Sailor Mars

, better known as , is a fictional character in the Sailor Moon manga series written and illustrated by Naoko Takeuchi. In the series, Rei is her sailor form's alternative human identity as part of the Sailor Soldiers, female supernatural fighters who protect the Solar System from evil.

Rei is the second Sailor Soldier to be discovered by Usagi. She possesses powers associated with fire, the Ofuda charm, and psychic clairvoyance. Aside from the main body of the Sailor Moon series, Rei is featured in two different manga short stories. The first, Casablanca Memories, is entirely about her and her past; the second, Rei and Minako's Girls School Battle, is shared with Minako Aino. A number of image songs mentioning her character have been released as well, including the contents of three different CD singles.

Takeuchi based Rei on her own personal experience as a miko. Originally designed with her own unique outfit, when Takeuchi decided to give all of the Guardians identical outfits, Rei's high heels were the only aspect that was carried over. A cold and aloof character in the manga, her personality was drastically changed in the anime adaptation at the behest of Kunihiko Ikuhara, where she became fiery and hotheaded.

Profile
Rei first appears as a miko at the , and is shown to have an affinity with two crows who live there. It is revealed in the manga that as a child, the crows "told" her that their names are Phobos and Deimos (the same as Mars' two moons). In the manga, she is portrayed as imperial, ancient, conservative, old-fashioned, traditional, serious, disciplined, and practical, having contempt for men and disliking modern romantic relationships.

In the anime adaptation, Rei is a disciplined and practical person. She is also greatly interested in pop culture, and she excels at music - playing the piano and guitar, singing, and composing songs for a school festival. Rei and Usagi Tsukino have a very tempestuous relationship, and argue frequently. Though these arguments are usually petty, early in the series Rei attempts to usurp Usagi as the leader of Sailor Soldiers. Even though Rei does become more loyal to Usagi, with slightly calmer emotions in the later seasons, she still remains somewhat more of a typical teenager than her manga counterpart. In the anime, Rei also tends to engage in long periods of sticking her tongue out at Usagi (who returns the same reaction), as a running gag in their arguments.

Rei goes to a different school from the other girls, namely T*A Private Girls School, a Catholic institution run by nuns. She herself is a practitioner of Shinto, living and working at Hikawa Shrine with her grandfather, its head priest. Her mother died when Rei was very young; her father is a famous politician who cares more about his job than about her (though in the live-action version he still tries to be involved in her life), and who only visits Rei on her birthday. She carries a certain amount of dislike towards him, especially in the live-action series, in which the character of her grandfather does not appear.

Because of the lack of respectable males in her life, Rei harbors a generally low opinion of men. She considers them emotionally weak and untrustworthy and seems genuinely uninterested in romance. The one exception is in a manga side-story centering on her, Casablanca Memories, which tells of Rei's friendship with her father's young secretary, Kaidou. He had been kind to her for her entire life and, in the story, she fancies herself in love with him. She is shocked when he suddenly announces his engagement to another girl and his decision to become a politician, despite having once said that he didn't like what had happened to Rei's family as a result of her father's work. Proof of her feelings are further cemented when she moves to kiss Kaidou, asking why, if he wanted to marry into the profession, didn't he choose to marry her due to her father's political influence. In the manga, this is the only potential romance in her life; in the live-action series, nothing of the sort is ever shown, as Rei unquestionably detests boys. In the anime only, she "dates" Mamoru Chiba in the first season (though he thinks they're just friends), and occasionally seems open to a relationship with Yūichirō Kumada, her grandfather's pupil. In one episode, on the brink of death, she states that she wished she had kissed Yūichirō before leaving.

Later on, members of the Dead Moon Circus harass Rei with a reflection of her young self, which mocks her for her friendships and her dream of being a priestess. The reflection tells her that the only way for her to be happy is to try her luck with numerous men until she ends up married to someone rich. Rei is able to defeat this illusion, and in the process gains her Sailor Crystal along with the memory that, long ago, she had in fact made a vow of chastity to Princess Serenity. After this realization, she is never again shown having any doubts about her lack of interest in romance. This is never mentioned in the other series, although in the equivalent anime episode she expresses an intention to remain single forever.

Rei's lifelong dream is to become the head priestess at Hikawa Shrine, and much of her life is influenced by spirituality, particularly in the manga. Meditation is given as her strong point, and she enjoys fortune-telling as a hobby. The elegance of her character is further underscored by the contrast between her favorite subject, ancient writing, and her least favorite, modern society. She also belongs to the Archery club at school, which later provides the context for her most powerful weapon, the Mars Arrow. Rei is also skilled in martial arts and a talented skier in the anime. As for more general tastes Rei likes fugu, Thai food, white casablancas, ruby gemstones, little lizards, and pandas and dislikes men in general. The manga states that she once enjoyed Devilman, which the English manga changes to Buffy.

In Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon, Rei has problems trusting people, even her fellow Sailor Guardians, and has a tendency to rely too much on herself. She says that she hates karaoke (which the other girls love, especially Usagi), but is later forced by Minako into posing as an idol. As "Mars Reiko," she appears on three occasions: performing for hospitalized children, working alongside Minako, and staging a contest with Minako in order to stop her from quitting the idol business. She has a complex relationship with Minako; though they often disagree and compete with each other, they also share great respect. Minako even sometimes lets her guard down around Rei, and eventually confides to her about what she feels is her destiny as a Sailor Guardian. Rei is told that she is to be the secondary leader of the Guardians, and alternately admires and resents Minako's teachings about what that means. She later becomes aware of Mio hurting Usagi just to keep Mamoru at Beryl's side and confronts her while in the Dark Kingdom. Rei tells her off it's her own selfishness that is encouraging Serenity to keep using the crystal and give her a choice: allow Mamoru and Usagi to see each other even for a day or she will tell her friends about Mio(which won't end well for her). Mio wisely chooses to let them see each other in order to keep Rei quiet about her. Mars uses her own dagger with Venus' to attempt to stop Serenity from destroying the Earth.

In the Special Arc movie, Rei senses Mio's return and investigates it with Luna. She is later incapacitated by Mio's growing dark powers.

Aspects and forms
As a character with different incarnations, special powers, transformations and a long lifetime virtually spanned between the Silver Millennium era and the 30th century, Rei gains multiple aspects and aliases as the series progresses.

Sailor Mars
Rei's Soldier identity is Sailor Mars. She wears a sailor suit colored in red and purple, along with red high heels, and in the manga and live-action series has a small red jewel at the waist, though this vanishes upon upgrades. (Concept art shows this was supposed to appear as a necklace when not transformed but never does) She is given specific titles throughout the various series, including Soldier of War and Guardian of Flame and Passion. Her personality is no different from when she is a civilian, although certain powers are unavailable to her in that form.

In Japanese, the name for the planet Mars is , the first kanji meaning 'fire' and the second indicating a celestial object. Although the Roman planet-name is used, Sailor Mars' abilities are fire-based due to this aspect of Japanese mythology. Most are offensive attacks, although as a priestess, she also possesses a certain amount of psychic ability, and is able to do fire-readings, sense danger, and subdue evil spirits. In the manga, she is listed as the secondary leader of the Sailor Soldiers, after Sailor Venus. This fact is especially significant in the live-action series.

As she grows stronger, Sailor Mars gains additional powers, and at key points her uniform changes to reflect this. The first change takes place in Act 36 of the manga, when she obtains the Mars Crystal and her outfit becomes similar to that of Super Sailor Moon. She is not given a new title. A similar event is divided between episodes 143 and 152 of the anime, and she is given the name Super Sailor Mars. A third, manga-only form appears in Act 42, also unnamed but analogous to Eternal Sailor Moon (sans wings).

Princess Mars
In Silver Millennium, Sailor Mars was also the Princess of her home planet. She was among those given the duty of protecting Princess Serenity of the Moon Kingdom. As Princess Mars, she lived in Phobos-Deimos Castle and wore a red gown—she appears in this form in the original manga, as well as in supplementary art. Naoko Takeuchi once drew her in the arms of Jadeite. In the manga, he expresses at least a physical attraction to her, and in Sailor Moon Crystal<ref>Sailor Moon Crystal act #12 "Enemy –Queen Metalia"</ref> and in the stage musicals it is clearly stated that Sailor Mars and Jadeite were in love at the time of the Moon Kingdom.

It is revealed later in the manga that Phobos and Deimos are actually maidens from Planet Coronis sent to protect Princess Mars. They take the form of crows during the present time and were near Rei when she first came to the shrine as a child, supposedly "telling" her their names. Phobos and Deimos reveal their true forms when delivering the Mars Crystal to her and refer to her using her princess title.

Special powers and items

Rei is one of few Sailor Moon characters who is able to use special powers in her civilian form. These are mainly the result of her role as a shrine maiden, which gives her heightened spirituality as well as certain resources. In addition to some psychic talent, including occasional unprompted premonitions, Rei is able to do fire readings and to dispel evil spirits. She does the latter by performing Kuji-Goshin-Ho, a ritual which consists of chanting nine words of power (Rin, Pyou, Tou, Sha, Kai, Jin, Retsu, Zai, Zen!) while making relevant hand signs. She then shouts , and throws one or multiple ofuda scrolls. She commonly uses this attack while in her Sailor Mars form as well as when she is in her civilian form.

Rei must transform into a Sailor Soldier, however, before she can access her celestial powers. She makes this change by raising a special device (pen, bracelet, wand, or crystal) into the air and shouting a special phrase, originally "Mars Power, Make-up!" As she becomes more powerful and obtains new transformation devices, this phrase changes to evoke Mars Star, Planet, or Crystal Power.

Sailor Mars has the power to create and control fire. Her named powers are somewhat inconsistent across the various series—in the first arc of the manga, she says "Evil spirits, begone!" the same phrase she uses as a civilian while using an ofuda, for her fire attacks. In the anime, she shoots a fireball from her index fingers and shouts the words "Fire Soul" and in the live-action series she shouts "Youma Taisan" ("Monster, begone"). This basic power is improved to "Fire Soul Bird" in the second arc of the anime only; the manga and Sailor Moon Crystal anime also have her develop an animal-based attack, "Mars Snake Fire," but it does not appear until the third story arc and third season respectively. Her first attack to be the same across all versions is "Burning Mandala," which incorporates Buddhist symbolism in the fiery rings Sailor Mars summons. She is not immune to her own powers, as she is able to use them for a suicide move in the anime.

Sailor Mars' final and greatest power comes in the fourth story arc, when she takes on her second Soldier form (Super Sailor Mars in the anime). At this point in the series, she acquires a special weapon, the Mars Arrow, and with it "Mars Flame Sniper," which is her primary attack for the duration of the series. In the manga, the Mars Crystal and Mars Arrow are among her most significant mystical possessions. The former is her Sailor Crystal and the source of all of her power. The latter is associated with her skill as an archer, and although she does not receive a physical bow, she recalls some advice given to her by Michiru Kaioh—"[If] you think you're being taken advantage of by the enemies, stretch a line taut in your soul. Then, with your whole body and spirit, shoot the arrow of your finishing blow!" In the live-action series, she is given a tambourine-like weapon, called the Sailor Star Tambo, by Artemis. During the final battle, her Tambo transforms into a dagger, which she uses alongside Venus's similar dagger. In the "Special Act", Venus wields both weapons.

Development
Rei is not named in the original proposal for a hypothetical Codename: Sailor V anime, but an identical character in miko clothing is present, named Miyabi Yoruno. Creator Naoko Takeuchi revealed that this character eventually became Rei, and wrote that her role as a shrine maiden was inspired by Takeuchi's own experience working as a miko for Shiba Daijingu Shrine while in college. She also stated that she was frequently "hit on" by the shrine's patrons, a source of annoyance that carries over into the character's life.

Hikawa Shrine, where Rei lives and works, is based on the real-life Hikawa Shrines, one of which is in Azabu Jūban, where the story is set. The kanji for "ice" in the original name (氷川神社) is replaced with the kanji for "fire"—a reflection of Rei's fire-related powers.

Sailor Mars' original costume design, like the others', was fully unique. It featured an alternate bow, double shoulder-guards, plate-armor, elaborate jewelry, and a gold-rimmed mask. Her trademark high-heeled shoes were already present, as well. Later, Takeuchi was surprised by these sketches and stated that she did not remember drawing them. In an intermediate design, the pendant that sat at her waist in the early manga was also intended to be worn as a necklace in her civilian form. Hitoshi Doi states that Kunihiko Ikuhara was responsible for much of Rei's changed personality in the anime.

The kanji of Rei's surname translate as  and . Her given name is in katakana ; possible meanings include , , , and . Because katakana is the alphabet usually used for foreign loanwords, it may also be intended as a Western name, such as Raye (which is indeed used in American continent localizations) or Rae. In the Chinese versions of the series (anime and manga), Rei's name is written with the character "麗", which carries the same phonetic as "Rei", but means "beauty." Regardless, the entire name is structured as a pun, as the syllable "no" indicates a possessive, so that her name can also be understood as "Ray of Fire." Her prototypical name, , means "Elegance of Night."

It has been noted that her outfit as Sailor Mars echoes the colors of her miko robes, and she is the only character that is mostly tied into tradition.

Actresses

In the Japanese anime television series, Rei is voiced by Michie Tomizawa, who later said that working on Sailor Moon had been "exactly like magic" for her. Rina Satō voices the character in Sailor Moon Crystal and all media since.

In the DIC/Cloverway English adaptations produced in association with Optimum Productions, her name was spelled as Raye Hino and was voiced by Katie Griffin, in her first voice acting role, for most of the franchise; however, Emilie Barlow filled in for the last 17 episodes of the second season while Griffin was involved in a film production. Raye was also Barlow's first voice acting role, and she said that during recording, it was difficult to take care of her voice, as Raye "had a lot of yelling." She also listened to Griffin's recording sessions to help with the voice matching. Barlow would later become the permanent replacement voice for Sailor Venus after Griffin returned to voice Sailor Mars. Sandy Howell also provides English vocals for songs sung by Raye in the English dub.

In the Viz Media English adaptation produced in association with Studiopolis, her voice is supplied by Cristina Vee, a long-time Sailor Moon fan.

In the musical productions, Rei has been portrayed by ten actresses: Hiroko Nakayama, Misako Kotani, Asuka Umemiya, Hiromi Sakai, Eri Kanda, Megumi Yoshida, Aiko Kawasaki, Risa Honma, Kanon Nanaki, Karen Kobayashi., Kazumi Takayama, Ranze Terada, Kotomi Hirai, Kyoko Ninomiya and Yui Hasegawa.

In Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon, Rei was played by Keiko Kitagawa. In addition, Haruhi Mizukuro and Akira Tanaka portray the younger Rei in flashbacks and childhood photos.

Reception

The character has been well received by manga readers. Official Sailor Moon popularity polls listed Rei Hino and Sailor Mars as separate entities. In 1992, readers ranked them at thirteenth and fourteenth respectively, out of thirty eight choices. One year later, now with fifty choices, Mars remained at fourteenth most popular while Rei dropped to fifteenth. In 1994, with fifty one choices, Rei was the twentieth most popular character, whereas Sailor Mars was the twenty-second, with a gap between the two characters of over three thousand votes. In early 1996, with fifty one choices, Sailor Mars was the thirty-first most popular character and Rei was the thirty-second. In Animage's 1993 poll, she came sixth. In 1994, she came tenth.

A five-book series was published, one book on each of the Sailor Soldiers and Sailor Moon. Rei's was released in 1996. This book was later translated into English by Mixx. The episode where Sailor Mars gained her powers was novelised by Mixx. Other merchandise has been released based on her character, including T-shirts, fashion dolls, trading card stickers, gashapon and UFO dolls.

Rei Ayanami of Neon Genesis Evangelion'' is named after Rei Hino. She has also been referenced in non-Japanese media: DC Comics character Martian Manhunter briefly assumes the form of a female Japanese journalist named Rei Hino and is told by Batman that the name is a "giveaway."

See also
 Mars in fiction
 Mars (mythology)

References

Category:Comics characters introduced in 1992
Category:Fictional archers
Category:Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Category:Fictional characters with precognition
Category:Fictional miko
Category:Mars in fiction
Mars


Leszczyniak

Leszczyniak  is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Biskupiec, within Nowe Miasto County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

References

Leszczyniak


Srinivas Aravamudan

Srinivas Aravamudan (1962 – April 13, 2016) was an Indian-born American academic. He was a professor of English, Literature, and Romance Studies at Duke University, where he also served as dean of the humanities. He was widely recognized for his work on eighteenth-century British and French literature and postcolonial literature and theory. His publications included books and articles on novels, slavery, abolition, secularism, cosmopolitanism, globalization, climate change, and the anthropocene.

Biography
Aravamudan was born in 1962 in Madras and attended Loyola College, University of Madras. He held master's degrees from Purdue University and Cornell University and earned his Ph.D. at Cornell. He taught at the University of Utah and the University of Washington before joining Duke's faculty in 2000.  He was awarded an honorary degree by Middlebury College in April 2016.

Academic career
In 2000, Aravamudan received the Modern Language Association's prestigious prize for an outstanding first book for the publication of Tropicopolitans: Colonialism and Agency, 1688-1804 (Duke University Press, 1999). The work was particularly acclaimed for its inventive readings of eighteenth-century works of literature in light of postcolonial theories and concerns. Aravamudan’s second book, Guru English: South Asian Religion in a Cosmopolitan Language (Princeton University Press, 2005; Penguin India, 2007), was similarly recognized for its expansive treatment of topics ranging from Romantic orientalism to Deepak Chopra, as well as for its tracing of the complex circuits via which knowledge about South Asian religion was produced. In his third book, Enlightenment Orientalism: Resisting the Rise of the Novel (Chicago University Press, 2012), Aravamudan considered manifestations of orientalism during the eighteenth century. Aravamudan further challenged literary critics to move beyond the Anglocentrism of typical histories of the novel by uncovering a significant body of British and French orientalist texts and their borrowings from Persian, Turkish, Arabic, Pali, and Sanskrit sources. For Enlightenment Orientalism, Aravamudan received a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title Award, the Barbara Perkins and George Perkins Prize for the most significant contribution to the study of narrative from the International Society for the Study of Narrative, and the Oscar Kenshur Prize for the best book in eighteenth-century studies from Indiana University’s Center for Eighteenth-Century Studies.

In addition to publishing the above books, Aravamudan edited a volume for the Pickering & Chatto series on Slavery, Abolition, and Emancipation: Writings in the British Romantic Period (1999). He also published an edition of William Earle’s Obi; or, The History of Three-Fingered Jack (Broadview, 2005), a novel from 1800 about the legend of Jack Mansong, an escaped slave in late eighteenth-century Jamaica.

Aravamudan made significant contributions to the study of literature and the humanities at an institutional level as well. During his tenure at Duke, Aravamudan served as director of the Franklin Humanities Institute and dean of the humanities and oversaw such major projects as the Humanities Writ Large initiative. Aravamudan also served as president of the international Consortium of Humanities Centers and Institutes (2007-2012, 2014-2016) and president of the American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (2015-2016).

Death
He died on April 13, 2016.

Representative Publications
 Enlightenment Orientalism: Resisting the Rise of the Novel (University of Chicago Press: 2012)
 Guru English: South Asian Religion in a Cosmopolitan Language (Princeton UP: 2006)
 Tropicopolitans: Colonialism and Agency, 1688-1804 (Duke UP: 1999)
 Obi, or the History of Three-Fingered Jack (Broadview: 2005) ed. Aravamudan
 Special issue of PMLA on "War," ed. Aravamudan
 "The Character of the University," Boundary 2 37.1 (Winter 2010) 23-55
 "What Kind of a Story Is This?," PMLA Approaches to Teaching Oroonoko (2010)
 "The Adventure Chronotope and the Oriental Xenotrope: Galland, Sheridan, and Joyce Domesticate The Arabian Nights," in The Arabian Nights After Three Hundred Years, ed. Felicity Nussbaum and Saree Makdisi (2008)
 "Defoe, Commerce, Adventure, and Empire," in Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe, ed. John Richetti (2008)
 "The Teleopoiesis of Singularity," PMLA 123.1 (January, 2008)
 (with Ranjana Khanna and Fredric Jameson) "Final Interview," in Jameson on Jameson, ed. Ian Buchanan (2007)
 "Orientalism," in The Oxford Encyclopaedia of British Literature, ed. David Scott Kastan and Nancy Armstrong (2007)
 "Subjects/Sovereigns/Rogues," Eighteenth-Century Studies 40.3 (Spring, 2007) 457-65
 "Sovereignty: Between Embodiment and Detranscendentalization," Texas International Law Journal 41.3 (Summer, 2006) 427-46
 "In the Wake of the Novel: The Oriental Tale as National Allegory," Novel: A Forum on Fiction 33.1 (1999) 5-31
 "Trop(icaliz)ing the Enlightenment: Raynal's Histoire des deux Indes," Diacritics 23.3 (Fall, 1993) 48-68

References

Category:American academics of English literature
Category:Duke University faculty
Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni
Category:Purdue University alumni
Category:Cornell University alumni
Category:Scholars from Chennai
Category:1962 births
Category:2016 deaths


Government Inter College Faizabad

Government Inter College Faizabad or GIC-Faizabad is one of the oldest middle schools of Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 1883.

GIC Faizabad is governed by Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad.

Awards
 Ramesh Chandra, Asstt. Teacher (Science & Maths) was awarded Science Teacher Samman in 2006-2007 by Council of Science & Technology U.P.
 Vishal Chandra was awarded by " Gold Medal " in "Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru State Level Science Exhibition, Allahabad" 2005-2006.
 Vishal Chandra was awarded by " State Child Scintist Award " in 2007-2008 by Council of Science & Technology U.P.

Notable alumni
 Panna Lal (b.1921), politician
 Nirmal Khatri (b. 1951), politician
 Vishal Chandra (b.2005) Researcher and Entrepreneur (Owner-Digital Ashava)

References

Category:Intermediate colleges in Uttar Pradesh
Category:Education in Faizabad
Category:Educational institutions established in 1883
Category:1883 establishments in India


Lex scripta

Lex scripta pl. leges scriptae is a Latin expression that means "written or statutory law". It is in contrast to lex non scripta, customary or common law.  The term originates from the Roman legal tradition.  Emperor Justinian divides the lex scripta into several categories:
Statutes
Plebiscita
Senatorial Decrees
The Decisions of the Emperors
Orders of the Magistrates
Answers of Jurisconsults

Lex scripta has a lasting effect that can define a legal tradition for a culture such as that found in the Corpus Juris Civilis, Magna Carta, Tang Code, or a country's constitution.

See also
List of Latin phrases
Category:Latin legal terminology


Azadi Metro Station (Mashhad Metro)

Azadi Metro Station is a station of Mashhad Metro Line 1. The station opened on 10 October 2011. It is located on Malekabad Boulevard.

References

Category:Mashhad Metro stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 2011
Category:2011 establishments in Iran


Block Busters

Block Busters is a 1944 American film directed by Wallace Fox, part of the East Side Kids series.

Plot
After an afternoon of playing baseball, Muggs McGinnis (Leo Gorcey) and the East Side Kids gang arrive at the door of their clubhouse, where a man named Higgins (silent comedian Harry Langdon, in one of his last film appearances) is removing their "East Side Club" sign. Higgins explains that the owner of the place plans to rent it to some "respectable" tenants. When Muggs learns that the new tenants are due to examine the place at noon the following day, he plans to frighten them away by picking a fight with Butch (Billy Benedict) and the Five Pointers, a rival gang.

The next day, Glimpy (Huntz Hall) and Pinky (Gabriel Dell), scribble a challenge to the Five Pointers on the sidewalk. When Butch and his gang read the message, "The East Siders dare you to fight," they seek out their challengers. Meanwhile, Muggs and the gang see Higgins supervising the delivery of some window boxes that he ordered to replace the weather-beaten pots that are lining the street. Pretending to be helpful, the gang offers to dispose of the old pots, but instead, stack them against a nearby wall.

Soon, the prospective tenants, an elderly woman named Amelia Norton (Minerva Urecal) and her French-born grandson Jean (Fred Pressel) arrive, and Higgins greets them. Just then, Butch and his gang show up and take the bait, hurling the empty pots at Muggs and his gang, while a shocked Amelia looks on. When Jean critiques Muggs's fighting style, Muggs begins to brawl with him. After they are both arrested, the judge (Noah Berry, Sr. tells Muggs that he will hold each one accountable for the other's behavior.

Later, Jean goes to the clubhouse to make sure that Muggs is staying out of trouble, and the gang teaches him some American games. Afterward, Jean invites the gang over for tea, and they meet snobby Irma Treadwell (Kay Marvis) and her mother Virginia. When Muggs and Glimpy see a black sedan pick up Jean, who is dressed like Count Dracula, they decide to follow him. The car takes Jean to a costume party at a chic club, where Muggs wins 'best costume' for being dressed as a Bowery tough.

Meanwhile, Tobey Dunn (Bill Chaney), an ailing member of Muggs's baseball team, is told by his doctor (Robert F. Hill) that a stay in the country would cure him, but unfortunately, Tobey's family cannot afford the trip. Later, Danny (Jimmy Strand), sees his girlfriend Jinx (Roberta Smith) dancing with Jean at a party, so the gang decides to crash it. When Glimpy tells Danny that he saw Jinx riding on the back of Jean's bicycle, Danny tries to fight with his rival, but Muggs intervenes.

The gang then goes to the field to play baseball, and Jean quickly learns the game. At the clubhouse, Amelia thanks the gang for allowing Jean to play with them. During the team's next game, Lippman (Bernard Gorcey), the team's sponsor, tells the gang that if they win, he will send them all to summer camp in the Catskill Mountains. With the bases loaded, Jean hits a home run and wins the game, and Tobey is awarded his much-needed trip to the country.

Production
This was one of the few East Side Kids movies in which Gabriel Dell plays a member of the gang, and where Billy Benedict plays a different character.
Bill Chaney's only film as an East Side Kid.
Harry Langdon's last movie released during his lifetime.
Buddy Gorman is absent.
Features performances by Jimmie Noone and His Orchestra and The Ashburns.
Leo Gorcey's wife, Kay Marvis, has a supporting role as Irma Treadwell. In addition, his father, Bernard Gorcey has a role as the gang's baseball team sponsor, Lippman.

Cast and characters

The East Side Kids
Leo Gorcey as Ethelbert 'Muggs' McGinnis
Huntz Hall as Glimpy
Gabriel Dell as Skinny (a.k.a. Pinky)
Jimmy Strand as Danny
Bill Chaney as Tobey

Additional cast
Billy Benedict as Butch
Fred Pressel as Jean
Roberta Smith as Jinx
Noah Beery as Judge
Harry Langdon as Higgins
Minerva Urecal as Amelia Rogiet
Jack Gilman as Batter
Kay Marvis as Irma Treadwell
Tom Herbert as Meyer
Bernard Gorcey as Lippman
Charles Murray Jr. as Umpire
The Ashburns as Themselves (uncredited)
Jimmie Noone as Himself (uncredited)
Robert F. Hill as Doctor (uncredited)

See also
List of American films of 1944

External links

Category:1944 films
Category:American films
Category:1940s comedy films
Category:English-language films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Monogram Pictures films
Category:Films produced by Sam Katzman
Category:American comedy films


Little House, Meersburg

The Little House, also called the Prince's House (Fürstenhäusle), is a historic house and museum located in Meersburg, Germany, overlooking Lake Constance. It was the residence of the poet Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, to whom the museum is dedicated.

History
The Little House was built some time around 1600 by , a canon of the diocese of Constance and descendant of Jakob Fugger the Rich. In 1604, he became the Prince-Bishop of Constance, though he continued to reside at the Little House until his death in 1626. So did succeeding Prince-Bishops, giving the residence its name (Fürstenhäusle), until the Prince-Bishopric was secularized in 1803 and absorbed into the Electorate of Baden. After secularization, the Little House stood empty.

Over two centuries after Prince-Bishop Fugger's death, in 1797, the poet Annette von Droste-Hülshoff was born. She began to find literary success at a young age, but was weighed down with familial obligations, and frequently ill. To find solace, the poet frequently spent time in Meersburg with her sister and her husband, Joseph von Laßberg, at Meersburg Castle. From 1841 especially, Droste-Hülshoff spent most of her time in Meersburg, where, in November 1843, the Little House went to auction. Droste-Hülshoff, desiring a private residence for herself in later years, participated with little competition. Thus, the purchase came out to 400 Reichsthaler, a sum supplied by her own revenue and Laßberg's annuity. The poet was very fond of her purchase and wrote glowingly of it in letters to friends and family. However, she had never resided there by the time she died in 1848, aged 51.

Droste-Hülshoff's descendants transformed the Little House into a museum dedicated to their forebear and her works in 1923.  also added a new wing and moved the entrance.

In 1947, Heinrich von Bothmer-Schwegerhoff, another descendant of Droste-Hülshoff, and his American wife, , moved into the Little House. Bothmer operated the museum until her death in 1996 and even endowed a literary prize for women poets, the Droste Literary Award for Poetry, in 1957.

Grounds and architecture

When Annette von Droste-Hülshoff was residing at the Little House, it consisted of a state room and a kitchen on the ground floor, which housed a staircase into a common room and bedrooms for herself and a maid. Droste-Hülshoff described the state room as a "glass case" having an oriel with a canapé, heated with a tile stove. Memorabilia from the poet's time, such as photographs and coins, are also found here. In the alcove nearby is located Droste-Hülshoff's collection of jewels. The upstairs room the poet described as a "swallow's nest", decorated now with copies of Droste-Hülshoff's manuscripts, miniature portraits, and family photographs. Also on display here are valuable textiles and books, such as first-edition copies of works by herself, Goethe, and Levin Schücking. During her ownership of the Little House, Droste-Hülshoff had it repainted.

The portion of the Little House that existed when Annette von Droste-Hülshoff purchased the house is arranged as she described it. Within that portion is a museum dedicated to Droste-Hülshoff's life work. It contains artifacts such as silhouettes Droste-Hülshoff made, locks of her hair, and letters and writing instruments of hers.

The wing added by Carl von Droste-Hülshoff is now the visitor's center.

See also

 Annette von Droste-Hülshoff
 Neues Schloss (Meersburg)
 Meersburg Castle

Citations

References

External links
 Official website (in English)
 "Fürstenhäusle" on Meersburg's official website (in English)

Category:Buildings and structures in Bodenseekreis
Category:Historic house museums in Baden-Württemberg


Diwanit Bugale

"Diwanit Bugale" ("May The Children Be Born") was the French entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1996, performed in Breton by Dan Ar Braz & L'Héritage des Celtes.

The song was performed thirteenth on the night, following Norway's Elisabeth Andreassen with "I evighet" and preceding Slovenia's Regina with "Dan najlepših sanj". At the close of voting, it had received 18 points, placing 19th in a field of 23.

It is the only Eurovision song in the Breton language.

The song – the lyrics and music of which were all written by Ar Braz – is a slow-moving ballad, in which the singers express their wish for children to be born "With eyes full of laughter in the rain" and "From the hard fights and agreement".
The instrumental break features the Irish uilleann pipes.

It was succeeded as French representative at the 1997 contest by Fanny with "Sentiments songes".

Sources and external links
 Official Eurovision Song Contest site, history by year, 1996
 Detailed info & lyrics, The Diggiloo Thrush, "Diwanit Bugale".

Category:Eurovision songs of France
Category:Eurovision songs of 1996
Category:Breton language
Category:1996 songs


Oi Yoi Yoi

Oi Yoi Yoi is a 1963 oil painting by British painter Roger Hilton.  Perhaps Hilton's best-known work, it is a free composition depicting a naked white woman.  The central figure is abstracted, with simple black outlines drawn in charcoal of a featureless face, breasts and pubic triangle, and upraised arms.  All four limbs are cut off at the edges of the frame.  The white body contrasts with bold segments of background colour in yellow and red, blue and black.  The work is inscribed on the back "Oi, yoi, yoi/Hilton/Dec 63".

According to Hilton, the painting was inspired by a drunken argument with his second wife, Rose Hilton, who was dancing on a verandah, nude, shouting "oi yoi yoi", an expression of frustration or exasperation.  According to his wife, the argument took place in France in the summer of 1962, before they were married.  Hilton has rejected the suggestion that he took conscious inspiration from paintings of dancers and bathers by Cézanne or Matisse, but admitted they were "probably subconsciously" important.

The painting was exhibited in the British Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 1964.  It was also exhibited in a retrospective exhibition of Hilton's work at the Serpentine Gallery in 1974, along with a second version of the same subject, Dancing Woman, which has as similar central figure but more muted background colours limited to blue, black and yellow.  Oi Yoi Yoi was purchased from the artist by the Tate Gallery in 1974 through Waddington Galleries, and is displayed at Tate Britain in London.  Dancing Woman was purchased by the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art in Edinburgh in 1981.  Both works measure  by .

The paintings have similarities with the Dancing Beijing logo for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, designed by Guo Chunning, which was inspired by the Chinese character 京 (jīng, meaning "capital"), and also resembles a dancing figure with arms raised, or a runner crossing a finishing line.  Hilton also may have taken inspiration from a Chinese character.

References
 Oi Yoi Yoi Tate Gallery
 Oi Yoi Yoi, Catalogue entry, Tate Gallery
 Oi Yoi Yoi, David Collard blog, 21 April 2013
 Dancing Woman, National Galleries of Scotland
 Roger Hilton: Swinging Out Into The Void, Kettle's Yard, Cambridge, The Independent, 27 August 2008

Category:1963 paintings
Category:Modern paintings
Category:Collection of the Tate galleries
Category:British paintings
Category:Dance in art


1944 in British television

This is a list of British television related events from 1944.

Events

British television broadcasting was suspended for the duration of the Second World War amid fears the signals would help German bombers. Broadcasting resumed in 1946.

Births
 2 February – Geoffrey Hughes, English actor (died 2012)
 8 February – Roger Lloyd-Pack, English actor (died 2014)
 13 February – Jerry Springer, English-born television host
 17 February – Nick Hewer, public relations consultant and television personality
 11 March – Don Maclean, British comedian
 8 April – Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (died 2017)
 27 April – Michael Fish, British TV weatherman
 5 May – John Rhys-Davies, Welsh actor
 7 May – Richard O'Sullivan, actor
 12 May – Sara Kestelman, British actor
 31 May – Samantha Juste, Top of the Pops hostess (died 2014)
 1 June – Robert Powell, actor
 11 June – Vince Earl, singer, comedian and actor
 27 July – Tony Capstick, English comedian, actor, and musician (died 2003)
 31 July – Jonathan Dimbleby, broadcaster and television presenter
 9 August – John Simpson, BBC foreign correspondent and world affairs editor
 11 August – Ian McDiarmid, Scottish actor
 13 September
 Carol Barnes, journalist (died 2008)
 Jacqueline Bisset, English actress
 22 September – Frazer Hines, British actor
 26 September – Anne Robinson, British television host
 12 October – Angela Rippon, journalist and newsreader
 20 October – Clive Hornby, actor (died 2008)
 28 October – Ian Marter, British actor (died 1986)
 17 December – Bernard Hill, English actor
 24 December – Barry Chuckle (Elliott), half of children's entertainment comedy double act the Chuckle Brothers (died 2018)
 25 December – Kenny Everett, English radio DJ and comedian (died 1995)

See also
 1944 in British music
 1944 in the United Kingdom
 List of British films of 1944

References


Jay Sydeman

William Jay Sydeman (born 8 May 1928) is an American composer.   Born in New York, he studied at the Mannes School of Music, where he later taught composition (1960–1970).   Winning early acclaim for his avant-garde music (principally published by C. F. Peters), he felt trapped by the prevailing orthodoxies and moved to California in 1970, beginning a period of wandering during which he also studied Buddhism and Anthroposophy.  He joined ASCAP in 1975.  In 1981 he settled in Sacramento and resumed composition at his former prolific rate, having newly embraced a neotonal musical language.   He currently resides in Mendocino.

Selected works
Opera
 Aria da Capo
 The Odyssey

Orchestral
 Mosey'n Along for string orchestra with oboe
 Lyric Piece for chamber orchestra
 Miniatures
 Orchestral Abstractions
 Study No. 1 (1959)
 Study No. 2
 Study No. 3 (1965)
 Study No. 4 "The 4 Seasons"
 In Memoriam: J. F. Kennedy for narrator and orchestra (1966)
 Texture Studies (1969)
 Oecumenicus

Band
 Movements for concert band
 Five Movements for wind symphony

Concertante
 Largo for cello and string orchestra (1959)
 Concert Piece for horn and string orchestra
 Concertino for oboe, piano and string orchestra (1967)
 Concerto da Camera [No. 1] for solo violin, flute, clarinet, bassoon, horn, viola and cello (1959)
 Concerto da Camera No. 2 for solo violin, oboe, clarinet, viola and cello (1960)
 Concerto da Camera No. 3 for solo violin, winds and percussion (1965)
 Concerto da Camera for viola and chamber ensemble (1968)
 Music for viola, winds and percussion (1971)
 Reflections for violin, cello and string orchestra

Chamber music
 String Quartet No. 2 (1954)
 Quintet No. 1 for woodwinds (1955)
 Sonata for violin and piano (1955)
 Music for brass ensemble and percussion (1955)
 Quartet for violin, clarinet, cello and piano (1955)
 Quartet for violin, clarinet, trumpet and double bass (1955)
 Music for 10 woodwinds (1956)
 Study for 2 flutes and piano (1956)
 Tower Music for brass quintet (1959)
 Duo for cello and piano (1963)
 Duo for violin and piano (1963)
 Trio for flute, double bass and percussion (1963)
 Duo for trumpet and percussion (1965)
 Sonata for violin solo (1966)
 Duo for viola and harpsichord (or piano) (1967)
 Sonata for cello solo (1967)
 Trio for bassoon, bass clarinet and piano (1968)
 Duo for xylophone and double bass (1969)
 Duo for trumpet and amplified double bass (1969)
 Duo for horn and piano (1970)
 Music for xylophone solo (1975)
 Trio for viola, cello and piano (1985)
 Auld Lang Sydeman for violin and viola
 Duo for flute and viola
 Duo [No. 1] for violin and viola
 Duo No. 2 for violin and viola
 A New Wedding March for violin and viola
 Prelude for viola and cello
 Sonata for viola and piano
 Song for double bass and piano
 Trio for 3 violas
 Variations for viola and bassoon

Piano
 Variations (1958)

Choral
 Prometheus, cantata for soloist, chorus and orchestra (1957)
 Lament of Electra for alto solo, large chorus and chamber orchestra

Vocal
 The Place of Blue Flowers for narrator and viola
 Songs on Elizabethan Texts for soprano and flute
 3 Songs after Emily Dickinson for soprano and cello
 Jabberwocky for soprano, flute and cello
 Five Short Songs for soprano and piano (1978)
 4 Japanese Songs for soprano and 2 violins
 Cradle Song for mezzo-soprano and piano
 Japanese Love Poems for mezzo-soprano and piano
 La Jour de la Mère for mezzo-soprano and piano
 Moon Over Mountain for mezzo-soprano and piano
 The Fence for mezzo-soprano and piano
 The Foundation Stone for mezzo-soprano and piano
 I Sing the Praises for mezzo-soprano and piano
 A Prayer for alto, viola and piano
 Malediction for tenor, string quartet and tape (1970)
 It Seems for baritone and piano
 Upon Julia's Clothes for baritone and piano
 A Spider for baritone and piano
 4 Psalms for bass and piano

External links
his homepage
video of a Dickenson setting
profile & interview from Mendocino Music Festival
article in Grass Vally Union
Nevada County Composers Collective
Recording of Sydeman's Cto. for Pno. Four Hands & Chamber Orch. (J. & K. Wentworth, pianists; Contemporary Music Ensemble; A. Weisberg, conductor)

Bibliography
 ASCAP. ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, 4th ed. Jaques Cattell Press, R.R. Bowker Company, 1980, p. 496, , (entire page 496, just Sydeman entry, copyright page)
 Vinton, John ed. Dictionary of Contemporary Music, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1974, p. 725-726,

Category:1928 births
Category:20th-century classical composers
Category:21st-century American composers
Category:21st-century classical composers
Category:American classical composers
Category:American male classical composers
Category:American opera composers
Category:Living people
Category:People from Mendocino, California
Category:20th-century American composers
Category:20th-century American male musicians
Category:21st-century American male musicians


Manay Po

Manay Po!  (aka Oring, Orang, Oroses) is a 2006 Filipino gay-themed comedy film directed by Joel C. Lamangan and starring Cherry Pie Picache, Polo Ravales, John Prats and Jiro Manio.  The film grossed "a phenomenal"  on its opening day.   It was followed in 2008 by the sequel Manay Po 2: Overload.

Plot
A mother has 3 boys, but the oldest is a bisexual, the other is openly gay and the youngest is confused about his gender identity. The eldest is an engineer, the other one is an Arts student and the youngest is a high school student.
All is fine until a problem appears. The mother and her boyfriend was robbed and the jewelry set cannot be returned incomplete and she was short of cash. The middle son, rejected by his crush ,decides to give his expenses for a gown to add to the balance. The eldest, initially angry, tried to solicit his partner/couple to reduce their savings to help his mother. The eldest son is officially a couple, the middle wins the beauty pageant and the youngest, content with his identity.

Cast

 Cherry Pie Picache as Luzviminda Catacutan
 John Prats as Orson Castello
 Polo Ravales as Oscar Dimagiba
 Jiro Manio as Orwell Castello
 Luis Alandy as Adrian Pengson
 Mike Tan as Marky
 Glaiza de Castro as Pauleen
 IC Mendoza as Frida
 Theo Bernados as Robin
 LJ Reyes as Gina
 Christian Vasquez as Gerry
 Giselle Sanchez as Maritess
 Charles Christianson as Cher
 Jim Pebanco as Rouel
 Justin De Leon as Rowin
 Encar Benedicto as Annabelle
 Allan Paule as Jonathan

Recognition

Awards and nominations
 2007, nominated for a Philippines Golden Screen Award as 'Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy' for Regal Films
 2007, nominated for a Philippines Golden Screen Award as 'Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role (Musical or Comedy)' for Cherry Pie Picache

References

External links
 Manay Po! at the Internet Movie Database
  as archived December 26, 2009

Category:Philippine sex comedy films
Category:2000s sex comedy films
Category:2000s LGBT-related films


Stefan Uroš I

Stefan Uroš I (;  1223 – May 1, 1277), known as Uroš the Great (Урош Велики) was the King of Serbia from 1243 to 1276, succeeding his brother Stefan Vladislav. He was one of the most important rulers in Serbian history.

Early life
Stefan Uroš was the youngest son of Stefan the First-Crowned and Anna, the granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice. Uroš inherited many personality traits from his mother and paternal grandfather Stefan Nemanja, who raised him along with his two older brothers (Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav). (Note that "Stefan" is a high-ranking title, not only a name).

Scholars have argued that Bulgarian influence had been strong and unpopular, causing opposition that led to Vladislav's deposition after the death of Asen. The revolting nobility had chosen Uroš as their candidate for king; from 1242 to spring 1243, a war for the throne was fought, which ended with Vladislav being forced to give up the crown in favour of Uroš. It seems that Uroš quickly captured Vladislav and held him in prison. The main resistance against Uroš was led by Vladislav's wife, Beloslava. The hostilities did not last long, and the brothers quickly settled. Uroš was courteous towards Vladislav, gave him the administration of Zeta, and allowed him to use the title of "king". It is not known exactly why the nobility revolted against Vladislav, nor are the details of the conflict between the two brothers.

Administration
At 25 years of age, very young, he took the throne from his brother Vladislav, and despite not having support from in-laws as was the case with his brothers, he immediately ruled energetic and determined. Prior to his accession, the land had been looted by the Tatars and there were widespread internal conflicts; Uroš managed in a short time to resolve all important issues in the state and in its foreign policy.

The situation in Europe and in the Balkans were quite favorable for Serbia, which he very cleverly used for his benefit. During his reign Serbia significantly strengthened itself and progressed in every way. Uroš correctly determined the direction in political pretensions through penetrating the south in Macedonia and conflict with Hungary in Podunavlje. The land was politically and militarily prepared for serious politics and definitive fortification of Serbia and the Serb people in the Vardar valley and the middle Podunavlje. Apart from this, Uroš also correctly determined the direction of Serbian trade politics, as he on several occasions in his fight against the Republic of Ragusa wanted to eliminate Ragusan brokerage and exploitation in his state.

Particular significance in his domestic politics is that he strongly stressed the state principle above all else, and subordinated the churches (both Orthodox and Catholic) to state interests. He was instrumental in the definite solution to the conflict between the archbishoprics of Bar and Dubrovnik regarding power in Serbia, resolved in favour of Bar.

Uroš was the first to begin exploiting the mines, which would later become one of the main sources of material wealth and power of the Serbian state in the Middle Ages. As a first result of the opening of mines came the forging of Serbian coins, which he first minted on the Venetian model.

He protected and assisted literature and writers; i.e. gave impetus to the preparation of a new, more comprehensive and ornate biography of his grandfather Nemanja, whom he fully modeled himself after.

Married to Helen of the French royal family, he lived a modest patriarchal life, happy and content within his family, and he in contrast to the splendor of the Byzantine court, proudly emphasized modesty to the Byzantine deputies, which dominated at his court, where everyone had to work.

In foreign policy Uroš skillfully used to his advantage the conflict between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea, two Greek states, both of which sought to inherit the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople from the Latin Empire. But when the Latin Empire fell, and Emperor Michael Palaiologos of Nicaea took Constantinople, Uroš began to coalite with his wife's cousin, Charles of Anjou, who wanted to recapture Constantinople, and through that alliance take as much Byzantine land as possible. Via Charles, who had family ties with the Hungarian kings, Uroš at the end of his reign also approached Hungary, with whom he long had been in a bad relation with, and married his eldest son and heir, Stefan Dragutin, to Catherine, the daughter of Hungarian King Stephen V.

Pushed by his in-laws, with the help of the army he received from Hungary, Dragutin, unhappy with not getting more participation in the government, revolted and defeated his father and took over the throne. Uroš retired with his loyals to Hum, where, disappointed, dissatisfied and angry, he died soon thereafter.

Economic development

Mining
Under Stefan Uroš I, Serbia became a significant power in the Balkans, partly due to economic development through opening of mines. The mines were developed by the "Sasi" (Saxons), who were experienced in the extracting of ore. Their settlements, located by the mines, had privileged status – they lived under their own laws and were allowed to adhere to Catholicism and build their churches. Important mines were located at Novo Brdo, Brskovo and Rudnik.

Trade
Economic prosperity was also fostered by the related intensification of trade with the Dalmatian cities of Dubrovnik and Kotor.  The increase in the mining of silver and in trade naturally led to the introduction of larger quantities of royal coinage, modeled after the Venetian standard.

Military operations

War with Ragusa
In 1252–1253, Uroš I was at war with the Republic of Ragusa, which bordered the Hum, which was held by his kinsman Radoslav Andrijić. Radoslav swore to fight Ragusa as long as it was in conflict with Serbia, at the same time boasting relations with Béla IV of Hungary. Ragusa took up an alliance with Bulgaria. Peace was ensured in a charter dated May 22, 1254, and the crisis ended.

During the second half of the 1260s a new war broke out with Ragusa, which was secretly favored by the Serbian queen.  A treaty was signed in 1268, specifying the amount of protection money that Dubrovnik was expected to supply annually to the Serbian king.  The arrangement remained largely unbroken for the next century.

War with Hungary

In 1268 the Serbian king invaded the Hungarian possessions south of the Danube in Mačva, what is now western central Serbia.  In spite of some initial success, Stefan Uroš was captured by the Hungarians and forced to purchase his release.  A peace treaty was signed between the two kingdoms, and Stefan Uroš's son Stefan Dragutin of Serbia was married to Catherine, the daughter of the future king Stephen V of Hungary.

Conflict with Dragutin
By the end of his reign, Stefan Uroš apparently succeeded in suppressing the autonomy of Zahumlje, where the local princes became virtually indistinguishable from the rest of the nobility.  In his effort to achieve centralization, the king appears to have alienated his eldest son by refusing to grant him an appanage.  The conflict between father and son exacerbated, and the king apparently considered making his younger son, the future Stefan Milutin, his heir.

Worried about the inheritance and his very life, Stefan Dragutin finally demanded the throne in 1276.  When Stefan Uroš refused, Dragutin rebelled and received help from his Hungarian relatives.  The allies defeated the Serbian king and Stefan Uroš was forced to abdicate and retire to an unidentified monastery in Hum where he died a year or two later. His remains were later moved to his monastic foundation of Sopoćani.

Titles
His full regnal style was King in Christ, God faithful, King of Serbia and the Maritime.

Endowments

Family

By his wife Helen, who was either an Angevin princess or a daughter of the Latin Emperor of Constantinople, Stefan Uroš I had at least three sons:
 Stefan Dragutin, who succeeded as king
 Stefan Milutin, who succeeded as king in 1282
 Brnjača, a daughter

Annotations

References

Sources

Category:13th-century Serbian monarchs
Category:Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Category:1277 deaths
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:1223 births
Category:Economy of Serbia in the Middle Ages
Category:Mining in Serbia
Category:Nemanjić dynasty
Category:People of the Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)
Category:Monarchs who abdicated
Category:Burials at Sopoćani


Cathedral (Currensy album)

Cathedral is a mixtape by American rapper Curren$y and producer Chase N. Cashe. It was released for online download on August 5, 2015.

Track listing
All tracks are produced by Chase N. Cashe.

References

Category:2015 mixtape albums
Category:Currensy albums


Turnaround management

Turnaround management is a process dedicated to corporate renewal. It uses analysis and planning to save troubled companies and returns them to solvency, and to identify the reasons for failing performance in the market, and rectify them. Turnaround management involves management review, root failure causes analysis, and SWOT analysis to determine why the company is failing. Once analysis is completed, a long term strategic plan and restructuring plan are created. These plans may or may not involve a bankruptcy filing. Once approved, turnaround professionals begin to implement the plan, continually reviewing its progress and make changes to the plan as needed to ensure the company returns to solvency.

Turnaround Managers
Turnaround Managers are also called Turnaround Practitioners, and often are interim managers who only stay as long as it takes to achieve the turnaround. Assignments can take anything from 3 to 24 months depending on the size of the organization and the complexity of the job. Turnaround management does not only apply to distressed companies, it in fact can help in any situation where direction, strategy or a general change of the ways of working needs to be implemented. Therefore turnaround management is closely related to change management,  transformation management and post-merger-integration management. High growth situation for example are one typical scenario where turnaround experts also help. More and more turnaround managers are becoming a one-stop-shop and provide help with corporate funding (working closely with banks and the Private Equity community) and with professional services firms (such as lawyers and insolvency practitioners) to have access to a full range of services that are typically needed in a turnaround process. Most turnaround managers are freelancers and work on day rates. The job often involves frequent travel. Others work for large corporations and have permanent positions.

Stages
Stages in repositioning of an organization:
 The evaluation and assessment stage
 The acute needs stage
 The restructuring stage
 The stabilization stage
 The revitalization stage

The first stage is delineated as onset of decline (1). Factors that cause this circumstance are new innovations by competitors or a downturn in demand, which leads to a loss of market share and revenue. But also stable companies may find themselves in this stage, because of maladministration or the production of goods that are not interesting for customers. In public organisations are external shocks, like political or economical, reasons that could cause a destabilization of a performance.

Sometimes an onset of decline can be temporary and through a corrective action and recovery (2) been fixed.

The reposition situation (3) is the point in the process, where the minimally accepted performance is long-lasting below its limits. In empirical studies a performance of turnaround is measured through financial success indicators. These measures ignore other performance indicators such as impact on environment, welfare of staff, and corporate social responsibility. The organizational leaders need to decide, if a strategy change should happen or the current strategy be kept, which could lead on the other hand to a company takeover or an insolvency. In the public sector performances are characterized by multiple aims that are political contested and constructed. Nevertheless, are different criteria of performances used by different stakeholders and even if its use results in the same criteria, it is likely that different weights apply to them. So if a public organization is situated in a turnaround situation, it is subject to the dimensions of a performance (e.g. equity, efficiency, effectiveness) as well as its approach of their relative importance. This political point of view suggests that a miscarriage in a public service may happen when key stakeholders are ongoing dissatisfied by a performance and therefore the existence of an organisation might be unclear. In the public sector success and failure is judged by the higher bodies that bestow financial, legal, or other different resources on service providers.

If decision maker choose to take a new course, because of the realization that actions are required to prevent an ongoing decline, they need at first to search for new strategies (4). Question that need to be asked here are, if the search for a reposition strategy should be participative and decentralized or secretive and centralized or intuitive and incremental or analytic and rational. Here, the selection must be made quickly, since a second turnaround may not be possible after a new or existing poor performance. This means, that a compressed strategy process is necessary and therefore an extensive participation and analysis may be precluded. The same applies to the public sector, because the public authorities are highly visible and politically under pressure to rapidly implement a recovery plan.

Is the fifth stage reached, the selection of a new strategy (5a) has been made by the company. Especially researcher typically concentrates on this one of the reposition process. Most of them focus on the structure and its impact on the performance of the strategy that was implemented. It is even stated by the scientist, that a commercial success is again possible after a failing of the company. But different risk-averse groups, like suppliers, customers or staff may be against a change or are sceptical about the implementation of the strategy. These circumstances could result in a blockade of the realization. Also the conclusion is conceivable, that no escape strategy is found (5b), as a result that some targets can’t be achieved. In the public sector it is difficult to find a recoverable strategy, which therefore could lead to a permanent failure. The case may also be, that though a recovery plan is technically feasible, it might not be political executable.

The implication of the new strategy (6) ensues in the following sixth stage. It is a necessary determinant of organizational success and has to be a fundamental element of a valid turnaround model. Nevertheless, it is important to note, that no empirical study sets a certain turnaround strategy.

The outcomes of the turnaround strategies can result in three different ways. First of all a terminal decline (7a) may occur. This is possible for situations, where a bad strategy was chosen or a good strategy might have been implemented poorly. Another conceivable outcome is a continued failure (7b). Here is the restructuring plan failed, but dominant members within the company and the environment still believe that a repositioning is possible. If that’s the case, they need to restart at stage four and look for a new strategy. Does an outcome of the new strategy turns out to be good, a turnaround (7c) is called successful. This is achieved, when its appropriate benchmark reaches the level of commercial success, like it was the case before the onset of decline. This is commonly measured in a timeframe between two and four year.

Techniques

There are different techniques that can be applied to cause a repositioning. The four main techniques are known as Retrenchment, Repositioning, Replacement and Renewal:

Retrenchment

The Retrenchment strategy of the turnaround management describes wide-ranging short-term actions, to reduce financial losses, to stabilize the company and to work against the problems, that caused the poor performance.
The essential content of the Retrenchment strategy is therefore to reduce scope and the size of a business through Shrinking Selective Strategy. This can be done by selling assets, abandoning difficult markets, stopping unprofitable production lines, downsizing and outsourcing. These procedures are used to generate resources, with the intention to utilize those for more productive activities, and prevent financial losses. Retrenchment is therefore all about an efficient orientation and a refocus on the core business.
Despite that many companies are inhibited to perform cutbacks, some of them manage to overcome the resistance. As a result they are able get a better market position in spite of the reductions they made and increase productivity and efficiency.  Most practitioners even mention, that a successful turnaround without a planned retrenchment is rarely feasible.

Repositioning

The repositioning strategy, also known as "entrepreneurial strategy", attempts to generate revenue with new innovations and change in product portfolio and market position. This includes development of new products, entering new markets, exploring alternative sources of revenue and modifying the image or the mission of a company.

Replacement

Replacement is a strategy, where top managers or the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) are replaced by new ones. This turnaround strategy is used, because it is theorized that new managers bring recovery and a strategic change, as a result of their different experience and backgrounds from their previous work.
It is also indispensable to be aware, that new CEO’s can cause problems, which are obstructive to achieve a turnaround. For an example, if they change effective organized routines or introduce new administrative overheads and guidelines.
Replacement is especially qualified for situations with opinionated CEO’s, which are not able to think impartial about certain problems. Instead they rely on their past experience for running the business or belittle the situation as short-termed. The established leaders fail therefore to recognize that a change in the business strategy is necessary to keep the company viable. There are also situations, where CEO’s do notice that a current strategy isn’t successful as it should be. But this hasn’t to imply, that they are capable or even qualified enough to accomplish a turnaround.
Is a company against a Replacement of a leader, could this end in a situation, where the declining process will be continued. As result qualified employees resign, the organisation discredits and the resources left will run out as time goes by.

Renewal

With a Renewal a company pursues long-term actions, which are supposed to end in a successful managerial performance. The first step here is to analyze the existing structures within the organization. This examination may end with a closure of some divisions, a development of new markets/ projects or an expansion in other business areas. A Renewal may also lead to consequences within a company, like the removal of efficient routines or resources. On the other hand are innovative core competencies implemented, which conclude in an increase of knowledge and a stabilization of the company value.

Hurdles or challenges
Three critical hurdles or challenges that management faces in any repositioning program:
 Design: What type of restructuring is appropriate for dealing with the specific challenge, problem, or opportunity that the company faces?
 Execution: How should the restructuring process be managed and the many barriers to restructuring overcome so that as much value is created as possible?
 Marketing: How should the restructuring be explained and portrayed to investors so that value created inside the company is fully credited to its stock price?

References

Category:Insolvency
Category:Management


Oakhouse Foods

Oakhouse Foods is a home meals service delivering frozen ready meals. The business was founded in the UK in 1994.

Company information
A home meals service delivering frozen meals and desserts throughout the UK and offering a diverse menu with over 400 dishes. The service is operated by a network of 21 regional distributors and is aimed primarily at those who find shopping or cooking for themselves a challenge, mainly the elderly. Delivery is made free of charge in refrigerated vehicles by regular uniformed drivers. Oakhouse Foods works with organisations involved in caring for the elderly and disabled including providing free food tastings and demonstrations for occupational therapists, care associations, sheltered housing associations and hospitals.

The service caters for people with wide range of diets including gluten free, diabetic, low fat, low calorie and vegetarian. A range of "Free From" lists is also available detailing dishes that are free from specific ingredients and full nutritional information is available for all dishes. A range of "Mini Meals" is also available for those with smaller appetites.

References

External links
 Oakhouse Foods website

Category:Catering and food service companies of the United Kingdom


Salvator Cupcea

Salvator P. Cupcea (also known as Salvador Cupcea; August 8, 1908, Carei – 1958, Cehu Silvaniei) was a Romanian psychologist, physician, and political figure. From beginnings as a researcher for the Victor Babeș University of Cluj, alongside his friend Alexandru Roșca, he became noted as a pioneer of experimental psychology and psychoanalysis, studying in particular the social marginals. He later immersed himself in the social hygiene and eugenics movement, also specializing in genetic medicine, biological anthropology, and criminology. A collaborator of Iuliu Moldovan, he taught classes at the latter's Institute for much of World War II, when he focused on studying the intelligence of various body types.

During those years, Cupcea flirted with fascism, and endorsed a biopolitical "national hygiene" program. In 1944, he reemerged as a supporter of the Romanian Communist Party and liberal eugenics, serving as Health Minister and representative to the World Health Organization. A founder of the Cluj Medical University and administrator of its Psychiatric Clinic, his final work was in human ecology, food science, and cardiology.

Biography

Origins and family
Salvator was born in Carei (Nagykároly), Szatmár County, at the time part of Austria-Hungary. His was a family of importance in the Romanian Eastern Catholic community of Crișana region. His father, Petru Cupcea (1875–1940), was a priest, later the Protopope of Supur and honorary Archdeacon, who was active in the Romanian National Party from 1909. Although ethnically Romanian, his paternal and maternal ancestors, the Cupceas and the Rednics, had been received into the Hungarian nobility of Partium, tracing their aristocratic titles to 1609 and 1349 respectively. Petru's wife, Augusta, was the distant descendant of peasants from Tiream, and daughter of George Pteancu. A Romanian educator and honorary citizen of Carei, Pteancu was also leader of the Marian Congregation branch in Năsăud. Augusta's brother, Alexandru Coriolan Pteancu (1878–1956), was a theologian, antiquarian, schoolteacher, political figure, and honorary Protopope.

The couple, who moved frequently in keeping up with Father Cupcea's successive assignments, had six children born in various localities, of whom Salvator and three sisters reached maturity. The eldest, Maria (1903–1980), was an educator, composer, and celebrated stage and film actress. She was for a while married one of Salvator's physician colleagues, Victor Munteanu, and had a son by him, Dan Munteanu, who became a noted biologist. Another sister, Lucia, became the wife of Leontin Ghergariu (1897–1980), a philologist, adult educator, museum curator and sports enthusiast. The youngest of the Cupcea siblings, Emilia, taught at the Biological Institute of Cluj.

Cupcea's early childhood saw the dissolution of Austria-Hungary and the region's incorporation with Romania. Directly involved in the process, Alexandru Pteancu was appointed chief inspector of secondary schools by the Romanian-led Regional Directorate. There followed an interlude of Hungarian Soviet rule, during which Inspector Pteancu narrowly escaped execution. Father Cupcea, who had pledged Carei's support for the Great Assembly, was also targeted, being kidnapped and sent to Debrecen, where he was reportedly tortured. Rescued by his coreligionists, he made his way to Oradea, which fell to the Romanians in the military operations of 1919.

Early career
In 1925, when Crișana had been secured for Greater Romania, Salvator graduated from Carei's Lucaciu High School, where he had become best friends with his schoolmate, Alexandru Roșca. They both had a keen interest in psychology, and were urged on by their schoolteachers to pursue studies in the field. Enlisting at the University of Cluj (known back then as "Upper Dacia University"), they attended the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy, specializing under Professor Florian Ștefănescu-Goangă at the Cluj Institute of Psychology. Together, they worked on Ștefănescu-Goangă's applied psychology teams, alongside various other young men who became figures of importance on the scientific, political, and literary scene: Nicolae Mărgineanu, Mihai Beniuc, Liviu Rusu, Lucian Bologa, and Teodor Bugnariu.

Taking a degree in Psychology, Pedagogy and Aesthetics (February 1931), Cupcea also attended the Faculty of Medicine, where he earned a diploma in psychiatry, after which he took a position on the staff of the Mental Hospital in Sibiu. In early 1935, he was among the founders of the Romanian Psychoanalytic Circle and an editor of its magazine, Revista Română de Psihanaliză, with which he sought to promote a more complete understanding of Sigmund Freud and his work. Together with fellow Freudians Ioan I. Popescu-Sibiu, G. Preda, and Anastase Dosios, he worked on Cercetări de psihologie experimentală la alienați ("Studies in Experimental Psychology among the Insane").

In 1938, Cupcea became a contributor to Ștefănescu-Goangă's academic journal, Revista de Psihologie, where he wrote an introduction to psychological evaluation techniques. Also that year, together with Ștefănescu-Goangă and Roșca, he published a study on Adaptarea socială ("Social Adaptation"), which looked into the social careers of misfits: 3,300 criminals, 9,636 victims of suicide, and 434 mental patients. The authors found that maladaptation was critical among women and Székelys, that most homicides occurred in Oltenia, southern Moldavia and Ciuc, and that most suicides were reported in Transylvania. With Mihai Kernbach and Vasile Hurghișiu, he co-authored other work in medical jurisprudence, presenting his findings at the 21 Congress of Legal Medicine, in Bonn. Cupcea ultimately became a Doctor of Medicine in March 1939.

Moldovan's aide
While Bugnariu affiliated with the underground Romanian Communist Party (PCdR), Cupcea and Roșca were drawn into fascist politics. As noted by author Nicolae Balotă, who was also an employee of the Psychology Institute, they "contributed discreetly (and, what is more, prudently)" to the Iron Guard. Cupcea's father, meanwhile, was a leader of the mainstream National Peasants' Party in Sălaj County and a figure of importance in local democratic circles, especially active in the propaganda effort against Hungarian irredentism.

In 1940, at the height of World War II, Northern Transylvania, including Cluj, was ceded by Romania to Hungary following the Second Vienna Award. The entire university and its logistics moved to Sibiu. Cupcea remained in contact with his colleagues, publishing in Revista de Psihologie: in 1941, Constituția morfologică la bolnavii mintal ("The Morphological Built of the Mentally Ill"); in 1944, Încercarea unui sistem de psihopatologie constituțională evolutiv ("Sketching a System of Progressive Bodily Psychopathology"). He based these studies on the impact of health on intelligence, and the theories of Ernst Kretschmer, by examining the body types of university students, industrial workers and mental patients in relation to their intelligence quotient and state of mind, describing various correlations. A disciple of physician and eugenicist Iuliu Moldovan, he frequented ASTRA Society and published in its paper the 1941 tract Ce este Eugenia ("What Eugenics Is"). It discussed "the improvement of the genetic dowry" through both positive and negative measures. Quoting Moldovan and Francis Galton, Cupcea tried to delimit his field of interest from Nazi racial science (too radical) and euthenics (too mild), preferring Moldovan's term "hygiene of the nation". At the time, he expressed himself as a supporter of strict biological determinism, and demanded the universal introduction of prenuptial examinations to filter out the dysgenics.

Cupcea later became editor of Revista de Psihologie, also serving on the staffs of Medicina Românească review and the Romanian Psychiatric Society. Described by his friends as a "gentleman of imposing stature" and a fine public speaker, he was attracted into teaching. From 1942, he hosted a seminar of "mental hygiene" and medical genetics, under Moldovan's guidance. In 1943, the university assigned him a lecturer's position in his alma mater, the Faculty of Medicine, where his oratorical skill drew in crowds. Cupcea also affiliated with Moldovan's Institute of Hygiene and Biopolitics, as a researcher, and, taking a diploma in Public Health and Hygiene in 1944, as a section leader. His studies merged psychiatry and criminology, investigating the role of emotional instability disorder as a gateway to other psychiatric conditions in the general population, and its supposed presence as "impulsiveness" among the criminal population.

In August 1944, King Michael's Coup aligned Romania with the Allies, while also ushering in a Soviet occupation. Discarding fascism, Cupcea and Roșca sought a rapprochement with the PCdR, passing themselves off as committed communists. ASTRA published Cupcea's introduction to Biologia teoretică şi aplicată în U.R.S.S. ("Theoretical and Applied Biology in the USSR"), which was a condemnation of scientific racism and social Darwinism, as well as a tentative defense of non-racial eugenics. The article announced that the era of eugenics as a separate discipline was coming to an end, as eugenics had infused the work values of Soviet biologists, especially those at the Maxim Gorky Medico-Biological Research Institute. In one of his eugenic tracts for that year, he circulated the notion that genes "do not produce characteristics per se, but rather provide certain evolutionary guidelines", which suggested to his readers that pedagogy had a major role in cultivating innate qualities.

Ministerial post and later life
In 1945, Cupcea joined the Health Ministry staff as a general secretary, under Premier Petru Groza and Minister Dumitru Bagdasar. On April 11, 1946, preparing for his retirement, Bagdasar delegated to Cupcea "all the rights that come with the office of minister [...], excepting those that are strictly reserved for the minister as head of his department and cannot therefore be delegated." Following Bagdasar's resignation and death, Cupcea effectively became the acting minister.

In August 1946, he spoke at the national conference on people's health, where he presented a report on the dire conditions facing "today's democratic government": "One million syphilitics, one and a half million gonorrhea victims, 600,000 tuberculosis victims, an 18 per cent infant mortality—that is the legacy of our past, the legacy of historical regimes". In parallel, Cupcea was assigned the Chair of Mental Hygiene and Medical Genetics at the Cluj Hygiene Institute in September. On May 9, 1947, he was created a Commander of the Star of Romania.

Later that year, he resigned from his political posts and became manager of the Cluj University Psychiatric Clinic, taking over from Iuliu Hațieganu, who had been purged by the communists. In 1948, when, with his help, the Faculty of medicine became a Medical University, he was made a full professor of hygiene, and soon after served as Dean. In parallel, he worked on a regional medical task-force formed by the Romanian Academy, while presiding over the Hygiene Institute, the Cluj clinics, and the local Medical Society. In 1948, he was one of three Romanian representatives to the founding congress of the World Health Organization, where he proposed the creation of a Mental Hygiene Committee and concrete backing for national research programs. For a while, he also headed a Cluj section of the Romanian–Soviet Institute. During those years, with Ștefănescu-Goangă and Roșca, he became involved in a cabal against their former colleague Mărgineanu, whom they denounced to the Securitate.

With Leon Daniello, Leon Prodan, and 11 other researchers, he contributed the monograph Silicoza și silicotuberculoza ("Silicosis and Silicotuberculosis"), which earned him the State Prize for 1952. He also worked alongside Aurel Moga in investigating cardiovascular disease, making significant predictions about the contributing role of cholesterol intake, and exploring connections between human ecology and biological anthropology. Later, Cupcea pioneered the study of ionization as an air pollution indicator. He died suddenly in 1958, at Cluj.

Notes

References
"Chemări la catedre universitare", in Monitorul Oficial, October 8, 1946, pp. 10868–10874
Maria Bucur, Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 2002,
Lucian T. Butaru, Rasism românesc. Componenta rasială a discursului antisemit din România, până la Al Doilea Război Mondial. EFES, Cluj-Napoca, 2010,
Viorel Câmpean,
Oameni și locuri din Sătmar, Vol. I. Citadela, Satu Mare, 2008,
Oameni și locuri din Sătmar, Vol. II. Citadela, Satu Mare, 2010,
Nicolae Jurcău, Mariana Roșca, "Școala clujeană de psihologie — nava amiral a psihologiei din România", in Romanian Journal of School Psychology, Vol. 1, 2008, pp. 87–103
Gheorghe Vornica, "Studii eugenice", in Transilvania, Nr. 2–3/1942, pp. 221–224

Category:1908 births
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Category:Romanian eugenicists
Category:Romanian psychologists
Category:Romanian psychiatrists
Category:Psychoanalysts
Category:Experimental psychologists
Category:Intelligence researchers
Category:Romanian anthropologists
Category:Physical anthropologists
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Swimming at the 2003 Pan American Games – Men's 200 metre backstroke

The Men's 200m Backstroke event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on August 14, 2003 (Day 13 of the Games). Brazil's Rogério Romero (33) added another gold in the 200 backstroke in 1:59.92. Romero first won this event in 1991 and a silver in 1995.

Medalists

Records

Results

References

2003 Pan American Games Results: Day 13, CBC online; retrieved 2009-06-13.
usaswimming
SwimNews Results

Backstroke, 200m


Peter Gorski

Peter Gorski, (7 September 1921 - 3 March 2007) was a German film director. He was born in Berlin and later adopted by the German actor Gustaf Gründgens. He started his career in 1955 as the assistant director for the film Ripening Youth. In 1960 he directed the film Faust, based on Goethe's Faust and adapted from the theater production at the Deutsches Schauspielhaus in Hamburg. The film starred his adoptive father Gustaf Gründgens as Mephistopheles, and was chosen as West Germany's official submission to the 33rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, but did not manage to receive a nomination. The film also won Gorski a Deutscher Filmpreis for an Outstanding Documentary or Cultural Film in 1961.

In 1968, Peter Gorski as the sole heir sued the Nymphenburger Verlagsbuchhandlung, which had published the novel Mephisto which was loosely based on the life of his adoptive father Gustaf Gründgens. The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled that Gründgens' personal freedom was more important than the freedom of art.

Filmography
 Faust (1960), as director
 Reifende Jugend (1955), as assistant director

References

External links

Category:1921 births
Category:2007 deaths
Category:German film directors
Category:Artists from Berlin
Category:German-language film directors
Category:Film directors from Berlin


Color in Chinese culture

Colour in Chinese culture  refers to the certain values that Chinese culture attaches to colors, like which colors are considered auspicious () or inauspicious ().  The Chinese word for "color" is yánsè (). In Classical Chinese, the character sè () more accurately meant "color in the face", or "emotion". It was generally used alone and often implied sexual desire or desirability. During the Tang Dynasty, the word yánsè came to mean all color. A Chinese idiom which is used to describe many colors, Wǔyánliùsè (五颜六色), can also mean colors in general.

Theory of the Five Elements
In traditional Chinese art and culture, black, red, qing () (a conflation of the idea of green and blue), white and yellow are viewed as standard colors.  These colors correspond to the five elements of water, fire, wood, metal and earth, taught in traditional Chinese physics. Throughout the Shang, Tang, Zhou and Qin dynasties, China's emperors used the Theory of the Five Elements to select colors.

Black
Black, corresponding to water, is a neutral colour.  The I Ching, or Book of Changes, regards black as Heaven's color. The saying "heaven and earth of black" was rooted in the observation that the northern sky was black for a long time. They believed Tian Di, or Heavenly Emperor, resided in the North Star.

The Taiji symbol uses black and white to represent the unity of yin and yang. Ancient Chinese people regarded black as the king of colors and honored black more consistently than any other color. Lao Zi said that five colors make people blind, so the Dao School chose black as the color of the Dao.

In modern China, black is used in daily clothing. Black, along with white, is associated with death and mourning and was formerly worn at funerals,  but depends on the age of passing.

Red

Red, corresponding with fire, symbolizes good fortune and joy.  Red is found everywhere during Chinese New Year and other holiday celebrations and family gatherings.
A red envelope is a monetary gift which is given in Chinese society during holiday or special occasions.  The red color of the packet symbolizes good luck.  Red is strictly forbidden at funerals as it is a traditionally symbolic color of happiness; however, as the names of the dead were previously written in red, it may be considered offensive to use red ink for Chinese names in contexts other than official seals.

In modern China, red remains a very popular color and is affiliated with and used by the Government.

Green
Generally green is associated with health, prosperity, and harmony. Green is also the color of jade.  Separately, green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold. This has caused uneasiness for Chinese Catholic bishops, who in ecclesiastical heraldry would normally have a green hat above their arms.  Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms. Sometimes this hat will have an indigo feather to further display their disdain for the color green.

White
White, corresponding with metal, represents gold and symbolises brightness, purity, and fulfilment.
White is also the color of mourning. It is associated with death and is used predominantly in funerals in Chinese culture. Ancient Chinese people wore white clothes and hats only when they mourned for the dead. White was also a color that represented death.

Yellow

Yellow, corresponding with earth, is considered the most beautiful and prestigious color. The Chinese saying Yellow generates Yin and Yang implies that yellow is the center of everything. Associated with but ranked above brown, yellow signifies neutrality and good luck. Yellow is sometimes paired with red in place of gold.

Yellow was the emperor's color in Imperial China and is held as the symbolic color of the five legendary emperors of ancient China. Yellow often decorates royal palaces, altars and temples, and the color was used in the robes and attire of the emperors.

Yellow also represents freedom from worldly cares and is thus esteemed in Buddhism. Monks' garments are yellow, as are elements of Buddhist temples.  Yellow is also used as a mourning color for Chinese Buddhists.

Yellow is also symbolic of heroism, as opposed to the Western association of the colour with cowardice.

See also
Chinese art
Culture of China
Culture of the People's Republic of China
Fashion of China
Luck
Numbers in Chinese culture
Jing (Chinese opera)#Face design for information on color in Chinese opera face paintings

References

Category:Chinese culture
Category:Color in culture
Category:Wu Xing


John Butcher (British politician)

John Patrick Butcher (13 February 1946 – 25 December 2006) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.

Butcher was born in Doncaster but grew up in Huntingdonshire where he was educated at Huntingdon Grammar School and the University of Birmingham. He fought the seat of Birmingham Northfield in February 1974 and was a Birmingham City Councillor from 1972 until 1978.

He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Coventry South West from 1979 until 1997, when the seat was abolished by boundary changes. He was later chairman of Texas Instruments (1990–98) and the Institute of Directors (1997–2001).

He was married with three children and despite living in Solihull was a common sight at the Carlton Club in London.

Westminster
Following his election in 1979, Butcher was appointed PPS to Leon Brittan in 1981 and became a Parliamentary Under-Secretary in 1982 at the Department of Trade. Butcher also served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Education and Science between 1988 and 1989, after being moved from what was then called the Department of Trade and Industry.

During his time as minister at the Department of Trade and Industry during the eighties he deregulated the mobile telephone market in the UK.

After he left ministerial office he introduced the Property Misdescriptions Act, which aimed to curb "the more extravagant claims of estate agents".  He was also a euro-sceptic and was one of the Maastricht rebels who voted against the Government in 1993.

After politics
When he left politics due to heart problems which would eventually take his life, he became chairman of the Institute of Directors. In 1997, he became a director of Pertemps Group and two years later became a director of Phoenic Telecom. He even ran his own company, John Butcher Associates in West Midlands.

He died of heart failure at the age of 60, on Christmas Day 2006, at 1500 feet, beside Alcock Tarn in the Lake District with his three children.

The initial John Butcher Memorial lecture was held at University of Warwick on 19 March 2008. The first guest speaker was Michael Howard QC MP.

Notes

References
Obituary, The Times, 5 January 2007

External links

Category:1946 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:People from Doncaster
Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Category:Councillors in Birmingham, West Midlands
Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Category:UK MPs 1979–1983
Category:UK MPs 1983–1987
Category:UK MPs 1987–1992
Category:UK MPs 1992–1997


The Christopher Killer

The Christopher Killer is a novel by Alane Ferguson set in the small town of Silverton, Colorado. The book centers around Cameryn who is the assistant to her coroner father. It was released on May 4, 2006 in the United States. The book was an Edgar Award Nominee in 2007. It is held in over one thousand WorldCat libraries

Plot summary
When Cameryn Mahoney convinces her dad to give her the job of being his assistant, she is thrilled to finally get some hands-on experience in forensics. But Cammie is in for more than she bargained for when the second case that she attends turns out to be her friend and the latest victim of a serial killer, known as the Christopher Killer. And if dealing with that isn't enough, Cammie soon realizes that if she is not careful, she might wind up as the next victim.

Characters
Cameryn Mahoney - A seventeen-year-old (high school senior) girl who is the kid of the Silverton coroner. She also goes by the  nickname Cammie. Her dream is to follow in her father's footsteps and become a forensic pathologist. Cameryn has studied multiple books on forensics, which her Mammaw disapproves of. After convincing her father to let her be his assistant, she gets an inside look at the world of forensics. Cameryn lives with her crazy Mammaw's in her house, and can not remember ever having seen her mother. Cameryn has a second job at the Grand Hotel. It is implied that she is attracted to Justin Crowley.
Patrick Mahoney - the father of Cameryn Mahoney and the Silverton coroner. At first, he is reluctant to accept Cameryn as the assistant to the coroner. But he soon gives in and is extremely impressed with her observations on their first case together. He highly dislikes Justin, the new deputy.
Justin Crowley - the new deputy of the town who is twenty-one years old. He originally comes from Albany, New York and found his current job of deputy over the Internet. Later on, Cameryn finds out he knew the artist Hannah Peterson, her mother, who she has never set eyes on. Justin met Hannah at a party thrown by his brother and sister-in-law. Hannah gave him a painting and a letter was supposed to be given to Cameryn at the right time. He cares a lot about Cameryn and her safety.
Sheriff Jacobs - Silverton's sheriff. He always emanates disapproval towards Cameryn every time she is at a crime scene. He acknowledges that there is something between Cameryn and Justin.
Dr. Moore - the nearest forensic pathologist to which any victims can be brought. He is very hot-tempered and believes himself to be the 'captain of the ship'. So he doesn't enjoy it when Cameryn states she sees something, which was unseen to him and  he implies that she is only an amateur. He enjoys listening to opera music while performing autopsies.
Raymond Jewel - world-renowned psychic. He is the one who first claimed to have seen the spirit of Rachel telling him the details of her whereabouts. His description was proven right when Rachel was found in Silverton. He is commonly known by his last name, Jewel.
Rachel Geller - a fellow server at the Grand, and the unfortunate victim of a serial killer.
Mammaw - Cameryn's paternal Irish grandmother. She disagrees with Cammie on her choice of future profession and tries many times to change her granddaughter's mind to no avail.
 Hannah Peterson - the mother of Cameryn. She has never come to visit Cameryn since their separation, due to fear of rejection, although she  wishes to. Hannah sought the help of Justin to soften Cameryn up before trying to visit. She is an avid painter, so she sends a painting to Cammie as well as a letter.
Lyric Daphne - Cameryn's best friend since the fifth-grade. She is the exact opposite of Cameryn, so their friendship is an unlikely one. Lyric is very loud, believes in mystics, and wears clothes that are bright and set to her mood. She is very eccentric and gives off a mystical vibe.
Adam Stinson -  is the weird kid in Silverton. He wears all black, smokes, and keeps to himself all the time. Adam adores Rachel Geller and has pictures of her in the basement of his job for their school yearbook . At one point he is suspected to have killed Rachel due to  his possession of  pictures of her.

References

Category:2006 American novels
Category:American mystery novels
Category:Novels set in Colorado
Category:San Juan County, Colorado


Donavan Grondin

Donavan Grondin (born 26 September 2000) is a French cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam .

Major results

2017
 National Junior Track Championships
1st  Madison
2nd Elimination race
3rd Team pursuit
 4th Chrono des Nations Juniors
 6th Overall Trophée Centre Morbihan
1st  Young rider classification
 7th Bernaudeau Junior
2018
 National Junior Road Championships
1st  Road race
3rd Time trial
 2nd Chrono des Nations Juniors
 6th Bernaudeau Junior
2019
 National Track Championships
1st  Omnium
1st  Madison (with Florian Maître)
1st  Team pursuit (with Florian Maître, Louis Pijourlet, Valentin Tabellion & Thomas Denis)
3rd Scratch

References

External links

Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:French male cyclists


Hope for Portugal Movement

Hope for Portugal Movement (, ; MEP) was a minor centrist political party in Portugal. It had no representatives in the Assembly of the Republic, the Portuguese legislature. Its name in Portuguese could also mean incentive expression: Movement "Have Hope Portugal".

It was formed on 23 July 2008 when the Portuguese Constitutional Court accepted the necessary 8,400 signatures for it to be legally recognized. Portuguese activist and entrepreneur Rui Marques was the first face of the then civic group, that would originate the MEP. The first party congress is scheduled for 4/5 October 2008, and it is due to approve the party's program and statutes. MEP has announced it is going to contest the European Parliament and legislative elections of 2009.

Due to the low results achieved by the party in the 2011 elections, Rui Marques resigned as party chairman. On 29 January 2012 the party released a statement informing party members, motivated by the weak results achieved in the 4 elections in which they contested, that the party would be dissolved as a political party although continuing its action as a civic movement.

On 9 January 2013 the dissolution of the party was accepted by the Constitutional Court, with effect since 12 December 2012.

References

External links
Official website
Official blog
Provisional program (in Portuguese)

Category:Defunct political parties in Portugal
Category:Centrist parties in Portugal
Category:Political parties established in 2008
Category:2008 establishments in Portugal
Category:2012 disestablishments in Portugal
Category:Political parties disestablished in 2012


WSDQ

WSDQ (1190 AM, "Continuous Country the Q") is a daytime-only radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed in Dunlap, Tennessee, United States, the station is currently owned by Spencer Travis Hickman and features programming from Fox News Radio.

References

External links

Category:Country radio stations in the United States
SDQ
Category:Sequatchie County, Tennessee
Category:Daytime-only radio stations