Traditional healers of Southern Africa

Traditional healers of Southern Africa are practitioners of traditional African medicine in Southern Africa.  They fulfill different social and political roles in the community, including  divination, healing physical, emotional and spiritual illnesses, directing birth or death rituals, finding lost cattle, protecting warriors, counteracting witchcraft, and narrating the history, cosmology, and myths of their tradition. There are two main types of traditional healers within the Nguni, Sotho-Tswana, and Tsonga societies of Southern Africa: the diviner (sangoma), and the herbalist (inyanga). These healers are effectively South African shamans who are highly revered and respected in a society where illness is thought to be caused by witchcraft, pollution (contact with impure objects or occurrences) or through neglect of the ancestors. It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 indigenous traditional healers in South Africa compared to 25,000 Western-trained doctors.  Traditional healers are consulted by approximately 60% of the South African population, usually in conjunction with modern biomedical services.

For harmony between the living and the dead, vital for a trouble-free life, traditional healers believe that the ancestors must be shown respect through ritual and animal sacrifice. They perform summoning rituals by burning plants like imphepho (Helichrysum petiolare), dancing, chanting, channelling or playing drums. Traditional healers will often give their patients muti—medications made from plant, animal and minerals—imbued with spiritual significance. These muti often have powerful symbolism; for example, lion fat might be prepared for children to promote courage. There are medicines for everything from physical and mental illness, social disharmony and spiritual difficulties to potions for protection, love and luck.

Although sangoma is a Zulu term that is colloquially used to commonly describe all types of Southern African traditional healers, there are differences between practices: an inyanga is concerned mainly with medicines made from plants and animals, while a sangoma relies primarily on divination for healing purposes and might also be considered a type of fortune teller. In modern times, colonialism, urbanisation, apartheid and  transculturation have blurred the distinction between the two and traditional healers tend to practice both arts. Traditional healers can alternate between these roles by diagnosing common illnesses, selling and dispensing remedies for medical complaints, and divining cause and providing solutions to spiritually or socially centred complaints.

Each culture has their own terminology for their traditional healers. Xhosa traditional healers are known as amaxwele (herbalists) or amagqirha (diviners). Ngaka and selaoli are the terms in Northern Sotho and Southern Sotho respectively, while among the Venda they are called mungome. The Tsonga refer to their healers as n'anga or mungoma.

Beliefs and tradition

A sangoma is a practitioner of ngoma, a philosophy based on a belief in ancestral spirits (Zulu: amadlozi; Sesotho: badimo; Xhosa: izinyanya) and the practice of traditional African medicine, which is often a mix of medicinal plants and various animal body fats or skin.  Sangomas perform a holistic and symbolic form of healing by drawing on the embedded beliefs of the Bantu peoples in South Africa, who believe that ancestors in the afterlife guide and protect the living. Sangomas are called to heal, and through them it is believed that ancestors from the spirit world can give instruction and advice to heal illness, social disharmony and spiritual difficulties.  Traditional healers work in a sacred healing hut or indumba, where they believe their ancestors reside. Where no physical 'indumba' is available, a makeshift miniature sacred place called imsamo can be used.

Sangomas believe they are able to access advice and guidance from the ancestors for their patients through spirit possession by an ancestor, or mediumship, throwing bones, or by dream interpretation.  In possession states, the sangoma works themself into a trance through drumming, dancing and chanting, and allows their ego to step aside for an ancestor to take possession of his or her body and communicate directly with the patient, or dancing fervently beyond their stated ability. The sangoma will provide specific information about the problems of the patient. Some sangomas speak to their patients through normal conversation, whilst others speak in tongues, or languages foreign to their patients, but all languages used by sangomas are indigenous Southern African languages depending on the specific ancestors being called upon. Not all sangomas follow the same rituals or beliefs.

Ancestral spirits can be the personal ancestors of the sangoma or the patient or they might be general ancestors associated with the geographic area or the community.  It is believed that the spirits have the power to intervene in people's lives who work to connect the sangoma to the spirits that are acting in a manner to cause affliction. For example, a crab could be invoked as a mediator between the human world and the world of spirits because of its ability to move between the world of the land and the sea. Helping and harming spirits are believed to use the human body as a battleground for their own conflicts. By using ngoma, the sangoma believes they can create harmony between the spirits which is thought to bring an alleviation of the patient's suffering.

The sangoma may burn incense (like imphepho) or sacrifice animals to please the ancestral spirits. Snuff is also used to communicate with the ancestors through prayer.

Divination, diagnosis and healing practices
A sangoma's goal in healing is to establish a balanced and harmless relationship between the afflicted patient and the spirits that are causing their illness or problem. The healer intercedes between the patient and the world of the dead in order to make restitution.  This is generally performed through divination (throwing the bones or ancestral channeling), purification rituals, or animal sacrifice to appease the spirits through atonement.

Throwing the bones to access the advice of ancestors is an alternative practice to the exhausting ritual of possession by the ancestor.  In a typical session, a patient will visit the sangoma and the sangoma must determine what the affliction is or the reason the patient has come to them for help. Before the throwing of the bones; the healer should first ask the name and surname of the patient; the healer then calls the ancestors by names, starting with his/her initiators' names, then his\hers then followed by the patient's ancestors names. The patient or diviner throws bones on the floor, which may include animal vertebrae, dominoes, dice, coins, shells and stones, each with a specific significance to human life. For example, a hyena bone signifies a thief and will provide information about stolen objects. The sangoma or the patient throws the bones but the ancestors control how they lie. The sangoma then interprets this metaphor in relation to the patient's afflictions, what the ancestors of the patient require, and how to resolve the disharmony. In the same way, sangomas will interpret metaphors present in dreams, either their own or their patients.

When the diviner comes to an acceptable understanding of the problem and the patient agrees, the diviner then needs to again throw the bones to ask the ancestors if he/she could help the patient. Depending on the feedback from the bones he/she will instruct the patient on a course of medicine which may include the use of ngoma, referral to a herbalist, inyanga (if the sangoma does not have the knowledge themselves), or recommend a Western medicine regimen.

Medicines and muti

The spiritually curative medicines prescribed by a traditional healer are called muti. They may be employed in healing as warranted in the opinion of the herbal specialist or inyanga. Muti is a term derived from a Zulu word for tree.  African traditional medicine makes extensive use of botanical products but the medicine prescribed by an inyanga may also include other formulations which are zoological or mineral in composition. Traditional medicine uses approximately 3,000 out of 30,000 species of higher plants of Southern Africa. Over 300 species of plants have been identified as having psychoactive healing effects on the nervous system, many of which need further cultural and scientific study  In South African English and Afrikaans, the word muti is sometimes used as a slang term for medicine in general.

Mutis are prepared, and depending on the affliction, a number of purification practices can be administered Ukuzila Fasting one of the most important thing to do in preparing muti and healing.  These practices include bathing, vomiting, steaming, nasal ingestion, enemas, and cuttings:

 Bathing – Herbal mixtures are added to bath water to purify the patient
 Vomiting (phalaza) – A large volume (up to +-2 litres) of a weak, lukewarm herbal infusion is drunk and a process of self-induced vomiting occurs to cleanse and tone the system.
 Steaming (futha) – Medicinal herbs are commonly inhaled by steaming them in a bucket of boiling water.  A blanket is used to cover the patient and container.  Hot rocks or a portable stove may be included to keep the bucket boiling. The patient sits under the blanket or plastic(preferably) as blankets get to absorb the heat and the steam doesn't rotate well, breathes in the herbal steam and sweats.
 Nasally – A variety of plants can be taken dried and powdered as snuff.  Some are taken to induce sneezing which may traditionally be believed to aid the expulsion of disease.  Others are taken for the common conditions such as headaches.
 Enemas – Infusions and some decoctions are commonly administered as enemas.  The enema is a preferred route of administration of certain plant extracts, as it is believed they are more effective when administered this way.
 Cuttings (ukugaba) – Extracts or powders are directly applied to small cuts made with a razor blade in the patients skin.

An experienced inyanga/Sangoma will generally seek the guidance of an ancestral spirit before embarking to find and collect muti and you can also go to herbalists to ask for a certain plant/herb you need. The healer, through dreams or during prayers, believes they are advised of auspicious times for collecting the plants. In some cases, symbols and dreams are also interpreted to determine which particular plants to collect for a specific patient and where these plants are located, not in all cases as most traditional healers have their herbs stored in their huts(eNdumbeni).  The healer supplements the perceived advice from an ancestral spirit with their own knowledge, training and experience.

Thwasa and initiation
Both men and women can become traditional healers. A sangoma is believed to be "called" to heal through an initiation illness; symptoms involve psychosis, headaches, intractable stomach pain, shoulder, neck complaints, short breath, swollen feet and waist issues or illness that cannot be cured by conventional methods. These problems together must be seen by a sangoma as thwasa or the calling of the ancestors. Sangomas believe that failure to respond to the calling will result in further illness until the person concedes and goes to be trained.  The word thwasa is derived from thwasa which means 'the light of the new moon' or from ku mu thwasisa meaning 'to led to the light'.

A trainee sangoma (or ithwasane) trains formally under another sangoma for a period of anywhere between a number of months and many years. The training involves learning humility to the ancestors, purification through steaming, washing in the blood of sacrificed animals, and the use of muti, medicines with spiritual significance.  The ithwasa may not see their families during training and must abstain from sexual contact and often live under harsh and strict conditions. This is part of the cleansing process to prepare the healer for a life's work of dedication to healing and the intense experiences of training tend to earn a deeply entrenched place in the sangoma's memory.

During the training period the ithwasa will share their ailments in the form of song and dance, a process that is nurtured by the analysis of dreams, anxieties, and with prayer.  The story develops into a song which becomes a large part of the graduation-type ceremony that marks the end of the ukuthwasa training.  At times in the training, and for the graduation, a ritual sacrifice of an animal is performed (usually chickens and a goat or a cow).

At the end of ukuthwasa and during initiation, early hours of the morning a goat that will be slaughtered should be a female one, that's for Umguni, the second one will be slaughtered the following morning after the chickens, which are sacrificed at the river Abamdzawo. All this sacrifices are to call to the ancestors and appease them. The local community, friends and family are all invited to the initiation to witness and celebrate the completion of training. The ithwasane is also tested by the local elder sangomas to determine whether they have the skills and insight necessary to heal.  The climactic initiation test is to ensure the ithwasa has the ability to "see" things hidden from view.  This is signified and proved when other sangomas hide the ithwasa's sacred objects, including the gall bladder of the goat that was sacrificed and the thwasane must, in front of the community, call upon their ancestors, find the hidden objects, which includes the skin of the goat, Umgamase, the ancestors clothes and return them back to the sangomas that hid them, thus proving they have the ability to "see" beyond the physical world. The heading practice is also done at night after taking off all those traditional clothing you had worn all day, they hide them for that thwasane to look for them again. The graduation ceremony takes 3 days from Friday till Sunday, the early hours of the morning the thwasane needs to sweep the whole yard, wash his/her clothes and also to bath at the river, he/she should return home when they are dry.

Drumming and ancestral dancing

Sangoma can also literally mean 'person of the drum' or 'the drumming one'   and drumming is an important part of summoning the ancestors.  During times of celebration (e.g. at an Initiation) the possessed sangoma is called to dance and celebrate their ancestors.  The sangoma will fall into trance(When in trance the Sangoma isn't cautious of what is happening, so after that he/she will be told of the things he/she had said) where the ancestors will be channeled (which is signified in Zulu traditions by episodes of convulsive fits) followed by the singing of ancestral songs. These songs are echoed back to the ancestor via the audience in a process of call and response.  The possessed sangoma will then change into their traditional ancestral clothing and dance vigorously while others drum and sing in celebration.

History and background

The Zulu word with prefix is isangoma (pl. izangoma), alternatively it is also spelled as umngoma (pl. abangoma), sa ngoma means 'do ngoma and i sa ngoma means "those who do ngoma", so sangoma or isangoma refers specifically to the practitioner of the ngoma practice.

The term sangoma is often used colloquially in South Africa for equivalent professions in other Bantu cultures in Southern Africa.  Forms of the ngoma ritual are practiced throughout southern and south-eastern Africa in countries such as South Africa, Eswatini, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Lesotho, Kenya, and Batswana. In more northern areas the practices are generally more diverse and less organized than the southern practices. Among the Kongo, the practice is called loka or more negatively doga, a term meaning witchcraft.

Ngoma is believed to have come to southern Africa during the western Bantu migration that began around 2000 BCE and was further influenced by the eastern Bantu migration that occurred until 500 CE.  The practice has evolved along with the social problems of its users. In pre-colonial form ngoma songs dealt mainly with issues of hunting. Over time the system adapted to include the introduction of guns, and later the racial and class struggles of practitioners under colonial rule. In Zimbabwe, the civil war experience lead to a revival of ngoma practice with a new emphasis on the spirits of the victims of war.  The service allowed the sangoma to help people cope with their own violent acts as well as those they had fallen victim to.  An example of this is the Tsonga who believe that one of the main alien spirits that can bestow powers of clairvoyance and the ability to detect witchcraft is the Ndau Spirit.  The Ndau spirit possesses the descendants of the Gaza soldiers who had slain the Ndau and taken their wives. Once the Ndau spirit has been converted from hostile to benevolent forces, the spirits bestow the powers of divination and healing on the n'angna.

In addition, ngoma has been adapted by many to include both Christian and Muslim beliefs.

Legal status
Sangomas are legally recognised in South Africa as "traditional health practitioners", under the Traditional Health Practitioners Act of 2007 (Act. 22 of 2007) as diviners alongside herbalists, traditional birth attendants, and traditional surgeons. The act calls for the establishment of a national council of traditional health practitioners to regulate and register a.o. sangomas in the country. However, it was only in December 2011 that the National Department of Health took action and opened nominations for seats on an interim council. In October 2012, Health Department spokesperson Joe Maila advised that the Department aimed to have the council up and running by the end of 2012. The Interim Traditional Health Practitioners Council was eventually inaugurated on 12 February 2013. Several sections of the act, dealing with the establishment and governance of the national council and the registration of practitioners, came into effect on 1 May 2014.

Previously, the South African Parliament had passed the Traditional Health Practitioners Act of 2004 (Act. 35 of 2004). However, the act was ruled unconstitutional after Doctors for Life International challenged it at the Constitutional Court, citing the insufficient public participation at provincial level in the drafting of the act.

The South African Law Reform Commission received a submission from the Traditional Healers Organisation requesting the investigation of the constitutionality of the Witchcraft Suppression Act of 1957 and the Mpumalanga Witchcraft Suppression Bill of 2007, the drafting of which was suspended in 2008. On 23 March 2010 the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development approved a South African Law Reform Commission project to review witchcraft legislation. In March 2012 the South African Law Reform Commission advised that Ms Jennifer Joni has been designated as researcher and Judge Dennis Davis has been designated as project leader for Project 135: Review of witchcraft legislation. Dr Theodore Petrus, who completed a doctoral thesis on witchcraft-related crime in 2009, was invited to become part of an advisory committee to assist in the review.

White sangomas

While there are recorded instances of white sangomas before 1994, since 1994 an increasing number of white people have openly trained as sangomas in South Africa.  The question of authenticity is still an ongoing discussion. According to Nokuzola Mndende of the Icamagu Institute, a Xhosa sangoma and former lecturer in religious studies at the University of Cape Town: Philip Kubekeli, director of the Traditional Medical Practitioners, Herbalist and Spiritual Healers Association, and Phephsile Maseko, spokesperson of the Traditional Healers Organisation, see nothing wrong with white sangomas.  Kubekeli and Maseko maintain the position that traditional healing knows no colour.

Several white sangomas, interviewed by The Big Issue in 2010, claimed that they have been welcomed by the black community in South Africa, aside from isolated experiences of hostility. On the other hand, there have also been reports that white sangomas have been less readily accepted by black sangomas.

A number of the South African traditions (e.g. Swazi and Tsonga/Shangaan) believe that a foreign or alien spirit can call one to become a traditional healer, which they call Abandzawo,, especially if there is a significant extreme relationship between one of the healer's biological ancestors and the foreign spirit that occurred in the past. Dr Nhlavana Maseko, founder of the Traditional Healers Organisation, explains:

Relationship with Western medicine

The formal health sector has shown continued interest in the role of sangomas and the efficacy of their herbal remedies. Botanists and pharmaceutical scientists continue to study the ingredients of traditional medicines in use by sangomas.  Well known contributions to world medicine from South African herbal remedies include aloe, buchu and devil's claw. Public health specialists are now enlisting sangomas in the fight, not only against the spread of HIV/AIDS, but also diarrhoea and pneumonia, which are major causes of death in rural areas, especially in children. In the past decade, the role of  traditional healers has become important in fighting the impact of HIV and treating people infected with the virus before they advance to a point where they require (or can obtain) anti-retroviral drugs.  A conclusion from a review by UNAIDS in September 2000, regarding collaboration with traditional healers in HIV/AIDS prevention and care, found that modern and traditional belief systems are not incompatible, but complementary.

Estimates of the number of indigenous traditional healers in South Africa ranged up to 200,000 in 1999, compared to 25,000 Western-trained doctors.  Traditional healers are consulted first (or exclusively) by approximately 60% of the African population.

While for many they provide the healing needed, there are some causes for concern. Charlatans who have not undergone thwasa charge exorbitant prices for fraudulent service, and not all countries in southern Africa have effective regulatory bodies to prevent this practice. Some sangomas have been known to abuse the charismatic power they have over their patients by sexually assaulting them, sometimes dressed up as ritual. Repeated use of the same razor blade to make incisions for muti carries HIV transmission risks in regions where the disease is rife. Western-style doctors have seen a number of cases of patients with serious gastrointestinal problems through the use of muti, especially in enema form, and have coined the phrase "ritual enema induced colitis" to describe the phenomenon.

Fraudulent sangomas and scam artists

Due to the heavy influx of Western and East African migrants, a large number of mainly unemployed or unskilled foreign nationals have taken advantage of the local population's respect and trust of sangomas and have set up bogus healing practices, where they exploit clients for as much money as possible. These charlatans often call themselves doctors or professors and claim themselves as sangomas, faith healers, psychics or as traditional healers, but have no legitimate references and are not trained as such. All this Charlatans do not really see the negative impact they make in the community as all they want is quick money, it is believed these people use Salamos for one not to even see when they are being scammed, most scammers claim to be able to help people multiply their wealth, perform abortions, penis enlargement, bring your love back. A true Sangome/Inyanga stays in one place not moving around.  In the Cape, they often adopt Muslim sounding names in order to attract the local Cape Coloured population, who are in part Muslim.

They advertise through flyers, posters and adverts that are commonly plastered on the streets and lamposts of cities throughout South Africa, especially in densely populated urban areas.  The adverts make outlandish promises and claims about spells that bring back lost lovers, potions to enlarge penises and spells that will make people rich or provide them with luck to win in gambling or the lottery, to name a few.  The sophistication of their advertising also extends to advertising in local newspapers and internet websites.  Many people have lost significant amounts of money from scams, tricks and false promises that these charlatans use in their cons. Many women have significantly damaged their reproductive organs and the ability to reproduce, due to back street abortions.

Legitimate sangomas and South African traditional healing organisations are angered by these charlatans and are working to end the trade of bogus traditional healers and fake sangomas through regulation, legal action and awareness.  They believe the charlatans harm the reputation of the legitimate traditional healers and also damage the lives of many innocent people.  As a general rule, sangomas tend not to advertise through flyers or posters.  They tend to rely more on their reputation, word of mouth and their trust in their ancestors to bring them the right clients.

Mary Bungeni, a sangoma herself, explains:

Dr Motlalepula Matsabisa, director of the Medical Research Council's Indigenous Knowledge Unit, says there appears to be many fake traditional healers from Eastern and Western Africa around, however because of a lack of regulation, they go unchecked and explains that if anyone can bring about good luck and predict lotto numbers, they wouldn't be poor themselves. However, he also warns that people should not be gullible.

Phephsile Maseko, national co-ordinator of the Traditional Healers Organisation (THO) says:

See also
Busi Mhlongo
John Lockley
Mercy Manci
Curandero
Murder for body parts
Ubuntu
Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
Overview of Indigenous Healing in SA by the University of the Witswatersrand (WITS)
Sangoma Photo Gallery – Gallery of sangomas from different cultures around the Cape.
Spirits of Africa – Project dedicated to creating online documentaries of African spiritual and healing practices
http://www.ethnobotany.co.za/ - Research on South African medicinal plants

*
*
Category:Traditional healthcare occupations
Category:Zulu culture
Category:Xhosa culture
Category:Medicine drums


Cahabón River

The Río Cahabón (Cahabón River) is a  long river in eastern Guatemala. From its  sources in the Sierra de las Minas range in Baja Verapaz it turns north and then east into Alta Verapaz, running through Santa Cruz Verapaz, Tactic, Cobán, San Pedro Carchá, Semuc Champey and Santa María Cahabón below which it joins the smaller Polochic River.

It has whitewater reaches, with Class III and IV rapids — intermediate to challenging — which are favoured spots for touristic river rafting.

See also
Lake Chichoj

References

Category:Rivers of Guatemala


Eopirga

Eopirga is a genus of moths in the subfamily Lymantriinae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Category:Lymantriinae
Category:Moth genera
Category:Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Alfred Sandor

Alfred Sandor (November 5, 1918 – September 22, 1983), born Alfred Sandwina, and billed early in his career as Al Sandwina, was a Hungarian-born American and Australian character actor and singer. He was also credited as Al Sander and Al Sandor.

Early life and career
Sandor was born in Budapest during the turmoil of the Hungarian Revolutions and Interventions, He spent his early years travelling with the circus, where his mother, Katie Sandwina, was a circus strongwoman, and he had a background as a ringmaster. After a brief career working as a boxer in New York City, he found himself working as a spy behind enemy lines during World War II.

Acting career
After World War II he returned to America, where he established himself as an actor, appearing in Broadway productions and musical theatre. On US television he appeared on The Phil Silvers Show, in a single episode of Dark Shadows in 1968 (playing Sheriff George Patterson) and on Our Five Daughters. His theatre work included Neil Simon's The Odd Couple,  and Gypsy opposite Ethel Merman His film work included The Return of Captain Invincible.

Sandor later travelled to Australia (where he took up citizenship), to appear in a touring production of Plaza Suite, the play The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (with Lorraine Bayly and Mona Richardson), and he appeared in the film Nickel Queen, whilst doing television work with roles in Number 96,  Division 4, Boney and The Evil Touch. However, he would become best known for his long-running role as the "dandy" surgeon Dr. Raymond Shaw in the Australian television soap opera The Young Doctors. An original cast member of the serial, he continued in the role for six years, leaving around 20 episodes before the end.

Death
After suffering from ill health for some time, he died of lung cancer in Sydney, Australia in 1983, aged 64.

References

External links

Category:American male soap opera actors
Category:American male television actors
Category:Deaths from lung cancer
Category:1918 births
Category:1983 deaths
Category:Deaths from cancer in New South Wales
Category:20th-century American male actors
Category:Hungarian emigrants to Australia
Category:Hungarian emigrants to the United States


Albert Russell (director)

Albert Russell (August 2, 1890 – March 4, 1929) was an American director, screenwriter and actor of the silent era. He directed 18 films between 1919 and 1923. He also wrote for five screenplays between 1916 and 1921.

He was born in New York, New York, and died from pneumonia in Los Angeles, California. His brother was actor William Russell, who died two weeks earlier from pneumonia.

Filmography

 Baseball Madness (1917)
 The Lion Man (1919)
 The Moon Riders (1920 – story)
 'In Wrong' Wright (1920)
 Double Danger (1920)
 Tipped Off (1920)
 Fight It Out (1920)
 The Trail of the Hound (1920)
 The Driftin' Kid (1921)
 Kickaroo (1921)
 No Monkey Business (1921) (as Al Russell)
 The White Horseman (1921)
 The Secret Four (1921)
 The Room of Death (1921) (as Al Russell)
 Matching Wits (1922)
 Trickery (1922) (as Al Russell)
 The Call of Courage (1922) (as Al Russell)
 A Treacherous Rival (1922) (as Al Russell)
 The Verdict (1922) (as Al Russell)
 Lone Fighter (1923)

References

External links

Category:1890 births
Category:1929 deaths
Category:American film directors
Category:American male screenwriters
Category:American male film actors
Category:American male silent film actors
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Infectious disease deaths in California
Category:Western (genre) film directors
Category:20th-century American male actors
Category:Male actors from New York City
Category:Screenwriters from New York (state)


Signal Hill Mall

Signal Hill Mall is a regional enclosed shopping mall located in Statesville, North Carolina, serving the Iredell County and the surrounding area located in the northern Charlotte suburbs. It has six stores, anchored by Belk. The mall is located on Interstate 77.

History
C&J Associates announced the mall in 1972, with F. W. Woolworth Company and Belk as the first two anchor stores announced. The third original anchor, Spainhour's, was a local department store also operational in downtown at the time. Belk had been operational in the city since 1912. The mall opened on August 1, 1973.

At its peak in the 1990s, it had 42 stores and . Hills Stores Company opened a  store at Signal Hill Mall in 1995.

Saslow Jewelers closed its store in 2017.
Radio Shack also closed in 2017. JC Penney closed in April 2015.

References

Category:Shopping malls in North Carolina
Category:Iredell County, North Carolina
Category:Shopping malls established in 1973


Fort Pierre

Fort Pierre may mean:

 Fort Pierre, a city in South Dakota.

 One of two trading post forts with this name that were located in what is now South Dakota:
 Fort Pierre (1831-1857), originally named Fort Pierre Chouteau or Fort Chouteau, then renamed Fort Pierre in 1833. The fort was purchased by the U.S. Army in 1855 and renamed Fort Bennett. The site is located within Fort Chouteau Park in the city of Fort Pierre.
 Fort Pierre (1859-1863), later renamed New Fort Pierre. The site was located 3½ miles north of the site of the original Fort Pierre.


John Cavanaugh (baseball)

John Joseph Cavanaugh (June 5, 1900 – January 14, 1961) was a Major League Baseball third baseman. He played in one game for the Philadelphia Phillies on July 7 during the 1919 Philadelphia Phillies season. He was the first player born in the 1900s to appear in a Major League Baseball game.

References

External links

Category:1900 births
Category:1961 deaths
Category:Major League Baseball third basemen
Category:Philadelphia Phillies players
Category:Baseball players from Pennsylvania


The Roving Shadows

The Roving Shadows () is a 2002 fiction book by the French writer Pascal Quignard. It won the Prix Goncourt. The English edition was published November 2011, translated by Chris Turner.

See also
 2002 in literature
 Contemporary French literature

References

Category:2002 French novels
Category:French-language novels
Category:Novels by Pascal Quignard
Category:Prix Goncourt winning works
Category:Éditions Grasset books


Bill Carmody

William D. Carmody (born December 4, 1951) is a retired American men's college basketball coach, formerly the head coach at the College of the Holy Cross.  He was the head coach of the Wildcats men's basketball team at Northwestern University from 2000 through 2013. From 1996 through 2000, Carmody was the head coach at Princeton University.

Early life and education
Carmody was born in Rahway, New Jersey, and grew up in Spring Lake, where he attended St. Rose High School, a Roman Catholic private school, in nearby Belmar.  He attended and graduated from Union College in Schenectady, New York, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1975.  He led Union's basketball team to a 59–11 record in his three years as a starter.

Career
After graduating from Union College, Carmody served as head coach of Fulton-Montgomery Community College in Johnstown, New York, and led the team to a 17–10 record and conference title in his only season there. He returned to Union the following year as an assistant coach under head coach Bill Scanlon.  In 1980, Carmody became a part-time assistant at Providence College, where he worked for 2 seasons under head coach Gary Walters.

Princeton
From 1982 through 1996, he was an assistant basketball coach at Princeton University under the Tigers' legendary coach, Pete Carril.  After fourteen years, he became the head coach in 1996 when Carril retired.  Despite not being able to offer athletic scholarships due to Ivy League rules, Carmody's 1997–1998 team reached a ranking as high as 7th nationally, and was ranked 8th nationally going into the NCAA Tournament.  This led to a number-five seed in the NCAA Tournament. That team lost in the second round of the tournament to #4 seed (and eventual 10th ranked) Michigan State, and was ranked 16th nationally at the conclusion of the tournament.  He is considered one of the leading practitioners of the Princeton offense. While coaching Princeton, he established the Ivy League career winning percentage record of 78.6%, going 92–25.

Northwestern

In 2000, he succeeded Kevin O'Neill as the head coach of the Northwestern Wildcats Men's Basketball Team.  One of his top assistants from 2000 to 2006 was Craig Robinson, the brother of former First Lady Michelle Obama.  From 2008–2014, Robinson was the head coach at Oregon State University.

In 2003–04, Carmody led the Wildcats to an 8–8 record in Big Ten play, their first non-losing record in conference play since 1967–68.

On January 18, Northwestern defeated the then-number-seventeen Minnesota Golden Gophers. On January 21, 2009, Carmody's Kevin Coble-led Wildcats defeated number-seven Michigan State University at the Breslin Center in East Lansing, Michigan earning their second consecutive win over an opponent ranked in the AP top 25, marking the  first time in school history for such a feat.  The 2008–09 unit became the first in school history to win 20 games and briefly flirted with the first NCAA Tournament appearance in school history.

On December 28, 2009, Northwestern was ranked number 25 in the Associated Press Basketball Poll, marking the first time Northwestern had been ranked in the AP Poll since 1969.  The 2009–10 team also notched the school's second-ever 20-win season.

Despite Carmody's efforts to upgrade the Wildcat program, his teams never finished higher than fifth in the Big Ten, and his 2003–04 team was the only one that finished with even a .500 record in conference play.  After the Wildcats suffered their first losing season in six years, Carmody was fired on March 16, 2013.  He left as the second-winningest coach in school history, behind only Dutch Lonborg.

Holy Cross
After spending the 2014–15 season as a special assistant and advisor to Fairfield coach Sydney Johnson, Carmody was hired as the head coach of the Holy Cross Crusaders in March 2015.
In Carmody's first year with the Crusaders, his team won the Patriot League Tournament Championship.  After going 0–9 on the road in league play, he completed a magical conference tournament run of 4–0 on the road to claim the crown.

Head coaching record

References

External links
 Holy Cross profile
 Northwestern profile
 Princeton profile

Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:Basketball coaches from New Jersey
Category:Basketball players from New Jersey
Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Category:Holy Cross Crusaders men's basketball coaches
Category:Junior college men's basketball coaches in the United States
Category:Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball coaches
Category:Sportspeople from Rahway, New Jersey
Category:People from Spring Lake, New Jersey
Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois
Category:Princeton Tigers men's basketball coaches
Category:Providence Friars men's basketball coaches
Category:Sportspeople from Monmouth County, New Jersey
Category:St. Rose High School alumni
Category:Union Dutchmen basketball coaches
Category:Union Dutchmen basketball players
Category:American men's basketball players


John T. Snyder

John T. Snyder is an American artist whose work has appeared in role-playing games.

Career
John T. Snyder is known for his artwork on the Call of Cthulhu role-playing game. He also illustrated the 5th edition cover of the Stormbringer role-playing game. His Dungeons & Dragons work includes Avengers in Lankhmar (1995), Mind Lords of the Last Sea and Defilers and Preservers for Dark Sun (both 1996), Of Ships and the Sea (1997), and The Savage Coast Monstrous Compendium.

References

External links
 John T. Snyder's deviantart page

Category:American artists
Category:Living people
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Role-playing game artists
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Radio Boys

Radio Boys was the title of three series of juvenile fiction books published by rival companies in the United States in the 1920s:

 Grosset & Dunlap - authored by "Allen Chapman", a Stratemeyer Syndicate pseudonym - 13 titles.  The best known, and biggest seller of the three series.
 A. L. Burt Company - authored by Gerald Breckenridge - 10 titles.  Unlike the other books in the series, which were published under pseudonyms, there appears to have really been a Gerald Breckenridge, a former journalist. Some of his papers were donated to Auburn University. According to radio listings that were published in the New York Times and other newspapers, Breckenridge was a guest on radio station Newark's WJZ three times during October 1922, reading selections from his latest "Radio Boys" book

 M. A. Donohue & Co. - various authors - 6 titles

There was also a related Radio Girls series, another Stratemeyer Syndicate product, published by Cupples & Leon and authored by "Margaret Penrose".

All of these series were launched seemingly simultaneously in 1922 and the earliest books in each series were by far the biggest sellers, often incorporating details on how to build a crystal set (a simple radio receiver).  Later installments tended toward routine action adventure.

References

External links

 Details of the Stratemeyer Syndicate's Radio Boys series - Also spotlights some similarly named 1920s series pertaining to radio, i.e. The Radio-Phone Boys
 13 titles available at Project Gutenberg

Category:Book series introduced in 1922
Category:Stratemeyer Syndicate
Category:Series of books
Category:American children's novels
Category:Juvenile series
Category:Grosset & Dunlap books


Sun Is Up

"Sun Is Up" is a song recorded by Romanian singer Inna for her second studio album, I Am the Club Rocker (2011), and also included on the British version of her debut album Hot (2009). Written and produced by Play & Win members Sebastian Barac, Radu Bolfea and Marcel Botezan, the song was released in October 2010 as the first single from I Am the Club Rocker. "Sun Is Up" is a rave pop track, and was compared to Sabrina's "Boys (Summertime Love)" (1987) by one reviewer.

The track was received favorably, with music critics praising its composition and referring to it as a highlight on the album and in Inna's career. It won in the Best Song in the Balkans from Romania for 2010 category at the 2011 Balkan Music Awards, while also receiving nominations at the 2011 Radio România Actualităţi and Romanian Music Awards, and 2012 Radar Media Awards. To promote "Sun Is Up", an accompanying music video was shot by Alex Herron in late August 2010 in Marbella, Spain, and uploaded onto Inna's YouTube channel on 30 September 2010. She further promoted the recording through various live performances. Commercially, "Sun Is Up" reached the top 10 in several countries, while awarded certifications in Italy, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Background and composition

In June 2010, Inna announced via her official website that two new songs, "Un Momento", a collaboration with Spanish singer Juan Magán, and "Sun Is Up", would be featured on an upcoming "Summer Hit Pack". With the plans remaining unmaterialized, "Sun Is Up" was released in Romania in October 2010 as the first single from the singer's second studio album, I Am the Club Rocker (2011). Its cover artwork had been previously unveiled in August 2010; shot by Edward Aninaru, it shows Inna naked in a jacuzzi, lifting her right hand. The French radio and digital release of the song followed in January 2011, the latter by label Roton. In the United Kingdom, the track was featured on the British version of Inna's debut record Hot, made available on 5 June 2011. It was also the closing song on the compilation Now That's What I Call Music! 79.

A "euro rave pop" song, "Sun Is Up" was written and produced by Romanian trio Play & Win members Sebastian Barac, Radu Bolfea and Marcel Botezan. During the track's refrain, Inna sings: "All the people tonight put your hands in the sky / Come on boy, come and get in / The rhythm music will take you high / What I'm feeling about you / I love you, don't know why / Everybody come and get in / The rhythm music will take you high."

Reception and accolades
Upon its release, "Sun Is Up" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. An editor from German radio station BB Radio commended the song as a highlight from I Am the Club Rocker, writing: "After just the first few seconds, the sun rises. The hit single from Inna simply puts you in a dance mood." Paul Lester, writing for The Guardian, noticed similarities to Sabrina's "Boys (Summertime Love)" (1987), while French website Musique Radio praised its rhythm and melody. An editor of Pro FM listed the recording in their list of "16 hits with which Inna made history". More negatively, Urban.ro noted that the singer was screaming during the song's chorus. Fans of "Sun Is Up" include British group One Direction, who released a video of them on social media in January 2012 dancing and singing along to the track in their car while on their Up All Night Tour (2011–2012). In an accompanying message, they wrote: "Just incase you were wondering...this is what we do in the car...". An editor of Capital FM positively regarded the video, while resuming its plot: "While Louis and Zayn show off their best moves, Harry then turns the camera onto Liam Payne, who is doing some head bopping."

Commercially, "Sun Is Up" experienced widespread success on record charts, reaching number one on Hungary's Dance Top 40 chart, Netherlands's Mega Dance Top 30 chart, the Swiss Romandy region and United Kingdom's dance chart. In Romania, the track peaked at number two, while becoming the fifth Inna song to debut within the top 10 in France, ultimately reaching the same peak position. Other top 10 positions were achieved in countries including Russia, Switzerland, Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay component chart in the United States, Mexico and Lebanon. "Sun Is Up" was awarded Gold certifications by the Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana (FIMI) and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for shifting 15,000 copies in Italy and Switzerland, while also receiving Silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in the United Kingdom for 200,000 units. As of 2011, "Sun Is Up" has sold 125,000 copies in France, making it the 17th best-selling single of the year.

"Sun Is Up" won the Eurodanceweb Award in 2010, an online music contest, with 184 points, marking Romania's highest position in that competition. She was ranked in third place by the online voting, but she won following the decision of a jury panel consisting of various journalists, music producers, disc jockeys and radio stations. The single also won Best Song in the Balkans from Romania for 2010 at the 2011 Balkan Music Awards, while receiving nominations in the Pop/Dance Song of the Year, Best Dance and Song of the Year categories at the 2011 Radio România Actualităţi and Romanian Music Awards, and 2012 Radar Media Awards, respectively.

Music video
An accompanying music video for "Sun Is Up" was uploaded onto Inna's official YouTube channel on 30 September 2010, preceded by the release of a making-of video on 30 August and a preview on 27 September 2010. It was filmed by Alex Herron in Marbella, Spain on 24 August 2010. The video begins with Inna walking cross a river in the middle of a forest, dressed up in green. This is followed by her getting ready for a photoshooting session with Tore Frisholm Jr. with various make-up artists. Subsequently, Inna is shown bathing and singing naked in a jacuzzi in front of a mountain area, as well as dancing at a party and being pictured by Frisholm privately. The clip continues in a similar way, closing with Frisholm and Inna standing close to each other at sunset. The visual received notable airplay on Romanian television, peaking at number four on Media Forest's TV Airplay Chart in October 2010.

Live performances
The first live performance of "Sun Is Up" occurred at the 2010 Romanian Music Awards on 10 July 2010 in Craiova, Romania, in a medley with "Señorita" (2010), "10 Minutes" (2010) and "Amazing" (2009). In 2011, Inna sang the song on several occasions, including as the opening act of her own Inna: Live la Arenele Romane gig in Bucharest on 17 May, where she arrived by helicopter "like a diva", at the 2011 Balkan Music Awards on 4 June, and at the ZDF-Fernsehgarten and The Dome 59 in Germany on 28 August and 31 August. She also performed the song at the 2011 Romanian Music Awards in Brașov on 16 September, and at French event Starfloor on 26 November at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris. Other notable performances outside of the single's promotion phase include during her Wow Session series on her YouTube channel on 16 March 2012, and at the World Trade Center Mexico City in September 2012 and March 2016.

Track listings
Official versions
 "Sun Is Up" (Play & Win Radio Edit Version) – 3:44
 "Sun Is Up" (Play & Win Extended Version) – 4:43
 "Sun Is Up" (UK Radio Edit Version) – 2:32
 "Sun Is Up" (Radio/Video Edit Version) – 3:11
 "Sun Is Up" (Cahill Radio Edit) – 3:25
 "Sun Is Up" (Cahill Club Remix) – 7:17
 "Sun Is Up" (Cahill Instrumental) – 7:11
 "Sun Is Up" (Kryder Remix) – 5:30
 "Sun Is Up" (Mico Short Radio Edit) – 3:27
 "Sun Is Up" (Mico Club Remix) – 6:05
 "Sun Is Up" (Odd Radio Edit) – 3:17
 "Sun Is Up" (Odd Club Remix) – 6:02
 "Sun Is Up" (The Perez Brothers Radio Edit) – 3:48
 "Sun Is Up" (The Perez Brothers Club Remix) – 4:18
 "Sun Is Up" (Dandeej Remix) – 7:02
 "Sun Is Up" (Ilario Estevez Remix) – 5:32
 "Sun Is Up" (Liam Keegan Remix) – 2:59
 "Sun Is Up" (Ivan Mateluna Empo Hybrid Remix) – 4:47

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

|-
!scope="row"|France (SNEP)
|
|125,000
|-

Release and radio history

Notes

References

Category:2010 singles
Category:Inna songs
Category:English-language Romanian songs
Category:Song recordings produced by Play & Win
Category:2010 songs


Royal Army Clothing Depot

The Royal Army Clothing Depot was a factory and warehouse providing uniforms and other items of clothing for the British Army. It was located in Grosvenor Road, Pimlico, London, England.  Established in the 1850s, it remained in operation until 1932; for much of its history the depot was part of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps and its precursors. During the early part of the First World War it was headed by Colonel Harold Stephen Langhorne.

History
In 1855 the War Office took responsibility for provision of Army clothing; previously, each individual regiment had been responsible for procuring its uniforms. A storage depot was established, initially within the Ordnance Depot at Weedon in Northamptonshire before being relocated to Pimlico in 1859.
In 1856 a factory had been built at Woolwich to manufacture uniforms for the Artillery and Engineer corps. in 1863 a factory was established in Pimlico (a 70-year lease having been purchased on the site in Grosvenor Road); by the end of the decade the Woolwich factory had closed, with its operations having transferred to Pimlico. From 1870 the establishment at Pimlico (with its departments responsible for storage, manufacture and inspection of army clothing) combined with the Clothing Branch of the War Office to form a new Army Clothing Department (titled the Royal Army Clothing Department from 1887).

With its lease coming to an end, the factory at Pimlico closed in 1932, when new systems of clothing procurement for the Army were put into effect. Storage provision was moved from Pimlico to the Ordnance Depots at Didcot and Woolwich, and the following year, the Royal Army Clothing Department was abolished. Dolphin Square now stands on the site in Grosvenor Road.

References

Category:Royal Logistic Corps


Isodemis longicera

Isodemis longicera is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Vietnam.

The wingspan is 22 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is cream, with weak, cream brown and brown suffusions. The markings are brownish with dark brown parts. The hindwings are pale brownish grey.

Etymology
The specific epithet refers to the terminal process of the sacculus and is derived from Latin longus (meaning long) and cera, from Greek keras (meaning a horn).

References

Category:Moths described in 2009
Category:Archipini
Category:Moths of Vietnam
Category:Taxa named by Józef Razowski


Samuel Alexander (disambiguation)

Samuel Alexander (1859–1938) was an Australian-born British philosopher.

Samuel Alexander may also refer to:

Samuel David Alexander (1862–1943), Croatian industrialist and philanthropist
Samuel N. Alexander (1910-1967), American computer pioneer
Samuel Thomas Alexander (1836–1904), founder of Alexander & Baldwin on Maui
Samuel Kern Alexander (born 1939)
Nova (Sam Alexander), Marvel Comics character
Samuel Giles William Alexander  (Sam Alexander), Marine

See also


Melvyn J Taub

Melvyn J Taub (born 7 September 1960) is a London-based Tour and Promotion Manager and some-time pop/rock singer and actor, primarily known for his role as singer in 1980s bubblegum pop band The Jetset and as a part of Mari Wilson's touring revue band The Wilsations.

Early life
Melvyn Jeremy Taub was born in London, the only son of Wilfred Taub (originally Schlachtaub) and Adela Robin. He attended the Clapton Jewish Day School (now Simon Marks Jewish Primary School), where he met his future Jetset bandmate Angus Nanan, before continuing his education at Central Foundation Boys' School.

The Jetset
Along with teenage friend Paul Bevoir, Taub formed the Jetset in July 1981 the band developed their style under the guidance of former Advertising and Secret Affair drummer Paul Bultitude, playing their first gig at the Rock Garden in Covent Garden, London, in 1981, and gaining valuable live experience as a touring support act to Secret Affair later the same year and during 1982.

The band set about crafting perfectly executed and packaged bubblegum pop, inspired by the music and merchandising of The Monkees and The Beatles. From the beginning The Jetset presented themselves as already every bit as famous as their Sixties heroes. The band’s marketing sowed the seeds of Jetset myth before they were even well known. An eye-catching EP sleeve included the band clowning around in stills "from their forthcoming TV series", hanging out of the Monkee-influenced ‘Jetsetmobile’ (a very English Ford Capri with customised ‘JETSET’ number plates). They even had a suitably barmy Jetset cartoon strip that appeared in Shadows & Reflections, the underground magazine of long-time Jetset champion Chris Hunt.

Melvyn J added the trademark nasal vocals to The Jetset's authentic Sixties pop sound and the band went on to record five albums before their acrimonious split in 1988. As Paul Bevoir started to assume more control of the band's direction and sound, and took on more of the singing duties, Bultitude and Taub quit the band, leaving Bevoir to finish the final Jetset album without them. Bevoir had occasionally appeared live as The Jetset without Taub, most notably on a tour of the United States in 1986.

Mari Wilson's Wilsations
Through their connection with Bultitude, Bevoir and Taub had temporarily joined Mari Wilson's Wilsations as backing vocalists in 1981. Bevoir soon left to focus on his own music, while Melvyn J went on to enjoy chart success with the Wilsations, before returning to work with Bevoir in The Jetset.

Actor
As an actor, Melvyn J appeared in It's All True, a highly acclaimed Arena television film in the early 1980s, starring alongside Koo Stark and directed by Julien Temple, as well as in a number of TV commercials worldwide.

Later career
Early demos recorded by Melvyn J have subsequently been released under the name of Melvyn And the Smartys, but after the demise of The Jetset he turned his back on the legend of the band and continued to work in the mainstream music industry as an international press & promotions manager for EastWest Records and Sony Music.

Upon leaving Sony in 2003, he continued to work with Oasis, Travis, Simple Minds, Big Audio Dynamite, Craig David, Taio Cruz, Bill Wyman, Orbital and Simply Red on a freelance basis.
He later went on to form The International Department, an international music promotion and marketing company, with Paul Bultitude and Doe Phillips. He continues to work closely with Manic Street Preachers, Marc Almond, Mick Hucknall, Grace Jones, and Jake Bugg, to name but a few, in promotional and tour management roles.

Notes

Category:Living people
Category:1960 births
Category:Musicians from London
Category:People educated at Central Foundation Boys' School
Category:British male singers


Daimler India Commercial Vehicles

Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. is a subsidiary of the German Daimler AG.  This company designs, manufactures, and sells commercial vehicles that cater to the demands of Indian customers and are designed with nation's terrain in mind. These vehicles are branded as "BharatBenz", "Mercedes Benz" and "Fuso".

After starting production in June 2012, the first heavy-duty truck was launched in September 2012. The corporate office is located in sholinganallur, Chennai, and the plant is located at Oragadam, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu. Currently, the Chief Executive Officer is Satyakam Arya.

History
Daimler AG has been active in the commercial vehicle business in India for decades. In 1954, the first truck specifically for the Indian market was a Mercedes-Benz, after Daimler-Benz granted a license for automobile production to India-based Tata Group. A year prior, Daimler-Benz acquired an equity interest in Tata. In 1970, Daimler-Benz and Tata entered into a licensing agreement, providing a framework for further activities. In addition, Daimler has licensed various products to other Indian manufacturers (e.g. Force Traveller). In 2007, Daimler introduced its heavy-duty truck Mercedes-Benz Actros to the Indian market. This vehicle is used primarily in mining operations.

In order to produce light, medium, and heavy-duty trucks for the Indian market, Daimler Trucks entered a joint venture with the Indian automobile group Hero. After receiving official approval from the Indian government in March 2008, Daimler Hero Motor Corporation Ltd. was established. The economic situation from late 2008 to mid-2009 necessitated re-positioning of Daimler Trucks' partnership with the Hero Group in India. As a result, Daimler AG and Hero Group announced on 15 April 2009 the dissolution of Daimler Hero Commercial Vehicles Ltd. in India. Afterwards, Daimler created a new Indian subsidiary without Hero Group's involvement, named Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.

In 1994, Daimler entered the Indian market and set up Mercedes-Benz India  with its headquarters in Pune. Mercedes-Benz India is also a subsidiary of Daimler AG and is responsible for the manufacture of passenger cars and bus chassis, along with the sales and service network.

In Bangalore, Daimler has set up its largest research and development location outside of Germany, the Mercedes-Benz Research & Development India Pvt. Ltd. In addition to conducting simulations of mechanical structures, the center develops software and uses CAE and CAD tools to design vehicle components.
Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. (DICV) is a 100% subsidiary of Daimler AG, Germany. Its aim is to design, manufacture and sell medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles that cater to the demand of Indian terrain and customers. These vehicles are known by the brand name "BharatBenz". 3 new trucks were launched on 26 September 2012. These include the 2523 R (a 25 tonne Heavy-duty Rigid truck), 2523 C (a 25 tonne Heavy-duty Tipper truck) and the 3123 R (a 31 tonne Heavy-duty Rigid truck).

With the launch of the first                      3                                             Heavy-duty models in September 2012 (2523R, 2523C & 3123C) BharatBenz began its offering of a range of trucks. Subsequently, BharatBenz launched its range of Medium-duty Trucks in February 2013. It also launched its range of Made-in-India trucks for export markets under the FUSO brand in May 2013. Subsequently, in the year 2013, two more Heavy-duty trucks (2528 & 3128) were also launched. In February 2014, DICV launched 4 new BharatBenz models (3 Tractor and 1 Construction-Mining) at an exclusive event conducted for Media in Mumbai.

Facilities
The headquarters of Daimler India Commercial Vehicles is based in Chennai, capital of the southern Indian state Tamil Nadu. The corporate office is situated at RMZ Millenia Business Park, Perungudi, a suburb of Chennai. While the Corporate Office performs the role of a headquarters, DICV has consolidated all functions viz., Research & Development, Human Resources, Finance & Controlling, Marketing, Sales & After sales, Product Planning, Operations and Quality Management at its new plant at Oragadam near Chennai.

The production plant at Oragadam, near Chennai, spreads over 400 acres (160 hectares) was inaugurated on 18 April 2012 by the Honourable Chief Minister of the state of Tamil Nadu, Selvi J Jayalalithaa, in the presence of Dr. Dieter Zetsche - Chairman of the Board of Management of Daimler AG and Head Mercedes-Benz Passenger Cars, Mr. Andreas Renschler - Head of Daimler Trucks & Daimler Buses and top management, media, employees and other stakeholders. The plant hosts a full production facility including body shop, paint and assembly as well as all logistics needed. Also located at Oragadam, DICV has its own 6 km test-track that simulates Indian conditions.

Before the launch of BharatBenz trucks in India in the year 2012, Daimler Trucks were available in India with the Mercedes-Benz Actros trucks which were earlier assembled at the Mercedes-Benz India plant at Chakan, Pune. The Mercedes-Benz Actros trucks are now assembled at DICV's Oragadam plant. DICV is responsible for all Marketing, Sales and After-sales of the Mercedes-Benz Trucks, in India.

Since the launch of the first BharatBenz dealership in Chennai in August 2012, BharatBenz has established a network of 75 outlets, and has plans to cover more than a 100 locations by early 2015.

Brands
Daimler unveiled a new brand of trucks - BharatBenz  - for the Indian market on 17 February 2011. The brand was intended to offer a range of trucks in the 6-49 ton range, with vehicles for applications such as haulage, tippers and tractor trailers. In 2012 BharatBenz unveiled its first range of trucks to the media, potential customers and partners in a six-day event in Hyderabad. The BharatBenz range of trucks includes Light Duty Trucks (LDT) & Heavy Duty Trucks (HDT) in the 9, 12, 25, 31 and 49 tonne categories, featuring various usages and applications.  The first 3 Heavy-duty trucks (2523 R, 2523 C, & 3123 R) were launched on 26 September 2012. On 20 February 2013, DICV launched its Light/Medium-duty range of trucks. These trucks are based on the famous FUSO platforms.

The Mercedes-Benz Actros family of trucks is one of the most successful in the heavy-duty truck sector, selling over 600,000 units in more than 100 countries.

Daimler's Bus division launched its Mercedes-Benz inter-city luxury coaches in India in 2008. The initial entrance into India was achieved through DICV's sister-concern, Mercedes-Benz India Pvt. Ltd. However, with the establishment of DICV having become complete the obvious synergies in the area of Commercial Vehicles resulted in the transfer of Daimler Buses, India to DICV. The integration of Daimler Buses, India into DICV took place on 1 April 2013. In March 2014, DICV laid the foundation stone for its new bus plant at its Oragadam facility with an earmarked investment of 425 crores. The bus plant will design, develop and manufacture BharatBenz and Mercedes-Benz range of buses for the Indian market which is slated for launch in the second quarter of 2015.

As of now DICV deals with three brands of Daimler - "BharatBenz", "Mercedes Benz" and "Fuso".

References

External links
 Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. website
 Website of BharatBenz

Category:Truck manufacturers of India
Category:Daimler AG subsidiaries


Lawrence (schooner)

Lawrence was a schooner and the first privateer to be licensed out of the port of Halifax, Nova Scotia.  The priveeter was launched on 16 November 1756 during the French and Indian War.  The ship was under the command of Captain Joseph Rouse with Robison Fort as first lieutenant, Andrew Gardner as mate.  Gardner kept a ships log for six months as the ship sailed from Halifax to Bermuda.  The log is one of the few to survive from this time period.  The ship was named after Nova Scotia Governor Charles Lawrence.
The vessel participated in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759).  On 21 April the Lawrence was battered and the only craft that was available to General James Murray.  The schooner was sent eastward to hasten  Lord Colville's fleet when it arrived in the river.

References

Category:Maritime history of Canada
Category:Military history of Nova Scotia
Category:Tall ships of Canada
Category:Individual sailing vessels
Category:Privateer ships
Category:Schooners


Schimmelpenning syndrome

Schimmelpenning syndrome is a neurocutaneous condition characterized by one or more sebaceous nevi, usually appearing on the face or scalp, associated with anomalies of the central nervous system, ocular system, skeletal system, cardiovascular system and genitourinary system.

Synonyms include: "Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNSS)", "Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome", "Feuerstein-Mims syndrome", "sebaceous nevus syndrome", "Solomon syndrome", and "Jadassohn's nevus phakomatosis". "Nevus" is sometimes spelled "naevus" and "sebaceous" may also be spelled "sebaceus". "Epidermal nevus syndrome" is sometimes used as a synonym, but more often as a broader term referring to Schimmelpenning syndrome in addition to nevus comedonicus syndrome, CHILD syndrome, Becker's nevus syndrome, and phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica.

The classic Schimmelpenning syndrome diagnosis comprises a triad of sebaceous nevi, seizures, and mental retardation.  The condition was first reported by Gustav Schimmelpenning in 1957 and independently reported by Feuerstein and Mims in 1962.

Signs and symptoms
Since the original identification of Schimmelpenning syndrome, the number of findings has expanded to the point that the syndrome is associated with a considerable constellation of abnormalities.  The abnormalities may occur in a variety of combinations, and need not include all three aspects of the classic triad of sebaceous nevus, seizures and mental retardation. In 1998, a literature review by van de Warrenburg et al. found:
  seizures in 67% of cases
  mental retardation in 61% of cases
  ophthalmological abnormalities in 59% of cases
  involvement of other organ systems in 61% of cases
  structural abnormality of cerebrum or cranium in 72% of cases

The major neurological abnormalities include mental retardation to varying extent, seizures, and hemiparesis.  Seizures, when present, typically begin during the first year of life. The most common structural central nervous system abnormalities in Schimmelpenning syndrome are hemimegalencephaly and ipselateral gyral malformations.

The major ocular abnormalities are colobomas and choristomas.

Skeletal abnormalities may include dental irregularities, scoliosis, vitamin D-resistant rickets and hypophosphatemia. Cardiovascular abnormalities include ventricular septal defect and coarctation of the aorta; urinary system issues include horseshoe kidney and duplicated urinary collection system.

Genetic

Schimmelpenning syndrome appears to be sporadic rather than inherited, in almost all cases.  It is thought to result from genetic mosaicism, possibly an autosomal dominant mutation arising after conception and present only in a subpopulation of cells.  The earlier in embryological development such a mutation occurs, the more extensive the nevi are likely to be and the greater the likelihood of other organ system involvement.

Diagnosis

Management

In general, children with a small isolated nevus and a normal physical exam do not need further testing;  treatment may include potential surgical removal of the nevus.  If syndrome issues are suspected, neurological, ocular, and skeletal exams are important.  Laboratory investigations may include serum and urine calcium and phosphate, and possibly liver and renal function tests.  The choice of imaging studies depends on the suspected abnormalities and might include skeletal survey, CT scan of the head, MRI, and/or EEG.

Depending on the systems involved, an individual with Schimmelpenning syndrome may need to see an interdisciplinary team of specialists: dermatologist, neurologist, ophthalmologist, orthopedic surgeon, oral surgeon, plastic surgeon, psychologist.

Incidence

Nevus sebaceous was first identified in 1895 by Jadassohn. Sebaceous nevi occur in 1 to 3 of 1000 births, with equal incidence by sex.   There is no test to determine whether an individual born with a sebaceous nevus will go on to develop further symptoms of Schimmelpenning syndrome.  It has been reported that up to 10% of individuals with epidermal nevi may develop additional syndrome symptoms, but that number appears to be inconsistent with the rarity of the syndrome and may be overstated.  Prevalence is unknown, but Epidermal nevus syndrome is listed with the National Organization for Rare Disorders, which defines rare as affecting "fewer than 200,000 people in the United States."

See also
 Epidermis
 Epidermal nevus syndrome
 Skin lesion
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Category:Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, cysts
Category:Syndromes affecting the nervous system


Kostino, Sudogodsky District, Vladimir Oblast

Kostino () is a rural locality (a village) in Sudogodsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2010.

References

Category:Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast


1985 Irish Masters

The 1985 Irish Masters was the eleventh edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament, which took place from 26 to 31 March 1985. The tournament was played at Goffs in Kildare, and featured twelve professional players.

Jimmy White won the title for the first time, beating Alex Higgins 9–5 in the final.

Main draw

References

Irish Masters
Irish Masters
Irish Masters
Category:Irish Masters


Marquis of Pombal (title)

Count of Oeiras (in Portuguese Conde de Oeiras) was a Portuguese title of nobility created by a royal decree, dated from July 15, 1759, by King Joseph I of Portugal, and granted to Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, head of the Portuguese government.

Later, through another royal decree dated from September 16, 1769, the same king upgraded the title to Marquis of Pombal (in Portuguese Marquês de Pombal).

List of the Counts of Oeiras (1759) and Marquesses of Pombal (1769)
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (1699–1782), 1st Count of Oeiras and 1st Marquess of Pombal;
Henrique José de Carvalho e Melo (1748–1812), 2nd Count of Oeiras and 2nd Marquess of Pombal. Also Chairman of the Lisbon Senate;
José Francisco Xavier Maria de Carvalho Melo e Daun (1753–1821), 3rd Count of Oeiras and 3rd Marquess of Pombal;
Sebastião José de Carvalho Melo e Daun (1785–1834), 4th Count of Oeiras and 4th Marquess of Pombal;
João José Maria de Carvalho de Albuquerque Daun e Lorena, 5th Count of Oeiras;
Manuel José de Carvalho Melo e Daun de Albuquerque Sousa e Lorena (1881–1886), 6th Count of Oeiras and 5th Marquess of Pombal;
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo Daun Albuquerque da Silva e Lorena (1849–1874), 7th Count of Oeiras;
António de Carvalho Melo e Daun de Albuquerque e Lorena (1850–1911), 8th Count of Oeiras, 6th Marquess of Pombal and 5th Count of Santiago de Beduído;
Manuel José de Carvalho e Daun de Albuquerque e Lorena (1875– ? ), 9th Count of Oeiras and 7th Marquess of Pombal;
António Severino de Carvalho e Melo Albuquerque Daun Lorena (1901–1943), 10th Count of Oeiras
Sebastião José de Carvalho Daun e Lorena (1903– ? ), 11th Count of Oeiras, 8th Marquess of Pombal and 7th Count of Santiago de Beduído;
Manuel Sebastião de Almeida de Carvalho Daun e Lorena (b. 1930), 12th Count of Oeiras, 9th Marquess of Pombal and 8th Count of Santiago of Beduído.

See also
List of Marquesses in Portugal
List of Countships in Portugal

External links
Genealogy of the Counts of Oeiras, in Portuguese
Genealogy of the Marquesses of Pombal, in Portuguese
Genealogy of the Counts of Santiago de Beduído, in Portuguese

Bibliography
”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. III, pages 68/69 and 133/152. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

*
*
Category:1759 establishments in Portugal


Pieter Ramp

Pieter Ramp (1592 – 1660), was a Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij.

Biography
He was born in Haarlem or Alkmaar as the son of Frederik, heer van Rolland and mayor of Alkmaar, and Wilhelmina van Outshoorn van Sonnevelt. Pieter became a flag bearer of the St Adrian militia in 1611-1630. He was portrayed by Frans Hals in his schutterstuk called The Banquet of the Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company in 1627. For a long time he was considered the young cavalier in Hals' Yonker Ramp and his sweetheart. He is wearing the same jacket as Hals' Laughing Cavalier.

He moved to the Hague in 1630 where he later died.

References

Pieter Ramp in De Haarlemse Schuttersstukken, by Jhr. Mr. C.C. van Valkenburg, pp. 60, Haerlem : jaarboek 1961, ISSN 0927-0728, on the website of the North Holland Archives

Category:1592 births
Category:1660 deaths
Category:People from Haarlem
Category:Frans Hals


Ambatovaky Reserve

Ambatovaky Reserve is a tropical rainforest and wildlife reserve in the north-east of Madagascar (). It is designated by Bird Life International as an Important Bird Area for the large number of endemic species of birds.

Geography
This remote reserve ranges from the north-east coast of Madagascar to the Analamerana karstic plateau with elevations to  in the Soanierana Ivongo District, Analanjirofo region. It is between the Marimbona river, which forms the southern border, and Simianona river which forms the northern border. The reserve headquarters are in Soanierana Ivongo and the park is only accessible by canoe along the Marimbona River.

Flora and fauna
The reserve is mainly covered by dense deciduous dry forest and is the last place for the critically endangered lemur, Perrier's sifaka (Propithecus perrieri). There are five other species of lemurs found on the reserve. Four have been given the conservation status of endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and one, the red-bellied lemur (Eulemur rubriventer) is a vulnerable species. The four endangered species are the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), Indri (Indri indri), Diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema) and the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata variegata). Two carnivores the Malagasy or striped civet (Fossa fossana) and the fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) are also vulnerable species. The above mammals are all endemic to Madagascar.

The white-breasted mesite (Mesitornis variegata) is one of the fifty-five species of endemic birds found on the reserve, and is also one with a very restricted distribution, known from only six sites within the country. It is classified as vulnerable. So far ninety-two species of  birds have been recorded. Other rare birds are Van Dam's vanga and the Madagascar pond heron.

There are also many amphibians, reptiles and insects. Two species of butterflies on the reserve are Papilio mangoura and Amauris nossima; both considered to be vulnerable species.

References

External links
 Ambatovaky Parc administration

Category:1956 establishments in Madagascar
Category:Analanjirofo
Category:National parks of Madagascar
Category:Protected areas established in 1956


Hangover (Taio Cruz song)

"Hangover" is a song by English singer Taio Cruz from his third studio album, TY.O. Released on 4 October 2011 in Germany, and 4 March 2012 in the United Kingdom, the song serves as the album's international lead single, and follows "Troublemaker" as the album's second British single. American rapper Flo Rida contributes guest vocals. Another alternate version of the song, titled "Takeover", was leaked online via NewJams.net.

Background
In an interview with Billboard, Taio said that fans can expect more uptempo dance tracks on his forthcoming album. Talking to Billboard, Cruz explained: "The new album will be out by the end of the year; it will be out before Christmas. The new single will be out very, very soon as well." He also said "It's definitely going to be more of the uptempo, fun, energetic vibe that you've heard on 'Break Your Heart', 'Higher' and 'Dynamite'." Speaking about potential collaborations, Cruz revealed: "There are a few guests—David Guetta and Ludacris ('Little Bad Girl')—but we have a couple more on there that will be good surprises too."

It was co-written and produced by Dr. Luke and Cirkut. This is Dr. Luke's third collaboration with Taio Cruz (after "Dynamite" and "Dirty Picture") and fifth collaboration with guest vocalist Flo Rida (after "Right Round", "Touch Me", "Who Dat Girl", and "Good Feeling"). This is also the third collaboration between Flo Rida and Cirkut, following "Who Dat Girl" and "Good Feeling".

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Hangover" was released to YouTube on 25 October. It lasts for a total length of four minutes and forty-nine seconds. Flo Rida makes a cameo in the video, which sees Cruz driving a speedboat down a high street. The clip also includes actor and comedian Bobby Lee dressed as a bear, being bottle-fed in a cot, and also visualises a party on a private jet. The video ends with a short scene in which Lee picks out "a black outfit" from a closet full of black outfits, then proceeds to dance, begging Cruz not to fire him.

Live performances
Cruz performed the song on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and during the finale of The Voice of Hollands second season. He also performed it at grand launching of NET. TV in 2013 along with Break Your Heart.

Cover versions
Scottish heavy metal band Alestorm covered this song on their studio album Sunset on the Golden Age.

Russian post-hardcore band Rave-UP! covered this song.

Track listing
 Digital download
 "Hangover" – 4:03

 German CD single
 "Hangover" – 4:03
 "Hangover" (No Rap) – 4:00

 Digital download
 "Hangover" – 4:03
 "Hangover" (Laidback Luke Extended Remix) – 5:31
 "Hangover" (Laidback Luke Dub Remix) – 5:20
 "Hangover" (Hardwell Extended Remix) – 5:50
 "Hangover" (Stinkahbell Remix) – 3:47

 Digital download – EP
 "Hangover" (Laidback Luke Extended Remix) – 5:31
 "Hangover" (Laidback Luke Dub Remix) – 5:20
 "Hangover" (Hardwell Remix Radio Edit) – 3:12
 "Hangover" (Hardwell Extended Remix) – 5:50
 "Hangover" (Hardwell Instrumental) – 5:50
 "Hangover" (Jump Smokers Radio Edit) – 3:29
 "Hangover" (Jump Smokers Extended Mix) – 4:26
 "Hangover" (Jump Smokers Instrumental) – 4:24

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

!scope="col" colspan="3"| Streaming
|-

Radio and release history

References

External links

Category:2011 singles
Category:Taio Cruz songs
Category:Flo Rida songs
Category:Songs written by Dr. Luke
Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland
Category:Number-one singles in Austria
Category:Song recordings produced by Cirkut (record producer)
Category:Songs about alcohol
Category:Songs written by Flo Rida
Category:Songs written by Cirkut (record producer)
Category:Songs written by Taio Cruz
Category:2011 songs
Category:Island Records singles
Category:Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke


LA Denim Atelier

LA Denim Atelier was an American clothing brand designed by members of the Guess design team and owned by Maurice and Paul Marciano, Guess co-founders. The brand was formed in 2004, as a boutique men's collection and it has since become very popular in Los Angeles. Sportswear International Magazine voted it as the 2004 Best Newcomer Label of the Year. In 2006 LA Denim Atelier launched a full women's collection to complete the line.

Paris Hilton  endorses the clothing line.

External links
Official Website

Category:Clothing brands of the United States
Category:Jeans by brand


Automated fare collection

An automated fare collection (AFC) system is the collection of components that automate the ticketing system of a public transportation network - an automated version of manual fare collection. An AFC system is usually the basis for integrated ticketing.

System description
AFC systems often consist of the following components (the "tier" terminology is common, but not universal):
 Tier 0 - Fare media
 Tier 1 - Devices to read/write media
 Tier 2 - Depot/station computers
 Tier 3 - Back office systems
 Tier 4 - Central clearing house

In addition to processing electronic fare media, many AFC systems have equipment on vehicles and stations that accepts cash payment in some form.

Fare media
AFC systems originated with tokens or paper tickets dispensed by staff or from self-service vending machines. These have generally been replaced with magnetic stripe cards.

Since their introduction in 1997 with the Octopus card in Hong Kong, contactless smart cards have become the standard fare media in AFC systems, though many systems support multiple media types.

More recently, contactless smart cards from bank networks have been seen more frequently in AFC.

Devices to read/write media
These take numerous forms, including:
 Ticket office terminals - where a media holder can purchase a right to travel from staff in an office, or enquire as to the value and travel rights associated with the media

 Ticket vending machines - where a media holder can purchase a right to travel from a self-service machine, or enquire as to the value and travel rights associated with the media
 Fare gate - often used in a train station so a media holder can gain access to a paid area where travel services are provided
 Stand-alone validator - used to confirm that the media holds an appropriate travel right, and to write the usage of the media onto the media for later verification (e.g. by a conductor/inspector). Often used in proof-of-payment systems.
 On-vehicle validator - used by a media holder to confirm travel rights and board a vehicle (e.g. bus, tram, train)
 Inspector/conductor device - used by staff such as a conductor to verify travel rights

Unattended devices are often called "validators", a term which originated with devices that would stamp a date/time onto paper tickets to provide proof of valid payment for a conductor.

Depot/station computers
Used to concentrate data communications with devices in a station or bus depot. Common in older AFC systems where communication lines to upper tiers were slow or unreliable.

Back office
Servers and software to provide management and oversight of the AFC system. Usually includes:
 Fare management - changing of fares and fare products
 Media management - support for blacklisting of lost/stolen media
 Reporting - periodic reports on performance of the AFC system, financial details and passenger movements

Clearing house (Central Management System)
In environments where multiple system operators share common, interoperable media, a central system similar to those used in stock exchanges can be used to provide financial management and other services to the operators such as:
 Clearing and settling of funds
 Common reporting
 Apportionment of revenue between operators

Automated fare collection in Canada

Canada's first public transit agency, the Toronto Street Railway Co., started in 1861 with a horse-drawn streetcar service but it was not until 1912 that the City of Toronto began deliberations on fare collection. It was not until 126 years later (in 1987) that Mississauga Transit became one of the first Transit Agencies in Canada to implement an Electronic Farebox. Since then, almost every major city in Canada has adopted use of electronic fare boxes.

Notably, Canada also produces fare collection devices for various transit agencies in North America. Trapeze Group., located in Mississauga, Ontario, currently manufactures and develops high tech fare collection solutions.

Automated fare collection in the United States

The first faregates in United States were installed experimentally in 1964 at Forest Hills and Kew
Gardens Long Island Rail Road stations in Queens; the first systemwide installation was on
Illinois Central Railroad (IC) in 1965 for its busy Chicago commuter service (today's Metra Electric.) Financed entirely from private funds, AFC was expected to reduce operating costs by
decreasing on-board crew sizes and eliminating station agents at all but the busiest stations. Cubic’s
IC system featured entry-exit swipes (NX) to enforce zonal fare structures, checks against fraud,
used ticket collection, and ridership/revenue data collection capabilities. It served as a
prototype for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), and Philadelphia’s Port Authority Transit Corporation
(PATCO) Lindenwold Line NX-zonal AFC systems. These railroad-style systems required
complex computer data processing on faregates or remotely on a central computer, and thus
were not suitable for buses. Similar systems are still in use on Japan and Taiwan’s commuter
railroads, and the London Underground.

Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA)’s desire for simpler AFC systems
resulted in Duncan (traditionally a parking meter vendor) developing turnstile machines for
entry-only subway fare collection. Chicago Transit Authority (CTA)’s ChicagoCard, Boston
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA)’s previous generation “T-Pass”, and
New York City Transit (NYCT)’s MetroCard systems could all be considered MARTA’s 1977 system’s conceptual
descendants.

Bus fareboxes had hitherto been much simpler devices, mechanically registering coins deposited
on accumulating registration counters. Duncan’s 1973 “Faretronic” farebox was the first to
electronically count coins and collect revenue/ridership data by fare class. Keene quickly
followed suit, introducing a design meeting Urban Mass Transit Administration (UMTA) Section
15 reporting requirements, also collecting fuel consumption and bus mileage data. In New
York, mechanical fareboxes were preferred for ease of maintenance until widespread deployment
of Cubic's MetroCard for buses in 1997. Venerable GFI fareboxes featuring magnetic pass
readers requiring cash single fares lasted in Boston until Scheidt-Bachmann’s CharlieCard was
introduced in 2006.

Examples
This is a list of a few notable AFC systems. (See List of smart cards for a comprehensive list of AFC and other systems based on contactless smart cards.)

See also
 Calypso, an international electronic ticketing standard, originally designed by a group of transit operators
 CIPURSE, is an open security standard for transit fare collection systems

References

Category:Fare collection systems


La Cumbre (Galápagos Islands)

La Cumbre is a shield volcano on Fernandina Island in the Galápagos Islands. La Cumbre is also the youngest volcano in the Galápagos Islands.

La Cumbre began erupting again in April 2009. There were fears that lava flowing into the ocean could disrupt and destroy unique flora and fauna of the island, as the flows engulfed much of the island. La Cumbre is the most active volcano of the Galapagos Islands and its peak has an elevation of 1,476 m (4,842 feet). It has experienced several collapses of the caldera floor, often following explosive eruptions.

On Saturday, June 16th, 2018,  after a period of heavy seismic activity, La Cumbre erupted. A fissure formed on the north north east flank of the volcano. Lava fountains quickly produced a large lava flow that soon reached the ocean. Gas clouds from the eruption reached 2 to 3 kilometers in height, but did not cause any effects due to the low ash concentration.

The volcano started erupting again on 12 January 2020.

References

Category:Shield volcanoes of Ecuador
Category:Calderas of the Galápagos Islands
Category:Geography of Galápagos Province


Holy Trinity Church, Geneva

Holy Trinity Church, Geneva, Switzerland, was completed in 1853. The church is located at rue du Mont-Blanc, between the Genève-Cornavin railway station and the famous hotels at the banks of Lake Geneva. The church is part of the Diocese in Europe of the Church of England and is also a Swiss monument of regional significance (class B).

History
In 1555 services in English had been celebrated according to the rites of the Geneva Reformed Church for Marian exiles. The place of worship has been in the Church of Sainte-Marie-la-Neuve (Auditoire). One year later John Knox was elected as minister. The first Anglican worship was held by Rev. Gilbert Burnet in 1685.

There has been organised Anglican worship in the Old Hospital Chapel (place du Bourg de Four) since 1814. In 1846 the English community decided to build a church of their own. Land was given by the State of Geneva, and the foundation stone was laid by bishop Charles Sumner in 1851. The construction was entirely financed by private subscription. The church was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester on 30 August 1853.

The East window was presented by Mrs. Jephson in 1884. The other stained-glass windows had been created by Jacques Wasem from 1958 to 1981. The Parish hall was constructed in 1966. Renovations took place in 1976 and from 1983 to 1985. The new organ had been installed in 1985 and updated in 2015. The church has many plaques and memorials to individuals who died in Geneva or in the Swiss Alps.

A new constitution was adopted in 1910. Holy Trinity became a society instead of a foundation. The 150th anniversary of the church was celebrated with an exhibition at the Geneva State Archives. The catalogue "The Welcoming City: English Speaking Protestants from 1555 to the present day" was printed in French and English.

Gallery

See also
Christ Church Lausanne

Notes

References
 Valerie Offord (2003): The Welcoming City. English Speaking Protestants from 1555 to the present day. State Archives Geneva.
 Barbara Rowe (1986): Stained Glass Windows of Holy Trinity Church Geneva.
 Dyne Steel (1986): The History of the English Church in Geneva.

External links
Holy Trinity's website

Category:Churches completed in 1853
Category:Anglican church buildings in Switzerland
Category:Churches in Geneva
Category:Diocese in Europe


St. Louis Women's Invitational

The St. Louis Women's Invitational was a golf tournament on the LPGA Tour from 1954 to 1956 and again from 1964 to 1970. It was played at Glen Echo Country Club in St. Louis, Missouri in 1954, 1964, and 1970 and at the Norwood Hills Country Club in St. Louis, Missouri from 1955 to 1956 and 1965 to 1969.

Winners
Johnny Londoff Chevrolet Tournament
1970 Shirley Englehorn

St. Louis Women's Invitational
1969 Sandra Haynie

Holiday Inn Classic
1968 Kathy Whitworth

St. Louis Women's Invitational
1967 Kathy Whitworth

Clayton Federal Invitational
1966 Kathy Whitworth

St. Louis Open
1965 Mary Mills

Squirt Ladies' Open Invitational
1964 Mickey Wright

St. Louis Open
1957-63 No tournament
1956 Fay Crocker
1955 Louise Suggs
1954 Betsy Rawls

References

Category:Former LPGA Tour events
Category:Golf in Missouri
Category:Sports in St. Louis


Armand LaMontagne

Armand LaMontagne (born 1939) is an American sculptor of celebrated personalities.

Education
LaMontagne is a graduate of Worcester Academy and Boston College. He is a self-taught artist who has honed his skills through practicing his profession.

Body of work
He is best recognized for his realistic, life-size wood and bronze sculptures. Lamontagne has long focused on New England sporting legends as subjects of his work including Ted Williams, Larry Bird, Bobby Orr, Carl Yastrzemski, and Harry Agganis. Writer Saul Wisnia described Lamontagne's wood sculpture in Sports Illustrated "With hair, clothes and shoes all carved from single 1,800-to-2,500-pound blocks of basswood, LaMontagne's works often leave viewers staring in disbelief at what appears to be real skin, wool and leather. Sometimes amazement gives way to emotion; upon seeing his statue in 1985, the notoriously rough-edged Williams broke down and cried." His works are on permanent display in the collections of The Baseball Hall of Fame, Cooperstown, New York; the New England Sports Museum, Boston, Massachusetts; the Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor, Fort Knox, Kentucky; and the Basketball Hall of Fame, Springfield, Massachusetts.

LaMontagne's talents were brought to the national spotlight in the 1970s when he deliberately made a reproduction of a 17th-century turned oak Brewster Chair (an iconic Pilgrim chair) to embarrass the "experts". LaMontagne even soaked the chair in salt water to simulate aging.  LaMontagne then gave the chair away.  Eventually, the Henry Ford Museum purchased the "fake" from a dealer for $9,000. The museum was later notified of their error, when LaMontagne published an admission in the Providence Journal.

LaMontagne handbuilt a large crucifix of Jesus which is located on the back-wall of the sanctuary of Saint Joseph Roman Catholic Church in Scituate, Rhode Island.

LaMontagne has also handbuilt a replica 17th-century Rhode Island house called a stone-ender in Scituate, Rhode Island.

References

External links
Institute for International Sport bio
LaMontagne's Brewster Chair Fake

Category:American woodcarvers
Category:Worcester Academy alumni
Category:Boston College
Category:1939 births
Category:Living people


Luisa Seghezzi

Luisa Seghezzi (born 6 December 1965) is an Italian former cyclist. She competed in the women's road race event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian female cyclists
Category:Olympic cyclists of Italy
Category:Cyclists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Bergamo


Patrick Regan

Patrick Regan may refer to:

Patrick M. Regan (born 1956), American professor at Binghamton University
Patrick Regan (Medal of Honor, 1918) (1882–1943), United States Army officer and World War I Medal of Honor recipient
Patrick Regan (Medal of Honor, 1873) (1852–?), United States Navy sailor and peacetime Medal of Honor recipient
Pat Regan (musician), music producer and musician

See also
Pat Regan (1955–2008), British anti-gun activist


Bryce's Base Ball Guide

Bryce's Base Ball Guides were two annual Canadian baseball publications, in 1876 and 1877, which provided information to baseball fans and players.

A treasure-trove of information about early Canadian baseball as well as the International Association, they came to light in 2002 when Library and Archives Canada purchased (for $10,000 from an Ottawa bookseller) Bryce's Base Ball Guide of 1876 and Bryce's Base Ball Guide of 1877, two hand-coloured, 75-page booklets published by William Bryce of London, Ontario.  They originally sold for a dime.

The two, four-inch by seven-inch guides are considered to be the first significant publications on Canadian (and American) baseball. Bryce, a Scottish-born bookseller, news agent and sporting goods distributor in London, had a small stake in the London Tecumsehs, considered by many to be the finest ball team in Canada.

During President George W. Bush's visit to the Library and Archives Canada building on November 30, 2004, he showed a special interest in these two early Canadian baseball books which were laid out for his perusal.

External links
 Evolution of a National Pastime, Canadians at Bat for their Place in History by William Humber
 1876 and 1877 Bryce Baseball Guides

Category:Sports reference works
Category:Baseball books


Ochamchire Municipality

Ochamchire Municipality (, Očamčiris municip’alit’et’i) is an administrative unit in the Georgian Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. The capital of the municipality is Ochamchire. Ochamchire Municipality has boundaries with Gulripshi Municipality and Gali Municipality of Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia and Tsalenjikha Municipality of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti.

Category:Districts of Georgia (country)


Walgrove, West Virginia

Walgrove is an unincorporated community in Kanawha County, in the U.S. state of West Virginia.

History
A post office called Walgrove was established in 1917, and remained in operation until 1937. The community was named for a grove of walnut trees near the original town site.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Kanawha County, West Virginia
Category:Unincorporated communities in West Virginia