Redoutable-class submarine (1928)

The Redoutable-class submarines were a group of 31 submarines built between 1924 and 1937 for the French Navy. Most of the class saw service during the Second World War. The class is also known in French as the Classe 1 500 tonnes, and they were designated as "First Class submarines", or "large submarine cruisers". They are known as the Redoutable class in reference to the lead boat , in service from 1931 to 1942. The class is divided into two sub-class series, Type I, known as Le Redoutable and Type II, Pascal.

Modern submarines when they were designed, they quickly became outdated, and were approaching obsolescence by the beginning of the Second World War. The conditions of the Armistice of 22 June 1940 prevented the Vichy government from carrying out a modernization programme. 24 out of the 29 units that served in the war were lost. Used in the defence of the Second French colonial empire under the Vichy regime, submarines of the class saw action against Allied offensives at the Battles of Dakar, Libreville and Madagascar. Many of the submarines of the class came under Allied control after the Allied landings in North Africa. Few however saw much further active service after this due to a period of refitting and alterations done in the United States between February 1943 and March 1945. One exception was , which took part in the liberation of Corsica. The surviving submarines were largely used for training purposes after the war, with the last of them being disarmed in 1952.

Development

Context

The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 sought to prevent a future naval arms race by imposing limits on the number and size of certain types of warships that each great power could possess. France sought to expand its submarine forces – which were not limited by the treaty – as an essential tool to defend its coastline and empire. The 1100-ton s, designed in 1922, was the initial attempt to meet these requirements; however, the speed of the submarines was notably insufficient and the design overall was considered inferior to the last German submarines launched in 1918.

The design for the Requin class's successor was commissioned from general engineer of maritime engineering Léon Roquebert. Roquebert was tasked with creating a "grand cruiser" type of submarine, with the role of carrying out surveillance of an adversary's bases, destroying their communications by attacking their ships, while protecting French colonies. They were operate with a surface squadron and provide clearance of enemy vessels for it.

Construction of the Type I project submarines, starting with , was approved by the superior council of the navy on 1 July 1924. The building programme was expanded the following year with the Type II submarines. Together with the submarine cruiser , the Redoutable-class submarines constituted the elite of the French submarine fleet.

Characteristics
 long, with a beam of  and a draught of , the Redoutable-class submarines could dive up to , although several, such as  reached depths of  while diving.
 The submarines had a surfaced displacement of  and a submerged displacement of . Propulsion while surfaced was provided by two  diesel motors for the Redoutable sub-class, while the Pascal variant boats had , while the submarines from  onwards had , with a maximum speed of . Motors were built by the Swiss manufacturer Sulzer, with the exception of , , Archimède, , , , ,  and , which were propelled with Schneider motors. The submarines' electrical propulsion allowed them to attain speeds of
 while submerged. Designated as "grand cruise submarines" (), their surfaced range was  at , and  at , with a submerged range of  at . Radio communication was through wireless antenna.

The Redoutable-class submarines had significant firepower. They were equipped with eleven torpedo tubes: four  tubes in fixed positions in the bow, an orientable platform for three 550 mm tubes behind the conning tower, and another orientable platform on the stern composed of two 550 mm and two  tubes. The 550 mm torpedoes were intended for use against large ships, with the 400 mm torpedoes for smaller boats. Torpedoes were propelled by compressed air at a speed of , exploding on impact. Torpedoes left a trail on the surface, which allowed the target to see and avoid the torpedo, as well as trace the torpedo back to its origin. The submarines were also fitted with a  deck gun, mounted in front of the conning tower and from 1929, dual anti-aerial  machine guns.

The Redoutable-class submarines had a quick diving speed, submerging in between 30 and 40 seconds. They had a reputation of handling well while at sea, both at the surface and while diving. Their motors were relatively noisy, as was auxiliary propulsion while submerged, and this constituted the principal criticism of these submarines, despite their reliability. Their speed and powerful armament was balanced against their ability to detect targets, which was essentially by visual sight. They were equipped with three periscopes – an attack periscope, a surveillance periscope, and an auxiliary periscope – and a hydrophone for passive sonar.

History

Construction and early service

The large construction program made it necessary to contract work out to private shipyards, such as those at Caen or on the Loire, as well as the various naval bases. The construction orders were spread over six annual tranches. Small technical alterations were made to the design between orders, utilizing experience gained from previous batches. This did not prevent delays in delivery, which for some orders lasted up to two years and generated design disparities. This absence of standardization had consequences for the maintenance of the submarines, particularly during the Second World War. Laid down on 1 July 1925, the first submarine, Redoutable, was launched on 24 February 1928, and placed in service by 10 July 1931. The 31st and last of the series to be laid down, , entered service on 1 January 1937.  and  were the last to enter service, on 1 January 1939, because of mounting delays at Cherbourg.

The submarines underwent substantial modifications throughout the 1930s, particularly regarding navigational abilities. They conducted training patrols and port visits in the Antilles, along the African coast or in Indochina. Two were lost in accidents before the Second World War:  sank during trials off the Normandy coast on 7 July 1932, while  was lost off Indochina on 15 June 1939.

Second World War

First actions

At the beginning of Second World War, the Pascal-type vessels were divided between the First Navy Squadron at Brest and the Second Squadron at Toulon. They were assigned to operate with their respective squadrons, attack or capture enemy ships, and protect the Franco-British lines of communication. Two Redoutable-type boats were based at Cherbourg. Designed in 1920s, they were still reliable boats, but were becoming obsolete. They were vulnerable to attacks: their submerged propulsion systems were sensitive to bombardment, their maximum diving depth was limited and became insufficient during the conflict, and their underwater sound systems were weak. They formed 40% of the French submarine fleet, composed of a total of 77 naval vessels.

Between September 1939 and June 1940, the French submarines patrolled in the Northern seas and the Atlantic, particularly off the neutral ports of Spain, the Canary Islands, and the Azores, where part of the German merchant marine had sought refuge, and were suspected of supporting German U-boats. Unlike the German submarine force, French officers were ordered to respect the terms of the London Naval Treaty: the submarines had to announce their presence to merchant ships prior to an attack, and could only fire on the ship when the crew had evacuated it. These precautionary measures reduced the effectiveness of the French submarine force. Redoutable encountered a merchant vessel sailing without lights during the night of 1 November. The vessel refused to comply with a request from the submarine to stop, so the submarine fired warning shots with her 100 mm deck gun. The merchant vessel returned fire. Redoutable then received a message from the British cargo ship Egba, which was reporting that she was under attack by a "U-boat". Realising that the merchant ship she was firing on was a British one, Redoutable ceased the attack.

In December 1939, , , Redoutable, and  were sent into the Atlantic to search for the German tanker , which had been supplying the German cruiser . Altmark, carrying prisoners taken from ships attacked by the German cruiser, evaded detection and sailed towards Norway, where it was eventually captured by British ships in the Altmark incident. During the winter of 1939–1940, Achille, Casabianca, Pasteur, and  escorted three Allied convoys from Halifax, Nova Scotia to the United Kingdom. They were relieved in February by  and Sidi-Ferruch, and then, in April, by Archimède and Ajax.

Italy declared war on France on 10 June 1940. Fresnel, , Redoutable, and  patrolled along the Tunisian coast to prevent an Italian landing, while Centaure and Pascal conducted surveillance operations south of Sardinia. Archimède participated in Operation Vado. With the German advance in June, the port of Cherbourg and the arsenal of Brest were evacuated, ships principally heading towards Casablanca and Dakar. On 18 June Agosta, Achille, Ouessant and Pasteur were scuttled in the port of Brest, having being prevented from putting to sea.

By the time the armistice was signed on 22 June 1940, not one of the 29 Redoutable class had sunk any German or Italian ships. Only Poncelet had had any success, her crew having boarded the merchant vessel Chemnitz and sailed her to Casablanca. The cause of this lack of success was the utilization of the submarines as escorteurs and squadron eclaireurs, instead of as chasseurs, in strict adherence to the terms of the Treaty of London, coupled with problems associated with the age and obsolescence of the vessels.

Vichy service

The conditions of the armistice envisaged the return of French naval vessels to their home ports to be disarmed; however, the British attack on Mers-el-Kébir on 3 July convinced the Germans to cancel this plan. The French lost two Redoutable-class submarines during the Battle of Dakar on 23 and 24 September; on 23 September  was sunk by two British destroyers after having tried to torpedo  unsuccessfully; on 24 September Ajax was fired upon by several destroyers escorting the British squadron and was consequently scuttled after the crew abandoned ship. In the both cases, the crews were rescued by the British. On 25 September Bévéziers, under the command of Capitaine de corvette Lancelot, attacked and damaged the battleship , which was out of service for almost nine months.

On 28 October the French naval forces were re-constituted under Vichy government control, under the direction of the German and Italian armistice commissions. Only the Second Submarine Division, consisting of Casabianca, Sfax, Bévéziers and Sidi-Ferruch, based in Casablanca, and the four submarines sent to Madagascar, , ,  and  remained armed. The remainder of the Redoutable class were to be placed under guard at Toulon. Those submarines on active service were relieved one after the other in pairs by units from Toulon, in order to conduct necessary repairs and refits. Defective parts were replaced; however the terms of the armistice prevented upgrades to extend their fighting capabilities.

Poncelet was sunk on 7 November 1940 during the battle of Libreville by a British sloop. The submarine launched one torpedo against , which the sloop avoided. Severely damaged, Poncelet surfaced and the crew was ordered to evacuate by the French commanding officer. However, Commandant Bertrand de Sausssine du Pont de Gault preferred to remain on board and went down with the submarine. Following the attacks of Mers el-Kébir, Dakar and Libreville, the Redoutable-class submarines were redeployed to Toulon, Casablanca, Dakar, Djibouti, Madagascar and Indochina to defend the French colonies. Sfax was accidentally sunk by the  with the replenishment ship Rhône on 19 December, while they were en route to Dakar to reinforce the fleet based there.

In October 1941, a convoy of four French cargo ships en route towards Dakar was captured by the British. As a reprisal, the French sent
 and Le Héros to attack British commerce off the coast of South Africa. On 15 November Le Glorieux unsuccessfully attacked a cargo vessel off Port Elizabeth. Two days later, Le Héros sank the cargo vessel Thode Fagelund off East London, Eastern Cape.

On 31 July 1941, the Japanese invaded French Indochina, where they seized Pégase, which was returning from a mission. Concerned about a possible Japanese attack on Madagascar, which would compromise the security of the supply lines to India, the British led an attack on Diego-Suarez, the principal French base, beginning on 5 May 1942. During the attack, three Redoutable-class submarines were sunk: Bévéziers, and Le Héros by Fairey Swordfish and Monge by destroyers. Monge, after having launched one torpedo at the  , was spotted, fired upon by three destroyers and sunk.

The French fleet endured significant losses in the autumn of 1942 during Operation Torch and the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon. In one month, eleven naval vessels were lost by being sunk or scuttled, in addition to the three submarines sunk during the Battle of Madagascar in May 1942. French forces in North Africa were taken by surprise when the Allied landings began on the morning of 8 November. At Casablanca, the Le Tonnant,  and Sidi-Ferruch came under heavy attack from American aircraft. The commander of Le Tonnant, Lieutenant de vaissau Paumier, was killed, and the commander of Sidi-Ferruch, Capitaine de corvette Laroze, was wounded. On 9 November Le Tonnant launched her last torpedoes against the aircraft carrier , but the carrier evaded them. Le Tonnant was ordered to head to Toulon, but realising that this was impossible, her captain had the crew disembark off Cádiz, and then scuttled the submarine. Despite the ceasefire proclaimed on 11 November, Le Conquérant and Sidi-Ferruch were sunk by American aircraft on 13 November. At Oran, the submarines Actéon and Fresnel put to sea on the night of 8 November. Actéon was sunk a couple of hours later by depth charges from the British destroyer . Fresnel attacked the cruiser , which avoided the torpedoes. Pursued and under attack for the next three days, Fresnel managed evade her attackers and returned to Toulon on 13 November.

On 9 November a number of the French submarines at Toulon, Casabianca, Redoutable, Glorieux, Pascal and  received authorization from the German and Italian armistice commissions to undergo rearming. On 11 November the Germans enacted Case Anton and moved their forces into the Vichy-controlled area of France. French Navy personnel had to decide between their oath of fidelity to Marshal Philippe Pétain, and their desire to join the Allies in Algeria. Admirals André Marquis, maritime prefect of Toulon, and Jean de Laborde, commander-in-chief of the Toulon squadron, ordered preparations to defend Toulon against an Anglo-American assault, having the Germans' assurance that Toulon would not be occupied. At the same time, they put in place the necessary orders and counter-measures that would ensure the scuttling of the entire fleet, to keep it out of foreign hands, while conforming to an order from Admiral François Darlan dated 24 June 1940. Towards 0430 on 27 November a German force arrived at the arsenal gate, with orders to secure control of the French fleet. The alarm was raised and Admiral de Laborde ordered the immediate scuttling of all naval vessels present at Toulon, based on an order given by another French admiral on 11 November 1942.

Nine Redoutable-class submarines were at Toulon: Fresnel, , Vengeur, and L'Espoir were in dry docks and the Casabianca, Le Glorieux, Redoutable, Henri Poincare, and Pascal were afloat in the northern bunkers of Mourillon. The last three were not ready for sea and only Le Glorieux and Casabianca had installed their new batteries as well a full load of fuel. As soon as the first shots were fired, the commanders of Le Glorieux and Casabianca moved away from the docks and navigated their submarines towards the exits of the port on electric motors, accompanied by the 600-ton submarine , the   and the Requin-class Marsouin, while under fire from the Germans. Unable to reach the sea, Redoutable, Henri Poincaré, Pascal and Fresnel were scuttled by opening the hatches. Achéron, Vengeur and L'Espoir were sunk by flooding their dry docks. They were later dismantled and scrapped at Toulon or the Italian port of La Spezia, or utilized as floats.

Already having put to sea from Brest on 17 June 1940, the commander of Casabianca had to choose between scuttling his boat in deep waters or sailing to an Allied port to continue the war. Casabianca sailed to Algiers, reaching there on 30 November and joining the Allied forces. Le Glorieux arrived at Oran the same day after a brief stop at Valencia.

Service with the Allies

By the end of 1942, the last six "grand patrol submarines" –  Archimède, Casabianca, Le Centaure Le Glorieux, and Protée – were in Africa. Protée, which had been serving with the naval squadron as part of   with the British fleet at Alexandria since the armistice in 1940, joined the French fleet in June 1942. The submarines from Africa were assigned to the 8th British Submarine Squadron, then from November 1943, the 10th Squadron. The captured Pégase was commissioned by the Japanese and stationed in Saigon, and then disarmed on 1 January 1944.

Because of their capabilities, the French submarines were principally used by the Allies for missions involving information gathering, and the loading or unloading of personnel or material. Casabianca, the only operational Redoutable-class submarine during most of 1943, carried out seven of these types of missions between December 1942 and September 1943, principally off Italian-occupied Corsica. On 1 July 1943 she landed resistance leader  and 13 tons of material at the beach at Saleccia. On 13 September Casabianca landed 109 men of the  and their equipment at Ajaccio. Between June and July she also carried out several unsuccessful attacks on the 10,000-ton merchant vessel Champagne.

Protée sailed to Algiers via Oran in November. On her first mission from Algiers she unsuccessfully attacked a German cargo ship. At some point between 18 and 25 December she struck a mine off Marseilles and was lost with all hands. It was assumed for some time that Protée had been sunk in an engagement with a German ship while surfaced. However, in 1995 Henri-Germain Delauze, aboard Remora 2000, dived on Protées wreck and confirmed United States Navy suspicions from the 1950s that Protée had been sunk by a mine. There was also no record of an engagement with a German vessel listed in German archives. On 22 December 1943 Casabianca sank a submarine chaser between Cape Cépet and Cape Sicié. A couple of days later Casabianca torpedoed and damaged the cargo ship Ghisone, which was able to sail to Toulon. On 9 June 1944, Casabianca attacked a German submarine chaser with her deck gun and torpedoes off Cape Camarat, but was unable to seriously damage the vessel. Casabianca gained the nickname "ghost submarine" () from the Germans, and was allowed by the 8th Submarine Squadron to fly the Jolly Roger in 1943.

In December 1942 an accord was reached between U.S. and French authorities for the transfer, one by one, of the Redoutable-class submarines to the United States for refitting and modernization, given that their design was by now almost twenty years old. The motors were overhauled, the batteries changed, and the pressure hulls and diving auxiliaries reinforced. The ballasts were also reworked to improve the range of the boats. Efforts were made to improve the soundproofing the submarines. The submarines were equipped with radar, underwater sound systems, better performing asdic, bathythermographs and other capabilities. The living conditions were improved with the installation of air conditioning and a refrigerator. The conning tower was modified, with the removal of various navigational features, which were replaced with an anti-aerial armament. The telescopic masts were also removed. Archimède left Dakar on 8 February 1943 and sailed to Philadelphia, where she remained for almost a year. Work began in May at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, but was complicated by the lack of blueprints and schematics. As well as this, the four surviving submarines used two different types of motor – an issue which caused problems for the American engineers. However, they were impressed by the modern fabrication of the nearly twenty year old boats. Alterations to Archimède were completed on 19 February 1944, and she was replaced in the shipyard by Le Glorieux until July, then Le Centaure from 2 June to 18 December and finally Casabianca from 2 August 1944 to 30 March 1945. The last two refits were less through than the first. Argo was deemed in too poor condition for a complete overhaul, and was transferred for use as a training boat for American submariners.

After returning from the United States, Archimède carried out surveillance missions and intelligence operations between March and August 1944. In April and June the boat landed and embarked several assets on the Spanish coast. On 12 May she mistaken for a German U-boat and was attacked by three British aircraft. Archimède escaped after submerging . During the night of 13 and 14 July Archimède was spotted by a Wassermann radar off Cape Dramont and chased by three anti-submarine patrol boats for three hours. On 16 July Archimède located a small German convoy and fired four torpedoes against an aviso which was saved by its draught, which was less than the running depth of the French mechanically launched torpedoes. On 10 August the submarines left the French coast in anticipation of Operation Dragoon. By now the submarine war in the Mediterranean was largely over. By the time the French submarines were operating there German traffic had drastically reduced, and there were few targets for them.

After the return of Casabianca and Argo to the Mediterranean during the spring of 1945, the five Redoutable-class submarines passed the remainder of the war carrying out training exercises at Oran, while awaiting a transfer to the Pacific. The surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945 meant this never took place. Of the twenty-nine submarines active in 1939, twenty-four had been sunk or scuttled during the war. For their service Casabianca received the Resistance Medal with rosette and the fourragère of the Legion of Honour, while Le Glorieux received the Resistance Medal.

Post-war

Pégase was disarmed in Saigon by the Japanese on 1 January 1944, then scuttled on 9 March 1945. The boat was refloated in September; however, she was put up for disposal in 1950 without ever having entered service again. The following year she was beached on the Bassac sandbank in the Mekong Delta to serve as a seamark. By now obsolete, Argo was disarmed in April 1946.

The four remaining Redoutable-class submarines served as training vessels for new submarine crews, and for destroyers exercising underwater detection. Casabianca and Le Centaure carried out a cruise along the African coast and returned to Brest in January 1947. The scheduled large refitting for the two submarines was cancelled in June and were both placed in special reserve on 1 December 1947, before being disarmed; Casabianca on 12 February 1952 and Le Centaure on 19 June.

Archimède and Le Glorieux spent six months being refitted at Cherbourg from January 1946. Their equipment was inspected, and then repaired or replaced. Following their trials, they were based at Brest in January 1947, then carried out a four-month cruise off Africa in company with U-2518, a former German Type XXI submarine transferred to the French Navy in order to assess her capabilities. From 1947 to 1949 the two Redoutable-class submarines conducted training exercises at Brest, then at Toulon. Archimède was placed in special reserve on 31 August 1949, then disarmed on 19 February 1952. Le Glorieux was used for the filming of  in 1949, and was then placed in reserve. The last Redoutable-class submarine was disarmed on 27 October 1952.

The Redoutable-class submarines were replaced in the French Navy by German U-boats, such as U-2518, which became , or British S-class submarines. The first submarines developed in France after the Second World War were the Narval class, which entered service in 1957. The four Redoutable-class submarines had been scrapped by 1956. In 1953, the conning tower of Casabianca was installed as a commemorative monument in the courtyard palace of the former governors of Bastia. The monument became increasingly dilapidated, and an identical replica was forged in 2002 and placed in the Saint-Nicolas Square in Bastia on October 2003.

List of Redoutable-class submarines

Successes

See also
 Georges Cabanier

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 battleships-cruisers.co.uk

Category:Submarine classes


Islamiah College

Islamiah College, is a general degree college located in Vaniyambadi, Tamil Nadu. It was established in the year 1919. The college is affiliated with Thiruvalluvar University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.

Departments

Science
Physics
Chemistry
Mathematics
Biochemistry
Biotechnology
Computer Science

Arts and Commerce
Tamil
English
Arbic & Urdu
History
Economics
Business Administration
Commerce

Accreditation
The college is  recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

References

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Nicola Fox

Nicola J. Fox (born 1969) is the Director of the NASA Heliophysics Science Division. She was the lead scientist for the Parker Solar Probe, and served as the Science and Operations Coordinator for the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative.

Early life and education
Fox was born in Hitchin (England). When she was 8 months old her father showed her the Apollo 11 moon landing on television. He continued to encourage her love of science, explaining to her the movement of the planets and identifying stars in the night's sky. She attended St. Francis' College, Letchworth Garden City, an all girls school. When she arrived at college she was often the only girl in her science classes.

Fox completed a bachelor's degree in physics at Imperial College London in 1990. She earned a master's degree in Telecommunications and Satellite Engineering at the University of Surrey in 1991. She returned to Imperial College London for her doctoral studies, and served as the Imperial College Union's Women's Officer. She completed a PhD in space and atmospheric physics at Imperial College London in 1995. Her dissertation considered geomagnetic storms. Fox moved to the Goddard Space Flight Center as a US National Research Council postdoctoral fellow, where she was mentored by Mario Acuña. At Goddard Fox worked on Sun-Earth connections. Fox led outreach programs on space weather, and has continued public engagement throughout her scientific career.

Research and career
Fox joined Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in 1998, where she remained as Science and Operations coordinator for the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative. Her research focuses on solar system plasma physics and data analysis. She studies the magnetopause using a range of spacecraft. She has since worked on the NASA Polar spacecraft . In 2008 Fox was the Deputy Project Scientist for Living With a Star, NASA's Van Allen Probe mission. In 2017 Fox delivered a TED talk on Touching the Sun.

Fox joined the Heliophysics space research branch in 2015. Fox moved to the NASA Headquarters in September 2018, when she was appointed as the Head of the Heliophysics Science Division. Work in the Heliophysics Science Division considers space phenomena relating to the sun, and includes robotoic missions and satellites. She was lead Project Scientist for the Parker Solar Probe mission, and was present at the launch in August 2018. The probe looks to understand the coronal heating problem and the origins of the solar wind. The deputy director is Margaret Luce.

Fox has served as Associate Editor for Geophysical Research Letters and the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. She is an expert for The Planetary Society.

Awards and honours
1993 European Geosciences Union Young Scientists Award
1997 International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative Outstanding Performance Award
1998 NASA Group Achievement Award
2000 NASA Group Achievement Award

Personal life
Fox is married with two children.

References

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Francis Lickfield

The Right Reverend Francis William Lickfield (February 9, 1908 – December 14, 1998) was the fifth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Quincy. He was a graduate of Temple University and the Philadelphia Divinity School, New York. Burgess retired on June 30, 1973.

External links
Bishop Lickfield Dies, Was Diocesan in Quincy 1958-73

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Research England

Research England is a part of United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) that oversees the functions of UKRI in relation to university research and knowledge transfer in England. This includes:
 providing funding to English universities for research and knowledge exchange activities
 developing and implementing the Research Excellence Framework (REF) in partnership with the UK Higher Education funding bodies
 developing the Knowledge Exchange Framework (KEF)
 overseeing the sustainability the Higher Education research base in England
 managing the £900 million UK Research Partnership Investment Fund
 administering the Higher Education Innovation Fund (HEIF)

References

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Granite Peak (Trinity County, California)

Granite Peak is a mountain located in the Trinity Alps of California in the Trinity Alps Wilderness. It rises to the west of Highway 3 and Trinity Lake to an elevation of .
The peak receives copious amounts of snow during the winter.

References

External links

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Eddie Martin (boxer)

"Cannonball" Eddie Martin became the World Bantamweight Champion on December 19, 1924 in a close fifteen round split decision against Abe Goldstein at New York's Madison Square Garden.

He held the title only three months, losing decisively to Jewish boxer Charlie "Phil" Rosenberg in a fifteen round unanimous decision on March 20, 1925 in Madison Square Garden. Martin fought many boxers who at one time held titles, including Featherweight and Jr. Lightweight World Champion Johnny Dundee, Super Featherweight World Champion Tod Morgan, and World Lightweight Champion Al Singer. He also met the lesser known boxers, Johnny Curtin, Willie O'Connell, Johnny Vestri, and Wilbur Cohen.

Early life and career
Hoping originally to play baseball as a short stop in the Major Leagues, Martin quit high school before graduation to pursue a professional career in the ring, against the wishes of his father.  His father, who had been a successful caterer, had white collar ambitions for his son.   Eddie was the sixth of nine sons and five daughters of father Giustino Martino, who managed his large Italian family with his wife in Brooklyn, New York. Several of his older siblings died before he became bantamweight champion.  One of his earliest mentors was boxer Mike Doherty, who recognized his early talent as an amateur and managed him throughout his career.  His other manager was Mel Cooke.

He began fighting in the Brooklyn area in December 1921, winning thirteen of his first fourteen fights, with an impressive five by knockout or technical knockout.

Between November 3, 1922 and November 6, 1924, Martin had an astonishing winning streak of 48 victories and only one draw, winning seventeen by knockout or technical knockout.  He fought in this two year period almost exclusively in the Brooklyn and wider New York area, with four bouts at Madison Square Garden.

World Bantamweight champion
On December 19, 1924, Martin won the World Bantamweight Title against Abe Goldstein in a split decision in fifteen rounds before an impressive crowd of around 13,000 at New York's Madison Square Garden.  Showing boxing dominance at an early age, Martin had only recently turned twenty-one.  He had not been allowed to box in fifteen rounders by the New York State Boxing Commission until reaching that age. Some newspapers wrote that the close bout should have gone to Goldstein and that the match was marred by too much clinching for which Goldstein was cautioned at one point. Though both boxers, particularly Martin, showed aggressiveness in the bout, one newspaper noted "Goldstein weakened toward the end, and it was only by dint of holding that he saved himself from the Cannonballs's rushes." Though "in round twelve Abe's right reached Martin's jaw half a dozen times", Martin seemed to last through Goldstein's best shots.  One source characterized the referee's ruling in the bout as a "razor thin decision."

The Lincoln Star wrote that Goldstein had an advantage in the first six rounds, particularly the third, but that Martin showed aggression and put Goldstein on the defensive so often that he eventually won the decision. Goldstein's trainer Ray Arcel believed that his fighter's dominance in the first six rounds, particularly the third when he knocked down Martin, should have been enough for a decision, but he admitted that the fight was close.

The Ashbury Park Press, agreeing that Martin was the victor, noted that Goldstein seemed to be frequently on the defensive and clinched repeatedly as a reaction to Martin's attack. The Press observed that "although the former champion (Goldstein) was not seriously hurt by the fighting, he was unable to return it in any measure and constantly looped his fingers about his opponent's arms to save himself punishment.  The Press also noted that "round after round saw him (Martin) forcing the fighting giving double for what he received." In short, "Goldstein lost his belt by taking the defensive and acquiescing to the infighting methods that Martin employed."

Loss of Bantamweight Title
Phil Rosenberg, who would defeat Martin for the World Bantamweight Title, had boxed him previously. Rosenberg and Martin met three times, twice in six round decisions and once in a draw. On November 29, 1923 and January 28, 1924, Martin had defeated Rosenberg, in close decisions on points, both times in New York's Madison Square Garden.  In their third meeting, a fast and furious affair on April 29, 1924, Rosenberg had given Martin a closer battle which ended in a ten round draw.

Eddie Martin finally lost the World Bantamweight Title to Jewish boxer Charlie "Phil" Rosenberg in a fifteen round unanimous decision on March 20, 1925 in Madison Square Garden.  In the sweeping victory, the Lincoln Evening Journal wrote "Rosenberg had a clean margin in eleven of the fifteen rounds, and three were even." Martin appeared to have held a slight lead only in the early rounds. The Palm Beach Post noted that Rosenberg won using a "tantalizing left jab and a right uppercut, outboxing Martin at every turn and at the latter part of the match, holding his own in a furious toe-to-toe skirmish."

World Jr. Lightweight Title shot
On January 23, 1928, boxing at 126 3/4 pounds, he defeated Dominick Petrone, a New York featherweight, in a ten round decision at the Broadway Arena.

On May 24, 1928, Martin met Tod Morgan in a World Junior Lightweight Title bout, losing and taking serious punishment.  A crowd of only 6000 "apathetically" watched the title bout at Madison Square Garden.  Despite the punishment taken by Martin, the bout was close as the Associated Press gave Morgan seven rounds, Martin six and two were even. The Alton Evening Telegraph wrote that "Morgan saved his crown by a brilliant rally in the fifteenth that had Martin groggy as the final bell ended the milling."

In a rematch on July 18, 1928, in another brutal and close fifteen rounds at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, which drew a larger audience of 20,000, "Morgan came through a storm of punishment...to save the crown in a fifteen round engagement."  The bout had been postponed repeatedly due to inclement weather. The Associated Press had Morgan winning only eight of the fifteen rounds, with Martin taking four and three even, though the fighting was considered close throughout the match.  Typical of Martin's aggressive style of boxing, he pushed for a knockout in the thirteenth and mounted a "lunging, driving attack" against Morgan.

Late boxing career

On July 8, 1929, he lost to Johnny Dundee in a close ten round decision. Dundee had been a former Featherweight and Jr. Lightweight Champion. Though Martin was only 21 years old, he was nearing the end of his more competitive boxing career and losing with greater frequency.  Dundee, who was thirty-six at the time of the bout, was knocked to the canvas in the first round by Martin's hard right to the jaw, but later prevailed in the bout due to a display of more skilled scientific boxing.  In his prime, Dundee had probably been the better boxer.  In a declining boxing career, Martin lost four of his last eight fights after his loss to boxing great Dundee.

On August 28, 1931, Martin fought lightweight champion Al Singer at Coney Island Stadium losing quickly in a second round technical knockout before a substantial but not enormous crowd of four thousand. As the bout was certainly not a title fight, and Martin was a bit past his prime, the attendance was not exceptional.  Referee Jed Gahan stopped the bout to prevent Martin from suffering any further punishment.  Martin, at the end of his career, had probably been somewhat mismatched with younger Al Singer, who had taken the World Lightweight Title on July 17, 1930.  The knockout occurred in 1:31 of the second round.

Life outside boxing
Eddie Martin retired from boxing around 1932. He had a wife Emmy, and a son Martin, Jr.

He died on August 27, 1966 at his home in Brooklyn, New York, though some sources erroneously give his year of death as 1968.  He had been suffering from a heart condition. He was buried at Fort Hamilton Parkway in Brooklyn.

See also
List of lineal boxing world champions
List of bantamweight boxing champions

References

External links

 Eddie Martin - The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia

Category:1903 births
Category:1968 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from New York City
Category:Boxers from New York (state)
Category:World boxing champions
Category:World bantamweight boxing champions
Category:Bantamweight boxers
Category:American male boxers


Prabhu Dayal Public School

Prabhu Dayal Public School is a co-educational school in Shalimar Bagh, Delhi, which was founded in the 1959 by Shri Prabhu Dayal Bhatia, and was known as known as Roop Nagar Public School. The school is affiliated with CBSE, and has classes from nursery to 12th standard.

In September 1986, the school was given its present name as a tribute to the memory of its founder, the late Shri Prabhu Dayal Bhatia (1906–1986). The school is now run under the guidance of Ms. Bimla Bhatia, daughter of Sh. Prabhu Dayal Bhatia. Prabhu Dayal is located at AE Block, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi - 110088. The school's motto is "Trust Thyself".

Managing Committee
 Chairman: Dr. V.K.Tyagi
 Manager:  Ms. Bimla Bhatia

History
Prabhu Dayal Public School has been a senior secondary co-ed school since 1959. It has three campuses namely Nursery Wing, Junior Wing and Senior Wing. Mrs. Vishnoi is I/c of Nur Wing while Mrs. James is Headmistress to look after the Junior Wing. Mrs. Anita  is Head of the institution.

Alumni group
The alumni group have a public website, which contains contact information for the group and for their other websites.

Community involvement
The school is involved with SOS Children's Villages of India in their Young Ambassador Programme.

References

Category:High schools and secondary schools in Delhi
Category:1959 establishments in India
Category:Educational institutions established in 1959


Coldwater Downtown Historic District

The Coldwater Downtown Historic District is a primarily commercial historic district located along West Chicago Street from Division to Clay Streets in Coldwater, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

History
An early trading post was established in what is now Coldwater in 1822. The Chicago Road (now Chicago Street) was constructed through the area in the late 1820s. The village itself was first platted in 1831, and commercial improvements were made almost immediately, with the area that is now this historic district becoming the commercial center of the village. As Coldwater grew, more commercial businesses were established, scattered along the Chicago Road. The establishment of a Michigan Southern depot at the foot of South Monroe Street in 1851 created a concentration of commercial interest in the blocks of Chicago near Monroe.

The earliest structures in the downtown were wooden frame buildings. However, a series of major downtown fires in the early 1850s caused the village to mandate masonry construction in the downtown area, beginning in 1854. The building boom continued through the 1870s and 1880s, and many of the remaining buildings in the district date from that time period. A number of early 20th century buildings were also constructed in the district.

Description
The Coldwater Downtown Historic District runs along several blocks of West Chicago and adjacent cross streets in Coldwater's central business district. The contains 64 buildings, 49 of which contribute to the historic character of the district. Nearly all of the buildings are one- to three-story brick commercial structures, constructed from the 1860s to the 1920s. The buildings are set side-by-side directly along the sidewalk, and are primarily Italianate in design, with some Gothic Revival, Neo-Classical, and other architectural styles interspersed.

Significant structures in the district include:
H. J. Woodward & Son Building (23 West Chicago): This two-story building has round-head Italianate windows flanked by raised brick pilasters.
Coldwater National Bank Building (28 West Chicago): This three-story limestone, Neo-Classical building was constructed in 1929. It is three bays wide, with an Ionic portico in antis spanning the front facade. The building now houses municipal offices of Coldwater.
Old Post Office (25 N. Monroe) The Old Post Office is a three-story Italianate  building constructed in 1882.
Tibbits Opera House (14 S. Hanchett): Constructed in 1881-82., the Tibbits Opera House is a large brick building housing a surviving Victorian auditorium. The exterior has been substantially altered.
Post Office (36 W. Pearl): Constructed in 1909/10, the post office is a broad limestone and buff brick building with a red tile roof.

Gallery

References

Category:National Register of Historic Places in Branch County, Michigan
Category:Victorian architecture in Michigan
Category:Italianate architecture in Michigan
Category:Neoclassical architecture in Michigan
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Category:Coldwater, Michigan


Margaret Tucker

Margaret Lilardia Tucker MBE (18 March 1904 – 23 August 1996) was an Aboriginal Australian activist and writer.

Early life
Margaret Tucker was born at Warrangesda Mission near Narrandera to William Clements, a  Wiradjuri man, and Theresa Clements, née Middleton, a member of the Yorta Yorta Nation. She spent her childhood at Cummeragunja Aboriginal Reserve until at the age of 13 she was forcibly removed to the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls, where she was badly treated.
After training at Cootamundra in 1919 she was sent out to work for a white family where she was abused. The Aborigines Protection Board intervened and she was given another placement from which she ran away. In 1925 the Board released her and she moved to Melbourne.

Activism
In the 1930s Tucker began campaigning for Indigenous rights with William Cooper, Bill Onus and Douglas Nicholls and in 1932 was one of the founding members of the Australian Aborigines' League. During this time she married and gave birth to a daughter, Mollie. At first influenced by the Communist Party of Australia, she gravitated later towards the conservative Moral Re-Armament movement. This deepened with an eight-month stay at Mackinac Island. In the 1960s she founded the United Council of Aboriginal and Islander Women and in 1964 was the first Indigenous appointee to the Victorian Aborigines Welfare Board.

Order of the British Empire
Tucker was awarded the MBE in 1968, recognising her welfare services to the aborigines. Her 1977 autobiography If Everyone Cared was one of the first books to bring to light the mistreatment of her people.

Awards
Margaret Tucker was inducted in the Victorian Women's Honour Roll, one of the first to receive the honour, in 2001.

References

Category:1904 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:Australian autobiographers
Category:Australian indigenous rights activists
Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Indigenous Australian writers
Category:Members of the Stolen Generations
Category:Wiradjuri
Category:Women autobiographers
Category:20th-century Australian women writers


Burrillville, Rhode Island

Burrillville is a town in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 15,955 at the 2010 census.

It was incorporated as an independent municipality on November 17, 1806 when the Rhode Island General Assembly authorized the residents of then North Glocester to elect its own officers.  The town was named for 19th century United States senator James Burrill, Jr. who was then the Rhode Island Attorney General.

History
Burrillville was probably first settled sometime around 1662, when the first Europeans began to settle the Nipmuc lands.  The Town was originally a part of Glocester, Rhode Island. John Smith and members of the Saulsbury family were among the earliest settlers. Samuel Willard (physician) treated many smallpox victims in South Uxbridge and Glocester (Burrillville), and he had the scars to prove it. In 1806, The Town of Burrillville became a separate town and consisted of  of land in the northwest corner of Rhode Island, bordering Connecticut and Massachusetts.  Later Boundary disputes with Massachusetts and Glocester reduced this land area by the mid-19th century.  Joktan Putnam was the first town moderator. The Nipmuc word for snake was rendered "askug" by Roger Williams in his A Key Into the Language of America, and "askoog" by the Reverend John Eliot in his Algonquian translation of the Bible. Burrillville's principal village, Pascoag, named after the stream upon which it is located, probably derives from this Algonquian root. Gradually in the early-to-mid-19th century, the various mills and villages took shape such as Harris mills, and the village of Harrisville, Mapleville mills, Oakland mills etc.  Buck Hill was known for a colorful band of counterfeiters. The town is today part of the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor, New England's, historic National Park area. Burrillville was home to many historic mills, many of which have either been burned, demolished, abandoned or renovated. The Stillwater Mill Complex in Harrisville is home to the Clocktower apartments, which used to be the old Tinkham textile mills (factual content requested). The site is also home to the recently built Jesse Smith Library.

Until 1846 the Sherman Farm was owned by the family. It totaled over  and was once the largest fruit and dairy farm in the state.  The farmhouse had 32 rooms.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 57.2 square miles (148.0 km²), of which, 55.6 square miles (143.9 km²) of it is land and 1.6 square miles (4.1 km²) of it (2.76%) is water.

Villages
Burrillville is further divided into villages: Glendale, Harrisville, Mapleville, Mohegan, Nasonville, Oakland, and Pascoag.

Climate

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 15,796 people, 5,559 households, and 4,252 families residing in the town.  The population density was 284.3 people per square mile (109.8/km²).  There were 5,821 housing units at an average density of 104.8 per square mile (40.5/km²).  The racial makeup of the town was 98.56% White, 0.22% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.84% of the population.

There were 5,559 households out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. Of all households 18.8% were made up of individuals and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the town, the population was spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $52,587, and the median income for a family was $58,979. Males had a median income of $39,839 versus $28,835 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,096.  About 3.7% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

Government

In the Rhode Island Senate, Burrillville is a part of the 23rd District and is currently represented by Democrat Paul W. Fogarty. At the federal level in the U.S. House of Representatives, Burrillville is in Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district, which is currently represented by Democrat James R. Langevin.

In presidential elections, Burrillville has traditionally leaned Democratic; however, in 2016, Donald Trump became the first Republican to win the town in over three decades when he defeated former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton by approximately 22 points.

Burrillville was also one of seven towns in Rhode Island where independent candidate Ross Perot finished in second place during the 1992 presidential election. Perot received 2,018 votes (31.47 percent) behind Bill Clinton's 2,454 votes (38.27 percent) and ahead of George H. W. Bush's 1,880 (29.32 percent).

Notable people

 Vice Admiral Walter E. Carter Jr., naval flight officer and President of the U.S. Naval War College
 Oscar Lapham, U.S. Congressman

National Historic Register sites
Bridgeton School (1897)
Harrisville Historic District
Moses Taft House (Burrillville, Rhode Island) (1786)
Oakland Historic District
Pascoag Grammar School (1917)

See also

References

Further reading
 History of the State of Rhode Island with Illustrations, Albert J. Wright, Printer No. 79 Mille Street, corner of Federal, Boston. Hong, Wade & Co., Philadelphia 1878.

External links

 Town of Burrillville official website
 "History of Burrillville"—History of the State of Rhode Island with Illustrations
 Burrillville History Site by Town Historian Patricia Mehrtens
 Valley Sites—Glocester and Burrilville—Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor
 Nipmuck Nation website—Nipmuck tribe extended into what is today Burrilville
 Burrillville, Rhode Island—City-Data.com

Category:Providence metropolitan area
Category:Towns in Providence County, Rhode Island
Category:Towns in Rhode Island


Fibonacci search technique

In computer science, the Fibonacci search technique is a method of searching a sorted array using a divide and conquer algorithm that narrows down possible locations with the aid of Fibonacci numbers. Compared to binary search where the sorted array is divided into two equal-sized parts, one of which is examined further, Fibonacci search divides the array into two parts that have sizes that are consecutive Fibonacci numbers. On average, this leads to about 4% more comparisons to be executed, but it has the advantage that one only needs addition and subtraction to calculate the indices of the accessed array elements, while classical binary search needs bit-shift, division or multiplication, operations that were less common at the time Fibonacci search was first published. Fibonacci search has an average- and worst-case complexity of O(log n) (see Big O notation).

The Fibonacci sequence has the property that a number is the sum of its two predecessors. Therefore the sequence can be computed by repeated addition. The ratio of two consecutive numbers approaches the Golden ratio, 1.618... Binary search works by dividing the seek area in equal parts (1:1). Fibonacci search can divide it into parts approaching 1:1.618 while using the simpler operations.

If the elements being searched have non-uniform access memory storage (i. e., the time needed to access a storage location varies depending on the location accessed), the Fibonacci search may have the advantage over binary search in slightly reducing the average time needed to access a storage location. If the machine executing the search has a direct mapped CPU cache, binary search may lead to more cache misses because the elements that are accessed often tend to gather in only a few cache lines; this is mitigated by splitting the array in parts that do not tend to be powers of two. If the data is stored on a magnetic tape where seek time depends on the current head position, a tradeoff between longer seek time and more comparisons may lead to a search algorithm that is skewed similarly to Fibonacci search.

Fibonacci search is derived from Golden section search, an algorithm by Jack Kiefer (1953) to search for the maximum or minimum of a unimodal function in an interval.

Algorithm
Let k be defined as an element in F, the array of Fibonacci numbers. n = Fm is the array size. If n is not a Fibonacci number, let Fm be the smallest number in F that is greater than n.

The array of Fibonacci numbers is defined where Fk+2 = Fk+1 + Fk, when k ≥ 0, F1 = 1, and F0 = 0.

To test whether an item is in the list of ordered numbers, follow these steps:

Set k = m.
If k = 0, stop. There is no match; the item is not in the array.
Compare the item against element in Fk−1.
If the item matches, stop.
If the item is less than entry Fk−1, discard the elements from positions Fk−1 + 1 to n. Set k = k − 1 and return to step 2.
If the item is greater than entry Fk−1, discard the elements from positions 1 to Fk−1. Renumber the remaining elements from 1 to Fk−2, set k = k − 2, and return to step 2.

Alternative implementation (from "Sorting and Searching" by Knuth):

Given a table of records R1, R2, ..., RN whose keys are in increasing order K1 < K2 < ... < KN, the algorithm searches for a given argument K. Assume N+1 = Fk+1

Step 1. [Initialize] i ← Fk, p ← Fk-1, q ← Fk-2 (throughout the algorithm, p and q will be consecutive Fibonacci numbers)

Step 2. [Compare] If K < Ki, go to Step 3; if K > Ki go to Step 4; and if K = Ki, the algorithm terminates successfully.

Step 3. [Decrease i] If q=0, the algorithm terminates unsuccessfully. Otherwise set (i, p, q) ← (i - q, q, p - q) (which moves p and q one position back in the Fibonacci sequence); then return to Step 2

Step 4. [Increase i] If p=1, the algorithm terminates unsuccessfully. Otherwise set (i,p,q) ← (i + q, p - q, 2q - p) (which moves p and q two positions back in the Fibonacci sequence); and return to Step 2

The two variants of the algorithm presented above always divide the current interval into a larger and a smaller subinterval. The original algorithm, however, would divide the new interval into a smaller and a larger subinterval in Step 4. This has the advantage that the new i is closer to the old i and is more suitable for accelerating searching on magnetic tape.

See also
 Search algorithms

References

 Manolis Lourakis, "Fibonaccian search in C". . Retrieved January 18, 2007. Implements the above algorithm (not Ferguson's original one).

Category:Search algorithms


Jean Schlumberger

Jean Schlumberger (26 May 1877 – 25 October 1968) was a French writer and journalist. He was born in Guebwiller, Alsace-Lorraine, and died in Paris.

Biography

Pierre Conrad Nicolas Jean Schlumberger was the son of Paul Schlumberger, the scion of a textile manufacturing family of German origin, and Marguerite de Witt, the granddaughter of François Guizot. Two of his brothers, Conrad and Marcel, founded the Schlumberger company.

Jean Schlumberger is best known as a writer of novels, plays and books of poetry. He was co-founder (with André Gide and Gaston Gallimard) of the Nouvelle Revue Française, a French literary journal. He counted the famous writer Marguerite Yourcenar among his friends. His non-fiction, especially his autobiography, Éveils, has been neglected by critics and literary historians.

Schlumberger was awarded an honorary doctorate from Leiden University in 1954, together with E. M. Forster and Victor E. van Vriesland.

Works
 La mort de Sparte (The Death of Sparta). This play premièred at the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier in Paris in 1921, and was not well received by the critics or the public.
 Césaire, play.
 Les fils Louverné, play.
 Le camarade infidèle (The Unfaithful Friend), novel, 1922.
 Plaisir à Corneille – Promenade Anthologique, 1936.
 Saint Saturnin (English title: The Seventh Age or Saint Saturnin), 1932.
 Le lion devenu vieux (The Lion Grown Old)

External links

 Jean Schlumberger – "Le Camarade Infidèle"

References

Category:1877 births
Category:1968 deaths
Category:People from Guebwiller
Category:People from Alsace-Lorraine
Category:French journalists
Category:20th-century French novelists
Category:French poets
Category:French biographers
Category:French male poets
Category:French male novelists
Category:20th-century French male writers
Category:French male non-fiction writers


Federal League Park

Federal League Park or just Federal Park is the name of a former baseball park located in Indianapolis, Indiana. The park was home to the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the Federal League in 1914. The park was constructed in 1913 and subsequently demolished in 1916 after failure of the league.

The street location of the park was conventionally given in newspapers and city directories as "Kentucky Avenue and West Street." In the book "The Federal League of 1914-1915", by Marc Okkonen, published by SABR in 1989, the location is illustrated more precisely: Kentucky Avenue and a railroad track (southeast, center field); Oliver Street (south, right field); White River (some distance west, first base); and "Old Greenlawn Cemetery" (north, third base). Henry Street teed into Kentucky across from the left field area. West Street itself intersected Kentucky (and still does) about half a block to the northeast of the ballpark, where Kentucky ends and South Street begins.

Coincidentally, the site of this short-lived ballpark is very close to current professional sports facilities in the city. The Kentucky-West-South intersection is just a block south of Victory Field and a block west of Lucas Oil Stadium.

References

Category:Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Category:Federal League venues
Category:Defunct sports venues in Indiana
Category:Baseball venues in Indiana


Larry G. Smith

Larry G. Smith (November 11, 1914 – March 22, 1992) was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives.

References

Category:Ohio Democrats
Category:Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Category:1914 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:20th-century American politicians


Tatabánya Photovoltaics Plant

The Tatabánya Photovoltaics Plant will be Hungary's largest photovoltaics producing plant having an annual capacity of 80 MW of solar cells.

References

Category:Photovoltaic power stations in Hungary


Murdoch, Ohio

Murdoch (sometimes spelled Murdock) is an unincorporated community in southern Hamilton Township, Warren County, Ohio, United States.  It is located about two miles southeast of Maineville and two miles northwest of Cozaddale.

A post office called Murdock was established in 1866, the name was changed to Murdoch in 1898, and the post office closed in 1902. The community was named for Professor James E. Murdoch, an early settler.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Warren County, Ohio
Category:Unincorporated communities in Ohio
Category:Populated places established in 1866
Category:1866 establishments in Ohio


Stewart Range, South Australia

__NOTOC__

Stewart Range (formerly Stewarts and Tryon) is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located about  south-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about  west of the municipal seat of Naracoorte.

Stewart Range came in existence as a government town which was proclaimed with the name Tryon on 29 April 1886.  It was renamed as Stewarts in 1940.  Boundaries for the locality within the former District Council of Lucindale were created in 1998 which includes “the Government Town of Stewarts“ and was given the “long established name” which was derived from a range of hills known as Stewart Range. The portion within the Naracoorte Lucindale Council was added on 12 April 2001.  A school named as "Stewart's Range" opened in 1885 and closed in 1945 after a name change in 1941.

The principal land use in the locality is primary production.

The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that  Stewart Range had a population of 67 people.

Stewart Range is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Stuart and the local government area of the Naracoorte Lucindale Council.

References

Category:Towns in South Australia
Category:Limestone Coast


Chalan Galaide

Chalan Galaide is a late prehistoric latte stone archaeological site on the island of Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands.  It is unusual as one of the few inland latte sites in the Northern Marianas.  It is a single-component site dating to the late prehistoric, or Latte Period, in the island's history.  Based in part on the local name for the area and the presence of suitable tree species, it has been suggested the site was important in the production of canoes. ("galaide" means canoe in the local Chamorro language).

The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands

References

Category:Saipan
Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in the Northern Mariana Islands


Shigeo Hirose

(born 1947 in Tokyo) is an award-winning pioneer of robotics technology and a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

Born in Tokyo and attending Hibiya High School, he graduated from Yokohama National University in 1971 and received a Ph.D from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1976 where he later took professorship.

His works includes designs for robots capable of various types of movement such as walking, crawling, swimming and slithering.  Specific designs include a "ninja-robot" capable of climbing buildings and a seven-ton robot capable of climbing mountainous slopes with the aim of installing bolts in the ground so as to prevent landslides.  Hirose is also involved in work with the United Nations to develop a remotely controlled robot capable of clearing landmines.

Positions held
 1976–1979 Research Associate
 1979–1992 Associate Professor
 1992–2013 Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
 2002– Honorary Professor, Shengyang Institute of Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
 Fellow of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
 2003– Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Books
 “Snake Inspired Robots” (Kogyo-chosakai Publishing Co. Ltd., 1987, in Japanese)
 “Robotics” (Shokabo Publishing Co. Ltd., 1987, 1996 revised edition, in Japanese)
 “Biologically Inspired Robots” (Oxford University Press, 1993).

Awards

Hirose has been awarded about thirty academic prizes including:
 Medal with Purple Ribbon in spring 2006.
 The first Pioneer in Robotics and Automation Award in 1999, Best Conference Paper Award in 1995, 2003 Distinguished Lecturers, all from IEEE Robotics and Automation Society.
 Award of Merits from IFToMM (International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science) in 2004
 The Joseph Engelberger Robotics Award from Robotic Industries Association in 2009
 Award of Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in 2001.
 Creative Engineering Award from Tokyo Tech Graduate School of Engineering in 2008.
 Outstanding Paper Awards in 1976, 1983 and 1992, Outstanding Publishing Award in 1989, all from the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers.
 Hatakeyama Award in 1971, Certificate of Merit for Outstanding Contribution in 1997, both from the Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME)
 ROBOMEC Awards in 1994, 2000 and 2003. Certificate of Merit for Outstanding Contribution in 1998, 2000 and 2008, all form JSME Robotics and Mechatronics
 Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics Award in 2009.
 Outstanding Paper Awards in 1987, 1993 and 2002, Outstanding Technical Paper Award in 1992, 2000, and 10th anniversary paper award in 1993, all from the Robotics Society of Japan
 The Most Interesting Reading Award in 1999 from Japan Society for Design Engineering
 JIRA Award in 1990 and Best Paper Award in 1992 both from the Japan Industrial Robot Association
 Outstanding Publishing Awards in 1989, 1994 and outstanding invention award in 2001 all from Tejima Seiichi Commemorative Foundation
 Carlos Ghosn Award in 2008
 Fire Fighter Agency Award in 2004
 Nikkan-Kogyo-Shinbun Outstanding Publishing Award in 1988
 Outstanding Paper Award in 1994 from Foundation for Promotion of Advanced Automation Technology
 Outstanding Paper Award in 2000 from FANUC FA and Robot Foundation
 Good Design Award in 2002 and 2006
 Acknowledgments of Outstanding Invention in 1990 and 1993 from the Science and Technology Agency
 IEEE Robotics and Automation Technical Field Award (TFA) 2014

See also
Robotics

References

External links
 Biography
 Hirose-Fukushima Robots Lab

Category:1947 births
Category:Japanese inventors
Category:Japanese academics
Category:Japanese engineers
Category:People from Tokyo
Category:Living people
Category:Tokyo Institute of Technology alumni
Category:Tokyo Institute of Technology faculty
Category:Japanese roboticists
Category:Yokohama National University alumni


Yanagita

Yanagita (written:  lit. "willow ricefield") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

, Japanese scholar
, Japanese women's footballer
, Japanese baseball player

See also
Yanagita Station, a railway station in Yokote, Akita Prefecture, Japan

Category:Japanese-language surnames


Christian Council of Korea

The Christian Council of Korea (CCK) is a conservative organization of Christian churches across South Korea, member of the World Evangelical Alliance.  The CCK is one of the alliances of churches in South Korea, comprising 69 denominations and 20 Christian organizations, which together represent over 12 million people. The organization's purpose is to study, confer, and work together for the accomplishment of the Christian Church's earthly mission, while maintaining the individuality of its members.

The CCK was established in 1989 after a devotional service and meeting of senior pastors and representatives from various Christian denominations.

Controversies

The CCK has undergone a number of controversies. Some of them have centered around accusations of financial mismanagement, bribery and corruption. A former CCK president confessed that "bribery has become the norm in the Christian organization." A Seoul court recently ordered the suspension of the chairman of the CCK for procedural irregularities in electing the head of the umbrella body of Korean Protestant churches. Other Korean pastors have also criticized the CCK for its corruption and infighting.
Christian networks and organizations say that the CCK has no ability to purify itself and must be dismantled. The KNACP (Korean National Association of Christian Pastors) spokesman argued that the CCK must be disbanded and that the NCCK (National Council of Churches in Korea), another Christian organization in Korea, must not overlook the allegations of corruption in the CCK.

Other controversies have centered on the conduct of the CCK's heresy investigations. Accusations of heresy have routinely been leveled by CCK member organizations and individuals against other members and individuals, leading to widespread division and confusion amongst Korean churches. The accusations and counter-accusations have been compared to the witch trials conducted by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. The CCK's Heresy Committee was accused of becoming effectively a private organization.

Further controversy arose in 2013 around SamKyung Choi, a key leader in the Heresy Committees of the CCK and the Presbyterian Church of Korea, where Choi was accused of trading favorable verdicts in exchange for bribes.

The CCK has since expressed its regret over the heresy investigations and has said that it would be willing to reexamine the accusations and verdicts. SamKyung Choi and several pastors associated with him have left the CCK.

CCIK

In 2012, 20 denominations formerly belonging to the CCK created a new organization, the Communion of Churches in Korea (CCIK). In response, the CCK expelled the denominations and pastors who joined the CCIK. The CCIK has in turn leveled accusations of corruption and heresy against the CCK.

In September 2012, the Presbyterian Church of Korea, decided to leave the CCK. Later in the same month, the Korea Evangelical Fellowship also decided to leave the CCK. On Apr, 14, 2014, the Kosin Presbyterian Church in Korea decided to leave the CCK.

Sam Kyung Chae, once vice chair of CCK's Heresy Committee, claimed that over 20 denominations have broken away from CCK to join the CCIK due to a heresy trial. However, in 2010, Chae was ousted from the CCK as he too was accused of holding heretical beliefs. The CCK has furthermore denied Chae's claims of the breakaway, stating, "No denominations have left the CCK over this issue."

Despite the controversies, the CCK has maintained an affiliate relationship with the World Evangelical Alliance (WEA). For instance, in 2011, the CCK and WEA held a joint Thanksgiving ceremony together. However, though the WEA General Assembly was planned to be held in South Korea in 2014, it was postponed due to the internal divisions in the evangelical community in the country. Geoff Tunnicliffe, the CEO and secretary general for the WEA, said that the divisions in question were primarily organizational in nature, and that the CCK understood and agreed with the postponement.

References

Category:Religious organizations based in South Korea
Category:Christian organizations established in 1989
Category:National evangelical alliance


Arnold Lang

Arnold Lang (18 June 1855 – 30 November 1914) was a Swiss naturalist, a comparative anatomist and student of  German biologist Ernst Haeckel.

Biography
In March 1876 he earned his PhD from the University of Jena, and two months later became habilitated as a privat-docent of zoology at the University of Bern. From 1878 to 1885 he was stationed at the Zoological Station in Naples, where he conducted research on wildlife native to the Gulf of Naples. In 1889 he became a professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Zurich and the Eidgenössische Polytechnikum as well as director of two institutions' zoological collections. From 1898 to 1900 he served as rector at the University of Zurich.

In the autumn of 1891, a European fellowship for the best graduate in class enabled American experimental biologist Lilian Vaughan Morgan to go to Europe and study muscles in chitons at the University of Zurich with Arnold Lang. Norwegian biologist Kristine Bonnevie studied under Arnold Lang in Zürich in the years 1898-99. He also taught zoologist Emily Arnesen and philosopher Heinrich Schmidt.

Works

By way of a suggestion from Ernst Haeckel, he published a translation of Jean Baptiste Lamarck's Philosophie zoologique into German (1876). From his research at Naples, he published in 1884 a massive monograph on Polycladida (marine flatworms), and from 1888 to 1894, he issued a textbook on the comparative anatomy of invertebrates that was subsequently translated into French and English.
 Die Polycladen (Seeplanarien) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte, (1884).
 Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der wirbellosen Thiere, 2 Tl., (1888–94).
 Beitrag zu einer Trophocöltheorie, (1903).
 Die experimentelle Vererbungslehre in der Zoologie seit 1900, (1914).

References

External links
 HathiTrust Digital Library List of published works.

Category:Swiss naturalists
Category:Swiss zoologists
Category:Swiss anatomists
Category:Embryologists
Category:1855 births
Category:1914 deaths
Category:People from Zofingen District
Category:University of Zurich faculty
Category:ETH Zurich faculty
Category:University of Jena alumni


Bowling at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's doubles

The men's doubles bowling competitions at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru were held between 25 and 27 July 2019.

Schedule
All times are in Peru Time (UTC-5).

Results

Source:

Notes

References

Category:Bowling at the 2019 Pan American Games


Southeast Alaska Discovery Center

The Southeast Alaska Discovery Center is a visitor center in Ketchikan, Alaska, operated by the United States Forest Service as part of the Tongass National Forest. The center provides interpretive exhibits and activities about the ecology, economy and culture of Southeast Alaska and its temperate rainforest ecosystems.

Design
The building was designed by Jones & Jones Architects and Landscape Architects, led by the team of Grant Jones and noted indigenous architect Johnpaul Jones.

Exhibits
The Discovery Center has four main exhibit halls, focusing respectively on the coastal rainforest ecosystem, Alaska Native cultures, other ecosystems of Southeast Alaska, and modern human uses of natural resources. Additionally, there is an exhibit honoring Elizabeth Peratrovich, a Tlingit civil rights leader, for whom the center's theater is named.

References

External links

Category:Buildings and structures in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska
Category:Government buildings in Alaska
Category:Ketchikan, Alaska
Category:Natural history museums in Alaska
Category:Tongass National Forest
Category:Tourist attractions in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska
Category:Visitor centers in the United States
Category:United States Forest Service architecture
Category:1995 establishments in Alaska


Nelaug Station

Nelaug Station () is a railway station located at the village of Nelaug in Åmli municipality in Agder county, Norway.  The station sits just north of the lake Nelaug.  The station functions as a meeting station of the Sørlandsbanen and Arendalsbanen railway lines.  The Arendalsbanen line is a branch line that runs from Nelaug to Arendal Station.  Passengers from Oslo to Arendal must change trains at Nelaug.  The station was opened on 10 November 1910, and in 1935, a new building was completed.

History
Since 1910, Nelaug was a stop for the (originally narrow gauged) Treungen Line that was opened to Åmli.  In 1935, the Sørland Line was finished from Oslo to Nelaug. At the same time the southern part of the Treungen Line was converted to standard gauge.  Also at that time, a new station building was completed at Nelaug by the architects Bjarne Friis Baastad and Gudmund Hoel. From 1935 to 1938, Arendal was the terminal station of the Sørland Line, just like Kragerø Station had been from 1927 to 1935. In 1938 the line from Nelaug to Kristiansand Station was opened.

The traffic on the northern section of the Treungen Line was closed in 1967. The entire community of Nelaug, including store and school, is built up around the train station.

References

Category:Railway stations in Åmli
Category:Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Category:Railway stations on the Arendal Line
Category:Railway stations opened in 1910
Category:1910 establishments in Norway


Taekwondo at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's individual poomsae

The women's individual poomsae event at the 2018 Asian Games took place on 19 August 2018 at Jakarta Convention Center Plenary Hall, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Defia Rosmaniar won Indonesia's first gold medal at the 18th Asian Games in this event. Rosmaniar defeated Marjan Salahshouri of Iran in the women's individual poomsae final to claim a gold medal at the Asian Games in Indonesia. Yap Khim Wen from Malaysia and Yun Ji-hye of South Korea finished third and won the bronze medal.

The poomsae competition was consisted of two patterns in each round. From Preliminary round to quarterfinals two Poomsae was selected randomly from Recognized Poomsae but from semifinals to the final one Poomsae was selected from Recognized Poomsae and one from New Poomsae.

Recognized Poomsae were Koryo, Keumgang, Taeback, Pyongwon and Shipjin. while New Poomsae were Bigak 2, Bigak 3 (Nareusya), Himchari, Saebyeol.

Schedule
All times are Western Indonesia Time (UTC+07:00)

Results

References

External links

Official website

Category:Taekwondo at the 2018 Asian Games


MIX (XM)

MIX, often branded on-air as Today's Mix, was a Commercial-free channel on XM Satellite Radio playing the Hot Adult Contemporary format.  It was located on XM 12 (previously 22) and plays a mix of hit songs from 1980-present day, except for urban music. MIX was one of 5 channels on XM's platform that plays commercial advertisements, which amount to about 3–4 minutes an hour, and were sold by Premiere Radio Networks. The channel was programmed by Clear Channel Communications, and was Clear Channel's most listened to channel on XM Radio, in both cume and AQH, according to the Fall 2007 Arbitron book.

Artists heard on MIX included Sheryl Crow, John Mayer, Lenny Kravitz, Jewel and Nelly Furtado; and groups like Maroon 5 and Blues Traveler. One can also hear top chart hits including songs from Train, Alanis Morissette, 3 Doors Down, Evanescence, Dave Matthews Band, No Doubt, Santana, Matchbox Twenty, and U2.

On June 8, 2011, this was replaced by a simulcast by WHTZ, licensed to Newark, New Jersey and serving the New York City area.

KHMX (2001-2003)

As part of an investment deal with Clear Channel Communications, XM agreed to simulcast some of Clear Channel's FM radio stations until they were able to afford their own programming. MIX was one of those channels, simulcasting KHMX from Houston, Texas, titled Mix 96.5. Due to low subscription count at the time, the audience didn't concern themselves with the Houston locality of the station. XM's priority was getting the working signal into people's homes and vehicles. Eventually, Clear Channel began to slowly divest from XM, and the stocks diluted, so the Clear Channel FM simulcasts went away.

Mix (2003-2011)

On December 1, 2003, the KHMX simulcast was dropped and MIX developed its own identity. It retained the MIX name, but was now completely jockless. A month later, MIX, in addition to all XM music channels, went commercial free, making the station auto-piloted 24/7 by music. There were no plans to add DJs to the channel in the future, despite of being one of the few on XM that remained jockless, and the fact that most of their XM sister stations were no longer jockless.

In March 2006, according to a 10-k filing, XM Satellite Radio mentioned that Clear Channel programmed music on XM would begin carrying commercials, including MIX. This has been done to fulfill an arbitration settlement between XM and Clear Channel. In response to this, XM Canada, DirecTV and AOL Radio removed this channel on 4/17/06 in favor of XM's commercial free equivalent. Since then, MIX displayed a "cm" next to its name on the XM unit's pad data to indicate that it is a commercial radio station. This channel has also changed formats to Adult Hits. However, since the launch of The Pink Channel, the channel has segued back to hot AC. The Pink Channel is now an adult album alternative station, and as of today, Mix remains hot AC, with a similarity to XM's Top 20 on 20 and Pop2K top 40-formatted channels.

For a short period of time, MIX did not display song information on the XM unit's pad. Originally, Clear Channel opted to have static pad data on all of its channels, but due to complaints they acquired the hardware to properly display individual track information on the units.

May 4 Channel Lineup

On May 4, 2011 at 12:01am EST, Mix XM relaunched as "Today's Mix", moving up the XM dial to channel 12.

References

External links
 MIX XM

Category:XM Satellite Radio channels
Category:Adult top 40 radio stations in the United States
Category:Digital-only radio stations
Category:Radio stations established in 2001
Category:Radio stations disestablished in 2011
Category:IHeartMedia radio stations


William Georgetti Scholarship

The William Georgetti Scholarship is one of New Zealand's most prestigious postgraduate awards. It is named after the influential landowner William Georgetti who bequeathed his estate for the purposes of establishing a perpetual scholarship so that young New Zealanders could continue their studies. Georgetti’s hope was “that the best brains available shall receive the benefit of this trust”.

The scholarship is administered by Universities New Zealand - Te Pōkai Tara. Recipients of the award are selected annually by a panel led by the Governor General of New Zealand. Typically between three and seven awards are given, although there may be as many as twelve, and the committee may decide not to award the scholarship at all if no suitable candidate is found. Unlike most postgraduate scholarships, the William Georgetti Scholarship is not restricted to location (recipients may study at any university in any country), discipline or prior institution.

The official description of the scholarship states that its "purpose is to encourage postgraduate study and research, normally in New Zealand, in a field that in the opinion of the Scholarship Board is important to the social, cultural or economic development of New Zealand." In practice however, the award is more often used to support study overseas. Since 2007, 40% of recipients have used their award to fund studies in the United Kingdom, 35% for study in the United States of America, 17% for studies in New Zealand and 8% for studies elsewhere.

Value
Recipients may be awarded up to NZD$20,000 per year for Masters study and NZD$30,000 per year for doctoral study. For those students studying overseas the award can be up to NZD$45,000 per year.  The maximum period of tenure is three years. The maximum full award therefore is NZD$135,000.

The Trustees are able to alter the value of the award in certain circumstances however, for example 2013 recipient Sarah Paterson was awarded an additional NZD$6000 due to specific extra fees at her chosen institution, the University of Glasgow.

Eligibility
Applicants must:
 Have resided in New Zealand for a period of at least five years immediately preceding the year of selection.
 Be of good moral character and repute.
 Be of good health.
 Hold a degree of a university in New Zealand or elsewhere or any other academic qualification of a university or other institution of learning (in New Zealand or elsewhere) reasonably equivalent in the opinion of the Scholarship Board to a degree of a university in New Zealand.

Applicants affiliated with one of New Zealand's eight universities must apply through their university. Each university is permitted to put four of these applications forward, from which selection Universities New Zealand compiles a shortlist for interview. Interviews are conducted at Government House in Wellington. Interviewees have their travel paid for by the Trust.

While there is no specific minimum Grade Point Average (GPA) requirement, in practise successful applicants will have a GPA over 8 or more using the 1-9 scale used by Universities New Zealand. The mean GPA on the 1-9 scale for successful applicants between 2007 and 2015 was 8.60.

History
William Georgetti’s family were some of the first Europeans to settle in the Whanganui area of New Zealand in the 19th century. William was born there on 12 July 1867 to Augustine and Ellen, one of nine children. The family are said to have had a strong relationship with local iwi and were central to the development of the region as we know it today. Georgetti Street in Whanganui stands as testament to that legacy. They owned Bastia Hill which was named after the town in Corsica where Augustine Georgetti was born. When Augustine died, his estate was divided between his children which entered into New Zealand Legislation as the Georgetti Trust Estate Act.

The young William wished to study to become a doctor, but ultimately he followed his father's wishes and became a successful landowner. He owned extensive property in New Zealand and Australia, as well as shares in timber and gold. Georgetti travelled all around the world with his wealth, but he never went too far from home, and ultimately settled at a farm in Hastings. His farm was a sheep farm called ‘Crissoge’ and he stayed there with his wife Mary and his children Grace, Douglas and Joyce from 1918 until his death in 1943 at the age of 72.

Georgetti instructed that the residue of his estate form a perpetual charitable trust for the purpose of funding scholarships. Georgetti believed that "whatever fluctuations there may be in prices for primary produce and in land values and whatever vicissitudes the said Dominion may pass through farming land will always be the most stable asset in which to invest money". In keeping with Georgetti's wishes, the trust still holds all 125.5 ha of Crissoge and it is currently leased as eight orchards. Rental income from the orchards, along with other investments, fund the William Georgetti Scholarship.

List of notable William Georgetti Scholarship recipients
 Mai Chen: lawyer and managing partner of Chen Palmer Public and Employment Law Specialists
 Sophie Curtis-Ham: Senior Intelligence Analyst at New Zealand Police and NZSEA Young Professional of the Year nominee
 Pablo German: Co-founder and Scientific Director of Pheromite
 Jessica Kerr: Lawyer, lecturer and Coordinator of the Seychelles Legal Information Institute
 Jessica C. Lai: Senior Lecturer, Victoria University of Wellington, and author of "Indigenous Cultural Heritage and Intellectual Property Rights: Learning from the New Zealand Experience?" (2014)
 Lauren J. Lindsay: Senior Associate, Allen and Overy
 Avinash Sharma: doctor and former player for Oxford University cricket team
 Jeroen Speak: composer
 Steve Urlich: ecologist, nature writer, and lecturer in environmental management at Lincoln University, New Zealand

References

External links
William Georgetti Scholarship on the website of Universities New Zealand - Te Pōkai Tara

Category:Scholarships in New Zealand


Nebraska Center for the Education of Children Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired

The Nebraska Center for the Education of Children Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired (NCECBVI) is located in Nebraska City, Nebraska, United States. It was founded in 1875 and serves children from infancy to age 21. NCECBVI's program offers the expertise and specialized skills of the center's staff to blind, visually impaired, and multi-handicapped students in residential, day, and outreach settings. Services are provided to local school districts, students, families, teachers, and other support staff, upon request.

The center offers residential services. Services are also offered to provide intense training in specific skills related to the blind or visually impaired such as Braille, technology, orientation and mobility, and daily living skills. The duration of this service varies due to the needs of the student, family and local education agency. The center provides:

 Education for academic, functional, and multi-disabilities students until age 21
 Intense training in specific skills
 Continuation of resident school academics
 Assessment and evaluations
 Training for transition to the resident's school district

The center is a member of the Council of Schools for the Blind.

See also
 Nebraska School for the Deaf
 Council of Schools for the Blind

External links
 Official website

Category:Schools for the blind in the United States
Category:Education in Nebraska
Category:Educational institutions established in 1875
Category:1875 establishments in Nebraska
Category:Schools in Otoe County, Nebraska
Category:Public high schools in Nebraska
Category:Public middle schools in Nebraska
Category:Public elementary schools in Nebraska
Category:Buildings and structures in Nebraska City, Nebraska


Gałczynek

Gałczynek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orchowo, within Słupca County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Orchowo,  north of Słupca, and  east of the regional capital Poznań.

References

Category:Villages in Słupca County


King Haakon VII Freedom Medal

King Haakon VII's Medal of Liberty () was established on 18 May 1945. The medal is awarded to Norwegian or foreign military or civilian personnel for significant service to Norway during World War II. This service need not have been in direct contact with the enemy.

Description of the Medal

 The medal is bronze, circular and suspended from the ribbon by a stylised bronze ribbon folded at both ends.
 The obverse bears the monogram of King Haakon VII over a letter V symbolising victory. This is surrounded by a circle of beads, outside of which is written ALT FOR NORGE 1940-1945 (ALL FOR NORWAY 1940-1945)
 The reverse is plain apart from a wreath of oak leaves, tied with a ribbon at the base.
 The ribbon is plain dark blue. When ribbons only are worn, the ribbon bears the King's monogram in bronze.

See also
 King Haakon VIIs Freedom Cross
 Orders, decorations, and medals of Norway

References

Category:Awards established in 1945
Category:1945 establishments in Norway
Category:Military awards and decorations of Norway


I Don't Know Anything

"I Don't Know Anything" is a song by the American rock band Mad Season, released in 1995 as the second single from the band's sole studio album, Above (1995). The song reached number 20 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.

Composition
The verse bar for "I Don't Know Anything" features a droning, overdriven guitar melody centered on the use of harmonics.

Release and reception
"I Don't Know Anything" peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Although the single was released to radio across North America and the world, it was only commercially available in Austria.

Live performances
"I Don't Know Anything" was first performed live at the band's October 12, 1994 concert in Seattle, Washington at the Crocodile Cafe. A live performance of "I Don't Know Anything" appears on the "I Don't Know Anything" single. A performance of the song is also included on the Live at the Moore home video release.

Track listing
All songs written by Barrett Martin, Mike McCready, John Baker Saunders, and Layne Staley.
CD (Austria)
"River of Deceit" (live) – 4:54
"I Don't Know Anything" (live) – 5:58
"X-Ray Mind" (live) – 5:41
"All Alone"/"November Hotel" (live) – 18:44
Live tracks recorded on April 29, 1995 at the Moore Theatre in Seattle, Washington.

Promotional CD (US)
"I Don't Know Anything" – 5:01

Chart positions

References

Category:1995 singles
Category:Mad Season (band) songs
Category:Song recordings produced by Mike McCready
Category:Songs written by Mike McCready
Category:Songs written by Layne Staley


Kenora Transit

Kenora Transit is a small public transportation system in the city of Kenora in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, close to the Manitoba border and less than  east of Winnipeg. Service consists of three bus routes which operate between 7:00am and 6:30pm on weekdays, with a later start on Saturdays. There is no transit service on Sundays or public holidays. Handi Transit provides transportation for residents who are unable to access the regular transit bus.

Routes
 Pine Crest
 Keewatin
 Lakeside / East Highway

Fleet

References

External links
 Transit History of Kenora, Ontario
 Transithub Kenora Transit Photo Gallery

Category:Transit agencies in Ontario
Category:Transport in Kenora


Athletics at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's 400 metres hurdles

The women's 400 metres hurdles competition at the 1998 Asian Games in Bangkok, Thailand was held on 17 December at the Thammasat Stadium.

Schedule
All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)

Results

References

Results (archived)

External links
Results

Men's 00400 metres
1998


WR 21a

WR 21a is a binary star in the constellation Carina. It includes one of the most massive known stars and is one of the most massive binaries.

WR 21a lies near the Westerlund 2 open cluster and may be an ejected member.

The distance of WR 21a is not definitely known.  There have been estimates from 2.85 kpc to around 8 kpc, with consequent uncertainties in the system luminosity.  The larger distance is preferred because of consistency with the derived orbital parameters, but it is still uncertain whether the star is nearer or further than Westerlund 2.

Every 31 days and 16 hours days the two stars in this system revolve around each other.  The inclination of the orbit means that we do not see eclipses and the visual brightness of the system is quite stable.

The colliding winds of the two stars produce extremely high temperatures and luminous x-ray emission.  The system is also bright at radio wavelengths.

References

Category:Wolf–Rayet stars
Category:Spectroscopic binaries
Category:Carina (constellation)
Category:2MASS objects
Category:O-type main-sequence stars