Friends of the Earth (EWNI)

Friends of the Earth England, Wales and Northern Ireland (also known as FoE EWNI) is one of 75 national groups around the world which make up the Friends of the Earth network of environmental organisations. It is usually referred to as 'Friends of the Earth' within its home countries.

History
Friends of the Earth was founded in England in 1971, two years after the group was first founded in San Francisco in 1969. Its first leader was Graham Searle, a former vice president of the National Union of Students. One of the first campaigns was to dump 1,500 glass bottles in front of the HQ of soft drinks giant Schweppes in Connaught House, London in protest at the company's policy of having non-returnable bottles. The group had eight local branches in 1971. By 1976 there were 140, and by 1980 it had 250 and 17,000 registered supporters. Between 1984 and 1993 its director was Jonathan Porritt a former teacher and chairman of the Ecology party. Porritt left in 1993, by which time its membership hit 226,000. The next executive director was Charles Secrett who held the position till 2003. Between 2003 and 2008, FoE EWNI's executive director was Tony Juniper. Since 2015 Craig Bennett has been Chief Executive.

Structure and funding

FoE EWNI has a dual structure, comprising a trust, which is a registered charity, and a limited company, which carries out political campaigning – something a charity is forbidden to do under UK rules. FoE gets 96% of its funding from individuals.

Total income for Friends of the Earth Ltd. for the year ending May 2010 was £2,978,015 while total expenditure was £3,039,618, making a deficit of £61,603.

References

External links
A full list of FoE EWNI local groups
Birmingham Friends of the Earth
Manchester Friends of the Earth
Nottingham Friends of the Earth
Website of Friends of the Earth Europe

Category:Friends of the Earth
Category:Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom
Category:Environmental organizations established in 1971
Category:1971 establishments in the United Kingdom


Johann Katzianer

Johann Katzianer (), or Hans Katzianer, Freiherr zu Katzenstein und Fledingen (1491, Begunje () – 27 October 1539, Hrvatska Kostajnica) was a Carniolan aristocrat and an Imperial Army commander.

He is first mentioned in 1527 when Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor gathered an army to support his claims on the throne of Hungary, which had become vacant after King Louis II of Hungary was killed in the Battle of Mohács against the Turks.
Katzianer took part in Ferdinand's Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 against the voivode of Transylvania John Zápolya, who had also been proclaimed King, supported by a large faction of the nobility in the Hungarian kingdom.

Katzianer distinguished himself in the Battle of Tarcal in September 1527 and especially in the Battle of Szina in March 1528, but alienated himself from the population by the violence and misbehaviour of his troops.

In 1529 he participated in the defense of Vienna against Suleiman the Great. At the head of the light cavalry he harassed the retreating Turks and liberated many Christian prisoners.

In 1530, he replaced bishop Krištof Ravbar as the governor (Landeshauptmann) of Carniola. He served in that post until 1538, when he was replaced by Nikola Jurišić.

After the death of Nicholas, Count of Salm, he was named commander in chief (Obristfeldhauptmann) of the troops in Hungary, where he held off under difficult circumstances new attacks from John Zápolya and Suleiman the Great. He gained a great victory in the Battle of Leobersdorf where he destroyed a Turkish army led by Kasim Bey.

In 1537 he was commander of an army of 24.000 men to besiege Osijek.
The campaign was a complete disaster and Katzianer was blamed for fleeing and abandoning his army to be annihilated in the Battle of Đakovo. He was arrested and sent to Vienna to be tried, but escaped before the verdict on 31 January 1538 to Zrinski Castle in Croatia.

Here he contacted enemies of the Habsburgs to plot against Ferdinand, but the young Count Nikola Šubić Zrinski had him murdered, and was stabbed during dinner.

Sources
  ADB Katzianer,Hans

Category:1491 births
Category:1539 deaths
Category:16th-century Slovenian people
Category:16th-century Austrian people
Category:Carniolan nobility
Category:Barons of Austria
Category:Austrian people of Slovenian descent
Category:People from the Municipality of Radovljica


Music of Final Fantasy VIII

The music of the video game Final Fantasy VIII was composed by regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu. The Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack, a compilation of all music in the game, was released on four Compact Discs by DigiCube in Japan, and by Square EA in North America.  A special orchestral arrangement of selected tracks from the game—arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi—was released under the title Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec Final Fantasy VIII, and a collection of piano arrangements—performed by Shinko Ogata—was released under the title Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII.

The game's soundtrack is best known for two tracks: "Liberi Fatali", a Latin choral piece that is played during the introduction to the game, and "Eyes on Me", a pop song serving as the game's theme, performed by Chinese singer Faye Wong. Reviewers were generally pleased with the music, although several cited issues while comparing the score to previous games or looking at individual tracks.

Creation and influence
Nobuo Uematsu's usual influences include Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Simon and Garfunkel, and Elton John. In regard to Final Fantasy VIII, Uematsu did not prefer to use multiple sources to find MIDI instruments—"I could be coming up with a great melody in the very moment"—instead using a Roland SC-88 synthesizer for the entire score. Uematsu wrote notes based on character designs and screenplays, creating a general picture of the pieces' moods. He could not express a character's emotions solely with plot, instead using images of appearance and attire—"It's important to know when their emotions are at their height, but it usually takes until a month before release for them to finish the ending dialog...!" In response to a question by IGN music stating that the music of Final Fantasy VIII was very dark and perhaps influenced by the plot of the game, Uematsu stated "the atmosphere of music varies depending on story line, of course, but it's also my intention to put various types of music into one game".

Uematsu enjoys writing lyrical pieces, but tries not to be genre-specific. He asserts that expressing the emotions he desires is more important than improving skills: "I think it will be a shame if we won't be able to cry as we play our own game". The absence of character themes was due to him finding those of Final Fantasy VI and Final Fantasy VII ineffective. Uematsu considers it reasonable to have character themes if each character has a "highlight" in the game, but he found Final Fantasy VIII only focused on Squall Leonhart and Rinoa Heartilly as a couple, resulting in the "Eyes on Me" theme. The soundtrack features a Latin choral track "Liberi Fatali", which translates to "Fated Children"; its melody forms a musical theme heard in several other pieces in the soundtrack, such as "SeeD" and "The Landing", while the name of "Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec" is the recurring lyrics in "Liberi Fatali".

Near the end of the production of Final Fantasy VII, the developers suggested to use a singer, but abandoned the idea due to a lack of reasoning based on the game's theme and storyline. However, Nobuo Uematsu thought a ballad would closely relate to the theme and characters of Final Fantasy VIII. This resulted in the game's developers sharing "countless" artists, eventually deciding on Faye Wong, a Chinese vocalist. Uematsu claims "her voice and mood seem to match my image of the song exactly", and that her ethnicity "fits the international image of Final Fantasy". After negotiations were made, "Eyes on Me" was recorded in Hong Kong with an orchestra.

Albums

Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack

Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack of the music from Final Fantasy VIII; composed and produced by Nobuo Uematsu. The soundtrack spans four discs and 74 tracks, covering a duration of 4 hours and 9 minutes. It was first published by DigiCube on March 10, 1999 with the catalog number SSCX-10028, and subsequently published by Square Enix on May 10, 2004 with the catalog numbers SQEX-10005~8. Unlike most other Final Fantasy soundtracks, Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack is composed completely of English track names. The album was also released in North America under the title Final Fantasy VIII Music Collection: Music From The Final Fantasy VIII Video Game. It features changes such as packaging design, translation, and additional images. In addition, a limited edition was produced, which has a beige background instead of a full motion video montage.

The soundtrack reached #4 on the Japan Oricon charts, selling over 300,000 copies. It received generally positive reviews from critics; New Zealand PlayStation magazine claimed Final Fantasy VIII has "one of the most memorable scores you will ever hear". Reviewers from multimedia news website IGN stated that much of the game's impact is owed to its "terrific" musical score, but were disappointed by "yet another" variation of the traditional battle theme. IGN later named the Final Fantasy VIII soundtrack as fourth best in its Final Fantasy Soundtrack Countdown feature. GameSpot considered the game's sound its weakest point, but still commended it, claiming it has "more 'quality' songs than Final Fantasy VII". Lastly, Game Revolution stated that "there are only a few tracks that really stand out", including "Eyes on Me", which it deemed a "cliched, but beautiful love song".

Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack has sold "more than 300,000 copies" in Japan according to Square, or 259,000 physical copies according to the independent chart company Oricon. Adam Corn of SoundtrackCentral.com claimed the album shows similarities to previous Final Fantasy games, but asserted he was "not overly impressed with this one". A reviewer from Square Enix Music Online claimed the soundtrack is "unique and very special" due to its contrasts—"When signs of age of the Final Fantasy franchise are shown", Uematsu counterbalances this by creating something "weird and wonderful[...] when the soundtrack becomes too serious, a light-hearted number is inserted to liven up the mood". Ben Schweitzer of RPGFan said in his review of the album that "the main flavor of Uematsu's compositions, his melodic style, remains consistent, and more importantly, consistently good". He criticized, however, the more minimalist pieces, which in his opinion were bland.

Track listing

Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec Final Fantasy VIII

Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec Final Fantasy VIII is a collection of orchestrated pieces originally from Final Fantasy VIII, arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi. It also includes three unchanged tracks from Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack; "Liberi Fatali", "Eyes on Me", and "Ending Theme". The album spans 13 tracks, totaling 1:04:12. It was first published on November 19, 1999 by DigiCube with the catalog number SSCX-10037, and subsequently published on July 22, 2004 by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX-10025.

The album reached #59 on the Japan Oricon charts, selling 7,540 copies. Adam Corn of SoundtrackCentral.com claimed "the superior instrumental quality, well-done arrangements, and tasteful selection of themes boost the [Original Soundtracks] qualities while hiding its flaws", elaborating that "even people such as myself who are not fans of the original will be impressed by its prowess, and fans will simply be enamored". Neal Chandran of RPGFan was similarly impressed, saying that it was "a very good soundtrack" and that its tracks sounded "more beautiful than the original version". His primary complaint was that he would have liked for the album to include more pieces.

Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII

Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII is an album of piano arrangements from Final Fantasy VIII, arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi and performed by Shinko Ogata. Its 13 tracks span a duration of 48:03. It was published by DigiCube on January 21, 2000 with the catalog number SSCX-10041 and subsequently re-published by Square Enix on July 22, 2004 with the catalog number SQEX-10026.

Robert Steen of SoundtrackCentral.com commended the performance, claiming "Shinko Ogata seems to be a very capable player" and noted that although the arrangements are similar to the original pieces, they "breathe new life into the songs". Ryan Bradley of RPGFan also appreciated the album, saying that "the piano really brings out the emotion in some of the songs" and that the pieces transitioned smoothly to piano. Patrick Gann agreed, saying that it was one of his favorite albums and that Hamaguchi's arrangements were "wonderful".

Eyes on Me

"Eyes on Me" is the ballad that serves as the theme of the game Final Fantasy VIII. It was performed by Chinese singer Faye Wong and composed, like the rest of the game music, by Nobuo Uematsu. The song's lyrics, written in somewhat imperfect English by Kako Someya, unveil the hopes of a night club singer for romance with a member of her audience. It was released as a CD single in Japan, including an instrumental version and Wong's ballad "Red Bean". The song sold more than 500,000 copies, placing it as the highest-selling video game music disc ever released in that country at the time. "Eyes on Me" was the first song in video game history to win an award at the 14th Annual Japan Gold Disc Awards, where it won "Song of the Year (Western Music)" in 1999. The single reached #9 on the Oricon charts, and stayed on the charts for 20 weeks.

Within the game, the song is written by Julia Heartilly, a pianist who is the love interest of Laguna Loire. It is heard repeatedly throughout the game in various incarnations, including as an instrumental piece entitled Julia, as well as in "Waltz for the Moon" and "Love Grows" for the "love" scenes between Squall Leonheart and Rinoa Heartlily.

A dance remix of the song was included on the Japanese release of Wong's 2000 album Fable. Remixes also appeared in Toshiba EMI's Dancemania series. In 2004, a Japanese-language version entitled  with lyrics by Kazushige Nojima was included on Final Fantasy Song Book: Mahoroba. It was covered by Angela Aki for release on her 2006 single "Kokoro no Senshi".

Legacy
The music of Final Fantasy VIII has appeared in various official Final Fantasy concerts. These include 2002's 20020220 Music from FINAL FANTASY, in which the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra played "Liberi Fatali", "Don't Be Afraid", "Love Grows", and "The Man with the Machine Gun", the 2004 Tour de Japon series, which featured "The Oath", the Dear Friends series that began that same year and included "Liberi Fatali" and "Love Grows", and the 2005 More Friends concert, which included "Maybe I'm a Lion". More recent concerts include the Voices - Music from Final Fantasy 2006 concert showcasing "Liberi Fatali", "Fisherman's Horizon", and "Eyes on Me" and the international Distant Worlds concert tour that continues to date, which includes "Liberi Fatali", "Fisherman's Horizon", "Man with the Machine Gun", and "Love Grows". Several of these concerts have produced live albums as well. Music from the game has also been played in non Final Fantasy-specific concerts such as the Play! A Video Game Symphony world tour from 2006 onwards, for which Nobuo Uematsu composed the opening fanfare that accompanies each performance. "Eyes on Me" was played at the Fantasy Comes Alive concert in Singapore on April 30, 2010.

Music from the original soundtrack has been arranged for the piano and published by DOREMI Music Publishing. All of the pieces in the book have been rewritten by Asako Niwa as beginning to intermediate-level piano solos, though they are meant to sound as much like the originals as possible. "Best of" collections from the series including Final Fantasy VIII and arrangements for guitar solos and piano duets are also available. Additionally, the actual piano sheet music from the Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII album has been published as a corresponding music book by Yamaha Music Media. The book contains the original music, exactly as arranged and performed on the albums. Unlike the Original Score arrangements, these pieces are intended only for advanced players as they are generally more difficult.

The Black Mages, a band that arranges music from Final Fantasy video games into a rock music style, has arranged five pieces from Final Fantasy VIII. These are "Force Your Way"  from The Black Mages, published in 2003, "The Man with the Machine Gun" and "Maybe I'm a Lion", from The Black Mages II: The Skies Above, published in 2004, and "The Extreme" and "Premonition" from The Black Mages III: Darkness and Starlight. The Black Mages performed "Maybe I'm a Lion" at the Extra: Hyper Game Music Event 2007 concert in Tokyo on July 7, 2007. In the 2004 Summer Olympics, the American synchronized swimming duo consisting of Alison Bartosik and Anna Kozlova were awarded the bronze medal for their performance to the pieces "Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec" and "Liberi Fatali".

See also

References

External links
Nobuo Uematsu's official website

Category:Faye Wong
Category:Final Fantasy music
Music
Category:Video game music discographies
Category:Video game soundtracks


Quatre-Champs

Quatre-Champs  is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Ardennes (department)
Category:Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Unified Deep Water System of European Russia

The Unified Deep Water System of European Russia () or UDWS () is a system of inland waterways in Russia linking the White Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Volga River, Moscow, the Caspian Sea and—via the Sea of Azov—the Black Sea. In 2010, UDWS carried 70 million tons of cargo and 12 million passengers, making up two-thirds of overall inland waterway traffic volume in Russia. There are 60 common-use ports and quays in the UDWS, including three international ports (two in Moscow and one in Dmitrov, Moscow Oblast), so Moscow is sometimes called "the port of the five seas".

The depth throughout the system was targeted at , allowing passage of not only river craft but many sea-going vessels including warships and even nuclear submarines. However, the depth is mostly guaranteed at only  and some sections are even shallower, such as Gorodets–Nizhny Novgorod at  and Kochetovsky Bagayevskaya at . There are plans to increase depth of these sections to 4 m.

The system includes these waterways:
Neva River
Lake Ladoga
Svir River
Lake Onega
Volga–Baltic Waterway — connects Lake Onega to the Volga River; built in the early 19th century as Mariinsk Canal System and rebuilt in 1956–1964
White Sea–Baltic Canal — connects Lake Onega to the White Sea; constructed in 1931–1933
Moscow Canal — connects Moscow to the Volga River; constructed in 1932–1937
Volga River
Kama River
Belaya River
Volga–Don Canal — connects the Volga River to the Don River; constructed in 1948–1952
Don River

Environmental impact
In 1999, the warty comb jelly colonized the Caspian Sea via the UDWS. The establishment of this population led to a 60% reduction in the number of sprat, which in turn led to a reduction in the population of sturgeon and seals.

In total, according to the unified federal/state agency CaspNIRKh (), about 60 alien species of plants and animals penetrated into the Caspian Sea in the 20th century, which has led to significant changes to ecosystems.

See also
Don–Volga-Portage
Eurasia Canal

References

Category:Water transport in Russia


Hautza

The Hautza or Autza, is a mountain on the Spanish side of the border in the Basque Country. It is located between Elizondo in Baztan (Navarre, Spain) and Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry (Lower Navarre, France).

Geography
The Hautza is the highest point on the watershed between the Baztan and the Aldude Valley (respectively the Bidasoa and Nive basins). The layout of the border avoids the summit which is located in Spain. The most common and practicable route starts at the Izpegi Pass, where the customs used to be (there is an inn and souvenir shop now). A hiking circular route can be followed with clearly signed route marks, while the walk is demanding and quite long (approx. return time 5h00).

Etymology
Its name is based on a local oronym: Hautz.

Category:Mountains of Navarre
Category:Mountains of the Pyrenees


Newark Township, Wilson County, Kansas

Newark Township is a township in Wilson County, Kansas, in the United States.

History
Newark Township was established in 1871. It was named after Newark, Ohio.

References

Category:Townships in Wilson County, Kansas
Category:Townships in Kansas


Santa Rita District

Santa Rita District may refer to:

 Santa Rita District, Paraguay, a district in Alto Paraná Department, Paraguay
 Santa Rita District, Nandayure, in Nandayure Canton, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica

Category:District name disambiguation pages


Louis Levy

Louis Levy (20 November 1894 – 18 August 1957) was an English film composer and music director, who worked in particular on Alfred Hitchcock and Will Hay films. He was born in London and died in Slough, Berkshire.

Early life
As a child Louis Levy played the violin, beginning with a toy violin that his father bought him at the age of seven.  He later became the pupil of Guido Papini but due to his parents' limited means, ended his studies with Papini and began a period of self-study.  This led to him gaining a scholarship at the London College of Music.  Papini refused to allow Levy to study under anyone else, so resumed his tuition, this time free of charge.

Career
He started his career in 1910 arranging and performing  music for silent films. In 1916 he became musical director for the New Gallery Cinema in London. In 1921, he went to the Shepherd’s Bush Pavilion as Music Chief and is credited with being the first to develop the theme song in movies.

At the beginning of talkies, he joined the Gaumont British studios at Shepherd’s Bush, where he became the head of the music department for all Gainsborough Pictures productions from 1933 onwards. The rich sounds emanating from his large orchestra are all the more impressive when one realises that electrical sound industry was barely ten years old. He worked in particular on Alfred Hitchcock and Will Hay films.

He later had a long running BBC radio series Music From the Movies, which started in 1936 and went on until the 1950s.

At this time, through the sheer necessity of having to produce so much music he employed several talented arrangers, among them Peter Yorke (who adapted the Levy sound for his own successful post-war concert orchestra) and Bretton Byrd, who was his chief music editor at Gaumont British.

Partial filmography
As composer and/or music director and/or composer of additional music:

She (1925)
 Balaclava (1928)
 The Devil's Maze (1929)
 Just for a Song (1930)
 Alf's Button (1930)
 No Lady (1931)
 The Stronger Sex (1931)
 Third Time Lucky (1931)
 Baroud (1932)
 The Faithful Heart (1932)
The Ghoul (1933)
 The Man from Toronto (1933)
 Waltz Time (1933)
 Leave It to Smith (1933)
 A Cuckoo in the Nest (1933)
 Sleeping Car (1933)
 Channel Crossing (1933)
 It's a Boy (1933)
 Soldiers of the King (1933)
 Forbidden Territory (1934)
 Wild Boy (1934)
 My Old Dutch (1934)
 Dirty Work (1934)
 Princess Charming (1934)
 Heat Wave (1935)
 My Heart is Calling (1935)
 Oh, Daddy! (1935)
 Fighting Stock (1935)
 Hyde Park Corner (1935)
 Stormy Weather (1935)
 Things Are Looking Up (1935)
Brown on Resolution (1935)
The 39 Steps (1935)
 Heat Wave (1935)
Tudor Rose (1936)
 Everything Is Thunder (1936)
 It's Love Again (1936)
 His Lordship (1936)
 Everybody Dance (1936)
 All In (1936)
 Jack of All Trades (1936)
 East Meets West (1936)
Oh, Mr Porter! (1937)
 O-Kay for Sound (1937)
 Head over Heels (1937)
 The Great Barrier (1937)
 Non-Stop New York (1937)
 Said O'Reilly to McNab (1937)
 Crackerjack (1938)
 Old Iron (1938)
The Lady Vanishes (1938)
The Citadel (1938)
Ask a Policeman (1939)
 Shipyard Sally (1939)
 The Lambeth Walk (1939)
Night Train to Munich (1940)
 They Came by Night (1940)
The Young Mr. Pitt (1942)
Uncensored (1942)
We Dive at Dawn (1943)
Millions Like Us (1943)
The Man in Grey (1943)
Fanny by Gaslight (1944)
They Were Sisters (1945)
 I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945)
 Man on the Run (1948)
Under Capricorn (1949)
Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N. (1951)
So Little Time (1952)
The Dam Busters (1954)
Yield to the Night (1956)

References

External links

Category:1894 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:English Jews
Category:English film score composers
Category:Male film score composers
Category:20th-century British composers
Category:20th-century English musicians
Category:20th-century British male musicians


Jay Pettibone

Harry Jonathan Pettibone (born June 21, 1957) is an American former professional baseball starting pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the 1983 Minnesota Twins. He batted and threw right-handed.

Pettibone was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 25th round (743rd overall) of the 1979 Major League Baseball draft.

After the Rangers released Pettibone following the  season, he subsequently signed with the Twins during Spring Training .

Pettibone made his big league debut on September 11, 1983, a complete game loss in which he allowed only 3 runs. In his brief 4-game career, he posted a win–loss record of 0–4, with a 5.33 earned run average (ERA), and 10 strikeouts, while hurling 27 innings.

Following Pettibone’s trade to the St. Louis Cardinals in December , he retired from professional baseball.

Pettibone's son, Jonathan, played MLB for the 2013–14 Philadelphia Phillies.

References

External links

Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:Baseball players from Michigan
Category:Chapman Panthers baseball players
Category:Fullerton Hornets baseball players
Category:Minnesota Twins players
Category:People from Mount Clemens, Michigan


Susanne Regel

Susanne Regel (born 1974) is a German oboist working as solo artist and with international ensembles. She specializes in baroque oboe, the classical oboe, and the romantic oboe. Regel also teaches at several universities in Germany.

Education
Regel started playing woodwind instruments as a child and began an intensive study of the recorder, modern oboe and also historical oboe when in school. In 1993, Regel made it to the semi-final of the international MAfestival Brugge (Musica Antiqua Bruges) competition in Bruges. She was the youngest participant of the competition. In 2001 she completed her studies of the historical oboe under Ku Ebbinge, and the recorder under Sebastien Marc at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague.

Career
Regel has made more than 50 radio, CD and DVD recordings. A noteworthy achievement is her participation in the complete recording of the Bach cantatas under J.E. Gardiner with the English Baroque Soloists in 2000.,.

In 1995 she was appointed solo oboe of the internationally acclaimed ensemble Musica Antiqua Köln under Reinhard Goebel.

Regel is a regular guest and soloist with many international ensembles including:
 Freiburger Barockorchester (Petra Müllejans, Gottfried von der Goltz), Germany
 Collegium 1704 (Vaclav Luks), Czech Republic
 le cercle de l’Harmonie“(Jérémie Rhorer), France
 Concerto Copenhagen (Lars Ulrik Mortensen), Denmark
 Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra (Ton Koopman), The Netherlands
 Laura Soave (Sergio Azzolini), Italy

Regel has participated in many international festivals, including:
 Salzburg Festival
 Boston Early Music Festival
 Festival Sansoucci
 Prague Spring International Music Festival
 Festival de Saintes
 Bachwoche Ansbach
 Göttingen International Handel Festival

Teaching
Regel teaches the historical oboe at the Hochschule für Musik in Karlsruhe, and at the “Staatliche Hochschule für Musik” in Trossingen. She also teaches in international Masterclasses in Essen, Minsk, St. Petersburg, Los Angeles and Washington.

External links
 Susanne Regel Official Website

References

Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:German classical oboists
Category:Royal Conservatory of The Hague alumni
Category:Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe faculty
Category:Women oboists
Category:People from Freiburg im Breisgau
Category:21st-century women musicians


Morris Eight

The Morris Eight is a small family car produced by Morris Motors from 1935 to 1948. It was inspired by the sales popularity of the Ford Model Y, styling of which the Eight closely followed. The success of the car enabled Morris to regain its position as Britain's largest motor manufacturer.

Morris Eight series I

The car was powered by a Morris UB series 918 cc four-cylinder side-valve engine with three-bearing crankshaft and single SU carburettor with maximum power of . The  gearbox was a three-speed unit with synchromesh on the top two speeds and Lockheed hydraulic brakes were fitted. Coil ignition was used in a Lucas electrical system powered by a 6-volt battery and third brush dynamo.

The body, which was either a saloon or open tourer, was mounted on a separate channel section chassis with a  wheelbase. The tourer could reach  and return ; the saloons were a little slower.  The chrome-plated radiator shell and honeycomb grille were dummies disguising the real one hidden behind. In September 1934 the bare chassis was offered for £95.  For buyers of complete cars prices ranged from £118 for the basic two-seater to £142 for the four door saloon with "sunshine" roof and leather seats. Bumpers and indicators were £2 10 shillings (£2.50) extra.

Compared with the similarly priced, but much lighter and longer established Austin 7, the 1934/35 Morris Eight was well equipped.  The driver was provided with a full set of instruments including a speedometer with a built in odometer, oil pressure and fuel level gauges and an ammeter.  The more modern design of the Morris was reflected in the superior performance of its hydraulically operated 8-inch drum brakes.  The Morris also scored over its Ford rival by incorporating an electric windscreen wiper rather than the more old-fashioned vacuum powered equivalent, while its relatively wide 45 inch track aided directional stability on corners.

The series I designation was used from June 1935 in line with other Morris models, cars made before this are known as pre-series although the official Morris Motors designation was by the model year (35) even though they were introduced in October 1934. Of the 164,102 cars produced approximately 24,000 were tourers.

Variants

Morris Eight series II

In 1938 the car was updated with a slight restyle to match the other cars in the Morris range.  Changes included painted rather than plated radiator surrounds and disc (Easiclean) wheels replaced the previous "Magna" wire spoked ones. The engine and running gear were unchanged.

Morris Eight Series E

The Series E announced in October 1938 brought a major restyle with a "waterfall" dummy grille, headlights in the wings and the running boards had gone. The car was longer, wider and heavier but the wheelbase was actually  shorter at . There was now an "inbuilt luggage compartment with external access" with a space available of 'close on 5¼ cubic feet with the door closed'. There was also a parcels tray the full width of the dashboard. The "alligator" bonnet was now rear hinged making engine access poor. The engine was upgraded to the Morris USHM series, getting a new cylinder head, still side-valve however, the unit being very similar to those used in series 1 and 2 cars. Increased power to  was now available and the crankshaft was counterbalanced and fitted with shell-type bearings. The gearbox was now four-speed with syncromesh on second, third and top. The Lucas electrics remained at 6 volts, but now with automatic regulation of the dynamo in a two-brush system. Top speed was around .

Production continued through the war for the military, essential civilian use and some export.  Post-war general production restarted in 1945 but there were no more tourers made in the UK. In Australia, however, a flourishing body-building industry continued to provide tourer versions on imported chassis/mechanicals.

The engine went on to be used, with very minor changes, in the series MM from 1948 till 1953 Morris Minor and was also adapted as an auxiliary power unit in Centurion, Conqueror and Chieftain tanks. Morris also used this engine as the basis of special Marine and Stationary power plants.

A very similarly styled Wolseley Eight was also prepared in the 1930s and offered after 1945.  An original 1939 prototype survives, having for many years been owned by Lord Nuffield.

Morris Series Z

A van version of the Series E, rated at 5 cwt capacity and designated as the Series Z, was produced from 1940 to 1953.  While having the external appearance similar to the Series E, mechanically the vans were more akin to the Series II, still having a three-speed gearbox. More than 51,000 examples were built.

A coupé utility variant of the Series Z was produced in Australia, utilising imported chassis and engines with locally built bodies.

References

External links

 The Morris Register of Victoria (Australia)
 The Morris Register of South Australia
 The Morris Register
 The Morris Eight Tourer Club of New Zealand
 An owner's website
 International Alliance of Morris Owners

Eight
Category:Cars introduced in 1935
Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Category:Compact cars
Category:Sedans
Category:Convertibles
Category:Vans
Category:Pickup trucks


Gilbert McMicking (British politician)

Major Gilbert McMicking  (24 March 1862 – 15 November 1942) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician.

He was the son of Gilbert McMicking and Helen MacFarlane.

On 1 November 1893 at Kensington, London. Gilbert married first, Gertrude Rosabel Katherine Gore (1871-1920).  Gilbert and Gertrude were the parents of:
Gilbert Thomas Gore McMicking, b.2 August 1894, Stanton Lacy, Shropshire, England - d.11 November 1918 in Netherlands
Ralph Gore McMicking, b. May, 1897, Dadford, England - d.1964,Surrey, England
Robert James Gore McMicking (b. 6 October 1905 - d.1983, Surrey).

On 22 July 1921 at London, England, Gilbert married second, Ethel Eliza Binny Douglas (1876-1935).

He served with the Honourable Artillery Company and reached the rank of Major. After the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899, a corps of imperial volunteers from London was formed in late December 1899. The corps included infantry, mounted infantry and artillery divisions and was authorized with the name City of London Imperial Volunteers (CIV). It proceeded to South Africa in the early months of 1900, returned in October the same year, and was disbanded in December 1900. Major McMicking was appointed in charge of Field Battery (the artillery division) of the CIV on 1 January 1900, with the temporary rank of Major in the Army, and left London for South Africa in early February with a contingent of officers and men of the Honourable Artillery Company. He served in command of the artillery division of the CIV until the corps was disbanded. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) for his services in South Africa in 1901.

He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Kirkcudbrightshire from 1906 to January 1910, and from December 1910 until the constituency was abolished for the 1918 general election.  He was then elected for the new Galloway constituency, and stood down at the 1922 general election.

References

External links

Category:1862 births
Category:1942 deaths
Category:Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Category:UK MPs 1906–1910
Category:UK MPs 1910–1918
Category:UK MPs 1918–1922
Category:Honourable Artillery Company officers


USS LSM-217

USS LSM-217 was a  built for the United States Navy during World War II. Like many of her class, she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation.

She was laid down (Unknown) at Dravo Corporation, Wilmington, DE., launched on (Unknown), and commissioned as USS LSM-217 on 4 Aug 1944, LT. Eugene J. Heisley, USNR in command.

Service history
LSM-217 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater and crossed the International Date Line on 7 November 1944. As part of the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf she participated in the Luzon operation, which included the Lingayen Gulf landings (4-12 January 1945).

LSM-217 was struck from the Naval Register in 1946.

Final Disposition, sold, 22 October 1947, to Avondale Marine Ways, Inc., Westwego, LA., fate unknown.

LSM-217 earned one battle stars for World War II service

See also
 List of United States Navy LSMs
 World War II
 Landing craft
 Battle of Leyte

External links

Category:World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Category:1944 ships
Category:LSM-1-class landing ships medium
Category:Ships built by Dravo Corporation
Category:Ships built in Wilmington, Delaware


2016–17 Euro Hockey League

The 2016–17 Euro Hockey League was the tenth season of the Euro Hockey League, Europe's premier club field hockey tournament organized by the EHF. Round One was held in Banbridge, Northern Ireland. the round of 16 and quarterfinals in Eindhoven, Netherlands and the semi-finals, third place game and the final were held in Brasschaat, Belgium.

Qualified teams

Round one
Round One was played in Banbridge, Northern Ireland between 7 and 19 October 2016. In each group, teams played against each other once in a round-robin format. The pool winners advanced to the round of 16. If a game was won, the winning team received 5 points. A draw resulted in both teams receiving 2 points. A loss gave the losing team 1 point unless the losing team lost by 3 or more goals, then they received 0 points.

Pool A

Pool B

Pool C

Pool D

Knockout stage
The round of 16 and the quarter-finals were played in Eindhoven, Netherlands between 14 and 17 April 2017. Semi-finals, third place match and the final were played in Brasschaat, Belgium on 3 and 4 June 2017.

Bracket

Source

Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Bronze medal match

Final

See also
2017 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup
2017 Men's EuroHockey Indoor Club Cup

References

Category:Euro Hockey League
Category:2016–17 in European field hockey


Eudendrium capillare

Eudendrium capillare is a marine species of cnidaria, a hydroid (Hydrozoa) in the family Eudendriidae.

References

Category:Eudendrium
Category:Animals described in 1856


COG2908 RNA motif

The COG2908 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics.
COG2908 motif RNAs are found in genomic sequences extracted from fresh water environments.  They have not, as of 2018, been detected in any classified organism.

COG2908 motif RNAs likely function as cis-regulatory elements, in view of their positions upstream of protein-coding genes.
Indeed, the RNAs are upstream of multiple genes that encode non-homologous proteins.  If all examples of the RNA were upstream of homologous genes, there is the possibility that the RNAs were conserved in that position simply by inheritance.  The non-homology of the genes downstream of COG2908 RNAs makes this scenario less likely.  However, the functions of the genes apparently regulated by COG2908 RNAs are largely unknown, and therefore no hypothesis of the biological function of this RNA motif has been advanced.

References

Category:Non-coding RNA


Renault Sport Academy

The Renault Sport Academy, formerly known as RF1 Driver Programme and Renault Driver Development, is a program to support racing drivers since 2002 in their racing series. The programme was created by Renault F1 in 2002.

Selected drivers have to prove their potential on track and their athletics qualities. They promote Renault in the world.

In 2011, the programme was renamed LRGP Academy, following the rebranding of the team to "Lotus Renault GP".

In 2012, the programme was renamed Lotus F1 Team iRace Professional Programme and 2013–2015, the programme was renamed Lotus F1 Junior Team.

Current drivers

Former drivers

Renault / Lotus Renault GP

 Championship titles highlighted in bold.

Lotus F1 (2012–2015)

References

Notes

External links
Renault Formula One Official website - Renault Sport Academy

Driver Programme
Category:Lotus Cars
Category:Racing schools


Peritiba

Peritiba is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.

See also
List of municipalities in Santa Catarina

References

Category:Municipalities in Santa Catarina (state)


Nauru reed warbler

The Nauru reed warbler (), Acrocephalus rehsei, is a passerine bird endemic to the island of Nauru in the Pacific Ocean. It is one of only two native breeding land-birds on Nauru and it is the only passerine found on the island. It is related to other Micronesian reed warblers, all of which evolved from one of several radiations of the genus across the Pacific. Related warblers on nearby islands include the Carolinian reed warbler, with which the Nauru species was initially confused, and the nightingale reed warbler, which was formerly sometimes considered the same species.

A medium-sized warbler, the Nauru reed warbler has dark brown upperparts, cream underparts and a long, thin beak. It makes a low, cup-shaped nest into which it lays two or three white eggs, and it feeds on insects. However, details about its behavior and ecology are little known. It is found throughout Nauru, which has changed substantially in recent decades due to phosphate mining. The Nauru reed warbler is potentially threatened by introduced predators and habitat loss, and its small range means that it could be vulnerable to chance occurrences, such as tropical cyclones. Reports of a similar warbler from nearby islands suggest that it might previously have been found elsewhere, but was driven to local extinction by introduced cats.

Taxonomy and systematics
Otto Finsch was the first naturalist to visit the island of Nauru, stopping for six hours on 24 July 1880 while travelling from the Marshall Islands to the Solomon Islands. His 1881 report included a warbler he initially identified as the Carolinian reed warbler. By 1883 he considered it to be a new species, Calamoherpe rehsei. The generic name Calamoherpe is now recognised as a synonym of Acrocephalus, leading to the current binomial name. The generic name Acrocephalus derives from the Greek akros, meaning "topmost", and kephale, meaning "head". The akros part of the name may have been given through confusion with acutus, and taken to mean "sharp-pointed", referring to the angular head shape typical of this genus. The synonym Calamoherpe is from the Greek kalamos, meaning "reed", and herpes, meaning "creeping thing". Finsch named the species after Ernst Rehse, a German ornithologist and collector and one of Finsch's travelling companions. Since the original descriptions, little has been written about the species, and details about its ecology and behaviour are poorly known.

Though the Nauru reed warbler is generally accepted as a species, some authorities, such as H. E. Wolters in  Die Vogelarte der Erde (1980) and Howard and Moore in A Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (1991), have considered it a subspecies of Acrocephalus luscinius, the nightingale reed warbler. Recent DNA studies have affirmed its status as a separate species. It is considered monotypic, meaning there are no recognised subspecies. The species is known by the English common names Finsch's reed-warbler, Nauru warbler, pleasant warbler, the Nauru reed-warbler, and the Nauru reed warbler. In the native Nauruan language, it is known as Itsirir.

A 2009 phylogenic study of the family Acrocephalidae did not include this species, and as recently as 2010 its relation with other members of the genus was unknown. A 2011 analysis of mitochondrial DNA showed that the Nauru reed warbler forms a clade with the  Australian reed warbler, the bokikokiko, the southern Marquesan reed warbler and a now-extinct species from Pagan Island in the Marianas. The closest relative of the Nauru reed warbler appears to be the extinct warbler from Pagan. This is currently named as a subspecies of the nightingale reed warbler, A. luscinius yamashinae, but that species is polyphyletic, and the Pagan form, which has been proposed as a new species, the Pagan reed warbler, is in a different clade to nightingale reed warblers from other islands.

The pattern of colonisation of the Pacific islands and eventually Australia by the Acrocephalus warblers from Asia was complex, with multiple colonisations of even remote archipelagos. Although the Hawaiian islands were colonised about 2.3 million years ago, the other islands were reached much more recently, in the mid-Pleistocene (between 0.2–1.4 million years ago) or even later. The nearest other warblers geographically to Nauru are the Carolinian reed warbler and the nightingale reed warbler.

Description
The Nauru reed warbler is a medium-sized and warmly coloured reed warbler, with a relatively light build. The entirety of the upperparts are dark brown, with the rump and uppertail coverts slightly brighter than the tail and mantle. When closed, the wing is the same colour as the mantle, short and rounded. The wing does not reach the start of the tail feathers, which enhances the appearance of a long tail. Close inspection of the wing reveals darker centres to both the greater coverts and tertial feathers. Its face shows little contrast, as the ear coverts, crown, nape, chin and throat are all a similar shade of pale brown. The lores are a dark brown, and there is a pale, creamy supercilium, or "eyebrow", extending from the beak to the ear coverts, which are a cinnamon-brown, darkening and merging with the nape. The beak is long, thin and straight.

The underparts are much lighter, darkening towards the vent and undertail coverts. The chin is a dull cream, merging with the throat, which then browns towards the base. The centre of the breast is a dull brown-yellow, while the sides are a reddish brown. The upper mandible of the beak is dark grey with pink edges, while the lower mandible is pink, darkening towards to the tip. The legs and feet are dark grey. The bird measures up to , with a wingspan of .

The species exhibits no sexual dimorphism, and characteristics of the young are unknown. As the only passerine on the island, there is no chance that this species may be confused with any other. The Nauru reed warbler is slightly smaller than the Carolinian reed warbler, which is also lighter in colour, with a more contrasting eyebrow. The nightingale reed warbler is substantially larger, and the Oriental reed warbler has a duller colouration, with whiter underparts.

Distribution and habitat

The Nauru reed warbler is endemic to the island of Nauru, in the Pacific Ocean. It is one of only two indigenous land birds which breed on the island, the other being the Micronesian pigeon. The warbler can be found throughout the island, thriving in the scrubland in areas previously used for phosphate mining, as well as the remaining patches of forest on the island's central plateau. It is most common in the remains of forest found on the island's steep slopes. It is also readily observed in gardens and ruderal areas on the island's coast; in 1881, Finsch described the species as abundant, calling it "as common as the House-Sparrow in England." Biologist Donald Buden again found it widespread on the island in 2008.

The species is sedentary, meaning that the birds do not naturally leave Nauru. Banaba is the nearest island, and despite being similar to Nauru, it lacks any warblers. However, it is possible that populations of the Nauru reed warbler existed on other islands until comparatively recently. On the Marshall Islands, traditional stories refer to a small bird, known variously as annañ, anang and annãng. This bird was considered the property of chieftains. Though no physical descriptions exist of the species, it has been described as butterfly-sized, pleasant-smelling and as living among rocks on the shores of north-western islands. Ethnographers Krämer and Nevermann reported that the bird became extinct or extirpated around 1880. Based on descriptions of birds seen on Jaluit, Paul Schnee hypothesised that the annañ may have been a Nauru reed warbler. The extinction of the annañ may have been due to hunting by cats, which were introduced to the Marshall Islands by the Russian Otto von Kotzebue in 1817 to hunt rats. They then multiplied before being spread by locals as pets, after which they started to become feral.

Behaviour and ecology

Nauru reed warbler nests are cup-shaped and woven from grasses and twigs. They sometimes include Cassytha filiformis vine or Casuarina equisetifolia needles. The nests are bound to upright stems in a way typical of warblers. Buden reported that the warblers nest in trees and shrubs at a height of . The species may also nest on the ground; the young in ground nests may be more vulnerable to predation by rats. Eggs have variously been reported in December and July, and ornithologist A. Pearson suggested that the species may nest all year round. The clutch size has been reported as two or three eggs. Incubation and fledgling periods are unknown. Pearson reported lower nesting than Buden, recording nests in bushes and undergrowth between  from the ground, especially in forked branches of hibiscus and lime. Buden reported that the birds were more vocal in December than in March and April. The song has been described as similar to that of a song thrush, common blackbird, or willie wagtail, and it is delivered both day and night.

Finsch described the warbler as insectivorous, feeding primarily on dragonflies. Six species of dragonfly have been observed on the island; Ischnura aurora, Anax guttatus, Diplacodes bipunctata, Pantala flavescens, Tholymis tillarga and Tramea transmarina. Buden did not observe the species feeding on dragonflies, but did see three different feeding habits. Most frequently, the birds were seen moving through trees and shrubs, catching prey on the foliage. Other birds were seen perched close to the floor, darting to the ground, and returning to the perch with prey. In open areas, the birds were observed moving across the ground, "occasionally grasping a presumed prey item". In coastal areas, they have been observed feeding in coconut trees. Potential predators for the birdlife of Nauru in general include feral cats and dogs, as well as the Polynesian rat and the Tanezumi rat. Feral cats and wild rats in particular are potential threats to the Nauru reed warbler.

Status

The IUCN lists the species as "Vulnerable", because "its very small range leaves it susceptible to chance events, such as cyclones and the introduction of alien predators." BirdLife International previously estimated that there were between 10,000 and 20,000 Nauru reed warblers, based on 1993 data, but Buden's 2006 estimate was 5,000 birds of all ages led to a revised figure of 3,000 mature individuals. In 2001, it was observed that the removal of the phosphate deposits on the island meant that the vegetation was decreasing, presenting a potential threat to the species. In 2008, however, Buden claimed that "habitat degradation and loss of native forest via mining operations has apparently had no major adverse effects on the population." Nauru reed warblers were observed to be common on the island, and flourishing in the scrubland left by mining.

Unlike other birds on the island, the species is not hunted, and is protected under Schedule 1 of Nauru's Wild Birds Preservation Ordinance 1937. For conservation purposes, the IUCN recommends regular surveys of the population and the establishment of a monitoring programme through training local people. It also proposed raising conservation awareness by increasing the profile of the bird.

See also
List of birds of Nauru

Notes

Cited texts

Further reading

Nauru reed warbler
Category:Birds of Micronesia
Category:Endemic fauna of Nauru
Nauru reed warbler


Coexist (song)

Coexist (stylised as COEXIST) is a song by Japanese rock band Coldrain. It is the second lead single for their sixth studio album The Side Effects, produced by Michael Baskette, written by Masato Hayakawa and was released on 4 July 2019.

Coexist would later be critically acclaimed to be one of the "100 Greatest Songs of 2019", featured alongside artists and bands such as James Blunt, Jason Derulo, Bruno Mars, Slipknot, Trivium and Korn, as well as being one of the "100 Greatest Metal" songs of all time.

Lyrical content
Written by vocalist Masato Hayakawa. From his viewpoint, the lyrics display a genuine cry of concern towards society, because he feels that "hate" and ill-will towards others has become normalised. To counter-act this, we should be loving each other and learning to be able to coexist with one another. This is directly screamed by Hayakawa, where he says:

"LEARN TO LOVE AND COEXIST"

Music video

The music video is played within a futuristicly styled background, implied to be set inside of a UFO and revolves around a romantic couple who both get individually abducted by a blue looking alien. Of whom is played by Coldrain frontman Masato Hayakawa. They spend 7 days isolated and studied by the alien, who eventually allows them to reunite and leave the ship after finding an error in the system. The band playing the song is intertwined with this storyline.

As of February 2020, the song has 870K views on YouTube.

Charts

References

Category:Coldrain songs
Category:2019 songs


Balestier

Balestier () is a subzone located in the planning area of Novena in the Central Region of Singapore. The main road, Balestier Road, links Thomson Road to Serangoon Road and the road continues on as Lavender Street. The area is home to rows of shophouses, low-rise apartment and commercial buildings as well as a shopping mall known as Shaw Plaza. There are several lighting and electrical shops along Balestier Road, which is also home to the Ceylon Sports Club and the Indian Association. The area is known for its food such as bak kut teh and chicken rice. In the area, there are several apartments, condominiums, and budget hotels.

Etymology and history
The precinct was named after Joseph Balestier, the then colony's first American consul from 1837 to 1852 and the owner of a  sugar plantation called Balestier Plain, which failed and was put up for sale. Balestier was in Singapore between 1834 and 1852 and was a botanist and agriculturist. The area was named after him as it was where his plantation was located. As new settlers populated Balestier Road from the late 19th century, they established villages and grew crops such as taro was grown. Balestier hired a number of immigrants on his estates. Chinese and Indian workers laboured these crops. After Balestier’s departure, his land was acquired by the authorities and leased out to Chinese farmers. Another portion was turned into a burial site for paupers and lepers. During the 19th century, many prisoners from India were sent to Singapore, where they were employed as labourers and builders. After serving their term, many of these convicts remained in Singapore as traders, artisans or skilled craftsmen. With a large diversity of people, different skills, culture, technics and practices were shared and exchange within Balestier. The Chinese labourers, who settled in the area, built a temple which still exists known as Go Cho Tua Pek Kong, with the area having the last free-standing wayang stage in Singapore that was built in 1906. The rows of shophouses was constructed in the late 19th century have been since conserved, though some have made way for new development. These shophouses were to provide services to residents. In the 1880s, several bungalows were constructed, with one still remaining at Tai Gin Road known as the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall (formerly the Sun Yat Sen Villa or Wan Qing Yuan). Overtime, with the renewing of the past historical facts of China, the 1911 Chinese revolution and its leader Sun were incorporated with the story of Singapore’s independence.

Other than shophouses and bungalows, there were industrial activities in the area as well. There were rattan plantations along the Whampoa River and sugarcane productions at Jalan Ampas. The Balestier Market (now Balestier Market and Food Centre) was where locals could sell their produce. It was used as a food rationing centre during World War II. Later, the market was rebuilt and housed a hawker centre as well. The market has since undergone upgrading works in the 2000s. Developers went on to construct landed properties in the 1920s with bungalows and terrace housees. In the 1950s, there was a film studio run by Shaw Brothers for its Malay language films. It is called the Jalan Ampas Shaw Malay Film studios. The film studio has played a significant role in the film industry like none other as it holds the stories of many social and political milestones in Singapore. The Jalan Ampas Malay Film studio was established in 1937 by Shaw Brothers with the intention of making Malay Films in Singapore for their local clients. By 1942, the studio because such a popular and famous place that it was crowned by many as the Hollywood of Singapore. During World War 2, this place was utilized by the Japanese to broadcast propaganda films. It was later reopened after the war in 1947, but was eventually closed in 1967 due to the falling demand for Malay language films. This place is considered one of the most iconic places in Singapore in the early days as a form of local entertainment.

Until the early 1980s, this site was located by the old Ruby Theatre, the first movie theatre in the area that opened in 1958 that showed mainly Chinese films. In the past, many would travel to area for movies and food carts would be present to provide some street food for the movie goers. The Shaw Towers' twin height used to sit two cinemas, the President and Hoover theaters. Hoover Theatre is a favourite for fans of the Shaw Brothers’ gong-fu films during the sixties and seventies that was opened in 1960. In 1973, President Theatre was built too. However, in 1996, both Hoover and President Theatre were demolished to make way for the Shaw Plaza that is a mixed development consisting of restaurant, departmental stall and residential apartment.

The Hokkiens referred to Balestier Road as o kio, meaning "black bridge", and as go cho tua peh kong, meaning "Rochor temple". The Tamils named the area thaneer kampong தண்ணீர் கம்பம் as water was drawn from there by bullock cart in the old days.

For instance, the nickname “Recreation Road” is made popular with the growth of many sporting and recreational buildings within the vicinity in 1920s. Other examples of names given in view of activities included the Cantonese names such as Wu-hap Thong was given to the Taro pond, which is to depict the semi aquatic crops grown within the neighbourhood. The area that surrounds Balestier and Serangoon road also adopts the Malay language name of “Pauper House”, to acknowledge the presence of Tan Tock Seng pauper’s Hospital to provide treatment for the under-privileged. Many more streets took on Malay names in acknowledgement to the existence of Malay kampong villages within the area.

Both the Singapore Improvement Trust and the Housing and Development Board built flats in the area known as St. Michael's Estate. Modern shophouses were erected in the 1960s as well including walk-up apartments. In the late 20th century, several buildings made way for newer buildings such as high-rise condominiums, shopping malls and new commercial buildings.

The Sultan of Sulu used to own a house along Balestier Road purchased in 1903.

Art deco shophouses
Shophouses in Singapore are constructed beginning in the nineteenth century by Chinese and other communities. There is the use of brick “party walls”. A further characteristic of this urban form was the width of the shophouses were generally determined by the distance it could span due to the use of timber beams between brick party walls.

Unadorned shophouses went from simple looking to elaborate and sophisticated structures. A rapid spread of classical architecture began during the Industrial Revolution. There are the Early Shophouse style, First transitional style, late shophouse style, second transitional style, Art Deco style and modern shophouse style. Unlike the traditional or 2nd transitional shophouses style which are high in ornamentation, art deco evolves from it into a new style of architecture. The primary stylistic features of an art deco shophouse is the vertical emphasis and concrete as a common material in construction to achieve smooth surfaces.

The shophouse internal spatial layout is consistent despite the change in style during the 19th century.

Balestier Market

Introduction

Balestier Market, also commonly known as Or Kio ('Black Bridge' in Hokkien) due to its similarity to a dark timber bridge spanning across Sungei Whampoa, is located in the centre of Balestier Road. It was constructed in the early 1920s to provide local vendors and hawkers with an allocated space to sell their harvested crops and cooked food. In 1924, before the start of major developments in Balestier Road, the open market was known to be a bustling site despite being located a distance from other more prominent landmarks and streets. Later, rows of small huts with a pitched zinc roof were added in 1925 to shelter users from the frequent rain and the sun. The market then served as a food ration distribution centre, in the mid 1940s during World War 2. Balestier Market is now the only 'rural' market conserved and in operation in Singapore.

Timeline of events in Balestier Market and surroundings
 1830s – Establishment of Balestier Plantation by Joseph Balestier
 1849 – Balestier and his family leased a large plantation outside town
 The early 1890s – Establishment of Taro, lime and sugar cane plantations
 The 1920s – Balestier Market was constructed for the residents to sell their produce
 1925 – Rows of small huts with pitched zinc roof was then added to the market
 1942 – Balestier Market turned into food ration distribution centre during World War II
 1958 – The landscape of Balestier was changed into mixed tree cultivation, coconut plantation, and grassland. Sungei Whampoa had already been canalised
 1967 – Great changes in the landscape of Whampoa. Low dilapidated houses were pulled down, mainly high-rise housings were constructed
 1950s–1970s – public housing was developed by Singapore Improvement Trust and the Housing and Development Board in the Balestier area at St Michael's Estate
 1971 – Balestier Estate was built
 The 1980s – Demolition of Raymond market and construction of Whampoa Market
 1999- Renovated.
 2004 – Many stallholders decided to retire when the market closed in 2004. Balestier Market bought over by Banquet Holdings. Underwent major development work and was converted into a food centre.

History of Balestier

During the mid-19th century, Balestier referred to the area along Balestier Road that connected from Thomson Road to Serangoon Road. The area was first established as a sugarcane plantation by American Joseph Balestier (b. circa 1788, France?–d. 1858, York, Pennsylvania, United States), situated around three kilometres away from the main settlement of Singapore, consisting of 1000 acres of land, of which one-fifth was planted with sugarcanes. His contributions significantly assisted the development of Singapore, especially in the Balestier region. As mentioned by Sharon Ahmat (Fig. 15), Joseph Balestier's role as the first United States consular in Singapore was mainly to foster trading relations with America. He later left Singapore to recuperate as he had suffered from a health breakdown due to the death of both his son and his wife in 1844 and 1847 respectively. Prior to his departure, he was forced to sell his plantation to pay off his debts as the limited import privileges given to sugar produce by the British market caused the sugar industry in Singapore to decline.

Background of Balestier Market

The government obtained Balestier's estate and leased a portion of it to Chinese farmers while another segment was turned into a burial area for patients from Tan Tock Seng Hospital. Due to the good condition of the soil and a proper irrigation system left over from the previous plantation, the new residents who moved into Balestier were able to establish their villages and new plantations such as taro, lime and sugarcane. As Balestier became more reputable, tradesmen and merchants started to emerge, operating shophouses and selling their wares along the main road, turning Balestier Road into one of the busiest streets in Singapore.

The rise in hawkers present in Balestier Road resulted in the sidewalks constructed for pedestrian being transformed into a makeshift market selling vegetables, fruits, cooked food and beverages. The hawkers and their customers spilled over onto the main road and created traffic obstructions, which caused motorists to drive on the opposite side of the road and increased the likelihood of accidents occurring. Residents even claimed that the hawkers were hostile when motorists asked them to shift their stalls.

Hence, many residents wrote to the authorities regarding the legalisation of hawkers and related road safety concerns. These issues not only occurred in Balestier but also in other parts of Singapore.  In response, the government designated marketplaces for hawkers to alleviate the road issues and to facilitate the legalisation of hawkers. Balestier Market is one of the first few wet markets in Singapore which was established as the result of this government measure. However, even with such measures, police officers were still needed to patrol the area and ensure that hawkers who possessed a hawker license do not sell their products out of their allocated area.

One highly publicised example of this problem occurred in Balestier Market and arose due to the unavailability of pork in the market – three pork vendors possessing hawker licenses elsewhere were arrested and fined for illegally selling their products outside the market premises. In effect, the establishment of Balestier Market did not completely eradicate the traffic complaints from residents as there were still makeshift stalls along the road outside the market. Furthermore, residents wrote to the newspapers, expressing their difficulty in obtaining pork from the market and requesting the government to take actions. Therefore, despite having an allocated space for hawkers to sell their products, Balestier Market failed to gain popularity amongst residents.

Whampoa Wet Market and Hawker Centre also known as the Tua Pah Sat (big market in Hokkien), located a few streets away from Balestier Market was constructed in the 1980s to provide food for the rising population of Whampoa and to replace Raymond Market located at Jalan Tenteram. As the new market supplied both raw produce and cooked food, it became more popular among the residents in both Balestier and Whampoa. Moreover, the new market operated both during the day and at night, with an allocated car park – making the market highly accessible for both drivers and residents.

In 1999, even after Balestier Market underwent renovation, it ultimately still failed to compete with her "neighbouring brother" because during that period of time, most of the residential developments were situated around Whampoa Market. Meanwhile, Balestier was still in the phase of redevelopment into a commercial, industrial and private residential district, resulting in existing residents relocating elsewhere. Furthermore, after the upgrading, a handful of vendors decided to relocate or to discontinue their business resulting in patrons from Balestier Market shifting over to Whampoa Market instead. Consequently, the business of remaining hawkers in Balestier Market continued to deteriorate, causing many stall owners who had been serving for decades to cease their operation entirely when the market closed for redevelopment in 2004. Due to its historical and cultural significance, Balestier Market was placed under the Conservational Act by the Urban Redevelopment Authority and subsequently plans were made by the authority to further modernise the market. After the closure, Balestier Market was bought over by Banquet Holdings Pte Ltd and was then opened in June 2008 after the latest renovation which converted the market into a food centre. This is likely because operating as a wet market would not be economically viable, especially with the competition from the neighbouring big markets.

Balestier today

Today, Balestier Market is home to many stallholders who were from markets which were either demolished, undergoing renovation or relocated. Many of these stallholders were from Upper Thomson's Long House and Lavender Food Square. Similarly to Balestier Market's resilience through the evolution of the Balestier area, these hawkers try their best to maintain their business operations despite the changing needs of society that diminish the need for hawkers and the service they provide. By providing a space for these valuable hawkers, Balestier Market is able to preserve the hawker heritage while preventing itself from becoming obsolete.

Balestier Market also provides a home for two lion statues previously from the Oasis Restaurant next to the former National Stadium, both of which were demolished in 2010 – a further example of how Balestier Market serve as a repository of cultural elements

Architectural features and issues

The most iconic feature of Balestier Market is its rows of pitched zinc roof which were later installed with lighting elements to make the roof structure prominent even at night. However, in the past, the roof design was built to shelter the wet market without considering its possibility to be converted into a food centre. After the transformation from a wet market into a food centre, the ceiling is too low to adequately contain the exhaust pipes which radiate heat throughout the interior of the place. Furthermore, as the material of the roof is made of zinc, it conducts heat when it is exposed to direct sunlight, making it uncomfortable for customers to be eating within the space, especially in the afternoon.

The only way to access the front entrance into Balestier Market is through the flight of stairs beside the main signage. The elevation of the market is a measure to deter flooding due to high surface runoff and typology of the site which occurred quite frequently in the past. A disadvantage of this feature is that the stairs cause difficulties for patrons in entering the market, as a majority of such patrons are from the older generation.

Publicity of Balestier Market

Many of these architectural issues are left unresolved to retain the structural integrity and original ambience of the market. There are a handful of heritage trails and guides that introduce users to the market, promoting the last and only rural market of Singapore, in light of its historical and cultural significance.

From a humble wet market for farmers to a food ration distribution centre and finally to a food centre selling local cuisine and delights, Balestier Market is one of the few markets that have survived through the rapid transformation of Singapore. Its value and identity as an example of vernacular infrastructural design, preserved for the newer generations as an educational tool to illustrate the phenomenon of wet markets and hawker centres in the past.

References

External links
 Balestier : A Heritage Trail by the Central Singapore Community Development Council.  PDF guide here.

Category:Novena
Category:Kallang
Category:Roads in Singapore
Category:Protected areas of Singapore


The Double Face

The Double Face () is a 1920 German silent film directed by Mutz Greenbaum.

Cast
 Rolf Loer as Phantomas

References

Bibliography

External links

Category:1920 films
Category:German films
Category:Films of the Weimar Republic
Category:Films directed by Mutz Greenbaum
Category:German silent feature films
Category:German black-and-white films
Category:Fantômas


Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge

Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge (TEG) or European Certificate in Irish  is a set of examinations for adult learners of Irish. TEG is linked to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001). It examines four skills: speaking, listening, reading and writing. Examinations are currently available at five levels from Beginners 1 (A1) to Advanced 1 (C1) and are run internationally. In 2016 exams were held in Sydney, New York, Ottawa, and nationally in Ireland. There is the option for candidates at all levels to undertake the full examination (Lánchreidiúint) or just the oral examination (partial credit).

TEG is the first certification system for adult learners of Irish connected with the ALTE (Association of Language Testers in Europe) examination system and the Council of Europe. Such a system had already been developed for most other European languages. This system helps learners to plan their studies and gain recognition for the progress they have made. Another advantage of the system is that it gives educational institutions and employers a guide to the language ability of candidates applying for courses, jobs or promotions. In Ireland this makes it of particular relevance to the provisions of the Official Languages Act 2003. The Language Centre in Maynooth is a member of ALTE and monitors the content and quality of TEG.

References

External links
Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge

Category:Council of Europe
Category:Language assessment
Category:Irish language


Falling-sand game

A falling sand game is a type of particle simulation video game. They allow the user to place particles of different elements on a "canvas". The particles can interact with other particles in various ways, and may be affected by gravity, in some games. Many complex effects may be achieved. Many versions of the Falling Sand Game have been written since its introduction in 2005.

History
The original game first appeared as a web-based Java applet on the Dofi-Blog (Japan) in 2005.

References

External links
 PC World
 Falling Sand Game Wiki and Forums
 The Powder Toy
 The Powder Toy Snapshots
 The Powder Toy Korean Community
 VSand
 PowderGdi
 Project Sand

Category:Online games
Category:Java platform games
Category:Flash games
Category:Simulation video games
Category:Video game genres


Business House, Novosibirsk

Business House () is a constructivist building in Tsentralny City District of Novosibirsk, Russia. It is located on the corner of Krasny Avenue and Lenin Street. The building is a part of the architectural ensemble of Lenin Square. It was built in 1928. Architects: D. F. Fridman, I. A. Burlakov.

Gallery

See also
 Gosbank Building
 House of Lenin
 Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre
 Oblpotrebsoyuz Building

References

Category:Tsentralny City District, Novosibirsk
Category:Buildings and structures in Novosibirsk
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1928
Category:Constructivist architecture


Freedom from discrimination

The right to freedom from discrimination is internationally recognised as a human right and enshrines the principle of egalitarianism. The right to freedom from discrimination is recognised in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and enshrined in international human rights law through its inclusion in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

The right to freedom from discrimination is particularly relevant for groups that have been historically discriminated against and "vulnerable" groups. In this respect, the right to freedom from discrimination has been elaborated upon in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Human Rights
The concept of the right to freedom from discrimination is  to the concept of human rights, as human rights are the rights of all humans. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted in 1948, starts with the words "Whereas recognition is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world."

Article 1 of the UDHR states:
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

Article 2 of the UDHR states:
"Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty."

See also

 Discrimination
 Equality (disambiguation)
 Group rights
 Individual rights
 Racism
 Sexism
 Homophobia

References

Category:Human rights by issue


Boundary particle method

In applied mathematics, the boundary particle method (BPM) is a boundary-only meshless (meshfree) collocation technique, in the sense that none of inner nodes are required in the numerical solution of nonhomogeneous partial differential equations. Numerical experiments show that the BPM has spectral convergence. Its interpolation matrix can be symmetric.

History and recent developments
In recent decades, the dual reciprocity method (DRM) and multiple reciprocity method (MRM) have been emerging as promising techniques to evaluate the particular solution of nonhomogeneous partial differential equations in conjunction with the boundary discretization techniques, such as boundary element method (BEM). For instance, the so-called DR-BEM and MR-BEM are popular BEM techniques in the numerical solution of nonhomogeneous problems.

The DRM has become a common method to evaluate the particular solution. However, the DRM requires inner nodes to guarantee the convergence and stability. The MRM has an advantage over the DRM in that it does not require using inner nodes for nonhomogeneous problems. Compared with the DRM, the MRM is computationally more expensive in the construction of the interpolation matrices and has limited applicability to general nonhomogeneous problems due to its conventional use of high-order Laplacian operators in the annihilation process.

The recursive composite multiple reciprocity method (RC-MRM), was proposed to overcome the above-mentioned problems. The key idea of the RC-MRM is to employ high-order composite differential operators instead of high-order Laplacian operators to eliminate a number of nonhomogeneous terms in the governing equation. The RC-MRM uses the recursive structures of the MRM interpolation matrix to reduce computational costs.

The boundary particle method (BPM) is a boundary-only discretization of an inhomogeneous partial differential equation by combining the RC-MRM with strong-form meshless boundary collocation discretization schemes, such as the method of fundamental solution (MFS), boundary knot method (BKM), regularized meshless method (RMM), singular boundary method (SBM), and Trefftz method (TM). The BPM has been applied to problems such as nonhomogeneous Helmholtz equation and convection–diffusion equation. The BPM interpolation representation is of a wavelet series.

For the application of the BPM to Helmholtz, Poisson and plate bending problems, the high-order fundamental solution or general solution, harmonic function or Trefftz function (T-complete functions) are often used, for instance, those of Berger, Winkler, and vibrational thin plate equations. The method has been applied to inverse Cauchy problem associated with Poisson and nonhomogeneous Helmholtz equations.

Further comments
The BPM may encounter difficulty in the solution of problems having complex source functions, such as non-smooth, large-gradient functions, or a set of discrete measured data. The  solution of such problems involves:

(1) The complex functions or a set of discrete measured data can be interpolated by a sum of polynomial or trigonometric function series. Then, the RC-MRM can reduce the nonhomogeneous equation to a high-order homogeneous equation, and the BPM can be implemented to solve these problems with boundary-only discretization.

(2) The domain decomposition may be used to in the BPM boundary-only solution of large-gradient source functions problems.

See also
 Meshfree method
 Radial basis function
 Boundary element method
 Trefftz method
 Method of fundamental solution
 Boundary knot method
 Singular boundary method

References

External links
 Boundary Particle Method

Free software and Matlab codes
 Winker plate bending analysis
 BPM toolbox for inverse Cauchy problems

Category:Numerical analysis
Category:Numerical differential equations


Caja Heimann

Caja Heimann (7 December 1918 – 12 August 1988) was a Danish film actress. She appeared in 23 films between 1940 and 1980.

She was born in Copenhagen, Denmark and died in Denmark.

Selected filmography
 I kongens klæ'r (1954)
 Færgekroen (1956)
 Tag til marked i Fjordby (1957)
 Pigen og vandpytten (1958)
 Passer passer piger (1965)

External links

Category:1918 births
Category:1988 deaths
Category:Danish film actresses
Category:Actresses from Copenhagen
Category:20th-century Danish actresses


First Priority Music

First Priority Music (FPM) was an American hip hop record label of the late 1980s and early 1990s, which later released contemporary R&B and country music, among others. A small independent, it formed distribution relationships first with Atlantic Records, and later on with Jive/Zomba.

First Priority was founded by Nat Robinson in 1987, to release music by his son Kirk better known as Milk Dee of Audio Two. FPM's first release was Audio Two's "Make It Funky"/"Top Billin'", which was successful enough to secure the label a distribution deal with Atlantic Records.

MC Lyte's debut album Lyte as a Rock (1988) was followed by her records,  Eyes on This (1989) and Act Like You Know (1991). "Ruffneck", from 1993's Ain't No Other, was the first gold single by a solo female rap artist. Other members of the hip hop roster of the period include Positive K, Michie Mee, Alliance, Kings of Swing, and Barsha. A compilation featuring FPM artists, The First Priority Music Family: Basement Flavor, was released by the label in 1988. A short-lived sub-label called Bum Rush was distributed by Atlantic then-sister label Virgin Records from 1989 to 1991.

Recent years saw releases by Jason Downs and the 2004 single by Eamon called "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)," which were released through Jive/Zomba.

Artists

 Alliance
Audio Two
MC Lyte
Eamon (singer)
Positive K
Proven Innocent
Jason Downs
Michie Mee
Mekhi Phifer

References
Peter Shapiro, Rough Guide to Hip-Hop, 2nd ed., Rough Guides; London, 2005 (p. 18, pp. 253–254).
Simon Price, "Rock and Pop", The Independent Sunday, June 24, 2001.
https://www.abc-7.com/story/41138393/hip-hops-first-priority-music-hits-reset-button-announces-expansion

External links
Official site

Category:American independent record labels
Category:Hip hop record labels
Category:Atlantic Records


Tung Hua Lin

Tung Hua Lin (May 26, 1911 – June 18, 2007) was a Chinese-American aerospace and structural engineer best known for designing China's first twin engine aircraft during World War II.

Early life and career
Lin was born in Chungking in May 1911. His grandfather was head of the local telegraph agency. In 1914, his family moved to Beijing. He enrolled in Huiwen High School in 1924, graduating in 1928. After graduation, he entered Yenching University, majoring in physics, but the following year transferred to Chiaotung University's Tangshan, Hebei campus (present-day Southwest Jiaotong University), graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1933. He then won a Chinese National Fellowship to study in the United States in 1933. He completed his master of science degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1936. He returned to teach at Tsing Hua University in 1937. His cousin Tung-Yen Lin was also one of the outstanding structural engineers of the 20th century.

World War II
Lin was asked to design aircraft during World War II. His production team worked in a cave to protect against bombing by the Japanese. He lacked modern design tools such as wind tunnels to test the aircraft. The C-0101 which he designed and constructed, largely from bamboo and wood, was test flown from Chungking to Chengdu on November 18, 1944. Lin was awarded a medal by the Chinese government for his efforts.

Postwar career
After the war, Lin was a member of a mission to design jet aircraft in China. They approached the St. Louis, Missouri-based McDonnell Aircraft about mass-producing their aircraft, but as the price quoted was too expensive, they instead chose Gloucester, England's Gloster Aircraft Company; Lin was part of a 20-person design team who moved to England to work with them in 1947. However, due to a lack of funding, they had to halt production in 1949, whereupon Lin moved to the United States. There, he taught at the University of Detroit while studying for his doctorate at the University of Michigan. He became a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1955; while there, he published the Theory of Inelastic Structure in 1968. He retired in 1978.
In May 1981, Dr. Shu-Liang Bob Wu is the last Ph.D student that Professor Lin help to get Ph.D degree during Professor Lin's tenure years in UCLA.  The Ph.D dissertation subject is "Stress-strain time relations under radial loadings, and plastic strain under static tension and cyclic torsion for Aluminum alloy" .
It is noted that this is the only Ph.D dissertation that Professor Lin Co-Chairmen with Professor David Okrent. Both are member of National academy of Engineering.

Lin was awarded the Theodore von Kármán Medal by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1988. His research on earthquake stress in construction materials led to a fellowship in the National Academy of Engineering in 1990. Taiwan's Academia Sinica named him as a member in 1996. He died of heart failure in June 2007.

See also
Tung-Yen Lin

Publications

 Chinese edition:

References

Category:1911 births
Category:2007 deaths
Category:Chinese aircraft designers
Category:Chinese structural engineers
Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States
Category:American aerospace engineers
Category:University of Michigan alumni
Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Category:University of Detroit Mercy faculty
Category:American scientists of Chinese descent
Category:Engineers from Chongqing
Category:Educators from Chongqing
Category:American structural engineers
Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Category:Members of Academia Sinica


Benjamin Feigenbaum

Benjamin Feigenbaum (August 12, 1860 – November 10, 1932) was a Polish born Yiddish socialist, newspaper editor, translator, and satirist. Feigenbaum was an associate editor of the Yiddish language papers The Forward, its predecessor Di Arbeter Tsaytung, and the literary monthly Di Tsukunft   and a pioneer of the Socialist Party of America.

During Jewish Holiday of Yom Kippur in 1899, Feigenbaum famously said in alternative event "If there is a God and if he is Almighty as the clergy claims he is, I give him just two minutes’ time to kill me on the spot, so that he may prove his existence!" after two minutes he declared "See! There is no God!". Afterwards he announced a location for the workers to eat instead of fasting, as traditionally done during Yom Kippur.

Early life
Benjamin Feigenbaum was born to a prominent Chassidic family in Warsaw, Poland. He went to Yeshivah, but became a free-thinker. According to a colleague, Israel Joshua Singer, Feigenbaum's "conversion" to secularism happened when his teacher, the Gerer rebbe, discovered that Feigenbaum was not wearing tsitsit, a ritual garb. The rebbe beat him as a punishment.

Later on, he moved to Belgium; there he attended his first socialist protest in Antwerp in 1884. On December 25, 1886, his wife Matilda (Kaminsky) Feigenbaum gave birth to their son William Morris Feigenbaum. He a total of 2 daughters and 2 sons named Kanin, R. Ganetkin, William and Henry.

Career

As a young socialist in 1887, Feigenbaum considered starting a socialist Yiddish newspaper. To his delight, he discovered the London-based Arbeter Fraynd recently started. He wrote them immediately. Towards the end of 1888, Feigenbaum moved to London, UK with his wife, to join their editorial board.

In 1891, Feigenbaum immigrated to New York, to work on New York's first Yiddish-language socialist newspaper, Di Arbeter Tsaytung (The Workman's Paper). He co-founded the Workmen's Circle, serving as its first General-Secretary. In New York, Feigenbaum developed a relationship with Bolesław Miklaszewski, a representative of the London affiliate of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) called the Union of Polish Socialists Abroad (ZZSP). After vetting Feigenbaum's circles to ensure they did not have "a gravitational pull" to Russia, ZZSP announced creation of "Jewish Socialist Post from America to Poland" in 1896, to publish and disseminate Yiddish socialist literature.

Police retaliation
Feigenbaum was arrested during a brawl with the police on October 29, 1892 , shortly after giving a speech in Philadelphia. He was charged with inciting to riot, assaulting an officer and breaching the peace after allegedly hitting an officer with his cane. He was held on $600 bail. In Providence he was charged with inciting to riot, which were later dismissed by a Judge during trial in a higher court. In January, 1905, Providence police received a tip that an "anarchist provocateur" was scheduled to speak. Police surrounded the designated venue, disabling gas and cited lack of permit for as reason for shutting it down. The sponsors of the lecture, the Providence branch of Workmen's Circle obtained permits and scheduled another venue for Feigenbaum to speak at. If Hyman Goldsmith, a Yiddish speaking undercover police patrolman heard Feigenbaum mention anything about “Emma Goldmanism” or “bomb throwing” the hall would be cleared immediately by other undercover police in crowd. Instead, Feigenbaum orated for two hours and 15 minutes about the compatibility of religion and socialism, in contrast with his earlier recitals. The police were ridiculed the following day by The Daily Journal, The Evening Bulletin, and The Providence Telegram.

Criticism of zionism and religion

Feigenbaum was highly critical of Zionism and the usage of biblical scriptures to promoting socialist spiritualization. In his Yiddish article, 'Materialism in Judaism or Religion and Life' (1896), Feigenbaum criticized using the Bible as 'propaganda'. If Jeremiah did not know Marx, then it was disingenuous to claim that Marxism is part of a prophetic tradition. In 'Vi Kumt a yid tsu sotsyialismus'''  (How does a Jew come to socialism?) Feigenbaum writes "Yes, brothers, socialism is redemption for us, the Jews. Socialism will rescue all the unfortunate people, Jews as well, and give them equal rights...Socialism's victory would spell the only effective defeat of the forces of anti-Semitism". He further maintains that he met socialist Gentiles who ridded themselves of anti-Semitism upon discovering socialism. The enemy is the capitalist, whether Gentile or Jewish; and the Jewish poor are his friend.

Feigenbaum rejected Zionism as utopian and urged Jews to reject notion of Goles'' as exile from Palestine, but rather state of persecution, from which socialism can redeem them.

Death
Feigenbaum died on the morning of November 10, 1932 in the Home for Incurables in New York. He had been ill for the previous ten years, the last three of which he was paralyzed. Funeral services were held in Forward Hall, on November 13, 1932. Feigenbaum is currently buried in the Workmen’s Circle section of Mount Carmel Cemetery, in Queens, New York.

Written works

Authored

Translated

See also

 Yiddish literature
 Yiddishist movement
 History of the socialist movement in the United States
 Jewish views and involvement in US politics

References

External links

 Yiddish Book Center links to published works by Feigenbaum, Benjamin

Category:1860 births
Category:1932 deaths
Category:American Marxists
Category:American memoirists
Category:19th-century American novelists
Category:American political writers
Category:American newspaper editors
Category:American newspaper founders
Category:Jewish-American history
Category:Yiddish-language journalists
Category:Jewish socialists
Category:19th-century male writers
Category:20th-century male writers
Category:Critics of religions
Category:Jewish activists
Category:Jewish American writers
Category:Jewish atheists
Category:Jewish philosophers
Category:Jewish writers
Category:Libertarian socialists
Category:Polish atheists


Carl Tietz

Carl Tietz (25 January 1831 – 3 August 1874) was a German architect who practiced in Austria.

Life and career
Tietz was born in Jastrow and came from a humble background. He completed an apprenticeship as a bricklayer and later worked as a construction inspector. In 1852, he passed the Master Craftsman examination. That same year, his employer sent him to manage construction of the Circus Renz building in Vienna, where he decided to remain and become an architect, although his plans to attend the Academy of Architecture in Berlin had to be abandoned.

Initially, he concentrated on contracts for industrial buildings, but soon developed connections with wealthy German immigrants who admired his classical, monumental style. He became involved in the Ringstraße project and eventually produced 36 luxurious buildings in its vicinity. By 1869, overwork began to have an effect on his health and he took several trips to Italy with his wife, but to no avail. In 1870, following the collapse of a wall at one of his buildings that killed eight people, he became mentally ill (or had a stroke; it's not clear which). He was placed in a private psychiatric clinic in Oberdöbling and died there, aged 43.

Major buildings

 Circus Renz, Zirkusgasse, Wien 2 (1853–1854)
 Galvagnihof, Hoher Markt 10–11, Wien 1 (1854)
 Palais Schlick, Türkenstraße 25, Wien 9 (1856–1858)
 Grand Hotel, Kärntner Ring 9, Wien 1 (1861–1865)
 Werkstätten- und Kulturhaus, Währinger Straße 59, Wien 9 (1866)
 Palais Klein, Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Platz 2, Wien 1 (1867)
 Palais Gutmann, Kantgasse 6, Wien 1 (1871)

References

Further reading
 Constantin von Wurzbach: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Österreich. 60 Volumes, 1856–1891.
 Felix Czeike: Historisches Lexikon Wien, Vol. 5. Kremayr & Scheriau, Wien 1997.

Category:1831 births
Category:1874 deaths
Category:19th-century Austrian architects
Category:19th-century German architects


Avera, Raiatea

Avera is an associated commune on the island of Raiatea, in French Polynesia. It is the larger of two villages in French Polynesia with this name, the other being located on the island of Rurutu. It is part of the commune Taputapuatea. According to the 2017 census, it had grown to a population 3,265 people. It is in the Pacific/Tahiti UTC timezone.

References

Category:Raiatea
Category:Populated places in the Society Islands


Metaxyphloeus

Metaxyphloeus is a genus of beetles in the family Laemophloeidae. It belongs to a small group of rostrate laemophloeid genera endemic to the New World. Members of Metaxyphloeus range from southern Texas south to Bolivia. Related rostrate genera are Rhinomalus and Rhinophloeus. Adults are moderate-sized laemophloeids (~2 mm) characterized by their prolonged heads, open procoxal cavities, an acuminate intercoxal process on the first visible abdominal ventrite, antennal club of six antennomeres, and male genitalia lacking a dorsal piece of the tegmen. Metaxyphloeus adults are dark brown or black, shining, with or without dorsal pubescence, and with one or two pairs of pale elytral maculae. Their biology and immature stages are unknown. Adults may be attracted to light in forest habitats. The function of the rostrum is unknown.

The five included species are:

 Metaxyphloeus germaini (Grouvelle)
 Metaxyphloeus signatus (Sharp)
 Metaxyphloeus texanus (Schaeffer)
 Metaxyphloeus vicinus (Grouvelle)
 Metaxyphloeus zeus Thomas

References

External links
 iNaturalist

Category:Laemophloeidae