Tranquillity

Tranquillity (also spelled tranquility) is the quality or state of being tranquil; that is, calm, serene, and worry-free. The word tranquillity appears in numerous texts ranging from the religious writings of Buddhism, where the term passaddhi refers to tranquillity of the body, thoughts and consciousness on the path to enlightenment, to an assortment of policy and planning guidance documents, where interpretation of the word is typically linked to engagement with the natural environment.

Benefits
Psychological being in a tranquil or "restorative" environment allows individuals to take respite from the periods of sustained "directed attention" that characterise modern living. In developing their Attention Restoration Theory (ART), Kaplan and Kaplan proposed that recovery from cognitive overload could most effectively be achieved by engaging with natural restorative environments, that are away from daily distractions and have the extent and mystery that allows the imagination to wander, thereby enabling individuals to engage effortlessly with their surroundings. The theory works on the principle that the amount of reflection possible within such an environment depends upon the type of cognitive engagement, i.e. fascination; that the environment holds. "Soft fascination" is deemed to occur when there is enough interest in the surroundings to hold attention but not so much that it compromises the ability to reflect. In essence, soft fascination, which has been taken by Herzog and Pheasant as a reasonable term to describe tranquillity, provides a pleasing level of sensory input that involves no cognitive effort other than removing oneself from an overcrowded mental space.

Enjoyment
For many, the chance to experience tranquillity is what makes the countryside different from cities. In a survey by the United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) 58% of people said that tranquillity was the most positive feature of the countryside.

Health
In contrast to "soft fascination", "directed attention" requires a significant amount of cognitive effort and it is known that prolonged periods of sustained mental activity can lead to directed attention fatigue. This condition has the potential to significantly affect performance and bring about negative emotions, irritability and decreased sensitivity to interpersonal cues. As the incidence of mental illness continues to rise, there is growing evidence that exposure to natural environments can make a significant contribution to health and wellbeing. Mounting evidence shows, that exposure to nature contributes to physical and psychological wellbeing, such as the review carried out by Louv, that found evidence of "nature-deficit-disorder" in children, which suggests that the importance of being able to engage with restorative environments applies across a wide age range.
Others report that natural tranquil surroundings have profound physiological effects on people suffering from stress. For example, Ullrich found that stress (as measured by blood pressure, muscle tension and skin conductance response), induced by showing videos of workplace injuries, improved significantly quicker following further viewing if videos included natural surroundings rather than busy traffic or shopping scenes. A recent study has demonstrated the benefits of simulating such environments for pain relief during bone marrow aspirate and biopsy.

Economic
Since seeking tranquillity is an important reason why many people visit the countryside, the presence of tranquil areas helps boost rural tourism. Since rural tourism in the UK directly supports 380,000 jobs and £13.8 billion annually to the economy, and a recent survey showed that tranquillity is the main reason why 49% of visitors go are attracted to the countryside, one can conclude that tranquillity is worth 186,200 jobs and £6.76 billion a year to the economy.

Tranquillity research
Natural settings that effortlessly engage our attention are typically associated with soft fascination and with the analysis of tranquillity and preference published by Herzog and Bosely (1992). In this study, the authors attempted to distinguish empirically between the constructs of tranquillity and preference as affective qualities of natural environments. Motivated by ART, from which they took tranquillity as a reasonable term to describe soft fascination, they produced definitions for each component. Tranquillity they defined as "how much you think this setting is a quiet, peaceful place, a good place to get away from everyday life", and preference as "how much you like this setting for whatever reason".
Subjects were asked to score the following visual settings: mountains, deserts, fields / forests and waterscapes against the two target variables, tranquillity and preference, and four descriptor variables: mistiness, unstructured openness, focus and surface calmness. Tranquillity and preference were positively correlated across all settings with tranquillity scoring higher ratings in the field / forest, waterscape and mountain categories, whilst rushing water had the highest rating in the preference category.
Analysis of the results identified three physical features that help explain the apparent split between tranquillity and preference. These were; mistiness, unstructured openness; which refers to how open the scene is and how difficult it is to establish a sense of depth or distance, and surface calmness. Mistiness and unstructured openness tended to depress preference relative to tranquillity whilst surface calmness tended to enhance it. Herzog and Barnes conducted a follow up study in which deserts and waterscapes were included in the setting types. In 2000, Herzog and Chernick conducted further research into the tranquillity construct when they investigated the relationship between tranquillity and danger in urban and rural settings.
The key results that emerged from this research were that "setting care", which relates to how safe we feel in a particular setting, is more salient for judgments of danger in urban settings than natural ones and that openness was a significant predictor of danger but not of tranquillity. The authors concluded therefore that tranquillity and danger should not simply be viewed as polar opposites, but like preference and tranquillity as distinct constructs.

The role of audio-visual interaction within the tranquillity construct

Within tranquillity studies, much of the emphasis has been placed on understanding the role of vision in the perception of natural environments, which is probably not surprising, considering that upon first viewing a scene its configurational coherence can be established with incredible speed. Indeed, scene information can be captured in a single glance and the gist of a scene determined in as little as 100ms. The speed of processing of complex natural images was tested by Thorpe et al. using colour photographs of a wide range of animals (mammals, birds, reptiles and fish), in their natural environments, mixed with distracters that included pictures of forests, mountains, lakes, buildings and fruit. During this experiment, subjects were shown an image for 20ms and asked to determine whether it contained an animal or not. The electrophysiological brain responses obtained in this study showed that a decision could be made within 150ms of the image being seen, indicating the speed at which cognitive visual processing occurs.
However, audition, and in particular the individual components that collectively comprise the soundscape, a term coined by Schafer to describe the ever-present array of sounds that constitute the sonic environment, also significantly inform the various schemata used to characterise differing landscape types. This interpretation is supported by the auditory reaction times, which are 50 to 60ms faster than that of the visual modality. It is also known that sound can alter visual perception and that under certain conditions areas of the brain involved in processing auditory information can be activated in response to visual stimuli.
Research conducted by Pheasant et al. has shown that when individuals make tranquillity assessments based on a uni-modal auditory or visual sensory input, they characterise the environment by drawing upon a number of key landscape and soundscape characteristics. For example, when making assessments in response to visual-only stimuli the percentage of water, flora and geological features present within a scene, positively influence how tranquil a location is perceived to be. Likewise when responding to uni-modal auditory stimuli, the perceived loudness of biological sounds positively influences the perception of tranquillity, whilst the perceived loudness of mechanical sounds have a negative effect. However, when presented with bi-modal auditory-visual stimuli the individual soundscape and landscape components alone no longer influenced the perception of tranquillity. Rather configurational coherence was provided by the percentage of natural and contextual features present within the scene and the equivalent continuous sound pressure level (LAeq).

Predicting tranquillity

Researchers at the Bradford Centre for Sustainable Environments have developed a methodology by which the perceived tranquillity rating (TR) of an amenity area such as park, green or urban square can be measured, on a 0–10 scale. The method involves the assessment of average daytime noise levels Lday (usually traffic noise) and the measurement of the percentage of natural and contextual features NCF contained within the visual scene. The latter includes the percentage area in the visual scene occupied by natural features in the landscape such as vegetation, water and geological features, e.g. exposed rock outcrops, and contextual features. These contextual elements include listed buildings, religious and historic buildings, landmarks, monuments and elements of the landscape, such as traditional farm buildings, that directly contribute to the visual context of the natural environment. Lastly, the equation includes moderating factors (MF) that can influence the perception of tranquillity in either a positive, or a negative way:

 TR = 9.68 + 0.041 NCF − 0.146 Lday + MF.

These moderating factors are not expected to be large and because they are relatively difficult to quantify they are the subject of ongoing research. One potentially effective solution to improving tranquillity, is to mask traffic noise or distract attention with an attractive water sound. A previous experiment has demonstrated that water generated sounds have the potential to improve the perceived tranquillity of gardens blighted by noise.  A further study has demonstrated that litter has the potential to degrade an environment such that the tranquillity rating drops on average by one scale point.

This bi-modal relationship is supported by work recently carried out by SCANLab at the University of Sheffield, using fMRI neuro-imaging techniques. This study demonstrated for the first time the significant differences in effective connectivity between areas of the brain, namely the auditory cortex and the medial pre-frontal cortex, under tranquil and non-tranquil conditions. Specifically the medial pre-frontal cortex receives significantly enhanced contributions from the auditory cortex when presented with a tranquil visual scene compared with non-tranquil visual stimuli.

Mapping tranquillity

The first method of mapping tranquillity was developed by Simon Rendel of ASH Consulting for a Department of Transport study in 1991. This led to the production of a set of Tranquil Area maps covering England, produced by Rendel and ASH Consulting and published by the Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) and the former Countryside Commission.

In these maps tranquil areas were defined as places sufficiently far from the visual or noise intrusion of development or traffic to be considered unspoilt by urban influences.

More sophisticated mapping techniques are now available following work by researchers at Northumbria University, Newcastle University, and CPRE.

Maps have been produced for the whole of England that show the tranquillity score of Ordnance Survey Grid derived 500mx500m squares. The tranquillity rating for these is based on 44 different factors that add to or detract from people’s feelings of tranquillity. These factors were defined following extensive public consultations.

The new methodology uses advanced modelling techniques to look at the diffusion of the impact of these factors over distance, taking into account the terrain of the land. For example, the tranquillity increases gradually the further one is from a busy road, but increases more sharply if the road is hidden in a cutting.

The mapping process was developed by Northumbria and Newcastle Universities. The dark green areas represent those with the highest composite tranquillity score; dark red areas have the lowest composite tranquillity score (i.e., are least tranquil).

Stimuli with positive impacts on tranquillity
 a natural landscape, including woodland
 presence of rivers, streams, lakes or the sea
 birds and other wildlife
 wide open spaces
 clear open night sky with/without moon
 beach in a unique location
 open field, flora etc. with gentle to moderate wind flow

Examples of stimuli having negative impacts on tranquillity
 Motorised transport: cars, motorcycle, trains and aircraft – and roads and railways
 light pollution
 large numbers of people
 pylons, power lines, masts and wind turbines
 noise

Note: This cartographic study showed that tranquillity is not the absence of all noise, activity and buildings. Indeed, it found that many rural activities, such as farming and hiking, and natural noises such as birdsong and cows lowing, enhance people’s experience of tranquillity.

See also
 Ataraxia
 Euthymia (philosophy)
 Inner peace
 Passaddhi
 Upeksa

Notes
Original figures from The Rural Strategy 2004, DEFRA

References

Category:Environmental psychology
Category:Virtue


Larrabee Sound Studios

Larrabee Sound Studios is a collection of recording studios in Hollywood, California, founded by Jackie Mills, who in 1980 co-owned it. By the early 2000s it comprised seven studios in three different locations (called Larrabee East, West, and North), and was owned by Kevin Mills. By that time the studio was cited by Billboard as one of the top studios in the US, and was equipped with Solid State Logic and AMS Neve consoles.

Notable people
Jaycen Joshua
Dave Pensado
Manny Marroquin

References

Category:Recording studios in California
Category:Buildings and structures in Hollywood
Category:Companies based in Los Angeles


2017–18 San Francisco Dons women's basketball team

The 2017–18 San Francisco Dons women's basketball team represents the University of San Francisco in the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. They were led by head coach Molly Goodenbour in her second season at San Francisco. The Dons, as members of the West Coast Conference, play their home games at War Memorial Gymnasium. They finished the season 16–15, 10–8 in WCC play to finish in fifth place. They advanced to the semifinals of the WCC Women's Tournament where they lost to Gonzaga.

Previous season
They finished the season 18–13, 11–7 in WCC play to finish in fourth place. They advanced to the semifinals of the WCC Women's Tournament where they lost to Gonzaga.

Roster

Schedule and results

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Non-conference regular season

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!colspan=9 style=| WCC regular season

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!colspan=9 style=| WCC Women's Tournament

See also
 2017–18 San Francisco Dons men's basketball team

References

Category:San Francisco Dons women's basketball seasons
San Francisco
San Francisco Dons
San Francisco Dons


Brother Where You Bound (song)

"Brother Where You Bound" is the epic length title track to Supertramp's 1985 album of the same name.  Written and sung by keyboardist Rick Davies, it is the longest song Supertramp ever recorded clocking in at 16 and a half minutes (surpassing "Try Again" from their 1970 self titled debut album by more than three minutes).

The introduction to the track features a reading from George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, fragments of spoken news reports, and the final lines from the nursery rhyme Oranges and Lemons. An excerpt from "The Internationale" can also be heard from minute 1:10. The introduction is followed by lyrics that speak about the Cold War that was happening at the time of the recording in 1984. A music video was also produced for the song, which was filmed in the derelict Pan-Pacific Auditorium, starring actor Chris Mulkey. The video was directed by Rene Daalder and aroused controversy due to its graphic violence.

This track features drummer Bob Siebenberg's then brother-in-law Scott Gorham of Thin Lizzy on rhythm guitar. The guitar solos throughout the track were performed by Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour who used his own mixing system where he controlled every sound that went from his guitar onto the album.

In a 2002 radio interview on Rockline, Davies explained how Gilmour got involved on the title cut: "I remember saying to the guys, 'We need to find somebody that can play a bit like Gilmour' for the guitar stuff, and I think it was someone at A&M - it might have been Jordan Harris or somebody, one of those guys - and he said, 'Well, I know David - maybe he would like to come over and do it,' and he sent him a demo and he decided he'd like to do it and he was very reasonable. Came over, brought all his gear and straight to the studio. It was a home studio, my studio, and we did it."

Personnel
Rick Davies: piano, keyboards, vocals
John Helliwell: saxophones
Bob Siebenberg: drums, percussion
Dougie Thomson: bass
Marty Walsh: lead guitar
David Gilmour: electric guitar solos
Scott Gorham: rhythm guitar
Scott Page: flute

References

Category:Supertramp songs
Category:1985 songs
Category:Songs written by Rick Davies


Louis Cukela

Louis Cukela (May 1, 1888 – March 19, 1956) was a Croatian American United States Marine numbered among the nineteen two-time recipients of the Medal of Honor. Cukela was awarded the Medal by both the US Army and the US Navy for the same action during the Battle of Soissons in World War I. He was also awarded decorations from France, Italy, and Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Famous for his broken English, best exemplified by his unforgettable saying, "If I want[ed] to send a goddamned fool, I'd go myself" (when a messenger came back with a stupid garbled reply).

Biography
Louis Cukela was born on May 1, 1888, in the Dalmatian city of Split (or Sibenik ), today's Croatia (at the time Kingdom of Dalmatia, Austro-Hungarian Empire) to George and Johana (Bubrich) Cukela. His mother died in 1900. He was educated in the grade schools of Split, then attended the Merchant Academy and later, the Royal Gymnasium, both for two year courses. In 1913, Cukela emigrated to the United States and he and his brother settled in Minneapolis, Minnesota; his father and three sisters remained in Austria-Hungary.

On September 21, 1914, he enlisted in the United States Army. He was serving as a corporal in Company H, 13th Infantry Regiment when he was honorably discharged on June 12, 1916.

World War I

Seven months later, on January 31, 1917, with World War I raging in Europe and prior to the United States entry into the war, Cukela enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. He became a member of the 66th Company, 1st Battalion, Fifth Marine Regiment.

He was deployed to France in 1918 and fought in all the engagements in which the 5th Marines participated, from Belleau Wood to the Meuse River Crossing. Along the way he collected a commission as a second lieutenant, as well as the Medal of Honor and four Silver Star Citations. From the French, there was the Légion d'honneur, the Médaille militaire (the first award of this prestigious decoration to a Marine officer) and the Croix de guerre 1914–18 with two palms and one silver star. Italy decorated him with the Croce al Merito di Guerra, while Yugoslavia weighed in with the Commander's Cross of the Royal Order of the Crown of Yugoslavia.

He was awarded the Medal of Honor by both the army and the navy (in the "Tiffany Cross" pattern) for the same action on the morning of July 18, 1918, near Villiers-Cotterets, France, during the Soissons engagement. The 66th Company, 5th Marines, in which Cukela was then a gunnery sergeant, was advancing through the Forest de Retz when it was held up by an enemy strong point. Despite the warnings of his men, the gunnery sergeant crawled out from the flank and advanced alone towards the German lines. Getting beyond the strong point despite heavy fire, "Gunny" Cukela captured one gun by bayoneting its crew. Picking up their hand grenades, he then demolished the remaining portion of the strong point from the shelter of a nearby gun pit. He took four prisoners and captured two undamaged machine guns.

Cukela was wounded in action twice but since there is no record of either wound at the navy's Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, he was never awarded the Purple Heart. The first wound was suffered at Jaulny, France, on September 16, 1918, during the St. Mihiel engagement. Cukela was wounded again during the fighting in the Champagne sector. Neither wound was serious.

In addition to the two Medals of Honor, Cukela was awarded the Silver Star by the army; the Médaille militaire (he was the first Marine officer ever to receive this medal), the Légion d'honneur in the rank of Chevalier, the Croix de guerre with two palms, another Croix de guerre with Silver Star, all by France; the Croce al Merito di Guerra by Italy; and Commander's Cross of the Royal Order of the Crown of Yugoslavia. He also received three Second Division citations.

Cukela received a field appointment to the rank of second lieutenant in the Marine Corps Reserve on September 26, 1918, and was selected for a commission in the regular Marine Corps on March 31, 1919. Promoted to first lieutenant on July 17, 1919, he was advanced to the rank of captain on September 15, 1921. His promotion to major was effected on the day of his retirement, June 30, 1940.

After World War I
After the war, Cukela served at overseas bases in Haiti, Santo Domingo, the Philippines, and Tientsin, China, and at domestic stations in Quantico, Virginia; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Norfolk, Virginia; Hampton Roads, Virginia; Mare Island, California; Washington, D.C.; Nashville, Indiana, and Fort Knox, Kentucky.

Cukela served as a second lieutenant of United States Marine Corps stationed at Maissade, Republic of Haiti in the times of the Second Caco War of 1919–1920. By 1919, Haitian Charlemagne Péralte had organized more than a thousand armed guerrillas (called cacos), to militarily oppose the United States Marine occupation. The marines responded to the resistance with a counterinsurgency campaign that razed villages, killed thousands of Haitians, and destroyed the livelihoods of even more. Cukela was the one of the US military personnel questioned by a US Senate committee for the atrocities he committed and abuse of power. Cukela executed a group of prisoners in the middle of a Marine camp there. For this atrocity he was not court martialed rather transferred to another camp
. General Barnett, Marine Corps Commandant in 1920 set up a board headed by Colonel John H. Russell, Jr. to decide which wartime temporary officers would be retired, demoted, or discharged. Educated men of good family were preferred over formerly enlisted men with little formal education. As a consequence of those criteria Cukela was demoted from first lieutenant to second lieutenant despite his wartime heroism.    However, by 1927 he was a captain of the 75th Company of Marines serving in Tientsin, China.

From June 1933 to January 1934, Cukela served as a company commander with the Civilian Conservation Corps. His last years in the Marine Corps were spent at Norfolk, where he served as the post quartermaster. Retired as a major on June 30, 1940, he was recalled to active duty on July 30, of the same year.

Retirement and death
During World War II the major served at Norfolk and Philadelphia. He finally returned to the inactive retired list on May 17, 1946. Cukela served a few days less than 32 years of active duty in the army and Marines.

On March 19, 1956, Cukela died at the U.S. Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland. Following services at St. Jane Frances de Chantel Church, Bethesda, he was buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery on March 22, 1956.

Cukela was profiled in the August 2018 issue of Naval History magazine.

Decorations

Major Cukela had the following decorations and medals:

 Medal of Honor (Navy)
 Medal of Honor (Army)
 Silver Star
 World War I Victory Medal with Aisne, Aisne-Marne, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne, and Defensive Sector clasps and three silver stars
 Haitian Campaign Medal
 Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal with one star
 Yangtze Service Medal
 American Defense Service Medal
 American Campaign Medal
 World War II Victory Medal
 Médaille militaire
 Légion d'honneur (Chevalier)
 Croix de guerre with two palms and silver star;
 Croce al Merito di Guerra
 Commander's Cross of the Royal Order of the Crown of Yugoslavia
 French Fourragère

Medal of Honor citations
Navy citation:

For extraordinary heroism while serving with the 66th Company, 5th Regiment, during action in Forest de Retz, near Viller-Cottertes, France, July 18, 1918. Sgt. Cukela advanced alone against an enemy strong point that was holding up his line. Disregarding the warnings of his comrades, he crawled out from the flank in the face of heavy fire and worked his way to the rear of the enemy position. Rushing a machine-gun emplacement, he killed or drove off the crew with his bayonet, bombed out the remaining part of the strong point with German hand grenades, and captured two machineguns and four men.

Army citation:

When his company, advancing through a wood, met with strong resistance from an enemy strong point, Sgt. Cukela crawled out from the flank and made his way toward the German lines in the face of heavy fire, disregarding the warnings of his comrades. He succeeded in getting behind the enemy position and rushed a machinegun emplacement, killing or driving off the crew with his bayonet. With German hand grenades he then bombed out the remaining portion of the strong point, capturing 4 men and 2 damaged machineguns.

Personal life
Cukela was married to Minnie Myrtle Strayer of Mifflintown, Pennsylvania, on December 22, 1923, in Washington, D.C. Mrs. Cukela died on August 10, 1956, just months after Major Cukela. At the time of his death, Major Cukela was also survived by a sister, Mrs. Zorka Cukela Dvoracek, of Šibenik, Croatia.

See also
 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I
 List of historic United States Marines

References
Inline

General

Category:1888 births
Category:1956 deaths
Category:American Marine Corps personnel of World War I
Category:American Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Category:American people of Croatian descent
Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Category:Civilian Conservation Corps people
Category:Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients
Category:United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Category:Recipients of the Order of the Yugoslav Crown
Category:Recipients of the Silver Star
Category:Recipients of the War Merit Cross (Italy)
Category:United States Marine Corps officers
Category:World War I recipients of the Medal of Honor
Category:Double Recipients of the Medal of Honor


Weld Boathouse

Weld Boathouse is a Harvard-owned building on the bank of the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  It is named after George Walker Weld, who bequeathed the funds for its construction.

History

Weld Boathouse is the second of two boathouses created at its location on the Charles River near Harvard by George Walker Weld.  The first was built in 1889. The second, grander structure was built in 1906 with funds that Weld bequeathed for that purpose.  It is this famous Cambridge landmark, best viewed looking across the Charles from Boston, whose centennial was celebrated in 2006.

Situated at the halfway point of the Head of the Charles course, the Weld Boathouse is just a short walk from Harvard Yard and serves as an integral part of Harvard's athletic landscape.  It is also a favored subject of painters and photographers.

Although previously used for Harvard men's freshmen crew team, Weld Boathouse is currently the home of the heavyweight and lightweight crews of Harvard's varsity women's rowing.  These programs retain the title of Radcliffe Women's Crew, a reminder of the phased merger of Radcliffe College into Harvard University during the latter part of the 20th century. Additionally, Weld Boathouse is home to Harvard's recreational sculling program and the House Crews of Harvard College's twelve residential colleges. Graduate rowing programs also use Weld. Harvard men's rowing uses Newell Boathouse on the Boston side of the river.

Until recent decades, rowing and sculling used finely crafted wooden boats. In that tradition, Weld was home to the hand-carving of a traditional baidarka of the type used by Aleutian hunters.

Anderson Memorial Bridge

Next to the boathouse is the Anderson Memorial Bridge built in 1913 by Weld's niece Isabel Weld Perkins and her husband Larz Anderson.  This bridge was designed with "a high enough arch to admit the passage of all sorts of pleasure craft."  Both the Weld Boathouse and the Anderson Memorial Bridge were funded by heirs to the fortune of 19th century magnate William Fletcher Weld.

See also
Harvard Crimson
List of Charles River boathouses

Notes

References
Harvard Crimson 2/4/1981 "Blaze Burns Weld Boathouse, Causes Little Serious Damage" by Paul Jefferson and Thomas J. Meyer
Harvard Magazine November-December 1998, "The Welds of Harvard Yard" by associate editor Craig A. Lambert
Jamaica Plain Historical Society, "The Weld Family"
Project Gutenberg, Book of Annals and Reminiscences of Jamaica Plain by Harriet Manning Whitcomb

Category:Cultural infrastructure completed in 1889
Category:Cultural infrastructure completed in 1906
Category:Culture of Boston
Category:Landmarks in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Category:Harvard University buildings
Category:Harvard Crimson


Veiloor

Veiloor  is a village in Thiruvananthapuram district in the state of Kerala, India.

Demographics
 India census, Veiloor had a population of 21369 with 10009 males and 11360 females.

References

Category:Villages in Thiruvananthapuram district


Gulf of Argostoli

The Gulf of Argostoli () is a gulf of the Ionian Sea on the island of Cephalonia, western Greece. It separates the Paliki peninsula from mainland Cephalonia, and opens toward the Ionian Sea in the south. The gulf is  long (north to south) and  wide. Lixouri, the second-largest town of Cephalonia, is situated on its western shore, and the capital Argostoli is situated on a bay in the eastern shore. The shores of the gulf are mountainous, especially in the east.

The main settlements on the shore of the gulf are, from the southwest and clockwise: Lixouri, Agios Dimitrios, Kouvalata, Kontogourata, Farsa, Drapano and Argostoli. The Gulf of Argostoli is navigable, and the ports of Argostoli and Lixouri are served by ferries. Concerns have risen about the environmental effects of fish farming in the gulf.

References

External links
Argostoli Gulf on GTP

Category:Argostoli
Category:Gulfs of the Ionian Sea
Category:Gulfs of Greece
Category:Landforms of the Ionian Islands (region)
Category:Landforms of Cephalonia


Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tarragona

The Archdiocese of Tarragona (Latin, Tarraconensis) is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory located in north-eastern Spain, in the province of Tarragona, part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The archdiocese heads the ecclesiastical province of Tarragona, having Metropolitan authority over the suffragan dioceses of Girona, Lleida, Solsona, Tortosa, Urgell and Vic.

The archdiocese, created in Roman times, was reestablished in 1118.

History

Roman period (until the 5th century)

Tarragona is one of the most ancient cities of Spain, probably of Iberian origin, as its coins and Cyclopean walls indicate.

The Romans selected Tarragona as the centre of their government in Spain. In the division of the peninsula it was the capital first of Hispania Citerior (Hither Spain) and then of the Province of Hispania Tarraconensis.

The Church of Tarragona is undoubtedly one of the most ancient in Spain, holding as it does the tradition of the coming of St. James and St. Paul. The visit of St. Paul to Tarragona is not altogether beyond the range of possibilities, supposing that he came from Rome to Spain, as he promised to do, in the Epistle to the Romans (Romans 15:24), and as St. Jerome affirms that he did.

The first written testimony which we have concerning the bishops of Tarragona dates from the third century. This is in the Acts of the Martyrdom of the bishop St. Fructuosus and his deacons Augurius and Eulogius. The list of the bishops of Tarragona, therefore, begins with St. Fructuosus, but it is supposed that other bishops, whose names have been lost to us, preceded him.

The see of Tarragona, which was vacant at that time, was represented at the Council of Arles (314) by two procurators, the priest Probatius and the deacon Castorius. Himerius, who sent the priest Basianus to Pope St. Damasus, and who obtained a letter from Pope St. Siricius, was Archbishop of Tarragona in 384.

It is also conjectured that the Hilarius who was the subject of the Decretal issued by Pope Innocent I was also a Bishop of Tarragona. Ascanio was bishop in 465.

In the fifth century Tarragona was overrun by the Vandals, Suevi, and Alani.

Visigoth period (5th to 7th centuries)

The Visigothic king, Euric, took possession of Tarragona in 475 and totally demolished it. During the occupation of the Visigoths it flourished once more.

Previous to 516 we find the name of Archbishop John, who, on 6 November, 516, assembled all the bishops of his province and held the first provincial council of Tarragona, at which ten bishops were present. In 517 he assembled another provincial council in Girona.

Sergius, who was bishop from 535 to 546, held councils in Barcelona and Lleida (546). St. Justus, Bishop of Urgel, dedicated to him his commentary on the Song of Solomon. Tranquillinus was bishop for many years previous to 560. He had been a monk in the Monastery of Asana, under the direction of St. Victornus.

Artemius, bishop prior to 589, was not able to attend the Third Council of Toledo (589), but sent a substitute, Stephen. He called provincial councils at Zaragoza (599) and Barcelona.

Eusebius (610–632) held the council of Egara (Terrassa) to enforce the canons of the Council of Huesca. Audax (633–638) was present at the Fourth Council of Toledo (633), and Protasius (637–646) at the Sixth (638) and Seventh (646) Councils of Toledo. Cyprianus (680–688) sent representatives to the Thirteenth (683), Fourteenth (684), and Fifteenth (688) councils of Toledo. Vera assisted personally at the Sixteenth (693) and Seventeenth (694).

Muslim period (c. 719 – 1116)

In time of Vera or in that of his successor, George, the Muslim invasion took place. The Arabs destroyed Tarragona in 719.

Louis the Pious appears to have temporarily taken possession of the city. A portion of its territory was bestowed on the Bishop of Barcelona, and the metropolitan rank was given to the Bishop of Narbonne, but was recovered in 759.

Caesarius endeavoured to obtain recognition as titular Archbishop of Tarragona, but was not successful, although he was consecrated by the bishops of Leon and Galicia, and obtained from the pope the abbey of Santa Cecilia, which belonged to the Archbishop of Tarragona.

Borrell, Count of Barcelona, induced Pope John XIII to confer the title of Archbishop of Tarragona on Atton, bishop of Vich in 957–971, although he never was called Archbishop of Tarragona but of Ausona.

Berengarius of Rosanes, Bishop of Vich in c. 1078–c. 1099, petitioned Pope Urban II for permission to promote a crusade for the reconquest of Tarragona. Count Berenguer Ramón II the Fratricide succeeded in taking the city and made it a fief of the Holy See. The pope, in recognition of the efforts of the Bishop of Vich, conferred on him the pallium as Archbishop of Tarragona, transferring to him all rights to the city and its churches which had previously belonged to the Holy See. The new bishop, however, was to remain in possession of the Church of Vich.

A similar concession was granted to St. Olegarius, Bishop of Barcelona in 1116–1137, who was permitted to retain possession of his former Church until he had obtained complete and peaceful possession of that of Tarragona, of which he had been named Archbishop.

Archdiocese of Tarragona (since 1116)

It was not until 1116 that Tarragona was definitively reconquered by Ramón Berenguer III the Great. Bishop Berenguer had died in 1110, after having assisted, in 1096, at the Council of Nîmes convoked by Pope Urban II.

His successor in the See of Tarragona, St. Olegarius, had been a canon regular at St. Rufus in Provence, later an abbot, and then Bishop of Barcelona in 1116–1137. To him is due the restoration of the metropolitan authority of Tarragona. In 1117 Count Ramón Berenguer III conferred on him the government of the city that he might endeavour to recolonize it, which work he carried on with great zeal.

He assisted at the councils of Toulouse and Reims (1109), of the Lateran (1123), and of Clermont (1130), and accompanied the Count of Barcelona as pontifical legate in the war which terminated in the imposition of a tribute upon Tortosa and Lleida. The Norman Robert Burdet also joined the forces of the Count of Barcelona, established himself in Tarragona and obtained dominion over a great part of the city.

On the death of St. Olegarius (6 March 1137), Gregory, Abbot of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa, succeeded him in the vacant See of Tarragona, and was the first incumbent of that see to receive the title of archbishop.

The dissensions among the sons of Robert Burdet led to the murder by them of Archbishop Hugo de Cervellón 22 April 1171.

By special privilege of the pope, all the kings of Aragon were crowned at Zaragoza by the archbishop of Tarragona, until the metropolitan See of Zaragoza was re-established in 1318.

The dissensions between the archbishops and the kings, on account of the jurisdiction over Tarragona granted to the bishops who had begun its resettlement, continued during the time of king Alfonso II of Aragon, who bestowed the city as a dowry on his wife, Doña Sancha.

When king Jaime I, a child of six years, took the oath, the Archbishop of Tarragona, Don Aspargo Barca (1215–1233), carried him in his arms. Although he was far advanced in his years, he wished to accompany the king in his expedition to conquer Majorca, and when Don Jaime refused his consent, he contributed a thousand marks in gold and twelve hundred armed men.

In 1242 a provincial council was convoked at Tarragona to regulate the procedure of the Inquisition and canonical penances. In 1312 a provincial council was assembled in the Corpus Christi Chapel of the cathedral cloister, to pass sentence on the Templars, whom it declared innocent.

King Pedro IV the Ceremonious, who, after forcibly seizing the dominions of the archbishop, repented in his last illness and restored to St.Tecla, patroness of the city, all that he had unjustly acquired.

Don Pedro Zagarriga, Archbishop of Tarragona in 1407–1418, was one of the arbitrators at the Compromise of Caspe (1412).

One of the most celebrated prelates of Tarragona,  Antonio Agustín y Albanell (died 1586), a native of Zaragoza, was an eminent jurisconsult and numismatist. He put an end to the struggles referred to in Don Quixote, between the Narros and Cadells factions, which had disturbed the peace of Catalonia.

In 1912 it was bounded on the north by Barcelona and Lleida, on the east by Barcelona, on the south by the Mediterranean Sea and Tortosa, and on the west by Tortosa. It comprised the civil Provinces of Tarragona and Lleida, and the city of Tarragona had 24,335 inhabitants. Its suffragans were Barcelona, Lleida, Girona, Urgell, Vic, Tortosa and Solsona.

Archbishops of Tarragona (6th century – c. 712)
All the names in italics are given in Spanish:

 . c. 259 : St. Fructuosus
 . c. 385 : Himerius of Tarragona — (before 385)
 . c. 402 : Hilarius of Tarragona
 . c. 420 : Ticiano of Tarragona
 . c. 465 : Ascanio of Tarragona
 470–520 : John
 520–555 : Sergius — (or 535–546)
 560–580 : Tranquillinus of Tarragona — (c. 560 – after 580)
 589–599 : Artemius of Tarragona
 . c. 599 : Asiático
 610–632 : Eusebius of Tarragona — (c. 610? – c. 632)
 . c. 633 : Audax — (Mentioned in the Fourth Council of Toledo of 633, or 633–638)
 . c. 635 : Selva — (Mentioned in 635)
 637–646 : Protasius — (assisted to the Sixth (638) and Seventh (646) Councils of Toledo)
 646–668 : Faluax — (646–668?)
 668–688 : Cyprianus — (or 680–688)
 . c. 693 : Vera – (Mentioned in the Sixteenth (693) and Seventeenth (694) Councils of Toledo)
 711– . . . . : Próspero, Saint — (711–unknown)

In 711 the Muslim invasion took place, and the Arabs destroyed Tarragona in 719.

Bishops of Tarragona (8th to 11th centuries)

 956–unknown : Caesarius
 970–971 : Atton — (also bishop of Vich in 957–971)
 1091–1099 : Berenguer Seniofredo de Llusá — (also Berengarius of Rosanes, also bishop of Vich in c. 1078–c. 1099)

Archbishops of Tarragona (since 1118)
Count Ramón Berenguer III the Great took Tarragona in 1116.

 1118–1137 : Olegarius, Saint — (also bishop of Barcelona in 1116–1137)
 1143–1146 : Gregory
 1146–1163 : Bernardo Tort
 1163–1171 : Hugo de Cervelló — (also Hugo de Cervellón)
 1171–1174 : Guillermo de Torroja
 1174–1194 : Berenguer de Vilademuls
 1194–1198 : Ramón Xedmar de Castelltersol
 1199–1215 : Ramón de Rocabertí
 1215–1233 : Asparec de la Barca — (also Aspargo Barca)
 1235–1237 : Raymond of Penyafort, O.P.
 1237–1239 : Guillermo de Montgrí
 1238–1251 : Pedro de Albalat
 1251–1268 : Benito de Rocabertí
 1272–1287 : Bernardo de Olivella
 1288–1308 : Rodrigo Tello
 1309–1315 : Guillermo de Rocabertí
 1317–1327 : Jimeno Martínez de Luna y Aragón
 1327–1334 : Juan de Aragón
 1334–1346 : Arnaldo Sescomes
 1346–1357 : Sancho López de Ayerbe
 1357–1380 : Pedro Clasquerí
 1388–1407 : Eneco de Vallterra
 1407–1418 : Pedro de Sagarriga y Pau — (also Pedro Zagarriga)
 1419–1431 : Dalmacio de Mur y de Cervelló
 1431–1433 : Gonzalo Fernández de Hijar
 1434–1445 : Domingo Ram y Lanaja
 1445–1489 : Pedro de Urrea
 1490–1511 : Gonzalo Fernández de Heredia y de Bardají
 1512–1514 : Alfonso de Aragón y Sánchez
 1515–1530 : Pedro Folc de Cardona
 1531–1532 : Luis Folc de Cardona y Enríquez
 1533–1558 : Girolamo Doria
 1560–1567 : Fernando de Loaces y Pérez
 1567–1568 : Bartolomé Sebastián de Aroitia
 1568–1575 : Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta
 1576–1586 : Antonio Agustín y Albanell
 1587–1603 : Joan Terès i Borrull
 1604–1611 : Juan de Vic y Manrique
 1613–1622 : Juan de Moncada y Gralla
 1624–1626 : Juan de Hoces
 1627–1633 : Juan Guzmán (archbishop)
 1633–1637 : Antonio Pérez (archbishop)
 1653–1663 : Francisco de Rojas y Artés
 1663–1679 : Juan Manuel de Espinosa y Manuel
 1680–1694 : José Sanchís y Ferrandis
 1695–1710 : José Llinás y Aznar
 1712–1719 : Isidoro de Beltrán
 1720–1721 : Miguel Juan de Taverner y Rubí
 1721–1728 : Manuel de Samaniego y Jaca
 1728–1753 : Pedro de Copons y Copons
 1753–1762 : Jaime de Cortada y Bru
 1763–1764 : Lorenzo Despuig y Cotoner
 1764–1777 : Juan Lario y Lanzis
 1779–1783 : Joaquín de Santiyán y Valdivielso
 1785–1803 : Francisco Armañá y Font
 1804–1816 : Romualdo Mon y Velarde
 1818–1819 : Antonio Bergosa y Jordán
 1820–1825 : Jaime Creus Martí
 1826–1854 : Antonio Fernando de Echanove y de Zaldívar
 1857–1864 : José Domingo Costa y Borrás
 1864–1870 : Francisco Fleix y Solans
 1875–1878 : Constantino Boney y Zanuy
 1879–1888 : Benito Vilamitjana y Vila
 1889–1911 : Tomás Costa y Fornaguera
 1913–1918 : Antolín López Peláez
 1919–1943 : Francisco Vidal y Barraquer
 1944–1948 : Manuel Arce y Ochotorena
 1949–1970 : Benjamín de Arriba y Castro
 1970–1983 : José Pont y Gol
 1983–1996 : Ramón Torrella Cascante
 1997–2004 : Lluís Martínez Sistach
 2004–2019 : Jaume Pujol Balcells
 2019–present : Joan Planellas i Barnosell

See also
 List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of Spain.

References

This article draws only from other Wikipedia articles and these two sources:
  Catholic Encyclopedia, 1912: Tarragona
  IBERCRONOX: Arzobispado de Tarragona (Tarraco)

Sources and external links
 Archdiocese of Tarragona Official Website

Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in Catalonia
Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in Spain
*


Don Bosco College of Engineering

Don Bosco College of Engineering is an institute of technical education in Fatorda, Goa. It was established in 2011, and is run by the Fatorda Salesian Society. The college campus was designed by civil engineer Olavo Carvalho.

Affiliations
The college is affiliated with Goa University and approved by the AICTE.

Courses offered
 B.E. Civil Engineering
 B.E. Computer Engineering
 B.E. Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
 B.E. Mechanical Engineering: The mechanical engineering department has conducted a programme on industrial automation and conducted a project related to mechanical beach cleaning.

Sports
The college has several sports facilities and takes part in football, cricket, chess, cycling and other sports.

FiiRE
Don Bosco college has a Business Incubation Center called Forum for Innovation, Incubation Research and Entrepreneurship (FiiRE). This center has a partnership with the state agriculture department, and has even signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Manovikas School's Manovikas Public Charitable Trust to guide students from a young age.

Cultural and non-academic activities
DBCE organizes a project exposition called Kshitij. The Civil Engineering department organizes a national-level technical festival called Sankriti. The college also has an active students' chapter of the Goa Technology Association (GTA).

Gallery

See also
 Goa Engineering College
 Don Bosco Institute of Technology, Bangalore
 Don Bosco Institute of Technology, Mumbai

References

External links

Category:Engineering colleges in Goa
Category:Educational institutions established in 2011
Category:Education in South Goa district
Category:2011 establishments in India


Central arteries

Central arteries may refer to:

 Anterolateral central arteries
 Central artery of retina
 Paramedian arteries, also known as posteromedial central arteries


Unscrewed (album)

Unscrewed is an album by The Tokens, originally released in 1999. This album in now available on audio CD from BT Puppy Records. This is largely a compilation album, as only 4 tracks were previously unreleased.

Track listing

 Ba Ba Booey - 2:28 - First Release
 Naked Before You - 3:38 - First Release
 Bathroom Wall - 1:52 -  Intercourse
 Coco Seco - 2:49 - Tonight The Lion Dances
 Play Ball - 2:22 - Oldies Are Now
 In And Out - 0:26 -  Intercourse
 Animal - 3:09 -  Intercourse
 Hitler's Still Alive - 3:20 - First Release
 You Loser You Fool - 2:14 -  Intercourse
 After The Beep - 0:24 - Tonight The Lion Dances
 Wimoweh Reprise - 1:01 - Oldies Are Now
 Speak Up Mambo - 3:00 - Tonight The Lion Dances
 Just A Thought - 3:09 - Oldies Are Now
 Green Plant - 2:57 - Tonight The Lion Dances
 Commercial - 1:06 -  Intercourse
 Rica Cha - 3:10 - Tonight The Lion Dances
 Oldies Are Now - 2:59 - Oldies Are Now
 When I Was Old - 3:15 - First Release
 Only In My Dreams - 3:50 - Tonight The Lion Dances

External links
The Tokens Official Web Page

Category:The Tokens albums
Category:1999 albums


Hersey Township

Hersey Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 Hersey Township, Michigan
 Hersey Township, Nobles County, Minnesota

Category:Township name disambiguation pages


Øyvind Mellemstrand

Øyvind Mellemstrand (born 17 October 1969), is a Norwegian retired footballer who played as a defender.

Club career
Mellemstrand played for Viking during the early 1990s, and played against Barcelona in the 1992–93 UEFA Champions League, where the Norwegian side narrowly lost 1–0 on aggregate in the first round against the defending European Champions.

References

External links

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Viking FK players
Category:FK Haugesund players
Category:Norwegian footballers
Category:Eliteserien players


Sweden at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics

Sweden participated at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires from 6 to 18 October 2018. 18 athletes will compete for the country at the games.

Medalists

| width="56%" align="left" valign="top" |

Medalists in mixed NOCs events

Badminton

Sweden qualified one player based on the Badminton Junior World Rankings.

Singles

Team

Beach volleyball

Sweden qualified a boys' team based on their performance at 2017-18 European Youth Continental Cup Final.

Golf

Individual

Team

Gymnastics

Artistic
Sweden qualified two gymnasts based on its performance at the 2018 European Junior Championship.

Boys

Girls

Multi-discipline

Rowing

Sweden qualified one boat based on its performance at the 2017 World Rowing Junior Championships.

Swimming

Sweden is eligible to send a total of eight swimmers to the games after finishing among the top sixteen teams at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.

Boys

Girls

Mixed

Table tennis

Singles

Team

Taekwondo

Girls

Triathlon

Sweden qualified one athlete based on its performance at the 2018 European Youth Olympic Games Qualifier.

Individual

Relay

Wrestling

Girls' freestyle

References

Category:2018 in Swedish sport
Category:Nations at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics
Category:Sweden at the Youth Olympics


AlphaDream

(formerly known as ) was a video game development company founded in 2000 by Tetsuo Mizuno in Tokyo, Japan. In partnership with Nintendo, it produced software for the Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo Switch, including the Mario & Luigi series. The company's staff included prominent former developers from Square, such as Chihiro Fujioka. On October 1, 2019, AlphaDream was shut down after declaring bankruptcy.

History
AlphaDream was founded on January 12, 2000. They were then known as Alpha Star. Several members of their staff were notable staff from Square. They are known for their role-playing games, most notably the Mario & Luigi series for the Game Boy Advance, the Nintendo DS and the Nintendo 3DS.

The company was founded in 2000 by Tetsuo Mizuno, the past president of Square. Their first game, Koto Battle, was a Pokémon-style role-playing game, wherein the player battles three of their twenty character cards against AI opponents. It was released in March 2001 for the Game Boy Color. While it remains a Japan-only game, it was later re-released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console.

AlphaDream's next game was Tomato Adventure, released in January 2002. The player, as DeMille, a tomato-hater in the Ketchup Kingdom, fights his way from his outcast village to rescue his girlfriend. The in-game weapons are toy-like and the battles against opponents involve minigames.

Tomato Adventure was co-developed with Graphic Research and directed by Chihiro Fujioka of Super Mario RPG and Final Fantasy Legend III. It was expected for release on the Game Boy Color as Gimmick Land, but was pushed to the new Game Boy Advance and renamed for better marketing. Tomato Adventure has not been released outside Japan.

AlphaDream became the developer of the Mario & Luigi series of games shortly after, with the first entry in the series, Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga, releasing in 2003.

On October 1, 2019, AlphaDream declared bankruptcy, citing sluggish revenues and high development costs, and being unable to keep up with growing debt (which as of March 2018 was over ¥465 million).

Developed games

Notes

References

External links

Category:Video game companies of Japan
Category:Defunct video game companies
Category:Video game companies established in 2000
Category:Video game companies disestablished in 2019
Category:Japanese companies established in 2000
Category:Japanese companies disestablished in 2019
Category:Video game development companies
Category:Software companies based in Tokyo
Category:Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Japan


Yengi Qaleh, Hamadan

Yengi Qaleh (, also Romanized as Yengī Qal‘eh; also known as Yengeh Qal‘eh) is a village in Razan Rural District, in the Central District of Razan County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 468, in 111 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Razan County


Girolamo Zenti

Girolamo Zenti (Viterbo c.1609 - Paris c.1666) (also: Girolama de Zenti, Gerolamo de Sentis, Hieronymus de Zentis) was an Italian harpsichord maker and organ builder in the 17th century. He is known as the probable inventor of the bentside spinet and for having traveled unusually extensively to practice his trade at the courts of Europe, including Rome, Florence, Paris, London and Stockholm.

Biography
Information on Zentis life is fragmentary and spread wide. Zenti was born in Viterbo, near Rome, and was registered as an instrument maker in the papal capital by 1638. He was apprentice to Giovani Battista Boni, and took over the workshop at the latter's death in 1641. He took a commission at the Swedish court in 1653, serving Queen Christina for several years. He took an Organ building project in Rome in 1660, but left the instrument unfinished for Paris. By 1664 he was in service at the newly restored English court of Charles II. He received the title of The King's virginal maker, but was back in Rome before the year was out. Two years later he was again in Paris, where he died in 1666. At some point he was probably in service of the Medici family in Florence, for an inventory made at Cristofori's arrival there in 1700 lists six Zenti instruments.

Zenti and the bentside spinet
It is not proven that Zenti invented the bentside spinet, but the earliest existing bentside spinet (1631) is by Zenti, and the instrument became popular, especially in Britain, after his travels there. The final clue giving this theory support is that in France the bentside spinet was called: espinette á l'italienne.

Surviving instruments

No instruments from his time in northern Europe have been discovered, but around a dozen instruments from Italy have been attributed to him, although only two with certainty, a bentside spinet and a harpsichord.  The most famous is without doubt the 1631 bentside spinet now in Brussels. A true inner instrument of thinwalled cypress in an ornate outer box, single scale in brass.   A harpsichord, now preserved at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NY, dated to the year of his death in 1666, is a single manual, 2x8', true inner-outer instrument, notbly restored by Cristofori's apprentice, Giovani Ferrini, bearing the inscription: "HIERONYMUS ZENTI FECIT ROMAE A.S. MDCLXVI/ JOANNES FERRINI FLORENTINVS RESTAVRAVIT MDCCLV"    The Metropolitan museum also houses an octave spinet probably by Zenti of unusually small size, possibly made for a child. In the Deutsches Museum in Munich there is an instrument traced through organological evidence to Zenti, that regrettably is a victim of Leopoldo Franciolini, a noted antiques fraudster in the late 19th century who ruined the instrument by installing two extra keyboards to pump up its price.

See also
List of historical harpsichord makers
Giovanni Batista Giusti (harpsichord maker)

References

Sources
 Kottick EL, A History of the Harpsichord, 2003, Indiana University Press.
 Kipnis I, The Harpsichord and Clavichord: An Encyclopedia, 2013, Routledge
 Boalch, Builders of the Harpsichord and clavichord 1480 - 1840, 1 ed, 1956, Oxford University Press.

External links
 Photo and description of the 1666 harpsichord at the Metropolitan Museum of Arts in New York
 Photo and description of the octave spinet attributed to Zenti at the Metropolitan Museum of Arts in New York

 A video of Julian Perkins performing on the harpsichord attributed to Girolamo Zenti in the Cobbe Collection at Hatchlands Park.

Category:1609 births
Category:1666 deaths
Category:Inventors of musical instruments
Category:Italian inventors
Category:Italian musical instrument makers
Category:Harpsichord makers
Category:17th-century Italian people


Dave Coggin

Dave Coggin (born October 30, 1976), is an American former professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, from  through .
He now owns a facility named PFA, (Performance For Athletes) that helps develop baseball, softball, and golf players to do better in their sport.

Personal life
Coggin lives with his wife Joanna and their golden retriever, "Huey Lewis", in Rancho Cucamonga, California.

External links

Category:1976 births
Category:Major League Baseball pitchers
Category:Baseball players from California
Category:Philadelphia Phillies players
Category:Living people
Category:Orange County Flyers players


Guzmania madisonii

Guzmania madisonii is a species of plant in the family Bromeliaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.  Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

References

Category:Flora of Ecuador
madisonii
Category:Vulnerable plants
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Bachendri Pal

Bachendri Pal (born 24 May 1954) is an Indian mountaineer, who in 1984 became the first Indian woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.She is awarded the third highest civilian award Padma Bhushan by Government of India in 2019.

Early life
Bachendri Pal was on born to a [[Uttarakhand Bhotiya|Bhotiya] family on 24 May 1954 in Nakuri, in the [Uttarkashi district] in the Indian state of [Uttarakhand]. She was one of five children to Hansa Devi, and Shri Kishan Singh Pal, – a border tradesman who supplied groceries from India to Tibet. She was born only five days before the first anniversary of the original ascension of Mount Everest by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary. She completed her M.A. and B.Ed. from D.A.V. Post Graduate College, Dehradun. She got her first taste of mountaineering thrill at the age of 12,  along with her friends, scaled a  high peak during a school picnic. On the invitation of her school principal, she was sent to college for higher studies and became the first girl to 1982, during her course at Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, she climbed Mt. Gangotri 1  and Mt. Rudragaria . In that time, she got employment as an instructor at the National Adventure Foundation (NAF), which had set up an adventure school for training women to learn mountaineering.

Pal encountered stiff opposition from her family and relatives when she decided to opt for a career as a professional mountaineer rather than as a schoolteacher. She soon found success in her chosen field, however.

After summitting a number of smaller peaks, she was selected to join India's first mixed-gender team to attempt an expedition to Mount Everest in 1984.

Ascent
In 1984, India had scheduled its fourth expedition, christened Everest'84, to Mount Everest. Bachendri Pal was selected as one of the members of the elite group of six Indian women and eleven (11) men who were privileged to attempt ascent to the Mount Everest (Sagarmatha in Nepalese). The news filled them with a sense of ecstasy and excitement. The team was flown to Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, in March 1984, and from there the team moved onwards. Recalling her first glimpse of the Mount Everest, Bachendri once reminisced: "We the hill people have always worshipped the mountains…my overpowering emotion at this awe-inspiring spectacle was, therefore, devotional".<ref name="My Journey to the Top">Book: '
st – My Journey to the Top, an autobiography published By National Book Trust, Delhi</ref> The team commenced its ascent in May 1984. Her team almost met disaster when an avalanche buried its camp, and more than half the group abandoned the ascent because of injury or fatigue. Bachendri Pal and the remainder of the team pressed on to reach the summit. Bachendri Pal recalls this accident: "I was sleeping in one of the tents with my teammates at Camp III at an altitude of . On the night of 15–16 May 1984, at around 00:30 hours IST, I was jolted awake; something had hit me hard; I also heard a deafening sound and soon after I found myself being enveloped within a very cold mass of material''".

On 22 May 1984, Ang Dorjee (the Sherpa Sirdar) and some other climbers joined the team to ascend to the summit of Mount Everest; Bachendri was the only woman in this group. They reached the South Col and spent the night there at Camp IV at the altitude of . On 23 May 1984, early morning at 6:20 a.m., they continued the ascent, climbing "vertical sheets of frozen ice"; cold winds were blowing at the speed of about 100 km per hour and temperatures touching minus 30 to 40 degrees Celsius. On 23 May 1984, the team reached the summit of Mount Everest at 1:07 p.m. IST and Bachendri Pal created history. She achieved this feat on the day before her 30th birthday, and six days before the 31st anniversary of the first ascension to Mount Everest.

After
Bachendri Pal continued to be active after ascending the highest peak in the world. She successfully led:
An "Indo-Nepalese Women’s Mount Everest Expedition – 1993" team comprising only women, which set benchmarks for Indian mountaineering when 18 people reached the summit including 7 women.
All women team of rafters in "The Great Indian Women's Rafting Voyage – 1994", which had 18 women in 3 rafts. It was a pioneering effort by women in successfully completing the journey in the river Ganges from Haridwar to Calcutta, covering 2155 km. in 39 days.
The "First Indian Women Trans-Himalayan Expedition – 1997", which was an effort by 8 women, who completed the trekking journey from the eastern part of the Himalayas from Arunachal Pradesh to the western part of the Himalayas at Siachen Glacier reaching Indira Col – the northernmost tip of India at the altitude of , covering more than 4500 km in '225' days by crossing more than 40 high Mountain passes. This is the first success by any country.

Social service
Bachendri Pal along with Premlata Agarwal and a group of ace climbers, which includes Mt. Everest summiteers have, quietly arrived in Uttarkashi and carried out relief and rescue operations in the remotest high altitude villages of the Himalayas that had been ravaged in the 2013 North India floods.

Awards and accolades
Bachendri Pal has been conferred with following awards and accolades:

Gold Medal for Excellence in Mountaineering by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation (1984)
Padma Shri – the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India (1984)
Gold Medal by the Department of Education, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (1985)
Arjuna Award by the Government of India (1986)
Calcutta Ladies Study Group Award (1986)
Listed in the Guinness Book of World Records (1990)
National Adventure Award by the Government of India (1994)
Yash Bharti Award by the Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (1995)
Honorary Doctorate from the Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (formerly known as Garhwal University) (1997)
She is the first recipient of Virangana Lakshmibai Rashtriya Samman 2013–14, which was given by the Ministry of Culture, Government of Madhya Pradesh, India at Gwalior on 18 June 2013 for her personal achievement in Adventure sports and women's upliftment in the country.

Padma Bhushan – the Third highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2019)

Books and publications
Author of "Everest – My Journey to the Top", (an autobiography published By National Book Trust, Delhi)

Further reading

See also
List of Mount Everest records of India
List of Mount Everest records
List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit
H.P.S. Ahluwalia
List of Indian women athletes
List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest

References

External links
Bachendri Pal Biography
Indian Autograph's profile

Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian female mountain climbers
Category:Indian mountain climbers
Category:People from Uttarkashi district
Category:Indian summiters of Mount Everest
Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Category:20th-century Indian women
Category:Sportswomen from Uttarakhand
Category:Mountain climbers from Uttarakhand
Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports


Areca gurita

Areca gurita is an extant species of single-stemmed palm tree (genus Areca) indigenous to the Malaysian state of Sarawak on Borneo. Following Heatubun's identification of A. gurita in 2011, he recorded specimens in the vicinity of Kota Padawan, Kampong Patak, and Kampung Siburan, south of Kuching.

References

Bibliography

gurita
Category:Endemic flora of Borneo
Category:Flora of Sarawak
Category:Fruits originating in Asia
Category:Plants described in 2011
Category:Tropical fruit


Frank Ripploh

Frank Ripploh (September 2, 1949 – June 24, 2002) was a German actor, film director, and author.  He is best remembered for his semi-autobiographical 1980 film Taxi zum Klo.  The film, produced on a shoestring budget of 100,000 DM,  explored the day-to-day life of a Berlin schoolteacher who also led a very active gay sex life.  Extremely explicit for its day, and for some time afterward (to the point where the film was not passed uncut by the British Board of Film Classification until 2011), Taxi zum Klo was considered groundbreaking for the subject matter it portrayed, and achieved something of a cult status among gay audiences of the time. In 1987, Ripploh directed a sequel entitled Taxi nach Kairo, but the film was not considered as successful as its predecessor, and it was not released outside Germany.

Ripploh also participated in the creation of a small number of other art house films during the 1980s, and had a role in the 1982 movie Querelle directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Ripploh died of cancer in 2002.

Filmography

References

External links

Category:1949 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:People from Rheine
Category:German film directors
Category:German-language film directors
Category:German screenwriters
Category:LGBT directors
Category:LGBT writers from Germany
Category:LGBT screenwriters
Category:Gay actors
Category:German male writers
Category:Male screenwriters
Category:German-language LGBT writers


Sei Bingai

Sei Bingai is a subdistrict of Langkat Regency. It borders Binjai to the north, Kuala and Salapian to the west, Deli Serdang Regency to the east, and Karo Regency to the south. Most people in Sei Bingai are Karo. A majority of people in Sei Bingai are Muslims, as the Karo are predominantly, but not entirely Christian in this area.

Agriculture
There are 6,509 hectares of oil palm, 6,077 hectares of sawah (wet rice), 7,125 hectares of maize, 1,449 hectares of Natural rubber, 1,150 hectares of cocoa beans, 720 hectares of sugar palm, 308 hectares of pinang, among other crops, grown in the area. There is also a palm oil factory in Tanjung Gunung, along with other minor cottage industries.

References

Category:Langkat Regency


Jarzynny Kierz

Jarzynny Kierz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chorzele, within Przasnysz County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Chorzele,  north of Przasnysz, and  north of Warsaw.

The village has a population of 20.

References

Jarzynny Kierz


Pakistan Zindabad

Pakistan Zindabad ( — , ;  meaning, "Victory to Pakistan" is a slogan used by Pakistanis as an expression of victory or patriotism, often used in political speeches. Its use started even before the creation of Pakistan, during the later phase of the Pakistan Movement. The slogan became a battle cry and greeting for the Muslim League, which was struggling for an independent country for the Muslims of South Asia, when World War II ended and the independence movement geared up. During the partition the slogan was shouted when trains transporting Muslims entered Pakistan. Pakistan Zindabad is also the National slogan of Pakistan.

Etymology
The slogan is a use of the standard Urdu and Persian suffix Zindabad (Long Live) that is placed after a person or a country name. It is used to express victory, patriotism or as a prayer. In literal translation, Pakistan Zindabad means "Long Live Pakistan"; it also is rendered as "Victory to Pakistan".

History
The Pakistan Zindabad slogan was first raised during the Pakistan Movement. Muslims at that time often wrote the slogan on handkerchiefs or pillowcases. The slogan was equally heard as Jai Hind during a visit by a British parliamentary delegation led by Robert Richards to Delhi, after the British government decided to leave India. On 23 December 1940, the Bihar Muslim Student Federation passed a resolution to adopt Pakistan Zindabad as their national slogan at every meeting, conference or gathering. In 1941, during the days of the Pakistan Movement, Muhammad Ali Jinnah on a visit to Ootacamund was received by a crowd of Muslims chanting Pakistan Zindabad; among them was a young boy of about 10 years age, who was scantily clothed. Jinnah called him and asked, "You were shouting Pakistan Zindabad, what do you know about Pakistan?" The boy replied, "I do not know very much about Pakistan. I only know that Pakistan means Muslim rule where many Muslims live, and Hindu rule where Hindus live," to which Jinnah observed that his message had reached the people and remarked that now the struggle for Pakistan was unstoppable.

During the fight for an independent Pakistan the cry of Pakistan Zindabad was raised by the locals to welcome the refugees coming to Pakistan. The refugees also raised the cry in jubilation when they crossed the border. The slogans of Pakistan Zindabad and its counterpart, Hindustan Zindabad, notably found negative usage in communal riots associated with the fight for independence.

On 14 August 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's motorcade was welcomed by shouts of Pakistan Zindabad, Quaid-e-Azam Zindabad and flower petals all along his way from the Governor General's residence to the Constituent Assembly building and back, where he attended the Proclamation of Independence and a hoisting ceremony of the Pakistan flag.

Battle cry

In 1947, during the First Kashmir War, an outpost of the Jammu and Kashmir State force that were under the operational control of Indian Army reported cries of Pakistan Zindabad coming from Haji Pir Pass. Assuming that the pass was invaded and occupied by Pakistanis, the Jammu and Kashmir State forces withdrew from the area and burnt a strategically important bridge. They later discovered it was a false alarm; the men were friendly forces of the Indian Army occupying the pass, who were cut off from Poonch after the bridge was blown away.

Notable usage

Political
The Saudi King Abdullah Bin Abdul Aziz in a meeting with Chief of Army Staff Ashfaq Pervez Kayani repeatedly raised the slogan to show his friendship with Pakistan, during his visit to the country in 2009.

Use in India
A Brass merchant shop at Moradabad was raided by Indian Police on 6 July 1948, upon getting information that the shop had utensils with "Pakistan Zindabad" markings on them. During the Muharram Processions in 1956, following communal discord Muslim youths raised the slogan; later in the same year it was heard during a procession organized by students of the Aligarh Muslim University, in protest against a book Religious Leaders published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan; however, raising of any anti-nationalism slogan was denied by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad in the Indian parliament.

The slogan has also been raised in Jammu and Kashmir (or Indian-administered Kashmir.). In 1985, a Kashmiri was detained by the local police on a number of charges including raising of the slogan "Pakistan Zindabad", which was called an anti-national and provocative slogan. On 13 October 1983, during a limited over cricket match between West Indies and India at Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, Srinagar, spectators, including a group of spectators consisting of members of the Jamait-Tuleba, the student wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami, cheered India's defeat with cries of Pakistan Zindabad.

National days
Independence Day slogans – closely related to independence. The slogan is used in speeches and rallies carried out on this day across the world, where Pakistanis celebrate the day.

Sports
Pakistani cricket matches. The slogan is used during Pakistan's cricket matches to support the team and also in jubilation if the team wins, especially big tournaments; historical examples include the 1992 Cricket World Cup, 2009 ICC World Twenty20.

Media
 Pakistan Zindabad (song) – de facto national anthem of East Pakistan.
 TV and radio shows, including a programme on Radio Pakistan.
 A documentary named Pakistan Zindabad was aired on Sveriges Television in 2007, documenting the sixty-year history of Pakistan.
A song made by ISPR, Pakistan Zindabad was uploaded on 23 March, 2019 on you-tube officially.
A song made by ISPR, Pakistan Zindabad was uploaded on 21 February 2018 on you-tube officially.
ISPR's official youtube channel has been uploading various songs and documentaries depicting "Pakistan ZIndabad" theme.

See also
Pakistani nationalism
Pakistan Zindabad (song)
Pakistan khappay, the Sindhi equivalent
Hindustan Zindabad
Bangladesh Zindabad

References

Category:Pakistani nationalism
Category:Political terminology in Pakistan
Category:Urdu words and phrases
Category:Battle cries
Category:Pakistani political slogans


Sanipalati

Sanipalati is a small village located in ward 7 of Bahrabise VDC in Sindhupalchok District of Nepal.

Development
Sanipalati is among one of the most developed villages in Bahrabise. The village enjoys most of the facilities since it is near from Bahrabise Bazar, the most well developed area in Bahrabise in terms of physical facilities. It has good facility of water, electricity, communication and transportation.

The village is connected to Araniko Highway by graveled road. Everyday two  to three buses run from the capital city Kathmandu to Budepa and Bigu through Sanipalati. Most of the people have telephones connected to their houses while at least a member of a family has a mobile phone. Ncell and Smart Cell host two mobile network towers from this village for cellular communication in the village and nearby areas. There is broadband internet facility through Nepal Telecom's PSTN telephone lines besides cellular data.

Education
The village is known for its development in education and well educated people. Many people are teachers in various schools in and outside the village. The students from this village are known for their good grades. One of the renowned doctor of Sindhupalchok District, Mr. Subaj Bhattrai was born in this village. After completing their secondary and higher secondary school, most of the students choose to go to Kathmandu for further education.

There are two schools in this village. Shree Vishnu Adhyatmik Sanskrit Primary School, a renowned governmental school of Nepal, lies in this village. Keystone Public School, a private school, is also located in the village. Since both the schools run up to primary level, students go to other schools nearby for secondary education.

People
Sanipalati is populated with 95% of Brahmin people. Except few, all of them are Hindus. Moreover, most of the Brahmin people follow and believe in Sri Vaishnavism.

Most of the people are Paudel while Neupane, Subedi, Dahal, Adhikari and Bhattrai also reside here with harmony.

Most of the educated people are involved teaching and other professional services. Agriculture is also one of the main occupation of this area. People also keep animals mostly for milk and rarely for meat.

References

Category:Sindhupalchowk District


Republicanos

Republicanos (), formerly known as Brazilian Republican Party () is a Brazilian political party. Its electoral number is 10 and it became a registered political party on August 25, 2005. Its founders included Bishop Marcelo Crivella, who had been elected in 2002 as a senator representing the Liberal Party, from the state of Rio de Janeiro.

History
According to one study, the PRB has been supportive of the Lula da Silva and Rousseff presidencies “on the basis of their concern for social democracy and for eliminating inequality.” However, all of the PRB's deputies voted in favor of her impeachment.

In August 2019 the Brazilian Republican Party changed its name into Republicanos.

People of interest
The party leader  was Vitor Paulo dos Santos.

The party's most important members are Bishop Marcelo Crivella, Rio de Janeiro senator and nephew of Universal's founder Bishop Edir Macedo, journalist Celso Russomanno and former Vice-President José Alencar. Famous football player Ronaldinho, also known as Ronaldo de Assis Moreira, joined the party in March 2018.

Ideology
Some commentators say that the Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (UCKG, Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, an neo-charismatic church which is organized like a business enterprise), has used the party as a base for its "bishops" to run for political office. Though several members, e.g Celso Russomanno, are catholic.

Several leading members, e.g. Edir Macedo and Marcelo Crivella have expressed statements of christian fundamentalism and religious intolerance. An UN report accused members of the UCKG of verbal and physical attacks of members of the Umbanda and Candomblé religions.

Edir Macedo considered to participate on presidency elections to transform Brasil into a theocratic State.

As mayor of Rio de Janeiro, Crivella called the Carnival of Rio de Janeiro an "unchristian excess" and ordered severe financial cuts for the organisators. Furthermore, he is known for statements of religious intolerance. In his 1999 book Evangelizing Africa which found him saying that homosexuality was a "terrible evil," that Catholics were "demonic", that African religions were based on "evil spirits," and that Hindus drank their children's blood.  He has since tried to distance himself from the book, saying that it was the work of a young, immature missionary.

References

External links
, Official website

|-

Category:Political parties established in 2005
Category:Conservative parties in Brazil
Category:Social conservative parties
Category:2005 establishments in Brazil


Daqiao, Hejiang County

Daqiao () is a town of Hejiang County in southeastern Sichuan province, China, located in gently rolling hills about  south of the Yangtze River and  east of downtown Luzhou. , it has one residential community () and 15 villages under its administration.

References

Category:Township-level divisions of Sichuan
Category:Hejiang County


George Warren (prospector)

George Warren (1835 - 1893) worked as a prospector in the Tombstone and Bisbee, Arizona region during the late 19th century.  He is credited with having located the body of copper ore, which later was known as the Copper Queen Mine, one of Arizona's most productive copper mines. Warren drank too much and bet his interest in the mine on a foot race against a horse and lost.

In 1880 pioneer photographer C. S. Fly often visited Bisbee on miners' paydays and he took a photo of Warren. The image was used as a model for the miner posing with long-handled spade on the Seal of Arizona. His pauper's grave, originally only marked by a wooden plank saying "G.W. 24" in the Bisbee-Lowell Evergreen Cemetery was later commemorated by a large monument erected in his honor.

Biography

George's mother died when he was very young and he lived with a maiden aunt until he was 10, when he was sent to New Mexico to join his father, who was a government teamster and later a herder. While herding horses, the Warrens were attacked by Apaches. George was wounded and his father was killed. George was held captive for 18 months until prospectors saw the white boy among the Indians and traded 15-20 pounds of sugar for Warren's freedom. Warren remained with these men for some time and learning about prospecting.

Ore discovery

The presence of copper ore in the Mule Mountains of southeast Arizona may have been known as early as 1876, but the first mining claim was filed on August 2, 1877. In 1877, a U.S. Cavalry patrol from Fort Bowie was tracking Apache Indians and camped at what is today known as Iron Springs. The men didn't like the quality of the water and they sent Scout Jack Dunn to look for better quality water. During his search he found a spring along a very large cliff of limestone, known today as Castle Rock, and on his return an outcrop containing lead carbonate, which was known to carry silver, in a gorge later known as Tombstone Canyon. Dunn told his commanding officer Lt. John Rucker and a packer named Ted Byrne of his discovery. They named the find the "Rucker" and planned to file a claim, but were delayed when their patrol was ordered to resume pursuit of a band of Apache warriors. Before departing Fort Bowie, they met a 42-year old George Warren and persuaded him to file a claim for them with the agreement that Warren would name Dunn in all notices of locations for mining claims that he located. They provided him with a  grubstake, provisions, and a map to mining claim site.

Warren didn't keep his agreement with Dunn. On his way to the claims office, Warren stopped in a saloon, got drunk, and gambled away the grubstake given him by Dunn and the others. He went to Fort Huachuca and recruited additional backers from Tombstone. On September 27, 1877, 56 days after Dunn located the Rucker Mine, Warren filed a claim for the Mercy Mine  up Mule Pass Canyon from Iron Spring. Over the next six months his name is mentioned either as the locator or witness in several other claims in the Tombstone Canyon and Mule Mountains and established what became known as the Warren Mining District. He held a one-ninth interest in the new Copper Queen mine.

Loses mining claim in a bet

George had a reputation as a drunk and got into fights. He was shot through the neck when fighting a duel and was shot in the arm and a leg on another occasion. The first wagon and team was dispatched into the mining region to bring a barrel of whisky to Warren.

While drinking with acquaintances in Charleston, the milling town for Tombstone, he argued with his friend George W. Atkins about the agility and speed of men versus horses. Warren claimed he could outrun a man on a horse over a distance of . Atkins took the bet. If Atkins beat Warren, Atkins was to receive Warren's interest in the Copper Queen; if Warren beat Atkins, Warren was to receive Atkins's horse. A fair portion of the few hundred citizens of Charleston turned out on July 3, 1880 to watch the race. Warren placed a stake in the ground at , believing he could beat the horse on the corner, but lost the bet and his one-ninth interest in the Copper Queen Mine, later estimated to be worth US$20,000,000 (or about  $ today).

Entrepreneurs Edward Reilly and Levi Zeckendorf bought an option to purchase the mine in 1880 for US$20,000. When the ore assayed at 22% copper, Reilly became enthusiastic about the mine's possibilities. He bought out others' interest in the claims in April, 1880, and went to San Francisco to see if he could market his option on the claims. Reilly persuaded engineers DeWitt Bisbee, William H. Martin, and John Ballard in San Francisco to visit the mine, and they were pleased with the prospects. On May 12, 1880, Martin and Ballard agreed to furnish the funds to mine and smelt the ore and received seven-tenths interest in the Copper Queen mine and two-thirds interest in the Copper King. Reilly retained the remainder.

James Douglas, who had invented new methods of smelting copper, learned of the Warren mining district early on. He was sent by the  Phelps Dodge company of Pennsylvania to examine potential copper mines. During his research, Douglas concluded the risk was great but persuaded the company they should go forward. Offered the choice of a flat fee or a 10% interest in the property for his services, he chose the latter, a decision that subsequently made him a fortune.  The company bought the Atlanta Mine and poured over $76,000 (or about  $ today) into exploration before they found the ore body. When the claims and ore bodies in the area would likely overlap, leading to potential costly litigation, they merged with their neighbor the Copper Queen mine, forming the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company in 1885.

Reilly raised $80,000 capital from Dewitt Bisbee to begin production. The surface pockets of cerussite were soon exhausted, but the owners found that the ore body ran 23% copper, with silver and gold as byproducts. Most mines of that era could profitably mine ore containing 3% or 4% copper, so the Copper Queen ore body was considered extraordinarily high grade. The surface oxide ore was exhausted after three or four years, but miners explored deeper and eventually found even larger ore bodies.

Declared insane

In May 1881, G.W. Atkins asked Cochise County Court Probate Judge J.H. Lucas to rule that Warren was insane, and George Praidham was appointed as Warren's guardian with the charge to sell his assets.

On June 1, 1881, Warren's interest in three mines—a one-twelfth interest in the Mammoth Mine, a one-third interest in the Safford Mine, and his one-third interest in the Crescent Mine—were sold at public auction for US$923. He was released soon after his property was sold. He was declared sane by the Cochise County Probate Court on 11/13/1883.  He then went into Mexico where in 1885 he discovered a mining claim in Mexico and to gain legal title he became a Mexican citizen. He sold himself into peonage to pay off a debt of US$40. He worked as an interpreter for the district judge in Oposura, Mexico, for twenty-five pesos a day. When  Judge G.H. Berry learned of his situation, he paid Warren's debt and Warren returned to Bisbee. The mining company provided him a small pension, and Warren worked as a blacksmith and tool dresser, but he finally resorted to the life of a "rounder" as the miners called it. He swept floors or cleaned the cuspidors in exchange for a drink of whisky.

Death

Sources for Warren's death date differ. The plaque on his cemetery monument at the Bisbee-Lowell Evergreen Cemetery lists the date of death as 1892. A Cochise County death certificate for a George Warren states he died of pneumonia and heart failure on February 13, 1893. An Arizona Republic article on September 15, 1897 stated Warren had died "three years ago." Penniless at the time of his death, Warren was buried in a pauper's grave and was practically forgotten for a number of years.

Legacy

Originally buried in a  pauper's grave in Bisbee-Lowell Evergreen Cemetery under a small, wooden grave marker, the Bisbee Elk's Lodge launched a campaign in 1914 to erect a monument over his grave. When his grave was located, his body was moved to a more prominent location and a large monument was erected. A plaque on the monument depicts C.S. Fly's image of him and the words," George Warren Born unknown Died 1892 Poor in Purse Rich in Friends." C.S. Fly's photograph of Warren was the model for the miner incorporated into the Arizona State Seal, and the mining district around Bisbee was named for him. A suburb planned and built near Bisbee and Warren Ballpark in Bisbee were named after Warren.

References

Category:American prospectors
Category:1893 deaths
Category:1835 births


Karin Himboldt

Karin Himboldt (1920–2005) was a German film actress. She is perhaps best-known for her roles in the Heinz Rühmann comedy films Quax the Crash Pilot (1941) and Die Feuerzangenbowle (1944). Her career was damaged in 1944 when the Nazi regime banned her from filming: Himbold had denied the Nazi salute at the premiere of Die Feuerzangenbowle and was also married to a so-called "Half-Jew". She retired from film acting in 1959 and married the boss of a chemical concern in Basel.

Selected filmography
 Counterfeiters (1940)
 Quax the Crash Pilot (1941)
 Die Feuerzangenbowle (1944)
 Quax in Africa (1945)
 A Tale of Five Cities (1951)
 Bezaubernde Arabella (1959)

References

Bibliography
 Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

External links

Obituary in Die Welt

Category:1920 births
Category:2005 deaths
Category:German film actresses
Category:People from Munich


Crito of Alopece

Crito of Alopece (  or  ; , gen.: Κρίτωνος, Kríton Alōpekēthen; c. 469 – 4th century BC)  was an ancient Athenian agriculturist depicted in the Socratic literature of Plato and Xenophon, where he appears as a faithful and lifelong companion of the philosopher Socrates.  Although the later tradition of ancient scholarship attributed philosophical works to Crito, modern scholars do not consider him to have been an active philosopher, but rather a member of Socrates' inner circle through childhood friendship.

Life
Crito grew up in the Athenian deme of Alopece alongside Socrates and was of roughly the same age as the philosopher, placing his year of birth around 469 BC.  Plato's Euthydemus and Xenophon's Memorabilia both present him as a wealthy businessman who made his money from agriculture, which scholars speculate was conducted in Alopece itself.  He seems to have married a woman with impressive aristocratic pedigree and had at least two sons, including the elder Critobulus (Κριτόβουλος, Kritóboulos), one of Socrates' young followers, and the younger Archestratus (Άρχέστρατος, Archéstratos), later a successful general.  His participation in the events surrounding the trial and death of Socrates of 399 implies that he survived into the 4th century BC.

Diogenes Laërtius treats Crito as a philosopher himself and attributes to him the composition of 17 dialogues; he also names three further sons Crito: Hermogenes, Epigenes and Ctesippus.  Modern scholars generally treat Diogenes' account as apocryphal, most likely a conflation with another author, since the genre of Socratic literature did not develop until well after Crito's period of flourishing and these sons appear nowhere in the contemporaneous historical record.  Despite his strong friendship with Socrates, historians are skeptical of Crito's status as a philosopher, as opposed to mere associate within the Socratic circle, due largely to his portrayal as a pragmatic and non-propositional thinker within the literature.

In literature
Crito is depicted prominently by Plato in the Euthydemus, the Phaedo, and his own eponymous dialogue, and also receives mention in the Apology.  Xenophon portrays him in his Memorabilia and Symposium.

According to the dialogue which bears his name, Crito had grown up as a friend of Socrates, which is reinforced by their intimacy in the Euthydemus.  In the Apology and Phaedo, Plato portrays Crito as present at the trial and execution of Socrates, attending to the familial and practical matters having to do with the philosopher's death.  In addition to offering help with paying a proposed fine at Socrates' sentencing, Crito swore before Socrates' judges that the philosopher would remain in prison until the execution rather than attempt to flee Athens; he is nonetheless portrayed in his eponymous dialogue as urging Socrates to allow him and the Thebans Simmias and Cebes to bribe the prison guards so that Socrates might flee to Thessaly to seek asylum with his friends.  During Socrates' final hours, Crito serves as a valet to his final needs and is the last individual to whom he speaks: Socrates asks him to offer a sacrifice to the Greek god Asclepius.

Though Xenophon counts Crito in the small circle of genuine associates of Socrates, neither Xenophon nor Plato portrays Crito as very philosophically inclined. Plato's Crito makes clear that he had participated in more than one philosophical conversation with Socrates; he is however depicted there and in the Phaedo as forgetful and inattentive to fundamental Socratic tenets.  His concerns in the latter are entirely practical,  in contrast to those of Socrates' other friends who are eager to share the philosopher's last hours in deep philosophical debate.  In the Euthydemus, Crito frequently expresses disinterest in the work of philosophers, although Xenophon depicts Crito as urging his sons to follow Socrates.

Diogenes Laërtius also preserves a traditional story that Crito had released Phaedo of Elis, later a Platonic philosopher, from slavery.

Critobulus in literature
Critobulus also became a recurrent character within Socratic literature: according to the Apology and Phaedo, Critobulus offered to help Socrates pay his potential fine, and was present at the latter's execution. Xenophon depicts Socrates as chastising the supposedly otherwise moderate Critobulus for kissing "the beautiful son of Alcibiades" in a conversation in his Memorabilia.  In the Telauges of Aeschines Socraticus, Socrates appears to have criticized Critobulus for his ignorance and ostentation, though only fragments of the dialogue survive.

List of works
Diogenes Laërtius tells that Crito wrote 17 dialogues, although modern scholars assume that these are apocryphal and that Crito in fact did not write.

 That men are not made good by instruction
 Concerning superfluity
 What is expedient, or The Statesman
 Of Beauty
 On Doing Ill
 On Tidiness
 On Law
 Of that which is Divine
 On Arts
 Of Society
 Of Wisdom
 Protagoras, or The Statesman
 On Letters
 Of Poetry
 Of Learning
 On Knowing, or On Science
 What is Knowledge

See also
List of speakers in Plato's dialogues

References

Bibliography

Ancient sources

Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers.
Plato, Apology, Crito, Euthydemus, Phaedo.
Xenophon, Memorabilia, Symposium.

Modern sources

Will Durant, The Story of Philosophy: the Lives and Opinions of the Greater Philosophers, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1926-1933.
Debra Nails, The People of Plato, Indianapolis and Cambridge, Hackett Publishing, 2002.

Category:5th-century BC Athenians
Category:Pupils of Socrates


Katsushi

Katsushi (written: 克志, 克史, 勝志, 豪氏 or かつし in hiragana) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

, Japanese animator
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese editor
, Japanese anime director
, Japanese professional wrestler
, Japanese ski jumper

Category:Japanese masculine given names


2005 Cupa României Final

The 2005 Cupa României Final was the 67th final of Romania's most prestigious cup competition. The final was played at the Stadionul Cotroceni in Bucharest on 11 May 2005 and was contested between Divizia A sides Dinamo Bucureşti and Farul Constanţa. The cup was won by Dinamo.

Route to the final

Match details

References

External links
 Official site

Cupa Romaniei Final, 2005
2004-05
2005


Yellowjacket (Marvel Comics)

Yellowjacket is the name of several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Corey Stoll portrayed Darren Cross as the main antagonist in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant-Man (2015).

Fictional character biography

Hank Pym

Dr. Henry "Hank" Pym, also known as Ant-Man, Giant-Man and Goliath, is the first character to take on the Yellowjacket codename. The character has been associated with several superhero teams in the Marvel Universe, including the Avengers and the Defenders.

Rita DeMara

Rita DeMara is the second character to go by the Yellowjacket codename. She debuted as a supervillainess, joining supervillain groups. She later becomes a superheroine, joining the Guardians of the Galaxy's ranks. She is killed by Immortus, but is later resurrected.

Darren Cross

Darren Cross is the third character to use the Yellowjacket codename after gaining the costume thanks to Egghead.

Other versions

Ultimate Marvel
The original Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Yellowjacket is Ultron, a robot designed to be an expendable super soldier. Ultron is later killed by Hank Pym who later takes up the Yellowjacket mantle, wanting to make up for what his creation did.

In other media

Television

The Hank Pym version of Yellowjacket makes his animated debut in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes after suffering from a mental breakdown.
 The Darren Cross version of Yellowjacket appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled, voiced by Travis Willingham.
 The Darren Cross iteration of Yellowjacket appears in Disney XD's Ant-Man animated shorts, voiced by William Salyers.

Film

 In the 2015 Marvel Studios film Ant-Man, Darren Cross (Corey Stoll) builds the Yellowjacket suit to sell to Hydra and the Ten Rings and later wears the prototype himself.

Video games
 The Hank Pym incarnation of Yellowjacket appears as a boss character in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced by Wally Wingert.
 The Hank Pym incarnation of Yellowjacket is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.
 The Marvel Cinematic Universe version of Yellowjacket appears in Marvel: Avengers Alliance, Marvel: Contest of Champions, Marvel: Future Fight and Lego Marvel's Avengers.

References

Category:Fictional characters who can change size
Category:Marvel Comics superheroes
Category:Marvel Comics supervillains
Category:Marvel Comics robots


List of light transport aircraft

The list of light transport aircraft details the smaller propeller powered aircraft used for hire by air taxi, on demand, or charter type of operators for air service. For consistency, the number of passengers listed does not include the pilot.

Single-engined

Multi-engined

See also
 Air taxi
 Bush plane
 List of regional airliners

References

Category:Lists of aircraft by design configuration


Night of the Hunter

Night of the Hunter and similar may refer to:
The Night of the Hunter (novel), a 1953 thriller novel by Davis Grubb
The Night of the Hunter (film), its 1955 film adaptation
Night of the Hunter, a 1991 TV movie adaption starring Richard Chamberlain

Music
"Night of the Hunter" (30 Seconds to Mars song), a song by 30 Seconds to Mars
"Night of the Hunter", a song the 2006 collaborative album Luminous, by Chris Murphy
"Night of the Hunter (Remix)", a song that is a remixed version of the theme from the 1955 film by Fantômas, included on their 2001 album The Director's Cut

See also
Night of Hunters, a 2011 album by Tori Amos
Night of Hunters tour, the concert tour in support of the 2011 album