Twin

Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. Twins can be either monozygotic ('identical'), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or dizygotic ('fraternal'), meaning that each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilized by its own sperm cell.

In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb is called a singleton, and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is a multiple. Non-related look-alikes whose resemblance parallels that of twins are referred to as doppelgangers.

Statistics

The human twin birth rate in the United States rose 76% from 1980 through 2009, from 9.4 to 16.7 twin sets (18.8 to 33.3 twins) per 1,000 births. The Yoruba people have the highest rate of twinning in the world, at 45–50 twin sets (90–100 twins) per 1,000 live births, possibly because of high consumption of a specific type of yam containing a natural phytoestrogen which may stimulate the ovaries to release an egg from each side. In Central Africa, there are 18–30 twin sets (or 36–60 twins) per 1,000 live births. In Latin America, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Southeast Asia, the lowest rates are found; only 6 to 9 twin sets per 1,000 live births. North America and Europe have intermediate rates of 9 to 16 twin sets per 1,000 live births.

Multiple pregnancies are much less likely to carry to full term than single births, with twin pregnancies lasting on average 37 weeks, three weeks less than full term. Women who have a family history of fraternal twins have a higher chance of producing fraternal twins themselves, as there is a genetically linked tendency to hyper-ovulate. There is no known genetic link for identical twinning. Other factors that increase the odds of having fraternal twins include maternal age, fertility drugs and other fertility treatments, nutrition, and prior births. Some women intentionally turn to fertility drugs in order to conceive twins.

Types and zygosity
The vast majority of twins are either dizygotic (fraternal) or monozygotic (identical). Less common variants are discussed further down the article.

Fraternal twins can be any of the following:
 Female–female twins: Sometimes called sororal twins (25%).
 Male–male twins: Sometimes called fraternal twins (25%).
 Male–female twins: This is the most common pairing (50%), simply by virtue of it encompassing both "male-female" (25%) and "female-male" (25%) twins.

Among non-twin births, male singletons are slightly (about five percent) more common than female singletons. The rates for singletons vary slightly by country. For example, the sex ratio of birth in the US is 1.05 males/female, while it is 1.07 males/female in Italy. However, males are also more susceptible than females to die in utero, and since the death rate in utero is higher for twins, it leads to female twins being more common than male twins.

Zygosity is the degree of identity in the genome of twins.

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

Dizygotic (DZ) or fraternal twins (also referred to as "non-identical twins", "dissimilar twins", "biovular twins", and, informally in the case of females, "sororal twins") usually occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in the uterus wall at the same time. When two eggs are independently fertilized by two different sperm cells, fraternal twins result. The two eggs, or ova, form two zygotes, hence the terms dizygotic and biovular. Fraternal twins are, essentially, two ordinary siblings who happen to be born at the same time, since they arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm, just like ordinary siblings.

This is the most common type of twin.

Dizygotic twins, like any other siblings, will practically always have different sequences on each chromosome, due to chromosomal crossover during meiosis. Like any other siblings, dizygotic twins may look similar, particularly given that they are the same age. However, dizygotic twins may also look very different from each other (for example, be of opposite sexes).

Studies show that there is a genetic proclivity for dizygotic twinning. However, it is only the mother who has any effect on the chances of having such twins; there is no known mechanism for a father to cause the release of more than one ovum. Dizygotic twinning ranges from six per thousand births in Japan (similar to the rate of monozygotic twins) to 14 and more per thousand in some African countries.

Dizygotic twins are also more common for older mothers, with twinning rates doubling in mothers over the age of 35. With the advent of technologies and techniques to assist women in getting pregnant, the rate of fraternals has increased markedly.

Monozygotic (identical) twins

Monozygotic (MZ) or identical twins occur when a single egg is fertilized to form one zygote (hence, "monozygotic") which then divides into two separate embryos.

Mechanism
Regarding spontaneous or natural monozygotic twinning, a recent theory proposes that monozygotic twins are probably formed when a blastocyst contains two inner cell masses (ICM), each of which will lead to a separate fetus, rather than by the embryo splitting while hatching from the zona pellucida (the gelatinous protective coating around the blastocyst).

Monozygotic twins may also be created artificially by embryo splitting. It can be used as an expansion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the number of available embryos for embryo transfer.

Incidence
Monozygotic twinning occurs in birthing at a rate of about 3 in every 1000 deliveries worldwide (about 0.3% of the world population).

The likelihood of a single fertilization resulting in monozygotic twins is uniformly distributed in all populations around the world. This is in marked contrast to dizygotic twinning, which ranges from about six per thousand births in Japan (almost similar to the rate of identical twins, which is around 4–5) to 15 and more per thousand in some parts of India and up to over 20 in some Central African countries. The exact cause for the splitting of a zygote or embryo is unknown.

IVF techniques are more likely to create dizygotic twins. For IVF deliveries, there are nearly 21 pairs of twins for every 1,000.

Genetic and epigenetic similarity
Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are always the same sex unless there has been a mutation during development. The children of monozygotic twins test genetically as half-siblings (or full siblings, if a pair of monozygotic twins reproduces with another pair or with the same person), rather than first cousins. Identical twins do not have the same fingerprints however, because even within the confines of the womb, the fetuses touch different parts of their environment, giving rise to small variations in their corresponding prints and thus making them unique.

Monozygotic twins always have the same phenotype. Normally due to an environmental factor or the deactivation of different X chromosomes in female monozygotic twins, and in some extremely rare cases, due to aneuploidy, twins may express different sexual phenotypes, normally from an XXY Klinefelter syndrome zygote splitting unevenly.

Monozygotic twins, although genetically very similar, are not genetically exactly the same. The DNA in white blood cells of 66 pairs of monozygotic twins was analyzed for 506,786 single-nucleotide polymorphisms known to occur in human populations. Polymorphisms appeared in 2 of the 33 million comparisons, leading the researchers to extrapolate that the blood cells of monozygotic twins may have on the order of one DNA-sequence difference for every 12 million nucleotides, which would imply hundreds of differences across the entire genome. The mutations producing the differences detected in this study would have occurred during embryonic cell-division (after the point of fertilization). If they occur early in fetal development, they will be present in a very large proportion of body cells.

Another cause of difference between monozygotic twins is epigenetic modification, caused by differing environmental influences throughout their lives. Epigenetics refers to the level of activity of any particular gene. A gene may become switched on, switched off, or could become partially switched on or off in an individual. This epigenetic modification is triggered by environmental events. Monozygotic twins can have markedly different epigenetic profiles. A study of 80 pairs of monozygotic twins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigenetic differences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over three times the epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins. Twins who had spent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth) had the greatest difference. However, certain characteristics become more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality.

Polar body and semi-identical twins
A 1981 study of a deceased triploid XXX twin fetus without a heart showed that although its fetal development suggested that it was an identical twin, as it shared a placenta with its healthy twin, tests revealed that it was probably a polar body twin. The authors were unable to predict whether a healthy fetus could result from a polar body twinning.

In 2003, a study argued that many cases of triploidy arise from sesquizygotic (semi-identical) twinning.

Sesquizygotic twin type
See Semi-identical twins below, under Unusual twinnings.

Degree of separation

The degree of separation of the twins in utero depends on if and when they split into two zygotes.  Dizygotic twins were always two zygotes.  Monozygotic twins split into two zygotes at some time very early in the pregnancy.  The timing of this separation determines the chorionicity (the number of placentae) and amniocity (the number of sacs) of the pregnancy.  Dichorionic twins either never divided (i.e.: were dizygotic) or they divided within the first 4 days. Monoamnionic twins divide after the first week.

In very rare cases, twins become conjoined twins. Non-conjoined monozygotic twins form up to day 14 of embryonic development, but when twinning occurs after 14 days, the twins will likely be conjoined. Furthermore, there can be various degrees of shared environment of twins in the womb, potentially leading to pregnancy complications.

It is a common misconception that two placentas means twins are dizygotic.  But if monozygotic twins separate early enough, the arrangement of sacs and placentas in utero is indistinguishable from dizygotic twins.

Demographics
A 2006 study has found that insulin-like growth factor present in dairy products may increase the chance of dizygotic twinning. Specifically, the study found that vegan mothers (who exclude dairy from their diets) are one-fifth as likely to have twins as vegetarian or omnivore mothers, and concluded that "Genotypes favoring elevated IGF and diets including dairy products, especially in areas where growth hormone is given to cattle, appear to enhance the chances of multiple pregnancies due to ovarian stimulation."

From 1980 to 1997, the number of twin births in the United States rose 52%. This rise can at least partly be attributed to the increasing popularity of fertility drugs and procedures such as IVF, which result in multiple births more frequently than unassisted fertilizations do. It may also be linked to the increase of growth hormones in food.

Ethnicity

About 1 in 90 human births (1.1%) results from a twin pregnancy. The rate of dizygotic twinning varies greatly among ethnic groups, ranging as high as about 45 per 1000 births (4.5%) for the Yoruba to 10% for Linha São Pedro, a tiny Brazilian settlement which belongs to the city of Cândido Godói. In Cândido Godói, one in five pregnancies has resulted in twins. The Argentine historian Jorge Camarasa has put forward the theory that experiments of the Nazi doctor Josef Mengele could be responsible for the high ratio of twins in the area. His theory was rejected by Brazilian scientists who had studied twins living in Linha São Pedro; they suggested genetic factors within that community as a more likely explanation. A high twinning rate has also been observed in other places of the world, including:
Igbo-Ora in Nigeria
Kodinji, located in Kerala, India
Mohammadpur Umri, located in Uttar Pradesh, India

The widespread use of fertility drugs causing hyperovulation (stimulated release of multiple eggs by the mother) has caused what some call an "epidemic of multiple births". In 2001, for the first time ever in the US, the twinning rate exceeded 3% of all births. Nevertheless, the rate of monozygotic twins remains at about 1 in 333 across the globe.

In a study on the maternity records of 5750 Hausa women living in the Savannah zone of Nigeria, there were 40 twins and 2 triplets per 1000 births. Twenty-six percent of twins were monozygotic. The incidence of multiple births, which was about five times higher than that observed in any western population, was significantly lower than that of other ethnic groups, who live in the hot and humid climate of the southern part of the country. The incidence of multiple births was related to maternal age but did not bear any association to the climate or prevalence of malaria.

Twins are more common in African Americans.

Predisposing factors
The predisposing factors of monozygotic twinning are unknown.

Dizygotic twin pregnancies are slightly more likely when the following factors are present in the woman:
She is of West African descent (especially Yoruba)
She is between the age of 30 and 40 years
She is greater than average height and weight
She has had several previous pregnancies.

Women undergoing certain fertility treatments may have a greater chance of dizygotic multiple births. In the United States it has been estimated that by 2011 36% of twin births resulted from conception by assisted reproductive technology.

The risk of twin birth can vary depending on what types of fertility treatments are used. With in vitro fertilisation (IVF), this is primarily due to the insertion of multiple embryos into the uterus. Ovarian hyperstimulation without IVF has a very high risk of multiple birth. Reversal of anovulation with clomifene (trade names including Clomid) has a relatively less but yet significant risk of multiple pregnancy.

Delivery interval
A 15-year German study of 8,220 vaginally delivered twins (that is, 4,110 pregnancies) in Hesse yielded a mean delivery time interval of 13.5 minutes. The delivery interval between the twins was measured as follows:

Within 15 minutes: 75.8%
16–30 minutes: 16.4%
31–45 minutes: 4.3%
46–60 minutes: 1.7%
Over 60 minutes: 1.8% (72 instances)

The study stated that the occurrence of complications "was found to be more likely with increasing twin-to-twin delivery time interval" and suggested that the interval be kept short, though it noted that the study did not examine causes of complications and did not control for factors such as the level of experience of the obstetrician, the wish of the women giving birth, or the "management strategies" of the procedure of delivering the second twin.

There have also been cases in which twins are born a number of days apart. Possibly the worldwide record for the duration of the time gap between the first and the second delivery was the birth of twins 97 days apart in Cologne, Germany, the first of which was born on November 17, 2018.

Complications during pregnancy

Vanishing twins

Researchers suspect that as many as 1 in 8 pregnancies start out as multiples, but only a single fetus is brought to full term, because the other fetus has died very early in the pregnancy and has not been detected or recorded. Early obstetric ultrasonography exams sometimes reveal an "extra" fetus, which fails to develop and instead disintegrates and vanishes in the uterus. There are several reasons for the "vanishing" fetus, including it being embodied or absorbed by the other fetus, placenta or the mother. This is known as vanishing twin syndrome. Also, in an unknown proportion of cases, two zygotes may fuse soon after fertilization, resulting in a single chimeric embryo, and, later, fetus.

Conjoined twins

Conjoined twins (or the once-commonly used term "siamese") are monozygotic twins whose bodies are joined together during pregnancy. This occurs when the zygote starts to split after day 12 following fertilization and fails to separate completely. This condition occurs in about 1 in 50,000 human pregnancies.
Most conjoined twins are now evaluated for surgery to attempt to separate them into separate functional bodies. The degree of difficulty rises if a vital organ or structure is shared between twins, such as the brain, heart or liver.

Chimerism

A chimera is an ordinary person or animal except that some of their parts actually came from their twin or from the mother. A chimera may arise either from monozygotic twin fetuses (where it would be impossible to detect), or from dizygotic fetuses, which can be identified by chromosomal comparisons from various parts of the body. The number of cells derived from each fetus can vary from one part of the body to another, and often leads to characteristic mosaicism skin coloration in human chimeras. A chimera may be intersex, composed of cells from a male twin and a female twin. In one case DNA tests determined that a woman, mystifyingly, was not the mother of two of her three children; she was found to be a chimera, and the two children were conceived from eggs derived from cells of their mother's twin.

Parasitic twins

Sometimes one twin fetus will fail to develop completely and continue to cause problems for its surviving twin. One fetus acts as a parasite towards the other.
Sometimes the parasitic twin becomes an almost indistinguishable part of the other, and sometimes this needs to be treated medically.

Partial molar twins
A very rare type of parasitic twinning is one where a single viable twin is endangered when the other zygote becomes cancerous, or "molar". This means that the molar zygote's cellular division continues unchecked, resulting in a cancerous growth that overtakes the viable fetus. Typically, this results when one twin has either triploidy or complete paternal uniparental disomy, resulting in little or no fetus and a cancerous, overgrown placenta, resembling a bunch of grapes.

Miscarried twin
Occasionally, a woman will suffer a miscarriage early in pregnancy, yet the pregnancy will continue; one twin was miscarried but the other was able to be carried to term. This occurrence is similar to the vanishing twin syndrome, but typically occurs later, as the twin is not reabsorbed.

Low birth weight
It is very common for twins to be born at a low birth weight. More than half of twins are born weighing less than , while the average birth weight of a healthy baby should be around . This is largely due to the fact that twins are typically born premature. Premature birth and low birth weights, especially when under , can increase the risk of several health-related issues, such as vision and hearing loss, mental disabilities, and cerebral palsy. There is an increased possibility of potential complications as the birth weight of the baby decreases.

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

Monozygotic twins who share a placenta can develop twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. This condition means that blood from one twin is being diverted into the other twin. One twin, the 'donor' twin, is small and anemic, the other, the 'recipient' twin, is large and polycythemic. The lives of both twins are endangered by this condition.

Stillbirths
Stillbirths occurs when a fetus dies after 20 weeks of gestation. There are two types of stillbirth, including intrauterine death and intrapartum death. Intrauterine death occurs when a baby dies during late pregnancy. Intrapartum death, which is more common, occurs when a baby dies while the mother is giving birth. The cause of stillbirth is often unknown, but the rate of babies who are stillborn is higher in twins and multiple births. Caesareans or inductions are advised after 38 weeks of pregnancy for twins, because the risk of stillbirth increases after this time.

Heterotopic pregnancy
Heterotopic pregnancy is an exceedingly rare type of dizygotic twinning in which one twin implants in the uterus as normal and the other remains in the fallopian tube as an ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancies must be resolved because they can be life-threatening to the mother. However, in most cases, the intrauterine pregnancy can be salvaged.

Management of birth
For otherwise healthy twin pregnancies where both twins are head down a trial of vaginal delivery is recommended at between 37 and 38 weeks. Vaginal delivery in this case does not worsen the outcome for the infant as compared with Caesarean section.  There is controversy on the best method of delivery where the first twin is head first and the second is not. When the first twin is not head down a caesarean section is often recommended.  It is estimated that 75% of twin pregnancies in the United States were delivered by caesarean section in 2008. In comparison, the rate of caesarean section for all pregnancies in the general population varies between 14% and 40%. In twins that share the same placenta, delivery may be considered at 36 weeks. For twins who are born early, there is insufficient evidence for or against placing preterm stable twins in the same cot or incubator (co-bedding).

Human twin studies

Twin studies are utilized in an attempt to determine how much of a particular trait is attributable to either genetics or environmental influence. These studies compare monozygotic and dizygotic twins for medical, genetic, or psychological characteristics to try to isolate genetic influence from epigenetic and environmental influence. Twins that have been separated early in life and raised in separate households are especially sought-after for these studies, which have been used widely in the exploration of human nature.  Classical twin studies are now being supplemented with molecular genetic studies which identify individual genes.

Unusual twinnings

Bi-paternal twins
This phenomenon is known as heteropaternal superfecundation. One 1992 study estimates that the frequency of heteropaternal superfecundation among dizygotic twins, whose parents were involved in paternity suits, was approximately 2.4%; see the references section, below, for more details.

Dizygotic twins from biracial couples can sometimes be mixed twins, which exhibit differing ethnic and racial features. One such pairing was born in London in 1993 to a white mother and Caribbean father.

Monozygotic twins of different sexes
Among monozygotic twins, in extremely rare cases, twins have been born with different sexes (one male, one female). When monozygotic twins are born with different sexes it is because of chromosomal defects.  The probability of this is so small that multiples having different sexes is universally accepted as a sound basis for in utero clinical determination that the multiples are not monozygotic.

Another abnormality that can result in monozygotic twins of different sexes is if the egg is fertilized by a male sperm but during cell division only the X chromosome is duplicated. This results in one normal male (XY) and one female with Turner syndrome (45,X).  In these cases, although the twins did form from the same fertilized egg, it is incorrect to refer to them as genetically identical, since they have different karyotypes.

Semi-identical twins
Monozygotic twins can develop differently, due to their genes being differently activated. More unusual are "semi-identical twins", also known as "sesquizygotic".  only two cases have been reported. These "half-identical twins" are hypothesized to occur when an unfertilized egg cleaves into two identical attached ova, both of which are viable for fertilization. Both ova are then fertilized, each by a different sperm, and the coalesced zygotes undergo further cell duplications developing as a chimeric blastomere. If this blastomere then undergoes a twinning event, two embryos will be formed, with different paternal genetic information and identical maternal genetic information.

This results in a set of twins with identical gene sequence from the mother's side, but different sequences from the father's side. Cells in each fetus carry chromosomes from either sperm, resulting in chimeras. This form had been speculated until only recently being recorded in Western medicine.

In 2007, a study reported a case of a pair of living twins, which shared an identical set of maternal chromosomes, while each having a distinct set of paternal chromosomes, albeit from the same man, and thus they most likely share half of their father's genetic makeup. The twins were both found to be chimeras. One was an intersex XX, and one a XY male. The exact mechanism of fertilization could not be determined but the study stated that it was unlikely to be a case of polar body twinning.

A second case of sesquizygotic twins was reported in 2019. In this case they shared 100% of their maternal chromosomes and 78% of their paternal genomic information.

Mirror image twins
Mirror image twins result when a fertilized egg splits later in the embryonic stage than normal timing, around day 9–12. This type of twinning could exhibit characteristics with reversed asymmetry, such as opposite dominant handedness, dental structure, or even organs (situs inversus). If the split occurs later than this time period, the twins risk being conjoined. There is no DNA-based zygosity test that can determine if twins are indeed mirror image. The term "mirror image" is used because the twins, when facing each other, appear as matching reflections.

Language development
There have been many studies highlighting the development of language in twins compared to single-born children. These studies have converged on the notion that there is a greater rate of delay in language development in twins compared to their single-born counterparts.  The reasons for this phenomenon are still in question; however, cryptophasia was thought to be the major cause.  Idioglossia is defined as a private language that is usually invented by young children, specifically twins. Another term to describe what some people call "twin talk" is cryptophasia where a language is developed by twins that only they can understand.  The increased focused communication between two twins may isolate them from the social environment surrounding them.  Idioglossia has been found to be a rare occurrence and the attention of scientists has shifted away from this idea.  However, there are researchers and scientists that say cryptophasia or idioglossia is not a rare phenomenon. Current research is looking into the impacts of a richer social environment for these twins to stimulate their development of language.

Animals
Twins are common in many mammal species, including cats, sheep, ferrets, giant pandas, dolphins, dogs, deer, marmosets, tamarins, and elephants. The incidence of twinning among cattle is about 1–4%, and research is under way to improve the odds of twinning, which can be more profitable for the breeder if complications can be sidestepped or managed. A female calf that is the twin of a bull becomes partially masculinized and is known as a freemartin.

See also

 Cloning
 Doppelgänger
 Evil twin
 Gemini (astrology)
 Incest between twins
 List of multiple births
 List of notable twins
 Litter (animal)
 Look-alike
 Mixed twins
 Multiple birth
 Multiverse
 Superfecundation
 Twin study
 Twin towns and sister cities
 Twins in mythology

References

Further reading
Bacon, Kate. Twins in Society: Parents, Bodies, Space, and Talk (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010) 221 pages; explores the experience of child twins, adult twins, and parents of twins, with a focus on Britain.

 Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2009 May 15;151C(2):136-41. Not really identical: epigenetic differences in monozygotic twins and implications for twin studies in psychiatry. Haque FN, Gottesman II, Wong AH.
Twin brothers promoted as Majors General together. Seneviratne brothers, who are twins and joined the Army on a same day, were promoted to the rank of Major General, again on the same day.

External links

Category:Reproduction in mammals
Category:Sibling
Category:Zoology


List of rural localities in Khabarovsk Krai

This is a list of rural localities in Khabarovsk Krai. Khabarovsk Krai () is a federal subject (a krai) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country and is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. The administrative center of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk, which is home to roughly half of the krai's population and the second largest city in the Russian Far East (after Vladivostok). Khabarovsk Krai is the fourth-largest federal subject by area, with a population of 1,343,869 as of the (2010 Census).

Amursky District
Rural localities in Amursky District:

 147 km

Ayano-Maysky District
Rural localities in Ayano-Maysky District:

 Aldoma
 Ayan

Imeni Lazo District
Rural localities in Imeni Lazo District:

 34 kilometr
 43 kilometr
 52 kilometr

Imeni Poliny Osipenko District
Rural localities in Imeni Poliny Osipenko District:

 Imeni Poliny Osipenko

Khabarovsky District
Rural localities in Khabarovsky District:

 18 km
 24 km
 Sikachi-Alyan
 Vyatskoye

Komsomolsky District, Khabarovsk Krai
Rural localities in Komsomolsky District, Khabarovsk Krai:

 Chyorny Mys
 Selikhino

Nanaysky District
Rural localities in Nanaysky District:

 Troitskoye

Tuguro-Chumikansky District
Rural localities in Tuguro-Chumikansky District:

 Chumikan

Ulchsky District
Rural localities in Ulchsky District:

 Bogorodskoye
 Tyr

Verkhnebureinsky District
Rural localities in Verkhnebureinsky District:

 Chekunda

Vyazemsky District, Khabarovsk Krai
Rural localities in Vyazemsky District, Khabarovsk Krai:

 Avan

See also

 Lists of rural localities in Russia

References

*
Khabarovsk Krai


List of teams and cyclists in the 1934 Tour de France

As was the custom since 1930, the 1934 Tour de France was contested by national teams. Belgium, Italy, Germany and France each sent teams of 8 cyclists each, while Switzerland and Spain sent a combined team of eight cyclists. In addition, there were 20 individual cyclists; other than in 1933, they were no longer racing under the nomer "touriste-routier" but as "individuel". In total this made 60 cyclists. Split up in nationalities, there were 20 French, 12 Belgian, 12 Italian, 8 German, 4 Spanish and 4 Swiss cyclists.

The French team of 1934 consisted of all good riders, with the core of the team being the winner of 1933, Georges Speicher, Roger Lapébie, former winner Antonin Magne and Maurice Archambaud, who had performed well in 1933. The French selectors were criticized for selecting René Vietto, a twenty-year-old rider who had only won some small races. The Italian team now included Giuseppe Martano, who had ridden as a touriste-routier in 1933. The Belgian team, which normally included some big contenders, was lackluster.

By team

By rider

By nationality

References

Category:1934 Tour de France
1934


International Action Center

The International Action Center (IAC) is an activist group founded in 1992 by former United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark. It supports anti-imperialist movements around the world, and opposes U.S. military intervention in all circumstances.

The IAC has offices in major cities including New York City, Washington, D.C., San Francisco and Boston. The IAC share a considerable overlap with members of the Workers World Party.

Leftist political and anti-colonialist issues in Iraq, Palestine, Haiti, Cuba, Latin America, the Philippines, Korea and elsewhere around the world are of particular interest to the IAC.

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, IAC initiated the A.N.S.W.E.R. Coalition, which helped to organize several massive rallies in opposition to the U.S. invasion of Iraq, for a time in loose partnership with United for Peace and Justice. After a split in the Workers World Party, the leadership of ANSWER separated from the IAC. For their part, the IAC initiated the Troops Out Now Coalition to oppose the war.

The IAC sent a delegation to the Central African Republic to secure the release of the Haitian president, Jean Bertrand Aristide, after he was removed from power by a coup in February 2004.

The IAC regularly organizes rallies, conferences and other events to support human rights and in opposition to imperialism and "corporate oppression."

The IAC publishes books on topical matters, including books on the effect of United Nations sanctions on the people of Iraq, The Fire This Time, by Ramsey Clark; a history of Haiti, Haiti: A Slave Revolution; and a book on the effects of the use of depleted uranium in warfare, Poison Dust.

External links
 International Action Center homepage
 Hear Richard Becker, the Western Region Co-Director of the International Action Center Audio in Sacramento, CA on Feb. 20, 2008

Category:Workers World Party
Category:Political advocacy groups in the United States


Fairfield Center, Indiana

Fairfield Center is an unincorporated community in Fairfield Township, DeKalb County, Indiana.

History
A post office was established at Fairfield Center in 1852, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1906. Fairfield Center is at the geographical center of Fairfield Township, hence the name.

Geography
Fairfield Center is located at .

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in DeKalb County, Indiana
Category:Unincorporated communities in Indiana


Lower Sanatorium Cascade

Lower Sanatorium Falls is a  talus classic cascade waterfall found near the Chedoke Civic Golf Course in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Nearby attractions include the Bruce Trail, Dundas Valley Conservation Area, Mountview Falls, Tiffany Falls Conservation Area, Iroquoia Heights Conservation Area, Chedoke Radial Trail, Chedoke Civic Golf Course.

Directions
From Highway 403 take the Aberdeen Avenue exit and travel approximately 1 kilometre until Studholme Road. Turn right onto Studholme Road and then turn left onto Bedddoe Drive and follow to Chedoke Civic Golf Course. Follow the Chedoke Radial Trail/ Bruce Trail west to the base of the waterfall.

References

External links
 Hamilton- "The Waterfall Capital of the World" (www.cityofwaterfalls.ca)
 Bruce Trail (www.brucetrail.org)
 Vintage Postcards: Waterfalls in and around Hamilton, Ontario

Maps
 Hamilton Waterfall Map PDF. (http://map.hamilton.ca)
 Map: Hamilton Waterfalls (www.hamiltonnature.org)

Category:Waterfalls of Hamilton, Ontario


Samhaara

Samhaara () is a 2018 Indian Kannada-language romantic action thriller film directed by Guru Deshpande. It stars Chiranjeevi Sarja, Hariprriya, Kavya Shetty and Chikkanna.. The score and soundtrack for the film is by Ravi Basrur and the cinematography is by Jagadish Wali. The film is a remake of Tamil film Adhe Kangal (2017) directed by Rohin Venkatesan.

Launched on 29 April 2017, the principal photography of the film began in May 2017. The film's summary was announced to be a revenge drama where Sarja plays two different roles, one of which is a born-blind chef who owns a restaurant. The film was shot majorly in Mangaluru and nearby coastal regions.

Plot
Srishaila (Chiranjeevi Sarja) is a blind chef and owner of a popular restaurant. One day Nandhini(Haripriya) comes to his restaurant for charity donation and srishaila falls in love with her daily visits. One day Janaki(Kavya Shetty)comes to srishaila's parents and asks his parents his hand for marriage  to which they accept.

Srishaila decide to propose Nandhini in his restaurant .Then nandhini comes tear-eyed and tells to srishaila ,that some thugs have stolen her money and her father is not well and is admitted to hospital. Shrishaila gives his money to her. After some days he finds Nandhini has cheated her. And cheating the blind persons is her profession. How Shrishaila teaches her a lesson and saves other blind persons from her clutches forms the plot.

Cast

 Chiranjeevi Sarja as Srishaila
 Hariprriya as Nandini
 Kavya Shetty as Janaki
 Chikkanna as Raja Huli

Soundtrack

The film's background score and the soundtracks are composed by Ravi Basrur. The music rights were acquired by Jhankar Music.

References

External links

 Samhaara (2017) Kannada Movie - NOWRUNNING
 Samhaara Kannada Movie, Wiki, Story, Review, Release Date

Category:2018 films
Category:Indian films
Category:Kannada-language films
Category:2010s Kannada-language films
Category:Indian action thriller films
Category:Films about blind people in India
Category:Indian films about revenge
Category:Films about organised crime in India
Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police
Category:Films shot in Mangalore
Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films
kn:ಸಂಹಾರ
Category:Films about con artists


Weekly Playboy

, also known as  or WPB, is a Japanese weekly magazine published by Shueisha since 1966. Although the magazine publishes a variety of news and special interest articles, columns, celebrity interviews, and manga, it is considered an adult magazine. The target demographic is men, and each issue features several nude pictorials of female models.

This magazine is not a regional edition of the American Playboy magazine; the Japanese edition of that magazine was published as Monthly Playboy (MPB) by Shueisha until its cancellation in January 2009.

Notable people in WPB
Geinokai:
 AKB48

Writers:

 Bakusho Mondai
 Yujiro Ishihara
 Chol-Hwan Kang
 Takeshi Kaikō
 Hitoshi Matsumoto
 Tarō Okamoto

Gravure idols:

 Saki Aibu
 Yui Aragaki
 Reiko Chiba
 Leah Dizon
 Akina Minami
 Aki Hoshino
 Sayaka Isoyama
 Nozomi Sasaki
 Mayuko Iwasa
 Yukie Kawamura
 Yumi Kobayashi
 Ayaka Komatsu
 Yoko Matsugane
 Yuko Ogura
 Saaya Irie
 Ai Takabe (Miss Shūpure 2005)
 Erika Toda
 Erina Yamaguchi
 Misako Yasuda
 Agnes Lum

AV idols:

 Mari Ayukawa
 Sakurako Kaoru
 Hitomi Kobayashi
 Yuri Komuro
 Rena Murakami
 Maria Yumeno

Pink film actresses
 Naomi Tani

Manga in WPB

 Circuit no Ōkami II: Modena no Tsurugi by Satoshi Ikezawa
 Lady Snowblood (修羅雪姫) by Kazuo Koike and Kazuo Kamimura
 Modena no Ken (モデナの剣) by Satoshi Ikezawa
 My Favorite Carrera (彼女のカレラ) by Kia Asamiya
 Ore no Sora (俺の空) by Hiroshi Motomiya
 Polo Shirt and Upper Cut by Norifusa Mita
 The First President of Japan by Yoshiki Hidaka and Ryuji Tsugihara
 Taiyō no Makibaō by Tsunomaru
 Ultimate Muscle by Yudetamago

References

External links
 Weekly Playboy Online
 WPB-net
  (Lists appearances in Weekly Playboy from 1966-2011.

Category:1966 establishments in Japan
Category:Japanese men's magazines
Category:Japanese weekly magazines
Category:Magazines established in 1966
Category:Shueisha magazines


Cyprus at the 2016 European Athletics Championships

Cyprus competed at the 2016 European Athletics Championships in Amsterdam, Netherlands, between 6 and 10 July 2016.

Results

Men

Track & road events

Field Events

Women

Track & road events

Field Events

References

2016
Category:Nations at the 2016 European Athletics Championships
Category:2016 in Cypriot sport


List of feature film series with five entries

This is a list of film series that have five entries.

Series

A
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (Russian film series)
Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1979)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1980)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1981)
The Treasures of Agra (1983)
The Twentieth Century Approaches (1986)
All for the Winner
All for the Winner (1989)
God of Gamblers II (1991)
God of Gamblers III: Back to Shanghai (1991)
The Top Bet (1991) (spin-off)
The Saint of Gamblers (1995) (spin-off)
American Ninja
American Ninja (1985)
American Ninja 2: The Confrontation (1987)
American Ninja 3: Blood Hunt (1989)
American Ninja 4: The Annihilation (1990)
American Ninja V (1993)
Andy Doyle
Dial Red O (1955)
Sudden Danger (1955)
Calling Homicide (1956)
Chain of Evidence (1957)
Footsteps in the Night (1957)
Antoine Doinel
Les Quatre cents coups (The 400 Blows) (1959)
L'Amour à vingt ans (Antoine and Colette) (1962)
Baisers volés (Stolen Kisses) (1968)
Domicile conjugal (Bed & Board) (1970)
L'Amour en fuite (Love on the Run) (1979)
Angélique
Angélique, Marquise des Anges (1964)
Marvelous Angelique (1965)
Angelique and the King (1966)
Untamable Angelique (1967)
Angelique and the Sultan (1968)
Avatar: The Last Airbender *
Avatar: The Fury of Aang (2006) (TV)
Avatar: Secret of The Fire Nation (2006) (TV)
Avatar: The Day of Black Sun (2007) (TV)
Avatar: The Boling Rock (2008) (TV)
Sozin's Comet (2008) (TV)

B
Baby Geniuses
Baby Geniuses (1999)
Superbabies: Baby Geniuses 2 (2004)
Baby Geniuses and the Mystery of the Crown Jewels (2013) (V)
Baby Geniuses and the Treasures of Egypt (2014) (V)
Baby Geniuses and the Space Baby (2015) (V)
Benji *
Benji (1974)
For the Love of Benji (1977)
Oh Heavenly Dog (1980)
Benji the Hunted (1987)
Benji: Off the Leash! (2004)
Boggy Creek
The Legend of Boggy Creek (1973)
Return to Boggy Creek (1977)
Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues (1985)
Boggy Creek (2010) (a.k.a. Boggy Creek: The Legend Is True)
The Legacy of Boggy Creek (2011)
Bonanza **
Bonanza: The Movie (1988) (TV)
Back to Bonanza (1993) (TV)
Bonanza: The Return (1993) (TV)
Bonanza: Under Attack (1995) (TV)
Bonanza: The Next Generation (1995) (TV)
Born Free *
Born Free (1966)
The Lions at World's End (1971)
Living Free (1972)
Born Free: A New Adventure (1995) (TV)
To Walk with Lions (1999)
Bouboule
Le Roi des resquilleurs (1930)
Le Roi du cirage (1931)
La Bande à Bouboule (1931)
Bouboule Ier, roi nègre (1933)
Prince Bouboule (1939)
BourneThe Bourne Identity (2002)The Bourne Supremacy (2004)The Bourne Ultimatum (2007)The Bourne Legacy (2012)Jason Bourne (2016)Bringing Up Father Bringing Up Father (1946)Jiggs and Maggie in Society (1947) Jiggs and Maggie in Court (1948) Jiggs and Maggie in Jackpot Jitters (1949) Jiggs and Maggie Out West (1950)

CA Cinderella StoryA Cinderella Story (2004)Another Cinderella Story (2008) (V)A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song (2011) (V)A Cinderella Story: If the Shoe Fits (2016) (V)A Cinderella Story: Christmas Wish (2019) (V)Cagney & Lacey *Cagney & Lacey (1981) (TV) (Pilot of the TV series)Cagney & Lacey: The Return (1994) (TV) Cagney & Lacey: Together Again (1995) (TV)Cagney & Lacey: The View Through the Glass Ceiling (1995) (TV) Cagney & Lacey: True Convictions (1996) (TV)Çakallarla Dans (2010) (2012) (2014) (2016) (2018)Cars (A)Cars (2006)Cars 2 (2011)Planes (2013) (spin-off)Planes: Fire and Rescue (2014) (spin-off)Cars 3 (2017)Casper * * *Casper (1995)Casper: A Spirited Beginning (1997) (TV)Casper Meets Wendy (1998) (TV)Casper's Haunted Christmas (2000) (V)Casper's Scare School (2006) (V)Chandler ChristmasMarry Me for Christmas (2013) (TV)Marry Us for Christmas (2014) (TV)A Baby for Christmas (2015) (TV)Merry Christmas, Baby (2016) (TV)Chandler Christmas Getaway (2018) (TV)City Hunter **** (a)City Hunter: .357 Magnum (1989) (aka City Hunter: A Magnum of Love's Destination)City Hunter (1993) (Live-action)City Hunter: The Secret Service (1996) (TV)City Hunter: The Motion Picture (1996) (TV) (aka City Hunter: Goodbye, My Sweetheart)City Hunter: Death of the Vicious Criminal Ryo Saeba (1997) (aka City Hunter: Death of Evil Ryo Saeba)The Cremaster CycleCremaster 4 (1995) Cremaster 1 (1996) Cremaster 5 (1997) Cremaster 2 (1999)Cremaster 3 (2002)Critters *Critters (1986)Critters 2: The Main Course (1988)Critters 3 (1991) (V)Critters 4 (1992) (V)Critters Attack! (2019) (V)

DDeath WishDeath Wish (1974)Death Wish II (1982)Death Wish 3 (1985)Death Wish 4: The Crackdown (1987)Death Wish V: The Face of Death (1994)Dennis the Menace *** (a)Dennis the Menace: Dinosaur Hunter (1987)  (TV)Dennis the Menace (1993)Dennis the Menace Strikes Again (1998) (V) Dennis the Menace in Cruise Control (2002) (TV)A Dennis the Menace Christmas (2007) (V)Despicable MeDespicable Me (2010)Despicable Me 2 (2013)Minions (2015) (prequel)Despicable Me 3 (2017)Minions: The Rise of Gru (2020) (prequel)Die HardDie Hard (1988)Die Hard 2 (1990)Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995)Live Free or Die Hard (2007)A Good Day to Die Hard (2013)Dirty HarryDirty Harry (1971)Magnum Force (1973)The Enforcer (1976)Sudden Impact (1983)The Dead Pool (1988)Dr. Dolittle Dr. Dolittle (1998)Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001)Dr. Dolittle 3 (2006) (V)Dr. Dolittle: Tail to the Chief (2008) (V)Dr. Dolittle: Million Dollar Mutts (2009) (V)Don Camillo *The Little World of Don Camillo (1952)The Return of Don Camillo (1953)Don Camillo's Last Round (1955)Don Camillo: Monsignor (1961)Don Camillo in Moscow (1965)DragonheartDragonheart (1996)Dragonheart: A New Beginning (2000) (V)Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse (2015) (V) (prequel)Dragonheart: Battle for the Heartfire (2017) (V) (prequel)Dragonheart: Vengeance (2019) (V) (prequel)
EThe Exorcist (film series)#The ExorcistThe Exorcist (1973)Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977)The Exorcist III (1990)Exorcist: The Beginning (2004) (prequel)Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist (2005) (alternate prequel)
FFamous FiveFamous Five (2012) (2013) (2014) (2015) (2018)Fantaghirò *Fantaghirò (1991)Fantaghirò 2 (1992) Fantaghirò 3 (1993)Fantaghirò 4 (1994) Fantaghirò 5 (1996)Fantômas (Silent serials)Fantômas (1913)Juve Contre Fantômas (1913)Le Mort Qui Tue (1913)Fantômas contre Fantômas (1914)Le Faux Magistrat (1914)Final DestinationFinal Destination (2000)Final Destination 2 (2003)Final Destination 3 (2006)The Final Destination (2009)Final Destination 5 (2011) (prequel)Frankenstein (Universal)Frankenstein (1931)Bride of Frankenstein (1935)Son of Frankenstein (1939)Ghost of Frankenstein (1942)House of Frankenstein (1944)Frosty the Snowman (A)Frosty the Snowman (1969) (TV)Frosty's Winter Wonderland (1976) (TV)Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979) (TV)Frosty Returns (1992) (TV)The Legend of Frosty the Snowman (2005) (V)Fu Manchu (Christopher Lee series)The Face of Fu Manchu (1965)The Brides of Fu Manchu (1966)The Vengeance of Fu Manchu (1967)The Blood of Fu Manchu (1968)The Castle of Fu Manchu (1969)

GGamma IWild, Wild Planet (I criminali della galassia) (1965) War of the Planets (I diafanoidi vengono da Marte) (1966) (1966)  (1967) The Green Slime (1968)The GamblerKenny Rogers as The Gambler (1980) (TV) Kenny Rogers as The Gambler: The Adventure Continues (1983) (TV) Kenny Rogers as The Gambler, Part III: The Legend Continues (1987) (TV) The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991) (TV) Gambler V: Playing for Keeps (1994) (TV)Gar el Hama (1911) (1912) (1914) (1916) (1918)GarfieldGarfield: The Movie (2004)Garfield: A Tale of Two Kitties (2006)Garfield Gets Real (2007) (V)Garfield's Fun Fest (2008) (V)Garfield's Pet Force (2009) (V)The Gods Must Be CrazyThe Gods Must Be Crazy (1980)The Gods Must Be Crazy II (1988)Crazy Safari (1991)Crazy Hong Kong (1993)The Gods Must Be Funny in China (1994)GoliathTerror dei Barbari (Terror of the Barbarians) (1959)
Golia contro i giganti (Goliath Against the Giants) (1960)
Golia e la schiava ribelle (Goliath and the Rebel Slave) (1963)Golia e il cavaliere mascherato (Goliath and the Masked Rider) (1963)Golia alla conquista di Bagdad (Goliath at the Conquest of Baghdad) (1964)Gunsmoke *Gunsmoke: Return to Dodge (1987) (TV) Gunsmoke: The Last Apache (1990) (TV) Gunsmoke: To the Last Man (1992) (TV) Gunsmoke: The Long Ride (1993) (TV) Gunsmoke: One Man's Justice (1994) (TV)
HHarry PalmerThe Ipcress File (1965)Funeral In Berlin (1966)Billion Dollar Brain (1967)Bullet to Beijing (1995) (TV)Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996) (TV)Home AloneHome Alone (1990)Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)Home Alone 3 (1997)Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House (2002) (TV)Home Alone: The Holiday Heist (2012) (TV)House PartyHouse Party (1990)House Party 2 (1991)House Party 3 (1994)House Party 4: Down to the Last Minute (2001) (V)House Party: Tonight's the Night (2013) (V)

IIce Age (A)Ice Age (2002) Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006) Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009)Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)Immenhof * (1955)  (1956)  (1957)  (1973)  (1974)Ip ManIp Man (2008)Ip Man 2 (2010)Ip Man 3 (2015)Master Z: The Ip Man Legacy (2018)Ip Man 4 (2019)
JJak svet prichází o básníkyJak svet prichází o básníky (1982)Jak basnici prichazeji o iluze (1983)Jak básníkum chutná zivot (1988)Konec básníků v Čechách (1993)Jak básníci neztrácejí nadeji (2004)Jack Ryan   The Hunt for Red October (1990)   Patriot Games (1992)   Clear and Present Danger (1994)   The Sum of All Fears (2002)Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014)Jackass *Jackass: The Movie (2002)Jackass Number Two (2006)Jackass 2.5 (2007) (V)Jackass 3D (2010)Jackass 3.5 (2011) (V)Jimmy Neutron **Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (2001)Jimmy Neutron: The Egg-pire Strikes Back (2003) (TV) Jimmy Neutron: Rescue Jet Fusion (2003) (TV)Jimmy Neutron: Win, Lose, and Kaboom (2004) (TV)Jimmy Neutron: The League of Villains (2005) (TV)John and Kajsa HillmanDamen i svart (1958) Mannekäng i rött (1958)  (1959)  (1962)  (1963)

KKickboxerKickboxer (1989)Kickboxer 2: The Road Back (1991)Kickboxer 3: The Art of War (1992) (V)Kickboxer 4: The Aggressor (1994) (V)Kickboxer 5: The Redemption (1995) (V)
LLassie (TV compilation series) ** (a)The Adventures of Neeka (1968) (TV)Peace is Our Professions (1970) (TV)Well of Love (1970) (TV)Sound of Joy (1972) (TV)Lassie and the Spirit of Thunder Mountain (1972) (TV)Lausbubengeschichten (1964)Tante Frieda - Neue Lausbubengeschichten (1965) Onkel Filser - Allerneueste Lausbubengeschichten (1966) Wenn Ludwig ins Manöver zieht (1967)  (1969)Les Boys *Les Boys (1997)  (1998)  (2001)  (2005) (2013)Lupin III ***Mystery of Mamo (1978)The Castle of Cagliostro (1979)Lupin III: Legend of the Gold of Babylon (1985)Farewell to Nostradamus (1995)Rupan Sansei: Dead or Alive (1996)
MMobile Suit Gundam *Mobile Suit Gundam (1981)Mobile Suit Gundam II: Soldiers of Sorrow (1981)Mobile Suit Gundam III: Encounters in Space (1982)Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack (1988)Mobile Suit Gundam F91 (1991)Monty Python *Monty Python's And Now For Something Completely Different (1974)Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982)Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)Mr. WongMr. Wong (1961)Mr. Wong vs. Mistico (1964) Mr. Wong and the Bionic Girls (1977) Mr. Wong Meets Jesse & James (1982)  Legend of the Lost Dragon (1989)Mr. VampireMr. Vampire (1985)Mr. Vampire II (1986)Mr. Vampire III (1987)Mr. Vampire IV (1988)Mr. Vampire 1992 (1992)The Mummy (Universal series)The Mummy (1932 film)The Mummy's Hand (1940)The Mummy's Tomb (1942)The Mummy's Ghost (1944)The Mummy's Curse (1944)The Munsters ** (a)Munster, Go Home! (1966)The Mini-Munsters (1973) (TV) (animated)The Munsters' Revenge (1981) (TV)Here Come the Munsters (1995) (TV)The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas (1996) (TV)Murder, She BakedA Chocolate Chip Cookie Mystery (2015) (TV)A Plum Pudding Mystery (2015) (TV)A Peach Cobbler Mystery (2016) (TV)A Deadly Recipe (2016) (TV)Just Desserts (2017) (TV)Murder, She Wrote **The Murder of Sherlock Holmes (1984) (TV)Murder, She Wrote: South by Southwest (1997) (TV)Murder, She Wrote: A Story to Die For (2000) (TV)Murder, She Wrote: The Last Free Man (2001) (TV)Murder, She Wrote: The Celtic Riddle (2003) (TV)MythicaMythica: A Quest for Heroes (2014)Mythica: The Darkspore (2015)Mythica: The Necromancer (2015)Mythica: The Iron Crown (2016)Mythica: The Godslayer (2016)

NNaruto ShippūdenNaruto: Shippūden the Movie (2007)Naruto Shippūden 2: Bonds (2008)Naruto Shippūden 3: Inheritors of the Will of Fire (2009)Naruto Shippūden 4: The Lost Tower (2010)Naruto Shippūden 5: Blood Prison (2011)Nestor Burma * (1946) (1954) (TV) (1977) (1981)Les Rats de Montsouris (1988) (TV)Nick Carter (German series)The Inheritance from New York (1919)The Hotel in Chicago (1921)Only One Night (1922)Der Passagier in der Zwangsjacke (1922)Frauen, die die Ehe brechen (1922)

OOperation Delta ForceOperation Delta Force (1997) (TV)Operation Delta Force 2: Mayday (1998) (TV)Operation Delta Force 3: Clear Target (1999) (V)Operation Delta Force 4: Deep Fault (1999) (V)Operation Delta Force 5: Random Fire (2005) (V)The Original Kings of Comedy *The Original Kings of Comedy (2000)The Queens of Comedy (2001) (V) The Original Latin Kings of Comedy (2002)Kims of Comedy (2005) (TV) The Comedians of Comedy (2005)OttoOtto – Der Film (1985)  (1987)  (1989)  (1992)  (2000)
PThe Past-MasterThe Past-Master (1970)The Past-Master on Excursion (1980) The Past-Master-Farmer (1981) The Past-Master at the Seaside (1982) The Past-Master - Boss (1983)PhantasmPhantasm (1979)Phantasm II (1988)Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994)Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998)Phantasm: Ravager (2016) Pirates of the CaribbeanPirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007)Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011)Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)Planet of the ApesPlanet of the Apes (1968)Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970)Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)Police StoryPolice Story (1985)Police Story 2 (1988)Police Story 3: Super Cop (1992)Once a Cop (1993)Police Story 4: First Strike (1996)The ProphecyThe Prophecy (1995)The Prophecy II (1998) (V)The Prophecy 3: The Ascent (2000) (V)The Prophecy: Uprising (2005) (V)The Prophecy: Forsaken (2005) (V)
Q
RRabunRabun (2003)Sepet (2004)Gubra (2006)Mukhsin (2007)Muallaf (2008)Ralphie ParkerThe Phantom of the Open Hearth (1976) (TV) The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters (1982) (TV) A Christmas Story (1983)Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss (1988) (TV)My Summer Story (1994) (aka It Runs in the Family)RamboFirst Blood (1982)Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985)Rambo III (1988)Rambo (2008)Rambo: Last Blood (2019)Return of the Living DeadThe Return of the Living Dead (1985)Return of the Living Dead Part II (1988)Return of the Living Dead Part III (1993) Return of the Living Dead: Necropolis (2005) (TV)Return of the Living Dead: Rave to the Grave (2005) (TV)
SSaint SeiyaThe Legend of the Golden Apple (1987)The Heated Battle of the Gods (1988)Legend of Crimson Youth (1988)Warriors of the Final Holy Battle (1989)Heaven Chapter ~ Overture (2004)SällskapsresanSällskapsresan (1980)Sällskapsresan 2 - Snowroller (1985)S.O.S. - En segelsällskapsresa (1988)Den ofrivillige golfaren (1991) Hälsoresan – En smal film av stor vikt (1999)SamsonSansone (Samson) (1961)Sansone contro i pirati (Samson Vs. The Pirates) (1963)Ercole sfida Sansone (Hercules Challenges Samson) (1963)Sansone contro il corsaro nero (Samson Vs. the Black Pirate) (1963)Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus gli invincibili (Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: the Invincibles) (1964) (aka Combate dei Gigantes)ScannersScanners (1981)Scanners II: The New Order (1991) (V)Scanners III: The Takeover (1992) (V)Scanner Cop (1994) (V)Scanners: The Showdown (aka Scanner Cop II: Volkin's Revenge) (1995) (V)Scary MovieScary Movie (2000)Scary Movie 2 (2001)Scary Movie 3 (2003)Scary Movie 4 (2006)Scary Movie 5 (2013)Scooby-Doo Scooby-Doo (2002)
 Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
 Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins (2009) (TV) (prequel)
 Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster (2010) (TV) (prequel)
 Daphne & Velma (2018) (V) (prequel)Shaft * (theatrical films)Shaft (1971)Shaft's Big Score! (1972)Shaft in Africa (1973)Shaft (2000)Shaft (2019)Sherlock Holmes (1931 series with Arthur Wontner)The Sleeping Cardinal (1931)The Missing Rembrandt (1932)The Sign of Four (1932)The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes (1935)Silver Blaze (1937)Silent Night, Deadly NightSilent Night, Deadly Night (1984)Silent Night, Deadly Night Part 2 (1987)Silent Night, Deadly Night 3: Better Watch Out! (1989) (V)Initiation: Silent Night, Deadly Night 4 (1990) (V)Silent Night, Deadly Night 5: The Toy Maker (1992) (V)Shrek * (A)Shrek (2001)Shrek 2 (2004)Shrek the Third (2007)Shrek Forever After (2010)Puss in Boots (2011) (prequel)Slayers *Slayers: The Motion Picture (1995)Slayers Return (1996)Slayers Great (1997)Slayers Gorgeous (1998)Slayers Premium (2001)Sleepaway CampSleepaway Camp (1983)Sleepaway Camp II: Unhappy Campers (1988)Sleepaway Camp III: Teenage Wasteland (1989)Return to Sleepaway Camp (2008)Sleepaway Camp IV: The Survivor (2012)Space Battleship Yamato **** (A)Space Battleship Yamato (1974)Yamato: The New Voyage (1977)Farewell to Space Battleship Yamato (1979)Be Forever Yamato (1981)Final Yamato (1983)Starship Troopers **Starship Troopers (1997)Starship Troopers 2: Hero of the Federation (2004) (TV)Starship Troopers 3: Marauder (2008) (V)Starship Troopers: Invasion (2012)Starship Troopers: Traitor of Mars (2017)The Street FighterThe Street Fighter (1974)Return of the Street Fighter (1974)The Street Fighter's Last Revenge (1974)Kozure Satsujin Ken (aka Karate Warriors) (1974)Sister Street Fighter (1974)
 The Swan Princess (A)
 The Swan Princess (1994)
 The Swan Princess II: Escape from Castle Mountain (1996)
 The Swan Princess: The Mystery of the Enchanted Kingdom (1997)
 The Swan Princess Christmas (2012)
 The Swan Princess: A Royal Family Tale (2014)

TTarkan (1969) (1970)Tarkan Versus the Vikings (1971) (1972) (1973)TaxiTaxi (1998)Taxi 2 (2000)Taxi 3 (2002)Taxi 4 (2007)Taxi 5 (2018)TorrenteTorrente, el brazo tonto de la ley (1998)Torrente 2: Misión en Marbella (2001)Torrente 3: El protector (2005)Torrente 4: Lethal Crisis (2011) (2014)Truth or Dare Truth or Dare? (1986)
 Wicked Games (1994)
 Screaming for Sanity: Truth or Dare 3 (1998)
 Deadly Dares: Truth or Dare Part IV (2011)
 I Dare You! Truth or Dare 5 (2018)The Toxic Avenger *The Toxic Avenger (1985)The Toxic Avenger Part II (1989)The Toxic Avenger Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie (1989)The Toxic Crusaders (1991) (TV) (V) (animated)Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV (2000)  The Twilight SagaTwilight (2008)The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2009)The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010)The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011)The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2012)

UÜç Harfliler (2010)Üç Harfliler 2: Hablis (2015)Üç Harfliler 3: Karabüyü (2016) (2018)Üç Harfliler: Adak (2019)UnderworldUnderworld (2003)Underworld: Evolution (2006)Underworld: Rise of the Lycans (2009) (prequel)Underworld: Awakening (2012)Underworld: Blood Wars (2016)
VValley of the Wolves ***Valley of the Wolves: Iraq (2006)Muro: Damn the Humanist Inside (2008) (spin-off)Valley of the Wolves: Gladio (2009)Valley of the Wolves: Palestine (2011)Valley of the Wolves: Homeland (2017)Van der Valk *Amsterdam Affair (1968)Van der Valk und das Mädchen (1972) (TV)Because of the Cats (1973) (1973) (TV)Le bouc émissaire (1975) (TV)Vi på Saltkråkan ** (1964)  (1965)  (1966)  (1967) Vi på Saltkråkan (1968)
WWedding MarchThe Wedding March (2016) (TV)Wedding March 2: Resorting to Love (2017) (TV)Wedding March 3: A Valentine Wedding (2018) (TV)Wedding March 4: Something Old, Something New (2018) (TV)My Boyfriend's Back: Wedding March 5 (2019) (TV)WernerWerner – Beinhart! (1990) (1996) (1999) (2003) (2011)Whispering CorridorsWhispering Corridors (1998)Memento Mori (1999)Wishing Stairs (2003)Voice (2005)A Blood Pledge (2009) (aka Suicide Pact)
X
Y
ZZorro (serials)Zorro Rides Again (1937)Zorro's Fighting Legion (1939)Zorro's Black Whip (1944)Son of Zorro (1947)Ghost of Zorro (1949)Zur Sache, SchätzchenZur Sache, Schätzchen (1968) (1970) (1974) (1979)'' (1983)

#05


Small nucleolar RNA SNORA57

Small nucleolar RNA SNORA57 (also known as U99 and MBI-64) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".

ACA57 was originally cloned from a mouse brain library  and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA57 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U1004 of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.

References

External links

Category:Small nuclear RNA


Lucas Vorsterman II

Lucas Vorsterman II, Lucas Vorsterman the Younger or Lucas Vorsterman Junior (1624 – between 1666 and 1676) was a Flemish Baroque engraver and draughtsman. Her produced engravings after the work of the leading painters of the next generation and for the various book projects of the Antwerp publishers.

Life
Lucas Vorsterman the Younger was born in Antwerp. He was the son of Lucas Vorsterman I who worked as an engraver with leading Flemish artists Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck.   He trained under his father and became a master of the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in 1651/2.

He is believed to have died in Antwerp between 1666 and 1676.

Work

Lucas Vorsterman the Younger made many engravings after Rubens, van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens and Cornelius Schut.  He worked on various publication projects of Antwerp publishers.

He worked with Gaspar Bouttats on engravings after drawings by Jan Peeters I for the publication by Jacob Peeters in Antwerp of several sets of prints issued under the title Description des principales villes, havres et isles du golfe de Venise du cote oriental, comme aussi des villes et fortresses de la Moree et quelques places de la Grece et es isles principales de l'Archipel et fortresses dícelles et en suittes quelques places renommées de la Terre Saincte, et autres dessous la domination Ottomane vers le Midij et l'Orient, et quelques principales villes en Perse et le regne du Grand Mogol le tout en Abrege.  This was a series of maps and views of locations in Southern Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.192483 Print from the 'Description des principales villes] at the Rijksmuseum</ref>

Lucas Vorsterman the Younger also made many reproductive engravings for David Teniers the Younger’s illustrated catalogue of the Italian pictures in the  collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria.  The publication entitled Theatrum pictorium'' was published in Antwerp in  1658.

The Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh holds a drawing by his hand.

The works of Lucas Vorsterman II are regarded as lacking skilled draughtsmanship and to be mechanical in their execution.

References

External links

Engravings by Lucas Vorsterman at the British Museum website

Category:1624 births
Category:Flemish engravers
Category:Members of the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke
Category:People from Antwerp
Category:Year of death unknown


New England Antiquities Research Association

The New England Antiquities Research Association (NEARA) is a non-profit organization founded 1964. According to its website, it "is dedicated to a better understanding of our historic and prehistoric past through the study and preservation of New England's stone sites in their cultural context." The current president of NEARA is Terry J. Deveau.

The membership of NEARA consists for the most part of amateurs, and the organization was in 2003 described as a 'hotbed of "Diffusionist" thought, the belief that the Americas were widely visited by European and Asiatic cultures before Columbus'.

Writing about NEARA's interest in lithic sites, archaeologist Kenneth Feder has said that "For many in NEARA, these lithic sites represent a wealth of remarkable evidence of the ancient occupation of New England by ancient Celts and other western Europeans long before the arrival of the Pilgrims in Massachusetts or even Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. Orthodox archaeology and history reject this claim, ascribing most of the lithic sites to more recent migrants to New England, namely, seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century settlers and farmers. Archaeological skepticism about claims of much earlier dates for the chambers is based on the complete lack of any artifactual evidence found in any of the chambers that would allow us to confidently trace these features to an earlier time period."

The association has published New England Antiquities Research Association Journal, formerly known as New England Antiquities Research Association Newsletter, since 1964. The Journal is published twice a year, as of 2016. It was formerly published quarterly. According to Ulrich as of 1997 the number of associated disciplines it discusses was growing.  It also published Across Before Columbus?  Evidence for Transoceanic Contact with the Americas prior to 1492 in 1998, .

References

External links

Category:Organizations established in 1964
Category:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
Category:History of New England
Category:Non-profit organizations based in the United States
Category:Pseudoarchaeology
Category:1964 establishments in the United States


Civil–military administrations (Ukraine)

Civil–military administrations (, ) are a number of temporary local government units that are concentrated on the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of eastern Ukraine, due to the ongoing War in Donbass. They are created under the guise of the Anti-Terrorist Center of the Security Service of Ukraine.

Legal sphere
Judicially, the status of civil–military administrations was created by the Verkhovna Rada law "On the civil-military administrations" dated 3 February 2015, and signed into law by President Petro Poroshenko on 26 February 2015.

The law outlines their organization, jurisdiction, and order of activities for providing civil security, creating conditions for the normalization of life, enforcement of the rule of law, participation in combating sabotage manifestations and acts of terrorism, and the prevention a humanitarian disaster in territories where an anti-terrorist operation is being conducted.

The law stipulates that it will expire a year from the date of its publication, although its authority can be prolonged by the parliament based on a proposal of the President of Ukraine. In addition, the law will automatically expire in the case that martial law is introduced in the country or in specific territories, or if a state of war is declared.

Designation
Civil–military administrations are created by the president in territories where a locally elected government (such as that of a municipality, council, or rural council) cannot exercise, or withdrew from the implementation of their constitutionally guaranteed powers.

These administrations will continue to exercise their authority until the day that the newly elected respective local government units are inaugurated into office. In the case that a civil–military administration is formed on the basis of that of an oblast or raion state administration, the administrations will continue to exercise their authority as long as the anti-terrorist operation is being conducted.

Locations
On 3 March 2015, the Governor of Donetsk Oblast Oleksandr Kikhtenko announced the creation of three civil–military administrations on the territory of Donetsk Oblast. A further three civil–military administrations were also proposed by the governor: On 3 March 2015, President Poroshenko announced the creation of the following civil–military administrations:

References

External links

Category:Subdivisions of Ukraine
Category:Local government in Ukraine
Category:Military of Ukraine
Category:War in Donbass
Category:2015 establishments in Ukraine


Moses Norris Jr.

Moses Norris Jr. (November 8, 1799January 11, 1855) was a United States Representative and Senator from New Hampshire.

Born in Pittsfield, he attended the public schools and the Pittsfield Academy, and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1828. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1832 and commenced practice in Barnstead. He returned to Pittsfield in 1834, was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1837 to 1840 and in 1842, and was a member of the Executive Council of New Hampshire in 1841-1842.

Norris was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses (March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1847). He was again a member of the State house of representatives in 1847-1848, and served as speaker. He was then elected to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1849, until his death. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Claims (Thirty-first Congress) and a member of the Committee on Patents and the Patent Office (Thirty-second Congress) and the Committee on the District of Columbia (Thirty-third Congress). He died in Washington, D.C. in 1855; interment was in Floral Park Cemetery, Pittsfield.

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

External links

Category:1799 births
Category:1855 deaths
Category:United States senators from New Hampshire
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire
Category:Members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Category:New Hampshire lawyers
Category:Dartmouth College alumni
Category:Members of the New Hampshire Executive Council
Category:New Hampshire Democrats
Category:Democratic Party United States senators
Category:Speakers of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:People from Pittsfield, New Hampshire


Higashi-Umeda Station

is a railway station on the Osaka Metro Tanimachi Line in Umeda, Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan.  The station is located along Whity Umeda.

Connecting lines from Higashi-Umeda
Osaka Metro
Midōsuji Line (Umeda Station, M16)
Yotsubashi Line (Nishi-Umeda Station, Y11)
West Japan Railway Company (JR West) (Ōsaka Station, Kitashinchi Station)
Hankyu Railway (Umeda Station)
Kōbe Line
Takarazuka Line
Kyōto Line
Hanshin Electric Railway Main Line (Umeda Station)

Information
When using regular tickets of Osaka Metro, Surutto Kansai cards, and IC cards (PiTaPa, ICOCA), it is limited to 30 minutes to change to the Midosuji Line and the Yotsubashi Line.
It takes approximately 12 minutes to change to the JR Tozai Line, thus, it is more useful to change to the line at Minami-Morimachi Station.

Layout
There are two side platforms with two tracks on the second basement.  There are two tickets gates in the north for exit from each platform, in the center for entrance to and exit from each platform, and one in the south for entrance to and exit from both platforms.

Around the station
Hanshin Department Store
Hankyu Department Store (Umeda Hankyu Building)
South Gate Building
Daimaru Umeda
Hotel Granvia Osaka
Pokémon Center Osaka
Osaka City Bus Terminal
Kintetsu Bus stop (transit buses for Inada Depot via Kyobashi, and express buses)
Sonezaki Police Station
Asahiya Shoten
Shin-Hankyu Building
Shin-Hankyu Hachibangai
Ohatsu Tenjin
Hankyu Higashi-dori
Whity Umeda
Osaka Ekimae Buildings
Daiyu-ji

Stations next to Higashi-Umeda

References

Category:Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Category:Railway stations opened in 1967
Category:Osaka Metro stations
Category:Umeda


Ardisia japonica

Ardisia japonica, known as marlberry, is a species of Ardisia native to eastern Asia, in eastern China, Japan and Korea.

Growth
It is a low-growing, spreading very quickly evergreen shrub 20–40 cm tall. The leaves are opposite or in whorls, ovate, 4–7 cm long and 1.5–4 cm broad, with a sharply serrated margin and an acute apex. The flowers are 4–10 mm diameter, with five (rarely six) white to pale pink petals; they are produced in racemes in late spring. The fruit is a drupe 5–6 mm diameter, red maturing dark purple-black in early winter.

Uses
A number of cultivars have been selected for growing as ornamental plants, including 'Hakuokan' and 'Ito Fukurin' with variegated leaves, 'Hinotsukasa', with pale cream-coloured leaves, and 'Matsu Shima' with pink stems and variegated leaves.

Medicinal uses
It is used as a medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called zǐjīn niú (), or aidicha (矮地茶) and is considered one of the 50 Fundamental Herbs.

Large doses of the plant as medicine can be toxic to the kidneys.

Weed problems
It has escaped from cultivation and established itself in the wild in the United States, in Gainesville, Florida.

See also
 Chinese herbology
 Ardisia crenata, (waxy leaves and red berries) also known as coral bush, coralberry tree, or spiceberry.

References

External links

 Ardisia japonica Chemical Compounds (Dr. Duke's Databases)

japonica
Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
Category:Medicinal plants of Asia
Category:Plants described in 1781


Othello Molineaux

Othello Molineaux is a jazz steelpan player who spent much of his early career backing bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius. Molineaux was among the earliest steelpan players to show the instrument could be adapted from its origins in Trinidad and Tobago to play jazz. Additionally, Molineaux has worked with other musicians such as Monty Alexander, Chicago, and David Johansen.

Discography

As leader

As contributor

, released 1995

References

Category:Living people
Category:Jazz drummers
Category:Steelpan musicians
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Ornithoglossum

Ornithoglossum is a genus of plants native to southern Africa, some of which are widely cultivated as ornamentals. Nine species are currently recognized, as of April 2014:

Ornithoglossum calcicola K.Krause & Dinter - Namibia
Ornithoglossum dinteri K.Krause - Namibia, South Africa
Ornithoglossum gracile B.Nord. - Cape Province
Ornithoglossum parviflorum B.Nord. - Namibia, Cape Province
Ornithoglossum pulchrum Snijman, B.Nord. & Mannh. - Namibia
Ornithoglossum undulatum Sweet - Namibia, Cape Province
Ornithoglossum viride (L.f.) Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton - Cape Province
Ornithoglossum vulgare B.Nord. - Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa
Ornithoglossum zeyheri (Baker) B.Nord. - Cape Province

References

External links

Category:Colchicaceae
Category:Colchicaceae genera
Category:Flora of Tanzania
Category:Flora of South Tropical Africa
Category:Flora of Southern Africa


Agostinho Sampaio de Sá

Agostinho Sampaio de Sá was a Brazilian water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Brazilian male water polo players
Category:Olympic water polo players of Brazil
Category:Water polo players at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing


Franz Pfeiffer

Franz Pfeiffer (February 27, 1815 – May 29, 1868), was a Swiss literary scholar who worked in Germany and Austria.

Biography
He was born in Solothurn as a Bürger (citizen) of Bettlach. After studying at the University of Munich he went to Stuttgart, where in 1846 he became librarian to the royal library. In 1856 Pfeiffer founded Germania, a quarterly periodical devoted to German antiquarian research. In 1857, having established himself as one of the foremost authorities on German medieval literature and philology, he was appointed professor of these subjects at the University of Vienna, and in 1860 was made a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

In his later years he traveled regularly to Überlingen am Bodensee to take the waters at the city's spa. He died in Vienna.

Works
Pfeiffer's most significant work is arguably the second volume of his Die deutschen Mystiker (German Mysticism). In this volume Pfeiffer collected the surviving German texts of the 14th Century mystic Meister Eckhart, who was at that time largely forgotten. This publication of the German Eckhartian corpus led to the modern revival of interest in Eckhart. Though there was subsequent dispute as to how many of the texts in Pfeiffer's edition are genuinely by Eckhart, his edition remains a classic reference, though it has been superseded by the critical edition begun in 1936 under the aegis of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and only now nearing completion. The early translators of Eckhart into English, Evans and Blakney, depended largely on Pfeiffer for their source material.

His own work:
Zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte
Freie Forschung: kleine Schriften zur Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur und Sprache (1867)
Über Wesen und Bildung der hofischen Sprache in mittelhochdeutscher Zeit
Der Dichter des Nibelungenliedes (1862)
Forschung und Kritik auf dem Gebiete des deutschen Altertums
Altdeutsches Übungsbuch.

He edited:
 Barlaam und Josaphat, Rudolf von Ems (1843)
 Der Edelstein, Ulrich Boner (1844)
 Die deutschen Mystiker des 14. Jahrhunderts (1845-1857)
 Nikolaus von Jeroschin, Deutsche Ordenschronik (“Chronicle of the Teutonic Knights,” 1854)
 Buch der Natur of Konrad von Megenberg, a 14th-century writer (1861)
 Die Predigten des Berthold von Regensburg, vol. 1 and vol. 2 (1862, 1880)
 Poems of Walther von der Vogelweide (1864; 6th ed., 1880) This work was his contribution to a series he founded called Deutsche Klassiker des Mittelalters (“German classics of the Middle Ages”).

References

  This work in turn cites:
 Biographical sketch by Karl Bartsch in Franz Pfeiffer, ed., Uhlands Briefwechsel mit Freiherrn von Lassberg (1870)

Category:1815 births
Category:1868 deaths
Category:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Category:University of Vienna faculty
Category:German librarians
Category:Austrian non-fiction writers
Category:German non-fiction writers
Category:Swiss non-fiction writers
Category:Swiss male writers
Category:Swiss emigrants to Austria
Category:German male non-fiction writers
Category:People from Solothurn


Nagerkovil school bombing

The Nager Kovil school bombing refers to a disputed incident in the Sri Lankan Civil War. Tamil sources claim that on September 22, 1995, the Sri Lankan Air Force bombed the Nagar Kovil Maha Vidyalayam school in Jaffna, resulting in the death of, by varying accounts, 34-71 Sri Lankan Tamil civilians, primarily schoolchildren and the injury of many more. The Sri Lankan government denied bombing the school. Journalists and human rights organizations reported the imposition of censorship at the time of the alleged incidents.

Accounts and reactions

University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna)
According to University Teachers for Human Rights (UTHR), a Jaffna-based organization, the staff of Nagarkovil Government School noticed bomber activity by the Sri Lanka Air Force around the school the morning of Friday, September 22, 1995. Several children who had come out of school had sheltered under a tree, waiting for the bombers to leave. About 12:45 pm a bomb fell near the tree, instantly killing 39 and injuring others. The injured continued to die on subsequent days.

Human Rights Watch
The 1996 HRW annual country report described "a major offensive on the Jaffna peninsula" by the Sri Lankan government which began on September 22, and which included curbs on war-related reporting by both the domestic and international press. "Among the first stories to be subjected to these censorship requirements were reports that on September 21 and 22, heavy shelling and aerial attacks by government forces on the northern Jaffna region had killed some seventy civilians, including many school children." Human Rights Watch also cited a Reuters report from September 23 that the army had denied the incident and that the story had been "subjected to military censors, who deleted quotes from civilians on the reported deaths of twenty children."

Australian Foreign Ministry
In a letter of October 6, 1995, the Australian government expressed a concern about "tragic incidents where non combatant Tamil civilians have been killed in military exchanges," mentioning "the reported deaths of 44 school children when a school was allegedly bombed at the village of Nagarkovil on September 22."

References

External links
Nagaerkovil victims remembered

Category:1995 crimes in Sri Lanka
Category:Aerial bombing in Sri Lanka
Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Sri Lanka
Category:Attacks on civilians attributed to the Sri Lanka Air Force
Category:Civilian massacres in Sri Lanka
Category:Mass murder in 1995
Category:Mass murder of Sri Lankan Tamils
Category:School bombings
Category:School massacres
Category:September 1995 events in Asia
Category:Sri Lankan government forces attacks in Eelam War III
Category:Terrorist incidents in Sri Lanka in 1995


Aspartate kinase

Aspartate kinase (aspartokinase, aspartic kinase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the amino acid aspartate. This reaction is the first step in the biosynthesis of three essential amino acids: methionine, lysine, and threonine, known as the "aspartate family". The gene for aspartokinase is present only in microorganisms and plants; it is not present in animals, which must obtain aspartate-family amino acids in their diet.

In Escherichia coli, aspartokinase is present as three independently regulated isozymes, each of which is specific to one of the three downstream biochemical pathways. This allows the independent regulation of the rates of methionine, lysine, and threonine production. The forms that produce threonine and lysine are subject to feedback inhibition, and all three can be repressed at the level of gene expression by high concentrations of their end-products. Absence from animals makes these enzymes key targets for new herbicides and biocides and for improvements in nutritional value of crops.

This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.

References

External links

Category:EC 2.7.2


Freddie Hinds

Fredrick Peter Hinds (born 28 January 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Colchester United of , on loan from  club Bristol City.

Career

Luton Town
Born in Potton, Bedfordshire, Hinds joined Luton Town at the age of seven and progressed through the club's youth system. He was a member of the under-18 team that won the Youth Alliance South East title and the Youth Alliance Cup in 2015–16, and also reached the quarter-finals of the FA Youth Cup, in which they lost 1–0 to Blackburn Rovers. Hinds made his Luton debut on 4 October 2016 in a 2–0 victory over West Bromwich Albion U23s in the EFL Trophy.

Bristol City
On 31 January 2017, Hinds signed for Championship club Bristol City for an undisclosed fee, signing a two-and-a-half-year contract, with the option of a further year. On 8 August 2017, Hinds made his debut for Bristol City, scoring in a 5–0 victory over Plymouth Argyle in the EFL Cup first round. He scored Bristol City's first goal in the second round two weeks later in a 3–2 away win over Premier League team Watford.

On 30 August 2017, Hinds signed for League Two club Cheltenham Town on loan until January 2018. He returned to Bristol City after the loan expired, having made 14 appearances and scored one goal for Cheltenham.

Hinds joined National League club Wrexham on 27 July 2018 on a season-long loan. However, he made no appearances for the club and his loan was terminated by mutual agreement on 23 November 2018. He joined National League South club Bath City on 4 January 2019 on a one-month loan. The loan was extended until the end of 2018–19 on 5 February.

He joined Colchester United of League Two on 28 August 2019 on loan until January 2020.

Career statistics

References

Category:1999 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Potton
Category:Sportspeople from Bedfordshire
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Luton Town F.C. players
Category:Bristol City F.C. players
Category:Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Category:Wrexham A.F.C. players
Category:Bath City F.C. players
Category:Colchester United F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:National League (English football) players


Igor Kudelin

Igor Kudelin (born August 8, 1972) is a Russian former professional basketball player. A 1.95 tall shooting guard, he spent the major part of his career playing for CSKA Moscow. He helped his team reach the Euroleague Final Four twice, in 1996 and 2001.

Kudelin was a regular member of the Russian national team. With Russia he won a silver medal at the 1998 FIBA World Championship as well as a bronze medal at the 1997 Eurobasket.

External links
Fibaeurope.com Profile

Category:1972 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Taganrog
Category:Russian men's basketball players
Category:Soviet men's basketball players
Category:PBC CSKA Moscow players
Category:BC UNICS players
Category:Shooting guards
Category:2002 FIBA World Championship players
Category:1998 FIBA World Championship players


Nir Klinger

Nir Klinger (; born 25 May 1966) is an Israeli former footballer, and currently the manager of Hapoel Tel Aviv.
During the 1990s, Klinger served as Captain for Maccabi Tel Aviv and the Israel national football team.

He was the manager of Maccabi Tel Aviv for three seasons, before resigning under pressure on 5 December 2005. As manager of Maccabi, Klinger won the Israeli championship and an Israeli state cup.

Playing career
A product of the Maccabi Haifa youth team, he was a defensive player. He made his league debut for Maccabi on 3 November 1984 against Hakoah Ramat Gan, when he came on as a substitute in the 80th minute.

He spent six seasons with Maccabi Haifa before moving to Maccabi Tel Aviv for eight seasons. He won two Israeli championships with Maccabi Haifa and three championships and another two Israel State Cup with Maccabi Tel Aviv.

He retired due to injury during the 1997–98 season.

International
Klinger made his debut for Israel on 18 February 1987 in a 1–1 draw with Northern Ireland. He scored his first goal against Wales in a 3–3 draw on 8 February 1989. His last appearance was on 31 March 1997 in a 3–0 win over Luxembourg.

In total, Klinger played 83 caps for the Israel national football team between 1987 and 1997, and captained the team from August 1992 until March 1997.

Managerial career
In 1998 Klinger was appointed assistant to Avram Grant at Maccabi Tel Aviv. In 2000, he became manager of second division Beitar Be'er Sheva, leading them to third place (their highest ever position).

In 2002, he left the club to return to Maccabi as manager. In his first season Maccabi won the title. They finished runners-up the following year, and won the State Cup in 2004–05. On 5 December 2005 he resigned as manager.

Klinger led Maccabi Tel Aviv to UEFA Champions League Groups 2004–05 season. The manager and the team beat HJK Helsinki and PAOK Thessaloniki in the qualifying rounds. Maccabi played against former European champions: Juventus, Ajax Amsterdam and Bayern Munchen. Maccabi managed to get one victory over Ajax Amsterdam 2–1 and held Juventus into a draw, 1–1.

In 2006, he was appointed manager of Cypriot club Enosis Neon Paralimni, but resigned in September 2007. Soon afterward, he was appointed manager of AEK Larnaca, but was fired in October 2008 after poor start of the season. He finished with Paralimni and Aek in the 4–5 place in the Cypriot premier league.
In the 2008–09 season he was appointed manager of newly promoted AEP Paphos and under his management the team was able to avoid relegation.
On 24 May 2009 Klinger signed a three-year contract with AEL Limassol.

While managing AEL Limassol, a crucial derby match against Anorthosis Famagusta fell on the Jewish holiday, Yom Kippur. Klinger, who defines himself as a faithful Jew, advised the club's management of the importance of the holiday and that he would miss the match along with his assistant, Felix Naim, who was also Jewish. The club tried to have the match moved to accommodate them.

On 23 May 2012, Klinger was appointed the manager of Hapoel Haifa., and has brought the team to a 9th Place Finish.

On 19 May 2013, Kilinger was appointed the manager of F.C. Ashdod. He was sacked following the 2014\2015 season, after the team was relegated to the 2nd tier Liga Leumit.

On 15 November 2015, Kilinger was appointed the general manager of Maccabi Sha'arayim, a club from Liga Alef (third tier), he signed a contract for three years. On 22 November 2016, he was appointed as the manager of the club while Salim Tuama got the job as his assistant. On 6 December 2016, Klinger decided to leave Sha'arayim, and became the general manager of Hapoel Haifa

Honours

As player
Israeli Premier League (5):
1984–85, 1988–89, 1991–92, 1994–95, 1995–96
Israel State Cup (2):
1993–94, 1995–96
Toto Cup (1):
1992–93
 Member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame (2009)
Israeli Footballer of the Year : 1989

As manager
Israeli Premier League (1):
2002–03
Israel State Cup (2):
2005, 2018
Toto Cup (1):
2012-13
Toto Cup (Leumit) (1):
2016

References

Category:1966 births
Category:Israeli Jews
Category:Living people
Category:Jewish footballers
Category:Israeli footballers
Category:Liga Leumit players
Category:Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
Category:Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. players
Category:Israel international footballers
Category:Israeli football managers
Category:Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. managers
Category:Enosis Neon Paralimni FC managers
Category:AEK Larnaca FC managers
Category:AEL Limassol managers
Category:Nea Salamis Famagusta FC managers
Category:Hapoel Haifa F.C. managers
Category:F.C. Ashdod managers
Category:AEP Paphos FC managers
Category:Expatriate football managers in Cyprus
Category:Football players from Haifa
Category:Sportspeople from Haifa
Category:People from Haifa
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Ashkenazi Jews


Logan Paulsen

Logan Sindre Paulsen (born February 26, 1987) is an American football tight end who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2010.  He played college football at UCLA. Before that, he played at Chaminade College Preparatory High School in West Hills, California.

Professional career

Washington Redskins
Paulsen was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent following the 2010 NFL Draft. He was made the third-string tight end behind Chris Cooley and Fred Davis. Paulsen made his NFL debut in Week 3 against the St. Louis Rams. He scored his first career touchdown against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 12, 2010 on a one-yard pass from Donovan McNabb. At the end of the 2010 season, Paulsen played 11 games and recorded two receptions for 10 yards total and one touchdown.

During the 2011 season, against the Carolina Panthers, Paulsen caught two passes for 48 yards.
Late in the season, Paulsen was made the starting tight end with Cooley on injured reserve and Davis suspended. Playing 16 games, starting six of them, Paulsen recorded 11 receptions and 138 receiving yards at the end of the season.

By the start of the 2012 season, Paulsen was once again named the third-string tight end behind Fred Davis and Niles Paul. In the Week 7 game against the New York Giants, he had the best offensive performance in his career subbing in for Davis after the former tore his Achilles tendon early in the first half. He would score his second career touchdown in the Week 11 win against the Philadelphia Eagles.

Set to be a free agent in the 2013 season, Paulsen re-signed with the Redskins to a $4 million, three-year contract with another $3 million in incentives, on March 9, 2013.

After it was announced that Paulsen would miss the entire 2015 season due to needing toe surgery, the Redskins placed him on injured reserve on August 16, 2015.

On March 11, 2016, Paulsen re-signed with the Redskins on a one-year contract. On September 3, 2016, Paulsen was released by the Redskins.

Chicago Bears
On September 4, 2016, the Chicago Bears signed Paulsen to their active 53-man roster.

San Francisco 49ers
On March 9, 2017, Paulsen signed a one-year contract with the San Francisco 49ers. He was released on October 17, 2017, but was re-signed two days later. On October 24, 2017, Paulsen was again released by the 49ers. He was re-signed yet again on November 6, 2017.

Atlanta Falcons
On March 21, 2018, Paulsen signed a one-year contract with the Atlanta Falcons. In Week 4, in the 37–36 loss the Cincinnati Bengals, he scored his first receiving touchdown as a Falcon and his first overall since the 2014 season.

On March 16, 2019, Paulsen re-signed with the Falcons. He was released on August 30, 2019.

Houston Texans
On September 2, 2019, Paulsen signed with the Houston Texans. On October 22, 2019, the Texans released Paulsen.

References

External links
Atlanta Falcons bio
UCLA Bruins bio

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football tight ends
Category:American people of Norwegian descent
Category:Atlanta Falcons players
Category:Chicago Bears players
Category:Houston Texans players
Category:People from Northridge, Los Angeles
Category:Players of American football from California
Category:San Francisco 49ers players
Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Category:UCLA Bruins football players
Category:Washington Redskins players


Jerry Adair

Kenneth Jerry Adair (December 17, 1936 – May 31, 1987) was an American Major League Baseball second baseman, shortstop and third baseman with the Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox, Boston Red Sox and the Kansas City Royals between 1958 and 1970. Adair spent one season in Japan playing for the Hankyu Braves / Orix BlueWave. He batted and threw right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

Early life
Adair was born in Sand Springs, Oklahoma, where he graduated from high school.  He played college baseball and basketball (under Hank Iba) at Oklahoma State University. Adair also played one year in a work/play program for the McPherson (Kansas) BJs in the Ban Johnson League. That year McPherson went to the National Ban Johnson League tournament finals played in Wichita. He pitched many games as well as playing the infield.

Baltimore Orioles
Adair was signed by the Baltimore Orioles out of Oklahoma State University on September 2, 1958 for a $40,000 bonus. He made his Major League Baseball debut with the club that day against the Washington Senators, coming into the game in the bottom of the 8th inning as a defensive replacement for shortstop Chuck Oertel. He did not get an at bat in the game. Adair's first big league at bat came on September 5 against the Boston Red Sox. After drawing a walk and scoring in the 8th inning, Adair reached base again in the ninth inning on a fielder's choice. He picked up his first big league hit (a single to left field) in a 3–2 Orioles win over the visiting New York Yankees on September 21. That season, he hit .105 (2-for-19) in 11 games with the Orioles, primarily playing shortstop.

He hit .314 (11-for-35) in 12 games in 1959 and went 1-for-5 (.200) in 3 games in 1960.

Adair's first full season in the big leagues came in 1961 with the Orioles, hitting .264 with 9 home runs and 37 RBI in 133 games. Although the majority of his time was spent at second base, he also played some shortstop and third base that year.

Once, during the 1964 season, he was struck in the mouth by a bad throw during the first game of a doubleheader with the Detroit Tigers. The resulting laceration required 11 stitches, but Adair was back in the park in uniform in time to play the entire second game.

In 1965, 28-year-old Adair hit .259 with 7 home runs and a career-high 66 RBI in 157 games with the Orioles. He was among American League leaders with 157 games (8th in the AL), 582 at bats (10th in the AL), 26 doubles (7th in the AL), 115 singles (10th in the AL) and 6 sacrifice flies (8th in the AL). As a result, Adair finished 17th in the AL MVP vote that was won by Zoilo Versalles of the Minnesota Twins.

Chicago White Sox
On June 13, 1966, Adair was traded by the Orioles with minor leaguer John Riddle to the Chicago White Sox for Eddie Fisher.

Boston Red Sox
On June 2, 1967, Adair was traded by the White Sox to the Boston Red Sox for Don McMahon and minor leaguer Rob Snow. Adair played well down the stretch with the Red Sox, hitting .291 with 3 homers and 26 RBI in 89 games, rounding out his season stats to .271 with 3 HR and 35 RBI in 117 games. With his pennant push performance at the plate, coupled with stellar defensive play, Adair finished 15th in the AL MVP balloting. Teammate Carl Yastrzemski won the award that year after claiming the elusive triple crown.

Kansas City Royals
Adair was taken by the Kansas City Royals with the 51st pick of the 1968 MLB expansion draft. In the Royals' inaugural season of 1969, the 32-year-old Adair hit .250 with 5 home runs and 48 RBI in 126 games.

In 1970, Adair hit just .148 (4-for-27) before being abruptly released on May 5 as he was about to board a plane to make a road trip to Baltimore with the team. Adair had spent much of spring training that year with a young daughter who had terminal cancer and eventually died and claimed the Royals let him go without taking the family's problems into consideration. Royals General Manager Cedric Tallis defended the team's decision to release Adair saying "We just felt he couldn't help the club".

Legacy
While having only a .254 career batting average, he was considered a good clutch hitter (Carl Yastrzemski wrote in his autobiography Baseball, The Wall, and Me "That man was one of the coolest clutch hitters I had seen").  However, his greatest strength was his defensive ability.  Adair set then-major league records for single-season fielding percentage (.994) and fewest errors (5) in 1964, and followed that up by leading the league in fielding percentage again in 1965. He also set a record for consecutive errorless games by a second baseman (89), and consecutive chances handled without an error (458) from July 22, 1964 through May 6, 1965.  In addition, he was considered a "gamer" who would often play when injured.

After leaving Major League Baseball, Adair played in Japan for a year, and later coached for the Oakland Athletics (1972–74) and the California Angels (1975), working under his former Oriole teammate and manager in Boston Dick Williams.

Adair died of liver cancer on May 31, 1987 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, at the age of 50.

References

External links

Category:1936 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:Amarillo Gold Sox players
Category:American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Category:American men's basketball players
Category:Baltimore Orioles players
Category:Baseball players from Oklahoma
Category:Boston Red Sox players
Category:California Angels coaches
Category:Chicago White Sox players
Category:Deaths from cancer in Oklahoma
Category:Deaths from liver cancer
Category:Hankyu Braves players
Category:Kansas City Royals players
Category:Major League Baseball first base coaches
Category:Major League Baseball second basemen
Category:Miami Marlins (IL) players
Category:Oakland Athletics coaches
Category:Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball players
Category:People from Sand Springs, Oklahoma
Category:Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
Category:Williston Oilers players