Catherine Oxenberg

Catherine Oxenberg (born September 22, 1961) is an American actress. Best known for her performance as Amanda Carrington on the 1980s prime time soap opera Dynasty, she is the daughter of Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia and Howard Oxenberg.

Early life
Oxenberg was born in New York City, but grew up in London. She is the eldest daughter of Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia (born 1936) and her first husband Howard Oxenberg (1919–2010), a Jewish dress manufacturer and close friend of the Kennedy family. Her sister is Christina Oxenberg. Princess Elizabeth is the only daughter of Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (who served as regent for his cousin's eldest son King Peter II of Yugoslavia) and Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark.

Elizabeth is a maternal first cousin of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and also a maternal second cousin of Queen Sofía of Spain and Charles, Prince of Wales, making Catherine a third cousin of Felipe VI of Spain and Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Through her maternal grandfather Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, of the House of Karađorđević, Catherine is also a great-great-great-granddaughter of Karageorge, who started the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1804.

Catherine Oxenberg's maternal grandmother, Princess Olga, was the daughter of Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia and Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, himself the son of another Romanov grand duchess, Queen Olga Konstantinovna of the Hellenes and her Danish-born husband King George of Greece, brother of Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom and the Empress Maria Fyodorovna. Princess Olga was the sister of Princess Marina, who married Prince George, Duke of Kent (an uncle of Queen Elizabeth II); and Olga/Marina were also paternal first cousins of the Duke of Edinburgh (husband of Queen Elizabeth II) through their respective fathers Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark, who were brothers.

As of 2011, Oxenberg was 3936th in the line of succession to the throne of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth Realms.

Oxenberg was educated at the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle, Kensington, London, St. Paul's School, Harvard University, and Columbia University.

Acting career
Oxenberg made her acting debut in the 1982 made-for-television film The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana, in which she played Diana, Princess of Wales. In 1984, Oxenberg joined the hit ABC prime time soap opera Dynasty — then at its height of popularity — in the role of Amanda Carrington. Oxenberg left Dynasty in 1986, following a salary dispute after the end of her second season, and the role was recast with Karen Cellini. Though Oxenberg's publicist insisted that the actress left Dynasty voluntarily, several media outlets reported that she was fired.

Oxenberg was the guest host on the May 10, 1986 episode of Saturday Night Live, making her the only descendant of a royal family to host the show. Oxenberg starred as Princess Elysa in the 1987 television film Roman Holiday. She also appeared in The Lair of the White Worm in 1988, and reprised the role of Diana, Princess of Wales in the TV film Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After in 1992. From 1993 to 1994, she starred in the short-lived series Acapulco H.E.A.T..

Oxenberg was portrayed by Rachael Taylor in the 2005 telemovie Dynasty: The Making of a Guilty Pleasure, a fictionalized retelling of the behind-the-scenes goings-on during the production of Dynasty. In 2006, Oxenberg appeared in the TV special, Dynasty Reunion: Catfights & Caviar, in which she was reunited with her former Dynasty castmates to reminisce about the series.

In 2019, Catherine Oxenberg produced and narrated Escaping the NXIVM Cult: A Mother's Fight to Save Her Daughter where Andrea Roth portrayed her.

Personal life
Conan O'Brien mentioned in a 2000 commencement speech that Oxenberg is listed directly ahead of him in the Class of 1985 Harvard freshman Facebook. A contemporary Harvard Crimson piece indicates that she was at least initially in the Class of 1983, dubbing her "queen of the Facebook".

Oxenberg's first marriage was to the producer Robert Evans, in Beverly Hills, California, on July 12, 1998, but the marriage was annulled nine days later.

Oxenberg met actor Casper Van Dien during the filming of the 1999 TV movie The Collectors, and they worked together again in the 1999 Evangelical Christian thriller The Omega Code. On May 8, 1999, they married at Graceland Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada. In 2005, the couple appeared in their own reality series, I Married a Princess, which aired on the Lifetime Television channel in the United States and on LIVINGtv in the United Kingdom. Van Dien filed for divorce from Oxenberg in 2015.

Oxenberg is the mother of India Riven Oxenberg (born 1991), whose father was not publicly revealed to be convicted drug smuggler William Weitz Shaffer (b. 1946) until October 28, 2017, when Shaffer confirmed he and their daughter India had been in contact for years, even while he was in prison. Van Dien had a son and a daughter from a previous marriage: Casper Robert Mitchum Van Dien and actress Caroline Grace Van Dien. Van Dien and Oxenberg have two daughters together: Maya Van Dien (born 2001) and Celeste Alma Van Dien (born 2003).

While Oxenberg and Van Dien were married, and before she involved India in the NXIVM cult, she was a celebrity ambassador (with Van Dien) for the non-profit organization Childhelp.

Oxenberg acknowledged, in November 2017, that she had interactions with Keith Raniere and his NXIVM organization, bringing her daughter India into NXIVM in 2011 for what she thought would be "a self-help, business-oriented program". Oxenberg confirmed that her daughter became heavily involved in the cult, and that she had initiated what proved to be a failed intervention for India. In August 2018, Oxenberg revealed that India had left NXIVM in June, after the arrest of Raniere, and they were working on their relationship. In August 2018, Oxenberg's book Captive: A Mother's Crusade to Save Her Daughter from a Terrifying Cult was published.

Filmography

References

External links

 Catherine Oxenberg's Watch Over Me profile - MyNetworkTV.com

Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century American actresses
Category:21st-century American actresses
Category:Actresses from London
Category:Actresses from New York City
Category:Actresses of Serbian descent
Category:American emigrants to England
Category:American film actresses
Category:American people of Danish descent
Category:American people of Finnish descent
Category:American people of German-Russian descent
Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Category:American people of Russian descent
Category:American people of Serbian descent
Category:American people of Swedish descent
Category:American soap opera actresses
Category:American socialites
Category:American television actresses
Category:Ashkenazi Jews
Category:Columbia University alumni
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Karađorđević dynasty
Category:People educated at Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle
Category:St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni


Gallimathias musicum

in D major, K. 32, is a quodlibet composed in March 1766 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart during his grand tour of Europe. It was first performed at The Hague on 11 March 1766.
A typical performance of this piece lasts twenty minutes.

Instrumentation and structure
The work is scored for strings, two horns, two oboes, bassoon and harpsichord and consists of seventeen movements:

 Molto allegro
 Andante in D minor
 Allegro
 Pastorella in G major
 Allegro
 Allegretto in A major
 Allegro
 Molto adagio in G major
 Allegro in C major
 Largo in D minor
 Allegro
 Andante in F major
 Allegro in E-flat major
 Menuet in F major
 Adagio in D minor
 Presto
 Fugue in F major

Sources of the music
The piece has some movements which were composed on the basis of other existing pieces not by Mozart.

Manuscripts
Galimathias musicum survives in four manuscripts which represent two different versions of the work.

References

External links

Category:1766 compositions
Category:Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart


World Safety Organization

The World Safety Organization (WSO) is an international professional association in safety. The WSO was founded in 1975 in Manila, Republic of the Philippines, as a result of a gathering of over 1,000 safety professionals from all continents
at the First World Safety and Accident Prevention Congress (WOSAPCON) held from 16–21 November 1975. The Second WOSAPCON was held in Singapore from 9–14 June 1978. The WSO gained Special Consultative Status Category II (NGOs) with the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in 1987. The WSO World Management Center was established in the US in 1987, to be responsible for all WSO activities, which includes facilitating its relationship to the United Nations (UN) and its cooperation with professional safety, environmental and other allied organizations. Since the establishment of the WSO World Management Centre in the US, international conferences have been conducted annually in the USA.

The WSO is governed by a 21-member Board of Directors and is headed by a President/Director-General, which is currently Dr Vlado Senkovich. Its operations are managed by International Offices, Chapters, Divisions, Committees and specially designated WSO Collaborating Centers.  A Global Safety Roundtable is also conducted annually during the WSO international conferences held in the US,
where participants can exchange expertise, experience and knowledge with their counterparts
from other countries on new methods and programs being implemented in their respective areas of specialization. The Global Safety Roundtable is also a forum for the development of potential resolutions to UN ECOSOC.

Objectives of the WSO
The Objectives of the WSO are to:

 To encourage the effective exchange of information and experiences between members of the WSO;
 Collaborate with other international organizations in areas of mutual concern;
 Promote the continuous advancement of safety and accident prevention technology;
 Strive for a universal level of professionalism and competence among its members and all professionals and practitioners in the multi-discipline of occupational and environmental safety, health and accident prevention; and to
 Advance the WSO overall theme...."Making Safety a Way of Life . . . Worldwide."

Membership and Certification
Membership of the WSO is open to all interested safety professionals (as Affiliate Members) and to others interested in safety (as Associate Members). It also offers Student, Institutional and Corporate Membership.  The WSO offers 16 Certification programs, such as the Certified Safety Executive, Certified Safety Manager, Certified Safety Specialist and Certified Safety and Security Director.

External links
 American Society of Safety Engineers
 Canadian Society of Safety Engineering
 European Strategic Safety Initiative
 International Labour Organization
 International Commission on Occupational Health
 International Organization for Standardization
 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (US)
 Safety Institute of Australia
 Seoul Declaration on Safety and Health at Work
 World Health Organization, Occupational Health Page
 World Safety Organization
 Email WSO World Management Center. infoATworldsafety.org (please note that @ has been replaced by AT to help inhibit email trawling programs)

References

Category:Safety organizations
Category:Organizations established in 1975


Kyzylyarovo, Zianchurinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Kyzylyarovo () is a rural locality (a village) in Zianchurinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 98 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

References

Category:Rural localities in Bashkortostan


2011 NAIA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament

The 2011 NAIA Division II Men’s Basketball National Championship was held in March at Keeter Gymnasium in Point Lookout, Missouri.  The 20th annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format.

Awards and honors

Leading scorer:
Leading rebounder:

2011 NAIA Division II bracket

  * denotes overtime.

References

Category:NAIA Men's Basketball Championship
Tournament


Canaan (city)

Canaan (); is a city in and the capital of Karun County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. On 23 January 2013, this city was created from villages of Qaleh Chanan.

References

Category:Populated places in Karun County


Bunya Highway

The Bunya Highway is a state highway of Queensland, Australia. It is a relatively short road, running approximately 173 kilometres in a south-westerly direction from Goomeri to Dalby. The highway connects the Warrego and Burnett Highways.

The Bunya Highway passes near the Bunya Mountains National Park, which is popular with tourists. The highway is named after the Bunya-bunya Araucaria bidwilli, which grows in the area and the seeds of which were (and still are) a favourite food of the Aborigines.

The road continues east of Goomeri as the Wide Bay Highway, connecting it to Gympie.

In 2008, the intersection with Burnett Highway was reconstructed to favour Murgon-bound traffic.

List of towns along the Bunya Highway
 Dalby
 Bell
 Kumbia
 Kingaroy
 Memerambi
 Wooroolin
 Tingoora
 Wondai
 Murgon
 Goomeri

Major intersections

See also

 Highways in Australia
 List of highways in Queensland

References

Category:Highways in Queensland


Bay Ganyo

Bay Ganyo (, ; also transliterated as Bai Ganio or Baj Ganjo) is a fictional character created by Bulgarian author Aleko Konstantinov (1863–1897). He is at present considered an exemplary image of an anti-hero: uneducated, ignorant, egoistic and poor villager. Sometimes perceived as a stereotype of the uneducated, profit-driven  Bulgarian and indeed the average Balkan person, he is often seen merely as a social stereotype, a member of the Principality of Bulgaria's newly formed lower middle-class.

The archetype of the fictional character was inspired by Ganyo Somov, a rose trader from Enina (a village in the Kazanlak municipality). At the international fair in Chicago in 1893, Aleko Konstantinov met Ganyo Somov and used him to create one of the most famous Bulgarian literature characters.

Bay is a Bulgarian honorary title to refer to older or more influential persons: the character's first name is Ganyo, and his family name has been attested as either Ganyo Somov or Ganyo Balkanski. Bay Ganyo is the protagonist of a novel-like series of satirical feuilletons by Aleko Konstantinov. The first part of the series tells of Bay Ganyo's journeys to various European cities and compares the character's culture to that of their residents. The second part satirizes the political problems of the day of the post-Liberation Bulgarian society in the late 19th century.

The character has been a subject of films picturing his adventures in Bulgaria and Western Europe which were largely based on the original literary work of Aleko Konstantinov. Konstantinov was inspired to create Bay Ganyo during a visit to Chicago's World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Debuting in the cinemas in a silent short of 1922, Bay Ganyo was the subject of a full-length feature film by Ivan Nichev in 1991; the character was played by Georgi Kaloyanchev.

Bay Ganyo has been likened in importance and symbolism for the Bulgarians to Švejk for the Czechs, Tartarin of Tarascon for the French and Ostap Bender for the Russians.

Feuilletons
The collection of feuilletons consists of two parts. Each feuilleton is presented by a different narrator, a member of a group of like-minded Bulgarians telling of Bay Ganyo's adventures; this group of narrators is itself a direct opposition to Bay Ganyo: they are educated, courteous and civilized people with European manners and clothing.

Bay Ganyo goes around Europe
The first part tells of the retail rose oil merchant Bay Ganyo's travels around Europe, seeking to sell his produce. The prototype of the character was a real person whom Konstantinov met during his journey to the United States described in To Chicago and Back. Bay Ganyo is compared to the residents of the countries he visits (Austria-Hungary, German Empire, Russia, Switzerland, etc.) to contrast him in a funny but unsympathetic way. Bay Ganyo is simple-minded, swindling, speculating and manipulating, yet tenacious, struggling and breaking-through.

 Beginning
 Bay Ganyo travels (through Budapest to Vienna)
 Bay Ganyo at the opera (in Vienna)
 Bay Ganyo at the public baths
 Bay Ganyo in Dresden
 Bay Ganyo at the Prague Exhibition (through Serbia to Prague)
 Bay Ganyo stays with Jireček
 Bay Ganyo on a visit (in Prague)
 Bay Ganyo in Switzerland
 Bay Ganyo in Russia

Political feuilletons
The second part consists of several independent feuilletons and deals with the new major middle-class and Bulgaria's political life. Bay Ganyo is not a petty rose oil dealer anymore, but a big-time politician who writes a petition to the Prince, runs for National Assembly of Bulgaria member, issues a political newspaper. Instead of working alone as in the first part, Bay Ganyo is the leader of a group of like-minded people propelled by mean acts.

 Bay Ganyo comes back from Europe
 Bay Ganyo organizes elections
 Bay Ganyo is a journalist
 Bay Ganyo at the palace
 Bay Ganyo in the deputation
 Bay Ganyo and the opposition — no way
 Association of Teetotalism
 Letter from Bay Ganyo to Konstantin Velichkov
 Out of Bay Ganyo Balkanski's correspondence

References

Further reading

External links
 Full collection of Bay Ganyo works at Slovo.bg
 Who is Bay Ganyo? What foreigners in Bulgaria think

Category:Bulgarian books
Category:Bulgarian humour
Category:Balkan culture
Category:Fictional Bulgarian people


Squish (piston engine)

Squish is an effect in internal combustion engines which creates sudden turbulence of the air-fuel mixture as the piston approaches top dead centre (TDC).

In an engine designed to use the squish effect, at top dead center the piston crown comes very close (typically less than 1 mm) to the cylinder head. The gases are suddenly "squished" out within the combustion chamber, creating turbulence which promotes thorough air-fuel mixing, a factor beneficial to efficient combustion.  Squish effect may be found in side-valve, OHV and OHC engines, including engines with a Heron cylinder head. Squish effect may be found in any fuel type internal combustion piston engine. Squish piston engines are also found in both two stroke and four stroke engines.

Turbulence in the combustion chamber due to this squish helps with air-fuel mixing, cylinder wall heat transfer, thermal efficiency, and overall engine performance. Heat transfer is aided when the combustion gasses swirl around and heat the cylinder wall and the cooling system more efficiently. This efficiency and swirling can also reduce the amount of soot production.

Design Types
Squish piston engines are achieved by modifying an engine's head, block, or the piston crown. Some engine designs include combinations of these different design types. These combinations are used when certain design parameters that attribute the shape and constraints of the combustion chamber.

Modified Head
Modified head squish piston engines utilize a space in the head to make an pocket for squishing and combustion to occur. Depending on the shape of the pocket and what type of engine, the valve position must be skewed to ensure that both the intake and exhaust valve can fit in the pocket. Modified head squish piston engines can also be made to fit the application on a flathead engine as well as overhead camshaft and two stroke engines.

Modified Block
Modified block squish piston engines utilize a space in the block to create a pocket for squishing and combustion to occur. These squish piston engines are otherwise referred to as flat head engines. These types of engines are not very common anymore because of the inherent issues with insufficient air flow into the engine which directly affects the compression ratio. This design is mostly used in small, low cost applications.

Modified Piston
Modified piston squish piston engines utilize a space in the piston to create an air pocket for squishing and combustion to occur. This is the most common way to create a squish piston engine because it is the smallest and easiest part to manufacture. These pockets can be made by making a recess in the piston crown. This is called a deep bowl piston. Others may use raised areas relative to the piston rings to create a different effect in the combustion chamber. This creates a different type of turbulence that goes down instead of up in the piston itself. To promote turbulence and mixing of the air–fuel mixture, the piston crown must have a recess parallel to the angle that the fuel is injected. It also requires a curve on the outer section of the piston crown. This design directs air from the squish area into the center of the combustion chamber. This is where the squished air is mixed with the fuel from the injector creating a more evenly mixed air–fuel ratio. However this is only one design for a diesel engine. When looking at engines with more valves and different injector locations there are many different designs that increase the efficiency of the engine. There are also ways to modify the piston and give it intake and exhaust squish areas. This affects how the whole engine runs and the intake and exhaust velocity that in produced.

References

Bibliography
Progress Report for Combustion and Emission Control for Advanced CIDI Engines. United States Office of Transportation Technologies, United States Department of Energy

Category:Internal combustion engine


Hagalu Vesha

Hagalu Vesha (; ) is a 2000 Indian Kannada film directed, written and scripted by Baraguru Ramachandrappa starring Shiva Rajkumar and Reshma in the lead roles.  It is the story of a man who revolts against the British rule and their taxation policy.

The film was critically acclaimed upon release and won numerous State awards. The music composed by Hamsalekha was also received positively.

Cast
 Shiva Rajkumar
 Reshma
 Tara
 Jai Jagadish
 Nassar
 Pramila Joshai
 Bhavyasri Rai
 Karibasavaiah
 M. S. Umesh
 Krishne Gowda
 Aravind

Awards
Karnataka State Film Awards
Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story - Baraguru Ramachandrappa
Karnataka State Film Award for Best Lyricist - Baraguru Ramachandrappa

Soundtrack
The music of the film was composed and lyrics written by Hamsalekha. Actor Rajkumar recorded a patriotic song "Jaggadu Jaggadu India" which became huge hit.

References

Category:2000 films
Category:Films directed by Baraguru Ramachandrappa
Category:Indian films
Category:2000s Kannada-language films
Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha
Category:Films set in the British Raj
Category:History of India on film
Category:Indian historical films


Karnitsky

Karnitsky () is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alyaksandr Karnitsky (born 1989), Belarusian footballer
Valery Karnitsky (born 1991), Belarusian footballer

A Polish form of the name is Karnicki
Borys Karnicki

Category:Belarusian-language surnames


1994 Uruguayan Primera División

Statistics of Primera División Uruguaya for the 1994 season.

Overview
It was contested by 13 teams, and Peñarol won the championship.

Apertura

Clausura

Overall

Playoff
Peñarol 1-1 ; 1-1 ; 2-1 Defensor Sporting
Peñarol won the championship.

References
Uruguay - List of final tables (RSSSF)

Category:Uruguayan Primera División seasons
Uru
Category:1994 in Uruguayan football


Frank DiMichele

Frank Lawrence DiMichele (born February 16, 1965) is a retired professional baseball player who played one season for the California Angels of Major League Baseball.  He served as the head baseball coach at La Salle University from 1996 to 1997.

References

Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:California Angels players
Category:Edmonton Trappers players
Category:Major League Baseball pitchers
Category:La Salle Explorers baseball coaches
Category:La Salle Explorers baseball players
Category:Sportspeople from Philadelphia
Category:Baseball players from Pennsylvania


Apparitional experience

In parapsychology, an apparitional experience is an anomalous  experience characterized by the apparent perception of either a living being or an inanimate object without there being any material stimulus for such a perception.

In academic discussion, the term "apparitional experience" is to be preferred to the term "ghost" in respect of the following points:
 The term ghost implies that some element of the human being survives death and, at least under certain circumstances, can make itself perceptible to living human beings. There are other competing explanations of apparitional experiences.
 Firsthand accounts of apparitional experiences differ in many respects from their fictional counterparts in literary or traditional ghost stories and films (see below).
 The content of apparitional experiences includes living beings, both human and animal, and even inanimate objects.

History of the concept

Attempts to apply modern scientific or investigative standards to the study of apparitional experiences began with the work of Edmund Gurney, Frederic W. H. Myers and Frank Podmore, who were leading figures in the early years of the Society for Psychical Research (founded in 1882).  Their motive, as with most of the early work of the Society, was to provide evidence for human survival after death.  For this reason they had a particular interest in what are known as ‘crisis cases’.  These are cases in which a person reports having a hallucinatory experience, visual or otherwise, which apparently represents someone at a distance, this experience subsequently being considered to have coincided with that person's death, or a significant life event of some kind.  If the temporal coincidence of the crisis and the distant apparitional experience cannot be explained by any conventional means, then in parapsychology the presumption is made that some as yet unknown form of communication, such as telepathy (a term coined by Myers) has taken place.

While it may be said that the work of Gurney and his colleagues failed to provide convincing evidence for either telepathy or survival of death, the large collection of firsthand written accounts which resulted from their methods may nevertheless be regarded as providing a valuable body of data concerning the phenomenology of hallucinations in the sane.

A notable later discussion of apparitional experiences was that of G. N. M. Tyrrell, also a leading member of the Society for Psychical Research of his day.  Tyrrell accepted the hallucinatory character of the experience, pointing out that it is virtually unknown for firsthand accounts to claim that apparitional figures leave any of the normal physical effects, such as footprints in snow, that one would expect of a real person.  However, Tyrrell develops the idea that the apparition may be a way for the unconscious part of the mind to bring to consciousness information that has been paranormally acquired – in crisis cases, for example.  He introduces an evocative metaphor of a mental ‘stage-carpenter’, behind the scenes in the unconscious part of the mind, and constructing the quasi-perceptual experience that eventually appears on the stage of consciousness, so that it embodies paranormal information in a symbolic way, a person drowning at a distance appearing soaked in water, for example.

The study and discussion of apparitions developed in a different direction in the 1970s, with the work of Celia Green and Charles McCreery. They were not primarily interested in the question of whether apparitions could shed any light on the existence or otherwise of telepathy, or in the survival question; instead they were concerned to analyse a large number of cases with a view to providing a taxonomy of the different types of experience, viewed simply as a type of anomalous perceptual experience or hallucination.

One of the points that was highlighted by their work was point (2) listed above, namely that ‘real-life’ accounts of apparitional experiences differ markedly from the traditional or literary ghost story. These are some of the more notable differences, at least as indicated by their own collection of 1800 firsthand accounts:

 Subjects of apparitional experiences are by no means always frightened by the experience; indeed they may find them soothing or reassuring at times of crisis or ongoing stress in their lives.
 Spontaneous apparitional experiences tend to happen in humdrum or everyday surroundings, and under conditions of low central nervous system arousal, most often in the subject's own home - while doing housework, for example.  By contrast, subjects who visit reputedly haunted locations in hopes of ‘seeing a ghost’ are more often than not disappointed.
 Apparitions tend to be reported as appearing solid and not transparent; indeed they may be so realistic in a variety of ways as to deceive the percipient as to their hallucinatory nature; in some cases the subject only achieves insight after the experience has ended.
 It is unusual for an apparitional figure to engage in any verbal interaction with the percipient; this is consistent with the finding that the majority of such experiences only involve one sense (most commonly the visual).

Psychological implications

Psychological theories of perception

Apparitional experiences have relevance to psychological theories of perception, and in particular to the distinction between top-down and bottom-up approaches (cf. article on Top-down and bottom-up design).  Top-down theories, such as that of Richard Langton Gregory, who conceives of perception as a process whereby the brain makes a series of hypotheses about the external world, stress the importance of central factors such as memory and expectation in determining the phenomenological content of perception; while the bottom-up approach, exemplified by the work of James J. Gibson, emphasises the role of the external sensory stimulus.

Apparitional experiences would seem to lend support to the importance of central factors, since they represent a form of quasi-perceptual experience in which the role of external stimuli is minimal or possibly non-existent, while the experience nevertheless continues to be phenomenologically indistinguishable from normal perception, at least in some cases.

The concept of schizotypy

The interest of apparitional experiences to psychology has acquired an added dimension in recent years with the development of the concept of schizotypy or psychosis-proneness. This is conceived of as a dimension of personality, continuously distributed throughout the normal population, and analogous to the dimensions of extraversion or neuroticism.  As long as mental illness is regarded under the disease model, according to which a person either does or does not ‘have’ schizophrenia or manic depression, just as a person either does or does not have syphilis or tuberculosis, then to talk of the occurrence of an apparitional or hallucinatory experience in a normal person is either an oxymoron, or to be taken as an indication of latent or incipient psychosis.  If, on the contrary, a dimensional view of the matter is taken, it becomes easier to conceive of how normal people, more or less high on the putative schizotypy dimension, might be more or less prone to anomalous perceptual experiences, without their ever tipping over into psychosis.

Green and McCreery's identification of a class of what they called ‘reassuring apparitions’ is of particular interest in this regard, as it suggests that the experiencing of hallucinations may even have an adaptive effect in certain subjects, making them better able to cope with adverse life events.  This would fit with the model of schizotypy as essentially a normal dimension of personality, and might help to explain why the proneness to anomalous perceptual experiences has apparently not been ‘weeded out’ by the process of natural selection.

Philosophical implications

Direct realism

Apparitional experiences also have implications for the philosophy of perception.  The occurrence of hallucinations, that is, perceptual experiences 'having the character of sense perception, but without relevant or adequate sensory stimulation [...]', have long been one of the standard objections to the philosophical theory of direct realism. According to this theory we are in some sense in direct contact with the external world when we seem to be perceiving it, and not merely in direct contact with some mediating representation in our mind, such as a sense-datum or an image, which may or may not correspond to external reality.  The psychologist J.J. Gibson, referred to above, became an advocate of the philosophical theory of direct realism.

Hallucinatory experiences reported by sane people do not pose any new problem in principle for the theory of direct realism, other than that posed already by the more widely discussed hallucinations reported by people in a state of psychosis or under other abnormal conditions such as sensory deprivation.  However, they do pose the problem in a particularly stark way, for the following reasons:

 Scepticism about the status of verbal reports:
In the case of hallucinations reported to have occurred in pathological or abnormal states there is some scope for uncertainty about the accuracy, or even the meaning, of the percipient's verbal report. Horowitz, for example, summarising his experience of questioning chronic schizophrenic patients about their visual experiences during painting sessions, wrote:

'It was necessary to persist beyond initial verbal descriptions of their hallucinations, and insist that the patient describe and draw what he had seen. Initial descriptions of "vicious snakes" might then be drawn and redescribed as wavy lines. "Two armies struggling over my soul" arose from the subjective experience of seeing moving sets of dots. "Spiders" might be reduced, when the patient stated and drew what he actually saw, to a few radiating lines.  In drawings of their hallucinations patients could often distinguish between those forms which duplicated what they saw with their eyes from those forms which were what they "made out of it".'

Such difficulties of interpretation are much less obvious in the case of written reports by ostensibly normal subjects, in good health and not medicated at the time of the experience.

 Extreme realism of the experience:
As mentioned above, at least some of the apparitional experiences reported by normal subjects appear to mimic normal perception to such a degree that the subject is deceived into thinking that what they are experiencing actually is normal perception.  Similar close mimicking of normal perception is reported by some of the subjects of a lucid dream and out-of-body experiences, which therefore pose similar problems for the theory of direct realism.

Representationalism

Apparitional experiences appear prima facie more compatible with the philosophical theory of representationalism.  According to this theory, the immediate objects of experience when we are perceiving the world normally are representations of the world, rather than the world itself.  These representations have been variously called sense-data or images. In the case of an apparitional experience one might say that the subject is aware of sense-data or images which happen not to correspond to, or represent, the external world in the normal way.

The philosophical implications of hallucinatory experiences in the sane are discussed by McCreery.  He argues that they provide empirical support for the theory of representationalism rather than direct realism.

See also

 Philosophy of perception
 Bilocation
 Doppelgänger
 Etiäinen
 Marian apparition
 Private revelation
 Sleep paralysis
 Shadow person
 Vardøger
List of parapsychology topics

References

Sources

Category:Parapsychology
Category:Ghosts
Category:Apparitions
Category:Hallucinations


Pattiom

Pattiam is a census town in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala.

Demographics
 India census, Pattiam had a population of 19,948. Males constitute 46% of the population and females 54%. Pattiam has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 84%. In Pattiom, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Pathayakunu is a major street in Pattiam.vagbadananda vayanasala is located at pathayakunnu.

Transportation
The national highway passes through Thalassery town. Mangalore, Goa and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram can be accessed on the southern side.  The road to the east of Iritty connects to Mysore and Bangalore. The nearest railway station is Thalassery on Mangalore-Palakkad line.
Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet.  There are airports at Kannur, Mangalore and Calicut. Both of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries.

References

Category:Villages near Thalassery


Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station

Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station () is a hydroelectric station on the Svir River located in the town of Podporozhye, Leningrad Oblast, in northwestern Russia. It was open on February 13, 1952 and has the total power of 160 MW. It is operated by the TGC-1 power company.

The power station contains four turbines, with the power of 40 MW each. The water reservoir formed above the dam is known as Ivinsky Razliv Reservoir. Svir is a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway, connecting the basins of the Volga and the Neva Rivers, with heavy cargo and cruise traffic. To accommodate the waterway, a lock was built to bypass the dam of the power station.

The construction of the station started in 1936. At the same time, the construction of the timber production plant in Podporozhye started. The construction areas were served by a dedicated railway line. The construction of the hydroelectric plant was not completed until 1941, when, during World War II, Podporozhye was occupied by Finnish troops until 1944. It was resumed after the war and completed in 1952. Since 1955, the Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station and the Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station, located in Svirstroy, perform coordination and, in particular, jointly regulate the water level in the Svir.

References

External links

Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1952
Category:TGC-1
Category:Hydroelectric power stations built in the Soviet Union
Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Russia
Category:Buildings and structures in Leningrad Oblast


Alfred Chandler

Alfred Chandler may refer to:

 Alfred Chandler (botanist) (1804–1896), English botanical artist
Alfred Thomas Chandler (1852–1941), Australian newspaper editor
Alfred Chandler (politician) (1873–1935), Australian politician
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1918–2007), American business historian


Time Stops

"Time Stops" is the 24th episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the 244th episode overall. It aired on May 7, 2015 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Meg Marinis and directed by Kevin McKidd. On its initial airing it was watched by 7.74 million viewers.

In the episode a fresh batch of surgical interns join the hospital's internship program. It's the wedding day of Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) and Catherine Avery. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) declares that he’s been Chief long enough. Richard recommends Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) for the job. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) and April Kepner (Sarah Drew) look to reconcile their marriage amidst the news of a collapsed tunnel.

Plot
Jackson is in the middle of hearing how his April has changed since her time in combat from his bride-to-be mom when news comes in of a collapsed tunnel. With the collapse of a tunnel sending multiple victims to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, April, Maggie, Amelia, and Meredith take off to the site to help rescue others.

Richard, now serving as interim Chief of Surgery since Owen resigned, is giving his famous first day speech to the new round of interns. It’s also Richard and Catherine’s wedding day, and while it starts out great, it quickly turns sour when Catherine and Richard begin to fight.

After Meredith decides that she can’t save a patient, Amelia asks her when she knows that nothing else can be done to save them. She continues to berate Meredith about how she let Derek die without calling her to save him.

Meredith finds herself unable to remain in her home, which Derek had planned and built from scratch, any longer and asks Alex if she and the kids can move back in with him and Jo. Richard postpones his wedding, Jackson tells Owen that he and April aren’t on the same page since her trip overseas, Alex and Jo hit a rough spot, and Maggie receives bad news from her mom.

April, being the new her, brings one of the trapped patients (still in his car) to the hospital.

Reception

Ratings
"Time Stops" was originally broadcast on May 7, 2015 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The episode was watched by a total of 7.74 million down from the previous episode. In the key 18-49 demographic, the episode scored a 2.1/8 in Nielsen ratings down 9 and 15 percent from the previous two episodes respectively.

Reviews
The episode received generally positive reviews. Wetpaint gave a positive review and wrote, "Fingers crossed we’re done crying at Grey’s Anatomy, right? Fortunately, tonight’s episode was a little more lighthearted than what Shonda Rhimes & Co have been giving us lately, although the dark stuff will definitely be there." TV Fanatic was all-praise for the episode stating, "As sad as I am that Derek is gone, I have to say, I like where this is heading. The idea of Meredith being back in her house, with her friends, in a community is just what she needs, and it also seems to be the way she thrives." lauding the transformation for April Kepner calling her a "rockstar", "April is a rock star. I hate to see her having problems with Jackson, but I love the change she's going through. She looked like a freakin' superhero bringing in the car with that trapped patient the other doctors left behind."

TV Equals also lauded Kepner wrote, "After spending the whole episode being a total downer about pretty much every patient, April took a page out of Owen's book and was spectacularly innovative. The team had decided that Keith wouldn't survive being extracted from the care because he was too far from the hospital. So April had the entire car towed to the hospital. You GO, Kepner! (Keith) brought out the super hero in April." and added, " I'm kind of digging this darker, grittier April." On Amelia-Meredith duel the site wrote, "Amelia lost her brother, but Meredith lost her husband and the father of her children. I found the total disregard for that to be completely off-putting. I know I'm supposed to feel badly for Amelia yet she is so self-absorbed about it all that I'm on Team Meredith for this one."

Entertainment Weekly gave a mixed review for the episode, "(this) Episode was a return to Grey’s of episodes past—and while the normalcy was welcome, the hour was mostly disappointing." praising Alex's and Meredith friendship, "Although I’m all-around down on the show at this point, I am intrigued by Alex and Meredith’s growing friendship.  It’s sweet to see him attached to something, and especially sweet knowing that Meredith is part of that attachment. Hooray for loyalty!" Guardianlv gave a positive review, "Overall, the Grey’s Anatomy episode was quite light. It was back to what it always did best; telling the medical story. TV Overmind praised  Justin Chambers' character noting his development from the first season, "As a first-year intern Alex was a cocky, rude man-whore. He had nothing but ambition and no time for emotional attachments, other than the dysfunctional ones he had with his family. Since then he has put down solid roots with an esteemed career, a healthy relationship, and good friends." and on the Richard Webber-Catherine Avery wedding they wrote, "Catherine proves she really is made for Richard because she just happily switches gears and comes to the hospital to help with the onslaught of patients. However, Catherine teeters on the edge of self-sabotage, bossing Richard around by the end of the day.

References

External links

Category:Grey's Anatomy (season 11) episodes
Category:2015 American television episodes


Poleumita

Poleumita is an extinct genus of medium-sized sea snails, fossil marine gastropods in the family Euomphalidae. This genus is known from the Silurian period.

References

External links
 Paleobiology database
 Photo of one species and more info

Category:Euomphalidae
Category:Paleozoic life of Ontario
Category:Paleozoic life of the Northwest Territories
Category:Paleozoic life of Nunavut


Sebastia

Sebastia (also Sebastea, Sebasteia; Greek Σεβαστεία) can refer to:

Places and jurisdictions
 the Latin name of a Roman Armenian city (renamed from "Megalopolis" under Augustus) and former metropolitan see, now Sivas in Asian Turkey and the Latin Catholic titular see Sebastea
 Sebasteia (theme), Byzantine province named after the former
 Malatia-Sebastia District in Yerevan, Armenia
 Samaria (ancient city), renamed Sebastia by Augustus
 Sebastia, Nablus, a present-day village in the West Bank located directly adjacent to the ruins of ancient Samaria-Sebaste

Other
 Sebastia (moth), a moth genus


Mecyclothorax lahainae

Mecyclothorax lahainae is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Britton in 1948.

References

lahainae
Category:Beetles described in 1948


Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels

Celebrity Jigs n' Reels was an Irish reality entertainment television show broadcast on RTÉ One. It was produced by Mind The Gap Films.

Format
The series started out with seven celebrities paired with professional Irish dancers. Each week they were given a contemporary Irish rock or pop song (as chosen by producers), to which the professional Irish dancer had to choreograph a traditional Irish dance. They would then dance for the judges, who would give feedback and subsequently award points. The dancers then faced a public vote, with the two couples who received the lowest number of votes having to face the judges again. When the judges revealed the number of points they were awarding, the couple with the lower score were eliminated.

Series one

Series one launched in March 2006, in the slot regularly occupied by You're a Star. With a mix of high-profile celebrities such as the singer Dana and Olympic gold medallist Michael Carruth, as well as relative unknowns, such as Emma O'Driscoll and Suzanne Walshe, the show slowly climbed the ratings and achieved a reported 43 per cent audience share. The following year in March 2007 with more high profile celebrities it was Gavin Ó Fearraigh actor and model from the Irish Tv drama Ros na Rún who won the crown along with his dance partner Dearbhla Lennon.

Judges
Jean Butler, George Hook, Colin Dunne, Robert O'Byrne

Celebrities and dancers
Gavin Ó Fearraigh and Dearbhla Lennon (Winners)(2007)
Killian O'Sullivan and Nicola Byrne (winners)(2006)
Dana and Ronan McCormack (2nd place)
Paul Byrom and Susan Ginnety (3rd place)
Michael Carruth and Dearbhla Lennon (4th place)
Jen Kelly and Paula Goulding (5th place)
Emma O'Driscoll and Mick Donegan (6th place)
Suzanne Walshe and Scott Porter (7th place)
Kevin Dundon and Rachel Byrne - 2007

New Year's Party
On 31 December 2006, Celebrity Jigs n'Reels returned to ring Ireland into the New Year live on RTÉ One. Seven brand new celebrities danced for one night only to raise money for charity and bring in 2007. The format differed from series one in that no celebrity represented a specific charity; instead all the money raised went to Focus Ireland and The Simon Community, both of which look after the homeless. Hilda Fay (from Fair City) was crowned champion, beating former Big Brother star Ray Shah, model Celia Holman Lee, GAA All Star Oisín McConville, and ex Pogues bassist Cait O'Riordan.

The results show ran for an extended period of 50 minutes and included a live singing performance from Paul Byrom (second runner up from series one), as well as a four-minute ensemble dance routine from the shows professional dancers. The results show also marked the return of 2006 winner Killian O'Sullivan, who danced with his former partner Nicola Byrne to the Scissor Sisters track "I Don't Feel Like Dancin'". This marked the first time a song by a non-Irish artist or band was featured in the show.

The New Year's Party show stood out as it was the first live show to ring in the New Year on RTÉ in more than five years. In previous years recorded shows were played "as live" on 31 December and usually involved a standard format of musical entertainment and chat with an invited audience.

Judges
Jean Butler, George Hook, Colin Dunne

Panellist Robert O'Byrne did not return for the New Year's Special.

External links
 Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels at RTÉ Television

Category:2006 Irish television series debuts
Category:2007 Irish television series endings
Category:2000s Irish television series
Category:Irish variety television programmes
Category:RTÉ television programmes


Peter Quinel

Peter Quinel (c. 1230–1291) was a medieval Bishop of Exeter. He became a canon of Exeter Cathedral in 1276 and his episcopate began in 1280 and continued until he died in 1291. He issued a set of rules governing the clergy in his diocese and the required furnishing of churches and continued the rebuilding efforts at Exeter Cathedral.

Life

Quinel was born about 1230, to Peter Quinel and his wife Helewis. He may have been educated at a university, because in 1262 he was given the title of master, which implies a university education.

Quinel had the office of archdeacon of St David's in 1263, and later became a canon of Exeter Cathedral in 1276.

Quinel was elected between 7 August and 7 October 1280 and consecrated on 10 November 1280. His consecration took place at Canterbury Cathedral and was performed by Richard of Gravesend who was Bishop of London.

While bishop, Quinel legislated that clerics' clothes should be all one colour, gave detailed lists of the required furnishings of a church, and ordered that any uneducated clergy should be deprived of office. These were part of a set of statutes that Quinel issued in 1287 for his diocese. He also continued the rebuilding efforts at Exeter Cathedral, and was generally credited with deciding to rework the cathedral along Gothic lines.

Quinel died in October 1291, probably on the 1st. He was buried in the lady chapel in his cathedral, where his tomb slab is still extant.

Notes

Citations

References

External links
 "Entry for Peter Quinel" in George Oliver's Lives of the Bishops of Exeter

Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:1291 deaths
Category:13th-century English people
Category:13th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Archdeacons of St David's
Category:Bishops of Exeter
Category:Burials at Exeter Cathedral


Syncopacma patruella

Syncopacma patruella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Josef Johann Mann in 1857. It is found in Asia Minor and Europe, where it has been recorded from Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, former Yugoslavia, North Macedonia, Greece and Ukraine, as well as on Corsica and Sicily.

The wingspan is 13–14 mm.

References

Category:Moths described in 1857
Category:Syncopacma


Low Level Bombsight, Mark III

The Low Level Bombsight, Mark III, sometimes known as the Angular Velocity Sight, was a Royal Air Force (RAF) bombsight designed for attacks by aircraft flying below  altitude. It combined components of the Mark XIV bomb sight with a new mechanical computer. It featured a unique solution for timing the drop, projecting a moving display onto a reflector sight that matched the apparent motion of the target at the right instant.

The Mk. III was designed for, and mostly used by, Coastal Command aircraft in order to attack submarines. In this role, it was found to increase the chance of destroying a U-Boat by 35%, and damaging it by 60%. It also saw some use in Bomber Command on the De Havilland Mosquito in the tactical role, and in a single case, on the Avro Lancaster. It remained in use in the post-war era, equipping the Avro Shackleton throughout that aircraft's lifetime until 1991.

History
In 1941 Bomber Command's Operational Research Section (ORS) had been investigating Coastal Command operations against German U-Boats, which until this time had been only moderately successful at best. Comparing average bombing accuracy with the bombs being used, they suggested that a larger  bomb be developed for attacking U-Boats on the surface. This study also demonstrated that the aircraft were able to aim the bombs accurately in azimuth, but they had serious problems determining the proper instant to release them. This suggested that a new bombsight dedicated to the role be developed.

Early examples of the Mk. III were delivered to two squadrons. At a 16 December 1942 meeting of Coastal Command's Anti-Submarine Committee, No. 59 Squadron RAF reported that three aimers were selected to make bombing runs on a stationary target, and then again on one moving at . Of the forty-two bombs dropped on the moving target, the average range error was . In one example they demonstrated  error from  in a level attack, and only  when dropped from  while pulling up from a  approach. Wing Commander G.C.C. Bartlett and his navigator Pilot Officer Longmuir stated that the sight was a great advance over previous systems.

Patrick Blackett, head of the ORS, was also attending the meeting. He reported that the earlier Low Level Bombsight, Mark II produced  error when flying level, as did the Mk. XIV. He suggested that both could be improved through the addition of a radio altimeter. However, others in the group were not convinced, with Air Vice-Marshal Wilfrid Oulton expressing his opinion of the Mk. XIV that he "never trusted that device."

Considering these reports, Air Chief Marshal Philip Joubert, made the Mk. III an operational requirement. However, apparently due to limited supplies, he limited its use to patrols over the Atlantic, as opposed to those taking place over the Bay of Biscay. Attacks over Biscay generally took place at night, and were carried out by eye with the aid of a Leigh Light. However, an 8 January 1944 report by the Coastal Command Development Unit reported on attempts to use the Mk. III with the Leigh Light on a Wellington, and suggested that the Mk. III be fitted to all aircraft and the bombs dropped by the light operator rather than the pilot.

Strike Wings
It was the problem of accurately determining range that had led both the RAF and Royal Navy to believe that torpedoes were "always considered to be the most effective weapon against shipping at sea." This pre-war thinking proved to be largely wrong, and repeated attempts to attack convoys with torpedoes produced little result. A joint Admiralty/Air Ministry meeting on 11 June 1942 led to the formation of the Aircraft Torpedo Attack Committee to improve operations. Among several suggestions of their own, in August they contacted ORS to consider the issue as well.

The ORS report was delivered in December 1942. They demonstrated that torpedoes could only be dropped from low altitudes and speeds, or risked breaking upon impact with the water. They also tended to dive after entering the water, which make them largely useless when attacking convoys hugging the shoreline in shallow waters. But most of all they were expensive, which was of little concern when attacking capital ships, but of rather questionable value against tramp steamers. They went on to suggest that bombs would be much more effective against small ships, especially if the Mark XIV bombsight was available.

In one of the few wartime examples, the Air Ministry did not take all of ORS' advice. Henry Tizard sounded a contrary note in a January 1943 letter where he stated:

This coincided with the introduction of the Strike Wing tactics in Coastal Command. Previously, attacks would be made by a variety of aircraft organized into loose groups, with fighter protection. Strike Wings were based on attacks by groups of identical high-speed aircraft that would arrive as a single force, make a quick attack, and then fly away. This not only eliminated the problem that the first group to arrive would alert any anti-aircraft batteries in the area to any slower aircraft soon to appear, it also made it much easier for defensive fighters to provide cover as the group flew together. These sorts of attacks began in November 1942, and were immediately successful. By early 1943, a wholesale conversion to Strike Wings was underway, with slower aircraft like the Handley Page Hampden removed from service.

The introduction of Strike Wings led to some use of the Mk. III, as well as older bombsights. Late in the war, Bomber Command passed off its obsolete Handley Page Halifax bombers to Coastal Command, who re-equipped them with the Mk. III and used them in long-range strikes against German ships in the Skagerrak and Kattegat. The Mk. XIV was ultimately never used by Coastal Command in the anti-shipping role.

Bomber Command
Bomber Command was aware of the Mk. III through its development, and as its own operations expanded to include more tactical attacks at low level, Arthur Harris ordered it into production for Bomber Command use in October 1942.

Coastal Command had priority on deliveries and only small numbers reached Bomber Command. The first examples arrived in May 1943 and were fit to Douglas Boston bombers of 2 Group. In 1944 the sight was trialled on the Avro Lancasters of No. 617 Squadron RAF, the Dambusters, who carried out a single low-level attack with them in late 1944. Most examples sent to Bomber Command equipped a small number of De Havilland Mosquito aircraft in No. 627 Squadron RAF (who normally operated as pathfinders) and No. 8 Group RAF (Pathfinder Force).

Post war

The sight remained with Coastal Command after the war, equipping the Avro Shackleton through that type's lifetime until 1991.

High vs. low level bombing
The basic concept behind any bombsight is the determination of the range, the distance the bombs will move forward after they are dropped from the aircraft. When dropped at relatively low speeds, as in the case of World War II aircraft, the primary force on the bomb when it leaves the aircraft is gravity. Acting alone, gravity will accelerate the bomb downward, and when this is added to the initial forward velocity given to it by the motion of the aircraft, the path becomes a parabola. However, this path is modified by drag, which reduces the initial forward velocity over time, causing the path to become more vertical. In addition, the wind can move the bomb as it falls, but given the well-streamlined shapes and high density, this tends to be relatively a small effect.

In typical examples of bombs dropped from altitudes of , the range will be on the order of . Simple trigonometry reveals the range angle, the angle the target appears at when the bomber is at the correct range:

This angle is measured in front of the vertical line below the bomber; 20 degrees is just in front of the bomber. Conventional bombsights of the era consisted of some form of iron sight or reflector sight that was set to that angle. Since the target was well below the aircraft during the approach, typically only the bomb aimer could see it. Looking along the line extending out the front of the bombsight, they would see if the bomber was going to pass over the target, and issue corrections to the pilot if it wasn't. Once they were lined up, they waited for the target to pass through the horizontal line of the crosshairs, and released.

Although the effect of the wind after the drop is small, the wind's effects on the aircraft in flight are not. Winds at typical bombing altitudes tend to be fairly strong, and it was not uncommon for there to be a  wind. Compared to the aircraft's typical  speed, this represents 20% of the overall velocity of the aircraft when it drops its bombs. Measuring this wind is accomplished by looking through the bombsight at objects on the ground, and then calculating the angle needed to fly to offset this motion. High-level bombsights generally spent a considerable amount of their design complexity on trying to account for the effect of wind.

In the pre-war period, it was found that a significant source of error was due to the bombsight not being level with the ground when the bomb aimer was trying to sight through it. This was especially a problem during the initial part of the bomb run. In order to turn the aircraft onto the correct approach, the pilot would bank the aircraft, during which time the bombsight no longer pointed at the target. The bomb aimer had to wait until the turn was complete and the aircraft settled down to level again before they could see if the new line was correct. This led to the introduction of simple stabilizer systems, today better known as inertial platforms, to keep the sights properly levelled in the roll axis as the bomber turned, eliminating these delays.

If we consider the same bomb being dropped from an aircraft travelling at low level, , the range is about 1,000 feet as well. This means that the target is at about 45 degrees at the instant of drop, and well out in front of the aircraft during the approach. In contrast to the high-altitude case, the pilot can see the target for most of the approach, and all of the approach if they start a slight dive, or glide, during the last moments, pulling up just prior to release. This eliminates the need for roll stabilization because the bombsight is no longer needed to adjust the flight path during the initial approach, instead, the sight has to be stabilized in pitch because the pilot will be pulling up right about the time to drop.

Additionally, because the wind tends to be slower at low altitudes, and attack aircraft generally travel faster, the relative effect of the wind is significantly less. Moreover, the pilot can easily adjust for any cross-wind visually without help from the bombsight. For this reason, a low-level bombsight simply doesn't need the same sort of windage correction complexity and can ignore it completely in most cases. This was the case in the Low Level sight, where the only inputs were speed and altitude.

Angular velocity principle
Another major difference between the high and low-level cases is timing the drop. In the high-altitude case, the target is far below the aircraft and appears to be moving directly rearward. A simple crosshairs is usually all that is needed, with the range angle dialled into the sights and the bomb aimer releasing the bombs when they pass through the horizontal hairline. Because the target moves with a constant speed and relatively slowly, accurate timing is not difficult to achieve.

At low altitudes, this approach does not work well. When approaching a target from low altitude it initially appears to be not moving at all, just growing larger. Later in the approach, it begins to move downward, and it is normally during this period that the bombs need to be dropped. It is only when the aircraft begins to pass over the target that it has significant rearward motion, at which point it is too late to drop the bombs. This means the bomb aimer has to release the bombs while the target was moving only slowly in the sights but accelerating, making proper timing a significant problem. This is not a minor concern; a light bomber flying at , or  per second, accuracy under  of a second is needed to place a bomb within its lethal range of .

Consider the apparent motion of a line of telephone poles beside a road as seen from a car. At long distances, they appear to have no motion, but they grow larger as the car approaches. At closer distances, they appear to begin moving to the side, away from the car. The angular velocity of any one of the poles is a function of its distance in front of the car, the speed of the car, and the distance between the roadway and the poles. Thus, any particular angular velocity corresponds directly to a distance. In the case of an aircraft, one of the poles represents the target, the speed of the car is the aircraft's airspeed, and the distance between the road and the poles is the aircraft's altitude.

The Low Level sight used this angular velocity principle to time the drop. The aircraft's altitude and the type of bomb being used were used to calculate the time that the bomb would take to reach the ground, and when that was multiplied by the airspeed, the range was produced. The ballistics did not have to be more complex than that, there simply wasn't enough time for drag to be significant. The derivative of this calculation reveals the angular velocity of an object at that range as seen from the bomber's altitude and speed. To simplify operation, all of this was carried out in a simple mechanical computer.

The computer was connected to a display that showed this angular speed as a series of lines moving downwards at that angular velocity. When the target first became visible it would have little vertical speed, so the lines would be moving down the screen faster than the target. As the aircraft approaches, the target begins to move down the screen at an increasing rate. At the instant the two were equal, the bombs were dropped.

Description

Basic layout
The Mk. III used a number of components from the Mk. XIV, as well as much of its basic layout. Like the Mk. XIV, the Mk. III was built in two separate components, the computor that calculated the range angle, and the sighting head that displayed this for the bomb aimer. The sighting head was located in the bomb aimer's window at the front of the aircraft. The separate computor cabinet was positioned on the left side of the fuselage, and two units were connected via an electrical cable.

This entire sight head mechanism was mounted on the same base as the Mk. XIV, which carried a standardized mounting system that clamped onto two vertical metal rods on the left side of the sight. This system was originally designed for the Course Setting Bomb Sight, and reused for the Mk. XIV, and now the Mk. III. The mounting base also retained the system for turning the entire sighting head to the left or right, which the bomb aimer used to keep the vertical line centered on the target and to call any required corrections to the pilot if he noticed any sideways drift. Unlike the Mk. XIV, this motion was unpowered. Although the computor was much smaller than the Mk. XIV's, it too could clamp into the same fittings in the aircraft. This allowed a Mk. III and Mk. XIV to be easily swapped in the field.

Internal workings
The computor for the Mk. III had only two inputs, one for airspeed and the other for altitude. Both were dialled in on large wheels positioned on either end of the long rectangular cabinet. The top of the cabinet was a perspex window that displayed the calculation.

The altitude wheel was connected to the main part of the calculator, a large metal cylinder marked with lines showing the time it would take for the bombs to reach the surface. The operator selected a value by rotating the cylinder with respect to fixed pointers on either end of the case. The airspeed wheel was connected to a screw that moved another pointer back and forth along the long axis of the cylinder. The tip of the pointer was positioned so it could be read against the lines on the cylinder. The cylinder carried several sets of lines to account for the ballistics of different types of bombs and the number being dropped in a group, or stick.

The cylinder was also connected to an electrical mechanism that output a varying current based on the settings. This was fed into a motor on the sighting head. The motor was calibrated to turn at a fixed speed depending on the output fed to it from the computor. The motor turned a ring with lines inscribed on it, positioned in front of a projector system. The entire mechanism was housed on a large triangular case on the left of the sighting head. This was the primary mechanical difference between it and the Mk. XIV; the Mk. XIV lacked this projector.

The lines were projected onto a large rectangular glass plate at the very front of the sighting head. Located directly behind this plate was a second glass plate, the main reflector sight from the Mk. XIV. This was connected to the projector housing on the left side, where it was geared to the Sperry artificial horizon from Mk. XIV, but rotated to keep the plate stable in pitch rather than roll. A handle on the left of the plate, retained from the Mk. XIV, allowed the bomb aimer to rotate it up or down to cover the target.

Operation
Operating the Mk. III in combat was very simple. At some point during the approach the bomb aimer would dial in the aircraft's speed and altitude; although these changed during the approach, in most cases the changes were small enough to ignore. At this point the moving lines would appear on the display. Initially, the target would be well out in front of the aircraft, so the bomb aimer would use the handle to rotate the reflector sight up. They would then use the rotating base plate to move the line left or right to cover the target, calling out any corrections needed to account for drift or the motion of the target.

As the aircraft approached the target, the vertical angle would increase and the bomb aimer would account for this by rotating the sight downward progressively. Normally the drop would occur when the target was about 45 degrees below the aircraft, so this needed to be adjusted only once or twice. At some point, the motion of the lines and the target would be equal and the bombs would be released by pressing a button on the end of a flexible cable connected to the timed release system positioned to the right of the bombsight.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 The principle of the low level bomb sight MK III, training film describing the basic concept of the sighting system, along with multiple animated examples of how to time the drop.

Category:Optical bombsights
Category:World War II military equipment of the United Kingdom


Pete Susko

Peter John Susko (July 2, 1904 – May 22, 1978) was a professional baseball player.  He was a first baseman for one season (1934) with the Washington Senators.  For his career, he compiled a .286 batting average and two home runs in 224 at-bats, with 25 runs batted in.

He was born in Laura, Ohio and died in Jacksonville, Florida at the age of 73.

External links

Category:1904 births
Category:1978 deaths
Category:Washington Senators (1901–60) players
Category:Major League Baseball first basemen
Category:Baseball players from Ohio
Category:Mobile Bears players
Category:Montgomery Lions players
Category:Pensacola Pilots players
Category:Springfield Senators players
Category:Birmingham Barons players
Category:Atlanta Crackers players
Category:Knoxville Smokies players
Category:Albany Senators players
Category:Hazleton Mountaineers players
Category:Galveston Buccaneers players
Category:Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Category:Meridian Scrappers players


8th Golden Laurel Awards

The 8th PGA Golden Laurel Awards, honoring the best film and television producers of 1996, were held at Universal Hilton Hotel in Hollywood, California on March 12, 1997. The motion picture nominees were announced on January 22, 1997, and the television nominees on February 20, 1997.

Winners and nominees

Film

Television

Special

PGA Hall of Fame

References

* 1996
Category:1996 film awards
Category:1996 television awards


Apriona

Apriona is a genus of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lamiinae.

Species
The genus contains the following species:

Apriona ammiralis
Apriona aphetor
Apriona brunneomarginata
Apriona buruensis
Apriona chemsaki
Apriona cinerea
Apriona cylindrica
Apriona elsa
Apriona flavescens
Apriona germari
Apriona hageni
Apriona irma
Apriona jakli
Apriona jossoi
Apriona juheli
Apriona marcusiana
Apriona minettii
Apriona moratii
Apriona multigranula
Apriona neglecta
Apriona neglectissima
Apriona nobuoi
Apriona novaeguineae
Apriona pascoei
Apriona paucigranula
Apriona punctatissima
Apriona rixator
Apriona rugicollis
Apriona sublaevis
Apriona submaculosa
Apriona swainsoni
Apriona teocchii
Apriona tigris
Apriona trilineata
Apriona tuberosicollis
Apriona unidentata
Apriona vagemaculata

Category:Batocerini
Category:Cerambycidae genera


Cricket Club of India

Cricket Club of India (CCI) is located on Dinsha Wacha Road, near Churchgate in Mumbai, India. It was conceived as India's counterpart to the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). It is considered as one of the most prestigious clubs in the nation.

Membership is the same as for the Royal Willingdon Sports Club, Bombay Gymkhana and Breach Candy Club: closed, and only current members' children can attain it.

History

On 8 November 1933, the Cricket Club of India was incorporated as a company limited by guarantee with its registered office in New Delhi. The principal object of the company was to promote sports in general and cricket in particular throughout the country.

The promoters and some leading men who founded BCCI  five years before were the promoters of the Club.  Originally, life members, who were later termed as founder members, paid Rs 100 and ordinary members paid Rs 10 for entrance and an annual subscription of Rs 15.

The Cricket Club of India was also the birthplace of the famous Chinese-style dish Chicken Manchurian. Restaurateur Nelson Wang claims to have invented it at the request of a customer in 1975 while working as a cook at the CCI.

First-class cricket
Teams representing the Cricket Club of India played 13 first-class matches between 1935 and 1958, most of them against touring teams. Nine of the matches were played at Brabourne Stadium.

Facilities

The CCI also houses in the Brabourne Stadium, which the club owns. The CCI is an affiliated member of the BCCI like any other state association, but unlike any one of them, does not conduct cricket in the state.
Mumbai Cricket Association and Maharashtra Cricket Association which conduct cricket in Mumbai and rest of Maharashtra respectively. The stadium has one of the best cricket pitches and grounds in the region. It also has tennis courts, a swimming pool, fitness centers, a billiards room, squash courts, badminton courts, table tennis tables, cafes, bars, a library, a reading room and a banquet hall. It is very difficult to get membership into this exclusive club.

The stadium also served as the headquarters of the BCCI, the governing body of Indian cricket.

Kingfisher Open

In 2006 and 2007, the CCI tennis courts were the stage for the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an ATP Tour tournament, previously held in Shanghai from 1995 to 2004 and in Vietnam in 2005. Kingfisher Airlines were the official sponsors. The tournament was presented by the Government of Maharashtra, India. The tournament was played from 25 September 2006 to 2 October 2006.

ICC Champions trophy
The Cricket Club of India Limited staged 5 matches of the ICC Champions Trophy in 2006 including the final between Australia and West Indies played on 5 November 2006.

2013 ICC Women's world cup
Brabourne Stadium hosted the 2013 ICC Women's World Cup along with the MIG Cricket club, Bandra, the DREIMS ground and the Barabati Stadium both situated in Cuttack. Brabourne hosted the final of the event in which Australia beat the West Indies comprehensively.

Membership scam
In 2013 an internal inquiry set up by the club concluded that at least 11 members had got into the 80-year-old institution in the last three years through forgery committed in collusion with a club insider. Several CCI members revealed that the fraud was committed by replacing personal details of certain deceased members with those of these new entrants. "Files of certain members who had died some time back and whose files were lying dormant were tampered with by someone on the inside who had access," said a source close to the investigation, who did not wish to be identified. "Names and other details of aspiring members were then put in the old files to make it look as if the old member (deceased) never existed in the club records."

The Economic Offences Wing (EOW) of the Mumbai police arrested two businessmen, Ketan Thacker and Nimai Agrawal, in connection with the fake memberships scam.

References

External links
 Official site

Category:Indian club cricket teams
Category:Indian first-class cricket teams
Category:Tennis venues in India
Category:Cricket in Mumbai
Category:1933 establishments in India
Category:Sports organizations established in 1933
Category:Sports clubs in Mumbai


Fernand Lamaze

Fernand Lamaze (;   1891–1957) was a French obstetrician, most famous as the popularizer of psychoprophylaxis, a method of childbirth preparation and pain management that bears his name (the Lamaze technique).

Career
Lamaze visited the Soviet Union in 1951. There, he observed a birth using psychoprophylaxis, which had been developed primarily by Soviet psychotherapist I.Z. Velvovskii of Kharkov, Ukraine.

Based on Ivan Pavlov's theory of conditioned response, psychoprophylaxis strove to eliminate the pain of childbirth through education about the physiological process of labor and delivery, through the trained relaxation response to uterine contractions, and through patterned breathing intended to both increase oxygenation and interfere with the transmission of pain signals from the uterus to the cerebral cortex.  Lamaze was so impressed by what he witnessed that after he returned to France, he devoted the rest of his life to promoting psychoprophylaxis.

Criticism
Lamaze has been criticized for being over-disciplinary and anti-feminist; "[t]he disciplinary nature of Lamaze’s approach to childbirth is evident from Sheila Kitzinger’s description of the methods he deployed while working in a Paris clinic during the 1950s. According to Sheila Kitzinger, Lamaze consistently ranked the women’s performance in childbirth from 'excellent' to 'complete failure' on the basis of their 'restlessness and screams.' Those who 'failed' were, he thought, 'themselves responsible because they harbored doubts or had not practiced sufficiently,' and, rather predictably, 'intellectual' women who 'asked too many questions' were considered by Lamaze to be the most 'certain to fail.'"

References

External links
French government site with biographical information
Lamaze site

Category:1891 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:People from Mirecourt
Category:French obstetricians
Category:Natural childbirth advocates


René de Knyff

Chevalier René de Knyff (December 10, 1865 in Antwerp, Belgium  – 1954 in France) was a French pioneer of car racing and later a president of Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), now known as FIA.

Between 1897 and 1903 he took part in 18 car races, 5 of which he won (Paris-Bordeaux 1898, Spa-Bastogne-Spa 1899, Tour de France 1899, Circuit du Sud-Ouest Pau 1899, and Nice-Marseille-Nice, 1900). He drove all the races in a Panhard & Levassor, wearing a captain cap which he always lost right after start. During his racing career, he was famous for his gentlemanship and sportsmanship. For example, during the Paris-Bordeaux race in 1895, he saw his great rival Fernand Charron who was sitting on the road next to his undependable car, tired and desperate. De Knyff stopped, asked Charron if he could help him somehow, gave him a glass of cognac and encouraged him to go on, which Charron did. He was a popular figure also due to his enormous beard, bohemian lifestyle (he knew where to get the best champagne, cigars and Rhine wine), and interest in many other sports, such as tennis, shooting, cycling, and also hunting.

Honours
 1881: Officier in the Order of Leopold.

References

External links
 Racing Database
 New York Times Article about René de Knyff
 Profile on Historic Racing

Category:1865 births
Category:1954 deaths
Category:French racing drivers


STEM pipeline

The STEM pipeline is the educational pathway for students in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The start and end of this STEM pipeline are disputed, but it is often considered to begin in early education and extend into graduation or an adult career in STEM.

Description
The "pipeline" metaphor is based on the idea that having sufficient graduates requires both having sufficient input of students at the beginning of their studies, and retaining these students through completion of their academic program. The STEM pipeline is a key component of workplace diversity and of workforce development that ensures sufficient qualified candidates are available to fill scientific and technical positions.

The STEM pipeline was promoted in the United States from the 1970s onwards, as “the push for STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education appears to have grown from a concern for the low number of future professionals to fill STEM jobs and careers and economic and educational competitiveness.”

Today, this metaphor is commonly used to describe retention problems in STEM fields, called “leaks” in the pipeline. For example, the White House reported in 2012 that 80% of minority groups and women who enroll in a STEM field switch to a non-STEM field or drop out during their undergraduate education. These leaks often vary by field, gender, ethnic and racial identity, socioeconomic background, and other factors, drawing attention to structural inequities involved in STEM education and careers.

Current efforts
The STEM pipeline concept is a useful tool for programs aiming at increasing the total number of graduates, and is especially important in efforts to increase the number of underrepresented minorities and women in STEM fields. Using STEM methodology, educational policymakers can examine the quantity and retention of students at all stages of the K–12 educational process and beyond, and devise programs and interventions to improve educational processes and outcomes. STEM programs focus on increasing social and academic supports for students. STEM programs may also focus on bringing students together with professionals in their field, to provide mentoring, role models and learning opportunities in industry.

Maintaining a healthy and diverse STEM pipeline has been a concern in several developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany.

United States
In the United States, although efforts to increase the number of women and African Americans in STEM fields have been ongoing, as recently as 2010 the results have been evaluated as "poor". In 2014, one report declared that "traditionally underrepresented groups remain underrepresented", while another article commented, "You can go through your entire scholarly trajectory in computer science without seeing one face of color", where "of color" refers to African Americans.

STEM pipeline programs in the US have been created at various levels. Examples include: the Technology Leadership Institute at the University of Pittsburgh at the college and university level, the Nevada STEM pipeline at the state level  and the Broadening Participation in Computing Alliances at the national level.

Educational attainment factors
High Schools in the United States implement a STEM pipeline program that combines a dual pathway that enhances mathematical, engineering, and scientific skills along with a supportive group that aims to help underrepresented students aspire to become leaders in the STEM field. Students benefit from the moral support and motivational skills that mentors implement for their correct academic preparation. Teachers, and college mentors become in the life of the students in the program a guidance in their path to be the next generation of leaders. Furthermore, staff members aid students to feel integrated and cared for their well-being. In their path to pursue higher education in the STEM fields, underrepresented students are awarded scholarships that aid them throughout their college years. Scholarships are a factor that allows underrepresented to focus on their academic and allows them to be persistent throughout their years in college.

The STEM pipeline program provides a multitude of workshops, and extracurricular activities to work on social and professional development. Moreover, it arranges networking with minorities that went through the program and now currently work in the science, or health field. In addition, to the benefits as an alumnus of the program, every student is invited to become advocates within their community with the goal of increasing the amount of underrepresented students in STEM fields

The support of programs such as the STEM pipeline program aims to increase diversity in the workplace with the ambition to create an inclusive safe area where all the members of the team can contribute to the development of innovative ideas in their respective field. Additionally, the diversity of collaborating with different ideas enhances the outcome of the team's desired goal, and facilitates better planning of the timeline.

Public reactions
The concept of the STEM pipeline has been met with resistance for its pragmatic overtones. National Science Board Vice Chairman Kelvin Droegemeier calls for a movement away from thinking about the necessary number of STEM workers, in favor of considering the necessary knowledge and skills for the success of all workers.

The linearity of the STEM pipeline concept has been criticized as neglecting the wide variety of possible career pathways, including interdisciplinary studies, intermittent careers, and STEM-informed work in non-technical fields. A 2015 commentary in Inside Higher Ed suggested that the "leaky pipeline" metaphor may be viewed as pejorative towards individuals who leave the academic track for employment, or use their technical background as the basis for a career in a non-technical field.

A 2015 commentary in Science observed that Margaret Thatcher and Angela Merkel could be considered two "leaks" in the pipeline.

Some have said that increasing the STEM pipeline is not enough to promote workplace diversity. Advocates for women and minorities in STEM such as Tracy Chou have argued that STEM companies must also focus on internal reforms, such as reevaluating inequitable hiring practices and unsupportive workplace culture.

See also
Structural inequality in education
Women in science
Women in STEM fields

References

Category:Education policy
Category:Education issues
Category:Science education
Category:Engineering education
Category:Mathematics education


Elkhorn, Manitoba

Elkhorn is an unincorporated community recognized as a local urban district in the Rural Municipality of Wallace – Woodworth within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held village status prior to January 1, 2015. It was originally incorporated as a village on January 2, 1906. Elkhorn is located approximately  west of Brandon.

History
The community was first settled when the Canadian Pacific Railway arrived in 1882.  In the CPR survey Elkhorn is located at mile sixty-four west of Brandon, in what was known as the Broadview subdivision.  The Post Office Department appointed John McLeod, one of the district's first settlers, to be the community's first post master and the post office opened December 1, 1883.  A board of trade was organized in April 1899 and lobbied for further settlement in the community and surrounding municipality, better infrastructure, and improvement of commerce.  It was responsible for the establishment of the first fire brigade in 1901, which became the responsibility of the Village of Elkhorn when it incorporated in 1906.  In 1948 the board was reorganized and renamed the Elkhorn and District Chamber of Commerce.

Education
The first settlers in the district came from well established communities in Eastern Canada or Britain and quickly recognized the necessity of public education.  The community opened the first school February 5, 1885 as School District 366.  The population rapidly outgrew the facility and the community sold it in 1892.  The building still stands as a private residence.  A larger school built of field stone was completed in 1895 and all subsequent schools have been built on the same grounds.

The growing population continued to require more space and an even larger brick school was built in 1910.  Eventually even this new school had to split its auditorium into two classrooms and create a third additional room in the basement.  Only elementary school was taught in the building after a collegiate was opened in 1959.  Elkhorn School District 366 was absorbed into the Fort La Bosse School Division November 10, 1971.  The institution again changed appearance in 1976 when the brick school was demolished and a new elementary wing and gymnasium were added to the collegiate.

Today the school is home to approximately 170 students from Kindergarten to Grade 12.

Manitoba Antique Automobile Museum
Established to keep an impressive private collection of antique cars in Manitoba, the Manitoba Antique Automobile Museum now houses a wide variety of artifacts and documents that are integral to the history of the community, an array of early farm machinery and implements in addition to the primary collection.

The museum owes its existence to the tireless efforts of a local farmer, Isaac Clarkson.  In 1946 he purchased and restored a 1909 Hupmobile that he had been fascinated with in his youth.  He continued to acquire and restore vehicles at his farm for the next several years.  Abhorring the idea that the collection should be split up or leave the province Clarkson and other prominent members of the community successfully petitioned the Manitoba Government to establish a museum foundation.  March 30, 1961 The Manitoba Antique Automobile Museum Foundation was established by an act of the provincial legislature.  Mr. Clarkson donated his entire collection to the foundation, which at the time numbered some 65 vehicles, 40 of which had been completely restored.  The estimated value of the collection in 1961 was $75,000 - $100,000.  The community made plans to erect a museum building as a centennial project in October 1964.  Contractors completed the building by August 1965 and it was opened to the public in the summer of 1966.  The museum was officially opened on the national centennial, July 1, 1967.

The museum is located along the south side of the Trans-Canada Highway and serves as Elkhorn's primary tourist attraction.  It is open daily from May to September.

Climate

Government
Elkhorn is a former village now administered by the Rural Municipality of Wallace – Woodworth.

Provincial representation
Elkhorn is represented in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as part of the Arthur-Virden Constituency.  The constituency was represented by Larry Maguire from 1999 until his resignation on October 18, 2013 to seek the Conservative Party of Canada nomination for the federal constituency of Brandon-Souris.  Kevin Tutthill, a former councillor and deputy mayor of the former Village of Elkhorn, sought the Progressive Conservative nomination to replace Maguire, but was defeated by insurance broker Doyle Piwniuk of Virden.  On January 28, 2014 Piwniuk won the Arthur-Virden by-election and now serves as critic for multiculturalism and literacy.

Elkhorn formed all of Voting Area 10 in the 2014 Arthur-Virden by-election with a total of 348 registered voters.

Federal representation
Elkhorn is represented in the Canadian Parliament as part of the Brandon-Souris Constituency.  The current Member of Parliament is Merv Tweed, whom the constituents first elected in 2004.  In the 2011 federal election, the community had 309 registered voters of which 184 cast ballots.  At 59.55%, voter turnout was slightly higher than the constituency level of 57.54%, but lower than the national level of 61.1%.

Media
The first publication in Elkhorn was a handwritten news bulletin reproduced on cyclostyle.  Founded by F. Greenstreet in 1886, the Elkhorn Breeze was applauded by the Manitoba Free Press as "a credit to that prosperous young city." In spite of such praise The Breeze had ceased publication by the end of 1887.

In 1892 the Elkhorn District Advocate began circulation as a standard print, weekly newspaper.  This venture too ceased publication after only one year.  A.E. Wilson, principal of the Washakada Industrial School, salvaged the paper and began printing the Elkhorn Advocate at the school only two months after the District Advocate released its final issue.  Aboriginal students at the school printed the paper and learned the trade as part of the Residential School System designed to assimilate aboriginals into mainstream society.  Management of the paper transferred to W.J. Thompson shortly after it began printing.

December 3, 1908 the first issue of the Elkhorn Mercury circulated in the community.  The Mercury operated in competition with the Advocate until September, 1910 when the latter permanently ceased operation.  Various owners and editors of the Mercury continued to print the paper weekly in Elkhorn until 1965, when it was absorbed by the Virden Empire-Advance.  This newspaper along with the Moosomin World-Spectator are weekly publications that now provide the majority of local media coverage for the community. Currently there are no publishing or broadcasting companies in Elkhorn.

Mayors of Elkhorn

Other Notable Persons
Mary Carter (née Munn), one of the first female judges in Saskatchewan; part of childhood spent in Elkhorn.

Travis Sanheim, Ice Hockey player for the Philadelphia Flyers.

Culture
British Columbian indie band Said the Whale make a reference to Elkhorn in Dear Elkhorn, the opening track from their 2009 album "Islands Disappear". The song's lyrics were inspired by an incident when the band's tour van broke down near the village.

References

External links
Official Website

Category:1906 establishments in Manitoba
Category:Former villages in Manitoba
Category:Local urban districts in Manitoba
Category:Populated places disestablished in 2015


Trenel

Trenel is a town located in the north west of La Pampa Province in Argentina.

References

External links

Category:Populated places in La Pampa Province


Rockingham Park

Rockingham Park was a  horse racing establishment in Salem, New Hampshire, in the United States. First built in 1906, it was used as an area for many to gamble on the weekends. Seabiscuit raced there in 1935 and 1936, and Mom's Command ran in her first race and gained her first victory there in 1984. Rockingham Park also hosted simulcasting and charity gaming. The last live horse racing at the track occurred in 2009. Rockingham Park closed its doors for good on August 31, 2016, and was sold for redevelopment of the property. The racetrack was demolished in the summer of 2017. It is currently being redeveloped as part of the Tuscan Plaza project.

The New Hampshire Sweepstakes (now New Hampshire Lottery) was originated in 1964 and raced here from 1964 to 1967. The race was brought back in 1984 (though not connected with sweepstakes tickets) and was the feature event of the summer racing meet.

In 1991, the Mall at Rockingham Park, currently the largest mall in northern New England, was constructed adjacent to the racetrack, and has Dick’s Sporting Goods, Sears, J. C. Penney, Macy's (originally Jordan Marsh), and Lord & Taylor for anchors. The mall is owned and managed by Simon Property Group and is not affiliated with the racetrack.

"The Finest Racecourse in the World"
On June 28, 1906, a tiny outpost near the Salem train depot began a 21-day tenure as host to a Thoroughbred meet. Over 10,000 people from as far away as New York City flocked to the small New Hampshire town. Their rave reviews proclaimed the site "the finest racecourse in the world". Although Alyth, a two-year-old, won the first thoroughbred race at the site, gambling was still illegal at the time in New Hampshire, and betting was shut down after three days. Underground wagering continued throughout the meet, but the track sat idle for five years after the meet's conclusion; however, these humble beginnings would lead to the formation of a staple of New England culture rich with the history of the "sport of kings."

Idle years
In between its stints as a racecourse, the site served as host to a number of historical occurrences. Before the return of racing, Rockingham Park hosted the first aviation meet in northern New England in 1911, where Lieutenant Milling set a new altitude record of  in his biplane.

The track also served as the base for the 14th US Army Corps of Engineers during World War I. The racecourse served as a bivouac for soldiers prior to voyages to France.

The racetrack was idled again when on July 29, 1980 a fire destroyed the grandstand. The track remained closed until May 26, 1984.

Motor racing venue
The establishment has hosted motorized racing. On July 4, 1925, the track was used for a  race with an average speed of . Motorcycle races were also held. With the success of the events, a  board track was built, sanctioned by the AAA, the most recognized sanctioning body of the day. A mechanic was killed in practice for the  Autumn Classic car race, which was staged on October 31, 1925. On August 21, 1926, M. L. "Curly" Fredericks, on an Altoona, set the record for the fastest speed () that a motorcycle would attain on an oval board track. In 1928, the track held the final motorcycle national championships to be competed on a board track. With the rotten wood removed, the 1929 Labor Day and Columbus Day auto races held at the restored dirt track drew 45,000 and 52,000 spectators respectively.

References

Category:Salem, New Hampshire
Category:Sports venues in New Hampshire
Category:Buildings and structures in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Category:Tourist attractions in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Category:Defunct horse racing venues in New Hampshire
Category:Defunct horse racing venues in the United States