108th Operations Group

The 108th Operations Group is a unit of the 108th Wing (108 WG) of the New Jersey Air National Guard, one of the many units stationed at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey. If activated to federal service with the U.S. Air Force, the group is gained by Air Mobility Command (AMC).

Its World War II predecessor, the 348th Fighter Group, was the most successful Republic P-47 Thunderbolt group in the Southwest Pacific Theater. Its commander, Neel E. Kearby was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in combat.  Over a dozen of the group's pilots became aces.

Overview
The 108th Group mission is air refueling. The wing enhances the Air Force's capability to accomplish its primary missions of Global Reach and Global Power. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps aircraft as well as aircraft of allied nations. The wing is also capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations.

In addition to their primary air refueling mission, the Wing also supports an Intelligence Squadron and a Contingency Response Group

Units
The 108th Operations Group consists of the following units:
 108th Operations Support Squadron
 141st Air Refueling Squadron (KC-135R) "New Jersey", Orange Fin Flash
 140th Cyber Operations Squadron
 The 140th Cyber Operations Squadron is one of the twelve Air National Guard Cyber Protection Teams that defend networks and systems against threats.
 150th Special Operations Squadron (C-32B)
 204th Intelligence Squadron
 The 204th Intelligence Squadron is the first Air National Guard squadron that is solely dedicated to providing intelligence instruction and training products to the Air Mobility Command. It is also the first course of its kind in the intelligence community that integrates active duty, Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve students.

During World War II, the group operated primarily in the Southwest Pacific Theater. It was the most successful Republic P-47 Thunderbolt unit in the Pacific War. The Group's commander, Colonel Neel Kearby ran up 20+ kills, including a 6-kills-in-1-mission, for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. The Group scored 396 kills, over half of all the kills credited to Fifth Air Force P-47s, and won two United States Distinguished Unit Citations. The Group had 20 P-47 aces, including Bob Rowland, Lawrence O'Neill, Bill Banks, Bill Dunham, Walt Benz, Sam Blair, Robert Sutcliffe, and George Davis, who would later be awarded the Medal of Honor flying F-86s during the Korean War.

On 24 May 1946, the group was redesignated as the 108th Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard.

History

World War II
The 348th Fighter Group was activated at Mitchel Army Airfield, New York, on 30 September 1942. It was equipped with the P-47 Thunderbolt. The 348th was one of the first USAAF groups to be equipped with the P-47.

1943

After an extended period of training in the northeast United States, the personnel boarded the Army transport ship Henry Gibbons and left the wharf at Weehawken, New Jersey on 15 May 1943. They groups personnel all thought they were heading for the European theatre of war. However, they went through the Panama Canal instead and crossed the Pacific Ocean reaching Brisbane, Australia on 14 June 1943. They moved to Archer Field (Archerfield airfield) and waited for their aircraft to arrive.

The group's P-47D Thunderbolts began to arrive in Brisbane in the same month, and by the end of July after they had "run in" their engines on local training flights, the group began long-range missions to strike at Japanese targets in New Guinea. In mid-June the 348th's three squadrons (340th, 341st, 342d) made the 1,200-mile flight from Brisbane to Port Moresby, New Guinea. The group operated from New Guinea and Noemfoor until November 1944, flying patrol and reconnaissance missions and escorted bombers to targets in New Guinea and New Britain. The 460th Fighter Squadron, stationed at Noemfoor, New Guinea, was also later attached to the 348th Fighter Group on 23 September 1944 .

The arrival of the 348th as the first P-47 group in the Southwest Pacific area coincided with the opening of the Allied offensive in New Guinea. During the summer of 1943 the P-47 missions were chiefly as cover for bombers in the Lae-Salamaua area, and for transports carrying supplies to the new mountain locked airstrip at Tsili, only a few miles from the Japanese held Markham Valley. The group met its first air combat over Tsili on 16 August 1943, when two squadrons tangled with the fighter cover of an enemy bomber formation, and shot down three aircraft.

In September the 348th's planes provided cover for the paratroop landing at Nadzab in the Markham valley, and with the capture of Nadzab and Lae the group entered into one of the most spectacular phases of its overseas career, in a series of fighter sweeps, generally by flights of four planes, over the Japanese stronghold of Wewak.

Lieutenant Colonel Neel Kearby, the Commanding Officer of the 348th Fighter Group shot down his first Japanese aircraft on 4 September 1943. He shot down a second aircraft on 15 September 1943. Colonel Kearby was awarded the Medal of Honor for action over New Guinea on 11 October 1943. After leading a flight of four fighters to reconnoiter the enemy base at Wewak, Lt Col Kearby sighted a Japanese bomber formation escorted by more than 30 fighters. Despite the heavy odds and a low fuel supply, and although his mission had been accomplished, Kearby ordered an attack, personally destroying six of the enemy planes. For covering Allied landings and supporting ground forces on New Britain, 16–31 December 1943, the group was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation.

1944
In 1944 the group began to attack airfields, installations, and shipping in western New Guinea, Ceram, and Halmahera to aid in neutralizing those areas preparatory to the US invasion of the Philippines. The group's pilots shot down 100 Japanese planes without the loss of a single pilot in aerial combat. From Finschhafen the group flew its first fighter-bomber missions. In the early spring of 1944, while the group was at Saidor, fighter-bomber work began in earnest with attacks on the Japanese concentrations in the Hansa Bay region just ahead of the advancing Australian troops

After 18 months in New Guinea the 348th boarded ship and plane for the Philippines. One squadron, the 460th, arrived several weeks before the other three, and proceeded to roll up an imposing score of enemy planes, shipping, and personnel destroyed, providing cover for convoys, flying patrols, escorted bombers, attacked enemy airfields, and supporting ground forces. During a three-week period it sank 50,000 tons of enemy shipping, which was slightly more than one-tenth of all the shipping sunk by the entire Fifth Air Force during the year 1944. On 10 November the 460th squadron deployed forward to Tacloban Airfield on Leyte, simultaneously escorting a group of B-25 bombers attacking a convoy loaded with an estimated 10,000 enemy troops en route to reinforce the Japanese army on Leyte. The squadron's planes were the first of the Army Air Force to fly over occupied Manila after the Japanese capture of the Philippines. A flight led by Colonel Dunham, made the first return flight on 17 November 1944.

The group's greatest day, in point of total of enemy planes destroyed, was 14 December 1944 when, in protection of the invasion fleet heading to Mindoro, 5 Japanese planes were shot down, an estimated 75 were destroyed and 20 more damaged, on the airfields of Negros Island only a few minutes flight from the Allied invasion force, which landed on Mindoro the following morning.

In aerial combat at the 348th's best day came on 24 December 1944 when its planes escorting B-24 Liberator heavy bombers in one of the first bomber strikes on Clark Field, met an attempted interception by an estimated 100 Japanese fighters. 32 of the enemy aircraft were definitely destroyed, 7 probably destroyed, the remainder were driven off, and the bombers proceeded undamaged to carry out their mission.

Early in December 1944, while the group's planes were operating from Taoloban strip, the majority of group personnel were camped inland near Burauen when the Japanese landed several hundred paratroops on an uncompleted airstrip less than a quarter of a mile from the group's camp, cutting the only road leading from the camp. For several days the camp was isolated between the paratroops on the East and the Japanese patrols on the West. Two men on guard post were surprised and killed by an enemy patrol, but the camp defense's prevented any breakthrough and the paratroops were finally wiped out by infantry and tanks.

When U.S. troops landed on Luzon the 348th, now in process of conversion from P-47's to North American P-51 Mustangs, began operation from San Marcelino airstrip a few days after the landing at San Marcelino and Subic Bay. From this location the unit entered upon what many of its members consider its most outstanding work of the war, bombing and strafing in close support of ground troops. This work lacks the excitement and glamor of serial combat, or even of bombing and strafing of seen targets. Bombs and bullets are poured into areas where the enemy is reported to be, and day after day the mission reports stated "Results unobserved due to foliage". Only rarely were advancing ground troops able to tell what part of the damage found was done by a particular air strike.

1945
At the time the 348th began ground support operations from San Marcelino, the infantry had taken Subic Bay and Olongapo and had started east with the objective of sealing off Bataan so that the Japanese, retreating southward from Lingayen, could not use the Bataan Peninsula's defensive strength as did the U.S. forces in 1942. However, a few miles East of Olongapo stubborn Japanese resistance suddenly had been met in Zigzag Pass, where the road climbed in a series of hairpin turns overlooked by the enemy's positions. Our ground forces had suffered some casualties, had dug in, and in four days had been unable to make any appreciable gain.

On Leyte the 348th had done experimental bombing with a new and highly effective firebomb weapon, and it was proposed that it be used to break the deadlock in Zigzag Pass. However the infantry division occupying the west end of the pass was uncertain about the use of the bomb in close support of their troops, for fear of inaccurate bombing. So a Japanese supply area, well back of their front line, was bombed as a demonstration of accuracy, and was left neatly blanked with flame. There was no further lack of confidence. American infantry proceeded to direct our pilots to bomb and strafe just ahead of their front line, and for seven days advanced steadily until their mission of scaling off the Bataan Peninsula had been accomplished.

Occasionally the curtain of "unobserved results" would lift. One strike, directed by Filipino guerrillas who set off smoke pots to mark tan enemy bivouac area, was later found to have caused 700 Japanese casualties.

After another strike west of Fort Stotsenburg, ground troops were able to move in quickly and found 574 Japanese, all killed by the single air attack. Neigher of those missions involved more than 32 sorties and 30 missions a day. It would be impossible to estimate how many other thousands of enemy dead were covered with the phrase "results unobserved".

During the month of April 1945 the 348th net a record for tonnage of bombs dropped on the enemy, with a total of 2091.5 tons. Total ammunition expended was just under two million rounds. So far as is known, this bomb tonnage is the greatest every dropped in one month by any group, either fighter or bomber, and the accuracy of the bombing attested repeatedly by reports from ground observers. Most of the record tonnage was dropped in the Ipo Dam area northeast of Manila, and helped pave the way for the infantry's capture of that vital control-point of Manila's water supply. From San Marcelino the 348th also flew missions over French Indochina, Hainan, China, and Formosa.

In May 1945 the group moved to Floridablanca airfield, west of Fort Stotsenburg, and from there continued attacks on Japanese ground troops, chiefly in the Cagayan Valley in northern Luzon. By the middle of June the enemy forces had disintegrated and scattered so that profitable targets were hard to find, So operations of the 348th were redirected to the Ryukyus, and the group began operations from Ie Shima in mid-July.

Contrary to expectations the Japanese air forces did not choose to fight, and in the following month only 15 enemy planes were shot down without loss to the 348th in air combat. However, there was an abundance of ground and shipping targets in Kyūshū and North China, and the group's P-51s took a constant toll of enemy transportation on water and land before the afternoon of 14 August when the planes of the 348th delivered the last bombs dropped on Japan before the order was given to "cease firing".

In the immediate postwar era, the group moved to Itami Airfield, Japan in October 1945 as part of Far East Air Forces, performing occupation duty.  The 348th Fighter Group was inactivated at Itami Airfield on 10 May 1946.

Summary of Victories
Colonel Kearby went on to score 22 aerial victories. Other aerial aces of the group were Lt. Colonel W.D. Dunham – 16, Lieutenant Colonel William M. Banks – 9, Colonel R.R. Rowland – 8, Major W.G. Benz – 8, Lieutenant Colonel E.F. Roddy – 8, Major S.V. Blair – 7, Captain G.A. Davis Jr. – 7, Captain M.E. Grant – 7, Major J.T. Moore – 7, Major E.S. Popek – 7, Major N.M. Brown – 6, Captain R.H. Fleischer – 6, Captain W.B. Foulis – 6, Captain R.C. Sutcliffe - 5, and First Lieutenant L.F. O'Neill - 5.

Air National Guard
The 348th Fighter Group was redesignated as the 108th Fighter Group and allotted to the New Jersey National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Newark Municipal Airport and extended federal recognition later that year. Two of its World War squadrons, the 341st (now the 141st Fighter Squadron) and 342d (now the 142d Fighter Squadron) were assigned to it, along with the 119th Fighter Squadron, which had been an observation squadron in the National Guard before the war. The 119th was located with group headquarters at Newark Municipal Airport, while the 141st was at Mercer Airport, near the state capital of Trenton, New Jersey.  The 142d was an element of the Delaware National Guard at New Castle, Delaware.

Initially, the group reported to the 52d Fighter Wing of the New York National Guard and was supported by the 208th Air Service Group.  In the fall of 1950, the Air National Guard reorganized its combat units under the wing base organization that had been used by the regular Air Force since 1947.  In this reorganization, the 108th Fighter Wing was formed as the headquarters for the 108th Group and its support elements, organized into the 108th Air Base Group, 108th Maintenance and Supply Group and the 108th Medical Group.

Mobilization for the Korean War

In March 1951, the group was called to active duty and moved to Turner Air Force Base, Georgia, where it became part of Strategic Air Command.  Only the 141st Fighter Squadron remained with the group on mobilization. To fill out the unit, the 149th Fighter Squadron of the Virginia Air National Guard and the 153d Fighter Squadron of the Mississippi Air National Guard were assigned to the group.   In May, the group and its squadrons became fighter bomber units.

Air defense

With return to state control, the group assumed the air defense mission.  Despite its retention of the fighter bomber designation, it was gained by Air Defense Command (ADC) upon mobilization.  ADC required the squadrons it gained to be designed to augment active duty squadrons capable of performing air defense missions for an indefinite period after mobilization independently of their parent wing. It was not until 1955 that the group was redesignated the 108th Fighter-Interceptor Group, when it received its first North American F-86E Sabres.  Once again, the group commanded the 119th and 141st Squadrons, but not the 142d, which became part of another group.  In October 1958, its parent received a new mission as the 108th Tactical Fighter Wing and the group was briefly inactivated.

Tactical fighter

The 108th Wing had been mobilized during the during the Berlin Crisis of 1961.  This mobilization demonstrated that although mobilizing a wing with dispersed flying units was not a problem when the entire wing was called to active service, mobilizing individual flying squadron and elements to support it proved difficult. To resolve this, the Air Force determined to reorganize its National Guard wings by establishing groups with support elements for each of its squadrons to facilitate mobilization of elements of wings in various combinations when needed. Shortly after the 108th Wing returned to state control in July, the group was again activated as this plan was implemented.  The group remained active until December 1974, when the Air Force inactivated groups located on the same station as the wing to which they were assigned.

Objective wing

In 1973 the group was activated again as the 108th Operations Group as the Air Force implemented the Objective Wing organization in the Air National Guard.  It once again became the flying organization of the 108th Wing, equipped with Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 348th Fighter Group on 24 September 1942
 Activated on 30 September 1942
 Inactivated on 10 May 1946
 Redesignated 108th Fighter Group, Single Engine and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946
 Activated on 15 August 1946
 Federally recognized on 16 October 1946
 Federalized and called to active duty, 1 March 1951
 Redesignated 108th Fighter-Bomber Group on 16 May 1951
 Released from active duty and returned to New Jersey state control on 1 December 1952
 Redesignated 108th Fighter-Interceptor Group on 1 July 1955
 Inactivated on 1 July 1958
 Redesignated: 108th Tactical Fighter Group
 Activated on 1 July 1958
 Federalized and called to active duty, 1 October 1961
 Released from active duty and returned to New Jersey state control on 30 August 1962
 Inactivated on 9 December 1974
 Redesignated 108th Operations Group
 Activated c. 1 January 1993

Assignments
 I Fighter Command, 30 September 1942 (attached to New York Fighter Wing until 29 October 1942, Boston Fighter Wing until 9 May 1943)
 V Fighter Command, 23 Jun 1943 – 10 May 1946 (attached to First Air Task Force c. 14 Aug 1943-c. 31 Jan 1944, 310th Bombardment Wing 1 May-25 Aug 1944, 309th Bombardment Wing until 7 November 1944, 85th Fighter Wing until 8 February 1945, 309th Bombardment Wing until 25 September 1945, 310th Bombardment Wing until 25 March 1946)
 New Jersey National Guard, 15 August 1946
 52d Fighter Wing, c. 1 October 1947
 108th Fighter Wing (later 108th Fighter-Bomber Wing), 1 November 1950 – 1 December 1952
 108th Fighter-Bomber Wing (later 108th Fighter Interceptor Wing), 1 December 1952 – 1 October 1958
 108th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 October 1962 – 9 December 1974
 108th Air Refueling Wing (later 108th Wing), c. 1 January 1993 – present

Components
 119th Fighter Squadron (later 119th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 119th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron), 28 December 1946 – c. 1950, c. March 1953 - 1 October 1958, 1 October 1961 – 15 October 1962
 141st Tactical Fighter Squadron (later 141st Air Refueling Squadron): 8 September 1973 – 9 December 1974, 1 October 1993 – present
 149th Fighter Squadron, 28 February 1951 – 1 December 1951
 150th Air Refueling Squadron, 1 October 1993 – present
 153d Fighter Squadron (later 153d Fighter-Bomber Squadron), 28 February 1951 – 1 December 1952
 340th Fighter Squadron: 30 September 1942 – 10 May 1946
 341st Fighter Squadron (later 141st Fighter Squadron, 141st Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 141st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: 30 September 1942 – 10 May 1946, c. 26 May 1949 – 1 December 1952, 1 December 1952 – 1 October 1958, 1 October 1962 – 8 September 1973
 342d Fighter Squadron (later 142d Fighter Squadron): 30 September 1942 – 10 May 1946, 6 September 1946 – 1 November 1950
 460th Fighter Squadron: 23 September 1944 – 10 May 1946

Stations

 Mitchel Field, New York, 30 September 1942
 Bradley Field, Connecticut, 4 October 1942
 Westover Field, Massachusetts, 29 October 1942
 Providence Airport, Rhode Island, c. 3 January 1943
 Westover Field, Massachusetts, 28 April-9 May 1943
 Jackson Airfield (7 Mile Drome), Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, 23 June 1943
 Finschhafen Airfield, New Guinea, 16 December 1943
 Saidor Airfield, New Guinea, 29 March 1944
 Wakde Airfield, Netherlands East Indies, 22 May 1944
 Kornasoren Airfield Noemfoor, Schouten Islands, New Guinea, 26 August 1944
 Tacloban Airfield, Leyte, Philippines, 16 November 1944
 Tanauan Airfield, Leyte, Philippines, 4 February 1945
 Floridablanca Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 15 May 1945
 Ie Shima Airfield, Okinawa, 9 July 1945
 Itami Airfield, Japan, October 1945 – 10 May 1946
 Newark Municipal Airport, New Jersey, 15 August 1946
 Turner Air Force Base, Georgia, 1 March 1951
 Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky, 11 December 1951 – 1 December 1952
 McGuire Air Force Base (later Joint Base McGuire Dix Lakehurst), New Jersey, 1 December 1952 – present

Aircraft

 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, 1942–1945, 1946–1952
 North American P-51 Mustang, 1945, 1952–1955
 North American F-86 Sabre, 1955–1958, 1962–1965
 Republic F-105 Thunderchief, 1965–1974
 Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, 1993 – present

See also

George Andrew Davis, Jr.
Neel E. Kearby

References

 Notes

 Citations

Bibliography

 Oleson, James. In Their Own Words: the Final Chapter. True Stories From American Fighter Aces., iUniverse, 2011 , 9781450290463
 Stanaway, John C. Kearby's Thunderbolts: A History of the 348th Fighter Group. St. Paul, Minnesota: Phalanx Publishing Company, 1992. 108 pages.
 Stanaway, John C. Kearby's Thunderbolts: The 348th Fighter Group in World War II. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1997. . 220 pages.
 Wistrand, R. B. Pacific Sweep: A Pictorial History of the Fifth Air Force Fighter Command. F.H. Johnson, 1945. ASIN: B000ZUS7DW.
 Wyper, W. W. The Youngest Tigers in the Sky. California: the Author, 1980.

External links
 USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to present

Category:Military units and formations in New Jersey
Category:Fighter groups of the United States Army Air Forces
Category:Operations groups of the United States Air Force


Veliki Rit

Veliki Rit may refer to:

 Veliki Rit, Novi Sad, a quarter of the city of Novi Sad, Serbia
 Veliki Rit, Banat, a small geographical area near Begej river in central-eastern Banat, Serbia


Leberecht Migge

Leberecht Migge (March 30, 1881 in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) – May 30, 1935 in Worpswede) was a German landscape architect, regional planner and polemical writer, best known for the incorporation of social gardening principles in the Siedlungswesen (settlement) movement during the Weimar Republic.  Renewed interest in his work in recent decades bears relevance to current concerns about sustainability.

Career beginning

In 1904 Migge began his career with the Gartenbau firm of Jacob Ochs of Hamburg.  His tenure with Ochs primarily involved designing private gardens and estates for wealthy clients, as well as outdoor furniture and the peculiarly-German style of arbors or bowers known as Lauben.  Despite such commissions, Migge began expressing his social ideals in 1909 with the publication of the pamphlet Der Hamburger Stadtpark und die Neuzeit: Die heutigen öffentlichen Gärten — dienen sie in Wahrheit dem Volke? (The Hamburg City Park and Modern Times: Today’s Public Garden—do they really serve the people?) It is around this time as well that he became familiar with the American public parks movement.  The influential 1911 publication Amerikanische Parkanlangen by Werner Hegemann contains numerous contemporary German gardens modeled in the American style—all designed by Migge.

Feeling increasingly dissatisfied designing for the wealthy, Migge left Ochs’ employ in 1913 and began working on public parks (Volksparks).  Migge viewed the prototype of the English landscape garden, a style common in Germany since its importation in the late 18th century (as evidenced by the Englischer Garten in Munich and the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm), as merely a bourgeois aesthetic ideal for urban green spaces, inadequate for the needs of the working classes inhabiting the increasingly crowded cities.

His 1913 book, Die Gartenkultur des XX.Jahrhunderts (The Garden Culture of the 20th Century), explains that all higher garden types came from utility gardens based on ancient basic geometric forms, and that the form of the naturalistic garden, like that of the contemporary public park, was the result of decadent cultural conditions arising from industrialization.  Through historical development, all landscape types came from this original, geometric ur-type—a garden plot for growing food.

During World War I and immediately thereafter, Migge designed sport park memorials, where the dead would be commemorated by youth participating in athletics.  He rejected the grandiose prototypes for war memorials in favor of designs in which every grave acted as an individual flower bed, the totality of the scheme forming a garden.  The food shortages of World War I also prompted an interest in the utopian ideal of an industrial city incorporating farm plots for everyone, an ideal outlined in Migge’s 1919 treatise Jedermann Selbstversorger (Everybody Self-Sufficient).

Gardens for Weimar Housing

Influenced by the Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin, Migge’s communal, grass-roots socialism led to his involvement with the Siedlungswesen movement after the First World War.   In 1920, with architect Martin Wagner, Migge founded the Stadtland-Kulturgesellschaft Gross-Hamburg und Gross-Berlin for the instigation of a new policy for settlement of the land.  Migge was technical and totally urban, seeing the expansion of  industrial cities as inevitable.  During the 1920s, Migge adhered to a pragmatic, socially meaningful Functionalism, at odds with the ideological, aesthetic Functionalism that was a tenet of the burgeoning International Style.   His plantings and park designs were disciplined and architectonic.  Yet his characteristic use of the Trampelpfade (paths trampled randomly over time by users) in his parks belies the rigidity of many of his designs.  He also emphasized the relation of plant material to technology—the “Wesen der Pflanze” (the character of plants) over their purely aesthetic use.

Later in the 1920s, Migge’s designs moved from individual productive garden plots (based on the Kleingarten and Schrebergarten model) to the Kolonial Parks, grouping smaller plots around a communal park area.  In his 1926 book Die Deutsche Binnen-Kolonisation (German Inland-Colonization), Migge described gardens as industrial products that were essentially tools for better living.  He viewed the garden not as a bourgeois escape from industrialized society but rather as a mechanized object, a compatible means of improving life in a mechanized society.  The notion of colonization from within was also a criticism of Wilhelmine Germany’s imperialist ambitions.  Although Migge saw the virtue in resettlement outside the city as a means of connecting back to the land, his ideas for organizing space applied to the urban inhabitant, the overriding concepts being a part of a comprehensive urban regional planning.

He emphasized maximum efficiency in his garden system, stressing that there was a complete connectivity with the systems of dwelling and the organic system of the garden.  He incorporated an experimental farm and intensive Siedlerschule (settlement school) in his designs at the artists’ colony of Worpswede in 1926.  He was also interested in utilizing sewage for fertilization, designing several versions of the urban outhouse, the Metroklo.  Both wastewater from the dwelling units as well as human feces from dry toilets were both captured to be used in the gardens at Worpswede.

Working with leading architects of the Weimar Republic (Ernst May in Frankfurt, Martin Wagner and Bruno Taut in Berlin, Otto Haessler in Celle), Migge’s designs for the Siedlungen (settlements) characteristically comprised low-lying small flats or row houses, with adjacent or nearby garden plots.  One of the Siedlungen that best expressed this system was Ziebigk in Dessau, designed with Leopold Fischer in 1926 and completed in 1929.  Migge also invented a “growing house” to provide housing in the form of a wall to which small units could be added when needed or when affordable.  Stressing the importance of the occupant in the planning, use and shaping of the dwelling space, Migge considered the dwelling unit as malleable based on need.  The wall was a key element in his designs linking architecture and landscape.  In the new housing developments of the 1920s, the Schutzmauer (protective walls) were active functional elements, not merely separating plots, the geometric lines of the Siedlung blocks extending into the garden as part of an overall rational ordering system.

The interpenetration of architecture and landscape along organized rational geometric lines was central to Migge’s architectural ideology.  Extensive use of glass—both as doors and windows—formed the Zwischenglieder (interstices) between outside and inside, providing a spiritual connection to the sun, while greenhouses provided winter protection by encircling the dwelling units.

Even during the progressive era of the Weimar Republic, Migge’s designs were often criticized for being too functional and for ignoring the simple fact that many people would be unwilling to maintain the individual garden plots that were so crucial to his theoretical ideas.
Migge’s political leanings were rather ambiguous, his interest in getting back to the land being considered reactionary by some, while his dedication to the improvement of workers’ living conditions were attributed by others as Communism.

Nazi ideology later seized upon certain of the principles and vocabulary Migge’s strain of Functionalism.

In addition to the above-mentioned books and treatises, Migge wrote Der soziale Garten (The Social Garden), which served as a declaration of his social ideas in landscape planning, as evidenced in the subtitle of the work, Das grüne Manifest  (The Green Manifesto), and Die Wachsende Siedlung (The Growing Settlement) in 1932.

Leberecht Migge died of cancer in 1935 at Worpswede. His grave is preserved on the Worpswede Cemetery.

Sources

Collins, Christiane Crasemann.  Review of Leberecht Migge, 1881–1935: Gartenkultur des 20.Jahrhunderts, edited by the Fachbereich Stadt-und Landschaftsplanung der Gesamthochschule Kassel.  Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 41:4 (December 1982) 358–359.
Haney, David.  “No House Building without Garden Building!” (“Kein Hausbau ohne Landbau!”): The Modern Landscapes of Leberecht Migge.  Journal of Architectural Education 54:3 (February 2001) 149–157.
Haney, David. When Modern was Green: Life and Work of Landscape Architect Leberecht Migge. London: New York: Routledge, 2010.
De Michelis, Marco.  “The Green Revolution: Leberecht Migge and the Reform Garden in Modernist Germany.” In The Architecture of Western Gardens, edited by Monique Mosser and George Teyssot, 409–420.
De Michelis, Marco.  “The Red and the Green: Park and City in Weimar Germany.” Lotus 30 (1981): 105–118.

Category:1881 births
Category:1935 deaths
Category:German landscape architects


Tomás Mejía Camacho

José Tomás de la Luz Mejía Camacho, better known as Tomás Mejía (September 17, 1820 – June 19, 1867), was a Mexican soldier.

Born in Pinal de Amoles, Sierra Gorda, Querétaro, he fought as a cavalry general on the side of Maximilian I of Mexico during the war between Monarchists and Republicans after the French intervention in 1862 and the rise of the Second Mexican Empire in 1863-1864.

He was executed by the Liberal Republicans, together with General Miguel Miramón and Emperor Maximilian I in Querétaro in 1867.

Sources
Hamnett, Brian. "Mexican Conservatives, Clericals and Soldiers: the 'Traitor' Tomás Mejía through Reform and Empire, 1855-1867." Bulletin of Latin American Research 20, no. 2 (2001): 187-209.

External links

Category:1820 births
Category:1867 deaths
Category:Indigenous Mexicans
Category:Mexican generals
Category:Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Category:Executed Mexican people
Category:People executed by Mexico by firing squad
Category:People executed for treason against Mexico
Category:Executed military personnel
Category:People from Querétaro
Category:Second French intervention in Mexico
Category:Governors of Querétaro
Category:Conservatism in Mexico


Adriaan Pauw

Adriaan Pauw, knight, heer van Heemstede, Bennebroek, Nieuwerkerk etc. (1 November 1585 – 21 February 1653) was Grand Pensionary of Holland from 1631 to 1636 and from 1651 to 1653.

Life
He was born in Amsterdam in a rich merchant family - his father, Reinier Pauw (1564–1636) wasn't only a merchant, but also a Mayor of Amsterdam  - and studied law in Leiden. He was the pensionary of Amsterdam from 1611 to 1627. In 1620 he bought the town of Heemstede and was called 'Lord of Heemstede'. He was appointed grand pensionary in 1631. Pauw, Holland and Amsterdam wanted an alliance with Spain, but Prince Frederick Henry of Orange wanted an alliance with France. Frederick Henry sent Pauw to France to start an alliance against Spain. Pauw accepted this assignment and allied with France. He resigned in 1636 as grand pensionary. After the Peace of Münster (1648) for which he was instrumental as ambassador for Holland Pauw became grand pensionary again in 1651 although there was much opposition against him. He tried to stop a war with England in 1652. He died in 1653.

Family
Adriaan Pauw was married to Anna van Ruytenburgh (1589–1648), daughter of Pieter van Ruytenburgh, heer van Vlaardingen, Vlaardingerambacht en Ter Horst (1562–1627), a wealthy merchant. Her mother was Aleyda Huybrechts van Duyvendrecht.

References

Literature
H. W. J. de Boer, H.Bruch, H. Krol (edit.). Adriaan Pauw (1585–1653); staatsman en ambachtsheer. Heemstede, 1985.
J. C. Tjessinga. Schets van het leven van Adriaan Pauw. Heemstede, 1948.
J. C. Tjessinga. Het slot van Heemstede onder Adriaan Pauw. Heemstede, 1949.

External links

Category:1585 births
Category:1653 deaths
Category:Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (United Provinces)
Category:Grand Pensionaries
Category:People from Amsterdam
Category:People from Bennebroek
Category:People from Heemstede


Falzone

Falzone is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Diana Falzone, American reporter
Joseph Falzone (1900-1984), American lawyer and politician
Lisa Falzone, American businesswoman
Mark Falzone (born 1975), American politician


Die Zwillingsbrüder

(The Twin Brothers, D. 647) is a one-act Singspiel (sometimes also described as a Posse mit Gesang) composed by Franz Schubert in 1819 on a libretto by Georg Ernst von Hofmann.  was first performed at the Kärntnertortheater on June 14, 1820.

Hofmann based the libretto on the 1818 French vaudeville  (The Two Valentines) by Marc-Antoine Madeleine Désaugiers and Michel-Joseph Gentil de Chavagnac (1770–1846).

, like Schubert's other operatic works, met with limited success both at the work's inception and over time. Critics attribute this to the weakness of the libretto as well as to a mismatch between the lightness of the subject matter and the refined nature of Schubert's music. In this work, Schubert's music often approaches the style of Mozart, evoking for instance Die Zauberflöte.

Roles

Synopsis

The scene takes place in a village on the Rhine, on the 18th birthday of the young heroine, Lieschen. Lieschen is eagerly awaiting her marriage to her young fiancé, Anton. The opera opens with a chorus in the couple's honor.

Unfortunately, upon Lieschen's birth, her father, Der Schulze, had agreed with a friend, Franz Spiess, that, in exchange for a sum of money, Franz would be allowed to marry Lieschen when she came of age. Immediately following the deal, Spiess had left for the war. Franz, now an old veteran whom the villagers had presumed dead, suddenly returns, on the last day on which he can claim his bride, and Lieschen's father must keep his word.

Coincidentally, Friedrich Spiess, Franz’s twin brother, also a veteran, happens to return to the village on that same day. The Spiess brothers are both under the impression that their twin was killed in the war. Since they are identical twins and they are never in the same place at the same time, the villagers mistake them for each other. The twins' stories and behaviors do not match (while one brother strives to arrange his marriage to the heroine, the other gladly revokes his right to it), leading Der Schulze to believe that the old soldier has sustained a mentally impairing sword wound and that he is unfit to marry his daughter. After this confusion is used to comic effect in a variety of ways, the twins finally meet, and Lieschen is allowed to marry Anton.

Discography
 Die Zwillingsbrüder – Wolfgang Sawallisch, conductor, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Helen Donath, Nicolai Gedda, etc. Choir and Orchestra Bayerische Staatsoper München (1978)
 Die Zwillingsbrüder – Peter Maag, conductor; Solisti Cantori, Philharmonia Mediterranea, Bongiovanni. (1997)
Der Vierjährige Posten and  Die Zwillingsbrüder – Christoph Spering, Capriccio Christoph Spering, conductor; Chorus Musicus Köln, Das Neue Orchester. Phoenix Edition. (2008)

References
Notes

Sources

External links

Category:1820 operas
Category:Operas
Category:One-act operas
Category:Possen mit Gesang
Category:Singspiele
Category:German-language operas
Category:Operas by Franz Schubert
Category:Operas based on plays


1998 Copa Interamericana

The 1998 Copa Interamericana was the 18th and final staging of the Copa Interamericana. The final took place between D.C. United and Vasco da Gama and was staged over two legs on 14 November 1998 and 5 December 1998. The first leg in Washington, D.C. was won 1–0 by Vasco da Gama; and the second leg in Florida was won 2–0 by D.C. United.

D.C. United won their first Copa Interamericana, winning the series 2–1 on aggregate. They are the only team from the United States to win the competition. D.C. United head coach Bruce Arena left the team after the match to manage the United States men's national soccer team.

Qualified teams

Match details

First Leg

Second Leg

Champion

References

Category:International club association football competitions hosted by Brazil
Category:International club association football competitions hosted by the United States
Copa Interamericana 1998
Copa Interamericana 1998
Copa Interamericana, 1998
Inter
Category:Copa Interamericana
Copa Interamericana
Copa Interamericana


Asa Finley

Asa Finley (1788– 8  April 1853)  was a politician and judge in Missouri.

Early life
Finley was born in Montgomery County, Virginia, and after marrying his first wife, Esther Gleaves in 1806, they migrated to Christian County, Kentucky and settled on land he had already surveyed for himself in 1803. Migrating to Kentucky with them were Asa Finley's brothers, Dabney Finley and John Pettus Finley.

Further migration
In 1817-1818 Asa Finley, Esther Gleaves Finley, and their children headed for Cooper County, Missouri and settled near the city of Arrow Rock, Missouri. The History of Saline County, Missouri, published in 1881, dates Asa Finley's arrival as early as 1819. However, the deed of the sale of some of their Kentucky land lists him as Asa Finley of Saline County dated September 17, 1818. Saline County, Missouri was made out of part of Cooper County, Missouri in 1820. Migrating with them again was Asa Finley's brother Dabney Finley's family and some of the children of John Pettus Finley's family.

Political service
In 1822 and again in 1826 Asa Finley was elected as Representative of Saline County, Missouri to the Missouri Legislature. In 1824, Asa Finley was elected as the first judge in Arrow Rock. Asa Finley and his wife, Esther Gleaves Finley, also helped found the Salt Fork Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and took turns holding service in their home until it was built.

Legacy
One of Finley's grandsons, William Asa Finley, became the first president of Oregon State University. William Lovell Finley (namesake for William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge) is also a decedent of Asa Finley.

References

Category:1788 births
Category:1853 deaths
Category:People from Montgomery County, Virginia
Category:American Presbyterians
Category:People from Christian County, Kentucky
Category:People from Cooper County, Missouri
Category:People from Saline County, Missouri
Category:Members of the Missouri House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians


Cycetogamasus

Cycetogamasus is a genus of mites in the family Parasitidae.

Species
 Cycetogamasus californicus (Banks, 1904)
 Cycetogamasus corculatus Athias-Henriot, 1980
 Cycetogamasus coreanus Athias-Henriot, 1980
 Cycetogamasus denticulatus (Tikhomirov, 1971)
 Cycetogamasus diviortus (Athias-Henriot, 1967)
 Cycetogamasus insolitus Athias-Henriot, 1980
 Cycetogamasus planeticus Hennessey & Farrier, 1989
 Cycetogamasus squamatus Athias-Henriot, 1980

References

Category:Parasitidae


High Flying George

High Flying George (aka High-Flying George) is a 1927 American film comedy depicting a wedding taking place on an aircraft. By 1927, the aerial stunt of an airborne wedding was becoming a commonplace Hollywood stunt.

Plot
George, an amorous Romeo has an idea to make his upcoming wedding a unique event. Seeing that a pilot is advertising a wedding "in the sky", George signs up but finds he is not the only one who will be flying.

Two couples are going to be wed by a priest who administers the oaths. George and his fiancé wait their turn on the top wing of a Curtiss Jenny biplane, with the banner "Just Married" on its fuselage.

Production
Principal photography on High Flying George took place in 1927. A recent commentary on the production is that "The airplane wedding was a movie commonplace by the time of "High Flying George", 1927.

Reception
Aviation film historian James Farmer in Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation (1984) described High Flying George, a minor piece, highlighting an "airborne wedding in a Curtiss Jenny." High Flying George was advertised as an "extra added attraction" and a "novelty comedy".

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Farmer, James H. Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation (1st ed.). Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: TAB Books 1984. .

Category:1927 films
Category:American films
Category:American silent feature films
Category:American aviation films
Category:1920s comedy films
Category:American comedy films
Category:American black-and-white films


Regal Classic

Regal Classic (March 28, 1985 - April 5, 2012) was a Canadian Thoroughbred racehorse. In 1987, he earned the Sovereign Award for Champion 2-Year-Old Colt after winning the Summer Stakes, Cup and Saucer, Grey Stakes and Coronation Futurity, plus finishing second in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile. At age three, he started his campaign on the American Triple Crown trail, where he finished fifth in the Kentucky Derby and sixth in the Preakness. He then returned to Canada where he finished second in the Queen's Plate and won the Prince of Wales, the second leg of the Canadian Triple Crown.

Background
Bred by Sam-Son Farm, he was by the highly successful sire Vice Regent and out of Sam-Son Farm's foundation mare No Class. In addition to Regal Classic, No Class produced champions Classy 'n' Smart, Grey Classic and Sky Classic. He was raced in partnership with Vice Regent's owner, Windfields Farm.

Champion Two-Year-Old season
Regal Classic was trained by Olympic Games equestrian Gold Medalist and Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame inductee Jim Day. Racing at age two, he dominated his opponents, winning every major stakes race for his age group. Sent to California for the 1987 Breeders' Cup Juvenile at Hollywood Park Racetrack, Regal Classic was in 11th place after a quarter mile, then moved up to seventh at the half before getting boxed in on the far turn. Under jockey Dave Penna, the colt made it through on the inside rail and came on with a strong stretch drive to pass race favorite Tejano and finish second to winner Success Express. His performances in 1987 earned Regal Classic the Sovereign Award as Canadian Champion 2-Yr-Old-Colt.

At Three
Regal Classic's arch rival was another Sam-Son Farm colt sired by Vice Regent named Regal Intention. Regal Classic had defeated him at age two in winning the important  Coronation Futurity Stakes and in 1988, the three-year-old Regal Classic beat him again in the Prince of Wales Stakes and the Marine Stakes.

Sent south to compete in the United States Triple Crown series,  Regal Classic ran third in the Blue Grass Stakes prep, fifth in the Kentucky Derby, and sixth in the Preakness Stakes. He returned to Canada for the Canadian Triple Crown and won the Plate Trial Stakes prep, then finished second to Regal Intention in Canada's most prestigious race, the Queen's Plate. The two reversed positions in the Prince of Wales Stakes with Regal Classic earning the win. In the fall of 1988, Regal Classic finished second to Ballindaggin in the Molson Export Challenge Stakes.

Regal Classic returned to racing at age four in 1989. His best results were a win in the Eclipse Handicap at Woodbine in Toronto and a second in the Ben Ali Handicap at Keeneland Race Course in Kentucky.

Stud Duties
Retired to stud duty, Regal Classic sired stakes winners Inish Glora, One Way Love, Classic Stamp, and Canadian Classic winners Regal Discovery and Stephanotis, as well as Australian millionaire runner Regal Roller. After standing at  McMahon of Saratoga Thoroughbreds, LLC in Saratoga Springs, New York, for several years, he was pensioned after the 2007 season.

Death
In early April 2012, he began experiencing colic symptoms that led to a vet emergency visit. The exam performed by the veterinarian indicated a large pulsing mass in the rectal area, and the ultrasound revealed bleeding. The determination made was that he could no longer be saved from extreme pain and suffering given his age and the malignant growth so he was humanely euthanized.

Pedigree

An asterisk before a name means the horse was imported into North America

References

 Regal Classic's pedigree and partial racing stats

Category:1985 racehorse births
Category:2012 racehorse deaths
Category:Racehorses bred in Ontario
Category:Racehorses trained in Canada
Category:Sovereign Award winners
Category:Thoroughbred family 23-b


Anthony Scariano

Anthony Scariano (January 12, 1918 – April 17, 2004) was an American judge, politician, and lawyer.

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Scariano went to Lane Tech High School and graduated from Wells High School. Scariano received his bachelor's degree from Georgetown University and his law degree from Georgetown University Law Center. Scariano was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1949. He served as an intelligence office in the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. From 1949 to 1954, Scariano worked as an assistant United States District Attorney. From 1957 to 1973, Scariano served in the Illinois House of Representatives and was a Democrat. From 1973 to 1984, Scariano served on the Illinois Racing Board. From 1985 until his retirement in 1996, Scariano served on the Illinois Appellate Court. Scariano died at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, Illinois after suffering a stroke.

Notes

Category:1918 births
Category:2004 deaths
Category:Politicians from Chicago
Category:Georgetown University alumni
Category:Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Category:Illinois Democrats
Category:Judges of the Illinois Appellate Court
Category:Members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Category:20th-century American judges


Chain-free property

A chain-free property is a property that is being sold by a vendor (home seller) who does not need to purchase a new property after they sell. Only 10% of all property transactions in the United Kingdom are chain-free.

Origins of the term
The term 'property chain' is common in real estate, especially in the UK. The chain is the line of people buying and selling. For example, there might be a first time buyer trying to purchase a small flat, another person waiting to move from the flat to a small house, another person waiting to move from the small house to a larger house and so on. If one person drops out of the chain, the sellers are not able to continue with their moves and the chain collapses.

Reasons for chain-free properties
Chain-free properties are available for numerous reasons:
 Homeowner reasons - the current homeowner has already a new home to move to, the seller is not buying a new home, emigration, selling on behalf of a deceased relative
 Financial institutions (lenders, banks and building societies) – after acquiring properties thorough repossession, probate or equity release, they are re-sold on the open market. As the seller is a company, not a private individual, there is no property chain.
 Home builders – properties that have been acquired in a part-exchange transaction and are being re-sold on the open market. As above, the vendor is a company, not a private individual so there is no property chain.
 Professional Investors – properties that have been acquired as part of a portfolio, not for the owner to reside but as investments. Although a private individual, the vendor is selling for business reasons, not to enable them to move on, making the property sale chain-free.

Recent rise in volumes and popularity among home buyers
The sale of chain-free properties has risen in the past two years, mainly due to the rising number of properties being repossessed in light of the credit crunch. After repossessing properties, lenders look to sell the properties on so they can unlock the cash tied up in them and use it to rebuild their damaged mortgage books. With house prices falling in the past two years, these properties are usually priced to sell quickly to limit any losses on the properties.

Therefore, there are obvious benefits in purchasing a chain-free property:

 They are priced to sell in a short timeframe, making them usually slightly below the general market value.
 Unlike a traditional purchase, where the ability of a ‘chain’ of buyers and sellers to move affects a purchase, there are only two parties involved in the purchase of a chain-free property – the buyer and the seller – making it a much simpler transaction.

See also
Estate agent
Foreclosure

References

Category:Real estate terminology


Banner, Wisconsin

Banner is an unincorporated community located in the town of Forest, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, United States.

Notes

Category:Unincorporated communities in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
Category:Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin


Douglas Henson

Douglas Henry Henson (27 May 1930 – 6 June 2003) was an English cricketer.  Henson was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace.  He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire.

Henson made his debut for Staffordshire in the 1963 Minor Counties Championship against the Lancashire Second XI.  Henson played Minor counties cricket for Staffordshire from 1963 to 1973, which included 82 Minor Counties Championship matches.  In 1971, he made his List A debut against Glamorgan in the Gillette Cup.  He played 2 further List A matches for Staffordshire, against Dorset and Lancashire in the 1973 Gillette Cup.  In his 3 matches, he scored 49 runs at an average of 24.50, with a high score of 28.  With the ball, he took 4 wickets at a bowling average of 16.75, with best figures of 3/16.  He also captained Staffordshire during his time with the county.

He died in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire on 6 June 2003.

References

External links
Douglas Henson at ESPNcricinfo
Douglas Henson at CricketArchive

Category:1930 births
Category:2003 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from Shrewsbury
Category:English cricketers
Category:Staffordshire cricketers
Category:Staffordshire cricket captains


Karystos

Karystos () or Carystus is a small coastal town on the Greek island of Euboea. It has about 5,000 inhabitants (12,000 in the municipality). It lies 129 km south of Chalkis. From Athens it is accessible by ferry via Marmari from the port of Rafina. After the Greek war of independence, its urban plan was laid out by the renowned Bavarian civil engineer Bierbach, in the middle of the 19th century.

History

Karystos apparently remained inhabited throughout the early Middle Ages. As part of the theme of Hellas, it was also seat of a bishop – a suffragan of Athens – at least since the reign of Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912). It was among the towns listed in the 1198 chrysobull of Alexios III Angelos, where the Venetians were permitted to establish trade stations. In 1205 it was captured, as with the rest of the island, by Jacques d'Avesnes, and soon it became the seat of the southern third (triarchy) of Euboea under Ravano dalle Carceri.

It is likely that it was at this time, with the construction of the castle of Castel Rosso (some 4 km from the modern town, at the modern village of Myloi) and the rise of piracy, that the town was moved from its coastal location to the inland around Castel Rosso. The town remained an episcopal see under Latin rule, with the Greek bishop remaining in office; in 1222 however it was merged with the Bishopric of Euripos (Chalcis). In 1276/7 it was reconquered by the Byzantines under Licario and held until 1296, when it was recovered by Boniface of Verona. In 1318 it passed into Catalan hands as part of the dowry of Marulla of Verona for her marriage with Alfonso Fadrique. The town was coveted by the Venetians, who already in 1339 offered to purchase it; negotiations dragged on until 1365, however, and only in 1366 did Karystos finally pass into Venetian control when Boniface Fadrique sold the barony to the Republic.  After the conquest of Euboea by the Ottoman Empire in 1470, the local Orthodox see was reactivated as part of the Metropolis of Euripos.

Municipality
The municipality Karystos was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
Kafireas
Karystos
Marmari
Styra

The municipality has an area of 674.635 km2, the municipal unit 166.950 km2.

Tourist sites

The reconstructed Venetian fortress of Bourtzi, built in the 13th century on the eastern beach of the town.
The ruins of the Venetian castle named Castello Rosso built in 1030 and ancient marble quarries, both at the nearby hamlet of Myloi.
The town hall, built at the end of the 19th century.
A small museum hosted by the Yokaleion Cultural Centre, featuring collections of Hellenistic and Roman era sculptures and pottery.
The Orthodox monasteries of Taxiarches, St. George and St. Mavra.
The mountain area of Mt. Ochi.
Cape Cavo D'Oro.

Notable people
 Diocles of Carystus, 4th-century BC physician
 Antigonus of Carystus, 3rd-century BC writer
 Apollodorus of Carystus, 3rd-century BC comedy writer
 Glaucus of Carystus, 6th-century BC boxer
 Othon de Cicon, 13th-century Frankish lord of Karystos

References

Sources

External links

Municipality of Karystos

Category:Populated places in Euboea
Category:Municipalities of Central Greece


Dani Tyler

Danielle M. "Dani" Tyler (born October 23, 1974) is an American softball player and Olympic champion.

She competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta where she received a gold medal with the American team.

Tyler played softball at Drake University.

Statistics

Drake Bulldogs

References

Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic softball players of the United States
Category:Softball players from Illinois
Category:Softball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States in softball
Category:Drake Bulldogs softball players
Category:Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Category:People from River Forest, Illinois


Graham Williams

Graham Williams may refer to:

Sportspeople
Graham Williams (Australian cricketer), (1911–1978), Australian cricketer and prisoner of war
Graham Williams (footballer, born 1936), Welsh international footballer who played for nine teams in England and Wales
Graham Williams (footballer, born 1938), Welsh international footballer who played for West Bromwich Albion and managed Weymouth and Cardiff City
Graham Williams (rugby league) (1944–1994), English rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s, and coached in the 1980s
Graham Williams (rugby union) (1945–2018), New Zealand rugby union footballer
Graham Williams (cricketer) (born 1985), English cricketer

Others
Graham Williams (television producer) (1945–1990), British television producer and script editor
Graham Williams (promoter), concert promoter based in Austin, Texas, USA
Graham Headley Williams, guitarist with Welsh band Racing Cars


Ulster Unionist Party

The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) is a unionist political party in Northern Ireland. Having gathered support in Northern Ireland during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the party governed Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972. It was supported by most unionist voters throughout the conflict known as the Troubles, during which time it was often referred to as the Official Unionist Party (OUP). Between 1905 and 1972 its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, considered as part of the Conservative Party.

It is currently the fourth-largest party in Northern Ireland, having been overtaken in 2003 by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and Sinn Féin, and in 2017 by the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). The party has been unrepresented in Westminster since losing its two seats in 2017. Most recently, the party won 11.7% of the vote in Northern Ireland and no seats in 2019, placing fifth behind the DUP, Sinn Féin, Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, and SDLP.

In 2016, the UUP and the SDLP decided not to accept the seats on the Northern Ireland Executive to which they would have been entitled and to form an official opposition to the executive. This marked the first time that a devolved government in Northern Ireland did not include the UUP. Steve Aiken succeeded Robin Swann as leader, in November 2019.

History

1880s to 1921

The Ulster Unionist Party traces its formal existence back to the foundation of the Ulster Unionist Council in 1905. Before that, however, there had been a less formally organised Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) since the late 19th century, usually dominated by unionists from Ulster. Modern organised unionism properly emerged after William Ewart Gladstone's introduction in 1886 of the first of three Home Rule Bills in response to demands by the Irish Parliamentary Party. The IUA was an alliance of Irish Conservatives and Liberal Unionists, the latter having split from the Liberal Party over the issue of home rule. It was the merger of these two parties in 1912 that gave rise to the current name of the Conservative and Unionist Party, to which the UUP was formally linked (to varying degrees) until 1985.

From the beginning, the party had a strong association with the Orange Order, a Protestant fraternal organisation. The original composition of the Ulster Unionist Council was 25% Orange delegates, however this was reduced through the years. Although most unionist support was based in the geographic area that became Northern Ireland, there were at one time unionist enclaves throughout southern Ireland. Unionists in County Cork and Dublin were particularly influential. The initial leadership of the Ulster Unionist Party all came from outside what would later become Northern Ireland; men such as Colonel Saunderson, Viscount (later the Earl of) Midleton and the Dubliner Edward Carson, all members of the Irish Unionist Alliance. However, after the Irish Convention failed to reach an understanding on home rule and with the partition of Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, Irish unionism in effect split. Many southern unionist politicians quickly became reconciled with the new Irish Free State, sitting in its Seanad or joining its political parties. The existence of a separate Ulster Unionist Party became entrenched as the party took control of the new government of Northern Ireland.

The leadership of the UUP was taken by Sir Edward Carson in 1910. Throughout his 11-year leadership he fought a sustained campaign against Irish Home Rule, including being involved in the formation of the Ulster Volunteers (UVF) in 1912. In the 1918 general election, Carson switched constituencies from his former seat of Dublin University to Belfast Duncairn. Carson strongly opposed the partition of Ireland and the end of unionism as an all-Ireland political force, so he refused the opportunity to be Prime Minister of Northern Ireland or even to sit in the Northern Ireland House of Commons, citing a lack of connection with the place. The leadership of the UUP and, subsequently, Northern Ireland, was taken by Sir James Craig.

The Stormont era: Part of the Conservative Party

1920–1963
Until almost the very end of its period of power in Northern Ireland, the UUP was led by a combination of landed gentry (Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough, Hugh MacDowell Pollock and James Chichester-Clark), aristocracy (Terence O'Neill) and gentrified industrial magnates (James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon and John Miller Andrews – nephew of William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie). Only its last Prime Minister, Brian Faulkner, was from a middle-class background. During this era, all but 11 of the 149 UUP Stormont MPs were members of the Orange Order, as were all Prime Ministers.

James Craig governed Northern Ireland from its inception until his death in 1940 and is buried with his wife by the east wing of Parliament Buildings. His successor, J. M. Andrews, was heavily criticised for appointing octogenarian veterans of Craigavon's administration to his cabinet. His government was also believed to be more interested in protecting the statue of Carson at the Stormont Estate than the citizens of Belfast during the Belfast blitz. A backbench revolt in 1943 resulted in his resignation and replacement by Sir Basil Brooke (later Viscount Brookeborough), although he was recognised as leader of the party until 1946.

Brookeborough, despite having felt that Craigavon had held on to power for too long, was Prime Minister for one year longer. During this time he was on more than one occasion called to meetings of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland to explain his actions, most notably following the 1947 Education Act which made the government responsible for the payment of National Insurance contributions of teachers in Catholic Church-controlled schools. Ian Paisley called for Brookeborough's resignation in 1953 when he refused to sack Brian Maginess and Clarence Graham, who had given speeches supporting re-admitting Catholics to the UUP. He retired in 1963 and was replaced by Terence O'Neill, who emerged ahead of other candidates, Jack Andrews and Faulkner.

1963–1972
In the 1960s, identifying with the civil rights movement of Martin Luther King and encouraged by attempts at reform under O'Neill, various organisations campaigned for civil rights, calling for changes to the system for allocating public housing and the voting system for the local government franchise, which was restricted to (disproportionately Protestant) rate payers. O'Neill had pushed through some reforms but in the process the Ulster Unionists became strongly divided. At the 1969 Stormont general election UUP candidates stood on both pro- and anti-O'Neill platforms. Several independent pro-O'Neill unionists challenging his critics, while the Protestant Unionist Party of Ian Paisley mounted a hard-line challenge. The result proved inconclusive for O'Neill, who resigned a short time later. His resignation was probably caused by a speech of James Chichester-Clark who stated that he disagreed with the timing, but not the principle, of universal suffrage at local elections.

Chichester-Clark won the leadership election to replace O'Neill and swiftly moved to implement many of O'Neill's reforms. Civil disorder continued to mount, culminating in August 1969 when Catholic Bogside residents clashed with the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Derry because of an Apprentice Boys of Derry march, sparking days of riots. Early in 1971, Chichester-Clark flew to London to request further military aid following the 1971 Scottish soldiers' killings. When this was all but refused, he resigned to be replaced by Brian Faulkner.

Faulkner's government struggled though 1971 and into 1972. After Bloody Sunday, the British Government threatened to remove control of the security forces from the devolved government. Faulkner reacted by resigning with his entire cabinet, and the British Government suspended, and eventually abolished, the Northern Ireland Parliament, replacing it with Direct Rule.

The liberal unionist group, the New Ulster Movement, which had advocated the policies of Terence O'Neill, left and formed the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland in April 1970, while the emergence of Ian Paisley's Protestant Unionist Party continued to draw off some working-class and more Ulster loyalist support.

1972–1995

In June 1973 the UUP won a majority of seats in the new Northern Ireland Assembly, but the party was divided on policy. The Sunningdale Agreement, which led to the formation of a power-sharing Executive under Ulster Unionist leader Brian Faulkner, ruptured the party. In the 1973 elections to the Executive the party found itself divided, a division that did not formally end until January 1974 with the triumph of the anti-Sunningdale faction. Faulkner was then overthrown, and he set up the Unionist Party of Northern Ireland (UPNI). The Ulster Unionists were then led by Harry West from 1974 until 1979. In the February 1974 general election, the party participated in the United Ulster Unionist Coalition (UUUC) with Vanguard and the Democratic Unionist Party, successor to the Protestant Unionist Party. The result was that the UUUC won 11 out of 12 parliamentary seats in Northern Ireland on a fiercely anti-Sunningdale platform, although they barely won 50% of the overall popular vote. This result was a fatal blow for the Executive, which soon collapsed.

Up until 1972 the UUP sat with the Conservative Party at Westminster, traditionally taking the Conservative parliamentary whip. To all intents and purposes the party functioned as the Northern Ireland branch of the Conservative Party. In 1972, in protest over the prorogation of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the Westminster Ulster Unionist MPs withdrew from the alliance. The party remained affiliated to the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, but in 1985, withdrew from it as well, in protest over the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Subsequently, the Conservative Party has organised separately in Northern Ireland, with little electoral success.

Under West's leadership, the party recruited Enoch Powell, who became Ulster Unionist MP for South Down in October 1974 after defecting from the Conservatives. Powell advocated a policy of 'integration', whereby Northern Ireland would be administered as an integral part of the United Kingdom. This policy divided both the Ulster Unionists and the wider unionist movement, as Powell's ideas conflicted with those supporting a restoration of devolved government to Northern Ireland. The party also made gains upon the break-up of the Vanguard Party and its merger back into the Ulster Unionists. The separate United Ulster Unionist Party (UUUP) emerged from the remains of Vanguard but folded in the early 1980s, as did the UPNI. In both cases the main beneficiaries of this were the Ulster Unionists, now under the leadership of James Molyneaux (1979–95).

Trimble leadership
David Trimble led the party between 1995 and 2005. His support for the Belfast Agreement caused a rupture within the party into pro-agreement and anti-agreement factions. Trimble served as First Minister of Northern Ireland in the power-sharing administration created under the Belfast Agreement.

Unusually for a unionist party, the UUP had a Roman Catholic Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) (the Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly), Sir John Gorman until the 2003 election. In March 2005, the Orange Order voted to end its official links with the UUP, while still maintaining the same unofficial links as other interest groups.  Trimble faced down Orange Order critics who tried to suspend him for his attendance at a Catholic funeral for a young boy killed by the Real IRA in the Omagh bombing. In a sign of unity, Trimble and President of Ireland Mary McAleese walked into the church together.

In the 2001 general election, the Ulster Unionists lost a number of seats belonging to UUP stalwarts; for example, John Taylor, the former deputy leader of the party, lost his seat of Strangford to Iris Robinson.

The party's misfortunes continued at the 2005 election. The party held six seats at Westminster immediately before the 2005 general election, down from seven after the previous general election following the defection of Jeffrey Donaldson in 2004. The election resulted in the loss of five of their six seats. The only seat won by an Ulster Unionist was North Down, by Sylvia Hermon, who had won the seat in the 2001 general election from Robert McCartney of United Kingdom Unionist Party. Only the Labour Party lost more seats in 2005. David Trimble himself lost his seat in Upper Bann and resigned as party leader soon after. The ensuing leadership election was won by Reg Empey.

Empey leadership
In May 2006 UUP leader Reg Empey attempted to create a new assembly group that would have included Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) leader David Ervine. The PUP is the political wing of the illegal Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).  Many in the UUP, including the last remaining MP, Sylvia Hermon, were opposed to the move. The link was in the form of a new group called the 'Ulster Unionist Party Assembly Group' whose membership was the 24 UUP MLAs and Ervine. Empey justified the link by stating that under the d'Hondt method for allocating ministers in the Assembly, the new group would take a seat in the Executive from Sinn Féin.

Following a request for a ruling from the DUP's Peter Robinson, the Speaker ruled that the UUPAG was not a political party within the meaning of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000.

The party did poorly in the 2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election. The party retained 18 of its seats within the assembly. Empey was the only leader of one of the four main parties not to be re-elected on first preference votes alone in the Assembly elections of March 2007.

In July 2008, the UUP and Conservative Party announced that a joint working group had been established to examine closer ties. On 26 February 2009, the Ulster Unionist Executive and area council of Northern Ireland Conservatives agreed to field joint candidates in future elections to the House of Commons and European Parliament under the name "Ulster Conservatives and Unionists – New Force". The agreement meant that Ulster Unionist MPs could have sat in a Conservative Government, renewing the relationship that had broken down in 1974 over the Sunningdale Agreement and in 1985 over the Anglo-Irish Agreement. The UUP's sole remaining MP at the time, Sylvia Hermon, opposed the agreement, stating she would not be willing to stand under the UCUNF banner.

In February 2010, Hermon confirmed that she would not be seeking a nomination as a Conservative/UUP candidate for the forthcoming general election. On 25 March 2010, she formally resigned from the party and announced that she would be standing as an independent candidate at the general election. As a result, the UUP were left without representation in the House of Commons for the first time since the party's creation.

At the 2010 general election, UCUNF won no seats in Northern Ireland (while Hermon won hers as an independent). The Ulster Conservatives and Unionists – New Force label was not used again. Following the election, Sir Reg Empey resigned as leader. He was replaced by Tom Elliott as party leader in the subsequent leadership election. During the leadership election, it emerged that a quarter of the UUP membership came from Fermanagh and South Tyrone, an area with about 6% of Northern Ireland's population, the constituency of Tom Elliott. The Dublin-based political magazine, the Phoenix, described Elliott as a "blast from the past" and said that his election signified "a significant shift to the right" by the UUP. Shortly after his election, three 2010 general election candidates resigned: Harry Hamilton, Paula Bradshaw and Trevor Ringland. Bradshaw and Hamilton subsequently joined the Alliance Party.

Since 2011
The party further declined in the 2011 Assembly elections (standing again as the UUP). It lost two seats and won fewer votes than the nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) (although it won more seats than the SDLP) and two of its candidates, Bill Manwaring and Lesley Macaulay, subsequently joined the Conservative Party. In addition, east of the Bann, it lost seats to the Alliance Party. It was also overtaken by Alliance on Belfast City Council. In November 2011, the Conservative Party chairman, Lord Feldman, wrote to Elliott to propose a formal and permanent merger of the two parties. The proposal, which had the backing of David Cameron, would have seen the UUP form the backbone of a new party called the Northern Ireland Conservative and Unionist Party (NICUP). Elliott rejected the merger and called the proposed dissolution of the UUP "unacceptable".

Tom Elliott was criticised for comments he made in his victory speech where he described elements of Sinn Féin as "scum". Elliott resigned in March 2012 saying some people had not given him a 'fair opportunity' to develop and progress many party initiatives. Mike Nesbitt was elected leader on 31 March 2012, beating the only other candidate, John McCallister, by 536 votes to 129.

The Conservatives and the UUP went their separate ways again, with the Northern Ireland Conservatives relaunching as a separate party on 14 June 2012.

Although their MEP seat, held by Jim Nicholson, had its vote percentage decreased slightly in the 2014 European election, the party managed to make gains in the local elections of that same day. They increased their share by 0.9%, making it the only party to increase its vote share, and gaining 15 seats as a result.

At the 2015 general election, the UUP returned to Westminster, gaining the South Antrim seat from the DUP and Fermanagh & South Tyrone (where they had an electoral pact with the DUP not standing) from Sinn Féin.

In the 2016 European Union referendum the UUP supported the remain campaign, the UUP Executive passing a motion on 5 March 2016 that the party "believes that on balance Northern Ireland is better remaining in the European Union, with the U.K. Government pressing for further reform and a return to the founding principle of free trade, not greater political union. The Party respects that individual members may vote for withdrawal."

At the 2017 general election the UUP lost both of its Commons seats, losing South Antrim to the DUP and Fermanagh & South Tyrone to Sinn Féin. The party, which saw a significant decrease in its vote share, failed to take any other seats. They then lost their single MEP at the 2019 European Parliament elections.

The party increased its vote share by 1.4% in the 2019 general election, but still failed to re-gain a seat. Their best 2019 result was in Fermanagh and South Tyrone, where they lost to Sinn Fein by 57 votes. As such the UUP currently has no representation in the House of Commons.

Leaders

Structure

The UUP is still organised around the Ulster Unionist Council, which was from 1905 until 2004 the only legal representation of the party. Following the adoption of a new Constitution in 2004, the UUP has been an entity in its own right, however the UUC still exists as the supreme decision making body of the Party. In autumn 2007 the delegates system was done away with, and today all UUP members are members of the Ulster Unionist Council, with entitlements to vote for the Leader, party officers and on major policy decisions.

Each constituency in Northern Ireland forms the boundary of a UUP constituency association, which is made up of branches formed along local boundaries (usually district electoral areas). There are also four 'representative bodies', the Ulster Women's Unionist Council, the Ulster Young Unionist Council, the Westminster Unionist Association (the party's Great Britain branch) and the Ulster Unionist Councillors Association. Each constituency association and representative body elects a number of delegates to the Executive Committee, which governs many areas of party administration such as membership and candidate selection.

The UUP maintained a formal connection with the Orange Order from its foundation until 2005, and with the Apprentice Boys of Derry until 1975. While the party was considering structural reforms, including the connection with the Order, it was the Order itself that severed the connection in 2004. The connection with the Apprentice Boys was cut in a 1975 review of the party's structure as they had not taken up their delegates for several years beforehand.

Youth wing
The UUP's youth wing is the Young Unionists, first formed in 2004 as a rebrand of the Ulster Young Unionist Council, which formed in 1946. Many of its members have stayed with the party, such as the present leader of the UUP. Others have left to start other Unionist parties. Having disbanded twice, in 1974 and 2004, the Council was re-constituted by young activists in March 2004. This resulted in the Young Unionists (YU) becoming a representative body of the UUP and subject to its revamp of their Constitution.

Representatives

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Members of the House of Commons as of June 2017:
The UUP lost its two seats in the 2017 election. South Antrim went to the DUP while Fermanagh and South Tyrone went to Sinn Féin

Members of the House of Lords as of June 2017:
 Lord Empey of Shandon
 Lord Rogan of Lower Iveagh

Northern Ireland Assembly
Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly as elected in March 2017:
 Andy Allen - Belfast East
 Roy Beggs, Jr. - East Antrim
 Steve Aiken OBE - South Antrim
 Alan Chambers MBE - North Down
 Doug Beattie MC - Upper Bann
 Mike Nesbitt - Strangford
 John Stewart - East Antrim
 Rosemary Barton - Fermanagh and South Tyrone
 Robin Swann - North Antrim
 Robbie Butler - Lagan Valley

European Parliament
Members elected in 2019:
 None

Party leadership

Party spokesmen

The current Party spokesman are:

Party officers

The current party officers are:

Electoral performance

Westminster

Stormont

Local government

European Parliament

See also
Ulster Unionist Party politicians
List of Ulster Unionist Party Peers
List of Ulster Unionist Party MPs
Ulster Unionist Chief Whip
Ulster Unionist Party Presidents and General Secretaries

References

External links

Category:Political parties in Northern Ireland

Category:Political parties established in 1905
Category:Political parties in pre-partition Ireland
Category:Conservative Party (UK) breakaway groups
Category:Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe member parties
Category:European Conservatives and Reformists member parties
Category:1905 establishments in Ireland


Wirkus

Wirkus is a surname from Lithuanian meaning "to cry", or from Polish meaning "top". Notable people with the surname include:

Emma Wirkus (born 1982), Australian soccer player
Faustin E. Wirkus (1896–1945), American soldier

References

Category:Lithuanian-language surnames
Category:Polish-language surnames


Frog Rock (Kenting)

The Frog Rock () is a rock in Hengchun Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan. The rock is part of Kenting National Park.

History
The rock is originally external rocks brought by Kenting argillite. The rocks were wrapped in it but gradually became exposed and became an independent rock because of continuous erosion by wind and sea water.

Geology
The rock is 61 meters in height with the shape of a frog jumping into the sea. It is surrounded by various volcanic rock gravels.

See also
 Geology of Taiwan

References

Category:Landforms of Pingtung County
Category:Rock formations of Taiwan


Don't Rush Me

"Don't Rush Me" is a song written by Alexandra Forbes and Jeff Franzel and performed by American singer Taylor Dayne.  It was released in the late summer of 1988 as the fourth single from Dayne's debut album Tell it to My Heart.

Reception and charts
The single reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for one week (held out of the top spot by Phil Collins's "Two Hearts"), becoming Dayne's highest-charting single at the time, as well as number 3 on the Adult Contemporary chart and number 6 on the Dance chart. The music video also earned heavy rotation on VH-1 and MTV.  The music video featured Dayne performing live during her promotional tour.

Cover photo
The photo featured on the single's cover would eventually become the cover for the re-release of the Tell It To My Heart making the original cover hard to come by and a collector's item.

UK track list
Extended Version 7:15
Dub Version 5:41
Single Version 3:47
"In the Darkness"

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

Category:1988 singles
Category:Taylor Dayne songs
Category:Song recordings produced by Ric Wake
Category:Music videos directed by Alek Keshishian
Category:1987 songs
Category:Arista Records singles
Category:Songs written by Jeff Franzel


Gowd-e Asia

Gowd-e Asia (, also Romanized as Gowd-e Āsīā) is a village in Qasabeh-ye Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 390, in 143 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Sabzevar County


Monochroa discriminata

Monochroa discriminata is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Meyrick in 1923. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from southern Ontario.

The wingspan is 12–13 mm. The forewings are grey. The stigmata are cloudy, blackish and often obscure, the plical obliquely before the first discal, sometimes a faint oblique shade of blackish irroration from near the costa at one-third to the first discal. There is an obscure whitish dot on the costa at two-thirds, preceded by slight darker suffusion, sometimes obsolete. The hindwings are grey.

References

Category:Moths described in 1923
Category:Monochroa


Chauri Chaura Express

The 15003 / 04 Kanpur Anwarganj Gorakhpur Chauri Chaura Express is an Express train belonging to Indian Railways - North Eastern Railway zone that runs between Kanpur Anwarganj & Gorakhpur Junction in India.

It operates as train number 15003 from Kanpur Anwarganj to Gorakhpur Junction and as train number 15004 in the reverse direction serving the state of Uttar Pradesh.

It is named after the town of Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh which is famous for the Chauri Chaura incident of 1922.

Coaches

The 15003 / 04 Kanpur Anwarganj Gorakhpur Chauri Chaura Express has 1 AC Ist cum AC II Tier,  1 AC II tier, 4 AC III tier, 6 Sleeper Class, 6 General Unreserved & 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) Coaches. It does not carry a Pantry car coach .

As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

Service

The 15003 Kanpur Anwarganj Gorakhpur Chauri Chaura Express covers the distance of  in 14 hours 05 mins (39.20 km/hr) & in 13 hours 20 mins as 15004 Gorakhpur Kanpur Anwarganj Chauri Chaura Express (41.40 km/hr).

As the average speed of the train is below , as per Indian Railway rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge.

Routeing

The 15003 / 04 Kanpur Anwarganj Gorakhpur Chauri Chaura Express runs from Kanpur Anwarganj via Kanpur Central, Allahabad Junction, Varanasi Junction, Mau Junction, Bhatni Junction, Chauri Chaura to Gorakhpur Junction .

Traction

As the route is yet to be fully electrified, a Gonda based WDM 3A hauls the train for its entire journey .

Operation

The 15003 Kanpur Anwarganj Gorakhpur Chauri Chaura Express runs from Kanpur Anwarganj on a daily basis reaching Gorakhpur Junction the next day.

The 15004 Gorakhpur Kanpur Anwarganj Chauri Chaura Express runs from Gorakhpur Junction on a daily basis reaching Kanpur Anwarganj the next day.

Incidents

 On 25 October 2010, a person was shot dead on board the train
 On 19 April 2008, the train suffered a derailment without suffering any casualties .
The train occasionally gets cancelled during the winter months .

References

 http://www.holidayiq.com/railways/chauri-chaura-express-15003-train.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140911002417/http://www.saharasamay.com/regional-news/uttar-pradesh-news/676476053/man-shot-dead-in-chauri-chaura-express.html
 http://news.oneindia.in/2008/04/19/one-bogie-of-chauri-chaura-express-derails-1208613842.html
 http://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1381&id=0,4,268
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW3jv5k1nZs

External links

Category:Transport in Kanpur
Category:Transport in Gorakhpur
Category:Named passenger trains of India
Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh


Navy Field 2

Navy Field 2  is the second game of the Navy Field Franchise, developed by South Korean studio SDEnterNET. Navy Field is a MMORTS themed game that takes place during the World War I and World War II eras. Like the name suggests, Navy Field 2 is a naval warfare game. It is developed by SDEnterNet who had already developed the original Navy Field years ago. Development started in 2012, and closed beta followed in January, 2014 and was fully released in Korea in June of the same year.  Navy Field 2 have started a Steam service as of March 2015.

Gameplay
All gameplay happens in multiplayer matches, where players play against each other in teams on big maps with up to 64 players at the same time.

There are different kinds of ships in Navy Field 2 like frigates, destroyers, cruisers, battleships, aircraft carriers, and submarines. Every ship type has specific strengths and weaknesses, depending on its class and its game tier, with higher tiered ships being stronger than lower tier ones. All the ships in the game can be upgraded to higher tier ships as the player progresses further in the game and advances through the in-game "Ship Tree".

Players (who become the captains or commanding officers in-game) can manage the crews of their ship, by placing an executive officer (which called "operator") and up to 22 officers that take care of different aspects of the ship. The officers are classified into 4 categories:  weapons officers, support officers, special officers and aviation officers. Officers boost the performance of the ship according to their role.

Reception
After the release, it received a 7.0/10 rating on Inven.

References

External links
 Official Navy Field 2 website
 Official Global Navy Field 2 website
 Navy Field 2 Steam website

Category:2014 video games
Category:Naval video games
Category:Video games developed in South Korea
Category:Windows games
Category:Windows-only games


Bond South Africa

Bond South Africa was a campus of Bond University located in Sandton, Gauteng, South Africa. The campus closed in 2004, having previously been accredited to offer Undergraduate and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees.

References

Category:Defunct universities and colleges in South Africa


Alan J. Viergutz

Alan J. Viergutz (born 1953) is the president of Grupo Centec. Viergutz is a former president of the Venezuelan Oil Chamber and works additionally as an oil-industry analyst.

Early life and education
Viergutz graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1970 and attended Stanford University and Claremont College between 1970 and 1977, where he received a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering, a master’s in mechanical engineering, and an MBA. Afterwards he received a PhD.

Career
Viergutz is a former president of the Venezuelan Oil Chamber. He was one of the first analysts to alert the wider industry to the problems resulting from the "Aperture" of the Caldera government and the attempts by Hugo Chavez to convert the Venezuelan Oil Industry into a tool in developing a socialistic State. Viergutz now serves as president and chairman of Grupo Centec, a group of six Venezuelan petroleum-related firms. In addition to his work with Grupo Centec Viergutz works as an oil industry analyst out of Caracas, commenting in the media regarding trends related to the industry, such as OPEC policies. Viergutz authored the self-published book 1995-2001, Years of Upheaval in the Venezuelan Oil Industry, released in 2002. He has also commented on other aspects of Venezuelan society in the media, including political and social current events, in addition to foreign-based oil-related events.

Viergutz has acted as advisor to the Venezuelan government and has represented Venezuelan petroleum interests abroad at events like the 1996 OPEC Convention and the World Petroleum Congress. Venezuelan commissions and governing bodies he has sat on have included the National Petrochemical Commission, the Economic Commission of the Chamber of Deputies, the Advisory Commission of the Ministry of Energy and Mines, and the Energy and Mines Commission of the Congress of the Republic. In the public sector he has served on the Council of Venezuelan and US Managers and the Pro-Defensa del Petróleo. In the private sector he has also served as the Director of Fedecámaras, the National Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and Director of Consecomercio, the National Chamber of Commerce in Venezuela.

References

Category:1953 births
Category:Venezuelan chief executives
Category:Stanford University alumni
Category:Businesspeople in the oil industry
Category:Living people
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Robert Rendall

Robert Rendall (1898–1967) was a poet, and amateur naturalist who spent most of his life in Kirkwall, Orkney.

Biography

Robert Rendall was born in Glasgow in 1898 but moved to Orkney with his Westray parents when young. When he was seven years old he was so ill that he was not expected to live for another year.  He became a converted Christian about this time.  He attended Kirkwall Grammar School until he was 13, but was largely self-educated, learning much from Arthur Mee's The Children's Encyclopædia.  He worked in the family draper's business in Kirkwall.  He joined the Royal Navy in 1916 and served in Scapa Flow during World War I.

Rendall, a man of many talents, known as a poet, and authority on shells, flowers, and marine life, has been described as an "Orcadian Renaissance man". He accidentally discovered the Broch of Gurness in 1929.

In 1946 he semi-retired from business, and devoted his life to his scientific and cultural interests, and fishing.  This was the year in which he published Country Sonnets, which included many poems written in the Orkney dialect.  Rendall became a friend of the writer George Mackay Brown, whom he encouraged, and who had appreciated the quality of his best poetry, having been introduced to him by Ernest Marwick  Brown was encouraged by Rendall's visits when he was confined to Eastbank Sanatorium. In 1956 Rendall published Mollusca Orcadensia, a paper which brings together from all available sources records of marine mollusca indigenous to Orkney, which he had commenced in 1916. He published Orkney Shore, a work on the seashore life of Orkney, in 1960.  It has been said, "All his studies -
whether scientific, archaeological, theological or literary - were rooted in Orkney, and
a love of the islands drove the rigour which he applied to each of his chosen areas".

Rendall was a small, dark, man, profoundly deaf, and a bachelor.  He was a member of the Open Brethren.

Rendall died in 1967.  A plaque bearing his name is in the presbytery of St Magnus Cathedral.  A biography, An Island Shore: the Life and Work of Robert Rendall, by Neil Dickson was published in 1990, while an essay on his work is included in George Mackay Brown's An Orkney Tapestry in 1969.

Critical Opinion

It has been said that the poetry of Robert Rendall "represents the eventual regenerative reaction to the transplanted, anglicised expression which had prevented Orkney from producing any significant or lasting poetry during the nineteenth century ... The work represents
a cultured fusion of Orcadian vernacular, philosophical Christian content and refined
form".

George Mackay Brown's view was that the poetic work of Rendall was patchy, but when good it was very good indeed.  And the poem Renewal was one of the most perfect sonnets he knew.

Ron Ferguson, the writer, says that he is a poet of substance, and that his best poems are in the Orcadian dialect.

Works

Poetry:
 Country Sonnets (1946)
 Orkney Variants (1951)
 Shore Poems (1957)

Theology
 History, Prophecy and God (1954)

Scientific
 Mollusca Orcadensia (1956)
 Orkney Shore (1960)

References

Category:1898 births
Category:Scottish poets
Category:People from Kirkwall
Category:1967 deaths
Category:People from Orkney
Category:20th-century Scottish poets
Category:Scottish male poets
Category:20th-century British male writers
Category:Scottish Plymouth Brethren


Hairstyles in the 1980s

Hairstyles in the 1980s  included the mullet, tall mohawk hairstyles, jheri curls, flattops, and hi-top fades, which became popular styles. Amongst women, large hair-dos, puffed-up styles, permanent waves, and softer cuts typified the decade. Big hair that was "often permed to achieve the desired volume" is especially associated with women of the mid 1980s as well as male rockstars of that era, especially of the glam metal genre. Television shows such as Dynasty helped popularize the high volume bouffant and glamorous image associated with it.

Categories

Cuts

Totally shaved heads gained popularity among men. The sideburns of the 1960s and 1970s saw a massive decline in fashion in late 1970s. Big and eccentric hair styles were popularized by film and music stars, in particular amongst teenagers. Although straight hair was the norm at the beginning of the decade, as many late 1970s styles were still relevant, by around 1982 the perm had come into fashion. This was in large part due to many movies released at the time, as well as possibly being a rebellious movement against the 1970s. In 1984, sideburns made a comeback but were slightly thinner and shorter, and better groomed than those of the 1970s, lasting until the end of 1986. These sideburns were usually (but not always) used as an add-on to the  Mullet haircut. Spiked hair, teased hair, brightly colored hair, and shaved hair sections were popularized in the 1980s by the punk movement, as were the Mohawk and its twisted variant, Liberty spikes.

The Mullet haircut existed in several different styles, all characterized by hair short on the sides and long in the back. Mullets were popular in suburban and rural areas among working class men. This contrasted with a conservative look favored by business professionals, with neatly groomed short hair and very short sideburns for men and sleekly straight hair for women. White collar men's haircuts were often shaved at the nape of the neck to create an artificially even hairline. Women's hairstyles became increasingly long in the latter part of the decade and blunt cuts dominated. Blunt cuts of the late 1980s brought long hair to an equal length across the back. Bangs were popular, with "mall bangs", attributed to teenage girls who frequented shopping malls, were styled by ratting bangs into peaks or mounds, and then using hairspray to keep them in place.

Chemical treatments

Many young women in Europe and North America dyed their hair a rich burgundy or plum-red in the last half of the decade. Auburns and reds were favored by those who aspired to emulate Molly Ringwald. But non-traditional haircolors, such as bright blue, crimson, green, and shocking pink gained favor from the punk subculture. Chemical hair treatment was popularized by the perm hairstyle, which resulted in soft, full curls. By the late 1980s, the permed bouffant had become highly fashionable among women of all walks of life, notably Princess Diana. The long, permed hair look was particularly popular amongst male rock stars of this period, associated with heavy metal and glam metal bands of this era such as Mötley Crüe, Bon Jovi, and Whitesnake.

Styling techniques
During the middle and late 1980s it was unfashionable to part either men's or women's hair as the perm made the center parting look unattractive. Mousse was used in styling an individual's hair to attain a desired shiny look and greater volume; some mousse even contained glitter. Hairsprays such as Aqua Net were also used in quantity. Artificial dreadlock extensions were inspired by the Rastafari movement. Michael Jackson wore his hair in Jheri curl style in the 1980s; it was popular among African Americans in the early decade, but its popularity waned by the end of the decade, with the hi-top fade partly replacing it. Hair gel was used by young men to effect the preppy look of a well groomed, short hair style. Crimped hair was as fashionable as the large wave.

Accessories

Scrunchies and headbands made of elastic and cloth were popular in all different colors, styles, and patterns. Scrunchies were very popular in the side ponytail hair style. "Banana clips" were another favorite, pulling hair back into a fanned out style. Other accessories include barettes and bows. Sweatbands were also major, usually worn with sweatband on the wrist and legwarmers on the legs.

Facial
The trend in moustaches and full beards carried over from the late-1970s and into the early-1980s but waned as the decade progressed. From the mid to late-1980s, clean-shaven faces with short or no sideburns was the norm. However, the success of Miami Vice did spark a trend in the facial hair style called designer stubble.

References

External links

1980s