John Thomson (photographer)

John Thomson (14 June 1837 – 29 September 1921) was a pioneering Scottish photographer, geographer, and traveller. He was one of the first photographers to travel to the Far East, documenting the people, landscapes and artefacts of eastern cultures. Upon returning home, his work among the street people of London cemented his reputation, and is regarded as a classic instance of social documentary which laid the foundations for photojournalism. He went on to become a portrait photographer of High Society in Mayfair, gaining the Royal Warrant in 1881.

Early life
The son of William Thomson, a tobacco spinner and retail trader, and his wife Isabella Newlands, Thomson was born the eighth of nine children in Edinburgh in the year of Queen Victoria's accession. After his schooling in the early 1850s, he was apprenticed to a local optical and scientific instrument manufacturer, thought to be James Mackay Bryson. During this time, Thomson learned the principles of photography and completed his apprenticeship around 1858.

During this time he also undertook two years of evening classes at the Watt Institution and School of Arts (formerly the Edinburgh School of Arts, later to become Heriot-Watt University). He received the "Attestation of Proficiency" in natural philosophy in 1857, and in junior mathematics and chemistry in 1858. In 1861, he became a member of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, but by 1862 he had decided to travel to Singapore to join his older brother William, a watchmaker and photographer.

Early travels

In April 1862, Thomson left Edinburgh for Singapore, beginning a ten-year period spent travelling around the Far East. Initially, he established a joint business with William to manufacture marine chronometers and optical and nautical instruments. He also established a photographic studio in Singapore, taking portraits of European merchants, and he developed an interest in local peoples and places. He travelled extensively throughout the mainland territories of Malaya and the island of Sumatra, exploring the villages and photographing the native peoples and their activities.

After visiting Ceylon and India from October to November 1864 to document the destruction caused by a recent cyclone, Thomson sold his Singapore studio and moved to Siam. After arrival in Bangkok in September 1865, Thomson undertook a series of photographs of the King of Siam and other senior members of the royal court and government.

Inspired by Henri Mouhot's account of the rediscovery of the ancient cities of Angkor in the Cambodian jungle, Thomson embarked on what would become the first of his major photographic expeditions. He set off in January 1866 with his translator H. G. Kennedy, a British Consular official in Bangkok, who saved Thomson's life when he contracted jungle fever en route. The pair spent two weeks at Angkor, where Thomson extensively documented the vast site, producing some of the earliest photographs of what is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Thomson then moved on to Phnom Penh and took photographs of the King of Cambodia and other members of the Cambodian Royal Family, before travelling on to Saigon. From there he stayed in Bangkok briefly, before returning to Britain in May or June in 1866. While back home, Thomson lectured extensively to the British Association and published his photographs of Siam and Cambodia. He became a member of the Royal Ethnological Society of London and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1866, and published his first book, The Antiquities of Cambodia, in early 1867.

Travels in China

After a year in Britain, Thomson again felt the desire to return to the Far East. He returned to Singapore in July 1867, before moving to Saigon for three months and finally settling in Hong Kong in 1868. He established a studio in the Commercial Bank building, and spent the next four years photographing the people of China and recording the diversity of Chinese culture.

Thomson traveled extensively throughout China, from the southern trading ports of Hong Kong and Canton to the cities of Peking and Shanghai, to the Great Wall in the north, and deep into central China. From 1870 to 1871 he visited the Fukien region, travelling up the Min River by boat with the American Protestant missionary Reverend Justus Doolittle, and then visited Amoy and Swatow.

He went on to visit the island of Formosa (modern-day Taiwan) with the missionary Dr. James Laidlaw Maxwell, landing first in Takao in early April 1871. The pair visited the capital, Taiwanfu (now Tainan), before travelling on to the aboriginal villages on the west plains of the island. After leaving Formosa, Thomson spent the next three months travelling 3,000 miles up the Yangtze River, reaching Hupeh and Szechuan.

Thomson's travels in China were often perilous, as he visited remote, almost unpopulated regions far inland. Most of the people he encountered had never seen a Westerner or camera before. His expeditions were also especially challenging because he had to transport his bulky wooden camera, many large, fragile glass plates, and potentially explosive chemicals. He photographed in a wide variety of conditions and often had to improvise because chemicals were difficult to acquire. His subject matter varied enormously: from humble beggars and street people to Mandarins, Princes and senior government officials; from remote monasteries to Imperial Palaces; from simple rural villages to magnificent landscapes.

Later life

Thomson returned to England in 1872, settling in Brixton, London, and, apart from a final photographic journey to Cyprus in 1878, Thomson never left again. Over the coming years he proceeded to lecture and publish, presenting the results of his travels in the Far East. His publications started initially in monthly magazines, followed by a series of large, lavishly illustrated photographic books. He wrote extensively on photography, contributing many articles to photographic journals such as the British Journal of Photography. He also translated and edited Gaston Tissandier's 1876 History and Handbook of Photography, which became a standard reference work.

In London, Thomson renewed his acquaintance with Adolphe Smith, a radical journalist whom he had met at the Royal Geographical Society in 1866. Together they collaborated in producing the monthly magazine, Street Life in London, from 1876 to 1877. The project documented in photographs and text the lives of the street people of London, establishing social documentary photography as an early type of photojournalism. The series of photographs was later published in book form in 1878.

He was elected a member of the Photographic Society, later the Royal Photographic Society, on 11 November 1879.  With his reputation as an important photographer well established, Thomson opened a portrait studio in Buckingham Palace Road in 1879, later moving it to Mayfair. In 1881 he was appointed photographer to the British Royal Family by Queen Victoria, and his later work concentrated on studio portraiture of the rich and famous of High Society, giving him a comfortable living. From January 1886 he began instructing explorers at the Royal Geographical Society in the use of photography to document their travels.

After retiring from his commercial studio in 1910, Thomson spent most of his time back in Edinburgh, although he continued to write papers for the Royal Geographical Society on the uses of photography. He died of a heart attack in 1921 at the age of 84.

Legacy
Thomson was an accomplished photographer in many areas, including landscapes, portraiture, street photography, and architectural photography, and his legacy is one of outstanding quality and breadth of coverage. His photography from the Far East enlightened the Victorian audience of Britain about the land, people, and cultures of China and South-East Asia. His pioneering work documenting the social conditions of the street people of London established him as one of the pioneers of photojournalism, and his publishing activities mark him out as an innovator in combining photography with the printed word.

In recognition of his work, one of the peaks of Mount Kenya was named "Point Thomson" on his death in 1921. That same year, Henry Wellcome acquired a collection of glass negatives, totalling over 600, that were owned by Thomson. Today they are in the collection of the Wellcome Library. Some of Thomson's work may be seen at the Royal Geographical Society's headquarters in London.

Through the Lens of John Thomson: China and Siam, a selection of Thomson's photographs from the Wellcome Library, London, is currently touring internationally.

Controversy
In 2001 Phiphat Phongraphiphon, a Thai independent researcher in historical photography, published claims that Thomson took works by Thai court photographer Khun Sunthornsathitsalak (Christian name: Francis Chit) and published them as his own. Evidence to Phiphat's claims include an analysis of a photograph in which the temple Wat Ratchapradit, which was built before Thomson arrived in Bangkok, is missing.

Selected works
The Antiquities of Cambodia  (1867)
Views on the North River (1870)
Foochow and the River Min (1873)
Illustrations of China and Its People (1873–1874). (Four volumes)
 The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China, and China (1875)
Street Life in London (1878)
Through Cyprus with a Camera in the Autumn of 1878 (1879)
Through China with a Camera  (1898)

Selected photographs

See also
Wilhelm J. Burger

Notes

References

External links

 The photographs of John Thomson at National Library of Scotland
 Photographs at The Victoria & Albert Museum
 Biography and photographs from the Wellcome Library
 Photographs from an exhibition, 10 Chancery Lane Gallery
 Street Life in London photographs and downloadable version of the book available through the LSE Digital Library

Category:1837 births
Category:1921 deaths
Category:Alumni of Heriot-Watt University
Category:British photojournalists
Category:Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London
Category:People from Edinburgh
Category:Photography in Cambodia
Category:Photography in China
Category:Photography in Thailand
Category:Pioneers of photography
Category:Scottish photographers
Category:Social documentary photographers
Category:Photography in Indonesia (Dutch Colonization)


Tierra Firme F.C.

Tierra Firme Fútbol Club is a Panamanian football team playing at Liga Nacional de Ascenso. It is based in San Miguelito and it was founded in 1985. Up until 2011, the team played under the name of Paraíso Fútbol Club.

History

Paraíso F.C.

In 2007 Paraíso earned a spot in the Liga Nacional de Ascenso after being crowned champions of the 2007 edition of the Copa Rommel Fernández.
In their three and half seasons in the Liga Nacional de Ascenso, Paraíso had a positive run after reaching the second round of competition in every championship with the exception of the 2008 Clausura edition which they failed to do so due to goal differential. In the second round of competition, Paraíso was defeated in semifinals twice by Orión (2008 (A) and 2009 (A) II) and once by Río Abajo (2009 (A) I), and in the quarterfinals stage once by Atlético Nacional (2010 (A)).

Tierra Firme F.C.
For the Clausura championship of the 2010-11 Liga Nacional de Ascenso season Paraíso changed its name to Tierra Firme Fútbol Club. In that season they failed to qualify to the quarterfinal stage of the championship after finishing 5th in their group (Group A).

Honours
Copa Rommel Fernández: 1
2007

Year-by-year results

Liga Nacional de Ascenso

References

Category:Football clubs in Panama
Category:1985 establishments in Panama
Category:Association football clubs established in 1985


Edward Bruce Alexander

Major Edward Bruce Alexander   (3 March 1872 – 21 March 1955) was a British civil servant in Ceylon. He served as acting Governor of British Ceylon from October to November 1925.

Biography

Alexander was born in India, where his father, Richard Dundas Alexander, was a member of the Indian Civil Service. Alexander was educated in England, attending Forest School and Trinity College, Oxford. He was a cricketer, playing for the Authentics and the Corinthians. He joined the Ceylon Civil Service at a young age, and continued to play cricket in Ceylon.

During the First World War, he served in France, reaching the rank of major, and was an original member of Toc H.

Alexander returned to Ceylon after the war, and was appointed Controller of Revenue in Ceylon in 1922. He was acting Colonial Secretary from 1925 to 1927, and was acting Governor from 18 October 1925 to 30 November 1925. He was succeeded by Hugh Clifford.

Alexander was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1925 Birthday Honours. He retired in 1927 and returned to England.

In 1899, he married Mabel Eleanor (née Bosanquet). They had two sons and a daughter.

References

Category:1872 births
Category:1955 deaths
Category:Governors of British Ceylon
Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Category:People from Mainpuri
Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Category:People educated at Forest School, Walthamstow


Burkilliodendron

Burkilliodendron is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae.

References

Category:Millettieae
Category:Fabaceae genera


Marguerite Davis

Marguerite Davis (September 16, 1887 – September 19, 1967) was an American biochemist, co-discoverer of vitamins A and B with Elmer Verner McCollum in 1913.

In his 1964 autobiography, McCollum attributes his success in nutrition research to two people: Davis and Stephen Babcock. He also says that Davis was physically handicapped by severe burns that she received at age ten while playing at a bonfire when her clothing caught fire.

She earned a bachelor of science degree in home economics in 1910 at the University of California, Berkeley. She then returned to the University of Wisconsin where she started but did not complete a master's degree. She moved to New Jersey, to work for the Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, later returning to the University of Wisconsin to teach and do research for a number of years.

In 1913, Davis and McCollum identified what they termed fat-soluble A and water-soluble B, renamed later vitamins A and B, after long research on rats.

Davis founded the nutrition laboratory at the University of Wisconsin. She later helped Rutgers University in New Jersey form a nutrition lab as part of its School of Pharmacy. She pursued history and gardening after her retirement in 1940.

Davis died in Racine three days after her eightieth birthday on September 19, 1967.

Notes

External links
 House on the Hill - with short biography and photo of Marguerite Davis

Category:1887 births
Category:1967 deaths
Category:20th-century American chemists
Category:American women biochemists


Liu Mei Ling

Liu Mei Ling is a Chinese lightweight rower.

At the 1995 World Rowing Championships, she came ninth in the lightweight double sculls. At the 1996 World Rowing Championships, she won gold in the lightweight four.

References

Category:Chinese female rowers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:World Rowing Championships medalists for China
Category:Living people


The Pretty Druidess

The Pretty Druidess; Or, The Mother, The Maid, and The Mistletoe Bough is an operatic burlesque by W. S. Gilbert. It was produced at the opening of the new Charing Cross Theatre on 19 June 1869 and ran until September of that year.

The work was the last of five such burlesques that Gilbert wrote in the late 1860s. As in his other operatic burlesques, he chose a selection of operatic and popular tunes and wrote new words to fit them. The plot of the piece was loosely based on Vincenzo Bellini's 1831 opera Norma, with dialogue in rhyming couplets full of complicated word-play and dreadful puns.

Burlesques of this period featured actresses en travesti in tights or in dresses as short as possible without provoking the legal authorities. Gilbert later turned against this practice, and in his Savoy Operas no characters were played by members of the opposite sex.

History
Gilbert's four earlier operatic burlesques, Dulcamara, or the Little Duck and the Great Quack (1866), La Vivandière; or, True to the Corps! (1867), The Merry Zingara; or, the Tipsy Gipsy and the Pipsy Wipsy (1868) and Robert the Devil, or The Nun, the Dun, and the Son of a Gun (1868) had parodied comic or romantic operas. The critic of The Morning Post had asserted that parodying comic opera was a much more difficult undertaking than parodying tragic opera, and instanced Norma as "an eminently tragic work", far easier to burlesque.

The work was written for the opening of the new Charing Cross Theatre. It was the last of three pieces on the bill, following a short operetta, Coming of Age, and the main item of the evening, a three-act drama, Edendale, about families split by the American Civil War. The part of Norma was taken by Mary Frances Hughes, well-known on the London stage since her debut in November 1853. The hero, Pollio (a tenor in Bellini's original), was played as a breeches role by Cecily Nott, another favourite, who had made her debut in 1851, aged 18 or 19, a protégée of Louis Antoine Jullien. The ingénue role of the novice Adalgisa was played by Kathleen Irwin, who had made her London debut earlier the same evening, in Edendale.

On the opening night, 19 June 1869, the performance started late because of noisy protests from patrons in the cheap standing area, the pit, about the lack of programmes. Gilbert's burlesque did not begin until after 11:00 p.m. The theatrical paper The Era reported, "Although it was nearly half an hour after midnight before the curtain fell, the jokes rattled rapidly off through continuous laughter, and Mr. Gilbert was summoned at the end to receive the congratulations of the house."

The Pretty Druidess was the last of a series of about a dozen early comic stage works by Gilbert, including operatic burlesques, pantomimes and farces. These were full of awful puns and jokes as was traditional in similar pieces of the period. Nevertheless, Gilbert's burlesques were considered unusually tasteful compared to the others on the London stage. Gilbert's early pokes at grand opera show signs of the satire that would later be a defining part of his work. He would depart even further from the burlesque style from about 1869 with plays containing original plots and fewer puns.  The success of these 1860s pieces encouraged Gilbert in his playwriting and led to his next phase, which included more mature "fairy comedies", such as The Palace of Truth (1870) and Pygmalion and Galatea (1871), and his German Reed Entertainments, which in turn led to the famous Gilbert and Sullivan operas.

Cast
As printed in the published libretto:
Norma (Mother Superior of the Pretty Druidess) – Miss Hughes
Pollio (a Roman Pro-Consul) – Cicely Nott
Adalgisa (a Novice) – Kathleen Irwin
Oroveso (Druidic High Priest – father of Norma) – Mr. R. Barker
Flavius (a Roman Centurion) – Miss Cruise
Armina (Pretty Druidess) – Miss E. Mayne
Clotilda (Pretty Druidess) – Miss Stembridge
Ingonda (Pretty Druidess) – Miss Maxse
Bellina (Pretty Druidess) – Edith Lynd
Small Priestess – Miss Barrier
1st Soldier – Mr. Barrier
2nd Soldier – Mr. Lloyd

Synopsis

Scene I – The Druidesses' Retreat (Moonlight)
The druidesses are doing needlework, creating work to be sold at fund-raising events in aid of the campaign to drive the Romans out of Gaul. The younger druidesses are not keen to see the dashing and handsome Romans driven out, but their Mother Superior, Norma, is adamant. Orovesto reproaches them for their indulgence and holds Pollio up as an example of how irritating the Romans can be. Norma enters and further encourages anti-Roman sentiments, while privately lamenting that driving them out would deprive her of her husband, Pollio, whom she has secretly married. Everyone leaves.

Pollio and Flavius enter surreptitiously, planning to spy on the druidess's secret rites. Pollio, though married to Norma, is smitten by Adalgisa. Hearing Norma's procession about to enter, Pollio cries out for help and alleges that Flavius has profaned the sanctum by embracing Adalgisa. Norma condemns Flavius to death.

Scene II – Norma's Home
Oroveso reflects that he has adopted so many personas over the years that he now longer knows who he really is. Norma and Pollio meet, and she discovers that he no longer loves her. Adalgisa begs Norma to release her from her vows because she is in love with a Roman. When Norma realises that the Roman in question is Pollio both she and Adalgisa turn on him and berate him as he attempts to defend himself.

Scene III – The Temple of Irminsul, prepared for a Fancy Fair
The fund-raising event is in full swing. The junior druidesses make rude remarks about each other's contributions. Oroveso tries to raffle fake autographs, which he has forged, of celebrities of various anachronistic eras, up to the nineteenth century.

Flavius is led out to be burnt at the stake. Norma announces that she too has sinned, by marrying Pollio, and must also be executed. Oroveso is outraged that she has married a Roman and clamours for her immediate death. The other druidesses at once confess that they have all married Romans secretly. Oroveso's lost visiting-card case is found, and he discovers that he is, in fact, Julius Caesar. He decrees that although the druid law prescribes fire as the punishment for all the druidesses and their spouses, "red fire" – a theatrical lighting effect – will suffice. The red lighting is shone on the cast and all ends happily. Norma addresses the audience with a plea for indulgence:
So for burlesque I plead. Forgive our rhymes;
Forgive the jokes you've heard five thousand times;
Forgive each breakdown, cellar-flap, and clog,
Our low-bred songs – our slangy dialogue;
And, above all – oh, ye with double barrel –
Forgive the scantiness of our apparel!

Musical numbers
The numbers printed in the libretto are:
Adalgisa, Arminia, Ingonda and Chorus – "We're all tatting" ("We're all nodding.")
Chorus of Priestesses – "Norma's drums are loudly beating" (Bellini, "Norma viene", followed by German Reed, "Babbletyboobledore.")
Chorus of Priestesses – "Norma now retreat is beating" (Bellini "Norma viene")
Pollio and Adalgisa – "Pity, pity, take on me" (Trad. "The Bells of Aberdovey")
Chorus, Norma, Pollio, Adalgisa, Flavius and Oroveso – "Oh, my. Never did I" ("Hot Corn" followed by Offenbach Ba-ta-clan arr. German Reed as Ching Chow Hi, "Boolabang")
Norma and Pollio – "Oh, vile deceiver" (Donizetti, L'elisir d'amore,"Egli gallo della checca")
Norma, Pollio, Adalgisa – "See Norma bounding" (Weber, air from Euryanthe)
Norma and Pollio – "Oh farewell, oh farewell all the friends" (Gounod,  La reine de Saba, "Berceuse.")
Finale – "Please you, sirs" (Ching Chow Hi, "Boolabang.")
Reporting on the first night, The Era mentioned a parody on "Rise Gentle Moon", sung by Pollio "with good effect".

Critical reception
The notices were generally good. The Gilbert scholar Jane Stedman comments that the magazine Judy had embarked on an anti-Gilbert campaign (Gilbert wrote for Judy'''s rival, Fun magazine), and denigrated Gilbert's unusually refined libretto by praising a contemporary one by F. C. Burnand at its expense. By contrast, The Era wrote:
The story is perverted with great ingenuity, the lines are as remarkable for correctness of rhythm as for their abundance of puns, and the parodies are written with unusual care to some of the prettiest melodies in the operatic and lyrical repertory. Miss Hughes, who sings with admirable skill and taste a grand scena, is excellent as the High Priestess Norma; and Miss Kathleen Irwin completed her triumph of the night by revealing herself as an accomplished vocalist no less than a pleasing actress as the fair Adalgisa. … Mr R. Barker as the mysterious Oroveso, who, on the restoration of his long-missing card-case, discovers himself to be Julius Caesar, largely contributed to the mirth of the audience.The Times concurred with The Era: "Mr. W. S. Gilbert ... by his abstinence from the more vulgar jokes, and the polish of his verse, has gained for himself a position apart from that of the ordinary writers of extravaganza." The Morning Post'' praised the piece highly and added, "as usually happens in burlesques from the pen of Mr. Gilbert, the writing is of a higher order than in the generality of productions in this irreverent department of dramatic literature."  Despite Norma's apology for "the scantiness of our apparel", the critic added the reservation that it was not scant enough: "the long dresses in which the female personages are for the most part attired detract from the smartness of the action and the picturesqueness of the general effect."

Notes

References

External links
Libretto of The Pretty Druidess
1869 review of the original production in The Times

Category:Works by W. S. Gilbert
Category:1869 musicals
Category:Musicals based on operas


1940 Navy Midshipmen football team

The 1940 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1940 college football season. In their second season under head coach Swede Larson, the Midshipmen compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 106 to 46.

Schedule

References

Navy
Category:Navy Midshipmen football seasons
Navy Midshipmen


Grigori Bogemsky

Grigori Grigoryevich Bogemsky () (born 1895 in Odessa; died 1957 in Prague) was a Russian football player.

Honors
 Russian League winner: 1913

International career
Bogemsky played his only game for Russia on 14 September 1913 in a friendly against Norway.

Sources

External links
 Profile

Category:1895 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:Russian footballers
Category:Russia international footballers
Category:FK Viktoria Žižkov players
Category:People from Odessa
Category:White Russian emigrants to Czechoslovakia

Category:Association football forwards


Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881

The Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was one of the Licensing Acts 1828 to 1886. It required the closure of all public houses in Wales on Sundays. The Act had considerable political importance as a formal acknowledgement of the separate character of Wales, setting a precedent for future legislation and decisions.  It was repealed in 1961.

Introduction of the legislation
The legislation was introduced by the Liberal Government elected in 1880 under Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.  It was the first Act since the union between England and Wales in 1535–42 which specifically applied only to Wales.  A similar Bill which would have applied in England was rejected by Parliament. The 1881 Act did not apply to Monmouthshire, but was extended over that county in 1915 under wartime legislation which was reaffirmed in 1921.  However, later Acts which were specific to Wales, including the Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889, and the Welsh Cemeteries Act 1908, were also applied to Monmouthshire.

Background and effects
The legislation followed pressure by the temperance movement and, in particular, the nonconformist chapels.  According to historian John Davies, the public houses in Wales had become "recruiting centres for the Conservative Party" following earlier Liberal legislation to restrict the licensed trade, and there was considerable backing among Welsh working class men to restrict their opening.  However, one of the effects of the legislation was to encourage the opening of a large number of private social clubs which were excluded from it, and the legislation seems to have had little effect on drunkenness. According to Davies, "above all, [the legislation] connected Welshness with negativity", and it became increasingly unpopular through the 20th century.

Repeal
The Act was repealed through the Licensing Act 1961, which allowed local authorities in Wales to hold polls of their residents on the continuation of the ban. By 1996 all local government areas except Dwyfor in north west Wales had voted in favour of opening licensed premises on Sundays, and that year changes in local government boundaries resulted in the removal of the last ban.  The requirement for regular polls on Sunday-opening in Wales was abolished in 2003.

References

Category:Welsh culture
Category:History of Wales
Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1881
Category:1881 in Wales
Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Wales
Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament
Category:Sunday
Category:Alcohol law in the United Kingdom


Fabian strategy

The Fabian strategy is a military strategy where pitched battles and frontal assaults are avoided in favor of wearing down an opponent through a war of attrition and indirection. While avoiding decisive battles, the side employing this strategy harasses its enemy through skirmishes to cause attrition, disrupt supply and affect morale. Employment of this strategy implies that the side adopting this strategy believes time is on its side, but it may also be adopted when no feasible alternative strategy can be devised.

History

This strategy derives its name from Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, the dictator of the Roman Republic given the task of defeating the great Carthaginian general Hannibal in southern Italy during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). At the start of the war, Hannibal boldly crossed the Alps in wintertime and invaded Italy. Due in part to Hannibal's skill as a general, he repeatedly inflicted devastating losses on the Romans—quickly achieving two crushing victories over the Romans at the Battle of the Trebia and the Battle of Lake Trasimene. After these disasters the Romans appointed Fabius Maximus as dictator. Fabius initiated a war of attrition fought through constant skirmishes and limiting the ability of the Carthaginians to forage for food.

Hannibal suffered from two weaknesses. First, he was commander of an invading foreign army on Italian soil, effectively cut off from the home country by the difficulty of seaborne resupply. His only hope of destroying Rome was by enlisting the support of her allies. As long as the Italians remained loyal to Rome, then there was little Hannibal could win. Hannibal planned to convince Rome's allies it was more beneficial to side with the Carthaginians through a combination of winning battles and negotiation. Therefore, Fabius calculated that the way to defeat Hannibal was to avoid engaging with him in pitched battles, so as to deprive him of victories. He determined that Hannibal's extended supply lines, and the cost of maintaining the Carthaginian army in the field, meant that Rome had time on its side.

Rather than fight, Fabius shadowed Hannibal's army and avoided battle, instead sending out small detachments against Hannibal's foraging parties, and maneuvering the Roman army in hilly terrain, so as to nullify Hannibal's decisive superiority in cavalry. Residents of small villages in the path of Hannibal's army were ordered to burn their crops and take refuge in fortified towns. He used interior lines to ensure that at no time could Hannibal march on Rome without abandoning his Mediterranean ports, while at the same time inflicting constant, small, debilitating defeats on the North Africans. This, Fabius had concluded, would wear down the invaders' endurance and discourage Rome's allies from going over to the enemy, without having to challenge the Carthaginians to a decisive battle. Once Hannibal's Carthaginians had been sufficiently weakened and demoralized by lack of food and supplies, Fabius and his well-fed legions would then launch the decisive battle and crush Hannibal once and for all.

Hannibal's second weakness was that much of his army was made up of Spanish mercenaries and Gaul allies, whose loyalty to Hannibal was dubious even though they disliked Rome. Being mercenaries, they were unsuited for siege-type battles, having neither the equipment nor the patience for such a campaign. The mercenaries desired quick, overwhelming battles and raids of villages for plunder, much like land-based pirates.

As such, Hannibal's army was virtually no threat to Rome, a walled city which would have required a long siege to reduce, which is why Hannibal never attempted it. Hannibal's only option was to beat Roman armies in the field quickly before plunder ran out and the Gauls and Spaniards deserted for plunder elsewhere. Fabius's strategy of delaying battle and attacking supply chains thus hit right at the heart of Hannibal's weakness. Time, not energy, would cripple Hannibal's advances.

Political opposition

Fabius's strategy, though a military success, was a political failure. His indirect policies, while tolerable among wiser minds in the Roman Senate, were deemed unpopular, because the Romans had been long accustomed to facing and besting their enemies directly in the field of battle. The Fabian strategy was, in part, ruined because of a lack of unity in the command of the Roman army. The magister equitum, Marcus Minucius Rufus, a political enemy of Fabius, is famously quoted exclaiming,

Are we come here to see our allies butchered, and their property burned, as a spectacle to be enjoyed? And if we are not moved with shame on account of any others, are we not on account of these citizens... which now not the neighboring Samnite wastes with fire, but a Carthaginian foreigner, who has advanced even this far from the remotest limits of the world, through our dilatoriness and inactivity?

As the memory of the shock of Hannibal's victories grew dimmer, the Roman populace gradually started to question the wisdom of the Fabian strategy, the very thing which had allowed them the time to recover. It was especially frustrating to the mass of the people, who were eager to see a quick conclusion to the war. Moreover, it was widely believed that if Hannibal continued plundering Italy unopposed, the terrified allies, believing that Rome was incapable of protecting them, might defect and pledge their allegiance to the Carthaginians.

Since Fabius won no large-scale victories, the Roman Senate removed him from command. Their chosen replacement, Gaius Terentius Varro, led the Roman army into a debacle at the Battle of Cannae. The Romans, after experiencing this catastrophic defeat and losing countless other battles, had at this point learned their lesson. They utilized the strategies Fabius had taught them, and which, they finally realized, were the only feasible means of driving Hannibal from Italy.

This strategy of attrition earned Fabius the cognomen "Cunctator" (the Delayer).

Later usage

The strategy was used by the medieval French general Bertrand du Guesclin during the Hundred Years' War against the English following a series of disastrous defeats in pitched battles against Edward, the Black Prince. Eventually du Guesclin was able to recover most of the territory that had been lost.

The most noted use of Fabian strategy in American history was by George Washington, sometimes called the "American Fabius" for his use of the strategy during the first year of the American Revolutionary War. While Washington had initially pushed for traditional direct engagements and victories, he was convinced of the merits of using his army to harass the British rather than engage them both by the urging of his generals in his councils of war, and by the pitched-battle disasters of 1776, especially the Battle of Long Island.  In addition, with a history as a Colonial officer and having witnessed Indian warfare, Washington predicted this style would aid in defeating the traditional battle styles of the British Army.

However, as with the original Fabius, Fabian strategy is often more popular in retrospect than at the time. To the troops, it can seem like a cowardly and demoralizing policy of continual retreat. Fabian strategy is sometimes combined with scorched earth tactics that demand sacrifice from civilian populations. Fabian leaders may be perceived as giving up territory without a fight, and since Fabian strategies promise extended war rather than quick victories, they can wear down the will of one's own side as well as the enemy. During the American Revolution, John Adams' dissatisfaction with Washington's conduct of the war led him to declare, "I am sick of Fabian systems in all quarters."

Later in history, Fabian strategy would be employed all over the world. Used against Napoleon's Grande Armée, the Fabian strategy proved to be decisive in the defense of Russia. Sam Houston effectively employed a Fabian defense in the aftermath of the Battle of the Alamo, using delaying tactics and small-unit harrying against Santa Anna's much larger force, to give time for the Army of Texas to grow into a viable fighting force. When he finally met Santa Anna on the fields of San Jacinto, Houston chose the time for attack equally well, launching his forces while the Mexican Army was lounging in siesta. The resulting victory ensured the establishment of the Republic of Texas. With the victory at San Jacinto, Houston's detractors were able to see the validity of his delaying tactics. During the First World War in German East Africa, General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck and General Jan Smuts both used the Fabian strategy in their campaigns.

During the First Indochina War, the Vietnamese independentists used the Fabian strategy by utilizing delaying and hit-and-run tactics and scorched-earth strategy against the better-equipped French forces, which prolonged the war but later made both the French high command and home front weary against it, much worsened by the eventual Vietnamese victory at Dien Bien Phu.

Fabian socialism
Fabian socialism, the ideology of the Fabian Society (founded in 1884), significantly influenced the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. It utilizes the same strategy of a "war of attrition" in the society's aim to bring about a socialist state. The advocation of gradualism distinguished this brand of socialism from those who favour revolutionary action.

See also
 The Art of War
 Battle of annihilation
 Fleet in being
 Guerrilla warfare

References

 Liddell Hart, B. H.. Strategy. London: Faber & Faber, 1967 (2nd rev. ed.)

Category:Military strategy


Legal Rights Observatory

The Legal Rights Observatory (LRO) is a legal rights organisation affiliated with the Hindu-nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. It is led by Vinay Joshi, a former RSS worker. According to Joshi, the group consists of a 150 volunteers, and he takes all decisions about filing legal petitions on behalf of the group. Joshi denies the group's connection to the RSS.

The LRO has filed several legal complaints against media organisations. In April 2017, the LRO threatened the India Today TV channel with a police complaint for inviting human rights activist Nandini Sundar to a debate about India's Maoist insurgency; Sunday had previously published a well-received book on the subject. The LRO described Sundar as a "naxal worker" (sic). In October 2017, LRO objected to the 9th Anuradha Gandhi Memorial Lecture, commemorating the wife of jailed Naxal leader Kobad Ghandy, describing it as an "anti-national event". The event concluded peacefully, amid raised concerns among the organisers and the police. Following the introduction of the Citizenship Amendment Bill 2016 in the Indian parliament, the LRO filed a complaint with the Home Ministry against four media organisations opposing the bill. The LRO claimed that the organisations were participating in illegal financial transactions and in other criminal activities, and stated that the Home Ministry had initiated an inquiry following its complaint. The Home Ministry stated that it had not begun an inquiry, and only passed the complaint to the government of Assam.

The LRO has also filed several legal complaints against the Catholic Church. In August 2017 LRO sent a letter to Pope Francis through the Holy See ambassador in Delhi, demanding an immediate apology from the Pope for discrimination and persecution, which they allege the Church was committing in Northeast India against local tribes. In November 2017, before the Gujarat Assembly elections, LRO lodged a complaint against the Archbishop of Gandhinagar, Thomas Ignatius MacWan. MacWan had asked his congregation to pray fr  When the Election Commission of India received the LRO complaint, it served a notice to the archbishop asking for clarification. MacWad had written to his constituents, asking them to pray for politicians who would "remain faithful to the Indian Constitution" and save the country from "nationalist forces. The group is particularly active in Northeastern India. In 2017, Joshi complained to the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, alleging that two missionary schools were forcing their children to participate in protests against the funeral of the leader of an indigenous faith. A Christian group in Meghalaya stated that the LRO was harassing Christians by filing complaints and court suits against several Christian leaders.

References

Category:Political organisations based in India


Currency transaction tax

A currency transaction tax is a tax placed on the use of currency for various types of transactions. The tax is associated with the financial sector and is a type of financial transaction tax, as opposed to a consumption tax paid by consumers, though the tax may be passed on by the financial institution to the customer.

Types of currency transaction taxes
Currency transaction taxes have been proposed as taxes on domestic currency usage as part of the automated payment transaction (APT) tax and on international currency transactions, the Tobin tax and the Spahn tax.

APT tax

The automated payment transaction (APT) tax was first proposed in Buenos Aires at the International Institute of Public Finance Conference by Edgar L. Feige in 1989 and an extended version of the proposal appeared in Economic Policy in 2000.  The APT tax proposal is a generalization of the Keynes tax and the Tobin tax. The APT tax consists of a small flat tax levied on all transactions. The tax is automatically assessed and collected when transactions are settled through the electronic technology of the banking or payments system. In order to assure that all cash transactions are also taxed, the APT system proposes to exact a tax on currency as it enters and leaves the banking system. In order to be an effective means of discouraging currency usage for tax evasion, the APT tax imposes a tax rate on currency higher than the rate automatically charged on cheque transactions. Since cash can be used multiple times between the time it enters into circulation and the time it is returned to the banking system, the APT currency transaction tax is set at a multiple of the rate charged for all other transactions using non cash payment methods.

Tobin tax

A Tobin tax is a tax on all spot conversions of one currency into another. Named after the economist James Tobin, the tax is intended to put a penalty on short-term financial round-trip excursions into another currency. Tobin suggested his currency transaction tax in 1972 in his Janeway Lectures at Princeton, shortly after the Bretton Woods system effectively ended.

Spahn tax

In 1995, Paul Bernd Spahn suggested an alternative involving "a two-tier rate structure consisting of a low-rate financial transactions tax, plus an exchange surcharge at prohibitive rates as a piggyback. The latter would be dormant in times of normal financial activities, and be activated only in the case of speculative attacks. The mechanism allowing the identification of abnormal trading in world financial markets would make reference to a "crawling peg" with an appropriate exchange rate band. The exchange rate would move freely within this band without transactions being taxed. Only transactions effected at exchange rates outside the permissible range would become subject to tax. This would automatically induce stabilizing behavior on the part of market participants."

On June 15, 2004, the Commission of Finance and Budget in the Belgian Federal Parliament approved a bill implementing a Spahn tax. According to the legislation, Belgium will introduce the Spahn tax once all countries of the eurozone introduce a similar law. In July 2005 former Austrian chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel called for a European Union Tobin tax which he thought would base the community's financial structure on more stable and independent grounds. However, the proposal was rejected by the European Commission.

Special Drawing Rights
On September 19, 2001, retired speculator George Soros put forward a proposal, special drawing rights or SDRs that the rich countries would pledge for the purpose of providing international assistance, without necessarily dismissing the Tobin tax idea. He stated, "I think there is a case for a Tobin tax... (but) it is not at all clear to me that a Tobin tax would reduce volatility in the currency markets. It is true that it may discourage currency speculation but it would also reduce the liquidity of the marketplace."

Evaluation

Impacts
In 1994, Canadian economist Rodney Schmidt noted that "in two-thirds of all the outright forward and currency swap transactions, the money moved into another currency for fewer than seven days. In only 1 per cent did the money stay for as long as one year. While the volatile exchange rates caused by all this rapid movement posed problems for national economies, it was the bread and butter of those playing the currency markets. Without constant fluctuations in the currency markets, Schmidt noted, there was little opportunity for profit."

"This certainly seemed to suggest the interests of currency traders and the interests of ordinary citizens were operating at cross-purposes."

"Schmidt also noted another interesting aspect of the foreign- exchange market: The dominant players were the private banks, which had huge pools of capital and access to information about currency values. Since much of the market involved moving large sums of money (typically in the tens of millions of dollars) for very short periods of time (often less than a day), banks were perfectly positioned to participate. Among swap transactions, which represented a major chunk of the foreign exchange market, 86 per cent of the transactions were actually between banks."

A representative of a “pro Tobin tax” NGO argued as follows: "[The Tobin tax] is designed to reduce the power financial markets have to determine the economic policies of national governments. Traditionally, a country’s central bank buys and sells its own currency on international markets to keep its value relatively stable. The bank buys back its currency when a ‘glut’ caused by an investor selloff threatens to reduce the currency’s value. In the past, most central banks had enough cash in reserve to offset any selloff or ‘attack’. However, this is no longer the case. Speculators now have more cash than all the world’s central banks put together. Official global reserves are less than half the value of one day of global foreign-exchange turnover. Many countries are simply unable to protect their currencies from speculative attack."

"By cutting down on the overall volume of foreign-exchange transactions, a Tobin Tax would mean that central banks would not need as much reserve money to defend their currency. The tax would allow governments the freedom to act in the best interests of their own economic development, rather than being forced to shape fiscal and monetary policies according to demands of fickle financial markets."

Implemented of a Tobin tax
In early November 2007, a regional Tobin tax was adopted by the Bank of the South in Latin America, after an initiative of Presidents Hugo Chavez from Venezuela and Néstor Kirchner from Argentina.

Chronology

 1972 - Supporter: James Tobin, author of a "tax on foreign exchange transactions", which was later dubbed "Tobin tax"
 June, 2000 - Thomas Palley publishes  "Destabilizing Speculation and the Case for an International Currency Transactions Tax"
 April 1, 2001 - Supporters: Peter Wahl and Peter Waldow publish "Currency Transaction Tax - a Concept with a Future"
 In 2001 the charity War on Want released The Robin Hood Tax, a report presenting their case for a currency transactions tax. War on Want also sets up the Tobin Tax Network to develop the proposal and press for its introduction.
 September, 2006 - The term "currency transaction tax (CTT)" was used in a publication by Stephen Spratt
 October, 2007 - Rodney Schmidt publishes The Currency Transaction Tax: Rate and Revenue Estimates

See also

 ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens)
 Bank for International Settlements
 Bank tax
 Central banks - which issue currency
 Credit crunch
 Currencies
 Currency crisis
 Currency transaction report
 Exorbitant privilege
 Financial markets
 Financial transaction tax
 Fluctuation in exchange rates
 Foreign exchange controls
 Foreign exchange derivative
 Foreign exchange market
 Liquidity crisis
 Money market
 Noise (economic)
 Paul Bernd Spahn
 Robin Hood Tax
 Spahn tax
 Speculation
 Speculative attack
 Speculation in foreign exchange markets
 Spot market
 Sudden stop (economics)
 Tobin tax
 Transfer tax
 Volatility (finance)
 Volatility risk
 Consequences of currency volatility
 1990s work of War on Want

Related economic crises
 1994 economic crisis in Mexico
 1997 Asian Financial Crisis
 1998 Russian financial crisis
 Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)
 Financial crisis of 2007–2010

References

External links
 Currency Transaction Taxes - Library of links to legislation, proposals, reports, articles and archives - from Global Policy Forum

Transaction tax
Category:Financial transaction tax
Category:International taxation


Zaandijk Zaanse Schans railway station

Zaandijk Zaanse Schans railway station, until 2016 Koog-Zaandijk railway station, is a railway station in Koog aan de Zaan and Zaandijk, both neighbourhoods of the municipality of Zaandam, Netherlands. It is also the closest railway station to Zaanse Schans. The station opened on 1 November 1869 and is located on the Den Helder–Amsterdam railway between Zaandam and Uitgeest.

Renovation
In 1976, when the old cargo platform was demolished, the station gained partial roof with a tickets and service kiosk inside. From 1980, automated ticket machines made their rise on stations, and with that came a slow end to tickets and service kiosks on smaller municipality stations like Zaandijk Zaanse Schans. Following the closure of the stations kiosk, it was left with minimal care and no facilities and was in need of modernisation and renovation. The station finished renovations in 2016, making it more accessible for people with disabilities. Three elevators have been installed, as well as disability-friendly toilets and special slopes to get in and out of trains. The waiting room has been redone, is heated and contains a minor food and gift shop. Train tickets are only available from ticket machines on the platform.

Station Name
Zaandijk Zaanse Schans station, being on the border of the two towns Zaandijk and Koog aan de Zaan and bordering 4 neighbourhoods (Old-Zaandijk, Rooswijk, Old-Koog aan de Zaan and Westerkoog) has shared the name since opening. Following renovations, local councilman Addy Verschuren stated the station should be renamed from Koog Zaandijk to fit the local tourist-attraction Zaanse Schans. Suggesting the name Zaandijk Zaanse Schans, to give visitors a better understanding on where to get off. The name change has been approved, and on 11 December 2016 the name was changed.

Train services
The following train services call at Zaandijk Zaanse Schans:
2x per hour local service (sprinter) Uitgeest - Zaandam - Amsterdam - Woerden - Rotterdam (all day, every day)
2x per hour local service (sprinter) Uitgeest - Zaandam - Amsterdam - Utrecht - Rhenen (only on weekdays until 8:00PM)

Bus services
The station also has a Bus-stop, 3 Services make their stop here. During rail-disruptions, NS may run buses from these stops.

References

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner
Timetable train services Zaandijk Zaanse Schans

Category:Railway stations in North Holland
Category:Railway stations opened in 1869
Category:Railway stations on the Staatslijn K
Category:1869 establishments in the Netherlands


Wilfred Cass

Wilfred Cass CBE FRSA (born 11 November 1924) co-founded the Cass Sculpture Foundation.

Biography
Wilfred was born in Berlin and comes from the famous Jewish  Cassirer family. His great uncle, Paul Cassirer, was an important dealer for the impressionists in Europe. His grandfather was Richard Cassirer, the famous German brain surgeon and his other great uncles included a publisher, industrialist and the philosopher, Ernst Cassirer.

After the war, Wilfred worked as junior research engineer for Telephone Rentals in Knightsbridge, London (1946-7) before embarking on an HND in Communication Technology at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London between 1947-51.

In 1979, Wilfred and his son, Mark, set up Image Bank UK - part of The Image Bank and this company was successfully sold to Getty Images in 2001.

In 1987 Wilfred became Chairman and Chief Executive of Moss Bros Plc where he reorganised the whole of the troubled group including moving and selling its head office, starting up a new range of Suit Shops and buying Cecil Gee Plc. He remained at the company until 1991.

Upon retiring from Moss Bros in 1992, Wilfred moved to West Sussex from London where he co-founded the registered charity, The Cass Sculpture Foundation (previously known as Sculpture at Goodwood) in 1992. Over the next year, they visited some thirty sculpture parks around the world before deciding upon the style, aim and design of their own estate. Long-term friends of Henry Moore and Elisabeth Frink, Wilfred and Jeannette sold their own personal collection of Moores, Frinks and Ayrtons, which they had bought directly from these artists, to fund the creation of their park.

Based in Goodwood, West Sussex, the charitable foundation's aim and consistent focus is to promote and advance British sculpture to a global audience and through a vigorous programme of commissioning, funding and marketing, the Foundation has enabled the fabrication of 150 major new works by leading British artists. In 1996, the charity won the National Art Collections Fund prize for "Promoting Enjoyment of the Visual Arts".

Cass was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) on 17 June 2006.

In April 2008 Cass was awarded an honorary degree from the Open University as Doctor of the University.

In 2014, aged 90, Wilfred lives in the grounds of the Cass Sculpture Foundation's sculpture park in Goodwood, near Chichester, West Sussex, with his wife Jeannette.

Portraits of Wilfred Cass
The National Portrait Gallery collection includes a portrait of Wilfred and Jeannette Cass by Anne-Katrin Purkiss. In 2008 Cass sat for a portrait sculpture in terracotta by Jon Edgar which is in the collection of the sitter and was exhibited at Yorkshire Sculpture Park in 2013 as part of the Sculpture Series Heads.

See also
 The Guardian
 The Telegraph

References

 Frances Follin, 'Wilfred Cass, co-Founder of the Cass Sculpture Foundation, is 90!', in Cassone: The International Online Magazine of Art and Art Books, November 2014 http://www.cassone-art.com/magazine/article/2014/11/wilfred-cass-champion-of-british-sculpture/?psrc=perspectives

See also
 Wilfred Cass' Full Biography at Sculpture.org.uk
 Cass Sculpture Foundation official site

Category:English art collectors
Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Alumni of the University of Westminster
Category:German Jews
Category:English Jews
Category:English people of German descent
Category:People from Berlin
Category:1924 births
Category:Living people


Bob Harris (footballer)

Robert Harris (born 28 August 1987) is a Scottish footballer who plays at semi-professional level as a left back.

Born in Glasgow, Harris started his career senior at Clyde. At Queen of the South he made over 100 first team appearances, including in the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, and scored in the UEFA Cup. He next moved to England playing for Blackpool and on loan at Rotherham United. He then joined Sheffield United, featuring in FA Cup and Football League Cup semi-finals as well as a divisional play-off semi final. He later featured in a small number of matches for Fleetwood Town on loan, Bristol Rovers and Telford United.

Career

Clyde
Raised in the Croftfoot district of Glasgow, Harris began his youth career with Clyde, but moved to Rangers (the team he supported as a child) for a year, before returning to the Bully Wee's setup.

Harris signed professional terms for Clyde at the start of the 2004–05 season, and made his senior début on the last day of the campaign, playing the full ninety minutes in a 1–1 draw against Ross County. He played more games the following season, including Clyde's 5–2 defeat (after extra-time) to Rangers in the Scottish League Cup, and won the penalty which gave Clyde the lead.

Harris got an extended run in the team in the latter half of the 2006–07 season, due to injury to Neil McGregor.

Queen of the South
Harris signed for Dumfries club Queen of the South in July 2007, scoring his first senior goal against Dunfermline Athletic in a 1–1 draw in mid-March.

In the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, it was a Harris free kick that was headed home by Jim Thomson to make the score 2–2; Rangers ran out 3–2 winners. He scored his first goal in the 2008–09 season with a free kick away to FC Nordsjælland in the UEFA Cup second qualification round. This made him the only Queens player to score in the away leg of a UEFA competition.

Harris made his 100th appearance for Queens on 22 August 2010 in the 3–1 league win away to Cowdenbeath.

Harris said of his time in Dumfries "I've got to say I really enjoyed those four years at Queen of the South. It was a very special time in the club's history. I particularly enjoyed the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, then playing in the UEFA Cup in Denmark and even scoring in Copenhagen was a bonus."

Blackpool and Rotherham
After his contract with Queen of the South expired, Harris had a trial with English Championship side Blackpool. After being involved in Blackpool's pre-season fixtures, Harris signed a two-year deal with the option for a further twelve months; he arranged to shared a flat in the town with fellow Scottish player Barry Ferguson. Harris' competitive debut for the Seasiders came in the League Cup defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 11 August 2011. Unable to claim a regular place in Blackpool's first team however, Harris did not make his Football League debut for the Seasiders until April 2012.

Harris joined Rotherham United on a one-month loan deal in September 2012, and said he would be open to extending the deal. However, Rotherham were unable to extend the deal as he was called back by parent club Blackpool after playing five games for the Millers.

Sheffield United and Fleetwood Town
Blackpool loaned Harris to Nigel Clough's Sheffield United, playing in England's third tier, in January 2014; Blades defender Tony McMahon travelled in the opposite direction on a similar deal. After making his club debut on 26 January 2014, in an FA Cup tie against Fulham, Harris signed a permanent deal for Sheffield United, with McMahon agreeing to remain with Blackpool on a permanent basis with the option of another year. At the time of Harris' arrival, United were in 19th place in the league, however they kicked on for a much more successful second half of the season. They made it to the FA Cup semi finals where they lost to a Hull City fightback, while in League One they finished seventh.

Harris's contract with United was extended on 16 May 2014. He scored his first goal for the Blades on 18 October 2014 against Bradford City in a 2–0 victory at Valley Parade. He played in the first leg of the League Cup semi final against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane - Spurs won the leg 1–0 and went through 3–2 on aggregate after a 2–2 second leg draw. Harris didn't play in the second leg. A fifth place league finish earned a play off semi-final tie against Swindon Town; Harris played in both legs, which Sheffield United lost out 7–6 on aggregate.

On 18 February 2016, Harris signed for Fleetwood Town on loan for the rest of the season.

Bristol Rovers
Harris signed for Bristol Rovers on 2 February 2017 on a short term deal. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw away to Port Vale on 18 February 2017 which he marked with an own goal to give the opposition the lead. After making only a few more appearances for The Gas, Harris was not offered a contract and it was confirmed he would leave the club at the end of the season.

Telford United
In November 2017, Harris joined AFC Telford United of the National League North as cover for the club's regular left-back, who was cup-tied. He made one appearance, in a 0–1 FA Cup defeat at Hereford.. In  March 2018 he rejoined the club for a second spell but was not offered a new contract at the end of the season.

FC United of Manchester
In February 2019 he joined FC United of Manchester.  He left the club in April 2019.

Club statistics

Honours
Queen of the South
Scottish Cup: Runners-up 2007–08

References

External links

Robert Harris profile at Sheffield United F.C.
Robert Harris profile at Blackpool F.C.
Robert Harris soccerway profile at Soccerway

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Glasgow
Category:Scottish footballers
Category:Association football fullbacks
Category:Clyde F.C. players
Category:Rangers F.C. players
Category:Queen of the South F.C. players
Category:Blackpool F.C. players
Category:Rotherham United F.C. players
Category:Sheffield United F.C. players
Category:Scottish Football League players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Fleetwood Town F.C. players
Category:Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Category:F.C. United of Manchester players
Category:A.F.C. Telford United players
Category:National League (English football) players


Ojo de Agua Department

Ojo de Agua is a department of Argentina in Santiago del Estero Province.  The capital city of the department is Villa Ojo de Agua.

References

Category:Departments of Santiago del Estero Province


Kusehlar-e Sofla

Kusehlar-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Kūsehlar-e Soflá; also known as Kūsālār-e Soflá and Kūsehlar) is a village in Zarrineh Rud Rural District, in the Central District of Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 501, in 125 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Miandoab County


Union of UEA Students

The University of East Anglia Students' Union  is the students' union of the University of East Anglia.  All students of the university and some INTO UEA students automatically become members of the Union, but do have the right to opt out of membership. Membership confers the ability to take part in the Union's activities such as Clubs and Societies, and being involved in the democratic processes of the Union. The Union is a democratic organisation run by its members via an elected student officer committee and student council. It is affiliated to the National Union of Students.  The Union follows its constitution and its policies. in order to fulfill its purpose 'to enrich the life of every UEA student.'

Democratic structure

Union Council
The Union Council, whose members are elected student representatives from each year of every school of the University and the clubs and societies of the Union, in addition to the student officer committee, meets a minimum of eight times a year and sets the policy of the Union and confirms the actions of the Student Officer Committee.  The decisions of the Union Council may only be overturned by a ballot of all members of the Union, or by the Union's trustee board in the case of certain decisions, normally where the legal implications are more serious.

Referenda
The decisions of the Union Council may only be overturned by a ballot of all members of the union.  A referendum may be called by the Student Officer Committee, by the Union Council, or by a petition of 500 members (1/30 of the membership).  The question must be balanced and is approved by Union Council. Every member may vote in a referendum - a straightforward majority will set new policy for the union. Policy passed by referendum cannot be overturned except by another referendum, although as with all union policy it is considered lapsed after two academic years. A referendum can be called for any reason, not only in response to a decision of the Union Council.

Student Officer Committee

The members of the Union elect annually a Student Officer Committee of five full-time sabbatical officers and thirteen non-sabbatical officers. The Union does not currently have a post of "President" on the Student Officer Committee.

The full-time officers meet all year round in a Management Committee to decide on day-to-day operational matters relating to the Union and its subsidiary companies (these officers also serving as five of the six directors of those companies). The Student Officer Committee meets during the university semesters and is responsible for ensuring the policy of the Union (as defined by the Union Council or policy ballot) is adhered to. It also controls the campaigns budget of the Union, which in 2014/15 was in excess of £20,000.

Full-time:

Sophie Atherton (Democracy and Campaigns), Jenna Chapman (Undergraduate Education), Georgina Burchell (Diversity and Welfare), Oli Gray (Activities and Opportunities), Martin Marko (Postgraduate Education)

Parttime:

Connor Bell (Environment), Rob Klim (Ethical Issues), Thai Braddick (Non-Portfolio), Zoë Freeman (Non-Portfolio), Chloe Crowther (Non-Portfolio), Henry Bowen (Non-Portfolio), Liam Deary (LGBT+ Open Place), Jim Read (LGBT+ Trans and Non-Binary), Amy Atkinson (Women's), Hannah Murgatroyd (Students with Disabilities), Ryan Jordan (Ethnic Minorities), Mohaned Alhasan (International Students - Non-EU), Martin Borja-Simon (International Students - EU)

Caucuses and assemblies
As of the 2014/15 academic year, the Union of UEA students introduced caucuses and assemblies to increase the political autonomy of the four liberation campaigns, improve the representation within the Union's structures of groups of students that have historically engaged less with its procedures and activities and to provide clear and direct accountability and mandates to the members of the Student Officer Committee elected by a specific demographic. These caucuses and assemblies will be meeting under a formalised structure in 2015/16 with caucuses for LGBT+ students, Ethnic Minority students, students with disabilities and women students and assemblies for Postgraduate Students, Mature Students and International Students. These bodies will also directly elect members to Union Council, thereby intending to resolve the under-representation of students from these demographics within the Unions structures.

Campaigns

The Union campaigns on a wide range of issues, as directed by the democratic processes. Recent campaigns have included actions on free education for all, transport and a change to the graduation venue.

The Union has four autonomous liberations campaigns, black and ethnic minorities, disabled, LGBT+ and women's. These are each led by a campaign convenor who is elected by self defining students.

In December 2010, the Union Council decided that The Daily Telegraph and The Daily Mail and  would now only be sold under the counter in Union owned shops in response to their name and shame campaign of seemingly random students at the Millbank Student Protests. The Daily Express was added to the list by accident.

Over the 2011/12 academic year, there was a sizable campaign, supported by the Union of UEA Students, on the UEA campus to save the School of Music from closure. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the campaign saw hundreds of students end demonstrations, fundraisers and rallies against the closure.

From 2011, UEA students, including many members of the student society People & Planet organised an anti-sweatshop campaign, calling on the University to affiliate to the Worker Rights Consortium. After a three-year campaign, including mass petitioning, banner drops and a mass nearly naked protest, the University agreed to affiliate to the WRC in November 2014.

In late 2013, the union council voted to hold a campus-wide referendum asking students whether they wanted Blurred Lines banned from campus. The referendum resulted in a 75% no vote, one of few unions not to ban the song from its campus.

2013 also saw the launch of the Fossil Free campaign, as part of an international initiative to lobby public institutions to divest from the fossil fuel industry. The campaign has seen five universities in the UK remove their investments from such companies, but as of yet UEA has refused to end any of its investments. This is in spite of 1,000 students signing a petition in support of the campaign, 95 academics signing an open letter calling for divestment and a series of high-profile stunts and actions organised by the Student Union and the Fossil Free campaign group.

Membership services
The Union provides a professional advice centre, and funding for clubs and societies. In addition to this, a key function of the Union is to be an independent expert voice of students, and as such provides and supports representation of its members on University Committees.

Representation
Led by the Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education officers, the Union supports 399 student representatives (2010/11) to help represent their course mates to the University on issues relating to education and the student experience.

The officers are supported in this task by faculty convenors. There is one convenor for each faculty who is recruited and appointed by the Union, and is responsible to the Union, but gains a bursary from the University for their service, and to ensure that anyone who wants to run isn't dis-incentivised by the amount of time they would have to invest in the role.

Advice centre
The Union provides a professional advice centre that is available for all UEA students free of charge.  The advice workers can provide help and support in many areas of student life.  They often deal with academic appeals, financial problems, welfare issues such as accommodation on campus, a housing bureau which includes a tenancy agreement checking service, and personal issues.

Sports clubs
The Union runs around 60 Sports clubs. Over 350,000 is spent on sport by the Union every year and this is supplemented by around 100,000 a year from the fee that a student pays for Sports Association Membership. This membership is a once per year membership of £50 which entitles the member access to any of the Unions' Clubs, who will then charge a membership fee starting from £5 which pays for things like training, coaching, affiliation to BUCS and insurance for the member. The University Sportspark provides facilities for UEA Sports Clubs in line with its Community Usage agreement.

Notable Unions clubs include University of East Anglia Boat Club, UEA Men's Lacrosse Club, captained by long stick defender, Harry Harris, and the UEA Blue Sox, one of the first baseball and softball university clubs in Britain.

Societies
The Union runs and supports over 200 societies on a huge range of issues, hobbies and interests. access to societies is currently free, but societies charge an individual membership fee starting from £3 per academic year.

Notable societies include; Livewire, Medsin, Medsoc, Nightline.

The Union welcomes new clubs and societies when they fulfil a need for students, and are not replicating what is already provided by an existing club or society. All clubs and Societies are run by elected students, and have a committee that will at least consist of a president, secretary, treasurer and Union Council Representative. There are also Sports and Societies Councils where the Union delegates a great deal of power over spending of the relevant budgets to the presidents of those clubs and societies.

Volunteering
This year the Union set up and successfully ran the first year of Union Volunteers, and accredited 80 volunteers. The scheme is a programme to try and reward all the volunteers who already work in the Union. With over 1500 club and society committee members, 399 student reps, an average of about 75 Union Councillors, part-time student officers and currently unknown amount of other volunteering, the Union hopes to develop this hugely in 11/12.

Media
 Concrete
 Livewire 1350 - Radio Station
 UEA:TV - TV station

Peer support groups
 Umbrella (previously UEAchronic)
 UEA Pride (LGBT support group)
 Nightline
 UEA Minds
 Sexual Assault Awareness Campaign (SAAC)

Commercial services

The Union operates many of the services open to all members of the university community and the general public on the university campus in Norwich including:

ShopSU
The Union Box Office
BarSU
UNIO
The Nick Rayns LCR
The Waterfront, a gig venue/club in Norwich city centre

UEASU is "Not for profit, just for students" and as such all profit which is gained from these commercial venues goes straight back into the Union for use on services and activities such as Clubs and socs or the advice centre.

Controversies
The UEA Students' Union was given a red rating by Spiked in its recent "free speech" rankings of universities. The publication accused the SU of having banned and actively censored ideas and free speech on campus. Instances cited include the cancellation of a meeting with a UKIP candidate, the removal of clothing that was seen by the SU as contravening their stance on cultural appropriation as well as the boycotting of various newspapers.
The SU have also made headlines after banning the university Rugby team and temporarily suspending some members of the Hockey team.

References

External links
Union of UEA Students

Student Union
East Anglia


Gladys Savary

Gladys Becker Slaughter, Madame Savary (2 Jun 1893-14 Sep 1985), was an American woman of Manila who labored long and hard to help the starving, neglected, abused, and threatened "internees" at Santo Tomas Internment Camp, supplying them with food everyday and performing various other services, such as laundry, communication and monetary assistance, to help ease their hardship.  At the same time, she also worked hard to help her servants and friends outside of Santo Tomas  survive the Japanese occupation of the Philippines and the 1945 Battle of Manila.  Gladys was not incarcerated by the Japanese because, being married to a Frenchman, she was regarded as a citizen of France which by that time had a puppet government aligned with Japan's ally Germany.  Gladys also sent help to a POW camp.  Several of her activities could have resulted in torture and execution had she been caught.  She maintained a diary throughout the Japanese occupation, and made this the basis of her book Outside the Walls.

Living in Pasay, Gladys escaped – barely and unknowingly at the time – the massive, systematic massacre of all non-Japanese men, women, and children conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy 31st Special Base Force (marines) during the Battle of Manila, especially in Ermita and Malate, just next to Pasay.  The estimated toll is around 100,000 killed.  Even Germans and French were not spared.

The heroic exploits of Gladys Savary,  Yay Panlilio, Claire Phillips, and Margaret Utinsky are recounted in Angels of the Underground by Theresa Kaminski.

Notes

Bibliography
 Kaminski, Theresa, 2016, Angels of the Underground: the American women who resisted the Japanese in the Philippines in World War II, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
 Kaminski, Theresa, 2000, Prisoners in Paradise: American women in the wartime South Pacific, Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
 Savary, Gladys, "I Go Now" in Manila Daily Bulletin, March 17, 1949.
 Savary, Gladys, 1954, Outside the Walls, New York: Vantage Press.

Category:American expatriates in the Philippines
Category:People of American colonial Philippines


The Girl and the Outlaw

The Girl and the Outlaw is a 1908 American silent short Western film directed by D. W. Griffith.

Cast
 Charles Inslee as Bill Preston
 Harry Solter as Nellie's Father
 George Gebhardt as Indian
 Arthur V. Johnson as Indian
 Florence Lawrence as Woman
 Wilfred Lucas
 Mack Sennett as Indian
 Dorothy West

References

External links

Category:1908 films
Category:1900s Western (genre) films
Category:American films
Category:American Western (genre) films
Category:American silent short films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by D. W. Griffith


Authority Always Wins

"Authority Always Wins" is the second episode of the fifth season of HBO's television series True Blood and 50th episode overall. First aired on June 17, 2012, it was written by Mark Hudis and directed by Michael Lehmann.

Plot

Sookie and Lafayette
Tara attacks Sookie, and bites her. Pam grabs Tara and commands her not to bite Sookie and Lafayette and to stay in the house. Later, Tara continues trashing the kitchen. Sookie asks Lafayette to give Tara TruBlood. Tara attacks Lafayette but is hurt by Pam's commandments. Tara runs upstairs and trashes her room. As dawn approaches, Sookie and Lafayette lure Tara into Eric's Day Chamber by Letting her drink Lafayette's  blood and silvering her. Later in the day Sookie hears Lafayette in the chamber contemplating on staking Tara. Sookies attempts to convince him not to, claiming that they can make a life for her, even as a vampire. She succeeds. Sookie goes to a vampire hunting store, buys Silver Misters and sets them up around the doors and windows. At nightfall Tara awakens and tells Sookie and Lafayette that she will never forgive either of them for turning her into a vampire; and runs outside only to be sprayed by the silver misters. Tara screams in agony and runs off into the woods.

Bill and Eric
Bill, Eric, and Nora are interrogated by the Authority.  Torture is used in an effort to extract confessions of being allied with the Sanguinistas (a faction of vampires who believe in a literal interpretation of the Vampire Bible—that humans are nothing more than food—and oppose the Authority's efforts at mainstreaming). Bill reveals that Russell Edgington is on the loose and offers to kill him in exchange for sparing their lives.

Pam
Pam returns to Fangtasia.  She has a flashback to San Francisco, 1905, where she was the madam of a brothel.  While on the street at night, she is accosted by a switchblade-wielding assailant.  Eric slits the man's throat and licks the blood from his fingers; he notes that Pam is unafraid and gives her money to compensate her for her blood-splattered dress.

Jason
Jason visits Hoyt at his mother's house and offers him a place to stay, but Hoyt rebuffs his efforts at reconciliation, telling him not to come around anymore and that they're "over". Hoyt's mother whispers thanks to Jason for splitting up Hoyt and "that red haired slut" and then mock pushes him out the door so Hoyt doesn't know.

Alcide
Alcide refuses to eat Marcus' body. He tells Martha he will not respect Marcus' death, doesn't want to be the new packmaster, and doesn't care about the laws of the pack.

Terry Bellefleur
Terry frightens and concerns Arlene with his PTSD symptoms.

Andy Bellefleur
Andy and Jason discover Debbie's vehicle.  Andy finds a vial of V and initially pockets it before turning it over to Jason.

Luna and Emma
Frustrated at all the noise Emma is making when she is meant to be sleeping Luna goes into her room to find Emma has turned into a wolf pup.

Featured Music
The following songs appear in the episode:
"Short Cut Down a Long Road" — Big Bad Johns
"Coming For You" — Grant Langston
"Hang It Up" — Ting Tings
"The Authority Song" — Bosco Del Ray

Reception

Ratings
True Blood was the number one cable program on the night it aired with 4.417 million viewers, earning a 2.6 rating in the relevant 18-49 demographic (down from a 2.9 for last week's episode).

Critical
Reviewer Carrie Raisler of The A.V. Club gave it a C+ and said "much of this episode felt like filler, a transitional piece before we get to the big hit."

References

External links

 "Authority Always Wins" at HBO.com
 True Blood recap: Season 5, Episode 2: "Authority Always Wins" by Jordan Bartel for The Baltimore Sun (17 June 2012)

Category:True Blood episodes
Category:2012 American television episodes


Anton Diabelli

Anton (or Antonio) Diabelli (6 September 17817 April 1858) was an Austrian music publisher, editor and composer. Best known in his time as a publisher, he is most familiar today as the composer of the waltz on which Ludwig van Beethoven wrote his set of thirty-three Diabelli Variations.

Early life
Diabelli was born in Mattsee near Salzburg, then in the Archbishopric of Salzburg. A musical child, he sang in the boys' choir at Salzburg Cathedral where he is believed to have taken music lessons with Michael Haydn. By the age of 19 Diabelli had already composed several important compositions including six masses.

Diabelli was trained to enter the priesthood and in 1800 joined the monastery at Raitenhaslach, Bavaria. He remained there until 1803, when Bavaria closed all its monasteries.

Career
In 1803 Diabelli moved to Vienna and began teaching piano and guitar and found work as a proofreader for a music publisher. During this period he learned the music publishing business while continuing to compose. In 1809 he composed his comic opera, Adam in der Klemme. In 1817 he started a music publishing business and in 1818 he formed a partnership with Pietro Cappi to create the music publishing firm of Cappi & Diabelli.

Cappi & Diabelli became well known by arranging popular pieces so they could be played by amateurs at home. A master of promotion, Diabelli selected widely-accessible music such as famous opera tune arrangements, dance music and popular new comic theatre songs.

The firm soon established a reputation in more serious music circles by championing the works of Franz Schubert. Diabelli recognized the composer's potential and became the first to publish Schubert's work with "Der Erlkönig" in 1821. Diabelli's firm continued to publish Schubert's work until 1823 when an argument between Cappi and Schubert terminated their business. The following year Diabelli and Cappi parted ways, Diabelli launching a new publishing house, Diabelli & Co., in 1824. Following Schubert's early death in 1828 Diabelli purchased a large portion of the composer's massive musical estate from Schubert's brother Ferdinand. As Schubert had hundreds of unpublished works, Diabelli's firm was able to publish "new" Schubert works for more than 30 years after the composer's death.

Diabelli's publishing house expanded throughout his life, before he retired in 1851, leaving it under the control of Carl Anton Spina. When Diabelli died in 1858 Spina continued to run the firm and published much music by Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss. In 1872 the firm was taken over by Friedrich Schreiber and in 1876 it merged with the firm of August Cranz who bought the company in 1879 and ran it under his name.

Diabelli died in Vienna at the age of 76.

Compositions

Diabelli composed a number of well-known Classical works, including an operetta called Adam in der Klemme, several masses, songs and numerous piano and classical guitar pieces. Numerically his guitar pieces form the largest part of his works. His pieces for piano four hands are popular.

Diabelli's composition Pleasures of Youth: Six Sonatinas is a collection of six sonatinas depicting a struggle between unknown opposing forces. This is suggested by the sharp and frequent change in dynamics from forte to piano. When forte is indicated the pianist is meant to evoke a sense of wickedness, thus depicting the antagonist. In contrast the markings of piano represent the protagonist.

Diabelli Variations

The composition for which Diabelli is now best known was actually written as part of an adventuring story. In 1819, as a promotional idea, he decided to try to publish a volume of variations on a "patriotic" waltz he had penned expressly for this purpose, with one variation by every important Austrian composer living at the time, as well as several significant non-Austrians. The combined contributions would be published in an anthology called Vaterländischer Künstlerverein. Fifty-one composers responded with pieces, including Beethoven, Schubert, Archduke Rudolph of Austria, Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (jun.), Moritz, Prince of Dietrichstein, Heinrich Eduard Josef Baron von Lannoy, Ignaz Franz Baron von Mosel, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Ignaz Moscheles, Simon Sechter, and the eight-year-old Franz Liszt (although it seems Liszt was not invited personally, but his teacher Czerny arranged for him to be involved). Czerny was also enlisted to write a coda. Beethoven, however, instead of providing just one variation, provided 33, and his formed Part I of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein. They constitute what is generally regarded as one of the greatest of Beethoven's piano pieces and as the greatest set of variations of their time, and are generally known simply as the Diabelli Variations, Op. 120. The other 50 variations were published as Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein.

Cultural references
A sonatina of Diabelli's, presumably Sonatina in F major, Op. 168, No. 1 (I: Moderato cantabile), provides the title and a motif for the French novella Moderato Cantabile by Marguerite Duras.

See also
Romantic guitar

References

Published music and further reading
Anton Diabelli's guitar works - a thematic catalogue with an introduction; Doctoral Thesis by Jukka Savijoki (Sibelius Academy; 1996)
Anton Diabelli's Guitar Works: A Thematic Catalogue by Jukka Savijoki (Editions Orphée)
Rischel & Birket-Smith's Collection of guitar music Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Denmark
Boije Collection The Music Library of Sweden
www.karadar.com/Dictionary/diabelli.html

Free scores at the Mutopia Project

External links

Category:1781 births
Category:1858 deaths
Category:19th-century classical composers
Category:Austrian classical composers
Category:Austrian male classical composers
Category:Austrian opera composers
Category:Male opera composers
Category:Austrian people of Italian descent
Category:Austrian Romantic composers
Category:Composers for piano
Category:Composers for the classical guitar
Category:Sheet music publishers (people)
Category:19th-century male musicians


Cerenzia

Cerenzia is a town, comune (municipality), former bishopric and Latin titular see with a population of 1000 people in the province of Crotone, in Calabria region, southernmost peninsular Italy.

The modern town is besides the Ancient settlement Acerenthia, now a rural site known as Cerenzia vecchia ('old C.'), which includes the ruins of the cathedral dedicated to Saint Theodorus of Amasea, all abandoned to peasantry by the second half of the Ottocento (19th century).

Ecclesiastical history
Circa 960 was founded a Diocese of Cerenz(i)a (Italian) / Pumentum (Latin) / Cerenza /  (Latin adjective), bordering its invariable Metropolitan, the Archdiocese of Santa Severina, as  well as the bishoprics of Umbriatico, Rossano and Cosenza. Its tiny territory comprised Cerenzia itself, the (now defunct) hamlets of Verzino and Lucrò and the castrum of Caccuri.

It is first documented in the Notitia Episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, edited under Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise (died 912).

Until the Norman conquest of Calabria (mid 11th century), it was in the sway of the above patriarchate and used its Greek-language Byzantine rite. A papal bulla by Pope Lucius III in 1183 explicitly mentions its being a suffragan of Santa Severina.

Noted early (late 11th century) bishop Policronius, recuperated the 'Greek' abbey of Santa Maria di Altilia. The bishoprics rich gifts and possessions aroused greed among the local barons, especially Marchisorto, count of Crotone Stefano, tried to impose in 1205 his chaplain, Madio, instead of legitimate bishop Guglielmo, elected by the (cathedral) chapter.

The arrival of the Angevine rule spelled the diocese's decline, among more conflict with the feudal lords, requiring appeals to Metropolitan and Pope.

Mid Trecento (14th century), the area suffered health problems like malaria and from its poor position, even for drinking water, leading to the city being abandoned and the countryside depopulated by harsh feudal impositions.

In 1342 the phrase 'Bishop of Cerenzia and Cariati' was coined, after the new effective seat, and in 1437[4], Pope Eugenius IV formally erected a Diocese of Cariati, immediately placing it in personal union (aeque principaliter) with the old see of Cerenzia. Given the decay of Cerenzia and its episcopal palace, when the Council of Trento imposed on all bishops a fixed residence, Cariati at sea, despite its exposure to Ottoman Turkish raids, was chosen over sickly isolated Cerenzia.

A pest epidemic in 1528 caused the town of Cerenzia and its five parishes to be abandoned, losing its diocesan archive. È in questa occasione che andò in gran parte perduto anche l'archivio. Visiting in the late Cinquecento, bishop Properzio Resta described its pitiful state, including cathedral and palace (Pesavento). Bishops' attempts in the Seicento and Settecento to restore the cathedral and build a new palace were undone by repeated, demotivating earthquakes.

As part of a reorganization of the dioceses of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Pope Pius VII in 1818 incorporated the already united territory of the diocese of Cerenza into that of the diocese of Cariati, later merged itself into the present Archdiocese of Rossano-Cariati Vincenzio d'Avino,

As is customary, the bull referred to the see in adjectival form, and called it , suggesting as the Latin substantive (noun) form: . The  gives  as the Latin substantive form and , rather than , as the Italian form, but indicates  as the Latin adjective.

Residential Ordinaries
Incomplete : first incumbent(s?) lacking
 Policronio (1099? – ?)
 Giberto (1198? – ?)
 Guglielmo (? – death 1208)
 Bernardo, Cistercian Order (O. Cist.) (1208 – death 1216)
 Nicola (1216 – death 1233?)
 Matteo, O. Cist. (1234 – ?)
 Nicola (1342.08.13 – ?), also Bishop of Cariati (Italy) (1342.08.13 – ?)
 Giovanni Fardini, Dominican Order (O.P.) (1372.12.22 – ?)
 Jacques de la Chastre, O.P. (1391.02.22 – ?)
 Guglielmo (1394.02.13 – ?)
 Gerardo (? – 1394.02.13), next Archbishop of Rossano (Italy) (1394.02.13 – 1399.09.27), Metropolitan Archbishop of Santa Severina (Italy) (1399.09.27 – death 1400)
 Tommaso Rossi (1420.12.23 – 1429.05.18), next Bishop of Oppido Mamertina (Italy) (1429.05.18 – 1429.12.23), Bishop of Strongoli (Italy) (1429.12.23 – death 1433)

TO BE COMPLETED
 ...
 From 1481 (personal union), see the Bishops of Diocese of Cariati.

Titular see
The diocese was nominally restored in 1968 as Latin Titular bishopric of Cerenzia (Curiate Italian) / Pumentum (Latin) / Cerenza /   (Latin adjective).

It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :
 Andrea Bernardo Schierhoff (born USA) (1968.11.11 –death  1986.12.01), first as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of La Paz (Bolivia) (1968.11.11 – 1982.12.17), then as [[Apostolic Vicar of Pando (Bolivia) (1982.12.17 – 1986.12.01)
 José María Arancibia (1987.02.26 – 1993.02.13) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Córdoba (Argentina) (1987.02.26 – 1993.02.13); later Coadjutor Archbishop of Mendoza (Argentina) (1993.02.13 – 1996.03.25), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Mendoza (1996.03.25 – retired 2012.11.10)
 Pere Tena Garriga (1993.06.09 – death 2014.02.10) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) (1993.06.09 – 2004.06.15) and on emeritate; previously Undersecretary of Congregation for Divine Worship (1987.07.29 – 1988.06.28) and Undersecretary of Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (1988.06.28 – 1993.06.09)
 José Trinidad Fernández Angulo (2014.04.17 – ...), as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Caracas (Venezuela) (2014.04.17 – ...).

Economy
Cerenzia relies on the production of oil, wine, cereals, citruses and the intense breeding of the cattle.

See also
 List of Catholic dioceses in Italy

References

Sources and external links
 GCatholic - (former &) titular see
 Bibliography - ecclesiastical
 Ferdinando Ughelli, Italia sacra, vol. IX, second edition, Venice 1721, coll. 498-505
 Vincenzio d'Avino, Cenni storici sulle chiese arcivescovili, vescovili e prelatizie (nullius) del Regno delle Due Sicilie, Napels 1848, pp. 138–139
 Giuseppe Cappelletti, Le Chiese d'Italia dalla loro origine sino ai giorni nostri, vol. XXI, Venice 1870, pp. 258–259
 Domenico Taccone-Gallucci, Regesti dei Romani Pontefici per le chiese della Calabria, Rome 1902, p. 444
 Andrea Pesavento, La cattedrale rovinata di San Teodoro a Cerenzia Vecchia, in La Provincia KR nr. 21-23/1998
 Paul Fridolin Kehr, Italia Pontificia, X, Berlin 1975, p. 129
 Norbert Kamp, Kirche und Monarchie im staufischen Königreich Sizilien, vol 2, Prosopographische Grundlegung: Bistümer und Bischöfe des Königreichs 1194 - 1266; Apulien und Kalabrien, Münich 1975, pp. 897–904
 Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 869
 Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1, p. 261; vol. 2, p. 158
 Papal bulla 'De utiliori', in Bullarii romani continuatio, vol. XV, Rome 1853, pp. 56–61

Category:Cities and towns in Calabria


Greeks bearing gifts

Greeks bearing gifts may refer to:

The prophecy of Laocoön, priest of Troy, who in Virgil's Aeneid, tells his countrymen to "Beware of Greeks bearing gifts"
The mythological Trojan Horse which Laocoön foresees
"looking a Trojan horse in the mouth", the 1982 scene in the British sitcom Yes, Minister
"Greeks Bearing Gifts", a 1991 episode of Inspector Morse
"Greeks Bearing Gifts" (Torchwood), a 2006 episode of the science-fiction television programme Torchwood
Greeks Bearing Gifts, a 2018 novel by Philip Kerr.


Herbert Shipman

Herbert Shipman (August 3, 1869 - March 23, 1930) was an American suffragan bishop in the Episcopal Diocese of New York under William Thomas Manning.  His older sister was author Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews.

Biography
He was born in Lexington, Kentucky, the son of Reverend Jacob Shipman.  He became a Bishop in 1921 for the Episcopal Diocese of New York serving under William Thomas Manning. He died on March 24, 1930 of heart disease while at luncheon in his home at 154 East Seventieth Street in Manhattan.

References

Category:Episcopal bishops of New York
Category:1869 births
Category:1930 deaths
Category:People from Lexington, Kentucky


Jennie Ponsford

Jennie Louise Ponsford  is an Australian neuroscience researcher at Monash University,
Victoria who has a special interest in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).  Jennie is a clinical neuropsychologist, whose work is focused on developing a deeper understanding of the negative consequences of TBI, particularly those related to fatigue, sleep disturbance, attentional problems, mood and behavioural disturbances, and the development of rehabilitation interventions to improve long term recovery and quality of life in individuals with TBI.

Jennie is Director of the Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, the aim of which is to conduct research in trauma rehabilitation, with a view to reducing long-term disability. Over 20 psychologists and researchers are associated with the centre. Jennie is also a founding member of the Institute for Safety, Compensation and Recovery Research (established in 2009), a collaborative initiative of the Victorian WorkCover Authority, the Transport Accident Commission and Monash University, devoted to promoting research and best practice in injury prevention, rehabilitation and compensation. In partnership with the Department of Human Services, Jennie has created information resources for adults and children with mild traumatic brain injury.

Early life and education
Jennie has completed a Bachelor of Arts, with honours in Psychology, a Masters in Clinical Neuropsychology and a PhD. She worked as a clinical neuropsychologist in Sydney before returning to Melbourne, taking up a position at the Epworth Hospital as Head of Psychology.  Jennie commenced work at Monash University in 1999. She established a doctoral program in neuropsychology at Monash University.  In 2000 she commenced as Director of the Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre.

Work
Professor Jennie Ponsford has spent the last 30 years working the field of traumatic brain injury. She currently co-ordinates one of the world’s largest longitudinal outcome studies, which is tracking more than 2000 patients over 30 years following a traumatic brain injury.  The Longitudinal Head Injury Outcome Project, has been running since 1995. The goal of the study is to document the long term problems of people with TBI, identify factors that influence outcome, particularly the influence of age, genetic, cultural and behavioural factors. This study represents one of the largest TBI databases with long term follow up data from both patients and families. Jennie has published widely in the field of TBI, writing over 17 book chapters addressing the consequences and management of TBI related disorders. In 2012 she was lead author on the book 'Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation for everyday adaptive living' She has published over 100 scholarly articles on the topic.

Jennie is a Chief Investigator on the National Health and Medical Research Council  (NHMRC)-funded Centre of Research Excellence in Traumatic Brain Injury Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Moving Ahead. This Centre brings together researchers from within Australia and internationally to build research capacity in the area of TBI, drive new research and translate evidence into practice.

Personal
Jennie is married with two daughters.

Awards and honors
 Robert L. Moody Prize (2013) for Distinguished Initiatives in Brain Injury Research and Rehabilitation
 President of the International Neuropsychological Society (2013-2014)
 Her student, Kelly Sinclair, was awarded the World Federation of NeuroRehabilitation Franz Gertenbrand Award for 2014 in recognition of research benefiting patients, for her work examining the potential effect of light therapy on depression in people with TBI.

References

Category:Australian women scientists
Category:Australian Women of Neuroscience 2014
Category:Australian neuroscientists
Category:Australian women neuroscientists
Category:Living people
Category:Recipients of grants/fellowships from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
Category:Monash University faculty
Category:Officers of the Order of Australia
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)