Near-death studies

Near-death studies is a field of psychology and psychiatry that studies the physiology, phenomenology and after-effects of the near-death experience (NDE). The field was originally associated with a distinct group of North American researchers that followed up on the initial work of Raymond Moody, and who later established the International Association for Near-death Studies (IANDS) and the Journal of Near-Death Studies. Since then the field has expanded, and now includes contributions from a wide range of researchers and commentators worldwide.

Near-death experience

The near-death experience is an experience reported by people who have come close to dying in a medical or non-medical setting. The aspect of trauma, and physical crises, is also recognized as an indicator for the phenomenon. According to sources it is estimated that near-death experiences are reported by five percent of the adult American population. According to IANDS, surveys (conducted in USA, Australia and Germany) suggest that 4 to 15% of the population have had NDEs.  Researchers study the role of physiological, psychological and transcendental factors associated with the NDE. These dimensions are also the basis for the three major explanatory models for the NDE.

Some general characteristics of an NDE include subjective impressions of being outside the physical body; visions of deceased relatives and religious figures; transcendence of ego and spatiotemporal boundaries. NDE researchers have also found that the NDE may not be a uniquely western experience. Commentators note that several elements and features of the NDE appears to be similar across cultures, but the details of the experience (figures, beings, scenery), and the interpretation of the experience, varies between cultures. However, a few researchers have challenged the hypothesis that near-death experience accounts are substantially influenced by prevailing cultural models.

Elements of the NDE

According to the NDE-scale a near-death-experience includes a few, or several, of the following 16 elements:

Time speeds up or slows down.
Thought-processes speed up.
A return of scenes from the past.
A sudden insight, or understanding.
A feeling of peace or pleasantness.
A feeling of happiness, or joy.
A sense of harmony or unity with the universe.
Confrontation with a brilliant light.
The senses feel more vivid.
An awareness of things going on elsewhere, as if by extrasensory perception (ESP).
Experiencing scenes from the future.
A feeling of being separated from the body.
Experiencing a different, unearthly world.
Encountering a mystical being or presence, or hearing an unidentifiable voice.
Seeing deceased or religious spirits.
Coming to a border, or point of no return.

In a study published in The Lancet van Lommel and colleagues list ten elements of the NDE:

Awareness of being dead.
Positive emotions.
Out of body experience.
Moving through a tunnel.
Communication with light.
Observation of colours.
Observation of a celestial landscape.
Meeting with deceased persons.
Life review.
Presence of border.

After-effects
According to sources the NDE is associated with a number of after-effects, or life changing effects. The effects, which are often summarized by researchers, include a number of value, attitude and belief changes that reflect  radical changes in personality, and a new outlook on life and death, human relations, and spirituality. Many of the effects are considered to be positive  or beneficial. van Lommel and colleagues conducted a longitudinal follow-up research into transformational processes after NDEs and found a long-lasting transformational effect of the experience.

However, not all after-effects are beneficial. The literature describes circumstances where changes in attitudes and behavior can lead to distress, psychosocial, or psychospiritual problems. Often the problems have to do with adjustment to the new situation following a near-death experience, and its integration into ordinary life. Another category, so-called distressing or unpleasant near-death experiences, has been investigated by Greyson and Bush.

Explanatory models

Explanatory models for the phenomenology and the elements of the NDE can, according to sources, be divided into a few broad categories: psychological, physiological, and transcendental. Agrillo, adopting a more parsimonious overview, notes that literature reports two main theoretical frameworks: (1) "biological/psychological" interpretation (in-brain theories), or (2) "survivalist" interpretation (out-of-brain theories). The research on NDEs often include variables from all three models.  In a study published in 1990, Owens, Cook and Stevenson presented results that lent support to all of these three interpretations.

Each model contains a number of variables that are often mentioned, or summarized, by commentators:

Psychological theories have suggested that the NDE can be a consequence of mental and emotional reactions to the perceived threat of dying, or a result of expectation.
 Other psychological variables that are considered by researchers include: imagination; depersonalization; dissociation; proneness to fantasy; and the memory of being born.

Physiological theories tend to focus on somatic, biological or pharmacological explanations for the NDE, often with an emphasis on the physiology of the brain. Variables that are considered, and often summarized by researchers, include: anoxia; cerebral hypoxia; hypercarbia; endorphins; serotonin or various neurotransmitters; temporal lobe dysfunction or seizures; the NMDA receptor;  activation of the limbic system; drugs; retinal ischemia; and processes linked to rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep or phenomena generated on the border between sleep and wakefullness.

A third model, sometimes called the transcendental explanation, considers a number of categories, often summarized by commentators, that usually fall outside the scope of physiological or psychological explanations. This explanatory model considers whether the NDE might be related to the existence of an afterlife; a changing state of consciousness; mystical (peak) experiences; or the concept of a mind-body separation.

Several researchers in the field, while investigating variables from all three models, have expressed reservations towards explanations that are purely psychological or physiological. van Lommel and colleagues have argued for the inclusion of transcendental categories as part of the explanatory framework. Other researchers, such as Parnia, Fenwick, and Greyson, have argued for an expanded discussion about the mind-brain relationship and the possibilities of human consciousness.

Research – history and background
Individual cases of NDEs in literature have been identified into ancient times. In the 19th century a few efforts moved beyond studying individual cases - one privately done by Mormons and one in Switzerland. Up to 2005, 95% of world cultures have been documented making some mention of NDEs. From 1975 to 2005, some 2500 self reported individuals in the US had been reviewed in retrospective studies of the phenomena with an additional 600 outside the US in the West, and 70 in Asia. Prospective studies, reviewing groups of individuals and then finding who had an NDE after some time and costing more to do, had identified 270 individuals. In all close to 3500 individual cases between 1975 and 2005 had been reviewed in one or another study. And all these studies were carried out by some 55 researchers or teams of researchers.

Research on near-death experiences is mainly limited to the disciplines of medicine, psychology and psychiatry. Interest in this field of study was originally spurred by the research of such pioneers as Elisabeth Kübler-Ross (psychiatrist) and Raymond Moody (psychologist and M.D.), but also by autobiographical accounts, such as the books of George Ritchie (psychiatrist). Kübler-Ross, who was a researcher in the field of Thanatology and a driving force behind the establishment of the Hospice System in the United States, reported on her interviews for the first time in her book "On Death and Dying. What the dying have to teach doctors, nurses, clergy, and their own families"(1969). Raymond Moody, on the other hand, got interested in the subject at the start of his career. In the mid-seventies, while doing his medical residency as a psychiatrist at the University of Virginia, he conducted interviews with Near-Death Experiencers. He later published these findings in the book Life After Life (1976). In the book Moody outlines the different elements of the NDE. Features that were picked up by later researchers. The book brought a lot of attention to the topic of NDEs.

The late seventies saw the establishment of the Association for the Scientific Study of Near-Death Phenomena, an initial group of academic researchers, including John Audette, Raymond Moody, Bruce Greyson, Kenneth Ring and Michael Sabom, who laid the foundations for the field of Near-death studies, and carried out some of the first post-Moody NDE research. The Association was the immediate predecessor of the International Association for Near-death Studies (IANDS), which was founded in the early eighties and which established its headquarters at the University of Connecticut, Storrs.  This group of researchers, but especially Ring, was responsible for launching Anabiosis, the first peer-reviewed journal within the field. The journal later became Journal of Near-Death Studies.

However, even though the above-mentioned profiles introduced the subject of NDEs to the academic setting, the subject was often met with academic disbelief, or regarded as taboo. The medical community has been somewhat reluctant to address the phenomenon of NDEs, and grant money for research has been scarce. However, both Ring and Sabom made contributions that were influential for the newly established field. Ring published a book in 1980 called Life at Death: A Scientific Investigation of the Near-Death Experience. This early research was followed up by new book in 1984 by the title Heading Toward Omega: In Search of the Meaning of the Near-Death Experience. The early work of Michael Sabom was also bringing attention to the topic within the academic community. Besides contributing material to academic journals, he wrote a book called Recollections of Death (1982) which is considered to be a significant publication in the launching of the field.

As research in the field progressed both Greyson and Ring developed measurement tools that can be used in a clinical setting. Greyson has also addressed different aspects of the NDE, such as the psychodynamics of the experience, the varieties of NDE, the typology of NDEs and the biology of NDEs. In addition to this he has brought attention to the near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention, suggesting that the aftermath of the NDE, in some cases, can lead to psychological problems.

The 1980s also introduced the research of Melvin Morse, another profile in the field of near-death studies. Morse and colleagues investigated near-death experiences in a pediatric population. They found that children reported NDEs that were similar to those described by adults. Morse later published two books, co-authored with Paul Perry, that were aimed at a general audience: Closer to the light: learning from children's near-death experiences (1990)  and Transformed by the light: the powerful effect of near-death experiences on people's lives (1992). Another early contribution to the field was the research of British Neuro-psychiatrist Peter Fenwick, who started to collect NDE-stories in the 1980s. In 1987 he presented his findings on a television-program, which resulted in more stories being collected. The responses from Near-death experiencers later served as the basis for a book published in 1997, "The Truth in the light", co-authored with his wife Elizabeth Fenwick. Co-operating with other researchers, among others Sam Parnia, Fenwick has also published research on the potential relationship between cardiac arrest and Near-death Experiences.

Early investigations into the topic of near-death experiences were also being conducted at the University of Virginia, where Ian Stevenson founded the Division of Personality Studies in the late sixties. The division went on to produce research on a number of phenomena that were not considered to be mainstream. In addition to near-death experiences this included: reincarnation and past lives, out-of-body experiences, apparitions and after-death communications, and deathbed visions. Stevenson, whose main academic interest was the topic of reincarnation and past lives, also made contributions to the field of near-death studies. In a 1990 study, co-authored with Owens & Cook, the researchers studied the medical records of 58 people who believed they had been near death. The authors judged 28 candidates to actually have been close to dying, while 30 candidates, who merely thought they were about to die, were judged to not have been in any medical danger. Both groups reported similar experiences, but the first group reported more features of the core NDE-experience than the other group.

Recently, the work of Jeffrey Long has also attracted attention to the topic of NDEs in both the academic, and the popular field. In 2010 he released a book, co-authored with Paul Perry, called Evidence of the Afterlife: The Science of Near-Death Experiences. In the book Long presented results from research conducted over the last decade. Research has also entered into other fields of interest, such as the mental health of military veterans. Goza studied NDEs among combat veterans. She found, among other things, that combat soldiers reported different, and less intense near-death experiences, compared to NDErs in the civilian population.

The first decades of Near-death research were characterized by retrospective studies. However, the 2000s marked the beginning of prospective studies in the field, both on the European and the American continent.

In a study from 2001, conducted at Southampton General Hospital, Parnia and colleagues found that 11.1% of 63 cardiac-arrest survivors reported memories of their unconscious period. Several of these memories included NDE-features. This study was the first in a series of new prospective studies using cardiac arrest criteria, and it was soon to be followed by the study of van Lommel and colleagues, also published in 2001. Pim van Lommel (cardiologist) was one of the first researchers to bring the study of NDEs into the area of Hospital Medicine. In 1988 he launched a prospective study that spanned 10 Dutch hospitals. 344 survivors of cardiac arrest were included in the study. 62 patients (18%) reported NDE. 41 of these patients (12%) described a core experience. The aim of the study was to investigate the cause of the experience, and assess variables connected to frequency, depth, and content.

Prospective studies were also taking place in the U.S. Schwaninger and colleagues collaborated with Barnes-Jewish Hospital, where they studied cardiac arrest patients over a three-year period (April 1991 – February 1994). Only a minority of the patients survived, and from this group 30 patients were interviewable. Of these 30 patients 23% reported an NDE, while 13% reported an NDE during a prior life-threatening illness. Greyson conducted a 30-month survey of patients admitted to the cardiac inpatient service of the University of Virginia Hospital. He found that NDEs were reported by 10% of patients with cardiac arrest and 1% of other cardiac patients.

In 2008 the University of Southampton announced the start of a new research-project named The AWARE (AWAreness during REsuscitation) study. The study was launched by the University of Southampton, but included collaboration with medical centres within the UK, mainland Europe and North America. The object of the study was to study the brain, and consciousness, during cardiac arrest, and to test the validity of out of body experiences and reported claims of lucidity (the ability to see and hear) during cardiac arrest.

The first clinical paper from this project, described as a  4-year multi-center observational study, was published in 2014. The study found that 9% of patients who completed stage 2 interviews reported experiences compatible with NDEs.

Psychometrics
Several psychometric instruments have been adapted to near-death research. Ring developed the Weighted Core Experience Index in order to measure the depth of NDEs, and this instrument has been used by other researchers for this purpose. The instrument has also been used to measure the impact of near-death experiences on dialysis patients. According to some commentators the index has improved consistency in the field. However, Greyson notes that although the index is a pioneering effort, it is not based on statistical analysis, and has not been tested for internal coherence or reliability. In 1984 Ring developed an instrument called the Life Changes Inventory (LCI) in order to quantify value changes following an NDE. The instrument was later revised and standardized and a new version, the LCI-R, was published in 2004.

Greyson developed The Near-Death Experience Scale. This 16-item Scale was found to have high internal consistency, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability and was correlated with Ring's Weighted Core Experience Index. Questions formulated by the scale address such dimensions as: cognition (feelings of accelerated thought, or "life-review"), affect (feelings of peace and joy), paranormal experience (feelings of being outside of the body, or a perception of future events) and transcendence (experience of encountering deceased relatives, or experiencing an unearthly realm). A score of 7 or higher out of a possible 32 was used as the standard criterion for a near-death experience. The scale is, according to the author, clinically useful in differentiating NDEs from organic brain syndromes and nonspecific stress responses. The NDE-scale was later found to fit the Rasch rating scale model. The instrument has been used to measure NDEs among cardiac arrest survivors, coma survivors, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients/survivors, substance misusers, and dialysis patients.

In the late 1980s Thornburg developed the Near-Death Phenomena Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 23 true/false/undecided response items assessing knowledge, 23 Likert scale items assessing general attitudes toward near-death phenomena, and 20 Likert scale items assessing attitude toward caring for a client who has had an NDE. Knowledge and attitude portions of the instrument were tested  for internal consistency. Content validity was established by using a panel of experts selected from nursing, sociology, and psychology. The instrument has been used to measure attitudes toward, and knowledge of, near-death experiences in a college population, among clergy, among registered psychologists, and among hospice nurses.

Greyson has also used mainstream psychological measurements in his research, for example The Dissociative Experiences Scale; a measure of dissociative symptoms, and The Threat Index; a measure of the threat implied by one's personal death.

Near death studies community

Research organizations and academic locations

The field of near-death studies includes several communities that study the phenomenology of NDEs. The largest of these communities is IANDS, an international organization based in Durham, North-Carolina, that encourages scientific research and education on the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual nature and ramifications of near-death experiences. Among its publications we find the peer-reviewed Journal of Near-Death Studies, and the quarterly newsletter Vital Signs. The organization also maintains an archive of near-death case histories for research and study.

Another research organization, the Louisiana-based Near Death Experience Research Foundation, was established by radiation oncologist Jeffrey Long in 1998. The foundation maintains a web-site, also launched in 1998, and a database of more than 1,600 cases, which is currently the world's largest collection of near-death reports. The reports come directly from sources all across the world.

A few academic locations have been associated with the activities of the field of near-death studies. Among these we find the University of Connecticut (US), Southampton University (UK), University Of North Texas (US) and the Division of Perceptual Studies at the University of Virginia (US).

Conferences

IANDS holds conferences, at regular intervals, on the topic of near-death experiences. The first meeting was a medical seminar at Yale University, New Haven (CT) in 1982. This was followed by the first clinical conference in Pembroke Pines (FL), and the first research conference in Farmington (CT) in 1984. Since then conferences have been held in major U.S. cities, almost annually. Many of the conferences have addressed a specific topic, defined in advance of the meeting. In 2004 participants gathered in Evanston (IL) under the headline:"Creativity from the light". A few of the conferences have been arranged at academic locations. In 2001 researchers and participants gathered at Seattle Pacific University. In 2006 the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center became the first medical institution to host the annual IANDS conference.

The first international medical conference on near-death experiences was held in 2006. Approximately 1.500 delegates, including people who claim to have had NDEs, were attending the one-day conference in Martigues, France. Among the researchers attending the conference were anaesthetist and intensive care doctor Jean-Jacques Charbonnier, and pioneering researcher Raymond Moody.

Relevant publications

IANDS publishes the quarterly Journal of Near-Death Studies, the only scholarly journal in the field. The Journal is cross-disciplinary, is committed to an unbiased exploration of the NDE and related phenomena, and welcomes different theoretical perspectives and interpretations that are based on scientific criteria, such as empirical observation and research. IANDS also publishes Vital Signs, a quarterly newsletter that is made available to its members and that includes commentary, news and articles of general interest.

One of the first introductions to the field of near-death studies was the publication of a general reader: The Near-Death Experience: Problems, Prospects, Perspectives. The book was published in 1984 and was an early overview of the field. In 2009 Praeger Publishers published the Handbook of Near-Death Experiences: thirty years of investigation, a comprehensive critical review of the research carried out within the field of near-death studies. 2011 marked the publication of Making Sense of Near-Death Experiences: A Handbook for Clinicians. The book is a multi-author text which describes how the NDE can be handled in psychiatric and clinical practice.

Recognition and criticism

Skepticism towards the findings of near-death studies, and the validity of the near-death experience as a subject for scientific study, has been widespread. According to Knapton, in The Daily Telegraph, the subject was, until recently, considered to be controversial. Both scientists and medical professionals have, in general, tended to be skeptical. According to commentators in the field the early study of Near-death experiences was met with "academic disbelief". Acceptance of NDEs as a legitimate topic for scientific study has improved, but the process has been slow. According to literature "psychiatrists have played a role in the recognition of the "near-death" phenomenon as well as popularization of the subject and subsequent research".

Skeptics have remarked that it is difficult to verify many of the anecdotal reports that are being used as background material in order to outline the features of the NDE.

Internet Infidels paper editor, and commentator, Keith Augustine has criticized near-death research for oversimplifying the role of culture in afterlife beliefs. He has also exposed weaknesses in methodology, paucity of data, and gaps in arguments. Instead of a transcendental model of NDEs, which he does not find plausible, he suggests that NDEs are products of individuals' minds rather than windows into a transcendental reality. His criticism has been answered by Greyson who suggests that the materialist model  favored by Augustine is supported by even fewer data than the "mind-brain separation model" favored by many researchers within the field of near-death studies.

The findings of NDE-research has been contested by several writers in the fields of psychology and neuroscience. Susan Blackmore has contested the findings of NDE-research, and has instead argued in favour of a neurological explanation. Psychologist Christopher French has reviewed several of the theories that have originated from the field of Near-death studies. This includes theories that present a challenge to modern neuroscience by suggesting a new understanding of the mind-brain relationship in the direction of transcendental, or paranormal, elements. In reply to this French argues in favour of the conventional scientific understanding, and introduces several non-paranormal factors, as well as psychological theory, that might explain those near-death experiences that defy conventional scientific explanations. However, he does not rule out a future revision of modern neuroscience, awaiting new and improved research procedures.

Jason Braithwaite, a Senior Lecturer in Cognitive Neuroscience in the Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, University of Birmingham, issued an in-depth analysis and critique of the survivalist's neuroscience of some NDE researchers, concluding, "it is difficult to see what one could learn from the paranormal survivalist position which sets out assuming the truth of that which it seeks to establish, makes additional and unnecessary assumptions, misrepresents the current state of knowledge from mainstream science, and appears less than comprehensive in its analysis of the available facts."

Martens noted the "lack of uniform nomenclature", and "the failure to control the studied  population with an elimination of interfering factors", as examples of criticism directed towards near-death research.

But criticism of the field has also come from commentators within its own ranks. In an open letter to the NDE-community Ring has pointed to the "issue of possible religious bias in near-death studies". According to Ring the field of near-death studies, as well as the larger NDE-movement, has attracted a variety of religious and spiritual affiliations, from a number of traditions, which makes ideological claims on behalf of NDE-research. In his view this has compromised the integrity of research and discussion.

See also
 IANDS
 Near-death experience
 Transpersonal psychology
 Parapsychology
 Bruce Greyson
 Pam Reynolds' NDE

Notes

a.  van Lommel et.al, 2001: Table 2
b. The diagnostic label of "Religious or spiritual problem" is included in DSM-IV under the category of "Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention". See American Psychiatric Association (1994) "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", fourth edition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association (Code V62.89, Religious or Spiritual Problem).

c. Reported memories were assessed by the Greyson NDE Scale.

References

External links
The International Association for Near-Death Studies, Inc.
University of Virginia Health System – Division of Perceptual Studies
Links to 290 online NDE Scientific Papers

Category:Medical aspects of death
*
Category:Parapsychology
Category:Transpersonal psychology


A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur

A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur is a one-act play with two scenes by Tennessee Williams.

Plot synopsis
Set in St. Louis in the mid-1930s, the play focuses on four women struggling for a sense of identity and independence. Dorothea, a deluded Blanche DuBois-like middle-aged civics teacher at the local high school, fantasizes her cad of a beau, school principal T. Ralph Ellis, is really Prince Charming after allowing him to seduce her in the back seat of his car. Her slovenly but good-hearted hard-of-hearing roommate Bodey unrelentingly urges Dottie to strike up a relationship with her portly, fashion-challenged, cigar-chomping twin brother Buddy (who never is seen onstage). Sophie Gluck, a German immigrant manic-depressive mourning the loss of her beloved mother, is another tenant in the building, and Helena is Dottie's upscale and haughty friend and colleague.

Dorothea is planning to leave the crowded, tacky efficiency apartment she shares with Bodey and move in with Helena in order to have a larger and nicer place in which she can entertain the man she believes intends to marry her. Helena arrives to get a check from Dorothea to cover her share of the first month's rent. Dorothea is scheduled to join Bodey and Buddy for their weekly Sunday picnic in Creve Coeur Park, a short trolley car ride away, but she delays her departure, certain Mr. Ellis is going to call. Unbeknownst to her, his engagement to another woman has been announced in the society section of the morning newspaper, which Bodey, anticipating her reaction, has managed to conceal from her. Helena cruelly reveals the news, leaving Dorothea devastated and no longer interested in moving to a more expensive apartment she no longer needs and can't afford. Angered by the sudden change in plans, Helena tells Dorothea she's on a social and cultural level with Bodey and Buddy, and therefore undeserving of her friendship, and stalks out. Dorothea, realizing the unappealing Buddy may be her only chance for love, rushes off to catch him and his sister at the trolley stop.

Productions
In 1976, Tennessee Williams wrote Creve Coeur, a one-act play he considered a companion piece to Demolition Downtown, a short work that had been published in Esquire in 1971. Craig Anderson, director of the off-Broadway Hudson Theatre Guild in New York City, read it in 1977 and agreed to stage it. Williams expanded and revised it, and the play, directed by Keith Hack, who had directed a critically acclaimed production of the Williams play Vieux Carré in London two years earlier, premiered at the Spoleto Arts Festival in Charleston, South Carolina in June 1978 originally called Molly, with Shirley Knight as Dorothea and Jane Alexander. Mel Gussow of The New York Times described it as "tender, poignant and measurably human" but added, "this is still a play in evolution."
Williams continued to work on the play and changed its title to A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur. Again directed by Hack, with Knight reprising her role, it opened at the Hudson Guild Theatre in January 1979. Reviewing it in the New York Post, Clive Barnes said, "This is not your usual Tennessee tourist trip" and added, "But it is sweet, honest, compassionate, different and totally enjoyable."  The play closed the following month.

References

Category:1979 plays
Category:Off-Broadway plays
Category:Plays by Tennessee Williams
Category:Plays set in Missouri
Category:St. Louis in fiction
Category:Fiction set in the 1930s


Augustus Fuller

Augustus Fuller may refer to:

 Luther Fuller (Augustus Fuller, c. 1818–1841), helmsman of the steamboat Erie
 Augustus Fuller (MP) (1777–1857), British politician


XX Persei

XX Persei (IRC +50052 / HIP 9582 / BD+54 444) is a semiregular variable red supergiant star in the constellation Perseus, between the Double Cluster and the border with Andromeda.

Variability
XX Persei is a semiregular variable star of sub-type SRc, indicating a cool supergiant.  The General Catalogue of Variable Stars gives the period as 415 days. It also shows a long secondary period which was originally given at 4,100 days. A more recent study shows only slow variations with a period of 3,150 ± 1,000 days.  Another study failed to find any long period up to 10,000 days.

Distance
The most likely distance of XX Per is 2,290 parsecs, from assumed membership of the Perseus OB1 association.

Characteristics
XX Per is a red supergiant of spectral type M4Ib with an effective temperature of 3,700 K. It has a large infrared excess, indicating surrounding dust at a temperature of 900 K, but no masers have been detected.

XX Persei has a mass of 16 solar masses, above the limit beyond which stars end their lives as supernovae.

Companion
XX Persei has a companion of magnitude 9.7 20.5" away. The combined spectral type has been given as M4Ib + B7V, while the UV spectrum of the companion has been used to derive a spectral classification of A.

See also
 RS Persei
 S Persei

References

Notes

Category:Semiregular variable stars
Category:Perseus (constellation)
009582
Category:M-type supergiants
Category:Durchmusterung objects
Category:2MASS objects
Perseus, XX
012401


Pibor Airport

Pibor Airport is an airport serving the town of Pibor, in South Sudan.

Location
Pibor Airport  is located in Pibor County in Boma State, in the town of Pibor. The airport is located approximately  west of the Pibor market.

This location lies approximately , by air, northeast of Juba International Airport, the largest airport in South Sudan. The geographic coordinates of Pibor Airport are: 6° 47' 24.00"N, 33° 8' 6.00"E (Latitude: 6.7900; Longitude: 33.1350). The airport is situated  above sea level. The airport has a single unpaved runway, measuring .

Overview
Pibor Airport is a small civilian airport that serves the town of Pibor and surrounding communities. There are no known scheduled airlines serving Pibor Airport at this time.

See also
 Pibor
 Jonglei
 Greater Upper Nile
 List of airports in South Sudan

References

Category:Airports in South Sudan
Category:Jonglei


Unión de Rugby de Tucumán

The Tucuman Rugby Union () or URT is the organisational body that controls the game of rugby union in the province of Tucumán, Argentina.

History
Rugby was first played in Tucumán in 1915 but the first official rugby team in the province - Natación y Gimnasia - would only be formed in 1936. Six years later Tucumán Rugby Club was founded, followed by Universitario Rugby Club in 1943 and Cardenales Rugby Club in 1944.

Those four clubs would go on to found the "Unión de Rugby del Norte" on 29 February 1944.

Although the URN was based in Tucumán Province it also dealt with fledgling clubs from the neighbouring provinces of Salta, Jujuy and Santiago del Estero. Later these provinces would go on to form their own unions: Unión de Rugby de Salta in 1951, Unión Jujeña de Rugby in 1966 and Unión Santiagueña de Rugby in 1968. After that the Unión de Rugby del Norte became simply known as the Unión de Rugby de Tucumán and only dealt with clubs from Tucumán Province.

Tucumán Provincial team
The Unión de Rugby de Tucumán is represented in the Campeonato Argentino, a competition in which each of the 24 unions that make up the Unión Argentina de Rugby (UAR) participate.

Uniform

Titles
Campeonato Argentino: 11
 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 2005, 2010, 2013, 2014

Club competitions
Eleven member clubs are affiliated with the Union and take part in the union's provincial competitions. They also compete in the annual Torneo del Norte, a regional competition that also includes teams from the neighboring unions of Salta, Santiago del Estero and Jujuy.

Clubs from Tucumán have enjoyed some success in the national club tournament with Tucumán Rugby Club reaching the final twice in 1993 and 2007, and Los Tarcos Rugby Club once in 2004.

Torneo del Noroeste

Tucumán clubs take part in the Torneo del Noroeste (or simply Torneo del NOA), along with teams from Salta, Jujuy and Santiago del Estero.

The Noroeste tournament has traditionally been dominated by clubs from Tucumán, clubs from the other 3 provinces have yet to win a title. The most successful teams are Universitario and Tucumán Rugby Club with 21 and 20 titles respectively.

Every year, the best ranked teams from the Noroeste go on to play in the annual Torneo del Interior, where they meet teams from the country's other regional tournaments: Litoral, Centro, Noreste, Pampeana, Oeste and Patagónico.

The two finalists of the Interior then go on to meet the two finalists of the Buenos Aires League in the Nacional de Clubes competition.

So far, two clubs from Tucumán have reached the final of the Nacional: Tucumán RC in 1993 and 2007 and Los Tarcos in 2004. However, both clubs lost and a Tucumán club has yet to win the national title.

Local competitions
Like all other provincial unions, the URT organises local competitions for underage and reserve teams.

Member clubs

Bajo Fondo
Cardenales
Corsarios
Huirapuca
Jockey Club de Tucumán
Lince

Los Tarcos
Natación y Gimnasia
Tucumán Lawn Tennis
Tucumán RC
Universitario de Tucumán
S.I.R.C. (Lules)

Coipu (Famailla)
Huirapuca (Concepción)
Tafí Viejo Rugby
Aguara Guazu (Aguilares)
La Querencia (Alberdi)

See also
Torneo del Noroeste

References

External links
Unión de Rugby de Tucumán
Unión Argentina de Rugby

Tuc
Category:Sport in Tucumán Province

Category:Sports organizations established in 1944


List of colleges and university schools of music in the United States

This is a list of United States schools of music and colleges and universities with music schools.

Alabama
 The University of Alabama School of Music

California
 California College of Music
 California Institute of the Arts
 California State University, Chico
 California State University, Long Beach Bob Cole Conservatory of Music
  California State University, Northridge
 California State University, Sacramento
 California State University, Stanislaus
 Colburn School
 Expressions COLLEGE OF DIGITAL Arts
 Los Angeles Film School, Hollywood, L.A., California
 Musicians Institute Contemporary, Hollywood
 San Francisco Conservatory of Music
 University of California, Berkeley
 University of California, Davis
 University of California, Irvine
 University of California, Los Angeles Herb Alpert School of Music
 University of California, Riverside
 University of California, Santa Barbara
 University of California, Santa Cruz
 University of California, San Diego
 University of the Pacific Conservatory of Music
 University of Redlands School of Music
 University of Southern California Thornton School of Music

Colorado
 Colorado State University
 University of Colorado Boulder College of Music
 University of Northern Colorado School of Music

Connecticut
 Hartt School of Music
 Yale University
 University of Connecticut, Storrs
 Western Connecticut State University

District of Columbia
 Catholic University's Benjamin T. Rome School of Music

Florida
 Florida A&M (FAMU)
 Florida Atlantic University
 Florida State University College of Music
 Full Sail University
 Palm Beach Atlantic University
 Palm Beach State College
 Rollins College
 Stetson University
 University of Miami Frost School of Music
 University of Florida
 University of Central Florida
 University of North Florida
 University of South Florida
 University of Tampa

Georgia
 Columbus State University Schwob School of Music
 Georgia Institute of Technology School of Music
 Georgia State University
 Mercer University Townsend School of Music
 The University of Georgia Hodgson School of Music
 Georgia Southern University Department of Music
University of West Georgia Department of Music

Idaho
 Idaho State University
 University of Idaho

Illinois
 Chicago College of Performing Arts of Roosevelt University
 Columbia College Chicago Music Department
 DePaul University
 Illinois State University
 Northeastern Illinois University
 Northern Illinois University
 Northwestern University Bienen School of Music
 Southern Illinois University Carbondale
 Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
 University of Illinois at Chicago
 University of Illinois School of Music (Urbana, IL)
 Wheaton College Conservatory of Music
 North Park University
 VanderCook College of Music

Indiana
 Ball State University
 Butler University
 DePauw University
 Indiana University Jacobs School of Music
 The Indiana College of Music

Iowa
 Iowa State University
 University of Iowa School of Music
 University of Northern Iowa School of Music

Kansas
 Kansas State University
 University of Kansas
 Wichita State University

Kentucky
 Campbellsville University
 University of Kentucky
 University of Louisville
 Western Kentucky University

Louisiana
Louisiana Tech University
LSU
 Northwestern State University
ULL

Maine
 University of Maine
 University of Southern Maine School of Music

Maryland
 Peabody Conservatory of Johns Hopkins University
 University of Maryland School of Music

Massachusetts
 Berklee College of Music
 Boston Conservatory
 Boston University
 Longy School of Music
 New England Conservatory of Music
 University Of Massachusetts Amherst

Michigan
 University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance
 Michigan State University College of Music
 Grand Valley State University Department of Music and Dance
 Western Michigan University
 Eastern Michigan University
 Central Michigan University

Minnesota
 McNally Smith College of Music
 University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
 University of Minnesota-Duluth
 St. Cloud State University

Mississippi
 University of Southern Mississippi
 University of Mississippi

Missouri
 University of Missouri-Kansas City
 University of Missouri School of Music

Nebraska
 University of Nebraska - Lincoln School of music

Nevada
 University of Nevada, Las Vegas School of Music

New Hampshire
 Chosen Vale Center for Advanced Musical Studies

New Jersey
 Kean University
 Mason Gross School of the Arts of Rutgers University
 John J. Cali School of Music at Montclair State University
 New Jersey City University
 Rowan University
 The College of New Jersey
 Westminster Choir College of Rider University
 William Paterson University

New York
 Bard College Conservatory of Music
 Brooklyn College Conservatory of Music
 Crane School of Music
Aaron Copland School of Music, Queens College, City University of New York
 Eastman School of Music
 Five Towns College
 Ithaca College School of Music
 Juilliard School
 Manhattan School of Music
 Mannes College of Music
 New York University, Steinhardt School
 New York University, Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music
 Roberts Wesleyan College
 Syracuse University Setnor School of Music
 The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music
 City College of New York
 Purchase Conservatory of Music
 Hunter College
 Stony Brook University
 AMDA- American Music Drama Academy
 SUNY Fredonia, Fredonia School of Music

North Carolina
 Appalachian State University (Mariam Cannon Hayes School of Music)
 Ambassador Baptist College
 Brevard College
 East Carolina University
 High Point University
 University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG College of Visual and Performing Arts)
 University of North Carolina School of the Arts

North Dakota
 North Dakota State University

Ohio
 Baldwin-Wallace Conservatory of Music
 Bowling Green State University, College of Musical Arts
 Capital University
 Cleveland Institute of Music
 Cleveland State University
 Kent State University
 Oberlin Conservatory
 The Ohio State University
 Ohio University
 The University of Akron
 University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music
 Wright State University
 Youngstown State University

Oklahoma
 East Central University
 Oklahoma City University
 University of Oklahoma
 University of Central Oklahoma

Oregon
 University of Oregon
 Portland State University

Pennsylvania
 Carnegie Mellon School of Music
 Curtis Institute of Music
 Duquesne University
 Gettysburg College
 Millersville University School of Music
 Temple University
 The Pennsylvania State University
 Lebanon Valley College
 University of the Arts
 Indiana University of Pennsylvania
 West Chester University of Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico
 Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico
 University of Puerto Rico - Department of Music
 Interamerican University of Puerto Rico - Department of Music

South Carolina
 Converse College
 University of South Carolina
 Furman University Department of Music
 Bob Jones University Department of Music

Tennessee
 Austin Peay State University
 Belmont University
 Crown College of the Bible
 Middle Tennessee State University
 Tennessee Technological University
 University of Memphis
 University of Tennessee, Knoxville
 University of Tennessee, Martin
 Blair School of Music, Vanderbilt University
 Lee University

Texas
 Midwestern State University
 Rice University (Shepherd School of Music)
 Sam Houston State University
 Southern Methodist University
 Texas Christian University
 Texas Lutheran University
 Texas Tech University (School of Music)
 University of Houston (Moores School of Music)
 University of North Texas College of Music
 University of Texas (Sarah and Ernest Butler School of Music)

Utah
 Brigham Young University School of Music
 University Of Utah
 Utah State University

Virginia
 George Mason University
 James Madison University
 Liberty University
 Virginia Commonwealth University
 Shenandoah Conservatory
 Christopher Newport University
 Longwood University
 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
 Sweet Briar College

Washington
Cornish College of the Arts
University of Washington
Northwest University
Central Washington University

West Virginia
 West Virginia University
 West Virginia State University
Shepherd University

Wisconsin
 Lawrence Conservatory of Music, Lawrence University
 University of Wisconsin–Madison
 University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee

References


Suiyang

Suiyang may refer to the following locations in China:

 Suiyang District (睢阳区), Shangqiu, Henan
 Suiyang County (绥阳县), of Zunyi, Guizhou
 Suiyang, Fenggang County (绥阳镇), town in Guizhou
 Suiyang, Dongning County (绥阳镇), town in Heilongjiang


James Stuart MacDonald

James Stuart MacDonald (28 March 187812 November 1952) was an Australian artist, art critic and Director of the National Art Gallery of New South Wales from 1929 to 1937.

Early life
MacDonald was born on 28 March 1878 in Carlton, Melbourne, the son of Solicitor Hector MacDonald and his American wife Anna Louisa, née Flett. He attended school at Kew High School and Hawthorn Grammar School, but proved unsuccessful in his studies. As a child, through family connections, MacDonald met many painters and in the mid-1890s studied at the National Gallery of Victoria's school.

MacDonald left Australia for London in 1898 to attend the Westminster School of Art. He then spent five years in Paris where he attended the Académie Julian and the Académie Colarossi. He exhibited his works at the Royal Academy of Arts and the Old Salon, Paris. He returned to Melbourne and married American arts student, Maud Keller on 4 August 1904. They moved to New York where he taught art until 1910 at a high school. Back in Australia he painted some portraits and landscapes and turned to drawing in charcoal and to lithographic portraits.

On 9 September 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, MacDonald enlisted in the 5th Battalion, Australian Imperial Force. With the rank of Private he served at Gallipoli where, on 26 April 1915, he was wounded in the abdomen and was classified unfit for active service. He served as a pay sergeant from 1916-1917 in England. In 1918 he worked as a camouflage artist with the 5th Division in France and was medically discharged from the army in April 1919.

Returning to Australia, MacDonald took up art study, publishing works on Frederick McCubbin, Penleigh Boyd, David Davies and George Lambert. Having given up painting, from 1923 he was art critic for The Melbourne Herald.

Gallery Director
In October 1928 MacDonald was appointed as the Director of the National Art Gallery of New South Wales. It was in this position that he gained a reputation for artistic conservatism and thus was harmonious with the gallery trustees. MacDonald held more exhibitions of Australian work than was customary and added workshops and storerooms to the gallery. In 1936 he applied to become Director of the National Gallery of Victoria and was appointed. He had strained relations with the Trustees, particularly the Chairman, Sir Keith Murdoch, who resented his ferocious attacks on contemporary art and the 1939 Herald exhibition of French and English painting, which MacDonald described as "exceedingly wretched paintings...putrid meat...the product of degenerates and perverts...filth". In 1940 the Trustees recommended against his reappointment and he was effectively dismissed in 1941.

In 1943 he was first witness on behalf of those who brought an action against the award of the Archibald Prize to William Dobell for his portrait of Joshua Smith. From 1943 to 1947 he was the art critic for The Age and was appointed to the Commonwealth Art Advisory Board, becoming Chairman from 1949-1952. Macdonald lived in Montrose and later joined the Liberal Party of Australia.

MacDonald died in Melbourne on 12 November 1952 and was cremated. In 1958 a collection of his writings, 'Australian Painting Desiderata', was published with a foreword by Menzies. His portrait by Hugh Ramsay is held by the University of Melbourne.

References

External links
 MacDonald letters, 14 June-24 August 1918 / James Stuart MacDonald held at State Library of New South Wales, accessed 23 November 2013.

Category:1878 births
Category:1952 deaths
Category:Australian curators
Category:Artists from Melbourne
Category:20th-century Australian painters
Category:Académie Colarossi alumni


Darantasia

Darantasia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1859.

Species

References

Heppner, J. B. (2010). "Notes on Vietnam moths, 16. A new Darantasia from Vietnam (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Lithosiinae)". Lepidoptera Novae (Gainesville). 3 (4): 255-258.

External links

Category:Nudariina
Category:Moth genera


Concord, Virginia

Concord, Virginia may refer to:
Concord, Brunswick County, Virginia
Concord, Campbell County, Virginia
Concord, Gloucester County, Virginia

See also
Concord (disambiguation)


Work of art

A work of art, artwork, art piece, piece of art or art object is an aesthetic physical item or artistic creation. Apart from "work of art", which may be used of any work regarded as art in its widest sense, including works from literature and music, these terms apply principally to tangible, portable forms of visual art:
An example of fine art, such as a painting or sculpture.
An object that has been designed specifically for its aesthetic appeal, such as a piece of jewellery.
An object that has been designed for aesthetic appeal as well as functional purpose, as in interior design and much folk art.
An object created for principally or entirely functional, religious or other non-aesthetic reasons which has come to be appreciated as art (often later, or by cultural outsiders).
A non-ephemeral photograph, film or visual computer program, such as a video game or computer animation
A work of installation art or conceptual art.
Used more broadly, the term is less commonly applied to:
A fine work of architecture or landscape design
A production of live performance, such as theater, ballet, opera, performance art, musical concert and other performing arts, and other ephemeral, non-tangible creations.

This article is concerned with the terms and concept as used in and applied to the visual arts, although other fields such as aural-music and written word-literature have similar issues and philosophies.  The term objet d'art is reserved to describe works of art that are not paintings, prints, drawings or large or medium-sized sculptures, or architecture (e.g. household goods, figurines, etc., some purely aesthetic, some also practical).  The term oeuvre is used to describe the complete body of work completed by an artist throughout a career.

Definition
A work of art in the visual arts is a physical two- or three- dimensional object that is professionally determined or otherwise considered to fulfill a primarily independent aesthetic function.  A singular art object is often seen in the context of a larger art movement or artistic era, such as: a genre, aesthetic convention, culture, or regional-national distinction. It can also be seen as an item within an artist's "body of work" or oeuvre. The term is commonly used by: museum and cultural heritage curators, the interested public, the art patron-private art collector community, and art galleries.

Physical objects that document immaterial or conceptual art works, but do not conform to artistic conventions can be redefined and reclassified as art objects. Some Dada and Neo-Dada conceptual and readymade works have received later inclusion. Also, some architectural renderings and models of unbuilt projects, such as by Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Frank Gehry, are other examples.

The products of environmental design, depending on intention and execution, can be "works of art" and include: land art, site-specific art, architecture, gardens, landscape architecture, installation art, rock art, and megalithic monuments.

Legal definitions of "work of art" are used in copyright law; see .

Theories
Marcel Duchamp criticized the idea that the work of art should be a unique product of an artist's labour, representational of their technical skill or artistic caprice. Theorists have argued that objects and people do not have a constant meaning, but their meanings are fashioned by humans in the context of their culture, as they have the ability to make things mean or signify something.

Artist Michael Craig-Martin, creator of An Oak Tree, said of his work – "It's not a symbol. I have changed the physical substance of the glass of water into that of an oak tree. I didn't change its appearance. The actual oak tree is physically present, but in the form of a glass of water."

Distinctions
Some art theorists and writers have long made a distinction between the physical qualities of an art object and its identity-status as an artwork.  For example, a painting by Rembrandt has a physical existence as an "oil painting on canvas" that is separate from its identity as a masterpiece "work of art" or the artist's magnum opus.  Many works of art are initially denied "museum quality" or artistic merit, and later become accepted and valued in museum and private collections. Works by the Impressionists and non-representational abstract artists are examples. Some, such as the "Readymades" of Marcel Duchamp including his infamous urinal Fountain, are later reproduced as museum quality replicas.

Research suggests that presenting an artwork in a museum context can affect the perception of it.

There is an indefinite distinction, for current or historical aesthetic items: between "fine art" objects made by "artists"; and  folk art, craft-work, or "applied art" objects made by "first, second, or third-world" designers, artisans and craftspeople. Contemporary and archeological indigenous art, industrial design items in limited or mass production, and places created by environmental designers and cultural landscapes, are some examples. The term has been consistently available for debate, reconsideration, and redefinition.

See also
 Anti-art
 Artistic media
 Cultural artifact
 Opus number (used in music)
 Outline of aesthetics
 "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"
 Western canon

References

Further reading
Richard Wollheim, Art and Its Objects, 2nd ed., 1980, Cambridge University Press, .  The classic philosophical enquiry into what a work of art is.

External links

*

Category:Concepts in aesthetics
Category:Creativity
Category:Design
*


Mussau Island monarch

Mussau Island monarch may refer to:
 Flores monarch, a species of bird endemic to Flores
 Mussau monarch, a species of bird endemic to the Bismarck Archipelago

Category:Birds by common name


2018 AFC Champions League qualifying play-offs

The 2018 AFC Champions League qualifying play-offs were played from 16 to 30 January 2018. A total of 22 teams competed in the qualifying play-offs to decide eight of the 32 places in the group stage of the 2018 AFC Champions League.

Teams
The following 22 teams, split into two regions (West Region and East Region), entered the qualifying play-offs, consisting of three rounds:
4 teams entered in the preliminary round 1.
6 teams entered in the preliminary round 2.
12 teams entered in the play-off round.

Format

In the qualifying play-offs, each tie was played as a single match. Extra time and penalty shoot-out were used to decide the winner if necessary (Regulations Article 9.2). The eight winners of the play-off round advanced to the group stage to join the 24 direct entrants. All losers in each round from associations with only play-off slots entered the AFC Cup group stage.

Schedule
The schedule of each round was as follows.

Bracket

The bracket of the qualifying play-offs for each region was determined by the AFC based on the association ranking of each team, with the team from the higher-ranked association hosting the match. Teams from the same association could not be placed into the same play-off.

Play-off West 1
 Al-Ain advanced to Group D.

Play-off West 2
 Zob Ahan advanced to Group B.

Play-off West 3
 Al-Gharafa advanced to Group A.

Play-off West 4
 Nasaf Qarshi advanced to Group C.

Play-off East 1
 Suwon Samsung Bluewings advanced to Group H.

Play-off East 2
 Kashiwa Reysol advanced to Group E.

Play-off East 3
 Shanghai SIPG advanced to Group F.

Play-off East 4
 Tianjin Quanjian advanced to Group E.

Preliminary round 1

Summary
A total of four teams played in the preliminary round 1.

|+East Region

East Region

Preliminary round 2

Summary
A total of eight teams played in the preliminary round 2: six teams which entered in this round, and two winners of the preliminary round 1.

|+East Region

East Region

Play-off round

Summary
A total of 16 teams played in the play-off round: twelve teams which entered in this round, and four winners of the preliminary round 2.

|+West Region

|+East Region

West Region

East Region

Notes

References

External links
, the-AFC.com
AFC Champions League 2018, stats.the-AFC.com

*1
Category:January 2018 sports events in Asia


Gideon Mwiti

Gideon Mwiti Irea (born 6 December 1960) is a member of Parliament in Kenya. He represents Imenti Central constituency.

Education

Mwiti Irea holds a Bachelor of Arts  from the Daystar University and a degree in Public Relations from the Institute of Commercial Management (ICM-UK).

Political life

Mwiti Irea won the Imenti Central Parliamentary seat during the 2013 Kenyan general elections via the Alliance Party of Kenya. As of February 2015, he had made 56 contributions at the floor of the house.

Rape allegations

It is alleged that Mwiti Irea assaulted and raped a journalist in his office on March 22, 2015. He was charged in court on April 2, 2015 and was accused of subjecting a former journalist to an HIV test and then later assaulting her.

References

Category:Kenyan politicians
Category:Living people
Category:1960 births


Prath, Germany

Prath is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.

References

Category:Rhein-Lahn-Kreis


Goodnight Kiss

"Goodnight Kiss" is  a song recorded by American country music artist Randy Houser. It was released in September 2013 as the third single from his third studio album, How Country Feels. Houser wrote the song with Rob Hatch and Jason Sellers.

Critical reception
Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song a favorable review, writing that "Houser’s softer side comes through on this mid-tempo love song." Bobby Peacock of Roughstock also gave the song a favorable review, saying that "But even if the lyrics aren't anything to write home about, they're still familiar and sincerely sung. Randy is usually a bit of a belter, but the verses allow him to tone it down before going full-force on the chorus, thus allowing a little more color to his sturdy voice than usual. The production is a bit loud, but not to the point of distraction.

Music video
The music video was directed by Wes Edwards and premiered in January 2014.

Chart performance
"Goodnight Kiss" debuted at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of September 28, 2013. It also debuted at number 50 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 26, 2013. It also debuted at number 93 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of January 25, 2014. It also debuted at number 96 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of February 15, 2014.  The song has sold 352,000 copies in the U.S. as of April 2014.

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Category:2013 songs
Category:2013 singles
Category:Randy Houser songs
Category:Broken Bow Records singles
Category:Songs written by Jason Sellers
Category:Songs written by Randy Houser
Category:Music videos directed by Wes Edwards
Category:Songs written by Rob Hatch


Genyorchis platybulbon

Genyorchis platybulbon is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is native to Cameroon and Gabon.  Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Sources

platybulbon
Category:Orchids of Cameroon
Category:Orchids of Gabon
Category:Plants described in 1906
Category:Critically endangered flora of Africa
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


La Dance

La Dance may refer to:
 "La Dance", a song by Paps 'n' Skar
 "La Dance", a song by Gigi D'Agostino from L'Amour Toujours

See also
 Jean la Dance, a character in the 1945 film Zombies on Broadway
 La Danse (disambiguation)
 Dance (disambiguation)
 The Dance (disambiguation)


Gerusoppa

Gerusoppa  is a village in Honnavar Taluk in Uttara Kannada District in the Indian state of Karnataka. The village is also known as Nagarbastikeri and comes under Nagarbastikeri Panchayat. It was capital of Salva dynasty between 14th and 15th century AD with queen Rani Chennabhairadevi.

Education
Local colleges include B.g.V.S Arts, commerce  and Science College, Shri Guru Sudhindra College, A. V. Baliga College of Arts and Science, Government College, Gajanana Secondary School, G Pu College Allanki and Sri Subramanya P U Kavalakki.

Schools for younger students include New English School (unaided) and S F S Kodani.

Transportation
Honnavar Railway Station and Manki Railway Station are the nearest railway stations.

See also
Unchalli Falls
Apsarakonda
Murudeshwar
 Mangalore
 Kumta
Jog falls
Jain basadi

References

External links

Category:Villages in Uttara Kannada district


Frank Decker (medium)

Frank Decker was a 20th-century American spiritualist medium who was discovered to be a fraud.

Career

Decker lived in Greenwich Village in New York City. In January, 1930 Decker took a challenge to win $21,000 if he could prove his supposed mediumship powers. Decker would not win the prize if the magician Joseph Dunninger could duplicate the same physical phenomena. In the séance Decker claimed spirits had moved trumpets around the room and spoken in them. After the séance was finished, Joseph Dunninger replicated by natural means the same trumpet phenomena as Decker. Decker did not win the prize.

In 1932, Decker was exposed as a fraud. A magician and séance sitter who called himself M. Taylor presented a mail bag and Decker agreed to lock himself inside it. During the séance objects were moved around the room and it was claimed spirits had released Decker from the bag. It was later discovered to have been a trick as Martin Sunshine, a magic dealer admitted that he sold Decker a trick mail bag, such as stage escapologists use, and had acted as the medium's confederate by pretending to be M. Taylor, a magician. Edwin F. Bowers had defended Decker. In his book Spiritualism's Challenge, Bowers had made incorrect statements about the magician and was threatened with a lawsuit from the Society of American Magicians. He later removed the incorrect statements from his book.

In 1933, Decker was investigated by the psychical researcher Harry Price at the National Laboratory of Psychical Research. Under strict scientific controls that Price contrived, Decker failed to produce any phenomena at all.

References

Category:American spiritual mediums
Category:People from Greenwich Village


Miroslav Popov (basketball)

Miroslav Popov (; born November 26, 1957) is a Serbian professional basketball coach.

Coaching career

Men's basketball
Popov coached Lions Vršac in 2003–04 season and Bosnian team Leotar Trebinje during 2007–08 season.

Women's club basketball
Popov spent a big part of his coaching career with Hemofarm from Vršac. He was an assistant coach from 1993 to 1999, and a head coach three times: 1999–2003, 2004–2005 and 2010–2013.

Also, Popov coached teams in Italy and Romania. He was a coach of Italian team Mercede Basket Alghero for two seasons. In Romania, he was a head coach for CSU Alba Iulia for five seasons.

Women national teams
FR Yugoslavia
Popov was a head coach for the FR Yugoslavia women's national team at the EuroBasket Women 2001 and 2002 FIBA World Championship for Women.

Romania
Popov was a head coach for the Romania women's national team.

Career achievements and awards
Head Coach
 Central Europe Women's League champion: 2 (with CSU Alba Iulia: 2013–14, 2015–16)
 FR Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro Women's League champion: 3 (with Hemofarm: 1999–00, 2000–01, 2004–05)
 Milan Ciga Vasojević Cup winner: 2 (with Hemofarm: 2009–10, 2011–12)
 FR Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro Women's Cup winner: 2 (with Hemofarm: 2001–02, 2004–05)
Assistant Coach
 FR Yugoslavia Women's League champion: 2 (with Hemofarm: 1997–98, 1998–99)
 FR Yugoslavia Women's Cup: 3 (with Hemofarm: 1995–96, 1997–98, 1998–99)

References

External links
 Coach Profile at eurobasket.com
 Biography at kosarkaskitrenerivojvodine.rs

Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:KK Lions/Swisslion Vršac coaches
Category:Serbia and Montenegro national basketball team coaches
Category:Serbian men's basketball coaches
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Italy
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Romania
Category:University of Novi Sad alumni


Hippolytus, Bishop of Vác

Hippolytus or Ypolitus () was a prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 12th century, who served as Bishop of Vác from around 1156 to 1157, during the reign of Géza II of Hungary.

Career
Hippolytus became Bishop of Vác sometime after 1139, as his last known predecessor, Marcellinus was last mentioned by sources in that year. Hippolytus appears as a witness in two documents. At first in 1156, when Archbishop Martyrius donated the tithe of surrounding 70 villages to the cathedral chapter of Esztergom. Hippolytus again acted in this capacity in March 1157, when Gervasius, Bishop of Győr interceded with Géza II to grant the collection right of salt duties to the archdiocese at Nána and Kakat (present-day Štúrovo, Slovakia). There, Hippolytus was mentioned without his episcopal see.

References

Sources

Category:Bishops of Vác
Category:12th-century Hungarian people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Leila Steinberg

Leila Steinberg (born December 18, 1961) is an American manager, business woman, educator, writer, poet, and founder of AIM4TheHeART, a 501(c)(3) non-profit dedicated to helping at-risk youth find their voice using an emotional literacy curriculum and writing workshops. She is best known as the artist mentor and first manager for superstar rapper Tupac Shakur. They met when he was a student in her writing workshop, The Microphone Sessions, in the Oakland Bay area. Today Leila manages the rapper Earl Sweatshirt, formerly of Odd Future.

In the 2017 Tupac biopic All Eyez On Me, Leila was played by actress Lauren Cohan.

Life and work
Steinberg was born in Los Angeles, California. Her mother was an activist of Mexican-Turkish descent, and her father was a criminal defense lawyer of Polish Jewish descent.

During the late 1980s, Steinberg performed as a backup dancer and singer, touring with musicians O.J. Ekemode & The Nigerian Allstars. She also shared the stage with Santana, Bo Diddley, The Neville Brothers, The Spinners, Burning Spear and Jimmy Cliff. As a veteran music industry executive, she served as a marketer with Atlantic Records, Sony, Def Jam, Tommy Boy, Interscope, and Relativity.

She is married and has two children with her husband.

While living in the San Francisco Bay Area, Steinberg held poetry classes in Oakland. Among her students was young Tupac Shakur. After he came to her poetry class in spring 1989, they hit it off. For a time he lived with her and her family, and read and wrote under her encouragement. She served as a mentor and manager until he needed more professional help. He signed with Atron Gregory in 1989.

Steinberg and Shakur further developed what they called The Microphone Sessions (TMS), a writing workshop  that develops the spoken word, poetry, musical, hip-hop, pop and dance, jazz, rock n' roll singing, and dramatic performances. Weekly gatherings are held worldwide, led by Steinberg-trained artist-educators.

Steinberg co-teaches a class on Race and the Law at USC's Law School with Professor Jody Armour. For more than 25 years, she has also taught her class to inmates at San Quentin, through the No More Tears program. One of her students, Curtis "Wall Street" Carroll, has become known as the "Oracle of San Quentin" because of his success in stock picks.

References

External links

 AIM4TheHeART

Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Category:American writers of Mexican descent
Category:American people of Turkish descent
Category:Jewish American poets
Category:American women poets
Category:21st-century American poets


Betty Blake

Betty Blake (September 20, 1931 - April 13, 1982) was an American historic preservationist and promoter. She was best known for preserving historic riverboats in Cincinnati. Her biggest preservation project was helping to save the Delta Queen.

Biography
Blake was born on September 20, 1930 in Lexington, Kentucky and grew up in Carlisle, Kentucky. Blake was part of the campaign to help elect her father, Stanley Blake, to the Kentucky Senate in 1936. Blake attended the University of Kentucky and earned a degree in business in 1952. Blake's first job was working at WLW-TV in Cincinnati, and while she was there, applied to work as a salesperson for Avalon Steamboat Lines. When she applied for the job, the president said, "Look, this little lady wants to sell our boat. Isn't that wonderful?" Blake was successful at the job and when the company was sold to the Belle of Louisville, Blake went to the Greene Line Inc, as the public relations director for the Delta Queen in 1962.

The Delta Queen was "a floating hotel with a troubled occupancy rate" when she took over and was threatened by the federal Safety at Sea law which prohibited wooden vessels from carrying more than 50 passengers overnight. Blake promoted the Delta Queen using a steamboat race between the Queen and the Belle of Louisville in 1963. The race eventually became an annual attraction during Kentucky Derby Week. Blake helped the Queen reach around a 90% occupancy rate for is 188 bed-capacity. However, the Safety at Sea law threatened to put the boat in dry dock in 1966. Blake collected signatures for a petition to get a special act passed exempting the boat from the new law. Congress passed the special act, saving the boat. The exemptions were limited, with one passed on 1973, extending into October 31, 1978.  Blake also helped lead the campaign to have the boat listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

In 1975, Blake was one of two women on the board of trustees of the Greater Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce. When she was promoted to president of the Delta Queen Steamboat Company in 1976, she became the first woman to serve as the president of a major American cruise line. In 1979, Blake left the Delta Queen to open her own public relations and marketing firm called Betty Blake & Co. A 400-seat passenger boat, the Betty Blake, was named after her by on April 12, 1980.

Blake became ill in December 1981. She died from stomach cancer in Georgetown, Kentucky on April 13, 1982. Blake was buried in Carlisle Cemetery where her headstone reads only "Hi There." In 1996, Blake was inducted into the National Rivers Hall of Fame.

References

External links
 Betty Blake
 Hail to Capt. Betty, the Riverboat Queen

Category:1931 births
Category:1982 deaths
Category:American business executives
Category:University of Kentucky alumni
Category:People from Carlisle, Kentucky
Category:People from Cincinnati


Madeleva Wolff

Sister M. Madeleva Wolff, C.S.C., (May 24, 1887 – July 25, 1964), the "lady abbess of nun poets", was the third President of Saint Mary's College in Notre Dame, Indiana.

Life
Sister Madeleva was born in Cumberland, Wisconsin, in 1887, and christened Mary Evaline Wolff. Her father, August Wolff, was a Lutheran and a saddle and harness maker, who was twice mayor of Cumberland.  He read poetry to Mary Evaline.  Madeleva’s mother, Lucy, was a devout Catholic.  Mary Evaline learned how to handle pliers, tacks and hammers. She climbed thorn apple trees, diagrammed wildflowers and in winter ice-skated from morning to night.  At school, she "lived to learn, and so lived richly," she wrote in one of her books, My First Seventy Years.

Madeleva decided to become a religious sister during her first semester at Saint Mary's College. She was given the name "Madeleva" upon her acceptance into the Congregation of Holy Cross in 1908.

Sister Madeleva was known for her poetry, her eloquence and her outspokenness. She was a medieval scholar, whose literary essays won her distinction. She wrote a good deal in defense of Geoffrey Chaucer's character "The Prioress". In all, she authored more than 20 books.

She studied at numerous universities, including the University of California, Berkeley and University of Oxford. When she completed her M.A. degree in English at The University of Notre Dame, she had been one of only four Sisters to pursue graduate work there. In 1925, she earned a doctorate in English from the University of California at Berkeley. She served as a teacher and the principal of the Academy of the Sacred Heart (opened in 1878, the school closed in 1937) in Ogden, Utah, and as President of College of Saint Mary-of-the-Wasatch in Salt Lake City. She later became the head of the English department at Saint Mary's College.

The tenure of Sister Madeleva as President of Saint Mary's College began in 1934. She told leaders that "the essence of our college is not its buildings, its endowment fund, its enrollment, or even its faculty; the essence is the teaching of truth." Some of her most tangible contributions included the establishment of the School of Sacred Theology (the first and, for more than a decade, the only institution to offer graduate degrees in theology to women), the introduction of the Department of Nursing Education, and the construction of the Moreau Center for the Arts (named for Father Basil Moreau, it was one of the first all-purpose buildings for art studies—containing both galleries and theatres—in the country). In 1958, she received an honorary degree (LLD) from Indiana University. She retired from her position as president in 1961. She died in Boston in 1964.

The Madeleva Society, composed of benefactors of the College, bears her name, as well as Madeleva Hall, the Madeleva Memorial Classroom Building, The Sister Madeleva Poetry Society, and the Madeleva Lecture Series, all at Saint Mary's.

Quotations
 "I like to go to Marshall Field's in Chicago just to see how many things there are in the world that I do not want."
 "Thinking of things to be done, hopes to be realized, persons to be helped, I say laughingly that I go to a multitude of funerals daily, burying so many deceased projects, so much of what I have had to let die and must bury without regret."

Literary works
 With Marian Anderson (?) co-written with Sister Mary Pieta
 Horizons: Reflections on a Liberal Education (1981?)
 A Child Asks for a Star (1964)
 The Sister Madeleva Story (1961) co-written with Barbara C. Jencks
 Conversations with Cassandra: Who Believes in Education? (1961)
 My First Seventy Years (1959)
 25 Poemas de la Hermana Mary Madeleva : En Versión Castellana (1959)
 The Four Last Things: Collected Poems (1959)
 American Twelfth Night, and Other Poems (1955)
 A Lost Language, and Other Essays on Chaucer (1951)
 The Education of Sister Lucy: A Symposium on Teacher Education and Teacher Training (1949)
 Collected Poems (1947)
 Saint Mary's College: Notre Dame, Holy Cross, Indiana : A Report of the President (1947)
 A Song of Bedlam Inn, and Other Poems (1946)
 Selected Poems (1945)
 Addressed to Youth (1944)
 New Things and Old, Christmas, 1941 (1941)
 Four Girls, and Other Poems (1941)
 Christmas Night 1940 (1940)
 Songs of the Rood; A Century of Verse (1940)
 Gates, and Other Poems (1938)
 Christmas Eve, and Other Poems (1938)
 Bethlehem (1938)
 A Question of Lovers, and Other Poems (1936)
 The Happy Christmas Wind, and Other Poems (1936)
 Penelope, and Other Poems (1927)
 Futility, (1926)
 Chaucer's Nuns, and Other Essays (1925)
 Pearl; A Study in Spiritual Dryness (1924)
 Knights Errant, and Other Poems (1923)
 A Plea for the Familiar Essay in College English (1918)

Works inspired by Sister Madeleva
 Composer Zae Munn used Sister Madeleva's poetry as the text for a piece written for a women's choir titled "Touched to Apocalypse" (2001).
 Composer Elizabeth Poston used Sister Madeleva's poetry as text for a piece for voice and piano titled Sheepfolds. (1958)

References

Bibliography
 Hau, Sister Mary Eva - An Analysis of the Prose and Poetry of Sister Mary Madeleva ...
 Kilmer, Kenton - Contemporary Catholic Authors : Sister M. Madeleva, C.S.C., Pioneer Poet
 Klein, Mary Ellen - Sister M. Madeleva Wolff, C.S.C., Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana : a study of presidential leadership, 1934-1961
 Mandell, Gail Porter - Madeleva: A Biography
 Mandell, Gail Porter - Madeleva: One Woman's Life
 McDonnell, Mary E. - A Study of Sister Madeleva's Disquisition on the Pearl in Regard to the Method She Followed and the Methods Followed by Earlier and Subsequent Writers.
 Oster, Ann M. - The Poetry of Sister Mary Madeleva, C.S.C. : A Spiritual Autobiography of a Modern Medievalist
 Quinn, Sister Mary Marcelline - Sister Mary Madeleva Wolff : A Study of Her Life and Works
 Werner, Maria Assunta - Madeleva: Sister Mary Madeleva Wolff, C.S.C. : A Pictorial Biography
 Witherspoon, Marjorie Hall Walsh - Sister Madeleva: Lyric Poet
 Life Magazine, June 10, 1957 - Close-up of Sister Mary Madeleva of Saint Mary's College in South Bend, Indiana

External links
 Biography - Sister Mary Madeleva
 Seton Hall University Records, Category Archives: Saint Mary’s College, Sister Mary Madeleva, CSC Collection
Women in American Religious History

Links to Sister Madeleva's poetry
 I Go to School
 Things to Be Loved
Three by Madeleva I: Poems by Sister M. Madeleva, C.S.C.
Three by Madeleva II: Poems by Sister M. Madeleva, C.S.C.
Three by Madeleva III: Poems by Sister M. Madeleva, C.S.C.
Three by Madeleva IV: Poems by Sister M. Madeleva, C.S.C.
Three by Madeleva V: Poems by Sister M. Madeleva, C.S.C.
Three by Madeleva VI: Poems by Sister M. Madeleva, C.S.C.

Category:1887 births
Category:1964 deaths
Category:People from Cumberland, Wisconsin
Category:American Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Category:Catholic poets
Category:Congregation of Holy Cross
Category:Saint Mary's College (Indiana) alumni
Category:Saint Mary's College (Indiana) faculty
Category:University of Southern California alumni
Category:Writers from California
Category:Writers from Indiana
Category:Writers from Wisconsin
Category:20th-century poets
Category:20th-century American women writers
Category:20th-century Christian nuns
Category:Catholics from Wisconsin


Corruption of Blood

Corruption of Blood may refer to:

 Corruption of Blood, a 1994 crime novel by Michael Gruber (author) / Robert K. Tanenbaum
 Attainder#Corruption of blood, a concept in English criminal law


2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's discus throw

The men's discus throw at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held at the Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys on 10 and 12 July.

Medalists

Records
, the existing world junior and championship records were as follows.

Results

Qualification

Qualification: Standard 59.40 m (Q) or at least best 12 qualified (q)

Final

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 28 athletes from 22 countries participated in the event.

References

External links
WJC12 discus throw schedule

Discus Throw
Category:Discus throw at the World Athletics U20 Championships


Live 8 concert, Rome

On 2 July 2005, a Live 8 concert was held at the Circus Maximus, Rome, Italy.

The event is also referred to as "Live 8 Rome" or "Live 8 Italy".

Lineup
Past Live Aid performers are listed with an asterisk (*). In order of appearance:
Zucchero - "Everybody's Gotta Learn Sometime", "Overdose d'amore", "Diavolo in me" (R 15:00)
Duran Duran* - "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise", "Ordinary World", "Save a Prayer", "The Wild Boys" (R 15:14)
Elisa - "Luce (Tramonti a Nord Est)", "Una poesia anche per te" (R 15:39)
Negrita - "Un Mare Di Noia", "Storia Di Mary", "Rotolando Verso Sud", "Cambio" (R 15:53)
Negramaro - "Mentre Tutto Scorre", "Nuvole E Lenzuola", "Estate" (R 16:15)
Tim McGraw - "Drugs or Jesus", "Live Like You Were Dying" (R 16:29)
Faith Hill - "Mississippi Girl", "Breathe", "Piece of My Heart" (R 16:43)
Planet Funk - "Ultraviolet Boys", "Stop Me", "The Switch" (R 17:09)
Le Vibrazioni - "Sono Più Sereno", "Vieni Da Me", "Aspettando" (R 17:23)
Irene Grandi - "Per fare l'amore", "Santissima Janis" (R 17:36)
Tiromancino - "Imparare dal vento", "Nessuna certezza", "È necessario" (R 17:50)
Max Pezzali - "La dura legge del gol", "Come mai", "Hanno ucciso l'Uomo Ragno" (R 18:06)
Alex Britti - "Gelido", "7000 caffè" (R 18:30)
Cesare Cremonini - "Padre madre", "50 Special" (R 18:45)
Nek - "Almeno stavolta", "Se io non avessi Te", "Lascia che io sia" (R 18:54)
Piero Pelù - "Io ci sarò", "Bomba boomerang", "Fela Kuti Improv" (R 19:08)
Jane Alexander (presenter) (R 19:23)
Biagio Antonacci - "Immagina", "Liberatemi", "Se io se lei", "Non ci facciamo compagnia" (R 19:27)
Fiorella Mannoia - "Sally", "Clandestino", "Mio fratello che guardi il mondo" (R 19:43)
Ligabue - "Non è tempo per noi", "Urlando contro Il cielo", "Il mio nome è mai più" (with Jovanotti and Piero Pelù) (R 19:47)
Jovanotti - "Una tribù che balla", "L'ombelico del mondo" (R 20:00)
Spandau Ballet* - "To Cut a Long Story Short", "Only When You Leave", "True", "Gold" (R 20:13)
Laura Pausini - "Un'emergenza d'amore", "Come se non fosse stato mai amore", "Il Mondo Che Vorrei", "Tra Te E Il Mare" (R 20:30)
Claudio Baglioni - "Le mani e l'anima", "Strada facendo", "La vita è adesso", "Avrai" (R 20:44)
Paola Cortellesi - (presenter) (R 20:58)
Mayor of Lampedusa - (presenter) (R 21:00)
Renato Zero - "Cercami", "Nei giardini che nessuno sa", "I migliori anni della nostra vita" (R 21:04)
Antonello Venditti - "Che fantastica stora è la vita", "Ci vorrebbe un amico", "Roma capoccia" (R 21:24)
Noa - "Beauty Of That", "Eye In The Sky" (R 21:42)
Povia - "I Bambini fanno oh", "Fiori" (R 21:57)
Velvet - "Il mondo è fuori", "Search And Destroy" (R 22:08)
Pagani & African Drum Collective - "Heanda", "Stuck Is Stuck" (R 22:22)
 Articolo 31 (R 22:39)
 Gemelli Diversi (R 22:53)
 Pino Daniele (R 23:07)
 Francesco De Gregori (R 23:21)

References
Unofficial Live 8 reference site

Category:2005 in Italian music
Category:Music in Rome
Category:Live 8 events
Category:2000s in Rome
Category:July 2005 events in Europe
Category:Events in Rome


2006 Shanghai International Film Festival

The 2006 Shanghai International Film Festival was the ninth such festival to be held, and took place over the course of two weeks between June 17 and June 25, 2006.

In all, over 764 films were submitted, but only seventeen were selected to compete for the Golden Goblet or "Jin Jue." The jury was chaired by French filmmaker Luc Besson.

International reaction
The 2006 rendition of the Shanghai International Film Festival was meant to place the program as a top echelon international festival. Problems plagued the two-week festival, however, including poor Chinese-English translations and a failure by many of the filmmakers to even attend the award ceremony.

Awards
 Golden Goblet Best Film
 Four Minutes (Germany) (directed by Chris Kraus
 Best Actor
 Olivier Gourmet for his performance in Burnt Out (France)
 Best Actress
 Els Dottermans for her performance in Love Belongs to Everyone (Belgium)
 Best Director
 Fabienne Godet for Burnt Out
 Best Screenplay
 Hugo Van Laere for Love Belongs to Everyone
 Best Cinematography
 Fabio Cianchetti for Our Land (Italy) (directed by Sergio Rubini)
 Best Music
 Karl Jenkins for River Queen (New Zealand) (directed by Vincent Ward)
 Jury Grand Prix
 The Forest Ranger (China) (directed by Qi Jian)

References

External links
 9th Shanghai International Film Festival from the Internet Movie Database

Shan
Category:Shanghai International Film Festival
Shanghai International Film Festival, 2006
Shanghai International Film Festival, 2006
Category:21st century in Shanghai


Dancing Beijing

Dancing Beijing is the name of the official emblem of the 2008 Summer Olympics, which took place in Beijing in the People's Republic of China.  It was unveiled on 3 August 2003 in a ceremony attended by 2,008 people at Beijing's Temple of Heaven.

Description
The emblem draws on various elements of Chinese culture, depicting a traditional red Chinese seal above the words "Beijing 2008" and the Olympic rings. The seal is inscribed with a stylised calligraphic rendition of the Chinese character 京 (jīng, meaning 'capital', from the name of the host city) in the form of a dancing figure. The curves are also claimed to suggest the body of a wriggling Chinese dragon. The open arms of the figure symbolise the invitation of China to the world to share in its culture. The figure also resembles that of a runner crossing the finish line.  Red, the dominant colour of the emblem, is an important colour in Chinese society, often signifying prosperity.

Design
The logo was created by Guo Chunning, the vice-president of the "Beijing Armstrong International Corporate Identity" (AICI). There was only one seal among the 1,985 entries contributed by designers from China and overseas.  Other entries included dozens of Great Walls, pandas and dragons.  Other designers include Chang Wu (張武).

Unveiling ceremony
International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge delivered an address at the unveiling ceremony on 3 August 2003 saying, "Your new emblem immediately conveys the awesome beauty and power of China which are embodied in your heritage and your people."  Rogge continued, "In this emblem, I saw the promise and potential of a New Beijing and a Great Olympics. This is a milestone in the history of your Olympic quest. As this new emblem becomes known around the world and, as it takes its place at the centre of your Games, we are confident that it will achieve the stature of one of the best and most meaningful symbols in Olympic history."  The ceremony was delayed by several months because of the SARS outbreak in 2003.

References

Category:2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic Games logos
Category:Chinese logos


List of forms of alternative medicine

This is a list of articles covering alternative medicine topics.

A

 Activated charcoal cleanse
 Acupressure
 Acupuncture
 Affirmative prayer
 Alexander technique
 Alternative cancer treatments
 Animal-Assisted Therapy
 Anthroposophical medicine
 Apitherapy
 Applied kinesiology
 Aquatherapy
 Aromatherapy
 Art Therapy
 Asahi Health
 Astrology
 Attachment therapy
 Auriculotherapy
 Autogenic training
 Autosuggestion
 Ayurveda

B

 Bach flower therapy
 Balneotherapy
 Bates method
 Bibliotherapy
 Biodanza
 Bioresonance therapy
 Blood irradiation therapies
 Body-based manipulative therapies
 Body work (alternative medicine) or Massage therapy

C

 Chelation therapy
 Chinese food therapy
 Chinese herbology
 Chinese martial arts
 Chinese medicine
 Chinese pulse diagnosis
 Chakra
 Chiropractic
 Chromotherapy (color therapy, colorpuncture)
 Cinema therapy
 Coding (therapy)
 Coin rubbing
 Colloidal silver therapy
 Colon cleansing
 Colon hydrotherapy (Enema)
 Craniosacral therapy
 Creative visualization
 Crystal healing
 Cupping

D

 Dance therapy
 Detoxification
 Detoxification foot baths
 Dietary supplements
 Dowsing

E

 Ear candling
 Earthing
 Eclectic medicine
 Electromagnetic therapy
 Electrohomeopathy
 Equine-assisted therapy
 Energy medicine
 Magnet therapy
 Reiki
 Qigong
 Shiatsu
 Therapeutic touch
 Energy psychology

F

 Faith healing
 Fasting
 Feldenkrais method
 Feng shui
 Five elements
 Flower essence therapy
 Functional medicine

G
 German New Medicine
 Grahamism
 Gua sha
 Graphology

H

 Hair analysis (alternative medicine)
 Hatha yoga
 Havening
 Hawaiian massage
 Herbalism
 Herbal therapy
 Herbology
 Hijama
 Holistic living
 Holistic medicine
 Homeopathy
 Home remedies
 Horticultural therapy
 Hydrotherapy
 Hypnosis
 Hypnotherapy

I

 Introspection rundown
 Iridology
Isolation tank
 Isopathy

J
 Jilly Juice

K
 Kampo

L
 Laughter therapy
 Light therapy

M

 Macrobiotic lifestyle
 Magnetic healing
 Manipulative therapy
 Manual lymphatic drainage
 Martial arts
 Massage therapy
 Massage
 Medical intuition
 Meditation
 Mindfulness meditation
 Transcendental meditation
 Vipassana
 Meridian (Chinese medicine)
 Mega-vitamin therapy
 Mind–body intervention
Alexander technique
Aromatherapy
Autogenic training
Autosuggestion
Bach flower therapy
Feldenkrais method
Hatha yoga
Hypnotherapy
 Moxibustion
Myofascial release

N

 Naprapathy
 Natural Health
 Natural therapies
 Naturopathic medicine
 New thought
 Neuro-linguistic programming
 Nutritional healing
 Nutritional supplements
 Numerology

O

Orthopathy

P

 Pilates
 Pranic healing
 Prayer
 Psychic surgery
 Prokarin
 Paula method healing exercises

Q
 Qi
 Qigong

R

 Radionics
 Rebirthing
 Recreational Therapy
 Reflexology
 Reiki
 Rolfing Structural Integration

S

Salt Therapy
 Self-hypnosis
 Shiatsu
 Siddha medicine
 Sonopuncture
 Sound therapy
 Spiritual mind treatment
 Structural Integration
 Support groups

T

 T'ai chi ch'uan
 Tantra massage
 Tao yin
 Thai massage
 Thalassotherapy
 Therapeutic horseback riding
 Therapeutic touch
 Tibetan eye chart
 Traditional Chinese medicine
 History of traditional Chinese medicine
 Traditional Korean medicine
 Traditional Japanese medicine
 Traditional Mongolian medicine
 Traditional Tibetan medicine
 Trager approach
 Transcendental meditation
 Trigger point
 Tui na

U

 Unani medicine
 Urine therapy
 Uropathy

V
 Vaginal steaming
 Visualization (cam)
 Visualization

W

 Water cure (therapy)
 Wellness (alternative medicine)

Y

 Yoga
 Ashtanga yoga
 Ashtanga vinyasa yoga
 Bikram yoga
 Hatha yoga
 Iyengar yoga
 Kundalini yoga
 Siddha yoga
 Sivananda yoga
 Tantric yoga
 Viniyoga
 Vinyasa yoga
 Yoga Therapy

Z
 Zang fu

*


Tronka, Trondheim

Tronka is a detached, monumental wooden building built in the classical style in the Kalvskinnet neighborhood of Trondheim.

The structure was built between 1836 and 1842 as the Trondheim Hospital Care Foundation for the Feeble Minded () based on a design by Gustav Adolph Lammers and Ole Peter Riis Høegh. The name Tronka is probably derived from the French word tronc 'alms box', referring to an alms box at the entrance. The building functioned as an institution for the mentally ill until the Municipality of Trondheim took it over in 1919. The building was given protected status by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage in 1927. The structure was taken over by the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property in 1995 and, after an extensive restoration project, in 2005 the building was put into use as office space for the directorate's Central Norway region.

References

External links
 Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property factsheet on Tronka

Category:Buildings and structures in Trondheim
Category:Cultural heritage of Norway
Category:Psychiatric hospitals in Norway
Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1842
Category:1842 establishments in Norway


Mikko Hannula

Mikko Hannula is a Finnish sports commentator and journalist who works for Finland's National Broadcasting Company Yle.

Biography

Mikko Hannula works both as a real-time play-by-play commentator and makes news flashes for radio (Urheiluradio) and television (Urheiluruutu).

Hannula usually he commentates alpine skiing, track and field, sport wrestling and volleyball.

In 2004 Hannula was awarded the Sports Journalist of Year in Finland. Hannula has said that he likes to use the assistance of color commentators because four eyes can see more than two. Some of the color commentators Hannula has used are Timo Hoivala (volleyball), Pasi Sarkkinen (wrestling) and Juuso Aulanko (alpine skiing).

References

Category:Finnish sports broadcasters
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


The Encounter

The Encounter may refer to:

Film and TV
 The Encounter (2002 film), a film by Ömer Kavur
 The Encounter (2011 film), a Christian film directed by David A.R. White
 "The Encounter" (Twilight Zone), a 1964 Twilight Zone episode
 The Encounter (TV series), a 2016 American television series

Books
 The Encounter «Встреча», 1923 poem by Vladimir Nabokov
 The Encounter (Milan Kundera), a 2009 book of essays by Milan Kundera
 "The Encounter" (short story), a 1969 short story by Jorge Luis Borges
 The Encounter (novel), a 1996 Animorphs book

Music
"The Encounter", an art song by John Ireland
"The Encounter", an art song by Toru Takemitsu

See also
 Encounter (disambiguation)


Ithomia iphianassa

Ithomia iphianassa is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Central and northern South America.

feed on plants of the family Solanaceae, such as Cuatresia riparia, Cuatresia morii,  and Acnistus arborescens.

Subspecies
Ithomia iphianassa iphianassa (Venezuela)
Ithomia iphianassa panamensis Bates, 1863 (Panama)
Ithomia iphianassa anaphissa Herrich-Schäffer, 1865 (Colombia)
Ithomia iphianassa phanessa Herrich-Schäffer, 1865 (Ecuador, Colombia)
Ithomia iphianassa alienassa Haensch, 1905 (Colombia)
Ithomia iphianassa ethilla Neustetter, 1929 (western Colombia)

In addition, there is one unnamed subspecies from Ecuador.

References

Category:Butterflies described in 1947
Category:Ithomiini
Category:Nymphalidae of South America


Marble Saga: Kororinpa

Marble Saga: Kororinpa is a video game for Nintendo's Wii video game console. It was released in North America on March 17, 2009, roughly two years after the original title Kororinpa: Marble Mania. The game was released in PAL regions under the title Marbles! Balance Challenge and in Japan as .

The game sets players on a journey to help Anthony the Ant on his quest to find the Golden Sunflower. Players must navigate their customized marble through unique and treacherous mazes to help Anthony reach his goal. The game utilizes the same world-turning technique as the first, requiring players to twist and turn the Wii Remote to control the environment.

Gameplay
In Marble Saga: Kororinpa, the player tilts the playing field, using the Wii Remote to navigate a spherical object around mazes to reach the end goal, similar to Kororinpa: Marble Mania, the preceding title. Players have also drawn similarities to the Super Monkey Ball series. Some mazes cause the player to tilt them in such a way so that a wall becomes a floor, or to interact with objects such as magnets, conveyor belts, or cannons. Depending on the difficulty level, different collectibles are available in each level. On all difficulty settings, players must collect the Yellow Crystals to complete the level. In Easy and Normal Mode, players must also collect the Stump Temple Pieces in order to unlock the game's final level. Also in Normal Mode, players can collect Green Emeralds which unlock secrets, such as new marbles or Junk for use in creation of new level editor parts. In the highest difficulty setting, players must retrieve the Colony's missing ants from each level. In addition to the collectibles, players may be awarded with bronze, silver, gold, or platinum trophies for completing levels within a predetermined amount of time. Obtaining these trophies also unlocks new balls.

The game features 7 different worlds with a variety of gadgets to help players through their journey. The game features 150+ levels with a variety of collectibles available in each mode including, Yellow Crystals, Green Emeralds, Stump Temple Pieces, and eventually ants from Anthony's colony. New features for Marble Saga: Kororinpa include increased customization elements in the game. Players can design their own marble by assigning it certain attributes and techniques, and they can even place their own Mii inside the marble. A brand-new level editor has been included, allowing players to share their creations through WiiConnect24.

References

External links
Official Japanese Wii website

Category:2009 video games
Category:Hudson Soft games
Category:Konami games
Category:Puzzle video games
Category:Video games developed in Japan
Category:Wii-only games
Category:Wii games
Category:Wii Balance Board games
Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games
Category:Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games
Category:Video game sequels