylate.

References

Category:Acrylamides
Category:Monomers


Prince Imperial of Mexico

The Prince Imperial of Mexico is the title created on June 22, 1822 by the Mexican Constituent Congress, to be granted to the firstborn and heir of Emperor Agustín de Iturbide. This title also refers to the heads of the Imperial House and designated to be the official title of the heir apparent to the imperial throne of Mexico.

Decree
The Sovereign Mexican Constituent Congress decreed on June 22, 1822 the following:

Art 1 °. The Mexican Monarchy, in addition to being moderate and Constitutional, is also hereditary.
Art 2 °. Consequently, the Nation calls the succession of the Crown for the death of the current Emperor, his firstborn son Don Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide. The Constitution of the Empire will decide the order of succession of the throne.
Art 3 °. The crown prince will be called "Prince Imperial" and will have the treatment of Imperial Highness.
Art 4 °. The legitimate sons and daughters of H.I.M will be called "Mexican Princes", and will have the treatment of Highness.
Art 5 °. Don José Joaquín de Iturbide y Arreguí, Father of H.I.M, is decorated with the title of "Prince of the Union" and the treatment of Highness, during his life.
Art 6 °. It is also granted the title of "Princess of Iturbide" and the treatment of Highness, during his life, to Doña María Nicolasa de Iturbide y Arámburo, sister of the Emperor.

Former and present holders of the title

References

Category:Mexican monarchy
Category:Mexican Empire


Consilience (book)

Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge is a 1998 book by the biologist E. O. Wilson, in which the author discusses methods that have been used to unite the sciences and might in the future unite them with the humanities. Wilson uses the term consilience to describe the synthesis of knowledge from different specialized fields of human endeavor.

Definition of consilience
This book defines consilience as "Literally a 'jumping together' of knowledge by the linking of facts and fact-based theory across disciplines to create a common groundwork of explanation." (page 7)

Examples of consilience discussed by Wilson

Chapter 1
 The "New Synthesis". Unification of Darwin's theory of evolution with genetics.
 Gerald Holton's "Ionian Enchantment". The conviction that the world has a unified order and can be explained by natural laws.
 Theory that water is fundamental. Thales of Miletus proposed that water is the unifying basis for all material things. Often cited as the first materialistic theory of a unified view of nature.
 Unification of forces in modern physics.
 Einstein's work. For example, unification of Brownian motion with atomic theory.
 Unity of purpose for science and religion. To explain the universe and understand our role in the universe.

Chapter 2
 Environmental protection. The need to link together knowledge from government regulators, ethics, social science, biology, and physical sciences like chemistry.
 Unity of purpose for philosophy and science. Philosophers and scientists can work together at the borders between biology, social science and the humanities.
 Liberal arts education. Recognition of the unity of knowledge as a way to revitalize education.
 Government policy. The need to assemble unified knowledge from across specialized disciplines in the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.

Chapter 3
 The Enlightenment. In the context of scientific knowledge applied to human rights and social progress.
Marquis de Condorcet. Condorcet's systematic application of mathematics in the social sciences.
 Francis Bacon.  Early advocate of data collection and its analysis as the basis of sound knowledge (Baconian method) in fields that include social science and the humanities.
 René Descartes. Believed that the universe is rational and united and that interconnected truths run from physics to biology to moral reasoning. Descartes unified geometry and algebra (see: Cartesian coordinate system).
Isaac Newton. Unified the laws of falling bodies with the laws of planetary motion (see: law of universal gravitation).
 Origin of social science. The roles of Adolphe Quetelet and Auguste Comte in developing the idea of studying behavior with scientific methods.
 Unity of purpose for Postmodernism and Science. Wilson argues that humanity is driven forward by the tension between those who upon viewing order create disorder and those who upon viewing disorder create order.

Chapter 4
 The Greek Atomists. Greeks such as Leucippus and Democritus are credited with the reductionistic idea that matter has fundamental components. Scientific investigation of this idea has resulted in unification across the natural sciences. Example: the molecular structure of DNA accounts for genetic storage in living cells.
 Experimental Epistemology. A modern attempt to unify neuroscience and epistemology. Discussed as a method for clarifying the Evolutionary basis of mismatches between physical reality and our mental models of reality.
Positivism. A method for comparing and unifying knowledge from different disciplines; gives priority to facts which are generated by experiment and objective observation rather than subjective speculations.
Pragmatism. A method for comparing and unifying knowledge from different disciplines; gives priority to methods and techniques that can be demonstrated to work and have pragmatic value.

Chapter 5
 Reduction vs. synthesis. Many examples comparing consilience by reduction (dissect a phenomenon into its components) and consilience by synthesis (predicting higher-order phenomena from more basic physical principles). One specific example is Wilson's own work on the chemical signals that regulate insect social behavior.
 Magician to Atom. An example of consilience by reduction in which Wilson tries to account for the prevalence of serpent symbols in human cultures. Incorporates the "activation-synthesis model" of dreaming.
 Consilience between biology disciplines. Discussion of successes (cells explained in terms of their chemical components, embryo development in terms of interactions between the cells of an embryo) but also points to the remaining problem of dealing with complex systems as in neuroscience and ecology.
 Statistical mechanics. A classical example in which the behavior of volumes of gas is explained in terms of the molecules of the gas (kinetic theory).
 Quantum chemistry. Prediction of chemical properties by quantum mechanical calculations.

Chapter 6
 Explaining consciousness and emotion in terms of brain activity. Wilson describes the neurobiological approach to accounting for consciousness and emotion in terms of brain physiology and how this effort is guided by collaboration between biologists, psychologists and philosophers.
 Neurobiology of aesthetics. Wilson proposes that it will be possible to construct a neurobiological understanding of subjective experiences that are shared and explored by art. Common neural patterns of activity will be found to correspond to fundamental aesthetic experiences.
 Artificial emotion. Wilson proposes that human-like artificial intelligence will require the engineering of a computational apparatus for processing an array of rich sensory inputs and the capacity to learn from those inputs in the way that children can learn. Requires consilience between biology, psychology and computer science.

Chapter 7
 The relationship between genes and culture. Wilson posits that the basic element of culture is the meme. When a meme exists in a brain it has the form of a neuronal network that allows the meme to function within semantic memory. The link from genes to culture is that our genes shape our brains (in cooperation with the environment) and our brains allow us to work with memes as the basic units of culture.

Translations
The book has been translated into many languages. The Chinese language translation is seriously flawed.

See also
 Wendell Berry wrote a comprehensive critique of Consilience in his essay collection Life is a Miracle.
 Philosophy of science
 The Two Cultures
 The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox by Stephen Jay Gould

References

Reviews
 Eldredge, Niles and Stephen Jay Gould, "Biology Rules", Stephen Jay Gould Archive.
 Fodor, Jerry.  "Look!", London Review of Books, Vol. 20, No. 21, 29 October 1998.
 Gillispie, Charles C.  "E. O. Wilson's Consilience: A Noble, Unifying Vision, Grandly Expressed", American Scientist, May–June 1998.
 Henriques, G. (in press). The problem of psychology and the integration of human knowledge: Contrasting Wilson’s Consilience with the Tree of Knowledge System. Final draft
 Jamieson, Dale.  "Consilience", Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 1, Fall 1998.
 McGuire, Ron.  Review, CNN, April 15, 1998.
 Orr, H. Allen.  "The Big Picture", Boston Review, October/November 1998.

Category:1998 non-fiction books
Category:American non-fiction books
Category:English-language books
Category:Science books
Category:Science studies
Category:Works by E. O. Wilson


Browns Glacier

Browns Glacier () is a small glacier  north of Chaos Glacier, flowing westward into the northern extremity of Ranvik Bay. The glacier was charted by Norwegian cartographers from air photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936–37), and was further identified in John H. Roscoe's 1952 study of this area from U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47) photography. It was named by Roscoe for Lieutenant (j.g.) Eduardo P. Brown, U.S. Navy, photographic officer with the western task group of Operation Highjump.

See also
 List of glaciers in the Antarctic
 Glaciology

References

Category:Glaciers of Ingrid Christensen Coast


Daikin Texas Technology Park

The Daikin Texas Technology Park (initially called the Comfortplex) is a major factory and office building in Waller, Texas, United States near Houston.  Opened in 2017 as the manufacturing, logistics, and engineering center for Daikin's American subsidiary Goodman, the plant makes heating and air conditioning products sold under the Goodman, Amana, and Daikin brands (Daikin, Sekai).

With a footprint of 4.23 million square feet (393,000 square meters) under a single roof, the DTTP is the third largest factory in the United States (behind the Tesla Factory and the Boeing Everett Factory) and the fifth largest in the world.

References

External links
Comfortplex homepage
Comfortplex Twitter page
Cooling Post coverage
Houston Business Journal coverage
Houston Chronicle coverage
Community Impact coverage

Videos
Daikin Campus Tour
Daikin Texas Technology Park

Category:Science parks in the United States
Category:Waller County, Texas


Kasapreko

Kasapreko Company Limited (KCL) is a Ghanaian ISO 22000:2005 certified indigenous manufacturer and producer of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. Alomo Bitters a herbal based alcoholic drink is KCL's flagship product. Kasapreko was 6th according to the 2012 Ghana Club 100 rankings. In 2017 KCL was awarded top Ghanaian company in the competitive beverage sector by the Association of Ghana Industries.

History
Kaspreko was started in 1989 by Dr Kwabena Adjei a Ghanaian businessman at Nungua in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana to provide quality and affordable drinks to Ghanaians.

Brands
KCL Key brands include:

Alcoholic
 Alomo Bitters
 Kalahari Bitters

Non-alcoholic
 Storm Energy Drink
 Awake drinking water
 Royal Drinks
 10/10
 Veraldo
5 star multi fruit

Awards
Kasapreko recently won the Outstanding Alcoholic Beverage Company of the Year at the 2019 West Africa Business Excellence Awards (WABEA).

References

Category:Breweries
Category:Companies based in Accra
Category:Food and drink companies of Ghana
Category:Food and drink companies established in 1989
Category:Ghanaian brands


Bill Holsworth

William Norton "Bill" Holsworth is an Australian mammalogist and philanthropist. Since 1989, he and his wife Carol Holsworth have managed the Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment to fund wildlife research by Australian postgraduate researchers.

Research career
Holsworth earned his Bachelor of Science at the University of British Columbia in 1958. During his Master of Science, completed at the University of British Columbia in April 1960, he studied the interactions between moose, elk and buffalo in Elk Island National Park. For his PhD research, conducted at the University of Western Australia, Holsworth studied behaviour and population homeostasis in quokkas on Rottnest Island, off the coast of Western Australia.

Bill and Carol Holsworth moved to Bendigo, Victoria in 1976. In 1979, Holsworth was voted a representative of the Conservation Council of Victoria (now Environment Victoria). In 2004, he was granted honorary life membership by the Australian Mammal Society for providing "long standing service to the Society and to the advancement of substantive knowledge of Australasian mammals."

Philanthropy

Holsworth and his wife Carol founded the Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment in 1989. According to Holsworth in 2014, “When I retired from university teaching I wanted to continue training the next generation of ecologists and promoting conservation." In its first year, the endowment provided $15,000 to fund three wildlife research projects by Australian postgraduate students. In 1991, Bill and Carol Holsworth received an inheritance from Carol's father, a substantial proportion of which went towards the endowment.

By 2006, the endowment had provided over $1 million for 180 student projects. By 2014, it had funded 164 students from the University of Melbourne alone, with grants totaling $1.4 million. In 2014, the Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment was extended to all Australian universities. Holsworth's philanthropy has been recognised by both the University of Melbourne and Deakin University.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Australian biologists
Category:Australian mammalogists
Category:Australian zoologists
Category:Australian philanthropists
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Tejgaon Thana

Tejgaon () is a thana of Dhaka District in the Division of Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is in the centre of Dhaka, the capital. In 2006, the boundaries of the thana were redrawn when Tejgaon Industrial Area Thana was created out of the former larger area and again in 2009 when Sher-e-Bangla Nagar Thana was created.

This is an important area of Dhaka city as the prime minister's office is here. It is bounded by Mohakhali to the north, Old Airport Road to the east and Moghbazar-Malibagh to the south and Dhanmondi to the west. It consists of several localities, including Tejgaon Industrial Area, Kawran Bazar, Nakhalpara, Shaheen Bag, Arjat para, East Raja Bazar, West Raja Bazar, Tejturi Bazar and Tejkunipara.

Geography
Tejgaon is at . The total area is .

Demographics
 Bangladesh census, Tejgaon has a population of 220,012. Males constitute 58.86% of the population, and females 41.14%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 137475. Tejgaon has an average literacy rate of 68% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate.

Urban layout
Historically, the area has been a centre of industrial activity in the city. Numerous plants and factories are in Tejgaon, in such diverse industries as garments, food processing, metal works, pharmaceuticals, etc. Indeed, the names of places in Tejgaon indicate as much:
 Nabisco junction (named after the Nabisco biscuit factory)
 Tibet bus stop (named after a famous cosmetics manufacturer)
 Rahim Metal Mosque
 MP Hostel
 Technical Teachers Training College (TTTC)
 Bashundhara City

Economy

Tejgaon has emerged as an important business district of Dhaka. The first five-star hotel of Bangladesh, Pan Pacific Hotel Sonargaon, is in Kawran Bazar, Tejgaon. The main offices of the Daily Prothom Alo, the Daily Star (Bangladesh), The Independent, and several other newspapers are here. Also, the office and studio of television channels Ekushey Television, NTV, ATN Bangla, Boishakhi TV, Channel i and Channel 1 are at Tejgaon. The main campus of Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology is here as well.

Tejgaon has the headquarters for the Trading Corporation of Bangladesh.

Shopping mall

Bashundhara City, is one of the largest shopping mall in Bangladesh, is in Panthapath near Kawran Bazar. It is the largest shopping mall in South Asia and the 12th largest in the world.

Bashundhara City is 21 stories tall, of which 8 are for the mall; the remaining floors are used as the corporate headquarters of the Bashundhara Group.

The mall has space for 2,500 retail stores and cafeterias. It has a large underground gymnasium, a multiplex movie theater and top-floor food court with an indoor theme park. The fully air-conditioned shopping mall with rooftop gardens is considered a modern symbol of the emerging city of Dhaka.

Except this, Farmview Super Market, Saudia Super Market are well-known markets in Dhaka.

Banks
Almost every bank operating in Bangladesh has an outlet in Tejgaon. Foreign banks such as Citi, HSBC and Standard Chartered have branches here, with HSBC and Standard Chartered having multiple ATM booths in the area. Local banks like BRAC Bank, United Commercial Bank Limited, AB Bank, Dutch Bangla Bank, Jamuna Bank have branches. ICICI Bank Ltd., second largest bank of India, has a representative office in UTC building next to Bashundhara city.

Restaurants
There are many well-known restaurants in Tejgaon: Star Hotel and Restaurant, Marine Restaurant, Park Town, Yan-Ji Chinese Restaurant, Hiramon Kabab Ghar, Ciao Bistro and Aromaz at Hotel Pan Pacific Shonargaon, Dominous Pizza and Salt Grill Restaurant in Bashundhara City and others.

There are bars in Tejgaon: Hotel Red Button and Balcony Bar at Hotel Pan Pacific Shonargaon, etc.

Points of interest

 Prime Minister's Office
 Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Novo Theatre (Planetarium)
 Holy Rosary Church (Dhaka)
 Bashundhara City
 Bijoy Shoroni Fountain
 SAARC Fountain
 Island of Pearl-Ratna dip in front of Prime Minister Office
Pan Pacific Sonargaon
 Bangladesh Air Force Museum

Parks
Chandrima Uddan (sometimes called Zia Uddan) is a park beside the Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban. The name means "Moonlight Park" in Bengali.

The park is where the former Bangladeshi President Ziaur Rahman was buried. It is connected to the road with a bridge which runs over the Crescent Lake. The park is a very common place to spend leisure time. It is very popular for morning and evening walks.

There is Farmgate Park, which is a very popular destination for young people.

Airport
Tejgaon Airport (ICAO: VGTJ) at Tejgaon, was the country's sole international airport before the construction of the new Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport (IATA: DAC, ICAO: VGHS) which was named Zia International airport (ICAO: VGZR).

The first Royal Indian Air Force light fighter landed on the under-construction runway of Tejgaon at the beginning of 1943.

Following the transfer of civilian flights to the new Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport in 1981, Tejgaon was taken under the control of the Bangladesh Air Force & Bangladesh Army.

Education
Over the last 50 years many schools, colleges and private universities have developed around the area — Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka Polytechnic Institute, Government Science College, Holy Cross College, Tejgaon College, Tejgaon Govt High School, Tejgaon Government Girls' High School, Green University of Bangladesh, B.A.F Shaheen College, and BAF Shaheen English Medium School are the most well known. The National Institute of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) is also in Tejgaon.

Gallery

See also
 Upazilas of Bangladesh
 Districts of Bangladesh
 Divisions of Bangladesh

References

Category:Thanas of Dhaka
Category:Neighbourhoods in Bangladesh


435th Operations Group

The 435th Operations Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 435th Airlift Wing at Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, where it was inactivated on 1 April 1995.

The unit was first activated during World War II as the 435th Troop Carrier Group, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain transport unit that saw combat with IX Troop Carrier Command in Western Europe. The group flew paratroopers on airborne assaults on Normandy (Operation Overlord); Southern France (Operation Dragoon); the Netherlands (Operation Market Garden), and Germany (Operation Varsity). It also flew combat resupply missions in the relief of Bastogne in 1945.  The 435th was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions during the Normandy invasion.

The group was activated in the reserve in 1947.  It was called to active duty in March 1951 for the Korean War, serving at its home station, Miami International Airport.  It returned to reserve duty in December 1952 and continued to serve in the reserves until November 1959, when it was inactivated and its squadrons assigned directly to the 435th Troop Carrier Wing in a reorganization of Continental Air Command reserve units.

The group was reactivated in England in July 1975 as the 435th Tactical Airlift Group, a headquarters for airlift units deployed there.  It moved to Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany in October 1978 and was inactivated there in July 1980.  When the 435th Wing reorganized under the Objective Wing organization, the group reactivated as the 435th Operations Group.  It was inactivated when United States Air Forces Europe reduced its presence at Rhein-Main as it transferred its European airlift operations to Ramstein Air Base, Germany.

History

World War II

The group was first activated at Bowman Field, Kentucky in February 1943, with the 75th, 76th, 77th and 78th Troop Carrier Squadrons assigned as its original components.  The group used Douglas C-47 Skytrains and Douglas C-53 Skytrooopers in preparing for duty overseas with Ninth Air Force.

The 435th left the United States in October 1943, arriving at RAF Langar, England, in early November.  On arrival, it began training for participation in the airborne operation over Normandy.  The group flew its first combat missions on D-Day by dropping paratroopers of 101st Airborne Division near Cherbourg.  The unit towed Waco CG-4A and Airspeed Horsa gliders carrying reinforcements to the same location that afternoon and on the following morning.  The group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its part in Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion.

The group began transport services following the landings in France and intermittently engaged in missions of this type until V-E Day In these operations the 435th hauled supplies such as serum, blood plasma, radar sets, clothing, rations, and ammunition.  It also evacuated wounded personnel to Allied hospitals.

The group interrupted these supply and evacuation missions to train for and participate in three major airborne assaults. It sent a detachment of three squadrons to Tarquinia Airfield, Italy in July 1944 for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of Southern France. The detachment dropped paratroopers over the assault area on 15 August and also released gliders carrying troops and equipment such as jeeps, guns, and ammunition.  The following day it flew a resupply mission over France, then transported supplies to bases in Italy before returning to England at the end of the month.

In September 1944 the group participated in Operation Market Garden the unsuccessful airborne operation intended to seize bridges across the Meuse River in the Netherlands, dropping paratroops of the 82d and 101st Airborne Divisions and releasing gliders carrying reinforcements. During the Battle of the Bulge, the group delivered supplies to isolated combat positions of the 101st Airborne and 7th Armored Divisions in Bastogne and Marcouray, Belgium.

The unit moved to Bretigny Airfield, France in February 1945 to prepare for Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine River.  Each group aircraft participating in this operation towed two gliders transporting troops and equipment to the east bank of the Rhine near Wesel on 24 March.  The group then flew resupply missions to Germany in support of ground forces.

The group transported supplies to occupation forces in Germany and evacuated Allied prisoners of war after V-E Day.  The group returned to the United States in August and was inactivated on 15 November 1945.

Reserve duty

The group was once again activated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command at Morrison Field, Florida on 15 July 1947. One of its flying squadrons was located at Orlando Air Force Base and another at Miami International Airport. The group was nominally a Curtiss C-46 Commando unit, but it is not clear to what extent it was equipped with tactical aircraft while at Morrison.

In June 1949, Continental Air Command, which had assumed the responsibility for training reserve units from Air Defense Command in 1948, reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization system. As part of this reorganization and unit reductions required by President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget, the 435th Group moved to Miami International Airport, where it was assigned to the newly formed 435th Troop Carrier Wing and formed its cadre from the inactivating 100th Bombardment Group. Reserve flying operations at Morrison came to an end, with the exception of the 326th Troop Carrier Squadron, which remained there until September, when it moved to Pennsylvania and was assigned to another wing. The group was manned at 25% of normal strength but was authorized four squadrons rather than the three of active duty units.

At Miami, the group trained with C-46s under the supervision of the active duty 2585th Air Force Reserve Training Center. The group was ordered into active service in March 1951 as a result of the Korean War.  Along with other reserve units called to active duty, it formed Tactical Air Command's Eighteenth Air Force.  The group's initial function was to train C-46 aircrews for service in Korea. The group also trained with Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars.  Although it remained at Miami, the group deployed twice while on active duty: to Laurinburg-Maxton Airport, North Carolina from 21 July until 1 September 1951 and to Grenier Air Force Base, New Hampshire from 2 January to 3 March 1952. It was relieved from active duty and inactivated on 1 December 1952 and its mission, personnel and equipment were transferred to the regular 456th Troop Carrier Wing, which was activated the same day.

The group was activated as a reserve unit the same day at the same station, but with the personnel and equipment of the inactivating 482d Troop Carrier Wing. In the reserve, the group once again flew the Curtiss Commandos. By 1956, the unit was flying overseas missions, particularly in the Caribbean area and in Central America.  In addition, for the first time as a reserve unit, its flying was performed in unit tactical aircraft, rather than in trainers.

During the first half of 1955, the Air Force began detaching reserve squadrons to separate locations. The dispersal of separate squadrons to smaller population centers was intended to facilitate recruiting and manning.  One of the first three squadrons to move as this policy was implemented was the 78th Troop Carrier Squadron, which was activated at Orlando Air Force Base in April 1955 after having been inactivated at Miami the previous year. In August 1956, the group's 77th Troop Carrier Squadron left Miami for Pinellas County Airport, Florida.  The squadron's stay in the Tampa Bay area was brief, however, for in November 1957 it moved again, this time to New Orleans Naval Air Station, Louisiana. Only the 76th Squadron remained with group headquarters in Miami.

In 1957, the group once again received C-119s. The unit was inactivated on 14 April 1959 when the 435th Wing adopted the Dual Deputy organization and the group's squadrons were assigned directly to the wing.

European operations

The group was reactivated in 1975, when Military Airlift Command (MAC) assumed responsibility for theater airlift in Europe.  The 435th Military Airlift Support Wing at Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, which had been responsible for MAC operations in Europe, was redesignated the 435th Tactical Airlift Wing, and the group, redesignated the 435th Tactical Airlift Group, was activated and assigned to it to manage Lockheed C-130 Hercules squadrons deploying from bases in the United States to RAF Mildenhall, England.  It assumed this mission from United States Air Forces Europe's 513th Tactical Airlift Wing.

In June 1978, MAC activated the 322d Airlift Division as its headquarters for European operations, and the group was reassigned directly to the division. This assignment was short-lived, for the reorganization of airlift in Europe included the establishment of a permanent C-130 squadron to replace the rotational units at Mildenhall.  In the fall the group moved without personnel and equipment to Rhein-Main and was once again reassigned to the 435th Wing until the group inactivated in June 1980.

The group was activated as 435th Operations Group as part of Objective Wing reorganization of 435th Airlift Wing at Rhein-Main on 1 April 1992.

In January 1994, the 38th Airlift Squadron (Provisional) was organized and attached to the group to integrate Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve Command C-130 and Lockheed C-141 Starlifters deployed from the United States to participate in Operation Provide Promise, the airlift of humanitarian relief to Bosnia and Herzegovina. While continuing to support Provide Promise, the group supported Angola's first open elections in 16 years (Operation Provide Transition) and Operation Restore Hope, humanitarian relief to Somalia.  This support continued until October 1994, when, in preparation for the reduction of US presence at Rhein-Main, the group's airlift squadron was transferred to the 86th Operations Group at Ramstein Air Base. The group was inactivated along with the 435th Airlift Wing in 1995.

The unit was redesignated as the 435th Expeditionary Operations Group and converted to provisional status on 5 February 2001, however this action was reversed in 2003.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 435th Troop Carrier Group on 30 January 1943
 Activated on 25 February 1943
 Inactivated on 15 November 1945
 Activated in the reserve on 15 July 1947
 Redesignated 435th Troop Carrier Group, Medium on 26 June 1949
 Ordered to active duty on 1 March 1951
 Relieved from active duty and inactivated on 1 December 1952
 Activated in the reserve on 1 December 1952
 Inactivated on 14 April 1959
 Redesignated 435th Tactical Airlift Group and activated on 1 July 1975
 Inactivated on 1 June 1980
 Redesignated: 435th Operations Group and activated on 1 April 1992
 Inactivated on 1 April 1995
 Redesignated 435th Expeditionary Operations Group and converted to provisional status on 5 February 2001
 Withdrawn from provisional status and redesignated 435th Operations Group on 10 December 2003

Assignments

 50th Troop Carrier Wing, 25 February 1943
 53d Troop Carrier Wing, 15 April 1943
 50th Troop Carrier Wing, 1 July 1943
 60 Troop Carrier Wing, 13 August 1943
 I Troop Carrier Command, 4 October 1943
 50th Troop Carrier Wing, 3 November 1943
 53d Troop Carrier Wing, 21 February 1944
 United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe 25 June 1945
 I Troop Carrier Command, 2 August 1945
 Third Air Force, 4 – 15 November 1945
 302d Troop Carrier Wing (later 302d Air Division), 15 July 1947
 435th Troop Carrier Wing, 26 June 1949 – 1 December 1952
 435th Troop Carrier Wing, 1 December 1952 – 14 April 1959
 435th Tactical Airlift Wing, 1 July 1975
 322d Airlift Division, 23 June 1978
 435th Tactical Airlift Wing, 15 September – 1 June 1980
 435th Airlift Wing, 1 April 1992 – 1 April 1995
 United States Air Forces Europe to activate or inactivate as needed, 5 February 2001 – 10 December 2003

Components

 Assigned squadrons
 37th Tactical Airlift Squadron: 15 December 1978 – 1 June 1980, 1 April 1992 – 1 October 1994
 38th Airlift Squadron (Provisional): Attached 4 January 1994 – 1 October 1994
 55th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron: 15 September 1978 – 15 December 1978, 1 April 1992 – 1 July 1993
 58th Military Airlift Squadron: 1 September 1977 – 23 June 1978
 Ramstein Air Base, Germany
 75th Troop Carrier Squadron: 25 February 1943 – 15 November 1945
 76th Troop Carrier Squadron: 25 February 1943 – 15 November 1945; 15 July 1947 – 1 December 1952; 1 December 1952 – 14 April 1959
 Orlando Air Force Base, Florida 1947 – 26 June 1949
 77th Troop Carrier Squadron: 25 February 1943 – 15 November 1945; 15 July 1947 – 1 December 1952; 1 December 1952 – 14 April 1959
 Miami International Airport, Florida 1947-26 June 1949, Pinellas County Airport 18 August 1956 – 16 November 1957, New Orleans Naval Air Station, Louisiana after 16 November 1957
 78th Troop Carrier Squadron: 25 February 1943 – 15 November 1945; 15 July 1947 – 1 December 1952; 1 December 1952 – 24 March 1954; 1 April 1955 – 15 November 1957
 Jacksonville Municipal Airport, Florida, 1947 – 1952, Orlando Air Force Base, Florida, 1955 – 1957
 326th Troop Carrier Squadron: 15 July 1947 – 2 September 1949
 349th Troop Carrier Squadron: 26 June 1949 – 23 March 1951
 435th Operations Support Squadron: 1 April 1992 – 1 October 1994

 Attached rotation squadrons
 32d Tactical Airlift Squadron: Attached 9 September 1977 – 14 November 1977
 39th Tactical Airlift Squadron: Attached 4 January 1977 – 4 March 1977
 40th Tactical Airlift Squadron: Attached 12 January 1976 – 15 March 1976, 16 April 1977 – 15 July 1977
 41st Tactical Airlift Squadron: Attached 13 July 1976 – 10 September 1976, 5 March 1977 – 25 April 1977, 2 May 1978 – 22 July 1978

Stations

 Bowman Field, Kentucky, 25 February 1943
 Sedalia Army Air Field, Missouri, 4 May 1943
 Pope Field, North Carolina, 2 July 1943
 Baer Field, Indiana, 6 – 13 October 1943
 RAF Langar (AAF-490), England, 3 November 1943
 RAF Welford (AAF-474), England, 25 January 1944
 Bretigny Airfield (A-48), France, c. 13 February – 25 June 1945

 Baer Field, Indiana, 5 August 1945
 Kellogg Field, Michigan, 13 September – 15 November 1945
 Morrison Field, Florida, 15 July 1947
 Miami International Airport, Florida, 26 June 1949 – 1 December 1952
 Miami International Airport, Florida, 1 December 1952 – 14 April 1959
 RAF Mildenhall, England, 1 July 1975
 Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, 1 October 1978 – 1 June 1980
 Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, 1 April 1992 – 1 April 1995

Aircraft

 Douglas C-47 Skytrain, 1943–1945
 Douglas C-53 Skytrooper, 1943
 Waco CG-4A glider, 1943–1945
 North American T-6 Texan, 1949–1951
 Beechcraft T-7 Navigator, 1949–1951
 Beechcraft T-11 Kansan, 1949–1951
 Curtiss C-46 Commando, 1949–1951; 1952–1957
 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1951–1952, 1957–1959
 Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 1975–1980
 Douglas C-9A Nightingale, 1992–1993
 Boeing VC-135 Stratolifter, 1977–1978
 Lockheed VC-140 JetStar, 1977–1978
 Beechcraft C-12 Huron, 1978
 North American CT-39 Sabreliner, 1978
 Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, 1994

Awards and campaigns

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Aircraft Serial Number Search

Category:Operations groups of the United States Air Force


SQream DB

SQream DB is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses graphics processing units (GPUs) from  Nvidia.
SQream DB is designed for big data analytics using the Structured Query Language (SQL).

History
SQream DB is the first product from SQream Technologies Ltd, founded in 2010 by Ami Gal and  Kostya Varakin in Tel Aviv, Israel.

SQream DB was first released in 2014 after a partnership with an Orange S.A. in Silicon Valley.
The company claimed Orange S.A. saved $6 million by using SQream in 2014.
SQream DB is aimed at the budget multi-terabyte analytics market, due to its modest hardware requirements and use of compression.

SQream DB is also the basis for a product named GenomeStack, for querying many DNA sequences simultaneously.
A US$7.4M investment of venture capital was announced in June 2015.
It is an example of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units, with competitors Omnisci and Kinetica.

The company applied for patents, encompassing parallel execution queries on multi-core processors and speeding up parallel execution on vector processors.

In February 2018, SQream Technologies partnered with Alibaba group's Alibaba Cloud to deliver a GPU Database solution on Alibaba Cloud.

Software and features
The column-oriented database SQream DB was designed to manage large, fast-growing volumes of data, for compute-intensive queries. The product claims to improve query performance for very large datasets, over traditional relational database systems.

SQream DB is designed to run on premise or in the cloud.

References

External links

Category:SQL
Category:Relational database management systems
Category:RDBMS software for Linux
Category:Products introduced in 2014
Category:Column-oriented DBMS software for Linux
Category:Big data products
Category:Israeli inventions
Category:Haskell software


Corn soup

Corn soup is a soup made of corn, typically sweetcorn. Initially popular only in corn-producing areas of the world, the dish is now widespread because of greater corn distribution. Typical ingredients are corn cut from the cob, water, butter and flour, with salt and pepper for seasoning. Additional ingredients vary by region, and may include eggs.

Native Americans
Corn, being a staple crop for many Native American tribes has led to corn soup being a primary food among them.  M. R. Harrington reported that 1908 hulled-corn soup onno'kwǎ''' was the most popular dish for the Seneca Indians. He also stated, "[s]eldom do the Indians, pagan or Christian, meet for any function [...] without a kettle of onno'kwǎ', hot and savory, to regale the crowd". The soup was served at religious events, the people getting a ladleful every time they encircled the kettle.

 Styles

Several types of soups are prepared using corn as a primary ingredient.
 Cream of corn soup and creamed corn soup
 Sweet corn soup
 Corn crab soup
 Chinese sweet corn soup (yumigeng or sumigeng'')
 Dried (Indian) corn soup
 Mexican corn soup
 Tibetan style corn soup (Ashom Tang)
 Chicken Corn Soup (A Pennsylvania Dutch soup with hard-boiled egg whites instead of noodles)

See also

 Corn chowder
 Corn stew
 List of maize dishes
 List of soups

References

Category:American soups
Category:Native American cuisine
Category:Pre-Columbian Native American cuisine
Category:Maize dishes
Category:Dishes featuring sweet corn


Stealth-adapted virus

REDIRECT computer virus#Stealth


Robert B. Cullum

Robert Brooks Cullum (May 10, 1912 – December 11, 1981) was an American businessman and civic leader.

Early life
Robert B. Cullum was born in Dallas, Texas on May 10, 1912, son of Ashley Wilson and Eloise (Brooks) Cullum. He attended North Dallas High School (where he played on the football team), transferred to Kemper Military School, and then to Southern Methodist University; he earned a bachelor's degree in journalism from SMU. He married Dorothy Dan Rogers.

Business years
Cullum, along with brother Charles, took over the family's business, which gained control of Toro Food Stores. They later renamed the chain of failing food stores Tom Thumb Food Stores.

Cullum served on the board of directors of the State Fair of Texas, as president of the same from 1967 to 1969, served as president of the Dallas Chamber of Commerce from 1964 to 1965, and also served on the board of directors for Dallas Power and Light, the Dr Pepper Company, and the Republic National Bank of Dallas.

Cullum was a trustee on the board of the Southwestern Medical Foundation (which evolved to form the UT Southwestern Medical Center) and of the  Callier Center for Communication Disorders. He was also one of the three negotiators that formed the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport (now the DFW International Airport).

Death and awards
In 1962, Cullum received the Linz Award for civic service to the city of Dallas, the Brotherhood Citation of the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and, in 1964, he was named the Dallas Press Club's Headliner of the Year.

Cullum died on December 11, 1981 in Dallas. He is buried at the Hillcrest Mausoleum.

Part of Texas State Highway 352, which runs in front of Fair Park (annual site of the State Fair of Texas), is named in his honor.

References
 Handbook of Texas Online - Robert B. Cullum article

Category:1912 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:People from Dallas
Category:20th-century American businesspeople


Barberà del Vallès

Barberà del Vallès is a municipality in the comarca of the Vallès Occidental, in the province of Barcelona, Spain. It is situated in the valley of the Ripoll river to the south of Sabadell, about 17 kilometers from Barcelona. It's integrated in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona.

Present
Barberà del Vallès is a city of more than 30,000 people. In the industrial field, it is one of the main cities of the region of Western Valley (Vallés Occidental), with a clear division between the urban and industrial area. The population of the city, enlarged by the internal migration movements in the Spain of the sixties, is varied and promotes cultural and folkloric associations. This can be seen in the April Fair (Feria de Abril), held until the 1980s in Barberà del Vallès, until economic reasons moved it to other locations in the Barcelona metropolitan area.

Barbera in 1985 celebrated its millennium, which coincided with the opening of the Millennium Square in the vicinity of La Romànica, with balconies to Ripoll river and its riverside park.

Demography

References

 Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya.  (Spanish).  (Catalan).

External links
Official website
 Government data pages

Category:Municipalities in Vallès Occidental
Category:Populated places in Vallès Occidental


Treason in Arthurian legend

The concept of treason can be dated back to the early Roman republic, but was defined by nebulous criteria. Frederic William Maitland, author of The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I, has said that "treason is a crime [with] a vague circumference and more than one centre."  Early French and Anglo-Saxon laws for the prosecution of persons deemed traitorous were inspired by, and in some cases, directly pulled from, late Roman and Germanic conceptions of the crime. It would be the common laws of this time period which would most directly influence those customary in King Arthur's court — assuming its existence is founded in more than the legends and fables of medieval romances.

The origins of the word treason, as speakers of English would recognize it, date to the 13th century. Indeed, prior to the Treason Act of 1351, there were few laws which outlined comprehensively the legal qualifications for treason, or the appropriate punishments for said crimes.  The process of conviction, trial, and sentencing of traitors such as Lancelot or Mordred in Arthurian literature was greatly informed by the very real, very gruesome practices of both French and English courts, depending on the geopolitical origin of the text's author.

Pre-Norman Conquest Conceptions of Treason

Roman Definitions of High Treason

While it is difficult to pinpoint precisely where the concept of treason originated, as it presumably is as old as history itself, the earliest legal documents pertaining to it are of Roman writ. Its first Latin manifestation came in the form of perduellio, which etymologically stems from the Latin terminology for "base enemy," or "wicked warfare." Thomas R. Robinson of the Georgetown law journal defines perduellio as referring to an enemy to the state "devoid of the virtues of a [foreign] enemy; openness and frankness; a treacherous enemy from within." He also writes that "it is safe to assert that perduellio was, in the beginning, largely an offence against the military power [of Rome]."  While its etymological denotations would imply that perduellio was reserved strictly for military offenses, Elmer Truesdell Merrill states in Cases of Treason in the Roman Commonwealth that it is

Towards the end of the Republic, perduellio was phased out of its common usage, in favor of a term which, in the words of Merrill, "did not seem to suggest the idea of military delinquency as its essential element of applicability." Crimen maiestatis, or "majestic offenses", became the general-purpose term for all acts falling under the category of treason. Following the rise of crimen maiestatis in popular use, perduellio was retrospectively relegated to solely military insurrections and rebellions. Maiestatis literally refers to the supreme status and dignity of the nation, but was more commonly used to refer to the supreme dignitary of the state, his majesty the emperor. This informed the later middle age interpretations of treason as offenses specifically contra the royal family.

Two laws in particular, lex Julia Maiestatis and lex Quisquis, served to frame the general definitions of treason not only in Rome, but in early medieval Europe, centuries later. lex Julia Maiestatis defined the following as treason:

Lex Quisquis appended the previous statute to include assassination of the emperors councillors, failing to reveal or report a treasonous plot, and perhaps most importantly, the cogitation of treasonous acts against the crown, or "cognitaverit contra animam regis," as acts of treason. It is "best known," however, "for its provisions on punishment."
Lex Quisquis most directly influenced early French statues on treason, but both lex Julia Maiestatis and lex Quisquis were borrowed from heavily in the formation of the English Statute of Treasons of 1352.

Germanic Definitions of High Treason

The British Isles maintained, historically, some level of isolation and autonomy from mainland European powers. While waves of Romanism washed across much of continental Europe, Britain stood resolute. Therefore, "the laws of the anglo-saxons were affected by this process more slowly than those of most other Germanic peoples."  Moreover, "what Roman influence there was," claims John G. Bellamy in his book, The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages, "may have [only] been conveyed to England through the Church."  This left early Anglo-Saxon perceptions of treason to very closely mimic greater Germanic doctrine. In contrast to the Roman axiom of holding the emperor above all, as a physical embodiment of the dignity of the nation, pure Germanic treason was defined by loyalty to one's lord — with "no special sanctions against hostility directed towards the king."  In early Germanic cultures, "[a] King lived and ruled under the laws of his people."  The dignity of the state, therefore, would truly mean the dignity of the res publica. Treason consequently took on a very personal definition, in the form of treubruch, or a breach of faith or trust.

Ironically, by the fall of the Roman Empire in Europe, circa 500 AD, Britain could no longer withstand bending to Roman influence. Using treubruch to describe treason was falling out of fashion, with laws barring the general violation of strictly royal dignity taking its place. Treason was also, possibly for the first time, being divided into categories of high and petty treason. The Code of Alfred, otherwise known as the Doom Book, was a compilation of Saxon laws written circa 900 AD which differentiated high treason from petty treason as offenses committed directly against the king, versus those committed against one's immediate lord.  Forgery of national currency was also recognized for the first time as treason, although its classification was fluid, as the severity of the crime was determined by the scope of the act's negative influence.

Post-Norman Conquest Conceptions of Treason

French Definitions of High Treason

French Royal officials adopted the Roman laws of lex Julia maiestatis and lex Quisquis. They defined the highest form of treason as Regicide, or the murder of a king. Second to the actual assassination of a monarch were attempts to depose him. Plots to overthrow the king, deposition, and conspiracy to "replace him at the helm of government," were all defined as high treason.  Although threats against the king were considered most grave in nature, those made against the royal family were also serious offenses. Causing harm to any members of the royal family also constituted treason. Beyond the self-evident treasonous crimes of murder, injury, and conspiracy, were more vaguely defined offenses involving the royal family. Those implicated in scandals surrounding members of the royal family could also be accused of treason. In 1314 "Philippe and Gauthier Aulnay, minor nobles of Philippe IV's household, were executed as 'the worst kind of traitors' for their adulterous relationships with the king's daughters-in-law."

English Definitions of High Treason

Later medieval definitions of English treason were derived primarily from antiquated Germanic and Roman sources. As in the Roman statute of lex Quisquis, failing to reveal a treasonous plot was considered, and therefore punished, as complicity in said plot; also, those suspected of plotting treason would be tried as if said plot had been carried out, and sentenced to the same punishment as one guilty of the actual act. The English also adopted the French concept of cas royeaux, defining treason as a general violation of royal dignity. Through the Magna Carta, however, "English kings [were] prevented [from] becoming theocratic monarchs by means of Baronic cohesion."  This meant, at least legally, that barons were provided (albeit limited) forum to raise grievances against the crown, in the name of the defense of their own collective rights as barons. Magna carta was signed in 1215, and was swiftly annulled, but nevertheless had long-lasting implications on English common law. England's first "official" statute outlying various legal definitions of treason came from the Treason Act of 1351, and subsequent English Statute of Treasons of 1352. Both served to codify a collection of various crimes under a general heading of treason, and provided appropriate, standardized punishments for said offenses. The statute was also impactful through its creation of new types of state trial, designed specifically for alleged traitors.

There were typically three parties involved in English treason trials: an "actor," or plaintiff, a defendant, and a judge. This three party construction was considered "one of the cardinal rules of English law...in matters of jurisdiction."  In cases of lese-majesty, or injury committed against the king, the king was automatically considered the plaintiff and thus could not act as the judge in a treason trial. Instead, a judicial council was selected to determine if the offense in question constituted treason. English treason law also consisted of complex laws concerning the treatment of accessories to treasonous crimes. Until the principal offender in a treason case had been convicted, "an accessory of an alleged crime could not be proceeded against." If both an accessory and a principle tried to flee, then both would be considered guilty. However, if only the principle attempted to evade arrest, then proceedings against the accessory could not commence until such time as the principle was apprehended.

Treason and knighthood
Knightly treason was seen, naturally, as a betrayal of a knight's chivalric code. By its nature, treason betrays the chivalric values of loyalty and brotherhood. The status of knighthood was fiercely defended as one of true nobility and manhood. Therefore, knights who committed treasonous crimes threatened to undermine the sanctity of the order as a whole, and all that it stood for. Thus, punishments for knights and nobles deemed traitors typically involved some kind of process in which their identities as both knights, and men, were stripped away. Executions of treasonous knights included a process of removing the physical representations of their titles, such as "breaking of the traitor's sword and striking of his spurs, removing his sword belt, and publicly stripping him of the rich clothing that visually communicated his status." Punishments could also include an either literal or symbolic emasculation of the accused, through dismemberment or disembowelment. These punishments "feminized" the traitor, thus separating him from the ranks of "true knights" and "true men," implying that his status as a traitor rendered him a "false" version of both.   By severing those convicted of treason from their identities as knights and men, they thus preserved the "elite masculine identity"  of knighthood.

Treason in Sir Thomas Malory's time
Sir Thomas Malory, author and compiler of Le Morte d’Arthur, the preeminent compilation of Arthuriana of its time, was writing during a time of great political upheaval in Britain. As Robert Kelly writes in his article "Malory and the Common Law", "treason cases were never more politicized and controversial in the late medieval period than they were in Malory's time during the conflict between the Lancastrians and the Yorkists..."  The War of the Roses was a series of sporadic political conflicts in Britain for the throne, spanning from 1455 to 1487. The war was fought between two rival factions of the House of Plantagenet — Lancaster and York — for ultimate control of the crown, and was ended when a Lancaster, Henry Tudor, defeated Yorkist king Richard the III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, though there were several smaller political skirmishes afterwards. During the War of the Roses, accusations of treason were frequent and often ill-founded. A provision in the Treason Statute of 1352 stated that an act of treason only had to be imagined to be treasonous.  Because it was difficult to determine whether or not a person was imagining treason, words spoken against the current king were taken to be indicative of traitorous thoughts. Similarly, words spoken in favor of a deposed king were taken as treason against the one currently in power.  As such, accusations of treason were often used as a means for eliminating political enemies or framing opposition.

Sir Thomas Malory was likely familiar with the details of the English Statute of Treasons. Despite not being formally charged with treason, the "knight prisoner" Malory was convicted of a number of egregious crimes, including theft, poaching, extortion, rape, and attempted murder of the Duke of Buckingham. He was also purportedly involved in the War of the Roses, in favor of the house of Lancaster. Edward Hicks writes in his biography of Malory that "though he were involved in the civil strife of Lancaster and York, and dealt with as a traitor by victorious enemies," that Malory not only failed to receive capital punishment, but was permitted to pass his inheritance unto his children. Between 1468 and 1470, four general pardons were granted by Edward IV to incarcerated Lancastrians. Sir Thomas Malory was excluded from all four, and died in prison in 1471, shortly after completing L’Morte d’Arthur. His failure to be outright executed for treason alone, ignoring the various other infractions attributed to him, have led many to believe that Malory may have been a victim of political strong-arming.

Punishments of treason

French Punishments of treason
The punishments for those convicted of treason were often brutal and, by modern standards, distastefully contrived, due to the severity of the crime. As an offense against the entire state, traitors were often executed publicly in a manner that would serve as an example, and a warning, for others. Both decapitation and hanging were common execution practices, but a traitor's death "could be clearly distinguished by that of other felons by additional penalties of drawing and/ or quartering."  Women accused of treason were often burned at the stake, and clerics were often drowned. Not all punishments of treason were considered "capital." Other, non-capital punishments included the pillory, the wheel, or the removal of the accused's eyes. One source reads that "in 1476, Jean Bon, the would-be assassin of the dauphin Charles, was fortunate not to be punished capitally, though he did have his eyes gouged out."  Punishments of treason could also contain a sense of a macabre "poetic justice," or a punishment tailored to fit the crime, as in the instance of counterfeiter Jean Jouye who was boiled alive "presumably because his crime involved the melting down of coin." Imprisonment for traitors was usually the result of a reduced death sentence, rather than of an initial sentencing, and punishments of banishment were announced when the accused escaped. Punishments for petty treason usually involved the paying of fines in the range of 500–18,000 livre tournois for "breach of safeguard, private war, or violation of a truce,"  and were payable to the plaintiff. Larger fines were enacted for embezzling large sums and were payable to the crown.

English Punishments of Treason

Medieval English punishments of treason were highly similar to those of the French in terms of both their brutality of their sentencing. Drawing and quartering were common practice to the extent that a quick beheading was considered the privilege of one of noble birth, while a death by hanging, drawing and quartering was reserved for those deemed "ignoble."  The English would also disembowel or burn the entrails of those executed for treason, in a practice distinct from the French. Those executed for treason in later medieval England would also often have their bodies put on display to symbolize their shamefulness and their "excision from the body politic."

Treason in Arthurian Texts

Treason is a major feature throughout Arthurian romances. Knights constantly commit acts of treason as does Guinevere herself. The treason of Lancelot, Guinevere, Agravain and Mordred eventually destroy Arthur's court and his downfall is caused by the duplicity in his knights. A linking motif throughout a variety of centuries and countries, authors focus on the treasonous destruction of Arthur's court, and the temptation knights face to engage in treason.

Lancelot and Guinevere

Guinevere
Queen Guinevere found herself facing accusations of treason several times over the course of recorded Arthurian legend. In Malory's Le Morte d’Arthur, she is accused first in the "Poisoned Apple" episode, when at a dinner she holds for some of the knights of the Round Table, one of the knights, Sir Patrise, dies from eating a poisoned apple intended for Gawain. The real culprit is Sir Pinell, but Guinevere is the accused because it she who gathered the knights for the dinner. Guinevere is accused of treason because, as Malory writes, "the custome was at that tyme that all manner of shameful deth was called treson." The death is defined as treason because "Guinevere's alleged murder of Patryse is a crime against the fellowship, and therefore against Arthur as well."  Similarly, in "The Knight of the Cart" episode, Guinevere is accused of treason by the knight Meliagaunt when he discovers blood on her sheets and assumes that she has spent the night with one of her knights who was captured with her. Meligaunt accuses her of being unfaithful to Arthur and even of "hyghe treson."  For the French however, the act of adultery would not necessarily have been considered such under the law. In both the case of "the Poisoned Apple" and the "Knight of the Cart," Guinevere is acquitted of the crime through Lancelot dueling to defend her innocence. This trial by combat is used in lieu of an actual refined judicial proceedings, and Lancelot's ability to fight in place of an actual judicial process undermines the legal procedures of the day.  It is Lancelot's strength as a knight and not the strength of Arthur's courtly judicial system that ultimately saves Guinevere.

Most famous is the exposing of Guinevere's affair with Lancelot that ultimately leads to the dissolution of the Round Table. Guinevere is accused of treason committed with Lancelot and is sentenced to be burned at the stake for the crime. Her treason consists not only of her adulterous affair with Lancelot, but also because she acted as an accessory to Lancelot's escape and homicide of the knights sent to capture him. English Common law would ordinarily have dictated a trial by one's peers in the case of a treason accusation, and as an accessory Guinevere would not have been able to be sentenced until Lancelot was apprehended. However, Malory cites instead an "Arthurian treason law of his own invention as his basis for the queen's death sentence."  Malory writes that in cases where guilt is "manifest and undeniable," that "hasty judgment is appropriate."  However, this concept of "hasty judgment" is challenged by Sir Gawain when he protests Arthur's quick sentencing. Because Guinevere can only be considered an accessory to Lancelot's treason, "her treasonous guilt rests in the judgment on the guilt of Lancelot."  Malory's depiction of the judicial practice also differs from legal proceedings in his time in that Arthur is able to act as both the plaintiff and the judge. Guinevere's adultery would not even have necessarily been considered treasonous by English common law of the time. Consensual adultery was not defined as treason, but "sexual violation."  Robert Kelly writes, "...in western European countries from the twelfth century onwards, adultery and other marital offenses were not criminal, let alone felonious, but under the jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts."  These courts did not issue the death sentence, and though these courts could try her for her part in the affair, only Lancelot's participation could be construed as treasonous for the violation of the king's wife. Instead Guinevere's treasonous crime can only be defined as her status as an accessory to Lancelot's escape and the killing of several knights.

Lancelot
Lancelot is accused of treason for both his affair with Guinevere and for the homicide of his fellow knights during his escape from the court. Sir Agravain and Sir Mordred initially accuse him of sexual treason for his long-standing affair with Guinevere, which was defined under the law in Malory's time as "if a man violate the king's consort, or the king's eldest unmarried daughter, or the consort of the eldest son and heir of the king."  Thus despite the fact that their affair is consensual, Lancelot can be accused of "violating" Guinevere, and committing treason against Arthur by the act.

Lancelot is also accused of treason for the slaying of the knights sent to catch him in his affair. However, it is uncertain whether or not Lancelot could reasonably be accused of treason for the deaths. His guilt lies in whether or not the knights were acting as agents of the king and under his authority.  When Agravain and Mordred first raise the charge of adultery against Lancelot, Arthur asks for "proof" of his guilt before he can take action. However, Arthur does not mean proof by trial, but proof by physical evidence. He states that they have his leave to kill Lancelot, only if he is "taken in the dede". Agravain and the knights he gathers to try and catch Lancelot and Guinevere together do not physically catch them in any act of adultery, but rather simply know that they are in Guinevere's bedchamber together. Still, they declare this sufficient evidence to pronounce him traitor, and despite announcing that they will take him to Arthur unharmed, instead try to attack him when he opens the door. Lancelot reacts by arming himself and slaying all the knights who come through the door, including Sir Agravain. Lancelot's slayings would not have been defined as treason under the Statute of 1352, which covered "the slaying of the royal chancellor, treasurer, or justices, but only when they are sitting and acting in their public capacity."   Agravain was only given leave to kill Lancelot if his traitorous guilt was made manifest. Thus he was not acting as an agent of the king, but of his own private volition.

Agravain and Mordred
In Thomas Malory's Morte D’Arthur, Sir Agravain and Sir Mordred set a trap for Sir Lancelot and Guinevere. Gawain warns Agravain not to reveal the affair, fearing the repercussions of Arthur's knowledge of their affair. Agravain ignores Gawain's warning. Malory represents Agravain and Mordred's betrayal of Gawain as the beginning of the downfall of Arthur's court. Their actions are motivated by jealousy for Lancelot's superiority as a knight. In a departure from earlier writings, Malory features Agravain as the main traitor in this passage instead of Mordred. Malory directs the reader to view "Agravain as the agent and Lancelot as the cause for the downfall of the kingdom." Lancelot's adultery is traitorous while simultaneously Agravain and Mordred's reveal of his betrayal are equally, if not more, traitorous. Agravain is killed by Lancelot for his revelation of Lancelot and Guinevere's affair during the escape. Mordred, therefore, becomes the main actor in Arthur's downfall.

Mordred commits the worst act of treason by usurping the throne from Arthur. In the final book of Morte D'Arthur, Gawain explicitly refers to Mordred as a "false traytoure." In the moment when Mordred takes the throne from Arthur, Mordred is "the incarnation of treason." He betrays Arthur as both his knight and his son, committing two acts of treason simultaneously. It is Mordred's evil nature that Malory views as traitorous rather than simply his actions. Mordred is the incarnation of a traitorous knight during the Morte D'Arthur. Malory condemns Mordred's actions and even "invents several passages of treason rhetoric to emphasize the wickedness of such an action." While Agravain is a traitor, Mordred's actions are far worse due to his position as both son and knight of Arthur, and he ought swear fealty to Arthur.

Lanval

Marie de France authored "Lanval" in the 12th century. "Lanval" is the story of a knight, Lanval, who has a secret fairy lover and rebuffs Guinevere's advances. Guinevere tempts Lanval sexually and he immediately refuses. Her invitation is treason and Lanval's refusal demonstrates his fealty to Arthur. After Lanval refuses, Guinevere accuses Lanval of homosexuality, and homosexuality would have been understood by de France's audience as an act of treason. Sodomy, particularly in homosexual settings, was a charge that mandated burning at the stake in the late Middle Ages. Guinevere's adultery would have brought upon her exactly the same punishment. Sodomy, while a private act, was considered in the late Middle Ages to bring public harm, an act that damaged the whole community. Therefore, sodomy was viewed in the same light as treason during Marie's time. Sodomy accusations in France were so feared that many men openly kept mistresses to ensure no charges were brought against them. Religious figures began aggressively policing sodomy in the 12th century, and many clergymen kept mistresses to rebuff accusations of sodomy. Guinevere's accusation of sodomy is an attempt to ensure her own safety and leverage over Lanval telling anyone about her actions. Both Lanval and Guinevere face the same punishment if their interaction is revealed.

Guinevere's threat attempts to ensnare Lanval into her own treasonous acts, threatening to sic a legal system on him that would demand his burning should he engage in sodomy. While Lanval does not commit any treasonous acts, Guinevere has the power to accuse him of treasonous acts should she so desire. Particularly in Marie's time, readers would have been aware of the power an accusation of sodomy had. If Lanval had been convicted of sodomy he would be burned at the stake.

Gawain

Sir Gawain is bloodthirsty and often murderous. His own brother Gareth recognizes his tempestuous relationship with those he does not like, and warns his brother not to act rashly when he is unhappy. These elements of Gawain's character play an important part in the last book of Thomas Malory's Morte D'Arthur. Gawain urges Arthur to avenge his brothers' deaths and "pushes Arthur to pursue Lancelot to France and leave Mordred in charge of England." Mordred's rule of England brings about the downfall of Arthur's kingdom and Gawain's vengeful spirit facilitates the end of Arthur's rule. Gawain's actions enable the treasonous acts of Mordred. Gawain is simultaneously a traitor in his unwillingness to reveal the affair to Arthur and his concealment is a violation of Arthur's trust.

Gawain and the Green Knight

Gawain is duplicitous throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. He is tempted by the wife of Bertilak, a lord who offers his home to Gawain. While Gawain eventually learns the harms of duplicity, Gawain violates "his responsibility to honor the host–guest relationship". Gawain keeps the magical girdle, refusing to honor his agreement with Bertilak that he will give everything Lady Bertilak gives to Gawain to the Lord. Instead, Gawain hides the girdle. This treason against the Lord necessitates a physical punishment from the Green Knight before "Gawain can return to his proper place in Arthurian society". Treason is committed by Gawain against the Lord and therefore he must be physically punished, as one would be during the Middle Ages for crimes of treason. In this case, however, Gawain's punishment is not death but simply a nick on his neck. This permits Gawain to be punished, but not killed, while still demonstrating the importance of honesty. Gawain's instinct is to act duplicitously but he is chastised for these instances.

References

Category:Arthurian legend
Category:Treason


Broomfield Park, Palmers Green

Broomfield Park is a 21 hectare public park in Palmers Green in the London Borough of Enfield. It is a Site of Local Importance for Nature Conservation and is registered by English Heritage in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens for its special historic interest

History
The park was the garden of Broomfield House, which was built in the sixteenth century, although the oldest part of the present house is about 200 years old. Rocque's map of Middlesex in 1754 shows the park with its current boundaries, with ponds and an avenue. Three of the four ponds date from the eighteenth century, but the northern most one was created early in the twentieth. In 1902 Southgate Urban District Council purchased the house and grounds, and they were opened to the public in 1903. The house was gutted by fires in the 1980s and 1990s and has remained in a derelict state since then.

In August 2019, a new wetland area was opened in the park, with the aim of creating a new wildlife habitat and improving river water quality nearby.

Facilities
The park has tennis courts and bowling greens, a conservatory, a bandstand (where music events are occasionally held) a children's playground and a garden of remembrance. Arthur Mee described it as "one of the most charming and varied in all the London area". The park has a variety of wildlife habitats, including the lakes, some small woods and magnificent oak trees. Aquatic plants include rigid hornwort, which is rare in London. There are also breeding birds such as Canada geese, mallard, tufted duck, coot and moorhen.
There used to be a running track at the North East of the park. There is a community run cafe staffed by volunteers.

Access
The park is bounded by Alderman's Hill, Powys Lane, Broomfield Lane and Broomfield Avenue, and there is access from all sides.

References

External links

Category:Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Enfield
Category:Nature reserves in the London Borough of Enfield
Category:Palmers Green


Washington School

Washington School may refer to:

in Argentina
Washington School, Buenos Aires, Argentina

in the United Kingdom
Washington School, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England

in the United States
(sorted by state, then city/town)
 Washington School (Eureka, California), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Humboldt County
 Washington School (New Britain, Connecticut), listed on the NRHP in Hartford County
 Washington School (Logansport, Indiana)
 Washington School (Taunton, Massachusetts), listed on the NRHP in Bristol County
 Washington School (Weymouth, Massachusetts), listed on the NRHP in Norfolk County
 Washington School (Mississippi), in Greenville, Mississippi
 Washington School (Monroe City, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Monroe County
 Washington School (North Las Vegas, Nevada), listed on the NRHP in Clark County
 Washington School (Ossining, New York), listed on the NRHP in Westchester County
 Washington School (Grand Forks, North Dakota), listed on the NRHP in Grand Forks County
 Washington School (Washington Court House, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Fayette County
 Washington School (Drumright, Oklahoma), listed on the NRHP in Creek County
 Washington School (Madison, South Dakota), listed on the NRHP in Lake County
 Washington School (Park City, Utah), listed on the NRHP in Summit County
 Washington School (Washington, Utah), listed on the NRHP in Washington County
 Washington School (Tacoma, Washington), listed on the NRHP in Pierce County
 Washington School (Walla Walla, Washington), listed on the NRHP in Walla Walla County
 Washington School (Appleton, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP in Outagamie County