Extinction (neurology)

Extinction is a neurological disorder that impairs the ability to perceive multiple stimuli of the same type simultaneously. Extinction is usually caused by damage resulting in lesions on one side of the brain. Those who are affected by extinction have a lack of awareness in the contralesional side of space (towards the left side space following a right lesion) and a loss of exploratory search and other actions normally directed toward that side.

Effect of the laterality of the sensory inputs

Unilateral lesions of various brain structures can cause a failure to sense contralesional stimuli in the absence of obvious sensory losses. This failure is defined as unilateral extinction if it occurs solely in the case of simultaneous bilateral sensory stimulations. Unilateral extinction can occur with bilateral visual, auditory and tactile stimuli, as well as with bilateral cross-modal stimulations of these sensory systems, and is more frequent following right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) than left hemisphere brain damage (LHD). Unilateral sensory extinction is thought by most to be explained by competition models of selective attention where each stimulus competes to gain access to limited pools of attentional resources. Because of a special role of the right hemisphere in attention, lesions of that hemisphere would disadvantage sensory inputs from the contralateral left hemispace relative from those from the right space.

The idea that inputs from the contralesional side of space may undergo a faulty processing regardless of whether they are primarily directed to the damaged or intact hemisphere has been provided on the most part by studies on olfactory neglect and extinction. The laterality of the sensory inputs makes a difference insofar as left-sided inputs directed to the intact left hemisphere are not affected by extinction, or affected to a much smaller degree than left-sided inputs directed to the damaged right hemisphere. In other words, the lateral organization of sensory inputs should be reconsidered as a far from negligible factor in the cross-modal pattern of unilateral sensory extinction from unilateral brain damage.

Theories of unilateral extinction
Two of the major theories of unilateral extinction are the sensory theory and the representational theory. The sensory theory involves an attenuation of sensory input to the right hemisphere from the contralateral side of the body and space. The representational theory involves a disordered internal representation of the contralateral side of the body and space, not dependent on sensory input. Recent literature suggests that unilateral extinction patients not only fail to respond to the contralateral external space, but also to internally represented stimuli with patients frequently locating the details of the left side on the right side.

Research and characteristics of extinction
German neurologists documented clinical descriptions of extinction a century ago, but the syndrome subsequently received less systematic attention than other classical neurological syndromes in part due to the rareness of suitable theoretical ideas. Moreover, despite the dramatic loss of awareness for one side, extinction was rarely considered in discussions of the neural basis of conscious perceptual experience until recently. In extinction there is a spatially specific loss of awareness. This has been difficult to explain because so many neural pathways conventionally associated with conscious perception (including primary sensory areas) remain intact in many patients. There is also much excitement about the possibility of relating awareness to neural substrates in extinction studies. In addition to revealing the critical lesion sites associated with the various clinical manifestations of visual neglect, a key message of the current investigation is that there is a need to develop more sensitive and nuanced assessment tools to characterize the different facets of this heterogeneous syndrome. It will be important to bring laboratory tests into the clinic in an effort to identify specific cognitive functions by examining each in isolation thus combining more specific descriptions extinction with better clinical measures that isolate specific cognitive functions to yield more consistent lesion mapping results in the future.

Grouping effect in extinction

Neglect and extinction often present simultaneously in patients. When looking at neglect, studies have demonstrated that there is more to the spatial nature than mere primary sensory loss. Proposals of this kind have become increasingly frequent in recent years but attentional accounts for neglect are not universally popular. We can think of one primary component of neglect as involving inattention and that extinction is by no means the whole story for neglect. Extinction encapsulates a critical general principle that applies for most aspects of neglect, namely that the patient’s spatial deficit is most apparent in competitive situations, where information towards the good ipsilesional side comes to dominate information that would otherwise be acknowledged towards the contralesional side. This may relate to the attentional limitation seen in neurologically healthy people. We cannot become aware of multiple targets all at once, even if our sensory systems have transduced them. This is seen in patients with extinction, who are able to detect a single target in any location, with a deficit only for multiple concurrent targets. Therefore, extinction can be regarded as a pathological, spatially specific exaggeration of the normal difficulty in distributing attention to multiple targets so we can predict that it should be reduced if the two competing events could be grouped together. Several recent findings from right-parietal patients with left extinction confirm this prediction, suggesting that grouping mechanisms may still operate despite the pathological spatial bias of the patient to influence whether a particular stimulus will reach the patient's awareness. Thus extinction is reduced when the concurrent target events can be linked into a single subjective object, becoming allies rather than competitors in the bid to attract attention. Furthermore, the extent of residual processing extinct stimuli can vary from one patient to another, depending on the exact extent of their lesion. The examples of residual unconscious processing so far all concern the visual modality although evidence is starting to emerge concerning similar effects for extinguished tactile and auditory stimuli.

Physiology/characteristics
Extinction as well as spatial neglect are deficits caused by large lesions in the vasculatory territory of the medial cerebral artery [20]. Some studies say that extinction occurs after damage to the right or left hemisphere. Patients with extinction do not report stimuli located in space contralateral to their damaged hemisphere when the stimuli are presented simultaneously with ipsilesional stimuli. Extinction to double simultaneous stimulation is not only attributed to a primary sensory deficit since these patients are aware of contralateral stimuli presented individually. Attentional Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is more focused on as a role of abnormal sensory processing of contralesional input. The patients have a pathologically limited attentional capacity and an attentional bias towards ipsilesional space, they are more likely to attend to and become aware of ipsilesional stimuli at the expense of contralesional ones. It is noteworthy that the right Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ) has been linked to a number of cognitive functions that suggest a role in modulating competitive interactions between stimulus representations, which would converge with the importance of this area for the attentional deficit displayed by extinction patients.

The critical lesion site responsible for the syndrome has been debated for more than a decade. Different criterion was used to identify extinction in their patient samples, which lead to inconsistencies in the critical lesion sites reported across studies. Recent studies have used measures such as ERPs and fMRI and it is believed that the parietal lobe mediates the internal representation of both body and space. They found that in their sample, a cortical lesion was almost always found in the right parietal angula gyrus region. Patients typically showed damage to the inferior parietal areas of the brain. There can also be preserved function in the superior parietal lobe, even with inferior parietal damage. Parietal regions include some neurons with ipsilateral receptive fields, so that while the representation within one hemisphere emphasizes contralateral space overall, some ipsilateral representation is present also. More specifically, the number of left-hemisphere neurons with visual receptive fields at a particular location decreases monotonically as one considers increasingly peripheral locations in the left visual field, and vice versa in the right hemisphere. This might go some way towards explaining why extinction is more severe after right-hemisphere lesions in people, leaving the patient with just the steep gradient of the intact left hemisphere.

Types

Tactile
Patients with tactile extinction are aware of being touched on a contralesional limb, but seem unaware of similar contralesional touch if touched simultaneously on their ipsilesional limb. In the tactile, extinction occurs in the domains of at the level of the hands, the face-neck, the arms-legs, both in case of symmetrical and asymmetrical stimulations, or between the two sides of a single body-part. Extinguished tactile stimulus does not access consciousness but it may interfere with perception of the ipsilesional one. Considerable processing can still take place prior to the level at which loss of awareness arises. The extinction can also rise in bilateral conditions. In a patient study, bilateral trials with extinction still revealed residual early components over the right hemisphere in response to the extinguished left touches. When somatosensory neural activity in the right hemisphere was reduced in amplitude when compared to the one by right hand stimulation on the left hemisphere. So it can be concluded that tactile extinction is defined in conditions of bilateral stimulation and perhaps unilateral stimulation as well. Extinction arises at a high level of tactile input processing.

Visual extinction

Visual/spatial extinction, also known as pseudohemianopia, is the inability to perceive two simultaneous stimuli in each visual field. Those who show spatial extinction can detect a single item in both the left and right visual fields but, under certain conditions of bilateral double simultaneous stimulation (DSS), fails to detect the item in one field. It is thus believed that extinction is caused by sensory neglect, and that extinction reflects an attentional deficit rather than a contralesional deficit in primary perceptual processing. In visual extinction this attentional deficit in perception applies mainly to attention in the relevant dimension. Visual extinction is greatest when objects either have the same color or the same shape.

Studies suggest that brain damage to the parietal lobe causes sensory neglect and that in turn causes extinction. Spatial neglect specifically leads to visual extinction. Neglect often follows right inferior parietal damage, and is characterized by impaired attention and lack of awareness for stimuli on the contralesional (left) side of space. Any kind of brain damage can lead to neglect, things like stroke, brain tissue death, or tumors, and cause the unilateral damage to one side of the parietal lobe. Overall a person with parietal brain damage still has intact visual fields.

One way to reduce the effects of extinction is to use grouping of items. Brightness and edge based grouping reduces visual extinction and they act in an additive way. Grouping with similar shapes also reduces the effects of extinction. This suggests that the attentional deficit in extinction can be compensated, at least in part, by the brain’s object recognition systems.

While the parietal lobe deals with sensation and perception, the amygdala controls the perception of fear and emotion. This means that by utilizing the perception abilities of the amygdala that emotional properties of contralesional stimuli can be extracted despite pathological inattention and unawareness. This is because the ability of the amygdala to perceive fear is autonomous and without conscious effort and attention. Unfortunately studies have shown that perception of fear can become habituated so it can be unreliable to reduce extinction by use of the amygdala.

Auditory extinction
Auditory extinction is the failure to hear simultaneous stimuli on the left and right sides. This extinction is also caused by brain damage on one side of the brain where awareness is lost on the contralesional side. Affected people report the presence of side specific phonemes, albeit extinguishing them at the same time. This points to the fact that auditory extinction, like other forms of extinction, is more about acknowledging a stimulus in the contralesional side than about the actual sensing of the stimulus.

Just like other forms of extinction, auditory extinction is caused by brain damage resulting in lesions to one side of the parietal lobe. Auditory extinction appears to be a rather common phenomenon in the acute state of a vascular disease. The acute state of the vascular disease usually leads to neglect which then in turn leads to the auditory extinction. The number of lesions causes an additive effect when occurring in combination with a recent damage.

When it comes to treating and recognizing the occurrence of auditory extinction most sound can still be perceived with the other ear. The nature of sound, which possess directionality but still fills space, makes it more amenable to misattribution of source location. This is called the ‘prior entry’ effect. This is when a stimulus occurring at an attended location receives privileged access to awareness relative to one occurring at an unattended location.

Chemical extinction
Little is known on the side of occurrence of unilateral extinction or neglect for sensory modalities, which are traditionally thought to project to the brain in a predominantly uncrossed fashion, such as olfaction and taste. To date, only a limited number of investigations concerning the suppression of (or competition among) spatial information processed through the so-called chemical senses have been reported. A number of various different reasons may account for this lack of research. First, the distinction between pure chemical versus somatosensory information is often problematic. Second, it is widely assumed that olfaction and taste are senses that are not specialized for conveying spatial information.

Olfactory extinction

Multiple case studies and investigations have been conducted on unilateral neglect within the visual, auditory, and tactile sensory modalities, but only three case studies have been reported on neglect within the olfactory sensory modality. It is still unclear whether humans can localize at all the source of the olfactory stimulation by distinguishing between odors that are processed through the right versus the left nostril. This is particularly true when the stimulus is a pure odorant rather than trigeminal, that is when the odor does not cause any somatosensory stimulation that is known to be encoded by the trigeminal system. It was discovered that when pure odorants such as hydrogen sulfide or vanillin were used as stimulants localization was random. On the other hand, stimulation with carbon dioxide or menthol yielded identification rates of more than 96%. These results established the fact that directional orientation, considering single momentary odorous sensations, can only be assumed, when the olfactory stimulants simultaneously excite the trigeminal somatosensory system. Thus it is possible to distinguish between right and left side when the substances additionally or mainly excited the trigeminal nerve.

RHD patients with left tactile and visual neglect were reported to exhibit neglect and extinction of olfactory stimuli to the left nostril, in spite of the anatomically constrained projection of the olfactory input from that nostril to the intact left hemisphere. This finding was taken to suggest an impaired processing of all inputs from the contralesional side of space, regardless of whether such inputs were primarily directed to the damaged right hemisphere or the intact left hemisphere. Yet this interpretation is questionable because normal subjects appear unable to localize to a nostril a lateralized olfactory stimulus without the aid of an associated stimulation of the crossed trigeminal input from that same nostril. Further, and in keeping with the above notion, on a number of unilateral and bilateral olfactory stimulations those patients identified the left nostril input correctly, but misplaced it to the right nostril, possibly because of a rightward response bias related to left-sided neglect. Specifically, when two different stimuli were delivered to each nostril, RHD patients consistently failed to report the stimulus delivered to the left nostril. The olfactory system predominantly projects its fibers ipsilaterally thus these results are evidence supporting the representational theory of neglect. Also patients affected by olfactory extinction showed a large number of displacements in that the correctly identified stimuli presented to the left nostril were described as being in the right nostril.

Nevertheless, it is not completely possible to determine the exact influence exerted by the nasal somatosensation in the olfactory extinction reported, since one of the odours considered as being pure odorants was later found to be processed probably also by the trigeminal. It appears that the human olfactory system is able to localize the source of the olfactory stimulation only when the odour elicits also a trigeminal response. This contradicts the idea that trained participants can localize both trigeminal stimuli and pure odorants between the two nostrils. Moreover, recently it was shown that naive participants were able to reliably localize pure odorants between the two nostrils. Clearly, if the ability of the olfactory system to extract spatial information from non-trigeminal stimuli turns out to be true, new light could be shed on the extinction phenomena described for odors.

The olfactory sense also provides a unique mechanism to test the sensory and representational theories of unilateral neglect. Olfactory information projects predominantly to the ipsilateral hemisphere. Patients with a right hemisphere lesion show left sided neglect in other modalities and fail to respond to the left contralateral nostril, thus the representational theory is supported. It was suggested that since the olfactory sensory pathways to the cerebral hemispheres were not crossed, a neglect should have occurred on the right side if a sensory loss were the cause of neglect. Neglect in olfactory sense is compared with its occurrence in the trigeminal sense, a sense stimulated in the same manner as olfaction (chemically through the nasal passages)  but contralaterally innervated. Studies supporting the representational theory of unilateral neglect show that right hemisphere lesion patients with left unilateral neglect failed to respond to their left contralateral nostril on olfactory double simultaneous stimulation in spite of adequate olfactory sensitivity. This demonstrated that the occurrence of unilateral neglect is not a function of sensory attenuation, in fact, olfactory sensitivity did not correlate with number of extinctions.

Extinction of taste

The existence of neglect and/or extinction in taste is less explored than olfaction, even though in humans the ability to localize taste stimuli presented on the tongue has been previously described. In the case of a patient with a wide parietal-occipital tumor, tactile extinction on the upper limbs and extinction of taste sensations on the left part of the tongue where seen when two tastes were presented simultaneously on each hemitongue. The results of the assessment revealed there is unimodal taste extinction and displacement of taste sensations under crossmodal taste-tactile stimulation. In particular, when a touch was delivered to the right hemi-tongue and a taste was applied on the left hemi-tongue, the patient repeatedly reported bilateral taste stimulation, thus surprisingly extinguishing the right touch and partially misplacing the left taste stimulus. Gustatory extinction also seems to occur consequently to a severe tactile extinction.

In the gustatory test done on patients with right brain damage (RHD) or left brain damage (LHD) and healthy subjects, nine RHD patients with left hemitongue tactile extinction showed no gustatory extinction for both unilateral and bilateral stimulations. Contrary to a largely crossed cortical representation of the limbs and other exteroceptive body sites, the tongue has been traditionally thought to enjoy a bilateral representation in the cortex for both somatic and gustatory modalities. In fact the tongue representation is bilateral in both modalities, but predominantly ipsilateral in the gustatory modality and predominantly contralateral in the tactile modality. The absence of left gustatory extinction in those patients can be attributed to the predominant channeling of left hemitongue taste inputs into the intact left hemisphere. Since there were no severe disturbances manifested in any of the present RHD or LHD patients, it seems reasonable to assume that gustatory extinction surfaces only as an accompaniment and possibly a consequence of a very marked extinction of tactile lingual sensitivity, or even a full blown intraoral tactile hemineglect. There is still no clear evidence of the existence of purely taste extinction and/or neglect.

More evidence that suggests the relationship between tactile and taste extinction in the tongue comes from a patient with a right parieto-occipital glioblastoma, tested with local applications of the four basic tastants (bitter, salty, sour, sweet), or with touch and pin prick stimuli to the two sides of the tongue. The patient missed most of the left hemitongue stimuli on bilateral stimulation, or less frequently wrongly attributed to them the quality of the concurrent right stimulus. Combinations of taste and mechanical stimuli showed an interference of left side stimuli on the perception of right stimuli, suggesting a complex alteration of the central tactile and gustatory representations of both sides of the tongue. Given that taste perception is usually co-mingled with tactile sensations, it is possible that left-sided gustatory extinction in severe left buccal hemineglect was secondary to left-sided lingual tactile extinction.

Multisensory
Neglect and extinction can overlap for a single sensory modality, and even for multiple sensory modalities. Extinction affecting a unimodal sensory system can be influenced by the concurrent activation of another modality. Tactile extinction, as an example, can be modulated by visual events simultaneously presented in the region near the tactile stimulation, increasing or reducing tactile perception, depending upon the spatial arrangement of the stimuli. In one example of visual and tactile relationship, the visual stimulation in the ipsilesional side exacerbates contralesional tactile extinction, whereby the presentation of visual and tactile stimuli on the same contralesional side can reduce the deficit. Tactile and visual informations can also be integrated in other peripersonal space regions, such as around the face.

Another similar modulation interaction is between audition and touch. The contralesional tactile detection is hampered by sounds in tactile extinction patients. However, a multisensory effect observed in the front space with respect to the patients’ head was even stronger when cross-modal auditory-tactile extinction was assessed in the patients’ back space. Different degrees of multisensory integration may occur depending upon the functional relevance of a given modality. Altogether, the interactions of cross-modal seems to be a rather frequent occurrence. The results of these studies underline the relevance of cross-modal integration in enhancing visual processing in neglect patients and in patients with visual field deficits.

References

Category:Neurology


Nemesea

Nemesea is a Dutch alternative rock band, formed in September 2002 in Groningen, The Netherlands by singer Manda Ophuis and guitarist, songwriter Hendrik Jan 'HJ' de Jong and shortly thereafter completed with Sonny Onderwater on bass. Initially, Nemesea were a symphonic gothic metal act, and were compared to Dutch compatriots After Forever. However, since 2007's In Control, the band's music has become more rock-oriented, also incorporating strong electronic influences.

Biography

Early years
Following a three-song demo, Nemesea had their first performance as support act for After Forever in the P60 Amstelveen and remained that band's support for a year. They attracted record company interest and signed for the Dutch independent label Ebony Tears in November 2003.

Mana
In November 2004, Nemesea released their debut album Mana, touring the Netherlands, Belgium and other European countries extensively until December 2005. By this time, they were well-established in the European gothic/symphonic metal scene.

In Control and Pure Live @ P3
For their second album, Nemesea had talks with major record labels, but later decided to sign up to the Dutch crowdsourcing website Sellaband. They were the first band to raise more than $50,000 from fans in a three-month period. The album In Control, mixed by Ronald Prent and co-produced by Tony Platt was released on June 21, 2007. A distribution deal was made with Rough Trade Records to bring the new album to music stores in Benelux on October 26, 2007.
The band signed also a booking deal with Dutch agent AT Productions and found a new manager in David Arden, brother of Sharon Osbourne and former manager of James Brown.

In 2009 a live album was released following the band's performances at the P3 in Purmerend. The two live shows were set up in full 9.2 omni surround to give the audience the feeling they were "immersed in sound". The live album Pure Live@P3 was released on September 7, 2009. The album was later on remixed and re-released as part of a special 5.1 surround album bundled with the 5.1 surround version of In Control with Ronald Prent again in charge of the 5.1 surround mix.

The Quiet Resistance
In 2010 Nemesea signed with the Austrian music label Napalm Records and preparations for their new album began, resulting in Nemesea's third studio album The Quiet Resistance, released November 2011.

In July 2010, the band announced they were recording their third studio album, which they hoped would be early late 2011. On a tight budget, recording at their home studio, new elements were added to the Nemesea sound developed on both previous albums. This resulted in more synth heavy, somewhat darker, bigger sound with melodic arrangements. The new song "Caught in the Middle" was posted on YouTube, and was added to the track list of The Quiet Resistance.

The album's 14 songs contain three duets, one with Charlotte Wessels (Delain), one with BulletProof Messenger members Marcus Klavan (vocals) and Matt Litwin (DJ) and another one with vocalist Heli Reißenweber from Maerzfeld. For drums Nemesea attracted Frank van der Star and for keyboards/DJ Lasse Dellbrügge. The band reached out to producer and mix engineer Joost van den Broek for production and mix. The album was met with positive reviews and The Quiet Resistance helped grow Nemesea's fan base. "Afterlife" was released as a single and video and after the release Nemesea toured extensively in Holland and Germany.

Uprise
On August 9, 2012, guitarist Hendrik Jan de Jong posted a photo on his Facebook timeline stating that the band had officially started working on their yet to be named fourth studio album. On April 2, 2015 the band began with early pre-production that resulted in three new songs in Key Studio's and Mastersound studios. The band posted the front cover of the album on their Facebook page on January 28, 2016, the stating that it would be called Uprise and the release date would be April 29, 2016. This was also announced by Blabbermouth.net.

Uprise was recorded at the Giesound-studios in Zwolle. Producer Guido Aalbers (Muse, Coldplay, No Doubt) played a crucial role. Nemesea pushed for a more natural, organic, pure sound while avoiding over-production and adding electronics as a flavour this time. Former Nemesea drummer Steven Bouma joined Nemesea again in the studio. From the album 'Twilight' was released as a lyric video and 'Forever' released as a single and video on YouTube. According to the press Uprise is the testimony of Nemesea reminiscing after an emotional chapter of hanging on to the past whilst dealing with a new reality and allowing oneself (as well as others) to make the next step. With Uprise Nemesea has evolved from a metal band to a rock band with songs to match.

New singer
On August 1, 2016, Manda reported on Facebook that she is "giving up [her] dream of being a singer" and therefore has left the band. Later the same day the band reported on their homepage that Manda was going to focus on "her education job with highly gifted children". Nemesea also stated that they will continue as a band and that their previous drummer Steven Bouma had rejoined the band.

In September 2016 Nemesea played on a festival in De Oosterpoort in Groningen, Netherlands. The festival was hosted by De Oosterpoort together with the record store Plato. The performance featured 5 different vocalists as Nemesea played various songs from the album Uprise. On October 10, 2016 Nemesea started the search for a new singer via social media, a newsletter and their website.

On May 19, 2017 Nemesea released their first single with new singer Sanne Mieloo called "Dance In The Fire". A music video was released on YouTube by Napalm Records on June 1, 2017.

Mieloo also occasionally played the role of Kala in the Dutch musical version of Tarzan and even appeard on the 2018 re-release of Andreas Nergård's The Haunted, taken from the 2018 re-release of his album Memorial for a Wish.

Uprise - singles re-release
In November 2017, a new version of "Hear Me", and in March 2018, a new version of "Twilight", both taken from the album Uprise, were released. Both songs were remixed and remastered and feature Sanne Mieloo on vocals. Additionally new samples and keyboard parts were added by Matthijs van Til.

White Flag
On June 24th, the single Kids With Guns, taken from the upcoming album White Flag, was released. Napalm Records released a teaser before uploading the complete song to YouTube.

On July 22nd the second single -Fools Gold- was released. The release included a lyric video which was uploaded to Youtube.

The 3rd and final single -White Flag- was released on August 19. That release also included a lyric video.

White Flag album
On august the 23rd the full album -White Flag- was released. The album contains 14 songs including -Dance In The Fire-, a single that was released in 2017.  Recording (drums, percussion and bass guitar) partly took place in an empty house with the drums set up in the kitchen. Vocals, keys and guitar were partly recorded at different locations.

Mixing was done by Joost van den Broek who also mixed -The Quiet Resistance-. Mastering was done by Darius van Helfteren.

Track listing:

 1. The Storm
 2. Kids with Guns  (single)
 3. White Flag (single)
 4. Sarah
 5. Don't Tell Me Your Name
 6. Fools Gold  (single)
 7. Ratata
 8. Nothing Like Me
 9. Lions
 10. Heavyweight Champion
 11. Rise
 12. Let This Be All
 13. Sayonara
 14. Dance In The Fire

New Year's Day - single
On 1-1-2020 Nemesea released a single with HJ on vocals named "New year's day". A lyric video was released on Youtube.

Quote from the band: "Powerful words about faith & persistence that can bring people (back) together.
This really spoke to us and is something we can relate to. Our New Years gift in 2020. Recorded in an abandoned house in 1 day"

Members
Current line-up
Sanne Mieloo – vocals (2017–present)
Sonny Onderwater – bass, keyboards (2002–present)
Hendrik Jan de Jong – guitar, keyboards, vocals (2002–present)
Steven Bouma – drums (2006–2011, 2016–present)
Mathijs van Til – keyboards (2017–present)

Previous members
Manda Ophuis – vocals (2002–2016)
Lasse Dellbrugge – keyboards (2007–2015)
Frank van der Star – drums (2011–2015)
Chris Postma – drums (2002–2005)
Sander Zoer – drums (2005–2006)
Martijn Pronk – guitar (2002–2007)
Berto Booijink – keyboards (2002–2007)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
Mana (2004)
In Control (2007)
The Quiet Resistance (2011)
Uprise (2016)
White Flag (2019)

Live albums
Pure: Live @ P3 (2009)
Pure: Live @ P3 (2012) (Remixed and remastered)

Singles
No More (2007)
Forever (2016)
Dance in the Fire (2017)
Kids With Guns (2019)
Fools Gold (2019)
White Flag (2019)
 New Year's Day (2020)

References

External links

Official website
Nemesea on Spotify

Nemesea at Sellaband (no longer functional)

Category:Dutch alternative rock groups
Category:Napalm Records artists
Category:2002 establishments in the Netherlands
Category:Musical groups established in 2002
Category:Musical quintets
Category:Musical groups from Groningen (city)


Margaret of Hungary

Margaret of Hungary (Margit in Hungarian; born 1175, living 1223) was a Byzantine Empress by marriage to Isaac II Angelos and Queen of Thessalonica by marriage to Boniface of Montferrat.

Early life
Margaret was the eldest daughter of Béla III of Hungary and his first wife Agnes of Antioch. She was a younger sister of Emeric, King of Hungary. Her younger siblings were Andrew II of Hungary and Constance of Hungary. Two other siblings, Solomon and Stephen, are mentioned in the standard reference work on the genealogy of medieval European aristocracy, "Europäische Stammtafeln" (1978–1995) by Detlev Schwennicke. They reportedly died young.

Empress
In January 1185, Margaret married the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who wanted a politically strategic alliance with Hungary in order to strengthen his claim to the throne. Upon this marriage, Margaret took the baptismal name "Maria".

With Isaac, she had two sons:
 Manuel Angelos (died 1212), he was evidently the elder son, being contemplated in 1205 to ascend the Byzantine throne
 John Angelos (b. ca. 1193 – died 1259). He migrated to Hungary and ruled over Syrmia and Bács (1227–42) as a vassal of king Béla IV of Hungary.

Isaac had been deposed and blinded in 1195 by his brother Alexios III Angelos who then assumed the throne. Isaac was imprisoned, but it's not yet clear if Margaret was also. Her step-son Alexios IV Angelos had escaped and went to join the military discussions which were shortly to launch the Fourth Crusade. There, he and others convinced the Crusaders to attack Constantinople in order to depose his uncle and restore his imprisoned father and himself to the throne. This was done, but his restored reign was short-lived, as the Crusaders took over the empire for themselves.

Queen of Thessalonica
Margaret's husband Isaac died in February 1204, "whose end was accelerated by the fate of his son", who was "strangled in his dungeon after poison had failed to do its work". When Boniface of Montferrat, commander of the land forces at the taken of Constantinople, took the Boukoleon Palace, it was found that Margaret had taken refuge there. Boniface was one of only two contenders put forth to be elected emperor, but he lost to Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders. As compensation, he was granted "all the territories on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus as well as the Ille de Griesse [the Peloponnese]." The coronation of the new emperor took place in the church of St Sophia on May 16, 1204. Later that year, in Constantinople the widowed Margaret, dowager Empress, married Boniface of Montferrat, and returned to the rites of the Latin church.

Evidently in this same year of 1204, but after his new marriage, Boniface requested that he be allowed to exchange his lands in Asia for the Kingdom of Thessalonica, which he considered to be better suited for a political alignment with his new brother-in-law Andrew, then Regent of Hungary who would then be his neighbour, and the new emperor agreed to this exchange. Boniface however did not enjoy his domains in peace, being engaged in almost constant warfare until his death. Margaret's step-daughter Agnes of Montferrat was married to the new emperor, Henry of Flanders, in February 1207. That same year, Boniface was returning to Thessalonica when he was ambushed by Bulgarians. He was taken alive and decapitated, his head being sent to Kaloyan of Bulgaria.

With Boniface, Margaret had a son:
Demetrius of Montferrat in 1207, he wed a sister of the Lord of Athens but they had no children

Boniface left a will designating Demetrius as his successor in Thessalonica under the regency of his mother. His son William of Montferrat, by an earlier marriage, succeeded to the Marquisate of Montferrat. The barons however, knowing that a strong government was necessary, constituted themselves a council of regency for the infant.

Later life
In 1207, on his father's death, Demetrius became king of Thessalonica, at least in title. The Emperor visited Thessalonica to receive the homage in the infant's name, but was barred from the city by the bailiff Biandrate until he would agree to outrageous demands. Margaret, now in the Emperor's presence, put herself in his hands and revealed the plot against the infant. The Emperor then crowned the new infant King of Thessalonica.

Biandrate fled, but conspiring at a distance, returned once more in 1216 to claim the Regency. "In response to Queen Margaret's appeal the Emperor hurried to her assistance, but arrived on the scene only to die with mysterious suddenness in the flower of his age." About 1216 Margaret fled to Hungary apparently leaving her son Demetrius in Thessalonica. She married thirdly Nicholas I of Saint Omer, who had accompanied his uncle on the Crusade and was granted a fief in Doris. He is also called "Lord of Boeotia".

With Nicholas, Margaret is apparently the mother of his two known sons:
 Bela of Saint Omer
 William of Saint Omer, who married but died childless.

On 30 March 1223, Pope Honorius II took Margaret under his protection, issuing a document that contains a list of her properties.

Death
Margaret was still living in 1223. Her exact death date and place, and burial location are apparently unknown.

Ancestors

References

Bibliography

Category:1175 births
Category:13th-century deaths
Category:Hungarian princesses
Category:Byzantine empresses
Category:Marchionesses of Montferrat
Category:Angelid dynasty
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3rd Battalion (Australia)

The 3rd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Originally raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force for service during World War I, the battalion formed part of the 1st Brigade, attached to the 1st Division. It was formed shortly after the war broke out and was among the first Australian units to be sent overseas, arriving in Egypt in December 1914. In April 1915 the battalion participated in the Landing at Anzac Cove, coming ashore in the second and third waves. In December 1915 the 3rd Battalion was evacuated from the Gallipoli peninsula and withdrawn to Egypt again, where it took part in the defence of the Suez Canal before being sent to France to fight on the Western Front in March 1916. For the next two and a half years the unit would serve in the trenches in France and Belgium and would take part in many of the major battles fought during that time. In May 1919, following the end of the war, the battalion was disbanded and its personnel repatriated back to Australia.

In 1921, the AIF was officially disbanded and the previously-existing militia units of the Australian Military Forces were reorganised in order to perpetuate the designations and battle honours of their associated AIF units. As a result, the 3rd Battalion (The Werriwa Regiment), was raised around the area to the west of Sydney. Between 1921 and 1939 the battalion underwent a number of reorganisations and merges due to the economic pressures brought about by the Great Depression and subsequently in 1930 the battalion was merged with the 4th Battalion (Australian Rifles), before being delinked in 1937, when it was amalgamated with the 53rd Battalion (West Sydney Regiment).

Following the outbreak of World War II, many members of the battalion volunteered for service with the Second Australian Imperial Force and were allocated to the 2/3rd Battalion, with whom they served in North Africa, Syria, Greece, Crete and then later in New Guinea. In 1942, following the entry of Japan into the war, the 3rd Battalion (The Werriwa Regiment) was mobilised and brought up to its full wartime establishment with national servicemen. In May 1942 the battalion was sent to Port Moresby, where it joined the rest of the 30th Brigade, to undertake garrison duties. In July the Japanese landed around Gona and as reinforcements were brought up from Australia, elements of the 30th Brigade began a number of delaying actions around Kokoda. In September 1942, the 3rd Battalion was sent up the Kokoda Trail, where it had the distinction of being one of only two militia units to fight alongside its associated AIF unit. Over the next couple of months it assisted in the recapturing of Kokoda, before participating in the fighting around Buna and Gona. In 1943, the battalion was withdrawn to Australia along with the rest of the 30th Brigade, where it was subsequently disbanded in July and its personnel absorbed into its associated AIF unit, the 2/3rd Battalion.

In 1948, the battalion was re-raised as part of the Citizens Military Force, based around Canberra. In 1960, when the Australian Army was reorganised along Pentropic lines, the battalion was reduced to a company-sized unit and formed 'C' Company, 3rd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment (3 RNSWR). In 1965, this company was expanded to become a full battalion again when the Pentropic divisional structure was abandoned; however, in 1987, 3 RNSWR was amalgamated with 4 RNSWR to form the 4th/3rd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment.

History

World War I
Due to the provisions of the Defence Act 1903 which precluded sending conscripts overseas to fight, following the outbreak of World War I it was decided to raise an all volunteer force, outside of the already existing militia organisation, known as the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Many members of the militia joined up and to a large extent, where possible, the AIF battalions were formed on a territorial basis, which meant that many of the AIF units were able to maintain the identity of their associated militia units. The 3rd Battalion, AIF, was raised soon after the declaration of war, and began concentrating at Randwick, drawing its recruits from the Werriwa area of New South Wales. The militia unit that was operating in the area at that time was the 43rd (Werriwa) Infantry Regiment, a regiment that could trace its lineage back to 1869.

After two months, during which time the battalion undertook a period of basic training, the 3rd Battalion departed Australia, proceeding to Egypt, where they arrived on 2 December 1914. After undertaking another period of training in Egypt, the battalion was employed in the defence of the Suez Canal, before being committed to the Gallipoli Campaign. On 25 April 1915, the 3rd Battalion took part in the landing at Anzac Cove, going ashore with the second and third waves. As a stalemate settled over the peninsula the battalion was involved in the defence of the beachhead, before taking part in the Battle of Lone Pine in August. It was during this battle, at Sasse's Sap, that Private John Hamilton, performed the deeds that led to him receiving the Victoria Cross. For the next four months the battalion remained at Gallipoli, before being evacuated along with the rest of the allied forces, in December 1915.

After the withdrawal from Gallipoli, the battalion returned to Egypt where they were once again used in the defence of the Suez Canal against the Turks and the AIF undertook a period of reorganisation and expansion. In March 1916, the 3rd Battalion embarked for France, where for the next two and a half years it would serve in the trenches along the Western Front. Following a period of acclimatisation where the battalion undertook duties in a quiet sector of the line, in July 1916 the battalion took part in its first major action in Europe, during the Battle of Pozières. Later they took part in the fighting around Ypres in Belgium, before returning to the Somme to man the line during the winter. Throughout 1917, they were involved in operations against the Hindenburg Line, spending a majority of the year in the line near Ypres.

In 1918, the battalion was used to help stop the German spring offensive in March and April, before taking part in the final Allied offensive launched near Amiens on 8 August 1918, which ultimately brought an end to the war. As a part of this offensive, the 3rd Battalion continued operations until late September 1918, when they were withdrawn for rest and reorganisation. They were out of the line when the Armistice was declared on 11 November 1918 and following that the slow process of demobilisation and repatriation of men began. By May 1919, the majority of the battalion's personnel had been returned to Australia for discharge and the battalion was disbanded.

During the course of its involvement in the war, the 3rd Battalion suffered 3,598 casualties, of which 1,312 were killed in action. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, three Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George, four Distinguished Service Orders, 28 Military Crosses, 34 Distinguished Conduct Medals, 92 Military Medals with three Bars, eight Meritorious Service Medals, 74 Mentions in Despatches.

Inter war years
During the war, while the units of the AIF had been overseas fighting in Europe and the Middle East, the militia units had remained in Australia on home service, providing security at ports, defence installations and other facilities of importance to the war effort. However, due to the large numbers of militiamen that volunteered for service with the AIF many of these units were greatly depleted and it was not until after the war, in 1919, that the compulsory training scheme began again. In 1921 the AIF was officially disbanded and the following month it was decided to reorganise the militia units and to redesignate them in order to perpetuate the identity of the AIF units that had fought in the war. As a result of this decision, and due to the links that the 3rd Battalion, AIF, had with the 43rd (Werriwa) Infantry Regiment, this unit was reformed and designated as the 3rd Battalion (The Werriwa Regiment) and inherited that unit's battle honours.

In 1929, the compulsory training scheme was suspended following the election of the Scullin Labor government. This, coupled with the economic hardships of the Great Depression and the general apathy towards defence matters in this time, meant that the unit's numbers fell rapidly and so, in 1930, the battalion was amalgamated with the 4th Battalion (Australian Rifles). These two units would remain linked until 1937, when they were delinked and the 3rd Battalion amalgamated with the 53rd Battalion (West Sydney Regiment), to form the 3rd/53rd Battalion (Werriwa and West Sydney Regiment). This did not last for very long, though, and shortly after the two units were delinked and the 3rd Battalion was assigned to the 14th Brigade, based around Goulburn with the 55th Battalion (New South Wales Rifle Regiment).

World War II
When World War II began it was again decided to form an all volunteer force for overseas service. Once again this force, known as the Second Australian Imperial Force, was raised outside of the already existing military forces of the militia and the government sought largely to prevent wholesale enlistment by members of the militia in the AIF as it was felt that there was a need to build up Australia's home defences due to the possibility of war with the Japanese. Nevertheless, large numbers of militiamen volunteered for service in the AIF. Once again there was an attempt to preserve the territorial identity of the militia units and as a result, many men from the 3rd Battalion (Werriwa Regiment) were allocated to the 2/3rd Battalion, which was raised at Ingleburn in October 1939. This unit would later go on to participate in the fighting in North Africa, Greece, Crete, Syria and then later in New Guinea.

Meanwhile, in January 1940, the compulsory training scheme which had been suspended since 1929 was reintroduced and units of the militia were progressively called up for periods of full-time training in order to boost their readiness. In January 1942, following the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor and the British in Malaya, the situation in the Pacific worsened and many Australians began to worry about invasion. As a result of this many of the militia units were mobilised in this time and a number of them were sent to New Guinea to carry out defensive duties. The 3rd Battalion was one of these and upon mobilisation it was brought up to its wartime establishment with a number of drafts of national servicemen recruited from regional New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.

The battalion began training in earnest near Maitland, New South Wales, before being sent along with the rest of the 14th Brigade to the coast to undertake defensive duties near Newcastle. In May they were relieved from these duties and returned to camp near Maitland, before going on leave prior to deployment overseas. By the end of the month the 3rd Battalion had arrived in Port Moresby where they began garrison duties as part of the 14th Brigade and alongside the 30th Brigade, which consisted of the 39th and 49th Battalions. In July the New Guinea campaign began when the Japanese landed troops near Buna and began to move inland. In an effort to delay their advance in time for reinforcements to arrive from Australia, elements of 39th Battalion began a series of delaying actions around Kokoda, while the 3rd Battalion remained in Port Moresby to defend the seaport. In early September, as reinforcements began to arrive, the battalion moved up the Kokoda Trail to Ioribaiwa, where they began patrolling operations under the command of the 21st Brigade in order to defend the village against advancing Japanese elements. Alongside the 2/6th Independent Company and the 2/14th and 2/16th Battalions, the 3rd Battalion helped hold the village for four days before falling back to Imita Ridge on 17 September. Soon after the Japanese, having reached the limit of their supply lines, began to withdraw and the 3rd Battalion subsequently participated in the advance back up the Kokoda Trail, carrying out patrolling operations as they re-occupied numerous villages that had been lost earlier in the campaign.

Late in October, after the Second Battle of Eora Creek – Templeton's Crossing, the battalion was withdrawn from the line for a brief period of rest at Myola, before assuming defensive responsibilities for Kokoda village on 3 November 1942. The battalion joined the Australian pursuit towards the Kumusi, taking part in the fighting around Oivi–Gorari before taking part in the fighting around Buna and Gona later in the month. Around this time, the battalion's machine gun company was detached and in conjunction with several other Militia machine gun companies, it was used to form the 7th Machine Gun Battalion.

In early 1943, the battalion was brought back to Australia for reorganisation. Based on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, the battalion was brought back up to establishment and the 30th Brigade was transferred to the 6th Division, with a view to participating in further operations in New Guinea. However, in July it was decided to disband the brigade, to provide reinforcements for the rest of the 6th Division.  As a result of this, the battalion's personnel were reallocated according to their categories of service, with the national servicemen being absorbed into the 36th Battalion, while those that had volunteered for overseas service joined the survivors of the 2/22nd Battalion to form the 3rd/22nd Battalion. This was only short-lived, though, for later this unit was absorbed by the 2/3rd Battalion. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order, two Military Crosses and five Military Medals.

Post World War II
In 1948, the 3rd Battalion (Werriwa Regiment) was re-raised as part of the Citizens Military Force (CMF), which was the forerunner to the Australian Army Reserve that currently exists. This time the battalion was based around Canberra, with depots around regional New South Wales. As had been the case following World War I, it was decided that the units of the CMF would become the custodians of the battle honours earned by the AIF during World War II, and thus the battle honours of the 2/3rd Battalion were passed to the Werriwa Regiment. Between 1951 and 1960 a national service scheme operated and the battalion's numbers remained reasonably steady, however, in 1960 the scheme was suspended once more and the Australian Army was reorganised with the introduction of the Pentropic divisional structure. As a result of this the CMF was greatly reduced and fourteen infantry battalions were disbanded altogether, while many others were amalgamated into the battalions of the six State-based regiments. As a result of this, the 3rd Battalion was reduced to a company-sized element of the 3rd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, forming 'C' Company.

In 1965, the Australian Army abandoned the Pentropic divisional structure and in an attempt to restore some of the regional ties of the State-based regiments, a number of the regional companies of the State-based regiments were split and used to form new battalions with their traditional numerical designations. As a result, 'C' Company, 3 RNSWR was used to re-raise the 3rd Battalion in its own right. This unit would remain in existence until 1987, when further reforms to the Army Reserve led to a reduction in the number of infantry units across Australia and 3 RNSWR was amalgamated with 4 RNSWR to form the 4th/3rd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment.

Battle honours
The 3rd Battalion received the following battle honours:
"Suakin 1885" (inherited);
"South Africa 1899–1902" (inherited);
 World War I: Somme 1916, Somme 1918, Pozieres, Bullecourt, Ypres 1917, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Lys, Hazebrouck, Amiens, Albert 1918 (Chuignes), Hindenburg Line, Hindenburg Line, Epehy, France and Flanders 1916–1918, ANZAC, Landing at ANZAC, Defence at ANZAC, Suvla, Sari Bair–Lone Pine.
 World War II: Ioribaiwa, Kokoda Trail, Eora Creek–Templeton's Crossing II, Oivi–Gorari, Buna–Gona, Gona, Liberation of Australian New Guinea.

Lineage
The 3rd Battalion's lineage can be traced as follows:

1869–1870 — Goulburn Volunteer Rifle Company
1870–1876 — The Western Battalion Volunteer Rifles
1876–1878 — The Western Rifle Regiment
1878–1883 — 3rd Admin Regiment New South Wales Volunteer Infantry, Western District
1883–1889 — 1st Regiment New South Wales Volunteer Infantry
1889–1901 — 2nd Regiment New South Wales Volunteer Infantry
1901–1903 — 2nd Infantry Regiment
1903–1908 — 2nd Australian Infantry Regiment
1908–1912 — 1st Battalion, 2nd Australian Infantry Regiment
1912–1914 — 43rd Infantry
1914–1918 — 43rd (Werriwa) Infantry
1918–1921 — 5th Battalion, 3rd Infantry Regiment
1921–1927 — 3rd Battalion
1927–1930 — 3rd Battalion (The Werriwa Regiment)
1930–1936 — 3rd/4th Battalion
1936–1937 — 53rd/3rd Battalion
1937–1943 — 3rd Battalion (The Werriwa Regiment)
1948–1960 — 3rd Battalion (The Werriwa Regiment)
1960–1965 — 'C' Coy, 3rd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment
1965–1987 — 3rd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment.
1987–current — 'C' (Werriwa) Company, 4th/3rd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment

See also
 Military history of Australia during World War I
 Military history of Australia during World War II

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References

Further reading

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Category:Military units and formations established in 1921
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1943
Category:Military units and formations established in 1948
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1960
Category:Military units and formations established in 1965
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1987


Kananaskis Village

Kananaskis Village is an unincorporated community in Alberta's Rockies within the Kananaskis Country park system in the Kananaskis Improvement District of Alberta, Canada. It is located approximately  south of the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1),  west of Highway 40 (Kananaskis Trail) via Mt. Allan Drive and Centennial Drive. The community is located on the west shore of the Kananaskis River at the base of Mount Kidd.

Kananaskis Improvement District's municipal office is located in Kananaskis Village.

History
The Kananaskis Rotary Club dedicated a memorial on 17 October 1997 on the site of a Second World War prisoner of war camp. The memorial is dedicated to the guards, veterans from the First World War that were too old to fight in the Second World War, who were responsible for guarding, communications, railway, ammo depots and the Prisoner of War camps. Pictures and information on the Prisoner of War camp are located in the original watch tower and Colonel's cabin.

Attractions
Kananaskis Village is a resort community. It features hotel-style accommodation and numerous amenities. Amenities include a 36-hole golf course (Kananaskis Country Golf Course), downhill skiing (Nakiska Ski Area), equestrian facilities (Boundary Ranch), and trails for hiking, mountain biking, and cross-country skiing.

See also
List of communities in Alberta

References

External links
Kananaskis Country
Kananaskis Improvement District
Kananaskis Village Map

Category:Kananaskis Improvement District
Category:Unincorporated communities in Alberta


Gagik Tsarukyan

Gagik Tsarukyan () is a former athlete and politician. Also he was elected as a delegate in 2018. He is seen as the most influential of Armenia's government-connected oligarchs, and a key business partner of former Armenian President Robert Kocharyan.
Tsarukyan is the founder and former leader of the Prosperous Armenia political party, with it gaining 15.1% of the vote in the 2007 Armenian parliamentary election. In the ensuing 2012 Armenian parliamentary election, his party increased its share to 19.1% of the popular vote. Announcing his departure from politics for a hiatus in February 2015, he announced his return to politics in January 2017, forming the parliamentary Tsarukyan Alliance, an electoral Alliance made up of Prosperous Armenia, the Alliance party and the Mission party. During the 2017 Armenian parliamentary election, the Tsarukyan Alliance obtained 27.35% of the popular vote, becoming the second biggest parliamentary bloc in the Armenian Parliament with 31 MPs in the 105-member house of representatives, after the ruling Republican Party of Armenia (with 49.17% of the popular vote and 58 MPs). Year latter during the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election, the Prosperous Armenia obtained 8.26% of the popular vote coming again second.

An avid sportsman, he practiced boxing, wrestling and arm wrestling, becoming world champion in arm-wrestling in 1996 and winning the European championship in 1998. Tsarukyan is also the president of Armenia's National Olympic Committee. (was reelected on December 4, 2008).

Biography

Childhood
Tsarukyan studied at Arinj village school. He met his future wife Javahir Tsarukyan in Arinj school, who was also studying at that same school. Tsarukyan was distinguished with physical abilities which influenced his higher education choices.

Adulthood
Tsarukyan graduated from Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture in 1989. He was involved in sports, mainly boxing, wrestling and arm wrestling. Gagik Tsarukyan is a world champion in arm-wrestling, winning a world championship in 1996 and the European championship in 1998.

Since 1989 Tsarukyan has been engaged in entrepreneurship. In 1997 he founded and presided Multi Group Concern group of companies which now includes more than 30 enterprises: Kotayk Brewery in Abovyan, Yerevan Chemical Pharmaceutical Company, "Mek" Network of Furniture Stores, Yerevan Ararat Brandy-Wine-Vodka Factory, etc. Tsarukyan is accused of depriving ownership rights of foreign investors in Yerevan Ararat Brandy-Wine-Vodka Factory.

Since 2003, Tsarukyan has been a RA National Assembly deputy. On May 25, 2003 he was elected as a deputy in the National Assembly of Armenia from District 42 after running unopposed, later becoming a member of the National Assembly's Standing Committee on Defense, National Security and Internal Affairs; he was not a member of a parliamentary faction during this term. In late 2005 he founded the Prosperous Armenia Party. During the first congress of Prosperous Armenia Party, on April 30, 2004, Tsarukyan was elected as its president. During the fourth congress of the party, on February 12, 2009, Tsarukyan was re-elected as the party president. He was re-elected to the National Assembly in the May 2007 parliamentary election from District 28 as a Prosperous Armenia candidate. Following this election he became head of the Prosperous Armenia parliamentary faction and a member of the Committee on the Protection of Human Rights and Public Affairs in June 2007.

Personal life

Family
Gagik Tsarukyan's wife is Javahir Tsarukyan. They have 6 children.

Roza, Gayane and Emma Tsarukyans have graduated from Anania Shirakatsy Lyceum with honors. Roza and Emma are studying at Yerevan State Medical University. Gayane Tsarukyan has graduated from Yerevan State University Faculty of Law with honors.

Anahit and  are studying at Anania Shirakatsy Lyceum.

Hovhannes, the youngest member of the family, will go to school next year.

Parents
Gagik Tsarukyan was born to Nikolay and Roza Tsarukyan. Nikolay Tsarukyan, father of the family, is an electrical engineer by profession now is engaged in social activities.  Roza Tsarukyan, Gagik Tsarukyan's mother, is an accountant now is managing research-and-production center of "Multi Agro" LLC and at the same time is the honorable chairman of Prosperous Armenia Party Women council.

Career

Business interests
Gagik Tsarukyan started his business activities in the 1980s.  During 1990-1992 he was the executive director of "Armenia" company and in 1992 he was involved in animal husbandry activities, establishing a dairy production enterprise in Arinj village near Abovyan. In 1995, Gagik founded and presided over Multi Group Concern, which now includes Kotayk Brewery  in Abovyan, Yerevan Chemical Pharmaceutical Company, "Mek"  Network of Furniture Stores, Yerevan Ararat Brandy-Wine-Vodka Factory, "Ararat"  cement Factory,  "Aviaservice" JSC, "Multi Stone" stone Processing Company,  "Multi Rest  House" Company, "Global Motors" CJSC, "Multi City House" Company and other companies and organizations.

In 2002, the Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory was acquired by the Multi Group Concern, which invested around US$50 million-equivalent Armenian drams for the modernization and constructional works, in obtainment of new line of bottling and oak barrels.

Gagik Tsarukyan and sports

Sports achievements
Tsarukyan took part in sports since his school years. He went for boxing, wrestling and arm wrestling. Tsarukyan was graduated from the Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture in 1989, as a teacher of physical education and sports as well as a wrestling coach. Tsarukyan  had achievements in sports, in 1996 he became world champion in arm-wrestling, and in 1998 he achieved the title of the champion of Europe.

Armenian Olympic Committee
Tsarukyan is the current president of the Armenian Olympic Committee, since 2005. Armenian athletes under the leadership of Gagik Tsarukyan showed an unprecedented result during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, returning with 6 bronze medals.

On December 4, 2008 Gagik Tsarukyan was unanimously reelected as the Armenian Olympic Committee president by the general assembly of the committee.

Political Activity
Gagik Tsarukyan has been engaged in politics since 2000-s. Three years later during third convocation of National Assembly elections which took place on May 25, 2003 Gagik Tsarukyan was elected as NA deputy from 42 electoral district. During NA third convocation years Gagik Tsarukyan acted as independent deputy, was not represented in any faction or any deputy group. From 2003 till 2007 Gagik Tsarukyan was the member of RA NA Defense, National security and Interior affairs standing committee.

Prosperous Armenia Party establishment
Tsarukyan established Prosperous Armenia Party in 2004. That same year, during the party's first congress which took place on 30 April, Gagik Tsarukyan was elected as the president of the Party. As a result of the National Assembly elections of 12 May 2007, Prosperous Armenia Party received 204 443 votes receiving 25 mandates in NA. During the fourth congress of Prosperous Armenia Party which took place on February 12, 2009, Tsarukyan was reelected as its president. As a result of Prosperous Armenia Party fourth congress 93 member PAP political council was elected. Gagik Tsarukyan is the chairman of newly elected PAP Political council.

Gagik Tsarukyan–the chairman of NA Prosperous Armenia Party faction
Prosperous Armenia Party has 27 deputies in Armenia's National Assembly and Prosperous Armenia faction led by Gagik Tsarukyan, is the second in NA by its number of representatives.
There are 25 members in "Prosperous Armenia" faction. Deputies Martun Grigoryan and Rustam Gasparyan are also the members of Prosperous Armenia Party.

Multi Group Concern
Tsarukian owns several businesses and rose to prominence in the late 1990s as a minority shareholder in a French-owned brewery in Abovyan. His business holdings have since expanded, aided by his close ties with then President Robert Kocharian.

Tsarukyn's Multi Group Concern holding company founded in 1995, currently includes more than 40 large and small businesses. In March 2006, Tsarukyan sold his 29% share in the Kotayk Brewery to French beer magnate Castel Group for about US$4 million. In 2011, Tsarukyan acquired the Kotayk Brewery to become the sole owner of the factory.

Businesses that are part of the Multi Group conglomerate include:
Yerevan Chemical-Pharmaceutical Firm OJSC, founded in 1967, part of Multi Group since 1995, Yerevan, Armenia.
Avia Service CJSC (travel services), founded in 1995, part of Multi Group since 1997, Yerevan, Armenia.
Euromotors CJSC (BMW importers in Armenia), founded in 1998.
Technalyumin LLC (furniture manufacturers), founded in 1998, Abovyan, Armenia.
Yerevan Ararat Brandy-Wine-Vodka Factory OJSC, founded in 1877, part of Multi Group since 2002, Yerevan, Armenia.
Ararat Cement CJSC, founded in 1927, part of Multi Group since 2002, Ararat, Armenia.
Multi Group Stone CJSC, founded in 2002, Abovyan, Armenia.
Multi Gas LLC (suppliers of compressed natural gas across Armenia), founded in 2002.
Multi Leon LLC (suppliers of liquefied compressed natural gas across Armenia), founded in 2000, part of Multi Group since 2003.
Multi Agro Beekeeping Scientific Production Center, founded in 2003, Arinj, Armenia.
Multi Rest House hotel complex, opened in 2007, Tsaghkadzor, Armenia.
Magas Invest CJSC, (official representative of Hyundai in Armenia) opened in 2006.
Multi City House CJSC, founded in 2007, Yerevan, Armenia.
Global Motors CJSC, (official representative of Lada in Armenia), founded in 2008.
Multi Motors LLC, (official representative of Opel and GAZ in Armenia), founded in 2008.
Shustov Trade House CJSC (alcoholic beverage retailers), founded in 2008, Yerevan, Armenia.
Bellezza LLC (clothing importers), founded in 2008, Yerevan, Armenia.
"AR-BE" Armenian-Belarusian Trading House LLC, founded in 2010, Yerevan, Armenia.
Kotayk Brewery LLC, founded in 1974, part of Multi Group since 2011, Abovyan, Armenia.
Onira Club LLC (Pharaon leisure and entertainment complex), opened in 2013, Yerevan-Abovyan highway, Armenia.
Olympavan LLC (Olympic training center), opened in 2013, Yerevan, Armenia.
Multi Grand Hotel, opened in 2014, Yerevan-Abovyan highway, Armenia.
Firma New LLC ("Arinj Mall" shopping center), opened in 2015, Arinj, Armenia.
Multi Wellness Center sports complex, opened in 2016, Yerevan, Armenia.

Multi Group are also the owners of the Gorna Bania Water Bottling Company Ltd. based in Sofia, Bulgaria, founded in 1997.

Low income reporting and tax payments
Despite maintaining an extravagant lifestyle, Tsarukyan's companies post only modest revenues. His Ararat Cement factory —officially the most profitable of his businesses— occupies only the 45th place in the Armenian Statistical Service's annual ranking of tax payers, with tax contributions totaling 1.3 billion drams in 2007 (about US$3.8 million in 2007). In contrast, another smaller Ararat-based plant (which smelts gold ore) paid more taxes despite standing idle during much of 2007 due to a change of ownership.

Despite being lucrative, the vast majority of Tsarukyan's Multi Group businesses were not included in the list of the country's leading corporate taxpayers released by the Armenian government in early 2005.

Awards and medals
In 2002 Tsarukyan was awarded with St. Grigor Lousavorich order by the Supreme Patriarch of all Armenians Garegin II highly evaluating Mr. Tsarukyan's activity towards church construction.

In 2003 upon the decree determined by the president of Armenia Robert Kocharyan the president of Armenian National Olympic Committee Gagik Tsarukyan, who had his great input in the development of RA sports, was honored with Movses Khorenatsi medal.

On September 17, 2008 upon RA president Serzh Sargsyan decree, Tsarukyan was honored with "Services provided to the motherland" first rank medal for the great input he had in the development of RA sports and physical education.

On May 11, 2009 Tsarukyan was awarded with "European of the Year" by the International European movement.

On September 12, 2009 European Judo Federation honored NOCA president Gagik Tsarukyan with gold medal.

References

 Tsarukyan accused of depriving German firm from its ownership in Yerevan Ararat Wine Factory
 Stockholders take Gagik Tsarukyan´s Yerevan Ararat Wine Factory to court
 Ostinvestor vs Yerevan Ararat Wine Factory Trial
 Due to Tsarukyan, German firm considers Armenia as unsafe place for investments
Will Tsarukyan Pay German Firm?

Video Materials

 GAGIK TSARUKYAN "Animal Cruelty"

External links

 Information about Gagik Tsarukyan and his family in Prosperous Armenia Party website
 Biographical information about Gagik Tsarukyan in RA National Assembly website
 Video materials about the Gagik Tsarukyan's activities in Youtube

Category:1956 births
Category:Armenian male sport wrestlers
Category:Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture alumni
Category:Living people
Category:Prosperous Armenia politicians
Category:People from Kotayk Province


Mobarakeh, Khatam

Mobarakeh (, also Romanized as Mobārakeh) is a village in Fathabad Rural District, in the Central District of Khatam County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

References

Category:Populated places in Khatam County


Duke of Leinster

Duke of Leinster (; )  is a title in the Peerage of Ireland and the premier dukedom in that peerage. The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Leinster are: Marquess of Kildare (1761), Earl of Kildare (1316), Earl of Offaly (1761), Viscount Leinster, of Taplow in the County of Buckingham (1747), Baron Offaly (1620) and Baron Kildare, of Kildare in the County of Kildare (1870). The viscounty of Leinster is in the Peerage of Great Britain, the barony of Kildare in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, and all other titles in the Peerage of Ireland. The courtesy title of the eldest son and heir of the Duke of Leinster is Marquess of Kildare.

General The 3rd Duke of Schomberg, K.G. (1641-1719), was created The 1st Duke of Leinster in 1691. However, that creation became extinct upon Schomberg's death in July 1719.

The family seat of the current Duke of Leinster is now Oakley Park, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire.

Earls of Kildare from 1316
This branch of the Cambro Norman FitzGerald/FitzMaurice dynasty, which came to Ireland in 1169, were initially created Earls of Kildare. The earldom was created in 1316 for John FitzGerald. Two senior FitzGeralds, Garret Mór FitzGerald and his son, Garret Óg FitzGerald served as Lords Deputy of Ireland, the representative of the Lord of Ireland (the King of England) in Ireland. The tenth earl, Thomas FitzGerald, known as Silken Thomas, was attainted and his honours were forfeit in 1537. In 1554, Thomas's half-brother and only male heir, Gerald FitzGerald, was created Earl of Kildare in the Peerage of Ireland. He was subsequently restored to the original letters patent in 1569, as 11th earl. The second (1554-created) earldom became extinct in 1599, although the original earldom survived.

Dukes of Leinster from 1766

The family was originally based in Maynooth Castle in Maynooth in County Kildare. In later centuries the family owned estates in Waterford with their country residence being a Georgian house called Carton House which had replaced the castle in County Kildare. In Dublin, the Earl built a large townhouse residence on the southside of Dublin called Kildare House. When the Earl was awarded a dukedom and became Duke of Leinster, the house was renamed Leinster House. One of its occupants was Lord Edward FitzGerald, who became an icon for Irish nationalism through his involvement with the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which ultimately cost him his life.

Leinster House was sold by the Leinsters in 1815. After nearly a century as the headquarters of the Royal Dublin Society, which held its famed Spring Show and Horse Show in its grounds, Oireachtas Éireann, the two chamber parliament of the new Irish Free State, rented Leinster House in 1922 to be its temporary parliament house. In 1924 it bought the building for parliamentary use. It has remained the parliament house of the Irish state.

The Dukes of Leinster had by the early 20th century lost all their property and wealth. Their Carton House seat was sold (though one of Ireland's most historic buildings with perfectly preserved 18th century grounds, it was controversially turned into a hotel and golf course in the late 1990s by the current owner in an act condemned by environmentalists), as later on was their other residence in Waterford. The family now live in a smaller property in Ramsden, Oxfordshire.

Title dispute
A controversial claim by the supposed descendants of the 5th Duke (largely debunked by Michael Estorick in 1981) was made and failed, with the Lord Chancellor accepting the claim made by the 9th Duke of Leinster.

In 2006, a lawsuit was filed with HMG's Department of Constitutional Affairs by Theresa Pamella Caudill, daughter of Eleanor and Maurice F. “Desmond” FitzGerald, on behalf of her nephew, a California builder, Paul FitzGerald, as claimant to be the rightful Duke of Leinster. FitzGerald purported that he is the grandson of Major Lord Desmond FitzGerald (1888-1916), the second son of The 5th Duke of Leinster, who was recorded as having been killed in action during the First World War while serving with the Irish Guards. When The 6th Duke of Leinster died, mad and childless, in February 1922, the Leinster dukedom  – and its considerable wealth and lands – devolved upon his youngest brother Lord Edward FitzGerald, who succeeded as The 7th Duke of Leinster. Paul FitzGerald and his supporters claimed that Lord Desmond faked his death and emigrated to California (by way of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) where he lived until his death in 1967. It was further claimed by Mrs Caudill that a package of documents, witnessed by the Prince of Wales and Sir Edgar Vincent, Lord Feversham, had been lodged by her father with the Crown Office of the House of Lords in 1929, and the family had been denied access to them. Mrs Caudill believed the documents included evidence that her father agreed to relinquish the title for one generation but made it clear it was to be passed down to his son, her brother Leonard FitzGerald. Instead, it was passed down through her father's brother's family. It was alleged that an archivist had acknowledged the package had once existed, but the official line was that it was now lost.

The Baron Falconer of Thoroton, Lord Chancellor (2003–2007), and Harriet Harman, Minister of State in the Department for Constitutional Affairs, gave due consideration to this claim. The claim was dismissed by Lord Falconer despite a 30-year campaign by Paul FitzGerald's family reputedly costing £1.3 million. The Lord Chancellor adjudicated that the title was to remain with the existing holder, His Grace Maurice, 9th Duke of Leinster. Paul FitzGerald has a right of appeal against the Lord Chancellor's verdict by petitioning Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.

In 2010, however, DNA evidence was presented that indicates that Paul FitzGerald is related to the wife of the 5th Duke, the former Lady Hermione Duncombe. As reported in The Scotsman, "with the help of Dunfermline-based genealogist Lloyd Pitcairn, Mrs FitzGerald Caudill [Paul FitzGerald's aunt] traced Maud Crawford, the grand-daughter of Lady Hermione's younger sister Urica [sic] Duncombe. The results of the tests found that it was '41 times more probable' that Ms Crawford and Paul FitzGerald were extremely closely related than were from different families. The evidence that Paul FitzGerald is related to the family of the 5th Duke's wife is the first DNA evidence ever produced in the case, and may support Mrs FitzGerald Caudhill's long-held claim suggesting that her mysterious father was the son of Lady Hermione, the wife of the fifth Duke of Leinster."

It had also previously been alleged that the 9th Duke′s grandfather, the 7th Duke, was the biological son of The 11th Earl of Wemyss and 7th Earl of March (1857-1937). Had this been proven then neither the present Duke, nor any other male descendant of the 7th Duke, would be a legitimate heir of The 1st Duke of Leinster.

Earls of Kildare (1316)

Other titles: Lord of Offaly (c. 1193–?)
John FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Kildare (1250–1316), already 4th Lord of Offaly, was rewarded for serving Edward I of England in Scotland
Thomas FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Kildare (died 1328), younger (only surviving) son of the 1st Earl
John FitzGerald (1314–1323), eldest son of the 2nd Earl, died in childhood
Richard FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Kildare (1317–1329), second son of the 2nd Earl, died unmarried
Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare (1318–1390), third and youngest son of the 2nd Earl
Gerald FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Kildare (died 1432), a son of the 4th Earl
The 5th Earl had at least one son Thomas, who predeceased him
John FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Kildare (de jure; d.c.1434), a younger son of the 4th Earl; he was forced to dispute his right to the title with a son-in-law of the 5th Earl
Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare (died 1478), son of the 6th Earl
Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare (c. 1456–1513), eldest son of the 7th Earl (Gearóid Mór FitzGerald)
Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare (1487–1534), eldest son of the 8th Earl (Gearóid Óg Fitzgerald)
Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare (died 1537), "Silken Thomas", eldest son of the 9th Earl, led an insurrection in Ireland and his honours were forfeit, and he died unmarried
Other titles (11th–13th Earls): Earl of Kildare and Baron of Offaly (1554)
Gerald FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Kildare (1525–1585), second son of the 9th Earl, was given a new creation in 1554 then restored to his brother's honours in 1569
Gerald (Garrett) FitzGerald, Lord Offaly (1559–1580), eldest son of the 11th Earl, predeceased his father without male issue
Henry FitzGerald, 12th Earl of Kildare (1562–1597), second son of the 11th Earl, died without male issue
William FitzGerald, 13th Earl of Kildare (died 1599), third and youngest son of the 11th Earl, died unmarried
Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Kildare (died 1612), elder son of Edward, himself third and youngest son of the 9th Earl
Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Kildare (1611–1620), only son of the 14th Earl, died in childhood
George FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare (1612–1660), a son of Thomas, himself younger brother of the 14th Earl
Wentworth FitzGerald, 17th Earl of Kildare (1634–1664), elder son of the 16th Earl
John FitzGerald, 18th Earl of Kildare (1661–1707), only son of the 17th Earl, died without surviving issue
Henry FitzGerald, Lord Offaly (1683–1684), only son of the 18th Earl, died in infancy
Robert FitzGerald, 19th Earl of Kildare (1675–1744), only son of Robert, himself younger son of the 16th Earl
Other titles (20th Earl): Viscount Leinster, of Taplow in the County of Buckingham (GB 1747)
James FitzGerald, 20th Earl of Kildare (1722–1773) was created Marquess of Kildare in 1761

Marquesses of Kildare (1761)
Other titles: Earl of Kildare (1316), Earl of Offaly (1761), Viscount Leinster, of Taplow in the County of Buckingham (GB 1747) and Lord of Offaly (c. 1193–?)
James FitzGerald, 1st Marquess of Kildare (1722–1773) was created Duke of Leinster in 1766
George FitzGerald, Earl of Offaly (1748–1765), eldest son of the 1st Marquess

Dukes of Leinster, second creation (1766)
Other titles: Marquesse of Kildare (1761), Earl of Kildare (1316), Earl of Offaly (1761), Viscount Leinster, of Taplow in the County of Buckingham (GB 1747) and Lord of Offaly (c. 1193–?)
James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster (1722–1773), elder son of the 19th Earl
William Robert FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster (1749–1804), second son of the 1st Duke
George FitzGerald, Marquess of Kildare (1783–1784), eldest son of the 2nd Duke, died in infancy
Augustus Frederick FitzGerald, 3rd Duke of Leinster (1791–1874), second son of the 2nd Duke
Other titles (4th Duke onwards): Baron Kildare (UK 1870)
Charles William FitzGerald, 4th Duke of Leinster (1819–1887), eldest son of the 3rd Duke
Gerald FitzGerald, 5th Duke of Leinster (1851–1893), eldest son of the 4th Duke
Maurice FitzGerald, 6th Duke of Leinster (1887–1922), eldest son of the 5th Duke, died unmarried
Edward FitzGerald, 7th Duke of Leinster (1892–1976), third and youngest son of the 5th Duke
Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Duke of Leinster (1914–2004), only legitimate son of the 7th Duke
Maurice FitzGerald, 9th Duke of Leinster (born 1948), elder son of the 8th Duke
Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Offaly (1974–1997), only son of the 9th Duke, died unmarried in a road traffic collision

The heir presumptive is the present holder's nephew Edward FitzGerald (born 1988), only son of Lord John FitzGerald (1952–2015)

Line of succession

 James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster (1722–1773)
 William FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster (1749–1804)
George FitzGerald, Marquess of Kildare (1783–1784)
 Augustus FitzGerald, 3rd Duke of Leinster (1791–1874)
 Charles FitzGerald, 4th Duke of Leinster (1819–1897)
 Gerald FitzGerald, 5th Duke of Leinster (1851–1893)
 Maurice FitzGerald, 6th Duke of Leinster (1887–1922)
Lord Desmond FitzGerald (1888–1916)
 Edward FitzGerald, 7th Duke of Leinster (1892–1976)
 Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Duke of Leinster (1914–2004)
 Maurice FitzGerald, 9th Duke of Leinster (born 1948)
 Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Offaly (1974–1997)
Lord John FitzGerald (1952–2015)
(1) Edward FitzGerald (born 1988)
Lord Maurice FitzGerald (1852–1901)
Gerald FitzGerald (1886–1914)
Lord Frederick FitzGerald (1857–1924)
Lord Walter FitzGerald (1858–1923)
Lord Charles FitzGerald (1859–1928)
George FitzGerald (1890–1970)
Charles FitzGerald (1895–19?)
Rupert FitzGerald (1900–1969)
(2) Peter FitzGerald (born 1925)
(3) Stephen FitzGerald (born 1953)Lord George FitzGerald (1862–1924)Lord Henry FitzGerald (1863–1955)Dermot FitzGerald (1891–1939)Brian FitzGerald (1908–1977)Denis FitzGerald (1911–2003)Lord Robert FitzGerald (1868)Lord Gerald FitzGerald (1821–1886)Edward FitzGerald (1863–1919)Lord Otho FitzGerald (1827–1882)Gerald FitzGerald (1862–1919)Lord William FitzGerald (1793–1864) Charles FitzGerald, 1st Baron Lecale (1756–1810)Lord Henry FitzGerald (1761–1829) Henry FitzGerald-de Ros, 21st Baron de Ros (1793–1839)Arthur FitzGerald-de Ros (1793–1826) William FitzGerald-de Ros, 22nd Baron de Ros (1797–1874) Dudley FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros (1827–1907)Edmund FitzGerald-de Ros (1799–1810)John FitzGerald-de Ros (1804–1861)Augustus FitzGerald-de Ros (1805–?)Lord Edward FitzGerald (1763–1798)Edward FitzGerald (1794–1863)Lord Robert FitzGerald (1765–1833)Robert FitzGerald (1795–1812)Charles FitzGerald (1796–1818)George FitzGerald (1809–1853)Lord Gerald FitzGerald (1766–1788)Lord Augustus FitzGerald (1767–1771)Family tree

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of the Dukes of Leinster derives from the legend that John FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Kildare, as a baby in Woodstock Castle, was trapped in a fire when a pet monkey rescued him. The FitzGeralds then adopted a monkey as their crest (and later supporters) and occasionally use the additional motto Non immemor beneficii (Not forgetful of a helping hand). The motto "Crom A Boo" comes from the medieval Croom Castle and "Abu", meaning "up" in Irish; Crom Abu was the FitzGeralds' medieval warcry. Crom (Croom) and Shanet (Shanid) were two castles about 16 miles apart in Co Limerick, one being the seat of the Geraldines of Kildare, and the other that of the Geraldines of Desmond, whose distinctive war cries were accordingly “Crom-a-boo” and “Shanet-a-boo.” In 1495 an act of Parliament was passed (10 Hen. VII. C. 20) “to abolish the words Crom-a-boo and Butler-a-boo.” The word “Abu” or “Aboo,” an exclamation of defiance, was the usual termination of the war cries in Ireland, as in a' buaidh, "to victory!" Saint Patrick's Saltire, a red saltire on a white field, may have been adapted from the Duke's arms on the 1783 creation of the Order of Saint Patrick, of which the 2nd Duke of Leinster was the senior founder member.

Escutcheon: Argent a saltire gules.
Crest: A monkey statant proper environed about the middle with a plain collar and chained or.
Supporters: Two monkeys, environed and chained as in the crest.
Motto: Crom a boo'' (Now it would be spelt "Crom Abu". In English, "Up Croom", or "Croom to victory."

Further reading

See also
Irish nobility
Baron Offaly
Baron Lecale
Baron Rayleigh
Baron de Ros
Earl of Desmond

References

Category:Dukedoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Duke
Category:Leinster
Category:Lists of dukes in Ireland
Category:Noble titles created in 1691
Category:Noble titles created in 1766


1981–82 Dundalk F.C. season

Dundalk entered the 1981–82 season, having finished as runners-up to Athlone Town the previous season. They were the holders of both the League Cup and the FAI Cup, having achieved their first domestic cup double. In the process, they had qualified for the Cup Winners' Cup. 1981–82 was Jim McLaughlin's eighth season as manager, and was Dundalk's 56th consecutive season in the top tier of Irish football.

Season summary
The new season opened with the President's Cup, and Dundalk defeated Athlone 4–3 on aggregate to win it for the third season in a row. But the League Cup was surrendered in the first round, when County Louth neighbours Drogheda United defeated them on penalties. Later that season, they lost the Leinster Senior Cup final. The League schedule commenced on 10 September 1981, using a trial point system of 4 for an away win, 3 for a home win, 2 for an away draw, and 1 for a home draw. Dundalk started with five victories but, after they drew Tottenham Hotspur in the Second round of the Cup Winners' Cup, there was a wobble in League form with all eyes at Oriel Park on the upcoming glamour tie. They fell 10-points behind Bohemians, but subsequently charged to the title, sealing it on the final day away to defending champions Athlone. But it was Bohemians that came out of a four match, seven and a half hour FAI Cup semi-final marathon, depriving McLaughlin of a shot at a second League and Cup Double.

As FAI Cup holders from the season before, they qualified for the 1981–82 European Cup Winners' Cup. In the first round they drew Fram, and won through 5–2 on aggregate, with what remains their record victory in Europe – a 4–0 win in Oriel Park. In the second round, McLaughlin's unbeaten record in Europe at Oriel reached eight matches, when Tottenham Hotspur were held to a 1–1 draw. A 1–0 defeat in White Hart Lane ultimately ended their interest in the competition.

First-Team Squad (1981–82)
Sources:

a. Includes the Leinster Senior Cup and LFA President's Cup.

Competitions

LFA President's Cup
Source:

Dundalk won 4–3 on aggregate

League Cup
Source:
First round

Leinster Senior Cup
Source:
First Round

Quarter Final

Semi Final

Final

FAI Cup
Source:
First Round

Second Round

Quarter Final

Semi Final

Semi Final (first replay)

Semi Final (second replay)

Semi Final (third replay)

League
Source:

League table

Europe

Cup Winners' Cup
First round

Dundalk won 5–2 on aggregate.

Second round

Awards

Player of the Month

References
Bibliography

Citations

External links
Dundalk F.C. on YouTube
Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Dundalk Highlights

Category:Dundalk F.C.


Georgi Ivanov (cosmonaut)

Major general Georgi Ivanov Kakalov (; born July 2, 1940) is a Bulgarian former military officer who was the first Bulgarian cosmonaut. He was a member of the National Assembly of Bulgaria in 1990.

Early life and military career
Born in Lovech, Georgi Kakalov attended the Military Air-force School in Dolna Mitropolia. After completing the five-year program, he served in the Bulgarian People's Army as a military pilot. A few years later he became an instructor and head of a division.

He was selected to participate in the Soviet International Space Programme Interkosmos in 1978 and to follow the Soyuz spaceship training programme.

Meanwhile, he changed his family name to Ivanov, because his original surname Kakalov sounded very similar to "Кака" (excrements).

After intensive training, Georgi Ivanov was selected for the fourth mission under the Interkosmos programme, bringing Bulgaria to the 6th place among the countries that had their national space explorers.

Intercosmos program

Ivanov, along with Soviet cosmonaut Nikolai Rukavishnikov, was launched into space as part of the Soyuz 33 mission from Baikonur Cosmodrome on April 10, 1979, at 17:34 (GMT). The scientific program for the flight was prepared entirely by Bulgarian scientists, along with some of the equipment.

Though take-off was smooth, the mission was a disaster, with severe damage of the engine preventing docking in orbit to Salyut 6 orbital station as it was initially planned. A premature return to Earth became the only possible decision for Ivanov and Rukavishnikov. Due to some additional technical problems landing was difficult to endure-more than 9Gs. When Soyuz 33 finally landed, it was  southeast of Dzhezkazgan. It completed 31 orbits, and was in space for 1 day, 23 hours, and 1 minute. The flight remains the only example for manual landing and is thus quoted in every astronautic textbook.

Ivanov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on April 13, 1979. He earned a Ph.D. in space engineering. He was selected to the National Assembly and took part in the creation of the new democratic Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria.

Private life
Since 1993, Ivanov has been the executive director of Air Sofia.

Ivanov was married to Natalya Rousanova; they have one daughter, Ani (born 1967), and divorced in 1982. He is currently married to Lidia and they have one son, Ivan (born 1984). His hobbies include skiing, fishing, and golf. Ivanov is a member of the ASE — Association of the Space Explorers. He founded the Future in Space Foundation.

Honours and awards
 Hero of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (1979)
 Hero of the Soviet Union (1979)
 Honorary citizen of Lovech (29 April 1979)
 Order of Georgi Dimitrov (1979)
 Order of Lenin (Soviet Union) (1979)
 Order of Stara Planina, 1st class with Sword (2004)
 Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" (Russian Federation)

See also
Bulgarian cosmonaut program

References

http://www.spacefacts.info/bios/international/english/ivanov_georgi.htm spacefacts.info

Personal webpage /in Bulgarian/:
http://georgiivanov.com/

40th Anniversary of the flight of Soyuz-33 /in Bulgarian/:
http://www.bas.bg/седем-космонавта-заедно-в-бан-по-повод-4/

External links

 Spacefacts biography of Georgi Ivanov

Category:Bulgarian cosmonauts
Category:1940 births
Category:Living people
Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union
Category:Heroes of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Category:Recipients of the Order of Georgi Dimitrov
Category:Recipients of the Order of Stara Planina
Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Category:People from Lovech
Category:Bulgarian Air Force personnel
Category:Recipients of the Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
Category:20th-century Bulgarian military personnel


INS Nipat

The following ships of the Indian Navy have been named INS Nipat:

  was a  of the Indian Navy which served in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
  is a , currently in active service with the Indian Navy

Category:Indian Navy ship names


Rico (dog)

Rico (December 13, 1994 – 2008) was a border collie dog who made the news after being studied by animal psychologists Juliane Kaminski and colleagues from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig after his owners reported that he understood more than 200 simple words. Kaminski et al. wrote in Science that these claims were justified: Rico retrieved an average of 37 out of 40 items correctly.  Rico could also remember items' names for four weeks after his last exposure.

Testing and results
Kaminski et al. eliminated the Clever Hans effect using a strict protocol: each of the 200 items whose names Rico knew was randomly assigned to one of 20 sets of 10 items.  While the owner waited with the dog in a separate room, the experimenter arranged a set of items in the experimental room and then joined the owner and the dog.  Next, the experimenter instructed the owner to request that the dog bring two randomly chosen items (one after the other) from the adjacent room.

Rico's vocabulary was thus broadly comparable to that of language-trained apes, dolphins, sea lions, and parrots.

Rico also responded correctly to a new word with a single exposure, apparently using a canine equivalent of the fast mapping mechanism used by humans.  Subject to the anti-Clever Hansing protocols above, a new object was placed alongside seven familiar objects.  Rico was told to retrieve the new object, using a word that he had never heard before.  Not only could Rico correctly retrieve the object, he also responded correctly to the name of the new object, presumably using a process of elimination.

Implications
Nature columnist Paul Bloom of Yale University, a scientist specializing in children's acquisition of semantics and language, commented on the study, saying that "for psychologists, dogs may be the new chimpanzees."  He also had reservations, pointing out that children learn new words in many ways, while Rico learns only through rewards for successfully fetching an object. "If any child learned words the way Rico did, the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist."

Border Collies are bred to respond in clever ways to a combination of human vocal commands and whistles, which makes them excellent sheep dogs. Whether Rico's clever responses equate to any kind of language comprehension or even whether they demonstrate any language skill (apart from distinguishing the difference among sounds) is at best unclear.

There are several open questions regarding Rico's abilities that could serve to further illuminate the nature of canine intelligence:
 Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object?
 Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child "don't touch!")?
 Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable?
 Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds?

According to Julia Fischer,
"[Rico's ability] tells us he can do simple logic . . . It's like he's saying to himself, 'I know the others have names, so this new word cannot refer to my familiar toys.  It must refer to this new thing.' Or it goes the other way around, and he's thinking, 'I've never seen this one before, so this must be it.' He's actually thinking."

Rico in popular culture
Ukrainian indie-rock band Poupée F made a song called "Rico the Clever", which is based on this story.

See also
Betsy, a border collie known to understand over 340 words
The border collie Chaser had a vocabulary of 1022 words, could reason by exclusion, and could recognise objects by the groups they belong to
Koko, a gorilla who learned sign language
Alex, a grey parrot known for intelligent use of speech
Dog intelligence
Human-animal communication
Animal cognition

References

External links
Genome News Network article and photo
CBC article
Washington Post article and photo
YouTube of The Wogans's video
Rico the Clever from Mockumentary EP by Poupée F

Category:1994 animal births
Category:Individual dogs
Category:Animal intelligence
Category:2008 animal deaths