Croft Castle

Croft Castle is a castle, church and garden in the civil parish of Croft and Yarpole, Herefordshire, England.

It is a National Trust property which is open to the public.

Location
The site is located at Yarpole,  north-west of Leominster, in Herefordshire, England. It is surrounded by 1,500 acres of woodland, farmland and parkland. It is at .

The Mortimer Trail, a long-distance footpath, passes by.

Castle

A building has been on the site from the 11th century and it has from this time been the home of the Croft family and Croft baronets. The Croft family were closely linked to their neighbours the Mortimers of Wigmore and later Ludlow. The Battle of Mortimer's Cross took place on Croft lands nearby in 1461. The present building originated as a castle in the 14th century and has been much altered since. It was the home of a John Croft who married one of Owain Glyndŵr's daughters. In the 15th century the Croft family adopted the Welsh Wyvern crest, a wounded black dragon, seen as a subtle allusion to their Glyndwr heritage. Croft Castle was restored after slighting in the Civil War. It now consists of a stone quadrangular manor house with a small castellated round tower at each corner and a small square tower flanking the north side.  The castle is under the care of the National Trust and members of the Croft family still live within it.

The manor house has a quadrectangular structure around a central courtyard. The north side of the building is not parallel to the south side. The outside walls of the building date from the 15th century. The building has four circular towers on each corner of the structure, although they are too slender to be defensive structures. The north range is Elizabethan, while the other ranges date later than 1746, and are Georgian in design. The building originally had a parapet, which was later removed. The sash windows were a later addition. The entrance porch, which has flanking parapets, is also Georgian, although it may have been located on the site of a former gatehouse.

The castle was the home of the Croft family for nearly 1000 years. It may have been built by Richard Croft. The Croft family was recorded as living in the structure in the Domesday Book. The Croft family suffered financially following the South Sea Bubble and in 1746 sold the estate to Richard Knight (1693-1765), the eldest son and heir of Richard Knight (1659-1745), of Downton Hall, in the parish of Downton on the Rock in Herefordshire, a wealthy ironmaster who operated the Bringewood Ironworks and founded a large fortune and family dynasty. He married Elizabeth Powell, daughter of Samuel Powell of Stanedge, Radnorshire, by whom he had a sole daughter and heiress Elizabeth Knight, who married Thomas Johnes (died 1780) of Llanfair Clydogau, MP for Radnorshire (1777–80). In the 1760s Thomas Johnes  remodelled Croft Castle in the Rococo-Gothic style to the design of the architect Thomas Pritchard (d.1777). Their son and heir was Thomas Johnes II (1748-1816) of Croft Castle, MP, who adopted the additional surname of Knight (according to the mural monument he erected 1813/16 to his ancestors in the chapel of Croft Castle), a pioneer in the field of agriculture. He purchased another estate at Hafod Uchtryd, Ceredigion, Wales, 65 miles away, the manor house of which he filled with valuable works of art. He planted 3 million trees on the Hafod estate and created a highly picturesque landscape painted in 1789 by J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851). He met with financial difficulties and sold Croft Castle in the 1780s to Somerset Davies (c.1754-1817), MP for Ludlow in 1783. He continued to reside at Hafod, badly damaged by fire in 1807.

Having been owned by several further families, Croft Castle was re-purchased by the Croft family in 1923.

It was Grade I listed by Historic England on 8 November 1956. It is similar in appearance to Treago Castle.

Chapel

The chapel is dedicated to St Michael, and dates to the 13th century..

It contains the tomb of Richard Croft and his wife Eleanor (née Cornwall). Eleanor was the daughter of Sir Edmund Cornwall, Baron of Burford in Shropshire, and the widow of Sir Hugh Mortimer of Kyre Wyard and Martley, Worcestershire, who was killed in action at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460.

Garden

The property has a walled garden than includes a vineyard, orchard and a glasshouse dating from 1908. It also has a Georgian stable block.

The estate has an avenue of Spanish Chestnut trees, oaks and beech trees.

Hill fort

The parkland includes an Iron Age hill fort, known as Croft Ambrey.

Family
Members of the Croft family include;
 Sir Richard Croft (1429/30-1509), royal official for Kings Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III, and Henry VII
 Thomas Croft (c.1435-1488), shipowner and patron of Atlantic exploration
 Sir James Croft (c.1518-1590), lord deputy of Ireland and leading conspirator in Wyatt's Rebellion
 Sir Herbert Croft (died 1629)
 Margaret Croft (d. 1637)
 Herbert Croft (1603-1691), bishop of Hereford, chaplain to King Charles I and dean of the chapels Royal to Charles II
 William Croft (c.1678-1727), organist and composer
 Sir Herbert Croft (1751-1816), writer and lexicographer
 Sir Richard Croft (1762-1818), physician and man-midwife
 Sir Henry Page Croft (1881-1947), 1st Baron Croft, soldier and politician, Under-Secretary of State for War 1940-1945
 Sir James Herbert Croft (1907-1941), died on active service with No 1 Commando

See also
Knight v Knight (1840) 3 Beav 148

References

Category:Castles in Herefordshire
Category:National Trust properties in Herefordshire
Category:Grade I listed buildings in Herefordshire
Category:Buildings and structures in Leominster
Category:Historic house museums in Herefordshire


Pune Vidhyarthi Griha's College of Engineering and Technology

Pune Vidhyarthi Griha’s College of Engineering and Technology is an engineering college affiliated with the University of Pune, located in Maharashtra, India. It was established in 1985 under the Pune Vidyarthi Griha. The college is situated in Pune. The college is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education and by the government of Maharashtra.

References

External links

Category:All India Council for Technical Education
Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University
Category:Engineering colleges in Pune
Category:Universities and colleges in Pune
Category:Educational institutions established in 1985
Category:1985 establishments in India


Stereotomy (descriptive geometry)

Stereotomy (Greek: στερεός (stereós) "solid" and τομή (tomē) "cut ") is the art and science of cutting three-dimensional solids into particular shapes . Typically this involves materials such as stone or wood which is cut to be assembled into complex structures (wall, vault, arch, etc.). In practice, the engineer makes a drawing of the intended stonework, showing where the joints in the face are to be located, and the stone cutter then details each block and cuts it to fit exactly with the others.

In technical drawing stereotomy is now known as descriptive geometry, and "is concerned with two-dimensional representations of three dimensional objects. Plane projections and perspective drawings of solid figures are used to describe and analyze their properties for engineering and manufacturing purposes. Attention is paid to the
properties of surfaces, including normal lines and tangent planes."

References

Category:Descriptive geometry


José Aguilar (boxer)

José Aguilar Pulsar (24 November 1958 – 4 April 2014) was a Cuban boxer. He won the Light Welterweight bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

He died in Guantánamo on 4 April 2014 from a cerebral infarction.

1980 Olympic results
Round of 32: Defeated Martin Brerton (Ireland) by TKO 1
Round of 16: Defeated Ryu Bun-Hwa (North Korea) by decision, 4-1
Quarterfinal: Defeated Farouk Jawad (Iraq) by TKO 3
Semifinal: Lost to Serik Konakbayev (USSR) by decision, 1-4 (was awarded bronze medal)

References

External links
sports-reference

Category:1958 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Boxers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic boxers of Cuba
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Cuba
Category:Olympic medalists in boxing
Category:Cuban male boxers
Category:Light-welterweight boxers
Category:Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Category:Boxers at the 1979 Pan American Games
Category:Boxers at the 1983 Pan American Games
Category:Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for Cuba
Category:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Cuba


Eirenidae

Eirenidae is a family of hydrozoans.

Genera
The following genera are recognized within the family Eirenidae:

 Eirene Eschscholtz, 1829
 Eugymnanthea Palombi, 1936
 Eutima McCrady, 1859
 Eutimalphes Haeckel, 1879
 Eutonina Hartlaub, 1897
 Helgicirrha Hartlaub, 1909
 Irenium Haeckel, 1879
 Neotima Petersen, 1962
 Phialopsis Torrey, 1909
 Tima Eschscholtz, 1829

References

Category:Cnidarian families


Joe Jordan

Joseph Jordan (born 15 December 1951) is a Scottish football player, coach and manager. His last role was as assistant manager of Middlesbrough.

A former striker, he played for Leeds United, Manchester United, and Milan, among others at club level, as well making 52 appearances and scoring 11 goals for Scotland. As a player, he gained a fearsome 'Jaws' persona due to having lost two front teeth early in his career. The persona aside, he became known as a strong, fearless and committed player, with skill to match, and good aerial abilities. He was part of the successful Leeds United team of the 1970s, winning the 1973–74 Football League First Division title. Cup success was elusive however, being a losing finalist with Leeds in the 1973 European Cup Winners' Cup Final and 1975 European Cup Final, and the 1979 FA Cup Final with Manchester United. At international level he is the only Scottish player to score in three World Cups, in 1974, 1978 and 1982.

After retiring from playing, Jordan moved into coaching and management, at a number of clubs, most notably managing Heart of Midlothian in Scotland before later becoming first team coach at Portsmouth under Harry Redknapp, with whom he has since developed a close working relationship, later following him to Tottenham Hotspur. In coaching and management he is described by Redknapp and others as an enigmatic coach who bears listening to, who has lost none of his 'hard man' reputation as a player.

For his efforts for club and country as a player, he was inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame in 2005. He is considered a legend among the Tartan Army of Scotland fans, being best remembered for scoring the crucial goal against Czechoslovakia in 1973 which ensured Scotland qualified for their first World Cup finals in 16 years.

Early life
Jordan was born in the North Lanarkshire village of Cleland (sometimes given as the nearby town of Carluke in South Lanarkshire). After leaving school, Jordan became an apprentice draughtsman. At age 15, Jordan had also begun playing for the Scottish Junior Football Association club, Blantyre Victoria.

Club career

Morton
Jordan began his professional career in 1968 at Morton. He initially played for Morton part-time. Jordan moved to Leeds for £15,000 in 1970.

Leeds United
There was little prospect of Jordan making first-team, as the partnership of Allan Clarke and Mick Jones was a well established and successful duo. In 1973, he made 16 League starts and scoring nine goals. However, he was left out of the team that contested the FA Cup final against Sunderland which Leeds lost 1–0. Don Revie would select him for the 1973 European Cup Winners' Cup Final played on 16 May against Milan, another 1–0 defeat. Jordan was a regular in the following season, as Leeds coasted to the League title. He scored seven goals in 25 League games.

By 1974, Jordan was Leed's main target man, providing many knock downs for Peter Lorimer to volley. Alongside other Scottish players at Leeds, Jordan formed part of the so called 'Scottish mafia'; namely goalkeeper David Harvey (1965–1980, 1982–1984), defender Gordon McQueen (1972–1978), midfielder Billy Bremner (1959–1976), left winger Eddie Gray (1965–1983) and right winger Peter Lorimer (1963–1979, 1983–1986). Jordan was the Leeds number 9 in the team which lost the 1975 European Cup Final 2–0 to Bayern Munich, described as the last hurrah for Revie's Leeds team. With Leeds in decline, Jordan moved to Manchester United in January 1978 for £350,000. His final league record for Leeds was 39 goals from 135 games. His Leeds and Scotland colleague Gordon McQueen soon followed. The deal set a new transfer fee record for a transfer between two English clubs.

Manchester United
As the new Manchester United number 9, Jordan reached the 1979 FA Cup Final, ultimately losing 3–2 to the north London club Arsenal. During a 1980 FA Cup third round replay at Old Trafford, Jordan clashed with Tottenham goalkeeper Milija Aleksic, dislocating his jaw. The Independent in 2011 described this as a revenge act for Aleksic having repeatedly been charging Jordan during corners. It became known as the game that saw Tottenham's best player Glenn Hoddle have to play in goal. He remained at Old Trafford until 1981, when he moved to Italy to Milan.

Milan
Jordan spent two seasons playing for Milan, scoring 12 goals in 52 league games. This was the 1981–82 season in the Italian top division, Serie A, and the 1982–83 season in Italian second division, Serie B. In his first season, he scored 2 goals in 22 league games, but after a bad run of results, the club was relegated to Serie B as the third last finishers in Serie A, 1-point behind Genoa. In the second season he scored 10 goals in 30 league games, and the club returned to Serie A, being promoted as Serie B champions, 8 points ahead of Lazio. In all competitions, Jordan was joint top-scorer for the club, with 6 goals alongside Roberto Antonelli in the first season, and 14 alongside Aldo Serena in the second season.

On the eve of a return to the club in a Champions League game in 2011, as a coach with Tottenham, Jordan said the move to Milan, one of the biggest clubs in the world, was the best move of his career, and it gave him a chapter in it that he had always wanted, a chance to play abroad.

Hellas Verona
After two seasons with Milan, instead of playing again in Serie A with them, Jordan moved to another Italian club Hellas Verona of the northern city of Verona. While Milan had been in Serie B for Jordan's last season there, Verona had finished fourth in the 1982–83 Serie A, earning a place in the UEFA Cup. The next season, both clubs finished the 1983–84 Serie A in equal sixth place.

Having caught the eye of Verona for his brave, strong and combative performance in Serie B for Milan, they sought to use Jordan's strength to play up front alongside the up and coming players Maurizio Iorio or Giuseppe Galderisi, who were fast and nimble but lacked strength, and were thought to be unable to play together, being an 'odd-couple'. From the start of the season Jordan played 24 games, 12 in the league, but only scored 2 goals, 1 in the league, 1 in the Italian Cup. This poor form ultimately led Verona to drop Jordan and settle on the pairing of Iorio and Galderisi until the end of the season, with Jordan returning to England after that one season, credited at least with having passed on valuable experience to Iorio and Galderisi and other young players at the club.

Later career
On his return to England, Jordan joined south coast club Southampton for a fee of £150,000. During his time at The Dell Jordan gave everything to the Saints' cause, despite being in the autumn of his career. He remained with the club until February 1987, by when he had lost his place to Colin Clarke. He was then given a free transfer to Bristol City, where he finished his playing days, and was briefly player-manager.

At his retirement from playing, Jordan had made a total of 456 club appearances. In 2011, he described his three seasons in Italy as the best experience of his career.

International career
On 19 May 1973, three days after appearing in the European Cup Winners Cup final for Leeds, Jordan played his first game for the Scotland national team, a 1–0 defeat to England at Wembley. In 1973, as part of the qualification campaign for the 1974 World Cup to be held in West Germany, Jordan scored with a flying header in what turned out to be a crucial winning goal, in a game against Czechoslovakia at Hampden Park in Glasgow. Securing Scotland a place at the finals, this was the first time they had qualified for the World Cup in 16 years, failing at three previous attempts. They had last played in the finals in the 1958 World Cup in Sweden.

The game, which ended 2–1, was the second to last game and Scotland's third win in the four game qualification series in UEFA Group 8. The last fixture saw Czechoslovakia play out a meaningless 1–0 victory over Scotland, which saw them finish second on five points, behind Scotland on six. Denmark completed the group bottom, on one point. Jordan earned nine more Scotland caps by the end of the 1973–4 season, scoring two goals on the way, which saw him be selected for the finals.

At the 1974 World Cup, Jordan scored the second goal in a 2–0 win over Zaire in the first group game, and a last minute equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Yugoslavia. Scotland finished the group unbeaten, but went out of the competition at the group stage on goal difference. In the second to last game of the qualification campaign for the 1978 World Cup to be held in Argentina, Jordan won a controversial penalty against their opponents Wales, said to have helped Scotland to qualify at their expense.

During the game, played at Anfield in Liverpool in 1977, both Jordan and the Welsh defender David Jones went to challenge for the ball in the Welsh penalty area, from a throw-in by Scotland midfielder Asa Hartford. The referee decided Jones had handled the ball, and awarded Scotland a penalty, although it has long been debated that it was in fact Jordan's arm which made contact with the ball. He has always denied it was. The penalty was duly converted, and along with a second goal, the 2–0 result was Scotland's third win in the four game qualification series, seeing them qualify for the cup finals top of UEFA Group 7 with six points, ahead of Czechoslovakia on four and Wales on two. In the final game, Czechoslovakia beat Wales 1–0.

He was selected by Ally MacLeod in the Scotland squad for the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, scoring in the opening 3–1 defeat against Peru. Scotland again failed to qualify beyond the group stage. In 1982, Jordan was again in the Scotland squad for the 1982 World Cup. Scotland once again failed to progress beyond the group stages; however, a personal milestone was achieved when he scored in the 2–2 draw against the USSR, meaning he had scored in three successive World Cup Finals. Unfortunately he was injured in the same match, missed the rest of the tournament and never played for his country again. In total, Jordan earned 52 international caps, scoring 11 goals, and is the only Scottish player to have scored in three World Cups.

Coaching and management career

Bristol City
Moving into management, Jordan's first job was at Bristol City which saw the club reach the semi-finals of the League cup. He managed the club from March 1988 to September 1990, for 134 games. During this time, he initially struggled in his first season in charge, but following a number of key signings – most notably Bob Taylor, from Leeds – he took City to promotion in the 1989–90 season, finishing second behind local rivals Bristol Rovers.

Hearts
In 1990 Jordan was appointed manager of the Scottish Premier Division club Heart of Midlothian, based in the capital, Edinburgh. After a poor start to the 1990 campaign, Hearts had sacked their manager of eight years Alex MacDonald, and turned to Jordan as a high profile ex-Scotland international striker. He took charge of the club from 10 September.

Jordan guided Hearts to second place in the Premier Division, and to two Scottish Cup semi-finals. With 63 points from 44 games, the club finished second in the 1991–92 Scottish Premier Division, nine points behind the champions Rangers and one point ahead of third placed Celtic. Hearts led the league for a significant part of the season, losing just two of their first 28 games. In the 1991–92 Scottish Cup they were eliminated in a penalty shoot-out against Airdrieonians, after two drawn matches. In the 1992–93 Scottish Cup they lost 2–1 away to Rangers.

After a poor run in the 1992–93 season, which featured a 6–0 loss to Falkirk, later described by the club as a thrashing, the board sacked Jordan. Jordan left the club on 3 May 1993, having registered 69 wins, 31 draws and 43 losses, from 143 competitive games. Speaking in 2010, Jordan expressed bitterness over his departure from Hearts, asserting he had done "particularly well" and the dismissal was undeserved, but reflecting "That's life, you get on with it, nobody's going to listen to your sad stories, but that was a sore one".

Celtic
After Hearts, in 1993 Jordan became assistant manager to Liam Brady at Celtic, said to be out of an emotional attachment to the club he supported as a boy, and to Brady. Having been in the job since 1991, Brady resigned just four months after Jordan arrived, and he felt morally obliged to do the same, stating in 2010 that he felt no regrets and that "You've just got to make those calls."

Stoke City
Jordan was appointed manager of Stoke City in November 1993 taking over from fellow Scot Lou Macari who had left to join Celtic. Jordan was not a popular choice amongst the supporters at the Victoria Ground as it looked likely that Denis Smith was to become their manager. They eventually accepted Jordan as the new manager but his style of play soon began to cause grumblings from the terraces but the side slowly got results going if not the quality of football on offer, Stoke finishing the 1993–94 season in 10th position. The 1994–95 season saw no change in the relationship between Jordan and the supporters and it came as little surprise when after a couple of heavy 4–0 defeats he resigned on 8 September 1994. He was replaced by the returning Lou Macari.

Bristol City
Returning to Bristol City for a second spell, he managed the club from November 1994 to March 1997 for another 130 games.

Northern Ireland
Between 1998 and 2000, he was assistant manager to Lawrie McMenemy as they unsuccessfully tried to get Northern Ireland to qualify for the 2000 European Championships.

Huddersfield Town
From December 2000 until May 2002, he was assistant to his former Manchester United team-mate Lou Macari at Huddersfield Town.

Portsmouth
In 2004, after a recommendation, Jordan was brought into the coaching team at Portsmouth by manager Harry Redknapp to work alongside him and his assistant manager, Kevin Bond. Under Redknapp, Jordan went on to win the 2008 FA Cup Final with Portsmouth. They beat Cardiff City 1–0 at Wembley Stadium on 17 May.

While working as a coach under Redknapp at Portsmouth, Jordan said of his career and the possibility of future management roles, with clubs or Scotland, "I'm still ambitious and I'm desperate to do well here, along with the other people...I wouldn't rule [management] out, but I'm not chasing it. I get on well with [Redknapp] and we hope that we can achieve something. I won't go chasing every job that's going, I know what I am and what I can do, but I'm not going down the route of applying for jobs."

Jordan continued to coach the team under the management of Velimir Zajec and Alain Perrin. He took over as caretaker manager for two games in November 2005 after Perrin's departure, before Redknapp returned after resigning from Southampton.

On the morning of 26 October 2008, after agreeing a compensation deal of £5m, Redknapp left Portsmouth to become the new manager of Tottenham Hotspur. This left assistant manager Tony Adams and first team coach Jordan to take charge of the team for the 1–1 home draw against Fulham the same day.

On the question of whether both would follow him, when he left Redknapp said he believed former Arsenal player Adams would not follow due to the Tottenham-Arsenal rivalry, but said "Joe Jordan has been fantastic for me and I would always be pleased to have him with me anywhere. But he is at Portsmouth at the moment and it is up to him and the club to see what will happen in the future." On his appointment as the permanent Portsmouth manager two days later, Adams said he was keen to keep Jordan, stating "Joe is Portsmouth through and through, he's part of the woodwork, but he's a big man and will make his own decision."

Tottenham
On 7 November 2008 Jordan left Portsmouth to join Redknapp at Tottenham Hotspur as first team coach, reforming the original Portsmouth back room team after Redknapp had also brought the recently sacked Bournemouth manager Kevin Bond as Tottenham assistant manager. Portsmouth praised Jordan's "significant contribution" on his departure after four years at the club.

Queens Park Rangers
In November 2012, Jordan re-united with Harry Redknapp at Queens Park Rangers as first-team coach.

Middlesbrough
On 17 March 2017, Jordan was appointed as assistant first-team manager under caretaker manager Steve Agnew at Middlesbrough. Jordan left his post at the end of the 2016–17 season.

Recognition
In 2005, Jordan was one of 11 players inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame. Having been born in 1951, Jordan was the second youngest of the 2005 inductees, behind the then Rangers manager Alex McLeish, born in 1959, and with the oldest being Charles Campbell, born "circa 1850s". Honouring the "truly great players, managers and officials who have reached the pinnacle of their profession and have made a significant contribution to Scotland's football reputation through their skill, spirit and determination", the induction followed the inaugural 20 Hall of Fame entrants, inducted in November 2004. Citing his "highly successful career at club level" at Leeds, Manchester United and Milan, the Hall of Fame stated Joe would probably be best remembered for his crucial 1973 World Cup qualifying goal against Czechoslovakia.

According to STV in 2010, for his efforts for the Scotland national team as "braveheart Joe", for the "all round bravery and commitment to the cause whenever he [played for Scotland]" and particularly the crucial goal against Czechoslovakia in 1973, and the controversial penalty against Wales in 1977 (described as the 'hand of Joe', in reference to the later infamous Hand of God goal in 1986), Jordan's "status as a Scottish legend is safely assured" among the Tartan Army of Scotland's supporters. According to The Herald, Jordan's hero status took hold with the goal against Czechoslovakia, due to both its significance and the fact it had been seemingly scored "as if it were an act of sheer will."

On the occasion of the 110th anniversary of A.C. Milan, Jordan has been included in the list of the 110 most important players in the history of A.C. Milan .

Jordan is described by The Herald as having crossed two eras in his career – having been a Scottish player at the time they were revered in the English game, he has gone on to coach in England as one of seven Scottish managers or coaches in the Premier League. He attributes this to a common determination and desire to win. In contrast to his playing career, Jordan has lamented the state of the game in Scotland in the late 2000s, which has seen a decline in domestic and international Scottish football, and profile of Scottish players in England, and a drying up of opportunities and even the availability of up and coming local players, contrasted to his era with contemporaries like Asa Hartford, Kenny Dalglish and Danny McGrain.

'Jaws' persona
Jordan was nicknamed Jaws early on in his playing career, due to his lack of front teeth, which had been knocked out. This had occurred in a clash during a Leeds United reserve match. He lost two front teeth after being kicked in the face during a goalmouth scramble. Although they were replaced by dentures, these were removed for safety reasons while playing. Having moved to Milan, in Italy his 'Jaws' nickname was given a local interpretation, becoming known as Lo Squalo (The Shark). Despite the dentures, this association remained with him into management; during the craze of taking novelty inflatables to matches such as bananas etc, when Jordan was manager of Bristol City fans waved giant inflatable teeth. According to The Times writing in 2009, images of Jordan's "ferocious fangs as a player still regularly [appeared in] Scottish newpapers [sic] whenever an excuse can be found to hark back to the game's golden age" Jordan has been involved in several confrontations at the touchline and in the tunnel during his time at Tottenham, including with Roy Hodgson, Paul Ince, Alan Pardew, Andy Woodman, and Gennaro Gattuso.

Jordan himself stated in 2010 that he rejected the caricature that went along with his Jaws persona, stating "I was what I was, but I look back and I had seven years at Leeds, who were one of the top teams in Europe, then I got a transfer to Manchester United, then a transfer to AC Milan. These are top clubs, and I had opportunities to go to Liverpool, Arsenal, Ajax. I'm not saying that to brag; if those teams thought I had something to offer, it was more than having no teeth."

Playing and management style
As one of the nominees for a public vote organised in April 2010 by STV to name 'Scotland's Greatest Team', Jordan was described as an "uncompromising, old fashioned centre forward who was never afraid to put his head where it hurts for club and country", adding that during the 1970s and 1980s "there were few more fearsome sights in world football" than Jordan.

In a 2007 list compiled by The Times Jordan was ranked as the 34th hardest man in the history of the game, with the citation "There have been few more fearsome sights in the European game than 'Jaws' Jordan without his front teeth." David O'Leary, when reflecting on his entire playing career as a defender (spent mostly at Arsenal between 1975 and 1993) he said of Jordan that he was the most combative forward he had ever faced. He has also been described as a powerhouse in aerial play.

Citing his dislocation of Milija Aleksic's jaw in 1980 as an example, The Independent described in 2011 how Jordan was a player who "did not stand for nonsense on the pitch". According to The Herald writing in 2010, alongside his strong play, which due to the way the game was played at that time was almost a necessity if forwards wanted to succeed, Jordan also had a refinement to his game.

Having joined Tottenham as a coach, early touchline disputes with Roy Hodgson and Paul Ince led to tabloid characterisations of Jordan as Tottenham manager Harry Redknapp's "leading attack dog". Following the clash with Gattuso, playing on his hardman reputation, The Independent listed the "Five reasons not to mess with Joe Jordan". Redknapp has said of Jordan as a coach that "You could put your life on him... He is quiet, but when he says something, it is worth listening to."

In coaching, Jordan is described by The Herald as still having the presence and natural authority he had as a player, and of having an enigmatic solemnity about him. In the same interview, while living in Bristol, Jordan was described as having the intensified Scottish patriotism of an exile, who was willing to seize the opportunity to manage the Scottish national team since 2002.

Personal life
Jordan has two sons who have both played professional football: Tom and Andy (who retired due to injury after leaving Hartlepool United). One of his two daughters lives and works in Italy. He has an interest in fine wines, picked up from his time playing in Italy. Jordan supported Celtic as a boy. As of March 2010, Jordan lived with his family in Bristol.

Career statistics

Club
Sourced from

A.  The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the European Cup, FA Charity Shield, Football League Trophy, Football League play-offs, Full Members Cup, Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, Screen Sport Super Cup, UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.

International appearances

International goals
Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first.

Managerial record

Honours
Leeds United
European Cup runners-up: 1975
European Cup Winners' Cup runners-up: 1973
Football League First Division champions: 1973–74
Football League First Division runners-up: 1970–71, 1971–72
FA Charity Shield runners-up: 1974

Manchester United
FA Cup runners-up: 1979

Milan
Serie B winners: 1982–83
Mitropa Cup winners: 1982

Bristol City
Football League Trophy runners-up: 1987

Individual
Scottish Football Hall of Fame, 2005 inductee
Scotland national football team roll of honour: 1982

References

External links

Manchester United career summary
Manchester United career summary

Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Cleland, North Lanarkshire
Category:Scottish footballers
Category:Scotland international footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Blantyre Victoria F.C. players
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Jencks v. United States

Jencks v. United States, 353 U.S. 657 (1957), is a U.S. Supreme Court case.

The petitioner, Clinton Jencks appealed, by certiorari, his conviction in a Federal District Court of violating 18 U.S.C. 1001 by filing, under 9 (h) of the National Labor Relations Act, as president of a labor union, an affidavit stating falsely that he was not a member of the Communist Party or affiliated with such Party.  Crucial testimony against him was given by two paid undercover agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, who stated on cross-examination that they made regular oral or written reports to the FBI on the matters about which they had testified.

Jencks moved for production of these reports in court for inspection by the judge with a view to their possible use by the petitioner in impeaching such testimony.  His motions were denied.
Jencks appealed this issue by petitioning the U.S. Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari. The Court held that the denial of the motions for production of the documents was erroneous, and the conviction was reversed.

Issues
1.) The Court was asked to rule on the appropriateness of the Government withholding documents or statements made by, or relied upon, by government witnesses in federal criminal prosecutions.

2.)  Further error was alleged because the jury had not been instructed on the affiliation, membership, and the credibility of the government informants who testified at trial against Jencks.

Holdings

(a.) The Petitioner was not required to lay a preliminary foundation for his motion, showing inconsistency between the contents of the reports and the testimony of the government agents, because a sufficient foundation was established by their testimony that their reports were of the events and activities related in their testimony.

(b.) Petitioner was entitled to an order directing the Government to produce for inspection all written reports of the FBI. agents in its possession, and, when orally made, as recorded by the FBI., touching events and activities as to which they testified at trial.

(c.)  Petitioner is entitled to inspect the reports to decide whether to use them in his defense.

(d.)  The practice of producing government documents to the trial judge for his determination of relevancy and materiality, without a hearing involving the accused, is disapproved.

(e.)  Only after inspection of the reports by the accused, must the trial judge determine admissibility of the contents and the method to be employed for the elimination of parts immaterial or irrelevant.

(f.)  Criminal action must be dismissed when the Government, on the ground of privilege, elects not to comply with an order to produce, for the accused's inspection and for admission in evidence, relevant statements or reports in its possession of government witnesses touching the subject matter of their testimony at trial.

(g.)  The burden is the Government's, not to be shifted to the trial judge, to decide whether the public prejudice of allowing the crime to go unpunished is greater than that attendant upon the possible disclosure of state secrets and other confidential information in the Government's possession.

(h.)  The proper remedy in cases which the Government chooses not to disclose or produce documents it deems sensitive, or wants to keep private for security reasons is dismissal of the criminal charges.

Facts and background

On April 28, 1950, the petitioner Jencks, who was president of the  Amalgamated Bayard District Union, Local 890, International Union of Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers, filed an "Affidavit of Non-Communist Union Officer" with the National Labor Relations Board, pursuant to 9 (h) of the National Labor Relations Act.  He was convicted under a two-count indictment   charging  that he violated 18 U. S. C. 1001  by falsely swearing in that affidavit that he was not on April 28, 1950, a member of the Communist Party or affiliated with such Party. The Court of Appeals of the Fifth Circuit affirmed the conviction  and also an order of the District Court denying the petitioner's motion for a new trial. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari.

Two errors in the trial were alleged.  Harvey Matusow and J. W. Ford, the Government's principal witnesses, were Communist Party members paid by the FBI contemporaneously to make oral or written reports of the Communist Party activities in which they participated.  They made such reports to the FBI of activities allegedly participated in by the petitioner, Jencks, about which they testified at the trial.  Error is asserted by the trial judge of the petitioner's motions to direct the Government to produce these reports for inspection and use in cross-examining Matusow and Ford.  Error is also alleged in the instructions given to the jury on membership, affiliation and the credibility of the informers.

Former Party members testified they and the petitioner, as members of the Communist Party of New Mexico, had been expressly instructed to conceal their membership and not to carry membership cards.  They also testified the Party kept no membership records or minutes of membership meetings, and  such meetings were secretly arranged and clandestinely held.  One of the witnesses said that special care was taken to conceal the Party membership of members like the petitioner.  It was stated at trial, "occupying strategic and important positions in labor unions and other organizations where public knowledge of their membership to non-Communists would jeopardize their position in the organization", had been a goal of the Communist Party of the United States.

Because of this, the Government did not attempt to prove Jencks was an actual member of the Communist Party.  Instead, the prosecution relied on entirely circumstantial evidence.  Matusow testified he had conversations with the petitioner, concerning his activities in the Communist Party.  The Government also attached an Affidavit of Non-Communist Union Officer in which the petitioner had affirmed that he was not a member of the Communist Party.

Further testimony indicated the petitioner, who was a World War II veteran had encouraged Communist Party members to join various veteran groups in the United States with the intent of converting them to the Communist cause.  This was alleged to have occurred in 1946.

Later in 1946, Jencks was employed in the International Union of Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers as business agent for several local unions in the Silver City-Bayard, New Mexico area.  It was testified one of the first acts Jencks performed as a union official was to meet with the Communist Party organizer for the area.  The plan was to move the Amalgamated Union Local 890 into the Communist Party.

J. W. Ford was a member of the Communist Party of New Mexico from 1946 to September 1950, holding important positions within the Party.  In 1948, he testified he became a paid informant for the FBI. He was paid approximately  $3,325 for his services during the time covered in the Jencks trial.

It was planned that Jencks would run for Congress on the Progressive Party ticket in 1948.  It was also anticipated that the Mexican-American Association of Phoenix would be infiltrated and converted to the Communist cause.  Attempts would be made of a similar nature in the Mexican-American Association of Albuquerque.

Ford's duties in the Party were to report "any particular defections from the Communist philosophy or any peculiar actions, statements or associations which would endanger the Communist Party of the state."  If a defection reported was considered important, the member "would be called in and would be either severely reprimanded or expelled."  Ford later quit the Party without apparent reprisal.

The testimony indicated there had been competing interests in the labor union, in which certain members had wanted to end all affiliation with any Communist organization. Party members were instructed to not carry membership cards and deny any association with the Communist Party.  It was in this  context that Jencks filled out the affidavit required by the Taft-Hartley Act testifying that he was not a member of the Communist Party.  General instructions from the Party were to not sign the affidavit, at all.

Harvey Matusow was a member of the Communist Party of New York and was a paid undercover agent of the FBI.  In July or August 1950, he traveled to New Mexico where he met with Jencks.  He testified that Jencks was excited that Matsuow might relocate to New Mexico.  At trial, he testified Jencks said, "we can use you out here, we need more active Party members."     Subsequently, Matusow began programs in New Mexico to applaud the Soviet Union for disarming, denouncing the United States as the aggressor in Korea, and calling for world peace.  He and Jencks discussed ways to slow down the war effort in Korea by strikes at New Mexico mines.

At trial, Ford and Matusow were subjected to vigorous cross-examination.  A request for documents they had relied upon for testimony was denied without explanation by the trial judge.

Opinion of Mr. Justice Brennan
Mr. Justice William J. Brennan delivered the opinion of the Court.

Aftermath of the decision

In the wake of the decision, the United States Congress enacted legislation that came to be known as the Jencks Act.   It instructs the federal courts, in criminal matters to require production of verbatim transcripts and other notes or documents related to testimony by government agents, employees or witnesses.  The request for the production of such documents must be made by the defendant.  Production is required only after the witnesses have testified and are not generally available in pre-trial hearings.  The Jencks Act sometimes corresponds with the requirement in Brady v. Maryland that exculpatory evidence be provided to the defense.  Many federal administrative agencies have incorporated Jencks standards into their procedures.  Most state courts have not.

References

Further reading
 Caballero, Raymond. McCarthyism vs. Clinton Jencks. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.

External links

Category:United States Supreme Court cases
Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
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George Ronald Ross

George Ronald Ross  (22 July 1914 – 10 March 2008) was a British businessman in Hong Kong. He was chairman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce and chairman of the Standing Committee on Directorate Salaries (for the Hong Kong Government) for so long it became known as the "Ross Committee". He was also a member of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and a taipan of Deacon & Co, a well known trading company.

Early life
Ross was born in July 1914. After studying in Belfast he sailed out to Shanghai to join his parents in 1933. His first job was for the Danish firm of East Asiatic where he learnt about shipping. He next went to work for accountants, Lowe Bingham and Matthews, before eventually working for Deacon & Co in Shameen and later Hong Kong. It was at this time while playing golf at the Tungshan Golf Club that he met his future wife, Rae Stratton, the daughter of William Murray Stratton, who was Engineer-in-chief for the Canton-Kowloon Railway. The two married at St Andrew's Church in Kowloon in November 1938.

Second World War
Upon arrival in Hong Kong, Ross volunteered with the Hong Kong Volunteer Defense Corps (HKVDC). Training included donning a uniform for one weekend a month and an annual 10-day camp during which Ross exercised with two six-inch guns taken from the World War 1 Cruiser, HMS Kent. On 7 December 1941, Ross received orders to report for duty and was assigned as a gunner to 2nd Battery at Bluff Head, Stanley. His wife Rae volunteered as a nurse and served at the Bowen Road Military Hospital. By 19 December, Japanese troops were advancing from the north and 1st Battery, positioned at Cape D'Aguilar were ordered to destroy its guns and evacuate to Stanley Village. Ross had volunteered his car, a Morris 8 to the war effort and under the orders of Captain Douglas Crozier drove munitions and troops (many hanging to the outside of the vehicle) from Cape D'Aguilar to Stanley Village, the position of the last stand of the Battle of Hong Kong. Hong Kong surrendered to Japan on Christmas Day 1941. Ross was originally imprisoned at North Point, then marched to Sham Shui Po Barracks and finally shipped to Innoshima where he worked at Habu Dockyard for Osaka Ironworks. Ross worked on a plate-laying gang for three years before being liberated and shipped to Hearne Bay, Australia. On receiving a telegram from Ross, Rae (who had been imprisoned in Stanley Village) came to Australia and in 1946 the two returned to Hong Kong.

Kowloon Hills Murder
On 11 February 1948, Ross and Lytton Bevis Wood went on a hike in the Kowloon Hills. As they walked up a path near Lion Rock the two were attacked by four men. They were beaten and tied and at one point Ross had a revolver pointed at him which fortunately misfired. Ross was thrown into a bush while Wood was thrown headfirst into a stream. Upon regaining consciousness Ross managed to free his legs and pull Wood from the stream before running for help. When police and ambulance men arrived Wood had already died. The property taken from Ross and Wood consisted of two wristwatches, an Orlik pipe, a tin of tobacco, a pair of horn-rimmed spectacles and 27 dollars in cash. The police offered a 5000 dollar reward for any information that may lead to an arrest but no arrests were ever made.

Career and personal life
Ross worked for Deacon and Co, eventually becoming taipan in 1948. He also held a number of directorate posts including chairman of the Hongkong Telephone Co, board member of China Light & Power Co, board member of the Union Insurance Society of Canton and board member of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank for twelve years. In the public sphere, he was a member of Hong Kong's Executive Council and Legislative Council, as well as chairman of the Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce and chairman of the Standing Committee on Directorate Salaries. He also became associated with such bodies as the Export Credit Insurance Corporation, the Trade Development Council, the Textiles Advisory Board, the Trade and Industry Advisory Board, the Port Executive Committee, the Federation of Hong Kong Industries, the Hong Kong Tourist Association, the Tenancy Tribunal and the Board of Review of the Inland Revenue Department. Ross was heavily involved in the community, acting as President of the Scouts Association of Hong Kong and Vice-President of Outward Bound since its inception in the sixties. In a more social capacity, he was chairman of the Hong Kong Club in 1962 and Chieftain of the St Andrew's Society in 1969.

In 1968 for his services in Hong Kong he was awarded by the Queen with the award of Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). In 1973 in the 1973 Birthday Honours he was awarded the honour of Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).

Ross had three children, Frances Gouldsbury (née Ross), Graham Ross and Sandie Concha (née Ross). He died in March 2008 at the age of 93.

References

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Seh Eshgaftan

Seh Eshgaftan (, also Romanized as Seh Eshgaftān; also known as Seh Eshkaftadān and Seh Eshkaftān) is a village in Pian Rural District, in the Central District of Izeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 43, in 7 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Izeh County


Salamander Range

Salamander Range () is a distinctive linear range between the Canham and Black Glacier, in the Freyberg Mountains. Named by the Northern Party of New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1963–64, from the nickname given to Lord Freyberg by Sir Winston Churchill, for the lizard that is untouched by fire.

Features
Geographical features of Salamander Range include:

 Canham Glacier
 Galatos Peak
 Mount Apolotok
 Mount Hennessey
 Mount Pedersen
 Mount Staley
 Mount Tukotok

Category:Mountain ranges of Victoria Land
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Andrainjato

Andrainjato is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambalavao, which is a part of Haute Matsiatra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 6,000 in the 2001 commune census.

Only primary schooling is available. Farmers make up 98% of the commune's population, while an additional 1% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are onions and tobacco. Services provide employment for 1% of the population.

References and notes

Category:Populated places in Haute Matsiatra


Bromus laevipes

Bromus laevipes is a species of brome grass known by the common name Chinook brome.

It is native to western North America from Washington to Baja California, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a perennial grass which may exceed 1.5 meters in height. The leaf blades may be nearly 2 centimeters wide at the bases. The inflorescence is an open array of spikelets, the lower ones drooping or nodding. The spikelets are flattened and usually hairy or downy.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Photo gallery

kalmii
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Category:Flora of Baja California
Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
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Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
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Nadia Ahmed

Nadia Ahmed (born 31 August) is a Bangladeshi television actress and dancer. She made her TV debut in 1986 on the BTV children's program Shishumela.

Personal life
Nadia attended Viqarunnisa Noon School and College.
Nadia was married to actor Monir Khan Shimul from 2008 to 2013 November. They stayed separated in between these 5 years for many times. And finally, they got divorced in December 2013. On 14 January 2016 she married actor and model FS Nayeem in a private family ceremony. Their reception was on 16 January 2016 at Gulshan Club.

Works

 Shishumela (1986), television debut
 Baro Rokomer Manush
 Durer Manush (1999)
 Neel Rong'er Golpo (2013)
 Chaar Kanya (2015)
 Obosheshey Kachhe Eshe (2015)
 Nil Megh Kuasha Ar Bhalobasa (2015)
 Ekti Babui Pakhir Basha (2016)
 Pagla Hawar Din (2016) as Shuvo
 Ora Bokhate (2016)
 Megher Pore Megh Jomeche (2016-2017)
 Ayna Ghor (2016-2017)
 Alpo Salpo Galpo (2017) as Ina
 Brishtider Bari (2017)
 Babui Pakhir Basa (2017)
 Childhood Love (2017)
 Robinhood Ase Nai Tai (2017)
 200 Kathbeli (2017)
 Blindness (2017)
 Sartho-e Sokol Sukher Mul (2017)
 Tor Kopale Dukhkho Achhe (2017)
 Obosheshe Oboshan (2017)
 Sikriti (2017)
 Tomay Hrid Majhare Rakhbo (2017)

References

Further reading

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Category:Bangladeshi choreographers
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A. L. Kroeber

Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11, 1876 – October 5, 1960) was an American cultural anthropologist. He received his PhD under Franz Boas at Columbia University in 1901, the first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia. He was also the first professor appointed to the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. He played an integral role in the early days of its Museum of Anthropology, where he served as director from 1909 through 1947. Kroeber provided detailed information about Ishi, the last surviving member of the Yahi people, whom he studied over a period of years. He was the father of the acclaimed novelist, poet, and writer of short stories Ursula K. Le Guin.

Life
Kroeber was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to upper middle-class parents: Florence Kroeber, who immigrated at the age of 10 to the United States with his parents and family from Germany, and Johanna Muller, who was of German descent.  His family moved into New York when Alfred was quite young, and he was tutored and attended private schools there.  He had three younger siblings and all had scholarly interests. The family was bilingual, speaking German at home, and Kroeber also began to study Latin and Greek in school, beginning a lifelong interest in languages. He attended Columbia College at the age of 16, joining the Philolexian Society and earning an AB in English in 1896 and an MA in Romantic drama in 1897. Changing fields to the new one of anthropology, he received his PhD under Franz Boas at Columbia University in 1901, basing his 28-page dissertation on decorative symbolism on his field work among the Arapaho. It was the first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia.

Kroeber spent most of his career in California, primarily at the University of California, Berkeley.  He was both a Professor of Anthropology and the Director of what was then the University of California Museum of Anthropology (now the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology). The anthropology department's headquarters building at the University of California is named Kroeber Hall in his honor. He was associated with Berkeley until his retirement in 1946.

Personal life
Kroeber married Henrietta Rothschild in 1906.  She contracted tuberculosis (TB) and died in 1913, after several years of illness.

In 1926 he married again, to Theodora Kracaw Brown, a widow whom he met as a student in one of his graduate seminars. They had two children: Karl Kroeber, a literary critic, and the science fiction writer Ursula Kroeber Le Guin. In addition, Alfred adopted Theodora's sons by her first marriage, Ted and Clifton Brown, who both took his surname.

In 2003, Clifton and Karl Kroeber published a book of essays on Ishi's story, which they co-edited, called, Ishi in Three Centuries. This is the first scholarly book on Ishi to contain essays by Native American writers and academics.

Death
Alfred Kroeber died in Paris on October 5, 1960.

Influence
Although he is known primarily as a cultural anthropologist, he did significant work in archaeology and anthropological linguistics, and he contributed to anthropology by making connections between archaeology and culture. He conducted excavations in New Mexico, Mexico, and Peru. In Peru he helped found the Institute for Andean Studies (IAS) with the Peruvian anthropologist Julio C. Tello and other major scholars.

Kroeber and his students did important work collecting cultural data on western tribes of Native Americans. The work done in preserving information about California tribes appeared in Handbook of the Indians of California (1925). In that book, Kroeber first described a pattern in California groups where a social unit was smaller and less hierarchically organized than a tribe, which was elaborated upon in The Patwin and their Neighbors in which Kroeber first coined the term "tribelet" to describe this level of organization. Kroeber is credited with developing the concepts of culture area, cultural configuration (Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America, 1939), and cultural fatigue (Anthropology, 1963).

Kroeber's influence was so strong that many contemporaries adopted his style of beard and mustache as well as his views as a cultural historian.  During his lifetime, he was known as the "Dean of American Anthropologists".  Kroeber and Roland B. Dixon were very influential in the genetic classification of Native American languages in North America, being responsible for theoretical groupings such as Penutian and Hokan, based on common languages.

He is noted for working with Ishi, who was claimed to be the last California Yahi Indian. (Ishi may have been of mixed ethnic heritage, with a father from the Wintu, Maidu or Nomlaki tribes.) His second wife, Theodora Kracaw Kroeber, wrote a well-known biography of Ishi, Ishi in Two Worlds. Kroeber's relationship with Ishi was the subject of a film, The Last of His Tribe (1992), starring Jon Voight as Kroeber and Graham Greene as Ishi.

Kroeber's textbook, Anthropology (1923, 1948), was widely used for many years. In the late 1940s, it was one of ten books required as reading for all students during their first year at Columbia University. His book, Configurations of Cultural Growth (1944), had a lasting impact on social scientific research on genius and greatness; Kroeber believed that genius arose out of culture at particular times, rather than holding to "the great man" theory.

Indian land claims
Kroeber served early on as the plaintiffs' director of research in Indians of California v. the United States, a land claim case.  His associate director and the director of research for the federal government in the case had both been students of his: Omer Stewart of the University of Colorado, and Ralph Beals of the University of California, Los Angeles, respectively. Kroeber's impact on the Indian Claims Commission may well have established the way expert witnesses presented testimony before the tribunal. Several of his former students also served as expert witnesses; for instance, Stewart directed the plaintiff research for the Ute and for the Shoshone peoples.

Awards and honors
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1912)
 Kroeber received five honorary degrees (Yale, California, Harvard, Columbia, Chicago)
 He was awarded two gold medals.
 He held honorary membership in 16 scientific societies.
 President of the American Anthropological Association (1917–1918)

Partial list of works
 "Indian Myths of South Central California" (1907), in University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:167–250. Berkeley (Six Rumsien Costanoan myths, pp. 199–202); online at Sacred Texts.
 "The Religion of the Indians of California" (1907), in University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:6. Berkeley, sections titled "Shamanism", "Public Ceremonies", "Ceremonial Structures and Paraphernalia", and "Mythology and Beliefs"; available at Sacred Texts
 Handbook of the Indians of California (1925), Washington, D.C: Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78
 The Nature of Culture (1952). Chicago.
 with Clyde Kluckhohn: Culture. A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952). Cambridge.
 Anthropology: Culture Patterns & Processes (1963). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World (earlier editions in 1923 and 1948).

References

Further reading

External links

Alfred L. Kroeber, Sex in Natural History (talk at UC Berkeley, 1956) (online audio recording)
Guide to the A. L. Kroeber Papers, The Bancroft Library

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Palau International Coral Reef Center

The Palau International Coral Reef Center (PICRC) is a coral reef research center in Koror, Palau.

Architecture
The center building features an aquarium, conference room, library, meeting rooms, gift shop etc.

References

External links

Category:Coral reefs
Category:Organizations based in Palau


San Francisco Sound

The San Francisco Sound refers to rock music performed live and recorded by San Francisco-based rock groups of the mid-1960s to early 1970s. It was associated with the counterculture community in San Francisco, particularly the Haight-Ashbury district, during these years. San Francisco is a westward-looking port city, a city that at the time was 'big enough' but not manic like New York City or spread out like Los Angeles. Hence, it could support a 'scene'. According to journalist Ed Vulliamy, "A core of Haight Ashbury bands played with each other, for each other, for free and at Chet Helms's Avalon Ballroom and Bill Graham's Fillmore."

The Bay-Area-based jazz critic and columnist Ralph J. Gleason had established the first journal (Jazz Information) devoted to jazz, in 1939. Gleason was open to new pathways. He admired San Francisco's new music scene in the mid-1960s, and wanted to draw attention to it. According to an announcer for a TV show that Gleason hosted: "In his syndicated newspaper column, Mr. Gleason has been the foremost interpreter of the sounds coming out of what he calls 'the Liverpool of the United States.' Mr. Gleason believes the San Francisco rock groups are making a serious contribution to musical history."
The first serious journal of rock music, Crawdaddy, had been founded in the eastern U.S. in 1966 by Paul Williams. However, Ralph Gleason, shortly after the Monterey Pop Festival, became one of the founders of what would become the nation's dominant rock-scene fan journal, Rolling Stone.

Characteristics
The new sound, which melded many musical influences, was perhaps heralded in the live performances of the Jefferson Airplane (from 1965 on), who put out an LP record earlier than nearly all the other new bands (August 1966). According to writer Douglas Brinkley, celebrated author Hunter S. Thompson, one of the Bay Area cultural-scene boosters, was a big early fan of the group: "Thompson extolled the sonic energy of the Jefferson Airplane as it pulsed around the California locales that nursed the psychedelic era..."

The bohemian predecessor of the hippie culture in San Francisco was the "Beat Generation" style of coffee houses and bars, whose clientele appreciated literature, a game of chess, music (in the forms of jazz and folk style), modern dance, and traditional crafts and arts like pottery and painting. Acoustic music had had an avid following far and wide, but it was "a fading world of traditional folk and Brechtian art songs."  The entire tone of the new subculture was different. According to biography author Robert Greenfield, "Jon McIntire [manager of the Grateful Dead from the late sixties to the mid-eighties] points out that the great contribution of the hippie culture was this projection of joy. The beatnik thing was black, cynical, and cold." The Beats tended to be cagey, keeping their lives discreet (save for the few who published, in literary bursts, about their perceptions, enthusiasms, and activities); in a word, they generally “kept cool.” The young hippies were far more numerous, less wary, and had scarcely any inclination to keep their lifestyles concealed.

The new music was loud and community-connected: bands sometimes presented free concerts in Golden Gate Park and "happenings" at the city's several psychedelic clubs and ballrooms. The many bands that formed signalled a shift from one subculture to the next.

Monterey, California is about 120 road miles south of San Francisco. At the June 1967 Monterey Pop Festival, Bay Area groups (Jefferson Airplane, the Grateful Dead, and Big Brother and The Holding Company) performed from the same stage as established and fast-rising musical groups and well-known individual artists from the U.S., the U.K., and even India. Soon after, Ralph J. Gleason and Jann Wenner, based in San Francisco, established Rolling Stone magazine (first issue's date: November 1967).

Each San Francisco band had its characteristic sound, but enough commonalities existed that there was a regional identity. By 1967, fresh and adventurous improvisation during live performance (which many heard as being epitomized by the Grateful Dead and by the "cross-talk" guitar work of Moby Grape) was one characteristic of the San Francisco Sound. A louder, more prominent role for the electric bass—typically with a melodic or semi-melodic approach, and using a plush, pervasive tone—was another feature. This questing bass quality has been wryly characterized as a "roving" (rather than the conventional "stay-at-home") style. In jazz it had been exuberantly pioneered by numerous musicians—and such bassists as Charles Mingus, Scott LaFaro, and Steve Swallow had taken it into very exploratory places. A musician who was a leading example of this, Jack Casady of Jefferson Airplane (and the offshoot Hot Tuna) pioneered the approach, perhaps best represented on the album Bless Its Pointed Little Head. Phil Lesh, bassist with the Grateful Dead, furthered this sound. Lesh had developed his style on the foundation of having studied classical, brass-band, jazz, and modernist music on the violin and later the trumpet.

Exploration of chordal progressions previously uncommon in rock & roll, and a freer and more powerful use of all instruments (drums and other percussion, electric guitars, keyboards, as well as the bass) went along with this "psychedelic-era" music. Brasses and reeds, such as trumpets and saxophones were rarely used, unlike in contemporary R&B and soul bands and some of the white bands from the U.S. East Coast (e.g., Blood, Sweat & Tears or Chicago). Sly & the Family Stone, a San Francisco-based group that got its start in the late 1960s, was an exception, being a racially integrated hippie band with a hefty influence from soul music, hence making use of brass instrumentation.

"Rock & roll" was the point of departure for the new music. But well known stars of rock & roll "were being called fifties primitives" by this time. This was the period when "rock" was differentiating itself from rock & roll, partly due to the upshot of the British Invasion. Among these British acts, according to music journalist Chris Smith, writing in his book on the most influential albums in American popular music, the Beatles inspired the emergence of the San Francisco psychedelic scene following their incorporation of folk rock on the 1965 album Rubber Soul, which reflected the reciprocal influences shared between the group and Bob Dylan. San Francisco historian Charles Perry recalled that in Haight-Ashbury, "You could party hop all night and hear nothing but Rubber Soul", and that "More than ever the Beatles were the soundtrack of the Haight-Ashbury, Berkeley and the whole circuit." In San Francisco, musical influences came in from not only London, Liverpool, and Manchester, but also included the bi-coastal American folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s, the Chicago electric blues scene, the soul music scenes in Detroit, Memphis, and Muscle Shoals, jazz styles of various eras and regions. A number of key San Francisco rock musicians of the era cited John Coltrane and his circle of leading-edge jazz musicians as important influences.

The journalist Ed Vulliamy wrote: "The Summer of Love had an empress, and her name was Janis Joplin." Women, in a few cases, enjoyed an equal status with men as stars in the San Francisco rock scene—but these few instances signaled a shift that has continued in the U.S. music scene. Both Grace Slick (singing with Jefferson Airplane) and Joplin (singing initially with Big Brother & the Holding Company) gained a substantial following locally and, before long, across the country.

Another woman singer (and songwriter), Stevie Nicks, as a child had recurrently moved in the U.S. with her family. Coming of age in the San Francisco Bay Area, she gained her first performing experience there in the '60s with Lindsey Buckingham's rock band. Eventually both Nicks and Buckingham achieved international exposure and acclaim once their California talents were absorbed into the established British rock band Fleetwood Mac in 1975.

Venues

Performances of an international super group like the Beatles were hosted in a huge venue like the Cow Palace. At first, the local Bay Area bands played in smaller ones. The early band venues, while the new SF scene was emerging from folk and folk-rock beginnings, were often places like the Matrix nightclub. As audiences grew, and audience dancing became customary, performances moved into venues with more floor space, such as the Longshoreman's Hall, the Fillmore Auditorium, the Avalon Ballroom, Winterland, and the Carousel Ballroom (which was later renamed Fillmore West). Outdoor performances, often organized by the band members themselves and their friends, also played their part.

Because San Francisco had an especially vibrant and attractive countercultural scene in the latter half of the 1960s, musicians from elsewhere (along with the famous hip multitude) came there. Some stayed and became part of the scene. Examples include the Sir Douglas Quintet, whose music took on more of the character of the San Francisco Sound, while yet retaining some of its original Texas flavor, Mother Earth, fronted by female lead singer Tracy Nelson, who relocated to the Bay Area from Nashville, and the Electric Flag, bringing Chicago blues to the Bay Area care of former Paul Butterfield Blues Band guitarist Mike Bloomfield. Steve Miller (who formed the Steve Miller Band) was from Wisconsin, by way of Chicago and New York City while bandmate Boz Scaggs originally called Texas home.

AM and FM radio
The San Francisco bands' music was everything that AM-radio pop music wasn't. Their performances contrasted with the "standard three-minute track" that had become a cliché of the pop-music industry, due to the requirements of AM radio, to the sound capacity of the 45 RPM record, and to the limited potentials of many pop songs and song treatments. It is true that many of the San Francisco bands did record "three-minute" tracks when they desired pop-music station airplay for a song. But in live performance, the bands would often share their improvisatory zest by playing a given song or sequence for as long as five or six minutes, and occasionally for as long as half an hour. In early 1967, Tom Donahue–a veteran disc jockey, rock concert producer, songwriter, and music-act manager–was inspired to revive a moribund radio station, KMPX, and inaugurate the first FM-radio rock station, in San Francisco, in order to showcase this type of music. Donahue was uniquely qualified, being savvy and enthusiastic about jazz, R&B, Soul, and ethnic music, besides the then-current rock music. An important departure in this new era of "album oriented radio" (AOR) was that show hosts felt free to play lengthy tracks or two or more tracks at a time from a good record album.

Associated artists

Main artists

The Ace of Cups
The Beau Brummels
Big Brother and the Holding Company
Blackburn and Snow
Blue Cheer
The Charlatans
The Final Solution
Flamin' Groovies
Frumious Bandersnatch
Grateful Dead
The Great Society
Hot Tuna
It's A Beautiful Day
Jefferson Airplane
Joy of Cooking
Journey
Kozmic Blues Band
Malo
Moby Grape
The Mojo Men
Mother Earth
The Mystery Trend
New Riders of the Purple Sage
Salvation
Santana
Sly and the Family Stone
Sons of Champlin
Sopwith Camel
Steve Miller Band
Tripsichord Music Box
Quicksilver Messenger Service
We Five

Other Bay Area artists

Aum
Butch Engle & the StyxMill Valley
The Chocolate Watch BandSan Jose
Cold BloodOakland
Count FiveSan Jose
Country WeatherWalnut Creek
Country Joe and the FishBerkeley
Creedence Clearwater RevivalEl Cerrito
Dan Hicks and His Hot LicksSanta Rosa
The Doobie BrothersSan Jose
Earth QuakeBerkeley
The Loading ZoneOakland
People!San Jose
The Savage ResurrectionRichmond
Stained GlassSan Jose
Syndicate of SoundSan Jose
Tower of PowerOakland
The VejtablesMillbrae

See also

 List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area
 California Sound
 Music of California
 Love Is the Song We Sing: San Francisco Nuggets 1965–1970
 Woodstock
 Hippie

References

External links
San Francisco Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Chronology of San Francisco Rock
Discographies of San Francisco bands (1965-1973) at the Grateful Dead Family Discography

Category:American styles of music
Category:California Sound
Category:American rock music genres
Category:Music of the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Music scenes
Category:Psychedelic rock
Category:20th century in San Francisco


Sweden, Texas

Sweden, Texas is a ghost town in Duval County, Texas, four miles southwest of Benavides off of Farm-to-Market Road 359. The post office first opened in 1884, but closed the next year. It reopened in 1907, but closed permanently in 1932. The population peaked at 25 in 1914, but continued to drop until no more citizens resided there. The town's school was consolidated into the Benavides Independent School District in the 1950s.

References

Category:Ghost towns in South Texas
Category:Geography of Duval County, Texas
Category:Swedish-American culture in Texas


Golice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Golice  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cedynia, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately  south-east of Cedynia,  south of Gryfino, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

Before 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

References

Golice


Bargarh

Bargarh is a municipality in Bargarh district in the state of Odisha, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Bargarh District . Popularly known for rice cultivation (parboiled-rice) therefore called "Bhata Handi" of Odisha State.

Geography
Bargarh is located in Main part of western odisha, close to the border of neighbouring state of Chhattisgarh. It is positioned at  with an average elevation of 171 meter (561 feet). The whole of Bargarh district lies in the Plain with Eastern Ghats running close to the town. As per the earthquake zoning of India, Bargarh falls in the zone 2 category, the least earthquake prone zone.

The headquarter of Bargarh district lies on the NH 6, Kolkata to Mumbai, hence well connected to the rest of the country with well-constructed road. The Railway Station (Code - BRGA) is served by DBK Railway running from Jharsuguda to Titilagarh. The station is just 4 km off the main town. The nearest Airport is at Raipur (CG) (220 km) Bhubaneswar (OD)(350 km) and Jharsuguda(OD)(110kms). The best period of the year to visit this place is between October to March. During this period the Dhanu Yatra Festival (reportedly World's largest open air theatre) is observed here.  There are a number of good hotels beside a Government Circuit House and a Guest houses in the district to provide accommodation to tourists and VIP visitors. The nearby tourist spots are well connected to the district headquarters with decent communication facilities.

Nrusinghnath

Nrusinghnath is situated at a distance of 112 km from Bargarh.  Being a lone pilgrim spot, it has been appealing the minds of lakhs of people, with magical glitters, for the last so many centuries. This is the Dawning – place of the mention Lord Nrushinghnath, the presiding Deity of the sacred mount Gandhamardhan– endearing multitude of memories, surprisingly amalgamating the legends of the Ramayan, the Mahabharat, the Buddhist Era; even reminiscent of Bhoj Raj, Kabir and Tantracharya Nagarjuna (the preserver of all scripture). Nrusinghnath is a form of Hindu Lord Vishnu.

Gandhamardan

In the Tretayuga (the Silver Age), Jambavan (the unerring counselor of Rama) had suggested Hanuman to bring Bisalyakarani ere dawn, so that Lakshmana would rise back to life. It was in the middle of the war between Lord Rama and Ravana. Hanuman failed to identify the particular herb and carried on his shoulders a huge Himalayan mass. While flying above and proceeding toward Lanka (the kingdom of Ravana), a portion dropped down. Gandhamardan is synonymous to that portion only.

Hiuen T'sang

Glowing tributes is paid to Hiuen T'sang, the champion Chinese traveller, who was attracted by the scenic splendour of Gandhamardan, during his tour to Dakhin Koshal (part of which is current Chhatishgarh and the bewitching colourful zone of Western Odisha). He has spoken of the flowering Buddhist University of PARIMALGIRI (po-lo-mo-lo-ki-li), which had its campus on the picturesque Gandhamardan hills.

Ecological Pyramid

Besides being a home of more than 5000 rare medicinal herbs (some hitherto - unidentified), providing medicines for fatal diseases like cancer, tuberculosis, leprosy, filarial, epilepsy, asthma, kidney and lever dysfunctions even AIDS, Gandhamardan serves as a wildlife sanctuary for large number of rare species of birds and animals and there by donating its portions towards balancing the Global Ecological Pyramid.

The Temple

The foundation for the temple was laid down by Baijal Dev on 17 March 1413 AD. as per inscriptions. The temple of Lord Nrushinghnath is only  high. It is divided into two parts; the first being the seat of the Lord – a short, raised narrow plinth and the other Jaga Mohan (the antechamber) having three gates and is supported by four pillars, the like found nowhere in Odisha. The rocks used in the Jaga Mohan pillars are of rare kind. They are not seen in the Gandhamardan hills. Believed that, from far off places, Baijal Dev had brought them. With a soft rubbing, these rocks begin to scintillate, to a degree. While entering inside the inner-sanctum, one can see the rock statues of Nav Grahas (the Nine planets of Astrology) in a line.

Papaharini

The main perennial flow of Gandhamardan is Papaharini, literally meaning, destroyer of sins. It is symbolic of Sanatan-the continuum of past, present and future. Flowing out of the confluence of seven fountains, called Saptadhar– it has an average width of 12 ft. No man-made tributary can flow into it. Nothing can pollute or adulterate it. Running about 25 km it has touched the Ang tributary and finally embraced Mahanadi.

The Mighty Mandap

Via Satyaam, as one goes from Nrusimhanath to Harishankar an old-patterned cave is caught in sight.  It is just 10.5 km from the main temple, having dimensions of 150 ft. length, 50 ft. breadth and 25 ft. depth. This mighty structure resembles like that of a typical Buddhist cave and prompts us recall the description of a Buddha Vihar by Hiuen T'sang.

Asta-Sambhu

In the district of Bargarh a large number of Siva Temple were built during the Chauhan rule of undivided Sambalpur. The most important among them were those of the Asta-Sambhu or 8 Siva Temples such as (1) Bimaleswar Temple at Huma (Sambalpur), (2) Kedarnath Temple at Ambabhona (Bargarh), (3) Baidyanath Temple at Deogaon (Bargarh), (4) Balunkeswar Temple at Gaisama (Bargarh), (5) Mandhata Baba Temple at Maneswar (Sambalpur), (6) Swapneswar Temple at Sorna (Bargarh), (7) Visweswar Temple at Soranda (Bargarh) and (8) Nilakantheswar Temple at Nilji (Bhatli). The Bimaleswar Temple at Huma on the Mahanadi was built by Maharaja Baliar Singh and the rest were built during the reign of Ajit Singh and his son Abhaya Singh.

Dadhibaman Mandir : Dadhibamana Mandir is situated at Bhatli- one of the Block of Bargarh District. Dadhivaman is a form of Lord Jagannath and a parallel cart festival is organised accordingly. Bhatli is known as the Shreekhetra of Western Odisha.

Wild life Sanctuary Debrigarh

A peak in the Barapahar hills in Bargarh sub-division having a height of . It was a noted rebel stronghold during the revolt of Balabhadra Deo, the Gond Zamindar of Lakhanpur, who was killed here. Mahapatra Ray and Baldia Ray also sought shelter here during 1840 AD after murdering Baluki Dash, the Maufidar of Bargarh. Veer Surendra Sai the freedom fighter was captured here in 1864 by British soldiers. There is a wild life sanctuary here. Except for elephants, wild buffaloes and blank Bucks most of the other important animals in the State of Odisha are more or less represented here.

History
Bargarh is one of the many forts built by the Chouhan dynasty. Although no clear data is available about the settlement, the old fort walls can be traced near the 'Jeera' river towards the plains of Ambapali. From an inscription of the 11th century AD it is believed that the original name of the place was "Bahgar Kota". Balaram Dev, the Chauhan King of Sambalpur ruled this province when it acquires the name "Bargarh". He made it his headquarters for some time while the fort near the Jeera River was to be built. Narayan Singh, the last Chauhan King of sambalpur gave the whole land of Bargarh to two Bramhin brothers Krushna Dash and Narayan Dash, son of Baluki Dash who was killed in action by the Gond Rebel led by Baldia Ray and Mahapatra Ray.The Padampur sub-division of bargarh, popularly known as the "Borasambhar Region" was the headquarters of the Zamindari extended over 2178 km2. This is the biggest sub-division of Bargarh District which has also a feudal history with a tribal leader.

Buddhism played a significant role in defining the lifestyle of the people for a short period of time. Some ancient Buddhist monasteries and sculptures can be seen along a belt starting from Bijepur block (Ganiapali) to the Paikamal block (Nrusinghanath), which has a clear mention in Huen-Tsang's literature as Po-Li-Mo-Lo-Ki-Li (Parimalagiri) (Pasayat,2007, 2008).

The legendary hero Veer Surendra Sai led his war against the British from Debrigarh, which is a peak on the Barapahad Range. His fight against the British Raj particularly after the First War of Independence in 1857 was remarkable in the history of freedom struggle in India (Pasayat and Singh, 2009; Panda and Pasayat, 2009). Debrigarh today is a tiger sanctuary. Barabakhra (12 caves) used to be a secret meeting place during this period.

Bargarh was a subdivision of old Sambalpur district until April 1992, when the then chief minister Mr. Biju Patnaik declared it as the headquarters of the newly formed district by the same name.

Demographics
 India census, Bargarh had a population of 83,651. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Bargarh has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 57% of the males and 43% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Other than Oriya speaking people who form the majority, the town has a some Marwari community who have migrated and settled down. Within the Oriya speaking population, the major communities are Kuiltas, Dumals, Agharias, Bhulia/Meher, Teli etc. Kuiltas and Dumals are presumed to be an offshoot of the original Chasa(agrarian) community and is synonymous with the Khandayats of the coastal region. This is evident by the striking similarity of rituals and the gods they pray. Bhulias were migrated to and settled in this region by some rulers, but the exact time period is controversial. Agharias were migrated from the mughal empire of Agra for establishing a cultivator community during war when Kuiltas were assigned the duty of part-time Kshatriyas.

Oriya is the language for communication, official purposes and for education.

Culture

Dhanu Yatra

Bargarh is known for the annual festival, Dhanu Jatra which attracts lot of tourists worldwide.  Dhanu Jatra or Dhanuyatra, celebrated every winter, is an open stage dramatisation of Krishna Leela with virtually the whole town as a stage. Spanning over a period of 11 days and a radius of 6 km, with the universal theme of 'Triumph of Good over Evil' . It depicts the mythological story of Krishna starting from marriage of his parents (Devaki and Basudev) till the death of Kansha, the evil king. For this whole period, Bargarh town turns into the mythological city of Mathura, Jeera river turns into Yamuna and Ambapali a ward of Bargarh Municipality turns into Gopapur with Kansha (played by a theatre artist) 'ruling' over it. This Festival is considered as World's Largest open air theater played across 6 kilometers radius. Now Dhanuyatra had been declared as National Festival of India .

The Nuakhai or The Nabanna
The "Nuakhai" is a social festival of unity. This festival is observed among kith and kins during the month of Bhadraba. The appropriate date of the Nuakhai is just the day after the Ganesh Puja. It is a festival of harvest of crops. On this occasion the new grain after harvesting is first offered to the local deity and during this festival the people get themselves lost in merrymakings. Wearing new clothes, preparing delicious foods the people of this area celebrate this festival with enthusiasms. It is mostly an agricultural festival of Western Odisha.

Maa Shyama Kali Puja

Kali-puja is one of the big festivals at kali mandir road, Bargah when Goddess Maa Shyama Kali is worshiped on the occasion of dipawali and yagyans are organised. The big statue of Goddess Shyama kali is made up of alloy including 8 kind of metals. A new temple for the Goddess was built recently. Beside the Kali temple, there are Sri Syameshwar Mahadev temple and Hanuman temple.

Baisakh Mela of Nrusinghnath

Nrusinghanath Jatra is another major festival of the district, celebrated in the religious site of Nrusinghanath where Lord Vishnu is worshipped in the form of Marjarakesari. Nrusinghanath is also a historical site which attests the religious synthesis of tribal people and non-tribal people; and among Saivism, Vaishnavism, Tantrism and Buddhism (Pasayat,2005:12-25).This mela is celebrated from Triyodasi to Purnima in the month of Baisakh at Nrusighanath Temple. It is celebrated on the occasion of Nrusingha Janma (Birth) and also known as Narsingh Chaturdashi Mela. There becomes a huge gathering of devotees on this occasion.

Ratha Yatra of Bhatli

The Cart Festival of Bhatli celebrated at Dadhibaman Temple of Bhatli on the Dwitiya Tithi of Asadha. On this day Lord Dadhibaman rides on the chariot and sets out on a journey to Mausima Mandir. The Lord stays in Mausima Mandir for 9 days and again on the Dasami of Asadha the return Cart Festival is celebrated. On this day the Lord returns to his temple. There becomes a huge gathering of devotees at Bhatli. This cart festival is said to have affinity with that of Puri.

Shree Shyam Mandir Bhatli

Shyam Mandir located in Bhatli has many values. it is believed to be most popular Shyam Mandir after Khatu Shyamji. Pilgrims from whole of India visit the Mandir during Shyam Mahotsav.

Maha Shiva Ratri of Kedarnath

The Maha Shivaratri at Kedarnath Temple celebrated on the Chaturdasi in the month of Falguna. The temple is located on the foothills of Bara Pahar, nearly 35 km from Bargarh town. Lord Shiva is worshipped on this occasion. On this day the devotees observe fasting and remain awakened at night. Many cultural programmes are organised which the people enjoy. The day observed in each and every Shiva Temple in Bargarh.

Sital Sasthi of Barpali

The Sital Sasthi Yatra celebrated in Barpali on the day of Sasthi in the month of Jestha every year on the occasion of the marriage ceremony of Lord Shiva with Goddess Parvati. There is a huge gathering of devotees at Barpali. It is a mobile yatra. Many folk dances, cultural programmes are organised which the people enjoy it at night. For the last few years it has also been celebrated in proper Bargarh town. It is the second biggest as per devotees after the Sambalpur Sital Sasthi Yatra.

Vasant Utsav of Beherapali
The Vasant Panchami is celebrated in Beherapali, a village near Sohela every year. The major attraction along with the worship of Saraswati Devi is the 3-day-long open-air drama performed by artists. Based on the historical story line of Gupta dynasty, the actors enact the King Vikramaditya, Kalidas and attacker Paschim Satrap and the villagers play the role of resident of Ujjain. Artists from different part of the state come to showcase their skill in the courtyard of King Vikramaditya. After the defeat and killing Paschim Satrap, the Vasant Utsav is celebrated with happiness. Many people come to witness the festival along with marvelous acting.

Bali Yatra of Khuntpali

The Bali (Sand) Yatra is celebrated on the sand-bed of river Zeera at Khuntpali on the day of Kartika Purnima. On this occasion Lord Shiva is worshipped with all serenity on the sand-bed. During this many trade fares are held on the sand-bed at Khuntpali, AT/Po. Khuntpali, Tah/Dist. Bargarh.

Niranjanananda Yoga Sansthan, a yoga ashram associated with the yoga teaching institution Bihar School of Yoga, Munger, was established in the town in 2010. It conducts daily yoga sessions in mornings along with evening programs of chanting and meditation.
The balijatra of khuntpali is one of the best festival of odisha.

Jugar Jatra of Kuchipali

The jugar jatra of Kuchipali is one of the famous festivals of Bargarh district and Odisha. The festival is based on brotherhood and peace of mankind. It was started in the year 1985. Large jugars are given to maa kali by devotees. Animals are generally killed in shakti upasana or the festival of kalipuja, durgapuja and others. But in jugar jatra of kuchipali jugars are given, which were made from khai (a product of rice) and gud (a product of sugarcane). Though jugar jatra is a great festival, but there is no need of police. All the safety security and smooth conduct of the festival is done by a volunteer group saptarshi swechhasevi sangathan. In th
is festival the musalman are also participate. This festival commands the whole world to destroy enmity and make unity. It is also a platform for folk dance groups which are going extinct.

Jugar jatra is now not limited in Bargarh only – it is spread to Chhattisgarh and other neighbour states. Every year more than 200 jugars are coming from outside the district. In 2009 the silver jubilee of jugarjatra was observed. And from 2009 must a 21 khandi jugar (a large jugar equal to 21*one simple jugar) is given.

Transport
Bargarh is very well placed in terms of location. 4 state capitals Raipur (222 km), Bhubaneswar (350 km), Ranchi (600 km approximately) and Kolkata (600 km approximately) are well within reach and connected with rail and road properly. Also it is located on the National Highway 6 (India)(old numbering), between two important cities of Sambalpur and Raipur.  Bargarh Road railway station is located on Sambalpur-Jharsuguda-Vizianagaram and the line serves Bargarh district Which comes under Sambalpur Railway division. It is directly connected to Bhubaneswar, Sambalpur, Raipur, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, Kochi, Ranchi, Asansol, Kolkata, Varanasi, Ahmedabad, Surat and Mumbai. All places in Odisha are connected with either rail or road. National Highway 26 (India) originates from here which connects it with almost all districts of southern Odisha.

Economy
The economy of Bargarh is largely dependent on agricultural products. There is also a cement factory along with a sugar mill and a thread mill in the town to provide further boost to the economy. A part of the district is well irrigated with a network of canals originating from river Mahanadi, ensuring a good crop. The daily vegetable market of Painchhatar is claimed to be the largest vegetable origin wholesale market in the state. Attabira block is known as the rice bowl of Odisha because of its exemplary paddy production. Production of Paddy in the district of Bargarh is about 6,00,000.00 MT per annum which is the largest in Odisha. There are more than 100 rice mills are scattered over the district to support the paddy production.

Bargarh is called the business hub of western Odisha. "Sambalpuri Sarees" originated from Bargarh district itself which is a former part of Sambalpur City. Ikkat Hand wooven sarees and other Sambalpuri clothes are made in Bargarh district.

The easy communication to Raipur and Kolkata via road and railway respectively made it easy for the goods for the transportation. Daily train to Ranchi is also available. Presently the NH-6 section stretching from Sambalpur to Raipur which also passes from Bargarh, is improved to 4 lanes road, also the rail route from Sambalpur to Titlagarh is being developed to 2 lanes shows the potential this town is having. In future it is projected to grow even more in terms of economy.

Politics
Political area of Bargarh comprises 1 Lok Sabha (Parliament) and 7 Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) constituencies.

Suresh Pujari of BJP is the elected MP from Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency, which covers areas of Bargarh as well as Jharsuguda.

Naveen Patnaik was the elected MLA from Bijepur to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha, who is the current Chief Minister of Odisha. But later he resigned as MLA from Bijepur Assembly Constituency.

Debesh Acarya is the elected MLA from Bargarh to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha .

Notable People
Haldhar Nag Sambalpuri poet and Padma Shri awardee was born in Bargarh on 31st March 1950.

References

Further reading
 Dr. Chitrasen Pasayat and Dr. P. K. Singh (Eds.) (2009), Veer Surendra Sai, Bhubaneswar: Paschim Odisha Agrani Sangathan.
 S. S. Panda and Dr. C. Pasayat (Eds.) (2009), Veer Surendra Sai, Sambalpur: Anusheelan.
 Dr. C. Pasayat (1998), Tribe, Caste and Folkculture, Jaipur/New Delhi: Rawat Publications.
 Dr. C. Pasayat (2003), Glimpses of Tribal and Folkculture, New Delhi: Anmol Pub. Pvt. Ltd.
 C. Pasayat (2005), "Oral Narrative and Hindu Method of Assimilation: A Case of Marjarakesari in Narsinghnath", The Orissa Historical Research Journal, Vol. XLVIII, No.1, pp. 12–25.
 Dr. C. Pasayat (2007), Adibasi Moukhika Sahitya Parampara (in Oriya), Kolkata: Sahitya Akademi.
 Dr. C. Pasayat (2007), Tribe, Caste and Society, New Delhi: Mohit Publications.
 Dr. C. Pasayat (2007), History of Tribal Society and Culture, New Delhi: Zenith Books International.
 Dr. C. Pasayat (Ed.)(2008), Paschima Odisara Lokageeta (in Oriya), Bhubaneswar: Folklore Foundation.
 Dr. C. Pasayat (2008), Oral Tradition, Society and History, New Delhi: Mohit Publications.

External links
 Bargarh District website
 Navratnews.com

Maps
 Satellite View
 View 1

Bargarh Google Map Bargarh Google map

Category:Cities and towns in Bargarh district