List of The Lead (TV series) episodes

Mediacorp Channel 8's television series The Lead is a mid year blockbuster in 2017 produced by Mediacorp. The story about 4 friends who lived in a kampong and grow up to be actors.

The show will begin airing on Mediacorp Channel 8 in Singapore from 22 May 2017.

Episodic Guide
Episode 1 - Growing up in the same Kampung, Zhen, Guanghui,Anya and Deping are avid TV fans. Guanghui Climbs up the roof to fix the television antenna when he misses a step.

Episode 2 - Guanghui has a lingering fear over what has taken place. Grandma has a persistent cough. Deping says porcupine dates are good for coughs but very expensive. Anya offers to buy some, but Guanghui rejects her help. Xiaohu ask Zhen to give up her dream of being an actress but she refuse. Anya and Deping brings words that there is a fire at a restaurant in which Guanghui works. The three friends race to the scene but are prevented from the police from going too close. They are anxious, but have no choice but to leave. Deping gives Grandma a scare, when he thoughtlessly says something has happened to Guanghui. Guanghui arrives home with porcupine dates. Grandma is relieved and cry tears of joy. Guanghui lies about his escapade as is still early .It was the day of his exam and it was early, Guanghui was going out for a while but Then holds tightly to him and drops a bad with bottles of smuggled wine. Everyone is dumbfounded but Guanghui says he does it to buy porcupine dates for Grandma. They are late for the exam. Xiangrong was one of the judges plead with the other judges of giving them a chance. The results are released, everyone was accepted except Zhen, Anya runs into Jiang Longhai when she reports for work. She then realise she was selected in place of Zhen. Zhen was infuriated.

Episode 3 - Deping cannot believe Anya was accepted instead of the prettier Zhen. Guanghui points to the relationship Anya's father, Guodong, has with Xinghai, the head of Chinese drama unit. Guanghui offers to give his place up to Zhen. She turns him down; she feels he is a born actor. Xiaohu asks the director for a substitute for Xiangrong when he notices she is unwell. At the director's insistence, however, Xiangrong attempts to execute the wire-suspension stunt herself. Zhen volunteers to replace Xiangrong. Suspended in mid-air, she grits her teeth in fear to finish the scene. Later, she tells Xiangrong she is content to just be a stand-in. The four friends have a day out together. Deping scoffs at Anya, but they make up when he returns to help her with her sprained ankle. Guanghui and Zhen see Xiaohu and Xiangrong talking in undertones, after which Xiaohu seems agitated. They part ways. Suspicious, Zhen and Guanghui secretly tail him and see him and a fully disguised Xiangrong enter a hotel.

Episode 4 - Zhen and Guanghui think Xiaohu and Xiangrong are in the hotel for a tryst. They dash into the hotel room, to find another middle-aged woman with them. Bluntly, Zhen asks Xiangrong if she is her mother. Xiaohu rebukes her for her wild imagination. Xiangrong makes up an excuse. As Zhen fires her questions persistently, Xiaohu leaves hurriedly. Anya and Zhen are constantly bullied by a director. Deping and Guanghui defend the girls and get themselves into trouble with the director. Incensed, the director abuses his power by asking Guanghui to shoot a bath scene in the nude. Guanghui passes the editing room while on his way to see the director, and several cameramen are laughing at his nude bath scene. A scuffle ensues. Xinghai is unable to find the nude bath scene in the editing room. Guanghui scolds him for showing favouritism and leaves angrily. Xinghai hopes Guanghui will put his heart into acting, but Guanghui does not heed anyone's advice. Zhen is hurt while being a stand-in. Anxious, Xiangrong asks after her. Zhen pesters Xiangrong again about her parentage.

Episode 5 - With Zhen intensely probing, Xiangrong has no choice but to reveal the background. Zhen's mother is He Xinyu, Xiangrong's good friend. Twenty years ago, Xinyu left for Hong Kong to build her career. Xinyu fell in love with Xiaohu and gave birth to Zhen. Now, Xinyu is down and out, but her whereabouts are unknown. Intrigued, Zhen asks Xiaohu what happened. She stops asking when she senses he is upset. Guanghui's bad attitude irks the director. Xinghai issues him a warning, but Guanghui argues and tells Xinghai he has no right to lecture him since his partiality for a certain colleague is evident. Not long after, Guanghui learns Xinghai has fired the director. Deping finds out about the love triangle between Zhen, Guanghui and Anya. Guanghui thinks it is an April Fools’ Day prank when Deping tells him Zhen likes him. Embarrassed, Zhen gets into an argument with Deping. Guanghui is late for work. Xinghai scolds him. In a fit of anger, Guanghui resigns. Xinghai makes him finish a scene before he leaves. Ironically, for the first time, Guanghui finds joy in his work. Xinghai shows Guanghui the scene he had completed and asks him to reconsider his resignation.

Episode 6  - Time flies. The kampong is requisitioned by the government. Zhen and the others are forced to move out. Anya and Guodong move into a house. Guanghui and Zhen are neighbours again. Roped in as a substitute, Zhen does a scene with Deping. She is bruised by him. He blames her for being slow and refuses to admit his mistake. Incensed, Guanghui chases him out of the house. Deping has nowhere to stay and decides to sleep in the artistes’ rest room. He bumps into a girl in white, which scares the wits out of him. The next day, Guodong tells him the "ghost" is named Qian-gu. Deping falls ill and faints. Deping wakes up to find Zhen looking after him. He confesses his feelings for her, which terrifies her. Xinghai realises Zhen has potential as an actress. He decides to give her a part in a drama. However, she takes her role too seriously and irks the director. Anya comforts her and shares that she envies her for landing a role with dialogue. They encourage each other to fulfil their dreams. Anya is shocked to find out she has been cheated of the $1,000 she paid to a talent agency.

Episode 7  - Anya complains to her friends about the talent agency. Guanghui comes up with a plan to lure the swindler out. Zhen watches other actors filming a scene and halts the proceedings when the actor does not perform well. The director is incensed, and complains to Xinghai. Xinghai tells Zhen her intensity scares all the directors and no one dares to give her a role. She is disheartened. Deping lures the swindler, Alan, out. Anya recognises him. With two thugs, Alan taunts Deping to pay him, and threatens to disfigure Anya. Deping gets into a fight with the thugs, with Guanghui and Zhen helping him. The police arrive and arrest Alan and his men. Anya asks Guodong to help her become a lead actress. He tells her to get the TV producer, Jason, drunk, take him to a hotel, and accuse him of taking advantage of her. Jason will then relent and give her a plum role. An unexpected turn of events sees Jason giving the lead role to Deping instead. Guodong comes up with another idea: He decides to let Anya go overseas to seek acting opportunities.

Episode 8 - Xinghai and Xiangrong are judges of the preliminary round of Star Search. They are surprised to see Zhen as one of the contestants. When Xinghai voices his dislike for Zhen's acting style, she is crushed. She feels she has lost her last chance to make it big and becomes uncertain of her future, as all she knows is acting. Xiangrong recommends she fill up a vacancy in the costumes department. Zhen goes looking for Guanghui on the set to share the news with him. She finds him sleeping in a corner. As she watches him, she blurts out her feelings for him on impulse and musters up the courage to kiss him. He wakes up suddenly. Guanghui, who's the lead, films a scene with Deping. Deping fumes when the director scolds him for changing his lines, while praising Guanghui for doing the same. Deping laments that the person who is popular can do whatever he wants. Zhen encourages him to prove himself. He hugs her gratefully. Zhen is undecided whether to confess her love for Guanghui. Grandma encourages her to fight for her happiness. Deping finds out and tries to hinder Zhen from meeting Guanghui.

Episode 9 - Zhen is angry with Deping for ruining her declaration of love. He advises her to give up, as Anya is the person Guanghui likes. Zhen is heartbroken. Because of her advancing age, Xiangrong is edged out of the limelight and forced to take supporting roles. Although she pretends to be open-minded, she is bothered by this. Infuriated with Guanghui for not joining them for dinner, Deping orders many spicy dishes, not knowing Grandma does not take well to spicy food. She doesn’t want to offend Deping and forces herself to eat. That night, she develops diarrhoea. When told that Deping had forced Grandma to eat spicy food, Guanghui flies into a rage and chases him out of the house. Deping moves into Zhen's house. She chases him out when she hears he had helped Anya to spy on her and Guanghui and prevented them from being together. Anya undergoes a complete makeover. She takes on the lead role in a new drama and is paired with Guanghui as a couple. Zhen rushes to the film set to inform Guanghui that Grandma is missing. She witnesses him kissing Anya and is devastated.

Episode 10 - Everyone is panicky over Grandma's disappearance. It turns out that she was bringing a cake to the TV station to celebrate Guanghui's birthday. He is moved, and promises to be filial. Disturbed by Guanghui's aloofness towards Deping, Zhen helps them to reconcile. Zhen is fired from her job. To make matters worse for her, Guanghui and Anya get closer. Zhen begs Xiaohu to let her be a stunt double. He refuses. With Anya's help, Zhen gets to work at Guodong's food stall at the TV station. Anya and Guanghui become the newly acclaimed on-screen couple. Deping is getting bigger roles for his portrayal of villains. Only Zhen remains off-screen. She now is a dish cleaner at the TV station canteen. Guanghui finally accepts Anya when she professes her love for him. Zhen is heart-broken to see them kissing. By chance, Zhen is invited to work in the makeup department. With makeup on, she looks entirely different. A rising actor, Liwei, tries to hit on her. Guanghui returns home to find his birth mother, Bixia, waiting for him.

Episode 11 - Zhen learns the reason why Bixia abandoned Guanghui many years ago and sympathises with her. She decides to help them reconcile. Xiaohu is shocked to see a female stranger using the washroom early in the morning. Bixia shares her plight, and he decides to lend a hand as well. Guanghui and Anya find it thrilling to date secretly. Anya asks Zhen to help them cover up their romance, as she is afraid their relationship will affect their careers. Guanghui agrees, and Zhen relents. Bixia seeks Guanghui's forgiveness but to no avail. She confides in Xiaohu, and cries in his arms. Xiaohu's plan backfires and Bixia almost loses her life. Fortunately, Guanghui and Zhen arrive in time to save her. Although Guanghui is concerned about Bixia, he is unable to let go of his bitterness. She decides to leave. Zhen tells Guanghui off. He discovers Bixia gone, having left a birthday gift he had given her years ago. He decides to look for her.

Episode 12 -  The loansharks confront Bixia. Xiaohu tries to negotiate with them but to no avail. Guanghui offers to settle the debt. Guodong takes Anya to see Eric, the head of a movie company. He mentions that Eric has invested in many foreign movies, and if Anya maintains a good relationship with him, she might have the opportunity to act in a Hollywood production. He wants her to break up with Guanghui; she refuses. Bixia asks Zhen if she likes Guanghui. Encouraging her to pursue her happiness, Bixia reasons that the best way is to ruin Guanghui and Anya's relationship. Anya goes on a date with Guanghui. She instructs Zhen to inform her if she spots any reporters. Zhen notices a reporter lingering around. A moment of selfishness prevents her from alerting Anya and Guanghui, and they are photographed. Guanghui gives the loansharks $10,000. Soon after, Bixia meets with the loansharks and they split the money. Xiaohu chances upon the scene and is taken aback.

Episode 13 - When Xiaohu appears, Bixia signals the loansharks to play along with her. They comply and slap her. After the loansharks leave, Bixia pretends to show affection for Xiaohu so he would not doubt her. Liwei expresses his feelings for Zhen. She feels flattered as it is the first time anyone has ever declared romantic love. Deping warns Liwei not to lead her on. Anya is unable to meet Guanghui privately for a period of time. Wanting to surprise him, however, she goes to the karaoke lounge he is at. He is so drunk that he does not recognise her, and she is annoyed. Bixia tells Xiaohu she wants to become a masseur, to clear her debts and relieve Guanghui of this financial burden. Xiaohu decides to pawn his ex-wife's wedding ring to help her. The TV station is recognising its artistes in the Star Awards show for the first time. Guanghui and Anya are nominees in the best actor and actress categories. The top 10 best male and female artistes will be chosen by audience votes. Anya receives the award for best actress. Elated, she gets carried away and asks which award she should win the next time.

Episode 14 -  Guanghui lands the best actor award. Decked with the most popular male star award, Deping has the sense of finally being on par with Guanghui. Zhen loses a sum of money for betting on Guanghui taking the most popular male star award. Deping and Guanghui reconcile. Learning that Guanghui is gambling at the club, Bixia colludes with Long to trap him, so as to get more money out of him. Bixia mocks Anya for having plastic surgery and says she is not fit to be her daughter-in-law. When she notices Guanghui approaching, Bixia provokes Anya on purpose. Anya rants at Bixia, and Guanghui reprimands her. They argue heatedly, and decide to end their relationship.

Episode 15 - Anya tells Zhen she is happier since the breakup. Zhen shares that Guanghui is too troubled to work, and even resorts to drinking. Zhen arranges for Anya and Guanghui to have lunch. Guanghui behaves intimately with Meina on purpose, and Anya leaves in a huff. Guanghui ponders his feelings for Anya, and realises it was Anya's character in the drama that he was in love with. The reporters expose Anya's episode of plastic surgery, and she speculates that it was Meina who leaked the news. Xinghai informs Anya that she should take a break; her role has been given to Meina. Guanghui and Liwei fall into Long's trap and chalk up a debt of $100,000. He threatens them and gives them a week to pay, otherwise he will inform the media. Guanghui appreciates Zhen for standing by him whenever he is down, and hugs her. Anya witnesses this and becomes convinced it was Zhen who betrayed her, so as to gain Guanghui. Flying into a rage, she slaps Zhen and ends their friendship. She also severs her ties with Guanghui. Anya decides to go overseas to further her studies. Xiaohu discovers Bixia preparing to leave after stealing all the valuables in the house. At the airport, Anya is discouraged that no one is there to see her off. She laments her friends have left her in the lurch.

Episode 16 - Bixia admits she had come back with the intention of cheating Guanghui. It was she who told to the reporters that Anya had a plastic surgery. Guanghui asks Bixia if she regards him as her son. She does not reply. Leaving a bag of money, which represents all the cash she wrangled from him, she tells him to assume she is dead. Guanghui is shattered. Xiaohu is upset his feelings were manipulated by Bixia. Zhen promises to help him look for another girlfriend. Guanghui and Meina are touted as the new on-screen couple. Noticing that they often behave intimately around each other, reporters ask if they are in fact a couple. They clarify that they are just good friends. Guanghui asks Zhen if she has contacted Anya. Zhen replies that Anya does not pick up her calls, but she has heard from Guodong that Anya is actively seeking an opportunity in Hollywood. Guanghui and Zhen go home drunk. Zhen asks if he likes her. He kisses her but falls asleep soon after.

Episode 17 -  While filming, Deping offends Zheng Jiang, a renowned Hong Kong actor. Zheng Jiang storms off the set. Xinghai promises to give Deping a lead role in an upcoming blockbuster if he apologises to Zheng Jiang. Deping gives in. Under the pretense of apologising to Deping, Liwei orders him an alcoholic drink. Unaware Liwei has spiked the drink, Deping becomes very drunk. He mistakes the guest actress as Zhen and tries to kiss her. The woman screams, and security guards are called in to subdue Deping. Deping is suspended for molesting the woman. He complains that he was framed by Liwei. Zhen maintains her trust in him. Guodong and Xiangrong fail to settle their dispute out of court. Guodong accuses Xiangrong of trying to extort money from him by pretending it is compensation. Stung by Guodong's harsh remarks, Xiangrong faints. She is diagnosed to have acute myeloid leukemia and is told she needs a bone marrow transplant urgently. Zhen volunteers to be tested for suitability as a donor. Deping is fired. Zhen and Guanghui stand by him. It is the most difficult phase of his life thus far. Both Deping and Guanghui show their affection for Zhen. They become entangled in a love triangle.

Episode 18 - Zhen offends Meina and is subsequently accused of being lacklustre in her work. Xinghai wants to dismiss her. Xiangrong pleads on her behalf. Grateful to Xiangrong for helping his daughter, Xiaohu decides to donate his bone marrow to her. Guanghui cannot accept that Meina is pregnant. However, he rushes to see her when he learns she is going to abort the baby. She claims that if they get married, his career will stall and she doesn’t want to be a burden. Touched, he hugs her. Zhen is overjoyed when Xinghai allows her to remain in her job. She can’t wait to share the good news with Guanghui. He tells her he is going to marry Meina as he doesn’t want to be irresponsible, as his own parents were. Zhen is stunned. Guanghui marries Meina. However, she miscarries. Their relationship is not harmonious. Time flies. It is the year 2016. Everyone's life changes.

Episode 19 - The broadcasting station relocates to a new location in year 2016. Ah Zhen is a Director whereas Li Wei, Guanghui and Mei Na are joint-investors of a fine dining restaurant. Guanghui channels his focus on the business and neglects filming. De Ping tries to woo investors to support his movie but fails. Anya auditions for a film but ends up arguing with an Executive Producer because she was not willing to play the supporting role.

Episode 20 - Just when Xiaohu and Xiangrong got closer, Ah Zhen's biological mom appears. Xiaohu refuses to forgive her for abandoning both of them. He maintains a distance from her. Guanghui turns to the loan sharks to help his business tide through difficult times. Ah Zhen learns of his debts and lends him money to help him out.

Episode 21 - Zhiguang explains Xinyu's role, and she realises it's only a supporting part. Dissatisfied, she speaks of herself as a famous Hong Kong movie star and insists the role is too minor for her. Guanghui confesses to Anya that his loanshark debt is snowballing and he can’t clear it. Straightaway, she asks how much he needs, without probing. He is guilt-stricken for letting her down in the past. Meina demands to know why Anya keeps trying to get close to Guanghui. Anya retorts that she is only helping a friend, and chides her for doing nothing as his wife. Meina slaps her in a fit of anger. The people around them whip out their handphones and record the scene. Anya is embarrassed. Zhen learns of Xinyu's predicament and wants her to move into her house. Xiaohu flares up at the sight of Xinyu. Zhen finds some medicine in Xinyu's bag. Xinyu snatches it and claims it's for her migraine. Deping is required to assist in a police investigation into an intimidation and assault case.

Episode 22 - Deping is alleged to have intimidated Uncle Hong and injured him. Disillusioned, he laments that his talent is not recognised even after all these years. Zhen comforts him and encourages him by saying his dream to direct a movie will indeed come true. Guanghui and Liwei are heavily in debt. They go drinking to alleviate their stress. Liwei reveals that Meina tipped off the reporters in the past, to get Guanghui to marry her. Fuming, Guanghui demands a divorce. Meina asks for forgiveness and agrees to let him mortgage their house. Zhen takes a photo of Xinyu's medicine and goes to a pharmacy to inquire about it. She is shocked to be told it is medication for cancer. Xiaohu doesn’t believe Xinyu is terminally ill. Xiangrong advises him not to confront her but to reconcile with her. Grandma leaves some cash and jewellery for Guanghui. Touched, he feels ashamed. However, he succumbs to his gambling addiction and goes again to the casino to try his luck. Meina and Liwei are practical enough to start making plans for themselves.

Episode 23 - During filming, Xinyu walks towards the edge of the rooftop, ignoring Zhen and Xiaohu's warnings. She comes to her senses suddenly and explains that she is too engrossed in her character. Xiaohu's persistent questions leave Xinyu no choice but to admit she has lung cancer. She doesn’t want to suffer the torture of treatment and says her biggest wish is to live a happy family life. Qiulian reprimands Guanghui for not turning up for filming. He lies that his grandmother is ill and he has to take care of her. Qiulian decides to give him one last chance. Zhen berates Guanghui for lying to Qiulian and slaps him. Guanghui finds two loanshark runners at Grandma's house. He is told Meina and Liwei have borrowed a huge sum of money. The runners demand he pay up. When he refuses, he is beaten up. Grandma tells Guanghui she is in-the-know and advises him to kick his gambling addiction. Frustrated, he flares up and storms off. Xinyu is agitated to learn Xiaohu did not break up with Xiangrong. She attempts suicide. At the hospital, the doctor confirms she does not have cancer.

Episode 24 - Ah Zhen realises that Xin Yu's condition is getting worse but Xiaohu feels that Xin Yu is just acting so as to get people's attention. Xiang Rong brings Xin Yu to a psychiatrist but Xin Yu runs away angrily. Xin Yu blames Xiang Rong for separating her family and started crying and begging Xiang Rong to break up with Xiaohu. Xiang Rong agrees helplessly.

Episode 25 - Guang Hui gets fired by the broadcast station. He decided to apply for bankruptcy as he could not afford to return the loan. Guang Hui tells An Ya that his dream was to open a fish farm, not become a star. He decided to go overseas to help at his friend's fish farm. An Ya could not accept the truth.

Episode 26 - Grandma has a stroke and loses consciousness. Guanghui is nowhere to be found. Realising she might not live long, everyone looks frantically for him. Anya remembers Guanghui mentioning a job at a fish farm. Zhen and Anya rush to the pier, only to see him leaving on a boat. They yell for him to disembark. By the time they rush to the hospital, it is too late. Grandma is dead. Guanghui does not attend Grandma's funeral. Unable to face up to her passing, he wallows in grief and remorse. Zhen tries in vain to get Guanghui to pull himself together. Deping forces the issue, and Guanghui breaks down. He runs to the roof-top but is too scared to jump off. Thereafter, he disappears. Deping's movie wraps up. He realises Anya's face is starting to look distorted and suspects it's due to the plastic surgery. Worried about her appearance, Anya becomes paranoid. The movie theatre manager has no intention of screening Deping's movie. Incensed, Deping cites Anya's looks as the reason and quarrels with her. Deping is drunk when he gets involved in a car race. He hits a pedestrian and flees from the scene of the accident.

Episode 27 - A screening is held for Deping's new movie. Only a few people attend. Deping criticises a reporter whom he catches sleeping. Guodong meets Eric and makes arrangements for a movie audition for Anya on her behalf. Touched that Eric has been waiting for her to reciprocate his love all these years, Anya sleeps with him. Little does she expect that he is merely toying with her. The lead role goes to someone else. Anya's affair with Eric is exposed and she is suspected to be his mistress. Her plastic surgery also makes the news, and her reputation becomes tainted. The driver who knocked down and killed Deping's parents passes away. The driver's son looks Deping up and gives him a large sum of money as compensation. The drama turns in poor ratings. Zhiguang wants Zhen to collude with him and blame the director. When she refuses, he complains to top management and makes her the scapegoat. Guanghui wanders about aimlessly and sleeps in the streets. He is almost beaten up for not paying for his alcoholic drinks. Zhen and Anya continue to look unrelentingly for him.

Episode 28 -  Zhen is demoted to a production coordinator for her poor performance. Deping notices two police officers near his house. Guilt-ridden, he turns around and runs but is arrested. He insists the hit-and-run was an accident but soon realises the policemen did not come for him. Anya's mother, Auntie Fang, chides Guodong for inciting Anya to pursue fame from her earliest years, which is the reason she will do anything to attain it; hence, her current predicament. He kneels before Auntie Fang and begs for forgiveness. Before Deping attends his hearing, he confesses his feelings for Zhen. He is sentenced to two months’ imprisonment for reckless driving. Anya decides to go away for a while. One year passes. Zhen is now a producer. The scriptwriter suggests filming a drama about the TV station to celebrate its 35th anniversary, and invite Deping and Guanghui to make cameo appearances. After Deping is released from jail, he becomes a taxi driver. Anya returns to Singapore, her face now deformed. Meanwhile, Guanghui tells his master he wants to become a monk.

Episode 29 - Deping and Zhen are called to the morgue to identify Guanghui's body. The body is beyond recognition. Zhen is certain Guanghui is not dead. At home, Anya keeps throwing temper tantrums and is always in a bad mood. Auntie Fang is anxious. Zhen suggests leaving Anya alone for a while, so that she will be forced to learn to be independent. After some persuasion, Anya goes out with Zhen. She wears shades and masks and holds tightly onto Zhen. This attracts the attention of some passers-by. Anya breaks down; she is still unable to face people. Deping argues with a customer over the taxi fare, and the customer files a complaint against him. Angered, Deping quits. Out of desperation, he decides to go back to acting. The video showing Jingjing being sexually harassed by Deping goes viral. Zhen does not believe Deping would do such a thing and suggests making a police report. Guilt-stricken, Jingjing agrees not to pursue it further. Told that Guanghui is overseas, Deping goes in search of him, without informing Zhen.

Episode 30 - Anya finally plucked up the courage, wore a face mask and went out. Her suspicious movements drew attention. She faints and videos featuring her current look went viral. Deping claims only Guanghui can talk her out of her misery. Will they be able to find him?

See also
 List of MediaCorp Channel 8 Chinese drama series (2010s)
The Lead (TV Series)

Category:Television in Singapore
Category:Chinese-language television programs


Nadege Essoh

Nadege Essoh (born 5 May 1990) is an Ivorian professional footballer. She was part of the Ivorian squad for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.

References

External links

 Profile at FIF

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Ivorian women's footballers
Category:Ivory Coast women's international footballers
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Women's association football forwards
Category:2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players


Xenorma leucocrypta

Xenorma leucocrypta is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in Venezuela and Brazil.

The larvae feed on Cecropia species.

References

Category:Moths described in 1909
Category:Notodontidae of South America


Szczepów

Szczepów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żukowice, within Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately  west of Żukowice,  west of Głogów, and  north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

References

Category:Villages in Głogów County


Hazelwood House, Sligo

Hazelwood House is an 18th-century Palladian style country house located in a  demesne in the parish of Calry, some  south-east of the town of Sligo in north-west Ireland. It has been described as one of County Sligo's most neglected treasures. In addition to its architectural value, the house is important both socially and historically.

Location
Situated on a peninsula jutting into Lough Gill east of Sligo town with views of Ben Bulben to the north, the house stands in a wooded estate originally  in extent, but now reduced to .

Architecture

The house was the first Palladian house in Ireland designed by Richard Cassels (c.1730), the architect who also designed Leinster House, Powerscourt House and Russborough House.

It consists of a 5-bay by 3-bay main block in three storeys with 2-storey wings on either side connected to the main block by single-storey quadrants. The building is constructed of limestone ashlar with slate roofs.

Since construction, the house saw several decades of neglect and alteration. For example, in the 1870s, a three-bay, two-storey wing was added on the western side of the main block. The main staircase was removed in the 1950s and replaced with a concrete flight of stairs. A number of chimney pieces were taken and replaced with replicas.

History
The original name for the area is Annagh (Eanach) meaning "marsh" and was on land belonging to the Ó Conchobhair Sligigh Lords of the territory of Cairbre Drom Cliabh.

There was an O'Conor castle located here that according to O'Rorke (1889) was at Castle Point on Lough Gill south of the present house.

This area belonged to the O'Connor's throughout the Medieval period before passing to the merchant Andrew Crean in the early 17th century, then to Lord William Strafford.

In 1635, during the planning for the aborted Plantation of Connacht, the estate was bought by Sir Phillip Perceval acting secretly on behalf of the Lord Deputy Wentworth and Sir George Radcliffe. Subsequent allegations claimed that Perceval tricked O'Connor into selling by claiming that it belonged to the Crown and would be subject to Plantation without any recompense to O'Connor. The hostility created by this was instrumental in the Sligo gentries taking part in the 1641 rebellion.

In 1687 it went to Thomas Wilson and in 1722 to the Wynnes.

The Wynne Family
Lt-Gen. Owen Wynne, a descendant of the Welsh Wynne family from Merioneth purchased the estate in 1722. In addition to the  the conveyance also included extensive property within the Borough of Sligo, together with the fairs, markets and tolls.

On his death in 1737, the estate passed to his nephew, also Owen Wynne (1686–1755) who was an Army officer. He was succeeded by his son, a third Owen, who was High Sheriff of Sligo for 1723 and 1745. The house then passed to the latter's son, a fourth Owen (died 1789), who was an M.P. for County Sligo in the Irish Parliament and an Irish Privy Councillor. His eldest son, a fifth Owen (1755–1841), inherited the house on his death and was also an M.P. for County Sligo in the Irish Parliament and High Sheriff. He was followed by his son, John Arthur Wynne (1801–1865), MP for Sligo Borough and High Sheriff for 1840, and John Arthur's son, a sixth Owen (1843–1910), High Sheriff for 1874.

The sixth Owen Wynne was the last Wynne to occupy Hazelwood House and died without a male heir in 1910. His daughter Murial and her husband Philip Dudley Percival then occupied the house, selling off the livestock and machinery until they left Hazelwood in 1923.

Recent history

The house then stood empty until 1930, when a retired tea planter named Berridge lived there, carrying out repairs and renovations before the house and lands were sold to the Land Commission and the State Forestry Department in 1937.

In 1940 the house was occupied by the Irish Army's 12th Cyclist Squadron and served as their barracks until January 1945.

In 1946 it was sold to the Department of Health for use as a psychiatric hospital.

In c.1969 it was sold again to the Italian manufacturing company SNIA S.p.A. to use as part of a nylon yarn factory complex which they built to the rear of the house. The factory closed in 1983 and was acquired in 1987 by the South Korean company Saehan Media, who produced video tapes on the site until 2005.

The property was sold in April 2006 for €7-€10 million to a local consortium, Foresthaze Developments, who applied in 2007 for permission to develop the site. The application was refused by Sligo County Council and the owners served with a notice to improve the fabric of the building to ensure its preservation.

Empty since 1987, the house itself is now boarded up and in poor condition. Some members of the community want Hazelwood House and its grounds restored and developed as a tourism amenity.

Foresthaze Developments was placed in receivership in October 2013.

See also
 Hazelwood, County Sligo

References

Category:Buildings and structures in County Sligo
Category:History of County Sligo


Glasgow Kelvin (UK Parliament constituency)

Glasgow Kelvin was a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1997 until 2005. The area it represented is now covered by  Glasgow Central, Glasgow North and Glasgow North West.

It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) using the first-past-the-post voting system.

Boundaries
The City of Glasgow District electoral divisions of Anderston/City, Hyndland/Hillhead, and Scotstoun/Broomhill.

The constituency included Glasgow city centre.

Members of Parliament

Election results

Elections of the 2000s

Elections of the 1990s

References

Category:Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1997
Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies disestablished in 2005
Category:Politics of Glasgow
Category:Partick
Category:Hillhead


Gentile Air Force Station

Gentile Air Force Station was a USAF installation in Kettering, Ohio, named for World War II fighter ace Don Gentile and closed in 1997.  Gentile AFS was the site of the Defense Electronics Supply Center (merged with the Defense Construction Supply Center in Columbus to form the Defense Supply Center, Columbus)  and its Defense Automatic Addressing System Center.  In 1994, Gentile AFS became a Defense Finance and Accounting Service Center facility for the Air Force.  After Gentile's closure, the town of Kettering converted the base property into Kettering Business Park.

Sources
GlobalSecurity.org:  http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/gentile.htm
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 105 / Thursday, May 30, 1996 / Notices, page 27054, "Record of Decision (ROD) for the Disposal and Reuse of Gentile Air Force Station (AFS), Ohio"*

Category:1942 establishments in Ohio
Category:1997 disestablishments in Ohio
Category:Buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Ohio
Category:Stations of the United States Air Force
Category:Formerly Used Defense Sites
Category:Military installations closed in 1997
Category:Kettering, Ohio


Wang Chuanfu

Wang Chuanfu (; born 1966) is a Chinese chemist, billionaire businessman, and founder of BYD Company.

Early life
Wang was born in Wuwei County, Anhui province to a family of poor farmers. While in high school he was cared for by his elder brother and sister because both of his parents had died. After high school he studied chemistry at the Central South University, and went on to earn a master's degree in 1990 from the Beijing Non-Ferrous Research Institute.

Career
He spent several years as a government researcher, but in 1995 he entered the private sector and founded his own company, BYD Company, outside of Shenzhen. Founded with his cousin Lu Xiangyang when he was just 29 years old, BYD Company is currently the world's biggest mobile phone batteries manufacturer. In early 2009, he was reportedly worth US$3.4 billion, placing him 408th on Hurun Report's Global Rich List 2014 . In late 2009, his worth grew to $5.1 billion and was crowned China's richest man on the Hurun Report. This was due largely to a fivefold increase in his company's value after Berkshire Hathaway bought 225 million new shares of BYD in 2008.

Personal life
He is married and lives in Shenzhen.

References

Category:1966 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chinese billionaires
Category:People from Wuhu
Category:Businesspeople from Anhui
Category:Chemists from Anhui
Category:Chinese chief executives in the automobile industry
Category:BYD Company people
Category:21st-century Chinese businesspeople
Category:Chinese founders of automobile manufacturers
Category:Central South University alumni


Olga Bucătaru

Olga Bucătaru (born 1942) is a Romanian film and stage actress.

In 2002 she was awarded the National Order of Faithful Service, knight class.

Filmography (partial list)
 The Mace with Three Seals (1977) - Lady Stanca
 Ecaterina Teodoroiu (1978) - Dr. Lucretia
 Train of Life (1998) - Femme Wagon

References

External links

Category:1943 births
Category:Living people
Category:Romanian film actresses
Category:Romanian stage actresses
Category:Recipients of the National Order of Faithful Service


The Thirty-Nine Steps

The Thirty-Nine Steps is an adventure novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. It first appeared as a serial in Blackwood's Magazine in August and September 1915 before being published in book form in October that year by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh. It is the first of five novels featuring Richard Hannay, an all-action hero with a stiff upper lip and a miraculous knack for getting himself out of sticky situations.

The novel formed the basis for a number of successful adaptations, including several film versions and a long-running stage play. In 2003, the book was listed on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's "best-loved novels."

Background
John Buchan wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps while he was ill in bed with a duodenal ulcer, an illness which remained with him all his life. Buchan's son, William, later wrote that the name of the book originated when the author's daughter was counting the stairs at St Cuby, a private nursing home on Cliff Promenade in Broadstairs, where Buchan was convalescing. "There was a wooden staircase leading down to the beach. My sister, who was about six, and who had just learnt to count properly, went down them and gleefully announced: there are 39 steps." There were actually 78, but he halved the number to make a better title. When the original steps were later replaced, one of them, complete with a brass plaque,  was sent to Buchan. They were replaced by concrete, and this set, now numbering 108, still runs from the garden to the beach.

The novel was his first "shocker", as he called it – a story combining personal and political dramas. It marked a turning point in Buchan's literary career and introduced his adventuring hero Richard Hannay. He described a "shocker" as an adventure where the events in the story are unlikely and the reader is only just able to believe that they really happened.

Plot summary

The novel is set during May and June 1914; war was impending in Europe, Richard Hannay the protagonist and narrator, an expatriate Scot, returns to his new home, a flat in London, after a long stay in Rhodesia to begin a new life. One night he is buttonholed by a stranger, a well-travelled American, who claims to be in fear for his life. The man appears to know of an anarchist plot to destabilise Europe, beginning with a plan to assassinate the Greek Premier, Constantine Karolides, during his forthcoming visit to London. The man reveals his name to be Franklin P. Scudder, a freelance spy, and remarks that he is dead, which holds Hannay's attention. Scudder explains that he has faked his own death to avert suspicion.  Scudder claims to be following a ring of German spies called the Black Stone who are trying to steal British plans for the outbreak of war. Hannay lets Scudder hide in his flat, and sure enough the next day another man is discovered having apparently committed suicide in the same building. A couple of days later Hannay returns home to find Scudder dead with a knife through his heart.

Hannay fears that the murderers will come for him next, but cannot ask the police for help because he is the most likely suspect for the murders as he lived in the same building. He also feels a duty to take up Scudder's cause and save Karolides from the assassination. He decides to go into hiding in Scotland and then to contact the authorities at the last minute. To escape from his flat unseen, he bribes the milkman into lending him his uniform and exits wearing it, escaping from the German spies watching the house. Carrying Scudder's pocket-book, he catches an express train leaving from London's St. Pancras Station. Hannay fixes upon Galloway, in south-west Scotland, as a suitably remote place in which to make his escape and remembers somehow the town of Newton-Stewart, which he names as his destination when he buys his ticket from the guard.

Arriving at a remote station somewhere in Galloway (apparently not Newton Stewart itself), Hannay lodges in a shepherd's cottage. The next morning he reads in a newspaper that the police are looking for him in Scotland. Reasoning that the police would expect him to head for a port on the West Coast, he boards a local train heading east, but jumps off between stations. He is seen but escapes, finding an inn where he stays the night. He tells the innkeeper a modified version of his story, and the man is persuaded to shelter him. While staying at the inn, Hannay cracks the substitution cipher used in Scudder's pocket-sized book. The next day two men arrive at the inn looking for Hannay, but the innkeeper sends them away. When they return later, Hannay steals their car and escapes.

On his way, Hannay reflects on what he has learnt from Scudder's notes. They contradict the story that Scudder first told to him, and mention an enemy group called the Black Stone and the mysterious Thirty-nine Steps. The United Kingdom appears to be in danger of an invasion by Germany and its allies. By this time, Hannay is being pursued by an aeroplane, and a policeman in a remote village has tried to stop him. Trying to avoid an oncoming car, Hannay crashes his own, but the other driver offers to take him home. The man is Sir Harry, a local landowner and prospective politician, although politically very naïve. When he learns of Hannay's experiences in South Africa, he invites him to address an election meeting that afternoon. Hannay's speech impresses Sir Harry, and Hannay feels able to trust him with his story. Sir Harry writes an introductory letter about Hannay to a relation in the Foreign Office.

Hannay leaves Sir Harry and tries to hide in the countryside, but is spotted by the aeroplane. Soon he spots a group of men on the ground searching for him. Miraculously, he meets a road mender out on the moor, and swaps places with him, sending the workman home. His disguise fools his pursuers, who pass him by. On the same road he meets, in a passing touring car, a Society sycophant whom he recognises from London and whom he forces to exchange clothes with him and drive him off the moor.

The next day, Hannay manages to stay ahead of the pursuers, and hides in a cottage occupied by an elderly man. Unfortunately, the man turns out to be one of the enemy, and with his accomplices he locks Hannay into his storage room. Fortunately, the room in which Hannay is locked is full of bomb-making materials, which he uses to break out of the cottage, injuring himself in the process.

A day later, Hannay retrieves his possessions from the helpful road mender and stays for a few days to recover from the explosion.  He dines at a public house in Moffat before walking to the junction at Beattock to catch a southbound train to England, changing at Crewe, Birmingham New Street and Reading, to meet Sir Harry's relative at the Foreign Office, Sir Walter Bullivant, at his country home in Berkshire. As they discuss Scudder's notes, Sir Walter receives a phone call to tell him that Karolides has been assassinated.

Sir Walter, now at his house in London, lets Hannay in on some military secrets before releasing him to go home. Hannay, unable to shake off his sense of involvement, returns to Sir Walter's house where a high-level meeting is in progress. As one of the men, ostensibly the First Sea Lord, leaves the meeting, Hannay recognises him as one of his former pursuers in Scotland. Hannay warns Sir Walter and the other officials that the man was an impostor, and they realise the spy is about to return to Europe with the information he has obtained from their meeting. At that point, Hannay realises that the phrase "the thirty-nine steps" could refer to the landing-point in England from which the spy is about to set sail. Throughout the night, Hannay and the British military leaders try to work out the meaning of the mysterious phrase.

After some reasoning worthy of Sherlock Holmes, and with the help of a knowledgeable coastguard, the group decide on a coastal town in Kent. They find a path down from the cliff that has thirty-nine steps. Just offshore they see a yacht. Posing as fishermen, some of the party visit the yacht, the Ariadne, and find that at least one of the crew appears to be German. The only people onshore are playing tennis by a villa and appear to be English, but they match Scudder's description of the conspirators, The Black Stone. Hannay, alone, confronts the men at the villa. After a struggle, two of the men are captured while the third flees to the yacht, which meanwhile has been seized by the British authorities. The plot is thwarted, and the United Kingdom enters the First World War, having kept its military secrets from the enemy.

On the outbreak of war, Hannay joins the New Army and is immediately commissioned captain.

Literary significance and criticism
The Thirty-Nine Steps is one of the earliest examples of the 'man-on-the-run' thriller archetype subsequently adopted by film makers as a much-used plot device. In The Thirty-Nine Steps, Buchan holds up Richard Hannay as an example to his readers of an ordinary man who puts his country's interests before his own safety. The story was a great success with the men in the First World War trenches. One soldier wrote to Buchan, "The story is greatly appreciated in the midst of mud and rain and shells, and all that could make trench life depressing."

Hannay continued his adventures in four subsequent books. Two were set during the war, when he continued his undercover work against the Germans and their allies the Turks in Greenmantle (1916) and Mr Standfast (1919). The other two stories, The Three Hostages (1924) and The Island of Sheep (1936) were set in the post-war period, when Hannay's opponents were criminal gangs.

Characters
Richard Hannay – expatriate Scot recently returned from Southern Africa, who is the protagonist and narrator
Franklin P. Scudder – freelance spy
Karolides – Greek Premier under threat of assassination, who never appears and is alluded-to, only
Sir Harry – Scottish landowner and would-be politician
Sir Walter Bullivant – Sir Harry's relation at the Foreign Office

Adaptations
The novel has been adapted for many different media, many of which depart substantially from the text, for example, by introducing a love interest absent from the original novel and inspired by Hitchcock's film. In most cases, the title is often abbreviated to The 39 Steps, but the full title is more commonly used for the book and 1978 film adaptation.

Film

The 39 Steps (1935)

The 1935 black and white film directed by Alfred Hitchcock departs substantially from the book. It stars Robert Donat as Hannay and Madeleine Carroll as a woman he meets on the train. It is regarded by many critics as the best film version. This was one of several Hitchcock films based upon the idea of an "innocent man on the run", such as Saboteur and North by Northwest. Scholars of his films regard this film as one of his best variations upon this particular theme. In 1999, it came 4th in a BFI poll of British films and in 2004 Total Film named it the 21st greatest British film of all time.

The 39 Steps (1959)

The 1959 film directed by Ralph Thomas was the first colour version, starring Kenneth More as Hannay and Taina Elg as Miss Fisher. It is closely based on Hitchcock's adaptation, including the music-hall finale with "Mr. Memory" and Hannay's escape from a train on the Forth Bridge, scenes not present in the book. It features a musical score by Clifton Parker.

The Thirty Nine Steps (1978)

The 1978 version was directed by Don Sharp and starred Robert Powell as Hannay, Karen Dotrice as Alex, John Mills as Colonel Scudder and a host of other well-known British actors in smaller parts. It is generally regarded as the closest to the book, being set at the same time as the novel, pre-Great War, but still bears little resemblance to Buchan's original story. Its climax bore no relation to the novel's denouement, instead seeing Hannay hanging from the hands of Big Ben. The film was followed by a spin-off television series, Hannay, also starring Powell and featuring adventures occurring prior to the events in The Thirty Nine Steps.

The 39 Steps (2008)

The BBC commissioned a new television adaptation of the novel, scripted by Lizzie Mickery and produced by BBC Scotland's drama unit. The 90-minute film stars Rupert Penry-Jones, Lydia Leonard, Patrick Malahide and Eddie Marsan, and was first broadcast on 28 December 2008 A romantic subplot was added to the story, featuring Lydia Leonard. The storyline only very tenuously follows that of the book, many characters being renamed, or omitted altogether. The film ends with a scene involving a submarine in a Scottish loch, rather than the original setting off the Kent coast, and the apparent death of one character.

Radio
There were various American radio adaptations during the two decades following the release of Hitchcock's film, most of which were based on its heavily altered plot. It remains a popular subject for modern live productions done in a similar, old-time radio style.
1937, starring Robert Montgomery and Ida Lupino, part of the Lux Radio Theater series.
1938, starring Orson Welles, part of The Mercury Theatre on the Air series.
1943, starring Herbert Marshall and Madeleine Carroll, part of the Philip Morris Playhouse series.
1946, starring David Niven, part of The Hour of Mystery series.
1947, part of the Canadian Broadcasting Company Stage Series.
1948, starring Glenn Ford and Mercedes McCambridge, part of the Studio One series.
1952, starring Herbert Marshall, part of the Suspense series.
There have been many full cast adaptations for BBC Radio and all are based directly on Buchan's novel.
1939, in six parts, adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by James McKechnie.
1944, in six parts, adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Derek McCulloch.
1950, The Adventures of Richard Hannay in 12 half-hour parts, based on The Thirty-Nine Steps and Mr Standfast adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Donald McLean.
1950, The Adventures of Richard Hannay in eight half-hour parts, based on The Thirty-Nine Steps and Mr Standfast adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Donald McLean.
1960, in six episodes, adapted by J. C. Gosforth and produced by Frederick Bradnum.
1972, The Adventures of Richard Hannay based on The Thirty-Nine Steps and Mr Standfast in six episodes, adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Norman Wright.
1989, dramatised by Peter Buckman and directed by Patrick Rayner.
2001, starring David Robb, Tom Baker and William Hope, adapted by Bert Coules.
There are also several BBC solo readings:
1947, in 12 parts, abridged by Hilton Brown and read by Arthur Bush.
1978, in five parts, abridged by Barry Campbell and read by Frank Duncan.
1996, in ten parts, produced by Jane Marshall and read by John Nettles.
Other solo readings:
1994, abridged, read by James Fox and released by Orbis Publishing, as part of their "Talking Classics" series. It consisted of an illustrated magazine accompanied by a double CD or cassette.
2007, unabridged, read by Robert Powell and released by Audible audiobooks.
2007, unabridged, read by Peter Joyce and released by Assembled Stories audiobooks.

In 2014, BBC Radio 3 broadcast Landmark: The Thirty-Nine Steps and World War I, a 45-minute documentary on the novel's initial impact at home and abroad.

Theatre

A comic theatrical adaptation by Simon Corble and Nobby Dimon for a cast of four actors premiered in 1995 at the Georgian Theatre Royal in Richmond, North Yorkshire, before embarking on a tour of village halls across the north of England. In 2005 Patrick Barlow rewrote the script, keeping the scenes, staging and small-scale feel, and in June 2005 this re-adaption premiered at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, The play then opened in London's Tricycle Theatre, and after a successful run transferred to the Criterion Theatre in Piccadilly where it became the fifth longest running play until it closed in September 2015. Although drawing on Buchan's novel, it is strongly influenced by Hitchcock's 1935 film adaptation. On 15 January 2008, the show made its US Broadway premiere at the American Airlines Theatre; it transferred to the Cort Theatre on 29 April 2008 and then moved to the Helen Hayes Theatre on 21 January 2009, where it ended its run on 10 January 2010. It reopened on Stage One of New York's Off-Broadway venue New World Stages on 25 March 2010 and closed on 15 April 2010. The Broadway production received six Tony Award nominations, winning two—Best Lighting Design and Best Sound Design with the London show winning an Olivier in 2007 and two Tony Awards in 2008. The play also won the Drama Desk Award, Unique Theatrical Experience.

Video game
A digital adaptation of Buchan's book, created with Unity, was made by Scottish developer The Story Mechanics and released on 25 April 2013, for Windows, OS X, Linux and iPad. This version is entirely faithful to the plot of the book.

Interactive fiction
In 2008, Penguin Books adapted the story as interactive fiction under the authorship of Charles Cumming calling it The 21 Steps.

References

External links

Category:1915 British novels
Category:British novels adapted into films
Category:Novels by John Buchan
Category:Novels first published in serial form
Category:Novels set in Dumfries and Galloway
Category:Novels set in London
Category:Fiction set in 1914
Category:Scottish thriller novels
Category:Works originally published in Blackwood's Magazine
Category:William Blackwood books
Category:Novels adapted into television programs


Deputy Director of the National Security Agency

The Deputy Director of the National Security Agency is the highest-ranking civilian within the National Security Agency. As the senior civilian at NSA, the Deputy Director acts as the agency's chief operating officer, guiding and directing strategies and policy, and serves as the principal advisor to the Director of the NSA. The Deputy Director reports to the NSA Director and is required to be a technically experienced civilian.

The current Deputy Director is George C. Barnes.

NSA deputy directors

Deputy directors of AFSA
The Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA) was the predecessor to the NSA.

*From November 1950 to April 1951, there was a Deputy Director for each service.

Deputy directors of NSA

References

Category:National Security Agency
Category:Deputy Directors of the National Security Agency


Beach volleyball at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament

These are the results for the boys' tournament event at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.

Results

Preliminary round

Pool A

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Pool B

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Pool C

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Pool D

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Pool E

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Pool F

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Pool G

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Pool H

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Knockout stage

Round of 24

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Round of 16

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Quarterfinals

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Semifinals

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Third place game

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Final

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References
 Schedule

Category:Beach volleyball at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics


A+B Kasha

A+B Kasha is a French company specializing in the restoration of historic apartments and luxury real estate sales in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés area of Paris. The company is noted for its ability to faithfully restore the architectural details of apartments built in the 17th and 18th century and at the same time update them for modern living. Architectural details are refurbished by craftsmen using techniques similar to those originally used in classical Parisian apartments.

Unlike most property developers, the company's Left Bank properties are purchased, designed, restored, and furnished before being offered for sale as turnkey properties, in order to maintain the integrity of the original architecture without influence from potential buyers.  The apartments are designed by the company owners, Alon and Betsy Kasha. Ms. Kasha is a former marketing executive at Cartier, and Mr. Kasha is a former banking executive. Both have studied Parisian architecture extensively.

A+B Kasha designed apartments, typically ranging from 700 to 2,000 square feet (65 to 185 square meters), are sold for $800,000 to more than $2 million, a premium of 15-20% above market values. The company's renovation process focuses on the original built structure of the apartment while adding modern features and amenities. The company views its products less as real estate, and more as luxury fashion.

Because of its prices and positioning, the company has been a subject of controversy. Detractors contend that A+B Kasha drives up Left Bank real estate prices. The company responds by saying that its higher prices are necessary to provide the public service of faithfully restoring historic apartments.

At any given time A+B Kasha has up to ten properties in various phases, from purchase offers to renovation to contract.

References and footnotes

External links
 Official website
 Official blog

Category:Interior design firms
Category:Interior design
Category:6th arrondissement of Paris


Les Roberts

Les Roberts may refer to:
Les Roberts (mystery novel writer) (born 1937), American mystery novel writer
Les Roberts (epidemiologist) (born 1961), American epidemiologist
Les Roberts (footballer) (1901–1980), English football inside forward
Les Roberts (wrestler) Australian professional wrestler

See also
Leslie Roberts (born 1962), Canadian journalist


Gloria Bistrița

Gloria Bistrița may refer to:
1. FC Gloria Bistrița, a football club in Bistrița, Romania.
ACF Gloria Bistrița, a dissolved football club in Bistrița, Romania.
CS Gloria 2018 Bistrița-Năsăud, a women's handball club in Bistrița, Romania.


Dubki horse-iron road

The Dubki horse-iron road was built to serve the armory at Sestroretsk, Russia. The production of the Sestroretsk armory was originally transported to Saint Petersburg along the coast, by road. But the road to the capital existing at that time was inconvenient, since it lay along the coast on quicksands and lowlands, which were periodically submerged by the waters of the Gulf of Finland. Therefore, seagoing scows (barges) later began to be used. In 1847, a horse-drawn tramroad was built from the plant to the Dubkovsky pier on the Gulf of Finland. In the diagram this tramroad is not shown, but it passed along the axis of the street to the centre of the map. The opening and the location of the pier are designated on the map.

References

Category:Railway companies of Finland
Category:Railway lines in Finland
Category:Horse-drawn railways


Baron Hankey

Baron Hankey, of The Chart in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1939 for the civil servant Sir Maurice Hankey, Cabinet Secretary from 1920 to 1938. His eldest son, the second Baron, was a diplomat and served as British Ambassador to Sweden between 1954 and 1960.  the title is held by the latter's eldest son, the third Baron, who succeeded in 1996. He is an architect.

Donald Hankey, brother of the first Baron, was a soldier best known for two volumes of essays about the British volunteer army in the First World War. The Hon. Henry Hankey, third son of the first Baron, was British Ambassador to Panama between 1966 and 1969.

Barons Hankey (1939)
Maurice Pascal Alers Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey (1877–1963)
Robert Maurice Alers Hankey, 2nd Baron Hankey (1905–1996)
Donald Robin Alers Hankey, 3rd Baron Hankey (b. 1938)

The heir presumptive to the title is the present holder's younger brother, the Hon. Alexander Maurice Alers Hankey (b. 1947)

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Category:Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Category:1939 establishments in the United Kingdom


Shimooka Renjō

was a Japanese photographer and was one of the first professional photographers in Japan.  He opened the first commercial photography studio in Yokohama, and in Japan he is widely considered the father of Japanese photography.

Early life

He was born with the name Sakurada Hisanosuke  in Shimoda on the Izu Peninsula in central Honshū to a samurai family.  When he was thirteen years old he moved to Edo (Tokyo) to study painting and serve as an apprentice to a stock merchant.  In 1843 he served as a samurai in the Shimoda artillery battery where he may have been first introduced to daguerreotypes from the Netherlands.  However, some accounts say that he was not exposed to photography until he returned to Edo to study art, becoming a student of Kanō Tōsen, the famous painter.  These accounts report that he saw a Dutch photograph at the home of a Tokugawa clan member.  He began studying photography when he could, and moved to Yokohama in 1859 or 1860 where he would begin his career in photography.

Photography

Renjō acquired his first camera in 1861 from the American photographer John Wilson by trading it for a painting of a panoramic scene.  Shortly thereafter he abandoned his studies in painting and pursued photography as a career. He opened a photographic studio in Yokohama in 1862, one of the first in the country.  He continued to open studios in the city, primarily focusing on portraiture, and changed his name to Shimooka Renjō in 1865.  He taught many photographic students and apprentices before leaving his businesses to his pupils in 1877.  He was elected to the Japan Photographic Society in 1893.

Significance

Renjō’s significance to the history of photography lies in the fact that he helped introduce and spread photography throughout industrializing, Meiji era Japan.  His commercial studio in Yokohama was thought to be the absolute first in the country for many years.  Recent discoveries have found that Ukai Gyokusen had opened an ambrotype portrait studio in Edo only a year or two before Renjō opened his studio in 1862.  Ueno Hikoma, a chemist, began operating a studio in Nagasaki later the same year.  Despite this, Renjō was still one of the nation’s first professional photographers, and one of the most successful.  He opened several additional studios and businesses across Yokohama during his career.  (Other contemporaries of Renjō included Uchida Kuichi and Shima Kakoku.)

In addition to being a pioneer of the art, Renjō also helped to establish photography in Japan by teaching it to many of his other countrymen.  For example, he was the teacher of the great photographer Yokoyama Matsusaburō, starting in 1864.  He also taught many other students including: Usui Shusaburo, Esaki Reiji, and Suzuki Shinichi I and II.  He was honored by the government of Tokyo before his death for his influence, and was elected to join the Japan Photographic Society in 1893.

Further reading
 Morishige Kazuo, Shimooka Renjo: Pioneer Of Japanese Photography (Japanese and English Edition). Tokyo: Kokushokankokai (February 2, 2015). .
 Ishiguro Keishō, ed., Genteiban: Shimooka Renjō shashinshū (Shimooka Renjō: The Pioneer Photographer in Japan) (Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 1999).
 Kinoshita Naoyuki, ShashingaronL Shashin to kaiga no kekkon (On the Photographic Image: The Marriage of Photography and Painting) (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1996).
 Worswick, Clark, ed., Japan: Photographs, 1845-1905 (New York: Penwick/Knopf, 1979).
 Yokohama Archives of History, "Yokohama shashin shōshi" (A Concise History of Yokohama Photographs), in F. Beat bakumatsu Nihon shashinshū (A Collection of Photographs from Mid-Eighteenth Century Japan by F. Beato) (Yokohama: Yokohama Kaikō Shiryōkan, 1987).
 Nihon no shashin: Uchinaru katachi. Sotonaru katachi, Dai-ichi bu: Torai kara 1945 nen made (Japanese Photography: From In/Out, Part 1: From Its Introduction to 1945), exh. Cat. In Japanese and English (Tokyo: Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, 1996).
 Shashin torai no koro (The Advent of Photography in Japan), exh. Cat. In Japanese and English (Tokyo: Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, and Hakodate: Hakodate Museum of Art, 1997).
 Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, editor. 328 Outstanding Japanese Photographers (『日本写真家事典』 Nihon shashinka jiten). Kyoto: Tankōsha, 2000.
 Rousmaniere, Nicole. C., & Hirayama, Mikiko, ed., Reflecting Truth: Japanese Photography in the Nineteenth Century. Hotei Publishing: Amsterdam. 2004. .
 March, Phillip, & Delank, Claudia, ed. The Adventure of Japanese Photography 1860 – 1890.Kehrer Verlag Heidelberg, 2002. .

References

External links

 Tokyo Digital Museum
 Japan Times article - Shimooka Renjo: Back in Focus

Category:Japanese photographers
Category:1823 births
Category:1914 deaths


Fenoarivo-Afovoany (district)

Fenoarivo-Afovoany is a district of Bongolava in Madagascar.

References

Category:Districts of Madagascar


B. G. Kolse Patil

B. G. Kolse Patil [Marathi: बी. जी. कोळसे-पाटिल] is an Indian social activist and former judge of the Bombay High Court in India. He recently joined the Janata Dal (Secular) as the State Secretary of Maharashtra State.

Early life and education

Patil was born on 18 September 1942, in the village of Guha, Ahmednagar (in present-day Maharashtra state). His parents were landless farm laborers, who worked on the fields of the local landlord for daily wages. He attended a local primary school till 7th grade, after which he dropped out because his parents couldn't afford the high school fees. He worked as a farm-hand for five years and rejoined high school when the government high school in Ahmednagar started providing free secondary education. He completed his education till 12th grade and thereafter attained a B.Sc. degree, supporting his education by working as a daily wage worker and doing several odd jobs. After B.Sc., he secured an appointment as a school teacher in Khadakwasala near Pune. While working as a teacher, he completed his Bachelor of Laws degree from the Law College in Pune and specialized in criminal law thereafter.

Legal career
His career as a lawyer was fairly successful and he gained fame due to his role in a few high-profile trials like the Manwath murder case and the Joshi-Abhyankar serial murder trial. He joined the Pune bar council in 1973. In that capacity, he raised the issue of relaxing the judicial entry age limit by ten years for backward castes and five years for all categories. He was appointed district public prosecutor in 1981 by the government of Maharashtra and continued in that role till 1985. In 1985, at the age of 43, he was appointed as judge of the Bombay High Court.

During his judicial tenure, he delivered strict judgments against tax and octroi evaders. His judgement in "Kanjilal Premjit vs Range Forest Officer" led to an amendment to the Forest Act which held saw-mill owners liable to punishment for buying illegally chopped timber. Another of his notable judgments was in the case of "Associated Bearings Pvt. Ltd. vs the Union of India"; he held that taxes evaded by exploiting loopholes should not be retrospectively refunded by the government to corporations because the corporations do not refund the consumers and effectively pass the tax burden to them. His difference of opinion with Justice Shah, in that case, is widely cited in the legal literature. He was also instrumental in getting the government to institute the Aurangabad bench of the Bombay High Court.

He resigned prematurely from the judiciary in 1990 to pursue social activism full-time.

Activism
After leaving the judiciary, he founded the Lokshashan Andolan (People's Democratic Movement). He has been associated with another former judge-turned-activist Justice P.B. Sawant (former judge of the Supreme Court of India). He spearheaded various grassroots movements throughout Maharashtra. Most of the movements were for social and economic justice for rural, Adivasi, small farmers and displaced people. Notable movements among them include:

 Anti Enron protests in Maharashtra in the late 1990s. In 1997, he was arrested under section 151 of the CrPC to prevent him and his associates from taking part in the planned hunger strike against Dhabol Power project.
 Movement of farmers and Adivasis against the Alibag SEZ in the 2000s
 Protest against the Dow chemicals plant in Shinde-Vasuli near Pune
 Movement against the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Konkan

Besides popular movements, he has been part of fact-finding teams which have investigated several matters of civil rights and social justice, such as:

 Fact-finding team investigating Khairlanji murder case in 2006
 Rehabilitation and resettlement of Manibeli Oustees Sardar Sarovar project inquiry report (Inquiry into the status of Manibeli Oustees conducted by him on behalf of Indian People's Tribunal on Environment & Human Rights)
 Concerned Citizens Inquiry on the Nanded blast in February 2007

For his role in these people movements, he was kept under surveillance and profiled by the private surveillance company Stratfor, which had been hired by Dow Chemicals. This was revealed when WikiLeaks released the Stratfor papers.

Politics
In March 2019, he announced his candidature for the 2019 Lok Sabha election from Aurangabad constituency on behalf of the opposition alliance called Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi (Front of the Deprived Majority) on a Janata Dal (Secular) ticket with support from the Congress.

References

Category:1942 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian politicians
Category:Janata Dal (Secular)
Category:Indian lawyers


A-type proanthocyanidin

A type proanthocyanidins are a specific type of proanthocyanidins, which are a class of flavonoid. Proanthocyanidins fall under a wide range of names in the nutritional and scientific vernacular, including oligomeric proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, polyphenols, condensed tannins, and OPCs. Proanthocyanidins were first popularized by French scientist Jacques Masquelier.

Distribution in plants

A-type linkage is a less common feature in proanthocyanidins with both 4β→8 (B-type) and 2β→O→7 interflavanoid bonds.

A-type proanthocyanidin glycosides can be isolated from cocoa liquor.

Dimers
 Procyanidin A1 is an epicatechin-(2β→7,4β→8)-catechin dimer.
 Procyanidin A2 is a dimeric (-)epicatechin.

Other A-type proanthocyanidins can be found in cranberries,  cinnamon, peanut skins and Geranium niveum.

Chemistry
B-type procyanidins (catechin dimers) can be converted to A-type procyanidins by radical oxidation. Fragmentation patterns for A-type proanthocyanidins include heterocyclic ring fission (HRF), retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) fission, benzofuran-forming fission (BFF) and quinone methide fission (QM).

Metabolism
The metabolism of type-A proanthocyanidins is significant since a large number of metabolites are detected in urine and feces soon after ingestion of foods rich in polymers, indicating rapid elimination and absence of physiological effect. Polymeric type-A proanthocyanidins are depolymerized into epicatechin units in the small intestine, then cleaved into smaller phenolic acids with no known biological role.

Research
In vitro, A-type proanthocyanidins isolated from cranberry juice cocktail demonstrated anti-adhesion activity against E. coli binding to urinary tract epithelial cells, whereas B-type proanthocyanidins from grape exhibited minor activity. However, in humans, there is no sufficient clinical evidence that cranberry type-A proanthocyanidins are effective in lowering risk of urinary tract infection.

References

Category:Condensed tannins


Ectasjapyx

Ectasjapyx is a genus of diplurans in the family Parajapygidae.

Species
 Ectasjapyx bolivari Silvestri, 1929
 Ectasjapyx machadoi Pagés, 1952
 Ectasjapyx microdontus Pagés, 1952
 Ectasjapyx simulator Pagés, 1952
 Ectasjapyx vilhenai Pagés, 1952

References

Category:Diplura


Erasmus Webb

Erasmus Webb B.D. (d. 24 March 1614) was a Canon of Windsor, England from 1590 to 1614

Career
He was educated at Gloucester Hall, Oxford where he graduated BA in 1568, MA in 1572 and BD in 1585.

He was appointed:
Vicar of St Clears, Carmarthen 1577
Rector of Ham, Wiltshire 1582
Rector of Bletchingdon, Oxfordshire 1583
Archdeacon of Buckingham 1589
Rector of West Ilsley, Berkshire 1601–1613

He was appointed to the ninth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1590, a position he held until 1614.

He was buried in the chapel. His inscription read: "Hic jacet Erasmus Webb, Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus, cujus Regiae Capallae quondam Canonicus, qui obit 24 die Martii, Anno Domini 1613. Aetatis suae 63”

Notes

Category:1614 deaths
Category:Canons of Windsor
Category:Archdeacons of Buckingham
Category:Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Category:Year of birth missing


Raziyan, Kermanshah

Raziyan (, also Romanized as Rāzīyān) is a village in Razavar Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 730, in 162 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Kermanshah County


Fountain Hills High School

Fountain Hills High School is a high school in Fountain Hills, Arizona under the jurisdiction of the Fountain Hills Unified School District.

Fountain Hills High School was built in 1991 and its first graduating class was in 1994. It is located next to the local Golden Eagle Park, south of the Ashbrook Wash. Fountain Hills High School has many extra-curricular programs including a first place band and many champion-winning athletic teams. Clubs include Robotics, Key Club, NHS, Student Government, etc. There is a wide variety of honors/AP classes, an AVID program, an elaborate art department and much more. Fountain Hills is seeing a gradual increase in kids from Scottsdale due to the small and inclusive appeal Fountain Hills High School offers compared to surrounding schools.

External links
 Fountain Hills High School website

Category:Public high schools in Arizona
Category:Schools in Maricopa County, Arizona
Category:Fountain Hills, Arizona


Ridge (biology)

Ridges (regions of increased gene expression) are domains of the genome with a high gene expression; the opposite of ridges are antiridges. The term was first used by Caron et al. in 2001. Characteristics of ridges are:
Gene dense
Contain many C and G nucleobases
Genes have short introns
High SINE repeat density
Low LINE repeat density

Discovery
Clustering of genes in prokaryotes was known for a long time. Their genes are grouped in operons, genes within operons share a common promoter unit. These genes are mostly functionally related. The genome of prokaryotes is relatively very simple and compact. In eukaryotes the genome is huge and only a small amount of it are functionally genes, furthermore the genes are not arranged in operons. Except for nematodes and trypanosomes; although their operons are different from the prokaryotic operons. In eukaryotes each gene has a transcription regulation site of its own. Therefore, genes don’t have to be in close proximity to be co-expressed. Therefore, it was long assumed that eukaryotic genes were randomly distributed across the genome due to the high rate of chromosome rearrangements. But because the complete sequence of genomes became available it became possible to absolutely locate a gene and measure its distance to other genes.

The first eukaryote genome ever sequenced was that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or budding yeast, in 1996. Half a year after that Velculescu et al. (1997) published a research in which they had integrated SAGE data with the now available genome map. During a cell cycle different genes are active in a cell. Therefore, they used SAGE data from three moments of the cell cycle (log phase, S phase-arrested and G2/M-phase arrested cells). Because in yeast all genes have a promoter unit of their own it was not suspected that genes would cluster near to each other but they did. Clusters were present on all 16 yeast chromosomes.
A year later Cho et al. also reported (although in more detail) that certain genes are located near to each other in yeast.

Characteristics and function

Co-expression
Cho et al. were the first who determined that clustered genes have the same expression levels. They identified transcripts that show cell-cycle dependent periodicity. Of those genes 25% was located in close proximity to other genes which were transcript in the same cell cycle. Cohen et al. (2000) also identified clusters of co-expressed genes.

Caron et al. (2001) made a human transcriptome map of 12 different tissues (cancer cells) and concluded that genes are not randomly distributed across the chromosomes. Instead, genes tend to cluster in groups of sometimes 39 genes in close proximity. Clusters were not only gene dense. They identified 27 clusters of genes with very high expression levels and called them RIDGEs. A common RIDGE counts 6 to 30 genes per centiray. However, there were great exceptions, 40 to 50% of the RIDGEs were not that gene dense; just like in yeast these RIDGEs were located in the telomere regions.

Lercher et al. (2002) pointed to some weaknesses in Caron’s approach. Clusters of genes in close proximity and high transcription levels can easily been generated by tandem duplicates. Genes can generate duplicates of themselves which are incorporated in their neighborhood. These duplicates can either became a functional part of the pathway of their parent gene, or (because they are no longer favored by natural selection) gain deleterious mutations and turn into pseudogenes. Because these duplicates are false positives in the search for gene clusters they have to be excluded. Lercher excluded neighboring genes with high resemblance to each other, after that he searched with a sliding window for regions with 15 neighboring genes.

It was clear that gene dense regions existed. There was a striking correlation between gene density and a high CG content. Some clusters indeed had high expression levels. But most of the highly expressed regions consisted of housekeeping genes; genes that are highly expressed in all tissues because they code for basal mechanisms. Only a minority of the clusters contained genes that were restricted to specific tissues.

Versteeg et al. (2003) tried, with a better human genome map and better SAGE taqs, to determine the characteristics of RIDGEs more specific. Overlapping genes were treated as one gene, and genes without introns were rejected as pseudogenes. They determined that RIDGEs are very gene dense, have a high gene expression, short introns, high SINE repeat density and low LINE repeat density. Clusters containing genes with very low transcription levels had characteristics that were the opposite of RIDGEs, therefore those clusters were called antiridges. LINE repeats are junk DNA which contains a cleavage site of endonuclease (TTTTA). Their scarcity in RIDGEs can be explained by the fact that natural selection favors the scarcity of LINE repeats in ORFs because their endonuclease sites can cause deleterious mutation to the genes. Why SINE repeats are abundant is not yet understood.

Versteeg et al. also concluded that, contrary to Lerchers analysis, the transcription levels of many genes in RIDGEs (for example a cluster on chromosome 9) can vary strongly between different tissues. Lee et al. (2003) analyzed the trend of gene clustering between different species. They compared Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Homo sapiens, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana and Drosophila melanogaster, and found a degree of clustering, as fraction of genes in loose clusters, of respectively (37%), (50%), (74%), (52%) and (68%). They concluded that pathways of which the genes are clusters across many species are rare. They found seven universally clustered pathways: glycolysis, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, ATP synthase, DNA polymerase, hexachlorocyclohexane degradation, cyanoamino acid metabolism, and photosynthesis (ATP synthesis in non plant species). Not surprisingly these are basic cellular pathways.

Lee et al. used very diverse groups of animals. Within these groups clustering is conserved, for example the clustering motifs of Homo sapiens and Mus musculus are more or less the same.

Spellman and Rubin (2002) made a transcriptome map of Drosophila. Of all assayed genes 20% was clustered. Clusters consisted of 10 to 30 genes over a group size of about 100 kilobases. The members of the clusters were not functionally related and the location of clusters didn’t correlate with know chromatin structures.

This study also showed that within clusters the expression levels of on average 15 genes was much the same across the many experimental conditions which were used. These similarities were so striking that the authors reasoned that the genes in the clusters are not individually regulated by their personal promoter but that changes in the chromatin structure were involved. A similar co-regulation pattern was published in the same year by Roy et al. (2002) in C. elegans.

Many genes which are grouped into clusters show the same expression profiles in human invasive ductal breast carcinomas. Roughly 20% of the genes show a correlation with their neighbors. Clusters of co-expressed genes were divided by regions with less correlation between genes. These clusters could cover an entire chromosome arm.

Contrary to previous discussed reports Johnidis et al. (2005) have discovered that (at least some) genes within clusters are not co-regulated. Aire is a transcription factor which has an up- and down-regulation effect on various genes. It functions in negative selection of thymocytes, which responds to the organisms own epitopes, by medullary cells.

The genes that were controlled by aire clustered. 53 of the genes most activated by aire had an aire-activated neighbor within 200 Kb or less, and 32 of the genes most repressed by aire had an aire-repressed neighbor within 200 Kb; this is less than expected by change. They did the same screening for the transcriptional regulator CIITA.

These transcription regulators didn’t have the same effect on al genes in the same cluster. Genes that were activated and repressed or unaffected were sometimes present in the same cluster. In this case, it’s impossible that aire-regulated genes were clustered because they were all co-regulated.

So it is not very clear if domains are co-regulated or not. A very effective way to test this would be by insert synthetic genes into RIDGEs, antiridges and/or random places in the genome and determine their expression. Those expression levels must be compared to each other. Gierman et al. (2007) were the first who proved co-regulation using this approach. As an insertion construct they used a fluorescing GFP gene driven by the ubiquitously expressed human phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter. They integrated this construct in 90 different positions in the genome of human HEK293 cells. They found that the expression of the construct in Ridges was indeed higher than those inserted in antiridges (while all constructs have the same promoter).

They investigated if these differences in expressions were due to genes in the direct neighborhood of the constructs or by the domain as a whole. They found that constructs next to highly expressed genes were slightly more expressed than others. But when to enlarged the window size to the surrounding 49 genes (domain level) they saw that constructs located in domains with an overall high expression had a more than 2-fold higher expression then those located in domains with a low expression level.

They also checked if the construct was expressed at similar levels as neighboring genes, and if that tight co-expression was present solely within RIDGEs. They found that the expressions were highly correlated within RIDGEs, and almost absent near the end and outside the RIDGEs.

Previous observations and the research of Gierman et al. proved that the activity of a domain has great impact on the expression of the genes located in it. And the genes within a RIDGE are co-expressed. However the constructs used by Gierman et al. were regulated by al full-time active promoter. The genes of the research of Johnidis et al. were dependent of the present of the aire transcription factor. The strange expression of the aire regulated genes could partly have been caused by differences in expression and conformation of the aire transcription factor itself.

Functional relation
It was known before the genomic era that clustered genes tend to be functionally related. Abderrahim et al. (1994) had shown that all the genes of the major histocompatibility complex were clustered on the 6p21 chromosome. Roy et al. (2002) showed that in the nematode C. elegans genes that are solely expressed in muscle tissue during the larval stage tend to cluster in small groups of 2–5 genes. They identified 13 clusters.

Yamashita et al. (2004) showed that genes related to specific functions in organs tend to cluster. Six liver related domains contained genes for xenobiotic, lipid and alcohol metabolism. Five colon-related domains had genes for apoptosis, cell proliferation, ion transporter and mucin production. These clusters were very small and expression levels were low. Brain and breast related genes didn’t cluster.

This shows that at least some clusters consist of functionally related genes. However, there are great exceptions. Spellman and Rubin have shown that there are clusters of co-expressed genes that are not functionally related. It seems like that clusters appear in very different forms.

Regulation
Cohen et al. found that of a pair of co-expressed genes only one promoter has an Upstream Activating Sequence (UAS) associated with that expression pattern. They suggested that UASs can activate genes that are not in immediate adjacency to them. This explanation could explain the co-expression of small clusters, but many clusters contain to many genes to be regulated by a single UAS.

Chromatin changes are a plausible explanation for the co-regulation seen in clusters. Chromatin consists of the DNA strand and histones that are attached to the DNA. Regions were chromatin is very tightly packed are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin consists very often of remains of viral genomes, transposons and other junk DNA. Because of tight packing the DNA is almost unreachable for the transcript machinery, covering deleterious DNA with proteins is the way in which the cell can protect itself. Chromatin which consists of functional genes is often an open structure were the DNA is accessible. However, most of the genes are not needed to be expressed all the time.

DNA with genes that aren’t needed can be covered with histones. When a gene must be expressed special proteins can alter the chemical that are attached to the histones (histone modifications) that cause the histones to open the structure. When the chromatin of one gene is opened, the chromatin of the adjacent genes is also until this modification meets a boundary element. In that way genes is close proximity are expressed on the same time. So, genes are clustered in “expression hubs”. In comparison with this model Gilbert et al. (2004) showed that RIDGEs are mostly present in open chromatin structures.

However Johnidis et al. (2005) have shown that genes in the same cluster can be very differently expressed. How eukaryotic gene regulation, and associated chromatin changes, precisely works is still very unclear and there is no consensus about it. In order to get a clear picture about the mechanism of gene clusters first the workings chromatin and gene regulation needs to be illuminated.
Furthermore, most papers that identified clusters of co-regulated genes focused on transcription levels whereas few focused on clusters regulated by the same transcription-factors. Johnides et al. discovered strange phenomena when they did.

Origins
The first models which tried to explain the clustering of genes were, of course, focused on operons because they were discovered before eukaryote gene clusters were. In 1999 Lawrence proposed a model for the origin operons. This selfish operon model suggests that individual genes were grouped together by vertical en horizontal transfer and were preserved as a single unit because that was beneficial for the genes, not per se for the organism. This model predicts that the gene clusters must have conserved between species. This is not the case for many operons and gene clusters seen in eukaryotes.

According to Eichler and Sankoff the two mean processes in eukaryotic chromosome evolution are 1) rearrangements of chromosomal segments and 2) localized duplication of genes. Clustering could be explained by reasoning that all genes in a cluster are originated from tandem duplicates of a common ancestor. If all co-expressed genes in a cluster were evolved from a common ancestral gene it would have been expected that they’re co-expressed because they all have comparable promoters. However, gene clustering is a very common tread in genomes and it isn’t clear how this duplication model could explain all of the clustering. Furthermore, many genes that are present in clusters are not homologous.

How did evolutionary non-related genes come in close proximity in the first place? Either there is a force that brings functionally related genes near to each other, or the genes came near by change. Singer et al. proposed that genes came in close proximity by random recombination of genome segments. When functionally related genes came in close proximity to each other, this proximity was conserved. They determined all possible recombination sites between genes of human and mouse. After that, they compared the clustering of the mouse and human genome and looked if recombination had occurred at the potentially recombination sites. It turned out that recombination between genes of the same cluster was very rare. So, as soon as a functional cluster is formed recombination is suppressed by the cell. On sex chromosomes, the amount of clusters is very low in both human and mouse. The authors reasoned this was due to the low rate of chromosomal rearrangements of sex chromosomes.

Open chromatin regions are active regions. It is more likely that genes will be transferred to these regions. Genes from organelle and virus genome are inserted more often in these regions. In this way non-homologous genes can be pressed together in a small domain.

It is possible that some regions in the genome are better suited for important genes. It is important for the cell that genes that are responsible for basal functions are protected from recombination. It has been observed in yeast and worms that essential genes tend to cluster in regions with a small replication rate.

It is possible that genes came in close proximity by change. Other models have been proposed but none of them can explain all observed phenomena. It’s clear that as soon as clusters are formed they are conserved by natural selection. However, a precise model of how genes came in close proximity is still lacking.

The bulk of the present clusters must have formed relatively recent because only seven clusters of functionally related genes are conserved between phyla. Some of these differences can be explained by the fact that gene expression is very differently regulated by different phyla. For example, in vertebrates and plants DNA methylation is used, whereas it is absent in yeast and flies.

See also

Chromatin
DNA sequence
Transcription factor

Notes

Category:Gene expression
Category:Genomics


Tracey Perry

Tracey Perry is a Canadian politician, who served in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 2007 to 2019, representing the district of Fortune Bay-Cape La Hune as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party. She previously served as the Parliamentary Assistant to Premier Paul Davis.

Early life

She is the youngest of thirteen children. Perry grew up and attended school in St. Alban's before leaving the region to attend university. She holds a Bachelor of Commerce (co-operative) degree from Memorial University, and upon completion of university in 1993, she returned to her rural hometown of St. Alban's.

Professional life

Upon returning to her hometown in 1993 she established and operated TMP Consulting Inc. In 1995, Perry began a successful career as executive director for the Coast of Bays Corporation (Regional Economic Development Board).

In addition, Perry has worked with Consulting and Audit Canada in Ottawa, as well as the head office of the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency in Moncton. She participated in a Newfoundland to Iceland Economic Study Mission (1997) and a Trade Team Canada Mission to Japan (1999) and a Team Canada Trade Mission to Iceland 2007 where she gained insight into development approaches of other jurisdictions and the challenges of small business in a global marketplace.

Perry served as a Girl Guide Leader from 1993-1996, then became president of the Bay d’ Espoir Development Association (1997-1998). From 1999 to 2001, she chaired the Newfoundland Salmonid Growers Association, and was a member of the Canadian Aquaculture Industry Association’s Standing Committee on Human Resources from 2002 to 2004. She also served on the Rural Secretariat for Council #5 from 2003-2007.

Political life
On October 9, 2007, Perry became the first woman ever elected to serve the district of Fortune Bay-Cape La Hune as a member of the House of Assembly.

In 2008, Perry was injured in a car crash just five months after being elected. She spent months recuperating from a serious neck injury that forced her to attend House of Assembly sessions that spring wearing a neck brace.

In 2014, Perry was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Innovation, Business and Rural Development and subsequently Parliamentary Assistant to the Premier serving until the Davis government was defeated in the 2015 general election.

She was re-elected in the 2011 and 2015 general elections.

In 2018, Perry gain notable attention for her role in the House of Assembly harassment scandal; specifically for filing a complaint against then-Cabinet Minister Eddie Joyce.

Perry did not run for re-election in the 2019 provincial election.

Electoral record

|-

|-

|NDP
|Susan Skinner
|align="right"|665
|align="right"|17.26%
|align="right"|
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|NDP
|Sheldon Hynes
|align="right"|84
|align="right"|2.09%
|align="right"|
|}

References

External links
Tracey Perry's PC Party biography

Category:Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Category:Living people
Category:Memorial University of Newfoundland alumni
Category:Women MHAs in Newfoundland and Labrador
Category:21st-century Canadian politicians
Category:21st-century Canadian women politicians
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)