1990 FIFA World Cup Final

The 1990 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match played between West Germany and Argentina to determine the winner of the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The game took place on 8 July 1990 at the Stadio Olimpico in Italy's capital and largest city, Rome, and was won 1–0 by West Germany, with a late penalty kick taken by Andreas Brehme being the game's only goal.

The match marked several firsts in World Cup history. This was the first-ever rematch of a final and, to date, the only back-to-back rematch, as Argentina defeated West Germany in the previous final. Argentina became both the first team to fail to score in a World Cup final, and the first defending champion to reach the final and lose. West Germany's victory over Argentina marked the first time a UEFA side defeated a CONMEBOL side in a final (all previous finals between the two continents were won by South Americans).

West Germany became the first team to play in three consecutive finals (they played in the 1982 and 1986 finals), a feat only repeated by Brazil in 1994, 1998, and 2002. It was West Germany's last World Cup match; the team played three more games before a unified German team was formed later in 1990, as a result of the reunification of the country after more than 40 years.

Route to the final

Match

Summary

The 1990 final is often cited as one of the most cynical and ugliest World Cup finals. It was an ill-tempered game, notable for the first two sendings off in a World Cup final.

After a mostly eventless first half, the West Germans had a few chances at the start of the second half. Pierre Littbarski cut inside, dribbling past three South American defenders, but his shot from outside the box went just wide. Later, Thomas Berthold and Rudi Völler, respectively, failed to capitalize from dangerous free kicks taken by Andreas Brehme. In the 58th minute, Argentinian goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea appeared to take down Klaus Augenthaler inside the penalty area, but Mexican referee Edgardo Codesal refused to award a penalty kick. Pedro Monzón had the distinction of being the first player to be sent off at a FIFA World Cup final, after being shown a straight red card for a reckless studs up challenge on Jürgen Klinsmann; FIFA had warned its officials to enforce the rules and Monzón had raised his foot during the tackle, a foul that Klinsmann claims left a  gash on his shin. In the 78th minute, after an incorrectly given corner kick, German team captain Lothar Matthäus lost the ball inside his own penalty area and then appeared to trip Gabriel Calderón. Codesal once again said to play on, amid penalty shouts from the Argentinian midfielder.

Six minutes from full time, Codesal incurred the wrath of the Argentinians after awarding West Germany a questionable penalty kick for Roberto Sensini's sliding tackle on Völler. Regular penalty taker Matthäus had been forced to replace his boots during the match and did not feel comfortable in the new ones, so Andreas Brehme took his place and converted the spot kick with a low right footed shot to the goalkeeper's right.

Gustavo Dezotti, already cautioned in the first half, received a straight red card late in the match when he hauled down Jürgen Kohler with what The New York Times described as a "neck tackle right out of professional wrestling", after Kohler refused to give-up the ball in an alleged attempt to waste time. After dismissing Dezotti, Codesal was surrounded and jostled by the rest of the Argentinian team. At the final whistle, Maradona, who was man marked by Guido Buchwald for almost the entire match, burst into tears and blamed the referee for the loss. Argentina entered the game with four players suspended and ended it with nine men on the field, overall losing over half their squad due to injury or suspension.

In total, West Germany had 16 scoring chances out of 23 shots. Argentina became the competition's first finalist not to score, with only one shot on goal. The South Americans failed to put together a coherent attacking strategy and lost the ball frequently. Instead, they focused on defending at all costs, knowing they would have the advantage if they managed to reach the penalty shoot-out, as they had already advanced twice in the tournament by this means. At the time, the 1990 final was the lowest-scoring final in the history of the competition—although this record was broken four years later, when Brazil beat Italy on penalties after 120 goalless minutes.

The 1990 victory gave West Germany their third FIFA World Cup title, also making them the team to have played in the most FIFA World Cup finals at the time (three wins, three second places), as well as avenging their defeat at the hands of Argentina in the previous final. It also meant that Germany coach Franz Beckenbauer became the only person to have won both silver and gold medals at the World Cup as a player (1966, 1974) and as a coach (1986, 1990).

Details

References

Category:1990 FIFA World Cup
Category:FIFA World Cup finals
1990
1990
Final
Final
Category:Argentina–Germany relations
Category:Football in Rome
Category:Sports competitions in Rome
Category:1990s in Rome


Akoya Condominiums

Akoya Condominiums is a 47-story, high-rise residential condominium located in Miami Beach, Florida. Built in 2004 and rising 150 meters (492 feet), Akoya Condominiums is the third tallest building in Miami Beach, after the 170 meter Blue and Green Diamonds.  It was built as one of the last very tall buildings permitted in Miami Beach before a 1998 height ordinance, capping buildings at 200 feet, went into effect.

The Akoya Condominiums were originally planned to be the White Diamond. Akoya has more floors than the Blue and Green Diamond buildings but does not have the diamond-shaped roof that they have. The original developer of the projects, Brazilian businessman Múcio Athayde, was forced to sell the White Diamond project in 2001 due to financial stresses that later put the other two buildings into bankruptcy. The project was completed by the MerCo Group, controlled by developer Homero Meruelo, which later also bought the nearby Deauville Hotel. The name "Akoya", referring to a type of cultured pearl, was chosen to replace the diamond theme.

Akoya Condominiums is located along the beach of the Atlantic Ocean on Collins Avenue. Akoya Condominiums has 528 units, with 11 units per floor which translates to 48 floors. A modern fitness center, a tennis court, a swimming pool and racquetball facilities are available exclusively for Akoya’s residents.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Miami Beach

References

Category:Residential skyscrapers in Miami Beach, Florida
Category:Residential buildings completed in 2004
Category:2004 establishments in Florida


List of sport awards

This list of sport awards is an index to articles about notable medals, prizes, and other awards in the field of sport. It is organized by sport. For a given sport, awards are often given for the best players or teams in each country.

General and miscellaneous

BBC Sports Personality of the Year:
BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Helen Rollason Award
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award
BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award
BBC Sports Unsung Hero Award
BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year
Egebergs Ærespris – to athletes who excel in more than one sport (Norway)
ESPY Awards
Golden Globes (Portugal)
James E. Sullivan Award – to outstanding amateur athletes in the United States (Amateur Athletic Union)
Kids' Choice Sports Awards
Laureus World Sports Awards
NACDA Directors' Cup – to the colleges and universities with the most success in collegiate athletics (National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics)
NXT Year-End Awards
Olympic Cup – to an institution or association with a record of merit and integrity in actively developing the Olympic movement (International Olympic Committee)
Slammy Awards

American football and Canadian football

Associated Press College Football Player of the Year – to the most outstanding collegiate football player in the United States (Associated Press)
Grey Cup – to the champions of the Canadian Football League
Heisman Trophy – to outstanding college football players whose performance best exhibits the pursuit of excellence with integrity (Heisman Trophy Trust)
Pro Football Hall of Fame
Vince Lombardi Trophy – to the winning team of the National Football League's championship game, the Super Bowl

Association football

A–E

Albo Panchina d'Oro – to the best Italian coach of the Serie A
Best European Goalkeeper
Best Male Soccer Player ESPY Award
Best Soccer Player ESPY Award
Bota de Prata – to the top scorer in the Portuguese Primeira Liga
Brian Clough Trophy – to the winners of any league, cup or friendly match between Derby County and Nottingham Forest
CAF Clubs of the 20th Century – a ranking of the most successful clubs of the 20th century in Africa
CNID Awards – to players and coaches in the Portuguese Primeira Liga and to Portuguese players and coaches in other countries
Coach of the Year (Romania)
Copa Libertadores – to the winners of the Copa Libertadores
Copa Sudamericana – to the winners of the Copa Sudamericana
CSL Golden Boot – to the top goalscorer in the Canadian Soccer League
Det Gyldne Bur – to the best goalkeeper in Danish football
DZFoot d'Or – to the Algerian player considered to have performed the best over the previous year
European Champion Clubs' Cup – to the winners of the UEFA Champions League
European Golden Shoe – to the leading goalscorer in league matches from the top division of every European national league

F

FA Cup – to the winners of the FA Cup
FAM Football Awards (Malaysia)
FIFA Ballon d'Or – given annually to the player who is considered to have performed the best in the previous season
FIFA Clubs of the 20th Century – a ranking of the most successful clubs of the 20th century
FIFA Development Award – for the development of football in countries judged to need it most
FIFA Fair Play Award – for exemplary civil or sporting behavior
FIFA Order of Merit – for significant contributions to football
FIFA Player of the Century – to the greatest player of the 20th century
FIFA Presidential Award
FIFA Puskás Award – to the player judged to have scored the most aesthetically significant and "most beautiful" goal of the year
FIFA World Cup All-Time Team – an all-star squad published in 1994 and composed of some of the best players of all time
FIFA World Cup awards
FIFA World Cup Dream Team – an all-star squad published in 2002 and composed of some of the best players of all time
FIFA World Cup – to the winners of the FIFA World Cup
FIFA World Player of the Year – to the players who were thought to be the best in the world; replaced by the FIFA Ballon d'Or
Footballer of the Year (Argentina)
Footballer of the Year (Austria)
Footballer of the Year (Azerbaijan)
Footballer of the Year (Baltic and Commonwealth of Independent States)
Footballer of the Year (Belgium)
Footballer of the Year (Bulgaria)
Footballer of the Year (Chile)
Footballer of the Year (Croatia)
Footballer of the Year (Czech Republic)
Footballer of the Year (Czechoslovakia)
Footballer of the Year (Denmark)
Footballer of the Year (Estonia)
Footballer of the Year (Finland)
Footballer of the Year (Georgia)
Footballer of the Year (Germany)
Footballer of the Year (Ireland, Republic of)
Footballer of the Year (Israel)
Footballer of the Year (Kazakhstan)
Footballer of the Year (Latvia)
Footballer of the Year (Liechtenstein)
Footballer of the Year (Lithuania)
Footballer of the Year (Luxembourg)
Footballer of the Year (Macedonia)
Footballer of the Year (Moldova)
Footballer of the Year (Netherlands)
Footballer of the Year (Norway)
Footballer of the Year (Paraguay)
Footballer of the Year (Portugal)
Footballer of the Year (Romania)
Footballer of the Year – given by Futbol (Russia)
Footballer of the Year – given by Sport-Express (Russia)
Footballer of the Year (Serbia)
Footballer of the Year (Slovakia)
Footballer of the Year (Soviet Union)
Footballer of the Year (Sweden)
Footballer of the Year (Switzerland)
Foreign Footballer of the Year (Romania)

G–M

Goal of the Month (Germany)
Goal of the Year (Germany)
Golden Ball (Czech Republic)
Golden Ball (Portugal)
Golden Foot – to players who stand out for their athletic achievements and personality
Guerin d'Oro – to the player in the Italian Serie A with at least 19 games played who has obtained the best average media rating
Heart of Hajduk Award – to Croatian club HNK Hajduk Split's best player
Hong Kong Top Footballer Awards
IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper
Iran football awards
Lennart Johanssons Pokal – to the winners of the Swedish Allsvenskan
Manager of the Year (Germany)
MLS Golden Boot – to Major League Soccer's regular season leading scorer

N–Z

Norwegian Football Association Gold Watch – to players who reach 25 caps for the Norwegian national team
NTF football awards – to players and coaches in Norwegian football
Oscar del Calcio – to players and coaches in Italian football
Pallone d'Argento – to the Serie A player deemed to have displayed the best civil and sporting behavior over the previous season
Piłka Nożna plebiscite awards – to players and coaches in Polish football
Premier League Golden Boot – to the top goalscorer at the end of the Premier League season
Prva HNL Player of the Year – to the best player in Croatian football
PSAP Awards (Greece):
PSL Awards (South Africa):
PSL Club Rookie of the Year
PSL Coach of the Season
PSL Footballer of the Year
PSL Goalkeeper of the Season
PSL Player of the Season
PSL Players' Player of the Season
PSL Referee of the Season
Rinus Michels Awards (Netherlands)
Silver Ball – for the best goal scored for the Estonian national team
Sportske Novosti award – to the best player in the world (Croatia)
Sportske novosti Yellow Shirt award – to the best player in the Croatian Prva HNL
Ubaldo Fillol Award – to the goalkeeper with the lowest goals-to-games ratio in the Argentine Primera División
UEFA Best Player in Europe
UEFA Cup – to the winners of the UEFA Europa League
Women's Professional Soccer awards
World Team of the 20th Century – an all-star squad published in 1998 and composed of some of the best players of all time
Young Player of the Year (Ireland, Republic of)

Australian rules football

AFL Army Award – to players who produce significant acts of bravery or selflessness to promote the cause of their team during a game
AFL Rising Star – to a standout young player in the Australian Football League
AFL Players Association awards – a group of awards given annually to players in the Australian Football League, voted for by all AFL players
All-Australian team – an all-star team of Australian rules footballers selected by a panel at the end of each season
Brownlow Medal – to the "fairest and best" player in the Australian Football League during the regular season as determined by votes cast by the officiating field umpires after each game
Coleman Medal – to the Australian Football League player who kicks the most goals in regular-season matches in that year
Goal of the Year – for the best goal of the season
Herald Sun Player of the Year – a media award for the Australian Football League given by Melbourne newspaper the Herald Sun
Jock McHale Medal – to the coach of the winning premiership team in the Australian Football League
Leigh Matthews Trophy – to the most valuable player in the Australian Football League
Lou Richards Medal – to the best player in the Australian Football League as voted on by the Sunday Footy Show panel
Mark of the Year – for the best mark of the season. A mark is the action of a player cleanly catching a kicked ball that has travelled more than 15 metres (49 ft) without the ball hitting the ground
Michael Tuck Medal – to the "fairest and best" player in the AFL Pre-season Cup Final
Norm Smith Medal – given in the AFL Grand Final to the player adjudged by an independent panel of experts to have been the best player in the match

Auto racing

Astor Cup – originally awarded to Astor Challenge Cup winners (1915-1916), now awarded to the IndyCar Series champion.
Borg-Warner Trophy – to the champion of the Indianapolis 500
Gordon Bennett Cup – a defunct trophy to be raced for annually by the automobile clubs of various countries
Harley J. Earl Trophy – to the champion of the Daytona 500
Sprint Cup – to the championship winner of the Sprint Cup Series of NASCAR
The Wally – to the winners of a national event of the National Hot Rod Association
Vanderbilt Cup – the first major trophy in American auto racing

Baseball

Baseball Hall of Fame (disambiguation)
Commissioner's Trophy – to the Major League Baseball team that wins the World Series
Cy Young Award – to the best pitchers in Major League Baseball
Gold Glove Award – to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position
Manager of the Year Award – to the best managers in Major League Baseball
Most Valuable Player Award – to the regular-season most valuable players in Major League Baseball
Olympic medalists
Rookie of the Year Award – to Major League Baseball's best regular-season rookies

Basketball

European awards:
Euroscar
FIBA Europe Player of the Year Award
Mr. Europa
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
National Basketball Association awards:
Bill Russell NBA Finals MVP
NBA Coach of the Year
NBA Defensive Player of the Year
NBA Executive of the Year
NBA Most Valuable Player
NBA Rookie of the Year
NBA Sixth Man of the Year
U.S. college basketball awards:
Men and women:
Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award
Wooden Award
Naismith Award
NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player
Women only:
Nancy Lieberman Award
Wade Trophy
Women's National Basketball Association awards:
Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award
WNBA Coach of the Year
WNBA Defensive Player of the Year
WNBA Most Valuable Player
WNBA Rookie of the Year
WNBA Sixth Woman of the Year

Beach soccer
Beach Soccer Stars

Boxing

Golden Gloves
Lonsdale Belt
Olympic medalists

Cricket

Allan Border Medal
Cricket World Cup – to the winners of the Cricket World Cup
ICC Awards (International Cricket Council)
The Ashes – the oldest prize in international cricket, played since 1882
Wisden Cricketers of the Year (Wisden Cricketers' Almanack)

Cycling
UCI Women's Road World Cup

Figure skating

European Figure Skating Championships
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships
United States Figure Skating Championships
World Figure Skating Championships

Golf

Curtis Cup
Eisenhower Trophy
Presidents Cup
Ryder Cup
Solheim Cup
Walker Cup

Horse racing

Ascot Gold Cup (UK)
Auckland Cup (New Zealand)
Ayr Gold Cup (UK)
Caulfield Cup (Australia)
Cheltenham Gold Cup (UK)
Cox Plate (Australia)
Geraldton Gold Cup (Australia)
Hollywood Gold Cup (USA)
Melbourne Cup (Australia)
Queen's Plate (Canada)

Ice hockey

North America

Allan Cup
Art Ross Trophy
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy
Calder Cup
Calder Memorial Trophy
Clarence S. Campbell Bowl
Conn Smythe Trophy
Frank J. Selke Trophy
Hart Memorial Trophy
Hobey Baker Award
Jack Adams Award
James Norris Memorial Trophy
King Clancy Memorial Trophy
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy
Les Cunningham Award
Lester Patrick Trophy
Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy
Memorial Cup
NHL Plus-Minus Award
Patty Kazmaier Award
Presidents' Trophy
Prince of Wales Trophy
Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award
Stanley Cup
Ted Lindsay Award
Turner Cup
Vezina Trophy
William M. Jennings Trophy

Sweden

Guldhjälmen
Guldpucken
Viking Award

Lacrosse

Champion's Cup
Ensign C. Markland Kelly, Jr. Award
Founders Cup
Jack Turnbull Award
Les Bartley Award
Les Bartley Award (Toronto Rock)
Lt. Raymond Enners Award
Major League Lacrosse Coach of the Year Award
Major League Lacrosse Defensive Player of the Year Award
Major League Lacrosse Goaltender of the Year Award
Major League Lacrosse Most Improved Player of the Year Award
Major League Lacrosse MVP Award
Major League Lacrosse Offensive Player of the Year Award
Major League Lacrosse Rookie of the Year Award
Major League Lacrosse Sportsman of the Year Award
Major League Lacrosse Weekly Awards
Mann Cup
McLaughlin Award
Minto Cup
National Lacrosse League Defensive Player of the Year Award
National Lacrosse League Executive of the Year Award
National Lacrosse League GM of the Year Award
National Lacrosse League Goaltender of the Year Award
National Lacrosse League Monthly Awards
National Lacrosse League MVP Award
National Lacrosse League Rookie of the Year Award
National Lacrosse League Sportsmanship Award
National Lacrosse League Weekly Awards
Presidents Cup
Schmeisser Award
Steinfeld Cup
Tewaaraton Trophy
Tom Borrelli Award

Olympic medalists

Alpine skiing
Archery
Athletics: men and women
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Boxing
Canoeing: men and women
Cross-country skiing
Curling
Cycling: men and women
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing: men and women
Field hockey
Figure skating
Football
Freestyle skiing
Gymnastics: men and women
Handball: men and women
Ice hockey
Judo
Luge
Modern pentathlon
Nordic combined
Rowing: men and women
Sailing
Shooting
Short track speed skating
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Softball
Speed skating
Swimming: men and women
Synchronized swimming
Table tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling: freestyle and Greco-Roman

Paralympic medalists

Alpine skiing
Wheelchair curling

Rugby league

1989 League Legends Cup awarded to the winner of the annual match between National Rugby League clubs the Canberra Raiders and the Wests Tigers
Albert Goldthorpe Medal award to the Super League player of the year by Rugby Leaguer & League Express magazine
Auckland Rugby League club trophies prizes, medals, and awards won by clubs of the Auckland Rugby League
Clive Churchill Medal awarded to the annual National Rugby League Grand final's man-of-the-match
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks Honours prizes, medals, and awards of the National Rugby League team Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks
Dally M Awards the National Rugby League's official annual awards ceremony
Dally M Medal player of the season
List of Dally M Awards winners
Foley Shield awarded to the winners of the annual inter-city competition of North Queensland
Harry Sunderland Trophy awarded to the annual Super League Grand final's man-of-the-match
The Immortals the top six players in Australian history according to Rugby League Week
J. J. Giltinan Shield awarded annually to the National Rugby League season's minor premiers
Jack Gibson Cup awarded to the winner of the annual match between National Rugby League clubs the Parramatta Eels and Sydney Roosters clubs
Johnny Mannah Cup awarded to the winner of the annual match between National Rugby League clubs the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks and Sydney Roosters clubs
Lance Todd Trophy awarded to the annual Challenge Cup Final's man-of-the-match
League Leader's Shield awarded annually to Super League's leaders at the end of the regular season
Mal Meninga Medal awarded to the Canberra Raiders player of the year
Man of Steel Awards awarded annually to the Super League player of the year
RLIF Awards the Rugby League International Federation's annual awards ceremony
Ron Coote Cup awarded to the winner of the annual match between National Rugby League clubs the South Sydney Rabbitohs and Sydney Roosters clubs
Rothmans Medal awarded annually to the best and fairest player of the New South Wales Rugby League and the Brisbane Rugby League
Royal Agricultural Society Shield awarded to the annual winners of the New South Wales Rugby League premiership in its early years
Charity Shield (NRL) awarded to the winner of an annual pre-season match between National Rugby League clubs the South Sydney Rabbitohs and St George Illawarra Dragons
Rugby League World Golden Boot Award awarded annually to the player of the year according to Rugby League World magazine
South Sydney Rabbitohs competition honours prizes, medals, and awards of the National Rugby League team South Sydney Rabbitohs
Super League Dream Team
Thacker Shield awarded annually to the winner of a match between the champion clubs of the Canterbury Rugby League and West Coast Rugby League
Wally Lewis Medal awarded annually to the player of the State of Origin series

Rugby union

Domestic trophies

 European:
European Rugby Champions Cup – a competition involving leading club, regional, and provincial teams from England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales
European Challenge Cup – the second-tier competition to the European Rugby Champions Cup
European Shield – a defunct repechage tournament for teams knocked out in the first round of the European Challenge Cup (no longer awarded)
Heineken Cup (no longer awarded)
 France:
Bouclier de Brennus – to the champions of the Top 14 league
 Great Britain and Ireland:
Anglo-Welsh Cup – (aka LV Cup, a cup competition for English and Welsh top-level club teams)
British and Irish Cup – a cup competition for British and Irish semi-pro club teams
 New Zealand:
ITM Cup – New Zealand's annual professional domestic competition
Meads Cup – a cup played for between provincial teams during the Heartland Championship, the second-tier domestic league
Lochore Cup – the secondary trophy in the Heartland Championship
Ranfurly Shield – a trophy between provincial teams
 South Africa:
Currie Cup – South Africa's premier domestic competition
 Southern Hemisphere:
Super Rugby Trophy – to the winners of the Super Rugby competition

International two-team challenge trophies

 Contested in the Six Nations:
Calcutta Cup – England and Scotland
Centenary Quaich – Ireland and Scotland
Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy – France and Italy
Millennium Trophy – England and Ireland
 Contested in the Tri Nations:
Bledisloe Cup – Australia and New Zealand, also contested once a year outside the Tri Nations
Freedom Cup – New Zealand and South Africa
Mandela Challenge Plate – Australia and South Africa
 Other trophies:
Antim Cup – Georgia and Romania
Cook Cup – Australia and England
Dave Gallaher Trophy – France and New Zealand
Elgon Cup – Kenya and Uganda
Hillary Shield – England and New Zealand
Hopetoun Cup – Australia and Scotland
James Bevan Trophy – Australia and Wales
Lansdowne Cup – Australia and Ireland
Prince William Cup – South Africa and Wales
Puma Trophy – Argentina and Australia
Tom Richards Trophy – Australia and the British and Irish Lions
Trophée des Bicentenaires – Australia and France

IRB Awards
IRB Awards (includes two awards given by the International Rugby Players' Association as part of the awards program):

 IRB Development Award
 IRB International Coach of the Year
 IRB International Player of the Year
 IRB International Sevens Player of the Year
 IRB International Team of the Year
 IRB International Women's Personality of the Year
 IRB Junior Player of the Year
 IRB Referee Award for Distinguished Service
 IRB Spirit of Rugby Award
 IRPA Special Merit Award
 IRPA Try of the Year
Melrose Cup – to the winners of the Rugby World Cup Sevens
Webb Ellis Cup – to the winners of the Rugby World Cup

Sailing

Awards:
ISAF World Sailor of the Year
Trophies:
America's Cup
Sailing World Cup
Volvo ocean race

Tennis

Grand Slam trophies:
Australian Open
French Open
US Open
Wimbledon
World championship trophies:
Davis Cup
Fed Cup
Hopman Cup

Water polo

Montenegrin Water Polo Cup, national water polo cup played in Montenegro
Greek Water Polo Cup
Croatian Water Polo Cup
Asian Water Polo Cup
Serbian Water Polo Cup
FINA Water Polo World Cup of the Fédération Internationale de Natation

Other sports

Biathlon World Championships
Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame
Boston Marathon
Callahan Award
Commonwealth Games
Elcho Shield; rifle shooting (National Rifle Association of the United Kingdom)
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
Harmsworth Trophy; powerboating
Leech Cup; long range shooting (National Rifle Association)
Mug Cup; river racing
NOGI Awards; underwater diving
Waterloo Cup; coursing
Wimbledon Cup; long range shooting (National Rifle Association)

References


EMD G22C Series

The EMD G22 Series were first introduced in 1968 to replace the popular G12 along with various improvements. They carried a low per axle weight on their Flexicoil Type-GC trucks and were the first model series to have a low nose as a standard option as well.

The G22 series now carried a U or W suffix after the model designation to indicate the type of traction motors. A C indicated six axle trucks, while a 4 indicated A-1-A- trucks; although there never has been an indication of four axle A-1-A trucks until 1993.

The designations could apply to any kind of export locomotive design of EMD or another licensee of EMD as long as the electrical & mechanical gear was left unaltered.

Overview
With the introduction of the 645 engine for export models in 1967, the model designation numbers changed by adding 10. To meet customer demands of a six axle version of the popular G12, EMD created the GR12 which was slightly longer and taller to accommodate the six axle Type-GC trucks.

Although the orders lacked for the GR12 due to the weight and size of the locomotive, EMD revised and designed the lighter G22 series model to accommodate the Flexicoil Type-C truck and introducing the new EMD 645 series engine. With relocation of the batteries within the carbody and increasing the fuel tank capacity, the G22C series was the same length to that of its four axle counterpart, the G22. Production spanned longer than the four axle G22 version, but with smaller orders.

Several models were introduced:

G22CW
G22CU
G22CU-2
GL22C
GL22C-2

G22CW

The EMD G22CW was first introduced in 1969.  Unlike its predecessor GR12, the G22CW now carried a CW suffix which indicated that this model had six axles (C) and traction motors that could fit from standard gauge rails to  gauge rails (W).

The G22CW found most of its popularity in Argentina and Sri Lanka, as the largest order were each placed by them with 15 units.

Production spanned from July 1976 to November 1990

G22CU

The EMD G22CU first appeared in 1969. Designed mainly for the narrow gauge market, the G22CU now carried a CU suffix which indicated that this model had six axles (C) and traction motors that could fit from one meter gauge to 5 ft 6 in gauge rails (U).

The G22CU found most of its popularity in Pakistan, as older locomotives were being replaced.

Production spanned from February 1969 to June 1982.

G22CU-2
Beginning on January 1, 1972, export locomotives now had the option to carry EMD Dash 2 electronics, adding the (-2) suffix to the locomotive model. Only Argentina and Taiwan purchased the G22CU-2.

Production spanned from March 1992 to August 2001

GL22C
When most second and third world railroads couldn’t operate standard EMD Locomotives due to their weight, EMD introduced the L suffix which indicated the locomotive had a lightweight frame. The locomotive designation was now changed to GL22C. However, as these locomotives had a much lighter frame, the application of the U or W suffixes no longer applied.

Production spanned from December 1971 to May 1977

GL22C-2
Being the rarest of the G22C series, the GL22C-2 model combined a lightweight frame and the new EMD Dash 2 electronics.

Production was only for with the Queensland Rail being the sole purchaser.

GL22MC
 New Zealand DF Class 30
 Togo Rail S.A CC class 1651 to 1653.

Phasing
Only two general variations have been noticed during the G22C production.

Phase 1: Larger frame sill, air reservoir slung under skirting.

Phase 2: Smaller frame sill, air reservoir exposed, and two horizontal bars along intake grilles.

There have been various as-modifications on railroads as well, but are excluded due to various degrees of completion on the modification.

Models
The G22CU/G22CW model is represented in HO Scale by Frateschi trains of Brazil. Due to the accommodation of the motor, the model is not entirely accurate.

See also
List of GM-EMD locomotives
List of GMD Locomotives
EMD G22CU
Brazilian Miracle
RFFSA
ASTARSA

Sources
Electro-Motive Division Export GM Models
Astilleros Argentinos Rio de la Plata S.A. GM Export Models
Material Y Construcciones S.A. GM Export Models
Henschel und Sohn GmbH GM Export Models
Equipamentos Villares S.A. GM Export Models
General Motors Diesel Division Export Models
Frateschi G22CU HO Scale Model
GM G22CU Data Sheet
EMD G22CU Article in Portuguese

Category:C-C locomotives
Category:Export locomotives
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Argentina
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Brazil
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Guinea
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Liberia
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Morocco
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Mali
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Nigeria
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Pakistan
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Peru
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Senegal
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Sri Lanka
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Taiwan
Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1968
G22C
Category:3 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Category:Standard gauge railway locomotives


Thiodia

Thiodia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

Species
Thiodia anatoliana Kennel, 1916
Thiodia caradjana Kennel, 1916
Thiodia citrana (Hübner, [1796-1799])
Thiodia confusana Kuznetzov, 1973
Thiodia couleruana (Duponchel, in Godart, 1835)
Thiodia dahurica (Falkovitsh, 1965)
Thiodia densistriata (Falkovitsh, 1964)
Thiodia elbursica Kuznetzov, 1973
Thiodia excavana Aarvik, 2004
Thiodia fessana (Mann, 1873)
Thiodia glandulosana Walsingham, 1907
Thiodia hyrcana Kuznetzov, 1976
Thiodia irinae Budashkin, 1990
Thiodia lerneana (Treitschke, 1835)
Thiodia major (Rebel, 1903)
Thiodia placidana (Staudinger, 1871)
Thiodia sulphurana (Christoph, 1888)
Thiodia torridana (Lederer, 1859)
Thiodia trochillana (Frolich, 1828)
Thiodia tscheliana (Caradja, 1927)

See also
List of Tortricidae genera

References

External links
tortricidae.com

Category:Eucosmini
Category:Tortricidae genera
Category:Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Warren Oakes

William Warren Oakes (born January 23, 1981) is an American drummer best known for his eight years spent as the drummer for the punk rock band Against Me!.

On June 8, 2009, Oakes announced that he was leaving the band to pursue a career as a restaurateur. However while that was the official statement, Laura Jane Grace's blog at the time stated "We told Warren this afternoon that we are going to look for a new drummer. Andrew, James and I made the decision a couple days ago over lunch. I told them that I didn’t want to play music with Warren anymore. They both agreed that this was a necessary step, it’s been a long time coming. Warren’s heart hasn’t been in this for a while now.". He is now a part owner of Boca Fiesta, a restaurant located in Gainesville, Florida that focuses on the fusion of southern and Mexican cuisine, as well as a venue space, The Backyard, that houses music shows, dance nights, and many more events.

Oakes is also well known for popularizing the freeganism movement, with the publication of his zine, Why Freegan?

Oakes formed the band Sunshine State along with Troy Perlman, Mike Magarelli and Kyle Flick in 2013.

Discography

References

External links
 Against Me!

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Against Me! members
Category:American punk rock drummers
Category:American male drummers
Category:American drummers
Category:21st-century American drummers


1915 Maltese general election

General elections were held in Malta on 19 and 20 January 1915. Two of the eight elected seats were uncontested.

Background
The elections were held under the Chamberlain Constitution, with members elected from eight single-member constituencies.

Results
A total of 7,907 people were registered to vote. Cikku Azzopardi was elected in both constituencies I and VIII. He chose to give up the seat for constituency VIII, resulting in a by-election in March 1915. However, the candidate elected in the by-election resigned immediately after the election.

References

1915
Category:1915 elections in Europe
Category:1915 in Malta
Category:January 1915 events


Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy

The Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy at Salve Regina University is a research center devoted to the exploration and study of politics, international relations, public policies and ideas. Dedicated to the legacy of the late Sen. Claiborne Pell, a Newport, Rhode Island resident during his 36 years in the U.S. Senate, the center promotes American engagement in the world, effective government at home, and civic participation by all Americans.

The Pell Center is home to the Story in the Public Square initiative.

Story in the Public Square
Since 2013, the Center has annually awarded the Pell Center Prize for Story in the Public Square.

See also
 Story in the Public Square

References

Category:Salve Regina University
Category:Research institutes in the United States


Ferrero-Küsschen

Ferrero Küsschen  (meaning little kisses) are Ferrero company chocolates that consist of a whole roasted hazelnut filled with hazelnut cream including vegetable oil and covered in milk chocolate.

Ingredients

The chocolate consists of milk chocolate 31% (sugar, cocoa mass, cocoa butter, whole milk powder, butter oil, emulsifier lecithin (soy), vanillin), hazelnut (27%), dark chocolate 15% (sugar, cocoa mass, cocoa butter, emulsifier lecithin (soy), vanillin), vegetable oil, sugar, protein enriched whey powder, low fat cocoa and vanilla.

Sales

Ferrero Küsschen were launched in 1968. The box consists of 5 or 32 pieces. Gift boxes come with 14 or 20 chocolate packets.

Earlier Ferrero used to vend the same chocolates under the name Mon Chéri in the USA. In Germany and in Italy chocolates called Mon Chéri are still sold, but the candy is very different: instead of a hazelnut they are filled with a cherry.

Controversy

Ferrero pulled an advertising campaign in Germany for a white chocolate version of Ferrero Küsschen that featured the slogan "Germany votes White".

Ferrero, an Italian brand, withdrew the ads, which were timed to coincide with the German political elections, after furious Germans compared them to propaganda for Germany's far right, anti-immigrant NPD party.

The advert promoted the white Ferrero Küsschen, which had previously only been available seasonally in Germany. Created by ad giant M&C Saatchi, the ad featured a giant, talking chocolate box telling supporters at a rally: "We want white Ferrero Küsschen forever." The supporters held placards reading "Yes Weiss Can", meaning Yes White Can – a play on Barack Obama's famous campaign slogan "Yes We Can" – while a poster is unfurled reading "Germany Votes White".

The advert provoked outrage on social media.

"It is important for us to clearly stress that we are strictly against any form of xenophobia, right-extremism or racism," Ferrero said in a statement. "All of our assertions were purely about white chocolate – and without xenophobic intent. We regret that the commercial was misunderstood and the product messaging was otherwise construed."

The ads, which appeared as Germany responded to rising refugee arrivals amid far right protests, are in contrast to the runaway success of Ferrero's 1990s ads for its Rocher chocolates, which featured a waiter toting a tray of chocolates around an ambassador's reception.

Advertising
Ferrero Kisses (Küsschen) are well known for their slogan: "Give a Küsschen to your friend!"

References

Category:Candy
Category:Chocolate
Category:Ferrero brands
Category:Italian confectionery
Category:Italian brands


Wisconsin Lottery

The Wisconsin Lottery is run by the Wisconsin Department of Revenue and was authorized in 1988 by the state legislature. It is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL). Its games consist of Mega Millions, Powerball, Megabucks, Supercash!, Badger 5, Pick 3, Pick 4, and  scratch games. Since its founding,  it has generated $4.6 billion for property tax relief for state residents.

The minimum age to buy Wisconsin Lottery tickets is 18.

Televised history

The Money Game
Until 2003, a game show produced by the Wisconsin Lottery and Hearst-Argyle Television, called Wisconsin Lottery Money Game, was aired weekly on the Lottery's network of stations. Contestants won a chance to play the game (and $100) if a scratch ticket contained three "TV" symbols; if not chosen for the main game, would win at least $500 from a pool of money split between them and the other 54 players not chosen. Five contestants would play the game, consisting of four or five rounds where they would choose cash prizes hidden behind the letters Wisconsin Lottery Moneygame, which were set up in the style of the Wheel of Fortune gameboard, but with reversed play. Here, contestants hit a plunger to light up one of the word columns, then picked one letter in that word. The letter was turned over to reveal the prize, which in the last round was a maximum of $7,500. The winner of the main game went to the bonus round, where they spun a wheel which had alternating values of $25,000 and $50,000. During the show, new instant games were showcased, along with lottery news, and a second-chance drawing of losing mailed-in tickets (instant and online) was conducted.

The program was taped at WISN-TV in Milwaukee. All contestants (each could bring a guest 18 or older) living outside of the Milwaukee area received a two-night stay at the Grand Milwaukee Hotel (later the Four Points Sheraton-Mitchell Field, which closed at the end of 2012.) for their appearance. Hosts were Mark Johnson and Parker Drew; the show's hostesses were Mary Christine and Lori Minetti. The show's format was changed to a new version known as the Super Money Game in mid-2002, involving more contests with a smaller contestant pool, equivalent to a lower-cost version of the Hoosier Lottery's Hoosier Millionaire.

Television network
The Lottery television network consisted of the following stations from 1988 until 2002:;

WISN (12) - Milwaukee
WKOW (27) - Madison
WBAY (2) - Green Bay
WXOW & WQOW (19/18) - La Crosse/Eau Claire
WAOW/WYOW (9/34) - Wausau/Eagle River/Rhinelander
KBJR (6) - Superior, Wisconsin/Duluth, Minnesota (the only non-ABC station to air the show)

WISN Radio (1130) in Milwaukee aired the drawings on radio until the station's 1997 sale from Hearst to Clear Channel Communications. Several Wisconsin stations picked up the audio portion of the television drawings, though most stations read the winning numbers from Associated Press releases from the Lottery on the mornings after the drawings, which also are published online, in newspapers throughout Wisconsin, USA Today, and the border areas of outlying states.

Drawings
The Lottery joined the multi-jurisdictional Lotto*America game in 1989. Later, the Lottery began its Wisconsin's Very Own Megabucks jackpot drawings after the launch of Powerball (which replaced L*A) in 1992.

The Lottery's nightly drawings, starting in 1991 with the introduction of Supercash! (a $250,000 daily six-number game when it began), took place at WISN-TV. Employees who were not part of the station's news department, or employees of WISN Radio and WLTQ, which were owned by Hearst at the time and shared the WISN studios, drew the numbers. In 1993, the Lottery added a Pick 3 game, followed by Pick 4 in 1997.
Other games were added by the Lottery, but were not always successful, such as MUSL's Daily Millions, which was infamous for having few winners of the $1 million cash prize, and having a complicated drawing procedure involving three number pools and various colored balls. Another MUSL game, Cash4Life (not to be confused with the current multi-state game by that name), which offered an annuitized prize of $1,000 per week for life (no cash option was available) with a first-prize win from a 99-ball pool; only four players won that game by its end in 1999. Neither WISN nor the Wisconsin Lottery network televised either game's drawings (held at 9:45pm) due to lack of popularity and their drawing time being during primetime. The Badger 5 game continues to this day; its play style is found in most U.S. lotteries.

The televised drawings and the Money Game were discontinued in late 2002, due to budget constraints and stations moving the show to lower-rated timeslots. The drawings were moved to Madison, where they are conducted around 9:30pm nightly at the Lottery's headquarters building. The stations which were part of the Lottery network continue to receive first priority to release the nightly numbers. The Mega Millions and Powerball drawings now can be aired by any Wisconsin station, although they usually televise the drawings only for large jackpots. Until 2014, the Chicago cable channel WGN America also carried both drawings, as the channel is nearly universally available across the state of Wisconsin, though since then they have not been carried as the channel converts to a general entertainment format.

Pre-Wisconsin Lottery
The federally recognized Oneida Nation of Wisconsin sold the first "modern" lottery tickets in the state in the 1980s at their reservation near Green Bay, Wisconsin. Before the Wisconsin Lottery began in 1988, some players who did not want to drive to Illinois tried their luck at stores on the reservation. The main game offered by the Oneida Nation was Big Green, which began as a pick-6-of-36 jackpot game.

The Oneida Nation also offered a televised bingo game program on Green Bay stations in the mid-to-late 1980s, which was in the form of a caller reading the numbers on the bottom of the screen, with the lighted number board on the top portion. Winners could redeem winning cards at the tribe's bingo hall. It has since established a full-service gaming casino, known as the Oneida Bingo & Casino, which includes hotel and conference facilities.

Current lottery-offered online games

Pick 3
Pick 3 is drawn nightly. It began on September 21, 1992. Pick 3 draws three digits 0 through 9. Prizes and options vary.

Pick 4
Pick 4 began on September 15, 1997. It draws a four-digit number in the style of Pick 3.

Badger 5
Badger 5 is drawn nightly. It draws 5 numbers from 1 through 31. Badger 5 jackpots begin at $10,000, increasing by at least $1,000 per drawing if not won. Games cost $1. Badger 5 began on February 17, 2003.

SuperCash!
SuperCash! also is nightly. It began on February 4, 1991. SuperCash! draws 6 numbers 1 through 39. Minimum play is 2 panels for $1; an even number of games must be played. The top prize is $350,000; initially, the top prize was $250,000.

Wisconsin's Megabucks
Wisconsin's Megabucks (once known as "Wisconsin's Very Own Megabucks" to distinguish itself from the "local" name of Lotto*America), is drawn Wednesdays and Saturdays. It draws 6 numbers 1 through 49. Minimum play also is 2 panels for $1.

Wisconsin's multi-state games

Mega Millions

Mega Millions began as The Big Game in 1996. Mega Millions was expanded in 2010 to include Wisconsin. Its starting jackpot is $40 million. Mega Millions is drawn Tuesday and Friday nights. Plays are $2 each, or $3 with the Megaplier.

Powerball

Wisconsin has been a member of MUSL since 1989. Powerball began in 1992. Its minimum jackpots is $40 million; it is drawn Wednesdays and Saturdays. Plays are $2; with the PowerPlay, $3.

References

External links

 State lottery history page

Category:State lotteries of the United States
Category:Economy of Wisconsin
Category:Computer-drawn lottery games
Category:State agencies of Wisconsin


Nava, Coahuila

Nava is a city and seat of Nava Municipality, in the north-eastern Mexican state of Coahuila.

References

Category:Populated places in Coahuila


Peter Cox (musician)

Peter John Cox (born 17 November 1955) is an English singer-songwriter, best known as the lead singer of the British pop duo Go West.

Early career and Go West
Peter John Cox sang in his school choir and later as a chorister at The Chapel Royal, Hampton Court Palace. In his early twenties, he worked in a 'covers' band for The Mecca Organisation. In 1978 he joined Terra Nova, a band put together by former Manfred Mann's Earth Band members Chris Slade & Colin Pattenden, they released one album in 1980. While in residency in a Sheffield nightclub he began writing with longtime collaborator Richard Drummie, with whom he eventually signed a publishing deal.

In 1982, Cox and Drummie formed the band Go West, with Cox as lead singer and Drummie on guitar and backing vocals. After Go West signed a deal with Chrysalis Records, "We Close Our Eyes" became a Top 5 hit in the UK Singles Chart in 1985. Other Go West singles released that year included "Call Me" (1985) and "Don't Look Down". The following year, Go West was named 'Best Newcomer' at the 1986 BRIT Awards.

In 1987, the band reached the Top 40 in the U.S. with the single "Don't Look Down – The Sequel". In 1990, Go West had a no. 8 hit in the U.S. with "King of Wishful Thinking" from the film Pretty Woman. In 1992, the duo released the Indian Summer album, which included "Faithful"; the song reached the Top 20 in Canada and the United States.

Solo career
Cox moved to Los Angeles in 1993 to pursue a solo career. His debut album Peter Cox was released in 1997 to critical acclaim. Subsequent CDs include Flame Still Burns (2001), Nine Miles High (2002), Desert Blooms (2002), Game For Fools (2005) and Motor City Music (2006). Cox also teamed up with Tony Hadley on the album Tony Hadley vs Peter Cox & Go West, released in 2004 and collaborated with Bernie Nolan on what was to be her final studio recording.

In 2003 Cox replaced Then Jerico's Mark Shaw on the UK TV reality show Reborn in the USA after Shaw stormed off the series in the show's first few days. Even though Cox had achieved previous success across the Atlantic as the singer of Go West, he was able to appear on the show as he was unknown in the US as a solo artist. He was a favourite to win but was voted off in New York after he forgot the lyrics to the Norah Jones hit he was performing.

In April 2010 Cox recorded The S1 Sessions. The album includes cover versions of Lonestar's song "Amazed" and the Leon Russell song "This Masquerade". In 2012 Cox released Riding The Blinds, an album of alt-country songs written by Nashville luminaries. His most recent CD is "Damn The Brakes", released in 2013.

Cox's voice has been described as "smooth as silk[,] but with a gritty underbelly."

Discography

Solo albums
 1997: Peter Cox – Chrysalis Records UK No. 64
 2001: Flame Still Burns (EP) – Blueprint Records
 2002: Nine Miles High (EP) – Blueprint Records
 2004: Desert Blooms – Blueprint Records
 2004: Tony Hadley vs Peter Cox & Go West – Blueprint Records
 2005: Game For Fools (EP) – Blueprint Recording Corporation Ltd
 2006: Motor City Music – Curb Records
 2010: The S1 Sessions – Blueprint Recording Corporation Ltd
 2012: Riding The Blinds – Blueprint Recording Corporation Ltd
 2013: Damn the Brakes – Blueprint Recording Corporation Ltd

Solo singles
"Ain't Gonna Cry Again" (1997) – UK No. 37
"If You Walk Away" (1997) – UK No. 24
"What a Fool Believes" (1998) – UK No. 39

References

External links
Official Peter Cox website
Official Go West website and forum
Unofficial Go West fan forum

Unofficial Go West fansite 'Go West Arena'
Hadley vs Cox 21 Jan 2004
BBC Berkshire Music – Tony Hadley and Peter Cox

Category:English male singers
Category:1955 births
Category:English pop singers
Category:English soul singers
Category:Go West (band) members
Category:Musicians from Surrey
Category:People from Kingston upon Thames
Category:Living people


1996–97 Moldovan National Division

Statistics of Moldovan National Division for the 1996–97 season.

Overview
It was performed in 16 teams and Constructorul Chişinău won the championship.

League standings

Promoted: Sindicat Moldova-Gaz (Chișinău) and Roma (Bălți).

Promotion play-off

 Codru relegated, Stimold-MIF promoted.

Goalscorers

References
Moldova - List of final tables (RSSSF)

Category:Moldovan National Division seasons
Category:1996–97 in Moldovan football
Moldova


Lalita Pawar

Lalita Pawar (18 April 1916 – 24 February 1998) was a prolific Indian actress, who later became famous as a character actress, appearing in over 700 films in Hindi, Marathi and Gujarati cinema, where she gave hits such as Netaji Palkar (1938), made by Bhalji Pendharkar, New Hana Pictures' Sant Damaji, Navyug Chitrapat's Amrit, written by VS Khandekar, and Chhaya Films' Gora Kumbhar. Her other memorable roles were in the films Anari (1959), Shri 420 and Mr & Mrs 55, and the role of Manthara, in Ramanand Sagar's television epic serial Ramayan.

Biography
Pawar was born as Amba Laxman Rao Sagun on 18 April 1916, into an orthodox family in Yeola in Nashik. Her father Laxman Rao Shagun was a rich silk and cotton piecegoods merchant. She started her acting career at age nine in the film Raja Harishchandra (1928), and later went on to play lead roles in the silent era and 1940s films, in a career that lasted until the end of her life, spanning seven decades.

She co-produced and acted in a silent film Kailash (1932), and later produced another film Duniya Kya Hai in 1938, a talkie.

In 1942, as a part of a scene in the movie Jung-E-Azadi, actor Master Bhagwan was to slap her hard. Being a new actor, he accidentally slapped her very hard, which resulted in facial paralysis and a burst left eye vein. Three years of treatment later, she was left with a defective left eye; thus she had to abandon lead roles, and switch to character roles, which won her much of her fame later in life.

She was known particularly for playing maternal figures, especially wicked matriarchs or mothers-in-law. She also notably played the strict but kind Mrs. L. D'Sa in Anari (1959) with Raj Kapoor. Under Hrishikesh Mukherjee's direction, she gave the performance of a lifetime, for which she received the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award. And as the tough matriarch who falls in love in Professor (1962), and the devious hunchback Manthara in Ramanand Sagar's television series Ramayan. She was honored by the Government of India as the first lady of Indian cinema in 1961.

Personal life
Her first marriage was to Ganpatrao Pawar, which went sour after his affair with her younger sister. She later married film producer Rajprakash Gupta, of Ambika studios, Bombay. She died on 24 February 1998 in Aundh, Pune, where she had been staying for a while.

Selected filmography

Awards
 1959: Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award for her role in Anari (1959)
 1961: Sangeet Natak Akademi Award - Acting

References

External links

 Tribute to Laita Pawar at Screen.
 Living the Role- Lalita Pawar The Hindu
 Interview with Lalita Pawar in her last days cineplot.com

Category:1916 births
Category:1998 deaths
Category:People from Nashik
Category:Indian film actresses
Category:Indian silent film actresses
Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema
Category:Indian television actresses
Category:Filmfare Awards winners
Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema
Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema
Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Category:20th-century Indian actresses


Min Razagyi

Min Razagyi (, , Arakanese pronunciation: ; also known as Salim Shah; c. 1557–1612) was king of Arakan from 1593 to 1612. His early reign marked the continued ascent of the coastal kingdom, which reached full flight in 1599 by defeating its nemesis Toungoo Dynasty, and temporarily controlling the Bay of Bengal coastline from the Sundarbans to the Gulf of Martaban until 1603. But the second half of his reign saw the limits of his power: he lost the Lower Burmese coastline in 1603 and a large part of Bengal coastline in 1609 due to insurrections by Portuguese mercenaries. He died in 1612 while struggling to deal with Portuguese raids on the Arakan coast itself.

Early life
The future king was born to Princess Saw Mi Taw (စောမိတော်,  and Prince Phalaung, governor of Sittantin, in 1557/1558. His parents were half-siblings, both children of King Min Bin. He was likely born in Sittantin where his father was governor from early 1550s to 1572. In 1572, Phalaung succeeded King Sekkya, and made his eldest son Razagyi, only 15, heir-apparent with the style of Thado Dhamma Raza. At the coronation ceremony, Razagyi was married off to Princess Nan Htet Phwa (နန်းထက်ဖွား, ), daughter of Sekkya and his first cousin, once removed.

Heir-apparent
Razagyi loyally served his father for the duration of his father's 21-year reign. His most prominent contribution during this period recorded in the Arakanese chronicles came in 1575 when he led a well armed naval and land forces in an expedition to Tripura. The expedition was a success. The Arakanese forces, aided by Portuguese mercenaries and firearms, easily captured the Tripuri capital, after which Tripura agreed to pay tribute. In the later years, however, Phalaung began relying on his middle son Thado Minsaw, who became the commander-in-chief, for military expeditions, and appointed him king of Bengal. Thado Minsaw, now based out of Chittagong, became Razagyi's main rival to succeed the throne.

Reign

Consolidation
On , King Phalaung died, and Razagyi succeeded without any opposition. The 35-year-old new king took the reign name of Raza in the honor of his great-great-grandfather King Raza I (r. 1502–1513), and also took the Persian title of Salim Shah as sultan of Bengal. All the vassals of the kingdom, including Thado Minsaw, came to the court, and pledged allegiance to the new king. For his part, he re-appointed Thado Minsaw as king of Bengal, essentially the viceroy of northern territories, which included Chittagong, Noakhali and Tripura.

The peace between the brothers did not last. In 1595, Thado Minsaw at Chittagong revolted with support from chiefs of Tripura and other northern districts. But the rest of the country, and the majority of Portuguese mercenaries, remained loyal to Razagyi. (A major component of Arakan's powerful military since the 1530s had been its many Portuguese mercenaries and their firearms.) When Razagyi marched to Chittagong with a massive force after the rainy season, Thado Minsaw lost nerve and submitted without a fight. Razagyi's armies followed up onto northern districts and Tripura, and by February 1596 (Tabodwe 957 ME), had reestablished control.

Victory over Toungoo Empire

Razagyi was now the undisputed leader of a prosperous and militarily powerful kingdom that stretched from the Sundarbans in the northwest to Cape Negrais in the south. The kingdom's relative power greatly improved in the following year, when its nemesis Toungoo Empire, which had tried to conquer the coastal kingdom in (1545–1547) and (1580–1581), was teetering on collapse. King Nanda at Pegu (Bago) now controlled only parts of Lower Burma, and faced rebellions everywhere, including the city of Toungoo, the ancestral home of the Dynasty.

Sensing the weakness, Razagyi readily agreed to an alliance with one of the rebel leaders, Minye Thihathu of Toungoo city in 1597. They agreed to a joint attack on whatever remained of the empire. This was a major departure from the policy of previous Arakanese kings, who since the 1550s had carefully avoided interfering in mainland affairs. He ordered a massive mobilization drive across the entire kingdom, from the Ganges delta and Tripura in the north to Thandwe in the south. By late 1598, he had assembled a massive land and naval invasion force, whose combined strength may have been as high as 30,000 troops.

On  (Tuesday, 11th waxing of Tazaungmon 960 ME), the combined invasion force left Mrauk-U. The king himself led the army while he appointed his eldest son and heir-apparent Prince Khamaung to lead the naval fleet consisted of 300 war boats. Under Khamaung were Portuguese mercenaries led by Filipe de Brito e Nicote. At Thandwe, the invasion forces parted. The army crossed the Rakhine Yoma range through the passes toward Pegu while the navy went around Cape Negrais toward the key port of Syriam (Thanlyin), which it seized in March 1599 (Tabaung 960 ME). In April, Arakanese forces marched to Pegu, and effected a junction with rebel Toungoo forces. The combined forces now laid siege to the city. The siege lasted until December when Nanda surrendered.

The victors took over the city, and divided the enormous wealth of Pegu, accumulated over the past 60 years as the capital of Toungoo Empire. The gold, silver and precious stones were equally divided. The Arakanese share also included several brazen cannon, 30 Khmer bronze statues, and a white elephant. (Razagyi also raised Princess Khin Ma Hnaung, a daughter of Nanda, as his queen.) Rebel Toungoo forces returned with their share of the loot to Toungoo on 15 February 1600 (2nd waxing of Tabaung 961 ME), leaving the Arakanese in charge of the city.

The Arakanese forces remained in Pegu for another month. Razagyi did not have the manpower to hold all of Lower Burma but he nonetheless wanted to make sure that it remained weak for a long time. His plan was to destroy the infrastructure and deplete the manpower of interior Lower Burma as much as possible, and hold key strategic ports of Lower Burma. As such, he deported 3,000 households to Arakan, and burned down the entire city, including the Grand Palace of King Bayinnaung. He then moved down to the port of Syriam, which he planned to hold with a garrison.

Siamese invasion
In March, as the main portion of the Arakanese forces at Syriam were about to return home, the Siamese forces led by King Naresuan arrived at Pegu, only to find that the city had been looted and burned down. Naresuan hastily followed up to Toungoo, laying siege to the city in April 1600. As an ally of Toungoo city, Razagyi ordered his troops to attack Siamese supply lines by land and sea. The Arakanese navy intercepted Siamese supply ships while the army cut the remaining supply lines. On , Naresuan hastily retreated back but the Siamese forces suffered heavy losses from Arakanese ambushes in retreat. Only a small portion finally reached Martaban.

It proved to be the last invasion of mainland Burma by Siam. At Syriam, Razagyi assigned De Brito, the leader of Portuguese mercenaries in his navy, to lead the garrison, and returned home by sea. The Chief Minister Maha Pyinnya Kyaw, the trusted minister of the king, died on the return trip, and was cremated and buried at the Hmawdin Pagoda near Negrais. The 3,000 households brought from Pegu were settled at Urittaung and along the Mayu river and at Thandwe.

Mrauk-U Empire and Portuguese insurrections

Between 1600 and 1603, the Kingdom of Mrauk-U with its powerful navy controlled over 1600 km (1000 miles) of the Bay of Bengal coastline from the Sundarbans in West Bengal to the Gulf of Martaban. However, the navy was heavily dependent on Portuguese mercenaries and their firearms. Though the loyalty of the mercenaries was always suspect, Razagyi needed them to hold his maritime empire. He made De Brito governor of Syriam in June 1600. But De Brito revolted in March 1603 with support from the Portuguese viceroy of Goa. In late 1603, Razagyi sent the navy led by the crown prince Khamaung to Syriam but the navy was ambushed by four Portuguese ships awaiting by the Hainggyi island near Negrais. Khamaung himself was captured. Razagyi himself followed up with another 300-boat navy, and with the Toungoo forces jointly laid siege to the city. But Syriam defenses held. In the following negotiations, in 1604, Razagyi agreed to a ransom of 50,000 ducats for the release of the crown prince, and to Syriam's status as a Portuguese colony.

After the setback, Razagyi began to fear the loyalty of other Portuguese in his service. Concerned that De Brito would take over the strategic island of Dianga opposite Chittagong, he had 600 Portuguese settlers there killed. Only a few Portuguese escaped. In 1608, the king offered to let the Dutch East India Company trade and build fortifications in return for their help in driving out the Portuguese but the Dutch did not accept the offer because of their heavy commitments elsewhere. In 1609, one of the escapees of Dianga, Sebastian Gonzales Tibao came back with 400 well-armed Portuguese and seized the Sandwip island, wiping out over 3000 Afghan pirates there. It was a major loss as the island was a strategic port and trade center that commanded the Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers. Moreover, the governor of Chittagong, the king's younger brother, after a quarrel with the king, fled and joined Gonzales, marrying his daughter off to Tibao, who promptly baptized her. The refugee governor died suddenly, probably from poison, and Tibao seized all of his treasure.

Razagyi was furious but he faced an even more urgent threat. Hearing that the Moghul governor of Bengal was planning an attack on Noakhali at the mouth of the Ganges, he agreed to an alliance with Tibao. To secure the rear, he sent an embassy to the court of King Anaukpetlun in December 1609. In 1610, he sent the navy to fight the Moghul transgressions. At Sandwip, Tibao brazenly broke the alliance, and seized the entire fleet by "the simple expedient of murdering its captains at a council". Tibao and his crew then began raiding the Arakanese coast, once reaching all the way up the Lemro river and taking away the king's gold and ivory barge.

Religious affairs
The king enlarged the Andaw-thein Ordination Hall in order to house a tooth relic of the Buddha he brought back from his pilgrimage to Ceylon, either in 1596 or 1606–1607. He also dedicated a new ordination hall at the Mahamuni Temple on 7 January 1609.

Death
The king never solved the problem of Portuguese raids. He died on , and was succeeded by his eldest son Khamaung.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Razagyi
Category:1550s births
Category:1612 deaths
Razagyi
Razagyi
Razagyi
Razagyi


Donald Hings

Donald Lewes Hings,  (November 6, 1907 – February 25, 2004) was a Canadian inventor, born in Leicester UK. In 1937 he created a portable radio signaling system for his employer CM&S, which he called a "packset", but which later became known as the "Walkie-Talkie".

While Hings was filing a U.S. patent for the packset in Spokane, Washington in 1939, Canada declared war on Germany.  CM&S sent Hings to Ottawa to redevelop his new invention for military use, and he worked there from 1940 to 1945.  During these years, he developed a number of models, including the successful C-58 Walkie-Talkie which eventually sold eighteen thousand units produced for infantry use, and for which he received the MBE in 1946 and the Order Of Canada in 2001.

Following the war, he moved to Burnaby, British Columbia, where he established an electronics R&D company, Electronic Labs of Canada.  He continued researching and creating in the fields of communications and geophysics until his retirement.  He held more than 55 patents in Canada and the United States, and was the inventor of the klystron magnetometer survey system.  In 2006, Hings was inducted into the Telecommunications Hall of Fame.

Born in Leicester, England, he moved to Canada with his mother and father when he was three. He died on Capitol Hill, Burnaby, British Columbia, in 2004.

References

External links
Hings' Website includes many original documents and images.

Category:1907 births
Category:2004 deaths
Category:Canadian inventors
Category:Members of the Order of Canada
Category:Canadian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Category:20th-century inventors


William Alston

William Payne Alston (November 29, 1921 – September 13, 2009) was an American philosopher. He made influential contributions to the philosophy of language, epistemology, and Christian philosophy. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and taught at the University of Michigan, Rutgers University, University of Illinois, and Syracuse University.

Early life and education
Alston was born to Eunice Schoolfield and William Alston on November 29, 1921, in Shreveport, Louisiana. He graduated from high school when he was 15 and went on to Centenary College of Louisiana, graduating in 1942 with a Bachelor of Music in piano. During World War II, he played clarinet and bass drum in a military band in California. During this time, he became interested in philosophy, sparked by W. Somerset Maugham's book The Razor's Edge. After this, he engrossed himself in works by well-known philosophers such as Jacques Maritain, Mortimer J. Adler, Francis Bacon, Plato, René Descartes, and John Locke. After being discharged, he entered a graduate program for philosophy at the University of Chicago, even though he had never formally taken a class on the subject. While he was there, he learned more about philosophy from Richard McKeon and Charles Hartshorne, and he received his PhD in 1951.

Career
From 1949 until 1971, Alston was a professor at the University of Michigan, and he became professor of philosophy in 1961. He then taught at Rutgers University for five years, followed by the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 1976 to 1980 and then Syracuse University from 1980 to 1992.

His views on foundationalism, internalism versus externalism, speech acts, and the epistemic value of mystical experience, among many other topics, have been very influential. Like most contemporary American philosophers, Alston is counted among the analytic philosophers.

Together with Alvin Plantinga, Nicholas Wolterstorff, Robert Adams, and Michael L. Peterson, Alston helped to found the journal Faith and Philosophy. With Plantinga, Wolterstorff, and others, Alston was also responsible for the development of "Reformed epistemology" (a term that Alston, an Episcopalian, never fully endorsed), one of the most important contributions to Christian thought in the twentieth century. Alston was president of the Western Division (now the Central Division) of the American Philosophical Association in 1979, the Society for Philosophy and Psychology, and the Society of Christian Philosophers, which he co-founded. He was widely recognized as one of the core figures in the late twentieth-century revival of the philosophy of religion. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1990.

Death
Alston died in a nursing home in Jamesville, New York, on September 13, 2009, at the age of 87.

Bibliography
 Beyond "Justification": Dimensions of Epistemic Evaluation, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005.
 A Sensible Metaphysical Realism (The Aquinas Lecture, 2001), Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 2001.
 Illocutionary Acts and Sentence Meaning, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.
 A Realist Conception of Truth, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.
 Epistemic Justification: Essays in the Theory of Knowledge, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.
 The Reliability of Sense Perception, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.
 Perceiving God: The Epistemology of Religious Experience, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.
 Divine Nature and Human Language: Essays in Philosophical Theology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.
 Philosophy of Language, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1964

See also

 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers

References

Further reading

Category:1921 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:20th-century American philosophers
Category:21st-century American philosophers
Category:American Episcopalians
Category:American metaphysics writers
Category:Analytic philosophers
Category:Anglican philosophers
Category:Epistemologists
Category:Epistemology of religion
Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Category:Metaphysicians
Category:People from DeWitt, New York
Category:Philosophers from Louisiana
Category:Philosophers from New York (state)
Category:Philosophers of language
Category:Philosophers of religion
Category:Rutgers University faculty
Category:Syracuse University faculty
Category:University of Chicago alumni
Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
Category:University of Michigan faculty
Category:Writers from Shreveport, Louisiana


Brachyolene seriemaculata

Brachyolene seriemaculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1942. It is known from the Ivory Coast.

References

Category:Tetraulaxini
Category:Beetles described in 1942


Vereinigte Astronomische Gesellschaft

Vereinigte Astronomische Gesellschaft (VAG) was an international astronomical society founded in 1800.

History
International cooperation in astronomy started with a first meeting of 15 European astronomers in Gotha in 1798. The society was founded two years in Lilienthal, near Bremen, to organize the compilation of ecliptic star charts, with more than half of the members originated from non-German speaking countries. In the same year Monatliche Correspondenz (monthly correspondence) was founded in 1800 by Franz Xaver von Zach to publish results.

In 1845, the society published the Berliner Akademische Sternkarten (Berlin academic star maps).

See also
 Astronomische Gesellschaft

Further reading
 Wolfgang R. Dick, Jürgen Hamel (Eds.): Astronomie von Olbers bis Schwarzschild. Nationale Entwicklungen und internationale Beziehungen im 19. Jahrhundert. (Acta Historica Astronomiae ; 14). Thun ; Frankfurt am Main: Deutsch, 2002, 243 p.,
 Internationality from the VAG (1800) to the Astronomische Gesellschaft.

Category:Astronomy organizations
Category:Organizations established in 1800


Yuri Kuznetsov (footballer, born 1974)

Yuri Anatolyevich Kuznetsov (; born 25 January 1974) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his professional debut in the Russian Second Division in 1992 for FC Aleks Angarsk.

Honours
 Russian Premier League bronze: 1997.
 Russian Cup finalist: 1997.

European club competitions
With FC Dynamo Moscow.

 1995–96 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 5 games, 1 goal.
 1996–97 UEFA Cup: 3 games.

References

Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Angarsk
Category:Russian footballers
Category:Russian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Belarus
Category:Russian Premier League players
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:FC Dynamo Moscow players
Category:FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
Category:FC Arsenal Tula players
Category:FC Gomel players
Category:FC Zvezda Irkutsk players
Category:FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk players


Gmina Krzeszów

__NOTOC__
Gmina Krzeszów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Nisko County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Krzeszów, which lies approximately  south-east of Nisko and  north-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.

The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 4,227 (4,289 in 2013).

Villages
Gmina Krzeszów contains the villages and settlements of Bystre, Kamionka, Koziarnia, Krzeszów, Krzeszów Dolny, Kustrawa, Łazów, Podolszynka Ordynacka, Podolszynka Plebańska and Sigiełki.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Krzeszów is bordered by the gminas of Harasiuki, Kuryłówka, Leżajsk, Nowa Sarzyna, Potok Górny, Rudnik nad Sanem and Ulanów.

References

Polish official population figures 2006

Krzeszow
Category:Nisko County


Laird Hunt

Laird Hunt (April 3, 1968) is an American writer, translator and academic.

Life

Hunt grew up in Singapore, San Francisco, The Hague, and London before moving to his grandmother's farm in rural Indiana, where he attended Clinton Central High School.  He earned a B.A. from Indiana University and a Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing from the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at Naropa University. He also studied French literature at the Sorbonne. Hunt worked in the press office at the United Nations while writing his first novel. He was a professor in the Creative Writing program at University of Denver.  Hunt lives with his wife, the poet Eleni Sikelianos, in Providence, Rhode Island and works as a professor of Literary Arts at Brown University.

Writing career

Hunt is the author of seven novels and a collection of short work. His works intersect several genres, including experimental literature, exploratory fiction, literary noir, speculative fiction and difficult fiction and include elements ranging from the bizarre, the tragic, and the comic.  His influences include Georges Perec, W.G. Sebald, Samuel Beckett, Franz Kafka and the French Modernists. Hunt has also translated several novels from the French including Oliver Rohe's Vacant Lot (2010), Stuart Merrill's Paul Verlaine (2010). He has contributed to many literary publications, including McSweeney's, Ploughshares, Bomb, Bookforum, The Believer, Fence, and Conjunctions and is currently editor of the Denver Quarterly.

Awards and honors

 2013 Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards for fiction for Kind One
 2013 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction finalist for Kind One
 2015 Grand Prix de Littérature Américaine for Neverhome

Film adaptations

In 2014 it was announced that Irish director Lenny Abrahamson would film an adaptation of Hunt's Civil War novel Neverhome.

Works
Dear Home. Small Press Distribution. 1999.

 Contributed to The &NOW Awards 2: The Best Innovative Writing.  &NOW Books, Lake Forest College Press. 2013.
 The Evening Road. New York: Little Brown and Company. 2017.
In the House in the Dark of the Woods. Little, Brown and Company. 2018.

References

External links
 Laird Hunt at Coffee House Press
 Interview at Bookslut

Category:Living people
Category:1968 births
Category:Writers from Boulder, Colorado
Category:Indiana University alumni
Category:American male novelists
Category:21st-century American novelists
Category:PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
Category:21st-century American male writers


Alpha cell

Alpha cells (more commonly alpha-cells or α-cells) are endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. They make up to 20% of the human islet cells  synthesizing and secreting the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood.

Function
To elevate glucose levels, glucagon binds to receptors on hepatocytes (liver cells) and some other cells (e.g. kidney cells). This activates an enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase, inside the hepatocyte to hydrolyse glycogen to glucose. This process is called glycogenolysis.
In rodents, alpha cells are located in the periphery of the islets, however in humans the islet architecture is generally less organized and alpha cells are frequently observed inside the islets as well. When being viewed by an electron microscope, alpha cells can be identified by their characteristic granules with a large dense core and a small white halo.

See also

 Glucagonoma
 Beta cell

List of human cell types derived from the germ layers

References

Category:Peptide hormone secreting cells


Aik Aur Sitam Hai

Aik Aur Sitam Hai () is a 2019 Pakistani television series, co-produced by Evolution Media and TNI Productions. The serial airs weekly episode on A-Plus TV every wednesday replacing Khafa Khafa Zindagi. It stars Maria Wasti, Alyy Khan and Beenish Chohan.The title song of the series is sung by actress Zhalay Sarhadi.

Cast

 Maria Wasti as Hasna
 Alyy Khan as Qasim
 Beenish Chohan as Saira
 Fawad Jalal
 Adnan Shah Tipu
 Sumbul Shahid

References

External links

 Official website

Category:Pakistani drama television series
Category:Urdu-language television programs
Category:Urdu language telenovelas
Category:2019 Pakistani television series debuts
Category:A-Plus Entertainment television series


Seligmann Kantor

Seligmann Kantor (6 December 1857, Sobědruhy – 21 March 1903, Sobědruhy) was a Bohemian-born, German-speaking mathematician of Jewish origin in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He is known for the Möbius–Kantor configuration and the Möbius-Kantor graph.

Kantor studied mathematics and physics at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, then studied in 1878 in Rome with Luigi Cremona, in Strasbourg, and in 1880 in Paris. In 1881 he received his Habilitation at the K. K. Deutsche Technische Hochschule (DTH) in Prague. He was appointed there in 1883 a Privatdozent for mathematics and continued in that academic post until 1888. He was considered for a professorship in Vienna, but anti-Semitic political agitation prevented his appointment.

Selected publications

References

Category:1857 births
Category:1903 deaths
Category:Algebraic geometers
Category:Austro-Hungarian mathematicians
Category:Austro-Hungarian Jews


Scottish Fantasy

The Scottish Fantasy in E-flat major, Op. 46, is a composition for violin and orchestra by Max Bruch.  Completed in 1880, it was dedicated to the virtuoso violinist Pablo de Sarasate.

It is a four-movement fantasy on Scottish folk melodies. The first movement is built on "Through the Wood Laddie".  This tune, with its prominent Scots snap, also appears at the end of the second and fourth movements. The second movement is built around "The Dusty Miller", the third on "I'm A' Doun for Lack O' Johnnie", and the fourth movement includes a sprightly arrangement of "Hey Tuttie Tatie", the tune in the patriotic anthem "Scots Wha Hae" (with lyrics by Robert Burns).

Although Bruch visited Scotland for the first time only a year after the premiere of the work, he had access to a collection of Scottish music at Munich library in 1868. In paying homage to Scottish tradition, the work gives a prominent place to the harp in the instrumental accompaniment to the violin. The Scottish Fantasy is one of several signature pieces by Bruch that is still widely heard today, along with his first violin concerto and Kol Nidrei for cello and orchestra.

Composition

Bruch composed the work in Berlin during the winter of 1879–1880. Despite the dedication to Sarasate, Joseph Joachim was involved in the fingering and bowing of the solo part.  It was published by Simrock as Fantasie: für die Violine mit Orchester und Harfe unter freier Benutzung schottischer Volksmelodien, Op. 46.

Premiere

The premiere was in Liverpool on 22 February 1881 with Bruch (who was then director of the Liverpool Philharmonic Society) conducting, and Joachim as the soloist. Bruch was unhappy with Joachim’s performance, describing him as having "ruined" the work. When Bruch conducted the work with Sarasate as the soloist at a Philharmonic Society concert in St. James’s Hall on 15 March 1883, it was titled Concerto for Violin (Scotch). At a concert that Bruch conducted in Breslau, also with Sarasate as the soloist, the work was titled Third Violin Concerto (with free use of Scottish melodies, Op. 46).

Movements
The opus consists of the following movements:

Introduction; Grave, Adagio cantabile
Scherzo; Allegro
Andante sostenuto
Finale; Allegro guerriero

Instrumentation
The work is scored for solo violin, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets,
2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, bass drum, suspended cymbal (played with triangle beater), harp, and strings.

Notable recordings

Many famous violinists have recorded the work, including Jascha Heifetz (1947 and 1961), Michael Rabin (1957), David Oistrakh (1962), Kyung Wha Chung (1972), Arthur Grumiaux (1973), Salvatore Accardo (1977), Ruggiero Ricci (live, 1980s), Cho-Liang Lin (1986), Itzhak Perlman (1986), Anne Akiko Meyers (1992), Vanessa-Mae (1996), Akiko Suwanai (1997), James Ehnes (2003), Rachel Barton Pine (2004), Aaron Rosand (2007), Nicola Benedetti (2014), Stefan Jackiw (2014), and Joshua Bell (2018).

References
Notes

Sources

External links

Category:Compositions by Max Bruch
Category:Compositions for violin and orchestra
Category:1880 compositions
Category:Compositions in E-flat major
Category:Fantasias (music)


Use-wear analysis

Use-wear analysis is a method in archaeology to identify the functions of artifact tools by closely examining their working surfaces and edges. It is mainly used on stone tools, and is sometimes referred to as "traceological analysis" (from the neologism traceology).

In studying the wear on a lithics, different techniques are often used. A distinction is often made between use-wear and microwear analysis. Use-wear uses an approach of low magnification study while micro-wear employs high magnification; this raises contentions as to which approach is more useful. Therefore, use-wear studies regularly employ magnification up to 50x, while magnification beyond 50x is relegated to microwear analysis. In addition to the two groups of magnification in which researchers align themselves, a third group examines evidence of use by attempting to identify organic residues present on a lithic. The organic residues are analyzed in order to understand the activities the lithics were used for such as butchering, or other tasks which can leave behind traces of working with wood, ceramics, or plant remains.

Tool edge damage and polish are two major sources for information about the use of a tool. Variations of polish type are formed depending on how a tool edge is used functionally, on the type(s) of material, and duration of use.

The type of edge damage also varies among different tools. But a distinction is necessary between the intended use, what the tool maker designed the tool for, and actual use. This is an important distinction to note as tools can be used for more than its intended function or designed for several purposes. An often noted example from modern culture are screwdrivers which are designed for driving screws but are regularly used to open cans of paint. This type of multi-purpose tool is noted in lithic assemblages by ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological studies. Basic edge damage types include step fractures, snap fractures, micro-flake scars, and edge rounding. Fractures are differentiated by looking at both fracture initiation and propagation. Fracture initiation is defined as where and how the fracture of an edge begins. Fracture propagation is defined by the path a crack follows, and the degree of the crack's growth. Fractures are often used to note how tools are created but also used in wear studies. For example, fracturing can help note whether a tool was used in an outward bending action rather than a downward force which can cause a flake to detach and create damage. In addition to flake scars, abrasion, edge rounding, and striations occurring after tool use, one must be careful to note whether this was from actual use or from handling after excavation/collection. Alterations to a tool's edge or surface can result from improper handling or storage. For example, two artifacts within the same bag can cause wear marks from constant interaction, also the bags themselves have been noted to cause wear on artifacts.

Experimental archaeology can be employed to test hypotheses on tool function by replicating different activities with freshly made tools. The reliability of experimental archaeology as an information source for use-wear analysis has been tested through multiple blind tests. These tests judge the ability to identify tool motion and contact material. One study done at the University of California Davis found that tool action was correctly identified 84 percent of the time, while tool material was correctly identified 74 percent of the time.

The reliability of experimental archaeology has made it a popular method for analyzing use-wear. The reliability of experimental archaeology has made it a popular method for assisting in the analysis of use-wear. With a microscope and proper training, use-wear analysis can be a useful resource. Although experimental analysis of use-wear may be used for its relatively cheap price, it can be a time-consuming endeavor. This may require flint-knapping a tool comparable to the artifact under analysis, which can be long process dependent on personal ability, or buying such a tool. Also, the replication of tool use requires comparable source material (for tool creation) as well as access to the material the tool was used on. Additionally, the experiments must last an acceptable  amount of time; slicing an object once will not suffice and requires countless attempts per tool and per material used upon. One example notes how Méry conducted use-wear analysis and experimental archaeology to examine 7 flint blades from a pottery workshop of Nausharo site in Pakistan, which reveals that these blades were used to trim clay on a turning wheel.

References

Further reading
 Darvill, T (ed.) (2003). Oxford Concise Dictionary of Archaeology, Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
 Odell, George. "Verifying the Reliability of Lithic Use-Wear Assessments by 'Blind Tests': The Low-Power Approach." Journal of Field Archaeology 7 (1980): 1-34.

Category:Archaeological science
Category:Methods in archaeology
Category:Lithics


Vanity/Nemesis

Vanity/Nemesis is the fourth studio album by Swiss heavy metal band Celtic Frost, released on April 11, 1990 through Noise Records.

Modern reviews see this album as a return-to-form compared to the band's previous album, Cold Lake, but contemporary critics panned it. The band continued experimenting and evolving their music, this time fusing elements of traditional heavy metal, thrash metal and gothic rock. It has a different sound from the black/thrash metal of the first 2 albums, or the avant-garde metal of Into the Pandemonium, although Vanity/Nemesis retains lyrical and musical elements from those releases.

Vanity/Nemesis would be Celtic Frost's last studio album before the dissolution of the band in 1993 and until their return album in 2006 Monotheist. Vanity/Nemesis was re-released in 1999 with additional tracks. The album also includes a cover of David Bowie's 1977 hit "Heroes".

The track "The Heart Beneath" was used on the Manga Entertainment compilation trailers on the UK, Dutch and Australian released video tapes.

Track listing

Personnel
Celtic Frost
Thomas Gabriel Warrior – lead vocals, rhythm guitars (except tracks 3, 7), bass (track 7), backing vocals (tracks 1, 2, 6, 7, 8)
Curt Victor Bryant – bass (except tracks 1, 7), lead and rhythm guitars (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12), backing vocals (tracks 1, 2)
Martin Eric Ain - bass (track 1), backing vocals (tracks 1, 7, 10)
Stephen Priestly – drums, backing vocals (track 2)

Additional musicians
Ron Marks - lead and rhythm guitars (except tracks 2, 7), acoustic guitars (track 10)
Michelle Fischer - additional vocals (track 1)
Roli Mosimann - additional vocals (track 1), sampling keyboards (track 10)
Michele Amar - additional vocals (tracks 3, 11)
Uta Gunther - backing vocals (tracks 3, 6, 9, 10, 12)

Production
Roli Mosimann - producer, additional arrangements
Brian Martin - engineer, mixing
Voco Fauxpas - engineer
Alex Leser, Michele Amar, Andreas Gerhardt, Michael Herzog, Tom Re - assistant engineers
Howie Weinberg - mastering at Masterdisk, New York
Karl-U. Walterbach - executive producer

References

Category:Celtic Frost albums
Category:1990 albums
Category:Albums produced by Roli Mosimann
Category:Noise Records albums


Qoli Laleh-ye Sofla

Qoli Laleh-ye Sofla (, also Romanized as Qolī Lāleh-ye Sofla; also known as Gol Lāleh, Qolī Lāleh, Qolī Lāleh-ye Pā’īn, and Quli Lāleh) is a village in Qolqol Rud Rural District, Qolqol Rud District, Tuyserkan County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 403, in 94 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Tuyserkan County


Narapani

Narapani is a market center in Sandhikharka Municipality of Arghakhanchi District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. The former village development committee (VDC) was converted into municipality on 18 May 2014 by merging the existing Sandhikharka, Bangla, Narapani, Khanchikot, Keemadada, Argha and Dibharna VDCs. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,664 and had 873 houses in the town.

References

Category:Populated places in Arghakhanchi District


Isariyabhorn

Prince Isariyabhorn or Phra Chao Boromwongse Ther Phra Ong Chao Isariyabhorn (RTGS: Isariyaphorn) () (21 October 1888 – 21 September 1892), was the Prince of Siam (later Thailand. He was a member of the Siamese Royal Family. He is a son of Chulalongkorn, King Rama V of Siam.

His mother was Kesara Sanidvongse, daughter of Savasdi Sanidvongse. He had a younger brother, Prince Anusara Siriprasadh

Prince Isariyabhorn died at the age of 3 years 11 months  on 21 September 1892.

Ancestry

Category:1888 births
Category:1892 deaths
Category:19th-century Thai people
Category:Chakri dynasty
Category:Thai male Phra Ong Chao
Category:Children of Chulalongkorn