Sleepwalker (comics)

Sleepwalker is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Bob Budiansky and Bret Blevins, he first appeared in Sleepwalker #1 (June 1991). He is named after his race, and is the star of a self-titled comic book which ran for 33 issues from June 1991 to February 1994, with one Holiday Special.  All but two of the issues were written by Budiansky, with Tom Brevoort and Mike Kanterovich writing the Holiday Special and one fill-in issue. Dan Slott also contributed a humorous side story in issue #25.

Publication history

Budiansky's concept dates to the late 1970s; however, he originally called the character Alien until the Ridley Scott film of the same name was released, at which point he abandoned the idea of using the character.

The character finally saw release in reaction to the DC Comics character Sandman, written by Neil Gaiman.

A second Sleepwalker character was planned to receive a self-titled series by Robert Kirkman in 2004 but instead debuted in the 2004 Epic Anthology, which was canceled after one issue.  The original Sleepwalker's next appearance was in Marvel Team-Up #15 nearly a decade after his original cancellation.

At the end of 2018, as a tie-in to the Marvel Infinity Wars event, a four issue Sleepwalker series was released. The series is written by Chad Bowers & Chris Sims, with artwork by Todd Nauck.

Fictional character biography

The Mindscape is a dimension that borders on the minds of all intelligent beings and living things, inhabited by many strange creatures. Some of them are very dangerous, seeking to invade the sleeping minds of humans.  The Sleepwalkers act as guardians to defend these minds and the Mindscape, almost as a sort of "dream police", apprehending such evil creatures. One such Sleepwalker was tricked by his archenemy Cobweb (who like Sleepwalker had a real name that is unpronounceable by humans) into entering the mind of a New York college student named Rick Sheridan and became trapped.

Rick himself is an ordinary human being, majoring in Film Studies as a college student.  He lived in a Brooklyn apartment with his dog Rambo, where he worked as a building superintendent, doing maintenance work in exchange for living rent-free. He also earns a living as a part-time job teaching English to immigrants.  Rick had an on-again off-again romance with a girl named Alyssa Conover.

Sleepwalker first emerged from Rick's mind to battle a gang of thieves. He battled dream-images of the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, X-Factor, and the X-Men. After a few confrontations in Rick's dreams, Rick reacts by tearing off Sleepwalker's Imaginator (a badge like device worn by Sleepwalkers used to teleport around the Mindscape, and to banish and imprison monsters they captured). This causes the two to become bonded. When Rick sleeps, Sleepwalker could materialize in reality or he could stay in Rick's mind and converse with him via his dreams.  It was through a conversation in dreams that Sleepwalker is able to dispel Rick's initial fears that he was a malicious entity and work out agreeable terms to cohabitation.

Rick and Sleepwalker eventually worked out an understanding, allowing the alien to fight crime and various injustices. This was not easy, as Sleepwalker's appearance caused fear among regular people.

With Spider-Man, Sleepwalker battled Kingpin and Crimewave. With Darkhawk, Deathlok, Moon Knight, and the Squadron Supreme, he attempted to stop Eon's body from invading Earth's Universe; he also battled the Chain Gang. With Deathlok's help, he also rescued Alyssa Conover and a number of other innocent people from being experimented on by the mysterious Mr. FX.  He fought Nightmare, and then battled Spectra. Alongside Mister Fantastic and the Thing, he battled the Thought Police. Alongside Darkhawk and Spider-Man, Sleepwalker saved Portal from the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. He also battled various supernatural menaces, including a demonic genie known as Mr. Jyn and the spirit of a traumatized young man that had gained superhuman powers and became obsessed with recreating the scene of his mother's murder

Sleepwalker is one of the few entities who remember the events of "The Infinity Gauntlet" storyline. Sleepwalker spent most of it fighting the villains called the Chain Gang and rescuing people from numerous natural disasters. However, the villain called Nebula turned back time, neutralizing what he had gone through. He considers his vague memories to be just a dream.

Sleepwalker played an important role in the Infinity War, helping to defeat the forces of the Magus, by channeling mental powers from Professor X, Jean Grey, Psylocke, and Moondragon through Rick Sheridan's mind. He also contributed to the battle against the evil clones of the superheroes, fighting the clones of Beast, Firestar, and Daredevil, saving the lives of a number of innocent New York civilians. Part of the fight against the evil doubles involved Sleepwalker impersonating his own evil clone.

In the "Infinity Crusade" storyline, Sleepwalker is brainwashed by the Goddess and taken to a planet on the other side of the sun. He keeps Rick asleep by drugging the orange juice in his refrigerator. During the battle between the Goddess's forces and the rest of Earth's heroes, Sleepwalker subdues Darkhawk and the Human Torch by dragging them into the water with his shape-changing powers.

Sleepwalker exchanged bodies with Rick Sheridan, and battled Cobweb, the Chain Gang, 8-Ball, and the Hobgoblin. Later in the series, Sleepwalker is revealed to supposedly be the lead scout for the dimension conquering Mindspawn race, an invasion force from the Mindscape intent on conquering Earth. However, in actuality, Cobweb had put in motion a complicated plot to invade the Earth and disrupt Rick's relationship with Sleepwalker. This involves disguising his minions as members of Sleepwalker's race and framing his archenemy as their leader. The plot is only partially successful; Sleepwalker and the Avengers thwart the initial attack, although Sleepwalker's reputation was ruined in the process. Many people still mistakenly believe that Sleepwalker's race planned to invade and conquer the Earth and that Sleepwalker himself was an advanced scout for the invasion force, betraying his own people to protect humanity.

During the confrontation, Sleepwalker pretended to destroy Rick's mind as a means of protecting him from Cobweb's minions. Unfortunately, the authorities retrieved the "mindrake" weapon Sleepwalker had used to store Rick's mind, preventing the alien from recovering it, also gathering up one of Cobweb's demons that was left behind after the Avengers drove them away. The demon and the mindrake were both taken to a federal prison and research facility where serial killer Jeremy Roscoe was also being held as part of a psychiatric experiment. Roscoe staged an escape from the prison hospital and became fused with the demon in the process, transforming into a nightmarish creature calling himself Psyko. The monster began spreading mass insanity across New York, until Sleepwalker managed to defeat him and retrieve the mindrake Psyko had taken with him.

Later, Sleepwalker thwarts Cobweb's second attack and banishes his archenemy once and for all, before seemingly dying to save Rick Sheridan's life. However, Sleepwalker would later turn up alive and still trapped in Rick's mind.

Sleepwalker eventually gains the ability to interact with the real world again. He is seen investigating the after-effects of an explosion caused by the villainous Ringmaster. He had attempted to become more involved in the situation but was foiled by Rick's sleeping schedule.

Sleepwalker is seen as having become a registered superhuman under the Initiative after Alyssa Conover's death in an auto accident. He then appears alongside Machine Man and Agent Sum as a member of Ms. Marvel's Operation: Lightning Storm (by default, his human host Rick Sheridan becomes an unofficial member as well).

During the Fantastic Four's confrontation with the Quiet Man, they recruited Sleepwalker's assistance to neutralize the threat posed by the heroes from Counter-Earth, reasoning that Sleepwalker was particularly suited to advise them on it since Counter-Earth was basically Franklin Richards' dream. During his time on Counter-Earth, Sleepwalker noted that none of the human inhabitants there were real as they didn't have actual souls, allowing the FF to freely take them out as they weren't actually killing anyone.

Powers and abilities
Sleepwalker possesses superhuman strength, exceptional durability and resistance to injury, and flotation-like flight. He is also capable of the projection of crude images of what he's seen from his eyes. His only offensive power was his "warp gaze". With this vision-based power, Sleepwalker could alter the shape of physical objects and twist them to his purposes. He could also modify the physical characteristics of the objects he affected-making them harder or softer, for example. Sleepwalker initially demonstrated this power by using it to distort a sidewalk to capture a criminal. He also used this ability once on air molecules to create a wind tunnel for faster aerial travel. Owing to an oath sworn by all members of his race due to the great physical and mental pain it could cause, Sleepwalker tried not to use his warp beams on living entities.

The effects of the warp vision on living entities was demonstrated when Rick, trapped in Sleepwalker's body after an encounter with the Chain Gang, inadvertently used the beam on his former girlfriend Alyssa Conover, who was about to kill Sleepwalker in Rick's body.  Sleepwalker's vision causes living bodies to twist and contort, causing intense physical agony in the process, although this effect is only temporary. The beam also has the side effect of breaking the mental control of any outside entity possessing the victim's mind, expelling the controller in the process. As a result, Rick unintentionally freed Alyssa from the domination of the Chain Gang, a tactic Sleepwalker himself would later adopt when freeing other people from the mental enslavement of Cobweb's minions, using his ability to detect mental enslavement to identify the humans who needed his help.  In these cases, when he used his warp beams on their human victims, the humans suffered little to no mental trauma, only experiencing a mild shock that they quickly recovered from. Alyssa Conover, on the other hand, suffered both the physical pain of her contortion and a serious mental shock from the effects of Sleepwalker's warp beams, which according to Sleepwalker forced her to repeatedly experience her worst nightmares.  It seems that the mindspawn demons, who had completely suppressed the wills of their human victims and had completely taken over their bodies, took the brunt of the blast. In Alyssa's case, on the other hand, the Chain Gang did not completely take over her body, but rather attempted to force her conscious mind to do their bidding, leaving her vulnerable to the full effects of the beam.

Sleepwalker's warp vision had different effects on demons and other extraplanar creatures not from Earth, often incapacitating and banishing them back to their native planes, as he did to dispatch Cobweb's minions back to the Mindscape and also to defeat Mr. Jyn.  His ability to use his warp-beam diminishes as he uses it; the greater the intensity of its usage, the faster it is used up. His warp-beam power is replenished by rest.

As an alien resident of the Mindscape, Sleepwalker had exceptional visual abilities, being able to see over a much farther distance than an average human, as well as being able to see and follow energy trails, and see wavelength colors invisible to human eyes.  Sleepwalker shares a mental link with the human Rick Sheridan that facilitates Sleepwalker's entry into Rick's mind. Instead of food, Sleepwalker fed on mental energy, needing to periodically return to Rick's mind to be able to regain his strength.  When Rick appeared to be dead, Sleepwalker formed a temporary bond with a homeless man named Pike to borrow some of his mental energy, although he did this only with Pike's express permission.  His training as a warrior of the Mindscape makes him skilled tracker and an expert in the combat use of his powers, and also gives him a certain amount of knowledge about various supernatural entities and the workings of the mind.  Sleepwalker's presence could also strengthen the powers of psychic powers and mind-related magic, enhancing the mental abilities of Professor X, Moondragon, Jean Grey and Psylocke, enabling them to connect with the mind of every human on Earth to free the human race from mental enslavement by the Magus.  Similarly, Sleepwalker's mere presence increased the power of Doctor Strange's mental spells and enabled him to imprison a mental demon released from a woman's mind by Nightmare. Continuing his supernatural 'expertise', Sleepwalker's nature also allows him to be aware of souls, allowing him to confirm that the natives of Counter-Earth did not have souls as they were nothing more than psychic manifestations created by Franklin Richards; he was also able to confirm that Jim Hammond had a soul despite his artificial origin.

Being a resident of the mental plane also gives Sleepwalker a resistance, but not an immunity, to various mental attacks.  When battling the monster Psyko, a creature that had the power to instill madness in his opponents, Sleepwalker briefly suffered from insanity, although he managed to resist and overcome Psyko's madness to finally defeat him.  At the same time, Sleepwalker was shown as able to absorb the energy of the attack and use it to increase his own strength and power, although he still suffered its effects.

Sleepwalker had several notable weaknesses. The first was his bond to Rick—whenever Rick awoke or regained consciousness, Sleepwalker would automatically disappear from the human world and return to Rick's mind. At the same time, Sleepwalker's strength was related to his connection with the ground and the Earth—the higher he levitated, the greater his loss of strength, although he gained his full strength when actually standing on the ground itself. Similarly, Sleepwalker would weaken if he did not return to the mental plane or Rick's mind to rest and renew his supply of mental energy, which happened both when Rick was killed during the Infinity Gauntlet and when Rick seemed to be dead (actually a ruse by Sleepwalker to protect him from Cobweb's minions).  Prolonged stay on Earth can lead to death. Finally, upon being exposed to a certain frequency of light, Sleepwalker initially experienced hallucinations and other pleasurable effects that distracted him from his frustration and anger at being hated and rejected by humans, despite his attempts to help them. He became addicted to the light, using it to escape his problems in a way similar to drug abuse or alcoholism. Sleepwalker's obsession with the light had tragic consequences, including the creation of Spectra and putting Rick into a coma. Horrified at what he had done, Sleepwalker managed to overcome his addiction and saved Rick's mind from the invasion of the Thought Police.

Sleepwalker also used the Imaginator device, which was in the shape of an amulet. The Imaginator was capable of teleporting Sleepwalker and other targets into, out of, and to different locations within the Mindscape. Sleepwalker's Imaginator was at one point lost within the mind of Rick Sheridan.

Enemies

Sleepwalker possessed a colorful gallery of mostly original villains, with a new one introduced each issue during the title's beginnings.  They include:

 8-Ball: A criminal who based his costume and equipment on the game of pool.
 Bookworm: An angry, bitter social misfit who gained the ability to channel energy from the Mindscape into creations of whatever he read after an encounter with Sleepwalker, and used his abilities to get revenge on his tormentors.
 The Chain Gang: Four convicted felons linked together in a chain gang who escaped during the upheavals caused by the Infinity Gauntlet, gaining superhuman powers in an accident, that lasted only as long as they stayed chained together. It consists of Master Link, Missing Link III, Uplink, and Weak Link.
 Mr. FX: A mysterious special effects designer who was known for his stunningly lifelike displays, which he actually achieved by kidnapping people and imprisoning them within specially designed costumes.
 Spectra: The assistant of a scientist who was studying the properties of a strange form of diamond, and planned to steal it and split the proceeds with her junkie boyfriend, until Sleepwalker's obsession with the light produced by the diamond led her to be imbued with its energies, allowing her to emit a rainbow of colored lights with many different powers.
 Mr. Jyn: A demonic genie that tricked humans into letting him manifest on Earth by pretending to serve them, even as he manipulated them into letting him cause more and more mayhem until he would be released.
 Eddie Cicala: A young boy traumatized by his father murdering his mother, who became catatonic before his mind made contact with a malign energy force from the Mindscape, which allowed him to possess innocent people and make them kill each other in a re-creation of his mother's death.
 Cobweb: Sleepwalker's nemesis, a demon of the Mindscape that could cause madness in his human victims, responsible for trapping Sleepwalker in Rick Sheridan's mind as part of a plot to invade Earth without being thwarted by his enemy.
 Lullaby: A teenage mutant who discovered she had the ability to sing people to sleep and put them into zombie-like trances, where they would obey her every command.
 Crimewave: A crime boss who plotted to embarrass the Kingpin and replace him as the top crime lord on the East Coast by capturing Spider-Man.
 The Thought Police: A special team of government agents assembled to capture Sleepwalker, led by the obsessed Agent Tolliver Smith.
 Psyko: A human serial killer who became fused with a monster from the Mindscape and transformed into a hideous creature with warping powers similar to Sleepwalker's and the additional power to cause insanity in his opponents and victims.

Sleepwalker's original villains faded into obscurity faster than Sleepwalker himself and haven't been seen since the end of the series, save for 8-Ball who appeared briefly in the 2005 She-Hulk series and the Daughters of the Dragon miniseries.

Sleepwalker also battled the Hobgoblin and teamed up with Darkhawk and Spider-Man to battle the Brotherhood of Mutants to rescue the mutant Portal.

Other versions

Marvel Team-Up: League of Losers
Sleepwalker features in an arc of Robert Kirkman's Marvel Team-Up (vol. 3), featuring a group of C-list heroes dubbed "The League of Losers". A group of heroes including Sleepwalker, Darkhawk, Dagger, Araña, X-23, Gravity, and Terror go to the future to prevent the villain Chronok from stealing Reed Richards' time machine, (Chronok comes to the present after killing all of Marvel's major heroes). Although Araña dies along the way, the rest of the team succeeds.

It is revealed Chronok is from the same time period as Kirkman's Mutant 2099; the group stays with him and his mentor Reed Richards to wait for Chronok. During this time, Sleepwalker experiences difficulties with being away from his host Rick Sheridan, but ultimately comes to terms with it. The team defeats Chronok, but at the end of the story, Richards reveals they can't go back to their present, due to time travel and alternate timelines. The group decides to stay in the future, satisfied with the impact they made, however unnoticed. Mutant 2099 suggests reforming the Avengers or the "Fantastic Nine".

Note that due to the Marvel Universe's method for resolving time travel paradoxes, this story occurred in an alternate universe.

Marvel Zombies: Dead Days
Sleepwalker is shown among the surviving heroes in the Dead Days prequel to Marvel Zombies, during the meeting on the Helicarrier. This is the last time he is seen however, and Rick's sleeping body is killed.

Ultimate Sleepwalker
Ultimate Sleepwalker was seen in Ultimate X-Men #89 (February 2008); there, he is shown to be not one man, but a group of creatures that police the "mindscape" on which Amahl Farouk grew to become the Shadow King.

The Wozuans
"The Anatomy of a Nightmare" in Tales of Suspense #22 (October 1961) by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko features an alien race bearing a strong resemblance to the Sleepwalkers.  The story was reprinted in Monsters on the Prowl #18 (August 1972).  The main character was hidden in shadows and takes pills to give him nightmares; his appearance is revealed to be the same as the aliens he visits, the Wozuans. He is finally revealed to be a green-skinned alien complaining that the pills failed to show him anything other than his own world.

Other appearances

 Sleepwalker made a cameo as a part of Deathlok's team in the 2006 Beyond! miniseries.
 He was seen briefly in a six issue Spider-Man miniseries, Revenge of the Sinister Six.
 Sleepwalker made a brief cameo in the 2005 Great Lakes Avengers (GLA) Misassembled.
 Sleepwalker also appears in the preview image for Avengers: The Initiative #1.
 Sleepwalker appeared in Secret Defenders #4, #5, fighting Roadkill, and made a cameo in the final issue, #25
 As part of the Infinity Wars, Sleepwalker had a cameo in Doctor Strange: Sorcerer Supreme #46
 As well as appearing in the main Infinity Crusade series, Sleepwalker had a cameo in Thor (Volume 1) #464
 Two creatures slightly resembling Sleepwalker appear in Ultimate X-Men #89. It is revealed they are "policing" the mindscape reality Amahl Farouk (the Shadow King) finds himself trapped in with an iron hand, causing more trouble than actually protecting it.
 Sleepwalker had a cameo in Ms. Marvel #18.
 Sleepwalker can also be seen on the cover of the Irredeemable Ant-Man #12. This final issue of the canceled series, shows other characters doomed to obscurity.
 Sleepwalker teams up with the Superior Spider-Man in Avenging Spider-Man #19.

In other media
An issue of Sleepwalker is shown in the comic book scene of the movie, True Romance. Christian Slater's character is shown skimming through the pages, though the description he gives of the story is not what is actually happening in the comic book.

References

External links
 Sleepwalker at the Marvel Universe
 Characters from the Sleepwalker series at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe

Category:1991 comics debuts
Category:Characters created by Bob Budiansky
Category:Comics characters introduced in 1991
Category:Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Category:Marvel Comics superheroes
Category:Marvel Comics titles


Stary Zamość

Stary Zamość () is a village in Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Stary Zamość. It lies approximately  north-west of Zamość and  south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

References

Category:Villages in Zamość County
Category:Kholm Governorate


Vendor Neutral Archive

A Vendor Neutral Archive (VNA) is a medical imaging technology in which images and documents (and potentially any file of clinical relevance) are stored (archived) in a standard format with a standard interface, such that they can be accessed in a vendor-neutral manner by other systems.

This terminology is used as distinct from a traditional Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS), although there is debate about where the boundary between a VNA and a PACS lies along the continuum of their common features.

Definition
The simplest definition is "a medical device that stores medical images in a standard format with a standard interface, such that they can be accessed in a vendor-neutral manner by other systems".

So-called "vendor neutrality" is implied by the standard format and interface, and the neutrality is with respect to vendor-specific devices that produce or consume those images (e.g., for display, distribution or analysis, with or without specific workflows, such as for radiology reporting, i.e., a PACS).

The exact definition and feature set is contentious though, and evolves as different vendors of VNAs attempt to distinguish themselves from their competitors and avoid being excluded, and customers express desires ranging from pragmatic to fantastic.

There is general agreement on the following key features:

 Storage of DICOM images and related composite objects (presentation states, key objects, structured reports)
 DICOM network standard interface for storage, query and retrieval
 Administrative updates and corrections (patient ID changes and study merges)
 Scalability

Each of the following features remain contentious, in the sense that some customers and vendors claim that some or all are fundamental to the concept, but others disagree:

 Storage of objects not directly related to images (such as human-generated requests and reports)
 Storage of non-DICOM content (such as HL7 CDA documents)
 Non-DICOM access protocols (such as IHE Cross-Enterprise Document Sharing (XDS and XDS-I)
 Cross-domain identity and code resolution (patient ID, accession #, procedure codes)
 Dynamic DICOM tag morphing
 Information lifecycle management
 Exclusion of workflow management database content
 Independence from choice of database engine
 Audit trail of access

History

Evolution
Traditionally, the need to store medical images has been most common in the radiology and nuclear medicine departments, and has been implemented in the form of sub-specialty and departmental (PACS), which have combined the functions of image management and image archiving into a single solution. Whilst such systems all have standard interfaces (DICOM and IHE) for ingestion and distribution of images over the network and on physical media (like CD), typically the workflow and optimal performance for display are achieved using proprietary software and protocols. Further, the persistent storage "inside" a proprietary PACS may not be in a standard form, the PACS may not update the stored files with the latest study and demographic updates and annotations stored in the database, and it may extend, abuse or depend on specific standard and non-standard (private) DICOM attributes in the stored files.

Over time, in many implementations, the underlying storage infrastructure has been "factored" out of the traditional (PACS) at the hardware and file system (DAS, NAS, SAN) level, and are supplied instead by non-domain-specific computer data storage vendors.

As more medical specialties incorporate images in their practice, the need to extend image storage and distribution capability to other departments, enterprise wide. Increasingly there is a desire to inter-operate at a higher application level, separating departmental-specific workflows, display and analysis solutions from image storage infrastructure, using standard protocols that are image and metadata aware, without sacrificing display performance.

A complicating factor is that the (PACS) offerings are in a constant state of flux with respect to features and quality of service, and traditionally users will abandon one vendor and replace their product with another's every 3–5 years. This triggers the need to "migrate" the images and associated information to the new architecture without data loss, a non-trivial task despite the use of standard formats for image encoding. The concept of a VNA theoretically allows for greater stability (re-usability and less frequent migration) at the archive level, despite rapid evolution and change at the higher application-level (display and workflow). Of course, migrating from one vendor's VNA to another isn't trivial either, just hopefully less frequent.

An alternative term for a VNA is a "PACS Neutral Archive", which perhaps better conveys the original intent, but this term is rarely used, and for better or for worse, VNA has become the buzzword of choice amongst customers and salesmen.

Literature
As noted above, the archive of images is naturally mostly static—that is, most of the content of an archive is unchanged, with only a (relatively) small number of studies added each day, with few changes and corrections required.

From the early days of PACS, it was expected that standard interoperability boundaries would need to be defined. The ACR-NEMA, and later DICOM, standards arose to address not only the need for a standard file format but also protocols for storage of images from acquisition modalities to archives, and to query and retrieve images from the archive. Even the first ACR-NEMA standard from 1985  defined FIND and GET transactions. I.e., the separation of workstations and workflow management from archives was envisaged from the beginning. The first DICOM demonstrations at RSNA beginning in 1992 made use of a so-called "central test node", which arguably was one of the first DICOM-based vendor neutral archives, though that label was not in use at the time. Homegrown PACS or mini-PACS typically described the archive and workstation as separate entities. Many, but not all, monolithic commercial PACS continued to make use of proprietary protocols between their integrated workstations and archives, but the need to support separate third-party workstations for specialized work, such as 3D processing and radiotherapy planning, was always recognized, and implemented using the DICOM protocol.

In 1998, Erickson and Hangiandreou discussed the advantages of once again separating the archive functionality from the conventional monolithic PACS and making use of pre-fetching to populate the "interpretation storage device". They also describe query and retrieval from multiple archives (in a manner that would now be called a federated query) to provide inter-enterprise image sharing. The article noted some of the practical challenges at the time, such as the relative inefficiency of doing DICOM queries against such multiple archives and separating out those responses relevant for pre-fetching, as well as challenges of patient identifiers. Nevertheless, the ability to have images in a separate system from the workstation was felt to be an important capability. Ultimately, Erickson and colleagues developed this into a startup company, TeraMedica in 2000, which was purchased by Fuji Medical Systems in 2015.

In one of many blog entries on the subject, Michael Gray makes a reference to an early description of the concept of separating the front-end clinical applications from the back-end storage function, in an article by Nadim Daher, a Medical Imaging Market Analyst at Frost & Sullivan.

A long running Aunt Minnie PACS Forum thread digressed to discuss the issue of neutral archives amongst a broader audience after a response from Michael Gray.

A white paper from 2009 by Wayne DeJarnette  is an early attempt to establish a definition based on a required feature set, and his company has also provided a more recent interpretation.

Michael Gray offers his essential ingredients of a VNA in his 2009 blog entry, making reference to Acuo's checklist of attributes, the most recent form of which can be found in Shannon Werb's white paper on attributes of a "true" VNA.

Herman Oosterwijk provides a more recent description on behalf of Teramedica, in his white paper, in which he offers a more detailed definition: "A Vendor Neutral Archive (VNA) is a medical device that provides scalable image and information and life cycle management so that images and related information can be queried, stored, and retrieved in a manner that is defined by open standards at multiple department, enterprise, and regional level while maintaining patient privacy and security. Characteristic for a VNA is that it provides a patient-centric approach that transcends upgrades and changes of the different viewing, acquisition, and workflow management components as they should be interchangeable without having to migrate, convert, or change the data formats or interface of the VNA."

The relationship of VNA to storage of medical images in the cloud is also nebulous, though offers high potential for buzzword compliance, and Michael Gray provides some clarity in his paper commissioned by EMC.

Various alternative deployment models and frameworks have been described, which address matters of cost, value and barriers to entry.

Since the term "VNA" has been so abused as a marketing term, it has already achieved mythical status.

Features

Administrative updates and corrections
A passive archive will simply store what it receives, and potentially overwrite the same thing when it is received again with changes but the same (unique) identifiers. This is insufficient in a production operation, where mistakes are made, and it is necessary to correct patient demographics, or correct mistakes (wrong patient or request or side was selected during an exam and incorrect information present in the image headers).

Standards exist that cover some use cases, such as IHE Patient Information Reconciliation (PIR) and Imaging Object Change Management (IOCM).

Cross-domain identity and code resolution
For an archive to span departments, institutions, regions or even national boundaries, the question of identification of entities and concepts must be addressed.

In general, within a domain such as an individual institution, patient identifiers and identifiers of request, studies and reports (e.g., by accession numbers) are assigned uniquely within that domain, but not outside. Most internal systems (and most PACS) do not manage the existence of multiple identity domains, and if identifiers are used across domains then collisions and ambiguity occur. Thus each identifier needs to either be qualified by its "assigning authority" when used (the approach taken by the DICOM-based IHE Multiple Image Manager Archive (MIMA) profile) or coerced into a single "canonical" identifier that spans the scope of the larger domain that includes all integrated cross-enterprise systems (the approach taken by IHE Cross Enterprise Document Sharing. When importing outside images into the local archive, this matter also has to be addressed, usually by mapping the outside identifier into an internal identifier and re-encoding the information (coercion) in the DICOM "header" or other meta-data (such as by the manner specified in Import Reconciliation Workflow).

Whether support for this is an essential feature for a VNA depends on what environment it is intended to be deployed in (within one enterprise or across enterprises), but robust support provides insurance against future deployment configuration changes (such as enterprise mergers).

Likewise, local code sets used for such things as procedure codes (for "orderables", as opposed to billing codes), are not well standardized, and where these are useful in images to drive workflow and display (such as hanging protocols), an ability to map these too is a useful feature.

Dynamic tag morphing
One purpose of a VNA is to store information and serve it to multiple systems that may have different requirements for its use and expectations for very specific characteristics of the DICOM attributes and values stored in them, both standard and private.

The concept of "dynamic tag morphing" is touted as a solution to the problem of two different systems expecting different values in the same attribute. "Tag morphing" refers to changing the values in one or more attributes (usually DICOM data elements in this context). This may be done "statically", in which case only one mapping is performed, or "dynamically", in which case multiple mappings, each specific to a particular recipient, is performed.

In its degenerate form, the ability to map any tag and value to any other is inherently dangerous and undermines the value of attempting to standardize attributes in the first place, and the efforts by modality and PACS vendors to use them "properly". That said, there is variation in the installed base and even new products in how some fields are used, particularly for highly specific and advanced forms of imaging, and corresponding variation in what advanced display and analysis applications expect in their input. Accordingly this is a popular feature, despite its dangers. Some will argue strongly that it is an essential feature to be classed as a VNA.

This feature is reminiscent of what is common in the HL7 version 2 world, a so-called Interface Engine, which is designed to map pretty much anything to anything else, depending on the source and target.

A typical use case is to change the values in Series Description supplied by acquisition modalities, in order to allow two different PACS sharing the same data to use different hanging protocol rules based in Series Description. Arguably, this could be achieved in a more standard way if modalities populated other attributes in more detail, acquisition protocols and codes for them were better standardized and hanging protocol engines were more flexible, but given the limitations of the state of the art, this technique remains useful.

Dynamic tag morphing is distinct from the specific attribute changes related to Cross-domain Identity and Code Resolution (what DICOM in PS 3.4 refers to as "coercion"), for which there are standards defined for what to change, when and how, and which often involve additional actors such as a Master Patient Index, though some proponents lump these together and some products implement them using the same mechanism.

Michael Gray was an early proponent of tag morphing and regards it an essential VNA feature. A description of tag morphing use-cases can be found in Wayne Dejarnette's 2010 white paper.

Information lifecycle management
Disk is cheap, though power and air-conditioning are not, but regardless, storage has a finite cost, particularly when one is paying as one goes rather than using a locally hosted capitalized infra-structure.

Accordingly, when medico-legal retention periods expire, or the clinical utility expires (such as on a patient's death), many users would like to be able to purge their storage. The rules for this are complex, and vary between jurisdictions as well as according to local policy. Given the conflicting demands of financiers, risk managers, litigators, researchers and educators, coming to agreement on such a policy may be difficult.

Regardless, a potentially useful VNA feature is support for locally customizable rule-based purging (culling) criteria, whether it be by implementing the rules directly, or responding to IHE Imaging Object Change Management (IOCM) requests from a separate rules engine.

Non-DICOM content
VNAs should have no difficulty storing DICOM content such images and associated information such as presentation states and so-called "evidence documents", such as DICOM Structured Reports containing such things as measurements recorded by the modality, or post-processing results such as from CAD.

In a clinical setting, however, other document and bulk object types may be available that it would be desirable to store. Most PACS take the approach of converting these to DICOM, in some cases using objects intended to "encapsulate" another type of object. The classic example is a scanned document stored as a PDF file and encapsulated in a DICOM PDF object along with sufficient metadata to identify it and manage it, as if it were an image. VNAs should support these type of encapsulated DICOM objects and the DICOM "header" provides a means to obtain the metadata for indexing to support query and retrieval. Michael Gray elaborates in detail on this topic in his white paper on the subject.

For other object types, or when there is no DICOM encapsulation object available, or when there is no need to interface with DICOM systems, as long as there is a standard means of providing the necessary metadata for indexing, such as by using HL7 version 2 messages or XDS registry services, then in theory a VNA could store anything.

Specific types of non-DICOM content, such as an HL7 CDA document instance containing, for example, a radiology report, could be stored either as a XDS, or first encapsulated in a DICOM Encapsulated CDA object and stored using DICOM services, or its content and header could be transcoded into a DICOM Structured Report instance. A fully featured VNA might have the ability to transcode any single instance into another form depending on what the requesting system needed ("object morphing", if you will).

A description of Wayne Dejarnette's approach to non-DICOM object storage in his product is described in his 2009 white paper.

Interface standardization

Image file format on long term storage media
There is general agreement that the use of the DICOM file format is required for images, and that where images are compressed for archival or transport, standard, not proprietary, compression schemes (transfer syntaxes) need to be used. Indeed, a distinguishing feature of most VNAs as opposed to many traditional PACS is the avoidance of proprietary internal formats ostensibly used in the past for "performance" reasons, whilst still obtaining good performance across the interfaces.

Implementations may vary in the range of supported compression schemes, whether or not reversible (lossless) compression is mandatory for medico-legal archival purposes. Implementations also vary in the range of modality-specific image types that they support; though many archives will support all DICOM image information objects in principle, some extreme cases, like whole slide pathology images and long videos may not be supported. A general feature of VNAs is to attempt to preserve all attributes as originally supplied, including private (proprietary) attributes whether from the acquisition modality or added by other intervening applications (such as QC workstations or PACS).

DICOM describes many different "Information Object Definitions" and "SOP Classes" for storage of images with specific metadata related to particular modalities and applications, and the list of these grows as technology evolves. Since the DICOM format is inherently extensible, and all new objects build upon a common encoding and pattern, a VNAs should be able to store any DICOM image object, regardless of whether the SOP Class is recognized or new. This may be achieved through the use of field-modifiable configuration to add new SOP Classes, or by analysis of the contents of the objects "header", or by the simple of approach of accepting, storing and regurgitating anything transferred via a DICOM C-STORE operation.

Image transfer protocols

Conventional DICOM
Support of the basic DICOM C-STORE, C-FIND, C-MOVE and preferably C-GET are fundamental and not debated. The basic uncompressed transfer syntaxes including implicit and explicit VR little-endian, and the less common big-endian transfer syntax are typically supported. The range of compressed transfer syntaxes usually includes lossless JPEG and reversible and irreversible JPEG 2000, occasionally JPEG-LS, and usually lossy JPEG for images that were supplied that way (especially true color photographs. Support for motion compression (other than multi-frame JPEG) is less common, but perhaps more common in VNAs than in PACSs, especially for storage and regurgitation without viewing.

WADO
Most would agree that an important VNA interface is the original version of Web Access to DICOM Persistent Objects (WADO), which allows single images to be retrieved with an HTTP URL in either DICOM file format or pre-rendered into a consumer format like JPEG.

XDS-I.b
The SOAP Web Service based transactions of the IHE Cross Enterprise Document Sharing for Imaging are also generally considered a prerequisite for a claim to be a VNA.

Image-related objects

Presentation states
The grayscale or color rendering transformation applied to images for display should be stored as a DICOM Presentation State object. These objects support grayscale and true color images, as well as the application of a pseudo-color lookup table to grayscale images. Presentation states can also record any zooming and panning (displayed area selection) applied. IHE uses these in the Consistent Presentation of Images (CPI) profile

Since many modern PACS can also store image annotations using DICOM Presentation State objects, a VNA needs to support these, including not just storage and regurgitation, but also selection and display in any viewer supplied as a VNA component.

Annotations, regions of interest and measurements
The preferred format for storage of annotations, regions of interest, and measurements is the DICOM Structured Report (SR) object, which allows structure, coded and semantic information to be persisted, rather than just presentation. IHE refers to these as Evidence Documents (ED). DICOM SR objects may also be produced in the context of the IHE specifies these in the Simple Image and Numeric Report (SINR) profile.

Since many Acquisition Modalities, mammography CAD systems and quantitative image analysis workstations produce SR objects, a VNA should be capable of storing and regurgitating these. Ideally, any viewer component should be capable of a generic (if not ideal) rendering of the content of any SR, including display of coordinates on referenced images.

For specific domains, such as Radiotherapy, an older format, the DICOM RT Structure Set, which can encode 3D patient relative coordinate isocontours (only) is used, and some non-RT workstations produce these as well instead of SRs. A VNA needs to support these too.

Key images and object selection
A common concept in a PACS is for the user (such as a modality operator or interpreting radiologist) to flag some images (or other objects) as being "key", i.e., of particular interest for some reason. Though obsolete PACS may only record this as a flag in an internal database, modern PACS use the DICOM Key Object Selection object (a specialized form of SR) to export this information. This usage is described in the IHE Key Image Note (KIN) profile. A VNA needs to support storage and regurgitation of KOS objects, as well as selection and display of these in any viewer.

Radiation dose reports
Since many medical imaging techniques deliver non-trivial amounts of ionizing radiation to the patient, the dose exposure needs to be tracked, and in some jurisdictions this must be recorded by law. DICOM defines a specialized form of Structured Report, the Radiation Dose Structured Report (RDSR) to encode this. IHE uses these in the Radiation Exposure Management (REM) profile. A VNA must support storage and regurgitation these, and ideally, would be able to extract critical information for display in any viewer.

Procedure reports
In radiology and nuclear medicine applications, the practice of dictating and transcribing (or using speech recognition) is well entrenched and the output of these is typically unstructured or minimally structured prose, encoded as plain text and distributed by fax or HL7 version 2 messages or some equally primitive mechanism. The persistent form of these "documents" is not well-standardized, but many customers expect a VNA to be able to accept them in whatever local format is preferred. The same principles apply as for the storage of any non-DICOM content, including the use of HL7 version 2 messages or XDS to provide metadata in lieu of a structured "header", such as in the case of reports rendered as PDF, when they have not been encapsulated in DICOM or CDA objects. Now that HL7 has promised to relax its previously closed IP policy, including offering CDA free for use, it is possible that CDA will become the preferred form of encoding, but VNAs will still need to accept (and possibly transcode) reports in a plethora of form from the installed base. DICOM defines templates for the encoding of human-generated reports as DICOM Structured Report (SR) objects, and IHE specifies these in the Simple Image and Numeric Report (SINR) profile.

Radiotherapy objects
In addition to DICOM RT Structure Sets, for a VNA to be usable in an enterprise that performs Radiotherapy, the entire family of DICOM RT objects for beam, ion and brachytherapy need to be stored and regurgitated.

Raw data objects
DICOM defines a Raw Data object that is essentially a conventional DICOM composite instance header with patient, study, series and instance information, but no payload. It was intended for the storage of the raw data that is not easily represented as an image or image-like object, such as the raw views obtained from the detectors of a CT scanner, or the k-space data from an MRI scanner, but can be used to encode anything. A VNA should be able to store and regurgitate these, even though it may be unaware of their contents and only the originating device may be able to interpret them.

Audio, waveform and spectroscopy objects
Though there are many consumer formats for encoding audio in widespread use, these lack the header or metadata necessary to identify the patient and encounter. A VNA that wants to support these needs to have a means of providing such information, such as submission using XDS. DICOM does define a Basic Audio object, and though it does not support the plethora of audio codecs available in the consumer world, some PACS do produce them, so a VNA should support these.

Time-based waveforms (such as ECGs) may be stored as DICOM or in a multitude of other formats, and the same principles apply as for audio; i.e., if the format is a medically oriented one, use the header meta-data for indexing during ingestion, if not, use XDS to register it.

A DICOM MR Spectroscopy object is defined, and since some modalities produce it, a VNA should be able to store and regurgitate instances of it.

Private objects
DICOM allows for the concept of Private SOP Classes, which use the DICOM encoding and transfer mechanisms but whose content is opaque. Vendors use these to good effect when necessary to encode information that has not been standardized, and also abuse them for convenience in lieu of using a standard encoding. Regardless, since their content may be important to the clinical workflow, a VNA should be configurable to accept, store and regurgitate these.

Use cases
 On site serving of images to multiple PACS
 Off site serving of images to multiple PACS
 Direct viewing of images (locally or externally)
 High Availability
 Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery

Spectrum of vendor offerings
Given the convoluted history, it should come as no surprise that two products claiming to be VNAs may have completely different feature sets and performance. However, there are essentially four categories of product:

 Third-party systems that have developed independently of PACS
 Offsite archival systems originally intended for BC/DR
 Central repository products that support cross-enterprise & external access
 Traditional PACS that have improved standard access to their internal archive

The heritage of any individual product line may be a significant factor when considering suitability for a different application than originally intended, despite the purported feature set as re-envisaged by a creative marketing department.

Market
The size of the global VNA market is small relative to the PACS market, but is purported to be growing.

An overview of the state of the VNA market as of late 2012 can be found in this summary.

References

Category:Medical imaging


Damián Álvarez

Damián Álvarez might refer to:

Damián Ariel Álvarez (born 1979), Argentine association football player, Mexican citizen since 2012
Damián Álvarez Arcos (born 1973), Mexican association football player


Nikolaos Bourbakis

Nikolaos G. Bourbakis (Νικόλαος Μπουρμπάκης; born 1950 in Chania, Crete) is a Greek computer scientist known for his work in image processing. , he is Ohio Board of Regents Distinguished Professor of Information Technology and Director of both the Information Technology Research Institute and the Assistive Technologies Research Center at Wright State University in Ohio, United States. He is the founder and Editor-in-Chief () of the International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools.

Bourbakis studied mathematics at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, then electrical engineering at the University of Patras, which awarded him a PhD in computer engineering and informatics in 1983.

Bourbakis received the IEEE Computer Society Technical Achievement Award in 1998 "[f]or outstanding and pioneering contributions to space filling curves for image processing and intelligent visual navigation of autonomous robots in unknown space."

References

External links

Category:1950 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Chania
Category:University of Patras alumni
Category:National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Category:Greek computer scientists
Category:Greek expatriates in the United States
Category:American computer scientists
Category:Wright State University faculty
Category:Academic journal editors


Ervenik Zlatarski

Ervenik Zlatarski may refer to the following places in Croatia

 Ervenik Zlatarski, Zlatar
 Ervenik Zlatarski, Zlatar Bistrica


The Webb Schools

The Webb Schools is the collective name for two private schools for grades 9-12, founded by Thompson Webb, located in Claremont, California. The Webb School of California for boys was established in 1922, and the Vivian Webb School for girls in 1981. Both are primarily boarding schools, but they also enroll a limited number of day students. The Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology is a part of The Webb Schools.

The schools share a campus of approximately  in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. In 2018, Webb purchased undeveloped land next to the existing campus and will now preserve the hillside and create a buffer between the campus and suburban development. There are 410 students and 57 faculty members, of which 25% hold doctorates, 80% hold advanced degrees and 74% live on campus (as of the 2018-2019 school year). Annual tuition (as of the 2019-2020 school year) is $66,130 for boarding students and $47,035 for day students, including meals, books, and fees. For the 2018-2019 school year, Webb offered $4.9 million in need-based financial aid awards.

The majority of ninth- and tenth-grade classes are taught in a single-sex environment. Co-educational courses are introduced to upperclassmen.

The official student newspaper of The Webb Schools is the Webb Canyon Chronicle.

History
The Webb School's founder, Thompson Webb, was born in 1887 as the youngest of eight children. His father, William Robert “Sawney” Webb, had established the Webb School in Tennessee in 1870. Thompson graduated from his father's school in 1907, and continued his education at the University of North Carolina, graduating in 1911.

After college, Webb's health and the suggestions of doctors led him to move west to a warmer climate. He moved to the California desert near Indio, worked as a farm hand, and eventually bought his own piece of land and started a career as a farmer. He married Vivian Howell, the 20-year-old daughter of a Los Angeles Methodist minister, on June 22, 1915. She joined him in farming. The Webbs farmed together and increased their holdings until 1918, when a diseased onion crop wiped out all their savings.  Broke and carrying high debt, Webb did not have the capital to farm and, because the country was involved in World War I, he was unable to sell his land.

Webb returned to Tennessee, where his father's school was experiencing a shortage of male teachers (due to the war) that threatened the school's existence. Thompson Webb worked as an instructor at the school in Bell Buckle, Tennessee for four years, after which he returned to California to open his own private residential school. The first suggestion that Thompson Webb start a school in California came from Sherman Day Thacher, founder of the Thacher School in Ojai Valley. Thacher told Webb that his school was turning down dozens of qualified students every year and that an empty school near Claremont was for sale. If Thompson opened a school there, Thacher agreed to refer his applicants. Through a proposal to I.W. Baughman, real estate broker for the Claremont property, Thompson Webb struck a deal that got him his school in 1922.

Initial enrollment at the school was 14 boys. Over the years Webb built the school through the support of many influential business leaders in the greater Los Angeles community, including the Chandlers, Guggenheims, Boeings, and many others. As the number of students grew in the ’30s and ’40s, Webb added seven major buildings, five faculty homes, and two smaller structures to the campus. Two of Webb’s landmark buildings were constructed during this time: the Thomas Jackson Library and the Vivian Webb Chapel.

The school operated as a family-owned stock company until the late 1950s, when the Webb family turned it over to a non-profit corporation. After the non-profit corporation was established, Thompson Webb continued as headmaster of the school and Vivian Webb as general  until their retirements in 1962. Vivian Webb died in 1971; her husband died four years later in 1975.

The concept of a girls’ school on the Webb campus first came up for discussion in the early 1980s. After the private Girls Collegiate High School in Claremont closed, a group of Claremont parents led a campaign and persuaded the board of trustees to establish a girls’ school on the Webb campus.  Vivian Webb School opened in the fall of 1981, with 34 girls as day students. Four years later, Vivian Webb School admitted girls as boarding students for the first time.

Campus
The school's  sit on a heavily planted hillside. The lower part of campus contains the "plaza group," consisting of the Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, the W. Russell Fawcett Library, classrooms, the Susan A. Nelson Performing Arts Center, the Price Dining Hall, the administration building, the Copeland Donahue Theater, and the Frederick R. Hooper Student Center. One original building remains: a clapboard structure built in 1917, called the "Old School House," now home to the foreign language department. East of the plaza group is the house that the Webb family occupied for years, a girl's dormitory, and the Thomas Jackson Library.

Up the hillside are dormitories, the Barbara Mott McCarthy Aquatics Center, and Chandler Field, one of four large playing fields. Further up the hill are the health center, the Vivian Webb Chapel (which sits atop its own knoll), additional dormitories, tennis courts, and faculty houses. At the top of the hill are a cross-country track course, the Les Perry Gymnasium, McCarthy Fitness Center, and Faculty Field at the Mary Stuart Rogers Sports Center. South of the football field is a fully functional astronomical observatory. Behind the Faculty Field the Webb property extends into the San Gabriel Mountains. The cross-country course goes through this part of the property.

Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology

Webb is the only high school in the United States with a nationally accredited museum, and the only high school in the world with a paleontology museum on campus. The Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology is named for long-time Webb science teacher Raymond M. Alf (1905–1999). In the late 1930s, Alf and several students found a fossil skull in the Mojave Desert in the Barstow area. This discovery of a new species of Miocene-age peccary, Dyseohyus fricki, inspired additional fossil-hunting trips in the western United States with student groups.

Alf continued his pursuit of paleontology by earning his master's degree from the University of Colorado. The fossil hunting continued when Alf returned to Webb and he subsequently created a small museum in the basement of Jackson Library to house his collection of thousands of fossils. As the collection eventually outgrew the shelves in Alf's classroom and the library basement, the museum moved to its own campus building in 1968. Today the museum is professionally curated by Dr. Donald "Doc" Lofgren, and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. The museum features one of the largest collections of fossil animal footprints in the world, including the original peccary skull found in 1937. The Alf Museum continues to sponsor paleontology field excursions over the summers and has contributed to the discovery of new species like Gryposaurus monumentensis, in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah. The fossils were removed and identified in collaboration with the University of Utah and the national monument.

The latest in the museum's impressive discoveries includes "Joe," the baby Parasaurolophus. The dinosaur's 75 million-year-old fossilized remains were found by a Webb student in the summer of 2009. It took three years to completely excavate "Joe" from a ridge deep in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in Utah, including a helicopter lift out of the region. This extremely rare and important discovery provides groundbreaking information on how Parasaurlophus grew up. This is just one of the countless examples of how Webb students have contributed to the field of paleontology.

Vivian Webb Chapel

Fascinated by California missions, Thompson Webb took the mission at San Juan Capistrano as the inspiration for the Vivian Webb Chapel, a monument to both his religious faith and his love for his wife. In 1937, with the help of a small cement mixer and two hired workers, Thompson began making  adobe bricks. After a year of turning out more than 10,000 mission-style bricks and drying them in the sun on the school's tennis courts, he began building the chapel's foundation in 1938, and laid the chapel's first brick in 1939. He built the walls of the chapel with the help of students, parents, visitors, prospective students and even the governor of Tennessee.

Near completion of the structure, Webb learned that sculptor Alec Miller was in the United States because of World War II, and lacked the funds to return to his native Scotland. Miller was well known in England because of his carvings for the cathedral at Coventry. Webb hired the artist at a modest fee, plus room and board, to design the furnishings (Miller called them “fitments”) for the chapel. Miller lived with the Webbs for three years while he designed the chapel's “fitments” and the insets for the chapel's entrance doors. The chapel was completed in 1944; the bell tower was added later.

Thomas Jackson Library

The parents of Thomas Jackson donated the Thomas Jackson Library to the school as a memorial to their son, who graduated from Webb in 1930 but died of a heart attack while in his sophomore year at the California Institute of Technology. The library, dedicated in 1938, was designed by acclaimed architect Myron Hunt, who also built the Rose Bowl, the Pasadena main library, and Thompson and Vivian Webb's campus home. The building, in a Mediterranean style with small balconies on the second floor and a mezzanine balcony around the interior, won an Honor Award from the American Institute of Architects soon after its dedication. From 1937 to 1948, Vivian Webb helped each graduating senior design and carve a wooden plaque bearing his name, his graduating year and some symbol of his interest. These plaques line the library's walls. On the library's heavy oak doors, Vivian Webb herself carved the names of the 158 boys who graduated before 1937. The library is now used as a formal reception room.

Notable alumni

 Michael Arias, Anime producer
 Robert D. Arnott, founder of Research Affiliates
 Alphonzo Bell, Jr., member of the U.S. House of Representatives
 Tyler Bensinger, writer and TV producer
 Paul Billings, geneticist
 William E. Boeing Jr., philanthropist
 Art Clokey, creator of Gumby
 Leslie Epstein, Rhodes Scholar, novelist, playwright
 Roger Fan, actor
 Brooks Firestone, winemaker and politician, of the Firestone Tires family
 Robert Glenn Ketchum, photographer
 Jeff Luhnow, Houston Astros General Manager
 E. Pierce Marshall, businessman
 Josh Marshall, journalist, blogger, and publisher of Talking Points Memo
 Malcolm McKenna, paleontologist, former curator at the American Museum of Natural History
 Seeley Mudd, physician, professor, and philanthropist to academic institutions
 Nils Muiznieks, Latvian human rights activist and political scientist
 Steven Nissen, cardiologist
 Jeffrey Pfeffer, author, lecturer
 Sandra Lee, M.D., dermatologist, known as Dr. Pimple Popper, social media influencer and television star
 David Lee Roth, rock and roll singer
 Jordan Ryan, vice-president for Peace Programs, The Carter Center
 Newton Russell, California State Assemblyman
 David Sanger, Asleep at the Wheel band member
 John Scalzi, science fiction author
 Charles Scripps, chairman of E.W. Scripps Company
 Admiral James Watkins, 22nd Chief of Naval Operations and United States Secretary of Energy
 Nick Wechsler, movie producer (The Time Traveler's Wife, North Country)

Related schools
The original Webb School founded by Thompson Webb's father still operates in Tennessee. A son of Thompson and Vivian Webb, Howell Webb, founded the Foothill Country Day School in Claremont in 1954. A nephew, Robert Webb, started the Webb School of Knoxville in Tennessee in 1955.

See also
 Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology
 Webb School (Bell Buckle, Tennessee)
 Webb School of Knoxville

References

External links
 Official website
 Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology
 The Association of Boarding Schools: Webb Schools profile

Category:Boarding schools in California
Category:Boys' schools in the United States
Category:Girls' schools in California
Category:High schools in Los Angeles County, California
Category:Private high schools in California
Category:Educational institutions established in 1922
Category:Educational institutions established in 1981
Category:Claremont, California


Pat O'Keeffe

Pat O'Keeffe (17 March 1883 – 16 August 1960, spelled by many sources as Pat O'Keefe), is a former professional English boxer who became the British champion in both the welterweight and middleweight weight classes. His professional career spanned the years between 1902 and 1918. In 1914 he made an unsuccessful bid for the European heavyweight belt, losing to Georges Carpentier. Between 1907 and 1910 he left Britain and continued his boxing career in the United States, and then Australia. On the outbreak of World War I he joined the British Army to work as a Physical Training Instructor (PTI) and Recruiting Sergeant for the 1st Surrey Rifles. He won the Lonsdale Belt outright when he defeated Bandsman Blake at the National Sporting Club (N.S.C) on 28 January 1918, becoming British Middleweight Champion.

O'Keeffe died on 16 August 1960 at the Mount Vernon Hospital in Middlesex, aged 77.

Professional boxing

Early career: 1902-1907
One of O'Keeffe's earliest recorded fights was against Jack Palmer. O'Keeffe defeated him on two occasions over six rounds during 1902. In 1903, at the age of twenty, he beat Jack Kingsland in a match fought at the Olympia centre in London to win the title of Welterweight Champion of England.

In 1906, having fought many of the top contenders for the British Middleweight Title, O'Keeffe was elected to contest the championship. He won the title beating Mike Crawley in a fight that lasted fifteen rounds.

One month later, O'Keeffe defended the title against Charlie Allum and knocked him out in the sixth round. O'Keeffe lost the belt in his next bout to Tom Thomas at the National Sporting Club (N.S.C.) by a narrow points margin.

A year later in Paris, O'Keeffe defeated Allum again by knock out and won £200. This bout was billed the French Middleweight Championship. O'Keeffe never defended the claim.

International career: 1907-1910
After losing the British Middleweight Championship title, O'Keeffe travelled the world and fought all over the United States and Australia.

In 1907, he fought World Middleweight Champion Billy Papke and World Welterweight Champion Henry Lewis with just over a month's rest between bouts. The match in Philadelphia with Papke was very hard-fought, ending in a draw.  He lost his bout with Henry Lewis in Boston, Massachusetts by decision. His next fight was against Willie Lewis originally scheduled for 19 December 1907, but the police placed an injunction on the venue in New York . The fight went ahead on 23 December 1907. W.Lewis is said to have entered O'Keeffe's dressing room just before the fight, berating his apparent belly, quipping that he might kill him if he punched him there. O'Keeffe lost by knock out. Despite not winning a bout in the US, O'Keeffe was upbeat and in February 1908, he returned to England. He placed a message in the Sporting Life, declaring  "he is here for business", in a wide-ranging article that revealed he contracted malaria in the US. The article claimed that anyone who wanted to challenge the statement need only send money to the Sporting Life, with correspondence addressed to O'Keeffe and it would receive his immediate attention.

Answering O'Keeffe's message in the Sporting Life, fellow Canning Town boxer Steve Smith took on O'Keeffe at the Wonderland Francais, Paris, the match ended in a draw. Less than two weeks later at the same venue, he was disqualified for a low blow in the fourth round against Jeff Thorne.

Later that year, O'Keeffe toured Australia with Tommy Burns, the World Heavyweight Champion. At  Burns is the shortest boxer ever to hold the title which he won in 1906. He also managed to successfully defend it eleven times against all claimants until he met with Jack Johnson on Boxing Day in 1908.

While in Australia, O'Keeffe and Burns trained together and used to invite the public to watch these exhibitions of their skills.

O'Keeffe fought a number of contests in Australia, mostly against heavier opponents, winning two, drawing one and losing three.

Late career: 1911–1918
He did not fight again in England until 1911, when he fought Eddie McGoorty, losing on points over fifteen rounds. McGoorty went on to become world champion in 1915. After this loss O'Keeffe won his next five fights between 1911 and 1913. His next defeat was a points decision against Private Jim Harris which he reversed over twenty rounds two months later, after defeating Frank Mantell twice in seven days.

On 4 August 1913 he challenged Bombardier Billy Wells for the British Heavyweight Championship. He was a tall heavyweight who was almost three stones heavier than O'Keeffe, but it took fifteen rounds before Wells succeeded in knocking him out.

O'Keeffe's next bout was against the young prodigy Georges Carpentier. The match was billed as the Heavyweight Championship of Europe although both men were under the light heavyweight weight limit. He was knocked out in two rounds by the man who, at the time, appeared capable of beating all of Europe’s boxers in quick succession. O'Keeffe gave a simple no-nonsense reason for his defeat to the Sheffield Daily Telegraph: "He was too big and strong for me."

His next fight was against Henry Reeve for the British Middleweight Championship on 2 February 1914. O'Keeffe won on points over twenty rounds. Later Reeve moved up to the light heavyweight division and won the British championship in 1916 against Dick Smith.

O'Keeffe successfully defended his middleweight title two months later against Nichol Simpson. In May of the same year he earned a second notch on his belt by defeating Jim Sullivan who had himself held the belt in 1910 when he beat an old adversary of O'Keeffe's, Tom Thomas. O'Keeffe earned £650 for winning this fight.

A year later in March 1915, he fought and knocked out the heavyweight, Joe Beckett in eight rounds. Following this O'Keeffe had a return fight with Jim Sullivan. Although it was billed as being for the British Middleweight Title, the fight was not endorsed by the N.S.C; therefore, the Lonsdale Belt was not at stake on this occasion. The two met again on 21 February 1916. Jimmy Wilde, the former Flyweight champion, described the fight as the most punishing he had ever seen. Both men fought as though their lives depended on it. The ring and spectators sitting nearby were splashed with blood by the end of the battle and it can be seen from photographs of the event that Sullivan's white shorts were dark with blood by the end of twenty rounds when O'Keeffe gained the decision. Two months later he fought Bandsman Blake and knocked him out in the thirteenth round. Blake had a fine record at this stage having lost to only one man to date in his five-year professional career, Bombardier Billy Wells.

Just three months later, on 22 May 1916, O'Keeffe was at the N.S.C to fight Bandsman Blake again. The £500 match went the full 20 rounds. "The contest was not a good one" according to the Sheffield Independent. In the 12th round, the referee gave both fighters a last warning that he would order them out of the ring if they did not alter their methods. The paper reported that blame for this messy fight lay squarely with Blake, citing his constant clinching and holding, which was employed to avoid the infighting quality of O'Keeffe. Blake won the fight on points, a verdict "received by a crowded house with something almost akin to amazement", the Sheffield Independent states.

Thus, O'Keeffe lost both the Championship and his Lonsdale Belt. Following this fight, both O'Keeffe and Blake were posted to France and the return fight demanded by the fans could not take place until their return.

On the 28 January 1918, O'Keeffe fought his last professional fight, defeating Blake to win the Lonsdale Belt outright along with an N.S.C Pension.

In an article two days later, the Sportsman reported on the tributes being paid to O'Keeffe at the N.S.C. "No more popular ring victor in recent years has been seen than Sergt Pat O'Keeffe", it begins. Arthur Frederick Bettinson, one of the founding members of the Club remarked on O'Keeffe's exploits, remembering his name on the belt in both 1914 and 1918 and congratulated him as a sportsman and a man. O'Keeffe replied to these tributes modestly, saying that securing the Lonsdale Belt as his own was one of his key ambitions in his career. He would now concentrate on charity and family he said. O'Keeffe retired from professional boxing having made many lifelong friends.

Military service during World War I
.
At the start of 1915, O'Keeffe joined the 1st Surrey Rifles. He was a Physical Training Instructor and Recruiting Sergeant.

This is an excerpt from an Article about O'Keeffe's recruiting skill:
He found Army life at the Regiment's home at Camberwell suited his boxing training well. With good, plain food, strict routine and drill, plenty of sparring partners, and ample space to train, he thrived in a friendly atmosphere where he was very popular with the men.

O'Keeffe and other boxer-turned-soldiers planned activities to help boost the morale of injured troops. One such time was an organised boat trip down the Thames.

Retirement

O'Keeffe remained a public figure for many years. He took a seat on the inaugural British Boxing Board of Control with fellow ex- champion boxers Billy Wells and Jim Driscoll. He participated in charity events, such as boxing an Aston Villa footballer player, refereed amateur tournaments and took part in charity exhibition matches, most notably with his old rival Bombardier Billy Wells. These exhibitions could some times get heated, with O'Keeffe said to have once shouted "Stop it Billy! - I'm not the Kaiser!". O'Keeffe was a regular star spectator at big bouts. He also had his own boxing column in the Daily Herald for a while

O'Keeffe carried on working. He was engaged in the licensing business, was a Publican and was involved in bookmaking. The French and British armies employed him as a boxing instructor in 1925.

In March 1938, the N.S.C. moved into new premises in Piccadilly and held a banquet to honour the occasion. There were hosts of fighters presented including many of the old timers, Jimmy Wilde, Billy Wells, Teddy Baldock, Pedlar Palmer, Tancy Lee, Johnny Basham and O'Keeffe.

O’Keeffe died 16 August 1960 at the Mount Vernon Hospital in Middlesex, aged 77.

Professional boxing record

O'Keeffe's professional boxing record can be summarised as follows:

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|Notable bouts
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|- align=center
|Win
|77-24-7
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|loss
|75-23-7
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|win
|60-23-7
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|loss
|60-22-7
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|loss
|59-20-7
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|loss
|48-14-6
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|48-11-4
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|win
|28-10-4
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|win
|6-1-0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|

See also
 List of British middleweight boxing champions
 List of British welterweight boxing champions
 Lonsdale Belt

References

General references

Video

 Pat O'Keeffe vs Billy Wells-British Army exhibition match-1916 From British Pathe

External links

|-

Category:English male boxers
Category:People from Canning Town
Category:Welterweight boxers
Category:Middleweight boxers
Category:1883 births
Category:1960 deaths
Category:Boxers from Greater London
Category:British Army personnel of World War I
Category:Sportspeople from London


Kramer Hills, California

Kramer Hills is an unincorporated community in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Kramer Hills is  southeast of Kramer Junction and  west of Barstow.

The small mining camp of Kramer Hill was founded around 1885 after a nearby copper discovery, but was short-lived. Later discoveries of gold and copper revived interest, but the only substantial development was at the Herkelrath gold mine around 1926. Actual production (if any) is unknown, but many claims were staked and much prospecting done.

Nearby is the World War 2 Hawes Auxiliary Airfield.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in San Bernardino County, California
Category:Unincorporated communities in California


Campaign for Liberty

The Campaign for Liberty (C4L) is a political organization founded by twelve-term United States Congressman Ron Paul. Campaign for Liberty focuses on educating elected officials and the general public about constitutional issues, and currently provides a membership program. Its legal status is that of a 501(c)(4) nonprofit.

The Campaign for Liberty was announced on June 12, 2008, as a way of continuing the grassroots support involved in Ron Paul's 2008 presidential run, and corresponded with the suspension of that campaign. Paul formally announced during the Texas Republican Convention that he had created this new organization known as the "Campaign for Liberty".

On August 5, 2015, C4L Chairman John Tate was indicted by a federal grand jury for felony charges arising from an alleged cover-up Tate, and colleagues on the 2012 Ron Paul presidential campaign, conducted to conceal the expenditure of campaign money to buy the endorsement of an Iowa politician. In October 2015, Tate was acquitted of all charges.

Purpose
According to Ron Paul, the purpose of the Campaign for Liberty is to continue the principles that invoked the grassroots support of his campaign, and to also be able to continue the message that he promoted during the course of his bid, without having a presidential campaign, and is also intended to "lay the groundwork for a different America." Paul also noted,

It was also established as a reporting agency for news involved with the principles of the organization.

Political advocacy

Audit the Federal Reserve

Campaign for Liberty's first major policy initiative involves pushing support for HR 1207, a bill that calls for more transparency of the Federal Reserve. Also called the Federal Reserve Transparency Act of 2009, HR 1207 was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives of the 111th United States Congress by Campaign For Liberty's Honorary Chairman, Congressman Ron Paul (TX-14). The bill proposed a full audit of the Federal Reserve System (the "Fed") before the end of 2010. As of May 25, 2010, it had 319 cosponsors and has been referred to the Committee on Financial Services.

The bill was reintroduced in the 112th Congress by Congressman Ron Paul. The Federal Reserve Transparency Act passed the House of Representatives on July 25, 2012, by a margin of 327-98. At the time of passage, the bill had 274 co-sponsors. Harry Reid refused to bring the Senate version, S.202, introduced by Senator Rand Paul, up for a vote.

H.R 24, "Ron Paul's Audit the Fed" was introduced in the House on January 3, 2013 by Congressman Paul Broun of Georgia. As of April 15, 2013, the bill has 142 co-sponsors. An identical bill, S.209, was introduced in the Senate by Senator Rand Paul. As of April 15, 2013, the bill has 24 co-sponsors.

Internet freedom
Campaign for Liberty has lobbied against CISPA and SOPA/PIPA.  Campaign for Liberty is opposed to the Marketplace Fairness Act and has urged its members to lobby against it.

Liberty Political Action Conference
The Liberty Political Action Conference (LPAC) is a conference held by Campaign for Liberty once a year. At the event, Campaign for Liberty trains its members with the newest campaign and political activism techniques.

Past events

Rally for the Republic

On June 10, 2008, the Ron Paul Campaign announced the first promotional event for the organization, a "Rally for the Republic". After not being offered a speaking slot at the Republican convention, Ron Paul, who did not support GOP nominee John McCain, decided to stage his own parallel convention in Minneapolis. This event occurred at the Target Center on September 2, 2008, which was the second day of the GOP Convention. On July 22, 2008, the event's official website launched, which provided details of the Rally, and of other events which were to occur in the same week including a leadership summit, book signing, and free concert. Notable attendees were announced, including the Rally's emcee, MSNBC's Tucker Carlson, former Governor Jesse Ventura, Governor Gary Johnson, Barry Goldwater Jr., Bruce Fein, Howard Phillips, Thomas Woods, Bill Kauffman, Erik Vendt, Grover Norquist, Lew Rockwell, Barb Davis White and Doug Wead. Country music star Sara Evans and singer/songwriter Aimee Allen headlined the musical portion of the event. On September 1, more than 10,000 tickets were sold out. Most of the rally was broadcast live on C-SPAN 2 and a live stream was set up on the Campaign for Liberty website.

According to the Rally's official website, its purpose was to "be a celebration of our movement and our supporters, a launch party for the Campaign for Liberty, and a clear call to the Republican Party to return to its roots of limited government, personal responsibility, and protection of our natural rights. The event ran in conjunction with the first two days of the Republican National Convention and featured top conservative speakers, musicians, and organizations. It also had an organizational and training function for the Campaign for Liberty and the Freedom Movement." Much of the press of the event referred to the rally as a "counter-convention".

Regional conferences

On October 26, 2008, Don Rasmussen, the former Director of Operations for Campaign for Liberty said the organization was planning a series of regional summits throughout 2009. Matt Hawes, Vice President of Programs, later announced that the C4L would hold these events throughout the country.

The first of these regional conferences was held on March 27–29, 2009, in St. Louis, Missouri. Ron Paul, Judge Andrew Napolitano, and staff members from C4L and Young Americans for Liberty spoke. Other activities included grassroots training sessions in addition to a lecture by historian and author Thomas E. Woods, Jr..

Campaign for Liberty held another conference on May 22–24, 2009, at the Doubletree Hotel in Seattle, Washington.

On July 10–12, 2009 Campaign for Liberty members gathered at Bally's in Las Vegas, Nevada, for the next regional conference where they were able to "network, learn, and build their local organizations as our grassroots Revolution to reclaim our Republic and restore our Constitution continues." This event ran in conjunction with the annual Freedom Fest which features over 100 libertarian-minded speakers. Thomas E. Woods, Jr. and Ron Paul were joined by economist Mark Skousen for the C4L event.

On September 17–19, C4L held its next regional conference right outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the Valley Forge Convention Center. This event included two rallies, each attended by several hundred activists. On opening night, the "Freedom Celebration" featured Dr. Ron Paul, the American Conservative Defense Alliance's Phil Giraldi, New Jersey State Assemblyman Mike Doherty, and Ron Paul's son and C4L board member, Ronnie Paul. On Friday, attendees received political training, and then Judge Andrew Napolitano delivered speech about the problems with the PATRIOT Act. The conference concluded on Saturday with an "Economic Liberty Symposium", which featured author Thomas E. Woods, Jr., broker and Senate Candidate Peter Schiff, and British MEP Daniel Hannan.

C4L held the next regional conference in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15–17, 2010. It was held at the Sheraton in Atlanta and brought supporters from Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Florida, Alabama, and many more states. Speakers included Congressman Ron Paul, Thomas Woods, Lew Rockwell, and Thomas DiLorenzo.

References

External links

 Official website
 Campaign for Liberty Foundation, Inc. (Springfield, VA): Organizational Profile – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute)
 Campaign for Liberty (Lake Jackson, TX): Organizational Profile – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute)
 Young Americans for Liberty

Category:Organizations established in 2008
Category:2008 United States presidential election
Category:Ron Paul
Category:Libertarian organizations based in the United States
Category:Internet-based activism
Category:United States political action committees
Category:501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations
Category:2008 establishments in the United States


European route E773

European route E 773 is a European B class road in Bulgaria, connecting the village of Popovica and the cities of Stara Zagora and Burgas.

Route

: Chirpan () - Stara Zagora () - Burgas
: Burgas ()

See also
 Roads in Bulgaria
 Highways in Bulgaria

External links
 Map of E-road
 International E-road network

Category:International E-road network
Category:Roads in Bulgaria


Bouwman

Bouwman is a Dutch occupational surname meaning farmer or gardener. It may refer to:

Corry Vreeken-Bouwman (b. 1928), Dutch chess player
 (b. 1943), Dutch model and fashion designer
Harry Bouwman (b. 1953), Dutch Information systems researcher
Henk Bouwman (1926–1995), Dutch field hockey player, father of Roderik
Jan Bouwman (1935–1999), Dutch swimmer
Koen Bouwman (b. 1993), Dutch racing cyclist
Mies Bouwman (1929–2018), Dutch television host
Pim Bouwman (b. 1991), Dutch football midfielder
Roderik Bouwman (b. 1957), Dutch field hockey player, son of Henk
 (b. 1947), Dutch GreenLeft politician
Bouwmans:
Eddy Bouwmans (b. 1968), Dutch racing cyclist

See also
Bouman (disambiguation)

References

Category:Dutch-language surnames
Category:Occupational surnames


Si Ayutthaya Road

Si Ayutthaya Road (, , ) is an one road in inner Bangkok. It starting from Ratchaprarop road at Makkasan intersection in the area of Ratchathewi district to eastward where cuts Phaya Thai road, then cuts Rama VI road Kamphaeng Phet 5 road and northern railway line, then into Dusit district through many important places such as Dusit Palace, Wat Benchamabophit, Royal Plaza, Paruskavan Palace, Ministry of Foreign Affairs etc., until the last phase which meeting Samsen road beside to Chao Phraya river bank at Si Sao Thewet intersection.

It was formerly known as Thanon Duang Tawan (ถนนดวงตะวัน; lit Sun Road) can be divided into three parts viz Thanon Duang Tawan Nok (ถนนดวงตะวันนอก; Outer Sun Road), Thanon Duang Tawan Nai (ถนนดวงตะวันใน; Inner Sun Road) and Thanon Duang Na (ถนนดวงตะวันหน้า; Front Sun Road) according to the direction it runs through. The road was built in 1898, during the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), along with Dusit Palace and the other roads that surround the palace. Its name is derived from a kind of Chinese ceramic with sunrise from the sea motifs, one of the most popular collections in that era.

Later on February 6, 1919, which corresponds to the reign of King Vajiravudh (Rama VI), he changed the name of these roads, including Duang Tawan road. The name "Si Ayutthaya" is a reminder of his former royal title "Krom Khun Thep Dvaravati" (Prince of Dvaravati), that refers to Prince of Ayutthaya Kingdom.

References

Category:Streets in Bangkok
category:Ratchathewi District
category:Dusit District


Desert Thunder

Desert Thunder is a 1998 action film, It uses stock footage from Iron Eagle and Navy Seals.

Cast
Daniel Baldwin as Lee Miller
Richard Tyson as Ralph Streets

References

External links

Category:Films directed by Jim Wynorski
Category:1998 films
Category:American films


Shahmar-e Baba Morad

Shahmar-e Baba Morad (, also Romanized as Shāhmār-e Bābā Morād; also known as Shāhmār and Sheykh Morad-e Tofangchī) is a village in Gurani Rural District, Gahvareh District, Dalahu County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 121, in 25 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Dalahu County


Jelebu (federal constituency)

Jelebu is a federal constituency in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Dewan Rakyat since 1974.

The federal constituency was created in the 1974 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.

History
2004–2016: The constituency contains the polling districts of Kampong Sungai Buloh, Durian Tipus, Simpang Durian, Kampong Chennah, Pekan Titi, Sungai Muntoh, Kampong Seperi, Petaling, Kampong Gagu, Jerang, Kampong Lakai, Pasoh 4, Pasoh 1, Simpang Pertang, Kampong Petaseh, Pertang, Kampong Gelang, Sungai Lui, Lui Timur, Lui Muda, Lui Selatan, Pulapol Ayer Hitam, Ladang Ayer Hitam, Kampong Bahru Ayer Hitam, Lui Barat, Pasoh 3, Pasoh 2, Kampung Serampang Indah, Peradong, Ladang Jelebu, Kampong Kampai, Kampung Kuala Klawang, Pekan Kuala Klawang, Kampong Kemin, Kampung Amar Penghulu.

2016–present: The constituency contains the polling districts of Kampong Sungai Buloh, Durian Tipus, Simpang Durian, Kampong Chennah, Pekan Titi, Sungai Muntoh, Kampong Seperi, Petaling, Kampong Gagu, Jerang, Kampong Lakai, Pasoh 4, Pasoh 1, Simpang Pertang, Kampong Petaseh, Pertang, Kampong Gelang, Sungai Lui, Lui Timur, Lui Muda, Lui Selatan, Pulapol Ayer Hitam, Ladang Ayer Hitam, Kampong Bahru Ayer Hitam, Lui Barat, Pasoh 3, Pasoh 2, Kampung Serampang Indah, Peradong, Ladang Jelebu, Kampong Kampai, Kampung Kuala Klawang, Pekan Kuala Klawang, Kampong Kemin, Kampong Amar Penghulu.

Representation history

Election results

References

Category:Negeri Sembilan federal constituencies


Haplovalva

Haplovalva is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It contains the species Haplovalva ametris, which is found in South Africa.

The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are pale ochreous, somewhat sprinkled with fuscous, suffused towards the costa anteriorly with brownish, and towards the costa posteriorly and termen with grey, more or less streaked between the veins with dark fuscous. The stigmata are represented by small ochreous-white dots, the discal placed on a ferruginous-brown streak continued beneath vein six, the first discal extended as an irregular mark anteriorly, the plical very obliquely before the first discal. There are cloudy blackish dots on the extremities of the intraneural streaks, two above and two below the apex preceded by ochreous-white marks. The hindwings are grey, but paler anteriorly.

References

Category:Gelechiinae


San Isidro Catholic School

San Isidro Catholic School (also known as SICS or San Isidro) is a Roman Catholic private parochial school located in Pasay City, Philippines that offers primary to senior high school education. It was established in 1967 by Msgr. Emmanuel Magtanong Cruz.

Category:Schools in Pasay
Category:Catholic elementary schools in Metro Manila
Category:Catholic secondary schools in Metro Manila


Niphecyra

Niphecyra is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

 Niphecyra interpres Kolbe, 1894
 Niphecyra papyri Lepesme, 1949
 Niphecyra rufolineata (Quedenfeldt, 1888)
 Niphecyra uniformis Breuning, 1936

References

Category:Crossotini


Catherine Wheels Theatre Company

Catherine Wheels Theatre Company is a Scotland-based charitable organisation formed in 1999 by Artistic Director Gill Robertson. In 17 years, Catherine Wheels has shown more than 21 productions to an approximate total audience of over 500,000.

The company's productions include:

 Martha: First devised in 1999 and performed in theatres throughout the UK, Ireland, Australia, Singapore and North America, including the New Victory Theater in New York. Winner of the 2008 'Best Production' award at the Shanghai International Children’s Festival.
 Lifeboat: Devised in 2002, winner of the Barclays Stage Award for Best Show for Children and Young People 2002. Performed at the New Victory Theater, New York, the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and New Zealand International Arts Festival. Lifeboat was also the first production by a Scottish children’s theatre company to be staged at the Sydney Opera House.
 White: A performance designed for audiences aged under 4, originally devised in 2010. Winner of multiple awards including a Scotsman Fringe First 2010, a 2010 Herald Angel, a 2010 Total Theatre Award for Physical/Visual Theatre, Best Children's Production at the 2011 Theatre Awards UK and Three 2010 Critics Awards for Theatre in Scotland: Best Design, Best Technical Presentation and Best Production for Children and Young People. White was adapted into a mobile app in 2014. On 18 November 2015, White celebrated its 1000th performance as part of a run at the New Victory Theater in New York.
Other productions include Caged, Pobby and Dingan (TMA 2010 award winner for Best Show for Children and Young People), The Book of Beasts, Something Wicked This Way Comes (with National Theatre of Scotland), The Ballad of Pondlife McGurk, Hansel and Gretel, Kes, The Lion of Kabul, The Book of Beasts, Cyrano, Snow Baby, The Story of the Little Gentleman and The Voice Thief.

A resident company at the Brunton Theatre, Musselburgh, Catherine Wheels Theatre Company is a primarily government-supported organisation, issued core funding via the Scottish creative arts council, Creative Scotland.

References

External links

Category:Arts organisations based in Scotland
Category:Theatre companies in Scotland
Category:Musselburgh
Category:1999 establishments in Scotland
Category:Organisations based in East Lothian
Category:Charities based in Scotland
Category:Arts organizations established in 1999


Jamil Moledina

Jamil Moledina works in the videogame industry doing business development. He was born in Mombasa, Kenya, raised in London and Los Angeles, and now lives in San Francisco. He works at Google as the Games Strategic Lead for Google Play, managing games curation strategy for key partners on the default Android store, as well as curating the games portfolio for Daydream, Google's VR platform. He was previously the CEO of Wormhole Games, the makers of "Tank Nation." Prior to that he was VP Business Development for Funzio, the makers of "Crime City,", through their acquisition by GREE. Moledina previously directed business development at the EA Partners studio of Electronic Arts, where he created and managed the EA Arthouse initiative to sign and publish indie downloadable games such as "Shank" and "DeathSpank." He also served on the Board of Directors of the International Game Developers Association, the professional association of the game industry.

Moledina was previously on the editorial side of the games business, having worked for United Business Media in the CMP Game Group, where his role was executive director of the Game Developers Conference (GDC), the world's largest game industry-only event. Prior to that, Jamil served as editor-in-chief of the leading game industry magazine, Game Developer. He previously worked as a corporate lawyer.

Moledina is also a writer. His science fiction novel, titled Tearing the Sky, was published in winter 2010. He is currently working on a new writing project.

References

Category:Video game businesspeople
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)