Saint Catherine, Egypt

Saint Catherine (also spelled: St. Katrine;   ) is a city in the South Sinai Governorate. It is located at the outskirts of the El Tur Mountains at an elevation of ,  away from Nuweiba, at the foot of Mount Sinai and Saint Catherine's Monastery. In 1994, its population was 4,603. Saint Catherine is a UNESCO world heritage site, officially declared in 2002.

History

Pharaonic era
Although Saint Catherine was not established as a city at that time, it was always part of the Egyptian Empire throughout history and it was part of the province of "Deshret Reithu".

In the 16th century BC, the Egyptian pharaohs built the way of Shur across Sinai to Beersheba and on to Jerusalem. The region provided the Egyptian Empire with turquoise, gold and copper, and well preserved ruins of mines and temples are found not far from Saint Catherine at Serabit el-Khadim and Wadi Mukattab, the Valley of Inscription. They include temples from the 12th Dynasty, dedicated to Hathor, goddess of love, music and beauty, and from the New Kingdom dedicated to Sopdu, the god of the Eastern Desert.

Roman and Byzantine era
Located at the foot of Mount Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery was the start of the city, it was constructed by order of the Emperor Justinian between 527 and 565.

Modern township
Saint Catherine City is one of the newest townships in Egypt. There are several schools including a high school, a hospital, police and fire brigade, a range of hotels, post office, telephone centre, bank and other important establishments.

The township's oldest settlement is Wadi El Sybaiya, east of the city's monastery, where the Roman soldiers, whose descendants are the Jebeliya, were accommodated. It started growing into a town after the tarmac road was completed in the 1980s and the tourist trade began. Many of the nomad Bedouins moved to small settlements around the city's monastery, which collectively make up St Katherine's Town. The districts of El Milga, Shamiya, Raha and Nabi Harun form the core of the town — Saint Katherine's downtown, at the end of the tarmac road where the valleys of Wadi El Arbain (Wadi El Lega), Wadi Quez, Wadi Raha, Wadi Shrayj and Wadi El Dier connect to the main valley, Wadi Sheikh. There are settlements in Wadi Sheikh before town and other smaller ones in the valleys.

Saint Catherine is the capital of the Municipality of Saint Katherine, which includes these outlying areas as well. The town's monastery lies in Wadi el Deir, opposite Wadi Raha (Wadi Muka’das, the Holy Valley). Mount Sinai can be reached from the monastery or, alternatively, from Wadi El Arbain where the Rock of Moses (Hagar Musa) and the Monastery of the Forty Martyrs are.

Geography and climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as desert (BWk). It has the coldest nights of any city in Egypt. Its humidity is very low. The highest mountains ranges in Egypt surround the town with many smaller valleys leading from the basin to the mountains in all directions. The township is at an elevation of . The high altitude of the town itself and the high ranges of mountains which embrace it provide a pleasant climate, with refreshing mild summer nights and excellent spring, while winter days are relatively cool for the region and the nights can get very cold on rare occasions, making it sometimes necessary to heat buildings and public places. Different sources give different average temperatures for Saint Catherine's town. Saint Catherine is considered to be one of the coldest towns in Egypt with Nekhel and many other places especially in mountainous Sinai. Infrequent snowfalls in Saint Catherine take place during the winter months of December, January and February, however snow has also occurred in late autumn and early spring.

Saint Catherine Town lies at the foot of the Sinai high mountain region, the "Roof of Egypt", where Egypt's highest mountains are found. Some trekking groups however prefer especially the winter season as they find it more interesting and lovely to hike and climb in these conditions.

The town also puts a great pressure on the water resources, as ground water in the valley is from the mountains. Today water has to be purchased and brought in by trucks. As of September 28, 2011, water from the Nile is being transported to Saint Catherine via a pipe line, built with the help of the European Union.

Religion
Saint Catherine is in a region holy to the world's three major Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Islam and Judaism. It is a place where Moses is believed to have received the Ten Commandments; a place where early Christianity has flourished and the Orthodox monastic tradition still continues in present day; a place which the prophet Mohammed took under his protection in his Letter to the Monks and where people still live in respect to others. Many events recorded in the Bible took place in the area, and there are hundreds of places of religious importance in the city. There are two ancient churches, and the Monastery of St Katherine and the Rock of Moses.

Culture and population
The traditional people of the area, the Jebeliya Bedouin, are a unique people having been brought from south-eastern Europe in the 6th century AD. Originally Christians, they soon converted to Islam and intermarried with other nomad tribes. Some segments of the tribe arrived relatively recently from the Arabian Peninsula. Their culture is very similar to other Bedouin groups, but they preserved some unique features. Contrary to other Bedouin tribes, the Jebeliya have always been practicing agriculture and are expert gardeners which is evident in the wadis around Saint Catherine. They have lived and still live in a symbiotic relationship with the monastery and its monks, and even today many Bedouin work with the monastery on its compound or in one of its gardens.

The city also hosts a number of Greeks and Russians, who control the historic monastery.

The cold weather of the city, specifically in winter nights, made people used to stay at heated homes early, and keen on growing plants which could produce liquids to warm themselves.

The Jebeliya are skilled gardeners and craftsmen who have been building gardens, houses, store rooms, water dams and other structures in the mountains for centuries.

The techniques used are very similar to Byzantine methods, partly because of the natural environment, and partly because of the interaction between the Bedouin and the monastery. In fact, they have received seeds from the monks to start crops. They grow vegetables and fruit in stone-walled gardens called bustan or karm, and mastered grafting where a branch of a higher-yielding lowland variety is planted on a more resistant but low-yielding mountain variety.

A variety of species of plants and crops grow here, such as almond, because of the moderate climate. Other fruits include apple, pear, apricot, peach, fig, pistachio, dates and grapes. Walnut is rare but grown at a few locations. Mulberry grows wild in some of the wadis and they belong to the whole tribe. Wild figs, tasty but small, grow in many places. Olives are essential to the natives, and found in many locations. Vegetables are not grown to the extent as in the past because of less water. Flowers and medicinal herbs are grown everywhere.

The gardens are usually built in the wadi floors in the main water course, and are encircled by massive stone walls. These walls have to withstand regular flash floods, retain the soil — thus called "retaining walls" — and protect the garden from wild animals. A number of gardens have water wells, but these wells freeze in winter and sometimes in spring and autumn. Today usually generators pump the water, but many shadoofs can still be seen. Water is often found at higher elevations, either in natural springs or in wells made at dykes called jidda. The Bedouin built small dams and closed off canyons to make reservoirs. In either case water is channelled to small rock pools called birka, from where it was available for irrigation. Water was flown in narrow conduits made of flat rocks sometimes for miles — they are still visible but today gardens rely on plastic pipes (khartoom). These gardens are a unique feature of the high mountain area, along with other stone and rock structures.

Bedouin houses are simple and small stone structures with cane roofing, either incorporated in the garden wall, or standing alone a bit further up from the wadi floor, away from the devastating flash floods that sweep through after occasional heavy rains. Houses are often built next to huge boulders; natural cracks and holes in it are used as shelves and candle holders.

Smaller rock shelters and store rooms are constructed under boulders and in walled-up caves, and are found everywhere in the mountainous area. Some of them are easily visible landmarks, such as in Abu Seila or Farsh Rummana, but most are hard to distinguish from the landscape.

Ancient leopard traps can be seen in many places, either under boulders such as in Wadi Talaa, or standing alone as on the top of Abu Geefa. The traps functioned by placing a goat inside as bait, and the entrance was slammed shut with a big rock when a leopard entered. There are no more leopards left in Sinai; the last was spotted in the 1980s.

In many places big boulders can be seen with oval-shaped marks engraved on the surface. They are marriage proposal rocks, where a lover drew a line around his foot on the rock face next to his lover's foot print. If the two marks are encircled, their wish was granted and they got married.
Wishing rocks are boulders, usually a short distance from the main paths, with a flat top — according to local legend, if one throws a pebble and it stays on the top, one's wish will come true.

Planned growth

According to the governmental plans, the population of the city is expected to increase from 4,603 to 17,378 in 2017. The increasing numbers of Egyptians living there, and visiting the city will succeed in accomplishing that developmental national plan. 3,031 (75.1%) of Saint Catherine's population is formed of Jebeliya Bedouins, while the rest are Egyptians, Greeks, Russians and western Europeans. Assuming a natural growth rate of 3% to the year 2017, the Bedouin population would become a minority in Saint Catherine, dropping to 36% of the total population if Ministry of Planning targets are achieved.

Demographic breakdown
Population of Saint Catherine by settlement, according to a survey carried out by St Katherine Protectorate in 1998:

 Abo Seilah: 247
 Lower Esbaeia: 165
 Esbaeia Safha: 22
 Upper Esbaeia]: 71
 Arbeien: 47
 El Oskof El Hamami: 93
 Mekhlafa: 59
 El Kharrazin: 43
 Er Raha: 166
 Rahba: 52
 Er Ramthi: 25
 Ez Zaytonah: 34
 Es Sedoud: 12
 Sheikh Awwad & Gharba: 159
 Sebaia Safha: 78
 Sebaia Soweria: 17
 Sebaia Elbasra: 61
 Noumana: 49
 Solaf: 157
 Sahab: 83
 Sheikh Mohsen: 22
 Beiar Et Tor: 178
 Lower Nasab: 30
 Upper Nasab: 84

Nature
The city of Saint Catherine and other close towns fall within the region of Saint Katherine Protectorate, which was established in 1988.
It is a unique high altitude ecosystem with many endemic and rare species, including the world's smallest butterfly (the Sinai baton blue butterfly), flocks of shy Nubian ibex, and hundreds of different plants of medicinal value. The region has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Area. Some of the species are endangered, but there are many species of wild animals, birds and flowers to see. There are many Sinai agamas, rock hyraxes and foxes. Harmless to people, foxes regularly visit the town at night to steal and scavenge. Rock hyraxes are often seen frequenting gardens, and there is a wide range of migrating and resident birds from Europe. Also, there is a large number of feral donkeys in the mountains who migrate to the region and lower lying areas (reportedly as far as El Tur) in the winter and return to graze for the more plentiful summer. Many of them belong to families and are stamped with marks. However, they put big pressure on the ecosystem and there is a move to reduce their numbers by the Saint Katherine City Council.

One of the principal goals of the Protectorate is to preserve the biodiversity of the fragile ecosystem, with an emphasis on the Nubian ibex and the wild medicinal and aromatic plants. The St Katherine Protectorate is another major job provider in the area, although the number of local Bedouins employed fell back sharply since the initial European Union support ended, according to local sources.

Snow is the best source of water as it melts slowly, thus releasing water at a steady pace, replenishing the underwater catchment areas better. Water from rain flows down fast in the barren mountains, which may cause flash floods and less water would remain.

The views from the highest mountains in Egypt are extensive, and there are many other natural sights in the wadi system. There are springs, creeks, water pools, narrow canyons, steep wadis with large boulders, rock formations, and barren plains with islands of vegetation. On the top of the mountains there are many interconnected basins with a unique high altitude ecosystem, home to the world's smallest butterfly and other rare plant species.

The highest mountain in Egypt is Mount Katherine, and there are many other peaks in the area over . Mount Katherine can be reached via Wadi El Arbain or Wadi Shaq, either way a full day. Usually the trek routes make circles, with sleeping at the top. There is a small Orthodox chapel at the top. The Monastery constructed a small stone hut where trekkers and pilgrims can stay for overnight in the harshly cold weather. There is usually a candle and matches for travellers to use, but one can also leave some if they wish to. There is also a broom and rubbish bins, and people are expected to clean up after themselves. From the peak there are views over Mount Sinai (Jebel Musa), and on a clear day one can see as far as Sharm el Sheikh and the Red Sea.

Jebel Abbas Basha is another popular peak; from here one can see the villages and the city as well as the rest of the high mountains. It can be reached in one day, but if one wants to stay for the sunset, it is better to make it in two days, either sleeping on the top or in Wadi Zawatin or Wadi Tinya at the base of the mountain.

A little further is Jebel el Bab, which could be visited in two days, but better included in a 3-to-4-day trek visiting other places as well. On the way up from Wadi Jebal one would pass Ras Abu Alda, a rock formation resembling the head of a mountain goat, from where there are views to Mount Umm Shomar, another popular peak even further, and the southern ranges. From the peaks of Jebel el Bab and Bab el Donya one can look over Mount Tarbush and can see El Tur and the Gulf of Suez. Under the peaks is the spring of Ain Nagila. Other popular peaks in the area include Jebel Ahmar, Jebel Serbal, Jebel Banat and Jebel Sana.

There are many small ponds flowing under the rocks in lush Wadi Talaa Kibira, leading down to the biggest water pool of the area, Galt el Azraq — "the Blue Pool". Its colour is actually changing due to the regular floods and melting snow — one brings sand from higher up, and the next takes it further down and cleans the pool. It is safe to swim in it.

There are permanent pools at the top of Wadi Shaq Tinya and the Kharazet el Shaq, in a dramatic setting. The water from Wadi Tinya drops into a granite pool from which it flows down to other pools and falls into a deep wadi, some places running under rocks, and at other places resurfacing. The water is clean enough to drink in the upper pool.

At the beginning of Wadi Shaq there is a narrow canyon where there are permanent granite waterpools, from which water disappears in the sandy floor at one place and only re-emerges before the end of the wadi.

Water trickles from a rock into a double fountain in Wadi Tubuq. The lower fountain is for animals, locals drink from the upper one. It is considered safe, although the water might need to be treated, for instance by boiling. There is also a 1000-year-old mulberry tree in Wadi Tubuq, which is protected by tribal law. From Wadi Tubuq one can descend to Sid Daud — a narrow, steep path leading through small caves under the boulders.

In the narrow canyon of Wadi Sagar there is another water fountain. Because of the steep path, animals cannot reach it and the water is safe to drink. A rarely visited route through Wadi Umm Surdi leads through a narrow canyon to Wadi Mathar and another mulberry tree which grows just outside a communal garden.

Places of interest
While the main tourist attractions are Saint Catherine's Monastery and Mount Sinai, there are other popular places of interest in the area.

One of the prime historical attractions in the area is the palace of Abbas I, the Wali and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan between 1849 and 1854. The palace was built on a mountain at the time called Jebel Tinya, but later named after him and today called Jebel Abbas Basha. The palace has never been finished as he died before it was completed, but the massive  walls made of granite blocks and granite-sand bricks still stand firmly. The open quarry on the top of Jebel Somra, just opposite Jebel Abbas Basha, is still visible with many huge blocks lying around. Other blocks were cut from Wadi Zawatin, at the beginning of the ascent to the palace. The bricks were made on site while the mortar, made of lime and water, was burnt in kilns in the surrounding valleys. To be able to carry out the work, first a road accessible to camels and donkeys was built in order to transport the supplies. The road, starting at Abu Jeefa and going through Wadi Tubuq and Wadi Zawatin, is still in use today.

Son and successor of the great reformist Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1848), Abbas Pasha was in many ways the opposite. He had "a lasting distrust of foreigners [and] strongly opposed many of the Western inspired change introduced by his father Mohammed Ali Pasha and he is remembered as a traditionalist and reactionary who undid many of his grandfather's modernising reforms. His secretive and suspicious nature led to much speculation over his death; it is uncertain whether he was murdered or died of a stroke."

Abbas Pasha suffered from tuberculosis, so one of the reasons he wanted to build his palace in the high mountains was for medical reasons. On the other hand, he liked a secluded lifestyle and had other remote palaces. According to traditions he selected the place after placing meat on the top of Mount Sinai, Mount Catherine and Mount Tinya, and it was here at the former that the meat decayed later, suggesting a better environment and cleaner air. Another account recalls that this story was actually made up by the monks to keep him away from the holy peaks. In any case, his selection would have been just as good with magnificent views from the palace over the Sinai mountain range.

Although Abbas is "best remembered for the emancipation of the fellaheen and the construction of the Cairo-Alexandria railway line in 1851", he "had a significant influence on the immediate area around St Katherine. Besides the construction of the mountain-top palace he commissioned the building of the camel path up to Mount Sinai and the Askar barracks on the way to the monastery, which now lies in ruins."

There are hundreds of ruins of Byzantine monasteries, churches and monastic settlements in the area, some of them not much more than a pile of rocks, and others difficult to distinguish from Bedouin buildings, but there are several very well-preserved ones. Many can be found in the wide and open Bustan el Birka area, approachable from the settlements of Abu Seila and Abu Zaituna, including churches, houses on hills overlooking gardens in the wadi floor, buildings in clusters and hermit cells under rocks. They are among the best preserved ones and they can be easily reached from the village.

There is a graceful little church in very good shape in Wadi Shrayj, passing other somewhat more ruined Byzantine buildings. Further up from the church there are more ruins, some dating back to the Nabataean era ( 300 BC – AD 100).

In Wadi Mathar (Wadi Shaq) there is a hermit cell under a huge boulder, and the remains of the monks who died in there centuries ago are still in the walled-up chamber. Further up is a well-preserved monastic settlement with houses and a round building which might have been a storage room.

Byzantine Nawamis, circular prehistoric stone tombs, are found at many locations, such as at the beginning of Wadi Jebal or in Wadi Mathar. Halfway in Wadi Jebal there is a Roman well, and further on a well-preserved Byzantine church next to a walled garden and spring. There is another church at the spring of Ain Nagila, at the foot of Jebel el Bab. Ruins of other settlements and buildings can be found in Wadi Tinya, Wadi Shaq Tinya, Farsh Abu Mahashur and many other places.

The building technique of the Bedouin is taken from the Byzantine settlers, so it is often difficult to tell structures apart. Furthermore, the Bedouin often used the ruins in later times. However, there are telling clues — Byzantine buildings were scattered close to each other in small settlements, and round buildings are most likely to be from the Byzantine period. While the Bedouin have storage rooms constructed under rocks, they would have been too low for hermits to pray in an upright, kneeling position. Rounded walls, niches and shelves and tiny doors are typical of Byzantine stone dwellings. Stones were laid without mortar and roofs were often absent. Traces of ancient water systems or conduits can also be found which were used to direct rainwater to the settlement and for irrigation use. Typical of the Byzantine era, water conduits or channels directed the mountain rains to cisterns or pools. Water conduits were constructed using natural drainage lines in granite and by cementing flat stones with natural mortar. The outdoor courtyards are thought to be an area for meeting guests and for cooking.

A bit further afield, at Serabit al-Khadim, there are ancient turquoise mines and pharaonic temples from the 12th Dynasty, dedicated to Hathor, goddess of love, music and beauty, and from the New Kingdom dedicated to Sopdu, god of the Eastern Desert. It can be reached from Wadi Feiran via Wadi Mukattab (the "Valley of Inscriptions").

There is a massive Nawamis close to the Oasis of Ain Hudra, as well as a Pharaonic Rock of Inscription. It lies not far from the main road to Dahab, but one should not attempt to find it oneself. Guides can probably be found in Ain Hodra, or a safari can be organised in St Katherine that includes this attraction.

The Blue Desert (Blue Mountain) can be seen just before reaching St Katherine to the left in a wide open wadi. Anwar Sadat, who loved the area and had a house in St Katherine, paid with his life for this move. The display was made by Belgian artist Jean Verame in 1980–81, who painted many of the boulders over an area of around  and a hill blue. From the air it looks like a dove of peace. A popular day trip from the city is usually accompanied by a campfire and music around this area, which adds a bit of blue colour to the red of sunset.

Beyond the many religious places found around the Monastery of St Catherine and on the top of Mount Sinai and Jebel Safsafa there are many other churches, monasteries and holy places in the area and a bit further afield.

The Chapel of St Catherine is on the summit of Mount Katherine, the mountain where the body of the saint from Alexandria was placed by angels, according to Christian beliefs. The saint, born as Dorothea in 294 AD, was educated in pagan schools but converted to Christianity for which she was executed. Her body vanished, but some three centuries later, monks guided by a dream found it on the mountain. It was brought down and placed in a golden casket in the Monastery, which became known since the 11th century as the Monastery of St Catherine.

The Monastery of St Katherine has been a working monastery from its creation in the 4th century to the present day. It holds one of the most religiously and historically significant libraries in all the world, second only to that of the Vatican. Being of religious importance to Jews, Muslims, and Christians the area receives nearly 100,000 visitors annually and more are projected every year. While the struggle to limit access and visiting hours has done little to preserve the monastery, it has also provided a measure of protection during political turbulence.

The Hagar Musa (Rock of Moses) in Wadi El Arbain, from which Prophet Moses fetched water, is a holy place to all the big monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Locals believe the twelve clefts on it represent the twelve springs mentioned in the Quran (Sura 2:60). It is also mentioned in the Exodus as the rock which sustained the children of Israel (1 Cor. 10:4). There is a small Orthodox chapel next to it. According to Swiss orientalist Johann Ludwig Burkhardt, the Jebeliya Bedouin believe "that by making [female camels] crouch down before the rock [...] the camels will become fertile and yield more milk". There is also a Bedouin marriage proposal rock in the walled compound.

The Monastery of the Forty Martyrs in Wadi El Arbain was constructed in the 6th century in honour of the forty Christian martyrs who died in Sebaste (central Turkey). Monks relate that forty Christian soldiers from the Roman Army in the 3rd century were commanded to worship pagan gods. They refused and were put to death by being exposed at night to the bitterly cold winds off a frozen lake. Those who survived until morning were killed by the sword. In the grounds of this monastery is a chapel dedicated to the hermit Saint Onuphrius. Coming from Upper Egypt, he was said to have lived for seventy years in the rock shelter at the northern end of the garden, until he died in AD 390.

The Monastery of Cosmas and Damianos in Wadi Talaa is named after the martyred brothers who were doctors and treated locals for free in the 3rd century AD. The garden of the monastery, looked after by a Bedouin family, has a long olive grove, some tall cypress trees, and other fruit trees and vegetables. There are more gardens belonging to the monastery further down in the wadi.

The Chapel of Saint John Klimakos (also known as "John of the Ladder"), was built in 1979 in Wadi Itlah to commemorate John Climacus's devotional work in the 6th century AD. Also spelt St John Climacus or Climax, the saint spent forty years in solitude in a cave above the existing chapel. "During this time, Klimakos was elected Abbot of Sinai and asked to write a spiritual guide. He composed The Ladder of Divine Ascent which likens spiritual life to the ladder seen by the Patriarch Jacob extending from earth to heaven (Genesis 28:12-17)." According to the book the ladder "consists of 30 rungs, each step corresponding to a spiritual virtue. Through silence and solitude hermits and monks sought to climb the divine ladder. The first rung instructs the renunciation of all earthly ties and the next 14 relate to human vices such as talkativeness, anger, despondency and dishonesty. The final 15 rungs relate to virtues including meekness, simplicity, prayer, holy stillness and humility. The crowning virtue is love."

The Monastery of Wadi Feiran, with its chapel dedicated to Prophet Moses, is some  before reaching St Katherine. The wadi is mentioned in the Genesis (21:21) "as the place where Hagar dwelt with her son after Abraham sent her away", As late as the 7th century, Feiran was a city and an important Christian centre, with its own bishop.

The Monastery of El Tur was built by Emperor Justinian in the important port city, which was an early Christian centre from the 3rd century AD. Today it lies in ruins but there is a new monastery in the city, as well as a church and a guest house. The Spring of Moses is reputed to have therapeutic abilities.

Other important monasteries in the region are the Monastery of Ramhan south of Mount Catherine, the Monastery of Hodra near the oasis of Ain Hodra, and several smaller, ruined monasteries and churches. Most of the best preserved places are found close to the village of St Katherine in Wadi Shrayj, Wadi Anshel, Bustan el Birka, Wadi Abu Zaituna, and also in the High Mountains such as at Ain Nagila and in Wadi Jebal.

Places important to local people include the tombs of local saints such as Sheikh Harun (Aaron's Tomb) and Shaikh Salah (Nebi-Salah's Tomb) in the main wadi (Wadi Sheikh) before reaching town, or Sheikh Awad and Sheikh Ahmed in the mountains. Some of the Bedouin gather at these tombs to celebrate "Zuara", while others consider this practice to be "bidaa", an innovation and not consistent with Islam. (In fact, most of the bidaa is actually predating Islam and is rather a survival of a tradition than an innovation.) Zuara, also known as Sheik Day or Mulid (Moulid), "is performed by most Sinai tribes at the tombs of Sheiks, or in nearby shelters called mak'ad when a Bedouin or group of Bedouin wish to ask the Sheikh to intervene with Allah on their behalf. Zuara is the generic name for any activity of this sort. In addition to the Mulid, the bedouins often practice Zuara on a weekly basis. The sick Bedouins or their relatives, pregnant mothers looking for healthy children, or people looking for a good crop, go to a tomb. [...] Until the 1956 war in the Sinai, the Gebeliya and the Auled-Said shared a common Mulid (the annual Zuara) at the tomb of Nebi-Saleh; however the war forced them to conduct the ceremonies at separate locations; but the tribes are still apparently close. Now the Gebeliya go to Aaron's tomb down the road, and the Auled-Said go to Nebi Salah's tomb. Both go in the 8th month. The Garasha and Sawalha also go to Nebi-Salah's tomb for their Mulid but in the 7th Month." Some of the Jebeliya gather at the Tomb of Sheikh Awad on the second day of Eid al-Adha, the "Feast of Sacrifice".

See also
 List of cities and towns in Egypt
 North Sinai Governorate
 Nekhel
 Sharm El Sheikh
 South Sinai Governorate
 St. Catherine International Airport
 Egyptian Protectorates

References

Bibliography

External links
 http://protectorate.saintkatherinecenter.org/stk-z-website-frames.htm
 http://st-katherine.net/en/
 http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=304700097584 'Saint Katherine Photos'
 http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Jabal-Katherina

Category:Archaeological sites in Egypt
Category:Populated places in South Sinai Governorate
Category:Islam in Egypt
Category:Christianity in Egypt
Category:Judaism in Egypt


Richard John Barton

Richard John Barton II (27 December 1879 – 26 May 1931) was a New Zealand pastoralist, runholder, businessman and author in the early 20th century in Wellington and the Wairarapa.

Life

Early life
Richard John Barton was born on 27 December 1879 at Trentham (The Barton Estate) in the Upper Hutt Valley. His family owned generous landholdings in the Hutt Valley and the Wairarapa due to his grandfather Richard Barton being a pioneer settler in New Zealand. His father John Barton inherited the properties of Trentham, Whiterock and other farming stations in the Wellington region. The Barton family were early farmers in the region as well as Wairarapa during the late 19th century.

Education
With prosperous estates, Barton was educated at the Wanganui Collegiate School, a colonial boarding school established by Sir George Grey. Barton was educated here during the tenure of Walter Empson, an Oxford Alumni who became Headmaster.

Marriage
In 1906 he married Georgina Hector, the daughter of Sir James Hector, at St Augustine's Church, Petone. After the wedding a reception was held at Sir James Hector's home, Ratanui. They went on to have five sons and one daughter.

Business

Farming
Like his father and grandfather, Barton became a pastoralist and was engaged in the family farms at Trentham and in the Wairarapa. In the 1890's the Barton family bought the coastal portion of the Mataikona Station from John Johnston. In 1899 he became manager of the Mataikona in the east coast of the Wairarapa before becoming part of the family partnership in 1915, supervising the run. He extended the farms up towards the Upper plains, known as "Tapia".

Some time between 1904 and 1906 Barton offered to sell the Wellington Golf Club 48.5 hectares of their Heretaunga/Trentham farm which is now the Royal Wellington Golf Club.

Associations and clubs
Barton was associated with many of Wairarapa's foundation business societies including:
 President of the Masterton A. and P. Association.
 Member of the Wairarapa Provincial Executive of the Farmers Union.
 Member of the Masterton-Waipukarau Railway League.
Barton was a foundation member of the Tinui-Wahatahi Rifle Club and a member of the Opaki Rifle Club. He was also a mountaineer, with his name given to "Barton's Track" over Mitre Peak in the Tararua Ranges.

Author
In 1927 Barton published a compilation of the journals and correspondence of Reverend John Gare Butler, who was his great grand-father. The book was titled "Earliest New Zealand" and described Butler's pioneer missionary work in the Bay of Islands from 1819 to 1824 prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.

The compilation took over 15 years, including research from the Early Missionary records of the Hocken Library in Otago, and the Turnbull Library in Wellington. The book was dedicated to his father John Barton for "careful custody of old family papers".

During this time it was also noted that he gifted the following items to the Hocken Library in Otago:
 A letter from the Rev. Samuel Marsden to the Rev. John Butler, dated 1823 and written from Keri Keri in the Bay of Islands.
 A volume of psalms and hymns published in 1828 by Rev. John Butler.

Death
Richard John Barton died suddenly on 26 May 1931 at the age of 51. A telegraph of his obituary was published in the Evening Post within a day and it was noted he was "well known in the Wellington and Wairarapa district".

References

Category:People from Upper Hutt
Category:1880 births
Category:1931 deaths
Category:New Zealand farmers
Category:People educated at Whanganui Collegiate School


Otterington

Otterington may refer to:

Otterington railway station, formerly located in the village of South Otterington, North Yorkshire, on the East Coast Main Line
South Otterington, a village in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England
North Otterington, a village in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England.
Otterington (horse), winner of the St Leger Stakes in 1812


Corey Ellis

Corey Ellis (born 9 October 1996) is a professional Australian rules football player for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He previously played 27 matches over four years at  after being drafted there with the 12th overall pick in the 2014 AFL National Draft.

Early life and junior football
Ellis played junior football at Keilor in the Essendon District Football League. He played alongside fellow future AFL player Jayden Laverde in eight consecutive premierships, and was awarded best on ground honours on four occasions.

He moved on to play TAC Cup football for the Western Jets.
In 2014 he played eight games for the club, averaging totals of 22 disposals and 5 clearances. His best game for the year came against the Northern Territory Thunder, where he recorded 35 disposals, 11 marks and 2 goals. Ellis missed the final match of the season however, when he suffered a stress fracture in his foot.

Prior to the injury Ellis had represented the Victorian Metropolitan side at the 2014 AFL Under 18 Championships. There he recorded averages of 16 disposals and four tackles in four games for the side.

Though he missed the national combine in his draft year as a result of the foot injury, he remained a highly ranked prospect. He was particularly praised for his positional versatility, ball use and decision-making skills.

AFL career

Richmond (2015–2018)
Ellis was drafted by the Richmond Football Club with their first selection and 12th overall in the 2014 National Draft.

Ellis missed a large share of the club's 2015 pre-season training as he recovered from the foot injury that restricted his draft testing. He made his league debut against  in round 5 of the 2015 season where he recorded 13 disposals and kicked a goal. Ellis was ruled out following the club's round 12 loss against , suffering a foot injury that would require surgery. It was later revealed that this injury had been caused by a genetic anomaly being that Ellis was born with an extra bone fragment on the outside of each of his feet. Subsequent surgeries removed the fragments from both feet.
He did not return to the club's AFL side for the remainder of the 2015 season and finished it having played six games with an average of nine disposals per game.

Despite a limited pre-season training schedule Ellis returned to the club's senior side for round 1 of the 2016 season. He played 11 of the first 12 matches of the season including a round 6 match against  where he recorded a then career-best 23 disposals. Ellis played primarily across half-back in these matches, filling the void left by the injured Bachar Houli. He missed the club's round 14 clash with the  however, after suffering a groin injury in the week prior. He spent six weeks rehabbing the injury before making his way back to the club's reserves team in August 2016. Ellis did not return to the club's senior team in 2016 despite being available for the last three matches of the season. He finished the season having played 11 matches at an average of 15 disposals and 3.3 tackles per game.

In the early stages of his 2017 pre-season, Ellis saw the continuing effects of the previous year's groin injury. By mid January however, he was back to a full training load. Though he did not start the 2017 season in Richmond's senior side, Ellis made his way into the team by round 7, for the club's match-up with the  at Etihad Stadium. He was dropped from the side after two weeks, following just 12 disposals and no tackles in the club's round 8 loss to . It was ten rounds later before he had another taste of senior football, returning in round 18 against the GWS Giants. Though his contributions were minimal that week, his following fortnight was significant, putting up 14 disposals and goal against  and 10 disposals and two goals against  in rounds 19 and 20 respectively. He played just one more senior match that season as he was dropped following the round 21 match against Geelong. Ellis' year did not end there however, as he joined Richmond's reserves side in their VFL finals run. This period included playing in three winning finals and in the club's losing grand final against Port Melbourne. The following week he was named as an emergency, but did not play, in Richmond's AFL Grand Final team. Despite having no significant injury troubles, he finished the 2017 season having played just six AFL matches.

For the first time in his young career Ellis would complete a full slate of pre-season training leading into the 2018 AFL season. This work saw him play in both of the club's official pre-season matches before being selected to play in round 1's season opener against . Ellis was relatively ineffectual over the season's first two matches however, recording 23 disposals and five tackles in total before being subsequently dropped from Richmond's round 3 side. Despite his inability to impact at senior level, Ellis was immediately impressive in his first reserves match of the season, recording 32 disposals and nine tackles in Richmond's VFL win over Port Melbourne. He remained in a wing and half back role at the lower level for a further six weeks, before transitioning to play predominantly as an inside midfielder. A strong vein of form in that role, including a team-high 27 disposals in a VFL match in late June, saw Ellis earn a second chance at AFL football that year. He would again fail to convert his form to the top level however, managing only 23 combined disposals in his two matches across rounds 16 and 17. Ellis was forced to return to VFL football, where he remained for the rest of the regular season and finals series. He played a contributing role across the club's two losing finals, including gathering 23 disposals in a knock-out semi-final loss to the  reserves side. Ellis finished the season having played four matches at AFL level and a further 18 with the club's reserves side in the VFL.

During the final days of Richmond's 2018 AFL finals series, media reports began to emerge linking Ellis to a trade deal with . Within a week, The Age reported that he had agreed to terms on a two-year deal with the Suns and would be traded there alongside teammate Anthony Miles pending an agreement between the two clubs in the forthcoming player exchange period. Richmond football boss Neil Balme publicly confirmed the reports just three days out from the start of the trade period and suggested the club would seek little in return for the pair's departure.

Gold Coast (2019–present)
On the opening day of the 2018 trade period Ellis was traded to Gold Coast along with Miles in exchange for a swap of future 3rd round picks.

Statistics
 Statistics are correct to the end of the 2018 season

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|
| 32 || 6 || 3 || 1 || 20 || 28 || 48 || 11 || 10 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 3.3 || 4.7 || 8.0 || 1.8 || 1.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|
| 32 || 11 || 1 || 3 || 97 || 71 || 168 || 33 || 33 || 0.1 || 0.3 || 8.8 || 6.5 || 15.3 || 3.0 || 3.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017
|
| 32 || 6 || 3 || 0 || 30 || 30 || 60 || 14 || 13 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 5.0 || 5.0 || 10.0 || 2.3 || 2.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2018
|
| 32 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 15 || 31 || 46 || 9 || 11 || 0.0 || 0.3 || 3.8 || 7.8 || 11.5 || 2.3 || 2.8
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 27
! 7
! 5
! 162
! 160
! 322
! 67
! 67
! 0.3
! 0.2
! 6.0
! 5.9
! 11.9
! 2.5
! 2.5
|}

Honours and achievements
Team
 McClelland Trophy (): 2018

References

External links

Corey Ellis' statistics from Footy Wire

Category:1996 births
Category:Living people
Category:Richmond Football Club players
Category:Western Jets players
Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)


Pluty, Podlaskie Voivodeship

Pluty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedwabne, within Łomża County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Jedwabne,  north-east of Łomża, and  north-west of the regional capital Białystok.

References

Pluty


Zvezda (TV channel)

Zvezda () is a Russian state-owned nationwide TV network run by the Russian Ministry of Defence. As of January 2008, Zvezda's CEO was Grigory Krichevsky, previously known for his work on Vladimir Gusinsky's NTV Channel in the late 1990s.

History
In 1998 Central Television and Radio Studio of the Russian Ministry of Defense wins the tender to broadcast the channel in the competition. On July 17, 2000 Zvezda channel is a licensed for broadcasting. On September 2001 broadcasting had yet started, while received a warning from the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media for a two-week period of correction.

On February 20, 2005 Zvezda channel first began broadcasting on 57th UHF channel in Moscow. Feature of the channel is to show programs on patriotic themes: information and analytical programs, as well as Russian movies. On the first day of broadcasting channel aired a documentary about firefighters, to May 16, 2005 broadcast was limited to the evening. On May 16, 2005 the channel goes to broadcast around the clock. In 2006 Zvezda is for the first time broadcasting in all of Russia. 2007 channel audience grew further, as it was included in the package of NTV+. Since 2009 Zvezda is a federal status channel. On 14 December 2012 the channel entered into the second digital television multiplex. In this case, the channel had only one position for the competition.

In March 2015, Zvezda offered a presenting job to Jeremy Clarkson less than 24 hours after he was dismissed by the BBC from motoring programme Top Gear.

Controversies
"Zvezda" describes itself as "patriotic" and is considered one of the most sensational and anti-Western news channels in Russia. It has a reputation for publishing biased news stories which favor the Russian government. It has published several controversial news articles in the past, for example:

 Finnish military provocations started the Winter War
 Czechoslovakia should be grateful for 1968. After this publication caused significant controversy in Czech Republic, Dmitry Medvedev disavowed himself from the article, saying it's not reflecting the official Russian statement expressed in 1993 or 2006

During the 2008 pre-election debates on the Zvezda TV Vladimir Zhirinovsky insulted Andrei Bogdanov's campaign manager and ordered his bodyguards to "take him away and shoot him".

References

External links

Category:Russian-language television stations in Russia
Category:Television channels and stations established in 2005
Category:2005 establishments in Russia


Aron, Mayenne

Aron is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References
INSEE statistics

Category:Communes of Mayenne


Pakistan–South Africa relations

Pakistan–South Africa relations refers to the current and historical relationship between the Republic of South Africa and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Both are former British possessions and full members of the Commonwealth of Nations

Due to embargoes imposed against South Africa by Commonwealth of Nations, the two nations did not establish official diplomatic relations until 1994, after the end of apartheid in South Africa. Relations between the two nations are cordial and amiable, and South Africa exports US$240 million worth of goods to Pakistan on a yearly basis. Pakistan exports slightly less to South Africa (US$210 million), with major items including cotton yarn, woven fabrics, leather, rice and textiles.

Economic Relations

Trade and Investment

See also
 Pakistanis in South Africa
 Memons in South Africa

References

South Africa
South Africa
Category:Bilateral relations of South Africa


Bob Ufer

Robert Pormann Ufer (April 1, 1920 – October 26, 1981) was an American track and field athlete and radio broadcaster.  As an athlete, he set the world indoor record of 48.1 seconds in the indoor 440-yard (quarter mile) run and was selected as an All-American in 1943.  As a broadcaster, he served as the lead broadcaster for the Michigan Wolverines football team for 36 years, starting in 1945.  He was in the first group inducted in 1978 into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor along with Gerald Ford, Bill Freehan, Tom Harmon, Ron Kramer, Bennie Oosterbaan, and Cazzie Russell.

Early years
Ufer was born Cleveland, Ohio and grew up in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania.  His father was a lumber broker. He was an outstanding track and field athlete. At Mercersburg Academy, whilst serving under Coach Jimmy Curran, he was part of the 440 yards relay team that broke the world scholastic record with a time of 42.2 seconds. This feat earned Ufer and his relay team-mates - Jack Watt, Austin Kellam and Paxson 'Pax' Gifford - a place on the Penn Relays Wall of Fame. At the University of Michigan,  Ufer set eight freshman records.  At the Big Ten Conference track meet in 1942, he set a new world indoor record of 48.1 seconds in the 440-yard dash, breaking the old record of 48.2.  He was a three-time Big Ten Conference champion in the indoor 440-yard dash.

Broadcast career
Ufer called Wolverines football on WPAG from 1945 to 1976 and on Detroit's WJR from 1977 to 1981. He is remembered for his exuberant, partisan broadcasting style, openly rooting for Michigan.

Personal life

Ufer was also a life insurance salesman who founded his own company, Ufer & Co. Insurance, in 1947.

Ufer lost a long battle with cancer October 26, 1981, nine days after his last broadcast; at Ufer's funeral, former Michigan defensive coordinator, Jim Herrmann, said, "Bob Ufer was Michigan football. That's what he lived and died for. I think he would have liked being described that way." Ufer is buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Ann Arbor.

In 1983, the parents of Ann Arbor-raised musician Andrew W.K. purchased the Ufer home. He grew up there until moving to New York City 14 years later.

Ufer's son, also named Bob Ufer, was the commissioner of the International Hockey League.

In July 2011, the offices of Ufer & Co. Insurance, which had been sold by Ufer's sons in 2009 to Kapnick Insurance Group, were moved to a location adjacent to Briarwood Mall to a building renamed "The Ufer Building" in his honor.

References

External links
 Bob Ufer Foundation
 Bob Ufer at Bentley Historical Library
 Bob Ufer at Find a Grave

Category:1920 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:American radio sports announcers
Category:College football announcers
Category:Michigan Wolverines football broadcasters
Category:Michigan Wolverines men's track and field athletes
Category:Sportspeople from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Category:Sportspeople from Cleveland
Category:Sportspeople from Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania


2013 Segunda División B play-offs

The 2013 Segunda División B play-offs (Playoffs de Ascenso or Promoción de Ascenso) were the final playoffs for promotion from 2012–13 Segunda División B to the 2013–14 Segunda División. The four first placed teams in each of the four Segunda División B groups played the Playoffs de Ascenso and the four last placed teams in Segunda División were relegated to Segunda División B. It also decided the three teams which placed 16th to be relegated to the 2013–14 Tercera División.

Format
The four group winners have the opportunity to promote directly and become the overall Segunda División B champion. The four group winners will be drawn into a two-legged series where the two winners will be promoted to the Segunda División and will enter into the final for the Segunda División B champion. The two losing semifinalists will enter the playoff round for the last two promotion spots.

The four group runners-up will be drawn against one of the three fourth-placed teams outside their group while the four third-placed teams will be drawn against each other in a two-legged series. The six winners will advance with the two losing semifinalists to determine the four teams that will enter the last two-legged series for the last two promotion spots. In all the playoff series, the lower-ranked club will play at home first. Whenever there is a tie in position (e.g. like the group winners in the Semifinal Round and Final or the third-placed teams in the first round), a draw will determine the club to play at home first.

Group Winners Promotion Play-off

Qualified teams
The draw was held in the RFEF headquarters, in Las Rozas (Madrid), on 20 May 2013, 16:30 CEST.

Matches

Semifinals

|}
The aggregate winners were promoted and qualified to the 2012–13 Segunda División B Final. The aggregate losers advanced to the second round promotion play-off for non-champions.

First leg

Second leg

Final

|}

First leg

Second leg

Non-champions Promotion Play-off

First round

Qualified teams
The draw was held in the RFEF headquarters, in Las Rozas (Madrid), on 20 May 2013, 16:30 CEST.

Matches

|}

First leg

Second leg

Second round

Qualified teams
The draw was held in the RFEF headquarters, in Las Rozas (Madrid), on 3 June 2013, 17:00 CEST.

Matches

|}

First leg

Second leg

Third round

Qualified teams
Regulations determined the ties and were confirmed in the RFEF headquarters, in Las Rozas (Madrid), on 17 June 2013, 16:30 CEST.

Matches

|}

First leg

Second leg

Relegation play-off

Qualified teams
The draw was held in the RFEF headquarters, in Las Rozas (Madrid), on 20 May 2013, 16:30 CEST.

Matches

Semifinals

|}
The losers of this tournament will be relegated to the 2013–14 Tercera División.

First leg

Second leg

Final

|}

First leg

Second leg

See also
 2012–13 Segunda División B
 2013 Tercera División play-offs
 2013–14 Segunda División B

References

External links
Futbolme.com

Category:Segunda División B play-offs
Category:2013 Spanish football leagues play-offs
Category:2012–13 Segunda División B


Jannie Habig

Jannie "Jan" Habig is a South African rally driver and six-time champion in the South African National Rally Championship. He competed in the 2012 WRC season at Rally GB, having scored points there in 1994, as well as being ranked the first of the ARC-registered drivers in Rally South Africa 2013. He is South Africa's third most successful rally driver.

His co-driver is now Richard Paisley since 2011. Before then, it was Douglas Judd who navigated him to six South African titles.

References

External links
 WRC Results (eWRC)
 Website

Category:South African rally drivers
Category:World Rally Championship drivers
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Paruchów

Paruchów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żerków, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Żerków,  north-east of Jarocin, and  south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

References

Category:Villages in Jarocin County


Paraivongius rotundatus

Paraivongius rotundatus is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by the Belgian entomologist  in 1941.

References

Category:Eumolpinae
Category:Beetles of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Category:Beetles described in 1941


Advance and Retreat

Advance and Retreat is the third and final novel in The War Between the Provinces series, a fantasy version of the American Civil War by Harry Turtledove.

Plot
After a long fought out civil war, the Southron forces of the Kingdom of Detina defeat the Northoners and serfdom is abolished throughout all the kingdom.

References

Category:Fantasy novels
Category:Works by Harry Turtledove
Category:2002 American novels


Get Her Back (disambiguation)

"Get Her Back" is a 2014 song by Robin Thicke.

Get Her Back may also refer to:

 "Get Her Back", a 1980 song by Molly Hatchet from Beatin' the Odds
 "Get Her Back", a song from the soundtrack of the 2009 film Solomon Kane
 Get Her Back!, a 2011 novella by David Sherman


Irène Pittelioen

Irène Pittelioen (13 May 1927 – August 2011) was a French gymnast. She competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1927 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:French female artistic gymnasts
Category:Olympic gymnasts of France
Category:Gymnasts at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Category:Gymnasts at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing


Korea University–Yonsei University rivalry

The Yonsei–Korea, Korea-Yonsei rivalry is the college rivalry between two universities located in Seoul, South Korea: Yonsei University and Korea University (Korea University and Yonsei University). Both schools are regarded as the most prestigious private universities in South Korea. Located within the same city, the campuses are only 30 minutes apart.

Each year, various festivals are held before and after the friendship games between the two colleges. Since 1956, this annual Yonsei-Korea (Korea-Yonsei) games has served as the most hotly contested collegiate rivalries in the country. Five sports teams: football, rugby, baseball, basketball, and ice hockey teams compete against each other.

A large number of current students and alumni from both universities attend this event to support their respective sides. The enthusiasm and cheers from the crowd led by the cheerleaders fill the stadium throughout the entire duration of the game. It is truly a unique experience.

A long running gag between the two universities is the order of the two universities; Yonsei University refers to it as the "Yonsei-Korea" rivalry, whereas Korea University refers to it as the "Korea-Yonsei" rivalry.

Athletic rivalry
First meeting of the two schools was the friendly football match in 1923.Official First meeting of the two schools was the tennis match in 1925.

Football

1927 All Joseon Football Championship Semi-final
The match was held in Gyeongseong Stadium. Data From 1927 Through 1942: Yonhi College (now Yonsei University) had 14 wins, and Bosung College (now Korea University) also had 14 wins. All Joseon Football Championship was predecessor of National Football Championship.

1945 Yonhi-BC OB Football Championship
Beginning of the regular scheduled football match between Yonsei and Korea (Korea and Yonsei).

Yonsei University was formally established in 1885 through the union of Yonhi College and Severance Union Medical College.
In 1946, Bosung College was renamed Korea University and the match was renamed Yon-Ko (Ko-Yon) games since then.

Football series record

Rugby

Baseball

Basketball

Ice hockey

There were annual games in ice hockey for Korea vs  Yonsei.  This year's scores were 1-1

Train Game
After annual Yonsei-Korea (Korea-Yonsei) games, students from both schools engage in Train Game (Korean 기차놀이). The game is performed in a manner similar to that of making a conga line, forming a line by holding a person in front of another by his/her shoulder. The Trains head to bars, stores, and restaurants to demand food and drinks for free. It is told to both Yonsei and Korea (Korea and Yonsei) students that the tradition originates from the 1980s when pro-democratic student demonstrations were prevalent. The shopkeepers nearby the campuses witnessed the events and sympathized with the cause, thus served food and drinks free of charge to the students.

Olympic athletes
Both Yonsei University and Korea University (Korea University and Yonsei University) send many athletes to the Olympic Games. 2010 Winter Olympic four-time gold medalist short track speed skater Chun Lee-Kyung is a graduate of Yonsei University, and gold medalist figure skater Kim Yuna is a Korea University graduate.

Geographic location
Korea University is located on the northeastern-side of Seoul, and Yonsei University is located on the west-side of Seoul.

See also
SKY (universities) - A grouping of the most prestigious universities in Seoul which includes these two universities along with Seoul National University.
College rivalry

References

External links
Yonsei University
Akaraka - Yonsei University Cheering Squad
Korea University
Ipselenti - Korea University Cheering Squad
Young Tigers - Korea University Flag Cheering Squad

Category:College sports rivalries
Category:Football rivalries in South Korea
Category:Basketball rivalries
Category:Baseball rivalries
Category:Ice hockey rivalries
Category:Rugby union rivalries
Category:Sport in South Korea
Category:Yonsei University
Category:Korea University


Gladiators: Train 2 Win

Gladiators: Train 2 Win is a children's spin-off of the British television series Gladiators. Aired on ITV, the series featured younger contestants playing adapted versions of the games featured in the parent series, all while being mentored and assisted by a captain Gladiator. Four series of the programme were broadcast, airing from 2 September 1995 to 13 March 1998.

Synopsis
The first series focused heavily on fitness education, and involved each of the young contenders answering questions relating to health & fitness while competing against each other playing specially adapted games. This series was presented by Sharron Davies, who at the time, was starring in the parent series as Amazon, and Daley Thompson. This series was initially broadcast on Saturday mornings as part of Scratchy & Co.

The second series heavily revised the format. The series was moved to 4:40pm on Fridays, and the majority of the educational content was removed. Contenders now play in teams of two, each captained by a Gladiator. As many of the games featured Gladiator participation, the series was notable for being the first time that Gladiators had competed against one another in any form of domestic competition. Contenders played five games in each episode from a pool of seven. This format was retained for the third and fourth series. The second series was presented by the Gladiators themselves, working on rotation. Margherita Taylor and Kyran Bracken were appointed for the third series. Lee Sharpe replaced Bracken for the fourth and final series.

John Sachs acted as commentator for the first and second series, before being replaced by Mitch Johnson for the third and fourth series. John Anderson acted as referee for the first two series, before timekeeper Andrew Norgate became referee for series three and four.

Events
 Danger Zone: An adaptation of the parent event, in which the Gladiator captain acts as the contender, and has to run the Danger Zone whilst avoiding tennis balls being fired by a contender from the opposing team. The Gladiator does not have any weapons in this event, and simply must shield themselves using the four weapons stations. Each station explodes after five seconds. 5 points are awarded if the Gladiator makes it to the lower target. If they are hit, 1 point is awarded for each station reached.
 Skytrak: Both contenders and their Gladiator captains are attached to the Skytrak. The event acts as a relay race, with a member of the contender team running the first half of the course, and the Gladiator captain running the second half. The first team to cross the line receives 10 points. The runners-up receive 5 points.
 Hang Tough: Like Skytrak, Hang Tough acts as a relay race. One member of the contender team and their Gladiator captain each make one crossing of the Hang Tough grid, tagging the other when they reach the opposing platform. The first team to complete the relay receives 10 points. Again, the runners-up receive 5 points.
 The Wall: Again, The Wall acts as a relay race. One member of the contender team completes the first half of the wall, before tagging their Gladiator captain who is waiting on the overhang. The first team to make it to the top of the wall receive 10 points, the runners-up 5 points.
 Atlasphere Alley: A slight variation on the parent event, and similar to the format used in the South African series. One member of the contender team is mounted inside an Atlasphere. At the end of the area are ten giant bowling pins. The contender has to power the Atlasphere towards the pins, and 1 point is awarded for every pin that the contender manages to knock over.
 Pyramid: All three members of each team participate in this event. Jotted across the pyramid are pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. One by one, each member of the team has to collect an individual piece of the puzzle and assemble it on the arena floor. When the puzzle is complete, the Gladiator captain has to race to the top of the pyramid to collect the points. 10 points are awarded to the winner.
 Eliminator: The eliminator is designed as a tag-team event involving only the two contender members of each team. Unlike the parent version, The Eliminator is based more upon the Pursuit course, using obstacles such as the balance beams, wire bridge and hand ladder. Each contestant completes half of the course, and tags their teammate who is waiting at the half way stage. Like the parent series, the team with the most points receive a head start, depending on their points advantage. Every point is worth a half a second advantage.

Transmissions

External links

 Gladiators: Train 2 Win at BFI.
 .

Category:1995 British television series debuts
Category:1998 British television series endings
Category:1990s British children's television series
Category:British children's game shows
Category:1990s British game shows
Category:ITV game shows
Category:English-language television programs
Category:Gladiators (franchise)
*Train 2 Win
Category:ITV children's television programmes
Category:London Weekend Television programmes
Category:Television series by ITV Studios


Sinhc function

In mathematics, the Sinhc function appears frequently in papers about optical scattering, Heisenberg Spacetime and hyperbolic geometry. It is defined as

It is a solution of the following differential equation:

Imaginary part in complex plane

Real part in complex plane

absolute magnitude

First-order derivative

Real part of derivative

Imaginary part of derivative

absolute value of derivative

In terms of other special functions

Series expansion

Padé approximation

Gallery

See also
Tanc function
Tanhc function
Sinhc integral
Coshc function

References

Category:Special functions


Christian Zell

Christian Zell (or Zelle) (c. 1683 – 13 April 1763) was a German harpsichord maker.

He was probably a pupil of harpsichord maker Michael Mietke. The first mention of him is in 1722 in the register of citizens of Hamburg, the city where he was to spend the rest of his life. In that year, he took over the workshop of instrument maker Carl Conrad Fleischer after marrying his widow; they had three children.

There are three of his harpsichords surviving: a 1728 instrument in the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg; a 1737 instrument in the Museu de la Música de Barcelona; and a 1741 instrument in the Museum of the Organeum in Weener, Lower Saxony. They are noted for the richness of their decoration, with lacquered chinoiserie typical of Hamburg harpsichords, and most significantly, their 'matchless tone'.

The harpsichord played by American singer-songwriter Tori Amos on her 1996 album Boys For Pele and the subsequent Dew Drop Inn Tour is a replica of the 1728 Christian Zell harpsichord although without the elaborate paintings. It was made by  Robert Goble & Son.

Notes and sources

Alexander Pilipczuk: 'Zell [Zelle], Christian', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 18 May 2007), http://www.grovemusic.com/

See also
List of historical harpsichord makers

Category:German musical instrument makers
Category:Harpsichord makers
Category:1683 births
Category:1763 deaths


The Thin Red Line (painting)

The Thin Red Line is an 1881 oil-on-canvas painting by Robert Gibb depicting the 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot at the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War. In an incident which became known as "The Thin Red Line", a two-deep line of around 500 red-coated Scottish infantry from the Highland Brigade – with support from around 1,000 Royal Marines and Turkish infantry along with six guns of field artillery – stood firm against a force of around 2,500 Russian cavalrymen. The incident was a small one, in the context of the battle and the war as a whole, but became the focus for celebrating the stoicism and steadfastness of the British Army after Gibb's painting was exhibited.

Background
The Russians were moving to attack the British base of operations at the port of Balaclava. After the Russians captured defensive redoubts on the Causeway Heights to the north of Balakava from around 6am on 25 October, about 2,500 Russian cavalry commanded by Lieutenant General Ivan Ivanovich Ryzhov were sent to probe forwards at around 9 am. The small force of British and Turkish infantry was the last line of defence before Balaklava, but was sheltering from Russian artillery fire behind a hill north of Kadikoi, about  north of Balaclava.

The infantry moved to defend the top of the hill, and around 400 of the cavalry, possibly four squadrons of the 12th Ingermanland Hussars, were ordered to charge them. The Turkish infantry fired one ineffective long-distance volley and retreated, but the British infantry remained in place. Their commander Sir Colin Campbell decided against forming his six companies of Highlanders into square, the usual defensive tactic, or even a more robust formation of four ranks: instead, the vulnerable line of infantry fixed bayonets and fired several volleys with their Minié rifles. The body of cavalry split into two, swerved aside, and withdrew.

The war correspondent of The Times, William H. Russell, observed the scene, later describing the Russian cavalry as charging at a "thin red streak tipped with a line of steel", which later became known as "the thin red line".

Thinking that an unsupported line of infantry could not hold back a cavalry charge, General Ryzhov assumed there was a stronger force out of sight behind the line of Highlanders, and the remainder of its cavalry held its position. Within a few minutes, the Russians were forced to retreat after the Charge of the Heavy Brigade. The Highlanders remained in their defensive position until the battle concluded a few hours later, after the disastrous Charge of the Light Brigade.

Painting
The painting was inspired by Gibb's reading of Alexander Kinglake's book The Invasion of the Crimea. It shows the blue-coated Russian cavalry within a few yards of the red-coated British infantry, much closer than was actually the case in the battle: in reality, the cavalry came no closer than .   Gibbs obtained a Highlander's uniform to ensure the accuracy of his depiction, from the feather bonnets to the kilts and sporrans (including the large badger head sporran worn by the bearded sergeant at the right end of the line). The painting was one of three by Gibb on Crimean War themes, the others depicting incidents from the Battle of Alma (Alma: Advance of the 42nd Highlanders, 1889) and the Battle of Inkerman (Saving the Colours; the Guards at Inkerman, 1895).

The painting was first exhibited in Edinburgh, at the Royal Scottish Academy on Princes Street. The painting was on loan from owners Diageo to the Scottish National War Museum in Edinburgh Castle from 2000 until 2016, after which it was donated to the national collection.

References

 The Thin Red Line, National Museums Scotland
 The 93rd Highlanders and the ‘Thin Red Line’, Military History Monthly, 11 January 2011
 The Thin Red Line, 25 October 1854, National Army Museum
 Highlander: The History of The Legendary Highland Soldier, Tim Newark, pp. 116–119.

Category:1881 paintings
Category:Horses in art
Category:War paintings
Category:Military of Scotland


1995 TAAC Men's Basketball Tournament

The 1995 Trans America Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Tournament (now known as the Atlantic Sun Men's Basketball Tournament) was held March 2–4 at the UCF Arena in Orlando, Florida.

Eighth-seeded  upset  in the championship game, 68–57, to win their first TAAC/Atlantic Sun men's basketball tournament. FIU became the first team in the history of the TAAC/Atlantic Sun tournament to win the tournament as the lowest-seeded team in the field.

The Golden Panthers, therefore, received the TAAC's automatic bid to the 1995 NCAA Tournament, their first Division I tournament appearance.

Even though the TAAC added one more team for the 1994–95 season (Campbell), the tournament field remained fixed at eight. Along with Campbell, fellow newcomers College of Charleston (who won the TAAC regular season title) and Florida Atlantic were not part of the final bracket.

Bracket

References

Category:Atlantic Sun Men's Basketball Tournament
Category:1994–95 Trans America Athletic Conference men's basketball season


Hasht Jofteh

Hasht Jofteh () is a village in Harasam Rural District, Homeyl District, Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 85, in 20 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Eslamabad-e Gharb County


Michael Gray

Michael Gray may refer to:

Sportspeople
Mike Gray (Canadian football) (born 1960), Canadian Football League player
Michael Gray (footballer) (born 1974), English footballer

Others
Michael Gray (DJ) (born 1979), British DJ and house music producer
Michael Gray (actor) (born 1951), American actor
Michael Gray (author) (born 1946), author of books on popular music, in particular Bob Dylan
Michael Gray (British Army officer) (1932–2011)
Michael Gray (game designer), American game designer
Michael John Gray (born 1976), Arkansas politician
Mike Gray (1935–2013), American screenwriter
Mike Wingate Gray (1921–1995), British Army officer
Michael Gray, character in Peaky Blinders
Michael Gray (singer) (d. 1998), singer and stage actor

See also
Michael Joaquin Grey (born 1961), American artist, inventor, and toy designer


Freightliner Business Class M2

The Freightliner Business Class M2 is a model range of medium-duty trucks produced by Freightliner.  In production since June 2002, the M2 was the successor to the FL-Series introduced in the 1990s.  In terms of size, the M2 is produced in Class 5 through Class 8 GVWR ratings, competing primarily against the International Durastar and the Ford F-650/F-750 Super Duty.

Freightliner produces the Business Class M2 model range in Mount Holly, North Carolina and Santiago Tianguistenco, Mexico.

Models
The Business Class M2 is produced in a wide range of configurations, in both medium-duty and severe-service configurations.   There are three different cab configurations: a 106-inch BBC (bumper to back of cab) day cab, a 132-inch BBC extended cab, and a 154-inch BBC 4-door crew cab.  The crew-cab configuration offers seating for up to six passengers.

Truck

M2 106
Named for its 106-inch BBC length in daycab configuration, the M2 106 is a Class 5-8 truck available in GVWRs up to 56,000 lbs.  The M2 106 is produced primarily as a straight truck, although its cab and chassis are used in the bus industry as a cutaway cab conversion.

M2 112
Named for its 112-inch BBC length, the M2 112 is a Class 8 truck available in GVWRs up to 80,000 lbs.  Although available as a straight truck like the M2 106, it is also available as a tractor. Externally, it is distinguished by a larger grille and slightly higher hoodline.

eM2
The e-M2, an all-electric variant of this class 5 medium duty cube truck, was unveiled in mid-2018. It would have  peak horsepower, using  batteries, having a range of . The fast charger would allow for 80% charge in 1 hour (). It has a load capacity GCWR of . , it costs $400,000; about 4 times the price of the diesel equivalent.

The truck is currently being field-tested by customers. The first out of 10 trucks was delivered to Penske Truck Leasing Corporation in Los Angeles in December 2018.

Bus

Freightliner offers two variants of the M2 for bus use: the C2/S2 cowled chassis and the S2C cutaway cab bus chassis.  Serving as the donor chassis for the Thomas Saf-T-Liner C2 school bus constructed by Freightliner subsidiary Thomas Built Buses, the C2 chassis departs from previous precedent in its higher parts commonality with the M2 106 truck.  Forward of the driver's seat,  the dashboard is used in its entirety; while the windshield is redesigned (enlarged), the stock windshield wipers are retained.

Outside of school bus use, Freightliner designates the cowled bus chassis as the Freightliner S2; the model is no longer offered on the Freightliner chassis website.

The Freightliner S2C is the cutaway-cab variant of the M2.  Never produced with a school bus body, the S2C was intended for various commercial uses, including shuttle and transit bus use.

Severe-service trucks

As with the FL-Series, Freightliner developed severe-service variants of the Business Class M2.  While the M2 106V and M2 112V would share the same cabs and hood as the medium-duty vehicles, they were based on their own unique chassis.  In 2011, Freightliner replaced the M2 106V/112V with the "SD" line of severe-service trucks, dropping them out of the Business Class M2 model range.   While the 108SD and 114SD still used the M2 cab, an all-new hood and chassis was used.

Aftermarket
Freightliner Specialty Vehicles (also known as SportChassis LLC) is a manufacturer based in Clinton, Oklahoma that produces conversions of the Business Class M2 as consumer vehicles.  Several vehicles are available, including 5th-wheel tow vehicles and pickup trucks.  While similar in layout to the International CXT/RXT, these differ in that they are completed by a second-stage manufacturer.

See also
 Freightliner Cascadia, another Freightliner truck with an all-electric variant.

References

External links
 M2 106 Homepage
 M2 112 Homepage
 SportChassis Homepage

Business Class M2
Category:Trucks


Heidelberg University Faculty of Modern Languages

The Faculty of Modern Languages is one of twelve faculties at the University of Heidelberg. It comprises the Seminar for German Studies, Seminar for English Studies, Seminar for German as a Foreign Language Philology, Seminar for Translating and Interpreting, Seminar for Computational Linguistics, Seminar for Romance Studies, Seminar for Mediaeval and Neo-Latin Philology, and the Seminar for Slavic Studies.

Seminar for German Studies
The Seminar for German Studies is situated in Palais Boisserée since 1969.

Seminar for English Studies

Seminar for German as a Foreign Language Philology

Seminar for Translating and Interpreting

Seminar for Computational Linguistics

Seminar for Romance Studies
The discipline of Romance languages exists at Heidelberg since 1842. The institute was founded in 1924. Noted Romance scholars include Karl Vossler and Ernst Robert Curtius.

Seminar for Mediaeval and Neo-Latin Philology
The Heidelberg Seminar for Medieval Latin Philology was founded on May 2, 1957. In 1973 the Seminar's name was expanded to include Neo-Latin Philology. In 2007 the seminar celebrated its 50th anniversary. After the Medieval Latin Seminar in Munich, founded shortly after the turn of the century, the Heidelberg Seminar is the second oldest in Germany.

Seminar for Slavic Studies

See also
Tübingen University Faculty of Modern Languages

Notes and references

Category:Heidelberg University
Category:Language schools in Germany


Liu Jing (footballer, born 1997)

Liu Jing (; born 17 January 1997) is a Chinese footballer currently playing as a defender for Hebei China Fortune.

Career statistics

Club

Notes

References

Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chinese footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Hebei China Fortune F.C. players
Category:Chinese Super League players


Gerry Tordoff

George Gerald "Gerry" Tordoff (6 December 1929 – 16 January 2008) played first-class cricket for Somerset, Cambridge University and the Combined Services in the 1950s and early 1960s.

A left-handed batsman who could open the innings or bat in middle order and a right-arm medium-pace change bowler, Tordoff had two seasons of virtually full-time cricket in 1952 and 1955, but was otherwise restricted by his career in the Royal Navy to occasional matches. He was given leave of absence by the Navy to captain Somerset in the 1955 season, but when the season was over, he resigned the captaincy and never appeared again for the county side.

Tordoff was born at Whitwood, Yorkshire and died at Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire.

Early career
Tordoff played a couple of matches for Somerset in 1950 without making much impact, but in his first game of 1951, his third in all cricket, he hit an unbeaten 87 against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge. Later in the season he hit 55 against Surrey in a rain-ruined match at Taunton.

Cambridge, Somerset and the Navy
Having been at Manchester University, he went to Cambridge for the 1951–52 academic year and won a blue for association football, playing at left-half. In the 1952 cricket season, he played regularly for the Cambridge side, winning a blue alongside a galaxy of Test stars — Peter May, David Sheppard, John Warr and Cuan McCarthy had already appeared in Tests, Raman Subba Row, Gerry Alexander, Robin Marlar and Dennis Silk, who played only one match, later became prominent players. Tordoff scored 435 runs at an average of 29 in the university season, with a highest score of 81 in the match against Middlesex at Fenners.

Once the university term was over, Tordoff played for Somerset regularly for the remainder of the 1952 season and finished second in the county's batting averages, with 636 runs at an average of 33.47. He scored his maiden first-class century with 101 not out in the match against Hampshire at Taunton. He finished the season with 1071 runs at an average of 31.50. Having bowled only seven overs for Cambridge without taking a wicket, his bowling was more in demand for a Somerset side whose weakness in every variety of bowling except spin consigned them to the bottom of the County Championship. In several matches he opened the bowling and in Harold Gimblett's benefit match against Northamptonshire at Glastonbury he took four for 43 in 22 overs, the first four wickets of the innings, and these remained his best-ever bowling figures. But his total of 11 wickets for the county that season came at a cost of 48.27 runs each.

At the end of the 1952 cricket season, Tordoff took a three-year commission as an officer in the Royal Navy. This curtailed his appearances in first-class cricket over the next two seasons. In 1953 he played five times for Somerset and three times for the Combined Services, but failed to exceed 50 in any innings. The following season there were four Somerset games and two for Combined Services, and these matches produced 512 runs at an average of 51.20 with two centuries – a not-out innings of 156 for Combined Services against the Pakistan touring side at Catterick, which remained the highest of Tordoff's first-class career, and 110 for Somerset against Kent at Maidstone.

Somerset captain
Somerset finished bottom of the County Championship in both 1953 and 1954, and the captain, Ben Brocklehurst, later owner and publisher of The Cricketer, resigned. Somerset approached the Navy to allow Tordoff leave of absence to captain the side for the 1955 season.

The move was not a success, Somerset ending up at the bottom yet again, for the fourth consecutive season, despite winning four matches, double the number of each of the previous three seasons. Wisden noted that Tordoff "stood little chance of bringing a transformation in the fortunes of the club". It added: "From the beginning Tordoff found his batting order a jig-saw puzzle without the right men to fit the holes."

The Somerset county historian and journalist David Foot wrote: "He was a personable rather than an astute captain. Some of the committee found him a rather too convenient scapegoat. A former player said: 'It was hard to see who was around to take over from Ben (Brocklehurst). Gerry was a goodish player but he still had a bad side around him. It was terribly unjust that he should have been blamed as much as he was'."

Personally, Tordoff had a mediocre batting season: he scored 1,196 runs, more than in any other season in his career, but his average of 22.56 runs per innings was low. He scored just one century, an unbeaten 145 in the match against Gloucestershire at Taunton, but he achieved his only representative cricket, being selected for the Gentlemen in the annual Gentlemen v Players match at Lord's, where he made 20 and 44.

At the end of the 1955 season, Tordoff resigned from the captaincy, to be replaced by Somerset's first professional captain, Maurice Tremlett. Tordoff returned to the Navy, and never played for Somerset again.

Later cricket career
After 1955, Tordoff's cricket was entirely for the Combined Services first-class side, for whom he played a few matches in most seasons up to 1962. In 1959, he was captain of the Services team when Jack Bannister took all 10 wickets in an innings for 41 runs for Warwickshire at the Mitchells and Butlers ground in Birmingham. And in 1961 he scored 131, his fifth and final first-class century, in the match against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge. After his last first-class appearance in 1962, he played Minor Counties cricket for Berkshire.
A former pupil of Normanton Grammar School, he captained the Royal Navy side which played London University in 1969. The University side was captained by John Law, a former student of the same school.

References

Category:1929 births
Category:2008 deaths
Category:English cricketers
Category:Somerset cricket captains
Category:Cambridge University cricketers
Category:Berkshire cricketers
Category:Royal Navy officers
Category:Combined Services cricketers
Category:Gentlemen cricketers


Edgar Alfred Bowring

Edgar Alfred Bowring (; 26 May 1826 – August 1911) was a British translator, author and civil servant, serving as librarian and registrar to the Board of Trade (1848–1863), secretary to the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, and Liberal Member of Parliament for Exeter (1868–1874).

He was the youngest son of Sir John Bowring (1792–1872), of Exeter, Devon, Governor of Hong Kong and also a traveller and translator of literary works,  and was brother of John Charles Bowring and Lewin Bentham Bowring.

He translated various works of poetry from German into English.

Works
Free Trade and Its So-Called Sophisms: A Reply to 'Sophisms of Free Trade, etc., Examined by a Barrister''' with Lord Vere Henry Hobart (1850)The Most Holy Book of Psalms Literally Rendered Into English Verse, According to the Prayer Book Version (1858)

TranslationsThe Poems of Schiller (1851)The Poems of Goethe (1853)The Poems of Heine Complete (1861)The Works of Frederick Schiller, vol. 5: the poems of Schiller (1875)The Tragedies of Vittorio Alfieri (1876) (revisions of the 1815 translations of Charles Lloyd)The dramatic works of J. W. Goethe, translated from the German'' with Sir Walter Scott, and Anna Swanwick and others (1880)

Notes

References

External links

Category:1826 births
Category:1911 deaths
Category:UK MPs 1868–1874
Category:19th-century British writers
Category:British translators
Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Category:People educated at University College School
Edgar Alfred


Sohini Ray

Sohini Ray (born 25 August 1966) is a classical Manipuri dancer  dance-researcher and anthropologist from India currently based in Los Angeles, United States.

Early career
Ray studied Manipuri dance from age seven in Manipuri Nartanalaya, Kolkata under Guru Bipin Singh, Darshana Jhaveri and Kalavati Devi. She went through her initiation ceremony with Guru Bipin Singh at age eleven and started performing professionally at fourteen. She was also Guru Bipin Singh's research assistant from age fourteen and received the national scholarship in Manipuri dance from the ministry of culture, Government of India in 1982. Concurrently she did her schooling from Modern High School for girls, Kolkata, where she also performed in school functions.

Academic career
Ray did her B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in anthropology from University of Calcutta. Later, she received her MA in dance and Ph.D. in anthropology from University California at Los Angeles. (Sanamahism). She was a fellow at the Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard Divinity School and faculty fellow in University of California, Humanities Research Institute, University of California, Irvine. She has taught in University of California, Irvine, University of California, Santa Barbara  and Santa Monica College and has many publications.

Dance career
Sohini Ray is the founder and artistic director of Manipuri Dance Visions – Institute of Manipuri Dance in southern California. She has performed, choreographed and directed many productions in classical Manipuri dance namely Harao-kummei: joyful celebrations in Manipuri dance, Gita-Govinda, Krishna-Ningshingba and has performed and toured Europe and North America and India,

Academic awards and achievements
Jubilee prize, University of Calcutta, India, 1988
National Scholarship, University of Calcutta, India, 1988
University gold medal, University of Calcutta, India, 2011.
JB Donne Prize in anthropology of art, Royal Anthropological Institute, 2009.

Dance awards and achievements
National scholarship from government of India from 1982-1986,
First prize in Manipuri dance, Sangeetotsav, 1988
Shringar-Mani award, Kal-ke-kalakaar Sangeet Sammelan, Mumbai, 1988
Naratan Acharya, Manipuri Nartanalaya, Kolkata, 1999.
Elaine Weissman Los Angeles Treasures Award, California Traditional Music Society, 2007
Nomination, Lestor Horton Award, 2007
Winner, Lestor Horton Award, 2008
Nomination, Lestor Horton award, 2010.

References

Category:1966 births
Category:Indian anthropologists
Category:University of Calcutta alumni
Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Category:Living people
Category:Manipuri classical Indian dance exponents
Category:Indian women social scientists
Category:Scientists from Kolkata
Category:Indian female classical dancers
Category:Performers of Indian classical dance
Category:20th-century Indian dancers
Category:20th-century Indian social scientists
Category:Women scientists from West Bengal
Category:20th-century Indian women scientists
Category:21st-century Indian social scientists
Category:21st-century Indian women scientists
Category:Women educators from West Bengal


KF Pojani

KF Pojani is an Albanian football club based in the small town of Pojan in the municipality of Maliq. They are currently not competing in the senior football league.

External links
Second Division Standings and Stats

Pojani
Category:Maliq


Bruxton, West Virginia

Bruxton is an unincorporated community in Randolph County, West Virginia.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Category:Unincorporated communities in Randolph County, West Virginia


Yang Rongguo

Yang Rongguo (, 1907–1978) was a Chinese academic and philosopher who was involved in the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign of the Cultural Revolution.

Yang initially began his study of Confucius with a publication in 1947 which was revised and published again in 1973.  During the Cultural Revolution he was a professor at Zhongshan University.  He published an article on July 7, 1973 in People's Daily entitled "Confucius-A Thinker Who Stubbornly Upheld the Slave System."  This article, coupled with his republication of work, brought him into significance.  He began publicly connecting Lin Biao, the fallen Chinese leader now condemned as a rightist, with Confucius, who had long been campaigned against.  Yang connected not only Lin, but also generalized Liu Shaoqi and other ousted leaders as Confucian followers.  Confucius was a more significant target than before, however, and was a stand-in for Premier Zhou Enlai, who was not criticized by name.  Among Yang Rongguo's points was that Confucius had suppressed societal changes in his era, and that Zhou Enlai had been doing similar things by working towards the rehabilitation of ousted CCP leaders in 1972, including Deng Xiaoping.

References

Category:People of the Cultural Revolution
Category:People's Republic of China philosophers
Category:1907 births
Category:1978 deaths
Category:Sun Yat-sen University faculty