Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law

The Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Law or Republic Act No. 10963, is the initial package of the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP) in the Philippines that was signed into law by President Rodrigo Duterte on December 19, 2017. TRAIN consists of revisions to the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, or the Tax Code

This reform includes packages that make changes in taxation concerning the personal income tax (PIT), estate tax, donor's tax, value added tax (VAT), documentary stamp tax (DST) and the excise tax of petroleum products, automobiles, sweetened beverages, cosmetic procedures, coal, mining and tobacco.

The prominent feature of the tax reform is that people who earn P250,00 annually or P21,000 monthly and below are exempted from paying personal income tax (PIT). This includes minimum wage earners, who were also exempted in the former tax system. On the other hand, those earning over P250,000 have tax rates following a set PIT schedule. Essentially, greater income is taxed at higher tax rates. This denotes that low to middle income-earners get to have a higher take home pay, while high income-earners have a bigger contribution to tax revenues. Increase in consumption taxes intend to counterbalance PIT tax exemptions.

The TRAIN LAW is one of the primary ways in which the 2020 and 2040 vision of the Duterte administration is to be achieved, and so, it had optimistic projections about its effect on the economy, development and poverty alleviation in its inception.  Regardless, contentions about the passing of this law has been present since the beginning and the subsequent reception by the people since its ratification has been controversial.
In the first quarter of 2018, both positive and negative outcomes have been observed. The economy saw an increase in tax revenues, government expenditure and an incremental growth in GDP. On the other hand, unprecedented inflation rates that exceeded projected calculations, has been the cause for much uproar and objections. There have been petitions to suspend and amend the law, so as to safeguard particular sectors from soaring prices.

Vision and goals of TRAIN Law
The TRAIN Act aims to address the reputed weaknesses of the Tax Code, specifically through the following objectives: First, it intends to simplify the previous system to make it more straightforward and intuitive. Second, it intends to create a more “just” scheme wherein taxation is staggered and distributed on the basis of financial capability and the underprivileged are able to reap more advantages. Third, it intends to improve the efficiency by which tax is collected, particularly tackling issues of compliance.

The changes instituted by the tax reform is expected to be able to increase revenues to finance the infrastructure, healthcare and education programs of the Duterte Administration.  This is all while expecting to reduce tax remitted by the poor and receiving a greater portion of revenues from the wealthiest in the population through personal income tax (PIT) and consumption taxes. The tax received from the latter will also subsidize, through unconditional cash transfers, the poorest 10 million households, who are not benefited by the greater take home pay amendment.

On a long-term scale, TRAIN Act is just the first from a series of tax reforms, as part of the CTSP, which will be one of the principal means by which the 2020 and 2040 vision of the incumbent administration is to be achieved. The vision in 2020 is that poverty will be reduced from 21.6% to 14%, while 2040 sees the Philippine nation as having “eradicated extreme poverty”, established “inclusive economic and political institutions where everyone has equal opportunities” and achieved “high-income country status”. This can be achieved if economic growth can be sustained by at least 7% each year and if the source of growth can be shifted to investment from consumption. This means prioritizing investments on people through "health, education, life-long training, social protection, infrastructure, and research and development" and investments on infrastructure to boost productivity.

Legislative history

House of Representatives
House Bill No. 4774 is credited as the original measure that led to the TRAIN Act. It was endorsed by the Department of Finance (DOF) to the Philippine House of Representatives in September 26, 2016 as the first package of a wider CTRP. It was filed before the legislature on January 17, 2017 by Congressman Dakila Cua of Quirino. Cua is also the chairperson of the Ways and Means Committee of the Congress which deals on taxation.

After thirteen hearings which was done within the span of four months, the House Bill No. 4774 was consolidated with 54 other tax-related bills to come up with a House Bill 5636, a substitute bill which had "moderate" changes from House Bill 4774. The substitute measure was approved on May 8.

The DOF requested President Rodrigo Duterte to declare the bill as "urgent" on May 29, 2017. Bills passed on the second reading by the Congress but are not certified "urgent" by the president could only be voted upon after copies of the given measure is provided to House of Representatives members three days before the day of the third and final reading. On May 31, 2017 just before the 17th Congress adjourn its first regular session, the bill passed the final reading with 246 voting for and 9 against the bill. Only one made an abstention. Most of those who opposed were from the Makabayan bloc.

Senate
A version of the bill was filed in the Senate on March 2017 by Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III. By May 2017 six public hearings were conducted by the senate. The Senate had to wait for the House of Representatives version to get pass before it could start plenary discussions like other bills on budget or tax and appropriations. The Senate voted 17-1 to approve the Tax Reform Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) bill, with Sen. Risa Hontiveros being the lone dissenter on Nov 28, 2017. On the succeeding voting for the TRAIN, the positive votes were cast by Senators Sonny Angara, Nancy Binay, Frank Drilon, JV Ejercito, Chiz Escudero, Win Gatchalian, Dick Gordon, Gringo Honasan, Loren Legarda, Joel Villanueva, Koko Pimentel, Grace Poe, Ralph Recto, Tito Sotto, Cynthia Villar and Migs Zubiri. The negative votes were cast by Senators Ping Lacson, Risa Hontiveros, Bam Aquino and Antonio Trillanes IV.

Duterte's certification of the TRAIN as "urgent" allowed the bill to get passed the second reading on November 28, 2017. Within the same day, the Senate bill passed the third and final reading with 17 senators voting for the bill. Only Risa Hontiveros voted against the bill.

Bicameral Conference Committee
The Bicameral Conference Committee consolidated the bills passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate. The committee then approved a bill which favored the Senate version on December 11, 2017 and prepared a report after for ratification of both chambers of the Congress and signing of the President.

the House of Representatives and the Senate ratified the version of the bill prepared by the Bicameral Conference Committee on December 13, 2017.

Signing into law and partial veto
President Duterte exercised his veto power to void 5 provisions of the law. The provisions vetoed were the following:

1. Reduced income tax rate of employees of Regional Headquarters (RHQs), Regional Operating Headquarters (ROHQs), Offshore Banking Units (OBUs), and Petroleum Service Contractors and Subcontractors;

2. Zero-rating of sales of goods and services to separate customs territory and tourism enterprise zones;

3. Exemption from percentage tax of gross sales/receipts not exceeding five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00);

4. Exemption of various petroleum products from excise tax when used as input, feedstock, or as raw material in the manufacturing of petrochemical products, or in the refining of petroleum products, or as replacement fuel for natural gas fired combined cycle power plants; and

5. Earmarking of incremental tobacco taxes.

Summary of amendments
These were the revisions made to the Tax Code :

Complementary measures
There are four (4) complementary measures undertaken to ensure the income from the TRAIN Law will be properly allocated for the development of the Philippines as a nation. These are the Tax Administration, Ear Making, Infrastructure Projects, and Social Programs.

Tax Administration
Steps to modernize and refine the tax administration processes are undertaken to support the changes in tax policy so as to improve security against tax crimes and to ensure taxpayer compliance. On top of improving electronic systems (e.g. eBIR forms, Electronic Filing and Payment System, mobile payments) the following reforms are implemented
 Mandatory fuel marking
 Provision for use of electronic receipts
 Connection of cash registers and point of sale machines to BIR servers for real time reporting of sales and purchase data
 Relaxation of bank secrecy laws and automatic exchange of information to allow for more effective prosecution of criminal cases

Ear Marking
For 5 years from the law's enactment, all revenues will be set aside for infrastructure and social programs only, with a 70% and 30% portion respectively.

Infrastructure Projects
Infrastructure projects that will receive priority funding include the Build, Build, Build Program that tackles the problem of congestion through the construction of public transport systems and road networks and the refurbishing and enhancing of military facilities. Additionally, part of the 70% will be allocated to the building of sports facilities in public schools as well as amenities that will allow access to potable water in public spaces.

Social Programs
The social programs that will receive priority funding from 30% of revenues include:

Programs for sugar farmers to increase productivity, provide livelihood opportunities, develop alternative farming systems, and enhance farmer's income
Social mitigating measures and investments in education, health, social protection, employment, and housing for poor and near-poor households
Unconditional cash transfer to the poorest 10 million households
Social benefits card to determine qualified beneficiaries (fuel vouchers for PUJs, fare discount for all public utility vehicles, discounted purchase of NFA rice, free skills training under TESDA)

Unconditional cash transfers (UCT)
In order to provide provisional protection for vulnerable households from the initial shock of the TRAIN Law, unconditional cash transfers are dispensed. On the first year, beneficiaries receive Php200 per month. In the succeeding 2 years, they receive P300 per month. The UCT is obtained from oil excise tax revenues. In addition to the UCT, social welfare cards are provided to aid in continuous conferring of benefits and subsidies to the poorest households. This includes subsidies for "medicine, transportation, rice, and vocational trainings".

Key Provisions

Package One
The overarching goal of the first package of the TRAIN is to "create a simpler, fair, and more efficient system". Through this program, the richer tax payers of the Philippines will pay a greater contribution to enable the government to execute its programs and services targeted to the general improvement of the country, especially the less fortunate. There are six (6) main key provisions, three (3) additional excise taxes, and four (4) financial taxes.

Lowering the Personal Income Tax (PIT)
"The TRAIN lowers the Personal Income Tax (PIT)for all taxpayers except the rich". Effectively, personal taxes will be reduced for 99% of the Philippine tax payers.

The new PIT is summarized in the table below

Additionally, Minimum wage earners are still exempted from PIT. The Law also ensures a minimum wage earner who incurs a small raise will not have his overall salary (with the PIT deducted) less than minimum wage. Also, married couples where both parties are working may be exempted up to a total of P500,000. This does not include the exemption from the first P90,000 of their thirteenth month pay and additional bonuses. Finally, Self-employed and professionals with gross sales below VAT can only pay 8% flat tax instead of their income and personal tax.

Simplifying Estate and Donor's Tax
The TRAIN aims to simplify property purchases, transfers and donations in order to make the land market more efficient thus ensuring the usage of properties is maximized.

The Estate Tax is now reduced to 6% based on the net value of the property. It also has a standard deduction of P5 million as well as a P10 million exemption on the family home.
The Donor Tax is also reduced to 6% of the net donations for gifts above P250,000 yearly.

Simplified Value Added Tax (VAT) system
The government's aim to elevate the less fortunate in the Philippines and drive development is exemplified as the TRAIN repeals 54 out of 61 of the non-essential VAT exemption. In order to protect these less fortunate persons, as well as small and micro businesses, they are exempted from tax on goods and services of marginal establishments. VAT exempt tax payers now have the option to
 PIT schedule with 40% OSD on gross receipts or gross sales plus 3% percentage tax
 PIT schedule with itemized deductions plus 3% percentage tax, or
 Flat tax of 8% on gross sales or gross revenues in lieu of percentage tax and personal income tax.

"TRAIN aims to clean up the VAT system to make it fairer and simpler and lower the cost of compliance for both the taxpayers and tax administrators". As such, VAT exemptions are now only limited to health, education and raw agriculture food. In 2019, medicines for hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes will be exempted from VAT. Similarly, purchases from senior citizens and persons with disabilities. Housing that costs less than P2 million shall also be exempted starting in 2021.

Increasing the Excise Tax of Petroleum Products
This tax aims to increase efforts towards decreasing the consumption of harmful fuel, and veering towards a healthier, more sustainable future. The price of fuel also varies due to the global inflation of oil.
Listed below is the effect of the Petroleum Excise Tax (note: the additional excise tax is per liter)

Listed below are the new excise taxes for specific fuel products for the year 2018

Increasing the Excise Tax of Automobiles
The table below summarizes the excise taxes on automobiles. The second column illustrates the tax rate on vehicles based on their specific price range. The third column portrays the actual average effective tax rate. Because the TRAIN law increases the PIT of 99% of the population, their increase in net income will still be more than enough to compensate for the effects of the excise tax on automobiles. This means they still benefit from the TRAIN as they incur additional disposable income in the end. In addition, because richer tax payers tend to purchase more cars, the additional revenue from this tax will mostly come from them.

Excise Tax on Sweetened Beverages
"The SSB (Sugar-Sweetened Beverages) tax will promote a healthier Philippines". It achieves this by reducing the increasing number of diabetes and obesity cases, through raising awareness, promoting the consumption of healthier products and encourage companies to innovate healthier alternatives.

The new tax imposes P6 per liter on drinks containing sweeteners and P12 per liter on drinks containing high-fructose corn syrup. Milk, 100% natural juice and 3-in-1 coffee drinks are exempt from the excise tax.

Additional Excise Taxes
There are three additional excise taxes, namely on Coal, Cosmetics and Tobacco.

Coal Excise Tax
Coal is a cheap source for power generation and has its uses in multiple industries such as the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. It is also a prime ingredient for activated carbon, carbon fibre and silicon metal. However, it remains a major source for air pollution in the Philippines. The aim of the excise tax is to shift towards renewable energies and generate additional income for building infrastructures and social services.
The excise tax on coal will increase from its original P10/Metric Ton(MT) to P50/MT on both domestic and imported coal. P50/MT will be added each succeeding year until  January when the rate would have reached P150/MT.

Cosmetics Tax
Starting 2018, all cosmetic surgeries, aesthetic procedures, and body enhancements intended to improve, alter, or enhance a person's appearance are now subject to a tax of 5%.
However, procedures necessary to ameliorate a deformity arising from, or directly related to a congenital or developmental defect or abnormality, a personal injury resulting to an accident or trauma, or disfiguring disease, tumor, virus or infection are tax-exempted.

Tobacco Tax
The excise tax on cigarettes aims to reduce the amount of smokers and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases one can catch from the act, as well as generate additional revenue for health oriented programs and services.
From its original excise tax of P30.00 in 2017, the tax on tobacco increased to P32.50 on January 01 2018, P35.00 on July 01 2018, will increase to P37.50 on January 01 2020, and P40.00 on January 01 2020. Afterwards, it will increase annually by 4% from January 01 2024.

Financial Taxes
There are four taxes that were adjusted along with the TRAIN Law. Firstly, Documentary stamp tax increased by 100% except on loans with only 50% increase, but not for savings, property, and non-life insurance. Secondly, Foreign currency deposit unit (FCDU), the final tax increased from 7.5% to 15% on the interest income. Thirdly, Capital gains of non-traded stock increased from 5% to 10% final tax on net gains. Finally, Stock transaction tax'stransaction value increased from 0.5% to 0.6%.

Others
Finally, there are three additional taxes that do not fall under the aforementioned categories. These are the Tax on lotto winnings and PCSO prizes, Documentary Stamp Tax, and Mining Tax. With the implementation of the TRAIN Law, all PCSO lotto prizes are taxed at 20% if the prize exceeds Php10,000. The documentary stamp tax has been doubled, resulting in stamp taxes ranging from Php1.50 to Php3.00. Finally, excise tax rates on all non-metallic minerals and quarry resources, and all metallic minerals including copper, gold and chromite, will be doubled, from 2% to 4%, ss well as excise tax on indigenous petroleum, which will be doubled from 3% to 6%.

Effect of TRAIN Law
The three main categories the TRAIN Law affects with its first package are Growth in the Economy, Employment Generation, and Effect on Inflation. The  DOF projects the economy to grow by 1.3% by 2022 with a 0.42% inflation due to the excise tax increase (this is still within the 2-4% target inflation by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); it also predicts to create half a million jobs over the next ten years, and eight million over the entirety of its life, as well as lift 250,000 Filipinos out of poverty. Through the increase in excise tax, Package 1 will be able to generate Php134 Billion. The actual effects in 2018 are elaborated below.

Growth and Economy
For the first quarter of 2018, the government was able to raise Php619.84 billion. This represents a 16.4% growth in revenue compared to the first quarter of 2017. In monetary terms, the government was able to raise Php87.44 billion more in this quarter of 2018 compared to the previous year. "The Philippine economy expanded by 6.8 percent in the first quarter of 2018, making it still one of the fastest-growing economies in the region even as rising inflation reduced consumption and productivity in some sectors." DOF Secretary Carlos Dominguez III claimed tax revenues grew by 18.2%, "exceeding the 9.7 percent nominal gross domestic product (GDP) growth."

Departments that saw immediate benefits from Package 1 include the Bureau of Internal Revenue and Bureau of Customs, both with a 14.2% and 24.7% increase in revenue. This translates to a total of Php423.1 billion and Php129.8 for both departments respectively. Other government departments were able to expand their investment and growths during the first quarter as well due to the increase in income.

Insofar as expenditures go for the first quarter of 2018, the total amounted to Php782.0 billion, growing by 27.1%, which also outstripped the 9.7% nominal GDP growth due to the estimated 40.0% increase in capital outlays. Dominquez also said that the expenditure effort also rose by 2.73%, which is the highest increase since 2003. This results in a larger contribution towards GDP growth. As such, revenue effort grew by 0.91%. In addition, public construction expanded by 25.1%, thus boosting GDP growth by 0.4%. On the other hand, government consumption increased by 13.6%, contributing an incremental 1.4% to the growth of the GDP."'Strong macroeconomic fundamentals backed by tax reforms and the Build, build, build program will continue to boost economic growth to the optimum 7-8 percent level as the competitiveness of the economy rises and more jobs are created,' he said."

Inflation
The inflation rate in June—which exceeded both government and market expectations—was the fastest pace in at least five years. Year-to-date, inflation averaged 4.3 percent, above the BSP’s 2-4 percent target range. It peaked at 5.2 percent for the same month. For the previous months, inflation was pegged at 4.6 percent and in the same period in 2017, 2.5 percent.

This was primarily due to the higher annual rate posted in the heavily weighted food and non-alcoholic beverages index at 6.1%. The country's food index went up by 5.8% in June 2018. It was 5.5% in the previous month and 3.1% in June 2017. The following annual mark-ups were also observed for the following food groups
 Rice (4.7%)
 Corn (14.1%)
 Other Cereals, Flour, Cereal Preparation, Bread,  Pasta and Other Bakery Products (2.4%);
 Meat (5.0%);
 Vegetables (8.6%);
 Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate and Confectionery (3.9%); and
 Food Products not Elsewhere Classified (3.1%).
As for the rest of the food groups, they either slowed down or remained at their previous month's rate.

Socioeconomic Planning Secretary Ernesto Pernia claims that the inflation will most likely peak on the third quarter of the year and start tapering off by October.

Reception
The TRAIN Law finally took effect in January 2018. Since its implementation, there have been numerous individuals for and against the new tax reform, such as Budget Secretary Benjamin Diokno who has expressed support for the law as the additional revenues provide funds for government initiatives. Notable government figures in opposition of the current law, that is they are calling for amendments or suspensions to specific excise tax increases or to the law as a whole, include Sen. Risa Hontiveros, Sen. Bam Aquino and Sen. Grace Poe. Ultimately, President Duterte stated on June 02 2018 "Well the law was enacted by Congress. I leave it to Congress to decide whether or not to amend, suspend or modify the law. Leave it to Congress", in a press briefing.

Support and opposition

Support
The senators who voted for the bill were Senators Sonny Angara, Nancy Binay, Frank Drilon, JV Ejercito, Chiz Escudero, Win Gatchalian, Dick Gordon, Gringo Honasan, Loren Legarda, Joel Villanueva, Koko Pimentel, Grace Poe, Ralph Recto, Tito Sotto, Cynthia Villar and Migs Zubiri.

Appeal to foreign investors
One of the goals of the TRAIN law is to make the economic environment of the Philippines more appealing to foreign investors. The reforms being implemented by the Duterte administration have been recognized and lauded by international institutions, leading to strong investor confidence and better growth prospects for the economy. This is also being pushed forward by the Department of Finance by submitting its proposal for Package 2 of its tax reform program to congress which aims to reduce corporate income tax rates and rationalize fiscal incentives.

View from an economic stand point
According to the DOF's chief economist, Gil Beltran, the moderate rise in inflation is only temporary and remains manageable under a robust economy even with the implementation of the TRAIN law. It will be remedied by the increased spending on infrastructure and social services to keep inflation in check in the future which was what the president was hoping to achieve with the implementation of this law. The train law is seen as a long-term measure that would hope to push the economy to a much higher development path, create more jobs and improve the living conditions for our people. However this comes with the rising of inflation which would be mitigated by lower income tax rates and implementing cash transfers for the short-term, and; the health, education, social protection, and infrastructure programs in the medium- and long-term.

Opposition

Burden to the Poor
One of the recurring problems that is being discussed when it comes to the TRAIN law is the burden that it will impose to the poor. As crafted, the TRAIN promises to let marginal earners and minimum salaried workers of smaller tax or even tax exemption. But critics are quick to point out that the alleged windfall of tax-free income will be blown away when basic commodities that the marginalized sector of society traditionally buy and consume every day will now be sporting increased price tags that are out of reach and beyond the imagination of poor families.

Macabayan Bloc
There were objections made by the Macabayan Bloc, a leftist group who filed a petition for a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the law. The petition is anchored on the argument that the tax law bill was invalid because there was no quorum when the House of Representatives ratified the joint bicameral conference report on the measure, and there was no voting involved. The petitioners provided links to official videos and photos that would show there was no quorum “with barely 10 people on the floor.” The petitioners also provided that another requirement was not met which was the majority vote. According to the petitioners, a vote whether viva voce or nominal, was not taken. The official video of the process shows Tinio and Zarate repeatedly objecting to the ratification, but Abu and Defensor continued with the process until the voices of the petitioners were no longer heard because the microphone had been turned off. Aside from the House rules, the petitioners said Section 16(2), Article VI of the Constitution that requires a quorum was also violated.

Call for Suspension
Three senators called for the suspension of the implementation of Republic Act No. 10963 or the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (Train) law as consumers and transport groups complained of soaring prices of commodities. These were on the grounds that the law was not beneficial to the majority of Filipinos, due to the increase in prices of oil products and commodities, a family has incurred an additional expense of P2,644 monthly for farmers and P3,640 for workers.

Amendments
Senator Bam Aquino wanted to pass a measure that seeks to amend the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) to protect Filipinos from soaring prices. Aquino explained that the Senate's version of the TRAIN law had a safeguard that would automatically suspend fuel excise tax if the forecast rate was exceeded and this amendment was to bring that sole safeguard back. According to the senator, this was a necessary step in order to protect the future well beings of the Filipino people.

References

Category:Taxation in the Philippines


3rd Wisconsin Legislature

The Third Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 9, 1850, to February 11, 1850, in regular session. Senators representing even numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term.  Senators representing odd numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term.

Major events

 July 9, 1850: U.S. President Zachary Taylor dies in office; Vice President Millard Fillmore becomes the 13th President of the United States.

Major legislation

Party summary

Senate

Assembly

Sessions
 1st Regular session: January 9, 1850–February 11, 1850

Leaders

Senate
 President of the Senate: Samuel Beall, Lieutenant Governor

Assembly
 Speaker of the Assembly: Moses M. Strong

Members

Senate
Members of the Wisconsin Senate for the Third Wisconsin Legislature:

Assembly
Members of the Assembly for the Third Wisconsin Legislature:

Employees

Senate
 Chief Clerk: William Rudolph Smith
 Sergeant-at-Arms: James Hanrahan

Assembly
 Chief Clerk: Alexander T. Gray
 Sergeant-at-Arms: E. R. Hugunin

References

External links

Category:Wisconsin legislative sessions
Category:1850


Nassarius pyrrhus

Nassarius pyrrhus, common name the red-banded nassa,  is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Nassariidae, the nassa mud snails or dog whelks.

Description
The length of the shell varies between 14 mm and 22 mm.

The shell is ovate and conical. The spire is short, pointed, composed of seven or eight convex whorls. These are noduled at their upper part, ornamented upon their whole external surface with slightly undulated longitudinal folds. Often the folds upon the body whorl disappear partially upon the edge of the outer lip, and this whorl presents at its base a few striae which intersect the folds crosswise, and thus form granulations. The whitish aperture is subrotund and a little narrowed above. The thick outer lip is accompanied by a slightly prominent external varix.  The internal part of the lip is marked with numerous fine striae.

Distribution
This species is endemic to Australia and occurs off New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.

References

 Menke, C.T. 1843. Molluscorum Novae Hollandiae Specimen in Libraria Aulica Hahniana. Hannoverae : Libraria Aulica Hahniana pp. 1–46
 Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. 1822. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres. Paris : J.B. Lamarck Vol. 7 711 pp.
 Adams, A. 1852. Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gasteropodous Mollusca, belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq., with the description of some new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1851(19): 94-112
 Iredale, T. 1915. A comparison of the land Molluscan faunas of the Kermadec Group and Norfolk Island. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 47: 498-508
 Cernohorsky W.O. (1981). Revision of the Australian and New Zealand Tertiary and Recent species of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 18:137-192
 Wilson, B. 1994. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, WA : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 2 370 pp.

External links

Category:Nassariidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1843
Category:Gastropods of Australia


Metamesia episema

Metamesia episema is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar and South Africa (Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal).

References

Category:Moths described in 1960
Category:Archipini


Russula gracillima

The mushroom Russula gracillima, commonly known as the slender brittlegill, is a  member of the genus Russula, whose members are commonly known as brittlegills.  It is a small, pale, long stemmed brittlegill associated mainly with birch and is occasional in Europe, Asia, and North America.

Taxonomy
It was first described by the German mycologist Jacob Christian Schaeffer during the 18th century. The specific epithet comes from the Latin adjective gracilis, meaning thin, or slender.

Description
The cap is 2–6 cm in diameter. Usually it is dull greenish or olive at the centre, and with a pink margin, although it can be solely either of these colours, or sometimes pale violet.  At first it is convex, but later flattens, and sometimes has a small central boss (umbo).  The cap skin peels from one third to a half, and more mature specimens often have a furrowed margin. The fragile, white or pale greyish-rose stipe is long for the size of the cap. The gills are slightly decurrent, and pale cream giving a spore print of the same colour. They have no nicks, or notches on their free edges. The flesh is white and tastes moderately hot.

Similar species are Russula betularum which is frequently found near birch trees, and although usually paler can be mistaken for washed out specimens of R.  racillima. Also, Russula fragilis is very similar, and grows in the same locations. It is usually darker, and more purplish, and has nicks (serrations) on the gill edges which are distinctive under a hand lens.

Distribution and habitat
Russula gracillima appears occasionally in summer to late autumn, usually growing in small groups with birch, or sometimes willow in damp places. It is widespread in the northern temperate zones in Europe, Asia, and North America.

Edibility
The edibility of Russula gracilis is unknown.

See also
 List of Russula species

References

Category:Fungi described in 1931
Category:Fungi of Europe
Category:Fungi of North America
Category:Fungi of Asia
gracillima


Amor de mis amores

Amor de mis amores is a 2014 romantic comedy film directed by Manolo Caro. The film is produced by the Zurita's brothers company Addiction House, and Itaca Films, and it premiered on 4 September 2014 in Mexico. It stars Sandra Echeverría, Juan Pablo Medina, Marimar Vega, Sebastián Zurita, and Erick Elías. The film is an adaptation of stage play Un, dos, tres por mí y todos mis amores. The plot revolves around a woman believed to have fallen in love with a stranger who also goes to the altar, so their lives change radically.

Cast
 Sandra Echeverría as Lucía
 Marimar Vega as Ana
 Sebastián Zurita as León
 Erick Elias as Javier
 Juan Pablo Medina as Carlos
 Mariana Treviño as Shaila
 Rossy de Palma as Carmina
 Lorena Velázquez as Susana
 Itatí Cantoral as Elvira
 Camila Sodi as Andrea
 Arap Bethke as Andrea's boyfriend
 Mauricio Barrientos as Tomás
 Camila Selser as Bea
 Sol Méndez Roy as Azafata
 Ximena García as Wedding Planner

References

External links

Category:Mexican romantic comedy films
Category:2010s romantic comedy films
Category:Mexican films


AFL Women's All-Australian team

The AFL Women's All-Australian Team is an all-star team of women's Australian rules footballers playing in the AFL Women's (AFLW), selected by a panel at the end of each season. It represents a complete team, including interchange players and a coach, of the best-performed players during the home-and-away season. As no other country could assemble a senior women's Australian rules team of the same quality, the AFL Women's All-Australian team never plays a game.

Like in the Australian Football League (AFL), the panel chooses a complete team consisting of sixteen players and five interchange players, as in the AFLW competition (as opposed to eighteen players and four interchange players in the AFL), based on performances during the AFLW home-and-away season, just as the AFL has done with the All-Australian team from 1991 onwards following the Victorian Football League's conversion to a national competition.

The first official AFL Women's All-Australian team was selected in 2017, immediately following the competition's inaugural season. The team also follows the AFL's tradition of the All-Australian coach being the coach of the premiership-winning side of that year, however the inaugural team was the only team to contain 22 players (like in the AFL) after teams in the AFLW were reduced to 21 players in 2018. The AFL Women's All-Australian team has been sponsored by Virgin Australia since its inception.

Teams

2017

2018

2019

Multiple selections
The following players have achieved selection in at least two AFL Women's All-Australian teams in the first three years of the competition.

See also

All-Australian team

References

External links
 AFLW Awards

Category:All-Australians (AFL Women's)
Category:Australian rules football awards
Category:National Australian rules football teams


Live at Bonnaroo

Live at Bonnaroo is the third album and second live album by Warren Haynes and was recorded at the Bonnaroo Music Festival on June 15, 2003. It is Warren Haynes' third release as a solo artist.

Track listing
"Lucky" (C. Greenwood, J. Greenwood, Selway, Yorke) - 4:22
"Patchwork Quilt" (Haynes) - 4:23
"To Lay Me Down" (Garcia, Hunter) - 4:52
"Glory Road" (Sisk) - 4:59
"The Real Thing" (Haynes) - 5:54
"One" (Bono) - 5:23
"In My Life" (Haynes) - 4:19
"I'll Be The One" (Haynes) - 5:03
"Fallen Down" (Haynes) - 5:25
"Forevermore" (Haynes) - 3:39
"Beautifully Broken" (Haynes, Louis) - 3:34
"I've Got Dreams To Remember" (O. Redding, Z. Redding, Rock) - 4:25
"Tastes Like Wine" (Haynes) - 4:39
"Wasted Time" (Henley, Frey) - 4:53
"Stella Blue" (Garcia, Hunter) - 6:19
"Soulshine" (Haynes) - 6:42, with Vusi Mahlasela

References

Category:2004 live albums
Category:Warren Haynes albums


Le Lyonnais (train)

Le Lyonnais, or the Lyonnais, was an express train that linked Paris and Lyon in France.  Introduced in 1968, it was operated by the Société Nationale des Chemins de fer français (SNCF).  The train is named after the geographical area known as the Lyonnais, a historical (former) French province, whose name came from the city of Lyon.

Initially, Le Lyonnais was a Rapide.  From 1969 to 1976, it was a first-class-only Trans Europ Express (TEE).  It was then downgraded back to a Rapide until 1981, when it was replaced by a TGV.

Route
Le Lyonnaiss route was the first  of the Paris–Marseille railway.  The train had the following stops:

 Paris-Gare de Lyon – Dijon-Ville – Lyon-Perrache

Formation (consist)
Initially, Le Lyonnais was usually hauled by one of SNCF's four-axle 1.5 kV DC, Class BB 9200 electric locomotives.  In the 1970s, this class was replaced by the newer six-axle Class CC 6500.

When Le Lyonnais became a TEE in 1969, its formation of rolling stock was a rake of SNCF Mistral 56-type , being a Ds, six A8, one A5ru and a Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL) pullman car.

In 1971, the train's rolling stock was upgraded to Mistral 69-type DEV Inoxes, with the formation being an A4Dtux, four A8u, two A8tu, one A3rtu and a Vru.

Throughout Le Lyonnaiss existence, its dining car was staffed by the CIWL.

See also

 History of rail transport in France
 List of named passenger trains of Europe

References

Category:Named passenger trains of France
Category:Trans Europ Express
Category:Railway services introduced in 1968


Mark A. Altman

Mark A. Altman is a writer, producer and actor.

Credits
DOA: Dead or Alive (producer)
The Specials (producer, actor)
Free Enterprise (writer, producer,  actor)
House of the Dead (writer, producer)
House of the Dead 2 (writer, producer, actor)
Room 6 (writer, producer, actor)
The Thirst (producer)
All Souls Day (writer, producer)
Dead And Deader (writer, producer)
The Fifty-Year Mission: The Complete, Uncensored, Unauthorized Oral History of Star Trek: Volume One: The First 25 Years (writer, with Edward Gross)

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:American male screenwriters
Category:American film producers


HD 117207 b

HD 117207 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting at 3.79 astronomical units taking about 2597 days to complete its orbit around HD 117207. Its orbit is moderate in eccentricity. This planet was announced in January 2005 by Marcy in Keck Observatory. The planet has at least 1.88 Jupiter masses.

References

External links

Category:Exoplanets
Category:Giant planets
Category:Centaurus (constellation)
Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2005
Category:Exoplanets detected by radial velocity


Asm.js

asm.js is a subset of JavaScript designed to allow computer software written in languages such as C to be run as web applications while maintaining performance characteristics considerably better than standard JavaScript, which is the typical language used for such applications.

asm.js consists of a strict subset of JavaScript, to which code written in statically-typed languages with manual memory management (such as C) is translated by a source-to-source compiler such as Emscripten (based on LLVM). Performance is improved by limiting language features to those amenable to ahead-of-time optimization and other performance improvements.

Mozilla Firefox was the first web browser to implement asm.js-specific optimizations, starting with version 22.

asm.js is mostly superseded by WebAssembly.

Design

asm.js enables significant performance improvements for web applications, but does not aim to improve the performance of hand-written JavaScript code, nor does it enable anything other than enhanced performance.

It is intended to have performance characteristics closer to that of native code than standard JavaScript by limiting language features to those amenable to ahead-of-time optimization and other performance improvements. By using a subset of JavaScript, asm.js is largely supported by all major web browsers, unlike alternative approaches such as Google Native Client.

Code generation

asm.js is not typically written directly: instead, as an intermediate language, it is generated through the use of a compiler that takes source code in a language such as C++ and outputs asm.js.

For example, given the following C code:

int f(int i) {
  return i + 1;
}

Emscripten would output the following JS code:
function f(i) {
  i = i|0;
  return (i + 1)|0;
}

Note the addition of |0 and the lack of type specifiers. In JavaScript, bitwise operators convert their operands to 32-bit signed integers and give integer results. This means that a bitwise OR with zero, an otherwise useless operation, converts a value to an integer. By doing this for each parameter, this ensures that if the function is called from outside code, the value will be converted to the correct type. This is also used on the return value, in this case to ensure that the result of adding 1 to i will be an integer (as otherwise it could become too large), and to mark the return type of the function. These conversions are required by asm.js, so that an optimising compiler can produce highly efficient native code ahead-of-time. In such an optimising compiler, no conversions are performed when asm.js code calls other asm.js code, as the required type specifiers mean it is guaranteed that values will already have the correct type. Furthermore, rather than performing a floating-point addition and converting to an integer, it can simply do a native integer operation. Together, this leads to significant performance benefits.

Here is another example to calculate the length of a string:

size_t strlen(char *ptr) {
  char *curr = ptr;
  while (*curr != 0) {
    curr++;
  }
  return (curr - ptr);
}

This would result in the following asm.js code:

function strlen(ptr) {
  ptr = ptr|0;
  var curr = 0;
  curr = ptr;
  while ((MEM8[curr>>0]|0) != 0) {
    curr = (curr + 1)|0;
  }
  return (curr - ptr)|0;
}

In the generated code, the variable MEM8 is actually a byte-by-byte "view" of a typed buffer, which serves as the "heap" of the asm.js code.

Performance

Since asm.js runs in a browser, the performance heavily depends on both the browser and hardware. Preliminary benchmarks of C programs compiled to asm.js are usually within a factor of 2 slowdown over native compilation with Clang.

Much of this performance gain over normal JavaScript is due to 100% type consistency and virtually no garbage collection (memory is manually managed in a large typed array). This simpler model with no dynamic behavior, no memory allocation or deallocation, just a narrow set of well-defined integer and floating point operations enables much greater performance and potential for optimization.

Mozilla's benchmark from December 2013 showed significant improvements: "Firefox with float32 optimizations can run all those benchmarks at around 1.5× slower than native, or better." Mozilla points out that the performance of natively compiled code is not a single measure but rather a range, with different native compilers (in this case Clang and GCC) delivering code of differing performance. "In fact, on some benchmarks, like Box2D, FASTA and copy, asm.js is as close or closer to Clang than Clang is to GCC. In one case, asm.js even beats Clang by a slight amount on Box2D."

Implementations
The Emscripten project provides tools that can be used to compile C and C++ codebases (or any other languages that can be converted to LLVM IR) into asm.js.

All browsers with support for the newest edition of JavaScript should be able to run asm.js code, as it is a subset of that specification.  However, since features were added in that edition to enable full asm.js support, older browsers lacking those features may encounter problems.

Some browser implementations are especially optimised for asm.js:

 Mozilla Firefox was the first web browser to implement asm.js-specific optimizations, starting with Firefox 22. OdinMonkey, Mozilla's asm.js ahead-of-time compiler used in Firefox, is a component of IonMonkey, the JIT compiler of SpiderMonkey.
 Microsoft is implementing support for asm.js in Chakra, the JavaScript engine used by Microsoft Edge, performing validation to produce highly optimised JIT code.
 The optimizations of Google Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine in Chrome 28 made asm.js benchmarks more than twice as fast as prior versions of Chrome, although Chrome's V8 does not use ahead-of-time compilation.

Adoption

Almost all of the current applications based on asm.js are C/C++ applications compiled to asm.js using Emscripten or Mandreel. With that in mind, the kind of applications that are going to target asm.js in the near future are those that will benefit from the portability of running in a browser but which have a level of complexity for which a direct port to JavaScript would be infeasible.

So far, a number of programming languages, application frameworks, programs, libraries, games, game engines and other software have already been ported. Some of them are given below.

Programming languages
 C/C++: Clang and LLVM
 Rust: targets Emscripten
 Lua VM: Lua virtual machine
 Perl: port of (micro)perl-5.16.3
 Python – port of CPython
 Ruby – port of Ruby

Application frameworks
 pepper.js: Ports of miscellaneous PNaCl apps (earth, voronoi, bullet, etc.)
 Qt: ports of various Qt demos, plus KDE apps, such as Kate

Programs and libraries
 OpenGL, SDL, and SDL2
 Vim (Vi IMproved)
 FreeType: TrueType font rendering in JavaScript, using FreeType
 SQLite
 GNU Privacy Guard
 ctags
 gnuplot
 Graphviz
 zlib

Game engines
 Unreal Engine 3: was ported in 4 days
 Unreal Engine 4
 Unity
 ScummVM, which supports numerous classic adventure games
 Godot

Games
 Doom: the open source Freedoom game assets running on PrBoom, which is based on the open source Doom code
 SuperTux
 Dune II via OpenDune
 BananaBread based on Cube 2
 Every game in the Humble Mozilla Bundle (Super Hexagon, AaAaAA! for the Awesome, Osmos, Zen Bound 2, Dustforce DX, Voxatron, FTL: Advanced Edition and Democracy 3)

Emulators
 EM-DOSBox: an Emscripten port of DOSBox
 Start9.io: a web emulation platform targeting multiple gaming architectures
 JSMESS: a port of the MESS emulator for many game consoles and computer systems

Mathematics
 HTML5 Fractal Playground – draws iterating-function generated fractals, such as the Mandelbrot set.

See also

 CrossBridge
 Emscripten
 Google Native Client (NaCl)
 RPython
 WebAssembly – a bytecode for browsers, intended to be faster to parse than asm.js

References

External links

Category:JavaScript
Category:Mozilla
Category:Web programming


Gun laws in Delaware

Gun laws in Delaware regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Delaware.

Summary table

Purchasing a firearm
Delaware gun laws do not restrict purchasing of firearms, this includes rifles, shotguns, and handguns. You must be at least 18 to be able to purchase rifles and shotguns; 21 for handguns.

Delaware was voted the 5th easiest state to purchase a gun. There are about 5.6 registered gun owners per 1000 people in the state of Delaware, and over 1000 firearms dealers within the state. There are also gun shows that allow you to buy antique guns, and guns that are not currently being made or are rare.

Firearm definition
Delaware law classifies a "firearm" as any weapon from which a shot, projectile or other object may be discharged by force of combustion, explosive, gas and/or mechanical means, whether operable or inoperable, loaded or unloaded. It does not include BB guns.

Handguns
The basic requirements to purchase a handgun are as follows: You must be 21 or older, you must have a state-registered ID, and pass a Federal background check.

Long barrel guns
The basic requirements to purchase a long barrel gun are almost identical to handgun laws. You must be 18 years or older, you must also have a state-registered ID, and pass a Federal background check.

Restrictions and requirements
Individuals that are barred from possessing firearms are those who have felony convictions. This also extends to misdemeanor violent offenses, along with all convictions that include narcotics and controlled substances. Another restriction that prevents people from obtaining firearms is if you have a mental instability or a mental illness. If you are younger than 16, unless you have supervision of an adult, you may not purchase a firearm. The only place where you are allowed to purchase a firearm without a background check would be a gun show and you would not need a background check to buy antique guns.

Background checks
In the state of Delaware a buyer of a firearm is subject to a mandatory criminal background check. An adult-record check is also required. In 2016, the Delaware General Assembly passed legislation that required all gun purchasers to have a federal background check, however, if the government takes more than 3 days for the check the seller of the firearm is allowed to go forward with the sale.  In the state of Delaware you are permitted to buy a shotgun with a background check being sent to the firearm dealer. The average cost of a state background check in Delaware is $52.

Extreme risk protection order
If the patient of a mental health professional makes an explicit or imminent threat to kill or injure someone, the professional must report this to the police.  If the police verify that the person is a risk to themselves or to others, they may get an order from a judge to seize the person's firearms for up to 30 days. The Delaware Department of Justice can request that this period be extended.

Concealed carry
To be able to carry a concealed weapon you must first have a CDW permit. In order to get this permit you must first post your application published at least once, at least 10 days before filing. You must then obtain and attach an affidavit which shows that the publication was met. After that you must also submit 5 reference questionnaires completed by citizens of the county in which you reside. Lastly, you must have the application notarized. If denied for your application you are allowed to appeal. If accepted you will have 90 days to complete the approved gun course, only then will you be allowed to carry a concealed weapon. After your first three years you will need to reapply for your permit. If you are granted another permit this one will now last for five years, not three. Delaware permits are honored in 28 states.

Restricted areas
Legal gun owners can bring their firearms almost anywhere in the state of Delaware. Gun owners are legally allowed to openly carry handguns in the state. The only places where firearms are prohibited by law are courthouses, police stations, and a few additional areas. Public parks were prohibited area until the state Supreme Court found their inclusion unconstitutional and prohibited enforcement of a carry ban on state park lands. Shortly thereafter, the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control and Department of Agriculture promulgated regulations to forbid carrying a firearm without a permit in several places including camping areas and lodges, exempting permit holders if they show their permits when asked without probable cause. The Superior Court found these to be unconstitutional as well.

References

Category:Delaware law
Delaware


Gay Crusader

Gay Crusader (1914–1932) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire who won a wartime version of the English Triple Crown in 1917. In a career which lasted from September 1916 and October 1917 he ran ten times and won eight races, including his last seven in succession. In addition to his three Classic wins he defeated older horses in the Newmarket Gold Cup and the Champion Stakes. Because of wartime restrictions, all of his races were at Newmarket Racecourse. After being injured in training in 1918 he was retired to stud, where his record was disappointing.

Background
Gay Crusader was a bay horse of "beautiful quality" bred by his owner Alfred W Cox, who used the name "Mr Fairie" for his racing interests. He was sired by Cox's stallion Bayardo, regarded as the best British racehorse of his time, and was the first foal of the mare Gay Laura, a daughter of Galeottia, who had won the 1000 Guineas for Cox in 1895. Gay Laura won a race as a two-year-old and was the dam of five other winners that won 14 races worth £9,906. The most notable of these was the successful Steeplechaser Sea Rover. Cox sent the colt into training with Alec Taylor, Jr. at Manton, Wiltshire

Racing career

1916: two-year-old season
Gay Crusader was a small and weak yearling and early in his two-year old season his progress was delayed by sore shins.  It was autumn before he appeared on a racecourse when he ran in the Clearwell Stakes at Newmarket and finished sixth of the twelve runners. Despite this performance he was moved up in class for the Criterion Stakes over the same course in October. He was not strongly fancied, but won the race in a close finish by a head from the filly Molly Desmond.

1917: three-year-old season
The First World War led to a restricted and restructured racing schedule from 1915 to 1918, with many racecourses, including Epsom, Ascot and Doncaster being used by the military or closed to conserve resources. As many important races could not be run at their usual venues, wartime substitute races were run at alternative courses, with Newmarket being particularly favoured.

By his three-year-old, Gay Crusader had matured into a handsome colt with a calm temperament which made him easy to train. On his debut he carried 136 pounds in the Column Produce Stakes at Newmarket in April. Running on very soft ground he finished second to Coq d'Or, who was carrying eleven pounds less. Before the 2000 Guineas he performed impressively in a private trial race and in the Classic he started 9/4 favourite in a field of fourteen runners. The Taylor stable had another leading contender in Magpie, and the relative merits of the two Manton colts were unclear, as Cox had refused to allow them to gallop together. The closing stages of the race developed into a match between the stable companions and Gay Crusader, under a strong ride from Steve Donoghue prevailed by a head from Magpie and Otto Madden. Magpie was later exported to Australia where he won the Caulfield Stakes.

Wartime restrictions became more severe in the summer of 1917 and for some time it seemed unlikely that a substitute Derby would be run. The "New Derby" was finally organised and took place at Newmarket on 31 July, two months later than the customary date. The race carried prize money of only £2,050 and attracted only a handful of spectators on a dull and rainy day. Ridden again by Donoghue, Gay Crusader started the 7/4 favourite against eleven opponents. Before the race Gay Crusader impressed observers with his condition and physique, and looked to be "the aristocrat of the party." Invincible took the early lead and made the running until half a mile from the finish when Dark Legend moved to the front. The favourite had some problems obtaining a run as he was boxed in against the rails at a crucial stage, but once clear he quickly took the lead and pulled away to win very easily by four lengths from Dansellon and Dark Legend.

The authorities at Doncaster Racecourse refused to allow the use of the name St. Leger Stakes by other racecourses and so the Newmarket substitute race was known as the September Stakes. Only three horses turned out to contest the race and Gay Crusader started at odds of 2/11. He completed the "Triple Crown" by beating Kingston Black by six lengths, with Dansellon finishing a remote third. Having proved himself by far the best colt of his generation, Gay Crusader was matched against older horses in his next two races. Racing over two and a half miles he won the Newmarket Gold Cup, a substitute race for the Ascot Gold Cup and then moved back down in distance to win the Champion Stakes over a mile and a quarter. On his final start of the year he won the Lowther Stakes over one and three quarter miles. All four of these wins in autumn were achieved very easily.

Gay Crusader's earnings of £10,180 enabled Cox to be the Champion owner and the Champion breeder of the British season.

1918: four-year-old season
Gay Crusader was kept in training with a second Gold Cup as his principal objective. Early in the season, Cox insisted on running the horse in a private trial race, despite Taylor's concerns about his fitness. Gay Crusader won the trial impressively but was found to be lame the following day. A tendon injury was diagnosed which proved so serious that Gay Crusader was unable to race again.

Assessment
In their book A Century of Champions, Tony Morris and John Randall rated Gay Crusader a "great" winner of both the 2000 Guineas and the Derby and the thirteenth best British horse of the 20th century. Steve Donoghue regarded Gay Crusader as the best horse he ever rode. A writer in The Field described Gay Crusader as "a great horse and one of the easiest Triple Crown winners of all time".

Stud record
Gay Crusader was retired to stud service at an initial fee of 400 guineas. Shortly after Gay Crusader's retirement, Cox turned down an offer of £100,000 for the horse, an enormous amount at the time from Jack Joel. He sired many winners, but few of note, though he does appear in the pedigree of the outstanding dual Prix be l'Arc de Triomphe winner and three times champion sire of Great Britain and Ireland, Ribot. His progeny included:
 Gay Lothario exported to Australia where he sired 25 stakeswinners that had 80 stakeswins, including Tranquil Star
 Hellespont, second dam of the Derby winner Airborne
 Indolence dam of American sire Princequillo.
 Inglesant, won Sussex Stakes
 Kincardine, won St. James's Palace Stakes, sire of Kindergarten
 Loika dam of Djebel, Champion two-year-old in France and was that country's leading sire four times.
 Medieval Knight, Middle Park Stakes

Gay Crusader was euthanised on 14 September 1932 at the age of 18.

Pedigree

Gay Crusader was inbred 3 × 3 to Galopin, meaning that this stallion appears twice in the third generation of his pedigree,

References

Category:1914 racehorse births
Category:1932 racehorse deaths
Category:Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Category:Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Category:Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winners
Category:Thoroughbred family 1-g
Category:Epsom Derby winners
Category:2000 Guineas winners
Category:St Leger winners


Kincardine Bridge

The Kincardine Bridge is a road bridge crossing the Firth of Forth from Falkirk council area to Kincardine, Fife, Scotland.

History

The bridge was constructed between 1932 and 1936, to a design by Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, Consulting Engineers, and Architect, Donald Watson. It was the first road crossing of the River Forth downstream of Stirling, completed nearly thirty years before the Forth Road Bridge, which stands  to the south-east.

The bridge was constructed with a swinging central section which remained in use until 1988, that would allow larger ships to sail upstream to the small port at Alloa.

The bridge is part of the A985 road (formerly A876), and carries a single lane in each direction. Until the opening of the Clackmannanshire Bridge in 2008, it was the customary diversion route for traffic north from Edinburgh and eastern Scotland when the Forth Road Bridge was closed or under repair. As a result of the additional traffic using the bridge at these times, joining the high volume of regular commuter traffic, the town of Kincardine was frequently congested.

Second bridge
The original bridge, at over 70 years old, was identified by the Scottish Executive as being in need of replacement. The new Clackmannanshire Bridge was opened on 19 November 2008.
The original bridge was given Category A listed status by Historic Scotland in 2005, and was closed temporarily for upgrading works in 2011.

With the opening of the new bridge, the Kincardine Bridge was re-numbered as part of the A985 while the new Clackmannanshire Bridge became part of the re-routed A876, forming the Kincardine bypass.

See also
400 kV Forth Crossing
M876 motorway

References

External links

Kincardine Local History Group – Wonders of World Engineering Article detailing the construction of Kincardine Bridge
Gazetteer for Scotland
– video clip of what the new road and crossing will be like

Category:Bridges completed in 1936
Category:Category A listed buildings in Falkirk (council area)
Category:Swing bridges in Scotland
Category:Listed bridges in Scotland
Category:Road bridges in Scotland
Category:Bridges in Fife
Category:Category A listed buildings in Fife
Category:Bridges in Falkirk (council area)
Category:1936 establishments in Scotland


Telehouse Europe

Established in 1988, Telehouse is a major carrier-neutral colocation, ICT solutions and managed services provider based in Docklands, London. It operates eight facilities in London, Paris and Frankfurt. Part of the global Telehouse network of data centres, the brand has 45 colocation facilities in 26 major cities around the world including Moscow, Istanbul, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Vietnam, Seoul, Tokyo, New York and Los Angeles. KDDI, Telehouse's Japanese telecommunications and systems integration parent company, operates data centre facilities in America and Asia.

Operations

London
Operational since 1990, Telehouse North became Europe's first purpose-built neutral colocation facility. LINX traffic has been moving through the carrier-neutral Telehouse campus since its opening. Telehouse hosts the vast majority of internet peering traffic from LINX.

It is the main hub of the Internet in the United Kingdom. In response to growing demand for a Central London location, Telehouse opened an additional colocation facility in 1997, Telehouse Metro, in the London Borough of Islington near Silicon Roundabout.

A second building at the Docklands site, Telehouse East, was opened in 1999 and the construction of a third building, Telehouse West, at its Docklands site was completed in March 2010.  In July 2014 KDDI announced that a fourth building North Two would be built on the site, adjacent to the existing Telehouse North building. In August 2016, Telehouse Europe opened $177 million North Two data center of 24,000 square meters, increasing its capacity at the Docklands site where it already had 73,000 square meters of space. According to Telehouse, North Two is the only UK data center to own a 132 kV on-campus grid substation that is directly connected to the National Grid, reducing transmission losses and improving power density and service continuity. North Two also utilizes the first multi-storey adiabatic cooling system in the world, delivering an industry-leading 1.16 PUE. The site has a capacity of up to 73 MVA in total.

Telehouse London is the primary home of the London Internet Exchange (LINX) since 1994, due to the number of carriers present in the data centre and the level of latency, Telehouse is one of the key Internet hubs in the world.

LINX, Packet Exchange, LONAP and LIPEX are present at Telehouse Docklands.

In 2012, Telehouse built their own primary substation, at 50MVA and two 132kVA power lines directly connected to the high voltage power network for the London Docklands site.

As of March 2019, Telehouse London North is listed as most populated datacenter in EMEA by the data center rankings, working with over 530 network carriers, ISPs and ASPs, including Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Platform and Microsoft Azure, as well as CenturyLink, Hurricane Electric, Interoute, Voxility, TeliaSonera and NTT communications. Existing Telehouse customers can interconnect to any of these parties via a cross connect.

Paris
Telehouse Europe operates three sites in Paris:
 Telehouse Paris Jeûneurs. Opened in 1996 near the famous Rue du Sentier.
 Telehouse Paris Voltaire which opened in 1998.
 Telehouse Magny-Les-Hameaux (Yvelines département). Originally a national military defence location, the site was converted into a data centre in 2009 and now provides 15,000 square meters of colocation space.

Frankfurt
Telehouse Europe also operates one site in Frankfurt:
 Telehouse Frankfurt. Opened in 2012, Telehouse acquired one of Germany's largest colocation sites, Databurg.

References

Category:KDDI
Category:Internet hosting
Category:Telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Category:Internet in the United Kingdom
Category:Internet in France
Category:Infrastructure in London
Category:Internet technology companies of the United Kingdom
Category:Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Category:Media and communications in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Category:Data centers


NK Jarun Zagreb

NK Jarun Zagreb are a football team from Jarun neighborhood of Zagreb, Croatia, currently playing in the Treća HNL, the Croatian third division. They play their home games at the Jarkas pitch on Ogulinska Street.

Jarun was a neighborhood club for many years but achieved a double promotion to begin playing in the third division for the 2018-19 season. Many of the club's players graduated from the Jarun football school.

The HDZ, one of Croatia's major political parties, was founded at the club's sporting grounds in 1989, with Franjo Tuđman elected party president.

References

External links
Official website

Category:Football clubs in Croatia
Category:Football clubs in Split-Dalmatia County
Category:1921 establishments in Croatia
Category:Association football clubs established in 1921


Angelo Thomas Acerra

Angelo Thomas Accera O.S.B. (November 7, 1925 – July 26, 1990) was a Roman Catholic bishop who served the Archdiocese for the Military Services.

Biography
Born in Memphis, Tennessee, Accera entered the Benedictine order in 1944 at St. Bernard Abbey in Cullman, Alabama. He attended St. Benedict's College and was ordained to the priesthood on May 20, 1950. He obtained advanced degrees in canon law from Catholic University and the "Angelicum" in Rome. He was a member of the Catholic Theological Society of America.

He served for twenty years as a chaplain for the U.S. Air Force, retiring as a colonel. On September 29, 1983, Accerra was appointed titular bishop of Lete and auxiliary bishop of the Military Vicariate and was consecrated bishop on November 29, 1983. He was a member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Ad Hoc Committee on the Moral Evaluation of Deterrence. Bishop Acerra died July 26, 1990 of lung cancer.

See also

 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 Insignia of Chaplain Schools in the US Military
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States: military service
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops
 Military chaplain
 Religious symbolism in the United States military
 United States military chaplains

References

External links
 Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA, official website
 Archdiocese for the Military Services of the United States. GCatholic.org. Retrieved 2010-08-20.

Category:1925 births
Category:1990 deaths
Category:People from Memphis, Tennessee
Category:American Roman Catholic bishops
Category:American military chaplains
Chaplains
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Catholics from Tennessee


Iskandariya

Al-Iskandariya or Alexandria (, also given as Iskandariyah, Iskanderiyah, Iskanderiya, Iskanderiyeh or Sikandariyeh or Al Askandariyah) is an ancient city in central Iraq, one of a number of towns in the Near East founded by and named after Alexander the Great (Al-Iskandar in Arabic). It is a majority Shia Arab district including Musayyib and Jurf Al Sakhr. The district capital is located about 70 kilometres (45 mi) south of Baghdad, near the Euphrates River. [Source: Liberation of Jurf Al Sakhar ]

History
In ancient times Alexandria stood halfway between Babylon (the place of Alexander's death) and Seleucia on the Tigris (the capital of the Seleucid Empire, very near to modern Baghdad).

As of now, most of the town is made up of slums. Buildings are built from brick, mud, and sheet metal. The nearby city of Musayyib houses the largest power plant in Iraq, made by Russian engineers. The Hateen Munitions Complex located in and around Alexandria housed the majority of the munitions for the former regime. There are also apartments in Iskandariya, called the Hateen Apartments, which received their name from all the workers at the munitions plant living there.

Saddam Hussein's nuclear programme

During the late 1980s, Alexandria was the site of a major element of Saddam Hussein's programme to acquire nuclear weapons. The Al Qaqaa State Establishment, located in the town, is believed to have been put in charge of developing the non-nuclear components for a nuclear weapon. It was subsequently inspected by United Nations weapons inspectors and officials from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In 1989, the British journalist Farzad Bazoft was arrested there after visiting Alexandria to check reports that an explosion at the Al Qaqaa plant had killed 7000 people. He was subsequently executed by the Iraqi authorities.

The town is also the location of a major factory, the al-Quds General Company for Mechanical Industries. In 2001, the Iraqi government explored the possibility of establishing a joint Iraqi-Belarusian tractor factory on the site.

Events during Iraq War (2003-present)

Alexandria is one of the last big towns before Baghdad and possesses a major military air base, and as such was a major target for United States forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. It fell quickly but was subsequently the scene of a number of lethal insurgent attacks against the occupying forces and the post-Saddam Iraqi security forces. On June 19, 2003, a soldier from the 804th Medical Brigade was killed when the military ambulance in which he was traveling was hit by a rocket propelled grenade near Alexandria. Another attack, on May 11, 2007, killed a soldier from the 18th Military Police Brigade. Three US Paratroopers from the Army's 82nd Airborne Division were killed by a roadside bomb on January 27, 2004 and another bombing on February 4 killed yet another soldier.

Forward Operating Base Alexandria, or FOB Iskandariyah a U.S. Military installation was established in Alexandria in May 2003.

On February 10, a car bomb outside a police station killed at least 45 Iraqis and wounded 150. No coalition forces were killed or injured, but commentators suggested that the attack was both a strike against pro-coalition Iraqi forces and an attempt to create conflict between Shia and Sunni Muslims.

On March 25, 2016 a terrorist believed to be affiliated with Islamic State of Iraq blew himself up at a soccer game in this town. The incident happened during an award ceremony following the game. The blast reportedly killed at least 31 people and injured more than 70 others. The town's mayor was among the casualties. Video surfaced on the Internet which claimed to show the bombing.

This town is the location of Al Qa'qaa, a major industrial facility and the location of the Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy.

See also

 List of places in Iraq
 Triangle of Death (Iraq)

External links
 Iraq Image - Iskandariya Satellite Observation

References

Category:Populated places in Babil Governorate
Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River
Category:Cities in Iraq


Teddy Bear Museum of Naples

The Teddy Bear Museum of Naples was a visitor attraction located in north Naples, Florida, United States. It opened in 1990 and closed in 2005. It operated as a non-profit organization, and received funding from donations, as well as profit from museum tickets, gift shop sales, and Hug Club membership.

History
The museum started when Frances Pew Hayes received a small M&M's teddy bear from a grandchild. After this, she started collecting teddy bears and opened the museum six years later, in 1990. The collection expanded to around 5,500 individual bears until the museum closed. Many of the bears were donated from private collectors. In the late 1990s, the Museum was sold to North Collier Hospital, and the hospital planned to relocate the museum to a new location as part of a new children's hospital. The plan fell through, and the museum was again separated.

In 2005, a year after Hayes died, the museum director, George Black (known among museum staff and volunteers as 'Brownie'), announced that the museum would be closed and all of the exhibits would be sold off. Reasons included rising operating costs, a lack of volunteers, and flat admission numbers.

The museum

The main museum building itself was a circular shaped building with a central atrium. An auxiliary building contained a small gift shop.
The museum contained various exhibits, such as a Teddy Bears' Picnic, a parade, a wedding ceremony, a "beard of directors", and collections from around the world .

Teddy Bear Fair
One of the annual events held by the Museum was the Teddy Bear Fair. It was usually held in October and consisted of various activities, such as games, performances by bands and groups, and petting zoos. The fair was initially located at Cambier Park in Naples, but during the North Collier Hospital ownership, the fair was held at the hospital.

External links
Teddy Bear Museum official website from Wayback Machine

References

Category:Museums established in 1990
Category:Museums disestablished in 2005
Category:Museums in Collier County, Florida
Category:Buildings and structures in Naples, Florida
Category:Teddy bear museums
Category:Defunct museums in Florida
Category:Toy museums in the United States
Category:1990 establishments in Florida
Category:2005 disestablishments in Florida


The Farrell Bros.

The Farrell Brothers are a rockabilly group from Selkirk, Manitoba, Canada.   Their stage show was noted for being less flamboyant than that of most rockabilly bands.

History

In 2002 the Farrell Bros. performed at the Dawson City Music Festival. They performed in clubs, bars and small concert venues in various Canadian cities, including Vancouver Toronto and Winnipeg. They independently released a number of CDs. The sound on band's 2005 album, This is a Riot, was compared to that of The Clash, and The Farrell Bros. contributed a track to The Clash tribute album. A later release was Dead End Boys in 2007.

The band's 2003 album, Rumble@the Opry, released on the Teenage Rampage label, received positive reviews for its songwriting.  It was reissued in 2011 by the Transistor 66 label, and appeared on campus radio charts.

Two of the band's independent albums were re-released in England by Raucous Records, and in 2006 The Farrell Bros. completed a 30-stop tour in Europe in support them.  They then set out on a tour in Canada to support their contribution to the  Zombie Night in Canada compilation album.

Current members
 Gordie Farrell - upright bass, vocals, guitar
 Shawn Farrell - guitar, vocals
 Nuke Norval - drums

Discography

Main albums
1998: Ballad of Jackpine Slash
2000: Go to Hell
2003: Rumble @ The Opry
2004: Curbstomp Boogie
2005: This is a Riot
2007: Dead End Boys

Compilations
2005: Zombie Night in Canada Vol. 2 (Stumble Records)

See also
List of bands from Canada
List of psychobilly bands

References

External links
Official website
Myspace profile

Category:Canadian rock music groups
Category:Psychobilly groups
Category:Musical groups from Manitoba
Category:Selkirk, Manitoba
Category:Musical groups established in 2005
Category:2005 establishments in Manitoba


Louis J. and Harriet Rozier House

Louis J. and Harriet Rozier House is a historic home located at De Soto, Jefferson County, Missouri.  It was built in 1887, and is a two-story, asymmetrical, Queen Anne style frame dwelling.  It sits on a rock-faced limestone foundation and has a hipped roof and lower cross gables.  It features a one-story wraparound porch, spindlework, and fishscale shingles.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

References

Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Category:Queen Anne architecture in Missouri
Category:Houses completed in 1887
Category:Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Missouri
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, Missouri


Fernando Quiroga Palacios

Fernando Quiroga Palacios (January 21, 1900 – December 7, 1971) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela from 1949 until his death and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.

Biography
Fernando Quiroga Palacios was born San Pedro de Maceda, near Maceda, Ourense, and studied at the seminary in Ourense, the Pontifical University of Santiago de Compostela, and the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. Ordained to the priesthood on June 10, 1922, he finished his studies in 1925. While doing pastoral work in Ourense, Quiroga was also a professor and spiritual advisor at the Ourense seminary from 1925 to 1942. In 1942, he was named lectoral canon of the cathedral chapter of Valladolid, where he also did pastoral and seminary work until 1945.

On November 24, 1945, Quiroga was appointed Bishop of Mondoñedo by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on March 24, 1946, from Archbishop Antonio García y García, assisted by Bishops Francisco Blanco Nájera and José Soutop Vizoso, in the shrine of the Gran Promesa del Sagrado Corazón. Quiroga was advanced to Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela on June 4, 1949, and later Cardinal Priest of Sant'Agostino by Pius XII in the consistory of January 12, 1953.

He served as papal legate to the Marian Congress in Manila, Philippines, during December 1954, and was one of the cardinal electors in the 1958 papal conclave. From 1962 to 1965, Quiroga attended the Second Vatican Council, during the course of which he participated in the conclave of 1963 that selected Pope Paul VI. The Cardinal was the first President of the Spanish Episcopal Conference, serving from 1966 to 1969.

Quiroga died in Madrid, at age 71. He is buried in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.

External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

Category:1900 births
Category:1971 deaths
Category:Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII
Category:Spanish cardinals
Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops
Category:Pontifical Biblical Institute alumni
Category:Archbishops of Santiago de Compostela


1989 24 Hours of Le Mans

The 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 57th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 10 and 11 June 1989.

Race

The race was the last time the 24 Hours of Le Mans ran without the two chicanes on the Mulsanne Straight; for the interest of safety to reduce speeds after speeds reaching  in the previous years and this race, these chicanes were installed the next year and remains in use. The speeds on the Mulsanne Straight were so high that many of the drivers were concerned if their cars would stay on the ground over the humps and bumps of the straight. There were no serious accidents, something Le Mans in the 1980s had many of.

Having run his cars at Le Mans for a decade, Peter Sauber was aided by Mercedes in winning the 1989 race. His "Silver Arrows" Sauber C9s finished 1st, 2nd and 5th, with Porsches and Jaguars finishing behind.

Official results
Class winners in bold.  Cars failing to complete 70% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).

Statistics
 Pole Position - Jean-Louis Schlesser, #62 Team Sauber Mercedes - 3:15.040 (155.234 mph/249.826 km/h)
 Fastest Lap - Alain Ferté, #4 Silk Cut Jaguar - 3:21.093
 Distance - 5265.115 km
 Average Speed - 219.990 km/h
 Highest Trap Speed - Jaguar XJR-9 - 241.713 mph (389 km/h) (race), Sauber Mercedes C9 - 249.13 mph (401 km/h) (qualifying)

Category:24 Hours of Le Mans races
Le Mans
24 Hours of Le Mans


Futsal at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games

The futsal tournament at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place between December 9–20. This edition of the tournament featured both men's and women's tournaments. All matches took place in Wunna Theikdi Futsal, Naypyidaw. Official drawing took place on 6 November 2013 in Naypyitaw, Myanmar.

Participating teams

Tournaments

Men's Tournament
All times are Myanmar Time – UTC+6:30.

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Semi-finals

Bronze medal match

Gold medal match

Goalscorers
8 goals
  Suphawut Thueanklang

5 goals
  Kritsada Wongkaeo

3 goals

  Pyae Phyo Maung (3)
  Jetsada Chudech
  Wiwat Thaijaroen
  Khanh Hung Ly

2 goals

  Ardy Suwardy
  Kita Souksabai
  Abu Haniffa
  Jirawat Sornwichian
  Piyapan Rattana
  Van Vu Tran
  That Phi Ton
  Thanh Tuan Pham

1 goal

  Bambang Saptaji
  Syahidansyah Lubis
  Andri Kustiawan
  Anza Rizal
  Aung Aung
  Pyae Phyo Maung (1)
  Saiful Nizam
  Shamsul Akmar
  Saiful Aula
  Asmie Amir
  Fitri Yatim
  Piyanat Nusaya
  Somphone Samphaonon
  Panida Sinthapaseuth
  Hoang Vinh Tran
  Quoc Nam Le
  Ngoc Hao Doan
  Xuan Du Vu

1 own goal
  Kyaw Kyaw Tun (against Malaysia)

Women's tournament
All times are Myanmar Time – UTC+6:30.

Group stage

Gold medal match

Winners

Goalscorers
4 goals
  Orathai Srimanee

3 goals

  Thuy Trang Tran
  Huyen Linh Vu
  Hanis Farhana

2 goals

  Prapasporn Sriroj
  Darika Peanpailun
  Praephan Hengphio
  Fatin Shahida
  Darti Septiawati
  Maya Muharina

1 goal

  Jiraprapa Nimrattanasing
  Sasicha Phothiwong
  Vasinee Pakthongchai
  Chau Nguyen
  Ngoc Hoa Trinh
  Hai Yen Hoang
  Rani Mulyasari
  Maulina Novryliani
  Anggi Puspita Sari
  Siti Noor Halimi
  Shwe Zin Aung
  Nan Khan Mo
  Thu Zar Htwe

1 own goal
  Khin Mar Lin (against Vietnam)

Medal winners

References

Category:2013 Southeast Asian Games events
Category:Futsal at the Southeast Asian Games


Col (game)

Col is a pencil and paper game, specifically a map-coloring game, involving the shading of areas in a line drawing according to the rules of Graph coloring.  With each move, the graph must remain proper (no two areas of the same colour may touch), and a player who cannot make a legal move loses.  The game was described and analysed by John Conway, who attributed it to Colin Vout, in On Numbers and Games.

Example game

In the following game, the first of the two players is using red, and the second is using blue.  The last move in each image is shown brighter than the other areas.

The starting graph:

The first player may colour any of the areas to begin. However, the region around the outside of the graph is not included as an area for this game.

After the first move:

The second player now colours a white cell.  As no areas are currently blue, any white cell is allowed.

Two moves in:

At this point, the requirement that the graph be proper comes into effect, as a red area must be made which does not touch the existing one:

Once the third region is coloured:

Note that areas only count as touching if they share edges, not if they only share vertices, so this move is legal.

The game continues, players moving alternately, until one player cannot make a move.  This player loses.  A possible continuation of the game is as follows (with each move numbered for clarity):

Game over:

In this outcome, the blue player has lost.

Snort
Snort, invented by Simon P. Norton, uses a similar partisan assignment of two colors, but with the anticlassical constraint: neighboring regions are not allowed to be given different colors. Coloring the regions is explained as assigning fields to bulls and cows, where neighboring fields may not contain cattle of the opposite sex, lest they be distracted from their grazing.

Deciding the outcome in Snort is PSPACE-complete on general graphs. This is proven by reducing partizan node Kayles, which is PSPACE-complete, to a game of Snort.

Analysis
The value of a Col position is always either a number or a number plus star This makes the game relatively simple compared with Snort, which features a much greater variety of values.

References
 Revised and reprinted as

 Revised and reprinted as

External links
 Col and Snort games on Google Play

Category:Paper-and-pencil games
Category:Combinatorial game theory
Category:Graph coloring


Beer in Sweden

Beer in Sweden has a history that can be traced to the late Iron Age.

History

Ale brewing has a long history in Sweden, predating written records. It is known, through old writings such as Hávamál and others, that the Norse culture used brewing to produce ale and mead. Mead was preferred and ale was the most common. Scandinavians also had access to wine and beer. Modern reproductions of Norse brews have been known to produce ale as strong as 9 percent ABV.  Up until the 19th century brewing was mostly a matter of production for household needs. The beer was usually weak in alcoholic content and used as an everyday beverage. For celebrations and feasts, stronger "feast-beer" and potent mead was brewed. With the advent of industrialism, all this changed. As the cities grew, home brewing became impossible for most people, and so the Swedish brewing industry arose.

In the mid-19th century, a multitude of small breweries grew into existence in all the larger cities of Sweden, and every town had to have at least one brewery, if nothing else for sating the local patriotism. In the beginning of the 20th century, a trend of consolidation with mergers and buyouts began, which culminated in the late 1970s and the beginning of 1980. This led to the formation of three large brewery conglomerates; Pripps, Spendrups and Falcon, and pushed the smaller breweries to the very verge of extinction. This led to a strong stereotyping of the Swedish beers available as easily drinkable lagers, more often than not lacking in taste and character.

In the late 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, largely through consumer awareness, a new generation of small breweries spearheaded by the likes of Stockholm's Nils Oscar Brewery began to grow alongside the large companies. These companies offer customers more in the way choice and many of the beers now produced in Sweden are of the very highest international quality, produced with carefully cultivated brewing yeasts (often imported from Germany, Belgium or Britain).

Classification

Swedish law defines two alcohol thresholds that govern where and to whom a given type of beer may be sold. Lättöl, i.e. beer below the lower threshold (2.25% by volume) is considered a lättdryck (light beverage) and may be sold anywhere with no age restriction. Starköl, beer above the upper threshold (3.5% by volume) may only be sold in Systembolaget stores to people aged 20 or above and in pubs to people aged 18 or above. Folköl, beer between the two thresholds may be sold in grocery stores but only to people aged 18 or above.

Since the 3.5% threshold is reasonably close to the alcohol content of an international lager beer, many international brands such as Heineken, Carlsberg and Pilsner Urquell are sold in two versions in Sweden - the internationally renowned product as a starköl at Systembolaget and a slightly watered-down version as a folköl in the grocery stores.

Economy
The modern trend is toward consumers increasingly choosing stronger beer than the 3.5% abv brands, generally referred to as folköl (people's beer) sold at grocery stores. Any stronger beer is sold exclusively at the government owned retail monopoly Systembolaget.

See also

 Beer and breweries by region

References


Jerry Fullinwider

Jerry Fullinwider is an American businessman and the founder of Hillwood International Energy.

Personal life and education
Fullinwider graduated from the Naval School of Justice, and served in Korea and China, retiring as a lieutenant. Fullinwider earned a bachelor's degree from SMU. Fullinwider's daughter, Sarah, is married to Ross Perot, Jr.

Career
Fullinwider began his career in oil with Standard Oil of Ohio, and later worked with Cherry Brothers in Dallas. Fullinwider moved to West Texas in the 1960s with little money in the bank, founding V-F Petroleum. In 1989, Fullinwider met with high-ranking USSR oil officials. He ultimately founded V-F Russia to explore for oil in Siberia. Fullinwider also founded HKN Energy and Hillwood International Energy, as well as BaiTex LCC, which operates in the Baituganskoye oil field of Southern Russia.

Political and religious activity
Fullinwider is a major donor to conservative political causes affiliated with the Koch Brothers. Fullinwider supports SMU's O’Neil Center for Global Markets and Freedom, a free market think tank. Fullinwider also has an endowed teaching position, the Jerome M. Fullinwider Endowed Centennial Chair in Economic Freedom, named for him.

Fullinwider is an elder with Highland Park Presbyterian. In 2011, Fullinwider successfully invited Hilarion Alfeyev, a Russian Orthodox Metropolitan, to visit and preach in Texas.

References

Category:Living people
Category:People from Highland Park, Texas
Category:American company founders
Category:Southern Methodist University alumni
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Peter Sugar

Peter Sugar (January 1919 – December 5, 1999) was an American historian, known for his expertise in the history of East Central Europe, and a frequent speaker at international conferences during the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s.  Sugar was a recipient of a lifetime achievement Award for Distinguished Contributions to Slavic Studies from the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies.

Early life and education
Sugar was born in Budapest, Hungary, and earned a baccalaureate degree from Budapest's Lutheran Gymnasium. He played ice hockey for Hungary's national team, and was a member of the Hungarian cavalry. He relocated to Istanbul prior to the Second World War, where he learned the Turkish language and began to specialize in Southeast European studies. During the war, still in Istanbul, he worked for the United States Army in the field of counterintelligence. Sugar's service to the U.S. army made him eligible to emigrate to the United States in 1946.  He studied history at the City College of New York, obtaining an additional undergraduate degree in 1954.  He enrolled in a doctoral program at Princeton University, receiving his PhD in history and Near Eastern studies in 1959.

Academic career
Sugar began a long-term career at the University of Washington in 1959, teaching European and Ottoman history.  In 1987 he was chosen as Instructor of the Year. He retired on March 9, 1989.  The mayor of Seattle, Charles Royer, declared that date to be "Peter Sugar Day" to honor Sugar's contributions over three decades as a professor at the university.

Selected works
  (Bulgarian edition – 2003, )

See also
Slavistics

References

Category:Historians of Europe
Category:Hungarian ice hockey players
Category:City College of New York alumni
Category:Princeton University alumni
Category:University of Washington faculty
Category:Writers from Budapest
Category:Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Category:1919 births
Category:1999 deaths
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:20th-century American historians


Gregory Soto

Gregory Soto (born February 11, 1995) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher for the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Career
Soto signed with the Detroit Tigers as an international free agent in December 2012. He made his professional debut in 2013 with the Dominican Summer League Tigers, pitching to a 1-2 record and 4.82 ERA in 16 games (12 starts), and returned there in 2014 where he improved, going 5–3 with a 3.20 ERA in 16 games (ten starts). He spent 2015 with the Gulf Coast Tigers and Connecticut Tigers, posting a combined 2–5 record and 3.23 ERA with 45 strikeouts in 39 total innings between the two teams, and 2016 with Connecticut where he was 3–2 with a 3.03 ERA and 1.43 WHIP in 15 starts.

Soto started 2017 with the West Michigan Whitecaps and was promoted to the Lakeland Flying Tigers during the season. After going 12–2 with a 2.25 ERA and 144 strikeouts between the two teams, he was named the Tigers minor league pitcher of the year.

The Tigers added him to their 40-man roster after the 2017 season.

He spent the 2018 season with Lakeland, going 8–8 with a 4.45 ERA in 113 innings. On January 11, 2019, Soto was suspended for 20 games by Major League Baseball for “conduct detrimental to baseball" under Article XII(B). The suspension started on opening day. He was activated on April 20 and optioned to Lakeland, appearing in one game before being promoted to the Erie SeaWolves.

Soto made his major league debut on May 11, 2019, against the Minnesota Twins, starting the second game of a doubleheader as the 26th man.

References

External links

Category:1995 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Bajos de Haina
Category:Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Category:Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Category:Major League Baseball pitchers
Category:Detroit Tigers players
Category:Dominican Summer League Tigers players
Category:Gulf Coast Tigers players
Category:Connecticut Tigers players
Category:West Michigan Whitecaps players
Category:Lakeland Flying Tigers players
Category:Mesa Solar Sox players
Category:Erie SeaWolves players
Category:Toledo Mud Hens players
Category:Águilas Cibaeñas players


Goran Vučević

Goran Vučević (born 18 May 1971) is a Croatian former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder.

He spent most of his professional career with Hajduk Split (in several capacities, including player and manager) and Barcelona (mostly with the reserves).

Club career
Born in Split, Croatia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Vučević started his career at local HNK Hajduk, where he became a key player at only 18, eventually winning the 1992 Sportske novosti Yellow Shirt award, issued to the best footballer playing in the Croatian League at the end of every season.

Afterwards, Vučević was bought by Johan Cruyff's FC Barcelona. During his five-year stay, he could never break into the first team, which also featured – as the clubs in Spain were not allowed to field more than three foreign players at the same time – Luís Figo, Gheorghe Hagi, Ronald Koeman, Michael Laudrup, Romário or Hristo Stoichkov; in December 1993, he was ousted from the squad by the Dutch manager after refusing to return to the B-side, and in the following off-season was loaned to Hajduk, where alongside experienced players such as Stjepan Andrijašević, Aljoša Asanović and Igor Štimac he helped to a double conquest – the first since 1975 – and a quarter-final run in the UEFA Champions League.

After two loans, first loaned to his former club then CP Mérida, the latter also in La Liga, Vučević was finally sold in the 1997 summer to 1. FC Köln. He also struggled immensely in Germany, playing very rarely including when the team was in the second division. In 1999, he returned for a third spell with Hajduk, retiring after two unassuming years.

From 2005 to 2008, still with Hajduk Split, Vučević accumulated the tasks of assistant to the main squad and youth coach, taking the first team's reins in May 2008 but resigning in October, after which he returned to the youth system. His second spell as manager started on 16 November 2010, when he replaced Stanko Poklepović; in April 2011, having already been ousted from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League and having failed to win the national championship during the club's 100-year celebration season, he was sacked.

Vučević returned to Hajduk Split in December 2013 as director of football, thanks to president Marin Brbić. In April 2015, he again replaced Poklepović for a third spell as head coach, but was himself relieved of his duties after only two games, one of them resulting in elimination from the Croatian Football Cup at the hands of RNK Split. He received threats to both him and his family from the fans, but continued to work as sporting director afterwards; in March 2016, he was criticised for his methods and blamed for the team's negative run in the league, offering his resignation which was taken into consideration.

On 1 April 2016, Vučević resigned from Hajduk after Brbić left his post.

International career
Over the course of one week, starting on 5 July 1992, Vučević played three times for the Croatian national team. All of his caps were won in friendlies against the same opponent, Australia.

References

External links

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Split, Croatia
Category:Yugoslav footballers
Category:Croatian footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Yugoslav First League players
Category:Croatian First Football League players
Category:HNK Hajduk Split players
Category:La Liga players
Category:Segunda División players
Category:FC Barcelona B players
Category:FC Barcelona players
Category:CP Mérida footballers
Category:Bundesliga players
Category:1. FC Köln players
Category:Croatia international footballers
Category:Croatian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain
Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany
Category:Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Category:Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Category:Croatian football managers
Category:HNK Hajduk Split managers