Whaling in the Soviet Union and Russia

Russian whaling has been conducted by native peoples in the Chukotka region of Russia since at least 4,000 years ago by native Yupik and Chukchi people, but commercial whaling did not begin until the mid-19th century, when companies based in Finland (then part of Imperial Russia) sent out vessels to the Pacific. It was not until 1932 that modern pelagic whaling began to take off with the purchase of an American cargo ship which was renamed the Aleut, which was the only Soviet factory ship until World War II. After the war, with the need for a stronger Soviet economy and rapid industrialization of the country during the 1940s and 1950s, Soviet whaling took off and became a truly global industry. The first Soviet whalers reached the Antarctic during the 1946–47 season with the factory ship Slava (taken from the Germans as a prize of war) and then underwent a rapid expansion during the late 1950s in which 5 new fleets were added within a 4-year span: Sovetskaya Ukraina in 1959, Yuriy Dolgorukiy in 1960, and Sovetskaya Rossiya in 1961 for the Antarctic, and finally two large fleets (Dalniy Vostok and Vladivostok) in 1963 for the North Pacific. Thus, by the early 1960s Soviet whaling had truly become a global industry, operating in every ocean except the North Atlantic and undertaking voyages that could last as long as seven months each. From 1964 to 1973, the Soviet Union was considered by some the biggest whaling nation in the world.

Due to implementation of the International Whaling Commission’s International Observer Scheme in 1973, and the subsequent quotas on catch limits of most species of whales the same year, Soviet whaling began a slow decline during this period and from 1978 to 1980 3 of the 4 remaining whaling fleets were retired, largely due to the outlawing of all pelagic whaling except for minke whales in the Antarctic and due to intervention of anti-whaling groups (the Dalniy Vostok fleet was the first ever to be harassed through direct action by anti-whaling groups in 1975). After 1980, only the Sovetskaya Ukraina fleet remained, taking only minke whales in Antarctic waters. Despite strong efforts by the Soviet government to provide adequate funding for this fleet to continue whaling, the international moratorium on whaling issued by the IWC in 1982, combined with the high cost of maintaining this fleet, caused all Soviet whaling to end after the 1986–87 whaling season; the USSR abolished whaling on 22 May of that year. Currently whaling in Russia is practiced solely by the Chukotka peoples of the Russian Far East, who take 136 gray whales yearly on an annual quota provided by the IWC, and also take an occasional bowhead whale as well.

In 1993 Alexey Yablokov, a former scientist on board the Soviet whaling fleets and at the time an advisor to Russian President Boris Yeltsin on ecology and health, revealed that the USSR had committed mass falsifications of its whaling data during the period 1948–1973 and had killed nearly 180,000 whales that they did not report, mostly because such catches comprised protected species or ignored quotas or regulations with regards to legal size, females with calves, or catching outside legal hunting areas. The falsified data was somewhat corrected in the late 1990s, but not until 2008, shortly after the publication of former whale biologist Alfred Berzin’s memoir The Truth about Soviet Whaling, was the full, corrected data for both the Antarctic and North Pacific regions revealed (the North Pacific data was almost entirely unknown until the 2000s). According to Charles Homans, a writer for Pacific Standard magazine, the Soviet whaling program represented “the most senseless environmental crime of the 20th century.”

History

Aboriginal whaling
The first records of aboriginal whaling in the Russian Far East region of Chukotka date back at least 4,000 years, when Eskimo hunters from Alaska crossed the Bering Strait region to the Chukotka region of far northeastern Asia. The prime target of the early whalers was primarily the bowhead whale, because it provided spoil-resistant meat in huge quantities, enough to keep an entire village fed over the course of a long, harsh winter. Gray whales were also taken in some quantity, though not nearly as much as they are currently. The hunters used small kayak-like boats (umiaks) and harpooned the whales with bone or wooden harpoons attached to sealskin floats, to ensure the position of the whale could be tracked. Once the whale tired, it was struck with a lance (usually made of antler) and killed. Towed to shore, it was cut up by the village and shared according to how much everyone contributed to the hunt, but the entire village all got some. Whale bones were used to frame shelters and boat rafters due to their strength and durability. The gray whale was initially not much sought after due to its smaller size and meat – which rotted far faster in the Arctic climate than the bowhead whale meat did – but this would all change with its modernization in Soviet times.

During the Soviet era, especially after World War II, the natives in Chukotka were provided with modern equipment to process the whales, and if that wasn’t enough, a modern catcher ship, Zevezdny, which boosted the catch to around 130-200 whales per year from no more than 30 annually, which remained the norm for the rest of the Soviet era. Not all of it was destined for subsistence, however. Captain Paul Watson of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society launched an expedition into Loren in Chukotka in 1981 and found that many of the whales killed in the “subsistence hunt” were actually used for mink food, and were being processed by non-aboriginal Russians. The extent of how many were killed for mink food is unknown, but it may have accounted for most or perhaps all of the catch during peak years.

Currently indigenous whalers of the Chukotka Peninsula take an average of 120 gray whales per year, slightly less than in the Soviet era, with modern weapons and wooden boats. A few bowheads are also taken incidentally. The catch level is estimated to pose minimal threat to the survival of both the gray and bowhead whale populations.

Open-boat whaling

In 1850 the Russo-Finnish Whaling Company was established. It fitted out five whaleships (the Suomi, Turku, Ayan, Grafer Berg, and Amur). They were sent to the North Pacific, where they mainly operated in the Sea of Okhotsk, but they also caught whales in the Sea of Japan and Gulf of Alaska. The company did well its first two years, but one of its ships was destroyed during the Crimean War. It ceased operations in 1863. A second company, based in Helsingfors, sent out the brig Storfursten Constantin (1857-1861), which also cruised in the Sea of Okhotsk as well as off Baja California.

In the 1860s two whaling stations were built in Tugur Bay in the western Sea of Okhotsk. The first was built by the Russian-American Company in 1862 in Mamga Bay. With two schooners, it caught whales from 1863 to 1865. It sold its station to Otto Wilhelm Lindholm, who had built another station at Tugur in the southern part of Tugur Bay in 1863. He soon abandoned the latter station, using the one at Mamga until the mid-1870s.

Modern whaling

Akim Grigorevitch Dydymov was the first to utilize modern methods in Russia. He had a catcher ship built in Norway and a whaling station built near Vladivostok.  The first whale was caught in November 1889, and by the end of 1890 they had taken seventy-three. The catcher ship was then lost with all hands. Heinrich Hugovitch Kejzerling bought Dydymov's station and, using two Norwegian-built catcher ships, an average of 110 whales a year were caught between 1895 and 1903. In 1903 he converted a secondhand steamer into a floating factory ship, which processed ninety-eight whales that year. At the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War the following year the factory ship, catchers, and crew were captured by the Japanese.

Soviet whaling: 1932–1946
The decision by the Soviet government to initiate commercial whaling was made in the early 1930s, during Joseph Stalin’s mass industrialization as part of the new series of Five-Year Plans. To start it off, an American cargo ship named Glen Ridge (11,000 tons) was purchased by a Kamchatka-based stock company and converted into a factory ship named Aleut throughout 1931 and the first half of 1932. In July 1932, with the conversion complete, the ship and its catcher ships started their maiden voyage to their home port of Vladivostok. Realizing they would not make it home in time for the whaling season (which by that time was already half-over) they instead decided to undertake “test whaling” off the Revillagigedo Islands, and during the journey from the Revillagigedos to Hawaii they killed 21 whales. The first full whaling season began in 1933, and the first whale killed, a sperm whale, was taken on May 28, 1933. Most of the whaling in the pre-war days took place around Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Chukchi Sea, and the Bering Sea. Before WW2, the annual catch of whales from the Aleut fleet rarely exceeded 1,000; however, such kills did indeed need to meet annual production targets, and a failure to meet the goals for the Second Five-Year Plan led to Captain A. Dudnik (who ironically had been awarded the Order of Lenin only a year before for his performance as captain) being sacked from his position in 1937 and arrested on charges of being a Japanese agent trying to sell the fleet to Japan, despite there being no evidence of this.

After the war, an expansion of the North Pacific whaling fleet was undertaken with the purchase of several American-built minesweepers from the war, which were converted into catchers and worked out of several of the Kuril Island, utilizing old whaling stations built by the Japanese during the period of Japanese rule over the islands. Like the Aleut fleet, the catchers out of the Kuril stations were relatively modest in comparison with whaling that would take place later on; however, the catcher boats were extremely effective at catching whales, so much so that the whale stocks were quickly depleted. Soviet scientist B. Zenkovitch commented as early as 1951 on the decline of whale stocks around the Kurils. In 1955, prominent Soviet whale biologist S.K. Klumov wrote to the central fisheries ministry complaining of how the Five-Year Plan quotas were not reflecting of the actual state of the whale stocks around the Kurils, and suggested a more rational approach to whaling and saying Plan quotas should reflect the condition of the whale stocks and not raw domestic production, but unfortunately his concerns were ignored. Indeed, towards the end of the 1950s the Kuril land stations (and to a great extent the Aleut as well) began increasingly taking under-sized whales, especially sperm whales, because of a great desire to meet production targets, despite rapidly depleting the area of whales. By the end of their operating periods, the majority of the catches in the Kurils region consisted of undersized whales. The first shore station to close was the Shikotan Island station in 1955, and shortly after the stations on Iturup Island were closed as well. The northernmost station, on Paramushir Island, was the last station to close; it closed in 1964. The Aleut fleet continued operating until 1967, when it was finally retired after 35 years of service.

Antarctic whaling and rapid expansion (1946–1963)
The destruction of many of the USSR’s resources after WW2, but perhaps more importantly its desire to become an industrial giant to overtake and surpass its Western adversaries during the Cold War, caused the Soviets to consider a rapid expansion of natural resource harvesting, with special interest paid to the whaling industry. A former German factory ship, named Wikinger (Viking) was given to the Soviets as a prize of war and renamed Slava (fame) and first whaled in the Antarctic during the 1946–47 season from its base in Odessa on the Black Sea, and during this first season killed 384 whales. In the next season, 1947–48, a new captain, Alexei Solyanik, was hired to command the fleet, and for the next 18 seasons he would command Slava and later the Sovetskaya Ukraina, becoming the most successful (and most notorious) whaling captain in Soviet history. For the first two seasons, Slava had Norwegian crew members on board to assist with the capture and processing of whales (the Soviets were initially very inexperienced with Antarctic whaling and needed help getting used to the basics) but starting in the 1948–49 season, having mastered all the fundamentals of whaling, crew members on the Slava fleet were all Soviet citizens. The fleet primarily worked the Southeast Atlantic Ocean and the southwest Indian Ocean in its early years, but over time it slowly shifted east as whale populations in the Atlantic-Indian area were depleted. During this time, catches rose significantly from 384 in the 1946–47 season to almost 3000 in the 1951–52 season, and during this time falsification of catches began in earnest: in the 1951–52 season, the fleet killed 950 humpback whales and reported only 8; many blue and southern right whales were killed during this time as well and went unreported. Large scale whaling began in the 1957–58 season, when the Slava fleet penetrated the waters off Australia for the first time, killing 2,200 humpbacks alone during this season. In 1958–59, the fleet killed more than 4,000, and did not report most of its catch. As the limit on humpbacks at the time was only 1,250 per season (or a limit of only four days to hunt humpbacks) the whalers needed to conceal most of their catch to avoid ramifications during the annual meetings of the IWC.

In 1959, the Soviets began a massive expansion of their whaling industry, probably due to their desire to become a larger player in the global whale products market (and because the Seventh Five-Year Plan called for greater reliance on natural resources). In November of 1959 the Sovetskaya Ukraina, the first of these new ships (and at almost 50,000 tons the largest factory ship ever built along with its sister ship) left Odessa to begin Antarctic whaling, followed soon after by the Slava. In October 1960 a converted passenger liner named Yuriy Dolgorukiy set sail from Kaliningrad to join the others, and in autumn 1961, Sovetskaya Rossiya set sail from Vladivostok to the Antarctic. Now possessing the largest whaling fleet in the world, the Soviets could truly claim to be one of the world’s great whaling nations at this point.

In the first years of their operations, this new fleet mostly concentrated in the Southwest Pacific sector of the Antarctic and focused primarily on humpback whales, with the Slava and Sovetskaya Ukraina fleets alone taking 25,000 humpbacks in Antarctic waters during 1959–60 and 1960–61. The Yuriy Dolgorukiy and Sovetskaya Rossiya fleets, while not nearly catching as much in subsequent seasons due to depletions caused by the first two fleets, did nevertheless “finish the job” by killing some 3,500 and 1,700 humpbacks in their first seasons, respectively. In 1962, after all fleets had joined in whaling, the area of the Antarctic south of Australia and New Zealand, which was once filled with humpbacks, was described as a “desert” by some of the factory ship crew. This five-year period (1957–58 to 1961–62) saw the four fleets kill over 37,000 humpbacks in the Antarctic. Catches were so high, in fact, that shore stations in Australia and New Zealand closed in 1963 and 1964 due to the lack of whales.

Golden age: 1964–1973
While the period 1959–62 saw the greatest catches of humpbacks, and the greatest catch of whales overall was in 1963–64, the entire age spanning from 1955 to 1973 can be considered the “golden age” of Soviet whaling, due to the lack of enforcement which allowed such massive illegal catches and the relatively high abundance of whales still remaining in the Antarctic, of which few were reported. Catches of humpbacks were much less after 1962 but still continued to contribute to the industry, the last of which were caught in 1972–73. Blue whales, which were already depleted by earlier whaling, suffered miserably at the hands of Soviet whalers; over 900 true blue and 10,000 pygmy blue whales (a smaller subspecies of the true Antarctic blue) were killed illegally by Soviet whaling (in the 1964-65 whaling season over 1,800 blues, most of them pygmy, were taken by the Ukraina fleet alone), and by 1973–74 true blues in the Antarctic numbered a mere 350 individuals. After blue, humpback and southern right (the USSR took 3,368 southern rights and reported only 4) whales were depleted, the shift began to sei whales. While seis at the time were still largely intact due to being smaller and less valuable than blue and fin whales, commercial whaling beginning in 1962–63 was intense. Catches of sei whales continued to climb until 1966–67, when 3,500 were killed by the three Soviet fleets, particularly Sovetskaya Rossiya. They were caught in fairly good numbers until protected in 1978. Fin whales, despite still being relatively plentiful when the Soviets began whaling, were not caught in extremely large numbers. In fact, the fin whale was the only major species taken by the Soviets that was actually over-reported to cover up for catches of protected species. Nevertheless, particularly in the early 60s, fins were killed in large numbers, with the maximum kill in 1961–62 numbering over 4,000.

During their journey to and from the Antarctic, Soviet fleets had a habit of stopping in the tropics to hunt whales, which was entirely illegal (despite a small number of sperm whales permissible north of the Antarctic). The tropical Indian Ocean was particularly hard hit by southbound Soviet whalers, and during the season 1966–67 the non-migratory Arabian humpback population and populations of pygmy blue whales in the northern Indian Ocean were decimated by the Sovetskaya Ukraina fleet. Yuri Mikhalev, a biologist working on the Ukraina fleet starting from the 1964–65 season, also reported large numbers of Bryde’s whales being in the catch, which in fact was what made him realize the killing was illegal in the first place. He witnessed firsthand the wholesale destruction of the whale stocks:

Sovetskaya Ukraina had more catchers than any other factory ship—twenty-five. All the catchers would fan out into a long line, so that each boat was just within sight of the one on either side of it. When you saw the catcher next to you stopped, you knew that they had found whales. When that happened, everyone would converge on the spot, kill every animal in the area, then move on.

Primarily, however, the fleets relied on sperm whales during their hunts in tropical waters, although sperms, primarily males, were taken in large numbers in the Antarctic hunts as well. During later years, from 1972–73 onward, increasing numbers of lactating females with young were taken. In fact, during the end of the 1972–73 season, the catch of lactating females with young was 45% of the catch. The more destructive periods of Soviet whaling generally were accompanied by the taking of large numbers of females with calves (despite mothers with calves being protected by IWC regulations) and such practices caused sperm whale populations in the southern hemisphere to collapse over just a few years from 1965 to 1980. As the scientific report of the Rossiya fleet noted for the 1973–74 season,

“The sperm whale’s breeding areas have become the areas of its elimination….”

By 1980, few profitable whaling grounds were left in the entire southern hemisphere, and only one fleet was left to work the Antarctic after 1980, the Ukraina fleet which took only Antarctic minke whales until it finally ceased whaling in 1987. Typical catches of minkes usually numbered about 3000 a year, though some were underreported.

North Pacific whaling
Large-scale Soviet whaling in the North Pacific Ocean did not begin until 1963 with the launching of the Dalniy Vostok and Vladivostok fleets, but it was no less intense than in the Antarctic. In its last years of operations, the ageing Aleut fleet caught over 1,200 humpback whales in the Gulf of Alaska and Bristol Bay, while the two large pelagic fleets killed over 2,800 humpbacks around the Aleutian Islands in the early 1960s, decimating the population to levels from which it has only recently recovered. Blue whales and fin whales suffered too, and hundreds of them were taken from 1963–1971 and almost none reported. The last major kill of blue whales was in 1964 when 170 were taken; fin whales, 2,500 that same year and none after 1974.

By far the most egregious, though, were the right whales. As all species of right whales had been protected from commercial harvesting since 1935, they could only be taken for very limited scientific permits; the Soviets took 11 of these under the permit loophole during North Pacific whaling years, and did not report taking any illegally. Nevertheless, from 1963–1969, Soviet whalers killed an estimated 670 right whales in places where they were apparently recovering well from earlier whaling: in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, and in the waters around the Kurils and Sakhalin Island. The situation was especially bad in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, where the population was reduced to less than 30 animals overall and does not appear to have made any recovery since the illegal Soviet whaling. The Okhotsk Sea populations, despite numbering only a few hundred whales, may be slowly recovering. Initially, biologist Nikolai Doroschenko only discovered 372 illegally killed right whales from the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea in his original data (1994); it was not until 2012 that records of nearly 300 additional illegal kills from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kurils region were found as well.

Whaling for sperm whales was by far the bulk of all operations in the North Pacific, indeed so much that whaling in this region could have never existed without the presence of the sperm whale. The large males, which were the most coveted in whaling operations, had already been rapidly depleted, but since size restrictions existed for females, it was assumed that males would have to make up most of the catch. Nevertheless, during the period 1972–1977, as much as 80% of the catch in most areas was females, whereas in the period 1970–71, 9,000 females were caught but only 1,800 reported, while in the same years 12,300 males were reported but only 5,700 killed. This extreme deception led to one of the most consequential decisions in the IWC during the pre-moratorium era: the lowering of the minimum size of sperm whales to 30 feet (9.2 m) from 38 feet (11.6 m). This was designed to take pressure off males, but as there were comparatively few males caught in the first place, this only put even more pressure on the females and decreased the reproductive capability of the entire North Pacific population, probably hindering recovery for some time to come. Even these regulations were not always followed by the Soviets; when Bob Hunter and Greenpeace launched their first anti-whaling campaign in 1975 the first whale they encountered was 5 feet under the legal limit, implying taking of calves and under-sized whales was not uncommon for pelagic fleets and continuing despite the international observers on board. However, it has become known that Japanese observers, which were frequent aboard Soviet whaling ships, agreed to “swap statistics” with the Soviets to avoid being caught, and in this fashion the Soviets could avoid being exposed for whaling violations.

The decline of whaling: 1973–1980
The rise of whale conservation and the decline of whale stocks soon caused the Soviet whaling industry to decline from its heyday. The ageing Aleut was retired in 1967. Slava, the second oldest in the fleet, was removed from the Antarctic after the 1965–66 whaling season and taken to the North Pacific, where she worked for four seasons until her retirement in 1969. The real decline in whaling came shortly after the International Observers Scheme, which ended Soviet illegal whaling, and, combined with decreasing catches of all species, rapidly caused the decline of the remaining fleets. Yuriy Dolgorukiy was retired in 1975. In that same year, the environmental group Greenpeace launched Project Ahab, the first direct action anti-whaling campaign, which intercepted the Dalniy Vostok fleet 60 nautical miles off the coast of Eureka, California. Although the activists failed to prevent the catcher ship Vlastny from firing over their heads and killing a whale, they nevertheless galvanized the then-new anti-whaling movement. Two further confrontations in 1976 and 1977 further destabilized the Soviet’s position as their taking of undersized whales and other infractions were publicly exposed for the first time. Eventually, the Vladivostok stopped whaling in 1978, a year after its confrontation with Greenpeace. The beleaguered Dalniy Vostok fleet was forced to stop whaling in 1979 due to a ban on all factory-ship whaling except for minke whales in the Antarctic; after it violated an order that same year banning factory whaling of sperm whales worldwide, the Sovetskaya Rossiya fleet (which killed over 150 sperms in the Antarctic in its last season in 1979–80) stopped whaling in 1980, leaving only Sovetskaya Ukraina in service.

The end of whaling: 1980–1987
Despite desperate efforts to keep this ageing fleet in service, and despite attempts by the Soviet government to preserve the industry by voting against and objecting to the 1982 ban on commercial whaling, the industry was already doomed. After two seasons of Antarctic whaling in objection to the moratorium, which took effect from the 1985–86 season onward, the Soviet government finally gave up commercial whaling, ordering the Sovetskaya Ukraina fleet home after the end of the 1986–87 season, bringing and end to 55 years of Soviet whaling. Whaling in the Soviet Union was declared abolished on May 22, 1987, and while the USSR did not formally withdraw its objection to the moratorium, it did not make any further plans to continue whaling at a later date. Since the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, there have been no serious attempts by the Russian government to restart commercial whaling, although Russia remains part of the pro-whaling bloc of nations at the IWC, frequently voting with Japan on issues relating to overturning the whaling ban.

The process of whaling
Being part of the USSR’s planned economy (during the 1950s through the 1970s the USSR’s planned economy was by far the largest in the world), Soviet whaling went through an ambiguous and often convoluted process that had little to do with actual demand (or sustainability for the matter). The production targets, initially set by the Ministry of Food and Light Industry, were soon transferred to the newly created Ministry of Fisheries as Soviet whaling and fishing became a large, global industry.

Once whaling was established as a reliable economic activity at the end of the 1940s, the first production targets were set, probably on the advice of the whalers who recommended they be set according to initial catches regardless of sustainability (sustainability was largely ignored throughout the entire history of Soviet whaling and targets almost always exceeded maximum sustainable yield). Such targets were part of the Five-Year Plans set by Gosplan to drive the Soviet economy, and they had to be met at the end of every year until the plan ended after 5 years. Meeting the plans at the end of each year resulted in a 25% bonus above typical salary; when the plan was exceeded by 20% or more, bonuses were 60% of usual. Additionally, if targets were exceeded and bonuses given to whaling crews, the next year’s target was raised to the level attained last year and more whales were expected to be caught, again regardless of the condition of the population. This irrational system of planning is largely the reason for the constant increases of Soviet whale catches in the years following the Second World War and fueled the massive increase of Soviet whaling which took place in 1959–63. Because of the declining nature of whale stocks, crews rarely were able to exceed target plans, and to meet them at all required immense violations of whaling regulations and the taking of protected or undersized whales. The only known case of a fleet meeting the coveted 60% bonus increase was the Dalniy Vostok fleet in 1967, which exceeded the yearly whaling plan by 121% to mark the 50th anniversary of Soviet Russia. Even if whalers failed to meet targets, the year’s plan remained unchanged (i.e., it did not lower in response to whalers failing to meet targets unlike its continuous increase if they exceed targets), which gave the crews all the more incentive to meet targets by killing any whale they could find regardless of legality, as failure to meet targets could result in a reduction of pay or other penalties.

Killed whales were recorded on what were known as “whale passports” documenting the type of whale, length, gender, and date on which it was killed. All whales were listed this way, and the reports were kept hidden in secret vaults by KGB agents, after which the tally of the actual catch was falsified to ensure that it “complied” with IWC regulations. When a factory fleet visited a foreign port, all seamen who left the ship had to be accompanied by a KGB agent or other high-ranking Communist Party member to ensure they could not defect or leak the illegal whaling information to people in the foreign country. The role of scientists on factory fleets was largely to study whales and their lifestyles through dissection of killed animals, examination of stomach contents, or studying of pregnant females and their nearly-developed fetuses. The role of scientists with regards to sustainability was tolerated superficially
only because “everyone else had science, so we should too.”

Despite the constant attempts to market whale products for human food, this never really took off and the main uses of whales in the Soviet economy was largely relegated to using sperm oil for heat-resistant lubricants and whale meat for animal food. Oil was initially the preferred product from baleen whales, with meat only being utilized after 1952. However, as many whales were rotten by the time they reached the factory ship after being caught from great distances, they were simply discarded after the blubber was cut away. Additionally, since whaling was a satellite of the fishing industry and therefore was based upon gross output like the fish industry was, any whale products that were not necessary for the plan target were still obtained in killed animals, but were simply discarded without ever being used, adding to the wastefulness of Soviet whaling.

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was behind many of the advances of Soviet whaling and in some cases laid the groundwork for it. Their obsession with being bigger and better than all the capitalist whaling countries (this was clarified by the building of the almost 50,000 ton Rossiya and Ukraina factory ships, the largest ever built) and their constant rhetoric to their own seamen that since all capitalist whaling nations were whaling illegally (they weren’t) only served as incentive to ensure the USSR killed more whales to ensure they were killed for the noble purpose of socialism rather than to benefit the capitalist elites of other countries. (Further discussion of this provided in source).

The public stance of the Soviet delegation to the IWC was understandably changing as the country expanded its whaling operations: despite falsification from the start, the overall low catchers prior to the mid-1950s ensured that the Soviets could appear to be on the side of conservation and proper management of whale stocks. However, by 1962 they had four large fleets in the Antarctic and huge illegal catches were being made, so all facades of “conservation” were ended and the USSR became one of the staunchest opponents of whaling regulations, successfully delaying (along with Japan) protection of the blue whale by two seasons and being the single foremost opponent of the International Observer Scheme of the IWC. First proposed in the 1950s by Norway, it did not become reality until 1972 when it was finally implemented on all pelagic whaling fleets after nearly two decades of foundering. The USSR, which was at the forefront of opposition, agreed only to (after final quotas for each species would be established) have observers come from communist countries, presumably as an attempt to ensure illegal catches could continue as observers from communist countries could easily be manipulated through economic threats to bow to the whalers’ wishes or face possible intervention from the Soviet Union. By the time the IOS was effective in 1973, so few whales remained that even if it had never been implemented, it would have saved few cetaceans as little would have been left to kill in the first place.

Yuri Mikhalev and Dmitriy Tormosov (another one of the scientists who witnessed the destruction of the whale stocks) told Phil Clapham and Yulia Ivashchenko decades after the USSR collapsed that senior personnel in the Ministry of Fisheries were well aware of the destruction of whale stocks by the whaling industry, yet stood by and defended the illegal catches as necessary for the Five-Year Plans and did nothing to stop them. In 1967, Mikhalev complained to the fisheries minister Aleksandr Ishkov that if illegal catches did not stop, certain species of already-depleted whales would go extinct and his grandchildren would never get to see them. Ishkov shockingly and infamously responded, "Your grandchildren? Your grandchildren aren't the ones who can remove me from my job."

In short, Yulia Ivashchenko summed up Soviet whaling in one sentence:
The combination of the requirement to meet or exceed production targets, together with socialistic competition, turned the business of whaling (and every other industry in the U.S.S.R.) into an often manic numbers game.

Effects of illegal whaling
The effects of Soviet whaling were felt differently by different whale stocks, though all southern ocean baleen whales were negatively affected by it. Blue, humpback and right whales were affected most: Antarctic blue whales in the southern ocean were reduced to about 350, or less than 0.15 percent of their original numbers, due to Soviet whaling (though “legal” whaling by previous nations had already placed them in a precarious position); they are slowly recovering today. The effects of whaling on the more abundant pygmy blue whales is less known, but they are no doubt depleted and are recovering slowly. Humpback whales from the New Zealand-Oceania stock were depleted to perhaps 150 whales due to illegal Soviet whaling; even today, they number only about 20% of their original numbers and are increasing slower than other humpback populations. Despite a mass illegal kill of over 1,300 southern right whales off the coast of Argentina in 1962, populations seem to be recovering well and today Argentina is home to the largest population of southern right whales in the world. North Pacific right whales, on the other hand, with populations reduced to the low hundreds in the west and about 30 in the east, are showing little, if any, recovery at all and illegal Soviet whaling may be the eventual demise of the eastern population, as it has little genetic diversity due to its minuscule size (though greater than the closely related North Atlantic right whale). The effect of Soviet whaling on fin, sei, Bryde’s, and minke whales is less known, but there is no doubt that it contributed to the decline of all of these species and only minkes survived in large numbers due to their abundance. Sperm whales were heavily depressed in both the Southern Hemisphere and North Pacific due to Soviet whaling, being the mainstay of the industry everywhere, and populations are recovering very slowly; the effect of the killing of unusually large numbers of females in the North Pacific has yet to be fully understood.

References

External links

Russia
Category:Environmental issues in Russia
Category:Fishing in the Soviet Union


Tort Liability Law of the People's Republic of China

The Tort Liability Law of the People's Republic of China is a law in the PRC that came into force on the 1 July 2010. it covers the area of torts including personal injury and medical malpractice  It also covers areas such as damage to the environment and the legal liability for individuals who rear animals.  The overwhelming majority of tort liabilities are included in this law, as well as legal concepts such as mitigating factors and liability for products.

The Tort Law was clearly influenced in part by foreign legal systems, since the legal concept of "tort" did not exist in the PRC before the 1980s. The goal of the law is to borrow from laws on tort from both common and civil laws systems while incorporating a unique "Chineseness" to the law itself. There is some legal ambiguity over whether or not the Tort Law or the 1986 Civil Code are applicable in the case of a conflict. There is some skepticism by legal scholars on whether the Tort Law will enforced by courts when it will negatively affect China's economic interests.

The Tort Liability Law contains 12 chapters and 92 articles. The chapters deal with the following topics:

Chapter I -  General Provisions

Chapter II - Constitution and Mode of Liability

Chapter III - Non-liability and Diminished Liability

Chapter IV - Special Provisions on the Subject of Liability

Chapter V - Product Liability

Chapter VI - Motor Vehicle Accident Liability

Chapter VII - Medical Damage Liability

Chapter VIII - Environmental Pollution Liability

Chapter IX - High Risk Liability

Chapter X - Liability for Damage Caused by Domesticated Animals

Chapter XI - Object Damage Liability

Chapter XII - Supplementary Provisions

Article 54 allows individuals to sue doctors for medical malpractice. Article 65 allows for tort liability when pollution of the environment leads to damages

.

References

Category:Tort law
Category:Chinese law


Michel-Nicolas Balisson de Rougemont

Michel-Nicolas Balisson, baron de Rougemont (27 February 1781 - 16 July 1840) was a French journalist, novelist and dramatist.

Biography
His family comes from Sourdeval, in Normandy. He invented the mot de Cambronne.

Theatre
Rougemont has authored numerous plays, alone or in collaboration. the most importants are :
Chantons et facéties ;
L’lngénue de Brive-la-Gaillarde ;
Mademoiselle Musard ;
 1803 : L’Amour à l’anglaise ;
 1806 : Le Mari supposé ;
 1808 : Monsieur et Madame Denis ;
 1810 : Sophie, ou la Nouvelle Cendrillon ;
 1811 : La Femme innocente, malheureuse et persécutée ;
 1811 : La Rosière de Verneuil ;
 1812 : La Matrimonio-manie ;
 1821 : Le Rôdeur français ;
 1820 : Le Mariage du ci-devant jeune homme ;
 1821 : Les Ermites comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Edmond Crosnier, Aimé Desprez and Michel-Nicolas Balisson de Rougemont, théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin
 1826 : Pamela, ou la Fille du portier ;
 1827 : La Laitière de Montfermeil ;
 1829 : Le Voile bleu.
 1831 : La Fille unique ;
 1832 : Jeanne Vaubernier, ou la Cour de Louis XV ;
 1834 : Salvoisy, ou l’Amoureux de la reine ;
 1835 : Madelon Friquet ;
 1835 : La Croix d'or by Charles Dupeuty and Michel-Nicolas Balisson de Rougemont, Théâtre du Palais Royal
 1836 : Léon, drama in 5 acts, théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin, 1 December
 1837 : Les Amants valets ;
 1838 : La Reine des blanchisseuses ;
 1839 : La Belle Bourbonnaise ;

Sources
 Antoine Alexandre Barbier, Joseph Marie Quérard, Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes, Paris, Féchoz et Letouzey, 1882, (p. 438).

References

Category:19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
Category:19th-century French journalists
Category:French male journalists
Category:People from La Rochelle
Category:1781 births
Category:1840 deaths
Category:19th-century French male writers


Speranza simplex

Speranza simplex is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for Speranza simplex is 6281.

References

Further reading

Category:Macariini
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Moths described in 1907


Buckingham House

Buckingham House can refer to:

in England

Buckingham Palace, originally known as Buckingham House

in Canada
Buckingham House (fur trade post)

in the United States
Buckingham House (Milford, Connecticut), listed on the NRHP in New Haven County, Connecticut
William A. Buckingham House, Norwich, Connecticut, listed on the NRHP in Connecticut
John Buckingham House, Newton, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
Buckingham-Petty House, Duncan Falls, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Muskingum County, Ohio
Sherwood-Davidson and Buckingham Houses, Newark, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Licking County, Ohio
Buckingham House (Sevierville, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP in Sevier County, Tennessee

See also
The Buckingham (disambiguation)


Sholem Aleichem Amur State University

Sholem Aleichem Amur State University (), formerly Birobidzhan State Pedagogical Institute, is a university in Russia. This is the only university based in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. It is named after Jewish-Russian author Sholem Aleichem.

Overview
The university works in cooperation with the local Jewish community of Birobidzhan and the Birobidzhan Synagogue. It is unique in the Russian Far East. The basis of the training courses is study of the Hebrew language, history and classic Jewish texts.

In recent years, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast has grown interest in its Jewish roots. Students study Hebrew and Yiddish at the Jewish school and Birobidzhan Jewish National University. In 1989, the Jewish Center founded a Sunday school, where children can study Yiddish, learn Jewish folk  dance, and  history of Israel. The Israeli government helps fund this program.

In 2007, the first Birobidzhan International Summer Program for Yiddish Language and Culture was launched by Boris Kotlerman, a Yiddish studies professor at Bar-Ilan University. Yiddish is still the region’s second official language after Russian, although it is spoken only by a handful of 4,000 remaining Jews. This program includes a workshop on the village of Valdgeym and its Yiddish heritage.

See also
Jews and Judaism in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

References

External links
Amur State University named for Sholom Aleichem
Far Eastern Research Center for Jewish Culture and Yiddish
Amur University Center for the Study of English

Category:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Category:Jewish universities and colleges
Category:Judaic studies
Category:Universities in the Russian Far East
Category:Yiddish culture in Russia
Category:Birobidzhan


1986 PBA Open Conference

The 1986 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) Open Conference was the third and final conference of the 1986 PBA season. It started on September 23 and ended on December 11, 1986. The tournament requires two import each per team with the height limit of 6"3 and 6"6.

Format
The following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:
 Double-round robin eliminations; 12 games per team; Teams are then seeded by basis on win-loss records.
 Team with the worst record after the elimination round will be eliminated. The top two teams will advance outright to the semifinals.
 The next four teams will qualify to the single round robin quarterfinals. Results from the eliminations will be carried over. The top two teams will advance to the semifinals.
 Semifinals will be a double round robin affair with the remaining teams.
 The top two teams in the semifinals advance to the best-of-seven finals. The last two teams dispute the third-place trophy in a best-of-seven series.

List of Imports
Each team were allowed two imports. The first line in the table are the original reinforcements of the teams. Below the name are the replacement of the import above. Same with the third replacement that is also highlighted with a different color. GP is the number of games played.

Elimination round

Quarterfinal round

Semifinal round

Results
The score given first is for the team indicated at the left-most column. Results to the right and top of the black cells are first round games, those to the left and below are second round games.

Battle for third

Finals

References

Open 1986
Open


River Oaks Center

River Oaks Center is a shopping mall located at the southeast corner of River Oaks Drive and Torrence Avenue in Calumet City, Illinois. It opened in 1966 and was a development of KLC Ventures, a firm that included the pioneering developer Philip M. Klutznick and his son Tom. The elder Klutznick had developed Park Forest, Illinois, after World War II, as well as Oakbrook Center in Oak Brook in 1959 and Old Orchard Shopping Center in Skokie in 1956. River Oaks Center is the largest enclosed shopping mall in the south suburbs of Chicago, and the seventh largest in the metropolitan area totaling . Today, there are over 140 stores and two anchors including JCPenney and Macy's with two vacant anchors last occupied by Carson Pirie Scott and Sears. Namdar Realty Group and Mason Asset Management manages and owns River Oaks Center.

History
River Oaks originally opened as an outdoor mall with one minor and two major department stores. The original anchors were Marshall Field's, which built a  store, Sears, and a branch of Edward C. Minas Company, which was based in nearby Hammond, Indiana. Other major stores included a Jewel supermarket and Osco Drug at the south end, and a S. S. Kresge dime store next to Sears. Kresge closed in 1987 and became a movie theater, while the closure of Jewel made way for a McDonald's restaurant and a second theater complex. Many of the stores in the mall in its first 20 years were outposts of Chicago retailers, including  Chas A. Stevens, Kroch's and Brentano's and C.D. Peacock. Carson Pirie Scott took over the Edward C. Minas store in 1982.

In 1985, the mall was expanded when JCPenney moved its store from downtown Hammond, Indiana, to the northwest portion of the mall's parking lot. A new wing was also built to connect JCPenney to the mall and a food court was added on the enclosed lower level.

Expansion
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the then owner, JMB Corp. of Chicago, had several plans to expand and enclose the outdoor mall. These plans included adding a second level and possibly a fifth department store at the end of the southeastern wing of the mall. These plans coincided with Chicago's Lake Calumet Airport which would have been just a few miles north of the mall and would have transformed the area around the mall into an office and business hub. However, these plans never materialized and finally, in 1993, JMB began a smaller version of the redevelopment which included additional retail space and enclosing the common areas mall.

In 1994, the redevelopment was completed. The mall was enclosed and  of gross leasable area was added.  New retailers opened at the mall and the tenant mix became more upscale bringing in some retailers who had not yet located in the Southern Suburbs. The mall's size was brought up to  making it the largest mall in the South Suburbs.

Carson Pirie Scott closed in January 2013. Sears closed on June 9, 2013.

Bus routes
Pace

  353 95th/Dan Ryan CTA/Calumet City/Homewood
  358 Torrence
  364 159th Street

References

Category:Shopping malls established in 1966
Category:Calumet City, Illinois
Category:Shopping malls in Cook County, Illinois
Category:1966 establishments in Illinois


El Dorado (1921 film)

El Dorado is a French silent film directed in 1921 by Marcel L'Herbier. The film was notable for integrating a number of technical innovations into its narrative of a "cinematic melodrama". It achieved considerable success on its release, as a ground-breaking film that was distinctively French at a time when the cinema was felt to be dominated by American productions.

Background
In his previous five films Marcel L'Herbier had explored a variety of photographic and narrative techniques in the fast-developing medium of film, and in 1921 he wanted to draw them together in the context of a story which would have a broad appeal for the public. He was also eager to film in the landscapes of Spain which had long been an inspiration for him, especially as filtered through the writings of Maurice Barrès.
He submitted an original scenario for a melodrama called El Dorado, set in Andalusia, to his producer Léon Gaumont, and rather to his surprise it was immediately accepted.  L'Herbier was adamant that the film should carry the subtitle "mélodrame", both to indicate the popular origins of its story, but also to point to its more traditional sense of the combination of drama and music.  He was less candid about his intentions for incorporating imaginative and unconventional visual effects into his familiar subject-matter.

An initial budget of 92,000 francs was allocated, but in the end the film cost nearly 400,000 francs.

Synopsis
In Granada in Spain, Sibilla works as a dancer in a squalid cabaret called El Dorado, struggling to earn enough to care for her sick child. The boy's father Estiria, a prominent citizen, refuses them both help and recognition, fearful of jeopardising the engagement of his adult daughter Iliana to a wealthy nobleman.  Iliana however slips away from her engagement party to meet her real lover Hedwick, a Swedish painter.  Sibilla, in desperation after a further rejection by Estiria, sees an opportunity to blackmail him by locking the lovers overnight in their meeting-place in the Alhambra. Sibilla confesses her action to Hedwick, who hides Iliana in El Dorado while he appeals to her father. Faced with Estiria's unremitting rage, Hedwick and Iliana decide to take refuge at his mother's remote house on the Sierra Nevada, and they propose to Sibilla that they take her son (revealed to Iliana as her half-brother) with them so that he can be properly cared for in a healthy climate. Sibilla reluctantly agrees, but she is distraught as she returns to her empty room at El Dorado where she even has to fight off Joao, the cabaret's clown, as he tries to rape her.  Knowing that she will not see her son again, she performs a last dance on stage to rapturous applause before going backstage to stab herself.

Cast
Ève Francis as Sibilla
Jaque Catelain as the young painter Hedwick
Marcelle Pradot as Hedwick's lover Iliana
Philippe Hériat as the lecherous clown Joao
Georges Paulais as Estiria, the father of Sibilla's son
Claire Prélia as the Swedish mother of Hedwick

Production
A substantial part of the film was to be shot on location in Granada, Seville and the Sierra Nevada, and filming began in March 1921. For the first time ever, permission had been granted for a film company to shoot inside the Alhambra palace and L'Herbier gave prominent place to its gardens, fountains and geometric architectural patterns. These became some of the film's most memorable images.  During the approach to Easter, he also seized the chance to film the spectacular Holy Week processions which took place in Seville and to incorporate this documentary footage within the fiction of his story. The interiors were subsequently filmed at the Gaumont studios in Paris at Buttes-Chaumont.

With his principal cameraman Georges Lucas, L'Herbier created a number of optical effects during filming.  When Sibilla is first introduced among the other dancers on stage, a partial blurring of the image places her out-of-focus while those around her are sharply defined, an effect repeated in her subsequent dance to suggest that she herself is not fully focussed on her surroundings because her mind is preoccupied with the plight of her son. Distortion of close-up images of customers in the cabaret reflect their intoxication and lust. A similar technique is used later to introduce a note of visual horror into the scene when Joao tries to rape Sibilla. A different use of optical distortion in the scenes of Hedwick at work in the Alhambra shows how the actual settings of his paintings are transformed in the painter's imagination. L'Herbier was at pains to draw a distinction between his approach and that used in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) in which visual distortions are incorporated into the design of the sets - which were then photographed normally. In El Dorado it is the camera itself which is used to shape the images seen by the viewer.  These uses of semi-subjective camerawork have been one of the most discussed aspects of the film in subsequent criticism.

L'Herbier was an ardent advocate of colour tinting of the finished photographic image, and he devised an elaborate scheme of colouring to enhance the effect of different scenes and shots, and sometimes to clarify the shift between the present and a past flashback. (A surviving print held by the Cinémathèque Française preserves these tinted effects.)

L'Herbier regarded the musical accompaniment of a film as being supremely important, and in El Dorado he sought to produce a closer integration between image and music than had been achieved before. He commissioned the young composer Marius-François Gaillard (who was only 21) to compose an orchestral score which was based upon the final cut of the film. This allowed the music to be precisely synchronised with the action of the film instead of the rather approximate playing of 'mood music' which was then common practice. L'Herbier claimed that this was the first time that an exactly synchronised orchestral score had been written for a film, and although full scores for films had been previously produced in Europe and USA, this was at least a pioneering example of music written as an exact counterpoint to the image.

L'Herbier enjoyed complete artistic freedom during filming but his relations with his producer Léon Gaumont deteriorated as the schedule and the budget both exceeded expectations. Gaumont was not impressed by the 'artistic' visual devices of blurred and distorted images. When the film was first shown to him, he angrily interrupted the screening to demand that the projectionist should correct his equipment, and he was scarcely mollified when it was explained that these were a deliberate part of the director's vision.

Reception
When the film was first shown to the press in July 1921, it met with widespread critical acclaim. The newspaper Bonsoir unprecedentedly devoted a whole page to its review in which three different critics were unanimous in their recognition of the film's historic importance. Another critic appreciated that the use of a  melodramatic subject did not prevent the film from achieving "a magnificent poetry". There was particular praise for the performance of Éve Francis who achieves an intense tragic grandeur in the final scenes.  The critic and film-maker Louis Delluc gave the film perhaps its most succinct judgment: "Ça, c'est du cinéma!" ("That's cinema!")

There were a few dissenting voices including the poet and critic Ricciotto Canudo, who felt that the film's pictorial effects were insufficiently grounded in the subject.

When the film was released to the public in October 1921 it enjoyed a broad success, even though some spectators were sufficiently impatient with the visual effects to make occasionally vocal protests.

The considerable reputation which the film won in the 1920s was largely confined to France at that time since it does not appear to have been distributed abroad.

Among those who subsequently felt the influence of El Dorado was Alain Resnais who "sought to renew a certain style of silent cinema" when he was making L'Année dernière à Marienbad.

Restoration
A restoration of El Dorado was carried out for Gaumont in 1995 by the Service des Archives du Film du CNC, in collaboration with the Museum of Modern Art (New York), the Cinémathèque française, and the Swiss Film Archive. A DVD based on this restoration, accompanied by archival material, was released by Gaumont in 2002.

Further reading
Abel, Richard. French cinema: the first wave 1915-1929. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984) pp. 307–313.
 Fieschi, Jean-André. "Autour du cinématographe: entretien avec Marcel L'Herbier", in Cahiers du cinéma, n.202, juin-juillet 1968, pp. 26–43. [In French].
Van Houten, Theodore. El Dorado. ('s-Hertogenbosch: 1983). [16 page programme booklet. In Dutch].

References

External links
El Dorado at IMDb.

Category:1921 films
Category:French films
Category:French silent feature films
Category:Films directed by Marcel L'Herbier
Category:French black-and-white films


Damla Sönmez

Damla Sönmez (born 3 May 1987) is a Turkish actress.

Life and career
She is of Circassian descent. After completing St. Joseph French High School, she started her theater studies at Paris Sorbonne University and completed Yeditepe University in Theater Department. Damla Sonmez, who is involved in many productions on Turkish television, studied semi-timed 2 years violin and 1 year piano in Mimar Sinan University State Conservatory. She worked with Stuart Burney at the Black Nexxus Academy in New York.

In 2009, she starred in Bornova Bornova and won the "Best Supporting Actress" at the 46th Golden Orange Film Festival, alongside other awards at the Sadri Alışık Awards and the Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival. She became the Young President of the festival at the 18th Broom Broom Women Films Festival in 2015 and she won the 21st Golden Boll Film Festival and the Best Actress Award at the Milano International Film Festival (MIFF) for her role in the film "Sea Level".

Filmography

Theater

References

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Turkish stage actresses
Category:Turkish film actresses
Category:Turkish television actresses
Category:21st-century Turkish actresses
Category:St. Joseph High School Istanbul alumni
Category:Turkish people of Circassian descent


Robert Walker (actor, born 1918)

Robert Hudson Walker (October 13, 1918 – August 28, 1951) was an American actor, best remembered for his starring role in Alfred Hitchcock's thriller Strangers on a Train (1951), which was released shortly before his death.

He started in youthful boy-next-door roles, often as a World War II soldier. One of these roles was opposite his first wife, Jennifer Jones, in the World War II epic Since You Went Away (1944). He also played Jerome Kern in Till the Clouds Roll By. Twice divorced by 30, he suffered from alcoholism and mental illness, which were exacerbated by his painful separation and divorce from Jones.

Early life
Walker was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Emotionally scarred by his parents' divorce when he was still a child, he subsequently developed an interest in acting, which led his maternal aunt, Hortense McQuarrie Odlum (then the president of Bonwit Teller), to offer to pay for his enrollment at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City in 1937. Walker lived in her home during his first year in the city.

Career and personal life
While attending the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Walker met fellow aspiring actress Phylis Isley, who later took the stage name Jennifer Jones. After a brief courtship, the couple married in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on January 2, 1939. Walker had some small unbilled parts in films like Winter Carnival (1939), and two Lana Turner films at MGM These Glamour Girls (1939) and Dancing Co-Ed (1939).

Radio
Walker found work in radio while Isley stayed home and gave birth to two sons in quick succession - actor Robert Walker Jr. (1940 - 2019) and Michael Walker (1941 – 2007).

Walker co-starred in the weekly show Maudie's Diary from August 1941 to September 1942. Isley then returned to auditioning where her luck changed when she was discovered in 1941 by producer David O. Selznick, who changed her name to Jennifer Jones and groomed her for stardom.

MGM

The couple returned to Hollywood, and Selznick's connections helped Walker secure a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where he started work on the war drama Bataan (1943), playing a soldier who fights in the Bataan retreat.

He followed it with a supporting role in Madame Curie (1943). Both were notable commercial successes.

Stardom
Walker's charming demeanor and boyish good looks caught on with audiences, and he was promoted to stardom with the title part in as the "boy-next-door" soldier in See Here, Private Hargrove (1944).

He also appeared in Selznick's Since You Went Away (1944), in which he and his  fiancé portrayed doomed young lovers during World War II. By that time, Jones' affair with Selznick was common knowledge, and Jones and Walker separated in November 1943, in mid-production. The filming of their love scenes was torturous as Selznick insisted that Walker perform take after take of each love scene with Jones. She filed for divorce in April 1945. Since You Went Away was one of the most financially successful movies of 1944, earning over $7 million.

Back at MGM, Walker appeared alongside Spencer Tracy and Van Johnson in Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944), the story of the Doolittle Raid. He played flight engineer and turret gunner David Thatcher, and it was another box office hit.

Walker starred as a GI preparing for overseas deployment in The Clock, with Judy Garland playing his love interest in her first straight dramatic film. It was profitable though not as successful as Garland's musicals.

He then made a romantic comedy with Hedy Lamarr and June Allyson, Her Highness and the Bellboy (1945). Then he did a second Hargrove film, What Next, Corporal Hargrove? (1945) and a romantic comedy with June Allyson, The Sailor Takes a Wife (1945).

Walker starred in the musical Till the Clouds Roll By (1946), in which he played the popular composer Jerome Kern, which had rental receipts of over $6 million.. He starred as another composer, Johannes Brahms, in Song of Love (1947), which co-starred Katharine Hepburn and Paul Henreid, which lost MGM over a $1 million. In between, he made a film about the construction of the atomic bomb, The Beginning or the End (1946), which also resulted in a loss at the box-office, and a Tracy-Hepburn drama directed by Elia Kazan, The Sea of Grass (1947), which was profitable.

In 1948, Walker was borrowed by Universal to star with Ava Gardner in the film One Touch of Venus, directed by William A. Seiter. The film was a non-musical comedy adapted from a Broadway show with music by Kurt Weill. He married Barbara Ford, the daughter of director John Ford, in July 1948, but the marriage lasted only five months.

Back at MGM he was in some films which lost money, Please Believe Me (1950) with Deborah Kerr and The Skipper Surprised His Wife (1950) with Joan Leslie. More popular was a Western with Burt Lancaster, Vengeance Valley (1951), a notable hit.

Final Years
In 1949, Walker spent time at the Menninger Clinic, where he was treated for a psychiatric disorder. Following his discharge, he was cast by director Alfred Hitchcock in Strangers on a Train (1951).

In his final film, Walker played the title role of Leo McCarey's My Son John (1952), made at the height of the Red Scare. Despite the film's anti-Communist themes, Walker was allegedly neither liberal nor conservative and took the job to work with McCarey and co-star Helen Hayes. Walker died before production finished, and so angles from his death scene in Strangers were spliced into a similar melodramatic death scene near the end of the film.

Walker was a registered Republican who supported Dwight Eisenhower's campaign in the 1952 presidential election and of the Mormon faith.

Death
On the night of August 28, 1951, Walker's housekeeper reportedly found Walker in an emotional state. She called the actor's psychiatrist, Frederick Hacker, who arrived and administered amobarbital for sedation. Walker had allegedly been drinking before the outburst, and it is believed the combination of amobarbital and alcohol caused him to lose consciousness and stop breathing. Efforts to resuscitate Walker failed and he was pronounced dead shortly thereafter. He was aged 32. The loss of such a promising young Hollywood actor was widely lamented.

In her biography of Walker and Jones, Star-Crossed, author Beverly Linet quotes Walker's friend Jim Henaghan, who was not mentioned in official accounts of Walker's death, as saying that he was present at the time of the events leading to Walker's death. Henaghan stated that he stopped by Walker's house, where they played cards, and Walker was behaving normally. Walker's psychiatrist arrived and insisted that he receive an injection. When Walker refused, Henaghan held him down in order for the physician to administer it. Walker soon lost consciousness, and frantic efforts to revive him failed.

Walker was buried at Lindquist's Washington Heights Memorial Park in Ogden, Utah.

Filmography

References
 Beverly Linet, Star Crossed: The Story of Robert Walker and Jennifer Jones (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1985)

Notes

External links

Category:1918 births
Category:1951 deaths
Category:American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
Category:American male film actors
Category:American male radio actors
Category:American people of English descent
Category:American people of Scottish descent
Category:Drug-related deaths in California
Category:Male actors from Salt Lake City
Category:Burials in Utah
Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Category:20th-century American male actors
Category:American Latter Day Saints
Category:California Republicans
Category:Utah Republicans


2012 Missouri State Treasurer election

The Missouri treasurer election, 2012 was held on November 6, 2012, alongside the presidential and gubernatorial elections. Incumbent Democratic State Treasurer Clint Zweifel was re-elected to a second term against Republican State Representative Cole McNary.

Background
Clint Zweifel won the 2008 Missouri state treasurer election, narrowly defeating Republican candidate Brad Lager with 50.5% of the vote.

Timeline
March 27, 2012 - Filing deadline for Democrats, Republicans and Libertarians
August 7, 2012 - Primary (gubernatorial and other statewide office) elections
August 21, 2012 - Filing deadline for other third parties and Independents
November 6, 2012 - General election.

Major candidates

Democratic
Clint Zweifel, incumbent State Treasurer

Republican
 Cole McNary, State Representative from the 86th District

Libertarian
Sean O'Toole

Results

See also
 United States Senate election in Missouri, 2012
 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri, 2012
 Missouri gubernatorial election, 2012
 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2012
 Missouri attorney general election, 2012
 Missouri secretary of state election, 2012

References

External links
Elections from the Missouri Secretary of State
Official campaign websites (Archived)
Cole McNary for State Treasurer
Clint Zweifel for State Treasurer

Category:2012 Missouri elections
Category:State treasurer elections in the United States


White House Sub Shop

White House Sub Shop is a submarine sandwich deli founded in 1946 at Atlantic City, New Jersey which sells various specialty sandwiches. The deli is considered a historic landmark and has served multiple celebrities.

History
The White House Sub Shop was founded in 1946 on Arctic Ave in Atlantic City by Anthony "Tony" Basile along with his Aunt Basilia and Uncle Alfred "Fritz", Sacco. Prior to that date, the front of the building on Artic Ave. was Mr. Basile's tailor shop. While business was scarce during WWII, his wife would sell sandwiches (on breads that she purchased from Formica's bakery across the street) that she made in her kitchen out of the back side door. After the war, he decided to close his tailor shop and open the front of the building as a cold "submarine" sandwich shop. The fountain and grill hood found today in the front were from the original store. The family still lived in the back of the store at that time.
Later, the back was remodeled as it appears today to add grills, boards and more room for storage. In the very back were two old-fashioned pin ball machines for many years.  It has remained in its original location with an additional expansion in the Trump Taj Mahal. The expansion location temporarily closed down when the Trump Taj Mahal closed down in the fall of 2016, but was later reopened when the casino reopened as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City in the summer of 2018.

They have been popular among locals and tourists alike, attracting numerous celebrities, including Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis, Oprah Winfrey, Rocky Marciano, Joe DiMaggio, Donald Trump, several Miss Americas, and others. After The Beatles played a concert in Atlantic City in 1964, they stopped by at the White House Sub Shop for a 72-inch hoagie.

The White House Sub Shop is known for its cold and hot submarine sandwiches that measure roughly two feet in length. Notable sandwiches include the Italian sub, their own creation, the White House Special, and cheesesteaks.

Ratings
In 2000, the White House Sub Shop was named an American classic and was considered number 3 in the top 20 Jersey Food Experiences You Must Try Before You Die.

References

External links

Category:Atlantic City, New Jersey
Category:Restaurants in New Jersey
Category:1946 establishments in New Jersey
Category:Restaurants established in 1946


Frye Art Museum

The Frye Art Museum is an art museum located in the First Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, USA. The museum emphasizes painting and sculpture from the nineteenth century to the present. Its holdings originate in the private collection of Charles (1858–1940) and Emma (d. 1934) Frye. Charles, owner of a local meatpacking plant, set aside money in his will for a museum to house the Fryes' collection of over 230 paintings. The Frye Art Museum opened to the public in 1952, and was Seattle's first free art museum. The museum building was originally designed by Paul Thiry, although it has since been considerably altered.

Charles Frye's will required that the majority of the Fryes' own collection continue always to be on view in rooms of a certain size; stipulations were also made about lighting conditions and specifically concrete floors (ultimately elided by placing wood over the concrete). He also required that admission always be free. These conditions were enough to keep the Seattle Art Museum from being interested in his collection.

The Fryes' collection consisted entirely of representational works, with a tendency toward "the dark, the dramatic, and the psychological" rather than "the genteel". The museum's permanent collection reflects Charles Frye's relatively conservative artistic tastes, and (despite the lack of any such stipulation in the will) the museum continued to be dedicated exclusively to representational art, both in its acquisitions and its exhibits. This conservatism reflected the artistic and social values of its first director, Walser Greathouse (d. 1966) and of his even more conservative widow and successor Ida Kay Greathouse, who ran the museum until 1993.

However, exhibits under new, professional management in recent years have been far more venturesome, eliciting comparisons to Seattle's Henry Art Gallery. Exhibits in recent years have included "Wondertoonel," an exhibit of Mark Ryden's often morbid images of childhood, "The Retrofuturistic Universe of NSK" (2005), and "Henry Darger: Highlights from the American Folk Art Museum" (2006), The museum has also repeatedly redeployed its permanent collection, experimenting with exhibiting it in different arrangements. In 2007, for the first time, other pieces are sharing the rooms dedicated to the original Frye collection; they are being juxtaposed against pieces from the Henry Art Gallery's founding collection.

Collection
The Frye Art Museum's collection highlights many kinds of paintings, prints, works on paper, and sculptures. Artists represented at the museum include Eugène Boudin, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Félix Ziem, Eugène Isabey, Franz von Lenbach, Tim Lowly, Fritz von Uhde (Picture Book), Hermann Corrodi (Venice), Ludwig von Zumbusch, Leopold Schmutzler and Franz Stuck (Judgment of Paris).

Library
The Frye Art Museum library contains 1000 books as of 2011.  It specializes in 19th and 20th century American and German art.

Notes

External links

Category:Museums in Seattle
Category:Art museums in Washington (state)
Category:Art museums established in 1952
Category:Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Category:Libraries in Seattle
Category:1952 establishments in Washington (state)
Category:First Hill, Seattle


Fflach

Fflach is a Welsh record label and recording studio.  It was founded in 1981 in Cardigan, Ceredigion, Wales by brothers Richard and Wyn Jones, who are members of Welsh new wave music group Ail Symudiad. The label gave an opportunity to record more new wave music in Wales for bands such as Y Ficar, Eryr Wen, Malcolm Neon, Angylion Stanley, Y Diawled, Rocyn and Maffia Mr. Huws.

Fflach has two subsidiary labels: Rasp, formed in 2000, which records and releases music by new rock and pop bands; and fflach:tradd, formed in 1997, which records and releases traditional music, specialising in indigenous musical instruments such as triple harp, crwth, pibgorn and Welsh bagpipes, thus gaining the label an internationally respected reputation.

Subsidiary labels
Fflach – Main label
Rasp – Rock and pop label
fflach:tradd – Traditional Welsh music, world music and jazz

Selected artists
On Fflach
 Ail Symudiad
 Dom
 Malcolm Neon

On Rasp
 Mattoidz
 Lowri Evans
 Garej Dolwen
 Y Ffug
 Bromas
 Castro

On fflach:tradd
 Llio Rhydderch
 Julie Murphy and Dylan Fowler
 Ceri Rhys Matthews
 Cass Meurig
 Sild
 Gwilym Bowen Rhys
 DnA (Delyth and Angharad Jenkins)

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Fflach official website

Category:Welsh record labels


Newton River

The Newton River is a river in Fiordland, New Zealand. It drains Lake Fraser south-westward into the Tasman Sea just south of West Cape.

See also
List of rivers of New Zealand

References

Category:Rivers of Fiordland


Intha umbilicalis

Intha umbilicalis is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the ram's horn snail family, Planorbidae.

Distribution
This species is found in:
 Sri Lanka
 India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Jammu-Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal)
 Nepal
 Bangladesh
 China
 Taiwan
 Myanmar
 Cambodia
 Laos
 Thailand
 Vietnam
 Malaysia
 Indonesia
 Philippines
 Papua New Guinea

Ecology
Parasites of Intha umbilicalis include:
 Fasciolopsis buski
 Paragonimus westermani
 Gastrodiscoides hominis
 Cercaria helicorbisi

References

External links

 Brandt R. A. M. (1974). "The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 105(1-4): 1-423.
 Subba Rao N. V. (1989). Handbook: Freshwater Molluscs of India. Zoological Survey of India, Culcutta.

Category:Planorbidae
Category:Taxa named by William Henry Benson


Crested gallito

The crested gallito (Rhinocrypta lanceolata) is a species of bird in the family Rhinocryptidae. It is monotypic within the genus Rhinocrypta.
It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.

References

crested gallito
Category:Birds of the Gran Chaco
Category:Birds of Argentina
crested gallito
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Saccharomyces pastorianus

Saccharomyces pastorianus is a yeast used industrially for the production of lager beer, and was named in honour of Louis Pasteur by the German Max Reess in 1870. This yeast's  complicated genome appears to be the result of hybridisation between two pure species in the Saccharomyces species complex, a factor that led to difficulty in establishing a proper taxonomy of the species.

The now-defunct synonym Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was and continues to be used in scientific literature, but is invalid, as the name Saccharomyces pastorianus (Reess 1870) has taxonomic precedence. The name S. carlsbergensis is typically attributed to Emil Christian Hansen from the era when he worked for the Danish brewery Carlsberg in 1883, but in actuality it was not officially described by Hansen as a distinct species until 1908, along with another synonym, Saccharomyces monacensis. The type strains of both synonyms are currently stored in yeast banks under the taxonomic name S. pastorianus.

History

So-called bottom fermenting strains of brewing yeast were described as early as the 14th century in Nuremberg and have remained an indispensable part of both Franconian and Bavarian brewing culture in southern Germany through modern times. During the explosion of scientific mycological studies in the 19th century, the yeast responsible for producing these so-called “bottom fermentations” was finally given a taxonomical classification, Saccharomyces pastorianus, by the German Max Reess in 1870.

In 1883 the Dane Emil Hansen published the findings of his research at the Carlsberg brewery in Copenhagen and described the isolation of a favourable pure yeast culture that he labeled “Unterhefe Nr. I” (bottom-fermenting yeast no. 1), a culture that he identified as identical to the sample originally donated to Carlsberg in 1845 by the Spaten Brewery of Munich. This yeast soon went into industrial production in Copenhagen in 1884 as Carlsberg yeast no. 1.

In 1904 Hansen published an important body of work where he reclassified the separate yeasts he worked with in terms of species, rather than as races or strains of the same species as he had previously done. Here Hansen classified a separate species of yeast isolated from the Carlsberg brewery as S. pastorianus, a name derived from and attributed to Reess 1870. This strain was admitted to the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) in 1935 as strain CBS 1538, Saccharomyces pastorianus Reess ex Hansen 1904. In a further publication in 1908, Hansen reclassified the original “Unterhefe Nr. I” as the new species Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and another yeast “Unterhefe Nr. II” as the new species Saccharomyces monacensis. The taxonomy was attributed to Hansen 1908 and the yeasts entered into the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures in 1947 as CBS 1513 and CBS 1503 respectively.

Since the early 1900s, bottom-fermenting strains of brewery yeast have been typically classified as S. carlsbergensis in scientific literature, and the earlier valid name assigned to a bottom-fermenting yeast by Reess in 1870 was rejected without merit. This situation was rectified using DNA-DNA reallocation techniques in 1985 when Vaughan-Martini and Kurtzman returned the species name to S. pastorianus under the type strain CBS 1538 and relegated the two former species assigned by Hansen in 1908, S. carlsbergensis CBS 1513 and S. monacensis CBS 1503, to the status of synonyms. These experiments also clearly revealed the hybrid nature of the lager brewing yeast species for the first time, even though one of the parental species was incorrectly classified in retrospect. Nonetheless, over the last decades of the 20th century, debate continued in scientific literature regarding the correct taxon, with authors using both names interchangeably to describe lager yeast.

Genomics

The lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus has been known to be an interspecific hybrid between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and another Saccharomyces yeast since at least 1985, but the exact nature of its parents and its proper taxonomy continued to be the subject of much debate. Various candidates for the non-cerevisiae parent have been proposed, such as CBS 1503 (formerly known as S. monacensis) and CBS 395 (alternately known as S. bayanus bayanus or S. uvarum) a strain whose taxonomy is also hotly debated. Most commonly strain CBS 380 (Saccharomyces bayanus) has been attributed as the second parent, but it has also been conclusively demonstrated as possessing a hybrid genotype of its own.

In 2011 it was postulated that the unidentified genome sequence belonged to a yet to be classified natural species.
This was confirmed shortly after with the discovery in Argentina of the new species, Saccharomyces eubayanus, with a genome 99% identical to the non-cerevisiae portion of the S. pastorianus genome, irrefutably confirming it to be the second parental species.  S. eubayanus has since been discovered in China, Tibet and Mongolia, further confirming both the existence of the species and its 99% genome similarity to the non-cerevisiae parent.

As of 2014, most authorities have agreed that the bottom-fermenting yeast S. pastorianus was created by the inter-specific hybridisation between S. eubayanus and S. cerevisiae, but had not reached consensus on whether the mating event took place in Asia or Europe.

Future genome work

Debate over taxonomy appears to have concluded, thus new research is now focused on the variation observed within members of S. pastorianus proper. Analyses of lager brewing yeasts have revealed they could be classified into two groups based on their DNA structure, Frohberg type and Saaz type. In 2008 it was further concluded that the two groups were the result of two separate hybridisation events with the parent S. cerevisiae coming from a distinct ale/beer brewing origin.

As of 2014, the two groups of lager brewing yeasts are classified as either type I: Saaz type, allotriploid strains that appear to have lost large portions of their S. cerevisiae genome. These include strains CBS 1513 (formerly classified as S. carlsbergensis) and CBS 1503 (formerly classified as S. monacensis) or type 2: Frohberg type, allotetraploid strains that contain near complete sets of genomes from both parents. These include the strain Weihenstephan WS 34/70 considered close to the type strain of S. pastorianus CBS 1538.

In 2015, researchers succeeded in creating novel lager brewing yeasts by hybridizing selected strains of S. cerevisiae with S. eubayanus. These new hybrid yeasts inherited beneficial properties from both parent strains (e.g. maltotriose use, cold tolerance and flocculation) and outperformed them during fermentation (faster fermentation and higher alcohol yield). It is expected that the diversity of lager yeast strains will increase greatly in the future.

On-going research is being conducted in the field of intraspecific Saccharomyces hybridization. One paper created novel hybrids from S. cerevisiae and S. arboricola. Their findings were typical of similar studies, fermentation performance was more robust and the progeny/hybrids produced a mosaic of volatile sensory chemicals.

See also
Bottom- and top-fermenting yeast
Brewing
 Geisenheim Yeast Breeding Center
Lager
Yeast
Yeast in winemaking

References

pastorianus
Category:Yeasts used in brewing
Category:Danish inventions


List of Danube Wings destinations

Danube Wings served the following destinations as of April 2011. The airline ceased operations in December 2013.

Europe
Croatia
Rijeka - Rijeka Airport [summer seasonal]
Split - Split Airport [summer seasonal]
Zadar - Zadar Airport [summer seasonal]
Italy
Rimini - Rimini Airport [summer charter]
Bologna - Bologna Airport [summer charter]
Salerno - Salerno Airport [summer charter]
Slovakia
Bratislava - M. R. Štefánik Airport (Main Base)
Košice - Košice International Airport

Terminated destinations
Belgium
Brussels
Switzerland & Germany
Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg
France
Dole-Jura
Italy
Bologna
Catania
Crotone
Lamezia Terme
Olbia
Reggio Calabria
Ireland
Dublin
Poland
Warsaw
Slovakia
Poprad
Ukraine
Kiev
United Kingdom
Cambridge
London-Luton
Manchester

References

Danube Wings


Brinkhorst

Brinkhorst is a Dutch last name, and may refer to:

 Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands, born Laurentien Brinkhorst
 Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst, a Dutch politician and the father of Laurentien.


Milan Đurić

Milan Đurić (; born 22 May 1990) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie B club Salernitana and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.

Đurić started his professional career at Cesena, before joining Parma in 2010, who loaned him to Ascoli later that year and to Crotone a year later. In 2012, he returned to Cesena, who sent him on loan to Cremonese later that year, to Trapani the following year and to Cittadella in 2014. Three years later, he moved to Bristol City. In 2018, he signed with Salernitana.

A former youth international for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Đurić made his senior international debut in 2015, earning over 14 caps and scoring 7 goals since.

Club career

Early career
Đurić started playing football at local clubs, Vis Pesaro and San Marino, before joining Cesena's youth academy in 2006. He made his professional debut against Mantova on 30 October 2007 at the age of 17. On 8 December, he scored his first professional goal against Frosinone.

On 30 June 2010, Đurić was transferred to Parma, in a co-ownership deal. The deal also saw Alberto Galuppo moved in the opposite direction.

On 30 August 2010, Đurić was loaned to Ascoli.

In January 2011, he was loaned out to Crotone until the end of the season. The deal was extended for another season in June 2011.

In the summer of 2012, Cesena bought Đurić back, but sent him immediately on a season-long loan to Cremonese. In July 2013, he was loaned to Trapani until the end of season. In January 2014, he went on a six-month loan to Cittadella.

Đurić finally got the chance to play for Cesena in 2014, being a first-team regular in Serie A. His most memorable performance came against Juventus, where he scored one goal, and assisted for the other, in a 2–2 draw.

Bristol City
On 4 January 2017, Đurić joined English side Bristol City for an undisclosed fee. Three days later, he made his competitive debut for the club, in the FA Cup tie against Fleetwood Town. Đurić scored his first goal for Bristol City in a win over Rotherham United on 4 February. In late March, he had a hernia surgery, ruling him out for rest of the season.

Problems with hernia reappeared in July, ruling him out indefinitely.

Salernitana
In August 2018, Đurić joined Salernitana on a three-year contract. He made his official debut for the club against Palermo on 25 August. On 30 March 2019, he scored his first goal for Salernitana against Venezia.

On 13 April, Đurić scored his first career hat-trick in a victory over Cittadella.

International career
Đurić was a member of Bosnia and Herzegovina under-21 team under coach Vlado Jagodić.

In March 2015, he received his first senior call-up, for games against Andorra and Austria. Đurić debuted in convincing triumph over former on 28 March.

On 10 October 2015, in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifier against Wales, Đurić scored his first senior international goal. He also provided an assist for Vedad Ibišević, ensuring his team a crucial victory.

Three days later, he scored the winning goal against Cyprus, which sent Bosnia and Herzegovina into UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying play-offs.

Personal life
Đurić was born in Tuzla, to parents from Vlasenica. His father, Goran, is a former footballer. The family moved to Pesaro, Italy in 1991, because of the outbreak of Bosnian War.

Đurić married his long-time girlfriend Bianca in July 2016. They have two children, a girl named Alice and a boy named Cristian.

Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list Bosnia and Herzegovina's goal tally first.

Honours
Cesena
Lega Pro Prima Divisione: 2008–09

References

External links

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Tuzla
Category:Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina refugees
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina emigrants to Italy
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina under-21 international footballers
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina international footballers
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:A.C. Cesena players
Category:Parma Calcio 1913 players
Category:Ascoli Calcio 1898 F.C. players
Category:F.C. Crotone players
Category:U.S. Cremonese players
Category:Trapani Calcio players
Category:A.S. Cittadella players
Category:Bristol City F.C. players
Category:U.S. Salernitana 1919 players
Category:Serie B players
Category:Serie C players
Category:Serie A players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy
Category:Expatriate footballers in England
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriates in Italy
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriates in England