François Tombalbaye

François Tombalbaye ( ; June 15, 1918 – April 13, 1975), also known as N'Garta Tombalbaye, was a Chadian teacher and a trade union activist who served as the first president of Chad. The head of Chad's colonial government and its ruling party, the Chadian Progressive Party, after 1959, Tombalbaye was appointed the nation's head of government after its independence on August 11, 1960. He ruled as a dictator until his deposition and assassination by members of the Chadian military in 1975.

Biography

Early life
Tombalbaye was born on June 15, 1918, in the village of Bessada, Moyen-Chari (prefecture) in the southern region of the French colony of Chad, close to the city of Koumara. His father was a prominent trader and he was of the Sara ethnic group, the prominent ethnicity of Chad's five southern prefectures. He attended a primary school, run by Protestant missionaries, in Sarh, and secondary school in Brazzaville. As a young man, Tombalbaye studied to become an educator in the Republic of Congo's capital of Brazzaville, due to the lack of in-country schools.

During World War II, Tombalbaye fought for Free France against the Nazi-backed Vichy regime.

Political career
In 1946, Tombalbaye formed a chapter of the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT) in Sarh and rallied members of his clan and other Sara speakers to the party. After a Muslim trader mocked the Sara people as mere beasts in November 1947, he helped to direct violent protest in N'Djamena. In 1949, the French government revoked his teaching position as punishment to his involvement in political activism. A year later, he went on to direct the PPT newspaper, AEF Nouvelle but shut down the same year after French repression. In 1952, he won a seat in the colonial territorial assembly and was elected to French Equatorial Africa general council in 1957, where he served as vice-president. Tensions between him and Lisette grew in the late 1950s after the 1956 loi-cadre reforms where individual colonies politicians are allowed to negotiate their own constituents, rather than maintain the federation of colonies of French Equatorial Africa. He later succeeded Gabriel Lisette as head of the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT) in March 1959 after coming under pressure, heading Chad's colonial government from 1959. He ruled the country during its independence on August 11, 1960, and was appointed its first head of government.

Tombalbaye managed to create a coalition of progressive forces from both the north and south of the country and isolating the more conservative Islamic factions in the center as a colonial legislator. After independence, he adopted an autocratic form of government, eliminated opposition both within his party and outside his party by banning all other political parties. In 1963 Tombalbaye dissolved the National Assembly in response to rioting. He began nationalizing the civil service, replacing French administrators with less competent locals. He imposed a "National Loan", greatly increasing taxing, to fund the nationalization.

In October 1968, Tombalbaye was a guest of President Lyndon B. Johnson in Washington, D.C. Following brief talks with Johnson, he traveled to Texas, meeting with research scientists at ICASALS (International Center for Arid and Semiarid Land Studies), part of Texas Tech University.

Tombalbaye's Africanization program failed to account for the large population in the north and center of the country, who were Muslim and did not identify with the Christian and animist south. The Gorane saw independence as a shift of control from French colonials to the south. On November 1, 1965, riots in Guéra Prefecture led to 500 deaths as a result of protest against high taxes and corruption. This sparked a series of disturbances throughout the north and center of the country, compounded by involvement by Chad's neighbors, Libya to the north and Sudan to the east. The most prominent movement in this period was the FROLINAT, or 'National Liberation Front of Chad', based in Sudan. Though FROLINAT was plagued by rivalry and division, it was able to resist Tombalbaye's authoritarianism. Tombalbaye called upon France, Chad's former colonial power, for assistance, citing treaties two countries had signed at independence.

France agreed to enter the fray, provided that Tombalbaye initiate a series of reforms to the army, government, and civil service. Taxes and laws imposed arbitrarily by Tombalbaye were to be rescinded, and the country's traditional sultans had their role as tax collectors restored, for which they received 10% of the income. He agreed to France's terms in 1969 and Chad embarked on a gradual liberalization process. In elections in 1969, several hundred political prisoners were released from prison, but Tombalbaye was still the only candidate on the ballot.

A further sign of liberalization came in 1971 when Tombalbaye admitted to the Congress of the PPT that he had made mistakes. Steps were taken to reform the government, and more Gorane were included in his new government. Order seemed to have been restored, and France withdrew its troops from the country.

During the early 1970s, he chose to follow DRC strongman Mobutu Sese Seko in his move towards remaking African cultural institutions.

Progress came to a grinding halt in August 1971, when an attempted coup d'état with links to Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi was uncovered. Tombalbaye immediately severed relations with his northern neighbor and even allowed anti-Qadhafi forces to operate from his territory. In return, Qadhafi granted formal recognition and aid to what remained of the FROLINAT opposition to Tombalbaye. Meanwhile, in the south, where Tombalbaye had his greatest support, he responded to a strike by students by replacing the popular Chief of Staff Jacques Doumro with Colonel Félix Malloum. Chad was in the grip of a crippling drought, and Tombalbaye rescinded his amnesty to political prisoners. By the end of 1972, over 1,000 political prisoners had been arrested. At the same time, he also made overtures to the Arab world, reducing Libyan support for, and fomenting infighting in, FROLINAT.

Nevertheless, Tombalbaye felt insecure with his own government as well. Tombalbaye arrested major PPT leaders, including Malloum, for allegedly using witchcraft to overthrow him in what was known as the "Black Sheep Plot," for the animals they allegedly sacrificed. In August, Tombalbaye disbanded the PPT and replaced it with the National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution (MNRCS). Under the guise of authenticité, the new movement promoted Africanization: the capital of Fort-Lamy was renamed N'Djamena and Tombalbaye himself changed his given name from François to Ngarta. Christianity was disparaged, missionaries were expelled, and all non-Muslim males in the south between the ages of sixteen and fifty were required to undergo traditional initiation rites known as yondo in order to gain promotion in the civil service and the military. These rites, however, were native to only one of Chad's ethnic groups, Tombalbaye's own Sara people, and even then, only to a subgroup of that people. To everyone else, the rituals were harsh and foreign.

Coup d'état
Meanwhile, the drought worsened throughout Africa, so in order to improve the dismal economy, people were forced to "volunteer" in a major effort to increase cotton production. With his support in the south diminished, Tombalbaye lashed out at the army, making arbitrary promotions and demotions. Finally, on April 13, 1975, after some of the country's leading officers had been arrested for involvement in an alleged coup, a group of soldiers killed Tombalbaye and secretly buried his body in Faya. The military-installed Félix Malloum, by then a general, as the new head of state.

See also

Decolonization in Chad
Fatimé Dordji
Tombalbaye government

References

Chad: A Country Study

Category:Heads of state of Chad
Category:Assassinated Chadian politicians
Category:Leaders ousted by a coup
Category:1918 births
Category:1975 deaths
Category:People who died in office
Category:Assassinated heads of state
Category:Assassinated heads of government
Category:Chadian Progressive Party politicians
Category:Chadian Christians
Category:People murdered in Chad
Category:History of Chad
Category:Chadian–Libyan conflict
Category:French military personnel of World War II
Category:People of French Equatorial Africa
Category:People from Moyen-Chari Region
Category:1960s in the Central African Republic
Category:1970s in the Central African Republic
Category:Sara people


NASCAR Kinetics

NASCAR Kinetics: Marketing in Motion was established in 2009 with the mission of connecting college students nationwide to NASCAR.  The program gave participants insight on possible career paths, and was meant to help develop their ability to collaborate with other students.  Weekly assignments and projects were based on real-world challenges and opportunities facing NASCAR and its sponsors.

The winner of the fall 2011 semester of NASCAR Kinetics: Marketing in Motion was the University of Central Florida.

NASCAR Kinetics: Marketing in Motion mentored its last round on college students in 2013. During its four-year history, many graduates of the program earned sports, sports marketing and business internships and full-time jobs, some with NASCAR itself.

2012 spring semester participating universities
Belmont Abbey College
Centenary College
Central Michigan University
Coastal Carolina University
East Tennessee State University
High Point University
Indiana State University
Ohio State University
Ohio University
Oklahoma State University
Southern New Hampshire University
Troy University
University of Central Florida
University of Florida
University of Miami
University of Oregon
Virginia State University

References

NASCAR Reaches Howard University
NASCAR Kinetics Speeds through with Panel
UTPA Chosen for NASCAR Kinetics
Broncs Claim NASCAR Kinetics Victory
UTPA Steers Toward Success
WSSU to Host NASCAR Viewing Party
NASCAR Rev's Up Central Michigan University

Category:NASCAR


George Buchanan

George Buchanan (; February 1506 – 28 September 1582) was a Scottish historian and humanist scholar.  According to historian Keith Brown, Buchanan was "the most profound intellectual sixteenth century Scotland produced."   His ideology of resistance to royal usurpation gained widespread acceptance during the Scottish Reformation. Brown says the ease with which King James VII was deposed in 1689 shows the power of Buchananite ideas.

Early life

Early upbringing and education in Paris
His father, a Highlander and a younger son of an old family, owned the farm of Moss, in the parish of Killearn, Stirlingshire, but he died young, leaving his widow, five sons, and three daughters in poverty. George's mother, Agnes Heriot, was of the family of the Heriots of Trabroun, East Lothian, of which George Heriot, founder of Heriot's Hospital, was also a member. Buchanan, a native speaker of Scottish Gaelic, is said to have attended Killearn school, but not much is known of his early education. His brother, Patrick Buchanan, was also a scholar. In 1520 he was sent by his uncle, James Heriot, to the University of Paris, where he first came in contact with the two great influences of the age, the Renaissance and the Reformation.  There, according to him, he devoted himself to the writing of verses "partly by liking, partly by compulsion (that being then the one task prescribed to youth)".

Return to Scotland
In 1522 his uncle died, and George Buchanan, who was at that time severely ill, was unable to stay in Paris and returned to Scotland. After recovering from his illness, he joined the French auxiliaries who had been brought over to Scotland by John Stewart, Duke of Albany, and took part in an unsuccessful siege of Wark Castle on the border with England in late 1523. In the following year he entered the University of St Andrews, where he graduated B.A. in 1525. He had gone there mainly to attend the lectures of John Mair on logic; and when Mair moved to Paris, Buchanan followed him in 1526.

Professor and Procurator
In 1528 Buchanan graduated M.A. at Scots College, University of Paris. The next year he was appointed regent, or professor, in the College of Sainte-Barbe, and taught there for over three years. Sainte-Barbe was one of the most prestigious and advanced colleges at that time. George added to that prestige by creating new reforms in teaching Latin. In 1529 he was elected "Procurator of the German Nation" in the University of Paris, and was re-elected four times in four successive months. He resigned his regentship in 1531, and in 1532 became tutor to Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis, with whom he returned to Scotland early in 1537 having acquired a great reputation for learning.

Theological stance
At this period Buchanan assumed the same attitude toward the Roman Catholic Church as Erasmus: he did not repudiate its doctrines, but considered himself free to criticise its practice. Though he listened to the arguments of the Protestant Reformers, he did not join their ranks until 1553. His first literary production in Scotland, when he was in Lord Cassilis's household in the west country, was the poem Somnium, a satirical attack on the Franciscan friars and the monastic life generally. This assault on the monks was not displeasing to James V, who engaged Buchanan as tutor to one of his natural sons, Lord James Stewart (not the son who was afterwards regent), and encouraged him in a more daring effort. The poems Palinodia and Franciscanus et Fratres remained unpublished for many years, but made the author hated by the Franciscan order.

Humanist in exile

Arrest, escape and relocation
In 1539 there was persecution in Scotland of the Lutherans, and Buchanan among others was arrested. Although the King had withheld his protection, Buchanan managed to escape and made his way to London, and then Paris. In Paris, however, he found himself in danger when his main enemy, Cardinal David Beaton, arrived there as ambassador, and on the invitation of André de Gouveia, he moved to Bordeaux. Gouveia was then principal of the newly founded College of Guienne, and by his influence Buchanan was appointed professor of Latin. During his time there several of his major works, the translations of Medea and Alcestis, and the two dramas, Jephthes (sive Votum) and Baptistes (sive Calumnia), were completed.

Michel de Montaigne was Buchanan's pupil at Bordeaux and acted in his tragedies. In the essay Of Presumption he classes Buchanan with Jean d'Aurat, Theodore Beza, Michel de l'Hôpital, Pierre deMontdoré and Adrianus Turnebus, as one of the foremost Latin poets of his time. Here also Buchanan formed a lasting friendship with Julius Caesar Scaliger; in later life he won the admiration of Joseph Scaliger, who wrote an epigram on Buchanan which contains the couplet, famous in its day: "Imperii fuerat Romani Scotia limes; Romani eloquii Scotia limes erit?" Austin Seal and Steve Philp translate this as: 'Just as Scotland was at the apex of the Roman Empire, so Scotland shall be at the apex of Roman eloquence'. (Not only is Buchanan's Latin scholarship extolled, a congratulatory reference to Scotland retaining Scottish law – quintessentially an improved version of Roman law – as the foundation of its legal system is also implied.)

Return to Paris
In 1542 or 1543 he returned to Paris, and in 1544 he was appointed regent in the Collège du cardinal Lemoine. Among his colleagues were Muretus and Turnebus. Although little is known about George during this time, we can gather that he probably once again fell ill according to an elegy he wrote to his comrades Tastaeus and Tevius.

Coimbra
In 1547 Buchanan joined the band of French and Portuguese humanists who had been invited by Gouveia to lecture in the Portuguese University of Coimbra. The French mathematician Elie Vinet, and the Portuguese historian, Jerónimo Osório, were among his colleagues; Gouveia, called by Montaigne le plus grand principal de France, was rector of the university, which had reached the summit of its prosperity under the patronage of King John III. But the rectorship had been coveted by Diogo de Gouveia, uncle of André and formerly head of Sainte-Barbe. It is probable that before André's death at the end of 1547 Diogo had urged the Inquisition to investigate him and his staff; up to 1906, when the records of the trial were first published in full, Buchanan's biographers generally attributed the attack to the influence of Cardinal Beaton, the Franciscans, or the Jesuits, and the whole history of Buchanan's residence in Portugal was extremely obscure.

Trial and imprisonment

A commission of inquiry was appointed in October 1549 and reported in June 1550. Buchanan and two Portuguese, Diogo de Teive and João da Costa (who had succeeded to the rectorship), were committed for trial. Teive and Costa were found guilty of various offences against public order, and the evidence shows that there was ample reason for a judicial inquiry. Buchanan was accused of Lutheran and Judaistic practices. He defended himself, admitting that some of the charges were true. About June 1551 he was sentenced to abjure his errors, and to be imprisoned in the monastery of São Bento in Lisbon. Here he listened to edifying discourses from the monks, whom he found "not unkind but ignorant".  In his leisure he began to translate the Psalms into Latin verse, completing the greater part of the work.

Release
After seven months, Buchanan was released on condition that he remain in Lisbon; and on 28 February 1552 this restriction was lifted. Buchanan then sailed for England, but soon made his way to Paris, where in 1553 he was appointed regent in the College of Boncourt. He remained in that post for two years, and then accepted the office of tutor to the son of the Maréchal de Brissac. It was almost certainly during this last stay in France, where Protestantism was being repressed under King Henry II and his son Francis II, that Buchanan took the side of Calvinism.

Return to Scotland

Espousal of Protestantism
In 1560 or 1561 Buchanan returned to Scotland, and by April 1562 was installed as tutor to the young Mary, Queen of Scots, who read Livy with him daily. Although he had remained Catholic throughout his support of the new learning and his strident criticism of the vices of the clergy, he now openly joined the Protestants Reformed Church and in 1566 was appointed principal of St Leonard's College, St Andrews, by the Earl of Moray. Two years before, he had received from the queen the gift of the revenues of Crossraguel Abbey. Though a layman, he was made Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1567. He had sat in the assemblies from 1563. He was the last lay person to be elected Moderator until Alison Elliot in 2004, the first female Moderator.

Tutor and other offices
Buchanan accompanied the Regent Moray to England, and his famous Detectio Mariæ Reginæ—a scathing exposure of the Queen's relations to Darnley and the circumstances leading up to his death, published London: John Day, [1571]—was produced to the commissioners at Westminster.

In 1570, after the assassination of Moray, he was appointed one of the preceptors of the young king, and it was through his strict tuition that James VI acquired his scholarship. As the young king's senior tutor, Buchanan subjected James to regular beatings but also instilled in him a lifelong passion for literature and learning. Buchanan sought to turn James into a God-fearing, Protestant king who accepted the limitations of monarchy, as outlined in his treatise De Jure Regni apud Scotos.

While royal tutor he also held other offices: he was for a short time director of chancery, and then became Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland, a post which entitled him to a seat in the parliament. He appears to have continued in this office for some years, at least till 1579.

Final years
His last years were occupied with completion and publication of two of his major works, De Jure Regni apud Scotos (1579) and Rerum Scoticarum Historia (1582).

He died in his first floor flat on Kennedy's Close (near the modern Hunter Square) in Edinburgh on Friday 28 September 1582 and was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard on the following day. The grave was originally marked by a through-stone but this had sunk into the ground by 1701. Currently, two memorials in Greyfriars each claim to mark his burial: one just north-west of the church and a second, more modest memorial near the eastmost path. The smaller (later) one is correct.

Works

Latin scholar
For mastery of the Latin language, Buchanan has seldom been surpassed by any modern writer. His style is not rigidly modelled on that of any classical author, but has a freshness and elasticity of its own. Hugh Trevor-Roper called him "by universal consent, the greatest Latin writer, whether in prose or in verse, in sixteenth century Europe". He wrote Latin as if it were his mother tongue. Buchanan also had a rich vein of poetical feeling, and much originality of thought. His translations of the Psalms and of the Greek plays are more than mere versions; his two tragedies, Baptistes and Jephthes, enjoyed a European reputation for academic excellence. His Pompae verses were written for performance at the court entertainments of Mary, including the Offering of the Rustic Gods sung during a masque devised by Bastian Pagez for the baptism of King James.

Prose works
In addition to these works, Buchanan wrote in prose Chamaeleon, a satire in Scots against Maitland of Lethington, first printed in 1711; a Latin translation of Linacre's Grammar (Paris, 1533); Libellus de Prosodia (Edinburgh, 1640); and Vita ab ipso scripta biennio ante mortem (1608), edited by R. Sibbald (1702). His other poems are Fratres Fraterrimi, Elegiae, Silvae, two sets of verses entitled Hendecasyllabon Liber and Iambon Liber; three books of Epigrammata; a book of miscellaneous verse; De Sphaera (in five books), suggested by the poem De sphaera mundi of Joannes de Sacrobosco, and intended as a defence of the Ptolemaic theory against the new Copernican view.

There are two early editions of Buchanan's works: Thomas Ruddiman's and Pieter Burman's.

Late works
The first of his important late works was the treatise De Jure Regni apud Scotos, published in 1579. In this famous work, composed in the form of a dialogue, and evidently intended to instil sound political principles into the mind of his pupil, Buchanan lays down the doctrine that the source of all political power is the people, that the king is bound by those conditions under which the supreme power was first committed to his hands, and that it is lawful to resist, even to punish, tyrants. The importance of the work is proved by the persistent efforts of the legislature to suppress it during the century following its publication. It was condemned by act of parliament in 1584, and again in 1664; and in 1683 it was burned by the University of Oxford.

The second of his larger works is the History of Scotland, Rerum Scoticarum Historia, completed shortly before his death, and published in 1582. It is remarkable for the power and richness of its style, and of great value for the period personally known to the author, which occupies the greater portion of the book. The earlier part is based, to a considerable extent, on the legendary history of Boece. Buchanan's purpose was to "purge" the national history "of sum Inglis lyis and Scottis vanite" (Letter to Randolph). He said that it would "content few and displease many"; in fact, its matter gave so much offence that a proclamation was issued calling in all copies of it, as well as of the De Jure Regni, that they might be purged of the "offensive and extraordinary matters" which they contained.

Lasting legacy
Buchanan holds his great and unique place in literature not so much for his own writings as for his strong and lasting influence on subsequent writers. His influence was notable by 1726 when Andrew Millar, a prominent 18th-century bookseller, took over James McEuen's bookshop in London at the sign of 'Buchanan's Head, Temple Bar'. The sign for the shop depicted the face of George Buchanan, a testament to Buchanan's early place and reputation in Scottish letters.

Modern publications and influence
Polygon Books have published the poet Robert Crawford's selection of Buchanan's verse in Apollos of the North: Selected Poems of George Buchanan and Arthur Johnston () in 2006, the 500th anniversary of Buchanan's birth.

In the lead-up to the anniversary Professor Roger Mason of the University of St Andrews has published A Dialogue on the Law of Kingship among the Scots, a critical edition and translation of George Buchanan's 'De Iure Regni apud Scotos Dialogus ().

Memorials

A statue of Buchanan stands on the west-facing side of the Scott Monument on Princes Street, Edinburgh. It was sculpted by John Rhind.

A memorial stained glass window stands in the south wall of Greyfriars Kirk.

A bust of Buchanan is in the Hall of Heroes of the National Wallace Monument in Stirling.

See also

 Scottish literature
 British Latin Literature

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Baptistes sive Calumnia (written before 1544, not published until 1577)
 Jephthes sive Votum, tragoedia, 1544
 .
 The Sphera of George Buchanan, by James Naiden, 1951.
 The Art and Science of Government Among the Scots, being George Buchanan's De Jure Regni apud Scotos, 1964. English translation and commentary by Duncan H. MacNeill.
 George Buchanan by Robert Wallace,(completed by J. Campbell Smith). Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1900, ("Famous Scots Series")

External links

 De Jure Regni Apud Scotos, online text
 De Jure Regni Apud Scotos, The Rights of the Crown in Scotland, translated from Latin to English by Robert MacFarlan, in its entirety (free PDF download)
 Rerum Scoticarum Historia (Latin and English)
 Psalmorum Davidis Paraphrasis Poetica (Latin and English)

Attribution

Category:1506 births
Category:1582 deaths
Category:16th-century Latin-language writers
Category:16th-century Scottish writers
Category:16th-century male writers
Category:16th-century Scottish historians
Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews
Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Category:Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
Category:Celtic studies scholars
Category:Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland
Category:Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Category:Monarchomachs
Category:People from Stirling (council area)
Category:New Latin-language poets
Category:Scottish dramatists and playwrights
Category:Scottish essayists
Category:Scottish historians
Category:Scottish poets
Category:Scottish Presbyterians
Category:Scottish Renaissance humanists
Category:Scottish scholars and academics
Category:Scottish soldiers
Category:Scottish Christian theologians
Category:Scottish translators
Category:University of Paris alumni
Category:University of Paris faculty
Category:Historians of Scotland


James O'Donnell (architect)

For other usages of the name, please refer to James O'Donnell (disambiguation).

James O'Donnell (1774–1830) was a noted Irish-American architect in New York City and Montreal.

Biography
James O’Donnell was born in County Wexford, Ireland, to a wealthy family of Anglo-Irish landowners. He became an architect.

In 1812, at the age of 38, O'Donnell migrated to the United States and took up residence in New York City, where he successfully practised as an architect. His major works in that city were the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum (1818–21, demolished c. 1892), the Fulton Market (1821–22, demolished 1936), and Christ Church (1822–23, destroyed by fire 1847). O’Donnell took his inspiration for the last building from the neo-Gothic style, which he favoured throughout his career. In 1817, he was elected to the American Academy of the Fine Arts in New York.

O’Donnell moved to Montreal to build the Notre-Dame Basilica from 1823-1829.

For some years James O’Donnell had suffered from edema, and from July 1829 his condition worsened. In November he dictated his will; at that point he decided to convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism. He died shortly afterwards, on January 28, 1830. He is the only person buried in the crypt of the Basilica. O'Donnell converted to Catholicism on his deathbed, perhaps due to the realization that he might not be allowed to be buried in his church.

Gallery

Footnotes

External links
 Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

Category:1830 deaths
Category:1774 births
Category:Canadian people of Anglo-Irish descent
Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism
Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
Category:Canadian architects
Category:Gothic Revival architects
Category:Irish architects
Category:American emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec


Sun Princess (disambiguation)

Sun Princess may refer to:

 MS Sun Princess (1995), a Sun class cruise ship operating with Princess Cruises since 1995
 MS Sun Princess (1972), former name of New Flamenco (ship)
 Sun Princess, 2nd place winner of the pageant of the Sun and Salsa Festival
 Sun Princess (horse), a Thoroughbred racehorse

See also
 Princess Sun, Northern Yan empress


Charles River Laboratories

Charles River Laboratories, Inc., is an American corporation specializing in a variety of preclinical and clinical laboratory services for the pharmaceutical, medical device and biotechnology industries. It also supplies assorted biomedical products and research and development outsourcing services for use in the pharmaceutical industry. According to its website, its customers include leading pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrochemical, government, and academic organization around the globe.

The chairman and chief executive officer is James C. Foster, the son of founder Henry Foster.

History

Charles River was founded in 1947 by Henry Foster, a young veterinarian who purchased one thousand rat cages from a Virginia farm and set up a one-man laboratory in Boston, overlooking the Charles River. In an effort to fulfil the regional need for laboratory animal models, he bred, fed, and cared for the animals and personally delivered them to local researchers.

In 1955, the company's headquarters were relocated to their current home in Wilmington, Massachusetts.

The organization became an international entity in 1966 with the opening of a new animal production facility in France.

The first commercial, comprehensive genetic monitoring program was implemented by Charles River in 1981. Three years later, they were acquired by Bausch & Lomb. During this time, Henry and Jim Foster are still in charge of the company.

In 1988, the organization started to expand their portfolio to include the creation of transgenic mice and rats.

In the 1990s, Charles River expanded their portfolio further. They purchased Specific Pathogen Antigen Free Avian Services (SPAFAS) and serologic diagnostic services Merck, Sharp, and Dohme in 1992 and started offering in vitro endotoxin testing two years later.

Between 1996 and 2000, the company acquired Endosafe, Inc., was bought back from Bausch & Lomb by Jim Foster, acquired Sierra Biomedical, expanded its portfolio to offer biopharmaceutical services, and went public on the New York Stock Exchange.

Charles River launched the Humane Care Imperative in 2002, designed to raise awareness and train their employees on the importance of animal welfare. The same year, they were named "Company of the Year" by The Boston Globe. The company then introduced preconditioning services in 2005 to provide their customers with study-ready animals.

In 2008, Charles River signed a ten-year contract to partner with the National Cancer Institute and opened a facility in Frederick, Maryland.

From 2008-2013, Charles River acquires several companies including NewLab Bioquality AG, MIR Preclinical Services, Piedmont Research Center, LLC, Cerebricon, Ltd., Accugenix, and Vital River, allowing the company to expand their research models and services portfolio to drug development and discovery markets in China.

The acquisitions of Argenta and BioFocus in 2014 allowed Charles River to establish themselves as a full-service, early-stage contract research organization with integrated in vitro and in vivo capabilities from target discovery through pre-clinical development.

Today, Charles River has over 80 facilities, operates in 20 countries, and employs over 14,000 people worldwide. They offer support in the fields of basic research, drug discovery, safety and efficacy, clinical support, and manufacturing.

The company's broad portfolio allowed them to support the development of approximately 85% of FDA-approved drugs in 2018.

In April 2019, Charles River announced it will be ceasing its San Diego-area operations, moving the work to one of its sites in Northern California.In California, the company also has sites in the town of Hollister and in South San Francisco. The work done in San Diego—the breeding of rodents that scientists use to test compounds—will be moved to Hollister, which is about 90 miles from San Francisco.

Mergers
In October 2003, Charles River Laboratories merged with Inveresk, a research company based in the United Kingdom. The company was known then as Charles River Laboratories. Inveresk specialised in clinical research and pre-clinical testing, and their main facilities are in Edinburgh, Scotland. In late 2009, Charles River sold its Clinical Services Division in Edinburgh to Quotient Bioresearch.

In 2010, Charles River Laboratories attempted to acquire WuXi PharmaTech, a China-based contract research organization, but the offer was withdrawn when the deal faced opposition from several large Charles River investors, including Relational Investors, JANA Partners, and Neuberger Berman. Proxy advisory firm RiskMetrics had also recommended that Charles River's shareholders vote against the proposed deal.

In July 2015, the company announced it would acquire Celsis International for $212 million.

In January 2016, the company announced it was set to acquire WIL Research for approximately $585 million in cash. In June, the company announced it would acquire Blue Stream Laboratories.

In August 2017, the business announced it would acquire Brains On-Line.

In January 2018, the company announced it would acquire KWS BioTest for up to £18 million ($24.4 million).In February of the same year, Charles River announced it would acquire MPI Research for approximately $800 million in cash. The transaction was completed on April 3, 2018.

In February 2019, the company announced it would acquire Citoxlab for €448 million in cash (approximately $500 million). The transaction was completed on April 29. In December of the same year the business announced it would acquire HemaCare for approximately $380 million in cash.

Animal rights issues
The company has been the target of animal rights activists in the UK and US. It owned Shamrock Farm in England's West Sussex which closed in 2000 following a 15-month campaign by animal rights activists.

In 2007, two monkeys at the company’s Sparks, Nevada, facility had their fingers amputated after they were caught in the wiring of their cages while being moved, and a third monkey suffered a cut to its tail.

In 2008, 32 cynomolgus primates, also known as crab-eating macaques, died of overheating at the company's Sparks, Nevada, laboratory after a climate system failure. PETA filed a complaint with the USDA over the incident. The  following year, a monkey died at the same facility after being left in their cage as it was going through a hot cage washer. Charles River was fined $14,500 for the two incidents. The company subsequently closed their Sparks facility.

An undercover investigation in early 2019 by The Humane Society of the United States revealed that over 60,000 dogs had been used in experiments annually. In April 2019, PETA organized protests outside Charles Rivers Laboratories to denounce poisoning and toxicity tests on monkeys, dogs and other animals.

PETA owns $2,000 worth of shares in the company, enough to introduce formal resolutions regarding animal care during the company’s annual shareholder meeting.

See also
 List of S&P 400 companies

Notes

Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Category:Health care companies established in 1947
Category:Companies based in Wilmington, Massachusetts
Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
Category:Animal rights
Category:Health care companies based in Massachusetts
Category:Contract research organizations
Category:Animal testing in the United States
Category:Animal testing in the United Kingdom
Category:1947 establishments in Massachusetts
Category:Life sciences industry
Category:2000 initial public offerings


Google Calendar

Google Calendar is a time-management and scheduling calendar service developed by Google. It became available in beta release April 13, 2006, and in general release in July 2009, on the web and as mobile apps for the Android and iOS platforms.

Google Calendar allows users to create and edit events. Reminders can be enabled for events, with options available for type and time. Event locations can also be added, and other users can be invited to events. Users can enable or disable the visibility of special calendars, including Birthdays, where the app retrieves dates of births from Google contacts and displays birthday cards on a yearly basis, and Holidays, a country-specific calendar that displays dates of special occasions. Over time, Google has added functionality that makes use of machine learning, including "Events from Gmail", where event information from a user's Gmail messages are automatically added to Google Calendar; "Reminders", where users add to-do activities that can be automatically updated with new information; "Smart Suggestions", where the app recommends titles, contacts, and locations when creating events; and "Goals", where users enter information on a specified personal goal, and the app automatically schedules the activity at optimal times.

Google Calendar's mobile apps have received polarized reviews. 2015 reviews of the Android and iOS apps both praised and criticized the design. While some critics praised the design for being "cleaner", "bold" and making use of "colorful graphics", other reviewers asserted that the graphics took up too much space. The Smart Suggestions feature was also liked and disliked, with varying levels of success in the app actually managing to suggest relevant information upon event creation. The integration between Google Calendar and Gmail was praised, however, with critics writing that "all of the relevant details are there".

Features
Google Calendar allows users to create and edit events. Events have a set start time and stop time, with an option for an "All-day event". Users can enable a "Recurring" functionality with optional parameters for frequency. Users can add a color to an event for recognition or to distinguish the event from others. Users can optionally set notifications, with options for type (email, mobile push notification) and time. Locations can be added for easy understanding of an event's place. Events are viewable in different types of setups, including day, week, month, or schedule. Users can invite other people to events; for other Google Calendar users, the event becomes visible in their calendar, and for non-Google Calendar users, an email will have options for "Yes", "No", or "Maybe". Privacy settings allow the user to define the levels of public visibility of the entire calendar or individual events. Although the calendar defaults to showing users event times in their local time, users can specify a different time zone for an event. Users can enable or disable the visibility of special calendars, including a Birthdays calendar, that automatically retrieves dates of births from a user's Google contacts and displays the dates on a yearly basis, and a Holidays calendar, a country-specific calendar featuring dates of special occasions.

The user interface of Google Calendar was originally designed by Kevin Fox. Google Calendar allows the user to import events from a different calendar application, with notable support for both Microsoft Outlook and Apple iCloud calendars.

Updates
In December 2010, Google added the ability for users to select a time zone for an event, a notable feature that was previously missing; the feature's absence was criticized in the media.

In August 2015, Google added an "Events from Gmail" feature, where event information from a user's Gmail messages are automatically added to Google Calendar. The feature, enabled by default, will also update events with new information based on new email messages received, such as flight delays.

In December 2015, Google added a "Reminders" feature, enabling users to add to-do activities as Reminders, with those activities being displayed in the calendar alongside regular events. Google also states that Reminders can automatically add additional, helpful information to Reminders based on known details, such as numbers or addresses. Reminders serves as a cross-service feature, meaning Reminders also show up in Inbox by Gmail, Google Now, and Google Keep.

In January 2016, Google added "Smart Suggestions" to Google Calendar on their mobile apps. Smart suggestions will recommend titles of events, as well as locations and contacts. At the same time as Smart Suggestions, Google also added holiday calendars for 54 new countries, adding up to a total of 143 country-specific holiday calendars.

In April 2016, Google added a "Goals" feature...Goals being activities the user wishes to complete. After answering brief questions, including "How often?" and "Best time?", Google Calendar will automatically "find the best windows to pencil in time for that goal", with the calendar adapting to the user's schedule over time, such as rescheduling a goal activity if an event is added that causes a direct conflict with the time of the goal. The feature was expanded in January 2017 with support for Google Fit and Apple Health, to see the progress made towards completing a goal.

In March 2017, the iOS app was updated to feature support for the iPad, and it was again updated in July to add a widget in the iOS "Today" panel.

In June 2017, following May's announcement of Google's new Family Groups feature across several of its services, Google began rolling out "family calendars" for users in Google Calendar. The feature lets family members create shared events visible in a "Family" calendar option.

G Suite

For users of Google's G Suite service, a subscription service for business, education and government customers that offers premium functionality, Google Calendar has a "Find a time" feature that can suggest the best time for an event with a group of people, based on available times for each individual in the group. Additionally, the feature can also schedule the meeting room.

Platforms
Google Calendar entered a limited beta release on April 13, 2006, and exited the beta stage in July 2009. Initially only available on the web and on the Android operating system, an iOS app was released on March 10, 2015.

Reception
In a March 2015 review of the Android app, Sarah Mitroff of CNET wrote that the new Material Design-inspired app was "cleaner", with "fewer distractions and colorful graphics that add a lot of personality to an otherwise dull app". She praised the Smart Suggestions feature for making new event creation easy, adding that "Even after just a few letters, the app will suggest the most relevant appointments. This is a great feature for creating events that occur over and over, like a haircut or doctor's appointment, because the app remembers the phrases you use". She complimented the integration between Google Calendar and Gmail, writing that "All of the relevant details are there, including confirmation numbers, links to the source email, even gate assignments for flights", and called it "one of my favorite parts of the app", but also noted that the feature could be turned off. Furthermore, she praised "the personal design touches that keep it from looking dull", namely the app offering visual illustrations for certain types of events, like a bucket of popcorn for movie events, or a visual map of the event location, as well as themed illustrations for different months, including "a snow-covered mountain and a skier" for December. Overall, she wrote that Google Calendar "is a reliable, simple and playful alternative to your device's built-in calendar" and that it is "efficient and a breeze to use".

In contrast, Allyson Kazmucha of iMore criticized several aspects of the iPhone app. She wrote that "The first thing you notice about Google Calendar is the bold interface", adding that "Google automatically detects certain event types and puts graphics behind them, which is a nice touch". However, she criticized the amount of space the graphics take up, writing that "it wastes a lot of space that could be used to show more events at a glance. It's not a huge peeve, but for anyone who has a busy calendar, it could result in a lot of scrolling". She also criticized the Smart Suggestions, writing that "in my short time using Google Calendar, the natural language support leaves a lot to be desired. I had trouble typing times or days and getting Google to understand it". She did, however, like the view options available, writing that "The three day view is one of my favorites", but also noted that there was a lack of "the ability to quickly drag events around to reschedule them". Kazmucha also criticized the then-lack of a widget in the Notification Center, but wrote conclusively that "Google Calendar is off to a good start but it isn't making me switch away from [current calendar app]."

Derek Walter of Macworld, however, praised the iPhone app, writing that "It’s a gorgeous calendar app that mines your Gmail account to automatically add events", with "a splash of color and graphics for effect". Walter also criticized the then-lack of a widget in the Notification Center, as well as the then-lack of iPad support. Walter called the Material Design "rather elegant and polished, with a focus on parceling off information for easy viewing, registering touches with a subtle splash on the screen, and using a lot of visuals cues", but noted that "it’s not for everyone, especially if you prefer Apple’s design overhaul first introduced in iOS 7. You’ll also find that some elements of Material Design don’t translate well to the iPhone, such as the loss of the slide gesture to go back".

See also
 List of applications with iCalendar support
 List of personal information managers

References

External links

Category:Calendaring software
Calendar
Category:Internet properties established in 2006
Category:IOS software
Category:Android (operating system) software


Redistricting in Pennsylvania

Redistricting in Pennsylvania refers to the decennial process of redrawing state and federal congressional districts in Pennsylvania.

United States congressional redistricting

2001-2011
Before the 2000 election, the Pennsylvania House of Representatives was evenly split with 100 members from the Republican and Democratic parties and 3 vacancies. After the 2000 election, Republican elected 104 Republican house seats and 99 Democratic seats. Republicans also maintained control Pennsylvania State Senate, maintaining 30 Republican seats and 20 Democratic seats. Republicans also controlled the Pennsylvania Governorship. This would ensure the 2000 census redistricting process was led by the Republican-controlled Pennsylvania General Assembly. Following the 2000 census, Pennsylvania Republicans would have full state control of the redistricting process.

Pennsylvania Senate Bill 1200 was introduced by Republican State Senators Brightbill and Lemmond on November 16, 2001. On December 10, 2001, the Senate considered amendments to Senate Bill 1200. A Republican amendment was ultimately agreed to. The version of Senate Bill 1200 that eventually passed the Senate contained a population deviation of twenty-four persons. After an amendment by the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, that chamber passed Senate Bill 1200 on December 12, 2001. The version of Senate Bill 1200 that passed the House had a total population deviation of nineteen persons. It also maintained two minority-majority districts in the Philadelphia area, created one open seat in the southeastern part of the Commonwealth and paired two Democratic incumbents in the same district. One Democratic incumbent was paired against one Republican incumbent. The Senate refused to concur in the amendments to Senate Bill 1200 offered by the House of Representatives. A Conference Committee was appointed and a plan was eventually devised that contained a nineteen-person deviation. This Conference Committee Report on Senate Bill 1200 was passed by the Senate on January 3, 2002 and by the House of Representatives later the same day. It was signed into law by Governor Mark Schweiker on January 7, 2002.

Vieth v. Jubelirer
In Vieth v. Jubelirer, a United States Supreme Court case challenging the constitutionality of the 2000 redistricting process, the Supreme Court was unable to agree upon a legal standard for judging when partisan gerrymandering violated the United States Constitution.

Effects
After the 2000 elections, Pennsylvania Republicans held a slim 11 to 10 congressional seat majority over the Democrats. In the 2002 Pennsylvania House of Representatives elections:

 Republicans expanded their majority in House of Representatives in Pennsylvania, winning 12 seats to the Democrats 7 seats.
 After the 2000 census, Pennsylvania lost two districts; Pennsylvania's 20th and 21st congressional districts. Republican Rep. Phil English, representative of the 21st congressional district, would later be redistricted to 3rd congressional district, where he won reelection. Democratic Rep. Frank Mascara, representative of the 21st congressional district, was redistricted to the 18th congressional district, but moved to and lost renomination in the 12th congressional district to fellow Democratic Rep. John Murtha.
 In the newly redrawn 6th congressional district, Republican Jim Gerlach won the seat for the Republicans, after Democrat Rep. Tim Holden was redistricted from the 17th congressional district, where he won reelection. Democrat Rep. Robert Borski was redistricted from the 3rd congressional district, to the 6th congressional district, but retired from Congress.
 Democrat Rep. Mike Doyle, representative of the 18th congressional district, would later be redistricted to 3rd congressional district, where he won reelection unopposed.

This would be maintained until the 2006 Democratic wave election, when Democrats won 11 of the 19 elections for the United States House or Representatives.

2011-2021

Congressional districts drawn in 2011
In the 2010 Pennsylvania elections, Republicans won a landslide victory, with Tom Corbett winning the 2010 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, recapturing the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, and regained their majority in House of Representatives in Pennsylvania, winning 12 seats to the Democrat's 7 seats. Following the 2010 census, Pennsylvania Republicans would have full state control of the redistricting process for the second decade in a row.

On September 14, 2011, Republican senate leadership introduced a congressional redistricting bill which contained neither a map nor description of proposed congressional district lines.  The proposed lines were added in the senate State Government Committee on December 13, 2011.  The committee approved the bill 6-5 along party lines.  Breaking with his party, Republican Sen. Mike Folmer opposed the Republican bill, saying "all you have to do is look at (the map)" to see it appeared to be specifically drawn to dilute Democratic votes and was the perfect example of why redistricting reform is needed. Barry Kauffman, lobbyist for Common Cause of Pennsylvania, agreed with Folmer, saying the plan "is a clear-cut case of politicians picking their voters in order to prevent voters from having a meaningful opportunity to pick their elected officials."

On December 14, 2011, the bill returned to the senate, which passed it the following day.  Prior to senate passage, senate Democrats proposed an amendment to use a different map.  Advocating for the change, Democratic Senator Vincent Hughes argued that under both plans, the Democrats could only count on four districts, but the Republicans would go from 12 safe districts to eight.  In the Republican plan two districts would be "swing" districts, but the Democrats' plan would have six.    This amendment was defeated on a party line vote.  The Senate voted to approve the new map by a 26-24 vote on December 14, 2011. The map then went to the House, who approved it 136-61 on December 20, 2011. The House vote was less partisan, with 36 Democrats voting for the redistricting map and 8 Republicans voting against it. Democrats introduced their own map as an amendment, but the amendment failed. Pennsylvania Democratic Chairman Jim Burn issued a press release, stating, "The Republicans have proposed a map far more partisan and gerrymandered than anyone would have guessed, a map that they will now force into law without any public input."

Corbett signed the new map into law on December 22, 2011.

The map drew Democratic Reps. Jason Altmire and Mark Critz into the same district while putting six Republicans into safer districts.

Pennsylvania Supreme Court invalidates 2011 congressional districts
On June 14, 2017, the League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania filed a lawsuit, alleging that the existing congressional district lines were unconstitutionally gerrymandered to favor the Republican Party. On December 29, 2017, a Pennsylvania trial court held that, although the district boundaries had been drawn to favor Republicans, the district lines did not violate state law. The case was appealed to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which reviewed the matter on an expedited basis.

In a short order on January 22, 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court struck down the existing map, saying it "clearly, plainly and palpably" violated the state constitution.  The court promised a full opinion at a later date, and provided a timeframe in which the state legislative and executive branches could prepare new maps if they chose to do so.  The order gave the General Assembly until February 9, 2018, to submit a proposed map to the governor, who would have until February 15, 2018 to submit it to the court.

Pennsylvania Republicans appealed to the United States Supreme Court and tried to halt enforcement of the January 22 order while the appeal was pending.  Their request was denied on February 5, 2018.  Four days later, the deadline for the General Assembly to submit a new plan to the governor expired.  On February 19, 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court released a new congressional map to take effect for the May 15, 2018, primaries.

Republican lawmakers in the state applied to the United States Supreme Court for a stay of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's decision; however that application was denied on March 19, 2018. Pennsylvania had also brought suit in federal district court, seeking an injunction against using the court-drawn map in the upcoming congressional elections. On March 19, 2018, the federal district court ruled against the Republican lawmakers in that case.

State legislative redistricting

2011-2021
On August 17, 2011, the Legislative Reapportionment Commission unanimously approved the census data and voted to go ahead with the redistricting process. This officially began the 90-day period allotted to the Commission to introduce a preliminary map. Commission members identified 129 precincts where precinct lines and census data may not match up, but they decided to correct the errors as they went rather than wait any longer.

The LRC held a meeting on October 31, 2011 where it took up a vote on new legislative district maps. Voting 3-2 along party lines, the panel passed a preliminary Republican proposal that moved seats from west to east. House seats would be added in Allentown, Berks County, Chester County and York County, while eliminating existing districts in Erie and Philadelphia and Allegheny County.

Democrats attacked the plan as partisan, expressing hope that the plan would change prior to adoption. Rep. Gregory Vitali (D) stated, "It seems what this process has been about is incumbency protection, not about the best welfare of communities." Republicans called their plan fair, stressing that the overwhelming loss of population in the west came from Democratic districts, and thus their map was simply an accurate reflection of population changes.

Democrats were also critical of the negotiating process. House Minority Leader Frank Dermody lividly complained that Republicans didn't share their proposed plan until Monday. "And my guess is clearly that my colleague had a significant more amount time to review the plan. Frankly, I look at is as a classic bait and switch," Dermody said.

Majority Leader Dominic Pileggi’s office released a revised map of state senate districts on December 7, 2011. According to Pileggi's press release, the new plan "incorporates more than 150 requests made by Senate Democratic Leader Jay Costa" and "modifies 25 Senate districts from the Preliminary Plan."

Maps approved
By a 4-1 vote the Legislative Reapportionment Commission approved new Senate and House maps on December 12, 2011. No further action was required to implement the districts for 2012, but there was a 30-day period to file appeals with the state Supreme Court. One district in the Senate and five in the House were moved from the western part of the state to the east. Senate Minority Leader Jay Costa (D) initially said Democrats had not decided whether they would appeal, but during the first week of January 2012 he said an appeal would be forthcoming.

Appeals
The court received at least 11 appeals by the January 11, 2012 deadline. The broadest appeal came from the Senate Democrats, arguing against plans to move a Senate district from the southwestern portion of the state to the northeast, move Harrisburg out of its present district, and splits to multiple counties and municipalities. Another major appeal was made by Michael Churchill, a lawyer at The Public Interest Law Center of Philadelphia, on behalf of 13 citizens. He argued that counties and towns were unnecessarily divided in order to include the homes of incumbents.

Maps thrown out
After hearing arguments on January 23, 2012, the state Supreme Court threw out the maps two days later by a vote of 4–3. Calling the redistricting approach "contrary to law," the court ruled current district lines would stay in place until the Legislative Reapportionment Commission could devise a plan that was legal. With the signature filing deadline for state legislative candidates quickly approaching on February 14, the 2012 elections could have taken place in districts that were drawn in 2001.

The court rendered their full opinion on February 3, 2012. Ronald Castille said most appeals were rejected for only showing how a particular region was drawn unconstitutional, but cited two as having a big picture focus and showing how the whole map could be drawn better. One was submitted by Senate Democrats and the other came from Amanda Holt, a 29-year-old piano teacher and Republican committeewoman. The court said Holt's map proved the Legislative Redistricting Commission failed to meet the criteria that municipalities and wards should only be split if absolutely necessary. She initially showed her map to the commission at a hearing on September 7, 2011, but they went on to release a map that had more than twice as many splits as hers did.

Commission meeting, delays
The Legislative Reapportionment Commission met on February 22, 2012, but did not hold a vote. The next meeting was scheduled for February 28, 2012. but the day before it was announced that the meeting had been rescheduled for March 2 without giving a reason why. On March 1 it was announced, again without a stated reason, that the meeting would be rescheduled, but a new date was not given.

On March 8, 2012, Commission chairman Stephen McEwen said talks had been "far from productive" and so it would be pointless to hold a meeting the following week, but that he hoped there would be a vote by March 19.

The next meeting was set for April 12, 2012. While leaders did not say there was new deal, they were expecting a new preliminary plan to be voted on.

New map approved by LRC
On April 12, 2012, the Legislative Reapportionment Commission finally met, voting 4–1 in favor of a compromise proposal put forth by chairman Stephen McEwen. The revised plan addressed municipality splits, with the new Senate map containing only two split between districts while the House map has 68. The initial maps that were rejected by the court had 108 municipal splits.

The commission met on May 2, 2012 to take public comments and had until May 14 to decide whether or not to approve the maps. If approved, they would be in effect starting in 2013 and be used in the 2014 elections.

The LRC voted 4–1 on June 8, 2012 to approve the final plan. The plan, which was drawn up by Republican members, was sent to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Before the court could sign off on the map, citizens had 30 days to file a complaint.

In the 2012 state election in Pennsylvania, the old 2000 census legislative borders were used in the election.

In May 2013, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in a 6–0 ruling, approved of the new LRC state redistricting plan.  The new redistricting borders went into effect in the 2014 state election in Pennsylvania.

See also
 Redistricting
 Political party strength in Pennsylvania
 Pennsylvania General Assembly
 Politics of Pennsylvania

References

Category:Redistricting
Category:Pennsylvania General Assembly
Category:Politics of Pennsylvania


Tatsuo Ikeda

is a Japanese avant-garde artist best known for his drawing series, including Anti-Atomic Bomb, Chronicle of Birds and Beasts, and Genealogy of Monsters. With Shigeo Ishii and On Kawara, he formed Seisakusha Kondankai (Producers' discussion group), which sought to create a new realism distancing itself from the legacy of Social Realism, with which Ikeda had begun with his proletariat Ude (arm) (1953), which looked toward surrealism by the omission of the worker's head.

References

Category:Japanese painters
Category:1928 births
Category:Living people


Flying: The Early Years 1970 – 1973

Flying: The Early Years 1970 – 1973 is a compilation album by the British rock band UFO.

The compilation is the digitally remastered edition of 3 albums compiled to a double disc set. These recording encompass the complete Decca/Nova years from 1972–73 and the albums UFO 1, UFO 2 (a.k.a. Flying) and UFO Live. In addition to all of these tracks is the non-LP single, "Galactic Love" and its b-side, "Loving Cup", edited from the UFO Live album.

Track listing
Disc 1
"Unidentified Flying Object"
"Boogie for George"
"C'Mon Everybody"
"Shake It All About"
"Timothy"
"Treacle People"
"Evil"
"Loving Cup" (BBC Session)
"Follow You Home" (BBC Session)
"Come Away (Melinda)" (BBC Session)
"Prince Kajuku"
"Coming of Prince Kajuku"
"Star Storm"

Disc 2
"Silver Bird"
"Flying"
"C'Mon Everybody" (live)
"Who Do You Love?" (live) (Ellas McDaniel)
"Prince Kajuku/Coming of Prince Kajuku" (live)
"Boogie for George" (live)
"Follow You Home" (live)
"Galactic Love" (single)
"Loving Cup" (B-Side)

Category:2004 compilation albums
Category:UFO (band) compilation albums
Category:Castle Communications compilation albums


1908–09 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team

The 1908–09 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team represented the University of Missouri in the 1908–09 college basketball season. The team was led by first-year head coach Guy Lowman.  The captain of the team was Carl Ristine.

Missouri finished with a 10–5 record overall and a 4–5 record in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association.  This was good enough for tie for 2nd place in the regular season conference standings.

Schedule and results

References

Missouri
Category:Missouri Tigers men's basketball seasons
Missouri Tigers men's basketball
Missouri Tigers men's basketball


CMLL International Gran Prix (2007)

The CMLL International Gran Prix (2007) was a lucha libre, or professional wrestling, tournament produced and scripted by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL; "World Wrestling Council" in Spanish) which took place on May 11, 2007 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico, CMLL's main venue. The 2007 International Gran Prix was the tenth time CMLL has held an International Gran Prix tournament since 1994. All International Gran Prix tournaments have been a one-night tournament, always as part of CMLL's Friday night CMLL Super Viernes shows.

The 16-man torneo cibernetico elimination match between team Mexico (Dr. Wagner Jr., Dos Caras Jr., Atlantis, Lizmark Jr., Último Guerrero, Olímpico, Rey Bucanero and El Sagrado) and Team "International wrestling", four of which worked for CMLL on a regular basis (Shigeo Okumura, Alex Koslov, Marco Corleone and Pierroth) and four wrestlers brought in from Japan specifically for the tournament (Minoru Suzuki, Jushin Thunder Liger, Hirooki Goto, Último Dragón). Pierroth was on "Team International" despite being born in Mexico as his "Ring persona" claims to be from Puerto Rico. The match came down to Último Guerrero and Jushin Thunder Liger as the final two participants and saw Guerrero win to become the first and so far only wrestler to win the Gran Prix back to back years and only the second wrestler to win the Gran Prix more than once.

Production

Background

In 1994 the Mexican  professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) organized their first ever International Gran Prix tournament. The first tournament followed the standard "single elimination" format and featured sixteen wrestlers in total, eight representing Mexico and eight "international" wrestlers. Some of these international wrestlers were already working for CMLL at the time, such as King Haku and Corazon de León while others came to Mexico specifically for the tournament such as Japanese wrestler Yamato. In the end Mexican Rayo de Jalisco Jr. defeated King Haku in the finals to win the tournament. In 1995 CMLL brought the tournament back, creating an annual tournament held every year from 1995 through 1998 and then again in 2002, 2003 and finally from 2005 through 2008. The first five tournaments from 1994 through 1998 were all standard 16-man tournaments, but when CMLL brought the International Gran Prix tournament back in 2002 it was modified into a Torneo Cibernetico elimination match where an eight-man "Team Mexico" would face off against an eight-man "Team International" until only one team or wrestler survived.

Rayo de Jalisco Jr. won both the inaugural tournament as well as the 1998 International Gran Prix tournament, making him one of only two wrestlers to win the tournament twice. The other repeat winner was Último Guerrero, who won both the 2006 and 2007 International Gran Prixs. Headhunter A (1995) and Steel (1997) were the only "Team International" wrestlers to win a tournament prior to the 2007 International Gran Prix tournament.

Storylines
The CMLL Gran Prix show  featured three professional wrestling matches scripted by CMLL with some wrestlers involved in scripted feuds. The wrestlers portray either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that play the part of the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they perform.

Tournament
Shocker was originally announced as part of "Team Mexico", but on the night of the show he was replaced by El Sagrado without any explanation from CMLL. During the match Alex Koslov and Atlantis ended up eliminating each other as they both had their shoulders down during the pin. The All Japan Pro Wrestling Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion Minoru Suzuki was eliminated from the match by disqualification as his cornerman Yoshihiro Takayama attacked Último Guerrero during the match. In the final sequence of the match Jushin Thunder Liger almost overcame a four-on-one advantage as he eliminated Rey Bucanero, Dr. Wagner Jr. and El Sagrado, but fell to Último Guerrero in the end, giving Team Mexico the victory. With his victory Guerrero became the second man to win the Gran Prix twice as well as the first to do it in back-to-back years.

Tournament overview

Tournament show

References

Category:2007 in professional wrestling
Category:CMLL International Gran Prix
Category:2007 in Mexico
Category:May 2007 events in Mexico


Phaeobalia elongata

Phaeobalia elongata is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.

References

Category:Empididae
Category:Insects described in 1982
Category:Diptera of Europe


Dungeon Magic

Dungeon Magic, also known as  in Japan and Europe, is a 1994 arcade game by Taito Corporation Japan and is also included in Taito Legends 2. Unlike most medieval/fantasy beat 'em ups, it featured an isometric viewing angle, some platforming (usually involving players stacking rocks or crates to climb on and jump to treasure chests), unusually large stylised sprites, and variable blood/gore settings.

Plot
An evil magician has brought an evil spirit back to life and is plotting to seize control of the kingdom, and has kidnapped the princess for use as a sacrifice. Four warriors venture into the world of magic to save the princess of the kingdom from the wicked magician: Ash the knight, Gren the roving warrior, Cisty the elf, whose whole family was destroyed by the evil spirit in the past, and the old magician Vold with the magic staff must now set off to save the princess.

Gameplay
In this game, up to four players can choose from four different characters: a knight, a martial artist, an elven archer and a wizard.

Consumable items: Collecting treasure gives experience points, and gaining levels slightly increases combo damage and shortens the charging time to perform a super attack (which is done by holding the attack button until the character glows yellow). Consuming food and drink items restores health, and picking up mice increases the chance to unleash a critical hit. Lastly, characters can pick up magical spheres which increase their ability to use their desperation attack.

Weapons and shields: There are three different elemental weapons (fire, ice and lightning) that deal increased damage against certain enemy types (for instance, fire weapons do extra damage against orc-type enemies). The starting weapon and the secret "power" weapon do not deal elemental damage but instead can inflict critical hits randomly; the "power weapon" increases damage and has a higher critical rate. Characters can also pick up and use single-use projectile weapons such as spears and throwing axes; the crossbow is unique in that it can be fired five times. There are five different shields that allow you to completely negate enemy attacks before breaking.

Items, weapons and shields can be found in barrels, crates, and treasure chests. However, players must be cautious to avoid traps, of which there are various kinds.

The enemies in the game are fairly standard for a fantasy-them game, including orcs, slimes, lizardmen, werewolves, carnivorous plants, harpies, and others. Bosses (known as Roomguarders) include demons, giant snakes, a spider-woman, and more. The game also features numerous branching paths that present different rooms and secret areas. However, each path must be cleared against a time limit. If the player dawdles in an area too long, then ghosts will eventually appear and swarm the player as punishment. Players must play through the game multiple times to see all of the rooms available.

Characters
Ash - Ash has many weaknesses compared to few strengths. Some of his weaknesses are a slow attack speed and a vulnerable special attack that has a very limited usage. His strengths are high combo damage (although his means of achieving it are not as effective as the other characters) and the most useful throw in the game. His desperation attack has a long duration, but its effectiveness is negated by low damage and its knockdown feature on all creatures but the giant serpents (which put together lower its damage potential, except against the serpents). Furthermore, his dashing attack does not knock down on hit, leaving Ash without a single reliable attack that knocks down enemies. Ash is best used by experienced players looking for a challenge. (Elemental swords affect Ash's combo, dashing attack, and special attack. The Jewel Star increases damage on the aforementioned attacks. Ash will blink white when his critical attack is triggered.)
Gren - Gren is a balanced and powerful character. His special attack is useful, and benefits greatly from the decreased charging time from high experience levels; however, it does not deal elemental damage. His combo attack can deal elemental damage, and is quick and excellent for performing infinite combos when stopped before the final attack; on the other hand, the final attack has a very high chance of unleashing a critical hit, especially with the Bare Knuckle gauntlets, for massive damage. Most importantly, Gren has the best dashing attack in the game; it hits multiple times, deals high damage, has excellent priority, and can deal elemental damage. Overall, Gren has no weaknesses and performs well throughout the entire game, and can even rival Vold once he gains the Bare Knuckle gauntlets. (Elemental gauntlets affect Gren's combo and dashing attack. The Bare Knuckle increases damage on the aforementioned attacks. Gren's attack will unleash blue flames when his critical attack is triggered; he can critical hit with his combo and dashing attack.)
Cisty - Cisty is a prominently long range fighter who also performs well in other areas. Her combo, as with Ash, is slow to come out but is effective when it fully connects; both Ash and Cisty have slow and risky infinite combos, and thus may have more problems against certain bosses. Furthermore, unfortunately, Cisty's combo does not benefit from elemental damage and does not get enhanced damage with her "power" weapon. Cisty's bomb attack can potentially hit every enemy on screen, but is very inconsistent and leaves her vulnerable afterward. Her throw is especially dangerous to use as it leaves her widely vulnerable. Cisty's strength lies in her ranged special attack which allows her to safely pick off enemies before they can reach her; however, the attack does not hit multiple enemies, unless they overlap, and thus must be used in conjunction with her slide attack to keep enemies at range. Her biggest weakness is against enemies that are too low or short to hit with arrows, such as the giant serpent, the toad enemies, and the wolf enemies. Overall, Cisty is a much improved Ash as she is superior in most aspects, but many of her moves leave her vulnerable. (Elemental bows only affect Cisty's arrow attack. The Strong Bow only increases the damage of her arrow attacks. Cisty's critical ability is different from the rest of the cast; it ONLY affects her special (NOT super) attack - it allows her to randomly fire off a super attack when using a normal special attack.)
Vold - Vold is the most powerful character in the game. His bomb attack is the most effective, covering excellent range, doing excellent damage, and being able to hit enemies twice due to its long duration. Vold alone has unique special attacks for each elemental weapon: some, such as the fire, ice, and holy staff, are much better than the others. The holy staff is the ultimate weapon in the game, allowing the powerful Vold to become nigh unstoppable. Thanks to his immensely overpowered special attacks, Vold is the easiest character to beat the game with. Vold's only weakness is his throw. His low combo damage is negated by the fact that he is the easiest character to perform infinite combos with, as his first combo attack has the least startup and lag. Vold is the most effective character in the game whether he is used by beginners or experts alike.

The image in the presentation is taken from a

References

External links

Dungeon Magic at arcade-history

Category:1993 video games
Category:Arcade games
Category:Cooperative video games
Category:Taito beat 'em ups
Category:Video games developed in Japan
Category:Video games featuring female protagonists
Category:Video games with isometric graphics


2011–12 LSU Tigers basketball team

The 2011–12 LSU Tigers men's basketball team represented Louisiana State University in the sport of basketball during the 2011–12 college basketball season. The Tigers competed in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Southeastern Conference (SEC). They were led by head coach Trent Johnson, and played their home games at the Pete Maravich Assembly Center on the university's Baton Rouge, Louisiana campus.

Previous season
The Tigers finished the 2010–11 season 11–21 overall, 3–13 in SEC play and lost in the first round of the SEC Tournament to Vanderbilt.

Roster

Schedule

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!colspan=9| Regular Season

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!colspan=9| SEC Regular Season

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!colspan=9| 2012 SEC Tournament

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!colspan=9| 2012 NIT

References

Category:LSU Tigers basketball seasons
Lsu
Lsu
LSU
LSU


Silent Night (Bon Jovi song)

"Silent Night" is a single and power ballad by American rock band Bon Jovi. It is taken from their second album, 7800° Fahrenheit.

It was the album's final single, debuting on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart Christmas week 1985 and hitting its peak of #24 a month later. The ballad was the glam metal album's most successful entry at rock radio, although it did not make the pop chart.

Chart performance

References

External links

Category:Bon Jovi songs
Category:1986 songs
Category:Songs written by Jon Bon Jovi
Category:PolyGram singles
Category:Hard rock ballads


M. Krishnan Nair (author)

M. Krishnan Nair (3 March 1923 – 23 February 2006) was an Indian academic, orator, literary journalist and literary critic of Malayalam literature. He was known for his Sahitya Varaphalam, a weekly column he wrote first in Malayalanadu weekly, later in Kalakaumudi and finally in Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika, which introduced world literature to Malayalam readers. He also published several books, including Saundaryathinte Sannidhanathil, Adhunika Malayala Kavitha and Vayanakkara, Ningal Jeevichirikkunno?. He was a recipient of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions and the B. D. Goenka Award for excellence in literary journalism.

Biography
Krishnan Nair was born in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of the south Indian state of Kerala on March 3, 1923 to V. K. Madhavan Pillai and Sarada Amma. He had his school education at Travancore and after graduating with honours from
the University College, Thiruvananthapuram in 1945, he joined the government service to serve as a clerk at the Kerala Government Secretariat for the next five years. He resigned from government service in 1950 to join the Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram as a lecturer and was transferred to his alma mater, the University College, Thiruvananthapuram in 1969. Later, he served the Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram and Victoria College, Palakkad before moving to Maharaja's College, Ernakulam where he served as the head of the department of Malayalam and retired from academic service in 1978 holding the position of a first grade professor.

Nair, a hospitable person to those who knew him, died on February 23, 2006, at the age of 82, at a hospital in Thiruvananthapuram, succumbing to cardiac failure following pneumonia. He is survived by his wife, Vijayamma, and five daughters; his son had died earlier in a road accident.

Literary career

Krishnan Nair was known to have been introduced into the world of literature by his father by reading the works of Kunchan Nambiar to him when he was a boy. He was also made to write commentaries on the books he was made to read. His first published work was an article tilted Vimarshanam (Criticism) which appeared in Navajeevan weekly run by C. V. Kunhiraman, a social reformer and journalist who would later found Kerala Kaumudi. His first book, Adunika Malayala Kavitha (Modern Malayalam Poetry), published by P. K. Brothers, was the compilation of the articles he wrote in Kaumudi during his days at the Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram. He also published several books, such as 'Adhunika Malayala Kavitha, M. Krishna Nairude Prabhandangal  and Prathibhayude Jwalagni.

 Sahithya Varaphalam
Krishnan Nair is best known as the critic who, after Kesari Balakrishna Pillai, introduced world literature to Malayali reader and his weekly column Sahithya Vaaraphalam, ran for 35 years. He started writing the column in Malayalanadu weekly in 1969 and it ran for a number of years before moving to Kalakaumudi weekly when Malayalanadu closed down and finally to Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika where it stayed until his death in 2006. Though his column was criticised for its alleged superficiality, the column helped a very large section of readers of Kerala to the world of literature from the Latin America, Europe, Africa and Asia. His critique of works by Malayalam authors were said to be impartial irrespective of whether the writer was a novice or an established one; he also used the column to comment upon the society. Nair, himself, did not consider the column as literary criticism, but preferred to call it literary journalism. Sahithya Vaaraphalam'' has since been compiled as a book and is also available online.

Awards and honours
When the B. D. Goenka Award was instituted in 1979, Krishnan Nair was selected for the honour for excellence in literary journalism. Kerala Sahitya Akademi awarded him their annual honour for overall contributions to him 2000.

Books by M.Krishnan Nair

Edited works

References

External links

Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram
Category:Malayalam literary critics
Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram faculty
Category:1923 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam faculty
Category:Indian literary critics
Category:Malayalam-language writers
Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni


Aulocera magica

Aulocera magica is a butterfly found in the East Palearctic that belongs to the browns family (Nymphalidae). It is endemic to western China and Tibet. The species was first described by Charles Oberthur in 1886.

Description from Seitz

S. magica Oberth. (41 c). Similar to the preceding Aulocera merlina, but there is a white longitudinal stripe in the cell of both wings on the underside. In the nymotypical form only the cell-stripe of the hindwing appears also above, while ab. lativitta Leech (41c) has a white cell-stripe also on the upperside of the forewing, the upperside of the hindwing being quite white, except the broad black distal margin. — In western China (at Wa-shan and Ta-tsien-lu) and in Tibet, rare, in .June and July.

References

Category:Satyrinae


Allah Yarlu

Allah Yarlu (, also Romanized as Allāh Yārlū) is a village in Angut-e Gharbi Rural District, Anguti District, Germi County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 93, in 17 families.

References

Tageo

Category:Towns and villages in Germi County


The Feddens

The Feddens are a 5-piece indie rock band from the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. The band consists of Peter Eason Daniels (synth, Guitar,vocals), Joe Cairns (rhythm guitar, vocals), Joe Loughlin (lead guitar), Holly Weyman (bass) and Jack Cairns (drums).

The Feddens came to prominence after a small number of gigs in Gloucestershire. In 2012 they released their first two EPs "Smoke Signals" and "So Long, The Storm". A few of the songs on these EP's have been played on a number of radio stations and have had critical acclaim from a number of indie music reviewers.

In November 2012 they released a new demo single 'Count Backwards'. Shortly before the release of Count Backwards, it was released that previous member Sean Walker (rhythm guitar) had left the band to form another Gloucestershire-based band, New Lake. He was replaced by Holly Weyman on bass and Joe Cairns moved to rhythm guitar.

Through Summer 2013 the band have released their new Summer single 'Semaphore'. The band have also announced a number of Summer festivals where they are playing live including the Wychwood Festival in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

Influences
On the band's Facebook page they state that they were influenced by the Arctic Monkeys, Bombay Bicycle Club, Dog Is Dead, Two Door Cinema Club, Foals, The Cure, The Smiths and local Gloucestershire band Los Campesinos!

Smoke Signals
'Smoke Signals' was the Feddens first EP released on 13 February 2012.

So Long, The Storm
'So Long, The Storm was the Feddens second EP released on 30 May 2012.

References

Category:English indie rock groups
Category:People from Forest of Dean District
Category:Musicians from Gloucestershire


Lončarjev Dol

Lončarjev Dol () is a settlement in the hills east of Sevnica in east-central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Styria. The entire Municipality of Sevnica is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

References

External links
Lončarjev Dol at Geopedia

Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Sevnica


Polnet Communications

Polnet Communications, Ltd. is a Chicago, Illinois-based company that owns six AM radio stations in the United States.  Many stations run Polish language or other multicultural programming.  The company is 100 percent owned by its president Walter Kotaba.

Stations owned

 WNVR/1030: Vernon Hills, Illinois (Polish-language)
 WRDZ/1300: La Grange, Illinois (Polish-language)
 WKTA/1330: Evanston, Illinois (multi-cultural)
 WEEF/1430: Deerfield, Illinois (multi-cultural)
 WPJX/1500: Zion, Illinois (multi-cultural)
 WRKL/910: New City, New York (Polish-language)
 WPVS-LP/29: Milwaukee, Wisconsin (low-power television station; currently silent)
 WPVN-CD/24: Aurora/Chicago (low-power television station)

External links
 Polnet Communications
 Polskie Radio
 Polvision

Category:Radio broadcasting companies of the United States
Category:Companies based in Chicago
Category:Polish-American culture in Chicago
Category:Polish-language media in the United States
Category:Companies with year of establishment missing


Hydra (Satariel album)

Hydra is the third studio album by Swedish melodic death metal band Satariel.

Track listing

Personnel

Satariel
 Pär Johansson – vocals
 Magnus Alakangas – guitars, synthesizer, programming
 Mikael Granqvist – guitars
 Mikael Granbacke – bass guitar
 Robert "Zoid" Sundelin – drums

Additional musicians
 Simon Johansson – guitar solo
 Lenny Blade – additional vocals
 Vanja Wikström – backing vocals
 Max Lorentz – organ

Production
 Daniel Bergstrand – producer, engineering
 Magnus Alakangas – producer, engineering, mastering
 Örjan Örnkloo – producer, engineering
 Pär Johansson – artwork, layout
 Andreas Wallström – photography

Category:Satariel (band) albums


Apiomerini

The Apiomerini are a tribe of the Harpactorinae (assassin bugs). This tribe is restricted to the New World and consists of 11 genera.

Partial list of genera

Agriocleptus Stål, 1866
Agriocoris Stål, 1866
Amauroclopius Stål, 1868
Apiomerus Hahn, 1831
Beharus Fabricius, 1803
Heniartes Spinola, 1840
Manicocoris Fabricius, 1787
Micrauchenus Amyot & Servile, 1843
Ponerobia Amyot & Serville, 1843

References

Category:Reduviidae
Category:Hemiptera tribes


King Talal Dam

The King Talal Dam is a large dam in the hills of northern Jordan, across the Zarqa River. The dam was started in 1971, with the original construction being completed in 1978 at a height of 92.5 meters. The original dam cost $46 million and was partially funded by a $16.8 million loan from the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development and a $5.6 million grant from the Abu Dhabi Fund. Energoprojekt of Yugoslavia was the consultant and Planum of Yugoslavia was the contractor.

In 1984, to meet the country's increased water demands, work to raise the dam to a height of 106 meters was begun, a project that was completed in 1988. The dam is named after king Talal of Jordan. The main purpose of the dam is to store winter rains and treated wastewater from Amman and Zarqa treated in the As Samra plant for irrigation in the Jordan Valley. The dam irrigates about 17,000 hectares and supports the livelihood of 120,000 people.

References

External links

Category:Geography of Jordan
Category:Dams in Jordan
Category:Dams completed in 1977
Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Jordan
Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1978
Category:Jordan River basin