Thamiaraea hospita

Thamiaraea hospita  is a species of rove beetles native to Europe.

References

Category:Staphylinidae
Category:Beetles described in 1844
Category:Beetles of Europe


Camilo Vargas

Camilo Andrés Vargas Gil () (9 March 1989) is a Colombian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Club Atlas.

Career

Deportivo Cali
After being loaned out to Deportivo Cali from July 2016 to July 2017, and later the 2018 season, Deportivo Cali confirmed that they had redeemed the player's purchase option and signed a contract until 2021 with the goalkeeper.

Atlas
On 6 July 2019, Vargas was confirmed as a new player of Club Atlas.

International career
Since the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, Vargas has been consistently called up for the Colombia national football team squad by manager José Pekerman. However, despite being named for the world cup squad, he made his debut against El Salvador at the Red Bull Arena in New Jersey on 10 October 2014, in which Colombia won the match 3-0.

In May 2018 he was named in Colombia's preliminary 35 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.

Career statistics

International

Honours
Independiente Santa Fe
Categoría Primera A: 2012-I, 2014-II
Copa Colombia: 2009
Superliga Colombiana: 2013

Atlético Nacional
Categoría Primera A: 2015-II

References

External links

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Bogotá
Category:Colombian footballers
Category:Categoría Primera A players
Category:Argentine Primera División players
Category:Liga MX players
Category:Independiente Santa Fe footballers
Category:Atlético Nacional footballers
Category:Argentinos Juniors footballers
Category:Deportivo Cali footballers
Category:Atlas F.C. footballers
Category:Colombia youth international footballers
Category:2014 FIFA World Cup players
Category:2015 Copa América players
Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players
Category:2019 Copa América players
Category:Colombia international footballers
Category:Colombia under-20 international footballers
Category:Colombian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Argentina
Category:Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Category:Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Association football goalkeepers who have scored


Bryner

Bryner may refer to:

Surname
Lilian Bryner, Swiss female racing driver
Hans Bryner, Swiss former Olympic sailor

Given name
Cadwaladr Bryner Jones, leading figure in Welsh agricultural education

See also
Yul Brynner


Nalanchira

Nalanchira is a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram, formerly known as Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala State in India. It is an educational hub of Kerala, situated between Mannanthala and Paruthippara. Nalanchira is approximately 8 km from the Thiruvananthapuram railway station and 11 km away from Thiruvananthapuram International Airport. The Main Central Road (MC Road) runs through this place. This middle class residential locality is famous for educational and social service institutions. The Nalanchira Bethany Hills were originally owned by a chettiar and was given to Mar Ivanios the founder of Syro-Malankara Catholic (MSC) Church to start an educational institution. The main residential areas are Benedict Nagar, Christian medical centre (CMC) lane, Parakodu lane, Mangalathu Lane, Convent Lane,  Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Puliyoor Gradens, Rose Nagar, Akshaya Gradens, Shawallace Lane, Post Office Lane, Chathiode Lane, Udayannoor Lane, Kurishadi Jn., Anupama Nagar, Bethany Nagar Lane and Jayamatha Lane.

Christians, Hindus and Muslims live in harmony in Nalanchira.

The major churches are St. Thomas Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, St.Mary's Malankara Orthodox Church and St. Peter CSI Church Nalanchira.

Bethany Ashram, the first religious congregation in the Syro Malankara Catholic Church, has a house which was established in 1933 by Servant of God Arch Bishop Mar Ivanios OIC. This house is the mother house of the congregation and the Ashram Chapel is considered as the first church in Trivandrum by the Syrian Christian community. Near to Bethany Ashram, there situates the Provincial House of Bethany Navajeevan Province. At Bethany Nagar Lane there is one of the 'Dayaras' of Bethany Ashram which is also the Minor Seminary of the Congregation. Ashram runs the institutions such as Navajeevan Bethany Vidyalaya (School), Bethany Nature Cure Centre, Bethany College of Physiotherapy and Bethany Students Centre (Hostel for boys).

Udiyannur Shiva Temple is one of the main temples, another major temple is the Eravipuram Sri Krishna Swami Temple.T he Uriyadi festival at this temple on the occasion of Janmashtami attracts devotees from all over the country. Udayannur Shiva Temple is unique among the siva temples by having two siva temples in the same  temple campus. It is one among the oldest Siva temple in the city. Another famous temple is Ezhukanyavoor Devi.

K. Muraleedharan of the United Democratic Front (UDF) is the MLA representing Nalanchira in the state legislative assembly, while Shri Sashi Tharoor represents the area in the Lok Sabha.

Bethany Nature Cure, an ayurvedic treatment and yoga centre, is located here. The Synaxis of the Bethany Ashramam held in the year 1998 decided to divide the congregation into two provinces, namely Bethany Navajeevan Province and Bethany Navajyothi Province (the headquarters) is situated at Bethany Hill, Nalanchira, Trivandrum. The Jayamatha Orphanage, run by Franciscans Christian Missionaries, is also located in Nalanchira.

This suburb is home to several educational institutions such as Mar Ivanios College, Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology, [[Mar gregorios college of law, Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, Mar Theophilus teacher training college, Bethany College, St. John's School, St. Goretti’s School, Jaimatha Institutions, Navajeevan School, Hotel Management College and the Institution for Fire and Safety Engineering. Hospitals include KJK Hospital at Shawallace Lane which specialised in infertility treatment.

References

The official website of St. Thomas  Syrian Malankara Catholic church in Nalanchira is http://stthomaschurchnalanchira.com.

The famous school Sarvodaya Vidyalaya is in Nalanchira(http://www.sarvodayavidyalaya.edu.in)

Category:Suburbs of Thiruvananthapuram


Ultimate End

Ultimate End was a 2015 limited series by Marvel Comics, a tie-in for the Secret Wars crossover. It was written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Mark Bagley, and was the final comic book set in the Ultimate Marvel imprint.

Plot
Several heroes of the Ultimate Marvel and the mainstream Marvel universes are in the same city. In many cases, this means multiple versions of a same character. It is not clear what event caused it, but the Thor corps forbid any investigation or attempt to fix things. The conflict escalates into an open fight between the characters from both universes, which is stopped by Miles Morales. Morales explains that the universes have been merged and kept merged on purpose by the nigh-omnipotent Dr. Doom, as a punishment for the previous times the heroes had stopped him. The fight is halted, and the heroes of both universes prepare for a fight against Doom.

Creation
The Ultimate Marvel imprint was created in 2000, and lasted for 15 years. It had a fictional universe of its own, unconnected to the Marvel Universe of the rest of Marvel's comic books. The Secret Wars crossover was created to merge both universes into a single one, and end the imprint. Marvel PR's Chris D'Lando tasked it to writer Brian Michael Bendis and penciller Mark Bagley, who started the imprint with Ultimate Spider-Man. Bendis joked that he would hand the script soaked in tears. He said that the miniseries was not just a tie-in for Secret Wars, but an actual comic book event inside of another, and that it may have taken place anyway. He also pointed that he was glad that, with the miniseries, he could give a proper closure to the stories of most characters.

The series was first announced with a teaser image by Bendis, titled "the end", and starring the main characters of the Ultimate Marvel imprint, such as Ultimate Spider-Man, X-Men and Nick Fury. However, the teaser was misleading at the time, as several miniseries titled "the end" had been published in recent years. The layout of the image was similar to the cover of the first issue of Marvel Super Hero Contest of Champions, from 1982.

The ending of the story features Miles Morales living in the mainstream Marvel Universe, setting up the new Spider-Man comic book. The cast of the Ultimate Spider-Man comics is kept as well, including Morales' mother, who had been killed in an older story arc.

Reception
Matt Little of CBR praised the fact that the miniseries could be understood easily as a stand-alone read, without requiring much familiarity with the Secret Wars main plot. He also welcomed the inclusion of the Ultimate versions of Cloak and Dagger, and pointed out the slow pace of the narrative, a common technique for Bendis.

References

Category:2015 in comics
Category:Comics by Brian Michael Bendis
Category:Secret Wars
Category:Ultimate Marvel titles


Əliquluuşağı

Əliquluuşağı (also, Alikulikyand, Alikuliushagy, and Alikuluushagly) is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan. Nerkin Khndzoresk is located 3.7 nm due north.

References

Travelpost Entry

Category:Populated places in Qubadli District


HNLMS K XVIII

K XVIII was one of five K XIV class submarines built for the Royal Netherlands Navy. She served during World War II.

Service history
The submarine was laid down in Rotterdam at the shipyard of Fijenoord on 10 June 1931. The launch took place on 27 September 1932.
On 23 March 1934 the boat was commissioned in the Dutch navy. From 20 June to 1 August 1934 K XVIII, , ,  and  made a trip to the Baltic Sea. The ports of Gdynia, Königsberg, Riga and Copenhagen were visited.

On 14 November 1934 the boat was sent to the Dutch East Indies, where she arrived on 11 July 1935 in Surabaya. During this journey Felix Andries Vening Meinesz conducted gravity measurements, as he had previously done aboard the  in the Caribbean. On 6 September 1938 she participated in a fleet show at Surabaya. The show was held in honor of the Dutch Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands who celebrating her fortieth year as head of state. More than twenty navy ships participated in the show.

In the war K XVIII sank several Japanese ships. On 24 January 1942 the boat was severely damaged by Japanese depth charges and was forced to return to Surabaya to be repaired. While still under repair at Surabaya she was scuttled on 2 March 1942 in order to prevent the Japanese from capturing the boat. K XVIII was raised by the Japanese in 1944 and converted into an air warning picket hulk and deployed in the Madura Strait. On 16 June 1945 the hulk was sunk by the British submarine Taciturn.

Summary of raiding history
Ships sunk and damaged by K XVIII.

References

Category:1932 ships
Category:Ships built in the Netherlands
Category:K XIV-class submarines
Category:Scuttled vessels
Category:Naval ships of the Netherlands captured by Japan during World War II
Category:Ships sunk by British submarines
Category:Maritime incidents in March 1942
Category:Submarines sunk by submarines


Qila

Quila (), (, ), alternatively spelled Qala or Kala, is a Persian word meaning a fort or castle. Qala is used in names of places as a prefix in Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, Pakistan and Palestine:

Examples of forts called Qila
India
Aligarh Qila
Rohtas Qila
Allahabad Qila
Chittorgarh Qila
Gohad Qila
Hatras Qila
Lal Qila (Agra)
Lal Qila - literally Red Fort in Delhi, India
Purana Qila, Delhi
Qila Rai Pithora, Delhi, established 12th-century
Qila Mubarak
Sasni Qila
Shahi Qila, Jaunpur
Pakistan
Shahi Qila, Lahore

Qila is also used in placenames, such as
Georgia
Narikala
India
Qila Raipur
Pakistan
Arkot Qila
Azim Qila
Besham Qila
Hisara Kasan Ali Qila
Hisara Sarbiland Khan Qila
Khuni Qila
Mughal Qila
Sakhakot Qila in Malakand Agency
Sāsoli Qila
Qila Didar Singh
Qila Ladgasht
Qila Mihan Singh
Qila Safed
Qila Saifullah in Balochistan
Qila Sheikhupura
Qila Tara Singh
Qila Sobha Singh
Qila Sura Singh
Palestine
Qila, Hebron

See also
 Kala (disambiguation), alternative spelling of Qila
 Qala (disambiguation), alternative spelling of Qila

Category:Castles by type
Category:Fortifications in Iran
Category:Fortifications in Turkey
Category:Fortifications in Azerbaijan
Category:Fortifications in Pakistan
Category:Fortifications in India


Communist propaganda

Communist propaganda is the scientific, artistic, and social promotion of the ideology of communism, communist worldview and interests of the communist movement. While it tends to carry a negative connotation in the Western world, the term "propaganda" broadly refers to any publication or campaign aimed at promoting a cause and is/was used for official purposes by most communist-oriented governments. Rooted in Marxist thought, the propaganda of communism is viewed by its proponents as the vehicle for spreading their idea of enlightenment of working class people and pulling them away from the propaganda of who they view to be their oppressors, that they claim reinforces exploitation, such as religion or consumerism.

A Bolshevik theoretician, Nikolai Bukharin, in his The ABC of Communism wrote:
The State propaganda of communism becomes in the long run a means for the eradication of the last traces of bourgeois propaganda dating from the old régime; and it is a powerful instrument for the creation of a new ideology, of new modes of thought, of a new outlook on the world.

Theoretical origins

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia defines communist propaganda as being the expression of the essential worldview of the working class and its natural aims and interests defined by its historical position as the social force which will ultimately usher in the epoch of communism.

According to communist theory, the history of all society has been the history of class struggle and with each phase of this struggle comes a new set of social relationships that dictate the direction of society's development and, fundamentally, the system of producing and distributing goods and services. Arising from the creation of surplus during the neolithic revolution, the unequal distribution of this surplus has been reinforced by the state which represents the interests of the ruling class of the time. While all societies and civilizations have had their own unique history of development, they each pass through six distinctive stages of economic relationships sharing common characteristics, these being: primitive communism (hunter-gatherer societies), slavery, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, and finally a return to communism in a highly advanced form which is considered to be the epoch of humanity having become fully civilized.

Communist propaganda accordingly serves the same purpose as all its predecessor propaganda: to ideologically enforce the legitimacy of the working class (those who derive a living from selling their labor) as the ruling class of society. Within this context, the main counter-propaganda is bourgeois propaganda, or propaganda that promotes the rule of the capitalist class (those who derive a living from privately owning property and capital assets). Communist propaganda is defined as a scientifically based system of the dissemination of the communist ideology with the purpose of education, training and organizing of the masses.

Purposes

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia identifies the following functions of communist propaganda:
The link of the Communist Party with the working class and other working people
Incorporation of scientific socialism into the worker movements and revolutionary activities of the masses
Unification and organization of national divisions of the workers', communist, and democratic movements
Coordination of the activities of the above-mentioned movements, exchange of information and experience
Expression of the public opinion of the working class, working people, their needs and interests
Spread opposition to the bourgeois and revisionist propaganda
Dissemination of statistical data about socialist society (i.e., the one of a communist state).

Targets

As a common trait of any propaganda and its analogue, advertising, communist propaganda's goals and techniques are tuned according to the target audience. The most broad classification of targets is:
Domestic propaganda of the communist states
External propaganda of the communist states
Propaganda of the communist supporters outside the communist states

A more detailed classification of specific targets (workers, peasants, youth, women, etc.) may be found in the Communist Party documents, usually presented at the  Congresses of the Communist Party.

Techniques

Use of Marxist ideology

The creation of the Soviet Union was presented as the most important turning event in human history, based on the Marxist theory of historical materialism. This theory identified means of production as chief determinants of the historical process. They led to the creation of social classes, and class struggle was the 'motor' of history. The sociocultural evolution of societies had to progress inevitably from slavery, through feudalism and capitalism to communism. Furthermore, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union became the protagonist of history, as a "vanguard of the working class", according to development of this theory by Vladimir Lenin. Hence the unlimited powers of the Communist Party leaders were claimed to be as infallible and inevitable as the history itself. It also followed that a worldwide victory of communist countries is inevitable.

Class struggle played a central role in the social policies of the USSR and socialist countries, all of which constitutionally outlined the supremacy of the working class in dictating society's development towards communism. Other classes with interests hostile to those of the working class were subjected to repression. This primarily focused on capitalists, including anyone who derived their living from privately owning property or capital assets. In the USSR, which was founded on a class alliance between workers and peasants, a neo-capitalist class emerged by the 1930s as a result of the New Economic Policy introduced after the end of the civil war. Among the peasants, this new class (called Kulaks) accumulated disproportionately large amounts of wealth through merchant trading and small capital practices. Under Joseph Stalin, the government began to crack down on the Kulaks, to which their resistance was met with violent repression in what could arguably considered a second civil war. Kulaks who resisted the socialization of their assets, along with anyone who collaborated with or fought for them, were punished with imprisonment, deportation to Siberia, or even execution. Lev Kopelev, who was personally involved in actions against villagers deprived of food for collaborating with Kulaks explained his motivation:

"It was excruciating to see and hear all this. And even worse to take part in it.... And I persuaded myself, explained to myself. I must not give in to debilitating pity. We were realizing historical necessity. We were performing our revolutionary duty. We were obtaining grain for our socialist Fatherland. For the Five Year Plan. Our goal was the universal triumph of the Communism, and for the sake of that goal everything was permissible - to lie, to steal, to destroy hundreds of thousands and even millions of people... everyone who stood in the way".

The violence that characterized the forced collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union eventually ended in the final years of the 1930s with the defeat of the Kulaks and their demise. By the 1950s, agriculture was entirely collectivized and the peasantry ceased to exist, as all agricultural workers held the same essential social relationship to their means of production as other industrial workers thus making them part of a working class.

Polarized values

While somewhat modified since the times of the détente, communist propaganda is centered around a number of polarized dichotomies: virtues of the communist world vs. vices of the capitalist world, such as:
communists are for peace; capitalists are for war
communists are for mutual cooperation; capitalists are for coercive exploitation
communists are for democracy; capitalists are for oligarchy

Still another polarization was focused on the real and alleged essence of various terms, such as "freedom", "democracy",  often counterpointing, e.g.,  "bourgeois democracy" vs.  "true democracy" or "people's democracy". The latter term is seen in the expression "countries of people's democracy" as applied to what are called "communist states" in the West.

Self-criticism
According to Jacques Ellul's book Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes complete propaganda can only be achieved when it is able to win over the adversary, or at least integrate it into the new frame of reference created by propaganda. This was achieved by Soviet propaganda in the self-criticism of its opponents so that the enemy of a regime can be made to declare, while  still the enemy, that the regime was right and any opposition was criminal. The enemy accepts their condemnation as just and converts to a supporter of the regime as a result of totalitarian propaganda.

Means

Communist propaganda was delivered via:
Printed media
Manuals
Newspapers and magazines
Books
Radio and TV broadcasting
Congresses and conferences of various internationational organizations under various communist umbrellas, such as the World Peace Council
Local communist parties and fellow-travellers

Communist manuals
During the years 1938 - 1953 the History of the CPSU(B). Short Course was an obligatory explanation of Soviet ideology. The book was translated into many languages.

Communist periodicals
A number of periodicals were printed by communist states, either exclusively for distribution abroad or with versions tailored for foreign audiences. While the Soviet Union and Communist China were the major contributors, other communist states contributed their share as well. The lists below are for early 1960s compiled by J. Clews. The list contains mostly English language titles, but many of these journals were edited in many languages.

Soviet Union

Culture and Life
International Affairs
Moscow News
The New Times
Oeuvres et opinions
Soviet Film
Soviet Literature
Soviet Union
Soviet Woman, in Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, French, German, Hindi, Hungarian, Japanese, Korean and Spanish
Femmes de nous jours
Sputnik - not allowed in GDR and Cuba during glasnost.

People's Republic of China
China Pictorial
China Reconstructs
Peking Review
People's China
China's Sports
Women in China
Evergreen

Other
(Partial list)
 Arabic
People's Republic of Poland
Daily News
Demokratis
Polish Review
 Chile
 Acción Proletaria
 El Siglo
 Remolino Popular
Czechoslovakia
In the Heart of Europe
Czechoslovak Life
Czechoslovak Woman
Bulgaria
Bulgaria Today
New Bulgaria (in English, French, Arabic)
East Germany
Al Najallah (for Arabic-speaking countries)
GDR REview
Democratic German Report
Jena Review
Saut- as-Sadaka (Arabic)
Voix de l'Amitie (French, for Africa)
Picture News (English, for Asia)
Echo d'Allemagne (French)
North Korea
Korea Today
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Periodical)
Socialist Republic of Romania
Scînteia

Radio broadcasting

A 1952 article "Communist broadcasts to Italy" reported that as of June 1952 the total communist radio broadcast to Italy amounted to 78 hours per week, as compared to 23 hours of the Voice of America and BBC, noting that Italy occupied a pivotal position in the East-West conflict of the time. These broadcasts originated not only from Moscow, but also from the countries of the Soviet Bloc, as well as from fake "underground resistance" radios probably located within the Soviet Bloc as well  rather than in the West.

Film and stage
Soviet leaders believed that film was an important tool of propaganda (see Cinema of the Soviet Union). Soviet films helped to create the legends of the revolution: The Battleship Potemkin, October: Ten Days That Shook the World, and The End of St. Petersburg. Roman Karmen was a war cameraman and  film director and one of the most influential figures in documentary film making. Obyknovennyy fashizm (Common Fascism aka A Night of Thoughts or  Triumph Over Violence) (1965) by Mikhail Romm described totalitarian propaganda on the example of Nazism.

In 2007 a high ranking intelligence officer and defector from the Eastern Bloc, Ion Mihai Pacepa, stated that in February 1960, Nikita Khrushchev authorized a covert plan (known as Seat 12) to discredit the Vatican because of its strong anti-communist stance, with Pope Pius XII as the prime target.<ref name="ReferenceA">Follain, John, KGB and the plot to taint 'Nazi pope, The Times, Feb. 18, 2007</ref> As part of that plan General Ivan Agayants, chief of the KGB's disinformation department, created the outline for what was to become the play, The Deputy, which, although fictional, purports to cast doubt on the Pontiff's moral credibility with regard to the Holocaust.Did Pope Pius XII help the Jews? by Margherita Marchione 2007  page 37

International organizations, congresses and festivals

During the Cold War the World Festivals of Youth and Students were held, with some exceptions, in capitals of communist states and were a powerful tool of communist propaganda.

Education

Education in the communist states included a considerable amount of indoctrination, both in special political and philosophical courses and in properly crafted courses of general education: history, geography, world literature, etc. Soviet ideology was taught in the Soviet Union divided into three disciplines: scientific communism, Marxism-Leninism (mostly in the form of Leninism) and communist political economy and was introduced as part of many courses, e.g., teaching Marx' or Lenin's views on topics of science or history. The Soviet format of education was imposed (with varying success) onto other satellite states.

Culture and arts

From the early days of the first communist-ruled state, Soviet Russia, arts were recognized as a powerful means of propaganda and placed under strict control and censorship in all communist states. Lenin and Joseph Stalin were the preferred subjects, although almost all of Stalin's images and monuments were removed and/or destroyed after his death in 1956.

Kukryniksy were three propaganda caricaturists/cartoonists, who attacked all enemies of the Soviet Union.

Financial means

J. Clews cites German, French and British estimates of the early 1960s on the amount of money spent in the world for communist propaganda and political activities in the non-communist world, estimating to about $2,000 million, i.e., about $2 per person outside the communists states, with major spenders being the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.

Perception in the West

The basic aspects of the communist ideology, such as violent means for attaining its goals (revolution), abolition of private property and animosity towards religion were against the traditional values of the Western world and have met with strong opposition, including attempts to make the communist propaganda illegal in some states. For example,
 In 1937, the Canadian province of Quebec enacted the "Padlock Law", which enabled police to prevent the use of any premises for the promotion of communism or Bolshevism.  The Supreme Court of Canada struck down the Padlock Law as unconstitutional in 1957.
In 1962, the U.S. state of Louisiana passed a law  identifying communist propaganda as a subversive activity  and declared that "it shall be a felony for any person to knowingly, willfully and intentionally deliver, distribute, disseminate or store communist propaganda in the state of Louisiana except under the specific exemptions hereinafter provided."

Specific examples
 Propaganda in the Soviet Union
 Propaganda in the People's Republic of China
 Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland
 Propaganda in North Korea
 Propaganda in Cuba
 Agitprop
 Agitprop theatre

See also
 Soviet historiographyCensorship:'''
 Eastern Bloc information dissemination
 Censorship in the Soviet Union

Further reading
 Harry Hodgkinson (1955) Doubletalk (USA title: The language of Communism), Pitman Publishing Hans Koch (1959) Theorie, Taktik, Technik des Weltkommunismus. Eine Zitatensammlung von Marx bis Chruschtschow, Ilmgauverlag, Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm
 Patrick Conley (2012) Der parteiliche Journalist, Metropol, Berlin,
  Ewy Matkowska (2012) Propaganda w NRD. Media i literatura'', Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego, Wrocław,

References

Sources
 John Connelly (2000) "Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech, and Polish Higher Education, 1945-1956",


N'Sigha

N'Sigha (also written Nessirha or En Nessirha ) is a village in the commune of El M'Ghair, in El M'Ghair District, El Oued Province, Algeria. The village is located on the Biskra-Touggourt railway  north of El M'Ghair.

References

Neighbouring towns and cities

Category:Populated places in El Oued Province


Capoeta sieboldii

Capoeta sieboldii,  also called the nipple-lip scraper, is a cyprinid fish species from Turkey. It is widespread and lives in a range of habitats that are at least seasonally connected to rivers or streams. The distribution is from the Sakarya River eastwards, to western Transcaucasia.

References

sieboldii
Category:Fish described in 1864


Gumel

Gumel or Gumal (as the natives call it) is a city and traditional emirate in Jigawa State, Nigeria.

Geography
Gumel is located 120 km northeast of Kano, and lies about 20 km south of Nigeria's northern border with Niger. As of 2007 the estimated population of Gumel was 44,158.

History
The emirate was founded about 1750 by Dan Juma of Kano and his followers from the Mangawa tribe. Shortly after his death in 1754, it became a tributary state of the Bornu kingdom. The emirate survived the Fulani attacks of Usman dan Fodio's jihad in the early 19th century and never became part of the Fulani empire of Sokoto.  The present-day location of Gumel is the result of an 1845 move from the city of Tumbi, located in what is now Niger. The emirate has frequently been at war with the nearby cities of Hadejia, Danzomo, Kano, and Zinder since 1828. The war with Hadejia continued until the death of Gumel's emir, Abdullahi, in 1872. Before Emir Ahmadu accepted British rule in 1903, frequent slave raids from the town of Zinder were common. In 1976 Gumel became part of Kano State, and since 1991 it has been part of Jigawa State near Danzomo, Gagarawa, Sule Tankarkar, and Maigatari.

The current emir of Gumel, HRH Alh. Ahmed Mohammed Sani II (CON) is the 16th emir of Gumel. The emir is a graduate, in political science, of Ohio State University in the United States. He has a younger brother, Abdullahi Muhammad Sani II, who is a graduate of Michigan State University in the United States, with a major in electrical engineering. The emir has been in office since 1981. The emir's palace is accessible only to those invited there by the emir, to members of the royal family, and to officials of the royal court (the emirate council, also called the Majlis).

The Gumel Emirate family tree
Emirs

 1749 - 1754                Dan Juma I dan Musa
 1754 - 1760                Adamu Karro dan Digadiga Karro            (d. 1760)
 1760 - 1777                Dan Juma II dan Digadiga Karro
 1777 - 1804                Maikota dan Adam Karro                    (d. 1804)
 1804 - 1811                Kalgo dan Maikota                         (d. 1811)
 1811 - 1828                Dan Auwa dan Maikota                      (d. 1828)
 1828 - 1851                Muhamman Dan Tanoma dan Maikota           (d. 1851)
 1851 - 1853                Ceri dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma (1st time)
 1853 - 1855                Muhamman Atu dan Dan Auwa
 1855 - 1861                Ceri dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma (2nd time)
 1861 - 1872                `Abd Allahi dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma       (d. 1872)
 1872 - 1896                Abu Bakar dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma         (d. 1896)
 1896 - 1915                Ahmadu dan Abi Bakar
 1915 - 1944                Muhamman na Kota dan Ahmadu               (d. 1944)
 May 1944 - 1981            Maina Muhammad Sani II dan Muhamman na Kota       (b. 1912)
 1981 -                     Ahmad Muhammad Sani II dan Maina Muhammad Sani II

Economy
Gumel acts as the region's primary economic center. Sorghum, millet, and peanuts are collected here and trucked to Kano on a secondary highway where they are exported by rail.

References

Category:Local Government Areas in Jigawa State
Category:Populated places in Jigawa State


U pěti veverek

U pěti veverek  is a 1944 Czechoslovak comedy film, directed by Miroslav Cikán. It stars  Jaromíra Pacová, Jindřich Plachta, and Růžena Nasková.

References

External links
U pěti veverek  at the Internet Movie Database

Category:1944 films
Category:Czechoslovak films
Category:Czechoslovak comedy films
Category:1940s comedy films
Category:Films directed by Miroslav Cikán
Category:Czech films
Category:Czechoslovak black-and-white films


Chloralose

Chloralose (also known as α-chloralose) is an avicide, and a rodenticide used to kill mice in temperatures below 15 °C.  It is also widely used in neuroscience and veterinary medicine as an anesthetic and sedative.

Chemically, it is a chlorinated acetal derivative of glucose.

It is listed in Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC with the classification Harmful (Xn)

Chloralose exerts barbiturate-like actions on synaptic transmission in the brain, including potent effects at inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors.  A structural isomer of chloralose, β-chloralose (also called parachloralose in older literature), is inactive as a GABAA modulator and also as a general anesthetic.

References

Category:Acetals
Category:Polyols
Category:Monosaccharide derivatives
Category:Rodenticides
Category:Avicides
Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Category:Sedatives
Category:General anesthetics
Category:Trichloromethyl compounds


Alitalia Flight 404

Alitalia Flight 404 (AZ404/AZA404) was an international passenger flight scheduled to fly from Linate Airport in Milan, Italy, to Zurich Airport in Zurich, Switzerland, which crashed on November 14, 1990. The Douglas DC-9-32, operated by Alitalia, crashed into the woodlands of Weiach as it approached Zurich Airport killing all 46 people on board.

A Swiss investigation concluded that the crash was caused by a short circuit, which led to the failure of the aircraft's NAV receiver. The malfunction went unnoticed by the crew, who likely believed they were on the correct flight path until the crash. Swiss authorities also blamed inadequate Crew Resource Management experienced when the Captain vetoed the First Officer’s attempted go-around, along with the absence of lighting on Stadlerberg Mountain and a known problem with errors in reading the drum pointer altimeter of the aircraft.

The final report by the Federal Aircraft Accidents Inquiry Board requested several major changes and made further recommendations.

Accident
During the approach to runway 14 of Zurich International Airport, the pilot's instrument landing system (ILS) display gave incorrect values due to a faulty receiver. It falsely indicated that the aircraft was about 1,000 feet higher than it actually was, which also prevented the Ground proximity warning system (GPWS) from reading the situation and sounding a warning. The ILS receiver of the co-pilot was working correctly and displayed the dangerously low approach. Without thoroughly examining which value was correct, the pilot decided to ignore the second device, aborting a go-around maneuver initiated by the co-pilot. Shortly afterward, at 20:11 CET, the plane struck Stadlerberg Mountain at 1,660 feet, killing all 40 passengers and six crew.

The aircraft's first impact was with trees on the right side of the aircraft, causing several essential parts on the right side of the aircraft, such as the right-wing flaps and the outer right wing, to detach. As a result, the aircraft produced an asymmetric lift force and began to roll to the right, finally slamming into the mountain in a nearly inverted position.

Firefighters and police were immediately dispatched to the crash site but the fire was so intense that it took an entire day to put out. Eyewitnesses stated that "the plane was burning like a volcano." Linate Airport immediately set up a crisis center to handle the relatives of the victims aboard the flight.

Aircraft

The aircraft involved in the crash was a Douglas DC-9-32, built-in 1974 with serial number 47641 and the registration number I-ATJA. The aircraft was first delivered to Aero Trasporti Italiani, a subsidiary of Alitalia and was transferred to Alitalia in October 1988. According to investigators, the aircraft had accumulated more than 43,400 cycles and also stated that the aircraft had been inspected 10 days prior to the accident.

Passengers and crews
The aircraft was carrying 40 passengers and 6 crew members. The crew members consisted of two pilots and four flight attendants, all of whom were Italian citizens. Two Japanese officials from the Oki Electric Industry were also on board and many other passengers were laborers heading home after working in Milan's industrial area. A noted passenger onboard was Italian actor Roberto Mariano.

The captain was Raffaele Liberti, 47, a veteran of Alitalia with a total flying time of more than 10,000 hours. The co-pilot was Massimo De Fraia, 28, who had less experience in the plane.

Investigation
Swiss investigators were informed about the accident one hour after the crash. The investigation involved at least 80 Swiss investigators. Additionally, Italian Interior Minister Vincenzo Scotti sent a team of investigators to the crash site along with the United States' NTSB and FAA. Both the Flight Data Recorder and the Cockpit Voice Recorder were recovered from the crash site.

In the initial hours after the accident, several witnesses claimed that the aircraft was on fire before it hit Stadlerberg while others claimed that the aircraft had exploded before it impacted terrain. Josef Meier, a spokesman for Swiss air traffic control authorities stated in a news conference that all possible causes, including terrorism, were being evaluated by the investigators.

Italian news media reported that the mountain was covered with cloud and that there was heavy rain in the area, while Swiss investigators claimed that visibility was good during the accident with light showers occurring at the airport.

On November 16, an official from Swiss investigation team stated that the aircraft was flying at a lower altitude than it should have been: "The plane was 300 meters (990 feet) too low on its approach, and was slightly off course. [The captain] was not following the radio beacon signals." The statement did not say why the plane was too low.

Fatal decision
The first officer had initiated a go-around but the captain aborted it. Investigators working with McDonnell Douglas concluded that, if the captain had not interrupted the go-around, the disaster would have been averted. Investigators believe that the reason for the bad call was because the captain was completely dissatisfied with the first officer's performance during the flight. As a result, the captain showed a lack of trust in his co-pilot.

Stadlerberg Mountain
As Stadlerberg Mountain is relatively far from the runway, per International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards, obstruction lighting was not required. The 2,090 feet (637 meter) tall mountain could not be seen during the night, and thus could endanger flights. This issue had been discussed between Swissair, Swiss airport authorities, and the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) since 1976. Analysis of the cockpit voice recorder did not give any indications that the crew was looking for the cloud-capped mountain during the approach.

NAV Receiver failure
Recordings from the black boxes showed that the navigation instrument, the ADI/HSI, had apparently captured the glideslope. At the time when the glide slope was captured, the aircraft was flying about 1,300 feet below the glide path. Examining the receiver with a microscope, the investigation revealed that during the impact, the glide path indicator had been positioned just above the center "on glide" position, which means that the glide path had been captured. Investigators also revealed that all NAV instruments were following the glide path, although the aircraft was flying below the nominal glide path. At the time, investigators didn't find any defects on the instrument.

Detailed examination of the NAV showed that the NAV mode, during its operation in-flight, can lead to a completely false LOC (horizontal alignment) or GS (vertical alignment) indication ("ON" indication). A small red flag should have appeared on the indicator when the error occurred, but it did not. McDonnell Douglas provided the investigators a letter, which it had sent six years earlier (August 24, 1984) to every operator of DC-8, DC-9, C-9, and MD-80 aircraft equipped with the faulty NAV receiver, which related to the NAV switching failure mode. McDonnell Douglas had held a seminar about the faulty NAV in 1985 in Long Beach, California and Alitalia had sent three pilots there. However, the message from both the letter and the seminar was not transmitted to Alitalia operating crews. They, including the crew of Flight 404, were unaware of the possible false indication.

Cause of NAV Receiver failure
According to McDonnell Douglas, a short circuit or an open circuit in certain models of radio navigation (VOR/ILS) receivers could cause navigation instruments to indicate "zero deviation." Thus, raw data deviation information on the attitude direction indicator, displayed by the flight director bars, and the horizontal situation indicator could center and remain centered with no failure or warning flag in view.

Not only did it fail to warn the pilots about the problem, but this open circuit also prevented the autopilot and the Ground proximity warning system (GPWS) from receiving the proper course and glide path deviation signals, resulting in neither instrument warning about the imminent danger. The autopilot continued to guide the aircraft according to the previously established crew inputs and the GPWS did not sound an alarm since the crew believed that they were on the correct glide path, while in reality, they were not.

As a crosscheck of the system, the captain and the first officer would normally use two separate VOR/LOC receivers for navigation information. However, due to the absence of a warning flag, the captain and the first officer believed that they were on the right track, and later used the NAV switching function to select the malfunctioning VOR/LOC receiver on both panels.

Altimeter misreading

The aircraft was equipped with an older "drum pointer" altimeter. This type of altimeter has several disadvantages; for instance, in certain pointer positions, the needles partially obscure the readout resulting in the inability to accurately determine altitude.

The United States Air Force had noted this altimeter design as problematic in several training and safety reports.

In the previous year, there were several accidents that were caused due to altimeter misreading. NASA research showed that, from a survey of 169 US pilots, 137 pilots said that they had already misread an altimeter at least once, 134 pilots had observed another pilot misreading an altimeter, 85% of the pilots explained that they had noticed that misreading has occurred more than once in the cockpit during their work, and most of the misreading occurred during the approach phase.

The survey then concluded several things, based on the comments from the pilots:
 "This altimeter takes more concentration than should be necessary to read accurately."
 "The small drum window is a complication in the instrument and [is] quite small, often requiring a 'double look' and diverting attention from the needle."
 "Misreads always occur at a lower altitude when pilots split attention between more activities."
 "The most stressful situations produced more misreads."
 "A quick look after [being distracted] can induce a reading of 1,000 feet off if the barrel drum is halfway between thousands."

Investigators stated that the crew of Flight 404 might have misread the altimeter. It is plausible that the captain had misread the altimeter, believing that the outer marker height of 2,650 feet had only been undershot by a small amount. He then intervened the co-pilot's order for a go-around, as he thought that he could attain the correct glide path within a short time with a reduced rate of descent.

Aftermath
Reviewing the chain of events, the investigation board made several recommendations in order to avoid similar scenarios. Improved rules for communication among pilot and co-pilot during landing have been implemented, and possibilities of misreading flight altimeters have been pointed out to pilots. Most importantly, new rules prohibit the aborting of a go-around once it has been initiated, regardless of the rank and function of the crew member initiating the go-around. Proper review of decisions and clear communications are part of Crew Resource Management.

Several major changes were made after the accident:
 Alitalia added the NAV receiver failure problem to their training and also added the actions that the crew should take in case it happens.
 Swiss aviation authorities added lights to Stadlerberg Mountain.
 McDonnell Douglas revised their training manual to add information about the possibility of NAV failure.
Additionally, several recommendations were made:
 NAV equipment which doesn't have monitoring of the output signal should no longer be used.
 The drum pointer altimeter should no longer be used. Authorities asked that this recommendation be implemented with immediate effect.
 The GPWS should operate even in the case of NAV failure.

Alitalia continues to use Flight 404, but now on Rome - Frankfurt route operated with Airbus A320 series.

See also

 Invicta International Airlines Flight 435, a similar crash in 1973 when the crew lost their orientation due to navigational problems.
 Pan Am Flight 812
 Garuda Indonesia Flight 152, another crash on approach where the GPWS didn't sound.
 Crossair Flight 3597, another crash on approach to Zurich

References

External links
 Final report on the accident by the official commission (Archive) - Federal Aircraft Accidents Inquiry Board
  Final report on the accident by the official commission (Archive) - Federal Aircraft Accidents Inquiry Board - Original version in German: Pages 53–57/57 (PDF Document p. 53-57 of 154) are a summary in French
 ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 I-ATJA Stadlerberg
 ATC recording of Alitalia 404

404
Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1990
Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Switzerland
Category:1990 in Switzerland
Category:November 1990 events in Europe


The River Sessions (Gun album)

The River Sessions a double CD live retrospective from Scottish rock band Gun.

Track listing
CD 1

Barrowlands, Glasgow, 17 February 1990
 "Money (Everybody Loves Her)"
 "When You Love Somebody"
 "Something To Believe In"
 "I Will Be Waiting"
 "Better Days"
 "Taking On The World"
 "Can't Get Any Lower"
 "Don't Believe A Word"
 "Coming Home"
 "Shame On You"
 "The Feeling Within"
 "Prime Time"
 "Inside Out"
 "Lets Go Crazy"
 "Pretty Vacant"

CD 2

Tracks 1-3 Radio Clyde, Glasgow, 1995
Tracks 4-6 Radio Clyde, Glasgow, 1997
Tracks 7-11 Radio Forth, Edinburgh, 28 February 1992

 "Suffragette City"
 "Children of the Revolution"
 "Killing In The Name Of"
 "Going Down"
 "Crazy You"
 "My Sweet Jane"
 "Steal Your Fire"
 "Welcome To The Real World"
 "Better Days"
 "Don't Blame Me"
 "Taking On The World"

References

Category:Gun (band) albums
Category:2006 live albums


Hashim Salah Mohamed

Hashim Salah Mohamed (born 15 April 1994) is a Qatari long-distance runner. He competed in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing.

Competition record

Personal bests
Outdoor
1500 metres – 3:44.61 (Amsterdam 2013)
3000 metres steeplechase – 8:33.25 (Sollentuna 2015)
Indoor
3000 metres – 8:03.27 (Doha 2016)

References

Category:1994 births
Category:Living people
Category:Qatari male long-distance runners
Category:Qatari male steeplechase runners
Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for Qatar
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games competitors for Qatar


Matthäus Wieser

Matthäus Wieser (1617–1678) was a collector and songwriter of work songs, often for miners. He was sometimes known as Matthai Wieser.

Life
Born 1617 in Graslitz (Kraslice, near Hof), he lived later in Freiberg (Freiberg, and was last located in Germany) (died 1678).
He was a miner and a songwriter (Bergsänger).
Miner-singers were miners who were deeply Christian. Other minersingers were Michael Bauer and Christian Gottlieb Lohse (1712–1754).
It is early work poetry and songwriting.

Works

Christian songs for Miners
O Bergwerksschöpfer höchster Gott
Mit Freude will ich heben an
Dem höchsten Gott so viel ich kann
Freut euch sehr ihr Bergleut alle  (from: )
Matthai Wiesers Geistlicher Brunqvell (Spiritual Water well)

He also collected songs

Other miner songs of unknown authorship
Gott, der du Berg und Hügel
Gnädigster Erbarmer

References

Category:1617 births
Category:1678 deaths
Category:Work music
Category:German songwriters
Category:Song collectors
Category:17th-century German musicians


2000 Stuttgart Masters

The 2000 Stuttgart Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 12th edition of the event known that year as the Tennis Masters Series–Stuttgart or Stuttgart Masters, and was part of the Tennis Masters Series events of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle in Stuttgart, Germany, from 30 October to 6 November 2000. Wayne Ferreira won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Wayne Ferreira  defeated  Lleyton Hewitt, 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–7(5–7), 7–6(7–2), 6–2
It was Ferreira's first singles title of the year, and the 14th of his career.

Doubles

 Jiří Novák/  David Rikl defeated  Donald Johnson /  Piet Norval, 6–2, 6–2
It was Novák's fourth doubles title of the year, and the 13th of his career.
It was Rikl's fourth doubles title of the year, and the 19th of his career.

References
General

Stuttgart Masters


Mustavaara mine

The Mustavaara mine is one of the largest vanadium mines in Finland. The mine is located in Oulu Province. The mine has reserves amounting to 30 million tonnes of ore grading 0.91% vanadium.

References

Category:Vanadium mines in Finland


Ronald Evans (rugby league)

Ronald "Ron" Evans (birth registered second ¼ 1933  – 31 October 2010), also known by the nickname of "Curly", was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 589) and Castleford (Heritage №) as a , i.e. number 7,

Background
Ron Evans' birth was registered in Pontefract district, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, he lived in Ferry Fryston, Castleford , he died aged 77 in Castleford, West Yorkshire, England, his funeral service took place at Holy Cross Church, Castleford, at 12.15 pm on Monday 8 November 2010. followed by an interment at Castleford Cemetery.

Playing career

Club career
Ron Evans made his début for Wakefield Trinity during November 1950, and he played his last match for Wakefield Trinity during the 1955–56 season, he appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored.

Genealogical information
Ron Evans' marriage to Irene (née Robinson) was registered during second ¼ 1955 in Pontefract district They had children; Gary Evans (birth registered second ¼  in Wakefield district). Ron Evans was the brother-in-law of the rugby league footballer Don Robinson.

References

External links
Obituary - Wakefield Express
Search for "Evans" at rugbyleagueproject.org
Ronald Evans Memory Box Search at archive.castigersheritage.com
Ron Evans Memory Box Search at archive.castigersheritage.com

Category:1933 births
Category:2010 deaths
Category:Castleford Tigers players
Category:English rugby league players
Category:Sportspeople from Pontefract
Category:Rugby league halfbacks
Category:Wakefield Trinity players


Pagodula guineensis

Pagodula guineensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

Description

Distribution

References

 Marshall B.A. & Houart R. (2011) The genus Pagodula (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae) in Australia, the New Zealand region and the Tasman Sea. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 54(1): 89-114.

Category:Muricidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1925