History of the Royal Canadian Navy

The history of the Royal Canadian Navy goes back to 1910, when the naval force was created as the Naval Service of Canada and renamed a year later by King George V. The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) is one of the three environmental commands of the Canadian Forces. Over the course of its history, the RCN has played a role in the First World War, contributed significantly to the Battle of the Atlantic during the Second World War, and was a part of NATO's force buildup during the Cold War. In 1968, the RCN was amalgamated with the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force to form what is today the unified Canadian Armed Forces. The naval force was known as Maritime Command until 2011, when the environmental command was renamed as the Royal Canadian Navy.

History

Formative years

During the early years of the 20th century, there was growing debate within the British Empire as to the role the Dominions would play in defence and foreign relations.  Because of the developing naval arms race with Germany, a key part of this discussion focused on naval issues.  In Canada, the naval debate came down to a choice between two options: either the young country could provide funds, support and manpower to the Royal Navy, or it could form its own navy, which could help support the Royal Navy if necessary.  After extensive political debates, Canadian politicians chose the latter option.

On 29 March 1909, George Foster introduced a resolution in the House of Commons calling for the establishment of a Canadian Naval Service.  The resolution was not successful; however, on 12 January 1910, the government of Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier took Foster's resolution and introduced it as the Naval Service Bill.  After third reading, the bill received royal assent on 4 May 1910, becoming the Naval Service Act which created a Department of the Naval Service under the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, who also became the Minister of the Naval Service. The act called for:

 a permanent force
 a reserve (to be called up in emergency)
 a volunteer reserve (to be called up in emergency)
 the establishment of a naval college

The official title of the navy was the Naval Service of Canada (also Canadian Naval Forces), and the first Director of the Naval Service of Canada was Rear-Admiral Charles Kingsmill (Royal Navy, retired), who had previously been in charge of the Marine Service of the Department of Marine and Fisheries.  A request to change name of the Naval Service of Canada to Royal Canadian Navy on 30 January 1911, brought a favourable reply from King George V on 29 August of that year.

The naval college was established in the dockyard at Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1911 as "Royal Naval College of Canada". The Royal Naval College was established to impart a complete education in Naval Science. Graduates were qualified to enter the Imperial or Canadian Service as midshipmen although a Naval career was not compulsory. The course provided a grounding in Applied Science, Engineering, Mathematics, Navigation, History and Modern Languages and was accepted as qualifying for entry as second-year students in Canadian Universities. The program aimed to develop both the physical and mental including discipline, the ability to obey and take charge, and honour. Candidates had to be between their fourteenth and sixteenth birthdays on 1 July following the examination. The original Royal Naval College of Canada facilities were destroyed in December 1917 in the Halifax Explosion. What could be salvaged was moved to  at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) in Kingston, Ontario. The "Royal Canadian Naval College" moved in 1919 to a building in the naval dockyard at Esquimalt, British Columbia. The college was closed in 1922.

To form the nucleus of its new navy, and to train Canadians for the country's planned fleet of five cruisers and six destroyers, Canada acquired two ships from Great Britain. The cruiser  was the first ship commissioned into Canada's navy on 4 August 1910, at Portsmouth, England. She arrived at Esquimalt on 7 November 1910, and carried out fishery patrols and training duties on Canada's west coast.  Another Royal Navy cruiser, , became the second ship commissioned into the Canadian navy on 6 September 1910, at Devonport in England and arrived at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 21 October 1910—Trafalgar Day.

These initial plans encountered significant setbacks following Laurier's defeat in the 1911 federal election, in which the debate about naval policy played a significant part. The new Conservative government, led by Robert Borden, had opposed the Naval Service Act while they were in opposition. At the urging of the Admiralty's First Sea Lord Sir Winston Churchill, Prime Minister Borden agreed to finance the construction of three dreadnoughts for $35 million. This plan was far more costly than Laurier's original plan of the Canadian-built fleet, and would reap no benefits to Canadian industries whatsoever. On 5 December 1912, Borden introduced the Naval Aid Bill as a one-time contribution to the British Royal Navy. After a bitter debate and a long filibuster by the opposition Liberals, the Borden government invoked cloture on the debate, for the first time ever in Canadian Parliament, and the bill passed third reading on 15 May 1913. The Act was soundly defeated by the Liberal-majority Senate two weeks later. The Royal Canadian Navy now found itself in limbo, with very limited funds for operations, two obsolescent cruisers, and no prospect of new ships being built or acquired.

Despite the problems of these early years, some Canadians were still active supporters of a national navy. Building on earlier, unofficial efforts, a volunteer reserve came into being in May 1914 as the Royal Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve (RNCVR). Its initial establishment was 1,200 men, and it was divided into three distinct geographic areas: (1) Atlantic, (2) Pacific, and (3) Lake (representing inland areas). During the First World War, it would expand considerably, and also establish an "Overseas Division" specifically for service with the Royal Navy.

Immediately before the First World War, the premier of British Columbia, in a fit of public spirit, purchased two submarines ( and ) from a shipyard in Washington. The submarines had been built for the Chilean Navy but the purchase had fallen through. On 7 August 1914, the Government of Canada purchased the boats from the Government of British Columbia, and they were consequently commissioned into the RCN.

First World War

At the outbreak of the First World War on 5 August 1914, two government vessels, CGS Canada (renamed ) and , were immediately pressed into naval service, joining Niobe, Rainbow and the two submarines CC-1 and CC-2, to form a six-vessel naval force. At this point, London and Ottawa were planning to significantly expand the RCN, but it was decided that Canadian men would be permitted to enlist in either the Royal Navy or its Canadian counterpart, with many choosing the former.

During the fall of 1914, HMCS Rainbow patrolled the west coast of North America, as far south as Panama, although these patrols became less important following the elimination of the German naval threat in the Pacific with the December 1914 defeat of Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee's German East Asiatic Squadron off the Falkland Islands.  Many of Rainbow crew were posted to the east coast for the remainder of the war and by 1917 Rainbow was withdrawn from service.

The early part of the war also saw HMCS Niobe actively patrolling off the coast of New York City as part of British blockading forces, but she returned to Halifax permanently in July 1915 when she was declared no longer fit for service and was converted to a depot ship.  She was heavily damaged in the December 1917 Halifax Explosion.

CC-1 and CC-2 spent the first three years of the war patrolling the Pacific; however, the lack of German threat saw them reposted to Halifax in 1917. With their tender, HMCS Shearwater, they became the first warships to transit the Panama Canal flying the White Ensign (the RCN's service flag). Arriving in Halifax on 17 October 1917, they were declared unfit for service and never patrolled again, being scrapped in 1920.

In June 1918,  was sunk by a U-boat.  In terms of the number of dead, the sinking was the most significant Canadian naval disaster of the First World War.

On 5 September 1918, the Royal Canadian Naval Air Service (RCNAS) was formed with a main function to carry out anti-submarine operations using flying boat patrol aircraft.  The U.S. Navy's Naval Air Station Halifax, located on the eastern shores of the harbour at Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia, was acquired, but following the 11 November 1918 Armistice, the RCNAS was discontinued.

Inter-war period

Following a draw-down in the RCN after the war, the RCN undertook to find a mission and found it in taking over many of the civilian responsibilities of the Marine Service of the Department of Transport. Even though by 1922 the RCN had been cut back to 366 men and had paid off its last remaining cruiser HMCS  Aurora, the Navy kept two destroyers donated by the Royal Navy,  and , until they were replaced in the late 1920s by two other ex-Royal Navy vessels  and , and thereby maintained ships in service throughout the lean years.

On 31 January 1923, the RNCVR was replaced by the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RCNVR) The initial authorized strength of the RCNVR was 1,000 all ranks. Twelve Canadian cities (Calgary, Charlottetown, Edmonton, Halifax, Hamilton, Ottawa, Prince Rupert, Quebec City, Regina, Saint John, Saskatoon and Vancouver) were earmarked for divisions of "Half-Company" strength, i.e. 50 men, all ranks. Three larger cities (Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg) were ordered to man to a "Company" strength, which was 100, all ranks. The first commission was given, on 14 March 1923, to Lieutenant Frank Meade, who established a Company sized detachment in Montreal. By the end of 1923, twelve units had been formed.

In 1931, the RCN underwent a major facelift when the first ships specifically built for the RCN, the destroyers  and , were commissioned at Portsmouth, England.

In late January 1932, Skeena along with Vancouver provided protection to British assets and civilians in El Salvador at the request of the British Consul in San Salvador following the outbreak of a peasant uprising.  A landing party was briefly sent ashore at Acajutla, but the situation there improved and the sailors saw no combat, although the two ships remained in the area until the end of the month.

Throughout the 1930s, the RCN, along with its sister services, was starved of funding and equipment. Nevertheless, this decade saw the RCN slowly begin its rebuilding, as Ottawa joined London, Paris, and Washington in a growing apprehension of the ramifications of Nazi Germany's rearmament and the adventurism of Italy and Japan, and procured two more destroyers from the Royal Navy:  and . A custom-built training vessel, the tern schooner  based on the famous Bluenose was commissioned in 1938 for advanced seamanship training. By the outbreak of war in September 1939, however, the RCN still had only six River-class destroyers, five minesweepers and two small training vessels, bases at Halifax and Victoria, and altogether 145 officers and 1,674 men.

Second World War

The RCN expanded substantially during the Second World War, with the larger vessels transferred or purchased from the US and British navies (many through the Destroyers for Bases Agreement), and the smaller vessels such as corvettes and frigates constructed in Canada. By the end of the conflict Canada had the third-largest navy in the world, behind the United States and the United Kingdom, but only two ships larger than destroyers, the light cruisers  and . Although it showed its inexperience at times during the early part of the war, a navy made up of men from all across the country, including many who had never before seen a large body of water, proved capable of exceeding the expectations of its allies. By the end of the Battle of the Atlantic, the RCN was the primary navy in the northwest sector of the Atlantic Ocean and under the command of Rear Admiral Murray was responsible for the safe escort of innumerable convoys and the destruction of many U-boats — an anti-submarine capability that the RCN would build upon in post-war years.  The Northwest Atlantic Theatre was the only theatre not under command of either a Briton or American during the entire war.

At the end of the Battle of the Atlantic, Canadian ships (either alone or in conjunction with other ships and planes) sank a total of 27 U-boats, and either sank or captured 42 Axis surface ships. But the real victory was not so much in the statistics of battle, as in the successful completion of 25,343 merchant ship crossings, carrying 181,643,180 tons of cargo and a significant proportion of the Canadian and US forces for the eventual victory in Europe.  Canada lost 24 ships in five different theatres: first was Fraser, sunk in a collision while evacuating refugees from France in 1940; , ,  and  were lost in 1944 during Operation Neptune and cross-Channel escort duty;  and  sank in the Mediterranean Sea during the North African invasions of Operation Torch; eight ships were sunk protecting Canadian coastal waters , ,  and  (minesweepers),  and   (armed yachts), and  and  (corvettes); and nine ships were lost on Atlantic escort duty Margaree, , , , Ottawa, St. Croix, , Skeena and  (on loan to the RCN from the Royal Navy). Altogether the RCN lost 1,797 seamen, and 95 became prisoners of war.

As the end of the war against Germany approached, attention focused on Japan. At the end of 1944, some RCN ships were deployed with the British Pacific Fleet, joining the many Canadian personnel already serving with the Royal Navy in the Pacific War. Ottawa was also laying plans to expand the RCN's capabilities beyond its anti-submarine orientation.  The war in the Pacific was expected to culminate with a massive invasion of Japan itself, and this would need a different navy than that required in the Atlantic.

Britain was nearly bankrupt after five and a half years of war and was looking to shrink its military somewhat, especially since the United States was now the dominant power in the Pacific. With this in mind, the RCN and the Royal Australian Navy were to receive many ships considered surplus to the RN's needs, with the end goal being a powerful Commonwealth fleet of Australian, British, Canadian, and New Zealand ships alongside the United States Navy. As in the First World War, the war ended before these plans came to fruition. With the dropping of two nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan's surrender was effected.

With the end of the war, the RCN stopped expanding.  A planned transfer of two light aircraft carriers from the Royal Navy,  and  was slowed, and when Warrior was found to be unsuitable for a North Atlantic winter, she was sent to the west coast and the next year was replaced by Magnificent, with Warrior being returned to the Royal Navy. Canada still had two light cruisers,  and HMCS Uganda (later HMCS Quebec), a number of  and other destroyers, and a mass of frigates, corvettes, and other ships, the majority of which were mothballed by 1947.

1949 'mutinies'
In the late winter of 1949, the RCN was shaken by three almost simultaneous cases of mass insubordination variously described as "Incidents" or "Mutinies":

 On 26 February, when the destroyer  was on a fuelling stop at Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico, ninety Leading Seamen and below — constituting more than half the ship's company — locked themselves in their messdecks, and refused to come out until getting the captain to hear their grievances.
 On 15 March, in another destroyer — , at Nanjing, China — eighty-three junior ratings held a similar protest.
 On 20 March, thirty-two aircraft handlers on the carrier Magnificent, which was on fleet manoeuvres in the Caribbean Sea, briefly refused an order to turn to morning cleaning stations.

As noted by Dr. Richard Gimblett, researcher and himself a retired naval officer the respective captains in all three cases acted with great sensitivity, entering the messes for an informal discussion of the sailors' grievances and carefully avoided using the term "mutiny," which could have had severe legal consequences for the sailors involved. Specifically, the captain of  Athabaskan, while talking with the disgruntled crew members, is known to have placed his cap over a written list of demands, which could have been used as legal evidence of a mutiny, and pretended not to notice it.

Still, the Canadian government of the time — the early years of the Cold War — felt apprehensive of "The Red Menace," especially since the naval sailors' discontent coincided with a Communist-inspired strike in the Canadian merchant marine (also, one of the incidents occurred in a country — China — where the local Communists were in the fast process of winning a civil war and gaining power).

Defence Minister Brooke Claxton appointed Rear-Admiral Rollo Mainguy, Flag Officer Atlantic Coast, to head a commission of inquiry. The Mainguy Report —  described by Dr Gimblett as "a watershed in the Navy's history, whose findings, recommendations and conclusions remain a potent legacy" — concluded that no evidence was found of Communist influence or of collusion between the three crews.

The "General Causes Contributing to [the] Breakdown of Discipline" noted by the commission included:

 Collapse of the Divisional System of personnel management;
 Failure to provide Welfare Committees for the airing of petty grievances, which led to sailors informally adopting a kind of equivalent to a sit down strike;
 Frequent changes in ships' manning and routines with inadequate explanation;
 A deterioration in the traditional relationship between officers and petty officers;
 The absence of a distinguishing Canadian identity in the Navy.

The last issue — an assertion of "an uncaring officer corps harbouring aristocratic British attitudes inappropriate to Canadian democratic sensitivities" — went beyond the question of sailors' morale and touched on the basic identity of the Canadian Navy and indeed, on the national identity of Canada as a whole.

It was to have ramifications in the process undertaken in later decades, painful to many of the officers concerned, of deliberately cutting off many of the British traditions in such areas as ensigns and uniforms.

Cold War

Immediately after the end of the Second World War, Canada, like many other countries, dramatically reduced its military expenditures.  For the RCN, this meant large cuts to its personnel strength and number of commissioned ships.  The emergence of the Cold War and the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), followed by the outbreak of the Korean War, prompted the Canadian government to dramatically increase its military spending. For the RCN, this resulted in increased numbers of personnel, the recommissioning and modification of some Second World War ships held in reserve, the design and construction of new classes of ships, and the upgrading of its recently created aviation capabilities.  RCN destroyers formed part of Canada's initial response to the United Nations' call for assistance during the Korean War, and were sent to Korean waters to join other UN naval forces.  The Canadian ships' duties included "exciting but dangerous" shore bombardments and the destruction of North Korean trains and railway lines.  Initially dispatched in 1950, Canadian destroyers maintained a presence off the Korean peninsula until 1955.

At much the same time, the growing Soviet submarine threat led the RCN to update and convert existing ships to improve their anti-submarine capabilities.  Most notably, 21 wartime s  were extensively converted to s during the mid-to-late 1950s. The RCN also acquired several new classes of anti-submarine destroyer escorts (DDEs) to augment its fleet.  Built in Canada, these ships pioneered innovative design features, including a distinctive rounded upper part of the hull which helped seawater drain from the deck during the extremely rough weather and also helped minimize winter-time ice buildup.  The first of these new ships were the seven  DDEs, which were soon followed by the , , and  classes with seven, four, and two vessels respectively.  Following the construction of these new ships throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, the RCN was able to retire most of its remaining vessels dating from the Second World War. The RCN intended to replace some of the capabilities lost with the retirement of those vessels with the General Purpose Frigate, but after disagreement over the direction of the service, the project was scrapped.

Seeking to improve its ships' anti-submarine capabilities, the RCN pioneered the use of large ship-borne helicopters on small surface ships like destroyers in the rough waters of the North Atlantic and Pacific. The recovery of helicopters to a wildly pitching flight deck was made possible by the invention of the "Bear Trap", a cable and winch system which hauled a helicopter, hovering at full power, to the flight deck in all manner of conditions. Using this technology, the St. Laurent-class DDEs were upgraded to destroyer-helicopter (DDH) vessels during the early to mid-1960s to accommodate recently acquired CH-124 Sea King anti-submarine helicopters. Other ships also received upgrades to increase their anti-submarine capabilities. The RCN was also actively involved in the development of various forms of ship-borne sonar, most notably the variable depth sonar (VDS), which greatly increased the ranges at which submarines could be detected.  The improved capabilities conferred by these innovations contributed to Canada's NATO allies giving the RCN an expanded anti-submarine role in the North Atlantic. Much of the RCN's experimental work in these fields was conducted in conjunction with the Defence Research Board, and it would later include experiments leading to the development of the fastest warship ever built, the  .

The RCN also expanded and improved its aviation capabilities during much of this period.  While it had provided crews for the British aircraft carriers  and  during the Second World War, and Canadians had served in the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, Canada had no carriers of its own until HMCS Warrior entered Canadian service in 1946. Warrior proved unsuitable for North Atlantic winters, however, and was replaced by HMCS Magnificent in 1948. By the mid-1950s, Magnificent was no longer used as an active aircraft carrier, but was used as a vehicle transport during Canada's peacekeeping response to the 1956 Suez Crisis, before being paid off. Her replacement, , was a more modern aircraft carrier which had been substantially rebuilt to accommodate an angled flight deck and other improvements.  During this time, the RCN also used stations at HMCS Shearwater and  to operate carrier-based fighter and anti-submarine aircraft, including the British Supermarine Seafire and Hawker Sea Fury, and the American F2H Banshee, the RCN's only jet fighter. Anti-submarine aircraft included variants of the Fairey Firefly, the Grumman Avenger, and a version of the Grumman Tracker built by de Havilland Canada.

Unification

On 1 February 1968, the personnel of the Royal Canadian Navy, along with those of the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Canadian Army, were transferred to the new, unified Canadian Forces, established under separate legislation, the National Defence Act.  The naval forces were restructured as Canadian Forces Maritime Command (MARCOM), with Fleet Air Arm units being transferred to the Canadian Forces Air Command (AIRCOM).

For many of the serving naval personnel, the transition – giving up the old ensigns, and even more the adoption of army-type ranks and green uniforms instead of the distinctive naval ones – was a very painful process. Researcher Alan Filewood recalls:

I grew up in a navy family; my father was a regular force officer who had risen from the lower deck, and he was himself the son of a petty officer who had come to Canada as one of the British Royal Navy crews that brought Canada's first warships to this country in 1911 and elected to stay to build the RCN. Growing up in a naval family, I was imbued with the traditions of a service that prided itself on its British roots.

I recall vividly the day the armed forces paraded in Ottawa to witness the lowering of the old service ensigns and the raising of the new. My mother was a naval vet, a former WREN, and at this transformative moment of national symbolism, she wept; with the lowering of the White Ensign something disappeared from her history. Sometime later my father came home demoralized in his new army-style uniform with an army rank. Like many other naval officers, he retired soon thereafter.

The controversy included the dismissal of Rear-Admiral William Landymore, senior officer in the Atlantic, who tried to secure commitments that naval traditions would be maintained, but was later fired by Defence Minister Paul Hellyer for his opposition to the changes.

MARCOM was formed on 7 June 1965 as part of the integration reorganization of the services into six functional commands. The Canadian Forces Reorganization Act was given Royal Assent on 1 February 1968 and the Royal Canadian Navy ceased to exist as a separate service. The headquarters for MARCOM was based at CFB Halifax.

Canadian sailors exchanged their RCN uniforms for a rifle-green uniform common to all services (known as "CF green") and adopted an army-based rank structure. Only cap and collar badges identified "naval" personnel. These policies were somewhat reversed in the 1970s when MARCOM returned to a naval-based rank structure. In 1985 the Canadian Armed Forces introduced its Distinctive Environmental Uniforms (DEUs) for its three environmental commands. The new naval uniform was broadly similar to the former RCN uniform except that officers' uniforms contained six rather than eight buttons on the front of the tunic and the "square rig" for other ranks was not re-introduced. In addition, the executive curl on officers' rank insignia was omitted and the rank insignia of other ranks continued to follow the pattern used by the army.

The 1968 unification of the Canadian Armed Forces was the first time a nation with a modernized military had combined sea, land, and air branches into a unified-command structure. The move also saw the fleet air arm of the RCN become the Maritime Air Group. These air units were eventually placed under the Canadian Forces Air Command (AIRCOM) after that command was created in 1975.

In the mid-1990s, MARCOM headquarters were consolidated from Halifax at NDHQ in Ottawa at the same time that AIRCOM headquarters moved from Winnipeg and LFC headquarters moved from Saint-Hubert, Quebec.

Re-structure
Following the 1968 unification, MARCOM undertook several changes to its force structure. The sole remaining aircraft carrier, HMCS Bonaventure, was nearing the end of her service life, being a Second World War–era vessel. In the early 1970s, it was decided to pay Bonaventure off and not find a replacement, instead focusing on the traditional blue-water navy.

The fleet was enhanced in 1972 with the addition of the four new s, also known as the Tribal class.  By the mid-1970s, the navy was looking at a new class of frigate-helicopter (FH) vessels to replace the aging St. Laurent, Restigouche, Mackenzie, and Annapolis classes. This design evolved into the Canadian Patrol Frigate (CPF), which was promised by the government in the early 1980s during a period of increased military spending.  By the late 1980s, with construction of the first six vessels underway (by now called the s), construction of six further vessels was announced. Nine of the twelve CPF vessels were built at Saint John, New Brunswick, and the remaining three were built at Lauzon, Quebec.

The mid-1980s saw the announcement of the Tribal Update and Modernization Program (TRUMP), which saw the four early-1970s Iroquois-class destroyers updated into area air-defence destroyers. The update saw these vessels become the first non-US ships to carry the Standard SM-2 anti-aircraft missile.

The 1990s saw the addition of the s which enhanced MARCOM's minesweeping and route survey capabilities.  Manned by naval reservists, the Kingston class is also used for training.

Fleet rationalization
In 1977, the Maritime Command recommended structure based on a fleet consisting of 24 destroyers and frigates, three submarines, three support ships, 36 long range patrol aircraft and 45 maritime helicopters. Despite a realistic fleet structure at the time, the Progressive Conservative minority government led by Joe Clark offered an expensive vision. The Conservative party wanted an expensive fleet structure consisting of 16 destroyers and frigates, 20 submarines, 13 minesweeping vessels, 12 fast attack craft, three escort merchant vessels, 36 long range patrol aircraft, 45 maritime helicopters and 84 shore-based attack aircraft. In 1984, DND requested a revision during the "Capabilities Planning Guide", which included a largely status quo fleet consisting of a 24 destroyers and frigates, four submarines, 12 mine clearance vessels, three support ships, 18 long range patrol aircraft, 18 medium range patrol aircraft and an unspecified number of maritime helicopters. In 1985 the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies recommended a fleet consisting of four nuclear submarines, three helicopter carriers, eight patrol vessels, four polar icebreakers and many helicopters and patrol aircraft.

In 1987, a defence White Paper suggested Canada purchase nuclear-powered submarines (SSN) and specifically the . However the plans for the submarines fell through due to cost. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the reorganization of the Russian Navy in 1991, the Maritime Command plan to maintain the capacity to defend the Canadian interest in the region was based on a fleet consisting of four destroyers, 18 frigates, six submarines, three supply ships and 12 minesweeping vessels. The plan was scrapped and re-evaluated in 1993, since the original plan could not be met with the money the government had provided at the time.

Action post-1968

On 23 October 1969 at 8:21 AM  suffered the worst peacetime accident in the history of the RCN during routine full-power trials when her starboard gearbox reached an estimated temperature of 650 degrees Celsius and exploded. The explosion and the ensuing fire killed 9 crew members and injured at least 53 others.

MARCOM provides vessels for Standing Naval Force Atlantic and for exercises off Norway in support of Canada's defence obligations for northern Scandinavia under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), patrols the north Atlantic and Pacific oceans in support of Canadian sovereignty, and is tasked by NATO with anti-submarine patrols for the northwest Atlantic.

In August–September 1990, MARCOM hurriedly modernized and deployed the Restigouche-class destroyer escort , the Iroquois-class destroyer , and the replenishment ship  to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Shield and later Operation Desert Storm, where the Canadian Navy led the coalition maritime support operation.  relieved the task force and was the first coalition ship to visit Kuwait City at the end of the war.

During the mid-to-late 1990s, MARCOM provided vessels for a NATO task force patrolling the Adriatic Sea off the former Yugoslavia.  As part of Operation Apollo, Canada's military contribution to the international campaign against terrorism, 20 MARCOM vessels have been patrolling in the Arabian Sea in recent years.

In 1995, Canada was involved in a minor non-shooting skirmish with a few European countries in a conflict over fishing rights that was nicknamed the Turbot War.

On 4 May 2010, Senators William Rompkey and Hugh Segal announced their intention to introduce a motion into the Senate asking the Canadian Government to rename Maritime Command as the Canadian Navy, in order to recognize the Canadian Naval Centennial.  As of May 2010, the executive curl on officers uniforms have been restored.

 and other U.S. Third Fleet ships participated in the International Fleet Review commemorating the 100th birthday of the Royal Canadian Navy in Victoria, British Columbia. The naval review took place 9–12 June 2010, and it involved 21 naval ships and more than 8,000 naval personnel from Canada, France, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Joining Ronald Reagan for the naval review were the cruiser , the destroyer , and the frigate .

On 29 June 2010, the Canadian Navy celebrated its 100th anniversary in Halifax, Nova Scotia. 18 vessels from several countries took part in the celebrations, including  and . The warships were reviewed by Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

As part of the Canadian navy's centennial celebrations, SONAR, the naval mascot, which is based on a Newfoundland dog, was "recruited" into the navy in 2010.

On 12 May 2011, HMCS Charlottetown came under fire by small craft off the coast of Libya. This was the first time that a Canadian naval vessel had been under hostile attack since the Korean War.

Legacy
What many think of as the modern Canadian Navy is officially known as the Canadian Forces Maritime Command (MARCOM), which was officially established 7 June 1965 as one of six functional commands which were formed under the integration reorganization of the Canadian services. The Royal Canadian Navy effectively ceased to exist 1 February 1968, when the Canadian Forces Reorganization Act was given Royal Assent. However, MARCOM, being the operational commander of the naval forces of Canada, is represented as the "Canadian Navy" and maintains many of the traditions of its predecessor. As the Canadian Monarch is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian military, commissioned Canadian naval ships, as units of the Canadian Armed Forces, use the prefix HMCS "Her/His Majesty's Canadian Ship/Submarine," a unit designation that began with the establishment of the Royal Canadian Navy and is continued to this day under the Canadian Forces. On 14 December 2010, the Canadian Senate passed a motion urging the federal government to change the name of Canada's naval force from Maritime Command to a title that included the word "navy." Both "Canadian Navy" and "Royal Canadian Navy" were considered acceptable.

The government announced on 16 August 2011, that Maritime Command was to regain its former name, the Royal Canadian Navy (along with the change of name of Air Command to Royal Canadian Air Force).

Decommissioned fleet

Retired aircraft

Ensigns and jacks
On 3 March 1911, the RCN was authorized the use of the White Ensign, which remained the main identifying flag of the navy for the next 54 years.  At the same time, the Canadian Blue Ensign was designated the jack of the RCN. However, because naval tradition dictates that the jack is worn at the ship's bow only when moored or on "dress ship" occasions, HMC ships normally had no distinctly Canadian flags when under way, the White Ensign being identical to the Royal Navy's ensign. Because of this, a tradition developed of painting a green maple leaf on ships' funnels to mark the ship as Canadian.

When British and Canadian foreign policies began to diverge in the 1950s (highlighted by the two countries' different roles in the Suez Crisis), having an ensign identical to the Royal Navy's became less satisfactory. In 1961, a policy of wearing the Canadian Red Ensign from the masthead (in addition to the Canadian Blue Ensign at the jack staff when appropriate, and the White Ensign at the ensign staff) was established.  On 15 February 1965, the White, Blue, and Red ensigns were all replaced by the new National Flag of Canada, the Maple Leaf flag.

RCN Roundel
Shortly after the Second World War, Canadian military aircraft began using roundels featuring a red maple leaf. While the RCAF used a "silver maple" style, aircraft of the RCN used a roundel based on the sugar maple. In 1965, both the RCAF and RCN adopted the same roundel with the stylized leaf found in Canada's new flag.

Since 1975 there has been no roundel for the RCN as all aircraft used onboard ships are operated by the Royal Canadian Air Force.

Leadership

The Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy is the institutional head of the Royal Canadian Navy. The appointment was entitled Director of the Naval Service from 1910 to 1928 and then Chief of the Naval Staff from 1928 to 1964. In August 1964 the position of Chief of the Naval Staff was formally abolished when amendments to the National Defence Act came into force.  Responsibility for naval matters was split between the newly established Defence Staff in Ottawa and operational headquarters in Halifax (for the Atlantic fleet) and Esquimalt (for the Pacific fleet). The appointment was entitled Commander of Maritime Command from 1966 to 1997 and Chief of the Maritime Staff from 1997 to 2011.  In 2011 Maritime Command was renamed the Royal Canadian Navy at which time the appointment was renamed to its present incarnation.

Heritage
This history of the Royal Canadian Navy is preserved and presented at the Maritime Command Museum in Halifax, the Canadian War Museum, the Naval Museum of Alberta, The Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt Naval and Military Museum and naval museums on several bases. Several RCN vessels have been preserved including the corvette , which serves as Canada's Naval Memorial, as well as the destroyer  and the auxiliary patrol ship HMCS/CSS Acadia which served the RCN in both the First and Second World Wars.

Film and books
 Corvette K-225 (1943), centres on the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. Produced by Howard Hawks.
 A Canadian Second World War Naval officer is one of the main characters in Jan de Hartog's novel The Captain.

See also

Bibliography of Canadian military history
 Barber's pole: Canadian Naval Group—nickname for a battle group
 Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy
 List of ships of the Royal Canadian Navy
 List of aircraft of the Royal Canadian Navy
 List of Royal Canadian Navy bases (1911-1968)
 Uniforms of the Canadian Forces: Navy
 Royal Canadian Navy
 Royal Canadian Naval Air Service

Notes

Footnotes

Sources

External links

 Information about Canadian naval ships on Haze gray and underway
 Ensigns of the Royal Canadian Navy 1910–1965
 Dr Richard Gimblett, "Dissension in the Ranks – "Mutinies" in the Royal Canadian Navy"
 Royal and Dominion Navies in World War 2, Campaigns, Battles, Warship losses
 Royal and Dominion Navies, Victoria Cross at Sea, 1940–45

Category:1911 establishments in Canada
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1968
Category:Military units and formations established in 1911
Category:Naval history of Canada
Category:Organizations based in Canada with royal patronage
Royal Canadian Navy

de:Canadian Forces Maritime Command
fr:Marine royale canadienne
it:Royal Canadian Navy
he:הצי המלכותי הקנדי
pl:Royal Canadian Navy


Shrike (disambiguation)

A shrike is a passerine bird of the family Laniidae.

Shrike may also refer to:

Birds
Other passerine birds known as shrikes:
Helmetshrike (Prionopidae), an African family closely related to the true shrikes
Bushshrike (Malaconotidae), another African family, also formerly considered true shrikes
Cuckooshrike (Campephagidae), a widespread Old-World family
Shrikebill (Clytorhynchus), an Australasian genus of monarch-flycatcher
Shrike-tyrant (Agriornis), a South American genus of tyrant-flycatchers
Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen), the true piping shrike
Magpie-lark (Grallina cyanoleuca), an Australian tyrant-flycatcher mistaken for the piping shrike

Military
 Curtiss Shrike (disambiguation), several American combat aircraft of the 1930s
 USS Shrike, two US Navy ships
 Bell X-9 Shrike, a prototype surface-to-air guided missile
 AGM-45 Shrike, an American anti-radiation missile designed to home in on hostile antiaircraft radars
 RNAS Maydown, also known as HMS Shrike, a former Royal Navy Naval Air Station
 Ares Shrike 5.56, a belt-fed machine gun conversion kit

Entertainment

Characters
 Shrike (comics), the codename of a series of DC comics characters
 The Shrike, a monster in the Hyperion Cantos science fiction book series
 The Shrike, a character in the 1973 novel Christie Malry's Own Double-Entry by English writer B. S. Johnson
 The Shrike, an enemy in Brute Force (video game)
 Shrike, a character in Nathanael West's novella Miss Lonelyhearts
 Shrike, a character in the computer game Red Faction II
 Lionel Shrike, a character in the films Now You See Me and Now You See Me 2
 The Shrike, a parasitic flying creature in the Marvel Television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D..

Other entertainment
 The Shrike (play), a 1952 Pulitzer Prize–winning drama by Joseph Kramm
 The Shrike (film), a 1955 film based on the play
 TB-81 Shrike, a medium bomber from the video game Wing Commander: Prophecy
 Shrike Scout Fighter, in the video game Tribes 2
 The Shrike Abyssal, a star system in the Mass Effect series
 "Shrike", a song by Irish musician Hozier from the 2018 album  Nina Cried Power

Other uses
 Shrike (racing car), an Australian open-wheel racing car
 Shrike Commander, an Aero Commander aircraft

See also
 United States Navy Strike Fighter Squadron 94, known as "The Mighty Shrikes"
 Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Würger (English: Shrike), a German World War II fighter aircraft


1976 Syracuse Orangemen football team

The 1976 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1976 NCAA Division I football season. The team was led by third-year head coach Frank Maloney and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York. The team finished with a record of 3–8.

Schedule

Sources:

References

Syracuse
Category:Syracuse Orange football seasons
Syracuse Orangemen football


Rudani

Rudani (, also Romanized as Rūdāni, Rūdney, Rowdenī, and Rūdaney; also known as Radney and Rūney) is a village in Aghili-ye Jonubi Rural District, Aghili District, Gotvand County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69, consisting of 16 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Gotvand County


Steve Elliott (character)

Steve Elliott is a fictional character on Petticoat Junction. Although not an original character, he became a rather popular figure with fans from his debut in 1966 until the show's cancellation.

Fictional overview
Steve, played by Mike Minor, enters the series in episode two of season four. Steve was born in Seattle, Washington, and became a pilot while in the United States Air Force. He crashes his airplane in Hooterville when he is distracted by the sight of the Bradley sisters swimming in the Hooterville Cannonball's water tower.  Originally thought to be a "Rooshin" spy by Uncle Joe, Steve later becomes a welcome addition to the Shady Rest Hotel clan. Steve and Uncle Joe establish a crop dusting business called Carson-Elliott Enterprises. He originally shows interest in Kate Bradley's oldest blonde-haired daughter, Billie Jo; however, he eventually marries redhead Betty Jo Bradley, Kate's youngest daughter, during season five. Steve and Betty Jo move out of the Shady Rest and into a cottage near the railroad tracks. In season six, their daughter Kathy Jo (
Elna Hubbell) is born. During the final season of Petticoat Junction, Steve and Betty Jo and Kathy Jo move back to the Shady Rest Hotel.

References

Category:Petticoat Junction characters


Dick Glacier

Dick Glacier () is a tributary glacier,  long, flowing west from Mount Campbell to enter Shackleton Glacier just north of Taylor Nunatak, in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Alan L. Dick, a member of U.S. Navy Squadron VX-6 during Operation Deep Freeze 1964.

See also
 List of glaciers in the Antarctic
 Glaciology

References

Category:Glaciers of Dufek Coast


Bridgetown, Western Australia

Bridgetown is a town in the South West region of Western Australia, approximately  south of Perth on the Blackwood River at the intersection of South Western Highway with Brockman Highway to Nannup and Augusta.

History
The area was originally known as Geegelup, which was believed to mean "place of gilgies" in the Noongar language, referring to the fresh water lobster that inhabits the area. However recent research suggests the actual meaning of Geegelup may be "place of spears".

In 1852, A.C. Gregory made the original survey of the Geegelup area and in 1857, Edward Godfrey Hester (now honoured in nearby Hester) and John Blechynden settled there. In 1861, convicts built the road from Donnybrook into the area. In 1864 the Geegelup Post Office was established in a building on Blechynden’s property that also served as the police station. The first purpose-built police station was constructed on the south bank of the Blackwood River in mid 1867.

The townsite was surveyed in April 1868 by Thomas Carey, who proposed the name Bridgetown for two reasons - "as it is at a bridge and the Bridgetown was the first ship to put in at Bunbury for the wool from these districts", and was approved and gazetted on 9 June 1868.

From then until about 1885, many buildings including the primary school (1870), post office and two hotels were constructed, many of which are still standing today. In 1885, the Bridgetown Agricultural Society was formed and local farmers produced sheep, cattle, dairy products, timber, fruit and nuts. The building boom in Western Australia during the gold boom of the 1890s saw an increased demand for sawn timber, and numerous mills opened in the Bridgetown area. In 1907, a number of significant buildings including a new police station were erected.

Until the 1980s, the land surrounding Bridgetown was almost exclusively used for broadacre agriculture and improved pasture.  From the late 1970s, the area became increasingly attractive to tourists as a tranquil and picturesque country town an accessible distance from Perth.  Some people, attracted by the areas's aesthetic qualities and rural lifestyle moved to the town permanently, which resulted in a strong demand for residential and hobby farm allotments, at a time when there was a coincident global downturn in agricultural markets. Many farmers sold up, and much of the most aesthetically pleasing land was subdivided and sold. The demographic change had a profound impact on the town's industry, replacing demand for farm services with demand for services in the tourism and recreation sectors. However, the dramatic increase in infrastructure such as housing, roads and power reticulation detracted from the rural aesthetic that attracted the influx in the first place.

Present day
Bridgetown is the seat of the Shire of Bridgetown-Greenbushes and the centre of a productive agricultural district.  Many buildings in the town centre are over a century old.  The town has a Jigsaw Gallery and Museum, which claims to host the only jigsaw collection of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere, and also a primary school (1870) and high school (1962), district hospital, telecentre, shire offices, roadhouse, agricultural showground, shopping facilities, accommodation for travellers (hotel/motel, B&Bs, caravan park) and numerous picnic spots along the Blackwood River.  The rural residential area of Kangaroo Gully to the town's east has grown since the 1990s.
Each year, Bridgetown hosts many events including these:
 May:  Festival of Country Gardens (autumn)
 June to August: Bridgetown in the Winter Festival. Shops are adorned with blue lights, many events and workshops.
 October: Blackwood Marathon
 October: Blackwood Valley Wine Show
 November: Bridgetown Garden Festival
 November: Blues at Bridgetown music festival
 November: Agricultural show (which traces its roots to the 1920s)
 November: Festival of Country Gardens] (spring)

Geography

Climate
Bridgetown experiences a cool Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb)

Notable people
 Emily Barker, singer-songwriter
 Jon Doust, author and comedian
 Robyn McSweeney, politician
 Tom O'Dwyer, cricketer
 David Reid, politician
 Deborah Robertson, novelist and poet
 Fred Riebeling, politician
 Len Pascoe, cricketer
 Bruce Maslin, botanist

Gallery

References

External links
 Shire of Bridgetown-Greenbushes
 Bridgetown-Greenbushes Visitor Centre
 Blues at Bridgetown
 Blackwood Marathon
 Festival of Country Gardens
 Blackwood River Valley
 Bridgetown's climate statistics
 Bridgetown's daily weather statistics
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080718194116/http://www.btownfilms.com/ Bridgetown Film Festival January

Category:Towns in Western Australia
Category:South West (Western Australia)
Category:Bridgetown, Western Australia
Category:Blackwood River


1924 Cork Senior Hurling Championship

The 1924 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 36th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The championship began on 6 April 1924 and ended on 26 October 1924.

St. Finbarr’s were the defending champions.

On 26 October 1924, Blackrock won the championship following a 3-5 to 1-2 defeat of Redmonds in the final. This was their 16th championship title overall and their first title in four years.

Team changes

To Championship

Promoted from the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
 Mallow

Results

First round

Second round

Mallow received a bye in this round.

Semi-finals

Final

Championship statistics

Miscellaneous

 The attendance of 12,889 at the Blackrock-St. Finbarr's and Carrigtwohill-Kinsale double header was a record for a championship match.

References

Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Category:Cork Senior Hurling Championship


Czarnowo-Biki

Czarnowo-Biki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kulesze Kościelne, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

References

Czarnowo-Biki


John P. Aguon

John Perez Aguon is a former Democratic Party of Guam politician in Guam. Aguon served as Senator in the Guam Legislature for 6 terms.

Political career

Guam Legislature

Elections

Committee Leadership
Chairman, Committee on Rules, 18th Guam Legislature.
Chairman, Committee on Tourism & Transportation, 20th, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd Guam Legislatures.
Vice Speaker, 23rd Guam Legislature

Gutierrez-Aguon Gubernatorial Ticket (1986)
In 1986, Senator Carl T.C. Gutierrez teamed up with Senator Aguon to run for the Democratic nomination for Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Guam. The Gutierrez-Aguon ticket lost to incumbent Governor Ricardo J. Bordallo and incumbent Lieutenant Governor Edward Diego Reyes in the primary election.

References

Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:Chamorro people
Category:Guamanian Democrats
Category:Guamanian politicians
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Legislature of Guam
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Major (Canada)

Please see "major" for other countries which use this rank
Major is a rank of the Canadian Armed Forces.  The rank insignia of a major in the Royal Canadian Air Force is two half-inch stripes with a quarter-inch stripe between. The rank insignia in the Canadian Army is a crown.  Majors fill the positions of company/squadron/battery commanders, or deputy commanders of a battalion/regiment; in the Air Force they are typically squadron second-in-command, or commander of a detached helicopter flight embarked onboard Canadian naval vessels. The naval equivalent rank for major is lieutenant-commander.

Category:Military ranks of Canada


Lviv State School of Physical Culture

Lviv State School of Physical Culture () is a sports college in Lviv.

The school was established in 1971 as a sports boarding school.

The school also includes a specialized boarding school.

See also
 National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Universities and colleges in Lviv
Category:Sport schools in Ukraine


Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes

The Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes (朝日杯フューチュリティステークス) is a one mile turf stakes race for thoroughbred colts two years old. It is considered the de facto year-end championship for Japanese thoroughbred racing in the two-year-olds division.

This race had been held in Nakayama Racecourse. From 2014, the race is moved to Hanshin Racecourse near Osaka.

Winners since 1984

See also
 Horse racing in Japan
 List of Japanese flat horse races

References
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
 , , , , , , , , ,

External links
 Horse Racing in Japan

Category:Flat horse races for two-year-olds
Category:Horse races in Japan
Category:Turf races in Japan


Webb Lake (community), Wisconsin

Webb Lake is an unincorporated community in the town of Webb Lake, Burnett County, Wisconsin, United States. Webb Lake is  northwest of Spooner.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Burnett County, Wisconsin
Category:Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin


Natasha Korecki

Natasha Korecki is an American journalist and the author of the book "Only in Chicago," How the Rod Blagojevich Scandal Engulfed Illinois and Enthralled the Nation.

The late Roger Ebert said of Korecki's reporting: “As the circus of the Blagojevich saga unfolded, Natasha Korecki was right at the center—with stories, scoops, blogs, and tweets. It was a seriocomedy suited to her enterprise and imagination, and she’s the one to write the book.”

In 2015 she was hired by POLITICO to report on Illinois policy and politics. She helped launch POLITICO's Illinois Playbook, a daily tipsheet she authors each morning, Monday through Friday. Korecki formerly covered politics for the Chicago Sun-Times.

In April 2016, Korecki was named the 2015 Illinois Journalist of the Year by Northern Illinois University's Department of Communications.

Before taking on the political beat at the Sun-Times, she covered federal court for eight years including the trials of two former governors -- Rod Blagojevich and George Ryan.

After graduating the University of Illinois, she worked for 7 years as reporter and legal affairs writer for the  Daily Herald. Since 2004 she covered federal courts for the Chicago Sun-Times. She covered high-profile trials of Rod Blagojevich, George Ryan, Tony Rezko, Conrad Black, Matthew F. Hale, and others. The "Blago" affair is covered in her 2012 book, Only in Chicago. In July 2012 she was reassigned to cover politics, succeeding Abdon Pallasch. Natasha Korecki maintained The Blago Blog at Sun-Times, which covered the investigation of Rod Blagojevich and related cases.

References

External links
Natasha Korecki at Worldcat
Natasha Korecki at Politico

Category:Living people
Category:American women journalists
Category:University of Illinois alumni
Category:American people of Polish descent
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


His Women

His Women () is a 1961 Italian comedy film directed by and starring Ugo Tognazzi. It was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival.

Cast
 Ugo Tognazzi - Stefano Garbelli
 Ilaria Occhini - Daniela
 Mario Carotenuto - Losi
 Marisa Merlini - Amalia
 Pinuccia Nava
 Armando Bandini
 Raimondo Vianello
 Aldo Berti
 Mario Castellani
 Margarete Robsahm - Carla
 Olimpia Cavalli
 Consalvo Dell'Arti
 Vera Gambaccioni
 Renato Mambor
 Arrigo Peri
 Massimo Righi
 Gianni Musy
 Franco Giacobini
 Franco Ressel

References

External links

Category:1961 films
Category:1960s comedy films
Category:Italian films
Category:Italian comedy films
Category:Italian-language films
Category:Italian black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by Ugo Tognazzi


Sewagram Express

The 12139/40 Mumbai CSMT Nagpur Sewagram Superfast Express is a Superfast express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Mumbai CSMT and Nagpur Junction in India.

It operates as train number 12139 from Mumbai CSMT to Nagpur Junction and as train number 12140 in the reverse direction.

Coaches

The 12139/40 Mumbai CSMT Nagpur Sewagram Superfast Express presently has 1 AC 2 tier, 3 AC 3 tier, 9 Sleeper Class & 5 General Unreserved coaches.

As with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

Service

The 12139 Mumbai CSMT Nagpur Sewagram Superfast Express covers the distance of 837 kilometres in 15 hours 10 mins (55.19 km/hr) & in 15 hours 00 mins (55.80 km/hr) as 12140 Nagpur Mumbai CSMT Sewagram Superfast Express.

As the average speed of the train is above 55 km/hr, as per Indian Railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

Routeing

The 12139/40 Mumbai CSMT Nagpur Sewagram Superfast Express runs via Kalyan Junction, Nashik, Bhusawal Junction, Akola Junction, Badnera Junction, Wardha Junction to Nagpur Junction.

The slip coaches of the Mumbai CSMT Balharshah are detached/attached at Wardha Junction.

Traction

Previously, dual traction WCAM 3 locos hauled the train between Mumbai CSMT & Igatpuri handing over to the powerful Ajni based WAP 7 locomotive which hauled the train until Nagpur Junction.

With Central Railway completing the change over of 1500 V DC traction to 25 kV AC traction on 6 June 2015, this train is now hauled end to end by Ajni based WAP 7 locomotive.

Time Table

12139 Mumbai CSMT Nagpur Sewagram Superfast Express leaves Mumbai CSMT daily at 15:00 hrs IST and reaches Nagpur Junction at 06:10 hrs IST the next day.

12140 Nagpur Mumbai CSMT Sewagram Superfast Express leaves Nagpur Junction daily at 20:50 hrs IST and reaches Mumbai CSMT at 11:40 hrs IST the next day.

Gallery

External links

References

Category:Express trains in India
Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra
Category:Transport in Nagpur
Category:Transport in Mumbai


Lübars

is a German locality (Ortsteil) within the borough (Bezirk) of Reinickendorf, Berlin.

History
First mentioned in 1247, it was an autonomous municipality merged into Berlin in 1920 with the "Greater Berlin Act". As a part of West Berlin bordering East Germany, Lübars was crossed, from 1961 to 1989, by the Berlin Wall, built beyond the Tegeler Creek (Tegeler Fließ). Famous was the "Checkpoint Qualitz", a point of the wall named after Helmut Qualitz, a farmer from Lübars, who broke it on 16 June 1990 with his tractor.

Geography

Overview
Situated in the north of Berlin and partially included in the area of Barnim Nature Park, Lübars includes the small lakes of Ziegeleisee, Klötzbecken and part of Hermsdorfer See. The Tegeler Fließ separates Lübars from the Brandenburger municipalities, both in Oberhavel district, of Glienicke/Nordbahn and Mühlenbecker Land (with its municipal seat of Schildow). The Berliner bordering localities are Hermsdorf, Waidmannslust, Wittenau, Märkisches Viertel, Blankenfelde and Rosenthal (both in Pankow district). Lübars' principal recreation park is the eponymous one, situated in its southwestern corner.

Subdivision
Lübars counts 3 zones (Ortslagen):
AEG-Siedlung
Andreas-Rabe-Siedlung
Kienwerder

Transport
The locality is not served by rails; only its southern borders with Märkisches Viertel are crossed by the industrial railway Tegel-Friedrichsfelde. Bus line 222 serves the locality.

Photogallery

References

Literature
 W. Ribbe, J. Schmädeke: "Kleine Berlin-Geschichte", Stapp Verlag, Berlin 1994,

External links

 Lübars page of Reinickendorfer site

Category:Localities of Berlin
*
Category:West Berlin


Scopula protecta

Scopula protecta is a moth of the  family Geometridae. It is found on Madagascar.

References

Category:Moths described in 1956
protecta
Category:Moths of Madagascar


2008 Argentina rugby union tour

The 2008 Argentina rugby union tour of Europe was a series of matches played in November 2008 in Europe by Argentina national rugby union team.

Results

Category:2008 rugby union tours
rugby
2008
Category:2008–09 in European rugby union
Category:2008–09 in French rugby union
Category:2008–09 in Italian rugby union
Category:2008–09 in Irish rugby union
2008
2008
2008
Category:History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Ireland


When I'm Gone (Eminem song)

"When I'm Gone" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his first greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits (2005). It was released on December 6, 2005, the same day as the album was released, as the lead single.

"When I'm Gone" received mostly positive reviews from music critics. The song charted at number eight on the United States Billboard Hot 100, number 22 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, number four on the UK Singles Chart and on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, the latter being the only country where it peaked at number one.

Background
“When I’m Gone” was written in 2003 and released in 2005 by Shady Records, on the album Curtain Call: The Hits. It was thought at the time that this album would mark the beginning of an extended musical hiatus for Eminem, who had said "I'm at a point in my life right now where I feel like I don't know where my career is going...This is the reason that we called it Curtain Call, because this could be the final thing. We don't know."

The song's lyrics pertain to Eminem's life as a celebrity musician interfering with his family. Eminem uses imagery to evoke a feeling of sadness about his family falling apart.

The music video for the song was directed by Anthony Mandler. Tarick Salmaci, from the TV show The Contender, makes an appearance in the video with his wife.

Critical reception
AllMusic wrote a mixed to positive overview: "There's the closing "When I'm Gone," a sentimental chapter in the Eminem domestic psychodrama that bears the unmistakable suggestion that Em is going away for a while. While it's not up to the standard of "Mockingbird," it is more fully realized than the two other new cuts here..." Pitchfork considered: "When I'm Gone" is an all desolate placeholder—lesser version of Eminem songs that already piss me off. "Gone" is the worst offender, yet another love letter from Em to daughter Hailie, it, like Encore's "Mockingbird", is heavy-handed and saccharine."

IGN also panned the single: "The latter, however, is another prime example of the beat dragging Eminem down. The sluggish, lumbering bump causes his lyrics to stumble and sound forced in their delivery. The heartfelt storyline would have been better served drenched in some warm, fuzzy, but ultimately mournful soul instead." NME called this song disappointing. Sputnik Music wrote a mixed review: "Eminem gives a powerful vocal performance, with some rather touching lyrics and a nice chorus. However, much like much of his previous work on Encore, it gets bogged down in a repetitive and boring beat." Rolling Stone agreed.

Music video
The music video starts with Eminem rapping on a podium about his life at a small gathering. He's at an open house where he completely ignores his daughter's creations but before he can see the error of his actions, it is too late. As he watches her walk away, he raps "Then turn right around in that song and tell her you love her/And put hands on her mother, who's a spitting image of her", feeling remorse for writing songs about being violent towards Kim, who is Hailie's mother, and wonders how he could be a good parent.

Then, he is confronted by his daughter piling boxes in front of the door to prevent him from leaving. He convinces his daughter to let him go but she insists to give him a necklace with her picture. He then finds himself in a hotel room and then on a stage where he raps. At the end of his performance on the stage, he finds his daughter has followed him and tells him of the divorce.

Afterwards, Eminem goes backstage as the "bad" Slim Shady and looks in a mirror. He then punches it as a way of "killing" Slim Shady, a reference to his debut EP as the character.  He then finds himself back at home playing with his daughters on the swing. The video ends with him being applauded at the podium.

The video features his daughter Hailie Jade Mathers and an actress as his ex-wife Kim Mathers, from whom Eminem was divorced when the song was released. Kim's daughter Whitney Laine Scott, whom Eminem thinks of as his own daughter, is also featured as herself towards the end of the video. She is the younger girl on the swing, at the moment in the lyrics when he says, "Hailie just smiles and winks at her little sister".

Track listing
Digital download

UK CD single

German CD single

Notes
 signifies an additional producer.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

Category:2005 singles
Category:Eminem songs
Category:Music videos directed by Anthony Mandler
Category:Number-one singles in Australia
Category:UK R&B Singles Chart number-one singles
Category:Song recordings produced by Eminem
Category:Shady Records singles
Category:Aftermath Entertainment singles
Category:Interscope Records singles
Category:Songs written by Luis Resto (musician)
Category:Songs about parenthood


List of Spanish football transfers winter 2016–17

This is a list of Spanish football transfers for the winter sale in 2016–17 season. Only moves from La Liga and Segunda División are listed.

The winter transfer window opened on 1 January 2017, although a few transfers took place prior to that date. The window closed at midnight on 31 January 2017. Players without a club can join one at any time, either during or in between transfer windows. Clubs below La Liga level can also sign players on loan at any time. If need be, clubs can sign a goalkeeper on an emergency loan, if all others are unavailable.

Winter 2016-17 La Liga transfer window

References

Transfers
Spain
2016–17


Obrovac, Banja Luka

Obrovac () is a village in the municipality of Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References

Category:Villages in Republika Srpska
Category:Populated places in Banja Luka


Nikki Grimes

Nikki Grimes (born October 20, 1950) is an American author of books written for children and young adults, as well as a poet and journalist.

Background and career
Grimes was born in New York City.
In a conversation with a Reading Is Fundamental interviewer, she stated: "Books were my survival tools. They were how I got by, and how I coped with things. Books carried me away."

She has been a guest lecturer at international schools in Sweden, Tanzania, China, and Russia. She has written articles for magazines such as Today's Christian Woman and Essence. Her interests and talents are diverse and include photography, fiber art, and beading.

Grimes currently resides in Corona, California, and continues to write poetry and books for children and young adults. She is on the board of directors for the National Children's Book and Literacy Alliance. Her work has earned her honors and recognition from a number of prestigious organizations.

Her novel Bronx Masquerade was named the Coretta Scott King Award book in 2002. The Coretta Scott King Award is "given to African-American authors and illustrators for outstanding inspirational and educational contributions."

In January 2017, she was awarded the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal. "The Wilder Award honors an author or illustrator whose books, published in the United States, have made, over a period of years, a substantial and lasting contribution to literature for children."  Following controversy surrounding Laura Ingalls Wilder's stereotypical portrayals of indigenous peoples and the subsequent changing of the medal's name, Grimes' work was criticized for alleged anti-semitism.

Works

Published works
 From a Child's Heart (1993), illustrated by Brenda Joysmith
 Meet Danitra Brown (1994), illustrated by Floyd Cooper (Coretta Scott King Illustrator Honor Book)
 Portrait of Mary (1994)
 Come Sunday (1996), illustrated by Michael Bryant
 Wild, Wild Hair (1997), illustrated by George Cephas Ford
 Jazmin's Notebook (1998) (Coretta Scott King Author Honor Book)
 A Dime a Dozen (1998), illustrated by Angelo
 My Man Blue (1999), illustrated by Jerome Lagarrigue (Marion Vannett Ridgway Award)
 Hopscotch Love (1999), illustrated by Melodye Benson Rosales
 At Break of Day (1999), illustrated by Paul Morin
 Aneesa Lee and the Weaver's Gift (2000), illustrated by Ashley Bryan
 Shoe Magic (2001), illustrated by Terry Widener
 A Pocketful of Poems (2001), illustrated by Javaka Steptoe
 Stepping Out with Grandma Mac (2002), illustrated by Angelo
 C is for City (2002), illustrated by Pat Cummings
 When Daddy Prays (2002), illustrated by Tim Ladwig
 Bronx Masquerade (2002), (Coretta Scott King Author Award) (Best Children's Book of 2002, Association of Theological Booksellers)
 Talkin' About Bessie (2002), illustrated by E.B. Lewis (Coretta Scott King Illustrator Award, Author Honor Book)
 Tai Chi Morning (2004), illustrated by Ed Young
 A Day with Daddy (2004), illustrated by Nicole Tadgell
 What is Goodbye? (2004), illustrated by Raul Colón (ALA Notable Book)
 It's Raining Laughter, photographs by Myles C. Pinkney
 At Jerusalem's Gate, illustrated by David Frampton
 Danitra Brown, Class Clown (2005), illustrated by E.B. Lewis
 One Last Word: Wisdom from the Harlem Renaissance  (2017), illustrated by Cozbi Cabrera, R. Gregory Christie, etc.
 Dark Sons (2005), (Coretta Scott King Author Honor Book)
 Thanks a Million (2006), illustrated by Cozbi A. Carrera
 Welcome, Precious (2006), illustrated by Bryan Collier
 The Road to Paris (2006), (Coretta Scott King Author Honor Book)
 When Gorilla Goes Walking (2007), illustrate by Shane Evans
 Oh, Brother! (2007), illustrated by Mike Benny
 Barack Obama: Son of Promise, Child of Hope (2008), illustrated by Bryan Collier (NY Times Bestseller)
 Out of the Dark: Nikki Grimes, Author at Work (2009)
 Make Way for Dyamonde Daniel (2009), illustrated by R. Gregory Christie
 Rich: a Dyamonde Daniel Book (2009), illustrated by R. Gregory Christie
 Voices of Christmas (2009), illustrated by Eric Velasquez
 A Girl Named Mister (2010)
 Almost Zero: a Dyamonde Daniel Book (2010), illustrated by R. Gregory Christie
 Planet Middle School (2011)
 "First Day" (unknown)
 Words with Wings, (2013), Coretta Scott King honor book
 "Garvey's Choice", (2016) Laura Ingall Wilder Award
 "One Last Word", (2017)
 "The Watcher", (2017), illustrated by Bryan Collier

Awards and honors
 1993 NAACP Image Award Finalist for Malcolm X: a Force for Change
 2003 Coretta Scott King Author Award
 2006 NCTE Award for Excellence in Poetry for Children
 2011 Horace Mann Upstanders Award for Almost Zero: a Dyamonde Daniel Book
 2016 Virginia Hamilton Literacy Award
 2017 Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal

References

External links

 HarperCollins
 Scholastic.com
 Simon & Schuster
 Zondervan
 2009 National Book Festival webcast
 National Children's Book & Literary Alliance Board of Directors

Interviews
 Reading Rockets video interview
  James Blasingame interviews Nikki Grimes
 Author interview from Preview Magazine, 2002
 Christian Standard interview
 Reading is Fundamental interview
 IRA Favorite Teacher Breakfast video

Category:American children's writers
Category:People from Corona, California
Category:Living people
Category:1950 births
Category:African-American writers


Leila Clement Spaulding

Leila Clement Spaulding was an American classicist and archaeologist who taught Greek at Vassar College (1903-1907), lectured in art and archaeology at Bryn Mawr College and was Assistant Professor of Classics at Colorado College 1911-1914. She was the first woman professor with a PhD at Colorado College. As well as her teaching responsibilities, Spaulding worked on classical sculpture publishing the book of her PhD thesis on the "Camillus"-Type in sculpture.

Biography
Spaulding was born in Morristown, New Jersey. She attended Vassar College and received her BA in 1899 and completed her MA at Columbia University in 1901. She then conducted research at Columbia University on classical sculpture and was awarded her PhD in 1911. During her PhD studies, Spaulding taught Greek at Vassar College, and art and architecture at Bryn Mawr College. From 1901 Spaulding was a Fellow at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and also traveled to Rome to further her studies.

In 1911 Spaulding was the first woman with a PhD to be appointed as a professor at Colorado College. After Spaulding's appointment to Colorado College, additional members of the female faculty with PhDs were appointed frequently in following years. While at Colorado College Spaulding was the resident faculty member at Ticknor Hall.

Honours
Spaulding was a Curtis Scholar while a graduate student at Columbia University.

Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellowship
Spaulding was awarded the Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellowship in 1902 at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

Personal life
Spaulding married Edward Winans Kent on 22 July 1914. Spaulding left her career at Colorado College after her marriage and lived in New York, Colorado Springs, and Lake Hamilton with her husband.

Publications

Books
The "Camillus"-Type in Sculpture, (Lancaster 1911)

Articles
"On Dating Early Attic Inscriptions", in American Journal of Archaeology 10 (1906) 394–404

References

Category:1878 births
Category:1973 deaths
Category:American archaeologists
Category:Vassar College alumni
Category:Columbia University alumni
Category:American classical scholars
Category:Women classical scholars
Category:Women archaeologists
Category:People from Morristown, New Jersey


Aglaia erythrosperma

Aglaia erythrosperma is a species of plant in the family Meliaceae. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.

References

erythrosperma
Category:Near threatened plants
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Pelycodus

Pelycodus is an extinct genus of adapiform primate that lived during the early Eocene (Wasatchian) period in Europe and North America, particularly Wyoming and New Mexico.  It is very closely related to Cantius and may even be its subgenus. It may also have given rise to the Middle Eocene Uintan primate Hesperolemur, although this is controversial. From mass estimates based on the first molar, the two species, P. jarrovii and P. danielsae, weighed 4.5 kg and 6.3 kg respectively and were frugivores with an arboreal, quadrupedal locomotion.

History
Pelycodus was first identified as Prototomus jarrovii by Cope in 1874, who pronounced it a rare inhabitant of both Wyoming and New Mexico.  Over the next hundred years, approximately a dozen species were added, most more primitive dentally than the now renamed Pelycodus jarrovii. In 1977, all but two species were moved into Cantius by Philip D. Gingerich on the basis of differences in their molars. There is some disagreement as to whether Pelycodus is distinct enough to be a separate genus.

Morphology
Pelycodus is placed within adapiforms because of its annular ectotympanic, small eyes, non-elongated tarsus and numerous premolar and molar crests and within Notharctinae because of its four premolars, unfused mandible, a hypocone derived from the postprotocingulum and a lacrimal bone within the orbit.

There is, however, a great deal of individual variation in the dentition of Pelycodus, which has made it hard to differentiate between Pelycodus and Cantius species.  Distinguishing features of the Cantius/Pelycodus clade are the comparatively smaller hypocones and mesostyles.  The distinguishing features of Pelycodus from Cantius are its anteroposteriorly compressed trigonid, its small paraconid on M2 and lack of hypoconulid on M1-2. It has a much better developed hypocone and mesostyle than many species of Cantius, but not quite as developed as Notharctus. The shape of the molars indicates that Pelycodus, like Cantius and unlike later folivorous Notharctines such as Notharctus and Smilodectes, was most likely a frugivore, though perhaps not as strictly as Cantius. However, there is almost no difference between the tarsal bones of the earliest Cantius and latest Pelycodus, indicating that their arboreal, quadrupedal locomotion was probably primitive.  Only with later Notharctines was there a shift toward more lemur-like locomotion with longer hindlimbs, trunks and tails, perhaps related to the shift in diet.

Phylogeny
It is very well demonstrated that chronologically successive lineages of Cantius grew progressively larger mesostyles and hypocones, eventually gaining enough distinction dentally to be placed in the genus Pelycodus. This is one of the best stratophenetic sequences in the Eocene, and is supporting evidence for gradualism in evolution. However, even though this well documented fossil sequence appears linear, it probably is an underestimation of the diversity of these genera. It is not certain which, if any, lineages Pelycodus gave rise to.  Some authors have suggested that it is closely related to Notharctus, while others have argued that its size already exceeded that of primitive Notharctus and therefore was not the most parsimonious phylogeny.  These scientists either link Pelycodus with the poorly known Hesperolemur or place it as a terminating branch.

References

Literature cited

Category:Prehistoric strepsirrhines
Category:Eocene primates
Category:Prehistoric primate genera
Category:Fossil taxa described in 1875
Category:Eocene mammals of North America


Worst Forms of Hazards faced by Children at Work

The Worst Forms of Hazards faced by Children at Work is a provision in the Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation (No. 190) adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 1999. It sets out the framework for examining and assessing, "work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety, or morals or children" (C182, Article 3d).

This effort is an attempt to complement the earlier list of worst forms of child labour. According to the ILO, "hazardous" child labour is the largest category of the "worst forms" of child labour. An estimated 115 million children, aged 5–17, work in dangerous conditions in sectors including agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, service industries and domestic service. It is found in both industrialised and developing countries. Kids can take on hazardous work at very early ages. The ILO estimates that some 22,000 children are killed at work every year worldwide. The numbers of those injured or made ill because of their work are not known.

General guidelines

The ILO provides the following guidelines for work considered unsafe for children, such as:

 Involving toxic chemicals or fumes, high-powered equipment or vehicles, cutting, pounding or blasting
 Taking place underground, under water, at heights, in isolation, at night or in direct sunlight
 Involving long hours without breaks
 Carrying heavy loads
 In the presence of alcohol, drugs or crime
 In the presence of dangerous animals or insects
 Absent easy access to safe water or food
 In jobs with high injury rates

Examples

 Hauling wagons in underground mining
 Contact with solvents and glues in the leather industry
 Glassworks (potential Lead poisoning)
 Gold-mining (potential Mercury poisoning)
 Underwater jobs without protective equipment, such as a wetsuit or air supply, in the fishing industry
 Agriculture (potential pesticide exposure)
 Bearing heavy loads in the construction industry
 Exposure to radioactive materials in the nuclear power plant

See also

 Child labour
 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (Convention No. 182)
 International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)
 Time-Bound Programmes for the Eradication of the Worst forms of Child Labour

External links

 Eliminating the worst forms of child labour: A practical guide to ILO Convention No. 182 (PDF)
 Forms of Child Labour Convention No.190
 International Research on Working Children (IREWOC)

Category:Child labour
Category:1999 in law
Category:Child labour treaties


Mimachrostia

Mimachrostia is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. It was formerly placed in the family Noctuidae.

Species
Mimachrostia fasciata Sugi, 1982
Mimachrostia fasciata fasciata
Mimachrostia fasciata minimus Fibiger, 2010
Mimachrostia parafasciata Fibiger, 2008
Mimachrostia costafasciata Fibiger, 2008
Mimachrostia novofasciata Fibiger, 2010

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
  2007: Revision of the Micronoctuidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea). Part 1, Taxonomy of the Pollexinae. Zootaxa, 1567: 1-116. Abstract & excerpt
  2010: Revision of the Micronoctuidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) Part 3, Taxonomy of the Tactusinae. Zootaxa, 2583: 1–119. Preview

Category:Micronoctuini
Category:Moth genera


Samnium

Samnium () is a Latin exonym for a region of Southern Italy anciently inhabited by the Samnites. Their own endonyms were Safinim for the country (attested in one inscription and one coin legend) and Safineis for the  The language of these endonyms and of the population was the Oscan language. However, not all the Samnites spoke Oscan, and not all the Oscan-speakers lived in Samnium.

Ancient geographers were unable to relay a precise definition of Samnium's borders. Moreover, the areas it included vary depending on the time period considered. The main configurations are the borders it had during the floruit of the Oscan speakers, from about 600 BC to about 290 BC, when it was finally absorbed by the Roman Republic.

The original territory of Samnium should not be confused with the later territory of the same name. Rome's first Emperor, Augustus, divided Italy into 11 regions. Although these entities only served administrative purposes, and were identified with the sole numeral, by scholarly convention the Regio IV has been dubbed "Samnium". Ancient Samnium had actually been split up into three of the Augustan regions.

Modern Italian language has borrowed the name "Sannio" to indicate only a small portion of what it once was - informally, the Province of Benevento only.

Etymology
Etymologically the name Samnium is generally recognized to be a form of the name of the Sabines, who were Umbrians. From Safinim, Sabinus, Sabellus and Samnis an Indo-European root can be extracted, *-, which becomes Sab- in Latino-Faliscan and Saf- in Osco-Umbrian: Sabini and *Safineis. The eponymous god of the Sabines, Sabus, seems to support this view. The Greek terms, Saunitai and Saunitis, remain outside the group. Nothing is known of their origin.

At some point in prehistory, a population speaking a common language extended over both Samnium and Umbria. Salmon conjectures that it was common Italic and puts forward a date of 600 BC, after which the common language began to separate into dialects. This date does not necessarily correspond to any historical or archaeological evidence; developing a synthetic view of the ethnology of proto-historic Italy is an incomplete and ongoing task.

The linguist, Julius Pokorny, carries the etymology somewhat further back. Conjecturing that the -a- was altered from an -o- during some prehistoric residence in Illyria he derives the names from an o-grade extension *swo-bho- of an extended e-grade *swe-bho- of the possessive adjective, *s(e)we-, of the reflexive pronoun, *se-, "oneself" (the source of English self). The result is a set of Indo-European tribal names (if not the endonym of the Indo-Europeans): Germanic Suebi and Semnones, Suiones; Celtic Senones; Slavic Serbs and Sorbs; Italic Sabelli, Sabini, etc., as well as a large number of kinship terms. The general concept is "our own kith and kin," Pokorny's "von eigener Art," "Gesamtheit der eigenen Leute," "Liebe," "Sippegenossen," "Sippenangehörigen," and the like.

Historical geography

Samnium mostly lay on the Apennine area; it was delimited by Latium to the north, by Lucania to the south, by Campania to the west, and by Apulia to the east. The principal cities of the region were Bovaiamom, renamed Bovianum by Latins (today: Bojano or Boiano) and Maleventum (Maloenton in Oscan), which was later renamed Beneventum by the Romans (today: Benevento). For most of their history the Samnites were landlocked, but during a brief period they controlled parts of both coasts of the Italian peninsula.

The Samnites were composed of at least four tribes: the Pentri (capital: Bovianum), the Caraceni (principal cities: Cluviae, the modern Casoli, and Juvanum, the ruins of which are spread between Torricella Peligna and Montenerodomo), the Caudini (capital: Caudium, today Montesarchio) and the Hirpini (main cities: Beneventum, Abellinum). They may have later been joined by the Frentani (capital Larinum, the modern Larino). The federal capital of the League they formed was Bovianum, except for a short period between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, when it was Aquilonia, destroyed by the Romans in 293 BC, whose probable location today is modern Agnone, in Molise; though it has also been identified with Aquilonia, in the Province of Avellino.

History
The earliest written record of the people is a treaty with the Romans from 354 BC, which set their border at the Liris River. Shortly thereafter the Samnite Wars broke out; they won an important battle against the Roman army in 321 BC, and their imperium reached its peak in 316 BC after further gains from the Romans. By 290 BC, the Romans were able to break the Samnites' power after some hard-fought battles. The Samnites were one of the Italian peoples that allied with King Pyrrhus of Epirus during the Pyrrhic War. After Pyrrhus left for Sicily, the Romans invaded Samnium and were crushed at the Battle of the Cranita hills, but after the defeat of Pyrrhus, the Samnites could not resist on their own and surrendered to Rome.  Some of the Samnites joined and aided Hannibal during the Second Punic War, but most stayed loyal. The Samnites and several other Italic people rebelled against Rome and started the  Social War (91–88 BC), after Romans refused to grant them Roman Citizenship. The war lasted almost three years, and resulted in a Roman victory. However, Samnites and other Italic tribes were granted Roman citizenship, to avoid another war. The Samnites supported the Marian party in the civil war against Lucius Cornelius Sulla, and  by 82 BC, the Roman dictator Sulla conducted an ethnic cleansing campaign against this most stubborn and persistent of Rome's adversaries and forced the remnant to disperse. So great was the destruction brought upon them that it was recorded that "some of their cities have now dwindled into villages, some indeed being entirely deserted." After this the Samnites were quickly assimilated into the Roman society.

Prominent Samnites

Rulers of the Samnites
 Gaius Pontius ca. 320s BC
 Gellius Egnatius ca. 296 BC

Uprising against Sulla
 Gaius Papius Mutilus 90-89 with:
 Pontius Telesinus - Samnite commander to Papius

Roman citizens
 Pontius Pilate - the 5th Prefect of the Roman province of Judaea from AD 26–36.

Catholic Popes
 Pope Felix IV

See also
 Samnites
 Samnite Wars
 Hirpinia, a sub-region of Samnium

Notes

Bibliography

 .
 Grossmann, Lukas, Roms Samnitenkriege: historische und historiographische Untersuchungen zu den Jahren 327-290 v. Chr. (Düsseldorf, Wellem Verlag, 2009) (Reihe Geschichte, 1).
 Ross Cowan, Roman Conquests: Italy (Barnsley, 2009).

External links
 Toponymy of Samnium


Himalayan Mountaineering Institute

The Himalayan Mountaineering Institute (HMI Darjeeling) was established in Darjeeling, India on 4 November 1954 to encourage mountaineering as an organized sport in India. The first ascent of Mount Everest in 1953 by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary sparked a keen interest in establishing mountaineering as a well-respected endeavour for people in the region. With the impetus provided by the first prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, HMI was established in Darjeeling. Narendra Dhar Jayal, the pioneer of Indian Mountaineering, was the founding principal of the institute. Tenzing Norgay was the first director of field training for HMI.

HMI regularly conducts Adventure, Basic and Advanced Mountaineering courses. These are very comprehensive courses. They are also highly subsidised to encourage mountaineering as a sport.

Gallery

Alumni

 Archana Sardana

See also
Chennai Trekking Club

References

External links

 Official website

Category:Educational institutions established in 1954
Category:Tourist attractions in Darjeeling
Category:Mountaineering in India
Category:Education in Darjeeling
Category:Educational organisations based in India
Category:Buildings and structures in Darjeeling
Category:1954 establishments in India


Tagliacozzo

Tagliacozzo (Marsicano: ) is a town and comune in the province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, central Italy.

History

Tagliacozzo lies in an area inhabited in early historic times by the Aequi and the Marsi, although the first mentions of the town dates from the 11th century AD. Later it was a possession on the Orsini, who established a mint here. They were succeeded by the Colonna (local lords including Prospero and Marcantonio Colonna), who held the Duchy of Tagliacozzo until 1806.

Near the modern city (more precisely, near Scurcola Marsicana) was fought the Battle of Tagliacozzo (1268) between Conradin of Hohenstaufen and Charles I of Anjou.

Main sights
The Palazzo Ducale (Ducal Palace), built by Roberto Orsini.
The Convent of St. Francis, housing the tomb of Tommaso da Celano.
Museo Orientale, with collections of Egyptian, Ethiopian and Eastern findings.
13th century fountain in Piazza dell'Obelisco, a national monument.
Sanctuary of Maria Santissima dell'Oriente, on a hill  from town. It is cited as early as the 14th century.

People
Andrea Argoli (1570–1657)

Notes and references

External links
Page on Tagliacozzo in the Borghi più belli d'Italia website
Images of Tagliacozzo

Category:Cities and towns in Abruzzo
Category:Hilltowns in Abruzzo


MBK Baník Handlová

BK Baník Handlová is a Slovak professional basketball club, based in Handlová. The club currently plays in the Slovak Basketball League (SBL), the first tier of basketball in Slovakia.

References

External links
Official website

Category:Basketball teams in Slovakia


Oliver Mack

Oliver "Ollie" Mack (born June 6, 1957) is a retired American professional basketball player. Born in New York City, he was a 6'3" (1.90 cm) 185 lb (84 kg) shooting guard and played collegiately at San Jacinto Junior College and East Carolina University.

Mack was selected with the 3rd pick of the second round in the 1979 NBA draft by the Los Angeles Lakers. He played with them for half a season before the Lakers traded him and two second round draft choices to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for Mark Landsberger on February 13, 1980.

Miscellanea
While at San Jacinto, he was a teammate of future NBA journeyman center Alton Lister.

Notes

External links
NBA stats @ basketballreference.com
Draft profile @ thedraftreview.com

Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:Albuquerque Silvers players
Category:American men's basketball players
Category:Basketball players from New York (state)
Category:Chicago Bulls players
Category:Dallas Mavericks players
Category:East Carolina Pirates men's basketball players
Category:Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Category:La Crosse Catbirds players
Category:Las Vegas Silvers players
Category:Los Angeles Lakers draft picks
Category:Los Angeles Lakers players
Category:Louisville Catbirds players
Category:Shooting guards
Category:Sportspeople from New York City
Category:Wisconsin Flyers players


Stewiacke River

The Stewiacke River is a river in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia that starts at Round Lake in Pictou County and flows into the  Shubenacadie River in Colchester County running through the Stewiacke Valley.

See also
List of rivers of Nova Scotia

References

 Stewiacke River Park
 Nova Scotia Watershed Map

Category:Rivers of Nova Scotia


Caroline Abel

Caroline Abel (born ) is a  Seychellois economist. In 2012, she was appointed Governor of the Central Bank of Seychelles, becoming the first woman in Seychelles to achieve such feat.

Early life and education
Abel was born in Anse Boileau, Mahé, Seychelles, where she completed her basic and secondary education. She is a daughter of Antoine Abel, Seychelles' first playwright. She holds a first degree in Economics and a master's degree in monetary economics from the University of Leeds and the University of Glasgow respectively.

Career
Her career started in April 1994 after she got employed as a senior bank clerk at the Central Bank of Seychelles. She served in several capabilities in the Central Bank of Seychelles before she was appointed deputy governor of the institution in July 2010. On 14 March 2012, Abel became the first woman to be appointed Governor of the Central Bank of Seychelles, succeeding Pierre Laporte.

Publications
 Central Bank Independence in a Small Open Economy: The Case of Seychelles (2009)

Recognitions
During the 6th African Business Leadership Forum and Awards, Abel was awarded a special Commendation Award by Georgia Legislative Black Caucus. She was also presented with the African Female Public Servant of the Year Award by the African Leadership Magazine at the event.

References

Category:1972 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Anse Boileau
Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds
Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Category:Seychellois economists


Greg Miller (poet)

David Gregory Miller (born 1957) is an American poet and academic. He has written four books of poetry. He has been working as an  English language teacher at Millsaps College in Mississippi. Miller's poems have published in several literary magazines.

Biography

Miller was born in Kentucky. He has been a writing fellow at the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown, the Yaddo and MacDowell Colonies in the United States, and at the Camargo Foundation and the CAMAC Centre d’Art in France. Miller was named Mississippi Professor of the Year by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Having served as chair of the English Department and President of the Faculty Council, Miller is a professor of English at Millsaps College in Jackson, Mississippi; he received his Ph.D. in English from the University of California at Berkeley, his M.A. in English and Creative Writing from Stanford University and his B.A. in French Literature and Political Science from Vanderbilt University. Miller currently serves as chair of the Sudanese Ministry Committee of the Episcopal Church, Diocese of Mississippi, and he has edited and published, with the help of his students, a pamphlet of personal stories by Sudanese refugees entitled The Long Journey: Sudanese Refugees in Mississippi Tell Their Stories.

Works

Poetry
 Iron Wheel (1998) University of Chicago Press
 Rib Cage (2001) University of Chicago Press
 Mississippi Sudan (2006) by Mercy Seat Press
 Watch (October 2009) University of Chicago Press
 The Sea Sleeps: New and Selected Poems (June 2014) Paraclete Press

Literary criticism
 The Language of Love in the Poetry of George Herbert and Emily Dickinson (1992) doctoral dissertation at University of California, Berkeley
 Scribal and Print Publication: The Case of George Herbert's English Poems" (Fall 1999 / Spring 2000) George Herbert Journal, Volume 23, Numbers 1 & 2
 "Glorious, Afflicting, Beneficial": Triangular Romance and Dickinson's Rhetoric of Apocalypse (Fall 2002) The Emily Dickinson Journal, Volume 11, Number 2
 George Herbert's ‘Holy Patterns’: Reforming Individuals in Community (June 2007) Continuum Literary Studies

Works on line
 "Glass House"
 "Home"
 "Pastoral"
 "Ruins"
 "Strasbourg"
 "Three Poems"
 Iron Wheel excerpts available on Google Book Search
 Rib Cage'' excerpts available on Google Book Search

References

Category:American male poets
Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni
Category:Stanford University alumni
Category:Vanderbilt University alumni
Category:Guggenheim Fellows


Showtime (Bro'Sis album)

Showtime is the third and final studio album by German pop group Bro'Sis. It was released on August 30, 2004 via Cheyenne Records, Polydor and Zeitgeist.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

References

Category:2004 albums
Category:Bro'Sis albums
Category:Polydor Records albums