Ikechukwu Kalu

Ikechukwu Kalu (born 18 April 1984 in Kaduna) is a Nigerian footballer who plays as a striker for Singhtarua in the Thai Premier League. His name, Ikechukwu, means "Power of God".

Football career
He started his career at Jasper United in Nigeria. He was signed by U.C. Sampdoria in summer 2002. After played one season in Genoa, A.C. Milan signed him on summer 2003 in joint-ownership bid for €1 million, and saw Luca Antonini move to opposite direction in joint-ownership deal (for €2 million), and sent him on loan to Pisa and Chiasso. He scored 28 goals in 44 games in two season in Swiss second division, which saw Sampdoria recall him in summer 2007. He made his Serie A debut on 10 November 2007 against Empoli F.C..

In June 2008, Sampdoria bought back Kalu from Milan for €250,000 and co-currently signed Paolo Sammarco outright for another €2.5 million. Kalu then sold to the Swiss side AC Bellinzona for €400,000.

References

External links
Nigerianplayers.com profile
football.ch profile
AC Bellinzona profile

Category:Igbo sportspeople
Category:Nigeria international footballers
Category:Nigerian expatriate footballers
Category:Nigerian footballers
Category:U.C. Sampdoria players
Category:A.C. Pisa 1909 players
Category:FC Chiasso players
Category:AC Bellinzona players
Category:Serie A players
Category:Swiss Super League players
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy
Category:Expatriate footballers in Switzerland
Category:Expatriate footballers in Thailand
Category:1984 births
Category:Living people


Boxing at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's 63.5 kg

The men's light welterweight (63.5 kilograms) event at the 2002 Asian Games took place from 2 to 13 October 2002 at Masan Gymnasium, Masan, South Korea.

Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

Results
Legend
RET — Won by retirement
RSCO — Won by referee stop contest outclassed
WO — Won by walkover

References

External links
Official website

64


2008 Western & Southern Financial Group Women's Open – Doubles

Bethanie Mattek and Sania Mirza were the defending champions, but Mattek chose not to participate, while Mirza chose to compete the Beijing Summer Olympics instead.

Maria Kirilenko and Nadia Petrova won in the final 6–3, 4–6, [10–8], against Su-wei Hsieh and Yaroslava Shvedova.

Seeds

  Su-wei Hsieh /  Yaroslava Shvedova (Final)
  Maria Kirilenko /  Nadia Petrova (Champions)
  Jasmin Wöhr /  Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová (Semifinals)
  Stéphanie Dubois /  Ekaterina Makarova (First Round)

Draw

Draw

External links
Draw

Category:2008 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters
Western and Southern Financial Group Women's Open
Western and Southern Financial Group Women's Open
Category:2008 in American tennis


Tritomegas

Tritomegas is a genus of shield bugs.

Species
 Tritomegas bicolor (Linnaeus, 1758) - the pied shieldbug
 Tritomegas micans (Horváth, 1899)
 Tritomegas rotundipennis (Dohrn, 1862)
 Tritomegas sexmaculatus (Rambur, 1839)
 Tritomegas theryi (Lindberg, 1932)

References

Category:Pentatomomorpha genera
Category:Cydnidae


Vicki Roycroft

Victoria Roycroft (née Rose, born 17 April 1953) is an Australian equestrian who competed at three Olympic Games. At the 1984 Games she competed in the three-day eventing, whereas at the 1988 and 1996 Games she competed in the show jumping. She also coached at the 1992 Games.

In 1987, Roycroft, on her horse Apache, won the Rome Grand Prix, the first Australian and first woman to do so.

She was married to fellow triple Olympian Wayne Roycroft from 1976 until their separation in 2000. The couple's son Mark died in 2003 at the age of 17 after being caught in a rip off Birdie Beach in the Munmorah State Conservation Area.

In 2000, she received an Australian Sports Medal.

References

Category:1953 births
Category:Australian female equestrians
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic equestrians of Australia
Category:Equestrians at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Category:Equestrians at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Equestrians at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Category:Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal


One (Fat Joe song)

"One" is the first single from rapper Fat Joe's album Jealous Ones Still Envy 2 (J.O.S.E. 2). The song features Akon.

Background
"One" was released as the first single from Fat Joe's album J.O.S.E. 2. Fat Joe has stated the song was inspired by his marriage. The song was released onto iTunes, but failed to chart on the music outlet's top ten list of the day, week or month.

Music video
A music video became available in April 2009 through Akon's YouTube channel. Directed by Chris Robinson.

Remix
Cory Gunz has created a freestyle remix to the song.

Charts

References

External links

Category:2009 singles
Category:Akon songs
Category:Fat Joe songs
Category:Music videos directed by Chris Robinson (director)
Category:Songs written by Kevin Cossom
Category:2009 songs
Category:Songs written by Fat Joe
Category:Song recordings produced by The Inkredibles


Phantom-x

Phantom-x is an American traditional heavy metal and power metal band based in Dallas, Texas. The band was formed in 2004 by Omen vocalist Kevin Goocher and bassist Glenn Malicki.

Biography
Kevin Goocher, vocalist of heavy metal band Omen, formed Phantom-x with bass player Glenn Malicki while Omen was on a two-year hiatus.  The group began as a Ronnie James Dio tribute band called Stargazer who performed locally in the Dallas/Ft. Worth metropolitan area.  Goocher and Malicki began writing original material for the group, and subsequently renamed the group Phantom-x.

Phantom-x signed with Mausoleum Records in July 2005, and released their debut album, Rise of the Phantom, in early November of that year.  The album included guest vocal appearances from Robert Lowe (Candlemass, Solitude Aeturnus) and Jason McMaster (Watchtower, Dangerous Toys). Portions of the album, labeled in chapters, introduce a fantasy story about a demon who rises to power. Rise of the Phantom peaked at number 7 on the German heavy metal charts.

The release of Rise of the Phantom coincided with the band's 2005 European tour with Canadian heavy metal band Anvil.  The tour, set up by an inexperienced booking agent, was poorly promoted, and fraught with logistical and financial problems. Footage from this tour, including the Phantom-x song "Pain Machine", is featured in the documentary Anvil! The Story of Anvil (2008).

In 2006, Phantom-x released a follow up album entitled Storm Riders. The album adds an additional three chapters to the story begun on Rise of the Phantom.  The band then toured to support the album.

In 2008, Kevin Goocher and his daughter, Devon Goocher, appeared in I Know My Kid's a Star, a reality television show hosted by former child actor Danny Bonaduce. The show debuted on VH1 March 20, and aired for one season.

In 2009, Reece Stanley and Bill Engfer joined Phantom-x, solidifying what had previously been a revolving lineup on guitar and drums. The band released This Is War on Perris Records in 2010, which again included chapters on the albums' ongoing story.  The band's first headlining tour was in promotion of this album.

In 2012, Phantom-x signed with Pure Steel Records. The label released the group's fourth album, The Opera of the Phantom, on August 31. The Opera of the Phantom compiles the chapters of the entire fantasy story from the previous albums, and adds new chapters that complete the concept.  The album also includes another three new songs that are unrelated to the story.

Members

Current members

Kevin Goocher – vocals (2004-present)
Glenn Malicki – bass (2004-present)
Bill Engfer – guitar (2009-present)
Reese Stanley – drums (2009-present)

Previous Members

Russell D. Contreras – Guitar
Eric Knudson – Guitar
Dave Harvey – Guitar
Richard Tull – Guitar
Steve Nichols – Drums
Danny White – Drums

Discography

References

Category:Heavy metal musical groups from Texas
Category:Musical groups from Dallas
Category:American power metal musical groups
Category:Musical groups established in 2004


Pervalka Lighthouse

Pervalka Lighthouse (Lithuanian: Pervalkos švyturys) - a lighthouse located in Pervalka on the Curonian Spit, located in between the Curonian Lagoon (to the east) and the Baltic Sea (to the west); located in Lithuania.

The lighthouse operates automatically - by flashing in a white glare. The lighthouse's base is built on stone; with the lighthouse's cylindrical shape made out of sheet metal - with the current lighthouse built in 1900.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Lithuania

References

Category:Lighthouses completed in 1900
Category:Resort architecture in Lithuania
Category:Lighthouses in Lithuania
Category:Neringa


Grauman

Graumann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Johann Philipp Graumann, a Prussian business mathematician and monetary theorist
Sid Grauman, American showman
Grauman's Chinese Theatre, a movie theater in Hollywood, named after Sid Grauman
Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, a movie theater in Hollywood, named after Sid Grauman
Walter Grauman, American director of stage shows, theatrical films and television shows


Uppsala Monitoring Centre

Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC), located in Uppsala, Sweden, is the field name for the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring. UMC works by collecting, assessing and communicating information from member countries' national pharmacovigilance centres in regard to the benefits, harm, effectiveness and risks of drugs.

Background
Since 1978, responsibility for managing the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring has been carried by UMC. In the early years the staff consisted of just three pharmacists based at the Swedish Medical Products Agency (Läkemedelsverket); currently over 100 staff work in central Uppsala. The founding chairman and acting Director was Professor Åke Liljestrand. From 1990 to 2009 the Director was Professor Ralph Edwards. Since September 2009 Dr. Marie Lindquist is the Director.  The Chief Medical Officer is Dr. Pia Caduff and the Head of Research is Dr. Niklas Norén.

The work of the UMC is:
To co-ordinate the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring and its more than 100 member countries.
To collect, assess and communicate information from member countries about the benefits, harms and risks of drugs and other substances used in medicine to improve patient therapy and public health worldwide
To collaborate with member countries in the development and practice of the science of pharmacovigilance.

The main focus and source of data in pharmacovigilance are reports of ICSRs (individual case safety reports) from healthcare providers and patients in member countries of the WHO Programme. A WHO global individual case safety report database (VigiBase) is maintained and developed on behalf of the WHO by UMC. UMC develops and provides several tools and classifications for use by organisations involved in drug safety, including the WHO Drug Dictionary, WHOART (adverse reaction terminology) – with a bridge to the MedDRA terminology, tools for searching in the database, and a program for case report management, VigiFlow.

UMC's research covers mainly three areas: data-driven discovery (especially statistical techniques), dis-proportionality analyses, interaction detection, patterns and duplicate case detection), safety surveillance and signaling (among which drug dependence and pediatric use) and benefit—risk analysis.

The centre has been active in presenting research in the medical literature which has included some seminal works in the field. The Uppsala centre has also published books in the field of drugs safety including a regular newsletter. In 2010 the 2nd edition of a crisis management guide was published, entitled 'Expecting the Worst'.

UMC's role in drug safety has not been without controversy for both medicines agencies and pharmaceutical companies, despite an open approach willing to engage with many parties in the pharmaceutical world. They are closely involved in outreach to developing countries and other areas where pharmacovigilance is not yet handled.

WHO Programme key dates
1968 WHO Programme established.  International ADR terminology and drug dictionary
1969 Definition of ADR
1978 Operations transferred to the UMC; setting-up of relational ADR database.  Regular WHO Programme member meetings
1981 Computerised version of WHO Drug Dictionary available to all
1982 ATC classification coding of all medicinal products
1985 International expert review panel created
1991 On-line WHO database search programme available to national centres
1991 Definitions of adverse event, side effect and causality assessment terms
1993 Windows-based client server program for online database searches
1993 Regular training and educational activities
1994 Methodology for use of denominator data for calculation of ADR reporting rates
1997 Knowledge-detection tool for automated signal detection (BCPNN)
1997 Promotion of communication as a necessary discipline in pharmacovigilance : the 'Erice Declaration'
1998 Internet discussion group for national centres
2001 Start of VigiBase Online project (now VigiFlow)
2002 New database system (VigiBase)
2004 Pattern recognition using the BCPNN on health databases to find safety information.
2005 Launch of expanded WHO Drug Dictionary with additional data fields; agreement with IMS Health to increase information in the dictionary
2010 100th country joins the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring
2012 Over 7 million adverse reaction reports in VigiBase, the WHO ICSR database
2015 Over 12 million adverse drug reaction reports in VigiBase, the WHO ICSR database

See also
 International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH)
 Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS)
 International Society of Pharmacovigilance
 Society of Pharmacovigilance, India
 EudraVigilance (EEA)
 Yellow Card Scheme (UK)
 Clinical trial
 Drug development
 MedDRA
 WHOART

References

External links
, Uppsala Monitoring Centre home
, Uppsala Reports is UMC's quarterly magazine for everyone concerned with the issues of pharmacovigilance.

Category:World Health Organization
Category:Pharmacological societies
Category:Pharmaceuticals policy
Category:International medical and health organizations
Category:Organizations established in 1978
Category:WHO Collaborating Centres
Category:1978 establishments in Sweden


Andrew Kevin Walker

Andrew Kevin Walker (born August 14, 1964) is an American screenwriter, producer and script doctor.  He is known for having written Seven (1995), for which he earned a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay, as well as several other films, including 8mm (1999), Sleepy Hollow (1999) and many uncredited script rewrites.

Early life
Walker was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania, though some time during his childhood, he moved to Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, where he was raised. He attended the Mechanicsburg Area Senior High School until his graduation in 1982. Walker soon enrolled in Penn State University to pursue a career in film production. He graduated from Penn State in 1986, with a Bachelor of Arts in film and video.

Film career
Shortly after completing his education, he moved to New York City and began a career in retail at Tower Records. During that time, he worked on several projects, but Walker was unable to find much success until 1991, when he completed the script for Seven. Walker decided to move to Los Angeles to sell his screenplay. There, he personally contacted screenwriter David Koepp, who showed the script to executives at New Line Cinema, who ended up purchasing the rights to it. The film, however, took nearly three years to begin production. Christmas Vacation director Jeremiah Chechik was originally chosen to direct the optioned film but he asked for a number of modifications, including the changes to the ending, particularly the removal of the head in a box scene. Walker continued reworking the script but the film got passed around in Hollywood. The project finally went ahead when David Fincher agreed to direct the film after he read the original draft, which was accidentally sent with the ending intact.

While the project was ongoing, Walker found other work as a screenwriter, including a short stint with HBO's television series Tales From the Crypt, as well as writing two other films, Brainscan (1994) and the novel adaptation Hideaway (1995).

Seven began production between his two other films, headed by Fincher as the director and starring Morgan Freeman, Brad Pitt and Kevin Spacey. At one point during production, the studio proposed several changes — which would later become a recurring theme throughout Walker's career — deeming it too dark for its target audience. Both Fincher and Freeman backed Walker's original script, and it eventually went unchanged. The film was met with critical acclaim and enormous box office success, earning $327,311,859 worldwide. It would allow Walker to make a name for himself in the movie industry.

However, Walker would not earn another film credit to his name for another four years, though he penned several uncredited rewrites during this period, including The Game (on which he again worked with David Fincher) and Paul W. S. Anderson's Event Horizon. In 1999, Walker's 8MM finally saw the light of day, having been sold by him for a reported $1.25 million. Once again, the film's production encountered concerns regarding the dark subject matter, and the studio asked Walker to lighten the film's tone. With Joel Schumacher as director, Walker felt a rewrite would no longer be needed. But as it turned out, Schumacher supported the studio and made changes of his own, leading to a much-publicized fallout between the two, with Walker virtually disowning the film and walking away from the set. He refused to even watch the film, which became a critical failure. In an interview with The Guardian, he said that "it was such an inherently depressing experience that the very least I can do is protect myself from the miserable experience of actually watching it." In 2015, he expressed his openness to a redo 8MM instead of remaking Seven. The latter has left the studios and producers unhappy with Somerset merely standing there helpless as Mills shot John Doe.

Walker found other success in 1999, as he penned uncredited rewrites to the critical hits Stir of Echoes and Fight Club, now considered a cult classic. Walker's adaptation of Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" also wrapped up production as Sleepy Hollow, directed by Tim Burton. While Burton admired Walker's original script, he hired the playwright and Academy Award-winning screenwriter Tom Stoppard to tone down the violence. The film, starring Johnny Depp, was still a box office and critical success.

Since the mid-1990s, Walker wrote several screenplays that were never greenlit or have yet to go into production, such as a script for a movie starring the superhero Silver Surfer, a version of X-Men (2000; his script was written in 1994), and a film tentatively titled Batman vs. Superman. The latter film was set to go into production, but Warner Bros. opted to revive their franchises separately, and so the script was shelved. After the announcement and subsequent successes of Batman Begins and Superman Returns, the film seemed to be shelved permanently, though Wolfgang Petersen, who was due to direct the feature, had continued to express his interest in the project. That script and version of the project was permanently shelved in favor of the Zack Snyder helmed Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.

Walker wrote the 2016 animated dark comedy Nerdland, starring Paul Rudd and Patton Oswalt.

Walker also wrote as-yet unproduced screenplays for the American version of The Girl Who Played with Fire and a remake of The Reincarnation of Peter Proud, both for Seven director David Fincher, as well as a new version of Ernest Hemingway's The Killers.

Other projects
Walker also wrote two shorts for the BMW Films series The Hire, starring Clive Owen: Ambush, directed by John Frankenheimer, and The Follow, by Wong Kar-wai.

Walker also co-wrote (with David Self and Paul Attanasio) the screenplay for The Wolfman, a remake of the Universal Studios classic. The remake, directed by Joe Johnston and starring Benicio del Toro in the title role, received a 2010 release.

Amazon named Walker's 2015 Kindle Single, Old Man Johnson (his first novel) among its "Best of the Year."

Appearances in film

Walker is known for making short cameos in films for which he served as a writer. In Panic Room, he appears as a sleepy neighbor; in Fight Club, three detectives are named, respectively, Andrew, Kevin and Walker; and in Seven, he is the corpse near the very beginning of the movie.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Category:1964 births
Category:American male screenwriters
Category:Living people
Category:Pennsylvania State University alumni
Category:People from Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
Category:Screenwriters from Pennsylvania


1973–74 Eerste Divisie

The Dutch Eerste Divisie in the 1973–74 season was contested by 20 teams. Excelsior won the championship.

New entrants
Relegated from the 1972–73 Eredivisie
 FC Den Bosch
 Excelsior
HVC changed their name to SC Amersfoort for this season.

League standings

Promotion competition
In the promotion competition, four period winners (the best teams during each of the four quarters of the regular competition) played for promotion to the eredivisie.

See also
 1973–74 Eredivisie
 1973–74 KNVB Cup

References

Netherlands - List of final tables (RSSSF)

Category:Eerste Divisie seasons
2
Neth


Pecten oculi

The pecten or pecten oculi is a comb-like structure of blood vessels belonging to the choroid in the eye of a bird. It is a non-sensory, pigmented structure that projects into the vitreous humor from the point where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. The pecten is believed to both nourish the retina and control the pH of the vitreous body. High level of enzyme alkaline phosphatase activity in pecten oculi has been linked to transport of nutrient molecules from highly vascularized pecten oculi into vitreous and then into retinal cells for nourishment.  It is present in all birds and some reptiles.

In the vertebrate eye, blood vessels lie in front of the retina, partially obscuring the image. The pecten helps to solve this problem by greatly reducing the number of blood vessels in the retina and leading to the extremely sharp eyesight of birds such as hawks. The pigmentation of the pecten is believed to protect the blood vessels against damage from ultraviolet light. Stray light absorption by melanin granules of pecten oculi is also considered to give rise to small increments in temperature of pecten and eye; this may offer increased metabolic rate to optimize eye physiology in low temperatures at high-altitude flights.  The structure varies across bird species and is conical in the kiwi, vaned in the ostrich and pleated in most other birds.

See also
 Conus papillaris, a similar structure found in reptiles

References

External links
 Electron microscopy photos of the pecten in the black kite (Milvus migrans)

Category:Birds


Roxana Zal

Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969) is an American actress. In 1984, at the age of 14, she become youngest Primetime Emmy Award winner for her title role in the television film Something About Amelia.

Life and career
Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on Hart to Hart at age 12.

In 1983m Zal has appeared in films Table for Five starring Jon Voight and Testament opposite Jane Alexander. In 1984 she won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the television film Something About Amelia. She also received Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film nomination for her performance. Zal later was female lead in the 1986 independent crime film River's Edge and in 1989 starred in the teen romantic drama film Under the Boardwalk.

In 1990, Zal has appeared in a number of made-for-television and independent films playing supporting roles. She also guest starred in a number of television series, include Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, The Pretender and NCIS. In 2006, she was regular cast member on the MyNetworkTV telenovela Watch Over Me. Zal left from acting and become a fashion designer in 2000s.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Category:1969 births
Category:American child actresses
Category:American film actresses
Category:American people of Iranian descent
Category:American television actresses
Category:Actresses from California
Category:Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Category:People from Malibu, California
Category:Living people


Destiny University

Destiny University (Destiny University School of Medicine and Health Sciences) was an offshore private medical school located in Rodney Bay, Saint Lucia. The school's offshore office was located in Butte, Montana. It began operations in 2001 as the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, St. Lucia, under which name it operated until 2008. At that time, the Destiny Group of Companies intended to build a new facility for the university in Vieux Fort, which would be fully operational by 2010. When the school began session in 2008, it was functioning as a "distance learning university" in the former Sandy Beach Hotel. The school operated until 2013, at which time it ceased operations due to financial constraints.

Accreditation
The school had been approved to operate by the government of St. Lucia on 17 December 2009, though as of 2014, the country did not have legislation in place for licensing and regulating medical schools. It was not accredited by the Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and other Health Professions (CAAM-HP). The school was listed in the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory (IMED) effective in 2001, and as Destiny from 2008 to 2013, with school ID #F0001374 and in the World Health Organization's World Directory of Medical Schools. By virtue of its listing in IMED, students who graduated from Destiny between 2008 and 2013 were authorized to take part in the United States Medical Licensing Examination three-part examinations. Those who pass the examinations are eligible according to the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates to register for and participate in the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP).

References

External links
College of Medicine and Health Sciences website

Category:Universities and colleges in Saint Lucia
Category:Educational institutions established in 2001
Category:Medical schools in the Caribbean
Category:2001 establishments in Saint Lucia


Bolsover Castle railway station

Bolsover Castle is a former railway station in Bolsover, near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England.

Context
The station was built by the Midland Railway on the circuitous  to  line known as The Doe Lea Branch, because it ran for much of its length along the valley of the River Doe Lea. In 1897 the Doe Lea Viaduct was opened, straddling the Doe Lea Branch a short distance to the south of Bolsover Castle station.

History
The station was opened without ceremony on 1 September 1890 as "Bolsover". It initially provided a service of three trains each way between Mansfield and Chesterfield, taking about an hour from end to end.

The line was single track between Seymour Junction and . Accordingly, the station had a single platform and typical Midland Railway country station building very similar to those at  and .

Normal passenger traffic along the Doe Lea Branch dwindled over the years and finally ceased on 28 July 1930. An unadvertised service continued to call at the station until 14 August 1931 and pre-war excursions continued until at least 27 July 1939. Records show that a half-day excursion service called at Bolsover on 26 July 1949 on its way to  and . The last steam train to use the line was an enthusiasts' special on 16 October 1965. This train also traversed the Clowne Branch.

British Railways renamed the station "Bolsover Castle" on 25 September 1950 to help distinguish it from the ex-LD&ECR "Bolsover" which became "Bolsover South". Goods facilities were withdrawn from the station on 1 November 1962.

Although regular passenger traffic ceased in 1930 and the line was severed as a through route shortly thereafter by the closure of Rowthorn Tunnel, occasional specials continued to call at the station. A special was run to Chesterfield in connection with the Queen's Jubilee celebrations in Queen's Park on 28 July 1977. This had been on the initiative of the headmaster of Bolsover Church of England Junior School as there were insufficient buses to take all the children to the event. Thereafter, there were yearly August excursions from 1978 until 1981 organised by Bolsover Miners' Welfare when trains of at least nine coaches ran to Scarborough. Another source claims that the last charter from Bolsover Castle was a nine-coach train to  via Chesterfield on 15 November 1980 organised by Bolsover Secondary School PTA.

When Glapwell Colliery closed in 1974 the line South of Bolsover Castle station became redundant, though it was not lifted until 1978. The branch between Bolsover Castle and the bottom of Rylah Hill between Palterton and M1 J29 is now a public bridleway known as The Stockley Trail.

By 20 July 2013 all tracks through Bolsover Castle station site had been lifted, but the trackbed was intact. The station itself was demolished some years ago. A business park had been developed immediately west of the station site. One occupant is a firm providing road-rail vehicles, such as track welding lorries fitted with retractable rail wheels. A length of track with dummy overhead wires, presumably for training and clearance testing purposes, has been installed in their depot in plain view from public areas.

Possible future
The line from Foxlow Junction through Seymour Junction to Oxcroft Disposal Point has been lifted but protected from breach or encroachment as there remains the possibility of opencasting in the area. For example, in 2005 UK Coal (now Coalfield Resources), expressed an interest in extracting c530,000 tons near Mastin Moor.

The Doe Lea line South from Seymour Junction to the site of the former Markham Colliery (now known as "The Bolsover Branch") has been mothballed as it runs through the new Markham Vale Enterprise Zone at M1 Junction 29A. The track is in place, but at 20 July 2013 has trees taller than a man growing though the sleeprs in places. It is hoped that someone will invest in this infrastructure to create road-rail interchange facilities. The line through Clowne has been lifted, but it, too remains protected from breach or encroachment as it, too, might provide access to Markham Vale from a different direction.

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading

External links
The station on a navigable 1949 OS map NPE maps
The station on overlain OS maps National Library of Scotland
The station and line on overlain OS maps Rail Map Online
Bolsover railway structures Signalboxes
The station, line and mileages Railway Codes
The line and station Richards Bygone Times
The station, staff and tickets Old Miner
One of the station's former signs English Heritage
The station in its early years eBay
The station in its later years eBay
The station in its later years eBay
The station in its later years ipernity

Category:Disused railway stations in Derbyshire
Category:Former Midland Railway stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 1890
Category:Railway stations closed in 1930
Category:Bolsover


Abhaya Malla

Abhaya Malla ()  (died 1255) was a Malla Dynasty king of Nepal in the first half of the 13th century. His death is well documented in the history of Nepal, because he died during the 1255 earthquake which wiped out one third of the population of the Kathmandu Valley. He performed a Lakshyahoma. Many books written during his reign are available. His sons Jaya Deva and Ananda Deva ruled jointly after his death.

References

Category:Malla rulers of the Kathmandu Valley
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:1255 deaths


Aldinac

Aldinac is a village in the municipality of Knjaževac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 26 people.

References

Category:Populated places in Zaječar District


Všestary (Hradec Králové District)

Všestary is a village in the Czech Republic.

External links

 Municipal website

Category:Villages in Hradec Králové District


Berdavan, Armenia (town)

Berdavan () is a town in the Tavush Province of Armenia.

See also
 Tavush Province

References

World Gazeteer: Armenia – World-Gazetteer.com

Category:Populated places in Tavush Province


KSRV-FM

KSRV-FM (96.1 FM, "Bob FM") is a commercial radio station located in Ontario, Oregon, broadcasting to the Boise, Idaho, area.  KSRV-FM airs an adult hits music format.

History
KSRV-FM previously aired a country music format branded as "The Bull".  The format was dropped on March 30, 2007 in favor of an adult hits music format, branded as "Bob FM".

External links
KSRV-FM official website

SRV-FM
SRV-FM
Category:Adult hits radio stations in the United States
Category:Bob FM stations
Category:Ontario, Oregon
Category:Radio stations established in 1977
Category:1977 establishments in Oregon


Zyxomma petiolatum

Zyxomma petiolatum, known by the common names long-tailed duskdarter, brown dusk hawk and dingy duskflyer, is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is widespread in many Asian countries,, New Guinea, northern Australia and islands in the Pacific.

Description and habitat
It is a medium-sized chocolate-brown colored dragonfly with emerald-green eyes. Female is similar to the males. It breeds in small pools, ponds, swamps and slow flowing rivers. It is crepuscular but may also be active during overcast days. Usually seen in the evening as an extremely rapid flyer, flying low over water-bodies, hawking midges and mosquitoes. In daytime it roosts among vegetation and can be difficult to find.

See also
 List of odonates of Sri Lanka
 List of odonates of India
 List of odonata of Kerala
 List of Odonata species of Australia

References

 World Dragonflies
 Animal diversity web
 Query Results
 Sri Lanka Biodiversity

External links

Category:Libellulidae
Category:Odonata of Asia
Category:Odonata of Australia
Category:Insects of India
Category:Insects of New Guinea
Category:Taxa named by Jules Pierre Rambur
Category:Insects described in 1842


History of literature

The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/listener/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. Not all writings constitute literature. Some recorded materials, such as compilations of data (e.g., a check register) are not considered literature, and this article relates only to the evolution of the works defined above.

The beginnings of literature

Literature and writing, though connected, are not synonymous. The very first writings from ancient Sumer by any reasonable definition do not constitute literature—the same is true of some of the early Egyptian hieroglyphics or the thousands of logs from ancient Chinese regimes. Scholars have often disagreed concerning when written record-keeping became more like "literature" than anything else; the definition is largely subjective.

Moreover, given the significance of distance as a cultural isolator in earlier centuries, the historical development of literature did not occur at an even pace across the world. The problems of creating a uniform global history of literature are compounded by the fact that many texts have been lost over the millennia, either deliberately, by accident, or by the total disappearance of the originating culture. Much has been written, for example, about the destruction of the Library of Alexandria in the 1st century BC, and the innumerable key texts which are believed to have been lost forever to the flames. The deliberate suppression of texts (and often their authors) by organisations of either a spiritual or a temporal nature further shrouds the subject.

Certain primary texts, however, may be isolated which have a qualifying role as literature's first stirrings.
Very early examples include Epic of Gilgamesh, in its Sumerian version predating 2000 BC, and the Egyptian Book of the Dead written down in the Papyrus of Ani in approximately 1250 BC but probably dates from about the 18th century BC.
Ancient Egyptian literature was not included in early studies of the history of literature because the writings of Ancient Egypt were not translated into European languages until the 19th century when the Rosetta stone was deciphered.

Many texts handed down by oral tradition over several centuries before they were fixed in written form are difficult or impossible to date. The core of the Rigveda may date to the mid 2nd millennium BC. The Pentateuch is traditionally dated to the 15th century, although modern scholarship estimates its oldest part to date to the 10th century BC at the earliest.

Homer's Iliad and Odyssey date to the 8th century BC and mark the beginning of Classical Antiquity. They also stand in an oral tradition that stretches back to the late Bronze Age.

Indian śruti texts post-dating the Rigveda (such as the Yajurveda, the Atharvaveda and the Brahmanas), as well as the Hebrew Tanakh and the mystical collection of poems attributed to Lao Tze, the Tao te Ching, date to the Iron Age, but their dating is difficult and controversial. The great Hindu epics were also transmitted orally, likely predating the Maurya period.

Antiquity

China

The Classic of Poetry (or Shijing) is the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry, comprising 305 works by anonymous authors dating from the 11th to 7th centuries BC.
The Chu Ci anthology (or Songs of Chu) is a volume of poems attributed to or considered to be inspired by Qu Yuan's verse writing. Qu Yuan is the first author of verse in China to have his name associated to his work and is also regarded as one of the most prominent figures of Romanticism in Chinese classical literature.

The first great author on military tactics and strategy was Sun Tzu, whose The Art of War remains on the shelves of many modern military officers (and its advice has been applied to the corporate world as well). Philosophy developed far differently in China than in Greece—rather than presenting extended dialogues, the Analects of Confucius and Lao Zi's Tao Te Ching presented sayings and proverbs more directly and didactically. The Zhuangzi is composed of a large collection of creative anecdotes, allegories, parables, and fables; a masterpiece of both philosophical and literary skill, it has significantly influenced writers and poets for more than 2000 years from the Han dynasty to the present.

Among the earliest Chinese works of narrative history, Zuo Zhuan is a gem of classical Chinese prose. This work and the Shiji or Records of the Grand Historian, were regarded as the ultimate models by many generations of prose stylists in ancient China.

Hebrew Literature

The books that constitute the Hebrew Bible developed over roughly a millennium. The oldest texts seem to come from the eleventh or tenth centuries BCE, whilst most of the other texts are somewhat later. They are edited works, being collections of various sources intricately and carefully woven together.

The Old Testament was compiled and edited by various men over a period of centuries, with many scholars concluding that the Hebrew canon was solidified by about the 3rd century BC. The works have been subject to various literary evaluations (both secular and religious). Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: “In the Jewish Old Testament, there are men, things and speeches in so grand a style that Greek and Indian literature have nothing to compare to it. One stands with awe and reverence before these tremendous remnants of what man once was... The taste for the Old Testament is a touchstone of 'greatness' and 'smallness'.”

Classical antiquity

Greek literature

Ancient Greek society placed considerable emphasis upon literature. Many authors consider the western literary tradition to have begun with the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey, which remain giants in the literary canon for their skillful and vivid depictions of war and peace, honor and disgrace, love and hatred. Notable among later Greek poets was Sappho, who defined, in many ways, lyric poetry as a genre.

A playwright named Aeschylus changed Western literature forever when he introduced the ideas of dialogue and interacting characters to playwriting. In doing so, he essentially invented "drama": his Oresteia trilogy of plays is seen as his crowning achievement. Other refiners of playwriting were Sophocles and Euripides. Sophocles is credited with skillfully developing irony as a literary technique, most famously in his play Oedipus Rex. Euripedes, conversely, used plays to challenge societal norms and mores—a hallmark of much of Western literature for the next 2,300 years and beyond—and his works such as Medea, The Bacchae and The Trojan Women are still notable for their ability to challenge our perceptions of propriety, gender, and war. Aristophanes, a comic playwright, defines and shapes the idea of comedy almost as Aeschylus had shaped tragedy as an art form—Aristophanes' most famous plays include the Lysistrata and The Frogs.

Philosophy entered literature in the dialogues of Plato, who converted the give and take of Socratic questioning into written form. Aristotle, Plato's student, wrote dozens of works on many scientific disciplines, but his greatest contribution to literature was likely his Poetics, which lays out his understanding of drama, and thereby establishes the first criteria for literary criticism.

The New Testament is an unusual collection of texts--John's Book of Revelation, though not the first of its kind, essentially defines apocalypse as a literary genre.

Latin literature

In many respects, the writers of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire chose to avoid innovation in favor of imitating the great Greek authors. Virgil's Aeneid, in many ways, emulated Homer's Iliad; Plautus, a comic playwright, followed in the footsteps of Aristophanes; Tacitus' Annals and Germania follow essentially the same historical approaches that Thucydides devised (the Christian historian Eusebius does also, although far more influenced by his religion than either Tacitus or Thucydides had been by Greek and Roman polytheism); Ovid and his Metamorphoses explore the same Greek myths again in new ways. It can be argued, and has been, that the Roman authors, far from being mindless copycats, improved on the genres already established by their Greek predecessors. For example, Ovid's Metamorphoses creates a form which is a clear predecessor of the stream of consciousness genre. What is undeniable is that the Romans, in comparison with the Greeks, innovate relatively few literary styles of their own.

Satire is one of the few Roman additions to literature—Horace was the first to use satire extensively as a tool for argument, and Juvenal made it into a weapon.

Augustine of Hippo and his The City of God do for religious literature essentially what Plato had done for philosophy, but Augustine's approach was far less conversational and more didactive. His Confessions is perhaps the first true autobiography, and it gave rise to the genre of confessional literature which is now more popular than ever.

India

Knowledge traditions in India handed down philosophical gleanings and theological concepts through the two traditions of Shruti and Smriti, meaning that which is learnt and that which is experienced, which included the Vedas. It is generally believed that the Puranas are the earliest philosophical writings in Indian history, although linguistic works on Sanskrit existed earlier than 1000 BC. Puranic works such as the Indian epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata, have influenced countless other works, including Balinese Kecak and other performances such as shadow puppetry (wayang), and many European works. Pali literature has an important position in the rise of Buddhism. Classical Sanskrit literature flowers in the Maurya and Gupta periods, roughly spanning the 2nd century BC to the 8th century AD.

Middle Ages

Europe

After the fall of Rome (in roughly 476), many of the literary approaches and styles invented by the Greeks and Romans fell out of favor in Europe. In the millennium or so that intervened between Rome's fall and the Florentine Renaissance, medieval literature focused more and more on faith and faith-related matters, in part because the works written by the Greeks had not been preserved in Europe, and therefore there were few models of classical literature to learn from and move beyond. What little there was became changed and distorted, with new forms beginning to develop from the distortions. Some of these distorted beginnings of new styles can be seen in the literature generally described as Matter of Rome, Matter of France and Matter of Britain.

Although much had been lost to the ravages of time (and to catastrophe, as in the burning of the Library of Alexandria), many Greek works remained extant: they were preserved and copied carefully by Muslim scribes.

In Europe, hagiographies, or "lives of the saints", are frequent among early medieval texts. The writings of Bede—Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum—and others continue the faith-based historical tradition begun by Eusebius in the early 4th century. Playwriting essentially ceased, except for the mystery plays and the passion plays that focused heavily on conveying Christian belief to the common people. Around 400 AD the Prudenti Psychomachia began the tradition of allegorical tales. Poetry flourished, however, in the hands of the troubadours, whose courtly romances and chanson de geste amused and entertained the upper classes who were their patrons. Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote works which he claimed were histories of Britain. These were highly fanciful and included stories of Merlin the magician and King Arthur. Epic poetry continued to develop with the addition of the mythologies of Northern Europe: Beowulf and the Norse sagas have much in common with Homer and Virgil's approaches to war and honor, while poems such as Dante's Divine Comedy and Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales take much different stylistic directions.

In November 1095, Pope Urban II preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. The crusades would affect everything in Europe and the Middle East for many years to come and literature would, along with everything else, be transformed by the wars between these two cultures. For instance the image of the knight would take on a different significance. Also the Islamic emphasis on scientific investigation and the preservation of the Greek philosophical writings would eventually affect European literature.

Between Augustine and The Bible, religious authors had numerous aspects of Christianity that needed further explication and interpretation. Thomas Aquinas, more than any other single person, was able to turn theology into a kind of science, in part because he was heavily influenced by Aristotle, whose works were returning to Europe in the 13th century.

Islamic world

The most well known fiction from the Islamic world was The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), which was a compilation of many earlier folk tales told by the Persian Queen Scheherazade. The epic took form in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales were often called "Arabian Nights" when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, in any version, and a number of tales are known in Europe as "Arabian Nights" despite existing in no Arabic manuscript.

This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Many imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba. However, no medieval Arabic source has been traced for Aladdin, which was incorporated into The Book of One Thousand and One Nights by its French translator, Antoine Galland, who heard it from an Arab Syrian Christian storyteller from Aleppo. The popularity of the work may in part be due to greater popular knowledge of history and geography since it was written. This meant that the plausibility of great marvels had to be set at a greater distance of time ("long ago") and place ("far away"). This is a process that continues, and finally culminates in fantasy fiction having little connection, if any, to actual times and places. A number of elements from Arabian mythology and Persian mythology are now common in modern fantasy, such as genies, bahamuts, magic carpets, magic lamps, etc. When L. Frank Baum proposed writing a modern fairy tale that banished stereotypical elements he felt the genie, dwarf and fairy were stereotypes to avoid.

A number of stories within the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) also feature science fiction elements. One example is "The Adventures of Bulukiya", where the protagonist Bulukiya's quest for the herb of immortality leads him to explore the seas, journey to the Garden of Eden and to Jahannam, and travel across the cosmos to different worlds much larger than his own world, anticipating elements of galactic science fiction; along the way, he encounters societies of jinns, mermaids, talking serpents, talking trees, and other forms of life. In another Arabian Nights tale, the protagonist Abdullah the Fisherman gains the ability to breathe underwater and discovers an underwater submarine society that is portrayed as an inverted reflection of society on land, in that the underwater society follows a form of primitive communism where concepts like money and clothing do not exist. Other Arabian Nights tales deal with lost ancient technologies, advanced ancient civilizations that went astray, and catastrophes which overwhelmed them. "The City of Brass" features a group of travellers on an archaeological expedition across the Sahara to find an ancient lost city and attempt to recover a brass vessel that Solomon once used to trap a jinn, and, along the way, encounter a mummified queen, petrified inhabitants, lifelike humanoid robots and automata, seductive marionettes dancing without strings, and a brass horseman robot who directs the party towards the ancient city. "The Ebony Horse" features a robot in the form of a flying mechanical horse controlled using keys that could fly into outer space and towards the Sun, while the "Third Qalandar's Tale" also features a robot in the form of an uncanny boatman. "The City of Brass" and "The Ebony Horse" can be considered early examples of proto-science fiction.

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi, "The Book of Muhammad's Ladder") concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century.

Arabic literature

Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus) who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in Philosophus Autodidactus, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in Theologus Autodidactus, developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

Theologus Autodidactus deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, the end of the world and doomsday, resurrection, and the afterlife. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. His main purpose behind this science fiction work was to explain Islamic religious teachings in terms of science and philosophy through the use of fiction.

A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, a candidate for the title of "first novel in English". Philosophus Autodidactus also inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist. The story also anticipated Rousseau's Emile: or, On Education in some ways, and is also similar to Mowgli's story in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as well as Tarzan's story, in that a baby is abandoned but taken care of and fed by a mother wolf.

Among other innovations in Arabic literature was Ibn Khaldun's perspective on chronicling past events—by fully rejecting supernatural explanations, Khaldun essentially invented the scientific or sociological approach to history.

Persian literature

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. It is the longest epic poem ever written.

From Persian culture the book which would, eventually, become the most famous in the west is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. The Rubáiyát is a collection of poems by the Persian mathematician and astronomer Omar Khayyám (1048–1122). "Rubaiyat" means "quatrains": verses of four lines.

Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan.

Examples of early Persian proto-science fiction include Al-Farabi's Opinions of the residents of a splendid city about a utopian society, and elements such as the flying carpet.

Ottoman literature

The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose. Of the two, divan poetry was by far the dominant stream. Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction; that is, there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European romance, short story, or novel (though analogous genres did, to some extent, exist in both the Turkish folk tradition and in divan poetry). Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose never managed to develop to the extent that contemporary divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec''' (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a sentence, there must be a rhyme.

Jewish literature

Medieval Jewish fiction often drew on ancient Jewish legends, and was written in a variety of languages including Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic. Liturgical Jewish poetry in Hebrew flourished in Palestine in the seventh and eighth centuries with the writings of Yose ben Yose, Yanai, and Eleazar Kalir Later Jewish poets in Spain, Provencal, and Italy wrote both religious and secular poems in Hebrew; particularly prominent poets were the Spanish Jewish poets Solomon ibn Gabirol and Yehuda Halevi. In addition to poetry and fiction, medieval Jewish literature also includes philosophical literature, mystical (Kabbalistic) literature, ethical (musar) literature, legal (halakhic) literature, and commentaries on the Bible.

India

Early Medieval (Gupta period) literature in India sees the flowering of Sanskrit drama, classical Sanskrit poetry and the compilation of the Puranas. Sanskrit declines in the early 2nd millennium, late works such as the Kathasaritsagara dating to the 11th century, to the benefit of literature composed in Middle Indic vernaculars such as Old Bengali, Old Hindi.

China

Lyric poetry advanced far more in China than in Europe prior to 1000, as multiple new forms developed in the Han, Tang, and Song dynasties: perhaps the greatest poets of this era in Chinese literature were Li Bai and Du Fu.

Printing began in Tang Dynasty China. A copy of the Diamond Sutra, a key Buddhist text, found sealed in a cave in China in the early 20th century, is the oldest known dated printed book, with a printed date of 868. The method used was block printing.

The scientist, statesman, and general Shen Kuo (1031–1095 AD) was the author of the Dream Pool Essays (1088), a large book of scientific literature that included the oldest description of the magnetized compass. During the Song Dynasty, there was also the enormous historical work of the Zizhi Tongjian, compiled into 294 volumes of 3 million written Chinese characters by the year 1084 AD.

The true vernacular novel was developed in China during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD). Some authors feel that China originated the novel form with the Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong (in the 14th century), although others feel that this epic is distinct from the novel in key ways. Fictional novels published during the Ming period include the Water Margin and the Journey to the West, which represent two of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.

Japan

Classical Japanese literature generally refers to literature produced during the Heian Period, what some would consider a golden era of art and literature. The Tale of Genji (early 11th century) by Murasaki Shikibu is considered the pre-eminent masterpiece of Heian fiction and an early example of a work of fiction in the form of a novel. It is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, the first romance novel, or the first novel to still be considered a classic.

Other important works of this period include the Kokin Wakashū (905), a waka-poetry anthology, and The Pillow Book (990s), the latter written by Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival, Sei Shōnagon, as an essay about the life, loves, and pastimes of nobles in the Emperor's court. The iroha poem, now one of two standard orderings for the Japanese syllabary, was also written during the early part of this period.

The 10th-century Japanese narrative, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, can be considered an early example of proto-science fiction. The protagonist of the story, Kaguya-hime, is a princess from the Moon who is sent to Earth for safety during a celestial war, and is found and raised by a bamboo cutter in Japan. She is later taken back to the Moon by her real extraterrestrial family. A manuscript illustration depicts a disc-shaped flying object similar to a flying saucer.

In this time the imperial court patronized the poets, most of whom were courtiers or ladies-in-waiting. Editing anthologies of poetry was a national pastime. Reflecting the aristocratic atmosphere, the poetry was elegant and sophisticated and expressed emotions in a rhetorical style.

Renaissance

Had nothing occurred to change literature in the 15th century but the Renaissance, the break with medieval approaches would have been clear enough. The 15th century, however, also brought Johann Gutenberg and his invention of the printing press, an innovation (for Europe, at least) that would change literature forever. Texts were no longer precious and expensive to produce—they could be cheaply and rapidly put into the marketplace. Literacy went from the prized possession of the select few to a much broader section of the population (though by no means universal). As a result, much about literature in Europe was radically altered in the two centuries following Gutenberg's unveiling of the printing press in 1455.

William Caxton was the first English printer and published English language texts including Le Morte d'Arthur (a collection of oral tales of the Arthurian Knights which is a forerunner of the novel) and Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. These are an indication of future directions in literature. With the arrival of the printing press a process begins in which folk yarns and legends are collected within a frame story and then mass published.

In the Renaissance, the focus on learning for learning's sake causes an outpouring of literature. Petrarch popularized the sonnet as a poetic form; Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron made romance acceptable in prose as well as poetry; François Rabelais rejuvenates satire with Gargantua and Pantagruel; Michel de Montaigne single-handedly invented the essay and used it to catalog his life and ideas. Perhaps the most controversial and important work of the time period was a treatise printed in Nuremberg, entitled De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium: in it, the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus removed the Earth from its privileged position in the universe, which had far-reaching effects, not only in science, but in literature and its approach to humanity, hierarchy, and truth.

Early modern period

A new spirit of science and investigation in Europe was part of a general upheaval in human understanding which began with the European discovery of the New World in 1492 and continues through the subsequent centuries, even up to the present day.

The form of writing now commonplace across the world—the novel—originated from the early modern period and grew in popularity in the next century. Before the modern novel became established as a form there first had to be a transitional stage when "novelty" began to appear in the style of the epic poem.

Plays for entertainment (as opposed to religious enlightenment) returned to Europe's stages in the early modern period. William Shakespeare is the most notable of the early modern playwrights, but numerous others made important contributions, including Molière, Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson. From the 16th to the 18th century Commedia dell'arte performers improvised in the streets of Italy and France. Some Commedia dell'arte plays were written down. Both the written plays and the improvisation were influential upon literature of the time, particularly upon the work of Molière. Shakespeare drew upon the arts of jesters and strolling players in creating new style comedies. All the parts, even the female ones, were played by men (en travesti) but that would change, first in France and then in England too, by the end of the 17th century.

The epic Elizabethan poem The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser was published, in its first part, in 1590 and then in completed form in 1597. The Fairie Queen marks the transitional period in which "novelty" begins to enter into the narrative in the sense of overturning and playing with the flow of events. Theatrical forms known in Spenser's time such as the Masque and the Mummers' Play are incorporated into the poem in ways which twist tradition and turn it to political propaganda in the service of Queen Elizabeth I.

The earliest work considered an opera in the sense the work is usually understood dates from around 1597. It is Dafne, (now lost) written by Jacopo Peri for an elite circle of literate Florentine humanists who gathered as the "Camerata".

17th century is considered as the greatest era of Spanish and French literature where it is called Siglo de Oro and Grand Siècle respectively. The most famous authors beside playwrights include Jean de La Fontaine and Charles Perrault known primarily for their fables.

Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote has been called "the first novel" by many literary scholars (or the first of the modern European novels). It was published in two parts. The first part was published in 1605 and the second in 1615. It might be viewed as a parody of Le Morte d'Arthur (and other examples of the chivalric romance), in which case the novel form would be the direct result of poking fun at a collection of heroic folk legends. This is fully in keeping with the spirit of the age of enlightenment which began from about this time and delighted in giving a satirical twist to the stories and ideas of the past. It's worth noting that this trend toward satirising previous writings was only made possible by the printing press. Without the invention of mass-produced copies of a book it would not be possible to assume the reader will have seen the earlier work and will thus understand the references within the text.

The new style in English poetry during the 17th century was that of the metaphysical movement. The metaphysical poets were John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell and others. Metaphysical poetry is characterised by a spirit of intellectual investigation of the spiritual, rather than the mystical reverence of many earlier English poems. The metaphysical poets were clearly trying to understand the world around them and the spirit behind it, instead of accepting dogma on the basis of faith.

In the middle of the century the king of England was overthrown and a republic declared. In the new regime (which lasted from 1649 to 1653) the arts suffered. In England and the rest of the British Isles Oliver Cromwell's rule temporarily banned all theatre, festivals, jesters, mummers plays and frivolities. The ban was lifted when the monarchy was restored with Charles II. The Drury Lane theatre was favorite of King Charles.

In contrast to the metaphysical poets was John Milton's Paradise Lost, an epic religious poem in blank verse. Milton had been Oliver Cromwell's chief propagandist and suffered when the Restoration came. Paradise Lost is one of the highest developments of the epic form in poetry immediately preceding the era of the modern prose novel.

An allegorical novel, The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come was published by John Bunyan in 1678.

Other early novelists include Daniel Defoe (born 1660) and Jonathan Swift (born 1667).

Modern period

18th century

This is the Age of Enlightenment and its most important authors are Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant and Adam Smith. The second half of the century sees the beginnings of Romanticism with Goethe.

19th century

In Britain, the 19th century is dominated by the Victorian era, characterized by Romanticism, with Romantic poets such as William Wordsworth, Lord Byron or Samuel Taylor Coleridge and genres such as the gothic novel.

In Germany, the Sturm und Drang period of the late 18th century merges into a Classicist and Romantic period, epitomized by the long era of Goethe's activity, covering the first third of the century. The conservative Biedermeier style conflicts with the radical Vormärz in the turbulent period separating the end of the Napoleonic wars from the Revolutions of 1848.

In Denmark, the early 19th century Golden Age produced prolific literary authors such as Søren Kierkegaard and Hans Christian Andersen.

In the later 19th century, Romanticism is countered by Realism and Naturalism. The late 19th century, known as the Belle Époque, with its Fin de siècle retrospectively appeared as a "golden age" of European culture, cut short by the outbreak of World War I in 1914.

20th century

The main periods of 20th century literature are captured in the bipartite division, Modernist literature and Postmodern literature, flowering from roughly 1900 to 1940 and 1945 to 1980 respectively, divided, as a rule of thumb, by World War II.

Popular literature develops its own genres such as fantasy and science fiction. Ignored by mainstream literary criticism, these genres develop their own establishments and critical awards, such as the Nebula Award (since 1965), the British Fantasy Award (since 1971) or the Mythopoeic Awards'' (since 1971).

History of the book
Related to other forms of literary history, the history of the book is a field of interdisciplinary enquiry drawing on the methods of bibliography, cultural history, literary criticism, and media theory. Principally concerned with the production, circulation, and reception of texts and their material forms, book history seeks to connect forms of textuality with their material aspects.

Among the issues within the history of literature with which book history can be seen to intersect are: the development of authorship as a profession, the formation of reading audiences, the constraints of censorship and copyright, and the economics of literary form.

See also

 History of the book
 History of theater
 History of fantasy
 History of science fiction
 History of ideas
 Intellectual history
 Literature by country

References

External links
 The Literary Encyclopedia


China National Highway 201

China National Highway 201 (G201) runs from Hegang, Heilongjiang Province to Lushunkou, Liaoning Province. It is 1,964 kilometres in length and runs southeast from Hegang towards the border with Russia before turning southwest, going via Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province and Dandong, Liaoning Province.

Route and distance

See also
 China National Highways

Category:Transport in Dalian
Category:Transport in Heilongjiang
Category:Transport in Liaoning
Category:Transport in Jilin
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2018 North Dakota elections

North Dakota held two statewide elections in 2018: a primary election on Tuesday, June 12, and a general election on Tuesday, November 6. In addition, each township elected officers on Tuesday, March 20, and each school district held their elections on a date of their choosing between April 1 and June 30.

Primary Election
On Tuesday, June 12, North Dakota voters selected which candidates for statewide and legislative office will appear on the November ballot. Because North Dakota does not have party registration, any eligible voter may vote in any one party's primary election. Though primary elections often include any number of constitutional amendments, initiated measures, or referred measures placed on the ballot by petition, none were included in this particular election.

General Election
On Tuesday, November 6, concurrent with other statewide elections across the United States, North Dakota voters selected one United States Senator, one United States Representative, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and several other statewide executive and judicial branch offices. Voters in odd-numbered legislative districts also selected their representatives to the North Dakota House of Representatives and North Dakota Senate. Finally, voters faced four ballot measures.

United States Senator

Incumbent Democratic–NPL Senator Heidi Heitkamp ran for reelection to a second term, but was defeated by Republican United States Representative Kevin Cramer.

United States Representative

Though incumbent Republican Kevin Cramer had announced that he would run for re-election to a fourth term, he later decided to run for the Senate instead. Republican state Senator Kelly Armstrong defeated Democratic-NPL former state Senate Minority Leader Mac Schneider for the open seat.

Secretary of State

Six-term incumbent Republican Secretary of State Alvin Jaeger was not re-endorsed by his party to serve a seventh term, so did not run for his party's nomination. When nominated Republican Will Gardner withdrew from the general election, Jaeger collected enough valid signatures to appear on the ballot as an independent. No candidate appeared on the ballot with the label of Republican.

The incumbent defeated two challengers, including two-term Democratic-NPL state representative Joshua Boschee.

Governing magazine projected the race as being a likely victory for Jaeger.

Attorney General
Incumbent Republican Attorney General Wayne Stenehjem won re-election against his Democratic-NPL challenger, trial attorney David Thompson.

Other statewide races
All North Dakota voters faced partisan races for Agriculture Commissioner, Tax Commissioner, one full term seat and one partial term seat on the Public Service Commission, and a nonpartisan ten-year term as Justice of the Supreme Court

State legislative races
24 seats in the North Dakota Senate and 48 seats in the North Dakota House of Representatives were up for election. Voters in all odd-numbered districts had those races on their ballot.

Measures
Voters faced four measures placed on the ballot by petition. They passed Measure 1, which will establish government ethics rules and an ethics commission; the Secretary of State approved it for the ballot on July 24. They also passed Measure 2, which removes language in the state constitution currently guaranteeing all citizens to right to vote and replaces it with language banning non-citizens from voting; it had been approved on August 10. Measure 3 would have legalized the recreational use of marijuana, but was not passed. They did, however, approve Measure 4, which establishes personalized vehicle plates for volunteer emergency responders.

References

External links
Candidates at Vote Smart
Candidates at Ballotpedia
Campaign finance at National Institute on Money in State Politics

Official Attorney General campaign websites
Wayne Stenehjem (R) for Attorney General
David Thompson (D) for Attorney General

Official Agriculture Commissioner campaign websites
Jim Dotzenrod (D) for Agriculture Commissioner
Doug Goehring (R) for Agriculture Commissioner

Official Tax Commissioner campaign websites
Kylie Oversen (D) for Tax Commissioner
Ryan Rauschenberger (R) for Tax Commissioner

Official Public Service Commission campaign websites
Randy Christmann (R) for Public Service Commission

Official Public Service Commission (Unexpired two-year term) campaign websites
Casey Buchmann (D) for Public Service Commission
Brian Kroshus (R) for Public Service Commission


Tom Stayt

Thomas Patrick Stayt (born 20 January 1986) is an English cricketer.  Stayt is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium-fast.  He was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire and later undertook further education at Exeter University.

One of the first graduates of the Gloucestershire cricket academy, where he spent four years, Stayt
made his debut for Gloucestershire in a first-class match against Middlesex in the 2007 County Championship, claiming his maiden first-class wicket in the match when he dismissed Andrew Strauss.  He made two further first-class appearances in the 2007 season against Leicestershire and Middlesex.  In 2008, he made his List A debut against Somerset in the 2008 Friends Provident Trophy.  The following season he made three further List A appearances for Gloucestershire in the 2009 Friends Provident Trophy.  In his four List A matches, he took 3 wickets at an average of 43.33, with best figures of 2/51.  During the 2009 season, he played his last first-class match against Leicestershire in the County Championship, which was also his first since 2007.  In his total of four first-class matches, he took 6 wickets at an average of 49.16, with best figures of 3/51.  He was released by Gloucestershire at the end of the 2009 season and currently works as a personal trainer in Bath, Somerset.

References

External links
Tom Stayt at ESPNcricinfo
Tom Stayt at CricketArchive

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Salisbury
Category:Alumni of the University of Exeter
Category:English cricketers
Category:Gloucestershire cricketers


Daryl Dragon

Daryl Frank Dragon (August 27, 1942 – January 2, 2019) was an American musician and songwriter, known as Captain from the pop musical duo Captain & Tennille with his then-wife, Toni Tennille.

Career

Born into a musical family, Dragon was the son of Eloise (Rawitzer) and conductor, composer, and arranger Carmen Dragon, and the elder brother of Dennis Dragon, a member of the 1960s pop combo The Dragons and the 1980s surf band the Surf Punks. His godfather was actor and comedian Danny Thomas.

Dragon's familiar image and stage name came from his time as a keyboard player with The Beach Boys from 1967 to 1972. Beach Boys lead singer Mike Love gave him the nickname "Captain Keyboard", and it stuck; Dragon began wearing a nautical captain's hat to go along with the name. As Captain in Captain & Tennille, Dragon was frequently silent and a man of very few words, playing a foil to his outgoing, vivacious wife, Toni Tennille.

In 1976, Dragon and Toni Tennille co-hosted The Captain & Tennille, a one-hour variety show. The show only ran 20 episodes. He later made appearances in eleven episodes of The Toni Tennille Show, which ran from 1979 to 1981.

Music work outside Captain & Tennille
In 1962, Dragon became a member of the band Charles Wright and the Wright Sounds, which included the future Watts Band member John Raynford.  He also played with The Yellow Balloon in 1967

In 1968, Dragon and his brother Dennis formed a studio band called The Mission, which produced a one-off single on the small Bet Records label: "Calmilly"/"Galing Made It". The songs later appeared on a joint album in 1971 titled Me and My Brother (aided by another brother, Doug, who sang the vocals), which was released on CD in 2005.

In the late 1960s, Daryl and his brothers Doug and Dennis recorded sessions for a psychedelic soul/rock album as "The Dragons", but they were unable to get a record label to release the album. The album was titled BFI, which stood for "Blue Forces Intelligence". In 2007, UK label Ninja Tune discovered that the recording engineer, Donn Landee, still had the master tapes and they released the album.

On the double LP The Visit by Bob Smith, released in 1970, Dragon is credited as Captain Keyboard.

Dragon also made significant contributions with keyboarding and musical scoring on the Beach Boys' 1972 release Carl and the Passions – "So Tough"; he co-wrote the track "Cuddle Up" with Dennis Wilson. Also, Dragon's orchestrations on the tracks "Make It Good" and "Cuddle Up" translated the melodic ideas that Wilson was seeking. Additionally, Dragon arranged the coda on "Don't Go Near The Water" from the Beach Boys' 1971 release Surf's Up. A plaque featuring Dragon's name was unveiled by Roger Williams University and music historians Al Gomes and Connie Watrous of Big Noise at the Baypoint Inn & Conference Center in Portsmouth, Rhode Island on September 21, 2017, honoring the Beach Boys for a significant historic event in their career - the band's concert on September 22, 1971 at The Ramada Inn in Portsmouth, RI. The concert was the first-ever appearance of South African Ricky Fataar and Filipino Billy Hinsche in the band, essentially changing the Beach Boys' live act into a multi-cultural group. Dragon served as musical director for the 1971 concert.

Dragon contributed vibes and melodica in the song "Wind 'n' Sea" by the band Farm, a group assembled by Dennis and Doug for the soundtrack to The Innermost Limits of Pure Fun, a surf film directed by George Greenough. He also did session work with Dennis for the Go for It soundtrack and, in the early 1980s, with the rock band Survivor. In 1981, Dragon contributed to Carpenters' Made In America album, programming synthesizers on "(Want You) Back In My Life Again".

Personal life

Neurological condition
In late 2009, Toni Tennille announced her husband had developed familial tremor.  According to Tennille, his condition was neither debilitating nor terminal. Rather, his noticeable tremor was exacerbated by stress and anxiety. Subsequently, the tremor condition limited most of Dragon's public appearances. As of November 2009, Dragon was under a physician's care to determine the best method of treatment.

In September 2010, Tennille publicly clarified her husband's condition as "a neurological condition (later confirmed to be essential tremor), which causes him to have tremors". Tennille indicated the condition was debilitating to Dragon's abilities as a musician.

Divorce
Tennille filed for divorce from Dragon in Arizona on January 16, 2014, after 39 years of marriage. Dragon stated he was unaware of this until he was served with the divorce papers. Dragon, contacted by TMZ on January 22, 2014, stated: "I don't know why Toni filed for divorce."

On January 23, 2014, The Washington Post reported health insurance related to health issues might be the reason for the divorce, as both issues had been referenced in divorce documents filed with the courts. Tennille had reported on her blog in 2010 her husband's neurological condition was characterized by such extreme tremors he could no longer play keyboards.

The divorce was finalized in July 2014. In her memoirs, Tennille described their marriage as loveless and lacking physical affection.

Regarding his ex-wife's new memoirs, Dragon stated, "No, I haven't read it." In an interview on March 17, 2016, Dragon, responding to the book by his ex-wife, would comment only, "I was drugged (at the time of his divorce), that's all I can tell you."

On April 12, 2016, while appearing on the Today show, Tennille confirmed her divorce from Dragon was finalized, and stated that the reason for the divorce was Dragon's "inability to be affectionate". Tennille later said that Dragon had reacted positively to the Today segment and told her; "I saw you on The Today Show. I was proud of you."

In an interview published in a February 2017 issue of People, Dragon stated he was making great progress and feeling like himself again, after corrections were made in the dosage of medications he was taking, which were causing side effects. Dragon stated his ex-wife had flown to Arizona and had been a help in his improvement.

Death
Dragon died on January 2, 2019, from kidney failure in Prescott, Arizona, aged 76, with Tennille by his side.

References

External links

Category:1942 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:20th-century American musicians
Category:20th-century American pianists
Category:20th-century male musicians
Category:21st-century American keyboardists
Category:21st-century American pianists
Category:21st-century American male musicians
Category:A&M Records artists
Category:American male pianists
Category:American people of Italian descent
Category:American rock keyboardists
Category:American rock pianists
Category:Casablanca Records artists
Category:Deaths from kidney failure
Category:Grammy Award winners
Category:Musicians from Los Angeles
Category:Songwriters from California
Category:The Beach Boys backing band members
Category:20th-century American keyboardists


Andrew Lindberg

Andrew Alexander Lindberg (born 29 April 1953) is an Australian businessman.

From 2000 until February 2006, he held the positions of managing director and board member of AWB Limited. He resigned from these positions in the wake of his appearance at the Cole Inquiry. Despite "the trial by media" that occurred throughout the inquiry, in November 2006, he was exonerated. But this revelation came too late, as the reputation of Lindberg, AWB and many other parties involved, had already been tainted. Despite being cleared by the Cole Inquiry, Andrew was pursued by ASIC. The Judge in charge of the case has criticised ASIC for its conduct in relation to their charges against Lindberg and the long protracted proceedings. Lindberg was eventually fined and banned from managing a company for one year for his role in the scandal.

Prior to that, he had been Chief Executive of WorkCover in Victoria and worked for the Victorian Accident Compensation Commission since 1987.

After completing his Bachelor of Science at University of Melbourne, he had first worked as an industrial relations advisor in the mining and food production industries.

He migrated from Scotland to Australia with his family at age six.

References

External links

Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:Australian businesspeople
Category:University of Melbourne alumni
Category:Fellows of the Australian Institute of Company Directors
Category:Scottish emigrants to Australia


River Stort

The River Stort is a river in Essex and Hertfordshire, England. It is 24 miles (38 km) long and flows from just south of the village of Langley to the River Lea at Hoddesdon.

Unusually, the town of Bishop's Stortford does not derive its name from the River Stort, but the other way around. The 16th-century cartographers Christopher Saxton and William Camden named it the  Stort, assuming the town of Stortford was named for its ford. The river was originally called the Stour.

The Stort Navigation  is the canalised section of the River Stort running 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Bishop's Stortford to its confluence with the Lee Navigation. It has 15 locks.

Course
The Stort rises north of Langley according to OS Explorer map 194 (GR 425358). From Langley, the Stort flows in a generally southerly direction through the villages of Clavering and Manuden and the market town of Bishop's Stortford.

It then flows past Sawbridgeworth, before it changes direction and flows west past Harlow and Roydon. It finally empties into the Lea at Feildes Weir, Hoddesdon. This 14-mile (22-km) long section was canalised in the 18th century as the Stort Navigation.

References

External links

River Stort Old Postcard images in A Guide to Old Hertfordshire
Stort River Partnership

 01
Stort
Stort
Category:Lee Valley Park
1Stort
Stort


Minami-Uonuma District, Niigata

is a district located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of July 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 7,926 and a density of 22.2 persons per km². The total area is 357.29 km².

Towns and villages
 Yuzawa

Mergers
 On November 1, 2004 the towns of Muika and Yamato merged to form the city of Minamiuonuma.
 On October 1, 2005 the town of Shiozawa was also merged into city of Minamiuonuma.

Category:Districts in Niigata Prefecture


John Cornwell

John Cornwell  may refer to:

Jack Cornwell (1900–1916), British sailor posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry at the Battle of Jutland
John J. Cornwell (1867–1953), American politician, Governor of West Virginia
John Cornwell (writer) (born 1940), British journalist, author, and academic
John Cornwell (footballer) (born 1964), English footballer


Periodontium

The periodontium is the specialized tissues that both surround and support the teeth, maintaining them in the maxillary and mandibular bones.  The word comes from the Greek terms περί peri-, meaning "around" and -odont, meaning "tooth". Literally taken, it means that which is "around the tooth". Periodontics is the dental specialty that relates specifically to the care and maintenance of these tissues. It provides the support necessary to maintain teeth in function. It consists of four principal components, namely:
 Gingiva
 Periodontal ligament (PDL)
 Cementum
 Alveolar bone proper

Each of these components is distinct in location, architecture, and biochemical properties, which adapt during the life of the structure. For example, as teeth respond to forces or migrate medially, bone resorbs on the pressure side and is added on the tension side. Cementum similarly adapts to wear on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth by apical deposition. The periodontal ligament in itself is an area of high turnover that allows the tooth not only to be suspended in the alveolar bone but also to respond to the forces. Thus, although seemingly static and having functions of their own, all of these components function as a single unit.
The Wnt signaling antagonist Sfrp3/Frzb has been recently discovered as an early developmental marker of the periodontium.

External forces and the periodontium

The periodontium exists for the purpose of supporting teeth during their function and it depends on the stimulation it receives from the function for preservation of its structure. Therefore, a constant state of balance always exists between the periodontal structures and the external forces.

Alveolar bone undergoes constant physiologic remodeling in response to external forces, particularly occlusal forces. Bone is removed from areas where it is no longer needed and added to areas where it is needed. The socket wall reflects the responsiveness to the external forces. Osteoblasts and newly formed osteoid line the areas of tension, whereas lines of compression are lined by osteoclasts. The forces also influence the number, density, and alignment of trabeculae inside the bone. The bony trabeculae are aligned in the path of tensile and compressive stresses to provide maximum resistance to occlusal forces with a minimum of bone substance. When forces are increased, the bony trabeculae also increase in number and thickness and bone is added to the external surfaces.

The periodontal ligament depends on stimulation provided by function to preserve its structure. Within physiologic limits the PDL can accommodate increased function by increasing its width. Forces that exceed the adaptive capacity of the periodontium produce injury called trauma from occlusion. When occlusal forces are reduced the PDL atrophies, appearing thinned. This phenomenon is called disuse atrophy.

References

Category:Periodontology
Category:Human mouth anatomy
Category:Dental anatomy


Sah, Mali

Sah (or Sa) is a village and seat of the commune of N'Dodjiga in the Cercle of Youwarou in the Mopti Region of southern-central Mali. The village lies on the east (right) bank of the Bara-Issa, the smaller of the two branches of the Niger River that flow north out of Lake Débo.

The French explorer, René Caillié stopped at Sah in April 1828 on his journey by boat from Djenné to Timbuktu. He was surprised at the extent of the commercial activity at what was then an important port:
There were in the port of Sa from four to five hundred persons seamen and inhabitants who gazed at the flotilla. The port was covered with bales of merchandise, ready to be shipped on board the canoes. The commercial activity appeared astonishing. There was something in the appearance of the flotilla far more interesting than I could have expected to find in the interior of Africa. The bustle on every side almost made me fancy myself in a trading port of Europe. The largest vessels belong to Moors, who carry on the principal trade of the country: they form themselves into companies and employ their canoes in conveying merchandise to Timbuctoo, where they are paid their freight in salt or cowries.

Nowadays, boats use the larger branch of the Niger River, the Issa-Ber, and the port of Sah sees very little activity.

References

Category:Populated places in Mopti Region


Subdivisions of Bulgaria

Subdivisions of Bulgaria:
 Provinces of Bulgaria – first level
 City of Sofia – first level
 Municipalities of Bulgaria

History
After the liberation of Bulgaria, the country administrative were divided to 12 provinces (Bulgarian: губернии).

Okrazhiya and departments
After 1880 Kingdom of Bulgaria were separated to 21 Okrazhiya (in English: regimental). During the years to 1885 Eastern Rumelia, where were living Bulgarians (around 92%) administrative separated to 6 departments.

NUTS

External links
 http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?i=1&ezik=en


Marito

Mário André Rodrigues João best known as Marito (born September 30, 1977) is a retired Angolan football goalkeeper. He has played for Angola national team.

National team statistics

References

External links

Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Luanda
Category:Angolan footballers
Category:Angola international footballers
Category:1998 African Cup of Nations players
Category:Association football goalkeepers


Barikot, Upper Dir

Barikot is an administrative unit known as “Union Council” of Upper Dir District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Upper Dir is administratively subdivided into six tehsils which contain a total of 28 Union Councils. Upper Dir is represented in the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly by one elected MNA and three elected MPAs respectively.

See also

 Upper Dir District

External links
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Government website section on Lower Dir
United Nations
Hajjinfo.org Uploads
 PBS paiman.jsi.com

Category:Upper Dir District
Category:Populated places in Upper Dir District
Category:Union councils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Category:Union Councils of Upper Dir District


Daniel Nicholls

Daniel "Danny" Nicholls (born 2 March 1987) is an Australian footballer with the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League.

A hard running forward pocket rover, Nicholls played for Williamstown in the Victorian Football League (VFL) throughout 2006 and was retained for season 2007. He made his AFL debut in Round 2 of the 2007 season, but did not play another game in the AFL. Whilst on the Collingwood list he suffered a stress fracture to his foot that caused him to miss most of the season. He has since continued to play in the VFL, switching to play for the Casey Scorpions in 2010.

References

External links

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Collingwood Football Club players
Category:Williamstown Football Club players
Category:Casey Demons players
Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Category:Dandenong Stingrays players


Marian Fuks (historian)

Marian Fuks (born 28 September 1914) is a Polish historian specializing in the history of Polish Jews in Warsaw. He was director of the Jewish Historical Institute in the years 1968-1969 and 1971-1973.

References

External links
A MEETING WITH PROF. MARIAN FUKS AND WITH JOSEPH MALOVANY

Category:1914 births
Category:Living people
Category:Polish Jews
Category:Polish historians
Category:Polish centenarians


Chase Minter

Chase Minter (born August 19, 1992) is an American soccer player.

Career

College
Minter played four years of college soccer at Cal Poly University between 2012 and 2015, including a red-shirted year in 2011.

Minter appeared for Premier Development League side Des Moines Menace in 2011, and Ventura County Fusion in 2013 and 2014.

Professional
On January 14, 2016, Minter was selected in the second round (21st overall) of the 2016 MLS SuperDraft by Columbus Crew. However, he wasn't signed by Columbus, instead joining United Soccer League side Sacramento Republic on March 16, 2016.

On August 4, 2016, Minter was sent on loan to USL side Tulsa Roughnecks.

Minter signed with United Soccer League side Real Monarchs on November 17, 2016. Minter was released by Real at the end of the 2017 season.

On February 21, 2018, Minter joined USL side Swope Park Rangers. Minter was released by Swope Park on December 3, 2018.

References

External links
Cal Poly bio

Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:American soccer players
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Cal Poly Mustangs men's soccer players
Category:Columbus Crew SC draft picks
Category:Des Moines Menace players
Category:People from Heath, Texas
Category:Real Monarchs players
Category:Sacramento Republic FC players
Category:Soccer players from Texas
Category:Sporting Kansas City II players
Category:FC Tulsa players
Category:USL Championship players
Category:USL League Two players
Category:Ventura County Fusion players


Culinary name

Culinary names, menu names, or kitchen names are names of foods used in the preparation or selling of food, as opposed to their names in agriculture or in scientific nomenclature. The menu name may even be different from the kitchen name. For example, from the 19th until the mid-20th century, many restaurant menus were written in French and not in the local language.

Examples include veal (calf), calamari (squid), and sweetbreads (pancreas or thymus gland). Culinary names are especially common for fish and seafood, where multiple species are marketed under a single familiar name.

Foods may come to have distinct culinary names for a variety of reasons:

 Euphemism: the idea of eating some foods may disgust or offend some eaters regardless of their actual taste
 Testicles: Rocky Mountain oysters, Prairie oysters, lamb fries, or animelles
 Fish Milt:  soft roe or white roe to disguise that is actually sperm not eggs
 Thymus gland and pancreas gland: sweetbreads
 Kangaroo meat:  "Australus" has been proposed as a euphemism
 Attractiveness: the traditional name may be considered dull, undistinctive, or unattractive
 Kiwifruit:  a rename of the Chinese gooseberry, which references its fuzzy brown skin, and has now become its standard name
 Mahi-Mahi:  the dolphinfish is often referred to with this name to avoid confusion with dolphin (the mammal) meat
 The Patagonian toothfish is marketed as the Chilean sea bass
 The African Cichlid found in many aquaria is presented as Tilapia
 The spinal marrow of veal and beef is called amourettes
 Grouping of a variety of sources under a single name
 Tuna includes several different species
 Evocation of more prestigious, rarer, and more expensive foods for which they are a substitute
 Lumpsucker (or lumpfish) roe is named lumpfish caviar
 Cassia bark is called cinnamon
 Langostino is sometimes called lobster or "langostino lobster"
 In North America, many flounder species are called soles, e.g. Microstomus pacificus is named "Dover sole"
 Evocation of a specific culinary tradition
 Shrimp in Italian-American contexts is often called scampi
 Florentine refers to dishes that include spinach
 Squid is often called by its Italian name, calamari, on menus
 Social differences
 The words beef, veal, pork, mutton, venison and poultry are derived from the words used by the French-speaking lords in post-Conquest England
 Other
 In French, chestnuts are called châtaignes on the tree, but marrons in the kitchen
 Laver is a culinary name for certain edible algae

See also

 Trade name
 Brand

Notes

Bibliography

 "Culinary terminology" in Oxford Companion to Food, 1st edition, s.v.
 Andre Simon, A concise encyclopedia of gastronomy mentions 16 different 'culinary names' passim

Category:Names
Category:Food and drink terminology
Category:Culinary arts
Category:Culinary terminology