Rohan Gunaratna

Rohan Gunaratna (born 1961) is a political analyst specializing in international terrorism. He is the former Head of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.

Education
Gunaratna received his Masters from the University of Notre Dame (USA), where he was Hesburgh Scholar and his doctorate from the University of St Andrews (Scotland), where he was British Chevening Scholar.

Career
Gunaratna is the lead author of Jane's Counter Terrorism.

Criticism and controversy

Hambali claims
In 2003, Gunaratna claimed that Al-Qaeda commander Riduan Isamuddin alias Hambali regularly visited Australia plot fly planes into the British Houses of Parliament were dismissed by Australian authorities including the ASIO as lacking in evidence. Commenting on one of his books, the Pacific Journalism Review said in its review that "his writing here on Indonesia reveals a remarkably narrow selection of sources, a profound lack of knowledge, and a flawed understanding of the history of the Indonesian armed forces and of their intelligence operates".  Australian journalist and commentator on intelligence issues Brian Toohey has called him a "self-proclaimed expert". He has also made bogus claims to be a "principal investigator" at the UN's Terrorism Prevention Branch. IN reality, he had spoken  at a seminar organized by the parliamentary library, given evidence to a congressional hearing on terrorism and delivered a research paper at a conference organized by the UN's Department for Disarmament Affairs.

In 2004, New Zealand journalist Martin Bright, described Gunaratna as “the least reliable of the experts on bin Laden” His claim to the New Zealand Herald that "sympathisers and supporters of various terrorist groups were in New Zealand” and claimed to have seen their fundraising leaflets were also dismissed by New Zealand's Financial Intelligence Unit.

Others
In 2013, Sri Lankan member of parliament Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe wrote in op-ed in which said that "he (Gunaratna) insisted the importance of combating terrorism, he did not address on the cause for the emergence of terrorism." In 2017, Inspector General of Bangladesh Police dismissed his claims of ISIS presence in Bangladesh by saying that he had no experience in "real issues."

Ontario Superior Court of Justice's verdict against Gunaratna
In a February 2011 article in Lakbima News, Gunaratna claimed that the Canadian Tamil Congress (CTC) was a front for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The CTC sued Gunaratna, and on 21 January 2014, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice ruled against Gunaratna, ordering home to pay the CTC damages of $37,000, and costs of $16,000. In his ruling judge Stephen E. Firestone stated that Gunaratna's claims were unequivocally and incontrovertibly "false and untrue".

References

External links
Staff Profile of Rohan Gunaratna, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, A Graduate School of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research
Bradley Hope, How Commissioner Kelly Reads His Way To Vigilance on Crime, New York Sun October 2006.
Daniel Hoare, Gareth Evans downplays terrorist risk in Australia

Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Category:Terrorism in Singapore
Category:Experts on terrorism
Category:Singaporean Buddhists
Category:Singaporean people of Sri Lankan descent
Category:1961 births


Kenneth L. Peek Jr.

Kenneth Leroy Peek Jr. (born July 25, 1932) is a retired American Air Force lieutenant general whose last assignment was vice commander in chief, Strategic Air Command, headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. He assumed this position January 30, 1987 and served until September 9, 1988.

Biography
Peek was born in 1932, in Indianapolis, where he graduated from Ben Davis High School. He attended Wabash College, and Indiana State College, Terre Haute, majoring in business administration. He earned a bachelor's degree in business administration and management from the University of Nebraska, Omaha, in 1964 and a master's degree in mass communications from Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania in 1974. He completed Squadron Officer School in 1961, the Armed Forces Staff College in 1970 and the Army War College in 1974.

He entered the aviation cadet program in September 1953 at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, and received his primary training at Bartow Airfield, Florida. After completing basic flying training at Bryan Air Force Base, Texas, as a distinguished graduate, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in February 1955.

After completing intelligence officer school at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas, in June 1955, Peek was assigned to the 40th Bombardment Wing, Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kan., as an intelligence officer. In April 1957 he entered B-47 combat crew training and later flew B-47s as a co-pilot, aircraft commander and instructor pilot for the 40th Bombardment Wing at Schilling and Forbes Air Force bases, Kan. While assigned to the 40th, Peek completed Squadron Officer School, the central flight instructors course at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, and the instrument instructor course at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. In 1962 Peek resumed wing staff duty as programs and scheduling officer until he entered the University of Nebraska in September 1964.

In April 1965 Peek was assigned to SAC headquarters, where he served successively as chief of the Tanker Manning Section, chief of rated officer assignments and deputy chief of officer assignments. He departed in August 1969 to attend the Armed Forces Staff College. Upon graduation in January 1970, he was assigned to Castle Air Force Base, Calif., for B-52 combat crew training.

In July 1970 he became the executive officer for the 307th Strategic Wing at U-Tapao Royal Thai Naval Airfield, Thailand. During this tour of duty he completed 101 combat missions in the B-52 Stratofortress.

Returning to the United States in August 1971, Peek become deputy commander for operations, 5th Bombardment Wing, Minot Air Force Base, N.D. In May 1972 he transferred to Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C., as executive officer to the assistant secretary of the Air Force for financial management. He served in that position until May 1973 when he entered the Army War College.

After graduating in July 1974, Peek transferred to Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington, as base commander. In April 1975 he became director of operations for the 47th Air Division at Fairchild. From July 1975 to February 1977 Peed served as commander of the 5th Bombardment Wing, Minot Air Force Base. He was then assigned to SAC headquarters, where he was responsible for the SAC underground and airborne command posts.

In March 1979 Peek was assigned as vice commander of the Air Force Manpower and Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base. In June 1980 he assumed the dual role of commander of the center and assistant deputy chief of staff, manpower and personnel for military personnel. His responsibilities included the overall force distribution and management of all Air Force military personnel except general officers.

Peek returned to Air Force headquarters in July 1982 as director of personnel plans in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Manpower and Personnel. In July 1983 he became the deputy chief of staff, manpower and personnel. He was assigned as commander, 8th Air Force, with headquarters at Barksdale Air Force Base, La., in August 1984. He assumed his present duties in January 1987.

He is a command pilot with approximately 5,500 flying hours, and 101 B-52 combat missions in Southeast Asia. His military decorations and awards include the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, Bronze Star Medal, Meritorious Service Medal, Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters and Air Force Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters. Peek also has been awarded the Order of the Sword, presented to those held in the highest esteem by Air Force noncommissioned officers.

He was promoted to lieutenant general July 1, 1983 and retired on October 1, 1988.

References

Category:1932 births
Category:Living people
Category:United States Air Force generals
Category:Indiana State University people
Category:People from Indianapolis


Yasika

Yasika was a Misumalpan (Matagalpan) Indian tribe that lived in the highlands of Nicaragua, río Yasica, Matagalpa Department. Yasica is the name of a region that divides Matagalpa to the Sumo territory in the so-called Caribbean Coast.

Category:Mesoamerican cultures
Category:Indigenous peoples of Central America


Matsuricon

Matsuricon is a three-day anime convention held during August in Columbus, Ohio, at the Hyatt Regency Columbus and Greater Columbus Convention Center. The convention is family friendly.

Programming
The convention typically offers an artist alley, cosplay contest, dealers room, formal ball, gaming (arcade, board, video), karaoke, masquerade, and a video contest. The Carolina Manga Library provided the conventions manga library in 2014. Matsuricon's 2014 charity fundraisers raised $13,916 and benefited Pelotonia.

History
In 2012 the convention hosted the Distant Worlds concert, led by Arnie Roth. The concert was followed up with a meet and greet event with composer Nobuo Uematsu for VIP ticket holders. Matsuricon in 2018 shared convention center space with an Ohio GOP dinner that featured as a speaker President Donald Trump.

Event history

References

External links

Category:Anime conventions in the United States
Category:Recurring events established in 2006
Category:2006 establishments in Ohio
Category:Annual events in Ohio
Category:Festivals in Ohio
Category:Culture of Columbus, Ohio
Category:Tourist attractions in Columbus, Ohio
Category:Conventions in Ohio


Spinal anaesthesia

Spinal anaesthesia (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block, is a form of neuraxial regional anaesthesia involving the injection of a local anaesthetic or opioid into the subarachnoid space, generally through a fine needle, usually  long. It is a safe and effective form of anesthesia performed by nurse anesthetists and anesthesiologists which can be used as an alternative to general anesthesia commonly in surgeries involving the lower extremities and surgeries below the umbilicus. The local anesthetic or opioid injected into the cerebrospinal fluid provides anesthesia, analgesia, and motor and sensory blockade. The tip of the spinal needle has a point or small bevel. Recently, pencil point needles have been made available (Whitacre, Sprotte, Gertie Marx and others).

Indications
Spinal anaesthesia is a commonly used technique, either on its own or in combination with sedation or general anaesthesia. It is most commonly used for surgeries below the umbilicus, however recently its uses have extended to some surgeries above the umbilicus as well as for postoperative analgesia. Procedures which use spinal anesthesia include:

Orthopaedic surgery on the pelvis, hip, femur, knee, tibia, and ankle, including arthroplasty and joint replacement
Vascular surgery on the legs
Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair
Hernia (inguinal or epigastric)
Haemorrhoidectomy
Nephrectomy and cystectomy in combination with general anaesthesia
Transurethral resection of the prostate and transurethral resection of bladder tumours
Hysterectomy in different techniques used
Caesarean sections
Pain management during vaginal birth and delivery
 Urology cases
 Examinations under anaesthesia

Spinal anaesthesia is the technique of choice for Caesarean section as it avoids a general anaesthetic and the risk of failed intubation (which is probably a lot lower than the widely quoted 1 in 250 in pregnant women). It also means the mother is conscious and the partner is able to be present at the birth of the child. The post operative analgesia from intrathecal opioids in addition to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is also good.

Spinal anesthesia is a favorable alternative, when the surgical site is amenable to spinal blockade, for patients with severe respiratory disease such as COPD as it avoids potential respiratory consequences of intubation and ventilation. It may also be useful, when the surgical site is amenable to spinal blockade, in patients where anatomical abnormalities may make tracheal intubation very difficult.

In pediatric patients, spinal anesthesia is particularly useful in children with difficult airways and those who have are poor candidates for endotracheal anesthesia such as increased respiratory risks or presence of full stomach.

This can also be used to effectively treat and prevent pain following surgery, particularly thoracic, abdominal pelvic, and lower extremity orthopedic procedures.

Contraindications
Prior to receiving spinal anesthesia, it is important to provide a thorough medical evaluation to ensure there are no absolute contraindications and to minimize risks and complications. Although contraindications are rare, below are some of them:

Patient refusal
Local infection or sepsis at the site of injection
Bleeding disorders, thrombocytopaenia, or systemic anticoagulation (secondary to an increased risk of a spinal epidural hematoma)
Severe aortic stenosis
Increased intracranial pressure
Space occupying lesions of the brain
Anatomical disorders of the spine
Hypovolaemia e.g. following massive haemorrhage, including in obstetric patients
Allergy
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, or other disorders causing resistance to local anesthesia

Risks and complications
Complications of spinal anesthesia can result from the physiologic effects on the nervous system and can also be related to placement technique. Most of the common side effects are minor and are self-resolving or easily treatable while major complications can result in more serious and permanent neurological damage and rarely death. These symptoms can occur immediately after administration of the anesthetic or arise up to 48 hours after surgery.

Common and minor complications include:

Mild hypotension
Bradycardia
Nausea and vomiting
Transient neurological symptoms (lower back pain with pain in the legs)
Urinary retention
Post-dural-puncture headache or post-spinal headache  - Associated with the size and type of spinal needle used

Serious and permanent complications are rare but are usually related to physiologic effects on the cardiovascular system and neurological system or when the injection has been unintentionally at the wrong site. The following are some major complications:

Nerve injuries: Cauda equina syndrome, radiculopathy
Cardiac arrest
Severe hypotension
Spinal epidural hematoma, with or without subsequent neurological sequelae due to compression of the spinal nerves.
Epidural abscess
Infection (e.g. meningitis)

Technique
Regardless of the anaesthetic agent (drug) used, the desired effect is to block the transmission of afferent nerve signals from peripheral nociceptors. Sensory signals from the site are blocked, thereby eliminating pain. The degree of neuronal blockade depends on the amount and concentration of local anaesthetic used and the properties of the axon. Thin unmyelinated C-fibres associated with pain are blocked first, while thick, heavily myelinated A-alpha motor neurons are blocked moderately. Heavily myelinated, small preganglionic sympathetic fibers are blocked last. The desired result is total numbness of the area. A pressure sensation is permissible and often occurs due to incomplete blockade of the thicker A-beta mechanoreceptors. This allows surgical procedures to be performed with no painful sensation to the person undergoing the procedure.

Some sedation is sometimes provided to help the patient relax and pass the time during the procedure, but with a successful spinal anaesthetic the surgery can be performed with the patient wide awake.

Anatomy
In spinal anesthesia, the needle is placed past the dura mater in subarachnoid space and between lumbar vertebrae. In order to reach this space, the needle must pierce through several layers of tissue and ligaments which include the supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, and ligamentum flavum. Because the spinal cord (conus medullaris) is typically at the L1 or L2 level of the spine, the needle should be inserted below this between L3 and L4 space or L4 and L5 space in order to avoid injury to the spinal cord.

Positioning
Patient positioning is essential to the success of the procedure and can affect how the anesthetic spreads following administration. There are 3 different positions which are used: sitting, lateral decubitus, and prone. The sitting and lateral decubitus positions are the most common.

Sitting- The patient sits upright at the edge of the exam table with their back facing the provider and their legs hanging off the end of the table and feet resting on a stool. Patients should roll their shoulders and upper back forward.

Lateral decubitus- In this position, the patient lays on their side with their back at the edge of the bed and facing the provider. The patient should curl their shoulder and legs and arch out their lower back.

Prone- The patient is positioned face down and their back facing upwards in a jackknife position.

Limitations
Spinal anaesthetics are typically limited to procedures involving most structures below the upper abdomen. To administer a spinal anaesthetic to higher levels may affect the ability to breathe by paralysing the intercostal respiratory muscles, or even the diaphragm in extreme cases (called a "high spinal", or a "total spinal", with which consciousness is lost), as well as the body's ability to control the heart rate via the cardiac accelerator fibres. Also, injection of spinal anaesthesia higher than the level of L1 can cause damage to the spinal cord, and is therefore usually not done.

Difference from epidural anesthesia

Epidural anesthesia is a technique whereby a local anesthetic drug is injected through a catheter placed into the epidural space. This technique is similar to spinal anesthesia as both are neuraxial, and the two techniques may be easily confused with each other. Differences include:
A spinal anaesthetic delivers drug to the subarachnoid space and into the cerebrospinal fluid, allowing it to act on the spinal cord directly. An epidural delivers drugs outside the dura (outside CSF), and has its main effect on nerve roots leaving the dura at the level of the epidural, rather than on the spinal cord itself.
A spinal gives profound block of all motor and sensory function below the level of injection, whereas an epidural blocks a 'band' of nerve roots around the site of injection, with normal function above, and close-to-normal function below the levels blocked.
The injected dose for an epidural is larger, being about 10–20 mL compared to 1.5–3.5 mL in a spinal.
In an epidural, an indwelling catheter may be placed that allows for redosing injections, while a spinal is almost always a one-shot only. Therefore, spinal anesthesia is more often used for shorter procedures relative to procedures which require epidural anesthesia.
The onset of analgesia is approximately 25–30 minutes in an epidural, while it is approximately 5 minutes in a spinal.
An epidural often does not cause as significant a neuromuscular block as a spinal, unless specific local anesthetics are also used which block motor fibres as readily as sensory nerve fibres.
An epidural may be given at a cervical, thoracic, or lumbar site, while a spinal must be injected below L2 to avoid piercing the spinal cord.

Injected substances
Bupivacaine (Marcaine) is the local anaesthetic most commonly used, although lidocaine (lignocaine), tetracaine, procaine, ropivacaine, levobupivicaine, prilocaine, or cinchocaine may also be used. Commonly opioids are added to improve the block and provide post-operative pain relief, examples include morphine, fentanyl, diamorphine, and buprenorphine. Non-opioids like clonidine or epinephrine may also be added to prolong the duration of analgesia (although Clonidine may cause hypotension). In the United Kingdom, since 2004 the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends that spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section is supplemented with intrathecal diamorphine and this combination is now the modal form of anaesthesia for this indication in that country. In the United States Morphine is used for cesareans for the same purpose since diamorphine (heroin) is not used in clinical practice in the US.

Baricity refers to the density of a substance compared to the density of human cerebrospinal fluid. Baricity is used in anaesthesia to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the intrathecal space. Usually, the hyperbaric, (for example, hyperbaric bupivacaine) is chosen, as its spread can be effectively and predictably controlled by the Anaesthesiologist, by tilting the patient. Hyperbaric solutions are made more dense by adding glucose to the mixture.

Baricity is one factor that determines the spread of a spinal anaesthetic but the effect of adding a solute to a solvent, i.e. solvation or dissolution, also has an effect on the spread of the spinal anaesthetic. In tetracaine spinal anaesthesia, it was discovered that the rate of onset of analgesia was faster and the maximum level of analgesia was higher with a 10% glucose solution than with a 5% glucose spinal anaesthetic solution. Also, the amount of ephedrine required was less in the patients who received the 5% glucose solution. In another study this time with 0.5% bupivacaine the mean maximum extent of sensory block was significantly higher with 8% glucose (T3.6) than with 0.83% glucose (T7.2) or 0.33% glucose (T9.5). Also the rate of onset of sensory block to T12 was fastest with solutions containing 8% glucose.

History

The first spinal analgesia was administered in 1885 by James Leonard Corning (1855–1923), a neurologist in New York. He was experimenting with cocaine on the spinal nerves of a dog when he accidentally pierced the dura mater.

The first planned spinal anaesthesia for surgery in man was administered by August Bier (1861–1949) on 16 August 1898, in Kiel, when he injected 3 ml of 0.5% cocaine solution into a 34-year-old labourer. After using it on 6 patients, he and his assistant each injected cocaine into the other's spine. They recommended it for surgeries of legs, but gave it up due to the toxicity of cocaine.

See also
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
Epidural
Intrathecal administration
Lumbar puncture

References

External links
Transparent reality simulation of spinal anaesthesia
Various diagrams of needles for Lumbar puncture, Epidural, Spinal Anesthesia, etc

Category:Regional anesthesia


Collegiate Licensing Company

The Collegiate Licensing Company (CLC) is an American collegiate trademark licensing and marketing company. Founded in 1981 by Bill Battle in Selma, Alabama, CLC is the largest and oldest collegiate licensing company in the United States and currently provides its services to more than 200 colleges and universities, athletic conferences, bowl games, the Heisman Trophy, and the NCAA. Headquartered in Atlanta, the company also operates satellite offices in Arizona, Kansas, and Montana. On May 1, 2007, CLC was acquired by IMG.

CLC products contain a hologram tag asserting authenticity.

References

External links

Category:Marketing organizations
Category:Companies established in 1981


Alan Goodman

Alan Goodman is an American media executive, writer, and television producer. He has worked in media since 1981.

Early life and education
Goodman began his media career while still in high school as a reporter at The Hunterdon County Democrat in Flemington, New Jersey. When entering Columbia University in 1970, he joined the college radio station, WKCR-FM where he first encountered his future collaborators, Albie Hecht and Fred Seibert.

Cable television
In 1981, Goodman was part of the team that launched MTV: Music Television, alongside his college radio alum Fred Seibert. Goodman supervised hundreds of animations and their accompanying soundtracks depicting the MTV trademark designed by Manhattan Design. Later, Goodman was part of the team that re-launched Nickelodeon. They were also the company's advertising agency, launching VH-1 and Nick-at-Nite.

Goodman worked with MTV Networks, the parent company of both MTV and Nickelodeon, for over 30 years.

Writing and production

Goodman created or co-created the television series Kids' Court, The Movie Masters (both with Albie Hecht) Hey Dude, The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo, among others. Goodman co-created the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.

Goodman wrote scripts for several television shows including Hey Dude, Clarissa Explains It All, Clifford's Puppy Days and JoJo's Circus. He was the co-producer and show runner for two seasons of Clarissa Explains It All.

During his consulting engagement at BBC America, Goodman wrote and produced entertainment news content and specials for the network.

References

External links
The MTV Logo

Category:Living people
Category:American advertising executives
Category:American consulting businesspeople
Category:American television producers
Category:American television writers
Category:American male voice actors
Category:Advertising people
Category:Male television writers
Category:MTV executives
Category:Nickelodeon executives
Category:Voice directors
Category:1953 births
Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni


1929 French Championships – Men's Doubles

Jean Borotra and Jacques Brugnon were the defending champions but they split up and Borotra teamed up with René Lacoste and Brugnon partnered with Henri Cochet. The final saw the encounter of these teams known altogether as the Four Musketeers with the former pair clinching the title.

Seeds
Every but 16 teams (neither the third and four seeds) received a bye into the second round.

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Sources
Béla Kehrling, ed. (10 June 1929). "A férfi páros mezőnye [The doubles draw]" (in Hungarian) (pdf). Tennisz és Golf. I (Budapest, Hungary: Bethlen Gábor Irod. és Nyomdai RT) 3: 67. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

French Championships - Men's Singles
Category:French Championships (tennis) by year


Monad transformer

In functional programming, a monad transformer is a type constructor which takes a monad as an argument and returns a monad as a result.

Monad transformers can be used to compose features encapsulated by monads – such as state, exception handling, and I/O – in a modular way. Typically, a monad transformer is created by generalising an existing monad; applying the resulting monad transformer to the identity monad yields a monad which is equivalent to the original monad (ignoring any necessary boxing and unboxing).

Definition
A monad transformer consists of:
 A type constructor t of kind (* -> *) -> * -> *
 Monad operations return and bind (or an equivalent formulation) for all t m where m is a monad, satisfying the monad laws
 An additional operation, lift :: m a -> t m a, satisfying the following laws: (the notation `bind` below indicates infix application):
 lift . return = return
 lift (m `bind` k) = (lift m) `bind` (lift . k)

Examples

The option monad transformer
Given any monad , the option monad transformer  (where  denotes the option type) is defined by:

The exception monad transformer
Given any monad , the exception monad transformer  (where  is the type of exceptions) is defined by:

The reader monad transformer
Given any monad , the reader monad transformer  (where  is the environment type) is defined by:

The state monad transformer
Given any monad , the state monad transformer  (where  is the state type) is defined by:

The writer monad transformer
Given any monad , the writer monad transformer  (where  is endowed with a monoid operation  with identity element ) is defined by:

The continuation monad transformer
Given any monad , the continuation monad transformer maps an arbitrary type  into functions of type , where  is the result type of the continuation.  It is defined by:

Note that monad transformations are usually not commutative: for instance, applying the state transformer to the option monad yields a type  (a computation which may fail and yield no final state), whereas the converse transformation has type  (a computation which yields a final state and an optional return value).

See also
Monads in functional programming

References

External links

A highly technical blog post briefly reviewing some of the literature on monad transformers and related concepts, with a focus on categorical-theoretic treatment

Category:Functional programming


Tarapur Mandir

Tarapur Mandir is a Hindu temple of the Puthia Temple Complex in Puthia Upazila, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. Its construction is dated to the 18th century. It is also known by other names as Rath Bagicha Tarapur and Hawakhana among the local residents.

The temple is situated  to the west of the Puthia Rajbari. Access is from the Rajshahi-Natore road. The temple is in Puthia town which is  away by road from Rajshahi city; the city is also a rail head and is on the Dhaka Rajashahi Highway.

Features
The temple, which faces to the east, is a double storied structure. It has a flat roof. It is built over a high raised plinth in the middle of a big pond, which is an unusual feature in Bangladesh. The structure is built in brick masonry. In the ground floor there is an oblong shaped cell which is enclosed within a gallery of small width. The frontage on the southern, northern and eastern side of the temple in the ground floor has three arches in each face. The first floor of the temple has only one chamber and the facade on this floor also has triple arches on the southern, northern and eastern sides. The interior and external walls of the temple are simply plastered without any decoration, except for a few panels on the external face which have decorations. The temple and the pond are in a state of ruin.

References

Category:Puthia Temple Complex


Treading Water (film)

Treading Water is a 2001 American lesbian-themed film directed and produced by Lauren Himmel. The screenplay was written by Himmel and Julia Hollinger. The film stars Angela Redman and Nina Landey. It deals with the ultimately intractable problems faced by Redman's character "Casey" in dealing with her family who are hostile to her lifestyle in general and girlfriend, played by Landey, in particular.

It was shown in competition on June 15 at the 2001 Seattle Film Festival and the Los Angeles Outfest and released on DVD in 2002. It received its British premiere on 4 April 2002 at the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival. It was financed by Tunnel Vision Productions.

Lauren Himmel won the Audience Award for "Best Emerging Filmmaker" at the 2002 Santa Cruz Film Festival. Treading Water was nominated for "Best Feature Film" at the 2002 Torino International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival.

The film was reviewed by Variety in 2001 by Ken Eisner and called a "Earnest, rudimentary drama" and "not much more than a calling-card effort and will sink soon after that". Val Kermode gave the film 1 out 5 stars and said it contained the “Most Clumsily Inserted Flashback”.

References

External links

Category:2001 films
Category:2000s drama films
Category:2000s LGBT-related films
Category:American drama films
Category:American films
Category:American LGBT-related films
Category:English-language films
Category:Lesbian-related films
Category:LGBT-related drama films


Bielejewo, Szamotuły County

Bielejewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostroróg, within Szamotuły County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostroróg,  west of Szamotuły, and  north-west of the regional capital Poznań.

References

Category:Villages in Szamotuły County


Chaetodon melapterus

Chaetodon melapterus, the Arabian butterflyfish, blackfin butterflyfish, or black-finned melon butterflyfish, is a species of butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae). It is found solely in the Persian Gulf, southern Arabian Peninsula (Gulf of Oman to Gulf of Aden), and southern Red Sea at depths of .

References

melapterus


Fisch, Rhineland-Palatinate

Fisch is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a very small village, with a small population.

History
From 18 July 1946 to 6 June 1947 Fisch, in its then municipal boundary, formed part of the Saar Protectorate.

References

Category:Trier-Saarburg


Josiah Dennis House

The Josiah Dennis House is a historic house at 61 Whig Street in Dennis, Massachusetts.  The 2-1/2 story timber frame saltbox house was built c. 1736 as a home for Rev. Josiah Dennis, the first minister of the East Yarmouth Parish, as the Dennis area was then known.  The Rev. Dennis was the minister for 38 years, and it is for him that the town is named.  The Dennis Historical Society owns and operates the house as the Josiah Dennis Manse Museum, an 18th-century historic house museum.  The house, located at the intersection with Nobscussett Road, is open on Tuesdays and Thursdays in the summer.  The property also includes the West Schoolhouse, the town's only surviving district school building.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts

References

External links
Josiah Dennis House - Dennis Historical Society

Category:Houses completed in 1736
Category:Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Category:Museums in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Category:Houses in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Category:Dennis, Massachusetts
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts


Pharmacodynamics of estradiol

The pharmacology of estradiol, an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone, concerns its pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and various routes of administration.

Estradiol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. Due to its estrogenic activity, estradiol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production in both women and men. Estradiol differs from non-bioidentical estrogens like conjugated estrogens and ethinylestradiol in various ways, with implications for tolerability and safety.

Estradiol can be taken by mouth, held under the tongue, as a gel or patch that is applied to the skin, in through the vagina, by injection into muscle or fat, or through the use of an implant that is placed into fat, among other routes.

Mechanism of action

Estradiol is an estrogen, or an agonist of the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). In one study, the  value of estradiol for the human ERα was 50 pM (0.05 nM) and for the human ERβ was 200 pM (0.2 nM). Estradiol is also an agonist of the membrane estrogen receptors (mERs), including the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), Gq-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (Gq-mER), ER-X, and ERx. It is far more potent as an estrogen than are other natural and bioidentical estrogens like estrone and estriol. Given by subcutaneous injection in mice, estradiol is about 10-fold more potent than estrone and about 100-fold more potent than estriol. In addition, much of the estrogenic potency of estrone in vivo is actually due to conversion into estradiol.

Estradiol has little to no affinity for other steroid hormone receptors, including the androgen, progesterone, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptors. It has weak affinity for the androgen receptor, with about 8% of relative binding affinity of testosterone according to one study, and shows agonistic activity at this receptor. However, estrogens circulate in the picomolar (10−12 M) range while androgens circulate in the nanomolar (10−9 M) to micromolar (10−6 M) range, and in accordance with this, estradiol is active as an estrogen in target tissues at approximately 1,000-fold lower concentrations than is testosterone. In addition, while estradiol did show activation of the androgen receptor in vitro at very high concentrations, its efficacy as an androgen receptor agonist was of such low potency that it was not possible to calculate an  value for the activity. As such, the weak activity of estradiol at the androgen receptor is unlikely to be of biological significance at normal physiological concentrations.

The affinities of estradiol for the ERs are high (around 0.1 nM), and there is a relatively low quantity of about 10,000 to 20,000 ERs in the cytoplasm per cell in estrogen target tissues. Estradiol stays bound to the ERs for about 24 hours, which is longer than that of other estrogens such as estriol (6 hours). A prolonged duration of binding to the ERs (e.g., 9 to 12 hours for endometrial effects), as with estradiol, is necessary for full estrogenic responses in various tissues. The ERs downregulate with exposure to estradiol, and in accordance, the expression of the ERs is dependent on estradiol concentrations. Constant levels of estradiol may result in downregulation of the ERs and relatively diminished responses to estradiol, although this has not been assessed clinically. Once bound to estradiol, the ERs are ubiquitinated and degraded by proteasomes, which is a major mechanism of ER downregulation. The unbound ERα has an intracellular half-life of up to 5 days, but this shortens to  hours once bound to a ligand such as estradiol. Estrogen deprivation can easily increase sensitivity to estrogens like estradiol by 10,000-fold or more, demonstrating a profound capacity of the ERs for upregulation and downregulation. This increase in sensitivity is mediated by a 100-fold increase in ERs, as well as other mechanisms such as changes in coactivator sensitivity and degree of phosphorylation of transactivation factors. Progestogens like progesterone and androgens like testosterone downregulate the ERs in certain tissues such as the endometrium and breasts, among others.

Estradiol is a steroid and a lipophilic compound. As a result, it readily enters cells via simple passive diffusion through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. This is in contrast to hydrophilic estrogen conjugates such as estrone sulfate and estradiol glucuronide, which require active transport via specific membrane transport proteins to enter cells. The ERs are nuclear receptors that are mostly present in the cell nucleus. Upon binding of estradiol to an ER, the receptor dimerizes (combines) with another estradiol-bound ER. These ER dimers can be ERα–ERα or ERβ–ERβ homodimers or ERα–ERβ heterodimers. Once in the dimerized state, the estradiol-bound ER–ER complex binds to short estrogen response elements (EREs) (of the minimal nucleotide sequence 5'-GGTCANNNTGACC-3', where N is any nucleotide) in the promoter regions of estrogen-responsive genes on chromosomes, in turn modulating their expression. Some prominent examples ERE-containing and hence estrogen-modulated genes in humans include the genes encoding the proteins oxytocin, c-fos, c-myc, and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα).

Effects in the body and brain

The ERs are expressed widely throughout the body, including in the breasts, uterus, vagina, prostate gland, fat, skin, bone, liver, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and elsewhere throughout the brain. Through activation of the ERs (as well as the mERs), estradiol has many effects, including the following:

 Promotes growth, function, and maintenance of the breasts, uterus, and vagina during puberty and thereafter
 Mediates deposition of subcutaneous fat in a feminine pattern, especially in the breasts, hips, buttocks, and thighs
 Maintains skin health, integrity, appearance, and hydration and slows the rate of aging of the skin
 Produces the growth spurt and epiphyseal closure in both sexes during puberty, mediates widening of the hips in females during puberty, and maintains bone mineral density in both sexes throughout life
 Modulates hepatic protein synthesis, such as the production of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and numerous other proteins, with consequent effects on the cardiovascular system and various other systems
 Exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis) by suppressing the secretion of the gonadotropins FSH and LH from the pituitary gland, thereby inhibiting gonadal sex hormone production as well as ovulation and fertility
 Regulates the vasomotor system and body temperature via the hypothalamus, thereby preventing hot flashes
 Modulates brain function, with effects on mood, emotionality, and sexuality, as well as cognition and memory
 Influences the risk and/or progression of hormone-sensitive cancers including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and endometrial cancer

Estrogen has also been found to increase the secretion of oxytocin and to increase the expression of its receptor, the oxytocin receptor, in the brain. In women, a single dose of estradiol has been found to be sufficient to increase circulating oxytocin concentrations.

Effects on sex-hormone levels

Antigonadotropic effects
Estrogens are powerful antigonadotropins at sufficiently high concentrations. By exerting negative feedback on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis), they are able to suppress the secretion of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH, and thereby inhibit gonadal sex hormone production and circulating sex hormone levels as well as fertility (ovulation in women and spermatogenesis in men). Clinical studies have found that in men treated with them, estrogens can maximally suppress testosterone levels by about 95% or well into the castrate/female range (<50 ng/dL). This is equivalent to the reduction in testosterone levels achieved by orchiectomy and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH analogue) therapy, corresponding to a complete shutdown of gonadal testosterone production. In addition, it is greater than that achieved with high-dose progestogens like cyproterone acetate and gestonorone caproate, which can maximally suppress testosterone levels in men by about 75%.

Inhibition of ovulation by estradiol monotherapy in women has been studied and demonstrated for oral estradiol, transdermal estradiol patches, subcutaneous estradiol implants, and intramuscular estradiol undecylate injections. A study of ovulation inhibition in women found that oral non-micronized estradiol was 55% effective at 1 mg/day, 61% effective at 2 mg/day, and 88% effective at 5 mg/day.

Suppression of testosterone levels by estradiol to within the castrate/female range (<50 ng/dL) in men requires relatively high levels of estradiol and has been associated with circulating levels of 200 to 300 pg/mL and above. However, although the castrate range in men has been defined as testosterone concentrations of less than 50 ng/dL, mean levels of testosterone with surgical castration are actually about 15 ng/dL. To achieve such levels of testosterone with estradiol therapy, higher concentrations of estradiol of about 500 pg/mL have been necessary to produce the requisite maximal suppression of testosterone production. Injected estradiol esters like polyestradiol phosphate, estradiol valerate, and estradiol undecylate, as well as high-dose estradiol transdermal patches, are used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy to suppress testosterone levels into the castrate range in men with prostate cancer. High dosages of estradiol in various forms and routes are also used to suppress testosterone levels in transgender women. The suppression of testosterone levels by estradiol in men is rapid. A single intramuscular injection of 2 mg aqueous estradiol suppressed testosterone levels in young men from 760 ng/dL at baseline to 295 ng/dL (60% reduction) after 24 hours and to a maximum of 123 ng/dL (85% reduction) after 36 hours.

Lower dosages and concentrations of estradiol can also significantly suppress gonadotropin secretion and testosterone levels in men and transgender women. A retrospective study of oral estradiol monotherapy in transgender women found that dosages of 1 to 8 mg/day increased mean estradiol levels to about 50 to 150 pg/mL and suppressed mean testosterone levels to about 10 to 120 ng/dL. However, there was high interindividual variability in the estradiol and testosterone levels achieved, and testosterone levels were insufficiently suppressed in many even at 8 mg/day. In another study, a dosage of 1 mg/day oral micronized estradiol in healthy older men, which increased circulating estradiol levels by a relatively high amount of 6-fold (to 159 pg/mL), estrone levels by 15-fold (to 386 pg/mL), and SHBG levels by 17%, was found to suppress total testosterone levels by 27% (to 436 ng/dL) and free testosterone levels by 34% (to 11.8 ng/dL). A pharmacodynamic study of testosterone suppression by polyestradiol phosphate in men with prostate cancer found that estradiol levels of about 135 pg/mL (500 pmol/L) would decrease testosterone levels by 50% (from 430 ng/dL to 215 ng/dL), while estradiol levels of about 410 to 545 pg/mL (1500–2000 pmol/L) would decrease testosterone levels well into the castrate range to about 6 to 12 ng/dL (0.2–0.4 nmol/L).

Oral conjugated estrogens at a dosage of 7.5 mg/day has been found to suppress total testosterone levels in men to an equivalent extent as 3 mg/day oral diethylstilbestrol, which is the minimum dosage of diethylstilbestrol required to consistently suppress total testosterone levels into the castrate range (<50 ng/dL). The equivalent dosage in the case of oral estradiol has not been reported. However, on the basis of the results of one study, it appears to be greater than 8 mg/day. In addition, oral estradiol is known to have similar or slightly lower antigonadotropic potency than oral conjugated estrogens; the potencies of oral conjugated estrogens in terms of suppression of LH and FSH levels are 1.0 and 1.1–1.3 relative to oral estradiol, respectively.

In addition to their antigonadotropic effects, high concentrations of estrogens appear to have toxic effects in the testes, and, with long-term (>3 years) therapy, can possibly permanently reduce the capacity of the testes to produce testosterone. Long-lasting suppression of pituitary gland function, persisting even after estrogen discontinuation, may also be involved. With shorter-term therapy, testicular morphology has been reported to return to normal within 18 to 24 months.

Progonadotropic effects
Generally, estrogens are antigonadotropic and inhibit gonadotropin secretion. However, in women, a sharp increase in estradiol levels to about 200 to 500 pg/mL occurs at the end of the follicular phase (mid-cycle) during the normal menstrual cycle and paradoxically triggers a surge in LH and FSH secretion. This occurs when estradiol concentrations reach levels of about 250 to 300 pg/mL. During the mid-cycle surge, LH levels increase by 3- to 12-fold and FSH levels increase by 2- to 4-fold. The surge lasts about 24 to 36 hours and triggers ovulation, the rupture of the dominant ovarian follicle and the release of the egg from the ovary into the oviduct. This estrogen-mediated gonadotropin surge effect has also been found to occur with exogenous estrogen, including in transgender women on hormone therapy and pre-hormone therapy transgender men acutely challenged with a high dose of an estrogen, but does not occur in men, pre-hormone therapy transgender women, or transgender men on hormone therapy, hence indicating a hormonally-based sex difference. A sufficient amount of progesterone (corresponding to levels greater than 2 ng/mL) or a progestin prevents the mid-cycle estradiol-induced surge in gonadotropin levels in women. This is how progestins prevent ovulation and in part mediate their contraceptive effects in women.

Effects on adrenal androgen levels
In addition to their antigonadotropic effects, estrogens at high concentrations can significantly decrease androgen production by the adrenal glands. A study found that treatment with a high dosage of ethinylestradiol (100 µg/day) reduced circulating adrenal androgen levels by 27 to 48% in transgender women. Another study found similar effects in men with prostate cancer, with levels of the adrenal androgens dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (A4) all decreasing significantly more with high-dose estrogen therapy (oral ethinylestradiol plus intramuscular polyestradiol phosphate) than with orchiectomy (by 33–39% and 10–26%, respectively).

However, a study found that these effects occurred with high-dose oral and synthetic estrogens such as ethinylestradiol and estramustine phosphate but not with the parenteral estrogen polyestradiol phosphate, suggesting that decreases in adrenal androgen levels are secondary to changes in liver protein synthesis rather than due to a direct action in the adrenal cortex, and that such changes will only occur in the context of strong hepatic impact. Cortisol levels were unchanged in the other groups (e.g., orchiectomy, GnRH agonist therapy, and parenteral estrogen therapy) in this study, but increased by 300 to 400% in the oral and synthetic estrogen groups, likely secondary to increases in hepatic corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) production and compensatory upregulation of adrenal corticosteroid synthesis.

Changes in levels of weak adrenal androgens are of relevance as these androgens serve as circulating reservoir of precursors that are transformed in tissues into potent androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and into estrogens.

Effects on liver protein synthesis
Estradiol and other estrogens modulate liver protein synthesis via activation of hepatic ERs. Estradiol increases the production and by extension circulating levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), angiotensinogen (AGT), pregnancy zone protein (PZP), coagulation factors, and numerous other hepatic proteins. Conversely, estradiol decreases hepatic synthesis and by extension circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The effects of estradiol on liver protein synthesis are moderated by route of administration, with oral administration having 4- or 5-fold stronger effects on liver protein synthesis than doses by the transdermal route with equivalent general/systemic estrogenic potency. The influences of estradiol on liver protein synthesis have a variety of effects in the body, with implications for the bioavailability of androgens and the cardiovascular system.

The influence of 2 mg/day oral estradiol on levels of hepatic proteins such as SHBG, CBG, and AGT is much lower than that with 10 μg/day oral ethinylestradiol. Vaginal micronized estradiol at 0.25 mg/day increased SHBG levels by about 10% after 2 weeks of therapy in women. Estradiol-containing birth control pills, which contain 1 to 3 mg/day estradiol or estradiol valerate, have been found to increase SHBG levels by 1.5-fold. Oral estradiol valerate at 6 mg/day has been found to increase SHBG levels by 2.5- to 3-fold in transgender women. For comparison, combined birth control pills containing ethinylestradiol and a progestin with minimal androgenic or antiandrogenic activity have been found to increase SHBG levels by about 3- to 4-fold. High-dose polyestradiol phosphate by intramuscular injection has been found to increase SHBG levels by about 1.5-fold.

Estradiol valerate in oil solution by intramuscular injection has been studied in the treatment of prostate cancer. Although parenteral estradiol has diminished effects on liver protein synthesis and by extension coagulation and cardiovascular risk compared to oral estradiol and non-bioidentical estrogens, a property attributable to its absence of disproportionate effects on the liver, sufficient doses of parenteral estradiol can nonetheless result in high estradiol concentrations in the liver and thereby increase coagulation and cardiovascular risk similarly. A single 10 to 20 mg intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate produces hemostasis and can be used to decrease blood flow during hemorrhage. In accordance, 10 to 40 mg estradiol valerate by intramuscular injection once every 2 weeks in men with prostate cancer has been found to increase markers of coagulation and plasminogen system activation such as levels of thrombin–antithrombin complex and quantitative D-dimers. Administration of daily prophylactic anticoagulation in the form of low molecular-weight heparin was able to successfully return these hemostasis markers to baseline in the men.

Other effects
Estrogens have been reported to downregulate androgen receptor expression in adipose tissue, and may thereby inhibit the effects of androgens on fat distribution.

Differences from other estrogens

Estradiol has relatively low oral bioavailability of about 5%. In addition, there is considerable interindividual variability in levels of estradiol achieved with oral estradiol. In contrast to estradiol, the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol has about 45% oral bioavailability, around 80- to 200-fold greater systemic oral estrogenic potency, roughly 500- to 1,500-fold greater hepatic oral estrogenic potency, and less interindividual variability in circulating estrogen levels achieved. An oral dose of ethinylestradiol that is approximately 100-fold lower than that of estradiol achieves similar maximal circulating estrogen concentrations (e.g., 50 pg/mL ethinylestradiol with a single 20 μg dose of ethinylestradiol relative to 40 pg/mL estradiol with a single 2 mg dose of micronized estradiol or estradiol valerate). These differences are due to the introduction of an ethynyl group at the C17α position in ethinylestradiol (also known as 17α-ethynylestradiol), which results in steric hindrance and greatly diminishes the first-pass metabolism of ethinylestradiol relative to estradiol with oral administration. Estradiol and ethinylestradiol have similar affinities for and efficacies as agonists of the ERs, and the systemic estrogenic potency of estradiol and ethinylestradiol is similar when they are administered by the intravenous route.

Synthetic estrogens like ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol and the natural but animal-derived conjugated estrogens have disproportionate effects on liver protein synthesis relative to their effects in other tissues when compared to estradiol. At doses via the oral route with comparable systemic estrogenic potency, conjugated estrogens have about 1.3 to 4.5 times the hepatotropic potency (i.e., potency in modulating liver protein synthesis) of estradiol, ethinylestradiol has about 2.9 to 5.0 times the hepatotropic potency of estradiol, and diethylstilbestrol shows about 5.7 to 7.5 times the hepatotropic potency of estradiol (all measured via a small selection of estrogen-modulated hepatic proteins that included  cholesterol, , , and angiotensinogen). The greater hepatotropic potency of these estrogens relative to estradiol is related to susceptibility to hepatic metabolism. Whereas estradiol is metabolized and thereby inactivated rapidly upon entry into the liver, other estrogens like ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol are resistant to hepatic metabolism and persist in the liver for a longer amount of time. This is reflected in the biological half-lives of these estrogens; the blood half-life of estradiol is about 1 to 2 hours, while the half-lives of ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol are approximately 20 hours and 24 hours, respectively. In accordance with its long half-life, ethinylestradiol passes through the liver many times prior to its elimination. Because humans are not adapted to efficiently metabolize conjugated estrogens (which are equine (horse) estrogens) and synthetic estrogens like ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol, these estrogens are not properly inactivated in the liver, with markedly disproportionate hepatic estrogenic effects resulting.

In addition to differences in hepatotropic potency between estradiol and other estrogens, there are differences in hepatotropic potency between different routes of administration of estradiol. Due to the first pass through the liver, oral estradiol results in disproportionate and unphysiological hepatic estradiol levels that are 4- to 5-fold higher than in the circulation. Conversely, parenteral routes of estradiol, such as transdermal, vaginal, and injection, bypass the first pass through the liver and produce levels of estradiol in the circulation and liver that are comparable. As an example of the reduced hepatic impact of parenteral estradiol relative to oral estradiol, a study found that 1 mg/day oral estradiol significantly increased SHBG levels by 45%, while 50 µg/day transdermal estradiol increased SHBG levels non-significantly by only 12% (with these dosages being roughly equivalent in systemic estrogenic potency). As such, not only do oral non-bioidentical estrogens like ethinylestradiol and conjugated estrogens have substantially greater potency in the liver than does oral estradiol, oral estradiol has considerably greater potency in the liver than does parenteral estradiol. Thus, the hepatotropic effects of oral non-bioidentical estrogens like ethinylestradiol are massive in comparison to parenteral estradiol (see the graph above/to the right), which in contrast to these estrogens has very weak or even absent effects on liver protein synthesis at normal therapeutic dosages. Whereas high-dosage 320 mg/month intramuscular polyestradiol phosphate increased SHBG levels to 166% in men with prostate cancer, the combination of 80 mg/month intramuscular polyestradiol phosphate and high-dosage 150 µg/day oral ethinylestradiol increased levels of SHBG to 617%, an almost 8-fold difference in increase and almost 4-fold difference in absolute levels between the two treatment regimens.

The effects of estrogens on liver protein synthesis, such as on the synthesis of coagulation factors, lipoproteins, and triglycerides, can cause an increased risk of thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications, which in turn can result in increased mortality. The risk of thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications is significantly increased in postmenopausal women taking oral conjugated estrogens as a component of menopausal hormone therapy. Both oral estradiol and oral esterified estrogens have been found to have a significantly lower risk of thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications than oral conjugated estrogens, and transdermal estradiol appears to have no such risks at all. Widely employed in the past, oral synthetic estrogens like ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol are no longer used in menopausal hormone therapy due to their high risks of thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications. Studies have found a markedly increased 5-year risk of cardiovascular mortality of 14 to 26% in men treated with high-dosage oral synthetic estrogens like ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol for prostate cancer. With diethylstilbestrol, there is an up to 35% incidence of cardiovascular toxicity and an up to 15% incidence of venous thromboembolism. In a small study comparing high-dosage 320 mg/month intramuscular polyestradiol phosphate versus the combination of 80 mg/month polyestradiol phosphate with high-dosage 150 µg/day oral ethinylestradiol for prostate cancer, there was a 25% incidence of cardiovascular complications over the course of a year in the group that was also treated with ethinylestradiol, whereas there were no cardiovascular complications in the polyestradiol phosphate-only group. In accordance, another study found no change in levels of coagulation factor VII, a protein of particular importance in the cardiovascular side effects of estrogens, with 240 mg/month intramuscular polyestradiol phosphate. In spite of the markedly reduced impact of parenteral estradiol on the liver compared to other estrogens however, high dosages of parenteral estradiol, producing high levels of circulating estradiol, can still result in important and undesirable changes in liver protein synthesis as with other estrogens. A high dosage of 320 mg/month polyestradiol phosphate has been found to result in significantly increased cardiovascular morbidity (due to non-fatal ischemic heart events and heart decompensation) in men with prostate cancer in two large studies, though cardiovascular mortality was notably not increased.

In addition to the liver, ethinylestradiol shows disproportionate estrogenic effects in the uterus. This is due to its inability to be inactivated by uterine 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD). Because of its disproportionate effects in the uterus, ethinylestradiol is associated with a significantly lower incidence of vaginal bleeding and spotting than is estradiol, particularly in combination with progestogens (which induce 17β-HSD expression and hence estradiol metabolism in the uterus), and is an important contributing factor in why ethinylestradiol, among other reasons and in spite of its inferior safety profile, has been widely used in oral contraceptives instead of estradiol. Although ethinylestradiol has increased effects in the uterus relative to estradiol, it is similarly not associated with an increase in the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer when used in combination with a progestogen, but instead with a significant decrease.

See also
 Pharmacokinetics of estradiol
 Pharmacodynamics of progesterone
 Pharmacokinetics of progesterone

References

Further reading

Category:Estradiol
Category:Medication pharmacology


Echeta subtruncata

Echeta subtruncata is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Brazil.

References

Category:Phaegopterina
Category:Moths described in 1909


Șesuri

Şesuri may refer to several villages in Romania:

 Şesuri, a village in Măgirești Commune, Bacău County
 Şesuri, a village in Bucureșci Commune, Hunedoara County
 Şesuri, a village in Cârlibaba Commune, Suceava County


Calcipotriol

Calcipotriol, also known as calcipotriene, is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol, a form of vitamin D.  It is used in the treatment of psoriasis. It is safe for long-term application in psoriatic skin conditions.

It was patented in 1985 and approved for medical use in 1991. It is marketed under the trade name "Dovonex" in the United States, "Daivonex" outside North America, and "Psorcutan" in Germany.

Medical uses
Chronic plaque psoriasis is the chief medical use of calcipotriol. It has also been used successfully in the treatment of alopecia areata.

Contraindications
Hypersensitivity, use on face, hypercalcaemia, or evidence of vitamin D toxicity are the only contraindications for calcipotriol use.

Cautions include exposure to excessive natural or artificial light, due to the potential for calcipotriol to cause photosensitivity.

Adverse effects
Adverse effects by frequency:
Very common (> 10% frequency)
 Burning
 Itchiness
 Skin irritation

Common (1–10% frequency)

 Dermatitis
 Dry skin
 Erythema
 Peeling
 Worsening of psoriasis including facial/scalp
 Rash

Uncommon (0.1–1% frequency)
 Exacerbation of psoriasis

Rare (< 0.1% frequency)

 Allergic contact dermatitis
 Hypercalcaemia
 Photosensitivity
 Changes in pigmentation
 Skin atrophy

Interactions

No drug interactions are known.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action
The efficacy of calcipotriol in the treatment of psoriasis was first noticed by the observation of patients receiving various forms of vitamin D in an osteoporosis study.  Unexpectedly, some patients who also suffered from psoriasis experienced dramatic reductions in lesion counts.

The precise mechanism of calcipotriol in remitting psoriasis is not well understood.  However, it has been shown to have comparable affinity with calcitriol for the vitamin D receptor (VDR), while being less than 1% as active as the calcitriol in regulating calcium metabolism.  The vitamin D receptor belongs to the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily, and is found on the cells of many different tissues including the thyroid, bone, kidney, and T cells of the immune system. T cells are known to play a role in psoriasis, and it is thought that the binding of calcipotriol to the VDR modulates the T cells gene transcription of cell differentiation and proliferation related genes.

In mouse studies, topical calcipotriol administration to the ear and dorsal skin led to a dose-dependent increase in the production of the epithelial cell-derived cytokine TSLP by keratinocytes, and triggered atopic dermatitis at high concentrations. This upregulation of TSLP production due to calcipotriol application is thought to be mediated through the coactivation of vitamin D receptor/RXRα and vitamin D receptor/RXRβ heterodimers. As psoriasis is typically thought to be partially driven by Th1/Th17 inflammatory cytokines, calcipotriol treatment at appropriate concentrations may alleviate psoriasis symptoms by repressing Th1/Th17 inflammation through TSLP production, which is linked to a Th2 response. However, it is important to note that this has not yet been confirmed.

Pharmacokinetics
After application and systemic uptake, calcipotriol undergoes rapid hepatic metabolism. Calcipotriol is metabolized to MC1046 (the α,β−unsaturated ketone analog), which is subsequently metabolized to its primary metabolite, the saturated ketone analog MC1080. MC1080 is then slowly metabolized to calcitroic acid.

The metabolites of calcipotriol are less potent than the parent compound.

Chemistry
Calcipotriol is a white to almost white crystalline compound.

References

External links
Calcipotriene information - U.S. NLM/NIH

Category:Vitamin D
Category:Indanes
Category:Secondary alcohols
Category:Secosteroids
Category:Cyclopropanes


Joaquín García (footballer)

Joaquín García Barbero (; born 12 January 1986), simply known as Joaquín, is a Spanish footballer who is currently playing for Indian club Churchill Brothers .

Football career
Born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Joaquín graduated with UDA Gramenet's youth setup, and made his senior debuts with the reserves in 2005. He played his first match with the main squad on 15 March 2009, coming on as a second half substitute in a 0–1 home loss against Ontinyent CF for the Segunda División B championship.

In the 2011 summer, after Gramenet's relegation, Joaquín moved to fellow league team CF Badalona. He appeared regularly for the club during the course of three seasons, and joined UE Cornellà also in the third level on 7 August 2014.

On 3 January 2015, after appearing rarely, Joaquín moved abroad for the first time in his career, joining Cypriot First Division side Ethnikos Achna. He played his first match as a professional on 2 February, starting in a 0–2 home loss against Apollon Limassol.

On 26 July 2017, Joaquín was announced as a player for Hong Kong Premier League club Dreams.

References

External links

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Barcelona
Category:Spanish footballers
Category:Catalan footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Segunda División B players
Category:Tercera División players
Category:UDA Gramenet footballers
Category:CF Badalona players
Category:UE Cornellà players
Category:Ethnikos Achna FC players
Category:Europa F.C. players
Category:Cypriot First Division players
Category:Hong Kong Premier League players
Category:Dreams Sports Club players
Category:Spanish expatriate footballers
Category:Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Category:Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Category:Expatriate footballers in Hong Kong


Barry O'Donnell

Barry O'Donnell (6 September 1926 – 26 November 2019) was an Irish pediatric surgeon who worked at Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin in Dublin, who along with Prem Puri pioneered the sub-ureteric Teflon injection (STING) procedure for vesico-ureteric reflux. He was awarded the Urology Medal by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the first pediatric surgeon working outside the USA to be so honored.

O'Donnell, a native of Cork, was educated at University College Cork graduating in 1949, training at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London and in Boston, USA. He has held posts at the Temple Street Children's University Hospital and National Children's Hospital, Harcourt Street (closed). He is also past president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, former president of British Association of Pediatric Surgeons and former Chairman of the British Medical Journal.

Personal
b. 1926 Cork, eldest son of Michael O’Donnell and Kitty O’Donnell (née Barry)

Died: 26th November 2019

Education: Christian Brothers College, Cork; Castleknock College, Dublin; University College Cork

MB (hons) UCC, 1949; MCh, NUI, 1954, FRCSI, 1953; FRCS Eng 1953; FRCS Ed (ad hom) 1993; FRCP & S (Glas qua chir), 1999; FRCS Eng (Hon) 2007.

Married 1959: Mary Leydon  b.1933 – d.2015; (BA, BComm, BL) only child of John Leydon (KC St Gregory, DLitt, (the most senior civil servant of his day, described by Sean Lemass (Taoiseach 1959-66) as ‘the ablest man I ever knew’) and Nan Leydon (née Layden).

3 sons, John, Michael and Nicholas and 1 daughter, Catherine

Professional career
 Postgraduate posts in Winchester, Brighton, Leicester; Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London.
 Registrar, Royal Northern Hospital, London; Whittington Hospital, London.
 Senior Registrar, Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street (Sir Denis Browne, Sir David I. Williams)
 Ainsworth Travelling Scholarship from UCC to Lahey Clinic, Boston (Drs Richard B. Cattell, Herbert Adams, Samuel Marshall, Ken Warren) and Boston Floating Hospital for Infants and Children (Dr Ovar Swenson).
 Consultant Surgeon, Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, 1957–93; Children’s Hospital Temple Street, 1977–88; National Children’s Hospital, Harcourt Street, 1965-80.
 Professor of Paediatric Surgery, RCSI, 1986–93.
 Honorary Fellow, Singapore Academy of Medicine and Surgery, 1999; Malaysian Academy of Medicine and Surgery, 2000; College of Surgeons, South Africa, 2001; section of surgery.
 American Academy of Pediatrics; American Pediatric Surgical Association; American Surgical Association; New England Surgical Association; Boston Surgical Association.
 President, British, Canadian and Irish Medical Associations, 1976–77; British Association of Paediatric Surgeons, 1981–82; surgical section RAMI, 1990-92.
 Chairman, Journal Committee, BMA, (including BMJ), 1982-88.

Awards and Honours
 National People of the Year award jointly with Prof. Prem Puri. 1984
 Hunterian Professorship, RCS Eng. 1986
 Denis Browne gold medal, British Association of Paediatric Surgeons, 1989; urology medal, American Academy of Paediatrics, 2003; Distinguished Alumni Award, UCC, 2004.
 Eponymous addresses in Australia, US and UK.
 Visiting professor to six US universities, including twice to Harvard.
 Director, Standard Chartered Bank (Ireland), 1977–88; West Deutsche LandesBank (Ireland), 1988 -96.
 Sixty -four peer reviewed publications. Four books, (two co-authored) including Terence Millin: a Remarkable Irish Surgeon)

References

Category:Irish pediatricians
Category:People from County Cork
Category:1926 births
Category:2019 deaths


Elena Moretti

Elena Moretti (born 29 June 1987 in Brescia) is an Italian judoka who competes in the women's  category. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she was defeated in the second round.

References

Category:Italian female judoka
Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic judoka of Italy
Category:Judoka at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Category:Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in judo


Mind Bomb

Mind Bomb is the third studio album by English post-punk band The The, released by Some Bizzare/Epic on 11 July 1989 and recorded between October 1988 and May 1989.

Overview
For this album Matt Johnson assembled a full band version of The The, retaining his role as singer, primary songwriter, frontman and guitarist (and playing keyboards and other instruments in the studio), but bringing in former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr (whom he'd known since the early 1980s, and whom he'd attempted to entice into an earlier version of The The prior to Marr forming The Smiths). Completing the lineup was former Julian Cope band bass guitarist James Eller and session drummer David Palmer (while D.C. Collard provided live keyboards). Additional instrumentation on Mind Bomb was provided by sessioneers, most notably keyboard player Wix.

Instead of the darkly polished dance-pop styling of earlier albums Soul Mining and Infected, Mind Bomb opens up the music to reveal a slow, winding textured world of sound, thanks in no small means to ex-Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr. Lyrical subjects include politics, religion, and romance. The band would also play a world tour and record a follow-up, Dusk. After that, Johnson dissolved it and went about his business alone again. A remastered version of the album was released in 2002.

Track listing
Tracks written by Matt Johnson, except where noted.

 "Good Morning, Beautiful" – 7:28
 "Armageddon Days Are Here (Again)" – 5:40
 "The Violence of Truth" – 5:40
 "Kingdom of Rain" – 5:51
 "The Beat(en) Generation" – 3:04
 "August & September" – 5:45
 "Gravitate to Me" – 8:09 (Johnson, Johnny Marr)
 "Beyond Love" – 4:22

Personnel

The band
 Matt Johnson – vocals, guitar, keyboards
 Johnny Marr – guitar, harmonica
 James Eller – bass guitar
 David Palmer – drums

Additional musicians
 Sinéad O'Connor – female vocal on "Kingdom of Rain"
 Wix – piano, keyboards, Hammond organ, accordion
 Warne Livesey – keyboards, banjo, acoustic guitar
 Pandit Dinesh – percussion
 Danny Cummings – percussion
 Pedro Haldermann – percussion
 Chris White – saxophone
 Philip Todd – saxophone
 Ashley Slater – trombone
 John Eacott – flugel horn
 Mark Feltham – harmonica
 Danny Thompson – upright bass on "August & September"
 Sarah Homer – clarinet
 Dai Pritchard – bass clarinet
 Hilary Storer – oboe
 Gavyn Wright – Arabian fiddle
 Astarti String Section – strings

Artwork
Artwork and typography by Fiona Skinner.
Photography Andrew MacPherson.
Back cover image was created to reference photomontagist John Heartfield Der Sinn von Genf The Meaning of Geneva AIZ Cover, Berlin, Germany, 1932

References

Category:1989 albums
Category:The The albums
Category:Epic Records albums
Category:Albums produced by Roli Mosimann
Category:Albums produced by Warne Livesey


Gary Carr (politician)

Gary Carr (born August 14, 1955) is a politician in Ontario, Canada.  He served as a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1990 to 2003, and served in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal from 2004 to early 2006. Gary Carr is currently the Chair of the Regional Municipality of Halton.

Background
Carr has a certificate in Business Administration from Ryerson University, and was a businessman and sales manager in the transportation industry before entering public life.  He continued his education as a politician, and received an MBA from Athabasca University in 2002.  Carr also played professional ice hockey for five years in the farm teams of the Boston Bruins and Quebec Nordiques.  In 1975, he was a Memorial Cup champion as a member of the Toronto Marlboros.

Provincial politics
Carr was first elected to the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1990, defeating incumbent Liberal Doug Carrothers by 108 votes in the riding of Oakville South.  From 1993 to 1995, he was his party's Deputy House Leader.

The Progressive Conservatives won a majority government under Mike Harris in the provincial election of 1995, and Carr was easily re-elected.  He was appointed as a parliamentary assistant to the Solicitor-General for the entire term.

Carr was again re-elected in the provincial election of 1999, defeating Liberal Kevin Flynn by over 13,000 votes.  He was chosen as Speaker of the legislature on October 20, 1999, and held this position for the entirety of the parliament which followed.

Like his predecessor Chris Stockwell, Carr was known as an impartial Speaker who was willing to criticize his own government.  In 2003, he alienated several members of the Progressive Conservative Party by ruling that the government of Ernie Eves had committed a prima facie act of contempt against the legislature by holding its budget announcement at the headquarters of Magna International, rather than in the legislature itself.  He was critical of the direction taken by the Progressive Conservative Party in this period, and did not seek re-election in 2003. He left politics and briefly coached the London Racers hockey team in London, UK.

Federal politics
In 2004 Carr was recruited to run as a Liberal in the riding of Halton, which bordered his old provincial riding.  He defeated Conservative candidate Dean Martin in the election. Carr was defeated in the 2006 election by Conservative challenger Garth Turner.

Halton regional chair
Gary Carr was elected as Chair of Halton Region on November 13, 2006. Carr overwhelmingly defeated former Halton Region CAO Brent Marshall, who resigned from his position as CAO to run against Carr. Carr was sworn in as the Regional Chairman on December 6, 2006.

References

External links

Category:1955 births
Category:Athabasca University alumni
Category:Boston Bruins draft picks
Category:Canadian sportsperson-politicians
Category:Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Category:Cincinnati Stingers draft picks
Category:Columbus Owls players
Category:Dayton Gems players
Category:Fredericton Express players
Category:Grand Rapids Owls players
Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Category:Memorial Cup winners
Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Category:Living people
Category:Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey players
Category:Politicians from Toronto
Category:Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
Category:Rochester Americans players
Category:Ryerson University alumni
Category:Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Category:Springfield Indians players
Category:Syracuse Firebirds players
Category:Toronto Marlboros players
Category:21st-century Canadian politicians


Dot and Jim

Dot and Jim was a series of children's learning books by Theodore L. Harris aimed at pre-schoolers in the United States. They were popular in the United States from the 1950s to the 1970s. The books featured the adventures of two kids a girl named Dot and a boy named Jim who were usually accompanied by a dog named Tag.

See also
List of children's book series

References

External links
classic Dot and Jim cover, 1967

Category:American picture books
Category:Series of children's books


Copper Island

Copper Island is a local name given to the northern part of the Keweenaw Peninsula (projecting northeastward into Lake Superior at the western end of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States of America), separated from the rest of the Keweenaw Peninsula by Portage Lake and the Keweenaw Waterway.

Geography
The area was "isolated" by dredging in 1859 and construction in the 1860s of a ship canal across an isthmus of the Keweenaw Peninsula from Portage Lake—on the east side of the Keweenaw Peninsula—to Lake Superior on the west. The ship canal is  wide and  deep.  The resulting "island" was called Kuparisaari (meaning "Copper Island") by Finnish, Irish, and French/French Canadian settlers in the area.  However, neither the United States Geological Survey nor the state of Michigan identify this area as an island or use this name.  Isle Royale is the largest naturally isolated island in Lake Superior; considered as an island, Copper Island would be the largest, with an area of around 554 square miles. It has a population around 21,500.

History
Historically, "Kuparisaari" ('Copper Island') was used to mean the Keweenaw north of Portage Lake, but more generically the copper country of the Upper Peninsula.  Inhabitants of the area wryly claimed "that they were outside the American mainland.  In practical usage, however, the term included towns such as Oskar, Atlantic, Baltic, South Range, Houghton, Dodgeville and Hurontown" all of which were south of Portage Lake.  Nevertheless, "unquestionably" Finns in those locales considered themselves to be "Copper Islanders."  As the foregoing source indicates, "Copper Island" has sometimes been used as a sobriquet for Michigan's "copper country."

But in a larger sense, "Kuparisaari" was an amalgam of geographic location and cultural identity, particularly for the Finns.  As one scholarly source notes:
Finnish immigration to Michigan’s copper district grew to become the most populous ethnic group with an enduring cultural identity. Kuparisaari, “copper island,” went beyond the Finnish immigrant identification of the island that comprises the northern half of the Keweenaw Peninsula to a symbolic island of landing, an Ellis Island. Michigan’s Copper Country is recognized as focal to Finnish immigration to America, the birthplace of many Finnish-American institutions religious, political and educational. This “island” includes both settlements in growing industrial urban communities like the Quincy, Calumet & Hecla and Champion mining {See, Copper Range Company} settlements, and cleared forestland for traditional Finnish agriculture as in Toivola, Tapiola, Elo, Pelkie, and Waasa; Finns settled north and south of the Portage Waterway that bisects the peninsula. Perhaps more than any other immigrant group, the Finnish communities in the district were bisected into divisions of politics and faith. The Finns who immigrated to the copper mining district held to a pietistic Laestadian (Apostolic) Lutheran belief, to the state-sanctioned Lutheranism of Finland (Suomi Synod) or rejected faith altogether. Within these divides of conscience of faith was a wide political spectrum: conservative to liberal adherents, resolute temperance advocates and active radical socialists. The social and economic conditions that emigrants left in northern Scandinavia and the Duchy of Finland influenced these allegiances and beliefs.

Communities and transportation
The principal towns on the Copper Island end of Keweenaw Peninsula are Hancock and Calumet. The area is connected to the rest of the Upper Peninsula by the Portage Lake Lift Bridge, the latest in a series of bridges between Hancock and Houghton.  The bridge crosses the Portage Canal.

US 41 crosses this bridge.  It enters Michigan at Menominee and goes north to its terminus just east of Copper Harbor at the far eastern tip of the peninsula.

Modern usage of the name
A newspaper named Copper Island News was formerly published in Hancock, at least in the 1880s.auto"/>

Copper island is the core that the Keweenaw Water Trail wraps around.  It is a designated loop route (which eliminates any need to use a shuttle or spot two vehicles) around and through the Keweenaw Peninsula for canoes and sea kayaks.  The Keweenaw Waterway is central to it, crossing the peninsula.

The 'Copper Island Classic' is an ice hockey tournament contested annually between Hancock Central High School and Calumet High School.  Such local usage still persists, and there are many business in the area that use it.

The Race for Copper Island (New York: Benziger Bros., 1905) is a novel written by Henry Sanislaus Spaulding (1865–1934) that involves the area.

Alternate use
The phrase "Copper Island" was also used, especially in the 18th century, to describe a possibly mythical island in Lake Superior where there is an abundance of copper sitting on the surface of the land.  While some scholars believe this was a reference to Isle Royale, the "island," because of its abundance of copper, could also have been the northern Keweenaw Peninsula., especially given the presence of vast quantities of native copper in the region.

See also
 Copper Country
 Keweenaw National Historical Park

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
Exploring Houghton and Hancock in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
In-group Finnish Place Names - Michigan
Keweenaw Ethnic Groups - MTU Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections, J. Robert Van Pelt Library
Keweenaw Time Traveler an interactive digital historical atlas of the Copper Country

Category:Islands of Keweenaw County, Michigan
Category:Peninsulas of Michigan
Category:Islands of Houghton County, Michigan


Arthur Davis

Arthur Davis may refer to:

Entertainment
 Arthur Davis (animator) (1905–2000), American animator and director
 Art Davis (actor) (1913–1987), American musician, singer, and actor
 Art Davis (1934–2007), American jazz bassist
 Arthur Hoey Davis, Australian writer who used the pen name Steele Rudd

Sports
 Art Davis (American football) (born 1934), American football player
 Arthur Davis (English cricketer) (1882–1916), English cricketer
 Arthur Davis (Australian cricketer) (1898–1943), Australian cricketer
 Arthur Davis (gymnast) (born 1974), American gymnast

Other
 Arthur Powell Davis (1861–1933), American hydrographer and engineer
 Arthur Vining Davis (1867–1962), American businessman and philanthropist
 Arthur Joseph Davis (1878–1951), British architect
 Arthur C. Davis (1893–1965), United States Navy admiral
 Arthur P. Davis (1904–1996), African-American university teacher, literary scholar, and writer
 Arthur Marshall Davis (1907–1963), U.S. federal judge
 Artur Davis (born 1967), American politician

See also
 Arthur Davis Glacier in Antarctica
 Arthur Davies (disambiguation)


Edgardo Prátola

Edgardo Fabián Prátola (La Plata, 20 May 1969 - La Plata, 28 April 2002) was an Argentine football (soccer) player.

His career started as a defender with Estudiantes de La Plata, where his devotion was noted as one of the reasons the club returned from relegation in 1995. Prátola owned the No. 6 jersey and was the captain of the team.

Prátola played for Mexican side León between 1996 and 1999, after which he returned to Argentina to play for Unión de Santa Fe, and then returned to Estudiantes in 2000. Diagnosed with cancer of the colon in 2000, he broke the news himself in an unassuming way, quit the team after unsuccessful surgery, and fought his illness to the end. The day before his death he asked that Estudiantes play their next match (against Independiente) and not ask for a postponement. A touching ceremony was held before the game.

He is fondly remembered by Estudiantes fans by his nickname el ruso (the Russian).

After winning the Apertura 2006 championship in a play-off against Boca Juniors, many Estudiantes players displayed T-shirts in honour of Pratola. Current captain Juan Sebastian Veron mentioned him in an emotional victory speech broadcast around the stadium, leading to chanting of 'Ruso' by Estudiantes fans.

Prátola was again remembered by Estudiantes following the club's triumph in the 2009 Copa Libertadores finals against Cruzeiro. In the post-match celebrations, Estudiantes players wore shirts that said, "Ruso, estás con nosotros," or, "Ruso, you are with us."

External links
 News story about his death
 La Nacion obituary

Category:1969 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from La Plata
Category:Argentine footballers
Category:Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Category:Unión de Santa Fe footballers
Category:Club León footballers
Category:Argentine Primera División players
Category:Liga MX players
Category:Argentine expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Category:Deaths from cancer in Argentina
Category:Association football defenders


Kazuo Okamatsu

was a Japanese philologist and novelist.

Biography
Okamatsu was born in the city of Fukuoka in Kyushu, Japan. He graduated from the Department of French literature at the University of Tokyo, following which he decided to continue his studies in the field of philology and Japanese literature. His literary career began in 1955, with his participation in a national writing contest, which resulted in the publication of Yuri no kioku ( 百合の記憶 ) under the pen name of Kazuo Aoki in the literary magazine Bungei. In 1957, he married the niece of the noted translator Teiichi Hirai and began working as an instructor at a high school in Yokohama.
In 1959, Okamatsu won the Bungakukai New Author's Award organized by the magazine Bungakukai. In 1964, he was invited by editor Tachihara Masaaki to join the literary cotiere Sai (犀), whose other members included Otohiko Kaga, Meisei Goto and Yuichi Takai. From 1966, he worked as a part-time professor of Japanese literature at Kanto Gakuin Women's Junior College in Yokohama. He was promoted to assistant professor in 1968 and full professor in 1973. During the 1970s, he was nominated for the prestigious Akutagawa Prize three times, before winning the award in 1975 for his work Shikanoshima (志賀島).

Okamatsu relocated to São Paulo in Brazil in 1980 for a number of years as a researcher. He was known in the 1980s for his works on the poet and Zen master Ikkyū. Okamatsu won the Kawabata Yasunari Prize in 1985, the Nitta Jiro Prize in 1986 and the Kiyama Shohei Prize in 1998. After his return to Japan, he was an active member of the Japanese branch of PEN International.

In January 2012, Okamatsu died of pneumonia at the age of 80 years.

Noted works
1975 Kumano (熊野)
1975 Shikanoshima (志賀島)
1987 Kuchibeni (口紅)
1991 Ikkyū densetsu (一休伝説)

References

Category:Japanese writers
Category:1932 births
Category:2012 deaths
Category:People from Fukuoka
Category:University of Tokyo alumni
Category:Japanese literature academics


Gynotroches

Gynotroches is a monotypic genus of trees in the family Rhizophoraceae. It contains the single species Gynotroches axillaris. The generic name  is from the Greek meaning "woman wheel", referring to the shape of the stigma. The specific epithet  is from the Latin, referring to the axillary position of the flowers.

Description
Gynotroches axillaris grows as a tree up to  tall with a trunk diameter of up to . Its smooth bark is grey to blackish. The flowers are greenish white. The roundish fruits are green, turning red to black, and measure up to  in diameter.

Distribution and habitat
Gynotroches axillaris grows naturally in the Nicobar Islands, Burma, Thailand, throughout Malesia, in Papuasia and in Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia. Its habitat is by rivers and in sandy areas from sea-level to  altitude.

References

Category:Rhizophoraceae
Category:Flora of the Nicobar Islands
Category:Trees of Myanmar
Category:Trees of Thailand
Category:Trees of Malesia
Category:Trees of Papuasia
Category:Flora of the Federated States of Micronesia
Category:Monotypic Malpighiales genera


Yukio Peter

Yukio Peter (born 29 January 1984 in Aiwo) is a weightlifter from Nauru.

Career

2004
Yukio snatched 142.5 kg and clean and jerked 165 kg (total 307.5 kg) to place eighth at the 2004 Olympic Games in the Men's 69 kg division. It is the best position ever for a Nauruan athlete at the Olympic Games.

2008
In December 2008, Yukio won a gold medal in the Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships in Limassol, Cyprus. Competing in the 77 kg category, he snatched 145 kg and clean and jerked 185 kg.

2010
At the 2010 Commonwealth Games in New Delhi, India, Yukio Peter won Nauru's 10th gold medal winning the 77kg division in weightlifting with a new Games record of 333 kg.

2011
Peter won gold in the 77 kg category at the Arafura Games in 2011 in Darwin - Nauru's first gold at that edition of the Games.

References

External links
 "Nauruan lifter is back"; Pacific Islands News Association, 2 October 2008

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Nauruan male weightlifters
Category:Olympic weightlifters of Nauru
Category:Weightlifters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Weightlifters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Nauru
Category:People from Aiwo District
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in weightlifting


Toonturama

Toonturama is an American children's programming block that airs on the Spanish-language television network UniMás which debuted on January 15, 2002. The three-hour block—which airs Saturday and Sunday mornings from 8 to 11a.m. ET/PT—features live action and animated series aimed at children between the ages of 2 and 14.

Programs featured on the block consist of a mix of series originally produced in Spanish and dubbed versions of series that were originally produced and broadcast in English. All shows featured on Toonturama are designed to meet federally mandated educational programming guidelines defined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) via the Children's Television Act.

History
On January 15, 2002, one day after the network launched, UniMás (then known as TeleFutura) debuted three children's program blocks aimed at different youth audiences. Two of these, Toonturama and Toonturama Junior, aired on weekend mornings. Toonturama featured a three-hour lineup that consisted mainly of dubbed versions of American and European animated series natively produced in English (including Bob the Builder, Tales from the Cryptkeeper, The Dumb Bunnies, Flight Squad, Toad Patrol, and Problem Child), as well as anime series (Lost Universe, Tenchi Universe, and Red Baron). Toad Patrol was an exception to the dubbing as an English dub had to be used to fix translation issues. Toonturama Junior was a two-hour companion block that preceded Tooturama on Saturday and Sunday mornings, featuring programs aimed at preschoolers that fulfilled educational programming requirements defined by the Children's Television Act. The third block, Mi Tele ("My TV"), was a two-hour animation block on weekday mornings featuring a mix of imported Spanish-language cartoons, such as Fantaghiro and El Nuevo Mundo de los Gnomos (The New World of the Gnomes).

Among the programs featured on Toonturama Junior was Plaza Sésamo ("City Square Sesame"), Televisa and Sesame Workshop's Spanish-language adaptation of Sesame Street. It features a mix of original segments featuring characters based on its U.S.-based parent series and interstitials from Televisa. The program moved to TeleFutura after a seven-year run on Univision.

Programming

Current programming
 El Mundo es Tuyo (May 7, 2018-present)
 Super Genios (May 14, 2016–present)

Former programming

Toonturama
 Anatole (January 15, 2002 – October 6, 2002)
 Animal Atlas (September 10, 2005 – June 9, 2018) (now aired on Estrella TV)
 Betty Toons (July 8, 2006 – December 28, 2008)
 Cadillacs and Dinosaurs (March 23, 2002 – July 27, 2003)
 The Dumb Bunnies (November 2, 2002 – January 8, 2005)
 Fairy Tale Police Department
 Flight Squad
 Li'l Elvis and the Truckstoppers
 Lost Universe
 Marcelino Pan y Vino (August 2, 2003 – January 1, 2006)
 Masha and the Bear (September 9, 2018 – December 29, 2019)
 Mythic Warriors (January 15, 2002 – December 29, 2002)
 Ned's Newt (March 23, 2002 – January 8, 2005)
 The New World of the Gnomes (January 15, 2002 – October 6, 2002)
 Plaza Sésamo (February 19, 2002 – May 7, 2016)
 Problem Child
 Red Baron
 Tales from the Cryptkeeper (March 23, 2002 – January 8, 2005)
 Tenchi Universe
 Toad Patrol (September 6, 2003 – March 11, 2012)
 The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat
 La Vida Animal (November 4, 2007 – September 30, 2012)
 Widget (November 2, 2002 – July 27, 2003)
 Zoo Clues (October 7, 2012 – April 29, 2018)

Toonturama Jr.
 Bob the Builder (August 2, 2003 – September 4, 2005)
 El Club de los Tigritos (2002–2005)
 El Cubo de Donalú (2002–2005)
 El Espacio de Tatiana (2002–2005)

References

External links

Category:UniMás original programming
Category:Television programming blocks in the United States
Category:2002 American television series debuts


Tatiana Štefanovičová

Tatiana Štefanovičová (born 10 March 1934, in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) is a Slovak archaeologist and historian, one of leading experts in early history of Slovakia. Along with other research activities, she worked on excavations = unearthing the oldest archeological remains of Bratislava at most Bratislava_Castle.

Selected works
 1969 Bratislavský hrad [Bratislava Castle] (co-author)
 1975 Bratislavský hrad v 9. až 12. storočí [Bratislava Castle in the 9th-12th centuries]
 1988 Osudy starých Slovanov [Fate of the Ancient Slavs]
 1993 Najstaršie dejiny Bratislavy [The Oldest History of Bratislava]
 2004 Dóm sv. Martina v Bratislave [St. Martin's Cathedral in Bratislava]
 2012 Dejiny Bratislavy 1 [History of Bratislava I] (co-author)

Awards
 Pribina Cross, II. class (President of the Slovak Republic)
 Silver Plaque (Archaeological Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences)
 Award for the work "Dejiny Bratislavy 1" (Slovak Archaeological Society)

References

Category:1934 births
Category:Slovak historians
Category:Living people


University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Natural Sciences

The University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Natural Sciences (CNS) is the largest school at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The College of Natural Sciences consists of thirteen departments ranging from the physical to the life sciences and two schools, the Stockbridge School of Agriculture and the School of Earth and Sustainability. In addition, CNS hosts numerous institutes and centers promoting national and international collaboration in scientific research across disciplines.

Departments
The College of Natural Sciences at University of Massachusetts Amherst consists of thirteen departments including:
 Astronomy
 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
 Biology
 Chemistry
 Environmental Conservation
 Food Science
 Geosciences
 Mathematics and Statistics
 Microbiology
 Physics
 Polymer Science and Engineering
 Psychological and Brain Sciences
 Veterinary and Animal Sciences

Research Centers
The College of Natural Sciences at UMass Amherst hosts a number of research centers including;
Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions (ACFI)
Center for Applied Mathematics and Mathematical Computation
Center for Evolutionary Materials
Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing
Center for Neuroendocrine Studies
Center for Research on Families
Climate System Research Center
Fergus M. Clydesdale Center for Foods for Health and Wellness
Institute for Massachusetts Biofuel Research
Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT)
 Massachusetts Center for Autonomous Materials (Mass CAM)
Northeast Climate Science Center
 UMass Research Forests
 Water Resources Research Center

References

External links
 College of Natural Sciences official site

Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst schools
Category:University subdivisions in Massachusetts