Brenda Landwehr

Brenda Landwehr is a Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing the state's 91st district. She has served since 1995. She is the owner of LT Care Solutions, Inc., and is a member of Christ the King Church, Comcare Mental Health Advisory Board, and the Salvation Army Foster Care Advisory Board.

On October 25, 2011, Landwehr announced that she would not run for reelection to the Kansas House, but would instead be seeking the State Senate seat in District 25 then and currently held by Sen. Jean Schodorf in the 2012 election. She lost her state senate bid, and then ran and lost a bid for District 92's Kansas House seat. In 2016, Landwehr was elected to the District 105 seat in the Kansas House.

Landwehr is a well known member of the more conservative wing of the Kansas Republican Party.

Committee membership
 Health and Human Services (Chair)
 Government Efficiency and Fiscal Oversight
 Joint Committee on Health Policy Oversight (Vice-Chair)
 Joint Committee on Home and Community Based Services Oversight

Legislative Scorecards
1996
 Americans for Prosperity - 78%
 Kansas Chamber of Commerce - 75%

1997
 Americans for Prosperity - 86%
 Kansas Chamber of Commerce - 86%

1998
 Americans for Prosperity - 100%
 National Rifle Association - A

1999
 Americans for Prosperity - 100%
 Kansas Chamber of Commerce - 67%

2000
 Americans for Prosperity - 100%
 Kansas Chamber of Commerce - 83%
 National Rifle Association - A

2001
 Americans for Prosperity - 90%
 Kansas Chamber of Commerce - 86%
 Kansas Association of Public Employees - Positions on Workplace Rights - B

2002
 Americans for Prosperity - 98%
 Kansas Chamber of Commerce - 64%
 Kansas National Education Association - 33%

2003
 Americans for Prosperity - 75%
 Kansas Chamber of Commerce - 100%

2004
 Americans for Prosperity - 90%
 Kansas Chamber of Commerce - 100%
 Kansas National Education Association - 11%

2005
 Americans for Prosperity - 93%

2006
 Kansas Taxpayers Network - 100%
 National Rifle Association - A

2007
 Americans for Prosperity - 100%
 Kansas National Education Association - 100%

2008
 Americans for Prosperity - 93%
 National Rifle Association - A+
 Kansas Natural Resource Council - 3 (out of 10)

2009
 Americans for Prosperity - 100%

2010
 Americans for Prosperity - 100%
 National Rifle Association - A+
 Kansas AFL-CIO - 27%

Major Donors
In 2008, Landwehr raised $61,737 for her campaign.

The top donors to Landwehr's 2008 campaign:
1. Kansas Hospital Association: 	$1,256
2. Kansas Association of Insurance Agents $1,100
3. Koch Industries 	$1,000
4. Kansas Bankers Assoc 	$1,000

The top 5 donors to Landwehr's 2010 campaign:
1. David Landwehr $1,500
2. Koch Industries $1,000
3. Kansas Bankers Association $1,000
4. Astrazeneca $1,000
5. Kansas Hospital Association $1,000

References

External links
 Official Website
 Kansas Legislature - Brenda Landwehr

Category:Members of the Kansas House of Representatives
Category:Living people
Category:Women state legislators in Kansas
Category:Kansas Republicans
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:20th-century American women politicians
Category:21st-century American women politicians
Category:21st-century American politicians
Category:People from Wichita, Kansas
Category:American conservative people


Emily Hollinshead

Emily Hollinshead (born 13 September 1995) is a Welsh footballer who plays as a winger and striker for Fylde and the Wales national team.

Early life
Hollinshead was born in Crewe, England. When she was 11, Hollinshead challenged a ban from The Football Association on girls over 11 not being allowed to play in the same football team as boys. After her father threatened legal action against The FA for sex discrimination, they announced that they were either considering changing the age limit to under-14 level or allow a special dispensation for one year to allow girls to play in boys teams. During this time, she was a part of the Crewe Alexandra F.C. Girls Centre of Excellence. She later went on to study Primary Education at Manchester Metropolitan University with a view to become a teacher.

Playing career

Club
Hollinshead started her senior career at Manchester United Ladies where she won the North West League.

Everton
In 2014, she moved to Women's Super League team Everton Ladies while also studying at Manchester Metropolitan University and playing for them in the Northern 1A British Universities and Colleges Sport League. She made her debut for Everton against Durham Women's F.C. in 2014.

Sheffield United
After the FA WSL Spring Series, Hollinshead made the move to Sheffield United.

Fylde
Hollinshead moved to Fylde in February 2018.

International
Hollinshead was called up to represent the Wales women's national football team by Jayne Ludlow for their UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying matches. Hollinshead made her debut for Wales against the Bosnia and Herzegovina women's national football team.

References

External links

 Everton player profile

Category:Welsh women's footballers
Category:People from Nantwich
Category:Everton L.F.C. players
Category:Sheffield United W.F.C. players
Category:Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University
Category:1995 births
Category:Living people
Category:Wales women's international footballers
Category:Women's association football forwards
Category:Fylde Ladies F.C. players


2009 Acropolis Rally

The 2009 Acropolis Rally of Greece was the 56th running of the Acropolis Rally and the seventh round of the 2009 World Rally Championship season. The rally consisted of 17 special stages. Ford's Mikko Hirvonen took his first win of the season and Citroën Junior Team's Sébastien Ogier his first-ever podium position. Hirvonen's teammate Jari-Matti Latvala climbed back to third place after going off the road and dropping from first to 11th place on the first day.

Citroën's championship leader Sébastien Loeb crashed out from third place, and Dani Sordo broke his suspension while running second, right behind Hirvonen. Stobart M-Sport Ford's fifth-placed driver Henning Solberg crashed into the same rock as Sordo and also retired. Petter Solberg found himself Hirvonen's main challenger for the win, but also had to retire with a broken suspension.

With mechanical problems for Mads Østberg and Evgeny Novikov, who took his first-ever stage win in the event, Federico Villagra finished fourth, Conrad Rautenbach fifth and Khalid al-Qassimi sixth, which marked his career-best result. Østberg climbed back into the points on the last stage. Home country's Lambros Athanassoulas edged out Nasser Al-Attiyah to win the Production World Rally Championship category, and also collected a WRC point for eighth place overall.

Results

Special stages

Championship standings after the event

Drivers' championship

Manufacturers' championship

References

External links
 Official site

Acropolis
Acropolis Rally
Category:Acropolis Rally


Seminole Hot Springs, California

Seminole Hot Springs is an unincorporated community in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Seminole Hot Springs is located in the Santa Monica Mountains near Cornell,  south-southeast of Agoura Hills.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Los Angeles County, California
Category:Populated places in the Santa Monica Mountains
Category:Unincorporated communities in California


Axiom schema of predicative separation

In axiomatic set theory, the axiom schema of predicative separation, or of restricted, or Δ0 separation, is a schema of axioms which is a restriction of the usual axiom schema of separation in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.
This name Δ0 stems from the Lévy hierarchy, in analogy with the arithmetic hierarchy.

Statement
The axiom asserts only the existence of a subset of a set if that subset can be defined without reference to the entire universe of sets.
The formal statement of this is the same as full separation schema, but with a restriction on the formulas that may be used:
For any formula φ,

provided that φ contains only bounded quantifiers and, as usual, that the variable y is not free in it.
So all quantifiers in φ, if any, must appear in the forms

for some sub-formula ψ and, of course, the definition of  is bound to those rules as well.

Motivation
This restriction is necessary from a predicative point of view, since the universe of all sets contains the set being defined. If it were referenced in the definition of the set, the definition would be circular.

Theories
The axiom appears in the systems of constructive set theory CST and CZF, as well as in the system of Kripke–Platek set theory.

Finite axiomatizability
Although the schema contains one axiom for each restricted formula φ, it is possible in CZF to replace this schema with a finite number of axioms.

See also
 Constructive set theory
 Axiom schema of separation

Category:Constructivism (mathematics)
Category:Axioms of set theory


Angular Correlation of Electron Positron Annihilation Radiation

Angular  Correlation of Electron Positron Annihilation Radiation (ACAR or ACPAR) is a technique of solid state physics to investigate the electronic structure of metals. It uses positrons which are implanted into a sample and annihilate with the electrons. In the majority of annihilation events, two gamma quanta are created that are, in the reference frame of the electron-positron pair, emitted in exactly opposite directions. In the laboratory frame, there is a small angular deviation from collinearity, which is caused by the momentum of the electron. Hence, measuring the angular correlation of the annihilation radiation yields information about the momentum distribution of the electrons in the solid.

Investigation of the electronic structure

All the macroscopic electronic and magnetic properties of a solid result from its microscopic electronic structure.
In the simple free electron model, the electrons do not interact with each other nor with the atomic cores. The relation between energy  and momentum  is given by

with the electron mass . Hence, there is an unambiguous connection between electron energy and momentum. Because of the Pauli exclusion principle the electrons fill all the states up to a maximum energy, the so-called Fermi energy. By the momentum-energy relation, this corresponds to the Fermi momentum . The border between occupied  and unoccupied momentum states, the Fermi surface, is arguably the most significant feature of the electronic structure and has a strong influence on the solid's properties. In the free electron model, the Fermi surface is a sphere.

With ACAR it is possible to measure the momentum distribution of the electrons. A measurement on a free electron gas for example would give a positive intensity for momenta  and zero intensity for . The Fermi surface itself can easily be identified from such a measurement by the discontinuity at .

In reality, there is interaction between the electrons with each other and the atomic cores of the crystal. This has several consequences: For example, the unambiguous relation between energy and momentum of an electronic state is broken and an electronic band structure is formed. Measuring the momentum of one electronic state gives a distribution of momenta which are all separated by reciprocal lattice vectors. Hence, an ACAR measurement on a solid with completely filled bands (i.e. on an insulator) gives a continuous distribution. An ACAR measurement on a metal has discontinuities where bands cross the Fermi level in all Brillouin zones in reciprocal space. This discontinuous distribution is superimposed by a continuous distribution from the entirely filled bands. From the discontinuities the Fermi surface can be extracted.

Since positrons that are created by beta decay possess a longitudinal spin polarization it is possible to investigate the spin-resolved electronic structure of magnetic materials. In this way, contributions from the majority and minority spin channel can be separated and the Fermi surface in the respective spin channels can be measured.

ACAR has several advantages and disadvantages compared to other, more well known techniques for the investigation of the electronic structure like ARPES and quantum oscillation: ACAR requires neither low temperatures, high magnetic fields or UHV conditions. Furthermore, it is possible to probe the electronic structure at the surface and in the bulk (  deep). However, ACAR is reliant on defect free samples as vacancy concentrations of up to  per atom can efficiently trap positrons and distort the measurement.

Theory

In an ACAR measurement the angular deviation of many pairs of annihilation radiation is measured. Therefore, the underlying physical observable is often called ‘two photon momentum density’ (TPMD) or . Quantum mechanically,  can be expressed as the squared absolute value of the Fourier transform of the multi-particle wave function  of all the electron and the positron in the solid:

As it is not possible to imagine or compute the multi-particle wave function  , it is often written as the sum of the single particle wave functions  of the electron  in the th state in the th band and the positron wave function :

The enhancement factor  accounts for the electron-positron correlation. There exist sophisticated enhancement models to describe the electron-positron correlations, but in the following it will be assumed that . This approximation is called the independent particle model (IPM).

A very illustrative form of the TPMD can be obtained by the use of the Fourier coefficients for the wave function product :

These Fourier coefficients are distributed over all reciprocal vectors . If one assumes that the overlap of the electron and the positron wave function is constant for the same band ,  summing   over all reciprocal lattice vectors gives a very instructive result:

The function  is the Heaviside step function and the constant  . This means, if  is folded back into the first Brillouin zone, the resulting density is flat except at the Fermi momentum. Therefore, the Fermi surface can be easily identified by looking for this discontinuities in .

Experimental details

When a positron is implanted into a solid it will quickly lose all its kinetic energy and annihilate with an electron. By this process two gamma quanta with  each are created which are in the reference frame of the electron positron pair emitted in exactly anti-parallel directions. In the laboratory frame, however, there is a Doppler shift from  and an angular deviation from collinearity. Although the full momentum information about the momentum of the electron is encoded in the annihilation radiation, due to technical limitations it cannot be fully recovered. Either one measures the Doppler broadening of the  annihilation radiation (DBAR) or the angular correlation of the annihilation radiation (ACAR).

For DBAR a detector with a high energy resolution like a high purity  germanium detector is needed. Such detectors typically do not resolve the position of absorbed photons. Hence only the longitudinal component of the electron momentum  can be measured. The resulting measurement is a 1D projection of .

In ACAR position sensitive detectors, gamma cameras or multi wire proportional chambers, are used. Such detectors have a position resolution of typically  but an energy resolution which is just good enough to sort out scattered photons or background radiation. As  is discarded, a 2D projection of   is measured. In order to get a high angular resolution of  and better, the detectors have to be set up at distances between  from each other. Although it is possible to get even better angular resolutions by placing the detectors further apart, this comes at cost of the counting rate. Already with moderate detector distances, the measurement of one projection of  typically takes weeks.

As ACAR measures projections of the TPMD it is necessary to reconstruct   in order to recover the Fermi surface. For such a reconstruction similar techniques as for X-ray computed tomography are used. In contrast to a human body, a crystal has many symmetries which can be included into the reconstruction. This makes the procedure more complex but increases the quality of the reconstruction. Another way to evaluate ACAR spectra is by a quantitative comparison with ab initio calculations.

History
In the early years, ACAR was mainly used to investigate the physics of the electron-positron annihilation process. In the 1930s several annihilation mechanism were discussed. Otto Klemperer could show with his angular correlation setup that the electron-positron pairs annihilate mainly into two gamma quanta which are emitted anti-parallel. In the 1950s, it was realized that by measuring the deviation from collinearity of the annihilation radiation information about the electronic structure of a solid can be obtained.

During this time mainly setups with ‘long slit geometry’ were used. They consisted of a positron source and a sample in the center, one fixed detector on one side and a second movable detector on the other side of the sample. Each detector was collimated in such a way that the active area was much smaller in one than in the other dimension (thus ‘long slit’). A measurement with a long slit setup yields a 1D projection of the electron momentum density . Hence, this technique is called 1D-ACAR.

The development of two-dimensional gamma cameras and multi wire proportional chambers in the 1970s and early 1980s led to the setting up of the first 2D-ACAR spectrometer. This was an improvement to 1D-ACAR in two ways: i) The detection efficiency could be improved and ii) the informational content was greatly increased as the measurement gave a 2D projection of  . An important early example of the use of spin-polarized 2D-ACAR is the proof of half metallicity in the half-Heusler alloy NiMnSb.

References

Notes

Further reading

Category:Condensed matter physics


C. G. Jung Institute, Zürich

The C. G. Jung Institute, Zürich (German: C. G. Jung-Institut Zürich) was founded in Küsnacht, Switzerland, in 1948 by the psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, the founder of Analytical psychology (more commonly called Jungian psychology). Marie-Louise von Franz and Jolande Jacobi were also active in the foundation and early work of the institute.

The institute was founded in 1948 to provide training and conduct research in Analytical psychology and psychotherapy. Jung led the institute until 1961, the year of his death. The library of the institute holds around 15,000 books and periodicals related to Jungian psychology.

Several other organizations named the C.G. Jung Institute exist around the world, e.g. in Los Angeles.

See also
 Psychology Club Zürich

External links

 Institute website (in English and German)

Category:Carl Jung
Institute
Category:Jungian tradition
Category:Küsnacht
Category:Research institutes established in 1948
Category:Psychology institutes
Category:Psychology organisations based in Switzerland


Caesar (song)

"Caesar" is a song by the English band I Blame Coco from their debut album, The Constant. Produced by Klas Åhlund, the track features Swedish singer Robyn and was released as the album's lead single on 31 January 2010. The accompanying music video, directed by directing duo Hope Audikana, was uploaded onto Island Records' official YouTube account on 17 December 2009.

Critical reception
In a review for Digital Spy, Nick Levine called the song "quite a debut", stating that "Coco displays oodles of moody 'tude, referencing Lord Of The Flies and hissing lines like 'You're all f**king hopers', Ahlund keeps the production as lean and fuzzy as an undernourished duckling, and Robyn herself turns up to deliver the ear-snagging chorus." Joe O'Sullivan from This Is Fake DIY commented that "[t]he verse / chorus trade off between Coco and Robyn works very well, the contrast in their voices utilised to great effect as Robyn's impassioned singing is offset from Coco's by disinterested then snarling turns of We're going to knock down the walls, knock down the walls as the end of the chorus approaches." Ian Gittins from Virgin Media described "Caesar" as "fantastic sub-Gaga electro-brat-pop and, most importantly, big fun." NME critic Alex Denney referred to the song as a "good-ass pop tune", whilst both Heather Phares of Allmusic and Louisa Emery of The Wharf noted it as a standout on The Constant.

Track listings
UK iTunes EP
"Caesar" – 3:39
"Caesar" (Miike Snow Remix) – 3:50
"Ritalin" (Acoustic Demo) – 2:02

UK 10" single
A1. "Caesar" – 3:39
A2. "Ritalin" (Acoustic Demo) – 2:02
B1. "Caesar" (Miike Snow Remix) – 3:50

Release history

References

Category:2010 debut singles
Category:I Blame Coco songs
Category:Robyn songs
Category:Songs written by Klas Åhlund
Category:2009 songs
Category:Island Records singles


Mikhail Kolganov (athlete)

Mihail Kolganov (born 9 May 1980) is a Kazakhstani former middle distance runner who specialized in the 800 and 1500 metres.

In the 800 metres he won the gold medal at the 2002 Asian Championships and finished seventh at the 2002 World Cup. He also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games, but did not progress past the first heat. His personal best time is 1:46.99 minutes, achieved in June 2004 in Almaty.

In the 1500 metres he finished twelfth at the 2003 Universiade, tenth at the 2005 Universiade and fifth at the 2005 Asian Championships. His personal best time is 3:45.65 minutes, achieved in June 2006 in Tula.

He also finished seventh in the 4x400 metres relay at the 2005 Summer Universiade.

Achievements

1Did not start in the semifinal

References

Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Kazakhstani male middle-distance runners
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic athletes of Kazakhstan
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games competitors for Kazakhstan


The Art of Elegance

The Art of Elegance is the sixth album and fifth studio album of actress and singer Kristin Chenoweth.

Overview
In spring 2016, Chenoweth announced via Twitter that she was working on a new studio album, set to be released in spring 2017. The release date was pushed forwards though, and in mid-August, Chenoweth announced via social media that it would be released on September 23, 2016. The following week she announced the title, and shortly afterwards released the cover photo.

Chenoweth revealed that the recording would be covers of selections from the Great American Songbook, and released the first single, "The Very Thought of You" on August 19. A second single, "Smile" was released on September 9.

This album also marks Chenoweth's second Great American Songbook-themed album. Her first was her 2001 debut album Let Yourself Go, which featured mostly classic songs from the 1940s.

Track listing

Charts

Accolades

References

Category:2016 albums
Category:Concord Records albums
Category:Kristin Chenoweth albums


Angela Bradburn-Spangler

Angela Bradburn-Spangler (born September 4, 1968, in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is a retired high jumper from the United States, who set her outdoor personal best on May 28, 1994, jumping 1.95 metres at a meet in Wörrstadt. Her indoor best is 1.98 metres set on March 5, 1994, in Atlanta. She is the 1994 US national champion and three-time US national indoor champion (1992, 1994 and 1997).

Competition record

Note: Results with a q, indicate overall position in qualifying round.

References

 USATF profile
 Player Bio: Angela Bradburn Spangler at Texas Longhorns

Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:American female high jumpers
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1995 Pan American Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Category:Sportspeople from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Category:Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Category:Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Track and field athletes from Indiana
Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States


Rushden Parkway railway station

Rushden Parkway railway station is a proposed new railway station to serve the towns of Rushden and Higham Ferrers and the large village of Irchester in Northamptonshire, England. The two towns and village have not seen passenger rail services since 1959. The former station building at Rushden has been preserved and now houses Rushden Station Railway Museum. Rushden Parkway would be built on the Midland Main Line (which runs to the west of Rushden) on the site of the former Irchester railway station. In June 2009, the Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC) commissioned a new report, advocated a park and ride station for Rushden, although the report inadvertently stated that it would be sited in Irthlingborough and not Irchester.

Since the building of Corby station, Rushden is now the largest town in Northamptonshire without an operational railway station.

See also
 Connecting Communities: Expanding Access to the Rail Network
 Rushden railway station
 Midland Main Line

References

Category:Rushden
Category:Proposed railway stations in England


Mírovka

Mírovka  (German: Grund Bach) is a creek in Šumperk District,   Moravia, right tributary of the Morava river.
Its length is 20,2 km and its drainage basin covers 49.6 km2. The mean annual discharge at its mouth is 0.25 m³/s.

The Mírovka originates near Maletín village, 400 meters above sea level.

The Mírovka flows through settlements of Maletín, Starý Maletín, Svojanov and Nový Maletín which are grouped into single municipality called Maletín.  Two water reservoirs were built in this place – the Svojanov reservoir and the Maletín reservoir.
Upper the Maletín reservoir occupies approximately 2,6 ha, lower The Svojanov Reservoir occupies approximately 1,5 ha. Both are primarily used for fishing.

The Mírovka then goes east into forest  of Moravsko-Třebovská pahorkatina (literally Moravská Třebová Hills), flowing next to a paved road.  Mírov, the super-maximum security prison, is located in this area.

Lower reaches are situated in agricultural flatland of Mohelnická brázda, feeding Křemačovský rybník, which area is 3 ha.
Then the creek flows through Mohelnice.  It empties into a millrace that is connected with Morava, just few meters away from a border of the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area.

Moravičanské jezero  (literally Moravičany lake)  is in a neighborhood of the creek mouth.
This manmade lake, which is a consequence of a sand mining, is widely used for recreation and fishery. It occupies about 90 ha.

References

Category:Rivers of the Olomouc Region
Category:Šumperk District


Saskia Bullen

Saskia Bullen (born 20 July 1983) is a New Zealand cricketer. She played in three Women's Twenty20 International cricket (WT20I) matches between 2009 and 2010.

References

External links

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand women cricketers
Category:New Zealand women Twenty20 International cricketers
Category:Cricketers from Auckland


3M Open

The 3M Open is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour, held at TPC Twin Cities in Blaine, Minnesota, a suburb north of Minneapolis. Announced by the PGA Tour in June 2018, the tournament debuted in 2019 on  Minnesota-based company 3M is the title sponsor of the event.

It succeeds the 3M Championship, a PGA Tour Champions event for 26 years (1993–2018), held at

Winners

References

External links

Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site
TPC Twin Cities

Category:PGA Tour events
Category:Golf in Minnesota
Category:Sports in Blaine, Minnesota
Category:2019 establishments in Minnesota
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2019


Terry Miller (linebacker)

Terry Miller (born April 11, 1946) is a retired professional American football player who played linebacker for the Detroit Lions and St. Louis Cardinals.

References

Category:1946 births
Category:American football linebackers
Category:Detroit Lions players
Category:St. Louis Cardinals (football) players
Category:Illinois Fighting Illini football players
Category:Living people
Category:Players of American football from Illinois
Category:People from Mattoon, Illinois


Marc Erwin Babej

Marc Erwin Babej (born 30 March 1970) is a German-American photographer and writer. His elaborately staged works focus on subject matter in history and social science.

Life and career
Babej was raised in Bad Homburg, Germany and graduated from Brown University (A.B., History, 1992) and Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism (M.Sc., 1993). He worked as a reporter Forbes Magazine, while also writing criticism for the arts sections of Corriere della Sera, Die Zeit, Die Weltwoche and The Guardian.

Works
Babej's photography-based series focus on conflicting belief systems in history, politics and science. Mask of Perfection (2013) examined the tensions between natural beauty and the "scientific" approach to beauty practiced in plastic surgery.

His subsequent works have examined the after-effects of historical events such as the collapse of the Soviet Union in Chernogirls and the Roman heritage of Tunisia in Africanae.

Mischlinge (2014) focuses on the impact of the Nazi era on definitions of national identity in the Federal Republic of Germany, combining images with genealogical DNA tests of the cast members and writings by himself, historian Thomas Kühne and Cem Özdemir, co-chairman of Alliance '90/The Greens.

Unser Afrika (2015) focuses on supremacy and colonial genocide during, and in the aftermath of, the Herero and Namaqua genocide in the former colony of German Southwest Africa. Historians and genocide scholars Henning Melber, Jürgen Zimmerer, Ulrich van der Heyden and Joachim Zeller served as historical advisors on the work. The June 2018 premiere of Unser Afrika in Hamburg City Hall was widely regarded as having drawn attention to an overlooked aspect of German history.

Style
Babej works exclusively in black and white. His photographic style is influenced by the deep focus cinematography of 1930s and 40s filmmakers such as Orson Welles and Jean Renoir, and cinematographer Gregg Toland. Mischlinge explicitly references the aesthetics of Leni Riefenstahl.

Yesterday - Tomorrow
Babej's latest work, Yesterday - Tomorrow: A Work in Aspective Realism, takes up the complex visual language of ancient Egyptian art. An international team of more than 50 specialists was involved in the work. Thirteen Egyptologists worked with Babej as co-creators of the "photographic reliefs" which form the core of the work: Christian Bayer and Oliver Gauert (Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim), Laurel Bestock (Brown University), Peter Der Manuelian (Harvard University), Roxana Flammini (Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina/CONICET), Salima Ikram and Mariam Ayad (American University in Cairo), Christian Loeben (Museum August Kestner), Juan Carlos Moreno García (Université Paris IV-Sorbonne), Matthias Müller ((University of Basel) Thomas Schneider (University of British Columbia), Regine Schulz (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) and Steve Vinson (Indiana University Bloomington). The preface of the Yesterday - Tomorrow book is written by his mentor, Roger Ballen.

Aspective Realism
In Yesterday - Tomorrow, Babej adapts defining characteristics of ancient Egyptian art, such as aspective representation (the simultaneous representation of the human body from multiple perspectives in two-dimensional media), the canon of proportions and the integration of images, symbols and text.

The resulting new art style, termed Aspective Realism, is regarded as "the revival of ancient Egyptian art after 2,000 years of dormancy."  At the opening of the Yesterday - Tomorrow exhibition at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Head of the Museums Sector at Egypt's Ministry of State of Antiquities, Elham Salah, stated that Aspective Realism "revives the complex visual language of ancient Egyptian art and evolves it in contemporary photorealistic media."

Selected exhibitions
 2018: Yesterday - Tomorrow, Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt
 2018: Unser Afrika, Hamburg City Hall, Germany
 2018: Yesterday - Tomorrow, Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt
 2017: Yesterday - Tomorrow, Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim, Germany
 2016: Mischlinge, Paris Photo, Paris
 2016: Mischlinge, Museum Wewelsburg, Germany
 2015: Mischlinge, Historical Technical Museum, Peenemünde
 2015: Mask of Perfection, Paris Photo, Paris
 2015: Mischlinge", Galerie m2a, Dresden, Germany
 2015: Chernogirls, AB Gallery, Lucerne, Switzerland
 2014: Mask of Perfection, Paris Photo, Paris
 2014: Mask of Perfection, Clarinda Carnegie Art Museum, Clarinda, Iowa
 2014: Körpereingriffe/Mask of Perfection,  Lebensspuren Museum, Wels, Austria

External links
 Marc Erwin Babej official site
 Yesterday - Tomorrow book
 Fotoserie über Deutsche: Wir sind Mischlinge. Essay, photographs and video at Spiegel Online , 11 November 2014
 ZDF German TV video, 21 November 2014

References

Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:German photographers
Category:American photographers
Category:Brown University alumni
Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Category:Choate Rosemary Hall alumni
Category:People from Frankfurt
Category:People from Bad Homburg vor der Höhe
Category:Artists from New York City
Category:American people of German-Jewish descent
Category:German emigrants to the United States


Basket Case 2

Basket Case 2 is a 1990 American comedy horror film written and directed by Frank Henenlotter, and the sequel to Basket Case. It was released on DVD by Synapse Films in October 2007. The film spawned another sequel, Basket Case 3: The Progeny, released in 1991.

Plot
Having survived their fall at the end of the first film, Duane Bradley and his hideously deformed brother Belial are rescued from the hospital by an elderly woman named Ruth who, along with her beautiful granddaughter, are the caretakers of an extended family of similarly deformed individuals. When a snooping tabloid reporter and a sleazy photographer threaten to endanger the community's welfare, the two brothers join with the freaks to defend their privacy with a vengeance.

Cast
 Kevin Van Hentenryck as Duane Bradley
 Annie Ross as Granny Ruth
 Kathryn Meisle as Marcie
 Heather Rattray as Susan
 Jason Evers as Lou
 Ted Sorel as Phil
 Beverly Bonner as Casey
 Matt Mitler as Arty
 Leonard Jackson as Police Commissioner
 Judy Grafe as News Woman
 Chad Brown as News Man

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 67% of six surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 6.4/10.  Variety called it "a hilarious genre spoof" that pays homage to Freaks.  Caryn James of The New York Times wrote, "As cheap horror spoofs go, this one isn't all bad."  Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "It has everything it needs to become the cult film that its 1982 predecessor has been: outrageous dark humor, bizarre horror, driving energy and genuine pathos."

From retrospective reviews, John Kenneth Muir wrote in his book Horror Films of the 1990s opined that Basket Case 2 was "disappointing" and that it "eschews all the qualities that made the down-and-dirty, low-budget original such a great pleasure."

Sequel
This sequel was followed in 1991 by another sequel, Basket Case 3: The Progeny.

References

Footnotes

Sources

External links

Category:1990 films
Category:1990 horror films
Category:1990s sequel films
Category:American films
Category:American comedy horror films
Category:American sequel films
Category:American monster movies
Category:Films about twin brothers
Category:Films directed by Frank Henenlotter
Category:Parasitic twinning in culture
Category:Films scored by Joe Renzetti


Bahrain at the 2000 Summer Paralympics

3 male athletes and no female athletes represented Bahrain at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.

Medallists

See also
Bahrain at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Bahrain at the Paralympics

References

Bibliography

External links
International Paralympic Committee

Category:Nations at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympics
2000


Duddell Street

Duddell Street is a small street located near the Lan Kwai Fong district in Central, Hong Kong.  Named after George and Frederick Duddell, it stretches from Ice House Street to Queen's Road Central. The street is noted for containing the city's last four gas lamps.

History
This short street includes, at its southern end, a flight of granite steps that were built between 1875 and 1889; these lead up to Ice House Street.  The street was named in honour of brothers George and Frederick Duddell. Both were landowners in the early days of the colony, having emigrated from Macau after the 1841 annexation of Hong Kong.  George was an auctioneer and ultimately a significant property owner in the area around the present Duddell Street in the mid-19th century.  When Frederick and his wife died, they were both buried back in Macau at the Old Protestant Cemetery.

Gas lamps

The street is famous for its four gas-powered street lamps.  While all other street lamps in Hong Kong are now electric, these four still use town gas. The Hong Kong and China Gas Company continues the operation of the lamps as objects of historical interest. Duddell Street Steps and Gas Lamps are Declared monuments of Hong Kong.

Three of the four street lights have been destroyed on 16 September 2018 during Typhoon Mangkhut.

Retail
In June 2009, Hong Kong retail design store G.O.D. collaborated with Starbucks and created a store with a "Bing Sutt Corner" at their store on Duddell Street. It is a concept that fuses the retro bing sutt, a Hong Kong teahouse style with the contemporary look of a coffeehouse.

In April 2012, the flagship store of clothing retailer Shanghai Tang was opened at 1 Duddell Street, known as the 'Shanghai Tang Mansion'. It is close to 1,400-square-metres in size and is the largest branch in the world, designed by Shanghai-based design firm Design MVW.

Photos

See also
 Central and Western Heritage Trail
 List of streets and roads in Hong Kong

References

External links

 Information from Film Services Office
Google Maps of Duddell Street

Category:Roads in Hong Kong
Category:Declared monuments of Hong Kong
Category:Central, Hong Kong
Category:Ladder streets in Hong Kong


Koçi

Koçi is an Albanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Koçi Bey, Albanian Ottoman bureaucrat
 Elez Koçi, Albanian activist
 Ervin Koçi, Albanian politician
 Koçi Xoxe, Albanian politician
 Akil Mark Koci, Kosovo Albanian composer
 Hafiz Sabri Koçi, Albanian cleric
 Amanda Ava Koçi, known as Ava Max, American singer of Albanian origin

See also
 Kočí, Czech surname

Category:Albanian-language surnames


Dyschirius timidus

Dyschirius timidus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Lindroth in 1961.

References

Category:Dyschirius
Category:Beetles described in 1961


Ogi, Ōita

was a town located in Naoiri District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,454 and the density of 68.64 persons per km². The total area was 50.32 km².

On April 1, 2005, Ogi, along with the towns of Kujū and Naoiri (all from Naoiri District), was merged into the expanded city of Taketa.

Category:Dissolved municipalities of Ōita Prefecture


B.T. (tabloid)

B.T. () is a Danish tabloid newspaper which offers general news about various subjects such as sports, politics and current affairs.

History and profile

B.T. was established in 1916. The paper is based in Copenhagen. A large, red neon sign displays the company's logo at the Trianglen square in the Østerbro district of Copenhagen. B.T. is part of Berlingske Media Group. It had a conservative stance in the 1960s.

During the last six months of 1957 the circulation of B.T. was 157,932 copies on weekdays. The paper had a circulation of 196,000 copies in 1991 and 192,000 copies in 1992. It fell to 181,000 copies in 1993, to 164,000 copies in 1994 and to 155,000 copies in 1995. Its circulation further fell to 147,000 copies in 1996, to 138,000 copies in 1997 and to 134,000 copies in 1998. The paper's circulation continued to decrease, and it was 124,000 copies in 1999, 123,000 copies in 2000 and 122,000 copies in 2001.

The circulation of B.T. in 2003 was 110,000 copies. In 2004 the paper had a circulation of 100,000 copies. The 2007 circulation of the paper was 87,319 copies. Its circulation was 82,024 copies in 2008 and 74,330 copies in 2009. It was 69,839 copies in 2010 and 67,983 copies in 2011.

Ever since B.T. was first published, Ekstra Bladet published by JP/Politikens Hus has been its main competition.

References

External links

Category:1916 establishments in Denmark
BT
Category:Media in Copenhagen
BT
BT


Ladislav Salai Jr.

Ladislav Salai Jr. (born 18 January 1961) is a Slovak chess composer and chess player.

In 2011 Ladislav Salai Jr. gained the title International Solving Grandmaster, then in 2017 the title International Grandmaster of the FIDE for Chess Compositions.

In the Solvers' rating list of WFCC, April 2013, he is the 11th with 2613 rating points.

References

 Prvý veľmajster, PAT A MAT 78, March 2012

External links
 Jr.' Salai's problems at the PDB Server

Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:Slovak chess players
Category:Chess composers


Bothriechis nigroviridis

{{speciesbox
|image=Bothriechis nigroviridis (1).jpg
|genus=Bothriechis
|species=nigroviridis
|authority=Peters, 1859
|synonyms=
Bothriechis nigroviridis Peters, 1859
B[othrops (Bothriechis)]. nigro-viridis Müller, 1877Lachesis nigroviridis Boulenger, 1896Bothrops nigroviridis March, 1929Bothrops nigroviridis nigroviridis Barbour & Loveridge, 1929Trimeresurus nigroviridis Pope, 1955Bothriechis nigroviridis Campbell & Lamar, 1989}}Common names: black-speckled palm-pit viper, speckled palm viper, more.Bothriechis nigroviridis is a venomous pit viper species found in the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama. No subspecies are currently recognized. The specific name is derived from the Latin niger (black) and viridis'' (green) in reference to its distinctive color pattern.

Common names
Black-speckled palm-pitviper, speckled palm viper, black-spotted palm viper, yellow-spotted palm viper.

Description
Adults may exceed , although most are less than  in length. They are relatively slender and have a prehensile tail. Two exceptionally large females were reported by Hammack and Antonio (1991) that measured  and .

The color pattern usually consists of an emerald green (rarely yellowish green) ground color with strong black mottling. There may also be pale green dorsal blotches that have black edges. The belly is yellowish green and lightly mottled with black. The head is heavily mottled with black on top, often with black parietal stripes. There is also a clearly defined postocular stripe running back towards the angle of the jaw. The iris is heavily stippled and appears almost black. The tongue is also black. Juveniles have a similar color pattern, although it is more pale and the tip of the tail is black.

Geographic range
Found in the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama. Also found in the cloud forests of the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera de Talamanca at 1,150-2,400 m altitude. The type locality given is "Vulcan von Barbo" (Volcán Barba, Costa Rica).

According to Campbell and Lamar (2004), this species prefers medium to high elevations from 1,150 to over 3,000 m, and is found from the Cordillera Tilarán and Cordillera Central in the southeastern Alajuela province in Costa Rica, southeast through the Cordillera de Talamanca to Chiriquí province in Panama. It occurs on both the Atlantic and Pacific slopes.

Habitat
This species inhabits high montane forest and lower montane wet forest and cloud forest. It has a limited range and is generally considered relatively rare, even though it is locally common in habitat that has not been disturbed. However, Picado (1931) mentioned that they soon disappear from cultivated areas.

Venom
Fatalities have been reported, with the bite symptoms including intense pain, nausea and asphyxia.

See also
List of crotaline species and subspecies

Snakebite

References

External links

Category:Reptiles described in 1859
Category:Bothriechis
Category:Reptiles of Costa Rica
Category:Reptiles of Panama


List of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps characters

The following is a list of characters for the British sitcom Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps written by Susan Nickson and broadcast by the BBC. The first series began on 26 February 2001 with the final series being broadcast in 2020.

Main characters

Gaz Wilkinson
Played by: Will Mellor
Gary "Gaz" Wilkinson: Born in 1980, Gaz has two sisters (Julie and Tasha) and a half-brother, Munch. He works as a mechanic at Brindley Autos, originally owned by his father until it was sold to Donna. Gaz is a stereotypical "blokey bloke" who likes football (supporting Manchester City), and also beer, sex, Hollyoaks and Monarch of the Glen. He is an avid collector and user of pornography and has a phobia of sheep. In a late series 5 episode, Gaz and Donna plan to move to a house in Knowsley, but on a visit to check out the house he spots a sheep in the field and is too terrified to want to live there anymore. In the episode when Donna moves into Gaz's flat, she notices that he has some strange habits, such as only using bread from the middle of the loaf when making toast. His favourite books include The Lust of the Mohicans, Pleasure Island, Macbiff and The Count Of Monte Cristo (although the cover doesn't actually say "Count"). He is the person responsible for splitting up Jonny and Kate, much to the happiness of Janet. At one point, he cheats on Donna by sleeping with Janet. This secret is kept quiet for a while, until he accidentally reveals his betrayal to Donna one night in bed. After this, he and Donna split up for a while, until they get back together after he is involved in a road accident. Gaz finds out he has a low sperm count after deciding to become a sperm donor because he feels broody; this supposedly proves that Jonny is Corinthian Keogh's father. He proposes to Donna numerous times throughout Series 6 before the two of them finally get engaged, and they eventually marry in Series 7. After the marriage ceremony, Louise finds out that Gaz is Corinthian's real father and, despite trying to keep it secret, informs him, to his delight; but she decides not to tell Janet, who is still dealing with the loss of Jonny. Gaz and Janet finally realise they belong together, and at the end of series 7, Donna leaves them to be together. In series 8, Donna returns and Gaz is happy with Janet, but cannot resist having sex with Donna for old times' sake; eventually, Janet and Donna give him an ultimatum to choose between them. Gaz decides that he loves Donna after all, and drives to her, crashing a car on the way. He wakes up in hospital, to find Donna at his bedside. This result was chosen by viewers in an online poll. In series 9, Gaz is in a wheelchair following the car accident, after a year-long coma. Throughout the next series Gaz struggles to come to terms with being disabled and tells Donna that he will walk again; with a little help from her he manages to take his first steps. In the final episode, Gaz turns 30 and realising he has never been outside Runcorn he decides to travel the world with Donna. She, however, finding out she may have cancer, tells Gaz she won't be coming with him, but doesn't tell him the reason. Gaz then says an emotional farewell to her at the airport before leaving to start his new life. Janet is currently unaware that Gaz is the father of her son, due to Jonny taking a paternity test before he died, but Gaz has previously tried to tell Janet this, however; realising it may upset her, Gaz decides to keep the paternity of Corinthian from Janet.

Donna Henshaw
Played by: Natalie Casey
Donna Louise Henshaw was conceived in a Ford Capri and born in 1981; after a long relationship she marries Gaz Wilkinson. She has a GCSE in Music, and is the brazen, sexually precocious one of the group. She dislikes vegetarian students and dietiers (however, she very much disliked Gaz when he was fat). She is also known to have a vicious temper, and once killed an ex-boyfriend's budgie. Donna  has a younger sister, Katie, and an estranged younger brother, Dion, who is also the father of Louise's baby; there's also apparently another younger, unnamed brother who is only seen in the episode "Spunk". Their mother Flo, to whom Donna was very close, dies after being run over by a truck. She is estranged from her father, for unknown reasons. Donna is employed for a time by O'Connor's Plastics selling buckets, rising to a well-paid executive until she is sacked for stealing and crashing a company van. Donna and Gaz briefly split after Donna finds out about Gaz's one night stand with her best friend Janet; she then goes to great lengths to hide the fact she still has feelings for him including considering plastic surgery. They eventually get back together after Gaz is involved in a road accident, when she finally admits that she loves him. She proposes to Gaz at the end of Series 6, after rejecting his earlier proposal to her, and they finally marry in Series 7. Donna works at the Archer after taking over the manager's position from Tim Claypole, but seeking to move onwards, obtains a job in London, leaves Gaz and reveals she has met a man called 'Wesley', with whom she returns in Series 8. At the end of the series, however, Gaz chooses to be with Donna over Janet. The ninth series sees Donna struggling to adapt to her new life without Janet and Louise and looking after Gaz. In the series finale after Gaz realises after celebrating his 30th birthday that he has never left Runcorn he decides to travel the world with Donna but after finding out she may have cancer she tells Gaz she won't be coming with him but doesn't reveal the reason why. Gaz then gives Donna an emotional farewell at the airport before leaving to start his new life.

Janet Keogh
Played by: Sheridan Smith (Series 1–8)
Born 25 June 1981 as Janet Smith, Janet Keogh has GCSEs in P.E. and Home Economics and is the homely girl who loves “things that go bleep bleep”, Cheeky Vimto, cigarettes, Coronation Street and rich tea biscuits. Janet initially works in Sayers' (Hampson's) Bakery until she beats Donna for the position of manager of The Archer, shortly before it is closed down by health and safety inspectors. Janet and Jonny are together from Series 1 and she has always tried to remain loyal to him. However, she kisses ex-boyfriend Andy outside the Archer during Series 2, only to be caught by Gaz and Louise. When engaged to Jonny Janet realises that she doesn't love him any more and dumps him. This leads to jealousy when Jonny finds a new girlfriend, Kate. During this time, Janet has a one-night stand with Gaz after both are feeling unloved, but are discovered by Louise; Louise later reveals this during a flashback. Janet manages to persuade Jonny to come back to her, and they marry in Series 5. She later gives birth to a child, "Corinthian McVitie Keogh". In Series 7, Jonny's death affects Janet greatly and her sense of loss results in her attempting to seduce Gaz's half-brother Munch; she also allows Louise to move in with her. Eventually she realises that she loves Gaz, and Donna's departure for London leaves them together. However, at the end of the eighth series, Gaz chooses to be with Donna over Janet. By series 9, after Gaz wakes up from his year long coma, Janet has taken Corinthian and moved away to Milton Keynes. Janet is still unbeknownst that Jonny took a paternity test before he died, which revealed Gaz to be the father of their son, following their fling a few years back.

Jonny Keogh
Played by: Ralf Little (Series 1–6)
Born 30 June 1981, Jonny is a devoted husband to Janet Smith.

Jonny loves daytime television (especially Through the Keyhole, LK Today, This Morning and As Time Goes By), eating cat food, desiccated coconut, carpets (because they are “nice”), egg butties, Bovril and his six o’clock sandwich. He has a fetish for biscuits - mostly Jammie Dodgers. Jonny's obsession for biscuits is shown in many episodes.

Jonny is a keen fan of Liverpool F.C., has a secret obsession with the film Titanic and also enjoys cartoons such as ThunderCats and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles from his childhood. Despite being a husband and a father, Jonny frequently struggles to deal with his feminine side (according to Janet his “big cock-munching side”); Jonny nearly punches Janet in the Series 6 episode “Drunk” when she calls him “a big gay” after she began to push him around because she was sick of it.

Sheridan Smith has said that Susan Nickson intended Jonny to become more gay as time passed, but Ralf Little was not keen on this; however he went along with it. Nickson herself claims that she was only exposing Ralf's “latent homosexuality”. Jonny is unemployed throughout the series except for brief periods of time and once describes himself to Gaz as a “lazy gobshite”, for a time receiving more on Jobseeker's Allowance than Donna earns. He is killed off-screen in the first episode of series 7, “When Jonny met Sharky”. Following his death, Janet has a statue made of his body, and still keeps the head in her home, after it is broken off. It is revealed by Louise that Jonny took a paternity test before he died, following recent events between Janet and Gaz, as Janet became pregnant after having a one-night stand with Gaz, which Jonny found out about when Janet was in labour. The test revealed Gaz to be the father of Janet's son and not Jonny. This is unbeknownst to Janet, as she still believes that Jonny is her son's father.

Louise Brookes
Played by: Kathryn Drysdale (Series 1–8)
Louise Susannah Brookes, born in 1982, is initially seen as a student of sociology, although she is in one episode seen as a trainee social worker. She is desperate to find the perfect man and loves horoscopes, Coronation Street, collecting Sylvanian Families, balloon animals, Steps and the Disney Store. She dislikes old people and fears getting old. She is childish, selfish, naive, insensitive and deters most men she meets. Louise has a high-pitched voice which Kelly the barmaid says “chills her to the bones,” and Donna has called her a “squeaky little twatbag”. Louise discovers that she is adopted later on; her adoptive mother is a "depressed maniac" who sits in her nightie looking at the fridge all day. Louise eventually meets her birth mother and her husband (initially, mistakenly believing him to be her real father) before tracking down her birth father, Brian, who turns out to be a gay alcoholic conman. She also mentions an "Auntie Nigel" on more than one occasion, who is supposedly a psychopath. Louise is a snob who neither respects nor even wants to look at Jonny. On one occasion (Series 1, Episode 5) Jonny snogs her then tells her she “tastes like lard”, although at one point she stated that she liked him "in a way". Louise even got "dull" Jonny shot once: When she took a job at the Office for National Statistics, she changed his profile on the computer to that of a serious armed criminal (and "Thailand's tallest prostitute") to make it less boring. This resulted in Jonny being shot in the knee in the grounds of Halton Castle, for which Louise was arrested and charged with "incitement to GBH". She had a brief stint as the manager of the Sayers' bakery in which Janet worked, but was eventually fired after sacking all of her employees. Near the end of the sixth series, it is revealed that Louise is pregnant and that Donna's younger brother, Dion, is the father. In series seven she resides with Janet and Corinthian and has found out that she is carrying a baby girl; this disappoints her as she fears the baby girl may be "prettier" than she is. In the last episode of series 7 she gives birth, somewhat assisted by Munch, and although she initially agrees to call the baby "Louise Munch Brooks" she then decides that the name Munch disgusts her and names the baby "Louise Louise Brooks". In series 8 Louise is seen at first struggling to bond and care for her baby until Tim & Janet reassure her she will be a great Mum and that she will always have their support. In episode 7 Louise meets her new popstar boyfriend, Scott Chegg. By series 9, she's left Runcorn and 'joined that weird moon-worshipping cult'. She was originally going to be back for series nine as her character was supposed to come back to Runcorn with her boyfriend but Drysdale was busy filming in Spain for the fourth series of the hit comedy Benidorm.

Tim Claypole
Played by: Luke Gell (Series 7–9)
Tim Claypole (who shares his name with the mischievous and delightfully campy jester Timothy Claypole from the 1980s kids' TV show Rentaghost) is the new bar manager of The Archer at the start of Series 7. He turns it into a John Barrowman theme pub, although the only evidence of the John Barrowman theme is a single framed photograph. He temporarily employs Janet as a barmaid before hiring Donna, who soon takes over his position as manager. Although appearing to be gay, he maintains that he is happily married to a rugby-playing wife named Helena and has children. In series 8 Tim is more involved with the group in helping solve their problems such as advising Donna to stay away from Gaz. By series 9, Tim has given the Archer a makeover and has made peace with his best friends Gaz and Donna, but then his younger sister Cassie arrives into his life and causes chaos. With the arrival of Cassie and all the subsequent changes in his life, Tim reveals that Helena has left him and he is gay. He later meets a new love interest, Leonard.

Wesley Presley
Played by: Thomas Nelstrop (Series 8)
Wesley is Donna's London boyfriend whom she met off-screen during series 7; a businessman turned market trader, he moves to Runcorn in series 8 to be with Donna, demanding that she divorce Gaz. But after advice from Gaz as to how to integrate into Runcorn, he takes it all too seriously and is tasered by Janet. He gives Janet a job on his market stall, selling Val Doonican CDs and other things. He appears for the last time in the musical special, where he says that he "came here [to Runcorn] with Donna, but he stays for the pasties." He is a father, though Donna is not aware of this.

Billy McCormack
Played by: Freddie Hogan (Series 9)
Metrosexual scouser (resident of Merseyside) Billy longs to be a professional footballer - but in the meantime, he's a carer, and a rather enthusiastic one at that. Always saying "Alright babe," Billy is open about his feelings and starts off as a carer for the newly wheelchair-using Gaz. Billy wants Gaz to like him but says things such as "suck my cock" which doesn't impress Gaz. Billy manages to prove himself to be a hero and friend to Gaz and Donna when their flat is burned down and he saves them. Gaz tries to repay Billy by getting him a chance to be a footballer, but Billy just gets drunk instead. Billy later falls for Cassie and they start a relationship which almost ends in the final episode when she has to choose between him and her ex.

Cassie Claypole
Played by: Georgia Henshaw (Series 9)
A trouble-maker, Cassie's just been released from a young offenders' Institution. She's Tim's sister, and although he'd rather like it if she left The Archer, her old school crush, Billy, is a regular, so she's not going anywhere. Cassie is sarcastic and often cruel to her brother and everyone around her, yet if the love of her life Billy pays her a shred of a compliment, she turns into a screaming girl. She attempts dozens of times to impress Billy, dressing up as Lady Gaga and doing what Gaz says because he can supposedly get Billy to "shag" her. In episode 4, Cassie goes on a date with Billy which turns unsuccessful. When she realises Billy likes to be bossed about, they begin a relationship. In the final episode Cassie's ex-boyfriend turns up at The Archer with Cassie having to choose whom to be with and she ends up choosing Billy.

Munch Wilkinson
 Played by: Lee Oakes (Series 3–5, 7)
"Munch" (whose real name is never revealed in the programme) appears one day at the garage where Gaz works, and turns out to be his long-lost half-brother. Gaz finds that he's "a bit of a yoghurt" and is not allowed to hang around people too much. Munch would love to have a girlfriend but has to make do with the 'girl with sick on her' every Friday night. He develops a fixation for Donna after stumbling across her waiting for Gaz while wearing her kinky nurse's outfit. His attempts to attract women are usually unsuccessful due to his social ineptness- he once asked a "desperate" woman in The Archer if she'd like to "see me knob". He did, however, have a very brief relationship with Kelly the barmaid. Munch likes Vimto (according to him it is "big, clever and purple, like the prime minister" and "a really mellow high" - believing it to be alcoholic and also a type of Wine ), salt and vinegar chipsticks, brown sauce and stale bread sandwiches. He often calls Gaz "Mr. Wilkinson", and it appears his sole talent is to make defunct car engines work. Munch disappears after the series 5 episode "Fat", but returns in series 7, appearing to have found God while in Birmingham. An irate Gaz forces him to drink a glass of Vimto, and he reverts to the Munch of old. In the last episode of series 7, he helps Louise give birth to a baby girl in the Archer, Louise Louise Brooks. This is his last appearance in the programme.

Flo Henshaw
Played by: Beverley Callard (Series 1–3)
Flo Henshaw (13 January 1959 – 1 January 2005) is Donna's mother, and nicknames herself "the thinking man's strumpet". She has also modelled for top shelf magazines such as Readers Wives and Pregnant Mums. Early in the series, she shows interest in Gaz, who finds this worrying, and on one occasion is caught by Jonny in suspicious circumstances with Janet's father Pete Smith. However, Flo offers Donna some useful advice when things are not going well with Gaz. She does not appear in series 4 (Callard had by this time returned to her role in Coronation Street), and by the start of series 5 she has been killed off in a traffic accident. Donna finds out that all the "uncles" she had were actually Flo's lovers. Flo is still mentioned throughout the series after her death and in series 5 Donna has moved back to her mum's home after briefly splitting with Gaz before selling it at the end of the series.

Kelly Crabtree
Played by: Hayley Bishop (Series 4–6)
Kelly is first seen working at the local Sayers' Bakery, where she is a sycophantic lackey to Louise, lacking self-confidence. Later in the series, she is the regular barmaid at The Archer and has become voraciously promiscuous, even with the pub's elderly regulars, particularly Arthur. Kelly even has a brief relationship with Munch, but leaves him jammed into a playground swing. When she is denied the job of manager, she remains in the Archer, working for Janet, and is last seen smothered by crisp wrappers in the final episode of series 6.

Leonard
Played by: Samuel Barnett (Series 9)
Leonard is introduced in series 9 when Tim begins to look for a relationship after coming out as gay. He is from Frodsham and is openly gay. He shows interest in Tim and decides to ask him out on a date, to which Tim agrees.

Kate
Played by: Alison Mac (Series 4)
Kate is a temporary barmaid at The Archer and becomes Jonny's girlfriend after he splits up with Janet. Having a lot in common with Jonny, especially a love of biscuits, she and Jonny are almost constantly having sex. None of the others are fond of her, and after Gaz tries to seduce her to break them up, Kate resolves to take Jonny away from them and they leave Janet's house together. However, Jonny quickly dumps her when Kate asks him to leave his beer behind. Kate is possessive towards Jonny and has a patronising attitude toward his friends .

David Fish
Played by: Jonathon Dutton (Series 3–4)
In series 3 Louise gets a valentine card from a secret admirer who turns out to be a geeky guy from her schooldays who has turned into a rather good-looking guy. He has a pseudo-Australian accent since he has been living in Melbourne for the last eight years and is now a student in the area. David performs well on their first night together but not at all the next night, due to exhaustion and (according to him) the "friction burns on my cock". He had also had a one-night stand with Donna a year prior, which upsets Louise and is the source of her grudge against Donna for a while. David is something of a "new-age" man, being interested in self-help books and t'ai chi. He is eventually dumped by Louise. He then speaks to Donna, observed by Gaz and Jonny, and convinces her to become a student in series 4.

Corinthian Keogh
Played by: Lewis Vilamor (Series 5), Jamie and Zoe Ryde-Weller (Series 6), Thea and Sophia Perry, Alfie and Harvie Walters (Series 7), Charlee and Neo Hall, Gabriel and Ethan Claasen (Series 8)

Corinthian McVitie Keogh is the son of Gaz Wilkinson and Janet Keogh. Born in series 5, nine months after Janet slept with Gaz. The baby's middle name reflects Jonny Keogh's love of biscuits, McVitie's being a biscuit brand. Although Jonny raises him as his own until his death, Corinthian's paternity is initially uncertain. Gaz attempts to claim him in series 6, but doubts he is the father after he finds out about his low sperm count. However, in series 7 a DNA test finally reveals Gaz to be the father. Gaz decides not to inform Janet of this, as she sees Corinthian as a reminder of Jonny. In Series 8, the episode "Gazman" finds Gaz applying to family court for parental responsibility for Corinthian, but Corinthian moves away with Janet before the beginning of the ninth series.

Minor characters
Katie Henshaw (Vicky Connett) - Katie, introduced in series 1, is Donna's younger teenage sister, who tried seducing Gaz.
Pete Smith (Rob Jarvis) - Pete is Janet's father; protective of her, he does not approve of Jonny. Pete is introduced in series 3 when, offscreen, he refuses Jonny's request to marry Janet, and is first seen in the episode "Hospikal" when he is inveigled into agreeing to pay for the wedding after all when Jonny discovers that Pete is having an affair with Flo. A down-to earth scouser from Toxteth, he works as a builder and plays darts for his local pub team. In Series 4, in the episode "Homeless and Horny", he throws Jonny out of the house he and Janet live in after their break up; this is his last appearance in the series.
Andy (Oliver Boot)- Janet's previous boyfriend whom she bumps into again in series 2 and they kiss. Although this doesn't lead to anything, Jonny is jealous and confronts Andy in his home in the final episode. While there, Jonny steals a ring which he later uses to propose to Janet. Louise goes out with Andy in the first episode of series 3, attracted by his wealth, but he leaves her in the restaurant to pay the bill, leaving the girls to assume that he wasn't that rich after all.
Phillip (Alan Westaway) - Phillip is Donna's self-confident, but arrogant university tutor; he tries to persuade Donna to have sex with him in return for good marks. Gaz finds out about the arrangement and confronts Phillip while he and Donna are having brunch; this cures Gaz's impotence.
Arthur - Arthur is the most frequent regular at The Archer, appearing in many scenes but never speaking. He has sex with Kelly on several occasions, and once kisses Jonny in an attempt to find out whether Jonny is really gay. At the beginning of series 7, he has recorded some soundbites, not all of them appropriate, for Louise, to help her through her vocal problem. He appears through the final episode in series 9, his last moment being having his head stuck to the table by Cassie so she can watch him struggle.
Dion (Robert Hartley)- Dion is Donna's younger brother. An unpleasant teenager, his only appearance is in the series 6 episode "Closing Time", in which Gaz agrees to look after him against Donna's wishes. However, it appears that he has had sex with Louise during her earlier "alcoholism" and is the father of her baby. Donna implies to Gaz that she has asked Dion to move in with them, but by series 7 he has moved to Bolton.
Brian (Colin McFarlane) - Brian is Louise's biological father, and when she is given a photograph of him she is horrified to discover that he "...wears socks with sandals." He is tracked down by Louise, using only the angle from which the photograph has been taken—and the address written on the back. When they meet in The Archer for the first time, it becomes clear that Brian is a con-man. When Jonny turns up, Brian takes a shine to him. Jonny eventually realises that he is gay and rejects Brian, who in turn reveals that he is an alcoholic.
Louise Louise Brooks (Gracie Eve and Amelie Rose Pelta) - Louise's baby with Donna's younger brother Dion. Louise tells Munch that as he was her birthing partner, the baby would be named Louise Munch Brooks, but she's lying and instead names her Louise Louise Brooks after herself.

See also
• List of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps episodes

References
Footnotes

Notes

External links
Character Profiles at bbc.co.uk

Category:BBC-related lists
Category:Lists of British sitcom television characters


Zhou Jun

Zhou Jun (; born 27 February 1995) is a Chinese weightlifter who competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Women's 53 kg. She failed all her three attempts and was not placed.

She won the bronze medal in the women's 58 kg class at the 2012 Asian Weightlifting Championships.

References

Category:Chinese female weightlifters
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic weightlifters of China
Category:Weightlifters at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Weightlifters from Hubei
Category:People from Yichang
Category:1995 births


Irving Saladino

Irving Jahir Saladino Aranda (born January 23, 1983) is a Panamanian former long jumper. He was Olympic champion, having won at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and is Panama's first and only Olympic gold medalist. He was world champion in the long jump in 2007. He represented his country at three straight Olympics, from 2004 to 2012, and competed at four World Championships in Athletics from 2005 to 2011.

Amongst his honours are a silver medal from the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships and gold medals at the Pan American Games, Central American and Caribbean Games, Central American Games, South American Games, the IAAF World Cup and the Ibero-American Championships in Athletics. He holds a long jump best of , set in 2008. He ranks in the all-time top ten for the event. He had the longest jumps in the world in the 2006 and 2008 seasons.

Biography
Saladino was born in Colón, Colón Province, Panama. At the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships he finished second with a new South American indoor record of 8.29 metres. In 2006 he won five (Oslo, Rome, Zurich, Brussels, Berlin) out of six Golden League events in the same season, which earned him a total of $83,333. His only defeat was in Paris where he was second. With 8.56 metres achieved in May 2006 he became the South American record holder.

The 2006 world leader in the long jump, Saladino launched his 2007 season with the farthest leap of the year, 8.53 m (−0.2 m/s wind), to capture the victory at the "Grande Prêmio Rio Caixa de Atletismo", held in Rio de Janeiro on May 13, 2007. On 24 May 2008, Saladino achieved a new personal record. During the FBK Games in Hengelo, Saladino jumped with his first attempt to 8.73 m (+1.2 m/s wind).

He carried the flag for his native country at the opening ceremony of the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. On 30 August 2007 Saladino became the World Champion in Osaka. He led with the mark of 8.30 metres from his second attempt, then improved to 8.46 m, until the penultimate jump of the contest, when he was overtaken by Andrew Howe who set as mark 8.47 m. Saladino was able to earn the gold medal on the last attempt of the contest, in which he jumped 8.57 m.

Saladino competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, where he made history in Central America and his country, Panama, by winning the gold medal in the long jump competition on 18 August 2008, with a jump of 8.34 meters, giving Panama their first Olympic medal since the 1948 Summer Olympics, and their first gold ever. This is also the first Olympic gold medal ever won in a men's event by an athlete from Central America.

On 21 August 2008 after winning Olympic gold, he arrived to Panama a national hero. Government offices and public schools were closed in honor of him. At a welcoming ceremony, Panamanian boxing legend Roberto Durán presented the Olympic gold medal to Irving Saladino for a second time. Martin Torrijos, President of Panama, announced a decree to name a sports facility in the Villa Deportiva in Juan Díaz after Saladino and granted a check to him for 50,000  U.S. dollars. Also, Ruben Blades performed the song "Patria" (Motherland) in front of thousands of cheering Panamanians.

Saladino qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics and he was chosen to be Panama's flag bearer. He was eliminated early after underperforming due to injury.

Saladino's performances declined after the 2011, and although he managed to clear  in the 2014 season, he announced his retirement that August.

Personal bests
Long jump: 8.73 m (wind: +1.2 m/s) – Hengelo, Netherlands, 24 May 2008
Triple jump: 14.51 m – San José, Costa Rica, 11 October 2002

International competitions

References

External links

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Colón, Panama
Category:Panamanian male long jumpers
Category:Olympic athletes of Panama
Category:Olympic gold medalists for Panama
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Panama
Category:Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2007 Pan American Games
Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for Panama
Category:World Athletics Championships medalists
Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Panama
Category:IAAF Golden League winners
Category:South American Games gold medalists for Panama
Category:South American Games medalists in athletics
Category:Central American Games gold medalists for Panama
Category:Central American Games medalists in athletics
Category:Competitors at the 2014 South American Games
Category:Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games


Kite applications

The kite can be used for many applications. Air kites, water kites, bi-media kites, fluid kites, gas kites, kytoons, paravanes, soil kites, solid kites, and plasma kites have niche applications that are furthering the interests of humans in both peace and conflict. Non-human-made kites have applications; some spiders make use of kiting.

Aerial photography

William A. Eddy of Eddy-kite fame lifted cameras to take photographs of cities and landscapes.  Today KAP is the hobby of many enthusiasts, is a tool for surveying land and animals, and a mode for artistic expression.  Professor Charles Benton illustrates how KAP can grow in one's life.   Scott Haefner has one of the most extensive collection of KAP photographs; he shares his technology. San Francisco. Those who do KAP are called kapers KAP.

Teaching
The kite is frequently the vehicle for teaching aerodynamics, mathematics, art, history, culture, materials, cooperation, physical education, and problem solving.

Transport

Long-distance travel across land, ice, and sea started centuries ago, but today significant tasks of moving people and goods from point A to point B are occurring; this is so in great part from the advances in kites and kite systems designs and technology, better understanding of winds, and use of computers and GPS. In 1889 kite sailing was carefully instructed via controlling large kite systems towing boats: Aerial Apparatus

Free-flight cross-country hang gliding kites both in the hang glider style and the paraglider style are permitting trips of hundreds of miles; records are recorded by the FAI. George Pocock (inventor) was an early pioneer in kites for transportation. NASA continues to explore free-flying kites for delivering goods to earth surface and non-earth planet surfaces, including Mars. There are several projects for using very large kites to sail cargo ships currently underway: KiteSail(tm) and KiteShip (tm) along with a series of patents and improvements in control of large ship-carried kite systems aim to save significant amounts of fuel.
 Kiting one's kayak is getting a significant following A. Kinsman – kite kayaking tutorial..

Kite yachting may have started with Benjamin Franklin's pond pull.  English Channel crossing.

Anne Quéméré has crossed the Atlantic Ocean solo using power kites. And on 4 November 2008, she started her bid to cross the Pacific Ocean under power kites as sailing power to pull her in her small boat called Oceankite.

Cargo

The German company SkySails has developed ship-pulling kites as a supplemental power source for cargo ships, first tested in January 2008 on the ship MS Beluga Skysails. Trials on this 55 m ship have shown that, in favorable winds, the kite increases fuel-efficiency by up to 30%. This system is planned to be in full commercial production late 2008. Kites are also available as an auxiliary sail or emergency spinnaker for sailing boats. Self-launching Parafoil kites are attached to the mast.

MS Beluga Skysails is the world's first commercial container cargo ship which is partially powered by a giant computer-controlled kite (160 m².  or 1,722 sq ft.). The kite could reduce fuel consumption by 20%. It was launched 17 December 2007 and is set to leave the northern German port of Bremerhaven to Guanta, Venezuela at 1700 local time (1600 GMT), 22 January 2008. Stephan Wrage, managing director of SkySails GmbH announced: "During the next few months we will finally be able to prove that our technology works in practice and significantly reduces fuel consumption and emissions." Verena Frank, project manager at Beluga Shipping GmbH, SkySails GmbH's partner further stated that "the project's core concept was using wind energy as auxiliary propulsion power and using wind as a free of charge energy".

Using kites to reduce the work done by an engine in propelling a cargo ship is an idea that is gaining traction as a result of increasing fuel prices and environmental concerns. For example, SkySails GmbH have developed technology that they estimate can reduce fuel usage by 10–35% per day on average. A trial on board the MS Beluga resulted in fuel savings estimated to be worth £800 per day. This particular technology earned the company a sustainable shipping award for "Environmental Technology of the Year" in 2011.

The idea of using wind power for ships is, of course, nothing new. However, using large kites has several significant advantages over traditional sails:
A well designed kite can generate up to 25 times more power per unit area than a sail for several reasons:
Kites can be flown high above the ship, taking advantage of stronger, steadier winds. For example, a kite flying on a 200 m line will have twice as much wind energy available to it as a kite on a 10 m line.
A kite can be maneuvered to optimise its position in the airflow.
A kite's shape is designed to both block air in the manner of a traditional sail and to function like an aerofoil, resulting in combined forces of lift and drag pulling the boat through the water.
All that is needed to operate the kite is a winch and a storage area located towards the front of the ship, which can be fitted with little modification and at low cost. A sail, however, requires a mast to be installed, which is much more expensive and reduces the cargo area on the deck of the ship.
In addition, masts and sails can act as very large levers, effectively destabilising the ship in severe conditions.

Kites have been proposed for use in logging, to lift logs out of areas without roads.

Advertising / promotional
Kites can also be used as light-effect carrier, e.g., by carrying light-sticks or battery-powered light effects. Promotional kites: Companies buy large quantities of kites that feature their advertisement. Messages are sometimes displayed by lighting systems that are built into the kite system.

Many kite stores fly kites regularly so that people will see the kites; one of the final purposes is for the store to profit from the flying of the kites. Kites are necessary to increase sales of kites.

Entertainment and recreation

Hobby
Group festivities
Art
Meditation
Sport

Extreme sports
Kite boarding, kite surfing, kite buggying, kite buggy jumping, kite landboarding, freestyle kite landboarding, snow kiting or snowkiting, downhill speed kiting, hang gliding, and kite high jumping are among the extreme kite sports wherein competitions are held.

Competitive stunt-kiting
Peter Powell's development and promotion of two-line stunt kites or sport kites help to move stunt kiting into a popular activity as well as a competitive sport. Also, the parafoil stunt kites feed the same sporting activity. Events for kites of more than two control lines are common. The four-line Revolution kite has been setting new standards in precision flying. Informal field competition and formal sport competition support a stunt-kite industry; seemingly endless refinements to the kite wing and kite line along with accessories continue unabated.

Kite fighting

A kite has two essential parts: wing and tether line. In kite fighting, the kite line plays a huge part in the activity. Sport kite fighting is perhaps 2000 years old; participation worldwide is high.
North American Kite Fighter Association (NAFKA)
Trawl-board and paravane innovator

Frequently kites are used to entertain observers Some kiters get entertain themselves, but others enjoy entertaining the public or members of an organized gathering. This sector of application is part of recreational uses, but sometimes part of commercial uses.

Decoration

Kites stilled are hung decoratively in rooms of homes and businesses to set the tone of a home or selling environment.

Fishing

Recreational, sport, and subsistence

There are several ways kites are used in recreational and sport fishing. Lofting drop lines is one, but things don't stop there. Net-spreading underwater kites, soil kites (kiting anchors), kiting bait, control-kite trolling of bait, recreational kiting during fishing sessions, aerial photography of fishing environment using kites, and out and back cycles of trolling bait using a kite. Recreational fishing, commercial fishing, and scientific and military uses of depressors of tow lines use water kiting to accomplish the effects wanted.  The Use of Kites for Fishing—George Webster wrote comprehensively on kite fishing.  Jetty/Pier Fishing.; _
Paravanes for Sportfishing.
A plan view of a Solomon islander's leaf fishing kite is shown in a photograph held by the Pitt-Rivers Museum is viewable at Natural History Magazine online; Pick from the Past, Natural History, April 1957: "Go Fly a Kite".

In Kite Fishing by the Salt-Water Natives of Mala or Malaita Island, British Solomon Islands T. W. Edge-Partington, leaf kites are described. The sago palm or ivory nut tree has leaves from which natives of Mala or Malaita Island made kites for fishing.

Commercial

Net-spreading underwater kites and kite vanes aid the control of large fishing nets. Remotely controllable paravane Robert A. Kirby et al.

Military
Kites have been used for military uses in the past for signaling, for delivery of munitions, for free-flight kiting payloads from aircraft to ground positions, for kiting troops to points where they could parachute to destinations, for underwater kiting via paravanes to perform various underwater duties, for lifting payloads from one point to another, for raising rescue signals from rafts or stressed areas, for raising communications antenna, and for observation by lifting an observer above the field of battle, and by using kite aerial photography. Barrage kites have been used in both open frame kites and kytoon types to defend against enemy aircraft.

Kim Yu-Sin (or Kim Yushin), a Korean general, in 637 C.E. rallied his troops to defeat rebels by kite lofting a burning ball.
Kites were also used by Admiral Yi of the Joseon (1392–1910) Dynasty of Korea. During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), Admiral Yi commanded his navy with kites. His kites had specific markings directing his fleet to perform his order. Admiral Yi was said to have over 300 such kites. The war eventually resulted in a Chinese and Korean victory; the kites played a minor role in the war's conclusion.

In more modern times the British navy also used kites to haul human lookouts high into the air to see over the horizon and possibly the enemy ships, for example with the kite developed by Samuel Franklin Cody. Barrage kites were used to protect shipping during the Second World War. Kites and kytoons were used for lofting communications antenna. Submarines lofted observers in rotary kites. The Rogallo parawing kite and the Jalbert parafoil kite were used for governable parachutes (free-flying kites) to deliver troops and supplies.

Science

Kites have been used for scientific purposes, such as Benjamin Franklin's famous experiment proving that lightning is electricity.  Kites were the precursors to aircraft, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft. Alexander Graham Bell experimented with very large man-lifting kites, as did the Wright brothers and Lawrence Hargrave. Kites had an historical role in lifting scientific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions for weather forecasting. Francis Ronalds and William Radcliffe Birt described a very stable kite at Kew Observatory as early as 1847 that was trialled for the purpose of supporting self-registering meteorological instruments at height.

The Weather Doctor Almanac.

Collecting kited spiders with kited nets: Kites are used to take samples of upper air and to collect things found in the upper air. The spiders that kite to disperse (so-called ballooning spiders) have been found in nets raised to upper air for collecting; the method is noted carefully in Spider Ballooning: Development and Evaluation of Field Trapping Methods (Araneae) Balloon kite of the so-called ballooning spiderlings; the spiders' kite is not a balloon.

Testing

Kites were the precursors to aircraft, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft. Alexander Graham Bell experimented with very large man-lifting kites, as did the Wright brothers and Lawrence Hargrave.

Conductor carried up by a kite in the sky can lead to a high voltage shock, which can endanger people and equipment.

Industrial
Lifting tree logs from logging fields:KITE LOGGING W. H. ROCK

Energy generation

Both air and hydro kites are used to generate electricity; the kite is set in the stream of air or water; various schemes are used to extract some of the stream's energy for converting that energy to electricity.

A major research and development project called Makani Power, based in California and funded by Google.org, is investigating the use of kites in harnessing high altitude wind currents to generate electricity.

Tidal kites operate underwater, using the tidal stream's greater mass to generate far more electricity than available in wind-borne environments.

Video links for generating electricity by using kites:
 Over 700 kite-energy videos within the AWES industry are collected and open for free view to the public through the AWES Museum.
 Back and forth taking kite generates electricity:.
 MagGenn (Magnus-effect kite wind generator): a Magnus-effect rotating kite electricity generation system: Magenn Power, Inc.;
 NTS GmbH is German company developing X-Wind technology. This technology assembles three existing technologies into X-Wind Plant : Kites, track system and servo motor to steer the kites.
 KiteGen (kite generator). Italian company is working on several methods of generating electricity from kite systems.  One key method is the "stem" system.High altitude wind power: an era of abundance?
 Makani Power's 10 kW test platform autonomously generating power:.

Radio aerials and light beacons
Kites can be used for radio purposes, by kites carrying antennas for MF, LF or VLF-transmitters. This method was used for the reception station of the first transatlantic transmission by Marconi. Captive balloons may be more convenient for such experiments, because kite carried antennas require a lot of wind, which may be not always possible with heavy equipment and a ground conductor. It must be taken into account during experiments, that a conductor carried by a kite can lead to a high voltage toward ground, which can endanger people and equipment, if suitable precautions (grounding through resistors or a parallel resonant-circuit tuned to transmission frequency) are not taken.

Kites for Lifting Antennas

Kites can be used to carry light effects such as lightsticks or battery powered lights.

In nature

There are natural kites that play a part in shaping what happens on earth. Some leaves kite to relieve wind pressures, pump fluids, and to disconnect annually to fertilize the soils. Poet Pablo Rosenblueth expressed his understanding that children see leaves as kites. Poet Marvin Bell recognized leaves are kites in his Nightworks: Poems 1962–2000. The leaf wafts in the wind held by the tethered leaf stem; when it is fall time, the leaf stem has a de-mooring disconnect process; the wind then easily interacts with the leaf to cause it to fly off the trees and into a gliding fall to the ground. There is a following of kite makers that bridle leaves to fly them again as kites.

Spiders

Billions of spiders use kiting to travel, disperse or to build bridge lines for their webs. Spiders hanging in the moving air on their silks are deflected to various points where they make anchor points for web building. Carol Frost, biology researcher of the University of Alberta, Canada, observed kiting in spiderlings.

See also

References

External links
Uses of Kites
Kite Games and Competitions
FAA Regulations for Kites/Balloons FAR Part 101
Ultralight aircraft. FAR Part 103 Some manned kite systems are ultralights under FAR Part 103.

Category:Kites


Artizans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company

Not to be confused with Artage News.

The Artizans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company (Artizans Company) was a nineteenth-century philanthropic model dwellings company, which later became a multinational property developer before being absorbed into Sun Life.

Origins
The Artizans Company was established in 1867 by William Austin, an illiterate who had begun his working life on a farm as a scarecrow paid 1d per day, and had worked his way up to become a drainage contractor.

The company was established as a for-profit joint stock company, with the objective of building new houses for the working classes "in consequence of the destruction of houses by railroads and other improvements". The company aimed to fuse the designs of rural planned suburbs such as Bedford Park with the ethos of high-quality homes for the lower classes pioneered at Saltaire. Whilst earlier philanthropic housing companies such as the Peabody Trust and the Improved Industrial Dwellings Company focused on multi-storey blocks of flats in the inner cities, the Artizans Company aimed to build low-rise housing in open countryside alongside existing railway lines to allow workers to live in the countryside and commute into the city. The company attracted the attention of Lord Shaftesbury, who served as president until 1875.

The company built and immediately sold a group of houses in Battersea, then still a rural village. The proceeds of the sale were used to purchase a plot of land in Salford for development, and by 1874 the company had developments in Liverpool, Birmingham, Gosport and Leeds.

London estates

The Artizans Company is best known for its four large housing estates built on the then-outskirts of London. The first was Shaftesbury Park, a development of 1,200 two-storey houses covering  built in 1872 on the site of a former pig farm in Battersea. The success of Shaftesbury Park led to the construction of Queen's Park, built in 1874 on a far more ambitious scale on  of land to the west of London, adjacent to the railway line out of Paddington (Queen's Park station opened 1879), purchased from All Souls College, Oxford. A third London estate was planned at Cann Hall, and a site of  was purchased.

However, the Queen's Park project suffered serious mismanagement and fraud and in 1877 the company secretary William Swindlehurst and two others were found guilty of defrauding £9,312 (approximately £ today) from the project. The company was forced to raise rents and tenants were no longer permitted to buy their houses; by 1880 the company's finances had recovered sufficiently to allow further expansion. A third estate, Noel Park, was built near Wood Green north of London between 1883 and 1929, followed by a fourth in Streatham at Leigham Court.

The slow take-up of available homes in Noel Park, particularly due to the Great Eastern Railway's refusal to offer third-class rail fares from the nearby Noel Park and Wood Green station, led the Company to begin building centrally located tenement blocks more similar to those of other model dwellings companies. Between 1885 and 1892, the Artizans Company built 1,467 dwellings in Central London and the West End, the first being the Portman Buildings in Lisson Grove, Marylebone, opened in 1888.

Diversification and divestment
In 1952, the Artizans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company was renamed the Artizans and General Properties Company Ltd. The combination of a taxation system biased against private property developments and legal restrictions on raising rents made the company's traditional model unprofitable, and it began to divest itself of its original low-rent developments and instead to sell vacant houses on the estates and to reinvest in non low-rent housing and commercial property, especially in the United States and Canada where depreciation before tax was permitted, and in Australia, Belgium and France. In 1966, ownership of the four original London estates (Shaftesbury Park, Queen's Park, Noel Park and Leigham Court) was transferred to the respective local authorities, leaving 377 homes at Pinnerwood Park in Pinner as the last residential estate in Greater London owned by the company.

In 1976, the Artizans Company, by then renamed Artagen Properties Ltd, became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sun Life, and on, 3 February 1981, the company was renamed Sun Life Properties Ltd.

References

Notes

Bibliography

See also
List of existing model dwellings

Category:Philanthropic organisations based in the United Kingdom
Category:Home builders
Category:Organizations established in 1867
Category:1867 establishments in the United Kingdom