Stephen-Argyle School District

Stephen-Argyle Central School District #2856 (commonly shortened to Stephen-Argyle or SAC) is a school district located in northwest Minnesota, United States.  The school district consists of the elementary located in Argyle and the high school, which is located in Stephen. Stephen-Argyle is well known for its athletics, particularly football.

Early history
Before the schools of Argyle and Stephen consolidated in 1996, the schools shared faculty beginning in the early 1980s. Positions such as counselor, learning disabled instructor, and speech therapist were the first to be shared. In 1990, the elementary principal and librarian were shared. Sharing health and physical education teachers began in 1991. Plans for consolidation began during the period of 1989 to 1995 when the school boards met and public meetings were held in both cities. In 1996, the two school districts joined under the name Stephen-Argyle Central.

Academics
Stephen-Argyle is notable for its outstanding scores on standardized tests. Average class sizes are 14.38 per section for kindergarten through third grade and 18.75 per section for seventh through twelfth grade. College-in-the-high-school courses are offered. The school also has its own newspaper, the Storm Watch'.

Athletics
Athletics are a major part of Stephen-Argyle. In the fall, football and Volleyball is offered. Boys' and Girls' Basketball is available in winter, and Baseball, Track, and Golf in the spring. The school does not charge a fee for participating in sports. The fee is covered by the sports boosters group. The football team set a state record for most consecutive wins.

References

External links
Stephen-Argyle Central

Category:Education in Marshall County, Minnesota
Category:Educational institutions established in 1996
Category:School districts in Minnesota


Love You for a Long Time

"Love You for a Long Time" is a song recorded by Canadian country music trio High Valley for their third studio album, Love Is a Long Road (2012). It was written by lead vocalist Brad Rempel along with Jared Crump and Ben Stennis. The song was released to Canadian country radio through Open Road Recordings in September 2012 as the album's third single.

In the United States, "Love You for a Long Time" serves as the group's debut single and was promoted to American country radio on September 10, 2012 through Eaglemont Entertainment and Rodeowave Entertainment. It was released to digital retailers in October 2012 and was later officially re-released as part of High Valley's Rescue You extended play in 2013.

The song was a modest hit, charting at 91 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 and reaching 13 on the Canada Country airplay chart. It was also their first entry on the US country charts, peaking at 56 on the Country Airplay survey.

Critical reception
Billy Dukes of Taste of Country rated the song three-and-a-half stars out of five in a positive review complimenting the group's harmonies and professionalism. "The lyrics won't knock you down," writes Dukes, "but it's a song one won't mind hearing every three to four hours on country radio... If High Valley can keep turning out pure and honest love stories like 'Love You for a Long Time,' they'll build a fan base quickly."

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Love You for a Long Time" was directed by Mark Maryanovich and Carolyne Stossel and premiered through CMT on November 12, 2012. It was uploaded to the group's official YouTube channel on November 16, 2012. Shot in the desert outside of Palm Springs, California, the video plays on the contrast between its barren desert setting and a more colourful backdrop to demonstrate the highs and lows of relationships.

Chart performance

Release history

References

External links
 Lyrics of the song on Google Play Music

Category:2012 songs
Category:2012 singles
Category:High Valley songs
Category:Open Road Recordings singles
Category:Debut singles
Category:Songs written by Brad Rempel
Category:Songs written by Ben Stennis


Awarau River

The Awarau River, usually known as Larry's Creek is located within the South Island of New Zealand. The river is a mere  long and runs northwest from its headwaters in the Victoria Range to its confluence with the Inangahua River north of Reefton.

Category:Buller District
Category:Rivers of the West Coast, New Zealand
Category:Rivers of New Zealand


Afra Koti, Qaem Shahr

Afra Koti (, also Romanized as Afrā Kotī) is a village in Balatajan Rural District, in the Central District of Qaem Shahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 114, in 32 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Qaem Shahr County


Pseudopeltoceras

Pseudopeltoceras is a genus of perisphinctoid ammonites belonging to the family Perisphinctidae.

These fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived during the Middle Jurassic, upper Callovian stage.

Distribution
Fossils of species within this genus have been found in the Jurassic of Argentina, France and Germany.

References

External links
 Ammonites.fr

Category:Ammonitida genera
Category:Perisphinctidae
Category:Jurassic ammonites
Category:Fossils of Argentina


Mount Olivet Cemetery (Frederick)

Mount Olivet Cemetery is a cemetery in Frederick, Maryland.  The cemetery is located at 515 South Market Street and is operated by the Mount Olivet Cemetery Company, Inc.

History
On October 4, 1852, a group of citizens from Maryland, including Charles Edward Trail, founded the Mount Olivet Cemetery Company.  The company purchased 32 acres of land, which was designed by James Belden to incorporate walkways and driveways throughout the grounds.  The cemetery was conceived primarily to provide several of the downtown Frederick churches more room for interments, after their cemeteries became full.   Over time some of these smaller cemeteries were also relocated to Mount Olivet. One of the landmarks of Frederick, the episcopal graveyard, a family burying ground of some of the most famous personages of Maryland, was yesterday sold to G. L. Hughes. The plot where until about two years ago the first Governor of Maryland, Governor Thomas Johnson, rested, will soon be utilized for commercial purposes. All bodies were moved from the graveyard nearly two years ago to Mt. Olivet Cemetery.<"FNP 11/23/1915" /<

Initial shares were sold for US$20 with the intention that after the cemetery was laid out that each share would be exchanged for 12 grave lots.  The cemetery was formally established (chartered) in 1854.  Mrs. Ann Crawford was the first interment at the cemetery, she was buried on May 28, 1854.

Notable monuments and markers
Mount Olivet Cemetery has had many monuments constructed on the grounds since its establishment.  These monuments honor significant historical people, events and the men and women who fought in many of the military conflicts the United States has been involved in.

Monument to the Unknown Confederate Soldiers
On August 7, 1879, a meeting was held to organize a group called the Ladies Monumental Association of Frederick County, whose purpose it was to raise the funds needed to erect a monument to the 408 ‘unknown’ deceased Confederate soldiers interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery.  The monument was unveiled on June 2, 1881, to honor the soldiers of the Confederate army who fell in battles of the Civil War and who are buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery.  The monument is 15 feet tall.  The statue of the Confederate soldier was created in Italy of Carrara marble and stands upon a base made of granite. The inscriptions read as follows:

United States Civil War Children’s Memorial
Children played a large role in the civil war as soldiers, drummers, scouts and nurses among other things.  It has been estimated that 5% of the soldiers who fought in the Civil War were under the age of 18.  This marker, erected in 1881, is "dedicated to the memory of the children who served and died in the civil war 1861-1865".

Francis Scott Key Memorial Monument
The Francis Scott Key Memorial Association commissioned the American sculptor Alexander Doyle, to create a monument suitable for the author of the national anthem of the United States. On August 9, 1898, Julia McHenry Howard unveiled the monument of her grandfather and author of the "Star Spangled Banner", Francis Scott Key.  Key and his wife, Mary Taylor Key, were relocated from the Key family plot, also at Mount Olivet Cemetery, to a crypt located in the foundation of the monument.  Key is represented in a 9-foot bronze statue atop a 15-foot pedestal.  A statue of Columbia, the goddess of patriotism, is located on the front of the pedestal. Columbia is flanked by an adolescent boy representing war on her left, and a young boy representing music on her right.  This representation depicts the moment that inspired the poem "Defence of Fort McHenry" which he wrote after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.  The poem would eventually be set to the tune of "To Anacreon in Heaven" and become the national anthem of the United States.

Barbara Fritchie Memorial
Erected by the Barbara Fritchie Memorial Association in September 1914, it was unveiled as part of the ceremonies of the Star Spangled Banner Centenary. The monument is a large granite obelisk bearing a tablet containing John Greenleaf Whittier's 1863 poem "Barbara Fritchie". Above the tablet is a medallion created by the New York City sculptor James E. Kelly that depicts Fritchies profile, executed from an old time photograph, in front of a waving American flag. Fritchie, the subject of John Greenleaf Whittier’s poem, patriotically defied Stonewall Jackson and his Confederate Army as they marched past her Frederick home on September 10, 1862. The poem was very popular in the north but she would never know the notoriety she had achieved, because she had died a year earlier at the age of 96.

Other notable monuments
 Frederick County Confederates Tablet – erected 1933
 Frederick County World War II Memorial – erected 1947
 Veterans Monument
 Fire Fighters Memorial – erected in the memory of the fallen firefighters of Frederick County.
 Fire and Rescue Memorial – dedicated to the deceased members of the Frederick County Fire and Rescue services.

Notable interments
George Baer Jr., (1763–1834), U.S. Congressman for Maryland's 4th District, 1797–1801 and 1815–1817.
Francis Brengle (1807–1846), a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1832, 1834, and 1836, and was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-eighth United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1845.
James Cooper (1810–1863), U.S. Congressman and Senator from Pennsylvania, Union Army general.
Robert L. Downing (1857–1944), American Shakespearean stage actor and later preacher
Barbara Fritchie (1766–1862), American patriot during the Civil War and the subject of John Greenleaf Whittier's 1864 poem, Barbara Frietchie.
Thomas Johnson (1732–1819), the first Governor of Maryland, a delegate to the Continental Congress and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Francis Scott Key (1779–1843), author of "The Star-Spangled Banner" the national anthem of the United States.  Members of the Key family are interred in the Key family plot in the cemetery.
John Ross Key (1754–1821) commissioned officer in the Continental Army, judge, lawyer and the father of Francis Scott Key.
Jacob Michael Kunkel (1822–1870), served in the Maryland State Senate from 1850–1856 and was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses (1857–1861).
Charles McCurdy "Mac" Mathias Jr. (1922–2010), served in the US Navy and became a Captain in the Navy Reserve, was Frederick's city Attorney (1954–1959), member of the Maryland House of Delegates (1959–1960), Represented Maryland's 6th district in the United States House of Representatives (1961–1969) and was a United States Senator (1969–1987).
Roger Nelson (1759–1815),was an American politician who represented the fourth district of Maryland in the United States House of Representatives from 1804 to 1810.
John Ritchie (1831–1887), Civil War Brevet Brigadier General and United States Congressman (1871–1873).
Milton George Urner (1839–1926), was a United States Congressman from the sixth district of Maryland (1879–1883).
Charlotte Louise Berry Winters (1897–2007), the last surviving female American veteran of the First World War.
Thomas Contee Worthington (1782–1847), served as a captain in the War of 1812 and was a United States Representative from Maryland.  The nephew of Benjamin Contee.

References

See also
List of cemeteries in the United States

Category:Cemeteries in Maryland
Category:Frederick, Maryland
Category:1852 establishments in Maryland


John H. Caldwell

John Homer Caldwell (born November 28, 1928) is a retired American nordic skier who competed in the 1952 Winter Olympics, then became a cross-country ski coach and authority on cross-country skiing. He wrote a series of books that helped popularize and develop understanding of recreational cross-country skiing in the United States. Consequently, Caldwell has been called the "father" and "guru" of Nordic skiing in North America.

Personal life
Born in Detroit, Michigan, Caldwell grew up in Somerset, Pennsylvania and moved to Putney, Vermont with his parents in 1941. He graduated from Dartmouth College In 1950. Caldwell and his wife, Hep (née Hester Goodenough), had four children, Tim, Sverre, Peter, and Jennifer. He resides in Putney, Vermont.

Career
Caldwell served variously as a U.S. Ski Team coach, Putney School math teacher and coach, author on cross-country skiing topics, and founder of the New England Nordic Ski Association (NENSA). Caldwell is credited with helping start up the U.S. women's cross-country skiing program.

According to his reminiscences, Caldwell's early skiing career began while he was at Dartmouth College when he had an opportunity to participate in the World Nordic Championships in Nordic Combined skiing (both cross-country and ski-jumping). He entered the U.S. Navy through Dartmouth ROTC and was detailed to continue his skiing career. Having placed well in Olympic tryouts, he qualified for the 1952 Olympic Nordic Combined Team. Caldwell competed in the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, finishing 22nd in the nordic combined event and 73rd in the 18 km cross-country skiing event.

Caldwell coached the U.S. cross-country team at the Winter Olympics in 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, and 1984. He also coached at the Putney School from the mid-1950s until his 1989 retirement. Among the Putney students that he coached, who skied for the U.S. Cross-Country Ski Team, were Bob Gray (1968 and 1972 Winter Olympics), Martha Rockwell (1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics), Mike Gallagher  (1964, 1968 and 1972 Winter Olympics), his own children, and Bill Koch, the only American to ever medal in cross country skiing—both at the Winter Olympics (30 km silver: 1976 Innsbruck) and at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (30 km bronze: 1982 Oslo).

Legacy
Caldwell's book, The Cross-Country Ski Book, was published in eight editions from 1964 to 1987 and with a half-million copies became one of the most widely distributed skiing books, published in the United States. He was inducted into the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame in 1983 and into the Vermont Sports Hall of Fame in April 2017, along with one-time mentee Martha Rockwell.

Caldwell's progeny continued the tradition of cross-country skiing. His eldest son, Tim Caldwell, competed in four Winter Olympics from (1972 through 1984). His daughter, Jennifer Caldwell, was the women's champion of the 1983 American Birkebeiner. His son, Sverre Caldwell, is a noted cross-country ski coach whose daughter, Sophie Caldwell, finished sixth in the sprint freestyle event at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, the highest finish by a U.S. woman in Olympic cross-country skiing at that time.

Partial bibliography
In addition to writing on cross-country skiing for magazines and on line, Caldwell was the author of the following books:

References

External links

 John Caldwell at the Vermont Sports Hall of Fame

Category:1928 births
Category:American male cross-country skiers
Category:American male Nordic combined skiers
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1952 Winter Olympics
Category:Nordic combined skiers at the 1952 Winter Olympics
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Vermont
Category:Dartmouth College alumni
Category:Sportspeople from Detroit
Category:People from Putney, Vermont
Category:Olympic Nordic combined skiers of the United States
Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of the United States


Reformed Priests Protection Society

The Reformed Priests Protection Society was a charity founded in 1844 to support former Roman Catholic priests who converted to the Church of Ireland. It was also known as the Priests' Protection Society for Ireland or the Reformed Romanist Priests' Protection Society. The Society had four objects:
 to "protect Priests of good character, who conscientiously abandon the Church of Rome for the pure faith of the Gospel" and to find positions for them in parishes or as missionaries
 to "afford protection and education" to men who abandon studying for the Roman Catholic priesthood "in consequence of the influence of divine truth"
 to promote "Scriptural and anti-popish instruction" through sermons and pamphlets
 to "reform Romish Priests" worldwide

The Society's first secretary was Rev. Thomas Scott, and its first patron was Robert Jocelyn, 3rd Earl of Roden, a leading evangelical within the Second Reformation of Anglicanism, who said that the Society helped "unfortunate men [who] would be persecuted by the Church they left, and suspected by that which they joined". Its foundation on 5 May 1844 was marked by a service in St. Audoen's Church of Ireland church in which "the Rev. Solomon Frost renounced Popery". Scott was curate of St. Audoen's parish from 1831 to 1848, and maintained a parish register instigated by Mortimer O'Sullivan in 1827 listing such conversion services. In the three years after Frost, Scott recorded the conversion at St. Audoen's of four more priests, a monk, and two seminarians. Although Michael John Brenan was said by the Catholic Encyclopedia to have been supported by the Priests' Protection Society in the interval from his conversion to his recantation, in fact this was in 1809, decades before the Society's foundation.

The Society's tracts were published by the "Religious Book and Tract Depository for Ireland", which shared its office and library on Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street) in Dublin. It was critical of the Catholic Church's ethos and practice, and hostile to St Patrick's College, Maynooth, the seminary of the Irish Roman Catholic hierarchy. It opposed the Maynooth Grant and other government policies conciliatory to Roman  Catholicism in Ireland. The society nominated several former Maynooth students to give evidence to the 1853–1855 Royal Commission into the college. Among these were Denis Leyne Brasbie and W. J. Burke, who had converted prior to the society's formation and became early beneficiaries and advocates of its work.  In 1844 proselytism around Dingle by the Irish Society for Promoting the Education of the Native Irish through the Medium of Their Own Language worried Bishop Cornelius Egan, who sent Brasbie as curate to bolster the ministry of Keelmelchedar (Kilmalkedar) parish. When Brasbie himself publicly converted, there was public unrest which made him fear for his safety, and he remained notorious in the local folk memory.

By the 1870s the Society claimed to have supported over 100 converts, between priests and students. Thomas Scott was succeeded as secretary by Robert Wade Thompson, a justice of the peace and militia captain. In the 1920s Catholic priest E.J. Quigley that, although "[p]ossibly the Society has still members, clerks, secretary and fund", it was "an extinct volcano". Quigley claimed there had only been 29 converted priests, of whom 12 were Irish, "about six" English, and the balance from the continent, including Alessandro Gavazzi and Giacinto Achilli; "the apostate priests of Europe ... made Dublin their Mecca, and received woollens and wives from the Society".

The Society is mentioned in James Joyce's novel Ulysses, in one of the "hallucinations" in the "Circe" episode, when Dr Dixon says that "Professor Bloom is a finished example of the new womanly man. ... He has written a really beautiful letter, a poem in itself, to the court missionary of the Reformed Priests Protection Society". This reflects a stereotypical association by Irish nationalists during the Gaelic revival of West Britonism with effeminacy; It may also allude to the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, which had funded a 1921 obscenity suit against The Little Review for publishing draft excerpts from Ulysses.

 the Reformed Priests Protection Society remains a registered charity with an address "care of the Irish Church Missions".

References

Citations

Sources
  Part I (Report and Appendix) Part II (Minutes of Evidence and Answers to Paper K, etc.)

Category:Anglican missions
Category:Church of Ireland
Category:History of Christianity in Ireland
Category:Anglican organizations established in the 19th century
Category:Protestant evangelisation of Irish Roman Catholics
Category:1844 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:1840s establishments in Ireland


Grand Haven Historic District

The Grand Haven Historic District is a mixed commercial and residential historic district located along Washington Avenue and adjacent Streets from Harbor Drive through the 600 block, in Grand Haven, Michigan. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

History
A fur trading depot was established at what is now Grand Haven in 1825; actual settlement was initiated in 1835 when Rev. William M. Ferry arrived and a sawmill was established at the site. One building in the district, the Sidney Williams House at 225 Franklin, likely dates from this first era of settlement in the late 1830s. As the lumber trade heated up, the settlement increased in size, and  by 1851 was large enough to support a newspaper. The commercial center of the city quickly developed along Washington Avenue, starting from the harbor and working outward. Fires in 1853 and again in 1866 destroyed much of the downtown, and in 1877 the city passed a fire limit ordinance prohibiting buildings of wood construction in the heart of the downtown. A handful of private houses, built along the fringes of the downtown, date from the late 1850s and 1860s. The earliest extant commercial building in the district is the building at 135 Washington, constructed about 1868.

By the 1880s, the lumber boom was nearly over, but fruit growing and commercial shipping took its place. More buildings were constructed in the downtown area, primarily in brick. As the end of the century neared, the building boom tapered off, in part due to the loss of local lumbering jobs, and in part due to the depressed national economy. In the early 20th century, the city's efforts at economic diversification paid off, with more manufacturing jobs coming into the city, and, with the establishment of a car ferry port, an increase in shipping and shipping-related trade. As a result, more buildings were constructed in the district in the first decade of the 20th century than in any other ten-year period.

The city's population, and the number of buildings in the district, continued to grow through the 1920s and 1930s. The rise of the automobile, and the associated tourism, also helped boost the city's economy. The Great Depression affected Grand Haven less than most cities in the nation, but still the pace of growth in the historic district slowed. Grans Haven continued its growth after World War II. A number of structures built in this period were infill, replacing older buildings which had been demolished. In more modern times, Grand Haven has established itself as a vacation destination, and its downtown adds to the attraction of the city. The construction of infill buildings has continued, although recent structures have tended to be larger in scale, and not blending in with the earlier buildings.

Description
The Grand Haven Historic District extends along six blocks of Washington Street, the city's primary business district.  The district extends along adjacent streets to include the city hall, former police and fire department building, church buildings, and multiple substantial buildings constructed as  residences, although many of these have been converted to commercial use. It also includes the large Story & Clark Piano Company complex, as well as early frame commercial buildings along Third Street.

The district contains a total of 121 buildings, mostly two stories in height. The buildings date from c. 1840 to about 1965, but most were constructed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The city's Central Park is also within the district. Eighty-five of these properties, including the park, contribute to the historic nature of the district. The district contains substantially Late Victorian commercial blocks, but also a Period Revival movie theater, a Neoclassical former bank building, Italianate, Queen Anne houses, and International style and Mid-Century Modern structures. Significant architect-designed buildings within the district include:
Nathaniel Robbins House (1899) This house at 20 South 5th Street was built by Baltus Pellegrom, a ship's carpenter, for Nathaniel and Esther Robbins. Robbins was a successful area businessman.
Willard C. Shelden House (1893) This imposing house at 321 Washington is the finest Queen Anne house in the city. It was designed by architect William G. Robinson of Grand Rapids for Willard C. Shelden, the proprietor of Sheldon's Magnetic Mineral Springs spa.
First Reformed Church (1913) This church at 301 Washington was designed by architect Pierre Lindbout. It has an eclectic style, combining elements of Neoclassic architecture in a non-traditional way, resulting in an overall effect that reflects an Arts and Crafts influence.
Grand Theater lobby (1927) This theatre at 22 Washington was designed by Christian W. Brandt and Harold D. Ilgenfritz. Although the main section of the theatre itself was razed in 2004, the street facade and lobby were retained.
Michigan Bell Telephone Building (1928) This building at 501 Washington was designed by Smith, Hinchman & Grylls. It is a three-story Colonial building constructed of concrete block and clad with brick. The roof is flat, and the three bays at street level have broad gauged brick arches with masonry keystones.
City Hall (1934) This building at 519 Washington was designed by Robinson and Campau. It is a  two-story Colonial building with a cross-gable roof. The main facade is symmetrical and seven bays wide, and contains a projecting front-gabled entry bay with a limestone portico.
Police and Fire Department Building (1935) This building at 18-20 North Fifth was also designed by Robinson and Campau. The original portion of the building is a 1-1/2-story rectangular plan gable-roof brick Colonial Revival building with a slate roof. A flat-roofed addition was constructed in 1975.
First Presbyterian Church (1954) This church at 508 Franklin was designed by Harold H. Fisher & Associates. It is an orange buff-colored brick structure trimmed with limestone with a low gable roof.

References

Category:National Register of Historic Places in Ottawa County, Michigan
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Historic District


Tennessee-class battleship

The Tennessee class was a class of two super-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy in the late 1910s, part of the "standard" series, and were named  and . The class was in most respects a repeat of the preceding , with the primary improvements being a significantly strengthened underwater protection system and increased elevation of the main battery guns to allow them to fire at much greater ranges. They carried the same main battery of twelve  guns in four three-turrets, and had the same top speed of . Both ships served in the Pacific Fleet for the duration of their careers, which included an extensive training program during the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s.

Both ships were present in Battleship Row in Pearl Harbor when the Japanese attacked on 7 December 1941; California was torpedoed and sunk but Tennessee was only minimally damaged. California was re-floated and both ships were heavily rebuilt between 1942 and 1944. The pair thereafter saw extensive service as bombardment vessels supporting the island hopping campaign across the central Pacific. Tennessee took part in the Aleutian Islands Campaign in mid-1943, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign in late 1943 and early 1944, and the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign in mid-1944, by which time California had returned to the fleet as well.

Tennessee and California both took part in the Philippines Campaign in late 1944, and were present at the Battle of Surigao Strait on 24 October, the final battleship engagement in history. A refit for Tennessee kept her from participating in the Battle of Lingayen Gulf in January 1945, where California was hit by a kamikaze, which in turn kept her from supporting marines infantry during the Battle of Iwo Jima. Tennessee was heavily engaged in the fighting there and the subsequent Battle of Okinawa, where she, too, was hit by a kamikaze. The two ships spent the rest of the war patrolling the East China Sea until the Japanese surrender in September. After briefly participating in the occupation of Japan, they were recalled to the United States and assigned to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. They remained there until 1959, when they were sold for scrap.

Design

Design work on the Tennessee class, initially referred to as "Battleship 1916", began on 14 January 1915; the design staff used the design for the preceding  as a starting point. The General Board wanted to build a battleship that departed from the standard-type battleship series, particularly in terms of armor protection against the latest  guns being fielded by European navies. They were opposed to simply developing the standard series, which incorporated relatively minor incremental improvements, but Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels, overruled them and ordered that "Battleship 1916" would effectively repeat the New Mexico design with limited improvements.

At the same time that European navies had begun to adopt larger guns, they also began to develop longer-ranged torpedoes that could hit well into the expected battle distances of the day, . Therefore, the new ship's ability to resist underwater attack—naval mines in addition to torpedoes—became a chief concern of the designers. To ensure the ship could survive an underwater explosion, they decided to incorporate four torpedo bulkheads, which created four voids. Of these, the inner pair would be filled with either water or fuel oil, which would absorb the pressure and gas of the explosion. This system proved to be effective and it was used in many subsequent battleship designs.

The ships were authorized on 3 March 1915, while design work was still ongoing; tests on the torpedo bulkhead system were completed only in February 1916. In the meantime, work had already begun on the next class, initially designated "Battleship 1917", which became the . The class was essentially a repeat of the Tennessee design, the only major change was the adoption of larger  guns in place of the  the Tennessees carried. The turbo-electric drive propulsion system that was developed for the Colorados was retroactively applied to Tennessee and California in December 1915, before construction had begun on either vessel.

General characteristics and machinery

Ships of the Tennessee class were  long at the waterline,  long overall, had a beam of , and a draft of . They displaced  standard, and  at full combat load. Under emergency conditions, additional fuel and ammunition could be stored, which significantly increased displacement to , which accordingly increased draft to . The ships' hulls featured a pronounced clipper bow to handle high seas and reduce spray. A double bottom extended for the full length of the ships, and their hulls featured extensive compartmentalization to reduce the risk of uncontrollable flooding; below the waterline, the hull had 768 compartments and another 180 above the line.

The main deck contained much of the living space for their crews, which included 57 officers and 1,026 enlisted men. As built, they were fitted with two lattice masts with spotting tops for the main gun battery. Steering was controlled by a single balanced rudder.

The ships were powered by four-shaft General Electric turbo-electric transmission and eight oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The boilers generated steam that powered two Westinghouse turbo-electric generators that in turn provided power for four electric motors that drove the four 3-bladed,  screws. The turbines were in separate watertight compartments, arranged fore and aft, with four boilers apiece; each boiler had its own watertight boiler rooms, with two boilers on either side of the turbines. The motors were arranged in three rooms, with those for each of the inboard shafts in the center room and one for each outboard shaft on either side. Each set of four boilers was ducted into its own funnel.

The ships' propulsion systems were rated at , generating a top speed of . On speed trials, Tennessee reached a maximum of  from . Normal oil storage amounted to , but voids in the hull could be used to increase maximum emergency fuel capacity to . The ships had a cruising range of  at a speed of , which fell to  at  normally; with full emergency oil their range more than doubled, to  at 10 knots and  at .

Armament

The ships were armed with a main battery of twelve  /50 caliber Mark IV guns in four triple turrets, placed on the centerline in superfiring pairs forward and aft of the superstructure. Unlike earlier American battleships with triple turrets, these mounts allowed each barrel to elevate independently. Since Tennessee and California had been completed after the Battle of Jutland, which demonstrated the value of very long-range plunging fire, their main battery turrets were modified while still under construction to allow elevation to 30 degrees. This provided a maximum range of  with the standard  armor-piercing shell, which was fired with a muzzle velocity of . With the lighter  high-capacity shell, the muzzle velocity increased to  for a correspondingly greater range of . The guns suffered from excessive dispersion of shot, which was eventually discovered to have been caused by overly lengthy chambers, which allowed a gap between the shell and the propellant charges. The problem was eventually corrected with the Mark VII gun.

The secondary battery consisted of fourteen  /51 caliber guns, ten of which were mounted in individual casemates clustered in the superstructure amidships at 01 deck level. Six of the guns were arranged to fire forward and four were pointed aft. The remaining four guns were placed in open pivot mounts at 02 deck level; two were placed abreast the conning tower and the others placed on either side of the funnels. Initially, the ships were to have been fitted with twenty-two of the guns, but experiences in the North Sea during World War I demonstrated that the additional guns, which would have been placed in the hull, would have been unusable in anything but calm seas. As a result, the casemates were plated over to prevent flooding. The guns were the Mark VIII type, which had a muzzle velocity of  firing a  shell.

The battleships carried four /50 caliber Mark X guns for anti-aircraft defense. These guns were located on the 02 deck, with two on either side of the boat cranes and the other two abreast of the mainmast. The guns fired a  shell at a velocity of . They also carried a variety of other guns, including four 6-pounder saluting guns and a 3-inch Mark XI field gun and several machine guns for use by landing parties.

In addition to their gun armament, the Tennessee-class ships were also fitted with a pair of  torpedo tubes, with one mounted submerged in the hull on each broadside. They were supplied with Bliss-Leavitt torpedoes of the Mark VII type; these carried a  warhead and had a range of  at a speed of .

Armor
The ships' main armored belt was  thick and was approximately  wide, half of which was above the waterline. The thicker armor protected the ships' vitals, including the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces, extending from the forwardmost barbette to the aftmost barbette; the stern received lighter armor plating. Both ends of the main belt were capped by armored transverse bulkheads that were 13.5 in thick. The main armored deck was up to  thick, and it was connected to the top of the main belt, running between the transverse armored bulkheads. A second armor deck that was  thick was placed below the main deck; further aft, where it constituted the only horizontal protection, it increased in thickness to 5 in. On the ships' bows, the lower armor deck was increased to 3 in.

The main battery gun turrets had  thick faces,  thick sides,  rears, and  roofs; teak backing was used to cushion the structures from shell impacts. The turrets were mounted atop  barbettes. Their conning towers had  thick sides with  thick roofs. The armored coamings for the funnel uptakes were 9 in thick.

Modifications

The ships underwent a series of minor modifications to their secondary and anti-aircraft armament through the 1920s and 1930s. In 1922, Tennessee had the two 5-inch guns abreast the mainmast removed and four more 3-inch guns installed, two of which were placed where the 5-inch guns had been. The other two were placed behind the forward 5-inch mounts. All eight guns were removed in 1928 and replaced with eight 5-inch /25 caliber anti-aircraft guns. California was similarly rearmed during a refit in 1929–1930. Eight .50 caliber machine guns were added, six to the roofs of the spotting tops, two on the foremast and four on the mainmast. The other two guns were placed on pedestals on either side of the foremast. Tennessee received two of the 3-inch guns back in 1940, placed on either side of the bridge wings.

Other changes included the installation of aircraft handling equipment. California had an aircraft catapult installed on her aft superfiring turret and she received three Vought UO-1 seaplanes for reconnaissance and fire direction. Two years later, Tennessee was similarly modified, though her catapult was located on the fantail. In the early 1930s, she received a second catapult on her aft turret, and at some point California also had a catapult fitted to her fantail. During their 1943 reconstruction, the turret-mounted catapults were removed and both ships were fitted with just a catapult on the fantail.

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, where both members were damaged, the ships were extensively reconstructed and modernized. New anti-torpedo bulges were installed and their internal compartmentalization was improved to strengthen their resistance to underwater damage. The ships' superstructures were completely revised, with the old heavily armored conning tower being removed and a smaller tower was erected in its place to reduce interference with the anti-aircraft guns' fields of fire. The new towers had been removed from one of the s that had recently been rebuilt. The foremast was replaced with a tower mast that housed the bridge and the main battery director, and their second funnels were removed, with those boilers being trunked into an enlarged forward funnel. Horizontal protection was considerably strengthened to improve their resistance to air attack; 3 inches of special treatment steel (STS) was added to the deck over the magazines and  of STS was added elsewhere.

The ships' weapons suite was also overhauled. Both ships received air-search radar and fire-control radars for their main and secondary batteries, the latter seeing the mixed battery of 51-caliber and 25-caliber 5-inch guns replaced by a uniform battery of sixteen 5-inch/38 caliber guns in eight twin mounts. These were controlled by four Mk 37 directors. The light anti-aircraft battery was again revised, now consisting of ten quadruple  Bofors guns and forty-three 20 mm Oerlikons, all in single mounts. The changes doubled the ships' crew, to a total of 114 officers and 2,129 enlisted men. During her final refit in January 1945, Tennessee received an SP air search radar and a Mark 27 fire control radar.

Ships in class

Service history

Prewar careers and Pearl Harbor

Tennessee and California served in the Pacific Fleet, later renamed the Battle Fleet in 1922 and then the Battle Force in 1931, in the Pacific Ocean for duration of their peacetime careers, with California serving as the fleet flagship. She spent the 1920s and 1930s participating in routine fleet training exercises, including the annual Fleet Problems, and cruises around the Americas and further abroad, such as a goodwill visit to Australia and New Zealand in 1925. The fleet problems conducted in the 1920s and 1930s provided the basis for the US Navy's operations in the Pacific War, and experience that demonstrated that the standard type battleships were too slow to operate with aircraft carriers led to the development of the fast battleships built in the 1930s. Joint training with the Marine Corps provided experience that proved to be useful during the island hopping campaign during the Pacific War. In November 1924, Lieutenant Dixie Kiefer took off from California, the first night aircraft launch in history. While in Long Beach, California, the ships sent crewmen ashore to assist with relief after the 1933 Long Beach earthquake.

During a period of rising tensions with Japan over the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the Battle Force to relocate from its homeport in San Pedro, California to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii in an effort to deter further aggression. Modernization work for the ships that was scheduled for 1940 and 1941 was cancelled, as was the fleet problem for 1941, as the situation with Japan was approaching a crisis and the Navy determined that the fleet needed to be maintained at a high state of readiness. Nevertheless, when the Japanese attacked the fleet at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, they did so having achieved complete surprise. Totally unprepared for the surprise attack, both ships were anchored in Battleship Row, where California was sunk in shallow water. Tennessee, moored inboard of the battleship  and thus protected from torpedo attacks, emerged relatively undamaged, though fires from other ships had warped some of her hull plates and necessitated repairs. She was also trapped when West Virginia sank and came to rest up against Tennessee, forcing her up against the concrete quay.

World War II

After being freed from Battleship Row, Tennessee steamed to the Puget Sound Navy Yard, where the initial modernization program began. California was raised from the harbor bottom in mid-1942 and taken to Puget Sound as well, where she was rebuilt, beginning in October. By that time, Tennessee had returned to service with her upgraded light anti-aircraft battery, but she saw no active operations owing to the crippling fuel shortage in the Pacific at the time. The Navy decided that she should be rebuilt along the same lines as California, so she returned to Puget Sound to be reconstructed. Tennessee was completed first, returning to the fleet in May 1943 in time to participate in the Aleutian Islands Campaign, thus beginning her career as a naval gunfire support vessel during the island-hopping campaign against Japan. In this role, she conducted preparatory bombardments to destroy Japanese defensive positions and provided support to marine and Army ground forces as they fought their way ashore, suppressing Japanese defenders and targeting defensive strongpoints.

Tennessee thereafter deployed to the central Pacific to take part in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, beginning with the Battle of Tarawa in November. The Battles of Kwajalein and Eniwetok followed in early 1944, by which time work on California had been completed. While she was still working up, Tennessee next took part in the final stages of Operation Cartwheel by bombarding Kavieng as a diversionary attack. California was ready for service in time for the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign in mid-1944, and both ships shelled Japanese positions on Saipan, Tinian, and Guam; the two ships collided while en route to the last target in the campaign, Peleliu, which prevented California from participating in the Battle of Peleliu, though Tennessee remained in action. During the fighting on Tinian, Tennessee was hit by Japanese field artillery and slightly damaged.

Both ships were ready for action at the start of the next major offensive, the Philippines campaign that began with the invasion of Leyte in October 1944; both vessels supported the landing, which triggered the Japanese to launch Operation Shō-Gō 1, a major naval counterattack that resulted in the Battle of Leyte Gulf on 23–26 October. California and Tennessee, as part of the bombardment group under Rear Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf, took part in one component of the complex battle, the action of Surigao Strait, on the night of 24–25 October. There, the Allied fleet destroyed the Japanese Southern Force consisting of a pair of old battleships, one heavy cruiser, and four destroyers; only one Japanese destroyer escaped the overwhelming Allied fleet. California and Tennessee fired only briefly during the engagement, as a miscommunication between their commanders almost led to another collision, which threw them out of firing position. They were nevertheless present for the last battleship engagement in history.

California continued operations off the Philippines, though Tennessee was recalled for a refit at Puget Sound. During the Battle of Lingayen Gulf in January 1945, California was hit by a kamikaze suicide plane, though she shot down a second attacker. She was not seriously damaged, but her crew suffered heavy casualties, with over 50 killed and more than 150 wounded. She returned to Puget Sound for repairs, by which time work on Tennessee was completed, allowing her to return to combat off Iwo Jima in early February. She provided heavy fire support, targeting Mount Suribachi before and during the Battle of Iwo Jima, before proceeding to Okinawa to prepare that island for the coming invasion. She operated off the island for the next month; during the Battle of Okinawa, where the Japanese made repeated and heavy kamikaze attacks on the Allied fleet, Tennessee was hit by one suicide aircraft on 12 April that did little damage but killed more than twenty and wounded more than a hundred. She was detached to Ulithi for repairs that were completed by early June, when she returned to the fighting off Okinawa. Tennessee was joined shortly thereafter by California, though by then the fighting ashore was in its final stages.

The two ships were then assigned to a task group charged with patrolling the East China Sea, with Tennessee as the flagship of its commander, now Vice Admiral Oldendorf. They supported the initial occupation of Japan in September before being sent home to the United States later that month. Now too wide to fit through the Panama Canal as a result of their 1943 reconstructions, they were forced to return to the east coast of the United States by way of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. There, they were decommissioned and assigned to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, based in Philadelphia. Both battleships were stricken from the Naval Vessel Register in March 1959, sold for scrap on 10 July, and thereafter broken up.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

External links

Category:Battleship classes

Category:Turbo-electric steamships


Negative testing

Negative testing is a method of testing an application or system that ensures that the plot of the application is according to the requirements and can handle the unwanted input and user behavior. Invalid data is inserted to compare the output against the given input. Negative testing is also known as failure testing or error path testing. When performing negative testing exceptions are expected. This shows that the application is able to handle improper user behavior. Users input values that do not work in the system to test its ability to handle incorrect values or system failure.

Purpose
 The purpose of negative testing is to prevent the application from crashing and it also helps improve the quality of an application by detecting defects.
 Negative testing helps you to improve the testing coverage of the application.
 Negative testing makes the application more stable and reliable.
 Negative testing together with positive testing allows users to test the application with any valid (or invalid) input data.

Benefits of negative testing
Negative testing is done to check that product deals properly with the circumstance for which it is not programmed. The fundamental aim of this testing is check that how bad data is taken care of by the systems, and appropriate errors are shown to client when bad data is entered. Both positive and negative testing play important role. Positive testing ensures that application does what it is implied for and perform each function as expected. Negative testing is opposite of positive testing. Negative testing discovers diverse approaches to make the application crash and handle the crash effortlessly.

Example
 If there is a text box that can only take numeric values but the user tries to type a letter, the correct behavior would be to display a message such as "(Incorrect data) Please enter a number."
 If user is to fill the name field, there are ground rules that name text is mandatory to fill, name box shouldn't have values other than letters (no numeric values and special characters). Negative test cases could be a name containing numeric values or special characters. The correct behavior of the system would be to not display those invalid characters.

Parameters for writing Negative test cases
There are two basic techniques that help to write the sufficient test cases to cover the most of the functionalities of the system. Both these techniques are used in positive testing as well.
The two parameters are:
 Boundary-value analysis
Boundary indicates limit to something. In this parameter, test scenarios are designed in such a way that it covers the boundary values and validate how application behaves on these boundary values.
 Example
If there is an application that accepts Ids ranging from 0–255. Hence in this scenario, 0,255 will form the boundary values. The values within the range of 0–255 will constitute the positive testing. Any inputs going below from 0 and input going above from 255 will be considered invalid and will constitute negative testing.

References

Category:Data analysis
Category:Software testing


The Contours

The Contours were one of the early African-American soul singing groups signed to Motown Records.
The group is best known for its classic chart-topping 1962 hit, "Do You Love Me", a million-selling single that became a major hit all over again in 1988.

History

Establishment and "Do You Love Me"
Joe Billingslea (born November 14, 1937) and Billy Gordon founded a singing group called the Blenders in their native Detroit, Michigan in 1959. They completed the group with Billy Hoggs and Billy Rollins, who had responded to an ad placed in the local newspaper by Billingslea.  The group soon added Leroy Fair (in place of Billy Rollins), and bass singer Hubert Johnson, and changed the name to "The Contours". In the fall of 1960, the group auditioned for Berry Gordy's Motown Records. Gordy turned the act down, prompting the group to pay a visit to the home of Johnson's cousin, R&B star and Gordy associate Jackie Wilson. Wilson in turn got the Contours a second audition with Gordy, at which they sang the same songs they had at the first audition, the same way, and were signed to a seven-year contract.

Each artist at Motown Records received its own guitarist. Huey Davis was the guitarist assigned to the Contours. The group's first single, "Whole Lotta' Woman," was released in January 1961 and failed to chart. Within months of its release, Leroy Fair was replaced by Benny Reeves, brother of Martha Reeves. Shortly thereafter, Benny Reeves left to serve in the United States Navy and he was replaced by Sylvester Potts. In 1961 the group's second single, "The Stretch", was released and it also failed to chart. In early 1962, Gordy had the Contours record "Do You Love Me," a composition allegedly originally meant for The Temptations. But, in a 2008 interview for MOJO Magazine, original Contour Joe Billingslea stated that this was not the case. In the article, Billingslea stated to author Phil Alexander that the song's author, Motown founder Berry Gordy, offered the song to the Contours first, only intending to give The Temptations the song after he saw that the Contours were having trouble with it. However, after practicing the tune again, Gordy gave the nod—and the song—to the Contours.

The resulting record, with its shouted lead vocals from Billy Gordon, hit No. 1 on Billboards R&B chart and crossed over to No. 3 on the Hot 100 in 1962. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.

Mid-to-late 1960s career
Although the Contours never quite repeated the extraordinary success of "Do You Love Me," they returned to the charts four times during 1963 and 1964 starting with "Shake Sherry." They also charted on the R&B Charts with the "B-side" to "Can You Jerk Like Me," the Smokey Robinson-penned "That Day When She Needed Me." In 1964, Billy Hoggs, Joe Billingslea, Hubert Johnson, and Sylvester Potts all left Motown. Berry Gordy hired Council Gay, Jerry Green and Alvin English to back Billy Gordon, making the Contours a vocal quartet (with Davis remaining the group's guitarist throughout their stint at Motown). During this period, tracks recorded by both line-ups were being put together for a second album for Motown entitled The Contours: Can You Dance (Gordy 910). However, for unknown reasons, this album was never released by Motown. Within a year, Sylvester Potts returned to the group (replacing Alvin English), and Billy Gordon departed shortly thereafter. Gordon was replaced by Joe Stubbs, brother of Four Tops lead singer Levi Stubbs. Stubbs soon quit the act and was replaced by Dennis Edwards. Stubbs would later go on to become lead singer of the 1970s non-Motown R&B group, 100 Proof (Aged in Soul).

During the mid-1960s the Contours recorded several records which received R&B radio play, notably "Can You Do It," "Don't Let Her Be Your Baby", "Can You Jerk Like Me," and its charting flip side, the Smokey Robinson written-and-produced "That Day When She Needed Me," "First I Look at the Purse" (written by Miracles members Smokey Robinson and Bobby Rogers)" and "Just a Little Misunderstanding" (the only single featuring Stubbs on lead, and was co-written by Stevie Wonder),. Still they were considered secondary to Motown's major male vocal groups: The Temptations, The Four Tops, and The Miracles. The group's seven-year contract with Motown expired in 1967 and when lead singer Dennis Edwards was recruited to replace the departed David Ruffin as lead singer of The Temptations in mid-1968, the Contours disbanded. Edwards later became a solo hits maker as well.

Although they charted up a hit in the UK Singles Chart in 1970 with a re-release of "Just A Little Misunderstanding," The Contours' real claim to fame lies with "Do You Love Me." Both these tracks and others Contours work can be found on various Motown compilation albums.

After Motown
In the early 1970s, Joe Billingslea resurrected the group with himself, Arthur Hinson, Martin Upshire, C. Autry Hatcher and former Motown Contour Council Gay as its members, and began performing at local clubs around Detroit. During the seventies and early eighties, the group's popularity increased and they began playing dates throughout the US and even some international dates. In 1984, Charles Davis replaced Hinson and a week later Potts rejoined the group replacing Gay. In 1987, Hatcher left the group and Arthur Hinson returned. In 1988, Darell Nunlee was added when Martin Upshire left. The same year, "Do You Love Me" was prominently featured in the film Dirty Dancing. In 1988, a reissue of "Do You Love Me" sent the song back to the Billboard Top 40 charts for eight weeks, peaking at number eleven. The movie and the record spawned a 1988 "Dirty Dancing Concert Tour" followed by a new recording contract for Ian Levine's Motorcity Records where the group recorded two albums Flashback and Revenge although the latter was not released, though the songs would later be featured on the later compilation, The Best of the Contours.

In 1992, Hinson left the group, and it continued as a quartet until 1993 when Nunlee left. Al Chisholm (formerly with The Falcons) and Gary Grier were recruited in 1993. This configuration – Joe Billingslea, Chisholm, Davis, Grier and Potts – continued from 1993 until 2004.

In 2004, Sylvester Potts left to form his own group with the four members (Leroy Seabrooks, Kim Green, Tony Womack and Darell Nunlee) of a local Detroit group named Upscale, which immediately began performing as "The Contours". Billingslea sued and Potts countersued, each claiming the rights to the name. Because the service mark, "The Contours" was jointly owned by Billingslea, Potts and their manager, these suits were resolved in an out-of-court settlement which provided for the existence of both groups to be identified as "The Contours with Joe Billingslea" and "The Contours featuring Sylvester Potts," respectively. Within months of the founding of the Potts group, Seabrooks left making it a quartet. In 2011, Nunlee left Potts' group and was replaced by Tee Turner.

In April 2011, the unreleased second album's tracks, along with fourteen unreleased original Contours 1960s Motown recordings, and new 2011 interviews with the Contours' founder Joe Billingslea as well as with Sylvester Potts, was released as part of the CD compilation collection, Dance with the Contours on the import label, Kent Records. It featured the chart hits, "Can You Do It", "Can You Jerk Like Me", and several other tracks. It was released under legal license from, and with the full approval of, the owners of the Motown catalogue.

In 2005, Billy Hoggs, who left the Contours in 1964 to become a minister, made his first and only appearance since 1964, joining the Contours with Joe Billingslea for the taping of Motown: The Early Years for the Public Broadcasting System. This performance is occasionally rebroadcast on various PBS affiliates. In January 2007, Motown Records released the DVD of the performances. In 2006, the Contours with Joe Billingslea filled the vacant bass singing spot created by Potts' departure with Odell Jones. In March 2010, the Contours were inducted into the Doo-Wopp Hall of Fame of America. The induction show featured a performance by the Contours with Joe Billingslea.

Hubert Johnson committed suicide in Detroit, on July 11, 1981, at age 40. Mid-1960s member, Joe Stubbs – brother of Levi Stubbs, died on February 5, 1998. Afterward, several original members died within a ten-year period. Billy Gordon died sometime during 1999. Guitarist Huey Davis (who was pictured on the Do You Love Me album cover, but was not an official member of the Contours although he was pictured in virtually all of Motown's publicity shots of the group) died on February 23, 2000, at his home in Detroit. Leroy Fair died in December 2004.

In 2014, Jones left the Contours with Joe Billingslea and was replaced by Lyall Hoggart. In late 2014, Potts' group made its last performance. In 2015, Dwjuan Brock replaced Charles Davis. Also in 2015, the Contours were inducted into the R&B Hall of Fame. The induction show featured a performance by the Contours with Joe Billingslea. Later that year, after it became clear that Potts' group had disbanded, Billingslea's group reclaimed the name "The Contours". In 2016, the Contours were inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame.In 2017, the service mark, "The Contours" was assigned solely to Joe Billingslea.

Sylvester Potts died on January 6, 2017.

Members timeline

Discography

Singles
All singles were issued on Gordy Records unless otherwise noted
1961: "Whole Lotta' Woman" (issued on Motown)
1961: "The Stretch" (issued on Motown)
1962: "Do You Love Me" (#3 US, No. 1 R&B)
1963: "Shake Sherry" (#43 US, No. 21 R&B)
1963: "Don't Let Her Be Your Baby" (#64 Pop)
1963: "Pa I Need A Car" / "You Get Ugly" (did not chart)
1964: "Can You Do It" (#41 US, No. 16 R&B)
1964: "Can You Jerk Like Me" (#47 US, No. 15 R&B)
1964: "That Day When She Needed Me" (b-side of "Can You Jerk Like Me," No. 37 R&B)
1965: "First I Look at the Purse" (#57 US, No. 12 R&B)
1966: "Just a Little Misunderstanding" (#85 US, No. 18 R&B, UK #31)
1967: "It's So Hard Being a Loser" (#79 US, No. 35 R&B)
1988: "Do You Love Me" (#11 US, issued on Motown, re-released after the success of the 1987 movie Dirty Dancing)
1989: "Face Up to the Fact" (issued on Motorcity Records)
1992: "Running in Circles" (issued on Motorcity Records)

Albums
Do You Love Me (Now That I Can Dance) (Gordy 901, 1962)
The Contours: Can You Dance  (Gordy 910, 1964 – unreleased)
Flashback (Motorcity Records, 1990)
The Very Best (Hot Productions, 1995)
The Very Best of the Contours [Original Recording Remastered] (Motown, 1999)
Essential Collection (Spectrum, 2000)
A New Direction (Orchard, 2000)
20th Century Masters: Millennium Collection (Universal, 2003)
Live II (Middle Earth, 2003)
Dance with The Contours (Kent/Universal/Motown, 2011)

References

External links

"Do You Love Them: The Contours Lost Classics Arrive on CD
"The Contours". History-of-rock.com
"MySpace Page". MySpace.com
"Motown Legends Entertainment Agency". motownlegends.net
Official web site of "THE CONTOURS." thecontours.com
"The Contours with Joe Billingslea, Richard De La Font Delafont.com
The Contours- A Musical Timeline-from the Soulwalking UK Website
Motown Legends: The Contours' Biography
 Answers.com: The Contours
 The Contours on the "Northern Soul Nights" website
 " Now That I Can Dance"-The Story of The Contours-from MOJO MAGAZINE
 Amazon Customer Discussions- The CONTOURS
 Motown Museum Featured Artists: The Contours

Category:Doo-wop groups
Category:American soul musical groups
Category:Motown artists
Category:Musical groups from Detroit
Category:Musical groups established in 1959
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1968
Category:Northern soul musicians
Category:1959 establishments in Michigan
Category:American rhythm and blues musical groups


Walter HWK 109-509

The Walter HWK 109-509 was a German liquid-fuel bipropellant rocket engine that powered the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and Bachem Ba 349 aircraft. It was produced by Hellmuth Walter Kommanditgesellschaft (HWK) commencing in 1943, with license production by the Heinkel firm's facilities in Jenbach, Austria.

Design and development

Early versions of the Me 163 had been powered by an earlier design running on a "cold engine" fueled with Z-Stoff. This fuel tended to clog the jets in the combustion chamber, causing fluctuations in power and potentially explosions. Worse, however, was the fact that the engine could not be throttled, and when the aircraft leveled off after its climb to altitude it quickly accelerated to speeds that caused serious compressibility issues. The RLM demanded that a version be developed with a throttle.

During this period Walter has also been working with a new fuel known as C-Stoff that gave off significant heat and was thus known as the "hot engine".  C-Stoff was a  mix of 30% hydrazine hydrate + 57% methanol + 13% water with a small amount of potassium-copper-cyanide. The oxidizer, known as T-Stoff, consisted of an 80%-concentration hydrogen peroxide-based formulation. The two reacted violently on contact. The violent combustion process resulted in the formation of water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and a huge amount of heat sending out a superheated stream of steam, nitrogen and air that was drawn in through the hole in the mantle of the engine, thus providing a forward thrust of approximately 17 kN (3,820 lbf).

To address the throttling issue, the new engine included turbopumps with two settings. The pumps were driven by a single turbine, powered by steam created by decomposing the T-Stoff with a wire mesh catalyst. Combined with a mechanical throttle, this provided four power settings from idle to full power for climbing. In practice it was found that throttling the engine dramatically decreased its fuel economy to the point that it did not extend the endurance of the aircraft as expected. This version was put into the Me 163B in spite of this problem.

The ultimate solution to the throttling problem was the B and C series of the engine. These engines used two combustion chambers, the original one (retroactively given the name Hauptofen), and a second, smaller Marschofen chamber directly beneath the main Hauptofen chamber, tuned to provide the cruise power needed for high-speed level flight, about . This chamber provided that power at peak efficiency, so it did not suffer from the problems found while throttling on the original models. The throttle on the original combustion chamber was removed, and throttling was instead provided by turning the main engine on and off. This new version dramatically improved cruise endurance, with overall flight times improving from eight to twelve minutes, a 50% improvement. It was also mechanically simpler as the turbopumps were no longer throttled.

The engine was an integral design with all components of the drive, with the exception of fuel tanks, locked in a cubical frame — this frame was discarded for the 109-509C dual-chamber design.

Variants

: Pre-production model, manufactured from May 1943. The thrust of this engine was regulated between 300 kp (2.9 kN) and 1500 kp ().
: The first series production engine was used in the Messerschmitt Me 163 B from August 1944. The thrust here was adjustable between 100 kp (1 kN) and 1600 kp ().
: Version for the Messerschmitt Me 163B-1a. Weighing only  complete, this engine consisted of two main assemblies, the roughly-cubical shape framed forward assembly comprising the turbine housing, the fuel pumps geared to the turbine shaft, the control box, a pressure-reducing valve and the electric starter motor, with the aft assembly made up of the combustion chamber, connected  to the fore unit by a cylindrical "thrust-tube" containing pipes which carried fuel to the combustion chamber's individual injector jets. The thrust was adjustable between 200 kp () and a maximum of 1700 kp ().

: Increased performance version of the 509 A-1. This engine was the initial version to feature the twin Hauptofen main chamber above, and lower thrust Marschofen cruise chamber design directly below the main chamber, with an additional thrust of 300 kp (). This auxiliary chamber proved necessary due to the actual T-Stoff oxidizer consumption of the main unit, at nearly 5 kg/s, exceeding estimates by 100%. Thrust from main chamber adjustable between 100 kp () and 2000 kp (). Fully restored examples of both the Me 163B's single-chamber rocket motor, as well as the only known example — stated as the third prototype example — in the United States of the experimental twin-chamber Walter "509B" rocket motor, are each on display in front, one each to either side of the NMUSAF's restored Me 163B, bearing Werknummber (serial number) 191 095 on its vertical fin.
: Dual-chamber motor like the B-series, based on the uprated version of the 509 A-2, but having a main Hauptofen chamber with a differing forward shape from that on the 509B, while also discarding the open-structure cubical frame for lighter weight. The main combustion chamber gave between 400 kp () and 2000 kp (), the Marschofen auxiliary chamber 400 kp (). To be used in the Me 263 (Ju 248). One surviving example on museum display at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford.
: Variant of the 509 C-1 for use in the improved B-series airframes of the Bachem Ba 349 Natter. Engine designed to be recovered by parachute, along with the entire rear section with empennage.
 A completely revised lightened version for use as a permanently installed booster rocket on the Messerschmitt Me 262 Heimatschützer IV home defence interceptor.
'HWK RII-211 - Company designation for prototype engines of the 509A-2 series

Applications
 Arado Ar E.381
 Bachem Ba 349
 DFS 228
 Focke-Wulf Volksjäger 2
 Messerschmitt Me 163
 Messerschmitt Me 262C, in Heimatschützer prototype evaluation designs.

Engines on display
National Museum of the United States Air Force (both single-chamber 509 A and twin-chamber 509 B versions)
National Museum of Flight
Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr
Shuttleworth Collection
Ballarat Aviation Museum

Specifications (509A)
Data from: Jane's

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1989.

External links

 The Hellmuth Walter Rocket Engine
  The Hellmuth Walter Rocket Engine sitepage, on the NMUSAF-preserved 509B rocket motor
 Walter 109-509B rocket motor photo-page
 The NMUSAF page on the 509B
 The Hellmuth Walter Rocket Engine sitepage, on the RAF Museum/Cosford-preserved 109-509C rocket motor and photos of the preserved UK-housed 509C rocket motor

Category:Aircraft rocket engines
Category:Rocket engines using hypergolic propellant
109-509
Category:Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle
Category:Rocket engines using hot cycle hydrogen peroxide propellant


Bacalhau do Batata

Bacalhau do Batata (Portuguese: Batata's Cod) is a carnival block from Olinda. It parades on Ash Wednesdays at noon, precisely at the after the official carnival end.
The block was in 1962 founded by the waiter Isaias "Batata" Ferreira da Silva, whom worked in the regular carnival days since, and therefore could not enjoy the festivities.
The block's symbol is a dryed cod ornamented with potatoes, carrots, paprikas, and other vegetables. "The Batata Cod was founded in 1962. We, who could not play because they worked on holidays, joined in the joke. I was part of the foundation," recalled one of the directors of the block, Antonio Lucena, 69, while it held the official banner of the association, made with vegetables and pieces of natural cod.

References

Category:Olinda
Category:Brazilian Carnival
Category:Parades in Brazil
Category:Festivals established in 1962


Wedge-tailed hillstar

The wedge-tailed hillstar (Oreotrochilus adela) is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. This sexually dimorphic species is found in scrub and woodland at altitudes of  in the Andes of Bolivia and far north-western border region of Argentina. It is threatened by habitat loss. Uniquely among the hillstars, the flanks of the male are deep chestnut, while the underparts of the female are orange-buff.

References

wedge-tailed hillstar
Category:Birds of the Bolivian Andes
wedge-tailed hillstar
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Wolgamot

Wolgamot is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Earl Wolgamot (1892–1970), American baseball player
 John Barton Wolgamot (1910–1980), American poet


Les Scheinflug

Ladislav 'Les' Scheinflug (born 1 October 1938 in Bückeburg, Germany) is a former football (soccer) player and coach.

Biography
Arriving in Australia in the early 1950s he lived as a youth at Villawood Migrant Hostel and played for the hostel soccer team (Villawood Tigers) He was picked to play in the Southern Districts representative soccer team during these years

Between November 1965 and April 1968 Scheinflug played 6 full international matches for Australia, scoring four goals.

Before the 1974 World Cup he became becoming assistant to head coach Rale Rasic of the national side. He later served himself on several occasions as head coach of the Socceroos as well as the under 17 and 20 sides.

In 1979 Les Scheinflug won the Australian Championship and in 1980 the Australian Cup, both with Marconi Fairfield. In 1979, he was voted Coach of the Year by the Australian Soccer Press Association.

Honours
Australian Hall of Fame Inaugural Inductee
Australian National Team Coach
Australian Youth Team Coach
1979 NSL Coach of the Year
New South Wales Representative Honours
1959 - Northern New South Wales
1965 - Torpedo Moscow, Chelsea
Representative Honours
1959 - NSWSF XI v The Rest
1965 - Sydney XI v Torpedo (c), Sydney XI v Hapoel Tel-Aviv

References

Category:1938 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Bückeburg
Category:German emigrants to Australia
Category:Naturalised citizens of Australia
Category:Australian soccer players
Category:Australia international soccer players
Category:Australian soccer coaches
Category:Football Federation Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Australia national soccer team managers
Category:Fiji national football team managers
Category:Sydney Olympic FC managers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Footballers from Lower Saxony


Joshua Green (businessman)

Joshua Green (October 16, 1869 – January 24, 1975) was an American sternwheeler captain, businessman, and banker. He rose from being a seaman to being the dominant figure of the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet, then sold out his interests and became a banker. Living to the age of 105 and active in business almost to the end of his life, he became an invaluable source of information about the history of Seattle and the Puget Sound region. According to Nard Jones, Green was one of the city of Seattle's last fluent speakers of Chinook Jargon, the pidgin trade language of the Pacific Northwest.

Life and career

Born in Mississippi, Joshua came with his family to the Puget Sound region of Washington in 1886 at the age of 17. The family formed a connection with Seattle mayor Bailey Gatzert, who helped Green begin his career. He worked as a chainman, surveying for the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway, then on the sternwheeler  Henry Bailey, a Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet vessel that also went up the Skagit River.

In late 1889, using a $5,000 loan from Seattle banker Jacob Furth, an associate of Gatzert's, Green and three fellow officers of the Henry Bailey purchased their own sternwheeler, the Fanny Lake (or Fannie Lake). Bill Speidel describes it as "…a funny little thing… She looked like a scow with a big box, topped by a smaller box, topped by a deluxe model outhouse."

Green's innovative business practices soon allowed him to become a fleet owner, president of what was named the La Conner Trading and Transportation Company, owning some rather more elegant vessels, such as the sidewheeler George E. Starr. He established Seattle's dominance of the Mosquito Fleet, relative to Olympia or Tacoma, which Speidel considers to be a key factor in Seattle's emerging and continued dominance of the Puget Sound region. He continued to be a master and captain, serving on several of his own company's sternwheelers.

The company survived several ship fires, as well as the Depression that followed the Panic of 1893, then prospered greatly in the Klondike Gold Rush, transporting miners and their gear to Alaska. Green continued to invest his profits. In 1903 he merged his firm with Charles E. Peabody's Alaska Steamship/Puget Sound Navigation Company, which soon brought the Mosquito Fleet to a new level. Ships were retrofitted to be able to carry automobiles, notably for the Seattle-Bremerton route. From 1913, the company was known as the Puget Sound Navigation Company.

In 1925, Green purchased the distressed Peoples Savings Bank for US$200,000, and in 1927, believing that the rise of the automobile limited the future of Puget Sound area water transport, he resigned from the Puget Sound Navigation Company to dedicate himself fully to banking. Puget Sound Navigation would continue to dominate Puget Sound transportation until it was bought out in 1951 by the state of Washington, as the centerpiece of Washington State Ferries.

He changed the name of the bank to Peoples Bank and Trust Co, later People's National Bank of Washington. With branch banking not allowed at the time, he began or acquired several other banks as wholly owned subsidiaries. In 1949, when he passed the presidency of the bank to his son Joshua Jr., deposits stood at $128 million. By 1969, when Joshua Green turned 100, deposits had reached $400 million. In 1988, the bank was purchased by U.S. Bancorp and renamed  U.S. Bank of Washington.

Joshua Green died at age 105 in 1975.

Legacy and honors

In 1968 Seattle named Green its "man of the century." Joshua Green River and Joshua Green Peak, both in Alaska, are named after him.

In 1966 the Joshua Green Fountain, by renowned sculptor George Tsutakawa, was installed at the entry to Washington State Ferries' facility on the Seattle waterfront.

The Stimson-Green Mansion, Green's residence after 1914, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has city landmark status. Green made few alterations to the 1901 house, and lived there until his death, making it one of the few First Hill mansions to survive largely intact to the present time. The house is now owned by the Washington Trust for Historic Preservation and is available for events.

The Joshua Green Building, 1425 Fourth Avenue, Seattle, has city landmark status. Still owned and managed by the Joshua Green Corporation, the 1914 building underwent major renovations in 2008–2009.

The Joshua Green Foundation is focused on major capital campaigns of 501 (c)(3) non-profit organizations headquartered and operating in the Seattle/King County area, primarily private secondary and higher education, social services and the arts.

His family continues his business interests as the Joshua Green Corporation / Green Family Enterprises, operating numerous retail properties in the region and in Spokane, Washington, as well as investing in "banking and insurance," and "diversified portfolios of managed equities." Reflecting Green's interests as a sportsman, they also own several manufacturers of fly fishing equipment.

Notes

Further reading
 Noel V. Bourasaw, Joshua Green, Skagit sternwheelers and the birth of Puget sound ferries, Skagit River Journal of History & Folklore, 2003. Posted March 18, 2003, updated February 15, 2009
 Robert Cantwell, Nemesis Of The Black Brant, Sports Illustrated, May 16, 1966. Article about Green as a hunter.
  Kline, M.S, and Bayless, G.A., Ferryboats -- A Legend on Puget Sound, Bayless Publications, Bellevue, 1983
 Gordon Newell, The Green Years: The Development of Transportation, Trade and Finance in the Puget Sound Region from 1886 to 1969 as Recalled By Joshua Green, Seattle: Superior Publishing Company, 1969.

Category:1869 births
Category:1975 deaths
Category:People from Mississippi

Category:Businesspeople from Seattle

Category:American bankers
Category:American centenarians
Category:Steamship captains


Galaxy Entertainment Group

Galaxy Entertainment Group ("GEG") ( is a company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange () that owns and operates hotels and casinos in Macau through its subsidiary, Galaxy Casino S.A.

History
The company, known formerly as K. Wah Construction Materials, disposed of its construction material business and became the only Hong Kong-listed company to hold an operating license in Macao in 2005 by acquiring a 97.9% stake in Galaxy Casino SA. The deal was described as akin to "a snake trying to swallow an elephant". Galaxy and Venetian Macao had originally planned to run their gaming license in Macao jointly, but the two had since split and decided to run their gaming business separately.

In February 2020 the company confirmed it had withdrawn from its bidding in Osaka and would instead focus on other licenses in Japan, including Yokohama among others. After its Macau casinos were closed that month for the Corvid outbreak as well as other casinos, the company said it would return to full capacity only after guest demand had increased.

Properties
The company owns the following casinos and hotels in Macau:

  The StarWorld Macau (Macau Peninsula)
 CityClub casinos (Macau Peninsula)
Waldo Casino
President Casino
Rio Casino
 Broadway Casino (Cotai Strip)
 The Galaxy Macau (Cotai Strip)

Galaxy Stars
Jeremy Chan (田铭耀) - Actor

Business areas
The principal activities of Galaxy Entertainment and its subsidiaries are operation in casino games of chance or games of other forms, provision of hospitality and related services in Macau, and the manufacture, sale and distribution of construction materials in Hong Kong, Macau and Mainland China.

It operates in two segments: gaming and entertainment, and construction materials.

Ownership structure
Galaxy Entertainment Group is ultimately controlled by the Lui Family of Hong Kong, which has a combined interest of 50.3%. This family has a direct interest of 8.6% in GEG and an indirect interest of 41.7% via the Lui Family Trust and Hong Kong listed K Wah International.

See also
 List of companies of Hong Kong
Gambling in Japan

References

External links
 Galaxy Entertainment Group

Category:Hospitality companies of Hong Kong
Category:Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Category:Companies of Macau
Category:Companies established in 1988
Category:Hong Kong brands


Walercin

Walercin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębe Wielkie, within Mińsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Dębe Wielkie,  north-west of Mińsk Mazowiecki, and  east of Warsaw.

References

Walercin


Charles V. Stuart

Charles V. Stuart (May 9, 1819-August 13, 1880) was a California pioneer and delegate to the California Constitutional Convention of 1878-79, where he distinguished himself as the only delegate to speak out in defense of the rights of Chinese immigrants.

Life

In Pennsylvania and New York
Stuart was born in Nippenose Township, Pennsylvania, and worked on his father's farm until the age of 14, when he was enrolled at Owego Academy in what is now Tioga, New York, where he studied under the educational reformer Charles Rittenhouse Coburn.  After graduating, Stuart moved to Ithaca, New York, where he began work as a merchant.  In 1839, Stuart took a grand tour of the United States and in 1842, married Ellen Mary Tourtellot.  The Stuarts had three children while living in the east: Robert H. Stuart (d. 1878), Mary (Stuart) Pickett, and Emily (Stuart) Stangroom.

In California
Inspired by the California Gold Rush, Stuart led the first mule train—called the "Ithaca Company"--to California, beginning from Independence, Missouri and traveling along the Arkansas River to the Rocky Mountains, and then to Salt Lake City, where after a brief recuperation, the expedition traveled to the Cajon Pass, near what is now Rancho Cucamonga, California.  From there, the travelers headed to Los Angeles, the San Fernando Valley, and San Joaquin, California, where the members separated to find their own way.  Stuart headed to San Francisco, where he arrived on November 20, 1849.

In San Francisco, Stuart and partners I.N. Thorne and John Center began farming  of land in the vicinity of the Mission Dolores. They constructed a house and dug a canal several hundred feet long to accommodate boats on the nearby creek. Shortly afterwards, Stuart and business partner Robert T. Ridley established a tavern on the site, called the "Mansion House."  The tavern (located on the site now occupied by the basilica) was successful, and Stuart continued operating it after Ridley's death in 1851.  Stuart was able to afford to build San Francisco's first brick house on the corner of 16th and Capp Streets.  By the mid-1850s, Stuart was living there with his wife, son Charles Duff Stuart (b. 1854), and daughters Antoinette (Stuart) Vermehr (b. 1856), Ida (Stuart) Sessions (b. 1859) and Isabel (Stuart) Dennis (b. 1863).

Stuart was elected to San Francisco's first Board of Aldermen and ran for a seat in the state assembly in 1854.  He tried to lease the New Almaden quicksilver mine—the state's most financially successful mine—but sold his interest in the mine to escape the extremely complicated litigation over its ownership.

In 1859, Stuart purchased a part of the Rancho Agua Caliente land grant in Sonoma County and in 1868 began building a house there, eventually establishing a  vineyard he named Glen Ellen after his wife.  The town that grew up around the vineyard also came to be called Glen Ellen, and Stuart's home was later renamed Glen Oaks Ranch.

In 1878, when California held its second constitutional convention, Stuart was elected as a delegate on the non-partisan ticket.  He spoke rarely in the Convention, most notably in two impassioned speeches defending the rights of Chinese immigrants against various discriminatory provisions proposed by the convention delegates.  The first of these speeches occurred on December 9, 1878, in opposition to proposals to ban Chinese immigrants from owning property in the state, or from being employed by any state corporation.  Again, on February 1, 1879, when the convention was finalizing the Constitution's language, Stuart spoke against such provisions, declaring,

Give to the children of these people (and some of them native born) the privilege of our common schools in return for the school taxes they pay; cease persecuting them by personal assault, to which the law is blind; stop this disgraceful special legislation against them; stop this relentless, heartless, and inhuman persecution of foreigners...and then, and only then, will we do our duty. What right has the State to exact of these men poll and other school taxes, and then legislate against them, prohibiting their children the privilege of her common schools? Why pass and continue to pass arbitrary and oppressive laws against them? Why does the State fail to protect them from murder, arson, and outrage? I charge the city of San Francisco with cowardice in not protecting them in the exercise of their rights of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," which all men are guaranteed under our flag; while they have collected millions of dollars in taxes, licenses, and otherwise, yet they furnish them no protection in return. They pass cruel ordinances against them; they harass and annoy them through every device the law can invent, and why are similar outrages heaped upon them in nearly every county, town, village, or hamlet in this state? Tell me; tell me; oh, tell me, why they are not protected like others in their honest toil? Or is this to be the final sum of all villainy? In case the outrages on these people do not cease in this state, and it refuses longer to protect them, then I call upon our Government to give them the ballot, that they may protect themselves. If it does not, then I demand the repeal of all naturalization laws, and to modify all immigration laws, with other nations, under the treaty making power.

Although Stuart was ridiculed and attacked for this speech, the convention failed to approve the provisions to which he objected, and many of the later laws enacted restricting the rights of the Chinese were declared unconstitutional by federal courts.  Nevertheless, persecution of the Chinese worsened over the next half-century in California and other west coast states.

Death
After Stuart's death in 1880, his wife Ellen Stuart continued to operate the vineyard. She banded together with two other widows who petitioned the Sonoma County Superior Court for the right to operate their businesses as “sole traders,” the designation needed to legally conduct business in the state as women.  Their son, Charles Duff Stuart, became an author, publishing a novel, Casa Grande, in 1906. The Stuart home, Glen Oaks Ranch, is still standing in Glen Ellen, California.

References

 Timothy Sandefur, "Charles V. Stuart: A Solitary Voice at California's Constitutional Convention" (January 29, 2008).
 Charles V. Stuart, Trip to California (ms., 1872, BANC MSS C-E 65:30), Bancroft Library, Berkeley, California.
 E.B. Willis and P.K. Stockton, Debates And Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of California, 1878-79 (Sacramento: State Publishing Office, 1880).
 D.G. Waldron, Biographical Sketches of The Delegates to The Convention to Frame A New Constitution for The State of California (San Francisco: Francis & Valentine, 1878).
 Leroy R. Hafen and Ann W. Hafen, The Far West And Rockies: General Analytical Index And Supplement to The Journals of Forty-Niners (Glendale, Calif.: A. H. Clark, 1961).
 Illustrated History of Sonoma County (Chicago : Lewis Publishing Co., 1889).
 T.A. Barry and B.A. Patten, Men And Memories of San Francisco in The "Spring of '50" (San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft & Co., 1873)
 William Heath Davis, Seventy-Five Years in California (San Francisco: J. Howell, 1929)
 C.A. Menefee, Historical And Descriptive Sketchbook of Napa, Sonoma, Lake And Mendocino (Napa City: Reporter Publishing House, 1873).
 Charles Duff Stuart, Casa Grande (New York: Henry Holt, 1906).
 Obituary, Sonoma County Democrat, Aug. 21, 1880 p. 1.
 Carl Brent Swisher, Motivation And Political Technique At The California Constitutional Convention 1878-79 (New York: Da Capo repr. 1969) (1930).

Category:1819 births
Category:1880 deaths
Category:California pioneers
Category:California politicians
Category:People from Lycoming County, Pennsylvania


Above Rubies

Above Rubies is a 1932 British comedy film directed by Frank Richardson and starring Zoe Palmer, Robin Irvine and Tom Helmore. It is set in Monte Carlo.

It was made at Walton Studios as a quota quickie for release by United Artists.

Cast
 Zoe Palmer as Joan Wellingford
 Robin Irvine as Philip
 Tom Helmore as Paul
 John Deverell as Lord Middlehurst
 Franklyn Bellamy as Dupont
 Allan Jeayes as Lamont
 Madge Snell as Lady Wellingford

References

Bibliography
 Chibnall, Steve. Quota Quickies: The Birth of the British 'B' Film. British Film Institute, 2007.
 Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
 Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986.

External links

Category:1932 films
Category:British films
Category:British comedy films
Category:1930s comedy films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films shot at Nettlefold Studios
Category:United Artists films
Category:Quota quickies
Category:Films directed by Frank Richardson
Category:Films set in Monaco
Category:British black-and-white films


The Irrelevant Show

The Irrelevant Show was a half-hour radio sketch comedy show that aired on CBC Radio One.

Broadcast history
The show initially broadcast Saturday afternoons during the third hour of Definitely Not the Opera starting in 2003. Early in 2004 it was given a slot of its own late Saturday mornings for a short series of nine shows, and in 2005 returned as a recurring comedy show broadcast as part of DNTO. The show returned for another series in the summer of 2008, airing Friday nights and Saturday mornings. On December 31, 2008, An Irrelevant New Year's brought in the new year on Radio One with a full hour of sketches that didn't make it to air in the previous summer.

A second New Year's Eve show was recorded at the Yardbird Suite in Edmonton on September 28, 2009 and aired on Radio One on December 31, 2009.

The 2010 series had its first regular season run starting Sept. 11, 2010 at 11:35 AM EST and it concluded on Jan. 1, 2011.

Starting on July 2, 2011, the series had a 10-week run as part of the network's summer season.

It was announced in October, 2017 that CBC Radio did not renew the program.

Description
Each episode of The Irrelevant Show consists of a series of comedy sketches. Typical sketches from the series comment humorously on popular culture in some way, with sketches like Bionic Centurion Trucker, the helpline operator for The Matrix computer system, the Jane Austen Drinking Game, or the mock exposé on the Salvation Army's Special Forces unit.

Recording
The first series was recorded live at the Varscona Theatre in the Old Strathcona district of Edmonton. Subsequent episodes were recorded before a live audience at the Stanley A. Milner Library Theatre in downtown Edmonton. The 2008 series returned to the Varscona Theatre. Since then, the show has been recorded at a variety of Edmonton venues, including the Yardbird Suite, La Cité Francophone, the Arden Theatre in St. Albert, and Festival Place in Sherwood Park.

Cast and writers
The original cast included Wes Borg, Paul Mather, Mark Meer, Jana O'Connor and Donovan Workun.

The 2008 cast was Leona Brausen, Marianne Copithorne, Neil Grahn, Meer, O'Connor, Workun and Joe Bird. Eric Wagers provided sound effects.

The 2010 series featured the same cast with music by Jill Pollock and Ben Sures. Dave Clarke provided sound effects.

Writers for the 2008-2010 series include Meer, Grahn, O'Connor, Cathleen Rootsaert, Dana Andersen, Ian Boothby, Jeff Haslam, Jocelyn Ahlf, Belinda Cornish, Josh Dean, Ron Pederson, Kurt Smeaton, George Westerholm, Chris Craddock, Matt Watts, Maggie Castle, Nile Seguin and writers from Mostly Water Theatre, Gordon's Big Bald Head, and Lobster Telephone. Neil Grahn is head writer.

Since 2011 the show featured songs cowritten by Jan Randall and Peter Brown featuring various singers including Jocelyn Ahlf, Kieren Martin Murphy, Ryan Parker, Cathy Derkach, and Farren Timateo accompanied by Jan Randall on piano.

In 2013 Marianne Coppithorne was replaced by Cathy Derkach.

Awards

Best Radio Program or Clip (nominated),
Canadian Comedy Awards, 2011.
2010 Season, Episode 1

Best Radio Program or Clip (nominated),
Canadian Comedy Awards, 2010.
"Doug, the Last Man on Earth" written by Dana Anderson and Neil Grahn,
performed by Mark Meer and Grahn.

Best Regularly Scheduled Comedy Program - Bronze Medal -
The 2009 New York Festivals – International Radio Broadcasting Awards.

Best Radio Clip,
Canadian Comedy Awards, 2009.
"Zen Hokey Pokey" written by George Westerholm,
performed by Joe Bird.

Best Radio Clip (nominated),
Canadian Comedy Awards, 2009.
"Witch Smoke" written by Matt Stanton,
performed by Mark Meer and Marianne Copithorne.

External links

 Official CBC site
 "Irrelevant Show boosts Edmonton's significance across national airwaves", Edmonton Journal
 "Not Going to Be Irrelevant for Much Longer", Vue Weekly

References

Category:CBC Radio One programs
Category:Canadian radio sketch shows
Category:2003 radio programme debuts


Kemopetrol

Kemopetrol is a Finnish band from Helsinki. The members of Kemopetrol are the vocalist Laura Närhi, the drummer Teemu Nordman, the guitarist Marko Soukka and the keyboardist Kalle Koivisto, who also writes the songs for Kemopetrol. Kemopetrol's original bassist, Kari Myöhänen, left the band in July 2003. He was replaced by Lauri Hämäläinen who in turn left in 2008. All Kemopetrol songs have English lyrics. The name of the band originates from a Czech ice hockey team named Chemopetrol Litvínov.

History
Marko Soukka and Kalle Koivisto founded Kemopetrol in November 1998, originally as an ambient music project. In December on the same year Koivisto met Laura Närhi at a party and later introduced her some songs he had written.

Laura Närhi joined the band in January 1999, followed by drummer Teemu Nordman and bassist Kari Myöhänen later same year. The band went to studio in July.

Kemopetrol’s first single Child Is My Name was released at the end of 1999 and was a breakthrough success. In 2000, their debut album Slowed Down was released. Slowed Down contains music that is a mixture of rock, jazz and electronic music.

In 2001, a two-CD edition of the album Slowed Down was released. One CD is identical to the first release of Slowed Down, the other CD contains remixes and live performances. In addition to numerous gigs in Finland, the band also performed in Spain and Italy.

In March 2002, the single Saw It on TV and, two months later, the album Everything’s Fine were released.

In 2004, the single My Superstar and the album Play for Me were released. Having Kari left the band the previous year, on those releases, Kemopetrol's producer Kalle Chydenius plays bass. Shortly after the release of Play for Me, Lauri Hämäläinen joined the band as the new permanent bassist.

The band's fourth album, Teleport was released on 29 March 2006, preceded by Planet-single on 8 March. The album features disco influences from the 80's, including notable usage of synthesizer sounds from that era.

Laura Närhi also sings solo. She performs the song Se ei mee pois, which is found on the soundtrack of the movie Kuutamolla. She also provides the vocals for the Alimo&Control song Tarkkaillaan. Both Se ei mee pois and Tarkkaillaan have Finnish lyrics (and Finnish titles). Her first solo album Suuri sydän was released in August 2010.

The band started recording their fifth studio album in May 2008. Around this time, Lauri Hämäläinen left the band. In May 2010 the band announced that the recording of the album was on hold due to Laura's solo schedule. The fifth album, named A song & A Reason was released on 21 September 2011.

Discography

Singles
 Child Is My Name (1999)
 Tomorrow (2000)
 African Air (2000)
 Disbelief (2000)
 Saw It on TV (2002)
 Goodbye (2002)
 My Superstar (2004)
 Planet (2006)
 Already Home (2006)
 Overweight & Underage (2006)
 Changing Lanes (2011)

Albums
 Slowed Down (2000)
 Slowed Down — Special 2CD Edition (2001)
 Everything’s Fine (2002)
 Play For Me (2004)
 Teleport (2006)
 A Song & A Reason (2011)

External links
The official website of Kemopetrol
Kemopetrol in MySpace
Kemopetrol on Twitter
Music Export Finland - Midem 2006, music samples
Comprehensive Kemopetrol discography

References

Category:Finnish musical groups