List of The Hardy Boys characters

Many characters have appeared in the fictional series of books about The Hardy Boys.

Character history

Original series

At the beginning of the original Hardy Boys series, Frank is only 16 years old (as opposed to 18 after the revisions between 1959 and 1974) and both he and Joe want to follow in their famous father, Fenton Hardy's footsteps as detectives. When the father of one of their school friends is wrongly accused of stealing, the Hardy boys take it upon themselves to clear his name and solve the mystery.

After Frank and Joe solve their first case, Fenton—although he had not wanted his sons to get into the detective business because of the dangers involved—starts asking for their help on some of his cases.

Fenton and his boys working together plays a bigger part in this series than in any of the following Hardy Boys series.

In this series, Frank is in the same grade as Joe (who is a year younger), because he lost a year due to sickness, but in all the other series he is a grade ahead of Joe and him losing a year is never mentioned.

Casefiles

In the Casefiles, the differences between Frank and Joe are more pronounced as Joe's personality is somewhat changed because of the death of his girlfriend, Iola Morton. Frank (although the death of Iola does affect him somewhat) stays more or less the same.

In the Casefiles series, the Hardy boys collaborate with The Gray Man, who works for the Network—a secret government intelligence agency—to fight the Assassins, an international terrorist organization responsible for his girl friend Iola's death.

Also the Casefiles were written between the late 1980s and 1990s unlike the original series (1927–79), home computers were available, and because of this Frank's character is modernized and he becomes a PC computer buff; in one book he is even able to hack into the Bayport City computer system. Frank is also well-versed in the making of bombs and is also able to disassemble them, which saves his and many other's lives many times. As was the case in previous series, Joe acts as the mechanic for the boys, and is often described as being very athletic.

Super Mysteries

This was a series of 36 paperback novels in which the Hardy Boys teamed up with female teen sleuth Nancy Drew.

One character arc seen throughout the series is the mutual attraction between Nancy and Frank. The couple shared a kiss twice in the series; the first in book 5, The Last Resort, when the two are trapped after an avalanche and fear that they will die. The second is in Secrets of the Nile, where they kiss on a balcony after the case is solved. However, the kiss is interrupted by Bess Marvin. Another hint at their relationship is when Nancy's longtime love interest Ned Nickerson saves her. However, a disheveled Nancy calls out Frank's name instead, believing him to be her saviour, and severely disheartening Ned.

The two decide not to pursue relationships, believing that they belong with their current partners, Ned Nickerson and Callie Shaw. Both partners are jealous of the time and bond shared by the detectives, especially shown in Ned Nickerson. He greatly disapproves of Nancy's sleuthing in the series, as well as the time she spends solving them with the Hardys.

Another romance is hinted between Joe Hardy and Bess Marvin, although there is much less evidence of this attraction. Neither relationship was ever given a final closure.

Undercover Brothers

In this series, Frank and Joe are both are undercover agents for American Teens Against Crime (ATAC), an organization confounded by Mr. Hardy.

This is the first series in which Frank and Joe are regularly single (not dating Callie Shaw and Iola Morton, as they did in previous series), and have different love interests from book to book. Frank becomes nervous around teenage girls, even though they are attracted to him more in this series than any other. In contrast, Joe, in a similar manner to his personality in the Casefiles series, is a huge flirt; however, unlike in Casefiles, girls are relatively less interested in him, preferring Frank, which greatly annoys and frustrates Joe. The brothers use a more modernized speech style, and frequently tease and get on each other's nerves; nonetheless, they are still very close and protective of each other as in all of the previous series.

Vehicles owned by Frank and Joe
Frank and Joe owned a large number of cars or automobiles. In the originals, they have motorcycles, but Joe totals his in The Shore Road Mystery and they purchase a yellow convertible soon afterwards. The car appears in the series, for over fifty books, before it is blown up (with Iola Morton inside) in the first Casefiles, Dead on Target. After Frank and Joe save Bayport Mall from being destroyed, they are given a black van by the Bayport Mall Association. In Casefiles #100 True Thriller the van is also blown up. They finally purchase a blue van which remains with them until the end of the series. Throughout The Hardy Boys Digests, the boys own a black van. In the Undercover Brothers series, Frank and Joe own custom sport bikes, decked out with the latest in accessories. They also own a speedboat named the Sleuth, which is equipped with a Ham Radio transmitter, as is described in The Secret Warning.

Sports played by Frank and Joe
Frank plays many school sports along with his brother. Frank is the captain and quarterback of the Bayport High football team, but by the time of the later Digests, he gives up his place on the team so he can concentrate on his studies. He also does the endurance running for the Bayport High track team and is on the swim team. He also plays baseball, basketball, and soccer. Frank is also interested in martial arts, the game of chess and, in The Clue of the Broken Blade, fencing.

Frank Hardy

Frank Hardy is the older (18) of the two Hardy brothers in The Hardy Boys novel series by Franklin W. Dixon.

Frank has dark brown hair and dark eyes, and lives in the fictional town of Bayport with his parents, Fenton and Laura; his younger brother, Joe; and his aunt, Gertrude.

Joe is not only Frank's younger brother, but best friend and crime-fighting partner. Working together, the two have solved countless mysteries. Around Bayport, Frank and Joe have quite a reputation as amateur detectives. The Hardy boys are often helped by their friends, most notably best buddy Chet Morton and Frank's girlfriend Callie Shaw.

Compared to his brother Joe, Frank is the more logical, rational one. While Joe wants to jump straight into a situation, Frank is the one to hold him back and think through all the logical possibilities. More than once, Frank has surprised the villains by having the entire case figured out. Frank is also usually the one that must look for Joe when he gets lost or kidnapped.

Although Frank spends his mornings exercising—doing weight training and karate workouts—and Joe usually gets out of bed about an hour later and stays in shape by simply playing a little football or baseball, Joe seems to be at least as athletic as Frank, if not more so.

In the Casefiles series, Joe jokingly refers to Frank as the brains of their operation and himself as the brawn. The Hardy boys make an excellent team, because their abilities mesh perfectly.

Frank and Joe both attend Bayport High, along with their friends Biff Hooper, Tony Prito, Phil Cohen, Iola Morton (excluding the Casefiles) and the aforementioned Chet and Callie.

Frank is said to be a bomb buff (see Countdown to Terror in which he defuses two bombs) and has disarmed an atomic bomb saving the town of Halifax.

Joe Hardy

Joe Hardy is 17 years old, with light blond hair, blue eyes, and a muscular frame. He resides in Bayport, along with his family. Their house is a three-story old Victorian on the corner of High and Elm Streets. His brother, Frank Hardy is his crime-fighting partner. His father, Fenton Hardy, used to work for the New York City Police Department and is currently a private investigator. His mother, Laura Hardy, is a stay-at-home mom and his aunt, Aunt Gertrude lives with them in Bayport as well. His aunt is secretly proud of the boys' investigating abilities, but always chides them when they pick up a new case. Joe's girlfriend is Iola Morton, the sister of Joe's best friend Chet Morton, in the original series. Iola is killed by a bomb in the first Casefiles novel, Dead On Target. After some time, Joe meets Vanessa Bender, and by the end of the series, the two are going steady.

Some of Joe's other friends are Phil Cohen, a computer genius; Tony Prito, the manager of a famous teen hang-out place, Mr. Pizza; and Alan "Biff" Hooper, a well-built football player who has helped the Hardys on more than one case. The Hardys and their friends go to school at Bayport High.

Joe may not do quite as well in school as his brother, but he still gets good grades. Phys Ed and History are his best subjects.

The Hardy Boys have worked for, with, or against a number of organizations over the years. In the Casefiles they collaborate with The Gray Man, who works for the Network - a secret government intelligence agency. Also, they fight the Assassins, an international terrorist organization responsible for Iola Morton's death. In the Undercover Brothers books the boys are undercover agents for ATAC (American Teens Against Crime), an organization cofounded by Mr. Hardy.

As compared to his brother Frank, Joe is more impulsive, wanting to jump straight into a situation. He often goes by his gut feeling and is usually right.

Fenton Hardy

Fenton Hardy is a private investigator in the popular Hardy Boys novels.

Father of Frank and Joe, Mr. Hardy is married to Laura Hardy, and brother to Aunt Gertrude. After retiring as a NYPD Detective Lieutenant from the city's 71st Precinct, Hardy became a famous private investigator. He lives with his family in Bayport. He is also the co-founder of a top secret organization, ATAC, American Teens Against Crime, the agency for which his sons, Frank and Joe, work. Although in his 40s, Hardy is still one step ahead of his boys. Being healthy, fit, and smart, he quickly outwits most local criminals. Hardy owns an old Crown Victoria which he acquired from the local police force when he retired. He also was the head of the Association of Private Investigators. An excellent shot with a pistol, one Bayport criminal alleges Fenton Hardy never misses.

Laura Hardy
Laura Hardy is the pretty and petite stay-at-home (in the Undercover Brothers, as a librarian) mother of Frank and Joe. She is married to Fenton Hardy the private investigator and they all live in fictitious Bayport with Fenton's sister, Aunt Gertrude.

Aunt Gertrude

Gertrude "Trudy" Hardy is the unmarried aunt of Frank and Joe Hardy (the Hardy Boys of the title) and the sister of their father, Fenton.

She is known to have a peppery temper and on more than one occasion to go "on the warpath". She owns an old Volkswagen Beetle. In the Undercover Brothers series she goes by Trudy, and sometimes Frank and Joe call her Aunt T.

In some installments of the original series, Gertrude appears to be a full-time resident of the Hardy household. In others, she is often present for a visit, sometimes brief and sometimes extended. Her maternal care for the boys doesn't seem to put her in any conflict with the brothers' actual mother Laura, but her characteristics — genial overbearingness, comic frettiness, moral disapproval — make her a much more developed character. In the TV series The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew mysteries, the mother has been completely written out and Aunt Gertrude has become Frank and Joe's only maternal figure.

Gertrude frequently expresses her maternal care for the boys and their friends through her cooking, and it is generally agreed (particularly by the occasionally gluttonous Chet Morton) that she excels in this area.

Chet Morton

Chester "Chet" Morton appears in most of The Hardy Boys books. He often tags along on the boys' little adventures. He is portrayed as stout fellow and is often described as "plump" or "chubby", with a love for food.  The books describe "the pride of Chet's life" is his bright yellow jalopy which he had named "Queen" and he works on it daily to "soup up" the engine. His stature and not-athletic nature make him a frequent source of comic relief, however, it is noted that he can move fast when needed. His whimsical nature is frequently a distraction for him, though it occasionally leads to an unexpected break in the case. Throughout the original canon, Chet is always diving into new hobbies like botany in The Shore Road Mystery or ballooning in The Clue of the Hissing Serpent.

Iola Morton
Iola Morton is the girlfriend of Joe Hardy in the famous series of novels The Hardy Boys.

She has dark hair, green eyes and a medium frame. Her best friend is Callie Shaw, the girlfriend of Frank Hardy. She is the sister of Hardy Boys close friend Chet Morton. She lives on a farm near Bayport with her parents and her brother.  She is usually paired with Joe as he thinks "she was quite the nicest girl in Bayport High".

In The Hardy Boys Casefiles first book, Dead on Target, she is killed by a car bomb meant for Frank and Joe. However, Iola appears in the Original Continuity books which ran during and long after the Casefiles series had ended. In many other Hardy Boys books she is mentioned alive.

Iola is featured in The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers, but she and Joe are not dating. In the graphic novels also released under the Undercover Brothers banner, however, they are.

Iola once again appears in the Hardy Boys Adventures series, but she is again not dating Joe.

Biff Hooper
Alan "Biff" Hooper is a six-foot, blond-haired, muscular friend of the Hardy boys. He excels at boxing, wrestling, and football and fencing. He has an ambling gait, "with which he could cover a tremendous amount of territory in a short time".

His nickname comes from a distant relative who was a boxer named Biff. He owns a bloodhound named Sherlock and a Great Dane named Tivioli, and a motorboat named Envoy. He can play the harmonica.

In one of the Casefiles he is part of "The Circle of Twelve", which is a group of vandals. He is in the group because of his girlfriend. His association with the Circle of Twelve nearly gets him killed.

In the Clues Brothers series, he is depicted as a bully rather than a friend to the Hardys. He first appears in  secret files #5 Monster Of A Mystery.

Tony Prito

Tony Prito appears in the popular The Hardy Boys book series by Franklin W. Dixon.

Son of Italian immigrants and a close friend of  Frank and Joe Hardy, Tony works for his father's construction company and in the Casefiles is also the manager of  Bayport's local pizza parlor, Mr. Pizza. He is the owner of the motorboat Napoli, which is destroyed in #36 and replaced with the Napoli II, and drives one of the Prito Co. pickup trucks.

He attends Bayport High and is a standout second baseman on the school's baseball team and a talented wide receiver on the football team.

Tony is a handsome 19-year-old with curly black hair, brown eyes and olive skin. Though not big, he is wiry, with lightning quick reflexes. In Casefiles #41, Highway Robbery, it is said that he is five inches shorter and twenty pounds lighter than the Hardy boys, who are 6-1 and 6 feet, so Tony is around 5-7 or 5–8 feet.

Callie Shaw

Callie is the girlfriend of the elder Hardy boy, Frank Hardy. She first appeared in 1927 in the first volume of the series, and she appeared or was mentioned in almost all of the following 57 volumes (as well as most of subsequent 'Digest' series), but never had an important role until 1987 and the death of best friend Iola Morton in The Hardy Boys Casefiles #1 Dead on Target. She is a blonde with brown eyes and has a tendency to start giggling like mad for no reason.

Original series
Other than being described as ‘‘Frank's favorite date’’ and ‘‘one of the prettiest girls attending Bayport high school’’, the virginal Callie does not have much, if any, of a role in the first 58 books; however, from book 59 (Night Of The Werewolf) till book 190 (Motocross Madness), Callie is made to be more of a modern woman (depending on the decade in which the stories were written) and is not presented to be a "frail" woman as in the stories from the 1920s to the 1970s, but she still retains her personality and characteristics of the earlier books.

In the original books Callie lives with her older cousin Pollie Shaw, the proprietor of a beauty parlor in Bayport, while her parents live in the country, sending her an allowance to pay for her expenses.  By 1959, she lives with her parents, only a few blocks away from the Hardys’ home, where she lives for the remainder of the series, and spin-off series.

Casefiles
Callie's role is greatly increased in the Casefiles series. Following the death of Iola in book #1, no longer is she merely Frank's date, but a competitive, brave, young woman, who is always ready to assist the Hardys on their cases, whether they want her to or not. Working on their cases, Callie saves the Hardy brothers, more than once, notably in book #8 See No Evil and #80 Dead of Night. The Hardy Boys spend much of the latter novel mourning her, incorrectly thinking she has been slain. In some of the early Casefiles, she and Frank's younger brother, Joe occasionally seem to be at odds, by the end of the series however, they get along quite well.

Undercover Brothers
In this Hardy Boys series Callie's role has again been reduced; in the first 20 books of the series she only appeared once and was no longer described as Frank's girlfriend, but just as a ‘‘close friend of the Hardys’’.

TV portraits
In the 1970s TV show, The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries, Callie was played by Lisa Eilbacher. In the show Callie works part-time for the Hardy boys' dad, Fenton Hardy (Ed Gilbert).

Phil Cohen

Philip Cohen appears in The Hardy Boys book series by Franklin W. Dixon.

A close friend of Frank Hardy, Phil is very artistic and a genius when it comes to electronics; in the series he often helps out the Hardys when they need a video to be digitally restored or a computer system hacked into. (However, due to the time period that the original series was set in, these talents were not discussed; instead, Phil was essentially an "everyman" that would occasionally help out the Hardys.) Phil is also skilled at painting and is a great tennis player. In The Mysterious Caravan, book #54 in the original series, it is said that he holds the county tennis championship. Helping the Hardys, Phil has faced quite a bit of danger throughout the series, but no matter what happens, always has a good sense of humour.

Phil is tall, slender, and agile with wavy brown hair, glasses and dark eyes.

Also notable is that Phil is Jewish and along with fellow Hardy Boys character Tony Prito, was one of the first fictional non-WASP characters to be portrayed as a normal, fully assimilated teenager.

Chief Ezra Collig
Police Chief Ezra Collig (in The Disappearing Floor, his first name is "Clint") is the Chief of the Bayport Police. Taking Shore Road out of the fictional downtown Bayport leads to his home. His acceptance of the Hardys varies from book to book; in some he welcomes their assistance, while in others he resents it, claiming his Department is capable of handling the investigations without amateur help.

Sam Radley
Sam Radley is a friend and fellow private investigator to Fenton Hardy. Sam often works for Fenton as an operative, along with Fenton's sons, Frank and Joe.

Sam and his wife, Ethel Radley, live in an apartment located in the center of Bayport, not far from Fenton Hardy's house. The Radleys used to live on the second floor but they have since moved up 16 floors and to 17E.

Sam is a skilled detective and tireless worker, who sometimes has to camp out at stake outs for days on end, while working for Fenton Hardy.

Ethel Radley
Ethel Radley is the wife of Sam Radley and a good friend of the Hardy family.

She and her husband used to live on the second floor of an apartment house in the center of Bayport, but they have since moved to apartment E on the 17th floor.

Ethel has soft gray eyes.

Jerry Gilroy
Jerry Gilroy was a close friend of the Hardy Boys. He appeared occasionally in the first 20 books and then again in The Short-Wave Mystery at a party hosted by Chet Morton, but was not involved again after that. Also notable is that in The Great Airport Mystery, he is referred to as Jerry Madden.

Jack Wayne
Jack Wayne is a veteran pilot who often flies assignments for Fenton Hardy and his boys. His plane is named Skyhappy Sal; however, it crashed and burned while the Hardy boys were investigating The Disappearing Floor.

Vanessa Bender

Vanessa Bender is Joe Hardy's girlfriend in most of The Hardy Boys Casefiles book series after the death of his first girlfriend, Iola Morton, in Casefiles #1 Dead on Target.

Vanessa is around 17 years old and lives with her mother, Andrea Bender, on a small farm on the outskirts of Bayport.

Frank and Joe Hardy (the Hardy Boys of the title) first met her some time after Iola's death when she first moved to Bayport from Manhattan, they got to know her better when they were working on a case for her mother in Casefiles #69 Mayhem in Motion. After the case was successfully wrapped up she and Joe started dating and when the Casefiles series was canceled in 1998 with the publication of #127 Dead in the Water, they were still a steady couple.

Vanessa is quite tall (nearly as tall as Joe, who is ) and slender, with long, ash-blonde hair and gray-blue eyes.

Belinda Conrad
Belinda is the sister of Brian Conrad and a classmate of Joe Hardy's. She is smart, funny, beautiful, and has long blond hair. According to the books where she appears it is stated that she has had a monster crush on Joe's brother, Frank.

The Gray Man

The Gray Man is a high-ranking member of a top-secret crime-fighting organization called the Network.  He is Frank and Joe Hardy's contact in the agency.

He has gone by the name Edward Gray, but more often Arthur E. Gray. It is never made clear whether either of these names are his actual name, or whether the middle initial simply stands for "Edward".

Very little is known of his history before he met the Hardys and even less is known of his personal life.

The Hardys first met him at the funeral of Joe's girlfriend, Iola Morton, who was killed in a terrorist car bomb planted by The Assassins. Following the events of Iola's death, Frank and Joe had vowed to track down her killers, and the Gray Man was a man in the know, having battled Iola's killers previously.

At first, he and the Hardys didn't see eye to eye at all and were almost always feuding, due to their conflicting views. He considered the Hardys to be just amateurs (and still somewhat does), while they didn't agree with his and the Network's often cold-hearted and violent methods (and still don't always). Gradually, however, they gained a respect (albeit a slightly grudging one) for each other, and even became good friends over time, though (as said before) he still considers them amateurs and, in turn, they don't always trust him.

The Gray Man is hard to predict because he rarely shows his emotions. As such, he can come across as rather cold and uncaring. However, he can certainly be unselfish and caring when he wants to be, as well as brave when necessary. He has shown that even he has his softer, compassionate side, willing to help people who got into danger because of their connection to the Network, and, more than once, offering to trade himself as a hostage to free someone else (such as when he offered to exchange himself for the captured stewardess on a hijacked plane in Casefile #1, Dead on Target, and for Vanessa Bender in Casefiles #100, True Thriller); he will also give people (often, the Hardys) respect when they deserve it.

The Gray Man has proven in various books that he is very good at hand-to-hand combat, easily flooring both of the Hardy Boys (both of whom are accomplished fighters) at various times.

He can blend in with virtually any crowd, and is a short, balding man with little gray hair, gray eyes, and even a gray tint to his skin. He has been known to wear glasses, and has smoked cigarettes.

Samuel Peterson
First partner, Sam Peterson is the chief of police in New York City in the Casefiles series. When he and Fenton worked together they cracked some of the toughest cases in the department's history.

In Casefiles #5 Edge of Destruction he ran for Mayor of New York City, but had to pull out of the campaign because of heart problems.

Peterson lives with his wife in New York, and is a powerfully built black man, with graying black hair.

Brian Conrad
Brian Conrad is 17 years old, 6 feet 2 inches tall, weighs 210 lbs and has short blond hair and blue eyes. He grew up in fictional Bayport, and still lives there with his family, in a small house. Unlike the rest of the houses in the area, though, the Conrad house is very poorly kept. He goes to the same school as Frank and Joe Hardy (the Hardy Boys of the title), Bayport High, with his sister Belinda Conrad. He does not like the Hardy brothers at all and has a history of vandalism.

Mrs. Conrad

First Appearance: The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers #5 Rocky Road (2005)
Mrs. Conrad is the mother of Brian and Belinda Conrad.  Joe describes her as a ‘‘fire-breathing dragon’’. Her eyes and face are red and swollen from either drinking or crying. She smokes cigars and has a bad temper.   She and her husband are miserable people and it is surprising they're still together.

Adam Franklin
First Appearance: The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers #3 Boardwalk Bust (2005)
Adam works at Bayport Airport as the Hardys’ airplane maintenance man. He is an old friend of Aunt Trudy and has even dated her once. He knows about ATAC – he has to, since Frank and Joe sometimes have to fly planes to obscure locations while on their missions.  He is bald, but wears a Red Sox baseball cap.

The Hardys acquired their pet parrot in Undercover Brothers #1 Extreme Danger, from "Wings" Maletta. Belinda Conrad named him Playback because he repeats many things that are said. He has since taken a liking to Aunt Trudy  and they have a love/hate relationship

Q. T.
First Appearance: The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers #3 Boardwalk Bust (2005)
Q.T. or just Q is the director of ATAC and is usually the person who narrates the ATAC mission CDs. According to book #3 Boardwalk Bust he never smiles, but then according to some other books he has a famous cheerless smile. Q has only ever appeared in mission CDs, never in person.

Mimi Morton

In the Hardy Boys Secret Files series, Iola and Chet have a little sister named Mimi. Mimi Morton is the newest member of the Morton family since the Hardy Boys franchise began in 1927, with Mimi first appearing in Trouble At The Arcade (2010).

References

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Category:Lists of literary characters


Burnett Gray

Alfred Charles Burnett Gray (21 August 1884 – 27 May 1968) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Geraldton in Western Australia to merchant Charles Watson Gray and Mary Ann Thomas. He worked as a secretary at Melbourne Children's Hospital in 1901 but returned to manage his father's business in Western Australia from 1902 to 1906. He was a gold miner at Bullfinch in 1910 and Ararat in 1911 before becoming a clerk with a Melbourne wool firm in 1912. On 18 March 1910 he married Queenie Hilary Margaret Smith. During World War I he served with the 22nd Battalion and was wounded. He served on St Kilda City Council from 1914 to 1915 and from 1920 to 1948 and was mayor from 1922 to 1923 and from 1926 to 1927; he was the first returned soldier to serve as mayor of any Victorian city. In 1927 he won the seat of St Kilda in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, representing the new Australian Liberal Party. He was re-elected in 1929 but lost his seat in 1932. Gray died in Heidelberg in 1968.

References

Category:1884 births
Category:1968 deaths
Category:Australian Liberal Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Category:People from Geraldton
Category:20th-century Australian politicians


Jacqueline de Romilly

Jacqueline Worms de Romilly (; née David, 26 March 1913 – 18 December 2010) was a Franco-Greek philologist, classical scholar and fiction writer. She was the first woman nominated to the Collège de France, and in 1988, the second woman to enter the Académie française.

She is primarily known for her work on the culture and language of ancient Greece, and in particular on Thucydides.

Biography
Born in Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, she studied at the Lycée Molière. As a schoolgirl, she became the first female to qualify for a prize in the Concours général, taking the first prize in Latin to French translation and second prize in Ancient Greek in 1930. She then prepared for the École Normale Supérieure at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. She entered the class of 1933 of the ENS Ulm. She passed the agrégation in Classics in 1936; however, because she was of Jewish ancestry, the Vichy government suspended her from her teaching duties during the Occupation of France. She became a doctor of letters at the University of Paris in 1947. Her doctoral thesis, a "masterful" treatment of Athenian imperialism in Thucydides, was published as Thucydide et l'impérialisme athénien, and subsequently translated into English as Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism.

After being a schoolteacher, she became a professor at Lille University and subsequently at the Sorbonne, between 1957 and 1973. She later was promoted to the chair of Greek and the development of moral and political thought at the Collège de France — the first woman nominated to this prestigious institution. In 1988, she was the second woman (after Marguerite Yourcenar) to enter the Académie française, being elected to Chair #7, which was previously occupied by André Roussin.

She published dozens of works on Greek philosophy, language and literature but her lifelong passion was Thucydides, the historian of the Peloponnesian War.

Outside academia she was best known to the French public for touring French schools and giving talks about the culture of ancient Greeks. She was a staunch defender of teaching of humanities in French schools, believing that an understanding of the classics was essential to understanding democracy, the liberty of the individual and the virtue of tolerance. In 1984 she published L’Enseignement en détresse, a book about declining standards in French schools. Her position in the Académie française enabled her to mount a defence of classical languages and literary culture, which she stated “may well be as endangered as the fauna of the oceans or the water of our rivers”.

She was horrified by the 1988 vote to simplify aspects of the French language in primary schools and in 1992 she founded an Association for the Defence of Literary Studies.

In 1995, she obtained Greek nationality and in 2000 was named as an Ambassador of Hellenism by the Greek government. A one-time president of the Association Guillaume Budé, she remained an honorary president until her death at a hospital in Boulogne-Billancourt at the age of 97.

After having only received baptism in 1940, she fully converted to Maronite Catholicism in 2008, aged 95.

Influence
De Romilly's two monographs on the ancient Greek historian Thucydides have been credited with "alter[ing] the landscape of Thucydidean scholarship" and "the beginning of a new era". In 2002, Danish classical scholar Anders Holm Rasmussen described her views on Thucydides' ideology of empire as still "one of the most important viewpoints" with which modern scholars can engage. Published first in 1956, her work Histoire et raison chez Thucydide is still in print in the original French today, and was translated into English as The Mind of Thucydides after her death. De Romilly believed that Thucydides's intelligent, reflective approach held lessons relevant to the Europe of today.

De Romilly also published outside the field of Greek historiography. In recent years, the value of her work Time in Greek Tragedy has been recognized by scholars working not only on Greek drama but also on Aristotle's metaphysics of time.

In 2016, Rosie Wyles and Edith Hall edited a volume called Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly, a history of pioneering women born between the Renaissance and 1913 who played significant roles in the history of classical scholarship.

Honours and awards

 Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (2007)
 Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite
 Commander of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
 Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 Commander of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
 Commander of the Order of Honour (Greece)
 Elected to the Académie française (24 November 24, 1988)
 First woman professor at the Collège de France (Chair: Greece and the formation of the moral and political thought)
 First woman member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1975)
 President of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres (1987)
 Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1981)
 Appointed by Greece as Ambassador of Hellenism (2000) (she had received citizenship in 1995)
 Ambatielos Prize of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1948)
 Croiset Prize of the Institut de France (1969)
 Langlois Prize of the Académie française (1974)
 Grand Prize of the Académie française (1984)
 Onassis Prize (Athens, 1995) - prize for her struggle to preserve teaching of ancient Greek and Latin.
 Daudet Prize for defence of the French language (2000)
 Prize of the Greek Parliament (2008)
 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1988)
 Corresponding member of foreign academies: Denmark, Great Britain, Vienna, Athens, Bavaria, the Netherlands, Naples, Turin, Genoa and the United States.
 Honorary doctorates from the universities of Oxford, Athens, Dublin, Heidelberg, Montreal and Yale University

Personal life
De Romilly's father, a philosophy professor, was killed in action in the First World War when De Romilly was only one year old. Her mother was a novelist who published under the name Jeanne Maxime-David.

In 1940 she married Michel de Romilly, a marriage that ended in divorce in the 1970s.

Works published in English translation

De Romilly's work was largely published in French, but some of her works were written in or translated into English:

Books
 Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism, translated by P. Thody. Oxford, 1963.
 Time in Greek Tragedy (Messenger Lectures). Cornell, 1968.
 Magic and Rhetoric in Ancient Greece (Carl Newell Jackson Lectures). Cambridge, MA, 1975.
 The Rise and Fall of States According to Greek Authors (Thomas Spencer Jerome Lectures). Ann Arbor, 1977.
 A Short History of Greek Literature, translated by L. Doherty. Chicago, 1985.
 The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens, translated by J. Lloyd. Oxford, 1991.
 The Mind of Thucydides, translated by E. T. Rawlings. Cornell, 2012.

Articles
 "Thucydides and the Cities of the Athenian Empire", in BICS 13 (1966) 1-12.
 "Phoenician Women of Euripides: Topicality in Greek Tragedy", translated by D. H. Orrok, in Bucknell Review 15 (1967) 108-132.
 "Fairness and Kindness in Thucydides", in Phoenix 28 (1974) 95-100.
 "Plato and Conjuring", in K. V. Erickson (ed.), Plato: True and Sophistic Rhetoric. Amsterdam, 1979.
 "Agamemnon in Doubt and Hesitation", in P. Pucci (ed.), Language and the Tragic Hero: Essays on Greek Tragedy in Honor of Gordon M. Kirkwood, 25-37. Atlanta, 1988.
 "Isocrates and Europe", in Greece & Rome 39 (1992) 2-13.

References

External links
 L'Académie française

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Chodimella

Chodimella is a village in West Godavari district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Eluru mandal of Eluru revenue division. The town is a constituent of Eluru urban agglomeration.

Demographics
At the 2011 Census of India, Chodimella had a population of 2,843 (1,444 males and 1,399 females with a sex ratio of 969 females per 1,000 males). 289 children were in the age group of 0–6 years with child sex ratio of 889 girls per 1,000 boys. The average literacy rate was 71.53%

Transport
Chodimella is well connected by road. APSRTC runs bus services from Eluru New bus station and Eluru Old bus station to Chodimella. Eluru railway station is the nearest railway station with  and  also nearby.

References

External links

Category:Neighbourhoods in Eluru
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Tom Butler (actor)

Tom Butler (born 1951) is a Canadian actor who has starred in movies and on television series and in many television films.

He best known for his television role on the science fiction series Sliders as Michael Mallory, the father of Quinn Mallory in the pilot episode, and reprised his role in the season 2 episode Gillian of the Spirits. Butler appeared in Hostage Rescue Team (TV movie, 2001) as Special Agent David Nelson.

Butler has appeared in a number of films, including Renegades (1989), Ernest Rides Again (1993), Freddy vs. Jason (2003) and Everything Gone Green (2006).

Butler appeared on such shows as Highlander: The Series, Sliders, The Commish, The Outer Limits, Stargate SG-1, Smallville, Check It Out!, The Secret Circle, The Killing, and as a recurring character on Gracepoint. In 2016, he appeared in Autumn in the Vineyard for the Hallmark Channel.

Filmography

Drying Up the Streets (1978) as Younger Cop
Cementhead (1979)
Murder by Phone (1982) as Detective Tamblyn
Murder in Space (1985) (TV) as Maj. Kurt Steiner
Head Office (1985) as Security Monitor
The Climb (1986) as Willy Merkel
Confidential (1986) as Edmund Eislin
Milk and Honey (1988) as Steven Wineberg
Martha, Ruth and Edie (1988)
Renegades (1989) as Detective Geddles
Scanners II: The New Order (1991) as Doctor Morse
The Diamond Fleece (1992) as Gordon Pritchard
Guilty as Sin (1993) as D.A. Heath
Ernest Rides Again (1993) as Dr. Glencliff
Red Sun Rising (1994) as Mercenary
Death Match (1994) as Fighter
The Outer Limits (Guest role, episode "Valerie 23", 1995)
Maternal Instincts (1996) as Dr. Milton Shaw
Question of Privilege (1999) as Tate Aldridge
Life-Size (2000) as Phil
Less Apart (2000) as Lawyer
Josie and the Pussycats (2001) as Agent Kelly
Freddy vs. Jason (2003) as Dr. Campbell
I Accuse (2003) as Warren Hart
Miracle (2004) as Bob Allen
The Score (2005) as JP Martineau
Snakes on a Plane (2006) as Captain Sam McKeon
Everything Gone Green (2006) as Ryan's Dad
Code Name: The Cleaner (2007) as Crane
Shooter (President) (2007) as President
That One Night (2008) as Mr. Wilcox
Crime (2008) as Coach
The A-Team (2010) as Judge Advocate #1
The Killing (2011–2012) (TV) as Mayor Lesley Adams
Primeval: New World (Guest role, 2012, TV) as Drake
Fringe (Guest role, episode "Black Blotter", 2012, TV) as Richard
The Dick Knost Show (2013) as Matt
Supernatural (2014, TV) as Jim Meyers
Primary (2014) as Karl Jaspar
Gracepoint (2014, TV) as Chief Morgan
Fifty Shades of Grey (2015) as WSU University President
Tomorrowland (2015) as Police Captain
Autumn in the Vineyard (2016, TV) as Charles Baldwin
Chesapeake Shores (recurring role, 2016–2018, TV) as Lawrence Riley
Rogue (recurring role, 2017, TV) as Monty Annou
Salvation (recurring role, 2018, TV) as Speaker Barnes
Sonic the Hedgehog (2020) as Vice Chairman Walters

References

External links

Category:1951 births
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The Aberdare Times

The Aberdare Times was a weekly English-language newspaper based in south Wales. Its circulation was mainly in Merthyr Tydfil, Hirwaun, Mountain Ash, Pontypridd, Neath Valley, Rhondda and Cardiff.

The paper had Labour/Liberal tendencies and its main content was local news. At its inception, Josiah Thomas Jones (1799–1873) was the owner, publisher and editor.

Welsh Newspapers Online has digitised more than 1,700 issues of the Aberdare Times (1861–1902) from the National Library of Wales's newspaper collection.

See also
The Gwron (1856–1860)
The Aberdare Leader (1902–1991)

References

Category:Newspapers published in Wales


Dartmoor

Dartmoor is an upland area in southern Devon, England. The moorland and surrounding land has been protected by National Park status since 1951. Dartmoor National Park covers .

The granite which forms the uplands dates from the Carboniferous Period of geological history. The landscape consists of moorland capped with many exposed granite hilltops known as tors, providing habitats for Dartmoor wildlife. The highest point is High Willhays,  above sea level. The entire area is rich in antiquities and archaeology.

Dartmoor National Park is managed by the Dartmoor National Park Authority, whose 22 members are drawn from Devon County Council, local district councils and Government.

Parts of Dartmoor have been used as military firing ranges for over 200 years. The public is granted extensive land access rights on Dartmoor (including restricted access to the firing ranges) and it is a popular tourist destination.

Physical geography

Geology

main article: Geology of Dartmoor National Park
Dartmoor includes the largest area of granite in Britain, with about  at the surface, though most of it is under superficial peat deposits. The granite (or more specifically adamellite) was intruded at depth as a pluton into the surrounding sedimentary rocks during the Carboniferous period, probably about 309 million years ago. It is generally accepted that the present surface is not far below the original top of the pluton; evidence for this includes partly digested shale xenoliths, contamination of the granite and the existence of two patches of altered sedimentary rock on top of the granite.
A considerable gravity anomaly is associated with the Dartmoor pluton as with other such plutons. Measurement of the anomaly has helped to determine the likely shape and extent of the rock mass at depth.

Tors

Dartmoor is known for its tors – hills topped with outcrops of bedrock, which in granite country such as this are usually rounded boulder-like formations. More than 160 of the hills of Dartmoor have the word tor in their name but quite a number do not. However, this does not appear to relate to whether or not there is an outcrop of rock on their summit. The tors are the focus of an annual event known as the Ten Tors Challenge, when around 2400 people aged between 14 and 19 walk for distances of 56, 72 or 88 km (35, 45 or 55 mi) between ten tors on many differing routes.

The highest points on Dartmoor are on the northern moor: High Willhays, , () and Yes Tor, , () The highest points on the southern moor are Ryder's Hill, , (), Snowdon , (), and an unnamed point,  at (), between Langcombe Hill and Shell Top. The best-known tor on Dartmoor is Haytor (called Hey Tor by William Crossing), , (). For a more complete list see List of Dartmoor tors and hills.

Rivers

The high ground of Dartmoor forms the catchment area for many of Devon's rivers. As well as shaping the landscape, these have traditionally provided a source of power for moor industries such as tin mining and quarrying.

The moor takes its name from the River Dart, which starts as the East Dart and West Dart and then becomes a single river at Dartmeet. It leaves the moor at Buckfastleigh, flowing through Totnes below where it opens up into a long ria, reaching the sea at Dartmouth.

For a full list, expand the Rivers of Dartmoor navigational box at the bottom of this page.

Bogs
Much more rain falls on Dartmoor than in the surrounding lowlands. As much of the national park is covered in thick layers of peat (decaying vegetation), the rain is usually absorbed quickly and distributed slowly, so the moor is rarely dry. In areas where water accumulates, dangerous bogs or mires can result. Some of these, topped with bright green moss, are known to locals as "feather beds" or "quakers", because they can shift (or 'quake') beneath a person's feet. Quakers result from sphagnum moss growing over the water that accumulates in the hollows in the granite.

The vegetation of the bogs depends on the type and location. Blanket bog, which forms on the highest land where the rainfall exceeds  a year, consists mainly of cotton-grass (Eriophorum species), sedges (Carex and Rhynchospora), Bog Asphodel and Common Tormentil, with Sphagnum thriving in the wettest patches. The valley bogs have lush growth of rushes, with sphagnum, cross-leaved heath, sundews and several other species.

Some of the bogs on Dartmoor have achieved notoriety. Fox Tor Mires was supposedly the inspiration for Great Grimpen Mire in Conan Doyle's novel The Hound of the Baskervilles, although there is a waymarked footpath across it. Sabine Baring-Gould, in his Book of Dartmoor (1900) related the story of a man who was making his way through Aune Mire at the head of the River Avon when he came upon a top-hat brim down on the surface of the mire. He kicked it, whereupon a voice called out: "What be you a-doin' to my 'at?" The man replied, "Be there now a chap under'n?" "Ees, I reckon," was the reply, "and a hoss under me likewise."

Climate
Along with the rest of South West England, Dartmoor has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than locations at similar height in the rest of England. At Princetown, near the centre of the moor at a height of , January and February are the coldest months with mean minimum temperatures around . July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima not reaching . Compared with Teignmouth, which is on the coast about  to the east, the average maximum and minimum temperatures are  and  lower respectively, and frost is at least five times as frequent. On the highest ground, in the north of the moor, the growing season is less than 175 days – this contrasts with some 300 days along most of the south coast of the county.

Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of rainfall falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. The wettest months are November and December and on the highest parts of the moor the average annual total rainfall is over . This compares with less than  in the lower land to the east around the Exe Estuary, which is in the rain shadow of the moor. Due to the influence of the Gulf Stream snowfall is not common, though due to its high altitude it is more vulnerable to snowfall than surrounding regions.

Between 1961 and 1990 Met Office data shows that there was an average of 20 days when snow fell on the moor, and over 40 days a year with hail, which is as high as anywhere else in the country. This results when cold polar maritime air that has travelled over a large expanse of warmer ocean is forced to rise over high country.

When average temperatures at Princetown between 1961 and 2000 are compared, the average annual temperature in the decade 1990–2000 was up by  and the late winter temperature increased by .

Wildlife
Because of Dartmoor's height and granite geology, it experiences strong winds and has acidic soils. In consequence it has been subject to very little intensive farming, and all these factors combine to form the basis of the important ecosystems found here. The landscape is one of granite with peat bogs overlying it. While the moors topped with granite tors are the most iconic part of Dartmoor's landscape, only about half of Dartmoor is actually moorland. Equally important for wildlife are the blanket bogs, upland heaths and the oak woodlands which are all of global importance. Dartmoor is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) with four habitats (Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix; European dry heaths; Blanket bogs and Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles) being listed as primary reasons for the selection of Dartmoor as a SAC. In addition the area has a population of the Southern damselfly which is also a primary reason for its selection along with populations of Atlantic salmon and Otter being qualifying reasons.

Wistman's Wood is one of the old sessile oak woods which contribute to the listing of Dartmoor as a SAC and is possibly a surviving fragment from the earliest Neolithic woodland clearances. It is home to exceptional epiphytic mosses, liverworts and lichens. Nearly 50 species of moss and liverwort are found in the wood along with 120 types of lichen, including Smith's horsehair lichen, speckled sea-storm lichen and pendulous wing-moss. Over 60 species of lichens grow on the exposed surfaces of the granite tors, including granite-speck rim-lichen, purple rock lichen, brown cobblestone lichen and goldspot lichen and many rare lichen grow on rocks exposed by mining which are rich in heavy metals. On the upland heaths heather (ling) and bell heather are common along with western gorse. In dry grassy areas tormentil, heath bedstraw and heath milkwort are all common. Cross-leaved heath and purple moor grass grow in wetter spots and in the boggy areas many different species of sphagnum and other mosses can be found along with liverworts, Hare's-tail Cotton-grass, round-leaved sundew and bog asphodel and in the valley bottoms, many different sedges, bogbean and pale butterwort all grow.

A large variety of bird species can be found on Dartmoor including ones that have declined elsewhere in the UK, such as skylark and snipe, or are even rare nationally, such as the ring ouzel and the cuckoo. There are internationally important populations of meadow pipit and stonechat.  Woodland birds include a number of migrant species, like the pied flycatcher, the wood warbler or the common redstart. Mammals found here include otters, hazel dormice and nearly all of the UK's 16 bat species. Three rare species, the barbastelle, and the greater and lesser horseshoe bats are of particular importance. The upper reaches of the rivers, are spawning grounds for Salmon and trout and Palmate newts, frogs and toads breed in the numerous small pools. Two shrimp species can be found on Dartmoor: fairy shrimp that can be found in temporary pools and in underground streams very rare cave shrimp. The world's largest land slug, the Ash black, is also found. Reptiles include common lizards and adders. The farmland in the wet valleys around the edge of the moors is the most important habitat for insects
including the marsh fritillary butterfly, southern damselfly, narrow-bordered bee hawkmoth and bog hoverfly. Areas of bracken are home to the high brown fritillary and pearl-bordered fritillary. Insects found in the heathlands include the emperor moth, green hairstreak and the bilberry bumblebee. The old oak woodlands have a distinctive group of insects including the blue ground beetle and Heckford's pygmy moth, a species found nowhere else in the world.

History

Pre-history
The majority of the prehistoric remains on Dartmoor date back to the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age. Indeed, Dartmoor contains the largest concentration of Bronze Age remains in the United Kingdom, which suggests that this was when a larger population moved onto the hills of Dartmoor. The large systems of Bronze Age fields, divided by reaves, cover an area of over  of the lower moors.

The climate at the time was warmer than today, and much of today's moorland was covered with trees. The prehistoric settlers began clearing the forest, and established the first farming communities. Fire was the main method of clearing land, creating pasture and swidden types of fire-fallow farmland. Areas less suited for farming tended to be burned for livestock grazing. Over the centuries these Neolithic practices greatly expanded the upland moors, and contributed to the acidification of the soil and the accumulation of peat and bogs.

After a few thousand years the mild climate deteriorated leaving these areas uninhabited and consequently relatively undisturbed to the present day. The highly acidic soil has ensured that no organic remains have survived, but the durability of the granite has meant that the remains of buildings, enclosures and monuments have survived well, as have flint tools. A number of remains were "restored" by enthusiastic Victorians and that, in some cases, they have placed their own interpretation on how an area may have looked.

Standing stones

Numerous prehistoric menhirs (more usually referred to locally as standing stones or longstones), stone circles, kistvaens, cairns and stone rows are to be found on the moor. The most significant sites include:

Upper Erme stone row is the longest on Dartmoor and in fact in the world at
Beardown Man, near Devil's Tor – isolated standing stone  high, said to have another  below ground.
Challacombe, near the prehistoric settlement of Grimspound — triple stone row.
Drizzlecombe, east of Sheepstor village – stone rows, standing stones, kistvaens and cairns.
Grey Wethers, near Postbridge — double circle, aligned almost exactly north south.
Laughter Tor, near Two Bridges — standing stone  high and two double stone rows, one  long.
Merrivale, between Princetown and Tavistock — includes a double stone row  long,  wide, aligned almost exactly east-west, stone circles and a kistvaen.
Scorhill (pronounced 'Scorill'), west of Chagford — circle,  in circumference, and stone rows.
Shovel Down, north of Fernworthy reservoir — double stone row approximately  long.
Yellowmead Down, a quadruple concentric stone circle and stone rows.

Hut circles and kistvaens
There are also an estimated 5,000 hut circles still surviving although many have been raided over the centuries by the builders of the traditional dry stone walls. These are the remnants of Bronze Age houses. The smallest are around  in diameter, and the largest may be up to five times this size.

Some have L-shaped porches to protect against wind and rain; some particularly good examples are to be found at Grimspound. It is believed that they would have had a conical roof, supported by timbers and covered in turf or thatch.

There are also numerous kistvaens, Neolithic stone box-like tombs.

The historical period

The climate became wetter and cooler over the course of a thousand years from around 1000 BC, resulting in much of high Dartmoor being largely abandoned by its early inhabitants.

It was not until the early Mediaeval period that the weather again became warmer, and settlers moved back onto the moors. Like their ancient forebears, they also used the natural granite to build their homes, preferring a style known as the longhouse — some of which are still inhabited today, although they have been clearly adapted over the centuries. Many are now being used as farm buildings, while others were abandoned and fell into ruin.

The earliest surviving farms, still in operation today, are known as the Ancient Tenements. Most of these date back to the 14th century and sometimes earlier.

Some way into the moor stands the town of Princetown, the site of Dartmoor Prison, which was originally built by Isbell Rowe & Company, Plymouth, for prisoners of war from the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812. The prison has an incorrect reputation for being escape-proof, due to both the buildings themselves and its physical location.

The Dartmoor landscape is scattered with the marks left by the many generations who have lived and worked there over the centuries – such as the remains of the Dartmoor tin-mining industry, and farmhouses long since abandoned. Indeed, the industrial archaeology of Dartmoor is a subject in its own right.

Myths and literature

Dartmoor is known for its myths and legends. It is reputedly the haunt of pixies, a headless horseman, a mysterious pack of "spectral hounds", and a large black dog, among others. During the Great Thunderstorm of 1638, the moorland village of Widecombe-in-the-Moor was even said to have been visited by the Devil.

Many landmarks have ancient legends and ghost stories associated with them, such as the allegedly haunted Jay's Grave, the ancient burial site of Childe's Tomb, the rock pile called Bowerman's Nose, and the stone crosses that mark former mediaeval routes across the moor.

A few stories have emerged in recent decades, such as the "hairy hands", that are said to attack motorists on the B3212 near Two Bridges; and the "Beast of Dartmoor", a supposed big cat.

Dartmoor has inspired a number of artists and writers, such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in The Hound of the Baskervilles and The Adventure of Silver Blaze, R. D. Blackmore, Eden Phillpotts, Beatrice Chase, Agatha Christie, Rosamunde Pilcher, and the Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fictional 1994 Quidditch World Cup final between Ireland and Bulgaria was hosted on the moor.
In 1820, the newly formed Royal Society of Literature offered a prize for a poem on the subject of Dartmoor, this being won by Felicia Hemans.

Ownership and access
Over half of Dartmoor National Park (57.3%) is private land; the Forest of Dartmoor being the major part of this, owned by the Duke of Cornwall. The Ministry of Defence owns 14% (see below), 3.8% is owned by water companies (see Dartmoor reservoirs), 3.7% by the National Trust, 1.8% by the Forestry Commission and 1.4% by Dartmoor's national park authority. About 37% of Dartmoor is common land.

Dartmoor differs from some other National Parks in England and Wales, in that since the Dartmoor Commons Act 1985 much of it has been designated as 'Access Land', which, although it remains privately owned, has no restrictions on where walkers can roam. In addition to this Access Land, there are about  of public rights of way on Dartmoor, and many kilometres of permitted footpaths and bridleways where the owner allows access.

Because of the 1985 Act, Dartmoor was largely unaffected by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, which established similar rights in other rural parts of the country, but in 2006, this Act opened up much of the remaining restricted land to walkers.

Use by the Ministry of Defence

There is a tradition of military usage of Dartmoor dating back to the Napoleonic Wars.  Today, a large British Army training camp remains at Okehampton — also the site of an airbase during the Second World War.

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) uses three areas of the northern moor for manoeuvres and live-firing exercises, totalling , or just over 11% of the National Park. Red and white posts mark the boundaries of these military areas (shown on Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 scale maps). Flagpoles on many tors in and around the ranges fly red flags when firing is taking place. At other times, members of the public are allowed access. Blank rounds may also be used, but the MoD does not notify the public of this in advance.

Some "challenge" and charitable events take place with assistance of the military on Dartmoor including the long established Ten Tors event and the more recent Dartmoor Beast.

Dartmoor's fictional use as an MoD centre for animal testing called Baskerville was referenced in the BBC drama Sherlock episode "The Hounds of Baskerville".

The disused Rippon Tor Rifle Range was built to train soldiers during the Second World War, and remained in use until its closure in 1977.

Preservation

Throughout human history, the landscape has been exploited for industrial purposes. In recent years, controversy has surrounded the work of industrial conglomerates Imerys and Sibelco (formerly Watts Blake Bearne), who have used parts of the moor for china clay mining. Licences were granted by the British Government but were recently renounced after sustained public pressure from bodies such as the Dartmoor Preservation Association.

The British government has made promises to protect the integrity of the moor; however, the cost of compensating companies for these licences, which may not have been granted in today's political climate, could prove prohibitive.

The military use of the moor has been another source of controversy, such as when training was extended in January 2003. The national park authority received 1,700 objections before making the decision. Objectors claimed that Dartmoor should be an area for recreation, and that the training disturbs the peace.

Those who objected included the Open Spaces Society and the Dartmoor Preservation Association. During her lifetime, Lady Sayer was another outspoken critic of the damage which she perceived that the army was doing to the moor.

Towns and villages

Dartmoor has a resident population of about 33,000, which swells considerably during holiday periods with incoming tourists. The largest settlements within the National Park are Ashburton (the largest with a population of about 3,500), Buckfastleigh, Moretonhampstead, Princetown, Yelverton, Horrabridge, South Brent, Christow, and Chagford.

For a full list, expand the Settlements of Dartmoor navigational box at the bottom of this page.

Landmarks

Avon Dam Reservoir – reservoir popular with walks and trout fishing
Black Tor Beare (Black-a-Tor Copse) – remote woodland of stunted oaks over  above sea level in West Okement valley
Bowerman's Nose – a tor said to be shaped like a nose
Brentor Church – remote church  high on crag at western edge of moor
Buckfast Abbey – abbey near Buckfastleigh
Burrator Reservoir – late Victorian reservoir
Canonteign Falls – second highest waterfall in England
Castle Drogo – Edwardian faux castle built by Edwin Lutyens on a crag above Teign Gorge, Drewsteignton
Childe's Tomb – ancient burial site
Church House, South Tawton – 15th century church ales house
Cosdon Hill – prominent hill, northern extremity of moor, site of beacon fire for invasion warning
Cranmere Pool – original letterbox site and location of the legend of Cranmere Binjie
Crazywell Cross – ancient cross near Crazywell Pool
Crazywell Pool – artificial lake
Dartmeet – meeting point of East and West Dart
Dartmoor Prison – large prison
Devonport Leat – man-made water channel
Devonport Leat aqueduct – aqueduct over the River Meavy just down from Raddick Hill Falls
Duck's Pool – location of a memorial to local writer William Crossing
Fernworthy Dam & Reservoir – granite-faced concrete dam and lake in Fernworthy Forest, near Chagford
Fingle Bridge – a 17th-century crossing of the River Teign near Chagford
Great Links Tor – dominant tor on north west scarp of moor
Grey Wethers – pair of ancient stone circles
Grimspound – Bronze Age settlement
Haytor Granite Tramway – early tramway with stone rails; ran from quarries at Haytor to Stover Canal
Haytor Rock – prominent tor and viewpoint between Bovey Tracey and Widecombe
High Willhays – highest point on Dartmoor
Hound Tor – rugged tor with remains of Iron Age village
Jay's Grave – burial site
Lustleigh Cleave – deep cleave on the Sticklepath Fault lined with trees and tors.
Lydford Gorge – very deep and narrow gorge with waterfalls
Meldon Reservoir & viaduct –  wide and  high concrete dam and Victorian iron bridge which itself is  wide and  high
Nuns Cross – ancient cross
Powdermills, Cherrybrook – remains of gunpowder grinding mill near Two Bridges
Rattlebrook railway – remains of horse-worked railway track to peat works near Great Links Tor
Rippon Tor Rifle Range – disused rifle range
Scorhill stone circle – (pronounced 'Scorill') well-preserved circle of standing stones near Teign-e-ver, Gidleigh
Skaigh Valley – narrow, wooded valley leading up on to moor at Belstone; on famous Sticklepath geological fault
Spitchwick – a swimming spot where the River Webburn joins the River Dart
Staldon Stone Row – longest stone row on Dartmoor and potentially the world.
Tavistock Canal – 19th-century canal
Tavy Cleave – river gorge on western moor near Mary Tavy
Teign-e-ver – confluence of North Teign and Wallabrook; clapper bridges & tolmen stone
Two Bridges – 18th-century coaching inn
Warren House Inn – highest inn in south west England
Wheal Betsy – engine house of mine on Blackdown, Marytavy
Widgery Cross – granite cross atop Brat Tor, memorial erected by Dartmoor artist William Widgery to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887
Wistman's Wood – remote copse of stunted oaks in valley of West Dart near Two Bridges
White Hart Hotel – historic 17th-century coaching inn in Moretonhampstead

Leisure activities
Until the early 19th century Dartmoor was not considered to be a place worth visiting: in the 1540s John Leland wrote in his Itinerary that "Dartmore is muche a wilde Morish and forest Ground", and even by 1789 Richard Gough's opinion was that it is a "dreary mountainous tract". At the turn of the 19th century John Swete was one of the first people to visit Dartmoor for pleasure and his journals and watercolour paintings now provide a valuable historical resource.

The oldest leisure pursuit on the moor is hill walking. William Crossing's definitive Guide to Dartmoor was published in 1909, and in 1938 a plaque and letterbox in his memory were placed at Duck's Pool on the southern moor. Parts of the Abbots Way, Two Moors Way and the Templer Way are on Dartmoor.

Letterboxing originated on Dartmoor in the 19th century and has become increasingly popular in recent decades. Watertight containers, or 'letterboxes', are hidden throughout the moor, each containing a visitor's book and a rubber stamp. Visitors take an impression of the letterbox's rubber stamp as proof of finding the box and record their visit by stamping their own personal stamp in the letterbox's logbook. A recent related development is geocaching. Geocache clues make use of GPS coordinates, whereas letterboxing clues tend to consist of grid references and compass bearings.

Whitewater kayaking and canoeing are popular on the rivers due to the high rainfall and their high quality, though for environmental reasons access is restricted to the winter months. The River Dart is the most prominent meeting place, the section known as the Loop being particularly popular. Other white water rivers are the Erme, Tavy, Plym and Meavy.

Other activities are rock climbing on the granite tors and outcrops, some of the well-known venues being Haytor, Hound Tor and The Dewerstone; horse riding, which can be undertaken on any of the common land; cycling (but not on open moorland); and angling for wild brown trout, sea trout and salmon—although much of the river fishing on Dartmoor is privately owned, permits are available for some stretches.

Visitor centres
The park's main visitor centre is located in Princetown and features exhibits about Dartmoor's history, culture and wildlife, as well as changing displays of local art. The visitor centres located in Postbridge and Haytor feature information, maps, guidebooks and items for exploring the area.

See also
Dartmoor Discovery, Ultramarathon race
Dartmoor Preservation Association
Dartmoor Way long-distance footpath
Geology of the United Kingdom
Haytor Granite Tramway
Museum of Dartmoor Life
Rock-cut basin, the Tolmen stone

References

Sources

Crossing, William Crossing's Guide to Dartmoor, the 1912 edition reprinted with new introd. by Brian Le Messurier. Dawlish: David & Charles, 1965.

External links

Dartmoor National Park Authority

 Dartmoor
Category:National parks in England
Category:Hills of Devon
Category:Special Areas of Conservation in England
Category:Duchy of Cornwall
Category:Geology of Devon
Category:Parks and open spaces in Devon
Category:Protected areas established in 1951
Category:Common land in England
Category:Natural regions of England
Category:Moorlands of England
Category:Sherlock Holmes


1900–01 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team

The 1900–01 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team represented the University of Kansas in its third season of collegiate basketball. The head coach was Dr. James Naismith, the inventor of the game, who served his 3rd year.

Schedule

‡ – KU walked off the court and forfeited the game following a dispute over the rules.

References

Category:Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball seasons
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas


Gamma Cassiopeiae variable

A Gamma Cassiopeiae variable (γ Cassiopeiae variable) is a type of variable star, named for its prototype γ Cassiopeiae.

Variability
γ Cassiopeiae variables show irregular changes in brightness on a timescale of decades.  These typically have amplitudes of the order of a magnitude.  For example, γ Cassiopeiae is usually about magnitude 2.5 and has varied between magnitudes 1.6 and 3.0.  The variations are associated with changes in the spectrum between normal absorption spectra and Be star spectra, often also including shell star characteristics.

Pleione and γ Cassiopeiae itself are both variable stars that have intermittent shell episodes where strong shell features appear in the spectrum and the brightness increases or decreases significantly.  At other times the shell is not detectable in the spectrum, and even the emission lines may disappear.

The General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) categorises γ Cassiopeiae stars as eruptive variables and describes them as rapidly-rotating B class giants or subgiants, although many of them are main sequence stars.  It distinguishes them from those Be stars that only show smaller amplitude brightness variations.  The GCVS uses the code GCAS to denote γ Cassiopeiae variables.

Mechanism
γ Cassiopeiae variables are understood to be hot stars which have equatorial decretion disks which periodically disappear and reform, or possibly just change dramatically in scale.  They are probably all very rapid rotators and most can be classified as Be stars.  They are often also shell stars at least part of the time, where the disk is seen edge-on and produces very narrow absorption lines in addition to the broader photospheric lines and possible emission lines.  Regardless of whether they are shell stars by the most narrow definition, the periods when they produce strong disks and increase in brightness are known as shell events.

Examples
 27 Canis Majoris
 Beta Canis Minoris
 Pleione

References

Further reading

Category:Star types
Category:Gamma Cassiopeiae variable stars


Preston North End F.C.

Preston North End Football Club (often shortened to The North End or PNE) is a professional football club in Preston, Lancashire, whose team currently plays in the EFL Championship, the second tier of the English football league system. Originally a cricket club, Preston have been based at Deepdale since 1875. The club first took up football in 1878 as a winter fitness activity and decided to focus on it in May 1880, when the football club was officially founded. Deepdale is now football's oldest ground in terms of continuous use by a major league club.

Preston North End was a founder member of the Football League in 1888. In the 1888–89 season, the team won both the inaugural league championship and the FA Cup, the latter without conceding a goal. They were the first team to achieve the "Double" in English football and, as they were unbeaten in all matches, are remembered as "The Invincibles". Preston won the league championship again in 1889–90 but their only major success since then has been their 1938 FA Cup Final victory over Huddersfield Town. The club's most famous players have been Tom Finney and Bill Shankly, who are both commemorated at Deepdale by stands named after them. Other notable players include Tommy Docherty, Alan Kelly Sr. and Graham Alexander.

Until 1961, Preston were usually members of the First Division but, having been relegated after the 1960–61 season, they have not yet returned to the top flight. They were first relegated to the Third Division after the 1969–70 season and have spent 28 of the 49 seasons since 1970 in the bottom two divisions, including a span of 19 seasons from 1981-1982 to 1999–2000. Preston have faced serious financial issues and were twice in danger of closure. The club is now owned by businessman Trevor Hemmings and has been established in the EFL Championship since gaining promotion in 2015.

History

Preston North End was founded in 1863, originally as a cricket club, and played their first matches at the Marsh near the River Ribble in the Preston suburb of Ashton. Later that year, they switched to Moor Park in the north of the town, calling themselves "North End" in recognition of the new location. On 21 January 1875, the club leased a field opposite Moor Park on the site of the current Deepdale stadium, which has been its home ever since.

The club formed a rugby union team in 1877 as a winter fitness activity but this was not a success and, a year later, they played their first game under the rules of association football. In May 1880, a proposal to fully adopt the association code was unanimously accepted and Preston North End Football Club was officially founded.

Preston became one of the first professional clubs by hiring players from Scotland. In 1887, they beat Hyde 26–0 in the first round of the FA Cup, still a record winning margin in English first-class football. Scottish forward Jimmy Ross scored eight goals in the match before going on to score 19 goals in the competition that season, also still a record.

They played Hibernian F.C. in 1887 World Championship losing 2–1 in Edinburgh.

In 1888–89, Preston became the first league champions and the first winners of "The Double", becoming the only team to date to go throughout an entire season unbeaten in both the league and FA Cup – winning the FA Cup without conceding a goal. In a contribution to Paul Agnew's 1989 biography of Tom Finney, the player himself wrote: "The club has long been known as Proud Preston, and the Old Invincibles of the previous century set some incredible standards". The author wrote elsewhere: "...and that team became immortalised as the 'Old Invincibles'". Other sources call the team "The Invincibles" and both versions of the nickname have been used. In his autobiography, Finney wrote: "The championship stayed with North End — by now tagged the Old Invincibles — the following year, but runners-up spot had to suffice for the next three seasons". As Finney said, Preston were league champions again in 1889–90, but have not won the title since. In total, they have been league runners-up six times, including the three consecutive seasons from 1890 to 1891 to 1892–93, and twice in the 1950s when Finney was playing. The club's last major trophy win was in the 1938 FA Cup Final when they defeated Huddersfield Town 1–0 and the team included Bill Shankly, Andy Beattie and goalscorer George Mutch.

Preston's most famous player, Tom Finney, joined the club as a teenager in 1938. His first team debut was delayed until 1946 by the Second World War but he played for Preston until he retired in 1960. He was nicknamed the "Preston Plumber" because of his local business. Finney remains the club's top goalscorer, with 187 goals from 433 appearances, and also scored 30 international goals for England in 76 appearances.

A year after Finney's retirement, Preston were relegated to the Second Division and have not played in the top division since. They had a memorable season in 1963–64 when, managed by former player Jimmy Milne, they finished third in the Second Division and reached the 1964 FA Cup Final where they lost a thrilling match 3–2 to West Ham United.

Preston were first relegated to the Third Division after the 1969–70 season. Although they won promotion again immediately, the team have spent 28 of the 49 seasons since 1970 in the bottom two divisions, including a span of 19 seasons from 1981 to 1982 to 1999–2000. The club experienced a near-terminal decline in the 1980s which brought about the very real threat of closure, the nadir being the 1985–86 season when they finished 23rd in the Fourth Division and had to seek re-election to the league.

Under manager John McGrath, the team recovered and won promotion back to the Third Division only a year later but it was a false dawn as the team spent another three years in the bottom division from 1993 to 1996. The club finally began to recover and move forward after a takeover by heating manufacturer Baxi in 1994 but their ownership ended in June 2002. The team's central defender David Moyes, then aged 34, began his managerial career when appointed by the Baxi-controlled board in February 1998. Moyes was successful and managed the team to the third tier championship in 2000. Preston reached the 2001 play-off final but were defeated by Bolton Wanderers. In the 2005 play-off final, under Moyes' successor Billy Davies, Preston were beaten 1–0 by West Ham United.

Following the Baxi sell-off and the departure of Moyes to Everton in 2002, the team was established at second tier level through the 2000s but more problems arose at the end of the decade with an HM Revenue and Customs winding-up order in 2010 and relegation to the third tier in 2011. The taxation issue was resolved by local businessman Trevor Hemmings, already a shareholder, who bought a controlling interest in June 2010. The team were promoted again, via the play-offs, in 2015 and have been well-placed in the EFL Championship since then.

Deepdale was the original cricket club's home from 1875 and has been a football venue from 1878. It is the world's oldest football ground in terms of continuous use by a club in a major league. When Baxi took control, it embarked on an investment programme which had the main goal of upgrading Deepdale into a modern stadium. The old ground was demolished and rebuilt in four stages and the last of the new stands was opened in 2008. Part of the redevelopment was the original National Football Museum which opened at Deepdale in 2001, but it was relocated to Manchester in 2012 after being closed for two years. Preston have had the fair share of results at Deepdale, they beat Blackpool 1–0 in the 86' and pitch invaded.

Ground

The site of the current Deepdale stadium was first leased by the club in 1875 and was first used for association football in 1878. The biggest attendance seen was 42,684 for a Division One clash with Arsenal in April 1938. Following a complete reconstruction between 1996 and 2009, the stadium has a seated capacity of 23,404. The current pitch dimensions are 110 x 75 yards.

Statue

Outside the Sir Tom Finney Stand is a statue of the famous player himself, which is known as "The Splash" or the "Tom Finney Splash". The statue, sculpted by Peter Hodgkinson and unveiled in July 2004, was inspired by a famous photograph taken at the Chelsea versus PNE game in 1956, played at Stamford Bridge in particularly wet conditions.

Players

Current squad

On loan

Former players

Technical staff
Below is a list of non-playing personnel:

Managerial history

The following is a list of Preston North End managers since 1986, excluding caretakers:

Honours

League
Football League First Division (first tier)
 Champions: 1888–89, 1889–90
 Runners-up: 1890–91, 1891–92, 1892–93, 1905–06, 1952–53, 1957–58
Football League Second Division/Football League First Division/Championship (second tier)
 Champions: 1903–04, 1912–13, 1950–51
 Runners-up: 1914–15, 1933–34
 Play-off Runners-up: 2000–01, 2004–05
 Play-off Semi-finalists: 2005–06, 2008–09
Football League Third Division/Football League Second Division/League 1 (third tier)
 Champions: 1970–71, 1999–2000
 Play-off Winners: 2014–15
 Play-off Semi-finalists: 1988–89, 1998–99, 2013–14
Football League Fourth Division/Football League Third Division/League 2 (fourth tier)
 Champions: 1995–96
 Runners-up: 1986–87
 Play-off Runners-up: 1993–94
 Play-off Semi-finalists: 1994–95

Cup
FA Cup
 Winners: 1888–89, 1937–38
 Runners-up: 1921–22, 1953–54, 1963–64

FA Charity Shield
 Runners-up: 1938

Football League War Cup
 Winners: 1940–41

 Lancashire Senior Cup
Winners: 1886–87, 1892–93, 1894–95, 1899–1900, 1938–39, 1996–97

Other
In 1996, Preston's Third Division title made them the third club to have been champions of all four professional leagues in English football. This feat has also been achieved by Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1988, local rivals Burnley in 1992, and both Sheffield United and Portsmouth in 2017.

Club records

Most Goals (Overall): Tom Finney, 210 goals from 473 appearances.
Most League Goals: Tom Finney, 187 goals from 433 appearances.
Most League Goals in a Season: Ted Harper, 37 in Football League Second Division, 1932–33
Record Attendance: 42,684 v Arsenal, Football League First Division, 23 April 1938
Record Cup Victory: 26–0 v Hyde, FA Cup, 15 October 1887
Record League Victory: 10–0 v Stoke, Football League Division One, 14 September 1889
Record Defeat: 0–7 v Blackpool, Division 1, 1 May 1948
Transfer Record (Paid):  £2,000,000 for Tom Bayliss from Coventry City, January 2019
Transfer Record (Received): £9,000,000 for Jordan Hugill to West Ham Utd, January 2018
Youngest Ever Player: Ethan Walker 16 years and 156 days
Oldest Ever Player: Bob Kelly 41 years and two months

Rivals

Historically, Preston North End's main rivalry has been with Blackpool and the West Lancashire derby between the two clubs has been contested across all four divisions of the Football League since 1901. Preston's other local rivals in the league over the years have included Blackburn Rovers, Burnley, Bolton Wanderers and Wigan Athletic.

Sponsors
The club's main sponsors since shirt sponsorship was introduced in 1979 have been as follows:

Women's football

The previously affiliated women's football team was called Preston North End W.F.C. In May 2016, they became Fylde Ladies F.C., in association with National League North side A.F.C. Fylde.

References

External links

 Official Website
 PNE section on Lancashire Evening Post online site
 Preston North End at Soccerbase
 History of Preston North End: 1862–1945
 Online video footage of Preston North End winning the 1938 FA Cup

 Article relating to transfer of Brad Potts to Preston North End

Category:Preston North End F.C.
Category:Association football clubs established in 1880
Category:FA Cup winners
Category:Football clubs in England
Category:English Football League clubs
Category:The Football League founder members
Category:Sport in Preston
Category:1880 establishments in England
Category:Football clubs in Lancashire
Category:Preston, Lancashire


Susan Power

Susan Power (born 1961 in Standing Rock, Dakota) is an American author from Chicago, Illinois. Her debut novel, The Grass Dancer (1994), received the 1995 Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award for Best First Fiction.

Early life and education
Susan Power was born in Chicago, Illinois and is an enrolled member of the Standing Rock Tribe of the Dakotas. Her mother, Susan Kelly Power (Gathering of Stormclouds Woman, in Dakota), is also an enrolled member. Her great-grandmother was Nellie Two Bear Gates. She is a descendant of Sioux Chief Mato Nupa (Two Bears). Her father, Carleton Gilmore Power, is of New England Euro-American descent and worked as a salesman in publishing. One of his great-great-grandfathers was governor of New Hampshire. She heard stories that inspired her imagination from both sides. Power attended local schools, then earned her bachelor's degree from Harvard University and a JD from Harvard Law School.

Change to writing
After a short career in law, Power decided to become a writer. She worked as a technical writer and editor, reserving her creative writing for off hours. In 1992 she entered the MFA program at the Iowa Writer's Workshop.

Her 1994 debut novel, The Grass Dancer, has a complex plot about four generations of Native Americans, with action stretching from 1864 to 1986.  The work received the 1995 Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award for Best First Fiction.

Power has written several other books as well. Her short fiction has been published in the Atlantic Monthly, Paris Review, Voice Literary Supplement, Ploughshares, Story, and The Best American Short Stories 1993. She teaches at Hamline University in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Works
The Grass Dancer, Putnam, 1994.
Strong Heart Society, Penguin, 1998.
Roofwalker, Milkweed Editions, 2002.
Sacred Wilderness, Michigan State University Press, 2014.

References

Further reading
Botrhner, Amy Bunting. "Changeable Pasts: Re-Inventing History" DAIA 5149 (1997): vol.57, no.12, Sec. A. Pittsburgh U.
Kratzert, M. "Native American Literature: Expanding the Canon," in Collection Building Vol. 17, 1, 1998, p. 4.
Shapiro, Dani. "Spirit in the Sky: Talking With Susan Power," People Weekly, 8 August 1994: vol. 42, no.6, 21–22.
Walter, Roland. "Pan-American (Re) Visions: Magical Realism and Amerindian Cultures in Susan Power's 'The Grass Dancer,' Gioconda Belli's 'La Mujer Habitada,' Linda Hogan's 'Power,' and Mario Vargas Llosa's 'El Hablador'," American Studies International (AsInt) vol.37, no.3, 63-80 (1999).
Wright, Neil H. "Visitors from the Spirit Path: Tribal Magic in Susan Power's The Grass Dancer," Kentucky Philological Review (KPR) vol.10, 39-43 (1995).

External links
Susan Power, Native American Writers Project
Susan Power: Biography and criticism of work, Voices from the Gap, University of Minnesota

Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:Native American women writers
Category:Harvard Law School alumni
Category:Dakota people
Category:American writers of Native American descent
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
Category:Writers from Chicago
Category:Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award winners