Diacope

Diacope () is a rhetorical term meaning repetition of a word or phrase with one or two intervening words. It derives from a Greek word meaning "cut in two".

Examples
 "Bond. James Bond." — James Bond
 "Put out the light, and then put out the light." — Shakespeare, Othello, Act V, scene 2.
 "A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse! — Richard III
 Leo Marks's poem "The Life That I Have", memorably used in the film Odette, is an extended example of diacope:
 The life that I have
 Is all that I have
 And the life that I have
 Is yours.

 The love that I have
 Of the life that I have
 Is yours and yours and yours.

 A sleep I shall have
 A rest I shall have
 Yet death will be but a pause.

 For the peace of my years
 In the long green grass
 Will be yours and yours and yours.

The first line in the poem not to deploy diacope is the one about death being "a pause."

 "In times like these, it helps to recall that there have always been times like these." — Paul Harvey. This is also an example of an epanalepsis.

See also
 Epizeuxis
 Tmesis

References

Category:Figures of speech
Category:Rhetoric


Oakdale

Oakdale or Oak Dale may refer to:

Australia
Oakdale, New South Wales
Oakdale, Queensland, a locality in the South Burnett Region

United Kingdom
Oakdale, Caerphilly
Oakdale, Dorset

United States
 Oakdale, California
 Oakdale, Connecticut
 Oakdale, Illinois
 Oakdale, Indiana
 Oakdale, Iowa
 Oak Dale, Howard County, Iowa
 Oakdale, Louisiana
 Oakdale, Louisville, Kentucky
 Oakdale, a neighborhood in Dedham, Massachusetts
 Oakdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts
 Oakdale, West Boylston, Massachusetts
 Oakdale, Minnesota
 Oakdale, Missouri
 Oakdale, Nebraska
 Oakdale, New York
 Oakdale, Pennsylvania
 Oakdale, Tennessee
 Oakdale, Texas
 Oak Dale, Texas
 Oakdale, Wisconsin
 Oakdale (town), Wisconsin
 Oakdale Township (disambiguation), any of several townships within the United States
 The Toyota Oakdale Theatre, in Wallingford, Connecticut

Historical sites
 Oakdale Historic District, in Fort Wayne, Indiana
 Oakdale School (Madison, Indiana)
 Oakdale District, listed on the NRHP in Louisville, Kentucky
 Oakdale Manor, the former home of early 20th century Maryland Governor Edwin Warfield
 Oakdale Village Historic District, listed on the NRHP in West Boylston, Massachusetts
 Oakdale Cotton Mill Village, in Jamestown, North Carolina
 South Oakdale Historic District, in Medford, Oregon
 Oakdale (Pennsbury Township, Pennsylvania), a historic home
 Oakdale Public School, in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
 Oakdale (Floyd, Virginia), a historic home and farm
 The Governor Joseph Johnson House (also known as Oakdale), in Bridgeport, West Virginia

Fictional U.S. places
 Oakdale, Illinois, the fictional setting for the soap opera As the World Turns
 Oakdale, Texas (Wishbone TV series)

See also
 Oakdale Cemetery (disambiguation)
 Oakdale School (disambiguation)


Leucanopsis ahysa

Leucanopsis ahysa is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1933. It is found in Brazil.

References

ahysa
Category:Moths described in 1933


Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industry

The Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industry (LCCI) was established in 1923. It was established to serve and represent the interests of the business community in Lahore, Pakistan.

History

The Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established by the businessmen and industrialists of Northern India in 1923 under the name of "Northern India Chamber of Commerce and Industry". In 1947 on creation of "The Islamic Republic of Pakistan", its name was changed to "West Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and Industry". In 1960, the present name, "The Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry", was adopted. Today, the chamber is the first ISO-Certified Chamber of Pakistan.

Aims and objectives

LCCI aims to represent its members and contribute to the nation's economic development through the promotion of trade and industry. LCCI acts as a bridge between the government and the business community. It plays an important role in policy formulation by maintaining a constant interaction with the relevant authorities.

Composition
LCCI is affiliated with the Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce & Industry. It has two classes of membership, namely, Corporate and Associate. This Chamber has currently more than 22,000 members and LCCI claims to be the biggest chamber in Pakistan.

Management
The organization's policies and programs are determined by the 30 members of Executive Committee who are elected by the members, out of which one-third retire every year and in their place, new members are inducted through election. The office bearers are elected by the members of the Executive Committee every year. The President controls the working of the office and staff and directs all matters of the Chamber, with the assistance of Senior Vice-President and Vice-President.

Research and Development Department
In 1985, Research and Development Department was established at LCCI to act as the Think Tank and Advocacy Arm. The department is active to help business community is meeting their day to day need through providing updated information regarding business and economy and macro and micro business and economic policies of the government. The department is in contact with various government and international agencies in order to get consultation regarding important national and international policy matters which could affect directly or indirectly business, trade and industry.

Past Presidents
 Ch. Nazer Muhammad (Late) 1967
 Mian Rafique Saigol (Late) 1968
 Mr. Naseer A.Sheikh (late) 1969
 Mr. Majeed Mufti (Late) 1970
 Ch. Muhammad Saeed (Late) 1971
 Mian Tajammal Hussain 1972
 Mr. Mumtaz A. Sheikh (Late) 1973
 Mr. M. Amin Agha 1974
 Mr. Abdullah Sheikh (Late) 1975
 Mr. A. Aziz Zulfiqar 1976
 Mr. M. Ijaz Butt 1977
 Mr. Maqbool Sadiq 1978
 Mr. Arshad Saeed 1979
 Sheikh Iqbal (Late) 1980
 Mr. Shahzada Alam Monnoo 1981
 Mr. Abdul Qayyam (Late) 1982
 Mr. Mohsin Raza Bukhari 1983
 Mr. Mushtaq Ahmad 1984
 Mr.Shahbaz Sharif 1985
 Mr. Mohammad Arshad Naeem 1986
 Mr. Mumtaz Hameed (Late) 1987
 Mir Salah ud Din (Late) 1988
 Mr. Tariq Hameed 1989
 Mr. Iftikhar Ali Malik 1990
 Mian Mohammad Ashraf 1991
 Mr. Salahuddin Ahmad Sahaf 1992
 Mr. Ishaq Dar 1993
 Mr. Bashir Ahmed Buksh 1994
 Mr. Tariq Sayeed Saigol 1995-96
 Sheikh Waheed Ud Din (Late) 1997
 Sheikh Saleem Ali 1998
 Mr. Pervez Hanif 1999
 Mr. Ilyas M. Chaudhry 2000
 Sheikh M. Asif 2001
 Dr. Khalid J. Chowdhry 2002
 Muhammad Yawar Irfan Khan 2003
 Mian Anjum Nasir 2004
 Mian Misbah ur Rehman 2005
 Mian Shafqat Ali 2006
 Mr. Shahid Hassan Sheikh 2007
 Mohammad Ali Mian 2008
 Mian Muzaffar Ali 2009
 Mr. Mr.Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry 2010
 Mr. Shahzad Ali Malik 2011
 Mr. Irfan Qaiser Sheikh 2012
 Mr. Farooq Iftikhar 2013
 Engr. Sohail Lashari 2014
 Mr. Ijaz Ahmad Mumtaz 2015
 Sheikh Muhammad Arshad Late 2016
 Mr. Abdul Basit 2017

See also
Economy of Pakistan
Lahore

References

Infrastructure facilities at Wagah demanded - The News
LCCI felicitates new PCB chief - Business Recorder
Better Pak-India ties to strengthen their economies - Aaj TV
 Lahore chamber for boosting trade ties - The Tribune, India

Category:Chambers of commerce in Pakistan
Category:Economy of Lahore


Advanced Cyclotron Systems

Advanced Cyclotron Systems, Inc. (ACSI) is a company based in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada that supplies and services cyclotrons predominately used for the production of  medical isotopes by hospitals for nuclear medicine.  The company was a spin-off of the research program at TRIUMF.  The machines are used for the production of isotopes used in Positron emission tomography (PET), Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or production of technetium-99 for molecular imaging.  ACSI controls approximately half the world market for such machines,

Four models of cyclotrons are offered:
 TR-19 (14 MeV to 19 MeV) variable energy negative ion cyclotrons
 TR-24 (15 to 24 MeV) high current cyclotron used for the production of  PET and SPECT isotopes; including one machine installed at the Université de Sherbrooke,
 TR-FLEX (18 MeV up to 30 MeV) high current cyclotron used for PET and SPECT isotopes.
 TR-30 (15 MeV to 30 MeV) high current cyclotron used for SPECT isotopes.

References and footnotes

External links
Advanced Cyclotron Systems

Category:Medical technology companies of Canada
Category:Companies based in Richmond, British Columbia
Category:Particle accelerators


Information International, Inc.

Information International, Inc., commonly referred to as Triple-I or III, was an early computer technology company.

Background
The company was founded by Edward Fredkin in 1962 in Maynard, Massachusetts. It then moved (serially) to Santa Monica, Culver City, and Los Angeles California. Triple-I merged with Autologic, Inc. in 1996, becoming Autologic Information International Inc. (AIII). The combined company was purchased by Agfa-Gevaert in 2001.

In the early 1960s, Information International Inc. contributed several articles by Ed Fredkin, Malcolm Pivar, and Elaine Gord, and others, in a major book on the programming language LISP and its applications.

Triple-I's commercially successful technology was centered around very high precision CRTs, capable of recording to film; which for a while were the publishing industry's gold standard for digital-to-film applications. The company also manufactured film scanners using special cameras fitted with photomultiplier tubes as the image sensor, for digitzing existing films and paper documents.  One such successful product of theirs using their precision CRT technology was their FR-80 film recorder introduced in 1968. It was capable of recording black & white (and later color as an option) digital imagery to motion picture or still transparency film at a maximum resolution of 16384x16384, making it an ideal system for generating either Computer Output Microfilm (COM), computer-to-film negatives for making printing plates, and other computer-generated graphics.

However, Triple-I is most notable for its commercially unsuccessful ventures; a number of one-or-two of a kind systems which included CRT based computer displays used at the Stanford AI Lab, an OCR system based on PDP-10's (two were sold), and The Super Foonly F-1 - which was used for movie special effects.

OCR Systems
Triple-I had a very ambitious OCR group which used their core film scanning technology, graphic displays, and a custom binary image processor (BIP); all interfaced to a PDP-10 timesharing computer with lots of custom software.  Although it was continuously under development over a period of more than 10 years, only two actual systems were ever sold.
The first (circa 1974) was a paper-to-digital-to-paper system for reworking U.S. Navy aircraft maintenance manuals, which involved filming and scanning paper manuals, capturing the many diagrams in digital form, and reading the accompanying text.  The second was a hand-print recognition system sold to the British DHSS in 1976, which captured data from benefit forms.

While none of the OCR research had any lasting impact, the use of PDP-10's directly enabled Triple-i's involvement with computer animation.

Computer animation
Triple-I's work in computer animation done by the Motion Pictures Product Group, is probably the most notable first from Triple-I, at least if measured by the eventual success of the technology. They created some of the first computer-generated special effects for major motion pictures, and employed a number of computer graphics pioneers.

Computer animators Gary Demos and John Whitney, Jr. began using equipment at Triple-I in the early 1970s for animation, including the first use of computer imaging in a feature film — the "android vision" effect in Westworld. In 1974, Demos and Whitney convinced Triple-I to establish the Motion Pictures Product Group. In 1976, they scanned and animated Peter Fonda's head for Futureworld, the first appearance of 3D computer graphics in a film. They created an early demo animation called "Adam Powers, The Juggler"; this animation was later used in Miramar's short film All Shapes and Sizes as well as referenced by Pixar's short film Red's Dream. They were also responsible for effects in the film Looker, and animation tests for films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind and Star Wars.

Circa 1976, prior to becoming an artist-in-residence at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, pioneering computer artist David Em spent nights at Triple-I for eighteen months, learning to use their systems and create his first 3D, shaded, digital imagery.

When Disney began production of the film Tron, they hired four companies to create the computer graphics — Triple-I, MAGI, Robert Abel and Associates, and Digital Effects. Triple-I and MAGI were responsible for the majority of the roughly thirty minutes of computer animation. Triple-I created the Master Control Program, the Solar Sailer, and Sark's Carrier. Whitney and Demos left before the end of work on Tron, to found Digital Productions. Partly due to their departure, Triple-I was unable to complete as much of the effects as planned, and MAGI took over some of the work.

Triple-I sponsored the construction of the Super Foonly F-1, the fastest PDP-10 ever made. Jim Blinn, Frank Crow, and others developed the company's rendering software TRANEW for the Foonly. Craig Reynolds created the Actor/Scriptor Animation System (ASAS), a procedural animation language based on LISP, at the MIT Architecture Machine Group, and then at Triple-I integrated it into their Digital Scene Simulation System. Larry Malone developed 3D modeling software for the Tektronix 4014 display. Tom McMahon developed a memory-mapped thousand line RGB framebuffer for the Foonly, one of the earliest framebuffers in that class.

In 1982, the management of Triple-I decided to shut down the Motion Pictures Product Group.

Electronic pre-press
Triple-I was also heavily involved in electronic pre-press systems. Its Automated Illustrated Documentation System, or AIDS, produced technical documents, initially for the aerospace industry. The company manufactured a variety of output devices that could create entire pages with graphic to Microfiche, 16 or 35mm films or truesize film. Later this technology was adopted by Time and Newsweek magazines.

In 1982, this technology produced another first for Triple-I when the Pasadena Star-News became the first newspaper to produce full pages electronically, a process of pagination that is now universal among large dailies worldwide. The system was renamed NPS, for Newspaper Publishing System, which The Wall Street Journal later used an adapted version to produce the first "direct to plate" system, whereby computer technology produced printing plates that could be mounted on newspaper presses. But Triple-I missed several technology changes which caused its downturn in the 1990s.

References

External links
 Chilton-computing.org:  Brochure for Triple-I's FR-80 Graphic Film Recorder
  Archive.org: Document describing the software used by Triple-I's Motion Pictures Product Group for their computer animation

Category:Defunct computer companies based in California
Category:Defunct software companies of the United States
Category:Defunct technology companies of the United States
Category:Computer animation
Category:Visual effects companies
Category:Cold type foundries
Category:Software companies based in California
Category:Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Category:Companies based in Los Angeles
Category:Companies based in Culver City, California
Category:Companies based in Santa Monica, California
Category:Computer companies established in 1962
Category:Software companies established in 1962
Category:Technology companies established in 1962
Category:Computer companies disestablished in 1996
Category:Technology companies disestablished in 1996
Category:1962 establishments in Massachusetts
Category:1996 disestablishments in California
Category:Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles


Offspring (season 3)

The third season of Offspring, an Australian drama television series, began airing on 18 April 2012 on Network TEN. The season concluded after 13 episodes. Offspring is the story of the impossible loves of 30-something obstetrician Nina Proudman (Asher Keddie), and her fabulously messy family, as they navigate the chaos of modern life.

The season was released on DVD as a four disc set under the title of Offspring: The Complete Third Series on 1 August 2012.

Cast

Regular
Asher Keddie as Nina Proudman
Kat Stewart as Billie Proudman
Matthew Le Nevez as Patrick Reid
Deborah Mailman as Cherie Butterfield
Eddie Perfect as Mick Holland
Richard Davies as Jimmy Proudman
Linda Cropper as Geraldine Proudman
and John Waters as Darcy Proudman

Recurring
Jane Harber as Zara Perkich
Alicia Gardiner as Kim Akerholt
Lachy Hulme as Martin Clegg
Kate Atkinson as Renee
Henry and Jude Schimizzi Peart as Ray Proudman
Dan Spielman as Andrew Holland
Kate Jenkinson as Kate Reid
Matt Dyktynski as Tim
Jack Heanly as Ollie Harding
Kick Gurry as Adam

Guest starring
Alison Bell as Louise

Special guest starring
Gary McDonald as Phillip Noonan
Clare Bowditch as Rosanna Harding

Episodes

Reception

Ratings

References

Category:2012 Australian television seasons


Benjamín Galindo

Benjamín Galindo Marentes (born December 11, 1960 in Tierra Blanca, Zacatecas), nicknamed El Maestro (The Master), is a Mexican former footballer. He participated with the national team in the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

Playing career

International
Galindo made 65 appearances and scored 28 goals for the Mexico national football team from 1983 to 1997.

Coaching career
Galindo was the former coach (director tecnico) of the powerhouse Mexican association football club, CD Guadalajara, until he was replaced in the 2005 season. He was also the coach of Santos Laguna but was once again replaced due to poor results.

Galindo was the coach of Cruz Azul until he was replaced with Enrique Meza. He then moved to Club Atlas. Benjamin Galindo for the first time was champion as coach with Club Santos Laguna in the Clausura 2012.

On 18 August 2013, Galindo was sacked by CD Guadalajara.

In January 2016, Galindo was hired as the head coach for Corinthians FC of San Antonio

On November 13, 2018, Galindo was announced as the assistant manager under Matias Almeyda's staff at San Jose Earthquakes.

Career statistics

International goals

Honours

Player
Guadalajara
Mexican Primera División: 1986–87

Santos Laguna
Mexican Primera División: Invierno 1996

Cruz Azul
Mexican Primera División: Invierno 1997
CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 1997

Pachuca
Mexican Primera División: Invierno 1999

Manager
Santos Laguna
Mexican Primera División: Clausura 2012

Individual
Mexican Primera División Best Manager of the tournament: Clausura 2012

References

External links

Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Zacatecas
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Mexican footballers
Category:Mexico international footballers
Category:1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Category:1993 Copa América players
Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players
Category:1995 King Fahd Cup players
Category:1995 Copa América players
Category:Tampico Madero F.C. footballers
Category:C.D. Guadalajara footballers
Category:Santos Laguna footballers
Category:Cruz Azul footballers
Category:C.F. Pachuca players
Category:Liga MX players
Category:Mexican football managers
Category:C.D. Guadalajara managers
Category:Santos Laguna managers
Category:Cruz Azul managers
Category:Atlas F.C. managers


Bumboo

Bumboo () is a 2012 Bollywood comedy film directed by Jagdish Rajpurohit.  Bumboo is based on an original play/film L'emmerdeur written by Francis Veber. The film stars Sharat Saxena, Sanjay Mishra, Kavin Dave and Mandy Takhar in lead roles and was released on 30 March 2012.

Plot
Professional hitman Mangal Singh takes a contract to kill stock market scammer Manu Gupta in front of the Goa High Court where he is to stand on trial. Mangal Singh plans to do the job from a hotel room which is opposite to the court.
Suresh Sudhakar, a press photographer is sent to Goa to cover Manu Gupta's trial and checks-in at the same hotel next to Mangal Singhs room.
Sudhakar tries to meet his ex-wife Pinky who is living in Goa. Pinky refuses to meetup or even talk and confers with her new boyfriend Dr D'Souza. Sudhakar threatens Pinky that he might commit suicide, but she does not believe him.
A depressed Sudhakar tries to commit suicide by hanging from the bathroom shower but fails. Bellboy Vincent (who is in Mangal Singh's room at that moment) hears the ruckus and opens the connecting-door between Mangal Singh & Sudhakar's room precipitating all characters to interact with each other.
Mangal Singh scared that cops might come to the room, assures Vincent that he will take care of Sudhakar. Assured by this promise Vincent leaves Sudhakar in the care of Mangal. Sudhakar in the meanwhile assumes that Mangal is a truly good Samaritan and taking fancy for his friendship does not let Mangal go anywhere or let him do his job.
Pinky's boyfriend Dr D'Souza (a psychiatrist) comes to the hotel to counsel Sudhakar not to commit suicide, but ends up meeting Mangal & mistakes him to be Sudhakar and gives him a sedative, preventing him from performing any work. Completely baffled by this turn of events, Mangal forces Sudhakar to call the Dr back who now comes with Pinky and wakes Mangal up but not before Pinky and Sudhakar have a conversation. This distresses the Dr.

Pinky has a major showdown with both Dr D'Souza and Sudhakar and leaves only to return and speak again to Sudhakar and convince him to go away.
During the course of the story Manu Gupta's entourage can be seen, travelling from Bombay to Goa in a police van disguised as a milk van with a group of commandos in it.

Manu Gupta finally reaches Goa but before he can be shot by Mangal, tremendous ruckus follows in the room where Mangal, Sudhakar, a cop and others fight it out and end up dangling from the hotel while a shot is accidentally fired from Mangal's gun and hits Manu Gupta's behind. Despite this, Manu Gupta reaches the court and gives his witness account. Mangal Singh retires to an Ashram due to the shock of forced friendship thrust upon him. Sudhakar gets Pinky back.

Cast
 Kavin Dave as Suresh Sudhakar
 Sharat Saxena as Mangal Singh
 Sanjai Mishra as Vincent Gomes
 Sudhir Pandey as Manu Gupta
 Sumit Kaul as Dr. Brendon D’souza
 Mandy Takhar as Pinky
 Jagdish Rajpurohit as Sultubhai
 Sariika Singh as Lata

Soundtrack

The soundtrack of Bumboo consists of five songs composed by Santokh Singh and Faiz-Ur-Rehman the lyrics of which were written by Shadab Akhtar and Nadeem Asad.

Release
Bumboo was released on 30 Mar 2012.

Critical Reception

The Times of India gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, "As sniper Mangal, Sharat Saxena mostly holds it together, the film showing a few bright flashes, but then slipping into low-brow comedy that's so self-consciously 'thay-ter' (theater)." Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu said that, "A wannabe Bheja Fry, this crass, scatalogical humour-infested stagey remake is just about funny enough to make you source out the French original L'emmerdeur (“ A Pain in the Ass”)." Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and said that, "On the whole, BUMBOO tries too hard to be funny and that’s why it misfires. Besides, a weak script, abrupt conclusion and bizarre characters only go against it!" Rohit Vats of News18 gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and said that, "'Bumboo' is a film made with good intentions but somehow the makers couldn't transform the original idea onto the celluloid." Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the film a rating of 1 out of 5 saying that, "This may have been a good idea in the original. In the copy, an official Indo-French collaboration, it turns out to be non-stop bilge."

References

External links

Category:2012 films
Category:Indian films
Category:2010s Hindi-language films
Category:Films about contract killing in India
Category:Indian remakes of French films
Category:Indian black comedy films
Category:Hindi-language films


Farm to Market Road 1417

Farm to Market Road 1417 (FM 1417) is a FM highway that exists in two disconnected sections. The highway serves as a quasi beltway for the Sherman-Denison metropolitan area. The entire route is internally designated by TxDOT as Urban Road 1417 (UR 1417).

Route description

Eastern leg
FM 1417 begins at an interchange with US 82 in the easternmost part of Sherman. The highway leaves the city limits just south of here, running in unincorporated Grayson County. FM 1417 ends at an intersection with State Highway 56.

Western leg
The "main" section of FM 1417 begins at an intersection with State Highway 11 southeast of Sherman. The highway enters the city's southside, intersecting US 75. At Old Dorchester Road, FM 1417 turns to the north, running along the western edge of Sherman. The highway sees slightly more development along its route, interchanging with State Highway 56. Between SH 56 and US 82, FM 1417 runs near many housing developments on the city's westside. North of US 82 the highway briefly enters Denison, running just east of North Texas Regional Airport and Grayson County College. FM 1417 reenters Denison, ending at FM 120 just east of Pottsboro.

History
The FM 1417 designation was previously assigned to a road in Tyler County on July 14, 1949. It was designated to go from US 69 in Colmesneil southeastward 6 miles. On November 20, 1951, FM 1417 extended southeast 4.8 miles to a road intersection. On January 29, 1953, FM 1417 was cancelled and mileage was transferred to an extension of FM 256. The current FM 1417 was first designated on October 31, 1958, running from US 75 to FM 120. On June 28, 1963, an extension to what is now SH 56 was designated. The section from SH 11 to SH 56 was never constructed. On July 31, 1972, FM 1417 was extended north to US 82. On June 27, 1995, FM 1417 was redesignated as an urban road.

Junction list

References

1417
Category:Transportation in Grayson County, Texas
Category:U.S. Route 82


Linus (Argive)

In Greek mythology Linus (Greek: Λῖνος Linos "flax"), son of Apollo and Psamathe, daughter of King Crotopus of Argos.

Mythology
When Psamathe had given birth to Linus, fearing her father she thus exposed the child. Linus was found by shepherds, who brought him up but the child after reaching adulthood was torn to pieces by the shepherd's dogs. Psamathe's grief at the occurrence betrayed her misfortune to her father, who would not believe that she had had intercourse with a god rather than a mortal, and thus condemned her to death. Apollo, in his indignation at the father's cruelty, visited Argos with a child-killing plague and when his oracle was consulted about the means of averting the plague, he answered that the Argives must propitiate Psamathe and Linus. This was attempted by means of sacrifices, and matrons and virgins sang dirges which were called linoi, and the month in which this solemnity was celebrated was called arneios, and the festival itself arnis, because Linus had grown up among lambs. The pestilence, however, did not cease until Crotopus quitted Argos and settled at Tripodisium, in Megaris. In an alternate version, the baby Linus was torn apart by the king's sheepdogs upon being exposed and Apollo sent Poene, the personification of punishment, upon the city. Poene would steal children from their mothers until Coroebus killed her. This caused a second punishment to fall upon the city that was devastated by plague.

References

Category: Characters in Greek mythology
Category: Offspring of Apollo

Sources
 Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Linus

Category:Characters in Greek mythology


Dudley Flats

Dudley Flats was a locality in Melbourne, Australia, in the 1920s–1950s, which supported a homeless camp during the Great Depression.

Location

It was located near the Melbourne docks beyond Dudley Street, south of Footscray Road, and on either side of the Moonee Ponds Creek. The area was formerly part of Batmans Swamp, a large saltwater lagoon, which by the mid 19th century had become fouled with effluent from the growing city.

Dudley Flats was on the fringe of the Melbourne city area, and became a dumping ground, with rubbish tips and a destructor established in the 1860s by the Melbourne City Council and Victorian Railways. The Melbourne Harbour Trust deposited dredged silt as part of land reclamation, and the railways tipped ash from locomotives at the North Melbourne Locomotive Depot from around 1888.

History

During the Great Depression of the 1930s (and also possibly from an earlier date), the site was visited and then occupied by Melbourne's poor and homeless who scavenged for scrap and rags from the tips, and built humpies out of discarded rubbish such as old timber and corrugated iron, even lino and hessian sacking. By 1935, over 60 humpies had been erected along the waterways and around the rubbish tips.

Despite regular raids by the police and possibly Harbour Trust officers, who attempted to move people out and demolish their huts, the area continued to be occupied at least up until World War II. The camps had been able to remain or be reestablished in part because of disputes between the various government bodies over who had authority, with the Railways Department, Melbourne City Council, the Melbourne Harbour Trust, the Board of Works, and the Lands Department, all refusing to claim responsibility for the area. Some of the residents were unemployed or underemployed labourers who occasionally gained work with shipping agents and stevedores at times of peak demands, but were otherwise left to scavenge an existence as best they could. The social reformer Frederick Oswald Barnett made several inspections of the congested residential areas of Melbourne's inner suburbs in 1933, including Dudley Mansions as the humpies were called. He photographed the slums and the residents' living conditions and recorded information on the residents' state of health, income, and where they obtained work (if at all). This material contributed to reports on slum conditions which eventually pressured the government into passing the Housing Act of 1937.

Structure of the camps

There were several separate camps in the area identified by Bamett and Edgar Thomas Wood, the Melbourne City Council health inspector from 1910 to 1949. Dudley Flats proper was located south of Footscray Road on the banks of the Coal Canal – constructed in the 1880s as an outlet for Moonee Ponds Creek, and to allow barges to unload coal at the locomotive depot. The 'Batchelor Quarters' were located on the north side of Dudley Street near a bridge over the canal, while 'Happy Valley' was on the east side of the canal. Residents were given notice of eviction in 1938, but nothing seems to have been done to remove them.  The Melbourne City Council hosted a conference of the authorities responsible, which resolved unanimously: that the shacks and their occupants on areas of land at West Melbourne controlled by the Lands Department, Harbour Trust and Railways Dept, constitute a nuisance and should, in the occupants' interests, the interests of the community, and for health reasons, be removed therefrom ... the Conference recommends that the Departments concerned be asked to give the occupants notice to vacate the area within one month, and, on vacation, to have the structures entirely demolished. A little later council resolved to instruct the town clerk (Mr. H. S. Wootton) to discuss the matter with the Lands Department with a view ... to serve notices to quit on the Inhabitants, and to house them in charitable homes.

According to Council files, the settlement was abandoned in the early 1940s, because the nearby tips no longer held a living for scavengers after waste recovery schemes had been initiated to assist in the war effort.

Official settlement in the area seems to have involved only the occasional watchman at the nearby wharves. For example, Clement F. Harvey is recorded as living beside the Railway Canal on the North Side of Dudley Street West Melbourne in the Sands and McDougall Post Office Directory for 1929. However, the unofficial, and possibly illegal occupation of Dudley Flats was not recorded in the normal official sources.

Jack Peacock, a salvage dealer, was popularly known as the 'King of Dudley Flats' and was the flats' longest resident, having arrived in about 1932 and remained until the early 1950s, insisting on his rights to remain, claiming he had money enough to support himself and This life suits me and it is only the mental weaklings who desire to remove me. Men of education would allow me to remain."VPRS 5357 Land Selection and Correspondence Files, unit 4166, item 34, file G 57040 'West Melbourne – Dudley Flats'

Later history

In 1987, 60 demonstrators constructed a shanty town near Footscray Road to protest the lack of public housing.

Archaeological excavations in 1999 for the City Link Freeway exposed thousands of bottles and other rubbish from the tips, but it was not possible to distinguish remains of the settlement (which was built of tip rubbish on top of tip rubbish and eventually buried in tip rubbish).

Depictions in art and literature

Dudley Flats was a popular subject for painters from the late nineteenth century to about 1950, possbily in part because of the picturesque qualities created by wasteland and fringe settlements.  These works included:

  McCubbin, Frederick (1855-1917): Dudley Flats, West of Melbourne c1880s   Oil on canvas, 25.5 x 36 cm, signed lower right F. McCubbin. Label attached verso, 25 x 35 cm; Dudley Flats, West of Melbourne  Sandford, A: Dudley Flats to Port Melbourne. 1930 oil painting
  Fullbrook, Samuel Sydney (Sam). 1922-2004:Dudley Flats,  Australian Watercolour on paper, signed and dated '47 lower right, 33.5 x 42.5 cm; Figures In A Landscape, Dudley Flat, 1946 oil on canvas 61.0 x 65.0 cm; Dudley Flats, West Kensington, Melbourne	Oil on canvas, signed with initials 'S. F, lower right, 40 x 49.5 cm; Dudley Flats 1947	Watercolour, signed 'Fullbrook' and dated '47 lower right, 33.5 x 42 cm	Dudley Flats, West Kensington, Oil on canvas, signed 'S. F.' and dated '48, 39.5 x 49.5 cm; Dudley Flats, West Kensington  Oil on canvas, signed with initials and dated 49 [?] lower right, 40 x 49.5 cm; Dudley Flats, West Kensington, Melbourne Oil on canvas, initialled and dated lower right, 'S. F. 49', 39 x 48 cm; Dudley Flats, West Kensington Signed lower left, 39.2 x 49.5 cm; Dudley Flats, West Kensington, Melbourne Oil on canvas, signed with initials lower right, 40 x 49.5 cm.
 Crossley, George S. Dudley Flats, Watercolour, signed 'G. C. Crossley', lower left, 27.5 x 40 cm
 Hunter, William, Melbourne from the Dudley Flats, Watercolour, signed lower right, 18 x 33 cm
 Harding, Arthur William (Bill). Dudley Flats, Oil on board, signed lower right, 50 x 60 cm

Reference in literature or quotes from literary figures relating to Dudley Flats are also common in the second half of the twentieth century:

 Barry Jones identified a visit to Dudley Flats with his mother as a major event that influenced him profoundly as a child. He ... had a sense, a moral sense, but also an aesthetic sense, to say, "People shouldn't be living like this."'Barry Jones , The National Interest, 6 August 2000.
 "My Brother Jack" by George Johnston mentions: There were quite a few 'metho' drinkers living around Dudley Flats at that time.Barry Humphreys recounted how Dudley Flats was known to everyone, but was not a place where well-bred people would go.

In 2006, Sharon Thorn completed a PhD thesis on the artistic possibilities in fringe life.

In 2018, Griffin Press (Scribe Publications) launched a combined social history, psychogeographic contemplation and biography of three specific residents of the Dudley Flats shanty town, Blue Lake, researched and written by David Sornig.

References

Other sources

 Barnett, F. Oswald. The Unsuspected Slums, Melbourne, 1933.
 C. P. Billott Melbourne's Missing Chronicles by John Pascoe Fawkner. Quartet Books 1982.Footscray's First Hundred Years. Footscray Advertiser 1959.
 R. L. Greenaway, Historical Usage of the Lands ... of the West Melbourne Swamp, Part of Docklands Heritage Study – Report to Docklands Authority.
J. Lack, Worst Smelbourne: Melbourne's Noxious Trades'' in Davidson, The Outcasts of Melbourne.
Melbourne City Council Archives, file 38/1 894 on Dudley Flats.
Royal Commission of Low Lands South and West of the City of Melbourne (Low Lands Commission) appointed 12 August 1872: Progress Report VPP 3, 62, 1873; Evidence of Hon T. Loader, Government Surveyor.
Vines, G. Industrial Land and Wetland, Melbourne's Living Museum of the West.
Ward, Andrew, Milner, Peter & Vines, Gary. Docklands Heritage Study, Department of Planning 1991.

Category:Localities of Melbourne


Mimetauge

Mimetauge is a monotypic snout moth genus. Its one species, Mimetauge napeogenalis, was described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1970. It is found in Peru.

References

Category:Moths described in 1970
Category:Chrysauginae
Category:Monotypic moth genera
Category:Moths of South America
Category:Pyralidae genera


Francisco R. Almada

Francisco R. Almada (October 4, 1896, Chínipas, Chihuahua—June 3, 1989, Chihuahua, Chihuahua) was a Mexican teacher, investigator, historian and politician. He served as governor of the state of Chihuahua on two occasions.

Pedagogic career
Almada  was born in the village of Chínipas, today named Chínipas de Almada in his honor. There he began his studies. Thereafter he worked as an assistant in the primary school he had attended. It was then he decided to enter the teaching profession. His school closed, and he accepted a position as a rural teacher in Masiaca, Sonora. However, he was soon (at age 20) named director of the school in Chínipas, which was reopened upon his acceptance. Later in his career he was secretary of the Commission of Education and chief of the Department of Public Education of the state of Chihuahua.

Political career
At a young age he joined in the antireelectionist movement in opposition to President Porfirio Díaz. Soon he became involved in electoral politics, leading to three terms as president of the municipality of Chínipas, all between 1918 and 1920. Three times he was deputy to the state legislature (1922, 1924 and 1928–30). Thereafter he served two terms in the federal Chamber of Deputies (1928–30 and, after reelection, 1930–32). He was a member of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI).

On July 3, 1929 he was named interim governor of the state by the legislature of Chihuahua, temporarily replacing Governor Luis L. León until the latter returned to office on November 9, 1929. León again asked for leave on December 6, and Almada again occupied the office.

Attempted coup
On June 25, 1930, a coup led by deputies Manuel Jesús Estrada and Manuel Prieto overthrew the governor in a two-hour gun battle that killed one deputy and the chief of police. A company of federal troops then surrounded the governmental palace and restored Almada. Thereupon the legislature impeached him, charging him with partiality in the ongoing gubernatorial election. The legislature installed Estrada as governor, but Estrada was not recognized by the national government of Pascual Ortiz Rubio. The federal government again reinstated Almada, on June 27.

The situation remained tense, with many Chihuahuans taking up arms, but no further bloodshed occurred. The two sides presented their cases to the federal government, and on July 10 the government again sided with Almada. A few days later (July 15), he resigned, being replaced by Romulo Escobar.

Later life
Later he was a judge of the Civil Registry, director of the Regional Museum and head of the Department of Historical Studies of the Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua.

Almada was the founder and president of the Sociedad chihuahuense de estudios Históricos (Chihuahua Society of Historical Studies) and an assiduous investigator and writer, publishing various works on the history and geography of Chihuahua and other Mexican states. He was a member of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua, of the Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística and of the Asociación Mexicana de Historia.

In June 1976 the state legislature named Chínipas the capital of the state for one day, and changed the name to Chínipas de Almada. In 1980 the Chihuahua Society of Historical Studies dedicated a plaque at the summit of Cerro Mohinora (elev. 3,313 m) with the following legend: "The two highest summits of Chihuahua, Mohinora and Francisco R. Almada."

Published works
Diccionario de historia, geografía y biografía chihuahuenses, 2a. Edición, Inédita, 1927
Gobernantes de Chihuahua, 1929
Apuntes Históricos de la Región de Chínipas, 1937
Diccionario de historia, biografía y geografía del estado de Colima, 1939
Guadalupe y Calvo, 1940
La imprenta y el periodismo en Chihuahua, 1943
Gobernantes del Estado de Chihuahua, 1951
Diccionario de Historia, Biografía y Geografía sonorenses, 1952
Hombres de Nuevo León y Coahuila en la defensa de Puebla y prisioneros en Francia en 1862, 1962
La revolución en el estado de Chihuahua, 1965
La revolución en el estado de Sonora, 1971
La invasión de los filibusteros de Crabb al estado de Sonora, 1973

Notes

References
 Diccionario Porrúa de Historia, Biografía y Geografía de México, Editorial Porrúa 1995 (6th ed.) p. 118
 Tena, Antillón Benjamín. Personajes de Chihuahua. INEA 1992. pp. 162ff.

External links
 His profile at the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez
 Brief biography

This article is a free translation of the article Francisco R. Almada at the Spanish Wikipedia, accessed on July 17, 2007, with some additional information.

Category:1896 births
Category:1989 deaths
Category:Governors of Chihuahua (state)
Category:Mexican historians
Category:20th-century Mexican writers
Category:20th-century Mexican male writers
Category:Members of the Mexican Academy of Language
Category:Autonomous University of Chihuahua alumni
Category:20th-century historians


Dimaraji

The Dimasa people of northeast India have been demanding a separate state called Dimaraji or "Dimaland" for several decades. It would comprise the Dimasa-inhabited areas, namely Dima Hasao district, parts of Cachar district, parts of Nagaon district, Hojai district and Karbi Anglong district in Assam together with part of Dimapur district in Nagaland.

Etymology
The word Dimaraji is derived from Dimasa language and its literal meaning is "Land of the Dimasas".

Aim and objectives
Struggle for existence, safeguard and welfare of the Dimasa community; Serve the students and the community for all round developments in education, literacy, various culture, language and socio-economy etc.; Eradicate social evils –illiteracy, untouchables and other superstitions which are detrimental to the society; Preserve rich ancient heritages – traditional cultures, historical relics, identity etc.; Claim legitimate constitutional rights and privileges for better growth, safeguard and co-existence among others;
 Motto: "Glorify Dimasa".
 Principle: "Live and let live to grow together"

Overview
The Dimasas believe in the existence of a supreme being Madai Under whom there are several Madais including family deities and evil spirits. The religious practices of the Dimasas are reflected in their Daikho system. A Daikho has a presiding deity with a definite territorial jurisdiction and a distinct group of followers known as Khel. Every Dimasa family worships its ancestral deity once a year before sowing the next paddy. It is known as Madai Khelimba, which is done for the general welfare of the family and Misengba is for the good of the whole community. They cremate their dead. The dead body is washed and dressed in new clothes, the corpse is placed inside the house on a mat. A fowl is thrashed to death and placed at the foot of the deceased so that it might show the deceased the right path to heaven. The widow does not tie their hair till cremation. The dead body is cremated by the side of a river or stream.
The Dimasa have a tendency to build their houses on hill slopes with a river or streamlet flowing nearby. The dwelling houses are built on plinth of earth – in two rows facing each other with a sufficiently wide gap in between.

Language

Dimasa language is a language of India ISO 639-3dis. According to 2001 Census  Dimasa language is one of the oldest languages spoken in North East India particularly in Assam. The word Dimasa etymologically translates to "Son of the big river" (Dima-river, sa-sons), the river being the mighty Brahmaputra. The Dimasa word  "Di", meaning water, forms the root of the names of many of the major rivers of Assam and of North East India in general, such as Digrung which means narrow river, Diyung which means huge river, Dikrang, which means green river, Dikhow, which means fetched water, and many others. The mighty river Brahmaputra is known as Dilao (long river) among the Dimasas even now. Many of the important towns and cities in Assam and Nagaland received their names from Dimasa words such as Diphu, Dimapur (a capital of the Dimasa Kingdom), Hojai, Khaspur, etc. In fact, Dimasa language is one of the last languages of the North East India which still has undiluted rich vocabularies. The location of speaking Dimasa language are Assam, Dima Hasao District, Cachar District, Karbi Anglong District, Nagaon District, and other districts of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram.
Language Maps: India, Map 5
Language Status 5 (Developing).
Classification Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Bodo-Garo-Northern Naga, Bodo-Koch, Bodo-Garo, Bodo Dialects Dimasa, Hariamba. Related to Kachari [xac].
Language DevelopmentLiteracy rate in L2: 60% in Assam (2001 census).
Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2005.
Language Resources OLAC resources in and about Dimasa
Writing Bengali and English script. Latin script. A Scheduled Tribe. Some ethnic Dimasa speak other languages as L1: Mikir Karbi [mjw], Bengali [ben], and Assamese [asm].

Dimasa calendar

Names of months

Names of weeks

Road communication of Maibang, Dima Hasao

National Highway 53, Maibang

History of Dimasa people

Rulers or Dimasa kings

Dimapur Capital reign
 Virochana (835–885)
 Vorahi (885–925)
 Prasanto alias Prasadao (Chakradwaj alias Khamaoto)[4] (925–1010)
 Uditya (1010–1040)
 Prabhakar (1040–1070)
 Korpoordhwaj (1070–1100)
 Giridhar (1100–1125)
 Beeradhwaj (1125–1155)
 Surajit (1155–1180)
 Ohak (1180–1210)
 Makardhwaj Narayan (Rana Pratap alias Raogena)[5] (1210–1286)
 Bhopal (1286–1316)
 Purandar (1316–1336)
 Bicharpatipha alias Prakash (1336–1386)
 Vikramadityapha alias Vikaranto (1386–1411)
 Mahamanipha alias Prabal (1411–1436)
 Manipha (1436–1461)
 Ladapha (1461–1486)
 Khunkhora alias Khorapha (1486–1511)
 Det tsang alias Dersongpha (1511–1536)

Maibang capital reign:
 Nirbhay Narayan (1540–1550)
 Durlabh Narayan or Harmesvar (1550–1576)
 Megha Narayana (1576–1583)
 Satrrudaman (Pratap Narayan, Jasa Narayan) (1583–1613)
 Nar Narayan (1613–1625)
 Bhimdarpa Narayan (Bhimbal Konwar (1625–1637)
 Indraballabh Narayan (1637–1655)
 Birdarpa Narayan (1655–1681)
 Garurdhwaj Narayan (1681–1686)
 Makardhwaj (1686–1692)
 Udayaditya (1692–1699)
 Tamradhwaj Narayan (1699–1708)
 Queen Chandraprabha (1708–1710)
 Suradarpa Narayan (1710–1730)
 Dharmadhwaj Narayan (Harischandra Narayan) (1730–1735)
 Kirichandra Narayan (1735–1745)
 Gopichandra Narayan (1745–1757)

Khaspur capital reign:
 Harischandra II (1757–1772)
 Krishnachandra Narayan Hasnusa (1772–1813)
 Gobindchandra Narayan Hasnusa (1813–1830 till of 14 August)
 Tularam Senapaty (Thaosensa)(Died 12 October 1850)

Proposed boundaries of the state
The proposed state's boundaries shall include Dima Hasao, Cachar, parts of Nagaon, Hojai, and Karbi Anglong districts of Assam and part of Dimapur in Nagaland.

According to the Dima Halam Daogah chief Dilip Nunisa, the proposed Dimaraji would comprise three districts: existing Dima Hasao, Garampani district and Borail. Borail would have parts of present Dima Hasao and the tribal dominated areas of Cachar, including the ancient Kachari kingdom capital Khaspur. Garampani would include eastern Dima Hasao and neighbouring Nagaon's Dimasa-dominated Lanka, Hojai, Lumding and Kampur and stretch up to Kachari satra in Dakhinpat under Nagaon sadar police station. Borlangfar, Dhansiri in Karbi Anglong and Dimapur plains should be included in the existing Dima Hasao district.

Tradition
 Ancient Dimasa tradition maintains that sixty thousand moons (Lunar months) ago, they left their ancestral land when it suffered a severe drought. After a long wandering, theysettled atDi-laobra Sangibra, the confluence of the Brahmaputra and Sangi or Di-tsang. There they held a great assembly. The place is the present West Bengal area where the River Ganges and the Brahmaputra join, and where the Kacharisestablished their first Seat. Over time, their kingdom over large territories. The Dimasa society is divided into 40 ‘Sengphong’ (Male clans) on the basis of male line and 42 ‘Zilik’ on the basis of female line (Female clans) based on totemism and profession. According to traditions, originally, there had been as many as forty ‘Sengphongs’ or clans in the Dimasa society.

Music and Dance
Music and dance play an important role in the day-to-day life of the Dimasa society. They sing and dance, expressing their joy at the youth common houses ‘Nadrang’ or at the courtyard of the ‘Gajaibaou's house in popular common festival like Bushu or Hangsao – manauba. The female owner of the house, where the Bushu festival is held, is called ‘Gajaibaou’.
By using their traditional musical instruments like Muri, Muri-wathisa, Supin Khram, Khramdubung, they present their traditional dances named – Baidima, Jaubani, Jaupinbani, Rennginbani, Baichargi, Kunlubani, Daislelaibani, Kamauthaikim Kaubani, Nanabairibani, Baururnjla, Kailaibani, Homaudaobani, Rongjaobani, Dausipamaikabani, Daudngjang, Nowaijang, Dailaibani, Narimbani, Rogidaw bihimaiyadaw, Maijaobani, Maisubanai, Richibbani, Michai bonthai jibnai, Homojing ladaibani, Berma charao paibani, Mangusha bondaibani, Madaikalimbani.
The Dimasa males put on the traditional dresses like richa, rikaosa, paguri rimchau and rimchaoramai to perform the folk dances. The females put on Rigu, rijamfini, rijamfinaberen, rikaucha, rikhra, jingsudu etc.and wear ornaments like Kaudima, Khadu, Kamautai, Longbar, Panlaubar. Chandraral, Rongbarcha, Enggrasa, Jongsama, Ligjao, Jingbri, Yausidam etc.
The dance forms of the Dimasa people are complex in character. They are strictly dependent on instrumental music. No songs are used. Khram (drum) follows the rhythm of the Muri (fife) and so also the dancers. Though one may find the music trilling from Muri to be monotonous, but there are variations with noticeable microtones for different dance forms. That is why young men practice dancing at Nadrang during leisure hours and the village kids follow the rhythm and stepping at a distance from an early age.

Dimasa Holybath at Panimur (Dikhoro Digalai)
 Dimasani Thirtha Majang (Khaha gasain Maithani)

To revive the Grand Holy Bath of Dimasa at Dikhro Dighai  K C Bodo took pioneering initiatives and  also constituted an organization "Kapili Tirtha Samsaj’ in 1984.    It came to his notice that Grand holy bath at Dikhoro Dihalai was circumscribed only among the single Julu Marongma Daogua and a single Sengphong Senkring Rajiyung.  He set the rolling ball to collect various historical accounts and material evidences from various sources. Consequently, he also compiled a book  "Kapili Thirtha" by name. The book endowed profusely with many facts and his findings about Kapili Thirtha is very helpful to understand the rich heritage of Dimasa's faith and beliefs.  According to K C Bodo, Dimasa King, Damrodos of Maibang was the last king who  visited this holy shrine  with their large peoppe gathering here. There was a very elaborate history about the Grand Holy bath of Dimasa King Danrodos.  But after his demise, no such grand holy bath was recorded.  It may be due  to various turmoil appeared in Dimasa Kingdom in later period and with advent of British finally the sunset of Dimajaji took place.

With profound realization of the importance of this Grand Holy Bath, he approached many Dimasa Intelligentsia and social workers  to revive and to make it as grand holy bath of Dimasa.

In 1987 P K Kemprai (CEM), KK Hojai, Hambang Bathari and many others people  assembled at Panimur to view the holy Bath taken by Marongma daogua  and they also took bath. In the  open meeting all assembled people resolved to make it as  Grand Holy Bath of Dimasa People so that irrespective of all sephong, Julu will take bath together in the same wari (waterfall).  Every Dimasa feel the need of common platform to stand united spiritually, religiously and culturally  on the pedestal of true fraternity  and amity to revive the Dimasa Nationalition.  Our people have been shattered into pieces geopraphically, economically and even religiously with blind acceptance of other cultures and tratiotions. There was saying " It was the crucial time for us to take the  esteem responsibilities of our nation building".     So the  great sons of Dimasa such as Panidra Gorlosa, Hambang Bathari, K K Hojai, Kumbo Hojai, Naren Daolaguphu  Nirupoma Hagjer, Ramendra Lanthasa, and many other came forward to organize  this grand holy Bath. Finally, Dimasa Dara Disani Dol along with Kapili Tirtha Samaj  organized   the first  Grand Holy Bath on 9 February 1990   which come out with splendid people gatherings.

[Many of the persons who did a lot for the holy bath are not mentioned in it pertaining to its abridged  form]

Festivals
 Busu Dima (The joyous harvesting festival)

Among the festivals of the Dimasas, Busu is the biggest and the most important community festival. It is usually celebrated in January of every year. According to Dimasa Calendar, 27 January is marked as Busu Dima. The Dimasa people of Dima Hasao District, Cachar District, Karbi Anglong District of Assam and Dimapur District of Nagaland, being agrarian people, celebrate various agricultural festivals in different ways and at different times. Mostly Dimasa inhabiting Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district are successful in preserving their age old traditional religious beliefs and practices in and through the celebration of several festivals, with some exceptions, due to being Hinduised. The Dimasa festival can be categorized into community festivals and local festivals.
The local festivals are performed by each village separately, and participation is restricted to the people of the village concerned. The community festivals are Misengba and Busu, while local festivals are Khorongfang Gerba, Maisalai Gerba, Rajini Gerba, Hor-ni Gerba etc.

The grand Busu festival may be divided into three categories:
 Busu Jidap – When the Busu is celebrated for three days, it is called Jidap•
 Surem Baino : If it is observed for five days, it is called Surem Baino•
 Hangseu Manaoba : When it is observed for seven days it is called Hangseu Manaoba•
In all festivities they used to make a "heih-ho" (Haoba) as to mark the grand festivities and ceremony.

Geographical features

Hills
 The  major portion of the area is covered by hills. The main range is Borail of which "Thumjang" is the highest peak at 1866meters & Hempeupet is the 2nd highest peak at 1748meters. The other main range is Khartheng range from Dittokcherra to Garampani.

Rivers
 The main rivers are Kapili, Dehangi, Diyung, Jatinga, Jenam, Mahur, Langting, etc.. Of these Diyung (which means Large Water in Dimasa language) River is the longest, having a length of 240 km. Almost all rivers originate from Borail.

Climate
 Rainfall is heavy during the months from May to September, but it is not evenly distributed throughout the district/state. Climate condition is also not uniform. Rainfall in Borail range is heaviest. Annual average in this range varies from 2200mm to 2700mm while in the Langting - Manderdisa - Diyungmukh area it receives much less rain( i.e., from 1200 mm. to 1800 mm.). The average mean maximum temperature varies from 24 °C to 30 °C. The average mean minimum temperature varies from 10 °C to 14 °C. The average relative humidity varies from73% to 84%.

Forest and its area
 The areas covered by forest in the District@State is as shown below:

Forest species and produces
 Important tree plants naturally available are Haldu, Gamari, Titachopa, Nahar, Bonsum, Bogipoma, Bola, Koroi, Bhelu, Makri, Sal etc. Minor Forest Produces available are Bamboo, Cane, Broom sticks, Tezpat, Dalchini, Tannins, Medicinal plants and herbs, Honey, Sand, Gravels etc.

Wild life
 Tiger, Leopard, Elephant, Barking Deer, Screw Hollock, Gibbons, Black Bear, Wild dog, Wild Buffalo, Mithun etc. are the main inhabitants of the hill ecosystem. The varieties of birds, snakes, tortoise and other reptiles, etc. too, enrich the hills biodiversities.

Minerals
 Limestone and coal in small quantity are found in the neighbourhood of Garampani. Carbonaceous shale is available in Baga area. Good quality of limestone low in magnesea & suitable for cement manufacturing is also available.

Dimaraji movement

Underground
 The Dima Halam Daoga  (DHD) is a descendant of the Dimasa National Security Force (DNSF), which ceased operations in 1995. Commander-in-Chief Jewel Gorlosa, refused to surrender and launched the Dima Halam Daogah. After the peace agreement between the DHD and the central government in the year 2003, the group further broke out and  DHD(J) also known as Black Widow was born which was led by Jewel Gorlosa. The Black Widow's declared objective is to create Dimaraji for the Dimasa people in Dima Hasao district only. However The objective of DHD (Nunisa faction) is to include parts of Cachar, Karbi Anglong, and Nagaon districts in Assam, and sections of Dimapur district in Nagaland.

ADSU
 The All Dimasa Students’ Union (ADSU) apart from safeguarding the common interest of the Dimasa community as a whole launched a democratic political movement on 30 April 2003 staging a demonstration at Jantar Mantar, New Delhi demanding Dimaraji. The major grievances of the All Dimasa Students’ Union (ADSU): Today, the very existence of the Dimasa People, nay, the aboriginal tribe of the North Eastern States is at stake irrespective of places of their original traditional habitats since the time immemorial in the region. Evenafter 60 years of Indian Independence, there is no trace of least development or change of Dimasa people in any aspect, and on the other hand, numerous problems are cropped up and added to one after another everyday.
Till today, our people are almost backward, neglected, deprived of all legitimate constitutional benefits, and compelled to remain in despair and resentment. The rapid development of other higher and more intellectual sections of the society causes our people ‘surprised’. After careful observations of these grievous situations of our people the ADSU held the Government and its administrative policies RESPONSIBLE.

Industries

NEEPCO - Kopili Hydro Electric Project
A government of India enterprise, located in the Dima Hasao district near the Assam-Meghalaya border, the hot spring of Garampani is now lost in the dammed water of Kopili river after completion of Kopili Hydro Electric Project.
The Kopili Hydro Electric Project was the maiden venture of NEEPCO when it came into existence in 1976.

Khandong and Kopili Power Station
The first stage of Kopili Hydro Electric Plant has two dam and dyke systems which created two reservoirs, one on the Kopili River and the other on the Umrang stream, a tributary of the Kopili. Water from the Kopili reservoir is used in the Khandong power station through a 2759-metre tunnel to generate 50 MW (2 × 25 MW) of power. The tail water from this powerhouse is led to the Umrong reservoir. The water from Umrong reservoir is taken through a 5473-metre tunnel to the Kopili power station to generate 100 MW (2 × 50 MW) of power.

The first stage extension of the plant envisaged setting up two additional 50 MW units at Kopili power station, provisions for which were already kept during the first stage development of the project. The Units III and IV under this extension scheme were commissioned in March 1997 and June 1997 respectively. The total installed capacity of the Kopili power station thus went up to 200 MW and that of the project as whole to 250 MW. The Umrong reservoir was raised by 7.6 m to meet the demand for more water for two additional 50 MW units of first stage extension.

KHEP Stage II power station
The second stage of the Kopili Hydro Electric Plant involves a powerhouse to generate additional 25 MW of power by using water from the Khandong reservoir through a 481 metre long water conductor system, provision of which was kept as a bypass conduit from the surge shaft in the Khandong tunnel. The water from the second stage powerhouse will go to the Umrong reservoir for use in the Kopili power station.

Cement industries
Vinay Cements was set up in 1989 at a capital cost of Rs. 270 million. At the time of commissioning, it was one of the largest private sector investments in the north east region. The plant uses rotary technology with a four-stage pre-heater and forth generation grate cooler. It has an installed capacity of 0.24 million tons per annum. In its market, it has consistently been among the top three manufacturers of cement since inception. In 2004 it became a 100% debt-free company. In 2006–2007 it has reported revenues of 488 million and an EBIDTA of Rs. 117 million. With a view to consolidate the group companies and provide greater shareholder value, it has recently initiated the process of acquiring RCL Cement in an all-stock deal. There are three  other cement industries in the vicinity of the town, NECEM CEMENTS LIMITED ( 1989), RCL (1999), Calcom (2007) & SCL. Residents in the area claim that the presence of these cement factories has led to chronic air pollution.

Organizations and NGOs
 Dimasa Sahitya Sabha (DSS)
 Dimasa Sanskritik Parishad (DSP)
 Dimasa Social Welfare Organization (DSWO)
 Dimasa Women Society (DWS)
 Dima Hasao Sports Association (DHSA)
 Hills State Democratic Party (HSDP)
 HSDP Mahila Sangathan (HSDPMS)
All Dimasa Students’ Union, Maibang
All Dimasa Students' Union, Diyungbra
All Dimasa Students’ Union, Haflong
All Dimasa Students’ Union, Silchar
All Dimasa Students’ Union, Diphu
All Dimasa Students’ Union, Dimapur
All Dimasa Students’ Union, Guwahati
 All Dimasa Students Union, Delhi
Kapili Tirtha Samaj, Panimur
Sibrai Bosong, Lanka

Dimasa Lairimin Haba

 A literary organization envisaged to revive and upgrade the Dimasa language. This organization was founded by  legendary Dimasa soci-religious activist and  Dimasa Sahithya Soba laureate late K C Bodo in 1994. As an author the late K C Bodo tackled the problem of finding a publisher of books written in Dimasa, which is still a prevailing problem among the Dimasa writers.  Realizing the gravity of the problems, he instituted this organization with consultations of personalities such as K K Hojai, P Gorlosa and H Bathari. Thus in 1997 K k Hojai on behalf of this institution published "Thairili"  a collection of Dimasa poems written  k c BODO. K C bodo looked forward to create a large financial corpus to facilitate publications of Dimasa books thereby encouraging those authors who were contributing to the development of the Dimasa language. But he devotes his time much more on religious preaching of Horaolim in later part of his life. Religious reformations crusading prevailing superstitious belief and practice   and spreading educations in our society are  the destiny in his life. His writing not only reflect his genuine talent but also versatility. Some of the books published by Dimasa Lairimin Habaare
 "Thairili"  (1997)  written in Dimasa by Mungridao, a pseudonym
 "Sainyader" (1996) written in Dimasa by Mungridao, a pseudonym

Tourism attractions

MAIBANG: Located on the bank of the river Mahur and 53 km from Haflong. Maibang once flourished as the capital of Dimasa, kachari Kingdom. Stone house, temple of Kachari king and other ruins of the kingdom are the main attractions of the place.

HAFLONG: Up in the rugged terrains stands Assam's only hill  station Haflong, where one can see the rainbow down below. It is the headquarters of Dima Hasao District. The hills emerge from the heart of Assam like chorus of silent hymns and rise up to the sky like the crescendo. The sportive clouds play around the cliffs like gleeful children. The limitless green rolls away to distant horizon in a beautiful rhythm. Hilly Assam is a land of sensuousness. A heaven to the senses where one touches the sweetest dream with one's finger. The mountains float in the distant sky. The clouds descend and snugly lie below one's feet.

 UMRANGSO: 224 km from Guwahati, Assam. The huge Hydel plant has come up under North East electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO) with dams in the Kopili river. Near Umrangso, there is aHot spring( GARAMPANI), the water of which is believed to have medicinal value.

JATINGA: World-famous for bird mystery (Birds Harakiri). The migratory birds come during the months August to November and it becomes the ornithologist's attraction. From the elevated watch tower one can see them yielding to their death wish and their little plumage dropping down.

PANIMOOR: The Kopili River turns into a thrilling waterfall, rolling over the rocks of Panimoor.

See also
 Dimasa
 Dimasa Calendar
 Dimasa language
 Dimasa Kingdom
 Maibang
 Dima Hasao District
 Dimapur
 Bushu Dima

References

Category:Geography of India
Category:Dima Hasao district


Boa Vista do Incra

Boa Vista do Incra is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in the Southern Region of Brazil.

See also
List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul

References

Category:Municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul


Gabriel Dumont (ice hockey)

Gabriel Paul Joseph Dumont (born October 6, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for the Iowa Wild of the American Hockey League (AHL) while under contract to the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL). Dumont was selected 139th overall in the fifth round of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft by the Montreal Canadiens.

Playing career
As a youth, Dumont played in the 2003 and 2004 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with minor ice hockey team sfrom Rimouski.

Dumont played four seasons with the Drummondville Voltigeurs in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League before he was signed to a three-year, entry-level contract with the Montreal Canadiens on April 30, 2010. He recorded his first career NHL point on March 13, 2013, against the Ottawa Senators and scored his first NHL goal on April 17, 2013 against the Pittsburgh Penguins.

At the conclusion of his entry-level deal, in July 2013, Dumont was re-signed by the Canadiens to a two-year, two-way contract. This was followed by an additional one-year, two-way contract extension on June 1, 2015.

After 7 seasons within the Canadiens organization, Dumont left as a free agent to sign a one-year, two-way contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning on July 1, 2016.

On June 28, 2017, the Lightning announced that it had re-signed Dumont to a two-year, $1.3 million contract extension. Dumont made the Lightning's roster to open the 2017–18 season. He appeared in 7 scoreless games before he was placed on waivers by the Lightning and claimed by the Ottawa Senators on November 22, 2017. On February 20, 2018, Dumont was placed on waivers by the Senators, and was then claimed by the Lightning the next day.

On July 1, 2019, Dumont signed as a free agent to a two-year, two-way contract with the Minnesota Wild.

Career statistics

Awards and honours

References

External links

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Category:Drummondville Voltigeurs players
Category:Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players
Category:Ice hockey people from Quebec
Category:Iowa Wild players
Category:Minnesota Wild players
Category:Montreal Canadiens draft picks
Category:Montreal Canadiens players
Category:Ottawa Senators players
Category:People from Bas-Saint-Laurent
Category:St. John's IceCaps players
Category:Syracuse Crunch players
Category:Tampa Bay Lightning players


Greatest Hits (Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band album)

Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band Greatest Hits is Bruce Springsteen's fifth compilation album, released as a limited edition first in the United States, Canada and Australia on January 13, 2009, exclusively through Wal-Mart retailers.

History
The album is a collection of some of Springsteen's hit singles and popular album tracks through the years. Springsteen released a similar Greatest Hits album in 1995. Unlike the previous release, this album is billed to "Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band", the first time Springsteen's backing band has been credited with a compilation release.  As such, it contains no Springsteen material recorded between 1984 and 2002, during which period he did virtually no studio recording with the E Street Band.

Springsteen's association with Wal-Mart drew puzzled reactions from the media, given the singer's longtime support for labor causes and the company's longtime anti-union actions.  Huffington Post writer Tony Sachs pronounced the release one of the "top five boneheaded music industry moves of 2008", while The Wall Street Journal wrote that it reflected the duality of "the liberal singer-songwriter and the commercial juggernaut recording artist."  Longtime Springsteen writer Charles R. Cross said that fans were now more accepting of such blatant commercial strategies given the overall slump in the music business.  Nevertheless, the release did draw criticism from some fans as well as from labor union activists and independent record store owners.  In response, Springsteen manager Jon Landau said, "[L]et's start with the premise that Bruce is already in Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart has been 15% of our sales in recent years. It's not a question of going into Wal-Mart; we're there. They, and other retailers, are all looking for some way to differentiate themselves, and we try to accommodate each one. We're not doing any advertising for Wal-Mart. We haven't endorsed Wal-Mart or anybody else."  But then Springsteen himself, during publicity for his appearance at Super Bowl XLIII, admitted that they "dropped the ball" with the association with Wal-Mart, and attributed it to insufficient vetting due to too many activities going on.

Track listing
All songs written by Bruce Springsteen except where noted.

US edition
 "Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)" – 7:02
 From the album The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle, 1973
 "Born to Run" – 4:31
 From the album Born to Run, 1975
 "Thunder Road" – 4:47
 From the album Born to Run
 "Darkness on the Edge of Town" – 4:28
 From the album Darkness on the Edge of Town, 1978
 "Badlands" – 4:03
 From the album Darkness on the Edge of Town
 "Hungry Heart" – 3:18
 From the album The River, 1980
 "Glory Days" – 4:15
 From the album Born in the U.S.A., 1984
 "Dancing in the Dark" – 4:00
 From the album Born in the U.S.A.
 "Born in the U.S.A." – 4:38
 From the album Born in the U.S.A.
 "The Rising" – 4:47
 From the album The Rising, 2002
 "Lonesome Day" – 4:05
 From the album The Rising
 "Radio Nowhere" – 3:19
 From the album Magic, 2007

Europe edition
 "Blinded by the Light" – 5:04
 From the album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., 1973
 "Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)" – 7:02
 From the album The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle
 "Born to Run" – 4:31
 From the album Born to Run
 "Thunder Road" – 4:47
 From the album Born to Run
 "Badlands" – 4:03
 From the album Darkness on the Edge of Town
 "Darkness on the Edge of Town" – 4:28
 From the album Darkness on the Edge of Town
 "Hungry Heart" – 3:18
 From the album The River
 "The River" – 5:00
 From the album The River
 "Born in the U.S.A." – 4:38
 From the album Born in the U.S.A.
 "I'm on Fire" - 2:34
 From the album Born in the U.S.A.
 "Glory Days" – 4:15
 From the album Born in the U.S.A.
 "Dancing in the Dark" – 4:00
 From the album Born in the U.S.A.
 "The Rising" – 4:47
 From the album The Rising
 "Lonesome Day" – 4:05
 From the album The Rising
 "Radio Nowhere" – 3:19
 From the album Magic
 "Long Walk Home" – 4:35
 From the album Magic
 "Because the Night" (Springsteen, Patti Smith) – 5:21
 From the album Live/1975–85, 1986
 "Fire"  - 2:49
 From the album Live/1975-85

Personnel
 Roy Bittan – piano, synthesizer
 Ernest "Boom" Carter – drums
 Clarence Clemons – saxophone, percussion, backing vocals
 Danny Federici – organ, glockenspiel
 Nils Lofgren - guitar, backing vocals
 Vini "Mad Dog" Lopez – drums
 David Sancious – piano, organ
 Patti Scialfa - backing vocals
 Bruce Springsteen – guitar, lead vocals, harmonica
 Garry Tallent – bass guitar
 Soozie Tyrell – violin, backing vocals
 Max Weinberg – drums
 Steven Van Zandt – guitar, backing vocals

Charts

References

Category:2009 greatest hits albums
Category:Bruce Springsteen compilation albums
Category:Columbia Records compilation albums


Pescafresh

Pescafresh is a fresh seafood home delivery service based in Mumbai, India. The Company was started in 2004 by Sangram Sawant.

History
Pescafresh started delivering fresh seafood in July 2004. It initially delivered in the areas between South Mumbai to Andheri on Western Suburbs to Sion on central suburbs. Since then it has expanded its services and has started delivering across Mumbai and claims to have reached more than 20,000 households across the city through its home delivery services.

In 2015 Pescafresh partnered with Star Bazaar and Tesco to start one of its kind Gourmet seafood counter. The store branded as Pescafresh Gourmet started operations at Star Bazaar Andheri in June 2015. In its Gourmet store Pescafresh offers Fresh Norwegian Pink Salmon and Himalayan Trout to its retail consumers.

Products
Pescafresh sells over 45 varieties of Fish such as Pomfret, Indian Salmon/Rawas, Kingfish, Seabass, Redsnapper, Tiger prawn, Lobster, Crab and many other local varieties. Pescafresh also partnered with Loch Duart to get fresh Scottish Salmon to India. Its gourmet range also includes Norwegian Halibut, Himalayan Trout and Fresh Pink Salmon that is imported from Norway.

Operations
As of June 2015, Pescafresh operates in 4 cities in India: Mumbai, Bangalore and Delhi. It currently operates with hypermarket and supermarket chains such as ABRL More, Godrej Natures Basket, TATA Trents Gourmet west, TATA Star Bazaar and Le Marche, however the home delivery services are only available in Mumbai.

Funding
In February 2014 Pescafresh raised funding from Blume Ventures. It was a lead investment accompanied by Orios Venture Partners as co investors.
It is currently in the process of raising its second round of funding in the range of $4–6 million.
The company plans to invest 25-30 Crores in next 3 years to consolidate its operations.

Online venture
In 2015 Pescafresh remade their website to make it an online marketplace for local and international seafood. The website will offer consumers local and international seafood varieties for home delivery. Pescafresh also plans to create a mobile app on Android and iOS platforms.

References

External links

Category:2004 establishments in India
Category:Companies established in 2004
Category:Companies based in Mumbai
Category:Seafood companies of India


Vlasyevo, Vladimir Oblast

Vlasyevo () is a rural locality (a village) in Kirzhachsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

References

Category:Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast


James D. Gordon III

James D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU).

As a young man, Gordon served a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Italy.

Gordon earned a bachelor's degree in political science from BYU. He then earned a law degree from the University of California, Berkeley.  He was a law clerk for Judge Monroe G. McKay of the 10th United States Circuit court.  He then practiced law in Salt Lake City before joining the BYU faculty.

At BYU, Gordon served as Marion B. and Rulon A. Earl Professor of Law.  He also was acting dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School from 2009 to 2010 and served for a time as associate academic vice president for faculty at BYU.  In this position, he served as the point man for the university's position in relation to the refusal to grant continuing status to a few professors at BYU in the mid-1990s who publicly criticized the school or its sponsoring institution instead of producing what BYU deemed to be worth-while scholarship in their fields of endeavor. The most drastic case that Gordon had to deal with may have been Gail T. Houston, who advocated prayer practices out-of-line with the teachings of the LDS Church.

In 2010, he was appointed assistant to the president for planning and assessment at BYU, filling the position vacated by Gerrit W. Gong, who become a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy.

Among other positions in the LDS Church, Gordon has served as a bishop and counselor in a stake presidency.

References

Sources
BYU News announcement of Gordon's appointment as assistant to the president of BYU for assessment and planning
Mormon Scholars Testify entry for Gordon

Category:1954 births
Category:American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Category:American Mormon missionaries in Italy
Category:Brigham Young University alumni
Category:UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
Category:Brigham Young University faculty
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Mormon missionaries
Category:Latter Day Saints from California
Category:Latter Day Saints from Utah


Community archives

Community archives are archives created or accumulated, described, and/or preserved by individuals and community groups who desire to document their cultural heritage based on shared experiences, interests, and/or identities, sometimes without the traditional intervention of formally trained archivists, historians, and librarians. Instead, the engaged community members determine the scope and contents of the community archive, often with a focus on a significant shared event, such as the Ferguson unrest (2014). Community archives are created in response to needs defined by the members of a community, who may also exert control over how materials are used.

Although local and regional societies, churches, and museums have collected community records for generations, community archives increased in number and popularity throughout the 1970s and 1980s, which Anne Gilliland and Andrew Flinn believe may be due in part to increased interest in oral history and community representation in response to the emerging anti-war, anti-establishment, civil rights, and student activism movements of the 1960s.

The work of community archives received little recognition from archival scholars until the early 2000s, when several published studies explored the relationships between communities, archives, and collective memory. Jeannette Bastian’s Owning Memory: How a Caribbean Community Lost Its Archives and Found Its History is considered to be one of the most significant of these publications. Bastian discusses the experience of the people of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Virgin Islanders' efforts to rebuild their “house of memory” after losing local control of nearly all governmental documents and records to their historical and current colonial rulers. Bastian's work introduces several key concepts, including the notion of a "community of records" to acknowledge that communities are entities that both create records and whose input is needed to contextualize the records they create.

Methods
Community archives may be developed via participatory or autonomous practices, and can occur in both physical and virtual spaces, including through the digitization of dispersed physical materials. The participatory archives model was defined by Isto Huvila in 2008 to discuss how individuals actively and consciously participate in the creation of shared heritage. Drawing on the idea of participatory culture (as opposed to consumer culture), the participatory collection's focus is to create opportunities for civic engagement and artistic expression, encouraging participants to share information and resources with the community to achieve a common goal. The autonomous archives framework was introduced in 2010 by Shauna Moore and Susan Pell to describe community-based collections that are constituted as intentional social and political acts by and for emerging publics, often enacted by those who have been traditionally excluded from the dominant cultural discourse.

The act of bringing together dispersed records online, also called “virtual reunification,” may encourage a more holistic understating of community history and strengthen community ties. However, communities that cannot support these endeavors on their own but wish to remain autonomous may face added complexity, due to the technological infrastructure required to ensure that collections are developed on a platform that can be supported and maintained over time.

Challenges
As the term "community archive" has gained popularity, it has been applied in a variety of ways, including as a way to denote community participation in knowledge creation and preservation in ways that may challenge existing dominant historical and political narratives. However, the ambiguity inherent in defining the terms "community" and "archives" complicates attempts to discuss and define what is meant by "community archives". Therefore, allowing these independent entities to label and define their organizations and missions is one important way to support their activities.

Whether community archives consider their endeavors to be political, exerting control over community documentation and storytelling inherently calls attention to issues of power manifest in traditional approaches to archival creation and maintenance. As the interest in, and number of, community archives increase globally, opportunities to document and share these efforts and materials with the general public may result in tension between community archives stakeholders and heritage professionals who are trained with an emphasis on legal, intellectual, and physical control of records.

Since many community archives develop as independent social spaces, often distinct from mainstream narratives, their organizational champions may resist archival labels and/or intervention by trained professionals out of concern that collections may be absorbed by formal institutions and  rendered inaccessible to their communities. Therefore, issues of independence and autonomy tend to be at the forefront of community archival identities, even if they seek partnerships or welcome support from traditional cultural heritage institutions.

References

Category:Archives by type


Primase

DNA primase is an enzyme involved in the replication of DNA and is a type of RNA polymerase. Primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA (or DNA in some organisms) segment called a primer complementary to a ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) template. Primase is of key importance in DNA replication because no known replicative DNA polymerases can initiate the synthesis of a DNA strand without an initial RNA or DNA primer (for temporary DNA elongation). After this elongation, the RNA piece is removed by a 5' to 3' exonuclease and refilled with DNA.

Function
In bacteria, primase binds to the DNA helicase forming a complex called the primosome.  Primase is activated by the helicase where it then synthesizes a short RNA primer approximately 11 ±1 nucleotides long, to which new nucleotides can be added by DNA polymerase. Archaeal and eukaryote primases are heterodimeric proteins with one large regulatory and one small catalytic subunit.

The RNA segments are first synthesized by primase and then elongated by DNA polymerase. Then the DNA polymerase forms a protein complex with two primase subunits to form the alpha DNA Polymerase primase complex. Primase is one of the most error prone and slow polymerases. Primases in organisms such as E. coli synthesize around 2000 to 3000 primers at the rate of one primer per second.  Primase also acts as a halting mechanism to prevent the leading strand from outpacing the lagging strand by halting the progression of the replication fork. The rate determining step in primase is when the first phosphodiester bond is formed between two molecules of RNA.

The replication mechanisms differ between different bacteria and viruses where the primase covalently link to helicase in viruses such as the T7 bacteriophage. In viruses such as the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), primase can form complexes with helicase. The primase-helicase complex is used to unwind dsDNA (double-stranded) and synthesizes the lagging strand using RNA primers The majority of primers synthesized by primase are two to three nucleotides long.

Types
There are two main types of primase: DnaG found in most bacteria, and the AEP (Archaeo-Eukaryote Primase) superfamily found in archaean and eukaryotic primases. While bacterial primases (DnaG-type) are composed of a single protein unit (a monomer) and synthesize RNA primers, AEP primases are usually composed of two different primase units (a heterodimer) and synthesize two-part primers with both RNA and DNA components. While functionally similar, the two primase superfamilies evolved independently of each other.

DnaG
The crystal structure of primase in E. coli with a core containing the DnaG protein was determined in the year 2000.  The DnaG and primase complex is cashew shaped and contains three subdomains.  The central subdomain forms a toprim fold which is made of a mixture five beta sheets and six alpha helices.  The toprim fold is used for binding regulators and metals. The primase uses a phosphotransfer domain for the transfer coordination of metals, which makes it distinct from other polymerases.  The side subunits contain a NH2 and COOH terminal made of alpha helixes and beta sheets. The NH2 terminal interacts with a zinc binding domain and COOH-terminal region which interacts with DnaB-ID.

The Toprim fold is also found in topoisomerase and mitochrondrial Twinkle primase/helicase. Some DnaG-like (bacteria-like; ) primases have been found in archaeal genomes.

AEP
Eukaryote and archaeal primases tend to be more similar to each other, in terms of structure and mechanism, than they are to bacterial primases. The archaea-eukaryotic primase (AEP) superfamily, which most eukaryal and archaeal primase catalytic subunits belong to, has recently been redefined as a primase-polymerase family in recognition of the many other roles played by enzymes in this family. This classification also emphasizes the broad origins of AEP primases; the superfamily is now recognized as transitioning between RNA and DNA functions.

Archaeal and eukaryote primases are heterodimeric proteins with one large regulatory (human PRIM2, p58) and one small catalytic subunit (human PRIM1, p48/p49). The large subunit contains a N-terminal 4Fe–4S cluster, split out in some archaea as PriX/PriCT. The large subunit is implicated in improving the activity and specificity of the small subunit. For example, removing the part corresponding to the large subunit in a fusion protein PolpTN2 results in a slower enzyme with reverse transcriptase activity.

Multifunctional primases

The AEP family of primase-polymerases has diverse features beyond making only primers. In addition to priming DNA during replication, AEP enzymes may have additional functions in the DNA replication process, such as polymerization of DNA or RNA, terminal transfer, translesion synthesis (TLS), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), and possibly in restarting stalled replication forks. Primases typically synthesize primers from ribonucleotides (NTPs); however, primases with polymerase capabilities also have an affinity for deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs). Primases with terminal transferase functionality are capable of adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of a DNA strand independently of a template. Other enzymes involved in DNA replication, such as helicases, may also exhibit primase activity.

In eukaryotes and archaea

Human PrimPol (ccdc111) serves both primase and polymerase functions, like many archaeal primases; exhibits terminal transferase activity in the presence of manganese; and plays a significant role in translesion synthesis and in restarting stalled replication forks. PrimPol is actively recruited to damaged sites through its interaction with RPA, an adapter protein that facilitates DNA replication and repair. PrimPol has a zinc finger domain similar to that of some viral primases, which is essential for translesion synthesis and primase activity and may regulate primer length. Unlike most primases, PrimPol is uniquely capable of starting DNA chains with dNTPs.

PriS, the archaeal primase small subunit, has a role in translesion synthesis (TLS) and can bypass common DNA lesions. Most archaea lack the specialized polymerases that perform TLS in eukaryotes and bacteria. PriS alone preferentially synthesizes strings of DNA; but in combination with PriL, the large subunit, RNA polymerase activity is increased.

In Sulfolobus solfataricus, the primase heterodimer PriSL can act as a primase, polymerase, and terminal transferase. PriSL is thought to initiate primer synthesis with NTPs and then switch to dNTPs. The enzyme can polymerize RNA or DNA chains, with DNA products reaching as long as 7000 nucleotides (7 kb). It is suggested that this dual functionality may be a common feature of archaeal primases.

In bacteria

AEP multifutional primases also appear in bacteria and phages that infect them. They can display novel domain organizations with domains that bring even more functions beyond polymerization.

Bacterial LigD () is primarily involved in the NHEJ pathway. It has an AEP superfamily polymerase/primase domain, a 3'-phosphoesterase domain, and a ligase domain. It is also capable of primase, DNA and RNA polymerase, and terminal transferase activity. DNA polymerization activity can produce chains over 7000 nucleotides (7 kb) in length, while RNA polymerization produces chains up to 1 kb long.

In viruses and plasmids
AEP enzymes are widespread, and can be found encoded in mobile genetic elements including virus/phages and plasmids. They either use them as a sole replication protein or in combination with other replication-associated proteins, such as helicases and, less frequently, DNA polymerases. Whereas the presence of AEP in eukaryotic and archaeal viruses is expected in that they mirror their hosts, bacterial viruses and plasmids also as frequently encode AEP-superfamily enzymes as they do DnaG-family primases. A great diversity of AEP families has been uncovered in various bacterial plasmids by comparative genomics surveys. Their evolutionary history is currently unknown, as these found in bacteria and baceriophages appear too different from their archaeo-eukaryotic homologs for a recent horizontal gene transfer.

MCM-like helicase in Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 14579 (BcMCM; ) is an SF6 helicase fused with an AEP primase. The enzyme has both primase and polymerase functions in addition to helicase function. The gene coding for it is found in a prophage. It bears homology to ORF904 of plasmid pRN1 from Sulfolobus islandicus, which has an AEP PrimPol domain. Vaccinia virus D5 and HSV Primase are examples of AEP-helicase fusion as well.

PolpTN2 is an Archaeal primase found in the TN2 plasmid. A fusion of domains homologous to PriS and PriL, it exhibits both primase and DNA polymerase activity, as well as terminal transferase function. Unlike most primases, PolpTN2 forms primers composed exclusively of dNTPs. Unexpectedly, when the PriL-like domain was truncated, PolpTN2 could also synthesize DNA on the RNA template, i.e., acted as an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase).

Even DnaG primases can have extra functions, if given the right domains. The T7 phage gp4 is a DnaG primase-helicase fusion, and performs both functions in replication.

References

External links
Overview article on primase structure and function (1995)

Proteopedia: Helicase-binding domain of Escherichia coli primase
 Proteopedia: Complex between the DnaB helicase and the DnaG primase

Category:EC 2.7.7
Category:DNA replication


Pueblica de Valverde

Pueblica de Valverde is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 280 inhabitants. Also, Pueblica de Valverde means "town of green", however, in other (now dead and unspecified) languages it has been rumoured the name means "Place of Floral Beauty"

Category:Municipalities of the Province of Zamora
Category:Populated places in the Province of Zamora


Bradyrhizobium arachidis

Bradyrhizobium arachidis is a species of legume-root nodulating, microsymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium. It was first isolated from Arachis hypogaea root nodules in China. Its type strain is CCBAU 051107T (=CGMCC 1.12100T = HAMBI 3281T = LMG 26795T).

References

Further reading

External links
LPSN

Category:Bradyrhizobiaceae
Category:Bacteria described in 2013


Rumsey Farm

Rumsey Farm was a historic home located near Middletown, New Castle County, Delaware.  It was built in 1854, and was a three-story, "L"-shaped, frame dwelling. It was representative of Peach Mansion architecture, with Greek Revival and Italianate style details. The house had porches with Doric order columns, flat roofs with protruding bracketed cornices, and Doric corner pilasters. It was built by John P. Cochran, 43rd Governor of Delaware (1875-1879). Nearby Hedgelawn is almost identical to Rumsey.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It was demolished between 2011 and 2013.

References

Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware
Category:Greek Revival houses in Delaware
Category:Italianate architecture in Delaware
Category:Houses completed in 1854
Category:Houses in New Castle County, Delaware
Category:National Register of Historic Places in New Castle County, Delaware


Essex (automobile)

The Essex was a brand of automobile produced by the Essex Motor Company between 1918 and 1922 and by Hudson Motor Company of Detroit, Michigan between 1922 and 1933.

Corporate strategy
During its production run, the Essex was considered a small car and was affordably priced. The Essex is generally credited with starting a trend away from open touring cars design toward enclosed passenger compartments.

Originally, the Essex was to be a product of the "Essex Motor Company," which actually was a wholly owned entity of Hudson's. Essex Motors went so far as to lease the Studebaker auto factory in Detroit for production of the car. By 1922 the Essex Motor Company was dissolved and the Essex officially became what it was all along, a product of Hudson.

Essex cars
Essex cars were designed to be moderately priced cars which would be affordable to the average family. Proving durable, their capabilities were checked upon and confirmed by AAA and the United States Post Office. In 1919 an Essex completed a 50-hour,  endurance test in Cincinnati, Ohio, at an average speed of 60.75 miles per hour. The early Essex cars also captured many hill climb records. In a special Essex race car, Glen Shultz won the 1923 Pikes Peak Hill Climb. It had a  wheelbase.

Initially Essex marketed a line of touring cars (open four-door cars with canvas tops), which was the most popular body style of cars in production at the time. While Essex added an enclosed sedan in 1920, it was the introduction of the 1922 closed coach, priced at $1,495 (which in early 2015 would be between $15,917 and $21,015, depending on the inflation calculator used), $300 above that of the touring car. By 1925 the coach was priced below the touring car. While Henry Ford is credited with inventing the affordable car, it was Essex that made the enclosed car affordable.

In 1928, the big news was the use of four-wheel mechanical brakes.
Essex boasted "piano hinge doors" which were exceptionally strong.  An advertisement shows a man fully supported by an open door to demonstrate the strength of the hinge.

1926 Specs
 Wheelbase =
 Length =
 Turning Radius =
 Road Clearance =
 Brakes =  drums

By 1929, the Essex was third in U.S. sales, behind Ford and Chevrolet.

Essex sales remained strong into 1931 before sales began to trend downward. For 1932 a redesigned Essex debuted and was named the Essex-Terraplane, a play on the word aeroplane. For 1934 the Essex name was no more and the car carried on as the Terraplane.

The instrument panel of the 1932 Hudson and Essex automobiles featured the first use of "warning lights" instead of gauges.

Essex production models
 Essex Coach

International Production
Essex motor vehicles were either exported as complete cars or locally-built from knock-down kits in many countries making the Essex marque well-known internationally as well as domestically. Essex vehicles were locally-built in Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.

Gallery

References

External links

Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Category:1910s cars
Category:1920s cars
Category:1930s cars
Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Category:Defunct companies based in Michigan
Category:Defunct consumer brands
Category:Hudson Motor Car Company


Mike Garland

Mike Garland (born May 31, 1954) is an American former head college basketball coach at Cleveland State University. Before being named head coach at Cleveland State he was an assistant at Michigan State under current head coach Tom Izzo. He was named Cleveland State head coach on April 17, 2003. He was relieved of his coaching duties on March 31, 2006. Garland spent one year as an assistant coach at SMU under head coach Matt Doherty, before rejoining the Michigan State basketball staff in 2007.

Head coaching record

References

External links
 Michigan State profile
 Cleveland State profile

Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:American men's basketball coaches
Category:Cleveland State Vikings men's basketball coaches
Category:High school basketball coaches in the United States
Category:Michigan State Spartans men's basketball coaches
Category:Northern Michigan Wildcats men's basketball players
Category:SMU Mustangs men's basketball coaches
Category:American men's basketball players