Paris, Pennsylvania

Paris is a census-designated place in Hanover Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States.  Although it is not tracked by the United States Census Bureau, Paris has been assigned the ZIP code 15021.  As of the 2010 census the population was 732 residents.

The community is located just north of U.S. Route 22 near the Pennsylvania/West Virginia border.

Category:Census-designated places in Washington County, Pennsylvania
Category:Place names of French origin in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area
Category:Census-designated places in Pennsylvania


Kim Maltman

Kim Maltman (born 1951) is a Canadian poet and physicist who lives in Toronto, Ontario.  He is a professor of Applied Mathematics at York University and pursues research in theoretical nuclear/particle physics. He is serving as a judge for the 2019 Griffin Poetry Prize.

Works
The Country of the Mapmakers (1977),
The Sicknesses of Hats (1982),
Branch Lines (1982),
Softened Violence (1984),
The Transparence of November / Snow (1985),  (with Roo Borson)
Technologies/Installations (1990),
Introduction to the Introduction to Wang Wei (2000),  (by Pain Not Bread)

Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Canadian poets
Category:Scientists from Toronto
Category:Writers from Toronto
Category:Particle physicists
Category:York University faculty
Category:Canadian male poets
Category:20th-century Canadian male writers
Category:21st-century Canadian male writers
Category:21st-century Canadian poets
Category:Canadian nuclear physicists
Category:Canadian particle physicists
Category:20th-century Canadian scientists
Category:21st-century Canadian scientists


Albert Raisner

Albert Raisner (30 September 1922 in Apolda, Germany – 1 January 2011 in Boulogne-Billancourt, France) was a French harmonica player, founder of the award-winning Trio Raisner and a TV and radio host and producer. He was the host of the hit show "Age Tendre et Tetes de Bois", which aired from 1961 to 1967 and featured world-renowned artists including The Beatles, Elvis Presley, Stevie Wonder, Isaac Hayes and French singers Johnny Hallyday and Claude Francois.  He is regarded as an icon and a pioneer of French television, sometimes compared to Ed Sullivan, and was knighted by the French president in 1977.

Early life
Born in the Thuringian town Apolda of a French father and a German mother, Albert Raisner arrived in Paris at age 7.  His socially modest family lived in Montmartre in the 18th arrondissement of the capital in a 400 square feet apartment. He had two brothers, one older, one younger.

His father was a sales representative and music enthusiast, who taught him violin, piano, trumpet, guitar and clarinet early on.  He received classical musical training; nevertheless, harmonica was his favorite instrument. He was a member of the boy scouts, whom he considered his first audience when he played during vigils around camp fire.  He refined his talent with musician Charles Rodriguez, a gypsy guitarist, violinist, man band and French harmonica pioneer. Until 1939, he participated in the activities of Studio Rodriguez (officially 'French Association for Musical Expansion') and became known in the entertainment world. He joined legendary gypsy guitarist Django Reinhardt on tour. Raisner would also participate in the circus world, with "Cirque Pinder", where he learned to perform on the trapeze.

A teenager during the Second World War, he experienced food rationing and the bombing of his street.  He joined the Resistance in Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne in Corrèze in Free France. During the war, Raisner joined the semi-clandestine jazz underworld and created the Club for Harmonica ('CHARM').

Raisner studied at Colbert High School before spending a year at Ecole Normale d'Auteuil, both in Paris, earning a Ph.D. in linguistics.

Le Trio Raisner (1943-1960)

With Sirio Rossi and Adrien Belin, Albert Raisner formed the Trio Raisner, which would become a regular feature of radio and TV programs.  The trio was recruited to play during shows for the American Army in Europe.  Trio Raisner earned large-scale success upon D-Day and at Liberation with the American Special Service (an effort to provide entertainment for US-soldiers in Europe) in Frankfurt, where he shared scene and airtime with Frank Sinatra, Louis Armstrong, Marlene Dietrich, Elvis Presley, Ella Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington.

Thereafter, the Trio Raisner performed numerous, highly successful shows and tours in France.  More than solely musicians, members of the trio were showmen, musical scene pioneers, mixing harmonica, songs, dances and humor.  Soon after, the trio toured outside of France including Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Israel.  It was featured numerous times on international radio channels and in movies.  Albert Raisner composing songs for the trio, and in 1952 the Trio Raisner received the Grand Prix du Disque (Best Song of the Year award) for 'Le Canari'.

at the end of the 1950s, the trio dissolved and Raisner continued his harmonica career as a solo artist.  He hosted the first part of Chuck Berry's Olympia concert.  He also wrote a book, Le Livre de l'Harmonica, in which he retraced the history of the musical instrument, its performers, as well as his own history as a musician.

TV and radio host (1958-1983)

Le jeu des 1000 francs
Raisner was among the first hosts of the Jeu des 1000 Francs, one of the longest-running French radio programs.

Âge tendre et tête de bois
Raisner created his signature show Age Tendre et Tete de Bois in 1961, which would become a staple of French TV and a legendary program.  It was a music show on prime time, Saturday night, on France's unique TV channel, RTF.  Even if created with modest means, the show met with immediate, overwhelming success.  Shows were filmed at the Golf-Drouot, at the Moulin de la Gallette and at the Cite Universitaire.  Albert Raisner became the leading talent discoverer and was among the first to air rock 'n' roll music.  An iconic figure of the 'ye-ye' era (1960s), he introduced to France and supported many French, American and international artists including Ray Charles, Gene Vincent, Johnny Hallyday, The Beatles, Sheila, Claude Francois, Henri Salvador, the Beach Boys, Eddy Mitchell, Joan Baez, Dalida, Salvatore Adamo, Michel Polnareff, Stevie Wonder, Gigiola Cinquietti, Enrico Macias, Sylvie Vartan, Francois Hardy and Adriano Celentano.  The show was remembered for its jovial, high energy style, its duplexes and multiplexes with artists around the world, the close proximity between the audience and the stars, and the prohibition of play-back.  Albert Raisner also designed the show's mascot, the 'Bonhomme Tete de Bois', to his image.

Europarty
In 1963, Raisner created a German-French co-production, Rendez-vous sur le Rhin, which will soon evolve to include 7 European countries to be renamed 'Europarty'.  He even twice set up a bilateral show in Moscow, aired in France and the USSR, live and in Russian – a unique achievement at the time of the Cold War.

Samedi et Compagnie
Starting 1968, Albert Raisner was the host for Samedi et Compagnie.  The shows changed its name in 1971 to become Samedi et Vous.  Albert Raisner also hosted Point Chaud which starred Isaac Hayes, Hugues Aufray and Many Dibango.  He travelled to the United States several times and covered the Woodstock Festival for French TV.  In 1973, he wrote a book retracing the history of 1960 and 1970 music, L'Aventure Pop.

Tremplin 80
Raisner created the music show Tremplin 80 which he hosted until 1983.  He stepped away from TV thereafter to raise his two sons, but continued to be present on radio shows and participated in tours and concerts in Europe.

1990-2000s
Raisner made a comeback on TV in 1990 with Age Tendre, on channel Antenne 2, which linked artists from the 1960s to those of the 1990s.  He hosted Vanessa Paradis, among others.

In the mid-1990s, he hosted 'Salut Albert' on Radio Montmartre, before hosting a show on Europe 1 at the end of the 1990s.  He also kept participating in tours including one on the ship Queen Elizabeth II with Petula Clark.

Personal life
Raisner married Brigitte Konjovic, Miss France 1978.  They had two sons, Richard and Remy Raisner.
Raisner was a member of Mensa International, a social organization whose members are in the top 2% of intelligence as measured by an IQ test entrance exam.
Raisner died aged 88 of respiratory insufficiency at Hôpital Ambroise-Paré in the Parisian suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt.

Awards
Grand Prix du Disque (1952)
Chevalier de l'ordre national du Mérite (1978)
Médaille de la ville de Paris

Impact
A harmonica pioneer, he contributed to popularize his instrument in France. He is considered as one of the best harmonicists of all times. He was among the first to create a TV show for teenagers.  He was also among the first TV hosts to become a producer as well.  He thereby contributed to change in the entertainment industry's functioning.  Always avant-gardist, he was one of the first host/producers to propose shooting live in other or simultaneous countries. He launched countless artists who went on to earn international success.

His TV shows' excerpts are oftentimes relayed by media.  A widely successful tour featuring 1960s and 1970s French and international artists was named Age Tendre et Tetes de Bois in his honor.

A harmonica song he wrote and played is decades later, the theme of a leading Japanese radio show.

Publications

TV shows
 Âge tendre et tête de bois
 Tête de bois et tendres années
 Rendez-vous sur le Rhin
 Europarty
 Samedi et compagnie
 Samedi et vous
 Point chaud
 Tremplin 80
 Âges tendres

Radio shows
 Le Jeu des 1000 francs
 Salut Albert

Books
 -Le Livre de l'harmonica, Presses du Temps Présent, Paris, 1961, 223 p.
 -Méthode générale pour l'harmonica, Hohner, 1966
 -L’Aventure pop, Robert Laffont, Paris, 1973, 303 p.
 -Harmonica diatonique et chromatique facile : 30 standards... (Facile), 1993

Music albums
 -Trio Raisner, Enregistrements originaux 1948-1953
 -La Magia de la Armonica
 -Trio Raisner, classique et danse
 -Baile con Albert Raisner
 -Le Roi de l'harmonica
 -Harmonica parade

Movies
 -1955: Les Évadés
 -1959: Deux hommes dans Manhattan
 -1961: Léon Morin, prêtre
 -1963: L'Aîné des Ferchaux

References

 Dernier hommage en musique à Albert Raisner en présence de Michèle Torr AFP France 24(French) 12 February 2011
 Age tendre et tête de bois : Emission du 27 mars 1962, undated, INA Website (French)

External links

Category:1922 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:French harmonica players
Category:People from Apolda
Category:Mensans


Skinny Living

Skinny Living are a three piece English indie rock band from Wakefield, England. The band is made up of a blend of vocalists, songwriters and musicians; namely Ryan Johnston (vocals), Will Booth (guitar), and Danny Hepworth (guitar). The band signed to RCA Records in 2017, and then to Polydor in 2019. That same year saw them have their tracks featured on the likes of Clash Magazine, play over 250 shows, as well as being selected to headline Live at Leeds. For 2020 they are going to be touring with The Kaiser Chiefs as well as headlining their own shows in London and Leeds.

References

Category:British indie rock groups
Category:English alternative rock groups
Category:Musical groups established in 2013
Category:Musical groups from Wakefield


Butler Canyon

Butler Canyon is a valley in the U.S. state of Arizona.

Butler Canyon has the name of Jacob Noah Butler, a Mormon pioneer.

References

Category:Landforms of Apache County, Arizona
Category:Valleys of Arizona


Raumklang

Raumklang is a German classical music record label founded in 1993 by viola player and saxophonist Sebastian Pank and based in Leipzig. He is the son of Siegfried Pank.

Selected recordings
The label ranges from medieval to contemporary music. Several recordings have been noted by the press, musicologists, or won awards.
 Music of Georgia: Antchis Chati Chor: Georgische Reise (2004)

References

External links
raumklang.de
Category:Classical music record labels


Nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis pars oralis

The nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis pars oralis, more commonly referred to as simply the VPLo, is a region of the thalamus that takes part in motor function. It should not be confused with the VLPO, a group of neurons in the hypothalamus involved in sleep regulation.

References

Category:Thalamic nuclei


Novaya Otradovka

Novaya Otradovka () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Otradovsky Selsoviet, Sterlitamaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 1,242 as of 2010. There are 25 streets.

References

Category:Rural localities in Bashkortostan


Thixton, Louisville

Thixton is a neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky centered along Bardstown Road and Thixton Lane.

References

Category:Neighborhoods in Louisville, Kentucky


Kabri, Israel

Kabri (, also transliterated Cabri) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the Western Galilee about  east of the Mediterranean seaside town of Nahariya, it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Asher Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

History

Prehistory

The area of Kabri springs was first settled 16,000 years ago , during the Neolithic period. Permanent structures appeared around the year 10000 BCE .  Archaeological digs uncovered the remains of an ancient city. The city was built around the year 2500 BCE and its territory ranged over , which were surrounded by dirt embankments  high and  thick, on which were built guard towers.

The ancient city that existed 1km to the south-west is known to archaeologists as Tel Kabri, though its Canaanite name  is not known. It was a city-state in the heart of which was placed the palace of the ruling monarch. The two-story palace was decorated with colorful frescoes and ornaments in Minoan style.  Residents of the city (their number is estimated at 5,000) earned their living through agriculture and international commerce. Leftover bits and pieces of merchandise whose origins lay in Egypt, Turkey and Crete were found in the ruins and in graves during the excavations. The city was connected to a port on the coast, apparently the one under Achziv. The city-state was completely abandoned around the year 1600 BCE for unknown reasons.

Ancient history

After a few generations, the Phoenicians established next to the abandoned city a fortress town on , in which were found the weapons and kitchen equipment of Greek mercenaries, as well as an extremely rare bowl, in which was prepared the color purple, the Phoenicians' main export. That settlement survived from the 9th century BCE until the end of 7th century, at which time it was destroyed by the Babylonians.

Modern history
The Palestinian village of al-Kabri existed at the site from the post-Crusader period until 1949. In 1948 the Yehiam convoy was ambushed while passing the village. According to Israeli historian Benny Morris, a subsequent Haganah attack led to the flight of most of the villagers, while others were killed in what became known as the al-Kabri incident. The Haganah planned to "destroy and burn" Al-Kabri and neighboring villages in the western Galilee. Later, Al-Kabri was among villages razed to ensure that its residents "could and would never return."

In 1949 a new kibbutz was founded on the site of the village by displaced members of kibbutz Beit HaArava and young refugees from the Youth Aliyah. Beit HaArava was located along the Jordan River near Jericho, and had been evacuated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, was subsequently destroyed by the invading Jordanian forces. Beit HaArava's children and noncombatant women members had been evacuated to kibbutz Shefayim during the War of Independence. The members subsequently divided in 1949 into two groups. One became the founding members of Kabri and the other joined Gesher HaZiv, another kibbutz in the Western Galilee.

Geography
The kibbutz is situated near four natural springs, which provide water to it and the neighboring moshavim of Ben Ami and Nativ HaShayara. There are also two archeological sites within its boundaries: Tel Kabri and a Byzantine well and mosaic floor. It commands a view of the Mediterranean and is within sight of the Lebanese border.

Economy
The kibbutz supports itself from a successful banana plantation and from the avocado groves where most of the archaeological excavation has taken place by the ongoing archaeological expedition at Tel Kabri. The kibbutz also runs a metal and wax casting factory (Cabiran), a plastics factory (Ri'on), a restaurant, regional auditorium, and a vacation village.

Educational institutions
Two schools are located on the kibbutz grounds—the "Maayanot" regional elementary school and the "Manor-Kabri" regional high school—in which children and youth of the kibbutz and nearby settlements receive their education. The high school particularly emphasizes education in the arts, offering majors (Grades 10–12) in music, visual arts, drama, and cinema/video. Owing to the educational programs offered in the performing arts along with academic subjects from the state curriculum, it attracts pupils from all over the area. Former Knesset member and Kabri resident Daniel Rosolio taught at both schools.

There is also a childcare system for infants, toddlers, and kindergartners, and adult education with a range of cultural activities.

Notable residents
Daniel Rosolio, politician and member of the Knesset
Ori Reisman, painter
Avishai Cohen, jazz bassist, composer, singer and arranger
Yardena Arazi, singer and entertainer
Eival Gilady, general

References

External links
Kibbutz website

Category:Kibbutzim
Category:Kibbutz Movement
Category:Populated places established in 1949
Category:Populated places in Northern District (Israel)
Category:1949 establishments in Israel


Abigail's Ghost

Abigail's Ghost are an American rock band formed by former Berklee College of Music students, Kenneth Wilson and Joshua Theriot in 2003. The band started as online writing session between Theriot and Wilson, sharing musical ideas back and forth while carving what would become their debut album over the course of a few years.

They released their first album, Selling Insincerity, in 2007. In 2009, Abigail's Ghost played the annual progressive rock Rites of Spring festival. Later that year, they released their sophomore record, D_Letion.

After a 6-year hiatus, Abigail's Ghost released Black Plastic Sun to some critical acclaim.

Band members
Current members
 Kenneth Wilson – bass guitar, vocals, synthesizers (2003–present)
 Joshua Theriot – lead vocals, guitars (2003–present)
 John Rodrigue – drums, percussion (2008–present)
 Brett Guillory – piano, synthesizers (2004–present)

Former members
 Randy LeBoeuf - rhythm guitar (2008-2009)
 Seth Davis – drums (2004–2006)

Discography

Studio Albums
 Selling Insincerity (2007)
 D_Letion (2009)
 Black Plastic Sun (2015)

Other Releases
 Seeping EP (2007)
 Cerulean Blue EP (2007)
 Nombre Trente Deux (2013)
 Unmastered EP'' (2014)

References

External links

Abigail's Ghost Official Website
Abigail's Ghost Official Facebook
Abigail's Ghost at last.fm
Interview with Kenneth Wilson of Abigail's Ghost," USA Progressive Music, July 2009
Interview with Kenneth Wilson of Abigail's Ghost, Robex Lundgren Music Blogg, December 2013
ItDjents.com REVIEW - Abigail's Ghost - Black Plastic Sun

Category:American progressive rock groups
Category:American experimental musical groups
Category:Musical groups established in 2003
Category:Musical quartets
Category:2003 establishments in the United States


Antigua and Barbuda national cricket team

A cricket team representing Antigua and Barbuda has been active since the late 1890s. The Antigua and Barbuda Cricket Association is a member of the Leeward Islands Cricket Association, which itself is a member association of the West Indies Cricket Board, and players from Antigua and Barbuda generally represent the Leeward Islands cricket team at domestic level and the West Indies at international level. The team made its List A debut at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, and its Twenty20 debut at the 2006 Stanford 20/20 tournament. As of 2015, the team has played 14 List A matches and four Twenty20 matches. The team captain is Sylvester Joseph, while Ridley Jacobs is the team coach.

History
In the mid-1890s, several touring English amateur sides played matches against Antiguan representative sides. R. S. Lucas' XI toured in 1895, winning by an innings and 69 runs, and A. A. Priestley's and Lord Hawke's XIs both toured in early 1897, winning by an innings and 96 runs and 259 runs, respectively. Part of the colony of the British Leeward Islands until 1958, and a member of the West Indies Federation between 1958 and 1962, Antigua played almost exclusively in the Leewards Islands Tournament, with occasional matches against touring teams, which included a "New Zealand Ambassadors" team in 1970, Kent in 1973 and 1979, and Canada in 1976. At West Indian domestic level, Antiguan and Barbudan cricketers represented the Leeward Islands cricket team, which debuted in the Shell Shield, the domestic first-class competition, in 1958. The Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands participated together as the Combined Islands cricket team from 1965 to 1981, when they separated again. Antigua and Barbuda gained independence in 1981, and from then on participated as "Antigua and Barbuda". The team toured Bermuda in September 1984, drawing a three-day match with the Bermuda national team.

At the 1998 Commonwealth Games held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Antigua and Barbuda fielded a separate team at the cricket tournament, as did Jamaica and Barbados. Matches at the tournament had List A status. Antigua and Barbuda were drawn in Group B, along with Australia, Canada, and India.  The team's first match, against India at the Tenaga National Sports Complex, finished in a no-result due to rain. The team was captained by Dave Joseph, and included seven West Indies international players: Curtly Ambrose, Eldine Baptiste, Kenny Benjamin, Winston Benjamin, Ridley Jacobs, Sylvester Joseph, and Richie Richardson. After losing to Australia and defeating Canada, Antigua and Barbuda finished second in Group B over India due to a higher net run rate, but did not qualify for the semi-finals. The team's leading run-scorer at the games was Ridley Jacobs, who scored 74 runs, and the leading wicket-taker was Anthony Lake.

As part of a reorganisation of the structure of cricket in the West Indies, Antigua and Barbuda, along with the other Leeward and Windward Islands constituent members, fielded teams at the Red Stripe Bowl, the domestic one-day tournament, in the 2001–02, 2002–03, and 2003–04 seasons. The team was largely unsuccessful, and did not progress beyond the group stage. Antigua and Barbuda also participated in the Stanford 20/20 tournament in 2006 and 2008, being knocked out in the quarter-finals in both instances. The team played a number of matches against touring sides in the mid-2000s, including against England, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, and India cricket team.

Grounds

The traditional home ground of Antigua and Barbuda is the Antigua Recreation Ground (pictured), the national stadium of the country, which has hosted a number of Test and One-Day International matches. Two further grounds, the Stanford Cricket Ground and Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, were constructed in 2004 and 2006 for use in the Stanford 20/20 and 2007 World Cup respectively, and have both been used in inter-island matches featuring Antigua and Barbuda.

Players

International Players

A number of Antigua players have represented the West Indies internationally.

 Apps denotes the number of appearances the player has made.
 Runs denotes the number of runs scored by the player.
 Wkts denotes the number of wickets taken by the player.

List A Players: 1998 - 2003

Stanford Twenty20 Players: 2006 & 2008

source:
Stanford 20/20 Squad 2006
Stanford 20/20 Squad 2008

See also
 Antigua Hawksbills, a Twenty20 franchise
 List of Leeward Islands first-class cricketers

References

*
Category:Cricket teams in the West Indies
Category:National cricket teams


Ratlines (World War II aftermath)

"Ratlines" were a system of escape routes for Nazis and other fascists fleeing Europe in the aftermath of World War II. These escape routes mainly led toward havens in Latin America, particularly Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Colombia, Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, and Bolivia, as well as the United States and Switzerland.

There were two primary routes: the first went from Germany to Spain, then Argentina; the second from Germany to Rome to Genoa, then South America. The two routes developed independently but eventually came together. The ratlines were supported by clergy of the Catholic Church, and historian Michael Phayer claims this was supported by the Vatican.

While Nazi leader Adolf Hitler is unanimously considered by reputable scholars to have committed suicide in Berlin near the end of the war, various conspiracy theories claim that he survived the war and fled to Argentina.

Early Spanish ratlines
The origins of the first ratlines are connected to various developments in Vatican-Argentine relations before and during World War II. As early as 1942, Monsignor Luigi Maglione contacted Ambassador Llobet, inquiring as to the "willingness of the government of the Argentine Republic to apply its immigration law generously, in order to encourage at the opportune moment European Catholic immigrants to seek the necessary land and capital in our country". Afterwards, a German priest, Anton Weber, the head of the Rome-based Society of Saint Raphael, traveled to Portugal, continuing to Argentina, to lay the groundwork for future Catholic immigration; this was to be a route which fascist exiles would exploit. According to historian Michael Phayer, "this was the innocent origin of what would become the Vatican ratline".

Spain, not Rome, was the "first center of ratline activity that facilitated the escape of Nazi fascists," although the exodus itself was planned within the Vatican. Among the primary organizers were Charles Lescat, a French member of Action Française – an organization suppressed by Pope Pius XI and rehabilitated by Pope Pius XII – and Pierre Daye, a Belgian with contacts in the Spanish government. Lescat and Daye were the first to flee Europe with the help of Argentine cardinal Antonio Caggiano.

By 1946, there were hundreds of war criminals in Spain, and thousands of former Nazis and fascists. According to then-United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, Vatican cooperation in turning over these "asylum-seekers" was "negligible". According to Phayer, Pius XII "preferred to see fascist war criminals on board ships sailing to the New World rather than seeing them rotting in POW camps in zonal Germany". Unlike the Vatican emigration operation in Italy that centered on Vatican City, the ratlines of Spain, although "fostered by the Vatican," were relatively independent of the hierarchy of the Vatican Emigration Bureau.

Roman ratlines

Early efforts: Bishop Hudal
Bishop Alois Hudal, a Nazi sympathiser, was rector of the Pontificio Istituto Teutonico Santa Maria dell'Anima in Rome, a seminary for Austrian and German priests, and "Spiritual Director of the German People resident in Italy". After the end of the war in Italy, Hudal became active in ministering to German-speaking prisoners of war and internees then held in camps throughout Italy. In December 1944, the Vatican Secretariat of State received permission to appoint a representative to "visit the German-speaking civil internees in Italy", a job assigned to Hudal.

Hudal used this position to aid the escape of wanted Nazi war criminals, including Franz Stangl, commanding officer of Treblinka, Gustav Wagner, commanding officer of Sobibor, Alois Brunner, responsible for the Drancy internment camp near Paris and in charge of deportations in Slovakia to German concentration camps, and Adolf Eichmann—a fact about which he was later unashamedly open. Some of these wanted men were being held in internment camps: generally without identity papers, they would be enrolled in camp registers under false names. Other Nazis hid in Italy and sought Hudal out as his role in assisting escapes became known on the Nazi grapevine.

In his memoirs, Hudal said of his actions, "I thank God that He [allowed me] to visit and comfort many victims in their prisons and concentration camps and to help them escape with false identity papers." He explained that in his eyes:

The Allies' War against Germany was not a crusade, but the rivalry of economic complexes for whose victory they had been fighting. This so-called business ... used catchwords like democracy, race, religious liberty and Christianity as a bait for the masses. All these experiences were the reason why I felt duty bound after 1945 to devote my whole charitable work mainly to former National Socialists and Fascists, especially to so-called 'war criminals'.

According to Mark Aarons and John Loftus in their book Unholy Trinity, Hudal was the first Catholic priest to dedicate himself to establishing escape routes. Aarons and Loftus claim that Hudal provided the objects of his charity with money to help them escape and, more importantly, provided them with false papers, including identity documents issued by the Vatican Refugee Organisation (Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza). These Vatican papers were not full passports and thus were not enough to gain passage overseas. They were, rather, the first stop in a paper trail—they could be used to obtain a displaced person passport from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which in turn could be used to apply for visas. In theory, the ICRC would perform background checks on passport applicants, but in practice the word of a priest or particularly a bishop would be good enough. According to statements collected by Austrian writer Gitta Sereny from a senior official of the Rome branch of the ICRC, Hudal could also use his position as a bishop to request papers from the ICRC "made out according to his specifications". Sereny's sources also revealed an active illicit trade in stolen and forged ICRC papers in Rome at the time.

According to declassified U.S. intelligence reports, Hudal was not the only priest helping Nazi escapees at this time. In the "La Vista Report" declassified in 1984, Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) operative Vincent La Vista told how he had easily arranged for two bogus Hungarian refugees to get false ICRC documents with the help of a letter from a Father Joseph Gallov. Gallov, who ran a Vatican-sponsored charity for Hungarian refugees, asked no questions and wrote a letter to his "personal contact in the International Red Cross, who then issued the passports".

San Girolamo ratline
According to Aarons and Loftus, Hudal's private operation was small scale compared to what came later. The major Roman ratline was operated by a small, but influential network of Croatian priests, members of the Franciscan order, led by Father Krunoslav Draganović, who organized a highly sophisticated chain with headquarters at the San Girolamo degli Illirici Seminary College in Rome, but with links from Austria to the final embarcation point at the port of Genoa. The ratline initially focused on aiding members of the Croatian Ustaše including its leader (or Poglavnik), Ante Pavelić.

Priests active in the chain included: Fr. Vilim Cecelja, former Deputy Military Vicar to the Ustaše, based in Austria where many Ustashe and Nazi refugees remained in hiding; Fr. Dragutin Kamber, based at San Girolamo; Fr. Dominik Mandić, an official Vatican representative at San Girolamo and also "General Economist" or treasurer of the Franciscan order - who used this position to put the Franciscan press at the ratline's disposal; and Monsignor Karlo Petranović, based in Genoa. Vilim would make contact with those hiding in Austria and help them across the border to Italy; Kamber, Mandić and Draganović would find them lodgings, often in the monastery itself, while they arranged documentation; finally Draganović would phone Petranović in Genoa with the number of required berths on ships leaving for South America (see below).

The operation of the Draganović ratline was an open secret among the intelligence and diplomatic communities in Rome. As early as August 1945, Allied commanders in Rome were asking questions about the use of San Girolamo as a "haven" for Ustaše.

A year later, a US State Department report of 12 July 1946 lists nine war criminals, including Albanians and Montenegrins as well as Croats, plus others "not actually sheltered in the COLLEGIUM ILLIRICUM [i.e., San Girolamo degli Illirici] but who otherwise enjoy Church support and protection." The British envoy to the Holy See, Sir D'Arcy Osborne, asked Domenico Tardini, a high-ranking Vatican official, for permission that would have allowed British military police to raid ex-territorial Vatican Institutions in Rome. Tardini declined and denied the church was sheltering war criminals.

In February 1947, CIC Special Agent Robert Clayton Mudd reported ten members of Pavelić's Ustaša cabinet living either in San Girolamo or in the Vatican itself. Mudd had infiltrated an agent into the monastery and confirmed that it was "honeycombed with cells of Ustashe operatives" guarded by "armed youths". Mudd reported:

It was further established that these Croats travel back and forth from the Vatican several times a week in a car with a chauffeur whose license plate bears the two initials CD, "Corpo Diplomatico". It issues forth from the Vatican and discharges its passengers inside the Monastery of San Geronimo. Subject to diplomatic immunity it is impossible to stop the car and discover who are its passengers.

Mudd's conclusion was the following:
DRAGANOVIC's sponsorship of these Croat Ustashes definitely links him up with the plan of the Vatican to shield these ex-Ustasha nationalists until such time as they are able to procure for them the proper documents to enable them to go to South America. The Vatican, undoubtedly banking on the strong anti-Communist feelings of these men, is endeavoring to infiltrate them into South America in any way possible to counteract the spread of Red doctrine. It has been reliably reported, for example that Dr. VRANCIC has already gone to South America and that Ante PAVELIC and General KREN are scheduled for an early departure to South America through Spain. All these operations are said to have been negotiated by DRAGANOVIC because of his influence in the Vatican.

The existence of Draganović's ratline has been supported by a highly respected historian of Vatican diplomacy, Fr. Robert Graham: "I've no doubt that Draganović was extremely active in syphoning off his Croatian Ustashe friends." Graham pointed out that Draganović, in running his 'ratline,' was not acting on behalf of the Vatican: "Just because he's a priest doesn't mean he represents the Vatican. It was his own operation." At the same time, there were four occasions in which the Vatican did intervene on behalf of interned Ustasha prisoners. The Secretariat of State asked the UK and US governments to release Croatian POWs from British internment camps in Italy.

U.S. intelligence involvement
If at first U.S. intelligence officers had been mere observers of the Draganović ratline, this changed in the summer of 1947. A now declassified U.S. Army intelligence report from 1950 sets out in detail the history of the people smuggling operation in the three years to follow.

According to the report, from this point on U.S. forces themselves had begun to use Draganović's established network to evacuate its own "visitors". As the report put it, these were "visitors who had been in the custody of the 430th CIC and completely processed in accordance with current directives and requirements, and whose continued residence in Austria constituted a security threat as well as a source of possible embarrassment to the Commanding General of USFA, since the Soviet Command had become aware that their presence in U.S. Zone of Austria and in some instances had requested the return of these persons to Soviet custody".

These were suspected war criminals from areas occupied by the Red Army which the U.S. was obliged to hand over for trial to the Soviets. The U.S. reputedly was reluctant to do so, partly due to a belief that fair trials could hardly be expected in the USSR (see Operation Keelhaul), and at the same time, their desire to make use of Nazi scientists and other resources.

The deal with Draganović involved getting the visitors to Rome: "Dragonovich  handled all phases of the operation after the defectees arrived in Rome, such as the procurement of IRO Italian and South American documents, visas, stamps, arrangements for disposition, land or sea, and notification of resettlement committees in foreign lands".

United States intelligence used these methods in order to get important Nazi scientists and military strategists, to the extent they had not already been claimed by the Soviet Union, to their own centres of military science in the US. Many Nazi scientists were employed by the U.S., retrieved in Operation Paperclip.

Argentine connection

In Nuremberg at that time something was taking place that I personally considered a disgrace and an unfortunate lesson for the future of humanity. I became certain that the Argentine people also considered the Nuremberg process a disgrace, unworthy of the victors, who behaved as if they hadn't been victorious. Now we realize that they [the Allies] deserved to lose the war.
—Argentine president Juan Perón on the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals

In his 2002 book, The Real Odessa, Argentine researcher Uki Goñi used new access to the country's archives to show that Argentine diplomats and intelligence officers had, on Perón's instructions, vigorously encouraged Nazi and fascist war criminals to make their home in Argentina. According to Goñi, the Argentines not only collaborated with Draganović's ratline, they set up further ratlines of their own running through Scandinavia, Switzerland and Belgium.

According to Goñi, Argentina's first move into Nazi smuggling was in January 1946, when Argentine bishop Antonio Caggiano, leader of the Argentine chapter of Catholic Action flew with another bishop, Agustín Barrére, to Rome where Caggiano was due to be anointed Cardinal. In Rome the Argentine bishops met with French Cardinal Eugène Tisserant, where they passed on a message (recorded in Argentina's diplomatic archives) that "the Government of the Argentine Republic was willing to receive French persons, whose political attitude during the recent war would expose them, should they return to France, to harsh measures and private revenge".

Over the spring of 1946, a number of French war criminals, fascists and Vichy officials made it from Italy to Argentina in the same way: they were issued passports by the Rome ICRC office; these were then stamped with Argentine tourist visas (the need for health certificates and return tickets was waived on Caggiano's recommendation). The first documented case of a French war criminal arriving in Buenos Aires was Émile Dewoitine, who was later sentenced in absentia to 20 years hard labour. He sailed first class on the same ship back with Cardinal Caggiano.

Shortly after this Argentinian Nazi smuggling became institutionalised, according to Goñi, when Perón's new government of February 1946 appointed anthropologist Santiago Peralta as Immigration Commissioner and former Ribbentrop agent Ludwig Freude as his intelligence chief. Goñi argues that these two then set up a "rescue team" of secret service agents and immigration "advisors", many of whom were themselves European war-criminals, with Argentine citizenship and employment.

In 2014, over 700 FBI documents were declassified revealing that the US government had undertaken an investigation in the late 1940s and 1950s as to the reports of the possible escape of Adolf Hitler from Germany. Some leads purported that he had not committed suicide in Berlin but had fled Germany in 1945, and eventually arrived in Argentina via Spain. Within the pages of these documents are statements, naming people and places involved in Hitler's alleged journey from Germany to South America including mention of the ratlines that were already in existence. Additional CIA documents contain reported sightings and a photograph of a man alleged to be Hitler in 1954. The claim related to the photograph made by a self-proclaimed former German SS trooper named Phillip Citroen that Hitler was still alive, and that he "left Colombia for Argentina around January 1955." Enclosed with the CIA report was the alleged photograph of Citroen and a person he claimed to be Hitler. The CIA report states that neither the contact who reported his conversations with Citroen, nor the CIA station was "in a position to give an intelligent evaluation of the information". The station chief's superiors told him that "enormous efforts could be expended on this matter with remote possibilities of establishing anything concrete", and the investigation was dropped.

ODESSA and the Gehlen Organization

The Italian and Argentine ratlines have only been confirmed relatively recently, mainly due to research in newly declassified archives. Until the work of Aarons and Loftus, and of Uki Goñi (2002), a common view was that ex-Nazis themselves, organised in secret networks, ran the escape routes alone. The most famous such network is ODESSA (Organisation of former SS members), founded in 1946 according to Simon Wiesenthal, which included SS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny and Sturmbannführer Alfred Naujocks and, in Argentina, Rodolfo Freude. Alois Brunner, former commandant of Drancy internment camp near Paris, escaped to Rome, then Syria, by ODESSA. Brunner was thought to be the highest-ranking Nazi war criminal still alive as of 2007.

Persons claiming to represent ODESSA claimed responsibility for the unsuccessful July 9, 1979, car bombing in France aimed at Nazi hunters Serge and Beate Klarsfeld. According to Paul Manning, "eventually, over 10,000 former German military made it to South America along escape routes ODESSA and Deutsche Hilfsverein..."

Simon Wiesenthal, who advised Frederick Forsyth on the early 1970s novel/film script The Odessa File which brought the name to public attention, also names other Nazi escape organisations such as Spinne ("Spider") and Sechsgestirn ("Constellation of Six"). Wiesenthal describes these immediately after the war as Nazi cells based in areas of Austria where many Nazis had retreated and gone to ground. Wiesenthal claimed that the ODESSA network shepherded escapees to the Catholic ratlines in Rome (although he mentions only Hudal, not Draganović); or through a second route through France and into Francoist Spain.

ODESSA was supported by the Gehlen Organization, which employed many former Nazi party members, and was headed by Reinhard Gehlen, a former German Army intelligence officer employed post-war by the CIA. The Gehlen Organization became the nucleus of the BND German intelligence agency, directed by Reinhard Gehlen from its 1956 creation until 1968.

Ratline escapees
Some of the Nazis and war criminals who escaped using ratlines include:
Andrija Artuković, escaped to the United States; arrested in 1984 after decades of delay and extradited to Yugoslavia, where he died in 1988 from natural causes
Klaus Barbie, fled to Bolivia in 1951 with help from the United States, as he had been an agent of the U.S. Army Counterintelligence Corps since April 1947; captured in 1983; died in prison in France on September 23, 1991
Alois Brunner, fled to Syria in 1954; died around 2010
Herberts Cukurs, fled to Brazil in 1945, assassinated by Mossad in Uruguay in 1965.
Adolf Eichmann, fled to Argentina in 1950; captured 1960; executed in Israel on 1 June 1962
Aribert Heim, disappeared in 1962; most likely died in Egypt in 1992
 Sándor Képíró, fled to Argentina, returned to Hungary in 1996. He stood trial for war crimes in Budapest in February 2011, before his death in September.
Josef Mengele, fled to Argentina in 1949, then to other countries; died in Brazil in 1979
Ante Pavelić, escaped to Argentina in 1948; died in Spain, in December 1959, of wounds sustained two years earlier in an assassination attempt
Erich Priebke, fled to Argentina in 1949; arrested 1994; died in 2013
Walter Rauff, escaped to Chile; never captured; died in 1984
Eduard Roschmann, escaped to Argentina in 1948; fled to Paraguay to avoid extradition and died there in 1977
 Hans-Ulrich Rudel, fled to Argentina in 1948; started the  "Kameradenwerk", a relief organization for Nazi criminals that helped fugitives escape
Dinko Sakic, fled to Argentina in 1947, arrested in 1998 and extradited to Croatia. He was tried and found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, serving a 20 year sentence. He died in 2008.
Franz Stangl, fled to Brazil in 1951; arrested in 1967 and extradited to West Germany; died in 1971 of heart failure
Gustav Wagner, fled to Brazil in 1950; arrested 1978; committed suicide 1980

See also
Operation Bloodstone
Die Spinne
Aunt Anna's, a safe house, in Merano, Italy, often used by Nazi and SS members
Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše
U.S. intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II

References
Notes

Bibliography

  Her account comes from testimony of Nazi war criminals helped by Hudal, such as Franz Stangl, Commandant of Treblinka extermination camp.
Wiesenthal, Simon. (1989). Justice not Vengeance. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Further reading

Birn, Ruth Bettina. Review of Goñi, Uki, Odessa: Die wahre Geschichte: Fluchthilfe für NS-Kriegsverbrecher and Schneppen, Heinz, Odessa und das Vierte Reich: Mythen der Zeitgeschichte. H-Soz-u-Kult, H-Net Reviews. October, 2007.
Breitman, Richard; Goda, Norman J. W.; Naftali, Timothy; and Wolfe, Robert (2005). U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis. Cambridge University Press; .
Graham, Robert and Alvarez, David. (1998). Nothing Sacred: Nazi Espionage against the Vatican, 1939-1945. London: Frank Cass.
Loftus, John. (2010). America's Nazi Secret: An Insider's History. Waterwille: (Trine Day); .
Simpson, Christopher (1988). Blowback: The First Full Account of America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Disastrous Effect on The cold war, Our Domestic and Foreign Policy. New York: (Grove/Atlantic); .
Steinacher, Gerald. (2006). The Cape of Last Hope: The Flight of Nazi War Criminals through Italy to South America, in Eisterer, Klaus and Günter Bischof (eds; 2006) Transatlantic Relations: Austria and Latin America in the 19th and 20th Century (Transatlantica 1), pp. 203–24. New Brunswick: Transatlantica.
Steinacher, Gerald. (2012; P/B edition). Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice. Oxford University Press; .

Category:Aftermath of the Holocaust
Category:Aftermath of World War II
Category:Ustaše
Category:Argentina in World War II
Category:Nazis in South America
Category:Far-right politics in Argentina
Category:Catholicism and far-right politics


CKSB-10-FM

CKSB-10-FM (88.1 MHz) is a Canadian public radio station serving the Winnipeg Capital Region in Manitoba. It is owned by the Société Radio-Canada (CBC) and airs the Ici Radio-Canada Première network, concentrating on news and talk in the French language. It had been licensed to Saint Boniface, which was a separate city until it was annexed by Winnipeg in 1971. Even though the call sign includes a number, usually indicating the station is a rebroadcaster, CKSB-10-FM originates some of its own local programming and contributes to the Ici Radio-Canada Première network.

Studios and offices are located on Rue Langevin in Saint Boniface. Since 2014 the transmitter was relocated to the community of Ste. Rose du Lac, improving the signal of the Ici Radio-Canada Premiere network to Manitoba's French community. CKSB-10-FM has an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts. CBWFT-DT continues to broadcast from the Richardson Bldg. (1 Lombard Pl.) in downtown Winnipeg.

History
CKSB signed-on at 6 p.m. on May 27, 1946, as a French-language commercial AM station, broadcasting from 607 College St. in St. Boniface. The building site was originally part of the St. Boniface College that burned down in 1922. It originally broadcast on a frequency of 1250 kHz with a power of 1,000 watts. The antenna was originally located three miles from the studio, at Dawson Rd.  It was the first francophone station west of Ontario.  It also aired programming in Ukrainian, Polish, German, Portuguese, Hebrew and Italian.

Two AM rebroadcast transmitters were added in the late 1960s, CBXF (Ste. Rose du Lac, now CKSB-10-FM at 88.1) on February 1, 1968, and CBKB (St. Lazare, now CKSB-2) on March 12, 1969. Both stations operated on 860 kHz. In 1958, the station moved to 1050 AM and boosted its power to 10,000 watts at all times. During the day, the station broadcast with a relatively omnidirectional pattern, but at night, it used a directional antenna, sending its signal toward the north, in order to protect Mexican Class A station XEG near Monterrey.

CKSB was independently owned and operated until 1973, when the CBC/Radio-Canada network purchased the station to expand its French network service.

On March 16, 2006, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved an application by the station to implement a nested city-grade 2.8 kW FM rebroadcaster at 90.5 MHz in Winnipeg, CKSB-10-FM, to simulcast the AM programming. This FM signal was set up due to address reception problems in parts of Winnipeg.

In September 2012, the CBC applied to replace CKSB's AM transmitter and its nested FM repeater with a new 100 kW FM signal on 88.1 MHz. This application was approved by the CRTC on March 18, 2013. The station began simulcasting in October 2013, then ceased operation on 1050 and 90.5 on January 3, 2014.

The station uses the call sign of its now-former Winnipeg translator, CKSB-10-FM, because the call letters "CKSB-FM" are already used for Radio-Canada's Ici Musique outlet at 89.9 MHz.

Programming
The station's current local programs are Le 6 à 9, in the mornings from 6:00 a.m. to 9 a.m. and L'Actuel in the afternoons, 3:30 p.m. to 6 p.m. The Saturday morning program, Culture et confiture, originates from CBUF-FM Vancouver.

CKSB-10-FM also produces a holiday morning program for western Canada - Les matins de l'Ouest. Le retour de l'ouest produced by Alberta's CHFA-FM, replaces regional drive programming on Première outlets in western Canada.

Transmitters

CKSB has rebroadcast transmitters in the following communities:

See also
 CKSB-FM
 CBWFT-DT

References

External links
Ici Radio-Canada Première

KSB
KSB
KSB
Category:Franco-Manitoban culture
Category:Radio stations established in 1946
Category:1946 establishments in Manitoba


Hillside Home School II

The Hillside Home School II was originally designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1901 for his aunts Jane and Ellen C. Lloyd Jones in the town of Wyoming, Wisconsin and their school, also called the Hillside Home School (Wyoming is south of the town of Spring Green). "Hillside" was a nonsectarian, coeducational, day and boarding school for children from first through twelfth grade (Wright would start his home, Taliesin north of the school, 10 years later, in 1911). This structure was the third building he would design for his aunts. He designed the first building, Hillside Home School I, for his aunts in 1887. and the Romeo and Juliet Windmill Tower in 1896.

The Hillside Home School institution ran from 1887 until 1915, after which the buildings and grounds were acquired by the architect. Educator Mary Ellen Chase taught at the Hillside Home School for three years in the beginning of her career (1910–1913). She later wrote about her experiences in the book, The Goodly Fellowship:I suppose that the Hillside Home School, were it existing today as it was existing in 1909, would be termed a progressive school by all the supporters and disciples of such institutions. Yet the charm and value of Hillside lay in the fact that it did not stand off and gaze complacently at itself as a pioneer in the new education. In other words, it lacked the self-consciousness as well as the self-righteousness of certain of our modern experiments in child growth instead of child discipline.... It was simply a school, a home, and a farm all in one....The Hillside Home School structure is now part of Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin estate in Wisconsin and is one of five Frank Lloyd Wright designed buildings on the Taliesin estate. Only one of them (Romeo and Juliet Windmill) can be seen from the school. The others are:
Tan-y-Deri, the home he designed for Jane and Andrew Porter, his sister and brother-in-law (while the brother-in-law functioned as the Hillside Home School's business manager);
Midway Barn, which was the farming facility he designed;
 His personal residence, Taliesin, to the north about three-quarters of a mile – 1.2 km – away.

In 1932, Wright was able to use the Hillside Home School building for his newly established Taliesin Fellowship (now the School of Architecture at Taliesin). He and his apprentices in the Fellowship converted the old gymnasium on the west side of the original Hillside Home School structure into a theater. On the north end of the original Hillside Home School structure, he added a large drafting room with dormitories on either side (left). The original theater was re-designed and reconstructed after the original one was destroyed by fire in 1952 (rebuilt theater, lower left).

In 1941, architectural historian, Henry-Russell Hitchcock described the Hillside Home School building in his book, In the Nature of Materials:The construction is unusually solid for this period of Wright's work, comparing thus with the contemporary Heurtley house. The lower walls are of native rock-faced random ashlar, superbly laid and reminding one of the finest of Richardson's masonry. But the stone was light and flesh-coloured and has remained so in this country environment, so that the effect is not grim or even severe. The marked batter of the pavilion walls serves to centralize and concentrate their design. This batter was used on the Imperial Hotel fifteen years later. It also appears once more in the rough stone and concrete bases of Taliesin West, 1938, and the Pauson house, 1940, near Phoenix, Arizona.

Citations

References
Mary Ellen Chase, A Goodly Fellowship (The Macmillan Company, New York City, 1939).
Henry-Russell Hitchcock, In the Nature of Materials, 1887–1941: The Buildings of Frank Lloyd Wright (New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1942; New York, Da Capo Press, Inc., 1969).
Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer, Frank Lloyd Wright Complete Works   Taschen, 2009.
William Allin Storrer, The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University of Chicago Press, 2006, .

External links
Taliesin Preservation, Inc.
The School of Architecture at Taliesin – official website.
 – Steinerag's website has a lot of description pages on Frank Lloyd Wright; the linked page has descriptions of the original school booklets for the Hillside Home School run by the Lloyd Jones sisters.

Category:Schools in Iowa County, Wisconsin
Category:Frank Lloyd Wright buildings


Archi people

The Archi people (Archi: аршишттиб, arshishttib, , archincy) are an ethnic group who live in eight villages in Southern Dagestan, Russia. Archib is the 'parent village' of these, because three months a year the whole community used to reassemble in Archi to engage in communal work. Their culture is one of the most distinct and best-preserved of all the cultures of Dagestan.

They have a total population of about 1,200, and speak their own language. Their habitat is about 2,000 meters above sea level in the Kara-Koisu basin of a range of the Caucasus.

History

The origin of the Archi people is unknown. Their name was first mentioned in the historical chronicles written by Muhammed Rafi from Shirvan in the 13th or 14th century. They were part of the Avar community Dursakh (or Rissib) and from time to time paid tribute to the Gazikumukh Khanate. They became subjects of the Russian Empire after Dagestan was annexed by Russia in 1813. According to the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary there were 802 Archis in Gazikumukh Okrug in 1886. Since 1899 they were part of the Gunib Okrug, Dagestan Oblast.

In 1921 they became part of the Dagestan ASSR. According to the First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 there were 863 Archis in the Soviet Union. In the next censuses they were not considered a separate ethnic group, but rather as a subgroup of Avars. According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia in the 1959 Soviet Census, all Archis declared themselves as Avars, though still preserving their native language and some ethnographic features. The 2002 Russian Census registered 89 Archis in Russia, which were again considered to be a subgroup of Avars. In the 2010 Russian Census there were only 12 Archis.

Language

The Archi language is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Lezgic branch. It is colloquial, unwritten, and spoken only in several villages. Avar and Lak are widely spoken.

The first information about Archi language was a letter from Peter von Uslar to Franz Anton Schiefner dated June 11, 1863 which was published in the "Grammar of the Lak language" book as an appendix. Peter von Uslar tells an Archi legend about their language:

Culture

The ethnonym Archi originates from the name of the village Archib in Lak. The main paradox with the Archi people is that although they are a subgroup of the Avar people by ethnic self-identification, their language is similar to the Lezgian people, and culture to the Avar people and Lak people. They were considered to be a subgroup of Avars in all Soviet censuses, and are still considered to be so in Russian censuses.

The Archi people are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslims. The existence of monuments written in Arabic in the Kufic script suggests that they converted to Islam not later than the 10th century.

Famous Archi people

Maksud Sadikov – a professor in international relations and Islamic economics

References

Category:Lezgins
Category:Ethnic groups in Dagestan
Category:Muslim communities of Russia
Category:Peoples of the Caucasus


Burgstein (Thuringia)

The Burgstein is a rock formation, about  high, in the valley of the Ilm in Langewiesen in the central German state of Thuringia. It is made from quartz porphyry and has been a geological natural monument since 1939.

It was formed when the Ilm carved out its valley and washed away the surrounding rock. When the Ilmenau–Großbreitenbach railway was built in 1881 it was exposed again because rock at its foot was removed in order to lay the railway track. The rock dates to the Pennsylvanian sub-period and belongs to the Möhrenbach Formation.

The origin of its name is not clear (Burgstein literally means "castle rock"). In Langewiesen, the road of Burgstein is named after the rock.

References

Category:Rock formations of Thuringia
Category:Natural monuments in Thuringia


List of D' Originals episodes

D' Originals is a 2017 Philippine television drama revenge series broadcast by GMA Network. It aired from April 17 to July 7, 2017 on the network's Afternoon Prime line up replacing Pinulot Ka Lang sa Lupa and worldwide on GMA Pinoy TV.

NUTAM (Nationwide Urban Television Audience Measurement) People in Television Homes ratings are provided by AGB Nielsen Philippines.

Series overview

Episodes

April 2017

May 2017

June 2017

July 2017

References

Category:Lists of Philippine drama television series episodes


Tere Tille Ton

Tere Tille Ton () is a kali released in 1976 on Kuldeep Manak's first LP, Ik Tara, by HMV. The music was composed by Kesar Singh Narula and the lyrics were penned by Hardev Dilgir (also known as Dev Tharike Wala). Zaheer Ahmad, the record manager of HMV, delayed its release by one year as he was suggested that the record will not do so well. Finally, on the request of Manak and Hardev, the record was released in limited copies and was a huge success.

Tracks

Along with, Tere Tille Ton, the LP also had Chheti Kar Sarwan Bachcha, Mere Yaar Nu Manda Na Bolin, Kaulan, Chithian Sahiban Jatti Ne and Garh Mughlane Dian Naaran.

See also
Kali

References

Category:Punjabi-language songs
Category:1976 songs


Ruth Vollmer

Ruth Vollmer (1903 – 1982 New York City), was a German artist born in Munich. She was born in 1903 as Ruth Landshoff. Her father, Ludwig Landshoff, was a musicologist and conductor and her mother, Philippine Landshoff, was an opera singer. Their family was Jewish. At age 19 she began to work as an artist and took the advice of her father to draw every day. She also had many connections to the teachers and students at the Bauhaus. In 1930 she married a pediatrician named Hermann Vollmer, whom she met in Berlin. Ruth and Hermann moved from Germany to New York in 1935. Ruth began work designing window displays for Bonwit Teller, Tiffany's, Lord & Taylor, and other department stores. Her displays experimented with wire, steel, and copper mesh to create figural forms. In 1943, Vollmer became a U.S. citizen. In 1944 she received a commission from the Museum of Modern Art for its fifteenth anniversary exhibition, "Art in Progress." Vollmer continued to work with wire mesh and exhibited her work Composition in Space at the Museum of Modern Art in their 1948 exhibition "Elements of Stage Design." In 1950, she was commissioned to create a mural for the lobby of 575 Madison, where she created a large wall relief that used wire rods and wire mesh to play with light, texture, and transparency. Vollmer visited Giacometti for a second time during the summer of 1951. During the 1950s she begins to works with clay as well. Additionally, in 1954 she began to teach at the Children's Art Center at the Fieldston School in Riverdale and continued to teach until the mid-sixties. In 1960, she participated in the NYU discussion series "Artists on Art" with her friend Robert Motherwell. 1960 proved to be a significant for Ruth Vollmer- she had her first solo exhibition at Betty Parson's Section Eleven gallery space. Throughout the 1960s Vollmer continued to work with bronze and show her work Betty Parsons Gallery. In 1963, she joined the American Abstract Artists (AAA) and showed her in their exhibitions from 1963 on. By 1970 Vollmer's practice had taken on a new dimension, exploring complex geometrical forms and mathematical concepts, particularly spirals and platonic solids. Sol LeWitt wrote a short essay on Vollmer's work for Studio International titled "Ruth Vollmer: Mathematical Forms." In 1971 Ruth Vollmer participated in the protest of the cancellation of the Hans Haacke at The Solomon R. Guggenheim exhibition by writing a letter to the director, Thomas Messer. In 1976, she had a large one-person exhibition at the Neuberger Museum of Art. In 1982, Ruth Vollmer died after a long battle with Alzheimer's. A majority of her large personal art collection of over one hundred sculptures, paintings, and drawings was donated to MoMA. Her personal art collection included works by Carl Andre, Mel Bochner, Eva Hesse, Sol LeWitt, Ad Reinhardt, Frank Stella, Agnes Martin, and Chryssa.

Exhibitions
1977, Group Exhibition, Betty Parsons Gallery. Mino Argento, Calvert Coggeshall, Minoru Kawabata, Richard Tuttle, Ruth Vollmer, Robert Yasuda, Helene Aylon and Cleve Gray (among others).
1978, Group Exhibition, Betty Parsons Gallery. Ruth Vollmer, Mino Argento, Cleve Gray, Calvert Coggeshall (among others)
1979–80, Group Exhibition, Betty Parsons Gallery. Mino Argento, Fanny Brennan, Richard Francisco, Richard Tuttle, Ruth Vollmer and Toko Shinoda (among others)

References

External links

 Ruth Vollmer frequently exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery on West 57th Street
 Ruth Landshoff Vollmer fine art prices, auction results, auction images
 "Ruth Vollmer & Gego Thinking the Line"
 "Vollmer began designing window displays for Tiffany". The New York Times

Category:German artists
Category:1903 births
Category:1982 deaths
Category:20th-century American painters
Category:People from Munich
Category:Artists from New York City


Exhaustive ballot

The exhaustive ballot is a voting system used to elect a single winner. Under the exhaustive ballot the elector casts a single vote for their chosen candidate. However, if no candidate is supported by an overall majority of votes then the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and a further round of voting occurs. This process is repeated for as many rounds as necessary until one candidate has a majority.

The exhaustive ballot is similar to the two-round system but with key differences.  Under the two round system if no candidate wins a majority on the first round, only the top two recipients of votes advance to the second (and final) round of voting, and a majority winner is determined in the second round.  By contrast, on the exhaustive ballot only one candidate is eliminated per round; thus, several rounds of voting may be required until a candidate reaches a majority. (In some circumstances, the two or more lowest candidates can be eliminated simultaneously if together they have fewer votes than the lowest candidate above them. In other words, this "bulk exclusion" cannot change the order of elimination, unlike a two-round system.)

Because voters may have to cast votes several times, the exhaustive ballot is not used in large-scale public elections. Instead it is usually used in elections involving, at most, a few hundred voters, such as the election of a prime minister or the presiding officer of an assembly. The exhaustive ballot is currently used, in different forms, to elect the members of the Swiss Federal Council, the First Minister of Scotland, the President of the European Parliament, and the speakers of the House of Commons of Canada, the British House of Commons and the Scottish Parliament, the host city of the Olympic Games and the host of the FIFA World Cup, and, formerly, to elect the President and the State Comptroller of Israel, which are now elected—though still indirectly by the Knesset—using a two-round system.

Voting and counting

In each round of an exhaustive ballot the voter simply marks an 'x' beside his or her favourite candidate. If no candidate has an absolute majority of votes (i.e., more than half) in the first round, then the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated while all other candidates advance to a second round. If there is still no candidate with a majority then the candidate with the fewest votes is again eliminated and there is a third round. The process repeats itself for as many rounds as are necessary for one candidate to achieve a majority. If necessary, the election will continue until only two candidates remain. When this occurs one of the two must achieve an absolute majority.

Between rounds, the voter is entirely free to change his/her preferred candidate for whatever reason, even if his/her preferred candidate has not yet been eliminated from voting.

Variations
 It is possible to impose a larger number of votes to win, such as a two thirds vote, on either all rounds or on the beginning rounds. For example, on the first several rounds of the election of the President of Italy, a supermajority is required to win, dropping to a majority on the fourth and subsequent ballots.
 Under some variants of the exhaustive ballot there is no formal rule for eliminating candidates from one round to another; rather, candidates are expected to withdraw voluntarily.
 Some variations slowly raise an elimination threshold in to encourage compromise. For example, the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party for U.S. Senate endorsement 2008 used an exhaustive ballot with a dropoff rule starting at 5% and increasing to 25% after round 5, after which one candidate with the lowest votes was eliminated per round until no more than two remained.
 There are also variants which exclude more than one candidate at a time. For example, in elections for the speakers of the Canadian and British Houses of Commons any candidate with fewer than 5% of all votes in the first round is immediately eliminated.

Example

Imagine that the population of Tennessee, a state in the United States, is voting on the location of its capital. The population of Tennessee is concentrated around its four major cities, which are spread throughout the state. For this example, suppose that the entire electorate live in one of these four cities, and furthermore that their sole concern is for the capital to be established as close to their city as possible.

The candidates for the capital are:
 Memphis, the state's largest city, with 42% of the voters, but located far from the other cities
 Nashville, with 26% of the voters
 Knoxville, with 17% of the voters
 Chattanooga, with 15% of the voters

Round 1: In the first round of voting everybody votes for their own city and the results will be as follows:

Memphis: 42%
Nashville: 26%
Knoxville: 17%
Chattanooga: 15%

Round 2: No candidate has an absolute majority in the first round (this would be greater than 50%), so Chattanooga, which has the fewest votes, is eliminated and the remaining three candidates proceed to Round 2. In this round the Chattanooga supporters vote instead for Knoxville, the next nearest city to their own. None of the other voters need change their votes. The results are therefore:

Memphis: 42%
Nashville: 26%
Knoxville: 32%

Round 3: Nashville is now eliminated, so that only two candidates remain for the final round. The Nashville supporters (including the former Chattanooga supporters) change their vote to Knoxville, the next nearest city to their own. The result of the third round is therefore:

Memphis: 42%
Knoxville: 58%

Result: After round three Knoxville has an absolute majority so is the winner.

Use in practice
Scottish government: The First Minister, and the Presiding Officer and Deputy Presiding Officers of the Scottish Parliament are elected by the exhaustive ballot method.
The host city of the Olympic Games is chosen by an exhaustive ballot of members of the International Olympic Committee. Members from a country which has a city competing in the election are forbidden from voting unless the city has been eliminated.
 The President of the European Parliament is elected by all members of the body to be its 'speaker' or chairperson. In the election if no candidate receives an absolute majority in the first round then there are up to three more rounds. In the second and third rounds anyone who wants to is free to stand, but candidates who perform poorly sometimes withdraw to help others be elected. If no-one achieves an absolute majority in the third round then only the two candidates with most votes are allowed to proceed to the fourth and final round of voting.
 The Speaker of the British House of Commons is elected by secret ballot by members of the house. If no candidate achieves an absolute majority in the first round then the candidate with fewest votes and any other candidate who has received less than 5% of all votes is immediately eliminated. Subsequent rounds proceed according to the ordinary rules of the exhaustive ballot.
 The Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada is elected under essentially the same variant of the exhaustive ballot used for the British counterpart, with candidates on less than 5% in the first round immediately excluded.
 The Leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada is elected by the party membership under a mixture of instant runoff voting (IRV), and exhaustive voting, depending on the member's preferences. Those who want to vote only once may cast a single ballot filled out in the IRV format, while other members may cast separate ballots after each round of balloting. The party used this format for the 2012, and 2017 leadership elections.
Candidates to lead the UK Conservative Party are shortlisted by an exhaustive ballot of elected MPs until only two candidates remain. The final two candidates then enter a ballot of the party membership to select the leader.

Similar systems

The two-round system

As noted above the exhaustive ballot is similar to the two-round system. However under the two-round system if no candidate achieves an absolute majority in the first round then, rather than just a single candidate being eliminated, all candidates are immediately excluded except the two with the most votes. There is then a second and final round. Because, at most, it requires voters to return to the polls only once, the two-round system is considered more practical for large public elections than the exhaustive ballot, and is used in many countries for the election of presidents and legislative bodies. However the two systems often produce different winners. This is because, under the two-round system, a candidate may be eliminated in the first round who would have gone on to win the contest if they had been permitted to survive to the second round. In Example I above the winner would not have changed if the two rounds system had been used instead of the exhaustive ballot. However, in Example II the two round system would have selected Nashville instead of Knoxville.

Primary two-round system

A nonpartisan primary election system is a variation of the two-round system which holds a pre-election, and allows the top two candidates to pass to the general election. It generally differs from the two-round system in two ways: (1) the first election isn't allowed to pick a winner, and (2) political parties are not allowed to limit their field using a convention or caucus.

Instant-runoff voting

In some respects the exhaustive ballot closely resembles instant-runoff voting (also known as the 'Alternative Vote'). Under both systems if no candidate has an absolute majority in the first round then there are further rounds, with the candidate with the fewest votes being eliminated after each round. However while under the exhaustive ballot each round involves voters returning to cast a new vote, under instant-runoff, voters vote only once. This is possible because, rather than voting for only a single candidate, the voter ranks all of the candidates in order of preference. These preferences are then used to 'transfer' the votes of those whose first preference has been eliminated during the course of the count.

Because the exhaustive ballot involves separate rounds of voting, voters can use the results of one round to inform how they will vote in the next, whereas this is not possible under IRV. Furthermore, because it is necessary to vote only once, instant-runoff voting has been used for large-scale elections in many places.

Tactical voting

Like instant-runoff voting, the exhaustive ballot is intended to improve upon the simpler 'first-past-the-post' (plurality) system by reducing the potential for tactical voting by avoiding 'wasted' votes. Under the plurality system, which involves only one round, voters are encouraged to vote tactically by voting for only one of the two leading candidates, because a vote for any other candidate will not affect the result. Under the exhaustive ballot this tactic, known as 'compromising', is sometimes unnecessary because, even if the voter's first choice is unlikely to be elected, she will still have the opportunity to influence the outcome of the election by voting for more popular candidates once her favourite has been eliminated. However the exhaustive ballot is still vulnerable to tactical voting under some circumstances. Because of the similarity between the two systems it is open to the same forms of tactical voting as instant-runoff voting, as described below.

Although the exhaustive ballot is designed to avoid 'compromising' the tactic is still effective in some elections. Compromising is where a voter votes for a certain candidate, not because they necessarily support them, but as a way of avoiding the election of a candidate whom they dislike even more. The compromising tactic is sometimes effective because the exhaustive ballot eliminates candidates who are unpopular in early rounds, who might have had sufficient support to win the election had they survived a little longer. This can create strong incentives for voters to vote tactically.

The exhaustive ballot is also vulnerable to the tactic of 'push over', where voters vote tactically for an unpopular 'push over' candidate in one round as a way of helping their true favourite candidate win in a later round. The purpose of voting for the 'push over' is to ensure that it is this weak candidate, rather than a stronger rival, who remains to challenge a voter's preferred candidate in later rounds. By supporting a 'push over' candidate it is hoped to eliminate a stronger candidate who might have gone on to win the election. The 'push over' tactic requires voters to be able to reliably predict how others will vote. It runs the risk of backfiring, because if the tactical voter miscalculates then the candidate intended as a 'push over' might end up actually beating the voter's preferred candidate. Instant-runoff voting is less susceptible to this tactic, as voters cannot change their first preference in successive rounds. Once a voter has chosen a push over as their preferred candidate, it will remain so until this candidate is eliminated, increasing the likelihood of the push over getting elected at the expense of the preferred candidate.

Examples

Compromise

In the example above Knoxville wins, the last choice of both Nashville and Memphis supporters. If Memphis supporters had compromised by voting for Nashville (their second choice) in the first round then Nashville would have been elected immediately, while if Nashville supporters had all compromised by voting for their second choice of Chattanooga in the first round, then Chattanooga would have gone on to be elected in the second round.

Push over

Imagine an election in which there are 100 voters who vote as follows:

Ice Cream: 25 votes
Apple Pie: 30 votes
Fruit: 45 votes

No candidate has an absolute majority of votes so Ice Cream is eliminated in the first round. Ice Cream supporters prefer Apple Pie to Fruit so in the second round they vote for Apple Pie and Apple Pie is the winner. However, if only six Fruit supporters had used the tactic of 'push over' then they could have changed this outcome and ensured the election of Fruit. These six voters can do this by voting for Ice Cream in the first round as a 'push over'. If they do this then the votes cast in the first round will look like this:

Ice Cream: 31
Apple Pie: 30
Fruit: 39

This time Apple Pie is eliminated in the first round and Ice Cream and Fruit survive to the second round. This outcome is deliberate. The tactical voters know that Ice Cream will be an easier candidate for Fruit to beat in the second round than Apple Pie—in other words, that Ice Cream will be a 'push-over'. In the second round the tactical voters vote for their real first preference, Fruit. Therefore, even if only six Apple Pie supporters prefer Fruit to Ice Cream, the result of the second round will be:

Ice Cream: 49
Fruit: 51

Fruit will therefore be elected. The success of this tactic relies on the Fruit supporters being able to predict that Ice Cream can be beaten by Fruit in the second round. If a large majority of Apple Pie supporters had voted for Ice Cream then the 'push over' tactic would have backfired, leading to the election of Ice Cream, which Fruit partisans like even less than Apple Pie.

Strategic nomination

The exhaustive ballot can also be influenced by strategic nomination; this is where candidates and political factions influence the result of an election by either nominating extra candidates or withdrawing a candidate who would otherwise have stood. The exhaustive ballot is vulnerable to strategic nomination for the same reasons that it is open to the voting tactic of 'compromising'. This is because a candidate who knows they are unlikely to win can bring about the election of a more desirable compromise candidate by withdrawing from the race, or by never standing in the first place. By the same token a candidate can bring about a less desirable result by unwisely choosing to stand in an election; this is because of the spoiler effect, by which a new candidate can 'split the vote' and cost another similar candidate the election.

The exhaustive vote's system of multiple rounds makes it less vulnerable to the spoiler effect than the plurality system or the two round system. This is because a potential spoiler candidate often has only minor support; therefore he will be eliminated early and his supporters will have the opportunity to influence the result of the election by voting for more popular candidates in later rounds. Voters can also counteract the effect of vote splitting by using the 'compromise' tactic.

The exhaustive vote is essentially vulnerable to the same forms of strategic nomination as instant-runoff voting, the difference being that under the exhaustive vote candidates can use the results of early rounds to inform whether or not they should strategically withdraw in later rounds. This is impossible under IRV. In IRV the electorate votes only once, so candidates must make the judgement of whether or not to participate in an election before the poll, and before even one round of counting has occurred.

Effect on candidates and factions

The exhaustive ballot encourages candidates to appeal to a broad cross-section of voters. This is because, in order to eventually receive an absolute majority of votes, it is necessary for a candidate to win the support of voters whose favourite candidate has been eliminated. Under the exhaustive ballot, eliminated candidates, and the factions who previously supported them, often issue recommendations to their supporters as to whom they should vote for in the remaining rounds of the contest. This means that eliminated candidates are still able to influence the result of the election.

Notes

External links
Electoral Reform Society: Briefing on the electoral system for the Speaker of the British House of Commons

Category:Single-winner electoral systems


Puggle (disambiguation)

Puggle is a crossbreed between a Pug and a Beagle. It may also refer to:

The proper name given to a juvenile Monotreme (i.e. either an echidna or a platypus) – specifically, the period between hatching and weaning
A member of the Awana organization in the two- to three-year-old age group

See also
The Puggle Tales, a series of books by A. A. Barber of The Lost Forests
Peggle


Awa Ly

Awa Ly (born 4 January 1977 in Paris, France) is a French singer and actress of Senegalese origin who lives in Italy.

Biography
Awa Ly was born and raised in Paris. Both her parents are from Senegal, while most of her family lives in Dakar. She currently lives in Rome and works mainly in Italy as an actress and a singer.

In 2011 she played in the film Escort in Love by Daniele Luchetti besides Paola Cortellesi, Raoul Bova and Rocco Papaleo.

She accompanied Pino Daniele in summer 2013 on an international tour after having already performed with him in the United States and Canada.

Awa Ly has previously used My Major Company, a fan-funded music label in France and also for finishing her new five track EP Prochain, which was recorded at the Funkhaus in Berlin in December 2013, she seeks funding via the French crowdfunding platform KissKissBankBank.

Filmography
 2008: Black and White
 2009: The Front Line
 2010: La nostra vita
 2010: 20 sigarette
 2011: Escort in Love

Discography
 2009: Modulated
 2011: Parole Prestate
 2014: Awa Ly
 2016: Five and a Feather
 2020: Safe and Sound

References

External links
 Official website
 Official page on Facebook

Category:Living people
Category:1977 births
Category:French film actresses
Category:21st-century French singers
Category:21st-century French women singers


The Princes and the Treasure

The Princes and the Treasure is a children’s picture book and fairy tale by Jeffrey A. Miles, featuring illustrations by J. L. Phillips. The book was first published in the United States on February 9, 2014 through Handsome Prince Publishing, and has been translated into 26 languages and is available in over 137 countries. The story follows two men tasked with saving a princess, only to discover their love for one another.

A sequel entitled The Princes and the Dragon has been written and will focus upon Earnest and Gallant's life raising twin boys.

Plot
The strong and capable Princess Elena has a problem – her father, King Rufus, has been pressuring her to marry a prince, despite her own desire not to marry a prince. In desperation Elena makes a wish and is whisked away by an old woman in a carriage, prompting her father to announce that he will marry Elena to any one that can rescue her. The request is answered by two men, the reluctant and shy bookworm Earnest and the strong and handsome Gallant. They eventually manage to make their way to the tower where Elena is being held, only for the old woman to demand that they bring her the "greatest treasure in the land" in exchange for the princess. Assuming that she meant physical goods, Earnest and Gallant seek out the land's five greatest treasures, only to fall in love in the process discover that the greatest treasure isn't a physical good but rather their love for one another. They return to the old woman with their answer, at which point she transforms into a beautiful enchantress and Elena is freed. The three return to the King, who is overjoyed at his daughter's return and gives the two men gold, land, and makes them both princes. The story ends with the marriage of the two princes, who live happily ever after in their own castle.

Development
Miles came up with the idea for The Princes and the Treasure during a visit to the Magic Kingdom, where he watched adult performers singing and dancing together as prince and princess couples. This caused him to note the absence of same sex pairings in children's fairy tales and upon returning home, began developing the story and characters.  While writing the story Miles chose not to have the characters of Gallant and Earnest kiss, as he did not want the book to be seen as sexual, and he based the characters of both men on an amalgamation of people he knew in real life. He has also stated that he wanted the book to show that "two men or two women can create a warm and loving family together".

Characters
Prince Earnest
Earnest is a shy, red-haired bookworm that is hesitant to leave the safety of his own home, as he would rather read about adventures rather than go on one himself. He leaves his house only after his mother commands him to go and during his adventures with Gallant. Earnest tends to solve the challenges he faces by using his brains, and knowledge from the many adventure stories he has read.
Prince Gallant
Gallant is the strongest and most handsome man in the kingdom of Evergreen, and is widely admired. Unlike Earnest, Gallant eagerly volunteers to rescue Princess Elena and during his adventures he tends to solve the challenges he faces by using his brawn and muscles
Princess Elena
Elena is a beautiful, kind, warm, and funny princess. At the story's start she is pressured by her father to marry an eligible prince, which is not how Princess Elena wants to live her life.
Enchantress / Old Woman
The Enchantress is initially portrayed as an old, weathered woman that whisks Elena away and sequesters her in a dark tower. When confronted by Earnest and Gallant she sets them on a task to bring her the "greatest treasure in the land", which sets them on a lengthy adventure. By the story's end she has revealed herself to be a beautiful enchantress capable of transforming her shape.
King Rufus
Rufus is a caring and protective single father that wants his daughter to be happy in life. To this end he pressures Elena to marry a prince, as he believes that this would also secure the future well-being of their kingdom.

Reception
Critical reception for The Princes and the Treasure has been positive. The Princes and the Treasure has received praise from GLAAD, who expressed excitement over the work containing "gay role models, the twist on a classic fairytale storyline, and the shattering of stereotypes". Lesbians on the Loose gave the book a favorable review, stating that it was "important, particularly for children as it shows that love and family are universal, regardless of their gender." Miles has also been approached by many parents, who use the book to discuss same sex relationships and marriage with their children.

The book has received criticism from conservative groups such as the American Family Association for its placement in public libraries and schools.

Film adaptation
In November 2014 the satirical website Amplifying Glass posted a story claiming that Disney had picked up the rights to The Princes and the Treasure, which they would release under the title of Princes in the fall of 2015. The article went viral, causing many to assume that the claims were legitimate and share the news via various social media and news websites such as Facebook. The author of the piece stated that they did not intend for it to be taken seriously and that they had written the article in response to a comment made on an article by the Christian Post, which negatively compared homosexuality to eating disorders. The comment angered the author, who then wrote the article in order to "push the issue of equality a little and also, I admit, to troll some of the haters out there."

See also

King & King (2002)
Prince & Knight (2018)

References

Category:2014 children's books
Category:2010s LGBT literature
Category:American picture books
Category:Children's books with LGBT themes
Category:Same-sex marriage in fiction


Mirogoj Cemetery

The Mirogoj Cemetery () is a cemetery park that is considered to be among the more noteworthy landmarks in the City of Zagreb.  The cemetery inters members of all religious groups: Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish, Protestant, Latter Day Saints; irreligious graves can all be found. In the arcades are the last resting places of many famous Croatians.

History
The Mirogoj Cemetery was built on a plot of land owned by the linguist Ljudevit Gaj, purchased by the city in 1872, after his death.  Architect Hermann Bollé designed the main building. The new cemetery was inaugurated on 6 November 1876.

The construction of the arcades, the cupolas, and the church in the entryway was begun in 1879. Due to lack of funding, work was finished only in 1929.

Unlike the older cemeteries, which were church-owned, Mirogoj was owned by the city, and accepted burials from all religious backgrounds.

Notable interments

Zlatko Baloković - violinist
Hermann Bollé - architect
Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić - writer
Ferdinand Budicki - automotive and air travel pioneer of Zagreb, introduced cars to the city
Krešimir Ćosić - member of both the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and FIBA Hall of Fame
Arsen Dedić - singer-songwriter and composer
Dimitrija Demeter - a Greek Croatian, who played a major role in the movement for the national awakening of the Croatian nation
Filip Deutsch - nobleman and industrialist
Julio Deutsch - architect and co-owner of the architecture studio Hönigsberg & Deutsch
Janko Drašković - Croatian noble, national reformer, politician and poet
Hugo Ehrlich - known architect
Aleksandar Ehrmann - known industrialist, philanthropist and diplomat
Ljudevit Gaj - co-founder of the Illyrian movement
Leo Hönigsberg - Croatian architect and co-owner of the architecture studio Hönigsberg & Deutsch
Hosea Jacobi - Chief Rabbi of Zagreb
Miroslav Krleža - writer
Oton Kučera - astronomer
Zinka Kunc (Milanov), famous soprano
Svetozar Kurepa - mathematician
Ante Kovačić - writer from Hrvatsko Zagorje
Vatroslav Lisinski - composer
Vladko Maček - politician, co-signatory of the Cvetković-Maček Agreement
Savić Marković Štedimlija - Montenegrin-Croat publicist.
Antun Gustav Matoš - writer
Andrija Mohorovičić - sismologist
Edo Murtić - painter
Vladimir Nazor - writer and first President of People's Republic/Socialist Republic of Croatia
Maximilian Njegovan - Commander-in-chief and admiral of the Austro-Hungarian Navy
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala - Inventor
Dražen Petrović - member of both the Naismith and FIBA Halls of Fame
Milka Planinc - first and only female prime minister of Yugoslavia
Vladimir Prelog - Nobel prize-winning chemist
Petar Preradović - poet
Stjepan Radić - leader of the Croatian Peasants Party
August Šenoa - writer
Ivica Šerfezi - singer and politician supporter of HSS
Ivan Šubašić - last Ban of Croatia
Milka Ternina, famous soprano
Franjo Tuđman - the first president of Republic of Croatia
Vice Vukov - singer and politician
Tin Ujević - poet
Emil Uzelac - head of the Austro-Hungarian air force
Ivan Zajc - composer

Memorials
Monument to Fallen Croatian Soldiers in World War I (1919)
Monument to the children from the Kozara mountain
Tomb of the People's Heroes (1968)
Memorial Cross to Croatian Home Guard Soldiers (1993)
Monument to the Victims of Bleiburg and the Way of the Cross (1994)
German military cemetery (1996)
Monument of the "Voice of Croatian Victims - Wall of Pain" (to Croatian victims of the Croatian War of Independence)

Location and access
It is located today in the Gornji Grad - Medveščak city district, on Mirogojska Road and Hermann Bollé Street.

ZET bus line 106 runs between the cemetery and the Kaptol bus terminal in the heart of Zagreb every 20 minutes during the cemetery's opening hours.
A less frequent line, 226 (every 35–40 minutes), also starts from Kaptol by the same route, but continues farther east to Svetice terminal, directly connecting to the Maksimir Park.

Gallery

See also

History of Zagreb

Notes

Sources

External links

Mirogoj Cemetery at Association of Significant Cemeteries in Europe

Category:Cemeteries in Croatia
Category:Eastern Orthodox cemeteries
Category:Jewish cemeteries
Category:Roman Catholic cemeteries
Category:Lutheran cemeteries
Category:Protestant Reformed cemeteries
Category:Buildings and structures in Zagreb
Category:Gornji Grad–Medveščak
Category:Hermann Bollé buildings
Category:1876 establishments in Austria-Hungary