Berijam Lake

Berijam Lake is a reservoir near Kodaikanal town in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu, South India. It is at the old site of "Fort Hamilton", in the upper Palani hills.

The lake, created by a dam with sluice outlets, is part of a micro–watershed development project. Periyakulam town,  to the SE, gets its public drinking water from the lake. The lake's water quality is excellent.

Access

Berijam is located at the end of Pillar Rocks Road (old SR-18),  southwest of Kodaikanal Lake. map There were two roads from Berijam, the Kodaikanal–Munnar Road to Munnar town, about  west and another going to Kavunji village,  north.
The old roads are now overgrown with vegetation and used as walking trails by local villagers and trekkers. Encounters with wild animals including bison, elephants and leopards sometimes occur on these trails.

The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has restricted entry into the Berijam Lake area to between 9.30 a.m. and 3 p.m. for the general public. Entry permits are issued at the Forestry Department Office in Kodaikanal. Only a limited number of visitors are allowed in the park each day.
There is a forest check–post which prohibits unauthorized entry through the road leading to Berijam Lake.

Beyond km marker 13 on the Berijam road there is an observation tower from where one may have a fine view of Berijam Lake and the surrounding forest.

Berijam has a Forest Department Camp including an Eco-Education Center for visitors. Nature areas to be visited here include: swamp ecosystem, fresh water ecosystem, nature trail, bridge, medicinal demonstration garden, museum, nature walk, grassland and shola.(guide map)

Site visits are organized for authorized researchers. Trekkers can get permission to stay overnight. There is a forest rest house with limited accommodations which serves as an overnight base camp for Forestry Department staff, researchers and trekkers.
Visitors must bring their own provisions.

History
There was originally a swamp here known as the Berijam swamp. The previous existence here of a large lake, evidence of which was visible nearby, was first recorded in 1864 by Colonel Douglas Hamilton of the 21st Regiment of the Madras Native Infantry. No written record or even local legend regarding the existence of this ancient lake survives. However, judging from visible traces of its shoreline which still remained in 1906, it must have been nearly   long, up to   wide and up to  deep. It was apparently formed by the side of a hill slipping down into a valley which slopes northwards, and damming up the stream which ran to the Amaravati River at the bottom of it. This stream apparently eventually cut its way through the huge natural embankment so formed, and thus emptied the lake this landslide/dam had once created. The dam was about  long and the breach in it was about  across and  deep.

In 1864, Colonel Hamilton submitted a report stating that the Berijam Lake area was the best site in the Palani Hills for a military cantonment or Sanatorium. A military outpost later built here, Fort Hamilton, was named for him.
 There was in fact no 'fort' at the place, only a small hut.

Berijam lake was artificially created in 1867, when Sir Vere Levigne, Collector of Madurai, donated part of his personal retirement funds for building the dam.

Subsequently, the dam and reservoir were enlarged and a pipeline was built to supply drinking water to the Periyakulam Municipality. The scheme was completed in 1912 at a cost equivalent to US$138,500.

Berijam has a 100-year-old 2-story brick building, partly damaged and blackened over the years, with a bright yellow painted name reading "Britisher's Transit Camp". This is one of several transit camps built every  for the soldiers to rest along the  British "Escape Route" from Kodaikanal via Top Station and Munnar to Kochi, built during World War II. While most of the transit camps are now either dilapidated or demolished, the one at Berijam still stands.

Berijam Lake has been studied palynologically revealing a 20,000 years story by pollen particles deposited in lake sediments. The time span between 20,000-17,000 years before present (B.P.) experienced cold and dry climatic conditions. After this period arid oxidizing environmental conditions prevailed for a period of 2500 years. The time span between 14,500–7;000 years B.P. witnessed a climatic amelioration phase leading to a warm and humid climate. From about 7,000 years B.P. to present the area has had a cool and humid climate.

Hydrology
The Upper Palani Hills catchment basin drains into the Lake.
Rainfall is the chief source of water into the lake. Average annual rainfall in the hill area is . The mean day temperature in the coolest months is below  in the higher areas.

The lake is formed below the Palani hill ranges at the origin of the Varahanadhi (Varaha River) which is used for purposes of water supply and irrigation.
As a part of the World Bank funded Water Resources Consolidation Project (WRCP) of Tamil Nadu, sedimentation condition was assessed for a large number of reservoirs including Berijam reservoir.
This indicated that the  gross storage capacity of the reservoir in 1911 decreased to  in 1987.
The percentage reduction of storage due to siltation is 23%, over a period of 76 years.

Berijam Lake had stable land conditions, thus erosion was less and the lake received less sediment but more organic matter in the proportion of  (5.5–41.8%).
The rate of sedimentation is indirectly proportional to the influx of organic matter.

Water quality
On the basis of chemical parameters and nutrient load studies, the Berijam lake has been categorized as oligotrophic with a tendency to eutrophication over time due to plankton growth in the lake.
This conclusion is supported by oxygen deficits in the bottom due to the chemocline condition of the lake.

Flora
Berijam is rich in flora and fauna (some are pictured in the gallery) and has a few original eco–initiatives to its credit, namely, South India's first field–oriented eco-education centre set up by the Forest Department,  an exclusive medicinal plants demonstration garden  spread over  and a model swamp observation area created to educate the public. A rare species of free floating insectivorous bladderwort plant called utricularia australis is said to be found here.

The catchment of the Berijam Lake in the Palani hills falls under the once extensive shola grassland ecosystem, also called the "cloud forest".
These grasslands constitute a complex and highly diverse plant community which in turn supports a wide range of fauna from insects to large mammals.
With the sholas they constitute one of the world's rarest, most biodiverse and spectacular of landscapes.
Where the grassland has been destroyed by industrial timber plantations, streams and marshes have dried out.
Data on germination and cultivation of c. 250 shola species and long term biographies of c. 70 shola tree species in the area have been published.
Medicinal flora
Development and cultivation of medicinal plants like Digitalis, Pyrethrum, belladona, Dioscorea sp. and Mentha is an active programme launched by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University through the  research centre of the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) near Berijam.
Commercial marketing of high yielding varieties of these plants is now being actively pursued.

Psilocybin mushrooms which produce hallucinogenic effects when consumed, and other species of mushrooms grow around Berijam.

Fauna

The Upper Palni Shola forest reserve surrounding Berijam lake has a rich faunal population comprising the following.
Avifauna
 Resident birds include crested serpent eagles, pariah kites, pale-rumped swallows and the edible-nest swiftlets.
 Migratory birds wintering here include the common rosefinch, the blue chat, several leaf-warblers and Blyth's reed-warbler.
Mammals

 Threatened mammals including bison, Nilgiri langur, Malabar giant squirrels and Indian elephants are seen here as well as Indian crested porcupines, wild boar, barking deer, sambar deer and mouse deer.

In February 2010, tigers were sighted in Kodaikanal forests during a six-day carnivore survey. A tigress and her cub were spotted playing in the wild. Forest Department officials are studying survey data to estimate the local tiger population based on indirect evidence like pug marks, scats and scratches.

Of the two wildlife corridors proposed for movement of Indian elephants in the Palani Hills Reserve Forest, the Berijam corridor connects to Top Station in Kerala.
It is also being studied if a link corridor through the Kukkal area, could be established to the second corridor from Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park through Amaravathy and Kudhiraiyar to the Palar Dam, then up the valley almost to Ganesh Nagar, below Pethuparai village.
Fish
In 1886 there were carp in the lake.
In 1914 there was a scheme to introduce trout into Berijam reservoir.

Conservation
Threats
The catchment basin of the lake, historically dominated by extensive shola grass lands, drains into marshes at the head of the lake. However, most of the catchment area was afforested, during the 1960s, with eucalyptus, wattle and pine. The main Berijam marsh has shrunk, as evidenced in March 2007, by walking across the marsh without getting one's feet wet. This is attributed to less water discharging into the lake. Shrinking of the lake has also been noticed with the boating dock getting shifted to deeper waters on the opposite side of the creek.

The creek waters adjoining the marsh have been gradually invaded by marshland vegetation of water lilies, torpedo grass and native sedges with shoots in water and roots at the nodes.
The water lilies were planted there "reportedly" for ornamental purposes by the Forest Department. These marshland invasives are accelerating the siltation process and may eventually result in necessity of raising the height of the dam to compensate for loss of storage due to siltation.

A crisis in the water regime of the Palani plateau has been observed at Berijam Lake. The lake's marshlands have been reported to dry out after the monsoon and marsh vegetation is seen encroaching into the deeper part of the lake.

Studies by the Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, undertaken in 2006 in many areas of the Palani hills including Berijam, indicate that the population of the grey-breasted laughingthrush, a near threatened endemic bird species of the Western Ghats, has been affected by the degradation of its habitat. Remedial measures have been suggested.

Otter poaching in the Palani hills to the point of extermination has been reported.
Common and small-clawed otters are trapped by tribals from the Haryana state of India, who are in Palani hills with the sole aim of collecting otter oil which is in demand in northern India.

Mercury pollution was reported in Kodaikanal which affected lakes in the area.

The causes, originating from a Hindustan Lever thermometer factory nearby, were reported to be dispersal of elemental mercury to the atmosphere from improper storage and dispersal from surface effluents from the factory. Apart from tests conducted on Kodaikanal lake, moss samples collected from trees surrounding the Berijam Lake, located  from the factory were also tested. These showed mercury level in the range of 0.2 µg/kg.

In 1902, important bauxite deposits were discovered in the hills north and south of Berijam Lake which The Geological Survey of India investigated during 1964–65.

Remedial measures
The following measures have been suggested or are under implementation by various agencies.
Plastics, smoking and consuming alcohol are prohibited at the lake area.
Promote Shola grass land afforestation in the catchment area of the lake, particularly towards Mannavanur where its absence is noticed. This remedial measure could be ecologically and biologically beneficial to restore the lake's water source.
Grassland rehabilitation could be achieved, with NGO and community participation.

The Vatakanal Conservation Trust, a non-governmental organization in association with the Tamil Nadu Forest Department has initiated efforts to restore the shola system.
A pilot project was undertaken to protect the Pambar shola, adjacent to Kodaikanal.
Kurinji saplings associated with Shola grasslands and other native grasslands species have been successfully nurtured.
Excellent flowering of krunji flowers on the cliffs near Berijam Lake have been noted during August and September.
Noting the effect on the breeding of the grey–breasted laughingthrush, the Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History has recommended:
Expansion of plantations and restoration of grasslands and shola forests in the Palani hills should be halted
The larger shola forests of Kukkal and Mathikettan (Berijam) to be declared as bird sanctuaries with better protection for the proposed Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park.
Set up a GIS database with thematic details, including information on flora and fauna, to help monitor the globally near threatened species.
Initiate a nature education programme to highlight importance of natural vegetation in Habitat conservation of biodiversity and watershed management of Palani Hills.

Gallery

External sources

Satellite view of Berijam Lake
Photo of Berijam entrance gate from Munnar road

References

Category:Reservoirs in Tamil Nadu


Ministry of Internal Administration (Portugal)

The Ministry of Internal Administration ( or MAI), is the Portuguese government ministry responsible for the public security, the civil defense, the electoral administration, the road traffic safety and the immigration and refugee affairs.

History
The ministry was created in 1736 by King John V of Portugal as the Secretariat of State for the Interior Affairs of the Kingdom (Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios Interiores do Reino), later being known simply as the Ministry of the Kingdom (Ministério do Reino).

In 1910, after the establishment of the Portuguese First Republic, the ministry was renamed Ministry of the Interior (Ministério do Interior). In 1974, after the Carnation Revolution, it was again renamed, becoming the Ministry of Internal Administration.

External links

Interior
Portugal


Tian (disambiguation)

Tian can mean:
Tian (天), a Chinese religious concept, often translated as "Heaven"
French tian, an earthenware vessel of Provence, and the food prepared in it
Tian, Benin, a village in Benin
Tian, Iran (disambiguation), 2 places in Lorestan province in Iran
Tian (surname), a Chinese surname (田)


Sistema Interconectado Central

The Sistema Interconectado Central (Spanish for Central Interconnected System) or SIC is the main alternating current power grid in Chile spanning all of Chile from Atacama Region in the north to Los Lagos Region in the south. SIC transmits 68.5% of the national generation and serves 93% of Chile's population.

As of December, 2011, it has a total installed capacity of 12,904 MW (gross)

References

External links

 Global Energy Network Institute
 Map of the Central Interconnected System
 Centro de Despacho Económico de Carga del Sistema Interconectado Central (CDEC-SIC) - Economic Load Dispatch Center of the Central Interconnected System

Category:Wide area synchronous grids
Category:Electric power transmission systems in Chile


Dubrovsky (novel)

Dubrovsky () is an unfinished novel by Alexander Pushkin, written in 1832 and published after Pushkin’s death in 1841. The name Dubrovsky was given by the editor.

Plot summary
Vladimir Dubrovsky is a young nobleman whose land is confiscated by a greedy and powerful aristocrat, Kirila Petrovitch Troekurov. Determined to get justice one way or another, Dubrovsky gathers a band of serfs and goes on the rampage, stealing from the rich and giving to the poor. Along the way, Dubrovsky falls in love with Masha,  Troekurov’s daughter, and lets his guard down, with tragic results.

Editions and translations

“The Works of Alexander Pushkin”. Lyrics, Narrative poems, Folk tales, Plays, Prose. Selected and edited, with an introduction by Avrahm Yarmolinsky. New York: Random House[1936]. viii, 893 p. Contents: Introduction. Lyrics and ballads <…>  Dubrovsky. Egyptian nights (all translated by T. Keane). The Captain’s daughter (translated by Natalie Duddington).
Reprinted: Unto myself I reared a monument, translated by Babette Deutsch, in Russki golos, New York, 1937, Feb. 7, sec. 1, also in Moscow News, Moscow, 1937, v. 7, no. 7, p. 3, also in Moscow Daily News, Moscow, 1937, no 29, p 3,
Behold a sower went forth to sow. Verses written during a sleepless night. Work, Parting, all translated by Babette Deutsch, in Russki golos, New York, 1937, Feb. 21, p. 5. Excerpts from Evgeny Onegin, translated by Babette Deutsch, in Moscow Daily News. Moscow, 1937, no 33. p. 2, 4,
The Snowstorm reprinted in Moscow Daily News, 1937, no. 34—36.
“The Captain’s daughter and other tales...”, Translated, with an introduction, by Natalie Duddington.  London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1933. xi, 266 p. (Everyman’s library.) Contents: Introduction. Bibliographical notes. The Captain’s daughter. The Queen of spades. Dubrovsky. Peter the Great’s negro. The Station-master. Reviewed by Ben Ray Redman in Books, New York, v. 10, Feb. 11, 1934, p. 12
“Dubrovsky.” (In: Tales from the Russian [translated by Mrs. Sutherland Edwards?]. London: Railway and General Automatic Library [1892]) A copy in British Museum.
 “Dubrovski; a tale of old Russia... “Translated by Reginald Merton. (The Argosy. London, 1928. 8°. v. 4, no. 27, p. 33—54.)
The Lady peasant. Dubrovsky; translated by T. Keane. (In: The Omnibus of romance... edited by John Grove [pseud, of John R. Colter]. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1931. 594 p.) A copy in Circulation Department.
The Prose tales of A. Pushkin; translated by T. Keane. London: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1894. 402 p. 8°. Copy in British Museum.
Contents: The Captain’s daughter. Dubrovsky. Queen of spades. Amateur peasant girl. The Shot. The Snowstorm. The Postmaster. The Coffin-maker. Kirdjali. Authority: W. S. Sonnenschein, A reader’s guide to contemporary literature. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1895, p. 587.
Reprinted with the addition of The Egyptian nights and Peter the Great’s negro in Bohn’s Standard Library, London, in 1896, 1911, 1916. Copy of 1896 edition in Library of Congress. A copy of 1916 edition. Authority for 1911 edition on verso of t.-p. of 1916 edition.
Another edition issued in London by G. Bell and Sons In 1914, and reprinted in 1919, 1926. Authority for 1914 and 1919 editions on verso of 1926 edition. A copy of 1914 edition in the Library of Congress.
Also published by the Macmillan Company, New York in 1894, 1896, 1914. Authority: American catalog, 1890—95, p. 358; 1895—1900, p. 399, and the Cumulative book index, v. 18, p. 618.
Also published under title: "The Captain’s daughter and other tales", by Hodder and Stoughton, London, in 1915. Copy in Circulation Department. Reprinted in 1916. Authority: English catalog, 1916/20, p. 918.
Also published in 1925 by Harcourt, Brace and Company. New York. Authority: Cumulative book index, v. 28, p. 1009.
“Dubrovsky and Egyptian Nights” by Alexander Pushkin. Translated by Robert Chandler, with foreword by Patrick Neate,
Hesperus Press, October 2003, Paperback, English

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
 Dubrovsky (opera) by Eduard Nápravník (1839–1916), premiered on January 15, [OS January 3] 1895, St Petersburg.
The Eagle, silent film
Director: 	Clarence Brown
Producer: 	John W. Considine, Jr./Art Finance Corp.
Writer:        Hans Kraly (scenario)
Main Cast: Rudolph Valentino, Vilma Bánky, Louise Dresser, James A. Marcus
Cinematography: George Barnes, Dev Jennings
Distributed by: 	United Artists
Release date: 	November 8, 1925 (USA)
Country: USA
Running Time: 	80 min.

 Dubrovsky, film, romantic adventure drama
Director: Alexander V. Ivanovsky
Main Cast: Boris Livanov, Nikolai Monakhov, Galina Grigoryeva, Vladimir Gardin, Mikhail Tarkhanov
Release Year: 1935
Country: Soviet Union
Running Time: 75 min.

 Black Eagle (Aquila nera), feature film
Director: Riccardo Freda
Main Cast: Rossano Brazzi, Irasema Dilián, Gino Cervi
Minor Cast: Gina Lollobrigida
Release Year: 1946
Country: Italy
Running Time: 97 min.

 Dubrowsky, feature film
Director: William Dieterle
Main Cast: John Forsythe, Rosanna Schiaffino, William Dieterle
Release Year: 1959
Country: Italy / Yugoslavia
Running Time: 115 min.

 Noble Brigand Vladimir Dubrovsky, TV series
Director: Vyacheslav Nikiforov
Main Cast: Mikhail Yefremov, Marina Zudina, Vladimir Samoylov, Kirill Lavrov
Release Year: 1989
Country: Soviet Union

 Dubrovskiy, feature film and TV mini-series
Director: Alexander Vartanov and Kirill Mikhanovsky
Writers: Konstantin Chernozatonsky, Mikhail Brashinsky
Main Cast: Danila Kozlovsky, Igor Gordin, Klavdiya Korshunova, Yuriy Tsurilo
Producer: Evgeniy Gindilis
Cinematohraphy: Vsevolod Kaptur, Anastasiy Mikhailov
Composer: Aleksey Aygi
Release Year: 2014
Country: Russia
Running Time: 123 min. (film), 5 episodes of 42 min. each (TV mini-series)

External links
 «Дубровский» available at Russian Virtual Library
Dubrovsky, transl. by Natalie Duddington. Dead Link

 Epub version (Spanish)

Category:1841 Russian novels
Category:Novels by Aleksandr Pushkin
Category:Unfinished novels
Category:Novels published posthumously


Window box

A window box (sometimes called  a window flower box or window box planter) is a type of flower container for live flowers or plants in the form of a box attached on or just below the sill of a window. It may also be used for growing herbs or other edible plants.

Description
A window box is usually placed on a window sill, or fixed to the wall immediately below it, so the owner(s) can easily access the plants in it. When installed under a window, it is usually supported by brackets on the wall below. Some materials, such as PVC or fibreglass, use a cleat mounting system from behind to attach it to the building, or it may be bolted directly to the building without the use of support brackets.

Wood, brick, terracotta, metal, fibre glass, vinyl, and cellular PVC may all be used in window box construction. A typical wooden window box lasts 3–5 years before showing deterioration, though with painting and maintenance can last 10–15 years.

Window boxes are usually accessed from indoors, and are often used by people who live on upper floors without access to gardens or other plantable areas. They enable plants to be seen by those inside as well as outside. Larger boxes, 10–12 inches in height, can be used to plant items that need more root space, and to allow flowers and plants to be grown in multiple rows.

Images

See also
 Container (flowers)
 Flower box
 Flower pot
 Urban horticulture
 Container garden
 List of gardening topics
 Windowfarm

References

Bibliography

External links

 Winning Window Boxes

Category:Garden vases
Category:Types of garden
Category:Garden features
Category:Gardening aids
Category:Windows
Category:Urban agriculture


Metropolitan Fire Brigade (Melbourne)

The Metropolitan Fire Brigade (MFB), also known as the Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board, is one of the several fire services in Victoria, Australia. The others include Country Fire Authority (CFA), the Department of Environment, Land, Water, and Planning (though firefighting is not the primary role of DELWP), Forest Industry Brigades (FIBs) and a number of private firefighting services. The MFB provides firefighting, rescue, medical and hazardous material incident response services to the metropolitan area of Melbourne. The MFB's headquarters are located at the Eastern Hill Fire Station (also known as Fire Station 1) in East Melbourne.

The MFB will be abolished in 2020 and its stations and firefighters absorbed into the newly created Fire Rescue Victoria.

History
The first known fire brigade in Melbourne was the volunteer Melbourne Fire Prevention Society established in 1845. Over a period of years a number of volunteer brigades were formed bearing the names of insurance companies and municipalities, and other institutions e.g. Carlton Brewery, Fitzroy Temperance. There was intense rivalry between these brigades. Buildings had wooden or metal plaques in the form of an insurance brigades coat of arms or firemark affixed to their exteriors denoting which insurance company had the building under its care. When the fire alarm was given many companies would rush to the scene, the mark would be inspected, and only the brigade that owned the mark would fight the fire while the other companies would do their best to hinder the operation. By 1890 there were 56 such volunteer brigades in Melbourne.

After several serious fires in 1890, with the loss of life of six firefighters in addition to loss of property, the Fire Brigades Act 1890 was passed with the aim of uniting these rival fire brigades. The first meeting of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade (MFB) board took place on 6 March 1891, and led to the disbanding of the then 56 volunteer brigades in Melbourne on 30 April 1891 with an invitation to firefighters to join the new organisation. On May 1, 1891 the Melbourne Fire Brigade became the main fire brigade in Melbourne. The first annual report of the MFB stated its strength as "59 permanent firefighters, 229 auxiliary firefighters, 4 steam fire engines, 25 horse drawn hose carts and 58 hose reels... 33 horses and 48 stations". In 1891, the Brigade attended 816 calls and 485 fires, of which 188 fires were classified as serious.

The first fire station constructed by the MFB was the Eastern Hill Fire Station, opposite St Peter's, Eastern Hill, one of the highest points in the city of Melbourne. Construction commenced in 1891 and the station opened on 3 November 1893. The building contained living quarters, stables, workshops, and offices. A watchtower was initially manned 24 hours a day. Firefighters lived on the premises until the 1970s.

In 1950, volunteer and partly-paid firefighters were discontinued in favour of solely full-time fire service. In September 1988, female firefighters were permitted to join the MFB.

The MFB has more than 2200 employees, including over 1900 firefighters and almost 350 corporate staff.

In 2019, legislation to abolish the MFB and replace it with a new organisation, Fire Rescue Victoria (FRV), passed the Parliament of Victoria. When the changes are implemented in 2020, FRV will assume all of the functions of the MFB, as well as employing all paid firefighters across the state, including those on the outskirts of Melbourne and in regional cities previously employed by the Country Fire Authority.

Functions
The functions of the MFB are set out in section 2 of the Metropolitan Fire Brigades Act 1958 as being to provide fire suppression and fire prevention services as well as emergency prevention and response services in the Metropolitan Fire District.

The MFB responds to about 38,000 calls per year for a range of Emergencies including:
 fires (structure, non-structure, bushfire)
 hazardous incidents
 road accident rescue
 emergency medical response (with Ambulance Victoria)
 automatic alarm response
 high angle rescue
 urban search and rescue
 marine response

Fire stations and appliances
The Metropolitan Fire District (MFD) encompasses over 1000 square kilometres of Metropolitan Melbourne, with 47 strategically placed Fire Stations to ensure a timely response to emergencies.
The MFB fire stations are listed below under the five districts which make up the MFD. Central District, Western District and Northern District combine as the North West Metro Region, while Southern District and Eastern District form the South East Metro Region.

North West Metro Region

Central District

Western District

Northern District

South East Metro Region

Southern District

Eastern District

Fire appliance glossary

The MFB operates a range of appliances to match the varied firefighting and rescue roles it provides. All stations have at least one pumper or pumper tanker, while some stations also have more specialised appliances such as water tankers, ladder platforms, telebooms, heavy rescue trucks, or other support vehicles.

 Breathing Apparatus Unit (BA)
 Breathing Apparatus Support (BS)
 Command Unit (CU)
 Decontamination Unit (Hazmat)
 District Car (DC)
 Fire Boat (FB)
 Ladder Platform (LP)
 Pumper (P)
 Pumper Tanker (PT)
 Rescue (R)
 Rehabilitation Unit (Rehab)
 Teleboom (TB)
 Transporter (T)
 Ultra Large Pumper (UP)
 Water Tanker (WT)

Pods:

 Breathing Apparatus (BA)
 Bulk Decontamination (BD)
 Equipment & Resource Management (ERM)
 Fire Duty Support (FDS)
 General Purpose (GP)
 High Angle Rescue (HAR)
 Hose Layer (HL)
 Heavy Rescue Support (HRS)
 Mechanical Loader (ML)
 Tipper/Rescue Support (TRS)
 Urban Search & Rescue no.1 (USAR-1)
 Water Recycling Module no.3 (WRM-3)
 Water Recycling Module no.5 (WRM-5)

See also
 Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council
 Country Fire Authority
 Country Fire Service
 New South Wales Fire Brigades

References

External links

 Metropolitan Fire Brigade website
 MFB Act
 Fire Services Museum of Victoria

Category:Fire and rescue services of Victoria (Australia)
Category:Organisations based in Melbourne
Category:1891 establishments in Australia


Levis

Lévis or Levis may be:

Geography

Canada
Lévis, Quebec
Lévis (electoral district) (1967–2004), a federal electoral district in Quebec
Lévis (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec
Levis-Lauzon, a former city in Quebec
Lévis—Lotbinière, a federal electoral district in Quebec

France
Levis, Yonne, a commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Lévis-Saint-Nom, a commune in the Yvelines département
Lévis-Saint-Nom, a commune in Île-de-France
Lurcy-Lévis, a commune in Auvergne

United States
Levis, California, an unincorporated community
Levis, Wisconsin, a town
Levis, Jackson County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

People
House of Lévis, antique noble French family
François de Gaston, Chevalier de Lévis (1719–1787), French soldier best known for his command in Canada in 1760
Levis of Jerusalem, a 2nd-century Jewish Christian bishop

Military
Fort Lévis, a former French fortification, now submerged in the St. Lawrence River, near Ogdensburg, New York, U.S.
Lévis Forts, a series of three forts in Lévis, Quebec
HMCS Lévis (K115), a 190 Royal Canadian Navy Flower-class corvette
HMCS Lévis (K400), a 190 Royal Canadian Navy River-class frigate

Other
Levis (motorcycle), a now defunct British motorcycle manufacturer
Levi's, a brand of denim clothing
Levi's Stadium, a stadium in Santa Clara, California, U.S.
Levis Formation, a geologic formation in Quebec, Canada

See also
 Leavis, a surname
 Levi (disambiguation)


Finn Henrik Bodvin

Finn Henrik Bodvin (October 12, 1928 – August 12, 2002) was a Norwegian sculptor.

Biogeraphy
Bodvin was born in Trondheim, Norway. Bodvin received his art education at the University of Detroit Mercy and Wayne State University in Detroit (1950),   Trondheim Art School (now part of the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art) (1952), Chelsea College of Arts in London (1952), Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry (1952–1953)  and Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts under Per  Palle Storm (1953–1956).

He worked with various types of materials, from clay, stone, and wood to sculptures in copper and steel. His manner of expression varied from figurative sculpture with the human body as a source of inspiration to abstract and non-figurative works in steel and other metals. Most of his sculptures are formed of welded copper and steel, a technique he has achieved by working with scrap iron.

He participated in a number of solo and group exhibits in Norway and abroad, and, among other venues, he took part in the Autumn Exhibition several times from 1958 to 1977 and in the Southern Norway Exhibition () six times, from 1970 to 1975. For many years, Bodvin lived in Flosta, and during this period he was part of an artists' colony that formed in the years after World War II. Together with other artists such as Ellen Iden, Ivar Jerven, Kjerstin Øvrelid, Knut Monrad, Finn Strømsted, Bodil Cappelen, and Liv Nergaard, they created an artistic environment that drew inspiration from nature and the skerries. In the mid-1960s, six of these artists exhibited at the Skien Art Association () as the Flosta Artists ().

Selected works
Tradisjon. Utkast til fiskermonument, copper (1954)
Claustrum, steel (1967)
Figurer, stainless steel (1969)
Skritsj-Skratsj, iron (1970)
Fugl Phoenix, steel (1978)

References

Category:1928 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:People from Trondheim
Category:Norwegian sculptors
Category:Norwegian University of Science and Technology alumni
Category:Oslo National Academy of the Arts alumni
Category:Alumni of Chelsea College of Arts
Category:Wayne State University alumni
Category:University of Detroit Mercy alumni
Category:Norwegian expatriates in the United States


1300s

1300s may refer to:
 The century from 1300 to 1399, almost synonymous with the 14th century (1301–1400)
 The period from 1300 to 1309, known as the 1300s decade


Prosenjit Chatterjee

Prosenjit Chatterjee (born 30 September 1962) is an Indian film actor and producer who works predominantly in Bengali and Hindi cinema. He is the son of actor Biswajit Chatterjee. He began his acting career as a child actor in Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Chotto Jigyasa, for which he won the Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Most Outstanding Work of the Year Award. Following this he appeared in other films as a child actor. His first leading role came through Bimal Roy's Duti Pata.

Prosenjit's breakthrough role came opposite Vijeta Pandit in Amar Sangi (1987), a highly successful romantic drama directed by Sujit Guha. He made his debut in Hindi cinema with David Dhawan directed Aandhiyan (1990). Apart from appearing in a series of masala films, he started doing middle-of-the-road cinema with Chokher Bali which starred Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in her debut Bengali film and which met with critical and commercial success upon release. He again came back in doing commercial films and in 2006, he again collaborated with Rituparno Ghosh for Dosar and received the Best Actor Award and National Film Award - Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Feature Film) for his performance in the film.

In 2009, Prosenjit once again collaborated with Ghosh for Shob Charitro Kalponik, which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali. In 2010, Prosenjit got another breakthrough by portraying the lead character of Arun Chatterjee in debutant Srijit Mukherji's Autograph, for which he was nominated at MIAAC (Mahindra Indo-American Arts Council) film festival, under the Best Actor category. He portrayed the role of Lalon, a noted spiritual leader, poet and folk singer of Bengal in the 19th century in Goutam Ghose directorial Moner Manush and Anthony Firingee in the National Film Awards winning film, Jaatishwar. He went to earn further recognition and wider appeal for his roles in the romantic thriller Khawto, the drama Praktan, the thriller Traffic, the drama Shankhachil, the crime film Zulfiqar and have committed to star in the Hindi films 3 Dev, alongside Kay Kay Menon, Raima Sen, Karan Singh Grover and Tabeer alongside Neeraj Kabi.

Chatterjee produced the Ghosh scripted the television series Gaaner Oparey, which launched the careers of brothers Arjun Chakraborty and Gaurav Chakraborty and Mimi Chakraborty as well. In 2016, he debuted on the non-fiction category of television with a 97-episode mini-series, titled Mahanayak. Produced by Shree Venkatesh Films and directed by Birsa Dasgupta, the show starred Paoli Dam, Tanushree Chakraborty and Priyanka Sarkar in other pivotal roles and was based on the life of a superstar of 60's era — a life fraught with career highs and personal turbulences. He has successful pairings with every heroines he had worked with like Vijyeta Pandit, Juhi Chawla, Deepika Chikhalia, Farah Naaz, Neelam Kothari, Ayesha Julekha, Aishwariya Rai, Manisha Koirala, Bipasha Basu, Preity Zinta, Rani Mukherjee, Sonam, Arpita Chatterjee, Debashree Roy, Rituparna Sengupta, Raima Sen and so.

Personal life
He attended Calcutta Airport English High School (H.S.) up to class 10. He attended St. Xavier's Collegiate School and St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, affiliated to the University of Calcutta. Prosenjit lives in Kolkata with his wife, actress Arpita Pal, and their son Trishanjit.

He has had two previous marriages with Debashree Roy and Aparna Guhathakurta. Prosenjit and Aparna have a daughter together, Prerona Chatterjee. In 2015, Prosenjit bought a Cricket Team in Bengal Celebrity League named Purulia Panthers.

Film career
He made his debut as a hero Bimal Roy's Duti Pata (1983), a teenage romance along the lines of Bobby. Amar Sangi (1987) opposite Vijayeta Pandit, Apon Amaar Apon (1990) directed by Tarun Majumdar and Buddhadeb Dasgupta's Ami, Yasin Ar Amar Madhubala (2007) are three important films of his career. The song "Chirodini Tumi Je Amar" from Amar Sangi became a cult hit. Satabdi Roy has acted with him in more than 50 films. He has done 35 films with Rachana Banerjee, 50 with Rituparna Sengupta, around 16 with Indrani Haldar and four with his wife Arpita Pal. Prosenjit debuted in Bollywood in 1990 with the David Dhawan directed Aandhiyan where he played the role of Mumtaz's son. After working in commercial films, Chatterjee started debuted in Parallel Cinema with Rituparno Ghosh's Chokher Bali (film) and since then have appeared in numerous art films, including Dosar, Jaatishwar, Shankhachil, Shob Charitro Kalponik. Chatterjee returned to Hindi cinema by playing the role of lead protagonist in Mehul Kumar directed Meet Mere Man Ke (1991) alongside Ayesha Jhulka, Feroz Khan and Salma Agha. His other Bollywood films are Sone Ki Zanjeer, Veerta, Shanghai and more recently Traffic which received critical acclaim upon release. One of the most important works of Prosenjit is as Arun Chatterjee in Srijit Mukherji's Autograph. His first ever produced film Bapi Bari Jaa was released on 7 December 2012.

Awards and honours

Filmography

Television presenter

References

External links

 Profile at Calcuttaweb.com

Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners
Category:Indian male film actors
Category:Living people
Category:Male actors from Kolkata
Category:Bengali male actors
Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema
Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners
Category:1962 births
Category:Kalakar Awards winners
Category:20th-century Indian male actors
Category:21st-century Indian male actors
Category:Film producers from Kolkata
Category:Bengali film producers
Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners
Category:University of Calcutta alumni


Dnyaneshwar Dnyan Mandir High School And Junior College

Dnyaneshwar Dnyan Mandir English High School, Thane was established in the year 1975, and in 2010, the new management of Goodwill International Foundation Trust (GIFT) took over the school. The President of the Trust and Board of Governors is Mrs. Nandini R. Vichare. Now GIFT runs a Nursery, Pre Primary, Primary School, High School and Junior College of Science and Commerce with General and Bifocal stream. Goodwill International Foundation School and Jr. College is affiliated to Mumbai Divisional board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education.

School profile
Dnyaneshwar Dnyan Mandir High School And Junior College has approximately 13 teachers. Out of the total number of teachers, 10 are Upper Primary School teachers, and 3 are Secondary School teachers. The school has a pass percentage of 83.33% in Tenth Standard board examination. The boys' pass percentage in Tenth Standard board examination is 66.67%. The girls' pass percentage in Tenth Standard board examination is 100%.

Courses offered
Stream Options for Courses for High School /Junior College:
 Commerce
 Science
Courses for High School /Junior College:
 Commerce General
 Commerce Bifocal Banking
 Commerce Bifocal Office Management
 Science Bifocal Computer Science
 Science General

Location
The school is located besides Kumbla Hospital in Charai.

References

Category:Schools in Thane district


Shorinji Kempo

is a Japanese martial art considered to be a modified version of Shaolin Kung Fu. The name Shōrinji Kempo is the Japanese reading of Shaolin Kungfu. It was established in 1947 by , a Japanese martial artist and former military intelligence agent who lived in China for many years before and during World War II.

Shorinji Kempo claims to be a holistic system, whose training methods are divided into three parts: self-defense training, mental training, and health training. The basis are the concepts that  "spirit and body are not separable" (心身一如: shinshin-ichinyo) and that it is integral to train both "body and mind as one" (拳禅一如: kenzen ichinyo).

Through employing a well-organized technical course outline, Shorinji Kempo claims to help the practitioner "establish oneself" and to promote "mutual comfort". The philosophy and techniques of Shorinji Kempo are outlined in their master text, (少林寺拳法教範) Shōrinji-kempō-kyōhan.

Overview

There are two sides of Shorinji Kempo which are believed to be true budō (武道) and educational system. As the latter, the organization is well known for their mental training institution as well as body training facilities dōjō (道場).

The founder, Doshin So, wanted to establish not only an organization which incorporated mental and physical training but also wanted to educate Japanese people who had been completely demoralized by World War II.
His aim was to defuse those who had lost their way and rebuild Japan for the future. It is said that he tried to teach Buddhist philosophy but no one followed him. Later on, So reportedly saw a vision of Bodhidharma, which inspired him to pursue teaching martial arts, as Bodhidharma was believed to have done so.  Both of these are later to become the main training methods of Shorinji Kempo.

Shorinji Kempo includes a broad curriculum of self-defense techniques, known as hokei (法形). For demonstration or competition purposes, these are combined together into a choreographed sequence known as an embu (演武). The embu consists of (typically) 6 sections and each section includes a series of gōhō (剛法) or hard techniques and jūhō (柔法) or soft techniques.  During a pair-form or kumi embu, one person attacks and another person defends for one section, and they then swap roles for the next section. The application of technique within an embu is known as hien (飛燕) or flying swallow which represents speed and smoothness of those techniques. The embu is occasionally performed wearing a black robe, called hōi (法衣), for example at an opening or closing ceremony of a taikai (大会, convention/tournament).

Hombu
Headquartered in Tadotsu town, Kagawa prefecture (on Shikoku island) in Japan.

Buildings:
 Hondo (main dojo/hall)
 Kodo (lecture hall)
 Rensei-dojo (former 1st dojo)
 Shokudo (dining room)
 Daigan-toh (memorial tower)
 Zenrin Gakuen (college house)

The bones and ashes of Doshin So are buried behind the lecture hall.

Organizations
The organization of the Shorinji Kempo group is divided into 5 entities:

 Religious entity (金剛禅総本山少林寺: Kongō-zen Sōhon-zan Shōrinji),
 Foundation entity Shorinji Kempo Foundation Federation (一般財団法人少林寺拳法連盟: Ippan-zaidan-hōjin Shōrinji-kempō Renmei),
 Educational entity Zenrin Gakuen College (学校法人禅林学園: Gakkō-hōjin Zenrin Gakuen),
 Global entity World Shorinji Kempo Organization, WSKO (少林寺拳法世界連合: Shōrinji-kempō Sekai Rengō),
 Intellectual property entity (一般社団法人SHORINJI KEMPO UNITY: Ippan-shadan-hōjin Shōrinji-kempō Yunitī).

The relationship between these five entities is very close because of the unique fusion of religion, martial arts, and education. (Source: web site of Shorinji Kempo Foundation Federation and Shorinji Kempo Kyohan written by Doshin So)

National Federations
Shorinji Kempo Foundation Federation (Japan)
Indonesian Shorinji Kempo Federation
Malaysian Shorinji Kempo Federation
Swiss Shorinji Kempo Federation
Finnish Shorinji Kempo Federation
Swedish Shorinji Kempo Federation
Italian Shorinji Kempo Federation
French Shorinji Kempo Federation
German Shorinji Kempo Federation
Spanish Shorinji Kempo Federation
Portuguese Shorinji Kempo Federation
Ukrainian Shorinji Kempo Federation
United Kingdom Shorinji Kempo Federation
United States Shorinji Kempo Federation
Canadian Shorinji Kempo Federation (branch of the US federation)

The Shaolin Monastery

The name "Shōrinji" is a literal reading of the Chinese "Shaolin Temple" from the Shaolin Monastery in Henan Province, China. Dōshin Sō claimed to have inherited the title of the 21st master of the Giwamon-ken (義和門拳) system (in Mandarin: Yihe Mén Quán) which is believed to have been used during the Boxer rebellion of 1899 to 1901.

Dōshin Sō was very much impressed to see paintings on the wall of Byakue-den (白衣殿) chapel at Shaolin Temple. The style of the monks practicing the martial arts was very fresh and vital to him. He believed it was the origin of the existing quan fa in China. (source: a book "Hi-den Shorinji Kempo" 秘伝少林寺拳法「光文社」written by Doshin So, published by Kobun-sha Kappa Books)

Emblem

The swastika, called manji in Japanese, was originally the emblem for Shorinji Kempo, as it is used in Dharmic religions, as well as by many cultures around the world, for centuries. The swastika can either mean love (left-facing) and strength (right-facing) which symbolize Kongo-zen teaching. However, given the social stigma that the swastika carries, the WSKO replaced it with the character 拳 (ken), which means "fist", in the center of tate-manji (swastika guarded by shields) on the emblem or using nagare-manji which meant "rounded swastika".

In 2005, the Shorinji Kempo Group has employed a new symbol for all the international Shorinji Kempo federations. The new mark is called so-en (double circle) and it is said that this is the extreme shape of two swastikas intertwined. The so-en emblem is put on the training uniform (keikogi), belt (obi), and the hōi, a black robe worn by high-ranking practitioners during exhibitions.

History

Doshin Sō, birthname Michiomi Nakano, was born in Okayama prefecture and spent his youth in northern China, first with his grandfather and then as an intelligence agent of the occupying Imperial Japanese Army to collect military information during the war. As part of his cover, he was posted to a Taoist school as an apprentice. There, Nakano met Chen Lian (陳 良), a Taoist priest and master of Báilián Mén Quán or Báilián Quán (meaning "White Lotus Fist"). After some time, Chen introduced Nakano to Wen Taizong (文 太宗), a master in Yihe Mén Quán or Yihe Quán (meaning "Righteous Harmony Fist"). Wen would take in Nakano as his student at the Shaolin Temple, at Henan, and passed onto him the title of grandmaster in that specific style of quan fa.

In the final days of the Second World War, the Soviet Union broke its neutrality pact with Japan, declaring war. The Soviets invaded Manchuria on 9 August, and overran the Japanese in less than 11 days. The aftermath was appalling; Japanese casualties were tenfold than that of the Soviets'; both civilians and wounded Japanese soldiers were left to die while the army retreated; and many Japanese civilians committed mass suicide. It was in this carnage that Dōshin Sō recognized and understood the "nature of the human being". According to his book, the nature and quality of the person is extremely important since politics, law, and day-to-day living are all conducted by human beings.

After returning to Japan, Sō thought of establishing a cram school for young people. He was stationed in the small town of Tadotsu, on Shikoku island, to teach Buddhist philosophy. He established Shorinji Kempo to take the concept of  ken-zen ichinyo by following Bodhidharma and made use of techniques he had learned in China (source: the book "Hi-den Shōrinji Kempō" (秘伝少林寺拳法) written by Dōshin Sō, published by Kobun-sha Kappa Books).
This promotion and campaign was known as Kongō-zen undō (Diamond-zen campaign) and expanded Shorinji Kempo throughout Japan by his pupils. This campaign and concept was inherited by his daughter  after his death in 1980 till present. After his death, Dōshin Sō is called "Kaiso" or founder.

Milestones
1947 - Religious entity was established
1948 - Nippon Hokuha Shorinji Kempo Society (日本北派少林寺拳法会) was established
1951 - Kongō Zen Sōhonzan Shōrinji (金剛禅総本山少林寺) and Kōmanji kyōdan (黄卍教団) established
1956 - Educational entity, Nihon Shōrinji Bugei Senmon-gakkō (日本少林寺武芸専門学校) was established
1957 - "All Japan Shorinji Kempo Federation" (全日本少林寺拳法連盟, Zen-nihon Shōrinji Kempō Renmei) was established
1963 - "Shorinji Kempo Federation of Japan" (社団法人日本少林寺拳法連盟, Shadan-hōjin Nihon Shōrinji Kempō Renmei) was formed as corporate entity
1972 - "International Shorinji Kempo Federation" (ISKF) (国際少林寺拳法連盟) was established
1974 - "World Shorinji Kempo Organization" (WSKO) was established
1980 - Doshin So's death
1992 - "Shorinji Kempo Federation Foundation" formed as a foundation entity
1997 - 50th anniversary celebration
2000 - Shorinji Kempo Group was organized
2002 - Busen (Shorinji Kempo Budo Academy) High School was opened
2003 - Busen renamed as Zenrin Gakuen College
2003 - New logo of Shorinji Kempo (so-en) was designed
2005 - Official adoption of the 'so-en' emblem
2007 - 60th anniversary celebration
2008 - All Japan Junior High School Shorinji Kempo Federation was formed
2009 - Sekai-taikai (global convention) cancelled in Indonesia because of security concerns, but taikai held
2012 - Doshin So's 100th Birthday Memorial Taikai, held in Yokohama Japan
2013 - Shorinji Kempo World Taikai 2013, held in Osaka Japan
2017 - Shorinji Kempo World Taikai (in California) and 70th anniversary celebration
(source: w:ja:少林寺拳法, in Japanese)

Philosophy

Shorinji Kempo is neither a traditional form of martial art nor a kind of competitive sport. It is said to be as a religious gyō among pupils.
According to the Buddhist doctrine, the spirit and fleshly body are inseparable.  By practicing Shorinji Kempo techniques and learning its philosophy, it is believed to develop a firm body like a pair of standing Vajradhara (金剛神: Kongō-shin or 金剛力士 Kongō-rikishi) and the never-give-up spirit of Bodhidharma (菩提達磨: Bodai-daruma).

Zen

Shorinji Kempo incorporates zen for mental training.
Techniques are mainly divided into 3 categories: gōhō (剛法 hard techniques - hand strikes, chops, hammers, elbows, knees, kicks, reaps, stomps, and blocks); jūhō (柔法 soft techniques - throws, pins, chokes, joint manipulations, dodges and releases) and; seihō (整法 healing techniques - acupressure, bone setting, and resuscitation techniques).

Doshin So in his book, "What is Shorinji Kempo?", said that he pursued his revelations and the development of the fighting technique of Bodhidharma known as the Arakan no ken (阿羅漢之拳) or the Arhat fist. He believed this to have originated in India around 5,000 years ago. He was inspired by seeing representations of the wall paintings at the Shaolin Temple in China.

Those who practice Shorinji Kempo are called kenshi (拳士). Kenshi always salute with gassho (合掌) the greeting commonly used among Buddhist pupils. The gassho-rei(合掌礼) is also gassho-gamae (合掌構) stance, with both palms put together and raised in front of one's face.

Qualifications
There are qualifications for 1st degree black belt (1st "dan") in order to achieve the steps of body and spiritual training: These are bukai, hōkai, and sōkai.

Examples of bukai (武階 martial rank) and corresponding hōkai (法階 philosophical rank):
 1st dan (初段 sho-dan) - 准拳士 Jun-kenshi
 2nd dan (弐段 ni-dan) - 少拳士 Sho-kenshi
 3rd dan (参段 san-dan) - 中拳士 Chu-kenshi
 4th dan (四段 yon-dan) - 正拳士 Sei-kenshi
 5th dan (五段 go-dan) - 大拳士 Dai-kenshi

After having 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree bukai qualifications, kenshi practicing at doin will automatically have Jun-kenshi, Sho-kenshi and Chu-kenshi in hokai qualifications,
those kenshi practicing at branches will have these corresponding hokai after joining the training at Shorinji Kempo headquarters in Tadotsu town in Kagawa prefecture in Japan.

From 1st to 3rd degree, the examinations are held in each prefectural Shorinji Kempo organization headquarters.
However, the special examination is only held at its main headquarters in Tadotsu for the qualifications of 4th degree and above.
Outside Japan 3rd degree practitioners (san-dan) are considered teachers. In Japan , 4th degree practitioners (yon-dan) and above are considered teachers, but those ranking at the 5th degree (go-dan) and above are officially called sensei (先生: teacher). Kenshi who obtained 4th dan automatically obtain Sei-kenshi as well.

WSKO's qualifications and conditions are a little different from its Japanese domestic counterparts.

Arm emblem "category" colors:
  Red: for doin kenshi
  Blue: for shibu kenshi
  Green: for Zenrin Gakuen College kenshi
  Purple: for WSKO kenshi

Arm emblem "title" colors:

 Gold: for master of doin" or "shibu
 Silver: for master of doin or shibu with lower than 5th dan
 Red: assistant master with 3rd dan or above

Also, there is a sokai (priesthood rank) qualification in Kongo Zen Sohon-zan Shorinji. 2nd dan or Sho-kenshi will study Kongo zen's philosophy and submit an application form and thesis.

Training system

Spiritual training

kiryoku (気力)
kisei (気勢)
kiai (気合)

Mental training

inyō (陰陽)
kyojitsu (虚実)
tempō (天方)
chii (地位)
chijutsu (知術)
chiryaku (知略)

Physical training

• Gō-hō (剛法) (”hard methods”: 8 techniques, 3 traditions)

8 Gō-hō techniques:
tsuki-waza (突技)
uchi-waza (打技)
kiri-waza (切技)
keri-waza (蹴技)
kari-waza (刈技)
fumi-waza (踏技)
taigi (体技)
bōgi (防技)

3 Gō-hō traditional weapons:
dokko-den (独鈷伝)
nyoi-den (如意伝)
kongō-den (金剛伝)

• Jū-hō (柔法 ”soft methods”: 10 techniques)

gyaku-waza (逆技)
nage-waza (投技)
katame-waza (固技)
shime-waza (締技)
hogi (捕技)
ōatsugi (押圧技)
nukite-hō (抜手法)
nukimi-hō (抜身法)
shu-hō (守法)
baku-hō (縛法)

• Sei-hō (整法 "healing methods")

seikei (整経)
seimyaku (整脉)
seikotsu (整骨)
kappō (活法)

• Taigamae (体構え "stance")

Byakuren hachi-jin (白蓮八陣 "8 stances of Byakuren")

gasshō-gamae (合掌構え)
manji-gamae (まんじ構え)
midare-gamae (乱れ構え)
hassō-gamae (八相構え)
taiki-gamae (待気構え)
gyaku taiki-gamae (逆待気構え)
aiki-gamae (合気構え)
byakuren chudan-gamae (白蓮中段構え) (or commonly called kaisoku chudan-gamae 開足中段構え)

Giwa kyū-jin (義和九陣 "9 stances of Giwa")

kesshu-gamae (結手構え)
ichiji-gamae (一字構え)
niō-gamae (仁王構え)
chūdan-gamae (中段構え)
gedan-gamae (下段構え)
gyaku gedan-gamae (逆下段構え)
fukko-gamae (伏虎構え)
tate musō-gamae (立無相構え)
yoko musō-gamae (横無相構え)

• Fujin-hō (布陣法 "body positions")

seitai-gamae (正対構え) (both kenshi facing in byakuren chudan-gamae)
tai-gamae (対構え) (when one kenshi has a left-front stance, the other also takes a left-front stance)
hiraki-gamae (開構え) (when one kenshi has a left-front stance, the other takes a right-front stance)

• Umpo-hō (運歩法 "footwork")

fumikomi-ashi (踏込足)
maeyose-ashi (前寄足)
kumo-ashi (蜘蛛足)
kani-ashi (蟹足)
chidori-ashi (千鳥足)
sashikomi-ashi (差込足)
sashikae-ashi (差替足)
tobikomi-ashi (跳込足)

• Tai-sabaki (体捌き "body movement")

furi-mi (振身)
sori-mi (反り身)
hiki-mi (引身)
ryūsui (流水)
han-tenshin (半転身)
gyaku-tenshin (逆転身)
han-tenkan (半転換)
zen-tenkan (全転換)

• Ukemi (受身 "breakfalls")

mae-ukemi (前受身)
ushiro-ukemi (後受身)
ōten yori okiagari (横転より起き上がり) (also in the Kyohan as tombo-gaeri とんぼ返り)
dai-sharin (大車輪)

Embu

Embu is a combination of hokei (organized patterns of goho and juho techniques) which has 6 sections.
It is similar to "kata", except that two or more people participate. Embu is performed in the court, in the gym, at a Taikai or other ceremonial occasions.  In these patterns one kenshi takes the part of attacker (kōsha 攻者) and one acts as defender (shusha 守者); they then change roles and repeat the technique.  After the set form technique the kenshi perform ren-han-ko (連反攻: a series of offence after defence) which is a free form counter-attack which continues until the original attacker successfully blocks/parries and counters.  The juho techniques are followed by katame (pinning techniques) or kime (finishing techniques with various hand strikes or kicks to nerve points).

Embu start with gassho-rei and are performed usually in kumi embu (pair), tandoku embu (single) and dantai embu (6 or 8 in a group).

Initially, there was no regulation in performing embu.  Nowadays, it is rated out of 5 (sometimes 3 at preliminary selection) judges having 60 points each for the 6 sections and 40 points each for other factors for comprehensiveness.  The maximum possible total of 300 points can be achieved after eliminating the highest and the lowest scores when 5 judges are judging. Kumi-embu and dantai-embu are performed within a time limit of between one and a half to two minutes.

The most famous embu pair was Masuomi Nakano and Toshio Misaki whose embu was said to have impressed Doshin So.

Unyo-ho
Earlier in Shorinji Kempo's history, was the Unyo-ho, a fighting competition. After many accidents during sparring bouts with no headgear, the organization required the wearing of headgear, body protectors, and groin guards. A system of limiting each kenshi to one role of defender or attacker was also introduced for safety. Rating is done by judging attacking points, defensive techniques and counter-attacks.

Current status
Currently, Yūki So is the president of the World Shorinji Kempo Organization and the chairperson of the Shorinji Kempo Group. Tsunehiro Arai is the WSKO's board chairperson, as well as the president of the Japanese Shorinji Kempo Federation.

In 2010, the British Shorinji Kempo Federation (BSKF) split from the WSKO, in response to the latter's announcement on March 3 that it was dissolving the former. However, the United Kingdom Shorinji Kempo Federation (UKSKF) still remains affiliated with WSKO.

The BSKF applied to the British Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to register the trademark that it has used for 25 years. Shorinji Kempo Unity opposed the application, but the IPO found that SKU had not demonstrated genuine use of its registered trademark. SKU appealed the decision. In the High Court, the appeal judge found that SKU had shown genuine use of its mark, but that the BSKF mark can be registered.  Judge Warren found that Shorinji Kempo is a generic term, which simply describes a martial art, and even if this were not the case, there is no possibility of confusion of the BSKF's mark with that of the SKU.

In 2015, the International Kempo Association (IKA) was formed (and incorporated in the UK), as an umbrella organisation and loose collective for several ex-WSKO groups. It currently includes member organisations from Czech Republic, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, and UK (BSKF).

See also

 Hard and Soft (martial arts)
 Shuhari
 Origins of Asian martial arts
 Bodhidharma

References

Bibliography
 Shorinji Kempo philosophy and techniques by Doshin So, Published by Japan Publications, Inc. Tokyo Japan.
 Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991,

External links
 Shorinji Kempo Official website
 WSKO: World Shorinji Kempo Organization

Category:Gendai budo
Category:Japanese martial arts
Category:Kenpō


Gregory Rabassa

Gregory Rabassa, ComM (March 9, 1922 – June 13, 2016), was an American literary translator from Spanish and Portuguese to English. He taught for many years at Columbia University and Queens College.

Life and career
Rabassa was born in Yonkers, New York, to a family headed by a Cuban émigré. After serving during World War II as an OSS cryptographer, he received a bachelor's degree from Dartmouth. He earned his doctorate at Columbia University and taught there for over two decades before accepting a position at Queens College, City University of New York.

He worked primarily out of Spanish and Portuguese. He produced English-language versions of the works of several major Latin American novelists, including Julio Cortázar, Jorge Amado and Gabriel García Márquez. On the advice of Cortázar, García Márquez waited three years for Rabassa to schedule translating One Hundred Years of Solitude. He later declared Rabassa's translation to be superior to the Spanish original.

He received the PEN Translation Prize in 1977 and the PEN/Ralph Manheim Medal for Translation in 1982. Rabassa was honored with the Gregory Kolovakos Award from PEN American Center for the expansion of Hispanic Literature to an English-language audience in 2001.

Rabassa had a particularly close and productive working relation with Cortázar, with whom he shared lifelong passions for jazz and wordplay. For his version of Cortázar's novel, Hopscotch, Rabassa shared the inaugural U.S. National Book Award in Translation.

Rabassa taught at Queens College, from which he retired with the title Distinguished Professor Emeritus. In 2006, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.

Rabassa sometimes translated without having read the book beforehand.

He wrote a memoir of his experiences as a translator, If This Be Treason: Translation and Its Dyscontents, A Memoir, which was a Los Angeles Times "Favorite Book of the Year" for 2005 and for which he received the PEN/Martha Albrand Award for the Art of the Memoir in 2006.

Rabassa died on June 13, 2016, at a hospice in Branford, Connecticut. He was 94.

Selected translations
 Demetrio Aguilera Malta
 Seven Serpents and Seven Moons, 1979 (Siete lunas y siete serpientes)
 Juan Benet
 Return to Region
 A Meditation
 Jorge Franco
 Rosario Tijeras, 2004
 Julio Cortázar
 Hopscotch 1966 (Rayuela) —U.S. National Book Award for Translation
 A Manual for Manuel, 1978 (Libro de Manuel)
 62: A Model Kit (62: Modelo para armar)
 José Maria de Eça de Queirós
Saint Christopher
 Gabriel García Márquez
One Hundred Years of Solitude 1970 (Cien años de soledad)
The Autumn of the Patriarch 1976 (El otoño del patriarca), for which he received the Pen Translation Prize.
Chronicle of a Death Foretold 1982 (Crónica de una muerte anunciada)
Leaf Storm (La hojarasca)
Clarice Lispector
The Apple in the Dark 1967 (A maçã no escuro, 1961)
Luis Rafael Sánchez
Macho Camacho's Beat 1983 (La guaracha del Macho Camacho)
José Lezama Lima
Paradiso (Paradiso)
Mario Vargas Llosa
Conversation in the Cathedral (Conversación en la Catedral)
Machado de Assis
Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas (Memórias Póstumas de Bras Cubas)
Quincas Borba (Quincas Borba)
António Lobo Antunes
Fado Alexandrino (Fado Alexandrino)
The Return of the Caravels (As Naus)
Osman Lins
Avalovara (Avalovara)
Jorge Amado
Captains of the Sands (Capitães da Areia)

Honours
 Commander of the Order of Merit, Portugal (12 November 2011)

References

External links
PEN audio interview with Gregory Rabassa, Edith Grossman and Michael F. Moore.

Category:1922 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:American translators
Category:Dartmouth College alumni
Category:Columbia University alumni
Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:National Book Award winners
Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Category:20th-century translators
Category:21st-century translators
Category:American people of Cuban descent
Category:People from Yonkers, New York
Category:Literary translators
Category:Portuguese–English translators
Category:Spanish–English translators


Duvvuri Subbamma

Duvvuri Subbamma (15 November 1881 – 31 May 1964) was an Indian independence activist who played an important role in the Indian independence movement. She was one of the founders of the women's congress committee.

Biography
Subbamma was born in 1880 in Daksharamam, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. A child bride, she was married at the age of ten. She was widowed at a very young age. After her husband's death, she took up activism and joined the Quit India Movement against the British Raj. She took part in the civil disobedience movement and strongly advocated total freedom from British rule in India.

In 1922 she organized the women's congress committee. In 1923 she organized a meeting in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, where hundreds of women volunteers attended the Kakinada Congress Mahasabha. Subbamma organized Andhra Mahila Sabhas that trained and educated women in the national freedom movement and was instrumental in galvanizing support of the women in the Indian independence movement. She extensively traveled throughout Andhra Pradesh promoting women's empowerment.

Together with other activists like Nadimpalli, Sundaramma helped set up the Goteti Manikyamba, Andhra Mahasabha, and T. Varakshmamma organizations. Subbamma was arrested and incarcerated in the Rajahmundry prison for one year due to her activities on behalf of the civil disobedience movement. She also spent a year in the Rayavellore prison for taking part in the Salt March. She aggressively spoke out and worked for the abolition of untouchability in India.

She is memorialized with a bust in the Freedom Park in Rajahmundry.

References

Category:1881 births
Category:1964 deaths
Category:Women Indian independence activists
Category:People from East Godavari district
Category:Activists from Andhra Pradesh
Category:19th-century Indian women
Category:20th-century Indian women politicians
Category:20th-century Indian politicians
Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh


Holdin' My Own Tour

The Holdin' My Own Tour was a headline concert tour by Eric Church, in support of his fifth studio album Mr. Misunderstood (2015). The tour began in Lincoln, Nebraska on January 13, 2017 and concluded in Nashville, Tennessee on May 27 of that year.

Background
Church announced the Holdin' My Own Tour during a performance at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado through a Facebook Live stream. Unlike his previous tours, Church said he will not have supporting acts, and instead, he will headline two fulls sets with an intermission in between sets. Basically at this point in his career, only Eric Church opens for Eric Church.

Battle Against Ticket Scalpers
Notoriously outspoken about his disgust with scalpers, Church and his team have come up with an intricate digital system that aims to ensure all tickets are sold at face value — and thus kept out of scalpers' hands. On February 21, 2017, Church had to cancel 25,000 tickets purchased by scalpers. Church stated:
It drives me fucking crazy… The problem I have is that scalpers have a bazillion people working for them. And they have those bots that scan. So it's not fair. I've been told to raise my prices. But there's guys out there that want to come to a show and bring their family to a show and are working a blue-collar job, they were there for us in bars and clubs, so I should raise to $100 because that's what the scalpers think? I refuse to believe that.

Tour dates

References

External links
Official website

Category:2017 concert tours