Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative

The Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative (CFDI) is a strategy and list, maintained by the United States Department of Homeland Security, of foreign infrastructure which "if attacked or destroyed would critically impact the U.S." A copy of the 2008 list was redacted (removing details of names and locations) and leaked by WikiLeaks on 5 December 2010 as part of the website's leak of US diplomatic cables; no details on the exact location of the assets was included in the list. The list's release was met with strong criticism from the US and British governments, while media and other countries have reacted less strongly saying that the entries are not secret and easily identified.

Overview
According to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), it "Developed and executed the Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative (CFDI) which extends our protection strategy overseas to include important foreign infrastructure that if attacked or destroyed would critically impact the U.S. The prioritized National Critical Foreign Dependencies List (NCFDL) currently contains over 300 assets and systems in over 50 countries." According to the 2009 National Infrastructure Protection Plan, the CFDI was launched by the federal government "working in close coordination and cooperation with the private sector" in 2007 "to identify assets and systems located outside the United States, which, if disrupted or destroyed, would critically affect public health and safety, the economy, or national security. The resulting strategic compendium guides engagement with foreign countries in the CIKR [critical infrastructure and key resources] protection mission area". Using an initial inventory of infrastructure located outside the United States created by the federal government, DHS and the Department of State (DOS) developed the CFDI, "a process designed to ensure that the resulting classified list of critical foreign dependencies is representative and leveraged in a coordinated and inclusive manner."

Development of the CFDI was planned in three phases, on an annual and ongoing basis. The first phase was identification, beginning with "the first-ever National Critical Foreign
Dependencies List in FY2008". This was done by the DHS working with "other Federal partners", in a process that "includes input from public and private sector CIKR community partners." Next comes prioritization, in which "DHS, in collaboration with other CIKR community partners and, in particular, DOS, prioritized the National Critical Foreign Dependencies List based on factors such as the overall criticality of the CIKR to the United States and the willingness and capability of foreign partners to engage in collaborative risk management activities." The third "involves leveraging the prioritized list to guide current and future U.S. bilateral
and multilateral incident and risk management activities with foreign partners. DHS and DOS established mechanisms to ensure coordinated engagement and collaboration by public entities, in partnership with the private sector."

Disclosure
The "2008 Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative (CFDI) list" was contained in a February 2009 diplomatic cable to the U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, which was leaked, redacted and released in the United States diplomatic cables leak by WikiLeaks in 2010. The BBC described it as "one of the most sensitive" leaks as of 6 December 2010. In its redaction process, WikiLeaks removed only a minority of the details of names and locations, and left the rest uncensored; details of the exact location of the assets were not included in the list. The list did not include any military facilities, but rather facilities important for the global supply chain, global communications, and economically important goods and services.

In the cable the State Department asked American diplomats to identify installations overseas "whose loss could critically impact the public health, economic security, and/or national and homeland security of the United States." The order was under the direction of the Department for Homeland Security in co-ordination with the Department of State.

In summary the list consists of Submarine communications cables, major port hubs, critical sea lanes, oil pipelines, mines, dams, and pharmaceutical facilities. A major emphasis on European pharmaceutical facilities was said by the BBC to suggest a fear of biological warfare or global pandemic.

Responses to disclosure
The cable had been classified secret and not for review by non-U.S. personnel,. The publication of the cable was followed by strong criticism from the US government and the British government, but a tepid response from news outlets and other foreign nations.

WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson said with reference to the cable: "This further undermines claims made by the US Government that its embassy officials do not play an intelligence-gathering role. Part of the cable read: "Posts are not/not being asked to consult with host governments with respect to this request." Hrafnsson later explained to The Times that the list itself "had been made available to 2.5 million people including military personnel and private contractors by the U.S. government". He went on to say: "in terms of security issues, while this cable details the strategic importance of assets across the world, it does not give any information as to their exact locations, security measures, vulnerabilities or any similar factors, though it does reveal the U.S. asked its diplomats to report back on these matters."

United States
US State Department spokesman P.J. Crowley denounced the disclosure saying it "gives a group like al-Qaeda a targeting list." Anthony Cordesman, a 'national security analyst for the Center for Strategic and International Studies', said: "this has given a global map – a menu, if not a recipe book – to every extremist group in the world. To me it would be amazing to see how WikiLeaks could rationalize this." However, Alistair Millar, 'director of the Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation', said: "it's a little different...than with diplomatic cable leaks...in this case, this is largely information available to everyone if they really wanted to look."

Janet Napolitano, the Secretary of Homeland Security, said the list "could jeopardize our national security".

Nations other than the United States
A spokesman for British prime minister David Cameron said: "The leaks and their publication are damaging to national security in the United States, Britain and elsewhere. It is vital that governments are able to operate on the basis of confidentiality of information."

Vic Toews, the Public Safety Minister of Canada, seemed "unconcerned or unaware" of the release of the list. He said: "I don't follow gossip very much so I don't really know the impact of WikiLeaks, but I can assure you that the security agencies in Canada are following it very closely and to the extent that I need to be involved and address those issues, they will brief me on the issues."

Lin Yu-fang, a politician in Taiwan, stated, in regards to the revealing of the six undersea telecommunications cables in China, there are "actually no secrets concerning the cables", but he said there "could be certain thorny political or military issues involving Taiwan, the U.S. or Japan if more sensitive secrets were exposed".

News outlets
A CBS article elaborating on the release stated that "although much of the information contained [in the list] was already in the public domain, officials in Washington and London have been quick to condemn WikiLeaks for publishing it, calling the act evidence of the organization's willingness to potentially aid terror groups in its mission to reveal U.S. secrets." The New York Times stated that the list "appears largely limited to sites that any would-be terrorist with Internet access and a bit of ingenuity might quickly have identified."

The Lancashire Evening Post pointed out in an article that the list "contains information on defence sites in Lancashire which is more than five years out of date." The article specifically pointed out that the "Royal Ordnance (RO) site at Chorley...has been developed as Buckshaw Village for the past five years" and the "BAE facility in Plymouth, Devon...[was] sold as part of a deal three years ago."

Companies
Mayne Pharma told the Herald-Sun that "its entry on a classified diplomatic cable is out-of-date and full of errors", since the drug listed on the cable as its resource, a snake anti-venom, hasn't been made by the company for "more than ten years".

Roger Aston, the chief executive of Mayne Pharma, said: "I can only go on what I can see now in the media (about WikiLeaks) but judging from what I've seen about what they've said about Mayne Pharma and Faulding, a lot of it (the information) is old, out of date stuff that's not relevant."

Dean Veverka of Southern Cross concurred, saying, "(Roger Aston's comments) that the information in the WikiLeaks document was ten years out of date could be accurate. To only list Southern Cross as the only internet cable network here might have been relevant 10 years ago (when only coaxial cables were available), but Australia now has seven cables going out of country. Australia has a very resilient network nowadays."

Bill Gorman, sales director of David Brown Ltd., said: "We make gearboxes for our platinum and gold mines. We have supplied equipment via the US for other countries, but have only once exported directly to the States, for a copper mine seven years ago. I have no idea why we're on the list."

A BAE Systems spokeswoman said: "The information in the list was incorrect. The site in Plymouth was sold in 2007, and in Chorley, there are no longer any weapons manufacturing, although there is still an office there. The information about Preston was correct. The safety and security of our people and facilities is of highest priority."

List of critical foreign dependencies
The 2008 CFDI list, as redacted by WikiLeaks, listed the following infrastructures:

Sea ports
A number of sea ports were listed, including several Chinese ports (Shanghai Port, Guangzhou Port, Hong Kong Port, Ningbo Port, Tianjin Port) as well as one Taiwanese port (Kaohsiung Port) and several European ports (Port of Antwerp, Port of Hamburg, Rotterdam Port).

Cable routes

Northern hemisphere
 Bermuda - GlobeNet, formerly Bermuda US-1 (BUS-1) undersea cable landing Devonshire, Bermuda
 Canada - Hibernia Atlantic undersea cable landing at Herring Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada
 China - C2C Cable Network undersea cable landings at Chom Hom Kok, Tseung Kwan O, and Shanghai; China-US undersea cable landings at Chongming and Shantou; and FLAG/REACH North Asia Loop undersea cable landing as Tong Fuk
 Denmark - TAT-14 undersea cable landing, Blaabjerg, Denmark
 Fiji - Southern Cross undersea cable landing, Suva, Fiji
 France - APOLLO undersea cable, Lannion, France; FA-1 undersea cable, Plerin, France; and TAT-14 undersea cable landing St. Valery, France
 French Guiana - Americas-II undersea cable landing Cayenne, French Guiana
 Germany - TAT-14 undersea cable landing, Norden, Germany; Atlantic Crossing-1 (AC-1) undersea cable landing Sylt
 Ireland - Hibernia Atlantic undersea cable landing, Dublin Ireland
 Japan - C2C Cable Network undersea cable landings in Chikura, Ajigaura, and Shima; China-US undersea cable in Okinawa; FLAG/REACH North Asia Loop undersea cable landing in Wada; Japan-US undersea cable landings at Maruyama and Kitaibaraki; KJCN undersea cable landings at Fukuoka and Kita-Kyushu; Pacific Crossing-1 (PC-1) undersea cable landing in Ajigaura and Shima;  and Tyco Transpacific undersea cable landings in Toyohashi and Emi.
 Martinique - Americas-II undersea cable landing Le Lamentin, Martinique
 Mexico - FLAG/REACH North Asia Loop undersea cable landing, Tijuana and Pan-American Crossing (PAC) undersea cable landing, Mazatlan
 Netherlands - Atlantic Crossing-1 (AC-1) undersea cable landing, Beverwijk; TAT-14 undersea cable landing, Katwijk
 Panama - FLAG/REACH North Asia Loop undersea cable landing Fort Amador, Panama
 Philippines - C2C Cable Network undersea cable landing, Batangas, Philippines; and EAC undersea cable landing Cavite, Philippines
 Republic of Korea - C2C Cable Network undersea cable landing, Pusan, Republic of Korea; EAC undersea cable landing Shindu-Ri, Republic of Korea; FLAG/REACH North Asia Loop undersea cable landing Pusan, Republic of Korea; and KJCN undersea cable landing Pusan, Republic of Korea
 Singapore - C2C Cable Network undersea cable landing, Changi, Singapore; EAC undersea cable landing Changi North, Singapore; C2C Cable Network undersea cable landing, Changi, Singapore; and EAC undersea cable landing Changi North, Singapore
 Taiwan- C2C Cable Network undersea cable landing, Fangshan, Taiwan; C2C Cable Network undersea cable landing, Tanshui, Taiwan; China-US undersea cable landing Fangshan, Taiwan; EAC undersea cable landing Pa Li, Taiwan; FLAG/REACH North Asia Loop undersea cable landing Toucheng, Taiwan
 Trinidad and Tobago -  Americas-II undersea cable landing Port of Spain
 United Kingdom -  APOLLO undersea cable landing Bude, Cornwall Station, United Kingdom; Atlantic Crossing-1 (AC-1) undersea cable landing Whitesands Bay; FA-1 undersea cable landing Skewjack, Cornwall Station; Hibernia Atlantic undersea cable landing, Southport, United Kingdom; TAT-14 undersea cable landing Bude, Cornwall Station, United Kingdom; Tyco Transatlantic undersea cable landing, Highbridge, United Kingdom; Tyco Transatlantic undersea cable landing, Pottington, United Kingdom; and Yellow/Atlantic Crossing-2 (AC-2) undersea cable landing Bude, United Kingdom
 Venezuela - Four cable landing sites in Venezuela. GlobeNet undersea cable landings at Punta Gorda, Catia La Mar, and Manonga

Southern hemisphere
 Australia - Southern Cross undersea cable landings at Brookvale  and Sydney, Australia
 Brazil - Americas-II undersea cable landing at Fortaleza; GlobeNet undersea cable landing at Fortaleza; and GlobeNet undersea cable landing Rio de Janeiro
 Netherlands Antilles - Americas-II undersea cable landing, Willemstad
 New Zealand -  Southern Cross undersea cable landing, Whenuapai, New Zealand; and Southern Cross undersea cable landing, Takapuna, New Zealand

Mineral resources

 Australia - Manganese - Battery grade, natural; battery grade, synthetic; chemical grade; ferro; metallurgical grade; Nickel Mines
 China - Fluorite (Mine); Germanium Mine; Graphite Mine; Rare-earth minerals/elements; Tin Mine and Plant; and Tungsten - Mine and Plant
 Democratic Republic of Congo -  Cobalt (Mine and Plant)
 Gabon -  Manganese - Battery grade, natural; battery grade, synthetic; chemical grade; ferro; metallurgical grade
 Guinea - Bauxite (Mine)
 South Africa - Chromite mines around Rustenburg; Ferrochromium; Manganese - Battery grade, natural; battery grade, synthetic; chemical grade; ferro; metallurgical grade; Palladium Mine and Plant; Platinum Mines; and Rhodium
 Indonesia -  Tin Mine and Plant
 Japan - Iodine Mine
 Belgium -  Germanium Mine
 Norway -  Cobalt Nickel Mine
 Russia - Uranium Nickel Mine: Used in certain types of stainless steel and superalloys; Palladium Mine and Plant; and Rhodium
 Ukraine - Manganese - Battery grade, natural; battery grade, synthetic; chemical grade; ferro; metallurgical grade
Kazakhstan - Ferrochromium Khromtau Complex, Kempersai, (Chromite Mine)
 India -Orissa (chromite mines) and Karnataka (chromite mines)
 Brazil - Iron Ore from Rio Tinto Mine; Manganese - Battery grade, natural; battery grade, synthetic; chemical grade; ferro; metallurgical grade; Niobium (Columbium), Araxa, Minas Gerais State (mine); and Ouvidor and Catalao I, Goias State: Niobium
Chile -  Iodine Mine
 Canada - Germanium Mine; Graphite Mine; Iron Ore Mine; Nickel Mine; Niobec Mine, Quebec, Canada: Niobium
 Mexico - Graphite Mine
 Peru - Tin Mine and Plant

Other sites

Africa

Morocco

Strait of Gibraltar
Maghreb-Europe (GME) gas pipeline, Morocco

South Africa
BAE Land System OMC, Benoni, South Africa
Brown David Gear Industries LTD, Benoni, South Africa

Tunisia
Trans-Med Gas Pipeline

East Asia and the Pacific

Australia
Maybe Faulding Mulgrave (F H Faulding) Victoria, Australia: Manufacturing facility for Midazolam injection.
Mayne Pharma (fill/finish), Melbourne, Australia: Sole suppliers of Crotalid Polyvalent Antivenin (CroFab)

China
Hydroelectric Dam Turbines and Generators
Polypropylene Filter Material for N-95 Masks

Indonesia
Straits of Malacca

Japan
Hitachi, Hydroelectric Dam Turbines and Generators
Ports at Chiba, Kobe, Nagoya, and Yokohama
Metal Fabrication Machines Titanium
Metal (Processed) Biken, Kanonji City, Japan
Hitachi Electrical Power Generators and Components Large AC Generators above 40 MVA

Republic of Korea
Hitachi Large Electric Power Transformers 230 - 500 kV Busan Port

Malaysia
Straits of Malacca

Singapore
Straits of Malacca

Europe and Eurasia

Austria
Baxter AG, Vienna, Austria: Immune Globulin Intravenous (IGIV)
Octapharma Pharmazeutika, Vienna, Austria: Immune Globulin Intravenous (IGIV)

Azerbaijan

Sangachal Terminal
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline

Belarus

Druzhba Oil Pipeline

Belgium
Baxter SA, Lessines, Belgium: Immune Globulin Intravenous (IGIV)
Glaxo Smith Kline, Rixensart, Belgium: Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Component
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA, Wavre, Belgium: Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Component

Denmark
Bavarian Nordic (BN), Hejreskovvej, Kvistgard, Denmark: Smallpox Vaccine
Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bagsvaerd, Denmark: Numerous formulations of insulin
Novo Nordisk Insulin Manufacturer: Global insulin supplies
Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark: DTaP (including D and T components) pediatric version

France
Sanofi-Aventis Insulin Manufacturer: Global insulin supplies Foot-and-mouth disease Vaccine finishing
Alstom, Hydroelectric Dam Turbines and Generators
Alstrom Electrical Power Generators and Components
EMD Pharms Semoy, France: Cyanokit Injection
GlaxoSmithKline, Inc. Évreux, France: Influenza Neuraminidase inhibitor RELENZA (Zanamivir)
Diagast, Cedex, France: Olympus (assists with detecting blood group)
Genzyme Polyclonals SAS (bulk), Lyon, France: Thymoglobulin
Sanofi Pasteur SA, Lyon, France: Rabies virus vaccine

Georgia
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline

Germany
BASF Ludwigshafen: World's largest integrated chemical complex
Siemens Erlangen: Essentially irreplaceable production of key chemicals
Siemens, GE, Hydroelectric Dam Turbines and Generators
Draeger Safety AG & Co., Lübeck, Germany: Critical to gas detection capability
Junghans Microtec Dunningen-Seedorf, Germany: Critical to the production of mortars
TDW-Gesellschaft Wirksysteme, Schroebenhausen, Germany: Critical to the production of the Patriot Advanced Capability Lethality Enhancement Assembly
Siemens, Large Electric Power Transformers 230 - 500 kV
Siemens, GE Electrical Power Generators and Components
Druzhba Oil Pipeline
Sanofi Aventis Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Lantus Injection (insulin)
Heyl Chemish-pharmazeutische Fabrik GmbH: Radiogardase (Prussian blue)
Hameln Pharmaceuticals, Hameln, Germany: Pentetate Calcium Trisodium (Ca DTPA) and Pentetate Zinc Trisodium (Zn DTPA) for contamination with plutonium, americium, and curium
IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau Rossiau, Germany: BN Small Pox Vaccine
Biotest AG, Dreiech, Germany: Supplier for TANGO (impacts automated blood typing ability)
CSL Behring GmbH, Marburg, Germany: Antihemophilic factor/von Willebrand factor
Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Marburg, Germany: Rabies virus vaccine
Vetter Pharma Fertigung GmbH & Co KG, Ravensburg, Germany (filling): Rho(D) IGIV

Ireland
Genzyme Ireland Ltd. (filling), Waterford, Ireland: Thymoglobulin

Italy
Glaxo Smith Kline SpA (fill/finish), Parma, Italy: Digibind (used to treat snake bites)
Trans-Med gas pipeline

Poland
Druzhba Oil Pipeline

Russia
Novorossiysk Export Terminal
Primorsk Export Terminal
Nadym Gas Pipeline Junction: The most critical gas facility in the world

Spain

Strait of Gibraltar
Instituto Grifols, SA, Barcelona, Spain: Immune Globulin Intravenous (IGIV)
Maghreb-Europe (GME) gas pipeline, Algeria

Sweden
Recip AB Sweden: Thyrosafe (potassium iodine)

Switzerland
Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc. Basel, Switzerland: Tamiflu (oseltamivir)
Berna Biotech, Berne, Switzerland: Typhoid vaccine
CSL Behring AG, Berne, Switzerland: Immune Globulin Intravenous (IGIV)

Turkey
Metal Fabrication Machines: Small number of Turkish companies (Durma, Baykal, Ermaksan)
Bosporus Strait
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline

United Kingdom
Goonhilly Teleport, Goonhilly Downs, United Kingdom
Madley Teleport, Stone Street, Madley, United Kingdom
Martelsham Teleport, Ipswich, United Kingdom
Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine finishing
BAE Systems (Operations) Ltd., Presont [Preston], Lancashire, United Kingdom: Critical to the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
BAE Systems Operations Ltd., Southway, Plymouth Devon, United Kingdom: Critical to Extended Range Guided Munitions
BAE Systems RO Defence, Chorley, United Kingdom: Critical to the Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) AGM-154C (Unitary Variant)
MacTaggart Scott, Loanhead, Edinburgh, Lothian, Scotland, United Kingdom: Critical to the Ship Submersible Nuclear (SSN)

Near/Middle East

Djibouti
Bab al-Mendeb: Shipping lane is a critical supply chain node

Egypt
'Ayn Sukhnah-SuMEd Receiving Import Terminal
'Sidi Kurayr-SuMed Offloading Export Terminal Suez Canal

Iran

Strait of Hormuz
Khark (Kharg) Island
Sea Island Export Terminal
Khark Island T-Jetty

Iraq
Al Basrah Oil Terminal

Israel
Rafael Ordnance Systems Division, Haifa, Israel: Critical to Sensor Fused Weapons (SFW), Wind Corrected Munitions Dispensers (WCMD), Tail Kits, and batteries

Kuwait
Mina' al Ahmadi Export Terminal

Oman
Strait of Hormuz

Qatar
Ras Laffan Industrial Center: By 2012 Qatar will be the largest source of imported LNG to U.S.

Saudi Arabia
Abqaiq Processing Center: Largest crude oil processing and stabilization plant in the world
Al Ju'aymah Export Terminal: Part of the Ras Tanura complex
As Saffaniyah Processing Center
Qatif Pipeline Junction
Ras at Tanaqib Processing Center
Ras Tanura Export Terminal
Shaybah Central Gas-oil Separation Plant

United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Das Island Export Terminal
Jabal Zannah Export Terminal
Strait of Hormuz

Yemen
Bab al-Mendeb: Shipping lane is a critical supply chain node

South and Central Asia

India
Generamedix Gujurat, India: Chemotherapy agents, including fluorouracil and methotrexate

Western Hemisphere

Argentina
Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine finishing

Canada
James Bay Power Project, Quebec: monumental hydroelectric power development
Mica Dam, British Columbia: Failure would impact the Columbia River Basin
Hydro Quebec, Quebec: Critical irreplaceable source of power to portions of Northeast U. S.
Robert Moses-Robert H. Saunders Power Dam: Part of the St. Lawrence Power Project, between Barnhart Island, New York, and Cornwall, Ontario
Seven Mile Dam, British Columbia: Concrete gravity dam between two other hydroelectric power dams along the Pend d'Oreille River
Pickering Nuclear Power Plant, Ontario
Chalk River Nuclear Facility, Ontario: Largest supplier of medical radioisotopes in the world
Hydrofluoric Acid Production Facility, Allied Signal, Amherstburg, Ontario
Enbridge Pipeline Alliance Pipeline: Natural gas transmission from Canada Maritime and Northeast Pipeline: Natural gas transmission from Canada
TransCanada Gas: Natural gas transmission from Canada
Alexandria Bay Point of Entry (POE), Ontario: Northern border crossing
Ambassador Bridge Point of Entry, Ontario: Northern border crossing
Blaine POE, British Columbia: Northern border crossing
Blaine Washington Rail Crossing, British Columbia
Blue Water Bridge POE, Sarnia, Ontario: Northern border crossing
Champlain Bridge POE, Quebec: Northern border crossing
CPR Tunnel Rail Crossing, Ontario (Michigan Central Rail Crossing)
International Bridge Rail Crossing, Ontario International Railway Bridge Rail Crossing
Lewiston-Queenston POE, Ontario: Northern border crossing
Peace Bridge POE, Ontario: Northern border crossing
Pembina, North Dakota POE, NorthDakota/Manitoba border crossing.
North Portal Rail Crossing, Saskatchewan
St. Clair Tunnel Rail Crossing between Sarnia,Ontario and Port Huron, Michigan
Waneta Dam, British Columbia: Earthfill/concrete hydropower dam
Darlington Nuclear Power Plant, Ontario, Canada
E-ONE Moli Energy, Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada: Critical to production of various military application electronics
General Dynamics Land Systems - Canada, London Ontario, Canada: Critical to the production of the Stryker/USMC LAV Vehicle Integration
Raytheon Systems Canada Ltd. ELCAN Optical Technologies Division, Midland, Ontario: Critical to the production of the AGM-130 Missile
Thales Optronique Canada, Inc., Montreal, Quebec: Critical optical systems for ground combat vehicles
Cangene, Winnipeg, Manitoba: Plasma
Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto, Canada: makers of polio virus vaccine
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, North America, Quebec: Pre-pandemic influenza vaccines

Mexico
Amistad International Dam: On the Rio Grande near Del Rio, Texas and Ciudad Acuna, Coahuila, Mexico
Anzalduas Dam: Diversion dam south of Mission, Texas, operated jointly by the U.S. and Mexico for flood control
Falcon International Dam: Upstream of Roma, Texas and Miguel Aleman, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Retamal Dam: Diversion dam south of Weslaco, Texas, operated jointly by the U.S. and Mexico for flood control
GE Hydroelectric Dam Turbines and Generators: Main source for a large portion of larger components
Bridge of the Americas (El Paso – Ciudad Juárez): Southern border crossing
Brownsville POE: Southern border crossing
Calexico East POE: Southern border crossing
Colombia-Solidarity Bridge: Southern border crossing
Kansas City Southern de Mexico (KCSM) Rail Line, (Mexico)
Nogales POE: Southern border crossing
Laredo Rail Crossing
Eagle Pass Rail Crossing
Southern border crossings, Otay Mesa Crossing, World Trade Bridge, and Ysleta Zaragosa Bridge
Pharr International Bridge: Southern border crossing
Hydrofluoric Acid Production Facility
GE Electrical Power Generators and Components
General Electric, Large Electric Power Transformers 230 - 500 kV

Panama
Panama Canal

Trinidad and Tobago
Atlantic LNG: Provides 70% of U.S. natural gas import needs

References

External links
 The original cable at WikiLeaks. Archived on 10 April 2012.

Category:United States diplomatic cables leak
Category:United States Department of Homeland Security
Category:Infrastructure
Category:Classified documents


Beap

A beap, or bi-parental heap, is a data structure where a node usually has two parents (unless it is the first or last on a level) and two children (unless it is on the last level). Unlike a heap, a beap allows sublinear search. The beap was introduced by Ian Munro and Hendra Suwanda. A related data structure is the Young tableau.

Performance

The height of the structure is approximately . Also, assuming the last level is full, the number of elements on that level is also . In fact, because of these properties all basic operations (insert, remove, find) run in  time on average. Find operations in the heap can be  in the worst case. Removal and insertion of new elements involves propagation of elements up or down (much like in a heap) in order to restore the beap invariant. An additional perk is that beap provides constant time access to the smallest element and  time for the maximum element.

Actually, a  find operation can be implemented if parent pointers at each node are maintained. You would start at the absolute bottom-most element of the top node (similar to the left-most child in a heap) and move either up or right to find the element of interest.

References

Category:Heaps (data structures)


Trams of france

#REDIRECT Trams in France


1910 Championship of Australia

The 1910 Championship of Australia was an Australian rules football match that took place on 15 October 1910.

The championship was contested by the premiers of the VFL, Collingwood and the premiers of the SAFL, Port Adelaide.

The match was played at Adelaide Oval in Adelaide, South Australia.

To avoid a clash of guernsey designs Port Adelaide offered to wear its jumpers inside out resulting in an "all-black" appearance.

The match, played in front of 7,000, was won by Port Adelaide by a margin of 59 points, giving Port Adelaide its 2nd Championship of Australia Title.

Teams

Scorecard

References

Category:Championship of Australia
Championship of Australia
Category:October 1910 sports events


Dylon

Dylon International is a British brand of textile dyes and other household chemicals. It was founded in 1946 by the Mayborn Group. The Mayborn Group sold Dylon International to European homecare company Spotless Group in 2008. Spotless Group was acquired by Henkel in 2014 which is the current owner of Dylon.

Dylon products are made in the Republic of Ireland. Dylon's former London factory has been redeveloped as the Dylon Works.

Dye brands include Cold Water Dye, Machine Fabric Dye and Multipurpose Dye.

Hot water dye
This a range of textile dyes which are used at high temperatures. They are reactive azo dyes and dichlorotriazine is the main group present. They require hot fix (sodium carbonate) and common salt (sodium chloride). It comes in 2 colours.

Machine Fabric Dye
Dylon's machine fabric dye and hand dye both contain reactive azo dyes, triphenylmethane dyes, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. The reactive groups are either pyrimidine or vinylsulphone. Machine Fabric Dye comes in 32 colours, Hand Dye in 21 colours.

Multipurpose Dye
This range contains a mixture of 3 different dyes - direct, acid and disperse. Direct dyes are for cellulose based fabrics, acid dyes for wool and nylon and disperse for some plastics. None of these are reactive dyes and are less wash fast than the other ranges. It comes in 26 colours.

References

External links
Dylon's UK web site
Dylon Australia
Dylon's South Korea web site
 The Chemical Structure and Properties of Dyes
Dylon's Turkey web site

Category:Dyes
Category:Chemical companies of the United Kingdom
Category:Chemical companies established in 1946
Category:1946 establishments in England


Francisco Moreno (bishop)

Francisco Manuel Moreno (born Monterrey, 13 August 1950) is a Mexican Anglican bishop. He is married to Esperanza and they have three children and three grandchildren.

Biography
Moreno was raised as a Roman Catholic but converted to the Anglican Church of Mexico when he was eight.

He studied for the ministry at the San Andrés Seminary in Mexico City, being ordained a deacon in 1972 and a priest in 1974, for the Diocese of Northern Mexico.

He was bishop of Northern Mexico, since 5 March 2010, when he was elected Archbishop and Primate of the Anglican Church of Mexico at their 7th General Synod on 14 June 2013, with his installation taking place two days later.

He is seen as a moderate in the context of the current divisions of the Anglican Communion, being friendly with the liberal pro-LGBT provinces, but still opposing civil same-sex marriages and the religious blessing of same-sex unions as the official policy of the province.

References

External links
Primates of the Anglican Communion - Archbishop of Mexico, Anglican Ink, 3 January 2016

Category:1950 births
Category:Living people
Category:Mexican Anglicans
Category:Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism
Category:Clergy from Monterrey
Category:21st-century Anglican bishops
Category:21st-century Anglican archbishops


South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center

The South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center is a prison located in South Cotabato province, Soccsksargen region, Mindanao, Philippines.

Prison
A security check is performed in the prison on monthly basis called ′Greyhound operation′.

References

External links
 South Cotabato prison documentary on Youtube

Category:Prisons in the Philippines
Category:Buildings and structures in South Cotabato
Category:Department of Justice (Philippines)
Category:Crime in the Philippines
Category:Koronadal


Henry Livingstone

Henry Gillies Livingstone  (12 September 1890 – 12 February 1959) was a New Zealand politician from Christchurch. He was appointed a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council on 22 June 1950.

Biography
Born on 12 September 1890, Livingstone was the son of Thomas and Mary Ann Livingstone. He was active in the Reform Party and was an early advocate for uniting non-Labour parties into a single party.

Livingstone was appointed as a member of the "suicide squad" nominated by the First National Government in 1950 to vote for the abolition of the Council. Most of the new members (like Livingstone) were appointed on 22 June 1950, and served until 31 December 1950 when the Council was abolished.

In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. In the 1954 Queen's Birthday Honours, Livingstone was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to local government.

Livingstone died on 12 February 1959, and was buried at Waimairi Cemetery, Christchurch.

Notes

References

Category:1890 births
Category:1959 deaths
Category:Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council
Category:Reform Party (New Zealand) politicians
Category:New Zealand National Party MLCs
Category:New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Category:20th-century New Zealand politicians
Category:Burials at Waimairi Cemetery


Rhythm Devils

The Rhythm Devils are a band led by founding Grateful Dead drummer Bill Kreutzmann and drummer Mickey Hart who was a Grateful Dead member for most of the band's existence.

Grateful Dead
The Rhythm Devils had their origins as an informal but frequent fixture in the Grateful Dead concert repertoire starting in the mid-to-late 1970s, and continuing until the Grateful Dead's last concert in 1995. Most Grateful Dead concerts featured an extended segment during the 2nd set of improvisational drumming and percussion by Hart and Kreutzmann who took over the stage as a duo (with occasional guests).  This segment was variously known to fans as "Rhythm Devils", "Drums", or conversationally as "the drums", and was usually followed in post-1979 concerts by another extended improvisation by the rest of the band, usually without the drummers, which was known as "Space".  The "Rhythm Devils" segment of a Grateful Dead concert almost always segued out of a full-band song, and the "Space" segment almost invariably would segue into the beginnings of another full-band song as the drummers resumed their seats with the rest of the band.  The Grateful Dead album Dead Set has a characteristic example of a 1980 "Rhythm Devils" segment which is titled as such, and which is followed by a "Space" segment.

1979-1981: Apocalypse Now sessions and early live performances
The Rhythm Devils duo were formally recruited by director Francis Ford Coppola to record the soundtrack to the film Apocalypse Now. During 1979 and 1980, Hart and Kreutzmann, along with other musicians (mostly percussionists), Airto Moreira, Mike Hinton, Jim Loveless, Greg Errico, Jordan Amarantha, Phil Lesh and Flora Purim, recorded sessions at the Grateful Dead's Marin County studios and "The Barn", Hart's studio in Novato. The process included improvising jungle sounds as they watched the film. The sounds were later edited into the movie. An LP record titled The Apocalypse Now Sessions: The Rhythm Devils Play River Music was issued from those sessions, (Passport Records PB 9844).  In October 1990, Rykodisc re-released the original 1980 LP.

In addition to the Apocalypse Now sessions, Kreutzmann and Hart performed two live concerts as the Rhythm Devils on February 13 and 14, 1981. The live band consisted mostly of the same musicians that contributed to the sessions including: Mike Hinton (marimbas, percussion), Airto Moreira (percussion), Flora Purim (vocals, percussion), Phil Lesh (electric bass, fretless bass, percussion) and other various guests.

2006 Tour
The 2006 lineup of the Rhythm Devils featured drummers Kreutzmann, Hart, Phish bassist Mike Gordon, and guitarist Steve Kimock, with percussionist Sikiru Adepoju and vocalist Jen Durkin (formerly of Deep Banana Blackout).  The band formed in the summer of 2006 and toured throughout the US shortly thereafter. Former Dead lyricist Robert Hunter provides lyrics for a number of original songs.

2010 - present
It was announced on the Gathering of the Vibes website that the Rhythm Devils would perform there in 2010 with a lineup of Bill Kreutzmann, Mickey Hart, Sikiru Adepoju, guitarists Keller Williams and Davy Knowles (Back Door Slam) and bassist Andy Hess (The Black Crowes; Gov't Mule). This was followed by the announcement of several more dates a month later. They toured into early 2011 with Tim Bluhm (The Mother Hips) replacing Keller for all dates after July 2010. A new lineup was announced for 2011 featuring Kreutzmann, Hart, Keller Williams, Steve Kimock and Reed Mathis. This combo has played one show - July 24, 2011 at the Gathering Of The Vibes Festival in Bridgeport CT. While the Rhythm Devils have not performed as a band since 2011, Mickey Hart acknowledged the possibility of more Rhythm Devils dates. Bill Kreutzmann and Mickey Hart have performed together since 2011 with the Disco Biscuits, 7 Walkers, Billy & the Kids, Dead & Company and at Fare Thee Well: Celebrating 50 Years of the Grateful Dead.

Discography
The Apocalypse Now Sessions: The Rhythm Devils Play River Music (1980)
The Rhythm Devils Concert Experience (DVD – 2008)

Lineups

References

External links
Rhythm Devils Official site
Rhythm Devils collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

Category:American rock music groups
Category:Grateful Dead
Category:American world music groups
Category:Musical groups established in 2006
Category:Mickey Hart


Cavaletti

Cavaletti (also spelled cavalletti, singular (rarely used in English) cavaletto) (Italian: "little horse") are small jumps, originally made of wood, used for basic horse training. Most consist of rails that are about  wide, and  long. The rails are inserted into fixed standards, usually made in an "X" shape, that commonly are designed to be placed at one of three preset heights ranging from a few inches off the ground to a maximum of about .  However, in informal terminology, even ground rails without standards are sometimes called "cavaletti." Modern designs can be made from various types of molded plastic and PVC pipe as well as wood. They can be used both for ground training with the handler working a horse on a longe line or at liberty, or while a rider is mounted on the horse.  Cavaletti are used by practitioners of both English riding and western riding. Similar obstacles of lighter weight materials are used with dogs in dog agility and canine physical therapy.

Cavaletti were invented by Federico Caprilli and designed to help a horse improve its balance, adjust its length of stride, and to loosen and strengthen its muscles. They are  often used in sets of at least four to six placed in a row, but have nearly unlimited ways they can be configured.  Used at their lowest placement as ground rails or at a level no more than about  high, they can be set to encourage a proper length of stride.  By being set closer or farther apart than a horse's natural stride, they encourage lengthening or shortening of the stride.  Used as a "gymnastic" in conjunction with other horse jumping obstacles in a training ring, they help teach the horse how to approach a fence at the proper rate of speed and length of stride.  Set at higher settings, they become small jumps to introduce young horses or beginning riders to jumping.
Some designs can safely be stacked, allowing fences up to about .

Spaced as ground rails between  apart, cavaletti encourage a horse maintain a shorter stride at a trot or jog, spaced farther apart, a row of cavaletti encourage a longer, more extended trot stride.  Beginning at approximately  apart, they encourage a slow canter or lope and spaced at intervals of , depending on the size and stride of the individual horse, they help regulate a horse's proper pace as it approaches or departs from a jumping obstacle.

In modern use, cavaletti are used not only for training, but also in some types of horse show  competition such as trail horse classes for western riders, and very basic beginning jumper classes. They are not only used as jumps or ground rails, but can also be used to define corridors for training exercises or in trail horse or driving classes.

There are potential safety issues associated with cavaletti.  The standards need to be designed to be a compromise that will be stable if lightly struck by a horse's leg or hoof, yet move or give way if tripped over or hit with force.  Standards need to be designed so that a horse cannot catch a leg in the "X" standard if they attempt to evade or run out on the cavaletti.  Cavaletti not designed to be stacked could fall in a dangerous manner if stacked and then knocked down.  Edges of standards should be squared or rounded in a manner to avoid presenting sharp edges if struck by a horse or a falling rider.

References

Category:Horse training→


Hauts-de-Seine's 6th constituency

The 6th constituency of the Hauts-de-Seine is a French legislative constituency in the Hauts-de-Seine département.

Description

Hauts-de-Seine's 6th constituency lies between the Seine and the Boulevard Périphérique bordered to the north by Hauts-de-Seine's 5th constituency. It includes the wealthy suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine the political base of former President of France Nicolas Sarkozy.

The seat has been staunchly conservative for its entire history. Its former deputy Jean-Christophe Fromantin founded his own minor party Territoires en mouvement of which he is the only elected member.

Historic Representative

Election results

2012

Sources

 Official results of French elections from 1998:

6


Frank Pope

Frank Pope (born 13 May 1973) is the Chief Executive Officer for Save the Elephants (STE). After studying zoology at the University of Edinburgh he began his career in marine science before joining The Times newspaper as the world's only Ocean Correspondent (between 2008 and 2011) to cover the fast-changing science, environment and geopolitics of the sea and help increase visibility of the crisis facing marine ecosystems. During this time he published two books, Dragon Sea (Penguin, 2007) and 72 Hours (Orion, 2011) and hosted the BBC Series Britain's Secret Seas.

After joining Save the Elephants in 2012 Pope helped establish the Elephant Crisis Fund (a joint initiative between Save the Elephants & the Wildlife Conservation Network), supporting more than 58 different partner organisations across Africa and the world in conducting over 180 projects in the realms of anti-poaching, anti-trafficking and demand reduction. An experienced bush pilot, Pope is married to Saba Douglas-Hamilton, daughter of STE founder Iain Douglas-Hamilton. They live in Kenya with their three children. In 2015, they made the BBC Natural History Unit series This Wild Life.

Maritime Archaeology

Pope worked on maritime archaeological projects in Uruguay, the Cape Verde Islands, Greece, Italy, Vietnam and Mozambique on wrecks including the San Salvador, Graf Spee off Montevideo and Lord Nelson's flagship HMS Agamemnon in Uruguay, Princess Louisa in Cabo Verde and the San Sebastian Wreck in Mozambique. In Vietnam, Pope worked on the Hoi An Wreck, the subject of his book, Dragon Sea: A True Tale of Treasure, Archeology, & Greed.

References

External links
 Dragon Sea home page - information on the Hoi An excavation
 Sunday Times Magazine feature on Frank Pope: Best of Times, Worst of Times
 Times Feature: Old Father Thames Gives Up His Secrets - a description of wrecks in the Thames
Frank Pope official webpage
Save The Elephants

Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Maritime archaeology


Nations League

Nations League may refer to:

Sports

Association football
 CONCACAF Nations League
 UEFA Nations League

Volleyball
 FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League
 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League

See also
 National League (disambiguation)


Kanevsky

Kanevsky or Kanevskoy (masculine), Kanevskaya (feminine), or Kanevskoye (neuter) may refer to:

People
Viktor Kanevskyi (1936–2018), retired Soviet soccer player
Victor Kanevsky (dancer) (born 1963), American ballroom dancer, dance sport coach
Giselle Kañevsky (born 1985), Argentinian field hockey player
Leonid Kanevsky (born 1939), Russian/Israeli actor
Alex Kanevsky (born 1963), painter currently based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Vitali Kanevsky (born 1935), Soviet film director and screenwriter

Other
Kanevskoy District, a district in Krasnodar Krai, Russia
Kanevskaya, a rural locality (a stanitsa) in Krasnodar Krai, Russia
Kanevskaya TV Mast, a among the tallest structures

See also
Kanievsky (disambiguation)


John Bouland

John Bouland (died 1 December 1400) was a Canon of Windsor from 1381 to 1400 and Archdeacon of St David's from 1388.

Career
He was appointed:
Rector of Artureth, 1361
Prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral 1386
Archdeacon of St David's 1388

He was appointed to the second stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1381, and held the stall until 1400.

Notes

Category:1400 deaths
Category:Canons of Windsor
Category:Archdeacons of St David's
Category:Year of birth missing


List of football clubs in Greenland

This is a list of football clubs located in Greenland, sorted alphabetically, and including geographical provenience, home stadium information and number of Greenlandic Men's Football Championship won.

See also
Football in Greenland
Football Association of Greenland
Greenland national football team
Greenlandic Men's Football Championship

Greenland

Football

Category:Lists of organisations based in Greenland


Science Power Platform

The Science Power Platform (SPP) (, Sci-Energy Platform) was a planned Russian element of the International Space Station (ISS) that was intended to be delivered to the ISS by a Russian Proton rocket or Zenit rocket (it was originally designed to be part of Mir-2) but was shifted to launch by Space Shuttle as part as a tradeoff agreement on other parts of the ISS.

History
It would have provided additional power for the ISS as well as roll axis control capability for the orbital facility. If the Science Power Platform had been delivered to the ISS, it would have been attached to the zenith port of Zvezda, a position currently occupied by MRM-2. The SPP would have had eight solar arrays and a robotic arm provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) dedicated to maintaining the SPP.

The SPP's robotic arm (European Robotic Arm) is still planned to be part of the station, and to be launched together with the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module.  the tentative launch date has slipped to mid-2018.

An agreement was reached in March 2006 by the Russians and NASA in order to provide part of the power the Russian segments need from the four American solar arrays. Originally the SPP should have made the power supply of the four Russian modules independent from the power supply of the rest of the station. The already-made pressurised hull of a static test article for this component is now being used for the Russian Mini Research Module 1, which launched on STS-132 in 2010. MRM1 is docked to the Zarya nadir port.

RKK Energia, the manufacturer of the ROS components, has proposed to execute something similar to the original ISS plan with the addition of a Nodal Module (with six docking ports) and two additional science/energy modules to the segment around 2013-2015. The science/power modules would have solar arrays similar to the SPP, but unlike it the truss structure would be much smaller.

References

Category:Russian components of the International Space Station
Category:Cancelled spacecraft


Worry-Free Weather Guarantee 350

The Worry-Free Weather Guarantee 350 is the second of two NASCAR Cup Series stock car races held at the Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the other being the Kids Free 325 the day before. Starting in 2007, the race was moved from its traditional July date into August, swapping dates with the Brickyard 400. Denny Hamlin is the defending winner of the event.

In 2008, Sunoco, the official NASCAR fuel supplier, based in Pennsylvania, and the Philadelphia region of the American Red Cross, agreed to sponsorship of the race and charity events to benefit the American Red Cross South Pennsylvania-Philadelphia region. It marked the first time since 1996 that the event carried a title sponsor. Camping World took over title sponsorship of sponsorship through its Good Sam Club in 2011. The race was a , 200 lap event from its inception in 1974, through the 2011 race. On August 10, 2011, it was announced that both Pocono races would be shortened to , beginning in 2012. The Bowling Proprietors' Association of America, through its marketing arm Strike Ten Entertainment, signed an entitlement sponsor for the 2013 and 2014 editions. In 2015, Microsoft signed a one-year deal to title the event with its new Windows 10 update, and in 2016 the race returned as the Pennsylvania 400. In early-July 2017, the Marine and Watersport franchise Overton's signed a three-year deal to sponsor Pocono's second race weekend through 2019, which includes not only the Cup race being renamed the Overton's 400, but the 150-mile Camping World Truck Series race will be known as the Overton's 150. However, on February 6, 2018, the speedway announced that Gander Outdoors will sponsor the race with the Gander Outdoors 400 as well as the Camping World Truck Series race with the Gander Outdoors 150. The Overton’s sponsorship was transferred to the Chicagoland race.

In mid-2019, NASCAR and Pocono Raceway announced that the track will host a doubleheader weekend on the last weekend of June. On Saturday, the Truck event that is usually held in July and the first Cup race that is usually held in early-June will be run on Saturday. On Sunday, the Xfinity race that is run in June and the second Cup race will follow or in this case; This one. Tentatively, Pocono's website lists the second Cup race of the weekend, in this case this one, as being reduced from 400 miles to 350 miles. Later it was confirmed that the distance of this race will be reduced to 350 miles. NASCAR released the tentative schedule for the doubleheader, including the stage lengths. For this race Stages 1 & 2 will be 35 laps long, and the Final Stage will be 70 laps.

Notable moments

 The 1973 ACME Super Saver 500 was one of four stock car races (1971–74) at Pocono under USAC sanction.  The first three were won by Butch Hartman, Roger McCluskey, and Richard Petty.  McCluskey's 1972 win came in a Plymouth Superbird and came when the race was run in conjunction with USAC's Schaefer 500 in late July when a hurricane postponed the IndyCar race.
 The 1974 ACME Super Saver 500 was run on April 24, 1974.  Buddy Baker won the pole and led nine laps but finished 20th with a burned valve.  USAC stock car series regular Butch Hartman led 124 laps before his clutch failed with eight to go.  Ron Keselowski won the race having led 61 laps total.  Keselowski is the brother of Bob and uncle of Brad (Bob's son).
1974: NASCAR shortened its races in the first half of 1974 due to the energy crisis; the crisis had passed and in July races, including Pocono, were put back to their full distance. Additionally, Pocono was not listed on the original 1974 NASCAR schedule; a  race at Trenton Speedway was listed in several issues of Stock Car Racing magazine, notably the magazine's June 1974 issue.  The Trenton date was subsequently switched to Pocono.
 Pocono broke 40 official lead changes in seven of the first nine NASCAR-sanctioned Pennsylvania 500s (1975–77, 1979–80, 1982–83).
1975: David Pearson's win came amid controversy; his Mercury, sponsored by race sponsor Purolator filters, was leaking oil in the form of smoke throughout the race's final ten laps but NASCAR waited until two laps to go to wave a black flag at him, by which time it was too late, since drivers are allowed to stay out for three laps before heeding a black flag.   Under current NASCAR rules, if a black flag is waved within the final five laps (offside (illegal pass before crossing start-finish line on start or restart), out of bounds (below double yellow line on restrictor plate tracks or cutting a chicane), or inappropriate driving), and the driver does not respond, he will be assessed a time penalty that will be calculated into final results (often a penalty that moves the driver to the last car on the lap they were running, or a lap penalty).
1976: The next year, 1976, Pearson led 14 times for 124 laps but blew a tire with two to go, giving Petty the win.  Bobby Allison, nursing injuries sustained in a short track crash in Elko, MN weeks earlier, battled for the lead in the first 40 laps but during a pitstop took off with unsecured left side tires; they fell off in the track's Tunnel Turn.  The lead changed 47 times among eight drivers.
1977: The 1977 running was sponsored by Coca-Cola.  Darrell Waltrip won the pole, his first on a superspeedway (photos from the race were used by Sports Illustrated in an October piece on Waltrip).  The lead changed 46 times among seven drivers as Benny Parsons held off a late charge from Richard Petty for the win.
1978: The 1978 running saw the fewest cautions (1) in track history.  Darrell Waltrip edged David Pearson for the win.
1979: The 1979 running saw the most lead changes (56) in track history as rain postponed the race from Sunday to Monday. Dale Earnhardt suffered serious injuries on Lap 93 when his Chevrolet shot into the boilerplate wall in Turn Two. Darrell Waltrip, driving an Al Rudd Chevrolet after he crashed in Saturday practice and the DiGard team couldn't use a backup car, pitted under a late yellow for tires, dropping him from third to seventh; the race never restarted and Waltrip's pitstop cost him 19 points; he would lose the 1979 season championship by 11 points.  (Currently, if a caution period exists with two laps remaining, the race a two-lap sprint;  if during the first two-lap sprint a caution period occurs during the first lap, there will be a second attempt;  if it occurs during the first lap again, a third attempt will be made.  At any time during the third attempt there is a caution, the race is over.)
1980: Neil Bonnett escaped with the win on the final lap as Buddy Baker forearmed alongside up high but Cale Yarborough pushed Bonnett into the lead and Baker and Cale banged together.  The lead changed 50 times among ten drivers. Meanwhile, Richard Petty crashed on lap 56 when the right front wheel snapped; Chuck Brown spun behind him and Darrell Waltrip T-boned Petty. Petty broke his neck but because he didn't want to be sidelined he hid his injury for months until an x-ray taken of him 4 weeks later found that the injury deteriorated over time. This resulted in officials making drivers be cleared by doctors after any kind of wreck no matter how hard the impacts are.
1982: Dale Earnhardt's chest injury in 1979 was followed by a leg injury in a tumble in Turn One with Tim Richmond; the crash pierced the boilerplate retaining wall, requiring 40 laps under caution to repair.  The race was a ferocious affair as the lead changed 46 times and on several laps changed three times in one lap.  Richard Petty ran low on gas in the final laps and Darrell Waltrip ran out on the final lap, securing the win for Bobby Allison.
1986: Richmond won the Pennsylvania 500 in 1983 and 1986; in 1986 he was involved in a crash in Turn Two with Richard Petty; he drove backwards to pit road and lost a lap, then got it back when Earnhardt crashed twice in a span of ten laps; he got four tires with five to go, then passed six cars before winning in a wild three-abreast finish with Ricky Rudd and Geoff Bodine.  Neil Bonnett suffered an arm injury on the restart after Richmond's wreck; Morgan Shepherd spun in the Tunnel Turn and several cars plowed into the scene; Bonnett slid into the inside guardrail, flopped onto his side, and landed on four wheels.
1989: The track's boilerplate wall was pierced three times in 1989 - in June Geoff Bodine broke his leg (and didn't find this out until days later) in Turn One; in July Jimmy Horton pierced the wall in Turn Two; during the lengthy yellow for repairs a jack rabbit got onto the speedway near the start-finish line; it escaped initial attempt at capture by the track safety crew but was caught unharmed minutes later and released into the nearby forest.  Later in the race in One Greg Sacks and Lake Speed hammered the wall in One and Sacks took a wild tumble reminiscent of Earnhardt's 1982 flip.  The boilerplate was replaced by concrete in 1990.  Geoff Bodine and Rusty Wallace battled on and off throughout the 500, but Bill Elliott ran both down in the final 20 laps; Bodine spun out of second with 15 to go, then with seven to go Wallace skidded through the Tunnel Turn and Elliott took the win, tying him with Richmond for most wins at Pocono.
1990: Bodine won the Pennsylvania 500 twice, in 1990 driving for Junior Johnson and in 1994 driving the car formerly owned by Alan Kulwicki.  His 1990 win came in a spirited contest; the lead changed four times on Lap 117 between Bodine and Davey Allison and three times on Lap 180 between Bodine, Allison, and Rusty Wallace.
1992: Darrell Waltrip picked up his penultimate victory after a race marred by a frightening crash involving Davey Allison when Allison and Waltrip's cars contacted, sending Allison skidding into the grass and later flipping repeatedly before resting on the car roof. As a result of the accident, this led to Allison losing the points lead for the first time that season; as Bill Elliott moved into the points lead after this race.
1993: Dale Earnhardt won after a spirited affair; on several laps the lead changed twice to three times in a single lap between him, Ernie Irvan, Kyle Petty, Dale Jarrett, and a surprising Brett Bodine.  Following the race he was given a Robert Yates Racing No. 28 flag and flew it while slowly driving clockwise around the track, a tribute to Davey Allison who had died in a helicopter accident days earlier, and Alan Kulwicki, who had died in a plane crash in April.
1995: Dale Jarrett scored his first win for Robert Yates in the 1995 race; he won it again in 1997.  The 1995 running was the most competitive (37 lead changes among 13 drivers) since 1983 and once again the lead changed twice a lap on several laps.
2000: Jeremy Mayfield who won in June at Pocono, was well on his way to a season sweep of Pocono in 2000. He and teammate Rusty Wallace were battling for the lead in the final laps, when on the final lap, Mayfield blew a tire entering the Tunnel Turn, allowing Wallace to squirt by and score the upset.
2002: Bill Elliott became Pocono's first five-time winner. This race is also memorable for a wreck on the first lap, when Steve Park and Dale Earnhardt Jr. were sent into an old highway guardrail barrier on the straightaway, causing Park to flip violently. The race was shortened by 25 laps due to darkness caused by the repairs from the Park accident and a lengthy rain delay.
2006: In his Rookie of the Year campaign, Denny Hamlin completed a season sweep of Pocono. Meanwhile, Hamlin's teammate, Tony Stewart was the center of controversy after an on-track altercation with Clint Bowyer, where Stewart flipped Bowyer the finger and then intentionally crashed Bowyer, collecting Carl Edwards. Stewart was held multiple laps down and penalized 25 points.
2007: Kurt Busch dominated the 2007 race, leading a race record 175 laps. It was the final Pocono race before the debut of NASCAR's Car of Tomorrow. In this race it is remembered for the fact that Robby Gordon was disqualified by NASCAR for his actions the previous day at the NBS race at Montreal. Robby Gordon Motorsports' backup driver, P. J. Jones took his place in the No. 7 chevy.
2009: Denny Hamlin won the 2009 running after rain postponed the race from Sunday to Monday.  Pocono had debuted NASCAR's double-file restart rule in June; in August it helped Hamlin gain positions with the leaders sometimes racing four abreast.
2010: Greg Biffle took two tires on the race's final pit stop to grab the lead; his victory snapped a 64-race winless streak. It also came in the first Cup race following a plane crash that left team owner Jack Roush hospitalized.  Elliott Sadler, a day removed from winning the Camping World Trucks Series debut at Pocono, was involved in a violent melee also involving Kurt Busch; Sadler was spun out and punched the inside guardrail so savagely it ripped the engine out of his car and threw it several hundred feet (the crash was only caught on camera partially as ESPN cameras were trained on Busch). Minutes after the accident it was declared NASCAR's hardest wreck in history.  The race itself began with a 100-lap period under green during which Jimmie Johnson put half the field a lap down, but a caution at Lap 124 set up a wild second half with several bouts of four-abreast racing up front. It marked the first Cup win of 2010 for Ford, and the first since Jamie McMurray won at Talladega for Roush on November 1, 2009 in the 26 car.
2011: Brad Keselowski, after being in a horrible testing crash at Road Atlanta earlier in the week, breaking his left foot and hurting his right foot and back as a result, held off Kyle Busch over the final 19 laps to win his second race of 2011. The race was almost called after 124 laps due to rain, but was restarted. On the final lap Jimmie Johnson and Kurt Busch made contact on the backstretch when Johnson drove into him. The two exchanged heat in an argument on pit road after the race. The race would wind up being the last 500-mile long NASCAR race at the track, as announced a few days after that in 2012 both races at the track would be changed from 500 to 400-mile events.

2012: Tragedy marred the first  August Pocono race, shortened by rain; a heavy thunderstorm ended the race well short of the distance and lightning struck the northern parking lot; one spectator was killed and nearly a dozen others injured. Rain had delayed the start some two hours, and Denny Hamlin fought with pole-sitter Juan Pablo Montoya for the lead. Jimmie Johnson would lead the most laps, but would wreck with Matt Kenseth on Lap 91, giving Jeff Gordon the victory, as well as his sixth victory at Pocono, the most at the track.
2013: The new Generation 6 car saw a very competitive race with 27 lead changes among 14 drivers. Jimmie Johnson won the pole, and dominated the first quarter of the race, but he ended up slipping to the back of the pack and a 13th-place finish after cutting a right front tire and hitting the outside wall on lap 78. Johnson was not alone, as David Stremme and David Gilliland also had right front tire troubles. Kasey Kahne dominated the second half of the race, leading 66 laps, and had built up a 7.5 second lead on teammate Jeff Gordon when a debris caution came out on lap 149, erasing Kahne's lead. Gordon managed to take the lead from Kahne on the next restart and led until Matt Kenseth spun to bring out another caution. On the resulting restart, Kahne retook the lead from Gordon and held off Gordon for the last two laps to win his second race of the season.
2014: A 13 car wreck broke out on lap 117 when Denny Hamlin spun in the entrance to the Long Pond Straightaway and cars behind him tried to check up. June race winner Dale Earnhardt Jr. took the lead with 14 laps to go and managed to build a 3.5 second lead over Kevin Harvick before a caution came out after Kurt Busch cut a tire. Despite the caution, he narrowly held off Harvick over a four-lap shootout to complete the first Pocono sweep since Hamlin's 2006 sweep. It was Earnhardt Jr.'s first sweep of a track in Cup competition since sweeping both Talladega races in 2002.
 2015: A red flag happened early in the race when Kasey Kahne slammed the inside wall lining pit road on lap 6. After a caution-riddled first half, the last 68 laps were run caution-free, leading drivers to play the fuel mileage game. With three laps to go, race leader Joey Logano ran out of gas while trying to stretch his tank, giving the lead to Kyle Busch, who himself ran out of fuel just after taking the white flag. Matt Kenseth, running 15 seconds behind Busch at the white flag, sped past the limping Busch to score his first Pocono win and second win of the season, thwarting Busch's attempts at being the first driver since Jimmie Johnson in 2007 to win four straight Cup races.
 2016: The 2016 running was postponed to Monday after rain soaked the track, Chris Buescher grabbed his first win after the race was called due to fog in the area, A red flag happened late in the race with 22 laps to go. The race saw a spirited duel for the lead between Kyle Larson and Austin Dillon where Dillon led Lap 78 by a wheel; Larson got back around him in One, then on Lap 80 Dillon stormed underneath Larson in the short stretch; in Turn Three the two collided and Joey Logano shot three abreast in to the lead.  Logano was later involved in a crash when Denny Hamlin passed him and Chase Elliott got underneath him in the Tunnel Turn and both crashed.
 2018: Darrell Wallace Jr.'s brakes failed, causing him to slide through the turn 1 grass, impacting the wall at a high rate of speed. On the restart, Erik Jones tried making in 3 abreast, only for Kyle Busch to swing round the outside. He would go on to win the race.
 2019: Denny Hamlin tied Bill Elliott for second on the wins list among drivers at Pocono, winning for the fifth time. Jeff Gordon is the all-time winner at Pocono with six wins. However, two of Gordon's wins and one of Elliott's wins were truncated due to either darkness or rain. That means Gordon and Elliott both won four times at Pocono in which the race went the distance. Hamlin became the all-time winner in Pocono Raceway history when it comes to winning races that have gone the distance, with all five of his wins in events that went the distance or into overtime.

Past winners

Notes
1974, 1986, 1991, 2012, and 2016: Race shortened due to inclement weather.
1979, 2009, and 2016: Race postponed from Sunday to Monday due to rain.
2002: Race shortened due to darkness and incoming rain after two lengthy red flags (one for track repair, the second for rain).
2005, 2018 and 2019 Race extended due to a NASCAR Overtime finish.
2012: Race distance reduced from  to . The race was shortened to 98 laps,  due to rain, becoming the first time a Cup Series race at Pocono failed to go a triple-digit number of laps.
2017: Kyle Busch's first Cup win at Pocono is Toyota's 100th Cup win since joining the Cup Series in 2007.
2020: Race distance reduced from  to .

Multiple winners (drivers)

Multiple winners (teams)

Manufacturer wins

Television broadcasters

Notes
*: Benny Parsons was scheduled to be the color commentator, but was to drive an Oldsmobile in the 1986 Summer 500. Jerry Punch replaced Parsons during the SETN broadcast until he retired from the race.

References

External links
Ratings/Viewership For NASCAR Pennsylvania 500 Dating Back To '99

Category:1974 establishments in Pennsylvania

Category:NASCAR Cup Series races
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1974
Category:Annual sporting events in the United States


2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships – Super heavyweight

The Super heavyweight competition is the heaviest class featured  at the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships, and was held at the Mediolanum Forum. Super heavyweights were limited to those boxers weighing over 91 kilograms (200.6 pounds).

Medalists

Seeds

  Roberto Cammarelle (Champion)
  Zhang Zhilei (Semifinals)
  David Assene (First Round)
  Ivan Dychko (Second Round)
  Viktar Zuyeu (Semifinals)
  Onoriode Ehwarieme (First Round)
  Yousef Abed El Ghani  (Second Round)
  Erislandy Savon Cotilla (Quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

See also
Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Super heavyweight

External links
Draw

Super heavyweight


Am I the Same Girl

"Am I the Same Girl?" is a popular song written by Eugene Record and Sonny Sanders. First recorded in 1968 by Barbara Acklin, "Am I the Same Girl?" charted most successfully in the US as a 1992 release by Swing Out Sister. However, the song had its greatest impact as a 1968-69 instrumental hit single by Young-Holt Unlimited under the title "Soulful Strut".

Background
Although Barbara Acklin recorded the song first, producer Carl Davis removed her voice from the track, replaced it with a piano solo by Floyd Morris, and released the resultant track in November 1968 as "Soulful Strut" credited to Young-Holt Unlimited; it became a #3 hit in the United States and went to #1 in Canada. It became a gold record. Neither Eldee Young nor Red Holt is believed to have played on the track, which was the work of session musicians identified only as the Brunswick Studio Band. Acklin's version was released in February 1969 and reached #33 on the R&B chart, crossing over and peaking at #79 on the pop listing.

Other versions

Dusty Springfield
Dusty Springfield, on the recommendation of Douggie Reece the bassist in her touring band the Echoes,  recorded "Am I the Same Girl?" at Philips Studios Marble Arch in August 1969; Bill Landis produced the session which was arranged by Keith Mansfield. The track marked Springfield's last UK chart appearance of the 1960s but was not a major hit, stalling at #43. "Am I the Same Girl?" also gave Springfield a minor hit in Australia (#75).

Swing Out Sister
The vocal version "Am I the Same Girl?" had its most successful incarnation via a 1992 remake by Swing Out Sister, recorded for the album Get in Touch with Yourself. The group's vocalist Corinne Drewery has acknowledged Dusty Springfield as a major influence; however, it was a chance hearing of the original Barbara Acklin version at a Manchester disco specializing in Northern soul that convinced Drewery and her Swing Out Sister partner Andy Connell to remake "Am I the Same Girl?".

Released as the lead single from the album, "Am I the Same Girl?" gave Swing Out Sister their highest UK chart ranking since their inaugural chart singles in 1986-87, the Top Ten hits "Breakout" and "Surrender"; peaking at #21. The track had more impact in continental Europe, hitting #8 in Germany, #15 in the Netherlands, and #13 in Italy (it even gave the group their all-time high French chart showing, albeit at a modest #54). "Am I the Same Girl?" also represented a strong comeback for Swing Out Sister in the US, where it was released in September 1992 and reached #45 on the Billboard Hot 100 — the track's peak on the Cashbox Pop 100 was #32 — while reaching #1 on the Adult Contemporary chart.

In September 2005, Martha Stewart began to use the Swing Out Sister version in her promo commercials for her show Martha on NBC television in America and then as the opening introduction theme song of the show. Each show starts with the song playing over a montage of images and photos of Martha Stewart growing up.

Although Corinne Drewery has rendered arguably the definitive vocal interpretation of the song, the Swing Out Sister recording contains a lyric that some have interpreted as being "Am I the same girl who knew her soul?"; others hear "Am I the same girl who knew your soul?" or "Am I the same girl who you hurt so?" -- which was the line in the original Acklin recording. (This was allegedly due to Acklin's personal relationship with the song's writer in 1968.)

Having recorded two distinct live renditions of "Am I the Same Girl?", which appear on respectively Live at the Jazz Café (1993) and Live in Tokyo (2005), Swing Out Sister recorded a new studio version of the song for their 2012 album Private View.

Also
In 1969, Bill Deal and the Rhondels included a version of "Soulful Strut" on their Vintage Rock LP (on Heritage Records, HTS-35,003).

Also in 1969, Brazilian organist Walter Wanderley included a rollicking version on his Moondreams album.

In 1970, Salena Jones recorded "Am I the Same Girl?" for her album Everybody's Talkin' About Salena Jones.

In 1976, Peruvian musician Otto de Rojas, with his Ultra 76 Orchestra, recorded a disco version of Young-Holt's "Soulful Strut": "Al Ritmo del Bump-Bump" ("Dancing to the Bump-Bump rhythm"), which gained a high profile in Peru via its use in a pop music TV show hosted by the Mexican comedian Rodolfo Rey "Cachirulo", aired through the local Panamericana Television station.  Also in 1979, George Benson did a cover of "Soulful Strut" on his Livin' Inside Your Love album.

In 1990, the 2 Live Crew sampled the tune for their song "Coolin'", which was the last track on their infamous release As Nasty As They Wanna Be.

In 1996, "Soulful Strut" was covered by saxophonist Grover Washington Jr., which peaked at #45 on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop album chart and #187 on the Billboard 200 album chart.

Young-Holt Unlimited's "Soulful Strut" was featured on the soundtrack of the 1998 film The Parent Trap, subtly referencing how the plot revolves around twin girls secretly swapping places (the title of "Soulful Strut's vocal version being "Am I the Same Girl?"). "Soulful Strut" was also used in the film's advertising.

In 1999, saxophonist Kim Waters recorded "Am I the Same Girl? (Soulful Strut)" for his One Special Moment album; featuring vocalist Meli'sa Morgan, the track was a non-charting single release in February 2000.

Dionne Bromfield covered this song on her debut album Introducing Dionne Bromfield (2009).

The gender adjusted "Am I the Same Guy" was recorded by Tom Gaebel for his 2008 Don't Wanna Dance album.

The French rendering "Je suis bien la même" was recorded in 1969 by Séverine.

In 2005, Joss Stone used the Young-Holt version as a starting point for her song "Don't Cha Wanna Ride", and credited the composers of "Am I the Same Girl?" as co-composers of her song.

Chart positions

References

Category:1968 singles
Category:1969 singles
Category:1992 singles
Category:Dusty Springfield songs
Category:Swing Out Sister songs
Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Category:Songs written by Eugene Record
Category:Brunswick Records singles
Category:Fontana Records singles
Category:Philips Records singles
Category:1968 songs


Battrum, Saskatchewan

Battrum is an unincorporated community in Riverside Rural Municipality No. 168, Saskatchewan, Canada. The community is located approximately  northwest of the City of Swift Current on Highway 32.

See also
 List of communities in Saskatchewan

Category:Riverside No. 168, Saskatchewan
Category:Unincorporated communities in Saskatchewan


Heart in Motion

Heart in Motion is the eighth studio album, and twelfth album overall by Christian pop singer Amy Grant, released on March 5, 1991. The album features Grant's biggest worldwide hit, "Baby Baby" and was certified 5× platinum in the United States, selling over five million copies.

Composition
In contrast to its predecessor, the more acoustic Lead Me On, Heart in Motion consists of songs that were more heavily processed, as was the style of mainstream music at the time. In addition, unlike Lead Me On, Heart in Motion contains few overtly religious songs, with most of the lyrics for the songs on the album dealing with love or other life issues which would not be the exclusive concern of devout Christians. A couple of songs on the album, however, were openly Christian in their content, such as "Ask Me", which describes how a woman's faith helps her to heal from child sexual abuse, and "Hope Set High", both of which were hits on Christian radio. Another song with an overtly Christian theme is "You're Not Alone" which references a greater power despite edgy features like whipcracks and a guitar solo.

Commercial success
Heart In Motion was a pop music blockbuster upon its release going to the Top Ten of the Billboard 200 (as well as No. 1 of the Christian albums chart for 32 weeks), and selling five million copies by the end of 1997. The first single from the album, "Baby Baby" – more or less the title cut, as the album's title is drawn from this track – hit the No. 1 position on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Adult Contemporary chart. The following four singles also performed well on the pop and AC charts: "Every Heartbeat" (No. 2 Hot 100, No. 2 AC), "That's What Love Is For" (No. 7 Hot 100, No. 1 AC), "Good for Me" (No. 8 Hot 100, No. 4 AC), and "I Will Remember You" (No. 20 Hot 100, No. 2 AC). The album was listed at No. 30 in the 2001 book, CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music and was certified 5x platinum by the RIAA for sales of over 5 million copies, making it the best-selling Christian music album ever released.

The album also received a nomination at the Grammy Awards of 1992 for Album of the Year, which was awarded to Unforgettable... with Love by Natalie Cole.

Track listing

Personnel

 Amy Grant – lead vocals, background vocals (3, 6, 7, 8, 10)
 Jerry McPherson – guitars (1, 2, 3)
 Donald Kirkpatrick – guitars (4, 5, 6, 9)
 Dann Huff – guitars (7)
 Gordon Kennedy – guitars (7)
 Tom Hemby – guitars (10)
 Keith Thomas – arrangements (1, 2), synthesizers (1, 2), bass (1, 2),  drum programming (1, 2), percussion programming (1), background vocals (1)
 Brian Tankersley – additional synthesizer programming (1, 2)
 Robbie Buchanan – additional keyboards (3), keyboards (7, 10), bass (7), drum programming (10)
 Blair Masters – additional keyboards (3), keyboards (7)
 Charlie Peacock – keyboards (3, 7, 8, 10), programming (3), horn arrangements (3, 8), drum programming (10)
 Michael Omartian – keyboards (4–7, 9, 11), drum sequencing (5, 6, 9, 11), background vocals (5, 6, 11)
 Tommy Sims – bass (3, 7, 8)
 Mark Hammond – drum and percussion programming (1)
 Chris McHugh – drums (3, 7, 8)
 David Raven – drums (4)
 Chris McDonald – horn arrangements (3, 8)
 Mark Douthit – saxophone (3, 8)
 Sam Levine – baritone saxophone (8)
 Barry Green – trombone (3, 8)
 Mike Haynes – trumpet (3, 8)
 Ron Hemby – background vocals (1, 2)
 Donna McElroy – background vocals (1, 2)
 Vicki Hampton – background vocals (2, 3)
 Chris Eaton – background vocals (3, 7, 8)
 Kim Fleming – background vocals (3)
 Gary Chapman – background vocals (4)
 Diana DeWitt – background vocals (4)
 Susanne Schwartz – background vocals (6, 11)
 Chris Rodriguez – background vocals (7, 8), guitar (8)
 Kurt Howell – background vocals (11)

Production
 Keith Thomas – producer (1, 2)
 Brown Bannister – producer (3, 7, 8, 10)
 Michael Omartian – producer (4, 5, 6, 9, 11)
 Michael Blanton – executive producer
 Amy Grant – executive producer
 Todd Moore – production assistant (1, 2), assistant engineer
 Janet Hinde – production coordinator (4, 5, 6, 9, 11)
 Traci Sterling – production coordinator  (3, 7, 8, 10)
 Richard Headen – production coordinator (3, 7, 8, 10)
 Bill Whittington – recording engineer (1, 2)
 Todd Culross – assistant engineer (1, 2)
 Kelly Pribble – assistant engineer (1, 2)
 Jeff Balding – audio engineer (3, 7, 8, 10), mixing (3, 8, 10)
 Bob Loftus – assistant audio engineer (3, 7, 8, 10)
 Bill Deaton – overdub engineering (3, 7, 8, 10)
 Steve Bishir – overdub engineering (3, 7, 8, 10)
 Rick Will – overdub engineering (7)
 Terry Christian – audio engineer (4, 5, 6, 9, 11), overdub engineering (7), mixing (4, 5, 6, 9, 11)
 Clark Germain – overdub engineering  (10)
 David Ahlert – additional engineering (4, 5, 6, 9, 11)
 Laura Livingston – additional engineering (4, 5, 6, 9, 11)
 Clif Norrell – mixing assistant (3, 8, 10)
 Oceanway Studios, Hollywood, California – mixing location (3, 8, 10)
 Brian Malouf – mixing (1, 2, 7)
 Pat MacDougal – mixing assistant (1, 2, 7)
 Can-Am Studios, Tarzana, California – mixing location (1, 2, 7)
 Lighthouse, North Hollywood, California – mixing location (4, 5, 6, 9, 11)
 Stephen Marcussen – mastering
 Precision Mastering, Hollywood, California – mastering location
 Chuck Beeson – art direction
 Rowan Moore – design
 Victoria Pearson-Cameron – photography

Chart positions

Album - Billboard (United States)

Album - International

Singles - Billboard/CCM Magazine (United States)

Singles - International

End of year charts

End-of-decade charts

Certifications and sales

See also
 List of best-selling albums in the United States

References

External links
 Heart In Motion: 20 Years (1991-2011) at chonnie.com

Category:1991 albums
Category:Amy Grant albums
Category:Albums produced by Michael Omartian
Category:Albums produced by Brown Bannister
Category:A&M Records albums


The Road and the Radio

The Road and the Radio is the tenth studio album by American country music artist Kenny Chesney, released on November 8, 2005. The album debuted at number one on the US Top Country Albums and US Billboard 200 charts.

Content
The album produced five singles between 2005 and 2007 with the songs "Who You'd Be Today", "Living in Fast Forward", "Summertime", "You Save Me", and "Beer in Mexico".  All singles made it to the Top 10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. "Living in Fast Forward", "Summertime", and "Beer in Mexico" all reached number one. "Who You'd Be Today" peaked at number 2, and "You Save Me" went to number 3.

Track listing

Personnel

Compiled in liner notes
Jeff Bailey - trumpet
Wyatt Beard - piano, background vocals
Pat Buchanan - electric guitar
Buddy Cannon - background vocals
Melonie Cannon - background vocals
Kenny Chesney - lead vocals
J. T. Corenflos - electric guitar
Chad Cromwell - drums
Dan Dugmore - steel guitar
Chris Dunn - trombone
Kenny Greenberg - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Rob Hajacos - fiddle
Tim Hensley - banjo, ukulele, background vocals
Steve Hinson - steel guitar
John Hobbs - piano, keyboards, B3 organ, synthesizer
Jim Horn - baritone saxophone
Mike Johnson - steel guitar
John Jorgenson - acoustic guiar, electric guitar, baritone guitar
Paul Leim - drums, percussion
Samuel B. Levine - tenor saxophone
B. James Lowry - acoustic guitar, electric guitar, nylon string guitar
Randy McCormick - piano, keyboards, B3 organ, Wurlitzer electric piano
Steve Nathan - synthesizer
Steve Patrick - trumpet
Larry Paxton - bass guitar
Michael Rhodes - bass guitar
John Willis - acoustic guitar, nylon string guitar, banjo

Charts

Weekly charts

Singles

Certifications

References

External links

Category:2005 albums
Category:Kenny Chesney albums
Category:BNA Records albums
Category:Albums produced by Buddy Cannon
Category:Albums produced by Norro Wilson


Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort

Tiruchirappalli Rockfort is a historic fortification and temple complex built on an ancient rock. It is located in the city of Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. It is constructed on a  high rock.  There are two Hindu temples inside, the Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort and the Thayumanaswami Temple, Rockfort. Other local tourist attractions include the famous Pallava-era Ganesha temple and the Madurai Nayak-era fort. The fort complex has witnessed fierce battles between the Madurai Nayakas and Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, Carnatic region and Maratha Imperial forces. The fort played an important part during the Carnatic Wars, helping lay the foundations of the British Empire in India. The Rockfort is the most prominent landmark of the city.

History
The name "Rockfort" comes from frequent military fortification built here, first by the emperors of the Vijayanagara Empire and later by the British Empire during the Carnatic Wars. The oldest structure in the fort is a cave temple built by the Pallavas in 580. During the Chola period, the nearby town of Woraiyur was their capital, but the Pallavas did not keep control of this strategic city and lost it to the Pandyas. The Cholas reasserted themselves in the 10th century. Trichy continued to be in their possession until the decline of the empire, after which it became a Vijayanagara stronghold.
In the mid 14th century, the region was controlled by the Delhi Sultanate after Malik Kafur's raid on South India. They were ousted and the region came under the control of Vijayanagara. During the early part of the 16th century, the region came under the control of the Madurai Nayaks, who were the earlier governors of Vijayanagara Empire. However, it was under the Nayaks of Madurai that Tiruchirapalli prospered in its own right and grew to be the city that it is today. The Madurai Nayaks constructed the Rock Fort Temple Lake along with major walls as foundations, establishing the town as a trading city and later, their capital.

The fort palace also witnessed the transfer of power from Queen Meenakshi to Chanda Sahib, as he ruled in conjunction with the alliance with the Kingdom of France. He lost this command when his uncle, the Nawab of the Carnatic along with the British, seized the fort after the Carnatic wars. This enabled the British to gain a foothold in Tamil Nadu and later all of South India.

In modern times, the fort is maintained and administered by the Chennai Circle of the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Tamil Nadu.

Major battles

Nayak era
As the Rockfort was the capital of the Madurai Nayaks, the fort has witnessed fierce battles. One of the largest was the Battle of Toppur for supremacy between the Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara and the Madurai Nayaks. The former won, with support from the rulers of Mysore and Thanjavur in the 16th century. Later, the Nayaks faced fierce attacks from Adil Shahi, Mysorean and Imperial Maratha troops. The Fort complex formed the northwest territory to the Nayaks. During their two-century rule, they had occasional skirmishes with their neighbours, the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom, the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom, and, more frequently, with the invading Adil Shahi, Kingdom of Mysore, and Imperial Maratha armies.

Carnatic Nawab era
During the mid century, Chanda Sahib, aided by the French, made this fort his home base. He battled with the combined forces of the Carnatic Nawab and British. He was defeated in the Carnatic wars and was forced to cede his lands to the British.

British era
In the late 18th century, Hyder Ali was a major threat to the British, as were the French who were still fighting for their colonial supremacy in this region. By now, the town was firmly established as a Cantonment town and the fort's gate was known as main guard gate. Robert Clive lived near the tank when he was in Tiruchirappalli.

Architecture

The rock is said to be one of the oldest formations in the world. It is 3.8 billion years old, making it as old as the rocks in Greenland and older than the Himalayas. Quartz, used in glass making, and feldspar, used in ceramics, are found in this rock formation.

As the name suggests, the Rock Fort Temple is situated on 83 metre-high outcrops. The Pallavas initially built this temple, but the Nayaks made use of its naturally fortified position and designed it again. It is a long climb up the 344 steps cut into the stone to the top.

The temple complex in the fort complex is a collection of three temples:
 the Manikka Vinayakar temple at the foot of the hill, dedicated to Lord Ganesha
 the Ucchi Pillayar Temple at the top of the hill, dedicated to Lord Ganesha
 the Taayumaanavar Koyil Shivastalam, a rock cut temple dedicated to a Nayaka era saint, Taayumaanavar. Mathrubutheswarar, dedicated to Lord Shiva, has a lingam which is a projection of the rock itself. It is reached by a flight of steps on the way to Ucchi Pillayar Temple.

Rock-cut temple

There are two rock cut temples in the fort, one in the lower part of the fort called Lower Cave temple and other in the complex outside the Thayumanswamny on the way up to Uchi Pillayar Kovil, called the Upper Cave temple. An archaeological study in 2010 revealed that the layout of the rock-cut caves in the temple is similar to that of other rock-cut temples such as the Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple at Thiruvellarai and Pechipalai cave temple. The unfinished caves in the temple, along with the lower cave temples in Thiruvellarari and Tirupparankunram, each have a shrine for Shiva in the east and Vishnu in the west, separated by a central bay between them. The study also revealed that the Lower Cave temple along with Kudumiyan Malai temple exhibited unique form of pillars, which are otherwise not seen in other temples in Tamil Nadu.

The rock-cut temple in the hill temple complex was built during the Pallava era and is named Lalitankura Pallaveswaram, with several inscriptions attributed to Mahendravarman I. The Cholas, the Vijayanagara emperors and the Nayaks of Madurai have made extensive contributions here. The two-storey-tall Taayumaanava temples are considered to be a masterpiece of construction.

See also
Tiruchirappalli Fort
Rockfort Express

References

External links

 Rockfort

Category:Forts in Tamil Nadu
Category:History of Tamil Nadu
Category:Buildings and structures in Tiruchirappalli


Davide Kovač

Davide Kovač (born November 19, 1999) is a Serbian volleyball player, a member of the Bulgarian club Dobrudja 07 Dobrich.

His father is Slobodan Kovač, a former volleyball player and coach for several years.

References

External links
 LegaVolley profile
 Volleybox profile
 WorldofVolley profile
 BVF-Web.DataProject profile

Category:1999 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Taranto
Category:Serbian men's volleyball players
Category:Expatriate volleyball players in Italy
Category:Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Category:Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Italy


WJSR

WJSR is an adult hits formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Lakeside, Virginia, serving Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia.  WJSR is owned and operated by SummitMedia.  The station's studios are located west of Richmond proper in unincorporated Chesterfield County, and its transmitter is located in Mechanicsville, Virginia.

Programming and corporate history

101.1 FM
When WRFK-FM (106.5) was planning to sign off as an NPR station in March 1988, it was clear that a new NPR station must be found. Commonwealth Public Broadcasting Corporation, owners of WCVE-TV and WCVW-TV, applied for and received, a license to temporarily broadcast at 101.1 until a suitable permanent frequency could be found. From March 1988 to October 1989, 101.1 was the home of WCVE-FM and NPR. After WCVE-FM moved to a permanent home at 88.9, the 101.1 frequency went dark.

WDYL
In December 1968, WDYL signed on first as a country station, then later as a religious station, where it operated on 92.1 FM until 1995.  Throughout its first stage of operation, WDYL-FM was a Christian music and ministry station, focusing on Contemporary Christian music. WDYL also was home to several sports teams, such as VCU basketball, VMI football, Virginia Tech football and basketball, and the Richmond Renegades pro hockey team.

In a complicated series of events, on November 8, 1995, WDYL moved to 105.7 to allow WCDX (which was on 92.7 FM at the time) to move closer to the city with more power on 92.1. The 101.1 frequency was allotted to Chester (the former city of license of 92.1).

In September 1998, Sinclair Telecable sold the 101.1 frequency to Hoffman, who moved the WDYL call sign and format to 101.1 and traded the 105.7 frequency to Sinclair. Sinclair then signed off WSMJ, which had been on 101.1 doing a smooth jazz format, and debuted the country-formatted WJRV on their newly purchased 105.7 frequency.

WDYL then continued on 101.1 with Christian music. On July 16, 1999, Hoffman signed off the original Christian station, and sold the dark 101.1 frequency to Radio One, who brought it back as modern rock as "Y101" on October 13, 1999, to fill the void after WBZU flipped to oldies. In 2001, Radio One sold WDYL to Cox Radio.

On September 1, 2009, WDYL moved to 100.9 FM, and kept the "Y101" moniker.

On April 23, 2010, WDYL began redirecting listeners to WMXB, which flipped to adult album alternative "103.7 The River" the previous day. This led to rumors of a possible format change. Six days later, on April 29, at 2 p.m., after playing "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" by Green Day, WDYL flipped to Rhythmic Top 40, branded as "Hot 100.9." The first song on "Hot" was "Rude Boy" by Rihanna. On May 6, WDYL changed call letters to WHTI to match the "Hot" branding.

On January 6, 2012, at Midnight, WHTI shifted to Mainstream Top 40, while retaining the "Hot" moniker.

On July 20, 2012, Cox Radio, Inc. announced the sale of WHTI and 22 other stations to SummitMedia for $66.25 million. The sale was consummated on May 3, 2013.

On May 7, 2014, WHTI began redirecting listeners to new translator W291CL, which began simulcasting WHTI via WURV-HD2. After a 15-day simulcasting period, "Hot" officially moved to W291CL on May 22, and 100.9 FM began stunting with nature sounds. At 8 a.m. on May 23, 2014, WHTI flipped to Soft AC, branded as "Easy 100.9." The first song on "Easy" was "Easy" by The Commodores.

On January 27, 2016, WHTI flipped to Classic Hits, branded as "Star 100.9." Bill Bevins and Shelly Perkins continued to host the morning show. The station's call letters changed to WJSR on February 9, 2016.

On October 24, 2018, at 6AM, after playing "Don't You (Forget About Me)" by Simple Minds, WJSR dumped its classic hits format after two-and-a-half years and flipped to adult hits as “100.9 Jack FM”. The first song on Jack FM was “Rock and Roll All Nite” by Kiss.

WJSR is licensed by the FCC to broadcast in the HD Radio (hybrid) format.

Former logos

References

External links
100.9 Jack FM Online

Category:1968 establishments in Virginia
Category:Radio stations established in 1968
JSR
Category:Adult hits radio stations in the United States


Tania Seino

Tania Seino (born 7 March 1973) is a Cuban former basketball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cuban women's basketball players
Category:Olympic basketball players of Cuba
Category:Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Category:Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics


Éric Fichaud

Éric Joseph Fichaud (born November 4, 1975) is a retired professional ice hockey goaltender.  He was selected in the first round of the 1994 NHL Entry Draft, 16th overall, by the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Junior career
Fichaud played net for the Chicoutimi Saguenéens in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. In 1994, he led his team to the Memorial Cup, winning a host of awards, including the Hap Emms Memorial Trophy as top goaltender and playoff MVP awards. A classic butterfly goaltender in the Patrick Roy mold, Fichaud looked to be a future National Hockey League starting netminder.

Professional career
Shortly after being drafted, Fichaud was traded to the New York Islanders for Benoît Hogue, a 1995 3rd round pick (Ryan Pepperall) and a 1996 5th round pick (Brandon Sugden), without ever playing a game for Toronto. Fichaud never lived up to the lofty expectations his fantastic junior career had led to, bouncing between the minor leagues and the NHL.  Shoulder injuries played a key role, and despite Fichaud's best efforts, he was unable to recapture his previous form.  Eventually, Fichaud settled into the role as the starting goalie for the AHL's Hamilton Bulldogs.

External links

Category:1975 births
Category:Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Category:Carolina Hurricanes players
Category:Chicoutimi Saguenéens (QMJHL) players
Category:Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players
Category:Ice hockey people from Quebec
Category:Krefeld Pinguine players
Category:Living people
Category:Manitoba Moose players
Category:Milwaukee Admirals (IHL) players
Category:Montreal Canadiens players
Category:Nashville Predators players
Category:National Hockey League first round draft picks
Category:New York Islanders players
Category:People from Anjou, Quebec
Category:Quebec Citadelles players
Category:Quebec RadioX players
Category:Sportspeople from Montreal
Category:Toronto Maple Leafs draft picks
Category:Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players
Category:Worcester IceCats players
Category:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Category:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States


Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway

The Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway is the ordinary of the Scottish Episcopal Diocese of Glasgow and Galloway.

Brief history

When the dioceses of Glasgow and Galloway were combined in 1837, Michael Russell, the then incumbent of Leith became the first bishop of the combined see. Initially there were only three or four congregations in the south west of Scotland.

Until the establishment of St Mary's Church in Great Western Road as the cathedral of the diocese, the bishops were also incumbents of individual congregations - Michael Russell at Leith; Walter Trower at St Mary's Church in Glasgow; and William Wilson at Ayr.

The episcopate of William Harrison was specially notable for the exceptional expansion of the church in the south west of Scotland.

Bishop Reid was translated to the Diocese of Saint Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane. His successor, Bishop Darbyshire, was also translated becoming the Archbishop of Cape Town in the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa).

Bishop Rawcliffe was already a bishop when he came to the diocese having previously been consecrated at the first Bishop of the New Hebrides in the Church of the Province of Melanesia between 1974 and 1980.

Bishops of the united diocese

The bishops of the combined See of Glasgow and Galloway  are listed on two plaques on the south wall of the chancel in St Mary's Cathedral. As the first plaque was filled recording the episcopate of Bishop Rawcliffe, a second plaque was installed following the enthronement of Bishop Taylor.

A gallery of portraits of the past bishops is displayed in the sacristy corridor in the cathedral.

 1837–1848: Michael Russell
 1848–1859: Walter Trower
 1859–1888; William Wilson
 1888–1903: William Harrison
 1904–1921: Ean Campbell
 1921–1931: Edward Reid
 1931–1938: Russell Darbyshire
 1938–1952: John How (Primus 1946–1952)
 1952–1974: Francis Moncreiff (Primus 1962–1973)
 1974–1980: Frederick Goldie
 1981–1991: Derek Rawcliffe
 1991–1996: John Taylor
 1996–2009: Idris Jones (Primus 2006–2009)
 2010–2018: Gregor Duncan
 Bishop-elect: Kevin Pearson

References

 Glasgow
Category:Christianity in Glasgow
Category:Christianity in Dumfries and Galloway
Category:Christianity in Renfrewshire
Category:Christianity in South Ayrshire
Category:Christianity in North Lanarkshire