Pussy Galore

Pussy Galore is a fictional character in the 1959 Ian Fleming James Bond novel Goldfinger and the 1964 film of the same name. In the film, she is played by Honor Blackman. The character returns in the 2015 Bond continuation novel Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of Goldfinger.

Blanche Blackwell, a Jamaican of Anglo-Jewish descent, is thought to have been the love of Fleming's later life and his model for Pussy Galore.

Appearances

Fleming novel

In Fleming's 1959 novel Goldfinger, Pussy Galore is the only woman in the United States known to be running an organized crime gang. Initially trapeze artists, her group of performing catwomen, "Pussy Galore and her Abrocats", is unsuccessful, and so the women train as cat burglars instead.

Her group evolves into an all-lesbian organization, based in Harlem, known as the Cement Mixers. In the novel, she has black hair, pale skin, and (according to Bond) the only violet eyes that Bond has ever seen. She is in her thirties, her voice low and attractive. Pussy tells Bond that she became a lesbian after she was sexually abused by her uncle at the age of 12.

Auric Goldfinger enlists the help of Pussy and her Cement Mixers to carry out "Operation Grand Slam", a scheme to kill all the soldiers guarding Fort Knox by poisoning their water supply with a water-borne nerve agent (GB, also called sarin), and then to use a nuclear weapon which he had purchased from a quartermaster storekeeper at an Allied military base in Germany for one million dollars to blow open the United States Bullion Depository and contaminate the one billion dollars of gold stored there with the nuclear bomb to make it radioactive, which will vastly increase the value of his gold holdings. Goldfinger chooses the Cement Mixers because he needs a group of women to impersonate the nurses in the fake emergency medical teams he plans to send into the poison-stricken Fort Knox.

After Bond and Felix Leiter foil "Grand Slam", Galore runs into Bond while impersonating a stewardess on Goldfinger's hijacked escape flight to the Soviet Union (which carries his remaining fortune in gold). Bond, having previously been drugged by a fake vaccination, has been kidnapped and transported onto the plane to join Goldfinger, who is determined to kill him at last.

However, Bond punctures one of the airplane's windows with a knife (causing Goldfinger's henchman Oddjob to be blown out and plunge to his death), then tackles Goldfinger, and, in the ensuing struggle, kills him. Bond then forces the crew of the airplane to reverse course. When the gold-heavy craft runs out of fuel, and the crew must ditch it in the ocean, Bond and Pussy are the only ones who manage to escape into a life raft. It is hinted at the end of the novel that Pussy is sent to prison, as she says to Bond, "Will you write to me in Sing Sing?"

Her original band of Amazonian catwomen appear as characters in the film, but as small-aircraft aerobatic pilots rather than trapeze artists.

Continuation novel
Pussy returns in the 2015 Bond continuation novel Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of Goldfinger. The novel contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming.

Film

In the film, Galore is first seen when Bond wakes up in Goldfinger's private jet, having been knocked out with a tranquiliser gun by a Goldfinger henchman. He is lying on a couch when he regains consciousness, and since the first thing he sees when he opens his eyes is her stunning blonde-framed visage leaning over him, the dialog runs as follows:

She is the leader of Pussy Galore's Flying Circus, a group of women aviators connected with Goldfinger's "Operation Grand Slam" (played in certain scenes by stuntmen in blonde wigs). In a later scene, Pussy uses judo to attack Bond after she catches him eavesdropping on Goldfinger's plan, and turns him over to Goldfinger.

However, Bond corners Galore in a barn and forcibly holds her down and kisses her. She initially tries to fight him off, but she gives in and returns his kiss passionately, and they have sex.

She then secretly turns against Goldfinger; she alerts the CIA to her employer's scheme, and they help her replace the deadly nerve gas that Goldfinger is planning to have her aviators spray over Fort Knox with a different, harmless substance.

Having foiled Goldfinger's plan, Bond boards the President's private plane to travel to the White House. Goldfinger, now a fugitive, forces Galore to participate in hijacking the plane in order to force the pilot to fly him to Cuba. However, Bond defeats Goldfinger by shooting out the plane's window and causing him to be sucked out of the plane at high altitude and to plunge to his death. Bond then saves Galore from the crashing plane: they both bail out, land safely in an unidentified tropical region, and make love under their parachute.

Reception

Pussy ranked second in a poll of favourite Bond girls by Entertainment Weekly in 2007, beaten only by Ursula Andress' character Honey Rider. Yahoo! Movies had her name included in the 2012 list of the best Bond girl names, calling it "The most famous Bond Girl name, and also the rudest – US censors almost cut it from Goldfinger."

The 1997 parody film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery features a character named Alotta Fagina in an apparent reference to Galore (and perhaps also to the many other double-entendre named Bond girls, such as Octopussy and Holly Goodhead).

The Rolex GMT-Master reference 6542 is nicknamed "Pussy Galore" because the movie character wears this particular watch.

Two Republic Aircraft F-105 "Thunderchief" aircraft, both single-seat D-models, were christened "Pussy Galore" and "Pussy Galore II" by Capt Victor "Vic" Vizcarra in 1965 and 1967.  Both aircraft were lost during the Vietnam War.  Pussy Galore I was shot down over Hanoi.  Pussy Galore II was damaged in a ground accident in Taiwan and was a total write-off.  The markings never lasted long as Wing Commanders tended to go apoplectic when she was seen.

References

Bibliography

Category:Bond girls
Category:Bond villains
Category:Goldfinger (film)
Category:Fictional aviators
Category:Literary characters introduced in 1959
Category:Fictional gangsters
Category:Fictional lesbians
Category:Fictional child sexual abuse victims
Category:Fictional LGBT characters in film
Category:Fictional trapeze artists
Category:LGBT villains
Category:Fictional LGBT characters in literature
Category:Action film villains


Robert Sanders (writer)

Robert Sanders (1727–1783), pseudonym Nathaniel Spencer, was a Scottish hack writer in London.

Life
The son of Thomas Sanders, he was born at Breadalbane, Scotland, and was apprenticed to a comb-maker. He taught himself some Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and taught in schools in the north of England.

About 1760 Sanders came to London, and took to hack writing. A begging letter of 1768 mentions a wife and five young children. He haunted the London coffee-houses: the New England, St. Paul's, and New Slaughter's.

Sanders was a self-created LL.D., who quarreled with booksellers and patrons. He died of a pulmonary disorder, on 24 March 1783.

Works
Compilations by Sanders included:

 The Newgate Calendar, or Malefactor's Bloody Register (1764), which came out in numbers, and was republished in five volumes.
 Editorial work on the History of the Life of Henry II (1769 edition) by George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton
 The Complete English Traveller, or a New Survey and Description of England and Wales, containing a full account of what is curious and entertaining in the several counties, the isles of Man, Jersey, and Guernsey … and a description of Scotland (1771, weekly part publication, reissued under the pseudonym of Nathaniel Spencer). This work largely relied on John Ray, Daniel Defoe, Thomas Pennant, and similar authors.,
 The Christian's Divine Library, illustrated with Notes, (two volume 1774, reissue after part publication; known as Southwell's Bible,  appearing as it did as by Henry Southwell, LL.D., rector of Asterby, Lincolnshire, who lent his name for a fee.
The Lucubrations of Gaffer Graybeard, containing many curious particulars relating to the Manners of the People in England during the Present Age; including the Present State of Religion particularly among the Protestant Dissenters, (1774, 4 vols., anonymous). It satirised leading London nonconformist ministers, such as John Gill and Thomas Gibbons.

He left a chronological work unfinished.

Notes

Attribution

Category:1727 births
Category:1783 deaths
Category:Scottish writers
Category:People from Perthshire


Blue Movie

Blue Movie (stylized as blue movie; also known as Fuck) is a 1969 American film written, produced, and directed by Andy Warhol. Blue Movie, the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States, is a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984), and helped inaugurate the "porno chic" phenomenon, in which porn was being publicly discussed by celebrities (like Johnny Carson and Bob Hope) and taken seriously by film critics (like Roger Ebert), in modern American culture, and later, in many other countries throughout the world. According to Warhol, Blue Movie was a major influence in the making of Last Tango in Paris, an internationally controversial erotic drama film, starring Marlon Brando, and released a few years after Blue Movie was made. Viva and Louis Waldon, playing themselves, starred in Blue Movie.

Synopsis
The film includes dialogue about the Vietnam War, various mundane tasks and, as well, unsimulated sex, during a blissful afternoon in a New York City apartment (owned by art critic David Bourdon). The film was presented in the press as, "a film about the Vietnam War and what we can do about it." Warhol added, "the movie is about ... love, not destruction."

Warhol explained that the lack of a plot in Blue Movie was intentional:

According to Viva: “The Warhol films were about sexual disappointment and frustration: the way Andy saw the world, the way the world is, and the way nine-tenths of the population sees it, yet pretends they don’t.”

Cast
 Louis Waldon as Himself
 Viva as Herself

Production
Andy Warhol described making Blue Movie as follows: "I'd always wanted to do a movie that was pure fucking, nothing else, the way [my film] Eat had been just eating and [my film] Sleep had been just sleeping. So in October '68 I shot a movie of Viva having sex with Louis Waldon. I called it just Fuck."

The film was supposedly filmed in a single three-hour session and 30 minutes was initially cut for the 140 minute version. The climactic section was shot in a 35 minute take. According to Variety magazine, the lovemaking only featured for 10 minutes.

The film itself acquired a blue/green tint because Warhol used the wrong kind of film during production. He used film meant for filming night-scenes, and the sun coming through the apartment window turned the film blue.

According to Wheeler Winston Dixon, American filmmaker and scholar, who attended the first screening of the film at Warhol's Factory (33 Union Square West, Manhattan, New York City) in the Spring of 1969:

Release
 The film had a benefit screening on June 12, 1969 at the Elgin Theater in New York City. Variety reported that the film was the "first theatrical feature to actually depict intercourse." While initially shown at The Factory, Blue Movie was not presented to a wider audience until it opened at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theater in New York City on July 21, 1969 with a running time of 105 minutes. The film also opened at the Berkeley Repertory Theatre in California.

On its opening day in New York, the film grossed a house record $3,050, with a total of $16,200 for the week. Warhol received 90% of the gross, so recovered the film's $3,000 cost quickly.

Viva, in Paris, finding that Blue Movie was getting a lot of attention, said, "Timothy Leary loved it. Gene Youngblood (an LA film critic) did too. He said I was better than Vanessa Redgrave and it was the first time a real movie star had made love on the screen. It was a real breakthrough."

Controversy
On July 31, 1969, the staff of the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre were arrested, and the film confiscated. The theater manager was eventually fined $250. Afterwards, the manager said, "I don't think anyone was harmed by this movie ... I saw other pictures around town and this was a kiddie matinee compared to them." Warhol said, "What's pornography anyway? ... The muscle magazines are called pornography, but they're really not. They teach you how to have good bodies ... I think movies should appeal to prurient interests. I mean the way things are going now – people are alienated from one another. Blue Movie was real. But it wasn't done as pornography—it was done as an exercise, an experiment. But I really do think movies should arouse you, should get you excited about people, should be prurient. Prurience is part of the machine. It keeps you happy. It keeps you running."

Aftermath

Afterwards, in 1970, Warhol published Blue Movie in book form, with film dialogue and explicit stills, through Grove Press.

When Last Tango in Paris, an internationally controversial erotic drama film, directed by Bernardo Bertolucci and starring Marlon Brando, was released in 1972, Warhol considered Blue Movie to be the inspiration, according to Bob Colacello, the editor of Interview, a magazine dedicated to Pop Culture that was founded by Warhol in 1969.

Nonetheless, and also in 1970, Mona, the second adult erotic film, after Blue Movie, depicting explicit sex that received a wide theatrical release in the United States, was shown. Shortly thereafter, other adult films, such as Boys in the Sand, Deep Throat, Behind the Green Door and The Devil in Miss Jones were released, continuing the Golden Age of Porn begun with Blue Movie. In 1973, the phenomenon of porn being publicly discussed by celebrities (like Johnny Carson and Bob Hope) and taken seriously by film critics (like Roger Ebert), a development referred to, by Ralph Blumenthal of The New York Times, as "porno chic", began, for the first time, in modern American culture, and later, in many other countries throughout the world. In 1976, The Opening of Misty Beethoven, based on the play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw (and its derivative, My Fair Lady), and directed by Radley Metzger, was released theatrically and is considered, by award-winning author Toni Bentley, the "crown jewel" of the Golden Age of Porn.

Revival
Blue Movie was publicly screened in New York City in 2005, for the first time in more than 30 years. Also in New York City, but more recently, in 2016, the film was shown at the Whitney Museum of American Art in Manhattan.

See also

 Andy Warhol filmography
 Art film
 Blow Job (1964) – Warhol film
 Eat (1964) – Warhol film
 Eating Too Fast (1966) – Warhol film
 Erotic art
 Erotic films in the United States
 Erotic photography
 Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984)
 Kiss (1963) – Warhol film
 List of American films of 1969
 Sex in film
 Sleep (1964) – Warhol film
 Unsimulated sex

References

Further reading

 James, James (1989), "Andy Warhol: The Producer as Author", in Allegories of Cinema: American Film in the 1960s pp. 58–84. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 Koch, Stephen (1974; 2002): Stargazer. The Life, World and Films of Andy Warhol. London; updated reprint Marion Boyars, New York 2002, .

External links

 Blue Movie at the National Galleries of Scotland
 Blue Movie stars – Warholstars

 Images: Blue Movie – Andy Warhol
 Images: New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre

Category:1969 films
Category:1960s drama films
Category:1960s pornographic films
Category:American films
Category:American drama films
Category:American independent films
Category:American pornographic films
Category:Films directed by Andy Warhol
Category:Obscenity controversies in film


Universal Resort station

Universal Resort station () is an unopened subway station on Line 7 and Batong Line of the Beijing Subway. It is located near the entrance of Universal Beijing Resort. The station is scheduled to open in 2021.

See also
Universal Beijing Resort

References

Category:Beijing Subway stations in Tongzhou District


2017 Japan women's national football team

This page records the details of the Japan women's national football team in 2017.

Results

Players statistics

External links
Japan Football Association

Category:Japan women's national football team results
Category:2017 in Japanese women's football
Japan


Knob-tailed gecko

The knob-tailed geckos or knob-tails, are a group of species of geckos, all found in the genus Nephrurus.

Description
Lizards of this genus are easily distinguished by their short bodies, large heads, small legs, and short, carrot-shaped tails that often end in a small knob.

Species
The following nine species are recognized as being valid.
Nephrurus amyae  – Centralian rough knob-tailed gecko
Nephrurus asper  – rough knob-tailed gecko
Nephrurus deleani  – Pernatty knob-tailed gecko
Nephrurus laevissimus  – smooth knob-tailed gecko
Nephrurus levis  - smooth knob-tailed gecko
Nephrurus levis levis
Nephrurus levis occidentalis
Nephrurus levis pilbarensis
Nephrurus sheai  – Kimberley rough knob-tailed gecko
Nephrurus stellatus  – stellate knob-tailed gecko
Nephrurus vertebralis  – midline knob-tailed gecko
Nephrurus wheeleri  – banded knob-tailed gecko
Nephrurus wheeleri cinctus
Nephrurus wheeleri wheeleri

The former Nephrurus milii , is now Underwoodisaurus milii  – barking gecko.

References

External links
AROD.com.au
Gekkota.com

Further reading
Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Genus Nephrurus, p. 9).
Günther A (1876). "Descriptions of new species of Reptiles from Australia". Journal des Museum Godeffroy 5 (12): 45-47. (Nephrurus, new genus, p. 46).

Category:Nephrurus
Category:Lizard genera
Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther


Lateral

Lateral  is a geometric term of location which may refer to:

Healthcare
Lateral (anatomy), an anatomical direction
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
Lateral release, a surgical procedure on the side of a kneecap

Phonetics
Lateral release (phonetics), the release of a plosive consonant into a lateral consonant
Lateral consonant, an l-like consonant in which air flows along the sides of the tongue

Other uses
Lateral, journal of the Cultural Studies Association
Lateral canal, a canal built beside another stream
Lateral hiring, recruiting that targets employees of another organization
Lateral mark, a sea mark used in maritime pilotage to indicate the edge of a channel
Lateral stability of aircraft during flight
Lateral pass, a type of pass in American and Canadian football
Lateral support (disambiguation), various meanings
Lateral thinking, the solution of problems through an indirect and creative approach

See also
Bilateral (disambiguation)

Latitude


Oligopsony

An oligopsony (from Ancient Greek ὀλίγοι (oligoi) "few" + ὀψωνία (opsōnia) "purchase") is a market form in which the number of buyers is small while the number of sellers in theory could be large. This typically happens in a market for inputs where numerous suppliers are competing to sell their product to a small number of (often large and powerful) buyers. It contrasts with an oligopoly, where there are many buyers but few sellers. An oligopsony is a form of imperfect competition.

The terms monopoly (one seller), monopsony (one buyer), and bilateral monopoly have a similar relationship.

Industry examples

In each of these cases, the buyers have a major advantage over the sellers. They can play off one supplier against another, thus lowering their costs. They can also dictate exact specifications to suppliers, for delivery schedules, quality, and (in the case of agricultural products) crop varieties. They also pass off much of the risks of overproduction, natural losses, and variations in cyclical demand to the suppliers.

Agriculture
One example of an oligopsony in the world economy is cocoa, where three firms (Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland, and Barry Callebaut) buy the vast majority of world cocoa bean production, mostly from small farmers in third-world countries. Likewise, American tobacco growers face an oligopsony of cigarette makers, where three companies (Altria, Brown & Williamson, and Lorillard Tobacco Company) buy almost 90% of all tobacco grown in the US and other countries.

Publishing

In U.S. publishing, five publishers known as the Big Five account for about two-thirds of books published. Each of these companies runs a series of specialized imprints catering to different market segments and often carrying the name of formerly independent publishers. Imprints create the illusion that there are many publishers, but imprints within each publisher coordinate so as not to compete with one another when seeking to acquire new books from authors.

Thus authors have fewer truly independent outlets for their work. This simultaneously depresses advances paid to authors and creates pressure for authors to cater to the tastes of the publishers in order to ensure publication, reducing viewpoint diversity.

Retail
Over at least 30 years, supermarkets in developed economies around the world have acquired an increasing share of grocery markets. In doing so, they have increased their influence over suppliers—what food is grown and how it is processed and packaged—with impacts reaching deep into the lives and livelihoods of farmers and workers worldwide.
In addition to increasing their market share with consumers, consolidation of suppliers means that retailers can exercise significant market power. In some countries, this has led to allegations of abuse, unethical and illegal conduct.

The situation in Australia is a good example, with two retailers, Coles and Woolworths controlling 70% of the national food market.

References

 Bhaskar, V., A. Manning and T. To (2002) 'Oligopsony and Monopsonistic Competition in Labor Markets,' Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16, 155–174.
 Bhaskar, V. and T. To (2003) 'Oligopsony and the Distribution of Wages,' European Economic Review, 47, 371-399.

Category:Market structure
Category:Imperfect competition
Category:Oligopoly

he:אוליגופול#אוליגופסון ואוליגופול דו צדדי


Frank Chirkinian

Frank Chirkinian (June 3, 1926 – March 4, 2011) was an Armenian-American television sports producer and director. He is most notable for his work on golf coverage, though he also directed coverage of the Winter Olympics, the United States Open Tennis Championships, college and professional American football, auto racing and the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. He died at his Florida home after suffering from lung cancer. Shortly before his death, Chirkinian was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame; he was inducted posthumously.

Early life
Chirkinian was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Golf coverage
Chirkinian was known as the 'father of televised golf' for the impact he had on golf broadcasting. He came to the attention of CBS after he impressed with his direction of the 1958 PGA Championship. Recruited by the network, who had no one with expertise in the relatively new field of golf broadcasting, he went on to be executive producer of CBS's golf coverage from 1959 until 1996. During his time at CBS, he was nicknamed 'The Ayatollah' for his brusque, uncompromising approach to directing broadcasts. Chirkinian was particularly well regarded for the coverage of the Masters Tournament that he oversaw for four decades, working closely with the authorities at Augusta National to ensure they were satisfied.

Chirkinian was responsible for a number of innovations in the filming and presentation of golf. He ensured as many microphones as possible were placed around the golf course to pick up the sounds of the tournament and golfers' conversations, rather than having commentators talk over silent footage. He showed as many golf shots as possible, cutting quickly from player to player to keep up the pace of the broadcast, unafraid of focusing on the game's stars. The use of multiple cameras was introduced during Chirkinian's tenure, including high-angle cameras mounted in trees and on blimps for the first time.

Chirkinian said that he was most proud of being the first to display golfers' scores relative to par, rather than cumulatively, making it simpler to work out how they were faring relative to the rest of the field. Most of all, Chirkinian thought it important to allow coverage to focus on golfers and the shots they made, and was critical of recent innovations in golf broadcasting that he saw as distracting and unnecessary.

Other media
Chirkinian appeared as himself in the Kevin Costner film Tin Cup.

Honors and awards
Chirkinian won four Emmys and two Peabody Awards during his career. In 2007 he was awarded the Sports Lifetime Achievement Award and inducted into the Sports Broadcasting Hall of Fame. At the time of his death, he was scheduled to be inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame on May 9, 2011. At the induction ceremony, a message Chirkinian videotaped shortly before his death was broadcast to the assembled golfing luminaries.

References

External links
Profile at the World Golf Hall of Fame

Category:Television producers from Pennsylvania
Category:World Golf Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Emmy Award winners
Category:Peabody Award winners
Category:American people of Armenian descent
Category:Deaths from lung cancer
Category:Deaths from cancer in Florida
Category:Television personalities from Philadelphia
Category:1926 births
Category:2011 deaths


Yordan Tsitsonkov

Yordan Tsitsonkov (, 1900  – 23 January 1926) was a Bulgarian revolutionary from Macedonia and activist of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), who assassinated the exiled Bulgarian politician Rayko Daskalov on 26 August 1923.

Biography
Born in 1900, Tsitsonkov originates from Štip, which at this time was part of the Ottoman Empire. During and after the Balkan Wars the control of the region changed repeatedly between the Kingdom of Serbia (later the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) and the Tsardom of Bulgaria, while nowadays it is part of the Republic of Northern Macedonia. As most of the Slavic population of Macedonia until the mid-20th Century, the Tsitsonkov's self-identified ethnicity was Bulgarian.

He joined the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, an insurrectionary movement for liberation of Macedonia from Yugoslav occupation, at an early age. The IMRO was in heavy opposition to the Bulgarian prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski who wanted to establish a closer bilateral friendship with Yugoslavia. In March 1922 he was given the task of assassinating Rayko Daskalov, a fierce opponent of the IMRO, who held a number of posts in Stamboliyski's Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BANU) government and commanded the paramilitary Orange Guard. Daskalov would face an attempt on his life by the IMRO on 15 December 1922 by the komitadji Asen Daskalov, who threw a bomb at Daskalov's car in Sofia. He escaped unharmed.

In March 1923 Stamboliyski signed the Treaty of Niš, which obliged the Tsardom of Bulgaria to suppress the operations of the IMRO carried out from Bulgarian territory. This event caused an intensification of IMRO actions against the BANU government, which eventually would spell its end. Rayko Daskalov had left his ministries in February, and in May he arrived in the Czechoslovak capital of Prague as Bulgaria's envoy to the country. The same month vojvoda Pancho Mikhailov (1891–1925) gave Tsitsonkov a fake passport with the name "Atanas Nikolov", a revolver, and a large sum of money. The young man was sent to Czechoslovakia, to complete his mission.
The order had been authorized by the IMRO leader Todor Aleksandrov.

On 9 June, the BANU government was ousted by a right-wing political alliance and the Bulgarian military in a coup d'état. The IMRO aided the coup. Stamboliyski himself was captured while attempting to organize a peasant resistance, and was brutally tortured and executed by the IMRO. The rest of his government likewise collapsed, leaving Daskalov in Prague to form a government-in-exile and attempt to create foreign pressure against the new government of Aleksandar Tsankov.

On 26 August 1923, Tsitsonkov approached Daskalov on Holeček Street in the Smíchov district of Prague, and killed him with three shots. He was immediately arrested. The IMRO took responsibility for defending him, and hired the well-known Czech nationalist lawyer Jan Renner and the famous painter Professor Ivan Mrkvička to speak in his defence. He was released not long afterwards, after during a 13–14 November Prague trial the jury sentenced him to only 48 hours in jail, with 8 votes against 4, under the argument that he had not acted on behalf of the Tsankov government, and had committed the deed under pressure from death threats by the IMRO.

Strong Serbian diplomatic pressure however forced a re-trial, which took place between 22 and 27 October 1924 in Tábor. Although the prosecution again tried and failed to prove a connection to the Democratic Alliance and Tsankov, Tsitsonkov was sentenced to 20 years in prison this time around, which were to be spent in Tábor prison. After the authorities received information that he was planning an escape he was transferred to the maximum security prison Kartouzi in Ichin. There he took his own life on 23 January 1926, by hanging.

Today, a bilingual Czech–Bulgarian commemorative plaque marks the site of Daskalov's assassination in Smíchov, Prague. The plaque describes Daskalov as a "great Slav and a fighter for freedom, democracy and republicanism".

See also
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

References

Category:1900 births
Category:1926 deaths
Category:Bulgarian assassins
Category:Bulgarian people imprisoned abroad
Category:Bulgarian people who died in prison custody
Category:Macedonian Bulgarians
Category:Male suicides
Category:Members of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
Category:Murderers who committed suicide
Category:Bulgarian nationalist assassins
Category:Suicides by hanging in Czechoslovakia
Category:Revolutionaries who committed suicide
Category:People convicted of murder by Czechoslovakia
Category:People from Štip
Category:People who committed suicide in prison custody
Category:Prisoners who died in Czechoslovak detention


Santiago a Mil International Festival

REDIRECT Santiago a Mil International Theater Festival#Santiago a Mil International Festival


Ferrari F12

The Ferrari F12berlinetta (also unofficially referred to as the F12 Berlinetta or the F12, and unofficially stylized as the F12B for short) (Type F152) is a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive grand tourer produced by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari. The F12berlinetta debuted at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show, and replaces the 599 grand tourer. The naturally aspirated 6.3 litre Ferrari V12 engine used in the F12berlinetta has won the 2013 International Engine of the Year Award in the Best Performance category and Best Engine above 4.0 litres. The F12berlinetta was named "The Supercar of the Year 2012" by car magazine Top Gear. The F12berlinetta was replaced by the 812 Superfast in 2017.

In 2014, the F12berlinetta was awarded the XXIII Premio Compasso d'oro ADI. Accepting the award was Ferrari’s Senior Vice President of Design, Flavio Manzoni.

Specifications

Engine

The F12berlinetta uses a , naturally aspirated 65° V12 engine of the Ferrari F140 engine family. Displacement is shared with the FF, but the F140 FC version installed on the F12 generates a  power output of  at 8,250 rpm and  of torque at 6,000 rpm, making it the fourth most powerful Ferrari road car produced to date, only surpassed by the LaFerrari, F12tdf and its successor, the 812 Superfast.

The engine of the F12berlinetta has been designed to be more efficient than that of the 599, as well as more powerful. The engine management system is fitted with Ferrari's HELE start-stop system to reduce fuel consumption when idling. Ferrari reports that the F12berlinetta can achieve  – a 30% improvement over the 599 – and produces CO2 emissions of 350 g/km.

Transmission
Similar to the California, 458 Italia, FF and LaFerrari, the F12berlinetta transmits power through a 7-speed dual-clutch semi-automatic gearbox operated by the driver using paddle shifters present behind the steering wheel. Compared to similar models, the F12berlinetta uses shortened gear ratios to match the power of the engine.

Chassis

The F12berlinetta is built around an aluminium space frame chassis co-developed with Scaglietti. The chassis is made up of 12 different aluminium alloys and improves structural rigidity by 20% over the 599, whilst reducing weight by . The centre of gravity has also been lowered by around 25 mm (1 in). The F12berlinetta's weight distribution is 48% front, 52% rear.

Similar to other contemporary Ferrari models, the F12berlinetta uses Ferrari's third generation CCM3 carbon ceramic disc brakes with ABS, SCM-E magnetorheological suspension, an electronic LSD, ESP Premium stability control and F1-Trac traction control. The car's stability and traction control, suspension and other settings are controlled by the Manettino dial mounted on the steering wheel.

Tyres
The F12berlinetta is fitted with Michelin Pilot Super Sport tyres, with the tyre codes 255/35 ZR20 (on 20"×9.5J wheels) at the front and 315/35 ZR20 (on 20"×11.5J wheels) at the rear.

Aerodynamics

The F12berlinetta makes use of aerodynamic techniques based on Ferrari's 599XX and Formula One programmes, developed with wind tunnel and CFD testing. A notable feature is the Aero Bridge, an air channel running from the bonnet, through the flanks and along the sides of the vehicle, creating an effect that increases downforce. Another feature is Active Brake Cooling ducts, which open to direct cooling air only when the brakes are hot, keeping them closed at other times to reduce aerodynamic drag. The F12berlinetta produces  of downforce at  – an increase of 76% over the 599 GTB – and has a drag coefficient of 0.299.

Performance
Ferrari reports that the F12berlinetta is capable of lapping the Fiorano test circuit in 1 minute, 23 seconds; three seconds slower than the LaFerrari, a full second faster than the 599 GTO, two seconds faster than the Enzo Ferrari, two seconds faster than the 458 Italia, three seconds faster than the 430 Scuderia and three and a half seconds faster than the 599 GTB.

Ferrari claimed the F12berlinetta to accelerate from 0 to  in 3.1 seconds, 0 to  in 8.5 seconds and to reach a top speed of .

Design
The body of the F12berlinetta is designed by the Ferrari Styling Centre and Pininfarina, and shares some styling elements with other recent Ferrari models. This includes a front grille similar to the FF and headlights shared with the FF and 458 Italia. The interior, based on the FF, features new "Frau leather" upholstery with aluminium, Alutex, and carbon fibre trim, and has increased luggage space compared to the 599.

The body computer system is developed by Magneti Marelli Automotive Lighting.

Ferrari F12tdf (2015–2017)

The F12tdf (tour de France) is a track-focused version of the F12berlinetta unveiled in October 2015. The name pays homage to the Tour de France automobile race held between 1899 and 1986 and which was regularly won by the Ferrari 250 between 1956 and 1964. The F12tdf shares the same 6.3 litre V12 engine with the F12berlinetta, but with power output increased to  at 8500 rpm and  of torque at 6750 rpm. The F12tdf is  lighter than the F12, having a claimed dry weight of . Ferrari claimed the F12tdf to accelerate from 0 to  in 2.9 seconds and 0 to  in 7.9 seconds. The top speed was claimed to be 'in excess of '. The car has recorded a 1 minute 21 seconds lap time on Ferrari's Fiorano test circuit , 2 seconds faster than the standard F12berlinetta and 488 GTB, and just 1.3 seconds behind the fastest lap set by the LaFerrari. F12tdf was designed by Ferrari Styling Centre. Production of the F12tdf was limited to 799 units.

One-offs and special editions

Ferrari F12 TRS

The F12 TRS is a one-off barchetta based on the F12berlinetta, made for a customer by Ferrari under its Special Projects programme.
It made its public debut in Sicily at the Ferrari Cavalcade in June 2014.
Designed in-house by the Centro Stile Ferrari headed by Flavio Manzoni, it took inspiration from the 1957 250 Testa Rossa, reinterpreted in a modern design language. The car has a Barchetta bodystyle, harking back to the original Testarossa. A redesigned rear section also recalls the styling of the Testarossa in a modern fashion. The front of the car features a redesigned front bumper and a new engine cover with a glass panel displaying the V12 engine's cylinder heads.
The F12 TRS also made an appearance at the 2014 Goodwood Festival of Speed.

In November 2014, a second F12 TRS was spotted testing at Circuito Monteblanco in Spain, painted in black, while the red version was displayed again in January 2015 at the Festival Automobile International in Paris.

The black F12 TRS was seen again, this time in Rome at the Ferrari Cavalcade in June 2015, now finished in liquid silver paintwork and featuring a redesigned front bumper, headlights, mirrors and rear diffuser.

The red F12 TRS was spotted again in Corsica in 2016 now featuring the same redesigned body as the liquid silver version. Only two of these cars were produced and both were commissioned by the same customer.

Ferrari SP America
The Ferrari SP America is a one-off coupé based on the F12berlinetta completed in 2014
and developed under Ferrari's Special Projects programme. It features custom bodywork, including a redesigned hood with three vents, which many reviewers say is reminiscent of the 250 GTO. It also has unique vents on the fenders and slats behind the windows, as well as a redesigned front bumper and redesigned rear end with a large diffuser and an integrated spoiler. The car was commissioned by Danny Wegman, CEO of Wegmans.

Ferrari F60 America

The Ferrari F60 America is a limited production roadster derivative of the F12, built to celebrate 60 years of Ferrari in North America. Production was limited to ten examples and according to the manufacturer, all were already spoken for at the time of the car's public introduction in October 2014. The open-top configuration pays homage to US-only limited production convertible Ferraris of the past, such as the 275 GTS/4 NART Spider. Compared to the F12, the F60 has all-new bodywork; it uses a light removable soft top instead of a conventional convertible top. Each of the ten examples built features an asymmetrical cabin design with red trim for the driver's area and black for the passenger, American flag detailing in the center of the backrests of both seats, and classic blue and white North American Racing Team livery.

Touring Berlinetta Lusso

At the March 2015 Geneva Motor Show, Carrozzeria Touring unveiled the Touring Berlinetta Lusso, a one-off, two-seater, three-box coupé based on the F12berlinetta. Carrozzeria Touring developed the car on a client's request. The car has coachbuilt bodywork with each body panel of the car made from hand beaten aluminium. It also features a special blue exterior colour and a redesigned interior. The mechanical components are the same as the F12berlinetta, as are the headlamps and tail lamps. A production run of five examples was announced.

Ferrari F12berlinetta SG50 Edition
The Ferrari F12berlinetta SG50 Edition is a one-off made to celebrate Singapore’s 50 years of independence. Changes over the F12berlinetta include a red and white livery featuring a special ‘Rosso Singapore’ paintwork on the exterior and leather upholstery in the same colour on the interior. The colour scheme is designed to mirror the colors of the Singapore flag. Additionally the car has Singaporean lions embroidered in the headrest as well as the words "Singapore 50th Anniversary Edition 1/1" on the steering wheel and the door sills.

Ferrari SP275 RW Competizione

The Ferrari SP275 RW Competizione is a one-off model inspired by the 1964 Ferrari 275 GTB/C Speciale that won in the GT class at the 1965 24 Hours of Le Mans and placed 3rd overall. Its design is a collaboration between the Ferrari Styling Centre and Pininfarina. The car is based on the F12berlinetta but utilises the 6.3 liter V12 engine from the F12tdf which generates a power output of  and  of torque. The car has a coachbuilt body with a redesigned front fascia and headlights, widened rear track, custom 20 inch 10 spoke forged alloy wheels, an aluminium fuel filler cap and unique yellow exterior colour. The body also has 3 vents behind each side window, 3 on each side of the rear bumper and 4 vents on each fender inspired by the vents on the racing 275 GTB/C. The "RW" designation stands for the initials of the person who commissioned the car, Florida dentist Rick Workman, who also owns the 599-based Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta unveiled in 2009 and the F12-based F60 America mentioned above that was unveiled in 2014.

Ferrari SP3JC
Presented in November 2018, the SP3JC is a one-off roadster based on the F12tdf. There were two matching cars ordered, one in LHD, the other in RHD with different liveries. They were designed by the Ferrari Styling Centre to pay homage to Ferrari roadsters of 1950s and 1960s. They are powered by the V12 engine from the F12tdf which is unchanged from the production car. The body has been completely redesigned, and includes redesigned front and rear fascias, a new front bumper, a rear diffuser, transparent hood vents that show off the engine, roll hoops behind the seats, taillights and wheels from the 812 Superfast and a blue, white and blue paint job that pays homage to the 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO. "JC" stands for John Collins, a Scottish collector and founder of Talacrest, a classic Ferrari dealer located in the U.K. He commissioned the car in mid 2014 and it took 3.5 years to complete. Ferrari said the design process alone took 2 of those years.

References

External links

 Official website

F12berlinetta
Category:Grand tourers
Category:2010s cars
Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Category:Cars introduced in 2012
Category:Flagship vehicles
Category:Vehicles with four-wheel steering


Jenny Wallace

Jennifer Clare Louise Wallace (born 20 December 1980) is an Australian cricketer. She has played for the New South Wales Breakers, Western Fury, Perth Scorchers, and Somerset Women.

Wallace was born in Sydney and moved to Perth in 2007.

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:1980 births
Category:Sportswomen from New South Wales
Category:Cricketers from Sydney
Category:New South Wales Breakers cricketers
Category:Western Fury cricketers
Category:Perth Scorchers (WBBL) cricketers
Category:Somerset women cricketers


Right of way (fencing)

redirect Priority (fencing)


Sacred Grove

A sacred grove or sacred woods is any grove of trees of special religious importance to a particular culture.

Sacred grove or Sacred Grove  may also refer to:

"Grove" or "Sacred grove" means an Asherah pole, a cult image, in some translations of the Bible
 Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saint movement), a historical site of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ontario County, New York
 The Sacred Grove, (Arabic: al-Mash'ar al-Haram), Hajj prayer site and roofless mosque in Muzdalifah
 The Sacred Grove, (Italian: Sacro Bosco), in the Gardens of Bomarzo, renaissance garden, Lazio, Italy
 The Sacred Grove, burial ground of the Temple of Vesta
 Sacred grove at the Temple of Zeus, Olympia
 Sacred grove at Dodona, Athens
 Sacred grove of the Oracle at Delphi
 The Sacred Grove, grave site in Steuben Memorial State Historic Site, Oneida County, New York
 The Sacred Grove, Beloved of the Arts and Muses (French: le Bois Sacré), original name for the frieze The Allegory of the Sorbonne by Puvis de Chavannes
 The Sacred Grove, name given by artist John La Farge to an oak-hickory forest at Paradise, Rhode Island; after the sacred grove of Virgil
 The Sacred Grove, wooded area now occupied by the Stevenson Center of Vanderbilt University
 The Sacred Grove: Essays on Museums by Dillon Ripley, 1969
 A location in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess

See also
Sacred wood (disambiguation)


M. Ambigapathi

M. Ambigapathi is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Communist Party of India candidate from Mannargudi constituency in 1977, and 1980 elections

References

Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Tamil Nadu
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Garth Woodside Mansion

The Garth Woodside Mansion (also known as the John Garth House, The Woodside, Woodside Place) is an 1871 "Second Empire" Italianate mansion built by Col. John H. Garth. The Garth Mansion is located in Ralls County in Hannibal, Missouri. The Mansion is a wonderful example of this style. John H. Garth played a significant role in the areas lumber, banking and many others in the Hannibal area.  Many consider the Garth Mansion one of the finest examples of this style of architecture. The Garth Woodside Mansion is currently a Bed and Breakfast and restaurant. Approx 85-90% of the furnishings on the second floor are the original pieces used to furnish the home when the mansion's construction was completed in 1871.

Exterior
The exterior of the Garth Mansion is made of wood most likely from John Garth's own lumber mills. Only small sections and pieces have been replaced over the years near the base of the building, the second story porch, and near the Western side of the mansion where most of the additions have been placed. The Garth Mansion is a "Painted Lady" home (cite the source of America's Painted Lady's Book)

Basement
The Garth Mansion and the Woodside Restaurant feature a sub level basement. The basement is the same size as the first floor. The floor is compacted dirt, with plots of concrete to support the furnaces that were installed. A drop ceiling was once present, but has now been removed. Current use of the basement under the mansion is storage. Current use under the Woodside Restaurant is additional dry storage and wine cellar. The basement under the Woodside Restaurant is concrete. Several cisterns (five) were discovered and filled during the construction of the basement of the Woodside Restaurant.

First floor
The main floor of the Garth Mansion holds approximately 90% of the original furnishings. It is very fortunate to still contain so many of the original museum quality pieces to grace the mansion. The first floor of the mansion is slightly elevated as the mansion was built halfway on a slight hill. The main entrance of the Garth Mansion, found on the astern side of the building, is located on a large wraparound veranda up a grand staircase.

Outbuildings
Of the six original buildings, only four are still standing. The main house, a houseman's house, one stable barn are still intact. The ice house has been reduced to about 40 percent of its original structure and two additional barns have been demolished for safety concerns. The current barn that is still standing is used for llamas that live in a pasture just beyond the Western side of the Mansion. Other buildings have been built with the purpose of renting them out to travelers. The "Dowager House" was completed in 2002. The Dowager is a  building southwest of the mansion overlooking the largest pond on the current property. Two other cottages have been built with the intention of renting out as well. They are nearly identical and are located west of the main house.

New construction
Approximately 20 years after the Garth Mansion was completed, Mrs. Helen K. Garth expanded the square porch to become a true wraparound veranda large enough for many family and friends to enjoy the picturesque view both south and east. When the Garth Mansion was transformed into an operating Bed and Breakfast in 1987 many changes had been made to accommodate overnight guests. Each of the rooms featured a large closet. These closets are now used as restrooms and retrofitted with running water and sewer. The original method of heating the mansion was carbide gas. The original gas pipes now serve as tubing to hold electrical wire.  This wire powers the lights that replace the wicks in lamps and light fixtures of which many are original to the house.

References

Category:Bed and breakfasts in Missouri
Category:Houses in Ralls County, Missouri
Category:Hotels in Missouri


Alor Gajah Square

The Alor Gajah Square () or Keris Square () is a town square in Alor Gajah Town, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia.

Architecture
The square features the Kris Landmark, a large bronze sculpture of a kris.

See also
 List of tourist attractions in Melaka

References

Category:Squares in Malacca


Marathon des Dunes

Marathon des Dunes is a sporting event that takes places in the Sahara desert in Algeria. It was first held in 2000 and its exact location and course changes from year to year.

The event usually covers the entire marathon distance of 42 km, but it splits the distance over 3 consecutive days and allows the competitors to complete the course by walking, running or any other unaided way of movement. The terrain varies from tarmac, rough terrain to sand dunes.

The marathon also features a cultural program, which includes apart from the race in the mornings, daily excursions to local museums, historical sights and religious temples such as old Zaouia (Pronounced ZAWIYA) and hermitages (Christian chapels found in the Algerian Sahara were founded by Charles de Foucault), local folk bands perform for the participants every night (local Saharan music ranges from Gnawa to Diwan or Targui), local food tasting through the renowned generosity of the people of the Sahara as they host walima from couscous and gallette to tea and dates for all the athletes and participants. Cash prizes and trophies are awarded to the top 5 finishers.

The 2009 edition was held in the region of Bechar on the Algerian-Moroccan border. The 10th edition is scheduled for 9 December – 10 January in the Ahaggar region.

Winners in 2012:
 men: Akbli Mohamed (Béchar, Souara)
 women: Tassadit Taharount (Franche-Comté, France)

External links

Previous results
Algeria's Marathon des Dunes attracts international TV interest
Marathon des dunes

Category:Athletics in Algeria
Category:Marathons in Africa
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2000
Category:Athletics competitions in Algeria


Thanet Earth

Thanet Earth is a large industrial agriculture and plant factory project consortium on the Isle of Thanet in Kent, England. It is the largest greenhouse complex in the UK, covering 90 hectares, or  of land. The glasshouses produce approximately 225 million tomatoes, 16 million peppers and 13 million cucumbers a year, equal to roughly 12, 11 and 8 per cent respectively of Britain’s entire annual production of those salad ingredients. Thanet Earth's main customers are Asda, Sainsbury’s, Tesco, M&S and agency HRGO

Food production

The complex began producing in October 2008. Cucumbers and peppers are picked continuously from February to October, and tomatoes are harvested every day of the week, 52 weeks a year.

The UK's largest privately owned fresh produce supplier, Fresca Group Ltd, has a 50% stake in the trading business that sells all the crops grown at the site, Thanet Earth Marketing Limited. The remaining 50% of Thanet Earth Marketing Limited is owned by three salad growing specialist companies which each owns and operates a glasshouse at the site – Kaaij Greenhouses UK, Rainbow Growers and a six hectare glasshouse owned by A&A. Planning permission exists for a further four greenhouses on the site, making seven in total; in time for planting vine tomatoes in January 2013 they built an additional eight hectares of greenhouses

Power

The complex is powered by combined heat and power systems that create heat, power and carbon dioxide (which is absorbed by the plants) for the greenhouses. Through a partnership with a Virtual power plant they also export their excess power to the grid and automatically add extra power to the grid at times of peak demand.

Controversies

Although the project has received mainly positive reviews from people living near the site, due to job creation and greater food security, there are major concerns over the change in local scenery, the damage to the wildlife and environment from the light pollution and the loss of traditional farming practices. There are also concerns about the use of hydroponics producing less flavoursome produce.

In 2013 it was reported that during misty nights the lit glasshouses were a source of light pollution in the form of a clearly visible night glow. The company were quoted as saying that "For ventilation purposes we have to leave tiny gaps where the blinds meet. Even when the blinds are fully closed we estimate that approximately 2 per cent of area is uncovered."

Media

As the first of its kind in the UK, the Thanet Earth project received minor, but national coverage. The Daily Mail noticeably failed to identify the heating plant as a local power plant foremost, with waste heat being used to warm the greenhouses (combined heat and power).

See also
 Thanet Offshore Wind Project

References

External links
 Official Website
 Virtual Tour

Category:Greenhouses in the United Kingdom
Category:Hydroponics
Category:Farms in England
Category:Thanet
Category:Companies based in Kent
Category:Intensive farming


Diocesan School for Girls, Grahamstown

The Diocesan School for Girls or DSG is a private boarding school for girls, situated in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa. It is one of the most expensive private girls' schools in South Africa.

History

DSG is an Anglican school that was founded in 1874 by the Rt Revd Nathaniel Merriman, Bishop of Grahamstown for the Diocese of Grahamstown. The school is located in Worcester St, at the bottom of the West Hill of Grahamstown and is adjacent to St. Andrew's College and Rhodes University. Formerly, the girls were allowed little or no contact at all with their brother school, St. Andrew's College. This was changed in the early eighties as the pupils of both schools found themselves being integrated on an educational level. Ntombe Vabaza, appointed head girl in 2007, was the school's first black head girl.

Associated schools

DSG shares close ties with other schools in Grahamstown: St. Andrew's College, a high school for boys and St. Andrew's Preparatory School, a co-educational primary school. Most girls enter the school in grade 4, coming from St. Andrew's Preparatory School. There are about 120 girls from grade 4 to grade 7 (the primary school phase) and 400 from grade 8 to grade 12 (the high school phase.) From grade 10 all the academic classes are shared with St. Andrew's College and are thus co-instructional. The DR Wynne Music School, and a design and technology centre are shared with St. Andrew's College.

Academics

It is one of the top schools writing the Independent Examinations Board (IEB) exams.

Notable alumnae
 Mary Rae Knowling, medical doctor, Anglican and philanthropist
 Cecily Norden, author, senior horse judge, champion rider and exhibitor and stud breeder
 Michelle Mosalakae, actress, writer and theatre director
 Josie Wood, educator, co-founder of the South African Library for the Blind and the South African National Council for the Blind

See also

 List of boarding schools

Further reading
 Evergreen: The History of the Diocesan School for Girls, Grahamstown 1874–1999 by Harry Birrell

References

External links

 Fundraiser site

Category:Anglican schools in South Africa
Category:Boarding schools in South Africa
Category:Private schools in the Eastern Cape
Category:Educational institutions established in 1874
Category:Girls' schools in South Africa
Category:Buildings and structures in Makhanda, Eastern Cape
Category:1874 establishments in the Cape Colony


Zalesie, Opole Voivodeship

Zalesie  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Domaszowice, within Namysłów County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately  east of Namysłów and  north of the regional capital Opole.

Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).

References

Zalesie


2001 Northern Territory general election

A general election was held in the Northern Territory, Australia, on 18 August 2001. The centre-left Labor Party (ALP), led by Clare Martin, won a surprising victory over the Country Liberal Party (CLP).  Before this, the CLP had held 18 out the 25 seats in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly to the ALP's 7.  After this election, the ALP held the majority with 13 seats to the CLP's 10, consigning the CLP to opposition for the first time since the Territory gained responsible government.  Martin became Chief Minister, succeeding the CLP's Denis Burke.

While the CLP won a bare majority of the two-party vote, Labor picked up an unexpectedly large swing in the Darwin area.  Labor took all but one seat in the capital, including all seven seats in the northern part of the city.  Darwin's northern suburbs are somewhat more diverse than the rest of the city, and were on paper friendlier to Labor than the rest of the capital.  In the process, Labor unseated four sitting MLAs.  The result was not known for several days, in part due to a very close race in Millner between CLP incumbent Phil Mitchell and Labor challenger Matthew Bonson.  Ultimately, Bonson won by a knife-edge margin of 82 votes, allowing Labor to win government by one seat.

Two independents won seats at this election. Former CLP member Loraine Braham won the seat of Braitling and Gerry Wood won the seat of Nelson.

Retiring MPs

Labor
Maggie Hickey MLA (Barkly)
Maurice Rioli MLA (Arafura)

CLP
Stephen Hatton MLA (Nightcliff)
Daryl Manzie MLA (Sanderson)
Terry McCarthy MLA (Goyder)
Eric Poole MLA (Araluen)

Results

|}

Candidates

Sitting members are in bold. Successful candidates are highlighted in the relevant colour.

External links
Northern Territory Election 2001 Department of the Parliamentary Library

References

Category:Elections in the Northern Territory
Category:2001 elections in Australia
Category:2000s in the Northern Territory
Category:August 2001 events in Oceania


Diana Holman-Hunt

Diana Holman-Hunt (25 October 1913 – 10 August 1993) was an English memoir writer and art critic.

Holman-Hunt was the granddaughter of painter William Holman Hunt, a founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848. Her first marriage was to Villiers A'Court (Bill) Bergne, and her second to David Cuthbert. Her son Paul Bergne was a leading British expert on Central Asia. Her published books were:

 My Grandmothers and I (1960) - her unusual childhood with two eccentric grandmothers, both highly stationed in British society.
 My Grandfather, His Life and Loves (1969) - her grandfather William Holman Hunt.
 Latin Among Lions (1974) - the Chilean painter Álvaro Guevara.

References
 New York Times obituary
 Telegraph obituary (Paul Bergne)

Category:English memoirists
Category:1913 births
Category:1993 deaths
Category:Women memoirists
Category:English art critics
Category:Women critics
Category:20th-century British women writers
Category:20th-century British non-fiction writers
Category:English women non-fiction writers


Sidhani

Sidhani is a village situated on the Haryana-Punjab border in the Fatehabad district of Haryana state, India.

Category:Villages in Fatehabad district


Andreas Hofgaard Winsnes

Andreas Hofgaard Winsnes (25 October 1889 – 9 July 1972) was a Norwegian literary historian and educator.

Biography
Winsnes  was born in Nord-Odal,  Norway. He was the son of Frederik Vilhelm Vinsnes (1837-1920) and Agnete Helweg (1850-1918). He completed his examen artium in 1908 at Oslo Cathedral School. He became Cand.philol. from the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1913 and  Dr.philos. in 1920.

In 1937, Winsnes became a lecturer in German literature and was appointed professor at the University of Oslo from 1937. During World War II, he became director of the Norwegian-British Institute in London from 1942-45. After the war, he was editor of  Samtiden from 1945-46. In 1953, he was among the founders of the Norwegian Academy (Det Norske Akademi for Språk og Litteratur).
He held the position of professor of  philosophical language analysis at the University of Oslo until he took leave in 1959.

Winsnes ia most associated with the literary history Norsk litteraturhistorie. I - VI.  Consisting of four volumes which were published between  1924–1937, this was  a collaborative work  with Francis Bull, Fredrik Paasche and Philip Houm. Among his other works are his thesis about Johan Nordahl Brun from 1919 and biographies of Sigrid Undset and Hans E. Kinck.

Selected works
 Den norske roman i 1870–80-aarene (1920)
 Det norske selskab: 1772–1812 (1924)
 Niels Treschow: en opdrager til menneskelighet (1927)
 Skillelinjer: fem artikler om samtidig tenkning (1929)
 Den annen front: engelske idealister (1932)

 Sigrid Undset: en studie i kristen realism (1949)
 Diktning og livssyn (1949)

References

Category:1889 births
Category:1972 deaths
Category:People from Nord-Odal
Category:People educated at Oslo Cathedral School
Category:Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Category:University of Oslo faculty
Category:Norwegian educators
Category:Norwegian literary historians
Category:Norwegian people of World War II
Category:Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom


Rob Steen

Rob Steen is the illustrator of the books Flanimals, More Flanimals, Flanimals of the Deep, Flanimals: The Day of the Bletchling and Flanimals Pop-Up. Other work includes Erf, and The Thing's in Ted's Head.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Desert Winds High School

Desert Winds High School was an intervention/retention high school in Casa Grande, Arizona. There are two sessions in the school: Credit Recovery and Alternative. Credit Recovery meets in the morning, and the alternative school meets in the afternoon. It was part of the Casa Grande Union High School District. This school is currently closed.

Category:Public high schools in Arizona
Category:Schools in Pinal County, Arizona
Category:Buildings and structures in Casa Grande, Arizona


William Carter (Mansfield MP)

William Carter (12 June 1862 – 29 February 1932) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom.

Carter was born in Mansfield, and became a coal miner before winning election as checkweighman.  He also became active in the Nottinghamshire Miners' Association (NMA), serving as its president in 1909, and later becoming a full-time official.  He also served on the executive of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain.

Carter was a supporter of the Labour Party, and was elected to Mansfield Town Council.  During World War I, he served on the Local Appeals Tribunal.  He was elected at the 1918 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Mansfield in Nottinghamshire, but was defeated at the 1922 general election by the Liberal Party candidate, Albert Bennett.

Carter did not stand for Parliament again, instead returning to the NMA.  He was elected as general secretary of the union in 1926, serving until his death in 1932.

References

External links

Category:1862 births
Category:1932 deaths
Category:Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Category:Miners' Federation of Great Britain-sponsored MPs
Category:UK MPs 1918–1922


Los viejos estandartes

"Los viejos estandartes" ("The old banners" in Spanish) is the official hymn and march of the Chilean Army.

Origin
The march was inspired by the return of Manuel Baquedano to the city of Valparaiso in 1881 during the War of the Pacific. The lyrics were composed by Jorge Inostroza and the music was created by Willy Bascuñán, a member of Los Cuatro Cuartos. The song was included in the album ¡Al 7° de Línea! by Los Cuatro Cuartos which was released in 1966 and was acclaimed by both the public and critics, reaching the top of the music charts in Chile.

"Los viejos estandartes" was used alongside the "Himno de Yungay" in official ceremonies from 1967 onward, becoming part of the official repertoire of songs played by military and civil marching bands on national holidays. It was officially adopted as the official hymn of the Chilean Army in 1976, the 190th anniversary since the conclusion of the War of the Pacific.

References

Bibliography
 History of Los Cuatro Cuartos

External links

 Musical interpretation of "Los viejos estandartes" in YouTube

Category:1976 establishments in Chile
Category:Chilean Army
Category:Military marches


Nandrudayan Vinayaka Temple

Nandrudayan Vinayaka Temple is a Hindu temple situated in East Boulevard Road in the neighbourhood of Devathanam in Tiruchirappalli district. The presiding deity is the Hindu god Ganesha. The Nandrudayan Vinayaka Temple is the only temple which contains an idol of Ganesha depicted in human form.

History

The Nandrudayan Vinayaka Temple is one of the oldest Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli city. The 7th century Nayanmar, Campantar  has sung in praise of it.

Architecture

The temple is built in the Dravidian style of architecture and contains a 5-foot tall idol of Vinayaka in human form with an enormous Nandi facing it on the eastern side. There is also a separate shrine with a 4-foot statue of Adi Vinayaka within the temple complex.  There are idols of Adi Sankara, Veda Vyasa, Gayatri, Sadasiva Brahmendra and Pattinathar within the smaller shrine.

Notes

References

Category:Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli district
Category:Ganesha temples


Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1974–1975

This is a list of members of the Australian House of Representatives from 1974 to 1975. On 18 May 1974 a double dissolution of both Houses was held.  All 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 60 seats in the Senate were up for election.  The incumbent Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister of Australia Gough Whitlam defeated the opposition Liberal Party of Australia led by Billy Snedden and Coalition partner the Country Party led by Doug Anthony.

1 Labor member Lance Barnard resigned on 2 June 1975; Liberal candidate Kevin Newman won the resulting by-election on 28 June 1975.

References

Category:Members of Australian parliaments by term
Category:20th-century Australian politicians


Rick Squillante

Rick Squillante (August 17, 1948 – April 21, 2001) was a nightclub disc jockey and music industry representative and record producer, who rose to fame during the 1980s as the principal DJ at the Starck Club in Dallas, Texas. He has been noted as a major influence on many of today's modern DJs in the dance music trade.

History
Squillante started his career in the late 1970s in San Antonio, Texas, eventually becoming the resident DJ at the city's popular dance club Bonham Exchange. After several years at the venue, Rick moved on to become the principal DJ at Dallas' Starck Club. Designed by Philippe Starck and financed by Dallas businessman Blake Woodall, the club's investors included music star Stevie Nicks, who performed on opening night along with Grace Jones on Memorial Day weekend of 1984. The nightclub became a celebrity hangout, attracting Robert Plant, Annie Lennox, Prince and Rob Lowe. It was noted as one of the first locations where the drug MDMA became popular. Squillante is credited with breaking several hit dance records while a DJ at the Starck Club, including Uptown Girl's version of" (I Know) I'm Losing You", which reached No. 85 on Billboard's Hot 100. Squillante's mixes emphasized multiple genres including European techno and synthpop, highlighted by Pet Shop Boys, New Order, Yaz, Heaven 17 and Section 25.

Record industry
Through connections made at the Starck Club, Squillante eventually landed a job working for the Resource Record Pool in Los Angeles. He moved to the city in 1989 and was hired at Virgin Records in Beverly Hills, which became a directorship of Virgin's dance department in New York. In 1993, Squillante was the executive producer of a Virgin Records compilation album, Aural Opiates, which included tracks by Heaven 17 and Massive Attack (reviewed in Issue No. 2 of CMJ New Music Monthly). During this time, Squillante helped Janet Jackson's career become an international success and was awarded his own label imprint, Virgin Underground (VU), dedicated to innovative club-based music. The label creation was triggered by the success of a one-off underground club single Squillante signed from Philadelphia techno/house DJ and producer Josh Wink, released under his Size 9 alter ego, entitled "I Am Ready." The record topped the Billboard Dance Chart and became a pop success throughout Europe. "That little record - which no one expected a lot from - was suddenly a huge international hit", Squillante told Billboard in January 1997. "The next step was to see if we could make that happen again." He moved to New York City and Virgin Underground released singles from Swedish producer DJ Pierre J, Los Angeles-based Groove Junkies, and, most notably "Spin Spin Sugar" from British trip-hop forerunners Sneaker Pimps. The club mixes, released on Virgin Underground featured a reworking from New York producer and remixer Armand Van Helden. Heavily influenced by the burgeoning UK drum and bass movement, Van Helden incorporated its trademark sub bass sounds into his rugged "Dark Garage Remix." The record peaked at #2 on the U.S. Billboard Dance Chart, but caused a sensation in the UK. Many credible DJs, producers and dance music historians cite it as the record that invented "speed garage", a house music subgenre popular in the late 1990s, characterized by skittering four-on-the-floor beats and deep, oozing bass parts. Despite these successes, music industry mergers and cutbacks put VU Records on the chopping block and Squillante was eventually laid off by Virgin Records in 1998. During the following years, he was not involved in the music or DJ industry, and most people acquainted with him said he simply "dropped out of the scene."

On April 21, 2001, for unknown reasons, Squillante committed suicide.

Influence
Many DJs reference the work done by Squillante as having shaped and influenced the modern Dallas dance music scene. Wade Randolph Hampton, better known as DJ WishFM, music supervisor and actor in the Sony Pictures Classics film Groove, noted Squillante's influence in a March 2006 interview calling him "the original hero of the Starck Club who showed me the way." Hampton also said, "Much like Nicky Siano was (Studio) 54's legend, Starck's major DJ force, the late Rick Squillante, broke new ground – night after night. His flawless mixing and uncanny ability to merge disparate parts into a magnificent sum will forever be the standard for Starck disciples.

See also
 Notable Club DJs

References

External links
Djsportal.com
Paperbuddha.com

Category:American DJs
Category:Club DJs
Category:Living people
Category:People from Dallas
Category:People from San Antonio
Category:1948 births
Category:Electronic dance music DJs


Baker v. Vermont

Baker v. Vermont, 744 A.2d 864 (Vt. 1999), was a lawsuit decided by Vermont Supreme Court on December 20, 1999.  It was one of the first judicial affirmations of the right of same-sex couples to treatment equivalent to that afforded different-sex couples. The decision held that the state's prohibition on same-sex marriage denied rights granted by the Vermont Constitution. The court ordered the Vermont legislature to either allow same-sex marriages or implement an alternative legal mechanism according similar rights to same-sex couples.

Background
Following their initial success in Hawaii in 1996 that was later undone by a popular referendum in 1998, advocates for same-sex marriage selected Vermont for their lawsuit on the basis of the state's record of establishing rights for gays and lesbians as well as the difficulty of amending its constitution.

Vermont enacted hate crimes legislation in 1990, one of the first states to do so. From the time the legislation that became the Hate Crimes Act was introduced in 1989, it included sexual orientation. Most of the testimony and statistics that supported the legislation related to the gay and lesbian community and one incident of anti-gay violence helped secure its passage. It added sexual orientation to its anti-discrimination statute, the Human Rights Law, in 1992. In 1993, the Vermont Supreme Court ruled unanimously in the case In re B.L.V.B. that a woman could adopt her lesbian partner's natural children. The statute provided that an adoption terminates the rights of natural parents, unless the person adopting is the spouse of the child's natural parent. The Court decided that the statute did not intend to restrict adoption to legal spouses only, that safeguarding the child was its "general intent and spirit", and that adoption by a second woman was therefore permissible. In 1995, in the course of reforming the state's adoption statute, a Senate committee first removed language allowing unmarried couples, whatever their sex, to adopt, but after months of work the legislature passed a version that made same-sex couples eligible to adopt.

Trial court
On July 22, 1997, three same-sex couples, who had been denied marriage licenses in the towns of Milton and Shelburne and the city of South Burlington, sued those jurisdictions and the state. They were Stan Baker and Peter Harrigan, Holly Puterbaugh and Lois Farnham, and Nina Beck and Stacy Jolles. Two of the couples had raised children together. The couples sued their respective localities and the state of Vermont, requesting a declaratory judgment that the denial of licenses violated Vermont's marriage statutes and the state Constitution. The plaintiffs were represented by Mary Bonauto, an attorney with Boston-based Gay & Lesbian Advocates and Defenders, and two Vermont attorneys, Susan Murray and Beth Robinson.

The defendants moved to dismiss the lawsuit on the grounds that no relief could be legally granted for the plaintiffs' grievances. On December 19 at the trial court in Chittenden County, Superior Court Judge Linda Levitt granted the defendants' motion, ruling that the marriage statutes could not be construed to allow same-sex marriages and that the statutes were constitutional because they served the public interest by promoting "the link between procreation and child rearing". She disagreed with the defendants' contention that "history and tradition" justify the state's interest in preserving marriage.  The plaintiffs appealed the decision to the Vermont Supreme Court.

On November 3, 1998, voters in Alaska and Hawaii approved referendums in opposition to same-sex marriage.Two weeks later, on the eve of oral arguments in Baker before the Vermont Supreme Court, Tracey Conaty of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force said "Right now Vermont, in many ways, is our biggest hope". Discussing the interplay between the courts and public opinion, Greg Johnson, a professor at Vermont Law School, said: "The reason we have some hope here in Vermont is not just because the jurisprudence is good but the body politic is markedly different than in Alaska and Hawaii".

Vermont Supreme Court
The Vermont Supreme Court received amicus briefs from the Vermont Human Rights Commission, Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Vermont Coalition for Lesbian and Gay Rights, Parents and Friends of Lesbian and Gay Men, Vermont Organization for Weddings of the Same-Gender, Vermont NOW, Vermont Psychiatric Association, Take It To the People, New Journey, the American Center for Law and Justice, Specialty Research Associates, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington, Agudath Israel of America, the Christian Legal Society, and a number of U.S. states, groups of professors of law, and individuals. It heard oral arguments on November 18, 1998.

Oral Argument
Attorney Beth Robinson represented the plaintiffs at the State Supreme Court.  She argued that the statutes could be read to provide same-sex couples the right to marry. They also argued that in the absence of such an interpretation of the statutes, the Vermont Constitution's Common Benefits Clause (Chapter I, Article 7), which guarantees all citizens equal benefit and protection of the law, guarantees same-sex couples' right to the substantial benefits and protections of marriage. They questioned the lower court's justification for limiting marital status to male-female couples—linking marital status to procreation and child rearing, noting that Vermont law recognized same-sex couples' right to adopt children and to parent children conceived by natural and artificial means. They questioned how the state could explicitly allow same-sex partners to parent, but deny them and their adopted children the benefits and security of marriage. The justices questioned whether the state's position constituted gender discrimination and whether modern science was undermining the idea that only male-female couples could procreate. The state nevertheless maintained that this was a question of social policy within the purview of the legislature in "furthering the link between procreation and child rearing.". When a justice asked if the state saw marriage as a fundamental right, the attorney for the state answered "Yes, but it's a fundamental right between a man and a woman."

Opinion of the Court

On December 20, 1999, the Vermont Supreme Court ruled in three different opinions that the denial of marriage benefits was a violation of the state constitution. The three judge majority written by Chief Justice Jeffrey Amestoy wrote that the state must guarantee the same protections and benefits to same-sex couples that it does to male-female spouses, and said that the legislature should, in a "reasonable period of time", find a way to provide same-sex couples with those benefits.  Justices John Dooley and Denise R. Johnson each wrote separate opinions concurring that the exclusion of same-sex couples to the state's marriage rights was unconstitutional, but with different rationales.

Majority Opinion

The majority decision was authored by Chief Justice Jeffrey Amestoy joined by justices James Morse and Marilyn Skoglund dismissed the plaintiff's contention that the denial of same-sex unions violated of the Vermont marriage statutes. The court held that while the statutes did not explicitly limit marriage to male-female pairs, both the common dictionary definition of marriage and the legislative intent when the relevant statutes were enacted in 1945 favored the interpretation of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. The court also interpreted the terms bride and groom as being gender-specific.

With respect to the State Constitution's Common Benefit Clause, the court noted that it was an original component of the 1777 Vermont Constitution, predating the Equal Protection Clause of the Federal Constitution's 14th Amendment by several decades, that Vermont is free to provide rights to its citizens not granted by the federal constitution, and that the application of the Common Benefit Clause has historically been significantly different from the federal courts' application of the Equal Protection Clause. While the federal Equal Protection Clause is typically invoked only under very limited circumstances, the Common Benefit Clause has been read to require that "statutory exclusions from publicly conferred benefits and protections must be 'premised on an appropriate and overriding public interest.'"

It found that the state's policy did not serve such an "overriding public interest", rejecting the argument that same-sex marriages would do harm by weakening the link between marriage and child rearing and finding no administrative or pragmatic difficulty with extending the rights of marriage to same-sex couples. The court also noted the state's endorsement of parenting by gays and lesbians in a series of actions, including 1996 legislation promoting same-sex adoption. It also dismissed the argument that legal recognition of same-sex marriage would not conform to the practices of other states, pointing out that Vermont already allowed for certain marriage contracts not recognized by other states, including first-cousin marriages, and that such concerns had not prevented the passage of similarly distinctive laws allowing same-sex couples to adopt. The court dismissed the remaining arguments, such as those concerning the "stability" of same-sex couples, as too nebulous or speculative to justify a policy with respect to all same-sex couples and equally applicable to some male-female partnerships.

The majority opinion declined to grant the plaintiffs' request for a marriage license, though it allowed that "some future case may attempt to establish that notwithstanding equal benefits and protections under Vermont law—the denial of a marriage license operates per se to deny constitutionally protected rights". Instead it directed requiring the State to implement a system to grant same-sex couples statutory rights and privileges equivalent to those enjoyed by male-female couples. This system could be implemented by modifying the marriage statutes to allow for same-sex marriages or creating a parallel status under another name such as a "domestic partnership system".

Concurrences and dissent

Justice John Dooley
Justice John Dooley wrote a concurrence in which he agreed with the majority opinion in that the denial of marriage benefits to same-sex couples violated the State's Common Benefits Clause, he did not agree with the majority's reliance on federal precedent, which does not hold binding on the Vermont state courts.  He accused the majority on relying on the Supreme Court case Bowers v. Hardwick, which held that sodomy laws can be constitutionally criminalized, and not applying a suspect classification to sexual orientation in accordance to Vermont court jurisprudence developments.

Justice Denise R. Johnson
Justice Denise R. Johnson concurred with the majority's holding that the marriage statutes defining marriage between opposite couples violated the state constitution, but dissented from the remedy.  Johnson wrote that she believed that the state was required to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, not just offer the same benefits by a different name.  She argued the marriage statutes were a violation of sex classification.  She wrote, "I would grant the requested relief and enjoin defendants from denying plaintiffs a marriage license based solely on the sex of the applicants."

Later developments
In 2000, the Legislature responded to the Baker decision by instituting civil unions for same-sex couples after an acrimonious and deeply polarizing debate. The legislation, which took effect on July 1,  also defined marriage as the union of a man and a woman, an explicit statement previously not found in Vermont's marriage licensing statute. In response to the court's decision in Baker and the legislature's enactment of civil unions, opponents of the legal recognition of same-sex unions formed an opposition organization called Take Back Vermont.

In the elections that fall, six incumbent legislators who supported civil unions lost in the September primaries, five Republicans and one Democrat. In November another 11 civil union supporters lost their seats in the legislature. Exit polls showed voters were evenly split on the question of civil unions.

When GLAD filed a lawsuit seeking same-sex marriage rights in Massachusetts, Bonauto tried to avoid winning a decision like Baker by emphasizing the status of marriage rather than its particular legal benefits and obligations. She said: "We spent more time in Massachusetts talking about how marriage is a basic civil and human right. It cannot be splintered into state and federal protections. We talked about what marriage is in our culture."

New Jersey's highest court ruled unanimously in Lewis v. Harris on October 25, 2006, that excluding same-sex couples from marriage violated the state constitution's guarantee of equal protection. When the justices determined 4 to 3 that the appropriate remedy should be left to the legislature because "such change must come from the crucible of the democratic process", the New York Times said New Jersey "could be considered the new Vermont".

Vermont legalized same-sex marriage effective September 1, 2009. Civil unions entered into prior to September 1 continued to be recognized as civil unions unless the couple marries.

See also
LGBT rights in Vermont
Same-sex marriage in Vermont
The State of Marriage, a 2015 documentary film on same-sex marriage that focuses in part on the lawsuit

Notes

References

Further reading
David Moats, Civil Wars: A Battle for Gay Marriage (Mariner Books, 2005),

External links
Baker v. Vermont, 744 A.2d 864

Category:Vermont state case law
Category:1999 in United States case law
Category:LGBT in Vermont
Category:1999 in Vermont
Category:United States same-sex union case law
Category:Chittenden County, Vermont


Alfred Hayes Jr.

Alfred Hayes Jr.  (October 13, 1873 – October 19, 1936) of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania and Greenwich, Connecticut was an American educator, common and constitutional lawyer, internationalist and Progressive Era advocate for Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party and the Bull Moose initiative.

Expertise
Hayes was professor of law at the Cornell Law School (1907–1917), counsel for trusts while in private practice in New York City, and aided in reform of attorney ethical standards sponsored by the Law Reform Committee of the Bar Association, City of New York and the New York County Lawyers Association, Professional Ethics Committee.  The latter effort produced standards which became a national model.

In a period when legal formalism dominated American bar deliberations and much of the academic endeavor supporting the practice of law and judicial decision-making, Professor Hayes was an advocate for vigorous administration of statutory laws, legislative appropriations for scientific ascertainment of the facts, and public education on the subject of environmental degradation caused by the Industrial revolution.

After graduating from Columbia Law School, Hayes specialized in bankruptcy law in practice with Coudert Brothers, Manhattan.  The affiliation with Columbia Law continued as he served as Law Lecturer from 1902 to 1907, after which he temporarily left the practice of the law by taking a full-time position with the Cornell Faculty from 1907-1917.  His later Manhattan law practice served clients among the large investment trusts of the financial services sector of the economy.

In the 1920s, Hayes went on to become President, Hayes-Jackson Corporation; trustee of the Mutual American Securities Trust; director and member New York Transfer Company, Property Committee, and director, American Railway Supply Company.

Bull Moose
Hayes joined the National Progressive Party in 1912, following former President Theodore Roosevelt in advancing the Bull Moose Platform and serving as a delegate to the first Progressive Party national convention. Subsequently, he was that Party's 1912 and 1913 candidate for the Supreme Court, Sixth New York District.  In 1913, he also won the endorsement of the Democratic Party.

Hayes was present as a Tompkins County delegate to the formation of the National Progressive Party of New York State, which began the Bull Moose movement focused on promoting and securing industrial and social justice and political liberty. The founding convention was headlined by General Daniel E. Sickles, U.S.A. (ret.) whose speech was a rejection of Woodrow Wilson's candidacy as supported by those supporting  “. . . the wrong side of the rebellion.”  After formation of the Progressive Party, the “Negro Question” threatened to compromise former President Theodore Roosevelt's leadership of the new movement.  At issue was admission of African-American delegations to the party and convention. Professor Hayes joined with New York City interests to offer Roosevelt a compromise resolution thought to provide a middle path between the former President's position and that of the African-American leaders threatening to bolt for the Woodrow Wilson candidacy. The following year, Professor Hayes endorsed New York Governor William Sulzer in his campaign for direct election of United States Senators through the primary system.

During the campaigns for the Sixth Judicial District, New York State (1912–1913), Hayes public philosophy exhibited internationalist tendencies.  He advocated acting on the basis that all men are brothers; striving “to reduce the differences between nations; differences in technical proficiency, in economic strength, in ethical ideals, to the end that, when public sentiment has reached the point where it insists that war must cease, conditions will be ripe for the substitution of other modes of action . . . .  [t]he final goal is a parliament of the world, founded upon a true international democracy, knowing no prejudices of race, religion or social position, in which the affairs of the world may be directed in the spirit of wisdom and justice.

Family
Born at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania in 1873, Hayes was son to Alfred Hayes Sr. and Mary Miles Valzah Hayes. The Hayeses descended from Scots-Irish settlers of central Pennsylvania emigrating from County Donegal, Ulster Province, British Empire. One of Alfred Jr.'s ancestors fought with the Pennsylvania militia at the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Princeton. Another was Lieutenant General Thomas Sutherland and a third was Captain John Forster, father of General John Forster. Alfred, Senior was embarred in the State of Pennsylvania, served in the State Legislature, and was district attorney for Union County, Pennsylvania. Alfred Jr. prepared for collegiate studies at the Bucknell Academy and matriculated briefly at Bucknell University in AY1890-1891, tapping into the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity in 1891. In 1892, he transferred to Princeton College where he took his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in 1895 and 1896, respectively. A juris doctorate was granted by Columbia Law School in 1889.
Professor Hayes was spouse to Christine Grace Robertson of Chicago, Illinois. They married in 1905 and had one daughter and two sons: Christine M. Hayes, Alfred Hayes Jr., and Miles Van V. Hayes. His son Alfred Hayes became the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, preceding Paul Volcker in that post. Retiring from the bar in 1933 after a stroke, Professor Hayes' health went into decline for three years prior to his death.

Member
Alfred Hayes Jr. was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa academic honors fraternity, Phi Delta Phi professional law fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution. He was awarded and a member, the Grecian Royal Order of the Saviour. Hayes' clubs were the Indian Harbor Yacht Club and the Field Club, Greenwich, Connecticut.  At Cornell, he was a member and presented before the Ethics Club. He associated with the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity at Cornell, and through that organization, the Irving Literary Society.

Sample Publications
 Alfred Hayes Jr., "Private Claims against Foreign Sovereigns," 38 Harv. L.Rev. 599 (1925).
 Alfred Hayes Jr., "Specific performance of contracts for arbitration or valuation," (Ithaca, 1916)( reprinted from 1 Cornell Law Quarterly, p. 225-256.).
 Alfred Hayes Jr. & William B. Hale, "Review of Handbook on the Law of Damages," 13 Colum. L.Rev 452 (1913).
 Alfred Hayes, "The Federation of the World," South Atlantic Quarterly 369, 372-373 (12:4)(Oct. 1913).
 Alfred Hayes Jr., "'Democracy, not revolution' : Prof. Hayes agrees with Col. Roosevelt's Columbus speech : Cornell University law professor strongly endorses the proposal to submit certain classes of judicial decisions to popular vote."(March 28, 1912)(reprinted from the Philadelphia North American).
 Alfred Hayes Jr. "Partial Unconstitutionality with Special Reference to the Corporation Tax," 11 Colum. L.Rev. 120 (1911).
 Alfred Hayes Jr., "The Relation of the Law to Public Health," The Popular Science Monthly 280 (March 1910).

References

Category:1873 births
Category:1936 deaths
Category:Cornell University faculty
Category:Columbia Law School alumni
Category:New York (state) Progressives (1912)
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:Sons of the American Revolution