Siege of Sidney Street

The Siege of Sidney Street of January 1911, also known as the Battle of Stepney, was a gunfight in the East End of London between a combined police and army force and two Latvian revolutionaries. The siege was the culmination of a series of events that began in December 1910, with an attempted jewellery robbery at Houndsditch in the City of London by a gang of Latvian immigrants which resulted in the murder of three policemen, the wounding of two others, and the death of George Gardstein, the leader of the Latvian gang.

An investigation by the Metropolitan and City of London Police forces identified Gardstein's accomplices, most of whom were arrested within two weeks. The police were informed that the last two members of the gang were hiding at 100 Sidney Street in Stepney. The police evacuated local residents from the environs, and on the morning of 3 January a firefight broke out. Armed with inferior weapons, the police sought assistance from the army. The siege lasted for about six hours. Towards the end of the stand-off, the building caught fire; no single cause has been identified. One of the agitators in the building was shot before the fire spread. While the London Fire Brigade were damping down the ruins—in which they found the two bodies—the building collapsed, killing a fireman, Superintendent Charles Pearson.

The siege marked the first time the police had requested military assistance in London to deal with an armed stand-off. It was also the first siege in Britain to be caught on camera, as the events were filmed by Pathé News. Some of the footage included images of the Home Secretary, Winston Churchill. His presence caused a political row over the level of his operational involvement. At the trial in May 1911 of those arrested for the Houndsditch jewellery robbery, all but one of the accused were acquitted; the conviction was overturned on appeal. The events were fictionalised in film—in The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934) and The Siege of Sidney Street (1960)—and novels. On the centenary of the events two tower blocks in Sidney Street were named after Peter the Painter, one of the minor members of the gang who was probably not present at either Houndsditch or Sidney Street. The murdered policemen and the fireman who died are commemorated with memorial plaques.

Background

Immigration and demographics in London

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire was home to about five million Jews, the largest Jewish community at the time. Subjected to religious persecution and violent pogroms, many emigrated and between 1875 and 1914 around 120,000 arrived in the United Kingdom, mostly in England. The influx reached its peak in the late 1890s when large numbers of Jewish immigrants—mostly poor and semi-skilled or unskilled—settled in the East End of London. The concentration of Jewish immigrants into some areas was almost 100 per cent of the population, and a study undertaken in 1900 showed that Houndsditch and Whitechapel were both identified as a "well-defined intensely Jewish district".

Some of the expatriates were revolutionaries, many of whom were unable to adapt to life in the politically less oppressive London. The social historian William J. Fishman writes that "the  (crazy) Anarchists were almost accepted as part of the East End landscape"; the terms "socialist" and "anarchist" had been conflated in the British press, who used the terms interchangeably to refer to those with revolutionary beliefs. A leading article in The Times described the Whitechapel area as one that "harbours some of the worst alien anarchists and criminals who seek our too hospitable shore. And these are the men who use the pistol and the knife."

From the turn of the century, gang warfare persisted in the Whitechapel and Aldgate areas of London between groups of Bessarabians and refugees from Odessa; various revolutionary factions were active in the area. The Tottenham Outrage of January 1909, by two revolutionary Russians in London—Paul Helfeld and Jacob Lepidus—was an attempt to rob a payroll van, which left two dead and twenty injured. The event used a tactic often employed by revolutionary groups in Russia: the expropriation or theft of private property to fund radical activities.

The influx of émigrés and the increase of violent crime associated with it, led to popular concerns and comments in the press. The government passed the Aliens Act 1905 in an attempt to reduce immigration. The popular press reflected the opinions of many at the time; a leading article in The Manchester Evening Chronicle supported the bill to bar "the dirty, destitute, diseased, verminous and criminal foreigner who dumps himself on our soil". The journalist Robert Winder, in his examination of migration into Britain, opines that the Act "gave official sanction to xenophobic reflexes which might ... have remained dormant".

Latvian émigré gang

By 1910 Russian émigrés met regularly at the Anarchist Club in Jubilee Street, Stepney. Many of its members were not anarchists, and the club became a meeting and social venue for the Russian émigré diaspora, most of whom were Jewish. The small group of Latvians who became involved in the events at Houndsditch and Sidney Street were not all anarchists—although anarchist literature was later found among their possessions. Members of the group were probably revolutionaries who had been radicalised by their experiences in Russia. All had extreme left-wing political views and believed the expropriation of private property was a valid practice.

The probable leader of the group was George Gardstein, whose real name was likely to have been Poloski or Poolka; he used the aliases Garstin, Poloski, Poolka, Morountzeff, Mourimitz, Maurivitz, Milowitz, Morintz, Morin and Levi. Gardstein, who probably was an anarchist, had been accused of murder and acts of terrorism in Warsaw in 1905 before his arrival in London. Another member of the group, Jacob (or Yakov) Peters, had been an agitator in Russia while in the army and later as a dockyard worker. He had served a term in prison for his activities and had been tortured by the removal of his fingernails. Yourka Dubof was another Russian agitator who had fled to England after being flogged by Cossacks. Fritz Svaars was a Latvian who had been arrested by the Russian authorities three times for terrorist offences, but escaped each time. He had travelled through the United States, where he undertook a series of robberies, before arriving in London in June 1910.

Another member was "Peter the Painter", a nickname for an unknown figure, possibly named Peter Piaktow (or Piatkov, Pjatkov or Piaktoff), or Janis Zhaklis. Bernard Porter, in a brief sketch in the Dictionary of National Biography, writes that no firm details are known of the anarchist's background and that "None of the ... biographical 'facts' about him ... is altogether reliable." William (or Joseph) Sokoloff (or Sokolow) was a Latvian who had been arrested in Riga in 1905 for murder and robbery before travelling to London. Another of the group's members was Karl Hoffman—whose real name was Alfred Dzircol—who had been involved in revolutionary and criminal activities for several years, including gun-running. In London he had practised as a decorator. John Rosen—real name John Zelin or Tzelin—came to London in 1909 from Riga and worked as a barber, while another member of the gang was Max Smoller, also known as Joe Levi and "Josepf the Jew". He was wanted in his native Crimea for several jewel robberies.

Policing in the capital
Following the Metropolitan Police Act 1829 and the City of London Police Act 1839, the capital was policed by two forces, the Metropolitan Police, who held sway over most of the capital, and the City of London Police, who were responsible for law enforcement within the historic City boundaries. The events in Houndsditch in December 1910 fell into the purview of the City of London service, and the subsequent actions at Sidney Street in January 1911 were in the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan force. Both services came under the political control of the Home Secretary, who in 1911 was the 36-year-old rising politician Winston Churchill.

While on the beat, or in the course of their normal duties, the officers of the City of London and Metropolitan forces were provided with a short wooden truncheon for protection. When they faced armed opponents—as was the case in Sidney Street—the police were issued with Webley and Bull Dog revolvers, shotguns and small-bore rifles fitted with .22 Morris-tube barrels, the last of which were more commonly used on small indoor shooting galleries.

Houndsditch murders, December 1910

At the beginning of December 1910 Smoller, using the name Joe Levi, visited Exchange Buildings, a small cul-de-sac that backed onto the properties of Houndsditch. He rented No. 11 Exchange Buildings; a week later Svaars rented number 9 for a month, saying he needed it for storage. The gang were unable to rent number 10, which was directly behind their target, 119 Houndsditch, the jeweller's shop owned by Henry Samuel Harris. The safe in the jeweller's was reputed to contain between £20,000 and £30,000 worth of jewellery; Harris's son later stated the total was only around £7,000. Over the next two weeks the gang brought in various pieces of necessary equipment, including a 60-foot (18.25 m) length of India rubber gas hose, a cylinder of compressed gas and a selection of tools, including diamond-tipped drills.

With the exception of Gardstein, the identities of the gang members present in Houndsditch on the night of 16 December 1910 have never been confirmed. Bernard Porter, writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, considers that Sokoloff and Peters were present and, in all likelihood, were two of those who shot the policemen who interrupted their burglary. Porter opines that Peter the Painter was probably not at the property that night, while the journalist J P Eddy suggests that Svaars was among those present. Donald Rumbelow, a former policeman who wrote a history of the events, considers that those present consisted of Gardstein, Smoller, Peters and Dubof, with a second group in case the work needed to continue into the following day, which included among their number Sokolow and Svaars. Rumbelow considers a third group on standby, staying at Hoffman's lodgings, to have comprised Hoffman, Rosen and Osip Federoff, an unemployed locksmith. Rumbelow also considers that present at the events—either as lookouts or in unknown capacities—were Peter the Painter and Nina Vassilleva.

On 16 December, working from the small yard behind 11 Exchange Buildings, the gang began to break through the back wall of the shop; number 10 had been unoccupied since 12 December. At around 10:00 that evening, returning to his home at 120 Houndsditch, Max Weil heard curious noises coming from his neighbour's property. Outside his house Weil found Police Constable Piper on his beat and informed him of the noises. Piper checked at 118 and 121 Houndsditch, where he could hear the noise, which he thought was unusual enough to investigate further. At 11:00 he knocked at the door of 11 Exchange Buildings—the only property with a light on in the back. The door was opened in a furtive manner and Piper became suspicious immediately. So as not to rouse the man's concerns, Piper asked him "is the missus in?" The man answered in broken English that she was out, and the policeman said he would return later.

Piper reported that as he was leaving Exchange Buildings to return to Houndsditch he saw a man acting suspiciously in the shadows of the cul-de-sac. As the policeman approached him, the man walked away; Piper later described him as being approximately , pale and fair-haired. When Piper reached Houndsditch he saw two policemen from the adjoining beats—constables Woodhams and Choate—who watched 120 Houndsditch and 11 Exchange Buildings while Piper went to the nearby Bishopsgate Police Station to report. By 11:30 seven uniformed and two plain clothes policemen had gathered in the locality, each armed with his wooden truncheon. Sergeant Bentley from Bishopsgate police station knocked at number 11, unaware that Piper had already done so, which alerted the gang. The door was answered by Gardstein, who made no response when Bentley asked if anyone was working there. Bentley asked him to fetch someone who spoke English; Gardstein left the door half-closed and disappeared inside. Bentley entered the hall with Sergeant Bryant and Constable Woodhams; as they could see the bottom of his trouser legs, they soon realised that someone was watching them from the stairs. The police asked the man if they could step into the back of the property, and he agreed. As Bentley moved forward, the back door opened and one of the gang exited, firing from a pistol as he did so; the man on the stairs also began firing. Bentley was shot in the shoulder and the neck—the second round severing his spine. Bryant was shot in the arm and chest and Woodhams was wounded in the leg, which broke his femur; both collapsed. Although they survived, neither Bryant or Woodhams fully recovered from their injuries.

As the gang exited the property and made to escape up the cul-de-sac, other police intervened. Sergeant Charles Tucker from Bishopsgate police station was hit twice, once in the hip and once in the heart by Peters: he died instantly. Choate grabbed Gardstein and wrestled for his gun, but the Russian managed to shoot him in the leg. Other members of the gang ran to Gardstein's assistance, shooting Choate twelve times in the process, but Gardstein was also wounded; as the policeman collapsed, Gardstein was carried away by his accomplices, who included Peters. As these men, aided by an unknown woman, made their escape with Gardstein they were accosted by Isaac Levy, a passer-by, whom they threatened at pistol-point. He was the only witness to the escape who was able to provide firm details; other witnesses confirmed they saw a group of three men and a woman, and thought one of the men was drunk as he was being helped by his friends. The group, which included Peters, went to Svaars' and Peter the Painter's lodgings at 59 Grove Street (now Golding Street), off Commercial Road, where Gardstein was tended by two of the gang's associates, Luba Milstein (Svaars' mistress) and Sara Trassjonsky. As they left Gardstein on the bed, Peters left his Dreyse pistol under the mattress, either to make it seem the wounded man was the one who had killed Tucker, or to enable him to defend himself against a possible arrest.

Other policemen arrived in Houndsditch, and began to attend to the wounded. Tucker's body was put into a taxi and he was taken to the London Hospital (now the Royal London Hospital) in Whitechapel Road. Choate was also taken there, where he was operated on, but he died at 5:30am on 17 December. Bentley was taken to St Bartholomew's Hospital. He was half-conscious on arrival, but recovered enough to be able to have a conversation with his pregnant wife and answer questions about the events. At 6:45pm on 17 December his condition worsened, and he died at 7:30. The killings of Tucker, Bentley and Choate remain one of the largest multiple murders of police officers carried out in Britain in peacetime.

Investigation, 17 December 1910 – 2 January 1911

The City of London police informed the Metropolitan force, as their protocol demanded, and both services issued revolvers to the detectives involved in the search. The subsequent investigation was challenging for the police because of the cultural differences between the British police and the largely foreign residents of the area covered by the search. The police did not have any Russian, Latvian or Yiddish speakers on the force.

In the early hours of the morning of 17 December Milstein and Trassjonsky became increasingly concerned as Gardstein's condition worsened, and they sent for a local doctor, explaining that their patient had been wounded accidentally by a friend. The doctor thought the bullet was still in the chest—it was later found to be touching the right ventricle of the heart. The doctor wanted to take Gardstein to the London Hospital, but he refused; with no other course open to him, the doctor sold them pain medication and left. The Russian was dead by 9:00 that morning. The doctor returned at 11:00am and found the body. He had not heard of the events at Exchange Buildings the night before, and so reported the death to the coroner, not the police. At midday the coroner reported the death to the local police who, led by Divisional Detective Inspector Frederick Wensley, went to Grove Street and discovered the corpse. Trassjonsky was in the next room when they entered, and she was soon found by the police, hastily burning papers; she was arrested and taken to the police headquarters at Old Jewry. Many of the papers recovered linked the suspects to the East End, particularly to the anarchist groups active in the area. Wensley, who had extensive knowledge of the Whitechapel area, subsequently acted as a liaison officer to the City of London force throughout the investigation.

Gardstein's body was removed to a local mortuary where his face was cleaned, his hair brushed, his eyes opened and his photograph taken. The picture, and descriptions of those who had helped Gardstein escape from Exchange Buildings, were distributed on posters in English and Russian, asking locals for information. About 90 detectives vigorously searched the East End, spreading details of those they were looking for. A local landlord, Isaac Gordon, reported one of his lodgers, Nina Vassilleva, after she had told him she had been one of the people living at Exchange Buildings. Wensley questioned the woman, finding anarchist publications in her rooms, along with a photograph of Gardstein. Information began to come in from the public and the group's associates: on 18 December Federoff was arrested at home, and on 22 December Dubof and Peters were both captured.

On 22 December a public memorial service took place for Tucker, Bentley and Choate at St Paul's Cathedral. King George V was represented by Edward Wallington, his Groom in Waiting; also present were Churchill and the Lord Mayor of London. The crime had shocked Londoners and the service showed evidence of their feelings. An estimated ten thousand people waited in St Paul's environs, and many local businesses closed as a mark of respect; the nearby London Stock Exchange ceased trading for half an hour to allow traders and staff to watch the procession along Threadneedle Street. After the service, when the coffins were being transported on an eight-mile (13 km) journey to the cemeteries, it was estimated that 750,000 people lined the route, many throwing flowers onto the hearses as they passed.

Identity parades were held at Bishopsgate police station on 23 December. Isaac Levy, who had seen the group leaving Exchange Buildings, identified Peters and Dubof as the two he had seen carrying Gardstein. It was also ascertained that Federoff had been witnessed at the events. The following day Federoff, Peters and Dubof all appeared at the Guildhall police court where they were charged with being connected to the murder of the three policemen, and with conspiracy to burgle the jewellery shop. All three pleaded not guilty.

On 27 December the poster bearing Gardstein's picture was seen by his landlord, who alerted police. Wensley and his colleagues visited the lodgings on Gold Street, Stepney and found knives, a gun, ammunition, false passports and revolutionary publications. Two days later there was another hearing at the Guildhall police court. In addition to Federoff, Peters and Dubof, present in the dock were Milstein and Trassjonsky. With some of the defendants having a low standard of English, interpreters were used throughout the proceedings. At the end of the day the case was adjourned until 6 January 1911.

On New Year's Day 1911 the body of Léon Beron, a Russian Jewish immigrant, was found on Clapham Common in South London. He had been badly beaten and two S-shaped cuts, both two inches long, were on his cheeks. The case became connected in the press with the Houndsditch murders and the subsequent events at Sidney Street, although the evidence at the time for the link was scant. The historian F G Clarke, in his history of the events, located information from another Latvian who stated that Beron had been killed not because he was one of the informers who had passed on information, but because he was planning to pass the information on, and the act was a pre-emptive one, designed to scare the locals into not informing on the anarchists.

The posters of Gardstein proved effective, and late on New Year's Day a member of the public came forward to provide information about Svaars and Sokoloff. The informant told police that the men were hiding at 100 Sidney Street, along with a lodger, Betty Gershon, who was Sokoloff's mistress. The informant was persuaded to visit the property the following day to confirm the two men were still present. A meeting took place on the afternoon of 2 January to decide the next steps. Wensley, high-ranking members of the Metropolitan force and Sir William Nott-Bower, the Commissioner of the City Police, were present.

Events of 3 January

Just after midnight on 3 January, 200 police officers from the City of London and Metropolitan forces cordoned off the area around 100 Sidney Street. Armed officers were placed at number 111, directly opposite number 100, and throughout the night the residents of the houses on the block were roused and evacuated. Wensley woke the ground floor tenants at number 100 and asked them to fetch Gershon, claiming that she was needed by her sick husband. When Gershon appeared she was grabbed by the police and taken to the City of London police headquarters; the ground floor lodgers also evacuated. Number 100 was now empty of all residents, apart from Svaars and Sokoloff, neither of whom seemed to be aware of the evacuation.

The police's operating procedure—and the law which governed their actions—meant they were unable to open fire without being fired upon first. This, along with the structure of the building, which had a narrow, winding stairwell up which police would have to pass, meant any approach to the gang members was too perilous to attempt. It was decided to wait until dawn before taking any action. At about 7:30am a policeman knocked on the door of number 100, which elicited no response; stones were then thrown at the window to wake the men. Svaars and Sokoloff appeared at the window and opened fire at the police. A police sergeant was wounded in the chest: he was evacuated under fire across the rooftops, and taken to the London Hospital. Some members of the police returned fire, but their guns were only effective over shorter ranges, and proved ineffective against the comparatively advanced automatic weapons of Svaars and Sokoloff.

By 9:00am it was apparent that the two gunmen possessed superior weapons and ample ammunition. The police officers in charge on the scene, Superintendent Mulvaney and Chief Superintendent Stark, contacted Assistant Commissioner Major Frederick Wodehouse at Scotland Yard. He telephoned the Home Office and obtained permission from Churchill to bring in a detachment of Scots Guards, who were stationed at the Tower of London. It was the first time that the police had requested military assistance in London to deal with an armed siege. Twenty-one volunteer marksmen from the Guards arrived at about 10:00am and took firing positions at each end of the street and in the houses opposite. The shooting continued without either side gaining any advantage.

Churchill arrived on the scene at 11:50am to observe the incident at first hand; he later reported that he thought the crowd were unwelcoming to him, as he heard people asking "Oo let 'em in?", in reference to the Liberal Party's immigration policy that had allowed the influx from Russia. Churchill's role during the siege is unclear. His biographers, Paul Addison and Roy Jenkins, both consider that he gave no operational commands to the police, but a Metropolitan police history of the event states that the events of Sidney Street were "a very rare case of a Home Secretary taking police operational command decisions". In a subsequent letter to The Times, Churchill clarified his role while he was present:

I did not interfere in any way with the dispositions made by the police authorities on the spot. I never overruled those authorities nor overrode them. From beginning to end the police had an absolutely free hand. ... I did not send for the Artillery or the Engineers. I was not consulted as to whether they should be sent for.

Shooting between the two sides reached a peak between 12:00 and 12:30pm, but at 12:50 smoke was seen coming from the building's chimneys and from the second floor windows; it has not been established how the fire was started, whether by accident or design. The fire slowly spread, and by 1:30 it had taken a firm hold and had spread to the other floors. A second detachment of Scots Guards arrived, bringing with them a Maxim machine gun, which was never used. Shortly afterwards Sokoloff put his head out of the window; he was shot by one of the soldiers and he fell back inside. The senior officer of the London Fire Brigade present on the scene sought permission to extinguish the blaze, but was refused. He approached Churchill in order to have the decision overturned, but the Home Secretary approved the police decision. Churchill later wrote:

I now intervened to settle this dispute, at one moment quite heated. I told the fire-brigade officer on my authority as Home Secretary that the house was to be allowed to burn down and that he was to stand by in readiness to prevent the conflagration from spreading.

By 2:30pm the shooting from the house had ceased. One of the detectives present walked close to the wall and pushed the door open, before retreating. Other police officers, and some of the soldiers, came out and waited for the men to exit. None did, and as part of the roof collapsed, it was clear to onlookers that the men were both dead; the fire brigade was allowed to start extinguishing the fire. At 2:40 Churchill left the scene, at about the time the Royal Horse Artillery arrived with two 13-pounder field artillery pieces. When the firemen entered the property to douse the flames, they soon located Sokoloff's body, which was extracted. A wall collapsed on a group of five  firemen, who were all taken to the London Hospital. One of the men, Superintendent Charles Pearson, had a fractured spine; he died six months after the siege as a result of his injuries. After shoring up the building, the firemen resumed their search of the premises. At around 6:30pm the second body—that of Svaars—was found; it was taken to the mortuary.

Aftermath

The siege was captured by Pathé News cameras—one of their earliest stories and the first siege to be captured on film—and it included footage of Churchill. When the newsreels were screened in cinemas, Churchill was booed with shouts of "shoot him" from audiences. His presence was controversial to many and the Leader of the Opposition, Arthur Balfour, remarked, "He [Churchill] was, I understand, in military phrase, in what is known as the zone of fire—he and a photographer were both risking valuable lives. I understand what the photographer was doing, but what was the right hon. Gentleman doing? That I neither understood at the time, nor do I understand now." Jenkins suggests that he went simply because "he could not resist going to see the fun himself".

An inquest was held in January into the deaths at Houndsditch and Sidney Street. The jury took fifteen minutes to reach the conclusion that the two bodies located were those of Svaars and Sokoloff, that Tucker, Bentley and Choate had been murdered by Gardstein and others during the burglary attempt. Rosen was arrested on 2 February at work in Well Street, Hackney, and Hoffman was taken into custody on 15 February. The committal proceedings spread from December 1910—with Milstein and Trassjonsky appearing—to March 1911, and included Hoffman from 15 February. The proceedings consisted of 24 individual hearings. In February Milstein was discharged on the basis that there was insufficient evidence against her; Hoffman, Trassjonsky and Federoff were released in March on the same basis.

The case against the four remaining arrested gang members was heard at the Old Bailey by Mr Justice Grantham in May. Dubof and Peters were accused of Tucker's murder, Dubof, Peters, Rosen and Vassilleva were charged with "feloniously harbouring a felon guilty of murder" and for "conspiring and agreeing together and with others unknown to break and enter the shop of Henry Samuel Harris with intent to steal his goods". The case lasted for eleven days; there were problems with the proceedings because of the language difficulties and the chaotic personal lives of the accused. The case resulted in acquittals for all except Vassilleva, who was convicted of conspiracy in the burglary and sentenced to two years' imprisonment; her conviction was overturned on appeal.

After the high levels of criticism aimed at the Aliens Act, Churchill decided to strengthen the legislation, and proposed the Aliens (Prevention of Crime) Bill under the Ten Minute Rule. The MP Josiah C Wedgwood objected, and wrote to Churchill to ask him not to introduce the hard-line measures "You know as well as I do that human life does not matter a rap in comparison with the death of ideas and the betrayal of English traditions." The bill did not become law.

Legacy

The inadequacy of the police's firepower led to criticism in the press, and on 12 January 1911 several alternative weapons were tested. The trials resulted in the Metropolitan Police replacing the Webley revolver with the Webley & Scott .32 calibre MP semi-automatic pistol later that year; the City of London Police adopted the weapon in 1912.

The members of the group dispersed after the events. Peter the Painter was never seen or heard from again. It was assumed he left the country, and there were several possible sightings in the years afterwards; none were confirmed. Jacob Peters returned to Russia, rose to be deputy head of the Cheka, the Soviet secret police, and was executed in Joseph Stalin's 1938 purge. Trassjonsky had a mental breakdown and was confined for a time at Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum. Her eventual fate and date of death are unknown. Dubof, Federoff and Hoffmann disappeared from the records; Vassilleva remained in the East End for the remainder of her life and died at Brick Lane in 1963. Smoller left the country in 1911 and travelled to Paris, after which he disappeared; Milstein later emigrated to the United States.

The siege was the inspiration for the final scene in Alfred Hitchcock's original 1934 version of The Man Who Knew Too Much; the story was heavily fictionalised in the 1960 film The Siege of Sidney Street. The siege was also the inspiration for two novels, The Siege of Sidney Street (1960) by F Oughton and A Death Out of Season (1973) by Emanuel Litvinoff.

In September 2008 Tower Hamlets London Borough Council named two tower blocks in Sidney Street, Peter House and Painter House; Peter the Painter was only involved in a minor capacity in the events and was not present at the siege. The name plaques on the buildings call Peter the Painter an "anti-hero"; the decision angered the Metropolitan Police Federation. A council spokesman said that "There is no evidence that Peter the Painter killed the three policemen, so we knew we were not naming the block after a murderer. ... but he is the name that East Enders associate with the siege and Sidney Street." In December 2010, on the centenary of the events at Houndsditch, a memorial plaque for the three murdered policemen was unveiled near the location. Three weeks later, on the anniversary of the siege, a plaque was unveiled in honour of Pearson, the fireman who died because the building collapsed on him.

Notes and references

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 The Siege of Sidney Street at Pathé News

Category:1910s murders in the United Kingdom
Category:1911 crimes in the United Kingdom
Category:1911 in London
Category:Battles and military actions in London
category:City of London Police
Category:Conflicts in 1911
Category:Deaths by firearm in England
Category:History of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
category:History of the Metropolitan Police
Category:January 1911 events
Category:Scots Guards
Sidney Street
Category:Stepney


Igor Lazić

Igor Lazić may refer to:

 Igor Lazič, Slovenian footballer
 Igor Lazić (footballer born 1967), Bosnian footballer
 Igor Lazić (ice hockey), Croatian ice hockey player
 Niggor (born Igor Lazić), Montenegrin hip-hop artist


HMS Saracen (1812)

HMS Saracen was launched in 1812 at Portsmouth for the British Royal Navy. She had an active, though brief, naval career during which she captured a number of enemy-held islands and enemy vessels. The navy sold her in 1819 and new owners employed her as a whaler for two voyages between 1819 and 1826. She was apparently wrecked in 1828 off the coast of Chile, but with little or no loss of life.

HMS Saracen
The Royal Navy commissioned Saracen in August 1812 under Commandeer John Harper. All he had available to him were his marines and "a few worn-out sailors, retained for harbour duty." On 21 August Sir Richard Bickerton, commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, ordered Harper to patrol off the coast. The next evening Saracen was some seven or eight miles off Beachy Head when Harper observed two large luggers chasing three well-laden British merchant vessels. After a short chase and some combat, Saracen succeeded in capturing the French privateer Coureur (or Courier), of Calais, by coming alongside and boarding her. Coureur was armed with 14 guns and had a crew of 50 men under the command of Captain Joreur. French casualties amounted to Joreur and two men wounded; Saracen had no casualties. Harper then returned with his prize to Portsmouth. He had too few men to man the prize, guard his prisoners, and still chase the second privateer. The prisoners reported that the second lugger was Honoria, of the same strength as Coureur. Coureur was a new vessel, and the two privateers were only eight hours out of Dieppe and had not captured anything when Saracen had appeared on the scene.

Once Saracen had  a full crew, Harper sailed her to the Mediterranean on 17 November. Initially Saracen convoyed merchant vessels sailing between Malta and the Archipelago. Harper was to operate from the Smyrna station, but he requested permission, which was granted, to sail to the Adriatic.

Saracens first exploit occurred 17 June 1813. During a dark and stormy night, Harper took her boats and a landing party of some 40 seamen and marines to capture Zupano. This was one of three small islands on which the French had placed a garrison to protect vessels sailing into Ragusa. Harper and his men were able to capture 39 French soldiers, though some 16 escaped. The British had to rely on bayonets in their attack as the rain had rendered their ammunition unserviceable. Still, in the 10 minute struggle they suffered only minor casualties. Harper dismissed and reorganized the national guard, dismissed the mayor, and appointed a local notable in his place.

After the loss of Zupano the French planned to reinforce their garrison on Mezzo, an island between Ragusa and Zupano. Harper and Captain Black, of , determined to forestall its reinforcement. On 17 July marines from both vessels landed and took possession of the town. The French retreated to a fortified castle on a hill, which the British then bombarded with a 12-pounder carronade they had brought from one of the ships. Harper had to leave for two days to go to Curzola. In his absence, Weazel's men established a battery of three brass guns on a point overlooking the castle. On 22 July, after his return, the British started firing on the castle. The French surrendered that afternoon.  The British captured five 9-pounder guns, a brass howitzer, munitions, and 59 men. The British freed their captives against their parole that they would not serve against the British until exchanged for an equal number of British prisoners. The capture of the island cost Saracen one man killed, and Weazle two men wounded.

Harper left the marines from Saracen and the brig , which had joined Saracen and put under Harper's orders, on Mezzo as a garrison. He also established a telegraph station on the island. After the loss of Zupano, the French general at Ragusa withdrew his men from Calamotta, the third of the Elaphiti Islands.

Harper and Saracen then extended the British blockade to Boca di Cattaro. Harper left a boat and eleven men to blockade Stagno and survey the coast. On 13 August a landing party from Saracen, Weazle, and Wizard landed at Boca di Cattaro and destroyed two batteries, one unfinished and the other armed with three 18-pounder guns that the landing party spiked and threw into the sea. The only two casualties were two men from Saracen, who were wounded.

Wizard and Weazle were needed elsewhere but Saracen remained, harassing the coast. Harper proceeded to use boats he had captured and Saracens boats to make night raids along the coast. To augment his forces after dark Harper would take the marines he had on Mezzo, leaving only a lame man behind to give the impression of activity, and would then return them before dawn. One night in September, Harper received intelligence that the French were moving some 50 bullocks by road from Ragusa under a weak escort. He took 20 men, all that he had available, landed them, drove off the escort, gathered the bullocks, put them on some fishing boats, and brought them to Saracen.

On 12 October the frigate , Captain Hoste, arrived off Ragusa. There three Sicilian gunboats and 50 soldiers joined him, as did Saracen. Harper took two of the gunboats, some boats from Saracen, and a combined force from Bacchante and Saracen and proceeded into the Boca. On the way he captured four gunboats, each armed with a 24-pounder gun (two also had an additional 12-pounder carronade in their sterns), after their local crews mutinied against the French. He then took his entire force, augmented by locals, and captured Fort St George.

On 16 October 1813, a party from Bacchante and Saracen, together with the Royal Corsican Rangers, captured Forts Epagnole and Castel Nuova. The two forts mounted some 25 carriage guns and had a combined garrison of 299 men.

After the capture of the four gunboats Harper had sent them on to Cattaro to blockade it from the sea while local volunteers blockaded it from the land. On 20 October Saracen anchored near Cattaro to besiege it. Bacchante left for a time leaving Harper and Saracen to maintain the siege.

Between 20 and 23 October a party from Saracen, with the assistance of 300 Croatians, captured Stagno. There they captured 12 guns and 52 men.

In November Harper proceeded to move an 18-poudner gun to the summit of Mount Theodore, overlooking Cattaro, finally succeeding on 23 December. Bacchante returned and the British were able to establish four batteries with which to bombard Fort St John at Cattaro. They commenced firing on Christmas Day. On 1 January 1814 two more batteries were brought into action. The British were preparing for an assault on 3 January when General Baron Gauthier, the French commander, offered to capitulate. The capitulation was signed on 5 January. In all, Bacchante and Saracen captured 130 guns and 900 men at Cattaro.

On 28 January Bacchante, Saracen, and 400 Austrians captured Ragusa. There they captured 138 guns and 500 men. The fall of Ragusa left the allies in command of Dalmatia, Croatia, Istria, Frioul, and all the islands in the Adriatic.

Saracen conveyed General Gauthier and his staff to Ancona. From there she sailed to Venice to join the blockade there. On 14 May Saracen sailed 12 miles up the canal and anchored near St Mark's. Harper and Saracen now received orders to sail to America. Before she left Harper received the Order of Leopold sent by the Emperor of Austria. Harper received promotion to post captain on 7 June, only finding out when he arrived at Gibraltar. Harper returned from North America on 26 October.

Commander Alexander Dixie (acting) replaced Harper in June 1814. Between 21 October and 6 November, and 29 November and 19 December 1814, Saracen was in the Chesapeake with a squadron and so shared in the proceeds of several captures. During the first period the squadron captured the schooners Franklin and Saucy Jack. During the second period the squadron captured goods from the transports Lloyd and Abeona, and the schooner Mary.

On 30 October, Saracen was at Saint Mary's River, Maryland. A raiding party from Saracen landed at St Inogoes and proceeded to plunder the Jesuit mission, known as St. Inigoes Manor, including St. Ignatius Church, which was a part of the manor at the time. When the raiding party returned, Dixie sent one of his lieutenants under a flag of truce to return what had been taken and to convey a letter of apology to the priests and residents of the settlement there.

During the winter of 1814-15, Saracen was still in the Chesapeake. One night, she slipped from her anchorage and destroyed 16 American vessels. She then sailed for the coast of France to participate in the effort to intercept Napoleon after his defeat at the battle of Waterloo. Saracen landed arms at Dieppe, where Dixie succeeded in establishing the White flag.

Dixie was still in command on 7 July 1815 at the capture of the French vessels Aimable Antoinette and Marie. Saracen, ,  and  all shared in the prize money. Admiralty records state that in August 1815 Commander John Gore assumed command at Bermuda. However, another source has Dixie paying her off on 9 September.

How Saracen got to Bermuda, when, and under whose command, is therefore unclear. Once Saracen arrived at Bermuda she then served either carrying dispatches across the Atlantic, or between Halifax and Bermuda. Saracen was paid off in 1817.

Disposal
The "Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy" offered the "Saracen brig, of 387 tons", lying at chatham, for sale on 22 July 1819. Saracen was sold on 18 August to William Wilkinson for £1,150.

Whaler
Saracen first appears in Lloyd's Register in the supplemental pages for 1819 and is listed as sailing between London and New South Wales. Various sources disagree about her launch year, place of launch, and burthen. The table below shows the information. There is enough overlap in the information to suggest that all refer to the same vessel.

Kerr sailed from Britain on 17 December 1819 with destination the New South Wales Fishery. She left Sydney for the South Sea on 16 June 1820. She left NSW again on 21 July 1821. In 1822 Saracen stopped at Uraga, Kanagawa, Japan, in where she received water, food, and firewood. On 23 January 1823 she was at  with 1300 barrels of sperm oil. She returned to Britain on 22 April 1823 with 700 casks of oil.

Saracen sailed on her second whaling voyage on 18 July 1823 with Dunn, master, and destination New Zealand and Timor. She was at Boavista on 19 August, and by 20 December at the Bay of Islands, but with no cargo yet. She was reported to have visited the coast of Japan in mid-1824, and then to be at Timor in September with 900 barrels. By 2 March 1825 she was at the Cape of Good Hope. A year later, while on her way to London, Saracen was blown out of the Cape of Good Hope on 6 March 1826 during a strong gale and lost anchors. She returned to Britain on 6 July 1826.

Fate
The entry in Lloyd's Register continues unchanged through 1828. However, a Saracen, Kenney, master, was reported to have been wrecked off the coast of Chile, the report appearing in Lloyd's List dated 26 August 1828. The master, crew, a woman, and four children were reported saved and to have arrived at Valdivia. An account of the wrecking adds a great deal of detail and reports that she had left Sydney on 3 February 1828, bound for Chile, and was wrecked on the coast there on 21 March 1828.

Saracen was no longer listed in the 1829 Lloyd's Register.

Notes, citations, and references
Notes

Citations

References
Force, William Quereau (1836) Army and Navy Chronicle, and Scientific Repository. Vol. 2, 1 January to 30 June 1836. (Washington City: B. Homans).
Hackman, Rowan (2001) Ships of the East India Company. (Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society).

Sissons, D.C.S. (2008) "The Voyage of the Cyprus Mutineers: Did They Ever Enter Japanese Waters?" Journal of Pacific History Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 253–265.

Category:1812 ships
Category:Brig-sloops of the Royal Navy
Category:Cruizer-class brig-sloops
Category:Whaling ships
Category:Maritime incidents in March 1828


Timeline of Halifax, Nova Scotia history

This timeline of the History of the Halifax Regional Municipality documents all events that had happened in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, including historical events in the former city of Dartmouth, the Town of Bedford and Halifax County. Events date back to the early-18th century and continue until the present in chronological order.

In this timeline, the name Halifax refers to former city of Halifax in events listed before 1996.

18th century
1713 – The Treaty of Utrecht.
1713-49 – Between the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 and 1749, no serious attempts were made by Great Britain to colonise Nova Scotia, aside from its presence at Annapolis Royal and infrequent sea and land patrols.
1717 – France began a 20-year effort to build a large fortified seaport at Louisbourg on present-day Cape Breton Island which was intended as a naval base for protecting the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and extensive fishing grounds on the Grand Banks.
1745 – Fortress of Louisbourg fell to a New England-led force.
1746 – Admiral Jean-Batiste, De Roye de la Rochefoucauld, Duc d'Anville, was dispatched by the King of France in command of the Duc d’Anville Expedition. He was dispatched to undermine the English position in the new world, specifically at Louisbourg, Annapolis Royal, and most likely the eastern seaboard of the Thirteen Colonies.
1749 – Halifax was founded on June 21 and shortly after Father Le Loutre's War begins with Mi'kmaq Raid on Dartmouth (1749)
 1749 - Fort Sackville established
1750 – Halifax Farmers' Market founded.
1750 – Dartmouth founded, raids on Dartmouth, raids on Halifax (see Father Le Loutre's War)
1751 - Raid on Dartmouth (1751); raids on Halifax (see Father Le Loutre's War)
1752 – Halifax Gazette founded.
1753 - Mi'kmaq raid on Halifax (see Father Le Loutre's War)
1754 - On January 14th, creation of the Union Fire-Club, the first organized fire company in Canada.
1758 – Halifax provided the base for the capture of Louisbourg and operated as a major naval base for the remainder of the war.
1758 – The Sambro Island Lighthouse was constructed at the harbour entrance to develop the port city's merchant and naval shipping.
1759 – A permanent Naval Yard was established.
1768 - HMS Halifax built, the first warship constructed in Halifax.
1775 – The government did not have enough money to pay for oil for the Sambro lighthouse. The militia was unable to maintain a guard, and was disbanded.
1775 – Provisions were so scarce during the winter of 1775 that Quebec had to send flour to feed the town.  While Halifax was remote from the troubles in the rest of the American colonies, martial law was declared in November 1775 to combat lawlessness.
1776 – On March 30, General William Howe arrived, having been driven from Boston by rebel forces. He brought with him 200 officers, 3000 men, and over 4,000 loyalist refugees, and demanded housing and provisions for all.
1782 Naval battle off Halifax
 1793 - Population: 4,000 people (approximate).
1794 – By 1794, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, was sent to take command of Nova Scotia.
1800 – Though the Duke left in 1800, the city's prosperity continued to grow throughout the Napoleonic Wars and War of 1812.

19th century
1802 – Saint Mary's University was founded as an elementary school. Saint Mary's was upgraded to a college following the establishment of Dalhousie in 1818; both were initially located in the downtown central business district before relocating to the then-outskirts of the city in the south end near the Northwest Arm.
1812 – Although Halifax was never attacked during the War of 1812, due to the overwhelming military presence in the city, many Naval engagements occurred off the Halifax station. Most dramatic was the victory of the Halifax-based British frigate HMS Shannon which captured the American frigate USS Chesapeake and brought her to Halifax as prize. As well, an invasion force which attacked Washington in 1813, and burned the Capitol and White House was sent from Halifax.
1815 – In the peace after 1815, the city suffered an economic malaise for a few years, aggravated by the move of the Royal Naval yard to Bermuda in 1818.
1818 - Dalhousie University was first established as a non-sectarian college in 1818 by the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie.
1842 – The incorporation of the City of Halifax, followed by the direct election of civic politicians by Haligonians.
1842 – Halifax became a hotbed of political activism as the winds of responsible government swept British North America during the 1840s, following the rebellions against oligarchies in the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada.
1848 – The first instance of responsible government in the British Empire was achieved by the colony of Nova Scotia in January-February 1848 through the efforts of Howe.
1868-75 – The leaders of the fight for responsible or self-government later took up the Anti-Confederation fight, the movement that from 1866 to 1875 tried to keep Nova Scotia out of Confederation.
1850s – Howe was a heavy promoter of railway technology, having been a key instigator in the founding of the Nova Scotia Railway, which ran from Richmond in the city's north end to the Minas Basin at Windsor and to Truro and on to Pictou on the Northumberland Strait.
1870s – Halifax became linked by rail to Moncton and Saint John through the Intercolonial Railway and on into Quebec and New England, not to mention numerous rural areas in Nova Scotia.
1887 – The Victorian College of Art was founded (later to become the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design.)
1896 – Halifax Armoury opened.

20th century
1901 – Halifax and Southwestern Railway opened.
1906 – After confederation Halifax retained its British military garrison until British troops were replaced by the Canadian army in 1906. The British Royal Navy remained until 1910 when the newly created Royal Canadian Navy took over the Naval Dockyard.
1912 - Halifax responded to the tragedy of the RMS Titanic disaster, serving as a hub for recovery operations of the bodies still floating in the North Atlantic. John Snow & Son Undertakers on Argyle Street helped to bury the bodies, 150 in all were interred in the city's cemeteries, 121 of them at Fairview Lawn Cemetery.
1914 – Halifax began playing a major role in the First World War, both as the departure point for Canadian Soldiers heading overseas, and as an assembly point for all convoys (a responsibility which would be placed on the city again during WW2).
1917 – In November, a subway system was presented to City Hall, but the city did not pursue the scheme.
1917 – Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6.
1920s – War Plan Red, a military strategy developed by the United States Army during the mid-1920s and officially withdrawn in 1939, involved an occupation of Halifax by US forces following a poison gas first strike, to deny the British a major naval base and cut links between Britain and Canada.
1928 – Halifax Forum built.
1930s – The harbour's strategic location made the city the base for the famous and successful salvage tug Foundation Franklin which brought lucrative salvage jobs to the city in the 1930s.
1945 – Halifax Riot on VE Day.
1958 – Halifax Grammar School established.
1960 – Halifax Stanfield International Airport built.
1969 – The late 1960s was a period of significant change and expansion of the city when surrounding areas of Halifax County were amalgamated into Halifax: Rockingham, Clayton Park, Fairview, Armdale, and Spryfield were all added in 1969.
1974-2008 – The Daily News (Halifax) published.
1981 – Metro Transit (Halifax) founded.
1988-93 – Halifax Citadels operated.
1995 – The city hosted the G8 summit of the world's major economic powers.
1995 – An Act to Incorporate the Halifax Regional Municipality received Royal Assent in the provincial legislature and the Halifax Regional Municipality was created in 1996.
1996 – Halifax Regional Municipality, or "HRM" (as it is commonly called) was created on April 1, 1996.
1996 – Halifax Regional Fire and Emergency created.

21st century
2001 – The United Nations report has called for reparations be paid to the Black community of Africville. During the 1960s and 1970s period of expansion and urban renewal, the Black community of Africville was demolished and its residents displaced to clear land for industrial use as well as for the A. Murray MacKay Bridge.
2010 - Africville Apology

See also

List of years in Canada
List of people from the Halifax Regional Municipality

Notes

Category:History of Halifax, Nova Scotia
Halifax


Tragiella

Tragiella is a genus of plant of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1919. It is native to Africa.

Species
 Tragiella anomala (Prain) Pax & K.Hoffm. - Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia
 Tragiella frieseana (Prain) Pax & K.Hoffm. - Zambia
 Tragiella natalensis (Sond.) Pax & K.Hoffm. - South Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga
 Tragiella pyxostigma Radcl.-Sm. - Tanzania

formerly included
moved to Dalechampia
Tragiella pavoniifolia Chiov. - Dalechampia pavoniifolia (Chiov.) M.G.Gilbert - Somalia

References

Category:Euphorbiaceae genera
Category:Plukenetieae
Category:Flora of Africa


Ards Forest Park

Ards Forest Park is a park in County Donegal, Ireland.

History and Location

The forest park is situated on the small Ards Peninsula. It sits on the shores of Sheephaven Bay on the northern coastline of County Donegal, Ireland. It's to be found on the N56 road, between Creeslough and Dunfanaghy. Ards Forest Park was formerly part of the Ards Estate, a country estate purchased by Alexander Stewart in the 1780s. The Ards Estate, centered on Ards House (demolished in the early 1960s), was owned by the Stewart family up until the early 1930s. The last member of the Stewart family to own the estate was Lady Ena Stewart-Bam, who inherited from her grandfather around 1904. She was the wife of Lt. Col. Sir Pieter C. van B. Stewart-Bam, Kt., O.B.E., a South African soldier, politician and businessman whom she married in 1910. Today, the forest park is 481 hectares in area and contains a range of wildlife and plant forms. It also has nature walks, sandy beaches, viewing points as well as a picnic and play area. The forest park is now owned by Coillte, a State body.

Ards Coffee Tree

Ards Coffee Tree aims to provide a relaxed and friendly snack outlet for all the visitors to Ards Forest Park. Run by locals that have a passion for the visitor experience to the Park. All details can be found on Facebook page or Twitter @ardscoffeetree

Sights within the park

Ards Forest Park has many features of historical and archaeological interest. The remains of four ringforts and a number of megalithic tombs are to be seen in the park.  Legend has it that these were the beds of Diarmuid and Gráinne in their flight from Fionn Mac Cumhaill.  There is also a well called the Ague Well, which is alleged to be holy and have remedial powers; it can be seen on Bealach na hArdaigh walk. On the same walk there is a Mass rock.  Mass was celebrated here in defiance of the Penal Laws. There is also a car park and a children's play area.

Just outside the forest park, at Ballymore on its northern border, is Clondehorky Parish Church, a fine Church of Ireland church built in the Georgian style in the mid-18th-century. The small parish church overlooks the N56 road, being located between Creeslough and Port-na-Blagh. It may have been designed by Micheal Priestly. Directly opposite the church's main gate is Ballymore Arch, built for the Stewart family in the 19th-century to improve access from the church to Ards House, which was several miles distant at the edge of the small Ards Peninsula.

Forest walks

Ards Forest Park has many signposted forest walks integrating the main features of the park. These include the Ards Heritage Trail, which is around 3.5 km long, the Nature Trail and the Green Trail, which are both approximately 3 km long, and the Red Trail, which is 13 km long, though this walk does give provisions for a shortcut back to the starting point should it be needed.  There are various viewing points on the walks and trails with views of the surrounding countryside.

External links

 Official County Donegal Portal
 Creeslough Home Page
 Coillte

Category:Parks in County Donegal
Category:Forests and woodlands of the Republic of Ireland
Category:Mass rocks


Gus Bell

David Russell "Gus" Bell Jr. (November 15, 1928 – May 7, 1995) was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball from 1950 through 1964, who played with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets and Milwaukee Braves. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

In his 15-year MLB career, Bell was a .281 hitter with 1,823 hits, 311 doubles, 66 triples, 206 home runs and 942 runs batted in in 1,741 games played. Defensively, he recorded a career .985 fielding percentage at all three outfield positions. He was nicknamed "Gus" as a youngster because he was a fan of longtime MLB player Gus Mancuso.

Family
A native of Louisville, Kentucky, and graduate of Bishop Benedict Joseph Flaget High School, Bell was the oldest member of a rare three-generation major league family. His son, Buddy, has been a third baseman, coach, manager and front-office executive in the majors, and his grandsons, David and Mike, are both former infielders who have remained in baseball after their playing careers as coaches, managers or player development officials. Gus Bell wore uniform #25 during his nine years with the Cincinnati Reds (known as the "Redlegs" from 1953–58); Buddy Bell wore 25 in tribute to his father during much of his playing and managing career, including his tenure with the Reds. David, named manager of the Reds in , carried on the tradition when he took Cincinnati uniform #25 as well.

Career

Pittsburgh Pirates
Bell played for the Pirates from  through . On June 4, 1951, he hit for the cycle against the Philadelphia Phillies. In 2004, his grandson David hit for the cycle; Gus Bell and David Bell are the only grandfather-grandson duo in major league history to hit for the cycle.

Cincinnati Redlegs/Reds
With Cincinnati from  through , Bell was a four-time National League All-Star selection (1953–54, 1956–57). He enjoyed his best seasons in 1953, when he hit .300 with 30 home runs and 105 RBI, and , batting .308 with 27 home runs and 104 RBI. Four times, he recorded more than 100 RBI in a season and hit 103 home runs from 1953 to .

Bell hit home runs in three consecutive at-bats on May 29, 1956. During the 1956 season, Bell, Ted Kluszewski and Bob Thurman became the second trio of teammates each to have three-home run games in the same season. The feat had been accomplished by the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1950 (Duke Snider, Roy Campanella and Tommy Brown) and subsequently was equally by the Cleveland Indians in 1987 (Cory Snyder, Joe Carter and Brook Jacoby).

In , Bell and six of his teammates – Ed Bailey, Johnny Temple, Roy McMillan, Don Hoak, Wally Post and Frank Robinson — were voted to the National League All-Star starting lineup, the result of a ballot stuffing campaign by Cincinnati fans. Bell remained on the team as a reserve, but Post was taken off altogether. Bell and Post were replaced as starters by Hank Aaron and Willie Mays. Bell entered the game as a pinch hitter for Robinson in the seventh and drove in both Mays and Bailey with a double against Early Wynn.

Bell's last season as a regular outfielder was , when he started 122 of the Reds' 154 games. In 1961, his final year with Cincinnati, he was a part-time player (starting 54 games) on the Reds' first pennant-winning team in 21 years. In the 1961 World Series, Bell was called on to pinch hit in Games 3, 4 and 5 and went hitless in three at bats. One day after the conclusion of the Fall Classic, won by the New York Yankees four games to one, Bell was the eighth overall selection in the primary phase of the National League expansion draft by the New York Mets.

New York Mets
Bell started the  season with the Mets, and on April 11, 1962, he was the starting right fielder in the Mets' inaugural game. He became the first base runner in Met history after hitting a single in the second inning of an 11–4 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals. But he collected only 15 hits in 101 at bats (.149) in 30 games with the expansion club.

Milwaukee Braves
On May 21, 1962, Bell was sent to Milwaukee to complete a November 1961 transaction in which the Mets acquired veteran slugger Frank Thomas. He batted .285 in 79 games (with 53 games started as an outfielder) to raise his 1962 season average to .241. But he had only six more MLB at bats as a Brave in 1963–64 until he was released on May 12, 1964, during the roster cutdown then in effect in the major leagues.

Post-playing career
Bell was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1964. After his playing career, he worked for an auto dealership, ran a temporary employment agency, and was a scout for the Cleveland Indians and Texas Rangers. Bell died in May 1995, at Bethesda North Hospital near Cincinnati; he had recently had a heart attack. He was survived by seven children and 36 grandchildren.

On what would have been Bell's 83rd birthday – November 15, 2011 – he was inducted into the Louisville Catholic Sports Hall of Fame, with a speech by his grandson David.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
 List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

References

External links

Gus Bell at The Deadball Era

Category:1928 births
Category:1995 deaths
Category:Albany Senators players
Category:American Roman Catholics
Category:Baseball players from Kentucky
Category:Cincinnati Redlegs players
Category:Cincinnati Reds players
Category:Cleveland Indians scouts
Category:Hollywood Stars players
Category:Indianapolis Indians players
Category:Keokuk Pirates players
Category:Leesburg Pirates players
Category:Major League Baseball center fielders
Category:Major League Baseball right fielders
Category:Milwaukee Braves players
Category:National League All-Stars
Category:New York Mets players
Category:Pittsburgh Pirates players
Category:Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
Category:Texas Rangers scouts


Acleris argyrograpta

Acleris argyrograpta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Vietnam.

References

Category:Moths described in 2003
argyrograpta
Category:Moths of Asia


Zandaakhüügiin Enkhbold

Zandaakhüügiin Enkhbold (, born May 23, 1966 in Ulaanbaatar) was the chairman or speaker of the State Great Khural from 2012 to 2016. He spent his childhood in Selenge Province. He was educated at Ural State University in Russia as an electrical engineer with a concentration on automation and telemetry from 1984 to 1989. Later, he earned a diploma of law from the National University of Mongolia in 1996 and graduated with an IMBA from the University of Denver in 2004.

Although he joined the pro-democracy movement in late 1989 and the Mongolian Social Democratic Party in 1990, Enkhbold emerged on the political scene in 1996 when he was appointed as the Chairman of State Property Committee, the government agency responsible for the administration of the privatization process in Mongolia.

After electoral defeat in 2000, Enkhbold was elected as secretary-general of the Democratic Party (Mongolia) (DP). However, he resigned from his post after the DP lost the 2001 presidential election. Enkhbold assumed his seat in parliament from Övörkhangai Province in 2005. He was one of three sponsors of the controversial Windfall Profits Tax that was abolished when the Mongolian government signed an Investment Agreement for the Oyu Tolgoi mine. During his third parliamentary term, he served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee on Security and Foreign Policy from 2008-2011.

Enkhbold has been perceived and has maintained his image as a brave, honest, and disinterested politician. Unlike most leaders in the DP, he has been much less involved in deals between the DP and the Mongolian People's Party (MPP) since 2004 and did not serve as a cabinet member in the coalition governments of 2004 and 2008. Moreover, Enkhbold has often come to public attention through his questions and statements about misconduct of politicians, often including fellow DP members.

In 2012, Enkhbold founded “Shonkhor” (Falcon), an influential faction within the DP. Enkhbold was a co-author of the new parliamentary election law of early 2012 that introduced a mix of majoritarian districts and proportional representation, a women's quota for candidates, electronic counting of ballots, and more stringent requirements for candidates and party platforms.

In the June 2012 election, the DP listed him second on its proportional representation party list. Following the DP victory he has become Speaker of Parliament.

He was unseated in the June 2016 election.

References

Category:1966 births
Category:Living people
Category:National University of Mongolia alumni
Category:Democratic Party (Mongolia) politicians
Category:Speakers of the State Great Khural
Category:People from Ulaanbaatar
Category:Ural State University alumni


Cicero, Illinois

Cicero (originally known as Hawthorne) is a suburb of Chicago and an incorporated town in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 83,891 at the 2010 census. As of 2018, the town had a total population of 81,597, making it the 11th largest municipality in Illinois. The town of Cicero is named after Marcus Tullius Cicero, a Roman statesman and orator.

History
Originally, Cicero Township occupied an area six times the size of its current territory. Weak political leadership and town services resulted in cities such as Oak Park and Berwyn voting to split off from Cicero, and other portions, such as Austin, were annexed into the city of Chicago.

By 1911, an aerodrome called the Cicero Flying Field had been established as the town's first aircraft facility of any type, located on a roughly square plot of land about 800 meters (1/2-mile) per side, on then-open ground at  by the Aero Club of Illinois, founded on February 10, 1910.  Famous pilots like Hans-Joachim Buddecke, Lincoln Beachey, Chance M. Vought and others flew from there at various times during the "pioneer era" of aviation in the United States shortly before the nation's involvement in World War I, before the field closed in mid-April 1916.

Al Capone built his criminal empire in Chicago before moving to Cicero to escape the reach of Chicago police. The 1924 Cicero municipal elections were particularly violent due to gang-related efforts to secure a favorable election result.

On July 11–12, 1951, a race riot erupted in Cicero when a mob of around 4,000 attacked and burned an apartment building at 6139 W. 19th Street that housed the African-American family of Harvey Clark Jr., a Chicago Transit Authority bus driver who had relocated to the then-all-white city. Governor Adlai E. Stevenson was forced to call out the Illinois National Guard. The Clarks moved away, and the building had to be boarded up. The Cicero riot received worldwide condemnation.

Cicero was taken up and abandoned several times as site for a civil rights march in the mid-1960s. Cicero had a sundown town policy prohibiting African Americans from living in the city. The American Friends Service Committee, Martin Luther King, Jr., and many affiliated organizations, including churches, were conducting marches against housing and school de facto segregation and inequality in Chicago and several suburbs, but the leaders feared too violent a response in Chicago Lawn and Cicero. Eventually, a substantial march (met by catcalls, flying bottles and bricks) was conducted in Chicago Lawn, but only a splinter group, led by Jesse Jackson, marched in Cicero. The marches in the Chicago suburbs helped galvanize support for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 in 1968, extending federal prohibitions against discrimination to private housing. The act also created the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity, which enforces the law.

The 1980s and 1990s saw a heavy influx of Hispanic (mostly Mexican and Central American) residents to Cicero. Once considered mainly a Czech or Bohemian town, most of the European-style restaurants and shops on 22nd Street (now Cermak Road) have been replaced by Spanish-titled businesses. In addition, Cicero has a small black community.

Cicero has seen a revival in its commercial sector, with many new mini-malls and large retail stores. New condominiums are also being built in the city.

Cicero has long had a reputation of government scandal. Most recently, Town President Betty Loren-Maltese was sent to federal prison for misappropriating $12 million in funds.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Cicero has a total area of , all land.
Cicero formerly ran from Harlem Avenue to Western Avenue and Pershing Road to North Avenue; however, much of this area was annexed by Chicago.

Landmarks
St. Mary of Czestochowa, a Neo-Gothic church built in the Polish Cathedral style along with the sculpture of Christ the King by famed sculptor Professor Czesław Dźwigaj, who also cast the monumental bronze doors at St. Hyacinth's Basilica in Chicago. The church's other claim to fame is as the site of Al Capone's sister Mafalda's wedding in 1930.
J. Sterling Morton High School, East Campus, also known as Morton East High School, was built in 1894. The original school was destroyed by fire in 1924, and the current building was constructed. Located at 2423 S. Austin Blvd, Morton East serves residents of Cicero.
Chodl Auditorium, located inside Morton East High School, was built in 1924 (completed 1927) to replace the 1,200-seat auditorium which was destroyed by fire. The auditorium was originally a dual-purpose room, serving as a gymnasium for students, and was originally built for this purpose. In 1967 the school stopped using the auditorium as a gymnasium. Chodl Auditorium is among the largest non-commercial proscenium theatres in the Chicago Metropolitan Area and is listed with the National Register of Historic Places.
Hawthorne Works Tower, one of the original towers of the enormous Western Electric manufacturing plant that once stood east of Cicero Avenue, is still located behind the Hawthorne Works Shopping Center near the corner of Cermak Road (22nd Street) and Cicero Avenue.
Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame.

Racetracks
On the south side of Cicero, there were two racetracks. Hawthorne Race Course, located in Cicero and Stickney, is a horse racing track still in operation.  Just north of it was Chicago Motor Speedway at Sportsman's Park, which was formerly Sportsman's Park Racetrack (for horse racing) for many years.  This Sportsman's Park facility is now closed, acquired by the Town of Cicero, and has since been demolished. Facilities of the Wirtz Beverage Group have been built on the west half and a Walmart built on the east half.

Demographics

{| class="mbox-small" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9;"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center;border-top:none;"| Demographics (2010)
|-
| White| African American| Asian|-
| 51.9%
| 3.8%
| 0.6%
|-
| Islander| Native| Other| Hispanic(any race)'|-
| 0.1%
| 0.8%
| 42.8%
| 89.6%
|}
As of the 2010 census, 83,891 people, 22,101 households, and 17,752 families resided in the town. The population density was 14,315.9 people per square mile (5,527.4/km²). There were 24,329 housing units at an average density of 4,151.7 per square mile (1,600.6/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 51.9% White (9.2% Non-Hispanic white), 3.8% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander American, 39.3% some other race, and 3.5% from two or more races. 89.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, with 80.2% of Mexican descent.

There were 22,101 households, out of which 57.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were headed by married couples living together, 17.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 15.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.79, and the average family size was 4.19.

The age distribution at the 2010 census was 33.8% under the age of 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males. Of the total population, 50.9% are male and 49.1% are female.

As of the 2011 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the town was $39,557, and the median income for a family was $42,235. Male full-time workers had a median income of $31,603 versus $31,117 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,339. About 15.6% of families and 18.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.9% of those under age 18 and 16.2% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2011, 52.5% of occupied housing units were owned properties, and 47.5% were rentals. There were 4,667 vacant housing units. The average age of home properties was greater than 66 years.

The top five non-Hispanic ancestries reported in Cicero as of the 2000 census were Polish (4.7%), Irish (3.7%), German (3.7%), Italian (3.0%) and Czech (2.3%).

Cicero is a factory town.  As of 1999, about a quarter of the city contained one of the greatest industrial concentrations in the world.  There were more than 150 factories in , producing communications and electronic equipment, printing presses, steel castings, tool and die makers' supplies, forging and rubber goods.

Government
Most of Cicero is in Illinois' 4th congressional district; the area south of the railroad at approximately 33rd Street is in the 3rd district.

The United States Postal Service operates the Cicero Post Office at 2440 South Laramie Avenue.

Education
Cicero is served by Cicero Elementary School District 99 and comprises 17 schools, making it one of the largest public school districts outside of Chicago. Elementary students attend the following schools, depending on residency: Burnham (K-6), Cicero East (4-6), Cicero West (K-3), Columbus East (4-6), Columbus West (K-6), Drexel (K-6), Goodwin (K-6), Liberty (K-3), Lincoln (K-6), McKinley (K-3), Roosevelt (3-6), Sherlock (currently under construction) (K-3), Warren Park (K-3), Wilson (K-6), Woodbine (K-3), and Unity Junior High (7-8), which
is separated into East/West sections. East side being held for eighth graders & seventh graders on the West side. Unity is the second largest middle school in the country. High school students entering their freshman year attend the Freshman Center and then continue high school at Morton East of the J. Sterling Morton High School District 201.

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates two preK-8 schools in Cicero:
 Our Lady of Charity School
 St. Frances of Rome School

From 1927 until 1972, Cicero was the home of Timothy Christian School.

Cicero is also home to Morton College.

Infrastructure
Transportation
Cicero is served by two major railroad lines, the BNSF Railway and the Belt Line Railroad. Public Transportation is provided by Metra BNSF Railway Line between Aurora and Chicago's Union Station with a stop near Cicero Avenue and 26th Street. Currently, this station is undergoing a much needed reconstruction and expansion by Metra. Also, the CTA Pink Line provides daily service from the  terminal to the Loop. Its  station is also located in Cicero. Pace routes 302 Ogden/Stanley, 315 Austin Boulevard, 316 Laramie Avenue, and 322 Cermak Road/22nd Street, and CTA routes 12 Roosevelt, 18 16th/18th, 21 Cermak, 35 31st/35th, 54 Cicero, 54B South Cicero, and 60 Blue Island/26th make up Cicero's bus routes.
Fire department
Cicero is served by the Cicero Fire Department (CFD), with a staff of 68 professional firefighters and 24 paramedics. The CFD operates out of three fire stations.

In popular culture
Cicero is mentioned as the hometown of Jimmy McGill/Saul Goodman and his brother Chuck McGill in Better Call Saul.
 JoBe Cerny, an actor from Cicero, is the voice of the Pillsbury Doughboy.
 The American Breed, a rock band known for its hit "Bend Me, Shape Me," originated in Cicero.
In the musical Chicago Velma Kelly mentions Cicero in the number "Cell Block Tango" as the location of the hotel where she murdered her husband Charlie and sister Veronica.
In Walker Percy's novel Love in the Ruins, the schismatic American Catholic church establishes Cicero, Illinois as its "new Rome."
In Bertolt Brecht's The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui'', Cicero is annexed by Chicago, as a satirical allegory for the Nazi annexation of Austria.
In Guys and Dolls, the Chicago-area gangster "Big Julie" claims to be from "East Cicero, Illinois" (and pronounces the final "s" on Illinois).
In the 1948 film noir Sorry, Wrong Number, the story takes place in New York City but in flash-backs recounted by several characters we learn that the story actually begins in Chicago and Cicero.  The female character Leona Cotterel (Barbara Stanwyck) is the rich, spoiled daughter of the owner of a pharmaceutical company located in Cicero.  She lives with her father in a Chicago mansion.  A few years later, after she marries, the story moves to Bayonne, New Jersey, and ends in Manhattan and Staten Island.

References

External links

This American Life episode about Cicero, released 3/16/01
Extensive historical coverage of gang activity and racial issues in Cicero

Category:1867 establishments in Illinois
Category:Chicago metropolitan area
Category:Populated places established in 1867
Category:Towns in Cook County, Illinois
Category:Towns in Illinois
Category:Sundown towns in Illinois


Matthew d'Ancona

Matthew Robert Ralph d'Ancona (born 27 January 1968) is an English journalist.  A former deputy editor of The Sunday Telegraph, he was appointed editor of The Spectator in February 2006, a post he retained until August 2009.

Early life and education
D'Ancona's father, a Maltese tennis champion of Italian descent, moved to England to study and played youth football for Newcastle United before becoming a civil servant. His mother was an English teacher.

D'Ancona was educated at St Dunstan's College, an independent school for boys (now co-educational) in Catford in south London, where he was head boy.  He also won an essay-writing competition run by The Observer on the subject of the future of British industry.  He went to Magdalen College at the University of Oxford, where he took the top First in Modern History for his year in 1989.  The same year, he was elected a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.

Life and career
After a year studying medieval confession, d'Ancona joined the magazine Index on Censorship, before proceeding to The Times as a trainee. There he rose swiftly to become education correspondent and then assistant editor at the age of 26.

He joined The Sunday Telegraph in 1996 as deputy comment editor and columnist, before becoming deputy editor. He wrote a weekly political column in The Sunday Telegraph for a decade, in which role he was "treated as the best insight into Cameronism by Conservative MPs". He succeeded Boris Johnson as editor of The Spectator. On 28 August 2009 it was announced that d'Ancona would be stepping down as editor to be replaced by Fraser Nelson.

While not himself a believer, d'Ancona is also the co-author of two books on early Christian theology, The Jesus Papyrus and The Quest for the True Cross. He has written three novels, Going East, Tabatha's Code and Nothing to Fear. D'Ancona has also written several articles for the British political magazine Prospect.

In January 2015, d'Ancona joined The Guardian as a weekly columnist. He also writes columns for the Evening Standard, GQ and The New York Times.

He is chairman of the liberal Conservative think tank, Bright Blue, a trustee of the Science Museum and a Visiting Research Fellow at Queen Mary University of London.

References

External links
Journalisted - Articles written by Matthew d'Ancona

Category:Living people
Category:1968 births
Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Category:English male journalists
Category:English magazine editors
Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Category:People educated at St Dunstan's College
Category:The Spectator editors
Category:British people of Maltese descent


Ōnishiki Uichirō

Ōnishiki Uichirō (大錦 卯一郎, November 25, 1891 – May 13, 1941) was a sumo wrestler. He was the sport's 26th yokozuna. On November 2, 1922, he became the first yokozuna to perform the yokozuna dohyō-iri at the Meiji Shrine.

Biography
He was born Uichiro Hosokawa, in Osaka on November 25, 1891.

He trained under former yokozuna Hitachiyama Taniemon, joining his Dewanoumi stable. He was promoted to the top makuuchi division in January 1915. After finishing the May 1915 tournament with a 9–1 record at the komusubi rank, he was promoted to ōzeki. He won his first yūshō or championship with a perfect 10–0 record in the January 1917 tournament and was promoted to yokozuna. He reached the top yokozuna rank after only five tournaments, which is the all-time record.

He lost only 16 bouts in his entire career. He won five top division tournament championships and was runner-up in four others. He was very smart in comparison with most sumo wrestlers of his era, and so he was very strong and recorded the high winning percentage of 88.1. He also recorded only three draws.

However, his career suddenly ended. In January 1923, sumo wrestlers went on strike against the Tokyo Sumo Association. The walkout is called Mikawajima-Incident (三河島事件, Mikawajima-Jiken). Ōnishiki attempted to mediate, but failed. After police intervention, the striking wrestlers achieved their demands of better retirement pay. Because he felt responsibility for the incident, he retired from being an active sumo wrestler and left the sumo world. He was critical about tradition in the sumo world.

After his retirement, he entered Waseda University. After the graduation, he worked at the Hochi Shimbun as a sumo essayist. He died on May 13, 1941.

Top Division Record

See also
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of sumo tournament top division champions
List of sumo tournament second division champions
List of yokozuna

References

Category:1891 births
Category:1941 deaths
Category:Japanese sumo wrestlers
Category:Yokozuna
Category:People from Osaka
Category:Sumo people from Osaka Prefecture
Category:Waseda University alumni
Category:Place of death missing


Gorji Sara

Gorji Sara (, also Romanized as Gorjī Sarā; also known as Gach Sarā) is a village in Kelarabad Rural District, Kelarabad District, Abbasabad County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 251, in 75 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Abbasabad County


Tardona

Tardona is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Northern Hungary, about  from the county capital Miskolc.

History

Tardona was first mentioned in written documents in 1240 as Turduna, it was most likely a village of Castle Dédes. During the 14th century, the settlement along with Castle Dédes got into the hands of the Palóczi Family.

Reformed Church of Tardona

The Reformed Church of Tardona was built between 1786 and 1788 with the tower being finished later in 1811. On 19 October 1875, the original Church has burned down along with all the other buildings of the Church.
Most of the important documents about the settlement were kept in the church this event lead to the lack of information about the settlements past.
The church was later rebuilt, and in 1924, its tower was rebuilt to be the today known 24meters tall.

The bells of Tardona

The larger bell was made by Ráfael Szlezák in 1954. It weighs 206 kg and is 78 cm in diameter. The following is engraved on it:

Which translates to:

The second bell is a smaller one weighing in at 78 kg (54 cm in diameter). It was made by László Szlezák in Budapest.

Memorial room of Mór Jókai

A frequently visited tourist destination is the memorial room of Mór Jókai memorating the time when Mór Jókai was hiding in Tardona during after 1849. The house housing the room was built during the beginning of the 20th century. It is situated across the Reformed Church near the centre of the village. In the room, there are many souvenirs from the period, such as handwritings, books, room furniture and even a safe, which was used by the judge of the village.

Mentions of Tardona in Hungarian literature

 Mór Jókai: A tengerszemű hölgy (Eyes like the Sea)
 Mór Jókai: A barátfalvi lévita
 Béni Balogh: Tardonai papírmalom
 Erzsébet Kertész: A három Róza
 István Jávori: Hármas-forrás

See also

 Miskolc

References

Category:Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County


Tsuno, Kōchi

is a town located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

It was formed on February 1, 2005 from the merger of the villages of Hayama and Higashitsuno, both from Takaoka District.

As of October 2016, the town has an estimated population of 5,680 and a density of 29 persons per km². The total area is 197.85 km².

References

External links

Tsuno official website

Category:Towns in Kōchi Prefecture


Larry Benton

Lawrence James Benton (November 20, 1897 – April 3, 1953) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Boston Braves, New York Giants and Cincinnati Reds over parts of thirteen seasons from 1923–1935. He was the National League wins leader while pitching for the Giants in 1928, compiling a 128–128 career record with a 4.03 ERA and 670 strikeouts in 455 appearances.

Benton is buried at Old St. Joseph's Cemetery in Cincinnati.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

References

External links

, or BR Bullpen, or Retrosheet

Category:1897 births
Category:1953 deaths
Category:Baltimore Orioles (IL) players
Category:Baseball players from Missouri
Category:Boston Braves players
Category:Burials at Old St. Joseph's Cemetery (Cincinnati)
Category:Cincinnati Reds players
Category:Major League Baseball pitchers
Category:Memphis Chickasaws players
Category:National League wins champions
Category:New York Giants (NL) players
Category:Portsmouth Truckers players
Category:Sportspeople from St. Louis


Planet Patrol

Planet Patrol is an American electro group originating in the 1980s. The members were Arthur Baker, John Robie, and a quintet of vocalists led by Herbert J. Jackson (lead singer), Joseph Lites, Rodney Butler, Michael Anthony Jones, and Melvin B. Franklin (not to be confused with Melvin Franklin of The Temptations). The group only produced a single album, the self-titled Planet Patrol in 1983, which peaked at #64 on the Billboard R&B Albums chart.

The group's most popular song, "Play at Your Own Risk", was created from tracks that did not make the final version of Afrika Bambaataa's seminal "Planet Rock".

Discography

Albums
Planet Patrol (1983) - Tommy Boy/Warner Bros. Records (01002)
A1. "Cheap Thrills"
A2. "Danger Zone"
A3. "I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll)"
B4. "Play at Your Own Risk" (Remix)
B5. "It Wouldn't Have Made Any Difference"
B6. "Don't Tell Me"

Singles
"Play At Your Own Risk" (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros. Records 00825, 1982)
"Cheap Thrills" (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros. Records 00834, 1983) - UK #64
"I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll)" (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros. Records 00837, 1983)
"Danger Zone" (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros. Records 00846, 1984)

References

External links
 Interview on BTS with Phillysnaps
 Therealplanetpatrol at Myspace
 Discogs site

Category:American electro musicians
Category:Musicians from New York City
Category:Tommy Boy Records artists