Glossy-backed drongo

The glossy-backed drongo (Dicrurus divaricatus) is a species of bird in the family Dicruridae. It occurs in sub-Saharan Africa from south Mauritania and Senegambia across to Somalia and northern Kenya.

The glossy-backed drongo was described by the German naturalist Hinrich Lichtenstein in 1823 from a specimen obtained in Senegambia. He coined the binomial name Muscicapa divaricata. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of the fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) but it is now considered as a separate species based on the phylogenetic relationships determined in a molecular study published in 2018.

There are two subspecies:
 D. d. divaricatus (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823) – Senegambia and south Mauritania to southwest Chad
 D. d. lugubris (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828) – south Chad to Eritrea, Ethiopia, north Kenya, and north Somalia

References

glossy-backed drongo
glossy-backed drongo


Danny Blanchflower

Robert Dennis "Danny" Blanchflower (10 February 1926 – 9 December 1993) was a Northern Ireland international footballer who played for and captained Tottenham Hotspur, most notably during its double-winning season of 1960–61. He played as a defensive midfielder at right half and was known particularly for his accurate passing, his ability to dictate the tempo of the game and his inspiring leadership.. After a lengthy playing career, he retired at the age of 38 and became a respected football journalist, and later a football manager.

He was ranked as the greatest player ever in Spurs history by The Times in 2009.

He made one of the best known quotes on football: "The great fallacy is that the game is first and last about winning. It is nothing of the kind. The game is about glory, it is about doing things in style and with a flourish, about going out and beating the lot, not waiting for them to die of boredom."

Early years and family
Blanchflower was born on 10 February 1926 in the Bloomfield district of Belfast, the first of five children born to John and Selina Blanchflower. His mother had played as a centre-forward on a women's football team. He was educated at Ravenscroft public elementary school and was awarded a scholarship to Belfast College of Technology.

He left early to become an apprentice electrician at Gallaher's cigarette factory in Belfast. He also joined the Air Raid Precautions (ARP) and in 1943 lied about his age to join the RAF. As a trainee navigator he was sent on a course to St Andrews University (where he acquired a lifelong love of golf) and in the spring of 1945 was posted to Canada for further training. By 1946, aged 20, he was back in Belfast, back at Gallaher's, and building a reputation as an outstanding footballer. While at St Andrews Blanchflower played for the University College Dundee football team which was coached by former Celtic, Dundee United and Scotland trainer Jack Qusklay.

His younger brother Jackie (1933–1998) was also a Northern Irish international footballer and played for Manchester United before his playing career was ended by injuries sustained in the Munich air disaster of February 1958.

Playing career
Blanchflower signed for Glentoran in 1946, before crossing the Irish Sea and signing for Barnsley for £6000 in 1949, at the age of 23. He transferred from Barnsley to Aston Villa for a fee of £15,000, making his debut in March 1951. He made 155 senior appearances for Villa (148 in the League), before being sold during the 1954–55 season.

In 1954 Blanchflower was bought by Tottenham Hotspur for a fee of £30,000, and during his ten years at White Hart Lane he made 337 League appearances, and 382 total appearances (scoring 21 goals). The highlight of his time at Spurs came with the 1960–61 season. With Blanchflower as captain Spurs won their first 11 games, a record for the top flight of English football and eventually won the league by 8 points. They then beat Leicester City in the final of the FA Cup to become the first team in the 20th century to win the League and Cup double, not achieved since Aston Villa in 1897.

Blanchflower was voted FWA Footballer of the Year in 1958 and 1961.

In 1962 he helped Spurs win the FA Cup, scoring a penalty in the final against Burnley. In 1963 he captained his side to victory over Atlético Madrid in the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup.

During his time with Spurs he also had a short spell with Toronto City, alongside fellow Football League players Stanley Matthews and Johnny Haynes.

Making his debut in 1949, he earned 56 caps for Northern Ireland, and in 1958 captained his country when they reached the quarter-finals of the World Cup. He was the first Irishman to achieve a half century of caps when he played against Wales in 1962.

On 4 December 1957 he captained the Northern Ireland team against Italy in Belfast, in a bad tempered game that came to be known as the "Battle of Belfast"; Blanchflower attempted to keep the peace as the game turned nasty.

He finally announced his retirement as a player of 5 April 1964 at the age of 38, having played nearly 400 games in all competitions for Spurs and captained them to four major trophies.

In 1965, Blanchflower briefly came out of retirement to play for Durban City. Blanchflower played three times for the club in the National Football League.

Career as manager
Following his retirement as a player, Blanchflower coached at Spurs for a number of years, and double-winning manager Bill Nicholson intended for Blanchflower to be his long-term successor. When Nicholson resigned from the club in 1974 however, Blanchflower found himself being passed over in favour of Terry Neill, and subsequently left the club himself. He became manager of Northern Ireland for a brief spell in 1978, and was then appointed as Chelsea boss. However, he won only five of his 32 games in charge and he left them in September 1979.

Off the field
He was one of only a handful of players to have been awarded the title of FWA Footballer of the Year on two occasions, winning in both 1958 and 1961.
He was one of many signatories in a letter to The Times on 17 July 1958 opposing 'the policy of apartheid' in international sport and defending 'the principle of racial equality which is embodied in the Declaration of the Olympic Games'. On 6 February 1961, he also became the first person to turn down the invitation to appear on This Is Your Life, simply walking away from host Eamonn Andrews. Contrary to belief, this incident was not broadcast live on air, but was being recorded to be shown at the beginning of the live transmission. "I consider this programme to be an invasion of privacy", he explained. "Nobody is going to press gang me into anything."

Blanchflower commentated on a match for ITV as early as 3 January 1956 – the final of the Southern Junior Floodlit Cup between West Ham and Chelsea. He also hosted editions of the BBC's Junior Sportsview in 1959. He was the colour commentator for the CBS television network broadcasts of National Professional Soccer League matches in the United States in 1967. His candour about the fledgling league's shortcomings distressed network executives, as he recounted in a 10 June 1968 Sports Illustrated article he authored. In the 1968–69 season he was the regular commentator for Yorkshire Television.

Later life and death
Anton Weinberg's 1985 Channel 4 documentary film The Keller Instinct featured an appearance by Blanchflower, who spoke approvingly of his late friend musicologist Hans Keller's advocacy of inventive, tactically creative football. He retired from his position as a writer for the Sunday Express in 1988.

On 1 May 1990, Tottenham held a testimonial match for him at White Hart Lane, but by this stage he was in the first stages of what would later be diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. He was eventually placed in a Staines nursing home where he died as a result of pneumonia on 9 December 1993, aged 67.

Blanchflower was honoured in his home city of Belfast with an Ulster History Circle plaque recognising his outstanding achievements in the world of sport. The blue plaque is located at 49 Grace Avenue, his childhood home.

Honours
Tottenham Hotspur
 Football League First Division: 1960–61
 FA Cup: 1960–61, 1961–62
 European Cup Winners' Cup: 1962–63

Individual
 FWA Footballer of the Year: 1958, 1961
 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1958
 English Football Hall of Fame: 2003

Filmography
 Those Glory Glory Days (1983)

References

Bibliography

 Brown, Geoff and Hogsbjerg, Christian. Apartheid is not a Game: Remembering the Stop the Seventy Tour campaign. London: Redwords, 2020. .

Category:1926 births
Category:1993 deaths
Category:1958 FIFA World Cup players
Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Category:Association football commentators
Category:Association football wing halves
Category:Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Category:Aston Villa F.C. players
Category:Barnsley F.C. players
Category:Chelsea F.C. managers
Category:Durban City F.C. players
Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Category:English Football Hall of Fame inductees
Category:English Football League players
Category:Glentoran F.C. players
Category:NIFL Premiership players
Category:National Football League (South Africa) players
Category:Football managers from Northern Ireland
Category:Northern Ireland international footballers
Category:Northern Ireland national football team managers
Category:Sportspeople from Belfast

Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Category:North American Soccer League (1968–1984) commentators
Category:London XI players
Category:English Football League representative players
Category:Sports journalists from Northern Ireland
Category:Male non-fiction writers from Northern Ireland
Category:Expatriate association footballers from Northern Ireland
Category:Expatriate soccer players in South Africa


Michael Carrera

Michael Carrera (born 7 January 1993) is a Venezuelan professional basketball player for Hamburg Towers in the Basketball Bundesliga.

College career
Carrera played college basketball for South Carolina. During his time there he averaged 14.5 points, 7.7 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game.

Professional career
In the 2016-2017 basketball season, Carrera played for the Russian side BC Avtodor Saratov where he averaged 7 points, 4.6 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game. He moved to the Australian side Cairns Taipans in 2017 where he averaged 14.3 points, 3.6 rebounds and 1 assists per contest. He moved to the NBA G League side Oklahoma City Blue in late 2017 where he averaged 7 points, 4.2 rebounds and 0.6 assists per game. He moved to the Argentine side Obras Sanitarias in 2018 where he averaged 6.9 points, 4.9 rebounds and 0.4 assists per game.

On September 19, 2019, he has signed with Brose Bamberg of the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL).

On November 26, 2019, he has signed move to another club BBL club Hamburg Towers.

Venezuela National team
Carrera represents the Venezuela national basketball team. He represented the team at 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup where he averaged 10 points, 5 rebounds and 1 assist at the tournament.

References

Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:BC Avtodor Saratov players
Category:Brose Bamberg players
Category:Cairns Taipans players
Category:Hamburg Towers players
Category:Obras Sanitarias basketball players
Category:Oklahoma City Blue players
Category:People from Barcelona, Venezuela
Category:Power forwards (basketball)
Category:South Carolina Gamecocks men's basketball players
Category:Venezuelan expatriate basketball people in the United States
Category:Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Category:Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Category:Venezuelan expatriate basketball people in Germany
Category:Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Category:Venezuelan men's basketball players


Packs Branch, West Virginia

Packs Branch is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, West Virginia.It was also called O'Neals.

The community was named after nearby Packs Branch.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Category:Unincorporated communities in Fayette County, West Virginia


Deersville, Ohio

Deersville is a village in Harrison County, Ohio, United States. The population was 79 at the 2010 census.

The Deersville Historic District is located along Main Street.

History
Deersville was platted in 1815. A post office called Deersville has been in operation since 1828.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 79 people, 33 households, and 24 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 59 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 94.9% White, 2.5% Asian, and 2.5% from two or more races.

There were 33 households of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.3% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.83.

The median age in the village was 45.5 years. 16.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.2% were from 25 to 44; 34.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51.9% male and 48.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 82 people, 39 households, and 24 families living in the village. The population density was 235.0 people per square mile (90.5/km²). There were 57 housing units at an average density of 163.3 per square mile (62.9/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.22% of the population.

There were 39 households out of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.56.

In the village, the population was spread out with 18.3% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 35.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females there were 110.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $23,750, and the median income for a family was $22,188. Males had a median income of $38,750 versus $16,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,224. There were 10.0% of families and 14.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 22.2% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Notable people
 Harry Hazlett, army officer and football coach
 John Calhoun Johnson, California assemblyman

References

Category:Villages in Harrison County, Ohio
Category:Villages in Ohio


Prakasam

Prakasam may refer to:

 Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh
 Tanguturi Prakasam (1872-1957), Indian politician and freedom fighter


Adin B. Capron

Adin Ballou Capron (January 9, 1841 – March 17, 1911) was an American miller and politician from the U.S. state of Rhode Island. He served in the American Civil War and was a member of the United States House of Representatives.

Early life and military career
Born in Mendon, Massachusetts, Capron attended Woonsocket High School and Westbrook Seminary, near Portland, Maine. He settled in Stillwater, Rhode Island, and engaged in milling and dealing in grain. He enlisted as a sergeant in the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment of the Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry in May 1861. He was promoted to the rank of Sergeant Major on July 11, 1861, and commissioned lieutenant in September 1861.

He served in the Signal Corps until the close of the Civil War, having been commissioned first lieutenant on March 3, 1863, and subsequently promoted to the rank of captain and major by brevet.

Political career
From 1887-1892, Capron served as member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, and was speaker of the State House in 1891 and 1892. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1892 to the Fifty-third Congress.

Capron was elected as a Republican candidate to the 55th United States Congress and to the six succeeding Congresses, serving in Congress from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1911. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1910.

After leaving Congress, he resumed his former business activities in Stillwater, where he died March 17, 1911.  He was interred in Swan Point Cemetery in Providence, Rhode Island.

Family life
Capron was the son of Carlile Willis Capron and Abigail (Bates) Capron. He married Irene Ballou in August 1868 and she died ten months later. Following her death, Capron married Phebe Almira Mowry in April 1874. Capron and Phebe had four children: Helen Mowry Capron, John Mowry Capon, Adin Mowry Capon and Almira Mowry Capron.

References

External links
 Retrieved on 2009-05-01

Category:1841 births
Category:1911 deaths
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Rhode Island
Category:People from Mendon, Massachusetts
Category:People from Smithfield, Rhode Island
Category:People from Providence County, Rhode Island
Category:Speakers of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Category:People of Rhode Island in the American Civil War
Category:Members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Category:Rhode Island Republicans
Category:Westbrook College alumni
Category:American military officers
Category:Burials at Swan Point Cemetery
Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians


Tuxedo, Texas

Tuxedo is an unincorporated community in Jones County, Texas, United States.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Jones County, Texas
Category:Unincorporated communities in Texas


Deep Run (Broad Creek)

Deep Run is a tributary of Broad Creek in Beaufort County, North Carolina in the United States.

References

Category:Rivers of North Carolina


Jane Tuers

Jannetje Van Reypen Tuers was a patriot during the American Revolutionary War and had a role in confirming information about a British conspiracy with Benedict Arnold to take over West Point.

Jane and her husband Nicholas Tuers (1736/37–1815) (or Toers) lived as farmers in Bergen Township, New Jersey (now known as Jersey City). While selling farm goods in British-occupied Manhattan, she spoke with Samuel Fraunces, the owner of the Fraunces Tavern. He informed Tuers that British soldiers were in his tavern toasting General Benedict Arnold who was to deliver West Point to the British. Tuers informed her brother Daniel Van Reypen about the conspiracy. Van Reypen rode to Hackensack to meet with General Anthony Wayne. Wayne sent Van Reypen to inform General George Washington of the conspiracy. This information added to what was suspected of Benedict Arnold. The arrest of John André a few days later confirmed the conspiracy.

Jane Tuers died in 1834 and was buried in the Old Bergen Church Cemetery. The house that she lived in was located on Bergen Avenue across from the Tise Tavern. The house survived until 1894, when it was demolished to make room for the construction of the old Fourth Regiment Armory. Streets near Bergen Square bear both the Tuers and Van Reypen family name.

Name variations:
 Jannetje Cornelisen Van Riper
 Jannetje Van Ripen
 Jannetje Van Reypen Toers.

See also
 Bergen Square
 Three Pigeons
 John Champe (soldier)

References

Category:1834 deaths
Category:Women in the American Revolution
Category:People from Hudson County, New Jersey
Category:People of colonial New Jersey
Category:People of New Jersey in the American Revolution
Category:Benedict Arnold
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Burials in New Jersey


HMS Glowworm

Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Glowworm after the insect, whilst two more were planned:

Glowworm, was briefly the name of a coastal destroyer launched on 12 December 1906 and renamed . It was sold in May 1921.
, an , launched on 5 February 1916 and sold in 1928.
, a G-class destroyer launched on 22 July 1935, sunk on 8 April 1940 by the German heavy cruiser  off Norway.
Glowworm was allocated to a  destroyer under construction at the William Denny shipyard at Dumbarton in 1945.  The vessel was originally called  HMS Guinevere but was renamed in September 1945 to HMS Glowworm, and renamed again in October to HMS Gift. Construction was cancelled on 1 December 1945 before completion.
Glowworm was allocated in October 1945 to a similar  destroyer under construction by John I. Thornycroft & Company Limited, and originally called  HMS Gift. Construction was cancelled on 12 December 1945 before completion.

Battle honours
Ships named Glowworm have earned the following battle honours:
Atlantic, 1939
Norway, 1940
Admiral Hipper, 1940

References

Category:Royal Navy ship names


Bozhidar Rangelov

Bozhidar Rangelov (, born 15 April 1955) is a Bulgarian rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1955 births
Category:Living people
Category:Bulgarian male rowers
Category:Olympic rowers of Bulgaria
Category:Rowers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Joseph Davis State Park

Joseph Davis State Park is a  state park located along the banks of the lower Niagara River in the Town of Lewiston in Niagara County, New York.

History
Joseph Davis State Park was originally known as Lower Niagara State Park when it first opened in 1964. The park was formed from a  parcel of land purchased by New York State in 1961. An additional  of land was added to the park in 1969, just prior to the decision to rename the park in honor of Joseph Davis in 1970. Davis was a former president of the Niagara Frontier State Parks Commission, serving from 1948 to 1969.

In 2005, the park was featured in the eighth installment of the reality competition series The Amazing Race as the Finish Line for the Race.

Since 2011, the park has been operated by the Town of Lewiston in partnership with the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.

Park description
Joseph Davis State Park includes trails for hiking, snowshoeing, cross-country skiing and snowmobiling, in addition to facilitating access for anglers to fish the Niagara River or several ponds within the park. The park also includes a free 27-hole disc golf course.

A bird conservation area has also been established within the park, including riverfront land, wetlands, and successional shrub land. The conservation area's primary purpose is to provide habitat and feeding areas for songbirds that utilize river corridors during their annual migrations.

See also
 List of New York state parks

References

External links
 New York State Parks: Joseph Davis State Park

Category:State parks of New York (state)
Category:Disc golf courses in New York
Category:Parks in Niagara County, New York


Legru Bay

Legru Bay () is a bay  wide, indenting the south coast of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, immediately northeast of Martins Head. The French Antarctic Expedition, 1908–10, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot applied the name "Cap Legru" to a feature which has now been identified as Martins Head. As the latter has priority, Charcot's name has been transferred to this bay in order to retain the name in the area in which it was originally given.

References

Category:Bays of King George Island (South Shetland Islands)


Sim (pencil game)

Sim is a pencil-and-paper game that is played by two players.

Gameplay
Six dots ('vertices') are drawn.  Each dot is connected to every other dot by a line ('edge').

Two players take turns coloring any uncolored lines.  One player colors in one color, and the other colors in another color, with each player trying to avoid the creation of a triangle made solely of their color (only triangles with the dots as corners count; intersections of lines are not relevant); the player who completes such a triangle loses immediately.

Analysis
Ramsey theory can also be used to show that no game of Sim can end in a tie.  Specifically, since the Ramsey number R(3,3)=6, any two-coloring of the complete graph on 6 vertices (K6) must contain a monochromatic triangle, and therefore is not a tied position.  This will also apply to any super-graph of K6. For another proof that there must eventually be a triangle of either color, see the Theorem on friends and strangers.

Computer search has verified that the second player can win Sim with perfect play, but finding a perfect strategy that humans can easily memorize is an open problem.

The game of Sim is one example of a Ramsey game. Other Ramsey games are possible. For instance, the players can be allowed to color more than one line during their turns. Another Ramsey game similar to Sim and related to Ramsey number R(4,4)=18, which again cannot end in a tie, is played on 18 vertices and the 153 edges between them. The two players must avoid to color a monochromatic tetrahedron (a three-dimensional pyramid with four triangular faces).

The Ramsey number R(3,3,3)=17 implies that any three-coloring of the complete graph on 17 vertices must contain a monochromatic triangle. A corresponding Ramsey game uses pencils of three colors. One approach can have three players compete, while another would allow two players to alternately select any of the three colors to paint an edge of the graph, until a player loses by completing a monochromatic triangle. Finding perfect winning strategies for these variants is most likely out of reach.

A technical report by Wolfgang Slany is available online, with many references to literature on Sim, going back to the game's introduction by Gustavus Simmons in 1969, including proofs and estimates of the difficulty as well as computational complexity of Sim and other Ramsey games.

Software

A self-improving Java applet including its source code is available for online play against a computer program.

An app including its source code in the visual multi-platform Catrobat programming language is available for playing it against one's smartphone.

References

Category:Ramsey theory
Category:Mathematical games
Category:Combinatorics
Category:Combinatorial game theory
Category:Paper-and-pencil games
Category:Solved games
Category:Positional games


Cuthonella concinna

Cuthonella concinna is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fionidae.

Distribution
This species was described from Whitley Bay, Northumberland, England. It has been reported from the Northeast Atlantic from Finmarken, Norway south to Normandy, France and in the NW Atlantic from New England as well as from the NE Pacific at Vancouver Island, Canada. In Britain and Ireland it is a northern species, occurring at Skomer Island, Pembrokeshire and in the Irish Sea and Scotland. It is also reported from Iceland.

Description
The typical adult size of this species is 10–12 mm.

Habitat
Cuthonella concinna feeds on the hydroid Sertularia argentea, family Sertulariidae.

References

Category:Cuthonellidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1843


Oxmantown

Oxmantown or Oxmanstown () is an area of Dublin, Ireland, situated on the Northside of the city between the River Liffey, the North Circular Road, and Smithfield Market. It is located in the Dublin 7 postal district.

History
At the time of the Norman invasion into Ireland, the Vikings, Ostmen or Austmenn  (East-men), as they called themselves were exiled to the north of the River Liffey where they founded the hamlet of Austmanna-tún (Homestead of the Eastmen), later corrupted to Oxmantown. The Irish language name Baile Lochlannach means "Scandinavian Homestead".

The district remained distinct from Dublin city for many centuries.

The heir apparent of the Earl of Rosse is styled Lord Oxmantown.

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

Category:Stoneybatter


Cairns

Cairns (, )  is a city in the Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It is on the east coast of Far North Queensland. The city is the 5th-most-populous in Queensland and ranks 14th overall in Australia.

Cairns was founded in 1876 and named after Sir William Wellington Cairns, Governor of Queensland from 1875 to 1877. It was formed to serve miners heading for the Hodgkinson River goldfield, but declined when an easier route was discovered from Port Douglas. It later developed into a railhead and major port for exporting sugar cane, gold and other metals, minerals and agricultural products from surrounding coastal areas and the Atherton Tableland region.

The population of the Cairns urban area at June 2018 was 152,729, having grown on average 1.1% year-on-year over the preceding five years.
Based on 2015 data, the associated local government area had experienced an average annual growth rate of 2.3% over the previous 10 years. According to Cairns Regional Council in February 2020, Cairns had experienced an annual growth rate of 1.9% over the previous ten years. Cairns is a popular tourist destination because of its tropical climate and access to both nearby tropical rainforest and the Great Barrier Reef, one of the seven natural wonders of the world.

History

Prior to British settlement, the Cairns area was inhabited by the Gimuy Walubara Yidinji people, who still claim their Native Title rights.  Yidinji (also known as Yidinj, Yidiny, and Idindji) is an Australian Aboriginal language. Its traditional language region is within the local government areas of Cairns Region and Tablelands Region, in such localities as Cairns, Gordonvale, and the Mulgrave River, and the southern part of the Atherton Tableland including Atherton and Kairi.

 The area is known in the local Yidiny language as Gimuy.

From 1770 to the early 1870s the area was known to the British simply as Trinity Bay. The arrival of beche de mer fishermen from the late 1860s saw the first European presence in the area. On the site of the modern-day Cairns foreshore, there was a large native well which was used by these fishermen. A violent confrontation occurred in 1872 between local Yidinji people and Phillip Garland, a beche de mer fisherman, over the use of this well. The area from this date was subsequently called Battle Camp. In 1876, hastened by the need to export gold mined from the Hodgkinson goldfields on the tablelands to the west, closer investigation by several official expeditions established its potential for development into a port. Brinsley G. Sheridan surveyed the area and selected a place further up Trinity Inlet known to the diggers as Smith's Landing for a settlement which he renamed Thornton. However, after Native Police officers Alexander Douglas-Douglas and Robert Arthur Johnstone opened a new track from the goldfields to Battle Camp, this more coastal site became preferable. Battle Camp was renamed Cairns in late 1876 in honour of the then Governor of Queensland, William Cairns. The site was predominantly mangrove swamps and sand ridges. Labourers gradually cleared the swamps, and the sand ridges were filled with dried mud, sawdust from local sawmills, and ballast from a quarry at Edge Hill.

Debris from the construction of a railway to Herberton on the Atherton Tableland, a project which started in 1886, was also used. The railway opened up land later used for agriculture on the lowlands (sugar cane, corn, rice, bananas, pineapples), and for fruit and dairy production on the Tableland. The success of local agriculture helped establish Cairns as a port, and the creation of a harbour board in 1906 supported its economic future.

The Wharf Estate Cairns went on sale in Brisbane via auction on 19 February 1889 by John Macnamara & Co. Land Auctioneers. The land was part of the place known as the Railway Reserve. The sale was described by the Auctioneers as the 'largest ever yet held in Northern Queensland'.

On 25 April 1926 (ANZAC Day), the Cairns Sailors and Soldiers War Memorial was unveiled by Alexander Frederick Draper, the mayor of the City of Cairns.

During World War II, the Allied Forces used Cairns as a staging base for operations in the Pacific, with United States Army Air Forces and Royal Australian Air Force operational bases (now the airport), as well as a major military seaplane base in Trinity Inlet, and United States Navy and Royal Australian Navy bases near the current wharf. Combat missions were flown out of Cairns in support of the Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942. Edmonton and White Rock south of Cairns were major military supply areas and U.S. Paratroopers trained at Gordonvale and the Goldsborough Valley. A Special Forces training base was established at the old "Fairview" homestead on Munro's Hill, Mooroobool. This base was officially known as the Z Experimental Station, but referred to informally as "The House on the Hill".

After World War II, Cairns gradually developed into a centre for tourism. The opening of the Cairns International Airport in 1984 helped establish the city as a desirable destination for international tourism.

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 144,787 people in Cairns (Significant Urban Area).
 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 8.9% of the population.
 67.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 4.0%, New Zealand 3.1%, Papua New Guinea 1.5%, Philippines 1.2% and Japan 1.1%.
 76.9% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Japanese 1.6%, Mandarin 0.8%, Italian 0.7%, Korean 0.7% and German 0.6%.
 The most common responses for religion were No Religion 32.1%, Catholic 22.4% and Anglican 13.2%.

Geography

Cairns is located on the east coast of Cape York Peninsula on a coastal strip between the Coral Sea and the Great Dividing Range. The northern part of the city is located on Trinity Bay and the city centre is located on Trinity Inlet. To the south of the Trinity Inlet lies the Aboriginal community of Yarrabah. Some of the city's suburbs are located on flood plains. The Mulgrave River and Barron River flow within the greater Cairns area but not through the CBD. The city's centre foreshore is located on a mud flat.

Urban layout

Cairns is a provincial city, with a linear urban layout that runs from the south at Edmonton to the north at Ellis Beach. The city is approximately  from north to south; it has experienced a recent urban sprawl, with suburbs occupying land once used for sugar cane farming.

The Northern Beaches consist of a number of beach communities extending north along the coast. In general, each beach suburb is at the end of a spur road extending from the Captain Cook Highway. From south to north, these are Machans Beach, Holloways Beach, Yorkeys Knob, Trinity Park, Trinity Beach, Kewarra Beach, Clifton Beach, Palm Cove, and Ellis Beach.

The suburb of Smithfield is inland against the mountains of the Great Dividing Range, between Yorkeys Knob and Trinity Park. It serves as the main hub for the Northern Beaches, with a modern shopping arcade, called Smithfield Shopping Centre.

South of Smithfield and inland from the Northern Beaches along the edge of the Barron River flood plain are the suburbs of Caravonica, Kamerunga, Freshwater, and Stratford. This area is sometimes referred to as Freshwater Valley, though it is actually the lower part of Redlynch Valley; further up the valley are the suburbs of Redlynch, on the western side of Redlynch Valley, and Brinsmead on the eastern side. Stratford, Freshwater, and Brinsmead are separated from Cairns city by Mount Whitfield (elevation ) and Whitfield Range. Crystal Cascades and Copperlode Falls Dam are also behind this range. (Kuranda, a town on the Barron River on the western side of the Macalister Range, forms part of the Cairns economic catchment but is in the Tablelands local government area and is not part of the Cairns urban area.)

The city centre of Cairns is adjacent to the suburbs of Cairns North, and Parramatta Park, Bungalow, Portsmith, and close to Westcourt, Manunda, Manoora, Edge Hill, Whitfield, Kanimbla, Mooroobool, Earlville, Woree and Bayview Heights. The small suburb of Aeroglen is pressed between Mount Whitfield and the airport, on the Captain Cook Highway between Cairns North and Stratford.

Southside Cairns, situated in a narrow area between Trinity Inlet to the east and Lamb Range to the west, includes the suburbs of White Rock, Mount Sheridan, Bentley Park and Edmonton. The townships of Goldsborough, Little Mulgrave, and Aloomba are near Gordonvale, on the Mulgrave River. This area is serviced by the Bruce Highway. Several other small towns and communities within Cairns' jurisdiction are sparsely located along the Bruce highway, the furthest being Mirriwinni,  south of Cairns city; the largest of these townships is Babinda, about  from the city.

Climate

Cairns experiences a tropical climate, specifically a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification. A wet season with heavy monsoonal downpours runs from November to May, with a relatively dry season from June to October, though light showers can occur during this period. Cairns' mean annual rainfall is just under , although monthly totals in the wet season (Dec–Mar) can exceed , with the highest rainfall being recorded in any month in January 1981, where over  of rain fell. Babinda, a town to the south of the city, is Australia's wettest town, recording an annual rainfall of over .

Cairns has hot, humid summers and warm winters. Mean maximum temperatures vary from  in July to  in January. Monsoonal activity during the wet season occasionally causes major flooding of the Barron and Mulgrave Rivers, cutting off-road and rail access to the city. Cairns has 89.7 clear days, annually. Dewpoint in the wet season (summer) averages at . The average temperature of the sea ranges from  in July to  in January.

Tropical cyclones
Like most of North and Far North Queensland, Cairns is prone to tropical cyclones, usually forming between November and May.

Notable cyclones that have affected the Cairns region include:

 Cyclone Yasi, 2011
 Cyclone Larry, 2006
 Cyclone Abigail, 2001
 Cyclone Steve, 2000
 Cyclone Rona, 1999
 Cyclone Justin, 1997

Facilities
The City Library, operated by the Cairns Regional Council, opened in 1979 and is situated at 151 Abbott Street.  A major refurbishment was undertaken in 1999 and a further minor refurbishment was implemented in 2011.  Public accessible wifi is available.  Current Library services and collections can be accessed from the Cairns Libraries website.

Heritage listings
Cairns has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 Cairns-to-Kuranda railway line
 Abbott Street: Dr EA Koch Memorial
 Abbott Street: Barrier Reef Hotel
 Abbott Street: Bishop's House
 Abbott Street: St Monica's High School Administration Building
 6A-8A Abbott Street: former Cairns Customs House
 38 – 40 Abbott Street: Cairns Court House
 151 Abbott Street: Cairns City Council Chambers
 179 Abbott Street: St Joseph's Convent
 183 Abbott Street: St Monica's War Memorial Cathedral
 Collins Avenue, Edge Hill: Flecker Botanical Gardens
 Collins Avenue, Edge Hill: WWII RAN Fuel Installation
 Grafton Street: Cairns Control Room, World War II Volunteer Defence Corps
 99 Grafton Street: former Cairns Chinatown
 Lake Street: Bolands Centre
 37 Lake Street: former Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd Building
 39 – 49 Lake Street: former Central Hotel
 87 Lake Street: Hides Hotel
 93–105 Lake Street: former School of Arts
 399 Kamerunga Road, Redlynch: Xavier and Sadie Herbert's Cottage
 127–145 McLeod Street, Cairns North: McLeod Street Pioneer Cemetery
 180 McLeod, Cairns North: Herries Private Hospital
 Minnie Street: St Monica's Old Cathedral
 8 Minnie Street: Cairns Masonic Temple
 Sheridan Street, Cairns North: Cairns Technical College and High School Building
 The Esplanade: Cairns War Memorial
 51 The Esplanade: former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers
 183–185 The Esplanade, Cairns North: Floriana
 Wharf Street: Cairns Wharf Complex
 29 Wharf Street: former Jack and Newell Building

Governance

Cairns is part of the Cairns Region local government area which is governed by a Regional Council. The Council consists of a directly elected mayor and 10 councillors, elected from 10 single-member divisions (or wards) using an optional preferential voting system. Elections are held every four years.

The Cairns Region consists of three former local government areas. The first was the original City of Cairns, consisting of the Cairns City region as listed above. The second, which was amalgamated in 1995, was the Shire of Mulgrave (comprising the other areas, namely the Northern Beaches, Redlynch Valley and Southside). The town of Gordonvale was once called Nelson. The third area is the Shire of Douglas, which amalgamated in 2008 during major statewide local government reforms.

At the time of the 1995 amalgamation, Cairns City had a population of approximately 40,000 and Mulgrave Shire had a population of approximately 60,000. Both local government authorities had chambers in the Cairns CBD. The old Cairns City Council chambers has been converted into a new city library. In a controversial decision, new Council chambers were constructed on previously contaminated land in the mainly industrial suburb of Portsmith.

Cairns has three representatives in the Queensland Parliament, from the electoral districts of Barron River, Cairns and Mulgrave. The city is represented in the Federal Parliament by representatives elected from the districts of Leichhardt and Kennedy.

Economy

Cairns serves as the major commercial centre for the Far North Queensland and Cape York Peninsula Regions. It is a base for the regional offices of various government departments.

Tourism
Tourism plays a major part in the Cairns economy. According to Tourism Australia, the Cairns region is the fourth-most-popular destination for international tourists in Australia after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. While the city does not rank amongst Australia's top 10 destinations for domestic tourism, it attracts a significant number of Australian holiday makers despite its distance from major capitals. There is also a growing interest in Cairns from the Chinese leisure market with regular scheduled direct flights from Chinese cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou. During the 2013 Chinese Lunar New Year period alone, Cairns saw 20,000 Chinese holidaymakers flying in on chartered flights.

The city is near the Great Barrier Reef, the Wet Tropics of Queensland, and the Atherton Tableland. Great Barrier Reef tours that operate from Cairns are very popular and hence Cairns is also considered as the gateway to Great Barrier Reef.

The Cairns esplanade includes a swimming lagoon with adjoining barbecue areas. In May 2003, the then Cairns Mayor Kevin Byrne declared that topless sunbathing is permitted here. Many leisure activities are conducted in this area, including flea market, sports classes and many more.

Commercial
Several shopping centres of various sizes are located throughout Cairns. The largest of these are Cairns Central shopping centre, located in the central business district (CBD), and Stockland Cairns, located in the suburb of Earlville. In Westcourt, one of the city's oldest shopping centres has been refurbished, with the city's first DFO. To service the needs of suburbs further from the city centre, shopping complexes are also located at Mount Sheridan, Redlynch, Smithfield, and Clifton Beach.

In 2010, the state government opened the second stage of William McCormack Place, an A$80 million office building credited as the first 6-star green star-rated building in the city.

Media
The Cairns Post is a daily newspaper published in the city; a weekly paper, The Cairns Sun, is also published. The Courier-Mail is a daily Queensland-wide newspaper published in Brisbane. The Australian newspaper also circulates widely. The Cairns Bulletin is an independent newspaper in circulation in the Cairns area.

Cairns is served by five television stations, three commercial television stations (WIN Television, Seven Queensland and Southern Cross Nine) which are regional affiliates of the three Australian commercial television networks (Ten, Seven and Nine), and public broadcasters the ABC and SBS services.

Of the three main commercial networks, Seven Queensland and WIN Television both air 30-minute local news bulletins at 6pm each weeknight, both produced from local newsrooms but broadcast from studios in Maroochydore. Southern Cross Austereo also provides short local news updates on Channel 9 at various intervals throughout the day, presented from a studio in Canberra.

Cairns radio stations include a number of public, commercial and community broadcasters. The ABC broadcasts ABC Far North, ABC Radio National, ABC NewsRadio, ABC Classic FM and the Triple J youth network. Commercial radio stations include Star 102.7, 4CA 846 AM, Hot FM, Sea FM and 104.3 4TAB sports radio, while the community radio stations are 4CCR-FM, 101.9 Coast FM, Orbit FM 88.0FM & 87.8FM and 4CIM 98.7FM.

Industry and agriculture
The land around Cairns is still used for sugar cane farming, although this land is increasingly under pressure from new suburbs as the city grows. Within the Cairns Regional Council area there is a sugar mill at Gordonvale.

The Barron Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station is located nearby on the lower Barron River, and provides green power for some of the city's needs.

Transport
Cairns is an important transport hub in the Far North Queensland region. Located at the base of Cape York Peninsula, it provides important transport links between the Peninsula and Gulf of Carpentaria regions, and the areas to the south of the state. Cairns International Airport is essential to the viability of the area's tourism industry.

Roads

The Bruce Highway runs for  from Bald Hills on the City of Brisbane's northern boundary, and terminates in Woree, a southern suburb in Cairns. The Captain Cook Highway (also referred as the Cook Highway) commences at Aeroglen, a northern suburb of Cairns, and runs for approximately  northwest to Mossman.

A need for future upgrades to the Bruce Highway to motorway standards through the southern suburbs to Gordonvale has been identified in regional planning strategies to cope with increasing congestion from rapid population growth. This will result in overpasses at all major intersections from Woree to Gordonvale. The motorway will divert from Bentley Park to Gordonvale, bypassing Edmonton to reduce the effects of road noise on residential areas.

The Kennedy Highway commences at Smithfield on the Barron River flood plain north of Cairns, and ascends the Macalister Range to the township of Kuranda. The highway then extends to the town of Mareeba on the Atherton Tableland, and continues to communities of Cape York Peninsula.

The Gillies Highway commences at the township of Gordonvale, and ascends the Gillies Range (part of the Great Dividing Range) to the town of Atherton on the Atherton Tableland, passing through the township of Yungaburra on the way.

The controversial private road, Quaid Road, was constructed in 1989 through what is now a Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, and links Wangetti, on the coast just north of Cairns, to Southedge, just south of Mount Molloy. The road is not open to the public and is not used for general traffic.

Bus
A public bus transit network exists within the city, with two transit hubs located within the CBD: the Cairns Central Railway Station precinct, and the Cairns City Bus Station located within the Lake street and Shield street area, through which all bus lines operate and provide linkage to taxi, ride share and intercity rail services. The transit network includes most parts of the city, from Palm Cove in the north, Gordonvale in the south and Redlynch to the west. It is managed throughout the city by Translink: through a service contract with the Marlin Coast Subus company, however the Go Card ticketing system has not been implemented in the region. A smaller shuttle bus service, Jon's Kuranda Bus runs between Cairns and Kuranda alongside other private coach services.

Cairns is served by long-distance coaches to Brisbane, and regional cities to the south. Coaches also operate west to Mount Isa via Townsville, and to Alice Springs and Darwin in the Northern Territory.

Taxis and transportation network companies
Cairns also has a major taxi company, Cairns Taxis, which services the Cairns region. Uber was introduced to the region in March 2017, servicing the greater region.

Rail

Cairns railway station is the terminus for Queensland's North Coast railway line, which follows the eastern seaboard from Brisbane. Services are operated by Queensland Rail (QR) and include the high-speed Diesel Tilt Train. Freight trains also operate along the route, with a QR Freight handling facility located at Portsmith.

Pacific National Queensland (a division of Pacific National, owned by Asciano Limited) operates a rail siding at Woree. It runs private trains on the rail network owned by the Queensland State Government and managed by QR's Network Division.

The Kuranda Scenic Railway operates from Cairns. The tourist railway ascends the Macalister Range and is not used for commuter services. It passes through the suburbs of Stratford, Freshwater (stopping at Freshwater Station) and Redlynch before reaching Kuranda.

Freight services to Forsayth were discontinued in the mid-1990s. These were mixed freight and passenger services that served the semi-remote towns west of the Great Dividing Range. There is now a weekly passenger-only service, The Savannahlander, that leaves Cairns on Wednesday mornings. The Savannahlander is run by a private company, Cairns Kuranda Steam Trains.

Cairns is served by a narrow gauge cane railway (or cane train) network that hauls harvested sugar cane to the Mulgrave Mill located in Gordonvale. The pressure of urban sprawl on land previously cultivated by cane farmers has seen this network reduced over recent years.

Airport

Cairns International Airport is  north of Cairns City between the CBD and the Northern Beaches. The domestic terminal at Cairns Airport underwent an extensive redevelopment which began in 2007 and was completed in 2010.

The airport has a domestic terminal, an international terminal, and a general aviation area. The airport handles international flights, and flights to major Australian cities, tourist destinations, and regional destinations throughout North Queensland. It is an important base for general aviation serving the Cape York Peninsula and Gulf of Carpentaria communities. The Cairns airport is also a base for the Royal Flying Doctor Service.

Port

The Cairns Seaport, located on Trinity Inlet, is operated by the Cairns Port Authority.
It serves as an important port for tourist operators providing daily reef trips. These consist of large catamarans capable of carrying over 300 passengers, as well as smaller operators that may take as few as 12 tourists. Cairns Port is also a port of call for cruise ships, such as Captain Cook Cruises, cruising the South Pacific Ocean. It also provides freight services to coastal townships on Cape York Peninsula, the Torres Strait and the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Yearly cargo through the port totals 1.13 million tonnes. Almost 90% of the trade is bulk cargoes – including petroleum, sugar, molasses, fertiliser and LP gas. A large number of fishing trawlers are also located at the port. There is also a marina that houses private yachts and boats used for tourist operations.

The Royal Australian Navy has a base in Cairns (). The base has a complement of 900 personnel, and supports fourteen warships, including the four Armidale-class patrol boats of Ardent Division, four of the six Balikpapan-class landing craft, and all six ships of the Royal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service.

The Trinity Wharf has recently been the subject of a major redevelopment to improve the area for tourist and cruise ship operations. The freight wharves are located to the south of Trinity Wharf further up Trinity Inlet.

Sister cities

  Lae, Papua New Guinea (Morobe Province) since 1984
  Minami, Japan (Tokushima Prefecture) since 1969
  Oyama, Japan (Tochigi Prefecture) since 15 June 2006
  Riga, Latvia since 1990
  Scottsdale, Arizona (USA) since 1987
  Sidney, British Columbia (Canada) since 1984
  Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China (Guangdong province) since 2005

A selection of memorabilia and artefacts relating to Cairns Sister Cities is displayed at Cairns City Library.

Education

Cairns has numerous primary and secondary schools. Separate systems of private and public schools operate in Queensland. There are 20 state primary schools and 16 state high schools operated by the Queensland state government Department of Education within the Cairns City Council area, including 6 schools in the predominantly rural areas south of Gordonvale.

Roman Catholic schools are operated by Catholic Education Cairns. The Roman Catholic system encompasses nineteen primary schools, six secondary colleges and one P-12 college.  There are almost 6,700 primary students and 4,000 secondary students enrolled in the Roman Catholic school system.

There are also three other independent schools – Peace Lutheran College, Trinity Anglican School and Freshwater Christian College.

There is also Hinterland Cairns Steiner School, which is independent.

The Cairns Campus of James Cook University is located at Smithfield. CQUniversity Australia has established a study centre in Cairns. The city also hosts a TAFE college, and a School of the Air base, both located in the inner suburb of Manunda.

Health

The Cairns Hospital is situated on the Cairns Esplanade and is the major hospital for the Cape York Peninsula area. The smaller Cairns Private Hospital is located nearby. A new building due to be completed in 2015 will provide up to 168 more beds.

Cairns is a base for the Royal Flying Doctor Service, which operates clinics and provides emergency evacuations in remote communities throughout the region.

Sport and recreation
Cairns is home to Cairns Football Club, who play in the 2nd tier of association football in Australia. They compete in the NPL Queensland which is one tier under the A-League. The team has represented the city nationally previously at the 2014 FFA Cup. The team competes at Barlow Park.

Notable sporting grounds include Barlow Park, Parramatta Park, Cazaly's Stadium, the Cairns Convention Centre (basketball), and the Cairns Hockey Centre.

The Skill360 Australia Northern Pride Queensland Cup rugby league team played their first season in 2008, and act as a feeder team to the North Queensland Cowboys who play in the National Rugby League. Cairns is represented by Brothers Cairns, Ivanhoes Knights, Cairns Kangaroos, Edmonton Storm and Southern Suburbs Cockatoos in the Cairns District Rugby League.

Cairns has a seven-team AFL competition between teams from the Cairns and Port Douglas region.  AFL Cairns currently hosts one AFL game each season. There is also an AFL Masters team that is based in Cairns, they are known as the Cairns Stingers.  Cairns has a National Basketball League (NBL) team, the Cairns Taipans whose home court is the Convention Centre, known as The Snakepit during Taipans home games. The Cairns region has a large association football (soccer) community with a local competition which spans from Port Douglas to Innisfail and west to Dimbulah. Notable association football (soccer) players from the region include Socceroos Frank Farina, Steve Corica, Shane Stefanutto and Michael Thwaite. Cairns also hosts growing bases for Rugby union, and a local league of Australian rules football.

There is a baseball league at Trinity Beach. The Cairns Showground is used for sports as well, as the Cairns Show and funfairs.

Cairns is a major international destination for water sports and scuba diving due to its close proximity to the Great Barrier Reef. Other recreational activities popular with tourists include whitewater rafting, skydiving, hang gliding, kitesurfing and snorkelling.

Community groups
Established in 1978, the Cairns & District Chinese Association is an arts and heritage organisation seeking to preserve the Chinese culture and heritage of Cairns and North Queensland and enriching the contemporary cultural, social and economic diversity of the community. The society organises events such as the Chinese New Year Festival, organises Lion dancers and dragon boat racing, maintains the Lit Sung Goong Temple, and offers Chinese language classes and social group activities.

Established in 1989, the Cairns and District Family Society maintains a library of world-wide genealogy material at 271 Gatton Street, Westcourt. The society publishes new genealogical resources based on collecting and indexing family information relating to Far North Queeensland.

The Cairns Historical Society operates the Cairns Museum and Cairns Historical Society Resource Centre at the former Cairns School of Arts building on the corner of Lake and Shields Streets in Cairns City.

The Cairns branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 264 Grafton Street, Cairns North.

Indigenous language
Irukandji (also known as Yirrgay, Yurrgay, Yirrgandji, Djabuganjdji and Yirgay) is a language of Far North Queensland, particularly the area around the Kuranda Range and Lower Barron River. The Irukandji language region includes the landscape within Cairns Regional Council.

Yumplatok  (also known as Torres Strait Creole and Broken) is a contemporary Torres Strait Island language originating in the Torres Strait. The contact with missionaries and others since the 1800s has led to the development of a pidgin language, which transitioned into a creole language and now has its own distinctive sound system, grammar, vocabulary, usage and meaning. Torres Strait Creole is spoken by most Torres Strait Islanders and is a mixture of Standard Australian English and traditional languages. It is an English-based creole; however, each island has its own version of creole. Torres Strait Creole is also spoken on the Australian mainland, including Northern Peninsula Area Region and coastal communities such as Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton and Brisbane.

Notable people

 Gavin Allen, Queensland and Brisbane Broncos Rugby League player
 Christine Anu, pop singer and actress
 Aron Baynes, basketball player in the NBA
 Leonard John Brass, botanist
Mark 'Yank' Cantoni, rugby league player
 Terence Cooper, film actor, artist
 Courtenay Dempsey, AFL footballer, Essendon Football Club
 Charlie Dixon, AFL footballer, Port Adelaide Football Club
Catriona Gray, Miss Universe winner
 Ben Halloran, footballer for Fortuna Düsseldorf
 Ken Ham, creationist and religious activist
 Tracey Hannah, downhill mountain biker
 Jarrod Harbrow, AFL footballer, Gold Coast Football Club
 Xavier Herbert, writer
 Justin Hodges, international Rugby League player
Erin Holland, an Australian singer and Television Host
 Nathan Jawai, professional basketball player, first indigenous Australian to play in NBA
 Danilo Jovanovitch, poet
 Susan Kiefel, Chief Justice, High Court of Australia
 Richard Ash Kingsford, Mayor of Brisbane, first Mayor of Cairns
 Emma Louise, musician
 Rayleen Lynch, retired Australian basketball player
Rhyse Martin, Rugby League player, Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
Grant McLennan, musician, The Go-Betweens
 Isabel Lucas, actress
 Ryan McGoldrick, Rugby League player, Castleford Tigers
 Nate Myles, international Rugby League player
 Johnny Nicol, musician
 Wilma Reading, singer
 Adam Sarota, international football player
 Michael Thwaite, footballer for Liaoning Whowin, and occasional Socceroo
 Brenton Thwaites, actor
 Rhys Wakefield, actor
 Naomi Wenitong, member of former pop and R&B duo Shakaya.

Gallery

See also

 List of tallest buildings in Cairns

Notes

References

External links

 Cairns City Council Website
 University of Queensland: Queensland Places: Cairns
 Cairns Local Information Website
 Watch historical footage of Cairns and Far North Queensland from the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's collection.
 Cairns – Tourism Australia

Category:1876 establishments in Australia

Category:Cairns Region
Category:Coastal cities in Australia
Category:Fishing communities in Australia
Category:Populated places established in 1876
Category:Port cities in Queensland
Category:Queensland in World War II


Aster DM Healthcare

Aster DM Healthcare is privately held Indian conglomerate health care provider founded in 1987 by Azad Moopen who hails from Kerala, India. The company is headquartered in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Aster DM Healthcare currently operates hospitals, diagnostic centres, medical centres and pharmacies in the Middle East andIndia.

History

Aster DM Healthcare was founded in 1987 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates by Azad Moopen, a doctor turned entrepreneur. The company is a private sector healthcare provider in the Middle East. The Dubai-headquartered healthcare conglomerate covers an array of healthcare verticals, from hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and healthcare consultancy service.

In November 2014, Aster DM Healthcare finalized Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs and Kotak Mahindra Bank to manage its Rs 1,200-crore initial public offering (IPO) scheduled for early next year. The company plans to sell 10% shares on the bourses though details of the same are not finalized yet. but sebi the regulator of Indian market asked the company to prove the overseas asset networth of the company.

In March 2015, the cricketer Sachin Tendulkar opened Aster DM Healthcare's 150th pharmacy in Abu Dhabi. Sachin Tendulkar is the brand ambassador of Aster Pharmacy and CSR activities.

Business expansion
In May 2011, Aster DM Healthcare opened its first medical centre in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. The new centre was officially inaugurated by the veteran Indian play back singer K. J. Yesudas and various guests from the Government of Sharjah and Ministry of Health.

In February 2013, Aster DM Healthcare announced the interest of investing in the Philippines' healthcare sector. Initially, the company would start with the establishment of pharmacies and possibly hospitals in the later time. Moopen told reporters in a press conference for the launch of the DM Healthcare Foundation Philippines Inc., which is providing free paediatric cardiac surgery to at least 50 Filipino children in two years. In December, they launched its fifth Access Clinic in Jebel Ali Free Zone, or Jafza South, aimed at catering to the day-to-day healthcare needs of the employees in the neighbourhood.

In April 2014, the company announced the plans to establish help desks in Oman for 2 separate campuses of Aster Medcity, South Asia's largest quaternary care hospitals being set up in Thiruvananthapuram and Ernakulam, Kerala, India.

In August 2016, the company has taken over Kavery Medical Institute, Bangaluru and renamed as Aster CMI Hospital, Bangaluru. Its plans for 509 beds and inaugurated by cricketer Sachin Tendulkar on 27 August 2016. In Bengaluru there are four clinics with complete day care facility.

Acquisitions
In 2012, Olympus Capital Holdings Asia bought a minority stake in Aster DM Healthcare for about $100 million. The company did not reveal the size of the acquired stake. However, they announced that Olympus Capital Holdings is now Aster DM Healthcare's largest external investor and that its nominees will join the company's board. In May 2014, Olympus Capital Holdings Asia invested another $60 million into the company.

See also
 Health care provider

References

External links

Category:Companies established in 1987
Category:Health care companies of India
Category:Health care companies of the United Arab Emirates
Category:1987 establishments in the United Arab Emirates


Richard E. Jackson

Richard Ernest Jackson Jr. (born July 18, 1945) is an American politician, civil servant, and teacher from the State of New York. A Republican, Jackson has served as New York State Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, as Mayor of the City of Peekskill, New York, and as a member of the Peekskill City Council. He is notable for being the first African-American mayor of a city in the history of the State of New York.

Biography
Jackson was born in Peekskill on July 18, 1945. He and his wife, the former Ruth Sokolinsky, have two daughters. Jackson has taught mathematics at Peekskill High School.

A three-term Peekskill City Councilmember, Jackson was appointed Mayor of Peekskill in December 1984 by a unanimous vote of the City Council when the previous mayor (future New York Governor George Pataki) stepped down to take another position. Jackson made history as the first African-American Mayor of Peekskill. According to The New York Times, Jackson was also the first African-American mayor of a city in the State of New York. A Republican, Jackson won a full term as mayor in 1985; he later "'won re-election to two successive terms with the largest pluralities in the city’s 51-year history'". He continued to teach mathematics at Peekskill High School while serving in his part-time mayoral post. Jackson stepped down from his mayoral post on April 24, 1991.

In 1995, then-Governor Pataki appointed Jackson to the post of New York State Commissioner of Motor Vehicles. Jackson served as Commissioner from 1995 to 2000.

Notes

References

Category:1945 births
Category:Living people
Category:State cabinet secretaries of New York (state)
Category:New York (state) Republicans
Category:Mayors of places in New York (state)
Category:African-American people in New York (state) politics
Category:African-American mayors
Category:People from Peekskill, New York


Dyson Heppell

Dyson Heppell (born 14 May 1992) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Heppell won the AFL Rising Star award in his first season in 2011, and won a W. S. Crichton Medal and All-Australian selection in 2014. He has served as Essendon captain since the 2017 season.

Early life
Heppell began playing football with Leongatha Football Club, and played for Gippsland Power in the TAC Cup for the 2009 and 2010 seasons. Named as Gippsland's captain for the 2010 season, Heppell also played for the Victorian Country side at the 2010 AFL Under 18 Championships, where he was named in the All-Australian team. At 189 cm, he played as a "line-breaking defender" for the first half of the 2010 season, before moving into the midfield for the second half of the season.

Heppell finished strongly in the Morrish Medal count, which is awarded to the best and fairest player in the TAC Cup regular season, eventually tying for the award with Jackson Sketcher of the Sandringham Dragons, after achieving the maximum votes possible from rounds 13 to 17. Despite finishing the regular season in sixth place on the ladder, both Gippsland and Heppell had a good finals series. He accumulated 36 disposals in an elimination final victory and was named best on ground in the preliminary final win to qualify for the TAC Cup Grand Final. In a stark contrast to the rest of his season, Heppell had a relatively poor game in the grand final, gathering only 20 touches, as the Power were outclassed by the Calder Cannons by 56 points.

AFL career
Despite his performance in the grand final, Heppell was an impressive performer at the AFL draft camp, and was touted by many as being a potential top five draft pick in the 2010 national draft, with some even claiming he could go as high as top three. Most speculation suggested that the Brisbane Lions would select Heppell with pick five, who with his "silky" skills and raking left foot, modelled his style on the Lions' own Josh Drummond.

In the week before the draft, however, a rumour, which Heppell denied, began circulating that he was suffering from groin problems. Due to this, Essendon, which had the eighth selection, became interested that he might fall to their pick, and Heppell spoke to newly appointed coach, James Hird, days before the draft. Hird, who said he had been interested in Heppell for months, believed that Heppell would be selected well before Essendon had the chance to draft him, but when Heppell did slide back due to the groin concerns, Essendon selected him ahead of midfielders Dion Prestia and Shaun Atley. Heppell, who supported the Bombers as a child and had "idolised" Hird while growing up, said that getting drafted by Essendon was "like a dream".

Heppell received the first Rising Star nomination for 2011 after recording 20 possessions in his debut AFL match, against the Western Bulldogs in round 1. In his first season, he played every match of the home and away season and was described as a major contributor in helping Essendon make the finals. Throughout the year, and leading into the vote count, Heppell was widely considered to be the favourite for the Ron Evans Medal, awarded to the rising star of each season. He won the medal, polling 44 of a possible 45 votes and became the first Essendon player to win the award. Heppell described winning the award as "a dream come true".

He continued his ascent as an emerging star by finishing third in the clubs best and fairest award count, Essendon's best and fairest award; his second consecutive top-three placing. Having played his first two seasons largely off half-back, Heppell moved into a ball-winning role in the midfield in 2013, averaging 24 disposals for the season. He polled three Brownlow Medal votes for his 36-possession and two-goal effort against Melbourne in round 2 and was in the best players for the comeback win over Carlton in round 11.

Heppell continued his upward climb throughout the 2014 season, winning his maiden W. S. Crichton Medal, receiving his first selection in the All-Australian team, and polled 14 votes in the 2014 Brownlow Medal.

Heppell, along with 33 other Essendon players, whilst not returning a positive test was found guilty of using a banned performance-enhancing substance, thymosin beta-4, as part of Essendon's sports supplements program during the 2012 season. He and his team-mates were initially found not guilty in March 2015 by the AFL Anti-Doping Tribunal, but a guilty verdict was returned in January 2016 after an appeal by the World Anti-Doping Agency. He was suspended for two years which, with backdating, ended in November 2016; as a result, he served approximately fourteen months of his suspension and missed the entire 2016 AFL season.

In February 2017, Heppell was announced as Essendon's new captain, taking over from Brendon Goddard. In December 2019, Heppell (who was already contracted until 2020) signed a two-year contract extension with Essendon, keeping him at the club until 2022, and retained the captaincy for a fourth season.

Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2019 season.

|- style="background:#EAEAEA"
| scope="row" text-align:center | 2011
|
| 21 || 23 || 3 || 4 || 262 || 231 || 493 || 132 || 63 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 11.4 || 10.0 || 21.4 || 5.7 || 2.7 || 4
|-
| scope="row" text-align:center | 2012
|
| 21 || 20 || 3 || 3 || 250 || 180 || 430 || 113 || 59 || 0.2 || 0.2 || 12.5 || 9.0 || 21.5 || 5.6 || 3.0 || 3
|- style="background:#EAEAEA"
| scope="row" text-align:center | 2013
|
| 21 || 19 || 8 || 11 || 269 || 192 || 461 || 88 || 74 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 14.2 || 10.1 || 24.3 || 4.6 || 3.9 || 10
|-
| scope="row" text-align:center | 2014
|
| 21 || 22 || 6 || 6 || 332 || 294 || 626 || 116 || 99 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 15.1 || 13.4 || 28.4 || 5.3 || 4.5 || 14
|- style="background:#EAEAEA"
| scope="row" text-align:center | 2015
|
| 21 || 22 || 13 || 8 || 304 || 262 || 566 || 87 || 105 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 13.8 || 11.9 || 25.7 || 4.0 || 4.8 || 10
|-
| scope="row" text-align:center | 2016
|
| 21 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 0
|- style="background:#EAEAEA"
| scope="row" text-align:center | 2017
|
| 21 || 23 || 12 || 8 || 314 || 292 || 606 || 118 || 96 || 0.5 || 0.3 || 13.7 || 12.7 || 26.3 || 5.1 || 4.2 || 14
|-
| scope="row" text-align:center | 2018
|
| 21 || 22 || 10 || 4 || 327 || 263 || 590 || 122 || 87 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 14.9 || 12.0 || 26.8 || 5.5 || 4.0 || 13
|- style="background:#EAEAEA"
| scope="row" text-align:center | 2019
|
| 21 || 18 || 4 || 5 || 230 || 243 || 473 || 98 || 52 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 12.8 || 13.5 || 26.3 || 5.4 || 2.9 || 3
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3 | Career
! 169
! 59
! 49
! 2292
! 1957
! 4249
! 874
! 635
! 0.3
! 0.3
! 13.6
! 11.6
! 25.1
! 5.2
! 3.8
! 71
|}

Honours and achievements
Individual
 Essendon captain: 2017–present
 All-Australian team: 2014
 W. S. Crichton Medal: 2014
 Ron Evans Medal: 2011
 AFLPA best first-year player: 2011
 AFLCA best young player of the year: 2012
 3× 22under22 team: 2012, 2013 (c), 2014 (c)

References

External links

Category:Essendon Football Club players
Category:Living people
Category:1992 births
Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Category:Gippsland Power players
Category:Leongatha Football Club players
Category:AFL Rising Star winners
Category:All-Australians (AFL)
Category:Crichton Medal winners
Category:Doping cases in Australian rules football
Category:People from Leongatha
Category:Australia international rules football team players


Bailey School (Springfield, Missouri)

Bailey School, also known as New Bailey School, is a historic school building located at Springfield, Greene County, Missouri. It was designed by architect William B. Ittner and built in 1931.  It is a two-story, red brick building on a concrete foundation with simple Jacobethan Revival style design elements. A long, low one-story warehouse addition on the back wall was added in 1966.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

References

Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Category:Tudor Revival architecture in Missouri
Category:School buildings completed in 1931
Category:Buildings and structures in Springfield, Missouri
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Greene County, Missouri


Mallela Theertham

Mallela Theertham is a waterfall located in the Nallamala Forest in Nagarkurnool, Telangana, India. The River Krishna flows through this forest.  It is located around 58 km from Srisailam and 185 km from Hyderabad.

Waterfall
Mallela Theertham is in the middle of the dense forest. A walk down 350 steps is required to access the waterfall.

The best flows are from the months of October to February. March to June is the dry season. The remaining months are rainy months, and it is very difficult to drive on the muddy road. The water comes from a small rivulet and from this area, it flows through the dense jungle and then meets the Krishna RiverThis place is near to Achampet.

History
It is said that many sages have performed penances there for Shiva and Shiva has himself appeared there to many of his devotees. It is believed that many tigers visit there to drink water during summer.

See also
 List of waterfalls in India

References

Category:Waterfalls of Telangana


District School No. 7

District School No. 7, also known as "The Little Red Schoolhouse", is an historic one-room school building located at Coeymans Hollow in Albany County, New York.  It was built in 1879 and is a single-story, rectangular brick building, three bays by three bays in the Italianate style.  It features a shingle-clad gable roof surmounted by an open belfry.  It features overhanging roof eaves and ornate door and window hood molds.  School use ceased in 1957.  It houses the Little Red Schoolhouse Historical Society.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

References

Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Category:School buildings completed in 1879
Category:History museums in New York (state)
Category:Schools in Albany County, New York
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Albany County, New York


Ahmadabad-e Shahrak

Ahmadabad-e Shahrak (, also Romanized as Aḩmadābād-e Shahrak and Aḩmadābād Shahrak; also known as Shabrak, Shahrak-e Aḩmadābād, Shahrak-e Bālā, Shahrak-e Kohneh, and Verkhnyaya Shayryay) is a village in Bedevostan-e Gharbi Rural District, Khvajeh District, Heris County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 147, in 40 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Heris County


Iris henryi

Iris henryi, is a beardless rhizomatous iris. It is in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and in the 'Chinenses series' of the species, from China. It has thin green leaves, short stem and light-blue, to creamy-white or pale yellow flowers.

Description
It is a small plant which makes foliage resembling a miniature Iris graminea (in Spuria section), the buds do not show up, and the flowers suddenly open up flat at the height of leaf tips,

It has thin long rhizome.

Each tuft of six or eight slender green leaves produces a single stem.  The leaves can reach 20–25 cm in length and around 3 mm in width. They are visibly ribbed (3 raised ribs).

The stem reaches up to 8 cm (4–6 inches) in height, with a single, two-flowered (bud) spathe.
The spathe valves are entirely green when the flower is expanded, and though they are an inch or more in length, yet the pedicel (stem of the flower) is even longer, so that the ovary is exposed above the spathes. The perianth tube is very short at 4 mm long.

The flower buds are yellow, but the flowers blooming in April, range from light-blue, to creamy-white or pale yellow.
They are about 3 cm in diameter, and have a small yellow patch in the centre of the falls, which deepens to green on the haft, the outside of falls are yellow, shading to green in the lower half (the haft near the stem).

The two flowers (on the double spathe) open together for about 4 days, the first flower lasting for about 10 days in good conditions.

Capsules and seeds have not seen or described. They are very difficult to cultivate into producing seed.

Taxonomy
It is known as chang bing yuan wei  in Pidgin in China, which is translated into English as 'long-pedicel iris'.

It was first published by Baker in 'Handbook of the Irideae' in Aug–Nov 1892.

It was later published by Liu Yin in 'Chinese Magazine of Botany' 3(2):591 in 1936. It was also published as 'Iris gracilipes' by Renato Pampanini (Pamp). in Nuov. Gion. Bot. Ital. in 1915. (Now classed as a synonym of Iris henryi) Then in the 'Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society'. 42: 1, 78. in October 1916.

It was named after an Irish plantsman and sinologist Augustine Henry.

Distribution and habitat
Iris henryi is native to China.

Range
In China, it is found within the Chinese provinces, of Anhui, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan.

It is also found in the thick grasses on the hillsides of Kiai Chow, and near the middle Yangtze near Ichang.

Cultivation
It is best cultivated in a greenhouse, but it is susceptible to mould if too dry or wet in winter, and it is also prone to desiccation during the spring or summer.

References

Sources
 Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 79.
 Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
 Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).

External links
Images of Iris henryi and Iris cristata
Image of Iris henryi

henryi
Category:Endemic flora of China
Category:Flora of Anhui
Category:Flora of Gansu
Category:Flora of Hubei
Category:Flora of Hunan
Category:Flora of Sichuan
Category:Plants described in 1892


Final case

Final case is used for marking final cause ("for a house"). Semitic languages had that case, but all of them lost it. In Arabic, nouns in such position are marked by the accusative marking (e.g. ǧadda ṭalaban li-l-ʼaǧri he worked hard for the sake of reward).

See also
Causal-final case found in Hungarian language.

References

Category:Grammatical cases


New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games

New Zealand has competed in all of the Commonwealth Games since the first in 1930, and has won a total of 656 medals including 159 gold.

The New Zealand Olympic Committee (known as The New Zealand Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association prior to 1994) is the body in New Zealand responsible for selecting Athletes to represent New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games. The NZOC is a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation.

In 1978 Nigeria boycotted the Commonwealth Games in protest at New Zealand's sporting contacts with apartheid-era South Africa

Host nation
New Zealand has hosted the Games three times:
1950 British Empire Games – Auckland
1974 British Commonwealth Games – Christchurch
1990 Commonwealth Games – Auckland

Medal tally

Historically, New Zealand has generally been 4th or 5th, though was up to 3rd (1950 & 1962), and down to 11th (1970 & 2010) and 9th (2006). At the first games in 1930, New Zealand's 4th position was ahead of Australia at 5th. At the conclusion of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, New Zealand has earned 159 gold medals, 220 silver medals and 278 bronze medals. In the all-time medal tally New Zealand is ranked 5th behind Australia, England, Canada and India.

By sport
Events in bold featured at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.

Competitors
Notable competitors for New Zealand include Greg Yelavich in sports shooting, who has won 12 medals at 6 games from 1986 to 2010. Rowan Brassey has also competed at 6 games, and has won 3 medals in lawn bowls. Gary Anderson won 3 golds, 2 silvers and 3 bronze medals for New Zealand in cycling. Athlete Valerie Young has won the most gold medals (5) of any New Zealand competitor.

References

External links
New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games
Athletics in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand has a paragraph on each Olympiad and Empire Games to 1964

Category:Nations at the Commonwealth Games


Epoxybutane

Epoxybutane may refer to:

 1,2-Epoxybutane
 1,4-Epoxybutane (tetrahydrofuran)
 2,3-Epoxybutane

Category:Epoxides


A Voyage Round My Father

A Voyage Round My Father is an autobiographical play by John Mortimer, later adapted for television.

The first version of the play appeared as a series of three half-hour sketches for BBC radio in 1963. It then became a television play with Ian Richardson playing Mortimer, Tim Good the young Mortimer, and Mark Dignam his blind barrister father. Mortimer then adapted it for the stage, and it appeared at the Haymarket Theatre in 1971 with Alec Guinness as the father and Jeremy Brett as the son. Mortimer later (1982) turned the play back into a film for television (produced by Thames Television for ITV) in which Laurence Olivier played the father, Alan Bates the son, Elizabeth Sellars the mother and Jane Asher Elizabeth. This production was notable for including blind actor Esmond Knight in a sighted role, as a judge whom Mortimer senior faces. It was filmed in Mortimer's own house.

In June 2006, the play was revived at the Donmar Warehouse with Derek Jacobi and Dominic Rowan; it transferred to Wyndham's Theatre in September.

References

External links

Category:1963 plays
Category:English plays
Category:Works by John Mortimer
Category:International Emmy Award for Drama winners


Salaoua Announa

Salaoua Announa  is a town and commune in Guelma Province, Algeria. It was called Thibilis during the Roman Empire.

References

Category:Populated places in Guelma Province
Category:Communes of Algeria


Oña

''For the town and canton in Ecuador, see Oña Canton.

Oña is a municipality and town located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2011 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,219 inhabitants.

Main sights
 Benedictine monastery of San Salvador de Oña (11th century). During 2012, the town hosted the 17th edition of the sacred art exhibition Las Edades del Hombre.

People from Oña
 Andrés de Olmos (1485 – 8 October 1571) – Catholic church priest and grammarian and ethno-historian of Mexico's Indians
 Martina Ibaibarriaga  (1788–1849) – soldier

References

External links

Category:Municipalities in the Province of Burgos
Category:Populated places in the Province of Burgos


Law of North Korea

The Law of North Korea (officially called the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) is a codified civil law system inherited from the Japanese and influenced by the Soviet Union. It is governed by a socialist constitution and operates within the political system of North Korea.

Legal system

North Korea has a codified civil law system, which was inherited from colonial Japan and is similar to South Korea's system. There are over 100 laws and regulations. The foreign investment laws are well-developed and up-to-date, and there is a highly developed arbitration system.

North Korea has a three-tier court system, based on the Soviet model, comprising a Central Court, provincial courts, and county courts. Judicial affairs are handled by the Central Procurator's Office.

The penal code is based on the principle of nullum crimen sine lege (no crime without a law), but remains a tool for political control despite several amendments reducing ideological influence. Courts carry out legal procedures related to not only criminal and civil matters, but also political cases as well. Political prisoners are sent to labor camps, while criminal offenders are incarcerated in a separate system.

Legal profession
North Korean attorneys must join the Choson Bar Association. The association's Central Committee determines professional standards, as well as the qualifying or disqualifying of attorneys. Attorneys are not hired by individuals or agencies, but rather the committee collects legal representation requests and then assigns cases and pays remunerations to the assignee. However, attorneys do not have a monopoly on providing legal services as anyone might provide representation in civil or criminal proceedings. The Law College at Kim Il Sung University is the only university-level institution that provides legal education. For 12 years, Mike Hay was the only foreign lawyer operating in North Korea. He reported winning or partly winning 70% of cases when representing foreign firms.

Law and politics
According to Robert Collins of the Committee forth Human Rights in North Korea, the specific hierarchy of authority in North Korea is the words or personal directives of Kim Jong-un, followed by the Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System, WPK directives —particularly the policy guidance of the WPK Secretariat's Organization and Guidance Department, the WPK Charter and domestic civil laws, and finally the North Korean Constitution. The WPK, while maintaining the dominant political role within the North Korean party-state, came to serve the leader in primacy above all other political entities. As in other communist political systems, the state and society serve the party, and civil laws do not bind the party.

See also
Law enforcement in North Korea
Politics of North Korea

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

 North Korea at the Law Library of Congress
 Full texts of laws on economy and trade at Naenara
 Compilation of Laws and Regulations (For Foreign Investment)
 North Korea at NATLEX (ILO)
 North Korea at FAOLEX (FAO)
 North Korea at WIPO Lex
 Intellectual property laws at Korea Computer Center (archived)
 Criminal Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1999/2009)
 "Brushes with the Law: North Korea and the Rule of Law" at Keia.org

Category:Politics of North Korea


Garangal Rajpasa

Garangal Rajpasa is a village in Pirojpur District in the Barisal Division of southwestern Bangladesh.

References

External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com

Category:Populated places in Pirojpur District


Linda Sloan

Linda Sloan (born June 27, 1960) is a Canadian politician and municipal councillor in Edmonton, Alberta.

Sloan graduated from the Foothills Hospital School of Nursing in 1982 and began work as a registered nurse.  She soon became involved in the Staff Nurses Associations of Alberta (which she led from 1992 until 1997), the National Federation of Nurses Unions, and the Alberta Association of Registered Nurses.

In 1997, she ran for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the riding of Edmonton Riverview as a candidate for the Liberal Party of Alberta.  She defeated her closest rival, Progressive Conservative Gwen Harris by more than 900 votes.

While in the legislature, Sloan served as Liberal opposition critic for social services, child welfare, and disability programs.  In this capacity, she supported extending adoption rights to same-sex couples and sponsored a private member's bill calling for the creation of a children's advocate who would report directly to the legislature.

When Liberal leader Grant Mitchell resigned in 1998, Sloan became one of four candidates to replace him.  Nancy MacBeth won on the first ballot.

Sloan declined to seek re-election in 2001, and ran for city council in 2004.  She finished second of nine candidates in Ward 1 (behind incumbent councillor and Sloan's former Liberal caucus colleague Karen Leibovici) and was elected.  While on city council, she has served as councillor responsible for the Senior Citizens portfolio.

Linda Sloan is married with two children.

References

External links
Linda Sloan profile Edmonton City Council

Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alberta Liberal Party MLAs
Category:Women municipal councillors in Canada
Category:Edmonton city councillors
Category:People from Perth County, Ontario
Category:Women MLAs in Alberta


Ten bani

The ten-bani coin is a coin of the Romanian leu. It was reintroduced on 1 July 2005 and is the second-largest denomination coin in Romania. In addition to Romania, it has been minted in the United Kingdom (1867), Belgium (1900, 1905-1906), Germany (1906) and Russia (1952).

History

Principality of Romania

The first ten-bani coin was struck in 1867 by two different mints in Birmingham, England: Heaton and Watt & Co. The coin measured 30mm in diameter and weighed 10g. It was composed of 95% copper, 4% tin and 1% zinc. The obverse featured the name of the country and its coat of arms. The reverse featured the denomination within a laurel branch and oak branch. The denomination within the wreath read 10 BANI and 1867. Each mint struck 12.5 million of the coin. Watt & Co. used the mintmark WATT & Co below the wreath while Heaton used  one of HEATON. The coins entered circulation on 1 January 1868.

Kingdom of Romania
A second ten-bani coin was struck only in 1900, in Brussels, Belgium. It measured 19mm in diameter and weighed 3.5g. It was made of 75% copper and 25% nickel. Its obverse featured the crown of Romania above the date within a wreath of a laurel branch and oak branch. The reverse featured the denomination and name of the country. A total of 15 million were issued.

The third ten-bani coin entered circulation in 1905 and also saw issue the following year. Although the same diameter and composition, it weighed 0.5g less (4g) due to a hole through the centre. On the obverse, the crown was placed above the hole and the name of the country was written on a scroll underneath. The reverse featured the denomination at the top, a rose on each side of the middle and the year at the bottom. The coins were designed by Anton Scharff, chief engraver at the Austrian Mint in Vienna. The 10.82 million coins of 1905 were minted exclusively at Brussels while in 1906 17 million from Hamburg, Germany supplemented 24.18 million from Brussels. The Hamburg-struck coins feature a 'J' mintmark below the scroll on the obverse while those of Brussels are without a mintmark.

People's Republic of Romania
The denomination returned in 1952 under communist rule. The new coin was 17.5mm in diameter and weighed 1.8g. It was composed of 80% copper and 10%% aluminium. The obverse featured Romania's communist coat of arms with the inscription around of REPUBLICA POPULARA ROMANA (Romanian People's Republic). The reverse had the denomination and year in plain type in an oak wreath. The coin was struck in Moscow in Soviet Russia and 37.9 million were issued in 1952. In 1953 a star was added to the top of the coat of arms to make them similar to those of other communist nations and minting switched to Bucharest, Romania's capital, which produced 1.6 million. While the weight remained the same, 0.5mm was taken off the diameter. The coins minted in 1955 and 1956 were 17.5mm, and the inscription used the word ROMINA instead of ROMANA. In 1955 4.1 million were minted and the following year 18.4 million.

Post-People's Republic
In the Socialist Republic of Romania (proclaimed 1965) ten-bani coins were replaced with fifteen-bani coins. Following the return of democracy to Romania in 1990, hyperinflation took place which made bani coins obsolete. However, on 1 July 2005, Romania redenominated its currency at 10,000 old lei to 1 new leu. The 1,000 lei coin, in use since 2000, was replaced by the new ten-bani. Early issues of the coin, from its first year 2005, have a diameter 0.1mm narrower than the official measurements.

References

Category:Coins of Romania
Category:Ten-cent coins


Journal of Nursing Management

The Journal of Nursing Management is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed journal covering advances in the discipline of nursing management and leadership. It was established in 1993 by Anthony Palmer, and is published by John Wiley & Sons. The journal is currently edited by Fiona Timmins (Trinity College Dublin).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following bibliographic databases:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.912,  ranking 102th out of 210 in the category 'Management', 16th out of 118 in the category 'Nursing' and  15th out of 115 in the category 'Nursing (Social Science)'.

References

External links

Category:John Wiley & Sons academic journals
Category:General nursing journals
Category:Publications established in 1993
Category:English-language journals
Category:Bimonthly journals


Miles Gerald Keon

Miles Gerald Keon (1821–1875) was an Irish Roman Catholic journalist, novelist, colonial secretary and lecturer.

Biography

He was born on 20 February 1821, last descendant of the Keons, of Keonbrooke, County Leitrim, Ireland; died at Bermuda on 3 June 1875. He was the only son of Myles Gerald Keon, barrister, and on his mother's side was descended from the Fallons of Runnymede, County Roscommon. Both parents dying in his infancy, Keon was left to the care of his maternal grandmother, and later to that of his uncle, Francis Philip, Count Magawly. He studied at the Jesuit college at Stonyhurst, where he wrote the prize poem on Queen Victoria's accession (Stonyhurst Magazine, no. 32). An adventurous pedestrian tour across the European continent followed graduation, terminating in a brief service in the French army in Algeria.

On his return to England he studied law at Gray's Inn, abandoning it shortly for literary pursuits. In 1843 he published "The Irish Revolution, or What can the Repealers do? And what shall be the New Constitution?" ("Tablet", IV, 532), and in 1845 a vindication of the Jesuits (Oxford and Cambridge Review, September, 1845), a controversial article that provoked more than passing interest. The results of his pedestrian tour and military service were apparent in a series of contributions to Colburn's "United Service Magazine" (from September, 1845 to October, 1846). For a few months in 1846 he became editor of "Dolman's Magazine", and on 21 November of that year, married Anne de la Pierre, daughter of an English army officer. In 1847 appeared his "Life of Saint Alexis, the Roman Patrician". For the next twelve years he served on the staff of The Morning Post, becoming its representative at St. Petersburg in 1850. In 1852 his first novel, Harding, the Money-Spinner, appeared, serially, in the London Journal, and in 1856, on the occasion of the coronation of Alexander II of Russia, he was again at St. Petersburg representing The Morning Post. On this occasion he met Boucher de Perthes, in whose reminiscences Keon is pleasantly appreciated.

On his return in 1859 from Calcutta in British India, where he had been sent "under a mistaken arrangement" to edit the "Bengal Hurkaru", he was appointed colonial secretary at Bermuda, a position which he held until his death. In 1866 appeared "Dion and the Sibyls, a romance of the First Century". The year following, at Mechanics' Hall, Hamilton, he gave a course of lectures on "Government, its Source, its Form, and its Means", declining subsequently to lecture in the United States on account of his official position. He attended the opening of the First Vatican Council at Rome in 1869.

Sources

Attribution

External links

Category:1821 births
Category:1875 deaths
Category:Irish journalists
Category:People educated at Stonyhurst College
Category:19th-century journalists
Category:Male journalists
Category:Irish male novelists
Category:19th-century Irish novelists
Category:19th-century male writers
Category:Colonial Secretaries of Bermuda


Clavulinopsis

Clavulinopsis is a genus of coral fungi in the Clavariaceae family. The genus, first described scientifically by Casper van Overeem in 1923, has a widespread distribution.

The name means "having the appearance of Clavulina".

Species

, Index Fungorum lists 67 valid species in Clavulinopsis:

C. alcicornis
C. amoena
C. antillarum
C. appalachiensis
C. archeri
C. arctica
C. arenicola
C. aurantia
C. aurantiobrunnea
C. aurantiocinnabarina
C. boninensis
C. brevipes
C. candida
C. carneola
C. cinnamomea
C. cirrata
C. citrinoalba
C. coliformis
C. corallinorosacea
C. corniculata
C. depokensis
C. daigremontiana
C. depokensis
C. dichotoma
C. fleischeriana
C. fruticula
C. fusiformis
C. graveolens
C. griseola
C. helvola
C. hexaspora
C. hisingeri
C. hexaspora
C. laeticolor
C. ledermannii
C. lignicola
C. liguloides
C. lingula
C. luteo-ochracea
C. luteoalba
C. luteonana
C. luticola
C. michelii
C. miyabeana
C. moricolor
C. ochracea
C. propera
C. punicea
C. pusilla
C. rufipes
C. semivestita
C. septentrionalis
C. sibutiana
C. solomonensis
C. spathuliformis
C. spiculosa
C. spiralis
C. subarctica
C. subfastigiata
C. subflava
C. subumbrinella
C. sulcata
C. sulphurascens
C. tenella
C. tenerrima
C. tetragona
C. umbrina
C. umbrinella
C. yakusimensis

See also
List of Agaricales genera

References

External links

Category:Clavariaceae
Category:Agaricales genera