Digital strategy

Digital Strategy is a form of strategic management and a business answer or response to a digital question, often best addressed as part of an overall business strategy. A digital strategy is often characterized by the application of new technologies to existing business activity and/or a focus on the enablement of new digital capabilities to their business (such as those created by the Information Age and often as a result of advancements in digital technologies such as computers, data, telecommunications, Internet, etc.). As is the case with its business strategy parent, a digital strategy can be formulated and implemented through a variety of different approaches. Formulation often includes the process of specifying an organization's vision, goals, opportunities and related activities in order to maximize the business benefits of digital initiatives to an organization. These can range from an enterprise focus, which considers the broader opportunities and risks digital can create and often includes customer intelligence, collaboration, new product/market exploration, sales and service optimization, enterprise technology architectures and processes, innovation and governance; to more marketing and customer-focused efforts such as web sites, mobile, eCommerce, social, site and search engine optimization, and advertising.

Overview
The digital strategy is part of the business strategy and experts maintain that it cannot be effective or successful if built independently. It is argued that it represents how the business strategy is influenced by leveraging digital resources to create differential value. In the process, it reshapes traditional organizational strategies into modular, distributed, cross-functional, and global business processes.

There, are numerous approaches to conducting digital strategy, but at their core, all go through four steps:

identifying the opportunities and/or challenges in a business where online assets can provide a solution;
identifying the unmet needs and goals of the external stakeholders that most closely align with those key business opportunities and/or challenges;
developing a vision around how the online assets will fulfill those business and external stakeholder needs, goals, opportunities and challenges, and
prioritizing a set of online initiatives which can deliver on this vision.
Within each of those stages, a number of techniques and analyses may be employed.

Identifying the key opportunities and/or challenges in a business
Stakeholder interviews
Includes one-on-one interviews, group interviews and workshops with a company's senior management, marketing and sales, operations and service stakeholders with a goal of understanding the business strategy, challenges and opportunities, products, organization, processes, supply chain and vendors, distributors, customers, and competitive landscape, as well as the potential role of their online assets.

Competitor analysis
Includes evaluations of a company's main competitors and potential substitutes with the goal of understanding a company's strengths and weaknesses relative to their competitors and potential substitutes.  While this often includes steps found in traditional marketing competitor analysis, such as products, prices, etc.  Competitor analysis includes two unique items:

Heuristic evaluation: An evaluation by an expert of the usability and user experience of a company's online assets compared and contrasted to those of its competitors and potential substitutes.<ref>Nielsen (2004):  How Big is the Difference Between Websites?, Jakob Nielsens Alertbox.</ref>
Features/functionality analysis: An evaluation of the features and functionality provided by a company's online assets, compared and contrasted to those of its competitors and potential substitutes.

Financial analysis
An analysis of a company's financial data (which may include everything from public financial statements to private ERP data) with the goal of understanding the financial impact (positive and negative) that certain changes would have on a company.

Bridge between business challenges and digital roadmap

ASSIMPLER Blueprinting - The Business Blueprinting of the organization is designed based on the ASSIMPLER framework. ASSIMPLER stands for Availability, Scalability, Security, Interoperability, Maintainability, Performance, Low cost of ownership, Extendability and Reliability - applied to business services and processes. The framework helps model the business expectations and challenges to be addressed through the Digital Strategy.

 Digital positioning

The digital positioning model stands as one of the first visual frameworks for assessing an organization's digital positioning strengths, weaknesses, and capabilities. The model focused on four key positions: Customer Experience, Operational Excellence, Industry Transformation, and Market Transformation.

Identifying the unmet needs and goals of external stakeholders (consumers of online assets)
External stakeholder interviews
Includes one-on-one interviews and focus groups with a company's external stakeholders, with a goal of understanding external stakeholders behaviours, needs, goals and perceptions of the company and their industry both in the broadest business context as well as specifically online.  In addition to standard marketing strategy methodologies and questions (quantitative and qualitative), external stakeholder interviews for Digital Strategy may include usability testing, an analysis of how effectively external stakeholders can use the online assets developed by a company for their intended purposes.  In digital strategy this is used to uncover usability barriers that may prevent the online vision being achieved.

Ethnographic research
An analysis of external stakeholder behaviors in their environment, for example:  field observations of shoppers in a store.  In addition to standard ethnographic research, digital strategy research may include video recording of an external stakeholder using their computers or specific computer applications or web sites.

Web analytics
An analysis of the usage patterns of a company's online assets with the goal of better understanding external stakeholder behavior as well as identifying strengths and weakness of the company's current online offerings.  This may include understanding how many people are visiting a web site, what are the most popular pages, what are the most popular paths, where are people coming from, where do they drop off, how long do they stay, etc.

Performance assessment: Review of effectiveness of current digital technologies.
Funnel analysis
A specific methodology for web analytics where the company's online assets are modeled as a sales funnel, with a visit or impression representing a new lead, a certain page or action in the web site considered a conversion (such as a user hitting the purchase confirmation page) and specific pages in the web site representing specific stages of the sales funnel.  The goal of the analysis is to provide insight into the overall conversion rate as well as the key weak points of the funnel (the stages in which the largest percentages of users drop out of the funnel). This may also involve analysis of a company's search engine optimization situation and changes in online traffic pathways.

Analytical CRM
An analysis of a company's customer databases and information repositories with the goal of segmenting customers into homogeneous groups across one or more dimensions of behavior, demographics, value, product or marketing message affinity, etc.  In digital strategy this often includes the online customer registration database which companies use to provide access to their customer specific, protected areas.

Multichannel analysis
An analysis of a customer's behavior (such as their purchase or service behavior) that looks across all of the different channels, in which customers interact with a company's products or information.  There are lots of different ways to do this; a representative example would be, a company focuses on the customer purchase process (how a customer becomes aware of a product, how a customer develops the intent to purchase a product, and how a customer actually purchases the product).  The analysis would look at which channels (for example:  phone, catalog, retail store, web site, 3rd party search engine, etc.) a customer uses at which stage of the purchase process, attempting to understand why each channel is used, each channel's relative attribution and evaluating the company's strengths or weaknesses in that particular channel for the particular stage of the process.

Statistical surveys
An approach to the collection of external stakeholder feedback in a quantitative manner from a large population.  In digital strategy, surveys may be used to validate or invalidate key questions raised in more qualitative exercises such as external stakeholder interviews and focus groups.  Depending on the breadth of the survey population and the degree of variation within the population, survey results may be segmented to form homogeneous groups across one or more dimensions of behavior, demographics, value, product or marketing message affinity, etc.  Surveys are often conducted online using web surveys, e-mail lists, or 3rd party panels, although phone surveys or other offline methods may sometimes be used when there are questions as to the online savviness of a particular target population.

Developing a vision and prioritizing a set of online initiatives
Business plan or case
A spreadsheet with supporting documentation that quantifies the investments and returns over time, resulting from the execution of the online strategy.  The Business plan also defines the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that will be used to measure and evaluate the success of the online strategy.

Technical assessment
A design of a technical architecture which will meet the needs of the business vision and conform to the business plan and roadmap.  This is often done as a gap analysis where the current technical architecture is assessed.  A future technical architecture, which meets the needs of the online vision, is designed.  The gaps between the current state and future state are identified, and a series of initiatives or projects to fill those gaps are developed and sequenced.

Organizational and process assessment
Similar to a technical assessment, organizational and process assessments look at the changes that need to be made to an organization and its processes in order to achieve the online vision.  They may involve a series of business process reengineering projects focused on the areas of an organization most affected by the online initiatives.

Portfolio management
A way of prioritizing various initiatives by comparing their cost of implementation with their expected business benefits.  This is often done by creating a two by two matrix where cost of implementation runs along the x-axis (from high cost to low cost) and expected business benefit runs along the y-axis, from low benefit to high benefit.  Individual initiatives or projects are then plotted on the matrix in terms of their calculated costs and benefits.  Priorities are then determined according to which projects will provide the greatest benefit for the lowest cost.

Online media plan
A plan detailing the allocation of media spending across online media (such as search engine marketing, banner advertising, and affiliate marketing) usually as part of the customer acquisition or retention elements of the digital strategy. Since the late 2000s, social media has become increasingly important in engaging with customers both for marketing and customer support purposes, especially benefiting smaller businesses.

Proof of concept
Graphical representations or an outline of key ideas or processes of the digital strategy.  These are often created in order to better communicate a key concept or to build excitement among stakeholders when building consensus or socializing a digital strategy.

Roadmap
A high-level project plan which details the durations and dependencies of all the initiatives in the digital strategy.  The roadmap will often include checkpoints to assess the progress and success of the digital strategy, over time.

Measurement plan
A description of the key performance indicators used to measure the effectiveness of the digital strategy as well as the process for collecting and sharing this information.  The measurement plan usually covers the financial, operational, and e-business metrics and their relationships.Burns (2006): Leaders Take A Strategic Approach To Web Analytics . Forrester.

Governance model
The organizational structure, roles, and process description of the operational entity that will manage the initiatives in a digital strategy.  The governance model describes who is responsible for what, how decisions are made, how issues are escalated, and how information on the performance of the projects is communicated within the organization.

Personas
As of 2007, a trend in digital strategy is the use of personas as a framework for using customer information to prioritize online initiatives.  Personas are character sketches which represent a typical member of one customer segment and highlights their needs, goals and behaviors.  Because it is representative of a customer segment, it allows decision makers to prioritize various features based on the needs of the segment.  Because it is a character sketch, it is sometimes easier for decision makers to internalize the key needs of the segment than it would be by reading large quantities of information.  A typical approach is to create the segment based on customer analysis such as customer interviews, ethnographic research, and statistical surveys.  Then assemble key decision makers or stakeholders, present the findings of the personas, and use them to kick start a brainstorming session around different online initiatives which can meet the personas needs and goals.

Execution
Historically, execution of a business or digital strategy is done as a big bang, with large initiatives such as site redesigns and transactional systems taking 6–12 months to develop and often an additional 6–12 months before they deliver any results.  As of 2007, a trend has emerged where companies adopt a more iterative approach to rolling out their strategies, one which leverages a series of smaller tests, which are carefully measured and analyzed and used to modify or optimize the digital strategy.  An example of this test-measure-optimize-scale approach is that a company might take some key pages on their site and test a number of versions of those pages with different marketing messages, design approaches, user experience optimizations, navigation optimizations, and even new features and functions using a multivariate or A/B test.  The company would then identify the page which had the best combination of changes in terms of some key business metric (such as conversion), analyzing the results to understand which changes were most instrumental in affecting the high conversion rate, and applying those learnings to future pages and future tests (conversion optimization).

The advantage of this approach is that in the long run, it tends to be more successful in delivering business results, because each step is measured and adjusted for.  In addition, it tends to favor smaller (less risky, less expensive) steps rather than larger (more risky, more expensive) initiatives before getting the payback.  The disadvantage is that over time this approach tends to converge on a solution (local optimum), not necessarily the best solution (global optimum) that might have been reached if a company starts from scratch instead of building each step on the previous one.  Another disadvantage is that although this solution tends to favor smaller, more incremental changes, there is often a larger up front cost to setting up all the measurement systems and staffing a company with the right analysts and change processes to react to these tests in a timely and effective manner.  As a result, companies often adopt a mix of big bang efforts augmented by some smaller, more iterative efforts as part of their overall strategy.  A person who is primarily focused on digital strategy may be referred to as a digital architect or digital strategist and a person who executes a digital strategy may be referred to as a digital marketing engineer.

There are also several challenges when developing and implementing a digital strategy. This include human factors, particularly knowledge, skills, and attitudes, which impede full engagement.

References

External links
Egger Ph., Vacheron J. and Archer L., Digital Strategies in Genre-Defining Magazines, ECAL / Lausanne, 2015
Darryl Stevens (13 July 2017) "How To Thrive In The Midst Of Managing Difficult Clients", Forbes'' article about Web Design Strategy.

Category:Business intelligence
Category:Business terms
Category:Market research
Category:Strategic management
Category:Systems thinking
Category:Technology strategy


Kavidi Wivine N'Landu

Kavidi Wivine N'Landu is a poet and political figure from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 1980 she was appointed General Secretary of the Department of Women Affairs. This was during the reign of Mobutu Sese Seko.  On the rise of Laurent Kabila, she fled to South Africa. As a poet she is noted for the collection Leurres et Lueurs.

In April 2006, she was one of the 33 candidates running in the 2006 Congolese presidential election, which took place in July 2006.

External links
UWA

Nlandu, Kavidi, Wivine
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women writers
Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo women in politics
Category:Candidates for President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo poets
Category:Women poets
Category:20th-century women politicians
Category:21st-century women politicians
Category:20th-century poets
Category:20th-century women writers


Count Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide

Count Maximilian Gustav Albrecht Richard Augustin von Götzen-Iturbide (born 2 March 1944) is a Hungarian-born businessman and head of Imperial House of Mexico since 1949.

Life and career

Götzen was born in Beszterce, Kingdom of Hungary (now Bistrița, Romania), the son of Baroness Maria Gizela Tunkl von Aschbrunn und Hohenstadt and her second husband Count Gustav von Götzen. His maternal grandmother, Princess María Josepha Sophia de Iturbide, was the eldest child of Prince Salvador de Iturbide, a grandson of Agustín de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, and an adopted son of Emperor Maximilian I. By permission of the Hungarian Interior Ministry, the children of Baroness Maria Gizela and Count Gustav were allowed to use the surname Götzen-Iturbide, while Götzen's given names reflect his lineage from Mexico's two emperors. Count Maximilian has a younger sister, Countess Emanuela von Götzen-Iturbide (born 1945).

In the years following the Second World War, the family settled in South America, and Götzen's father died in 1956 in Caracas. Three years later, in Montevideo, his mother married thirdly Ottavio della Porta. The family eventually moved to Australia.

Götzen was educated at Hawtreys in England. He has worked as a stockbroker and has real estate business interests in Morelia and Guadalajara.

Mexican Imperial House
Although he is the head of the Imperial House of Mexico, Götzen does not pursue any claim to the throne and has said his only political interest is the legacy and reputation of his ancestor Augustin de Iturbide, the leader of Mexico's independence movement.

Despite Götzen not actively pursuing any claim himself, a number of Mexican monarchist organisations advocate the restoration of the monarchy and continue to recognise Götzen as the legitimate heir to the throne.

Family

Götzen was married in Melbourne on 22 September 1990 to Anna Rosa Maria Helena von Francecshi, daughter of Johann Karl von Franceschi and Maria Martha Kukuljevic-Bassani de Sacci . They have two children:
 Count Ferdinand von Götzen-Iturbide (born 1992 in Perth),
 Countess Isabella von Götzen-Iturbide (born 1997 in London)

Titles and styles

 November 1949 – present: His Imperial Highness The Prince Imperial of Mexico

Genealogy

Relation to the Mexican emperors

Ancestry

References

Category:1944 births
Category:Mexican nobility
Category:Pretenders to the Mexican throne
Category:Living people
Category:People educated at Hawtreys
Category:People from Bistrița


Salisbury TMD

Salisbury TMD is the South Western Railway traction maintenance depot in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, situated on the north side of Salisbury railway station. It opened in 1992 to maintain the fleet of DMUs used on the West of England line.

History
The depot is built on the site of the former Great Western Railway (GWR) station, opened in 1856. A two-road engine shed was provided on the south side of the site but was moved westwards in 1899 to allow the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) to expand their adjacent station. This company originally had an engine shed at their Milford station on the opposite side of the city from 1847, which was relocated to a site opposite the GWR shed when the LSWR opened their new station in 1859. This three-road shed was closed around 1901 and moved to a new larger site further west from the station at Cherry Orchard Lane. This new facility had ten roads. It closed in June 1967 but was used to store withdrawn locomotives for a short time.

By 1987 the site was a stabling point, usually for Classes 08, 09 and 33.

The replacement of Class 50 locomotive-hauled trains on the West of England Main Line by Class 159 DMUs in 1992 meant that a new maintenance facility was required. It was decided to build a brand new depot at Salisbury, midway between the two ends of the route at London Waterloo and .

Fleet

The depot maintains the diesel multiple units used on the West of England line and other South Western Railway routes:
 30 three-car Class 159
 11 two-car Class 158

References

Sources

Category:Railway depots in England
Category:Rail transport in Wiltshire
TMD


Turbato corde

Turbato corde is a papal bull issued by Clement IV. The bull was addressed to Dominican and Franciscan Friars  on the issue of the arising of acts of heresy amongst the mixed Jewish and Christian peoples, expressing the then pope's dissatisfaction and disagreement with there being some Jews attempting to convert Christians to Judaism. The bull was issued during 1267. As part of the address the then pope indicated the friars might be made into inquisitors for the purposes of dealing with suspected acts of heresy. People of the  Christian faith and belief who had converted to Judaism were, according to the decree, to be thought of and treated as heretics.

See also
corde
List of papal bulls
turbato

References

Category:13th-century papal bulls
Category:1267 in Europe


Parakysis verrucosus

Parakysis verrucosus is a species of catfish of the family Akysidae. A detailed discussion of this species's relationship with the other member of its genus can be found at Parakysis.

References

Category:Akysidae
Category:Fish described in 1940


Kaplin

Kaplin may refer to:

 Kaplin, Masovian Voivodeship, a village in Poland
 Kaplin, Greater Poland Voivodeship, a village in Poland

See also
 Kaplon (disambiguation)
 Kapton, a polyimide film


Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg

Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in New Delhi, India, was held on October 5 at the Indira Gandhi Arena.

Medalists

Bracket

Repechage

References

Category:Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games


Cairnbrook Historic District

Cairnbrook Historic District is a national historic district located at Shade Township in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 132 contributing buildings and 8 contributing structures. It encompasses an area developed by the Loyalhanna Coal and Coke Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between 1912 and 1920.  It includes the remaining extant mine resources and the archaeological remains of the mine.  They consist of workers' housing, a variety of commercial and social buildings, and a modern draft entry mine with accompanying extractive buildings and structures.  Notable buildings include the motor barn, supply house, electric substation, and Loyalhanna Coal and Coke Company Office (1914).  The mine operated until 1958.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

References

External links

Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
Category:Historic districts in Somerset County, Pennsylvania
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, Pennsylvania
Category:1994 establishments in Pennsylvania


Gibberula aurata

Gibberula aurata is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.

Description

Distribution

References

External links

Category:Cystiscidae


Ejnar Levison

Ejnar Levison (15 May 1880 – 3 August 1970) was a Danish fencer. He competed at four Olympic Games.

References

Category:1880 births
Category:1970 deaths
Category:Danish male fencers
Category:Olympic fencers of Denmark
Category:Fencers at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Category:Fencers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Category:Fencers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Category:Fencers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Copenhagen


Sister of Mercy (song)

"Sister Of Mercy" is a song by the British pop group Thompson Twins. It was originally included on the group's 1984 album Into The Gap, though a remixed version was released as the fourth single from the album in the summer of 1984. The single peaked at #11 in the UK, spending ten weeks on the UK singles chart.

The promotional music video for this single was directed by Dieter Trattmann and featured actress Frances Tomelty.

The B-side of the single was a megamix of various Thompson Twins songs titled "Out Of The Gap".

Formats
7" UK vinyl single (Arista TWINS 5)
"Sister Of Mercy" - 4:55
"Out Of The Gap" - 5:53

12" UK vinyl single (Arista TWINS 125)
"Sister Of Mercy" (Extended Version) - 9:26
"Out Of The Gap" (Extended Version) - 8:57

5" UK shaped picture disc (Arista TWISD 5) [Shaped like a spaceship]
"Sister Of Mercy" - 4:55
"Out Of The Gap" - 5:48

7" Japanese vinyl single (Nippon Phonogram 7RS-103)
"Sister Of Mercy" (LP Version) - 5:07
"You Take Me Up" - 5:53

12" Japanese vinyl single (Nippon Phonogram 15RS-28)
"Sister Of Mercy" (Extended Version) - 9:26
"Funeral Dance" - 3:15
"You Take Me Up" (Extended Version) - 7:33
"Leopard Ray" - 3:50

Chart performance

Official versions

Personnel
Written by  Tom Bailey, Alannah Currie, and Joe Leeway.
Tom Bailey - vocals, synthesizer, bass, guitar, drum programming
Alannah Currie - marimba, xylophone, backing vocals, percussion
Joe Leeway - backing vocals, congas, synthesizer
 Produced by Alex Sadkin with Tom Bailey
 Recorded and mixed by Phil Thornalley
 "Out Of The Gap" mixed by The Swedish Eagle & Chris Modig in Los Angeles
 Photography - Paul Cox
 Artwork/Design - Satori (Andie Airfix)
 Art Direction - Alannah

References

Category:1984 singles
Category:Thompson Twins songs
Category:Songs written by Alannah Currie
Category:Songs written by Tom Bailey (musician)
Category:Songs written by Joe Leeway
Category:1984 songs
Category:Arista Records singles


Saddell Castle

Saddell Castle is a historic 16th-century castle on the shore of the Kilbrannan Sound near Saddell, Kintyre, Argyll and Bute, Scotland of significant importance. The Castle originally served as a bastion of the MacDonald family for several centuries and continues to be visited by MacDonald diaspora from around the world who return to West Scotland. The tower house was built near the site that housed the remains of the ancient hero Somerled, the progenitor of the MacDonald clan. Several MacDonald Lords have resided at Saddell over the centuries, once giving refuge to Robert the Bruce for more than a year during Scottish War of Independence.

History
Built by David Hamilton, Bishop of Argyll, between 1508 and 1512, the castle was built from the stones of the ruined Saddell Abbey.  The castle was gifted to James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran by Bishop James Hamilton, as payment of debts and taxes in 1556.

Later, The Earl of Arran was forced to exchange it with the Chief of Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg, James MacDonald in exchange for James's lands on the Isle of Arran. The Castle then became one of several ancestral homes of the MacDonald family in Scotland until it was captured in 1558 by Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Lord Deputy of Ireland under orders of Queen Mary I of England in retaliation of James MacDonald's involvement in Ireland against the English Crown.

Saddell castle was later rebuilt by successive MacDonald lords and it was enlarged together with a trap door in the main entrance passage, which upon activation, sent unwanted visitors into a dungeon which had no exits. In 1607, the Clan Donald lands in Kintyre, including Saddell, were conveyed by King James VI to Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll. The castle fell into disrepair when Saddell House was built c. 1774. The castle was bought and restored by the Landmark Trust, which now rents it out as a self-catering property. It can also be seen in the video for Paul McCartney's hit Mull of Kintyre, with the Campbeltown Pipe Band marching along the beach - a song which became Christmas number one in 1977. Diaspora from Clan Donald (the MacDonald family) continue to make pilgrimages to Saddel Castle every year, in memory of its place in Scottish history.

References

Category:Castles in Argyll and Bute
Category:Category A listed buildings in Argyll and Bute
Category:Kintyre
Category:16th-century establishments in Scotland
Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 16th century
Category:Tower houses in Scotland


San Diego Padres

The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team based in San Diego, California. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. Founded in 1969, the Padres have won two NL pennants — in 1984 and 1998, losing in the World Series both years. As of 2018, they have had 14 winning seasons in franchise history. The Padres are one of two Major League Baseball teams (the other being the Los Angeles Angels) in California to originate from that state; the Athletics were originally from Philadelphia (and moved to the state from Kansas City), and the Dodgers and Giants are originally from two New York City boroughs – Brooklyn and Manhattan, respectively. The Padres are the only MLB team that does not share its city with another franchise in the four major American professional sports leagues.  The Padres are the only major professional sports franchise to be located in San Diego, following the relocation of the Chargers to Los Angeles in 2017. They are also the only franchise in the MLB not to have a no-hitter, having gone 8,020 games without throwing one, a major league record to begin a franchise.

Franchise history

Minor league team

The Padres adopted their name from the Pacific Coast League team that arrived in San Diego in 1936. That minor league franchise won the PCL title in 1937, led by 18-year-old Ted Williams, the future Hall-of-Famer who was a native of San Diego.  The team's name, Spanish for "fathers", refers to the Spanish Franciscan friars who founded San Diego in 1769.

Major league team
In 1969, the Padres joined the ranks of Major League Baseball as one of four new expansion teams, along with the Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals), the Kansas City Royals, and the Seattle Pilots (now the Milwaukee Brewers). Their original owner was C. Arnholt Smith, a prominent San Diego businessman and former owner of the PCL Padres whose interests included banking, tuna fishing, hotels, real estate and an airline. Despite initial excitement, the guidance of longtime baseball executives, Eddie Leishman and Buzzie Bavasi as well as a new playing field, the team struggled; the Padres finished in last place in each of its first six seasons in the NL West, losing 100 games or more four times. One of the few bright spots on the team during the early years was first baseman and slugger Nate Colbert, an expansion draftee from the Houston Astros and still the Padres' career leader in home runs.

The team's fortunes gradually improved as they won five National League West titles and reached the World Series twice, in 1984 and in 1998, but lost both times. The Padres' main draw during the 1980s and 1990s was Tony Gwynn, who won eight league batting titles. They moved into their current stadium, Petco Park, in 2004.

As of 2019, the Padres are the only team in MLB yet to throw a no-hitter.  On September 5, 1997, Andy Ashby took a no-hitter into the 9th inning, which is as close as the team has come to achieving this feat.

Spring training

The team has played its spring training games at the Peoria Sports Complex in Peoria, Arizona since 1994. They share the stadium with the Seattle Mariners.

From 1969 to 1993, the Padres held spring training in Yuma, Arizona at Desert Sun Stadium. Due to the short driving distance and direct highway route (170 miles, all on Interstate 8), Yuma was very popular with Padres fans, and many fans would travel by car from San Diego for spring training games. The move from Yuma to Peoria was very controversial, but was defended by the team as a reflection on the low quality of facilities in Yuma and the long travel necessary to play against other Arizona-based spring training teams (whose sites were all in the Phoenix and Tucson areas, both rather far from Yuma).

Logos and colors

Throughout the team's history, the San Diego Padres have used multiple logos, uniform, and  color combinations. Their first logo depicted a friar swinging a bat with Padres written at the top while standing in a sun-like figure with San Diego Padres on the exterior of it. The "Swinging Friar" has popped up on the uniform on and off ever since. Although the "Swinging Friar" is no longer used as the primary logo, it remains as the mascot of the team and is now utilized as an alternate logo and on the uniform sleeve.

In 1985, the Padres switched to using a script-like logo in which Padres was written sloped up. That would later become a script logo for the Padres. The team's colors were changed to brown and orange and remained this way through the 1990 season.

In 1989, the Padres took the scripted Padres logo that was used from 1985 to 1988 and put it in a gray ring that read "San Diego Baseball Club" with a striped center. In 1991, the color of the ring was changed to silver, and the Padres script was changed from brown to blue. The logo only lasted one year, as the Padres changed their logo for the third time in three years, again by switching colors of the ring. The logo became a white ring with fewer stripes in the center and a darker blue Padres script with orange shadows. In 1991, the team's colors were also changed, to a combination of orange and navy blue.

For the 2002 season, the Padres removed the stripes off the home jersey and went with a white home jersey with a cleaner look. The pinstripe jerseys were worn as alternate jerseys on certain occasions throughout the 2002 season. The Padres kept this design for two seasons until their 2004 season, in which they moved into their new ballpark.

The logo was completely changed when the team changed stadiums between the 2003 and 2004 seasons, with the new logo looking similar to home plate with San Diego written in sand font at the top right corner and the Padres new script written completely across the center. Waves finished the bottom of the plate. Navy remained but a sandy beige replaced orange as a secondary color. The team's colors were also changed, to navy blue and sand brown. For the next seven seasons the Padres were the only team in Major League Baseball that did not have a gray jersey, with the team typically playing in either blue or sand jerseys on the road and white or blue jerseys at home. In 2009, the San Diego was removed from the top right corner of the logo and two years later, the away uniform changed from sand to gray.

For the 2012 season, the Padres unveiled a new primary logo, featuring the cap logo inside a navy blue circle with the words "San Diego Padres Baseball Club" adorning the outer circle. The "swinging friar" logo was recolored to the current colors of navy blue and white. Another secondary logo features the Padres script carried over from the previous year's primary logo below the depiction of Petco Park in sand and above the year of the team's first season (EST. 1969). Until 2015, the blue and sand version was used on the home uniform, while the blue and white version was used on the away and alternate uniforms.

In the 2016 season, the Padres wore a navy blue and yellow color scheme, similar to the one used on the 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game logo. To coincide with the change, the Padres added a new brown and yellow alternate uniform to be worn mostly during Friday home games.

For the 2017 season, the Padres revealed a new color scheme and new jerseys for the second straight year. The yellow was scrapped from the home uniform and the team reverted to a navy blue-and-white combo. The word Padres returned to the front of the home uniform, but with a new script, while the script on the road uniform reverted to the San Diego wordmark style it used from 2004–11. Despite this major change, the brown and yellow alternate uniform from the previous set was retained.

The club announced on January 25, 2019 that the original brown and gold colors would return for the 2020 Major League Baseball season. The new uniform designs featuring the brown and gold colors were officially unveiled on November 9. The team featured brown and gold on each of the three unveiled jerseys, including the return of pinstripes to the Padre home jersey for the first time since 2001 and a non-gray road jersey for the first time since 2010.

Military appreciation

Starting in 1996, the Padres became the first national sports team to have an annual military appreciation event. Following in 2000, the Padres began wearing a camouflage to honor the military.  The jersey will now have had seven different versions since. Starting in 2008, the Padres began wearing camouflage jerseys for every Sunday home game. They also wear these uniforms on Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Labor Day. For 2011, the Padres changed the camouflage design to a more modern "digital" design, using the MARPAT design after receiving permission from then-Commandant Conway, and dropped the green from the lettering and logo of the jersey. Green was replaced by a sand-olive color (also in the cap worn with the jersey). For 2016, to coincide with hosting the 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, the Padres changed the camouflage jersey once again; this time to navy blue, however, this design was only worn for one season as for 2017, the Padres switched the camouflage jersey to Marine, which was used through 2019. For 2020, the Padres will begin using two different camouflage jersey colors: green and sand-olive, both with the current Padres wordmark. Since 1995 Marine Recruits from the nearby Marine Corps Recruit Depot often visit the games en masse during Military Appreciation Day, in uniform, often filling entire sections in the upper deck of Petco Park. When they are present, the team commemorates this with a special Fourth Inning Stretch featuring the Marine Hymn. Through April 2005 over 60,000 marine recruits were hosted by the Padres. This is part of an extensive military outreach program, which also includes a series of Military Appreciation Night games, and game tapes mailed to deployed United States Navy ships of the Pacific Fleet for onboard viewing (a large portion of the Pacific Fleet is homeported in San Diego).

The San Diego area is home to a number of military installations, including several Navy and Coast Guard bases centered on San Diego Bay, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar (former home of the "Top Gun" training program), and the Marine Corps training ground at Camp Pendleton. Civilians employed at those bases account for around 5% of the county's working population.

Mascot

The "Swinging Friar" is currently the mascot of the team. Some in the past have confused The Famous Chicken as the mascot of the Padres. Although he does make appearances occasionally at San Diego sporting events, he has never been the official mascot of any San Diego sports team.

Season records

Achievements

Award winners and league leaders

Team records (single-season and career)

Baseball Hall of Famers
The following elected members of the Baseball Hall of Fame played and/or managed for the Padres.

Ford C. Frick Award recipients (broadcasters)

Retired numbers

The Padres have retired six numbers.  Five were in honor of Padre players and one was Jackie Robinson's number 42, which was retired by all of Major League Baseball. The retired numbers are displayed on the upper deck facade behind home plate.

The Padres also have a "star on the wall" in honor of broadcaster Jerry Coleman, in reference to his trademark phrase "Oh Doctor! You can hang a star on that baby!"  Nearby the initials of the late owner Ray Kroc are also displayed.  Both the star and the initials are painted in gold on the front of the pressbox down the right field line accompanied by the name of the person in white. Kroc was honored in 1984, Coleman in 2001.

Team Hall of Fame

The following 14 people have been inducted into the San Diego Padres Hall of Fame since it was founded in 1999.

San Diego Hall of Champions
Gwynn, Winfield, Fingers, Gossage, Randy Jones, and Graig Nettles (3B, 1984–1987) are members of the San Diego Hall of Champions, which is open to athletes native to the San Diego area (such as Nettles) as well as to those who played for San Diego teams (such as Gwynn).

Roster

Championships

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| National League Champions
|-
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Preceded by:Florida Marlins
|  style="width:40%; text-align:center;"| 1998
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Succeeded by:Atlanta Braves
|-
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Preceded by:Philadelphia Phillies
|  style="width:40%; text-align:center;"| 1984
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Succeeded by:St. Louis Cardinals
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| National League Western Division Champions
|-
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Preceded by:Los Angeles Dodgers
|  style="width:40%; text-align:center;"| 2005 & 2006
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Succeeded by:Arizona Diamondbacks
|-
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Preceded by:San Francisco Giants
|  style="width:40%; text-align:center;"| 1998
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Succeeded by:Arizona Diamondbacks
|-
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Preceded by:Los Angeles Dodgers
|  style="width:40%; text-align:center;"| 1996
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Succeeded by:San Francisco Giants
|-
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Preceded by:Los Angeles Dodgers
|  style="width:40%; text-align:center;"| 1984
|  style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Succeeded by:Los Angeles Dodgers
|-

Minor league affiliations

Radio and television

Padres' games are currently televised by Fox Sports San Diego. Don Orsillo is the play-by-play announcer, with Mark Grant as color analyst and either Julie Alexandria, Ron Zinter, or Bob Scanlan as field reporter. Mike Pomeranz hosts the Padres Live pre- and post-game show along with Mark Sweeney.

As of the 2018 season, Padres radio broadcasts in English are carried by KWFN 97.3 The Fan, after having previously been carried by sister station 94.9 KBZT upon the acquisition of the radio rights by Entercom in 2017. Ted Leitner is the primary play-by-play announcer, with Jesse Agler working the middle innings of each game and Bob Scanlan serving as color analyst. The games are also broadcast in Spanish on XEMO-AM,La Poderosa 860 AM, with Eduardo Ortega, Carlos Hernández and Pedro Gutiérrez announcing. Padre games were also aired from 2006–2010 on XHPRS-FM 105.7.

Spanish language telecasts of Sunday games are seen XHAS-TDT channel 33. Until September 2007, Friday and Saturday games were seen in Spanish on KBOP-CA channel 43, until that station changed to an all-infomercial format. This makes XHAS-TDT the only over-the-air-television station carrying Padres baseball. English-language Padres over-the-air broadcasts aired through the years on XETV-TV 6, KCST-TV 39, KUSI-TV 51, KFMB-TV 8 and KSWB-TV 69.

John Demott was the Padres' first public address announcer when the team began in 1969.  By the late 1970s Bruce Binkowski had taken over as PA announcer, and became the longest-serving public address announcer in the team's history, remaining until the end of the 1999 season.  First DeMott and then Binkowski also were responsible with PA announcing duties for the San Diego Chargers and the San Diego State University Aztecs, both of which were joint tenants at Qualcomm Stadium with the Padres until the Padres moved into Petco Park.  From Petco Park's opening in 2004 until 2013, the PA announcer was Frank Anthony, a radio host with 105.7 XHPRS-FM. On April 19, 2014, Alex Miniak was announced as the new Public Address announcer for the San Diego Padres. Miniak was formerly the PA announcer for the New Hampshire Fisher Cats, the Double-A affiliate of the Toronto Blue Jays.

The San Diego Padres were first portrayed in the 1979 NBC made-for-TV film "The Kid from Left Field," starring Gary Coleman as Jackie Robinson "J.R." Cooper, a youngster who is passionate about baseball, and puts his knowledge to good use when he becomes the manager of the Padres and helps them lead to the World Series.

In 2016, the San Diego Padres were portrayed once again in the one-season Fox television series Pitch, starring Kylie Bunbury as Ginny Baker, the first female to play in Major League Baseball.

Educational involvement
The San Diego Padres established The Padres Scholars program, the first of its kind among professional sports. Originally each Padres scholar was selected as a seventh grader and received a $5,000 scholarship after graduation from high school to go towards higher education. This program has reached 389 students from its establishment in 1995 to now. Over the past few years the program has undergone a few changes to be effective an education standpoint. This program focuses on creating a close relationship between the chosen scholars and the team.  As of 2011, 3 high school seniors will be chosen to receive a $30,000 scholarship to be awarded through the course of their higher education. Maintaining this prestigious award is conditional on maintaining contact with the Padres and providing proof of good academic standing.

The San Diego Padres are the sponsors of and heavily involved in most aspects of the Sports Business Management MBA degree program offered in conjunction with San Diego State University's College of Business Administration. SDSU's Sports MBA is the only program of its kind created in partnership with a professional sports franchise. The curriculum focuses on the entire sports business industry, not just baseball. The program includes an internship. Members of Padres senior management regularly participate, including work with the development and continued coordination of SDSU's International Case Competition, which annually attracts participation from top business schools.

See also
 An American Journey: My Life on the Field, In the Air, and On the Air – Jerry Coleman's 2008 autobiography

References

Further reading

External links

 San Diego Padres Logos

Category:Major League Baseball teams
Category:Cactus League

Category:1969 establishments in California
Category:Baseball teams established in 1969


Buffalo Memorial Auditorium

Buffalo Memorial Auditorium was an indoor arena in downtown Buffalo, New York. Opened on October 14, 1940, it hosted the AHL's Buffalo Bisons, the NHL's Buffalo Sabres, the NBA's Buffalo Braves, the MSL's Buffalo Stallions, the MILL's Buffalo Bandits, the second NPSL's Buffalo Blizzard and the RHI's Buffalo Stampede. It also hosted a number of NCAA basketball games, as well as entertainment events such as concerts, the Ringling Brothers circus and Disney on Ice. The Aud was renovated in 1970 and 1990, and it closed in 1996 after the Sabres', Bandits', and Blizzard's seasons ended. It remained vacant until the city demolished it in 2009.

History

Planning and construction
The Buffalo Memorial Auditorium was a public works project to replace an aging civic auditorium (Buffalo Broadway Auditorium c. 1858, now a highway department garage known as the "Broadway Barns") and Fort Erie's recently collapsed Peace Bridge Arena. In June 1938, city officials sent a loan and grant application to the Works Progress Administration (WPA) for funds to build the structure. The approval of the $1.2 million grant was announced in Washington, D.C. on October 7, 1938. Construction at the junction of the Erie Canal and Main-Hamburg Canal began on November 30, 1939.

The Auditorium's construction brought a great deal of activity to downtown Buffalo. On December 31, 1939, Buffalo Evening News reporter Nat Gorham wrote:

Opening
Built for $2.7 million, Memorial Auditorium's grand opening celebration took place on October 14, 1940. The dedication event was a luncheon attended by 3,000 people, including the mayors of more than 60 local communities. The arena originally seated 12,280 for ice hockey, with an additional 2,000-3,000 seats in the floor area for basketball and other events. Memorial Auditorium's first event—a rally for Republican Presidential candidate Wendell Wilke—took place on October 14, 1940. In its first seven months, Auditorium events such as auto shows, roller skating, circuses and dog shows drew nearly one million spectators and the first year's attendance was 1.3 million.

Expansion and renovations
An $8.7 million renovation took place after the 1970–71 inauguration of the Sabres and Braves franchises. The arena's roof was raised  to make room for an upper level that increased the arena's capacity from 10,449 for hockey to over 17,000 for basketball and 15,360 for hockey in 1971–72, to 15,668 for hockey in 1972–73, and to 15,858 for hockey in 1973–74, making it a more suitable home for the NBA and NHL.

Other changes to the Aud's original design included:

 A new scoreboard which would be the Aud's final scoreboard upgrade.
 A new upper level with stairways, escalators and upper exits.
 Repainted and replaced seats. The original gray seats at the top of the lower bowl were painted blue, and all seats in the lower sections were replaced with cushioned seats in the Red and Gold sections.
 The removal of exit tunnels in Red sections 6, 7, 14, 15, 22, 23, 30 and 31, and Blue sections 2, 3, 10, 11, 18, 19, 26, 27, 34 and 35. The areas the tunnels occupied were replaced with seats, and the continuous wall that separated the red and blue sections was opened at each stairway.
 The removed exit tunnel openings in the wall that separated the red and upper gold sections were closed into a continuous wall between the remaining red exit tunnels.

The Aud's seats were mostly made of white ash, but the gold seats were converted to padded cushion seats. From top to bottom (floor level), the seating colors went orange, blue (originally grey), red and gold.

In 1974, the city added five seats, increasing capacity for hockey in the 1974–1975 season to 15,863. After the hockey season, the city removed the walls and aisle that separated the upper gold and red seating sections. The 570 gold seats the city installed in the vacant space raised the arena's capacity to 16,433 for hockey and over 18,000 for basketball.

In the late 1980s, the Buffalo Common Council and mayor James D. Griffin scaled back plans to renovate the Aud when the Sabres' owners (the Knox family) made it clear the franchise's long-term viability depended upon a new arena. A compromise led the city to agree to build a new arena (now known as KeyBank Center) and complete a renovation to keep the Aud functional until the arena was complete. The 1990 renovation added designated handicap-accessible seating areas (lowering the seating capacity to 16,325 for hockey) and new air conditioning and elevators. The money borrowed for these improvements was not repaid until 2001, five years after the Aud closed.

At the time of its closing in 1996, the Aud's concessions included The Aud Club, a sports bar; BBQ Pit, a sports bar and restaurant; and Sport Service bar.

Closing and vacancy

The Aud closed in 1996, at which time the Sabres, Bandits and Blizzard moved to the nearby Marine Midland Arena (now KeyBank Center). After 1996, the building remained closed, although members of Buffalo's Studio Arena Theatre used the floor as a surface for painting backgrounds. During the 2001–02 season, Sabres officials and the city moved items from the Aud's main concourse to the KeyBank Center, including a sign for the "Pour Man's Aud Club" which was reincarnated by popular demand.

In 2003, the Sabres filmed a 30-minute infomercial inside the Aud to promote season ticket sales. While the production showed the arena was intact, it was without utilities and the crew had to supply all light and electrical sources.

The Aud continued to deteriorate after the 2003 production visit. Water pipes ruptured, moisture began to take its toll and the city's lax monitoring led to graffiti, vandalism and theft of many artifacts. A segment aired during the CBC Television Hockey Night in Canada broadcast of the 2008 NHL Winter Classic showed the arena's seating bowl and floor were virtually untouched. Notably, the advertisements on the boards from the final Sabres game in 1996 against the Hartford Whalers and the scoreboard above center ice remained. The door to the Sabres' penalty box was gone, as it had been presented as a memento to notable Sabres enforcer Rob Ray.

Demolition

Plans to renovate the Aud and repurpose it as a Bass Pro Shops store were abandoned on March 29, 2007 when Bass Pro announced it would construct a new building on the site after the auditorium's demolition.

In December 2007, the city sold the Aud to the Erie Canal Harbor Development Corporation for $1 in hopes it would lead to asbestos removal and demolition. All salvageable items were to be removed and sold or stored. The sales of these artifacts, especially of seats, would help pay for a memorial to the Aud. The salvaged items include art deco flag holders, limestone eagles, a time capsule as well as a number of blue and orange level seats, which were sold at auction.

The city also salvaged ten cylindrical stainless steel "ice tanks" that helped maintain chilly conditions at ice level during hockey season and cooled spectators during warmer weather. In 2007, the city moved the ice tanks to Shea's Performing Arts Center as part of a $1.5 million overhaul of the landmark theater's heating and cooling system.

Asbestos removal and other environmental remediation took place in late 2008 and major demolition of the Aud began in January 2009. On February 9, 2009, the "Buffalo Memorial Auditorium" entablature above the main entrance fell and much of the front façade met the same fate shortly after. The entire demolition was expected to cost $10 million. The formal "Farewell Buffalo Memorial Auditorium Ceremony" took place on June 30, 2009 at 1:30pm when officials opened the copper box time capsule. The structure's final pieces came down in early July 2009.

In February 2010, less than three years after the plans to repurpose the Aud as a Bass Pro Shops store, Bass Pro announced it was no longer pursuing a superstore in Buffalo, a decision which left the site vacant.

Today
After the Bass Pro Shops decision, the Erie Canal Harbor Development Corporation began to convert the site (known as the Aud Block) into an extension of Canalside with the junction of the old Erie Canal and Main-Hamburg Canal re-dug (although shallower than the original canals) and new bridges. The canals that opened in 2014 are frozen for skating and other winter activities by an underground refrigerant plant housed in a rebuilt sub-basement that was part of Memorial Auditorium. In addition, a marker on the canal ice denotes center ice's former location.

Across Main Street at LECOM Harborcenter is the one-of-a-kind Tim Hortons restaurant with a memorial to the Auditorium. A statue of the chain's namesake, who played at the arena during his time with the Buffalo Sabres, occupies the corner of the site facing the restaurant.

Events

College basketball
Before the National Basketball Association and National Hockey League came to Buffalo, college basketball was Memorial Auditorium's most popular sporting event. On December 11, 1940, the Auditorium hosted its first college basketball game when Canisius College played the University of Oregon. Interest in college basketball grew after World War II, and the first college basketball sellout crowd occurred in the 1946–1947 season when 11,029 spectators saw Canisius lose to Notre Dame. Ten days later, a record 11,891 watched Canisius defeat Niagara, 52-44.

While the teams were typically from Western New York, including Canisius, Niagara University, St. Bonaventure University, the University at Buffalo and Buffalo State College, other teams such as Cornell University took part. Over time, the rivalry among the "Little Three" colleges—Niagara, Canisius, and St. Bonaventure—came to dominate the Auditorium's college basketball schedule. Throughout the 1950s, the three schools were all national powers, and their games at Memorial Auditorium drew strong local and national interest.

 The Auditorium hosted the mens Division I ECAC Upstate Region Tournament organized by the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) in 1975.
 In 1991, a visit from Buffalo native Christian Laettner and national champion Duke University Blue Devils drew an Aud collegiate-record crowd of 16,279.
 A 1996 Buffalo News article named Memorial Auditorium's all-time all-visitors team: Ed Macauley (Saint Louis University), Tom Gola (La Salle University), Tom Heinsohn (College of the Holy Cross), Jerry West (West Virginia University), Willie Somerset (Duquesne University), Dave Bing (Syracuse University), Sonny Dove (St. John's University) and Bob Lanier (St. Bonaventure University).

Professional basketball
The National Basketball League's Buffalo Bisons was the first professional basketball franchise to call Memorial Auditorium home. The team featured center Don Otten and coach Nat Hickey, but on December 27, 1946—only 13 games into their inaugural season—owner Ben Kerner moved them to Moline, Illinois. After the 1949 merger of the National Basketball League and the Basketball Association of America and stops in Milwaukee and St. Louis, the team became the Atlanta Hawks.

Professional basketball returned to the Aud in 1970 with the National Basketball Association's Buffalo Braves. The Braves were a modest success but ran into constant conflict with both the Sabres and the Little Three college teams in attempting to schedule dates for the Auditorium. The Braves moved to San Diego in 1978 and then to Los Angeles in 1984, where they are now the Los Angeles Clippers.

College hockey
College hockey made its modern debut at Memorial Auditorium on January 23, 1972, when the University at Buffalo Bulls met the Central Collegiate Hockey Association's Ohio State University. Ohio State won the game 5–2.

Professional ice hockey

American Hockey League
The American Hockey League's Buffalo Bisons played 30 seasons at the Memorial Auditorium, beginning with the 1940–41 season. The Bisons won five Calder Cup championships, with the last coming in 1970 during the franchise's final game. The team folded in 1970 after the National Hockey League awarded Buffalo an expansion team.

On May 15, 1973, the Cincinnati Swords, then the Sabres' AHL affiliate, played the final game of the 1973 Calder Cup Finals at the Auditorium. The Swords won the Calder Cup with a 5–1 win over the Nova Scotia Voyageurs in front of 15,019 fans—the largest playoff crowd in AHL history at the time. The Rochester Americans also played several games at the Aud after they became the Sabres' affiliate, including several during their 1987 Calder Cup championship season.

National Hockey League
The Buffalo Sabres made their Memorial Auditorium debut on October 15, 1970 in a game attended by NHL President Clarence Campbell that began with a ceremonial faceoff between Sabres captain Floyd Smith and Montreal Canadiens captain Jean Beliveau. The Sabres' Roger Crozier made 53 saves in a 3-0 loss.

The Sabres occupied the Auditorium through the 1995–96 season, when they moved to the nearby Marine Midland Arena. Michael Peca scored the last in-game goal at the Aud while Pat LaFontaine put in a ceremonial goal after the 4–1 win over the Hartford Whalers. It was the last arena where the ice sheet fell short of the league-mandated  by  size (though Maple Leaf Gardens had irregularly shaped corners).

The arena hosted games three, four, and six of the 1975 Stanley Cup Finals, where the Sabres faced the Philadelphia Flyers. Eventually, the Flyers would win their second consecutive Stanley Cup championship in game six at the arena. This was the only Stanley Cup Finals appearance made at the Auditorium.

Memorial Auditorium hosted the NHL All-Star Game on January 24, 1978. Two members of the Sabres' "French Connection" line—Gilbert Perreault and Rick Martin—played for the Wales Conference. Both had a significant impact: Martin scored a goal with 1:39 remaining in regulation to tie the game at 2–2 and force overtime, and Perreault scored the game-winning goal 3:55 into overtime to defeat the Campbell Conference 3–2.

The Edmonton Oilers' Wayne Gretzky made NHL history at the Aud on February 24, 1982, when he scored a natural hat trick during the game's final seven minutes to help defeat the Sabres 6–3. Gretzky broke Phil Esposito's record for goals in a season (76) with the hat trick's first goal, his 77th of the season. In March 2009, Gretzky visited Buffalo as the Phoenix Coyotes' head coach and recounted his memories of Memorial Auditorium in an interview with Buffalo News hockey reporter Mike Harrington:

International professional hockey
On January 4, 1976, the Sabres played Krylia Sovietov as part of a "Super Series" between the Soviet Union's two best club teams—CSKA Moscow and Krylia Sovietov (named "Red Army" and "Soviet Wings" respectively, during the series) and eight of the NHL's top teams. The Sabres' 12-6 victory over the 1974 Soviet league and European Cup champions was the worst defeat ever for a professional Soviet hockey club.

Other sports

Boxing
The auditorium has held many boxing matches.

Professional wrestling
During the 1960s, the Aud regularly hosted professional wrestling on Friday nights. WBEN-TV broadcast the bouts at 6:00pm on the weekend.

Indoor lacrosse
The Major Indoor Lacrosse League Buffalo Bandits played in the Aud from the 1992 season until the arena's closure. Winners of the MILL title in 1992, 1993, and 1996, the Bandits are now a member of the National Lacrosse League, playing at KeyBank Center.

Indoor soccer
Major Soccer League's Buffalo Stallions attracted 11,028 to its home debut at the Aud against the Philadelphia Fever on December 7, 1979 and played in the Aud until 1984. The Aud also hosted the second National Professional Soccer League's Buffalo Blizzard from 1992 to 1996.

Roller hockey
Roller Hockey International's Buffalo Stampede called the Aud home from 1994–1995.

Indoor tennis
In 1974, World Team Tennis' Buffalo/Toronto Royals called the Aud home for one season.

Other events
In addition to sporting events, the auditorium hosted concerts by many famous artists:
The Rolling Stones performed in the Memorial Auditorium on June 28, 1966.
 Elvis Presley began his first tour of 1972 on April 5 to a sell-out crowd of 17,360. He previously performed there on April 1, 1957 and for the third and final time on June 25, 1976.
 Pink Floyd's June 1973 concert featured a special effects repertoire purported to have cost $250,000.
 Led Zeppelin played nearly three hours without a break before a sell-out crowd on July 15, 1973.
 The Bee Gees played to a sold-out crowd here on September 14, 1979 during their Spirits Having Flown Tour.
 The Who performed on December 4, 1979, one night after 11 fans were killed in a crowd crush at Cincinnati's Riverfront Coliseum. The band dedicated their performance to those who died the previous night.
 Frank Zappa's album, Buffalo, was recorded at the Auditorium on October 25, 1980.
 The cover of the 1981 Rush live album Exit...Stage Left features a photo taken at a performance in Memorial Auditorium.
 The Jacksons performed at Memorial Auditorium on August 2, 1981, during their Triumph Tour.
 Iron Maiden performed here in 1982
 The Police's Synchronicity Tour visited the Aud on February 22, 1984.
 U2 performed in October 1987.
 Smashing Pumpkins performed on July 2, 1996 as part of their Infinite Sadness tour.
 AC/DC's final visit to the Aud came on August 3, 1996 as part of their Ballbreaker World Tour.
 Queen (band) performed on November 28, 1978.
Alice Cooper performed here on the School's Out For Summer '78 tour on June 20, 1978.
The Grateful Dead performed here on November 9, 1979.

Stage shows
On April 24, 1982, The Price is Right host Bob Barker brought The Bob Barker Fun and Games Show to Buffalo.

See also
War Memorial Stadium (Buffalo)

References

External links
 The Voice of the Aud: Milt Ellis with Aud Pictures, sounds, and memories by Buffalonian Steve Cichon
 Interactive full VR panorama of the Aud

Category:Basketball venues in New York (state)
Category:Boxing venues in New York (state)
Category:Buildings and structures in Buffalo, New York
Category:Defunct sports venues in New York (state)
Category:Former music venues in New York (state)
Category:Buffalo Bisons (AHL)
Category:Buffalo Braves venues
Category:Buffalo Sabres arenas
Category:Buffalo Bandits arenas
Category:Defunct indoor soccer venues in the United States
Category:Former National Basketball Association venues
Category:Defunct National Hockey League venues
Category:Defunct college ice hockey venues in the United States
Category:Demolished music venues in the United States
Category:Demolished sports venues in New York (state)
Category:Mixed martial arts venues in New York (state)
Category:Professional wrestling venues in New York (state)
Category:Spanish–American War memorials in the United States
Category:Sports venues in Buffalo, New York
Category:Sports venues completed in 1940
Category:Sports venues demolished in 2009
Category:Tennis venues in New York (state)
Category:1940 establishments in New York (state)
Category:1996 disestablishments in New York (state)
Category:1940s architecture in the United States
Category:Works Progress Administration in New York (state)


Mario Michel

Mario F. Michel (born 1960) is a Saint Lucian lawyer and politician and since 2009 has been a judge of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.

Michel studied Economics and History at the University of the West Indies in Cave Hill, Barbados. He then went on to study at the Hugh Wooding Law School in Trinidad and Tobago from 1988 to 1990. In 1990 he started his own legal practice,  Michel & Company , which he pursued until being elected to Parliament in 1997, representing the district of Gros Islet.

Michel is a former President of the National Youth Council and an avid bridge player who has represented the island at many tournaments.  From 1997 he was part of the Prime Minister Kenny Anthony's cabinet, serving as Minister of Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports and the position of Deputy Prime Minister. He presided over the establishment of Universal Secondary Education and cut a figure of principle and was sometimes construed as obdurate. His tenure was also characterised by confrontations with Saint Lucia Teachers Union some of which ended in short industrial actions.

After the executive of the Saint Lucia Labour Party voted to remove their term limit clause and effectively allow current leader, Dr Kenny Anthony to take the party into the 2006 elections he announced his intention not to partake in the General Elections of 2006. He returned to his private legal practice. There has been talk about the return of Michel to the helm of the party. He has hinted this in a recent television interview where he said coyly that he was getting many requests from people to return to politics but he was still weighing up his options.

In 2009, Michel was appointed a High Court Judge of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court; he was assigned to reside in and hear cases from Antigua and Barbuda. In 2012, he became an Appeals Court Judge for the same court, with jurisdiction over all states of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.

See also
 Saint Lucia Labour Party
 Politics of Saint Lucia

External links
 Official site of Mario Michel in the Saint Lucia Labour Party (in English).
 Official site of the members of Santa Lucía's Parliament (in English).

Category:Members of the House of Assembly of Saint Lucia
Category:University of the West Indies alumni
Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Government ministers of Saint Lucia
Category:Saint Lucian lawyers
Category:Saint Lucia Labour Party politicians
Category:Saint Lucian judges
Category:Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court justices
Category:Saint Lucian judges on the courts of Antigua and Barbuda
Category:Saint Lucian judges of international courts and tribunals


Scopula natalensis

Scopula natalensis is a moth of the  family Geometridae. It is found in South Africa.

References

Category:Moths described in 1915
natalensis
Category:Moths of Africa


Flint & Steel Guesthouse

Flint & Steel Guesthouse was situated on Broken Bay, north of Sydney, Australia. It was constructed from 1920 to 1965. The guesthouse and nearby waterways were resumed by the navy during the second world war. Navy personnel at nearby Hungry Beach were known to have frequented "Flint & Steel". The guesthouse was destroyed by fire in 1971.

References

Category:1920 establishments in Australia
Category:Houses in Sydney
Category:Australian building and structure stubs


Calmodulin binding domain

In molecular biology, calmodulin binding domain (CaMBD) is a protein domain found in small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK channels). These channels are independent of voltage and gated solely by intracellular Ca2+. They are heteromeric complexes that comprise pore-forming alpha-subunits and the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin (CaM). CaM binds to the SK channel through the CaMBD, which is located in an intracellular region of the alpha-subunit immediately carboxy-terminal to the pore. Channel opening is triggered when Ca2+ binds the EF hands in the N-lobe of CaM. The structure of this domain complexed with CaM is known. This domain forms an elongated dimer with a CaM molecule bound at each end; each CaM wraps around three alpha-helices, two from one CaMBD subunit and one from the other.

References

Category:Protein families


14th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)

The Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade (later numbered as the 7th Mounted Brigade) was a yeomanry brigade of the British Army, formed as part of the Territorial Force in 1908.

It served dismounted in the Gallipoli Campaign before being remounted to serve in the Salonika and Sinai and Palestine Campaigns in the First World War.

In April 1918, it was merged with elements of the 9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade to form 14th Cavalry Brigade.  It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties.

Formation

Under the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force.  It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column, a transport and supply column and a field ambulance.

As the name suggests, the units were drawn from Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire.

First World War

Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade
The brigade was embodied on 4 August 1914 upon the outbreak of the First World War.  Initially, it  concentrated in Berkshire and on 5 August 1914 joined the 1st Mounted Division.  On 2 September it was transferred to the 2nd Mounted Division and in mid November 1914 it moved with its division to Norfolk on coastal defence duties.

Egypt
In April 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division moved to Egypt arriving at Alexandria between 19 and 21 April and was posted to Cairo by the middle of May. In May 1915, the brigade was designated 3rd (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Mounted Brigade.

It was dismounted in August 1915 and took part in the Gallipoli Campaign.  Each regiment left a squadron headquarters and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses.

Gallipoli
The brigade landed at Suvla Bay on the night of 17/18 August and moved into reserve positions at Lala Baba on the night of 20 August. On 21 August it advanced to Chocolate Hill under heavy fire and took part on the right flank of the attack on Hill 112.

Due to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the 2nd Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from the 3rd (Notts and Derby) and 4th (London) Mounted Brigades.  The brigade formed a battalion sized unit 3rd Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment.  The brigade embarked for Mudros on 2 November and returned to Egypt in December 1915 where it was reformed and remounted.

7th Mounted Brigade

The brigade left the 2nd Mounted Division on 18 and 19 January 1916.  In February 1916 the brigade was sent to take part in the Salonika Campaign.  On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence.  As a consequence, the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade was redesignated as 7th Mounted Brigade.

The brigade arrived back in Egypt from Salonika on 29 June 1917, less the Derbyshire Yeomanry which remained in Macedonia as GHQ Troops with the British Salonika Army.  20th Machine Gun Squadron then was formed on 4 July 1917 at Ismailia from the machine gun sections of the two regiments.  The brigade served variously as Corps Troops with the Desert Mounted Corps and XXI Corps and on attachment to the Yeomanry Mounted Division.  Essex Battery, RHA joined from 52nd (Lowland) Division on 17 September 1917 and was still assigned to the brigade when it joined the new 2nd Mounted Division.

14th Cavalry Brigade

In March 1918, the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France.  The Canadian (Canadian Cavalry Brigade) and British units (notably 7th Dragoon Guards, 8th Hussars and N and X Batteries RHA) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.

By an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre.  On 24 April 1918, the 2nd Mounted Division was formed on the Indian Establishment and the 7th Mounted Brigade was assigned to it.

On 24 April 1918, the 7th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade:
the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry remained with the brigade
the South Nottinghamshire Hussars left the brigade and was merged with the Warwickshire Yeomanry (of 5th Mounted Brigade) to form B Battalion, Machine Gun Corps.  It was posted to France, arriving in June
20th Deccan Horse joined from 9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade
34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse joined from 9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade
20th Machine Gun Squadron remained with the brigade
7th Mounted Brigade Signal Troop remained with the brigade
in April, 7th Mounted Brigade Field Ambulance merged with Secunderabad Cavalry Field Ambulance to form 7th Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance
in April, 7th Mounted Brigade Mobile Veterinary Section merged with Secunderabad Mobile Veterinary Section to form 7th Cavalry Mobile Veterinary Section
On 22 July 1918, the 2nd Mounted Division was renumbered as the 5th Cavalry Division and the brigade as 14th Cavalry Brigade.  The sub units (Signal Troop, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance and Mobile Veterinary Section) were renumbered on the same date.

The brigade remained with 5th Cavalry Division for the rest of the war, taking part in the Affair of Abu Tellul, Battle of Megiddo, Capture of Damascus, and Occupation of Aleppo.

After the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade remained with 5th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces.  However, demobilization began immediately and the brigade was broken up in September 1919.

Commanders
The Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade / 7th Mounted Brigade / 14th Cavalry Brigade had the following commanders:

See also

 2/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade for the 2nd Line formation
 British yeomanry during the First World War

Notes

References

Bibliography

CB14
Category:Cavalry brigades of the British Indian Army
Category:Military units and formations established in 1908
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
Category:1908 establishments in India


Duyvis

Duyvis is a Dutch brand of salty snacks, peanuts and nuts. Dip sauces are also sold under the Duyvis brand.

History
The Duyvis name is attested since the 16th century in the Zaanstreek.  In 1806, Teewis Duyvis (1757–1832), member of an anabaptist family of Oostzaandam inherited from his uncle the oil windmill  near the Zaanse Schans, where it was built in 1670 and is still operational. Oil mills were used in the production of cattle-fodder with linseed oil as a by-product. The grandson of Teewis, who was also called Teewis (1825–1875), took over the company in 1850. The company expanded with several oil mills and was called Teewis Duyvis Jansz, after the grandson of the first Teewis. At one point Duyvis owns seven windmills, primarily in Koog aan de Zaan.

In 1880 Ericus Gerardus Duyvis, son of the second Teewis, built a steam oil factory and still produced mainly cattle-fodder. As of 1908 the company started exporting linseed oil and in 1920 it started to refine the oil. Between 1920 and 1930 the company became one of the largest oil exporting companies of the Netherlands. During the crisis years turnover declined and the company started producing salad oil for consumer usage. Throughout World War II oil production declined due to the inability to import the necessary raw materials. The company switched to the production of other vegetable oils products and increased its focus on the consumer market by selling branded products such as Mayolande which was sold under the Bénénuts brand.

In 1958 the company received the status of a ‘Royal’ company which it retained until 1961 when it was taken over by Akzo. In 1987 Duyvis was taken over by Douwe Egberts. In 1991, a new factory was built, still on the same location where Teewis Duyvis started in 1806 and Duyvis became the largest peanut and nut brand in the Netherlands. In 2006 Douwe Egberts (a subsidiary of Sara Lee) sold Duyvis to PepsiCo, a soft drink and snack manufacturer.

In 2006 Duyvis celebrated its 200th anniversary.

Products
Duyvis peanuts exist in many varieties. Besides plain peanuts there are peanuts that are roasted, marinated, sprinkled with herbs or in combination with other seeds and salty snacks. Some of the peanuts are covered with crunchy coatings of dough in different flavours. Besides peanuts, Duyvis produces noble nuts, some of them in combination with fruit and flavoured with herbs and spices.

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Brand name snack foods
Category:Companies based in North Holland
Category:PepsiCo subsidiaries
Category:Zaanstad


Luleh

Luleh (, also Romanized as Lūleh; also known as Kūh Lūleh) is a village in Bandan Rural District, in the Central District of Nehbandan County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 139, in 27 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Nehbandan County


Widener Pride football

The Widener Pride football team represents Widener University in college football. The football team has had recent success winning the MAC championship in 2012 and an "Elite 8" appearance in the Division III Playoffs, the ECAC Southwest Bowl in 2011, and the ECAC South Atlantic Bowl in 2005.  Its greatest success has been winning the NCAA Division III National Championship in 1977 and 1981 under long-time coach Bill Manlove and reaching the semi-finals in 1979, 1980, and 2000. Widener also reached the quarterfinals of the tournament in 2012 before losing to eventual NCAA D-III National Champion, Mount Union, by a lopsided 72–17 score.  Additionally, Widener football has won 17 MAC championships, the most of any team in the conference.  Billy "White Shoes" Johnson played for Widener in the early 70s.  He went on to be an all-pro National Football League player and was selected to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team as well as the College Football Hall of Fame.

References

Category:Widener Pride football


Columbia High School (Nampa, Idaho)

Columbia High School is a four-year public secondary school in Nampa, Idaho. The third major high school in the Nampa School District 131, Columbia opened in 2006, designed with two floors and a separate building for technology, agriculture, and shop classes. The school district shuttles students from one high school to the other to meet their class requirements. Each school has a different focus; Columbia's is technology, performing arts, and broadcasting.

Naming controversy
Before the school was built, the district had decided on the name Aurora High School. The name Aurora was based on the natural phenomenon aurora borealis. Following a letter-writing campaign by students of the middle schools feeding into the future high school, in which reference was made to the character Princess Aurora in the 1959 film Sleeping Beauty, the District altered its proposed name to Columbia High School after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Students accepted this name and it is expected to be permanent.

Performing arts
Immediately after Columbia's establishment, its Performing Arts Department initiated several activities. All choirs in 2006 got a superior in the District Three Competition. The Drama Department has put on plays such as A Girl In The Mirror, Arsenic and Old Lace, and Snoopy, as well as musicals such as Grease and Hairspray.

Athletics
Columbia competes in athletics in IHSAA Class 4A, the second highest classification, and are members of the Southern Idaho Conference (4A). Originally in Class 4A, Columbia moved up to 5A in the summer of 2014. Columbia moved back down to 4A in the summer of 2018.

In its first season in 2007, the baseball team won the 4A state championship.
The wrestling team won three consecutive 4A state championships (2009–11).
The Wildcats football team made the 4A state playoffs in the fall of 2011.

State titles
Boys
 Wrestling (3): (4A) 2009, 2010, 2011
 Baseball (1): (4A) 2007  (records not kept by IHSAA)

References

External links

Nampa School District #131

Category:Nampa, Idaho
Category:Public high schools in Idaho
Category:Schools in Canyon County, Idaho
Category:Treasure Valley
Category:2006 establishments in Idaho


Strata Management Act 2013

The Strata Management Act 2013 (), is a Malaysian laws which enacted to provide for the proper maintenance and management of buildings and common property, and for related matters.

Preamble
WHEREAS it is expedient for the purposes only of ensuring uniformity of law and policy with respect to local government to make laws relating to the maintenance and management of buildings and common property within Peninsular Malaysia and the Federal Territory of Labuan

Structure
The Strata Management Act 2013, in its current form (8 February 2013), consists of 11 Parts containing 153 sections and 4 schedules (including no amendment).
 Part I: Preliminary
 Part II: Administration of the Act
 Part III: Dealings in Building or Land Intended for Subdivision into Parcels
 Part IV: Strata Management before Existence of Management Corporation
 Chapter 1: General
 Chapter 2: Management by developer before joint management body is established
 Chapter 3: Management by joint management body
 Chapter 4: Miscellaneous provisions applicable to this Part
 Chapter 5: Transitional and saving provisions due to the repeal of the Building and Common Property (Maintenance and Management) Act 2007
 Part V: Strata Management after Existence of Management Corporation
 Chapter 1: General
 Chapter 2: Management by developer before first annual general meeting of management corporation
 Chapter 3: Management by developer after first annual general meeting of management corporation
 Chapter 4: Subsidiary management corporation and limited common property
 Chapter 5: Miscellaneous provision applicable to this Part
 Chapter 6: Transitional and saving provisions due to consequential amendments to the Strata Titles Act 1985
 Part VI: Managing Agent
 Part VII: Deposit to Rectify Defects
 Part VIII: Insurances
 Part IX: Disputes and Strata Management Tribunal
 Chapter 1: General
 Chapter 2: Establishment and organization
 Chapter 3: Jurisdiction of Tribunal
 Chapter 4: Conduct of proceedings
 Chapter 5: Awards of Tribunal
 Chapter 6: Miscellaneous provisions applicable to this Part
 Part X: Enforcement
 Part XI: Miscellaneous
 Schedules

Management responsibilities
The developer is responsible to maintain and manage the building intended for strata title subdivisions during the first year after vacant possession (developer's management period). Within that one year, the developer shall call for an Annual General Meeting of all proprietors, during which, the Joint Management Body (JMB) is formed. The JMB comprises the proprietors and the developer. The Committee members appointed by the proprietors during the General Meeting and the developer forms the Joint Management Committee (JMC). The JMC acts on behalf of the JMB who has the responsibility to maintain and manage the building pending the issuance of individual strata titles. After strata titles are issued by the Land Office, the developer is responsible to call for the first Annual General Meeting of the Management Corporation. The Corporation appoints its Committee members during the General Meeting known as the Management Committee (MC). The Management Corporation and the Management Committee do not include the developer.

References

External links
 Strata Management Act 2013
 Effect of the New Strata Management Act 2013 on Upcoming Strata Developments, Adzman Shah Mohd Ariffin

Category:2013 in Malaysian law
Category:Malaysian federal legislation


Telecom Telecommunication Tower Heidelberg

Telecom Telecommunication Tower Heidelberg () is a 102 meter tall (originally 80m, raised to 102m in the 1980s) telecommunication tower built of reinforced concrete in the late 1950s on the mountain Königsstuhl near Heidelberg, Germany. Nearby are Fernsehturm Heidelberg and Telecommunication Tower of US-Forces Heidelberg. Like the other two towers, this structure has been converted from steel beams to reinforced concrete.

Only three analog FM radio channels are currently transmitted. Its main use is microwave communications for Deutsche Telekom also known as T-COM (t-home/t-mobile).

See also
 List of towers

External links
 http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b60552

Category:Communication towers in Germany
Category:Buildings and structures in Heidelberg
Category:1950s establishments in Germany


Double Down

Double Down may refer to:

 Double down, a betting technique in blackjack
 Double Down: Game Change 2012, a 2013 book about the 2012 United States Presidential election
 Double Down (comics), a DC Comics villain
 Double Down (film), a 2001 American drama film
 "Double Down" (Journeyman), an episode of Journeyman
 Double Down (sandwich), a sandwich offered by Kentucky Fried Chicken
 Double Down, a televised high school quiz program in Syracuse, New York
 Double down, a roller coaster element involving two separate drops
 Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Double Down, the eleventh book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series

See also
 Double Down Live: 1980 & 2008, a 2009 album by ZZ Top
 Double Down Live Tour, a 2009 concert tour by ZZ Top


A Los Campesinos! Christmas

A Los Campesinos! Christmas is the name of a Christmas EP released by Welsh band Los Campesinos! on 8 December 2014. The EP compiles Christmas songs from past years, in addition to new tracks and a cover of Mud's 1974  Christmas number one "Lonely This Christmas". It was released through Turnstile and Heart Swells via iTunes and on 12-inch vinyl, pressed on white, with a CD copy and Christmas card (designed by Rob Campesinos!) signed by the band included.

Track listing

References

Category:2014 EPs
Category:Los Campesinos! albums
Category:2014 Christmas albums
Category:Christmas albums by Welsh artists
Category:Christmas EPs
Category:Pop Christmas albums


Haldimand—Norfolk—Brant (provincial electoral district)

Haldimand—Norfolk—Brant was a provincial electoral district in central Ontario, Canada that elected one Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. It was created in 1999 from Norfolk and Brant—Haldimand. It was abolished in 2007 into Haldimand—Norfolk and Brant.

The riding included all of Norfolk County, plus the town of Haldimand, the townships of Burford, Oakland and Onondaga plus the Indian reserves of New Credit and Six Nations.

Members of Provincial Parliament

Toby Barrett, Ontario Progressive Conservative Party (1999–2007)

Election results

Category:Defunct Ontario provincial electoral districts
Category:1999 establishments in Ontario
Category:2007 disestablishments in Ontario

fr:Haldimand—Norfolk—Brant (circonscription provinciale)


Ozren (Ilijaš)

Ozren (Ilijaš) is a village in the municipality of Ilijaš, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References

Category:Populated places in Ilijaš


Nanosatellite Launch System

The Nanosatellite Launch System (NLS) is a series of satellite launch missions launched 2003–2010, coordinated by the Space Flight Laboratory (SFL) of the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies (UTIAS).

NLS has provided low-cost launch services for a number of nanosatellites.

Missions

NLS 1
 Launch date: 30 June 2003
 Launch vehicle: Rockot
 Launch site: Plesetsk Cosmodrome
 Participants:  CanX-1,  AAUSAT-1,  DTUsat

NLS 4
 Launch date: 28 April 2008
 Launch vehicle: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C9)
 Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Second Launch Pad
 Participants:  CanX-2,  AAUSAT-II,  COMPASS-1,  Delfi-C3,   CUTE-1.7+APD II and  SEEDS II

NLS 5
 Launch date: 28 April 2008
 Launch vehicle: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C9)
 Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Second Launch Pad
 Participants:  CanX-6/NTS

NLS 6
 Launch date : July 12, 2010
 Launch vehicle: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C15)
 Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, First Launch Pad
 Participants:  AISSat-1,  TIsat-1

NLS 8
 Launch date : 25 February 2013
 Launch vehicle: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C15)
 Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, First Launch Pad
 Participants:  Sapphire,  NEOSSat,  TUGSAT-1,  UniBRITE-1,  STRaND-1,  AAUSAT3

Notes

References

 F. M. Pranajaya, R. E. Zee, P. L. Thomsen, M. Blanke, R. Wisniewski, L. Franklin, and J. Puig-Suari, "An Affordable, Low-Risk Approach to Launching Research Spacecraft as Tertiary Payloads," Proc. 17th Annual AIAA/USC Conference on Small Satellites, Logan, Utah, Aug. 2003.

Category:Space launch vehicles of Canada