Spider (pulp fiction)

The Spider is an American pulp-magazine hero of the 1930s and 1940s.

Background

The Spider was created in 1933 by Harry Steeger at Popular Publications as direct competition to Street and Smith Publications' vigilante hero, the Shadow. Though similar, The Spider was millionaire playboy Richard Wentworth, who had served as a major in World War I, and was living in New York City unaffected by the financial deprivations of the Great Depression. The ninth pulp represents him as the last surviving member of a rich family.

Wentworth was easily identified as The Spider by his enemies in a number of earlier novels and was arrested by the police but quickly escaped. He adopted a disguise, Tito Caliepi, and associated aliases. The Spider's earliest costume consisted of a simple black domino mask, black hat, and cape. Later in the series, vampire-like makeup appeared, which was replaced with a face mask featuring grizzled hair and finally a hunchback. These were added to terrorize the criminal underworld, while The Spider dispensed his brand of violent vigilante justice. (Actor and comedian Harold Lloyd previously had used a similar mask, lank hair wig, and hunchback in the comedy film Dr. Jack (1922)). Utilizing his talent with a violin, Wentworth, posing as Caliepi, sometimes used begging as part of his disguise.

At other times, Wentworth also ventured into the underworld disguised as small-time hood Blinky McQuade in order to gain needed information. To Scotland Yard, Wentworth was known as Rupert Barton, who held a badge of Inspector for services rendered; by the fifth novel, he also held the rank of Lieutenant in the FBI.

Wentworth, according to the fifth story, was 5'11" tall, and had grey eyes and an old battle scar on his head that would flare up at times of great stress. He was an accomplished pianist and violinist, and he drove a Lancia. He could speak fluent Hindustani and so talk with Ram Singh in his own language, with little fear anyone else would understand what was being said. Page's Wentworth was also psychologically vulnerable and suffered "frequent bouts of fear, self-doubt, despair and paranoia".

The Spider stories often involved a bizarre menace to the country and a criminal conspiracy, and were often extremely violent, with the villains engaging in wanton slaughter of thousands as part of sometimes nationwide crime sprees: pulp magazine historian Ed Hulse notes that "Spider novel death tolls routinely ran into the thousands". The master criminal of the stories was usually unmasked only in the last few pages. The stories often ended with Wentworth killing the villains and stamping their corpses' foreheads with his "Spider" mark.

The first two novels were written by Reginald Thomas Maitland Scott, but they were deemed too slow-paced, so another author was brought in. Later stories were published under the house name of Grant Stockbridge. Most of the Spider novels were written by Norvell Page. Other authors of the series included Donald C. Cormack, Wayne Rogers, Emile C. Tepperman, and Prentice Winchell.

The cover artists for The Spider magazine were Walter M. Baumhofer for the debut issue, followed by John Newton Howitt and Rafael De Soto. The Spider was published monthly and ran for 118 issues from 1933 to 1943. A 119th Spider novel manuscript had been completed but was not published until decades later, then as a heavily rewritten mass-market paperback with retitled characters (see paperback novels section below).

The Spider sold well during the 1930s, and copies are still valued by modern pulp magazine collectors. Hulse has stated "Today, hero-pulp fans value The Spider more than any single-character magazine save The Shadow and Doc Savage."

Supporting characters
Nita Van Sloan, is Wentworth's longtime fiancée, who often aided him. Though they are as close as man and wife, they know they could never marry and have a family, as Wentworth believes he will eventually be unmasked or killed as The Spider, and his wife and family would then pay the price. In the issue #100 story, "Death and The Spider", Wentworth expected to die. Nita disguises herself as The Spider a few times, covering for Wentworth when he has been seriously injured.

Ram Singh, a Sikh (originally Hindu), is Wenthworth's fanatically loyal manservant; he is a deadly knife thrower and usually carries several knives with him, including the deadly kukri. Ram Singh never views his position as a servant as demeaning or negatively impacting his self-respect, feeling that he serves a man totally above other men. At times, he and Wentworth talk in Hindustani, which only they understand.

Sergeant Ronald Jackson, Wentworth's chauffeur, had served under Wentworth in World War I and often referred to him as "the Major". He was killed by "The Avenger" in The Pain Emperor story (Feb 1935). However he was revived in "The Reign of the Death Fiddler" (May 1, 1935) when it was revealed that though near death, Ram Singh had saved him and brought him back to full health again.

Harold Jenkyns is Wentworth's butler, an elderly man who has been in the Wentworth family's service for a long time.

Police Commissioner Stanley Kirkpatrick or simply "Kirk", is Wentworth's main ally/antagonist, who is sure Wentworth is The Spider but can never prove it. He has promised to arrest him, try him, and send him to the electric chair if he ever has proof.

Professor Ezra Brownlee, an inventor and Wentworth's old war colleague, features heavily in the early Spider novels; he is killed in Dragon Lord of the Underworld (July 1935). Brownlee's son makes some appearances afterward, taking over from his late father.

Enemies
Despite The Spider's tendency to kill his enemies, he encounters several foes more than once, such as The Fly and MUNRO, a master of disguise. Some storylines featuring a struggle against a single villain lasted for several consecutive issues, such as The Spider's four-part battle against The Living Pharaoh, and The Spider's three-part battle against The Master and his Black Police (reprinted decades later as The Spider vs The Empire State) . Other enemies he encountered had names like the costumed super-villains of comic books, such as Judge Torture, Red Feather, The Bloody Serpent, The Brain, The Emperor of Vermin, The Red Mandarin, The Silencer, and The Wreck.  The names of two Spider villains, The Bat Man and The Iron Man, were later adopted for DC and Marvel comic book superheroes.

The Spider's seal and weapons
One of The Spider's distinguishing features is his "calling card." Wentworth often leaves a red-ink "spider" image (like a drop of blood) on the foreheads of the criminals he kills, so others will not be blamed. In the sixth novel (1934), the Spider imprints his red sign on a gold ring so that any who need his help can use it by taking it to Kirkpatrick (where Wentworth will find out about it). During the same time period, in the same benign fashion, and perhaps inspired by The Spider's calling card, Lee Falk's long-running 1936 syndicated comic strip hero, The Phantom, left a distinct skull mark in the faces of those enemies he fought, made by the ring he wore. The Spider's seal, however, was concealed in the base of his platinum cigarette lighter and was invented by Professor Brownlee. The Spider also carried a thin silken line (his "web") which had a tensile strength of several hundred pounds.

Brownlee also invented the lethal and almost silent air pistol the Spider used for "quiet" kills. He acted as a sort of on-call weaponsmith for Wentworth, whom he looked upon as being close to a son. Wentworth also had a gun in one of his shoes in the early issues, which he used twice is issue 5.

Wentworth was also a master of disguise. In the small steel case of burglar tools he carried under his arm, he also had his make-up kit and (in the early novels) his Spider's eye mask.

In Timothy Truman's 1990s comic book adaptation, Brownlee created the "Web-Lee", a non-lethal stun pistol that fired projectiles which erupted into a spider web-like mass, inundated with microscopic barbs of frozen curare.

Like The Shadow, The Spider's usual weapons of choice were a pair of Browning .45 caliber M1911 automatic pistols; he was a crack shot and normally shot to kill. However, he would not shoot anyone in law enforcement, although they frequently were under orders to shoot to kill him on sight.

Master of Men
The Spider's by-name was "Master of Men", indicating that he had a voice commanding enough to get many people to do his bidding. Wentworth could also imitate other people's voices. When he imitated Kirkpatrick's voice, he could give orders to lesser policemen during a stakeout, even during one intended to capture The Spider, so he could himself escape. Wentworth was not above disguising himself as a cop to escape when surrounded by policemen.

Movie serials
Columbia Pictures produced two Spider movie serials, both 15-chapter cliffhangers starring Warren Hull as Richard Wentworth. The first, The Spider's Web (1938), was also the first film serial to be made from a popular pulp magazine series character. In this serial The Spider battles The Octopus and his henchmen who attempt to disrupt all commercial and passenger transportation systems, and later all U. S. industry; Spider pulp magazine novelist Norvell Page was one of the writers who worked on the serial's screenplay.

In the second serial, The Spider Returns (1941), The Spider battles the mysterious crime lord The Gargoyle and his henchmen, who threaten the world with acts of sabotage and wholesale murder in an effort to wreck the U. S. national defense.

Both serials feature a dramatic wardrobe enhancement to The Spider's magazine appearance: his black cape and head mask are over-printed with a white spider's web pattern and then matched with his usual plain black fedora. This striking addition gave the silver screen Spider an appearance more like that of a traditional superhero, like other pulp and comics heroes being adapted for the era's movie serials; it also made the serial Spider look less like the very popular Street and Smith pulp hero The Shadow, which had also been produced by Columbia Pictures.

Novel reprints

Many, if not all, of the original 118 Spider pulp magazine novels have been reprinted over the years in both mass-market paperback and trade paperback editions or some other form.

Berkley Books (then Berkley/Medallion) first reprinted the Spider in 1969 and 1970, intending to reprint all 118 novels in order, hoping to tap into the reprint phenomenon of the Doc Savage novels being published by Bantam Books. However, these first paperback reissues met with poor sales after only four volumes, and the planned series was canceled.

In the mid-1970s Pocket Books reprinted four Spider novels, featuring "modern" pulp cover artwork by Robert A. Maguire. In this series, The Spider is portrayed as a non-costumed, heavily armed muscular blond hero. These paperbacks also failed to find an audience, and the series was canceled. These four novels were re-edited and modernized, one of several reasons why they may have never caught on with their intended audience. In the reprint of Death and the Spider (originally published in 1940), Nita Van Sloan is shown driving a Jaguar E-type X-KE, a sports car not created until 1961, some 19 years later.

At roughly the same time in England, Mews Books/New American Library reprinted four Spider novels sporting new cover art, different in style and execution from those used by Pocket Books. This Spider mass market series also ended after only four titles.

An unusual Spider publishing event happened right "out of the blue" in 1979. Python Publishing published the never-before-seen last original Spider novel, Slaughter, Inc. (written by Donald G. Cormack), originally to have been published as The Spider issue #119. Python published it as a one-shot mass market paperback. For copyright reasons, all of the characters' names were changed, the story was retitled Blue Steel: The Ultimate Answer To Evil, and the author was listed as "Spider Page" (no doubt a sly reference to the novel's original author, Norvell Page). The Spider was recast as a character named Blue Steel. As with Pocket Books' Spider editions, this paperback sported a modernized pulp cover painting featuring a non-costumed, but heavily armed, blond hero (that cover appears to be an unused cover painting by artist George Gross, finished but never used for a Freeway Press reprint of another pulp magazine character, Operator No. 5). In 2012 Moonstone Books finally published the unpublished Spider novel Slaughter, Inc. in its original unedited form. The novel was again reprinted in 2018 by Altus Press as a facsimile edition, this time designed to look exactly like the The Spider #119 pulp would have looked in the 1940s.

In 1980 Dimedia, Inc. reprinted three Spider pulp novels in the larger trade paperback format. In 1984, they continued with three mass market Spider novel reprints, one in 1984 and two in 1985. These last three sported brand new cover paintings of the original costumed Spider by artists Ken Kelly (on volumes one and two) and Frank Kelly Freas (on volume three).

In the early 1990s Carroll & Graf Publishers issued a series of eight mass market Spider paperbacks, each one in a double-novel format. All used original The Spider pulp magazine artwork for their covers. These 16 novels became the longest-running Spider reprint series done for the mass market paperback book market. One cover was a newly done painting by Rafael DeSoto, the original artist.

After Carroll & Graf, several specialized small press pulp reprint houses tried a complete reprinting of The Spider series. Bold Venture Press published ten issues of The Spider (#'s 5,6,7,8,16,26,31 and 50). Wildside Press offered two The Spider reprints (#'s 78 and 92).

Girasol Collectibles has been the most dogged of them all. It has reissued the novels as both a series of single pulp novel facsimile editions as well as re-typeset stories in "pulp double novel" trade paperbacks. Both series use The Spider pulp magazine artwork for their covers. They published 25 of these double-novel issues (a total of 50 novels reprinted in all)

In 2007, New York science fiction publisher Baen Books published a single trade paperback featuring three Spider novel reprints. In 2008, they released a second companion trade paperback of Spider reprints. In 2009, Baen issued both volumes as mass market paperbacks. One of the three novels in the second omnibus stars another Popular Publications pulp character, The Octopus.
The Baen editions sported new Spider cover paintings by noted graphic designer and comics artist Jim Steranko. In 1970, for Pyramid Books and HBJ/Jove Books, Steranko illustrated 27 (of 28 covers) for their mass market novel reissues of rival pulp hero The Shadow (the cover for Mobsmen On The Spot reused a George Rozen original Shadow pulp magazine cover). Steranko also illustrated additional new covers for five of The Shadow novels' second printings.

Also in 2007, Moonstone Books published an original anthology of brand new Spider short stories entitled The Spider Chronicles. In 2013, Moonstone published a second anthology, The Spider: Extreme Prejudice featuring 12 more new Spider short stories.

In late 2009, Doubleday's Science Fiction Book Club reprinted in hardcover Baen's second Spider three-in-one volume from the previous year. This became the first Spider hardcover edition ever published.

In August 2009, Age of Aces reprinted The Spider's Black Police trilogy in a single volume which they titled "The Spider vs. The Empire State". This trilogy consisted of three 1938 issues that were connected plotwise - #60 (September 1938), #61 (October 1938) and #62 (November, 1938).

In October 2012, Moonstone Books published an original Spider novel, Shadow of Evil, by CJ Henderson.

The Vintage Library has 34 licensed Spider novel reprints available in the PDF format. For a small fee, each one can be downloaded from their website.

Facsimile Spider novels continue to appear in print from other publishers; they have also been issued in the Kindle e-book format.

In August, 2018 Altus Press launched The Wild Adventures of The Spider book series. The first entry was written by Will Murray. The Doom Legion saw Richard Wentworth team up with James Christopher, aka Operator 5, and G-8, two of Popular Publications top heroes. A sequel, Fury in Steel has been announced for 2019. Altus has recently begun reprinting the entire Spider series in its original publication order, the books being currently issued on a monthly basis.

Spider comics and graphic novels
In the early 1990s, The Spider and its characters were reinterpreted in comic book form by Timothy Truman for Eclipse Comics. As noted in Comics Scene #19, Truman set his version of The Spider in the "1990s as seen by the 1930s". Elements of this version of The Spider's milieu included airships as common transportation, the survival of the League of Nations into the near past (Wentworth meets Ram Singh during an intervention into India/Pakistan), and World War II, if it ever happened, taking place differently. This series featured an African-American Commissioner Kirkpatrick.

Moonstone Books started a new Spider graphic novel series, in which installments are structured more like illustrated prose stories than traditional panel-by-panel comics. In March 2011, the same publisher offered the first issue of a more traditional Spider comic book, with art by veteran creator Pablo Marcos.

In August 2011, Dynamite Entertainment announced that they were going to produce a brand new, updated Spider comic book series, written by novelist David Liss; the first issue was released in May 2012. The Spider's costume in this series is based on the one worn by actor Warren Hull in Columbia's 1940s Spider movie serials, but the black costume's web lines are rendered in blood red instead of white. This comics series depicts The Spider and his allies fighting crime in a modern-day U. S. In 2013, Dynamite announced that issue #18 of The Spider would be its last.

In December 2012, Dynamite released the first issue of Masks, an eight-issue comic book miniseries that teams The Spider with Dynamite's other pulp hero-based comic book characters, including: the Green Hornet and Kato, The Shadow, and a 1930s descendant of Zorro, among others. Together, they fight a powerful criminal syndicate, which, along with its gangster henchmen, secretly controls New York City through the corrupt and powerful Justice Party, which has seized complete control over the city and its citizens. This miniseries, set in the Depression Era of the 1930s, is not in the same universe/story continuity as Dynamite's main Spider comic book series. The story is based on The Spider Magazine novels "The City That Paid To Die", "The Spider at Bay", and "Scourge of the Black Legions" all written by Norvell Page. Page was not credited in this adaption. The completed Masks miniseries was then gathered by Dynamite into a one-volume graphic novel.

References

Further reading
Barbour, Alan G. Cliffhanger: A Pictorial History of the Motion Picture Serial. A & W Publishers, 1977. .
Goodstone, Tony. The Pulps: 50 Years of American Pop Culture. Bonanza Books (Crown Publishers, Inc.), 1970. SBN 394-4418-6.
Goulart, Ron. Cheap Thrills: An Informal History of the Pulp Magazine. Arlington House Publishers, 1972. .
Gunnison, Locke and Gunnison, Ellis. Adventure House Guide to the Pulps. Adventure House, 2000. .
Hamilton, Frank and Hamilton, Hullar. Amazing Pulp Heroes. Gryphon Books, 1988. .
Hutchison, Don. The Great Pulp Heroes. Mosaic Press, 1995. .
Quezada, Rome, Senior Editor. "A classic from the Golden Age of pulp fiction returns." Science Fiction Book Club magazine. Late Winter, 2009. No ISSN.
Robinson, Frank M. and Davidson, Lawrence. Pulp Culture. Collector's Press, 1998. .

External links

The Spider Returns (fan site)
The Spider Pulps at the Vintage Library
The Spider at ThePulp.Net
Magazine Datafile for The Spider

Category:Characters in pulp fiction
Category:Eclipse Comics titles
Category:Fictional vigilantes
Category:Fictional World War I veterans
Category:Film serial characters
Category:Literary characters introduced in 1933


Scat

Scat or SCAT may refer to:

Education
 School and College Ability Test also known as SCAT
Shrewsbury College of Arts & Technology was previously referred to as SCAT.
Somerset College of Arts and Technology is referred to as SCAT.

Games
 Scat (card game), a card game also known as Thirty-One
 S.C.A.T.: Special Cybernetic Attack Team, a video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System by Natsume

Music
 Scat singing, a kind of vocal improvisation common in jazz
 Scat Records, a record label
 Scatman John, a singer
 Scatman Crothers, U.S. musician and actor

Transportation
 SCAT Airlines, an airline based in Kazakhstan
 SCAT (automobile) an Italian automobile manufacturer
 Sarasota County Area Transit, a public transportation system in Florida
 Seoul Station City Airport Terminal, a city airport terminal at Seoul Station, Seoul for Incheon International Airport
 South Coast Area Transit, a public transportation system in California
 South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command, a joint command of U.S. forces in World War II
 Space Coast Area Transit, a public transportation system in Florida
 Suffolk County Accessible Transportation, a paratransit service serving Suffolk County, New York
 Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System, a traffic network operating system in Australia

Other
 Feces, a waste product produced in the digestive tract
Scatology, study of animal feces
 Coprophilia, a paraphilia oriented to feces
 Scatophagidae, a family of fishes
 Scanning Acoustic Tomography, a research process using focused sound
 Somerville Community Access Television, a local television station in Somerville, Massachusetts
 Special Crimes Action Team, a fictional police task force in BJ and the Bear
 Scat (novel), a novel for young adults written by Carl Hiaasen
 Social Change Assistance Trust, a South African non-profit organisation.

See also
 Skat (disambiguation)


Eros Biondini

Eros Ferreira Biondini (born Belo Horizonte, May 20, 1971) is a veterinarian, Roman Catholic singer, presenter and Brazilian politician.

Biography
Eros Biondini was born in 1971 in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. He holds a bachelor's degree in veterinary medicine from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and a post-graduate lato sensu in the Legislative Branch from the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais. He is married to Adriana Biondini, with whom he has two children.

Eros is a member of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal and founder of the New World Mission. It is idealizer of "Christ is the Show", biggest catholic musical event of the country and of the program More Brazil of the TV Canção Nova, that presented during three years.

Political career
In 2006, Eros Biondini obtained 68.359 thousand votes and became deputy state by the state of Minas Gerais by PHS. In his state mandate he was vice-president of the Committees of Tourism, Industry, Commerce and Cooperativism and of Popular Participation of the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais.

In 2010, was elected federal deputy, by the PTB, obtaining 208,058 votes in the litigation. In the year of 2013, Biondini assumed the Secretary of Sports and the Youth of the State of Minas Gerais, during the government of Antônio Anastasia.

In 2014, was reelected Federal Deputy with 179,073 votes.

In the Chamber of Deputies, he was first vice-president of the permanent committees of Work, Administration and Public Service and Consumer Defense. He was also an alternate member of the Social Security and Family Commission. Biondini participated as alternate member of the Special Commission on Political Reform and the Commission on Climate Disasters, head of the CPI on Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, rapporteur of the Special Subcommittee on Monitoring, Oversight and Control of Telecommunications Services and also coordinated the Mixed Parliamentary Front in Defense of Therapeutic Communities and APACS.

In March 2016, Biondini changed from the PTB to the Republican Party of the Social Order (PROS) assuming the state presidency of the party.

Biondini voted in favor of the Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. Later, he was favorable to the PEC of the Ceiling of the Public Expenditure. In April 2017 Biondini voted against the labor Reform. In August 2017 he voted in favor of the process in which it was requested to open investigation of the then President Michel Temer. Also in November of the same year, Biondini voted for the approval of PEC 181/15, that makes crime abortion.

In 2018, he was re-elected Federal Deputy with 157,394 votes.

Discography

with Banda Nova Aliança
 É Tempo (1998)
 Viver Como Irmãos (1999)
 Ao Vivo no Maracanãzinho (2000)

Solo career
 Tesouros (2002)
 Mundo Novo (2004)
 Minha História (2006)
 Tempo da Graça (2008)
 Felicidade (2010)
 Marcas de Amor (2013)
 Ir Além (2017)

References

External links
 Official Site
 Facebook Page

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais
Category:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from Minas Gerais
Category:Republican Party of the Social Order politicians
Category:Brazilian Labour Party (current) politicians
Category:Humanist Party of Solidarity (Brazil) politicians
Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics
Category:Brazilian Roman Catholic singers
Category:People from Belo Horizonte


1st Spahi Regiment

The 1st Spahi Regiment () is an armored regiment of the modern French Army, previously called the 1st Moroccan Spahi Regiment (). It was established in 1914 as a mounted cavalry unit recruited primarily from indigenous Moroccan horsemen. The regiment saw service in the First World War, and in the Second World War as part of the Forces Françaises Libres, as well as post-war service in the French-Indochina War and elsewhere. The modern regiment continues the traditions of all former Spahi regiments in the French Army of Africa.

History

World War I

The Moroccan Spahis of the French Army were created in 1914 by Général Hubert Lyautey. The initial title of the regiment was that of the Régiment de Marche de Chasseurs Indigènes à Cheval (R.M.C.I.C). The French Army had already raised four regiments of indigenous cavalry in both Algeria and Tunisia during the 19th century, and extended the designation of "spahis" to the Moroccan mounted units recruited after 1908.

The first Marching Moroccan Spahi Regiment (Régiment de Marche de Spahis Marocains, R.M.S.M) participated in the First Battle of the Marne. Subsequently, sent to the Orient Front, the regiment served with distinction at Pogradec, Skumbi, Bofnia, Uskub and on the Danube. The regiment was accordingly awarded 5 citations and a fourragere with the colors of the Médaille militaire.

Inter-war period

The regiment was redesignated as the 21st Moroccan Spahi Regiment (21e Régiment de Spahis Marocains, 21e R.S.M.) in 1921 and served in the campaigns in the Levant from 1920 to 1927. The regiment was awarded 3 additional citations plus a fourragere in the colors of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures. In 1929, the regiment was renamed as the 1st Moroccan Spahi Regiment (1er Régiment de Spahis Marocains, 1er R.S.M).

World War II

On July 1, 1940, Captain Paul Jourdier, who commanded the 1st Squadron of the 1st Moroccan Spahi Regiment, (1e RSM) decided to defect from the Vichy-led Army of the Levant and join the British forces in Palestine. While on maneuvers in southern Lebanon, Jourdier succeeded in detaching a small contingent comprising half of his squadron. The 1st RSM at this stage in the war was still a mounted cavalry unit, consisting of mostly North African Muslim troopers under French officers.

Reinforced by detached units that had separately crossed the border between Lebanon and Palestine, plus volunteers from London, the squadron undertook mounted operations in Eretria. The squadron conducted horse-mounted cavalry charges at Umbrega, still under the leadership of Captain Paul Jourdier. The defection of a regular cavalry unit of the Vichy forces was widely publicized by the British and Free French forces, making use of photographs showing charging spahis.

The regiment was subsequently dismounted and participated in the Syria–Lebanon Campaign on trucks, as part of the 1st Free French Brigade.

Other squadrons were created, forming first one then two army corps reconnaissance groups (GRCA), commanded by Jourider and Robert de Kersauson.

Reinforced by a company of the 501e Régiment de chars de combat of the Free French Forces, the 2nd Group constituted the Free French Flying Column which participated in the Battle of El Alamein. It subsequently participated in the advance to Tunisia, initially as part of the British 8th Army, then in 1943 in the FFF commanded by Général Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque.

On September 25, 1942, the two Groups were merged to form the 1st Moroccan Spahi Marching Regiment (), under the command of Jean Rémy.

As a reconnaissance regiment of the 2nd Armored Division 2e DB, the 1st RMSM participated in the Liberation, suffering heavy losses in both France and Germany.

The original (i.e. non-regiment de march) 1e RSM saw mounted horse combat in Syria before being motorized in Morocco during 1943. The unit then took part in the battle of Royan, France in 1945. It was subsequently merged with the 8th Dragoon Regiment ().

Decorations

The 1st Marching Moroccan Spahi Regiment 1er RMSM was awarded the distinction of Compagnon de la Libération by decree of August 7, 1945 and cited twice at the orders of the armed forces.

Regimental Colors

The Regimental Colors of the 1e RMSM include in golden letters, the following inscriptions in the folds:

Erytrhée 1941
El-Alamein 1942
Tunisie 1943
Paris 1944
Strasbourg 1944

Between 1944 and 1945, as part of the corps of the 2e DB, the 1e RMSM suffered the loss of 184 men out of whom 12.5% were Moroccan.

Post-war: 1945-62

One squadron of the 1st RSM served in the First Indochina War, between 1945 and October 1946.

During the post-war era the regiment underwent several changes in title, as well as being transferred between a number of different garrisons.
In 1947, the regiment was designated as the 1st Regiment of Moroccan Spahis (), a title it retained during its remaining service in Morocco.

In 1956 the 1st RSM was transferred to Algeria. The regiment was then re-designated as the 1st Regiment of Spahis (). In October 1958 its title was again changed to the 21st Regiment of Spahis  () - in order to avoid confusion with the 1st Regiment of Algerian Spahis ().

Modern
The 1st Spahi Regiment continued in the French Army after the end of the Algerian War in 1962, although most of the other units of the former Armee d'Afrique were disbanded. Reportedly one of General Charles de Gaulle's ministers urged that the 1st RSM be retained in service because of its distinguished role in the Free French Forces during World War II. De Gaulle responded:
 " On ne dissout pas un Compagnon de la Libération. " ("One does not dissolve a Companion of the Liberation").

In 1961, the regiment was transferred to Speyer Germany,  as part of the French Forces of Germany (). Its role was that of a reconnaissance regiment of the 2nd Army Corps 2e CA.

In 1965, following the dissolution of the 1st Regiment of Algerian Spahis, the regiment was given its present-day title of the 1st Spahi Regiment ().

In 1984 the regiment was transferred from Germany and the FFA, to be incorporated in the 6th Light Armoured Division 6e DLB and garrisoned in Valence.

The regiment participated in Opération Daguet during 1991, as part of the French contingent in the Gulf War.

In 2009, the regiment left the 6th Light Armoured Brigade 6e BLB and joined the 1st Mechanized Brigade. On August 1, 2015, the regiment was reintegrated in the 6th Light Armoured Brigade.

The regiment's armored vehicle core consists of 48 AMX, 90 VAB and 110 trucks. The regiment trains new recruits at headquarters; including armored vehicle crewmen and various mechanical trades as well as musicians and non-commissioned officers.

The most decorated unit of the modern Armoured Arms and Armoured Cavalry branch of the French Army, the regiment carries 14 battle honors on its colors.

Organization

 Escadron de Commandement et de Logistique (ECL) – Command and Logistics Squadron
 Escadron d'administration et de soutien  (EAS) - Administration & Support Squadron
 1er Escadron – 1st Squadron (4 combat troops)
 2e Escadron - 2nd Squadron (4 combat troops)
 3e Escadron - 3rd Squadron (3 combat troops)
 4e Escadron - 4th Squadron
 5e Escadron - (reserve)
 Escadron d'instruction  - Instruction Squadron

Traditions

Uniform and insignia

As mounted cavalry the North African personnel of the regiment wore high turbans, red jackets, wide blue-grey trousers and a white burnous (cloak). A dark blue over-cloak with hood was worn over the burnous, to distinguish the Moroccan spahis from their red-cloaked Algerian and Tunisian counterparts. After mechanization, features such as the double burnous/cloak and red sash of the historical Spahi uniform were retained and are still worn by the modern regiment on parade. A red forage cap of a model worn since the 1940s, is another present-day distinguishing feature.

The regimental insignia is a combination of the Cross of Lorraine with the Sharifian Pentagram from the Flag of Morocco.

Regimental Colors

Regimental Song
Nous étions au fond de l’Afrique
Gardiens jaloux de nos couleurs
Quand, sous un soleil magnifique
Retentissait ce cri vainqueur :
En avant ! En avant ! En avant

C’est nous les Africains
Qui revenons de loin
Venant de nos pays
Pour sauver la Patrie
Nous avons tout quitté
Parents, gourbis, foyers,
Et nous gardons au cœur
Une invincible ardeur
Car nous voulons porter haut et fier,
Le beau drapeau de notre France entière,
Et si quelqu’un venait à y toucher,
Nous serions là pour mourir à ses pieds.
Battez tambours, à nos amours
Pour le Pays, pour la Patrie,
Mourir au loin, c’est nous les Africains.

Pour le salut de notre Empire
Nous combattons tous les vautours
La faim, la mort nous font sourire
Quand nous luttons pour nos amours.
En avant ! En avant ! En avant !

De tous les horizons de France
Groupés sur le sol africain
Nous venons pour la délivrance
Qui, par nous se fera demain
En avant ! En avant ! En avant !

Et lorsque finira la guerre
Nous reviendrons à nos gourbis
Le cœur joyeux et l’âme fière
D’avoir libéré le Pays
En criant, en chantant, en avant !

Decorations
The Regimental Colors of the 1st Spahi Regiment is decorated with:

 Croix de la Libération (historically linked to the 1er R.M.S.M)
 Croix de guerre 1914-1918 with:
 5 palms (historically linked to the 1er R.M.S.M)
 Croix de guerre 1939-1945 with:
 2 palms (historically linked to the 1er R.M.S.M)
 Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures with :
 4 palms (historically linked to the 1er R.M.S.M)
 Croix de la Valeur militaire with :
 1 bronze star (awarded May 8, 2014)
 Mérite Militaire Chérifien - Military Sharifian Medal  (historically linked to the 1er R.S.M)
 Médaille de la bravoure Serbe - Medal of Serbian Bravery  (historically linked to the 1er R.S.M)
 Ordre Serbe de Kara-Georges de 4e rang, avec glaives - Serbian Order of Kara-Georges 4th order  (historically linked to the 1er R.S.M)
 Croix de Guerre Serbe avec une citation à l'ordre de l'Armée Ordre Roumain de Saint Michel - Serbian Croix de Guerre with citation at the orders Romanian Order Army of Saint-Michael (historically linked to the 1er R.S.M)
 American U.S. Presidential Unit Citation
 Fourragere with:
 colors of the Médaille militaire, with olives of the Croix de guerre 1914-1918 and Croix de guerre 1939-1945
 colors of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures
 colors of the Croix de la Libération since June 18, 1996

Honours

Battle Honours
La Marne 1914
Pogradec 1917
Skumbi 1917
Bofnia 1918
Uskub 1918
Danube 1918
Levant 1920-1927
Erythrée 1941
El Alamein 1942
Tunisie 1943
Paris 1944
Strasbourg 1944
AFN 1952-1962
Koweit 1990-1991

Regimental Commanders

1st Spahi Regiment - Gallery

See also

Jean de Lattre de Tassigny

References

Sources et Bibliographies
 Calots Rouges et croix de Lorraine, Paul Oddo et Paul Willing, Carnet de la Sabretache – 1988
 Les spahis du 1er marocains, Thierry Moné, Lavauzelle - 1998,
 Le burnous bleus et les chemins du devoir, Thierry et Mary Moné, La Gandoura - 2007,

Category:20th-century regiments of France
Category:21st-century regiments of France
Category:Cavalry regiments of France
Category:Colonial regiments of France
Category:Military units and formations established in 1914


EcoProIT

EcoProIT is a project initiated at Chalmers University of Technology at the department of Product and Production Development. The project aims to provide production engineers a tool for detailed ecological footprint analyses, which are becoming more important in terms of marketing and legislation. A published report by MIT in 2011 showed companies thought that environmental sustainable strategy is, or will be, vital to be competitive. The report included many sectors, e.g. covering medicals, automobiles and consumer products. EcoProIT will design a tool for industrial applications used for detailed environmental footprint analyses of their production systems and the products produced using simulation. The tool will simulate the production and analyze the product's environmental footprint in a standardized way. It will also be possible to use the tool for bench marking between different sites. The aim for the tool puts high requirements on standardized methods and data management.

Vision - Tool usage
The vision of the usage of EcoProIT is important. Company A, who is a big and important stakeholder, is the main user of the tool in Figure 1. They require their close supplier partner to use the same tool. Company A and supplier A and B then set up an internal connection of their tools. The connection makes the input information for Company A up to date for every use. Company A also sets up a connection to their close partners that buy or distribute Company A’s products. It will then be possible to give a good estimation of the impact total specific distribution chain that will be up to data. The information can be used to inform the end users about total costs for the production data. The up to date chain gives a possibility to show the consumers that the company makes progress in lowering the environmental impact. Every improvement is delivered directly to the customers, and the new marketing possibility show what the production department is doing for the environment.

All information that is produced by the tool should be able to be uploaded to the central EcoProIT Database that stores it in a standardized way to be able to be used by other companies. The tool is also connected to other LCA databases to be able to use as input for the raw materials used in the production. Figure 1 shows a schematic view on how the system could be connected.

Environmental Activity-Based Costing
As an approach to calculation of the impact, activity-based costing (ABC) will be used for calculations of environmental costs. Emblemssvåg and Bras worked and analyzed the ABC as a method for environmental analyses. The method substitutes the cost for the production in money with an environmental emission, e.g. CO2 emissions. The emissions are measured and calculated from the energy and resources used. Then the emissions are allocated to the different products produced using the resources in the model.

The problems with ABC is that it requires a lot of data for a qualitative and accurate allocation of the cost from the resources. This is why the method fits well into a DES model. During a run In a DES environment it is easy to grab lot of detailed results needed for accurate allocation. The problem is that DES require a lot of initial effort to build the model. The approach to analyze environmental impact in a DES model is only beneficial if there is requirements for detailed analyzes and “what-if” scenarios is needed.

Hierarchically modeling approach
When LCA is included in a production simulation model, there is a bigger need for output information to perform the calculations. To be able to allocate environmental load that origins from the facilities the product that used the facility need to be traced. Environmental load that origin form the maintenance needs to be allocated based on the machines use of the maintenance. Machines that use other resources as compressed air or other supporting machines needs to be associated to trace the usage of those resources to be able to allocate the environmental load to the products that used the machine.

Andersson, J et al. (2012)  proposed to model the machines and resources in a hierarchy. The approach is based on that all product types have attributes with weight and size. The attributes is used together with the time the product has been in each resources to allocate the environmental load to all products using the resource at the same time. A product that is using a machine is also using the machines and facilities in the upper hierarchy. The approach supports increasingly detailed modeling. The modeler increase the level of detail by model each box in greater detail in a lower lever in the hierarchy. The modeler can in other nodes stay at a brief level with less dynamics.

Verification/Validation Strategies
Environmental impact is in general hard to validate. To be able to trust the models is very important that the models are transparent and provide multiple levels of verification. The strategy here is to not calculate everything in the simulation model and instead provide results, which can be verified, to calculate the used resources from. E.g. from the amount of processing time for a machine it is possible to calculate the used energy. From the used resources upstream processes required to produce the resources can be included to get a total emission for the production, e.g. if the emissions to produce one kWh electricity is 0.1 kgCO2 then the 4 kWh electricity used in a machine give an emission of 0.4 kgCO2. The concept is called Level of Equation. The basis is to divide the calculations of environmental impact into 4 levels

 Process times, lead times, idle times, setup times, etc.
 Consumption of resources e.g. Electricity, steal, oil, etc.
 Emissions
 Environmental impact, e.g. [GWP]

Sponsors

The main sponsor for the project is ProViking accompanied by a few big industrial partners.

References

External links
 EcoProIT main site

Category:Chalmers University of Technology
Category:Environmental engineering
Category:Environmental statistics
Category:Sustainable business


Robert Knollys

Robert Knollys is the name of:

Robert Knolles (c. 1320–1407), also known as Knollys, English soldier of the Hundred Years' War
Robert Knollys (courtier) (died 1521), also known as Knolles, English courtier in the service of Henry VII and Henry VIII of England
Robert Knollys (politician died 1619) MP for Reading and Breconshire and grandson of the above
Robert Knollys (politician died 1626) MP for Reading (UK Parliament constituency)
Robert Knollys (politician died 1659) for Abingdon and Wallingford and nephew of Robert Knollys (died 1619)

See also
Robert Knowles (disambiguation), same pronunciation


E. A. Reitan

Earl Aaron Reitain (May 3, 1925 – October 15, 2015) was an American historian.

He was born in Grove City, Minnesota and served in World War II as a United States Army rifleman. He was awarded both the Purple Heart and the Bronze Star Medal for his service. Reitan attended Concordia College after the war and was awarded a doctorate in 1954 from the University of Illinois. Between 1970 and 1973 he was chairman of Illinois State University's department of history.

Reitan's first article on the civil list of Georgian Britain was called "seminal" by W. A. Speck, who also called his Politics, Finance and the People the "definitive account of the campaign for economical reform".

Works
'The Civil List in Eighteenth-Century British Politics: Parliamentary Supremacy versus the Independence of the Crown', The Historical Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1966), pp. 318-337.
'The "Knowledge Explosion" and the Academic Man', The Journal of General Education, Vol. 18, No. 2 (July 1966), pp. 73-80.
'Revenue to Civil List, 1689-1702: The Revolution Settlement and the 'Mixed and Balanced' Constitution', The Historical Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Dec., 1970), pp. 571-588.
'The Man with the Multiple-Choice Mind', Academe, Vol. 65, No. 3 (Apr., 1979), pp. 197-201.
'Expanding Horizons: Maps in the "Gentleman's Magazine," 1731-1754', Imago Mundi, Vol. 37 (1985), pp. 54-62.
Politics, War and Empire: Rise of Britain to a World Power, 1688-1792 (1994).
Tory Radicalism: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979-1997 (1997).
Rifleman: On the Cutting Edge of World War II (2001).
Crossing the Bridge: Growing up Norwegian-American in Depression and War 1925-1946 (2002).
The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain (2002).
Liberalism: Time-Tested Principles for the Twenty-First Century (2003).
I Was a Teenage Rifleman in World War II (2004).
Politics, Finance, and the People: Economical Reform in England in the Age of the American Revolution, 1770-1792 (2007).

Notes

Category:1925 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:American historians
Category:University of Illinois alumni
Category:People from Minnesota
Category:Illinois State University faculty


List of Malay-language television channels

This is a list of Malay language television channels. The channels which contains some Malay language TV shows are also included.

Brunei
Radio Television Brunei (RTB)
RTB Perdana
RTB Aneka
RTB Sukmaindera
Kristal-Astro
Astro Ria (104)
Astro Prima (105)
Astro Oasis (106)
Astro Ria HD (123)
Astro Warna HD (124)
Astro Box Office Tayangan Hebat (130) (selected programmes only)
Astro Citra (131) (selected programmes only)
Astro Warna (132)
Astro Bella (133)
Astro Mustika HD (134)
Astro Maya HD (135)
Sony One HD (393)
Oh!K HD (394)
Astro Awani (501)
Nat Geo Wild (550)
National Geographic Channel (553) (selected programmes only)
History (555) (selected programmes only)
Astro Ceria (611) (dual sound)
Nickelodeon & Nick Jr (612) (trilingual - English, Mandarin, Malay)
Disney Junior (613) (trilingual - English, Mandarin, Malay)
Disney Channel (615) (trilingual - English, Mandarin, Malay)
Cartoon Network (616) (trilingual - English, Mandarin, Malay)
Disney XD (617) (Multilingual - English, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil)
Disney XD HD (Multilingual - English, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil)
Asian Food Channel (703) (selected programmes only)
Astro Arena (801)
Astro Arena HD (802)
eGG HD (808) (selected programmes only)
Fox Sports 3 (818) (selected programmes only)
Fox Sports 3 HD (830) (selected programmes only)

Malaysia

Current
Radio Television Malaysia (RTM)
TV1
TV2
TVi
Media Prima
TV3
TV9
ntv7 (CJ Wow Shop slot and Edisi 7 news only)
AlHijrah Media Corporation
TV AlHijrah
Bernama
Bernama News Channel
Astro (By channel listing)
Astro Ria (104 & 123)
Astro Prima (105 & 121)
Astro Oasis (106 & 122)
TV Alhijrah (114)
Naura HD (125)
Astro Box Office Tayangan Hebat (130) (selected programmes only)
Astro Citra (131 & 126) (selected programmes only)
Astro Warna (132 & 124)
Sony One HD (393)
Oh!K HD (394)
Astro Awani (501)
Nat Geo Wild (550)
National Geographic Channel (553) (selected programmes only)
History (555) (selected programmes only)
Astro Ceria (611) (dual sound)
Nickelodeon & Nick Jr (612) (trilingual - English, Mandarin, Malay)(Mandarin unable to receive)
Disney Channel (615) (trilingual - English, Mandarin, Malay)(Mandarin unable to receive)
Cartoon Network (616) (trilingual - English, Mandarin, Malay)(Mandarin unable to receive)
Disney XD HD (637) (Multilingual - English, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil)(Tamil and Mandarin unable to receive)
Asian Food Channel (703) (selected programmes only)
Astro Arena (801)
Astro Arena HD (802)
eGG HD (808) (selected programmes only)
Fox Sports 3 (818) (selected programmes only)
Fox Sports 3 HD (830) (selected programmes only)
Unifi TV (By channel listing)
Hypp Inspirasi HD (118)
Salam HD (113)
Hypp Sensasi HD (116)
Bernama News Channel (631)
Parliament of Malaysia (633)

Former/Defunct
Channel 9 (2003–2005), shut down and revived as TV9
TV5 (1.4.2017-8.4.2017), suddenly ceased broadcasting a week after the launch
TV Pendidikan, ceased broadcasting in 2008. Replaced by EDUWEBTV
Astro Kirana, replaced with Astro Citra on 18 May 2009
Astro Aruna, ceased transmissions in Malaysia and Singapore and Brunei due to declining viewership of the channel.

Singapore
Mediacorp
Mediacorp Suria
StarHub TV
TV1 (from Malaysia)
Hub Sensasi (123)
HUB Dunia Sinema VOD (120)
Sony One HD/Malay/English (124/820/823)
tvN (824)
KBS World (815)
WakuWaku Japan (813)
tvN Movies HD (818)
Oh!K (816)
Nat Geo Wild (413)
HUB E City Within Bahasa Malay Subtitles (825)
HUB Ru Yi Hokkien VOD (Within Bahasa Malay Subtitles) (852)
HUB VV Drama Within Bahasa Malay Subtitles (855)
Astro Warna (118)
Singtel TV
Asian Food Channel (selected programmes only) (256)
Jia Le Channel With Bahasa Malay Subtitles (Channel 502)
Nat Geo Wild HD (Channel 207)
Sony One HD Malay (Channel 604)
KBS World Malay HD (Channel 606)
WakuWaku Japan HD Malay (Channel 616)
Oh!K Malay HD (Channel 611)
tvN Malay (Channel 619)
GEM Malay (Channel 519)
Astro Prima HD (Channel 602)
Astro Ria HD (Channel 608)
  Astro World on Demand (Channel 609)
Astro Citra (Channel 603 HD)
 Persona HD (Channel 607)
 Citra Drama(HD) (Channel 610)
 Drama Channel(MNC) (Channel 618)

See also
 List of television stations in Malaysia
 List of television stations in Singapore

Category:Television channels in Brunei
Category:Television in Malaysia
Category:Television in Singapore
Category:Singaporean television-related lists
Category:Malaysian television-related lists


Adrian Pederick

Adrian Stephen Pederick ( ; born 4 September 1962) is an Australian politician, representing the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Hammond for the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia.

Pederick won Hammond from Liberal-turned-independent Peter Lewis who left to contest a seat in the Upper House. Previous to his election in to politics, Pederick managed a family dryland and grazing enterprise property at Coomandook for the past 14 years and is a supporter of local and regional community causes and events. The 2006 election saw Pederick elected with a 12.0-point margin. He was reelected for a third consecutive term in the 2014 election.

Parliamentary career

Fracking
In September 2013, Pederick told the South Australian Parliament that he had been involved with fracking 'thirty years ago' in the Cooper Basin in South Australia. He said "When I was involved and worked for Gearheart Australia and we were shooting wells in 1983 and 1984, we worked alongside Halliburton to complete those jobs." He went on to describe the process of fracking as he had witnessed it at the time, before discussing water issues: "There is a lot of concern, obviously, about possible contamination—whether it is groundwater contamination or freshwater contamination—and the last thing oil companies want (the last thing anyone wants) is shooting off site because when you are shooting oil and gas, you do not want to shoot water... There has been a lot of emotion, and I concur with the member for Waite's comments that, yes, we do need to get on with the job, we do need to be careful, and we do need to make sure we have the appropriate environmental management and the appropriate water management. But I can assure you—and I know very much from experience—the last thing people want to do is make a mistake in these jobs."He concluded his presentation by supporting the expansion of the practise in South Australia by saying:"We do have to make sure that the process is operated effectively and we certainly cannot have a process where hydraulic fracturing is taken out of the equation, because it is certainly a big part of making sure that the economy of this state gets going."In June 2015, Pederick went on a fracking fact-finding trip to the USA with fellow South Australian politicians Troy Bell, Mark Parnell and John Darley, and farmer David Smith.

Seal culling

Pederick has advocated for the seal culling in South Australia. Arctocephalus forsteri, which is native to South Australia is protected as a marine mammal listed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1973. In 2012 he called for the animals to be sterilised on Kangaroo Island, where he believed that they were impacting little penguin populations. In 2015 he claimed that the animals were in Lake Albert, Lake Alexandrina and the Coorong, where they were causing "distress in the environment but also major distress to the fishing industry." He has suggested a "sustainable harvest" of the species, with potential opportunities for the complementary use of scare tactics. He has also suggested that local abattoirs could potentially process seal meat. He has referred the species as "rats of the sea" and claimed that the animals have attacked fishermen's nets and damaged them. He told The Victor Harbor Times that "they kill fish, and cost thousands of dollars in lost production of fish and in lost sales due to damage."

He told ABC:"They're eating in just three days the equivalent of the whole lakes and Coorong fishery allocation for one year and people down there, as far as the fishing side of it, are having trouble paying their licence fees, there's people looking at exiting the industry because they can't see any future so it's having a massive impact."Pederick also commented on an incident in which a seal was hit and killed during a watersport event. He told PowerFM:"As we saw with the speed ski titles in Murray Bridge in early June, the titles had to be pulled up because sadly a fur seal was hit by a boat. If those seals keep invading the river like that what is the government going to do? Are they going to decide to stop all recreational boating on the river? That would be a half a billion dollar impact to the South Australian River Murray system right throughout."Pederick has said that he has the backing of his Liberal colleagues with respect to the 'humane' culling of fur seals in South Australia.

Finn's Law
In August 2014 Pederick introduced a law that would allow the opportunity for foster carers to be recognised on death certificates of children who die while in their care, and be involved in their funeral arrangements.

Pederick designed the law after meeting one of his constituents, Monica Perrett, who was denied any information about her foster son Finn’s death as she was not the biological mother.

Attorney-General John Rau said the Government would consider the Bill, but noted that it was a complex area of law..

References

External links

 Parliament Profile
 Hammond 2006 article – Poll Bludger
 Hammond 2010 article – Poll Bludger

Category:Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Category:Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of South Australia
Category:1962 births
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century Australian politicians


Mirosławice, Łódź Voivodeship

Mirosławice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lutomiersk, within Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Lutomiersk,  north-west of Pabianice, and  west of the regional capital Łódź.

The village has a population of 270.

References

Category:Villages in Pabianice County


Henri Barboux

Louis Henri Barboux (24 September 1834, Châteauroux, Indre – 25 April 1910, Paris) was a prominent French financial lawyer, politician, and member of the Académie française.

Barboux was the lawyer for Sarah Bernhardt in her 1880 breach-of-contract suit against the Comédie-Française, and famously represented canal developer Ferdinand de Lesseps in the court trials of the financial Panama scandals beginning in 1892.

Despite the political controversies attached to the Panama scandals, Barboux was elected member of the Académie française in 1907 and served only briefly before his death.  His speeches were collected in three volumes in 1889 and 1890.

Barboux is buried in the Montparnasse Cemetery, and a short street named in his honor lies in the 14th arrondissement of Paris.

References

Category:1834 births
Category:1910 deaths
Category:People from Châteauroux
Category:Members of the Académie française
Category:French lawyers


Idona Crigler

Idona Janet Crigler [Harris] (June 7, 1922 – July 19, 1994) was an All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player. Crigler batted and threw right handed. She was dubbed Dodie.

Born in Denver, Colorado, Crigler entered the league with the South Bend Blue Sox in its 1947 season. She was acquired in a transaction with the Chicago Bluebirds of the National Girls Baseball and appeared in 20 games for the Sox, five of them at third base.

Crigler posted a batting average of .138 (9-for-65) and scored two runs. As a fielder, she hauled in 41 putouts with 47 assists and turned three double plays, while committing 11 errors in 99 total chances for a .924 fielding average.

Since 1988, Crigler is part of the AAGPBL permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York, which is dedicated to the entire league rather than any individual figure.

Dodie Crigler was a long time resident of Long Beach, California, where she died in 1994 at the age of 72.

Sources

Category:1922 births
Category:1994 deaths
Category:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players
Category:South Bend Blue Sox players
Category:Baseball players from Colorado
Category:People from Long Beach, California
Category:Sportspeople from Denver


Lydia Mato

Lydia Mato is a Ghanaian sprinter who specializes in the 1000, 3000 and 5000 meters. She holds the national record in the 3000 meters with 9:31.97 minutes after winning the 2015 Nebraska Invitational, in May 2015. She became the first Ghanaian ever to win a US Cross County Championship at any level in US school system, during the US Cross Country Championship in 2014.

Competition Record

References

Category:Living people
Category:Ghanaian female middle-distance runners
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Global Emergency Response Coalition

The Global Emergency Response Coalitionis a lifesaving humanitarian alliance made up of eight of the world’s largest U.S.-based international aid organizations whose ultimate vision is to solve  for the emergency, humanitarian situations more effectively and to respond to the crisis of the present and the future.

The Coalition was formed in 2017 in response to hunger crises affecting more than 20 million people in Nigeria, Yemen, South Sudan, Somalia and neighboring countries.

The Global Emergency Response Coalition consists of CARE, International Medical Corps, International Rescue Committee, Mercy Corps, Oxfam, Plan International, Save the Children and World Vision. The Coalition aims to work collectively to deliver relief to millions of children and families in need and to broaden awareness of international disasters in order to inspire new donors and donations, to ultimately save more lives.

Publicity
The coalition has been covered by ABC News., CNN, The Washington Post, Devex, PBS, Glamour, FOX, and more.

George Clooney participated in a PSA for the coalition, as did Lily Donaldson

Member Organizations
 CARE
 International Medical Corps
 International Rescue Committee
 Mercy Corps
 Oxfam
 Plan International
 Save the Children
 World Vision

Fundraising and Partners
All funds raised by the coalition are allocated to the member agencies equally, and at the discretion of each member. At least 85% of all donations will go directly to support the communities affected.

Corporate partners of the coalition include BlackRock, PepsiCo., PepsiCo. Foundation, Visa, Google, PMX Agency, Porter Novelli and Twitter.

Background
oday, the need for humanitarian aid continues to expand. The UN estimates that one out of every 70 people around the world is caught up in a crisis. Natural disasters affect around 350 million people each year; more than 68 million were displaced by conflict in 2017. Humanitarian crises are also lasting longer — now an average of nine years.
In a humanitarian system where funding is strained, creative and collective solutions are needed. By raising funds and attention for these large-scale emergencies together, we believe we can be part of the solution to help the increasing number of people in need.

Social Channels
 Twitter: @globalresponse
 Facebook: GlobalEmergencyResponseCoalition
 Instagram: GlobalEmergencyResponse
 YouTube: Global Emergency Response Coalition

Website
https://www.globalemergencyresponse.org/

References

Category:Famines
Category:Humanitarian aid organizations


Oyoun Qalbi

Oyoun Qalbi (also romanized as Oyoun Albi) is Najwa Karam's tenth studio album. It was released in 2000.

Track listing
1. Khams Nmjoum (Five Stars)
2. Majboura (I'm Forced)
3. Ismak Besharifni (It's an honour to carry your name)
4. Oyoun Qalbi (Sweetheart)
5. Wallhana (Passionatley in Love)
6. Qalby Min Jowa (From the bottom of my Heart)
7. Khaleek al Ard (Stay Down to Earth)
8. Najwa 2000
9. Majboura (Instrumental)

Category:Najwa Karam albums
Category:2000 albums
Category:Rotana Records albums


Edward Egan

Edward Michael Egan (April 2, 1932 – March 5, 2015) was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Bridgeport from 1988 to 2000, and as Archbishop of New York from 2000 to 2009. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2001. He was the twelfth Bishop, ninth Archbishop, and seventh Cardinal of the See of New York.

Early life and education
The third of four children, Edward Egan was born in Oak Park, Illinois, the son of Thomas J. and Genevieve (née Costello) Egan. His father was a sales manager and his mother was a homemaker and former teacher; his parents' families were from County Mayo and County Clare, Ireland. In 1943, Egan and his older brother contracted polio, causing them to miss two years of school while convalescing at home.

He graduated from Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary, where he had been student body president and editor of the student newspaper and yearbook, in 1951. Egan then entered St. Mary of the Lake Seminary, where he obtained a Bachelor's degree in philosophy. He was then sent to continue his formation for the priesthood at the Pontifical North American College in Rome, taking his academic courses in theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.

Priesthood
Egan was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Martin John O'Connor on December 15, 1957, and earned a Licentiate of Sacred Theology from the Gregorian in 1958. Upon his return to the United States, he served as associate pastor of Holy Name Cathedral, Chicago, assistant chancellor for the Archdiocese, and secretary to Cardinal Albert Gregory Meyer until 1960. During this time, he also taught evening classes for potential Catholic converts and served as a chaplain at Wesley Memorial Hospital.

In 1960, Egan returned to the Gregorian in Rome to pursue his doctorate. During his studies, he became assistant vice-rector and repetitor of moral theology and canon law at the Pontifical North American College. He received his doctorate in canon law summa cum laude in 1964. Egan, returning to the Archdiocese of Chicago, became secretary to John Cardinal Cody. As his secretary, he "saw Cardinal Cody take the heat for good causes" such as the Civil Rights Movement and desegregation.

Egan was later appointed Secretary of the Archdiocesan Commissions on Ecumenism and Human Relations, sitting on several interfaith organizations and establishing dialogue with Jews and Protestants alike. From 1969 to 1971, he served as co-chancellor for the Archdiocese. Egan once again returned to Rome in 1971, when Pope Paul VI named him an auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota. While serving on the Roman Rota, he was also a professor of canon law at the Gregorian and of civil and criminal procedure at the Studio Rotale. Egan served as a commissioner of the Congregation for the Sacraments and Divine Worship and a consultor of the Congregation for the Clergy as well. In 1982, he was chosen to be one of the six canonists who reviewed the new Code of Canon Law with Pope John Paul II before its promulgation in 1983.

Episcopal career
On April 1, 1985, Egan was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of New York and Titular Bishop of Allegheny by John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration in Rome on the following May 22 from Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, with Archbishop John Joseph O'Connor and Bishop John Richard Keating serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: "In the Holiness of the Truth" (). As an auxiliary to O'Connor, he served as Vicar for Education in the Archdiocese from 1985 to 1988.

Bishop of Bridgeport
Egan was later named the third Bishop of Bridgeport, Connecticut, on November 5, 1988. He was formally installed on December 14 of that year.

During his tenure, he oversaw the reorganization of Catholic schools. He also raised $45 million for diocesan schools through a fundraising campaign, "Faith in the Future." The diocesan Catholic Charities under his tenure became the largest private social service agency in Fairfield County. To support the 12 Hispanic parishes in the diocese, he brought Spanish-speaking priests to Bridgeport from Colombia. He also established a home for retired priests and a school for children with special needs.

Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, he served as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Pontifical North American College and of the Committee on Science and Human Values. He was also a member of the Committee on Canonical Affairs, the Committee on Education, the Committee on National Collections, and the Committee on Nominations, and served two terms on the Conference's Administrative Board.

Archbishop of New York
Egan was appointed Archbishop of New York on May 11, 2000, a week after O'Connor's death, and installed in that position on June 19, 2000. Soprano Renée Fleming sang at the ceremony.

On becoming archbishop of New York, Egan made it a priority to encourage vocations to the priesthood. Besides private initiatives, each year on the Feast of St. Joseph (March 19) he offered a Mass to which high school and college men attracted to the priestly vocation were invited.  He appointed two priests as vocation directors to aid him in promoting the vocation to the priesthood, although they were unable to reverse the declining trend.

He was elevated to the Cardinalate by Pope John Paul II at the Consistory of February 21, 2001, becoming the Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Ioannis et Pauli (Sts. John and Paul). This was the same title held by all of the archbishops of New York since Cardinal Francis Spellman in 1946 was given the title by Pope Pius XII, who had held it himself when he was Cardinal Pacelli.

A main concern of the new Cardinal Egan was the archdiocesan seminary in Yonkers, New York. In March 2001, he announced his decision to restructure the seminary faculty. A Staten Island pastor, Monsignor Peter Finn, was chosen as seminary rector. Among others, the cardinal added Avery Dulles, S.J., Sister Sara Butler, M.S.B.T., and Father John Augustine DiNoia, O.P., to the faculty. The minor seminary, then in Riverdale, Bronx, was moved to the campus of the major seminary. To maintain regular contact with the seminarians, Egan invited them to serve his 10:15 am Mass at Saint Patrick's Cathedral on one Sunday each month, and afterward would meet with them in his residence. Moreover, each year, he personally led a day of prayer and reflection for the seminary students and faculty.

Egan was a prominent and steadying influence in New York after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 killed nearly 3,000 at the World Trade Center. "The cardinal responded to the disaster – ministering to the injured and anointing the dead at St. Vincent's Hospital and at Ground Zero itself, chairing committees and planning a center for victims' families at the New School and an interfaith service at Yankee Stadium, and offering Masses at St. Patrick's Cathedral in the immediate aftermath and funerals there and around the archdiocese for months."

In 2002 the "Institución del Mérito Humanitario" with its seat in Barcelona (Spain) awarded him with the "Gran Cruz al Mérito Humanitario". In 2002 Pope John Paul II named Egan, along with five other cardinals, to the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, the Church's highest court in matters of Canon Law. In addition to his native English, Egan spoke French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish.

For retired priests of the archdiocese, Egan established the John Cardinal O'Connor residence in 2003, at the previous site of the minor seminary in Riverdale. In June 2003, Egan was accused of concealing the names of priests who had been accused of child molestation and found not guilty by the Church. His spokesman argued that the innocent should be protected, while groups such as Voice of the Faithful criticized the process as being out of the public view.

Egan was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI.

In December 2006, Egan began hosting a weekly program on The Catholic Channel of Sirius Satellite Radio in which he discussed a variety of topics, including events in the Archdiocese and issues in the Church. The station launched by the Cardinal's initiative also broadcast his Sunday Mass from the Cathedral.  At other times, scheduled programs included news, human-interest stories and inspirational themes, reflections on Scripture, Catholic education, social ministry, sacred music, interviews, call-in, and spiritual guidance.

On January 19, 2007, after several years of study and consultation, Egan announced that ten under-utilized parishes of the Archdiocese would be canonically suppressed and eleven would be merged with other parishes, "based on the migration of Catholics in the inner-city to the outer boroughs". At the same time, he made known that he had decided not to close or merge nine parishes and six missions originally recommended either for closing or merger. Moreover, five new parishes would be established, three in Orange County, and one each in Staten Island and Dutchess County due to population increases. Building projects were also approved for nine parishes. The closures caused some discontent.

On December 15, 2007, Egan celebrated his 50th anniversary as a priest. Pope Benedict XVI appointed him to the Congregation for the Oriental Churches on January 26, 2008. Egan then hosted the papal visit to New York during April 2008, marking the 200th anniversary of the diocese. In January 2009, Egan publicly condemned controversial statements made by Society of Saint Pius X Bishop Richard Williamson about the Holocaust.

Resignation and final years
Egan, in keeping with the Code of Canon Law, offered his resignation as archbishop of New York to Pope Benedict XVI on April 2, 2007, when he reached 75 years of age.  His resignation became official on February 23, 2009, when Pope Benedict XVI appointed Archbishop Timothy Dolan as his successor. Dolan took possession of the archdiocese on April 15, 2009. Egan was the first Archbishop of New York to retire; all previous Archbishops of New York had died in office, even after the introduction of the requirement for bishops to offer their resignation from their positions of pastoral care upon reaching age 75.

He was a member of the Board of Trustees at the Catholic University of America and a member of the Board of Governors at Ave Maria School of Law.  He reached age 80 on April 2, 2012, and from then on ceased to be Cardinal-elector.

Egan was admitted to St. Vincent's Hospital on April 4, 2009, experiencing stomach pains. After undergoing various tests, he was released from the hospital on April 7, and was later given a pacemaker in a low-risk surgery. He was well enough to preside over major liturgical services for the April 9–12 Easter Triduum, days before the arrival of his successor.

Death and legacy
Cardinal Egan died, shortly after eating lunch, at his residence at the Chapel of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, on Thursday, March 5, 2015, having been rushed to NYU Langone Medical Center in Manhattan, New York City, after suffering cardiac arrest. He was pronounced dead at 2:20 PM. Before his death, he had been given the sacraments by his priest secretary, Father Douglas Crawford. His death was publicly announced by his successor, Cardinal Timothy Dolan. Many other bishops released statements mourning Egan's abrupt death.

Views and controversies

Abortion
In a strongly worded article published next to a photo of an unborn baby in the womb, Edward Cardinal Egan compared tolerating abortions to the reasoning used by Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin to commit mass murders.
With regard to self-professed Catholic politicians who support abortion, Egan adhered to the Church's discipline of forbidding Holy Communion to such persons due to the public scandal.  In April 2008, after newspapers had published photographs of former Mayor of New York Rudolph Giuliani receiving Communion at a Mass in St. Patrick's Cathedral offered by Pope Benedict XVI, Egan issued a public statement:
The Catholic Church clearly teaches that abortion is a grave offense against the will of God. Throughout my years as Archbishop of New York, I have repeated this teaching in sermons, articles, addresses, and interviews without hesitation or compromise of any kind. Thus it was that I had an understanding with Mr. Rudolph Giuliani, when I became Archbishop of New York and he was serving as Mayor of New York, that he was not to receive the Eucharist because of his well-known support of abortion. I deeply regret that Mr. Giuliani received the Eucharist during the Papal visit here in New York, and I will be seeking a meeting with him to insist that he abide by our understanding.

Gay marriage
Edward Cardinal Egan assailed the notion of gay marriage and criticized Hollywood for "desecrating" marriage and destroying "something sacred and holy." Egan said the specter of legal same-sex marriage would have a devastating effect on traditional values already eroded by a crude pop culture, the Daily News reported.

Alleged abuse in Bridgeport
The Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in May 2009 that records detailing allegations of sexual abuse by priests in the Diocese of Bridgeport should be released. The court's 4-1 ruling covers more than 12,600 pages of documents from 23 lawsuits against six priests that have been under seal since the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport settled the cases in 2001.

In April 2002, in a letter read out at Mass, Egan apologized saying, "If in hindsight we also discover that mistakes may have been made as regards prompt removal of priests and assistance to victims, I am deeply sorry." Ten years later, in February 2012, the retired archbishop retracted his apology. In an interview with Connecticut  magazine he said: "I never should have said that," and "I don't think we did anything wrong." He repeatedly denied any sexual abuse happened while he was leading Bridgeport diocese.

In August 2018, Father Boniface Ramsey said that he once tried to speak with Egan concerning the sexual activities of then-cardinal Theodore McCarrick, who after Egan's death was publicly accused of sexual misconduct against seminarians and minors, but that Egan "didn't want to hear it." McCarrick maintained his innocence but the Vatican found him guilty and dismissed him from the clergy.

In October 2019, former Connecticut Superior Court Judge Robert Holzberg released the results of his investigation, commissioned by Bridgeport Bishop Frank Caggiano, into the Diocese's handling of accusations of sexual abuse by its priests. Holzberg found that all three of Bridgeport's bishops over forty years had consistently failed to fulfill their moral and legal responsibilities. Holzberg found that Egan took a "dismissive, uncaring, and at times threatening attitude toward survivors"; he characterized Egan's behavior as "profoundly unsympathetic, inadequate, and inflammatory". Holzberg said that Egan broke a 1971 state law by not reporting abuse allegations and that he deliberately concealed the reasons for abusive priests' transfers.

Among other findings, in a July 12, 1993 letter to diocesan counsel Renato Ottaviani, explaining his refusal to seek the involuntary laicization of serial abuser Father Raymond Pcolka, Egan wrote: "... it is obvious that there can be no canonical process either for the removal of a diocesan priest from his priestly duties or for the removal of a priest from his parish when there is serious reason to believe that the priest in question is guilty of the sexual violation of children, and especially when he has confessed such a violation to the bishop or a delegate of the bishop. For the bishop who would countenance such a process would be opening the way to the gravest of evils, among them the financial ruin of the diocese which he is to serve."

Clerical celibacy
In a radio interview given on March 10, 2009, at the end of his tenure as archbishop, Egan stated that clerical celibacy in the Latin Rite could be open to discussion. He added, "I think it has to be looked at, and I'm not so sure it wouldn't be a good idea to decide on the basis of geography and culture—not to make an across-the-board determination." He further noted that Eastern Rite priests are allowed to marry, with "no problem at all." Egan later moderated his statement, saying, "Celibacy is one of the Church's greatest blessings. I will have to be more careful about trying to explain a somewhat complicated matter in 90 seconds."

References

External links

 Official biography - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York

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Nedim Halilović

Nedim Halilović (born July 1, 1979, in Brčko) is a retired Bosnian-Herzegovinian international football player.

Halilović earned 16 caps for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team. Otherwise since 2001, Nedim Halilović plays for NK Varteks in the Croatian First League. Prior to this, Halilović was active in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina for FK Sloboda Tuzla. Although Halilovic does not get many starts for the national team of Bosnia and Herzegovina because of his struggling lately he is quickly getting more impressive. He currently plays for the Swedish club Örebro SK and will leave for HNK Rijeka when the transfer window opens again.

On 6 June 2008 it was reported that he left Örebro SK for Croatian HNK Rijeka.

At the end of August 2008, Halilovic decided to follow his last coach at NK Rijeka, Zlatko Dalić to Dinamo Tirana, in Albania, where he signed a contract for the next two years with the 2007–2008 Albanian champions.

In early 2009, he signed a two-year contract with Swedish Div II side, Dalkurd FF, playing in the fourth tier of the Swedish league, guiding the club to promotion in his first season.

References

External links

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Girls at Arms 2

Girls at Arms 2 () is a 1976 Danish comedy film directed by Finn Henriksen and starring Berrit Kvorning. It is a sequel to the 1975 film Girls at Arms.

Cast
Berrit Kvorning as Premierløjtnant Merete Clausen
Klaus Pagh as Hermann Clausen
Dirch Passer as Vasby
Karl Stegger as Major Basse
Helle Merete Sørensen as Vibsen
Ulla Jessen as Magda
Magi Stocking as Børgesen
Marianne Tønsberg as Irmgard Martinsen
Birger Jensen as Frits
Søren Strømberg as Otto
Lille Palle as Orgeltramper
Finn Nielsen as Oversergent Brysk
Lotte Tarp as Journalisten Kirsten
Lise Schrøder as Journalist
Olaf Ussing as Forsvarsministeren
John Larsen as Henrik
Jan Hertz as Max
Alvin Linnemann as Kroværten
Lilli Holmer as Butiksdetektiv
Lise Henningsen

External links

Category:1976 films
Category:1970s comedy films
Category:Danish films
Category:Danish comedy films
Category:Danish-language films
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Category:1970s sequel films


Gocha Jamarauli

Gocha Jamarauli (; born 23 July 1971) is a Georgian former professional football midfielder.

He collected 62 caps and as of 2008 is the fourth most capped player in Georgia.

Club career
His club career started in FC Dinamo Tbilisi when Georgian football league was formed in 1990, the Dinamo team won several titles in a row, and Jamarauli was a key player during this period. In 1996, he wanted to play abroad, and moved to Russian (North Ossetian) team FC Alania Vladikavkaz, and the next season to Trabzonspor of Turkey.

Neither spell was very successful, so he got a transfer to Swiss club FC Zürich in summer 1998 where he spent four seasons until leaving following a contract dispute. Via another Swiss team, FC Luzern, he joined FC Metalurh Donetsk in the Ukrainian league, where he would spend two and a half season. Following brief spells with Dinamo Tbilisi and Anorthosis Famagusta the midfielder announced his retirement from professional football.

International career
He was a regular in the national team, and played 62 international matches and scored 6 goals between 1994 and 2004.With his team won Malta International Football Tournament 1998

He made his début on 8 February 1994.

International goals

References

External links

Profile at TFF

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Giovanni Battista Santorio

Giovanni Battista Santorio or Giovan Battista Santoro (died 29 February 1592) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Tricarico (1586–1592) and Bishop of Alife (1586–1592).

Biography
On 19 November 1568, Giovanni Battista Santorio was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Bishop of Alife.

On 13 December 1568, he was consecrated bishop by Giulio Antonio Santorio, Archbishop of Santa Severina, with Felice Peretti Montalto, Bishop of Sant'Agata de' Goti, and Umberto Locati, Bishop of Bagnoregio, serving as co-consecrators.
On 8 January 1586, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Sixtus V as Bishop of Tricarico.
He served as Bishop of Tricarico until his death on 29 February 1592.

Episcopal succession
While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of:

See also
Catholic Church in Italy

References

External links and additional sources
 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 (for Chronology of Bishops)

Category:16th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Pius V
Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Sixtus V
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Pike Creek (White Clay Creek tributary)

Pike Creek is a  long 2nd order tributary to White Clay Creek in New Castle County, Delaware.

Course
Pike Creek rises on the White Clay Creek divide at Stirrup Farms, Delaware in New Castle County, Delaware.  Pike Creek then flows south-southeast to meet White Clay Creek at Choate, Delaware.

Watershed
Pike Creek drains  of area, receives about 46.2 in/year of precipitation, has a topographic wetness index of 398.22 and is about 24.6% forested.

See also
List of rivers of Delaware

References

Category:Rivers of Delaware
Category:Rivers of New Castle County, Delaware


Sulukan

Sulukan normally refers to mood setting songs by a puppeteer (dhalang) in Javanese wayang ("puppet") performances in Indonesia. The term can also refer to the pathetan pieces played before and after gamelan pieces in a non-wayang context, and to mystical poetry relating to the doctrinal meaning of the term sulook.

Etymology

The etymology of the term is unclear. Arps relates it to the gamelan practice of cêluk ("calling out"), an introduction to a piece with a sung phrase, rather than an instrumental introduction.  It is also possible that the word derives from the Sanskrit term sloka, a verse form consisting of octosyllabic couplets. This is plausible considering that the metrical structure of sulukan verses does indeed generally conform to the pattern of octosyllabic couplets, the etymology may have passed into Javanese lore from the work of 19th century Dutch scholars. This verse form is in sharp contrast to the normal metres of Javanese poetry.

Sulukan which follow the normal Javanese metres are specified as such in their titles, e.g. Kawin Sekar Sinom, which follows the sekar (macapat verse form) named sinom. If no specification is made, the text will be in octosyllabic couplets - either wêtah (a number of complete couplets), jugag (in couplets but with a truncated final line) or cêkak (a single complete couplet).

Forms

The Yogyakarta and Surakarta traditions of wayang each have their own repertory of sulukan. The standard Yogyakarta listing is contained in Mudjanattistomo's Pedhalangan Ngayogyakarta (1977), and divides the repertory into the following categories: lagon, (equivalent to pathetan in the Surakarta style), kawin, sendhon, suluk, bawaswara and ada-ada. Lagon, kawin and suluk are used to introduce whole scenes, while sendhon and ada-ada are used to introduce particular types of action within a scene, and bawaswara are used as introductions to specific gamelan pieces. The Surakarta tradition is covered by Nojowirongko's Serat tuntunan padalangan (1954), which also forms the foundation of the account of sulukan in English given by Brandon. In the Surakarta tradition, only pathetan, sendhon and ada-ada are recognised as forms. A further distinction between types is between those accompanied by a small group an instruments including gendér, gambang, rebab and suling (such as lagon and suluk), and those accompanied by gender alone or with the addition of kempuls and gongs (such as kawin, sendhon and ada-ada).

Naming conventions
All sulukan have a specific pathet designation relating both to the mode of the gamelan and the act of the wayang performance, many also have a functional specification relating to their role in the drama, which either specifies the scene in which they are used or their particular occasion. For example: Lagon Sl 9 wêtah tumrap badhe gara-gara - in this title Lagon is the type, Sl 9 specifies the mode as being slendro sanga, wêtah indicates the metre, and tumrap badhe gara-gara indicates its use at the opening of the gara-gara section which introduces the clowns (punokawan).

Sulukan texts
The language of most sulukan in current use is not everyday Javanese. Instead it is a mixture of high Javanese (krama), literary Javanese and Kawi. The literary Javanese used in sulukan and many other literary forms differsm from spoken Javanese in three main ways: Firstly, the grammatical rules covering elements such as word order are relaxed - a practice known as baliswara; secondly, a large number of archaic words or phrases are used to create an atmosphere of "ancient wisdom", and finally the normal rules on speech levels ([[Javanese language|undha-usuk]]) may be relaxed, allowing the poet to choose a ngoko, krama, krama inggil or even Kawi version of a word to fit the metre in use, creating juxtapositions of speech levels unthinkable in normal discourse.

Most modern Javanese wayang audiences do not "understand" the texts of sulukan in the normal sense - although there are differences in levels of comprehension as there would be for an English-speaking audience at a Shakespeare play, for instance - but few see it as a problem, feeling that the archaic and obscurantist nature of the texts is appropriate to the atmosphere of "otherworldliness" which wayang tries to create. In any case, Javanese dalangs are clear that the function of sulukan is to set a mood rather than convey information.

Dramaturgical function
Of the 55 sulukan listed in Mudjanattistomo, 50 are specified as having a particular scene-setting function. These are always indicated in the title by the Javanese word tumrap ("for"), and fall into five broad categories: sulukan used to introduce a scene, sulukan used to introduce a named character or generic character-type, sulukan presented as being sung by one of the punokawan, sulukan used within a scene to introduce a type of action - usually but not always a fight sequence, and sulukan attached to a specific gamelan piece by way of a vocal introduction.

References

General
Arps, Bernard (1992) Tembang in two traditions: Performance and interpretation of Javanese literature London, SOAS
Brinner, Benjamin (1985) Competence and interaction in the performance of 'pathetan' in Central Java Berkeley, University of California PhD dissertation
Mudjanattistomo et al. (1977) Pedhalangan Ngayogyakarta Yogyakarta, Yayasan Habirandha (Habirandha Foundation)
Robson, Stuart (1990) The Wédhatama - and English translation Leiden, KITLV Press
Zoetmulder, P.J. (1935) Pantheisme en monisme in de Javaansche soeloek-litteratuur Nijmegen, J.J. Berkhout (in Dutch)

Further reading
Brandon, James (1970) On thrones of gold - three Javanese shadow plays Harvard University Press
Nojowirongko, M. Ng. (1954) Serat tuntunan padalangan 2 vols, Yogyakarta, Tjabang Bagian Bahasa
Soesanto Darnawi (1982) A brief survey of Javanese poetics Jakarta, Balai Pustaka; English translation by Gary Lichtenstein

Notes

Category:Wayang


Oxonium ion

In chemistry, an oxonium ion is any oxygen cation with three bonds. The  simplest oxonium ion is the hydronium ion H3O+.

Alkyloxonium
Hydronium is one of a series of oxonium ions with the formula R3−nHnO+.
Oxygen is usually pyramidal with an sp3 hybridization. Those with n = 2 are called primary oxonium ions, an example being protonated methanol. Other hydrocarbon oxonium ions are formed by protonation or alkylation of alcohols or ethers (R−C−−R1R2). In acidic media, the oxonium functional group produced by protonating an alcohol can be a leaving group in the E2 elimination reaction. The product is an alkene. Extreme acidity, heat, and dehydrating conditions are usually required.

Secondary oxonium ions have the formula R2OH+, an example being protonated ethers.

Tertiary oxonium ions have the formula R3O+, an example being trimethyloxonium. Tertiary alkyloxonium salts are useful alkylating agents. For example, triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate ()(), a white crystalline solid, can be used, for example, to produce ethyl esters when the conditions of traditional Fischer esterification are unsuitable. It is also used for preparation of enol ethers and related functional groups.

Oxatriquinane and oxatriquinacene are unusually stable oxonium ions, first described in 2008. Oxatriquinane does not react with boiling water or with alcohols, thiols, halide ions, or amines, although it does react with stronger nucleophiles such as hydroxide, cyanide, and azide.

Oxocarbenium ions
Another class of oxonium ions encountered in organic chemistry is the oxocarbenium ions, obtained by protonation or alkylation of a carbonyl group e.g. R−C=−R′ which forms a resonance structure with the fully-fledged carbocation R−−O−R′ and is therefore especially stable:

Gold-stabilized species

An unusually stable oxonium species is the gold complex tris[triphenylphosphinegold(I)]oxonium tetrafluoroborate, [(Ph3PAu)3O][BF4], where the intramolecular aurophilic interactions between the gold atoms are believed responsible for the stabilisation of the cation.  This complex is prepared by treatment of Ph3PAuCl with Ag2O in the presence of NaBF4:

3 Ph3PAuCl   +   Ag2O   +   NaBF4   →  [(Ph3PAu)3O]+[BF4]–   +   2 AgCl   +   NaCl

It has been used as a catalyst for the propargyl Claisen rearrangement.

Relevance to natural product chemistry
Complex bicyclic and tricyclic oxonium ions have been proposed as key intermediates in the biosynthesis of a series of natural products by the red algae of the genus Laurencia.

Several members of these elusive species have been prepared explicitly by total synthesis, demonstrating the possibility of their existence. The key to their successful generation was the use of a weakly coordinating anion (Krossing's anion, [Al(pftb)4]-, pftb = perfluoro-tert-butoxy) as the counteranion. As shown in the example below, this was executed by a transannular halide abstraction strategy through the reaction of the oxonium ion precursor (an organic halide) with the silver salt of the Krossing's anion Ag[Al(pftb)4]•CH2Cl2, generating the desired oxonium ion with simultaneous precipitation of inorganic silver halides. The resulting oxonium ions were characterized comprehensively by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at low temperature (–78 °C) with support from density functional theory computation.

These oxonium ions were also demonstrated to directly give rise to multiple related natural products by reacting with various nucleophiles, such as water, bromide, chloride and acetate.

See also
Onium ion, a +1 cation derived by protonation of a hydride (includes oxonium ions)
Pyrylium, one of the oxonium ions

References

Category:Oxycations


WWTG

WWTG is a Christian radio station licensed to Carpentersville, Illinois, broadcasting on 88.1 MHz FM. The station serves Northwest suburban Chicago, Northern Kane County, and Southern McHenry County. WWTG is an affiliate of LifeTalk Radio and is owned by Cary Grove Adventist Fellowship.

WWTG's programming includes Christian talk and teaching shows such as Back to Genesis by the Institute for Creation Research, Family Life Today with Dennis Rainey and Bob Lepine, Joni & Friends, and Unshackled!. WWTG also airs a variety of Christian music, as well as children's programs, such as Adventures in Odyssey.

References

External links
WWTG's official website
LifeTalk Radio's website

Category:Christian radio stations in the United States
WTG


Robert Tree Cody

Robert Tree Cody (born April 20, 1951) is a Native American musician, dancer, and educator.  He graduated from John Marshall High School in 1969. Robert is an adopted son of Hollywood actor Iron Eyes Cody.

Early life
Robert Tree Cody is the adopted son of the actor Iron Eyes Cody and Cody's wife Bertha Parker, an Assistant in Archaeology at Southwest Museum of the American Indian.  Iron Eyes and Bertha adopted Robert and his brother Arthur, who served in the United States Marine Corps during the Vietnam War and died as a result of exposure to Agent Orange. The brothers are of Dakota and Maricopa heritage. Robert is an enrolled member of the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community.  In the Maricopa language, his traditional name is Oou Kas Mah Quet, meaning "Thunder Bear".

Formerly of Big Bear, California, he now resides in Winslow, Arizona. His nickname, "Tree", comes from his height: he is six feet nine and a half inches tall.  In 2009, Robert was interviewed about his father in the Canadian documentary Reel Injun.

Performer and musician
Robert Cody plays the Native American flute, has released albums with Canyon Records and toured throughout the Americas, Europe, and East Asia.  He performed the traditional carved wooden flute on several tracks of The Rippingtons' 1999 album Topaz.

He was a featured flautist in the tenth episode of the PBS series Reading Rainbow, entitled "The Gift of the Sacred Dog" (based on the book by Paul Goble).  It was filmed at Montana's Crow Agency reservation on June 17, 1983. He performed with Xavier Quijas Yxayotl (Huichol) from Guadalajara for the 2000 new age album Crossroads.

During the 1950s and '60s and '70s, Cody traveled the pow wow circuit extensively as a dancer.

References

External links

Category:1951 births
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