Pericles

Pericles (;  Periklēs,  in Classical Attic; c. 495 – 429 BC) was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during its golden age – specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the powerful and historically influential Alcmaeonid family. Pericles had such a profound influence on Athenian society that Thucydides, a contemporary historian, acclaimed him as "the first citizen of Athens". Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire, and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles", though the period thus denoted can include times as early as the Persian Wars, or as late as the next century.

Pericles promoted the arts and literature; it is principally through his efforts that Athens acquired the reputation of being the educational and cultural center of the ancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis (including the Parthenon). This project beautified and protected the city, exhibited its glory, and gave work to the people. Pericles also fostered Athenian democracy to such an extent that critics call him a populist. He, along with several members of his family, succumbed to the Plague of Athens in 429 BC, which weakened the city-state during a protracted conflict with Sparta.

Early years

Pericles was born c. 495 BC, in Athens, Greece. He was the son of the politician Xanthippus, who, though ostracized in 485–484 BC, returned to Athens to command the Athenian contingent in the Greek victory at Mycale just five years later. Pericles' mother, Agariste, a member of the powerful and controversial noble family of the Alcmaeonidae, and her familial connections played a crucial role in helping start Xanthippus' political career. Agariste was the great-granddaughter of the tyrant of Sicyon, Cleisthenes, and the niece of the Athenian reformer Cleisthenes.

According to Herodotus and Plutarch, Agariste dreamed, a few nights before Pericles' birth, that she had borne a lion. Legends say that Philip II of Macedon had a similar dream before the birth of his son, Alexander the Great. One interpretation of the dream treats the lion as a traditional symbol of greatness, but the story may also allude to the unusually large size of Pericles' skull, which became a popular target of contemporary comedians (who called him "Squill-head", after the squill or sea-onion). Although Plutarch claims that this deformity was the reason that Pericles was always depicted wearing a helmet, this is not the case; the helmet was actually the symbol of his official rank as strategos (general).

Pericles belonged to the tribe of Acamantis (). His early years were quiet; the introverted young Pericles avoided public appearances, instead preferring to devote his time to his studies.

His family's nobility and wealth allowed him to fully pursue his inclination toward education. He learned music from the masters of the time (Damon or Pythocleides could have been his teacher) and he is considered to have been the first politician to attribute importance to philosophy. He enjoyed the company of the philosophers Protagoras, Zeno of Elea, and Anaxagoras. Anaxagoras, in particular, became a close friend and influenced him greatly.

Pericles' manner of thought and rhetorical charisma may have been in part products of Anaxagoras' emphasis on emotional calm in the face of trouble, and skepticism about divine phenomena. His proverbial calmness and self-control are also often regarded as products of Anaxagoras' influence.

Political career until 431 BC

Entering politics

In the spring of 472 BC, Pericles presented The Persians of Aeschylus at the Greater Dionysia as a liturgy, demonstrating that he was one of the wealthier men of Athens. Simon Hornblower has argued that Pericles' selection of this play, which presents a nostalgic picture of Themistocles' famous victory at Salamis, shows that the young politician was supporting Themistocles against his political opponent Cimon, whose faction succeeded in having Themistocles ostracized shortly afterwards.

Plutarch says that Pericles stood first among the Athenians for forty years. If this was so, Pericles must have taken up a position of leadership by the early 460s BC in his early or mid-thirties. Throughout these years he endeavored to protect his privacy and to present himself as a model for his fellow citizens. For example, he would often avoid banquets, trying to be frugal.

In 463 BC, Pericles was the leading prosecutor of Cimon, the leader of the conservative faction who was accused of neglecting Athens' vital interests in Macedon. Although Cimon was acquitted, this confrontation proved that Pericles' major political opponent was vulnerable.

Ostracizing Cimon
Around 461 BC, the leadership of the democratic party decided it was time to take aim at the Areopagus, a traditional council controlled by the Athenian aristocracy, which had once been the most powerful body in the state. The leader of the party and mentor of Pericles, Ephialtes, proposed a reduction of the Areopagus' powers. The Ecclesia (the Athenian Assembly) adopted Ephialtes' proposal without opposition. This reform signaled the beginning of a new era of "radical democracy".

The democratic party gradually became dominant in Athenian politics, and Pericles seemed willing to follow a populist policy in order to cajole the public. According to Aristotle, Pericles' stance can be explained by the fact that his principal political opponent, Cimon, was both rich and generous, and was able to gain public favor by lavishly handing out portions of his sizable personal fortune. The historian Loren J. Samons II argues, however, that Pericles had enough resources to make a political mark by private means, had he so chosen.

In 461 BC, Pericles achieved the political elimination of this opponent using ostracism. The accusation was that Cimon betrayed his city by aiding Sparta.

After Cimon's ostracism, Pericles continued to promote a populist social policy. He first proposed a decree that permitted the poor to watch theatrical plays without paying, with the state covering the cost of their admission. With other decrees he lowered the property requirement for the archonship in 458–457 BC and bestowed generous wages on all citizens who served as jurymen in the Heliaia (the supreme court of Athens) some time just after 454 BC. His most controversial measure, however, was a law of 451 BC limiting Athenian citizenship to those of Athenian parentage on both sides.

Such measures impelled Pericles' critics to hold him responsible for the gradual degeneration of the Athenian democracy. Constantine Paparrigopoulos, a major modern Greek historian, argues that Pericles sought for the expansion and stabilization of all democratic institutions. Hence, he enacted legislation granting the lower classes access to the political system and the public offices, from which they had previously been barred.

According to Samons, Pericles believed that it was necessary to raise the demos, in which he saw an untapped source of Athenian power and the crucial element of Athenian military dominance. (The fleet, backbone of Athenian power since the days of Themistocles, was manned almost entirely by members of the lower classes.)

Cimon, on the other hand, apparently believed that no further free space for democratic evolution existed. He was certain that democracy had reached its peak and Pericles' reforms were leading to the stalemate of populism. According to Paparrigopoulos, history vindicated Cimon, because Athens, after Pericles' death, sank into the abyss of political turmoil and demagogy. Paparrigopoulos maintains that an unprecedented regression descended upon the city, whose glory perished as a result of Pericles' populist policies.

According to another historian, Justin Daniel King, radical democracy benefited people individually, but harmed the state. On the other hand, Donald Kagan asserts that the democratic measures Pericles put into effect provided the basis for an unassailable political strength. After all, Cimon finally accepted the new democracy and did not oppose the citizenship law, after he returned from exile in 451 BC.

Leading Athens
Ephialtes' murder in 461 BC paved the way for Pericles to consolidate his authority. Without opposition after the expulsion of Cimon, the unchallengeable leader of the democratic party became the unchallengeable ruler of Athens. He remained in power until his death in 429 BC.

First Peloponnesian War

Pericles made his first military excursions during the First Peloponnesian War, which was caused in part by Athens' alliance with Megara and Argos and the subsequent reaction of Sparta. In 454 BC he attacked Sicyon and Acarnania. He then unsuccessfully tried to conquer Oeniadea on the Corinthian gulf, before returning to Athens. In 451 BC, Cimon returned from exile and negotiated a five years' truce with Sparta after a proposal of Pericles, an event which indicates a shift in Pericles' political strategy. Pericles may have realized the importance of Cimon's contribution during the ongoing conflicts against the Peloponnesians and the Persians. Anthony J. Podlecki argues, however, that Pericles' alleged change of position was invented by ancient writers to support "a tendentious view of Pericles' shiftiness".

Plutarch states that Cimon struck a power-sharing deal with his opponents, according to which Pericles would carry through the interior affairs and Cimon would be the leader of the Athenian army, campaigning abroad. If it was actually made, this bargain would constitute a concession on Pericles' part that he was not a great strategist. Kagan's  view is that Cimon adapted himself to the new conditions and promoted a political marriage between Periclean liberals and Cimonian conservatives.

In the mid-450s the Athenians launched an unsuccessful attempt to aid an Egyptian revolt against Persia, which led to a prolonged siege of a Persian fortress in the Nile Delta. The campaign culminated in disaster; the besieging force was defeated and destroyed. In 451–450 BC the Athenians sent troops to Cyprus. Cimon defeated the Persians in the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus, but died of disease in 449 BC. Pericles is said to have initiated both expeditions in Egypt and Cyprus, although some researchers, such as Karl Julius Beloch, argue that the dispatch of such a great fleet conforms with the spirit of Cimon's policy.

Complicating the account of this period is the issue of the Peace of Callias, which allegedly ended hostilities between the Greeks and the Persians. The very existence of the treaty is hotly disputed, and its particulars and negotiation are ambiguous. Ernst Badian believes that a peace between Athens and Persia was first ratified in 463 BC (making the Athenian interventions in Egypt and Cyprus violations of the peace), and renegotiated at the conclusion of the campaign in Cyprus, taking force again by 449–448 BC.

John Fine, on the other hand, suggests that the first peace between Athens and Persia was concluded in 450–449 BC, due to Pericles' calculation that ongoing conflict with Persia was undermining Athens' ability to spread its influence in Greece and the Aegean. Kagan believes that Pericles used Callias, a brother-in-law of Cimon, as a symbol of unity and employed him several times to negotiate important agreements.

In the spring of 449 BC, Pericles proposed the Congress Decree, which led to a meeting ("Congress") of all Greek states in order to consider the question of rebuilding the temples destroyed by the Persians. The Congress failed because of Sparta's stance, but Pericles' intentions remain unclear. Some historians think that he wanted to prompt a confederation with the participation of all the Greek cities; others think he wanted to assert Athenian pre-eminence. According to the historian Terry Buckley the objective of the Congress Decree was a new mandate for the Delian League and for the collection of "phoros" (taxes).

During the Second Sacred War Pericles led the Athenian army against Delphi and reinstated Phocis in its sovereign rights on the oracle. In 447 BC Pericles engaged in his most admired excursion, the expulsion of barbarians from the Thracian peninsula of Gallipoli, in order to establish Athenian colonists in the region. At this time, however, Athens was seriously challenged by a number of revolts among its subjects. In 447 BC the oligarchs of Thebes conspired against the democratic faction. The Athenians demanded their immediate surrender, but after the Battle of Coronea, Pericles was forced to concede the loss of Boeotia in order to recover the prisoners taken in that battle. With Boeotia in hostile hands, Phocis and Locris became untenable and quickly fell under the control of hostile oligarchs.

In 446 BC, a more dangerous uprising erupted. Euboea and Megara revolted. Pericles crossed over to Euboea with his troops, but was forced to return when the Spartan army invaded Attica. Through bribery and negotiations, Pericles defused the imminent threat, and the Spartans returned home. When Pericles was later audited for the handling of public money, an expenditure of 10 talents was not sufficiently justified, since the official documents just referred that the money was spent for a "very serious purpose". Nonetheless, the "serious purpose" (namely the bribery) was so obvious to the auditors that they approved the expenditure without official meddling and without even investigating the mystery.

After the Spartan threat had been removed, Pericles crossed back to Euboea to crush the revolt there. He then punished the landowners of Chalcis, who lost their properties. The residents of Histiaea, meanwhile, who had butchered the crew of an Athenian trireme, were uprooted and replaced by 2,000 Athenian settlers. The crisis was brought to an official end by the Thirty Years' Peace (winter of 446–445 BC), in which Athens relinquished most of the possessions and interests on the Greek mainland which it had acquired since 460 BC, and both Athens and Sparta agreed not to attempt to win over the other state's allies.

Final battle with the conservatives
In 444 BC, the conservative and the democratic factions confronted each other in a fierce struggle. The ambitious new leader of the conservatives, Thucydides (not to be confused with the historian of the same name), accused Pericles of profligacy, criticizing the way he spent the money for the ongoing building plan. Thucydides initially managed to incite the passions of the ecclesia regarding these charges in his favor. However, when Pericles took the floor, his resolute arguments put Thucydides and the conservatives firmly on the defensive. Finally, Pericles proposed to reimburse the city for all questionable expenses from his private property, with the proviso that he would make the inscriptions of dedication in his own name. His stance was greeted with applause, and Thucydides was soundly, if unexpectedly, defeated. In 442 BC, the Athenian public voted to ostracize Thucydides from the city for 10 years and Pericles was once again the unchallenged ruler of the Athenian political arena.

Athens' rule over its alliance

Pericles wanted to stabilize Athens' dominance over its alliance and to enforce its pre-eminence in Greece. The process by which the Delian League transformed into an Athenian empire is generally considered to have begun well before Pericles' time, as various allies in the league chose to pay tribute to Athens instead of manning ships for the league's fleet, but the transformation was speeded and brought to its conclusion by Pericles.

The final steps in the shift to empire may have been triggered by Athens' defeat in Egypt, which challenged the city's dominance in the Aegean and led to the revolt of several allies, such as Miletus and Erythrae. Either because of a genuine fear for its safety after the defeat in Egypt and the revolts of the allies, or as a pretext to gain control of the League's finances, Athens transferred the treasury of the alliance from Delos to Athens in 454–453 BC.

By 450–449 BC the revolts in Miletus and Erythrae were quelled and Athens restored its rule over its allies. Around 447 BC Clearchus  proposed the Coinage Decree, which imposed Athenian silver coinage, weights and measures on all of the allies. According to one of the decree's most stringent provisions, surplus from a minting operation was to go into a special fund, and anyone proposing to use it otherwise was subject to the death penalty.

It was from the alliance's treasury that Pericles drew the funds necessary to enable his ambitious building plan, centered on the "Periclean Acropolis", which included the Propylaea, the Parthenon and the golden statue of Athena, sculpted by Pericles' friend, Phidias. In 449 BC Pericles proposed a decree allowing the use of 9,000 talents to finance the major rebuilding program of Athenian temples. Angelos Vlachos, a Greek Academician, points out the utilization of the alliance's treasury, initiated and executed by Pericles, as one of the largest embezzlements in human history; this misappropriation financed, however, some of the most marvellous artistic creations of the ancient world.

Samian War

The Samian War was one of the last significant military events before the Peloponnesian War. After Thucydides' ostracism, Pericles was re-elected yearly to the generalship, the only office he ever officially occupied, although his influence was so great as to make him the de facto ruler of the state. In 440 BC Samos went to war against Miletus over control of Priene, an ancient city of Ionia on the foot-hills of Mycale. Worsted in the war, the Milesians came to Athens to plead their case against the Samians.

When the Athenians ordered the two sides to stop fighting and submit the case to arbitration in Athens, the Samians refused. In response, Pericles passed a decree dispatching an expedition to Samos, "alleging against its people that, although they were ordered to break off their war against the Milesians, they were not complying".

In a naval battle the Athenians led by Pericles and nine other generals defeated the forces of Samos and imposed on the island an Athenian administration. When the Samians revolted against Athenian rule, Pericles compelled the rebels to capitulate after a tough siege of eight months, which resulted in substantial discontent among the Athenian sailors. Pericles then quelled a revolt in Byzantium and, when he returned to Athens, gave a funeral oration to honor the soldiers who died in the expedition.

Between 438–436 BC Pericles led Athens' fleet in Pontus and established friendly relations with the Greek cities of the region. Pericles focused also on internal projects, such as the fortification of Athens (the building of the "middle wall" about 440 BC), and on the creation of new cleruchies, such as Andros, Naxos and Thurii (444 BC) as well as Amphipolis (437–436 BC).

Personal attacks

Pericles and his friends were never immune from attack, as preeminence in democratic Athens was not equivalent to absolute rule. Just before the eruption of the Peloponnesian War, Pericles and two of his closest associates, Phidias and his companion, Aspasia, faced a series of personal and judicial attacks.

Phidias, who had been in charge of all building projects, was first accused of embezzling gold meant for the statue of Athena and then of impiety, because, when he wrought the battle of the Amazons on the shield of Athena, he carved out a figure that suggested himself as a bald old man, and also inserted a very fine likeness of Pericles fighting with an Amazon.

Aspasia, who was noted for her ability as a conversationalist and adviser, was accused of corrupting the women of Athens in order to satisfy Pericles' perversions. The accusations against her were probably nothing more than unproven slanders, but the whole experience was very bitter for Pericles. Although Aspasia was acquitted thanks to a rare emotional outburst of Pericles, his friend, Phidias, died in prison and another friend of his, Anaxagoras, was attacked by the ecclesia for his religious beliefs.

Beyond these initial prosecutions, the ecclesia attacked Pericles himself by asking him to justify his ostensible profligacy with, and maladministration of, public money. According to Plutarch, Pericles was so afraid of the oncoming trial that he did not let the Athenians yield to the Lacedaemonians. Beloch also believes that Pericles deliberately brought on the war to protect his political position at home. Thus, at the start of the Peloponnesian War, Athens found itself in the awkward position of entrusting its future to a leader whose pre-eminence had just been seriously shaken for the first time in over a decade.

Peloponnesian War

The causes of the Peloponnesian War have been much debated, but many ancient historians lay the blame on Pericles and Athens. Plutarch seems to believe that Pericles and the Athenians incited the war, scrambling to implement their belligerent tactics "with a sort of arrogance and a love of strife". Thucydides hints at the same thing, believing the reason for the war was Sparta's fear of Athenian power and growth. However, as he is generally regarded as an admirer of Pericles, Thucydides has been criticized for bias against Sparta.

Prelude to the war

Pericles was convinced that the war against Sparta, which could not conceal its envy of Athens' pre-eminence, was inevitable if unfortunate. Therefore, he did not hesitate to send troops to Corcyra to reinforce the Corcyraean fleet, which was fighting against Corinth. In 433 BC the enemy fleets confronted each other at the Battle of Sybota and a year later the Athenians fought Corinthian colonists at the Battle of Potidaea; these two events contributed greatly to Corinth's lasting hatred of Athens. During the same period, Pericles proposed the Megarian Decree, which resembled a modern trade embargo. According to the provisions of the decree, Megarian merchants were excluded from the market of Athens and the ports in its empire. This ban strangled the Megarian economy and strained the fragile peace between Athens and Sparta, which was allied with Megara. According to George Cawkwell, a praelector in ancient history, with this decree Pericles breached the Thirty Years' Peace "but, perhaps, not without the semblance of an excuse". The Athenians' justification was that the Megarians had cultivated the sacred land consecrated to Demeter and had given refuge to runaway slaves, a behavior which the Athenians considered to be impious.

After consultations with its allies, Sparta sent a deputation to Athens demanding certain concessions, such as the immediate expulsion of the Alcmaeonidae family including Pericles and the retraction of the Megarian Decree, threatening war if the demands were not met. The obvious purpose of these proposals was the instigation of a confrontation between Pericles and the people; this event, indeed, would come about a few years later. At that time, the Athenians unhesitatingly followed Pericles' instructions. In the first legendary oration Thucydides puts in his mouth, Pericles advised the Athenians not to yield to their opponents' demands, since they were militarily stronger. Pericles was not prepared to make unilateral concessions, believing that "if Athens conceded on that issue, then Sparta was sure to come up with further demands". Consequently, Pericles asked the Spartans to offer a quid pro quo. In exchange for retracting the Megarian Decree, the Athenians demanded from Sparta to abandon their practice of periodic expulsion of foreigners from their territory (xenelasia) and to recognize the autonomy of its allied cities, a request implying that Sparta's hegemony was also ruthless. The terms were rejected by the Spartans, and with neither side willing to back down, the two cities prepared for war. According to Athanasios G. Platias and Constantinos Koliopoulos, professors of strategic studies and international politics, "rather than to submit to coercive demands, Pericles chose war". Another consideration that may well have influenced Pericles' stance was the concern that revolts in the empire might spread if Athens showed itself weak.

First year of the war (431 BC)

In 431 BC, while peace already was precarious, Archidamus II, Sparta's king, sent a new delegation to Athens, demanding that the Athenians submit to Sparta's demands. This deputation was not allowed to enter Athens, as Pericles had already passed a resolution according to which no Spartan deputation would be welcomed if the Spartans had previously initiated any hostile military actions. The Spartan army was at this time gathered at Corinth, and, citing this as a hostile action, the Athenians refused to admit their emissaries. With his last attempt at negotiation thus declined, Archidamus invaded Attica, but found no Athenians there; Pericles, aware that Sparta's strategy would be to invade and ravage Athenian territory, had previously arranged to evacuate the entire population of the region to within the walls of Athens.

No definite record exists of how exactly Pericles managed to convince the residents of Attica to agree to move into the crowded urban areas. For most, the move meant abandoning their land and ancestral shrines and completely changing their lifestyle.  Therefore, although they agreed to leave, many rural residents were far from happy with Pericles' decision. Pericles also gave his compatriots some advice on their present affairs and reassured them that, if the enemy did not plunder his farms, he would offer his property to the city. This promise was prompted by his concern that Archidamus, who was a friend of his, might pass by his estate without ravaging it, either as a gesture of friendship or as a calculated political move aimed to alienate Pericles from his constituents.

In any case, seeing the pillage of their farms, the Athenians were outraged, and they soon began to indirectly express their discontent towards their leader, who many of them considered to have drawn them into the war. Even when in the face of mounting pressure, Pericles did not give in to the demands for immediate action against the enemy or revise his initial strategy. He also avoided convening the ecclesia, fearing that the populace, outraged by the unopposed ravaging of their farms, might rashly decide to challenge the vaunted Spartan army in the field. As meetings of the assembly were called at the discretion of its rotating presidents, the "prytanies", Pericles had no formal control over their scheduling; rather, the respect in which Pericles was held by the prytanies was apparently sufficient to persuade them to do as he wished. While the Spartan army remained in Attica, Pericles sent a fleet of 100 ships to loot the coasts of the Peloponnese and charged the cavalry to guard the ravaged farms close to the walls of the city. When the enemy retired and the pillaging came to an end, Pericles proposed a decree according to which the authorities of the city should put aside 1,000 talents and 100 ships, in case Athens was attacked by naval forces. According to the most stringent provision of the decree, even proposing a different use of the money or ships would entail the penalty of death. During the autumn of 431 BC, Pericles led the Athenian forces that invaded Megara and a few months later (winter of 431–430 BC) he delivered his monumental and emotional Funeral Oration, honoring the Athenians who died for their city.

Last military operations and death

In 430 BC, the army of Sparta looted Attica for a second time, but Pericles was not daunted and refused to revise his initial strategy. Unwilling to engage the Spartan army in battle, he again led a naval expedition to plunder the coasts of the Peloponnese, this time taking 100 Athenian ships with him. According to Plutarch, just before the sailing of the ships an eclipse of the sun frightened the crews, but Pericles used the astronomical knowledge he had acquired from Anaxagoras to calm them. In the summer of the same year an epidemic broke out and devastated the Athenians. The exact identity of the disease is uncertain, typhus or typhoid fever are suspected, but this has been the source of much debate. In any case, the city's plight, caused by the epidemic, triggered a new wave of public uproar, and Pericles was forced to defend himself in an emotional final speech, a rendition of which is presented by Thucydides. This is considered to be a  monumental oration, revealing Pericles' virtues but also his bitterness towards his compatriots' ingratitude. Temporarily, he managed to tame the people's resentment and to ride out the storm, but his internal enemies' final bid to undermine him came off; they managed to deprive him of the generalship and to fine him at an amount estimated between 15 and 50 talents. Ancient sources mention Cleon, a rising and dynamic protagonist of the Athenian political scene during the war, as the public prosecutor in Pericles' trial.

Nevertheless, within just a year, in 429 BC, the Athenians not only forgave Pericles but also re-elected him as strategos. He was reinstated in command of the Athenian army and led all its military operations during 429 BC, having once again under his control the levers of power. In that year, however, Pericles witnessed the death of both his legitimate sons from his first wife, Paralus and Xanthippus, in the epidemic. His morale undermined, he burst into tears and not even Aspasia's companionship could console him. He himself died of the plague later in the year.

Just before his death, Pericles' friends were concentrated around his bed, enumerating his virtues during peace and underscoring his nine war trophies. Pericles, though moribund, heard them and interrupted them, pointing out that they forgot to mention his fairest and greatest title to their admiration; "for", said he, "no living Athenian ever put on mourning because of me". Pericles lived during the first two and a half years of the Peloponnesian War and, according to Thucydides, his death was a disaster for Athens, since his successors were inferior to him; they preferred to incite all the bad habits of the rabble and  followed an unstable policy, endeavoring to be popular rather than useful. With these bitter comments, Thucydides not only laments the loss of a man he admired, but he also heralds the flickering of Athens' unique glory and grandeur.

Pausanias (c. 150 AD) records (I.29) seeing the tomb of Pericles along a road near the Academy.

Personal life

Pericles, following Athenian custom, was first married to one of his closest relatives, with whom he had two sons, Paralus and Xanthippus, but around 445 BC, Pericles divorced his wife. He offered her to another husband, with the agreement of her male relatives. The name of his first wife is not known; the only information about her is that she was the wife of Hipponicus, before being married to Pericles, and the mother of Callias from this first marriage.

After Pericles divorced his wife, he had a long-term relationship with Aspasia of Miletus, with whom he had a son, Pericles the Younger.  This relationship aroused many reactions and even Pericles' own son, Xanthippus, who had political ambitions, did not hesitate to slander his father. Nonetheless, objections did not undermine Pericles' morale, although he burst into tears to protect Aspasia when she was accused of corrupting Athenian society. His sister and both his legitimate sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, died during an epidemic of plague. Just before his death, the Athenians allowed a change in the law of 451 BC that made his half-Athenian son with Aspasia, Pericles the Younger, a citizen and legitimate heir, a decision all the more striking in consideration that Pericles himself had proposed the law confining citizenship to those of Athenian parentage on both sides.

Assessments
Pericles marked a whole era and inspired conflicting judgments about his significant decisions. The fact that he was at the same time a vigorous statesman, general and orator only tends to make an objective assessment of his actions more difficult.

Political leadership

Some contemporary scholars call Pericles a populist, a demagogue and a hawk, while other scholars admire his charismatic leadership. According to Plutarch, after assuming the leadership of Athens, "he was no longer the same man as before, nor alike submissive to the people and ready to yield and give in to the desires of the multitude as a steersman to the breezes". It is told that when his political opponent, Thucydides, was asked by Sparta's king, Archidamus, whether he or Pericles was the better fighter, Thucydides answered without any hesitation that Pericles was better, because even when he was defeated, he managed to convince the audience that he had won. In matters of character, Pericles was above reproach in the eyes of the ancient historians, since "he kept himself untainted by corruption, although he was not altogether indifferent to money-making".

Thucydides (the historian), an admirer of Pericles, maintains that Athens was "in name a democracy but, in fact, governed by its first citizen". Through this comment, the historian illustrates what he perceives as Pericles' charisma to lead, convince and, sometimes, to manipulate. Although Thucydides mentions the fining of Pericles, he does not mention the accusations against Pericles but instead focuses on Pericles' integrity. On the other hand, in one of his dialogues, Plato rejects the glorification of Pericles and declares: "as I know, Pericles made the Athenians slothful, garrulous and avaricious, by starting the system of public fees".
Plutarch mentions other criticism of Pericles' leadership: "many others say that the people were first led on by him into allotments of public lands, festival-grants, and distributions of fees for public services, thereby falling into bad habits, and becoming luxurious and wanton under the influence of his public measures, instead of frugal and self-sufficing".

Thucydides argues that Pericles "was not carried away by the people, but he was the one guiding the people". His judgement is not unquestioned; some 20th-century critics, such as Malcolm F. McGregor and John S. Morrison, proposed that he may have been a charismatic public face acting as an advocate on the proposals of advisors, or the people themselves. According to King, by increasing the power of the people, the Athenians left themselves with no authoritative leader. During the Peloponnesian War, Pericles' dependence on popular support to govern was obvious.

Military achievements

For more than 20 years Pericles led many expeditions, mainly naval ones. Being always cautious, he never undertook of his own accord a battle involving much uncertainty and peril and he did not accede to the "vain impulses of the citizens". He based his military policy on Themistocles' principle that Athens' predominance depends on its superior naval power and believed that the Peloponnesians were near-invincible on land. Pericles also tried to minimize the advantages of Sparta by rebuilding the walls of Athens, which, it has been suggested, radically altered the use of force in Greek international relations.

During the Peloponnesian War, Pericles initiated a defensive "grand strategy" whose aim was the exhaustion of the enemy and the preservation of the status quo. According to Platias and Koliopoulos, Athens as the strongest party did not have to beat Sparta in military terms and "chose to foil the Spartan plan for victory". The two basic principles of the "Periclean Grand Strategy" were the rejection of appeasement (in accordance with which he urged the Athenians not to revoke the Megarian Decree) and the avoidance of overextension. According to Kagan, Pericles' vehement insistence that there should be no diversionary expeditions may well have resulted from the bitter memory of the Egyptian campaign, which he had allegedly supported. His strategy is said to have been "inherently unpopular", but Pericles managed to persuade the Athenian public to follow it. It is for that reason that Hans Delbrück called him one of the greatest statesmen and military leaders in history. Although his countrymen engaged in several aggressive actions soon after his death,<ref name="Ehr278">V.L. Ehrenberg, From Solon to Socrates, 278</ref> Platias and Koliopoulos argue that the Athenians remained true to the larger Periclean strategy of seeking to preserve, not expand, the empire, and did not depart from it until the Sicilian Expedition. For his part, Ben X. de Wet concludes his strategy would have succeeded had he lived longer.

Critics of Pericles' strategy, however, have been just as numerous as its supporters. A common criticism is that Pericles was always a better politician and orator than strategist. Donald Kagan called the Periclean strategy "a form of wishful thinking that failed", Barry S. Strauss and Josiah Ober have stated that "as strategist he was a failure and deserves a share of the blame for Athens' great defeat", and Victor Davis Hanson believes that Pericles had not worked out a clear strategy for an effective offensive action that could possibly force Thebes or Sparta to stop the war.D. Kagan, Athenian Strategy in the Peloponnesian War, 54 Kagan criticizes the Periclean strategy on four counts: first that by rejecting minor concessions it brought about war; second, that it was unforeseen by the enemy and hence lacked credibility; third, that it was too feeble to exploit any opportunities; and fourth, that it depended on Pericles for its execution and thus was bound to be abandoned after his death. Kagan estimates Pericles' expenditure on his military strategy in the Peloponnesian War to be about 2,000 talents annually, and based on this figure concludes that he would only have enough money to keep the war going for three years.  He asserts that since Pericles must have known about these limitations he probably planned for a much shorter war.D. Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 61–62. Others, such as Donald W. Knight, conclude that the strategy was too defensive and would not succeed.

On the other hand, Platias and Koliopoulos reject these criticisms and state that "the Athenians lost the war only when they dramatically reversed the Periclean grand strategy that explicitly disdained further conquests". Hanson stresses that the Periclean strategy was not innovative, but could lead to a stagnancy in favor of Athens. It is a popular conclusion that those succeeding him lacked his abilities and character.

 Oratorical skill

Modern commentators of Thucydides, with other modern historians and writers, take varying stances on the issue of how much of the speeches of Pericles, as given by this historian, do actually represent Pericles' own words and how much of them is free literary creation or paraphrase by Thucydides. Since Pericles never wrote down or distributed his orations, no historians are able to answer this with certainty; Thucydides recreated three of them from memory and, thereby, it cannot be ascertained that he did not add his own notions and thoughts.

Although Pericles was a main source of his inspiration, some historians have noted that the passionate and idealistic literary style of the speeches Thucydides attributes to Pericles is completely at odds with Thucydides' own cold and analytical writing style. This might, however, be the result of the incorporation of the genre of rhetoric into the genre of historiography. That is to say, Thucydides could simply have used two different writing styles for two different purposes.

Ioannis Kakridis and Arnold Gomme were two scholars who debated the originality of Pericles' oratory and last speech. Kakridis believes that Thucydides altered Pericles words. Some of his strongest arguments included in the Introduction of the speech, (Thuc.11.35). Kakridis proposes that it is impossible to imagine Pericles deviating away from the expected funeral orator addressing the mourning audience of 430 after the Peloponnesian war. The two groups addressed were the ones who were prepared to believe him when he praised the dead, and the ones who did not. Gomme rejects Kakridis position, defending the fact that "Nobody of men has ever been so conscious of envy and its workings as the Greeks, and that the Greeks and Thucydides in particular had a passion for covering all ground in their generalizations, not always relevantly.".

Kagan states that Pericles adopted "an elevated mode of speech, free from the vulgar and knavish tricks of mob-orators" and, according to Diodorus Siculus, he "excelled all his fellow citizens in skill of oratory".Diodorus, XII,  39 According to Plutarch, he avoided using gimmicks in his speeches, unlike the passionate Demosthenes, and always spoke in a calm and tranquil manner. The biographer points out, however, that the poet Ion reported that Pericles' speaking style was "a presumptuous and somewhat arrogant manner of address, and that into his haughtiness there entered a good deal of disdain and contempt for others".

Gorgias, in Plato's homonymous dialogue, uses Pericles as an example of powerful oratory. In Menexenus, however, Socrates (through Plato) casts aspersions on Pericles' rhetorical fame, claiming ironically that, since Pericles was educated by Aspasia, a trainer of many orators, he would be superior in rhetoric to someone educated by Antiphon. He also attributes authorship of the Funeral Oration to Aspasia and attacks his contemporaries' veneration of Pericles.

Sir Richard C. Jebb concludes that "unique as an Athenian statesman, Pericles must have been in two respects unique also as an Athenian orator; first, because he occupied such a position of personal ascendancy as no man before or after him attained; secondly, because his thoughts and his moral force won him such renown for eloquence as no one else ever got from Athenians".

Ancient Greek writers call Pericles "Olympian" and extol his talents; referring to him "thundering and lightning and exciting Greece" and carrying the weapons of Zeus when orating. According to Quintilian, Pericles would always prepare assiduously for his orations and, before going on the rostrum, he would always pray to the Gods, so as not to utter any improper word.

 Pericles and the city gods
Nothing was more alien to the Greeks than the notion of a separation between Church and State. In Athens, the community provided a tight framework for religious manifestations while, symmetrically, religion was deeply embedded in civic life. Within this context, participation in the rituals was an action highly political in the broadest sense of the term.

To analyze Pericles's relations with gods, one has to position oneself at the intersection of the general and the particular, where what was personal and what was shared by the whole community came together. On the one hand, the career of the strategos will illuminate the Athenians' collective relationship to all that was divine. As a reelected strategos and a persuasive orator, Pericles was the spokesman of a civic religion that was undergoing a mutation. He was implicated in a policy of making constant offerings and of launching huge architectural religious works not only on the Acropolis but also throughout Attica; and, furthermore, he was engaged in such activities at a time when city was introducing profound changes into its religious account of its origins—that is, autochthony—within a context of strained diplomatic relations.

On the other hand, the ancient sources made it possible to glimpse the personal relations that Pericles had developed with gods. These were relations of proximity in the first place: he was sometimes depicted as a protégé of goddess Athena, but in Attic comedies he was also assimilated to god Zeus, in an analogy that was in no way flattering. But then, there were also relations that emphasized distance: some philosophical accounts presented him as a man close to the sophists or even as a freethinker. Finally, there were relations involving irreverence: some later and less trustworthy sources made much of several trials for impiety in which those close to him were involved, and this raises the question of religious tolerance in fifth-century Athens and, in particular, how far individuals enjoyed freedom of thought when faced with the civic community.

 Legacy

Pericles' most visible legacy can be found in the literary and artistic works of the Golden Age, much of which survive to this day. The Acropolis, though in ruins, still stands and is a symbol of modern Athens. Paparrigopoulos wrote that these masterpieces are "sufficient to render the name of Greece immortal in our world".

In politics, Victor L. Ehrenberg argues that a basic element of Pericles' legacy is Athenian imperialism, which denies true democracy and freedom to the people of all but the ruling state. The promotion of such an arrogant imperialism is said to have ruined Athens. Pericles and his "expansionary" policies have been at the center of arguments promoting democracy in oppressed countries.L. Miller, My Favorite War

Other analysts maintain an Athenian humanism illustrated in the Golden Age.Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies The freedom of expression is regarded as the lasting legacy deriving from this period. Pericles is lauded as "the ideal type of the perfect statesman in ancient Greece" and his Funeral Oration is nowadays synonymous with the struggle for participatory democracy and civic pride.K. Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public, 32

 See also

 Art in Ancient Greece
 Culture of Greece
 Sculpture of Ancient Greece
 Timeline of Ancient Greece

 Notes

 Citations

 References
 Primary sources (Greek and Roman)

 Aristophanes, The Acharnians. See original text in Perseus program (translation)
 . See original text in Perseus program.
 Aristotle, Politika (Politics). See original text in Perseus program (translation)
 Cicero, De Oratore. See original text in Perseus program.
 Diodorus Siculus, Library, 12th Book. See original text in Perseus program (translation)
 Herodotus, The Histories, VI. See original text in Perseus program (translation)
 Plato, Alcibiades I. See original text in Perseus program (translation) from
 Plato, Gorgias. See original text in Perseus program, 455d, 455e,  515e (translation) from
 Plato, Menexenus. See original text in Perseus program (translation) from
 Plato, Phaedrus, See original text in Perseus program (translation) from
 Plutarch, Cimon. See original text in Perseus program (translation)
 . See original text in Perseus program
 Quintilian, Institutiones. See original text in The Latin Library.
 , I–III. See original text in Perseus program
 Xenophon (?), Constitution of Athens. See original text in Perseus program (translation)

 Secondary sources

 Beloch, K.J. (1884). Die Attische Politik seit Perikles . Leipzig (in German).
 Beloch, K.J. (1893). Griechische Geschichte. Volume II (in German).

 Delbrück, Hans (1920): History of the Art of War, University of Nebraska Press; Reprint edition, 1990. Translated by Walter, J. Renfroe. Volume 1.

 Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios. Volume VIII. article: The Funeral Speech over the Fallen. Volume XV. article: Pericles (in Greek).

 Kakridis, Ioannis Th. (1993). Interpretative Comments on the Pericles' Funeral Oration. Estia (in Greek).

 King, J.D. (2005).  .

 Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos (Karolidis, Pavlos) (1925), History of the Hellenic Nation (Volume Ab). Eleftheroudakis (in Greek).

 {{cite book|title=The Anatomy of Error: Ancient Military Disasters and Their Lessons for Modern Strategists|last=Ober Josiah|first=Strauss Barry S.|publisher=St Martins Pr|year=1990|isbn=978-0-312-05051-1|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyoferroran00stra}}

 Vlachos, Angelos (1992). Remarks on Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War (Α΄-Δ΄). Volume I. Estia (in Greek).
 Vlachos, Angelos (1974). Thucydides' bias. Estia (in Greek).

Further reading

 Gore Vidal, Creation (novel) for a fictional account of Pericles and a Persian view of the wars.

External links

Biographies
 Britannica 11th Edition
 Peck, Harry Thurston

Pericles and the Athenian democracy
 McConville, Michael. A Critical Analysis of Athenian Democracy

Further assessments about Pericles and his era
 Ash, Thomas. From The Delian League To The Athenian Empire
 Jebb, R.C. The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeos
 Martin, Thomas R. An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander (Pericles' citizenship law)
 Muhlberger, Steve. Periclean Athens
 The Revolt of Samos (Demo Fragmentary Texts)

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Category:429 BC deaths
Category:5th-century BC Athenians
Category:Alcmaeonidae
Category:Ancient Athenian generals
Category:Ancient Greek statesmen
Category:Ancient Greeks who died from disease
Category:Athenians of the Greco-Persian Wars
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Category:Greek culture
Category:Athenian democracy


Jefferson Holt

Jefferson Holt is the founder of Daniel 13 Press and manager of rock band R.E.M. from 1981 to 1996. He has often referred to as the band's "fifth member".

Under the name Vibrating Egg, Holt recorded a 5-song EP on his label Dog Gone Records, which included Mike Mills on bass.

In 1996, Holt and  R.E.M. parted ways, allegedly due to complaints that Holt had a pattern of sexual harassment towards R.E.M.'s support staff. When asked about leaving the band he offered this statement to Chuck Philips L. A. Times staff writer:
"I've agreed to keep the terms of my agreement with R.E.M. confidential, however, 15 years is a long time, and as time passed, our friendships have changed. I think we found as time passed that we have less and less in common.  I've become more interested in other things in life and wanted to spend more time pursuing those interests. I'm happier than I have been in a long time."

Representatives for R.E.M. released a statement that said the band and Holt terminated their relationship by mutual agreement. According to the statement: "The reasons for this decision and terms of the termination are private and confidential, and no further discussion of these matters will be made by any of these parties."

Holt lives with his family in North Carolina, where he collects art and memorabilia, publishes books, and pursues sundry philanthropic interests. Philanthropic interests includes artistic patronage to emerging artists, photographers, musicians, writers, and burlesque performers.

Holt is also the publisher for Daniel 13 Press, publishing photographic books by amateur and professionals.

His mother was Bertha "B" Holt, member of the North Carolina State House of Representatives.  The childhood home of Jefferson Holt, the house of Bertha Holt is featured in 509, limited book edition by Pamela Pecchio.

References to Holt in R.E.M. songs
Holt is referenced in the song "Little America," from 1984's Reckoning album. The song's (and album's) last line, "Jefferson, I think we're lost," was changed to "Washington, I think we're lost" when the song was revived for live shows, as evidenced in a 2007 performance on the 2-CD Live at The Olympia set in 2009.

References
Black, Johnny. Reveal: The Story of R.E.M. Backbeat, 2004.
Sullivan, Denise. R.E.M. Talk about the Passion – An Oral History Da Capo Press, 1998.
Fletcher, Tony. Remarks Remade: The Story of R.E.M. Omnibus Press, 2003.

Citations

Category:Living people
Category:R.E.M. members
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Talent managers
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:People from North Carolina


Rollin' In The Hay

Rollin' In The Hay is an American alternative bluegrass band from Birmingham, Alabama.  The group has self-released six CDs and also has created 15 nationally released instrumental tributes called the ”Pickin’ On” series. The Band is listed in the Alabama Music Hall 0f Fame as “Music Achievers”.

History
Rollin' In The Hay was founded in 1993, and first performed in 1994, starting out in local clubs, including the War Eagle Supper Club in Auburn.  In 2001, they were a featured band on the Pickin' on Widespread Panic: A Bluegrass Tribute album, and they also appeared in the 2002 followup  Pickin' on Travis Tritt: A Tribute.

The band continued to perform around the southern states, while recording and self-releasing six albums.

In 2012, after winning a band contest, the Rollin' in the Hay performed at the Bonnaroo Music Festival.

The band performed at the 2015 Briar Patch Festival in Damascus.

Current members
Rick Carter- Vocals and Guitar
Stan Foster- Vocals and Electric Bass
Johnny (Fontana) Kulinich - Guitar and Mandolin
Leif Bondarenko - Drums

References

External links

 Official website
 Band profile

Category:American bluegrass music groups


Worcester (UK Parliament constituency)

Worcester is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Since 1885 it has elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election; from 1295 to 1885 it elected two MPs.

Boundaries
1918–1950: The County Borough of Worcester.

1950–1983: The County Borough of Worcester, the Borough of Droitwich, and the Rural District of Droitwich.

1983–1997: The City of Worcester, and the District of Wychavon wards of Drakes Broughton, Inkberrow, Lenches, Pinvin, Spetchley, and Upton Snodsbury.

1997–present: The City of Worcester.

The constituency covers the city of Worcester, with (since the 1997 redistribution) exactly the same boundaries as the city.  It borders the Mid Worcestershire constituency to the east, and West Worcestershire to the west.

History
A safe Conservative seat for many years (the Conservatives even narrowly held the seat in the 1945 Labour landslide), Worcester was represented by the high-profile Conservative cabinet minister Peter Walker for three decades, from a by-election in 1961 until he stood down in 1992. Peter Luff held the seat for the Conservatives until 1997, when he moved to the redrawn Mid Worcestershire constituency.

Michael Foster of the Labour Party gained the seat at the 1997 general election.  This can be put down to a combination of Labour's landslide victory nationally, but also to the fact that boundary changes meant the constituency was now solely an urban area; rather than also containing much of the surrounding countryside.

Peter Walker's son, Robin Walker, was elected as the Conservative MP at the 2010 general election. The constituency is marginal and was selected as a "target" by the Labour Party in 1997, and by the Conservative Party in 2010.

Many political commentators and journalists look on Worcester as having the demographic statistics which most closely mirror those in the United Kingdom as a whole. As such the term "Worcester woman" has come into use as a description for a typical swing voter.

Members of Parliament
 Constituency created in 1295

MPs 1660–1885

MPs since 1885

Elections

Elections in the 2010s

Elections in the 2000s

Elections in the 1990s

Elections in the 1980s

Elections in the 1970s

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in the 1950s

Elections in the 1940s

Elections in the 1930s
General Election 1939/40:
Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected;
Conservative: Crawford Greene
Liberal: Richard Fairbairn
Labour: James Ferguson

Elections in the 1920s

Elections in the 1910s

Elections in the 1900s

Elections in the 1890s

Elections in the 1880s

Elections in the 1870s

 Caused by Sheriff's death.

Elections in the 1860s

 Caused by Laslett's resignation

Elections in the 1850s

 Caused by Rufford's resignation.

Elections of the 1840s

 Caused by Wilde's appointment as Attorney-General for England and Wales

See also
 List of Parliamentary constituencies in Herefordshire and Worcestershire
 Worcester woman

Notes and references

Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Worcestershire
Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Worcestershire (historic)
Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1295


List of sandwiches

This is a list of notable sandwiches. A sandwich is a dish consisting of one or more pieces of bread with one or more fillings between them, or one slice in the case of an open sandwich. Sandwiches are a common type of lunch food often eaten as part of a packed lunch. There are many types of sandwiches, made from a diverse variety of ingredients. The sandwich is the namesake of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, a British statesman.

Major types of sandwich include:
 Two slices of bread with other ingredients between
 Two halves of a baguette or roll with other ingredients between
 Club sandwich
 Hero, hoagie, or submarine sandwich
 Open-faced sandwich
 Pocket sandwich

Sandwich cookies and ice cream sandwiches are generally not considered sandwiches in the sense of a bread-containing food item, but are named by analogy.

Sandwiches

See also

 Hot dog variations
 List of American sandwiches
 List of bread dishes
 List of hamburgers
 List of submarine sandwich restaurants
 Sandwich bread
 Soup and sandwich

References

*
Sandwiches
sandwiches


Denis Caulfield Heron

Denis Caulfield Heron LL.D QC (16 February 1824, Newry County Down – 15 April 1881, Lough Corrib, County Galway) was an Irish lawyer and politician, who was Catholic Liberal MP for Tipperary, and a senior legal adviser to the English Crown. He was born in Newry, County Down, the eldest son of William Heron, a merchant, and his wife Mary Maguire of Enniskillen. He was educated at Downside Abbey, Stratton-on-the-Fosse, and proceeded to Trinity College Dublin, where he was elected a Scholar.

In December 1845 Heron was the subject of a celebrated hearing at Trinity College Dublin. Heron had previously been examined and, on merit, declared a scholar of the college but had not been allowed to take up his place due to his religion. Heron appealed to the Courts which issued a writ of mandamus requiring the case to be adjudicated by the Archbishop of Dublin and the Primate of Ireland.<ref>The Times''', Important Collegiate Question., Denis C. Heron 13 December 1845; pg. 3, column E</ref> The decision of Richard Whately and John George Beresford was that Heron would remain excluded from Scholarship.

In 1848 he received his law doctorate, and was called to the Bar. By 1852 Heron was professor of jurisprudence and political economy at Queen's College, Galway. In July 1860 he was appointed Queen's Counsel. He became a Bencher of the King's Inn in 1872. He was Law Adviser to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1866 to 1868 in which capacity he was much occupied with prosecuting the trials that followed the Fenian Rising of 1867. In 1880 became Third Serjeant-at-law (Ireland). His death the following year put a premature end to a brilliant career.

In the 1869 by-election for Tipperary constituency, Heron was defeated by 1054 to 898 votes by the incumbent, Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa. However the election was declared invalid because Rossa was an imprisoned felon and, in the second election, Heron defeated the Fenian candidate and was returned to the Commons. He held Tipperary until 1874.

He was the author of Constitutional History of the University of Dublin (1847), An Introduction to the History of Jurisprudence (1860), and Principles of Jurisprudence'' (1873). He was a long-standing member of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, and served as its Vice-President for several years.

Denis Caulfield Heron, who was a keen sportsman, died suddenly of a heart attack while he was salmon fishing in the Corrib River in County Galway in April 1881. He was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery; almost all the leading legal Irish legal and political figures attended the funeral. He had married Emily FitzGerald, youngest daughter of David and Catherine FitzGerald, and sister of John FitzGerald, Baron FitzGerald; she predeceased him. They had no children.

References

External links

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Category:Academics of NUI Galway
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Category:Irish Liberal Party MPs
Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Tipperary constituencies (1801–1922)
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Category:UK MPs 1868–1874
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Piletosoma novalis

Piletosoma novalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866. It is found in Brazil.

References

Category:Moths described in 1866
Category:Pyraustinae


Saginaw Spirit

The Saginaw Spirit is a major junior ice hockey team based in Saginaw, Michigan. They are members of the West Division of the Western Conference of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), one of the Major Junior leagues of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL).

History
The Saginaw Spirit were born when Dick Garber, the owner of several local automobile dealerships, purchased the North Bay Centennials and moved the team to Saginaw after the 2001–02 season. Saginaw Spirit was named by an elementary school student attending Handley Elementary after a contest was held to name the new coming team.

The team traces its roots back to St. Catharines, Ontario, where it played as the Falcons, Teepees, and Black Hawks from 1943–1976. It won two Memorial Cup championships as the Teepees, in 1954 and 1960. In 1976, the franchise moved to nearby Niagara Falls, where it was known as the Flyers. In 1982, the team was moved again, this time to North Bay, and renamed the Centennials, where it remained until moving to Saginaw in 2002.

The Spirit have done extensive promotions in the Mid-Michigan area, increasing their fan base and season ticket-holder numbers. The Spirit have one of the highest attendance rates in the Ontario Hockey League.

After three rebuilding seasons the Spirit clinched their first playoff berth on March 2, 2006, but lost in the first round to the Guelph Storm. Led by Todd Watson, they made the playoffs the following two seasons, but lost to the division rival Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds both times, in six games in 2007 and in four games in 2008. In 2009, the Spirit won their first playoff series since relocating to Saginaw, sweeping Guelph in four games. They were then swept in the second round by the London Knights.

On December 29, 2013, the Spirit and the Windsor Spitfires played the first ever outdoor game in Ontario Hockey League history.  The game was played at Comerica Park in Detroit, Michigan.  The Spitfires won the game 6-5 in front of a shortly lived Canadian Hockey League record of 25,749 spectators, surpassed later that night by the London Knights and Plymouth Whalers at the same venue.

Coaches
The first coach in Saginaw Spirit history was Dennis Desrosiers. He was well known to local fans, with many years of hockey experience in Michigan. As a player, he spent 10 years for the Saginaw Gears (IHL), and spent time coaching the Flint Generals, Saginaw Generals & Kalamazoo Wings all in Michigan.

List of coaches. Numbers of seasons in parentheses.

2002–03 – Dennis Desrosiers (2)
2003–04 – Dennis Desrosiers / Moe Mantha
2004–05 – Doug Lidster / Bob Mancini
2005–07 – Bob Mancini (3)
2007–11 – Todd Watson (5)
2011-12 – Todd Watson / Greg Gilbert
2012–16 – Greg Gilbert fired mid-season
2016 – Moe Mantha (interim)
2016–17  – Spencer Carbery
2017–18  – Troy Smith
2018–present – Chris Lazary

Players

Award winners
2003–04 – Patrick McNeill, Jack Ferguson Award - 1st overall OHL Priority Draft Selection
2005–06 – Ryan Daniels, F.W. "Dinty" Moore Trophy - Best Rookie GAA
2005–06 – Craig Goslin, OHL Executive of the Year
2006–07 – Tom Pyatt, William Hanley Trophy - Most Sportsmanlike Player of the Year
2006–07 – Craig Goslin, OHL Executive of the Year
2011-12 – Brandon Saad, William Hanley Trophy - Most Sportsmanlike Player of the Year
2011-12 – Greg Gilbert, Matt Leyden Trophy - Coach of the Year
2015-16 – Will Petschenig, Dan Snyder Memorial Trophy - Humanitarian of the Year

Retired numbers
89 – Vincent Trocheck

NHL alumni

Cody Bass
Paul Bissonnette
Chris Breen
T. J. Brodie
Ben Chiarot
Matt Corrente
Filip Hronek
John McFarland
Jan Mursak
Ryan O'Marra
Jamie Oleksiak
Geoff Platt
Dalton Prout
Tom Pyatt
Brandon Saad
Michael Sgarbossa
Jordan Szwarz
Chris Thorburn
Vincent Trocheck

Season-by-season results

Regular season
Legend: OTL = Overtime loss, SL = Shootout loss

Playoffs
2002–03 Out of playoffs.
2003–04 Out of playoffs.
2004–05 Out of playoffs.
2005–06 Lost to Guelph Storm 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.
2006–07 Lost to Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.
2007–08 Lost to Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.
2008–09 Defeated Guelph Storm 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.  Lost to London Knights 4 games to 0 in conference semi-finals.
2009–10 Lost to Kitchener Rangers 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.
2010–11 Defeated Guelph Storm 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.  Lost to Windsor Spitfires 4 games to 2 in conference semi-finals.
2011–12 Defeated Sarnia Sting 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.  Lost to London Knights 4 games to 2 in conference semi-finals.
2012–13 Lost to London Knights 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.
2013–14 Lost to Erie Otters 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals.
2014–15 Lost to Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.
2015–16 Lost to Erie Otters 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.
2016–17 Out of playoffs.
2017–18 Lost to Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.
2018–19 Defeated Sarnia Sting 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals.  Defeated Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds 4 games to 2 in conference semi-finals.  Lost to Guelph Storm 4 games to 3 in conference finals.

Uniforms and logos
The Saginaw Spirit logo depicts an American bald eagle with the colors of the Stars and Stripes along its neck, on the words "Saginaw Spirit." The uniform scheme is similar to that previously used by the U.S.A. national team. The home jerseys are white backgrounds with navy blue sleeves and red trim. The away jerseys are navy blue backgrounds with red sleeves and white trim. The Saginaw third jersey has a red background with navy blue sleeves and white trim, bearing across the chest the word "Saginaw" spelled diagonally downwards from left to right.

Mascots
Saginaw's main mascot is "Sammy Spirit," resembling an American bald eagle. The team held a vote on their website to name a new secondary mascot for the 2006–07 season. The mascot was named Steagle Colbeagle the Eagle after Stephen Colbert. Colbert had promoted the contest on his show, The Colbert Report. After naming the mascot after Colbert, the Spirit won seven straight games before losing to the Sarnia Sting on October 20. Since then, The Colbert Report had featured ongoing comedy sketches related to the team, the mascot, and other teams in the Ontario Hockey League, especially the Oshawa Generals, and Oshawa, Ontario mayor John Gray. At one game, Spirit fans threw copies of General Motors' annual report, a reference to the fact that GM, the Generals sponsor, having poor earnings at the time.  As a result of losing the game, the mayor of Oshawa created Stephen Colbert day.

Arena
The Spirit play at Wendler Arena (capacity 5,527), which is part of The Dow Event Center complex in downtown Saginaw. The OHL All-Star Classic was hosted here in 2007. This was the first time in history that the OHL All-Star Game was hosted in an American city.  The Arena was formerly home to the Saginaw Gears, Saginaw Generals, Saginaw Hawks, Saginaw Wheels and the Saginaw Lumber Kings. The general manager is local high school hockey legend Matt Blasy.
Capacity = 5,527
Ice size = 192' x 85'

Wendler Arena The OHL Arena & Travel Guide

Radio and TV
Games can be heard live on WSGW-FM (100.5 FM) with Joey Battaino on play-by-play joined by Dennis Desrosiers and Domenic Papa on color commentary.

Reruns of games can be viewed on WNEM-DT2 ("WNEM TV5 Plus"). All games can be seen live online on OHL Live.

Mid Michigan Spirit

The Saginaw Spirit in partnership with Meijer food stores sponsor the Mid Michigan Spirit, a women's hockey club based in Midland, Michigan. The 16U team took second at the MAHA state tournament during the 2006-2007 season. A 16U team moved up to 19U for the 2007-2008 season and once again took second at the MAHA state tournament in Canton, Michigan on March 9, 2008.

References

External links
www.saginawspirit.com Saginaw Spirit official site
Ontario Hockey League  Official web site
Canadian Hockey League Official web site

Category:Ontario Hockey League teams
Category:Sports clubs established in 2002
Category:Amateur ice hockey teams in Michigan
Category:2002 establishments in Michigan


Skouris

Skouris may refer to:

Vassilios Skouris
Maia Skouris
Diana Skouris


Martin Peninsula

Martin Peninsula () is a peninsula about 96 km (60) mi long and 32 km (20 mi) wide that is ice covered except for a few rock outcrops along its margins, located between Getz Ice Shelf and Dotson Ice Shelf on the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica.  The farthest point of the peninsula is Jacobsen Head.

Delineated from aerial photographs taken by USN Operation Highjump in January 1947. Named by US-ACAN after Col. Lawrence Martin, USA (Ret.), American geographer and authority on Antarctic exploration with the Library of Congress; member of US-SCAN, 1943-46.

Category:Peninsulas of Antarctica
Category:Landforms of Marie Byrd Land


Ovadia

Ovadia is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:

Dvira Ovadia (born 1979), Israeli television personality and interior designer
Moni Ovadia (born 1946), Italian actor, musician, singer, and theatrical author
Robert Ovadia, Australian reporter
Ovadia Eli (born 1945), Israeli politician
Ovadia Hedaya (1889–1969), Israeli rabbi
Ovadia Yosef (1918 or 1920 – 2013), Iraqi-born former Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel

See also
Obadiah (disambiguation)

Category:Hebrew masculine given names
Category:Hebrew-language surnames


Frank "Dusty" Flanagan

Frank "Dusty" Flanagan was an Irish association football player who played for Drogheda United and won the league cup with "the drogs" in 1984. He also was in the team that played Tottenham Hotspur in the UEFA Cup in 1984. He retired from football in 1992.

References

External links
Drogheda United book signing

Category:Republic of Ireland association footballers
Category:Living people
Category:Association footballers not categorized by position
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Tennis at the 2007 Pan American Games – Women's doubles

The women's doubles tournament in tennis at the 2007 Pan American Games was played from July 18 to July 22.  Jorgelina Cravero and Betina Jozami of Argentina were the champions.

Medals

Seeds

  (champions, gold medal)  (quarterfinals)  (semifinals, bronze medal)  (quarterfinals)''

Draw

References
Sports123.com

Women's doubles


Alan Brien

Alan Brien (12 March 1925 – 23 May 2008) was an English journalist best known for his novel Lenin. This took the form of a fictional diary charting Lenin's life from the death of his father to shortly before his own demise in 1924.

Biography
Brien was born in Sunderland and educated at Bede Grammar School, and Jesus College, Oxford. He served in the Royal Air Force during World War II.

During his career in journalism, Brien worked as a theatre and film critic, columnist and foreign correspondent for a variety of publications, most notably The Sunday Times, Punch, the New Statesman and The Observer. During the 1960s he appeared on TV as a regular on "Three After Six". The three in question were Benny Green, Dee Wells and Brien. The programme would discuss the days news and current affairs.

Brien was married to the British journalist and feminist writer Jill Tweedie.

Personal life and death
Brien died on 23 May 2008, survived by his fourth wife, the writer Jane Hill, with whom he had shared an ancient cottage in Highgate Village.

References

External links
Obituary: Guardian
Obituary: Independent

Category:1925 births
Category:2008 deaths
Category:People from Sunderland, Tyne and Wear
Category:English male journalists
Category:British theatre critics
Category:English film critics
Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Category:People educated at Bede Grammar School for Boys
Category:Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Category:English male novelists
Category:20th-century English novelists
Category:20th-century British male writers


Dusé Mohamed Ali

Dusé Mohamed Ali (Bey Effendi) (21 November 1866 – 25 June 1945)
(دوسي محمد علي) was a Sudanese-Egyptian actor and political activist, who became known for his African nationalism. He was also a playwright, historian, journalist, editor, and publisher. In 1912 he founded the African Times and Orient Review, later revived as the African and Orient Review, which published in total through 1920. He lived and worked mostly in England, with time in the United States and Nigeria. In the latter location, he founded the Comet Press Ltd, and The Comet newspaper in Lagos.

Early life
Ali was born in 1866 in Alexandria, Egypt. His father, Abdul Salem Ali, was an officer in the Egyptian Army. His mother was Sudanese. He received his early training in Egypt, but at the age of 9 or 10, his father arranged for him to go to England to be educated, His father died in 1882 while serving at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir in Egypt. After that, the younger Ali, then 16, was forced to return to Egypt. After settling affairs with his father's estate, Ali returned to England. As the ward of Canon Berry, he pursued studies at King's College London.

Ali had originally intended to study as a doctor and had started on related studies before his father's death. Afterward he wanted to write and act. On completing his studies at the University of London,

Actor and playwright
Ali was in the company of Herbert Beerbohm Tree and in Lillie Langtry's production of Antony and Cleopatra at the Royal Princess Theatre, London.

As an actor, Ali toured the British Isles. He produced Othello and The Merchant of Venice at Hull, Yorkshire, in 1902, playing the parts of Othello and the Prince of Morocco. He earned praise from the British press.

He wrote several plays, producing The Jew's Revenge (1903) at the Royal Surrey Theatre in London, A Cleopatra Night (1907) at Dundee, and the Lily of Bermuda (1909), a musical comedy at the Theatre Royal, Manchester. The productions were praised by the British and American press.

His production and performance in A Daughter of Judah (1906), which he first produced in the Glasgow Empire Theatre (GET) received particularly good reviews.

."

Mohamed toured in the United States, where he produced several plays and won recognition as an actor.

In London, he founded the Hull Shakespeare Society, of which Sir Henry Irving was the first President. Representing his political interests and considerable British interest in the Orient, he founded the Anglo-Ottoman Society, London. Its members included Lords Newton, Lamington, Stourton and Mowbray.

In 1915 Ali founded and was Secretary of the Indian Muslim Soldiers' Widows' and Orphans' War Fund. Among its patrons were Consuelo, the Duchess of Marlborough, the Right Hon. D. Lloyd George, Sir Edward Grey, Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord and Lady Newton, the Marquis and Marchioness of Crew, Mrs. H. H. Asquith, Sir Austen and Lady Chamberlain, Lord Curzon, and almost all the members, of the British Cabinet.

Lecturer and journalist
After the First Universal Races Congress held at the University of London in 1911,
Ali, with the help of John Eldred Jones, a journalist from Sierra Leone, in 1912 founded the African Times and Orient Review (ATOR) in London. Financial assistance in launching the paper was given by some West Africans who were temporarily in London, including J. E. Casely Hayford, a journalist and activist; Francis T. Dove and C. W. Betts from Sierra Leone, founded as a British colony; and Dr. Oguntola Sapara from Lagos, Nigeria. The journal advocated Pan-African nationalism. It became a forum for African and other intellectuals and activists from around the world. It attracted numerous contributors, including George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, Annie Besant, Sir Harry H. Johnston, Henry Francis Downing, and William H. Ferris.

The young Marcus Garvey, then studying in London from Jamaica, frequently visited Ali's Fleet Street office and was mentored by him. The journal covered issues in the United States, the Caribbean, West Africa, South Africa, and Egypt. Garvey briefly worked for Ali and contributed an article to the journal's October 1913 issue.

The journal ceased publication in October 1918 during the Great War, after it was banned by Britain in India and its African colonies. It was succeeded by the African and Orient Review, which operated through most of 1920. In Europe Mohamed Ali was considered an authority on Oriental [meaning the Near East at the time] affairs, political and social. Mohamed Ali also contributed to several leading European and American periodicals; his articles were translated and published in Germany, France, Austria, Turkey, Egypt and Japan.

In 1921, following the demise of the African and Orient Review, Ali travelled to the United States, never returning to Britain. In the US he briefly worked with Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) movement. He also contributed articles on African issues to UNIA's the Negro World. He taught in a department of African affairs.

Travels and settlement in Nigeria
Ali first travelled to Nigeria in July 1921. The Lagos community welcomed him at the Shitta Mosque. He returned to Lagos in 1931, primarily to watch over his interests in the cocoa business. He settled in Lagos, where he was appointed editor of the Nigerian Daily Times.

On 3 October 1932, Ali produced the play A Daughter of Pharaoh in the Glover Memorial Hall, Lagos. According to The Nigerian Daily Times, it "set a new standard in Lagos entertainment, introducing real stagecraft."

Before long Ali became editor of the daily Daily Telegraph (Nigeria), having as his immediate assistant Ayo Lijadu (subsequently editor of the Nigerian Daily Times. Expanding his publishing interests, on 27 July 1933 Ali began publication of The Comet, a weekly newspaper. He took great interest in the educational and general welfare of the Muslim community in Lagos.

Following a protracted illness, Mohamed Ali died at the age of 78 in the African Hospital, Lagos, on 25 June 1945. His funeral took place on 27 June 1945. Attendees numbered well over 5,000, including political, social and religious leaders. A short khutba (sermon) in English was delivered by L. B. Agusto, President of the Islamic Society of Nigeria. A short oration in Arabic was also delivered by D. Couri, a friend. A large funeral procession went through the streets to Okesuna Muslim Cemetery, where Ali was buried.

Plays
The Jew's Revenge (1903)
 A Daughter of Judah (1906)
 A Cleopatra Night (1907)
 Lily of Bermuda (1909), musical comedy

Journals and newspapers
Founded African Times and Orient Review (1912) in London; superseded by African and Orient Review (1919)
Founded The Comet newspaper, Lagos, Nigeria

References

Further reading
Ali, Duse Mohamed, "Leaves from an Active Life," The Comet, 1937–1938; The African Times and Orient Review (1912–1918)
Ian Duffield, "Duse Mohamed Ali, Afro-Asian Solidarity and Pan-Africanism in Early Twentieth-Century London", in S. Jagdish and Ian Gundara Duffield, eds, Essays on the History of Blacks in Britain: From Roman Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century (Aldershot: Avebury, 1992).
Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, My Diaries
Ian Duffield, "Duse Mohamed Ali and the Development of Pan-Africanism 1866–1945", unpublished PhD Dissertation, Edinburg University, 1971, complete text online.
Robert A. Hill, ed., Pan-African Biography, UCLA African Studies Center, 1987
Khalil Mahmud, "Introduction", to Duse Mohamed, In the Land of the Pharaohs, reprint 1968)

External links
The Official UNIA-ACL Website
The Global African Community
Pan African Nationalists
Abdelwahid, Mustafa A. The Autobiography of Dusé Mohamed Ali, 1866–1945: A Pioneer of Pan-Africanism and Afro-Asian Solidarity Movements, Africa World Press Books

Category:1866 births
Category:1945 deaths
Category:British male stage actors
Category:Egyptian male stage actors
Category:Egyptian activists
Category:Egyptian journalists
Category:Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League members
Category:Negro World contributors
Category:Alumni of King's College London
Category:British male journalists
Category:British emigrants to Nigeria
Category:Egyptian emigrants to Nigeria
Category:Burials in Lagos State
Category:Nigerian newspaper founders
Category:20th-century Nigerian businesspeople
Category:Nigerian journalists


Prison of Secrets

Prison of Secrets is a 1997 American television film directed by Fred Gerber. The film is based on a true story and focuses on a female prison inmate who fights for women's rights while still in jail.

Plot
Lynn Schaffer is a loving mother and wife, who gets arrested for a crime she did not realize she had committed. She does not take the arrest seriously at first.  Viewing herself as innocent, she goes against the advice of her lawyer to take a plea-bargain. Instead she opts for a trial. Coming as a complete surprise to her, she is convicted, receives the maximum sentence of 10 years and is and sent to a women's prison, leaving behind her husband Larry and daughter Carey. In prison, she has difficulty adjusting to not having any privacy and having to deal with drug addicts and prostitutes but soon finds out that the prison is corrupt, with Sergeant Ed Crang and other prison guards often sexually abusing inmates.

Lynn is determined to stop this, but Larry advises her to not interfere, pointing out that she could be free soon on probation. Lynn tries to take his advice, knowing that tough Angie and Betsy are the only people who are raped. However, when Frannie, one of the few women Lynn befriended, becomes the third victim, she realizes that nobody is safe and decides to fight back. With the help of her husband, who runs a radio station, she informs the media about the corruption.

Sergeant Crang, determined to keep Lynn silent, watches her every move, prohibits her from receiving visits from her husband and even physically assaults her. To collect proof, Lynn tries to convince fellow inmates to support her, but at first no one is willing to cooperate because they are either afraid of Crang or Angie, who forces the girls to remain silent. Angie has always been profiting from the corrupt system, getting drugs from the police and being released on supervision once a week to prostitute herself.

In the end, Lynn receives a file from a sympathetic female guard with all the evidence she needs. When a senator visits to investigate the rape accusations, Crang and Angie try to keep Lynn from giving the materials to the senator, but with the help of fellow inmates and the female guard, Sheila, Lynn is able to reach the senator. Eventually, more than 20 guards are fired and replaced by female guards. Lynn is allowed to serve the rest of her sentence on house arrest.

Cast
Stephanie Zimbalist as Lynn Schaffer
Finola Hughes as Angie
Gary Frank as Larry Schaffer
Rusty Schwimmer as Carla
Dan Lauria as Sergeant Ed Crang
Kimberly Russell as Frannie
Stephanie Sawyer as Carey Schaffer

References

External links

Category:1997 television films
Category:1990s crime drama films
Category:1990s prison films
Category:American crime drama films
Category:American films
Category:American prison drama films
Category:American television films
Category:Crime films based on actual events
Category:English-language films
Category:Films about sexual abuse
Category:Women in prison films


Miss France 2017

Miss France 2017 was the 87th edition of the Miss France pageant, held on December 17, 2016 at Park&Suites Arena in Montpellier.

It was the first time that the pageant took place in Montpellier and in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.

The ceremony was held at TF1, and was presented by Jean-Pierre Foucault and the national director Sylvie Tellier.

The winner was Miss French Guiana, Alicia Aylies, who gave to her region its first ever Miss France title. The winner succeeded Iris Mittenaere, Miss France 2016 from Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

Results

Preparation
The 30 contestants, Iris Mittenaere and the national director Sylvie Tellier had travelled to Reunion Island from November, 23 to December, 1st.
The rehearsals took place in Montpellier.

The theme of the 2017 event was Le Noël des Miss (The Misses' Christmas).  Each round centered around a different theme related to the celebration of Christmas.

Contestants

Ranking

First round
A jury composed of partners (internal and external) of the company Miss France pre-selects 12 young women, during an interview that took place on 15 December.

Second round
The 50% jury and the 50% public choose the five candidates who can still be elected. A ranking of 1 to 12 is established for each of the two parties.

Last round

Special prizes

Judges
The names of the judges were announced on November, 24 :

Notes about the contestants
 Miss French Guiana, Alicia Aylies, was born in Martinique.
 Miss Île-de-France, Meggy Pyaneeandee, was born in Paris from Mauritians parents.
 Miss Côte d'Azur, Maria Pavelin, was born in Zagreb, Croatia. She decided to withdraw because of a job opportunity. Her first runner-up Jade Scotte took over.
 Miss Languedoc-Roussillon, Aurore Kichenin, has got Reunionese, Polish and Russian origins.
 Miss Reunion Island, Ambre Nguyen, has got Vietnamese origins.
 Miss Lorraine, Justine Kamara, has got Guadeloupian and Guinean origins.
 Miss Limousin, Romane Komar, has got Swedish origins.
 Miss Pays de Loire, Carla Loones, has got Spanish and Flemish origins.
 the original Miss Centre, Loire Valley, Margaux Legrand-Guérineau, withdrew from her title for personal reasons. Her first runner-up Cassandre Joris assumed the title. On November, 4, Legrand-Guerineau announced that she was actually dethroned for some photos which were contrary to the rules of the pageant.
 The medium age of the contestants is 19,9 and the medium height is 1,75 m / 5 ft 9 in.

National and International placements
 French Guiana wins for the first time ever the Miss France pageant.
 Tahiti is placed for fifth consecutive time, for the fifth consecutive time in the top five and for the second consecutive time as second runner-up.
 Alsace is placed for fourth consecutive year.
 Aquitaine is placed for third consecutive year.
 Brittany and Reunion Island are placed for second consecutive year.
 Lorraine is placed for the first time since the Miss France 2009 pageant.
 Normandy is placed for the first time since the Miss France 2011 pageant.
 French Guiana is placed for the first time since the Miss France 2012 pageant.
 Ile-de-France, Guadeloupe and Picardy are placed for the first time since the Miss France 2015 pageant.
Miss Languedoc-Roussillon, Aurore Kichenin placed as a Top 5 Finalist in Miss World 2017, held in Sanya, China.

References

External links

Category:Miss France
Category:2016 in France
Category:December 2016 events in France
Category:2016 beauty pageants


Danny Spradlin

Daniel Ray Spradlin (born March 3, 1959) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and St. Louis Cardinals. He was selected by the Cowboys in the fifth round of the 1981 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Tennessee.

Early years

Spraldin attended Maryville High School in Maryville, Tennessee. He was a three-year starter at linebacker. He received All-State, All-South and Blount County Player of the Year honors as a junior and senior.

He accepted a football scholarship from the University of Tennessee. As a sophomore, he earned a starting outside linebacker spot late in the season. As a junior, he finished second on the team with 102 tackles. As a senior, he led the team with 125 tackles, including a 12 tackle performance against Vanderbilt University.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
Spradlin was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fifth round (137th overall) of the 1981 NFL Draft. His hard hitting allowed him to make the team over fellow rookie Scott Pelluer and the team also traded Bruce Huther to make room for him on the roster. He was a backup at middle linebacker for Bob Breunig.

In 2 seasons, he played in 25 games mostly on special teams, as he struggled learning the Cowboys flex defense. In 1983, he was converted into an offensive lineman, before being traded on August 24 to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, in exchange for a fifth round selection (#113-Steve Pelluer) in the 1984 NFL Draft.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Spraldin was acquired for depth purposes and to play on the special teams units. In 2 seasons, he played in 31 games, starting two in 1983 because of injuries. He was released on August 26, 1985.

St. Louis Cardinals
On September 17, 1985, he was signed as a free agent by the St. Louis Cardinals. He played in seven games during the season.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats

Category:Living people
Category:1959 births
Category:People from Maryville, Tennessee
Category:Players of American football from Tennessee
Category:American football linebackers
Category:Tennessee Volunteers football players
Category:Dallas Cowboys players
Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Category:St. Louis Cardinals (football) players


Gassen

Gassen () is the westernmost of the large islets in Menkeøyane, part of Thousand Islands, a Norwegian archipelago south of Edgeøya.

References

 Norwegian Polar Institute Place Names of Svalbard Database

Category:Islands of Svalbard


WTAY

WTAY 1570 AM is a radio station broadcasting a sports talk format. Licensed to Robinson, Illinois, United States, the station is owned by The Original Company, Inc.

Translators
In addition to the main station, WTAY is relayed by a translator on 94.3 MHz.

References

External links
WTAY Website

Radio Locator Information for W232DC

TAY
Category:Sports radio stations in the United States


North American Menopause Society

The North American Menopause Society (NAMS), founded in 1989, is a nonprofit, multidisciplinary organization with the mission of promoting the health and quality of life of women during midlife and beyond through an understanding of menopause and healthy aging. Based in Cleveland, Ohio, NAMS has more than 2,000 members from 51 countries, with 88% of its members from North America.Its membership includes experts from many disciplines such as medicine, nursing, sociology, psychology, nutrition, anthropology, epidemiology, pharmacy, and education.

History
The North American Menopause Society was founded in 1989 by Dr. Wulf Utian, the Arthur H. Bill Professor Emeritus of Reproductive Biology at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and one of the three original Founders of the International Menopause Society. Dr. Utian served as the Executive Director of NAMS from its inception until 2009. Dr. Stephanie Faubion currently serves as the Society's Medical Director and Ms. Carolyn Develen as the Society's Chief Operating Officer.

Resources and publications
In 1994 NAMS launched Menopause, a peer-reviewed scientific journal meant to provide a forum for clinical research, applied basic science, and practice guidelines on all aspects of menopause. The scope of Menopause encompasses many varied biomedical areas, including internal medicine, family practice, obstetrics, gynecology, medical subspecialties such as cardiology and geriatrics, epidemiology, pathology, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and pharmacology. Additional professional educational material provided by NAMS includes the textbook Menopause Practice: A Clinician's Guide; position statements on hormone therapy, management of menopausal symptoms, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and other topics; an annual scientific conference; and the e-mail newsletters First to Know, Menopause Care Updates, and Menopause e-Consult.

NAMS also releases consumer educational materials such as the print resource The Menopause Guidebook and the e-mail newsletter Menopause Flashes. Other educational resources related to menopause can be found at the NAMS website menopause.org.

NAMS Certified Menopause Practitioner program
The North American Menopause Society has developed an opportunity for licensed healthcare providers to demonstrate their expertise by passing a competency exam and becoming credentialed as a NAMS Certified Menopause Practitioner or NCMP. NAMS provides a listing of NCMP-credentialed clinicians on its public website.

See also
EMAS, The European Menopause and Andropause Society
The Endocrine Society
International Osteoporosis Foundation
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
American College of Physicians
Women's health
Menopause
Hot flash

References

External links
General
NAMS Official Website
NAMS Certified Menopause Practitioner Directory

Video
 NAMS YouTube Channel

Category:Medical and health organizations based in Ohio
Category:Obstetrics and gynaecology organizations
Category:Organizations established in 1989
Category:1989 establishments in Ohio
Category:Organizations based in Cleveland


Talanga FC

Talanga FC is a South Sudanese football club located in Juba, South Sudan which currently plays in the South Sudan Football Championship.

Stadium
Currently the team plays at the 12000 capacity Juba Stadium.

Honours

Performance in CAF competitions

References

External links
Team profile

Category:Football clubs in South Sudan


HMS Frolic

Five vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Frolic.

 The first  was an 18-gun 384 ton brig-sloop in service from 1806 to 1813. See also Capture of HMS Frolic.
 The second  was a 10-gun 236 ton brig-sloop launched in 1820 and sold 1838.
 The third  was a 16-gun 511 ton sloop launched in 1842 and sold 1864.
 The fourth  was a composite screw gunboat launched in 1872. Converted to a drillship in 1888. Renamed WV.30 on conversion to a Coastguard watchvessel in 1893 and renamed WV.41 in 1897. Sold in April 1908.
 The fifth  was a Lend-Lease  launched in 1943, returned to the United States Navy in 1947, and in turn sold to the Turkish Navy, serving as  until 1986.

References

Category:Royal Navy ship names


Upper Rissington

Upper Rissington is a village and civil parish in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, England. It is located about two-and-a-half miles east of Bourton-on-the-Water and is one of the highest villages in the Cotswolds at an elevation of 275 m.  The village is on the former site of the Central Flying School and the airfield is still the active RAF site of RAF Little Rissington.  Some of its housing was built as officers' quarters from the 1930s to the 1950s.  These were sold by the Ministry of Defence in 1996 to developers, who modernised the properties and sold them on.  The street names give a clue to the village's former life, having names such as Sopwith Road and Avro Road.  The village has since been greatly expanded with many new houses built on the site of the old RAF hangars and ancillary buildings.  Several of the buildings of architectural importance such as the Station HQ and the Officers Mess have been retained and converted into housing.  The village is enhanced by the large numbers of mature trees planted by the first Station Commander which are now all protected.

According to the Gloucestershire Mid-2004 Ward and Parish Population Estimates it had a population of 994.  According to the Local Insight Profile it had a population of 1040 in 2014 but this has since grown rapidly due to the new housing.  The village is one of the youngest and most dynamic communities in the Cotswolds with 30% of the population under 18  Once famed for its social life in the old ballroom when it housed hundreds of young trainee pilots, the new village is now well known locally for community events such as its firework displays and football training.

Local churches have come together to start Cur:Ve a Christian group in the village focused on building the new community as well as introducing people to Jesus.  Cur:Ve employ a full time worker focused on starting community activities such as sports and children's groups.

Local amenities
A mini shopping mall has been constructed as part of the new development which includes a MidCounties Co-operative Society shop, Badham's Pharmacy, The Hangar café, Runner Bean gym and a Barnado's charity shop.  There is also a village hall, a primary school, tennis courts, football pitches and many green spaces around the village.  The village is within the catchment of the Cotswold School "the Comprehensive School of the Year 2015/16" according to the Sunday Times.

Governance
The village has its own Parish Council.  The village is the most populous area of the 'Rissingtons' district council electoral ward. This ward starts in the south at Great Rissington and stretches north to Icomb. The total population taken at the 2011 census was 2,103.  The village is in the Stow-on-the-Wold county council electoral division and is one of the three largest population centres, along with Stow and Moreton-in-Marsh.

References

External links

 Upper Rissington:
 RAF Little Rissington

Category:Villages in Gloucestershire
Category:Cotswold District