Remote and virtual tower

Remote and virtual tower (RVT) is a new concept where the air traffic service (ATS) at an airport is performed somewhere else than in the local control tower.

The first remote tower implementation providing aerodrome ATS was approved and introduced into operations in Sweden in April 2015, with further
implementations in other EASA Member States well underway. (EASA, 2017)

Concept

The air traffic control officer (ATCO) or aerodrome flight information services officer (AFISO) will be re-located to a remote tower centre (RTC) from where they will provide the ATS.

The RVT concept is aiming at providing:

 Remote tower services at small and medium size airports, by personnel located at a remote tower centre somewhere else.
 Contingency services at major airports, in the case of fire or other events which could take place at the control tower building. The contingency facility should be at safe, nearby, but different physical location.
 Synthetic augmentation of vision to increase situational awareness at airports during poor visibility conditions at the local airport control tower facilities.

The full range of air traffic services defined in ICAO Documents 4444, 9426 and EUROCONTROL's Manual for AFIS will still be provided remotely by an ATCO or AFISO. The airspace users should be provided with the appropriate level of services as if the ATS were provided locally at the airport.

The SESAR Joint Undertaking projects are looking at RVT concepts, based on either one person controlling one airport, or one person controlling multiple airports.

Technology

The basic concept, formerly known as virtual towers, was introduced by Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) in 2002 and describes a remote ATC control room with video-sensor based surveillance instead of 'out-of-the-window' view from a real tower. The initial trials of remote ATS, for low and medium-density airports, have been based on optical sensors (cameras), providing the ATCOs at the RTC with a high-quality real-time image of the runway, the airport ramp (APRON) and the very nearby airspace. These real-time images are displayed at large monitors providing up to 360-degree view.

Beside the live video feed from the airport, the ATCOs have available the same air traffic management computer systems as they would have in a local control tower building, being voice communication systems, meteorological systems, flight plan systems, and Surveillance display systems. The level of equipage might depend on whether it is a controlled TWR service, or a Flight Information Service being provided at the specific airport.
Depending on the complexity of the airport, the traffic densities, and weather conditions, it might be preferable to complement the optical images with an advanced surface movement guidance and control system (A-SMGCS) with signal inputs from surface movement radar (SMR) and/or Local Area Multilateration (LAM).

Development and validation
The RVT concept is under development, besides of other former research & development initiatives (e.g. by DLR, DFS, LFV, Searidge Technologies, SAAB, FREQUENTIS, Indra Sistemas or the FP6 EU project ART, etc.), as part of the SESAR Joint Undertaking (SJU), where work package 6 develops the operational concepts, while Work Package 12 develops the corresponding technology to enable the RVT functionality.

There will be carried out live SESAR validation trials at a few selected airports in Germany, Spain (ENAIRE), Norway (Avinor) and Sweden (Luftfartsverket) as part of SESAR Joint Undertaking Projects 06.08.04 and 06.09.03 during the years 2012–2015.

Airservices Australia intends to evaluate RVT technology from Saab Group at Alice Springs airport in Central Australia from late 2012, with the control centre placed in Adelaide.

In March 2009, Saab Group and Luftfartsverket (LFV) carried out a live shadow mode demonstration of their existing remote tower concept.
This demonstration took place at a remote tower centre facility established at Malmö air traffic control centre (ATCC), controlling a flight in and out of Angelholm airport (ICAO:ESTA) in southern Sweden. As a contingency mechanism during this trial, the local control tower at Angelholm was staffed by ATCOs.

In 2010 DLR carried out the first human in the loop remote tower center simulation, whereas a remote controller operated traffic at two different low frequented airports simultaneously. Despite several biases the controllers' situation awareness was over-average and their workload remained in average range and operational feasibility could be shown the first time.

DLR Institute of Flight Guidance, Saab Group, Luftfartsverket, Indra and DFS have been the major driving forces behind the Remote Tower development, and are all represented in the SESAR Joint Undertaking projects, SAAB through North European ATM Industry Group (NATMIG) and LFV NORACON.

During ATC Global in Amsterdam in March 2011, SESAR Joint Undertaking had a ceremony where Project 6.9.3 'Remote & Virtual Tower' was given the award for 'most advanced for deployment'. The price was presented by Executive Director of SESAR Joint Undertaking Mr Patrick Ky, and received by Project 6.9.3 Project Manager Mr Göran Lindqvist, NORACON.

RVT in operation

As of 21 April 2015 12:00 am, the airport of Örnsköldsvik/Gideå (OER/ESNO) is run using remote ATC services from Sundsvall/Midlanda (SDL/ESNN). This is reported to be the first production deployment of RVT in the world. The system was tested at Leesburg Executive Airport in summer 2015.

On 1 October 2015 the FAA announced Fort Collins-Loveland Municipal Airport as the first official FAA approved Virtual Air Traffic Control Tower test site in the United States.  The equipment necessary for the testing is expected to be installed at the Fort Collins-Loveland Municipal Airport by spring of 2016, with initial testing and assessments of the new virtual technology commencing shortly thereafter.

Possible benefits

The main benefits of RVT is expected to be on cost efficiency.

The cost savings originate from the following factors:

 No need to build and maintain control tower buildings and facilities at the local airports
 More efficient use of human resources (ATCOs and AFISOs), especially by serving multiple airports with medium to low traffic levels from a centralised location
 Reduced need to establish and maintain ATM systems locally at the airports. By using data communication networks from the local airport to the remote tower centre, several technical systems can be centralised, hence costs savings are possible

There is also a great potential to better and more cost efficiently serve flights which either are scheduled outside the core opening hours of the airport, or by being able to serve non-scheduled traffic (ambulance flights and search-and-rescue helicopters) with an air traffic service during night time when a smaller airports would normally be closed.

Standardisation
In 2014 the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) founded the Working Group (WG) 100 "Remote and Virtual Tower". The WG-100 was launched under the Chair of the German Aerospace Center - DLR and EUROCONTROL in the Secretary role. WG-100 further consists of active contributors (air navigation service manufacturers & service providers) from more than 30 companies worldwide and acts in close coordination with EASA, ICAO, SESAR, and the most recent SESAR2020 project "PJ05 Remote Tower". The group was tasked as a first step to develop standards for remote towers optical systems. In September 2016 the ED-240 Minimum Aviation System Performance Specification for Remote Tower Optical Systems document was published. These MASPS are applicable to all optical sensor configurations (visible, as well as infrared spectrum) to be used for the implementation of the remote provision of ATS to an aerodrome, encompassing the whole chain from sensor to display. This standard should help vendors and customers to quantify an optimal operational system performance and to verify it in a standardised way. For the time being the WG-100 work focuses on an extension of the current MASPS (revision A) to include 'visual tracking' and automatic Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) camera object following technologies. 'Visual tracking' is understood as the augmentation of the display of objects on the visual presentation by using information obtained only by image processing of the video from the optical sensors for the purpose of increasing the operator's situation awareness. The PTZ Object Following function attaches the PTZ camera to a moving target and persistently follows and displays it automatically. The MASPS ED-240A are expected to be published by 2018.

Disruptive technology

While some may argue, there are strong similarities between the concept of RVT, and the criteria for disruptive innovations as defined by Clayton Christensen and Michael Raynor in the book "Innovators Solution". A closer examination of the technology and its practical use would indicate that it is more appropriately categorized as a sustainable innovation, marking an evolution in aerodrome control by supplanting visual observation with a surveillance system.

References

 N. Fürstenau, "Virtual Reality for Integration, Proc. 12th Scientific Seminar: The Challenges of Integration", DLR, Inst. of Flight Guidance, 30.-31.Oct. 2002, to be published as DLR-Mitteilung, www.dlr.de/
 N. Fürstenau, M. Rudolph, M. Schmidt, B. Werther, Virtual Tower, in: "Wettbewerb der Visionen 2001 – 2004", Hrsg. Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (2004) pp. 16 – 21
 N. Fürstenau, Virtual Tower, 5th ATM R&D Symposium (DLR, Eurocontrol, EC), Braunschweig, 11.-13.10. 2005 http://atmsymposium.dlr.de
 Möhlenbrink, C., Papenfuß, A., & Jakobi, J. (2012). The Role of Workload for Work Organisation in a Remote Tower Control Center. Air Traffic Control Quarterly, 20(1), 5-26.
 EASA, 2017. Technical and operational requirements for remote tower operations. Cologne: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

External links
 Searidge Technologies: https://searidgetech.com/media/Searidge_RemoteTower.pdf
 SAAB Remote Tower solutions
 Remote Tower video (YouTube)
 Frequentis smartVision
 smartVision Video (YouTube)
 smartVision Defense Video (YouTube)
 Kongsberg Defence Systems

Category:Air traffic control
Category:Remote control
Category:2002 introductions
Category:2002 establishments in Germany
Category:German inventions


Jan Antolec

Jan Antolec (born 3 May 1990 in Nowy Targ) is a Polish cross-country skier. He competed at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 in Val di Fiemme, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in 30 kilometre skiathlon and 4 × 10 kilometre relay.

References

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Polish male cross-country skiers
Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of Poland
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:People from Nowy Targ


Taboth

Taboth is a village in southern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Attoutou, Jacqueville Department, Grands-Ponts Region, Lagunes District. The village is on the south shore of Ébrié Lagoon.

Taboth was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Notes

Category:Former communes of Ivory Coast
Category:Populated places in Lagunes District
Category:Populated places in Grands-Ponts


The 2nd term Chief Executive of Hong Kong

The 2nd term Chief Executive of Hong Kong relates to the period of governance of Hong Kong following the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong, between 1 July 2002 and 30 June 2007. There were two Chief Executives of Hong Kong during this period:

the second administration of Tung Chee-Hwa, who occupied the post from 1 July 2002 until his resignation on 12 March 2005;
the first administration of Donald Tsang, who was elected on 25 June 2005 to fill the position vacated by Tung.

Category:Hong Kong Government


Break the News

Break the News is the third studio album by the Swedish singer Darin. It was released on 22 November 2006 in Sweden. The album reached the top of the Swedish Album Charts. Four singles were released from the album in Sweden with an additional track charting from promotion. This is the first Darin album to be released internationally, being released in Germany on 28 September 2007 with an altered track listing.

History
In Sweden, the album was promoted with two official singles, "Perfect" and "Everything But the Girl". There were plans to physically release the third single, "Desire", but the single developed into a download only single in May 2007. In Germany, two physical singles were released; "Insanity" became the first German single being released. Darin did a short promotional tour in Sweden calling at 10 cities to promote the album, with small performances and signings from 25 November until 16 December 2006. Also to promote the album, large billboard posters were placed around Swedish cities Stockholm, Göteborg and Malmö. The album was supported by the Pure Desire Tour in 2007, which called at various cities in Sweden including Stockholm. The German promotion for the album included performances on Popstars, where he sang "Desire", and a performance of "Insanity" on the German show The Dome.

Track listing
There are 2 versions of the album, one original version for the Scandinavian market and a revised edition for the German release. The original Scandinavian release features a bonus iTunes track called "Affection". The German edition includes the songs "Step Up" and "Who's That Girl" from Darin's previous album, Darin, in place of "Saturday Night" and "What If I Kissed You Now", the latter track was featured as a b-side on the German single Desire.

Scandinavian edition
"Insanity" (Peter Mansson/Patric Sarin/Darin Zanyar) – 3:45
"Extra Ordinary Love" (Max Martin/Rami/Robin Carlsson/Patrik Berger) – 3:16
"Perfect" (Anders Wikström/Fredrik Thomander/Robbie Nevil) – 3:00
"Everything But the Girl" (Anders Wikström/Fredrik Thomander) – 3:48
"Desire" (Darin/Peter Mansson/Patric Sarin) – 3:08
"Like No One" (Patrik Berger/Fredrik Berger) – 3:30
"Saturday Night" (P. Alderheim/Darin) – 3:18
"What If I Kissed You Now" (A. Hansson/Molly Sandén) – 3:29
"Everything You're Not" (Darin/E. Mughal/J. Wahlsteen) – 3:20
"If You Wanna" (Darin/D. Eriksen/Remee) – 3:08
"The Thing About You" (Tysper/Mack/Grizzly)– 3:39
"Homeless" (Jörgen Elofsson) – 3:40
"Affection" [iTunes bonus track] (Remee/D.Eriksen) - 3:12

German edition
"Insanity" (Peter Mansson/Patric Sarin/Darin Zanyar) – 3:45
"Extra Ordinary Love" (Max Martin/Rami/Robin Carlsson/Patrik Berger) – 3:16
"Step Up" (Darin/Bilal Hajji/RedOne) – 2:57
"Who's That Girl" (Jörgen Elofsson) – 3:25
"Desire" (Darin/Peter Mansson/Patric Sarin) – 3:08
"Like No One" (Patrik Berger/Fredrik Berger) – 3:30
"Everything You're Not" (Darin/E. Mughal/J. Wahlsteen) – 3:20
"Perfect" (Anders Wikström/Fredrik Thomander/Robbie Nevil) – 3:00
"Everything But the Girl" (Anders Wikström/Fredrik Thomander) – 3:48
"If You Wanna" (Darin/D. Eriksen/Remee) – 3:08
"The Thing About You" (Tysper/Mack/Grizzly) – 3:39
"Homeless" (Jörgen Elofsson) – 3:40

Personnel
vocals – Darin Zanyar.
executive producer – Peter Månsson, Patric Sarin.
producers – Peter Månsson, Patric Sarin, Jörgen Elofsson, Grizzly, Tysper, Ishi, Anders Wikström, Anders Hansson, Per Alderheim, Patrik Berger, Fredrik Thomander, Pär Westerlund, RedOne.
mixer – Peter Månsson, Ollie Olson, Fredrik Thomander, Anders Wikström, Ronny Lahti, Roberto Martorell, Ishi, Grizzly, Tysper, Nicklas Flyckt, RedOne.
mastered by – Björn Engelmann at Cutting Room Studios, Stockholm.
album covers design – Malin Lillewarg.
album photography – Anti Wendel/B-Martin.se

Charts, certifications and sales
The album debuted at number 1 in the Swedish charts upon release. After it, it remained for five more weeks charting, returning twice upon releases of "Everything But the Girl" and "Desire", at 59 and 28 respectively.

References

Category:2006 albums
Category:Darin Zanyar albums
Category:EMI Records albums


Grice

The grice was a breed of swine found in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and in Ireland. It became extinct, surviving longest in the Shetland Isles, where it disappeared sometime between the middle of the 19th century and the 1930s. It was also known as the Highland, Hebridean or Irish pig.

Etymology
"Grice" is a Scots and northern English dialect word originally meaning "young pig" (compare the Scandinavian gris, meaning "pig").

History
Accounts from the early 19th century suggest the grice was an aggressive animal with small tusks, an arched back, and a coat of stiff, dark bristles over a wiry, woollen fleece. Highland examples were described as "a small, thin-formed animal, with bristles standing up from nose to tail...". Like other livestock in these areas, the grice was small and hardy, able to survive the harsh environmental conditions. Highland grice foraged for berries on moorland.

Most Shetland crofts would have at least one grice kept on grazing lands, but they would often roam across adjacent farmland, rooting up crops and occasionally killing and eating newborn lambs. According to geologist Samuel Hibbert, who wrote an account of the islands in 1822, although the grice was "small and scrawny", its meat made "excellent hams" when cured. Islanders also made footballs from grice bladder, and even windowpanes from their intestines, by stretching the membrane over a wooden frame until it was sufficiently thin to allow light to pass through. The animal's bristles were used as thread for sewing leather and for making ropes. However, useful as the animals no doubt were, neighbours were constantly grumbling about the behaviour of their neighbour's grice, and the courts were empowered to confiscate particularly troublesome ones, and to impose "hefty fines" on their owners.

In the 19th century, landowners discouraged the keeping of these swine (one agricultural writer commented, "it is voracious in the extreme, and excessively difficult to confine in pasture or to fatten; it is also destructive and mischievous, and therefore ought gradually to be extirpated"). This, combined with the increasing import of other breeds from the Scottish mainland, resulted in a dwindling grice population, and sometime between the middle of the 19th century and the 1930s the breed was extinct. The legacy of grice remains, however. The wild bulb vernal squill is known locally as "grice's onions" because it was a favourite food of the swine.

In 2006, curators at the Shetland Museum and Archives commissioned a taxidermist to recreate a grice from the stuffed body of an immature wild boar. As no one alive had seen a grice, the accuracy of the model relied on descriptions in "published sources ... investigated artefact and archaeological findings". The model grice went on public display in spring 2007.

See also
Scottish pork taboo
Shetland animal breeds
Shetland pony
List of Scottish breeds
Ossabaw Island hog

References

External links
 New Shetland Museum and Archives report of taxidermic reconstruction of grice
Description of the Shetland pig; its antiquity and husbandry...

Category:Extinct British pig breeds
Category:Extinct mammals of Europe
Category:Fauna of Shetland
Category:Mammal extinctions since 1500
Category:Pig breeds
Category:Pig breeds originating in Scotland
Category:Pig landraces
Category:Shetland animal breeds


Cape Verdean Gabonese

Cape Verdean Gabonese are Gabonese residents whose ancestry originated in Cape Verde.

In 1995, it was estimated that there were 3,000 people of Cape Verdean descent in the Gabon.

References

External links
Central Intelligence Agency.  "Gabon."  The World Factbook.  Retrieved October 19, 2007.

Gabon
Category:Ethnic groups in Gabon
Cape Verde


William Levett (Dean of Bristol)

The Very Rev. Dr. William Levett (also spelled William Levet) (ca. 1643-1694) was the Oxford-educated personal chaplain to  Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, whom he accompanied into exile in France, then became the rector of two parishes, and subsequently Principal of Magdalen Hall, Oxford (now Hertford College, Oxford) and the Dean of Bristol.

Family background
Levett was born in Ashwell, Rutland, to an Anglo-Norman family with roots in Sussex going back to the Norman Conquest. His father Rev. Richard Levett, born in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, and a graduate of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, was the intruding rector at Ashwell from 1646 until 1660. After Rev. Richard Levett was turned out of the parish of Ashwell, he wrote to Edward Heath of London, soliciting the rector's job in Cottesmore, Rutland, which Heath's family-owned.

William Levett had at least two brothers, Richard, who became Lord Mayor of London, and Francis, an international trader; these two were in business together. Their uncle William Levett was a courtier and groom of the bedchamber to King Charles I and accompanied to the monarch to his execution. Later Levett set off a firestorm when he provided a letter stating that he had seen the late King write the Eikon Basilike.

Education and career

William Levett was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he became a fellow, in 1663. After his graduation with a doctorate of divinity, he entered the service of the first Earl of Clarendon (1609-1674), historian and statesman who went into exile in France. Levett accompanied him there, returning to England in 1672 and becoming rector of Husbands Bosworth in Leicestershire. Four years later he became vicar of Flore, Northamptonshire.

In 1681 he was named Principal of Magdalen Hall at Oxford, succeeding James Hyde. Hyde, who was the eleventh son of Sir Laurence Hyde of Heale, near Salisbury, was a barrister and a physician as well as Member of Parliament. Hyde himself had been nominated Principal by his relation, the Earl of Clarendon, who was Chancellor of the University, and he took office in 1662. On his death in 1681, the Principal's slot passed to Dr. Levett, another favourite of the Hydes.

In 1685 Levett became Dean of Bristol. Levett was well known to many Oxford contemporaries, and remained friends with the Earl of Clarendon and his second son Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester for the rest of his life. Among his fellow churchmen, Levett seems to have been held in high regard. Levett held all four positions—his appointments to both parishes, as well as his Magdalen Hall principalship and his Deanship of Bristol—until his death.

Death and legacy
In his will Levett directed his body be decently interred, "without any manner of speech, or funerall oration, or either good or bad verses, and without any opening of it, or the least dissection of it whatever" in the Cathedral at Christ Church. The invitations should be sent out and the body carried in such a way, Levett directed, so as to permit the service to be carried out at the "canonical houre" of 4 p.m. exactly. When word of Dean Levett's death reached Oxford on 11 February 1694, a Sunday morning, bells were rung in honour of the late Principal.

Levett left bequests of £50 for the Christ Church library; £20 to Magdalen Hall; £5 for books at Corpus Christi College, Oxford library; and monies to the poor apprentice boys of Husband's Bosworth and Flore. The will mentions his namesake nephew William Levett, second son of his brother Sir Richard Levett. The sole executor of Levett's estate was Dr. Henry Levett of the London Charterhouse, fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and son of Dean Levett's uncle, courtier William Levett of Swindon and Savernake, Wiltshire. Dean Levett was survived by five daughters.

References

Further reading
The Levetts of Staffordshire, Dyonese Levett Haszard, privately printed

External links
Funerary monument, William Levett, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, Flickr

Category:1694 deaths
Category:Levett family
Category:People from Ashwell, Rutland
Category:17th-century English Anglican priests
Category:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
Category:Deans of Bristol
Category:People from Oxford
Category:Anglican clergy from London
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:English people of Norman descent
Category:Principals of Magdalen Hall, Oxford


Unit square

In mathematics, a unit square is a square whose sides have length .  Often, "the" unit square refers specifically to the square in the Cartesian plane with corners at the four points ), , , and .

Cartesian coordinates
In a Cartesian coordinate system with coordinates  the unit square is defined as the square consisting of the points where both  and  lie in a closed unit interval from  to .

That is, the unit square is the Cartesian product , where  denotes the closed unit interval.

Complex coordinates
The unit square can also be thought of as a subset of the complex plane, the topological space formed by the complex numbers.
In this view, the four corners of the unit square are at the four complex numbers , , , and .

Rational distance problem

It is not known whether any point in the plane is a rational distance from all four vertices of the unit square. However, according to Périat, the only points included in the square of rational distances of the four vertices are necessarily on the sides; with the point: , suppose that . Then the distance: .
What is becoming general for the plan; let the point , be in the first dial  if we have the distance:  then the distance:

See also
 Unit circle
 Unit sphere
 Unit cube

References

External links

Category:1 (number)
Category:Quadrilaterals
Category:Squares in number theory


Bullet Points (Breaking Bad)

"Bullet Points" is the fourth episode of the fourth season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad, and the 37th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on AMC in the United States on August 7, 2011.

Plot
The episode opens with Mike (Jonathan Banks) riding in the back of a Los Pollos Hermanos refrigerator truck on a meth delivery run. The truck suddenly screeches to a halt as it is forced off the road by a pair of hijackers. Mike quickly pulls out his gun and listens as the gunmen pull the driver from the cab and shoot him in the head. He then takes cover as the gunmen raise Heckler & Koch MP5K submachine guns and shoot up the trailer. After firing two volleys, the gunmen break into the truck, only to be promptly shot dead by Mike. Only after he steps out of the truck does Mike find that one bullet has grazed his right ear.

Walter (Bryan Cranston) and Skyler (Anna Gunn) prepare an elaborate story about Walter having a gambling addiction and a successful card counting method. They hope it will explain how they can pay for Hank's (Dean Norris) medical bills and purchase a car wash (that will actually be used to launder Walter's meth profits). Walter remains too distracted to put much effort into the charade and is worried how Walter Jr. (RJ Mitte) will perceive him. During a family dinner at Hank and Marie's (Betsy Brandt), Skyler and Walter tell everyone the gambling addiction story, but Hank and Walter Jr. turn out to be impressed by it.

Later, Walter is shocked to learn that Hank is investigating Gale's (David Costabile) murder. Hank says that he believes that Gale was the elusive Heisenberg and expresses regret that he was not able to arrest him. When asked by Hank to read about a chemical process written in Gale's lab notes, Walt notices a line from a Walt Whitman poem and a dedication: "W.W. My Star, My Perfect Silence." When Hank chuckles at the initials matching Walt's, Walt jokingly admits "you got me," before telling Hank that "W.W." refers to the poet. When Walt asks Hank about the investigation, he learns that the only leads are some fingerprints and an eyewitness spotted at the scene. Hearing about this evidence, Walt is spooked and worries that the police will connect Jesse (Aaron Paul) to the murder.

Walter goes to Jesse's house and is disgusted by its condition, as it is now being used as a drug den by addicts and vagrants. Jesse is adamant nothing can connect him to Gale's murder, but when he is asked if he picked up the shell casing from the gun (which could have his fingerprints on it), it is revealed he did not. When he is further questioned about the murder, Jesse starts to panic due to the memory of it and pays two druggies to kick Walter out of the house. Walter later laments to Saul (Bob Odenkirk) about how the meth business is falling apart because no one is acting professionally, and rejects an offer to go into hiding.

Jesse's detached complacence eventually leads to all of his meth money being stolen from his house, but Mike quickly recovers it and warns Jesse that he's on thin ice.  Jesse is apathetic about the loss and recovery, leading Mike to tell Gus (Giancarlo Esposito) that Jesse's lack of professionalism is a problem for the organization, and they must intervene.  Jesse does not show up to the lab the next day and Walter realizes that he has been kidnapped.  The episode ends with Mike driving Jesse to an unknown destination. When he asks Jesse if he would like to know where they are going, the only reply is a simple "nope."

Production
"Bullet Points" was written by Moira Walley-Beckett and directed by Colin Bucksey, the third Breaking Bad episode he directed after "Phoenix" in season two and "I See You" in season three. During the cold open scene, one of Gus' drug-smuggling trucks is attacked by members of a Mexican drug cartel. This is a reference to what series creator Vince Gilligan refers to as a brewing "cold war" between Gus and the cartel due to Gus' actions against them during the third season. The scene in "Bullet Points" is the first reference to this storyline since the third season finale "Full Measure", when Mike killed several cartel henchmen who had taken over one of Gus' chemical supply warehouses. To create the bullet holes that strike the truck Mike is hiding inside, the special effects department drilled, wired and hand-planted 380 squib explosives onto the truck, including 150 on each side of the vehicle and 80 for the back door. Two sets of the back door were used, one for the view of shots being fired at the exterior of the door and one for the view of the interior.

For the scene with Mike waiting inside the refrigeration truck, series creator Vince Gilligan wanted audiences to be able to see his breath so they would know how cold it was. To create that effect, the special effects crew designed a tiny plastic box with holes in it and placed dry ice inside, which Banks kept inside his mouth to create condensation when he exhaled. The idea was based on a similar device film director Frank Capra previously used with his actors in one of his films, which Gilligan read about in Capra's autobiography. The device worked, but had to be adjusted because it initially created an effect that looked more like cigarette smoke. Also for that scene, a bloody chunk of skin can be seen dangling from Mike's ear after he is shot. For that effect, special effects creators Greg Nicotero and Howard Berger, who are part of the company KNB Efx Group, made a mold of actor Jonathan Banks' ear and made an application for him to wear during filming. It was applied onto Banks by Breaking Bad make-up artists Corey Welk and Frieda Valenzuela.

David Costabile briefly reprised his role as Gale Boetticher. When Hank first reveals to Walter that he is investigating Gale's murder, he shows him a DVD of Gale singing karaoke with Thai subtitles. The idea was that Gale participated in a karaoke booth in Thailand and kept the DVD as a souvenir; Breaking Bad music supervisor Thomas Golubic specifically found someone who could translate the song lyrics into Thai for the video. A similar joke was featured in the HBO comedy series Flight of the Conchords, which also features Costabile in a supporting role. Gilligan said he was not aware of that joke at the time, but watched it after conceiving of the Gale joke and researching karaoke. He said of it: "It was freaking hilarious. It's brilliant. And then I was thinking, 'Oh shit, should we even do this now, because how can it be as good as those guys?'" Gale sings the Peter Schilling song "Major Tom (Coming Home)", which Gilligan chose because he felt it was appropriate for the character: "It felt right. It's a bit cheesy, it's earnest, but it also kind of sticks in your head and it's fun."

In the background of the karaoke performance, stock footage from the science-fiction television series Quark was visible in the background. Gilligan was a fan of the show during childhood and recognized it while reviewing available stock footage. The full karaoke video was made available on the official Breaking Bad website after the episode was first broadcast. The scene when Walter looks through Gale's notebook at Hank's behest features a montage of quick cuts between the notebook pages and Walter's face as he read. The montage was conceived by Gilligan, who wanted to express Walter's stress over reading the notebook to the viewers without overtly showing those emotions on Walter's face and arousing Hank's suspicion. It was difficult to shoot because the actors had to display these emotions without overtly expressing them, and the scene had to be reshot a second time as a result.

Jeremy Howard made a guest appearance in "Bullet Points" as Sketchy, a drug addict who speaks non-stop during scenes at Jesse's parties. Howard was acquainted with Bryan Cranston, who had cast him in an episode of the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle that Cranston directed. Howard was originally only slated to play Sketchy in the Breaking Bad episode "Open House", but Gilligan liked him so much he brought the character back for "Bullet Points". During one scene, Sketchy walks off-screen and accidentally knocks over several beer bottles, making a loud noise. The moment was accidental and unscripted, but the crew found it so funny they included it in the final cut of the episode. During a different scene at Jesse's party, Jesse shaves the heads of several of his long-haired guests. MacLaren said it was difficult to find extras willing to have their heads shaved because those with long enough hair were so conscious of their hair that they did not want it cut. Several extras who signed up for the part dropped out before they finally found those willing to do it. Jesse also has his head shaved, which was actor Aaron Paul's idea because he felt it was appropriate for the inner turmoil his character was experiencing.

Reception
The episode received positive reviews. Seth Amitin of IGN awarded the episode an 8 out of 10 calling it "a solid building block for future story lines". Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the episode a positive review calling it "very oddly-structured, but never uninteresting".  Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic awarded the episode 4.9 out of 5 calling it "phenomenal".  Donna Bowman reviewing for The A.V. Club gave the episode an "A-".

In 2019 The Ringer ranked "Bullet Points" 59th out of the 62 total Breaking Bad episodes.

References

External links
"Bullet Points" at the official Breaking Bad site

Category:2011 American television episodes
Category:Breaking Bad (season 4) episodes


John Pearson (footballer, born 1946)

John Pearson (born 18 October 1946) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for York City, in non-League football for Horwich Railway Mechanics Institute, and was on the books of Manchester United without making a league appearance. He was capped by England schools.

References

Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Wigan
Category:English footballers
Category:England schools international footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Manchester United F.C. players
Category:York City F.C. players
Category:Leigh Genesis F.C. players
Category:English Football League players


Embassy of Ukraine, Warsaw

The Embassy of Ukraine in Warsaw is the diplomatic mission of Ukraine in Poland.

History
Poland recognised the independence of Ukraine on December 2, 1991.  Diplomatic relations were established on January 4, 1992. After the establishment of an independent Ukraine in 1991, the opened an office in Poland, sending a diplomat with the rank of "Special Envoy of the government," starting diplomatic relations. In 1992 it was raised to the rank of an embassy. Currently it is located in the building of the former USSR Trade Representation 7 Szucha, 00-580 Warsaw.

Ambassadors

 Olexander Karpynskyy (1918)
 Andriy Livytskyi (1919–1920)
 Isai Hurhin (1920)
 Mieczyslaw Loganovsky (1921)
 Alexander Shumsky (1921–1922)
 Gregory Besyedovskyy (1922–1923)
 Teodozij Starak (1991)
 Anatoly Shevchuk (1991–1992)
 Hennadiy Udovenko (1992–1994)
 Peter Sardachuk (1994–1998)
 Dmytro Pavlychko (1999–2002)
 Olexander Nikonenko (2002–2003)
 Ihor Kharchenko (2003–2005)
 Olexander Motsyk (2005–2010)
 Markiyan Malsky (2010–2014)
 Vladyslav Kanevsky (2014), сharge d'Affaires
 Andrii Deshchytsia (since 2014)

See also
 Poland-Ukraine relations
 Foreign relations of Poland
 Foreign relations of Ukraine
 Embassy of Poland in Kyiv
 Diplomatic missions of Ukraine

References

External links
 Embassy of Ukraine in Warsaw

Warsaw
Ukraine
Category:Buildings and structures in Warsaw
Category:Poland–Ukraine relations


High diving at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women

The Women competition at the 2017 World Championships was held on 28 and 29 July 2017.

Results
The first round was held on 28 July at 12:30. The second to fourth round was held on 29 July at 12:15.

References

Women
World


The College of New Jersey

The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) is a public university in Ewing, New Jersey. TCNJ was established in 1855 as the New Jersey State Normal School. The institution was the first normal school in the state of New Jersey and the fifth in the United States. Originally located in Trenton proper, the college was moved to its present location in adjacent Ewing Township during the early to mid-1930s. Since its inception, TCNJ has undergone several name changes, the most recent being the 1996 change to its current name from Trenton State College.

TCNJ is a selective institution, with a stated mission to keep New Jersey's most talented students in-state for higher education.  TCNJ aims to combine the best practices of private institutions with a public mission, resulting in an innovative and unique model for undergraduate education. The college encourages free inquiry and open exchange, offering a wide range of learning opportunities in its classrooms, laboratories and studios throughout the campus, as well as at various off-campus locations.

The institution is organized into seven schools, all of which offer bachelor's degree programs and several of which offer targeted master's degree programs. Emphasis is placed on liberal arts education via the college's general education requirements. Much of TCNJ is built in Georgian colonial architecture style on 289 tree-lined acres.

History

The College of New Jersey was established on February 9, 1855 by an act of the New Jersey Legislature mandating the creation of a state normal school, making the New Jersey State Normal School the first teacher training institution in New Jersey and the ninth in the United States. Prior to this, then-Governor Rodman McCamley Price had actively promoted the notion of founding a training institute for New Jersey's teachers and helped to mobilize support among influential state leaders:

For the first 73 years, the school was located in Trenton on Clinton Avenue. Beginning in 1925, the institution offered its first four-year baccalaureate degrees, and engaged on a transitional program of expansion. In 1928, a suburban tract of 210 acres (0.8 km²) was purchased in Ewing Township, New Jersey and preparations were underway to relocate the College. The first building erected on the new campus was Green Hall, built in traditional Georgian colonial style. The majority of buildings now on campus reflect Green Hall's architecture. In 1996, in a move spearheaded by Harold Eickhoff, The College of New Jersey adopted its current name.

Programs in graduate study were instituted in 1947, followed by accreditation from various national associations in the 1950s. The enactment of the Higher Education Act of 1966 paved the way for TCNJ to become a comprehensive institution by expanding its degree programs into a variety of fields aside from the education of teachers. By 1972, 70 percent of entering students were selecting non-education majors.

 Names
 1855 — New Jersey State Normal School
 1908 — New Jersey State Normal School in Trenton
 1929 — New Jersey State Teachers College and State Normal School at Trenton
 1937 — New Jersey State Teachers College at Trenton
 1958 — Trenton State College
 1996 — The College of New Jersey

Academics

Programs

More than 50 liberal arts and professional programs are offered through the College's seven schools: Arts and Communication; Business; Culture and Society; Education; Engineering; Nursing, Health & Exercise Science; and Science.

The College of New Jersey offers degrees in over 50 liberal arts and professional programs. TCNJ also offers a 7-year combined B.S./M.D. (Bachelor of Science/Doctor of Medicine) program for graduating high school students in conjunction with University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Admission into this program is highly selective. This program offers guaranteed admission to UMDNJ upon completion of three years of undergraduate study at TCNJ and the maintenance of a minimum GPA (currently set at 3.5).

These programs are organized into one of seven schools:
 School of Arts and Communication
 School of Business
 School of Humanities and Social Sciences
 School of Education
 School of Engineering
 School of Nursing, Health & Exercise Science
 School of Science

Global programs
The College of New Jersey offers graduate programs in Education at a number of international locations. Currently students can complete a State of New Jersey Teacher Certification and earn a Master of Education degree while studying in Bangkok, Thailand; Majorca, Spain; or Johannesburg, South Africa. In addition to this, all TCNJ students are encouraged to study abroad after completing a year's worth of credits from the school. The student must also be in good academic standing. The TCNJ Center for Global Engagement works together with TCNJ faculty to offer undergraduate students a wide variety of programs, from short-term, faculty-led study abroad programs to semester- and year-long programs in dozens of countries. More than 400 students in 2012–2013 studied at universities in over twenty countries on six continents.

TCNJ also hosts Institute for ESL & American Studies, a language and culture immersion that brings international students to campus from all over the world to develop their English language skill and American culture. Students in this program earn 12 credits in the fall or spring semesters and 8 credits in the summer that can be transferred anywhere, learn in small classes of no more than 8 students, and take trips to New York City and Philadelphia. Graduate students can also take part in a non-credit seminar on teaching in American universities. Full-time TCNJ students have the chance to live with this cohort during the program, work with them as conversation partners, and help them learn to navigate campus life.

Rankings
According to U.S. News & World Report’s regional annual rankings, TCNJ is #4 in Northern Regional Universities category. In terms of regional universities for the North, for both public and private institutions, TCNJ ranked 4th in 2018.

Since the 1990s, incoming students are required to participate in the TCNJ First Year Experience, a large component of the liberal arts curriculum at TCNJ.

Nearly two-thirds (64%) of TCNJ students who apply to medical school are accepted. Many top corporations also recruit TCNJ graduates. Other barometers of student success include the 100% pass-rate of education majors taking the state teacher preparation test and the 85 percent three-year pass rate for nursing students going for their license. TCNJ has a 95% freshman retention rate. The College has an 85% graduation rate.

Campus life

Residence halls

First-year students at TCNJ are either given a room assignment in Travers/Wolfe Tower, Centennial Hall, or any empty rooms in the Allen/Brewster/Ely Complex. Second-year students live in New Residence, Allen Hall, Brewster Hall, Ely Hall, Norsworthy Hall, Eickhoff Hall, Cromwell Hall and Decker Hall. There are currently plans to construct another building specifically for second-year housing. Upperclassmen typically live in Townhouses South, East or West, or in one of the two newly constructed apartment complexes; Phelps Hall and Hausdoerffer Hall. Upperclassmen may also live in one of the various College Houses that surrounds the campus. While 95 percent of first-year students live on campus, only 50 percent of upperclassmen live on campus, instead choosing to live in homes and apartments surrounding the College.

Campus Town
In 2013 groundbreaking began for The Campus Town complex. Consisting of seven buildings — Campus Town Clock Tower, apartments and recreation space — Campus Town was built by PRC Campus Centers LLC on 12 acres of property located on campus and it has 80,000 square feet of commercial space.

The Campus Town complex has space to house 446 juniors and seniors in one-, two- and four-bedroom apartments. Each apartment has a living room/dining area, separate bedrooms, one or two bathrooms depending upon the unit, a full kitchen with a dishwasher and a full-sized washer and dryer. The complex has 500 parking spots.

The Campus Town complex houses an 11,500-square-foot fitness center that replaced the college’s 4,000-square-foot gym. The apartments and the fitness center are only open to the students, but the complex’s retail stores will be open to the public. Barnes & Noble is an anchor tenant, with a brand-new 14,000-square-foot store and leasing is underway with many others, including a yogurt shop, sushi restaurant, convenience store and brewpub.

Dining

There are currently ten Sodexo operated dining facilities on the TCNJ campus as well as a convenience store and bookstore (where convenience store-like food and beverages are sold). Eickhoff hall houses The Atrium at Eickhoff, the main dining hall, where students pay a door price and have access to buffet style food, along with The 1855 Room, a staff/faculty dining room, and the convenience store. TDubs, the late night dining hall, is located between the Travers and Wolfe towers.

A café serving Starbucks coffee is located on the main level of Gitenstein Library. Sandwiches, bagels, and other items are served in addition to beverages. A similar café, the STEM Forum Cafe, is located in the newly-constructed STEM Forum Complex, opened in Fall 2017. Coffee and grab n' go items are served here. In the Education Building is the Education Cafe, serving a variety of coffee, sandwiches, and baked desserts.

The Brower Student Center is home to three different dining facilities. Fresh Pride Cafe is located near one of the main entrances and is the smallest of the three. Because there are various couches and tables of the students center surrounding it, it does not have seating of its own. Traditions is a restaurant and bar, where students can sit down to order meals from servers. Alcoholic beverages are served. Also within the Traditions is a stage where bands perform on various nights. The last dining facility is the student center food court and is colloquially referred to as "The Lion's Den". Students can get food and other items at various stations, which they then bring to one of the registers to purchase.

Entrepreneurship
In the mid-2000s, TCNJ began to put a more concentrated effort on student entrepreneurship. Administrative resources were put toward counselling and workshops for students. The Mayo Business Plan Competition in April 2012 saw numerous student groups competing for $12,000 to launch their start-up businesses. The school has also held entrepreneurship events for local high school students.

Student life

Nearby metropolitan areas such as Philadelphia and New York City are an hour and a half or less away by train. Surveys of the student population indicate, however, that 80% of residential students remain on-campus for at least 3 weekends per month. TCNJ also has over 180 student organizations managed by the Office of Student Activities and Leadership Development. The Signal has been the college's newspaper since 1885 and wins awards almost annually. The Lion's Eye is the literary magazine on campus, distributed each semester and funded by the Student Activity Fee. Lions Television (LTV), founded in the spring of 2008, is TCNJ's first television network.

Campus attempts at providing non-alcohol-related social events for students are numerous, including both on and off-campus activities such as musical and comedic performances. The College Union Board (CUB) sponsors visits by celebrities as well as movie showings, all of which are funded by the Student Finance Board. To help kick off each new fall semester, "LollaNoBooza" is held. This is a large carnival-like affair meant to be an alternative to a night of partying. In April 2011, the College Union Board, Student Finance Board, and Student Government held their first annual Spring Carnival entitled "fun.ival" (fun.ival was named after live performers, fun.).

Greek life has a foothold at TCNJ, with roughly 25% of the student population belonging to a fraternity or sorority. The Greek organizations are governed by the Inter-Greek Council, whose purpose is to unite the members of the Greek community in spirit of mutual interest. It organizes and governs activities, highlights goals and opens lines of communication between the members of the organizations and the rest of the campus community.  In order to join any Greek organization, students must have at least one semester's worth of TCNJ credits and be in good academic standing with a GPA of at least 2.2. The Inter-Greek Council recognizes 30 organizations; 16 sororities, 12 fraternities, and 3 coed organizations.

The recognized Greek organizations at TCNJ are:

Famous Alumni: John Turner, member of Delta Zeta.

Brower Student Center

The Brower Student Center (BSC) is the student center on the campus. The BSC was originally built in 1976 and has continued to serve the students through the present day. The Brower Student Center seeks to provide on-campus activities for all the students of TCNJ as well as maintain partnerships within the community that accentuate the student and community experience. A game room is also located in the student center, complete with multiple pool tables, TVs with wiis connected, ping pong and other games.

The building is home to all of the student organizations on campus, as well as the dining facilities that are run by Sodexo Incorporated and a campus bookstore. All recognized student organizations have an office or cubicle, or at least a meeting area. Most of these are located on the second level, but there are a handful located elsewhere. The student-run newspaper, for example, has both its business office and production room in the basement.

The building was named after former president Clayton R. Brower, who served as president during the time that TCNJ was referred to as Trenton State College. His wife, Dorothy Brower, was an active volunteer in the surrounding community.

Renovations for the new Brower Student Center began in April 2015 and are expected to be finished in 2017.

Museums and exhibits

The College of New Jersey is home to the David Sarnoff Museum, formerly located at Princeton Junction. The collection detailing the life of NBC founder David Sarnoff is now located in Roscoe L. West Hall. Various art exhibits can be found in galleries at the Art and IMM building. The exhibits feature the work of student artists, professional artists and local artists. The exhibits are updated regularly.

Campus Media

Publications
The Signal has been The College of New Jersey's student-run newspaper since 1855. It has won numerous awards, and has placed first many times in the General Excellence category (the highest category) for collegiate news publications at the New Jersey Press Association awards. The Signal is run almost entirely out of their office located on Forcina Hall's second floor.

TCNJ Magazine is another publication, covering both current campus life and alumni affairs. The Perspective, an openly left-leaning student news booklet, is the school's newest publication having been first published in 2009. The Perspective received funding from the Student Finance Board, but so far has no established publishing schedule (as opposed to other campus publications). On the literary side, The Lion's Eye and The Siren are both student-made magazines filled with poetry, prose and artwork by students. The Seal was TCNJ's yearbook since its first publication in 1911. However following the 2017 edition, the publication and student organization were discontinued due to low demand and incumbent debt.

Radio
WTSR (91.3 FM) is the college's non-commercial radio station which services Mercer County and Bucks County, Pennsylvania while also broadcasting over the internet. The station began in 1958 as WTSC, but was approved for an FM licence in the fall of 1965. The station is fully student run and enlists the help of both students and community volunteers. The station offers traditional dayside programming while also offering a variety of specialty programming that consists of shows featuring folk/world, synth-pop, modern rock, metal, reggae, oldies, gospel, and more.

Television
Lions Television (abbreviated 'LTV') has been the student run television station on campus since 2008. Its studio and office are located in Kendall Hall and its content can be viewed online or on campus televisions on channel 2-2. The station board includes six producers (sports, news, music, comedy, pop culture and game show) who film, direct and edit content both in studio and around the school's campus.

Athletics

The College of New Jersey has 22 varsity teams and 18 club teams, including multiple programs that have achieved national recognition and success. Its varsity teams are members of the New Jersey Athletic Conference (NJAC) and compete in Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The college's mascot is "Roscoe the Lion."

TCNJ's varsity teams are the top combined first- and second-place finishers of all 424 Division III schools in the nation over more than 25 years.

The women's lacrosse team has played in the championship game 16 out of 20 possible times, winning 11 (though the 1992 title was later vacated) and qualifying for the NCAA tournament 21 consecutive times through 2005, highlighted by a 93–1 record from 1991 to 1996. The women's field hockey team has won 10 Division III crowns in 14 championship appearances (both twice as many as any other school).

The TCNJ wrestling team has placed in the top 20 nationally for 30 consecutive years, including 5 national championships (1979, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1987), 5 runner-up finishes, and numerous finishes in the top 5.

The track and field teams have also dominated the New Jersey Athletic Conference. Since the NJAC title was first contested in 1997, TCNJ has won the title — both indoor and outdoor — each year.

The main athletic facility, Lions Stadium, holds 6,000 spectators and is home to the football, field hockey, lacrosse, and intramural teams. The stadium opened in the fall of 1984 and featured the first North American installation of AstroTurf's vertical-drainage system. This system prevents the "duck-pond effect" commonly seen with other artificial surfaces. In 2008, reports indicated that the turf contained higher-than-acceptable levels of lead and was subsequently removed. Now, the stadium is furnished with Tiger Turf, which is the first installation of the Trophy Turf in the United States. The stadium has hosted multiple NCAA tournaments and championship games, as well as the annual Special Olympics New Jersey and the annual USSBA Central Jersey Regional marching band competition.

The school's club ice hockey team have found success as a member of multiple American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) conferences since the group's creation in 1977. The team currently plays in the Colonial State College Hockey Conference where it began play as a founding member in 2014, has won four conference championships (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020), and earned bids to the ACHA Southeast Regional Tournament. Prior to this as a member of the Great Northeast Collegiate Hockey Conference the team won two conference titles in 2012 and 2014.

Men's sports
Baseball
Basketball
Cross country
Football
Soccer
Swimming and diving
Tennis
Track and field
Wrestling

Women's sports
Basketball
Cross country
Field hockey
Lacrosse
Soccer
Softball
Swimming and diving
Tennis
Track and field

Club sports
Baseball
Basketball (women)
Bowling
Crew
Cheerleading
Ice hockey
Lacrosse (men and women)
Rugby (men and women)
Soccer (men and women)
Softball
Swimming
Tennis
Ultimate frisbee
Unified sports (Special Olympics and TCNJ students)
Volleyball (men and women)

Notable alumni

Politics and government
 Christopher J. Brown, Republican Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2012 to 2016, representing the 8th legislative district.
 Jim Florio (B.A., 1962), Governor of New Jersey, 1990–1994.
 Joe Howarth (B.S.), politician who has represented the 8th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2016.
 Dick LaRossa, Republican Party politician who served two terms in the New Jersey Senate, from 1994 to 2000, where he represented the 15th Legislative District.
 Gerald Luongo (B.A., M.A.), Republican Party politician who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1998 to 2000.
 Joseph R. Malone, Republican Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1993 until 2012, representing the 30th legislative district.
 Joseph A. Mussomeli (B.A., 1975), is an American diplomat. Current Ambassador to Slovenia as well as former Ambassador to Cambodia and the Philippines.
 Verlina Reynolds-Jackson, politician who represents the 15th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly.
 Christopher Smith (B.S., 1975), United States Congressman representing New Jersey's 4th congressional district.
 William A. Stevens, jurist and Republican Party politician who served as President of the New Jersey Senate and New Jersey Attorney General.
 Connie Wagner, politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2008 to 2013, where she represented the 38th Legislative District.
 Madaline A. Williams, first African American woman elected to the New Jersey Legislature.

Arts and entertainment

 Holly Black (B.A. in English, 1994), author of The Spiderwick Chronicles series: Valiant: A Modern Tale of Faerie; Tithe: A Modern Faerie Tale; and Ironside: A Modern Faery's Tale, among others.
 Jay Black, stand-up comic and screenwriter,
 Sheila Callaghan (B.A. in English, 1995), award-winning playwright and screenwriter.
 Stephen Dadaian, electric and classical guitarist.
 Jeff Feuerzeig, film director and screenwriter best known for The Devil and Daniel Johnston.
 Tom Kraeutler, home improvement broadcast journalist and author.
 Geraldine Clinton Little, poet
 The Lucas Bros, comedians, writers, actors best known for 22 Jump Street, Arrested Development and Lucas Bros Moving Co.
 Adam Mamawala, stand-up comic
 Tom Scharpling, producer and radio host.
 Richard Sterban (born 1943), member of The Oak Ridge Boys.
 Ty Treadway, One Life to Live soap star and host of Soap Talk on Soapnet cable channel.
 Michael Vega, actor

Sports
 Terry Bradway, General Manager of the New York Jets from 2001–2006.
 Melanie Balcomb, Head Women's Basketball Coach at Vanderbilt University.
 Greg Grant, former NBA player.
 Eric Hamilton, American football coach.
 Gene Hart (B.A., 1952), Hockey Hall of Fame broadcaster and former play-by-play voice of the Philadelphia Flyers.
 Tom McCarthy, radio play-by-play voice of the Philadelphia Phillies.

Others
Lori Alhadeff, activist
David L. Richards, Associate Professor of Political Science and Human Rights at the University of Connecticut.
 Richard A. Swanson, organizational theorist and Distinguished Research Professor of Human Resource Development and the Sam Lindsey Chair at the University of Texas at Tyler, known for his synthesis work on the financial research related to human resource development.
 Geralyn Wolf (M.A., 1971), Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island.
 Julianna White, holds the title of Miss New Jersey USA 2011.
Andrew Rausa, (B.S.A.), works for the Advertising & Privacy Counsel for Facebook and was named in Forbes 30 Under 30 for Law & Policy in 2017.
Kevin Gabauer, co-founder of Fat Shack, a late-night food company that was featured on Shark Tank.
Tom Armenti, co-founder of Fat Shack, a late-night food company that was featured on Shark Tank.

Notable faculty

 Juda Bennett – English
Celia Chazelle – History
 Roy A. Clouser – Philosophy
 Ellen G. Friedman – English and Women's & Gender Studies
 James A. Graham – Psychology
 Jean Graham – English
 Nancy Hingston – Mathematics
 Xinru Liu – History
 Catie Rosemurgy – Creative Writing
 Jess Row – English
 Donna Shaw – Journalism

See also

List of American state universities
Trenton Computer Festival

Notes

References

External links

 TCNJ Athletics website

Category:American Association of State Colleges and Universities
Category:Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union
Category:Educational institutions established in 1855
Category:Ewing Township, New Jersey
Category:Universities and colleges in Mercer County, New Jersey


Garduña

The Garduña is a mythical organized, secret criminal society said to have been founded in Spain in the late Middle Ages.  It was said to have been a prison gang that grew into a more organized entity over time, involved with robbery, kidnapping, arson, and murder-for-hire.  Its statutes were said to have been approved in Toledo in 1420 after being founded around 1417.

Spanish historians León Arsenal and Hipólito Sánchiz have traced all references to the Garduña back to the 19th-century book Misterios de la inquisición española y otras sociedades secretas de España by Víctor de Fereal (maybe a pseudonym for Madame de Suberwick) and Manuel de Cuendías, published in 1850. Arsenal and Sanchiz doubt the  Garduña ever existed.

As a secret society, the Garduña is very attractive for conspiracism, according to the historian Sánchiz. It was supposedly active for over 400 years in Spain and, among other things, it supposedly carried out the dirty work of the Inquisition. In serious Spanish studies about bandolerismo (outlaws) and social disorders (very frequent in Andalusia in the 19th century), there is not a single mention of the Garduña.

Some  have claimed that the Garduña was a precursor to the Neapolitan Camorra, a crime syndicate active to this day in southern Italy, and was transplanted when Spain controlled Naples and much of its criminal element was transported (or deported) there.

A Calabrian folk song suggests a much larger legacy.  It tells the story of three Garduña "brothers" or three Spanish knights who fled Spain in the 17th century after washing with blood the honour of their seduced sister. They were shipwrecked on the island of Favignana, near Sicily. Osso, devoted to Saint George, stayed in Sicily and founded the Mafia or Cosa Nostra; Mastrosso, protected by Saint Michael, made his way to Calabria and founded the 'Ndrangheta; and Carcagnosso, a devotee of the Virgin Mary, made his way to Naples and founded the Camorra.

Additionally, the circumstances surrounding the original shipwreck seem to suggest their main occupations as pirates, and alludes to a connection with pirates throughout the Spanish Empire, including the Americas. Similar traditions are told of three Buddhist monks founding the Chinese Triads.

See also
 Germanía, the jargon of Spanish criminals in the 17th century.
 Rinconete and Cortadillo is a short novel by Miguel de Cervantes about a Thieves' Guild operating in Seville.

References

 Arsenal, León & Hipólito Sanchiz (2006). Una historia de las sociedades secretas españolas, Barcelona: Planeta,
 Behan, Tom (1996). The Camorra, London: Routledge,
 Gratteri, Nicola  & Antonio Nicaso (2006). Fratelli di sangue, Cosenza: Pellegrini Editore,

External links
The Garduna in Secret Societies of All Ages and Countries, by Charles William Heckethorn, Kessinger Publishing, 1992, .

Category:Secret societies related to organized crime
Category:History of the Camorra in Italy
Category:History of the 'Ndrangheta
Category:History of the Sicilian Mafia
Category:Organised crime groups in Spain


KCNC1

Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNC1 gene.

The Shaker gene family of Drosophila encodes components of voltage-gated potassium channels and comprises four subfamilies. Based on sequence similarity, this gene is similar to one of these subfamilies, namely the Shaw subfamily. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the delayed rectifier class of channel proteins and is an integral membrane protein that mediates the voltage-dependent potassium ion permeability of excitable membranes.

Expression pattern
Kv3.1 and Kv3.2 channels are prominently expressed in neurons that fire at high frequency. Kv3.1 channels are prominently expressed in brain (cerebellum > globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra > reticular thalamic nuclei, cortical and hippocampal interneurons > inferior colliculi, cochlear and vestibular nuclei), and in retinal ganglion cells.

Physiological role
Kv3.1/Kv3.2 conductance is necessary and kinetically optimized for high-frequency action potential generation. Kv3.1 channels are important for the high-firing frequency of auditory and fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons, retinal ganglion cells; regulation of action potential duration in presynaptic terminals.

Pharmacological properties
Kv3.1 currents in heterologous systems are highly sensitive to external tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) (IC50 values are 0.2 mM and 29 μM respectively). This can be useful in identifying native channels. The overlapping sensitivity of potassium current to both 0.5 mM TEA and 30 μM 4-AP strongly suggest an action on Kv3.1 subunits.

Transcript variants
There are two transcript variants of Kv3.1 gene: Kv3.1a and Kv3.1b. Kv3.1 isoforms differ only in their C-terminal sequence.

Clinical significance
A missense mutation c.959G>A (p.Arg320His) in KCNC1 causes progressive myoclonus epilepsy.

See also
 Voltage-gated potassium channel

References

Further reading

External links

Category:Potassium channels


Angier Buchanan Duke

Angier Buchanan Duke (December 8, 1884 – September 3, 1923) was a trustee of Duke University from 1914–1923, as well as vice president and president of its Alumni Association.

Early life
Duke was born on December 8, 1884 in Durham, North Carolina.  He was the only son of Sarah Pearson (née Angier) Duke (1856–1936) and Benjamin Newton Duke, and an heir to the American Tobacco Company fortune.  He was the brother of Mary Lillian Duke (who married his wive's brother, Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.), and first cousin to the flamboyant heiress Doris Duke.

Duke attended Durham's Trinity College, the institutional predecessor of Duke University.

Career
After his graduation from Trinity, he went into the family business with his father.  He was a member of the Racquet and Tennis Club and the Calumet Club, as well as the Ardsley and Sleepy Hollow Country Clubs.

Personal life

In 1915, he was married to seventeen year-old Cordelia Drexel Biddle of the Biddle family who were prominent in business, political and cultural affairs in Philadelphia.  The marriage, which took place at Holy Trinity Church in Philadelphia, united "one of the oldest and richest Philadelphia families was united with one of the richest families of the South."  Cordelia was a daughter of bank heir Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle, Sr. Together, Angier and Cordelia were the parents of two children:

 Angier Biddle Duke (1915–1995), the U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador, Spain, Denmark, and Morocco. He married four times.
 Anthony Drexel Duke (1918–2014), who became a prominent philanthropist. He married four times.

After separating in December 1918, they divorced in 1921. After their divorce, Cordelia remarried to Thomas Markoe Robertson in 1924.

Following the accidental discharge of his gun in 1905 during a hunting trip, his left arm was amputated below the elbow.  In 1923, he drowned at Indian Lake Yacht Club on Long Island Sound (near his summer residence in Port Jefferson), when a boat overturned and he was unable to get back into the boat because of his missing hand. After a funeral at the Duke family home in Durham, he was interred in the Duke Mausoleum in Maplewood Cemetery in Durham.

In popular culture
John Davidson portrayed him in the 1967 film, The Happiest Millionaire.

References

External links

Category:1884 births
Category:1923 deaths
Category:American amputees
Category:Deaths by drowning
Category:Duke University alumni
Category:Duke family


Nowa Wieś Wielka, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Nowa Wieś Wielka  () is a village in Bydgoszcz County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nowa Wieś Wielka. It lies  south of Bydgoszcz.

The village has a population of 2,207. Its name means "Great New Village".

References

Category:Villages in Bydgoszcz County


Dawes County Courthouse

The Dawes County Courthouse in Chadron, Nebraska was built in 1935.  It was designed in Art Deco style by John W. Latenser & Sons, Inc..  It is the courthouse of Dawes County, Nebraska.

Located on S. Main St. between 4th and 5th Sts. in Chadron, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995;  the listing included the courthouse building and two contributing objects.
It is located at the end of the courthouse square it overlooks, because it was built as a replacement for an older, centered courthouse that remained in use during construction, and which only later was removed.

References

External links

Category:Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
Category:Art Deco architecture in Nebraska
Category:Government buildings completed in 1935
Category:Buildings and structures in Dawes County, Nebraska
Category:County courthouses in Nebraska
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Dawes County, Nebraska


Nemophora violellus

Nemophora violellus is a moth of the Adelidae family. It is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, part of the Balkan Peninsula, Fennoscandia and the Baltic region.

The wingspan is . Adults have uniformly dark brown forewings with an oily tint, They are on wing in July.

The larvae feed on Gentiana asclepiadea, Gentiana pneumonanthe and Gentiana cruciata.

References

External links
lepiforum.de
Species info at nkis.info

Category:Moths described in 1851
Category:Adelidae
Category:Moths of Europe


1868 United States presidential election in Louisiana

The 1868 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 3, 1868, as part of the 1868 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Louisiana voted for the Democratic nominee, former Governor of New York Horatio Seymour, over the Republican nominee, General Ulysses S. Grant. Seymour won the state by a margin of 41.38%.

With 70.69% of the popular vote, Louisiana would be Seymour's second strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Kentucky.

Results

References

Louisiana
1868
Category:1868 Louisiana elections


Stardust Crusaders

is the third story arc of the Japanese manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, written and illustrated by Hirohiko Araki. It was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1989 to 1992, with the 152 chapters collected into sixteen tankōbon volumes. In its original publication, it was known as JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 3 Jotaro Kujo: Heritage for the Future. The arc was preceded by Battle Tendency and followed by Diamond Is Unbreakable. In 2012, Stardust Crusaders was digitally colored and released as digital downloads for smartphones and tablet computers. A ten-volume hardcover re-release under the title JoJonium was published between June 4, 2014 and March 4, 2015. Viz Media initially released the sixteen-volume format of the arc in North America between 2005 and 2010. They began releasing the hardcover format in November 2016.

It is the most popular arc of the JoJo's Bizarre Adventure series as it introduced the audience to the concept of Stands, which differentiated it from its predecessors. This popularity later spawned video games, a three volume drama CD series, two novels and two OVA series of this arc alone. An anime television adaptation by David Production, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders, aired in Japan between April 2014 and June 2015.

Stardust Crusaders also stands out as the only arc of the series to gain any notable exposure in the west prior to the release of the anime series by David Production in 2012, due to the 1993 OVA series, 1999 video game and the English releases of the manga in 2005–2010.

Plot

The story begins in 1988, centered on Jotaro Kujo, grandson of Joseph Joestar. Jotaro has been arrested, and refuses to leave his cell, believing he is possessed by an evil spirit. After being called by Holly, Joseph's daughter and Jotaro's mother, Joseph arrives with an associate, Mohammed Avdol. They explain that Jotaro’s "evil spirit" is actually a manifestation of his fighting spirit, called a Stand, and reveal that they possess Stands as well. Joseph explains that the sudden appearance of their Stands is caused by the nemesis of his grandfather, Jonathan Joestar: Dio Brando, now referred to as DIO. DIO has awoken his own Stand (thus awakening the Stands of the rest of the Joestar bloodline) and recruited Stand-using assassins to kill Jonathan's remaining descendants. Soon after, Jotaro defeats the first of these assassins, Noriaki Kakyoin, managing to rescue him from the influence of DIO's parasitic flesh bud. When it is revealed that Holly’s Stand is killing her due to her reserved personality, Jotaro, Joseph, Avdol, and Kakyoin begin a journey to Egypt to kill DIO and save Holly's life. On the way, they are joined by another brainwashed assassin named Jean Pierre Polnareff, who seeks to avenge his sister whose murderer is among DIO's forces.

Forced to travel on foot after DIO's assassins manage to foil their travel by plane and ship, the group encounter Hol Horse and Polnareff's quarry J. Geil in Calcutta with Avdol seemingly killed during the confrontation. After defeating Geil's mother, a DIO loyalist named Enya, the group reach the Red Sea where Polnareff learns Avdol faked his death to acquire a submarine that allows them to reach Egypt.

Upon arriving in Abu Simbel, the heroes are joined by Iggy, a Boston Terrier with a Stand of his own, while facing the first of eight assassins with Stands named after Egyptian deities (rather than the tarot theme of before). Kakyoin is wounded in an ambush, and is taken to a hospital to recuperate. After the group defeats several more Stand users while reaching Cairo, Iggy discovers and leads them to DIO's mansion, with Kakyoin rejoining them. At the mansion's entrance, the party is split up with Polnareff avenging Avdol and Iggy when they are killed by DIO's vampirized servant Vanilla Ice.

Jotaro, Joseph, Kakyoin, and Polnareff ultimately encounter DIO, and escape his mansion. A chase across Cairo follows, leading to Kakyoin confronting DIO and his Stand, The World. Though fatally wounded by The World, Kakyoin deduces the Stand's ability to stop time for a few seconds and relays it to Joseph. Joseph is able to pass it on to Jotaro, but is killed by DIO who uses his blood to increase the duration of his ability. Jotaro then fights DIO alone, slowly discovering that he shares DIO's time-stopping ability. The battle ends with Jotaro defeating DIO using the ability, transfusing DIO's blood back into Joseph before destroying the vampire for good. Jotaro and Joseph then bid Polnareff farewell before returning to Japan as Holly has made a full recovery.

Characters

  is the delinquent protagonist. He uses the Stand, Star Platinum, whose power is incredible strength, speed, and precision. It is later revealed that Star Platinum also has the power to stop time, which helps him during the final battle with DIO.
  is Jotaro's grandfather, and the title character of the previous part of the series, Battle Tendency. He uses the Stand, Hermit Purple, which allows him to produce thorny purple vines that can perform predictions through electronic equipment such as Polaroid cameras or televisions (although at the cost of destroying said equipment); he can also swing from them or protect himself with them. He also still has access to Hamon, which was his primary ability in Battle Tendency.
  is a fortune teller from Cairo, and an ally of Joseph and Jotaro. He uses the Stand, Magician's Red, which allows him to manipulate fire.
  is a former enemy turned ally of Jotaro, who uses the Stand, Hierophant Green, which he can shrink down to enter people and control them from the inside, or perform a long-ranged attack using blasts of green energy known as Emerald Splash.
  is another former enemy turned ally of Jotaro, who uses the Stand, Silver Chariot, which takes the form of an armored knight wielding a rapier; his Stand can shed its armor to increase its agility and speed exponentially.
  is a Boston Terrier who uses the Stand, The Fool, which manipulates sand and dust.
  is the daughter of Joseph and the mother of Jotaro. Although most Stands are used for fighting, her Stand works against her gentle, non-violent soul, slowly making her increasingly sick. It takes on the form of vines with roses and berries.
 , the main antagonist, is a vampire who previously appeared in Phantom Blood. He uses the Stand, The World, a close-combat Stand, similar to Star Platinum, which is capable of stopping time for brief intervals.
  is an old woman, who is the confidant of Dio. She uses the Stand, Justice, which takes the form of a mist that takes control over anyone with an open wound, allowing Enya to control them as she would a marionette.
Hol Horse is a recurring minor antagonist who nearly killed Mohammad Avdol (with the assistance of J. Geil) using his stand, Emperor, a long range stand resembling a gun that can shoot and steer its bullets.

Production
Having originally planned the series as a trilogy, Araki thought to have the final confrontation set in present-day Japan. But he did not want it to be a tournament affair, which was popular in Weekly Shōnen Jump at the time, and therefore decided to make it a "road movie" inspired by Around the World in Eighty Days. He modeled Jotaro after American actor Clint Eastwood, including his poses and catchphrases. Although the author said the character might seem "rough" compared to other Jump protagonists, Jotaro fits his own image of a hero perfectly as a "loner" who does not do the right thing for attention. Araki said the character wearing his school uniform in the desert has its roots in Mitsuteru Yokoyama's Babel II, and that if he were to draw the part over again, he would base the Stands on Tetsujin 28-go. Araki originally thought of Stands as something inorganic powered by life force. When creating them he often takes inspiration from artifacts such as clothing, masks, and dolls by indigenous peoples, which when fused with something biological or mechanical, makes for a very unique design.

Araki said he had a lot of readers asking him to bring older characters back. Although he is not a fan of bringing them back simply for nostalgia, he did not hesitate having Joseph return from Battle Tendency to save his daughter because it is completely true to the character. The author thought of having Joseph drop out partway through due to his age, but ended up "playing it by ear" as serialization continued. He gave him the role of "navigator", introducing the readers to the Joestar family, Dio, Hamon and Stands, and his own Stand being a support ability rather than offensive. Stands being a succession of the Hamon and Hamon being life energy that spreads across the body through breathing, Araki thought Joseph's Hermit Purple vines wrapping around his body were a visual representation of that.

Avdol was given the role of "subleader" who acts as navigator, and, with steadfast determination and an unyielding sense of duty, he is the one in the group that everyone can rely on. Araki said he gave him an "ethnic" design to have some sort of connection to Egypt and that at the time of serialization, he and most of the readers had a strong interest in the "birthplaces of civilization," making Avdol's design a "product of the times." Not wanting readers to get complacent, the author took Avdol out of action under the guise of death. Although he intended to bring him back, he did not have specific plans and just wrote what came natural. In hindsight, Araki felt he probably should have given Avdol a section where he played a more primary role, but also believes that he would not have ranked well in a character popularity poll, as the readers only wanted more fights featuring Jotaro. Araki also said that Avdol's Stand was difficult to draw as controlling fire is a common thing in manga and film, and if you "play it too loose" it can break the power balance. As such, fire and poison are two abilities he is okay with barring from future use.

Araki stated that he had Kakyoin act as a foil to Jotaro. Although they both wear school uniforms, Kakyoin's well-tailored one gives him the feel of an honor student, while Jotaro's loose-fitting one and accessories convey that he is a delinquent. He made him Jotaro's first real Stand opponent to visually convey the concepts between short-range and long-range Stand abilities. The author revealed that he always read the kanji for Kakyoin's given name as "Tenmei," but his editor approved the reading Noriaki for the tankōbon much to his surprise.

In order to not have him overlap with Jotaro and Joseph, Polnareff was given a distinctive look and personality, which in turn made him shine on his own, with his lines standing out "for better or for worse." Because he is a versatile character who could say goofy lines or serious ones, he "needed" to make more appearances. More appearances means more fights, and because he made it through so many life-or-death situations, Araki feels that Polnareff grew the most in the story. The author used foreign models as reference for his hair, and also drew it like Rudol von Stroheim's from Battle Tendency. The character's name was inspired by those of Araki's three favorite French people, actors Alain Delon and Jean-Paul Belmondo, and musician Michel Polnareff.

With the series meant to be long-running, Araki took great care in deciding which unique Stand user to put the main cast against and when, in order to keep readers interested. He designed Strength, Ebony Devil, and Yellow Temperance so that their appearances and abilities did not overlap. But as these were all one-on-one battles, he then decided to introduce Hol Horse and J. Geil as a team. He had always planned on having Kakyoin and Polnareff switch allegiances to the good guys, but not Hol Horse. Although he drew a color illustration with Hol Horse alongside the Joestar group and had the character return several times through the story, he suspects he did not go through with it because his personality overlaps with Polnareff's. He also said that because he did not put many limitations on his Stand, it kind of got out of control, plus it overlaps with Kakyoin's Emerald Splash. He did enjoy Hol Horse's "why be number one when you can be number two" philosophy, which the author carried over to Yoshikage Kira in Diamond Is Unbreakable, and his outlaw appearance is similar to that of Gyro Zeppeli from Steel Ball Run and might have been inspired by Buichi Terasawa's Cobra.

Not having any limitations on what he can put in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, Araki has animals appear and even had one join the Joestar party. Wanting to add an animal as a pet, he chose a dog which to him symbolizes loyalty and friendship. Contradicting what he said in an earlier volume, Araki revealed that just like with Kakyoin and Polnareff, he did not originally plan for Iggy to join the group. Although he feels that The Fool is a perfect fit for Iggy, it just happened to be the last tarot card for him to assign aside from The World. Additionally, he thought of assigning The Fool to an enemy instead, but things just "ended up working out the way they did." Being the first time he made an animal a major character and the first time he showed one in battle, Araki used Yoshihiro Takahashi's Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin as a reference. He described The Fool as representing his ideal design for a Stand; starting with a dog, then adding a Native American mask, and then the tires of a car. The third aspect was added because Weekly Shōnen Jump was sponsoring a Formula One car at the time.

Having previously done a gambling battle in his manga Cool Shock B.T., Araki wanted to do another as a Stand battle, leading to the creation of D'Arby the Elder. His Stand ability came from the author's own belief that the money and chips you gamble with in real life are a representation of your soul. Having greatly enjoyed the fight, Araki later introduced his younger brother. Looking back, he believes that the D'Arby brothers and the Oingo Boingo brothers separated JoJo's Bizarre Adventure from other manga because it allowed him to add much more variation to its battles. He also said that this led to the dice battle in Diamond Is Unbreakable and the beetle battle in JoJolion.

Enyaba was modeled after the scary old women from horror films and created to answer how Dio learned about Stands. Her Stand was also inspired by horror films, where an unknown virus comes from space. Her son's Stand being similar to a mummy and mermaid, again references horror movies. Enyaba again utilizes what Araki learned from Lisa Lisa in Battle Tendency; the supernatural basis of Stands and Hamon evens the battlefield for women and children to match up against strong men.

Araki recalled how his editor suddenly ended up in the hospital during the serialization of Jotaro and Dio's final fight. Without his valuable advice, the author said it was difficult and he started panicking as the end was approaching.

English adaptation
Viz Media began publishing an English adaptation of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure in 2005, which begins the series with the Stardust Crusaders arc, starting with the last chapter of Japanese volume 12 (moved to the beginning of volume 13). The English edition is edited by Jason Thompson, author of Manga: The Complete Guide. By December 2010, all sixteen volumes (originally Volumes 13–28) have been published.

Minor edits were made to artwork where certain scenes of animal violence were redrawn by Hirohiko Araki for the English release. Volume 3 of the English edition features a single panel of a dog being decapitated which was redrawn from an alternate angle, and Japanese volume 18 (volume 6) has several redrawn panels where a mutilated dog was changed into a large rat. Volume 19 (English volume 7) features redrawn artwork in the final chapter of the "Death 13" story arc in order to remove scenes of human feces. Any instances of real-life brand names and logos (such as drinks and automotive brands) were erased. Some names were altered for the English release, presumably for copyright reasons. The character named Devo was changed entirely, along with that of Steely Dan. Oingo and Boingo were changed to Zenyatta and Mondatta after The Police album, Zenyatta Mondatta. The first volume included a recap of Parts 1 and 2 in order to clarify story points for Western readers, while mosques in volume 15 (Japanese volume 27) were redrawn after international controversy (see below), though the latter of the two was also in recent Japanese prints.

Chapters
In the original volumization, chapter 114 is collected in volume 12, listed on the Battle Tendency page.

Original volumization

2002 release

2013 release

2014 release

Related media
From 1992 to 1993, Stardust Crusaders was adapted into the three-volume audio drama JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, subtitled Meet Jotaro Kujo, The Death of Avdol, and Dio's World. Two light novels illustrated by Araki have been released. The first is titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, released on November 4, 1993 and written by Mayori Sekijima and Hiroshi Yamaguchi. Nisio Isin was one of the authors commissioned to write novels in celebration of the series' 25th anniversary. It was released on December 16, 2011 and titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Over Heaven.

A 13-episode OVA series, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, was produced by Studio APPP. The first six episodes were released on VHS and Laserdisc by Pony Canyon from 1993 to 1994, covering the latter part of this arc. When the series was released on DVD by Klock Worx from 2000 to 2002, an additional set of seven episodes were produced by the same cast and crew, serving as a prequel to the earlier episodes (which were subsequently re-released with new chronological numbering). Super Techno Arts produced a North American English dub version of all 13 episodes in chronological order as a six-volume DVD series.

An anime television adaptation of the series, titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders, was produced by David Production and aired in Japan between April 2014 and June 2015. The series was simulcast by Crunchyroll, with several names rewritten to avoid copyright infringement. In addition to the second season of the anime, a mobile app game titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Shooters was also released.

The arc has been adapted into several video games. The first was a role-playing video game released in 1993 for the Super Famicom under the title JoJo's Bizarre Adventure,. A fighting game for arcades by Capcom, also simply titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, was released in 1998. It was released internationally as JoJo's Venture, and followed by an upgraded version titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Heritage for the Future. The international version this time retained the manga's actual full title of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, dropping the Heritage for the Future subtitle. The upgraded version was then ported to the PlayStation and Dreamcast in 1999, and a high-definition version was released for PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade in August 2012 before being delisted in 2014. Several characters from Stardust Crusaders later appear in the crossover games JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: All Star Battle and JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Eyes of Heaven, both published by Bandai Namco Entertainment and developed by CyberConnect2. Jotaro and DIO in particular also appear in several crossover games with other Weekly Shōnen Jump characters, such as in Jump Super Stars, Jump Ultimate Stars and most recently Jump Force.

Controversy
In May 2008, both Shueisha and Studio APPP halted manga/OVA shipments of JoJo after a complaint had been launched against them by a group of online Muslim protestors after a scene from one of the OVA's episodes features Dio reading a book depicting pages from the Qur'an. This recall affected the English-language releases as well, causing Viz Media and Shueisha to cease publication for a year. Even though the manga did not feature that specific scene, Shueisha had Araki redraw scenes that depicted characters fighting on-top, and destroying, mosques. Viz resumed publication a year later, with the eleventh volume being published on April 7, 2009, and thus their publication was continued.

Notes

References

Category:Adventure anime and manga
Category:Fantasy anime and manga
Category:JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
Category:Egypt in fiction
Category:Shōnen manga
Category:Shueisha manga
Category:Supernatural anime and manga
Category:Viz Media manga


Tom Pepper

Tom Pepper (born August 24, 1975 in Des Moines, Iowa) is a computer programmer best known for his collaboration with Justin Frankel on the invention of the Gnutella peer-to-peer system.  He and Frankel co-founded Nullsoft, whose most popular program is Winamp, which was sold to AOL in May 1999.  Afterwards, Pepper worked inside of AOL as the manager of SHOUTcast, an Internet streaming audio service, and wrote the software along with Stephen "Tag" Loomis and Frankel, before leaving in October, 2004. Pepper then worked on development at RAZZ, Inc. He continues to collaborate with Frankel on independent projects like Ninjam.

Pepper was the Chief Technology Officer of local food logistics startup FarmsReach prior to taking a position as the VP of Operations for Beats Music until its acquisition by Apple Inc. in May 2014.  Tom Pepper was the manager of site reliability engineering for Apple until early 2018.

See also

 WASTE
 Friend-to-friend (F2F)
 File sharing
 Peer-to-peer (P2P)
 Gnutella
 Nullsoft
 Justin Frankel

References

Category:Computer programmers
Category:People from Des Moines, Iowa
Category:Living people
Category:1975 births
Category:American chief technology officers


Clara Hapgood Nash

Clara Holmes Hapgood Nash (January 15, 1839 - March 18, 1921) was an American lawyer who was the first woman admitted to the bar in New England (Maine).

Family and education
Born Clara Holmes Hapgood in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, she was the fifth of eight children of John and Mary Ann Hosmer Hapgood. On her mother's side she was related to the sculptor Harriet Hosmer, while on her father's side she was related to Henry Durant, the founding president of the University of California.

In 1846 the family moved to Acton, the hometown of both of Clara's parents. Due to ill health, her early schooling was frequently interrupted, but she eventually graduated from the State Normal School in Framingham, after which she became a teacher in the towns of Acton, Marlborough, and Danvers. She also edited a pro-temperance publication, The Crystal Font.

In 1869, she married Frederick Cushing Nash, a Maine lawyer who taught for a time in the nearby South Acton school district. They had a son, Frederick Hapgood Nash.

Career
Not long after her marriage, Nash began to study the law in her husband's office (a normal form of legal apprenticeship at the time). In 1871, she became a justice of the peace, and in October 1872, she was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine, thereby becoming the first woman admitted to the bar in New England as well as one of the earliest women lawyers anywhere in the United States. Her achievement was widely reported in newspapers throughout the country.

Nash formed a partnership with her husband, and they practiced together in Maine. In 1873, she appeared in court for the first time and made the opening remarks in a jury trial. That same year, she led a petition drive in favor of women's suffrage.

Nash and her husband later moved back to Massachusetts, where Nash could no longer practice law because Massachusetts did not yet admit women to the bar. Instead, she served as the first librarian of the Citizens’ Library in West Acton and continued to be very active in the temperance movement.  She served as president of the local affiliate of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union for over two decades.

Nash also wrote poetry, especially poems about family and occasional verse for birthdays and anniversaries. In 1909, she published a volume of poetry with Cambridge University Press entitled Verses. One of her poems, "Mother," was set to the music of Elmer Samuel Hosmer.

Around 1915, Nash and her husband moved from Acton to Newton. Frederick died in February 1921 and Clara followed him in March. They are buried together in Mount Hope Cemetery.

See also

 List of first women lawyers and judges in Maine

References

Category:Maine lawyers
Category:People from Fitchburg, Massachusetts
Category:American women lawyers
Category:1839 births
Category:1921 deaths