2004 Detroit Tigers season

The Detroit Tigers' 2004 season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Detroit Tigers attempting to win the AL Central.  The team set a major league record with 11 players on the team hitting at least 10 home runs.  The Tigers' 104th season ended with the team finishing in fourth place at 72-90, 29 games better than their disastrous season of the previous year.  However, they were still 20 games behind the AL Central Champion Minnesota Twins.

The Tigers tied their own major league record for most home runs by a losing team when they hit seven homers in an 11–9 defeat to the Boston Red Sox on August 8.

Offseason
December 18, 2003: Al Levine was signed as a Free Agent with the Detroit Tigers.
December 19, 2003: Rondell White was signed as a Free Agent with the Detroit Tigers.
January 8, 2004 Acquired Carlos Guillén for Ramon Santiago and minor leaguer Juan Gonazalez.
January 14, 2004: Bobby Estalella was signed as a Free Agent with the Detroit Tigers.
 February 6, 2004: Iván Rodríguez signed as a Free Agent with the Detroit Tigers.
February 9, 2004: Bobby Estalella was released by the Detroit Tigers.
March 29, 2004: Ugueth Urbina was signed as a Free Agent with the Detroit Tigers.

Regular season

Standings

Record vs. opponents

Notable transactions
June 7, 2004: Justin Verlander was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the 1st round (2nd pick) of the 2004 amateur draft. Player signed October 25, 2004.

Game Log

Roster

Player stats

Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Starting pitchers

Relief pitchers

Farm system

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: West Michigan

References

External links

2004 Detroit Tigers season at Baseball Reference

Category:Detroit Tigers seasons
Detroit Tigers
Detroit
Category:2000s in Detroit


Jania rubens

Jania rubens, the slender-beaded coral weed, is a species of red seaweeds. It is found in European waters.

References

External links
 Jania rubens at AlgaeBase

Category:Corallinaceae
Category:Species described in 1816


FPG-82

The FPG-82 is an INS/GPS guided wing-kit for Mk-82-class bombs, under development by Friuli Aeroespacial, for the Brazilian Air Force.

Service
The FPG-82 will equip the Brazilian Air Force's F-5BR and AMX, and Brazilian Naval Aviation A-4.

Characteristics
The kit adds a 40 kg GPS/INS navigation system in a tail fairing and pop-out wing in a dorsal saddleback fairing enabling a 7:1 glide ratio aiming to increase standoff range up to 80 km.

See also
 Mk-82
 SMKB
 Joint Direct Attack Munition

References

Bibliography

 ;

External links
 Friuli Aeroespacial - Project Page

Category:Aerial bombs of Brazil
Category:Guided bombs


Oronde

Oronde is a given name. Notable people with the given name include:

Oronde Ash (born 1976), Vincentian footballer
Oronde Bascome (born 1988), Bermudian cricketer
Oronde Gadsden (born 1971), American football player

See also
Jamael Orondé "Rondé" Barber (born 1975), American football player


James Dykes

James or Jimmy Dykes may refer to:
James Oswald Dykes (1835–1912), Scottish clergyman
Jimmy Dykes (1896–1976), American baseball player and manager
Jimmy Dykes (basketball) (born 1961), American basketball commentator and coach
Jimmy Dykes (footballer) (1916–1974), Scottish footballer
Jimmy Dykes (Irish footballer) (1898–1976), Irish footballer
Jimmy Dykes (rugby union), Scottish international rugby union player
Jimmy Lee Dykes, perpetrator of the 2013 Alabama bunker hostage crisis


Interactional linguistics

Interactional linguistics is an interdisciplinary approach to grammar and interaction in the fields of linguistics, the sociology of language, and anthropology. Not only is Interactional Linguistics about language grammar and use, but it encompasses a wide range of language as well – syntax, phonetics, phonology, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, and so on. Interactional linguistics is a project in which linguistic structures and uses are formed through interaction and it aims at helping understanding how languages are formed through interaction.

Interactional linguistics was not much developed until recently. A few centuries ago, students and researchers were only investigating written language. With the improvement of technology, linguists have started to focus on spoken language as well due to its functions in intonation and transcription system. Starting to investigate spoken language on its own is the start of Interactional linguistics’ development. Afterward, function-directed linguists were working on relations between discourse function and linguistic form. Though the functional linguistic study wasn’t all about conversational interaction, it was really helpful for the language study which saw linguistic form as being useful on the situated occasion of use. The next step which made interactional linguistics develop was the important work on conversation analysis. Some sociologists were saying the study of everyday language was the essence of social order; some other kinds of discourse were said to be understood as habituations of the fundamental conversational order. The term talk-in-interaction was created as an inclusive term for all of naturally speech exchange.

One theory of interactional linguistics, emergent grammar, proposed by Paul Hopper, postulates that rules of grammar come about as language is spoken and used. This is contrary to the a priori grammar postulate, the idea that grammar rules exist in the mind before the production of utterances. Compared to the principles of generative grammar and the concept of Universal Grammar, interactional linguistics asserts that grammar emerges from social interaction. Whereas Universal Grammar claims that features of grammar are innate, emergent grammar and other interactional theories claim that the human language faculty has no innate grammar and that features of grammar are learned through experience and social interaction.

Interactional linguistics has developed in linguistic discourse analysis and conversation analysis, and is used to investigate the relationship between grammatical structure and real-time interaction and language use. Further, the topic of normativity in a discourse or a social norm both contribute to how a conversation functions. There is a common ground that both parties in a conversation use in order to determine how to both continue a conversation and what sort of social syntax to use. For example, if two workers were speaking together, the interaction between them would be different, more informal, compared to how a worker and their boss might interact in a more formal manner.

Scholars in interactional linguistics draw from functional linguistics, conversation analysis, and linguistic anthropology in order to describe "the way in which language figures in everyday interaction and cognition." Studies in interactional linguistics view linguistic forms, including syntactic and prosodic structures, as greatly affected by interactions among participants in speech, signing, or other language use. The field contrasts with dominant approaches to linguistics during the twentieth century, which tended to focus either on the form of language per se, or on theories of individual language user's linguistic competence.

References

Further reading

Category:Discourse analysis
Category:Grammar frameworks
Category:Grammar
Category:Syntax
Category:Phonology
Category:Emergence


Morris Hood Jr.

Morris Hood Jr. was a Democratic member of the Michigan House of Representatives, representing part of Detroit from 1971 until his death in 1998.

Early life
Born in Detroit in 1934, Hood served in the United States Army and attended Wayne State University.

Career
In 1970, he was elected to the House, and was re-elected 14 times. (His last term was the last he could have served under Michigan's term limits.) While in the House, Hood chaired the Appropriations Committee.

Hood served as a delegate to four Democratic National Conventions.

He was the primary founder of the King-Chavez-Parks Initiative scholarship program.

Personal life
Hood died of a heart attack on October 7, 1998. His body lay in state in the Capitol rotunda, the first legislator to receive the honor.

Hood's son, Morris Hood III, is a member of the Michigan Senate.

References

Category:1934 births
Category:1998 deaths
Category:Politicians from Detroit
Category:Military personnel from Michigan
Category:Members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Category:Michigan Democrats
Category:Wayne State University alumni
Category:20th-century American politicians


Velveteria

The Velveteria Epicenter of Art Fighting Cultural Deprivation, or Velveteria (and formerly the Velveteria: The Museum of Velvet Paintings) is a museum located in Los Angeles, California, dedicated to velvet paintings. Originally opened in 2005 in Portland, Oregon, the establishment houses hundreds of paintings from Caren Anderson and Carl Baldwin's personal collection of over 2,000 pieces, and is reportedly the only one of its kind. The Velveteria closed in Portland in January 2010 due to financial difficulties and the couple's relocation to Southern California. It was reopened in Chinatown, Los Angeles in 2013.

History

The museum was established by Caren Anderson and Carl Baldwin, California natives residing in Portland. It opened in 2005 at 518 NE 28th Avenue with a $3 admission price.

During the month of May 2008, a collection of works were showcased at Powell's Books. The museum relocated to a larger space, located at 2448 East Burnside Street, in 2008, and increased the admission price to $5. However, rental costs were more than three times higher and in January 2010, Velveteria closed when Anderson and Baldwin relocated to Southern California. According to Anderson and Baldwin, they "never made any real money" from Velveteria, a name they trademarked. The couple wrote a book about the museum, titled Black Velvet Masterpieces: Highlights from the Collection of the Velveteria Museum.

In December, 2013, Velveteria re-opened as the Velveteria Epicenter of Art Fighting Cultural Deprivation in Los Angeles. The cost of admission is $10 as of 2017.

Description

Velveteria was originally located in an "incongruously bland-looking storefront" on East Burnside Street. Leading to the museum were "hot-pink crushed" velvet curtains. The entrance had a sign describing the museum as "a life-changing experience! Without crawling over broken glass or walking on hot coals!" The museum housed 400 velvet paintings from the couple's personal collection of more than 2,000 pieces. No items were for sale. The first location included a "Nudes Room". Some works were displayed within a black light room. Handwritten comments from the couple were displayed throughout the museum.

Works depict blessed virgins, landscapes, sad clowns and "voluptuous" nude women. Unicorn Combover portrayed a unicorn whose mane morphed into a woman's hairdo. The museum included a shrine to Michael Jackson; other portrait pieces depicted Anderson Cooper, Jesus, Abraham Lincoln and Elvis Presley.

Reception
Velveteria was featured on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in September 2006, Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations in January 2007, and CBS News Sunday Morning and MSN's Appetite for Life with Andrew Zimmern in 2009. In 2010, Kristi Turnquist of The Oregonian wrote that Anderson and Baldwin personified the "Keep Portland Weird" slogan and that the museum was "evidence of the city's quirky creativity". Anderson admitted to being tired of this association.

See also

 Glossary of textile manufacturing
 List of museums in Oregon

References

External links

 Velveteria's official site

Category:2005 establishments in Oregon
Category:2010 disestablishments in Oregon
Category:2013 establishments in California
Category:Art museums in California
Category:Art museums in Oregon
Category:Museums established in 2005
Category:Museums in Los Angeles
Category:Museums in Portland, Oregon

ja:ベルベット・ペインティング


Michael Caruso

Michael Caruso may refer to:

Michael Caruso (ice hockey) (born 1988), Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman
Michael Caruso (musician) (born 1954), American Singer-Songwriter
Michael Caruso (racing driver) (born 1983), Australian professional racing driver
Mike Caruso (born 1977), former Major League Baseball shortstop


Rabenstein an der Pielach

Rabenstein an der Pielach is a municipality in the district of Sankt Pölten-Land in Lower Austria, Austria.

Geography
Rabenstein an der Pielach lies in the middle of the Pielach valley in the Mostviertel in Lower Austria. About 45.51 percent of the municipality is forested.

History
Franz König, Cardinal of the Catholic Church, was born in the village Warth in Rabenstein an der Pielach.

References

Category:Rabenstein an der Pielach
Category:Cities and towns in Lower Austria


Leake Land District

Leake Land District is a land district (cadastral division) of Western Australia, located within the Eucla Land Division.

Category:Land districts of Western Australia


Illinois Department of Revenue

The Illinois Department of Revenue (IDOR) is the code department of the Illinois state government that collects state taxes, operates the state lottery, oversees the state's casino industry, oversees the state's thoroughbred and harness horse racing industries, and regulates the distribution of alcoholic beverages throughout Illinois, including beer, wine, and liquor. It is headquartered at the Willard Ice Building Located at 101 W Jefferson in Springfield, Illinois.

History
The Illinois Department of Revenue has increased in size in line with the creation of new taxes within the state and the expansion of existing taxes.  A gasoline tax was enacted in Illinois in 1927, the sales tax was enacted in 1933; the state income tax was enacted in 1969, and the first lottery tickets were sold in 1974 in the state capital of Springfield.

In fiscal year 2007, the Illinois Department of Revenue expected to collect $24.6 billion in taxes and gambling revenues, about five-sixths of the state's general funds revenues for the year.  IDOR expected to keep $1.0 billion of this sum (4.0%) to cover the costs of its own operations, and expected to transfer the rest to the office of the Illinois State Treasurer to pay for the ongoing operations of the state.

Organization
The Illinois Department of Revenue collects taxes on its own behalf and oversees the operations of three quasi-independent state boards and commissions, as follows:

 The Illinois Gaming Board regulates Illinois casinos
 The Illinois Gaming Board/IGB utilizes sworn officers from the Illinois Department of Revenue - Bureau of Criminal Investigations (Special Agents) and Illinois State Police (Troopers) to staff the nine Riverboat Offices throughout the state as well as the IGB Headquarters in Chicago and Des Plaines.
 Agents are responsible for conducting licensing and background investigations regarding casino ownership, management, employees, and suppliers associated with the Gaming industry.  Agents investigate thefts, embezzlements, cheating, and illegal modifications of gaming devices as well as a host of other criminal activities.  The IGB also enforces all regulations of the Riverboat Gambling Act and the Illinois Compiled Statutes.
 Monitoring and regulating this industry has proved extraordinarily important to the State.  More than 15 million individual admissions to the casinos are recorded annually, and total adjusted gross receipts exceed $1.7 billion on a yearly basis.;

 The Illinois Racing Board regulates Illinois horse racetracks;
 The Illinois Liquor Control Commission regulates the distribution of alcoholic beverages in Illinois.

Today
In 2018, IDOR Launched a Statewide Electronic Lien Registry in order to provide a single-source to locate all active liens and releases filed by the department.

See also
 Illinois Department of the Lottery

References

External links
 Illinois Department of Revenue
 TITLE 86: REVENUE of the Illinois Administrative Code

Revenue
Category:State law enforcement agencies of Illinois
Category:US state tax agencies


Joe Lucy

Joe Lucy (2 February 1930 – 21 July 1991) was a British boxer who was British lightweight champion between 1953 and 1955 and again between 1956 and 1957.

Career
Born in Mile End, London, Lucy made his professional debut in May 1950. He won 15 of his first 16 fights, his only defeat to South African Gerald Dreyer on points in April 1951. In February 1952 he suffered his second loss while challenging Tommy Barnham for the vacant BBBofC Southern Area lightweight title. He also lost his next fight, against Hocine Khalfi the following month.

He returned to winning ways and in January 1953 beat Tommy McGovern to win the Southern Area title, the fight also a final eliminator for the British title. He was due to meet Frank Johnson in June 1953 for the latter's British title, but Johnson failed to make the weight; The fight went ahead with Lucy winning on points and Johnson was stripped of the title. In September Lucy faced McGovern again for the now vacant British title. Lucy won on points to become British champion.

He had three fights in 1954, beating Belgian champion Joseph Janssens but losing twice to Johnny Butterworth, the first due to a cut while comfortably ahead. He started 1955 with an unsuccessful challenge for the vacant British Empire lightweight title against Johnny van Rensburg in Johannesburg in February, losing on a split decision, and two months later lost his British title to Johnson in one of the earliest British title fights to be shown live on television, being admitted to hospital after the fight with abdominal pains. He finished the year with another loss, to European champion Duilio Loi.

In 1956 Lucy's focus returned to the domestic title, and after knocking out Gordon Goodman in a final eliminator in February, challenged for Johnson's British title in April. Lucy avenged his earlier defeat, stopping Johnson in the eighth round to regain the title. He made a successful defence two months later, stopping Sammy McCarthy in the thirteenth round. He lost the title in April 1957 to Dave Charnley on points, and subsequently retired from boxing.

He went on to run the Ruskin Arms Hotel in East Ham, where he promoted rock concerts.

References

External links
Career record at boxinghistory.org.uk
Career record at Boxrec.com
Lucy v McCarthy, British lightweight title fight, British Movietone

Category:1930 births
Category:1991 deaths
Category:English male boxers
Category:Lightweight boxers
Category:Boxers from Greater London


Thomond (disambiguation)

Thomond may also refer to:
 The Kingdom of Thomond, ruled by the Dal gCais
 Thomond College of Education, Limerick, a teacher training college
 Thomond Park, Limerick, a sports stadium of Munster Rugby
 Thomond Villas, old army barracks at Clarecastle
 Thomond Bridge, an old bridge across the River Shannon
 Thomondgate, a district associated with Limerick


San José Miahuatlán

San José Miahuatlán (municipality) is a town and municipality in Puebla in south-eastern Mexico.

References

Category:Municipalities of Puebla
Category:Populated places in Puebla


Constant Wagner

Constant Wagner (1 January 1941 – 27 October 2007) was a Luxembourgian sports shooter. He competed in the men's 10 metre air pistol event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1941 births
Category:2007 deaths
Category:Luxembourgian male sport shooters
Category:Olympic shooters of Luxembourg
Category:Shooters at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Kayl


Khabul Khan

Khabul Khan, also known as Qabul Khan, Kabul Khan and Khabul Khagan, was the first known Khan of the Khamag Mongol confederation and great-grandfather to Genghis Khan.

Family and background
Khabul Khan was a son of Tumbinai Setsen and great-grandson of the Khaidu. He was head of the Borjigin clan.

Campaigns
Khabal Khan entered history as a result of his clashes with the Jurchens, a people who lived north of Liao in Manchuria, established the Jin dynasty in 1115, and gradually took control over Manchuria. In alliance with the Chinese Song dynasty, they attacked the Liao, and by 1122 had captured a significant portion of Liao territory. In 1135, Khabul Khan was invited to the court of Taizong of Jin, where he famously pulled the emperor’s beard. The Jin army pursued him into southern Mongolia, but Khabul eluded capture and returned with a larger army to pillage the Jin dynasty.

When the Jin army then entered Mongolia with the intention of conquering the territories ruled by Yelü Dashi, also named Emperor Dezong of Liao, and who was the founder of the Qara Khitai, or Western Liao dynasty, it was Khabul Khan who put together a Mongol confederation and led the successful effort to repel this invasion.

The confederation was called the Khamag Mongol (or "Whole Mongol") and consisted of the four core clans: Khiyad, Taichuud, Jalairs, and Jirukhen. It is “sometimes…considered a predecessor state” of Genghis Khan’s empire.  When the Jurchen accepted their defeat, they recognized Khabul Khan, in 1146 or 1147, as the paramount ruler of the Mongols, although they still “officially considered him their vassal.”

Khabul Khan has been described as having “expanded his Mongol tribe and achieved incredible triumph in suppressing the Tatar tribes,” an accomplishment in which he was aided by his son Yasukai. His activities during his reign marked the first attempts to politically unify the Mongols.

Though Khabul Khan had 7 sons, he nominated Ambaghai, a son of Sengun Bilge from Taichuud clan, as his successor.

Descendants and legacy
Khabul Khan had seven sons, the oldest being Okin-barkhakh and the second oldest Bartan the Valiant. Bartan,  in turn, fathered Yesugei, the father of Genghis Khan. The Khabul Khan’s third son was Mongler, who fathered Buri the wrestler.

Khabul is considered important today because of his establishment of the Mongol state. He is also considered by some historians to have been a reformer and is described as a promoter of democracy.

See also
 Family tree of Genghis Khan

References

Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Year of death missing
Category:12th-century Mongol rulers
Category:Mongolian nobility
Category:Mongol khans
Category:History of Mongolia


Dawn of Victory

Dawn of Victory is the third studio album released by Rhapsody in 2000. Like the previous albums, it centers on the story of Algalord and The Emerald Sword Saga. It was produced and engineered by Sascha Paeth and Miro. It is also the first album to feature drummer Alex Holzwarth.

Track listing

The album was also made available in a Digipak edition containing a bonus disc with several extra tracks.

The bonus disc also contained a multimedia track featuring:
Holy Thunderforce (video clip)
Epicus Furor – Emerald Sword (video clip)
Wisdom Of The Kings (video clip)
Algalord Chronicles I, II & III
Photo Gallery
Track Commentary
History
Screensaver (for PC use only)

Credits
 Luca Turilli – Guitars
 Fabio Lione – Vocals
 Alex Staropoli – Keyboards
 Alessandro Lotta – Bass
 Alex Holzwarth – Drums

Guest musicians

 Epic choirs – Robert Hunecke-Rizzo, Thomas Rettke, Miro Rodenberg, Cinzia Rizzo, Florinda Klevisser
 Church Choirs – Helmstedt Kammerchoir conducted by Andreas Lamken
 Female Baroque voice – Constanze Backes
 Childish voice on "Trolls in the Dark" – Laurence Vanryne
 Baroque recorders – Manuel Staropoli
 Lead Violin – Maggie Ardorf
 Guest Drums – Thunderforce

References

External links
 Lyrics

Category:2000 albums
Category:Rhapsody of Fire albums
Category:Limb Music albums


Moravia High Jump Tour

The Moravia High Jump Tour is an elite-level, invitation-only, indoor Athletics competition for the world's best high jumpers, both men and women. It is a high jump-only competition, held in the eastern Czech region of Moravia. Although the competition is held in small basketball gymnasiums, without a track, the Tour is sanctioned by the IAAF, the sport's governing body. First organized as a Tour in 2005, it quickly became the world's best (non-championship) indoor competition and routinely produces world-leading jumps. Held in the Czech Republic in late January each year, the Tour initially consisted of three stops spread over a week, including the town of Ostrava, but in 2008 it was shortened to two competitions held three days apart in the towns of Hustopeče and Třinec. The two events are now usually held on a Wednesday and Saturday, or, on Saturday and Tuesday. The first Tour was, officially, only for Men, but a Women's competition was held in 2005. The Women's program was formally launched at the 2006 Tour, at all three towns.

The town of Trinec is located near the city of Ostrava, in eastern Czech Republic. The Trinec event is also known as The Beskyd’s Bar and is held at the Vitality Slezsko Indoor Tennis Arena: competitors are allowed to practice on the converted tennis court the evening before the competition. The city of Hustopece is located near Brno.

Jumpers are encouraged to "play to the crowd" and the indoor party atmosphere is further enhanced by having music played as they prepare to jump. The narrow basketball gymnasium at Hustopece can only accommodate 1,000 spectators, while about 2,000 can squeeze into the facility at Trinec. Rubberized floor panels are laid down over the wooden basketball court so that the jumpers can wear their jumping shoes with short spikes.

Although jumpers are invited to compete in all stops on the Tour, often their schedules permit them to jump at only one venue.Also, severe winter weather occasionally prevents athletes from flying into the Czech Republic, and can even hamper travel between Tour cities. In addition to the individual event winners, an overall Men's and Women's champion is crowned based on the combined heights of their best jumps in the two (initially, three) cities.

First organized as a Tour in January 2005, over its first four years the series witnessed 14 men's marks of 2.30 m or better (7 feet 6 1/2 inches), and on the women's side twenty (20) marks of 1.92 m  or higher (6 ft 3 1/2in). For reasons that can not be explained, but are obvious to the jumpers, the gymnasium at Hustopece has consistently yielded higher results than the facility at Trinec, for both men and women. After the 4th Tour in 2008, the meet records at Trinec were 2.32 (Jaroslav Baba, 2004) and 1.97 (Barbora Lalakova, 2008), while at Hustopece they were 2.36 (Ivan Ukhov, 2008) and 1.99 (Vita Palamar and Ariane Friedrich, 2008).

Russian jumper Ivan Ukhov won the Men's competition at the Tour in 2009, 2010 and 2011, each time breaking the meet record with a world-leading jump: 2.36 at Hustopece in 2009; 2.37 at Hustopece in 2010, and 2.38 (7 ft 9 1/2 in) at Hustopece in 2011. At the 2011 event in Hustopece, Ukhov attempted three times to leap 2.44 (8 feet), one centimeter higher than the world indoor record set by Javier Sotomayor in 1989. The 44-year-old Cuban was in attendance to watch the 24-year-old Russia narrowly miss on his second jump, brushing the bar on his way down.

1st Moravia High Jump Tour 2005
The inaugural Tour event included three stops: first leg at Hustopece, second at Trinec, and the third stop in Ostrava on Saturday 29 January. Czech jumper Jaroslav Baba was the overall winner on the Men's side, competing in all three venues with marks of 2.35 (first), 2.27 and 2.25 (third), totalling 687 cm. Svatoslav Ton was second overall (676 cm) and American Tora Harris was third (670 cm). A total of 19 male jumpers competed for the three-meet Tour in 2005.

 A total of 16 Women competed in 2005, although it was not recognized as an IAAF-sanctioned event for the women that year.

Hustopece: The Men's winner was local Czech hero Jaroslav Baba, who established a world-leading jump of 2.35 m.

Trinec:

Ostrava: The Men's winner was Czech Svatoslav Ton with a third-attempt clearance of . Ukrainian Yuriy Krymarenko was second at 2.27, and (Ostrava's hometown hero) Jaroslav Baba was third at 2.25 (passing 2.27 and missing all three attempts at 2.29).

2nd Moravia High Jump Tour 2006
The second season saw the addition of a Women's competition. The overall Men's winner was again Czech favorite Svatoslav Ton. A total of 22 men and 15 women - representing 13 countries - competed for the three-stop Tour.

Trinec: The first venue was at Trinec on Monday 16 January. Russian Ivan Ukhov and Czech Tomas Janku both cleared 2.28, but Ukhov was the winner based on fewer misses. Svatoslav Ton was third at 2.24. On the Women's' side, Czech jumpers Barbora Lalakova and Iva Strakova both cleared 1.92, with Lalakova the victor. Irina Glavatskikh (Russia) was third at 1.89.

Ostrava: The second Tour stop was Ostrava, on Wednesday 18 January. Ivan Ukhov was again the Men's winner, with the same result of 2.28.

Hustopece: The third Tour stop was Hustopece, on Saturday 21 January. Svatoslav Ton won on the Men's side with a jump of 2.33, while Ivan Ukhov was second at 2.31. Iva Strakova won the Women's event with a leap of 1.93, and Irina AGlavatskikh was second at 1.90.

3rd Moravia High Jump Tour 2007
The 3rd Tour in 2007 consisted of three stops. First in Hustopece on Saturday 20 January, second in Ostrava on Tuesday 23 January, and the third stop in Trinec on Thursday 25 January. Thomas Janku won the overall Men's competition (combined 680 cm), while Marina Aitova won the Women's title with a combined height of 574 cm.

Hustopece: (Saturday 20 January) Russian Andrei Tereshin won the Men's event at 2.33.

Ostrava: (Tuesday 23 January)

Trinec: (Thursday 25 January)

4th Moravia High Jump Tour 2008
The 4th version of the Tour was shortened to two stops, with the elimination of Ostrava. The first leg of the 2008 Tour was held at Hustopece on Saturday 19 January, with the second stop in Trinec on Monday 21 January.

Hustopece: (Saturday 19 January) Russian Ivan Ukhov cleared a world-leading 2.36 m to highlight the opening leg of the 4th Moravian High Jump Tour. With his third-attempt clearance, the 21-year-old Russian indoor record holder added a centimetre to his own 2008 best and bettered Jaroslav Baba's record of 2.35 (set in 2005). Sweden's Linus Thörnblad was second at 2.34, and Russian Aleksei Dmitrik was third at 2.30.

Trinec: (Monday 21 January) Linus Thornblad won at 2.30, while Russians Ivan Ukhov and Andrey Tereshin both cleared 2.26, with Ukhov taking second based on fewer misses. In the Women's competition, Czech jumpers Barora Lalkova (1.97) and Romana Dubnova (1.90) finished first and second, with Russian Viktoriya Klyugina also in a tie for second at 1.90.

5th Moravia High Jump Tour 2009
The 5th annual Moravia High Jump Tour was held at Trinec on Wednesday 21 January 2011, and at Hustopece on Saturday 24 January.

Trinec: Ivan Ukhov won the Men's event with a jump of 2.33. Teammate Andrei Tereshin finished second at 2.30.

Hustopece:  Russian Ivan Ukhov bettered his season-best by 1 centimeter, clearing  to win at Hustopece. Aleksandr Shuskov finished second at 2.27.

6th Moravia High Jump Tour 2010
Hustopece: The Senior Men's competition during the first leg at Hustopece on Saturday 23 January 2010 had 12 competitors and was won by Russian Ivan Ukhov, who defended his 2009 title and broke his meet record with a jump of . Ukhov began the competition with a "warm-up" jump of 2.20, continued at 2.28, 2.30 and 2.32 with first attempt clearances. He then cleared 2.37 and then made three attempts at 2.41, coming extremely close on his first. American Dusty Jonas finished second, with a third attempt clearance of 2.30 (7 ft 6 1/2 in).

Trinec: On Tuesday 26 January, at Trinec, the results were repeated, as Ukhov won again, with a jump of 7 ft 8 inches, and Dusty Jonas was runner-up with a third-attempt clearance of 7 ft 7 1/4 inches.

7th Moravia High Jump Tour 2011
The 2011 competitions were held 26 January in Trinec, and Saturday 29 January at Hustopece.

At the first meeting in Trinec, the Junior Women's competition was won by Russian Mariya Kuchina, who established a new indoor Junior record of , breaking the record of 1.96 established by Bulgaria's Desislava Aleksandrova at the 1994 European Athletics Indoor Championships in Paris. Kuchina, who turned 18 just two weeks earlier, entered the competition with personal bests of 1.90 indoors and 1.91 outdoors. She shattered those with a second-attempt clearance of 1.92 to win the event, then flew over 1.94 on her first attempt, and clearing 1.97 on her second jump.

Trinec: The Men's competition was won by Russian Aleksandr Shustov, with a jump of "only" 2.29m: he had three close misses at 2.31. (Ukhov did not compete in Trinec.)

Hustopece: Russian Ivan Ukhov won in Hustopece for the third year in a row, and again broke his meet record with a world-leading jump of 2.38. After passing at 2.41, he had the bar raised to world indoor - and Europe -a record of 2.44 (8 feet). His first two attempts were extremely close, brushing the bar off on his way down on the second attempt. The victory and record attempts were all the more special because it was witnessed by world record-holder Javier Sotomayor (that year's special guest).

8th Moravia High Jump Tour 2012
The 2012 competitions were held Saturday 28 January at Hustopece, and Monday 30 January in Trinec.

At the first meeting in Hustopece, five men jumped 2.31 (7'-7"), but only Aleksey Dmitrik (Russia) cleared 2.35 (7'-8.5") for the win and the early lead for the highest jump in 2012, to date. For Dmitrik, he was perfect through 2.31, then required 2 tries to clear 2.33 (while the rest of the field passed), then established a new personal best indoors with his third try clearance at 2.35. He then had the bar raised to a Russian record of 2.41, coming very close on his final try, as a third-place finisher and Russian record-holder (2.40) Ivan Ukhov watched: video replay shows Dmitrik got his hips cleanly over the bar, but his heels barely clipped the bar on the way down. Russia's Andrey Silnov finished second. Possibly the biggest surprise was the 2.31 by Great Britain's Samson Oni, tying his personal best indoors and good enough to tie for 3rd with Ukhov. Of note, the top American men jumpers did not compete in the 2012 tour, remaining in the U.S. to participate in the (first) U.S. Open invitational track meet at New York's Madison Square Garden on 28 January 2012.

In the Women's event, Russian Svetlana Shkolina was the only female to clear 1.95 (6'-4.75"), while three others cleared 1.93 (6'-4"), including Chanute Howard Lowe of the United States. Mariya Kuchina, also of Russia and who set a world junior indoor record of 1.97 on the Moravian Tour in 2011, was fourth, also at 1.93.

The second competition was held on Monday 30 January in Trinec. With only one day off (not the customary two days), the Men's winning height was lower than at Hustopece. Russian Ivan Ukhov out-jumped the field and was flawless through the winning height of 2.32, then missed all 3 attempts at a (world-leading) 2.36. Trevor Barry (Bahamas) was second at 2.29, veteran Jaroslav Baba (Czech Republic) was third at 2.25, while Aleksey Dmitrik (Russia) the winner of the first leg at Hustopece was fourth at Trinec with a jump of only 2.25.

The Women's competition at Trinec improved over Hustopece: 1st for Mariya Kuchina (Russia) with her first try clearance of 1.96; 2nd to Svetlana Shkolina (Russia) also at 1.96, but on her 3rd attempt; 3rd to Esthera Petre (Romania) at 1.93; 4th for Irina Gordeyeva (Russia) at 1.90; and 5th place for Chaunté Lowe (USA) at 1.90 meters. The 19-year-old Kuchina, the 2011 European Athletics Junior Championships gold medalist, cleared a season's best of 1.96 with her first attempt and then tried to break her own World Indoor Junior record with three close attempts at 1.98m. Kuchina set the Junior indoor record in 2011 at 1.97 meters.

Related links
 Europa SC High Jump indoor competition held in Banka Bystrica, Slovak Republic in early February

9th Moravia High Jump Tour 2013
The first leg was held in Hustopece on 26 January. Ivan Ukhov won the men's section with a clearance of 2.30 m, defeating Mutaz Essa Barshim on count-back. Alessia Trost won the women's high jump with 1.95 m. Trost improved to 2.00 m to win the second leg, held in Trinec on 29 January – a jump which ranked her as the second-best Italian indoor jumper. Ukhov surprisingly failed at 2.20 m in Trinec and Barshim set a world-leading 2.34 m to win the series. Men's runner-up Aleksey Dmitrik had the second-best performance of the tour, clearing 2.31 m for second place.

References

External links
The official Tour website for the Hustopece meeting
The official Tour website for the Trinec meeting
The official Tour website for the Ostrava meeting

Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2005
Category:High jump competitions
Category:Moravia
Category:Athletics competitions in the Czech Republic
Category:Annual athletics series
Category:2005 establishments in the Czech Republic
Category:Indoor track and field competitions
Category:Winter events in the Czech Republic


Christopher M. S. Johns

Christopher M. S. Johns (born April 13, 1955) is an American art historian, and the Norman L. and Roselea J. Goldberg Professor of History of Art at Vanderbilt University, who specializes in eighteenth-century Italian art, decorative art, material culture, and architecture.  He is the leading scholar on early modern Italian art and culture, especially the relationship between art, politics, and religion.

Life
Johns received his BA from Florida State University where he majored in art history and history. He received his MA and PhD in art history from the University of Delaware. He began his teaching career at the University of Virginia as an assistant professor of art history in 1985. He has been the Norman L. and Roselea J. Goldberg Professor of History of Art at Vanderbilt University since 2003.

He was a member of the organizing committees for the exhibitions "The Splendor of Eighteenth-Century Rome" (Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 2000) and "Art of the Gesù: Bernini and His Age" (Fairfield Museum of Art, 2018), and a member of the consultative committee for the exhibition "Pompeo Batoni" (Palazzo Ducale, Lucca, Italy, 2008-2009).

Recognition of his academic achievements includes numerous visiting professorships, scholarly residences, invitations to lecture in universities and museums around the world, awards and fellowships, most notably from the American Academy in Rome, Samuel H. Kress Foundation, American Council of Learned Societies, the Fulbright Program, and the Center for Advanced Study in Visual Arts at the National Gallery of Art.

Numerous leading scholars have reviewed Johns’s books as impactful contributions to such diverse fields as history of early-modern Italian culture, art, and architecture; history of the Catholic Church and the Jesuit order, and Asian art history. In her review of The Visual Culture of Catholic Enlightenment, Wendy Wassyng Roworth wrote that this “groundbreaking" work is "the first comprehensive study to illustrate how progressive papal policies and institutional reforms in the eighteenth century had a direct impact on the visual arts and design.” June Hargrove has called Johns’s book Antonio Canova and the Politics of Patronage in Revolutionary and Napoleonic Europe an “instructive study of Canova, his art, and its political context” and “an indispensable history of patronage” that has made “our understanding of the artist and his art … ever the richer.” John Pinto wrote that Johns’s first monograph, Papal Art and Cultural Politics: Rome in the Age of Clement XI, is an important contribution to the history of art and to the study of eighteenth-century Rome.”

Through his continuing scholarship, teaching, and service to the discipline, he has been a central figure in transforming the field of eighteenth-century art. He was a founding member of the Historians of Eighteenth-Century Art and Architecture and the president of the organization from 1994 to 2001.

Bibliography

Single authored books

 China and the Church: Chinoiserie in Global Context. University of California Press, 2016.
 The Visual Culture of Catholic Enlightenment. Penn State University Press, 2014.
 Antonio Canova and the Politics of Patronage in Revolutionary and Napoleonic Europe. University of California Press, 1998. .
Finalist for Charles Rufus Morey Book Award, College Art Association of America
Papal Art and Cultural Politics: Rome in the Age of Clement XI. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Edited volumes

 The Holy Name: Art of the Gesù: Bernini and His Age, volume 17 of Early Modern Catholicism and the Visual Arts, edited by Linda Wolk-Simon, with the collaboration of Christopher M. S. Johns. Saint Joseph's University Press, 2018.
Evening Standard Best Art Books of 2018
 Benedict XIV and the Enlightenment: Art, Science, and Spirituality, co-edited with Rebecca Messbarger and Philip Gavitt. University of Toronto Press, 2016.

Published essays

 “Making History at the Capitoline Museum: Maria Tibaldi Subleyras’s ‘Christ in the House of Simon the Pharisee,” Eighteenth-Century Studies 52, no. 2 (2018): 167-171.
 “’Upon the roof of heav’n’: Giovanni Battista Gaulli’s Dome, Pendentive, and Vault Frescoes at Il Gesù,” in The Holy Name: Art of the Gesù: Bernini and His Age, ed. Linda Wolk-Simon, with the collaboration of Christopher M. S. Johns, Early Modern Catholicism and the Visual Arts, vol. 17 (Philadelphia: Saint Joseph's University Press, 2018), 269-323.
 “The Fortunes of the Society of Jesus: From Ecclesia Triumphans to Dominus ac Redemptor,” in The Holy Name: Art of the Gesù: Bernini and His Age, ed. Linda Wolk-Simon, with the collaboration of Christopher M. S. Johns, Early Modern Catholicism and the Visual Arts, vol. 17 (Philadelphia: Saint Joseph's University Press, 2018), 33-60.
“Chinoiserie in Piedmont: An International Language of Diplomacy and Modernity,” in Turin and the British in the Age of the Grand Tour, ed. Karin E. Wolfe and Paola Bianchi (Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press and the British School at Rome, 2017), 281-300.
“Introduction: The Scholar’s Pope: Benedict XIV and Catholic Enlightenment,” in Benedict XIV and the Enlightenment: Art, Science, and Spirituality, ed. Rebecca Messbarger, Christopher M. S. Johns, and Philip Gavitt (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016), 3-14.
“Caffeine Culture and Papal Diplomacy: Benedict XIV’s ‘Caffeaus’ in the Quirinal Gardens,” in Benedict XIV and the Enlightenment: Art, Science, and Spirituality, ed. Rebecca Messbarger, Christopher M. S. Johns, and Philip Gavitt (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016), 367-387.
“Erotic Spirituality and the Catholic Revival in Napoleonic Paris: The Curious History of Antonio Canova’s ‘Penitent Magdalene’,’’ Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 42 (2013): 1-20.
“Visual Culture and the Triumph of Cosmopolitanism in Eighteenth-Century Rome,” in Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome, ed. David Marshall, Karin E. Wolfe, and Sue Russell, (London and Rome: The British School at Rome, 2011), 13-21.
"Travel and Cultural Exchange in Enlightenment Rome," in Cultural Contact and the Making of European Art since the Age of Exploration, ed. Mary D. Sheriff (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2010): 73-96.
“The ‘Good Bishop’ of Catholic Enlightenment: Benedict XIV’s Gifts to the Metropolitan Cathedral of Bologna,” The Court Historian 14 (2009): 149-160.
"Gender and Genre in the Religious Art of the Catholic Enlightenment," in Italy's Eighteenth Century: Gender and Culture in the Age of the Grand Tour, ed. Paula Findlen, Wendy Wassyng Roworth, and Catherine Sama (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2008), 331-45; 451-55.
“Exhibition Review: Pompeo Batoni: Prince of Painters in Eighteenth-Century Rome,” Burlington Magazine 150 (April 2008): 269-270.
"The Roman Experience of Jacques-Louis David, 1775-1780,” in Jacques-Louis David: New Perspectives, ed. Dorothy Johnson (Newark, Delaware and London: University of Delaware Press, 2006), 58-70.
“Papa Albani and Francesco Bianchini: Intellectual and Visual Culture in Early Eighteenth-Century Rome,” in Francesco Bianchini (1662-1729) und die europäische gelehrte Welt um 1700, ed. Valentin Kockel and Brigitte Sölch. Colloquia Augustana, vol. 21 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2005), 41-55.
"Portraiture and the Making of National Identity: Pompeo Batoni's 'The Honourable Colonel William Gordon’ (1765-66) in Italy and North Britain," Art History 27 (2004): 382-411.
"The Empress Josephine's Collection of Sculpture by Antonio Canova at Malmaison," Journal of the History of Collections 16 (2004): 19-33.
"'An Ornament of Italy and the Premier Female Painter of Europe': Rosalba Carriera and the Roman Academy," in Women, Art, and the Politics of Identity in Eighteenth-Century Europe, ed. Melissa Hyde and Jennifer Milam (London: Ashgate, 2003), 20-45.
“Proslavery Rhetoric and Classical Authority: Antonio Canova’s ‘George Washington’,” Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 47 (2003): 119-150.
"The Conceptualization of Form and the Modern Sculptural Masterpiece: Canova's Drawings for 'Venus Italica'," Master Drawings 41 (2003): 128-139.
"The Entrepôt of Europe: Rome in the Eighteenth Century," in Art in Rome in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Joseph J. Rishel and Edgar Peters Bowron (Philadelphia and London: Merrell Hoberton, 2000), 17-46.
"Ecclesiastical Politics and Papal Tombs: Antonio Canova's Monuments to Clement XIV and Clement XIII," The Sculpture Journal 2 (1998): 58-71.
"'That Amiable Object of Adoration': Pompeo Batoni and the Sacred Heart," Gazette des Beaux-Arts 132 (1998): 19-28.
"Subversion through Historical Association: Canova's Madame Mère and the Politics of Napoleonic Portraiture," Word & Image 13 (1997): 43-57.
"Venetian Eighteenth-Century Art and the Status Quo," review of the exhibition 'The Glory of Venice'," Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art, Eighteenth-Century Studies 28 (1995): 427-428.
"Portrait Mythology: Antonio Canova's Representations of the Bonapartes," Eighteenth-Century Studies 28 (1994): 115-129.
"Art and Science in Eighteenth-Century Bologna: Donato Creti's Astronomical Landscape Paintings," Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 55 (1992): 578-589.
"Re-framing Art History: Text and Context," Eighteenth-Century Studies 26 (1992): 517-522.
"French Connections to Papal Art and Politics in the Rome of Clement XI, 1700-1721," Storia dell'Arte 67 (1990): 279-285.
Co-authored with Steven F. Ostrow, "Illuminations of S. Maria Maggiore in the Early Settecento," Burlington Magazine 123 (1990): 528-534.
"Antonio Canova and Austrian Art Policy," in Austria in the Age of the French Revolution, ed. Kinley Brauer and William E. Wright (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 83-90.
"Antonio Canova's 'Napoleon as Mars': Nudity and Mixed Genre in Neoclassical Portraiture," Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750-1850 (1990): 368-382.
"Antonio Canova's Drawings for 'Hercules and Lichas'," Master Drawings 27 (1989): 358-367.
"Papal Patronage and Cultural Bureaucracy in Eighteenth-Century Rome: Clement XI and the Accademia di San Luca," Eighteenth-Century Studies 22 (1988): 1-23.
"Politics, Nationalism, and Friendship in Van Dyck's 'Le Roi à la Ciasse'," Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 51 (1988): 243-261.
"Clement XI, Carlo Fontana, and Santa Maria Maggiore in the Early Eighteenth Century," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45 (1986): 286-293.
"Some Observations on Collaboration and Patronage in the Altieri Chapel, San Francesco a Ripa: Bernini and Gaulli," Storia dell'Arte 50 (1984): 43-47.
"Theater and Theory: Thomas Sully's 'George Frederick Cooke as Richard III'," Winterthur Portfolio 18 (1983): 27-38.

Exhibition catalogue entries

 In The Holy Name: Art of the Gesù: Bernini and His Age, ed. Linda Wolk-Simon, with the collaboration of Christopher M. S. Johns. Early Modern Catholicism and the Visual Arts, vol. 17. (Philadelphia: Saint Joseph’s University Press, 2018):
 "Giovanni Battista Gaulli," pp. 432-437; 498-501; 504-509
 "Gianlorenzo Bernini," pp. 510-513
 "Filippo Copranese," pp. 542-543.
 In Art in Rome in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Joseph J. Rishel and Edgar Peters Bowron        (Philadelphia and London, 2000)
 "Antonio Canova," pp. 234-239
 "Giuseppe Chiari," pp. 345-348
 "Sebastiano Conca," pp. 348 and 492-493
 "Francesco Trevisani," pp. 441-446

Encyclopedia entries

 “David, Jacques-Louis,” in The Classical Tradition, ed. Anthony Grafton, Glenn Most, and Salvatore Settis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010), 252-253.
 "Neoclassicism, [4: 264-68]," "Canova, Antonio, [1: 376-378]," and "Mengs, Anton Raphael [4: 94-96]," in Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, ed. John Dewald, 6 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2004).
 "Benincampi, Teresa." in Dictionary of Women Artists, ed. Delia Gaze,  (London, 1997), 243-44.
 "Bertotti Scamozzi, Ottavio," in The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects, 4 vols. (New York, 1982), 1: 203-204.

Book reviews

 Review for David Bindman, Warm Flesh, Cold Marble: Canova, Thorvaldsen and Their Critics (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2014), in The Sculpture Journal 24 (2015): 117-119.
 Review for Tommaso Manfredi, Filippo Juvarra: Gli anni giovanili (Rome: Argos, 2010), in Palladio 51 (2013): 134-136.
 Review for Carole Paul, The Borghese Collectiosn and the Display of Art in the Age of the Grand Tour (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2008), in Burlington Magazine 152 (2010): 480-481.
 Review for Nigel Aston, Art and Religion in Eighteenth-Century Europe (London: Reaktion Books, 2009), in Sehepunkte: Rezensionsjournal für die Geschichtswissenschaften Sehepunkte 10 (June 15, 2010).
 Review for Susan Vandiver Nicassio, Imperial City: Rome, Romans, and Napoleon, 1796-1815 (Welwyn Garden city, England: Ravenhall Books, 2005), in Journal of Modern History 80 (2008): 688-690.
 Review for Jeffrey Collins, Papacy and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Rome: Pius VI and the Arts (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), in Eighteenth-Century Studies 39 (2006): 561-564.
 Review for Steffi Roettgen, Anton Raphael Mengs, 1728-1779, 2 vols.  (Munich: Hirmer, 1999-2003), in Kunstkronik 59 (2006): 400-404.
 Review for Elisabeth Kieven and John Pinto, Pietro Bracci and Eighteenth-Century Rome (University Park, Pa., and Montréal: Pennsylvania State University Press and Canadian Centre for Architecture, 2001), in Master Drawings 41 (2003): 174-176.
Review for Matthias Vögel, Johann Heinrich Füssli: Darsteller der Leidenschaft (Zürich: InterPublishers, 2001), in Master Drawings 41 (2003): 74-75.
Review for Per Bjurström, Nicolas Pio as a Collector of Drawings (Stockholm: Suecoromana II, 1995), in Master Drawings 40 (2002): 262-264.
Review for John J. Ciofalo, The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), in CAA On-Line Reviews (April 26, 2001).
Review for William St. Claire, Lord Elgin and the Marbles: The Controversial History of the Parthenon Sculptures (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), in Eighteenth-Century Studies 34 (2000): 309-311.
Review for Shearer West, ed., Italian Culture in Northern Europe in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), in CAA On-Line Reviews (October 4, 1999).
Review for Paula Rea Radisich, Hubert Robert: Painted Spaces of the Enlightenment (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), in CAA On-Line Reviews (May 14, 1999).
Review for James David Draper and Guilhem Scherf, Augustin Pajou: Dessinateur en Italie, 1752-1756 (Paris: Librairie des Arts et Métiers-Éditions Jacques Laget, 1997), in Master Drawings 37 (1999): 69-70.
Review for Petra Lamers, Il viaggio nel Sud dell'Abbé de Saint-Non (Naples: Electa Napoli, 1995), in Master Drawings 36 (1998): 313-315.
Review for David Bindman and Malcolm Baker, Roubiliac and the Eighteenth-Century Monument: Sculpture as Theatre (New Have and London: Yale University Press, 1995) and Marie Busco, Sir Richard Westmacott: Sculptor (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), in Art Bulletin 78 (1996): 565-568.
Review for Elisabeth Kieven, ed., Ferdinando Fuga e l'architettura del Settecento (Florence: De Luca Editrice, 1988), in Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 50 (1991): 324-325.
Review for Hanns Gross, Rome in the Age of Enlightenment (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), in Burlington Magazine 133 (1991): 204-205.
Review for Norma Broude, The Macchiaioli: Italian Painters of the Nineteenth Century (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988), in Italica 67 (1990): 222-224.
Review for Carolyn Springer, The Marble Wilderness: Ruins and Representations in Italian Romanticism, 1775-1850 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), in Journal of European Ideas 10 (1989): 127-128.
Review for John Pinto, The Trevi Fountain (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1986), in Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 46 (1987): 184-185.

Published translation
 Tommaso Manfredi, “Academic Practice and Roman Architecture during the Reign of Benedict XIV,” in Benedict XIV and the Enlightenment: Art, Science, and Spirituality, ed. Rebecca Messbarger, Christopher M. S. Johns, and Philip Gavitt (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016), 439-466. Translated from Italian.

References

Category:University of Delaware alumni
Category:Living people
Category:American art historians
Category:Vanderbilt University faculty
Category:Florida State University alumni
Category:University of Virginia faculty
Category:Fulbright Scholars
Category:1955 births
Category:20th-century American historians
Category:21st-century American historians
Category:20th-century American male writers
Category:21st-century American male writers


George Gregory Jr.

George Tillman Gregory Jr. was an associate justice and chief justice on the South Carolina Supreme Court. He began practicing law in 1944, served in the 1950s in the South Carolina Statehouse, and became a state trial court judge in 1956. He was sworn in as the chief justice on February 26, 1988. Although his term was to expire in 1994, Gregory gave notice of his retirement in 1991. Gregory died on January 23, 2003, and is buried at the Evergreen Cemetery in Chester, South Carolina.

References

Category:Chief Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
Category:South Carolina Supreme Court justices
Category:1921 births
Category:People from York County, South Carolina
Category:2003 deaths
Category:20th-century American judges


Merger (horse)

Merger (foaled 1965 in Alberta) is a Canadian Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1968 Queen's Plate, Canada's most prestigious horse race.

Merger was bred and raced by Golden West Farms, a partnership of prominent Canadian businessmen, Frank McMahon and Max Bell.

References
 Merger's pedigree and partial racing stats

Category:1965 racehorse births
Category:Racehorses bred in Canada
Category:Racehorses trained in Canada
Category:Queen's Plate winners
Category:Thoroughbred family 3-i


2005 Guadiana Trophy

The 2005 Guadiana Trophy was a Portuguese football competition that took place between 28–30 July 2005 and featured the clubs Sporting Clube de Portugal, Vitória de Setúbal, Middlesbrough, and Real Betis. Sporting won in the final against Vitória de Setúbal.

Matches

Semi-finals

Third place match

Final

2005
Category:2005–06 in Portuguese football
Category:2005–06 in Spanish football
Category:2005–06 in English football


Herod (horse)

Herod (originally King Herod; April 1758 – 12 May 1780) was a Thoroughbred racehorse. He was one of the three foundation sires of the modern Thoroughbred racehorse, along with Matchem and Eclipse. Herod was the foundation sire responsible for keeping the Byerley Turk sire-line alive.

Background
Bred by Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, he was by the stallion Tartar, a very good racehorse, who won many races including the King's plate at Litchfield, the King's plate at Guildford, and the King's plate at Newmarket. In addition to Herod, Tartar sired Thais (dam of Silvertail), Fanny (second dam of King Fergus), the O'Kelly Old Tartar mare (dam of Volunteer), and others. Herod's dam, Cypron (1750 bay filly), was bred by Sir W. St Quintin. Herod was a half-brother Lady Bolingbroke (dam of Tetotum, Epsom Oaks) and a mare (1757) (dam of Clay Hall Marske) by Regulus.

Description
Herod was a fine, bay horse standing 15.3 hands high with a small star and no white on his legs. He was a powerful horse that was especially good at four-mile distances.

Racing career
Herod began racing at five, the usual age to begin training for this period, in October 1763 winning a race on the four mile Beacon course at Newmarket. At age six, he won another race at Newmarket, followed by a four-miler at Ascot and a match against Antinous over the Beacon course. When he was seven, his owner died and he was sold in a dispersal sale to Sir John Moore, and it wasn't until 1766 that he returned to the track, where won again against Antinous in a match over the same course.

His career began to close at this point, as he lost to Ascham, then to Turf, and then finished last in a race at York, after a bleeding attack. He started twice the following year, before retiring to stud.

Breeding career
Herod retired in 1770 and stood at the stud of Sir John Moore at Neather Hall, for a fee of 10 guineas, later raised to 25 guineas. He was the leading sire in Great Britain eight times, (1777 to 1784), before his son, Highflyer (1785 to 1796, 1798) and grandson Sir Peter Teazle (1799 to 1802, and 1804 to 1809) took over. Herod's male line continues today in the pedigree of the 2007 Eclipse Stakes winner, Notnowcato. His most important offspring include:

 Florizel: 1768 bay colt, won 16 races out of 23 starts. Sired Diomed, winner of the first Derby and incredibly influential sire in America.
 Fortitude: sire of John Bull
 Highflyer: 1774 bay colt, the most important son of Herod. Unbeaten in 14 races, leading sire several times, one of the 4 foundation lines of the classic Thoroughbred. Got Sir Peter Teazle, Rockingham, Delpini, Escape, St. George, and broodmare Prunella.
 Justice: sired Rhadamanathus, Daedalus, and Trifle
 Phoenomenon: won the St. Leger, leading sire
 Woodpecker: 1773 chestnut colt, won the Craven Stakes in 1778, 1779 and 1781, and a 1,400 guineas handicap sweep in 1780 and 140 guineas purse at Newmarket in 1781, both times beating Potoooooooo (pronounced "Pot eight oes"). Although Woodpecker was initially overshadowed by the success of Highflyer, it is Woodpecker who is responsible for the continuation of the Herod sire line to the present day. Woodpecker sired Buzzard, sire of Selim who in turn sired Sultan, six time leading sire, who in turn sired Bay Middleton, another leading sire in the mid 1800s.

Herod sired the winners of 497 races worth £201,505.

He was still covering mares until his death, at age 22, at Netherhall (written as Neather Hall in the old calendars) on 12 May 1780.

Pedigree

Sire line tree

Herod
Florizel
Brilliant
Moustrap
Crookshanks
Diomed
Centinel
Peacemaker
Stump-the-Dealer
Grey Diomed
Glaucus
Anthony
Sir Charles
Wrangler
Albemarle
Hamlintonian
Diomed (Darnaby)
Hamlintonian (Hancock)
Hamlintonian (Davis)
Top Gallant
Truxton
Wonder
Tennessee Oscar
Diomed (Lawrence)
Diomed (Ragland)
Diomed (Randolph)
Florizel (Ball)
Tuckahoe
Orphan
Florizel (Turpin)
Richmond
Enterprise
Vingt'un
Diomed (Kennedy)
Grey Diomed (Barksdale)
Eclipse
Monroe
Potomac
Little John
Sir Archy
Cicero
Sir Arthur
Director
Grey Archy
Spring Hill
Tecumseh
Young Sir Archy
Columbus
Warbler
Walk-In-The-Water
Timoleon
Carolinian
Contention
Kosciusko
Napoleon
Virginian
Rattler
Sir Charles
Sir William
Childers
Roanoke
Muckle John
Sumpter
Henry
John Richards
Stockholder
Arab
Bertrand
Cherokee
Marion
Phoenomenon
Sir Richard
Sir William of Transport
Robin Adair
Gohanna
Occupant
Pacific
Saxe Weimer
Crusader
Sir Archy Montorio
Giles Scroggins
Industry
Merlin
Red Gauntlet
Tarriff
Hyazim
Wild Bill
Copperbottom
Longwaist
Zinganee
Virginius
Muzzle Diomed
Duroc
Sir Lovell
Trouble
Marshal Duroc
American Eclipse
Cock of the Rock
Romp
American Star
Gracchus
Rob Roy
Fredericksburg
Madison
Doublehead
Constitution
Ulysses
Play or Pay
King William
Admiral
Fortunio
King Bladud
Fidget
Fidget Colt
Bustler
Prizefighter
Swordsman
Spartacus
Buffler
Lenox
Abundance
The Curragh Guide
Master Robert
Eager
Slapbang
Tartar
Ninety-three
Contractor
Evergreen
Holyhock
Apothecary
Bazaglo
Maximin
Alexis
Antipas
Magnet
Windlestone
Daredevil
Lucifer
Magnetic Needle
Telemachus
Boston
Plunder
Postmaster
Aurelius
Fitzherod
Mufti
Trafalgar
Rebel
Warwick
Woodpecker
Bullfinch
Farmer
Seagull
Buzzard
Poppinjay
Dotterel
Quiz
Tigris
Roller
Euphrates
Brainstorm
Glow-Worm
Bustard
Castrel
Bustard
Merlin
Pantaloon
Wind Hound
Thormanby
Atlantic
Le Sancy
Le Samaritain
Roi Herode
Royal Canopy
Bonnie Nuit
New Twist
Good Twist
Gem Twist
Selim
Fandago
Champion
Azor
Sultan
Feramorz
Langar
Marcellus
Nicolo
Saracen
The Moslem
Turcoman
Deceiver
Pantaloon
Rubens
Raphael
Bobadil
Gainsborough
Sovereign
Strephon
Doctor Eady
Tandem
Taniers
Peter Lely
Titian
Holbein
Wiseacre
Roderick
Sir Edward Codrington
Hephestion
Junius
Buzzard (Blackburn)
Chanticleer
Traveller
Fitz Emily
Bob Booty
Dunkellin
Byron
Napoleon
Dragon
Spectator
Phoenix
Tom Tough
Dragon (Cage)
Hawk
Ostrich
Tom Tit
Young Woodpecker (Massey)
Young Woodpecker
Slender Billy
Gladish
Vivaldi
Bonaparte
Brother to Vivaldi
Bourdeaux
Grey Highlander
Clown
Blossom
Fulmine
Highflyer
Pharamond
Slope
Sour-Crout
Delpini
Timothy
Symmetry
Seymour
Moses
Rockingham
Noble
Sheet Anchor
Sir Peter Teazle
Agonistes
Barbarossa
Expectation
Knowlsey
Pipylin
Robin Redbreasted
Trafalgar
Young Peter Teazle
Ambrosio
Old England
Brown Bread
Stamford
Viscount
Sir Harry
Sir Alfred
Sir Hal
Moses
Archduke
Roseden
Sir Solomon
Haphazard
Don Cossack
X Y Z
Filho da Puta
Antar
Reginald
Figaro
Walton
Phantom
Vandyke Jr.
Rainbow
Partisan
Nectar
Waterloo
Arbutus
St. Patrick
Ditto
Luzborough
Sir Oliver
Doge of Venice
Olive
Caleb Quot'em
Sir Paul
Otho
Paulowitz
Fyldener
Buffalo
Bramshill
Tozer
Paris
Cardinal York
Advance
Petronius
Spadille
Dion
Quatorze
Vole
Manilla
Spindleshanks
Escape
Emigrant
Traveller
Skyscraper
Skyrocket
Walnut
Ashton
St. George
Pan
Oberon
Moorcock
Ptarmigan
Heathpoult
Plunder
Diamond
Justice
Douglas
Justice
Mentor
Rhadamanthus
Daedalus
Il-Mio
Scorpion
Adamant
Guildford
Hero
Phillador
Prince Ferdinand
True Blue
Boxer
Hammer
Weazle
Boxer
Fencer
Whipcord
Wickham
Fencer
Anvil
St. George
Cymbeline
Drone
Arra Kooker
Constitution
Young Drone
Lounger
Chance
Honeycomb
Emperor
Fortitude
John Bull
Admiral Nelson
Alfred
Fortitude
Georgiana
Muley Moloch
Cesario
Gauntlet
Paddy Bull
Ardrossan
Sir Malichi Malagrowther
Tom Tugg
Cornet
Commodore
Tom Pipes
Escape
Milesius
Rugantino
Nabocklish
Antagonist
Recordan
Souvenir
Guido
Pantaloon
Columbus
Argos
Gambler
Slender
Snake
Bagot
Master Bagot
Honest Ralph
Holyhock
Prince
Drone
Slug
Swindler
Marplot
Pygmalion
Loyal
Balance
Challenger
Phoenomenon
Ambidexter
Stride
Applegarth
Comet
Diomed (Tate)
Huby
Restless
Pilgrim
Standard
Wonder
Conqueror
Firetail
Stripling
Octavian
Antonio
Stotforth
Punch
Herod (Harpur)
Spectre
Posthumus
Monckton

References

External links
Thoroughbred Bloodlines: King Herod (GB)
Thoroughbred Heritage: Herod

Category:1758 racehorse births
Category:1780 racehorse deaths
Category:Racehorses trained in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Category:Racehorses bred in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Category:British Champion Thoroughbred Sires
Category:Thoroughbred family 26
Category:Byerley Turk sire line


Vegetable oil

Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds, or less often, from other parts of fruits. Like animal fats, vegetable fats are mixtures of triglycerides. Soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cocoa butter are examples of fats from seeds. Olive oil, palm oil, and rice bran oil are examples of fats from other parts of fruits. In common usage, vegetable oil may refer exclusively to vegetable fats which are liquid at room temperature. Vegetable oils are usually edible; non-edible oils derived mainly from petroleum are termed mineral oils.

Uses of triglyceride vegetable oil

Uses in antiquity

Oils extracted from plants have been used since ancient times and in many cultures. As an example, in a 4,000-year-old kitchen unearthed in Indiana's Charlestown State Park, archaeologist Bob McCullough of Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne found evidence that large slabs of rock were used to crush hickory nuts and the oil was then extracted with boiling water. Archaeological evidence shows that olives were turned into olive oil by 6000 BCE and 4500 BCE in present-day Israel and Palestine.

In addition to use as food, fats and oils (both vegetable and mineral) have long been used as fuel, typically in lamps which were a principal source of illumination in ancient times. Oils may have been used for lubrication, but there is no evidence for this. Vegetable oils were probably more valuable as food and lamp-oil; Babylonian mineral oil was known to be used as fuel, but there are no references to lubrication. Pliny the Elder reported that fats such as lard were used to lubricate the axles of carts.

Culinary uses

Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or indirectly as ingredients in food – a role that they share with some animal fats, including butter, ghee, lard, and schmaltz. The oils serve a number of purposes in this role:
 Shortening – to give the pastry a crumbly texture.
 Texture – oils can serve to make other ingredients stick together less.
 Flavor – while less flavorful oils command premium prices, some oils, such as olive, sesame, or almond oil, may be chosen specifically for the flavor they impart.
 Flavor base – oils can also "carry" flavors of other ingredients, since many flavors are due to chemicals that are soluble in oil.

Oils can be heated to temperatures significantly higher than the boiling point of water, , and used to cook foods (frying). Oils for this purpose must have a high flash point. Such oils include the major cooking oils – soybean, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, safflower, peanut, cottonseed, etc. Tropical oils, such as coconut, palm, and rice bran oils, are particularly valued in Asian cultures for high-temperature cooking, because of their unusually high flash points.

Hydrogenated oils
Unsaturated vegetable oils can be transformed through partial or complete "hydrogenation" into oils of higher melting point. The hydrogenation process involves "sparging" the oil at high temperature and pressure with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, typically a powdered nickel compound. As each carbon-carbon double-bond is chemically reduced to a single bond, two hydrogen atoms each form single bonds with the two carbon atoms. The elimination of double bonds by adding hydrogen atoms is called saturation; as the degree of saturation increases, the oil progresses toward being fully hydrogenated. An oil may be hydrogenated to increase resistance to rancidity (oxidation) or to change its physical characteristics. As the degree of saturation increases, the oil's viscosity and melting point increase.

The use of hydrogenated oils in foods has never been completely satisfactory. Because the center arm of the triglyceride is shielded somewhat by the end fatty acids, most of the hydrogenation occurs on the end fatty acids, thus making the resulting fat more brittle. A margarine made from naturally more saturated oils will be more plastic (more "spreadable") than a margarine made from hydrogenated soy oil. While full hydrogenation produces largely saturated fatty acids, partial hydrogenation results in the transformation of unsaturated cis fatty acids to unsaturated trans fatty acids in the oil mixture due to the heat used in hydrogenation. Partially hydrogenated oils and their trans fats have been linked to an increased risk of mortality from coronary heart disease, among other increased health risks.

In the US, the Standard of Identity for a product labeled as "vegetable oil margarine" specifies only canola, safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean, or peanut oil may be used. Products not labeled "vegetable oil margarine" do not have that restriction.

Industrial uses
Vegetable oils are used as an ingredient or component in many manufactured products.

Many vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes and other personal care and cosmetic products. Some oils are particularly suitable as drying oils, and are used in making paints and other wood treatment products. Dammar oil (a mixture of linseed oil and dammar resin), for example, is used almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats. Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as insulators as vegetable oils are not toxic to the environment, biodegradable if spilled and have high flash and fire points. However, vegetable oils are less stable chemically, so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed to oxygen, and they are more expensive than crude oil distillate. Synthetic tetraesters, which are similar to vegetable oils but with four fatty acid chains compared to the normal three found in a natural ester, are manufactured by Fischer esterification. Tetraesters generally have high stability to oxidation and have found use as engine lubricants. Vegetable oil is being used to produce biodegradable hydraulic fluid and lubricant.

One limiting factor in industrial uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils are susceptible to becoming rancid. Oils that are more stable, such as ben oil or mineral oil, are thus preferred for industrial uses. Castor oil has numerous industrial uses, owing to the presence of hydroxyl group on the fatty acid. Castor oil is a precursor to Nylon 11.

Pet food additive
Vegetable oil is used in the production of some pet foods. AAFCO  defines vegetable oil, in this context, as the product of vegetable origin obtained by extracting the oil from seeds or fruits which are processed for edible purposes.

Fuel

Vegetable oils are also used to make biodiesel, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some vegetable oil blends are used in unmodified vehicles but straight vegetable oil, also known as pure plant oil, needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce its viscosity. The use of vegetable oils as alternative energy is growing and the availability of biodiesel around the world is increasing.

The NNFCC estimates that the total net greenhouse gas savings when using vegetable oils in place of fossil fuel-based alternatives for fuel production, range from 18 to 100%.

Production
The production process of vegetable oil involves the removal of oil from plant components, typically seeds. This can be done via mechanical extraction using an oil mill or chemical extraction using a solvent. The extracted oil can then be purified and, if required, refined or chemically altered.

Mechanical extraction
Oils can be removed via mechanical extraction, termed "crushing" or "pressing." This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (e.g., olive, coconut etc.), and it is preferred by most "health-food" customers in the United States and in Europe. There are several different types of mechanical extraction. Expeller-pressing extraction is common, though the screw press, ram press, and ghani (powered mortar and pestle) are also used. Oilseed presses are commonly used in developing countries, among people for whom other extraction methods would be prohibitively expensive; the ghani is primarily used in India. The amount of oil extracted using these methods varies widely, as shown in the following table for extracting mowrah butter in India:

Solvent extraction
The processing of vegetable oil in commercial applications is commonly done by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived hexane. This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as soybean and corn oils. After extraction, the solvent is evaporated out by heating the mixture to about .

Supercritical carbon dioxide can be used as a non-toxic alternative to other solvents.

Hydrogenation
Oils may be partially hydrogenated to produce various ingredient oils. Lightly hydrogenated oils have very similar physical characteristics to regular soy oil, but are more resistant to becoming rancid. Margarine oils need to be mostly solid at 32 °C (90 °F) so that the margarine does not melt in warm rooms, yet it needs to be completely liquid at 37 °C (98 °F), so that it doesn't leave a "lardy" taste in the mouth.

Hardening vegetable oil is done by raising a blend of vegetable oil and a catalyst in near-vacuum to very high temperatures, and introducing hydrogen. This causes the carbon atoms of the oil to break double-bonds with other carbons, each carbon forming a new single-bond with a hydrogen atom. Adding these hydrogen atoms to the oil makes it more solid, raises the smoke point, and makes the oil more stable.

Hydrogenated vegetable oils differ in two major ways from other oils which are equally saturated. During hydrogenation, it is easier for hydrogen to come into contact with the fatty acids on the end of the triglyceride, and less easy for them to come into contact with the center fatty acid. This makes the resulting fat more brittle than a tropical oil; soy margarines are less "spreadable". The other difference is that trans fatty acids (often called trans fat) are formed in the hydrogenation reactor, and may amount to as much as 40 percent by weight of a partially hydrogenated oil. Hydrogenated oils, especially partially hydrogenated oils with their higher amounts of trans fatty acids, are increasingly thought to be unhealthy.

Deodorization
In the processing of edible oils, the oil is heated under vacuum to near the smoke point or to about , and water is introduced at the bottom of the oil. The water immediately is converted to steam, which bubbles through the oil, carrying with it any chemicals which are water-soluble. The steam sparging removes impurities that can impart unwanted flavors and odors to the oil. Deodorization is key to the manufacture of vegetable oils. Nearly all soybean, corn, and canola oils found on supermarket shelves go through a deodorization stage that removes trace amounts of odors and flavors, and lightens the color of the oil.

Occupational exposure
People can breathe in vegetable oil mist in the workplace. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for vegetable oil mist exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.

Yield
Typical productivity of some oil crops, measured in tons (t) of oil produced per hectare (ha) of land per year (yr). Oil palm is by far the highest yielding crop, capable of producing about 4 tons of palm oil per hectare per year.

Particular oils

The following triglyceride vegetable oils account for almost all worldwide production, by volume. All are used as both cooking oils and as SVO or to make biodiesel. According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2007/08 was:

Note that these figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of European rapeseed oil production is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher viscosity. The suitability of the fuel should come as little surprise, as Rudolf Diesel originally designed his engine to run on peanut oil.

Other significant triglyceride oils include:

 Corn oil, one of the most common cooking oils. As of 2006, the US produced about 1.09 million metric tons  of corn oil, which is used for cooking oil, salad dressing, margarine, mayonnaise, prepared goods like spaghetti sauce and baking mixes, and to fry prepared foods like potato chips and French fries.

 Grape seed oil, used in cooking and cosmetics
 Hazelnut oil and other nut oils
 Linseed oil, from flax seeds
 Rice bran oil, from rice grains
 Safflower oil, a flavorless and colorless cooking oil
 Sesame oil, used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India
 Açaí palm oil, used in culinary and cosmetics
 Jambú oil, is extracted from the flowers, leaves and stem from jambu (Acmella oleracea), contains spilanthol
 Graviola oil, derived from Annona muricata
 Tucumã oil, from Astrocaryum aculeatum is used to manufacture soap.
 Brazil nut oil, culinary and cosmetics use
 Carapa oil, pharmaceutical use and anti-mosquito candle
 Buriti oil, from Mauritia flexuosa, used in cosmetics (skin and hair care)
 Passion fruit oil, derived from Passiflora edulis, has varied applications in cosmetics manufacturing and for uses as a human or animal food.
 Pracaxi oil, obtained from Pentaclethra macroloba, cosmetics use
 Solarium oil, derived from chloroplasts, various applications in cooking

Composition of fats

History
Such oils have been part of human culture for millennia.  Poppy seed, rapeseed, linseed, almond oil, sesame seed, safflower, and cottonseed were used since at least the bronze age throughout the Middle East and Central Asia.  In 1780,  Carl Wilhelm Scheele demonstrated that fats were derived from glycerol.  Thirty years later Michel Eugène Chevreul deduced that these fats were esters of fatty acids and glycerol.

In modern times, cottonseed oil was marketed by Procter & Gamble as a creamed shortening in 1911. Ginning mills were happy to have someone haul away the cotton seeds. The extracted oil was refined and partially hydrogenated to give a solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard, and can it under nitrogen gas. Compared to the rendered lard Procter & Gamble was already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years without turning rancid.

Soybeans were an exciting new crop from China in the 1930s. Soy was protein-rich, and the medium viscosity oil was high in polyunsaturates. Henry Ford established a soybean research laboratory, developed soybean plastics and a soy-based synthetic wool, and built a car "almost entirely" out of soybeans. Roger Drackett had a successful new product with Windex, but he invested heavily in soybean research, seeing it as a smart investment. By the 1950s and 1960s, soybean oil had become the most popular vegetable oil in the US.

In the mid-1970s, Canadian researchers developed a low-erucic-acid rapeseed cultivar. Because the word "rape" was not considered optimal for marketing, they coined the name "canola" (from "Canada Oil low acid"). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved use of the canola name in January 1985, and U.S. farmers started planting large areas that spring. Canola oil is lower in saturated fats, and higher in monounsaturates. Canola is very thin (unlike corn oil) and flavorless (unlike olive oil), so it largely succeeds by displacing soy oil, just as soy oil largely succeeded by displacing cottonseed oil.

Used oil
A large quantity of used vegetable oil is produced and recycled, mainly from industrial deep fryers in potato processing plants, snack food factories and fast food restaurants.

Recycled oil has numerous uses, including use as a direct fuel, as well as in the production of biodiesel, soap, animal feed, pet food, detergent, and cosmetics. It is traded as the commodity, yellow grease.

Since 2002, an increasing number of European Union countries have prohibited the inclusion of recycled vegetable oil from catering in animal feed. Used cooking oils from food manufacturing, however, as well as fresh or unused cooking oil, continue to be used in animal feed.

Shelf life
Due to their susceptibility to oxidation from the exposure to oxygen, heat and light, resulting in the formation of oxidation products, such as peroxides and hydroperoxides, plant oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids have a limited shelf-life.

Product labeling
In Canada, palm oil is one of five vegetable oils, along with palm kernel oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, and cocoa butter, which must be specifically named in the list of ingredients for a food product. Also, oils in Canadian food products which have been modified or hydrogenated must contain the word "modified" or "hydrogenated" when listed as an ingredient. A mix of oils other than the aforementioned exceptions may simply be listed as "vegetable oil" in Canada; however, if the food product is a cooking oil, salad oil or table oil, the type of oil must be specified and listing "vegetable oil" as an ingredient is not acceptable.

From December 2014, all food products produced in the European Union were legally required to indicate the specific vegetable oil used in their manufacture, following the introduction of the Food Information to Consumers Regulation.

See also

 Algae culture
 Cholesterol
 Decorticator
 Deodoriser
 Essential oils
 Fatty acid
 Food extrusion
 Fragrance oil
 Lipid
 List of macerated oils
 List of vegetable oils
 Neem
 Non-food crops
 Oleochemistry
 Vernonia oil
 Vegetable oil recycling

Notes and references

Further reading

Category:Plant products


Miguel Navarro Cañizares

Miguel Navarro Cañizares (c. 1835 – 23 October 1913) was a Spanish painter and art teacher who worked in Venezuela and Brazil.

Biography
He was born to a basket maker in Valencia and attended the Academy of Fine Arts. Later, he moved to Madrid, where he took classes at the San Fernando Academy and found a position in the workshop of Federico de Madrazo. In 1861, he entered a competition to fill a teaching vacancy at the "Escuela superior de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado", but was not successful.

For several years, he participated in the National Exhibition of Fine Arts, where his painting of Saint Catherine being transported by angels won a gold medal. His canvas depicting Agustina de Aragón was distributed as a lithograph and used to illustrate a novel. In 1864, he won a grant to study in Rome for his version of the Raising of Jairus' daughter.

Later, in 1871, the Archbishop of Caracas, , who was attending the First Vatican Council, saw some of Navarro's paintings and invited him to execute murals in the Caracas Cathedral; a project that would never be realized.

Navarro arrived in Venezuela in 1872, shortly after President Antonio Guzmán Blanco had consolidated his rule at the . The editor of La Opinión Nacional, a pro-government daily, suggested that the newly arrived (and politically neutral) Navarro would be the perfect choice to immortalize the event. The huge painting hung in the Senate chambers at the Palacio Federal Legislativo until 1889, when it disappeared; probably destroyed by opponents of the former President who vandalized statues and portraits of him throughout the country.

His career in Brazil
In 1876, Archbishop Guevara was removed from office and went into exile. Bereft of patronage (and possibly no longer welcome), Navarro resigned his teaching position at the Academy of Fine Arts and departed for Rio de Janeiro with his wife and children. However, an epidemic of yellow fever there made him stop in Salvador. Soon, he found a position teaching at the "Escola de Artes e Ofícios da Bahia", but was dismissed a year later due to serious disagreements with the school's Director, José Antonio da Cunha Couto (1832-1894). As a result, Navarro and some friends decided to create a separate art academy. With the support of the  and the state government, the school opened just before Christmas that same year.

Although the school was successful, Navarro could not maintain a sufficient income from the limited local demand for art so, after five years, he relocated to Rio de Janeiro, where he worked primarily as a portrait painter. His patrons there included the Royal family. He remained there until his death. A street in the Pituba district of Salvador is named after him.

References

Further reading
 José Roberto Teixeira Leite, Pintores espanhóis no Brasil (Spanish painters in Brazil), Espaço Cultural Sérgio Barcellos, 1996.

External links

History of the Escola de Belas Artes from the EBA website.

Category:1830s births
Category:1913 deaths
Category:History painters
Category:Orientalist painters
Category:People from Valencia
Category:Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando alumni
Category:Spanish emigrants to Brazil
Category:Portrait painters
Category:19th-century Spanish painters
Category:Spanish male painters
Category:20th-century Spanish painters


Empis soror

Empis soror is a species of fly in the family Empididae. It is found in the  Palearctic .

References

Category:Empididae
Category:Asilomorph flies of Europe
Category:Insects described in 1937


Al Darawish

Al Darawish was an Italian world music group formed in Bari in 1988.

The band members were from Apulia, Palestine and Greece and they had first met at the University of Bari while they were students. As they could all play at least an instrument, they decided to found a band in which their own talent, music skill and cultural background would merge in music and lyrics talking about stories and experiences of people coming from their places of origin. As a matter of fact Al Darawish means "simple people" in Arabic and their lyrics were generally written in Arabic and in Italian, but also in Greek, French, Spanish, English and even Latin.

They were one of the first successful experiences of world music in Italy and received great approval from the public. By playing both traditional and modern electrical instruments they gave life to a style of their own which could be defined as "Mediterranean ethno-rock". They also contributed to carry on and feed a school in Southern Italy which uses multi-ethnic and traditional music to give voice to human and social events related to people living in the Mediterranean region.

Al Darawish recorded their first homonymous album Al Darawish in 1993, followed by Radio Dervish in 1996.

In 1997 Al Darawish split up, part of them founding the group Radiodervish and others the band X-Darawish.

Performances

During their career the band took part in more than 500 concerts, the most important of which for them were:

 Biennale des Jeunes Créateurs d'Europe et de la Méditerranée in Marseille - 1990
 Arezzo Wave in Arezzo - 1991
 Carrefour de la Mediterranée in Thessaloniki - 1991
 Babylon festival in Iraq - 1993
 Festival del Cinema di Venezia in Venice - 1994
 Musicultura for the sixth edition of Premio Città Recanati in Recanati - 1995
 Concerto del Primo Maggio, on Labour Day in Rome – 1995

They also were guests at TV and radio networks of national relevance, such as RAI Radiotelevisione Italiana, Telemontecarlo and Videomusic.

Formation
 Nabil Salameh - vocals, twelve-string guitar, bouzouki, percussions
 Michele Lobaccaro - vocals, bass guitar, çifteli, claves
 Enzo Leone - electric and classical guitar
 Stratos Diamantis - accordion, vocals (in Greek), bendir
 Paolo Mastromarco - violin, classical guitar
 Rocco Draicchio - darbuka, riq, congas, timbales, rototom, bendir, bongos, sleigh bells, shaker
 Angelo Pantaleo – drums, flute, clarinet, keyboards, twelve-string guitar, percussions, folk guitar, bouzouki, 2nd accordion

Guest musicians:
 Franco Bernardi – keyboards
 Alessandro Pipino - keyboards

Discography

 1993 - Al Darawish
 1996 - Radio Dervish

Movies and soundtracks

In 1995 Al Darawish composed the soundtrack to Trafitti da un raggio di sole, a movie in which some of them also took part as actors.

References

Category:Italian rock music groups


A Night to Remember (Joe Diffie album)

A Night to Remember is the seventh studio album released by American country music artist Joe Diffie. His last album for Epic Records, it contains the singles "A Night to Remember", "The Quittin' Kind", and "It's Always Somethin'", which respectively reached #6, #21, and #5 on the Billboard country charts. The title track was also Diffie's highest entry on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching #38 there. The song "You Can't Go Home" was originally recorded by Conway Twitty. "Don't Our Love Look Natural" was originally recorded by Keith Whitley.

Track listing
"A Night to Remember" (Max T. Barnes, T. W. Hale) – 3:30
"You Can't Go Home" (Joe Diffie, Zack Turner, Lonnie Wilson) – 3:40
"I'm the Only Thing (I'll Hold Against You)" (Diffie, Wilson, Kim Williams) – 4:12
"The Quittin' Kind" (Mark D. Sanders, Sam Hogin, Phil Barnhart) – 3:26
"Better Off Gone" (Turner, Wilson) – 3:15
"It's Always Somethin'" (Aimee Mayo, Marv Green) – 2:58
"Are We Even Yet" (Diffie, Turner, Wilson) – 3:31
"My Heart's In Over My Head" (Diffie, Tim Mensy) – 3:04
"Not in This Lifetime" (Bob DiPiero, Steve Diamond) – 3:24
"Don't Our Love Look Natural" (Don Cook, Harlan Howard) – 3:34

Personnel
Sam Bush – mandolin
Mark Casstevens – acoustic guitar
Joe Diffie – lead vocals, background vocals
Larry Franklin – fiddle
Paul Franklin – steel guitar
David Hungate – bass guitar
John Barlow Jarvis – piano, Hammond B-3 organ, Wurlitzer
Tim Lauer – Hammond B-3 organ, keyboards
Liana Manis – background vocals
Brent Mason – electric guitar, gut string guitar, Tic tac bass
Steve Nathan – piano, keyboards, Hammond B-3 organ
Tom Roady – percussion
Brent Rowan – electric guitar
Lonnie Wilson – drums, percussion, background vocals
Glenn Worf – bass guitar

Chart performance

Category:1999 albums
Category:Joe Diffie albums
Category:Epic Records albums
Category:Albums produced by Don Cook


Latif Nangarhari

Latif Nangarhari (Pashto: لطیف ننګرهاری, born about 1981) is a well known Afghan singer. He sings in the Pashto language (although has one Dari (Persian) song). He is an ethnic Pashtun born in Jalalabad in Nangarhar Province (a reference from his surname), and has lived in London, England since 2001.

Latif's first songs were released in 2008, with his first and so far only album, Rasha Gule, consisting of 10 songs, in 2009. He quickly became popular, especially because many of his songs are based on poetry and about peace in Afghanistan. Since then he has released many singles to this day.

Latif has performed concerts throughout Australia, Europe, Russia, and the Middle East.

Rasha Gule album
1. Rasha Gule Rasha
2. Che Bangro
3. Sta Judaye
4. De London Musafer
5. Kabul Jan
6. Nana Warokai
7. Afghanistan
8. Wale Maien Shaway
9. Yara Sta
10. Rasha Gule Rasha II

Singles
Afghanistan De Wranawalo Nadai
Chashman
Bangrrewale
Shirin Afghanistan
Zolfi De Maran De
Eshara
Sta Stergo Deewana Kerem
Meena
Wade Kawo
Shar E Faryad
Da Afghan Bacho Maktab
Za Afghan Yem
Da Stergi De Biya Dasi Laki Dary
Ta raghely Pa Zuani
Zama jan jan watana afghan watana

References

External links
 Latif Nangarhari's Official Website at Facebook
  Latif Nangarhari Official Channel

i

Category:Living people
Category:Afghan singers
Category:Pashtun people
Category:1980s births


Nortom

NORTOM is a Polish publishing house, founded in 1992 in Wrocław, specializing in books on Polish history with special focus on the Kresy region of the prewar Second Polish Republic, the Polish literature and political thought, including post-communist economic crises and nationalism. It also publishes religious books for children and youth. Nortom was founded by Norbert Tomczyk, re-elected in December 2000 as member of the Board of Control of the Polish Chamber of Book Publishers, a leader of the marginal National Party dissolved in 2001, whose ideology was based on that of the pre-war National Democratic movement, and which received 0.16% of the Polish vote in the presidential elections.

Authors featured by Nortom include Roman Dmowski (1864-1939) who was a chief architect of the reborn Polish state, politician, diplomat and statesman considered antisemitic; with a series on the return of Polish sovereignty; Jan Ludwik Popławski (1854-1908) the founder of The National-Democratic Party (1897); right-wing politician Janusz Dobrosz, member of the Polish Parliament; Dmowski's political ally Jędrzej Giertych, Polish war correspondent and Franco ally during the Spanish Civil War, expelled from the National Party because of his extremism and antisemitism; Zbigniew Żmigrodzki; Adam Doboszyński (1904-1949); Roman Rybarski (1887-1942), one of the best economists in prewar Poland, (another ally of Roman Dmowski); Czesław Czaplicki; Andrzej Sołdrowski, political prisoner under Stalinism; Lubomir Czupkiewicz; Piotr Kosobudzki; Maciej Giertych, a member of the European Parliament who created a scandal with his antisemitic writing; Stanisław Jastrzębski, veteran Polish underground fighter during World War II; controversial politologist Edward Prus; Stanisław Żurek; Norbert Tomczyk; Stanisław Sosenkiewicz; Henryk Komański; Szczepan Siekierka; Witalij Masłowśkyj; Aleksander Korman; Mieczysław Dobrzański; Feliks Koneczny, a Polish historian and social philosopher who claimed that Jews were conspiring to destroy Latin-Christian civilization and that Nazism was example of Jewish civilization type; Michał Poradowski; Stanisław Bełza; Izabella Wolikowska and others.

Controversy
In 2000, Nortom was forced to withdraw its 12 controversial titles from the Frankfurt Book Fair by the Polish Ministry of Culture representative Andrzej Nowakowski overlooking the Polish exposition. Nortom was accused of selling anti-German, Anti-Ukrainian and antisemitic books, especially the following titles: Być czy nie być by Stanisław Bełza, Polska i Niemcy by Jędrzej Giertych and I tak nie przemogą. Antykościół, antypolonizm, masoneria by his son Maciej Giertych. As a result of the above request, the president of the Polish delegation Andrzej Chrzanowski from Polska Izba Książki decided to penalize Nortom by removing it from the 2000 book fair altogether.

Footnotes

External links
 Nortom's home page

Category:Publishing companies established in 1992
Category:Book publishing companies of Poland
Category:Antisemitism in Poland
Category:Holocaust denial
Category:Historiography of Poland
Category:Media in Wrocław


Simple Man (Noiseworks song)

"Simple Man" is a song by Australian rock-pop band Noiseworks. It was released in May 1989 as the third single from their second studio album Touch (1988) and peaked at number 47 on the ARIA singles chart.

Track listing
7" Vinyl / CD Single  (654845 7)

12" Vinyl / European CD Maxi  (654845 8)

Weekly charts

External links
 https://www.discogs.com/Noiseworks-Simple-Man/master/394034

References

Category:Noiseworks songs
Category:1988 songs
Category:1989 singles
Category:CBS Records singles
Category:Songs written by Jon Stevens


Nudiantennarius subteres

Nudiantennarius subteres, the deep-water frogfish, is a species of frogfish found in the Pacific Ocean around the Philippines and Indonesia.  They occur at depths of .  This species grows to a length of  SL.  This species is the only known member of its genus.

References

Category:Antennariidae
Category:Fish described in 1912
Category:Taxa named by Hugh McCormick Smith
Category:Taxa named by Lewis Radcliffe


Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge

Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge is a  National Wildlife Refuge located along the Upper Mississippi River in extreme southern Buffalo County and extreme southwestern Trempealeau County in Wisconsin, United States.

It is in part a wetland consisting of backwaters away from the Mississippi and Trempealeau River, and is a significant element of the Mississippi Flyway. It is part of the Driftless Area, a portion of North America which remained free of ice during the last ice age, creating in part the deep gorge of the Mississippi, quite visible from this refuge.

It is also a sand prairie, including grasses such as big bluestem, indiangrass, and switchgrass capable of growing to  in height.

Images

References

External links

 Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge

Category:Protected areas of Buffalo County, Wisconsin
Category:Protected areas of Trempealeau County, Wisconsin
Category:Driftless Area
Category:National Wildlife Refuges in Wisconsin
Category:Protected areas on the Mississippi River
Category:Wetlands of Wisconsin
Category:Landforms of Buffalo County, Wisconsin
Category:Landforms of Trempealeau County, Wisconsin
Category:Protected areas established in 1936
Category:1936 establishments in Wisconsin


Paul Wadsworth Chapman

Paul Wadsworth Chapman (1880–1954) was an American banker and businessman based in Chicago. He was the founder of the banking firm P.W. Chapman & Co. (formally Chapman, Mills & Co.) in 1912, and was the owner of United States Lines from 1929 to 1931.

Early years

Paul Wadsworth Chapman was born on December 28, 1880, in Jerseyville, Illinois to Sarah Alvira Landon, age 24, and Theodore Stillman Chapman, age 31. He graduated from Jersey County High School in 1899. After high school, he became a messenger boy at the Harris Trust and Savings Bank. He proudly preserved a formal contract employing him in this capacity at $7 a week. He rose rapidly and became manager of his department. On December 28, 1903, Chapman married Joanna Norton Highley in Chicago Illinois and had five children. In 1910, he began working in the Marquette Building, employed by Harris Trust & Savings Bank as the Manager of the Municipal dept. He Resigned from Harris Trust and Savings bank in 1912 to enter the securities business on his own account, P. W. Chapman & Co., Inc. He maintained offices at 115 West Adams St., Chicago, and at 42 Cedar St. in New York along with branches in thirteen principal cities.

Acquiring United States Lines

In March 1929, Chapman acquired United States Lines from the U.S. Shipping Board along with 11 ships. A flag raising ceremony was held on board the S.S. Leviathan on April 14, 1929, marking the official company change. Members of both the shipping board and Chapman's company as well as his daughter Joanna were in attendance. Due to the stock market crash in 1929, Chapman and his company began to struggle, and in 1931, he sold United States Lines to the International Mercantile Marine Company. Chapman retired from his company's CEO position in 1944.

Death

Paul Wadsworth Chapman died on July 16, 1954, at the age of 73.

References

Category:United States Lines
Category:American bankers
Category:1880 births
Category:1954 deaths
Category:People from Jerseyville, Illinois