Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?

Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer? (What Size Does Love Wear?) is the fifth studio album by Turkish-Belgian singer Hadise. It was released on 12 April 2011 by Seyhan Müzik. The preparations began in 2010 and Hadise announced that she had planned to publish it by the end of the year. However, due to her break up with her then-boyfriend Sinan Akçıl in November 2010, and Akçıl's decision to take back some of the songs that he had prepared for the album, the release date for the album was postponed. Hadise produced the album and worked with Alper Narman, Deniz Erten, Erdem Kınay and Gülşen on this project.

A dance-pop album, Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer? became the topic of many tabloid discussions as many believed that its lyrics had references to Hadise and Sinan Akçıl's relationship. Some of the music critics found the album to be ordinary, but some of them praised the fact that the songs were above Turkish pop music standards. Hadise appeared with a leopard patterned dress on the photographs for the album's cover, and her appearance was compared to that of Beyoncé by some critics.

Three of the album's songs were turned into music videos. The oriental-inspired lead single "Superman" was the first song for which a music video was released and it rose to number 5 on Türkçe Top 20. Its music video, directed by Nihat Odabaşı, was praised by the critics. The second and third music videos were released for the songs "Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?" and "Mesajımı Almıştır O" respectively. The music videos for these two songs were directed by Hadise's elder sister Hülya Açıkgöz. By the end of 2011, "Superman" and "Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?" became the eight and fourth most-downloaded songs in Turkey respectively.

Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer? ranked 10th on D&R's Best-Selling list and by the end of 2011 sold 35,000 copies in Turkey. To promote the album Hadise gave concerts at various places in Turkey, and performed her songs at the 38th Golden Butterfly Awards and on Beyaz Show. The album was nominated as the Best Album at the 2012 OMÜ Media Awards, and its lead single "Superman" received the Best Music Video award at the 2nd Pal FM Music Awards.

Background and development
After representing Turkey at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Düm Tek Tek", written by Sinan Akçıl, and placing fourth in the contest, Hadise released the album Fast Life and Kahraman in the same year. Hadise's first Turkish album Kahraman was produced by Sinan Akçıl and shortly after its release reports about his relationship with Hadise appeared in the press. The couple split in November 2010, which resulted in a longer preparation process for the album as Akçıl took back four songs that he had already given to Hadise. Their breakup caused speculations about whether the songs on the album's final version where referencing Akçıl or not.

Meanwhile, Hadise gave various information on the album throughout 2010. In March, on an interview with PowerTürk TV she stated that preparing the album was taking longer than what she had expected and that she was planning on publishing a maxi single first. In another interview in July with Elle magazine, she announced that the album would be released in October. However, after her breakup with Sinan Akçıl, he took back the songs "Aşkım", "Başkan", "Bebek" and "Kalbine Bir Şey Olmuş", leaving Hadise with only three songs, which forced her to postpone the release date. In September she signed a contract with Seyhan Müzik, and at the same time began sharing the lyrics of her new song. On the first days of 2011, it was reported that she had received a song by Gülşen.

Music and lyrics

In the period before its release, Hadise said that "music felt as a turning point in my life and [the album] was done out of good music", and Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer? was eventually released as a dance-pop album. In her opinion, instead of encouraging depression, the album was about "enjoying life, being strong and loving yourself". Alper Narman and Deniz Erten each wrote three songs for the album, while Gökhan Şahin wrote two of the songs and Gülşen only one of them. Erdem Kınay composed and arranged five of the album's songs. Hadise herself produced the album, and her elder sister Hülya Açıkgöz served as general coordinator. Parts of the recording was done in Turkey, and the other parts were done in Belgium. All of the mixing was done in Antwerp by Ozan Aktaş, a member of the Street Fabulous production, at the Trez Record Studios, while the audio mastering was done in Brussels at the Electric City studio by Alan Ward.

The album contains nine songs and its first song, "Burjuva", was a dance song with high tempo written by Alper Narman, and according to some music critics the song's chorus, "Adam mısın süslü burjuva? (Are you a man, dressed-up in a bourgeois?) / Patlar o pasta bebek suratında (This cake is smashing against your face) / Kıvır durma tatminsiz diva (Come on, sway, unsatisfied diva) / Yolu kapatma, haydi bye bye (Don't block the road, so bye bye)", was a reference to Hadise's ex-boyfriend Sinan Akçıl. Milliyets Ali Eyüboğlu believed that the phrase "ornate bourgeois" was a direct reference to Akçıl. Hadise denied all of these rumors and said that the songs were there "just to make the album beautiful". The second and third songs "Mesajımı Almıştır O" and "Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?" also had high tempos and were written by Gökhan Şahin and Deniz Erten. The song "Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?", which questioned the idea of living through numerous loves at the same time, was according to Gerçek Pop's Fatih Melek "the reason the album came to existence" because of its vocal arrangement and good use of samples. The synth-pop song "Kalbine Yalan Bulma" was composed by Erdem Kınay, followed by the fifth song "Melek", composed by Hadise and Youssef Chellak. The sixth song "Yetenek", was a slow-paced song written by Alper Narman. The seventh song was named after the American comic books character Superman, due to the use of his name in the song's chorus: "Nasıl bir düşmek bu böyle gözden? (What kind of falling into disfavor is this?) / Superman olsan toplayamazsın (You can't fix that, even if you were Superman)". The song featured oriental elements and was composed by Gülşen, and due to its characteristics, it was considered by music critics irrelevant to the rest of the album. The song "Macera", composed by Erdem Kınay, was compared by Fatih Melek to Paul Oakenfold's "Faster Kill Pussycat". Ozan Doğulu composed the album's final song "Harakiri".

Cover and release

Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?s photographs were taken by Duy Quoc Vo. Hadise's hair and makeup for the photographs were done by Lisselotte van Saarloos and Mahmut Karadağ served as the general stylist. Hadise's hair was dyed brown for the photo shoot and she appeared in front of a pail oil green background, wearing a leopard-patterned dress. The pail green color was used as the main color for the album's frame. Hadise's appearance in the photographs was compared by many journalists and music critics to that of American singer Beyoncé. Hürriyets Onur Baştürk addressed the issue and said "On the cover of the album, Hadise is quite resembling Beyoncé. The stance, the look, the hair, the auto-tanned skin, the excess skin color ... I don't mind. She is carrying this Beyoncé attitude very well." Gerçek Pop's Fatih Melek also commented on the album's cover and described it as a "disastrous album cover as usual". Hadise saw the comments as a "great compliment", yet denied the similarities and stated that she didn't use anyone as a model for the photo shoots and they only applied that theme due to its suitability. She also emphasized that she didn't want to be "a copy of another artist".

Hadise's fifth studio album Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer? was released by Seyhan Müzik on 12 April 2011 on digital platforms, and in CD format on 14 April in Turkey. It was the Hadise's only album that was distributed by Seyhan Müzik. The album ranked tenth on D&R's Best-Selling list and according to MÜ-YAP sold 35,000 physical copies by the end of the year, becoming the twenty-eighth best-selling album of the year. Together with its release, it was advertised in 11 different parts of Istanbul on great commercial buildings. According to Vatan the cost of one of these monthly advertisements was 55,000 at the time. Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer? earned Hadise the Best Female Artist award at the 18th Golden Objective Awards. The album was nominated for the Best Album Award at the 2012 OMÜ Media Awards.

Critical reception
Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer? received mixed reviews from music critics. Some found the songs suitable based on Hadise's style, while some found them too ordinary and mediocre. Hürriyets Onur Baştürk believed that thanks to the album Hadise "has distanced herself from her Eurovision style and finally found some appropriate cool songs for herself" and stated that it was the "Turkish pop album with the most dynamic and western sound that I've listened to for a long time.", and attributed this to Erdem Kınay's composition. Hayat Müzik's critic Yavuz Hakan Tok also published a review on the website, saying the album was "not bad at all and a few songs are over the standard line for Turkish pop". Tok went on to say that in general the album "has given signals that Hadise cannot go further with her insistence on being the 'Turkish Beyoncé or Shakira'." Writing for Söz Müzik, Mine Ayman also liked the album and stated: "Hadise really worked hard for this album and collaborated with the best names of music industry. [...] It's been a long time since I wanted to listen repeatedly to an album as beautiful as this." Milliyets Tolga Akyıldız also liked the album and wrote: "Hadise's album is one of the best pop albums of the year."

Gerçek Pop's editor Fatih Melek found the album mediocre, giving it 2,5/5, and believed that "Kınay's works in this album does not sound as good as his previous works", describing it as a misfortune for Hadise. He also said that "To surprise the Turkish market, she distanced herself from R&B and changed her genre to dance music, but the result indicates that it was not a good move for Hadise." Radikals Sarp Dakni wrote about the album: "Finally a 30 minute pop / dance album. The best option to let yourself go at the home party that you will give on the weekend." Akşams Serhat Tekin also described it as "a well coordinated pop album".

Promotion

Live performances

To promote the album after its  release, Hadise gave a concert at the Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre on 8 July 2011 alongside other concerts at various places in Turkey. Following these concerts, she appeared on numerous TV programs and performed the songs. On 29 April 2011, she appeared on Beyaz Show and performed "Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?", "Burjuva", "Mesajımı Almıştır O" and "Superman". She appeared on the same program on 4 November, and the show's band performed her song "Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?" as a türkü. On 13 June, she performed at the 38th Golden Butterfly Awards. She appeared in a white outfit and performed the songs "Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?", "Melek" and "Superman" while being accompanied by her dancers. On 31 December, on Show TV's New Year program she performed the songs "Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?", "Mesajımı Almıştır O" and "Superman".

Music videos
Three songs from Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer? were turned into music videos. The music video for the album's lead single "Superman" was released in April 2011. Nihat Odabaşı directed the video and Hadise was accompanied by a number of dancers on it. However, after the shooting was over, it was reported that a financial issue had been created between Odabaşı and Hadise. According to Milliyet the cost for the video was initially estimated to be 50,000 but after the shooting was over Odabaşı demanded an additional amount of 12,000 after taking into consideration the taxes, and this resulted in a tension between the parties. On the other hand, the music video of the song was critically acclaimed and received 4 out of 5 on Gerçek Pop. It received the Best Music Video award at the 2nd Pal FM Music Awards and was nominated for the Best Dance Video award at the Gerçek Pop 2011 Awards. The songs ranked fifth on Türkçe Top 20. It was also downloaded over 76,000 times on official websites and was streamed over 2.8 million times on online platforms, becoming Turkey's eighth most downloaded song and third most streamed song in 2011.

The second music video was released for "Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?". It was directed by Hadise's elder sister Hülya Açıkgöz and released in October. The song won the Best Dance Single award at the Gerçek Pop 2011 Awards. It was downloaded over 87,000 times on official websites and streamed 3.1 million times on online platforms, becoming Turkey's fourth most downloaded song and tenth most streamed song in 2011. The album's last music video was made for the song "Mesajımı Almıştır O" and directed by Hülya Açıkgöz. It was released in March 2012. Hadise appears in the music video while singing the song in front of a microphone and in a studio with walls on which the song's lyrics are written.

Track listing

Personnel

 Hadise – singer, producer, composer , concept
 Alper Narman – songwriter
 Erdem Kınay – composer , arranger , recording
 Deniz Erten – songwriter , composer
 Gökhan Şahin – songwriter
 Gülşen – songwriter , composer
 Ender Gündüzlü – composer
 Youssef Chellak – composer , arranger , recording
 Ozan Çolakoğlu – arranger , recording
 Amin Boudouhi – arranger
 Erdem Uyanık – editor
 Metehan Köşeoğlu – guitar ; acoustic guitar
 Gündem Yaylı Grubu – bowed string instrument
 Mehmet Akatay – percussion
 Fatih Ahıskalı – oud , cümbüş
 Can Şengün – electric guitar
 Ozan Aktaş – mixing
 Alan Ward – mastering
 Seyhan Müzik (Bülent Seyhan) – producer
 Hülya Açıkgöz – general coordinator
 Duy Quoc Vo – photographer
 Mahmut Karadağ – styling
 Lisselotte van Saarloos – hair, makeup

Credits adapted from Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?s album booklet.

Charts

Sales

Release history

References

External links

 Aşk Kaç Beden Giyer?  – Discogs

Category:2011 albums
Category:Hadise albums
Category:Dance-pop albums by Belgian artists
Category:Turkish-language albums


Rectory Field

Rectory Field is a sports ground in Blackheath in the Royal Borough of Greenwich in south-east London. It was developed in the 1880s by Blackheath Cricket, Football and Lawn Tennis Company and became the home ground of rugby union team Blackheath F.C. between 1883 and 2016. The ground has hosted international rugby matches and at one time, along with the Richmond Athletic Ground, it was the unofficial home of the England national rugby union team before the development of Twickenham Stadium. The ground was also used for first-class and List A cricket by Kent County Cricket Club between 1887 and 1972.

The field is named after the Charlton Rectory that once stood at the site. It is used today by Blackheath Sports Club for cricket, rugby, tennis and squash. It is located  east of Greenwich town centre, around  north-east of the Sun in the Sands roundabout, the junction of the main A2 and A102. The main entrance to the ground is on the B212 Charlton Road with the A207 running to the south of the ground.

Establishment
Located slightly away from the centre of Blackheath, Rectory Field is situated east of Greenwich Park. Before the adoption of the ground sport had been played on the Blackheath grounds, or Heath, for many years. Blackheath Football Club played on the Heath from 1871, but as the popularity of the sport grew, games began attracting crowds. After a match with Richmond was abandoned in 1877 due to a pitch invasion the club adopted a proper, demarked ground. One of the club members, Maurice Henry Richardson, knew of a part of the heath that was owned by his father and the club rented this part of the park for their matches. This pitch become known as Richardson's Field, and this playing ground hosted several internationals, including the first rugby match between England and Wales in 1881.

Richardson's Field was bought for commercial use in 1882–83, and the team were forced to find a new ground. The club captain, Lennard Stokes located a new ground for the club, just east of the old Richardson Field on the Charlton Road. This location was a  plot which would become the Rectory Field. Cricket was first played on the ground in 1886 after Blackheath Cricket Club secretary Montague Druitt negotiated the use of the Rectory Field during the summer months. With several sports now using the ground, the Blackheath Cricket, Football and Lawn Tennis Company was formed to provide amenities for the players.

Rugby history
Blackheath Football Club first played at Rectory Field in 1883. The first match on the ground was against Guy's Hospital.

On 2 January 1886, Rectory Field hosted its first international rugby union match, with England facing Wales as part of the 1886 Home Nations Championship. With England withdrawing from international rugby in late 1887, the field was not used by the national team again until the arrival of the world's first touring Southern Hemisphere rugby team, the New Zealand Māori in 1889. England continued to use three sites for international rugby, Rectory Field, the Athletic Ground in Richmond and Whalley Range in Manchester, but after 1900, only the two London locations were used. In 1910, Twickenham became the new stadium for the England team, but not before Rectory Field was allowed one last historic international when it hosted the first touring Australian rugby team in 1909.

When the initial lease expired, the Rectory Field was in danger of being sold for commercial development. After £9,000 was raised through debentures, the field was purchased in 1921, providing a permanent home for the cricket and rugby teams. Directly after the World War II Richmond and Blackheath merged for a season, and several other teams were allowed the use of the grounds, including London Irish.

On 30 April 2016 Blackheath F.C. played their final first team game at the Rectory Field, defeating Blaydon 45–17.  After 133 years at the ground, the club had decided to move to their training ground, Well Hall in Eltham, for the 2016–17 season in order to boost revenue, although the ground remains in use by the club for other teams.

Cricketing history
The first cricket match to be played on the Rectory Field was between Blackheath and GG Hearne's XI on 26 April 1886. The first first-class cricket match on the ground was held in 1887 when Kent played Surrey. Kent went on to play regularly at the ground until 1971, playing a total of 84 home first-class matches on the ground with at least one match each season from 1905. The  majority of matches were against Surrey, whose ground at The Oval is less than  away. The final first-class match was against Derbyshire in June 1971.

Kent also played three List A cricket matches at Blackheath, one each in 1969, 1970 and 1972. The ground was used by the Kent Second XI between 1921 and 1936 for Minor Counties Championship matches and one Second XI match was played at Blackheath in 1987. Kent have had a long history of playing at grounds in what the club terms "Metropolitan Kent". Grounds in nearby Beckenham, Crystal Palace, Catford and Dartford have all also been used by the club in the past for a total of more than 150 matches and the first match played by the county club after its foundation in 1842 was played at White Hart Field in Bromley. The club stopped using the ground at Blackheath due a wish to consolidate at its main St Lawrence Ground in Canterbury and as a result of issues with car parking and the quality of the outfield.

Future Kent and England bowler Colin Blythe was first spotted bowling at Rectory Field. Before the start of the final days play in the County Championship match between Kent and Somerset in July 1897, Blythe was asked to bowl at Kent's Walter Wright to provide some practice. He was watched by William McCanlis who was the manager of Kent's Tonbridge Nursery, the county's recently established professional player development centre based at the Angel Ground in Tonbridge, and was invited to a trial. Blythe, who had grown up in nearby Deptford, went on to become one of the leading bowlers of the period before the First World War, playing 381 times for Kent and making 19 Test match appearances for England.

In local cricket the ground has been used by Blackheath Cricket Club, who play in the Kent Cricket League, since 1886. The club operates ten league sides and a youth section, playing at the Rectory Field and at other grounds in the area.

Records on the ground
A total of 84 first-class and three List A matches were played on the ground, all featuring Kent as the home side.
Highest total: 560 for 6 declared by Kent against Essex, 1959
Lowest total: 51 by Essex against Kent, 1964
Highest partnership: 343, 3rd wicket by PA Gibb and R Horsfall, for Essex against Kent, 1951
Highest individual score: 250, MC Cowdrey, for Kent against Essex, 1959
Best bowling in an innings: 10/54, GAR Lock, for Surrey against Kent, 1956
Best bowling in a match: 16/83, GAR Lock, for Surrey against Kent, 1956
In the three List A matches held on the ground the highest team score was 201 for 8, recorded by Lancashire in the ground's first List A match in 1969. The total was scored from 39 overs. The highest individual score was 69 runs, made by Kent's Brian Luckhurst in the same match. The last List A match on the ground, against Surrey in 1972, finished with the scores tied, Surrey winning the match after losing fewer wickets.

Other sports
Tennis has been played on the ground since it was created. Eight hard and three grass tennis courts are situated to the north of the rugby and cricket ground. All of the courts are floodlit. Two squash courts were built on the southern side of the site in 1937 and remain in use.

References

External links
 Rectory Field on CricInfo

Category:Rugby union stadiums in England
Category:Sports venues in London
Category:Defunct cricket grounds in England
Category:Sport in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Category:Blackheath, London
Category:Sports venues completed in 1873
Category:Conservation areas in London


Aurangabad Industrial City

The Aurangabad Industrial City (abbrev. AURIC or Auric) is a greenfield industrial smart city over an area of 10,000 acres in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. It is a part of the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project (DMIC), which is planned for developing an industrial zone spanning across six states between India's capital, Delhi and its financial hub, Mumbai. The Government of Maharashtra decided to develop the Shendra and Bidkin neighborhoods of Aurangabad as a planned industrial township under DMIC. Equipped with an underground plug and play infrastructure, 60% of the land in AURIC is for industrial usage, mainly focusing on textile, food, defence, engineering and electronics, while the remaining 40% is intended for residential, commercial and other purposes.

On 7 September 2019, the Aurangabad Industrial City was inaugurated as the first industrial integrated smart city of India under the Government of India's flagship Smart Cities Mission.

Shendra–Bidkin

Shendra

MIDC in the 1990s established the third industrial estate in the city by acquiring 902 hectares of land at Shendra village. Shendra Industrial area is a 5-star industrial estate.  Shendra has located 17 km from Aurangabad on Jalna road towards the east of the city. It is 8.0 km from Aurangabad airport.  The Aurangabad railway station is 19.0 km away. The Shendra Industrial Area is just a 15 mins. drive from the city

Bidkin
Bidkin is a large village in Paithan Taluka of Aurangabad district.
Bidkin village is situated about 24 km from Aurangabad City on Aurangabad - Paithan Highway towards its south. It is located at a distance of 27 km from its Taluka headquarter town of Paithan. According to 2001 census, the population of the village was 14941.

Industrial Park
As part of the DMIC, the Government of Maharashtra has decided to develop the Shendra and Bidkin belt in Aurangabad as planned industrial townships to act as major investment node. The industrial park is being developed from Shendra on the east, up to Bidkin on the south of Aurangabad city.
The Industrial park is to come upon 8400 hectares of land i.e. 20756 acres. Renowned US firm, AECOM, has been roped in as a consultant for planning the township. The state has also decided to rope in a Japanese consortium to recommend the use of technology for infrastructure upgrades in these areas.
Based on the investment potential of an area, the state has plans to develop the Aurangabad belt as an automobile and engineering hub.
 An Exhibition and Convention Center is being developed at Sendra.
Recently the Government of India has announced a New National Manufacturing Policy. Under this policy, seven National Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZ) are proposed to be set up. It aims, setting up of mega industrial towns on waste and infertile land acquired by the government. The Industrial Park would be one of them.

See also
Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor

References

External links
 www.auric.city - Official website
 Shendra - Bidkin Master Plan - 5 MB approx

Category:Economy of Aurangabad, Maharashtra
Category:Proposed infrastructure in Maharashtra
Category:Industrial parks in India


Eoophyla fontis

Eoophyla fontis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Speidel in 2003. It is found in the Philippines (Samar).

References

Category:Eoophyla
Category:Moths described in 2003


Phausis

Phausis is a genus of firefly beetles (family Lampyridae). These beetles are for the most part unimpressive in their appearance and behaviour, so have not drawn much study, and little is known about many of the species. Species in this genus are at least known from North America. Ten species are described in North America, ranging throughout much of the continent.

The genera Phausis and Lamprohiza are very similar and in need of revision; the delimitations between the two are not clear. Alternatively, Phausis may be paraphyletic and/or at least in part synonymous with Lamprohiza. The genus is traditionally placed in the tribe Photinini of the Lampyrinae, but at least the blue ghost firefly, Phausis reticulata does not seem to be particularly close to this group (or Lamprohiza for that matter) and might not even belong in the subfamily Lampyrinae.

Description
Phausis males are small compared to many fireflies, ranging from about . Most are brown to brown-black in colour and have transparent "window" spots in the front half of the pronotum. A key characteristic distinguishing adult male Phausis from most other firefly genera is the presence of a minute glassy bead at the tip of each antenna. Males have huge eyes.

Female Phausis specimens are assumed to be larviform; the females have not been discovered, possibly because they often live in burrows in the soil, so are not easily collected.

Most males are not luminescent, while females are likely to emit bioluminescence in the form of a continuous glow. Males of the species Phausis reticulata also emit a faint, constant glow.

Species
 Phausis californica Fender, 1966
 Phausis dorothae Fender, 1961
 Phausis inaccensa LeConte, 1878
 Phausis luminosa Fender, 1966
 Phausis marina Fender, 1966
 Phausis nigra Hopping, 1937
 Phausis reticulata – blue ghost firefly
 Phausis rhombica Fender, 1961
 Phausis riversi (LeConte, 1884 (1885))
 Phausis skelleyi Fender, 1961

References

Category:Lampyridae
Category:Lampyridae genera
Category:Bioluminescent insects
Category:Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte


Leaving You for Me

"Leaving You For Me" is a rock song by Star Search-winner German Martin Kesici and sung by Finnish singer Tarja Turunen. The single was released on 23 May 2005; the music video was recorded in a Viking community in western Finland called Rosala Center.

References

Category:2005 singles
Category:2005 songs


TVNZ 1

TVNZ 1 is the first national television channel owned and operated by the state-owned broadcaster Television New Zealand (TVNZ). It was the first major television broadcaster in New Zealand, starting out from 1960 onwards as independent government operated facilities in the four main centres of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin, and eventually began sharing programming between them all in real time in 1969, becoming NZBC TV (although the individual facilities retained their call signs into the 1970s). The collective group was renamed Television One (TV ONE, stylized as oɴe) in 1975 upon the break-up of the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation, and became a part of TVNZ in 1980 when Television One and South Pacific Television (now sister channel TVNZ 2) merged. The channel assumed its current name in October 2016.

TVNZ 1 is both a public broadcaster and a commercial broadcaster. Central to TVNZ 1 is news and current affairs, which is produced under the banner 1 News. Other programming consists of mainly drama, general entertainment and documentaries, both locally and internationally (especially British) produced. The channel is broadcast on the government owned Kordia terrestrial network as well as on one of the two Kordia satellite transponders, which is included in channel packages on the Freeview, Igloo (2012-2017), and Sky platforms.

It is estimated that 98.6% of New Zealand households with a television have access to TVNZ 1. Over 50% of the channel's programming is local content.

History

1960–1975: NZBC TV
At 7:30pm on 1 June 1960, New Zealand's first television channel, AKTV2, started broadcasting in Auckland from the NZBC building at 74 Shortland Street, previously used to broadcast public radio station 1YA and now home to The University of Auckland's Gus Fisher Gallery. Owned and operated by the New Zealand Broadcasting Service (NZBS, which became the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation in 1962), it initially broadcast for two hours a day, two days a week. Christchurch's CHTV3 followed in June 1961, Wellington's WNTV1 a month later, and Dunedin's DNTV2 on 31 July 1962. The numbers referred to the VHF Band I channel allocation that the main transmission (i.e. not repeaters) was broadcast on: channel 1 (44–51 MHz) in Wellington (Mount Kaukau), channel 2 (54–61 MHz) in Auckland (Waiatarua) and Dunedin (Mount Cargill), and channel 3 (61–68 MHz) in Christchurch (Sugarloaf). After these four stations were networked (see below), TV One continued to broadcast on these frequencies until analogue switch-off in 2013.

Television licences were introduced in August 1960, initially costing NZ£4 (equal to NZ$171 in December 2013). Television advertisements began in April 1961 and were initially allowed only on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.

Relay stations gradually expanded the four channels into regional New Zealand. AKTV2 was extended to Waikato and Tauranga in 1963 and to Whangarei in 1966. WNTV1 was extended to Manawatu and Wairarapa in 1963, to the Hawke's Bay in 1964, and to Taranaki in 1966. DNTV2 was extended to South Otago and Southland in 1964, while CHTV3 was extended to South Canterbury in 1965. By 1965, 300,000 television licences had been issued, and television was broadcasting seven nights a week.

Initially, the four television facilities were unlinked, and programming had to be shipped between stations. The sinking of  in Wellington Harbour on 10 April 1968 highlighted the lack of a video link. Footage shot in Wellington could not be broadcast in other centres around the country in real-time, and the extra-tropical cyclone which contributed to the disaster grounded air traffic, preventing the film being flown to other centres.

By the time of the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969, the two islands were each network-capable via microwave link, but the link over Cook Strait had not been completed, and there was no link between New Zealand and the outside world. Footage of the moon landing was recorded on video tape at the Australian Broadcasting Commission's ABN-2 in Sydney, then rushed by an RNZAF English Electric Canberra to Wellington and WNTV1. To forward this to the South Island, the NZBC positioned one of its first outside broadcasting vans to beam the footage to a receiving dish across Cook Strait, from which it was forwarded through the recently commissioned South Island network. The link was completed later that year, the first NZBC Network News transmitted on 3 November, read by newsreader Dougal Stevenson.

The NZBC's microwave network between facilities was very much ad-hoc. Due to a shortage of microwave links, the network was completed by "off air" hops, where a 100 kW regional transmitter was received and re-transmitted by another. The network news was made possible by switching inputs to the regional transmitters, so that a signal could be relayed across the country. For instance, the Te Aroha regional transmitter for Hamilton could be switched away from Auckland programming to relay off-air, the Wellington signal coming up the country. Auckland then could see Wellington via Te Aroha. The non-synchronous switching was done manually initially and later with tone switching. During the network news presented from Wellington, if an inject was required from Auckland, Auckland would switch from transmitting Wellington pictures to transmitting, briefly a black screen with a small white "A" in the corner. Then each transmitter down the country would have to switch over so that the "A" would eventually appear in Wellington and beyond. Once all centres could see the "A" caption, the Auckland inject would be played. At the end of the item, the process would be reversed with a "W" for Wellington being switched sequentially, and then finally the Wellington presenter would appear again in all centres. The viewer would see a black non-synchronous switch which would take a second or so. Eagle-eyed viewers could see the identification letters change on the corner of the screen. Those with poor vertical hold would have to wait a little longer for the picture to stabilise. Occasionally, a transmitter would be switched out of sequence and the viewers would be treated to the sight of 100 kW of video feedback.

With the establishment of the Warkworth satellite station in 1971, New Zealand could finally communicate with the rest of the world. The first live broadcast received by satellite was the 1971 Melbourne Cup on 2 November.

For the first 13 years, NZBC TV broadcast solely in black and white. Colour television, using the Phase alternating line (PAL) system, was introduced on 31 October 1973, in preparation for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games, held in Christchurch the following February. Due to the lack of colour facilities, only four of the ten sports (swimming, diving, athletics and boxing) could be broadcast in colour.

1975–1980: TV ONE

On 1 April 1975, the NZBC was split into 3 separate state owned corporations: Television One, Television Two and Radio New Zealand.

The existing NZBC television service became TV One, and was based in Avalon Television Centre in Lower Hutt which opened that day. TV One used the WNTV1 and DNTV2 studios and the existing channel frequencies, while AKTV2's Shortland Street studios and CHTV3 studios and new channel frequencies were used for the new TV2, which commenced later that year.

1980–present: TVNZ

In 1980 the two television channels merged to form Television New Zealand, with the purpose of finally providing a dividend to the Government. The merger was promised to provide 'complementary programming' for both channels. Regional news programming was reintroduced in the 1980s screening as part of the evening news bulletin. The regional bulletin was broadcast from the four main TVNZ studios in Auckland (Top Half), Wellington (Today Tonight), Christchurch (The Mainland Touch) and Dunedin (The South Tonight). Each region would break out from the network news to screen a 20-minute news bulletin before returning to the network news bulletin to screen the weather. In 1989 regional news shows were moved to screen immediately after the Māori news programme Te Karere and before the network news, and at the end of 1990 were axed altogether.

In August 2008, TV One, along with TV2, moved to 720p high-definition for the start of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Both channels were originally only available in high-definition on the Freeview HD platform, before commencing high-definition broadcasts on the Sky platform on 1 June 2009 now moved to 1080i in August 2010.

In October 2016, the channel was renamed TVNZ 1.

Branding
TV One has used numerous logos throughout its history, though all have displayed "one" as a word, rather than as a number. The original 1975 logo featured large rounded lettering, sometimes with the top half of the "o" in the lowercase "one" divided into rainbow colours. This was replaced after the formation of Television New Zealand in 1980, with uppercase inline lettering.

The Friz Quadrata typeface and a more classical look debuted in 1987, contrasting Channel 2's more contemporary appearance. The more familiar sans serif italic lettering, with mixed case lettering, was launched during the 1996 Olympics, variations of this logo were used up to 2013 with the colours changing every few years or the logo behind a coloured background. In 2013 the logo was changed, continuing to use the sans serif lettering but no longer in italics.

In October 2016 TV One was rebranded as TVNZ 1 with the logo changed to simply the number 1 in bold black with a red scribble pattern around the number, while sister channel TV2 renamed TVNZ 2, with a purple scribble pattern around the number.

Content

TVNZ 1+1

TVNZ 1+1 was launched to Freeview and Sky customers from 1 July 2012 as TV ONE Plus 1. It is a channel with a one-hour time shift of the TVNZ 1 Auckland feed. The channel is available on Channel 6 on Freeview and 501 on Sky. This channel replaced TVNZ 7, which was a public service news and documentary channel. On 1 September 2013, when TV2+1 (now called TVNZ 2+1) launched to replace TVNZ U, TV ONE Plus 1 moved to Channel 6 on Freeview, while TV2+1 took over Channel 7. The channel was rebranded as TVNZ 1+1 on 1 October 2016.

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Television New Zealand
Category:New Zealand television channels
Category:Television channels and stations established in 1960
Category:English-language television stations in New Zealand


Billardiera cymosa

Billardiera cymosa, the sweet apple-berry, is a small vine native to woodland and coastal heath of Victoria and South Australia.

The leaves are slender and stems are twining. Flowers are bluish, greenish or cream. The fruit is a sausage shaped berry 1–1.5 cm long.

References

External links
Billardiera cymosa Electronic Flora of South Australia species Fact Sheet
Billardiera cymosa VicFlora Flora of Victoria
Billardiera cymosa Flickr search
Billardiera cymosa Google image search

Category:Bushfood
cymosa
Category:Flora of Victoria (Australia)
Category:Flora of South Australia


Selwyn N. Owen

Selwyn N. Owen (July 5, 1836 – October 1, 1916) was a Democratic lawyer in the U.S. State of Ohio who was a judge on the Ohio Supreme Court 1883–1889.

Selwyn N. Owen was born at Steuben County, New York, before his family moved to Columbus, Ohio, and then Huron County, Ohio in 1837. He attended school in Norwich Township, and Norwalk Academy. He attended Antioch College until 1856, and then was principal of a seminary in Clark County, Kentucky. He returned to Norwalk in 1857, where he read law in the offices of Cortland Kennon and Gideon T. Stewart. He enrolled in Cincinnati Law School in 1861, and graduated in 1862.

Selwyn N. Owen was admitted to the bar in 1862 and began practice in Fremont, Ohio. In 1863 he moved to Bryan, Ohio, where he had a large practice. In 1876, he was elected to the Common Pleas bench, and was re-elected in 1881.

In 1883, he was nominated by the Democrats for an Ohio Supreme Court seat, and defeated Republican John H. Doyle. William H. Upson resigned December of that year, and Owen was appointed to fill the vacancy. He began his five-year term in February 1884, serving until February 1889. In the 1888 election, the Democrats nominated Lyman R. Critchfield, who lost.

Owen entered into private practice with the firm Powell, Owen, Ricketts and Black when his Supreme judgeship ended. In 1897, he was appointed Director of Law of the city of Columbus by Mayor Samuel Luccock Black, his old law partner, and served two years. In 1899, Ohio Governor Bushnell appointed Owen to the Ohio State Board of Arbitration, and he was re-appointed in 1905 by Governor Myron T. Herrick. He declined appointment from Judson Harmon to a third term, and resigned January 3, 1911.

Owen married Beulah B. Barrett of Rochelle, Illinois in 1870. He owned a large home in Bryan and a 75-acre farm near the city as well as a home in Columbus. He was a Mason and a member of the Universalist Church. Two years after retirement, he and his wife moved to Portland, Oregon, to be near their daughter, and he died there.

Notes

References

Category:Ohio Supreme Court justices
Category:Ohio Democrats
Category:Lawyers from Columbus, Ohio
Category:1836 births
Category:University of Cincinnati College of Law alumni
Category:1916 deaths
Category:Antioch College alumni
Category:People from Bryan, Ohio
Category:Death in Oregon


François Carli

François Carli (11 April 1872 - 19 December 1957) was a French sculptor.

Biography

Early life
François Carli was born on 11 April 1872 in Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. His older brother, Auguste Carli (1868-1930), was also a sculptor.

Career
He was a sculptor. From his atelier located at 6 Rue Jean Roque in Marseille, he sold many Tanagra figurines, Egyptian and Chaldean sculptures.

He designed a sculpture of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (1873–1897), which was displayed in the Église Saint-Cannat in Marseille. Additionally, he did a sculpture of Jean Marie du Lau (1738-1792) for the Church of St. Trophime in Arles. He also designed a war memorial in Eyguières.

Personal life
In 1897, he married Jeanne Gondard, sister of sculptor Paul Gondard (1884-1953).

Death
He died on 19 December 1957 in Marseille.

Legacy
The Place Auguste et François Carli, a town square in Marseille, is named for him and his brother.

References

Category:1872 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:People from Marseille
Category:20th-century French sculptors
Category:French male sculptors


Deccan Express

The Deccan Express is an express train that leaves daily at 3:15pm, plying between the cities of Pune and Mumbai in India, a distance of 192 km and at 7:00am from Mumbai to Pune.

Services

The Deccan Express was launched much earlier in the 1960s for commuters travelling from Mumbai CST to Pune Junction. The train is operated by Indian Railways, coming under the Central Railway zone and it is one of the six point-to-point express trains which carry thousands of passengers daily between Pune and Mumbai. The other five being the Sinhagad Express, Pragati Express, Deccan Queen, Indrayani Express and Intercity Express.

Deccan Express is named from Deccan Plateau where Pune city is located.

Traction
This train is hauled end to end by a Kalyan based WCAM 3.

Timetable

The 11007 Deccan Express leaves Mumbai CST at 7 am and arrives at Pune Junction at 11:05 am.  While on the return journey, the 11008 Deccan Express leaves Pune at 15:15 and reaches CSTM at 19:17.

History

Throughout history of railways in India the Deccan Queen is one of the most popular trains in India. The Deccan Queen, started on 1 June 1930 was the fastest and most luxurious train on the Mumbai - Pune section.

Before introduction of the Deccan Queen, Poona Mail was the most luxurious train on this route. Initially the train was owned and operated by Great Indian Peninsula Railway and transferred to Indian Railways after merging of Great Indian Peninsula Railway in Indian Railways. This train used to travel the Mumbai-Pune distance in 2 hours 45 minutes. However, due to increase in suburban traffic the travelling time has increased to 3 hours 15 minutes. This train was served with a pantry car since it was introduced. The train made its first run from Kalyan to Pune and was just a seven bogie train. However the train was later increased till Mumbai CST (formally Victory Terminus). The train today hauls 17 bogies along with two guard vans with total of 19 bogies. This train was attached with double deck compartments in 1980s. Initially the train was hauled by EA1 (WCP 1 locomotive) when it was introduced. Later by 1970s the train was hauled by WCM 2 or WCM 4 locomotives. Today it is hauled by WCAM 3/2 locomotive. The Poona Mail and the Deccan Queen used to serve Mumbai-Pune commuters for several years together later when the Poona Mail was extended till Kolhapur and was renamed as the Sahyadri Express.

See also
 Mumbai–Pune Passenger
 Sister trains Mumbai-Pune:

References

7.^ Current PNR Status Online: Train PNR Status

Category:Mumbai–Pune trains
Category:Named passenger trains of India
Category:Transport in Mumbai
Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra
Category:Transport in Pune


Kōyū Amano

Kōyū Amano (天野 高雄, 1968 - present) is a Japanese Buddhist monk of Kōyasan Shingon-shū. He currently serves as abbot at Kōzō-ji (高蔵寺) in Okayama Prefecture and has been active as a missionary, artist, sculptor and radio personality.

Life
Amano was born in Kurashiki city as the eldest son of ex-photographer Masao Amano. In his youth, he studied oil painting and shodō and developed hobbies such as playing trumpet and softball. He traveled to Tokyo with the purpose of becoming a comedian, but was turned away from the opportunity.

At the recommendation of his grandfather Yūen Amano, then 15th abbot, he enrolled in Koyasan High School and later entered Koyasan University where he graduated from the Department of Esoteric Buddhism (密教学科). Immediately after his grandfather's passing, Amano took over as 16th abbot of the temple.

Today, Amano proselytizes Buddhism through his art and local radio show.

Family
Amano has one younger brother, Yukio Amano who is supervisor of Japan Mononoke Tourist (日本物怪観光; Nihon mononoke kankō), an art unit that aims at spreading information about Japanese yōkai.

Bibliography

As primary author
Hohoemi Hotoke (ほほえみほとけ) (2002)
Anata de Nakereba (あなたでなければ) (2004)
Ima shika nai yo (今しかないよ) (2004)
Hitasura (ひたすらに) (2010)
Hohoemisoete (ほほえみそえて) (2010)
Tsuchi Hotoke (土ほとけ) (2012)
Hotokesama no Hohoemi Kirie (仏さまのほほえみ切り絵) (2015)
Kotoba no Omamori (ことばのお守り)

As co-author
Rokudai no Hibiki〜Odaishisama no Kotoba (六大の響き〜お大師さまのことば) by Riyōei Fukuda (2012) (Illustrator)
Chiisana Kokoro kara Nukedasu Obōsan no Ichinichi Ippun Seppō (小さな心から抜け出す お坊さんの1日1分説法) by Higan-ji (2013)

External links
ようまいりドットコム (Main website) (in Japanese)
拝、ボーズ! (FM Radio website) (in Japanese)
天野こうゆう (@koyu_a) - Twitter (in Japanese)

References

Category:1968 births
Category:Japanese Buddhist monks
Category:Shingon Buddhist monks
Category:Buddhist artists
Category:Japanese artists
Category:Japanese radio personalities
Category:Japanese Buddhist missionaries
Category:People from Kurashiki
Category:Living people


Almería

Almería (, also , ) is a city in Andalusia, Spain, located in the southeast of Spain on the Mediterranean Sea, and is the capital of the province of the same name. It was Abd-ar-Rahman III who founded the Alcazaba (the Citadel), which gave this city its name: al-Mariyyah (, "the Watchtower"). In the 10th and 11th centuries, it formed part of the Caliphate of Córdoba, and grew wealthy on trade and the textile industry, especially silk. It suffered many sieges and fell under Christian domination in 1489. In 1522, Almería was devastated by an earthquake and rebuilding and recovery did not really get underway until the 19th century. During the Spanish Civil War, the city was shelled by the German Navy, and fell to Franco in 1939. It has since rebuilt its economy around vegetable production, with 100,000 acres of greenhouses, supplying much of Europe.

History

In the first century, Christian documents report that there was a town named Urci, possibly near the current site of Almería, in the Hispania of the Roman Empire. However, this is disputed, as there are several possible sites of the town. However, missionary Saint Indaletius is said to have evangelized Urci and become its first bishop, and is officially the patron saint of Almería.

Later, the city was refounded by Calipha Abd-ar-Rahman III of Córdoba in 955 AD. It was to be a principal harbour in his extensive domain to strengthen his Mediterranean defences.

Its Moorish castle, the Alcazaba of Almería, is the second largest among the Muslim fortresses of Andalusia, after the Alhambra.

In this period, the port city of Almería reached its historical peak. After the fragmentation of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031, Almería continued to be ruled by powerful local Muslim Taifa emirs like Jairan, the first independent Emir of Almería and Cartagena,  and Almotacin, the poet emir. Both Jairan and Almotacin were fearless warriors, but also sophisticated patrons of the arts. A silk industry, based upon plantings of mulberry trees in the hot, dry landscape of the province, supported Almería in the 11th century and made its strategic harbour an even more valuable asset.

Contested by the emirs of Granada and Valencia, Almería experienced many sieges, including one especially fierce siege when Christians, called to the Second Crusade by Pope Eugene III, were also encouraged to counter the Muslim forces on a more familiar coast. On that occasion Alfonso VII, starting on 11 July 1147, at the head of mixed armies of Catalans, Genoese, Pisans and Franks, led a crusade against the rich city, and Almería was captured on 17 October 1147.

Within a decade, however, Almería had passed to the control of the Muslim Almohad emirs, and not until the late 15th century did it became again a Christian city when it accepted the sovereignty the Catholic Monarchs, Fernando and Isabel, on December 26, 1489.

The 16th century was for Almería a century of natural and human catastrophes; for there were at least four earthquakes, of which the one in 1522 was especially violent, devastating the city. The people who had remained Muslim were expelled from Almería after the War of Las Alpujarras in 1568 and scattered across Spain. Landings and attacks by Berber pirates were also frequent in the 16th century, and continued until the early 18th century. At that time, huge iron mines were discovered and French and British companies set up business in the area, bringing renewed prosperity and returning Almería to a position of relative importance within Spain.

During the Spanish Civil War the city was shelled by the German Navy, with news reaching the London and Parisian press about the "criminal bombardment of Almería by German planes". Almería surrendered in 1939, being the last Andalusian main city to fall to Francoist forces.

In the second half of the 20th century, Almería witnessed spectacular economic growth due to tourism and intensive agriculture, with crops grown year-round in massive invernaderos – plastic-covered "greenhouses" – for intensive vegetable production.

After Franco's death and popular approval of the new Spanish Constitution, the people of southern Spain were called on to approve an autonomous status for Andalusia region in a referendum. The referendum were approved with 118,186 votes for and 11,092 votes against in Almería province, which represented 42% of all registered voters.

Main sights

The Alcazaba, a medieval fortress that was begun in the 10th century but destroyed by an earthquake in 1522. It includes a triple line of walls, a majestic keep and large gardens. It commands a city quarter with buildings dressed in pastel colors, of Muslim-age aspect.
Almería air raid shelters, underground galleries for civilian protection during the Spanish Civil War, currently the longest in Europe open for tourists.
The Cathedral has a fortress-like appearance due to its towers, merlons and protected paths, created to defend it from Mediterranean pirates. Originally designated as a mosque, it was later converted into a Christian church, before being destroyed in the 1522 earthquake. In the 16th century it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style, whilst keeping some of its defensive features.
Renaissance church of Santiago, built in 1533, with tower and portal decorated with reliefs.
Chanca, a group of houses carved into rocks.
Castle of San Cristobal, now in ruins. It is connected to the Alcazaba by a line of walls.
Museum of Almería. Includes findings from Prehistoric, Iberic, Roman, Greek ages and Muslim objects, mostly from the Alcazaba.
Paseo de Coches, a modern seaside promenade with gardens and palms.

Demographics

Almería has the highest proportion of Muslim population of any Spanish city at 11-20%, depending on source.

People and culture

Famous natives of Almería include Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso, who in 1873 was the third president of the First Spanish Republic, as well as several musicians, including the composer José Padilla Sánchez, whose music was declared of "universal interest" by Unesco in 1989, the popular folk singer Manolo Escobar, renowned Flamenco guitar player José Tomás "Tomatito" and Grammy Award winner David Bisbal; the champion motorcyclist Antonio Maeso moved to Almería as a child.

The Irish folk-rock group The Pogues paid tribute to Almería in "Fiesta," a song on the band's third album, If I Should Fall from Grace with God.

The tourism increased and hotels were all occupied from January to February during the filming of the sixth season of the TV series Game of Thrones.

Sports
Almería hosted the Mediterranean Games in 2005. The city has 2 football teams: UD Almería, which plays in the Spanish Segunda División following relegation from La Liga in 2015 and CP Almería, which played in Tercera División Group 9 in the 2018/19 season following promotion.

The Plaza de Toros de Almería is the main bullring in Almería. It has a capacity of 10,000 and it opened in 1882.

Films

Economy

The economy of Almería is mostly based on agriculture, which is located mainly in the western part of the region. Numerous greenhouses mostly constructed with plasticulture produce tonnes of fruit and vegetables, more than 70% of their product being exported to the rest of Europe. These greenhouses are controversial, with allegations of cheap labor and harsh conditions. The plastic often ends up the sea, killing marine life.

Transport

By land, Almería can be reached by the A-7 Mediterranean Highway, which connects the Mediterranean area with the Spanish A-92 that unites it with the rest of Andalusia. Almería is served by Renfe Operadora with direct rail services to Granada, Seville and Madrid using a branch off the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway; the Linares Baeza–Almería railway. In the future, high-speed rail AVE services will link Almería to Madrid via Murcia.

By sea, the port of Almería has connections to Melilla, Algeria, Morocco, and tourist cruises in the Mediterranean. It also has a marina with moorings for pleasure boats. Currently the port of Almería is being expanded with new docks and transformed into a container port to take large-scale international shipping and thereby increase its freight traffic. It normally connects with the following destinations:
Acciona: Ghazaouet (Algeria), Oran (Algeria), Nador (Morocco) and Melilla.
Comarit: Nador.
Comanav: Nador.

By air, Almería is served by Almería Airport, the fourth largest in Andalusia with domestic and international connections to Amsterdam, Madrid, Barcelona, Melilla, London, Manchester, Birmingham, Brussels, Dublin and Swiss, German and other EU airports.

Geography
Due to its arid landscape, numerous spaghetti westerns were filmed in Almería and some of the sets are still remain as a tourist attraction.
These sets are located in the desert of Tabernas. The town and region were also used by David Lean in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), John Milius in The Wind and the Lion (1975) and others.

One of Almería's most famous natural spots is the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park. This park is of volcanic origin, and is the largest and most ecologically significant marine-terrestrial space in the European Western Mediterranean Sea. The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park runs through the municipal areas of Níjar, Almerimar and Carboneras. Its villages, previously dedicated to fishing, have become tourism spots. The beaches of Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park are also an attraction.

Climate

With a yearly precipitation of just  and with only 26 days of precipitation, Almería is the only city in Europe with a true hot desert climate (BWh) according to the Köppen climate classification, bordering a hot semi-arid climate (BSh). Almería is the only European city with this type of climate, also being one of the driest zones on both shores of the Mediterranean coast. Almería has an annual temperature of

The BWh climate is present in the city of Almería, in nearby areas of Almería province (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, the Andarax/Almanzora river valleys), the only region in Europe to have this climate (this excludes the Canary Islands, which are also part of Spain and are geographically on the continent of Africa, which have a hot desert climate on most of the islands, specifically on the islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote in the Province of Las Palmas). With an average annual temperature above , it also qualifies as the 2nd warmest city in continental Europe, after Seville, also in Andalusia, Spain. This arid climatic region spreads along the coastline around Almería to Torrevieja, in the northeast. The nearby Faro del Cabo in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, has the lowest annual precipitation on the European continent (156mm).

Almeria also experiences the warmest winters of any city on the European continent with a population over 100,000, having as well hot and dry summers, being precipitation rare between June and August (July and August have in average 0.3 rainy days). Almería enjoys about 3000 hours of sunshine with over 320 sunny days per year in average (6 hours of sunshine in January and 12 in July) so it's one of the sunniest cities in Europe.

Almería is unique, for a city in Continental Europe, for not having any registered temperature under the freezing mark in its recorded weather history. The coldest temperature recorded was  on 9 February 1935. Almería has a very warm climate for its latitude, as it has a very similar climate to the upper coastal parts of Baja California, Mexico or Alexandria, Egypt which are located further south between 30-31ºN latitudes.

During the winter, daily maximum temperatures tend to stay around . At night, the temperature very rarely drops below . This makes Almería the 2nd city with the warmest winters in Europe, just after Cádiz. The city only receives 26 days of rainfall annually; so no month could be described as truly wet, there are strong differences in terms of rainfall, with coastal parts of the city (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park) receiving a rainfall amount of 156mm per year, which is also noted as the driest location in Europe, while inland areas (such as the Tabernas Desert) receiving a rainfall amount of 200mm per year, since the altitude is 900 meters, and it has an average temperature of , so it would be classified as a cold desert climate (BWk) bordering a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) according to the Köppen climate classification.

Inland areas of the Almería province are believed to have reached temperatures close to  in summer (disputed). Perhaps, temperatures above  are very rare in the city of Almería.

During the warmest months - July and August, the sky is clear and sunny and no rainfall occurs. The typical daily temperatures are around  during the heat of the day often rising to  or higher. The minimum temperatures stay around  during July and August. As is the case for most of coastal Iberia, heatwaves in Almería are less common than in the interior; The hottest temperature recorded was  in August 2011.

Crystal cave
In 2000, a team of geologists found a cave filled with giant gypsum crystals in an abandoned silver mine near Almería. The cavity, which measures 8 x 1.8 x 1.7 metres, may be the largest geode ever found. The entrance of the cave has been blocked by five tons of rocks, and is under police protection (to prevent looters from entering). According to geological models, the cave was formed during the Messinian salinity crisis 6 million years ago, when the Mediterranean sea evaporated and left thick layers of salt sediments (evaporites). The cave is currently not accessible to tourists.

Notable people
 José Tomás "Tomatito" (born 1958), Flamenco guitar player.
 David Bisbal (born 1979), Grammy Award winner.
 Nieves Navarro (born 1938), actress.
 Manuel Lao Hernández, founder of Cirsa, Spain's largest casino operator
 Juan Martínez Oliver (born 1964), road bicycle racer.
 Eduardo del Pino Vicente, journalist and writer.
 Chus Lampreave (1930-2016), actress who died in Almería.

See also
 Solar Almeria Platform

References

Sources

External links

Category:955 establishments
Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Spain
Category:Municipalities in the Province of Almería
Category:Populated places in the Province of Almería
Category:Province of Almería
Category:10th-century establishments in Al-Andalus
Category:Populated places established in the 10th century


Ambrosius

Ambrosius or Ambrosios (a Latin adjective derived from the Ancient Greek word ἀμβρόσιος, ambrosios "divine, immortal") may refer to:

Given name:
Ambrosius Alexandrinus, a Latinization of the name of Ambrose of Alexandria (before 212–c. 250), Egyptian theologian and saint
Saint Ambrose (Aurelius Ambrosius) (c. 340-397), bishop of Milan
Ambrosius Aurelianus, fifth-century war leader of the Romano-British
Ambrosius of Georgia (1861–1927), Catholicos Patriarch of All Georgia
Ambrosius of Optino
Ambrosius, Metropolitan of Helsinki
Ambrosius, Metropolitan of Moscow
Ambrosius (Hussite), priest, leader of Hussite peasants
Ambrosius Beber (fl. 1610–1620), German composer
Ambrosius Benson (c. 1495/1500 – 1550), Italian painter
Ambrosius Blarer (1492–1564), Swiss reformer
Ambrosius Bosschaert (1573–1621), Dutch painter
Ambrosius Bosschaert II (1609–1645), Dutch painter, son of the above
Ambrosius Bogbinder, mayor of Copenhagen (1529–36)
Ambrosius Brueghel (1617–1675), Flemish Baroque painter
Ambrosius Ehinger (c. 1500 – 1533), German conquistador
Ambrosius Gudko (1867–1918), Russian Orthodox saint and bishop
Ambrosius Francken I (1544–1618), Flemish Baroque painter
Ambrosius Francken II (1590–1632), Flemish painter, nephew of the above
Ambrosius Frobenius (1537–1602), Swiss printer and publisher
Ambrosius Haingura (1957–2000), Namibian activist and politician
Ambrosius Holbein (c. 1494 – c. 1519), German and Swiss painter, drawer and printmaker, elder brother of Hans Holbein the Younger
Ambrosius Hubrecht (1853–1915), Dutch zoologist
Ambrosius Lobwasser (1515–1585), German humanist and translator
Macrobius (fl. 5th century), Roman grammarian and philosopher (Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius in later manuscripts)
Ambrosius Moibanus (1494–1554), German Lutheran theologian and reformer
Ambrosius Pelargus (c. 1493 – 1561), German anti-reformer Dominican theologian
Ambrosius Petruzzy (died 1652), Italian sculptor
Ambrosios Pleianthidis, Greek Orthodox metropolitan bishop
Ambrosius Stub (1705–1758), Danish poet

Surname:
Marsha Ambrosius (born 1977), English singer-songwriter

Fictional characters:
Merlin, in Arthurian legend, named Merlin Ambrosius in Godfrey of Monmouth's  Historia Regum Britanniae
Ambrosius, a character in the film Labyrinth

See also
Ambrose (given name) and Ambrose (surname)
Ambrosio, a surname


Hassi Gara

Hassi Gara () is a town and commune in El Ménia District, Ghardaïa Province, Algeria. According to the 2008 census it has a population of 17,801, up from 13,911 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 2.5%. It is effectively a suburb of the larger town El Goléa.

Geography

Hassi Gara is located almost at the center of Algeria, lying at the eastern border of the Grand Erg Occidental at an elevation of . The town is centered in the El Goléa oasis; to the east dramatic cliffs rise up to  above the town.

Climate

Hassi Gara has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with very hot summers and cool winters. There is very little rain throughout the year, and summers are especially dry.

Transportation

Hassi Gara is very close to El Goléa and there are many local roads that connect the two towns. The N1 runs through Hassi Gara, connecting Ghardaïa to the north to In Salah and Tamanrasset to the south.

Education

6.1% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 15.9% has completed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 81.1%, and is 85.3% among males and 76.9% among females.

Localities
The commune of Hassi Gara is composed of six localities:

Quartiers El Borr
Hassi El Gara Ouest
Hassi El Gara Est
El Ouadjda
Edjraïf
Nebka

References

Neighbouring towns and cities

Category:Populated places in Ghardaïa Province
Category:Communes of Algeria
Category:El Ménia District


Timeline of golf history (1851–1945)

The following is a partial timeline of the history of golf.

1851–1860

1851

The Prestwick Golf Club is founded.

1856

Pau Golf Club is founded, the first in continental Europe.

A rule change is enacted that, in match play, the ball must be played as it lies or the hole be conceded. It is the last recorded toughening of the rules structure.

1857

The Golfer's Manual, by "A Keen Hand" (H. B. Farnie), is published. It is the first book on golf instruction.

The Prestwick Club institutes the first Championship Meeting, a foursomes competition at St Andrews attended by eleven golf clubs. George Glennie and J.C. Stewart win for Blackheath.

1858

The Royal Curragh Golf Club is founded at Kildare, the oldest golf club in Ireland.

The format of the Championship Meeting is changed to individual match play and is won by Robert Chambers of Bruntsfield.

Allan Robertson becomes the first golfer to break 80 at the Old Course, recording a 79.

The King James VI Golf Club is founded in Perth, Scotland.

1859

The first Amateur Championship is won by George Condie of Perth.

Death of Allan Robertson, the first great professional golfer.

1860–1870

1860

The Prestwick Club institutes a Professional Championship played at Prestwick; the first Championship Belt is won by Willie Park, Snr.

1861

The Professionals Championship is opened to amateurs, and The Open Championship is born. The first competition is won by Old Tom Morris.

1864

The North Devon Golf Club is founded at Westward Ho!

1865

The London Scottish Golf Club is founded on Wimbledon Common

1867

The Ladies' Golf Club at St. Andrews is founded, the first golf club for women.

1869

The Liverpool Golf Club is founded at Hoylake, later Royal Liverpool.

Young Tom Morris, age 17, wins the first of four successive Open Championships. His streak would include an 11-stroke victory in 1869 and a 12-stroke victory in 1870 (in a 36-hole format). His 149 in the 1870 Open over 36 holes is a stroke average that would not be equalled until the invention of the rubber-cored ball.

1870–1880

1870

Young Tom Morris wins his third consecutive Open Championship, thus winning permanent possession of the Belt.

The Royal Adelaide Golf Club is founded, the first golf club in Australia.

1871

The Forfar Golf Club is formed, Tom Morris Snr lays out the course.

The Otago Golf Club is formed, the first club in New Zealand.

1872

The Open Championship is reinstituted when Prestwick, St. Andrews and the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers offer a new trophy, with the Open Championship to be hosted in rotation by the three clubs.

Young Tom Morris wins his fourth consecutive Open Championship.

1873

The Christchurch Golf Club is formed, the second club in New Zealand.

The Royal Montreal Golf Club is formed, the oldest surviving golf club in Canada and North America.

The Open Championship is held for the first time at the Old Course.

1874

The Royal Quebec Golf Club is formed in Quebec City, and remains the second oldest surviving golf club in Canada and North America.

1875

The Oxford and Cambridge University Golf Clubs are founded.

Young Tom Morris dies at age 24. He did not emotionally recover from the death of both his wife and their daughter in childbirth earlier that year.

1876

The Toronto Golf Club is established, the third oldest golf club in Canada and North America.

Originally located on the Fernhill property in Toronto, the Club moved to its current location on the banks of the Etobicoke River in 1911.

1877

Jamie Anderson  wins the first of three consecutive Open Championships.

1878

The first University Match is played on the London Scottish Golf Club course at Wimbledon, won by Oxford.

1880–1890

1881

Royal Belfast is founded.

The use of moulds is instituted to dimple the gutta-percha ball. Golfers had long noticed that the guttie worked in the air much better after it had been hit several times and scuffed up.

1882

Great Yarmouth Golf Club is founded by Dr. Thomas Browne R.N, who moved to the area to work at the Royal Naval Hospital

1883

Bob Ferguson of Musselburgh, losing The Open in extra holes, comes one victory shy of equalling Young Tom Morris' record of four consecutive titles. Ferguson ends up later in life penniless, working out of the Musselburgh caddy-shack.

1884

The Edgewood Club of Tivoli is founded in Tivoli, New York with two golf holes.  The course was incrementally expanded to nine holes by 1916.  This club is the oldest existing U.S. golf club with continuous golf in the same location.

1885

The Amateur Championship is first played at Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake.

The London Metal Exchange Golf Association (LMEGA) is formed.

The Royal Cape Golf Club is founded at Wynberg, South Africa, the first club in Africa.

1886

John Hamilton Gillespie lays out a two-hole golf course in Sarasota, Florida.

A.J. Balfour is appointed Chief Secretary (Cabinet Minister) for Ireland; his rise to political and social prominence has an incalculable effect on the popularity of golf, as he is an indefatigable player and catalyzes great interest in the game through his writing and public speaking.  Alexander H. Findlay, later to become the Father of American Golf,  was the first in the world to score a 72 in competition for 18 holes at the Mercantile Golf Club in Montrose, Scotland.

1887

The Art of Golf by Sir Walter Simpson is published.

The Quogue Field Club was founded in Quogue, New York.  The original course had 18 holes, but after the Hurricane of 1938 the club lost 3 holes to the bay and had to reduce the course to 9 holes from that point forward.

1887

The Foxburg Country Club is founded in Foxburg, Pennsylvania.

1887

Essex County Country Club in West Orange, NJ was incorporated in May 1887, a Constitution was adopted in January 1888 which established the Club

1888

Kebo Valley Golf Club opens in Maine

The Town & Country Club is founded in St. Paul, Minnesota.

The St. Andrew's Golf Club, consisting of a three-hole course, is founded in Yonkers, New York.

The Karachi Golf Club is founded (Karachi, Sindh, India)

The Royal Malta Golf Club is founded (became Royal in 1903)

1890–1900

1890

John Ball, an English amateur, becomes the first non-Scotsman and first amateur to win The Open Championship.

The concept of playing a match under handicap against the number of shots a hypothetical golfer playing perfect golf at every hole was conceived by Hugh Rotherham, a member at Coventry Golf Club. Rotherham called this a "Ground Score." This idea was suggested to Dr. Thomas Browne, honorary secretary of the Great Yarmouth Club, and it was introduced on a match play basis at the club. During one such competition, one golfer was playing incredibly well and was hailed a Bogey Man to Dr Browne. The phrase 'a bogey' was invented and the ground score became known as a 'bogey. henceforth.' At the time, "Hush, here comes the Bogey man" was a popular music hall song of the day. With the invention of the rubber-cored ball, golfers are able to reach the greens in fewer strokes, and so bogey has come to represent one over the par score for the hole.

Berkhamsted Golf Club (Founded 1890)

1891

The Golfing Union of Ireland is founded on 12 October 1891 and is the oldest Golfing Union in the world.

Shinnecock Hills Golf Club is founded on Long Island.

Warkworth Golf Club is founded in Northumberland, designed by Old Tom Morris

The Cannes Golf Club is founded in Cannes by Grand Duke Michael of Russia. The first golf club in the French Rivera. It is here that Michael taught Prince Albert to play golf.

1892

The Oakhurst Golf Club is founded at White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. It hosted the Oakhurst Challenge, the oldest known golf tournament in the U.S. The Oakhurst Challenge Medal is recognized as the oldest known prize for golf in the U.S. The first hole at The Homestead survives from this course and is the oldest surviving golf hole in America.

Palmetto Golf Club established in Aiken, South Carolina.

Glen Arven Country Club golf course established in Thomasville, Georgia USA; the oldest course still in use in Georgia.

Gate money is charged for the first time, at a match between Douglas Rollard and Jack White at Cambridge. The practice of paying for matches through private betting, rather than gate receipts and sponsorships, survives well into the 20th Century as a "Calcutta," but increasingly gate receipts are the source of legitimate prize purses.

The Amateur Golf Championship of India and the East is instituted, the first international championship event.

1893

The Ladies' Golf Union of Great Britain and Ireland is founded and the first British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship won by Lady Margaret Scott at Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club.

The Irish Ladies' Golf Union is founded and is the oldest Ladies Golf Union in the world.

The Chicago Golf Club opens the United States' first 18-hole golf course on the site of the present-day Downers Grove Golf Course.  The Chicago Golf Club moved to its current location in 1895.

Victoria Golf Club is formed and remains the oldest course west of the Mississippi on its original site.

The Segregansett Country Club opens in Taunton, Massachusetts. This course is still in operation.

1894

The Open is played on an English course for the first time and is won for the first time by an Englishman, J.H. Taylor.  Taylor, along with Harry Vardon and James Braid (together known as the Great Triumvirate) would dominate the Open Championship for the next two decades.

The United States Golf Association is founded as the Amateur Golf Association of the United States. Charter members are the Chicago Golf Club, The Country Club, Newport Country Club, St. Andrew's Golf Club, and Shinnecock Hills Golf Club.

The Richmond County Country Club was founded on Staten Island, NY. It is the only private golf course in NYC.

1894 The Otsego Golf Club,  Springfield Center, New York, officially opened with 12 holes. Founded by Henry L. Wardwell  and Leslie Pell-Clarke,  the Otsego Golf Club has operated continuously since 1894 and is a nine-hole course today.

Tacoma Golf Club is founded, the first golf club on the US Pacific Coast.

1895

1895 - Istanbul Golf Club "IGK" formerly known as Constantinople Golf Club is founded - the first golf club in Turkey

The U.S. Amateur is instituted, with Charles B. Macdonald winning the inaugural event.  The first U.S. Open is held the following day, with Horace Rawlins winning.

May 1, 1895 - Brooklawn Country Club in Bridgeport, Connecticut is founded as a nine hole course.  The Club operates in the same location today, although the location is now part of Fairfield, CT. The course is now 18 holes, redesigned by A.W.Tillinghast in 1929.

July 6, 1895 - Van Cortlandt Park Golf Course opens - the first public golf course in America.

The Country Club of Rochester is founded. The club is still operating in its original location today.

The pool cue is banned as a putter by the USGA.

The U.S. Women's Amateur is instituted. Mrs. Charles S. Brown (née Lucy N. Barnes) is the first winner.

Cherokee Golf Course in Louisville, KY was laid out in Cherokee Park and played. Play picked up considerably by 1897 and in 1900 The Committee on Cherokee Park to make the links "safe" to the public was sanctioned. A Caretaker for the Cherokee Park Greens.was hired for $25 per month. Cherokee Park is part of the Olmsted Park system. Mr Olmsted did not want golf in this park, but the public created, played and the course was ultimately sanctioned and is played today. Cherokee GC is one of the oldest municipal & public, Golf Course's in America.

1896

Harry Vardon wins his first British Open.

Wee Burn Country Club is founded in Darien, Connecticut. A difficult links style course that pays homage to the home nation of the game-- Scotland. "Wee Burn" means "small river" in traditional Scottish dialect.

1897

The first NCAA Championship is held. Louis Bayard, Jr. is the winner.

Golf, America's first golfing magazine, is published for the first time.

1898

The term "birdie" is coined at Atlantic C.C. from "a bird of a hole."

Freddie Tait, betting he could reach the Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club clubhouse from the clubhouse at Royal St George's Golf Club - a three-mile distance - in forty shots or less, puts his 32nd stroke through a window at the Cinque Ports club.

The Haskell ball is designed and patented by Coburn Haskell. It is the first rubber-cored ball.

Church Stretton Golf Club is founded, the oldest 18-hole course in Shropshire and one of the highest courses in England and the United Kingdom.

1899

The Western Open is first played at The Glen View Club in Golf, Illinois, the first tournament in what would evolve into the PGA Tour.

Vesper Country Club is formed in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts.

1900–1910

1900

Walter Travis wins the first of his three U.S. Amateurs.
Harry Vardon wins the U.S. Open, the first golfer to win both the British and U.S. Opens.

Golf is placed on the Olympic calendar for the 2nd Games at Paris.

1901

The PGA - Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain & Ireland) is established.

Walter Travis wins his second U.S. Amateur, and becomes the first golfer to win a major title with the Haskell ball, the first rubber-cored golf ball. When Sandy Herd wins the British Open and Laurie Auchterlonie the U.S. Open the next year with the Haskell, virtually all competitors switch to the new ball.

Sunningdale, a course built amidst a cleared forest, opens for play. It is the first course with grass grown completely from seed. Previously, golf courses were routed through meadows, which frequently created drainage problems as the meadows were typically atop clay soil.

The first course at the Carolina Hotel (later the Pinehurst Resort & CC) in Pinehurst, North Carolina, is completed by Donald Ross. Ross will go on to design 600 courses in his storied career as a golf course architect.

Walter Travis publishes his first book, Practical Golf, a tome that received a rave review in the New York Times.

1902

England and Scotland inaugurate an Amateur Team competition, with Scotland winning at Hoylake.

The first grooved-faced irons are invented.

1903

Walter Travis becomes the first three-time U.S. Amateur champion.

Robert Maxwell won the 1903 British Amateur Championship, held at Muirfield, by the score of 7&5 over Horace Hutchinson.

Oakmont Country Club is founded in Oakmont, Pennsylvania, designed by Henry Fownes. It is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of penal-style golf architecture.

1904

Walter Travis becomes the first American to win the British Amateur using the center-shafted, Schenectady putter.

Golf makes its second and final Olympic appearance at the Olympic Games in St. Louis.

1905

John Hamilton Gillespie opens a nine-hole course in Sarasota.

Women golfers from Britain and the United States play an international match, with the British winning 6 matches to 1.

The first dimple-pattern for golf balls is patented by William Taylor in England.

The Complete Golfer by Harry Vardon is published. It promotes and demonstrates the Vardon or overlapping grip.

The Toronto Golf Club hosts the Canadian Open and then again in 1909, 1914, 1921 and 1927.

1906

Goodrich introduces a golf ball with a rubber core filled with compressed air. The "Pneu-matic" proves quite lively, but also prone to explode in warm weather, often in a golfer's pocket. The ball is eventually discontinued; at this time the Haskell ball achieves a dominance of the golf ball market.

1907

Arnaud Massy becomes the first golfer from Continental Europe to win The Open Championship.

1908

Mrs. Gordon Robertson, at Princes Ladies GC, becomes the first female professional.

The Mystery of Golf by Arnold Haultain is published.

The golf magazine The American Golfer is launched by Walter Travis.

A dispute over the format of the competition leads to the cancellation of the golf tournament at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

The Great Southern Golf Club was the first golf course was in Mississippi.

Fort Wayne Country Club in Fort Wayne, IN was formed.

1909

The USGA rules that caddies, caddymasters and greenkeepers over the age of sixteen are professional golfers. The ruling is later modified and eventually reversed in 1963.

1910–1920

1910

The R & A bans the center-shafted putter while the USGA keeps it legal - marking the beginning of a 42-year period with two official versions of The Rules of Golf.

Steel shafts are patented by Arthur F. Knight.

1911

The United States gets its first national standardized handicapping system.

John McDermott becomes the first native-born American to win the U.S. Open. At 19 years of age, he is also the youngest winner to date.

1912

John Ball wins his eighth British Amateur championship, a record not yet equalled.

1913

Francis Ouimet, age 20, becomes the first amateur to win the U.S. Open, defeating favorites Harry Vardon and Ted Ray in a play-off.

The first professional international match is played between France and the United States at La Boulie Golf Club, France.

1914

Formation of The Tokyo Club at Komozawa kicks off the Japanese golf boom.

Harry Vardon wins his sixth Open Championship, a record to this day (Peter Thomson and Tom Watson have since won five Opens each).

1915

The Open Championship is discontinued for the duration of the First World War.

1916

The PGA of America is founded by 82 charter members and the PGA Championship is inaugurated. Jim Barnes is the first champion.

The first miniature golf course opens in Pinehurst, North Carolina.

Francis Ouimet is banned from amateur play for his involvement with a sporting goods business. The ruling creates a stir of protest and is reversed in 1918.

1917

The PGA Championship and the U.S. Open are discontinued for the duration of the First World War.

1919

The R & A assumes control over The Open Championship (British Open) and The Amateur Championship (British Amateur).

Pebble Beach Golf Links opens as the Del Monte G.L. in Pebble Beach, California.

1920–1930

1920

The USGA founds its famed Green Section to conduct research on turfgrass.

The first practice range is opened in Pinehurst, North Carolina.

The Professional Golfer of America is first published which, today known as PGA Magazine, is the oldest continually-published golf magazine in the United States.

A golf tournament is scheduled for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp but it is ultimately cancelled.

1921

The R & A limits the size and weight of the ball.

1922

Walter Hagen becomes the first Native American to win The Open Championship. He subsequently becomes the first professional golfer to open a golf equipment company under his own name.

The Walker Cup Match is instituted. Two direct descendants of Walker Cup founder George Herbert Walker would become President of the United States—his grandson George H. W. Bush, the 41st President, and his great-grandson George W. Bush, the 43rd President.

The Prince of Wales is elected Captain of the R & A.

The Texas Open is inaugurated, the second-oldest surviving PGA Tour event.

Pine Valley Golf Club opens in New Jersey.

1923

The West and East courses at Winged Foot Golf Club in Mamaroneck, New York open for play, designed by A.W. Tillinghast.

1924

Joyce Wethered wins her record fifth consecutive  English Ladies' Championship.

The Olympic Club in San Francisco opens for play.

The USGA legalizes steel shafted golf clubs. The R & A does not follow suit until 1929, widening the breach in The Rules of Golf.

1925

The first fairway irrigation system is developed in Dallas, Texas.

Deep-grooved irons are banned by both the USGA and the R & A.

1926

Men's golf in Great Britain and Ireland gets its first standardized handicapping system.

Jess Sweetser becomes the first native-born American to win the British Amateur.

Bobby Jones wins the British Open.

Gate money is instituted at the British Open.

Walter Hagen defeats Bobby Jones 12 and 11 in a privately sponsored 72-hole match in Florida.

The Los Angeles Open is inaugurated, the third-oldest surviving PGA Tour event. It is also the first tournament to offer a $10,000 purse.

1927

The inaugural Ryder Cup Matches are played between Britain and the United States.

Creeping bentgrass is developed for putting greens by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

1928

Cypress Point Club opens, designed by Alister MacKenzie.

1929

Walter Hagen wins The Open Championship for the fourth time.

Seminole Golf Club opens in Palm Beach, Florida, from a design by Donald Ross.

1930–1940

1930

Bobby Jones completes the original Grand Slam, winning the U.S. and British Amateurs and the U.S. and British Opens in the same year. Since Jones is an amateur, however, the financial windfall belongs to professional Bobby Cruickshank, who bets on Jones to complete the Slam, at 120-1 odds, and pockets $60,000. Jones, perhaps satisfied that he has achieved all he can in the game, retires from competition aged 28 to practice law full-time (and to found a new club that would become known as Augusta National).

The Minehead Club makes Captaincy elective. They had been the last club to award the Captaincy to the winner of the annual competition.

The Duke of York (later King George VI) is elected Captain of the R & A.

Shinnecock Hills Golf Club opens its modern course on Long Island, New York.

Bob Harlow is hired as manager of the PGA's Tournament Bureau, and he first proposes the idea of expanding "The Circuit," as the Tour is then known, from a series of winter events leading up to the season ending North and South Open in spring, into a year-round Tour.

In 1926 under the approval of Gov. Wallace R. Farrington and guidance of longtime local politicians Eddie Tam and then chairman Sam Kalama, a plan for constructing Waiehu Municipal Golf Course was born. Maui County engineers went to work on creating 9 holes of municipal golf along the coast of Maui's Waihee north shore beach. The golf course was completed in 1930 making it Maui's first and only municipal golf course for the working class men and women of Maui. Golf was such a huge success on Maui that the course was later expanded to 18 holes, it still exists today as a hidden Maui County treasure.

1931

Billy Burke defeats George Von Elm in a 72-hole playoff at Inverness to win the 1931 U.S. Open, in the longest playoff ever played. They were tied at 292 after regulation play, and both scored 149 in the first 36-hole playoff. Burke is the first golfer to win a major championship using steel-shafted golf clubs.

The USGA increases the minimum size of the golf ball from 1.62 inches to 1.68 inches, and decreases the maximum weight from 1.62 ounces to 1.55. The R & A does not follow suit. The lighter, larger "balloon ball" is universally despised and eventually the USGA raises the weight back to 1.62 ounces.

1932

The first Curtis Cup Match is held at Wentworth in England.

The concave-faced wedge is banned.

Gene Sarazen is credited with the introduction of the sand-wedge. Sarazen wins both the British and U.S. Open titles in 1932, becoming only the second man (after Bobby Jones) to achieve the feat.

Walter Hagen wins a fifth Western Open. At the time, and until the 1950s, the Western Open was considered among the most important tournaments, behind only the National Opens and the PGA Championship (of which Hagen won eleven in total) in status.

1933

The Prince of Wales reaches the final of the Parliamentary Handicap Tournament.

Augusta National Golf Club, designed by Alister MacKenzie with advice from Bobby Jones, opens for play.

Craig Wood hits a 430-yard (393 m) drive at the Old Course's fifth hole in the British Open; this is still the longest drive in a major championship. Wood loses a playoff for the championship to Denny Shute. Gene Sarazen finishes third, and later in the year wins the PGA Championship.

Hershey Chocolate Company, in sponsoring the Hershey Open, becomes the first corporate title sponsor of a professional tournament.

The Golf Club Managers' Association is formed in the UK (originally called the Association of Golf Club Secretaries). Two years later it launches Course and Club House magazine (now called Golf Club Management), the third oldest golfing magazine in the world that is still running.

1934

The first Masters is played. Horton Smith is the first champion. In this inaugural event, the present-day back and front nines were reversed.

Olin Dutra wins the U.S. Open by a shot from Gene Sarazen.

Henry Cotton wins his first British Open, at Royal St. George's, and shoots a 65 in his second round, a feat that was commemorated by the "Dunlop 65" golf ball. Sid Brews, winner of the South African, French and Dutch Opens in 1934, enjoys his best finish at a British Open, in second place.

The official U.S. PGA Tour is created, built around events like the major championships, Western Open and Los Angeles Opens which pre-dated it. Paul Runyan is the first official Money List leader.

1935

Glenna Collett Vare wins the U.S. Women's Amateur a record sixth time.

Pinehurst #2 is completed by Donald Ross, generally described as his masterpiece.

Gene Sarazen double-eagles the par-5 15th hole to catch the leaders at The Masters. His "Shot Heard Round the World" propels him to victory, and due to the coverage of his feat, propels both the game of golf and Augusta National to new heights of popularity.

1936

Johnny Fischer becomes the last golfer to win a major championship (the U.S. Amateur) with hickory-shafted clubs.

Harry Cooper finishes second at both the Masters and the U.S. Open, where he breaks the all-time tournament record only for Tony Manero to better it. Cooper would finish in the top four of major championships eleven times in his career without winning one.

1937

The Bing Crosby Pro-Am is inaugurated in San Diego. A few years later it moves to the Monterey Peninsula, where it remains to this day.

Henry Cotton wins his second British Open at Carnoustie, from a field that includes the entire U.S. Ryder Cup side, including Snead, Nelson, Hagen, Sarazen and Guldahl.

1938

The British amateurs score their first victory over the United States in the Walker Cup Match at the Old Course.

Ralph Guldahl retains his U.S. Open crown, becoming only the fourth man to win back-to-back titles.

The Palm Beach Invitational becomes the first tournament to make a contribution to charity-$10,000.

The 14-club rule is instituted by the USGA.

The USGA also begins a two-year trial of the first major modification to the stymie. An obstructing ball within  of the hole could be marked and moved regardless of the distance between the balls. The USGA made this rule permanent in 1941, but the R&A never made this change.

1939

Byron Nelson wins the U.S. Open at Philadelphia Country Club after a 3-man playoff against Craig Wood and Denny Shute. Sam Snead, needing a 5 at the last hole to win the championship, takes 8, and misses even making the playoff. The U.S. Open would remain the only major championship Snead never won.

1940–1945

1940

The British Open and Amateur are discontinued for the duration of the Second World War. Golf courses all over the United Kingdom are converted to airfields or otherwise given over to anti-air and anti-invasion defences.

1942

The U.S. Open is discontinued for the duration of the war. A world-wide shortage of rubber, a vital military supply, creates a shortage and huge price increase in golf balls. Sam Snead manages to complete an entire four-day tournament playing one ball, but the professional circuit is severely curtailed.

The U.S. government halts the manufacture of golf equipment for the duration of the war.

1943

The PGA Championship is cancelled for the year, and The Masters is discontinued for the duration of the war.

1944

The PGA expands its tour to 22 events despite the absence of many of its star players due to military service.

1945

Byron Nelson wins 18 tournaments in a calendar year to set an all-time PGA Tour record-including a record 11 in a row and a record 19 consecutive rounds under 70. His total prize earnings during his 11-win streak, $30,000, is less than last place money for the PGA Tour Championship by 1992.

The Tam O'Shanter Open offers a then-record purse of $60,000.

In Japan, the Shimofusa Country Club (also known as the Musashino Country Club), once the premier golf course in the Tokyo area, is appropriated by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and converted into a fighter airfield as part of efforts to combat allied air raids. Post-war it will eventually become Shimofusa Air Base.

References

Category:History of golf
Category:Golf timelines


E. H. Warmington

Eric Herbert (E. H.) Warmington, MA, FRHistS (1898–1987) was a professor of classics, internationally known for his Latin translations. He attended The Perse School, Cambridge and won a scholarship to Peterhouse, Cambridge. He graduated with a Double First in Classics, as well as winning the Le Bas English Prize.

He became a Reader in Ancient History at King's College London in 1925, and was appointed Professor of Classics at Birkbeck, University of London in 1936. He served as Vice-Master of Birkbeck from 1954. He was also acting Master of Birkbeck in 1950–1951 and 1965–1966.

He produced numerous works, often with other scholars, over many decades of the twentieth century. He also edited other translations, including the Greek–English translation of Aelian's On the Characteristics of Animals. His most famous work is the series Remains of Old Latin, a four-volume edition of early Latin texts for the Loeb Classical Library, with a facing English translation.

 Remains of Old Latin I: Ennius and Caecilius (1935, revised 1956; )
 Remains of Old Latin II: Livius Andronicus, Naevius, Pacuvius and Accius (1936; )
 Remains of Old Latin III: Lucilius and The Twelve Tables (1938, revised 1967; )
 Remains of Old Latin IV: Archaic inscriptions (1940; )

Professor Warmington also acquired a reputation as an ornithologist. He spent much of his free time studying the birds of Mill Hill (where he lived in Flower Lane) and the nearby Brent Reservoir. In 1989 his contribution to the local study of natural history was recognised in a display panel placed in Scratchwood Country Park by the Mill Hill Historical Society.

He was the father of ancient historian Brian Herbert Warmington.

References

Further reading
 Warmington, Eric (1975). "Society and education in Cambridge 1902–1922". Higher Education Quarterly 30: 28–35.

Other Publications
As well as Remains of Old Latin (see above), Warmington published:
The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. (1928)
Greek Geography. (1934)
Africa in Ancient and Medieval Times. (1936)
A history of Birkbeck College, University of London, during the Second World War, 1939-1945. (1954)
The Ancient Explorers (with Prof. Max Cary: 1963)

External links

Category:1898 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:Latin–English translators
Category:People educated at The Perse School
Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Category:20th-century translators


Relativity Urban Assault

Relativity Urban Assault is a compilation album released by Relativity Records on September 10, 1996. The album's best known song is Common's "The Bitch in Yoo", which was a diss song aimed at rapper, Ice Cube and his group Westside Connection.

Track listing
"World Famous"- 4:01 (M.O.P.)
"Find That" (The Beatnuts)
"The Bitch in Yoo" (Common)
"Firewater"- 4:14 (Fat Joe)
"The Real Weight"- 3:36 (No I.D.)
"Rugged-N-Raw"- 3:34 (PMD)
"Games People Play"- 4:24 (Frankie Cutlass)
"Out for the Cash"- 3:49 (DJ Honda, The Beatnuts & Fat Joe)
"Blood Bath"- 4:25 (The Dayton Family)
"Choppin' It Up"- 3:04 (Dru Down)
"Opening Doors"- 4:40 (Mac Mall, Cold 187um & Kokane)
"Baby I Love You"- 6:12 (H-Town)
"La Raza II"- 5:13 (Frost)

Category:Hip hop compilation albums
Category:1996 compilation albums
Category:Relativity Records compilation albums


Saffron-cowled blackbird

The saffron-cowled blackbird (Xanthopsar flavus) is a species of bird in the family Icteridae, in the monotypic genus Xanthopsar.
It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay (where it is found at the Quebrada de los Cuervos).

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and pastureland.

It is threatened by habitat loss.

References

saffron-cowled blackbird
Category:Birds of Argentina
Category:Birds of the Atlantic Forest
Category:Birds of Paraguay
Category:Birds of Uruguay
saffron-cowled blackbird
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot