Emma, Lady Hamilton

Emma, Lady Hamilton (26 April 1765; baptised 12 May 176515 January 1815) was an English model and actress, who is best remembered as the mistress of Lord Nelson and as the muse of the portrait artist George Romney.

Early life
She was born Amy Lyon in Swan Cottage, Ness near Neston, Cheshire, England, the daughter of Henry Lyon, a blacksmith who died when she was two months old. She was raised by her mother, the former Mary Kidd (later Cadogan), and grandmother, Sarah Kidd, at Hawarden, and received no formal education. She later went by the name of Emma Hart.

Mary Lyon, left with a 2-month-old daughter after her husband had died in somewhat mysterious circumstances, returned to her family home across the Dee, where her mother Sarah Kidd helped to raise Emma, forming a bond which they maintained throughout their lives. With her grandmother struggling to make ends meet at the age of 60, and after Mary went to London in 1777 (possibly having lost a source of income through a lover employed at Sir John Glynne's estate), Emma began work, aged 12, as a maid at the Hawarden home of Doctor Honoratus Leigh Thomas, a surgeon working in Chester.

Only a few months later she was unemployed again (possibly dismissed) and took the stage coach to London in autumn 1777, where she started work for the Budd family in Chatham Place, Blackfriars, London, and met a maid called Jane Powell, who wanted to be an actress. Emma joined in with Jane's rehearsals for various tragic roles. Pretty and ambitious, Emma started work at the Drury Lane theatre in Covent Garden, as maid to various actresses, among them Mary Robinson.

Emma next worked as a model and dancer at the "Goddess of Health" (also known as the "Temple of Health") for James Graham, a Scottish "quack" doctor. The establishment's greatest attraction was a bed through which electricity was passed, giving paying patrons mild shocks.  This supposedly aided conception, and many infertile couples paid high prices to try it.

At fifteen, Emma met Sir Harry Fetherstonhaugh, who hired her for several months as hostess and entertainer at a lengthy stag party at Fetherstonhaugh's Uppark country estate in the South Downs. She is said to have entertained Harry and his friends by dancing in the nude on the dining room table. Fetherstonhaugh took Emma there as a mistress, but frequently ignored her in favour of drinking and hunting with his friends. Emma soon formed a friendship with one of the guests, the dull but sincere Honourable Charles Francis Greville (1749–1809), second son of the then Earl of Warwick and a member of Parliament for Warwick.  It was about this time (late June-early July 1781) that she conceived a child by Fetherstonhaugh.

Fetherstonhaugh was furious at the unwanted pregnancy and Emma appealed to Greville. Greville took her in as his mistress, on condition that the child was fostered out. Once the child (Emma Carew) was born, she was removed to be raised by her great-grandmother at Hawarden for her first three years, and subsequently (after a short spell in London with her mother) deposited with Mr John Blackburn, schoolmaster, and his wife in Manchester. As a young woman, Emma's daughter saw her mother reasonably frequently, but later when Emma fell into debt, her daughter worked abroad as a companion or governess.

Greville kept Emma in a small house at Edgware Row, Paddington Green, at this time a village on the rural outskirts of London. Emma was at Greville's mercy and acceded to his requests to change her name to "Mrs Emma Hart", to dress in modest outfits in subdued colours and eschew a social life. He arranged for Emma's mother, then in her thirties, who had by now taken on the name of Cadogan (possibly from a John Cadogan who lived in the area, although no marriage is recorded) to live with her as housekeeper and chaperone. Greville also taught her to enunciate more elegantly, and after a while, started to invite some of his friends to meet her.

Seeing an opportunity to make some money by taking a cut of sales, Greville sent her to sit for his friend, the painter George Romney, who was looking for a new model and muse. It was then that Emma became the subject of many of Romney's most famous portraits, and soon became London's biggest celebrity. In fact, so began Romney's lifelong obsession with her, sketching her nude and clothed in many poses that he later used to create paintings in her absence. Through the popularity of Romney's work and particularly of his striking-looking young model, Emma became well known in society circles, under the name of "Emma Hart". She was witty, intelligent, a quick learner, elegant and, as paintings of her attest, extremely beautiful. Romney was fascinated by her looks and ability to adapt to the ideals of the age. Romney and other artists painted her in many guises, foreshadowing her later "attitudes".

In 1783, Greville needed to find a rich wife to replenish his finances, and found a fit in the form of eighteen-year-old heiress Henrietta Middleton. Emma would be a problem, as he disliked being known as her lover (this having become apparent to all through her fame in Romney's artworks), and his prospective wife would not accept him as a suitor if he lived openly with Emma Hart.

To be rid of Emma, Greville persuaded his uncle, younger brother of his mother, Sir William Hamilton, British Envoy to Naples, to take her off his hands. Greville's marriage would be useful to Sir William, as it relieved him of having Greville as a poor relation. To promote his plan, Greville suggested to Sir William that Emma would make a very pleasing mistress, assuring him that, once married to Henrietta Middleton, he would come and fetch Emma back. Sir William, then 55 and newly widowed, had arrived back in London for the first time in over five years. Emma's famous beauty was by then well known to Sir William, so much so that he even agreed to pay the expenses for her journey to ensure her speedy arrival. A great collector of antiquities and beautiful objects, he took interest in her as another acquisition. He had long been happily married until the death of his wife in 1782, and he liked female companionship. His home in Naples was well known all over the world for hospitality and refinement. He needed a hostess for his salon, and from what he knew about Emma, he thought she would be the perfect choice.

Greville did not inform Emma of his plan, but instead in 1785 suggested the trip as a prolonged holiday in Naples while he (Greville) was away in Scotland on business, not long after Emma's mother had suffered a stroke. Emma was thus sent to Naples, supposedly for six to eight months, little realising that she was going as the mistress of her host. Emma set off for Naples with her mother and Gavin Hamilton on 13 March 1786 overland in an old coach, and arrived in Naples on her 21st birthday on 26 April.

Marriage to Sir William Hamilton
After about six months of living in apartments in the Palazzo Sessa with her mother (separately from Sir William) and begging Greville to come and fetch her, Emma came to understand that he had cast her off. She was furious when she realised what Greville had planned for her, but eventually started to enjoy life in Naples and responded to Sir William's intense courtship just before Christmas in 1786. They fell in love, Sir William forgot about his plan to take her on as a temporary mistress, and Emma moved into his apartments, leaving her mother downstairs in the ground floor rooms. Emma was unable to attend Court yet, but Sir William took her to every other party, assembly and outing.

They were married on 6 September 1791 at St Marylebone Parish Church, then a plain small building, having returned to England for the purpose and Sir William having gained the King's consent. She was twenty-six and he was sixty. Although she was obliged to use her legal name of Amy Lyon on the marriage register, the wedding gave her the title Lady Hamilton which she would use for the rest of her life. Hamilton's public career was now at its height and during their visit he was inducted into the Privy Council. Shortly after the ceremony, Romney painted his last portrait of Emma from life, The Ambassadress, after which he plunged into a deep depression and drew a series of frenzied sketches of Emma.

The newly married couple returned to Naples after two days. After the marriage, Greville transferred the cost of Emma Carew's upkeep to Sir William, and suggested that he might move her to an establishment befitting the stepdaughter of an envoy. However, Sir William preferred to forget about her for a while.

Life in Naples and the "Attitudes"

Lady Hamilton became a close friend of Queen Maria Carolina, sister of Marie Antoinette and wife of Ferdinand I of Naples, and soon acquired fluency in both French and Italian. She was also a talented amateur singer. She sang one of the solo parts of Joseph Haydn's Nelson Mass and entertained guests at her home. At one point, the Royal Opera in Madrid tried to engage her for a season, in competition with their star, Angelica Catalani, but that offer was turned down.

Sharing Sir William Hamilton's enthusiasm for classical antiquities and art, she developed what she called her "Attitudes"—-tableaux vivants in which she portrayed sculptures and paintings before British visitors. Emma developed the attitudes, also known as Mimoplastic art, by using Romney's idea of combining classical poses with modern allure as the basis for her act. Emma had her dressmaker make dresses modelled on those worn by peasant islanders in the Bay of Naples, and the loose-fitting garments she often wore when modelling for Romney. She would pair these tunics with a few large shawls or veils, draping herself in folds of cloth and posing in such a way as to evoke popular images from Greco-Roman mythology. This cross between postures, dance and acting was first revealed in spring 1787 by Sir William at his home in Naples to a large group of European guests, who quickly took to this new form of entertainment. It formed a sort of charade, with the audience guessing the names of the classical characters and scenes Emma portrayed.

The performance was a sensation with visitors from across Europe. With the aid of her shawls, Emma posed as various classical figures from Medea to Queen Cleopatra, and her performances charmed aristocrats, artists such as Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun, writers—-including the great Johann Wolfgang von Goethe—-and kings and queens alike, setting off new dance trends across Europe and starting a fashion for a draped Grecian style of dress.

"Attitudes" were taken up by several other (female) artists, among them Ida Brun from Denmark, who became Emma's successor in the new art form. The famed sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen admired her art. "Attitudes" were a form of "mime art", which disappeared for a long time, only to surface again in the 20th century. Emma developed her Attitudes from mere poses into small, wordless plays—-in her later years she excelled most as Medea.

Meeting with Nelson
As wife of the British Envoy, Emma welcomed Nelson (who had been married to Fanny Nisbet for about 6 years at that point) after his arrival in Naples on 10 September 1793, when he came to gather reinforcements against the French. She is described in 1797 in the diary of 18-year-old Elizabeth Wynne as "a charming woman, beautiful and exceedingly good humoured and amiable." When he set sail for Sardinia on 15 September after only 5 days in Naples, it was clear that he had already fallen a little in love.

After four years of marriage, Emma had despaired of having children with Sir William, although she wrote of him as "the best husband and friend". It seems likely that he was sterile. She once again tried to persuade him to allow her daughter to come and live with them in the Palazzo Sessa as her mother Mrs Cadogan's niece, but he refused this as well as her request to make enquiries in England about suitors for the young Emma.

Nelson returned to Naples five years later, on 22 September 1798 a living legend, after his victory at the Battle of the Nile in Aboukir, with his step-son Josiah Nisbet, then eighteen years old. By this time, Nelson's adventures had prematurely aged him; he had lost an arm and most of his teeth, and was afflicted by coughing spells. Before his arrival, Emma had written a letter passionately expressing her admiration for him, and reportedly flung herself upon him in admiration, calling out, "Oh God, is it possible?", as she fainted against him. Nelson even wrote effusively of Emma to his increasingly estranged wife. Emma and Sir William escorted Nelson to their home, the Palazzo Sessa.

Emma nursed Nelson under her husband's roof, dazzled him with her attention, and arranged a party with 1,800 guests to celebrate his 40th birthday on 29 September. She also worked hard to bring Nelson's step-son, the sullen Josiah Nisbet, out of his shell. After the party, Emma became Nelson's secretary, translator and political facilitator. They soon fell in love and their affair seems to have been tolerated, and perhaps even encouraged, by the elderly Sir William, whose own health was now failing and who longed for retirement. Hamilton showed nothing but admiration and respect for Nelson, and vice versa. By November, the gossip from Naples about their affair reached the English newspapers, and Fanny also had to read her husband's letters full of praise for the Hamiltons. Emma Hamilton and Horatio Nelson were by now the two most famous Britons in the world.

Emma had by then become not only a close personal friend of Queen Maria Carolina, but had developed into an important political influence. She advised the Queen on how to react to the threats from the French Revolution. Maria Carolina's sister Marie Antoinette had fallen a victim to the Revolution.

In 1799, Naples was the scene of a strange revolution led by members of the aristocracy; the common people did not agree with the revolution. The French troops were not welcome, but the royal family fled to Sicily. From here Nelson tried to help the royal family put down the revolutionaries. He had absolutely no support from the British government. He even allowed one of the leaders of the revolution, Admiral Francesco Caracciolo, to be executed for treason. Emma Hamilton tried to draw a parallel between the revolution in Naples and the Irish uprising in 1798. Emma played an important role in helping to put an end to the revolution when she arrived off Naples with Nelson's fleet on 24 June 1799. She acted as a go-between, conveying messages from the queen to Nelson and from Nelson to the queen.

Life in London and at Merton
Nelson's recall to Britain shortly afterwards coincided with the government finally granting Hamilton's request for relief from his post in Naples. Emma must have become pregnant around April 1800. Nelson, Emma, her mother and William travelled together—-taking the longest possible route back to Britain via Central Europe (hearing the Missa in Angustiis by Joseph Haydn, now known as the "Nelson Mass" in Vienna in 1800), and eventually arriving in Yarmouth to a hero's welcome on 6 November 1800.

Upon arrival in London on 8 November, the three of them took suites at Nerot's Hotel after a missed communication from Nelson to his wife about receiving the party at their home, Roundwood. Lady Nelson and Nelson's father arrived and they all dined at the hotel, with Fanny deeply unhappy to see Emma pregnant. The affair soon became public knowledge, and to the delight of the newspapers, Fanny did not accept the affair as placidly as Sir William. Emma was winning the media war at that point, and every fine lady was experimenting with her look. Nelson contributed to Fanny's misery by being cruel to her when not in Emma's company. Sir William was mercilessly lampooned in the press, but his sister observed that he doted on Emma and she was very attached to him.

The Hamiltons moved into William Beckford's mansion at 22 Grosvenor Square, and Nelson and Fanny took an expensive furnished house at 17 Dover Street, a comfortable walking distance away, until December, when Sir William rented a home at 23 Piccadilly, opposite Green Park. On 1 January, Nelson's promotion to Vice Admiral was confirmed and he prepared to go to sea on the same night. Infuriated by Fanny's handing him an ultimatum to choose between her and his mistress, Nelson chose Emma and decided to take steps to formalise separation from his wife. He never saw her again, after being hustled out of town by an agent. While he was at sea, Nelson and Emma exchanged many letters, using a secret code to discuss Emma's condition. Emma kept her first daughter Emma Carew's existence as a secret from Nelson, while Sir William continued to provide for her.

Birth of Horatia
Emma gave birth to Nelson's daughter Horatia, on 29 January 1801 at 23 Piccadilly, who was taken soon afterwards to a Mrs Gibson for care and hire of a wet nurse. On 1 February, Emma made a spectacular appearance at a concert at the house of the Duke of Norfolk in St James' Square, and Emma worked hard to keep the press onside.

Soon after this, the Prince of Wales (later King George IV) became infatuated with Emma, leading Nelson to be consumed by jealousy, and inspiring a remarkable letter by Sir William to Nelson, assuring him that she was being faithful. In late February, Nelson returned to London and met his daughter at Mrs Gibson's. Nelson's family were aware of the pregnancy, and his clergyman brother Rev. William Nelson wrote to Emma praising her virtue and goodness. Nelson and Emma continued to write letters to each other when he was away at sea, and she kept every one. While he was away too, she arranged for her mother to visit the Kidds in Hawarden and her daughter in Manchester.

By the autumn of the same year, upon Emma's advice, Nelson bought Merton Place, a small ramshackle house at Merton, near Wimbledon, for £9,000, borrowing money from his friend Davison. He gave her free rein with spending to improve the property, and her vision was to transform the house into a celebration of his genius. There they lived together openly, with Sir William and Emma's mother, in a ménage à trois that fascinated the public. Emma turned herself to winning over Nelson's family, nursing his 80-year-old father Edmund for 10 days at Merton, who loved her and thought of moving in with them, but could not bear to leave his beloved Norfolk. Emma also made herself useful to Nelson's sisters Kitty (Catherine), married to George Matcham, and Susanna, married to Thomas Bolton, by helping to raise their children and to make ends meet. Nelson's sister-in-law Sarah (married to William), also pressed him for assistance and favours, including the payment of their son Horatio's school fees at Eton. Also around this time, Emma finally told Nelson about her daughter Emma Carew, now known as Emma Hartley, and found that she had had nothing to worry about; he invited her to stay at Merton and soon grew fond of "Emma's relative". An unpublished letter shows that Nelson assumed responsibility for upkeep of young Emma at this time.

After the Treaty of Amiens on 25 March 1802, Nelson was released from active service, but wanted to keep his new-found position in society by maintaining an aura of wealth, and Emma worked hard to live up to this dream. Nelson's father became seriously ill in April, but Nelson did not visit him in Norfolk (possibly fearing a meeting with Fanny), staying home to celebrate Emma's 37th birthday with a big party on the very day that Edmund died, and did not attend the funeral.

Death of Sir William
The newspapers reported on their every move, including trips to Wales to inspect Sir William's estates and a holiday to Ramsgate intended to give him some peace and quiet, looking to Emma to set fashions in dress, home decoration and even dinner party menus. By the autumn of 1803, Sir William's health was declining, at the same time that the peace with France was disintegrating. A "Children's Ball" was thrown after New Year, in honour of Horatia, and a concert for 100 guests staged in February. But soon afterwards, Sir William collapsed at 23 Piccadilly and on 6 April died in Emma's arms, and Emma's creditors closed in. Charles Greville was the executor of the estate and he instructed her to leave 23 Piccadilly, but for the sake of respectability, she had to keep an address separate from Nelson's and so moved into 11 Clarges Street, not far away, a couple of months later. Greville, furious at the extent of the debts left in the estate, was not willing to do Emma any favours. In addition, Sir William had not written fairly about Emma's role in the vital espionage of 1795, inflating his own role, so the government did not consider her worthy of a pension.

In the meantime, Nelson was offered the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, and they rushed to have Horatia christened at Marylebone Parish Church before he left. On her baptism record, her name was recorded as Horatia Nelson Thompson, and her date of birth falsely recorded as 29 October 1800 in order to continue the pretence that she had been born in Naples and was godchild of Emma and Nelson, according to Kate Williams and based on an unpublished letter; however the only publicly available transcription of the record shows 29 October 1801. Nelson later wrote a letter explaining that the child was an orphan "left to his care and protection" in Naples.

Emma planned, paid for and hosted the wedding of Nelson's niece Kitty Bolton (daughter of Susanna) and her cousin Captain Sir William Bolton (Nelson's sister Susanna's husband's brother's son) at 23 Piccadilly on 18 May 1803, the same day as Nelson's early morning departure to fight in the Napoleonic Wars, leaving Emma pregnant with their second child (although neither knew it at this time). The marriage was witnessed by Charlotte Mary Nelson (Nelson's brother William's daughter) and "Emma Hartley" (Emma's daughter Emma Carew).

Nelson at sea again
She was desperately lonely, preoccupied with attempting to turn Merton Place into the grand home Nelson desired, suffering from several ailments and frantic for his return. The child, a girl (reportedly named Emma), died about 6 weeks after her birth in early 1804, and Horatia also fell ill at her home with Mrs Gibson on Titchfield Street. Emma kept the infant's death a secret from the press (her burial is unrecorded), kept her deep grief from Nelson's family and found it increasingly difficult to cope alone. She reportedly distracted herself by gambling, and succumbed to binges of heavy drinking and eating and spending lavishly.

Emma received several marriage proposals during 1804, all wealthy men, but she was still in love with Nelson and believed that he would become wealthy with prize money and leave her rich in his will, and she refused them all. She continued to entertain and help Nelson's relatives, especially William and Sarah's "obstreperous son Horace" and their daughter Charlotte, who was referred to as Emma's "foster daughter" in a letter. Nelson urged her to keep Horatia at Merton, and when his return seemed imminent in 1804, Emma ran up bills on furnishing and decorating Merton. Five-year-old Horatia came to live at Merton in May 1805. There were also reports that she holidayed with Emma Carew.

After a brief visit to England in August 1805, Nelson once again had to return to service. Emma received letters from him on 1, 7 and 13 October. On the ship, he wrote a note intended as a codicil to his will requesting that, in return for his legacy to King and Country that they should give Emma "ample provision to maintain her rank in life", and that his "adopted daughter, Horatia Nelson Thompson...use in future the name of Nelson only".

Nelson's death
On 21 October 1805, Nelson's fleet defeated a joint Franco-Spanish naval force at the Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson was seriously wounded during the battle and died three hours later. When the news of his death arrived in London, a messenger was sent to Merton Place to bring the news to Lady Hamilton. She later recalled, They brought me word, Mr Whitby from the Admiralty. 'Show him in directly,' I said. He came in, and with a pale countenance and faint voice, said, 'We have gained a great Victory.' – 'Never mind your Victory,' I said. 'My letters – give me my letters' – Captain Whitby was unable to speak – tears in his eyes and a deathly paleness over his face made me comprehend him. I believe I gave a scream and fell back, and for ten hours I could neither speak nor shed a tear.

Emma lay in bed prostrate with grief for many weeks, often receiving visitors in tears. It was some weeks before she heard that Nelson's last words were of her and that he had begged the nation to take care of her and Horatia. After William and Sarah distanced themselves from her (William being elated upon hearing that Nelson had not changed his will), she relied on Nelson's sisters (Kitty Matcham and Susanna Bolton) for moral support and company. Like her, the Boltons and Matchams had spent lavishly in expectation of Nelson's victorious return, and Emma gave them and other of his friends and relations money.

Final years

Nelson's will was read in November; William inherited his entire estate (including Bronte) except for Merton, as well as his bank accounts and possessions. The government had made William an Earl and his son Horatio (aka Horace) a Viscount - the titles Nelson had aspired to - and now he was also Duke of Bronte. Emma received £2000, Merton, and £500 per annum from the Bronte estate - much less than she had when Nelson was alive, and not enough to maintain Merton. In spite of Nelson's status as a national hero, the instructions he left to the government to provide for Emma and Horatia were ignored; they also ignored his wishes that she should sing at his funeral.

The funeral was one of the most lavish commemorations in British history, costing the state £14,000, but Emma was excluded. Only the men of the Bolton and Matcham family were invited, and Emma spent the day with her family and the women. She gave both families dinner and breakfast and accommodated the Boltons, and probably received William and Horace.

After the funeral, the begging letters began. William would not help, so everybody turned to Emma. Lord Grenville sent the codicil to Nelson's will to his solicitor with a note saying that nothing could be done; instead, the Boltons and Matchams received £10,000 each (but still left their adolescent daughters with Emma to educate), while William was awarded £100,000 to buy an estate called Trafalgar, as well as £5000 for life.

Relations between William and Emma became strained and he refused to give her the £500 pension due to her. Emma was especially hurt by Lady Charlotte's rebuff, partly because she had spent about £2000 paying for her education, clothes, presents and holidays but also because she had grown fond of her.

She spent 1806 to 1808 keeping up the act, continuing to spend on parties and alterations to Merton to make it a monument to Nelson. Goods that Nelson had ordered arrived and had to be paid for. The annual annuity of £800 from Sir William's estate was not enough to pay off the debts and keep up the lifestyle, and Emma fell deeply into debt.

She moved from Clarges Street to a cheaper home at 136 Bond Street, but could not bring herself to relinquish Merton. Her brother, William, blackmailed her into giving him money, and Mrs Cadogan's sister's family, the Connors, were also expecting handouts. Emma Carew came for a short summer visit in late June 1806, at which point Sir Harry Fetherstonhaugh sent £500 for the benefit of mother and daughter. Emma hosted and employed James Harrison for 6 months to write a two-volume Life of Nelson, which made it clear that Horatia was his child. Still her company was sought after in society, and she continued to entertain at Merton, including the Prince of Wales and the Dukes of Sussex and Clarence, but no favours were returned by the royals.

Within three years, Emma was more than £15,000 in debt. In June 1808, Merton failed to sell at auction. She was not completely without friends; her neighbours had rallied, and Sir John Perring hosted a group of influential financiers to help organise her finances and sell Merton. It was eventually sold in April 1809. However, her lavish spending continued, and a combination of this and the steady depletion of funds due to people fleecing her meant that she remained in debt, although unbeknownst to most people. Her mother, Mrs Cadogan, died in January 1810. For most of 1811 and 1812 she was in a virtual debtors' prison, and in December 1812 either chose to commit herself (her name does not appear in the record books)  or was sentenced to a prison sentence at the King's Bench Prison in Southwark, although she was not kept in a cell but allowed to live in rooms nearby with Horatia, as per the system whereby genteel prisoners could buy the rights to live "within the Rules", a three-square-mile area around the prison.

In early 1813 she petitioned the Prince of Wales, the government and friends, but all of her requests failed and she was obliged to auction off many of her possessions, including many Nelson relics, at low prices. However she continued to borrow money at extortionate interest rates in order to keep up the show and in entertaining possible patrons at huge dinners. Public opinion turned against her (and Nelson to some extent) after the Letters of Lord Nelson to Lady Hamilton were published in book form in April 1814.

Emma was anxious to leave the country, but owing to the risk of arrest if she travelled on a normal ferry, she and Horatia hid from her creditors for a week before boarding a private vessel bound for Calais on 1 July 1814, with £50 in her purse. Initially taking apartments at the expensive Dessein's Hotel, she initially kept up a social life and fine dining by relying on creditors. Her old housekeeper, Dame Francis, came to run the household and hired other servants. But soon she was deeply in debt and suffering from longstanding health problems, including stomach pains, nausea and diarrhoea. She turned to the Roman Catholic church and joined the St Pierre congregation.

Death

In November they moved into a cheap flat at 27 Rue Française and in an effort to dull the pain Emma drank spirits and took laudanum. She died on 15 January 1815, aged 49, of amoebic dysentery—an illness she probably contracted during her years in Naples (Sir William Hamilton had also suffered from amoebic dysentery)—and consequent organ failure. Emma was buried in Calais on 21 January in public ground outside the town, with her faithful friend Joshua Smith paying for the modest funeral at the Catholic church. It was reported that "all the English gentlemen in Calais attended". Her grave was subsequently lost due to wartime destruction, but in 1994 a group of supporters erected a plaque in her honour in the Parc Richelieu.

Henry Cadogan cared for the 14-year-old Horatia in the aftermath of Emma's death and paid for her travel to Dover. The Matchams took her in to care for their younger children, until she was sent off to live with the Boltons two years later, Susanna having died in 1813. Horatia subsequently married the Rev. Philip Ward, had ten children (the first of whom was named Horatio Nelson) and lived until 1881. Horatia never publicly acknowledged that she was the daughter of Emma Hamilton.

Jason M. Kelly sums up her life thus at the end of his essay on Emma's education in Naples: "In a world of aristocratic privilege and powerful men, her common birth and gender ultimately circumscribed her options".

Honours and heraldry
Emma Hamilton is generally known by the courtesy title of "Lady Hamilton", to which she was entitled from 1791 as the wife and then widow of Sir William Hamilton, but in 1800, she became "Dame Emma Hamilton", a title she held in her own right as a female member of the Order of Malta. This was an unusual and possibly unique honour, which was awarded to Lady Hamilton by the then Grand Master of the Order, Tsar Paul, in recognition of her role in the defence of the island of Malta against the French.

Subsequently, she used her new title in formal circumstances, and was also acknowledged as "Dame Emma Hamilton" in official British contexts; most notably, this was the title under which she was formally granted her own coat of arms by the English College of Arms in 1806, Per pale Or and Argent, three Lions rampant Gules, on a chief Sable, a Cross of eight points of the second. The lions evidently refer to her maiden surname of Lyons, while the addition of the Maltese Cross, which has puzzled heraldic scholars unaware of her connection to the Order, is recognisable as an honourable augmentation referring to her damehood.

In popular culture
Paintings of Emma have been featured as cover artwork for many books, including Lady Hamilton as Circe on the cover of the Bantam Classics publication of Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë.
She was the subject of a 1926 operetta, Lady Hamilton, by the German composer Eduard Künneke. The operetta was revived in Cologne in 2004.
A 1921 silent German film Lady Hamilton directed by Richard Oswald with Liane Haid as Hamilton and Conrad Veidt as Nelson
Emma Hamilton is mentioned in the play La Tosca by Victorien Sardou.
In the 1929 Vitaphone part-silent film, The Divine Lady, Corinne Griffith played Lady Hamilton and Victor Varconi played Admiral Nelson
In the 1934 film Boots! Boots!, George Formby mentions Lady Hamilton and her relationship with Nelson in his song Why Don't Women Like Me
The 1941 film That Hamilton Woman tells the story of Emma's affair with Horatio Nelson. It stars Vivien Leigh as Emma and Laurence Olivier as Horatio. Leigh took publicity photos for the film arranged in poses very similar to paintings of Emma.
 The 1968 film Emma Hamilton depicts her relationship with Nelson. She was played by Michèle Mercier.
 In the 1973 film Bequest to the Nation (released in the United States as The Nelson Affair), Glenda Jackson plays her, and Peter Finch plays Nelson.
 The 1979 song "Bang Bang", performed by B. A. Robertson, mentions both Lord Nelson ("Lord Nel") and Lady Hamilton.
 In the 1980s sitcom Blackadder the Third, the show's antihero, Edmund Blackadder (Rowan Atkinson), repeatedly mocks both Lord Nelson and Lady Hamilton.
Susan Sontag's 1992 novel The Volcano Lover: A Romance is a fictionalised portrait of Lady Emma and the times in which she lived.
The 1999 song "I'd Like That" on English pop band XTC's 13th studio album Apple Venus Vol. 1 contains the line "I'd be your Nelson if you'd be my Hamilton" in an obvious reference to the famous lovers.

See also
Horatia Nelson
Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
William Hamilton (diplomat)

References

Bibliography
  Emma Hamilton Seduction and Celebrity
Contogouris, Ersy (2018). Emma Hamilton and Late Eighteenth-Century European Art: Agency, Performance, and Representation. London and New York: Routledge. .

External links

Lady Hamilton as a Bacchante in the Lady Lever Art Gallery

"Finding the Lost Daughter of Lady Hamilton". Article about Emma Carew by Jacqui Livesey. (Global Maritime History, 24 March 2014)
"Dispelling the myths around Lady Emma Hamilton and Admiral Lord Nelson", article by the curator of the 2017 Emma Hamilton exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, Quintin Colville. (Cheshire Life, 3 November 2016)
Paintings of Emma Hart in the Waddesdon Manor collection

Further reading
 The Volcano Lover, a novel by Susan Sontag, features Emma prominently as a partially fictionalized character.
Celebrating Waddesdon's women blog article

Category:People from Neston
Category:English artists' models
Category:English female singers
Category:1765 births
Category:1815 deaths
Category:Horatio Nelson
Category:English courtesans
Category:English socialites
Category:Mistresses
Category:British mimes
Category:Muses
Category:Wives of knights
Category:Waddesdon Manor


Reca

Reca () is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.

Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 124 metres and covers an area of 9.921 km². It has a population of 1420 people.

History

Pagan tomb-mounds excavated in an around Reca confirm the presence of Magyar mounted border guards from the 10th century.

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1256, and was part of the dominion of Matthias Csák, the magnate of Trencsén. Documents confirm that before Csak, during the reign of the early Árpád kings, the settlement was inhabited by castle warriors (jobagiones castri) and controlled by the Count of Pozsony. The castle warriors of Reca developed into landowning lower nobility and Reca was a characteristic curial village of Pozsony County until the mid-20th century.

During the Counter-Reformation in the 16th and 17th centuries, Reca (or Réthe, as it was then known) became the shelter of Bohemian and Moravian Protestants after the Battle of the White Mountain, because the Reca gentry was not subject to Catholic Habsburg religious laws. An estimated five-sixths of the Bohemian nobility went into exile soon after the Battle of White Mountain, and their properties were confiscated. This period has left a Unity of the Brethren Chapel in the village, containing pieces of rare ecclesiastical plate. After the city of Skalica, Reca was one of the most significant locations in Royal Hungary for Czech exiles, with approximately 30 families settling there in the 17th century.

In 1878 Reca briefly became known as Nemes Réte, in line with some other curial villages (e.g. Nemes Dedina. It also adopted a peculiar coat of arms consisting of the Royal arms of Hungary).

The 1892 Directory of Hungarian Merchants (which covers roughly 10-15% of the working populace of the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary) lists the heads of families in Reca engaged in trade. It mainly covers Jewish families living in Reca as craftsmen and shopkeepers, and heads of gentry families engaged in horse-breeding which they subsequently sold in nearby Senec, Bratislava or Vienna. The largest families in the list are the Doka (7 [and long-serving representatives of the noble commune of Reca]), Fadgyas (3), Karátsonyi (4), Klebercz (3), Pomichal (6) and Prikkel (3).

During the First Vienna Award in 1938, Reca once more became part of Hungary, during the regime of admiral Miklós Horthy. In 1945 it was recovered by Czechoslovakia. A number of residents were affected by the Benes Decrees and tenthousands of Hungarian families were forced to move to Hungary and Czechia in 1947 as part of the colonisation of Slovaks in the region.

Notable figures

The first individual known to documented history is Petrus Magnus de Réthe, a descendant of the original castle warriors, recorded in 1256 as a castle warrior of Bratislava Castle.

References in popular culture
Reca is the setting for the epic Hungarian film Rákóczi hadnagya (1954), or "Rákóczi's Lieutenant" in English. The heroic officer in the film, Lieutenant János Bornemissza, is driven by his "patriotism to Hungary and love for the beautiful Anna Bíró from Reca". When Reca falls into Labanc hands Anna is imprisoned and only rescued by Bornemissza at the end of the film.

References

External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html

Category:Villages and municipalities in Senec District
Category:Hungarian nobility


Ptychochromis grandidieri

Ptychochromis grandidieri is a species of fish in the family Cichlidae endemic to river basins along a large part of the eastern coast of Madagascar, although it has been recorded as far as  inland. Uniquely in the genus Ptychochromis, this species also occurs in brackish water. It reaches  in standard length. It shares a large part of its range with a cichlid from another genus, Paretroplus polyactis. The specific name honours Alfred Grandidier (1836-1921), the French naturalist and explorer who, with Henri Joseph Léon Humblot (1852-1914), collected the type.

References

grandidieri
Category:Freshwater fish of Madagascar
Category:Fish described in 1882
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


2011–12 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team

The 2011–12 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team represented the University of Iowa in the 2011–12 college basketball season. The team was led by 2nd year head coach Fran McCaffery and played their home games at Carver-Hawkeye Arena, which has been their home since 1983. They were members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season with 18-17 record, 8-10 in Big Ten play finished in a tie with Northwestern in 7th place. They made to the 2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament where they defeated Illinois in the first round but then lost to Michigan State in the quarterfinals. They made to the 2012 National Invitation Tournament, where they beat Dayton in the first round, and lost to Oregon in the second round.

Roster
The 2011–12 Iowa Hawkeyes squad contained 16 players which include 4 freshmen, 1 redshirt freshman, 6 sophomores, 2 juniors, 3 seniors, and 1 redshirt senior.

2011 Commitments

Schedule and Results

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!colspan=12| Exhibition

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!colspan=12| Regular Season

|-

|-

|-

|-

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!colspan=12| 2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament

|-
!colspan=9| 2012 National Invitation Tournament

References

Iowa Hawkeyes Men's Basketball Team, 2011-12
Category:Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball seasons
Iowa
Hawk
Hawk


Aïn Farès District

Aïn Farès District is a district of Mascara Province, Algeria.

Category:Districts of Algeria
Category:Districts of Mascara Province


Listed buildings in Morville, Shropshire

Morville is a civil parish in Shropshire, England.  It contains 19 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  Of these, two are listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, one is at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade.  The oldest listed building is a church that retains some surviving Norman features.  Also listed are two country houses, together with associated structures.  Otherwise the listed buildings include houses, cottages, farmhouses, farm buildings, a mill, and a signpost, the earliest of which are timber framed.
__NOTOC__

Key

Buildings

References

Citations

Sources

Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Shropshire


Chef Nic

Chef Nic () is a Chinese food travelogue show starring Nicholas Tse and featuring different celebrity guests per episode. The first episode aired on July 12, 2014.

Episodes

Season 1

Season 2
Season 2 added regular cast members including William Chan, Yu Quan and Ma Su.
All 12 episodes are available for streaming on the main website.

Season 3

Chef Nic 2018

References

External links
Official website Season 1
Official website Season 2

Category:Food travelogue television series


Leopoldo Faretra

Leopoldo Faretra (Grottaminarda, 1 February 1908 – Passo Eclano, 25 May 2001) was an Italian physician. He devoted his life to those in need of care and was strongly opposed to his political ideals. From 2 November 1943 to 13 April 1945 directed the Infirmary in Italian concentration camp in Hemer, in the northwest of Germany, in which he worked a resistance unarmed, allowing them to escape the German heavy work in the hundreds of Italians. On 3 September 1944, Faretra was reported to the Gestapo for propagating anti-German propaganda and to have caused the failure of the request for voluntary cooperation by the Germans advanced to the Italian military infirmary run by him. After his death, 16 March 2010 he was awarded the Medal of Honor due to him as an Italian citizen deported to a concentration camp Nazi.

Life
Leopoldo Faretra was born in Grottaminarda. He devoted his life to poor and needy people and he fought against infant mortality.

From 2 November 1943 to 13 April 1945, he directed Italian infirmary in the concentration camp of Hemer, in the north-west of Germany. Here, he prescribed a lot of false medical certificates to deported people in order to get them away from death caused by work in heavy industry.

He worked as health officer in Rocchetta Sant'Antonio. Then he moved to Venezuela cause of his socialist ideals and because there were needed doctors. There, doctor Faretra was the only one who gave immediately help to survivors of an air accident through impassable paths risking his life.

In 1957 he specialized in gynaecology and he managed to save a lot of unborn children and women in childbed through surgical operations. On 16 May 2010 it was award him a medal of honour because he was an Italian deported in a Nazi lager.

Bibliography

Notes

External links
 Some places and memories related to Leopoldo Faretra

Category:Italian gynaecologists
Category:1908 births
Category:2001 deaths


Victoria Records

Victoria Records was the name of record labels:

 Victoria Records (1952) - a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based company.
 Victoria Records (2000) - a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based company.
 Victoria Records (2015) - a Monterrey, Mexico-based company.

See also
 List of record labels


Sergei Abramov (ice hockey, born 1959)

Sergei Abramov (born 15 September 1959) is a Russian hockey player. He competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics.

References

Category:1959 births
Category:Living people
Category:Ice hockey players at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Category:Russian ice hockey goaltenders
Category:Olympic ice hockey players of Russia
Category:Sportspeople from Kazan


Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers

Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers is a program operated by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provides grants to eligible organizations assist socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers to own and operate farms and ranches and to participate in agriculture programs.

It supports a wide range of outreach and assistance activities, including farm management, marketing, application, and bidding procedures to members of a socially disadvantaged group, generally defined as persons whose race, ethnicity, or gender has subjected them to prejudice.

See also
Socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers

References

Category:United States Department of Agriculture programs


Pusillina testudae

Pusillina testudae is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

Description

Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Strait of Gibraltar.

References

 Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213.

External links

Category:Rissoidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1979


List of elections in 1883

The following elections occurred in the year 1883.

Africa
 1883 Liberian general election

Europe
 1883 Croatian parliamentary by-election
 1883 Dalmatian parliamentary election
 1883 Dutch general election

North America

Canada
 1883 Manitoba general election
 1883 Ontario general election

United States
 1883 New York state election

See also
 :Category:1883 elections

Category:Lists of elections by year
Elections


Time Out of Mind (Grover Washington Jr. album)

Time Out of Mind is a studio album by American jazz musician Grover Washington Jr. The album was recorded шт Philadelphia with a large band and released in 1989 via Columbia label. Phyllis Hyman was invited as a guest artist.

Reception
Scott Yanow of AllMusic commented "One of the most electrified of Grover Washington, Jr.'s albums, this Columbia set features the popular saxophonist (who plays soprano, alto and tenor) joined by oversized rhythm sections and plenty of keyboards on a variety of funky and danceable material. Not one of Washington's more essential releases (his Columbias overall have not been that memorable), the pacesetter among r&bish saxmen is actually in fine form; if only the material were better".

Track listing

Personnel
Band
Grover Washington, Jr. – producer, sax (alto, soprano, tenor)
Philip Woo – keyboards, synthesizer
Randy Bowland – guitar
Daryl Burgee  – percussion
Dr. Gibbs – congas
Ronnie Foster – multi-instruments
Miguel Fuentes – congas, percussion
Spencer Harrison – vocals (background)
Paula Holloway – vocals (background)
Phyllis Hyman  – vocals
Bill Jolly  – keyboards, piano (electric), synthesizer
Donald Robinson – keyboards, producer
Jim Salamone – drums, keyboards, percussion, programming, synthesizer
Sid Simmons – keyboards
Richard Lee Steacker – guitar
Gerald Veasley – bass, synthesizer
Darryl Washington – drums

Production
Peter Humphreys – engineer
Scott MacMinn – engineer

References

Category:1989 albums
Category:Columbia Records albums
Category:Grover Washington Jr. albums


Apostolic Nunciature to Jamaica

The Apostolic Nunciature to Jamaica is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Jamaica. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. The nuncio resides in Port of Spain, Trinidad.

List of papal representatives to Jamaica
Apostolic Pro-Nuncios
Paul Fouad Naïm Tabet (9 February 1980 - 8 September 1984)
Manuel Monteiro de Castro (16 February 1985 - 21 August 1990)
Eugenio Sbarbaro (7 February 1991 - 26 April 2000)
Apostolic Nuncios
Emil Paul Tscherrig (8 July 2000 - 22 May 2004)
Thomas Edward Gullickson (15 December 2004 – 21 May 2011)
Nicola Girasoli (29 October 2011 – 16 June 2017)
Fortunatus Nwachukwu (4 November 2017 – present)

References

Jamaica


Temple Grafton

Temple Grafton is a village and civil parish in the Stratford district of Warwickshire, England, situated about  east of Alcester and  West of the county town of Warwick. The place name is misleading, the Knights Templar never having any association with the place but owing to a naming error made in the time of Henry VIII the mistake has been perpetuated. During the reign of Richard I the estate in fact belonged to the Knights Hospitaller. During the reign of Edward III in 1347 the village was recorded as Grafton Superior while neighbouring Ardens Grafton was named Inferior

History
Temple Grafton was alleged to have been granted to Evesham Abbey by Ceolred King of Mercia in 710. But it is also said to have been given by Edward the Confessor in 1055, and is included among the 36 manors acquired by Abbot Ethelwig (1055–77); the 8th-century charter is probably a forgery made about this time to strengthen the title. Of these 36 manors, 28, including Grafton, were seized by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, quasi lupus rapax, (like a ravaging wolf) after Ethelwig's death. The village is then recorded in the Domesday Book as part of the lands of Osbern son of Richard, having been given to him by Odo, where the entry states, "In Ferncombe Hundred Gilbert holds 5 hides in (Grastone) Temple Grafton. Land for 5 ploughs. In lordship 2; 4 slaves; 6 villagers with a priest and 6 smallholders with 5 ploughs. Meadow, 24 acres. The value was £3; now £4. Merwin,Scroti, Toti and Tosti held it freely before 1066."

The first mention of the Knights Hospitallers here occurs in 1189, when they received a grant of land from Henry de Grafton. In 1275–6 they were holding 2 carucates, formerly belonging to Ralph and Bernard de Grafton, which were declared to have evaded taxation for forty years. In 1316 they held the manor for a knight's fee of Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. By 1338 they had a Preceptory here, which was united with that of Balsall, and they continued lords of the manor until the suppression of their Order in 1540 when the manor passed to the crown.

It is known as one of the Shakespeare villages. William Shakespeare is said to have joined a party of Stratford folk which set itself to outdrink a drinking club at Bidford-on-Avon, and as a result of his labours in that regard to have fallen asleep under the crab tree of which a descendant is still called Shakespeare's tree. When morning dawned his friends wished to renew the encounter but he wisely said "No I have drunk with "Piping Pebworth, Dancing Marston, Haunted Hillboro', Hungry Grafton, Dodging Exhall, Papist Wixford, Beggarly Broom and Drunken Bidford" and so, presumably, I will drink no more." The story is said to date from the 17th century but of its truth or of any connection of the story or the verse to Shakespeare there is no evidence. The hungry ephitet refers to the poverty of the soil.

Governance

Temple Grafton is part of the Bardon ward of Stratford on Avon District Council and represented by Councillor Valerie Hobbs, Conservative. Nationally it is part of Stratford-on-Avon, whose current Member of Parliament is Nadhim Zahawi of the Conservative Party. It is included in the West Midlands electoral region of the European Parliament, following the 2014 elections the seven members are; Daniel Dalton and Anthea McIntyre (Conservative), Neena Gill and Sion Simon (Labour) and Jim Carver, Bill Etheridge and Jill Seymour (UK Independence).

Geography

The land rises to an altitude of over 300 ft. in the northern part of the parish and slopes down to about 180 ft. by the river-bank at Hillborough, 2 miles to the south. The village, with the church, stands on the edge of the hill, commanding views across the valley to Bredon Hill and the Cotswolds.

Notable buildings

St Andrew's church
The parish church of St. Andrew was entirely rebuilt in 1875 to a design by Frederick Preedy on the site of an older edifice. Consisting of a chancel with a north organ chamber and vestry, nave, north aisle, and a south-west tower serving as a porch, it is built of lias stone with sandstone dressings, and has tiled roofs. On the north wall of the chancel is a repainted stone shield of arms of the 17th century with the six quarterings of the Woodchurch-Clarke family, impaling the quarterly coat of De la Hay, Winterbourne, Sheldon, and Ruding. In the organ chamber is a 17th-century oak chest with panelled sides, a carved top-rail, and a panelled lid. Another chest is of the 18th or early 19th century. The blunder regarding the Knights Templar is repeated in the symbols of that order being depicted in the glass and encaustic tiles of the interior.

Many scholars believe it to be the place where William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, since records of the marriage do not appear in Stratford itself, and a licence was issued for Shakespeare to marry in Temple Grafton. However marriage records for the period have been lost.

Grafton Court
Grafton Court is a nineteenth century Gothic revival house with lodge gatehouses, set off New Road. It was built on the site of an older moated manor house.  The house was used for some time as a hotel before being converted into apartments.

Sports and leisure

It has a cricket club, a Pub (Blue Boar) and a Bus stop.

Situated on New Road is Graftons village hall serving both Temple Grafton & Ardens Grafton. It is a large hall which seats 120 people in rows or 100 at tables, 60 if stage is in place. The reception porch has access for the disabled.

Education

Located on Church Bank is Temple Grafton Church of England Primary School having 102 pupils on its roll.

The nearest secondary schools are located in Alcester  or Stratford-upon-Avon .

References

Category:Villages in Warwickshire


Nomads Sports Club

Nomads Sports Club is a former first-class cricket team in Sri Lanka.

Nomads are one of the oldest Sri Lankan cricket teams. They won the P Sara Trophy in 1964-65 and 1967-68 in the days before the competition had first-class status. They competed in the first-class competition in 1988-89 and 1994-95. Of their 12 matches they won one, lost five and drew six. They played their home matches at Viharamahadevi Park, Colombo.

They continue to compete at sub-first-class levels.

Notable players

 Jayantha Amerasinghe
 Pradeep de Silva
 Somachandra de Silva
 Lionel Fernando
 Stanley Jayasinghe
 A. C. M. Lafir
 Anurudda Polonowita

See also
 List of Sri Lankan cricket teams

References

External links
 Nomads Sports Club at CricketArchive

Category:Sri Lankan first-class cricket teams
Category:Former senior cricket clubs of Sri Lanka


Harold Walker, Baron Walker of Doncaster

Harold Walker, Baron Walker of Doncaster, PC, DL (12 July 1927 – 11 November 2003) was an English Labour politician.

Born in Audenshaw, Walker was educated at Manchester College of Technology and became a toolmaker. He served in the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm and was a lecturer for the National Council of Labour Colleges.

Walker was elected Member of Parliament for Doncaster (after 1983 Doncaster Central) at the 1964 general election. He was a junior whip and then junior employment minister in the first Harold Wilson government, and continued being spokesman on employment in opposition, returning to the ministry in 1974. He was Minister of State at the Department of Employment 1976-79 and he became a Privy Counsellor in 1979.

Walker left the employment brief in 1983 following that year's general election, and became Chairman of Ways and Means & Deputy Speaker to Bernard Weatherill. He did not, however, become Speaker when Weatherill retired in 1992, that honour instead going to Betty Boothroyd. He was knighted in 1992 and returned to the backbenches.

Walker retired in 1997 and was made a life peer as Baron Walker of Doncaster. In 1998 he became a Deputy Lieutenant of South Yorkshire and Honorary Freeman of Doncaster.

Walker died in 2003, aged 76.

References

External links

Category:1927 births
Category:2003 deaths
Category:Amalgamated Engineering Union-sponsored MPs
Category:Deputy Speakers of the British House of Commons
Walker of Doncaster
Category:Peers nominated by Tony Blair
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Category:UK MPs 1964–1966
Category:UK MPs 1966–1970
Category:UK MPs 1970–1974
Category:UK MPs 1974
Category:UK MPs 1974–1979
Category:UK MPs 1979–1983
Category:UK MPs 1983–1987
Category:UK MPs 1987–1992
Category:UK MPs 1992–1997
Category:People from Audenshaw
Category:Deputy Lieutenants of South Yorkshire


Blood Diamonds

Blood Diamonds is a made-for-TV documentary series, originally broadcast on the History Channel, that looks into the trade of diamonds which fund rebellions and wars in many African nations. The program focuses primarily on two nations: Sierra Leone and Angola. Diamonds which are traded for this purpose are known as blood diamonds. As with many History Channel specials, its original airdate coincides with a mainstream period film, in this case, Blood Diamond (2006). Producer of the documentary was Bill Brummel.

Episode Synopsis

The episode follows typical documentary format, hopping from topic to topic between commercial breaks. The topics discussed are as follows:

 A brief history of Sierra Leone's civil war, and the group which funds this war through blood diamonds, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF)
 Interviews with victims of the blood diamond trade, most prominently civilian amputee victims
 A brief history of the De Beers Group, their connection to the trade, and their response to more recent public criticism
 The experience of one man, Usman Conteh, and the personal strife that the conflict brought him
 Interviews with civilians forced to work for the RUF, often forced to steal from, harass, and even kill their neighbors and, occasionally, their own family members
 Interviews with warlords involved with the conflict
 The United Nations' slow response to the atrocities
 The fall of the RUF

See also
 Blood diamond (disambiguation)
 Blood Diamond (film)

External links
 History Channel's Blood Diamonds (YouTube)

Category:2006 American television series debuts
Category:2000s American documentary television series
Category:History (American TV channel) original programming
Category:Blood diamonds


Ca din tulnic

Ca din tulnic is a unique type of doina in which the melody resembles a type of Alpenhorn called the tulnic.

Category:Romanian music


X-ray crystal truncation rod

X-ray crystal truncation rod scattering is a powerful method in surface science, based on analysis of surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) patterns from a crystalline surface.

For an infinite crystal, the diffracted pattern is concentrated in Dirac delta function like Bragg peaks. Presence of crystalline surfaces results in additional structure along so-called truncation rods (linear regions in momentum space normal to the surface). Crystal Truncation Rod (CTR) measurements allow detailed determination of atomic structure at the surface, especially useful in cases of oxidation, epitaxial growth, and adsorption studies on crystalline surfaces.

Theory

A particle incident on a crystalline surface with momentum  will undergo scattering through a momentum change of . If  and  represent directions in the plane of the surface and  is perpendicular to the surface, then the scattered intensity as a function of all possible values of  is given by

Where  is the penetration coefficient, defined as the ratio of x-ray amplitudes scattered from successive planes of atoms in the crystal, and , , and  are the lattice spacings in the x, y, and z directions, respectively.

In the case of perfect absorption, , and the intensity becomes independent of , with a maximum for any  (the component of  parallel to the crystal surface) that satisfies the 2D Laue condition in reciprocal space

for integers  and . This condition results in rods of intensity in reciprocal space, oriented perpendicular to the surface and passing through the reciprocal lattice points of the surface, as in Fig. 1. These rods are known as diffraction rods, or crystal truncation rods.

When  is allowed to vary from 0, the intensity along the rods varies according to Fig. 2. Note that in the limit as  approaches unity, the x-rays are fully penetrating, and the scattered intensity approaches a periodic delta function, as in bulk diffraction.

This calculation has been done according to the kinematic (single-scattering) approximation. This has been shown to be accurate to within a factor of  of the peak intensity. Adding dynamical (multiple-scattering) considerations to the model can result in even more accurate predictions of CTR intensity.

Instrumentation

To obtain high-quality data in X-ray CTR measurements, it is desirable that the detected intensity be on the order of at least . To achieve this level of output, the X-ray source must typically be a synchrotron source. More traditional, inexpensive sources such as rotating anode sources provide 2-3 orders of magnitude less X-ray flux and are only suitable for studying high-atomic number materials, which return a higher diffracted intensity. The maximum diffracted intensity is roughly proportional to the square of the atomic number, .  Anode X-ray sources have been successfully used to study gold () for example.

When doing X-ray measurements of a surface, the sample is held in Ultra-High Vacuum and the X-rays pass into and out of the UHV chamber through Beryllium windows. There are 2 approaches to chamber and diffractometer design that are in use. In the first method, the sample is fixed relative to the vacuum chamber, which is kept as small and light as possible and mounted on the diffractometer. In the second method, the sample is rotated within the chamber by bellows coupled to the outside. This approach avoids putting a large mechanical load on the diffractometer goniometer, making it easier to maintain fine angular resolution. One drawback of many configurations is that the sample must be moved in order to use other surface analysis methods such as LEED or AES, and after moving the sample back into the X-ray diffraction position, it must be realigned. In some setups, the sample chamber can be detached from the diffractometer without breaking vacuum, allowing for other users to have access. For examples of X-ray CTR diffractometer apparatus, see refs 15-17 in

CTR Rodscans

For a given incidence angle of X-rays onto a surface, only the intersections of the crystal truncation rods with the Ewald sphere can be observed. To measure the intensity along a CTR, the sample must be rotated in the X-ray beam so that the origin of the Ewald sphere is translated and the sphere intersects the rod at a different location in reciprocal space. Performing a rodscan in this way requires accurate coordinated motion of the sample and the detector along different axes. To achieve this motion, the sample and detector are mounted in an apparatus called a four-circle diffractometer. The sample is rotated in the plane bisecting the incoming and diffracted beam and the detector is moved into the position necessary to capture the diffracted CTR intensity.

Surface Structures

Surface features in a material produce variations in the CTR intensity, which can be measured and used to evaluate what surface structures may be present. Two examples of this are shown in Fig. 3. In the case of a miscut at an angle , a second set of rods is produced in reciprocal space called superlattice rods, tilted from the regular lattice rods by the same angle, . The X-ray intensity is strongest in the region of intersection between the lattice rods (grey bars) and superlattice rods (black lines). In the case of ordered alternating steps, the CTR intensity is chopped into segments, as shown. In real materials, the occurrence of surface features will rarely be so regular, but these two examples show the way in which surface miscuts and roughness are manifested in the obtained diffraction patterns.

References

Category:Scientific techniques

Category:Experimental physics


Doomadgee, Queensland

Doomadgee is a town and a locality in the Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee, Queensland, Australia. In the , Doomadgee had a population of 1405 people.

History
Waanyi (also known as Wanyi, Wanyee, Wanee, Waangyee, Wonyee, Garawa, and Wanji) is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Gulf Country. The language region includes the western parts of Lawn Hill Creek and Nicholson River, from about the boundary between the Northern Territory and Queensland, westwards towards Alexandria station, Doomadgee, and Nicholson River. It includes the local government area of the Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee.

Garrwa (also known as Garawa) is a language of the Gulf region, taking in the localities of Borroloola and Westmoreland. The Garrwa language region takes in the landscape of the Roper Gulf Regional Council and the Doomadgee Shire Council.

Doomadgee Aboriginal Mission, originally known as Dumaji,  was established on Bayley Point () on the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1933. In 1936, after being destroyed by a cyclone, the community was relocated to Nicholson River.

Doomadgee Mission School was established in 1933. It became Doomadgee Community School in 1970. In 1975 it came under the control of the Queensland Government's Education Department becoming Doomadgee State School.

Doomadgee Post Office opened on 2 January 1969.

In 1985 the population of Doomadgee was approximately 800.

As at 2006 the Queensland government, under its commitment to remote locations, has increased its services to Doomadgee. As of July 2006, eight of 25 Queensland government departments are represented in Doomadgee:

 Queensland Police Service (nine-officer station)
 Queensland Corrective Services (two probation and parole officers)
 Queensland Ambulance Service (one ambulance officer, two paramedics)
 Department of Education and the Arts
 Department of Employment and Training
 Queensland Health (Hospital, Emergency Department and Community Health Services)
 TAFE Queensland
 Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Policy

Queensland Corrective Services is the latest addition to the Queensland government family in Doomadgee with the permanent appointment of two probation and parole officers. One of them is responsible for offenders' compliance with their orders and prosecuting those who contravene their orders. The other officer is responsible for delivering departmental programs to address the criminogenic needs of offenders and as ordered by the courts.

From January 2007, the Doomadgee Aboriginal Shire Council in the area was given full shire status.

At the 2011 census, Doomadgee had a population of 1,258.

Education
Doomadgee State School is a government primary and secondary (Early Childhood-10) school for boys and girls at Goodeedawa Road (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 325 students with  35 teachers and 10 non-teaching staff (7 full-time equivalent). It includes a (Prep-10) special education program.

Indigenous language
Yukulta (also known as Ganggalida) is an Australian Aboriginal language. The Yukulta language region is the Gulf Country including the local government areas of the Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee and Shire of Mornington.

Yulluna (also known as Yalarnga, Yalarrnga, Jalanga, Jalannga, Wonganja, Gunggalida, Jokula) is an Australian Aboriginal language. The Yulluna language region includes the  local government boundaries of the Shire of Cloncurry and other areas near the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Garrwa (also known as Garawa) is a language of the Gulf region, taking in the localities of Borroloola and Westmoreland. The Garrwa language region takes in the landscape of the Roper Gulf Regional Council and the Doomadgee Shire Council.

See also
 Doomadgee Airport

References

External links
 University of Queensland: Queensland Places: Doomadgee Aboriginal Shire Council

Category:Towns in Queensland
Category:Australian Aboriginal missions
Category:North West Queensland
Category:Aboriginal communities in Queensland
Category:Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee
Category:Localities in Queensland


List of wars involving Uganda

The following is a list of wars involving Uganda.

References

Uganda
Category:Military history of Uganda


Equatorial Guinea Workers' Union

The Equatorial Guinea Workers' Union (UST) is an unregistered trade union in Equatorial Guinea. The Government has refused to register the UST, and it cannot operate openly in the country.

References

ICFTU - Equatorial Guinea: Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights

Category:Trade unions in Equatorial Guinea


Oura Station (Ishikawa)

was a railway station located in Noto, Hōsu District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. This station was abandoned on April 1, 2005.

Line
 Noto Railway
 Noto Line

Adjacent stations

External links
 Oura Station (Ishikawa) page at notor.info

 * Oura Station (Ishikawa) page at notor.info

Category:Railway stations in Ishikawa Prefecture
Category:Defunct railway stations in Japan
Category:Railway stations closed in 2005
Category:Railway stations opened in 1963


Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna 3

Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna 3 is an upcoming Indian Bhojpuri-Language film written and directed by Rajnish Mishra and produced by Nishant Ujjwal under banner of "Renu Vijay Films Entertainment and present by Abhay Sinha (Yashi Films) and Ease My Trip.com. In this film, Khesari Lal Yadav, Sahar Afsha and Ritu Singh are in lead roles, while Amit Shukla, Shraddha Nawal, Surya Dwivedi, Uday Tiwari, Mahesh Acharya, Neel Kamal Singh, Manoj Tiger, Brijesh Tripathi and others in supporting roles. Amrapali Dubey make special appearance in song "Laga Ke Vaseline".

‘Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna 3' which is the third installment of successful frachince ‘Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna’ along with Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna 2. Telugu actress Sahar Afsha make his Bhojpuri debut with this film.

Cast
Khesari Lal Yadav
Sahar Afsha
Ritu Singh
Amit Shukla
Brijesh Tripathi
Mahesh Acharya
Surya Dwivedi
Rohit Singh "Matru"
Shraddha Nawal
Uday Tiwari
Neel Kamal Singh
Manoj Tiger
Amrapali Dubey

Production

Music
Music of Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna 3 is given by Rajnish Mishra with lyrics penned by Vinay Bihari, Pyare Lal Yadav, Manoj Bhagat, Ajit Halchal and Yadav Raj. It is produced under the "Enter10 Music Bhojpuri" Music company, who also bought his satellite rights.

First song of this film "Hothwa Se Madhu Chuye" Is released on 20 February 2020 on official YouTube channel of "Enter10 Music Bhojpuri", he crossed over 3.2 million views on YouTube till now.

Track list

Marketing
First-look poster of this film was released on 19 January 2020 on official Instagram handle of Khesari Lal Yadav and Amrapali Dubey.

Trailer of this film is on 14 February 2020 (Valentine Day) on official Youtube sub-handle of "Enter10 Music Bhojpuri" And "Yashi Films". He is trends on YouTube with over 3 million views in just on day, he got over 6.5 million views on YouTube till now.

References

Category:Bhojpuri-language films
Category:Indian films
Category:upcoming Bhojpuri-language films


Herzing University

Herzing University is a private university with its headquarters in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and several locations throughout the United States. The university offers degrees in professions including nursing, technology, business and healthcare.

History
Herzing University was founded by Henry and Suzanne Herzing in 1965 as a computer training institute in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

In 1970 the school was established as Herzing Institute, and the organization started to grow through the acquisition of other schools. The name of the institution had changed again to Herzing College in 1996. Over the course of years, Herzing has grown to include 9 ground campuses in the United States, plus an online division. In 2009, with the addition of graduate programs, the institution was renamed to Herzing University.

In 2015, Herzing University became a nonprofit institution.

Currently, Herzing University’s corporate headquarters are located in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin. This is also the current location of the online division.

Academics
Students have the option to attend one of the 9 ground campuses in seven U.S. states or earn their degree fully online. Students can also take some online classes while taking other classes at one of the ground campuses.

Herzing's educational programs include fields of study in nursing, healthcare, technology, business, legal studies and public safety. Degree options available at Herzing University include Certificates, Diplomas, Associate of Science degrees, Bachelor of Science degrees and Master's degrees. Degree options vary based upon campus location.

Accreditation
Herzing University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC), and holds specialized accreditation for several nursing programs through the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE)., as well as several other programs.

Campuses

College Navigator lists 10 locations:
Akron, Ohio (established in 1970, formerly Akron Institute of Herzing University)
Atlanta, Georgia (founded in 1949 as Massey Business College, became part of Herzing in 1979)
Birmingham, Alabama (founded as Electronic Computer Programming Institute in 1965, Herzing acquired it in 1968)
Brookfield, Wisconsin (2010)
Kenner, Louisiana (1996)
Kenosha, Wisconsin (2009)
Madison, Wisconsin (founded in 1948 as Wisconsin School of Electronics, the school merged with Herzing Institute in 1970)
Minneapolis, Minnesota (created by the merger of two colleges, Minneapolis Drafting School, established in 1961 and became part of Herzing University in 2000, and Lakeland Medical-Dental Academy, established in 1958, became part of Herzing in 2002)
Toledo, Ohio (2009) closed
Winter Park, Florida (1995)

Student outcomes
According to College Scorecard, Herzing's graduation rate varies from 14 percent (in Akron, Ohio) to 62 percent in Minneapolis. The typical salary after attending is $37,800. Typical student loan debt is $23,140 and the student loan repayment rate is 30 percent.

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Educational institutions established in 1965
Category:Private universities and colleges in Alabama
Category:Private universities and colleges in Florida
Category:Private universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Private universities and colleges in Louisiana
Category:Private universities and colleges in Ohio
Category:Private universities and colleges in Minnesota
Category:Private universities and colleges in Nebraska
Category:Private universities and colleges in Wisconsin
Category:Universities and colleges in Manitoba
Category:Private colleges in Ontario
Category:Private colleges in Quebec
Category:Former for-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Category:1965 establishments in Wisconsin


Gordon R. Thompson

Gordon R. Thompson (March 2, 1918 – February 4, 1995) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada from 1961 to 1980.

Born in Reno, Nevada to Reuben C. Thompson and Mabel M. Thompson, Gordon Thompson was the younger brother of Bruce R. Thompson, who served as a federal judge from 1963 to 1978, and both men had a sister, Mary.  With his wife, Kathleen, Thompson had two daughters, Mada and Marie.

After graduating from Reno High School in 1936, Thompson attended the University of Nevada, Reno, the same university his brother attended.  After earning a bachelor's degree in 1940, Thompson, like his brother, left Reno to attend California's Stanford Law School, where he earned his LL.B. in 1943.

From 1957 to 1959, Thompson served as one of five members of the Advisory Committee to the Supreme Court of Nevada on Rules of Civil Procedure.

In 1961, Nevada Governor Grant Sawyer appointed Thompson to the Nevada Supreme Court, making him, at 42 years old, the youngest appointee to any state supreme court in the nation at that point.

Re-elected three times, Thompson also served as Chief Justice several times.  Among Thompson's opponents for re-election was future Chief Justice Charles Springer, a former Sawyer ally who ran against Sawyer in the 1966 primary election and made an unsuccessful bid to unseat Thompson in 1974.

During Thompson's tenure on the Court, it adopted the Nevada Rules on the Administrative Docket.

Thompson retired from the Nevada Supreme Court in 1980, citing conflicts among the court's justices.

After leaving the court, Thompson taught law at the now-defunct Old College School of Law.

References

Category:1918 births
Category:1995 deaths
Category:Politicians from Reno, Nevada
Category:Reno High School alumni
Category:University of Nevada, Reno alumni
Category:Stanford Law School alumni
Category:Nevada Supreme Court justices
Category:20th-century American judges


John Barkley Dawson

John Barkley Dawson (November 10, 1830 – December 27, 1918) was a US Rancher and namesake of the town of Dawson, New Mexico, which is located on the land that he bought in 1869 and sold in 1901.

External links

Category:1830 births
Category:1918 deaths
Category:People from Colfax County, New Mexico
Category:Ranchers from New Mexico


Elkton Township, Clay County, Minnesota

Elkton Township is a township in Clay County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 283 at the 2000 census.

Elkton Township was named for the former abundance of elk in this region.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and  of it (0.17%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 283 people, 104 households, and 86 families residing in the township.  The population density was 7.8 people per square mile (3.0/km²).  There were 109 housing units at an average density of 3.0/sq mi (1.2/km²).  The racial makeup of the township was 98.94% White, 0.71% from other races, and 0.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.71% of the population.

There were 104 households out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.1% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.3% were non-families. 15.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the township the population was spread out with 25.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 32.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $52,500, and the median income for a family was $53,472. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the township was $24,312.  About 5.9% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 15.4% of those sixty five or over.

References

Category:Townships in Clay County, Minnesota
Category:Townships in Minnesota


Loughlynch

Loughlynch or Lough Lynch is a townland in the parish of Billy, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies about 3½ miles south-east of Bushmills and was once the site of a lake.

History
Gillaspick MacDonnell’s widow, according to tradition gave birth to Coll MacGillaspick (Coll Ciotach) upon Glasineerin Island on Lough Lynch.

Citations

References

Category:Former lakes
Category:Geography of County Antrim


Benigno Andrade Flores

Benigno Andrade Flores (9 January 1892 – 22 June 1972) was chairman of military junta of Ecuador in September 1935.

References

Category:Presidents of Ecuador
Category:1892 births
Category:1972 deaths


Anuprastha

Anuprastha (sometimes transliterated Annuprastha) is a Nepali rock band. The name Anuprastha (अनुप्रस्थ) is derived from Sanskrit: Anu (अनु) means "music" and Prastha (प्रस्थ) "first". They generally focus their music on the rock genre but combine it with Nepali folk tunes.

The band was formed in 2004 when the members were in college. It consists of Neran Shahi - Vocal & Guitar; Jimi Joshi- Bass; Govin Sunuwar - Guitar; Bibek Tamang - Drums; and Sundar Maharjan - Madal/percussion.

After struggling for several years, the band successfully gained national attention when they won the reality show Sprite Band Challenge 1st edition in 2008, which was aired on Nepal's national TV channel. There were three strong finalists — Anuprastha, Alt F4 and Bequeath — but Anuprastha took the crown along with one lakh rupees and a ticket to shoot a music video. They released that first music video, "Din", in July 2009 in two versions. They launched their debut album Anuprastha in 2010. They released the single "Ujyaalo" in 2016.

In 2017, they launched their second album, What to Do Kathmandu. They released the single "Aduitiya" from the album. They did not release the album earlier due to problems of sound quality, load-shedding, etc., and followed its release with a tour of major cities in Nepal,The band visited different major cities like Narayanghat, Butwal, Bhairahawa, Kathmandu, Pokhara, Itahari, Dharan and Damak. and then Dubai and Abu Dhabi with other artists.

In 2019, they released the music video of their previously Dashain Song marking the biggest festival of Nepal. They are working in their new album (third album) "Icchya" (ईच्छा).

Singles
 Dashain Aayo

Albums
 Anuprastha (2010)
 What to Do Kathmandu? (2017)

References

External links
Anuprastha on Facebook
 Anuprastha on Youtube

Category:Nepalese musical groups
Category:Nepalese rock music groups


List of World War II weapons

World War II saw rapid technological innovation in response to the needs of the various combatants. Many different weapons systems evolved as a result.

Note: This list does not consist of all weapons used by all countries in World War II.

By country
 List of World War II weapons of Germany
 Captured US firearms in Axis use in World War II
 List of World War II weapons of France
 List of World War II weapons of Italy
 List of World War II weapons of the Soviet Union
 List of World War II weapons of Thailand
 List of World War II weapons of the United Kingdom
 List of World War II weapons of the United States
 List of World War II weapons of Japan
List of World War II weapons of Finland
List of World War II weapons of Canada
List of World War II weapons of Australia
List of World War II weapons of Brazil
List of World War II weapons of New Zealand
List of World War II weapons of India
List of World War II weapons of China

See also
 List of World War II military equipment
 List of common World War II infantry weapons
 List of prototype World War II infantry weapons
 List of secondary and special-issue World War II infantry weapons
 German designations of foreign artillery in World War II
 German designations of foreign firearms in World War II

World War II weapons
Weapons


Gina Crawford

Gina Crawford is a former professional triathlete from New Zealand. She competes in World Triathlon Corporation (WTC) Ironman and Ironman 70.3 triathlons. An Ironman triathlon consists of a 2.4 mi (3.8 km) swim, 112 mi (180.2 km) bike and a 26.2 mi (42.2 km) run. An Ironman 70.3 triathlon consists of a 1.2 mi (1.9 km) swim, 56 mi (90.1 km) bike and a 13.1 mi (21.1 km) run.

Crawford's time of 9:08:23 at Ironman Western Australia 2007 was the 11th fastest women's time in the world in the WTC Ironman 2008 series where 6,223 women finished. (286 Professional + 5,937 Amateurs)

Results

Notes

External links

Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand female triathletes
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Yasuhito Morishima

is a Japanese football player.

Club career
Morishima was born in Kobe on 18 September 1987. After graduating from high school, he joined Cerezo Osaka in 2006. Although he played many matches in 2007, his opportunity to play decreased in 2008 and he moved to Oita Trinita in July 2008. Although the club was relegated to J2 League from 2010, his opportunity to play increased form 2010. The club was returned to J1 League in 2013. However the club was relegated to J2 in a season and he moved to Kawasaki Frontale in 2014. However he could hardly play in the match and he moved to Júbilo Iwata in 2015. However he could not play many matches behind Jay Bothroyd and he left the club end of 2016 season. He signed with Regional Leagues club Tegevajaro Miyazaki in 2017. The club was promoted to Japan Football League end of the season. He moved to Regional Leagues club Tochigi Uva FC in 2018.

National team career
In July 2007, he was elected Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup. At this tournament, he played 3 matches and scored 2 goals.

Club statistics
.

1Includes Emperor's Cup.
2Includes J. League Cup.
3Includes Pan-Pacific Championship and Promotion Playoff to J1.

National team statistics

Appearances in major competitions

Honours

Club
Oita Trinita
J.League Cup (1) : 2008

References

External links

Profile at Júbilo Iwata
Profile at Kawasaki Frontale

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football people from Hyōgo Prefecture
Category:Japanese footballers
Category:Japan youth international footballers
Category:J1 League players
Category:J2 League players
Category:Japan Football League players
Category:Cerezo Osaka players
Category:Oita Trinita players
Category:Kawasaki Frontale players
Category:Júbilo Iwata players
Category:Tegevajaro Miyazaki players
Category:Tochigi City FC players
Category:Association football forwards


Wu-Tang Clan anthology

The Wu-Tang Clan is a New York City–based hip-hop musical group, consisting of ten American rappers: RZA, GZA, Raekwon, U-God, Ghostface Killah, Inspectah Deck, Method Man, Masta Killa, Cappadonna, and the late Ol' Dirty Bastard. This list chronologically displays the albums of each group member including collaboration and side group albums (such as those by Gravediggaz, Theodore Unit, or Hillside Scramblers). This list does not include compilation albums, mixtapes, or extended plays.

Wu-Tang Albums

1991
GZA (The Genius) – Words from the Genius

1993
Wu-Tang Clan – Enter the Wu-Tang: 36 Chambers

1994
RZA (with Gravediggaz) – 6 Feet Deep
Method Man - Tical

1995
Ol' Dirty Bastard – Return to the 36 Chambers: The Dirty Version
Raekwon – Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...
GZA/Genius – Liquid Swords

1996
Ghostface Killah – Ironman

1997
Wu-Tang Clan – Wu-Tang Forever
RZA (with Gravediggaz) – The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel

1998
Cappadonna – The Pillage
Method Man – Tical 2000: Judgement Day
RZA – Bobby Digital in Stereo

1999
GZA/Genius – Beneath the Surface
Ol' Dirty Bastard – Nigga Please
Method Man (with Redman as Method Man & Redman) – Blackout!
Inspectah Deck – Uncontrolled Substance
U-God – Golden Arms Redemption
Raekwon – Immobilarity

2000
Ghostface Killah – Supreme Clientele
Wu-Tang Clan – The W

2001
Cappadonna – The Yin and the Yang
RZA – Digital Bullet
Ghostface Killah - Bulletproof Wallets
Wu-Tang Clan – Iron Flag

2002
GZA/Genius – Legend of the Liquid Sword

2003
Inspectah Deck – The Movement
RZA – Birth of a Prince
Cappadonna – The Struggle
Raekwon – The Lex Diamond Story

2004
U-God (with the Hillside Scramblers) – U-Godzilla Presents the Hillside Scramblers
Method Man – Tical 0: The Prequel
Ghostface Killah – The Pretty Toney Album
Masta Killa – No Said Date
Ghostface Killah, Cappadonna (with Theodore Unit) – 718

2005
Ol' Dirty Bastard – A Son Unique
Method Man (with Streetlife) - Method Man Presents Streetlife Street Education
U-God – Mr. Xcitement
GZA (with DJ Muggs) – Grandmasters
Ghostface Killah (with Trife Da God) – Put It on the Line

2006
Ghostface Killah – Fishscale
Masta Killa – Made in Brooklyn
Method Man – 4:21... The Day After
Ghostface Killah – More Fish

2007
Raekwon (with Ice Water) -  Raekwon Presents Icewater Polluted Water
RZA - Afro Samurai: The Album
Ghostface Killah – The Big Doe Rehab
Wu-Tang Clan – 8 Diagrams

2008
RZA – Digi Snacks
Cappadonna – The Cappatilize Project
GZA/Genius – Pro Tools

2009
Cappadonna – Slang Prostitution
Method Man (with Redman as Method Man & Redman) – Blackout! 2
U-God – Dopium
Raekwon – Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II
Ghostface Killah – Ghostdini: Wizard of Poetry in Emerald City

2010
Inspectah Deck – Manifesto
Method Man, Ghostface Killah, and Raekwon – Wu-Massacre
Ghostface Killah – Apollo Kids

2011
Raekwon – Shaolin vs. Wu-Tang
Cappadonna – The Pilgrimage

2012
Ghostface Killah (with Sheek Louch) – Wu Block
Masta Killa – Selling My Soul

2013
Inspectah Deck (with 7L & Esoteric as Czarface) – Czarface
Cappadonna – Eyrth, Wynd and Fyre
Ghostface Killah – Twelve Reasons to Die
 U-God – The Keynote Speaker

2014
Cappadonna – Hook Off
Wu-Tang Clan – A Better Tomorrow
Ghostface Killah – 36 Seasons

2015
Ghostface Killah (with BadBadNotGood) – Sour Soul
Raekwon – Fly International Luxurious Art
Inspectah Deck (with 7L & Esoteric as Czarface) – Every Hero Needs a Villain
Ghostface Killah – Twelve Reasons to Die II
Method Man – The Meth Lab
Cappadonna – The Pillage 2
Wu-Tang Clan – Once Upon a Time in Shaolin

2016
RZA (with Paul Banks as Banks & Steelz) – Anything But Words
Inspectah Deck (with 7L & Esoteric as Czarface) – A Fistful of Peril

2017
Raekwon – The Wild
Masta Killa – Loyalty is Royalty
Wu-Tang – The Saga Continues

2018
U-God – Venom
Inspectah Deck (with 7L & Esoteric as Czarface) – Czarface Meets Metal Face
Cappadonna – Ear Candy
Ghostface Killah - The Lost Tapes
Method Man - Meth Lab Season 2: The Lithium

2019
Ghostface Killah and Inspectah Deck (with 7L & Esoteric as Czarface) – Czarface Meets Ghostface
RZA </small> - Thriller (Soundtrack)
Inspectah Deck </small> - Chamber No.9
Ghostface Killah </small> - Ghostface Killahs
Inspectah Deck (with 7L & Esoteric as Czarface) – The Odds Czar Against Us

2020
Raekwon </small> - "The Appetition"(EP)

Category:Wu-Tang Clan
Category:Hip hop discographies
Category:Discographies of American artists


GoBoat

Goboat  is a Danish developer and operator of solar energy-powered, picnic boats. The company opened its first terminal at Islands Brygge in Copenhagen in 2014.

Design
The company is founded by Carl Kai Rand, architect and Boatdesigner, Kasper Højer Romme and Anders Mørk. The concept is centred on eco-friendly principles. The boats are built out of recycled plastic from cola bottles and a later version will be built out of decommissioned windmills. Norwegian wood company Kebony has delivered sustainable wood for the Goboat terminal, the floating pier and the boats themselves. The solar-powered rental terminal is developed by Gaia Solar.

Concept
The boats fits up to eight people around a picnic table and their navigation requires no previous experience with sailing. A boats can sail up to 12 hours on one charge. It is also possible to buy picnic baskets at the terminal.

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Port of Copenhagen
Category:Transport in Copenhagen
Category:Tourist attractions in Copenhagen
Category:Water transport in Denmark