Palomita Blanca

Palomita Blanca (Spanish for "Little White Dove") is a 1971 novel written by Enrique Lafourcade. More than fifty editions (including "reprintings") have been published, making the novel the most widely sold novel in the history of Chilean literature, with more than a million copies sold. It was written at a conflictive time in Chile's history (events leading into the election of Salvador Allende as President) and it was a sentimental time in world popular culture (events such as rock concerts and drug use). Most critics saw the novel as a knee-jerk response to Erich Segal's Love Story. A New York Times No. 1 bestseller, Segal's book became the top selling work of fiction for all of 1970 in the United States, and was translated into more than 20 languages worldwide.  The motion picture of the same name was the number one box office attraction of 1971.  Thus most media comments in Santiago called Lafourcade's novel "the Chilean love story."  Lafourcade's marriage with Marta Blanco had ended three years earlier, and he reportedly wrote the novel inspired by his later pareja, about whom he remained quite secretive. A film based on the novel was made in 1973 by Raúl Ruiz, which was at one time believed lost forever, but a print was later found in the vaults of ChileFilms.
Music for the film was written and performed by Los Jaivas.
A translation to Portuguese was published in Brazil, but a translation to English by Joel Hancock of the University of Utah has remained unpublished.

The story is of a working class naive teenage girl (María = Palomita) who meets a posh boy (Juan Carlos) in the Piedra Roja music festival. The love story goes wrong because of the class differences between the characters, and the naiveté of the girl who believes in the Cinderella story of a poor girl rescued by a rich and handsome prince.  Juan Carlos is involved in extreme right-wing terrorism, and needs to leave the country in a hurry, leaving Palomita behind.  The political tension that would later culminate in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état is brilliantly observed and described by writer Lafourcade.

Film adaptation
The novel was adapted into the 1973 film Little White Dove by Chilean director Raúl Ruiz.

Music
It is also the name of a popular tango from 1929 by Anselmo Aieto.

Editions
First: June, 1971, published by Zig-Zag (Santiago de Chile): 5,000 copies.
2nd:   July, 1971: 3,000 copies.
3rd:   August, 1971: 5,000 copies.
4th:   September, 1971: 5,000
5th:   October, 1971:   5,000
6th:   October, 1971:   8,000
7th:   November, 1971: 10,000
8th:   December, 1971:  5,000
9th:   January, 1972:   5,000
10th:  March, 1972:     5,000
11th:  May, 1972:      10,000
12th:  September 1972: 10,000
13th:  April, 1973:    10,000

In 1982: The publication changed to Lafourcade's own in-house publisher:
—Ediciones de Lafourcade, Santiago de Chile.

1984: —First special edition: Colección "Los Grandes de la Literatura Chilena", Editorial Zig-Zag.
—17th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1986: —18th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1987: —19th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1992: —24th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1994: —27th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.
—28th edition, Colección "Top Sellers", Editorial Zig-Zag.
—29th edition, Colección "Viento Joven" / Youthful breeze, Editorial Zig-Zag.
—Special Edition on the occasion of the showing the film made decades earlier by Raúl Ruiz:  Ediciones del Paraíso Perdido.

1995: —30th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1996: —31st edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.
—32nd edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1997: —Special Edition: Colección "Los mejores Libros de la Literatura Chilena", Ercilla, Santiago de Chile.

1999: —33rd edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

References

Category:1971 novels
Category:Novels by Enrique Lafourcade
Category:Comedy novels
Category:Novels set in Chile


Scottsdale Community College

Scottsdale Community College is a public community college in Scottsdale, Arizona.  It is on the eastern boundary of the city on 160 acres (650,000 m2) of land belonging to the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community. The lease was taken out in 1970 and will expire in 2069. The college is part of the Maricopa County Community College District.

Campus

Unique among colleges, SCC is the only public community college located on tribal land.  The college also hosts NAU-Scottsdale, which offers several undergraduate programs, as well as the SCC2NAU program.  SCC2NAU is a joint admission program between Scottsdale Community College and Northern Arizona University. .

Academics
Scottsdale Community College offers associate degrees as well as Certificates of Completion.

Notable alumni

Ryneldi Becenti, the first Native American to play in the WNBA
 Scott Emerson, Major League Baseball pitching coach
Tim Esmay, former Arizona State head baseball coach
Robert Garrigus, PGA Tour professional
Bill Hader, actor (Saturday Night Live cast member (2005–2013), Trainwreck)
 Josh Miller (born 1970), American football player and football analyst
David Spade, actor (Saturday Night Live, Just Shoot Me!, Rules of Engagement, The Benchwarmers)
Charlie Garner, former NFL football player
Will Tukuafu, Samoan-American NFL football player for the Chargers
Terry Wright, former NFL football player

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Maricopa County Community College District
Category:Educational institutions established in 1970
Category:Education in Scottsdale, Arizona
Category:Community colleges in Arizona
Category:Buildings and structures in Scottsdale, Arizona
Category:Universities and colleges in Maricopa County, Arizona
Category:NJCAA athletics


Tromeropsis

Tromeropsis is a fungal genus in the division Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the phylum is unknown (incertae sedis), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any class, order, or family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Tromeropsis microtheca.

See also
List of Ascomycota genera incertae sedis

References

Category:Monotypic Ascomycota genera


Tedd

Tedd may refer to:

 Tedd (given name)
 Tedd, County Fermanagh, a townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland

See also
 Tedd T (fl. 2000s), producer, programmer and engineer


Arrai Rai Singh

Arrai Rai Singh is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Arrai Rai Singh has 74 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 56.04%.

References

Category:Villages in Berasia tehsil


William Henry Chetwynd

William Henry Chetwynd (17 September 1811 - 5 July 1890) was a son of Sir George Chetwynd, 2nd Baronet. He lived at Longdon Hall, Rugeley, in Staffordshire and was involved in a sensational divorce case in 1865.

He had married Blanche Chetwynd-Talbot, daughter of Rev. Hon. Arthur Chetwynd-Talbot and the niece of Henry Chetwynd-Talbot, 18th Earl of Shrewsbury, in 1854: he was 42 and she was 18.  In 1865 she brought a successful action for divorce under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 accusing him of cruelty and adultery, he counter-claiming that she had also committed adultery, fornication and incest. Their children were put in the care of William's elder brother Sir George Chetwynd, 3rd Baronet.

Chetwynd married for the second time in 1875 Mary Parkin, daughter of James Parkin. He died in 1890 at his home, Longdon Hall, Brocton, Staffordshire and was buried at nearby Colwich.

References
 Michael Diamond, Victorian sensation, Anthem Press (2003) , pp. 124–126
 Allen Horstman, Victorian divorce, Taylor & Francis (1985) , pp. 92–93

Category:1811 births
Category:1890 deaths
Category:People from Rugeley
Category:People from the Borough of Stafford


Papenfuss

Papenfuss (German: Papenfuß) is a surname. It may refer to:

Bert Papenfuß (born 1956), German poet and editor
Tony Papenfuss (born 1950), U.S. actor

See also
Edward C. Papenfuse (born 1943), retired Maryland State Archivist and Commissioner of Land Patents
Eric Papenfuse (born 1971), mayor of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania


Green, Oregon

Green is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Douglas County, Oregon, United States. The population was 7,515 at the 2010 census.

Education
Green has two public elementary schools, Green Elementary and Sunnyslope Elementary.

Geography
Green is located  above sea-level.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 3.61%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,174 people, 2,197 households, and 1,718 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,358.1 people per square mile (523.9/km²). There were 2,350 housing units at an average density of 516.9/sq mi (199.4/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.94% White, 0.16% African American, 1.20% Native American, 0.50% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 1.57% from other races, and 2.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.41% of the population.

There were 2,197 households out of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.8% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the CDP, the population was spread out with 30.3% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,660, and the median income for a family was $40,400. Males had a median income of $31,582 versus $21,984 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,208. About 10.2% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.9% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

References

Category:Census-designated places in Oregon
Category:Unincorporated communities in Douglas County, Oregon
Category:Census-designated places in Douglas County, Oregon
Category:Unincorporated communities in Oregon


Baozhuang station

Baozhuang Station is an elevated metro station in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. Baozhuang Station is situated near Baozhuang Village. Construction of the station started in December 2012 and the station started service on March 19, 2016.

Exits

Baozhuang Station has four exits.

References

Category:Railway stations in Zhejiang
Category:Railway stations opened in 2016
Category:2016 establishments in China
Category:Ningbo Rail Transit stations


Al Lewis (banjoist)

"Father" Al Lewis (1902 – April 12, 1992) was a jazz banjoist with some of the greatest New Orleans jazz bands in the Dixieland Jazz style of the music. He said he picked up his nickname trying to copy the piano solos of Earl "Fatha" Hines on the banjo. He is significant not only for his artistic abilities, but in his role as a preservationist of lost music.

In his youth, Lewis was a big, imposing performer with a joyous personality. He played by ear, as many in his day did, and worked from around 1918 in both New Orleans and on the riverboats that ferried passengers up and down the Mississippi and offered diversions like gambling and music to up-river audiences.

Lewis worked with band leader Joe "King" Oliver early in his career along with a string of New Orleans bands. As the Jazz Age moved to Chicago, the banjo became a dated sound in the American jazz scene outside of New Orleans, a relic of Plantation culture that "modern" musicians shed as the music integrated with white dance music into what became known as Big Band.

Banjo work declined, and by the 1950s Lewis had left New Orleans and was working for an insurance company in Memphis. He remained out of professional music until someone from the Preservation Hall in New Orleans recognized him on a tour date around 1979 or 1980 and an invitation was extended for him to come and play with the Hall, teach a new generation of musicians the music, and work with musicians who tapped his knowledge base to transcribe tunes that would be all but lost.

Lewis was a huge catalog of tunes from the early Dixieland years in New Orleans that were played and passed on by ear, and never written down. Dozens of tunes were recovered that otherwise might have been lost to the ages.

He loved to entertain as well as sing and play. In his later years, back in New Orleans, he appeared frequently both at Preservation Hall and on the streets of the French Quarter. He would surprise the crowd between numbers, handing out trinkets like balloons and key chains.

In his eighties he played with revival Dixieland Jazz bands from all over the world. He played with the Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Lars Edegran's New Orleans Jazz Band, the Maryland Jazz Band of Cologne and the New Orleans Joymakers, and could be found frequently on the streets of New Orleans. He recorded a self-entitled album "Father Al Lewis" an LP that was later converted for Compact Disc (CD).

He died on Sunday, April 12, 1992, at Lady of the Sea Hospital in Galliano, Louisiana, forty miles south of New Orleans. He was 87 years old. The cause of death was not made public.

References

Category:1902 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:Dixieland jazz musicians
Category:Dixieland banjoists
Category:Jazz banjoists


George L. Wellington

George Louis Wellington (January 28, 1852March 20, 1927) was a Republican member of the United States Senate, representing the State of Maryland from 1897 to 1903.  He also represented the sixth district of Maryland in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Born in Cumberland, Maryland to a father and mother from Hesse and Bavaria, respectively, Wellington attended a German school with some private instruction.  He went on to be a clerk in the Second National Bank of Cumberland in 1870 and later was a teller.

From 1882 to 1888 and 1890, Wellington was treasurer of Allegany County, Maryland.  He unsuccessfully ran for Comptroller of Maryland in 1889, but was chosen as the assistant treasurer of the United States at Baltimore, Maryland from 1890 to 1893.

Wellington was unsuccessful in his campaign to be elected to the 53rd Congress in 1892, but two years later, in 1894, was elected as a Republican to the 54th Congress.  After serving one term, he was elected to the United States Senate in 1896, serving one term from 1897 to 1903, choosing not to run for re-election in 1902.  As senator, he was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee to Establish a University of the United States (55th and 56th Congresses).

On September 4, 1900, Wellington formally withdrew from the Republican Party and supported Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan (who was running against Pres. William McKinley for the second consecutive time). The September 5, 1900 edition of The New York Times described it thus:

"CUMBERLAND, Maryland, Sept 4.—In a Speech delivered here to-night, in the presence of William J. Bryan, who afterward
spoke from the same platform. United States Senator George L. Wellington of this State announced his opposition to the present Republican Administration, and his determination to support Mr. Bryan. He said he had taken this position against the party which had elected him Senator because of his views upon the Spanish war and its consequences, and because of his opposition to imperialism. Senator "Wellington was listened to with interest, and was frequently applauded, although at times there were very pronounced hisses. In the course of his speech he said: 'As the Governmental policy of President McKinley was developed I was compelled to differ from it at several points and gave evidence of my disagreement in the speeches delivered by me during the last three years vpon the floor of the Senate, touching the Spanish–American war, the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, and the South African affairs. I am here to-night
to reiterate the convictions I voiced in the Senate and record my opposition to the principles of President McKinley as evidenced
in his foreign policy and protest against the violation of the principles upon which our Government is founded, against the desecration of the Constitution, and the reversal of the policy which has given us a century and a quarter of National life.'"

In 1913, Wellington again sought election as senator, but as a member of the Progressive Party.  He was not elected and, following the election, he engaged in civic activities.  He became president of two banks and held an interest in the electric railways and electric companies in his hometown of Cumberland.

Wellington died in Cumberland, and is buried at Rose Hill Cemetery.

References

Category:1852 births
Category:1927 deaths
Category:American people of German descent
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
Category:United States senators from Maryland
Category:Maryland Republicans
Category:People from Cumberland, Maryland
Category:Burials at Rose Hill Cemetery (Cumberland, Maryland)
Category:Maryland Progressives (1912)
Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:Republican Party United States senators


2005–06 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team

The 2005–06 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team represented the University of Kansas Jayhawks for the NCAA Division I men's intercollegiate basketball season of 2005–2006.  The team was led by Bill Self in his third season as head coach.  The team played its home games in Allen Fieldhouse in Lawrence, Kansas.

In 2005–06 the Jayhawks fielded one of the youngest teams in the nation, by the end of the year the starting line-up consisted of 3 Freshmen and 2 Sophomores.  After some early season struggles, the Jayhawks finished the season with thirteen conference wins, good enough for their second straight season in which the team had claimed a share of the championship.  Bill Self was named Big 12 Coach of the Year for the first time.  In postseason play the team defeated its conference opponents to claim its first Big 12 Championship title since 1999.  In the NCAA Division I tournament, the fourth seeded Jayhawks were defeated in the first round by Bradley, a #13 seed.

Recruiting

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9| Exhibition

|-
!colspan=9| Regular season

|-
!colspan=9|Big 12 Tournament

|-
!colspan=9| NCAA Tournament

References

Category:Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball seasons
Kansas
Jay
Jay
Kansas


Kazimierz Fiałka

Kazimierz Fiałka (2 July 1907 – 25 September 1970) was a Polish long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1907 births
Category:1970 deaths
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Category:Polish male long-distance runners
Category:Polish male marathon runners
Category:Olympic athletes of Poland
Category:Sportspeople from Kraków
Category:Polish Austro-Hungarians


Manchester College Historic District

Manchester College Historic District is a national historic district located at North Manchester, Wabash County, Indiana. It encompasses three contributing buildings and one contributing object on the campus of Manchester University.  They are the Administration Building, Ikenberry Hall, and Oakwood Hall. The Administration Building consists of the 2 1/2-story, Second Empire style Baumgerdner Hall (1889); 2 1/2-story, Second Empire style, Bible School (1895); with the Tudor Revival style connecting the two older buildings (1920-1921).  The Administration Building consists of a four-story central tower with three-story flanking wings.  Oakwood Hall, originally the Women's Dormitory, was built in 1898 with an addition built in 1916 and a Bungalow / American Craftsman style addition in 1926. Ikenberry Hall, originally the Men's Dormitory, was built in 1906, and is a 3 1/2-story, Classical Revival style orange brick building.  The district also includes the two-tier, cast iron college fountain (1924).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

References

Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Category:University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Category:Neoclassical architecture in Indiana
Category:Second Empire architecture in Indiana
Category:Tudor Revival architecture in Indiana
Category:Bungalow architecture in Indiana
Category:Historic districts in Wabash County, Indiana
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Wabash County, Indiana


Castello Barbarossa

Castello Barbarossa is an archaeological ruin and ornithological station in Anacapri, on the island of Capri, Italy. It derives its name from the pirate and Ottoman admiral, Hayreddin, nicknamed Barbarossa ("Redbeard"), who stormed it in 1535 and destroyed it in 1544. The construction date is uncertain but it perhaps dates back to the late ninth century. From 1898, the structure, now in ruins, was owned by the Swedish psychiatrist Axel Munthe who donated it to his foundation. The surroundings, interesting for their botanical features, are home to the island's ornithological station.

History
The castle's construction date (ca. late ninth century) is uncertain. It is known to have existed at the end of the tenth century. Taking advantage of local labour, the Dukes of Amalfi built it in order to gain full control over the island of Capri. The manor house was originally owned by Adelferio, son of Sergius II (d. 1028), who called the area Anglum ad Castellum ("the corner near the castle"). On 15 November 988, Adelferio donated the castle, as well as his other possessions in Anacapri (including Artimo, Orrico and Gradola), to Giovanni, Count of Capri. The document refers to "unam silvam ad angulum ipsum castellum" (a wood at the corner of the castle). Protected by the fortress, the area enjoyed a period of stability in the tenth and eleventh centuries.

The Norman conquest of Campania forced the Dukes of Amalfi to modernize the structure to provide greater resistance to the enemy. The interior of the fortress was then extended with new features, including a chapel with a buttressed vault. Other additions from the thirteenth century included a cylindrical tower, two protective walls and other items necessitated by the development of siege techniques and firearms. In the fifteenth century, the island of Capri was subjected to attacks by Muslim pirates. Consequently, the population often used the fortress as a refuge. But after the raids in 1535, led by Ottoman pirates Hayreddin Barbarossa and Dragut, the fortress was destroyed in 1544, and those who had taken shelter there were kidnapped or robbed. Rather than being named after its builder, the castle derives its name from its pirate destroyer. The Angevins attempted to reconstruct the fortress, but without success as the Neapolitans had little building experience. It therefore fell on the inhabitants of Anacapri to care for the fortress which, as a result, was never rebuilt.

Barbarossa Castle was then almost totally forgotten until the eighteenth century when the manor was included in some geographical treaties. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was however used for military purposes after reinforcement by both the British (1806), who built embrasures for riflemen and a powder house, and by the French (1808), who built a defensive wall which extended from the castle to the Phoenician Steps. In the mid-nineteenth century, after the growing interest of literary circles in the Mediterranean environment and archaeological findings, itinerant scholars described the castle as "a ruin immersed in wonderfully wild surroundings", and in the first half of the twentieth century the site became a must in all Capri's maps and travel guides.

As already mentioned, the castle with the surrounding land was purchased by Munthe who, as he hated hunting, made it a sanctuary for birds. Throughout his life, Munthe campaigned to abolish hunting and was able to convince Benito Mussolini himself to draw up legislation denying hunters access to the island. As of 1950, a year after Munthe's death, the castle became part of the Axel Munthe Foundation under the ownership of the Swedish Consulate.

Architecture and fittings
The plan of the castle is quadrangular with a semicircular wall. The ruins of the highest part, as well as forming the core of the building, belong to what was once the residential area of the castle. Indeed, there is a chapel with a vaulted apse, a belfry and a cistern that was used as a warehouse Another area, offset from the chapel, retains many features, including a vaulted roof, a small partly walled embrasure, and an arched opening. Finally, there is a room with an iron-beamed roof. Built of local stone, the fort has vaulted roofs and tiled floors. The most significant architectural features are its two towers, indicating the military function of the castle. One of them, square-shaped, was built in the Swabian period, the other, however, is circular and was built in the Angevin period.

Grounds
Barbarossa Castle is located in Anacapri's Villa San Michele district, not far from the Grotta dell' Arco. It is situated  above sea level on a plateau of , on one side of Mount Solaro.

The area in front of the fort is characterized by low bush or garrigue and by vegetation that can withstand drought as a result of low nutritional requirements. Plants include strawberry tree, coronilla, euphorbia, heathers, gorse and myrtle. In the winter, the anemone, asphodel, brassica, honeysuckle, crocus, and rock rose bloom. Near the castle, there are some Aleppo pines. Indeed, in 1901, Munthe planted a pine forest, part of which was lost during the fires of 1972 and 1987.

Ornithological station
Having become the ornithological station of Capri, ornithologists live and work at Barbarossa in the present day. It is a useful location as Mount Solaro is an important stop for migratory birds that nest in Europe and fly to Africa for the winter. The station was started by the Italian League for Bird Protection in the early 1980s and was subsequently continued by the Ringing Centre of the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research of Bologna. In order to facilitate their study, migratory birds are caught in a net, classified by sex, age and species, and then weighed and measured. Their "fat reserve" is also observed as it reveals how much they have consumed during their journey. Each bird is then ringed for future monitoring, with a view to discovering its travels and place of origin. The Swedish experts are attached to the bird station on the island of Öland and although they initially concentrated on spring and autumn migrations, they are now involved in specific projects such as the birds' aptitude for orientation during the longest migrations and the causes of diseases transmitted by birds as well as studies on the migration of butterflies.

References

Bibliography
Conoscere Capri: Studi e materiali per la storia di Capri. (2006). Capri: Oebalus. Vol. 4. (in Italian)
Conoscere Capri: Studi e materiali per la storia di Capri. (2008). Capri: Oebalus. Vol. 7. (in Italian)

Category:Buildings and structures in Capri, Campania
Category:Archaeological sites in Campania
Category:Biological stations
Category:Castles in Campania


Carlos Bejarano

Carlos Andrés Bejarano Palacios (born 29 January 1985 in Quibdó) is a Colombian-born Equatoguinean-naturalised football goalkeeper currently playing for Deportivo Pasto of the Colombian First Division.

In 2013, he made his debut for the Equatorial Guinean national team, despite not complying with FIFA eligibility rules.

Honors

National Titles
'''Liga Panameña de Fútbol: Apertura 2009 II

References

External links

Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Quibdó
Category:Equatoguinean people of Colombian descent
Category:Colombian footballers
Category:Naturalized citizens of Equatorial Guinea
Category:Equatoguinean footballers
Category:Equatorial Guinea international footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Association football goalkeepers who have scored
Category:La Equidad footballers
Category:C.D. Árabe Unido players
Category:AS Trenčín players
Category:Slovak Super Liga players
Category:Independiente Medellín footballers
Category:América de Cali footballers
Category:Categoría Primera A players
Category:Categoría Primera B players
Category:Colombian expatriate footballers
Category:Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Panama
Category:Expatriate footballers in Panama
Category:Expatriate footballers in Slovakia
Category:Liga Panameña de Fútbol players
Category:Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia


Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense

Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense occurs when endophytic fungi, which live symbiotically with the majority of plants by entering their cells , often fungus or bacteruim , are utilized as an indirect defense against herbivores. In exchange for carbohydrate energy resources, the fungus provides benefits to the plant which can include increased water or nutrient uptake and protection from phytophagous insects, birds or mammals. Once associated, the fungi alter nutrient content of the plant and enhance or begin production of secondary metabolites. The change in chemical composition acts to deter herbivory by insects, grazing by ungulates and/or oviposition by adult insects. Endophyte-mediated defense can also be effective against pathogens and non-herbivory damage.

This differs from other forms of indirect defense in that the fungi live within the plant cells and directly alter their physiology. In contrast, other biotic defenses such as predators or parasites of the herbivores consuming a plant are normally attracted by volatile organic compounds (known as semiochemicals) released following damage or by food rewards and shelter produced by the plant. These defenders vary in the time spent with the plant: from long enough to oviposit to remaining there for numerous generations, as in the ant-acacia mutualism. Endophytic fungi tend to live with the plant over its entire life.Taxonomically, most of the endophytic fungi belong to the phylum Ascomycota and its associated anamorphs,in various abiotic stresses such as dehydration, temperature, pH, heavy metals they Participate in plant protection.

Diversity of endophytic associations

The fungal endophytes are a diverse group of organisms forming associations almost ubiquitously throughout the plant kingdom.antimicrobial compounds produced by plant endophytic fungi.endophytic Fungi are isolated from woody plants were highly active against Phytophthora infestans in tomato plants.useful resources for natural products which have wide range of application in medicine, agriculture, and industry are for endophytic.  The endophytes which provide indirect defense against herbivores may have come from a number of origins, including mutualistic root endophyte associations and the evolution of entomopathogenic fungi into plant-associated endophytes. Endophytic are None toxic and non-pathogenic also can secrete enzymes. The endomycorrhiza, which live in plant roots, are made up of five groups: arbuscular, arbutoid, ericoid, monotropoid, and orchid mycorrhizae. The majority of species are from the phylum Glomeromycota with the ericoid species coming from the Ascomycota, while the arbutoid, monotropoid and orchid mycorrhizae are classified as Basidiomycota. The entomopathogenic view has gained support from observations of increased fungal growth in response to induced plant defenses and colonization of plant tissues.

Examples of host specialists are numerous – especially in temperate environments – with multiple specialist fungi frequently infecting one plant individual simultaneously. These specialists demonstrate high levels of specificity for their host species and may form physiologically adapted host-races on closely related congeners. Piriformospora indica is an interesting endophytic fungus of the order  Sebacinales, the fungus is capable of colonising roots and forming symbiotic relationship with every possible plant on earth . P. indica has also been shown to increase both crop yield and plant defence of a variety of crops(barley, tomato, maize etc.) against root-pathogens.  However, there are also many examples of generalist fungi which may occur on different hosts at different frequencies (e.g. Acremonium endophytes from five subgenera of Festuca) and as part of a variety of fungal assemblages. They may even spread to novel, introduced plant species. Endophytic mutualists associate with species representative of every growth form and life history strategy in the grasses and many other groups of plants. The effects of associating with multiple strains or species of fungus at once can vary, but in general, one type of fungus will be providing the majority of benefit to the plant.

Mechanisms of defense

Secondary metabolite production

Some chemical defenses once thought to be produced by the plant have since been shown to be synthesized by endophytic fungi. The chemical basis of insect resistance in endophyte-plant defense mutualisms has been most extensively studied in the perennial ryegrass and three major classes of secondary metabolites are found: indole diterpenes, ergot alkaloids and peramine. Related compounds are found across the range of endophytic fungal associations with plants. The terpenes and alkaloids are inducible defenses which act similarly to defensive compounds produced by plants and are highly toxic to a wide variety of phytophagous insects as well as mammalian herbivores. Peramine occurs widely in endophyte-associated grasses and may also act as a signal to invertebrate herbivores of the presence of more dangerous defensive chemicals. Terpenoids and ketones have been linked to protection from specialist and generalist herbivores (both insect and vertebrate) across the higher plants.

Generalist herbivores are more likely than specialists to be negatively affected by the defense chemicals that endophytes produce because they have, on average, less resistance to these specific, qualitative defenses. Among the chewing insects, infection by mycorrhizae can actually benefit specialist feeders even if it negatively affects generalists. The overall pattern of effects on insect herbivores seems to support this, with generalist mesophyll feeders experiencing negative effects of host infection, although phloem feeders appear to be affected little by fungal defenses.

Secondary metabolites may also affect the behaviour of natural enemies of herbivorous species in a multi-trophic defense/predation association. For instance, terpenoid production attracts natural enemies of herbivores to damaged plants. These enemies can reduce numbers of invertebrate herbivores substantially and may not be attracted in the absence of endophytic symbionts. Multi-trophic interactions can have cascading consequences for the entire plant community, with the potential to vary widely depending on the combination of fungal species infecting a given plant and the abiotic conditions.

Altered nutrient content

Due to the inherently nutrient-exchange based economy of the plant-endophyte association, it is not surprising that infection by fungi directly alters the chemical composition of plants, with corresponding impacts on their herbivores. Endophytes frequently increase apoplastic carbohydrate concentration, altering the C:N ratio of leaves and making them a less efficient source of protein. This effect can be compounded when the fungus also uses plant nitrogen to form N-based secondary metabolites such as alkaloids. For example, the thistle gall fly (Urophora cardui) experiences reduced performance on plants infected with endophytic fungi due to the decrease in N-content  and ability to produce large quantities of high-quality gall tissue. Additionally, increased availability of limiting nutrients to plants improves overall performance and health, potentially increasing the ability of infected plants to defend themselves.

Impacts on host plants

Herbivory prevention

Studies of fungal infection consistently reveal that plants with endophytes are less likely to suffer substantial damage, and herbivores feeding on infected plants are less productive. There are multiple modes through which endophytic fungi reduce insect herbivore damage, including avoidance (deterrence), reduced feeding, reduced development rate, reduced growth and/or population growth, reduced survival and reduced oviposition. Vertebrate herbivores such as birds, rabbits and deer show the same patterns of avoidance and reduced performance. Even below-ground herbivores such as nematodes and root-feeding insects are reduced by endophyte infection. The strongest evidence for anti-herbivore benefits of fungal endophytes come from studies of herbivore populations being extirpated when allowed to feed only on infected plants. Examples of local extinction have been documented in crickets, larval armyworms and flour beetles.

Yet chemical defenses produced by fungal endophytes are not universally effective, and numerous insect herbivores are unaffected by a given compound at one or more life history stages; larval stages are often more susceptible to toxins than adults. Even endophytes which purportedly provide some defense benefit to their hosts such as the Neotyphidium partner of many grass species in the alpine tundra do not always lead to avoidance or ill-effects on herbivores due to spatial variation in levels of consumption.

Mutualism-pathogenicity continuum

Not all endophytic symbioses confer protection from herbivores – only some species associations act as defense mutualisms. The difference between a mutualistic endophyte and a pathogenic one can be indistinct and dependent on interactions with other species or environmental conditions. Some fungi which are pathogens in the absence of herbivores may become beneficial under high levels of insect damage, such as species which kill plant cells in order to make nutrients available for their own growth, thereby altering nutritional content of leaves and making them a less desirable foodstuff. Some endomycorrhizae may provide defense benefits but at the cost of lost reproductive potential by rendering grasses partially sterile with their own fungal reproductive structures taking precedence. This is not unusual among fungi, as non-endophytic plant pathogens have similar conditionally beneficial effects on defense. Some species of endophyte may be beneficial for the plants in other ways (e.g. nutrient and water uptake) but will provide less benefit as a plant receives more damage and not produce defensive chemicals in response. The effect of one fungus on the plant can be altered when multiple strains of fungi are infecting a given individual in combination.

Some endomycorrhizae may actually promote herbivore damage by making plants more susceptible to it. For example, some oak fungal endophytes are positively correlated with the levels of damage from leaf miners (Cameraria spp.), although negatively correlated with number of larvae present due to a reduction of oviposition on infected plants, which partially mitigates the higher damage rate. This continuum between mutualism and pathogenicity of endophytic fungi has major implications for plant fitness depending on the species of partners available in a given environment; mutualist status is conditional in a way similar to pollination and can shift from one to the other just as frequently.

Fitness and competitive ability

Fungal endophytes which provide defensive services to their host plants may exert selective pressures favouring association through enhanced fitness relative to uninfected hosts. The fungus Neotyphodium spp. infects grasses and increases fitness under conditions with high levels of interspecific competition. It does this through a combination of benefits including anti-herbivore defenses and growth promoting factors. The customary assumption that plant growth promotion is the main way fungal mutualists improve fitness under attack from herbivores is changing; alteration of plant chemical composition and induced resistance are now recognized as factors of great importance in improving competitive ability and fecundity. Plants undefended by chemical or physical means at certain points in their life histories have higher survival rates when infected with beneficial endophytic fungi. The general trend of plants infected with mutualistic fungi outperforming uninfected plants under moderate to high herbivory exerts selection for higher levels of fungal association as herbivory levels increase. Unsurprisingly, low to moderate levels of herbivore damage also increases the levels of infection by beneficial endophytic fungi.

In some cases the symbiosis between fungus and plant reaches a point of inseparability; fungal material is transmitted vertically from the maternal parent plant to seeds, forming a near-obligate mutualism. Because seeds are an important aspect of both fecundity and competitive ability for plants, high germination rates and seedling survival increase lifetime fitness. When fitness of plant and fungus become tightly intertwined, it is in the best interest of the endophyte to act in a manner beneficial to the plant, pushing it further toward the mutualism end of the continuum. Such effects of seed defense can also occur in dense stands of conspecifics through horizontal transmission of beneficial fungi. Mechanisms of microbial association defense, protecting the seeds rather than the already established plants, can have such drastic impacts on seed survival that they have been recognized to be an important aspect of the larger ‘seed defence theory’.

Climate change

The range of associated plants and fungi may be altered as climate changes, and not necessarily in a synchronous fashion. Plants may lose or gain endophytes, with as yet unknown impacts on defense and fitness, although generalist species may provide indirect defense in new habitats more often than not. Above-ground and below-ground associations can be mutual drivers of diversity, so altering the interactions between plants and their fungi may also have drastic effects on the community at large, including herbivores. Changes in distribution may bring plants into competition with previously established local species, making the fungal community – and particularly the pathogenic role of fungus – important in determining outcomes of competition with non-native invasive species. As carbon dioxide levels rise, the amplified photosynthesis will increase the pool of carbohydrates available to endophytic partners, potentially altering the strength of associations. Infected C3 plants show greater relative growth rate under high CO2 conditions compared to uninfected plants, and it is possible that the fungi drive this pattern of increased carbohydrate production.

Levels of herbivory may also increase as temperature and carbon dioxide concentrations rise. However, should plants remain associated with their current symbiotic fungi, evidence suggests that the degree of defense afforded them should not be altered. Although the amount of damage caused by herbivores frequently increases under elevated levels of atmospheric CO2, the proportion of damage remains constant when host plants are infected by their fungal endophytes. The change in Carbon-Nitrogen ratio will also have important consequences for herbivores. As carbohydrate levels increase within plants, relative nitrogen content will fall, having the dual effects of reducing nutritional benefit per unit biomass and also lowering concentrations of nitrogen-based defenses such as alkaloids.

History of research

Early recognition

The effects of endophytic fungi on the chemical composition of plants have been known by humans for centuries in the form of poisoning and disease as well as medicinal uses. Especially noted were impacts on agricultural products and livestock. Recognition and study of the mutualism did not begin in earnest until the 1980s when early studies on the impacts of alkaloids on animal herbivory confirmed their importance as agents of deterrence. Biologists began to characterize the diversity of endophytic mutualists through primitive techniques such as isozyme analysis and measuring the effects of infection on herbivores. Basic descriptive accounts of these previously neglected species of fungus became a major goal for mycologists, and a lot of research focus shifted to associates of the grass family (Poaceae) in particular, because of the large number of species which represent economically important commodities to humans.

Recent advances and future directions

In addition to continuing descriptive studies of the effects of infection by defense mutualist endophytes, there has been a sharp increase in the number of studies which delve further into the ecology of plant-fungus associations and especially their multi-trophic impacts. The processes by which endophytic fungi alter plant physiology and volatile chemical levels are virtually unknown, and limited current results show a lack of consistency under differing environmental conditions, especially differing levels of herbivory. Studies comparing the relative impacts of mutualistic endophytes on inducible defenses and tolerance show a central function of infection in determining both responses to herbivore damage. On the whole, molecular mechanisms behind endophyte-mediated plant defense has been an increasing focus of research over the past ten years.

Since the beginning of the biotechnology revolution, much research has been also focused on using genetically modified endophytes to improve plant yields and defensive properties. The genetic basis of response to herbivory is being explored in tall fescue, where it appears the production of jasmonic acid may play a role in downregulation of the host plant’s chemical defense pathways when a fungal endophyte is present. In some cases, fungi that are closely associated with their hosts have transferred genes for secondary metabolite production to the host genome, which could help to explain multiple origins of chemical defenses within the phylogeny of various groups of plants. This represents an important line of inquiry to pursue, especially in regards to understanding the chemical pathways that can be utilized in biotechnological applications.

Importance to humans

Agriculture and livestock

The secondary chemicals produced by endophytic fungi when associated with their host plants can be very harmful to mammals including livestock and humans, causing more than 600 million dollars in losses due to dead livestock every year. For example, the ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps spp. have been dangerous contaminants of rye crops for centuries. When not lethal, defense chemicals produced by fungal endophytes may lead to lower productivity in cows and other livestock feeding on infected forage. Reduced nutritional quality of infected plant tissue also lowers the performance of farm animals, compounding the effect of reduced feed uptake when provided with infected plant matter. Reduced frequency of pregnancy and birth has also been reported in cattle and horses fed with infected forage. Consequently, the dairy and meat-production industries must endure substantial economic losses.

Fungal resistance to herbivores represents an environmentally sustainable alternative to pesticides that has experienced reasonable success in agricultural applications. The organic farming industry has embraced mycorrhizal symbionts as one tool for improving yields and protecting plants from damage. Infected crops of soybean, ribwort plantain, cabbage, banana, coffee bean plant and tomato all show markedly lower rates of herbivore damage compared to uninfected plants. Endophytic fungi show great promise as a means of indirect biocontrol in large-scale agricultural applications. The potential for biotechnology to improve crop populations through inoculation with modified fungal strains could reduce toxicity to livestock and improve yields of human-consumed foods. The endophyte, either with detrimental genes removed or beneficial new genes added, is used as a surrogate host to transform the crops genetically. An endophyte of ryegrass has been genetically transformed in this way and used successfully to deter herbivores.

Understanding how to mediate top-down effects on crop populations caused by the enemies of herbivores as well as bottom-up effects of chemical composition in infected plants has important consequences for the management of agricultural industries. The selection of endophytes for agricultural use must be careful and consideration must be paid to the specific impacts of infection on all species of pest and predators or parasites, which may vary on a geographic scale. The union of ecological and molecular techniques to increase yield without sacrificing the health of the local or global environment is a growing area of research.

Pharmaceutical

Many secondary metabolites from endophyte-plant interactions have also been isolated and used in raw or derived forms to produce a variety of drugs treating many conditions. The toxic properties of ergot alkaloids also make them useful in the treatment of headaches and throughout the process of giving birth by inducing contractions and stemming hemorrhages. Drugs used to treat Parkinson's Disease have been created from isolates of ergot toxins, although health risks may accompany their use. Ergotamine has also been used to synthesize lysergic acid diethylamide because of its chemical similarity to lysergic acid. The generally chemically-based defense properties of endophytic fungi make them a perfect group of organisms to search for new antibiotic compounds within, as other fungi have in the past yielded such useful drugs as penicillin and streptomycin and plants use their antibiotic qualities as a defense against pathogens.

See also
Plant defense against herbivory
Endophytes
Mycorrhizae
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
Glomeromycota
Mutualism
Interspecies communication
Chemical ecology

References

Further References

External links
Mycorrhizal Associations: The Web Resource - Comprehensive illustrations and lists of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants and fungi
International Mycorrhiza Society
Mycorrhizal Literature Exchange - Database of abstracts, reviews, books, theses and dissertations hosted by the University of Tennessee
Plant Defense Systems and Medicinal Botany - Explanations of plant defensive chemicals and their use by humans

Category:Herbivory
Category:Plant roots
Category:Soil biology
Category:Symbiosis
Category:Mycology
Category:Plant physiology
Category:Biological pest control
Category:Sustainable agriculture


3-sphere

In mathematics, a 3-sphere, or glome, is a higher-dimensional analogue of a sphere. It may be embedded in 4-dimensional Euclidean space as the set of points equidistant from a fixed central point.  Analogous to how the boundary of a ball in three dimensions is an ordinary sphere (or 2-sphere, a two-dimensional surface), the boundary of a ball in four dimensions is a 3-sphere (an object with three dimensions).  A 3-sphere is an example of a 3-manifold and an n-sphere.

Definition
In coordinates, a 3-sphere with center  and radius  is the set of all points  in real, 4-dimensional space () such that

The 3-sphere centered at the origin with radius 1 is called the unit 3-sphere and is usually denoted :

It is often convenient to regard  as the space with 2 complex dimensions () or the quaternions (). The unit 3-sphere is then given by

or

This description as the quaternions of norm one identifies the 3-sphere with the versors in the quaternion division ring. Just as the unit circle is important for planar polar coordinates, so the 3-sphere is important in the polar view of 4-space involved in quaternion multiplication. See polar decomposition of a quaternion for details of this development of the three-sphere.
This view of the 3-sphere is the basis for the study of elliptic space as developed by Georges Lemaître.

Properties

Elementary properties
The 3-dimensional cubic hyperarea of a 3-sphere of radius  is

while the 4-dimensional quartic hypervolume (the volume of the 4-dimensional region bounded by the 3-sphere) is

Every non-empty intersection of a 3-sphere with a three-dimensional hyperplane is a 2-sphere (unless the hyperplane is tangent to the 3-sphere, in which case the intersection is a single point). As a 3-sphere moves through a given three-dimensional hyperplane, the intersection starts out as a point, then becomes a growing 2-sphere that reaches its maximal size when the hyperplane cuts right through the "equator" of the 3-sphere. Then the 2-sphere shrinks again down to a single point as the 3-sphere leaves the hyperplane.

Topological properties
A 3-sphere is a compact, connected, 3-dimensional manifold without boundary. It is also simply connected. What this means, in the broad sense, is that any loop, or circular path, on the 3-sphere can be continuously shrunk to a point without leaving the 3-sphere. The Poincaré conjecture, proved in 2003 by Grigori Perelman, provides that the 3-sphere is the only three-dimensional manifold (up to homeomorphism) with these properties.

The 3-sphere is homeomorphic to the one-point compactification of . In general, any topological space that is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere is called a topological 3-sphere.

The homology groups of the 3-sphere are as follows:  and  are both infinite cyclic, while  for all other indices . Any topological space with these homology groups is known as a homology 3-sphere. Initially Poincaré conjectured that all homology 3-spheres are homeomorphic to , but then he himself constructed a non-homeomorphic one, now known as the Poincaré homology sphere. Infinitely many homology spheres are now known to exist. For example, a Dehn filling with slope  on any knot in the 3-sphere gives a homology sphere; typically these are not homeomorphic to the 3-sphere.

As to the homotopy groups, we have  and  is infinite cyclic. The higher-homotopy groups () are all finite abelian but otherwise follow no discernible pattern. For more discussion see homotopy groups of spheres.

Geometric properties
The 3-sphere is naturally a smooth manifold, in fact, a closed embedded submanifold of . The Euclidean metric on  induces a metric on the 3-sphere giving it the structure of a Riemannian manifold. As with all spheres, the 3-sphere has constant positive sectional curvature equal to  where  is the radius.

Much of the interesting geometry of the 3-sphere stems from the fact that the 3-sphere has a natural Lie group structure given by quaternion multiplication (see the section below on group structure). The only other spheres with such a structure are the 0-sphere and the 1-sphere (see circle group).

Unlike the 2-sphere, the 3-sphere admits nonvanishing vector fields (sections of its tangent bundle). One can even find three linearly independent and nonvanishing vector fields. These may be taken to be any left-invariant vector fields forming a basis for the Lie algebra of the 3-sphere. This implies that the 3-sphere is parallelizable. It follows that the tangent bundle of the 3-sphere is trivial. For a general discussion of the number of linear independent vector fields on a -sphere, see the article vector fields on spheres.

There is an interesting action of the circle group  on  giving the 3-sphere the structure of a principal circle bundle known as the Hopf bundle. If one thinks of  as a subset of , the action is given by
.
The orbit space of this action is homeomorphic to the two-sphere . Since  is not homeomorphic to , the Hopf bundle is nontrivial.

Topological construction
There are several well-known constructions of the three-sphere.  Here we describe gluing a pair of three-balls and then the one-point compactification.

Gluing
A 3-sphere can be constructed topologically by "gluing" together the boundaries of a pair of 3-balls. The boundary of a 3-ball is a 2-sphere, and these two 2-spheres are to be identified.  That is, imagine a pair of 3-balls of the same size, then superpose them so that their 2-spherical boundaries match, and let matching pairs of points on the pair of 2-spheres be identically equivalent to each other.  In analogy with the case of the 2-sphere (see below), the gluing surface is called an equatorial sphere.

Note that the interiors of the 3-balls are not glued to each other.  One way to think of the fourth dimension is as a continuous real-valued function of the 3-dimensional coordinates of the 3-ball, perhaps considered to be "temperature".  We take the "temperature" to be zero along the gluing 2-sphere and let one of the 3-balls be "hot" and let the other 3-ball be "cold". The "hot" 3-ball could be thought of as the "upper hemisphere" and the "cold" 3-ball could be thought of as the "lower hemisphere". The temperature is highest/lowest at the centers of the two 3-balls.

This construction is analogous to a construction of a 2-sphere, performed by gluing the boundaries of a pair of disks. A disk is a 2-ball, and the boundary of a disk is a circle (a 1-sphere). Let a pair of disks be of the same diameter.  Superpose them and glue corresponding points on their boundaries.  Again one may think of the third dimension as temperature.  Likewise, we may inflate the 2-sphere, moving the pair of disks to become the northern and southern hemispheres.

One-point compactification
After removing a single point from the 2-sphere, what remains is homeomorphic to the Euclidean plane. In the same way, removing a single point from the 3-sphere yields three-dimensional space.
An extremely useful way to see this is via stereographic projection. We first describe the lower-dimensional version.

Rest the south pole of a unit 2-sphere on the -plane in three-space.  We map a point  of the sphere (minus the north pole ) to the plane by sending  to the intersection of the line  with the plane.  Stereographic projection of a 3-sphere (again removing the north pole) maps to three-space in the same manner.  (Notice that, since stereographic projection is conformal, round spheres are sent to round spheres or to planes.)

A somewhat different way to think of the one-point compactification is via the exponential map.  Returning to our picture of the unit two-sphere sitting on the Euclidean plane: Consider a geodesic in the plane, based at the origin, and map this to a geodesic in the two-sphere of the same length, based at the south pole.  Under this map all points of the circle of radius  are sent to the north pole.  Since the open unit disk is homeomorphic to the Euclidean plane, this is again a one-point compactification.

The exponential map for 3-sphere is similarly constructed; it may also be discussed using the fact that the 3-sphere is the Lie group of unit quaternions.

Coordinate systems on the 3-sphere
The four Euclidean coordinates for  are redundant since they are subject to the condition that . As a 3-dimensional manifold one should be able to parameterize  by three coordinates, just as one can parameterize the 2-sphere using two coordinates (such as latitude and longitude). Due to the nontrivial topology of  it is impossible to find a single set of coordinates that cover the entire space. Just as on the 2-sphere, one must use at least two coordinate charts. Some different choices of coordinates are given below.

Hyperspherical coordinates
It is convenient to have some sort of hyperspherical coordinates on  in analogy to the usual spherical coordinates on . One such choice — by no means unique — is to use , where

where  and  run over the range 0 to , and  runs over 0 to 2. Note that, for any fixed value of ,  and  parameterize a 2-sphere of radius , except for the degenerate cases, when  equals 0 or , in which case they describe a point.

The round metric on the 3-sphere in these coordinates is given by

and the volume form by

These coordinates have an elegant description in terms of quaternions. Any unit quaternion  can be written as a versor:

where  is a unit imaginary quaternion; that is, a quaternion that satisfies . This is the quaternionic analogue of Euler's formula. Now the unit imaginary quaternions all lie on the unit 2-sphere in  so any such  can be written:

With  in this form, the unit quaternion  is given by

where  are as above.

When  is used to describe spatial rotations (cf. quaternions and spatial rotations), it describes a rotation about  through an angle of .

Hopf coordinates

For unit radius another choice of hyperspherical coordinates, , makes use of the embedding of  in . In complex coordinates  we write

This could also be expressed in  as

Here  runs over the range 0 to , and  and  can take any values between 0 and 2. These coordinates are useful in the description of the 3-sphere as the Hopf bundle

For any fixed value of  between 0 and , the coordinates  parameterize a 2-dimensional torus. Rings of constant  and  above form simple orthogonal grids on the tori. See image to right. In the degenerate cases, when  equals 0 or , these coordinates describe a circle.

The round metric on the 3-sphere in these coordinates is given by

and the volume form by

To get the interlocking circles of the Hopf fibration, make a simple substitution in the equations above

In this case , and  specify which circle, and  specifies the position along each circle. One round trip (0 to 2) of  or  equates to a round trip of the torus in the 2 respective directions.

Stereographic coordinates
Another convenient set of coordinates can be obtained via stereographic projection of  from a pole onto the corresponding equatorial  hyperplane. For example, if we project from the point  we can write a point  in  as

where  is a vector in  and . In the second equality above, we have identified  with a unit quaternion and  with a pure quaternion. (Note that the numerator and denominator commute here even though quaternionic multiplication is generally noncommutative). The inverse of this map takes  in  to

We could just as well have projected from the point , in which case the point  is given by

where  is another vector in . The inverse of this map takes  to

Note that the  coordinates are defined everywhere but  and the  coordinates everywhere but . This defines an atlas on  consisting of two coordinate charts or "patches", which together cover all of . Note that the transition function between these two charts on their overlap is given by

and vice versa.

Group structure
When considered as the set of unit quaternions,  inherits an important structure, namely that of quaternionic multiplication. Because the set of unit quaternions is closed under multiplication,  takes on the structure of a group. Moreover, since quaternionic multiplication is smooth,  can be regarded as a real Lie group. It is a nonabelian, compact Lie group of dimension 3. When thought of as a Lie group  is often denoted  or .

It turns out that the only spheres that admit a Lie group structure are , thought of as the set of unit complex numbers, and , the set of unit quaternions. One might think that , the set of unit octonions, would form a Lie group, but this fails since octonion multiplication is nonassociative. The octonionic structure does give  one important property: parallelizability. It turns out that the only spheres that are parallelizable are , , and .

By using a matrix representation of the quaternions, , one obtains a matrix representation of . One convenient choice is given by the Pauli matrices:

This map gives an injective algebra homomorphism from  to the set of 2 × 2 complex matrices. It has the property that the absolute value of a quaternion  is equal to the square root of the determinant of the matrix image of .

The set of unit quaternions is then given by matrices of the above form with unit determinant. This matrix subgroup is precisely the special unitary group . Thus,  as a Lie group is isomorphic to .

Using our Hopf coordinates  we can then write any element of  in the form

Another way to state this result is if we express the matrix representation of an element of  as a linear combination of the Pauli matrices. It is seen that an arbitrary element  can be written as

The condition that the determinant of  is +1 implies that the coefficients  are constrained to lie on a 3-sphere.

In literature
In Edwin Abbott Abbott's Flatland, published in 1884, and in Sphereland, a 1965 sequel to Flatland by Dionys Burger, the 3-sphere is referred to as an oversphere, and a 4-sphere is referred to as a hypersphere.

Writing in the American Journal of Physics, Mark A. Peterson describes three different ways of visualizing 3-spheres and points out language in The Divine Comedy that suggests Dante viewed the Universe in the same way.

See also
 1-sphere, 2-sphere, n-sphere
 tesseract, polychoron, simplex
 Pauli matrices
 rotation group SO(3)
 charts on SO(3)
 quaternions and spatial rotations
 Hopf bundle, Riemann sphere
 Poincaré sphere
 Reeb foliation
 Clifford torus

References

 David W. Henderson, Experiencing Geometry: In Euclidean, Spherical, and Hyperbolic Spaces, second edition, 2001,  (Chapter 20: 3-spheres and hyperbolic 3-spaces.)
 Jeffrey R. Weeks, The Shape of Space: How to Visualize Surfaces and Three-dimensional Manifolds, 1985, () (Chapter 14: The Hypersphere) (Says: A Warning on terminology: Our two-sphere is defined in three-dimensional space, where it is the boundary of a three-dimensional ball. This terminology is standard among mathematicians, but not among physicists. So don't be surprised if you find people calling the two-sphere a three-sphere.)

External links
  Note: This article uses the alternate naming scheme for spheres in which a sphere in -dimensional space is termed an -sphere.

Category:Four-dimensional geometry
Category:Algebraic topology
Category:Geometric topology
Category:Analytic geometry
Category:Quaternions
Category:Spheres


Gojców

Gojców  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Opatów, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Opatów and  east of the regional capital Kielce.

The village has a population of 260.

References

Category:Villages in Opatów County


Bahrain Specialist Hospital

The Bahrain Specialist Hospital (BSH) is a comprehensive acute care medical centre situated in Juffair, in the Kingdom of Bahrain. BSH is supported by shareholders from Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. It is directed by Chief Executive Officer Dr. Kasim Ardati, and was inaugurated in February 2003 under the patronage of King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. Dr. Najah Al Zayyani is credited with founding the hospital.

The hospital provides more than twenty-five medical specialties, as well as psychiatric and dental care, nutrition and health sciences and plastic surgery. It has 83 private inpatient beds, 12 day surgery beds and 6 patient intensive care wards.

Bahrain Specialist Hospital ends its 2014 achievements with opening its first Clinics in West Riffa Area synchronize with getting a re-accreditation by the Joint Commission International (JCI), a global point of a pioneer in the field of improving health care quality, according to the unified global standards for patients care. The Bahrain Specialist Hospital Clinics has been set up as a specialized medical center, which includes a variety of specialty clinics to meet the primary and special needs of patients, and to provide comprehensive medical services. Providing high-quality medical care, where the center has a range of unique doctors, and a qualified crew of highly experienced nursing, contains  the clinics of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Cardiology, Orthopedic, ENT, Plastic Surgery, Pediatric, Dental , General Surgery, Dermatology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Physiotherapy and Pharmacy.

Bahrain Specialist Hospital Clinics Radiology and Laboratory Department is equipped with the latest medical diagnostic equipment, to provide the health care to the residents of Riffa area and from around populated areas. The new clinic is located in a strategic area at Riffa Avenue in West Riffa, where it can be accessed easily from all the surrounding areas.

References

External links
 BSH website

Category:Hospital buildings completed in 2002
Category:Hospitals in Bahrain
Category:Hospitals established in 2002
Category:2002 establishments in Bahrain


Mowich Lake Patrol Cabin

The Mowich Lake Patrol Cabin is one of the oldest backcountry ranger stations in Mount Rainier National Park.  Built in 1922, it is located in the western portion of the park. It was used by rangers on boundary patrol, and is located on the Wonderland Trail. The log cabin encloses a  by  area, with porch projecting  to the front. The design was influential in the development of patrol cabin designs in the 1930s. The cabin serves as a cache point for hikers on the Wonderland Trail.

The cabin was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1991. It is part of the Mount Rainier National Historic Landmark District, which encompasses the entire park and which recognizes the park's inventory of Park Service-designed rustic architecture.

References

Category:Residential buildings completed in 1922
Category:Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Category:Buildings and structures in Pierce County, Washington
Category:Ranger stations in Mount Rainier National Park
Category:Log cabins in the United States
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Mount Rainier National Park
Category:Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Category:1922 establishments in Washington (state)


2018 Burgwedel stabbing

On 25 March 2018, a 24-year-old woman, Vivien K was stabbed by a Syrian migrant in Burgwedel, Germany. She received life-threatening injuries and was put into an induced coma. She woke up three days later, with broken ribs and part of her pancreas as well as her spleen removed.

Since the culprits were teenage refugees, the case sparked a discussion about migration policies, and as it was part of a string of knife attacks, it led to concerns about a rise in knife crime in Germany.

Attack
At 19:30, the victim and her partner went to a supermarket in the Lower Saxony town near Hannover and had a dispute with two young Syrian migrants, 13 and 14 years of age which ended peacefully.  The youths had been fighting inside the supermarket and the victim had tried to get them to separate. In addition, Domenic, Vivian K.'s partner, is said to have pulled one of the youths' ears.  Later, another 17-year-old Syrian migrant, Abdalla M., joined the first two on scene and they later encountered the couple again. Another argument ensued and Abdalla M. targeted the woman with a knife stab to the abdomen. She got up on her feet after being stabbed, but collapsed shortly afterwards. The attacker fled but was arrested shortly and taken into custody on suspicion of grievous bodily harm and the murder weapon was secured.

Perpetrator
The 17-year-old perpetrator, Abdalla M., and his extended family came to Germany in 2013 as refugees from the outskirts of Damascus, the capital of Syria. The 13-year-old is his brother and the 14-year-old his cousin. In April, the perpetrator confessed.  The defense lawyer raised the hypothesis that the Syrian refugee may be mentally ill and therefore not responsible.

Abdullah A. explained that in their culture whenever the family honor is involved stabbing with a knife was justified.

Trial
On 21 August 2018 the trial of two brothers, 17 and 14 years old respectively, began in Hanover Landgericht. The elder Abdullah A. was tried for attempted manslaughter (German: versuchten Totschlag) and grievous bodily harm and the younger brother Mohamad A. for assault. While Abdullah A. initially was only suspected of grievous bodily harm due to only having stabbed once, but according to medical expertise the stab by Abdullah A. stab was a deadly attack as he damaged internal organs as well as breaking two ribs of his victim.

Abdullah A. was sentenced to five years of youth prison, a shorter sentence was given due to his low age. His younger brother Mohamad A. was sentenced to 14 days in custody and 10 hours social upbringing. The 13-year-old cousing was not tried due to his low age.

Aftermath
The attack, which was one of a spate of knife attacks by asylum seekers, several of whom were teenage,  precipitated a debate about youth crime and the integration of migrants. Stephan Weil, the Prime Minister of Lower Saxony expressed his sympathies for the victim. The municipality of Burgwedel stated its continued commitment to integration on its Facebook page, which were derided in comments. In early April, ten of the comments were investigated for constituting hate speech. As a result of the comments, the Facebook page was closed, with the municipality concerned that such comments might damage its reputation.  The anti-immigration AfD party was accused of "exploiting" the attack after it set up a booth in Burgwedel following the attack.

The leader of the CDU party in the Lower Saxon Landtag, Dirk Toepffer, commented the attack with that the hypothesis that family reunification of migrants with parents or siblings as means to reduces excessive violence, as promoted by the SPD party, had been disproven.

References

Category:2018 crimes in Germany
Category:Crime in Lower Saxony
Category:March 2018 crimes in Europe
Category:March 2018 events in Germany
Category:Stabbing attacks in 2018
Category:Stabbing attacks in Europe
Category:History of Hanover (region)
Category:Violence against women in Germany
Category:2010s in Lower Saxony


Chief architect

Chief architect may refer to:

Architecture
Chief Dominion Architect
Chief Government Architect of the Netherlands
Software architect

See also
Chief Architect Software
State architect


Faces Down

Faces Down is the first album released by Norwegian singer/songwriter Sondre Lerche, in 2001. It was released in 2002 in the United States, and in 2003 in Japan. All songs on the album were written by Lerche.

The track "Modern Nature" featured prominently in the 2007 film Dan in Real Life, starring Steve Carell and Juliette Binoche; Lerche and his band The Faces Down make a cameo appearance in the movie performing the track.

Track listing
"Dead Passengers"
"You Know So Well"
"Sleep on Needles"
"Suffused with Love"
"Side Two"
"Modern Nature" (with Lillian Samdal)
"Virtue and Wine"
"On and Off Again"
"No One's Gonna Come"
"All Luck Ran Out"
"Things You Call Fate"
"Rosebud" (US edition bonus track)"Don't Be Shallow" (Japanese edition bonus track)

Category:2001 debut albums
Category:Sondre Lerche albums


Jerevice

Jerevice (Cyrillic: Јеревице) is a village in the municipality of Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References

Category:Populated places in Kakanj


Thomas Brice

Thomas Brice may refer to:

 Tom Brice (born 1981), Australian baseball player
 Thomas Brice (martyrologist) (1536–1571), Church of England clergyman, martyrologist and poet
Tom Brice, character in Across the Continent
 Thomas Hastie Bryce (1862–1946), Scottish anatomist, medical author and archaeologist


Dhatau

Dhatau is a census town in Raigad district  in the state of Maharashtra, India.

Demographics
 India census, Dhatau had a population of 5035. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Dhatau has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78% and, female literacy is 65%. In Dhatau, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

References

Category:Cities and towns in Raigad district


World at Your Feet

"World at Your Feet" is a song by English rock band Embrace, and is featured on the re-released version of their album This New Day. It was the official song of the England World Cup squad in the 2006 FIFA World Cup campaign, and was released on 5 June 2006 (see 2006 in British music).  Singer Danny McNamara told the NME: "We didn't apply to do this. They just asked us. Our manager said, 'Do you want to do the World Cup song? The FA want to know.' I asked my dad and he said, 'if you think you're up to it-do it!' I was just trying to cover all the bases."

It was broadcast on Radio 1 on 21 April by Chris Moyles. A news reporter on BBC One was in a Bristol pub at the time and had several people listen and review the song. The first impressions were that the song is "too slow". This caused Moyles and a good friend of members of the band to shout out on the radio, live, "It's not too slow, it's perfect. Shut up and enjoy it."

While it does not have the terrace chant appeal of classic World Cup and European Cup songs such as "Vindaloo" or "Three Lions", many reviews from music critics seem to find favour with it - for instance, Planet Sound gave it an 8/10 mark, calling it "brilliant".

Track listings
7" ISOM107S
"World At Your Feet"
"What Lies Behind Us"
CD1 ISOM107MS
"World at Your Feet"
"Celebrate"
Included on the album This New Day.

CD2 ISOM107SMS
"World At Your Feet" - 3:41
"Love Order" - 4:39
"Whatever It Takes" - 7:21

Chart performance
As the follow-up to their previous single, the #2 hit "Nature's Law", "World at Your Feet" became another commercial success for Embrace, marking their second UK Top 3 single by peaking at #3 in the UK Singles Chart.

References

External links

Category:2006 singles
Category:Embrace (English band) songs
Category:England at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
Category:England national football team songs
Category:Football songs and chants
Category:2006 songs
Category:Independiente (record label) singles
Category:Songs written by Richard McNamara
Category:Songs written by Danny McNamara
Category:Songs written by Martin Glover


Julia O. Flikke

Julia Otteson Flikke (March 16, 1879 in Viroqua, Wisconsin – February 23, 1965) was an American nurse. Her service to the United States Army Nurse Corps spanned both world wars and included overseas assignments in the Philippines and China. In 1927, she was appointed Assistant Superintendent of the ANC and was promoted to the relative rank of captain. In 1937, she succeeded Julia Stimson as Superintendent with the relative rank of major. She was the last superintendent to hold the office before the statutory limitation of four years was placed on the tenure. She was also the first woman to hold the rank of full colonel in the Army. Although the rating was temporary then (1942), it marked a step forward to granting of full military rank and privileges in 1947. She retired due to disability in June 1943.

Julia O. Flikke was born in Viroqua, Wisconsin, on March 16, 1879. She would receive her early education there. Flikke married in 1901, but her husband died ten years later. The following year, she entered the School of Nursing of the Augustana Hospital in Chicago. She graduated in 1915, and, after several months of postgraduate education, Flikke accepted a post as assistant principal of her old school. She would stay there until entering the United States Army Nurse Corps on March 11, 1918, and (after being promoted to chief nurse) serving in Lakewood Township, New Jersey as well as Staten Island. Flick moved to Base Camp No. 11, in France in 1918, serving in several hospitals before returning to the United States in 1919. She first worked at Camp Upton, and subsequently travelled around the country, before setting in Walter Reed General Hospital, where she would work for twelve years.

References

Category:1879 births
Category:1965 deaths
Category:People from Viroqua, Wisconsin
Category:Military personnel from Wisconsin
Category:United States Army Nurse Corps officers
Category:American nurses
Category:American women nurses


BIT (alternative information centre)

BIT was an information service, publisher, travel guide and social centre founded, in 1968, by John "Hoppy" Hopkins.  It pre-dated the Internet as a free service that would try to find any information asked for, but post-dated library reference desks, and derived its name from the smallest unit of computer information.

BIT
BIT was initially a partial spin-off from Hoppy's earlier International Times information service, which was being overwhelmed by the number of enquiries it was receiving, then subsequently took on a life of its own, becoming a much wider organisation more akin to the later social centres. Emerging from the UK underground as a volunteer-run business, it evolved into a collective and open house based in Notting Hill above the Badge Boutique.

Although often undefinable, one staff member tried with "We're open every day of the year from 10am to 10pm (telephone 24 hours) and we give free help and information about anything to anyone who wants it. Dirty, untidy office; friendly, sometimes exuberant atmosphere, inefficient staff, confused clientele, aggressive cat. Free information, free bogs, free bath. free duplicator and typewriter, free kittens and puppies, free clothes, free food — cheap at other times but free if you're really starving, free people to talk to, free alternative library, free day-room to freak out in or sleep in, free crashpad, lots of other free floor space depending on the season, free optimism, free ecstasy, free lots of other things plus expensive travel guides to pay for it all."

In the beginning of the 1970s, Nicholas Albery, just back from a stay in Haight-Ashbury, started getting involved with this newly set "Information Service", and quickly became a driving force in the development of wider activities for BIT, so that it became one of the first Social centres in London Area. Around 1972–73, at the peak of its activities and with the momentum given by Nicholas, BIT Info-Service ran 24 hours on 24, with "BIT-workers" coming up at around 10 PM to take their night shift, receiving and helping incomers from all parts of the world, until around 8:00 AM, when the "day-team" showed up.

BIT Guide
The BIT Guide, an early duplicated stapled-together "foolscap  bundle" with a pink cover providing information for travellers across Asia and updated by those already on the road, warned of pitfalls and places to see and stay. The first BIT Guide was produced by the BIT Information & Help Service in London in 1970. The BIT guide reached its peak under the control of Geoff Crowther, who arrived at BIT in 1972, later becoming the most prolific travel writer for Lonely Planet.

Community Levy for Alternative Projects
In 1974 BIT became the coordinating centre for Community Levy for Alternative Projects, an invitation to supply funds for, generally, fledgling alternative projects, partly targeting shops and businesses that identified with counter-cultural ideas and aspirations.

Free festivals
BIT also ran early festival services, providing help and information for festival patrons, which were rarely supplied by the organisers of big corporate events, such as the Isle of Wight Festival, and were quite often an integral part of the organisation of Free festivals such as Windsor Free Festival. Alongside Release, Festival Welfare Services and more occasionally IT, Oz and the White Panthers they provided a countercultural safety-net, providing an understanding environment sometimes characterised as a 'Bad trips' tent.

The 7-7-77 Glastonbury Free Festival was organised by BIT, including activist Alan Strom.

References

Literature
 Beam, Alan (1976) "Rehearsal for the year 2000: (drugs, religions, madness, crime, communes, love, visions, festivals and lunar energy) : the rebirth of Albion Free State (known in the Dark Ages as England) : memoirs of a male midwife (1966-1976)" - an account of the early years of BIT, by Nicholas Albery, with most names changed to protect the innocent.

External links
 Intentional Communities Wiki on BIT Information service
 International Times article on BIT - 1980
 BIT organised 1977 Glastonbury Free Festival
 BIT newsletter from the impromptu festival Glastonbury 1978

Category:Underground culture
Category:British culture
Category:History of subcultures
Category:UK underground
Category:Counterculture
Category:Information centres
Category:Social centres in the United Kingdom
Category:DIY culture
Category:Counterculture festivals activists
Category:Infoshops


Charleston Southern Buccaneers

Charleston Southern Buccaneers are the athletic teams that represent Charleston Southern University. They participate in Division I of the NCAA as a member of the Big South Conference. Charleston Southern (CSU) fields varsity teams in 16 sports, 7 for men and 9 for women. The football team competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), formerly I-AA.

Sports teams
CSU competes in the NCAA in the following sports:

Men's Sports
Baseball
Basketball
Cross Country
Football
Golf
Outdoor Track and Field
Indoor Track and FieldWomen's Sports
Basketball
Cross Country
Golf
Outdoor Track and Field
Indoor Track and Field
Soccer
Softball
Tennis
Volleyball

In 2008, CSU closed its highly successful men's tennis program to reallocate funds to other sports.  CSU formerly fielded a men's soccer team.

Athletic facilities
Buccaneer Field - home of the football program. It opened in 1970 and has a capacity of 4,000 spectators.
CSU Field House - home of the Men's and Women's Basketball teams. It has a capacity of 881 spectators. It is the 2nd smallest arena in Division I basketball.
Buccaneer Ballpark - home of the baseball program. It has a capacity of 1,500 spectators.

Football

Rivalry with Coastal Carolina
These two schools first met on the football field in 2003 and it has been a rivalry since Charleston Southern defeated Coastal Carolina 34-27 in 2005 to win a share of the Big South Championship that Coastal had already clinched. CSU got the first shutout of the series with their 24-0 win in 2008. Currently, Charleston Southern has a two-game winning streak over Coastal Carolina with Charleston Southern winning 59-58 in 2016. Charleston Southern won a share of the 2016 Big South Championship and got the automatic berth into the NCAA Playoffs.

Coastal Carolina leads the series 8-6.
2016 - CSU @ Coastal - W, 59-58
2015 - Coastal @ CSU - W, 33-25
2014 - CSU @ Coastal - L, 43-22
2013 - Coastal @ CSU - W, 31-26
2012 - CSU @ Coastal - L, 41-20
2011 - Coastal @ CSU - L, 45-38
2010 - CSU @ Coastal - L, 70-3
2009 - Coastal @ CSU - W, 30-23
2008 - CSU @ Coastal - W, 24-0
2007 - Coastal @ CSU - L, 41-2
2006 - CSU @ Coastal - L, 31-17
2005 - Coastal @ CSU - W, 34-27 (2 OT)
2004 - CSU @ Coastal - L, 56-28
2003 - Coastal @ CSU - L, 48-14 (First Meeting)

Charleston Southern vs FBS Schools

Basketball

References

External links


Les amours de Ragonde

Les amours de Ragonde (The Loves of Ragonde, original title: Le mariage de Ragonde et de Colin ou La Veillée de Village) is an opera in three acts by Jean-Joseph Mouret with a libretto by Philippe Néricault Destouches. It was first performed at the Château de Sceaux in December, 1714. It is one of the first French comic operas.

Performance history
Mouret was in charge of the Grandes Nuits de Sceaux, musical entertainments put on every fortnight by the Duchesse de Maine at her chateau at Sceaux. For the 13th night, in 1714, Mouret and his librettist wrote Le mariage de Ragonde et de Colin. Comedy was something of a novelty in French opera and the work looks forward to the genre of opéra comique which would become popular in the mid-18th century. Mouret also parodied many famous scenes from the prestigious tragédies en musique by Jean-Baptiste Lully, including moments from Armide, Atys and Alceste.

The next time the opera was heard was after Mouret's death, in a revised version performed by the Académie de musique at its theatre in the Palais-Royal in Paris on 30 January 1742, where it was a great success. It probably inspired Jean-Philippe Rameau to write his own comic opera about an ugly woman, Platée. The musical score of the 1714 version of Ragonde does not survive.

Roles

Synopsis

Act One: La soirée de village (The Village Junket)
Ragonde is an ugly old farmer's widow. At a party in the village she tells the young Colin of her love for him but Colin wants to marry her daughter, Colette, and mocks Ragonde. Lucas, who is also in love with Colette, tells the old woman how she can be revenged on Colin.

Act Two: Les lutins (The Goblins)
Colette is in love with Lucas, but their marriage is dependent on Colin becoming Ragonde's husband, otherwise Ragonde will not allow it. Colette, Lucas and his friend Thibault hatch a plot against Colin. Colette arranges an assignation with him in a wood in the dead of night. Colin arrives at the appointed place only to be terrified by "goblins" who claim to be in the service of the witch Ragonde. In reality, they are boys from the village who have been disguised by Lucas and Thibault. They make Colin promise to marry Ragonde in return for his life.

Act Three: La noce ou le charivari (The Wedding or the Charivari)
The double wedding of Colette and Lucas and Ragonde and Colin takes place. Colin is in tears until Ragonde threatens him with the goblins again. The opera ends with a charivari, noisy music to celebrate the married couples.

Recordings
Les amours de Ragonde (1742 version) Michel Verschaeve, Jean-Paul Fouchécourt, Sophie Marin-Degor, Les Musiciens du Louvre, conducted by Marc Minkowski (Erato, 1992)

Sources
Le magazine de l'opéra baroque by Jean-Claude Brenac
Pitou, Spire, The Paris Opéra. An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers – Rococo and Romantic, 1715-1815, Greenwood Press, Westport/London, 1985 ()
Booklet notes to the above recording.
Period printed score: Les Amours de Ragonde ou la Soirée de village représentée par l'Académie royalle de musique, Amsterdam, le Cene, 1745 (accessible for free online at Gallica - B.N.F.)

Category:French-language operas
Category:1714 operas
Category:Operas
Category:Operas by Jean-Joseph Mouret


Fraser Gallery

The Fraser Gallery were two Washington, DC (1996-2011) and Bethesda, Maryland (2002-2011) art galleries founded by Catriona Fraser, an ex-pat British photographer and art dealer.  She has lived in Washington, DC since 1996.

History
Fraser opened The Fraser Gallery in 1996 in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, DC. In 2002 she opened a second gallery in Bethesda, a Maryland suburb of the Greater Washington, DC area. Fraser was also the founder of Secondsight, an organization of women photographers. The galleries closed in 2011.

The Fraser Gallery represented several significant artists during its operating years, including Tim Tate, David FeBland, Kris Kuksi, Chawky Frenn, Joyce Tenneson, Lida Moser,  F. Lennox Campello, Michael Janis, Maxwell MacKenzie, Nestor Hernández, Mark Jenkins, as well as many key contemporary Cuban artists such as Sandra Ramos, Marta María Pérez Bravo, and others.

The Washington Post also noted in 2000 that the gallery was able to take advantage of the then emerging Internet to stage art shows which "draws entries from all over the world", and a few years earlier, in 1998, praised the gallery for having "one of the liveliest, best-looking and best-organized sites in town", in a seminal article about art galleries' websites in Washington, DC. Upon the announcement of its closing, The Washington City Paper photography critic wrote that "the gallery mounted significant shows by such photographers as Maxwell MacKenzie and Lida Moser, as well as an annual photography contest."

Fraser is now the Chair of the Trawick Art Prize, an art competition for Maryland, Virginia and Washington, DC artists which awards $14,000 in prize money. She is also the director of the annual Bethesda Fine Arts Festival.

Photographer
Fraser's own photographic work has focused overwhelmingly on black and white infrared landscape photographs of Scotland, ranging from traditional landscapes, to ancient Pictish ruins and medieval castles and fortresses. The photographs have been exhibited in museums and galleries in the US and Latin America, and awarded multiple prizes.

References

External links
 The Fraser Gallery
 Video of 2011 Photography Exhibition at Fraser Gallery

Category:Art galleries in Washington, D.C.
Category:Art galleries established in 1996
Category:1996 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Category:Art galleries disestablished in 2011
Category:Art galleries established in 2002
Category:Women art dealers
Category:Contemporary art galleries in the United States


Illinois Route 83

Illinois Route 83 (IL 83) is a  major north–south state road in northeast Illinois. It stretches from U.S. Route 30 (US 30, Lincoln Highway) by Lynwood and Dyer, Indiana, north to the Wisconsin border by Antioch at Highway 83.

Route description

Illinois 83 passes through Cook County, DuPage County, and Lake County. It begins as part of Glenwood-Dyer Road in Lynwood, and then follows Torrence Avenue though Lansing, 147th Street/Sibley Blvd though Calumet City, Dolton, Harvey, Dixmoor, then north on Cicero, and then northwest on Cal Sag Road through Cook County. It then becomes known as the Kingery Highway through DuPage County, and then follows Busse Road, Oakton Street and Elmhurst Road in northern Cook County. In Lake County it is named McHenry Road in Buffalo Grove, Ivanhoe Road north of Mundelein, Barron Blvd. in Grayslake and Milwaukee Avenue in Lake Villa.
Illinois 83 ranges from a width of two thru lanes at either terminus to six lanes through DuPage County. It is the main north–south arterial route falling between Interstates 355 and 294 for the central portion of its routing.

History

SBI Route 83 was modern Illinois Route 17 from New Boston to Galva. In 1941 it was changed to the Lynwood-to-Antioch routing, replacing Illinois Route 52 and Illinois Route 54. In 1998, Illinois 83 was routed slightly north onto 127th Street, from Cal Sag Road. The renumbering was part of a major reconstruction project of the Illinois Route 50 intersection with Interstate 294 (Tri-State Tollway).

As part of sign replacement accompanying the renumbering, Illinois 83 was added to the northbound Illinois 50 exit from southbound I-294, as the new northbound Illinois 50 ramp leads directly to Illinois 83 first. However, Illinois 83 overlaps Illinois 50 southbound at the center of the interchange, so southbound Illinois 50 traffic also joins Illinois 83 at the end of the ramp. This is not reflected in the current signage on the tollway.

A $13.4 million construction project was completed in northern Lake County by improving a 4-mile section of Illinois 83 from Petite Lake Road to the Wisconsin state line. Improvements included adding a center turn lane and intersection modernizations at Grass Lake Road, Illinois Route 173, and North Avenue. The project was completed in fall 2010.

Major intersections

References

External links

Illinois Highway Ends: Illinois Route 83

083
Category:Expressways in the Chicago area
Category:Transportation in Cook County, Illinois
Category:Transportation in DuPage County, Illinois
Category:Transportation in Lake County, Illinois


William D. Robbins

William Dullam Robbins (May 7, 1874 – March 25, 1952) was the 45th Mayor of Toronto from 1936 to 1937. He was appointed mayor after the death of incumbent Sam McBride and remained in office until defeated by Ralph Day in the 1937 elections. Robbins was considered a representative of labour in Toronto city politics, but was also a member of the Conservative Party. He served 18 years on city council and the Board of Control before becoming mayor. He was also a member of the Orange Order in Canada. He died after years of ill health at his Toronto home in 1952."William D. Robbins: Labor Mayor Was Conductor, Union Secretary", The Globe and Mail [Toronto, Ont] 26 Mar 1952: 24.

References

"Toronto Elects Mr. Robbins." Toronto Daily Star. December 8, 1936. pg. 4
 Toronto Globe, 24 December 1912, p. 8 gives his full name.

Category:Mayors of Toronto
Category:1952 deaths
Category:1874 births


Nehzatabad, Kerman

Nehzatabad (, also Romanized as Nehẕatābād; also known as Deh-e Moḩammad Shāh and Mūsa) is a village in Derakhtengan Rural District, in the Central District of Kerman County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 59, in 17 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Kerman County


Takayuki Miura

is a Japanese ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1998 Winter Olympics.

References

Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:Japanese ice hockey players
Category:Olympic ice hockey players of Japan
Category:Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Aomori Prefecture


I Offer You

I Offer You is an album featuring performances by jazz saxophonist Lucky Thompson which was released on the Groove Merchant label.

Reception

Allmusic's Scott Yanow said: "After he stopped teaching in 1974, Lucky Thompson permanently dropped out of music. ... Thompson, switching between tenor and soprano, was still very much in his musical prime at the time of this LP but apparently soon became sick of the whole music business, a major loss to jazz. He plays quite well throughout the set".

Track listing
All compositions by Lucky Thompson except where noted
 "Munsoon" − 5:07
 "Sun Out" − 6:20
 "Yesterday's Child" − 4:26
 "Aliyah" − 5:05
 "The Moment of Truth" (Tex Satterwhite, Frank Scott) − 6:35
 "Back Home from Yesterday" − 5:58
 "Cherokee" (Ray Noble) − 4:42

Personnel
Lucky Thompson – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone
Cedar Walton – electric piano, piano
Sam Jones – bass
Louis Hayes – drums

References

Category:Groove Merchant albums
Category:Lucky Thompson albums
Category:1973 albums
Category:Albums produced by Sonny Lester