Our Mims

Our Mims (March 8, 1974 – December 9, 2003) was a champion Thoroughbred racing mare and broodmare, yet she came very close to dying abandoned in a field of cattle.

Background

Our Mims was foaled on March 8, 1974, at Calumet Farm in Lexington, Kentucky.  She was by Herbager out of Sweet Tooth (by On-and-On).  This made her a half sister to the brilliant colt Alydar, who gained fame for his rivalry with the 1978 Triple Crown winner, Affirmed.  Our Mims was named after Melinda Markey, the daughter of Rear Admiral Gene Markey, second husband of Calumet Farm owner Lucille Markey.

Alydar and Our Mims were both owned by Calumet and trained by John M. Veitch.

Racing career

Our Mims lost each of her seven starts as a two-year-old. When she was three, Veitch entered her in an allowance at Florida's Hialeah Park, which she won.  Then she won the Fantasy Stakes at Oaklawn Park, the Coaching Club American Oaks at Belmont Park (at which Melinda Bena [nee Markey] was present to accept the winner's trophy on behalf of Calumet Farm), the prestigious Alabama Stakes at the Saratoga Race Course, and the Delaware Handicap at Delaware Park.  Our Mims' performances earned her the Eclipse Award for the champion three-year-old filly. During this season, CBS sportscaster, Jimmy the Greek commented that "the only horse that could beat 1977 Kentucky Derby champion Seattle Slew was Calumet Farm's Our Mims."

At the end of her racing career of 18 starts, she had six wins, placed in six starts, and was third once.  She earned $368,034.

Broodmare
The foals of Our Mims did not do much on the track, but they were superior producers. Our Mims' first foal, Heavenly Blue by Raise a Native, produced Play On and On, who was the dam of several stakes winners, including Continuously, sent to England and then on to California to win a major race there.  Her third foal was Mimbet, the dam of the 1997 Breeders' Cup Sprint winner, Elmhurst.

Our Mims came up barren when she turned twenty-one.  Attempts to breed her for the next five years brought fruitless results.  The champion was left in a cattle field to fend for herself.  She ate whatever she could find in the field with no protection from the weather and no vet care.

Rescue
Our Mims was saved by a woman named Jeanne Mirabito, who found her and brought her food.  Two years later, after continued personal care of the mare, Mirabito convinced the owners to donate the ailing old horse to a local horse rescue, and Jeanne adopted Our Mims from that rescue. Our Mims lived in comfort until her death on December 9, 2003, at the age of twenty-nine. She is buried at Calumet's equine cemetery, the first horse buried in the cemetery who was not owned by the farm.

In tribute to the horse, Jeanne Mirabito created Our Mims Retirement Haven, a rescue farm specializing in the care of retired Thoroughbred broodmares, on her farm in Paris, KY. With the creed, "Specializing in restoring health and spirit in aged mares," OMRH's first mare was Our Mims' half-sister, Sugar and Spice. With the help of Cheryl Bellucci acting as the Haven's Director of Fund Raising and Promotion, the Haven achieved nonprofit status on March 8, 2007.

References

 Wild Ride, Anne Hagedorn Auerbach, New York, Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 1994
 Our Mims Tribute Web Site
 The Exceller Fund
 Links from the Exceller Fund to more organizations
 ReRun, ex-racehorse adoption

Category:1974 racehorse births
Category:2003 racehorse deaths
Category:Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Category:Racehorses trained in the United States
Category:Eclipse Award winners
Category:Cruelty to animals
Category:Thoroughbred family 9-c


Richard Scott (settler)

Richard Scott (1605–1679) was an early settler of Providence Plantations in what became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He married Katherine Marbury, the daughter of Reverend Francis Marbury and sister of Puritan dissident Anne Hutchinson. The couple emigrated from Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire, England with an infant child to the Massachusetts Bay Colony where he joined the Boston church in August 1634. By 1637, he was in Providence signing an agreement, and he and his wife both became Baptists for a time.  By the mid-1650s, the Quaker religion had taken hold on Rhode Island, and Scott became the first Quaker in Providence.

Life

Richard Scott was born 1607 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, the son of clothier Edward Scott of Glemsford. Records are lacking concerning his childhood, but he appears as a young man in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire where he was married on June 7, 1632 to Katherine Marbury, the daughter of Francis Marbury and a younger sister of Anne Hutchinson. The couple's first child was baptized in Berkhamsted in March 1634, and within months of this date the young family boarded a ship for New England. John Austin suggests that they sailed on the Griffin, but Robert Anderson rejects that hypothesis, stating that Scott was admitted to the Boston church on August 28, 1634 while the Griffin did not land until several weeks later.

About August 1637, Scott was in Providence Plantations where he and 12 others signed an agreement submitting themselves to the collective agreements made for the public good.  This document was signed by Providence inhabitants who arrived too late to be included in an earlier division of lands, and by those who were minors during the earlier division.

Scott was not closely associated with the Antinomian Controversy surrounding his sister-in-law Anne Hutchinson in 1637 and 1638, as were most of Hutchinson's other relatives. However, he was present at her church trial in Boston on March 15, 1637/8, and he did speak briefly in her defense. He experimented with non-Puritan religions, and his wife became a Baptist.  Massachusetts governor John Winthrop reacted to this when he wrote in 1639, "at Providence things grew still worse: for a sister of Mrs. Hutchinson, the wife of one Scott, being infected with Anabaptistry… was re-baptized by one Holyman." He went on to criticize the Baptists for denying infant baptism and having no magistrates.

Difficulties as Quakers

Scott evidently accumulated a significant amount of land in Providence, since he paid more than three pounds in tax which was one of the highest amounts in the colony. He appears on a 1655 list of freemen from Providence, and it is about this time that he and his wife became converts to the Quaker religion.  In September 1658, their future son-in-law Christopher Holder had his right ear cut off in Boston for his Quaker activism. Katherine Scott was present and protested that "it was evident they were going to act the works of darkness, or else they would have brought them forth publicly and have declared their offences that all may hear and fear."  She was committed to prison for saying this, and she was given "ten cruel stripes with a three fold corded knotted whip." Scotts' daughter Patience went to Boston in June 1659, aged about 11, to witness against persecutions of Quakers, and she was sent to prison.  A short time later, their daughter Mary went to visit Christopher Holder in prison, and was herself apprehended and put in prison and kept there for a month.

It appears that Katherine Scott drifted away from the Quaker religion by 1660, following a trip that she made to England.  In September of that year, Roger Williams wrote a letter to John Winthrop of Massachusetts Bay Colony in which he said, "Sir, my neighbor Mrs. Scott is come from England, and what the whip at Boston could not do, converse with friends in England, and their arguments, have in a great measure drawn her from the Quakers, and wholly from their meetings." Williams waged a pamphlet war in the 1670s with Quaker founder George Fox.  Williams did not agree with Quaker theology, and he published the pamphlet George Fox digged out of his Burrow in 1676, in response to which Fox published the pamphlet A New England Fire Brand Quenched in 1678.  Included in Fox's work was a letter from Scott which accused Williams of pride and folly, and charged him with "inconsistency in professing liberty of conscience, and yet persecuting those who did not join in his views."

Richard Scott was dead by July 1, 1679 when his land was taxed.  His wife died in Newport on May 2, 1687, said to be aged 70 per the Rhode Island Vital Record, but this cannot be correct because her father had died by February 1611, so she could not have been born after 1611; therefore, she was at least 75 years old when she died.

Family
Richard and Katharine Scott had seven known children. Mary married Quaker Christopher Holder and Hannah married colonial Rhode Island governor Walter Clarke, a son of earlier colonial president Jeremy Clarke and his wife Frances Latham.  Their grandson John Scott, Jr. married Elizabeth Wanton, who was a sister of colonial governors William Wanton and John Wanton.  Also, their grandson Sylvanus Scott, son of John, married Joanna Jenckes, the sister of colonial governor Joseph Jenckes.  Their descendant Sarah Scott married Stephen Hopkins, who was a governor and chief justice of the Rhode Island colony and a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Ancestry of Richard Scott and Katharine Marbury

The ancestry of Richard Scott was summarized by G. Andrews Moriarty in 1944, referencing earlier works.  The ancestry of his wife, Katharine Marbury, was well documented by John Denison Champlin, Jr. in 1914.

See also

Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

References

Bibliography

External links
A web biography of Richard Scott

Category:1605 births
Category:1679 deaths
Category:17th-century Quakers
Category:Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
Category:American Quakers
Category:Converts to Quakerism
Category:People of colonial Rhode Island
Category:People from Babergh
Category:People from Providence, Rhode Island


Thomas D. Carr

Thomas David Carr (born March 6, 1846 - March 24, 1870) was an American thief, arsonist, murderer and self-confessed serial killer. He was hanged in 1870 for murdering 13-year-old Louisa Fox in Kirkwood Township, Belmont County, Ohio, and shortly before his execution, he confessed to murdering 14 men, including to participating in a famous 1867 murder that occurred in West Virginia.

Biography

Upbringing and military service
Thomas David Carr was born on March 6, 1846, as the fourth son in a family of five boys and three girls. His father, William Carr, had been an abusive parent who treated him harshly throughout his childhood. Three years after his birth his family began moving frequently around West Virginia, living in Woods' Run, Fulton, Centre Wheeling and settling in North Wheeling. Thomas grew up as a troublesome child, who frequently fought with other kids in the street.

He formed bad associations, and when he began work, he did jobs for river men, brickyard hands and colliers. In 1854, he was sent to prison for unknown reasons. Carr claimed that he was intimate friends with a John H. Burns and his accomplice Oscar Myers, who had murdered a woman named Mary Montonie. Burns had been sentenced to death, while Myers to life imprisonment. While on a visit to the prison, Carr had slipped poison for Burns to kill himself with, but the man was "too cowardly to do it". Shortly after, his family moved again, this time to Belmont County in Ohio.

Soon after, the now 16-year-old Carr was enlisted with the 16th Ohio Infantry and served 3 months in West Virginia. Following this, he enlisted for 3 years in the 18th Ohio Infantry, and when that term expired, he enlisted to another division yet again. During his military career, Carr was frequently arrested due to misconduct, and twice sentenced to be shot for violating regulations. On one such occasion, he was forced to dig his own grave. Then-president Abraham Lincoln felt pity on the boy, and pardoned his sentence.

Murders
The first murder Carr confessed to took place near Virginia's Greenleaf Mountain. He had wandered away from his regiment so he could drink. While lying about in the woods, a citizen had tried to arrest him. As the man approached, Carr took out his gun and shot him in the left breast before fleeing. The next day the man died from his injuries.

Shortly after, while a prisoner in Columbia, South Carolina, Carr had learned that a man named Edward Berringer was attempting to join the Confederate States Army. Along with two comrades from the 14th Ohio Infantry, the trio strangled Berringer. After his release, he rejoined the 18th Ohio Infantry and was discharged to Mississippi, where he shot two rebel soldiers, one of them while on picket duty. When his time expired in the 18th Regulars, Carr turned towards the 4th Ohio Infantry, serving his duty without much trouble, except once, when he shot at an Annie Whalen in Clarksburg, a prostitute whom he had connections to. Enlisting afterwards in the 180th Ohio Infantry, Carr was serving in Belmont County when he was allegedly prevented from arresting a deserter by a Dr. L. Voorhees (Voorhees claimed this never happened).

While fighting in the Battle of Franklin, Carr claimed that he had killed and then robbed two men. Following this, he fought in the city of Wilmington, North Carolina at a place called Wise's Forks, where he crouched behind a pine log and killed an unaware rebel sergeant, who had just passed by. He pilfered the man's clothes afterwards. His next murder was that of a soldier of the 84th Ohio Infantry, whom Carr had been placed to guard, and then killed after the man had tried to escape. Carr also claimed that he was one of a gang of 11 men who raided a sutler's shop in Petersburg, Virginia, stamping the owner to death in the process.

While near Raleigh, North Carolina, a gang of 15 soldiers (including Carr) had learned that a Federal soldier had been hung by the Confederates in the cellar of the house of a prominent southener. When they arrived at the house, they found a rich planter's residence. Carr claimed that the soldiers searched all rooms of the residence, but found no men, only the women who were left by the rebels. Finally, the gang descended into the cellar, where they found a soldier hanging from the ceiling, clothed in "Union Blue". Enraged, the soldiers burned down the house, watching the women flee the burning residence. One of them, a beautiful 17-year-old girl, had her dress burning from the fire, but was extinguished by the men. However, they then gang raped and tortured the girl in a brutal way, leaving her for dead in a nearby orchard without any assistance. When he "learned" of the crime the following day, Carr said that "the men that done that ought to be hung."

After this, Carr was guarding a house in Raleigh when he shot a man who was trying to break inside. He had also thrown a colored waiter who refused to give him any food overboard while on a steamer travelling from Morehead City to Fort Monroe. While in Baltimore, Maryland, Carr attempted to ride on a street car without paying a fare. The conductor noticed this and, while trying to kick him off, had one of his ears nearly severed by the freeloader. The driver then tried to help his colleague, but was stabbed in the bowels by Carr and died soon after. The killer then mingled with the crowd and shaved his mustache afterwards, successfully escaping. In Newark, Ohio, after finishing a bottle of whisky, Carr threw it, hitting a random stranger who was standing on the platform, splitting the man's skull open. Just at that moment, a train full of soldiers was passing by and Carr jumped on, escaping justice once again.

Murder of Aloys Ulrich
After returning to Wheeling following his army service, Carr began working again, first for a man named James Sweeney in a brickyard, then for a James Bodley, whom he worked for until May 1867. One night, he escaped from work. Early the following morning, while strolling around town, Carr met a Swiss traveller by the name of Joseph Eisele (alias John Shaffer). The man had just arrived from Parkersburg on a steamboat named "Express", and had left his baggage on the boat. Eisele told Carr that he wanted him to help kill his companion, a fellow Swiss named Aloys Ulrich.

While the trio were travelling along the Hempfield Railroad, Eisele got behind Ulrich and struck with a hatchet (that same hatchet Eisele would later use for murdering another man in Parkersburg). Carr, who was afraid to be the next victim, struck Ulrich with a rock, and then Eisele finished him off with the hatchet. After killing him, the duo rummaged through his pockets, finding a lot of francs and some paper money.

They divided the money, with Carr getting the bigger share, and parted ways. Carr would later claim that he'd seen Eisele in Pemberton House, where he was having the time of his life. Following this murder, he felt very uneasy, even considering giving himself up, since Carr was afraid that after the coroner's inquest, Eisele would implicate him. However, that never happened, and he never saw Eisele again.

Following this, Carr considered peddling the money, but this murder began haunting him and so he decided to join the Methodist Episcopal Church, headed by Reverend Ball. For some time, he felt better, with people encouraging him. Despite this, Carr soon grew restless and began talking in his sleep due to fear of being found out. He decided to leave Wheeling, and to never return.

Murder of Louisa Fox
Carr soon moved back to Belmont County, where he was to be engaged to a 13-year-old girl named Louisa Catharine Fox in Sewellsville. He initially claimed to have her parents' consent, but they later had retracted it and refused to let the girl marry him. When Louisa told him that she had to break off the marriage, this infuriated Thomas, who then decided that he'd kill her. He stole a razor from the shoe shop of an Alexander Williams, and turned towards the house of a Mrs. Hunter, for whom Fox was working for as a servant girl. He lied to the girl that he had been to her parents' house and that they wanted her to visit them to their grandparents'.

He then asked Louisa one last time, and she rejected him yet again. Following this, Carr drank around four bottles of hard cider, which heavily intoxicated him. Learning that Fox was going to go to her grandparents', he got the stolen razor and went on to the road, deciding to wait by a large oak tree. He changed his mind and decided to get a gun and shoot Fox. He visited two separate houses to ask for one, but neither had a gun. After returning to the fields, Carr noticed some tracks, and immediately realised they were Louisa's.

He then ran up to the hill, and waited till he saw Louisa walking along the road with her little brother, Willie. Carr hid behind a fence, before Louisa herself noticed him and began talking to him. The pair conversed for a long while, both of them eventually breaking down into tears. Louisa kept telling him that they couldn't get married due to her parents' disapproval. Carr then told Willie to go down the road and that they would follow him soon after. After arguing for a bit, both began walking down the road, with Willie being about 10 yards ahead of them. By then, Carr had decided to kill her when they reached the ravine, continuing their talk in the meantime. He asked her if it was enough for a man to commit a crime, with her crying out that she wished for death due all the problems she was facing.

Upon hearing this, Carr grabbed her by the arm and began walking towards the ravine, asking her if she was ready to die. The girl pleaded for her life, but to no avail. When he reached a gutter, Carr pulled out the stolen razor and began slashing the right side of her neck, across the jugular vein, making a wound that was 10 inches long and 2 inches deep. Fox's las words were supposedly "Farewell, Tom! Oh! I didn't think you could serve me so." He then proceeded to make between 10 or 12 more cuts on her neck, one on the hand and a final on the breast. After letting some of her blood spill in the gutter, Carr raised the now-deceased Louisa and kissed her three times.

After leaving the body, Carr started going up the hill, considering cutting his throat near a white oak tree, but then deciding to go back in Sewellsville with a gun and kill Mrs. Hunter. He saw that he was being chased, due to the fact that Willie had informed his father of the deed. Carr began knocking on every door he came across, asking the owners politely if they had any guns so he could "kill a rabbit", before finally arriving at the house of a Mr. Young, whose wife finally gave Thomas a gun. After arming himself, cut through the woods and began walking on the same road on which he had followed Louisa, feeling weakened and walking slowly, as he had not eaten anything.

He then saw a group of people surrounding the murder site and looking for him. Carr noticed that a lot of people were coming in and out from the Fox residence, and decided to take a look. After passing by several of the posse, cocking his gun and preparing to shoot at any time, Carr got lucky and each of them passed by him. When he finally got to the kitchen window, he saw Louisa's body being dressed up by the doctors. He immediately felt that he should go kiss her and shake her hand, but had to wait as there were still people inside. Continuing to observe the people entering and leaving, he saw Louisa's body, remarking that she was "looking very pale; but [he] thought her's [sic] was the most beautiful corpse [he] ever saw." However, despite feeling utterly miserable, Carr decided to hide away in the nearby bank until the morning.

Arrest
Around dawn of the following day, Carr came out of the bank and returned to his hiding place, deciding to observe for a while. He contemplated going back to the house and seeing Louisa's body again, but was afraid that there would be too big of a crowd and that they would see him. So instead, he decided to get his handkerchief and tie up his gun, placing it on a rafter and putting the muzzle to his heart. He then arranged a string that, when pulled, would pull the gun toward him and kill him instantly.

He jerked his hand and the bullet was lodged into his breast, to the left of his heart. Carr fell on his back, and began checking if the bullet had come out of him or not, which it hadn't. After this, he got up and walked over to the spring 30-40 yards from there, and had a drink. Soon after, the heard somebody (the Foxes) screaming "Murder! Murder! Murder!", and immediately upon hearing this, Carr grabbed the stolen razor and began cutting his throat, before jabbing it straight into his windpipe, almost severing it completely. Due to how fast the blood was flowing out, he fainted. He survived, however, and was immediately taken to court.

Trial, sentence and death
In June 1869, Carr was tried and found guilty of murdering Louisa Fox, being sentenced to death for the crime. His lawyer lodged an appeal, and during this time, Carr tried to kill himself again by cutting one of his veins open.

On the day of his execution, Carr was ready to die. While waiting in his cell, he was visited by two girls who were enamored with him. He gave them a photograph and some silver rings, and asked them to remember him, which they promised would do. After being put on the scaffold, he began saying prayers and singing hymns, asking for God to receive him after he dies. He then made a long speech, telling his life story and how he was harshly disciplined as a child, and that the future generations should not be like him. He blamed most of his confessed murders on his heavy drinking, saying the following:

After finishing with a short prayer for the many crimes in his life, the trap door was opened. Carr's neck wasn't immediately broken, but he slowly strangled and soon died. After physicians pronounced him dead, his body was buried in the local pauper's lot in St. Clairsville. His execution was the first legal execution ever carried out in the county.

Legitimacy of confessions
Some people expressed doubts about Carr's confessions about other murders prior to his execution. He declined to indicate any dates, and some of his statements had even been disproven. For instance, he claimed that he had somehow shown the police where John H. Burns was hiding after killing Montonie, but this was false, as many of Burns' workmen testified that he hadn't hid at all, and was arrested while at work. And concerning the Ulrich murder, he claimed that he had mashed the man's head with a stone, while Justice Johnson noted that the skull wasn't broken, except for the part where Eisele had struck it with the hatchet.

See also
 List of serial killers in the United States

References

Bibliography
 Michael Newton: The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers, 2000

External links
 Murderpedia article

Category:1846 births
Category:1870 deaths
Category:Male serial killers
Category:American serial killers
Category:American murderers of children
Category:Executed American serial killers
Category:19th-century executions of American people
Category:People executed by Ohio by hanging
Category:People executed for murder
Category:American arsonists
Category:People from West Virginia
Category:1860s murders in the United States


Into the Mystic

"Into the Mystic" is a song written by Northern Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison and featured on his 1970 album Moondance.  It was also included on Morrison's 1974 live album, It's Too Late To Stop Now.

Recording and composition
"Into the Mystic" was recorded during the Moondance sessions at A&R Recording Studios in New York City in September to November 1969.  Elliott Scheiner was the engineer.

The lyrics are about a spiritual quest, typical of Morrison's work. "Bass thrums like a boat in motion, and the song comes back to water as a means of magical transformation." "At the very end Van sings: too late to stop now, suggesting that the song also describes an act of love."  (This phrase would become a key point of many live concerts.) Compared to "Yesterday" by The Beatles, it has been described as "another song where the music and the words seem to have been born together, at the same time, to make one perfectly formed, complete artistic element.“

Morrison remarked on the song and how its use of homophones lent it alternate meanings:

Reception
A Rolling Stone review by Greil Marcus and Lester Bangs described the song's importance on the album as: "'Into the Mystic' is the heart of Moondance;  the music unfolds with a classic sense of timing, guitar strums fading into watery notes on a piano, the bass counting off the pace. The lines of the song and Morrison's delivery of them are gorgeous: 'I want to rock your gypsy soul/Just like in the days of old/And magnificently we will fold/Into the mystic.' The Moondance Allmusic review described it as "a song of such elemental beauty and grace as to stand as arguably the quintessential Morrison moment."

Acclaim
"Into the Mystic" is No. 474 on the list of Rolling Stone magazine's 2010 feature, The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and was listed as No. 42 on The 885 Essential XPN Songs compiled in 2008 by WXPN from listener's votes.

According to a BBC survey, because of this song's cooling, soothing vibe, this is one of the most popular songs for surgeons to listen to while performing operations. Singer-songwriter Elvis Costello has identified this song as one of his favourite songs on Moondance, one of his 500 essential albums.

Alternate mix
On the original 1970 pressings of the Moondance LP, "Into the Mystic" is presented in a mix done on December 10, 1969, featuring a prominent tambourine throughout the song. Later LP pressings, and all CD reissues of the album prior to 2008, contain an alternate mix of the song done on January 5, 1970, lacking the tambourine and with a more muted foghorn sound. The original tambourine mix of the song made its CD debut in a 2008 Japanese Moondance remaster, and was also restored for a vinyl reissue of the album on Rhino Records later that year. The 2013 remaster of the Moondance album also features the tambourine mix.

Other releases
A live version was included on the 1974 double live album It's Too Late to Stop Now,  with the same live version included on the 2007 compilation album, Van Morrison at the Movies - Soundtrack Hits.  An instrumental version of the song is played in a medley with "Inarticulate Speech of the Heart" on the 1984 live album Live at the Grand Opera House Belfast. The original version is one of the songs included in the 2007 compilation album, Still on Top - The Greatest Hits (UK edition only).

In the media
"Into the Mystic" has featured in several movies beginning in 1971 with Sweets McGee and two movies in 1989: Dream a Little Dream and Immediate Family. It was one of the songs played in the 1998 movie Patch Adams and again in the 1999 movie Kate's Addiction.  It was played as Jim and Michelle's first dance as a married couple in the 2003 movie American Wedding, along with a cover version of the song by The Wallflowers. The song can also be heard on the soundtrack of the HBO television show The Newsroom in the 2013 Season 2 premiere.

Covers
"Into the Mystic" has been a popularly performed cover song over the years and has been recorded by many well-known musicians. Some of the artists performing it are Paul Carrack, Joe Cocker, Glen Hansard & Markéta Irglová (The Swell Season) on the Once (Collector's Edition of Original Soundtrack), The Dead,  Jackson Hawke,  Colin James, Ben E. King, Michael McDonald,  The Allman Brothers Band, Zac Brown Band, Marc Cohn, Paco Estrada, The Wallflowers, and Jason Isbell.  The Mike McClure Band covers the song on their 2005 album, Camelot Falling. Johnny Rivers  covered the song on his album Slim Slo Slider. And Esther Phillips from her 1977 album "You've Come A Long Way, Baby"

Personnel
Van Morrison - vocals, guitar, tambourine
John Klingberg - bass guitar
Jeff Labes - piano
Gary Mallaber - drums
John Platania - guitar
Jack Schroer - alto saxophone
Collin Tilton - tenor saxophone

Notes

References
Heylin, Clinton (2003). Can You Feel the Silence? Van Morrison: A New Biography,  Chicago Review Press
Hinton, Brian (1997). Celtic Crossroads: The Art of Van Morrison,  Sanctuary,

External links
 [ Allmusic Review]

Category:Van Morrison songs
Category:1970 songs
Category:Songs written by Van Morrison


Friendship, Cherokee County, North Carolina

Friendship is an unincorporated community in Cherokee County, North Carolina.

History
A former variant name was "Suit". The local Suit family were the namesakes. A post office called Suit was established in 1886, and remained in operation until 1955.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Cherokee County, North Carolina
Category:Unincorporated communities in North Carolina


Structural gene

A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor (i.e. regulatory protein). A term derived from the lac operon, structural genes are typically viewed as those containing sequences of DNA corresponding to the amino acids of a protein that will be produced, as long as said protein does not function to regulate gene expression. Structural gene products include enzymes and structural proteins. Also encoded by structural genes are non-coding RNAs, such as rRNAs and tRNAs (but excluding any regulatory miRNAs and siRNAs).

Placement in the genome
In prokaryotes, structural genes of related function are typically adjacent to one another on a single strand of DNA, forming an operon. This permits simpler regulation of gene expression, as a single regulatory factor can affect transcription of all associated genes. This is best illustrated by the well-studied lac operon, in which three structural genes (lacZ, lacY, and lacA) are all regulated by a single promoter and a single operator. Prokaryotic structural genes are transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA and subsequently translated.

In eukaryotes, structural genes are not sequentially placed. Each gene is instead composed of coding exons and interspersed non-coding introns. Regulatory sequences are typically found in non-coding regions upstream and downstream from the gene. Structural gene mRNAs must be spliced prior to translation to remove intronic sequences. This in turn lends itself to the eukaryotic phenomenon of alternative splicing, in which a single mRNA from a single structural gene can produce several different proteins based on which exons are included. Despite the complexity of this process, it is estimated that up to 94% of human genes are spliced in some way. Furthermore, different splicing patterns occur in difference tissue types.

An exception to this layout in eukaryotes are genes for histone proteins, which lack introns entirely. Also distinct are the rDNA clusters of structural genes, in which 28S, 5.8S, and 18S sequences are adjacent, separated by short internally transcribed spacers, and likewise the 45S rDNA occurs five distinct places on the genome, but is clustered into adjacent repeats. In eubacteria these genes are organized into operons. However, in archaebacteria these genes are non-adjacent and exhibit no linkage.

Role in human disease
The identification of the genetic basis for the causative agent of a disease can be an important component of understanding its effects and spread. Location and content of structural genes can elucidate the evolution of virulence, as well as provide necessary information for treatment. Likewise understanding the specific changes in structural gene sequences underlying a gain or loss of virulence aids in understanding the mechanism by which diseases affect their hosts.

For example, Yersinia pestis (the bubonic plague) was found to carry several virulence and inflammation-related structural genes on plasmids. Likewise, the structural gene responsible for tetanus was determined to be carried on a plasmid as well. Diphtheria is caused by a bacterium, but only after that bacterium has been infected by a bacteriophage carrying the structural genes for the toxin.

In Herpes simplex virus, the structural gene sequence responsible for virulence was found in two locations in the genome despite only one location actually producing the viral gene product. This was hypothesized to serve as a potential mechanism for strains to regain virulence if lost through mutation.

Understanding the specific changes in structural genes underlying a gain or loss of virulence is a necessary step in the formation of specific treatments, as well the study of possible medicinal uses of toxins.

Phylogenetics
As far back as 1974, DNA sequence similarity was recognized as a valuable tool for determining relationships among taxa. Structural genes in general are more highly conserved due to functional constraint, and so can prove useful in examinations of more disparate taxa. Original analyses enriched samples for structural genes via hybridization to mRNA.

More recent phylogenetic approaches focused on structural genes of known function, conserved to varying degrees. rRNA sequences frequent targets, as they are conserved in all species. Microbiology has specifically targeted the 16S gene to determine species level differences. In higher-order taxa, COI is now considered the “barcode of life,” and is applied for most biological identification.

Debate
Despite the widespread classification of genes as either structural or regulatory, these categories are not an absolute division. Recent genetic discoveries call into question the distinction between regulatory and structural genes.

The distinction between regulatory and structural genes can be attributed to the original 1959 work on Lac operon protein expression. In this instance, a single regulatory protein was detected that affected the transcription of the other proteins now known to compose the Lac operon. From this point forward, the two types of coding sequences were separated.

However, increasing discoveries of gene regulation suggest greater complexity. Structural gene expression is regulated by numerous factors including epigenetics (e.g. methylation), RNAi, and more. Regulatory and structural genes can be epigenetically regulated identically, so not all regulation is coded for by “regulatory genes”.

There are also examples of proteins that do not decidedly fit either category, such as chaperone proteins. These proteins aid in the folding of other proteins, a seemingly regulatory role. Yet these same proteins also aid in the movement of their chaperoned proteins across membranes, and have now been implicated in immune responses (see Hsp60)  and in the apoptotic pathway (see Hsp70).

More recently, microRNAs were found to be produced from the internal transcribed spacers of rRNA genes. Thus an internal component of a structural gene is, in fact, regulatory. Binding sites for microRNAs were also detected within coding sequences of genes. Typically interfering RNAs target the 3’UTR, but inclusion of binding sites within the sequence of the protein itself allows the transcripts of these proteins to effectively regulate the microRNAs within the cell. This interaction was demonstrated to have an effect on expression, and thus again a structural gene contains a regulatory component.

References

External links
 Model of Lac Operon
 The SGC protein browser
 SILVA database of aligned rRNA sequence data
 Barcode of Life database of COI barcoded species

Category:Genes
Category:Gene expression


Karl Heun

Karl Heun (; born 3 April 1859, Wiesbaden; died 10 January 1929, Karlsruhe) was a German mathematician who introduced Heun's equation, Heun functions, and Heun's method.

Karl Heun studied mathematics and philosophy in Göttingen (and briefly in Halle). In 1881 with the dissertation Die Kugelfunktionen und Laméschen Funktionen als Determinanten he received his doctorate under Schering at the University of Göttingen. He then worked as a teacher at an agricultural college in Wehlau, until in 1883 he emigrated to England where he taught until 1885 in Uppingham.

He completed his studies in London and received his Habilitierung qualification in June 1886 in Munich with the thesis Über lineare Differentialgleichungen zweiter Ordnung, deren Lösungen durch den Kettenbruchalgorithmus verknüpft sind. From 1886 to 1889 he taught at the University of Munich, but because of financial circumstances from 1890 to 1902 he had to work as a teacher in Berlin.

In 1900 Karl Heun received the title of Professor and then in 1902 he obtained the professorial chair of theoretical mechanics at the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe, where he worked until he retired with a pension in 1922.

References

External links

Category:19th-century German mathematicians
Category:20th-century German mathematicians
Category:1859 births
Category:1929 deaths


130–30 fund

A 130–30 fund or a ratio up to 150/50 is a type of collective investment vehicle, often a type of specialty mutual fund, but which allows the fund manager simultaneously to hold both long and short positions on different equities in the fund. Traditionally, mutual funds were long-only investments.  130–30 funds are a fast-growing segment of the financial industry; they should be available both as traditional mutual funds, and as exchange-traded funds (ETFs).  While this type of investment has existed for a while in the hedge fund industry, its availability for retail investors is relatively new.

A 130–30 fund is considered a long-short equity fund, meaning it goes both long and short at the same time. The "130" portion stands for 130% exposure to its long portfolio and the "30" portion stands for 30% exposure to its short portfolio.  The structure usually ranges from 120–20 up to 150–50 with 130–30 being the most popular and is limited to 150/50 because of Reg T limiting the short side to 50%.

The Mathematics of 130–30
The 130–30 funds also known as 1X0/X0 funds give ordinary investors a taste of an investing strategy that has been popular among hedge funds, lightly regulated investment pools for institutions and high-net-worth individuals. Like other "long-short" mutual funds, the 130–30 funds have traditional "long" holdings of stocks but also sell other stocks "short" in a bet that prices will fall. In a short sale, investors sell borrowed shares with the hope of repurchasing them later at a lower price.

The 130–30 funds work by investing, say, $100 in a basket of stocks. They then short $30 in stocks that they believe to be overvalued. Proceeds from that short sale are then used to purchase an additional $30 in stocks thought to be undervalued. The name reflects the fact that the manager ends up with $130 invested in traditional long positions and $30 invested short.  A common strategy is to use a traditional index, such as the S&P 500 or NASDAQ-100, and then rate the stocks comprising that index by a proprietary method; the top stocks would be held long, the bottom stocks short.

What are 130–30 active-extension funds?

130–30 strategies share three investment techniques with hedge funds; they are allowed to use short selling, they are leveraged vehicles and they typically have a performance-linked compensation. There are also vast differences, firstly they do not seek absolute returns regardless of the performance of the market. Instead 130–30 strategies aim at outperforming an index or another benchmark just like a traditional investment fund. Johnson et al. (2007) argue that despite the similarities to hedge funds, a 130–30 strategy is more like a long-only strategy because it is managed to a
benchmark and has a 100 percent exposure to the market. Therefore, a 130–30 strategy’s performance should be evaluated similar to a long-only strategy and compared with its benchmark. Market exposure is also called beta, and 100 percent exposure equals a beta of one. For this reason both long-only and 130–30 are often referred to as beta-one strategies. In contrast, hedge funds with a market-neutral long-short strategy, by definition, have a beta of zero. Secondly, 130–30 funds are typically regulated under the jurisdiction of traditional investment funds, and for this reason they are allowed to market themselves to the general public. This, in combination with the fact that the risk and
return profile of 130–30 structures is similar to the long-only framework, makes them suitable to attract long-only money.

The primary purpose of the 130–30 funds is to tap into the large pool of assets allocated to long-only managers, while the primary rationale of the strategy is to attempt to construct more efficient portfolios by allowing limited short selling. The world’s 500 largest long-only fund managers have a total of assets under management of $63.7 trillion. In comparison global hedge fund assets are estimated to $2.48 trillion, or 3.9 percent of that. It is obvious that the long-only funds manage a large chunk of money that everyone is interested in. The global assets of 130–30 funds are in perspective very small, approximately $53.3 billion. Nevertheless, the fund segment is growing rapidly; assets increased with 78.5 percent over the first nine months of 2007. The fee structure of 130–30 funds is, as mentioned above, closer related to that of hedge funds than that of long-only funds. In general, the performance fee is on average very similar to the hedge fund average, while the management fee is typically lower, and in-between long-only and hedge funds.

Comparison with other investment vehicles

The trade-off between long-only, 130–30 and market neutral long-short funds depends on two factors: 1) If one has a neutral or negative market view and does not want any beta exposure, then one should invest into a market neutral long-short hedge fund. However, if one has a positive market view and wants beta exposure, then one should invest into either a long-only or 130–30 strategy. 2) If one believes that the fund manager can generate alpha from the short leg, then it is better to invest into a 130–30 strategy rather than a long-only strategy. However, if one believes, that the manager cannot generate alpha from short selling or that the higher gross exposure of a 130–30 fund is unbearable, then one should invest into a long-only strategy.

The greater part of hedge funds describe themselves as market neutral long-short equity strategies. The purpose of all market neutral long-short funds is to run an absolute-return strategy. Consequently, the aim of the investment strategy is to produce profits regardless of market direction. Many hedge funds and market neutral long-short funds were started following the last bear market from 2000 to 2002, endorsed by a prolonged bear market that sparked interest in absolute returns and the separation of alpha and beta management. The worldwide growth in hedge funds was driven by three factors: the equity bear market; investor interest in absolute returns due to heavy losses and the flow of top talent into those hedge funds notching up absolute returns. Typically, market neutral long-short funds will have a beta exposure between 30 percent net long
to 10 percent net short. Since market neutral long-short returns often move in a different direction from the overall market, it can help investors to diversify their portfolios. In neutral or bear market scenarios, the advantages of market neutral long-short are prevailing. In bull markets, market neutral long-short strategies tend not to be able to generate better returns than other investment strategies. In comparison, it would be advantageous to invest into a 130–30 fund in a strong bull market. The main obvious similarity between these strategies and 130–30 is that both strategies
have both long and short positions. Market neutral hedge funds typically charge a performance fee, inline with most 130–30 funds. On the other hand they are not managed to an index, but instead use the risk-free interest rate as their benchmark.

The holy grail of alpha hunting and absolute returns is a zero-sum game, producing winners and losers. A fact that often seems to be overlooked is that performance fees, besides aligning the interest of fund managers with investors, also attain top talent. Since alpha is difficult to extract, the single most important factor of active management is the talent of the fund manager. According to a hedge fund survey in 2005, the three key risks for the fund segment is overcrowding, poor returns and mis-pricing. In effect, the argument is that due to overcrowding the alpha available for capture by hedge funds has to
spread over more funds, resulting in lower returns. Furthermore, the study concluded that two in three pension funds believe that worldwide overcapacity will drive down the returns. One should underline that these risks are also noteworthy for 130–30 strategies. As an asset class hedge funds have recorded an annual return of 10.7 percent since 1994, according to CSFB/Tremont, which tracks about 400 hedge funds. That is marginally ahead of Standard & Poor’s 500 annual gains over the period of 10.4 percent. In this perspective, beta seems to offer rather attractive risk-adjusted returns over time. Conclusively, one could argue that it might be desirable to invest in a strategy that can offer both beta and the potential upsides of long-short strategies in terms of alpha generation. Nevertheless, 130–30 is first and foremost not competing with market neutral long-short funds as an investment vehicle. Instead, they should be viewed as an alternative to long-only funds, where managers can use short selling as a possible additional source of alpha.

ETF Available for 130/30 Strategy
Credit Suisse developed 130/30 index. In partnership with Professor Andrew Lo of MIT, Philip Vasan formerly of Credit Suisse and now BlackRock and Pankaj Patel formerly of Credit Suisse and now Cirrus Research  launched the first passive and investible 130/30 Equity index to compare performance of 130–30 fund. They also created first and only one 130/30 ETF in partnership with Proshares.

ProShares Large Cap Core Plus that track the performance of the Credit Suisse 130/30 Large Cap Index (CSM).

The performance of the index matches their study published in "The Journal of Portfolio Management.

They have applied for patent for the 130/30 index.

They received Jacobs Levy Award: The Tenth Annual Bernstein Fabozzi / Jacobs Levy Award Awards of Excellence for Outstanding Article 130/30: The New Long-Only , Appearing in The Journal of Portfolio Management, Winter 20008.

References

Category:Mutual funds


Manhunt International Philippines

Manhunt International Philippines is a beauty pageant in the Philippines open to male contestants.

Winners

Color key
  Declared as Manhunt International
  Ended as runner-up in Manhunt International
  Ended as one of the Top 10 Finalists in Manhunt International
  Ended as one of the Top 16 Semifinalists in Manhunt International

References

Manhunt International

See also
Mister World Philippines
Mister International Philippines
Philippines at major beauty pageants

External links
 Official Website
 Pageantopolis' Manhunt International page

Category:Recurring events established in 1993


USS Sanborn (APA-193)

USS Sanborn (APA-193) was a Haskell-class attack transport acquired by the U.S. Navy during World War II for the task of transporting troops to and from combat areas.

World War II service

Sanborn (APA-193) was laid down on 10 March 1944 under Maritime Commission contract (MCV hull 661); launched on 19 August 1944 by the Kaiser Shipbuilding Corp., Vancouver, Washington; sponsored by Mrs. Eric Johnson; acquired by the Navy and commissioned on 3 October 1944, Comdr. Sidney Hugenin, USNR, in command.

After embarking her landing craft at San Francisco, California, conducting shakedown training at San Pedro, California, and amphibious training at San Diego, California, Sanborn left for Pacific Ocean duty, arriving at Honolulu on 16 December 1944. Exchanging her construction battalion passengers for Army troops and Marines, she joined the Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet, under Vice Adm. Richmond K. Turner.

Landing on Iwo Jima

Sailing via Eniwetok, Marshall Islands, Sanborn arrived at Saipan on 11 February 1945 to participate in preinvasion rehearsals for the forthcoming assault on Iwo Jima. On 18 February, the landing boats of Sanborn lowered their ramps on Blue Beach, Iwo Jima. Ten boats were lost, one by enemy fire and nine broached in the treacherous surf. Her beach party also suffered from enemy action; all of the party's officers were lost. Boatswain's Mate 1st Class William D. Maroney took charge and was later awarded the Silver Star for his "extraordinary leadership and gallantry" in carrying out his duties under Japanese fire from 19 to 27 February 1945.

Okinawa operations

Carrying 232 casualties, Sanborn sailed for the Marianas on 28 February. There, she transferred the wounded to shore-based hospitals, then prepared for Operation Iceberg, the invasion of the Ryukyus. In late March, Sanborn sailed west for Okinawa with the largest amphibious task force of the Pacific campaign. After participating in a feint attack, Sanborn served as part of the floating reserve until 11 April, when she returned to Saipan.

End-of-war operations

She then sailed to Tulagi, Solomon Islands, and Noumea, New Caledonia, to embark new landing craft, and returned to Saipan. She next headed for San Francisco to embark troops of the U.S. 86th Infantry Division, transporting them to Batangas, Luzon, via Eniwetok and Ulithi. With hostilities ended, Sanborn's mission was now transportation of occupation troops to Japan, and participation in Operation Magic Carpet bringing troops home from the Pacific and Alaska. Sanborn was then decommissioned and, on 14 August 1946, placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, berthed at Stockton, California.

Korean War service

Recommissioned at San Diego on 6 January 1951, Sanborn conducted shakedown training off southern California before transiting the Panama Canal and joining the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet, at Norfolk, Virginia. She conducted numerous landing exercises at Vieques, Puerto Rico, and Onslow Beach, North Carolina, for the next three years. In May 1953, Sanborn joined the Service Force, Atlantic Fleet, and transported construction battalions between Davisville, Rhode Island, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and Casablanca, French Morocco. After July 1954, she once more participated in landing exercises along the U.S. East Coast and in the Caribbean.

Sixth Fleet service in the Mediterranean

On 7 January 1955, Sanborn departed Norfolk bound for the Mediterranean to serve with the amphibious force of the U.S. 6th Fleet. During the next five months, she showed the flag in ports in Italy, Greece, Turkey, Crete, Sardinia, France, and Spain. Between these visits, Sanborn participated in landing exercises to maintain both the ship's company and embarked U.S. Marines in combat readiness.

Stars in Hollywood movie as “USS Belinda”

After her return to Norfolk, she continued to conduct amphibious training; this routine was interrupted, however, when Sanborn starred as "USS Belinda (APA-22)" in the movie Away All Boats produced by Universal International Pictures.

Final decommissioning

Sanborn was decommissioned and placed in reserve for the last time and berthed at Orange, Texas. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 1 July 1960 and was scrapped in 1971.

Military awards and honors

Sanborn earned two battle stars for her service at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.

Notable USS Sanborn Crew Members
Eugene Curnow
Byron Alfred Dary
 Ernest Bocolo
 Billy C. Jones
 Lloyd Kiva New

See also

 List of United States Navy ships
 World War II

References

External links
 USS Sanborn
 NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive - APA-193 Sanborn

Category:Haskell-class attack transports
Category:World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Category:Korean War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Category:Troop ships
Category:Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
Category:1944 ships


Abderus

In Greek mythology, Abderus or Abderos (Ancient Greek: Ἄβδηρος) was a divine hero, reputed by some to be one of Heracles' lovers (eromenoi), and reputedly a son of Hermes by some accounts, and eponym of Abdera, Thrace.

Family
The paternity of Abderus differs according to the sources. Some say he was the son of the god Hermes and a native of Opus in Locris. But according to other writers, he was the son of Thromius the Locrian. Photius writes that he was brother of Patroclus. Pindar makes Abderus a son of Poseidon and Thronia.

Mythology
Abderus was mostly known for his tragic role in Heracles' Eighth Labor. Along with others, he helped Heracles capture the four savage mares of Diomedes the king of the Thracian Bistones. Heracles overpowered the grooms and drove the Mares of Diomedes into the sea and left them in the care of Abderus. However, while Heracles was away, the horses devoured Abderus. In revenge, Heracles fed Diomedes alive to his own mares. Heracles founded the city of Abdera near Abderus's tomb, where agones (Greek: ), athletic games consisting of boxing, pancratium and wrestling were held in his honor (but chariot races were banned in respect of how he died).

In some very different traditions, instead of helping Heracles with his Eighth Labor, Abderus (or Abdertis) was a servant of Diomedes, and was killed by Heracles together with his master and his four men-devouring horses.

Notes

References
Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Philostratus, Heroica, translation by Jennifer K. Berenson Maclean and Ellen Bradshaw Aitken, Flavius Philostratus: On Heroes, WGRW 3 (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002), XX. Harvard University's Center for Hellenic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Philostratus the Elder. Imagines, translated by Arthur Fairbanks (1864-1944). Loeb Classical Library Volume 256. London: William Heinemann, 1931. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Abde'rus"
Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
On the agones: Philostratus II 25.

Category:Offspring of Hermes
Category:Greek mythology of Thrace
Category:Greek mythological heroes
Category:Pederastic heroes and deities
Category:Male lovers of Heracles
Category:Mythology of Heracles
Category:Characters in Greek mythology


South Western Asmara Administration

South Western Asmara Administration is an administration in Asmara, Eritrea.

References
Administrations of Asmara

Category:Central Region (Eritrea)
Category:Subregions of Eritrea


Laconophilia

Laconophilia (also known as Laconism) is love or admiration of Sparta and of the Spartan culture or constitution. The term derives from Laconia, the part of the Peloponnesus where the Spartans lived.

Admirers of the Spartans typically praise their valour and success in war, their "laconic" austerity and self-restraint, their aristocratic and virtuous ways, the stable order of their political life, and their constitution, with its tripartite mixed government. Ancient Laconophilia started to appear as early as the 5th century BC, and even contributed a new verb to  (literally: to act like a Laconian). Praise of the Spartan city-state persisted within classical literature ever afterward, and surfaced again during the Renaissance.

Ancient Laconophilia

Athens
In ancient Athens, Laconism began as a current of thought and feeling after the Persian Wars. Some, like Cimon, son of Miltiades, believed that Athens should ally with Sparta against the Persian Empire. Cimon persuaded the Athenians to send soldiers to aid Sparta, when the helots (serfs of the Spartans) revolted and fortified Mount Ithome. The Spartans sent the Athenians home again with thanks, lest democratic Athenian ideas influence the helots or the perioeci.

Some Athenians, especially those who disliked commerce, preferred a closed society and the rule of the few. They believed that the Spartan constitution was superior to their own. Some even went so far as to imitate Spartan manners by going around Athens long-haired and unwashed, like the Spartiates. Plato's Republic, which is set in the 5th century BC, gives credence to this claim by having Socrates opine that the Spartan or Cretan type of political regime is the favorite of "the many".

A group of extreme Laconising oligarchs, known as the Thirty Tyrants, seized power in Athens in 404 BC and held it for eleven months, assisted by a Spartan army. Their rule, however, was quickly overthrown, and democracy was reinstated.

In 371 BC, the Spartans were defeated in the Battle of Leuctra. As a result of that defeat, Sparta's allies revolted and the helots of Messenia were freed. Afterward, the Spartan economy became less able to support professional soldiers, and inequalities between supposedly equal citizens increased. As a result, the reputation of Sparta, either as a military success or as a guide in domestic affairs, diminished substantially.

Philosophers

Laconophiles nevertheless remained among the philosophers. Some of the young men who followed Socrates had been Laconophiles. Socrates himself is portrayed as praising the laws of Sparta and Crete.   Critias, a companion of Socrates, helped bring about the oligarchic rule of the Thirty Tyrants, who were supported by Sparta.   Xenophon, another disciple of Socrates, fought for the Spartans against Athens. Plato also, in his writings, seems to prefer a Spartan-type regime over a democratic one.  Aristotle regarded the kind of laws adopted by Crete and Sparta as especially apt to produce virtuous and law-abiding citizens, although he also criticises the Cretans and Spartans themselves as incompetent and corrupt, and built on a culture of war.

Greek philosophy, therefore, inherited a tradition of praising Spartan law. This was only reinforced when Agis IV and Cleomenes III attempted to "restore the ancestral constitution" at Sparta, which no man then living had experienced. This attempt ended with the collapse of the institutions of Lycurgus, and one Nabis established a tyranny in Laconia.

In later centuries, Greek philosophers, especially Platonists, often described Sparta as an ideal state, strong, brave, and free from the corruptions of commerce and money. These descriptions, of which Plutarch's is the most complete, vary in many details. Many scholars have attempted to reconstruct which parts of these utopias the classical Spartans actually practised, which parts Cleomenes, and which later classical authors invented.

It became fashionable for the Romans to visit Lacedaemon and see the rites of Artemis Orthia, as a sort of tourist attraction – the nearest Greece had to offer to gladiatorial games.

Contrary views
Even in ancient cultures, Laconophilia was a tendency, not an absolute. None of the contemporaries of the Lycurgan Constitution praised Sparta without reservations, except the Spartans themselves.

Herodotus of Dorian Halicarnassus, consistently portrays the Spartans, except when actually facing battle, as rustic, hesitant, uncooperative, corrupt, and naïve. Plato had Socrates argue that a state which really followed the simple life would not need a warrior class; one which was luxurious and aggressive would need a group of philosophers, like Plato himself, to guide and deceive the guardians. Even Xenophon's encomium of the Constitution of the Lacedaemonians is not unalloyed praise.

Aristotle criticises the Spartans in his Politics: the helots keep rebelling; the Spartan women are luxurious; the magistrates (and especially the ephors) are irresponsible; reaching decisions by the loudest yell in the apella is silly; the wealth of the citizens is unequal (so that too many are losing the resources necessary to be a citizen and a hoplite); and the Spartiates let each other evade taxes, so the city is poor and the individual citizens are greedy. Above all, the Spartans know no other arts than war, so in peace they are incompetent and corrupt. The Cretan institutions, he says, are even worse.

Even after the collapse, and idealisation, of Sparta, Polybius wrote, "My object, then, in this digression is to make it manifest by actual facts that, for guarding their own country with absolute safety, and for preserving their own freedom, the legislation of Lycurgus was entirely sufficient; and for those who are content with these objects we must concede that there neither exists nor ever has existed a constitution and civil order preferable to that of Sparta."

Modern Laconophilia
Admiration of Sparta continued in the Renaissance. Niccolò Machiavelli agreed that  Sparta was noteworthy for its long and static existence, but nevertheless asserted that, for virtù and glory, Rome was much preferable (Discourses). The Elizabethan English constitutionalist John Aylmer compared the mixed government of Tudor England with the Spartan republic, stating that "Lacedaemonia [meaning Sparta], [was] the noblest and best city governed that ever was". He commended it as a model for England. The Swiss-French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau contrasted Sparta favourably with Athens in his Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, arguing that its austere constitution was preferable to the more cultured nature of Athenian life.  Samuel Adams expressed a disappointment that the American republic was failing to meet his ideal of a "Christian Sparta".

Alexander Hamilton mocked the Laconophilia of his era as unrealistic:We may preach till we are tired of the theme, the necessity of disinterestedness in republics, without making a single proselyte. The virtuous declaimer will neither persuade himself nor any other person to be content with a double mess of porridge, instead of a reasonable stipend for his services. We might as soon reconcile ourselves to the Spartan community of goods and wives, to their iron coin, their long beards, or their Black soup. There is a total dissimulation in the circumstances, as well as the manners, of society among us; and it is as ridiculous to seek for models in the simple ages of Greece and Rome, as it would be to go in quest of them among the Hottentots and Laplanders.

Laconophilia increased in importance during the nineteenth century. The development of the English Public Schools was influenced by the schooling of Spartan children, as were Ivy League American universities. Sparta was also used as a model of social purity by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. Slavoj Žižek stated that "all modern egalitarian radicals, from Rousseau to the Jacobins…imagined the republican France as a new Sparta".

Early Zionism

Early Zionists, and particularly the founders of Kibbutz movement in Israel, had been influenced by Spartan ideals, and drew on the Spartan model in particular when disparaging the materialistic values they associated with the diaspora communities they had left. Tabenkin, for example,  a founding father of the Kibbutz and the Palmach, was greatly influenced by ancient Sparta. He prescribed that "fighters' education should begin from the nursery", that children should from kindergarten age be taken to "spend nights in the mountains and valleys", taught to fight, and educated for war.

Racial Laconophilia

Karl Müller

A new element was introduced into Laconophilia by Karl Otfried Müller, who linked Spartan ideals to the supposed racial superiority of the Dorians, the ethnic sub-group of the Greeks to which the Spartans belonged. While the Greek Laconophiles like Plutarch had praised the Spartans, they did not extend this admiration to the Dorians as a whole. Plutarch argued that the founder of their constitution, Lycurgus, had inherited corrupt Dorian institutions. Argos, the traditional enemy of Sparta, was also a Dorian state; so were Corinth, Rhodes, and Syracuse, three of the most commercial states in Greece.

In 1824, however, Müller wrote Die Dorier, a history of the Dorian "race". It has been described as a "thousand-page fantasia", which portrays the Dorians as a heroic and noble race who expanded into Greece from the north. He used the new disciplines of comparative linguistics and source-criticism to argue that the Dorians represented a distinct ethno-linguistic group whose original culture could be isolated from later influences. He linked the origin of the Dorians to the mythic Myrmidons of the Trojan war, and their leader Achilles.

Nazi Laconophilia
Müller's emphasis on the northern origins and racial qualities of the Spartans later fed into the development of Nordicism, the theory of the superiority of a North European Aryan master race. Later German writers regularly portrayed the Spartans as a model for the modern Prussian state, which also emphasised military self-discipline. It was a short step from this to argue that the Prussians and the Spartans were originally of the same race. Frank H. Hankins summarises views of the American Nordicist Madison Grant, writing in 1916:

Sparta is pictured as particularly Nordic on account of the purity of its Dorian stock, while Athens is more of a mixture. Sparta thus exhibited the military efficiency, the thorough organization and the patriotic sacrifice of the individual to the state characteristic of Nordics everywhere and exemplified in modern Prussia, while Athens exhibited the intellectual brilliancy, the instability, the extreme individualism, the tendency to treason and conspiracy so characteristic of populations having a large Mediterranean element.

These arguments were repeated by Nazi race theorists such as Hans F. K. Günther and Alfred Rosenberg. Adolf Hitler particularly praised the Spartans, recommending in 1928 that Germany should imitate them by limiting "the number allowed to live". He added that "The Spartans were once capable of such a wise measure... The subjugation of 350,000 Helots by 6,000 Spartans was only possible because of the racial superiority of the Spartans." The Spartans had created "the first racialist state."

Following the invasion of the USSR, Hitler insisted that the Slavs should be treated like the helots under the Spartans: "They [the Spartans] came as conquerors, and they took everything", and so should the Germans. A Nazi officer specified that "the Germans would have to assume the position of the Spartiates, while... the Russians were the Helots."

Contemporary Laconophilia

Modern Laconophilia has been present in popular culture, particularly with reference to the Battle of Thermopylae, as portrayed in films such as The 300 Spartans. It is also evident in the graphic novel 300 and the film derived from it.

In the modern world, the adjective "spartan" is used to imply simplicity, frugality, or avoidance of luxury and comfort. Because of their reputation for physical prowess, the name "Spartans" has been adopted by teams in several sports. Michigan State University adopted "Spartans" as their collegiate team identity in 1925. In addition to the Michigan State Spartans, other teams include the San Jose State Spartans, Norfolk State Spartans, and others. Soccer clubs include Sparta Prague (Czech Republic), Spartans (Scotland), Ħamrun Spartans (Malta) and Sparta Rotterdam (Netherlands).

See also
Philhellenism

References

Bibliography
Cartledge, P. Sparta: New Perspectives (London, 1999).
–––. 'The Socratics Sparta and Rousseau's' in: S. Hodkinson, A. Powell (eds.) Sparta: New Perspectives (Londen, 1999) 311-337.
–––. The Spartans: The World of the Warrior-Heroes of Ancient Greece, from Utopia to Crisis an Collapse (Woodstock, 2003).
Dawson, D. Cities of the Gods: Communist Utopias in Greek thought (Oxford, 1992).
Ferguson, J. Utopias of the Classical World (London, 1975). Discusses the spartiate character of classical utopian literature.
Hodkinson, S. 'The imaginary Spartan Politeia' in: M.H. Hansen (ed.) The Imaginary Polis, Historisk Filosofiske Meddelelser 91 (Copenhagen, 2005) 222–281.
Jäger, W. Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture ed. trans. H. Gilbert (Oxford, 1939).
Jenkyns, R. The Victorians and Ancient Greece (Oxford, 1980).
Kitto, H.D.F. The Greeks (Middlesex, 1951).
Mendle, M. Dangerous Positions; Mixed Government, the Estates of the Realm, and the Making of the "Answer to the xix propositions" (Tuscaloosa, 1985).
Müller, K.O. The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race trans. H. Tufnell, G.C. Lewis (London, 1839).
Ollier, F. Le Mirage Spartiate : étude sur l'idealisation de Sparte dans l'antiquité grecque (Paris, 1933).
Powell, A. & S. Hodkinson (eds.) The Shadow of Sparta (London, 1994). Contains studies into the views on Sparta of several non-Spartan Greeks, e.g. Xenophon, Aristophanes, Plato.
Rawson, E. The Spartan Tradition in European Thought (Oxford, 1969).
Schofield, M. Plato: Political Philosophy (Oxford, 2006).
Ste. Croix, G.E.M. de The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (London, 1972).
Tigerstedt, Ε.Ν. The Legend of Sparta in Classical antiquity I-III (1965–72, Stockholm/Göteborg/Uppsala).
Turner, F. The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (London, 1981).

Category:Classical studies
Category:Ancient Greek titles
Category:Sparta
Category:Admiration of foreign cultures


Valentin Arbakov

Valentin Mikhailovich Arbakov (28 January 1952 – 30 November 2003) was a Russian chess Grandmaster. In 1981, he shared first place in that year's Moscow City Chess Championship together with Andrei Sokolov. He was known for his skills in blitz chess.

References

External links
Valentin Arbakov chess games at 365Chess.com

Category:1952 births
Category:2003 deaths
Category:Chess grandmasters
Category:Soviet chess players
Category:Russian chess players
Category:20th-century chess players


Samuel Salt

Samuel Salt (died 1792) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1768 to 1790. He is also known for his connection to the family of author Charles Lamb.

Early life
Salt was the son of John Salt, vicar of Audley, Staffordshire. He was admitted at the Middle Temple in 1741, at the Inner Temple in 1745, and was called to the bar in 1753. He was a Director of the South Sea Company from 1769 to 1775 and was deputy Governor from 1775 until his death.

Political career
Salt was a lawyer for the Eliot family of Port Eliot. On the interest of the Eliot family Salt was returned to parliament at the 1768 general election for their pocket-boroughs of  and . He chose to sit for Liskeard and was returned there again in 1774 and 1780. In politics he was a Whig.

Salt was expected to stand again at Liskeard in the 1784 general election but instead he stood for  in Suffolk on the interest of Philip Champion Crespigny.  Crespigny's brother was also a director of the South Sea Company.  Salt did not stand in 1790

Lamb family
John Lamb, father of Charles Lamb, was Salt's clerk for nearly 40 years. Charles was born in Crown Office Row, where Salt owned chambers, and it was the home of the Lamb family until 1792. Salt procured the admission of Charles to Christ's Hospital. Through Salt's s influence as a governor of the South Sea Company, Charles and his elder brother obtained clerkships under the company.

Later years
Salt became bencher at the Inner Temple in 1782,  reader in 1787 and treasurer in 1788. He died at his chambers in Crown Office Row, Inner Temple, on 27 July 1792, and was buried in a vault of the Temple Church. A shield with his coat-of-arms was placed in the sixteenth panel (counting from the west) on the north side of the Inner Temple hall. He was unmarried.

Notes

Attribution

Category:Year of birth missing
Category:1792 deaths
Category:English barristers
Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall
Category:People from Audley, Staffordshire
Category:British MPs 1768–1774
Category:British MPs 1774–1780
Category:British MPs 1780–1784
Category:Members of the Middle Temple
Category:Members of the Inner Temple


Mollweide Glacier

Mollweide Glacier () is a steep glacier  south of Mount Kowalczyk, descending west from Hobbs Ridge into Blue Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The name is one of a group in the area associated with surveying applied in 1993 by the New Zealand Geographic Board; this glacier was named from the Mollweide projection, an equal area map projection with the parallels and central meridian being straight lines.

References

Category:Glaciers of Victoria Land
Category:Scott Coast


Bill Bennett (footballer)

William Bennett (born 12 April 1948) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton in the VFL during the 1960s.

A forward from the Victorian town of Maffra, Bennett played 11 games with Carlton which included the 1968 Grand Final. Lining up at centre half-forward, Bennett's side finished victors by three points in what would be his last league game.

External links

Blueseum profile

Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:Carlton Football Club players
Category:Maffra Football Club players
Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Category:People from Maffra


Captain Cook (disambiguation)

Captain James Cook (1728–1779) was a British explorer, navigator and mapmaker.

Captain Cook may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Captain Cook (book), a 1972 book by Alistair MacLean
 "Captain Cook" (Blackadder), an episode of the British TV series Blackadder Goes Forth
 Captain Cook, the first penguin in the children's book Mr. Popper's Penguins

People
 Alastair Cook (born 1984), English cricketer
 Henry Cooke (composer) (c. 1616 – 1672), also known as Captain Cook, English composer, choirmaster and singer
 Samuel H. Cook, Union officer of the American Civil War

Places
 Captain Cook, Hawaii, a town in Hawaii, U.S.
 Captain Cook State Recreation Area, a state park on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, U.S.
 Captain Cook Bridge, New South Wales, Australia
 Captain Cook Bridge, Brisbane, Australia

Ships
 Captain Cook (1826 ship)

Other uses
 Callistemon 'Captain Cook', a plant cultivar
 The Hotel Captain Cook, a hotel in Anchorage, Alaska built by Wally Hickel

See also
Captain Hook (disambiguation)


Winfield Mott

Winfield Mott is an American Anglican bishop. He is a bishop in the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA) and at the Reformed Episcopal Church. He became the second bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Diocese of the West in 2011. He is currently Vicar General of the Convocation of the West of the Missionary Diocese of All Saints.

Biography
Mott was previously a parish priest in Deming and Silver City, New Mexico from 2000 until 2011. He serves as a member of ACNA's Ecumenical Relations Task Force and the ACNA Immigration Task Force.

In 2011, Mott, the formerly co-adjutor bishop of the West, became diocesan bishop upon Boyce's retirement. Anticipating Mott's retirement in 2016, and without the support of REC bishops to elect a diocesan bishop necessary for the diocese to continue, the standing committee of the Diocese of the West voted unanimously to transition from an REC diocese into a convocation within the Missionary Diocese of All Saints. The last synod of the Diocese of the West was held on April 5–6, 2016, and the organizing synod of the Convocation of the West was on April 6–7, 2016, and overlapping the concluding synod of the Diocese of the West. At the organizing synod, Mott was elected the Vicar General.

In 2011, he was elected vicar-general for ACNA's Anglican Diocese of the Southwest. He became their first Vicar General upon their admission at ACNA as a full member diocese in June 2013. He held office both as bishop of the REC Diocese of the West and as Vicar General of the Anglican Diocese of the Southwest, which he was until 2014.

Notes

Category:Living people
Category:American Anglicans
Category:Bishops of the Reformed Episcopal Church
Category:Bishops of the Anglican Church in North America
Category:21st-century Anglican bishops
Category:People from Luna County, New Mexico
Category:People from Silver City, New Mexico
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Manuel González (footballer, born 1917)

José Manuel González López (10 October 1917 – 24 July 1988) was a Spanish professional footballer who played as a defender.

Career
González started his career in Granada's squad in 1941. He made his professional debut on 28 September during a 1–1 draw at Los Cármenes with Celta. That was the first of thirteen appearances in his opening campaign, prior to eighty-two across the following three; the last finishing with relegation to the Segunda División. In that time, González scored for the first time in a 5–2 win versus Celta in April 1944. He stayed with Granada for three seasons in tier two, before departing in 1948 to play for Segunda División team Málaga. Twenty-eight appearances followed in season one as they won promotion to La Liga for 1949–50.

He subsequently featured fifty-six times in two La Liga campaigns. In 1952, González secured a move to Real Madrid. However, he made just one appearance for the club - on 17 February versus Real Sociedad. He soon left to rejoin Granada. He retired four seasons later, following one hundred matches in the Segunda División. In 1959, he was made manager of Granada. He left after two matches.

Personal life
González's son and namesake Manuel González was also a professional footballer. His grandson, Lucas Alcaraz, became a football manager in 1995.

Career statistics

Club

Managerial record

References

External links

Category:1917 births
Category:1988 deaths
Category:Madrilenian footballers
Category:Spanish footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:La Liga players
Category:Segunda División players
Category:Granada CF footballers
Category:CD Málaga footballers
Category:Real Madrid CF players
Category:Granada CF managers
Category:Spanish football managers


Alexander Latta

REDIRECT Alex Latta


Craig Westcarr

Craig Naptali Westcarr (born 29 January 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Grantham Town.

He began his career at Nottingham Forest, becoming the youngest player ever to play for the club when he made his first team debut in October 2001 at the age of 16. He was loaned out to Lincoln City and Milton Keynes Dons in 2005, before he left the Football League to spend the 2005–06 season in the Conference with Cambridge United. He then spent three seasons with Kettering Town, helping the club to win the Conference North title in 2007–08. He signed with Notts County in May 2009, and helped the club to win the League Two title in 2009–10. He was sold on to Chesterfield in August 2011, and won the Football League Trophy with the club in 2012, scoring a goal in the final. He joined Walsall, initially on loan, in November 2012. He finished as the club's top-scorer in the 2013–14 campaign, but was released in May 2014. On 17 June 2014 Westcarr joined Portsmouth on a free transfer after leaving Walsall, penning a two-year contract.

He represented England at under-15, under-16, under-17 and under-18 level.

Club career

Nottingham Forest
Born in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, Westcarr played for Nottingham Forest as a youth, and became the youngest player to ever play for the club, aged 16, when he came on for David Johnson 83 minutes into a 1–0 win over Burnley at the City Ground on 13 October 2001. He made a further seven First Division appearances in the 2001–02 under the stewardship of Paul Hart.

He played 13 games in the 2002–03 campaign, scoring his first goal in senior football on 4 May, in a 2–2 draw with Rotherham United at Millmoor. However, he made only four appearances in the 2003–04 campaign, and dropped out of the first team picture under new manager Joe Kinnear.

He joined League Two club Lincoln City on loan in December 2004. He scored on his debut for Keith Alexander's "Imps" on 1 January, the only goal of the game with Bury at Sincil Bank. He played five further games before returning to Nottingham at the end of the month. He spent April 2005 on loan at Danny Wilson's Milton Keynes Dons, failing to score in four substitute appearances during his time at Stadium mk. He was one of 12 players released by Forest in May 2005 after the club were relegated out of the Championship under Gary Megson.

Cambridge United
Westcarr joined Conference National club Cambridge United on a short-term contract in September 2005 after impressing during a trial period. He scored eight goals in 34 matches in the 2005–06 season as Rob Newman's "U's" posted a 12th-place finish. He chose to leave the Abbey Stadium in May 2006 after rejecting the offer of a permanent contract.

Kettering Town
Westcarr signed with Conference North club Kettering Town in May 2006. The "Poppies" finished the 2006–07 campaign in second place, but were denied promotion after losing to Farsley Celtic in the play-off semi-finals.

He was moved out to the wing by manager Mark Cooper for the 2007–08 season, and helped the club to win promotion as divisional champions. In May 2008 Kettering reported Conference Premier side Stevenage Borough to the Football Association and Conference for allegedly making an illegal approach to Westcarr. He featured during pre-season for Stevenage, before he returned to Kettering for the start of the new campaign.

Westcarr scored twice in the FA Cup Fourth Round against Premier League side Fulham as Kettering twice pulled level before losing 4–2. He was named as the Conference North's Player of the Month for March 2008. He ended the 2008–09 season with eight goals in 45 games, but was released by Kettering in May 2009.

Notts County
Westcarr joined Ian McParland's League Two side Notts County in May 2009. Off the pitch the club became unstable, as McParland was replaced by Hans Backe and then Steve Cotterill as an unknown investment company took control of the club. On the pitch Westcarr remained a mainstay as the club won promotion as league champions. He scored 11 goals in 50 games, including a hat-trick against Hereford United in a 5–0 win at Meadow Lane on 27 February. He signed a new two-year deal with the "Magpies" in June 2010.

He continued to be a key player for the club under three more different manager – Craig Short, Paul Ince and Martin Allen – in the 2010–11 season, scoring 12 goals in 41 League One games for County. On 8 January 2011, he scored the opening goal past Premier League side Sunderland in an FA Cup giant-killing victory at the Stadium of Light.

Chesterfield
Westcarr signed a two-year contract with John Sheridan's Chesterfield in August 2011 after moving for an undisclosed fee (reported as £70,000). He hit 11 goals in 43 appearances for the "Spireties" in the 2011–12 season as the club were relegated out of League One. Despite suffering in the league, the club found success in the Football League Trophy by beating Swindon Town 2–0 at Wembley Stadium; Westcarr replaced Jack Lester after 37 minutes and scored the second goal of the game deep into injury-time.

He was transfer-listed by new manager Paul Cook in November 2012, along with Neal Trotman. He scored three goals in 18 appearances in the first half of the 2012–13 season before he left the Proact Stadium after his contract was cancelled by mutual agreement in January 2013.

Walsall
Westcarr joined League One club Walsall on a temporary loan deal in November 2012. He signed a permanent deal with Walsall in January after he was released by Chesterfield. He scored his first goal for the "Saddlers" at the Bescot Stadium in a 3–1 win against nearby Shrewsbury Town on 2 March. He then continued his fine form by scoring a 30-yard thunderbolt against fellow play-off hopefuls Tranmere Rovers 10 days later, which won the club's Goal of the Season award. He signed a new one-year contract in July 2013.

Westcarr started the 2013–14 season well in another game against Tranmere, bagging a brace and creating a goal in a 3–1 home victory over the Merseyside club. He finished the season as the club's top-scorer with 17 goals in 48 appearances. However, he was released by manager Dean Smith in May 2014. Smith later explained his decision of releasing Westcarr as for the best.

Portsmouth
On 17 June 2014 Westcarr signed a two-year deal with League Two side Portsmouth. Westcarr scored his first goal for Portsmouth on 19 August 2014 in a 2–0 league victory over Northampton at Fratton Park.

International career
Westcarr won caps for the England under-15, under-16, under-17 and under-18s. He played in the 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship, where England finished fourth.

Career statistics

Honours
Individual
Conference North Player of the Month: March 2008

Kettering Town
Conference North champion: 2007–08

Notts County
Football League Two champion: 2009–10

Chesterfield
Football League Trophy winner: 2012

References

External links

Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Nottingham
Category:English footballers
Category:England youth international footballers
Category:England under-21 international footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Association football wingers
Category:Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Category:Lincoln City F.C. players
Category:Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
Category:Cambridge United F.C. players
Category:Kettering Town F.C. players
Category:Notts County F.C. players
Category:Chesterfield F.C. players
Category:Walsall F.C. players
Category:Portsmouth F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:National League (English football) players
Category:Black English sportspeople
Category:Southport F.C. players
Category:Mansfield Town F.C. players
Category:Alfreton Town F.C. players
Category:Grantham Town F.C. players


Brachynopterus

Brachynopterus rufulus is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae, the only species in the genus Brachynopterus.

References

Category:Lebiinae


Hazin Lahiji

Hazīn Lāhījī (1692, Esfahan, Iran — 1766, Benares, India) (), is the pen-name of Mohammad Ali ibn Abi Tāleb ibn Abd Āllah, also known as Mohammad Ali ibn Abi Tāleb Hazin Lāhiji, Mohammad ibn Abi Tāleb Gilāni and Sheikh Mohammad Ali Hazin Lāhiji. He was an Iranian poet and scholar, born into an eminent family in Esfahan. His ancestors were scholars and landowners from Gilān (see Lāhijān). In 1734 he emigrated to India where he contributed to the Persianization of the ruling élites. He regarded the Persian of the Indian writers with much contempt. Hazin Lāhiji is considered to be one of the most prominent scholars of the Safavid era whose knowledge extended over the theological learning of his time as well as Natural Science, a fact testified by his extant writings.

References

Further reading

 John R. Perry, Hazin Lāhiji, Shaikh Mohammad Ali B. Abi Tāleb, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
 Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 1400-1800, 416 p. (Cambridge University Press, 2007), page 229 and further.

 Sarfaraz Khan Khatak, Shaikh Muḥammad 'Alī Ḥazīn: His Life, Time and Works (Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore, 1944).
 Sarfaraz Khan Khatak, Aḥwāl wa Āthār-i Ḥazīn Lāhījī (احوال و آثار حزین لاهیجی), Translated & Edited by S. Naqi Abbas (Kaify), Iran Culture House, New Delhi, 2015
 Mohammad Ali ibn Abi Tāleb Hazin Lāhiji, Rasā'el-e Hazin Lāhiji (رسائل حزین لاهیجی — Treatises of Hazin Lāhiji), edited by Ali 'Owjabi, Nāser Bāqeri Bidhendi, Eskandar Esfandiāri and Abdolhossein Mahdavi, 340 p. (Mirās Maktoob Publishing House, Tehran, 1998).
 Mohammad Ali ibn Abi Tāleb Hazin Lāhiji, Fat'h-os-Sobol (فتح السبل — Introduction to Modi Operandi), edited by Nāser Bāqeri Bidhendi, 217 p. (Mirās Maktoob Publishing House, Tehran, 1996).

Category:Iranian poets
Category:Persian poets
Category:People from Isfahan
Category:18th-century Iranian people
Category:1692 births
Category:1766 deaths
Category:People from Lahijan