A3 (Croatia)

The A3 motorway () is a major motorway in Croatia spanning . The motorway connects Zagreb, the nation's capital, to the Slavonia region and a number of cities along the Sava River. It represents a major east–west transportation corridor in Croatia and a significant part of the Pan-European Corridor X, serving as a transit route between the European Union states and the Balkans. Apart from Zagreb, where the A3 motorway comprises a considerable part of the Zagreb bypass, the motorway runs near a number of significant Croatian cities. The motorway has a positive economic impact  on the cities and towns it connects, and is an important route within Croatia.

The motorway consists of two traffic lanes and an emergency lane in each driving direction, separated by a central reservation. All intersections of the A3 motorway are grade separated, and the motorway comprises several large stack and cloverleaf interchanges at junctions with four other motorways in Croatia: A1, A2, A4 and A5. There is a cloverleaf interchange is on the A3 route, where the A11 motorway is scheduled to branch off. The route comprises a large number of bridges and culverts, but has no tunnels because it runs through plains. The Sava River Bridge is the most significant structure on the A3. Currently, there are 21 exits and 18 rest areas operating along the route. A large part of the motorway is tolled using a ticket system; one section uses an open toll collection system. The Zagreb bypass sections are not tolled. The toll is charged according to vehicle classification in Croatia. The A3 motorway is operated by Hrvatske autoceste.

Construction of the six-lane motorway began in 1977, initially as the Zagreb bypass, then continued in the 1980s as an expansion of the existing two-lane road between Zagreb and Belgrade. The construction was suspended in the first part of the 1990s, due to the Croatian War of Independence, and resumed in 1996. Construction of the entire route was completed in 2006; further development entails new exits, new rest areas and the reconstruction of the existing motorway. The construction cost of the A3 motorway is estimated at 7 billion Croatian kuna (approximately 958.9 million euro).

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Route description
The A3 motorway () is a major east–west motorway in Croatia connecting the capital of the country, Zagreb, to the Slavonia region, where the motorway follows a route parallel to the Sava River and further on to Serbian and Slovenian motorway networks. As a part of the road network of Croatia, it represents a part of European route E70 Bordeaux–Turin–Ljubljana–Zagreb–Belgrade–Bucharest. The motorway has facilitated accelerated economic development in the regions it connects. The motorway also connects to a number of other motorways in Croatia (from the west to the east): the A2 at the Jankomir interchange, the A1 at Lučko interchange, the A11 at Jakuševec, the A4 at Ivanja Reka and the A5 at the Sredanci interchange.

The motorway spans  between the Bregana border crossing, located near Samobor, to Slovenia and the Bajakovo border crossing to Serbia, east of Županja. It represents the shortest and the most comfortable transit traffic route between Slovenia, northern Italy, Austria, Switzerland, and southern Germany to the west; and Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Greece, and Turkey to the east. The route serves Sisak via the D36; Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina via the D5 and Stara Gradiška border crossing; Osijek via the A5; and Vinkovci via the D55. The A3 motorway route is complete since no extensions or alterations to the route are planned by applicable legislation.

The A3 motorway consists of two traffic lanes and an emergency lane in each driving direction along its entire length. As of September 2010, the motorway has 21 interchanges, providing access to numerous towns and cities and the Croatian state road network. Almost all of the existing interchanges are trumpet interchanges, except for Lučko, which is a stack interchange, and Jankomir, Kosnica, Ivanja Reka and Sredanci, which are cloverleaf interchanges. The motorway follows Pan-European Corridor X, and forms junctions with Pan-European Corridors Vb and Vc within Croatia.

An automatic traffic monitoring and guidance system is in place along the motorway. It consists of measuring, control and signaling devices, located in zones where driving conditions may vary—at interchanges, near viaducts, bridges, and in zones where fog is known to occur. The system comprises variable traffic signs used to communicate changing driving conditions, possible restrictions and other information to motorway users.

There are numerous rest areas along the motorway, providing various types of services ranging from simple parking spaces and restrooms to filling stations, restaurants and motels.  The A3 motorway is operated by Hrvatske autoceste, the state-owned company tasked with the management, construction, and maintenance of Croatian motorways.

Zagreb suburban interchanges

The route between Bobovica and Ivanja Reka interchanges (inclusive) serves as a part of Zagreb bypass, and it is therefore not tolled. The A3 section of the bypass also comprises junctions to a number of other motorways: the A1 at the Lučko interchange, the A2 at the Jankomir interchange, the A11 motorway at the Jakuševec interchange, and the A4 at the Ivanja Reka interchange. Two interchanges east of Zagreb, Rugvica and Križ, have recently been built to fill in  gaps between the Ivanja Reka, Ivanić-Grad and Popovača interchanges, respectively. Even though the sections east of Rugvica are not parts of Zagreb bypass proper (they are tolled), the area has recently shown a rise in the population as it comprises several Zagreb suburbs and commuter towns. The consequent increase of commuter traffic volume, overall increase of the motorway transit traffic and plans for construction of a Sava River port in Rugvica warranted construction of the additional interchanges.

The A3 section of Zagreb bypass is currently the busiest section of the Croatian motorway network, with annual average daily traffic (AADT) volume exceeding 40,000 vehicles, leading to congestion of the six-lane bypass at peak hours, especially during the summer, when tourist traffic adds to the congestion. The mainline toll plazas at Bobovica and Ivanja Reka can both become bottlenecks at such times. The alternative to the bypass is going through the city via Ljubljanska, Zagrebačka and Slavonska avenues. Despite being a shorter and a more direct route, those avenues are much more congested than the bypass at rush hours and they contain at-grade intersections and traffic lights at some of their junctions.

Toll

The A3 is a partially tolled motorway based on the vehicle classification in Croatia. The westernmost section of the motorway, spanning the Bobovica interchange and the Bregana border crossing, is tolled at Bregana toll plaza using an open toll collection system; the motorway sections east of Ivanja Reka interchange are tolled using a closed toll collection system, integrated with the A5 motorway as the two connect at the Sredanci interchange, forming a unified toll collection system. As of October 2010, Bregana toll plaza charges 5.00 kuna (0.68 euro) to passenger cars and 20.00 kuna (2.74 euro) to semi-trailer trucks. The toll charged along the A3 route between Ivanja Reka and Lipovac varies depending on the distance travelled and ranges from 3.00 kuna (0.41 euro) to 105.00 kuna (14.38 euro) for passenger cars and 10.00 kuna (1.37 euro) to 350.00 kuna (47.95 euro) for semi-trailer trucks. The toll is payable in either Croatian kuna or euros and by major credit cards, debit cards and a number of prepaid toll collection systems, including various types of smart cards issued by the motorway operator and ENC—an electronic toll collection (ETC) system which is shared at most motorways in Croatia and provides drivers with discounted toll rates for dedicated lanes at toll plazas.

The toll collected by Hrvatske autoceste along the A3 motorway from January to August 2009 was reported to comprise the largest proportion of the total toll revenue collected by the company for the period: 889.8 million kuna (approximately 121.9 million euro). Even though this figure is not further decomposed into the individual sections of motorway, it is clear from the traffic volume data analysis that the largest portion of the toll revenue is collected on the sections between Zagreb and Slavonski Brod, and especially on those sections closest to the Ivanja Reka interchange.

Summertime and holiday queues at the Ivanja Reka mainline toll plaza can be considerable, a problem exacerbated during the usual weekend-to-weekend tourist stays at Croatia's coastal resorts. In such conditions, motorway users are advised to use the Rugvica and Ivanić Grad exits ahead of the Ivanja Reka interchange to avoid the queues. As of October 2010, the westbound transit traffic approaching the Ivanja Reka interchange must exit the tolled motorway network, since the existing Zagreb bypass is not tolled, and then re-enter another tolled motorway. There are plans for the outer Zagreb bypass to be integrated into the tolled motorway network as the ultimate solution for congestion at the Ivanja Reka toll plaza. That will require reconstruction of the Ivanić Grad interchange east of the Ivanja Reka toll plaza.

History

Brotherhood and Unity Highway

A modern highway connecting Zagreb and Belgrade was originally designed in the late 1940s, and construction began on April 1, 1948. A substantial portion of the work was carried out by youth from Yugoslavia and abroad through youth work actions. Nearly 300,000 youth, including Yugoslav army soldiers, took part in the construction. The  road spanning the two cities, called Brotherhood and Unity Highway before the 1990s, was completed and officially opened on July 27, 1950. Despite being called a motorway (), it was a single carriageway, two-lane road with all of its intersections at-grade. Due to a shortage of construction material, the wearing course was executed in various materials—mostly concrete slabs, with some asphalt concrete sections and even some cobblestone-covered sections.

The road was originally designed to carry approximately 9,000 vehicles per day, and the original construction plans provided for subsequent conversion of the road into a four-lane motorway. In 1971, as the road gradually became congested, the plans to build the motorway on the route were approved by the Parliament of the Socialist Republic of Croatia. Unlike the other two motorway plans approved by the Croatian government, Zagreb–Split and Zagreb–Rijeka, which were cancelled after the suppression of the Croatian Spring, the Zagreb–Belgrade motorway plans remained in place and an expansion of the existing motorway into a dual-carriageway, six-lane motorway with exclusively grade-separated intersections proceeded. The additional carriageway was to be built south of the existing road, which was in turn to be widened to accommodate two traffic lanes and an emergency lane.

Prewar construction and wartime use
Construction of the A3 motorway in Croatia in its present form started in 1977, when the first six-lane (including emergency lanes) sections were constructed as a part of the Zagreb bypass. In 1979, the  section connecting the Jankomir and Lučko interchanges was the first to be completed. The  section between the Lučko and Ivanja Reka interchanges was opened in 1981, marking the completion of the A3 section of the Zagreb bypass. Unlike the remainder of the motorway, which was constructed by widening the existing road and adding the additional carriageway, these two sections were built entirely from scratch.

The first part of the six-lane motorway to be completed east of Zagreb was the  section between Ivanja Reka and Lipovljani, immediately to the east of the present day Lipovljani rest area; this was done in 1980. In order to maintain the flow of traffic on the Zagreb–Belgrade road during construction, the southern carriageway was completed first, and then the two-way traffic was rerouted to the new carriageway while the old, northern carriageway was widened and its pavement structure was replaced with a new one. Similarly, as the new carriageway extended further eastward, the at-grade intersections were replaced by interchanges or flyovers. In 1985, the motorway was extended by  to Okučani, and in 1986 by another  to Prvča, near Nova Gradiška. Two further extensions of the motorway happened in 1988 and 1989—those were a  extension to Brodski Stupnik and another  one to Slavonski Brod and the present-day Slavonski Brod zapad (west) interchange. In 1991, the motorway reached beyond Slavonski Brod as it was extended once more by , to the Slavonski Brod istok (east) interchange.

Further construction of the motorway was suspended by the onset of the Croatian War of Independence. In October 1991, a part of the motorway between Novska and Nova Gradiška became inaccessible to the government of the Republic of Croatia due to military occupation of the area by the forces of the so-called SAO Western Slavonia. Consequently, the Novska–Nova Gradiška section was closed to all traffic. On December 21, 1994, negotiations led to the reopening of that section for transit traffic. However, the section remained unsafe for use as intermittent violence continued until May 1995, when the area was overrun by the Croatian army. Inspection of the motorway section carried out at the time revealed damage to a viaduct carrying the motorway over the Zagreb–Sisak–Vinkovci railroad and a local road near Novska. Besides the overall lack of maintenance during the period, the pavement and a number of flyovers were damaged by artillery bombardments, and the flyover approach embankments were damaged where trenches were dug.

Postwar reconstruction and completion
After the war, construction and reconstruction work resumed on the A3 motorway. The battle damage was the first to be addressed, along with removal of the trenches excavated in the flyover embankments. Similarly, unexploded ordnance and minefields left around the motorway had to be removed by minesweepers. The motorway pavement was seriously deteriorated, as evidenced by extensive ruts and cracks incurred during the four-year wartime period. Unlike repairs made to the viaducts and flyovers, mine clearance and pavement reconstruction took considerably more time to perform.

In 1996, the motorway was extended for the first time after the war. This  extension reached to Oprisavci, west of the present-day Sredanci interchange. In 1999, another  section was completed, stretching to Velika Kopanica. The single westward extension of the motorway came about in 2002 as the A3 motorway was extended  from Jankomir westward to the Bregana border crossing into Slovenia. The eastward advance of the A3 motorway continued in 2002, as it was extended by  to Županja, while the easternmost  section between Županja and the Bajakovo border crossing into Serbia was opened in 2006, thus completing the six-lane A3 motorway.  The D4 state road was thus entirely replaced by the A3 motorway. The total investment value of the A3 motorway construction is estimated at 7 billion Croatian kuna (approximately 958.9 million euro), making the A3 the least expensive motorway in Croatia.

Further construction

Since the A3 motorway was completed in 2006, further construction on the A3 only consists of the addition of interchanges and rest areas.

The Kosnica interchange, itself completed in May 2007, lacked access ramps to the south, to the D31 state road, which were in turn completed in November 2013.

The latest new A3 interchange, the Jakuševec interchange on the Zagreb bypass, is a cloverleaf interchange connecting the A3 to the A11 motorway and in the future the city of Zagreb via Sarajevska road. The interchange itself and the access ramps to the A11 were completed in November 2015. Further construction towards Sarajevska road is planned.

, two additional A3 interchanges are in various stages of construction or planning: Sveta Klara and Ivanić Grad. The Sveta Klara interchange is planned to provide another connection to the city of Zagreb (via Većeslava Holjevca Avenue). The interchange is designed as a trumpet. When both the Jakuševec and Sveta Klara interchanges are completed, the Buzin interchange was scheduled to be removed.

The present Ivanić Grad interchange connects the D43 state road to the A3 motorway near the city of Ivanić Grad, however, the interchange was scheduled to be reconstructed to accommodate a new motorway planned as an outer, tolled Zagreb bypass. The reconstruction is currently in the planning stages. Two further interchanges are planned: (1) Godinjak, to be located between the existing Nova Gradiška and Lužani interchanges, connecting to Požega; and (2) Lipovljani, located between the existing Kutina and Novska interchanges. These are included in applicable spatial planning documents and their designs are in development, however funding is yet to be secured. Finally, the Andautonija rest area is planned for the A3 section of the Zagreb bypass between the Jakuševec and Kosnica interchanges. It is planned to be an "A-type" rest area, which normally comprises a filling station, a restaurant and a motel.

Traffic volume

Traffic is regularly counted by means of a traffic census at toll stations and reported by Hrvatske autoceste. The reported traffic volume gradually decreases as the motorway chainage increases and as it passes by various major destinations and the interchanges that serve them. Thus the greatest volume of traffic is registered along Zagreb bypass, especially the Jankomir–Lučko section, with 41,549 vehicle annual average daily traffic (AADT). The busiest tolled section of the motorway is Ivanja Reka–Rugvica with 27,049 AADT and 34,543 vehicle average summer daily traffic (ASDT) figures. The traffic volume gradually decreases from that section eastward to the eastern terminus of the motorway, where the lowest AADT and ASDT figures are recorded. The traffic volume decrease is somewhat more pronounced at interchanges serving Slavonski Brod and the A5 motorway (Sredanci). The seasonal traffic volume variation ranges from a 28% increase on the busiest, Ivanja Reka–Rugvica, section to a 75% volume increase, as measured on the Županja–Spačva section. Average summer season traffic volume increase on the motorway is 55%. The AADT/ASDT ratio analysis does not include Zagreb bypass, as there are no ASDT data available for the bypass.

Rest areas

As of October 2010, there are 18 rest areas operating along the A3 motorway, and additional rest areas are planned along the existing sections of the route. Legislation provides for four types of rest areas, designated as types A through D. A-type rest areas comprise a full range of amenities, including a filling station, a restaurant and a hotel or a motel; B-type rest areas have no lodging; C-type rest areas are very common and include a filling station and a café, but no restaurants or accommodations; D-type rest areas offer parking spaces only, possibly some picnicking tables, benches and restrooms. Even though the rest areas found along the A3 motorway generally follow this ranking system, there are considerable variations, as some of them offer extra services. The filling stations regularly have small convenience stores and some of them offer LPG fuel.

The primary motorway operator, Hrvatske autoceste (HAC), leases the A, B and C type rest areas to various operators through public tenders. As of October 2010, there are three such rest area operators on the A3 motorway: INA, Nafta Promet and INA Osijek Petrol. The rest area operators are not permitted to sub-lease the fuel operations. Most of the A3 motorway rest areas are accessible to both directions of traffic. There are however rest areas which are available only to the eastbound traffic (e.g. Lužani and Brodski Stupnik rest areas) or to westbound traffic only, like Slaven and Staro Petrovo Selo rest areas. Furthermore, some rest areas offer different types of amenities to each direction of the traffic. The rest areas normally operate 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, except Stari Hrastovi (eastbound) rest area, which is open from 7 am to 6 pm.

{| class="wikitable hlist"
|-
| align=center bgcolor=#f2f2f2 colspan= 5 | List of A3 motorway rest areas
|-
| align=center bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | County
| align=center bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | km
| align=center bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | Name
| align=center bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | Operators
| align=center bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | Notes
|-
| Zagreb County
| 4.2
| Gradna rest area
| INA
| Facilities found at the Gradna rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol, diesel fuel and LPG, a café and restrooms.
|-
| City of Zagreb
| 17.1
| Lučko
| INA
| Facilities found at the Lučko rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a café, a motel, an RV park, picnicking tables and restrooms.
|-
| rowspan=2|Zagreb County
| 54.8
| Ježevo
| INA
| Facilities found at the Ježevo rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol, diesel fuel and LPG, a motel, a restaurant, a café and restrooms. The motel and the restaurant are accessible to the eastbound traffic only.
|-
| 77.1
| Križ
| INA
| Facilities found at the Križ rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a motel, a restaurant, a café, picnicking tables and restrooms. The motel and the restaurant are accessible to the eastbound traffic only.
|-
| rowspan=3|Sisak‑Moslavina
| 90.2
|
| INA
| Facilities found at the Stari Hrastovi rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a motel, a restaurant, a café, picnicking tables and restrooms. The filling station is available to both traffic directions, but all other facilities are available to the westbound traffic only.
|-
| 116.5
| Lipovljani
| INA
| Facilities found at the Lipovljani rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a restaurant, a café, picnicking tables and restrooms. The picnicking tables are available to the eastbound traffic only.
|-
| 133.1
| Novska
| INA
| Facilities found at the Novska rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a café and restrooms.
|-
| rowspan=7|Brod‑Posavina
| 157.6
|
| HAC
| Facilities found at the Nova Gradiška rest area comprise a restaurant, a café and restrooms. The facilities are available to the eastbound traffic only. Only a parking area is available to the westbound traffic.
|-
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |164.8
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Slaven
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |INA
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Facilities found at the Slaven rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a motel, a restaurant, a café, picnicking tables and restrooms. The rest area is available to the westbound traffic only.
|-
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |175.5
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |INA
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Facilities found at the Staro Petrovo Selo rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a motel, a restaurant and restrooms. The rest area is available to the westbound traffic only.
|-
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |191.6
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Lužani
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Nafta Promet
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Facilities found at the Lužani rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a motel, a restaurant and restrooms. The rest area is available to the eastbound traffic only.
|-
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |201.4
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Nafta Promet
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Facilities found at the Brodski Stupnik rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a café and restrooms. The rest area is available to the eastbound traffic only.
|-
| 216.5
| Marsonija
| INA
| Facilities found at the Marsonija rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol, diesel fuel and LPG and restrooms. The LPG filling station is available to the eastbound traffic only, while the restrooms are available to the westbound traffic only.
|-
| 238.4
| Sredanci
| INA
| Facilities found at the Sredanci rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a restaurant, a café and restrooms. The facilities are available to the eastbound traffic only. Only a parking area is available to the westbound traffic.
|-
| rowspan=4|Vukovar‑Srijem
| 258.7
|
|
| Facilities found at the Babina Greda rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a café and restrooms. The facilities are available to the eastbound traffic only. Only a parking area is available to the westbound traffic.
|-
| 271.3
| Rastovica
| INA
| Facilities found at the Rastovica rest area comprise a filling station selling petrol and diesel fuel, a café and restrooms. The facilities are available to the westbound traffic only. Only a parking area is available to the eastbound traffic.
|-
| 283.1
| Bošnjaci
| HAC
| Facilities found at the Bošnjaci rest area comprise picnicking tables and restrooms.
|-
| 298.4
| Spačva
| HAC
| Facilities found at the Spačva rest area comprise a motel, a restaurant and restrooms.

Exit list
These are the exits on the A3 motorway, including those under construction.

{| class="wikitable hlist"
|-
!scope="col"|County
!scope="col"|km
!scope="col"|Exit
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col"|Destination
!scope="col"|Notes
|-
| rowspan= 5|Zagreb County
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |0.0
| bgcolor=#ddffdd align=center |
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Bregana border crossing
| bgcolor=#ddffdd | A2
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Border crossing to Slovenia. The motorway extends as Slovenian A2 motorway.The western terminus of the motorway and the western terminus of European route E70 concurrency.
|-
| 1.0
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Bregana toll plaza
|-
| 2.5
| align=center | 1
| Bobovica
|
| Links Samobor, Bregana and Žumberak nature park
|-
| 4.2
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Gradna rest area
|-
| 8.8
| align=center | 2
| Sveta Nedjelja
|
| Links Samobor and Sveta Nedjelja
|-
| rowspan= 6|City of Zagreb
| 14.6
| align=center | 3
| Jankomir
|
| Connection to A2 motorway and to the City of Zagreb via Ljubljanska Avenue.The western terminus of the D1 state road concurrency; the D1 is not signposted along the A3.
|-
| 17.1
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Lučko rest area
|-
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |19.5
| bgcolor=#ddffdd align=center | 4
| bgcolor=#ddffdd | Lučko
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Connection to A1 motorway and to the City of Zagreb via Jadranska Avenue.The western terminus of European routes E65/E71 concurrency.The eastern terminus of the D1 state road concurrency and the western terminus of D3 state road concurrency; the state roads are not signposted along the A3.
|-
| bgcolor=#ffdead |26.2
| bgcolor=#ffdead align=center | 4a
| bgcolor=#ffdead |Sveta Klara
| bgcolor=#ffdead |
| bgcolor=#ffdead |A planned connection to the City of Zagreb via Novi Zagreb and Većeslava Holjevca Avenue
|-
| 27.3
| align=center | 5
| Buzin
|
| Connection to the City of Zagreb via Savezne Republike Njemačke Street and Novi Zagreb, Zagreb airport and to Velika Gorica
|-
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |28.3
| bgcolor=#ffdddd align=center | 5a
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Jakuševec
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Interchange to the A11 motorway, providing connection to Velika Gorica and in the future to Zagreb via Sarajevska Road.
|-
| rowspan= 9|Zagreb County
| 35.5
| align=center | 5b
| Kosnica
|
| Connection to the City of Zagreb via Radnička Road (Ž1029 to the north) and to Velika Gorica and Zagreb Airport (D31 to the south)
|-
| 39.6
| colspan=4 align=center|Sava River Bridge
|-
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |40.3
| bgcolor=#ddffdd align=center | 6
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Ivanja Reka
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Connection to A4 motorway and the City of Zagreb via Slavonska Avenue.The eastern terminus of European routes E65/E71 concurrency.The eastern terminus of D3 state road concurrency; the D3 is not signposted along the A3.
|-
|
| align=center |
| Otok Svibovski
|
| Connection to Otok Svibovski, Dumovec, Zagreb-east Business Zone and IKEA Zagreb
|-
| 48.7
| align=center | 6a
| Rugvica
|
| Connection to Dugo Selo
|-
|
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Zagreb-east toll plaza
|-
| 54.8
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Ježevo rest area
|-
| 65.3
| align=center | 7
| Ivanić Grad
|
| Connection to Ivanić Grad and Čazma
|-
| 74.6
| align=center | 7a
| Križ
|
| Connection to Križ
|-
| 77.1
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Križ rest area
|-
| rowspan=6|Sisak‑Moslavina
| 88.2
| align=center | 8
| Popovača
|
| Connection to Popovača, Sisak and Lonjsko polje nature park
|-
| 90.2
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Stari Hrastovi rest area
|-
| 105.9
| align=center | 9
| Kutina
|
| Connection to Kutina and Garešnica
|-
| 116.5
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Lipovljani rest area
|-
| 127.1
| align=center | 10
| Novska
|
| Connection to Novska, Jasenovac and Lipik
|-
| 133.1
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Novska rest area
|-
| rowspan=14 |Brod‑Posavina
| 151.9
| align=center | 11
| Okučani
|
| Connection to Okučani, Pakrac, Lipik, Daruvar and Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
|-
| 157.6
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Nova Gradiška rest area
|-
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |164.8
| bgcolor=#ffdddd align=center |
| bgcolor=#ffdddd colspan=2 |Slaven rest area
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Accessible to westbound traffic only
|-
| 167.4
| align=center | 12
| Nova Gradiška
|
| Connection to Nova Gradiška and Požega
|-
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |175.5
| bgcolor=#ffdddd align=center |
| bgcolor=#ffdddd colspan=2 |Staro Petrovo Selo rest area
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Accessible to westbound traffic only
|-
| 189.9
| align=center | 13
| Lužani
|
| Connection to Lužani, Pleternica and Požega
|-
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |191.6
| bgcolor=#ffdddd align=center |
| bgcolor=#ffdddd colspan=2 |Lužani rest area
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Accessible to eastbound traffic only
|-
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |201.4
| bgcolor=#ffdddd align=center |
| bgcolor=#ffdddd colspan= 2 |Brodski Stupnik rest area
| bgcolor=#ffdddd |Accessible to eastbound traffic only
|-
| 211.1
| align=center | 14
| Slavonski Brod - zapad
|
| Western connection to Slavonski Brod
|-
| 216.5
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Marsonija rest area
|-
| 221.6
| align=center | 15
| Slavonski Brod - istok
|
| Eastern connection to Slavonski Brod
|-
| 238.4
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Sredanci rest area
|-
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |241.4
| bgcolor=#ddffdd align=center | 16
| bgcolor=#ddffdd | Sredanci
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Connection to A5 motorway linking Osijek to the north.The western terminus of European route E73 concurrency.
|-
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |249.2
| bgcolor=#ddffdd align=center | 17
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Velika Kopanica
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Connection to Velika Kopanica and Slavonski Šamac.The eastern terminus of European route E73 concurrency.
|-
| rowspan=10 |Vukovar‑Srijem
| 258.7
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Babina Greda rest area
|-
| 261.8
| align=center | 18
| Babina Greda
|
| Connection to Babina Greda and Slavonski Šamac.
|-
| 271.3
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Rastovica rest area
|-
| 274.0
| align=center | 19
| Županja
|
| Connection to Županja, Vinkovci, Vukovar and Orašje, Bosnia and Herzegovina
|-
| 283.1
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Bošnjaci rest area
|-
| 291.2
| align=center | 20
| Spačva
|
| Connection to Vrbanja and Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
|-
| 298.4
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Spačva rest area
|-
| 300.1
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Lipovac toll plaza
|-
| 304.0
| align=center | 21
| Lipovac
|
| Connection to Lipovac, Tovarnik, Vukovar and Ilok
|-
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |306.5
| bgcolor=#ddffdd align=center |
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Bajakovo border crossing
| bgcolor=#ddffdd | A3
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Border crossing to Serbia.The route continues as Serbian motorway A3.The eastern terminus of the motorway and the eastern terminus of European route E70 concurrency.

See also

 International E-road network
 Transport in Croatia

References

Category:Motorways in Croatia
Category:Roads in Zagreb
Category:Zagreb County
Category:Sisak-Moslavina County
Category:Brod-Posavina County
Category:Vukovar-Srijem County
Category:Buildings and structures in Brod-Posavina County


Barney in Concert

Barney in Concert is a Barney and the Backyard Gang stage show, taped at Majestic Theatre in Dallas, Texas on March 14, 1991, and released on video four months later on July 29, 1991. It also features the TV show Barney & Friends.

Music
An audio cassette version of Barney in Concert was released in 1992 with a purchase of Time-Life Video releases of Barney videos with a credit card. There were only two versions of the cassette made.

Plot
The show begins as the announcer says the magic words to the audience. Barney makes his grand appearance by coming out behind the curtains jumping and dancing around to the theme song with the audience clapping to the tune. Barney sings "Everyone Is Special" as he tells the audience that everyone is special in their own way. As the show continues, Michael, Luci, Amy, Adam, Derek, and Tina come out and introduce themselves to the audience and begin by performing their rap wearing yellow T-shirts with black words for the names, yellow socks, blue shorts, and white shoes as they're down with their hands on the stage and bent knees. During the show, Barney introduces Baby Bop who comes to join in for the rest of the show. The show starts to end as they sing The Grand Old Flag and Barney's favorite song "I Love You." As Barney, Baby Bop, Michael, Luci, Amy, Adam, Derek, and Tina finish the song, the audience bursts out in a round of applause, and then they bow. Barney closes out with blowing kisses at the audience.

Cast
 Barney (voice) – Bob West
 Barney (body costume) – David Joyner
 Baby Bop (voice) – Julie Johnson
 Baby Bop (body costume) – Dao Knight
 Derek – Rickey Carter
 Michael – Brian Eppes
 Luci – Leah Gloria
 Adam – Alexander Jhin
 Amy – Becky Swonke
 Tina – Jessica Zucha

Songs
 Barney & The Backyard Gang Theme Song (Tune: Yankee Doodle)
 Everyone Is Special
 Backyard Gang Rap
 We Are Barney & The Backyard Gang (Tune: John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt)
 Down On Grandpa's Farm
 The Noble Duke of York (Tune: The Grand Old Duke of York)
 Pop Goes the Weasel
 The Alphabet Song (English, French, and Hebrew versions) (Tunes: Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star, Baa, Baa, Black Sheep, and Ah! Vous Dirais-Je, Maman)
 Where Is Thumbkin? (Tune: Frere Jacques)
 Sally the Camel (Tune: Dry Bones)
 Mr. Knickerbocker
 Baby Bop's Song (Tune: Mr. Knickerbocker)
 Baby Bop's Street Dance
 Itsy Bitsy Spider
 Bubble, Bubble Bath (Tune: Peanut Butter)
 Hurry, Hurry, Drive The Firetruck (Tune: Ten Little Indians)
 Down by the Station
 You're A Grand Old Flag
 I Love You (Tune: This Old Man)

External links

Category:1991 films
Category:1991 television specials
Category:1991 direct-to-video films
Category:Barney & Friends
Category:Films set in Dallas
Category:1990s American television specials
Category:Mattel Creations films


Vadsar, Kutch

Vadsar is a village in Abdasa Taluka, Kutch District, Gujarat, India. The population was 272 at the 2011 Indian census.

References

Category:Villages in Kutch district


3rd Division (German Empire)

The 3rd Division (3. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland) in May 1816 as a Troop Brigade (Truppen-Brigade). It became the 3rd Division on September 5, 1818.  From the corps' formation in 1820, the division was subordinated in peacetime to the II Army Corps (II. Armeekorps).  The 3rd Division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.

The 3rd Division and its regiments fought in the Austro-Prussian War against Austria in 1866, distinguishing itself at the Battle of Königgrätz. The division then fought in the Franco-Prussian War against France in 1870-71.  It saw action in the Battle of Gravelotte, the Siege of Metz, and the Siege of Paris, among other actions.

In World War I, the 3rd Division served initially on the Western Front, seeing action in the invasion of Belgium, the First Battle of the Marne and the Race to the Sea.  The division was then transferred to the Eastern Front, and remained there until the end of the war with Russia.  It then served in occupation duty in Russia until October 1918, when it returned to the Western Front for the final few weeks of the war.

1870 organization

During wartime, the 3rd Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division.  The organization of the 3rd Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:

5th Infantry Brigade (5. Infanterie-Brigade)
2nd Grenadier Regiment "King Friedrich Wilhelm IV" (1st Pomeranian) (Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1. Pomm.) Nr. 2)
42nd Infantry Regiment (5th Pomeranian) (5. Pommersches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 42)
6th Infantry Brigade (5. Infanterie-Brigade)
14th Infantry Regiment (3rd Pomeranian) (3. Pommersches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 14)
54th Infantry Regiment (7th Pomeranian) (7. Pommersches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 54)
2nd Jäger Battalion (Jäger Bataillon Nr. 2)
3rd Dragoon Regiment (Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 3)

Pre-World War I organization

Many regiments were renamed and assigned to different divisions during the period from 1871 to 1914. Among other changes, the 3rd and 4th Divisions swapped the Colberg Grenadiers and the 14th Infantry Regiment.  In 1914, the peacetime organization of the 3rd Division was as follows:

5th Infantry Brigade (5. Infanterie-Brigade)
2nd Grenadier Regiment "King Friedrich Wilhelm IV" (1st Pomeranian) (Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1. Pomm.) Nr. 2)
9th Colberg Grenadier Regiment "Graf Gneisenau" (2nd Pomeranian) (Colbergsches Grenadier-Regiment Graf Gneisenau (2. Pomm.) Nr. 9)
54th Infantry Regiment "von der Goltz" (7th Pomeranian) (Infanterie-Regiment von der Goltz (7. Pomm.) Nr. 54)
6th Infantry Brigade (5. Infanterie-Brigade)
34th Fusilier Regiment "Queen Victoria of Sweden" (Pomeranian) (Füsilier-Regiment Königin Viktoria von Schweden (Pomm.) Nr. 34)
42nd Infantry Regiment "Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau" (5th Pomeranian) (Infanterie-Regiment Prinz Moritz von Anhalt-Dessau (5. Pomm.) Nr. 42)
3rd Cavalry Brigade (3. Kavallerie-Brigade)
 2nd Cuirassier Regiment "Queen" (Pomeranian) (Kürassier-Regiment Königin (Pomm.) Nr. 2)
9th Uhlan Regiment (2nd Pomeranian) (2. Pommersches Ulanen-Regiment Nr. 9)
3rd Field Artillery Brigade (3. Feldartillerie-Brigade)
2nd Field Artillery Regiment (1. Pommersches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 2)
38th Hither Pomeranian Field Artillery Regiment (Vorpommersches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 38)

August 1914 organization

On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units.  Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters.  The 3rd Division was again renamed the 3rd Infantry Division and the 54th Infantry was transferred to the 36th Reserve Division. The 3rd Infantry Division's initial wartime organization was as follows:

5.Infanterie-Brigade:
Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1. Pommersches) Nr. 2
Colbergsches-Grenadier-Regiment Graf Gneisenau (2. Pommersches) Nr. 9
6.Infanterie-Brigade:
Füsilier-Regiment Königin Viktoria von Schweden (1. Pommersches) Nr. 34
Infanterie-Regiment Prinz Moritz von Anhalt-Dessau (5. Pommersches) Nr. 42
Grenadier-Regiment zu Pferde Freiherr von Derfflinger (Neumärkisches) Nr. 3
3.Feldartillerie-Brigade:
1. Pommersches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 2
Vorpommersches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 38
1./Pommersches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 2

Late World War I organization

Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt.  During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "square division"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created.

The 3rd Infantry Division was heavily reorganized by 1918, losing all of its prewar infantry regiments.  These were replaced by lower grade infantry and Landwehr infantry regiments. The division was also weaker in artillery and engineers than most other divisions. These changes reflected the division's primary role as occupation troops late in the war. Its order of battle on January 10, 1918, was as follows:

6.Infanterie-Brigade:
Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 425
Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 428
Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 4
3.Eskadron/Grenadier-Regiment zu Pferde Freiherr von Derfflinger (Neumärkisches) Nr. 3
Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 87
Stab Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 112:
1.Landwehr-Kompanie/Schlesisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 6
Minenwerfer-Kompanie Nr. 3
Divisions-Nachrichten-Kommandeur 3

References
Sources
 3.Infanterie-Division at 1914-18.info
 Claus von Bredow, bearb., Historische Rang- und Stammliste des deutschen Heeres (1905)
 Hermann Cron et al., Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee (Berlin, 1935)
 A. Niemann, Der französische Feldzug 1870-1871 (Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Hildburghausen, 1871)
 Günter Wegner, Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939, Bd. 1 (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993)
 Rangliste der Königlich Preußischen Armee (1914)
 Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919'' (1920)
Notes

Category:Infantry divisions of Germany in World War I
Category:Military units and formations established in 1818
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919


Dracula wallisii

Dracula wallisii is a species of orchid belonging to the genus Dracula. The species is found at altitudes of  in Cordillera Central, Colombia. It is a common species, with large flowers that are often highly variable in form.

The species was first discovered near Frontino, Antioquia, Colombia by the German plant collector Gustav Wallis in 1871. It was formally described in 1875 by the German orchidologist Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach who named it after Wallis.

References

External links

wallisii
Category:Endemic orchids of Colombia


Elvy Sukaesih

Elvy Sukaesih (born June 25, 1951) is one of the most popular dangdut singers in Indonesia, and has been dubbed the Queen of Dangdut. Sukaesih has a significant fan base in other Asian countries such as Japan.  She has been a prolific recording artist since the late 1960s.

Discography
Albums
Raja Dan Ratu - Rhoma Irama and Elvy Sukaesih 1975
Pesta Panen, 1990
The Return of Diva, 1992

Contributing artist
 The Rough Guide to the Music of Indonesia (2000, World Music Network)

References

Further reading
The Rough Guide To The Music Of Indonesia
The Far Eastern Audio Review (Web site)
Lonely Planet Theme Guide, Dangdut, Indonesia
Weintraub, Andrew N. 2010. Dangdut Stories: a social and musical history of Indonesia’s most popular music. Oxford University Press.

External links
 Profile  In Indonesian

Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:Dangdut
Category:Indonesian-language singers
Category:Indonesian dangdut singers
Category:Indonesian female singers
Category:Anugerah Musik Indonesia winners
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca

Maria Luisa of Spain () (6 July 1782 – 13 March 1824) was a Spanish infanta, daughter of King Charles IV and his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma. In 1795, she married her first cousin Louis, Hereditary Prince of Parma. She spent the first years of her married life at the Spanish court where their first child, Charles, was born.

In 1801 the Treaty of Aranjuez made her husband King of Etruria, a kingdom created from the former Duchy of Tuscany in exchange for the renunciation of the Duchy of Parma. They arrived in Florence, the capital of the new kingdom, in August 1801. During a brief visit to Spain in 1802, Maria Luisa gave birth to her second child. Her husband's reign in Etruria was marred by his ill health. He died in 1803, at the age of 30, following an epileptic crisis. Maria Luisa acted as regent for their son. During her government in Florence, she tried to gain the support of her subjects, but her administration of Etruria was cut short by Napoleon Bonaparte, who forced her to leave with her children in December 1807. As part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Napoleon incorporated Etruria to his domains.

After a futile interview with Napoleon in Milan, Maria Luisa looked for refuge in exile with her family in Spain. The Spanish court was deeply divided and a month after her arrival the country was thrown into unrest when a popular uprising, known as the Mutiny of Aranjuez, forced Maria Luisa's father to abdicate in favor of her brother Ferdinand VII. Napoleon invited father and son to Bayonne, France, with the excuse of acting as a mediator, but gave the kingdom to his brother Joseph. Napoleon called the remaining members of the Spanish royal family to France and at their departure on 2 May 1808, the citizens of Madrid rose up against the French occupation. In France, Maria Luisa was reunited in exile with her parents. She was the only member of the Spanish royal family to directly oppose Napoleon. After her secret plan to escape was discovered, Maria Luisa was separated from her son and placed with her daughter as prisoners in a Roman convent.

Maria Luisa, mostly known as the Queen of Etruria during her lifetime, regained her freedom in 1814 at the fall of Napoleon. In the following years she continued to live in Rome, hoping to recover her son's former domains. To put forward her case she wrote a book of memoirs, but was disappointed when the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) compensated her not with Parma, but with the smaller Duchy of Lucca, which had been carved out of Tuscany. As a consolation she was allowed to retain the honors of a queen. Initially reluctant to accept this accord, Maria Luisa did not take the government of Lucca until December 1817. As a reigning duchess of Lucca, she disregarded the constitution imposed by the Congress of Vienna. While spending time in her palace in Rome, she died of cancer at the age of 41.

Infanta of Spain

Born at the Palace of San Ildefonso, Segovia, Spain, Maria Luisa was the third surviving daughter of King Charles IV of Spain and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma, a granddaughter of Louis XV. She was given the names Maria Luisa Josefina Antonieta, after an older sister, Maria Luisa Carlota, who died just four days before Maria Luisa's birth, on 2 July, and her mother.

In 1795, Maria Luisa's first cousin, Louis, Hereditary Prince of Parma, came to the Spanish court to finish his education. There was an understanding between the two royal families that Louis would marry one of the daughters of Charles IV. It was anticipated that he would marry the Infanta Maria Amalia, Charles IV's eldest unmarried daughter. She was fifteen years old at the time and of a timid and melancholic nature. Louis, who was equally shy and reserved, preferred her younger sister, Maria Luisa, who although only twelve, was of a more cheerful disposition and somewhat better looking. All four daughters of Charles IV were short and plain, but Maria Luisa was clever, lively and amusing. She had dark curly hair, brown eyes and a Grecian nose. Although not beautiful, her face was expressive and her character lively. She was generous, kindhearted and devout. Both infantas were favorably impressed by the Prince of Parma, a tall and handsome young man, and when he ultimately chose the younger sister, Queen Maria Luisa readily agreed to the change of bride.

Marriage

Louis was created Infante of Spain and married Maria Luisa on 25 August 1795 at the Royal Palace of La Granja. In a double wedding with her sister, Maria Amalia, who was the original intended bride, married her much older uncle, Infante Antonio. The marriage between the two different personalities turned out to be happy, though it was clouded by Louis' ill health: He was frail, suffering chest problems, and since a childhood accident when he hit his head on a marble table, suffered epileptic fits. As the years went on his health deteriorated and he grew to be increasingly dependent on his wife. The young couple remained in Spain during the early years of their marriage, which were to be the happiest period of their lives. In early 1796, the couple traveled through Castilla, Extramadura all the way to Portugal.

Maria Luisa was only thirteen when she married, and her first child was not born for another four years. Her first son, Charles Louis, was born in Madrid on 22 December 1799. Afterwards, the couple wanted to go to Parma, the lands they were going to inherit, but the King and Queen were reluctant to allow their departure. They were still in Spain in the spring of 1800 and staying at the Palace in Aranjuez when they were painted with the royal family in The Family of Charles IV by Goya.

Queen of Etruria

Maria Luisa's life was deeply marked by Napoleon Bonaparte's actions. Napoleon was interested in having Spain as an ally against England. In the summer of 1800, he sent his brother Lucien to the Spanish court with the proposal that would  result in the Treaty of Aranjuez. Napoleon, who had conquered Italy, proposed to compensate the House of Bourbon for their loss of the Duchy of Parma by creating the new Kingdom of Etruria for Louis, heir of Parma. The new kingdom was created out of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

To make way for the Bourbons, Grand Duke Ferdinand III was ousted and compensated with Salzburg. Maria Luisa, who had never lived away from her own family and was totally inexperienced in political affairs, opposed the plan. One of Napoleon's conditions was that the young couple had to go to Paris and there receive from him the investiture of their new sovereignty, before taking possession of Etruria. Maria Luisa was reluctant to make a trip to France, where only seven years earlier her relatives Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette had been executed. However, pressed also by her family, she did as she was told. On 21 April 1801 the couple and their son left Madrid, crossed the border in Bayonne and traveled incognito to France under the name of Counts of Livorno. Napoleon received them with great attentions, at their arrival in Paris on 24 May. At first, the young couple did not make a good impression. In her memoirs, the Duchess of Abrantes described Maria Luisa's character as a "mixture of shyness and haughtiness which at first gave restraint to her conversation and manners".

On her part, the Infanta did not enjoy her visit to Paris. Ill most of the time, she suffered from fever, often had to stay in bed and only reluctantly took part in the diversions on her honor. She was anxious about the health of her husband, who depended on her for everything. One day, as Louis got out of the carriage at Château de Malmaison, where they were going to dine, he suddenly fell to the ground in an epileptic fit. The Duchess of Abrantès described the scene in her memoirs:

<blockquote>"The Queen appeared much distressed and tried to conceal her husband; ... he was as pale as a death and his features completely altered ..."</blockquote>

In the recollections of Napoleon's valet, Maria Luisa left a more favorable impression than her husband: "The Queen of Etruria was, in the opinion of the First Consul, more sagacious and prudent than her husband.. [she] dressed herself in the morning for the whole day, and walked in the gardens, her head adorned with flowers or a diadem, and wearing a dress, the train of which swept up the sand of the walk: often also carrying in her arms one of her children.., by night the toilet of her Majesty was somewhat disarranged. She was far from pretty, and her manner were not suited to her rank. But, which fully atoned for all of this, she was good-tempered, much loved by those in her service, and scrupulous in fulfilling the duties of wife and mother. In consequence, the First Consul, who made a great point of domestic virtue, professed for her the highest esteem."

On 30 June, after staying in Paris for three weeks, Maria Luisa and her husband, headed south toward Parma. In Piacenza they were greeted by Louis' parents, together they went to Parma and Maria Luisa met her husband's two unmarried sisters. They found Louis already speaking Italian with a foreign accent while Maria Luisa's Italian was often mixed with Spanish words. After three weeks in Parma they entered Etruria. On 12 August they arrived at Florence. The French general Murat had been sent to Florence to prepare the Pitti Palace for them. But the King and Queen of Etruria did not have an auspicious start in their new life. Maria Luisa suffered a miscarriage, while her frail husband's health deteriorated further, fits of epilepsy becoming more frequent. The Pitti Palace, the residence of the King and Queen, was the former house of the Medici dukes. The palace had been practically abandoned after the death of the last Medici and the ousted Grand Duke Ferdinand had taken most of its valuables with him. Short of money, Maria Luisa and her husband were forced to furnish the Pitti Palace borrowing furniture from the local nobility.

Maria Luisa and Louis were both full of good intentions but they were received with hostility by the population and the nobility that missed the popular Grand Duke and saw them as just mere tools in the hands of the French. Etruria's finances were in deplorable state; the country was ruined by war, bad harvest and the cost to have to maintain the unpopular French troops stationed in Etruria, that only much later where replaced by Spanish troops sent by Charles IV. In 1802, Maria Luisa and her husband were invited to Spain to attend the double wedding of her brother Ferdinand with Maria Antonia of Naples, and of her youngest sister, Maria Isabel, with Francis I of Naples. With Etruria's financial and economic difficulties, Louis' health failing and Maria Luisa in an early state of pregnancy, going abroad was clearly not expedient, but under the pressure of her father and wanted to see her family, they started the journey to her native country.

Louis felt very ill before boarding the ship, waiting for his full recovery delayed their plans for a moth. Once at sea,  thet had  a storm for three days. On the second day aboard, 2 October 1802, still in open waters before arriving at Barcelona,  Maria Luisa under difficulties gave birth to her daughter Maria Luisa Carlota (named after Maria Luisa's older deceased sister).  At first, doctors thought that both mother and daughter would not survive. The couple also found out that they arrived too late for the wedding. Maria Luisa, still very ill, waited three days on the ship to recover before she went ashore in Barcelona, where her parents were waiting for her. One week after they arrival they got news that Louis's father, Ferdinand, had died. Ill and unhappy, Louis wanted to return as soon as possible to his Italian states, but Charles IV and Maria Luisa insisted to take them to the court in Madrid. It was not until December 29 when they were allowed to start the trip leaving Spain by sea in Cartagena.

Back in Etruria, the illness of her husband was carefully concealed from the population, as Maria Luisa alone was seen in public functions and entertaining at court. For this she was accused of overpowering her husband and being merry in his absence. Louis died on 27 May 1803, aged 30, as a consequence of an epileptic crisis.Mateos, Los desconocidos infantes de España, p. 94.

Regent of Etruria

Grief-stricken by the death of her husband, she began suffering from a nervous illness. She had to act as a regent for her son Charles Louis, the new King of Etruria. Only twenty years old when she was widowed, plans for a new wedding were considered: France and Spain wanted to marry her to her first cousin, Infante Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal, but the marriage never materialized.

During her four-year regency, Maria Luisa took on the government of Etruria with the help of her ministers Count Fossombroni and Jean Garbiel Eynard (1775-1863). With them, Maria Luisa reorganized the tax system, created taxable manufactures like tobacco and porcelain companies and increased the size of the army. The Queen regent spent lavishly on educational projects, founding a Higher School of Science, and the Museum of Physics and Natural History of Florence. To ingratiate herself with the Florentine people, she entertained lavishly at Pitti Palace, holding receptions for artists and writers, as well as government officials.

Though Maria Luisa by then had become fond of Florence, Napoleon had other plans for Italy and Spain: I am afraid the Queen is too young and her minister too old to govern the Kingdom of Etruria, he said. She was accused of not enforcing the English blockade in Etruria.  Increasing Maria Luisa's isolation, Napoleon replaced the French ambassador to Etruria, the Marchaise de Beauharnais, with the less congenial, Count Hector d'Aubusson de la Feuillade, the Empress Josephine's chamberlain. On 23 November 1807, while Maria Luisa was staying at Castello, her country residence, the French minister came to inform her that Spain had ceded Etruria to France and ordered her to leave Florence on the spot.  Her father answered her pleas with discouragement: she yielded and hastily left the kingdom, returning to her family in Spain, leaving Florence on 10 December 1807 with her children, their future uncertain.  Napoleon annexed the territory to France and granted the title of "Grand Duchess of Tuscany" to his sister Elisa.

Exile

The exiled Queen went to Milan where she had an interview with Napoleon. He promised her, as compensation for the loss of Etruria, the throne of a Kingdom of Northern Lusitania (in the North of Portugal), he intended to create after the Franco-Spanish conquest of Portugal. This was part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau between France and Spain (October 1807) that also had incorporated Etruria to Napoleons' domains. Napoleon had already ordered the invasion of Portugal but his secret aim was ultimately to depose the Spanish royal family and have access to the money remitted from Spanish colonies in the New World. As part of the agreement, Maria Luisa would marry Lucien Bonaparte, who would have to divorce his wife, but both refused: Lucien was attached to his wife and Maria Luisa considered those nuptials a misalliance, and she would not allow herself to be put in Portugal in the place of her eldest sister, Carlota. Napoleon wanted Maria Luisa to settle in Nice or Turin, but her intentions were to join her parents in Spain. Crossing the south of France, on February 3 she entered Spain by Barcelona and on the 19th, she joined her family at Aranjuez. She arrived at a court deeply divided and a country in unrest: her brother, Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, had plotted against their father and the unpopular prime minister Manuel Godoy.

Ferdinand had been pardoned but with the family's prestige shaken, Napoleon took this opportunity to invade Spain. With the excuse of sending reinforcements to Lisbon, French troops had entered Spain in December. Not completely blind to Napoleon's real intentions, the Spanish Royal family had secretly planned their escape to Mexico, but their plans were cut short. At this point Maria Luisa arrived in Aranjuez on 19 February 1808.

Supporters of Ferdinand spread the story that prime minister Godoy had betrayed Spain to Napoleon. On 18 March a popular uprising known as the Mutiny of Aranjuez took place. Members of popular classes, soldiers and peasants assaulted Godoy's residence, captured him, and made King Charles depose the prime minister. Two days later, the court forced Charles IV to abdicate and yield the throne to his son, now Ferdinand VII. The abdication of Charles IV in favor of Ferdinand VII was enthusiastically acclaimed by the people.

Maria Luisa, who at the time had been in Spain for barely a month, took her father's side against the party of her brother. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 113.She acted as intermediate between the deposed Charles IV and the French general Murat, who on 23 March entered Madrid. Napoleon, capitalizing on the rivalry between father and son, invited both to Bayonne, France, ostensibly to act as a mediator. Both kings, afraid of the French power, thought it appropriate to accept the invitation and separately left for France. Maria Luisa was just recovering from measles at the time of the Mutiny of Aranjuez, and was not fit to travel. Her son was also sick and she stayed behind with her children, her uncle Antonio and her younger brother Francisco de Paula. However, Napoleon insisted on all relatives of the King to leave Spain and called them to France. At their departure on 2 May 1808, citizens of Madrid rose up in rebellion against the French occupation, but the revolt was crushed by Murat.

At that time, Maria Luisa had become unpopular. The intervention in Etruria had been very costly to Spain and Maria Luisa secret dealing with Murat had been seen as going against the interest of her native country. She was considered in Spain as a foreign Princess aiming at gaining a throne for her son. Arriving at Bayonne, Maria Luisa was greeted by her father with the words "My daughter, our family has forever ceased to reign". Napoleon had forced both Charles IV and Ferdinand VII to renounce the throne of Spain and in exchange for their renunciation of all claims, were promised a large pension and residence in Compiegne and Château de Chambord. Maria Luisa, who in vain tried to convince Napoleon to restore her to Tuscany or Parma, was offered a large income. He assured her that she would be much happier without the troubles of government, but Maria Luisa openly protested against the confiscation of her son's dominions.

Imprisonment

After this, Napoleon gave Spain to his brother Joseph Bonaparte and forced the Royal family into exile in Fontainebleau. Maria Luisa requested a separate residence and moved with her children to a house in Passy, but was soon moved to Compiegne on June 18. She was plagued by frequent sickness and shortage of money and, not owning any horses, was forced to walk wherever she needed to go. When at last Napoleon sent 12,000 francs as the promised compensation, the expenses of her trip to France were discounted. She wrote a letter of protest, saying that prisoners were never made to pay for their removal, but she was advised not to send it out. She was promised to retire to the Palace of Colorno in Parma with a substantial allowance, but once in Lyon, under the pretext of conducting her to her destination, she was escorted to Nice, where she was kept under strict vigilance.

She planned to escape to England, but her letters were intercepted and her two accomplices executed. Maria Luisa was arrested on 26 July and condemned to be imprisoned in a convent in Rome, while her nine-year-old son was to remain in the care of his grandfather Charles IV. Maria Luisa's pension was reduced to 2500 francs; all her jewels and valuables were taken away. She was imprisoned in the convent of Santi Domenico e Sisto, near the Quirinal on 14 August 1811 with her daughter and a maid. Her pleas for clemency were unanswered.

During her imprisonment, Maria Luisa and her children were stripped of their rights to the Spanish crown by the Cádiz Cortes, on 18 March 1812, because she was under Napoleon's control. Her rights were not restored until 1820. The former Queen of Etruria wrote in her Memoirs:I was for two years and a half in that monastery and one year without seeing or talking to anybody. I was not allowed to write or receive news not even from my own son. I had been in the convent for eleven months already when my parents came with my son to Rome on 16 June 1812. I was hoping to be released immediately after their arrival, but I was wrong, instead of diminishing the rigor of my imprisonment I was put under stricter orders.

On 19 June 1812, she was allowed to see her family. In an emotional meeting, Maria Luisa threw herself into her mother's arms, kissed her son with frenzy and her father hugged them all in a general embrace. After this, Maria Luisa was allowed to see her parents and her son once a month but only for twenty minutes and under surveillance. Only the fall of Napoleon opened the gates of her prison. On 14 January 1814, after more than four years of captivity, she was freed when the troops of Joachim Murat entered Rome.

Congress of Vienna

Maria Luisa moved with her children and her parents to the Barberini Palace. She hoped for the restorations of her son's estates and as the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) assembled to reorder the European map, she quickly wrote and published the Memoirs of the Queen of Etruria, originally written in Italian but translated to different languages, to put forward her case. When Napoleon returned from his exile at Elba, Maria Luisa and her parents fled Rome, moving from one city to another in Italy. The Countess de Boigne met her in Genoa and found her untidy and vulgar. When Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, they returned to Rome.

At the Congress of Vienna, Maria Luisa's interests were represented by the Spanish emissary Marquis of Labrador, an incompetent man, who did not successfully advance his country's or Maria Luisa's diplomatic goals. The Austrian Minister Metternich had decided not to restore Parma to the House of Bourbon, but to give it to Napoleon's wife, Marie Louise of Austria. Maria Luisa pleaded her cause to her brother Ferdinand VII of Spain, the Pope, and Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Ultimately, the Congress decided to compensate Maria Luisa and her son with the smaller Duchy of Lucca, which was carved out of Tuscany. She was to retain the honors of a queen as she had before in Etruria.

However, Maria Luisa refused this compromise for more than two years. During this time, she lived with her children in a Roman palace. Family relationships became strained: her parents and her brother Ferdinand VII wanted to marry Maria Luisa's daughter, Maria Luisa Carlota, then fourteen years old, to Francisco de Paula, Maria Luisa's youngest brother. She opposed this plan, considering her brother (eight years older than her young daughter) to be too reckless. She also rejected a proposed plan for her own son to marry Maria Cristina of Naples, a daughter of her sister Maria Isabel.

Seeking independence from her family, Maria Luisa accepted the solution offered by the Treaty of Paris in 1817: upon the death of Marie Louise of Austria, the duchy of Parma would revert to Charles Louis and the House of Bourbon. Maria Luisa became Duchess of Lucca in her own right and was granted the rank and privileges of a queen. Her son, Charles Louis, would succeed her only upon her death and would be the Prince of Lucca. Lucca would be annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany when the family regained possession of Parma. Then the Spanish minister in Turin, took possession of Lucca until Maria Luisa arrived on 7 December 1817.

Duchess of Lucca

When Maria Luisa arrived in Lucca, she was already thirty-five years old. Ten years of endless struggles had taken their toll: her youth was gone and she had gained a lot of weight. Nevertheless, she set her sights on a new marriage. She first addressed Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who was a widower, and also her first cousin, possibly with the idea of securing her position in Lucca and gaining a foothold in Florence. After this failed, she tried Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este but this failed as well. After the assassination of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, in 1820, there were plans to marry her to his father, the future King Charles X of France.

Maria Luisa's firm intention was to obliterate every trace of the government Elisa Bonaparte, who had ruled Lucca from 1805 to 1814 and who nominally succeeded Maria Luisa in Tuscany in 1808. As duchess, she promoted public works and culture in the spirit of enlightenment and during her government the sciences flourished. Between 1817-20, she ordered the complete renewal of the inner decorations of the Palazzo Ducale, completely redecorating the building into its present form, making the Palazzo one of the finest in Italy. Maria Luisa, a religious woman, favored the clergy. In her small state, seventeen new convents were founded in the six years of her reign. Among the projects she accomplished were the building of a new aqueduct and the development of Viareggio, the port of the Duchy.

Politically, Maria Luisa disregarded the constitution imposed on her by the congress of Vienna and governed Lucca in an absolutist fashion, though her government was not very reactionary and oppressive. When the Spanish liberals imposed a constitution on her brother, King Ferdinand VII, she opened up to the idea of accepting a constitution, but the resurgence of Spanish absolutism in 1823 ended her intentions. In 1820, she arranged the wedding of her twenty-year-old son's with Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, one of the twin daughters of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia.Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 151. The relationship with her son had turned sour and later he complained that his mother had "ruined him physically, morally and financially".

Death
Throughout these years, she spent the summers in Lucca and the winters in Rome. She went to Rome on 25 October 1823 to her Palace in Piazza Venezia, already feeling ill. On 22 February 1824 she signed her will and died of cancer on 13 March 1824 in Rome. Her body was taken to Spain to be buried at the Escorial. A monument to her memory was erected in Lucca. Upon her death, she was succeeded by Charles Louis.

Children
Maria Luisa was survived by her two children:
 Charles Louis Ferdinand (22 December 1799 – 16 April 1883) married Maria Teresa of Savoy Princess of Savoy, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and of Maria Theresa of Austria-Este.
 Luisa Carlota (Barcelona, 2 October 1802 – Rome, 18 March 1857) married Prince Maximilian of Saxony, widower of her aunt Carolina of Parma, as his second wife. Although the marriage was childless she was stepmother to Maximilian and Caroline's children, including the future kings Frederick Augustus II of Saxony and John I of Saxony, and Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony, Queen of Spain

Ancestors

References
 Balansó, Juan. La Familia Rival. Barcelona, Planeta, 1994.
 Balansó, Juan. Las Perlas de la Corona. Barcelona, Plaza & Janés, 1999.
 Bearne, Catherine Mary Charlton. A Royal Quartette: Maria Luisa, Infanta of Spain. Brentano's, 1908. ASIN: B07R12B4NQ
 Davies, Norman. Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and fall of States and Nations. New York, Viking, 2011.
 Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca. Memoir of the Queen of Etruria. London, John Murray, 1814.
Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo. Los desconocidos infantes de España. Thassalia, 1996.
 Sixtus, Prince of Bourbon-Parma. La Reine d'Étrurie. Paris, Calmann-Levy, 1928. ASIN: B003UAFSSG
 Smerdou Altoaguirre, Luis. Carlos IV en el Exilio. Pamplona, Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, 2000.
 Villa-Urrutia, W. R Marques de. La Reina de Etruria: Doña Maria Luisa de Borbón Infanta de España''. Madrid, Francisco Beltrán, 1923. ASIN: B072FJ4VJ6

Notes

Category:1782 births
Category:1824 deaths
Category:People from the Province of Segovia
Maria Luisa
Maria Luisa
Category:Italian duchesses
Category:Italian queens consort
Category:Dames of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa
Category:Dames of the Order of the Starry Cross
Category:Regents of Parma
Category:19th-century women rulers
Category:Princesses of Bourbon-Parma
Category:Spanish infantas
Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Infantes at El Escorial
Category:Deaths from cancer in Italy
Category:Duchy of Lucca


WildTurtle

Jason Tran, (born February 9, 1995) known in-game as WildTurtle, is a Canadian professional League of Legends player in the North American League of Legends Championship Series (LCS). He currently plays for FlyQuest as a Bot Laner. He has previously played for major gaming organizations Cloud9, Team SoloMid and Immortals. WildTurtle has played in the 2013, 2014 and 2015 League of Legends World Championships.

Early life
WildTurtle used to play Defense of the Ancients, but transitioned to League of Legends to play with his friends. He returned to the game at the end of 9th grade after a one-year hiatus. He did not receive a high school diploma.

Career
During Season 1 of League of Legends (2010-2011), WildTurtle played for Forty Bus Gaming and Kill Steal Gaming. He played for Monomaniac eSports prior to IPL (IGN Pro League) Season 4. He left the team around 2 weeks before the tournament due to internet access issues which prevented him from practicing enough.

2012
Wildturtle was a substitute for Team Legion at the IPL Face Off: San Francisco Showdown on August 11 and 12 and played against Team WE. Later in the month, he played for Counter Logic Gaming Black at the MLG (Major League Gaming) Summer Championship, replacing Austin "LiNk" Shin as their mid-laner. They lost 0-2 to Team Dignitas in the second round of the tournament.

On October 20 Orbit Gaming announced that they were replacing their Attack Damage Carry (ADC) Nientohsoh with WildTurtle. Nientohsoh would move to the mid position, replacing nubbypoohbear who had left the team. The team left the organization on November 1, stating that some prize money was stolen and that equipment was never given to them. They renamed to Reddit Nation, and attended the Lone Star Clash 2 event. After the tournament Quantic Gaming announced that they had acquired the team.

On December 4, Quantic Gaming disbanded. Sources stated that investors withdrew funding without notifying the organization. The team was released on December 12 and renamed to the placeholder name NomNom. They finished in the top three at the Season 3 North American MLG Online Qualifiers and secured a spot to the offline qualifier for the League of Legends Championship Series (LCS).

2013
NomNom renamed to Cloud9 on January 8. They did not pass the offline qualifier for the LCS.

In March, the ADC of Team SoloMid Snapdragon (TSM), Chaox, was benched, then removed from the organization as a result of his lackluster performance, extracurricular activities, and attitude. WildTurtle, a substitute for TSM since February, became their starting ADC after initially substituting for Chaox when he was benched. Cloud9 replaced WildTurtle with SnEaKyCaStRoO.

TSM took first place in the North American League of Legends Championship Series (NA LCS) Spring Split. They lost 0-3 to Cloud9 in the finals of the NA LCS Summer Split playoffs.

2014
At the NA LCS Summer Split playoffs, TSM defeated Cloud9 in the finals 3-2, claiming first place.

TSM lost 1-3 to Samsung White in the quarterfinals of the 2014 World Championship in October.

In December, TSM lost 0-2 to Unicorns of Love in the quarterfinals of the Intel Extreme Masters Season (IEM) IX San Jose tournament.

2015
At the IEM Season IX – World Championship in March, TSM defeated Team WE 3-0 in the finals to win the tournament.

In April, TSM claimed first place at the NA LCS Spring Split playoffs after defeating Cloud9 3-1.

The team was eliminated from the Mid-Season Invitational in May in the group stage.

In August, TSM lost 0-3 to Counter Logic Gaming (CLG) in the finals of the NA LCS Summer Split playoffs.

TSM was eliminated from the 2015 World Championship in the group stage.

On December 7 Immortals announced that they had acquired WildTurtle.

2016
Immortals finished first in the NA LCS Spring Split regular season while having the best split in NA LCS history, with a 17-1 record.

Immortals lost 0-3 to TSM in the semifinals of the NA LCS Spring Split playoffs in April, then beat Team Liquid 3-0 in the third place match. Finishing second in the NA LCS Summer Split regular season, they lost 2-3 to Cloud9 in the semifinals, beating CLG 3-2 in the third-place match. Ending the season with the most championship points, they were seeded into the top of the regional qualifiers for the 2016 League of Legends World Championship, but were defeated by Cloud9 1-3, failing to qualify for the tournament.

In early November, WildTurtle was negotiating with Team Dignitas, and played as a substitute for TSM at IEM XI Oakland, where the team lost to Unicorns of Love in the semifinals. He then signed with the team on December 7, dropping negotiations with Dignitas and replacing Doublelift, who was taking a break from his programing career during the 2017 NA LCS Spring Split. He was replaced on Immortals by Cody Sun.

Tournament results

Team SoloMid
 1st - Season 3 NA LCS Summer
 2nd - Season 3 NA LCS Spring
 2nd - 2014 NA LCS Spring Playoffs
 1st - 2014 NA LCS Summer Playoffs
 1st - IEM IX World Championship - Katowice

Immortals
 1st - 2016 NA LCS Spring Split Round Robin
 3rd - 2016 NA LCS Spring Playoffs
 2nd — 2016 NA LCS Summer regular season
 3rd — 2016 NA LCS Summer playoffs

Notes

References

Category:1995 births
Category:Living people
Category:League of Legends players
Category:Canadian esports players
Category:Immortals (esports) players
Category:Team SoloMid players
Category:Cloud9 (esports) players
Category:Canadian expatriates in the United States
Category:Sportspeople from Toronto
Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Category:Canadian people of Vietnamese descent
Category:Counter Logic Gaming players
Category:AD Carries


M. S. Gurupadaswamy

M. S. Gurupadaswamy (7 August 1924 – 10 May 2011) was an Indian politician. He was the Leader of House of Rajya Sabha from December 1989 to November 1990 and served twice as the Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha during March 1971 to April 1972 and 28 June 1991 to 21 July 1991.

Personal life
Gurupadaswamy was born in Malangi in Mysore district on 7 August 1924. He was second among four brothers and five sisters.

He had his primary education in Malangi, secondary education at Malavalli. He studied B.A. at Maharaja's College, Mysore and M.A., LL.B. at Canning College in Lucknow.

He married Rajasree on 21 May 1945. He has one son and two daughters.

Political career
Gurupadaswamy was an independence activist. He took part in Quit India Movement in 1942. At that time, he was a member of All India Students Federation. After India's independence he joined Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party. In 1952 general election, he was elected from Mysore to Lok Sabha. After the merger of his party and Socialist Party in 1952 at the national level, Gurupadaswamy became the General Secretary of the Parliamentary Party.

Gurupadaswamy was a member of Rajya Sabha for 4 terms from Mysore from 1960 to 1966, from Uttar Pradesh during 1966 to 1972 and from Karnataka from 1984 to 1990 and from 1990 to 1992.

He was Minister of State for Atomic Energy in 1967. He was Minister of Agriculture and Food, Community Development and Cooperation in Indira Gandhi's Cabinet during 1967-69.

In 1969, when Congress split, Gurupadaswamy was one of the first Ministers to resign from Indira Gandhi's cabinet. Gurupadaswamy became Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha in 1971. He was one of the founders of the Janata Party.

Gurupadaswamy served as Minister of Petroleum and Chemicals in V. P. Singh Ministry during 1989 to 1990.

Publications
Gurupadaswamy published two books, namely Modern Trends in International Affairs and Communalism. He was editor of The Prajamata and president of Mysore State Journalists' Association.

References

Category:1923 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:Politicians from Mysore
Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka
Category:1st Lok Sabha members
Category:Maharaja's College, Mysore alumni
Category:University of Lucknow alumni
Category:Indian independence activists from Karnataka
Category:Members of the Cabinet of India
Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians
Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka
Category:Janata Party politicians
Category:Agriculture Ministers of India
Category:V. P. Singh administration
Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
Category:Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party politicians
Category:Janata Dal politicians


Our Lady Help of Christians

Our Lady Help of Christians (German) is a historic Catholic church at the corner of East Allegheny Avenue and Gaul Street in the Port Richmond section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and serves the German-speaking population in the area.

The parish was founded in 1885 and the church was constructed in 1898.

Parish boundary
All German-speaking people: east, Delaware River; south, Lehigh Ave.; west, Kensington Ave. and E St.; north, Wheatsheaf La.

Masses conducted
Vigil Mass, Saturdays, 5 PM. Sundays, 10 AM. Holydays, 9 AM; 7 PM.

Related school
Students Attend: Our Lady of Port Richmond Regional School, 3233 E. Thompson St. 19134.

Contact information
Rectory: 3160 Gaul St. 19134-4447
Phone: 215-739-2211

See also
 St. Adalbert in Philadelphia

References

Category:Roman Catholic churches in Philadelphia
Category:Roman Catholic churches in Pennsylvania
Category:History of Catholicism in the United States
Category:1898 establishments in Pennsylvania
Category:Port Richmond, Philadelphia


Flight Attendants' Association of Australia

The Flight Attendants' Association of Australia (FAAA) is a trade union in Australia. It is divided into two separate entities:
 Flight Attendants' Association of Australia - National Division
 Flight Attendants' Association of Australia - International Division

The FAAA is affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions.

2016 Election

The FAAA - international division is the largest international flight attendant union in Australia comprising international flight attendants from Qantas and Virgin Australia.

The  current team in the International Division of the FAAA are led by legal professional and long term flight attendant Teri O'toole. Her executive team comprises Lou Nesci, David Horsfall, Miranda Diack and Bruce Roberts. This team swept to victory in a landslide election win against outgoing secretary Michael Mijatov and officials after a hard fought 2016 election campaign. The election saw a record 80% member vote return with nearly 70% of votes going to Teri and her Reclaim Your FAAA group.

External links
 Domestic Division
 International Division

Category:Transport trade unions in Australia
Category:Flight attendants' trade unions
Category:Trade unions established in 1992
Category:1992 establishments in Australia
Category:Aviation organisations based in Australia


Abita Springs Historic District

The Abita Springs Historic District, in Abita Springs in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, is a  historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.  It included 180 contributing buildings.

It is roughly bounded by North, Cypress, Laurell, Highway 36, Eighth, Sixth, Seventh, St. Mary and Third Streets and the Abita River.

It includes Colonial Revival, Stick/eastlake, Queen Anne architecture.

The town was developed as a vacation refuge for middle class residents of New Orleans.  Most residences are in walking distance to the Abita River and the springs which were the original attraction of the town, churches, the commercial district and train depot.

It includes a large number of turn-of-the-20th-century shotguns and North Shore type houses, many with Eastlake or Colonial Revival-style porches.  There are some more substantial Queen Anne and Colonial Revival buildings, which are "few in number and are in no way extravagant", and which feature porches as well.

See also
Abita Springs Pavilion

References

Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Category:Queen Anne architecture in Louisiana
Category:Colonial Revival architecture in Louisiana
Category:St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana


New Silk Route

New Silk Route ("NSR" or New Silk Route Partners LLC) is a $1.4-billion private equity firm that invests in private companies in India, Asia, and the Middle East.

History

New Silk Route was initially named Taj Capital. Its founding team included, at various points (alphabetically):

 Abdul Hafeez Shaikh, 20th finance minister of Pakistan
 Anil Kumar, former senior partner at McKinsey & Company
 Mark Schwartz, former chairman of Goldman Sachs Asia and CEO of Soros Fund Management
 Parag Saxena, former managing partner of Invesco Capital and Vedanta Capital
 Raj Rajaratnam, former managing partner of the Galleon Group
 Victor Menezes, former vice chairman of Citigroup

Messrs. Kumar, Rajaratnam, and Schwartz resigned as founding partners before the firm began operation.

The firm enjoyed close relationships with both Goldman Sachs and the Galleon Group: "A month before joining Goldman’s board, Rajat Gupta began marketing a $2 billion hybrid private-equity and hedge fund vehicle called Taj Capital Partners with one of Goldman’s biggest hedge fund clients, Raj Rajaratnam." According to Fortune, "New Silk Route's original fundraising was for $2 billion (under the name Taj Capital) -- and [...] the first $600 million or so went into Galleon hedge funds."

Leadership Team
 Anand Dorairaj, Partner
 Jacob Kurian, Partner
 Jens Yahya Zimmerman, Partner
 Parag Saxena, CEO & Founding General Partner
 Sanjeev Chachondia, Operating Partner
 Vivek Sett, Partner

Senior Operating Partners

The fund formed a strategic advisory board in January 2012 comprising:
 Dr. Herbert Henzler, former Senior Partner and Chairman of Europe at McKinsey & Company
 Nina Shapiro, VP Finance at International Finance Corporation
 Supratim Bose, President of Asia-Pacific at Boston Scientific and former Partner at New Silk Route

Investments

In 2010 NSR invested in:
 Café Coffee Day
 Nectar Lifesciences
 Amonix

In 2008 NSR invested in:
 Augere
 Beaconhouse School System
 Destimoney
 Orissa Television Communications

In 2007 NSR invested in:
 Reliance Telecom Infrastructure
 Ascend Telecom

References

Further reading
 FT Tilt
 Cafe Coffee Day
 Saxena interview

External links
 NSR official website

Category:Private equity firms


The Paper Lads

The Paper Lads was a children's television series produced by Tyne Tees Television and broadcast nationally from 1977 to 1979.  It was set in the northern industrial city of Newcastle upon Tyne and recounted the adventures of a group of newspaper delivery boys and a girl.

There were two series made, each of seven episodes. William Corlett's four scripts for the series won him the Writer's Guild Award for Best Children's Writer.

The signature tune of the series, "Back Home Once Again", was performed by progressive rock band Renaissance, and it appears (re-recorded) as a full-length song on their 1978 album A Song For All Seasons.

The full series was released on Network DVD in July 2013.

Two novels by William Humble based on the series were released by children's paperback publisher Target Books.

References

External links

Category:1977 British television series debuts
Category:1979 British television series endings
Category:1970s British children's television series
Category:ITV children's television programmes
Category:Television shows set in Tyne and Wear
Category:Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne
Category:Television series by ITV Studios
Category:English-language television programs
Category:Television programmes produced by Tyne Tees Television


William Kirkpatrick (Scottish MP)

William Kirkpatrick of Ellisland and Shaws (1705–1777) was a Scottish lawyer, academic and politician.

He was born at Closeburn Castle, the third son of Sir Thomas Kirkpatrick, 2nd Baronet of Closeburn, and Dame Isobell Lockhart. His father died before William and his older brother Thomas (later 3rd Baronet of Closeburn) turned 18, which led to local gentleman and future MP Charles Areskine (Erskine), Lord Tinwald overseeing the end of their formal education. It is likely he encouraged William to read law and attend Leiden University in the Netherlands.

William married Areskine's daughter Jean Erskine, 21 years his junior, on 21 December 1746  in Edinburgh, and they had at least five children. Jean died in childbirth aged just 26 on 23 September 1752.

Once qualified in law, William held the post of Regius Professor of the Law of Nature and Nations at Edinburgh from 2 December 1734 to May 1735, replacing Areskine who had stepped aside for him. When in 1735 he resigned from that role, it was to contest the by-election for his father-in-law’s Dumfries Burghs seat in the House of Commons after Areskine won both it and Dumfriesshire in the 1734 election. There then followed a protracted dispute over a double return (where the returning officer declares both pairs of candidates to be elected, leaving the House of Commons to make the decision) of that bi-election, the result of which was that William did not take his seat until 13 February 1736. He served as Member of Parliament until 1738, at which point he became Clerk of Session at the Court of Session.

He was appointed the first crown-nominated Sheriff of Dumfries in 1747.

William died on 17 October 1777 at Shaws House, Dumfriesshire aged 72. Among his grandsons were the noted antiquary and artist Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe and his older brother General Matthew Sharpe, who followed in the footsteps of both Areskine and Kirkpatrick by serving as Member of Parliament for Dumfries Burghs, albeit 100 years later.

References

Category:1705 births
Category:1777 deaths
Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies
Category:British MPs 1734–1741
Category:Leiden University alumni
Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Scottish lawyers
Category:Scottish sheriffs