GL Virginis

GL Virginis, also known as G 12-30, is a star in the constellation of Virgo. It is a faint red dwarf, like more than 70% of the stars located within 10 parsecs of the Solar System; its magnitude visual magnitude is 13.898, making it impossible to see with the naked eye.

Located 21.1 light years away, GL Virginis has a spectral type of M4.5V and an effective temperature of approximately 3110 K. Its luminosity (emitted in the visible section of the electromagnetic spectrum is only one ten-thousandth compared to the Sun; however, since a significant fraction of its radiation is emitted as invisible infrared light, its bolometric luminosity increases to 0.5% of that of the Sun. Its mass is 12% that of the Sun and its radius is 16% of the Sun. It is a fairly rapid rotator: its rotational velocity is least 17 km/s, which implies that it takes less than half a day to complete a rotation on its axis.

The closest known star system to GL Virginis is Gliese 486, 6.4 light-years away.

References

Category:Virgo (constellation)
Category:M-type main-sequence stars
1156
Virginis, GL
Category:2MASS objects


Hindu Temple of Dayton

The Hindu Temple of Dayton, is a Hindu temple located in Beavercreek, Ohio. It serves the Hindu community of the Greater Dayton Area. Currently, there are shrines to the deities Venkateshwara, Rama along with Sita, Lakshmana and Hanuman, Ganesha, and Radha Krishna.

History
The congregation was first organized in 1976. A. V. Rangarajan was instrumental in organizing the Indian community in Dayton. He was a founding member of the temple. A temple was consecrated in 1985 in Beavercreek. In 2009, ground was broken next to the temple in order to build a Puja Hall. The hall serves as a multipurpose area for celebrations, classes, and cultural activities.
Starting in 2011, the temple underwent two years of major renovations. During these renovations, shrines to Bhagawan Chandramauli, Tripura Sundari, Bhudevi, Lakshmi and Navagraha were added. The end of construction was marked by a six-day festival.

Organization
The Dayton Hindu Temple is organized by Hindu Community Organization, Inc, a non-profit organized for the purpose of maintaining the temple. Like most religious organizations, the Dayton Hindu Temple has an executive committee, Board of Directors, and a Board of Trustees. The Hindu Temple of Dayton publishes a bi-monthly newsletter, Mandir Vani, in which the organization, services, news, and religious information is discussed. The temple raises money through donations, fundraisers, and services.

Services and community
Several hundred people visit the temple on a weekly basis. Two priests perform services based on Hindu principles. As with most Hindu temples, fees can be charged for special prayers and services. There are also scheduled events and services held throughout the week. Every Sunday, the god Venkateshwara is given a sacred bath, while Shiva is bathed on Mondays.

In addition, the Dayton Hindu Temple serves as a community center. There are weekly table tennis games, anniversary celebrations, summer camps for children, lectures, and yoga classes.

References

Category:Beavercreek, Ohio
Category:Hinduism in the United States
Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1985
Category:1976 establishments in Ohio
Category:Religious organizations established in 1976
Category:Indian-American culture in Ohio
Category:Buildings and structures in Greene County, Ohio


Coast (soap)

Coast is a brand of deodorant soap and body wash. It was originally created by the Procter & Gamble company and launched in 1976. Its marketing catchphrase is "The Eye Opener!" Originally a bar soap, the company also began to produce body wash in 2003.

Corporate ownership
In 2000, the Coast brand was sold to the Dial Corporation, an Arizona-based company which became a subsidiary of Henkel AG & Co. KGaA (Henkel Consumer Goods Inc) in 2004.

In 2012, the Coast brand was purchased from Henkel by Brynwood Partners VI LP, a Stamford, Connecticut-based firm, through its High Ridge Brands Company subsidiary. High Ridge Brands owns a variety of personal care products including Zest, Alberto VO5, and Rave.

Marketing
The target market for Coast soap has always been men. In 2006 the company won a "Top 100 Rebrand award" for a packaging redesign that was credited with doubling sales of the body wash product and maintaining a market presence that had been declining for the bar soaps. To recognize the 35th anniversary of Coast soap, it was marketed in limited-edition "throwback" packaging from the late 1970s, and an online gallery featured several decades of advertisements for the product.

The company has sponsored a car in the Indianapolis 500 and the rest of the Indy Racing League schedule.

Products
Current products sold under the Coast name include Pacific Force bar soap and hair and body wash. Earlier products included Urban Fuel body wash and Arctic Boost bar soap.

References

External links

Category:Soap brands
Category:Former Procter & Gamble brands
Category:Products introduced in 1976


Christopher Schorch

Christopher Schorch (born 30 January 1989) is a German footballer who plays as a central defender for 1. FC Saarbrücken.

Career
Schorch came through the ranks of Hertha BSC, and made his Bundesliga debut in the closing stages of the 2006–07 season. In July 2007, he signed with Real Madrid for €600,000, being assigned to its B side, which had been freshly relegated to the third division.

After two years in Spain, Schorch returned to Germany and signed a four-year contract with 1. FC Köln, the transfer fee was believed to be €1 million.

He joined MSV Duisburg for the 2014–15 season. At the end of season, Duisburg achieved promotion to 2. Bundesliga, however with Schorch not becoming a regular, starting only in 13 matches and being benched for 20 times. Accordingly, he did not receive an extension of his contract and remained a free agent until October when he was signed by his former club Energie Cottbus for the remainder of the 3. Liga season.

In January 2019, Schorch was one of two players to be suspended by KFC Uerdingen 05 for "disciplinary reasons". On 1 May 2019 it was confirmed, that Schorch would join 1. FC Saarbrücken for the 2019/20 season on a 2-year deal.

Career statistics

1.Includes DFB-Pokal and Copa del Rey.

References

External links

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Halle (Saale)
Category:German footballers
Category:Germany youth international footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Bundesliga players
Category:2. Bundesliga players
Category:Hertha BSC II players
Category:Hertha BSC players
Category:Real Madrid Castilla footballers
Category:1. FC Köln players
Category:1. FC Köln II players
Category:FC Energie Cottbus players
Category:VfL Bochum II players
Category:MSV Duisburg players
Category:FSV Frankfurt players
Category:KFC Uerdingen 05 players
Category:1. FC Saarbrücken players
Category:German expatriate footballers
Category:German expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain
Category:3. Liga players
Category:Footballers from Saxony-Anhalt


Expedition 28

Expedition 28 was the 28th long-duration expedition to the International Space Station, and began on 23 May 2011 with the departure of the members of Expedition 27. The first three members of Expedition 28 arrived on the ISS aboard the Soyuz TMA-21 spacecraft on 4 April 2011, and were joined on 9 June 2011 by the three other crew members, who arrived aboard Soyuz TMA-02M. The expedition saw a number of significant events, including the final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135, which took place in July 2011. Expedition 28 was superseded by Expedition 29 on 16 September 2011.

Crew

Source NASA

Mission highlights

Soyuz TMA-20 undocking

Expedition 28 began with the undocking and departure of the crew of Expedition 27 on 23 May 2011 at 21:35 UTC. The crew of Soyuz TMA-20 landed safely with Expedition 27 crew members Dmitri Kondratyev, Catherine Coleman and Paolo Nespoli aboard at 2:27 UTC on 24 May.

Before departing the vicinity of the International Space Station, the crew of TMA-20 photographed the exterior of the station during a fly-around, capturing photos of the Space Shuttle Endeavour docked with the ISS on its final mission, STS-134.

STS-134

At the time Expedition 28 began, Space Shuttle Endeavour was docked to the ISS on her final mission, STS-134. During this mission, the crew of Endeavour installed on the station's exterior the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and several spare parts to aid in station operations after the retirement of the Space Shuttle. STS-134 was the 36th Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station.

Endeavour and her crew, consisting of Mark Kelly, Gregory Johnson, Michael Fincke, Roberto Vittori, Andrew Feustel, and Gregory Chamitoff, returned to Earth on 1 June 2011, at 6:34 UTC. STS-134 was the second-to-last mission of the Space Shuttle.

Soyuz TMA-02M docking

The remainder of the Expedition 28 crew (Sergey Volkov, Michael E. Fossum, and Satoshi Furukawa) launched aboard Soyuz TMA-02M from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 20:12 UTC on 7 June 2011. Originally scheduled to dock to the ISS on 9 June at approximately 21:22 UTC, the Soyuz did so several minutes early at 21:18.

Johannes Kepler ATV undocking

On 20 June 2011, the European Space Agency's robotic cargo ship Johannes Kepler disengaged from the ISS, having been docked since February 2011. On 21 June 2011, the ATV was deorbited, burning up in the atmosphere over the southern Pacific Ocean at around 22:44 CET.

Progress M-11M docking

A Russian Progress cargo ship, designated M-11M (Progress 42 or 42P by NASA) was launched on 21 June 2011 to resupply and deliver equipment to the International Space Station. Progress M-11M transferred more than 2.5 tons of cargo to the Space Station, including food, water, scientific hardware, propellant, and cargo. The cargo ship docked with the Zvezda service module of the Space Station at 16:37 UTC on 23 June 2011. The docking occurred 245 miles above eastern Kazakhstan.

STS-135—final space shuttle mission

On 8 July 2011, Space Shuttle Atlantis launched on the STS-135 mission, the final mission in NASA's Space Shuttle program. Atlantis docked to the ISS on 10 July 2011 at 15:07 UTC. The mission was crewed by NASA astronauts Christopher Ferguson, Douglas Hurley, Sandra Magnus, and Rex Walheim, and departed from the ISS on 19 July 2011. The purpose of the mission was to deliver the Raffaello MPLM, stocked with supplies, to the space station.

Soyuz TMA-21 undocking

The Soyuz TMA-21 spacecraft departed from the International Space Station on 16 September 2011 at 00:38 UTC. Soyuz Commander Aleksandr Samokutyayev and Flight Engineers Andrei Borisenko and Ronald Garan returned to Earth on 16 September at 03:59 UTC, landing safely in central Kazakhstan. Their landing marked the beginning of Expedition 29.

Spacewalks

Gallery

References

External links

 NASA's Space Station Expeditions page
 Expedition 28 Photography

Category:Expeditions to the International Space Station
Category:2011 in spaceflight


Gang Green (disambiguation)

Gang Green is a punk rock band from Braintree, Massachusetts.

Gang Green may refer to:

 A nickname for the New York Jets football team.
Professor Gangreen, The main villain in Return of the Killer Tomatoes
The Gangreen Gang, characters in The Powerpuff Girls

See also
Gangrene (disambiguation)


Hsu Yun Temple

Hsu Yun Temple (also Xuyun; 虛雲禪寺 (traditional Chinese); 虚云禅寺 (simplified Chinese); is a temple of the Xuyun branch of the Linji school of Chán (Mahayana) Buddhism in Honolulu, Hawaii.

History
Hsu Yun Temple is claimed to be Hawaii's (possibly the western world's) very first Chinese Buddhist Hall. There is also putative claim that it was, on construction, the largest Chinese Temple in the history of the Americas (6,000 sq ft).

Linji Chán (Chinese) Buddhism was established in Hawaii as a result of Jy Ding (Jy Din, Wei Miao Shì Jy Dìng , 唯秒 釋 智定 , 1917-2003) being sent to the West by his Zen Master Xuyun in 1956. He was part of the group of Xuyun Dharma disciples who were pushed by their master to leave China shortly before the Communist takeover in 1949. Jy Ding lived in Hong Kong before moving to Honolulu.

Jy Ding started building the Hsu Yun Temple in the same year. Construction of the 'great hall' part of this temple, overseen by Jy Ding, began in 1964 and finished three years later, in 1967. The full temple complex, which was constructed over ten years, was sanctioned at a ceremony on November 8th, 1997, at which Jy Ding, presiding as founder and abbot also named his spiritual successor to be Chuan Zhi, someone born in Indiana. The architect was the American-Chinese William P. Au.

Description
The temple is distinguished from the neighboring Japanese temples due to its bolder colors. The interior features a double-sided altar with gold-trimmed grillwork.

The Hsu Yun Temple is located at 42 Kawananakoa Pl in Liliha-Kapalama - Honolulu.

See also
Byodo-In Temple (non-denominational), Kaneohe
Broken Ridge Buddhist Temple (Korean Buddhism), Honolulu
Daifukuji Soto Zen Mission (Zen Buddhism), Honalo
Hawaii Shingon Mission (Shingon Buddhism), Hilo
Hongan-ji (Jōdo Shinshū, Honolulu)
 http://www.hsuyun.org/index.html
Pictures of Jy Ding with Xuyun

References

Category:Buddhism in Hawaii
Category:Chinese-American culture in Hawaii
Category:1967 establishments in Hawaii


DJ Code Money

DJ Code Money was the deejay for noted 1980s rap artist Schoolly D of Philadelphia.

Their first single, "P.S.K. (What Does That Mean?)", is sometimes viewed as the first gangsta rap record. The track includes hypnotic beats, rough scratching, and Schoolly's unflinching tales of the Park Side Killers: "I said 'You sucka-ass nigga, I should shoot you dead.'" Other singles released by the pair include "Gucci Time" (sampled by the Beastie Boys on "Time to Get Ill"), "Put Your Filas On", and "Saturday Night".

References

Code Money, DJ
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Jerrard Tickell

Edward Jerrard Tickell (14 February 1905 – 27 March 1966) was an Irish writer, known for his novels and World War II historical books.

Biography

Jerrard Tickell was born in Dublin and educated in Tipperary and, from 1919 until 1922 at Highgate School in London. He joined the Royal Army Service Corps in 1940 and was commissioned in 1941, when he was appointed to the War Office. Between 1943 and 1945 his official duties took him to Africa, the Middle East, Washington DC, Canada, the West Indies and Europe. He was appointed to the General Staff in 1945.

He was married to the author and psychical researcher Renée Haynes, the daughter of the eminent English social moralist E. S. P. Haynes and Oriana Huxley Waller (a granddaughter of Thomas Henry Huxley) and they had three sons: Crispin, Patrick, and Tom.

Tickell wrote 21 novels, including the bestselling Appointment with Venus (1951), which was made into a film of the same name starring David Niven and a 1962 Danish film Venus fra Vestø.

His non-fiction work includes a memoir of SOE agent Odette Hallowes, an account of No. 138 Squadron RAF (the "moon squadron"), and a history of "Ascalon", Winston Churchill's personal Avro York transport aircraft.

Scandal

A book, The West End Front (published in 2011) by Matthew Sweet, gives details of a forgotten family incident in London during WW2 which resulted in Jerrard facing trail at the Old Bailey for a charge for which he was acquitted. Sweet recounts how he broke the news of this rediscovered chapter of family history to Jerrard's two surviving son's Sir Crispin, formerly Britain's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and Tom Tickell, former Guardian newspaper columnist.

Publications

Non-fiction
Odette: The Story of a British Agent (1949)
Moon Squadron (1956)
Ascalon: The Story of Sir Winston Churchill's Wartime Flights from 1943 to 1945 (1964)

Fiction
Yolan of the Plains (1928)
See How They Run (1936)
Fly Away Blackbird (1936)
Silk Purse (1937)
Jill Fell Down (1938)
Gentlewomen Aim to Please (1938)
At Dusk All Cats Are Grey (1940)
Soldier from the Wars Returning (1942)
Appointment with Venus (1951)
The Hand and Flower (1952)
Dark Adventure (1952)
The Dart Players (1953)
The Hero of Saint Roger (1954)
Miss May: The Story of an Englishwoman (1958)
Whither Do You Wander? (1959)
The Hunt for Richard Thorpe (1960)
Villa Mimosa (1960)
Hussar Honeymoon (1963)
High Water at Four (1965)

See also
Huxley family

References

Category:1905 births
Category:1966 deaths
Category:People from Dublin (city)

Category:People educated at Highgate School
Category:Royal Army Service Corps soldiers
Category:Royal Army Service Corps officers
Category:Huxley family
Category:20th-century Irish novelists
Category:20th-century male writers
Category:Irish male novelists


Senecio coquimbensis

Senecio coquimbensis is a species of the genus Senecio, family Asteraceae and one of the many species of Senecio native to Chile.

References

External links

coquimbensis
Category:Flora of Chile
Category:Plants described in 1858


Prudence Nobantu Mabele

Prudence Nobantu Mabele (21 July 1971 – 10 July 2017) was a South African activist who advocated for the rights of women and children living with HIV and against gender-based violence.

Early life

Prudence was born in the Wattville Township near Benoni, in the east of Johannesburg, South Africa on 21 July 1971. She was raised by her caring grandmother Nosifako Elizabeth Mabele and her grandfather July Mabele as her mother was in exile and her father an Umkhotho wesizwe soldier.  The first of four sisters, Prudence left Wattville for Pietermaritzburg to obtain secondary education and afterward attended the Witwatersrand Technikon and Cape Town Technikon in 1990 when she was first diagnosed with HIV infection.  Despite several challenges occasioned by the diagnosis of HIV infection at a young age, Prudence successfully obtained a Diploma in Light Current Electrical Engineering in 1994.   Her other academic accomplishments include a Diploma in Psychology Intec College, 1996), a Diploma in Management from the Wits Business School and Certificates on "Women in Management", "HIV and AIDS Leadership" and "Monitoring and Evaluation for Sexual and Reproductive Health Programs.6

Mabele completed her training as a sangoma (traditional doctor) in 2004.

Organisations affiliated to Mabele

At her death, Mabele was the President of the Society for Women and AIDS in Africa, Executive Director of Positive Women's Network, an organisation she founded, and Deputy Chair of the Civil Society Forum - South African National AIDS Council.

Mabele was also a founding co-chair of WomenNOW! Summit on Pan-African & African Diasporan Women's Sexual & Reproductive Health and Justice.

Prudence has held several leadership positions including being a founding member of the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) and the National Association of People Living with HIV and AIDS (NAPWA) in 1994; a founding member and former executive committee Chair of the AIDS Consortium. 6

HIV

Mabele was diagnosed as HIV-positive in 1990. She stated that she "looked for people she could share her anxiety with. But her search for a friend led her to hospital wards full of dying babies". It was during this time that she saw the need for a support group for women.

"In 1992 spurred by the need to act against the silence and stigma that surrounded HIV Mabele took the bold step to become one of the first black women in South Africa to publicly disclose her HIV status at a time when the first democratic elections were two years away and HIV was associated with white gay men. She was then forced to change her course of study from Medical Technology to Electrical Engineering because of perceived risks to future patients she might work with. This defining decision prepared her for a long and challenging professional life in which she steadfastly stood up for herself as a young woman living with HIV and promoted policies and programs that would benefit women in general. For example, as far back as 1996, Mabele through her work with Yale University and the South African Department of Health was instrumental in introducing female condoms to South Africa. " 6

"Mabele responded positively to her own situation at a tender age and learned to confront and challenge prejudices both at the community level and in the healthcare profession.  Within South Africa and outside South Africa, she has contributed enormously toward the “meaningful participation of people living with HIV”, ensuring that they are just not seen but listened to and their expertise utilized.  Without a doubt, she has been one of the key global champions highlighting the gravity of the issues faced by girls and young women on the continent in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic." 6

"As a volunteer at the Red Cross Children’s Hospital counselling HIV positive mothers and babies in 1993, Prudence became inspired by this experience to found the Positive Women Network in 1996 to address the social and reproductive health needs of positive women."6 In 1996, Mabele and five other women founded the Positive Women's Network of South Africa "to provide a space for HIV positive women to address our economic, educational and health needs and to project our voices and demands for services, rights and respect.."

As one of South Africa's leading spokespersons and an advocate for people living with HIV, in 2004 Mabele carried the Olympic torch as part of an international torch relay for the 2004 Olympics in Greece.

Mabele was renowned for her work with women's HIV support groups. Colleague and friend Sisonke Msimang wrote of her: "Donors stopped funding support groups because they were no longer fashionable. But Pru knew the truth, which was that life for women happens in conversations, in the time it takes to sit with one another. Those groups were emotional life support for women who were in critical condition, whose lives had been shattered and whose hearts needed piecing together. Pru did that work. She visited so many grieving families. When lesbians were killed, Pru went. When another HIV-positive woman died, Pru was there. When a woman was murdered, Pru was at the front. Painted up, dolled up, voice ragged, breathing through her mouth, swearing and joking and sweating, she was there."

Gender advocate

Mabele was a strong advocate for ending violence against women and was a member of the One in Nine Campaign. One in Nine began in response to the rape trial of Jacob Zuma, who was at that time, Deputy President. One in Nine is named for the fact that only One in Nine women in South Africa reports crime to the police, a stark piece of evidence as to how inaccessible and unwelcoming the police and judicial system in SA is.

Mabele herself said: "I believe that the quality of women’s leadership is even more important than the numbers of women in leadership."

Mabele was one of the founding members of the Bring Back Our Girls South Africa campaign.

Mabele also starred in a film called Sunshine Boutique.

Global work

"For over two decades, Prudence has played a pioneering and leading role in the fight against HIV/AIDS and has been recognized internationally, nationally and regionally for her dedicated contribution to the HIV response." 6

"Mabele made her global debut at the Beijing Women’s Conference in 1995, in which she was a previously unknown young woman from the African continent who counselled everyone, including the powerful, about the need to seek solutions from those directly experiencing the effects of the epidemic."6

"On the regional and global level, Prudence worked extensively from 1997 in different countries as a member of the Commonwealth program called Positive Young Ambassadors of Hope which attempted to increase the visibility of HIV and youth. This opened the door for her work with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as a GIPA (Greater Involvement of People living with HIV and AIDS) consultant to enhance the acceptance of HIV positive persons in the workplace. Her other assignments include those with UNAIDS, United Nations Development Program, UNFPA, the World Bank, the African Union, and the governments of Venezuela, Botswana, Nigeria and the United States. She has also supported the work of numerous international organisations such as Oxfam, Voluntary Services Overseas, the European Union Human Rights Foundation, Amnesty International, the Centre for Development and Population Activities, the Population Council and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission and the Society of Women and AIDS in Africa. One of Mabele's key strengths was her ability to maintain ties locally, nationally, regionally and internationally and to permeate these spaces with a message of hope and resilience." 6

"It is a tribute to her international profile that Prudence was one of the Olympic torch bearers for the Athens 2004 Olympic Torch Relay event where the theme was "Pass the flame, unite the world".  This worldwide relay united the five continents and travelled to 33 cities in 26 countries." 6

"At the World Social Forum in Brazil in 2005, Prudence gave a presentation on defending women’s knowledge against free trade agreement. This information was shared with indigenous women from Latin America, and included discussions about traditional medicines – and how this century-old wisdom has often been stolen by trans-national pharmaceutical companies – without compensation." 6

"It was no surprise given Prudence’s contributions on the continent and globally, that the African Women’s Development Fund’s in 2010 honoured her with Woman of Substance Award for being a mobilizer par excellence with a vision and commitment to the advancement of women with HIV and AIDS and a source of hope to women."

"In 2010, Prudence was on the cover page of one of UNAIDS Outlook Reports. She was quoted thus “One of the greatest satisfactions I get from my work is to see a woman taking the steps toward knowing herself, accepting her HIV status, learning to stay healthy and ultimately becoming a leader and agent of change”. This is precisely what Mabele's life has been about." 6

Stance on Traditional medicine and Western ARVs

Mabele was herself a trained sangoma and took ARVs when they became available on the public health system in South Africa. She supported the use of ARVs because she herself had first-hand seen the destruction caused by AIDS. Mabele answered her calling to become a traditional healer several years after starting ARVs, and almost a decade after she found out her HIV status.

Mabele was, in fact, the target of a march in 2004 when more than 500 traditional healers marched to give her a petition against the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC). The issue was that TAC was only promoting ARVs and not traditional medicine.

"That was very interesting. I had to go and collect their memorandum. Antiretrovirals [ARVs] were still new in South Africa and, as a healer, I was taking ARVs. It was serious. It was hectic. I was scared. They all looked at me as a traitor. I remember them coming [down the street], toyi-toying and singing 'phansi ngo Prudence' [down with Prudence]! They were saying that we [TAC] are more into ARVs than their herbs. But that was not the case. I am a healer; being on [medical] treatment helps me to stay balanced, it helps me to do all my rituals and it helps me to dance. It makes me feel good."

Quotes

"For Prudence, hard work goes with fun and happiness. Those who know her well know that she is constantly on the move and makes every attempt to live her life to the fullest. She enjoys music, movies, arts, and drama.  She loves clothes and shoes and admires the creativity of many South African designers.  Prudence’s love for the arts and nature stems from the inner fulfilment she derides and the way in which these uplift her spiritually and connect with her African identity. There is so much we can say about Prudence – I believe most positive and reaffirming. However, she would like to describe herself as a woman that is a God-loving feminist and believes in women‘s rights, and the need to love and reach out to other people no matter their personal circumstances." Eka Williams at Mabele's 40th Birthday Celebration.6

Death

Prudence Mabele died from pneumonia on 10 July 2017. The family of Prudence Mabele announced her death saying:

"It is with profound sorrow that the Mabale family announces the death of their daughter Prudence Nobantu Mabele. A leading advocate for people living with HIV & AIDS, a respected gender activist, and one of the first black women in South Africa to disclose her HIV status..."

Awards

Source: see References.

Mabele was the recipient of many awards over the years due to her untiring work on health and human rights:
Diva Africa and Icon Awards for Community and Social Involvement
Women of Courage Award | SOS Children Villages
Gauteng Premiers Women's Award | Gauteng Provincial Government
Recognition for Involvement in HIV/AIDS Activism | Out Magazine
Felipa Award | International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
Workplace Response Recognition | ESKOM
Excellence in writing | The AIDS Control and Prevention Project (AIDSCAP)
Finalist | Woman of the Year | 1998

Professional positions
Source: see References.

President, Society for Women and AIDS in Africa, 2001-
Executive Director, Positive Women's Network, 1996-
Founder Member, Treatment Action Campaign, 1998-
Social Development and Community Services Coordinator, Positive Art, 1997-
Founder Member, National Association of People Living with HIV/AIDS, 1994-
International Coordinating Committee Member, International AIDS Conference, 2012–14
International Steering Committee Member, Robert Carr Fund, 2015-
Chairperson and Founder Member, AIDS Consortium
Board Member, Centre for Development and Population Activities
Positive Young Ambassadors of Hope, Commonwealth Sponsored Programme
Social Development and Community Services Representative, South African National AIDS Council
Consultant, Greater Involvement of People living with HIV, United Nations Development, 1997
Consultant, Ministry of Health, Government of South Africa, 1996

References

6  Ms. Prudence Nobantu Mabele, Fortieth Birthday Celebration Speech by Ms. Eka Esu Williams, Johannesburg, 12 August 2011

External links
Herstory - Her voice - Videos of Mabele
1. I'm committed to responding to HIV! - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnalepTyrjU
2. Sangoma: Why I take ARVs - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HB6GLKhATEI
3. African Women's Leadership Network Interview - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lQOP4C6_0s
4. Prudence Mabele speaks on Violence Against Women - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51oykYYd6ZE

Category:1971 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:South African women's rights activists
Category:HIV/AIDS activists
Category:People with HIV/AIDS
Category:South African women
Category:AIDS-related deaths in South Africa


New Milford

New Milford may refer to:

United States
 New Milford, Connecticut, a town
 New Milford (CDP), Connecticut, census-designated place comprising the town center
 New Milford, Illinois
 New Milford, New Hampshire, a fictitious town described in a hoax article
 New Milford, New Jersey
 New Milford, New York, a hamlet in Warwick
 New Milford, Ohio
 New Milford, Pennsylvania


Garage Rock! - A Collection of Lost Songs from 1996 - 1998

Garage Rock! - A Collection of Lost Songs From 1996 - 1998 is a compilation album released by Canadian rock band Danko Jones. It was released on April 8, 2014.

Track listing
 "Who Got It?" - 2:00
 "Make You Mine" - 1:37
 "I’m Your Man" - 2:21
 "She’s Got A Bomb" - 2:15
 "Rock And Roll Is Black And Blue" - 1:28
 "Dirty Mind Too" - 0:52
 "I’m Drinking Alcohol?" - 2:06
 "Love Travel" (demo) - 3:02
 "Bounce" (demo) - 2:24
 "Sexual Interlude" - 1:21
 "I Stand Accused" - 3:15
 "Best Good Looking Girl In Town" - 1:47
 "Payback" - 1:19
 "Lowdown" - 2:04
 "One Night Stand" - 1:40
 "Instrumental" - 1:44
 "Move On" (Live in Washington, DC @ The Black Cat on May 23rd, 1998) - 5:54

References

Category:Danko Jones albums
Category:2009 greatest hits albums


Ozon.ru

OZON.ru is the first and the leading Russian online retailer, established in 1998. Today, OZON.ru is one of the biggest Russian online multicategory e-commerce platforms. OZON.ru offers assortment of more than 2mn SKUs across 24 product categories and attracts more than 2 mn daily active users. In 2018, the company grew its GMV by 73% reporting a record growth since 2008 and fulfilled 15.5 mn customers' orders. In the first half of  2019, OZON's GMV was 31.9 bln rubles which is up 80% compared to the same period in 2018. OZON.ru has its own fulfillment infrastructure that allows the next day delivery to 40% of the Russian population. The company's logistics footprint comprises 8 fulfillment centers in Russia with total space of over 190k sqm; the company operates its own courier delivery service and has a network of more than 8000 pickup points and lockers across Russia.

CEO of OZON.ru is Alexander Shulgin who joined the company late 2017 from Yandex, where he served as COO of the Group and CEO of the Russian business. In 2018, OZON strengthened its management and IT team with talents from major Russian and international tech and ecommerce companies including Yandex, Mail.ru, Alibaba and Lazada.

OZON.ru is a part of OZON Holding, which also owns the leading online travel booking platform OZON.travel and a blocking stake in Russia's largest digital bookstore Litres.

OZON.ru milestones

 OZON.ru was established in 1998 as an online bookseller by the Russian software house Reksoft. The company has shortly expanded its assortment with music and video CDs and DVDs.
 In 1999, ru-Net Holdings purchased a controlling stake in the company for $1.8mn and committed to invest $1.2mn in OZON during 2000.
 In 2000, Baring Vostok became a controlling shareholder in OZON, having invested $3mn in the company. OZON generated sales of $1.3mn in 2000.
 In 2001, OZON.ru expanded its assortment with software goods. The company also launched delivery to 400 cities in Russia in partnership with courier delivery company SPSR.
 In 2002, ru-Net purchased Reksoft's stake in OZON. OZON.ru has started to add new product categories such as toys and electronics.
 In 2005, OZON announced appointment of Bernard Lukey as new CEO who joined the company from Nestle Nespresso Switzerland. OZON opened a logistics center in Tver with total space of 6.5k sqm and became the first Russian online store with its own modern logistics center.
 In 2006, company showed online sales growth of 77% to $34mn. Considering logistics, OZON.ru launched same-day and next-day delivery in Moscow.
 In April 2007, Ozon.ru received an $18mn investment from Holtzbrinck Ventures, Index Ventures and Baring Vostok. During the year, OZON added cosmetics and jewelry categories to its assortment, as well as launched digital ad sales on its website, with HP, Intel, Sony and Beeline among the first advertisers.
 In 2008, OZON sales grew by 55% and reached $102mn. During the year, OZON announced construction of a new logistics centre in Tver with space of 10k sqm and operating capacity of 4.7mn orders per year. OZON.ru added digital books to the assortment.
 In 2009, OZON announced the launch of its OTA (online travel agency) platform OZON.travel. In addition, during the year, OZON.ru introduced its new loyalty program. OZON.ru sales grew by 21% in 2009.
 In 2011, OZON raised $100 million in a round led by ru-Net with the participation of Rakuten, Alpha Associates and Index Ventures. This was the largest private investment in the Russian ecommerce market to date. OZON Holding GMV grew by 78% and reached RUB8.9bn during the year. Maelle Gavet who was previously in charge of marketing at OZON.ru became the new CEO. OZON.ru added footwear category to its assortment during the year.
 In 2012, OZON Holding showed GMV growth of 73%, with net sales of goods up 63% vs the previous year. In 2012, OZON acquired an online fashion store Sapato.ru which saw $25mn in sales in 2011 and took the third position in Russia in terms of brand recognition (the company was later sold).
 In 2014, AFK Sistema and MTS invested $150mn in OZON for a 20% stake. During the year, OZON acquired a minority stake in Litres, leader in Russia's fast growing e-book market. OZON has also updated its brand positioning to highlight its assortment breadth in 2014.
 In 2015, OZON.ru increased its turnover by 33%. The company added apparel and food product categories to its assortment. The company has also announced appointment of Danny Perekalsky as new CEO. Mr Perekalsky has been in charge of marketing at OZON since 2014 and previously had management experience at food retailers Dixy and Metro.
 In 2016, OZON.ru net sales grew by 20% to RUB14.2bn. During the year, OZON expanded its logistics infrastructure with the opening of a 6.8k sqm fulfillment center in Ekaterinburg and a 3.5k sqm fulfillment center in Kazan. The company expanded its assortment with home improvement goods.
 In 2017, OZON announced appointment of Alexander Shulgin as new CEO. Mr. Shulgin has joined the company from Yandex where he has been company COO since 2014 and CFO since 2010. Mr. Shulgin managed Yandex's IPO on NASDAQ.
 In 2017, OZON expanded its fulfillment center in the Tver region by 14k sqm to 40k sqm and launched a 5k sqm fulfillment center in Krasnodar. The company has added fresh food category to its assortment, launched its own OZON Box parcel lockers and announced a joint project with Pharmacy Chain 36,6 on online pharmacy selling.
 In 2018, OZON announced that it raised $61mn (with potential for extension to $92mn) from the existing shareholders led by Baring Vostok and MTS to support the development of logistics structure, assortment expansion and new projects. In the first half of 2018, OZON.ru attracted over 100 IT talents to its team. Vast majority of the new developers and product managers joined OZON from Lazada. The company announced the plans to hire 200 more employees in the near future, aiming to strengthen its technological platform. In June 2018, OZON headquarters moved to the new office at Moscow-City International Business Center.
 In 2018 OZON grew its GMV by 73% which is up to 4 times faster than the Russian e-commerce market.
 In early 2019 OZON expanded its financial ecosystem with a service that allows customers to grant loans to small and medium businesses among Ozon's 2,000+ supplier which will support its marketplace growth. OZON also was the first in Russia to launch consumer loans for multi category online purchases as well as a bank card with cash back. OZON plans to double its fulfillment infrastructure this year by opening a huge logistics hub of more than 100,000 sq.m in Moscow suburbs.
In 2019 OZON was named one of the top 5 most valuable Russian internet companies by Forbes.
In 2019 OZON launched an express delivery service for grocery products reducing delivery time down to 40 minutes and also grew its network of fully automated pickup points making it the biggest network in Russia.

References

Category:Online retailers of Russia
Category:Retail companies established in 1998
Category:Internet properties established in 1998
Category:Rakuten
Category:1998 establishments in Russia
Category:Companies based in Moscow


Wade Archeological Site

Wade Archeological Site is a prehistoric archaeological site located in the Staunton River Battlefield State Park at Randolph, Charlotte County, Virginia.  It is a Native American village site, 270 meters by 70 meters, dating to A.D. 1000 to 1450.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

References

Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Category:Charlotte County, Virginia
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Charlotte County, Virginia


List of postal codes of Canada: H

__NOTOC__
This is a list of postal codes in Canada where the first letter is H. Postal codes beginning with H are located within the Canadian province of Quebec. Only the first three characters are listed, corresponding to the Forward Sortation Area.

Canada Post provides a free postal code look-up tool on its website, via its mobile apps for such smartphones as the iPhone and BlackBerry,  and sells hard-copy directories and CD-ROMs. Many vendors also sell validation tools, which allow customers to properly match addresses and postal codes. Hard-copy directories can also be consulted in all post offices, and some libraries.

Metropolitan Montreal - 123 FSAs
Notes: No postal codes yet exist that start with H6*. H0M is an arbitrary FSA assignment, over 100 km from the centre of Montreal, as is H0H (representing the North Pole).

Most populated FSAs
H1G, 49,657
H1E, 43,551
H7N, 37,672
H7W, 36,226
H1Z, 35,357

Least populated FSAs
H4Z, 5
H5A, 5
H5B, 5
H4T, 10
H3B, 56

References

Category:Communications in Quebec
H
Category:Dollard-des-Ormeaux
Category:Dorval
Category:Kirkland, Quebec
Category:Laval, Quebec
Category:Montreal
Category:Pointe-Claire
Postal codes H


Cheshmandegan

Cheshmandegan or Cheshm Andegan () may refer to:
 Cheshmandegan-e Majid
 Cheshmandegan-e Olya
 Cheshmandegan-e Sofla


Tesco Bank

Tesco Bank is a British retail bank which was formed in July 1997 (as Tesco Personal Finance), and which has been wholly owned by Tesco plc since 2008. The bank was formed as part of a 50:50 joint venture between The Royal Bank of Scotland and Tesco, the largest supermarket in the United Kingdom.

Tesco later acquired Royal Bank of Scotland shareholding, which resulted in the bank becoming a wholly owned subsidiary, and now operates under its own banking licence under the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. The bank offers a range of insurance, credit cards, loans, savings, mortgages and travel products, and launched a current account in June 2014.

A unique selling point of Tesco's banking products is that the bank is able to leverage its large customer base to cross-sell financial services products, as customers can accumulate Tesco Clubcard points when they purchase finance products. Tesco Bank came third in the British Bank Awards, with an average customer satisfaction of 87.8%.

History
Prior to the formation of Tesco Personal Finance plc, Tesco had a banking joint venture with NatWest, which ended in February 1997. TPF was formed in July 1997, following the successful launch of Sainsbury's Bank by its main competitor, Sainsbury's. The bank was launched as a joint venture with the Royal Bank of Scotland, which processed all its financial transactions.

Subsidiary companies of the Royal Bank, such as Direct Line, UKI and Lombard Direct helped Tesco Personal Finance provide insurance products. In July 2008, Tesco announced that they were buying out the Royal Bank of Scotland's 50% stake in the company for £950 million, and the transaction was completed later that year. In October 2009, Tesco Personal Finance was renamed Tesco Bank.

Services
Tesco Bank provides a range of personal accounts, including current accounts, mortgages, credit cards, loans, savings accounts, insurance and foreign currency exchange. Mortgages were added in August 2012, after briefly offering products provided by First Active in 2004. The bank confirmed in December 2013 that it planned to launch a current account, and the first account was launched on 10 June 2014.

Locations
The bank is registered in Scotland at 2 South Gyle Crescent, Edinburgh EH12 9FQ. While operating as a joint venture, the bank shared its registered office with RBS at St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. In July 2010, Tesco Bank opened two major offices at Quorum Business Park in Newcastle, and a larger one at Broadway One in Glasgow. Since then, there has also been an office opened in South Gyle, Edinburgh.

During March 2009, Tesco initiated a plan to roll out in store branches, under the Tesco Bank branding. On 14 May 2016, Tesco Bank closed all three remaining branches, with a focus on being a completely online bank.

In addition, there are over three hundred Tesco Travel Money Bureaux, an in store bureau de change, managed by a joint venture with Travelex.

Fraud incident 2016
On 6 November 2016, British newspapers reported that customers of Tesco Bank were reporting that hundreds or in some cases thousands of pounds had been lost from their accounts, with some reporting unauthorised card transactions originating in Brazil. The following day, the bank suspended online transactions, and made a statement saying up to 40,000 customers had been affected.

Shares in the retails group fell 3% on the news. On Tuesday 8 November, the chief executive of the UK Financial Conduct Authority was asked for a summary of the issue by a Parliamentary committee, and said of the attack that "There are elements of this that look unprecedented and it is serious, clearly". The bank declared that the cyber attack resulted in the loss of £2.5m. Later, United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority asked the bank to pay £16.4m as the penalty.

References

External links

 Tesco Bank Ireland

Category:Banks of Scotland
Category:Banks of the United Kingdom
Category:Companies based in Edinburgh
Category:Financial services companies established in 1997
Category:Banks established in 1997
Category:Royal Bank of Scotland Group
Category:Supermarket banks
Category:Tesco
Category:1997 establishments in Scotland


Lafayette, Tennessee

Lafayette  is a city in Macon County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 4,474 at the 2010 census, up from 3,885 in 2000. It is the county seat of Macon County.

History

Lafayette was founded in 1843 as a county seat for the newly created Macon County.  It was named in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, of Revolutionary War fame.

Geography
Lafayette is located at . The city is situated near the center of Macon County, along a relatively broad stretch of the northern Highland Rim.  Lafayette straddles a divide between the Barren River and Cumberland River, with streams in the northeastern part of the city (including Town Creek) draining into the former, and streams in the southwestern part of the city draining into the latter.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,885 people, 1,718 households, and 1,089 families residing in the city. The population density was 888.4 people per square mile (343.3/km2). There were 1,845 housing units at an average density of 421.9 per square mile (163.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.89% White, 0.15% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.26% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.11% of the population.

There were 1,718 households out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 20.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the city, the population was spread out with 20.6% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,750, and the median income for a family was $34,125. Males had a median income of $28,994 versus $19,676 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,348. About 12.1% of families and 18.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 24.2% of those age 65 or over.

2008 Tornado

On February 5, 2008 at approximately 10:20 p.m., an EF3 tornado touched down near Lafayette and stayed on the ground with a width of approximately 3/4 mile and traveled for nearly , crossing the county in a southwest to northeast direction. The western half of Macon county was devastated by the tornado with a total of 14 confirmed fatalities. Macon County was equipped with tornado warning sirens, however they were not working at the time; despite the efforts of the local news media and the National Weather Service, many residents were unprepared. This tornado devastated many areas including unincorpated communities southwest of town (causing an explosion at the Piedmont Natural gas transfer station) and north of town (in the Akersville community).  Then-President George W. Bush visited the tornado-devastated areas of Lafayette on February 8, 2008.  As of 2016, some areas still have visible damage.

Economy
The Lafayette and Macon County area is a rural area and its economy mainly relies on the agricultural sector. Macon County is one of the top producers of burley tobacco in Tennessee and the United States. The production of hardwood lumber is also an important industry in the county. There are two local banks with their main offices located in Lafayette. The oldest is Citizens Bank, founded in 1909, and has ten locations in Macon County and surrounding areas. Macon Bank & Trust Co. was founded in 1919 and has seven locations in the area.

Lafayette is home to a few industries. The largest manufacturers in the area are Fleetwood Homes, which is a division of Cavco Industries, Inc., and Tennplasco, which is a division of Manar, Inc.

Recreation

Parks
Winding Stairs Park; Winding Stairs Loop is a 1.6 mile moderately trafficked loop trail located near Lafayette, Tennessee that features a waterfall and is rated as moderate. The trail offers a number of activity options.http://winding-stairs.com/
 Key Park – located on Church Street and includes picnic facilities, a playground, a bandstand, walking tracks and Key Park Log House. The Farmer's Market also sets up shop here.
 Lafayette City Park – located on Days Road and includes picnic facilities, a playground, a swimming pool, a volleyball court, tennis courts and a baseball field.

Golf

 Macon County Golf Course – semi-private, nine-hole course

Education
Lafayette is home to several schools which are run by the Macon County Board of Education. Macon County High School is the high school located in Lafayette, home of the Tigers and Tigerettes. Founded in 1927, the first graduating class consisted of 4 graduates.

Public schools
 Central Elementary School, 2-3
 Fairlane Elementary School, PK-1
 Lafayette Elementary School, 4-5
 Macon County High School, 9-12
 Macon County Junior High School, 6-8
Other publicly funded schools, located outside of Lafayette, include Westside Elementary (K-5) and Red Boiling Springs School (K-12)

Private Schools
 Macon Christian Academy, Pre School to 12

Transportation
Lafayette is located at the crossroads of Tennessee Routes 10 and 52. Route 52 is the main thoroughfare in the city, connecting with Interstate 65 approximately 35 miles away, near Portland.  Other secondary state highways include Tennessee State Route 261
and Tennessee State Route 262.

Sneed Boulevard is used as a bypass that connects Route 52 to the Lafayette Industrial Park, which is located in the northern section of the city.

Airport

Located two miles west of downtown, air service in Lafayette is provided by Lafayette Municipal Airport. The facility includes a runway with dimensions of 5,200 by 75 feet.

Notable people
 John Washington Butler, state legislator
 Hillous Butrum - Country music guitarist.
 Rita Coolidge - American singer/songwriter
 Nera White - first woman inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
 Jett Williams - Country music singer
 J.L. Turner - Co-Founder of Dollar General
 Cal Turner Sr. - Co Founder of Dollar General

References

External links

 Municipal Technical Advisory Service entry for Lafayette — information on local government, elections, and link to charter
 Macon County Chronicle
 Macon County Times

Category:Cities in Tennessee
Category:Cities in Macon County, Tennessee
Category:Nashville metropolitan area
Category:County seats in Tennessee


Buginese people

The Buginese or Bugis people are an ethnic group—the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, in the southwestern province of Sulawesi, third largest island of Indonesia. The Austronesian ancestors of the Bugis people settled on Sulawesi around 2500 B.C.E. There is "historical linguistic evidence of some late Holocene immigration of Austronesian speakers to South Sulawesi from Taiwan"—which means that the Buginese have "possible ultimate ancestry in South China", and that as a result of this immigration, "there was an infusion of an exogenous population from China or Taiwan." Migration from South China by some of the paternal ancestors of the Bugis is also supported by studies of Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. The Bugis in 1605 converted to Islam from Animism. Some Buginese have retained their pre-Islamic belief called Tolotang, and some Bugis converted to Christianity by means of marriage; but they have remained a minority.

Despite the population numbering only around 6 million, the Bugis are influential in the politics in modern Indonesia, and historically influential on the Malay peninsula and other parts of the archipelago where they have migrated, starting in the late seventeenth century. The third president of Indonesia, B.J. Habibi (1999-2002), and the former Vice President of Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla were Bugis, and the sixth Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak has Bugis ancestry.

Although many Bugis people live in the large port cities of Makassar and Parepare, the majority are farmers who grow wet rice on the lowland plains to the north and west of the town of Maros. The name Bugis is an exonym which represents an older form of the name; (To) Ugi is the endonym.

The Bugis people speak a distinct regional language in addition to Indonesian, called Basa Ugi, Bugis or Bugis. In reality, there are several dialects, some of which are sufficiently different from others to be considered separate languages. The Bugis language belongs to the South Sulawesi language group; other members include the Maksar language, Torajan, Mandar and Enrekang, each being a series of dialects.

History

Origin

Homeland in Sulawesi, Indonesia

The homeland of the Buginese is the area around Lake Tempe and Lake Sidenreng in the Walannae Depression in the southwest peninsula of Sulawesi. It was here that the ancestors of the present-day Bugis settled, probably in the mid- to late second millennium BC. The area is rich in fish and wildlife and the annual fluctuation of Lake Tempe (a reservoir lake for the Bila and Walannae rivers) allows speculative planting of wet rice, while the hills can be farmed by swidden or shifting cultivation, wet rice, gathering and hunting. Around AD 1200 the availability of prestigious imported goods including Chinese and Southeast Asian ceramics and Gujerati print-block textiles, coupled with newly discovered sources of iron ore in Luwu stimulated an agrarian revolution which expanded from the great lakes region into the lowland plains to the east, south and west of the Walennae depression. This led over the next 400 years to the development of the major kingdoms of South Sulawesi, and the social transformation of chiefly societies into hierarchical proto-states.

Migration to other areas

Malay Peninsula and Sumatra

The conclusion in 1669 of a protracted civil war led to a diaspora of Bugis and their entry into the politics of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. The Bugis played an important role in defeating Jambi and had a huge influence in Sultanate of Johor. Apart from the Malays, another influential faction in Johor at that time was the Minangkabau. Both the Buginese and the Minangkabau realised how the death of Sultan Mahmud II had provided them with the chance to exert power in Johor. Under the leadership of Daeng Parani, the descendants of two families settled on the Linggi and Selangor rivers and became the power behind the Johor throne, with the creation of the office of the Yang Dipertuan Muda (Yam Tuan Muda), or Bugis underking.

In northern Australia

Long before European colonialists extended their influence into these waters, the Makassarese, the Bajau, and the Buginese built elegant, ocean-going schooners in which they plied the trade routes. Intrepid and doughty, they travelled as far east as the Aru Islands, off New Guinea, where they traded in the skins of birds of paradise and medicinal masoya bark, and to northern Australia, where they exchanged shells, birds'-nests and mother-of-pearl for knives and salt with Aboriginal tribes.

The Buginese sailors left their mark and culture on an area of the northern Australian coast which stretches over two thousand kilometres from the Kimberley to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Throughout these parts of northern Australia, there is much evidence of a significant Bugis presence.

Each year, the Bugis sailors would sail down on the northwestern monsoon in their wooden pinisi. They would stay in Australian waters for several months to trade and take trepang (or dried sea cucumber) before returning to Makassar on the dry season off shore winds.

As Thomas Forrest wrote in A Voyage from Calcutta to the Mergui Archipelago (1792), S.78 ff., “The Buggesses in general are a high-spirited people; they will not bear ill usage... They deserve the character given of Malays in general, by Monsieur Poivre, in his Travels of a Philosopher,  'fond of adventures, emigration, and capable of undertaking the most dangerous enterprizes'.”

Lifestyle

Most present-day Buginese now earn their living as rice farmers, traders or fishermen. Women help with the agricultural cycle and work in the homes.

Most Bugis people live in stilted houses, sometimes three meters (9 ft) or more off the ground, with plank walls and floors.

Many of the marriages are still arranged by parents and ideally take place between cousins. The Bugis recognise cousins up to the ninth ninth. A newlywed couple often lives with the wife's family for the first few years of their marriage.

The Bugis diet consists mainly of rice, maize, fish, chicken, vegetables, fruit and coffee. On festive occasions, goat is served as a special dish.

It has been argued that the Bugis people recognise five separate genders. These are makkunrai and oroané, which are similar to cisgender male and female respectively, as well as calabai, calalai, and bissu, which are less easily comparable to Western ideas of gender.

Religion
A few west coast rulers converted to Christianity in the mid-16th century, but failure by the Portuguese at Malacca to provide priests meant that this did not last. In the early 17th century, the Minangkabau ulama, Dato Ri Bandang, Dato Ri Tiro, and Dato Ri Patimang spread Islam in South Sulawesi. The Bugis converted from indigenous animistic practices and beliefs to Islam.  By 1611, all the Makasar and Bugis kingdoms had converted to Islam, though pockets of animists among the Bugis To Lotang at Amparita and the Makasar Konja in Bulukumba persist to this day.

Because most Bugis people are Muslims, the Hajj is seen as a prestige by them.

In literature
A settlement of Bugis people in the fictional country of Patusan plays a key role in Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim.

Notable people
 Abdul Razak Hussein, 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia and father of Najib Razak.
 Sultan Salehuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Daeng Chelak, the 1st sultan of the sultan of Selangor in Malaysia.
 Abu Bakar of Johor, the 21st sultan of the Johor Sultanate in Malaysia.
 Amir Syamsuddin, former Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Indonesia (2011–2014).
 Andi Muhammad Ghalib, Attorney General of Indonesia (1998–1999), Ambassador to India (2008–2013)
 B. J. Habibie, the 3rd President of Indonesia.
 Erna Witoelar, former Minister of Human Settlements and Regional Development of Indonesia.
 Jusuf Kalla, Vice President of Indonesia.
 Ma'mun Sulaiman, Malaysian Politician
 Lisa Surihani, Malaysian actress, model, television host and commercial model.
 Muhyiddin Yassin, current president of Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia party and former Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia and member of United Malays National Organisation party.
 Najib Razak, 6th Prime Minister of Malaysia.
 Osman Jamal, Sabahan Politician
 Raja Ali Haji, a 19th-century historian, poet and scholar.
 Saripudin Hatta, Sabahan politician
 Taufik Batisah, Singaporean singer.
 Ziana Zain, Malaysian singer.
 Once Mekel (born Elfonda Mekel), stage name of Indonesian singer.

See also

 Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia
 Bugis in Singapore
 Demographics of Indonesia
 Demographics of Malaysia

Notes
1.Bugis population make up 1/5 of the population but were gradually merged with the Malay population after the 1820s.

References

Further reading

External links

 Bugis at Encyclopædia Britannica

Category:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
Category:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
Category:Ethnic groups in Singapore
Category:Muslim communities of Indonesia


Extraposition

Extraposition is a mechanism of syntax that alters word order in such a manner that a relatively "heavy" constituent appears to the right of its canonical position. Extraposing a constituent results in a discontinuity and in this regard, it is unlike shifting, which does not generate a discontinuity. The extraposed constituent is separated from its governor by one or more words that dominate its governor. Two types of extraposition are acknowledged in theoretical syntax: standard cases where extraposition is optional and it-extraposition where extraposition is obligatory. Extraposition is motivated in part by a desire to reduce center embedding by increasing right-branching and thus easing processing, center-embedded structures being more difficult to process. Extraposition occurs frequently in English and related languages.

Examples
Standard cases of extraposition are optional, although at times the extraposed version of the sentence is strongly preferred. The following pairs of sentences illustrate "normal" word order first followed by the same sentence with extraposition:

a. Someone who we don't know left a message.
b. Someone left a message who we don't know. - Extraposition of relative clause out of subject

a. Susan said something that nobody expected more than once.
b. Susan said something more than once that nobody expected. - Extraposition of relative clause out of object

a. Some guy with red hair was there.
b. Some guy was there with red hair. - Extraposition of prepositional phrase out of subject

a. How frustrated with their kids are they?
b. How frustrated are they with their kids? - Extraposition of prepositional phrase from predicative adjective phrase

a. What that was so entertaining actually happened?
b. What actually happened that was so entertaining?  - Extraposition of content clause from subject wh-element

a. %What that upset everyone do you think they did?
b. What do you think they did that upset everyone? - Extraposition of content clause from object wh-element

These examples illustrate a couple of basic facts about extraposition. One of these facts is that relatively "heavy" constituents are being extraposed  (e.g.usually clauses and sometimes prepositional phrases). Another fact is that extraposition can occur out of subjects. This aspect of extraposition is unlike topicalization and wh-fronting, two other mechanisms that often generate discontinuities. Attempts to front expressions out of subjects fail in English. Another fact about extraposition is that sometimes it cannot occur beyond informationally heavy material.

a. Some guy with red hair was talking excessively.
b. Some guy was talking excessively with red hair. - Failed attempt to extrapose prepositional phrase

This aspect of extraposition supports the insight that extraposed constituents should be informationally heavy. Extraposition likely fails in this case because with red hair cannot be construed as important information.

Clause bound
A further widely acknowledged fact about extraposition is that it is clause-bound. This aspect of extraposition is known as the Right Roof Constraint. There is a "right roof" above which extraposition cannot occur. In other words, extraposition cannot occur out of an embedded clause:

a. That we think that the idea is good is no secret.
b. *That we think is no secret that the idea is good. - Failed attempt to extrapose out of a subject clause

a. Someone who thinks that Romney will win was talking non-stop.
b. *Someone who thinks was talking non-stop that Romney will win. - Failed attempt to extrapose out of a relative clause

a. Before it was certain that it would rain, we were planning a picnic.
b. *Before it was certain, we were planning a picnic that it would rain. - Failed attempt to extrapose out of an adjunct clause

This aspect of extraposition is unlike fronting discontinuities (topicialization and wh-fronting), which can easily front a constituent out of an (argument) clause, e.g.

a. They mentioned that they like the coffee.
b. What did they mention that they like. - Successful wh-fronting out of an object clause

but it is like scrambling discontinuities; scrambling cannot displace a constituent from one clause into another.

It-extraposition
The term "extraposition" is also used to denote similar structures in which it appears. While certainly related to canonical cases, it-extraposition is different in at least one important respect. In cases of it-extraposition, extraposition is not optional, but rather it is obligatory, e.g.

a. *It that I burned the potatoes was frustrating. - Failed sentence because extraposition is obligatory when it appears
b. It was frustrating that I burned the potatoes.

a. *Did it that that happened surprise you? - Failed sentence because extraposition is obligatory when it appears
b. Did it surprise you that that happened?

a. *We suggested it that we leave later than planned to them. - Failed sentence because extraposition is obligatory when it appears
b. We suggested it to them that we leave later than planned.

a. *Nobody believes it that Newt will get the nomination for a second. - Failed sentence because extraposition is obligatory when it appears
a. Nobody believes it for a second that Newt will get the nomination.

Another aspect of it-extraposition that distinguishes it from canonical cases is that the extraposed constituent is usually a clause; it-extraposition cannot extrapose a prepositional phrase. This fact can be explained by appealing to the status of it as a cataphor. In other words, it is pro-form of a sort; its appearance pushes the clause that it stands for to the end of the sentence. Since prepositional phrases cannot appear in the position of a clause, it should not be surprising that prepositional phrases cannot be it-extraposed.

Motivation
Extraposition is motivated at least in part by the desire to reduce processing load. When extraposition occurs, it inevitably reduces center embedding and thus increases right-branching. Right-branching structures in English are known to be easier to process. The extent to which extraposition increases right-branching is now illustrated using both a constituency-based analysis of a phrase structure grammar and a dependency-based analysis of a dependency grammar. The constituency-based trees appear first above the dependency-based trees:

The a-trees, which lack extraposition, extend down, whereas the b-trees, where extraposition is present, grow down and to the right. English, like many other languages, prefers to avoid trees that grow just down. Extraposition is one mechanism that increases rightward growth (shifting is another).

Theoretical analyses
Theories of syntax vary in their analyses of extraposition. Derivational theories are likely to produce an analysis in terms of movement (or copying), and representational theories are likely to assume feature passing (instead of movement). The following trees illustrate these analyses. The movement-type analysis appears on the left in the a-trees, and the feature passing analysis on the right in the b-trees. The constituency-based trees appear again above the dependency-based trees.

On the movement analysis in the a-trees, the embedded clause is first generated in its canonical position.  To increase right-branching it then moves rightward to its surface position. On the feature passing analysis in the b-trees, no movement is involved. Instead, information about the extraposed constituent is passed along the path marked in red. This path extends from the extraposed constituent to what can be viewed as the governor of the extraposed constituent. The words in red in the dependency tree qualify as a concrete unit of syntax; they form a catena.

See also

Branching
Catena
Constituent
Dependency grammar
Discontinuity
Government
Inversion
Movement
Phrase structure grammar
Shifting
Topicalization
Wh-fronting

Notes

References

Baltin, M. 1981. Strict bounding. In C. L. Baker and J. McCarthy (eds.), The logical problem of language acquisition, 257-295. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Baltin, M. 1983. Extraposition: Bounding vs. Government-Binding. Linguistic Inquiry, 14, 1, 155-162.
Culicover, P. and M. Rochemont 1990. Extraposition and the complement principle. Linguistic Inquiry 21, 1, 23-47.
Francis, E. 2010. Grammatical weight and relative clause extraposition in English. Cognitive Linguistics 21, 1, 35-74.
Groß, T. and T. Osborne 2009. Toward a practical dependency grammar theory of discontinuities. SKY Journal of Linguistics 22, 43-90.
Guéron, J. 1980. On the syntax and semantics of extraposition. Linguistic Inquiry 11, 637-678.
Guéron, J. and R. May 1984. Extraposition and Logical Form. Linguistic Inquiry 15, 1-31.
Huck, G. and Y. Na 1990. Extraposition and focus. Language 66, 51-77.
Osborne, T. 2012. Edge features, catenae, and dependency-based Minimalism. Linguistic Analysis 34, 3-4, 321-366.
Osborne, T. 2019. A Dependency Grammar of English: An Introduction and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/z.224
Rosenbaum, P. 1967. The grammar of English predicate complement constructions. Cambridge, Massachusetts, M.I.T. Press.
Ross, J. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Ph.D. thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Stucky, S. 1987. Configurational variation in English: A study of extraposition and related matters. In J. Huck and A. Ojeda (eds.), Syntax and Semantics 20, Discontinuous constituency. San Diego, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers.
Wittenberg, K. 1987. Extraposition from NP as anaphora. In J. Huck and A. Ojeda (eds.), Syntax and Semantics, Volume 20: Discontinuous Constituency. San Diego, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers.

Category:Syntactic relationships
Category:Word order


Black Sea Lowland

Black Sea Lowland is a major geographic feature of the Northern Pontic region and the East European Plain. It almost completely within the Southern Ukraine covering half of its territory.

Location
The lowland is located along the northern shores of Black Sea, stretching from west to east from the Danubian Plain, contiguous with the Wallachian Plain and forming the Lower Danubian Plain, and Bugeac. Past Molochna River to the east, it transforms into a narrow Azov Littoral, Azov Lowland. To the south-east the Black Sea Lowland extends onto the Crimean peninsula where it is known as Crimean Lowland. The northern borders composed out of several uplands such as Moldavian Plateau, Podillia Upland, Dnieper Upland, Zaporizhian Ridge, Azov Upland. Azov, Crimean, and Bugeac lowlands consider to be extension of the Black Sea Lowland and its regional extremities.

Description
Black Sea Lowland is an accumulative, weakly divided plain which being part of the greater Eastern European Plain gradually slopes towards the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

External links
 Black Sea Lowland at Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
 Black Sea Lowland at Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia

References

Category:Plains of Ukraine
Category:East European Plain


Fokker F28 Fellowship

The Fokker F28 Fellowship is a twin-engine short range jet airliner designed and built by Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker.

Following the Fokker F27 Friendship, an early and commercially successful turboprop-powered regional airliner, Fokker decided to embark on developing a new turbojet-powered commuter aircraft that would build upon its experiences with the F27. During the design phase, a high level of attention was paid to market research and operator concerns; amongst other changes made, the prospective jetliner was increased in size, changing its maximum seating capacity from 50 to 65 passengers. During April 1962, Fokker announced the formal launch of the F28 Fellowship.

On 9 May 1967, the prototype F28-1000 conducted its maiden flight. Type certification was achieved on 24 February 1969, and the first revenue-earning flight by Braathens was performed on 28 March 1969. Following its entry to service, Fokker developed multiple variants of the F28; one model, the F28-2000, featured an extended fuselage that could accommodate up to 79 passengers. A major revision was the F28-4000, which was powered by quieter Rolls-Royce Spey 555-15H engines, a redesigned cockpit, a modified wing, and had a further increased seating capacity of up to 85 passengers. During 1987, production of the type was terminated in favour of two newer derivatives, the Fokker 70 and the larger Fokker 100.

Development
By 1960, Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker was engaged in multiple programmes; these included military aircraft such as the Bréguet Br.1150 Atlantic and the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, as well as the commercially successful turboprop-powered F27 Friendship airliner. Around this time, British European Airways (BEA) released a specification that called for a high speed regional airliner powered by turbojet engines. In response, Fokker took an interest in developing its own turbojet-powered short-haul airliner. According to aviation publication Flying, Fokker's prospective jetliner design was heavily shaped by feedback and experiences from its existing customers of the F27, particularly those in the crucial North American market. As such, American design methodologies and preferences were incorporated, reportedly emphasising simplicity, as well as efforts to minimise both language and trade barriers.

During April 1962, Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker announced the launch of the F28 Fellowship. The programme was a collaborative effort conducted between a number of European companies, namely Fokker itself, West German aerospace companies Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) and VFW-Fokker, as well as Short Brothers of Northern Ireland. Substantial government funding was also invested in the project; reportedly, the Dutch government provided 50% of Fokker's stake while the West German government contributed 60% of the overall 35% German stake. Fokker had also approached several other aviation companies with offers of involvement, including France's Sud Aviation and Britain's Hawker Siddeley.

Initial design work centered on an aircraft capable of transport a maximum of 50 passengers across distances of up to 1,650 km (1,025 mi), the design was later modified so that it could accommodate up to 65 seats in a five-abreast configuration, noticeably increasing its maximum takeoff weight (MTOW), on the basis of market research. The enlarged aircraft was roughly comparable in capacity to that of the British Vickers Viscount, a successful turboprop airliner. The design was capable of speeds well in excess of turboprop-powered competitors, but retained a relatively low cruise speed in comparison to contemporary jet-powered designs, facilitating its use of a relatively straight low-mounted wing and achieving favourable low-speed characteristics as to enable the type's use from 85% of existing airports used by the F27 and the ubiquitous Douglas DC-3. According to Flying, the tentative airliner could achieve double the productivity of the preceding F27, while the company itself referred to the jetliner as a complement to its turboprop-powered sibling.

At one stage of development, Fokker had reportedly intended for the F28 to be powered by a pair of Bristol Siddeley BS.75 turbofans. However, this selection was hotly contested by rival British engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce, who put forward their Rolls-Royce Spey Junior, a simplified version of the Rolls-Royce Spey. Rolls-Royce ultimately emerged victorious, from the first prototype onwards, the type would be exclusively powered by various models of the Spey engine.

The responsibility for both design and production of the F28 was divided between the partner companies. Fokker designed and built the nose section, centre fuselage and inner wing; MBB/Fokker-VFW constructed the forward fuselage, rear fuselage and tail assembly; while Shorts designed and produced the outer wings. Final assembly of the Fokker F28 was at Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands. At one point, American manufacturer Fairchild Aircraft had considered locally-producing their own derivative of the F28, which was referred to as the Fairchild 228, but this ultimately did not reach production, deciding to act as a distributor for the existing F28 instead. During 1987, production of the type was terminated in favour of two newer derivative airliners, the Fokker 70 and the larger Fokker 100; by this point, a total of 241 airframes had been constructed.

Design
The Fokker F28 Fellowship was a short-haul twin-engine jetliner, sharing broad similarities to the British Aircraft Corporation's BAC One-Eleven built in the UK and the first generation Douglas DC-9 built in the US in terms of basic configuration, featuring a T-tail and engines mounted at the rear of the fuselage. The choice of a low-mounted wing, amongst other benefits, somewhat shielded the tail-mounted engines from the threat of foreign object damage. Fuel is stored within both the outer wing and within the fuselage; additional pylon-mounted tanks could be installed for extended range operations if so required. The structure, which features a fail-safe design, is constructed using the same bonding techniques previously pioneered for the F27.

The F28 was equipped with wings that had a slight crescent angle of sweep. It uses conventional box construction, being built in two pieces separately spliced onto the fuselage. The wing was furnished with ailerons positioned near the tips, along with simplistic flaps that would be supplemented by the ailerons during landing approaches; all of the flight control surfaces were actuated via duplicated cabling and (except for the rudder) aerodynamically balanced. It was also fitted with a five-section lift-dumper that would only be operated after landing, it was decided to employ a lift-dumper rather than alternatives such as thrust reversers as the designers felt that this arrangement would result in a reduction in both weight and maintenance workload. Excluding the use of thrust reversers also meant that there was less chance of the engines ingesting debris when being operated upon unpaved airstrips. The wing also had a fixed leading edge (although one experimental model had leading edge slats and these were offered as an option) and was de-iced via bleed air drawn from the engines.

The F28 is powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Spey turbojet engines; dependent on model, these would be were capable of generating up to 9,850lbf / 43.9kN of thrust. While the feature was available at the time, Fokker chose not to equip the engines of early F28s with a water-methanol injection system as they determined that the engines already possessed sufficient performance even when being flown under hot-and-high conditions. The majority of onboard systems are designed with simplicity in terms of operability and serviceability; there was no hydraulic system, actuation of the undercarriage and steering relied on pneumatic pumps instead. However, the F28 was outfitted with comparatively advanced electronics, as Fokker's design team viewed this factor as directly relating to overall competitiveness.

One uncommon feature of the F28 was the movable split-sections installed upon the tail cone; these would be hydraulically-opened outwards to act as a variable air brake. A similar approach had also been used on the contemporaneous Blackburn Buccaneer strike fighter and on the later-built British Aerospace 146 regional airliner. The design is unique in that it not only slows the aircraft down rapidly, it can aid in rapid descents from economic cruising altitudes and also allowed the engines to be set at higher RPM which helped eliminate 'lag time'. This means the engines respond faster if needed for sudden speed increases or go-arounds on the approach to landing. The Fellowship had a retractable tricycle landing gear which used large low pressure tyres, enabling the use of unpaved airstrips. The use of anti-skid brakes on the main wheels of the undercarriage also contributed to a shorter landing run.

Operational history

The F28-1000 prototype, registered PH-JHG, first flew on 9 May 1967, flown by Chief Test Pilot Jas Moll, Test Pilot Abe van der Schraaf and Flight Engineer Cees Dik. Type certification from West German authorities was achieved on 24 February 1969, clearing the F28 to enter revenue service. While the first order for the type had been placed by German airline LTU, the first revenue-earning flight was conducted by Braathens, who eventually operated a fleet of five F28s, on 28 March 1969.

A variant of the F28, equipped with an extended fuselage, was named F28-2000; this model could seat up to 79 passengers instead of the 65 seats on the F28-1000. The prototype for this model was a converted F28-1000 prototype, and first flew on 28 April 1971. The models F28-6000 and F28-5000 were modified F28-2000 and F28-1000 respectively; the main features of these models was the addition of slats, a greater wingspan, and the adoption of more powerful and quieter engines. Both the F28-6000 and F28-5000 failed to become commercial successes; only two F28-6000 and no F28-5000 were ultimately built. After being used by Fokker for a time, the F28-6000 were sold to Air Mauritanie, but not before being converted to F28-2000 standard.

Perhaps the most successful model of the F28 was the F28-4000, which debuted on 20 October 1976 with one of the world's largest Fokker operators, Linjeflyg. This version was powered by quieter Spey 555-15H engines, and had an increased seating capacity (up to 85 passengers), a larger wingspan with reinforced wings, a new cockpit and a new "wide-look" interior featuring enclosed overhead lockers and a less 'tubular' look. The F28-3000, the successor to the F28-1000, featured the same improvements as the F28-4000.

The F28s of Ansett Transport Industries' Western Australian intrastate airline, MacRobertson Miller Airlines of Western Australia, flew the longest non-stop F28 route in the world, from Perth to Kununurra, in Western Australia – a distance of about 2,240 km (1,392 mi). This was also the world's longest twin-jet route at the time. MMA's F28's also had the highest utilisation rates at the time, flying over 8 hours per day.

Variants

 With a maximum capacity of 70 passengers, it was approved on 24 February 1969, the 1000C had a Main Deck Large Cargo Door.

F.28 Mk 2000 (F28-2000)
 Mark 1000 with a fuselage stretch of  in front of and  aft of the wing, 79 maximum passengers, approved on 30 August 1972. Though it first flew on 28 April 1971 and successfully began revenue service with Nigeria Airways in October 1971, only ten were built.

F.28 Mk 3000 (F28-3000)
 Mark 1000 with a  wing span extension, approved on 19 July 1978, with a 3000C variant with a large main deck cargo door. A successful variant, featuring greater structural strength and increased fuel capacity, it began revenue service with Garuda Indonesia.

F.28 Mk 4000 (F28-4000)
 Approved on 13 December 1976, it is built on the longer Mark 2000, with two overwing exits on both sides, a  wing span extension, and capacity for 85 passengers. The first prototype appeared on 20 October 1976 and it began service with Linjeflyg (Sweden) at the end of the year.

F.28 Mk 5000 (F28-5000)Was to combine the shorter fuselage of the Mk 3000 and an increased wingspan. Leading edge slats were to be added to the wings and more powerful Rolls-Royce RB183 Mk555-15H engines were to be used. Although expected to be an excellent plane to operate on short runways due to its superior power, the project was abandoned.

F.28 Mk 6000 (F28-6000)It first flew on 27 September 1973 and had the longer fuselage of the Mk 2000/4000 with an increased wingspan and leading edge slats. It was certified in the Netherlands on 30 October 1975. Two were built by 1976.

F.28 Mk 6600 (F28-6600)Proposed version. Not built.

Fairchild 228Proposed 50 seat American version to be assembled by Fairchild-Hiller with Rolls-Royce RB.203 Trent engines. Project cancelled.

Operators

In August 2006 a total of 92 Fokker F28 aircraft remained in airline service. Major operators included: MacRobertson Miller Airlines, Ansett Group Australia (more than 15), Toumaï Air Tchad (1), AirQuarius Aviation (3), SkyLink Arabia (1), Satena (1), Gatari Air Service (2), LADE (1), AirQuarius Aviation (4) and Merpati Nusantara Airlines (1). Biman Bangladesh Airlines (8). Some 22 airlines operated smaller numbers of the type.
As of July 2018, Fly-SAX is the only airline operator of the F28 worldwide with 1 aircraft in service. Garuda Indonesia had the most F28s, with 62 of the aircraft in the former fleet. All have since been retired.

Military operators

 Algerian Air Force (2) delivered in 1979

 Argentine Air Force (5)
 Argentine Naval Aviation (3)

 Colombian Air Force (2)

 Ghana Air Force (1)

 Indonesian Air Force (4)

 Malaysian Air Force (2)

 Peruvian Air Force

 Philippine Air Force (1 – Used for domestic presidential Flights, The aircraft was named "Kalayaan")

 Tanzania Government Flight Agency (1)
 (2)

Accidents and incidents

The following is a list of Fokker F28 accidents and incidents:
 Braathens SAFE Flight 239 – 23 December 1972, (Asker, suburb of Oslo, Norway): 40 fatalities. First fatal crash of a Fokker Fellowship.
 Itavia – 1 January 1974, (Caselle Torinese, airport of Turin, Italy): 38 fatalities. Flight IH897 from Cagliari to Geneva with intermediate stops in Bologna and Turin, crashed about 2 miles south of Runway 36 while attempting to land in fog. Airplane involved was registered I-TIDE.
 Turkish Airlines – 26 January 1974, (Izmir, Turkey): 66 fatalities. the aircraft crashed down  away from the airfield during takeoff.
 Garuda Indonesia Airways Flight 150- 24 September 1975 near Palembang, Indonesia ): 26 fatalities. Crashed on approach in fog killing 25 people out of 61 passengers and crew. 1 person was killed on the ground.
 Garuda Indonesia Airways- 11 July 1979. 61 fatalities. Crashed into Mount Sibayak while on approach to Polonia International Airport. There was bad weather at the time of the crash.
 NLM CityHopper Flight 431 – 6 October 1981 (Moerdijk, North Brabant, Netherlands): 17 fatalities, the aircraft flew into a tornado which broke off one of the wings.
 Garuda Indonesia Domestic Flight – 20 March 1982, runway overrun at Tanjung Karang-Branti Airport in bad weather, 27 fatalities.
 Air Ontario Flight 1363 – 10 March 1989 (Dryden, Ontario, Canada): 24 fatalities. Due to various factors including snow, ice and lack of use of anti-icing measures.
 USAir Flight 405 – 22 March 1992 (Queens, New York, United States): 27 fatalities. Due to ice buildup on the wings, pilot error and improper deicing procedures at LaGuardia airport
 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 724 – Fokker F-28 Mk-3000 Registered PK-GFU - 1 June 1993. Domestic Flight (Sorong, Papua, Indonesia): 41 fatalities. Controlled flight Into terrain - The aircraft crashed onto a rocky beach. On Bad Weather Landing procedures at Jefman Airport
 Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 746 – 12 October 1994 ( near Natanz, Iran ): 66 fatalities.
 Air Mauritanie Flight 625 – 1 July 1994: All 4 crew and 76 of the 89 passengers on board were killed when their plane crashed at Tidjikja Airport.
 TANS Peru Flight 222 – 9 January 2003: None of the 46 passengers aboard the Fokker F-28 survived after the aircraft hit a mountain near Chachapoyas, Peru.

Aircraft on display
 11009 - F28-1000 registered LN-SUC at the Norwegian Aviation Museum, Bodø, Norway in Braathens SAFE livery.
 11016 - F28-1000 registered N500WN at Wayne Newton's Casa de Shenandoah, Las Vegas, Nevada.
 11114 - F28-4000 registered XY-ADW preserved as a bar at the Sky Palace Hotel in Naypyidaw, Myanmar.
 11161 - F28-4000 registered XY-AGH at the Defense Services Museum, Naypyidaw, Myanmar in Myanma Airways livery.
 11175 - F28-4000 registered PK-MGJ preserved as a movie theater in Baturraden, Central Java, Indonesia.
 11232 - F28-4000 registered XY-AGA at the Civil Aviation Training Institute, Yangon International Airport, Yangon, Myanmar.

Specifications

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Eden, Paul E. "The World's Most Powerful Civilian Aircraft." Rosen Publishing Group, 2016.
 May, Darryl. "Holland's Short-Haul Jet Transport." Flying Magazine, Vol. 72, No. 1. January 1963. pp. 25, 92-94. ISSN 0015-4806.

Further reading

Category:1960s Dutch airliners
F 28
Category:Twinjets
Category:T-tail aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1967


Shin-Totsukawa Station

is a railway station on the Sasshō Line in Shintotsukawa, Hokkaidō, Japan, operated by the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido).

Lines
Shin-Totsukawa Station is the terminus of the Sasshō Line from , and is situated 76.5 km from the official starting point of the line at .

Station layout
The station has a side platform serving one track. The station building is located next to the platform.

Adjacent stations

History
The station opened on 10 October 1931.

On December 2018, it was announced that the station would be closed on May 7 2020, along with the rest of the non-electrified section of the Sasshō Line.

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

Category:Railway stations in Hokkaido Prefecture
Category:Railway stations opened in 1931


Tachigali tessmannii

Tachigali tessmannii is a species of leguminous species of tree in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Peru.

Sources

Category:Caesalpinioideae
Category:Flora of Peru
Category:Data deficient plants
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Marian Korn

Marian Korn (1914–1987) was a Czechoslovakian-born printmaker.  She was born February 15, 1914 in Chomutov, Austro-Hungarian Empire, (today Czech Republic).  In 1931, she moved to Prague, and in 1931, she graduated from the Women's College of Prague.  She married in 1938, and emigrated to the United States in 1939.  In 1949, she moved to Tokyo with her entrepreneur husband Frank and two daughters.

In 1970, Marian accompanied one of her daughters to the atelier of Gaston Petit, where the daughter had been taking lessons.  The daughter eventually became an art historian specializing in Japanese art, and, at the age of 56, Marian began her printmaking career by making woodcuts and linocuts.

Her honors included a full membership in Shuyōkai (1984) and an associate membership in Kokugakai (1985).  She died in Tokyo on February 24, 1987.

Oeuvre

Her first prints were representational, often with Japanese themes.  By 1974, some were completely abstract, and by 1982, the majority were abstract.  Her catalogue raisonné lists a total of 206 prints.

Although etching, in all its variations, remained Marian Korn's favorite technique, she is known for her mastery of, and combined use of, many different methodologies.  During her career, she used, either singly or in combination, woodcuts, linocuts, collagraphy, photo-etching, paper embossing, silk-screen, sugar lift, the Hayter method (viscosity printing), and carborundum printmaking.  Infinity from 1980, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, demonstrates the effect she achieved by combining  soft ground etching with silk-screen printing.

Harvard University Art Museums, the Honolulu Museum of Art, the National Museum of Art of Romania (Bucharest, Romania), the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, the Setagaya Art Museum (Tokyo), the Tikotin Museum of Japanese Art (Haifa, Israel), and the Petit Format de Papier Collection of the City of Couvin, Belgium, are among the public collections holding prints by Marian Korn.

Footnotes

Category:Czech printmakers
Category:Czech women artists
Category:1914 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:Women printmakers
Category:People from Chomutov
Category:20th-century women artists


McPherson Town Historic District

The McPherson Town Historic District of Dayton, Ohio, contains roughly 90 structures north of downtown Dayton, across the Great Miami River.

History
Tucked into a corner of the horseshoe area formed by a bend in the Great Miami River, McPherson Town was founded on February 1, 1845. On this date, an Irishman named Samuel McPherson filed a plat consisting of 34 swampy, wooded lots on both sides of Dayton and Covington Turnpike. The center of this plat was located at the present-day North Main Street. and McPherson Street.

McPherson Town and much of Dayton were devastated by the flood of 1897 and the Great Dayton Flood of 1913. Many homes were destroyed or badly damaged. Current residents still find pounds of flood mud in walls and ceilings during renovation projects.

In the years following World War II, many Dayton residents moved to the suburbs. After years of neglect, the McPherson Town area was slated for bulldozing and urban renewal. Residential property was purchased for speculative purposes, including commercial development, highrise condominiums and an interstate highway. But in the early 1970s, a few key private investors recognized the unique historical significance of the neighborhood and began to renovate several old homes. With this, a move to obtain historic district status began.

In August, 1977 Dayton declared McPherson Town its third historic neighborhood and structures were protected from future urban renewal efforts. In 1988, McPherson Town was registered on the National Register of Historic Places, bounded by Main Street, the Great Miami River, I-75 and Downtown Dayton (No. 88001712). City of Dayton Ordinance #25363.

Architecture
Most of the structures still in existence today in McPherson Town were built between 1880 and 1900. The architecture of McPherson Town Historic District includes examples Stick/Eastlake, Queen Anne and others. Since 1995, several modern infill houses have been constructed to replace structures that had been lost to fire or decay, and repair the streetscape of the neighborhood. These new construction homes are designed to look period with modern conveniences.

References

External links
 McPherson Town Historic District
 McPherson Town on Dayton MostMetro
 Preservation Dayton
 Miami Valley Conservancy District
 DaytonHistory.org
 Great Dayton Flood of 1913

Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
McPherson Town
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Ohio


Darran Lindsay

Darran Lindsay (1971–2006) was a Northern Irish motorcycle road racer. He was killed on 9 September 2006 in practice for the Killalane road races, near Dublin. It is understood that his 600cc machine was in collision with another bike. He lived on the Dundrod Circuit. He was married to Kerry, and leaves three young children.

He had a reasonably successful career, winning 2 Manx Grand Prix races, 1 North West 200 race in 2005, Ulster Grand Prix races, and had 4 Irish National Championships. He had been racing since 1990.

References

External links
Darran Lindsay - A RealRoadRacing.Com Tribute

Category:1971 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:People from County Antrim
Category:Motorcycle racers from Northern Ireland
Category:Manx Grand Prix racers
Category:Motorcycle racers killed while racing
Category:Sport deaths in the Republic of Ireland


29th Primetime Emmy Awards

The 29th Primetime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday, September 11, 1977. The ceremony was broadcast on NBC. It was hosted by Angie Dickinson and Robert Blake.

The top shows of the night were Mary Tyler Moore, which, in its final season, won its third consecutive Outstanding Comedy Series Award, it also became the first comedy series to gain eleven major nominations (since broken). Upstairs, Downstairs, also in its final season, won its third Outstanding Drama Series Award in four years (it competed as a miniseries in 1976, and won that category too). But the overwhelming champion of the ceremony was the miniseries Roots.

Roots set several milestones and broke multiple records during the night. It became the first show to receive at least twenty major nominations (21). Adding its nominations in Creative Arts categories, its total expands to 37. Both records still stand for all shows. It was the first show to gain every nomination in an acting category. Its thirteen acting nominations tied the record set the previous year by Rich Man, Poor Man, however all of Roots nominations came in the miniseries category, while Rich Man, Poor Man had nominations cross over into the drama series field. Roots became the first miniseries, and second show overall, along with All in the Family in 1972, to win six of seven major categories. All but one of Roots eight episodes were nominated for major awards (Part VII).

Another distinction of the night was that Mary Kay Place won a Major Acting award for a TV show (Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman) that had no major network, only broadcast in Syndication - the first time this rare feat has occurred.

With this ceremony, the Primetime Emmys began a long residency at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium that would continue until 1997.

Winners and nominees

Programs

Acting

Lead performances

Supporting performances

Single performances

Directing

Writing

Most major nominations
By network
 ABC – 59
 CBS / NBC – 48
 PBS – 14

 By program
 Roots (ABC) – 21
 Mary Tyler Moore (CBS) – 11
 M*A*S*H (CBS) – 9
 Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years (ABC) – 8
 Family (ABC) / Raid on Entebbe (NBC) – 6

Most major awards
By network
 ABC – 13
 CBS – 11
 NBC – 9
 PBS – 2

 By program
 Roots (ABC) – 6
  Sybil (NBC) – 3

Notes

References

External links
 Emmys.com list of 1977 Nominees & Winners

029
Category:1977 television awards
Category:1977 in California
Category:September 1977 events in the United States