Defence Force Service Medal

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The Defence Force Service Medal (DFSM) is an Australian Military award given for long service by permanent members of the Australian Defence Force.  It is part of the suite of defence force service awards introduced in 1982, which also included the Reserve Force Decoration (RFD, for officers of the Australian Defence Force Reserves) and the Reserve Force Medal (RFM, for non-commissioned members of the Reserve forces). All three medals were replaced in 2002 with a single medal, the Defence Long Service Medal, which is now awarded to all permanent and reserve members irrespective of rank.

Additional service clasps are issued for each further 5 years after the initial 15 year qualifying service period. On the ribbon, a rosette indicates the award of each clasp, although the fifth and subsequent clasps are indicated by a small Federation Star. With the introduction of the Defence Long Service Medal, the DFSM is now a closed award with only clasps to existing awards continuing to be issued.

Description
 The DFSM is a cupro-nickel circular chamfered medal. The obverse has the Joint Service Emblem.
 The reverse is inscribed 'FOR EFFICIENT SERVICE IN THE PERMANENT FORCES' around the circumference.
 The ribbon has three equal stripes of gold and azure-blue edged with azure-blue. The colours were the national colours of Australia at the time of introduction.
 The clasp is a cupro-nickel bar with the Royal Cypher flanked by sprigs of wattle in the centre. When the ribbon is worn alone a clasp is indicated by the addition of a cupro-nickel round rosette, or a silver miniature Federation Star.

Other Australian long service awards
Other Australian long service awards include:
 Reserve Force Decoration
 Reserve Force Medal
 Defence Long Service Medal
 National Medal
 Australian Cadet Forces Service Medal

Australian Defence Medal
While not awarded for "long service" per se, the Australian Defence Medal is sometimes classified as a "long service medal" - it is intended to recognise all those who completed an obligation to serve their country (whether voluntarily or conscripted).

See also
 Australian Honours Order of Precedence
 Australian Honours System

References

External links
 Defence Force Service Medal, itsanhonour.gov.au
 DFSM Fact Sheet, itsanhonour.gov.au
 Number awarded, itsanhonour.gov.au

Category:Military awards and decorations of Australia
Category:1982 establishments in Australia
Category:Awards established in 1982


Piedmont Records

Piedmont Records is an American independent record label, set up in the early 1960s by Dick Spottswood.

Piedmont Records issued - among others - the first recordings after their 'rediscovery' of Mississippi John Hurt and Robert Wilkins.

See also
 List of record labels

External links
 Illustrated Piedmont Records discography

Category:Defunct record labels of the United States
Category:Blues record labels
Category:American independent record labels


Thomas Henry (patron of the arts)

Bon-Thomas Henry (1766 in Cherbourg, France – 1836 in Cherbourg) was a French painter and patron of the arts.

After studies in his hometown, Henry was forced while traveling to take shelter during a storm at Bordeaux, where he settled and became a partner with a merchant who sent him to Saint-Domingue. He returned to France after the Haitian Revolution, and learned the restoration of paintings from fellow artists. He was a pupil of Jean-Baptiste Regnault. He augmented his skill in restoration with expertise learned during travels to Italy, Belgium, and England. This led to his gaining a position as an expert commissioner with the Royal Museums.

The position facilated his amassing a significant personal collection of art. When he felt death approaching he decided to "ignite the flame of art" in his native town by donating his collection and establishing a museum. On the 29 July 1835 the town of Cherbourg inaugurated the Musée Thomas-Henry, with Henry's collection of 163 paintings valued at 120,000 francs.

Today the collection forms the basis of the Musée des beaux-arts Thomas Henry, which has the third most important collection of paintings in Normandy, comprising over 300 paintings, dating principally from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries. The museum is located in Cherbourg-Octeville.

Further information
 Charles Blanc, Le Trésor de la curiosité, Paris, Renouard, 1858

External links
 Website of the Musée Thomas-Henry

Category:French art collectors
Category:1766 births
Category:1836 deaths
Category:French engravers
Category:French male painters
Category:People from Cherbourg-Octeville
Category:18th-century French painters
Category:19th-century French painters


Leapfrog

Leapfrog is a children's game in which players vault over each other's stooped backs.

History
Games of this sort have been called by this name since at least the late sixteenth century. On June 13, 2020, two men from Philadelphia will leap where no leap frogger has leaped before.

Rules
The first participant rests their hands on knees and bends over, which is called giving a back. The next player places hands on the first's back and leaps over by straddling legs wide apart on each side. On landing he stoops down and a third leaps over the first and second, and the fourth over all others successively. When all the players are stooping, the last in the line begins leaping over all the others in turn. The number of participants is not fixed.

Variations
The French version of this game is called saute-mouton (literally "leapsheep"), and the Romanian is called capra ("mounting rack" or "goat"). In India it is known as "Aar Ghodi Ki Par Ghodi" (meaning "horseleap"). In Italy the game is called "la cavallina" (i.e. "small or baby female horse"). In Dutch it is called "bokspringen" (literally "goatjumping"; a 'bok' is a male goat) or "haasje-over" (literally "hare-over").

In China this game is known as "跳山羊"(literally "leap goat"), which is played in pairs. One player, acting as "the goat", leaps over the back of the other player, who plays the role of "the rock/mountain". Then they switch roles, and "the rock" rises a bit  each time they switch. Both players continue playing until one "goat" fails leaping "the rock/mountain" as the result of its rising. In the Filipino culture, a similar game is called luksóng báka (literally "leap cow"), in which the "it" rests his hands on his knees and bends over, and then the other players—in succession—place their hands on the back of the “it” and leaps over by straddling legs wide apart on each side; whoever’s legs touch any part of the body of the “it” becomes the next “it.”
In the Korean and Japanese versions (말뚝박기 lit. "piledriving" and 馬跳び うまとび umatobi, lit. "horseleap", respectively), one player 'leaps' over the backs of the other players who stoop close enough to form a continuous line, attempting to cause the line to collapse under the weight of the riders.

References

External links

Category:Children's games


Cruggleton Castle

Cruggleton Castle is a multi-period archaeological site on coast of the The Machars, in the historical county of Wigtownshire in south-west Scotland. It is located at Cruggleton Point, around  east of Whithorn and  south-east of Sorbie. Excavations in the 1970s and 1980s revealed several periods of use, from the 1st century AD to the 17th century. The first stone tower was built in the 13th century, on an earlier motte.

The castle is located on a high outcrop of shale, which forms a promontory on the east-facing cliff edge, about  above sea level. The name "Cruggleton" is taken to derive from the rocky nature of the site.

History of the site
Excavations on the site revealed the remains of a late Iron Age hut circle, and of a timber hall dated to the early medieval period. During the 12th or 13th century, the rock outcrop was raised to form a motte and a timber tower was built. During this time, Cruggleton Castle was possibly a seat of the Lords of Galloway, passing to the Earls of Buchan. The earliest stone tower and curtain wall was built between the late 13th and early 15th centuries. In the 1290s, John Comyn, Earl of Buchan, had a licence from Edward I to dig for lead in the Calf of Man, to cover eight towers of the castle. Cruggleton, also known as "The Black Rock of Cree", has been associated with the stronghold on the Water of Cree that William Wallace captured, with his companions Stephen of Ireland and Kerlé, according to Blind Harry. It was again taken by Scottish forces in 1307 and subsequently demolished. Later in the 14th century, King David II granted Cruggleton to Gilbert Kennedy. In 1424 it was granted to the Prior and Canons of Whithorn.

In 1563 the spies of Queen Elizabeth I of England visited south-west Scotland to examine the defences at Cruggleton, Wigtown, Cardoness and Kirkcudbright. They noted that Cruggleton "is now kept but with 2 men only but when the Prior of Whithorn lies there then under 20 men without artillery." They also made a coloured drawing of the castle, now held by the British Museum, that shows a high tower, surrounded by a curtain wall with sloped merlons and defended by drawbridge and portcullis.

After the Reformation, church lands were distributed among the nobles of Scotland. A dispute arose over Cruggleton Castle between Lord Robert Stewart, Commendator of Whithorn Priory, and John Fleming, 5th Lord Fleming, which was heard by the civil courts. Despite this in 1569 Stewart, an illegitimate son of James V, was besieged in the castle by Lord Fleming. James Stewart, Earl of Moray, also an illegitimate son of James V, interceded on his brother's behalf by writing to Sir Patrick Vaus of Barnbarroch, urging him to relieve the siege. The dispute was resolved in favour of Margaret Stewart, Mistress of Ochiltree, in the 1580s.

Cruggleton was later held by Sir Patrick Vaus, who died in 1598. It passed to his son Sir John Vaus who disposed of the property to Peter McDowall of Machermore, who in turn sold it to James Kennedy in 1606. The castle passed through various owners during the following decades, but by 1684 it was described as "wholly demolished and ruinous."

Cruggleton ruins
Cruggleton Castle is accessible along a coastal path from the grounds of nearby Galloway House. Today the outward remains consist of a narrow section of barrel vaulting in what was the tower. It is known locally as 'The Arch' and is clearly visible from the B7063 Garlieston to Isle of Whithorn road. Formerly supported on metal bands, the stonework has recently been rebuilt (how recently?) and stands around  high. The foundations of several further buildings can be seen across the site. The outline of the motte is still clearly visible, measuring around , as is a broad ditch across the promontory, about  west of the ruins. The remains are a scheduled monument.

Cruggleton Church
Cruggleton Church is about  west of the castle and may indicate the approximate site of the village of Cruggleton. It was established in the early 12th century by Fergus, Lord of Galloway, and remains the most complete Romanesque church in the area. The church was restored from a ruined condition in the 1890s by William de B M Galloway for the 3rd Marquess of Bute. The church is a category A listed building. An ecumenical service is held in the church every September.

References

External links

Machars Archaeology Project
Cruggleton Church, Undiscovered Scotland

Category:Castles in Dumfries and Galloway
Category:Castles in Wigtownshire
Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Dumfries and Galloway


Chew's Arkansas Infantry Battalion

The Chew's Arkansas Infantry Battalion (1862) was a Confederate Army infantry battalion during the American Civil War.  The unit was originally known as Hawthorne's Battalion, but the battalion is most often referred to as Chew's Sharpshooter Battalion.  The unit was eventually consolidated with the 39th Arkansas Infantry Regiment.

Organization
On October 19, 1862, at Camp Reagan, Arkansas Colonel A. T. Hawthorne was assigned to the command of an unarmed battalion composed of the companies of Dawson, Tumlinson, Perkins and Hailey and the new unit was referred to as Hawthorn's Battalion Arkansas Volunteers.
The four companies that made up Hawthorne's Battalion were:

Company A - Captain Elbert Dawson's Company (Madison County) Organized September 3, 1862 on King's River, Madison County. Marched thence to Elm Springs and was mustered into service on September 12, 1862, as Arkansas Infantry.
Company B - Captain Wiley Tumlinson's Company (Scott County) Organized July 4, 1862 and served as cavalry until September 16.
Company C - Captain B.T. Hailey's Company (Marion, Carroll and Benton Counties) Organized in June, 1862 and served as cavalry until August 24.
Company D - Captain Samuel W. Perkin's Company (Scott County) Organized in June/July, 1862 and served as cavalry until September 16.

Dawson's Company was the last to be organized and apparently never served as cavalry. The other three companies mentioned above spent approximately two months serving together as cavalry in Gipson's Battalion Mounted Rifles. They were eventually dismounted at the approximate dates mentioned above to serve as infantry.  It appears that a portion of Tumlinson's Company was divided and placed into Perkins' Company as two men from the former company show up on the casualty list of Company C at the battle of Prairie Grove.

On Oct 23, 1862 an order to Colonel C. W. Adams, (Adams' Arkansas Infantry Regiment) countermanded a previous order assigning Captain Chew as Lieutenant Colonel of Adams' Regiment "in deference to the wishes of men and officers of the regiment in their memorandum to the Major General commanding."

Two weeks later, Major Hawthorn was elected colonel of the 39th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. On November 3, 1862 Captain Robert E. Chew was appointed major and placed in command of the battalion which then became known as "Chew's Sharpshooter Battalion."

On November 5, 1862 an order from Colonel Brooks at Camp Hindman mentioned a "memorial" of the commissioned officers of Hawthorne's Battalion to have Captain Chew appointed Major to fill the vacancy caused by promotion of Major Hawthorne.

It appears that this battalion was a sharpshooter battalion in name only. Had it survived after the battle of Prairie Grove it may have become one in time.  Sharpshooters were equipped in the same manner as infantry, with the standard rifle or rifle-musket; some were even armed for a time with smoothbore weapons.  There was no difference in the organization of what was called a "sharpshooter battalion" and a regular light infantry battalion. The term "battalion" implies that the unit was organized with fewer than the full ten companies required for a regiment. Tactically, these units were specialists in skirmishing. "Sniping" – at least in the manner we think of it today – was the main purpose of a "sharpshooter" unit.  Civil War infantry units received little formal instruction in rifle marksmanship; however, skirmishers were expected to deliver individual, aimed fire at targets of opportunity rather than the massed volleys of the infantry line of battle.

No known roster of the battalion exists. The casualty list of this unit at Prairie Grove did survive as it was published in the True Democrat newspaper in Little Rock on December 31, 1862.

Service

On December 1, 1862 Brigadier General James F. Fagan asked for the consolidation of Major Chew's Arkansas Infantry battalion and Hawthorne's 39th Arkansas Infantry Regiment both of his brigade. While this order was not approved until after the Battle of Prairie Grove, the battalion and Hawthorn's 39th Arkansas Infantry Regiment fought side by side during the battle. It is well documented that all four infantry regiments of Fagan's Brigade sent out their own skirmishers, so Chew's men did not act as skirmishers for the entire brigade. Their primary role was serving as an infantry battalion alongside Hawthorn's Regiment during the fighting at Prairie Grove. In that role, they took part in the charges of Fagan's Brigade driving back the 20th Wisconsin, 19th Iowa, and 37th Illinois and 26th Indiana regiments when these Union troops ascended the ridge.

On the day of the Battle of Prairie Grove, only one of the original company commanders was present. The other three are absent, most likely due to illness. At the time of the battle on December 7, the battalion's command was as follows:

Major Robert E. Chew, commanding:
Company A- 1st Lieutenant Willis Greenlee
Company B- 1st Lieutenant Jacob C. Moles
Company C- Captain Samuel W. Perkins
Company D- Lieutenant Samuel L. Hayhurst (specific rank not noted, probably 1st lieutenant)

Major Robert E. Chew, was killed during the Battle of Prairie Grove. He was born circa 1822 in Virginia, the son of John Winslow and Ann Thornton (Voss) Chew. The family moved to Humphrey Co., Tennessee and by 1850 they were living in Fayetteville, Arkansas. In the census of that year the father was listed as the postmaster and Robert, 28, was listed as a farmer. Robert's father died in 1855 and at some point the family moved away probably to Missouri.  A query in the Confederate Veteran magazine by Chew's nephew stated that his uncle belonged to a Tennessee regiment and was killed at Prairie Grove. The nephew said he was told that his uncle's sword and watch had been recovered from his body and was hoping these items could be reunited with the family. Chew had, in fact, served as a captain in Company H, 2nd Tennessee Infantry (Col. J. Knox Walker commanding).  This regiment was formed entirely in Memphis, so Robert apparently had moved to this city sometime before the war started. The Official Records mentioned that Capt. Chew had assisted in the recapture of an artillery piece at the battle of Belmont, Missouri. At Shiloh the 2nd Tennessee Infantry suffered severe casualties and afterwards was consolidated into four companies. This left Captain Chew without a company to command. Apparently through Arkansas connections, he managed to get transferred back across the river to serve as a staff officer for Gen. Thomas C. Hindman. In that capacity, late in September, 1862, he met face to face with General William T. Sherman when he hand delivered a letter to him from General Hindman and returned with a reply. Sometime in October November, 1862 Robert Chew received a promotion to major and was given the assignment of commanding his own sharpshooter battalion. Adding up the numbers in the casualty list that appeared in the True Democrat, Chew's Battalion went into action with 12 officers and 104 enlisted men. They suffered 3 killed, 22 wounded (five of them mortally), and 5 missing for a total loss of 30.

Consolidation with Hawthorn's Regiment

On December 14, 1862, Major General Thomas C. Hindman endorsed General Fagan's request to consolidate Chew's Battalion and Hathorn's 39th Arkansas Infantry:

Major General Hindman mentioned the battalion again on December 23, 1862 in a letter to General Theophilus Hunter Holmes:

Chew's Battalion was consolidated into Hawthorn's Regiment in the following manner:

Company A, Chew's Battalion became Company G, Hawthorn's 39th Arkansas Infantry Regiment.
Company B, Chew's Battalion became Company K, Hawthorn's 39th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. It appears this also included the members of Tumlinson's Company who had gone over to Perkin's Company. They rejoined their former company and became part of Company K.
Companies C and D, Chew's Battalion became Company H, Hawthorn's 39th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. Captain Samuel W. Perkins was apparently forced out by this consolidation and does not appear on the roster of Hawthorn's Regiment.

From its initial service as Chew's Battalion through its consolidation with the 39th Arkansas Infantry, its members participated in the following engagements:

 Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, December 7, 1862
 Battle of Helena, Arkansas July 4, 1863
 Battle of Little Rock, Arkansas, September 10, 1863
 Red River Campaign, Arkansas March–May, 1864
 Battle of Jenkins Ferry, Arkansas April 30, 1864

Surrender
The survivors of Chew's Battalion surrendered with the remnants of the 39th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the rest of the Department of the Trans-Mississippi at Marshall, Texas on May 26, 1865.

See also

List of Arkansas Civil War Confederate units
Lists of American Civil War Regiments by State
Confederate Units by State
Arkansas in the American Civil War
Arkansas Militia in the Civil War

References

Further reading
Shea, William L. Fields of Blood: The Prairie Grove Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

Hess. Earl J.; Shea, William L.; Piston, William G.; Hatcher, Richard W.:  Wilson's Creek, Pea Ridge, and Prairie Grove: A Battlefield Guide, with a Section on Wire Road,  Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A. Bison Books 2006,

Category:Arkansas Confederate Civil War regiments
Category:1865 disestablishments in Arkansas
Category:Military units and formations in Arkansas
Category:1862 establishments in Arkansas
Category:1865 disestablishments in Texas
Category:Military units and formations established in 1862
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865


Susana Saxlund

Susana Saxlund (born 20 March 1957) is a Uruguayan former swimmer. She competed in two events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:Uruguayan female swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Uruguay
Category:Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Ankyofna Encada

Ankyofna Encada (born 6 October 1979) is a Bissau-Guinean former footballer who played as a midfielder for Horta, Oliveira do Hospital, Sporting Covilhã, União Micaelense, Pinhalnovense and Sporting Beira, as well as the Guinea-Bissau national team.

References

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Bissau-Guinean footballers
Category:Guinea-Bissau international footballers
Category:F.C. Oliveira do Hospital players
Category:S.C. Covilhã players
Category:CU Micaelense players
Category:C.D. Pinhalnovense players
Category:Campeonato de Portugal (league) players
Category:LigaPro players
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Bissau-Guinean expatriate footballers
Category:Bissau-Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Category:Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Category:Bissau-Guinean expatriates in Mozambique
Category:Expatriate footballers in Mozambique


Jerry Meyers

Jerry Meyers (born March 8, 1965) is the former pitching coach for the University of South Carolina Gamecocks baseball team.

Meyers attended the Iowa State University from 1984-1987 before starting his coaching career as a graduate assistant at South Alabama. Later he was an assistant coach at Gulf Coast Community College, UNC-Wilmington, and Old Dominion. Prior to the 1996 season he joined the coaching staff at  University of South Carolina as the pitching coach the under Ray Tanner.

Old Dominion
Meyers spent eight seasons at South Carolina before being named the head baseball coach at Old Dominion University after the 2004 college baseball succeeding Tony Guzzo. During his time at ODU Meyers compiled an overall record of 167-158 in six seasons. He was named the 2006 CAA Coach of the Year and in 2008 he was the pitching coach for Team USA.

Second Stint at South Carolina
After six seasons Meyers left Old Dominion for USC in 2010 where he now coaches pitchers again.

Jerry Meyers coached some of the best college pitchers at South Carolina, including 2000 Golden Spikes Award winner Kip Bouknight. One common theme for the successful Gamecock pitching staffs under his leadership was the presence of a dominating closer.

Two of these closers rank in the top 10 all-time in single season saves, with one more being in the top 15.

Personal
Meyers and his wife Christina have two daughters, Jaye Riley and Audrey Reese.

External links

Biography from uscsports.com
Announcement of Meyer's hiring at ODU
2004 college baseball record books in .pdf format

Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:Iowa State Cyclones baseball players
Category:Gulf Coast State Commodores baseball coaches
Category:UNC Wilmington Seahawks baseball coaches
Category:Old Dominion Monarchs baseball coaches
Category:South Carolina Gamecocks baseball coaches


Malcolm Ranjith

Albert Malcolm Ranjith Patabendige Don (Sinhala language: ඇල්බට් මැල්කම් රංජිත් පටබැඳිගේ දොන්) (born 15 November 1947), often known simply as Malcolm Ranjith or Albert Malcolm Ranjith, is the cardinal of the Catholic Church, Sri Lanka. He is the ninth and current Archbishop of Colombo, serving since 2009. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2010.

Ranjith previously served as auxiliary bishop of Colombo (1991–1995), Bishop of Ratnapura (1995–2001), Adjunct Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (2001–2004), Apostolic Nuncio to Indonesia and East Timor (2004–2005), and Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (2005–2009).

Early life and education
As the eldest of fourteen children, Malcolm Ranjith was born in Polgahawela to Don William and Mary Winifreeda. He studied at the De La Salle College in Mutwal before entering St. Aloysius Seminary in Borella in 1965. From 1966 to 1970, he pursued studies in theology and philosophy at the National seminary in Kandy. He was thereafter sent by the then Archbishop Thomas Cooray to further his priestly studies in Rome, he graduated from the Pontifical Urbanian University with a Bachelor of Theology (B.Th.) degree.

On 29 June 1975, Malcolm Ranjith was ordained to the priesthood by Pope Paul VI in St. Peter's Square. Later the cardinal had joined the tutorial staff of St. Thomas' College, Kotte before he pursued post graduate studies at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome, from where he obtained a Licentiate in Sacred Scripture in 1978; his thesis centered on the Epistle to the Hebrews. During his time at the Biblical Institute, he studied under Carlo Martini and Albert Vanhoye (both future cardinals), he also attended the Hebrew University of Jerusalem where he undertook scriptural research as a postgraduate student.

Priestly ministry
Upon his return to Sri Lanka, Ranjith became an assistant parish priest in Pamunugama in 1978, later serving as a parish priest in Payagala and Kalutara. His pastoral work among the poor but religious people in these fishing villages led him to become involved with social justice. He also established "Seth Sarana", a center for poor relief in the Archdiocese of Colombo. He once said that "love for the liturgy and love for the poor...have been the compass of my life as a priest."

In 1983, Ranjith was named the National Director of Pontifical Mission Societies. He revived the Society of the Holy Childhood and, as Diocesan Co-ordinator for Human Development, he introduced bold initiatives in areas such as housing, fisheries and various self-employment projects.

Episcopal career

Auxiliary Bishop of Colombo
On 17 June 1991, Ranjith was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Colombo and Titular Bishop of Cabarsussi. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 31 August from Archbishop Nicholas Marcus Fernando, with Bishops Thomas Savundaranayagam and Oswald Gomis serving as co-consecrators. He served as the Vicar General in charge of Parochial Apostolate and Lay Apostolate from 1991 to 1995. His peers elected him the Secretary General of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Sri Lanka as well. As the Chairman of the Organising Committee for the Beatification of Ven. Joseph Vaz and the visit of Pope John Paul II to Sri Lanka in January 1995, certainly impressed the Church leaders.

First Bishop of Ratnapura

Ranjith was also the first bishop appointed by the Holy See to the newly created Diocese of Ratnapura. Ranjith took office as Bishop of Ratnapura on 2 November 1995. His appointment was hailed as a welcome spark to kindle the fire of missionary zeal in the hearts of the clergy and laity in his diocese.

Ranjith promoted inter-faith dialogue in Sri Lanka as he believes it can eliminate potential causes of tensions and disagreements between the religious and ethnic groups that make up the country. He once said that "dialogue is vital and fundamental and as Catholics we must celebrate the richness of the Word of God incarnate in our life, families and communities".

Adjunct Secretary

Ranjith is also the first Sri Lankan Bishop to be appointed to the Holy See's civil service. On 1 October 2001, he was named Adjunct Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, and simultaneously appointed President of the Pontifical Mission Societies by Pope John Paul II. It is the Pope's ministry for the coordination of the missionary efforts of the Church and involves overview and growth of the local Churches in mission countries.

This Ministry coordinates over 1100 Archdioceses, Dioceses, Apostolic Vicarates and Apostolic Prefectures as well as Sui Juris Missions. The Adjunct Secretary is the President as of the Pontifical Mission Societies, which are the instruments of the Pope for enhancing support through prayer and contributions for the mission of the Church.

Apostolic Nuncio to Indonesia and East Timor

Ranjith is the first Sri Lankan bishop to be appointed an Apostolic Nuncio. He was appointed titular archbishop of Umbriatico and the Apostolic Nuncio to Indonesia and to East Timor on 29 April 2004

During his tenure as Apostolic Nuncio he was instrumental in enhancing mutual relations between the Holy See and Indonesia. He won the admiration of the Church hierarchy for the important role he played in assisting the establishment of cordial relations between the local Churches and government authorities, whilst ensuring respect for the rights of the local Catholic Church throughout the country.

Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship

Archbishop Ranjith was appointed Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments on 10 December 2005. He once described the liturgical reforms inspired by the Second Vatican Council as "a mixed bag of results." While praising the use of vernacular languages, he also criticized the "quasi total abandonment" of Latin and the "acceptance of all kinds of 'novelties' resulting from a secularizing and humanistic theological and liturgical mindset overtaking the West." He has also lamented the "banalization and obscuring of the mystical and sacred aspects of the liturgy in many areas of the Church in the name of a so-called Konzilsgeist (spirit of the Council)."

Ranjith opposes the reception of Communion in the hand and standing, once saying, "I think it is high time to...abandon the current practice that was not called for by Sacrosanctum Concilium, nor by Fathers, but was only accepted after its illegitimate introduction in some countries." A staunch supporter of the Tridentine Mass, Ranjith once said that bishops who opposed Summorum Pontificum were allowing themselves to be "used as instruments of the devil," accusing them of "disobedience...and even rebellion against the Pope." He once said, "I'm not a fan of the Lefebvrians...but what they sometimes say about the liturgy they say for good reason."

Archbishop Ranjith is fluent in ten languages; Italian, German, French, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Spanish, English, Sinhala and Tamil.

Archbishop of Colombo
On 16 June 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him as Metropolitan Archbishop of Colombo, naming Joseph Di Noia as Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. In a letter to Archbishop Ranjith, Pope Benedict said, "I wish to express my sincere thanks for the fidelity, the commitment and competence with which you exercised that [Divine Worship secretary] office." Pope Benedict also expressed that "we have reason to be encouraged by the good you will be able to perform among the peoples of your land."

Archbishop Ranjith was among 34 metropolitan archbishops to receive his pallium from Pope Benedict on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on 29 June 2009. The Archbishop was greeted with warmth and solemnity upon his arrival in Sri Lanka on 31 July 2009. Upon his arrival he was received by the President of Sri Lanka, such high-profile reception being due to the status of the Archbishops of Colombo as leaders (Metropolites) of the Catholic community in the country. Archbishop Ranjith took formal canonical possession of the Metropolitan See of Colombo in a private ceremony on 5 August 2009 and celebrated the Mass for the solemn beginning of his pastoral ministry as Archbishop of Colombo on 8 August 2009, when he was publicly installed in the cathedra of the Archbishops of Colombo.

On 7 October 2009, Archbishop Ranjith issued new liturgical guidelines in his diocese. These include a recommendation for "all faithful, including the religious, to receive Holy Communion reverently kneeling and on the tongue", as well as laymen being forbidden from preaching. In addition to this, priests are forbidden to bring elements or styles of worship from other religions into the liturgy.

In April 2010, Archbishop Ranjith was elected and took office as President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Sri Lanka.

Cardinal
On 20 October 2010, Pope Benedict XVI announced a Consistory for the creation of new Cardinals to be held on 20 November 2010, and made public the names of 24 Prelates he intended to raise to the Cardinalate on that occasion, Archbishop Ranjith being among those chosen for promotion to the Sacred College. Accordingly, Archbishop Ranjith was created a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church on the Consistory of 20 November 2010, and was assigned the title of Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina. On 13 February 2011 Cardinal Ranjith took possession of his titular church in Rome.

Cardinal Ranjith participated as a cardinal-elector in the 2013 conclave which elected Pope Francis.

In addition to serving as archbishop of Colombo, Cardinal Ranjith serves as a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments and of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. These memberships will be renewed every five years until his 80th birthday when he loses them on the same day he loses the right to vote in a conclave.

References

External links

 Amara Samara in Sinhala

Category:Living people
Category:1947 births
Category:Sri Lankan Roman Catholic archbishops
Category:Sri Lankan Roman Catholic priests
Category:Sri Lankan Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Sri Lankan cardinals
Category:Sinhalese priests
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops
Category:Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Category:Apostolic Nuncios to Indonesia
Category:Apostolic Nuncios to East Timor
Category:Members of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
Category:Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
Category:21st-century Roman Catholics
Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Category:Pontifical Urbaniana University alumni
Category:Pontifical Biblical Institute alumni


Douglas Cross

Douglas Donald Cross (8 September 1892 – 9 July 1970) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from  1948 until 1953 and from 1956 until his death . He was a  member of the Liberal Party.

Biography
Cross was born in Marrickville, New South Wales. He was the son of a police constable and educated to elementary level at a state superior school. Cross initially worked as a carpenter but eventually owned  a large building company. He served in the  First Australian Imperial Force  in France between 1916 and 1919. Cross was an alderman on the council of the Municipality of Kogarah between 1942 and 1970 and was mayor in 1944–47 and 1953–58. In 1948, he was elected to the New South Wales Parliament as the Liberal member for Kogarah at the by-election caused by the death of Labor's sitting member William Currey. He retained the seat until he was defeated by Labor's Bill Crabtree at the 1953 state election.  At the following election in 1956 he defeated Frank O'Neill, Labor's sitting member for the seat of Georges River. He retained this seat until his death in 1970.

References

Category:1892 births
Category:1970 deaths
Category:Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Category:People from Marrickville
Category:Australian carpenters
Category:20th-century Australian politicians


List of Blossom episodes

The following is a list of episodes for the sitcom Blossom. The pilot episode premiered on NBC on July 5, 1990 before airing as a regular series from January 3, 1991 to May 22, 1995. A total of 114 episodes were produced spanning 5 seasons.

Series overview
At present, the first two seasons have been released in one DVD box set by Shout! Factory.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Season
! rowspan="2" |Episodes
! colspan="2" |Originally aired
|-
! First aired
! Last aired
|-
| bgcolor="FFBF00"|
| [[List of Blossom episodes#Season 1 (1990–91)|1]]
| 14
| July 5, 1990
| April 29, 1991
|-
| bgcolor="A91D28"|
| [[List of Blossom episodes#Season 2 (1991–92)|2]]
| 24
| September 16, 1991
| May 4, 1992
|-
| bgcolor="6C488F"|
| [[List of Blossom episodes#Season 3 (1992–93)|3]]
| 26
| August 10, 1992
| May 17, 1993
|-
| bgcolor="21ABCD"|
| [[List of Blossom episodes#Season 4 (1993–94)|4]]
| 28
| September 19, 1993
| May 23, 1994
|-
| bgcolor="8DB600"|
| [[List of Blossom episodes#Season 5 (1994–95)|5]]
| 22
| September 26, 1994
| May 22, 1995
|}

Episodes

Season 1 (1990–91)

Season 2 (1991–92)

Season 3 (1992–93)

Season 4 (1993–94)

Season 5 (1994–95)

External links

Category:Lists of American sitcom television series episodes


Swimming at the 2017 Summer Universiade – Men's 100 metre butterfly

The Men's 100 metre butterfly competition at the 2017 Summer Universiade was held on 24 and 25 August 2017.

Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and Universiade records were as follows.

Results

Heats
The heats were held on 24 August at 9:32.

Semifinals
The semifinals were held on 24 August at 19:23.

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Final
The final was held on 25 August at 19:19.

References

Men's 100 metre butterfly


Denbury Crinoidal Limestone

The Denbury Crinoidal Limestone is a geologic formation in England. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in England

References

Category:Geologic formations of England
Category:Devonian System of Europe
Category:Devonian England
Category:Limestone formations


Great Pyramid Monument

The Great Pyramid Monument is a German proposal for a mausoleum, patterned after the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt.

Beginnings
The concept of constructing a modern pyramid was originally proposed by German writer Ingo Niermann.  He suggested a memorial be erected in the former East Germany, to serve as a democratic tomb for people from any ethnic, ethical and religious group.  If developed correctly it could also become a tourist attraction, and a beginning point for intercultural dialog.

Concept
The Great Pyramid is envisioned as the world's largest monument, potentially serving every human being as a grave or memorial site.

The group's mission statement explains that the monument is envisioned as being "affordable" as well as "[serving] all nationalities and religions. Individuals who are either unwilling or unable to have their ashes buried there can also opt to have a memorial stone placed instead. Stones can be custom designed with any number of colors, images, or relief decorations. The Great Pyramid will continue to grow with every stone placed, eventually forming the largest structure in the history of man."

Choosing (and re-visiting) the ancient building technique and shape of a pyramid is integral to the project, as it allows for continuous growth (see Fig.1) of the monument site.

Background
The Great Pyramid Monument is based on the idea of German writer and journalist Ingo Niermann, which he first proposed in 2006 in a collection of essays on possible measures to restructure German society and to solve some of the pertinent problems of 21st century Germany (Umbauland, ~ translates to refurbish-country or change-country).
Together with economist Jens Thiel, engineer Heiko Holzberger and a few others, he founded the group "Friends of the Great Pyramid". They raised initial funding of some 100.000 € from a German federal foundation Kulturstiftung des Bundes in their program for the Future of Labor. This enabled the group to pursue the project of the Great pyramid in terms of public relations, to develop a solid business plan, and to scout for feasible building sites, especially in Eastern Germany. The endeavour is portrayed in a feature-length documentary film by German director Frauke Finsterwalder.

Reactions to the Concept of the 'Great Pyramid Monument'

Regional (Dessau, Eastern Germany)
In spring 2007 a thorough analysis of the infrastructure in Eastern Germany narrowed the most feasible site for the great pyramid to a region outside Dessau, 100 km south of Berlin. The two villages of Streetz and Natho, however, showed limited enthusiasm for the project. Nevertheless, an interesting dialogue had begun, and September 2007 saw a symbolic founding stone being laid in Streetz, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany. A festival which showcased international and local artists accompanied this event and received considerable national and international media coverage.

International
Since the website launch in early spring 2007, the idea of the great pyramid monument has fueled interest in several countries.  Almost 1500 entities currently express their support for the idea of such an alternative forthcoming necropolis by holding a non-binding reservation for a resting stone in the pyramid via the group's website.

The relaunch issue of the Italian design magazine Abitare (October 2007) featured Niermann's concept in his own words. Scottish singer and cultural critic Nick Currie aka Momus likes the idea, while remaining wary of an implied or a perceived fascist aesthetic.

Architectural competition
As of November 2007, a closed-call competition to develop a sound architectural concept in designing the pyramid building and its surroundings is in progress. Participating architects include
Ai Weiwei, Beijing, Arquitectonica, Miami and New York, Atelier Bow-Wow, Tokyo, Nikolaus Hirsch, Wolfgang Lorch and Markus Miessen, Frankfurt/M. and London, and MADA s.p.a.m., Shanghai and Los Angeles.

The pyramid monument group have also gathered an internationally renowned jury board, comprising Omar Akbar, Architect and Executive Director of the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation, Stefano Boeri, Architect and Editor of the magazine Abitare, Milan, Rem Koolhaas (President of the Jury), Architect, Rotterdam, for the group themselves Ingo Niermann, writer and journalist, as well as Miuccia Prada, designer and entrepreneur from Milan.

References

Category:Proposed buildings and structures in Germany
Category:Mausoleums in Germany
Category:Pyramids in Germany


Tavua District

Tavua is a district in the Western Division on the north west coast of the island of Viti Levu in Fiji. It is part of the province of Ba. It is situated some 20 kilometers by road from Ba town. Its main economy is sugar cane, although the establishment of Tavua township was the result of a gold mine in Vatukoula, which is in the interior of Viti Levu but easily accessible from Tavua. A wharf, used by the mine, also exists at Vatia a few kilometres near the coast. The wharf is of historical significance as it was used as the main route of transportation from Suva to the western districts before the coastal road was built.
The district is home to Tavua F.C., who play at Thomson Park in Tavua.

See also
 Local government of Fiji

Category:Districts of Ba Province


Arakaninihi Island

Arakaninihi Island is a small island in the Northland Region of New Zealand. It lies off Taiharuru Head, directly east of Whangarei.

See also
 List of islands of New Zealand

References

External links

Category:Uninhabited islands of New Zealand
Category:Whangarei District
Category:Islands of the Northland Region


Jürgen Schneider

Jürgen Schneider (born 19 December 1949) is a Swiss former cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:Swiss male cyclists
Category:Olympic cyclists of Switzerland
Category:Cyclists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Bern


El Granada, California

El Granada is a census-designated place (CDP) in the coastal area of northern San Mateo County, California, United States. The population was 5,467 at the 2010 census.

Geography
El Granada is located at  (37.503766, -122.473230), on the less densely populated Pacific coast side of San Mateo County, approximately  south of San Francisco and  north of Santa Cruz, California. Neighboring towns include Montara and Moss Beach to the north and Half Moon Bay to the south.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that El Granada had a population of 5,467. The population density was 1,133.7 people per square mile (437.7/km²). The racial makeup of El Granada was 4,608 (84.3%) White, 45 (0.8%) African American, 38 (0.7%) Native American, 190 (3.5%) Asian, 5 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 336 (6.1%) from other races, and 245 (4.5%) from two or more races.  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 813 persons (14.9%).

The Census reported that 5,453 people (99.7% of the population) lived in households, 14 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 2,098 households, out of which 660 (31.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,245 (59.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 163 (7.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 69 (3.3%) had a male householder with no wife present.  There were 132 (6.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 33 (1.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 420 households (20.0%) were made up of individuals and 124 (5.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60.  There were 1,477 families (70.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.00.

The population was spread out with 1,199 people (21.9%) under the age of 18, 314 people (5.7%) aged 18 to 24, 1,269 people (23.2%) aged 25 to 44, 2,106 people (38.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 579 people (10.6%) who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 44.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.

There were 2,198 housing units at an average density of 455.8 per square mile (176.0/km²), of which 1,592 (75.9%) were owner-occupied, and 506 (24.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.0%.  4,205 people (76.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,248 people (22.8%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,724 people, 2,028 households, and 1,512 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was 1,062.7 people per square mile (410.0/km²).  There were 2,097 housing units at an average density of 389.3 per square mile (150.2/km²).  The racial makeup of the CDP in 2010 was 77.0% non-Hispanic White, 0.6% non-Hispanic African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.9% of the population.

There were 2,028 households out of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.18.

In the CDP, the population was spread out with 26.8% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 29.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $91,979, and the median income for a family was $96,095. Males had a median income of $54,122 versus $48,065 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $38,832.  About 1.1% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.

History
El Granada's unusual concentric-circular street layout was designed by the influential architect and city planner Daniel Burnham.  Burnham's other works included overseeing the design for the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago and designing the 1902 Flatiron Building in New York City.  Burnham's plan was commissioned by the Ocean Shore Railroad, which developed El Granada as a seaside resort for visitors from San Francisco.  He  developed city plans for San Francisco (1905), Chicago (1909), Manila and the Mall in Washington D.C.  His company designed many noteworthy buildings in Chicago, San Francisco, Pittsburgh and other cities in the US.  He is buried on an island with his family under granite boulders in Graceland Cemetery, Chicago.

Government
In the California State Legislature, El Granada is in , and in .

Federally, El Granada is in .

References

External links
 Coastsider, Coastal San Mateo County news site

Category:Populated coastal places in California
Category:Census-designated places in San Mateo County, California
Category:Census-designated places in California


Rohinton Fali Nariman

Rohinton Fali Nariman (born 13 August 1956) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. Before being elevated as a judge, he practised as a senior counsel at the Supreme Court. He was appointed the Solicitor General of India on 23 July 2011. He also served as a member of the Bar Council of India. He was designated as a Senior Counsel by Justice Venkatachaliah (the then Chief Justice of India) in 1993 at the early age of 37.

Early life and education
Nariman is the son of Fali Sam Nariman, a distinguished Indian Jurist. He received his early education in Mumbai, at the Cathedral and John Connon School. He completed his undergraduate B.Com. degree from Shri Ram College of Commerce. He completed his LL.B from Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, where he ranked 2nd in the batch. He then went to Harvard Law School for his LL.M. degree in 1980–81 where he was taught by stalwarts like Professor Laurence Tribe and Professor Unger.

Legal career
Nariman joined the Bar as an advocate in 1979. Times of India has placed him among top ten lawyers of his time. After his year at Harvard, he practised Maritime Law in New York at Haight, Gardner, Poor & Havens for a year.
He has been designated as a Senior Advocate at Supreme Court of India from 15 December 1993 at the young age of 37. While appointing him Chief Justice Venkatachalaiah amended the rules as Nariman was of 37 years and the minimum age for being made a senior in the Supreme Court was 45.

He has been practising law for the last 30 years and has more than 500 reported Supreme Court Judgments to his credit. He is an expert in Comparative Constitutional Law and Civil Law. He has argued numerous cases, including the constitutional bench judgments of P.A. Inamdar v. State of Maharashtra and State of Punjab v. Devans Modern Breweries Ltd.

One of Mr. Nariman's latest cases, Enercon (India) Ltd. v. Enercon GMBH, Civil Appeal No. 2086 of 2014, has clarified the arbitration law on the seat/venue dichotomy. Khoday Distilleries Ltd. v. Scotch Whisky Assn., (2008) 10 SCC 723 is a landmark case in trademark law wherein the arguments of Mr. Nariman that the class of buyer may be relevant to the determination of a passing off action and it is not always the test of the prudent man which would apply was accepted.
He has argued the cases for theatre artist Vijay Tendulkar and the controversy-marred play Sakharam Binder. He claims that these two cases have been the turning points of his life. He has handled the high-profile case of gas sharing between the Reliance Industries Limited (led by Mukesh Ambani) and Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (which is led by Anil Ambani).

He has set up the Supreme Court Lawyers Welfare Trust which works for the welfare of lawyers and encourages young talent.

Solicitor General
Nariman was of 55 years of age when he was appointed the Solicitor General of India.

Resignation
After being at the post of Solicitor General of India for eighteen months, Nariman resigned on 4 February 2013. The reason for this is not known though it was said that he shared a poor rapport with the Law Minister Ashwani Kumar

Supreme Court Judge
Nariman was elevated as a Judge of the Supreme Court on 7 July 2014. He is the fifth Supreme Court judge to be elevated directly from the Bar. He will retire on attaining the age of 65 years on 12 August 2021.

Book
In November 2016, Nariman's book on the Zoroastrian religion, The Inner Fire,  was released. The book is an analysis of the Gathas.

Notable Judgements

Freedom of Speech

Nariman and Jasti Chelameswar formed the two judge bench of the Supreme Court of India which struck down a controversial law which gave Indian police the power to arrest anyone accused of posting emails or other electronic messages which "causes annoyance or inconvenience". The judges held Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, which made such offenses punishable up to three years imprisonment, to be unconstitutional. The judgement was authored by Nariman. According to Nariman and Chelameswar, several terms in the law they were striking down were "open-ended, undefined and vague" which made them nebulous in nature. According to the judges: "What may be offensive to one may not be offensive to another. What may cause annoyance or inconvenience to one may not cause annoyance or inconvenience to another."

In their judgement the judges clarified that a distinction needs to be made between discussion, advocacy, and incitement. Any discussion, or advocacy of even an unpopular cause cannot be restricted, and it is only when such discussion or advocacy reaches the level of incitement whereby it causes public disorder or affects the security of the state can it be curbed.

The judgement has been welcomed for defending the Indian Constitution's ideals of tolerance and the Constitutional provisions of free speech. It has been pointed out that the controversial law struck down by Nariman and Chelameswar had gained notoriety after many people in India started  getting arrested for seemingly innocuous reasons on the ground that they had violated the now scrapped law.

Triple Talaq

In a landmark judgement, a five-judge Bench struck down instantaneous triple talaq by 3–2 majority and termed it void, illegal and unconstitutional. While Justice Kurian Joseph, Justice Rohinton Fali Nariman and Justice Uday Umesh Lalit struck down the practice; Chief Justice JS Khehar and Justice Abdul Nazeer asked Parliament to make a law in this regard. Justice Rohinton Fali Nariman judgement was against the practice of Triple Talaq where he stated "Triple Talaq is a disapproved form of divorce. Even the Hanafi law says triple talaq is sinful. 1937 Act recognizes triple talaq and therefore does not violate Article 13. It is not possible for the court to fold his hands when petitioners come to court. Practice of triple talaq is bad and can be tested as legislation."

References

Category:Solicitors General of India
Category:Living people
Category:Parsi people from Mumbai
Category:20th-century Indian judges
Category:1956 births
Category:Indian legal scholars
Category:Harvard Law School alumni
Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India
Category:21st-century Indian judges
Category:Scholars from Mumbai
Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni
Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni


Mail merge

Mail merge consists in combining mail and letters and pre-addressed envelopes or mailing labels for mass mailings from a form letter.

Microsoft Word can insert content from a database, spreadsheet, or table into Word documents.

This feature is usually employed in a word processing document which contains fixed text (which is the same in each output document) and variables (which act as placeholders that are replaced by text from the data source).

Mail Merge is a powerful tool for writing a personalized letter or E-mail to many people at the same time. It imports data from another source such as Excel and then uses that to replace placeholders throughout the message with the relevant information for each individual that is being messaged.

History
Mail merge dates back to early word processors on personal computers, circa 1980. WordStar was perhaps the earliest to provide this, originally via an ancillary program called Mail merge. WordPerfect also offered this capacity for CP/M and MS-DOS systems; Microsoft Word added it later on,
as did Multimate.

With the arrival of Windows 3.0 and subsequently 3.1, mail merge took a step forward.

Advanced features
Money can be saved by pre-sorting on zip code and grouping by postal-discount requirements (same ZIP code, same SCF).

A paperless approach is to use mail merge to format email.

Going beyond words, in 2018 the New York Times detailed a further instance of "mass customization" - personalized videos.

Overview
The data source is typically a spreadsheet or a database which has a field or column for each variable in the template. When the mail merge process is run, the word processing system creates an output document for each row in the database, using the fixed text exactly as it appears.

The mail merging process generally requires the following steps:
 Creating a Main Document and the Template.
 Creating a Data Source.
 Defining the Merge Fields in the main document.
 Merging the Data with the main document.
 Saving/Exporting.

A common usage is for creating "personalized" letters, where a template is created, with a field for "Given Name", for example. The templated letter says "Dear <Given Name>", and when executed, the mail merge creates a letter for each record in the database, so it appears the letter is more personal. It is often used for variable data printing. It can also be used to create address labels from a customer relationship management database, or for mass emails with pertinent information in them, perhaps a username and password.

See also
 Desktop publishing
 Digital printing
 Dynamic publishing
 Mass customization
 Word processors

References

External links

 Mail Merge with Zoho Writer
 Mail merge with Openoffice.org
 Mail merge with Microsoft Word
 Mail merge with Mailmeteor for Gmail
 Mail merge with Fuzen for Gmail
 Video tutorial on how to Mail merge using Microsoft Excel and Word
 Video demo on how to data/mail merge using a 3rd party tool
 Article on troubleshooting mail merge problems

Category:Text editor features
Category:Word processors


Masters M35 400 metres world record progression

This is the progression of world record improvements of the 400 metres M35 division of Masters athletics.

Key

References

Masters Athletics 400 m list

Category:Masters athletics world record progressions


Gyemyeongsan

Gyemyeongsan is a mountain located in Chungju, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea. It has an elevation of .

Mount Gyemyeongsan guards the city of Chungju, and it is known for its beauty with its impressively-shaped Ambong Peaks.

The park at Mount Gyemyeong sticks out toward Lake Chungju like a fist. This little mountaintop is known as Mount Simhang. Jongdaengi-gil is a forest road that circles Mount Simhang.

See also
Geography of Korea
List of mountains in Korea
List of mountains by elevation
Mountain portal
South Korea portal

References

Category:Mountains of North Chungcheong Province
Category:Chungju
Category:Mountains of South Korea


Holy Cross Church, Munich

The Holy Cross Church (German: Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche) is a Catholic church in the Fröttmaning district of Munich  (Germany). It is now the oldest preserved church in the city as Fröttmaning has been a part of Munich since 1931.

History
The history of the church begins before 815, when the village of Fröttmaning was first mentioned officially (ad Freddamaringun; in loco Freddimaringa). A deed of donation in connection with the church from the year 815 is the oldest document in the Bavarian State Archive. The Fröttmaning noble Situli at that time had offered a wooden church, together with the farmland, to the Freising bishopric, which was consecrated by Bishop Hitto of Freising. Today's late Romanesque building with its thick walls was built for the most part at the beginning of the 13th century. The Church of the Holy Cross is one of the churches with steeple above the choir which was typical for the Bishopric of Freising at that time. The Romanesque spire with round arch windows and frieze is eighteen meters high, the church itself is fifteen meters long and nearly seven meters wide. The battlement with its embrasures is still visible in the inner wall. Particularly rare and unique in Germany are the Romanesque frescoes painted directly on the red bricks of the interior with lime paint, which were discovered only in 1981 during renovations and then partly exposed. The painted circles around a tree of life symbolize the sun. One of the wall paintings is the oldest representation of Christ in Bavaria. The rest of the church is predominantly from the baroque period. The ceiling fresco painted by pupils of the Asam brothers around 1740, it shows the worship of the Holy Cross.

Sunken village

With the construction of the nearby Allianz Arena, an international competition for an artwork was initiated which was won by Timm Ulrichs. He created a copy of the church as building structure as the Fröttmaning mountain of rubble had been included in the competition area.
The focus is on the disappearance of the former village of Fröttmaning. Approximately 150 meters south of the Holy Cross Church, in 2006, an untraceable look-alike of the Romanesque church was created in original size from painted precast concrete parts. The surreal-melancholic work of art "sunken village" at the foot of the Fröttmaning mountain of rubble is a kind of a loss display, the disappearing in this place. The copy was arranged in such a way that the building seems half buried from the mountain.

Category:9th-century churches
Category:13th-century churches in Germany
Category:Romanesque architecture in Germany
Category:Roman Catholic churches in Munich
Category:Tourist attractions in Munich


William of Malines

William of Malines (or William of Mesines) (died 1145/6) was a Flemish priest who was the Prior of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre from 1127 to 1130 and was then Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1130 until his death. He is sometimes called William I to distinguish him from William of Agen, second patriarch of that name, but he was the second William to serve as prior of the Holy Sepulchre after William the Englishman.

William of Tyre described William of Mesines as a man of "praiseworthy habits".  As Patriarch, he was an important supporter of Melisende during her regency and is described as a man capable yet pliable. He received a letter from Bernard of Clairvaux urging him to support the Knights Templar, who had received their papal privileges at the same time as William's embassy to Rome. William took the initiative in constructing a castle, the "Castrum Arnaldi" (or Chastel Arnoul) at Yalo, to guard the road between Jerusalem and Jaffa in 1132–33, along with some citizens. It was later a Templar stronghold.

In 1139 Patriarch William was displeased by the actions of Archbishop Fulcher of Tyre (of Angoulême), who travelled to Rome to receive his pallium from the Pope and protest the division of his archdiocese into two ecclesiastical territories: the northern suffragans were under the authority of the Patriarch and only the southern sees remained under Fulcher's control.  Perhaps fearing that Fulcher would try to remove his entire archdiocese to the Principality of Antioch (so that he might exercise control over it all as Archbishop), William took direct control over the southern sees of Tyre in Fulcher's absence,  for William would not allow the archbishop of Tyre, whose archdiocese lay within the boundaries of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and his patriarchate, to become the subject of another.

See also

Notes

Category:1140s deaths
Category:Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:People of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Category:Flemish priests