Karla (film)

Karla is 2006 American psychological thriller film written and directed by Joel Bender, and co-written by Manette Rosen and Michael D. Sellers. It is based on the crimes of Canadian serial killers Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka.

Plot
A psychologist, Dr. Arnold, is conducting a session with Karla Homolka, on May 11, 2000, at Canada's Regional Psychiatric Centre in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Dr. Arnold's evaluation will determine Karla's eligibility for parole. During the session, Dr. Arnold shows Karla a photo album of herself, and her husband, Paul Bernardo, in happier times. Karla has a memory of how they first met. However, when Dr. Arnold introduces the subject of Karla's sister, Tammy Homolka, Karla becomes uncooperative.

Over the following weeks, Dr. Arnold probes Karla about her knowledge of Paul's secret life as a serial rapist. It is revealed that shortly before their marriage, Paul began to rape women. Paul convinced Karla to help him rape Tammy on camera. At first Karla disagrees, but eventually steals Halcion from the veterinary clinic where she works.

Tammy gets drunk at a Christmas party and becomes unresponsive after the two drug her. Tammy is raped, and ends up getting sick while drugged, choking on her own vomit. Karla calls 911, and the two hide the assault evidence so her death would appear accidental. Afterwards, Paul beats Karla for "ruining his movie". Karla learns never to ruin Paul's "movies".

Karla tells Dr. Arnold that Paul became obsessed with Tammy, and kept watching the video after her death, even showing it to friends. Paul also threatened to reveal Karla's role in her sister's murder, if he should get into any more trouble, but Karla finally leaves him anyway. Paul is open with Karla about his crimes, yet Karla does not object to them, even when Paul begins to bring his victims home. Although disturbed at that part of Paul's life, Karla learns to accept it, knowing that she too will be killed if she does not. At Paul's request, Karla hesitantly participates in these assaults.

Paul kidnaps a young girl, "Tina McCarthy", and forces her to undress on camera. Karla witnesses this, but is too afraid to tell anyone. Tina is held for 3 days, and is raped repeatedly while Karla is forced to videotape it all. During one such assault, Paul strangles Tina after she sees his face. Karla tries to convince him not to kill her, but he insists, telling her that Tina can identify them both.

He cuts the body into pieces and seals them in cement blocks, which he then dumps into a lake. On the day of Paul and Karla's wedding, the girl's body is discovered, and identified by dental records. Paul stops raping and abducting for a time, but his anxiety and pent-up frustration cause him to become violent toward Karla. Paul's friends see the change in his personality and break off from him. Meanwhile Karla, suffering from the abuse and desperate to reclaim his affections, helps Paul abduct and rape another young girl, "Kaitlyn Ross".

Kaitlyn is brutally raped by Paul. Karla watches the assault and begins to cry. Paul beats Karla and tells her that she is ruining his movie again. After Paul leaves, Karla is put in charge of Kaitlyn. Kaitlyn tells Karla that she is a victim too, and that this is not her fault. When asked why she stays, Karla simply says, "You don't understand". Karla explains to Dr. Arnold that she wanted to free Kaitlyn, but was afraid Paul would kill her if she did.

Kaitlyn's disappearance immediately attracts a storm of media and police attention, so Paul kills her, to be rid of her. As part of the investigation, the police arrive at Paul's house. Paul is very cooperative so the police leave satisfied, but, afterwards, he beats Karla mercilessly. Karla takes refuge with friends before reporting the assault. Paul is then booked under domestic violence but is released after only one night in jail.

Back at the Regional Psychiatric Centre, Dr. Arnold asks Karla about her relationship with her younger sister, Tammy, and her jealousy towards her, because of Paul's attraction to her. Karla confesses that Paul wanted to take Tammy's virginity and that he wanted Karla to "give" Tammy to him. Karla agreed to help him rape her sister.

Shortly thereafter, the DNA samples Paul provided as part of the Scarborough rape investigation, are matched to the evidence found on one of the murder victims. Both Paul and Karla are subsequently arrested. During the trial, Paul testifies that Karla killed Kaitlyn Ross with a mallet. Karla denies all the killings. Paul is convicted on two counts of murder without any possibility of parole. Karla is given a sentence of twelve years in exchange for a guilty plea for manslaughter.

A note explains that Karla's parole was denied, as the psychologist found her artificial, manipulative, and without remorse.

Cast
 Laura Prepon as Karla Homolka
 Misha Collins as Paul Bernardo
 Patrick Bauchau as Doctor Arnold
 Emilie Jacobs as Peggy
 Alex Boyd as Nick
 Carole Ita White as Waitress
 Shawn Hoffman as Detective Kirby
 Adam Lieberman as Detective Morgan
 Cherilyn Hayres as Tammy Homolka
 William Duffy as Detective Porter
 Kristen Honey as Tina McCarthy
 Tess Harper as Molly Czehowicz
 Leonard Kelly-Young as Dan Czehowicz
 Anna Pheil as Patricia
 Zack DiLiberto as Doug
 Nikki McCauley as Jessie
 Sarah Foret as Kaitlyn Ross
 Anthony Denison as Detective Burroughs
 Jeff Doucette as Burroughs' Partner
 Bunny Gibson as Mrs. Ross
 Bradford English as Mr. Ross
 John Ross Clark as Attorney Warner
 Brandon Routh as Tim
 Philippe Bergeron as Attorney Siegel
 Eileen Dietz as Helen
 Ross Patterson as Steve

Production
The film was originally titled Deadly but was renamed Karla before its release. The script is based on court transcriptions, interviews and video shot by Homolka and Bernardo.

Release

The film caused significant controversy in Canada, where the families of victims Kristen French and Leslie Mahaffy initially said that the film exploited the memory of their daughters. Politicians in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, including Attorney General Michael Bryant, called for a boycott of the film, and one Canadian theatre chain, Cineplex Odeon, stated that it would show the film only in its major urban markets in Toronto, Ontario, Montreal, Quebec and Ottawa, Ontario. The film was booked to debut at the 2005 Montreal World Film Festival, until a protest by Air Canada, a corporate sponsor of the festival, shelved the idea.

Lawyer Tim Danson, who represented the French and Mahaffy families, watched a private screening of the film in September with the families in attendance. The following month, he announced that the families would not oppose the film's Canadian release.

Reception
Karla was deemed "a creepy but botched work" by Robert Koehler of Variety, who felt that the film was marred by its "choppy" direction, its sub-par production values, and its "confused" and "morally precarious" depiction of Homolka, which Koehler felt undermined her complicity in Bernardo's actions, writing, "There's a certain darkly suffocating quality to the chamber drama played out by these two sick souls, but the fact that the film is more willing to explicitly show Paul's constant beatings of Karla than the worst aspects of the killings underlines who is to be seen as the victim here." The Globe and Mail's Rick Groen was similarly critical of the film emphasizing Homolka's suffering over that of her and Bernardo's victims, and further opined that the picture was both "inexcusably mundane" and lacking in substance before awarding it a final score of 1½ out of a possible 4. Ken Eisner of The Georgia Straight condemned the film, deriding it as nothing more than a dull, clichéd, and "slapdash portrait of serial killers" that was completely devoid of "depth, tension, or psychological insight."

While Louis B. Hobson (who called the film "disturbing" and "nauseating") of the Calgary Sun praised Misha Collins and Laura Prepon's acting and the restraint that Karla showed by not depicting or exaggerating "the worst excesses" of the crimes that it was dramatizing, he went on to write, "You don't recommend a movie such as Karla, even if you can appreciate the performances that make it unnerving." The Winnipeg Sun's Pat St. Germaine lauded the film's acting, but also felt that it was a failure as a psychoanalytical character study, and concluded his review of it with, "Those who choose to see Karla will exit the theatre with much food for thought, but it's hard to imagine anyone will be enriched by it." The film's inadequate exploration of Homolka's psyche was also a point of contention for Vue Weekly's Brian Gibson, who wrote, "There is little ambiguity or tension at the core of this basically hollow karaoke version of the Bernardo-Homolka murders. Joel Bender's movie never resorts to gore-porn or sleaze-sationalism, avoiding any shots of Kristen French and Leslie Mahaffy (given different names here) being beaten or raped, and the simulations of Bernardo's horrific films offer no flashes of nudity that would make us feel complicit with the sexual predator. But Karla seldom probes its title character's own complicity." Bruce Kirkland of the Toronto Sun expressed annoyance over Karla's "awkward" and "clumsy" narrative, gave mild praise to both its stars' performances and its restrained portrayal of its subject matter, and ended his review of the film with, "This film is not for the families of the victims, nor is it watchable by anyone with strong feelings about the case. For others less impassioned, however, it is a flawed yet largely accurate portrait of rapist-killer Bernardo and the psychotic woman who became his partner in crime."

References

External links

Category:2006 films
Category:2000s biographical films
Category:2000s exploitation films
Category:2000s independent films
Category:2000s serial killer films
Category:2000s crime thriller films
Category:2000s psychological thriller films
Category:Adultery in films
Category:American biographical films
Category:American crime films
Category:American crime thriller films
Category:American exploitation films
Category:American independent films
Category:American psychological thriller films
Category:American serial killer films
Category:BDSM in films
Category:Biographical films about serial killers
Category:Casual sex in films
Category:Crime films based on actual events
Category:English-language films
Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators
Category:Films about kidnapping
Category:Films about domestic violence
Category:Films about marriage
Category:Films about suburbia
Category:Films about virginity
Category:Films set in 1987
Category:Films set in 1988
Category:Films set in 1989
Category:Films set in 1990
Category:Films set in 1991
Category:Films set in 1992
Category:Films set in 2000
Category:Films set in New York (state)
Category:Films set in Ontario
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Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Category:Films about psychiatry
Category:Films set in Saskatchewan
Category:Films shot in California
Category:Films shot in Los Angeles
Category:Incest in film
Category:Police detective films
Category:Films about rape
Category:Thriller films based on actual events
Category:Torture in films
Category:Cultural depictions of female serial killers
Category:Cultural depictions of kidnappers
Category:Cultural depictions of Canadian women
Category:American films


Dopamine releasing agent

A dopamine releasing agent (DRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of dopamine in the body and/or brain.  No selective DRAs are currently known. Many releasing agents of both dopamine and norepinephrine (norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents, or NDRAs) and of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are known (serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents, or SNDRAs), however. Serotonin-dopamine releasing agents are much rarer and are not selective for monoamine release. Examples of NDRAs include amphetamine and methamphetamine, and an example of an SNDRA is MDMA. The most selective dopamine releaser is 4-methylaminorex, but it also has considerable activity as a norepinephrine releaser. These drugs are frequently used for recreational purposes and encountered as drugs of abuse.

A closely related type of drug is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI). Various selective DRIs are known, in contrast to the case of DRAs. It is particularly of note that the mechanism of action at the dopamine transporter (DAT) for dopamine releasers/substrates is entropy-driven (i.e. hydrophobic), whereas for dopamine re-uptake inhibitors it is enthalpy-driven (i.e. conformational change).

There is some, albeit mixed, in vitro evidence that the antidepressant and modestly selective DRI amineptine may in addition to inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine selectively induce the presynaptic release of dopamine without affecting that of norepinephrine or serotonin.

See also
 Monoamine releasing agent
 Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent
 Serotonin-dopamine releasing agent
 Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent

References

External links

Category:TAAR1 agonists
Category:VMAT inhibitors


Harry Ntimban-Zeh

Harry Dave Ntimban-Zeh (born 26 September 1973) is a French former footballer who played as a defender.

He was signed by Wimbledon from S.C. Espinho in March 2004. He was released by Milton Keynes Dons in July 2005.

References

External links

Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Paris
Category:French footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Racing Club de France Football players
Category:Wimbledon F.C. players
Category:Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
Category:English Football League players


Erlenbach (Main)

Erlenbach is a river of Bavaria, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Main in Marktheidenfeld.

See also
List of rivers of Bavaria

References

Category:Rivers of Bavaria
Category:Rivers of Germany


2013 Monterrey Open – Singles

Tímea Babos was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Monica Niculescu.

Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova won the title, defeating Angelique Kerber in the final 4–6, 6–2, 6–4.

Seeds

Draw

Finals
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
|RD1=Semifinals
|RD2=Final

|team-width=175

|RD1-seed1=1
|RD1-team1= Angelique Kerber
|RD1-score1-1=6
|RD1-score1-2=2
|RD1-score1-3=6
|RD1-seed2=3
|RD1-team2= Maria Kirilenko
|RD1-score2-1=4
|RD1-score2-2=6
|RD1-score2-3=2

|RD1-seed3=
|RD1-team3= Monica Niculescu
|RD1-score3-1=6
|RD1-score3-2=2
|RD1-score3-3=4
|RD1-seed4=5
|RD1-team4=
| RD1-score09-1=6
| RD1-score09-2=6
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10= N Bratchikova
| RD1-score10-1=4
| RD1-score10-2=0
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11= D Gavrilova
| RD1-score11-1=4
| RD1-score11-2=2
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=Q
| RD1-team12= T Mrdeža
| RD1-score12-1=6
| RD1-score12-2=6
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13= O Puchkova
| RD1-score13-1=2
| RD1-score13-2=0r
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14= L Davis
| RD1-score14-1=6
| RD1-score14-2=0
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15= C Vandeweghe
| RD1-score15-1=4
| RD1-score15-2=6
| RD1-score15-3=6
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16= M Bartoli
| RD1-score16-1=6
| RD1-score16-2=3
| RD1-score16-3=1

| RD2-seed01=6
| RD2-team01= Y Wickmayer
| RD2-score01-1=4
| RD2-score01-2=6
| RD2-score01-3=1
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02= M Niculescu
| RD2-score02-1=6
| RD2-score02-2=3
| RD2-score02-3=6

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03= T Babos
| RD2-score03-1=7
| RD2-score03-2=3
| RD2-score03-3=6
| RD2-seed04=4/WC
| RD2-team04= A Ivanovic
| RD2-score04-1=5
| RD2-score04-2=6
| RD2-score04-3=2

| RD2-seed05=5
| RD2-team05=
| RD3-score03-1=6
| RD3-score03-2=7
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04= L Davis
| RD3-score04-1=2
| RD3-score04-2=5
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01= M Niculescu
| RD4-score01-1=6
| RD4-score01-2=2
| RD4-score01-3=4
| RD4-seed02=5
| RD4-team02=

Qualifying

Seeds

Qualifiers

Draw

First qualifier

Second qualifier

Third qualifier

Fourth qualifier

References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw

Monterrey Open - Singles
2013 Singles


Boltonfellend

Boltonfellend is a village in Cumbria, England.

External links

Category:Villages in Cumbria
Category:City of Carlisle


Immigration Wars: Forging an American Solution

Immigration Wars: Forging an American Solution is a 2013 non-fiction book about immigration in the United States co-written by Jeb Bush, who served as the Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007, and Clint Bolick, who serves as the Vice President of Litigation at the Goldwater Institute in Phoenix, Arizona.

Background
The book was co-written by Jeb Bush and Clint Bolick. Bush is the son of the 41st President of the United States, George H. W. Bush and the brother of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush. He served as the Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. He is the Founder and Chairman of the Foundation for Florida's Future, a conservative think tank, and Chairman of Foundation for Excellence in Education. Bolick is an attorney, former Libertarian candidate, and Founder of the Institute for Justice, a conservative think tank. He serves as the Vice President of Litigation at the Goldwater Institute, another conservative think tank in Phoenix, Arizona.

The book was announced in the fall of 2012 and released in March 2013 by Simon & Schuster.

Content
The book starts with a preface written by Jeb Bush, followed by another preface written by Clint Bolick. In his, Bush reminds the reader that the issue of immigration is close to home for him, as his wife, Columba Bush, was born in Mexico. Bolick, on the other hand, explains that he often had to deal with immigration cases as an attorney.

Chapter 1, 'A Proposal for Immigration Reform,' lays out a new vision for immigration policy, including encouraging a demand-driven system as opposed to national quotas, and teaching civics to new immigrants.
 Chapter 2, 'The Immigration Imperative,' argues that immigration is a positive good for the United States.
 Chapter 3, 'The Rule of Law.' talks about the necessity to enforce the law to legal immigrants.
 Chapter 4, 'An Enduring Debate,' presents a history of discrimination against immigrants to the United States, from the Germans to the Chinese.
 Chapter 5, 'The Human Dimension,' presents seven biographical sketches of immigrants who have lived the American Dream.
 Finally, Chapter 6, 'Immigration and Education,' is on education and immigration, and they champion charter schools and digital education.

The book ends with a "post-script", 'Postscript: A Prescription for Republicans.' It presents some advice to presidential candidate Mitt Romney, counseling him to be more pro-immigration.

Promotional efforts
On March 04, 2013, Bush and Bolick gave a question-and-answer session about the book at the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank in New York City. They were introduced by Daniel Henninger, the Deputy Editorial Page Editor at The Wall Street Journal. The co-authors were also scheduled to appear at the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank in Washington, D.C., on March 06, 2013, but their engagement was canceled due to "inclement weather." Later that month, Bush presented the book at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California.  The talk was broadcast on C-SPAN's Book TV five times in March and April 2013. In November 2013, Bush talked about the book at the 92nd Street Y on the Upper East Side in New York City.

Critical reception
Critical reception of the book in the press was mixed and at times controversial.

Prior to its release date, the Huffington Post published a review of the book written by a journalist who had read the book, suggesting Bush supported "self-deportation" even though he had derided presidential candidate Mitt Romney for it in his 2012 campaign. In an update added to the review, former Romney advisers suggested this had been unfair on Romney, but Bush retorted that this was a misunderstanding of his views on letting undocumented immigrants return to their home countries and apply for citizenship there; he added that it was not present in the book. Writing for the Miami Herald, Marc Caputo suggested this might have been a marketing ploy for Bush to attract more readers. In the National Review, Reihan Salam suggested Bush's idea bore "close resemblance to" the ideas of Peter Skerry, a Professor of Political Science at Boston College and Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and expressed his approval of the notion, adding that its implementation may prove difficult. However, Peter Skerry, in his review for The Weekly Standard, did not acknowledge this. Instead, he argued that they misunderstood a study by the Brookings Institution they use as a citation on the burden that immigrants impose on welfare programs. He added that it would be preferable to train low-skilled workers already on U.S. soil rather than bring in new ones, both for skilled and unskilled work.

Writing for The Washington Post, Manuel Roig-Franzia suggested Bush had flipflopped on immigration. Indeed, he writes that Bush supported the DREAM Act in 2002 while he takes a more conservative stance in the book. However, Roig-Franzia, who is bylined as the author of The Rise of Marco Rubio, notes that Bush and Marco Rubio, a Republican Senator from Florida, are both potential contenders for the 2016 presidential election. In a review for The New Republic, Nate Cohn argued that the book presented an immigration policy unlikely to appeal to Hispanic voters. In The Wall Street Journal, Vincent J. Cannato, a Professor of History at the University of Massachusetts Boston, wrote that it was "about as sensible a look at immigration policy as one will find these days". However, he added that the co-authors failed to give precise answers about specific "caps or yearly quotas". Moreover, he argued that their disavowal of family reunification in favor of skilled migrants would appear unattractive to Hispanic voters. In the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, John F. Rohe of the anti-immigration Colcom Foundation agreed with Cannato that Bush and Bolick failed to give specific quotas for legal immigration. He went on to argue their pro-immigration stance would lead to "resource depletion," including "more water shortages, sprawl, farmland intrusion, wetland losses, biodiversity casualties, gridlock, toxins, energy demands, health care challenges and social safety net gaps," among other things. In a scathing review for The Guardian, Michael Wolff wrote that it was "a book without real thought, or information, or meaning, besides self-promotion, which exists only to provide a pretext to get the politician-author on television".

In another review published in The Washington Times, David DesRosiers, the former Executive Vice President of the Manhattan Institute and current publisher of RealClearPolitics, wrote that it was, "a must-read for every citizen, wannabe citizen, legal working resident and those illegally working in the shadows of our economy". Another glowing review came from Anneke Green of the White House Writers Group in June 2013, who argued in U.S. News & World Report that the United States Senate should be looking at Immigration Wars for solutions to immigration reform.

In July 2014, the co-authors published an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal about the children's immigration crisis, where many children from Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador have come into the United States territory illegally, highly solutions  found in Immigration Wars.

References

Category:2013 non-fiction books
Category:Non-fiction books about immigration to the United States
Category:Jeb Bush
Category:American non-fiction books
Category:Simon & Schuster books
Category:Literary collaborations


Māori Battalion

The 28th (Māori) Battalion, more commonly known as the Māori Battalion, was an infantry battalion of the New Zealand Army that served during the Second World War. It was formed following pressure on the Labour government by some Māori Members of Parliament (MPs) and Māori organisations throughout the country which wanted a full Māori unit to be raised for service overseas. The Māori Battalion followed in the footsteps of the Māori Pioneer Battalion that served during the First World War with success, and was wanted by Māori to raise their profile, and to serve alongside their Pākehā compatriots as subjects of the British Empire. It also gave a generation of people with a well-noted military ancestry a chance to test their modern warrior skills.

Raised in 1940 as part of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF), the 28th (Māori) Battalion was attached to the 2nd New Zealand Division as an extra battalion that was moved between the division's three infantry brigades. The battalion fought during the Greek, North African and Italian campaigns during which it earned a formidable reputation as a fighting force which has subsequently been acknowledged by both Allied and German commanders. It was also the most decorated New Zealand battalion during the war. Following the end of hostilities, the battalion contributed a contingent of personnel to serve in Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force, before being disbanded in January 1946.

History

Formation
The 28th (Māori) Battalion had its origins before the start of the Second World War. In mid-1939, as war in Europe began to be seen as inevitable, Sir Āpirana Ngata started to discuss proposals for the formation of a military unit made up of Māori volunteers similar to the Māori Pioneer Battalion that had served during the First World War. This proposal was furthered by two Māori MPs, Eruera Tirikatene and Paraire Paikea, and from this support within the Māori community for the idea began to grow as it was seen as an opportunity for Māori to participate as citizens of the British Empire and to test their warrior skills. At first the New Zealand government was hesitant, but on 4 October, the decision was announced that the proposal would be accepted and that the battalion would be raised in addition to the nine battalions and support units that had already been formed into three brigades of the 2nd New Zealand Division.

Nevertheless, it was decided that the battalion's key positions, including its officers, non commissioned officers (NCOs) and signallers, would initially be filled largely by New Zealanders of European descent. This decision was met with some consternation, so assurances were made that over time suitable Māori candidates would take over these positions. In this regard, it was decided that the battalion's first commanding officer would be a regular officer, Major George Dittmer—later promoted to lieutenant colonel in January 1940—and that his second-in-command would be a Reserve officer, Lieutenant Colonel George Bertrand, a part-Māori who would take up the position with the rank of major. Both men were veterans of the First World War and had considerable experience.

Almost immediately effort was focused upon selecting and identifying the officers and NCOs. To this end volunteers were called for among units that had already formed as part of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) and from new recruits. At the end of November, 146 trainees reported to the Army School at Trentham, where even serving officers and NCOs were required to prove their suitability for positions in the new battalion. Concurrently, recruiting of men to fill the other ranks positions began in early October and within three weeks nearly 900 men had enlisted. The process was carried out by recruiting officers who worked closely with tribal authorities, and the recruits were restricted to single men aged between 21 and 35, although later married men were allowed to join, but only if they did not have more than two children of similar ages.

On 26 January 1940 the battalion came together for the first time, marking its official raising at the Palmerston North Show Grounds. Upon formation it was decided that the battalion would be organised upon tribal lines. The unit consisted of a headquarters company and four rifle companies, designated 'A' through 'D': 'A' Company (Kamupene ā – Ngā Kiri Kapia – the Gumdiggers) was recruited from the Northland to Auckland ; 'B' Company (Kamupene B – Ngā Ruku Kapa – Penny Divers) from Rotorua, the Bay of Plenty and Thames–Coromandel; 'C' Company (Kamupene C – Ngā kaupoi – The Cowboys) from the East Coast from Gisborne to East Cape  and 'D' Company (Ngāti Walkabout) from Waikato, Maniapoto, Hawkes Bay, Wellington and the South Island, as well as some Pacific Islands and the Chatham and Stewart Islands.

February saw the issuing of equipment and the commencement of training; punctuated by medical inspections and dental treatment as well as ceremonial duties surrounding the commemoration of the Treaty of Waitangi. A lack of previous experience in technical trades also hampered the battalion's training, as the unit was short of men who were able to serve in roles such as clerks, drivers and signallers  most personnel were drawn from mainly rural backgrounds. Consequently, candidates for these roles had to be trained from scratch. The organisation of the battalion was finally completed in March, when the men were allocated to their respective companies, and on 13 March 1940 the 28th (Māori) Battalion was declared on active service. After 14 days leave, the battalion conducted a five-week concentration period before embarking on 1 May 1940. The battalion's strength at this time was 39 officers and 642 other ranks.

United Kingdom
Sailing upon the Aquitania via Fremantle and Cape Town, the battalion arrived at Gourock, Scotland, after six weeks at sea. Initially they had been destined to join the rest of the 2nd New Zealand Division in the Middle East, but due to concerns about a possible invasion of the United Kingdom by the German Wehrmacht, the decision was made to divert the division's second echelon, a brigade-sized force that included the 28th (Māori) Battalion, to Britain to help bolster the island's defences.

In late June or early July 1940 the 28th (Māori) Battalion was attached to a mixed brigade under Brigadier Harold Barrowclough. During this time they manned defences in the south of England and undertook further training. The battalion suffered from a lack of equipment, largely due to the priority given to re-equip British units following the losses suffered by the British Expeditionary Force in France, and consequently training was largely focused upon anti-gas procedures and route marching. On 6 July they were inspected by King George VI and he was said to have been impressed by the "smartness of the close order and arms drill of the Māori Battalion" and "by the fine physique, keenness and determined demeanour" of the men.

Shortly afterwards the Mixed Brigade began quick deployment and defensive manoeuvres in earnest, as fears of invasion grew. In between exercises, further training was undertaken and the battalion also worked to improve fixed defences throughout July, August and into September. These exercises varied in size from company to battalion-level, and involved differing scenarios and enemy forces. In September, a divisional review was undertaken and amidst massive German air raids upon London, the New Zealanders were declared to be ready for front-line service in the event of a German landing. Warning orders for deployment to Egypt were cancelled and the New Zealanders were placed under command of XII Corps, taking up defensive positions in the Folkestone–Dover region.

In October, the Māori Battalion was attached to "Milforce", under Dittmer's command, along with a squadron of tanks, a squadron of cavalry and a medium machine gun company. The following month, with an invasion now considered unlikely, the battalion returned to Aldershot for the winter, remaining there for two months. During this time limited training was undertaken, although upon invitation the battalion fielded a rugby team against a Welsh side at Langley Park, losing 12–3. Later in the month, the battalion received the order to begin preparing for redeployment to Egypt and an advance party was dispatched in mid-December. On 7 January 1941 the rest of the battalion left for the Middle East, embarking from Liverpool on the Athlone Castle.

Middle East
After sailing via Freetown, Cape Town and Durban, the Athlone Castle sailed up the east coast of Africa and entered the Suez Canal, arriving at Tewfik harbour on 3 March 1941. In the afternoon the battalion entrained and two days later they arrived in the desert, where they were met by motor transport which carried them to camp Garawi, about  from Cairo. At this point they were met by about 300 reinforcements which were used to replace men who had been laid down with influenza and to bring the battalion up to a higher establishment. Shortly afterwards they were moved to Alexandria, where they embarked on the Cameronia, bound for Greece.

Greece
On 6 April the German invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia began. In order to help defend Greece, a composite force of three divisions of Australian, British and New Zealand troops were to be deployed, and were grouped together under the title of 'W' Force. However, by the time the invasion began only two of the three divisions had arrived, and the New Zealanders were consequently spread thin, holding a position to the north of Katerini, where they were tasked to defend the strategic Olympus Pass to the south. During this time, the 28th (Māori) Battalion was attached to the 5th Infantry Brigade, which was later grouped with other Australian and New Zealand units to form the Anzac Corps. Vastly outnumbered, within two days the situation for the Allies was not good as the Germans had broken through the defences along the Bulgarian border and the Yugoslav resistance had collapsed. As the situation worsened, orders came down from brigade headquarters that the passes would be held "to the last man and last round".

On 9 April, the fall of Salonika precipitated the order for the battalion to withdraw from their positions at Katerini south to Olympus. As events unfolded elsewhere, the battalion remained in position, digging in and constructing defences until 12 April when they were ordered to withdraw behind the Mavroneri Gorge and reposition themselves on the western aspect. At this time the 5th Infantry Brigade's orders were changed from a holding action to a delay and withdrawal. It was in the Petra Pass, alongside the 22nd Battalion, that the 28th Battalion fought its first engagement of the war. In preparation for the coming attack, the Māori built their position, running out barbed and concertina wire and digging in while German bombers droned overhead. During the night they carried out patrols along the Mavroneri riverbed, but no contact was made. The following morning, the divisional cavalry, which had been carrying out a rearguard action, conducted a withdrawal through the battalion's position, making the Māori Battalion the most forward Allied unit. As German forces were halted at Platamon by the 21st Battalion, thrusts towards Larisa once again put the battalion's position in doubt and they were again ordered to withdraw. Meanwhile, the Anzac Corps decided to make its last stand  south at Thermopylae.

In the end the Māori remained in position until 17 April. Throughout the previous two days the battalion worked hard to repel repeated attempts by elements of the German 2nd Infantry Regiment to infiltrate their lines, before they finally received the order to fall back. With isolated platoons still in contact with the Germans and amidst high winds and a heavy downpour of rain, the New Zealanders had difficulty disengaging. Withdrawing over difficult terrain towards the pass, the manoeuvre continued into the night as the Germans continued to harass their rearguard units. The move was carried out with considerable urgency because the intention was to blow a bridge up just after the battalion had withdrawn across it in order to delay the German advance. In the end the battalion only just made it, for the engineers tasked with carrying out the demolition had received the order to complete their task and were about to detonate when the battalion arrived shortly after 3:00 am.

After meeting motor transport, the battalion moved back to Ay Dhimitrios, which they began to prepare to defend in order to help seal off the exit of the Olympus pass. The withdrawal continued, though, and on 19 April the Māori Battalion was called upon to conduct a delaying action as the rest of the 5th Infantry Brigade pulled back through Larisa towards Lamia,  south. Along roads packed with vehicles and civilian traffic they withdrew amidst considerable confusion. Upon arrival at Thermopylae the battalion had had just enough time to dig in before receiving the order that they were to move their position in order to make way for the 6th Infantry Brigade. They completed this move by 21 April, taking up the same positions that Leonidas and his army had defended against Xerxes in 480 BC, according to legend. Here they took up position in a marsh and as they made preparations for its defence, on 22 April, in Athens, the decision was made that the units of the British Commonwealth forces would be withdrawn from the country.

Over the course of the next two days, the battalion withdrew towards Athens, where they arrived in the early morning on 24 April. They continued on to the beach at Porto Rafti, destroying their vehicles and other equipment as they went. In the confusion of orders and counter orders, the battalion's carrier and mortar platoons had gotten separated from the rest of the unit. By 9:00 pm on 24 April when the final move to the beach commenced they still had not arrived. The operation went according to plan however, and by 3:00 am on 25 April the transports embarked. Of the various groups that had become detached from the battalion, some were able to make their own way to the embarkation beaches, but a number of them were ultimately captured. The battalion's casualties in Greece were 10 killed or died of wounds, six wounded, 83 captured, 11 wounded and captured.

Crete
After being evacuated from Greece, the Māori Battalion embarked upon the landing ship, infantry  and was taken to Crete where they formed part of the island's hastily formed garrison. The 5th Infantry Brigade was allocated to the area surrounding the airfield and the battalion was positioned on the north coast at Platanias, on the brigade's right flank. On 20 May 1941, the Germans launched the opening stages of their campaign with large-scale glider and parachute drops of troops from Maleme to Canea. The landings were focused around the airfield and no troops landed in the area being held by the Māori, nevertheless, a small force of glider troops were found to be occupying a house on the beach about  from them. A platoon was dispatched to attack them and after a brief fire-fight in which two New Zealanders were wounded and eight Germans were killed, the 10 remaining men in the house surrendered.

The main German attack was focused upon the 22nd Battalion which was defending the airfield. Hard pressed, late in the day the 22nd requested reinforcements and the 5th Infantry Brigade commander, Brigadier J. Hargest, sent one company from the 23rd and one from the 28th. The task was given to 'B' Company and, as the company commander only knew the direct route, they had a night approach march of over  to cover. During the march they came in contact with a platoon-sized force of Germans which briefly held up the company before reinforcements could arrive. The German force surrendered, but in doing so one of their number threw a grenade at the New Zealanders, wounding two men. In response the Māori fixed bayonets and carried out the first bayonet charge by a New Zealand force during the war, killing 24. A short while later they killed another eight in a separate engagement. Continuing on towards the 22nd Battalion, they bumped into a number of small pockets of Germans before eventually linking up with the 22nd Battalion's headquarters where they were told to return to their own lines as the decision had been made to withdraw from the airfield. Eleven hours later the company reported back to the 28th Battalion's lines.

Over the course of the next ten days the battalion was involved in a series of engagements as they fought to defend the island, with the most notable probably being the bayonet charge that they undertook with the Australian 2/7th Battalion at 42nd Street on 27 May in which 280 Germans were killed, with the Māori accounting for 100. However, it soon became clear that the garrison on Crete would need to be evacuated and on 28 May the bulk of Creforce began to disengage the Germans and begin the retreat towards Sfakia. The 5th Infantry Brigade took turns with two Australian battalions and the commandos of Layforce to carry out a rearguard action to guard the pass through which the troops had to traverse in order to escape.

On 30 May the final order was received, although due to shipping losses it was not possible to evacuate everyone. In order to maintain fairness, each battalion was allotted a certain number of men who would have to remain and defend the embarkation beaches to allow the others to get away. The 28th Battalion was allocated 230 men to embark, while six officers and 144 men would have to stay behind. A large number of men volunteered to remain, and at midnight the remainder headed down to the beach and were taken off on a landing ship two hours later. The battalion suffered 243 casualties during the brief defence of the island, including 74 men killed and 102 men wounded. A further 67 were captured, of which 46 were wounded. For his leadership of the battalion during the fighting on Crete, Dittmer received the Distinguished Service Order.

North Africa
After their escape from Crete, the 28th (Māori) Battalion was evacuated to Egypt where they were re-issued with summer uniforms and began to receive reinforcements. In June they carried out a ceremonial parade for King George VI and the Queen, and the commander of the 2nd New Zealand Division, Lieutenant General Bernard Freyberg. Throughout July, the battalion undertook desert familiarisation training and sports parades before moving to Kabrit where they concentrated with the rest of the 5th Infantry Brigade for a three-week combined operations exercise. Later, in August, they moved to a position  west of El Alamein, known as the "Kaponga Box" where throughout September and into October they undertook the unfamiliar task of road construction. In October, the brigade received orders to link up with the rest of the division in preparation for their commitment to the battle along the frontier.

On 11 November 1941, the 5th Infantry Brigade concentrated near Mersa Matruh. Three days later the division had assembled and began the advance into Libya. Their first task was to capture the seaside town of Sollum, which was taken on 23 November from its Italian garrison with only a few casualties. Follow-up artillery inflicted 18 killed and 33 wounded however, including the commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel George Dittmer, and two company commanders. Two hundred and forty-seven Italian prisoners were taken. Following this, the 5th Infantry Brigade was placed under the command of the 4th Indian Division and the 28th Battalion took up positions near Bardia.

Three days later the battalion attacked a column of tanks and motorised infantry before ambushing a column at Menastir on 3 December. Later, notable actions were undertaken at Gazala and at Sidi Magreb where over 1,000 Italians prisoners were captured. Following this, the battalion was deployed to Syria before returning to Egypt in June 1942. Now officially under the command of a Māori for the first time—Lieutenant Colonel Eruera Love having taken over from Dyer in May—the Māori took part in the 2nd New Zealand Division's breakout from Minqar Qaim, undertaking a successful bayonet charge. At this time, the battalion's skills with the bayonet earned them a reputation as "scalp hunters" among German commanders, including Rommel.

In September and October the battalion took part in important actions as part of the offensive in the Munassib Depression and at Miteiriya Ridge during the Second Battle of El Alamein. On 2 November the battalion supported the final breakthrough by Allied forces that decided the outcome of the battle. Casualties were high during this time and three of its commanding officers were either killed or wounded between July and November 1942. Nevertheless, the battalion remained in the fighting and in March 1943, at Medenine it undertook a defensive role before switching to the offensive at Point 209 in the Tebaga Gap, where it was responsible for almost completely destroying a German panzer grenadier battalion. It was during this action that Second Lieutenant Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu performed the deeds that led to him being posthumously decorated with the Victoria Cross. The battalion's commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Bennett, also received the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership during the attack.

Two weeks later, on the night 19/20 April 1943, the battalion took part in the 5th Infantry Brigade's attack on the Tunisian village of Takrouna. The village was situated atop a steep slope, and the attack stalled due to heavy concentrations of indirect fire and landmines, which wounded a number of men, including the commanding officer. Nevertheless, two sections under the command of Sergeant Haane te Rauawa Manahi, managed to scale the western side of the escarpment and gain a foothold on the pinnacle in the early dawn. Following heavy shellfire and hand-to-hand combat with the Italian defenders, the Māori were forced off the pinnacle twice; each time, though, Manahi led his small force in a counterattack. In the afternoon, Manahi and two other men captured a number of machine gun and mortar positions, encircling the Italians and forcing them to surrender. For these actions, Manahi was also recommended for a Victoria Cross, but the nomination was not approved and he received a Distinguished Conduct Medal instead.

Italy
The battalion returned to Egypt with the 5th Infantry Brigade in late-May and underwent a period of refit and retraining, during which the bulk of the original unit was given three months leave and returned to New Zealand. Following the evacuation to hospital of Lieutenant Colonel Kingi Keiha, there were no suitable senior Māori officers available and he was replaced as commanding officer by Lieutenant Colonel Monty Fairbrother on 11 September. Having taken no part in the Allied invasion of Sicily in July – August, the 2nd New Zealand Division was committed to battle again in late 1943 as part of Eighth Army during the Italian Campaign. The Māori Battalion subsequently arrived in Italy on 22 October, landing at Taranto. 5th Infantry Brigade undertook a period of training in close-country tactics, remaining in camp at Taranto until 18 November when it was ordered to move north  to join the Eighth Army.

The 2nd New Zealand Division had moved into the front line in November in order to relieve the 8th Indian Division and would take part in the advance across the Sangro planned for the end of the month. The brigade subsequently occupied positions around Atessa, with the Māori Battalion in brigade reserve, occupying a series of low hills which formed the Sangro river valley. The Eighth Army's forward units had reached the Sangro in early November and General Harold Alexander—commander of the 15th Army Group—had planned for Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery to strike across the river on its coastal plain on 20 November with V Corps. Montgomery shifted the 8th Indian Division to the right in secret to narrow the V Corps front and concentrate its power, bringing the newly arrived 2nd New Zealand Division into the gap. Heavy rain flooded the river, forcing the postponement of the offensive and giving the Germans time to move in reinforcements. In the early hours of 28 November the Eighth Army attack began, supported by heavy artillery concentrations. The New Zealanders advanced steadily, capturing the bulk of their objectives. The Māori Battalion, still in brigade reserve, stood to during the attack but was not required.

During December the 2nd New Zealand Division took part in the Moro River Campaign. By this time the attacking battalions had exploited forward towards the Winter Line and the Māori Battalion moved forward by truck on 1 December, crossing the Sangro. Heavy congestion on the road delayed the battalion's movements, and although scheduled to assault towards Elici, they arrived to find the 23rd Battalion and the Division Cavalry had already completed the task. The Māori were again ordered into reserve, occupying positions  east of Castelfrentano. Meanwhile, on 3 December, the 6th Infantry Brigade assaulted Orsogna, and was involved in heavy fighting there, first capturing and then losing it following a counter-attack by German armour. A subsequent attack against Orsogna was planned by the New Zealanders utilising both the 5th and 6th Infantry Brigades. The attack was scheduled for 7 December, with both brigades to advance on a one battalion front. The Māori Battalion would lead the assault in the 5th Infantry Brigade section, up the Pascuccio spur to cut the Orsogna–Ortona road east of the 6th Infantry Brigade's objective. Fairbrother planned to assault with two companies forward, one in depth and one in reserve, with support from armour and anti-tank guns. This could not be provided though, as difficult terrain prevented tracked vehicles from moving across the Moro and up on to Pascuccio.

The attack on Orsogna began at 3:30 pm, following a half-hour artillery bombardment, and marked the battalion's first battle on Italian soil. Although initially some progress was made, the Germans managed to hold Orsogna throughout December amidst intense hand-to-hand fighting. Finally, the Māori were withdrawn from the line on the night of 15/16 January 1944 when they were relieved by an Indian unit. Over the course of the battle, they had lost 11 men killed and 222 wounded.

The New Zealanders were subsequently transferred to the Fifth Army for its advance up the west coast of Italy towards Rome. Leaving behind the bitter cold on the other side of the peninsula, the battalion undertook a period of training and reorganisation near Sant' Angelo d'Alife. At this time Fairbrother was replaced by another pākehā officer, Major Russell Young, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel and subsequently led the battalion until July 1944.

As part of the Fifth Army's advance up the Liri valley, the Māori Battalion's next major engagement came in early 1944 when they took part in the fighting around Monte Cassino. The position at Cassino was dominated by an historic Benedictine monastery. Throughout January the Allies continued their advance, but as they were checked by the German positions at Cassino the advance stalled. On the night of 17/18 February 1944, as part of an attempt to establish a bridgehead into the German lines, the Māori were tasked with attacking the railway station in Cassino. They met very stiff resistance, and although they managed to reach the railway station they were unable to wrest control of it from its defenders. Lacking armoured support, which had failed to arrive, they fought through the morning and into the afternoon, but when their position was assaulted by two German tanks they were forced to withdraw. The two assaulting companies, 'A' and 'B', suffered over 60 per cent casualties, losing 128 men killed or wounded. In March they were again involved in fighting around Cassino, however, it was not until May that the position was eventually captured, by which time the New Zealanders had been withdrawn from the line, and transferred back to the Eighth Army.

Due to these losses, the battalion did not return to the front until July 1944. It subsequently took part in the Allied advance towards Florence and is believed to have been first to reach the city on 4 August. During this time Major Arapeta Awatere led the battalion as its acting commanding officer after Young was hospitalised with jaundice, although he returned in late August and subsequently led them through the fighting around Rimini in September. In November, Awatere took over command substantively, and in December the battalion launched an attack around Faenza, for which its commanding officer later received a Distinguished Service Order. The winter snow set in after this and, as Allied attentions were temporarily focused elsewhere, offensive action died down. Thus, throughout January, February and into March the battalion undertook defensive duties, before being withdrawn from the line in mid-March.

In April 1945 the battalion returned to the front line to take part in the final stages of the war. On 1 April the battalion entered the line near Granarolo along with the rest of the 5th Infantry Brigade and for the next month they were involved in five main battles along the Senio, Santerno, Sillaro, Gaiana and Idice rivers as the Allies pursued the Germans back towards Trieste. It was in Trieste that the Māori Battalion's war came to an end. Their involvement in the final stages of the fighting in Italy had cost them 25 killed and 117 wounded, while losses for the entire Italian campaign were 230 men killed, and 887 wounded.

Disbandment
On 2 May 1945 news was received that all German forces west of the Isonzo River had surrendered. While this did not officially end the fighting in Italy, it was all but over. Five days later, on the night of 7 May, the battalion received the news that Germany had surrendered unconditionally to the Allies, and that the war in Europe was over. Nevertheless, tensions remained high and concerns about the intentions of Yugoslavia regarding the disputed province of Istria meant that the 28th (Māori) Battalion remained on high alert. This continued until early June when an agreement was reached and Yugoslavia withdrew its troops east of the Isonzo River.

Following this the routine of the battalion became more settled and time was found for the men of each company to spend a fortnight at a hotel on the Lignano beach. Afterwards, preparations began for the battalion's return to New Zealand. The war with Japan continued however, and at the time it was believed that the Māori would take part in further operations in the Pacific. New Zealand policy at the time was that long serving men were to be repatriated and their places taken by men with less time in service. In this regard, commencing in late May, drafts of men departed in the order of their arrival at the battalion. This included the commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Arapeta Awatere, who was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel James Henare.

Throughout July the battalion undertook garrison duties in Trieste before the 2nd New Zealand Division was withdrawn to Lake Trasimene. On 15 August 1945 news was received of Japan's unconditional surrender, ending plans for the battalion to take part in further combat in the Pacific. In September it was decided that as part of the departure of New Zealand troops from the theatre, memorial services would be held at the locations of the division's major battles. As a part of this program services were held at Cassino and Sangro and on Crete, while smaller parties were sent to Coriano Ridge, Faenza, Forli, Padua, Monfalcone and Udine.

The last batch of long service men had departed shortly after the battalion's arrival at Lake Trasimene, and so after this it was decided that the battalion would return to New Zealand as a formed unit. As such their return was to be delayed and so they found winter quarters in Florence. At this time it was decided that men from the battalion would be included within the New Zealand contribution to the occupation of Japan. In this vein, a 270-strong contingent from the battalion was sent to Japan under the designation of 'D' Squadron, 2nd Divisional Cavalry Battalion, under the command of Major J.S Baker. Finally, on 6 December the battalion entrained at Florence and embarked on the troopship  at Taranto on Boxing Day. Passing through the Suez Canal, they sailed via Fremantle, arriving in Wellington on 23 January 1946, where they were met by the acting Prime Minister, Walter Nash, at Aotea Quay for an official Māori welcome home ceremony. Afterwards the men were sent back to their homes and the battalion was disbanded.

Throughout the course of the war, 3,600 men served in the battalion. Of these, 649 were killed or died of wounds while another 1,712 were wounded. Another 29 died as a result of service following discharge, while two were killed by accident during training in New Zealand. The Māori Battalion's service against the Germans in North Africa earned them a distinguished reputation. Such was the respect that Allied commanders had for the Māori Battalion that they were frequently used as a spearhead unit. Bernard Freyberg, the General Officer Commanding of the 2NZEF, commented, "No infantry had a more distinguished record, or saw more fighting, or, alas, had such heavy casualties, as the Maori Battalion." The battalion's reputation was also acknowledged by their opponents. Some sources state that the Afrika Korps commander, Erwin Rommel remarked,"Give me the Maori Battalion and I will conquer the world". Other sources attribute this comment to Rommel's former chief of staff, General Siegfried Westphal, who met with the former Māori Battalion chaplain, Reverend Canon Wiremu T. Huata, during an Afrika Korps reunion dinner in Mainz, Germany, in 1972.

Decorations
In total, the Māori Battalion received more individual bravery decorations than any other New Zealand battalion. One member of the battalion, Second Lieutenant Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu, was awarded the Victoria Cross during the war, while another member, Sergeant Haane Manahi, was also recommended for the award. During the fighting around Takrouna in 1943, Manahi led a section of men up a sheer limestone escarpment to capture a number of Italian positions; the following day he set out to capture Italian outposts. Four generals, including Harold Alexander, Bernard Freyberg, Howard Kippenberger and Bernard Law Montgomery had recommended that Manahi receive the Victoria Cross but this recommendation was downgraded in London to the Distinguished Conduct Medal.

In 2000, iwi Te Arawa lodged a claim with the Waitangi Tribunal for Haane Manahi to have his award of the Distinguished Conduct Medal upgraded to a Victoria Cross. In December 2005 the Waitangi Tribunal released their findings supporting the claim, but in October 2006 the New Zealand Minister of Defence announced that the award could not be made as King George VI had ruled in 1949 that no further awards from the Second World War ought to be made. Instead, it was decided that Manahi would be recognised by the presentation of an altar cloth, a personal letter from Queen Elizabeth II acknowledging his gallantry and a sword. The award was presented to Manahi's son by The Duke of York on 17 March 2007 at a ceremony in Rotorua.

Other awards to members of the 28th (Māori) Battalion included: seven Distinguished Service Orders; one Member of the Order of the British Empire; 21 Military Crosses and three bars; and 13 Distinguished Conduct Medals; 51 Military Medals; one British Empire Medal and one US Silver Star.

Battle honours
The following is a list of battle honours received by the 28th (Māori) Battalion:
Second World War: Olympus Pass, Crete, El Alamein, Tebega Gap, Takrouna, North Africa 1942–43, Orsogna, Cassino 1, The Senio, Italy 1943–45, Mount Olympus, Greece 1941, Maleme, Canea, 42nd Street, Withdrawal to Sphakia, Middle East 1941–44, Tobruk 1941, Sidi Azeiz, Zemla, Alem Hamza, Mersa Matruh, Minqar Qaim, Defence of Alamein Line, El Mreir, Alam el Halfa, Nofilia, Medinine, El Hamma, Enfidaville, Djebibina, The Sangro, Castel Frentano, Monastery Hill, Advance to Florence, San Michele, Paula Line, Celle, Saint Angelo in Salute, Santerno Crossing, Bologna and Idice Bridgehead.

Commanding officers
The following is a list of the 28th (Māori) Battalion's commanding officers:

 Lieutenant Colonel G. Dittmer (29 January 1940 – 7 February 1942);
 Lieutenant Colonel Humphrey Goring Dyer (7 February 1942 – 13 May 1942);
 Lieutenant Colonel Eruera Te Whiti o Rongomai Love (13 May 1942 – 12 July 1942);
 Lieutenant Colonel F. Baker (13 July 1942 – 2 November 1942);
 Lieutenant Colonel C.M. Bennett (2 November 1942 – 20 April 1943);
 Lieutenant Colonel K.A. Keiha (22 April 1943 – 11 September 1943);
 Lieutenant Colonel M.C. Fairbrother (11 September 1943 – 27 December 1943);
 Lieutenant Colonel R.R.T. Young (27 December 1943 – 27 July 1944);
 Lieutenant Colonel A. Awatere (27 July 1944 – 29 August 1944);
 Lieutenant Colonel R.R.T. Young (29 August 1944 – 18 November 1944);
 Lieutenant Colonel A. Awatere (18 November 1944 – 21 June 1945);
 Lieutenant Colonel J.C. (James Clendon Tau) Henare (21 June 1945 – 23 January 1946).

See also
Military history of New Zealand during World War II

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links
Webpage about the Second World War song Maori Battalion
Official 28 Maori Battalion website

Category:Māori history
Category:Māori in the military
Category:Māori organisations
Category:Infantry battalions of New Zealand in World War II
Category:Military units and formations established in 1940
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1946


Karopady

Karopady is a small village in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, in far southern India. It is the border village between Karnataka and Kerala. Kasaragod District is the neighbouring district in Kerala State.

Karopady is situated between Anekallu and Kanyana. Mambady, Aneyala, Gundamajalu, Kattatharu, Maindamoole, Palige, Mithanadka, Pambathaje, Padyana, Palige, Kandelu, Gubbya, Bamblimar, Althadka, Kabbinamoole, Bengadapadpu, Pattla and Kaimar are some of the small places within Karopady. The place called Anekallu belongs to the Karopady and Vorkady panchayath of Kasargod. The river called Anekallu river has divided Karopady from Vorkady kodlamugaru panchayath, situated in the north part of Kerala State. vijayadka is one of the important place in Karopady because of education and hospital facilities provided by st lawrence church Vijayadka.

There are several ways to reach Karopady village. From Mangalore, a bus connects to Uppala, and then another bus travelling to Vittal or Puttur, and down at Nellikatte. Another bus from Mangalore, or Puttur, to Vittal, then connects to a direct bus to Mittanadka or a bus from Vittal to Uppala (the alias name is "Kurchipalla") or Bedagudde, and down at Nellikatte. There are direct buses from Mangalore and Manjeshwar to vijayadka.

Industries
Beedi-leaf rolling is the major industry which can be seen in Karopady.

Small scale industries like araca-nut-leaf plate-making industries, or homemade foods, have been growing in recent times.

The organisation called Sri Gurudev Public Charitable Trust has been working for the development of this area and has provided an opportunity for the needy in providing self-employment in this area.

File manufacturing industry (Tushar Industry) was started by Mr. Hariprasad, at Kanyana.

Agriculture
Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in Karopady. One can see picturesque paddy fields throughout the area. Areca nut, coconuts, bananas, peppers, and cocoa are grown on a large scale in Karopady.

Advanced techniques are utilised by the agriculturists of this area.

Language
There are people speaking in various mixed languages in Karopady. Konkani,Kannada, Havyaka Tulu, and Beary are some of the commonly spoken languages in the Karopady village. Havyaka Brahmins speak old Kannada called Havyaka Kannada, or Haveeka language. These languages are found in the area of Dakshina Kannada, Kasargod and parts of Udupi District. Some people can also speak Malayalam.

Commercial industries
 Shreesha Industries - office file manufacturing industry - Anekallu
 Asmith Bottlings - manufacturer of soft drinks branded as Setron, Paico
 Araca nut leaves plate making industry - eco-friendly plates are manufactured in the different places of the village and it is a small-scale industry
 Padi Poultray Farmes - producing High Ginius Boiler Chicken
 Immanuel General store, Vijayadka
 G1 Books and stationery, Vijayadka

Banks and financial institutions
 Syndicate Bank, Kanyana
 Odiyoor Shree Vividoddesha Sowaharda Sahakari Limited Odiyoor head office & Kanyana Branch
 Karopady Co-op Agricultural Bank Ltd at Mithanadka, Bedagudda and Kanyana
 Vittal Grameena Sahakari Bank Ltd, Branch Kanyana
 KMF branches at vijayadka, Mithanadka

  Samadka Badriya Juma MAsjid, samadka karopady.
 Shree Odiyoor Gurudevadatta Samsthanam
 St Lawrence Church vijayadka
 Kudpolthai Deivastanam Kudpalthadka
 Shree Padyana Mahalingeshwara Temple
 Dhoomavathi Daivasthana Padyana
 Kallurti Daivasthana Padyana
 Shree Durgaparameshwari Temple Padyana
 Shree Navadurga Sri Lakshmi Janardhana Temple Phambattaje
 Shree Rama Bajana Mandhira, Palladakody
 Shree Rajarajeshwari Mandira Bedagudda
 Bharathi Bhajana Mandira, Kudpalthadka
 Betha Sri Durgaparameshwari Ammanavara Gudi
 Rakteshwari and Guliga Daivasthana Anekallu, Malar Road
 Sri Umamaheshwara Matta Kodla, Karopady
 Mitthanadka Malaraya Boothastana
 Karopady Juma Masjid
 Shree Vagenadu Subraya Temple
 Shree korathi katte kalai
 Shree Jaladurgaparameshwari Temple, Anekallu, Padpu
 St Lawrence Church vijayadka
 Sirajul Huda Madarasa Padi
 munavvirul Islam madrasa Gundamajalu
 SSF Gundamajalu unit office Gumdamajalu

Institutions
Shree Gurudeva Public Charitale Trust
 Shree Gurudeva Gurukula
 Shree Gurudeva Primary & High School
 Shree Gurudeva ITI COllege
St. Lawrence primary school Vijayadka
St. Lawrence higher primary school Vijayadka
St. Lawrence English medium school Vijayadka
 Dakshina Kannada District Zilla Higher Primary School Pambattaje

Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district


C16H17NO4

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The molecular formula C16H17NO4 (molar mass: 287.31 g/mol) may refer to:

 Hamayne, an alkaloid
 Lycorine, a toxic alkaloid
 Noroxymorphone, an opioid
 Pipermethystine, an alkaloid present in the aerial portions of the kava plant
 Tetrahydropapaveroline, a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid


Fractured Dimensions

Fractured Dimensions is an album by American jazz double bassist William Parker, which was recorded live during the Berlin Total Music Meeting in 1999 and released on the German FMP label in 2003.

The band originally billed to play was the free jazz quartet Other Dimensions In Music, but Rashid Bakr's unavailability led to the fortuitous last-minute substitution of Alan Silva.

Reception

In his review for AllMusic, François Couture states "Digital synthesizers are not often heard in free improvisation contexts. They sound a bit cold and intrusive. But Silva's playing is so colorful that one quickly leaves his apprehensions behind."

The Penguin Guide to Jazz says that "the absence of percussion, unusual sound of a digital synth and occasional presence of two trumpeters give the music an unusual sonority."

Track listing
All compositions by Parker, Campbell, Carter & Silva
 "Figures Standing in the Door" - 6:32
 "Eternal Flower" - 3:38
 "End of Famina" - 7:39
 "Vermeer" - 10:12
 "Acrosses Rain" - 33:48
 "Sonnet For Armstrong" - 16:14

Personnel
William Parker - bass
Roy Campbell - trumpet, flugelhorn
Daniel Carter - flute, clarinet, alto sax, trumpet
Alan Silva - synthesizer, piano

References

Category:2003 albums
Category:FMP Records live albums
Category:William Parker (musician) live albums


Shallow foundation

A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench foundations and earthbag foundations.

Spread footing foundation

A spread footing foundation, which is common in residential buildings, has a wider bottom portion than the load-bearing foundation walls it supports. This wider part "spreads" the weight of the structure over more area for greater stability.

The design and layout of spread footings is controlled by several factors, foremost of which is the weight (load) of the structure it must support, penetration of soft near-surface layers, and penetration through near-surface layers likely to change volume due to frost heave or shrink-swell.

These foundations are common in residential construction that includes a basement, and in many commercial structures.
But for high rise buildings they are not sufficient. A spread footing that changes elevation in a series of vertical steps so that it follows the contours of a sloping site or accommodates changes in soil strata, is called a stepped footing.

Mat-slab foundations
Mat-slab foundations distribute heavy column and wall loads across the entire building area, to lower the contact pressure compared to conventional spread footings. Mat-slab foundations can be constructed near the ground surface, or at the bottom of basements. In high-rise buildings, mat-slab foundations can be several meters thick, with extensive reinforcing to ensure relatively uniform load transfer.

Slab-on-grade foundation

Slab-on-grade or floating slab foundations are a structural engineering practice whereby the concrete slab that is to serve as the foundation for the structure is formed from a mold set into the ground. The concrete is then placed into the mold, leaving no space between the ground and the structure.  This type of construction is most often seen in warmer climates, where ground freezing and thawing is less of a concern and where there is no need for heat ducting underneath the floor. That being said, Frost Protected Shallow Foundations (or FPSF) which are used in areas of potential Frost Heave, are a form of Slab on Grade Foundations .

The advantages of the slab technique are that it is cheap and sturdy, and is considered less vulnerable to termite infestation because there are no hollow spaces or wood channels leading from the ground to the structure (assuming wood siding, etc., is not carried all the way to the ground on the outer walls).

The disadvantages are the lack of access from below for utility lines, the potential for large heat losses where ground temperatures fall significantly below the interior temperature, and a very low elevation that exposes the building to flood damage in even moderate rains.  Remodeling or extending such a structure may also be more difficult.  Over the long term, ground settling (or subsidence) may be a problem, as a slab foundation cannot be readily jacked up to compensate; proper soil compaction prior to pour can minimize this.  The slab can be decoupled from ground temperatures by insulation, with the concrete poured directly over insulation (for example, extruded polystyrene foam panels), or heating provisions (such as hydronic heating) can be built into the slab.

Slab-on-grade foundations are commonly used in areas with expansive clay soil. While elevated structural slabs actually perform better on expansive clays, it is generally accepted by the engineering community that slab-on-grade foundations offer the greatest cost-to-performance ratio for tract homes. Elevated structural slabs are generally only found on custom homes or homes with basements.

Copper piping, commonly used to carry natural gas and water, reacts with concrete over a long period, slowly degrading until the pipe fails. This can lead to what is commonly referred to as slab leaks.  These occur when pipes begin to leak from within the slab.  Signs of a slab leak range from unexplained dampened carpet spots, to drops in water pressure and wet discoloration on exterior foundation walls.  Copper pipes must be lagged (that is, insulated) or run through a conduit or plumbed into the building above the slab.  Electrical conduits through the slab must be water-tight, as they extend below ground level and can potentially expose wiring to groundwater.

Rubble trench foundation

The rubble trench foundation, a construction approach popularized by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, is a type of foundation that uses loose stone or rubble to minimize the use of concrete and improve drainage. It is considered more environmentally friendly than other types of foundation because cement manufacturing requires the use of enormous amounts of energy. However, some soil environments (such as particularly expansive or poor load-bearing (< 1 ton/sf) soils) are not suitable for this kind of foundation.

A foundation must bear the structural loads imposed upon it and allow proper drainage of ground water to prevent expansion or weakening of soils and frost heaving. While the far more common concrete foundation requires separate measures to ensure good soil drainage, the rubble trench foundation serves both foundation functions at once.

To construct a rubble trench foundation a narrow trench is dug down below the frost line. The bottom of the trench would ideally be gently sloped to an outlet. Drainage tile, graded 1:8 to daylight, is then placed at the bottom of the trench in a bed of washed stone protected by filter fabric. The trench is then filled with either screened stone (typically 1-1/2") or recycled rubble. A stem wall is then constructed, or a steel-reinforced concrete daro beam is poured at the surface to provide ground clearance for the structure.

The rubble-trench foundation is a relatively simple, low-cost, and environmentally-friendly alternative to a conventional foundation, but may require an engineer's approval if building officials are not familiar with it. Frank Lloyd Wright used them successfully for more than 50 years in the first half of the 20th century, and there is a revival of this style of foundation with the increased interest in green building.

Earthbag foundation

The basic construction method begins by digging a trench down to undisturbed mineral subsoil. Rows of woven bags (or tubes) are filled with available material, placed into this trench, compacted with a pounder to around 1/3 thickness of pre-pounded thickness, and form a foundation. Each successive layer has one or more strands of barbed wire placed on top. This digs into the bag's weave to prevent subsequent layers from slipping, and also resists any tendency for the outward expansion of walls. The next row of bags is offset by half a bag's width to form a staggered pattern. These are either pre-filled with material and delivered, or filled in place (often the case with Superadobe). The weight of this earth-filled bag pushes down on the barbed wire strands, locking the bag in place on the row below. The same process continues layer upon layer, forming walls. A roof can be formed by gradually sloping the walls inward to construct a dome. Traditional types of roof can also be made.

See also
 Argillipedoturbation
 Building construction
 Construction engineering
 Fiber reinforced concrete
 Precast concrete
 Prestressed concrete
 Tie rod
 Rebar
 Steel fixer
 Formwork
 Grade beam
 Deep foundation

References

External links

 Procedure of shallow foundation construction
 Raft or Mat Foundations

Category:Articles containing video clips


When Disco Ruled the World

When Disco Ruled The World is a music documentary that aired on VH1 in 2005.

Overview
The series documented the impact that disco music had on popular culture in the 1970s. The show featured several disco innovators and people related to the culture including:

 Marty Angelo - Producer, Disco Step-by-Step
 Charlie Anzalone - Club DJ
 Maurice Brahms - Club owner, Infinity
 Harry Wayne Casey - Lead singer of KC and the Sunshine Band
 Joe Causi - Radio DJ
 Carmen D’alessio - Co-Founder of Studio 54
 Billy Fajardo - Dancer
 Michael Fesco - Club owner of Flamingo
 Gloria Gaynor - Singer
 Karen Lynn Gorney - Actress, Saturday Night Fever
 Merv Griffin - Creator of Dance Fever
 Debbie Harry - Lead singer of Blondie
 Janice-Marie Johnson - Singer with A Taste of Honey
 Baird Jones - Studio 54 doorman
 David Mancuso - Club owner, The Loft
 Steve Marcus - Producer of Disco Magic television show
 Giorgio Moroder - Record producer
 Tom Moulton - Record producer/mixer
 Michael Musto - Journalist
 Richard Long - Richard Long and Associates [sound system designer for Studio 54, Paradise Garage and many other major clubs]
 Richard Notar - Studio 54 owner Steve Rubell’s driver
 Anita Pointer - Singer with the Pointer Sisters
 Nile Rodgers - Producer and member of Chic
 Nicky Siano - Club Deejay
 Annie Sprinkle, Ph.D. - Adult Entertainer
 Henry Stone - Founder of TK Records
 Deney Terrio - Host of Dance Fever
 Maurice White - Founder and lead singer of Earth, Wind & Fire

External links
 When Disco Ruled the World at VH1.com

Category:American documentary television films
Category:Documentary films about music and musicians


Erg (comics)

Erg is a fictional mutant character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Erg makes his first live action appearance on the second season of the television series The Gifted as the leader of the Morlocks played by Michael Luwoye.

Publication history
Erg's first appearance was in Power Pack #12 (July 1985), and he was created by Louise Simonson and June Brigman.

The character subsequently appears in The Uncanny X-Men #195 (July 1985), X-Factor #10 (November 1986), Power Pack #27 (December 1986), X-Factor #11-12 (December 1986-January 1987), #15 (April 1987), Decimation: House of M - The Day After #1 (January 2006), X-Men: The 198 #1 (March 2006), X-Men: The 198 Files #1 (March 2006), X-Men #183 (April 2006), X-Men: The 198 #2-5 (April–July 2006), and The Uncanny X-Men #487-491 (August–December 2007).

Erg appeared as part of the "Morlocks" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #9.

Fictional character biography
Erg was a member of the Morlocks, and was one of the few Morlocks to survive the Marauders' attack during the 'Mutant Massacre'. He was also one of the first mutants to seek a safe haven at the Xavier Institute following M-Day, when most mutants lost their powers. Erg, Mammomax, and Peepers were running from members of the murderous Sapien League. They had the institute in sight when they were taken down by a shock grenade and tasers. The Leper Queen orders her men to kill them. The League members set up three St. Andrew's crosses (which are "X" shaped) with braces to keep the crosses upright. Erg is tied to one of the crosses. Gasoline was poured on and a lit match tossed. Erg regains consciousness when the lower legs of the cross were blazing. He would have died if he hadn't been yanked off by Wolverine. The X-Man had been sitting in the Xavier estate woods, letting Colossus sketch him.

Erg remained at the Xavier Institute with many other mutants, some unwillingly, becoming something of a ringleader for the non-X-Men members of the 198. It was Erg's idea to raise a "198" flag, the number representing what was originally thought to be the number of mutants left in the world after the Decimation.  He was also one of a few mutants who attacked Sentinel Squad O*N*E (Office of National Emergency) because they want to leave the Xavier estate.

Erg was also one of the unfortunate mutants who accepted having an electronic tag inserted in order to be allowed to go out on a supervised group trip to Salem Center. Dr. Cooper told the mutants that the tags were "...a harmless tracking device, inserted under the skin with a simple and painless surgical process." That was not true, as Erg later discovered, as the tags had the ability to generate disabling electronic pulses. Later, Mister M freed the chipped mutants of their devices.

The Extremists
During "The Extremists" arc, Erg reappeared alongside some of his fellow Morlocks under the leadership of Masque. Besides Erg, this group consisted of Bliss, Litterbug,  the undercover Skids, and the captured Leech.

Dark Reign
Erg is shown as one of Norman Osborn's mutant prisoners after the riots in San Francisco. He later took refuge on Utopia, and participated in the fight against the attacking Nimrods.<ref>New Mutants #14</ref>

Powers and abilities
Erg is a mutant who is able to absorb all forms of energy and project them in blasts from his right eye, which he calls his "electric eye".

In other media
Erg has appeared in a few episodes of the X-Men: The Animated Series with his fellow Morlocks and fought the X-Men.
Erg has appeared in a few episodes of the television series, The Gifted''. He is black, has a special eyepatch covers his left eye, and he has the trademark 'M' scar which was self-inflicted and used as a statement of Erg's mutant pride. It is also shown that Erg and his fellow Morlocks just want to live care-free in the tunnels, being neutral rather than for a certain side. In the episode, coMplications, mutants John Proudstar and Clarice Fong, go to the sewers to find Erg in order to get information on Lorna Dane and Andy Strucker. There, they meet the Morlocks, which Erg is the leader of. He asks Clarice to be a spy for the Morlocks and in return, he gives them the information they need. In the episode, afterMath, a bunch of mutants were released from a mental institution and need shelter. Clarice thinks Erg's Morlock Tunnels can help them. Erg is against this but Clarice gives him information and eventually talks him into taking the mutant refugees, as long as they inflict themselves with the 'M' scar. At the end of the episode, Erg gives Clarice her hero name: Blink. He later appears in subsequent episodes, meMento, hoMe, and teMpted, whenever the Mutant Underground needs help or vice versa.

References

External links
 Erg at Marvel.com

Category:Characters created by Louise Simonson
Category:Comics characters introduced in 1985
Category:Marvel Comics mutants
Category:Marvel Comics superheroes
Category:X-Men supporting characters


Coins of Turkey

This article concerns the coins of Turkey.

First Turkish lira

In 1922–23, a new coinage was introduced consisting of aluminium-bronze , 5 and 10 kuruş and nickel 25 kuruş. They were last issued in 1928. These were the last Turkish coins to bear inscriptions in the Arabic script.

In 1934, silver 1 lira coins were struck, followed the next year by a new coinage consisting of cupro-nickel 1, 5 and 10 kuruş, and silver 25 and 50 kuruş and 1 Turkish lira. Aluminium-bronze -kuruş coins were issued between 1940 and 1942, the last coins to bear this denomination. Nickel-brass replaced silver in the 25 kuruş in 1944, with brass 1, , 5, 10 and 25 kuruş introduced between 1947 and 1949. The silver 50 kuruş and 1 lira were discontinued in 1948, with cupro-nickel 1 lira issued in 1957.

Between 1958 and 1963, bronze 1, 5 and 10 kuruş and steel 25 kuruş, 1 and  lira were introduced, followed by steel 50 kuruş and 5 lira in 1971 and 1974, respectively. Aluminium replaced bronze in 1975. These coins were issued up to 1980.

In 1981, with inflation gaining pace, aluminium 1-, 5- and 10-lira coins were introduced. Higher denominations followed: 20, 50 and 100 lira in 1984, 25 lira in 1985, 500 lira in 1988, 1,000 lira in 1990, 2,500 lira in 1991, 5,000 lira in 1992, 10,000 Turkish lira in 1994, 25,000 lira in 1995, 50,000 lira in 1997, and 100,000 lira in 1999. This culminated in 250,000-lira coins in 2002.

Second Turkish lira

2005–2008
In the transitional period between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2008, the second Turkish lira was officially called "new Turkish lira" in Turkey. Coins were introduced in 2005 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 new (yeni) kuruş and 1 new (yeni) lira. The 1 new kuruş was minted in brass and the 5, 10 and 25 new kuruş in cupro-nickel, whilst the 50 new kuruş and 1 new Turkish lira are bimetallic. All coins show portraits of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

To the dismay of the European Central Bank, the sizes and compositions of the 50 new kuruş and 1 new lira coins clearly resemble those of the €1 and €2 coins respectively. (See comparison photo in  of 1 ₺ coin and €2 coin.) This could cause confusion in the eurozone. It also caused trouble to businesses using vending machines (particularly at airports) in the eurozone since a number of vending machines at the time accepted the 1 new Turkish lira coin as a €2 coin. Since €2 is worth roughly four times more, vending machines affected had to be upgraded at the expense of their owners.

Since 2009
From 1 January 2009, the "new" was removed from the second Turkish lira, its official name in Turkey becoming just "Turkish lira" again; new coins without the word "yeni" were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 kuruş and 1 lira. Also, the inner and outer alloys of the 50 kuruş and 1 lira coins were reversed.

External links
 Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
 Turkish State Mint


Howard Thompson (film critic)

Howard Thompson (October 25, 1919 – March 10, 2002) was an American journalist and film critic whose career of forty-one years was spent at The New York Times.

Henry Howard Thompson Jr. was born in Natchez, the seat of Mississippi's Adams County. He began his college studies at Louisiana State University, but left to serve as a paratrooper in the United States Army during World War II. During this period, Thompson was captured and spent six months in a German prisoner of war camp. After demobilisation, he continued his studies at Columbia University. In 1947, he joined The New York Times as an office boy in the personnel department, and soon moved to the movie section as a clerk to Bosley Crowther, the film critic at the Times.  He later advanced to a reporter who frequently interviewed film personalities and finally became a critic in the late 1950s. The byline on reviews during his early years was commonly indicated as "H.H.T." or "HHT". He also served as chairman of the New York Film Critics.

Thompson gained a reputation for his pithy comments about films for the television listings. The Village Voice called him "the Virgil of TV guides," and his capsule reviews were labeled "Tiny Thompsons". He retired from full-time work in 1988 but continued to write the "Critic's Choice" column and the movie listings.

Thompson suffered a stroke in 1996. He died of pneumonia at the age of 82 in the Florida city of Cape Canaveral where he was living in retirement.

Bibliography

References

Category:American male journalists
Category:American film critics
Category:Critics employed by The New York Times
Category:People from Natchez, Mississippi
Category:Louisiana State University alumni
Category:Columbia University alumni
Category:1919 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:People from Cape Canaveral, Florida


Nuša Derenda

Nuša Derenda (born Anuška Žnideršič on March 30, 1969 in Brežice, Slovenia) is a Slovenian singer who represented Slovenia at the 2001 Eurovision Song Contest in Copenhagen, Denmark where she achieved 7th place.

Biography
At the age of two and a half, Derenda's parents became aware of her singing talent. She always loved to sing and perform in front of an audience. Music was an integral part of her childhood. She sang in choruses, performed as a soloist, attended music school, and learned to play the accordion. Shortly before finishing primary school, Nuša joined a band of young musicians.

Although Derenda originally wanted to become a preschool teacher and work part-time in a nursery school for a year, she continued to sing with the band and traveled throughout Europe. In 1990, her band broke up and Nuša, along with her partner Frenk, established a new group. By that time they had already become professional and toured Yugoslavia, Germany, and Switzerland, and were invited to the US three times. Seven years of success and hard work followed, as their act performed up to 150 concerts in a single year. Since 1998, Derenda has mostly been working with a group called Happy Hour, with whom she records music in the studio and performs live.

Awards
In 1995, Frenk and Nuša Derenda married and started thinking about permanently settling in Slovenia. She had dreamt about making an album for some time. In 1999, she fulfilled this ambition with the CD Vzemi me veter (Take Me, Wind): a song with the same title as the CD was written by her friend, Majda Arh. This song earned Nuša first place in the Slovene TV contest Orion (November 1998). At the Slovene Pop Contest 1999 (Slovenska popevka) Nuša received the award for best singer, and at the MMS festival (Melodies of the Sea and the Sun) the second prize from the audience with the song "Boginja" (The Goddess; written by Urša and Matjaž Vlašič, and Boštjan Grabnar). The same team of songwriter helped her win the Orion 2000 contest with the song "Čez dvajset let" (In Twenty Years). This group of songwriters also accompanied her to the festival MMS 2000 (Melodies of the Sea and Sun). Nuša Derenda sang the song "Ne kliči me" (Don't Call Me) and won the audience prize for the second time.

In November 2000, the first HIT Festival was held, and Nuša Derenda won with the song "Ni mi žal" (I'm Not Sorry). In December the same year she issued a CD with the same title.

Eurovision 2001
Winning the EMA 2001 attracted greater media attention and popularity. She participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 in Copenhagen with the song "Energy" (Ne, ni res), where she finished seventh, achieving the best result for Slovenia (as of 2017).

More Awards
In 2001, thanks to her Eurovision performance, she attended the International Golden Stag Festival in Braşov, Romania. There, she won a special prize from the Ministry of Culture for the best interpretation of a Romanian-language song. Nuša also visited Germany for the Eurosong Fan Club Party in Cologne, where she also held a solo concert. At the end of October 2001, she was invited to Croatia to Zadarfest. There she was awarded second place by the professional jury, and the prize for the best lyrics. That same year 2001 also brought her Victor of Popularity in the music category, which is presented every year by the magazine Stop: the winner is selected by its readers. Also that year, she received the Zlati petelin (Golden Rooster) award for the song "Ni mi žal" (I'm Not Sorry).

Nuša became one of the candidates for Slovene Woman of the Year 2001. 2002 was marked by victory at Slovenska popevka (Slovene Pop Contest) with the song "Pesek v oči" (Deception). At the beginning of December 2002, she released her third CD with the title Na štiri oči (In Private).

In 2003, Nuša again attended the HIT Festival – the third in succession – and won with the song "V ogenj zdaj obleci me" (Dress Me With Fire). The song won the prize from professional jury for the best music and lyrics.

Her Greatest Hits Collection 1998–2003 (Največji uspehi 1998/2003) was released in April 2004. The CD contains most of the popular songs from the beginning of her career to her latest tracks to date of release.

On September 5 that year, she hosted Slovenska popevka 2004 (Slovene Song 2004) at Križanke in Ljubljana and successfully passed the challenge of TV host.

2004 Megahit-International Mediterranean Song Contest
From September 6 to 12, 2004, she participated in the 3rd Megahit-International Mediterranean Song Contest at the Fethiye tourist centre in southern Turkey. The Mediterranean Song Contest is an international music festival, founded by the END PRODUCTION company, led by Serhat Hacipasalioglu. The festival promotes popular music of Mediterranean countries. Its motto is "Music Unites Peace and Friendship". With 91 points, Nuša won a perfect third place with the song "Devil" at the award ceremony in 2002.

EMA (Slovenia)
 1998: Usliši me, nebo (Matija Oražem - Damjana Hussu Kenda - Matija Oražem)
 1999: Nekaj lepega je v meni (Matija Oražem - Damjana Hussu Kenda - Matija Oražem) - 9th (10 points)
 2001: Ne, ni res (Matjaž Vlašič - Urša Vlašič - Matjaž Vlašič, Boštjan Grabnar) - 1st (34 points)
 2003: Prvič in zadnjič (Matjaž Vlašič - Urša Vlašič - Matjaž Vlašič, Boštjan Grabnar) – 2nd (13637 televotes)
 2005: Noe, Noe (Matjaž Vlašič - Urša Vlašič - Matjaž Vlašič, Boštjan Grabnar) - 4th (19090 televotes)
 2010: Sanjajva (Neisha - Neisha - Neisha, Dejan Radičević) – 9th (2 points)
 2016: Tip Top (Andraž Gliha, Žiga Pirnat - Žiga Pirnat - Žiga Pirnat)

Slovenian song festival
 1999: Vzemi me veter – winner in the opinion of the jury
 2000: Čez dvajset let
 2002: Pesek v oči – 1st
 2012: Naj nama sodi le nebo – 1st (with Marko Vozelj)
 2014: Noč čudežna – 4th
 2016: Grafit - 2nd

Discography
 1999 Vzemi me veter (Take me, wind)
 2000 Ni mi žal (I'm not sorry) (HER BEST-SELLING ALBUM)
 2001 Festivali (Festivals)
 2002 Na štiri oči (On four eyes)
 2004 Največje uspešnice (1998 - 2004) (Greatest hits (1998–2004))
 2005 Nuša za otroke (Nuša for children)
 2008 Prestiž (Prestige)
 2013 Za stare čase (For old times)

Singles
 1998: Usliši me nebo
 1999: Nekaj lepega je v meni, Vzemi me veter
 2000: Ne kliči me, Čez dvajset let
 2001: Ne, ni res, Energy, Ako moj je grijeh
 2002: Pesek v oči
 2003: Prvič in zadnjič
 2004: Devil, V dobrem in v zlu
 2005: Noe, Noe
 2008: Danes vračam se, Za Slovenijo živim
 2010: Sanjajva, Kada zvijezda padne z neba, Edina
 2011: Duša moje duše, Kakor ptica, kakor pesem, Nepremagljivi, Zavrtel si me
 2012: Ja u sebe vjerujem, Za stare čase, Naj nama sodi le nebo, Za nobeno ceno, Ona ve, Svako ima nekog (koga više nema)
 2014: Blues in vino, Noč čudežna
 2015: Mi smo s teboj, Dobro se imej
 2016: Grafit, Tip Top, Beat in ti

External links

nusaderenda.com

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Brežice
Category:Slovenian female singers
Category:Slovenian Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2001