Alexander Gonzalez

Alexander Gonzalez (born 1946) was the 7th president of California State University, Sacramento (Sacramento State), where he began in 2003.

He previously served as president of California State University, San Marcos from 1997–2003 and as provost at California State University, Fresno (Fresno State) from 1991–1997.

Education
Gonzalez received his bachelor's degree in history from Pomona College, where he graduated with honors and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. His doctorate and master's degree in psychology are from UC Santa Cruz where his mentor was Elliot Aronson. After graduate school, he spent a year at Stanford University as a postdoctoral fellow of the Ford Foundation and the National Research Council conducting research on the psychology of time. He also attended Harvard Law School and served in the United States Air Force.

Awards and recognition
In October 2012, President Gonzalez was awarded the Ohtli Award by the Mexican Government, the highest cultural honor for those of Mexican descent.

In 2009, Gonzalez was recognized as Businessman of the Year by the Sacramento Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. In 2008, he was named Asian Pacific Chamber of Commerce Community Honoree.

In 2007, he was inducted into East Los Angeles' Garfield High School's Hall of Fame

His service in the United States Air Force allowed him to utilize the G.I. Bill to earn his undergraduate degree in history at Pomona College.

Controversy

The vote of "No Confidence"

On April 5, 2007, 464 out of 600 faculty members at Sacramento State, or 77%, approved a "no-confidence referendum" against Gonzalez amid the University's $6.5 million structural deficit at the time, and Gonzalez's proposed spending priorities which included increases in class sizes, shifts to academic funding that included reductions in full-time faculty, a lack of willingness to preserve the quality of the overall academic program, while simultaneously increasing funding into business-like ventures via University Enterprises, Inc and his heavy use of top-down decision making. The full no confidence resolution can be found here http://www.csus.edu/acse/archive/0607/07fsm_apr_5.htm. The non-binding faculty vote would have no effect on Gonzalez's presidency, a position served under the discretion of the CSU Chancellor. The faculty vote also recommended that"the Faculty direct the Faculty Senate to develop a list which sets forth specific actions that the President must take with respect to the matters raised in this resolutions in order to restore the quality of the instructional program and the Faculty's confidence in his leadership." Gonzalez's response to the vote created more tensions between the administration and faculty, "in the 28 years I have been apart of the California State University...I have yet to encounter the level of incivility, mean-spiritedness and outright distortion that I have found among some members of the Sacramento State community. It embarrasses and saddens me."

Attorney General Audit

In 2009 the state Attorney General's office began auditing Sacramento State's University Enterprises, Inc's 2007 $35.3 million building purchase near the campus using student fees. The California Faculty Association alleged mismanagement in how the building was purchased, its subsequent lease to Sacramento State. In addition to serving as President of CSU Sacramento, Alexander Gonzalez serves as Chair on the Board of Directors UEI is an independent nonprofit organization was fully realized in 2005 as an investment arm that could sidestep restrictions and limitations placed on public organizations like the CSU's. Most significantly, auxiliaries like UEI are not subject to public records laws.
Additionally, the Attorney General audit looked into a home loan for the purchase of President Gonzalez's House and a $27,000 commercial grade kitchen renovation project for the house in 2005. The audit found that "this kitchen renovation did inure to the benefit of a private individual (President Gonzalez), and therefore, was not a transaction that fell within UEI's charitable purposes. Due to depreciation by the time the audit was conducted, no legal action was pursued, but UEI was recommended to avoid any similar transactions. The audit was officially closed in 2010.

The Exotic Animal Hunt and Museum

The Sacramento Bee reported in 2007 that a prominent local couple, Paul and Renee Snider, traveled to Tanzania twice to hunt 84 exotic species, including three species nearing or at risk of extinction for the university museum. In 2003, The Sniders were approached by the university to include their collection in an on-campus museum. In exchange for a pledge of $2.4 million donation for the effort, university president Alexander Gonzalez signed letters giving them special permission to hunt the animals not covered under a standard Tanzanian hunting license.

Salary Increases

While a pay freeze was enforced upon faculty during most of Alexander Gonzalez's tenure. Pay increases continued for the administrators, including Gonzalez who would command the 5th highest salary in the CSU system by 2011. In 2007 Gonzalez received a $10,000 raise retroactive to July 2006, while in 2008-2009 Alexander Gonzalez received a raise to his perks and salaries by nearly 50 percent of his base salary of 294,999.96. Additional perks and benefits including housing, entertainment and travel stipends and benefits added up to an additional $145,405.15 for a total compensation of $440,405.11. That year he also received retirement contributions of $48,893.29. However, it wouldn't be until nearly seven years later in 2014, that Sacramento State faculty would receive a wage increase.

Family Perks

In 2010, The Sacramento Bee reported on compensation from UEI's board, on which President Alexander Gonzalez sits, to his son Alex Jr., for a $72,000-a-year fundraising job beginning in 2005 and increasing to over $84,000. Additionally, Gonzalez's brother Francisco, was paid $3,000 to play a concert during a UEI sponsored event. An additional $1,500 was spent on CDs as a thank-you gift for the donors. The average musician the year prior was paid between $1,500 and $2,000.

The chickens

CSU Sacramento had previously played host to 40-60 free-ranging roosters and hens. Students often referenced love for the chickens, and the campus bookstore sold T-shirts and gear identifying the chickens as the campus's unofficial mascots. Shortly after Alexander Gonzalez's arrival, a 2004 CSU-wide policy gave the campus presidents authority to ban certain animals from campus. In the spring of 2004 the chicken population was quickly removed from the campus, sparking concerns over this disappearance and efforts by student and faculty groups to return the chickens to campus. Students and faculty speculated that the new President's ambitious campus fundraising and modernizing "Destination 2010" plans were the reason behind the sudden disappearance. Alexander Gonzalez never officially acknowledged giving orders for the removal of the chickens; however, Chancellor Reed indicated that Gonzalez felt it was time for the chickens to be removed for health concerns.

References

External links
CSUS Alexander Gonzalez Biography
CSU Alexander Gonzalez Biography

Category:Pomona College alumni
Category:University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
Category:Presidents of California State University, Sacramento
Category:Presidents of California State University, San Marcos
Category:Living people
Category:Stanford University alumni
Category:Harvard Law School alumni
Category:1946 births


Sir Hugh Acland, 5th Baronet

Sir Hugh Acland, 5th Baronet (ca. 1639 – 9 March 1714) was an English Member of Parliament, from a family of Devonshire gentry. He obtained a confirmation of the family baronetcy in 1678, and served as a Member of Parliament for two boroughs in Devon in 1679 and from 1685 to 1687. Never very active in national politics, he was one of the many Tories estranged by James II's pro-Catholicism, but remained a Tory after the Glorious Revolution. He continued to hold local office in Devon off and on until his death in 1714, when he was succeeded by his grandson.

Career
He was a younger son of Sir John Acland, 1st Baronet and his wife Elizabeth. He matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford on 27 November 1652 and received his B.A. on 22 June 1655.

He was appointed a justice of the peace for Devon in 1670, and in 1672, he succeeded his nephew Arthur as baronet and inherited an estate worth £2,000 per year. In 1673, he was appointed a commissioner for assessment in Devon, and unsuccessfully contested a by-election at Tiverton following the death of Sir Thomas Carew, 1st Baronet. He was appointed to the commission on recusants in 1675 and made a freeman of Exeter; in 1676, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of the county.

The family baronetcy was of somewhat uncertain status; the letters patent to his father were either lost during the confusion of the English Civil War or never passed the seals. Sir Hugh's predecessors in the baronetcy had generally died in their minorities and had not pursued the claim. Hugh obtained new letters patent dated 21 January 1678 which confirmed the original grant and granted precedence to the baronetcy of the original date of issue, 24 June 1644.

Acland again stood for Parliament for Barnstaple in the spring 1679 election and was successfully returned. He was not an active member and, though thought to be a Court supporter, was absent from the division on the exclusion bill. He did not stand again in the fall 1679 election. In 1680, he left the Devon committee for assessment; he was already a colonel of militia foot by this time.

He stood for Devon in the 1681 election but was defeated. Appointed a justice of the peace and an alderman for Tiverton in 1683, he was returned to Parliament for that constituency as a Tory in 1685, and elected mayor of the town the following year. He was also appointed a JP for South Molton in 1684. After the collapse of the Monmouth Rebellion, he was appointed a commissioner for rebels' estates. Once again, he was largely inactive in Parliament, serving on the committee to prevent the export of wool. In 1687, the Tiverton corporation was remodelled by quo warranto proceedings and he was removed from his offices there. In July 1688 he joined with many of the Devonshire gentry in repeating the temporizing answer given by Sir Edward Seymour to the "Three Questions" of James II, and was consequently dismissed from his county offices.

Acland was reappointed a JP for Devon in October 1688 and served on the commission for assessment again from 1689 to 1690. He was High Sheriff of Devon in 1690. He refused to sign the Association in 1696 and was removed from the bench at this time. Reappointed in 1700, he apparently refused a deputy lieutenancy in 1701 due to a quarrel with Sir Edward Seymour. Off the bench again in 1702, he was appointed to the deputy lieutenancy again in 1703 and a JP for the third time in about 1704. He continued to serve in these posts throughout the reign of Queen Anne, and died on 9 March 1714.

Family
He married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Daniel of Beswick Hall, Yorkshire, on 19 March 1674 and had seven children:
John Acland (c.1674–1703)
Hugh Acland
Rev. Thomas Acland (d. 11 September 1735), rector of South Brent and prebendary of Exeter, married Catherine Wilcocks on 12 February 1712 and had issue
Arthur Daniel Acland (d. 1690/1), died without issue
Charles Acland (d. 1713)
Francis Acland (d. 1719), a merchant in Coimbra, died without issue
Elizabeth Acland (d. 1694)

On his death in 1714 he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his grandson, his eldest son John having predeceased him. He was buried on 9 March 1713/4 at Broadclyst.

Notes

References

Category:1630s births
Category:1714 deaths
Hugh 1639
Acland of Columb John, 05th Baronet
Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Devon
Category:High Sheriffs of Devon
Category:People of the Stuart period
Category:English MPs 1679
Category:English MPs 1685–1687


René Gómez Manzano

René de Jesús Gómez Manzano (born 19 December 1943 in Havana) is a Cuban dissident known for his essay "The Homeland Belongs to All", which he co-wrote with Marta Beatriz Roque, Vladimiro Roca, and Felix Bonne, as well as his repeated imprisonment by the Cuban government. Amnesty International has named him to be a prisoner of conscience three times.

Background
Gomez Manzano was born in Havana, Cuba. At the age of eleven, he was sent by his parents to study in the Appalachian Mountains region of the U.S. He then earned a scholarship to Moscow's Patrice Lumumba University, where he studied International Law. As a result of his travels, he is fluent in Spanish, Russian, English, and French. He is a Roman Catholic and an avid chess player.

A defense lawyer, he entered the dissident movement when he began to defend political prisoners in the late 1980s. He became a cofounder of Corriente Agramontista in 1990, an organization of lawyers willing to file suit against the state to force it to fulfill its own laws.

On 6 August 1994, he was arrested and detained in what Amnesty International called "an apparent round-up of known government critics and human rights activists"; the group designated him a prisoner of conscience.

For several years, Gomez Manzano was married to fellow dissident and independent journalist Ana Margarita Perdigón Brito until she decided to leave Cuba with her daughter and seek exile in the United States in 2012.

‘The Group of Four’
In 1997, Gomez Manzano, Marta Beatriz Roque, Vladimiro Roca, and Felix Bonne founded the Internal Dissidence Working Group. They then published a paper titled "The Homeland Belongs to All," which discussed Cuba's human rights situation and called for political and economic reforms. They also called for a boycott of elections in Cuba's one-party system and for investors to avoid Cuba, giving several news conferences to discuss their concerns.

Gomez Manzano and the other members of the group were arrested on 16 July 1997. The four were detained for 19 months and then tried for sedition in March 1999 in a one-day trial closed to the foreign press. Gomez Manzano was sentenced to four years' imprisonment. The defendants became known as the "Group of Four". The United States, Canada, the European Union and the Vatican all called for his release. Amnesty International again declared the four prisoners of conscience, "detained solely for peacefully exercising their rights to freedom of expression and association",  and called for their immediate release.

Gomez Manzano was released early without explanation on 24 May 2000, having served just under three years in prison. Other members of the Group of Four were released around the same time. In November 2000, the four published another essay, titled "Social Facets", as President Fidel Castro attended a summit in Panama. The essay stated that Cuban education was designed to indoctrinate children, that many children were malnourished from food shortages, and that foreigners in Cuba were allowed privileges—such as cars, computers, and cell phones—that ordinary Cuban people were not.

Later activism
Gomez Manzano was critical of fellow dissident Oswaldo Payá's Varela Project, in which Payá presented the National Assembly of People's Power (NAPP) with 25,000 signatures in an attempt to force a constitutional referendum. Gomez Manzano stated that appeals to the NAPP were useless as long as it was dominated by the Communist Party.

In July 2005, Gomez Manzano was arrested while leaving his home, allegedly to join a protest at the French Embassy with Marta Beatriz Roque's Assembly to Promote Civil Society in Cuba. He was detained without charge for eighteen months, during which time he later stated that he undertook two hunger strikes. Amnesty International again designated him a prisoner of conscience and lobbied for his release.

He was released on 9 February 2007. Having been banned from practicing law, he stated that he relied on aid from "compatriots in exile". He told reporters that he nonetheless intended to remain in Cuba and continue his activism, stating, "Change will come sooner than later".

In an April 2009 cable released by WikiLeaks in December 2010, Jonathan D. Farrar, head of the U.S. Interests Section in Havana, described Gomez Manzano, Oswaldo Paya, and other dissidents as "hopelessly out of touch", writing, "They have little contact with younger Cubans and, to the extent they have a message that is getting out, it does not appeal to that segment of society."

Awards and Distinctions
In 1997, the American Bar Association awarded him its International Human Rights Award, but Gomez Manzano was unable to travel to receive it due to his detention.
In 1999, Gómez Manzano, along with his co-authors Roque, Roca and Bonne, were awarded the Grand Prize for Press Freedom by the Inter-American Press Association for the publication of "The Homeland Belongs to All."
In 2007, an international jury of various bar associations awarded him the Ludovic Trarieux International Human Rights Prize for lawyers, the presentation of which he was again prevented from attending.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Cuba
Category:Cuban democracy activists
Category:Cuban dissidents
Category:Cuban bloggers
Category:Cuban male writers
Category:Cuban prisoners and detainees
Category:1943 births
Category:Male bloggers


Glen Moray distillery

Glen Moray distillery  is a Speyside distillery producing single malt scotch whisky. Situated on the banks of the River Lossie in Elgin, Moray the distillery started production in September 1897.  It was sold in 2008 by the Glenmorangie Company Ltd. to La Martiniquaise.

History

Glen Moray started life as West Brewery in Elgin run by Robert Thorne & Sons, and was converted to a distillery with 2 stills in 1897. Following a fire and extensive rebuilding program at their Aberlour Distillery, the company focused on production of Aberlour whisky, allowing the Glen Moray distillery to run down. It was closed in 1910. The distillery was purchased by the owners of the Glenmorangie Distillery, the MacDonald and Muir families at some time during the 1920s. The distillery received 2 additional stills in 1958 and at present has an annual capacity of around 2,000,000 litres.

The company now belongs to La Martiniquaise which uses part of its production in their blended Whisky Label 5, along with its Starlaw distillery in West Lothian. The distillery was expanded in 2012 to produce 3,300,000 litres annually from 3 wash stills and 3 spirit stills. 2016 has seen further expansion and development of the site with a growth in production to around 5,500,000 litres annually predicted.

Visitor centre

The distillery has a visitor centre which offers tours and tastings year-round. Details can be found on the company website here: Distillery Tours

Scotland's Malt Whisky Trail is a tourism initiative featuring seven working Speyside distilleries including Glen Moray, a historic distillery (Dallas Dhu, now a museum) and the Speyside Cooperage.

Awards and accolades
Glen Moray has won many awards over the years through competitions such as the IWSC, ISC, WWA and others.

Glen Moray 1994 Sherry Cask Finish is the Best Scotch Speyside Single Cask Single Malt Category Winner of 21 & over in the World Whiskies Awards 2018.

References

Further reading

External links

Category:Scottish malt whisky
Category:LVMH brands
Glen Moray Glenlivet Distillery, The
Category:1897 establishments in Scotland


Dicte (TV series)

Dicte (broadcast in the UK as Dicte – Crime Reporter) is a Danish series starring Iben Hjejle as crime reporter Dicte Svendsen, who has returned to her hometown of Aarhus following a divorce. The series is based on Danish author Elsebeth Egholm's series of novels about the title character. It is broadcast in Denmark on TV2 Danmark.

Season 1 was broadcast in Denmark in 2013, season 2 in 2014, and season 3 in 2016. In the UK the first season was broadcast on More4 in mid-2016 as five feature-length episodes under the title Dicte - Crime Reporter, followed by the second season in mid-2017, and the third starting July 2018. All three seasons are available on Netflix (US) since November 2016.

Cast and characters

Episodes

Season 1

Season 2

Season 3

Early reception
1.32 million viewers tuned into the first season's premiere in Denmark. While reviews were mixed, Hjejle received good reviews for her performance. Some critics complained that most of the actors' Copenhagen accents were not authentic for a show set in Aarhus, while other actors' accents were so overblown they seemed caricatures.

References

External links

Category:2010s Danish television series
Category:Danish drama television series
Category:Danish crime television series
Category:2013 Danish television series debuts


Villerable

Villerable is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Loir-et-Cher department

Category:Communes of Loir-et-Cher


1795 in the United States

Events from the year 1795 in the United States.

Incumbents

Federal Government
 President: George Washington (no political party-Virginia)
 Vice President: John Adams (F-Massachusetts)
 Chief Justice: John Jay (New York), John Rutledge (South Carolina)
 Speaker of the House of Representatives: Frederick Muhlenberg (Anti-Admin.-Pennsylvania) (until March 4), Jonathan Dayton (Federalist-New Jersey) (starting December 7)
 Congress: 3rd (until March 4), 4th (starting March 4)

Events

 January 14 – The University of North Carolina (renamed The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1963) opens to students, becoming the first state university in the United States.
 January 29 – The Naturalization Act of 1795 replaces and repeals the Naturalization Act of 1790.
 February 7 – The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed.
 May 1 – Battle of Nu'uanu: Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans, solidifying his control of the major islands of the archipelago and officially founding the Kingdom of Hawaii.
 June 8 – George Washington submits the Jay Treaty to the United States Senate for ratification.
 August 2 – The Treaty of Greenville is signed between the Western Confederacy and the United States, ending the Northwest Indian War.
 October 27 – The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, which establishes the boundaries between Spanish colonies and the United States.

Ongoing
 Northwest Indian War (1785–1795)
 Slavery (1625–1865)

Births
 April 17 – George Edmund Badger, United States Senator from North Carolina from 1846 to 1855. (died 1866)
 June 2 – William S. Fulton, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1836 till 1844. (died 1844)
 August 31 – William Lee D. Ewing, United States Senator from Illinois in 1834. (died 1846)
 September 22 – Jesse Speight, United States Senator from Mississippi from 1845 till 1847. (died 1847)
 November 2 – James K. Polk, 11th President of the United States from 1845 till 1849. (died 1849)
 December 1 – James Whitcomb, United States Senator from Indiana from 1849 till 1852. (died 1852)

Deaths
 May 19 – Josiah Bartlett, signatory of the Declaration of Independence (born 1729)

See also
Timeline of United States history (1790–1819)

References

Further reading
 G. L. Rives. Spain and the United States in 1795. The American Historical Review, Vol. 4, No. 1 (October, 1898), pp. 62–79.
 Frederick J. Turner. Documents on the Blount Conspiracy, 1795–1797. The American Historical Review, Vol. 10, No. 3 (April, 1905), pp. 574–606.
 Edmund Randolph on the British Treaty, 1795. The American Historical Review, Vol. 12, No. 3 (April, 1907), pp. 587–599.
 Charles A. Kent. The Treaty of Greenville. August 3, 1795. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. 10, No. 4 (January, 1918), pp. 568–584.
 Arthur Preston Whitaker. Harry Innes and the Spanish Intrigue: 1794–1795. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (September, 1928), pp. 236–248.
 Marion Tinling. Cawsons, Virginia, in 1795–1796. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 3, No. 2 (April, 1946), pp. 281–291.
  James E. Cronin. Elihu Hubbard Smith and the New York Friendly Club, 1795–1798. PMLA, Vol. 64, No. 3 (June, 1949), pp. 471–479.
 Gerard Clarfield. Postscript to the Jay Treaty: Timothy Pickering and Anglo-American Relations, 1795–1797. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 23, No. 1 (January, 1966), pp. 106–120.
 John L. Earl III. Talleyrand in Philadelphia, 1794–1796. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 91, No. 3 (July, 1967), pp. 282–298.
 Thomas J. Farnham. The Virginia Amendments of 1795: An Episode in the Opposition to Jay's Treaty. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 75, No. 1 (January, 1967), pp. 75–88.
 Chester McArthur Destler. "Forward Wheat" for New England: The Correspondence of John Taylor of Caroline with Jeremiah Wadsworth, in 1795. Agricultural History, Vol. 42, No. 3 (July, 1968), pp. 201–210.
 Edwin R. Baldridge Jr. Talleyrand's visit to Pennsylvania, 1794–1796. Pennsylvania History, Vol. 36, No. 2 (APRIL, 1969), pp. 145–160.
 Eugene P. Link. The Republican Harmony (1795) of Nathaniel Billings. Journal of Research in Music Education, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Winter, 1970), pp. 414–419.
 James R. Beasley. Emerging Republicanism and the Standing Order: The Appropriation Act Controversy in Connecticut, 1793 to 1795. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 29, No. 4 (October, 1972), pp. 587–610.
 George E. Brooks, Jr.  The Providence African Society's Sierra Leone Emigration Scheme, 1794–1795: Prologue to the African Colonization Movement. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1974), pp. 183–202.
 Jack Campisi. New York-Oneida Treaty of 1795: A Finding of Fact. American Indian Law Review, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1976), pp. 71–82.
 Richard Wojtowicz, Billy G. Smith. Advertisements For Runaway Slaves, Indentured Servants, and Apprentices in the Pennsylvania Gazette, 1795–1796. Pennsylvania History, Vol. 54, No. 1 (January 1987), pp. 34–71.
 Michael L. Kennedy. A French Jacobin Club in Charleston, South Carolina, 1792–1795. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 91, No. 1 (January, 1990), pp. 4–22.
 Joanna Bowen Gillespie. 1795: Martha Laurens Ramsay's "Dark Night of the Soul". The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 48, No. 1 (January, 1991), pp. 68–92.
 Leslie C. Patrick-Stamp. The Prison Sentence Docket for 1795: Inmates at the Nation's First State Penitentiary. Pennsylvania History, Vol. 60, No. 3 (July 1993), pp. 353–382.
 David P. Currie. The Constitution in Congress: The Third Congress, 1793–1795. The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Winter, 1996), pp. 1–48.
 Glynn R. deV. Barratt. A Russian View of Philadelphia, 1795–96: From the Journal of Lieutenant Iurii Lisianskii. Pennsylvania History, Vol. 65, No. 1, Benjamin Franklin and His Enemies (Winter 1998), pp. 62–86.
 Albrecht Koschnik. The Democratic Societies of Philadelphia and the Limits of the American Public Sphere, c. 1793–1795. William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 58, No. 3 (July, 2001), pp. 615–636.

External links


Daniela Caram

Daniela Caram (born 24 November 1986) is a former Chilean field hockey player.

Personal life
Caram's younger sister, Camila, also represents the Chile national team, and is their current captain.

Career

Junior National Team
Caram made her debut for the Chile junior national team in 2005. First at the 2005 Pan-American Junior Championship, which served as a qualifier for the Junior World Cup in Santiago.

Caram again represented Chile at the Junior World Cup, where the team finished in 10th place.

Senior National Team
Caram debuted for the senior national team in 2005.

Her first major tournament with the team being the 2006 South American Games. The team won a silver medal in the inaugural field hockey tournament at the South American Games.

Following her debut, Caram represented Chile up until 2015, retiring after the 2015 Pan American Games.

Following the Pan American Games, Caram was named in the 2015 Pan American Elite Team for the first time by the Pan American Hockey Federation.

References

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chilean female field hockey players
Category:South American Games silver medalists for Chile
Category:South American Games medalists in field hockey
Category:Pan American Games medalists in field hockey
Category:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Chile
Category:Field hockey players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Category:Competitors at the 2006 South American Games
Category:Competitors at the 2014 South American Games


Union Bridge Company

The  Union Bridge Company was a bridge fabricator and contractor with works in Buffalo, New York, (believed closed in 1890 per HAER references) and Athens, Pennsylvania. The Union Bridge company was formed in 1884 as a merger of several other bridge-building firms.  Partners included George S. Field of Buffalo, Edmund B. Hayes of Buffalo, Charles MacDonald of New York City, Thomas C. Clarke of Seabright, NY and Charles Stewart Maurice of Athens, PA.

History
Kellogg, Clarke & Co. was formed in 1869 by Thomas C. Clarke and Charles Kellogg, with the backing of Samuel Reeves of the "Phoenix Iron Works" of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. In 1871, Kellogg left to form his own company and Clarke and Reeves formed "Clarke, Reeves & Co." In 1884, "Clarke, Reeves & Co." became the "Phoenix Bridge Company." In the same year, Clarke and Charles Macdonald formed the Union Bridge Company by merger of the "Central Bridge Company" of Buffalo, New York and Kellogg and Maurice of Athens, Pennsylvania.

In 1900, The Union Bridge Company was purchased by the American Bridge Company in a consolidation of 24 US bridge building companies.

A company with the same name, chartered in 1873, was involved in a US Supreme Court case in 1907 involving compliance with a law giving the Secretary of War the authority to order removal of obstructions to navigation on rivers and waterways. It is not yet clear if this is the same company or not.

Notable projects

 Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge, NSW Central Coast near Sydney, Australia (1889)
 Niagara Cantilever Bridge (1883)
 Poughkeepsie Bridge (1889)
 Coraopolis Bridge (1927)
 Pasco-Kennewick Bridge (1922)
 Provo River Railroad Bridge (1884) (small through truss bridge, notable for having been disassembled, reused as a shorter bridge, then disassembled and reused as a still shorter bridge)
 Winona Railroad Bridge (1891)
 Saugatuck River Bridge (1884) Connecticut swing bridge. Hand cranked. Claimed oldest extant movable bridge in Connecticut.  Listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
 Cairo Bridge over the Ohio
 Memphis Bridge over the Mississippi

Not by date:
Big Creek Bridge No. 01180, OR Coast 9, US 101, MP175.02 Heceta Head, OR, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
Jackson Branch Bridge No. 15, Southern Michigan RR over River Raisin Raisin Township, MI, NRHP-listed
One or more works in Otowi Historic District, 25 mi. N of Santa Fe, on NM 4 in Rio Grande Valley Santa Fe, NM, NRHP-listed
Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge, Spans Hudson River Poughkeepsie, NY, NRHP-listed
Ten Mile Creek Bridge No. 01181, OR Coast 9, US101, MP171.44 Yachats, OR, NRHP-listed

References

External links
 entry at Structurae.de (empty of company info but source for some of the notable projects on the list)
 article at nycroads.com about proposed Hudson River crossings, including one from the Union Bridge Company
 archive from RPI illustration of Poughkeepsie Bridge with notation "Poughkeepsie Bridge - Built by the Union Bridge Company - Charles Macdonald '57 President - Robert Escobar '57 Engineer"
 archive from RPI illustration of Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge (Australia) with notation "Hawkesbury River Bridge -  Designed and constructed by the Union Bridge Company - Charles Macdonald '57 of the Union Bridge Company - Robert Escobar '57, Engineer, of the Union Bridge Company"
 NRHP application archive giving ref to Poughkeepsie Bridge and Niagara Cantilever Bridge both being built by UBC
 Hawkesbury River history giving reference to bridge and company
 Supreme Court case of 1907, Union Bridge Company vs. United States from findlaw.com (may or may not be the same company)
 Saugatuck swing bridge, reference claims that UBC was absorbed by ABC in 1900.

Category:Companies based in Bradford County, Pennsylvania
Category:Companies based in New York City
Category:Engineering companies of the United States
Category:American companies established in 1884
Category:1884 establishments in New York (state)


Panhumanism

Panhumanism is the concept of an affiliation with all mankind through some sort of legislative structure that allows all technological and economic development to be for the benefit of all people. The concept is sometimes seen as far-left, although there are also right-wing and centrist pan-human organisations, including the United Nations, some of which have even received significant opposition from the far-left over globalisation policies.

History
Humanism originates in the European Renaissance, especially the Italian Renaissance, although the word was not coined until the early nineteenth century. Rather than an ideology, it was a cultural frame of ideas with a non-absolutistic approach to any truth. It emphasized the uniqueness of the individual and often claimed a connection between man and nature.

At the core of Renaissance humanism was the concept of humanitas, which meant the development of human virtue to its fullest extent. The possessor of humanitas could not be merely a sedentary and isolated philosopher or man of letters but was of necessity a participant in active life. Just as action without insight was held to be aimless and barbaric, insight without action was rejected as barren and imperfect. Humanitas scholars also believed it was inevitable to project humanitas from the individual into the state at large.

Interperatations

Carl Sagan

Carl Sagan's ideas have attracted widespread criticism from two main points of opposition. The first argues that the trend is in fact not in that direction, as part of the reason why we evolve is in order to continually face a greater enemy. Therefore, without an enemy that places the whole of humankind on the other side, panhumanism is not possible.

The other group argues that although Sagan is correct to assume that the trend is in that direction, it will never happen naturally because we artificially slow the trend ourselves by punishing racism. According to this argument, applying Sagan's logic leads you to the conclusion that racists are more evolved than nationalists, because they associate with a higher level of affiliation.

Marxism

A communist society or communist system is the type of society and economic system postulated to emerge from technological advances in the productive forces in Marxist thought, representing the ultimate goal of the political ideology of Communism. A communist society is characterized by common ownership of the means of production with free access to the articles of consumption and is classless and stateless, implying the end of the exploitation of labor. In his Critique of the Gotha Programme Karl Marx referred to this stage of development as upper-stage communism.

World Government
World government is the notion of a common political authority for all of humanity, yielding a global government and a single state. Such a government could come into existence either through violent and compulsory world domination or through peaceful and voluntary supranational union. Currently there is no worldwide executive, legislature, judiciary, military, or constitution with jurisdiction over the entire planet. The United Nations is limited to a mostly advisory role, and its stated purpose is to foster cooperation between existing national governments rather than exert authority over them.

A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA) is a proposed addition to the United Nations System that would allow for participation of member nations' legislators and, eventually, direct election of United Nations (UN) parliament members by citizens worldwide. The idea was raised at the founding of the League of Nations in the 1920s and again following the end of World War II in 1945, but remained dormant throughout the Cold War. In the 1990s and 2000s, the rise of global trade and the power of world organizations that govern it led to calls for a parliamentary assembly to scrutinize their activity. The Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly was formed in 2007 to coordinate pro-UNPA efforts, which as of July 2013 has received the support of over 850 Members of Parliament from over 90 countries worldwide, in addition to over 350 non-governmental organizations and 21 Nobel and Right Livelihood laureates and 16 Heads or former heads of state or government and foreign ministers.

See also
 Globalization - The desire to interconnect and share ideas between cultures and nations
 Transhumanism - The idea of developing human capabilities as a species
 Stateless communism – A communist realisation of a pan-human state
 Postnationalism - The idea of devolving powers to supranational entities
 Global citizenship - The belief that one is a member of Earth, rather than of a nation or other entitiy

References

Category:Humanism


Egino

Egino may refer to:
Egino, Duke of Thuringia
Egino, Bishop of Dalby
Saint Egino, Abbot of Augsburg

See also
 Egeno of Konradsburg (disambiguation)


Gas-cooled reactor

A gas-cooled reactor (GCR) is a nuclear reactor that uses graphite as a neutron moderator and carbon dioxide as coolant. Although there are many other types of reactor cooled by gas, the terms GCR and to a lesser extent gas cooled reactor are particularly used to refer to this type of reactor.

The GCR was able to use natural uranium as fuel, enabling the countries that developed them to fabricate their own fuel without relying on other countries for supplies of enriched uranium, which was at the time of their development in the 1950s only available from the United States or the Soviet Union.

Generation I GCR
There were two main types of generation I GCR:

 The Magnox reactors developed by the United Kingdom.
 The UNGG reactors developed by France.

The main difference between these two types is in the fuel cladding material. Both types were mainly constructed in their countries of origin, with a few export sales: two Magnox plants to Italy and Japan, and one UNGG to Spain. More recently, GCRs based on the declassified drawings of the early Magnox reactors have been constructed by North Korea at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center.

Both types used fuel cladding materials that were unsuitable for medium term storage under water, making reprocessing an essential part of the nuclear fuel cycle. Both types were, in their countries of origin, also designed and used to produce weapons-grade plutonium, but at the cost of major interruption to their use for power generation despite the provision of online refuelling.

Generation II GCR
In the UK, the Magnox was replaced by the advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR), an improved Generation II gas cooled reactor. In France, the UNGG was replaced by the pressurized water reactor (PWR).

Types
Gas-cooled reactor types include:

 Gas-cooled reactor (graphite moderated, CO2 cooled)
 Magnox (British design, 28 built, 1956-2015)
 UNGG reactor (French design, 10 built, 1956-1994)
 Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (Magnox successor, 15 built, 1962-today)
 Heavy water gas cooled reactor (heavy water moderated, CO2 cooled)
 Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant (1967-1985)
 KS 150 (1972-1979)
 High & Very-high temperature reactor (graphite moderated, He cooled)
 Prismatic block reactor
 Dragon reactor (1964-1975)
 Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station (1967-1974)
 Fort Saint Vrain Generating Station (1979-1989)
 High-temperature engineering test reactor (1999-today)
 Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (General Atomics design)
 Steam Cycle High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (Areva SMR design)
 Pebble bed reactor
 AVR reactor (1966-1988)
 THTR-300 (1983-1989)
 HTR-10 (2003-today)
 HTR-PM (under construction)
 Pebble bed modular reactor (design)
 Gas-cooled fast reactor (No moderator, He cooled)
 Energy Multiplier Module (General Atomics design)

See also
 UHTREX

Category:Graphite moderated reactors
Category:Nuclear power reactor types


Parmalat bankruptcy timeline

In 2003, multinational Italian dairy and food corporation Parmalat collapsed with a €14 billion ($20bn; £13bn) hole in its accounts, in what remains Europe's biggest bankruptcy. The Parmalat bankruptcy hugely affected Football team AC Parma, in which Parmalat was the major shareholder.

2003

December 2003

December 19 - Bank of America states that Parmalat does not hold nearly $5B in liquid assets for the company as Parmalat reported in September 2003. Bank of America disavows the document released by Parmalat's Bonlat Financing Corp unit claiming over €4B are being stored by an affiliate of the company in the Cayman Islands. The bank promptly notifies Grant Thornton that no such account exists. The Milan Stock Exchange halts trading of Parmalat shares.

December 23 - Bank of America lawyers claim the document proclaiming Bank of America holds Parmalat assets is a forgery.

December 24 - Parmalat files bankruptcy.  S&P rates Bank of America's exposure as "significant, but manageable".  Investigators put Parmalat's debts as high as $12.8B.

2004

January 2004

January 12 - Luca Sala, former head of the Italian corporate finance division, denies wrongdoing and maintains that he did not aid Parmalat executives in sustaining the price of Parmalat securities despite knowing the state of its finances.  Prosecutors believe the executives constructed a series of shell companies and used forged documents to conceal losses and divert cash. Sala was linked to a $500M Parmalat bond issued by Bank of America and other banks.

January 26 - Hoefer & Arnet stock analyst Dick Bove rates Bank of America's stock as a strong buy, but warns that "very disturbing signs are emerging that Bank of America’s internal discipline has broken down".  He believes that the bank's estimated $274M exposure to the scandal, $244 million of which is locked in loans and letters of credit, could have been prevented.

January 29 - Bank of America files a petition to close the Irish financing unit of Parmalat, known as Eurofood IFSC Ltd. "to protect its interests as a creditor to Eurofood".  Bank of America is owed more than $3.5M by Eurofood at this time.

February 2004

February 24 - For the first time Bank of America, along with Citigroup, Morgan Stanley, Deutsche Bank, UBS AG, and several Italian banks, becomes a formal target of the Italian investigation surrounding the Parmalat bankruptcy.

February 24 - Three of Parmalat's U.S. affiliates, Parmalat USA Corp., Farmland Dairies, and Milk Products of Alabama, file for bankruptcy protection with combined assets of $414.4M and combined debt of $316.5M.

February 27 - Luca Sala admits to and offers to forfeit most of the $27M he misappropriated in a kickback scheme at Parmalat, but still maintains the bank was unaware of his improprieties.  The SEC travels to Italy to assist Italian officials in deciphering American involvement in the collapse of Parmalat.

March 2004

March 5 - Parmalat seeks $618 million from U.S. banks in order to recover assets from creditors under an Italian claw back law known as "revocatoria".  This law enables insolvent companies to seize assets counterparts received during transactions with them, going back up to five years.  At this point, Parmalat's debt is believed to be upwards of $17 billion.

March 18 - An Italian judge is asked by prosecutors to order 29 executives and three companies to stand trial on four separate charges.  Three executives from Bank of America, Luca Sala, Luis Moncada, and Antonio Luzi, are included in the order.  In addition to Bank of America, the Italian affiliates of Deloitte & Touche and Grant Thornton are also ordered to court.  Prosecutors believe Bank of America should have been aware of the financial problems at Parmalat when it issued €1.2B, or nearly $1.5B, in Parmalat bonds over the preceding seven years.  A fast-track trial was sought, but an Italian court denied expediting proceedings.

May 2004

May 24 - Creditors file a $10B class-action lawsuit against former auditors and banks of Parmalat in the U.S. District Court in Manhattan.  Charges include "fraudulent activity and giving misleading information".  Hermes, a British pension fund holding more than 2% of Parmalat shares, and Deminor, a European shareholder rights group representing Parmalat bondholders, headed the suit.

October 2004

October 7 - Parmalat sues Bank of America for $10B in damages, as it had in July 2004 against Citigroup and in August 2004 against Deloitte & Touche and Grant Thornton.

October 19 - Parmalat investors name Bank of America as a defendant in an $8B class-action suit in New York.  A previous class-action suit filed on behalf of Parmalat investors was joined into this new suit.

October 29 - Bank of America asks an Italian court to include itself as a co-plaintiff in the case against 32 executives, auditors, and lenders in a Milan courtroom, despite the ongoing investigation into Bank of America's involvement in the Parmalat collapse.  Bank of America denies any wrongdoing in the matter and is considering filing its own countersuit against Parmalat.

December 2004

December 17 - Bank of America, still being sued for a combined $18B by Parmalat and its investors, is named as one of Parmalat's creditors to the tune of $163M.  This means Bank of America can take part, as all creditors can, in a debt-for-equity swap under Parmalat's restructuring plan.  This makes Bank of America a shareholder in the company when it emerges from bankruptcy.

2005

January 2005

January 25 - An Italian court bars Bank of America from claiming damages resulting from Parmalat's bankruptcy.  The bank may still file as a damaged civil party if a future trial occurs.

July 2005

July 14 - The $8B class-action lawsuit brought in Manhattan federal court on behalf of Parmalat investors is dismissed.  Judge Lewis Kaplan's 74-page decision asserts that Bank of America did not know Parmalat was in financial trouble and thus could not profit off the company's downturn.  The judge did not dismiss claims included in the suit against Citigroup, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro SpA, or Credit Suisse First Boston.

August 2005

August 2 - Luca Sala is arrested by Italian authorities for his involvement in the bankruptcy when he was head of Bank of America's Italian corporate banking division and after he became a consultant at Parmalat in 2003.

August 9 - A U.S. judge rules Parmalat can proceed with its $10B suit against Bank of America on charges of aiding and abetting break of fiduciary duty and looting of the company.  The suit was propelled forward despite Bank of America's protest that a company cannot be sued for fraud by the company perpetrating the fraud in question.  Judge Lewis Kaplan dismissed the protest because the precedent called into question was an application of New York law.

August 18 - After 16 days, Luca Sala is released from pre-trial custody in Italy after it was determined that he could no longer tamper with evidence.  The current charges against him stem from $63.5M in siphoned funds from Parmalat to private accounts.  Sala denies stealing the money, instead claiming he earned some of it in commissions from insurance and private-placement contracts he handled for Parmalat.

November 2005

November 28 - Three Cayman Islands-based companies sue Bank of America for its role in the collapse of Parmalat.  Charges include financial improprieties including fraud, negligent misrepresentation, & breach of fiduciary duty.  The suit claims Bank of America generated millions of dollars in fees and interest when it orchestrated financial transactions designed to disguise Parmalat's insolvency.  The claim seeks nearly $1B from Bank of America, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu & Grant Thornton.

December 2005

December 20 - Bank of America is granted the ability to join other plaintiffs in an Italian lawsuit against Parmalat.  This is possible due to the condition that Bank of America is entitled to treatment as a damaged party in any civil suit as set forth on 2005-01-25.

2006

February 2006

February 10 - After amending the lawsuit brought by Parmalat investors against former auditors and banks of the bankrupt company, Judge Lewis Kaplan gives the OK for Bank of America to be sued for its role in helping Parmalat commit securities fraud.  The suit centers around a $300M loan made to Parmalat's Brazilian subsidiary and a 2001 change to an insurance policy for Parmalat Venezuela.  Bank of America states that it "believed it was dealing with a strong, honest, and profitable company and had no knowledge of the fraud perpetrated by Parmalat and its senior management".

March 2006

March 30 - Judge Lewis Kaplan of the Southern District of New York has ruled Bank of America may seek up to $1B in damages from Parmalat.  The ruling allows Bank of America to claim Parmalat committed fraud, misrepresentation, conspiracy, and other illegal acts.

2007

March 2007

March 26 - Some of the counterclaims brought by Bank of America against Parmalat, including racketeering and North Carolina deceptive-trade practices laws are dismissed by Judge Lewis Kaplan in New York federal district court.  "Bank of America’s counterclaims for fraud, negligent misrepresentation, securities fraud, and civil conspiracy…will go forward", stated Bank of America spokesman Timothy Gilles, "…and they are significantly more important than the secondary claims that were dismissed."

June 2007

June 22 - U.S. Federal Bankruptcy Court in New York grants a permanent injunction against claims by creditors, including Bank of America.  It came as a defeat for bondholders and their $868M in claims.  The injunction will not apply outside the U.S. or to any Parmalat affiliates or subsidiaries not restructuring under Italian bankruptcy law.

June 25 - Bank of America representatives in Milan, Italy release a statement claiming the bank lost $450M from the Parmalat collapse.

July 2007

July 6 - An Italian judge ordered Bank of America, Citigroup, Morgan Stanley, Deutsche Bank, and UBS AG to stand trial in January 2008.  The specific charges against Bank of America are in connection with an Italian law through which a company can be charged for not having proper governance controls in place to prevent illegal actions by employees.  Specifically, Bank of America's accountability is held to its inability to prevent three former employees from market rigging.

July 27 - A U.S. Federal bankruptcy judge in New York dismisses claims by foreign investors that the bank knew the Italian company was in financial dire straits and profited from that information.  This decision effectively limits the lawsuits to Parmalat investors who reside in the United States.  This verdict also is extensible to Citigroup Inc., Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu and Grant Thornton.  The $10B suit brought by former Parmalat CEO Enrico Bondi is still being disputed at this time.

August 2007

August 10 - U.S. District Judge Lewis Kaplan in New York dismisses suits against Bank of America, Credit Suisse, and Grant Thornton brought by two U.S. subsidiaries of Parmalat, Parmalat USA Corp and Farmland Dairies.  This extends the former ruling against Parmalat to include its domestic subsidiaries.

August 12 - U.S. District Judge Lewis Kaplan subsequently dismisses the lawsuit brought against Bank of America by Parmalat investors.  Kaplan stated that a Supreme Court ruling earlier in the year "made plain that investors must show reliance upon a defendant’s own deceptive conduct before that defendant, otherwise a secondary actor, may be found primarily liable" and the suit failed to meet that standard.

2009

January 2009

January 13 - Bank of America is acquitted in an Italian court of all charges drawn from activities prior to April 2002.  There was not a law prior to this time which dictated the administrative responsibilities of a corporation. Charging Bank of America for actions (or lack thereof) prior to enactment of the law would thus be a case of ex post facto.

July 2009

July 28 - Bank of America agrees to pay $100M to settle the original $10B lawsuit brought by Parmalat, its subsidiaries, and its investors.  The settlement contains both a cash and non-cash component.  Bank of America admitted no wrongdoing in settling the case.

October 2009

October 2 - Bank of America provides settlement payment to Parmalat in the amount of US$98.5M.

References

Bankruptcy
Category:Bankruptcy
Category:Corporate crime
Category:Corporate scandals


Eleutherodactylus ventrilineatus

Eleutherodactylus ventrilineatus is a species of frog in the Eleutherodactylidae family. It is endemic to Haiti and only known from the Pic Macaya and Pic Formon (Massif de la Hotte) at elevations of  asl. Its natural habitats are open areas in montane closed pine and cloud forests. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging and agriculture. It is known from the Pic Macaya National Park, but habitat degradation is occurring in the park too.

References

ventrilineatus
Category:Amphibians described in 1936
Category:Endemic fauna of Haiti
Category:Amphibians of Haiti
Category:Taxa named by Benjamin Shreve
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Ptolemy VI Philometor

Ptolemy VI Philometor (, Ptolemaĩos Philomḗtōr "Ptolemy, lover of his Mother"; May/June 186–145 BC) was a king of Egypt from the Ptolemaic period. He reigned from 180 to 164 BC and from 163 to 145 BC. The eldest son of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Cleopatra I of Egypt, he came to the throne as a very young child in 180 BC and the kingdom was governed by regents: his mother until her death in 178 or 177 BC and then two of her associates, Eulaeus and Lenaeus until 169 BC. From 170 BC, his sister-wife Cleopatra II and his younger brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes were co-rulers alongside him.

Ptolemy VI's reign was characterised by external conflict with the Seleucid empire over Syria and by internal conflict with his younger brother for control of the Ptolemaic monarchy. In the Sixth Syrian War (170-168 BC), the Ptolemaic forces were utterly defeated and Egypt was twice invaded by Seleucid armies. His attempts to negotiate an end to this conflict exacerbated the conflict with his brother. Though he managed to collaborate with his brother for long enough to secure peace and re-establish order within Egypt, Ptolemy VIII succeeded in expelling Ptolemy VI from Egypt in 164 BC.

The people of Alexandria turned against Ptolemy VIII and invited Ptolemy VI back to the throne in 163 BC. In this second reign he was much more successful in both conflicts. He banished his brother to Cyrenaica and repeatedly prevented him from using that as a springboard to taking Cyprus, despite substantial Roman intervention in his brother's favour. By supporting a series of rival claimants for the Seleucid throne, Ptolemy VI helped instigate a civil war in the Seleucid realm, which would continue for generations and eventually consume the Seleucid dynasty. In 145 BC, Ptolemy invaded Seleucid Syria and won a total victory at the Battle of the Oenoparus, which left him in charge of both the Seleucid and Ptolemaic realms. However, injuries that he sustained in the battle led to his death three days later. The gains from the war were almost immediately lost and his brother Ptolemy VIII returned to power.

Background and early life
Ptolemy was the eldest son of Ptolemy V Epiphanes, who reigned from 204-180 BC. Ptolemy V's reign had been dominated by the Fifth Syrian War (204-198 BC), in which the Ptolemaic realm fought against the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who ruled the Near East and Asia Minor. In that war, Antiochus III had completely defeated the Ptolemaic forces, had annexed Coele-Syria and Judaea to his empire, and reduced Egypt to a subordinate position.

The new situation was solidified with a peace treaty, under which Ptolemy V married Antiochus' daughter Cleopatra I in 194 BC.  Ptolemy VI was the eldest son of the couple, born in 186 BC, probably in May or June. Ptolemy VI had two siblings: a sister, Cleopatra II, who was probably born between 186 and 184 BC, and a younger brother, the future Ptolemy VIII. His father advertised his position as heir within Egypt and to the wider world,  for example by entering a chariot team under his name in the Panathenaic Games of 182 BC.

The defeat in the Fifth Syrian War cast a shadow over the rest of Ptolemy V's reign. One prominent faction within the Ptolemaic court agitated for a return to war in order to restore Egyptian prestige, while another faction resisted the expense involved in rebuilding and remilitarising the realm.  Ptolemy V died unexpectedly in September 180 BC, at the age of only 30. It is possible that he was murdered as a result of this factional infighting - a late source claims that he had been poisoned.

First reign (180-164 BC)

Regencies
Ptolemy VI, who was only six years old, was immediately crowned king, with his mother Cleopatra I as co-regent. In documents from this period, Cleopatra is named before Ptolemy and coins were minted under the joint authority of her and her son. In the face of continued agitation for war with the Seleucids, Cleopatra pursued a peaceful policy, because of her own Seleucid roots and because a war would have threatened her hold on power. Cleopatra probably died in late 178 or early 177 BC, though some scholars place her death in late 176 BC.

Ptolemy was still too young to rule on his own. On her deathbed, Cleopatra appointed Eulaeus and Lenaeus, two of her close associates as regents.  Eulaeus, a eunuch, who had been the Ptolemy's tutor, was the more senior of the two, even minting coinage in his own name. Lenaeus was a Syrian slave who had probably come to Egypt as part of Cleopatra's retinue when she got married. He seems to have been specifically in charge of managing the kingdom's finances.

Eulaeus and Lenaeus sought to reinforce their authority by augmenting the dignity of Ptolemy. In early 175 BC, they arranged the wedding of Ptolemy VI to his sister Cleopatra II. Brother-sister marriage was traditional in the Ptolemaic dynasty and was probably adopted in imitation of earlier Egyptian Pharaohs. Ptolemy and Cleopatra were still young children, so the marriage was not consummated for many years; they would eventually have at least four children together. At this time, the couple were incorporated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult as the Theoi Philometores ('the Mother-loving Gods'), named in honour of the deceased Cleopatra I. In Egyptian religious contexts, the title recalled the relationship of the Pharaoh as Horus to his mother Isis.

Sixth Syrian War (170 BC-168 BC)

The Seleucid king Seleucus IV, who had followed a generally peaceful policy, was murdered in 175 BC and after two months of conflict his brother Antiochus IV Epiphanes secured the throne. The unsettled situation empowered the warhawks in the Ptolemaic court, and Eulaeus and Lenaeus were unable or unwilling to resist them, with Cleopatra I no longer alive. By 172 BC, preparations for war were underway. From 171 BC, both Rome and Macedon were occupied with the Third Macedonian War and the Egyptian government considered the moment for war had come.

In October 170 BC, Ptolemy VIII was promoted to the status of co-regent alongside his brother and sister. The current year was declared the first year of a new era. John Grainger argues that the two brothers had become the figureheads for separate factions at court and that these ceremonies were intended to promote unity within the court in the run-up to war. Shortly afterwards, Ptolemy VI who was now around sixteen was declared an adult and celebrated his coming-of-age ceremony (the anakleteria). Although Ptolemy VI was now ostensibly ruling in his own right, in practice Eulaeus and Lenaeus remained in charge of the government.

The Sixth Syrian War broke out shortly after this, probably in early 169 BC. The Ptolemaic army set out from the border fort of Pelusium to invade Palestine but was intercepted by Antiochus IV's army in the Sinai. The defeated army withdrew to the Nile Delta. Antiochus seized Pelusium and then moved on the Delta.

This defeat led to the collapse of the Ptolemaic government in Alexandria. Eulaeus attempted to send Ptolemy VI to the Aegean island of Samothrace with the Ptolemaic treasury. Before this could happen, however, two prominent Ptolemaic generals, Comanus and Cineas, launched a military coup and took control of Ptolemy's government. As Antiochus advanced on Alexandria, Ptolemy VI went out to meet him. They negotiated an agreement of friendship, which in effect reduced Ptolemy to a Seleucid client. When news of the agreement reached Alexandria, the people of the city rioted. Comanus and Cineas rejected the agreement, rejected Ptolemy VI's authority and declared Ptolemy VIII the sole king (Cleopatra II's position remained unchanged).  Antiochus responded by placing Alexandria under siege, but he was unable to take the city and withdrew from Egypt in September 169 BC, as winter approached, leaving Ptolemy VI as his puppet king in Memphis and retaining a garrison in Pelusium.

Within two months, Ptolemy VI had reconciled with Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II and returned to Alexandria. The restored government repudiated the agreement that Ptolemy VI had made with Antiochus and began to recruit new troops from Greece. In response, in spring 168 BC, Antiochus invaded Egypt for a second time. Officially, this invasion was presented as an effort to restore Ptolemy VI's position against his younger brother. Antiochus quickly occupied Memphis where he was crowned king of Egypt, and advanced on Alexandria. However, the Ptolemies had appealed to Rome for help over the winter and a Roman embassy led by Gaius Popillius Laenas confronted Antiochus at the town of Eleusis and forced him to agree to a settlement, bringing the war to an end.

Rebellions and expulsion (168-164 BC)
Initially, the joint rule of the two brothers and Cleopatra II, which had been established during the war, continued. However, the complete failure of the Egyptian forces in the Sixth Syrian War left the Ptolemaic monarchy's prestige seriously diminished and caused a permanent rift between Ptolemy VI and Ptolemy VIII.

In 165 BC, Dionysius Petosarapis, a prominent courtier who appears to have been of native Egyptian origin, attempted to take advantage of their conflict in order to take control of the government. He announced to the people of Alexandria that Ptolemy VI had tried to get him to assassinate his younger brother and tried to whip up a mob to expel him. Ptolemy VI managed to convince Ptolemy VIII that the charges were untrue and the two brothers appeared publicly together in the stadium, defusing the crisis. Dionysius fled the city and convinced some military contingents to mutiny. Heavy fighting took place in the Fayyum over the next year. Apparently completely separately, another rebellion broke out simultaneously in the Thebaid - the latest in a series of rebellions that had tempted to overthrow the Ptolemies and re-establish native Egyptian rule. Ptolemy VI successfully suppressed the rebellion after a bitter siege at Panopolis.

Owing to the preceding years of conflict, many farms had been abandoned, threatening the government's agricultural revenue. In autumn 165 BC, the Ptolemies issued a royal decree On Agriculture to deal with this problem. This decree attempted to force land back into cultivation but was very unpopular and prompted widespread protests. A new branch of government, the Idios Logos (Special Account) was established to manage estates that had become royal property as a result of confiscation or abandonment.

Late in 164 BC, probably not long after Ptolemy VI had returned from the south, Ptolemy VIII, who was now about twenty years old, somehow expelled Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II from power - the exact course of events is not known. Ptolemy VI fled to Rome for help, travelling with only a eunuch and three servants. In Rome, he seems to have received nothing. From there he moved on to Cyprus, which remained under his control.

Second reign (163-145 BC)
In summer 163 BC, the people of Alexandria rioted against Ptolemy VIII, expelling him in turn and recalling Ptolemy VI. Ptolemy VI decided to come to an agreement with his younger brother and granted him control of Cyrenaica. This may have been done at the instigation of a pair of Roman agents present in Alexandria at the time. Egypt fell under the joint rule of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, who ruled as an equal pair and were mentioned together in all official documents. This system of co-rule would be the norm for most of the rest of the Ptolemaic dynasty. The co-rule was inaugurated by an amnesty decree and a royal visit to Memphis to celebrate the Egyptian new year festival.

Conflicts with Ptolemy VIII and the Seleucids

Ptolemy VIII was not satisfied with Cyrenaica and went to Rome in late 163 or early 162 BC to request help. The Senate agreed that the division was unfair, declaring that Ptolemy VIII ought to receive Cyprus as well. Titus Manlius Torquatus and Gnaeus Cornelius Merula were sent as envoys to force Ptolemy VI to concede this, but he procrastinated and obfuscated. On their return to Rome at the end of 162 BC, they convinced the Roman Senate to abandon their alliance with Ptolemy VI and to grant Ptolemy VIII permission to use force to take control of Cyprus. The Senate offered him no actual support in this endeavour and Cyprus remained in Ptolemy VI's hands.

In 162 BC, Ptolemy VI was also involved in a scheme to destabilise the Seleucid kingdom. His agents in Rome helped a Seleucid prince, Demetrius I Soter, escape from captivity and return to Syria to seize control of the Seleucid empire from the under-age king Antiochus V Eupator. Once Demetrius was in power, however, their interests began to diverge and the prospect of war between the two kingdoms returned. In 158 or 154 BC, Ptolemy VI's governor of Cyprus, Archias, attempted to sell the island to Demetrius for 500 talents, but he was caught and hanged himself before this plot came to fruition.

In 154 BC, after surviving an assassination attempt which he blamed on his brother, Ptolemy VIII again appealed for assistance against his brother to the Roman Senate which agreed to send a second embassy, led by Gnaeus Cornelius Merula and Lucius Minucius Thermus, equipped with troops, in order to enforce the transfer of Cyprus to his control. In response, Ptolemy VI besieged his younger brother at Lapethus and captured him, with the help of the Cretan League. He persuaded Ptolemy VIII to withdraw from Cyprus, in exchange for continued possession of Cyrenaica, an annual payment of grain, and a promise of marriage to one of his infant daughters (probably Cleopatra Thea) once she came of age.

As a result of the conflict with his brother, Ptolemy VI made particular efforts to advance his eldest son Ptolemy Eupator as heir. The young prince was made priest of Alexander and the royal cult in 158 BC, when he was only eight years old. At age fourteen, in spring 152 BC, Ptolemy Eupator was promoted to full co-regent alongside his parents, but he died in autumn of the same year. This left the succession very uncertain, since Ptolemy's remaining son was very young. He began advancing his daughter, Cleopatra III, formerly deifying her in 146 BC.

Intervention in Syria (152-145 BC)

A new claimant to the Seleucid throne, Alexander I Balas, appeared in 153 BC. John Grainger proposes that Ptolemy VI provided Alexander with financial backing, naval transport, and secured Ptolemais Akko as a landing base for him. He argues that Alexander's chancellor Ammonius should be seen as a Ptolemaic agent. There is however no explicit evidence for this, and Boris Chrubasik presents Alexander's initial successes as accomplished without any Ptolemaic involvement, and challenges the identification of Ammonius as an Egyptian in particular. At any rate, an agreement between the kings was sealed in 150 BC, when Ptolemy VI married his teenage daughter Cleopatra Thea to Alexander in a ceremony at Ptolemais Akko.

By May 146 BC, however, Ptolemy was gathering troops and in 145 BC Ptolemy VI invaded Syria while Alexander was putting down a rebellion in Cilicia. Ptolemy passed through Judaea from Alexander's vassal Jonathan Maccabee. Ostensibly, Ptolemy acted in support of Alexander against the latest claimant of the Seleucid throne, Demetrius II. In practice, Ptolemy's intervention came at a heavy cost; he took control of all the Seleucid cities along the coast, including Seleucia Pieria. He may also have started minting his own coinage in the Syrian cities.

While he was at Ptolemais Akko, however, Ptolemy switched sides. According to Josephus, Ptolemy discovered that Alexander's chancellor, Ammonius, had been plotting to assassinate him, but when he demanded that Ammonius be punished, Alexander refused. Ptolemy remarried his daughter to Demetrius II and continued his march northward. The commanders of Antioch, Diodotus and Hierax, surrendered the city to Ptolemy and crowned him king of Asia. For a short period, documents referred to him as King of Egypt and Asia. However, fearing that a unification of the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms would lead to Roman intervention, Ptolemy decided to abandon the title. Instead, he limited himself to annexing Coele Syria and pledged to serve as a "tutor in goodness and guide" to Demetrius II.

Alexander returned from Cilicia with his army, but Ptolemy VI and Demetrius II defeated his forces at the Oenoparas river. Alexander then fled to Arabia, where he was killed. His decapitated head was brought to Ptolemy. For the first time since the death of Alexander the Great, Egypt and Syria were united. However, Ptolemy had been wounded in the battle and he died three days later. By late 145, Demetrius II had expelled all Ptolemaic troops from Syria and reasserted Seleucid control by leading his own forces all the way down to the Egyptian border. Ptolemy VI seems to have intended for his seven-year-old son, also called Ptolemy, to succeed him, but instead the Alexandrians decided to invite Ptolemy VIII to assume the throne.

Regime

Pharaonic ideology and Egyptian religion

Like his predecessors, Ptolemy VI fully embraced his role as Egyptian Pharaoh and maintained a mutually beneficial relationship with the traditional Egyptian priesthood. In particular, he maintained close ties with the worship of Ptah and Apis at Memphis. Ptolemy and Cleopatra seem to have visited Memphis and stayed in the Serapeum there for the Egyptian New Year festival every year. During these visits, Ptolemy personally made the ritual temple offerings expected of the Pharaoh.

In summer 161 BC, Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II gathered a synod of all the priests of Egypt in order to pass a decree granting tax relief and other benefactions to the priests in exchange for cultic honours in Egyptian temples - part of a series of decrees that had been issued under each of his predecessors, going back to Ptolemy III. The decree survives only on one fragmentary stele known as CG 22184. Other inscriptions record specific benefactions made at various points during the reign. In September 157 BC, Ptolemy affirmed the grant of all the tax revenue from the Dodecaschoenus region to the Temple of Isis at Philae, first made by his predecessor. The grant is recorded in the Dodecaschoenus decree. Around 145 BC, he granted the tribute from a Nubian leader to the priests of Mandulis at Philae.

Relations with the Jews
The Jewish historian Josephus emphasises Ptolemy VI's personal interest in the Jews and their well being. There had been a Jewish community in Egypt since at least the fifth century BC and it had grown significantly since the establishment of Ptolemaic control over Jerusalem in 311 BC. By Ptolemy VI's reign, Jews had long been incorporated into the Ptolemaic army, and they enjoyed various privileges comparable to those possessed by Greeks and Macedonians in Egyp.  A large group of new Jewish immigrants arrived in Egypt in the 160s BC, fleeing civil conflict with the Maccabees. This group was led by Onias IV, son of a former high priest who had been deposed by the Seleucids. Ptolemy VI permitted them to settle at Leontopolis, which became known as the Land of Onias, and to establish a temple with Onias as High Priest. The place is still known as Tell al-Jahudija (Hill of the Jews) today. Onias was also granted an important military position and his family became prominent members of the royal court. In Alexandria the Jews had their own quarter of the city with its own politeuma - a kind of self-governing community within the city, led by their own ethnarch. It is likely that this politeuma was established under Ptolemy VI.

Relations with Nubia

Until the reign of Ptolemy IV, the Ptolemies had controlled the region south of Aswan to the second cataract, which was known as the Triacontaschoenus or Lower Nubia and included rich gold mines. Throughout the 160s and 150s BC, Ptolemy VI reasserted Ptolemaic control over the northern part of Nubia. This achievement is heavily advertised at the Temple of Isis at Philae, which was granted the tax revenues of the Dodecaschoenus region in 157 BC. Decorations on the first pylon of the Temple of Isis at Philae emphasise the Ptolemaic claim to rule the whole of Nubia. The aforementioned inscription regarding the priests of Mandulis shows that some Nubian leaders at least were paying tribute to the Ptolemaic treasury in this period. In order to secure the region, the strategos of Upper Egypt, Boethus, founded two new cities, named Philometris and Cleopatra in honour of the royal couple.

Marriage and issue
Ptolemy VI Philometor married his sister Cleopatra II in 173 BC, and they had the following issue:

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Ptolemy Philometor at LacusCurtius — (Chapter IX of E. R. Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923)
 Ptolemy VI — (Egyptian Royal Genealogy)
 Ptolemy VI Philometor entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

Category:2nd-century BC Pharaohs
Category:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty
Category:Monarchs killed in action
Category:Ancient child rulers
Category:2nd-century BC rulers
Category:2nd-century BC Egyptian people
Category:180s BC births
Category:145 BC deaths


Beaver Creek (Tinicum Creek)

Beaver Creek (Lenape name - Amochkhanne, Amoch=beaver, khanne=creek) is a tributary of Tinicum Creek in Bridgeton, Nockamixon, and Tinicum Townships in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The creek is part of the Delaware River watershed.

Statistics
Beaver Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on 2 August 1979 as identification number 1169002, its identification number in the PA Gazetteer of Streams is 3241.

Course
Beaver Creek rises in Bridgeton Township near Lonely Cottage Road at an elevation of approximately  and runs generally southwest for  until it meets its confluence at Tinicum Creek's 6.41 river mile at an elevation of . During its course it receives three tributaries from the left and three from the right. The average slope is 85.3 feet per mile (15.37 meters per kilometer).

Geology
Appalachian Highlands Division
Piedmont Province
Gettysburg-Newark Lowland Section
Diabase

Beaver Creek's course is located in a region of diabase rock which intruded into the local sedimentary layers of the Brunswick and Lockatong Formations during the Jurassic and the Triassic, then the remaining course flows over the Brunswick Formation. Diabase is a dark gray to black, fine grained and very dense, consisting of primarily labradorite and augite.

Crossings and Bridges

See also
List of rivers of the United States
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
List of Delaware River tributaries

References

Category:Rivers of Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania


William Usery Jr.

William Julian Usery Jr. ( ; December 21, 1923 – December 10, 2016) was a labor union activist and U.S. government political appointee who served as United States Secretary of Labor in the Ford administration.

Although Willie was his birth name, official sources often mistakenly called him "William." For much of his life, Usery was known as "W.J.," although most associates called him "Bill."

Early life and military service
Usery was born on December 21, 1923 in Hardwick, Georgia, the son of Willie J. Usery, Sr. and Effie Mae Williamson (later Phillips). He attended Georgia Military College from 1938 to 1941. From 1941 to 1942, he worked as an underwater welder for the J. A. Jones Construction Company in Brunswick, Georgia building Liberty ships. Usery married Gussie Mae Smith in 1942.

With the need for naval welders growing dramatically during World War II, Usery enlisted in the United States Navy.  From 1943 to 1946, Usery worked on a U.S. Navy repair ship in the Pacific.

Following World War II, Usery worked as a steamfitter, welder, and machinist in Georgia. He attended Mercer University, but did not graduate.

Union career
On March 1, 1952, while working as a machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Usery helped co-found Local Lodge 8 (now Local Lodge 918) of the International Association of Machinists (IAM), AFL-CIO. Over the years, he was elected to a series of offices within Local Lodge 8, eventually becoming president of the local union.

While working at Armstrong Cork, Usery served as the IAM's special representative at the U.S. Air Force Cape Canaveral Air Force Missile Test Center (AFMTC).

In 1956, Usery retired from his job at Armstrong Cork after being elected a Grand Lodge Representative for the IAM. In this capacity, in 1961 Usery became the union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission. Usery was responsible for leading labor negotiations and helping to administer and service union contracts at Cape Canaveral AFMTC, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Marshall Space Flight Center Manned Spacecraft Center. In 1967, Usery was designated by IAM to a labor-management council at Kennedy Space Center. He became the council's chair in 1968.

Federal career

Tenure as Assistant Secretary of Labor
In February 1969, President Richard Nixon nominated Usery to be Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations in the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). Usery oversaw the implementation and enforcement of the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act.

Usery helped write and implement Executive Order 11491 (October 29, 1969, which gave union organizing rights to two million federal government workers and established collective bargaining, grievance and dispute resolution procedures. The executive order had been long-sought by the American labor movement, and brought federal collective bargaining practices in line with those already in use in private industry.

During his tenure at DOL, Usery was instrumental in averting several large strikes. In April 1969, Usery helped avert a nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen through round-the-clock, non-stop negotiations. He helped resolve collective bargaining disputes between the railways and the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks and the United Transportation Union.

Other strikes could not be avoided. Usery was part of a DOL team which was unable to avoid a national postal service strike. The illegal strike by more than 210,000 United States Postal Service workers began on March 18, 1970, in New York City. Nixon appeared on national television and ordered the employees back to work, but his address only stiffened the resolve of the existing strikers and angered workers in other 671 locations in other cities into walking out as well. Workers in other government agencies also announced they would strike as well if Nixon pursued legal action against the postal employees. The strike crippled the nation's mail system, disrupting delivery of pension and welfare checks, tax refunds, census forms, and draft notices. Businesses hired planes and trucks to deliver publications or letters. Nixon spoke to the nation again on March 25 and ordered a 24,000 Army, Army National Guard, Army Reserve, Air National Guard, Navy Reserve, Air Force Reserve, and Marine Corps Reserve forces to begin distributing the mail. But the military proved ineffective at distributing the mail.

Negotiations, in which Usery played a key role, resolved the postal strike in just two weeks. Postal unions, Nixon administration officials and Congressional aides not only negotiated a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted, but which also established a legislative framework which led to the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970. Under the act, postal unions won the right to negotiate on wages, benefits and working conditions. On July 1, 1971, five federal postal unions merged to form the American Postal Workers Union, the largest postal workers union in the world.

Although influential in the Nixon administration, Usery was unable to persuade the president to refrain from temporarily suspending the Davis-Bacon Act in 1971. The act set wages for construction workers on projects receiving federal funds. But the Vietnam War was putting significant inflationary pressure on construction wages. Although Nixon suspended Davis-Bacon, Usery and others soon convinced Nixon to reinstate Davis-Bacon enforcement and establish a separate body to review union contracts. Within a year, the new committee had identified a number of wage increases it had deemed extravagant, and won renegotiation of the agreements. Soon, wage increases on Davis-Bacon projects dropped from 14 percent to 6 percent.

FMCS tenure
In March 1973, Nixon appointed Usery to be director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS), a federal agency which offered arbitration and mediation services to employers and labor unions.

On October 17, 1973, the AFL-CIO executive council unanimously asked Usery to become director of the federation's Department of Organization and Field Services. Usery accepted the offer. But when Usery told Nixon about his decision, Nixon asked Usery to reconsider. Usery subsequently declined the AFL-CIO's offer.

In part to reward Usery for his loyalty and as a sign of respect for Usery's mediation and negotiation skills, Nixon appointed Usery to be Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs in January 1974. In this capacity, Usery advised the president on labor-management relations in the federal government and private sector, and became the presidential point-man in labor disputes which might have a significant impact on the national economy. The appointment lapsed after Nixon's resignation in August, but Gerald Ford re-appointed him to the position in January 1975.  He continued as director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service until appointed by Ford to be Secretary of Labor in February 1976.

Secretary of Labor
On February 10, 1976, President Gerald Ford nominated Usery to be United States Secretary of Labor.

Usery's tenure as Secretary of Labor, however, was limited. Ford lost the presidential election in November 1976.  Incoming president Jimmy Carter declined to keep Usery on at DOL, preferring to install F. Ray Marshall instead.  Usery's tenure as Secretary of Labor ended on January 20, 1977.

Later career
After leaving public service, Usery founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc., a labor relations consulting firm.

In 1983, Usery Associates was involved in automobile manufacturing industry negotiations between the United Auto Workers (UAW), General Motors (GM) and Toyota Motor. Usery assisted the UAW, GM and Toyota in crafting a contract which established a new, jointly-owned and -operated corporation, the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI).  NUMMI implemented Toyota's "lean" production system in the U.S., but utilized a closed plant owned by GM. The UAW agreed to support the joint venture if NUMMI agreed to recognize the union at the NUMMI plant in Fremont, California. The UAW's support was crucial in winning an anti-trust exemption from the Federal Trade Commission. Usery was able to get GM, Toyota and the UAW to agree to a first-of-its-kind labor-management partnership: The UAW agreed to Toyota's production methods and Toyota agreed to make the UAW an equal partner in managing the plant's productivity and quality control procedures. The NUMMI collective bargaining agreement was signed in June 1985. The labor-management partnership has won a number of labor-management, productivity, quality and good corporate citizenship awards.

Also in 1983, Usery mediated an education workers' strike in Chicago which involved 38,000 teachers and paraprofessionals.

In 1985, Usery founded and financed the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation. The foundation assists and advises democratic unions and employers in Russia on how to improve and professionalize labor-management relations.

In addition to his consulting work, Usery served on several federal labor-management commissions. One of these was the "Coal Commission." In the 1980s, the United Mine Workers (UMWA) and coal mining companies began to dispute who was responsible for paying medical benefits to retired miners. The issue came to a head in 1989. The Pittston Coal Company (now part of The Brink's Company) refused to make its monetary contribution to the mineworkers' retiree medical benefits fund. UMWA struck the company. Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole asked Usery to mediate the dispute. Usery won both parties' agreement to form an Advisory Commission on United Mine Workers of America Retiree Health Benefits (the "Coal Commission"). The investigative body, which included Usery as co-commissioner, made regulatory and legislative recommendations to resolve the retiree health benefit issue. The Coal Commission's recommendations were enacted in the Coal Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-486). The Coal Act of 1992 created a Combined Benefits Fund (CBF) to provide health benefits by merging coal company retiree health programs, levying additional premiums on coal companies and working miners, and providing that unneeded accumulated interest in the CBF be used to provide health care for retirees whose employers no longer exist.

From 1993 to 1995, Usery also served the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (the "Dunlop Commission").

In 1994, President Bill Clinton appointed Usery to mediate a major league baseball strike.

In 1997, Georgia State University established the W.J. Usery Jr. Center for the Workplace. The center provides for the study of cooperative labor-management relations and serves as a resource for employers and workers seeking assistance in resolving disputes. In 2000, Usery began devoting most of his time to the work of the center. The W.J. Usery Jr. Center for the Workplace closed in early 2010. He died on December 10, 2016, eleven days away from his 93rd birthday.

Memberships and awards
In May 1975, he received an honorary doctorate in social science from the University of Louisville.

Usery is a member of the Labor and Employment Relations Association. In 1999, he received LERA's Lifetime Achievement Award.

In 2004, the board of regents of Georgia State University approved the establishment of the W.J. Usery Jr. Chair of the American Workplace at Georgia State University.

In 2010, a new building on the Georgia Military College campus in Milledgeville, Georgia was named "Usery Hall" after a generous donation made to the school to help fund the project. The $22 million school building serves as an educational hall to the middle school and high school cadets.

Notes

References
W. J. Usery Jr. biography and timeline, Southern Labor Archives, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library
"APWU History," American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO. Accessed December 5, 2006.
Bell, William Gardner, ed. "II. Civil Disturbance and Emergency Operations." In Department of the Army Historical Summary: FY 1970. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1973.
"Chapter 7: Nixon and Ford Administrations, 1969-1977," Brief History of DOL, U.S. Dept. of Labor. Accessed December 5, 2006.
"The Coal Act." A Brief History of UMWA Health and Retirement Funds. United Mine Workers of America. Accessed December 5, 2006.
"Mediator Set to Join Chicago School Talks." New York Times. October 23, 1983.
"The Strike That Stunned the Country." Time. March 30, 1970.
"What We're About - Culture," New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. Accessed December 5, 2006.

External links
U.S. Department of Labor Biography
New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.
Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations, U.S. Dept. of Labor
Georgia biography of William Usery Jr.
W.J. Usery, Jr. Papers from the Digital Library of Georgia

Category:1923 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:American naval personnel of World War II
Category:Directors of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (USA)
Category:Ford administration cabinet members
Category:International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers people
Category:Mercer University alumni
Category:Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:People from Baldwin County, Georgia
Category:United States Secretaries of Labor
Category:United States Navy sailors
Category:American military personnel who served in the Pacific theatre of World War II


Professor (disambiguation)

A professor is a senior teacher, lecturer and researcher, usually in a college or university.

Professor may also refer to:

Entertainment

Fictional characters
 List of fictional professors
 "Professor" Irwin Corey, a comedy persona
 "Professor" Stanley Unwin, an English comedian
 The Professor (Gilligan's Island), one of the seven castaway characters in the 1960s TV series Gilligan's Island
 The Professor, a McDonaldland mad scientist character introduced in 1971
 The Professor, a nickname for the Seventh Doctor as given by his companion Ace in the TV series Doctor Who
 Professor, an anthropomorphic mole character from the video game Spyro (series)
 Professor, an inventor character from Ape Escape video game series
 Professor, journeys with Writer and Stalker to the center of the Zone in the 1979 Soviet film "Stalker" (film)

Literature
 The Professor (novel), first novel written by Charlotte Brontë, published posthumously in 1857
 The Professor, a 1938 novel by Rex Warner

Film & Television
 The Professor (1919 film), an uncompleted silent comedy by Charlie Chaplin
 The Professor (2018 film), an American comedy-drama film
 Professor (1962 film), a 1962 Hindi musical starring Shammi Kapoor
 Professor (1972 film), a 1972 Malayalam-language film
 The Professor, alternate title of La prima notte di quiete, a 1972 French-Italian film by director Valerio Zurlini
 The Professor, English title of Il camorrista, a 1986 Italian film based on the life of crime boss Raffaele Cutolo (see also People, below)
 "The Professor", a first season episode of My Name Is Earl

Performance
 Professor, the puppeteer of Punch and Judy shows
 Prof (rapper), stage name of a Minneapolis-based rapper

People
 The Professor, nickname of Mohammad Hafeez (born 1980), a Pakistani cricketer.
 The Professor, nickname of Dai Vernon (1894–1992), sleight of hand magician
 The Professor, or "Ordinaryüs", nickname of Lefter Küçükandonyadis (1925–2012), Turkish footballer
 The Professor, or "Il professore", nickname of Raffaele Cutolo (born 1941), Italian crime boss
 The Professor, nickname of Roy Bittan (born 1949), keyboardist in Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band
 The Professor, nickname of Neil Peart (1952-2020), drummer of Canadian rock band Rush
 The Professor, nickname of Alain Prost (born 1955), four-time Formula One world champion
 The Professor, nickname of Howard Lederer (born 1964), professional poker player
 The Professor, nickname of Grayson Boucher (born 1984), an American street basketball player
 The Professor, nickname of Igor Larionov (born 1960), Russian ice hockey player
 The Professor, nickname of Mike Tenay (born 1954), professional wrestling play-by-play announcer for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)
 The Professor, nickname of Greg Maddux (born 1966), American baseball pitcher
 Professor Longhair, New Orleans pianist
 Professor Griff, member of the rap group Public Enemy
 The Old Professor, nickname of Casey Stengel, American baseball player and manager


Texan schooner Zavala

The Texan steamship Zavala was a Texas Navy ship in Texas' second Navy after the Texas Revolution. She was the first steamship-of-war in the Texas Navy.

Background of the Texas Navy
The Texas Navy was officially formed in January 1836, with the purchase of four schooners: , , , and . These ships, under the command of Commodore Charles Hawkins, helped Texas win independence by preventing a Mexican blockade of the Texas coast, seizing Mexican ships carrying reinforcements and supplies to its army, and sending their cargoes to the Texas volunteer army. Nevertheless, Mexico refused to recognize Texas as an independent country. By the middle of 1837, all of the ships had been lost at sea, run aground, captured, or sold. With no ships to impede a possible invasion by Mexico, Texas was vulnerable to attack.

In 1838, President Mirabeau B. Lamar responded to this threat by forming a second Texas Navy. Unlike Sam Houston, Lamar was an ardent supporter of the Texas Navy and saw the urgent need for its continuation. The second Texas Navy was placed under the command of Commodore Edwin Ward Moore, an Alexandria Academy graduate who was recruited from the United States Navy. One of the ships of this second navy was the Zavala.

History of Zavala

Zavala was built in 1836 as a passenger steamship named the Charleston serving the Philadelphia-Charleston route. In 1838, when Lamar began rebuilding the Texan fleet, the navy purchased Charleston for $120,000 and renamed it Zavala in honor of Lorenzo de Zavala, the first vice president of the Republic of Texas.

On 10 May 1839, Zavala assisted in the refloating of the , which had run aground at Galveston. Captain A. C. Hinton was her first commander in the Texas Navy. Capt. John T. K. Lothrop took command of Zavala on 4 March 1840 and led her on her only campaign.  After the successful Texas revolt, other parts of Mexico had rebelled against the regime of Santa Anna, including the Yucatan peninsula. President Lamar was determined to assist the rebels in their struggle with Mexico City. So, on 24 June 1840, Zavala accompanied by Commodore Moore's flagship, the sloop-of-war Austin, and three armed schooners, slipped out of Galveston Bay and turned south across the Gulf to the Bay of Campeche near the Yucatan Peninsula.

During the cruise off the Yucatan, Zavala never engaged the enemy directly, but she proved invaluable in the only action that the flotilla saw. On 20 November 1840, the steamship towed Moore's flagship, Austin and the schooner San Bernard  up the San Juan Bautista River to Villahermosa, the seat of government control in the state of Tabasco.  The squadron had made a deal with federalist rebels to drive the centralistas out for $25,000, the first $10,000 to be paid up front.  The federalists agreed.  Soon the small flotilla pointed their guns at the city and then sent troops into the seemingly deserted capital. Commodore Moore encountered a man bearing a white flag on a tree branch, and when he ascertained that this was the mayor, the Texas commodore demanded $25,000 or he would level the town.  The mayor asked if silver would be acceptable, and upon receiving an affirmative reply, delivered the ransom.  The commodore set sail with his booty and used the money to repair and outfit his ships.

Return to Galveston and the end
Returning to her homeport in Galveston, Zavala encountered a terrible storm and ran out of coal, forcing the crew to burn anything they could put their hands on to avoid losing her in the storm.

Badly damaged, Zavala was laid up in Galveston harbor awaiting repairs, which due to the state of the Republic's finances were not forthcoming.  With the election of Sam Houston in 1841, the navy was no longer a priority and Zavala was allowed to deteriorate. In May 1842, she was in such poor condition that Zavala was eventually scuttled to prevent her sinking.

The wreck
Clive Cussler, founder of the National Underwater and Marine Agency, located the hull of Zavala (archaeological site 41GV95) beneath a parking lot in the former Bean's Wharf area of the harbor in 1986. In Clive Cussler's NUMA Files series of adventure novels, one of the main characters is named Jose 'Joe' Zavala afther the ship.

References

Further reading

Category:1836 ships
Category:Steamships of the United States
Category:Merchant ships of the United States
Category:Passenger ships of the United States
Category:Naval ships of the Republic of Texas
Category:Ships of the Texas Navy
Category:Steamships of the Republic of Texas
Category:Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico
Category:Steamships
Category:Maritime incidents in May 1842


Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority

Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority () is a Bangladesh government agency under the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, responsible for increasing renewable energy production in Bangladesh. It also acts as the regulatory agency for the sustainable energy industry. Md. Helal Uddin is the chairman of the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority.

History
In 2009, the Government of Bangladesh developed a Renewable Energy Policy which calls for renewable energy to be 10 percent of the total energy produced in Bangladesh. The government established the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority to support the Renewable Energy Policy through the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority Act in 2012. Bangladesh also joined the International Energy Agency after the agency was founded.

References

Category:2012 establishments in Bangladesh
Category:Organisations based in Dhaka
Category:Government agencies of Bangladesh