Sperry Corporation

Sperry Corporation (1910−1986) was a major American equipment and electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the 20th century. Through a series of mergers it exists today as a part of Unisys, while some other of its former divisions became part of Honeywell,  Lockheed Martin, United Technologies, and Northrop Grumman.

The company is best known as the developer of the artificial horizon and a wide variety of other gyroscope-based aviation instruments like autopilots, bombsights, analog ballistics computers and gyro gunsights. In the post-WWII era they branched out into electronics, both aviation related, and later, computers.

Early history
The company was founded in 1910 by Elmer Ambrose Sperry, as the Sperry Gyroscope Company, to manufacture navigation equipment, chiefly his own inventions—the marine gyrostabilizer and the gyrocompass, at 40 Flatbush Avenue Extension in Downtown Brooklyn. During World War I the company diversified into aircraft components including bomb sights and fire control systems. In their early decades, Sperry Gyroscope and related companies were concentrated on Long Island, New York, especially in Nassau County. Over the years, it diversified to other locations.

In 1918, Lawrence Sperry split from his father to compete over aero-instruments with the Lawrence Sperry Aircraft Company, including the new automatic pilot. After the death of Lawrence on December 13, 1923, the two firms were brought together in 1924. The company became Sperry Corporation in 1933. The new corporation was a holding company for a number of smaller entities such as the original Sperry Gyroscope, Ford Instrument Company, Intercontinental Aviation, Inc., and others.  The company made advanced aircraft navigation equipment for the market, including the Sperry Gyroscope and the Sperry Radio Direction Finder.

Sperry supported the work of a group of Stanford University inventors, led by Russell and Sigurd Varian, who had invented the klystron, and incorporated this technology and related inventions into their products.

The company prospered during World War II as military demand skyrocketed, ranking 19th among US corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. It specialized in high technology devices such as analog computer–controlled bomb sights, airborne radar systems, and automated take-off and landing systems. Sperry also was the creator of the Ball Turret Gun mounted under the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and the Consolidated B-24 Liberator, as commemorated by the film Memphis Belle and the poem The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner. Postwar, the company expanded its interests in electronics and computing, producing the company's first digital computer, SPEEDAC, in 1953.

During the 1950s, a large part of Sperry Gyroscope moved to Phoenix, Arizona and soon became the Sperry Flight Systems Company. This was to preserve parts of this defense company in the event of a nuclear war. The Gyroscope division remained headquartered in New York—in its massive Lake Success, Long Island, plant (which also served as the temporary United Nations headquarters from 1946 to 1952)—into the 1980s.

Sperry Rand
In 1955, Sperry acquired Remington Rand and renamed itself Sperry Rand. Acquiring then Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and Engineering Research Associates along with Remington Rand, the company developed the successful UNIVAC computer series and signed a valuable cross-licensing deal with IBM. The company remained a major military contractor. From 1967 to 1973 the corporation was involved in an acrimonious antitrust lawsuit with Honeywell, Inc. (see: Honeywell v. Sperry Rand).

In 1961, Sperry Rand was ranked 34th on the Fortune 500 list of largest companies in the United States.

In 1978, Sperry Rand decided to concentrate on its computing interests, and sold a number of divisions including Remington Rand Systems, Remington Rand Machines, Ford Instrument Company and Sperry Vickers. The company dropped "Rand" from its title and reverted to Sperry Corporation.  At about the same time as the Rand acquisition, Sperry Gyroscope decided to open a facility that would almost exclusively produce its marine instruments. After considerable searching and evaluation, a plant was built in Charlottesville, Virginia, and in 1956, Sperry Piedmont Division began producing marine navigation products.  It was later renamed Sperry Marine.

In the 1970s, Sperry Corporation was a traditional conglomerate headquartered in the Sperry Rand Building at 1290 Avenue of Americas in Manhattan, selling typewriters (Sperry Remington), office equipment, electronic digital computers for business and the military (Sperry Univac), construction and farm equipment (Sperry New Holland), avionics (e.g., gyroscopes, radars, Air Route Traffic Control equipment) (Sperry Vickers/Sperry Flight Systems), and consumer products (electric razors) (Sperry Remington.) In addition, Sperry Systems Management (headquartered in the original Sperry Gyroscope building in Lake Success) did a fair amount of government defense contracting. Sperry also managed the operation from 1961 to 1975, of the large Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant near Minden.  Sperry bought out and continued the RCA line of electronic digital computers: architectural cousins to the IBM System/360.  In 1983, Sperry sold Vickers to Libbey Owens Ford (later to be renamed TRINOVA Corporation and subsequently Aeroquip-Vickers).

Burroughs takeover
In 1986, after the success of a second hostile takeover bid engineered by Burroughs CEO and former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Michael Blumenthal, Sperry Corporation merged with Burroughs Corporation to become Unisys. The takeover came about even after Sperry used a "poison pill" in the form of a major share price hike to dissuade the hostile bid, as a result of which Burroughs had to borrow much more from the banks than was anticipated in order to complete the bid.

Certain internal divisions of Sperry were sold off after the merger, such as Sperry New Holland (1986, to Ford Motor Company, who in 1991 sold the Ford-New Holland line to Fiat) and Sperry Marine (To Tenneco, in 1987, and is currently part of Northrop Grumman). Also sold—to Honeywell—was Sperry Flight Systems, while Sperry Defense Products Group was sold to Loral; those two units whose functions were originally at the heart of the venerable Sperry Gyroscope division. This group is now part of Lockheed Martin.

British Sperry
Sperry in Britain started with a factory in Pimlico, London, in 1913, manufacturing gyroscopic compasses for the
Royal Navy. It became the Sperry Gyroscope Co Ltd in 1915. In 1923, Lawrence Sperry was killed in an air crash near Rye, Sussex. The company subsequently expanded to the Golden Mile, Brentford in 1931, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire in 1938, and Bracknell in 1957. By 1963, these sites employed some 3,500 people. The Brentford site closed in 1967, with the expansion of Bracknell. Stonehouse closed around 1969. By 1969, the Sperry Gyroscope division of Sperry Rand Corporation employed around 2,500.

The site of the Bracknell factory and development center (sold to British Aerospace in 1982) is commemorated by a 4.5 meter aluminum sculpture by Philip Bentham, Sperry’s New Symbolic Gyroscope (1967).

In 1989, the Bracknell site was downsized and work was moved to the Sperry manufacturing site in Plymouth by then under the British Aerospace brand. State of the art, high technology MEMS gyroscopes (together with other avionics equipment) are still made on the site today, although the company is now owned by United Technologies Corporation and is part of UTC Aerospace Systems.

Sperry since 1997
The name Sperry lives on in the company Sperry Marine, headquartered in New Malden, England. This company, formed in 1997, from three well-known brand names in the marine industry—Sperry Marine, Decca, and C. Plath—is now part of Northrop Grumman Corporation.  It is a worldwide supplier of navigation, communication, information and automation systems for commercial marine and naval markets.

Products

Aircraft
 Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane
 Sperry Land and Sea Triplane
 Verville-Sperry M-1 Messenger
 Verville-Sperry R-3 Racer

Missiles and rockets
 Sperry MGM-29 Sergeant

In popular culture
The 1986 comedy Jumpin' Jack Flash features many Sperry computers in the bank where the protagonist (played by Whoopi Goldberg) works. Jim Belushi plays the role of a Sperry "repairman".

See also
 Hendrik Wade Bode
 Director (military)
 Gun data computer
 Fire-control system
 Kerrison Predictor
 MAPPER
 Rangekeeper
 Sperry Drilling Services

References

 History.navy.mil, Pearson, Lee: Developing the Flying Bomb
 Fahrney, Delmer S. (RAdm ret): History of Radio-Controlled Aircraft and Guided Missiles

Further reading
 Gold V. Sanders. "The Little Top That Aims a Gun", Popular Science, July 1945,  Vol. 147, No. 1, pp. 86–93, Bonnier Corporation, ISSN 0161-7370.

External links

 A History of Sperry Rand
 A War Job "Thought Impossible" – the story of the Sperry Gyrocompass
 USStexasbb35.com, Mark 51 Gun director
 dreadnoughtproject.org, Director Firing Handbook index from HMS Dreadnought project
 Gunnery Pocket book maritime.org
 Web.MIT.edu
 Books.Google.com
 Sperry Gyroscope Company Ltd in Stonehouse Glos UK
 Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division Photograph Collection at Hagley Museum and Library
 Sperry Gyroscope Company Division records at Hagley Museum and Library
 Sperry Rand Corporation, Engineering Research Associates (ERA) Division records at Hagley Museum and Library
 Sperry Rand Corporation. Remington Rand Division records: Advertising and Sales Promotion Department at Hagley Museum and Library
 Sperry Rand Corporation, Univac Division records at Hagley Museum and Library
 Sperry-UNIVAC records at Hagley Museum and Library

Category:Avionics companies
Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States
Category:Defunct manufacturing companies of the United States
Category:Instrument-making corporations
Category:Honeywell
Category:Unisys
Category:American companies established in 1910
Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1910
Category:Technology companies established in 1910
Category:Technology companies disestablished in 1986
Category:Defunct companies based in New York (state)
Category:Companies based in Nassau County, New York
Category:Defunct companies based in Arizona
Category:Companies based in Phoenix, Arizona
Category:Defunct companies based in Virginia
Category:Albemarle County, Virginia
Category:Town of North Hempstead, New York
Category:Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange


The Peaceful Pill Handbook

The Peaceful Pill Handbook is a book setting out information on assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. It was originally published in the U.S. in 2006 and was written by the Australian doctors Philip Nitschke and Fiona Stewart. In 2008 the on-line handbook was launched. Called The Peaceful Pill eHandbook, it contains video clips on assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia methods and related issues, but does not provide "how-to" instructions. The eHandbook is updated six times a year. A German edition of the print book — Die Friedliche Pille —  was published in 2011. A French edition — La Pilule Paisible —  was published in June 2015.

Content
The book is primarily intended for seniors, people who are seriously ill and their families and friends. It is also a resource guide for those working in public health and aged care.  The book rates over 15 approaches to euthanasia according to reliability and peacefulness scales.

Strategies covered by the books include: the use of gases (such as nitrogen), poisons such as carbon monoxide, non-prescription drugs such as chloroquine, prescription drugs such as insulin and the opiates and former prescription drugs such as the barbiturates. The book details lawful means of obtaining and administering the drugs and other peripheral issues such as drug storage, shelf life and disposal.  The Swiss assisted suicide services are also covered in detail, as are issues such as the writing of wills, advance directives and issues of determining testamentary and decision making capacity.

One of the more controversial aspects of the book is its coverage of the Internet as a source of drugs. To this end, the authors publish a regular neighbourhood watch that warns about internet scammers and fake and fraudulent websites.

Reception
Although restricted in New Zealand and Australia, the book is available without restriction on Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and from the Peacefulpillstore.com website.

Australia
While the book was initially granted an 18+ rating in Australia, this was overturned on appeal from the Australian Attorney-General. In early 2007 the publication was refused classification (RC) by the Classification Board. In 2009, the Australian government included the handbook website in its internet filtering plan known as the Clean Feed.

New Zealand
In 2008, the Society for Promotion of Community Standards objected to the book’s publication. This led to its temporary banning in New Zealand on the grounds that it was an objectionable publication.  A short time later the book was republished in redacted form and is available if sealed and an indication of the censorship classification is displayed.

See also
 Final Exit by Derek Humphry
 The Complete Manual of Suicide by Wataru Tsurumi
 Suicide
 Suicide methods
 Euthanasia device
 Jack Kevorkian

References

External links

Category:2006 non-fiction books
Category:Suicide methods
Category:Self-help books
Category:Euthanasia
Category:Books about suicide
Category:Censored books


Adam Cozad

Adam Cozad is an American screenwriter best known for writing the scripts for Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit and The Legend of Tarzan.

Life and career
Cozad was born and grew up in Chico, California, where he attended Notre Dame School until his tenth grade. He later moved to Texas and went to Trinity University, where he got his major degree in history.

In 2014, Cozad wrote his first screenplay for the action film Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit, based on the character created by Tom Clancy, which stars Kevin Costner, Chris Pine, Keira Knightley and Kenneth Branagh.

His second screenplay was for the action adventure film The Legend of Tarzan, which he wrote along with Craig Brewer from their own story, which stars Alexander Skarsgård, Margot Robbie, and Christoph Waltz.

Cozad had been hired to write the screenplay for the sequel to Suicide Squad film. He was replaced with James Gunn.

He also performed a revision of Underwater's script from Brian Duffield.

Filmography

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:American male screenwriters
Category:Trinity University (Texas) alumni
Category:21st-century American writers
Category:People from Chico, California
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Screenwriters from California


Cut (clothing)

Cut in clothing, sewing and tailoring, is the style or shape of a garment as opposed to its fabric or trimmings.

The cut of a coat refers to the way the garment hangs on the body based on the shape of the fabric pieces used to construct it, the position of the fabric's grain line, and so on.

See also
Ease (sewing)
Pattern (sewing)
Clothing terminology

Category:Sewing


Benjamin F. Graves (Michigan)

Benjamin Franklin Graves (October 17, 1817–March 3, 1906) was a Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1868 to 1883.

Born at Gates, New York, near Rochester, Graves was of New England ancestry. His parents wanted him to become a farmer, but he preferred an academic life, and began the study of law. Graves read law in the office of Curtis & Thomas, in Albion, New York, and then in the office of Mortimer F. Delano, a lawyer of wide practice. He was admitted to the bar of New York in 1841. Among the friends and associates of his student days was Sanford E. Church, afterwards Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals of New York.

In 1843 he decided to emigrate to the west. He moved to Kentucky, but was not satisfied there, and moved to Battle Creek, Michigan, and began the practice of law. Battle Creek was then a small village, and the country around only sparsely settled. With little business to be transacted, Graves "lived the life of a country lawyer", with a practice "necessarily limited to small affairs and the details of office work". At Battle Creek he was elected civil magistrate, and appointed master in chancery.

In 1857, Graves was elected judge of the Fifth Circuit, and then reelected without opposition. The work was arduous and laborious, with sixteen terms being held each year, in several counties, to each of which he traveled. As a circuit judge, Graves succeeded Judge Pratt as one of the judges of the Michigan Supreme Court, which was, at the time made up of circuit judges. Sessions of the court were held at Detroit, Kalamazoo, Adrian, Pontiac, and Lansing. Circuit judges were then paid fifteen hundred dollars per year plus traveling expenses. At the end of 1857, Michigan restructured its judiciary so that the Supreme Court was separately elected, and Graves continued serving as a circuit judge until he resigned due to poor health, in 1866. In 1867 Graves accepted a nomination to the Supreme Court and was elected, taking his seat on January 1, 1868. In 1875, he was renominated "by both the republican and democratic State conventions and was unanimously elected".

Graves declined renomination in 1883, returning to private life on January 1, 1884. Then sixty-six years old, he reasoned that "the weakness of age might unconsciously come upon him and impair his ability to discharge the duties of the position". He lived over twenty-two years thereafter, maintaining his mental acuity, living in Battle Creek until 1894, and then moving to Detroit.

His granddaughter, Betsy Graves Reyneau, was a distinguished painter; although discouraged by her father from entering that profession on the grounds that it was inappropriate for a woman, she broke ties with the family to pursue her career. She was later selected by the Circuit Court of Detroit, unbeknownst to her family, to paint a portrait of Graves.

References

Category:Michigan Supreme Court justices
Category:1817 births
Category:People from Monroe County, New York
Category:U.S. state supreme court judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Category:1906 deaths


Heydarkhani

Heydarkhani () may refer to:

Heydarkhani, Kerman
Heydarkhani, Lorestan


Hanif Dzahir

Muhammad Hanif bin Mat Dzahir (born 15 January 1994) is Malaysian professional footballer who plays as central midfielder.

Career statistics

Club

References

External links

Category:1994 births
Category:People from Kedah
Category:Living people
Category:Malaysian footballers
Category:Kedah FA players
Category:Malaysia Super League players
Category:Association football midfielders


Pruili

Priuli is a surname, and may refer to:

 Giorolamo Priuli
 Giovanni Priuli
 Girolamo Priuli (1476–1547)
 Girolamo Priuli (1486–1567)
 Lorenzo Priuli


Stacy Lewis

Stacy Lewis (born February 16, 1985) is an American professional golfer on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour. She has won two major championships: the Kraft Nabisco Championship in 2011 and the Women's British Open in 2013. She was ranked number one in the Women's World Golf Rankings for four weeks in 2013, and reclaimed the position in June 2014 with a victory at the ShopRite LPGA Classic for another 21 weeks.

Early years
Born in Toledo, Ohio, Lewis grew up in Texas at The Woodlands outside of Houston, and graduated from The Woodlands High School in 2003. Suffering from scoliosis, which was diagnosed at age 11 and treated by a spinal fusion when she was in high school, Lewis missed her first collegiate golf season recovering from the surgery.

Amateur career
Lewis was a decorated amateur and a four-time All-American at the University of Arkansas. She redshirted her first year while recovering from her back surgery. As a redshirt freshman in 2005, she won the Southeastern Conference Tournament and was named SEC Freshman Golfer of the Year.  In 2006, she won the Women's Western Amateur.

In her 2007 season, though a back injury kept her out of the SEC Tournament, Lewis won the NCAA Division I Championship and was selected Golf Digest Amateur of the Year.  She also received the National Golf Coaches Association Dinah Shore Trophy.  Following the college season, she won the 92nd Women's Southern Amateur and finished second in individual play in leading the U.S. team to a victory at the Copa de las Americas.

She qualified for the 2007 U.S. Women's Open in North Carolina, shot 78-73 in the tournament and missed the cut by three strokes to finish tied for 93rd. Two months later, Lewis finished first in the 2007 LPGA NW Arkansas Championship, a professional LPGA tournament. Due to rain, the tournament was shortened to one round and Lewis's win was declared unofficial.

In her senior season in 2008, Lewis again won the SEC Tournament and was selected SEC Golfer of the Year and SEC Golf Scholar Athlete of the Year.  She was named to the ESPN the Magazine Academic All-America team for the second time and NGCA All-America for the fourth time.

Lewis graduated from Arkansas in 2008 with a bachelor's degree in Finance and Accounting.

As a member of U.S. Curtis Cup team in 2008, Lewis became the first player ever to go 5–0 in a single Curtis Cup. The 2008 edition was held at the Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland in late May and early June, and was her last competition as an amateur. The U.S. won 13 to 7 for a sixth consecutive victory over Great Britain & Ireland.

Professional career
Following the Curtis Cup victory, Lewis turned professional, prior to competing in sectional qualifying for the U.S. Women's Open. She won medalist honors in the Garland, Texas, sectional on June 9 to qualify for her first tournament as a professional. Lewis was tied for ninth after 36 holes and shot a 67 (−6) in the third round to lead the field, but a final round 78 (+5) left her tied for third, five strokes behind winner Inbee Park. She competed in seven events on the LPGA tour in 2008, with two top-10 finishes and earned over $247,000.

Before 2009, Lewis was not a member of the LPGA Tour or any other professional golf tour. She was eligible to play in the U.S. Women's Open after successfully competing in the sanctioned qualifying process.  She then tried to earn her LPGA Tour card in 2008 through the use of sponsor's exemptions, but was not successful.

As a result, she went to sectional qualifying in September in California and advanced to the final stage of the LPGA Qualifying Tournament in Florida in December, an event which garnered considerably more press coverage than normal, due to the presence of Michelle Wie. Lewis finished as the medalist for the five-round event, three shots ahead of the field and six in front of Wie, who finished in a tie for 7th place.

Lewis's first official professional victory came at the 2011 Kraft Nabisco Championship, a major, where she led the field for the first two rounds, and then held off current world number 1 and defending champion Yani Tseng to win by three strokes. She made her Solheim Cup debut in 2011, qualifying second for the U.S. team behind Cristie Kerr.

Lewis's endorsement deals include Mizuno Corp. golf clubs and Fila Golf apparel. She signed a sponsorship deal with KPMG in 2012.

In 2012, Lewis won four tournaments, and became the first American player to win the LPGA Player of the Year award since Beth Daniel in 1994. She won three times in 2013, and after her win at the RR Donnelley LPGA Founders Cup in Arizona on March 17, Lewis unseated Yani Tseng as the #1 ranked woman golfer in the world. Inbee Park overtook the number one position four weeks later on April 15. Lewis won her second major title at Women's British Open in August at St Andrews with a score of 280 (−8), two strokes ahead of runners-up Na Yeon Choi and Hee Young Park.

In 2014, Lewis won the North Texas LPGA Shootout on May 4 for her ninth official victory on tour, six strokes ahead of runner-up Meena Lee. Four weeks later, she won the ShopRite LPGA Classic and reclaimed the top position in the world rankings. A week after a runner-up finish at the U.S. Women's Open at Pinehurst, Lewis won the Walmart NW Arkansas Championship on June 29. Lewis would go on to win her second LPGA Player of the Year award. Her second in a three-year span. She would also win her second consecutive Vare Trophy for the season's lowest scoring average.

In April 2015, Lewis lost in a sudden death playoff to Brittany Lincicome at the ANA Inspiration. Lincicome won with a par on the third extra hole, having forced the playoff with Lewis after an eagle at the 72nd hole of regulation play.

As of June 2015, Lewis was represented by Sterling Sports Management. Lewis was the top female earner on the 2015 Golf Digest 50 All-Encompassing Money List, ranking at number 41.

On September 3, 2017, Lewis won the Cambia Portland Classic for her first victory in three years. Prior to the tournament, Lewis pledged her earnings to relief for victims of Hurricane Harvey. With her winner's check, and a matching donation from her main sponsor, KPMG, this amounted to $390,000.

Lewis missed the final women's major of the year – the Evian Championship – and later said she would not play in the event again until big changes had been made to the event. "It’s not treated like a major, and yet we are calling it that," she said.

Professional wins (14)

LPGA Tour wins (12*)

* Unofficial LPGA Tour win due to tournament being shortened to one round
Lewis competed in the 2007 LPGA NW Arkansas Championship as an amateur.
Co-sanctioned by the LPGA of Japan Tour

LPGA Tour playoff record (0–3)

Other wins (1)
2013 (1) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (with Natalie Gulbis and Cristie Kerr), unofficial event

Major championships

Wins (2)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order before 2019.

^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013

LA = Low amateur
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 37 (2010 Kraft Nabisco – 2018 ANA)
Longest streak of top-10s – 4 (2013 British Open – 2014 U.S. Open)

LPGA Tour career summary

Official as of the 2019 season
* Includes matchplay and other events with no cut.
1 Lewis turned professional in June 2008, but was not a member of the LPGA Tour until 2009.

World ranking
Position in Women's World Golf Rankings at the end of each calendar year.

Team appearances
Amateur
Curtis Cup (representing the United States): 2008 (winners)

Professional
Solheim Cup (representing the United States): 2011, 2013, 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners)
International Crown (representing the United States): 2014, 2016 (winners)

Solheim Cup record

See also
List of golfers with most LPGA major championship wins
List of golfers with most LPGA Tour wins

References

External links

Arkansas Razorbacks.com -  profile - Stacy Lewis

Category:American female golfers
Category:Arkansas Razorbacks women's golfers
Category:LPGA Tour golfers
Category:Winners of LPGA major golf championships
Category:Solheim Cup competitors for the United States
Category:Olympic golfers of the United States
Category:Golfers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Category:Golfers from Ohio
Category:Golfers from Texas
Category:Golfers from Florida
Category:Sportspeople from Toledo, Ohio
Category:Sportspeople from Houston
Category:People from Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
Category:1985 births
Category:Living people


Winifred

Winifred is a feminine given name from the Anglo-Saxon wine ("friend", "lord", "protector") and friþ ("peace"). It may refer to:

People
 Saint Winefride
 Winifred Atwell (1914–1983), a pianist who enjoyed great popularity in Britain in the 1950s with a series of boogie woogie and ragtime hits
 Winifred Mitchell Baker (born 1957), better known simply as Mitchell Baker, the "Chief Lizard Wrangler" and the President of the Mozilla Corporation
 Winifred Bamford-Hesketh, Countess of Dundonald, wife of Douglas Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald
 Winifred Brunton (18801959), a painter from South Africa most famous for her haunting portraits of Egyptian pharaohs
 Winifred Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland (née Dallas-Yorke;  1863–1954), wife of William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland
 Winifred Copperwheat (19051976), English violist
 Dr. Winifred Margaret 'Winnie' Ewing (born 1929), commonly known as Winnie Ewing, a prominent Scottish National Party (SNP) politician
 Winifred Greenwood, American silent film actress
 Winifred G. Helmes, American academic
 Winifred Herbert (1680–1749), best known for arranging the daring escape of her husband from the Tower of London in 1716
 Winifred Holtby (1898–1935), an English novelist and journalist
 Winifred Jordan (née Jeffrey; born 1920), an English athlete who competed in the 1938 British Empire Games and the 1948 Summer Olympics
Lady Winifred Kamit, Papua New Guinean lawyer
 Winifred Lamb (189-1963, an English archaeologist of the early 20th century
 Winifred Lawson (1892-1961), an English opera and concert singer
 Winifred Lewellin James (1876–1941), an Australian writer
 Winifred Mary Letts (1882–1972), an English writer, with strong Irish connections, known for her novels, plays and poetry
 Winifred Edgerton Merrill (1862–1951), the first American female to receive a PhD in mathematics
 Winifred Nicholson (1893–1981), a painter
 Winifred Rushforth (1885–1983), a Jungian psychoanalyst
 Winifred Spooner (1900–1933), an aviator of the 1920s and 1930s
 Winifred, Lady Strickland (1645–1725), English courtier, member of the Jacobite court in exile
 Winifred Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton (born 1947), a politician
 Winifred Todhunter (1877–1961), the founder of the Todhunter School for girls
 Winifred Wagner (1897–1980), head of the Wagner family from 1930 to 1945 and a close friend of German dictator Adolf Hitler
 Winifred Ward (1884–1975), a professor at Northwestern College most notable for having done significant work in the field of children's theatre
 Winifred Mary Ward (1884–1975), one of the founders of modern speech therapy
 Winifred "Winnie" Mandela (born 1936), former wife of South Africa's first black president Nelson Mandela

Places
 Winifred, Montana, a town in the United States
 Winifred Beach, a beach in Jamaica

Fictional characters
 Dora-Winifred "D.W." Read, a character from the animated series Arthur.
 Winifred Banks (Mrs. Banks), a character from Mary Poppins who appears as a suffragette in the 1964 Disney film and as a fashionable housewife in the Broadway musical.
 Winifred "Winnie" Sanderson, eldest and most powerful witch of the three Sanderson Sisters and the main antagonist from Hocus Pocus, a 1993 Halloween-themed fantasy/comedy film that was released by Disney and directed by Kenny Ortega.  Winifred was portrayed by Bette Midler.
 Winifred "Winnie" Foster, a main character from the American book and movie Tuck Everlasting.
 Winifred Burkle, known as "Fred", a main character in the 1999 television series Angel.
 Winifred "Wendy" Torrance, a main character from the American book and movie The Shining.  She is portrayed by Shelley Duvall.

Ships
 , a Uganda Railway Lake Victoria ferry scuttled in 1936
 , a United States Navy tanker and cargo ship in commission from 1918 to 1919

See also
Winifreda
Winnifred

Category:English feminine given names


Zápas s nebem

Zápas s nebem is a Czech novel, written by J. M. Troska. It was first published in 1941.

Category:Czech novels
Category:1941 novels


Banking Industry Architecture Network e.V. (BIAN)

The Banking Industry Architecture Network e.V. (BIAN) is an independent, member owned, not-for-profit association to establish and promote a common architectural framework for enabling banking interoperability.  It was established in 2008.

BIAN's goal is to establish a semantic framework to identify and define IT services in the banking industry. The underlying architectural pattern originates from a service-oriented architecture (SOA).

The community focuses on creating a standard semantic banking services landscape, while ensuring consistent service definitions, levels of detail and boundaries. This will enable banks to achieve a reduction of integration costs and use the advantages of a service-oriented architecture of implementing commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software.

Financial institutions, software vendors, and system integrators, along with technology partners, are invited to join the association and play a collaborative role with other industry leaders in defining, building and implementing next-generation banking platforms.

Mission

Banks are facing challenges that will eventually force them to decompose their business and IT landscape into independent but interlinked units and are therefore looking for better means of interaction in their systems.

The banking environment consists of many legacy systems that have, over the years, grown in complexity and become increasingly inflexible.

BIAN is defining a common framework as a base for a shared service-oriented catalogue for the banking industry with the goal of establishing a common language. Based on broad consensus from within the banking industry, this will enable faster, more efficient strategic and operational changes in banks.

To assist and guide the banking industry in achieving an architecture closely aligned with business objectives, leading banks are sharing their requirements for core services with leading software and services vendors to implement these services based on formally defined semantics. BIAN is a global, open, independent and unique community where banks, software providers, and system integrators openly exchange banking IT requirements with regard to interaction and integration.

Strategy

BIAN brings banks, vendors of banking applications, and service providers together as a community to achieve synergies by collaborating on a consensus understanding of the requirements for banking enterprise services within an SOA framework and a formal description of a banking services landscape canonical definitions.

Employing an architectural framework to foster proper definition of services, BIAN will help banks and providers move from proprietary to broadly accepted and standardized services. BIAN also represents a repository of non-proprietary knowledge and experience dedicated to supporting the roadmaps for all banks moving towards SOA.

BIAN will offer the industry assistance in:
Standards: a definition of IT standards for SOA in banking ensures the highest degree of efficiency. Standards do not mean that everything is identical though. They simply form the foundation for future oriented services that offer a maximum level of flexibility in the banking industry.
Agility: standards provide the greatest opportunity for banks to adapt quickly and efficiently to changing market conditions and demands.
Flexibility: interoperability between IT systems through widely agreed standards ensures the highest degree of efficiency, by enabling banks to quickly adjust to meet changing needs and new challenges in a constantly evolving industry.
Evolution: change is a constant, also in business, which includes banking and IT. BIAN members from the IT industry who actively participate in the evolutionary process of the banking industry will also find themselves better positioned as their own markets evolve.
Cost reduction: it is safe to say that all businesses would agree that increased flexibility in their operations, the ability to adapt and react efficiently to change, and the importance of maintaining a future-oriented approach to their industry and business model are beneficial. The reason is simple: All of these aspects serve to reduce costs while simultaneously improving service. BIAN thus considers cost reductions one of the primary goals of its efforts.

BIAN standards

The BIAN standards are provided from the BIAN working groups. BIAN working groups collaborate, sharing knowledge and experience around SOA for the banking industry with a current focus on core systems. The working groups focus on defining services within an agreed overall common services landscape.

Service definitions

BIAN is focused on semantic definitions only. Definition of business functional services for retail banking, private banking and corporate banking.

Architecture

In the stream Architecture BIAN defines the appropriate guidelines and methodologies and all the concepts to ensure consistent services:
 The BIAN Service Landscape as an architectural framework for banks
 Methodologies and guidelines
 Service quality
 Service definition

The BIAN service landscape

The BIAN Service Landscape is a reference framework that categorizes and organizes BIAN Service Domains for ease of access. Different criteria can be used to classify and organize Service Domains that would result in different layouts of the standard set of BIAN Service Domains. BIAN uses a ‘primary’ Service Landscape view based on agreed categorizations that have been refined in use by the BIAN membership.

The BIAN Metamodel is a detailed and comprehensive UML model that defines all the BIAN design structures – it is fully documented elsewhere in its own guide (The BIAN Metamodel). The Metamodel has three elements that capture the design of the BIAN Service Landscape.
 Business Area - is the highest-level classification. A business area groups together a broad set of business capabilities. For the BIAN Service Landscape they are defined to be aspects of business activity that have similar supporting application and information-specific needs.
 Business Domain – at the next level, business domains define a coherent collection of capabilities within the broader business area. In the BIAN Service Landscape the business domains are associated with skills and knowledge recognizable in the banking business.
 Service Domain – is the finest level of partitioning, each defining unique and discrete business capabilities. The Service Domains are the ‘elemental building blocks’ of a service landscape. The Service Domain relates to generic capabilities that do not vary in their scope, but the definitions of the Business Domain and Business Area are classifications that are specific to a particular Service Landscape layout. The Service Landscape layout can be varied depending on use.

BIAN and other standards bodies

BIAN is in partnership with independent standards bodies such as Object Management Group (OMG) and The Open Group and IFX Forum. In addition, BIAN has a ‘category D liaison’ with the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), for ISO 20022 semantic models. BIAN incorporates when possible the work of these organizations. As an example, the BIAN Metamodel is closely aligned to, and draws on parts of, the ISO20022 Meta Model for many of the detailed definitional aspects. These working partnerships mark a big step forward in BIAN’s commitment to complimentary standards collaboration.

The TOGAF standard and the BIAN standard are mapped to each other. The leverage of the BIAN deliverables in the context of the TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM) is further elaborated. For each step in an architecture development process, the integration of BIAN deliverables is described.

BIAN members

Members of BIAN drive the banking industry by understanding the requirements and trends as well as by designing and providing new IT-solutions therefore.
The association lives by the participation of its members. BIAN members contribute actively in the association. However the degree of involvement can vary according to multiple aspects. Influencing for the involvement are e.g. the role within BIAN, specific working topics and the current projects within BIAN and the own company.

References

External links
 Official BIAN homepage
 UML - BIAN Service Landscape
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160819141303/http://opengroup.org/soa/source-book/soa/soa.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20150114212910/http://www.banktech.com/with-mergers-complete-banks-turn-to-integration-planning/d/d-id/1292299
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140730025832/http://www.banktech.com/channels/improving-product-development-through-core-systems-replacement/d/d-id/1292297

Category:Organizations established in 2008
Category:Banking industry


Ghost Story

Ghost Story or Ghost Stories may refer to:
 Ghost story, a story or tale involving ghosts

Film
 Spellbound (1941 film) or Ghost Story, a film by John Harlow
 Ghost Story (1974 film), a film featuring Marianne Faithfull
 Ghost Story (1981 film), an adaptation of the Peter Straub novel
 Patrick Macnee's Ghost Stories, a 1997 series of direct-to-video programs
 Ghost Stories (2017 film), a film by Andy Nyman and Jeremy Dyson
 A Ghost Story, a 2017 American drama film by David Lowery
 Ghost Stories (2020 film), a Hindi anthology film

Literature
 Ghost Story (Straub novel), a 1979 horror novel by Peter Straub
 Ghost Story (Butcher novel), a 2011 novel in the Dresden Files series by Jim Butcher
 Ghost Stories (magazine), a Macfadden Publications magazine from 1926–32

Television
 Ghost Story (TV series) or Circle of Fear, a 1972 supernatural anthology series
 Ghost Stories (anime) or Gakkou no Kaidan, a 2000 anime series
 Ghost Stories (1997 TV series), anAmerican horror anthology series
 Ghost Stories (2009 TV series), an American documentary series
 "Ghost Story" (Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu), a 2015 episode of Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu
 "Ghost Story" (Rugrats), a 1999 episode of Rugrats
"Ghost Stories", an episode of Cloak & Dagger

Music
 Ghost Stories (Coldplay album) (2014)
 "Ghost Story" (Coldplay song)
 Ghost Stories (Dream Syndicate album) (1988)
 Ghost Stories (Amanda Ghost album) (2000)
 Ghost Stories (Chantal Kreviazuk album) (2006)
 Ghost Stories (The Lawrence Arms album) (2000)
 Ghost Stories (Silent Civilian album) (2010)
 Ghost Story (album), a 2004 album by Phideaux Xavier
 "Ghost Story", a song by John Cale from Vintage Violence

Other uses
 Ghost Stories (play), a 2010 play by Jeremy Dyson and Andy Nyman
 Ghost Story Games, formerly named Irrational Games, a video game development studio

See also
 List of ghost films
 My Ghost Story, 2010 documentary television series


ATM Abdullah

ATM Abdullah (Rony) is a Bengali Indian politician from the state of West Bengal. He was a member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly (2011 by election - 2016). He became runner-up in the 2016 Vidhan Sabha Election from Basirhat Uttar Assembly.

References

Category:All India Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal
Category:Living people
Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016
Category:People from North 24 Parganas district
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:People from Basirhat


Majithia Sirdars

The Majithia Sirdars are a family of Shergill Jat sardars (chiefs) that came from the area of Majitha in the Punjab. The family is divided into three branches.

References

Category:Indian families
Category:People from Amritsar


Alpha Fornacis

Alpha Fornacis (α Fornacis, abbreviated Alpha For, α For) is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Fornax. It is the brightest star in the constellation and the only one brighter than magnitude 4.0. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 46 light-years (14 parsecs) distant from the Sun.

Its two components are designated Alpha Fornacis A (officially named Dalim ) and B.

Nomenclature

α Fornacis (Latinised to Alpha Fornacis) is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as Alpha Fornacis A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Formerly it was designated as the 12th of Eridanus (12 Eri) by Flamsteed.

Indigenous Arabs had named both Alpha Eridani and Fomalhaut ظَلِيم al-ẓalīm, a local word for 'ostrich'. Later, Arabian astronomer would transfer the appellation to Theta Eridani, as they could not see those other stars from their location.
In recent times, Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi applied it with the spelling Dalim to his "III 13" (= α For) in his Palermo Catalogue. And American "fogatton" astronomer Elijah Burritt applied to Fornacis in his Atlas.

In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Dalim for the component Alpha Fornacis A on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

Properties

Alpha Fornacis has a high proper motion and the system displays an excess of infrared emission, which may indicate the presence of circumstellar material such as a debris disk. The space velocity components of this star are (U, V, W) = (−35, +20, +30) km/s. Approximately 350,000 years ago, Alpha Fornacis experienced a close encounter with the A-type main-sequence star Nu Horologii. The two came within an estimated  of each other, and both stars have debris disks.

Alpha Fornacis A has a stellar classification of F8IV, where the luminosity class IV indicates this is a subgiant star that has just evolved off the main sequence. It has 33% more mass than the Sun and is an estimated 2.9 billion years old.

The secondary, Alpha Fornacis B, has been identified as a blue straggler, and has either accumulated material from, or merged with, a third star in the past. It is a strong source of X-rays and is 78% as massive as the Sun.

References

External links
 α For (Dalim) - SKY-MAP.ORG
 LHL Digital Collections – Linda Hall library

Category:F-type subgiants
Fornacis, Alpha
Category:Blue stragglers
Category:Binary stars
Category:Fornax (constellation)
Fornacis, Alpha
Category:Durchmusterung objects
Eridani, 12
0127
020010
014879
0127
Category:Stars with proper names


Great Bend, Kansas

Great Bend is a city in and the county seat of Barton County, Kansas, United States.  It is named for its location at the point where the course of the Arkansas River bends east then southeast. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 15,995.

History

Prior to American settlement of the area, the site of Great Bend was located in the northern reaches of Kiowa territory. Claimed first by France as part of Louisiana and later acquired by the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, it lay within the area organized by the U.S. as Kansas Territory in 1854. Kansas became a state in 1861, and the state government delineated the surrounding area as Barton County in 1867.

The first settlers of the area arrived in 1870. Living in sod houses and dugouts, they worked as buffalo hunters since trampling by bison herds precluded crop farming. In 1871, the Great Bend Town Company, anticipating the westward construction of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, founded Great Bend at a site roughly three miles west of Fort Zarah on the Santa Fe Trail. They named the settlement after its location at the "great bend" in the Arkansas River where the river's course turns eastward. The town began to grow as more settlers arrived over the following year and opened several businesses.

The railroad reached Great Bend in July 1872, and an election at about the same time declared the town the permanent county seat. Great Bend was incorporated as a city soon thereafter. The county courthouse and the city's first public school were built the following year.

In 1873, following the arrival of the railroad, Great Bend became a shipping point for cattle. This stimulated local business but also transformed the city into a rowdy, violent cowtown. In 1876, the Kansas Legislature extended the legal "dead line" restricting the presence of Texas cattle 30 miles west of Barton County. The cattle trade moved westward accordingly, and the city became more peaceful.

Over the following decades, Great Bend continued to grow and modernize, becoming a center of area commerce. This was despite two disasters which struck the city:  a downtown fire in 1878 and a smallpox outbreak in 1882 which resulted in a brief quarantine. In 1886, local speculators began to fund exploration for petroleum in the area. By 1930, the oil and gas industry brought more than $20 million annually to the county. More than 3,000 wells produced during the 1930s, and the influx of workers dramatically increased the city's population.

The U.S. Army Air Forces opened Great Bend Army Airfield west of the city in 1943. The base served as training facility for B-29 bomber aircraft personnel during World War II. After the war, the City of Great Bend acquired the base and repurposed it for civilian use as Great Bend Municipal Airport.

The city continued to grow through the 1950s, its population peaking at almost 17,000 in 1960. In 1973, the Fuller Brush Company relocated its production facilities to Great Bend, becoming one of the city's major employers. Despite a modest decline in population in recent decades, Great Bend continues to serve as a commercial center for central Kansas.

Geography
Great Bend is located at  (38.3644567, -98.7648073) at an elevation of 1,850 feet (564 m). Located in central Kansas at the intersection of U.S. Route 281 and U.S. Route 56, Great Bend is  northwest of Wichita,  west-southwest of Kansas City, and  east-southeast of Denver.

Lying in the Great Bend Sand Prairie region of the Great Plains, the city is situated on the north side of the Arkansas River where the river's course shifts from northeast to southeast. Dry Walnut Creek, a tributary of nearby Walnut Creek, flows east along the northern edge of the city. Cheyenne Bottoms, a large inland wetland, is located approximately  to the northeast.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Climate
Located near the convergence of North America's humid continental (Köppen: Dfa), humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa), and semi-arid (Köppen: BSk) climate zones, Great Bend experiences hot summers and cold, dry winters. On average, January is the coldest month, July the hottest and May is the wettest. The hottest temperature recorded in Great Bend was 111 °F (44 °C) in 1980; the coldest temperature recorded was -21 °F (-29 °C) in 1989.

The average temperature is . Over the course of a year, temperatures range from an average low of  in January to an average high of  in July. The high temperature reaches or exceeds  an average of 70 days a year and reaches or exceeds  an average of 13 days a year. The minimum temperature falls below the freezing point  an average of 112 days a year. The first fall freeze typically takes place by the third week of October, and the last spring freeze by the second week of April.

Great Bend receives  of precipitation during an average year, and there are, on average, 71 days of measurable precipitation each year. The average relative humidity is 67%. Annual snowfall averages . Measurable snowfall occurs an average of seven days a year with at least an inch of snow being received on six of those days. Snow depth of at least an inch occurs an average of 23 days a year.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 15,995 people, 6,483 households, and 4,038 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 7,113 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 84.0% White, 1.7% African American, 0.6% American Indian, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 11.0% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 19.8% of the population.

There were 6,483 households of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.7% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.04.

The median age in the city was 36.7 years. 26.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.5% were from 25 to 44; 24.5% were from 45 to 64; and 16.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

As of 2010, the median income for a household was $42,293, and the median income for a family was $46,969. Males had a median income of $33,623 versus $25,038 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,529. About 10.2% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Agriculture is the predominant industry in Great Bend, and its grain elevators are visible from miles away.  The oil industry flourished from about 1930-1960.  There was even an oil well in the city park.  But this industry has been on the decline for years.  Cattle raising is also an important source of income for many people.

As of 2012, 66.5% of the population over the age of 16 was in the labor force. 0.0% was in the armed forces, and 66.5% was in the civilian labor force with 61.0% employed and 5.5% unemployed. The composition, by occupation, of the employed civilian labor force was:  30.2% in management, business, science, and arts; 27.8% in sales and office occupations; 19.2% in service occupations; 9.6% in natural resources, construction, and maintenance; 13.3% in production, transportation, and material moving. The four industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were:  educational services, health care, and social assistance (27.3%); retail trade (11.9%); manufacturing (9.8%); and arts, entertainment, recreation, and accommodation and food services (9.8%). Great Bend Public Schools, Barton Community College, and CUNA Mutual Retirement Solutions are the city's three largest employers. Other major employers include local government, local hospitals, Wal-Mart, Superior Essex, and Fuller Brush Company.

The cost of living in Great Bend is relatively low; compared to a U.S. average of 100, the cost of living index for the city is 79.4. As of 2012, the median home value in the city was $78,300, the median selected monthly owner cost was $979 for housing units with a mortgage and $400 for those without, and the median gross rent was $539.

Government

Great Bend is a city of the second class with a mayor-council form of government. The city council consists of eight members, two elected from each city ward for two-year terms.  The mayor is elected at-large, also for a two-year term. The mayor and city council together constitute the city's Governing Body which sets goals, establishes policies, and approves all ordinances and resolutions. The council meets on the first and third Monday of each month.

As the county seat, Great Bend is the administrative center of Barton County. The county courthouse is located downtown, and most departments of the county government base their operations in the city.

Great Bend lies within Kansas's 1st U.S. Congressional District. For the purposes of representation in the Kansas Legislature, the city is located in the 33rd district of the Kansas Senate and the 112th district of the Kansas House of Representatives.

Education

Primary and secondary education
Great Bend Public Schools (USD 428) serves approximately 3,000 students and operates eight schools in the city:

 Washington Early Childhood Center (Grades Pre-K)
 Eisenhower Elementary School (K–6)
 Jefferson Elementary School (K–6)
 Lincoln Elementary School (K–6)

 Park Elementary School (K–6)
 Riley Elementary School (K–6)
 Great Bend Middle School (7–8)
 Great Bend High School (9–12)

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City oversees one school in Great Bend, Holy Family School (Pre-K–6). There is also one non-denominational Christian school in the city, Central Kansas Christian Academy (K-8).

Colleges and universities
Barton Community College, a two-year public college, is located approximately three miles northeast of Great Bend.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Great Bend was located on the National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, that was established in 1912. Currently, two U.S. Highways and two Kansas state highways pass through the city. U.S. Route 281 runs north–south through Great Bend, intersecting U.S. Route 56, K-96, and K-156 which run concurrently east–west through the city. K-96 splits from U.S. 56 and K-156 in western Great Bend, exiting the city to the northwest. U.S. 56 and K-156 continue concurrently west, then turn south and ultimately southwest.

Great Bend Municipal Airport is located approximately  west of the city. Used primarily for general aviation.

A Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad line runs east–west through the city with a second line branching off to the northwest, paralleling K-96.

Utilities
The city government's Public Works Department is responsible for water distribution, waste water treatment, and sewer maintenance. One of the few cities in the area not to have a water treatment plant or water tower, Great Bend obtains its water supply directly from ten wells located throughout the city. Waste water is treated and recycled at the city's Wastewater Treatment Facility and then emptied into the Arkansas River. Two regional energy cooperatives, Midwest Energy, Inc. and Wheatland Electric, provide electric power. Local residents primarily use natural gas for heating fuel; Midwest Energy and Kansas Gas Service both provide natural gas service.

Health care
There is one primary medical facility in the city. Great Bend Regional Hospital, a 33-bed general medical and surgical facility, is the city's sole hospital. St. Rose Ambulatory & Surgery Center, formerly Central Kansas Medical Center, was an outpatient care facility affiliated with Catholic Health Initiatives.  St. Rose Ambulatory & Surgery Center was closed and demolished in 2015.

Media

The Great Bend Tribune is the city's daily newspaper with a circulation of over 6,200 copies.

The Interrobang is the student newspaper at the Great Bend-based Barton Community College.

Great Bend is a center of broadcast media for central Kansas. Two AM and ten FM radio stations are licensed to and/or broadcast from the city. Two television stations, one NBC affiliate and one ABC affiliate, also broadcast from the city. Both are satellite stations of their respective affiliates in Wichita as Great Bend is part of the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market.

Parks and recreation
The city government's Park Department maintains 10 parks in the city. The two largest are Brit Spaugh Park and Veteran's Memorial Park. Located in the north-central part of the city, Brit Spaugh Park includes the Great Bend Zoo, the Wetlands Aquatic Center, two softball fields, horseshoe courts, picnic areas, playgrounds, a skateboarding area, and a BMX track. Veteran's Park is located in the northwestern part of the city and includes an 18-hole disc golf course, a fishing lake with limited boating, sand volleyball, ballfields, a playground, and walking trails. The department also maintains hiking and biking trails along flood control levies around the city along with Stone Lake, a  fishing lake immediately south of the city.

The Club at StoneRidge, located on the northern edge of the city, includes a private, 18-hole golf course that opened in 1940. A second 18-hole course, the Lake Barton Golf Course, lies approximately  north of the city.

Culture

Arts and music
From 1947 to 1989, Great Bend was the home of the Argonne Rebels Drum and Bugle Corps.  Under the direction of Glenn and Sandra Opie, the corps achieved national fame, most notably winning the American Legion national championships in 1971, 1972, and 1973.  The Rebels were one of the thirteen founding member corps of Drum Corps International, finishing in 5th place in 1972 and 11th in 1973.

Points of interest
 The Barton County Historical Society Museum and Village is located in Great Bend.
 The Great Bend Zoo and Raptor Center, founded in 1952, contains over 60 species of animals.

Sports
Greyhound racing got its start in the United States in the bottoms in 1886 during a formal coursing event.

The first nationwide NHRA sponsored event called "the Nationals" was held in 1955, in Great Bend, Kansas at the Great Bend Municipal Airport.

In popular culture and the arts
In November 1959, Perry Smith and Richard Hickock stopped for dinner in Great Bend on their 400-mile journey to Holcomb, Kansas, where they murdered the Clutter family. Author Truman Capote wrote In Cold Blood about the murder.

In the 1993 novel, The Death and Life of Superman by Roger Stern, Jonathan and Martha Kent fly from the Metropolis airport to the Great Bend airport and proceed to drive to Smallville, which would put Smallville somewhere in central Kansas.

Great Bend was mentioned briefly in the 2006 CBS Drama Jericho.

Great Bend is the setting for the Hulu original comedy series Quick Draw, created by and starring John Lehr.

Notable people

Notable individuals who were born in and/or have lived in Great Bend include jazz singer and pianist Karrin Allyson (1963- ), inventor and 2000 Nobel Prize laureate in physics Jack Kilby (1923-2005), and 1952 gold medal-winning U.S. Olympic basketball player John Keller (1928-2000).

See also

 Great Bend Zoo
 Santa Fe Trail
 National Old Trails Road

References

Further reading

External links

City
 City of Great Bend
 Great Bend - Directory of Public Officials
Schools
 USD 428, local school district
 Barton Community College
Attractionsd Zoo]
 Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Area
Historical
 Barton County Historical Museum
 , from Hatteberg's People on KAKE TV news
Maps
 Great Bend City Map, KDOT

Category:Cities in Kansas
Category:County seats in Kansas
Category:Cities in Barton County, Kansas
Category:Micropolitan areas of Kansas
Category:Populated places on the Arkansas River


Jacques Eléonor Rouxel de Grancey

Jacques Eléonor Rouxel de Grancey, Comte de Médavy (31 May 1655 – 6 November 1725) was a French military officer and Marshal of France who fought in the Nine Years War and the War of the Spanish Succession .

Early life

Jacques Eléonor Rouxel de Grancey, born on 31 May 1655 at Chalancey, was the son of Pierre Rouxel (1626-1704), Comte de Grancey and de Médavy and Henriette de La Palud. In June 1685, he married Marie-Thérèse Colbert, a niece of Jean-Baptiste Colbert; they had three daughters, all of whom died before their father. He also had an illegitimate son Claude Rouxel de Blanchelande, who served in the French military.

Between 1705 and 1725, he built the Château de Grancey-le-Château-Neuvelle on the site of an existing medieval fortress, which is still used.

Career

In 1673, at the age of 18 Médavy was enrolled in the prestigious Garde du Corps; he took part in numerous actions during the Nine Years War and War of the Spanish Succession. He was promoted Lieutenant-General in 1702 and made Marshal of France in 1724, just before his death.

During the War of the Spanish Succession, he served mainly in Italy under the duc de Vendôme, taking part in most of the battles in that theatre. When Vendôme returned to France in July 1706, Médavy was left in command of Lombardy and defeated a Hessian corps at Castiglione in September.

When French forces were withdrawn from Italy under the Convention of Milan in March 1707, Médavy was given command of French forces in the occupied County of Savoy and took part in the successful defence of Toulon.

In 1704, he was appointed Governor General of Argentan, a position previously held by his father; as a reward for his service in Italy, in 1707 he was also made Governor General for Nivernais and Donzois and in 1714, Governor of the Dauphiné and Provence.

Sources
 France Marechaux

Category:1655 births
Category:1725 deaths
Category:Counts of France
Category:Marshals of France
Category:French military personnel of the Nine Years' War
Category:French army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession


Yusupov

Yusupov () or Yusupova (feminine; ) is a Chechen, Tatar and Uzbek surname, which is common in the countries of the former Soviet Union. It may refer to:
House of Yusupov, royal Russian family, of Tatar descent
Felix Yusupov (1887–1967), Count Sumarokov-Elston, Russian aristocrat and one of the participants in the murder of Grigori Rasputin
Irina Yusupova (1915–1993), Russian Princess and daughter of Count Felix Yusupov
Zinaida Nikolaevna Yusupova (1861–1939), Russian Princess and mother of Count Felix Yusupov
Aliya Yusupova (b. 1984), Kazakhstan gymnast
Artur Yusupov (b. 1960), chess grandmaster
Benjamin Yusupov (born 1962), Israeli composer
Iosef Yusupov (born 1955), American set designer born in Uzbekistan
Ismail Yusupov (1913–2005), Kazakhstan politician
Iraida Yusupova (b. 1962), Turkmenistan composer
Lidia Yusupova (b. 1961), human rights activist
Tuti Yusupova (b. 1880?), Uzbekistani longevity claimant
Yusupov Schemuel Sanchez Luna (1994-Present), From the Lone Star State of Texas

Category:Chechen-language surnames
Category:Tatar-language surnames
Category:Uzbek-language surnames


Convention of Scottish Local Authorities

The Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) is the national association of Scottish councils and acts as an employers' association for its 32 member authorities.

History
Formed in 1975, COSLA exists to promote and protect the interests of the country's councils by providing a forum for discussion of matters of common concern. COSLA ascertains the views of member councils and communicates these to central government, other bodies and the public.

It is the successor to the Convention of Royal Burghs, an organisation which dated back to the 12th Century, but was dissolved after the local government changes of the 1970s.

In 2015, four Labour-run local authorities (Aberdeen City Council, Glasgow City Council, Renfrewshire Council and South Lanarkshire Council) left COSLA to form a new organisation, the Scottish Local Government Partnership. They all rejoined in 2017.

Chief Executives

 Sally Loudon (2016 – present)
 Rory Mair (2001 – 2016)
 Oona Aitken (1999 – 2001)
 Douglas Sinclair (1996 – 1999)
 Roy MacIvor (1990 – 1996)

Presidents

 Alison Evison (2017 – Present)
 David O’Neil (2012 – 2017)
 Pat Watters (2001 – 2012)
 Norman Murray (1999 – 2001)
 Keith Geddes (1996 – 1999)
 Rosemary McKenna (1992 – 1996)

Structure
COSLA's headquarters are located at Verity House, Haymarket Yards, Edinburgh. Membership consists of all 32 councils in Scotland.

Leadership
COSLA employs around 96 members of staff across its policy teams. COSLA's staff is led by its Chief Executive, Sally Loudon, supported by a Director for Integration and Development, James Fowlie, and an Acting Head of Resources, Vicki Bibby, and Acting Head of Policy, Jane O'Donnell.

Each of the teams is led by a Chief Officer. Collectively, they support COSLA's Spokespeople and Presidential Team, and COSLA's decision making structures.

The political leadership of COSLA consists of a president, a vice-president, and five spokespersons, all of whom are councillors from the main political parties and independents.

The president and vice-president are the chair and vice chair of Convention and COSLA Leaders' meetings.

There are five spokespersons, four of whom each chair a policy board. The Resources Spokesperson reports directly to council leaders.

COSLA's political leadership consists of:

 President Councillor Alison Evison (LAB - Aberdeenshire)
 Vice President Graham Houston (SNP - Stirling)
 Children and Young People Spokesperson Councillor Stephen McCabe (LAB - Inverclyde)
 Environment and Economy Spokesperson Councillor Steven Heddle (IND - Orkney)
 Health and Social Care Spokesperson Councillor Stuart Currie (SNP - East Lothian)
 Resources Spokesperson Councillor Gail Macgregor (CON - Dumfries and Galloway)
 Community Wellbeing Spokesperson Councillor Kelly Parry (SNP - Midlothian)

Decision-making
As a politically led, cross-party organisation, COSLA's decision making system is designed to put member councils at the heart of the policy development process.

Convention
The Convention of Scottish Local Authorities sets the strategic direction of the organisation and to discuss emerging priorities. Convention members reflect the political make up of every council and meet twice a year.

COSLA Leaders

Scotland's 32 council leaders meet eight times a year to focus on delivering COSLA's priorities and debate and agree its approach.

Policy Boards

COSLA's four policy boards are responsible for policy development and delivery. Each board is chaired by a spokesperson and includes a representative from every member council and relevant professional associations.

Special Interest Groups

Special interest groups look at specific issues and policies. A network of special interest groups take forward specific policy and work and focus on key issues in detail.

COSLA Teams

Local Government Finance
The Local Government Finance Team seeks to ensure Councils receive adequate funding for local government services. Throughout the team’s work, fiscal empowerment for local government is an overarching theme, linking directly with the strategic objective of strengthening local democracy.

The team has a key role in ensuring that local government is represented robustly and with authority in financial negotiations and discussions with both Scottish Government and Parliament and to ensure that financial flexibility is promoted at all levels.

The team also works very closely with professional advisers, such as local authority Directors of Finance and Chief Executives, to identify potential and current pressures and to provide a range of advice, options and recommendations to elected members on resource issues. The current financial climate presents many challenges for local government and the team works to advance the interests of local government in these financial discussions.

Children and Young People
The Children and Young People Team leads on education and children’s services for COSLA. Its remit covers most aspects of a child’s life from pre-birth through to post 16 education and into the world of work. The team's work includes pre-school, primary and secondary education; promoting and integrating children’s services; developing effective approaches to children & family social work services; addressing child protection and youth justice issues as well as aspects of employability.

The team works closely with education, economic development, human resource and social work professionals in ADES (Association of Directors of Education), SLAED (Scottish Local Authority Economic Development network), SPDS (Society of Personnel Directors Scotland) and SWS (Social Work Scotland) to develop policy; to respond to and influence legislation and Scottish Government initiatives, and to provide support to elected members on the Education, Children and Young People Thematic Board.

Communities
The Communities Team’s remit is to "promote the wellbeing and safety of communities across Scotland by securing the policies, powers and resources to enable councils to respond flexibly to local needs in promoting safe, healthy, socially cohesive and active communities; in ensuring quality, affordable housing; in providing access to cultural, sporting, learning and recreational opportunities; reducing reoffending and in tackling poverty and disadvantage."

Migration, Population and Diversity
The MPD team provides strategic and political oversight on migration issues in a Scottish context. The team receives core funding from both the Scottish Government and the Home Office. The Scottish Government funding covers a wider range of priorities relating to migration in all its forms, as well as specific work around asylum seekers and refugees, and the Gypsy/Traveller community. The Home Office funding has an overt focus on issues associated with refugee resettlement and asylum seekers, wider migration-related issues are also dealt with by agreement between the two parties.

Environment and Economy
The team covers a wide range of policy and council services including inclusive economic growth, climate change, planning, the crown estate, transport and infrastructure.

Health and Social Care
The Health and Social Care team leads on all aspects of policy development and political lobbying relating to health and adult social care for COSLA. Its central objective is to ensure that health and social care services are sustainable, accessible, personalised and high quality, delivering on the jointly politically agreed National Health and Wellbeing Outcomes.

The Health and Social Care Team supports the Health and Social Care Board, Council Leaders and the COSLA Convention to provide political leadership and take decisions relating to health and social care on behalf of Local Government. The COSLA team works with partners across the Scottish Government, the NHS, Integration Joint Boards, relevant professional bodies and professional advisors to Local Government, regulatory bodies and the third and independent sectors in order to advance the political will of COSLA.

The Employers' Organisation
The COSLA Employers’ Organisation manages the delivery of strategic workforce priorities for Scottish local government, and provides national support services on human resource issues. The team provides strategic development, advice and guidance on workforce issues, undertakes pay bargaining and reward for all employee groups in the local government family.

Business Gateway National Unit
Business Gateway provides free business support and impartial advice, and helps thousands of start-up and existing businesses in Scotland each year. The Business Gateway National Unit is located within COSLA and provides national functions to support Local Authorities in the delivery of services at a local level.

The activities of the National Unit include:

 Local Engagement - providing support, guidance and expertise to assist the governance and management of the service
 Marketing – management of national and local marketing campaigns to raise awareness of the service, and management of www.bgateway.com and the Enquiry Service
 Operations – support with the consistent delivery and day-to-day management of the service across Scotland, and support with shared resources including the CRM system
 Performance Monitoring & Reporting – collates, monitors and reports national performance results from Local Authorities and other reporting sources
 Quality Assurance – undertaking a Quality Assurance customer survey programme to measure satisfaction on behalf of Local Authorities to drive service improvement
 Client Monitoring Survey – coordination of survey work to track the survival of clients who have had support to start-up in business
 Partnership Management – management of relationships with a range of national partner organisations

Trading Standards Scotland
Trading Standards Scotland (TSS) is the national team for trading standards in Scotland. The team is jointly funded by the UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy and Her Majesty's Treasury; and managed by the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA), the representative body of local government in Scotland.

Operationally, TSS has a duty to coordinate and enforce cross boundary and national casework as well as undertake the specialist functions of tackling illegal money lending and ecrime. It is a resource intended to add capacity to local authority trading standards teams in these areas of activity.

TSS has also developed an intelligence gathering and analysis function which allows the national team to identify a picture of Level 2 criminal activity (activity that takes place across council and/or national boundaries) and has implemented a tasking and coordination process to determine the allocation of resource to tackle it.

TSS is at the heart of policy development for local government and works closely with a number of partners including Police Scotland, the Society of Chief Officers of Trading Standards Scotland (SCOTSS) and Citizens Advice Scotland to strengthen protection for Scottish consumers.

COSLA Europe
COSLA's European work aims to ensure that the interests and rights of Scottish local government are safeguarded and advanced by EU policy and legislation.

The team advise Scottish MEPs on legislation affecting local government and support the work of the Scottish councillors who are members of the EU Committee of the Regions. COSLA is also an active member of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR) – the EU umbrella body for local government – and the European Local Authority Network, working closely with other national associations of local government and with other Scottish public bodies based in Brussels, particularly the Scottish Government.

See also
Council of European Municipalities and Regions
Local Government Association, in England and Wales
Welsh Local Government Association

References

External links
COSLA - Official Website

Category:1975 establishments in Scotland
Category:Local government in Scotland
Category:Political organisations based in Scotland
Category:Government agencies established in 1975
Category:Local government organizations
Category:Organisations based in Edinburgh
Category:Business organisations based in Scotland
Category:Council of European Municipalities and Regions


Main Street Historic District (Buffalo, Wyoming)

The Main Street Historic District of Buffalo, Wyoming, also known as Buffalo Main Street Historic District, is a  historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.  The district included 12 contributing buildings.

According to its NRHP nomination, the district is "associated with and representative of the chain of events removal of Indian control, homesteading, cattle ranching and agricultural development, foreign investments, the tourist industry and mineral development which have made significant contributions to the broad patterns of Johnson County and Wyoming history."

References

Category:Buildings and structures in Buffalo, Wyoming
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Johnson County, Wyoming


Sarabande (disambiguation)

A sarabande is a type of dance music in triple meter.

Sarabande and Sarabandes may also refer to:

Sarabande (album), by Jon Lord
Sarabande Books, an American publisher
Sarabandes (Satie), set of solo piano pieces written by Erik Satie
William Sarabande, American author


Malkhei Yisrael Street

Malkhei Yisrael Street (, Rechov Malkhei Yisrael, lit. "Kings of Israel Street"), also spelled Malchei Yisrael, is an east-west street in the Geula neighborhood of north-central Jerusalem. Its eastern flank, which abuts Mea Shearim Street at an intersection called Kikar HaShabbat (Sabbath Square), is the main shopping district for Haredi Jewish residents of northern Jerusalem. The remainder of the street, which extends to Sarei Yisrael Street at its western end, includes the historic Schneller Compound and numerous Haredi and Hasidic yeshivas, girls' schools, and synagogues.

Name
The street was originally called Geula Street and was the commercial center for various pre-World War I communities such as Kerem Avraham, Yagiya Kapayim, Zikhron Moshe, Batei Horenstein, and the Achva neighborhood.

The name Malkhei Yisrael (Kings of Israel) refers to the three kings of Israel, Saul, David, and Solomon.

Urban commercial district

The eastern end of Malkhei Yisrael, which is the heart of the Haredi commercial district for northern Jerusalem, has been called "the ultra-Orthodox Oxford Street". Spanning approximately , and branching out into the side streets, this area is noteworthy for its huge volume of foot traffic and the high cost of commercial space – rent per square meter is equal to or greater than that of commercial space in Israel's major malls. Many stores are open from 10 a.m. to 11 p.m., and the street is especially crowded on Thursday nights, summer nights, and the eve of Jewish holidays. Traffic on the two-lane street often comes to a standstill throughout the day, as in addition to cars and delivery trucks, bus lines serving northern Haredi neighborhoods and Rachel's Tomb ply the street. The weekday hubbub only ceases on Friday afternoon before the advent of Shabbat, while on Friday nights, Malkhei Yisrael and neighboring streets are filled with Hasidic Jews and tourists walking on foot to the various Hasidic courts in and around Geula.

There are no indoor malls on this street; rather, the avenue is lined with dozens of small shops that sell essential consumer goods such as "clothes, food, school supplies, medicine, and limited luxuries" to the Haredi community. There are kosher music stores, kosher pizza shops, home appliance stores, falafel and juice stands, a kosher ice cream parlor, pharmacies, photo shops, a teenage novelty store, Judaica sellers, kosher bakeries, and a shtiebel with continuous minyanim. All food stores carry reliable hechsherim (kashrut certificates) to appeal to the Haredi clientele, which often shops with children in tow. In the weeks before Sukkot, numerous stores vacate their premises and rent their space to etrog dealers, while sidewalk vendors sell etrogs, lulavs, sukkah decorations and pictures of rabbinical figures. As a central Haredi shopping district for both locals and tourists, Malkhei Yisrael Street is also populated by a number of street beggars, some of whom have been working the street for decades.

Schneller Compound

The Schneller Compound, located along the center section of Malkhei Yisrael Street behind a long stone wall, predates all of the streets and neighborhoods surrounding it. The land was purchased in 1855 by Father Johann Ludwig Schneller, a Lutheran missionary, as a family estate. Following an 1860 massacre of thousands of Maronite Christians in Lebanon and Syria by Lebanese Druze, Schneller rescued nine Christian boys and established an orphanage on his property. By the time of Schneller’s death on 18 October 1896, 1500 children had passed through the orphanage's doors. By 1903 this educational facility had grown to eight buildings and included an orphanage, a school for the blind, and vocational workshops for youth. The compound was taken over by the Turkish army as an army barracks during World War I, by the British during World War II, and by the Haganah during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. After that, it was used as a base for the Israel Defense Forces and an army clinic for 60 years. In 2008 the army base was relocated to the Ofrit base near Mount Scopus.

In November 2010, the Schneller grounds were designated as a public parking lot by the municipality to ease the parking problems in Geula. One hundred parking spaces were made available for up to 3 hours.

In 2011 the Israel Land Administration approved plans for the development of 218 luxury apartments on the property while preserving the eight original orphanage buildings.

Geological Survey of Israel
The Geological Survey of Israel has operated next to the Schneller Compound since 1949. This government institute is involved in earth science research and development.

Present-day landmarks

Schools

Bais Yaakov Teachers Training Seminary
Midreshet Rachel Women's Seminary

Yeshivas
Ateret Yitzchak yeshiva gedola
Be'er HaTalmud yeshiva
Chayei Olam yeshiva
Porat Yosef Yeshiva
Talmud Torah Mesilat Yesharim
Tiferet Yisrael yeshiva
Yakirei Yisrael yeshiva

Synagogues
Gerrer Great Beis Medrash
Tiferet Yisrael Great Synagogue

Other uses
Malkhei Yisrael Square is the former name of Rabin Square in Tel Aviv.

References

Category:Streets in Jerusalem


Mount Murray railway station

Mount Murray is a  heritage-listed former railway station in Mount Murray on the Unanderra to Moss Vale railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The station is listed on local and NSW State Heritage Registers as a rare surviving example of small station infrastructure. The platform is located on a passing loop, which is still in use today.

History
The station was opened with the line on 20 August 1932, as part of the war effort for a  long crossing loop for heavy World War II traffic. The platform was constructed from pre-cast concrete and the single small station building was of timber. The crossing loop was reopened and extended to  following the installation of CTC in the 1980s. Since September 2008, signalling functions for the crossing loop through the station and the adjoining main line have been managed by ARTC's network control centre in Junee.

Description

The station precinct consists of a timber wayside station building of a type 13 design with a platform faced in pre-cast concrete, dating from 1932. A toilet block also forms part of the complex.

Heritage status
The station buildings were listed as heritage items by Wingecarribee Shire Council in 1989. In 1999 the station and an area of tracks  either side of it were also listed on the NSW State Heritage Register. The station was described as architecturally, historically and socially rare, and "representative of many small structures that have been removed from the rail system as branch lines and small locations have become redundant."

The line alongside the platform also forms part of the Sydney to Moss Vale heritage run operated by 3801 steam locomotives.

References

External links
 Photo of station
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110605025054/http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/gazd01?rec=71070

Category:Railway stations opened in 1932
Category:Disused regional railway stations in New South Wales
Category:New South Wales State Heritage Register


Julius Springer

Julius Springer (10 May 1817 – 17 April 1877) was a German publisher who founded the academic publishing house Springer Science+Business Media (formerly known as Springer-Verlag).

Springer-Verlag
In 1842, Springer founded the retail bookshop Springer in Berlin at the address Breite Strasse 20 (now No. 11). Springer and his son Ferdinand grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's second largest academic publisher with 65 staff in just 30 years. Springer's book business later became Springer-Verlag and then Springer Science+Business Media which is one of the largest and most prominent academic publishers in the world today.

Life

In 1848 he took part in the side of the insurgents in action against the authorities. Springer was from 1867 to 1873 president of the German Booksellers and Publishers Association. From 1869 until his death, Springer was a member of the Berlin city assembly. In addition, he was one of the pioneers of national and international copyright law.

Julius Springer bore no relation to the 20th century publisher Axel Springer.

Plaque

The text of the plaque at Breite Straße 11 in Berlin-Mitte reads:

 Julius Springer
 1817 - 1877
 Verlagsbuchhändler, gründete an dieser Stelle
 am 10. Mai 1842 den Springer Verlag,
 heute einer der größten Wissenschaftsverlage der Welt.

(Julius Springer, 1817–1877, publisher, founded here on the 10th of May 1842 Springer-Verlag, today one of the biggest scientific publishing houses in the world.)

References

External links

 Short biography (in German)
 Verlags- und Familiengeschichte

Category:Springer Science+Business Media
Category:1817 births
Category:1877 deaths
Category:German book publishers (people)
Category:German Jews


Lincoln Aviator

The Lincoln Aviator is a mid-size luxury SUV sold by the Lincoln division of Ford Motor Company.  The second Lincoln sport-utility vehicle, the Aviator is currently in its second generation, slotted between the Lincoln Nautilus and Lincoln Navigator in size.

The first generation of the Aviator was produced from the 2003 to 2005 model years as a rebadged version of the Mercury Mountaineer (itself based on the Ford Explorer); following the Lincoln Versailles and Lincoln Blackwood pickup truck, the Aviator was among one of the shortest-produced vehicles ever sold by Lincoln.  For the 2007 model year, Lincoln expanded its use of crossover SUVs; the five-passenger MKX offered a similar exterior footprint while the MKT (introduced in 2009) offered the three-row seating of the Aviator.

For the 2020 model year, the Aviator made its return to the Lincoln model line (again based on the Ford Explorer).  For the first time in a Lincoln-brand vehicle, the Aviator is offered as a plug-in hybrid.

The first-generation Aviator was assembled at the now-closed St. Louis Assembly in Hazelwood, Missouri alongside the Explorer and Mountaineer.  The second-generation Aviator is assembled at Chicago Assembly in Chicago, Illinois alongside the Explorer and the Ford Police Interceptor Utility.

__TOC__

First generation (2003–2005)

The Aviator was launched for 2003 model year, slotted below the Navigator. As with the Explorer and Mountaineer, a three-row seating configuration was standard; in contrast to the Explorer and Mountaineer, a six-passenger configuration was standard, with bucket seats and a center console in the second row (a second-row bench seat was available as a no-cost option).

Alongside the choice of four-wheel-drive drivetrain configuration and towing packages, the Aviator was offered with relatively few options. In addition to all the standard features, options included heated/cooled front bucket seats, xenon (HID) headlights, 17-inch chrome wheels and a DVD based navigation system. These options were late availability in 2003 on the premium model and 2004 (Ultimate), 2005 (Elite). Shared with the Mountaineer, the Aviator was equipped with dual front/side airbags, side curtain airbags, along with stability and traction control.

Chassis
Sharing its chassis with the third generation Explorer, the Aviator is derived from the body-on-frame Ford U1 platform. Sharing its  wheelbase with the Explorer/Mountaineer, the Aviator is fitted with four-wheel independent suspension.

A standard towing package was fitted to all AWD Aviators with a heavy-duty towing package optional on either RWD or AWD models.

Powertrain
In place of the SOHC 2-valve version of the 4.6 L Modular V8 shared with the Explorer/Mountaineer and other Ford trucks, the Aviator was fitted with the DOHC 4-valve version of the engine, shared with the Mustang Mach 1 and Marauder.

Producing  and  of torque, the DOHC V8 engine in the Aviator came with two more horsepower than the 5.4 L V8 in the Navigator (though with  less of torque). As with the Explorer/Mountaineer, rear-wheel-drive was standard, with Lincoln offering all-wheel-drive as an option; all versions were equipped with a 5-speed 5R55S overdrive automatic
transmission.

Body
As with the Mountaineer, the Aviator derived its body construction from the third generation Explorer, sharing its body structure, doors, and roofline with both model lines. The Aviator adopts a number of styling cues from the second generation Navigator which gave it the nickname "The Baby Navigator", with visually similar front and rear fascias, lower door panels/running boards, grilles and headlamps, and license plate surrounds. The Aviator was styled with a Lincoln-specific dashboard, adopting a design nearly identical to the Navigator. Styled similar to later-1960s Lincolns, the rectangular-designed dashboard of both models featured an instrument cluster with electroluminescent gauges and needles. The primary visual difference between an Aviator and a Navigator is the lettering on the radio cover panel; an Aviator is lettered "LINCOLN", with its Navigator counterpart lettered "NAVIGATOR". As with the Navigator, the Aviator was given model-specific seats and leather, with American walnut wood trim on the doors and steering wheel.

Trim
At its 2002 launch, the Aviator followed the trim nomenclature of the LS and Navigator, with a Luxury base trim and Premium top-level trim. For 2004, the Premium trim was renamed Ultimate, matching the Navigator and Town Car. For 2005, the Luxury trim became the sole offering, with previous content remaining available as stand-alone options, including a rear-seat DVD player. An Elite option package was offered, which bundled all features of the Premium/Ultimate trims; the package offered a DVD-based navigation system.

Kitty Hawk Special Edition
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Wright Brothers' 1903 flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, and the 100th anniversary of Ford Motor Company, Lincoln created a "Kitty Hawk" limited edition of the Aviator; it was the official vehicle of the 2003 EAA Countdown to Kitty Hawk. Along with special Kitty Hawk badging and trim, the limited-edition vehicles were fitted with special wood trim which is mink zebrano, argent painted and chrome grille, and a rear spoiler, chrome exhaust tip, chrome wheels, xenon (HID) headlamps, black premium leather heated/cooled seats with Kitty Hawk logo embossed on front seat backs, black carpet floor mats with stitched Kitty Hawk logo, available only in black exterior color.

Marketing and reception
Lincoln played up the similarity to the Navigator full-size SUV with magazine ads that read, "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. Especially when it's yourself you're imitating." The Aviator seemed to have been met with relatively positive press coverage.

While the Aviator's styling borrowed cues from its big brother, the Navigator, it also looked similar to the very widespread Explorer with which it shared the platform. Also working against the Aviator was it was priced similar to the larger and relatively popular Expedition. Car and Driver magazine said in a comparison test, in which the Aviator tied for fifth place, that only the car's high price and lack of certain features and no low range with the 4WD model held it out of contention for the top spots.

Replacement
Coinciding with the model cycle of the Ford Explorer, the first-generation Lincoln Aviator was discontinued after the 2005 model year, with the final vehicle produced by St. Louis Assembly on August 19, 2005.  At the 2004 Detroit Auto Show, Lincoln previewed an intended second generation of the Aviator.  In a break from the Explorer/Mountaineer, the model line was shift its design from a three-row SUV to a two-row crossover SUV, becoming a Lincoln counterpart of the Ford Edge CUV.  The second-generation Aviator was to skip the 2006 model year entirely, released as an early 2007 vehicle.

During 2007, Lincoln phased in a rebranding of its model line, adopting a "MK" model nomenclature for all vehicles (with the exception of the Navigator and the Town Car).  The Aviator nameplate was dropped, becoming the Lincoln MKX (X= crossover); based on the Ford CD3 platform, the production MKX served as a counterpart of the Ford Edge.

Second generation (2020–present)

At the 2018 New York Auto Show, Lincoln unveiled a prototype version of its planned second generation Aviator, slated to enter production in 2019. While not officially announced as a replacement for the MKT, the Aviator is marketed above the Nautilus and below the standard-wheelbase Navigator.

A more detailed production was later introduced at the Los Angeles Auto Show on November 28, 2018. Lincoln confirmed that the Aviator will go on sale in the Summer of 2019 as a 2020 model in North America and in China afterwards. Lincoln notes that it will be marketed as a mid-size SUV rather than a Crossover.

With 494 horsepower and 630 lb-ft of torque, and all of the power and torque coming from a 3.0-liter twin-turbocharged V6 with a hybrid system, the Aviator Hybrid's output makes it on par with likes of other midsize performance SUVs such as the BMW X5 xDrive 50i (456 hp and 479 lb-ft), and the Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid (455 hp and 516 lb-ft).

Vehicle overview
The 2018 Aviator prototype marked the debut of an all-new vehicle platform for Ford Motor Company; while the vehicle is rear-wheel-drive, the architecture is designed for multiple powertrain layouts, including all-wheel-drive and front-wheel-drive. The second generation Aviator shares its platform architecture with the sixth generation Explorer. While again mechanically related to the Explorer, the Aviator will be given its own body design. Adopting design cues from the Continental and Navigator, the Aviator adopted conservative exterior styling, to contrast from a "visual attack" (seen on competing vehicles).

No specific engine or transmission details were announced as part of the unveiling; the production Aviator will offer plug-in hybrid (PHEV) capability as an option, the first Lincoln vehicle to do so.

Making their way into the production vehicle, several technology features made their debut on the 2018 prototype Aviator. Tying the vehicle camera system with the continuously controlled dampers, Suspension Preview Technology looks at the road ahead for surface irregularities (i.e., potholes), preparing the suspension for impact and its effect on vehicle ride. Phone as a Key allows an Aviator to be driven without keys; the technology allows the smartphone of the owner to serve as the vehicle key fob, with the door-mounted keyless entry keypad allowing access in the event of phone battery failure (the interior is designed with wireless charging for smartphones).

A number of safety technology features are included, with Lincoln CoPilot360 packaging automatic emergency braking with pedestrian detection, a blind-spot information system with cross-traffic alert, lane keeping system, reverse camera, and auto high-beams. Reverse Brake Assist applies the brakes if the vehicle detects an object when the transmission is in reverse.

Lincoln designers worked with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra to compose 25 unique sound effects to be used for the door chime and other indicator alerts for the Aviator.

Sales

References

External links

 2005 Lincoln Aviator press kit (Ford Media)

Aviator
Category:Sport utility vehicles
Category:Luxury sport utility vehicles
Category:Mid-size sport utility vehicles
Category:2000s cars
Category:Cars introduced in 2002
Category:2010s cars
Category:2020s cars