History of the North Queensland Cowboys

The history of the North Queensland Cowboys goes back to 1995 when they were admitted to the Australian Rugby League Premiership.

History

Foley Shield Days

In North Queensland fierce rivalry between clubs and towns quickly became a feature of the game. To play for your town, North Queensland, Queensland Country, Queensland and ultimately Australia quickly became the dream of every northern player. In south Queensland the "Bulimba cup" competition between Toowoomba, Brisbane and Ipswich teams was the major competition in Queensland rugby league well into the 1970s. When the opportunity arose, other regions in the state, including North Queensland, relished the chance to prove themselves against one of these sides. The first indication of the strength of North Queensland rugby league came in 1921 when the Townsville representative team, captained by Arch Foley, defeated Bulimba Cup champions Toowoomba. The celebrations after this victory were long and hard.

Such a victory caused the rest of the rugby league world to begin to take notice of North Queensland's rugby league ability. The flagship of North Queensland rugby league quickly became the "A" grade inter town competition, which until 1948 was called the "Carlton Cup". This was revamped and renamed the 'Foley Shield' in 1948, in recognition of Arch Foley's dedication and contribution to the sport. Few northern rugby league identities are remembered as well as Arch Foley. Apart from representing Queensland in 1915 and captaining the Townsville representative sides until the 1920s, he was instrumental, along with Queensland Rugby League Secretary Harry Sunderland, securing a match between North Queensland and the 1928 touring Great Britain team. This was to be the first ever clash between the region and Great Britain, as the previous tour in 1924 only went as far north as Rockhampton. This match, played at the Townsville Sports Reserve, was a huge boost to rugby league in North Queensland.
The Foley Shield competition involved two zones - "Northern" - involving Cairns, Babinda, Tully and Eacham - and "Southern" with Mackay, Ayr, and Townsville. In 1949 the "Central" zone was included involving Herbert River, Charters Towers and Home Hill. With the region's prosperity derived predominantly from sugar cane, mining and cattle, rugby league prospered. Most towns had club competitions involving three or more clubs, and gaining selection in a Foley Shield side to represent these towns was a great honour. The Foley Shield final played in Townsville became a highlight of the rugby league calendar, with many southern talent scouts and coaches attending to see the North's players in action. Despite the game's success in North Queensland, it was still generally harder for a North or Central Queensland player to be selected for higher honours simply because of the "out of Sight, out of mind" scenario. This was especially the case prior to the 1950s. Apart from 1915 when seven North Queensland based players (all from Townsville) made the Queensland side, most Queensland sides up until the 1948 involved players from Toowoomba, Brisbane or Ipswich.

Players like Harry "Mucka" Fewin (Australia 1920) and Cec Aynsley (Australia 1924-28), both North Queenslanders, made their Queensland and Australian appearances from Brisbane, while Jim Bennett (Australia 1924) had played in Cairns in 1920, but again wasn't selected for his state or country until he returned to the Bulimba Cup competition. Often the only chance a northern based player had of impressing Queensland or Australian selectors was if he made the Queensland Country side, (featuring Central, and North Queensland plus Wide Bay players) to play a South Queensland team made up of Bulimba Cup players. It was a huge boost when Townsville's Bill Glasheen became the first North Queensland player to be selected for Australia when named in the 1933 Kangaroo touring squad to England. Townsville's "Frosty" Benton became the second Northern based International when selected for the 1948 Kangaroo touring squad.

State League to the formation of a national team
By the 1980s the Foley Shield competition was still fiercely contested, however, North Queensland sides were also selected for the Queensland State League competition. North Queensland in 1984 became the first regional side to reach the State League finals, losing to a powerful Wynnum Manly side which included Wally Lewis and three former North Queenslanders who were by now Australian representatives in Gene Miles, Colin Scott (both Townsville) and Greg Dowling (Ingham). One of the 1984 North Queensland players was 17-year-old Dale Shearer from Sarina. During the 1980s and early 1990s, North Queensland teams continued to compete in the State League competition, becoming the first regional side to win in 1991 under Coach Kerry Boustead. North Queensland's captain Laurie Spina was a veteran of eight years of Sydney football before returning home to Ingham.

During 1989 Townsville rugby league administrators successfully hosted a televised National Panasonic Cup match between the Brisbane Broncos and Parramatta, attracting 16,000 spectators to the Townsville Sports reserve. This match was such a resounding success, reflecting the passion North Queenslanders had for rugby league, that journalist Doug Kingston was inspired to write a newspaper column suggesting the time was ripe for a North Queensland side to bid for inclusion in the major Rugby League competition, the NSWRL, just like Brisbane and the Gold Coast had done the year before. Some of the region's former rugby league Internationals had also suggested for some time that the North be recognised nationally in this way.

Wheels were set in motion towards realising this dream, with Executive Chairman of North Queensland Newspapers Ron McLean adding his valued support. After a survey was conducted to gauge public support returned an overwhelming positive response, a major step was taken with the appointment of a promotions manager for the North Queensland bid. Former International Kerry Boustead was appointed to this task in 1990. Having widespread community, business and political support, the initial North Queensland bid committee, chaired by McLean, worked tirelessly to produce a strong case for North Queensland's inclusion. The old Willows Paceway was offered by Queensland Sports Minister Bob Gibbs to the fledgling club, with local developers such as Joe Goicoechea and Laurence Lancini taking on the redevelopment of this site.

This became a major factor in the success of North Queensland's bid and widespread celebrations occurred in November 1992 with the announcement that three new clubs would join Auckland for inclusion into the "Australian Rugby League" competition, the North Queensland Cowboys being one of them. From the outset, newly appointed coach Grant Bell and his team set out to develop a club based on local talent, mixed with some experienced players from the south; a pattern that was so successful decades before in the north. The club included predominantly country bred footballers. Many of the experienced southern players signed were in fact North Queenslanders returning home.

1995, 1996: Origins
 The Cowboys name and team colours were decided by public competition in 1994. One of the major difficulties that faced the club in their early years was attracting followers from the more established Queensland-based Winfield Cup side, the Brisbane Broncos. This was exacerbated by an initial lack of onfield success and stability. In their first two seasons, the Cowboys had eight different captains.

1997: Super League

After much court action in 1995 and 1996, a ten team Super League competition was held in 1997. The Cowboys competed in this competition, and their squad was bolstered by a number of new signings including Ian Roberts and Steve Walters. However, they were unable to improve on the club's results in previous years, and for the second time in three seasons they were to finish the season in last place.

1998, 1999: National Rugby League

In 1998 the Super League and Australian Rugby League competitions merged to form the National Rugby League (NRL). The Cowboys began their first season in this competition strongly, and after six rounds they were in equal first place. Although they fell away later in the season, they were to record the largest come-back to date in an Australian first grade rugby league match, defeating the Penrith Panthers 36–28 after trailing 26–0 at half-time. 1998 also saw the Cowboys record their largest loss to date, being defeated 62–0 by the North Sydney Bears in the last round of the home and away season.

The Cowboys signed their eleventh captain in 1999, Noel Goldthorpe. Paul Bowman was also to serve in that role during the season. Although their on-field performances were not spectacular, continuing high attendance figures saw aggregate attendances exceed one million spectators. This season the Cowboys also provided their first State of Origin representative when Paul Green was selected as Queensland's halfback for game 2 of the 1999 State of Origin series.

2000–2003: Improved Results

In the years 2000 through to 2002 the Cowboys continued to struggle with off-field dramas and poor on-field performances. After finishing last in 2000 and second last the following year, four losses at the start of the 2002 season saw coach Tim Sheens sacked and replaced by his assistant Murray Hurst. Although they finished in their highest position to date, coach Hurst was also sacked at early in the 2003 season, and replaced by Graham Murray. The Cowboys spent much of the 2003 season in the top eight with much improved performances from a host of players, including local talents Matt Bowen and Josh Hannay. The 2003 season ended with the Cowboys four points adrift of a top eight play-off position.

2004: First time finalists

After the first three rounds of the 2004 season, Cowboy supporters had little reason to smile. A first round loss to Manly at home, followed by two more home losses and a bye until the first away game of the season against Cronulla in round five saw the first win of the season. By round seven, with just one win and five losses, the Cowboys held a disappointing 13th position on the premiership ladder. Then came another away win, this time over Parramatta, which history can record as a turning point in the Club's most successful season to date. By the end of the 26 round season, the Cowboys had won 12, drawn one (the first ever draw in the NRL in the age of golden point) and lost 11, but more importantly, they held 7th position and a first ever top eight appearance.

It was a tough road to success in 2004 with injuries again taking key players out of action, including Matt Sing who suffered a broken jaw in the State of Origin series and Glenn Morrison who suffered a broken back mid season. A sure sign of the growing stature of the Club was evident when new players were able to step up to the top squad from the Young Guns to cover such injuries. Players like Shane Tronc and Steve Southern were fine examples of first grade debutantes who replaced injured players and went on to play significant roles in the Club's success of 2004. The finals series proved to be of immense importance to the Club and the North Queensland community.

Not only did long term supporters have much to cheer about, but the Cowboys also captured the imagination of rugby league supporters throughout Australia with their charge into the final series. Remarkably, the Cowboys' new status in the game afforded them their first free-to-air televised game in their history. Whilst Channel Nine had all but ignored the Townsville-based team, a place in the finals had the public beating the drum for coverage. This provided Channel Nine with a last minute opportunity to jump on the Cowboys bandwagon, with Nine Commentator Ray "Rabbits" Warren branding the Cowboys as "2004's fairytale team". But for many fans throughout Queensland and in other states, such accolades were all too late from the NRL's chief free-to-air television provider who had failed to deliver coverage of the national competition. In just three finals matches, the Cowboys tasted victories over eventual premiers the Bulldogs and the Brisbane Broncos before losing narrowly to Sydney City. The semi final against the Brisbane Broncos, played in front of a packed Dairy Farmers Stadium, gave the Cowboys a chance to thank their long term supporters, as well as welcome many new ones.

After wild scenes at the Townsville airport before and after the victory over the Canterbury Bulldogs, the Cowboys played at home against the Broncos amid scenes of hysteria and adulation never before experienced as the region fully supported their team. After defeating the Broncos, they travelled to Sydney to meet eventual grand finalists Sydney Roosters and came within seconds of winning a grand final berth. Losing the preliminary final by just 16-19, the Cowboys had come of age in 2004. Apart from going within a match of a grand final appearance, the club also maintained its proud record of producing representative players. Significantly the 2004 Cowboys had a good away match record, another sign of the growing success of the club.

2005: Grand finalists

2005 would be recorded as the best ever in the Club's 11-year history. The tone of the season was set in round two, when after a first round away loss to the Brisbane Broncos, the North Queensland Toyota Cowboys won their first home match, defeating defending premiers Canterbury Bulldogs with an emphatic 24-12 win. New recruit Carl Webb set the scene by scoring a classic try, reminiscent of his 2001 Origin performance, and for most of the season the Cowboys were in a similar winning frame of mind, with a hard edge to their flamboyant attacking style, matched by solid defence.

Intermittent losses punctuated the first half of the season, but leading up to Origin time the Cowboys were a dominant force, reflected in the selection of six players plus trainer Billy Johnstone in the Queensland Origin campaign. A real highlight of the season before the finals series was a huge away win three days after the first Origin match, again against Canterbury, played at the Gold coast. The speed, agility and combination of the Cowboys was simply brilliant as they swept aside the 2004 premiers for a second time in the season 48-12, with five of their players backing up after a gruelling Origin encounter. A massive victory over the Cronulla Sharks the following week meant that in the first 13 rounds of the season, the Cowboys had won eight and lost just three matches.

A "flat" patch followed, however, as in the second half of the season the team began to struggle slightly with injury and suspension and recorded six wins and six losses plus a bye. Three wins came in the last three rounds of the regular season to cement a 5th spot finish and a place in the finals series campaign for the second year running. Alarm bells sounded, however, when in the first semi final, the Cowboys were hammered 6-50 by the Wests Tigers, and only favourable outcomes by other teams in the same finals round kept their campaign alive. The character and resolve of the team was very evident when they bounced back a week later with a well constructed defeat of the Melbourne Storm, putting their finals campaign back on track. A superb effort followed with the shutting out premiership favourites Parramatta in the preliminary final through a 29-0 win to book a place in the 2005 NRL Grand Final. This brilliant preliminary final victory was the biggest win by any club in such a match since 1982 when ironically Parramatta defeated the Roosters 33-0. In addition, by this preliminary final the Cowboys were the only side remaining in contention from the top four of the 2004 season.

Grand Final fever hit North Queensland in style as thousands of supporters travelled to Sydney for the big day and again the team travelled to the airport via the City to allow the legion of fans, especially school children, to cheer on the side. The 2005 Grand Final had a special feel to it as two relative new football club entities, both representing districts and regions steeped in rugby league history and folklore took to the field for the decider. The West Tigers ran out eventual 30-16 winners, but the Cowboys did their fans and communities proud in the way they played the game, and also off the field, in the way they presented themselves, both as a team and as individuals. In the Queensland Wizard Cup, the depth of the North Queensland Toyota Cowboys club was evident when the North Queensland Toyota Young Guns won the competition grand final 34-4 over the Burleigh Bears. This victory at Suncorp Stadium provided inspiration to the senior side just hours before their clash with the Melbourne Storm in the major semi final. To cap a fine season, Cowboys Luke O'Donnell was named in the Kangaroo squad to play the Tri-Nations series, including the tour of England, while Billy Johnstone continued his role as Australian team trainer. In other representative matches Graham Murray continued to coach City in the annual NSW City/Country clash. The North Queensland Toyota Cowboys banner flew high over the rugby league landscape after season 2005.

2006/2007

The Cowboys started off the year by winning 6 straight games. One of the teams they defeated were to become the premiers, the Brisbane Broncos (in fact, the Cowboys beat them twice during the season, the second time was in a match Johnathan Thurston got seriously injured). They then fell into a hole, winning only 5 of the last 19 games, making them finish 9th on the ladder, just missing out of the finals. Much criticism has been directed at coach Murray for not sticking with a stable scrumbase pairing throughout 2006, with a number of players such as Brett Firman and Brent McConnell seen as unable to support the talents of playmaker Johnathan Thurston. The Cowboys finished the final round of regular season with a convincing win over the Parramatta Eels to give their fans some hope for 2007. Particularly impressive were hooker Aaron Payne and fullback Matthew Bowen, who recaptured some of his magic and regained some much needed form heading into the off season. Other players who have impressed throughout 2006 include Australian representative player Luke O'Donnell, as well as Carl Webb who struggled for much of the year with injuries. The ever reliable Paul Bowman continued to show the hard fought spirit of the team despite a neck injury that struck him down at the close of the season. Aaron Payne also capped off a strong year for the club to be named Cowboy of the Year for 2006. 2006 also saw the departure of several key personal, including legendary strength and conditioner Billy Johnstone – to the Gold Coast Titans – and assistant coach Neil Henry accepted a head coaching position with the Canberra Raiders. The Cowboys announced that tough talking former English Super League coach Ian Millward would replace Henry as Graham Murray's assistant, with Glen Murphy taking over from Johnstone.

Season 2007 may well go down as the 'one that got away' as the North Queensland Toyota Cowboys started the season strongly and went on to record 15 wins and nine losses in the premiership rounds, finishing in the top four to claim a home semi final. Only a loss to Manly in the preliminary final ruled out a second grand final appearance. A spate of injuries failed to stifle the club's success, thanks in part to several players really stepping up to take the place of injured personnel.

First Luke O’Donnell missed most of the season, then Carl Webb, Steve Southern, Shane Tronc and Sione Faumuina were missing at key times through injury. They were replaced by players considered fringe first graders at the start of season 2007 – Ben Vaeau, Matt Bartlett, Sam Faust and Ray Cashmere. All stood up to be counted and proved they were equal to the task, with Ray Cashmere in particular winning a legion of fans with his spirited play at the back end of the season while Sam Faust proved he is a player of the future. Personal success came the way of captain Johnathan Thurston in 2007 as he claimed a second Dally M medal as well as representing both Queensland and Australia.

The player of the season though was Matthew Bowen. Scoring 22 tries in 27 appearances, this was perhaps the Origin representative’s finest NRL season so far. Paul Bowman, the last of the 1995 Cowboys, retired after 13 years of service and a club record of 203 first grade games at the end of 2007. He was given a rousing farewell by the home crowd and took on a coaching role with the club in 2008. Another player to retire after season 2007 was Jason Smith. Although only playing one season with the Cowboys, he provided sound experience and leadership to the 2007 squad. Jason’s first grade career spanned 17 seasons, with 16 test matches for Australia and 16 Origin appearances for Queensland. He was also the last player still playing NRL to play in the very first Cowboys match on 11 March 1995, when he was with the Canterbury Bulldogs. There were some low points to the season apart from the injury toll, mainly three big losses which blew out the 'for' and 'against' scores record.

The overall success of the club outweighed these uncharacteristic losses though, and by the time the semi final series began, confidence was high. After mauling the Warriors in the home semi final, the Cowboys went into the preliminary final full of confidence, but it wasn’t to be. History was also made in the Queensland cup with the 2007 Toyota Young Guns the last ever to compete in the Queensland Cup. The final Toyota Young Guns season ended in similar fashion to the NRL squad, going down in the preliminary final and finishing third, with captain Shane Muspratt leading Queensland in the Residents' clash. For season 2008 both Cairns and Mackay will field sides, with former Young Guns spread between the two centres.

After helping the Cowboys through a difficult period, in 2007 News Limited sold the football club to the Cowboys Leagues Club for an undisclosed sum after several months of negotiations, ending News' six-year stint as owner of the Cowboys.

2008–2010:  Struggling Seasons

The 2008 NRL Season was seen as a very tough year for the Cowboys.  Before the season began, the club announced head coach Graham Murray's contract would not be renewed.  This resulted in the clubs downfall.  After only winning three of the first ten games, Murray resigned from his job.  The club then confirmed assistant coach Ian Millward would take over the duties for the rest of the season.  During his stint as head coach, the club could only win two more games.  This season saw the club break their previous record of 10 consecutive losses by losing 13 straight matches from round 4 until the club broke the record in round 22 by beating the Canterbury Bulldogs 36–12.  The Cowboys throughout the season were decimated by injuries and suspensions as well as off-field issues.  In the end, the Cowboys finished 15th on the ladder avoiding the wooden spoon by for and against.  The club did have some positives with Johnathan Thurston named in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup squad for Australia as well as being picked for Queensland along with Carl Webb and Jacob Lillyman.

2009 saw the appointment of Neil Henry as head coach which saw some hope for the club after winning NRL Coach of the Year with the Canberra Raiders the previous year.  Throughout the year, the club were poised to make the finals however, the club slumped the consecutive losses to miss out on playing in the finals for the second straight year.  2009 also saw Matthew Bowen score his 100th try becoming the first Cowboy to score 100 tries for the club.

The beginning out the 2010 season was the speculation of whether Johnathan Thurston would renew his contract with the club.  This included the club signing Thurston's friend and former teammate Willie Mason.  Thurston did renew for another three seasons however it brought very little success.  The club finished 15th however, the club would have received the wooden spoon if Melbourne Storm did not lose all of their competition points.  2010 saw the emergence of Scott Bolton and seeing the test debut of Matthew Scott.  Also the club had a new record with Jason Taumalolo making his debut against the Canterbury Bulldogs in round 24 aged 17 years and 82 days.

2011–2013: Return to the Finals

After missing the finals for the last 3 seasons the Cowboys underwent a major overhaul of personnel for the 2011 season. Club legend Ty Williams retired and they parted ways with club favourites Luke O'Donnell, Carl Webb and Steve Southern. Their biggest signing for the 2011 season was Queensland and Australian representative centre Brent Tate. They also made key recruits in the signings of former Melbourne Storm and Queensland State of Origin representative Dallas Johnson and premiership winner Glenn Hall from the English Super League, re-signing a former Cowboy in Gavin Cooper and picking up younger, experienced first graders such as Antonio Winterstein.  Perhaps their most underrated off-season recruit at the time was the 20-year-old, 2010 Toyota Cup player of the year Tariq Sims, from the Brisbane Broncos. Sims, who joined the Cowboys with older brother Ashton, would have a stand out year in 2011. Being earmarked as a future NSW and Australian representative.

The Cowboys' new signings had a positive impact on the NRL team, with the Cowboys spending much of the year in the top four before a late slide dropped them to seventh position and giving them their first finals appearance since 2007. In the qualifying final, North Queensland led Manly 8–0 at half time before being overrun by the Sea Eagles who went on to claim the premiership. Winger Kalifa Faifai Loa made his debut for New Zealand at the end of the season, James Segeyaro and Ray Thompson made their debuts for Papua New Guinea and Joel Riethmuller represented Italy for the first time in the European qualifiers for the 2013 World Cup.

2012 saw the Cowboys return to the finals after finishing in 5th spot. They faced the Broncos in the first week of the finals, winning 33–16, with halfback Michael Morgan scoring a hat trick. They lost the following week to Manly, in controversial circumstances. Club legend Aaron Payne retired at the end of the season, after 10 years with the team.

The Cowboys again made the finals in 2013, the first time the club had made the finals series three straight years, when they finished in 8th place. After a poor start to the season, the side went on a 6-game winning streak following the sacking of coach Neil Henry. They were eliminated in Week 1 of the finals, after a controversial loss to the Cronulla Sharks. Club legend Matthew Bowen played his last season in the NRL, announcing he would be taking up an offer with Super League side, the Wigan Warriors. Club stalwarts Ashley Graham and Dallas Johnson also announced their retirements.

On 1 October 2013, former Cowboys halfback Paul Green was announced as head coach for the 2014 and 2015 seasons, becoming the first former Cowboys player to coach the club.

2014 – Current: A new era and the club's first NRL Telstra premiership
The Cowboys started their 2014 season by winning the inaugural NRL Auckland Nines tournament which was held at Eden Park in Auckland. After losing key signing Lachlan Coote early in the tournament to injury, the Cowboys went on to face the Brisbane Broncos in the final, defeating them 16–7 to claim the trophy and a prize money cheque of $370,000. Cowboys winger Kyle Feldt was awarded the Breakout Player of the Tournament award, while Gavin Cooper, Kane Linnett, James Tamou and Antonio Winterstein were named in the Team of the Tournament.

The Cowboys finished in 5th place in 2014, with a rocky start to the season and a string of injuries to key players including internationals Brent Tate and Matt Scott, The Cowboys made a late charge to the finals winning the majority of their games and cementing a spot in the finals where they defeated the Brisbane Broncos 32–20 at their home ground in Townsville. They then travelled to Sydney to face the 2013 premiers the Sydney Roosters in the second week of the finals where they were defeated 31–30. After coming back from an early 30-point deficit Jonathan Thurston appeared to score with 56 seconds remaining before being ruled a no try by the officials ending their charge to the grand final – the third consecutive year that the Cowboys had been eliminated from the finals in controversial fashion.

The Cowboys farewelled Brent Tate (retired), Ashton Sims (Warrington Wolves), Tariq Sims (Newcastle Knights) and Curtis Rona (Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs) at the end of the season.

On 26 September 2015, the Cowboys qualified for only their second grand final defeating Melbourne 32–12 in the Preliminary Final in Melbourne. In the final, they beat the Brisbane Broncos in extra time in one of the closest grand finals in history, ending with a final score of 17-16. The game was won by a 'golden point' field goal taken by Johnathan Thurston on the fourth tackle of the first set of extra time, allowing the North Queensland Cowboys to win their first ever grand final.  Thurston had helped create the last minute try that tied the game in regular time and then scraped the post as his conversion attempt was unsuccessful. Johnathan Thurston took home the Clive Churchill Medal for best on ground in the Grand Final.

References

Category:North Queensland Cowboys
North Queensland Cowboys
North Queensland Cowboys


ArhGAP11B and human encephalisation

ARHGAP11B is a human-specific gene which appeared after the divergence from chimpanzees. It amplifies basal progenitors, controls neural progenitor proliferation and can cause neocortex folding. It is capable of causing neocortex folding in mice. This likely reflects a role for ARHGAP11B in development and evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex, a conclusion consistent with the finding that the gene duplication that created ARHGAP11B occurred on the human lineage after the divergence from the chimpanzee lineage but before the divergence from Neanderthals.

Structure
ARHGAP11B encodes 267 amino-acids and is a truncated version of ARHGAP11A. ARHGAP11B arose on the human evolutionary lineage after the divergence from the chimpanzee lineage by partial duplication of ARHGAP11A, which is found throughout the animal kingdom and encodes a Rho GTPase-activating-protein (RhoGAP domain). ARHGAP11B exists not only in present-day humans but also in Neandertals and Denisovans. ARHGAP11B comprises most of the GAP-domain (until lysine-220) followed by a novel C-terminal sequence but lacking the C-terminal 756 amino acids of ARHGAP11A.

Activity
In contrast to full-length ARHGAP11A and ARHGAP11A 1-250, ARHGAP11B, like ARHGAP11A1-220, did not exhibit RhoGAP activity in a RhoA/Rho-kinase–based cell transfection assay. This indicates that the C-terminal 47 amino-acids of ARHGAP11B (after lysine-220) constitute not only a unique sequence, resulting from a frameshifting deletion, but also are functionally distinct from their counterpart in ARHGAP11A. In this assay, co-expression of ARHGAP11B along with ARHGAP11A did not inhibit the latter's RhoGAP activity.

Function
Since several genes involved in mental retardation encode proteins with RhoGAP domains or other proteins in the Rho signalling pathway it does not come as a complete surprise that ARHGAP11B is involved in neocortex folding; however, its precise function is still unknown. It has been reported  that it is located in mitochondria where it binds to the adenine nucleotide translocator; it does not affect the adenine nucleotide exchange activity of the translocator, but it does lead to delayed opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, thus allowing for greater sequestration of calcium. Furthermore, the presence of ARHGAP11B in the mitochondria boosts glutaminolysis, which is most likely due to the ability of mitochondria to sequester more calcium which activates mitochondrial matrix dehydrogenases in the citric acid cycle, particularly the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.

References

Category:Human evolution


1955 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

Events
 April – Wallace Stevens is baptized a Catholic by the chaplain of St. Francis Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut, where Stevens spends his last days suffering from terminal cancer. After a brief release from the hospital, Stevens is readmitted and dies on August 2 at the age of 76.
 July 30 – Philip Larkin makes a train journey in England from Hull to Grantham which inspires his poem The Whitsun Weddings. His collection The Less Deceived is published in November (dated October).
 The Group, a British poetry movement, starts meeting in London with gatherings taking place once a week, on Friday evenings, at first at Philip Hobsbaum's flat and later at the house of Edward Lucie-Smith. The poets gather to discuss each other's work, putting into practice the sort of analysis and objective comment in keeping with the principles of Hobsbaum's Cambridge tutor F. R. Leavis and of the New Criticism in general. Before each meeting about six or seven poems by one poet are typed, duplicated and distributed to the dozen or so participants.
 The Movement poets as a group in Britain come to public notice this year in Robert Conquest's anthology New Lines. The core of the group consists of Philip Larkin, Elizabeth Jennings, D. J. Enright, Kingsley Amis, Thom Gunn and Donald Davie. They are identified with a hostility to modernism and internationalism, and look to Thomas Hardy as a model. However, both Davie and Gunn later move away from this position.
 Henry Rago becomes editor of Poetry magazine in the United States.

Beat poets
 July 19 – Beat poet Weldon Kees's Plymouth Savoy is found on the north side of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco with the keys in the ignition. When his friends go to search his apartment, all they find are the cat he had named Lonesome and a pair of red socks in the sink. His sleeping bag and savings account book are missing. He has left no note. No one is sure if Kees, 41, jumped off the bridge that day or if he went to Mexico. Before his disappearance, Kees quoted Rilke to friend Michael Grieg, ominously saying that sometimes a person needs to change his life completely.
 October 7 – The "Six Gallery reading" takes place in San Francisco with Kenneth Rexroth acting as M.C., Philip Lamantia, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, and Philip Whalen read, and the event includes Allen Ginsberg's first reading of Howl (written the previous summer at Ginsberg's cottage in Berkeley, California); the reading (1) brings together the East and West Coast factions of the Beat Generation, (2) is the first important public manifestation of the poetry movement and (3) helps to herald the West Coast literary revolution that becomes known as the San Francisco Renaissance. In the audience a totally drunken Jack Kerouac refuses to read his own work but cheers on the others, shouting "Yeah! Go! Go!" during their performances.

Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:

Canada
 Eldon Grier, A Morning from Scraps
 Irving Layton, The Blue Propeller. Toronto: Contact Press.
 Irving Layton, The Cold Green Element. Toronto: Contact Press.
 Dorothy Livesay, New Poems. Toronto: Emblem Books.
 Sir Charles G.D. Roberts, Selected Poems, edited by Desmond Pacey, posthumously published
 Raymond Souster, For What Time Slays. Toronto: Contact Press.
 Miriam Waddington, The Second Silence
 Wilfred Watson, Friday's Child
 Anne Wilkinson, The Hangman Ties the Holly

New Zealand
 James K. Baxter:
 The Fire and the Anvil, critical study, based on three Macmillan Brown lectures on poetry at Victoria University in 1954, criticism
 Traveller’s Litany, a long poem published in pamphlet form
 J. R. Hervey, She Was My Spring<ref>Web page titled "Ursula Bethall" in An Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 1966 website, accessed April 21, 2008</ref>
 Kendrick Smithyman, The Gay Trapeze, Wellington: Handcraft Press

United Kingdom
 W. H. Auden, The Shield of Achilles, first published in the United States
 Austin Clarke, Ancient Lights Robert Conquest, Poems Patric Dickinson, The Scale of Things W. S. Graham, The Nightfishing Elizabeth Jennings, A Way of Looking Philip Larkin, The Less Deceived, Hessle, East Yorkshire: Marvell Press
 Robert Graves, Collected Poems 1955, revisions and reprintings of previously published poems; the book was among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review.
 Norman MacCaig, Riding Lights Hugh MacDiarmid, pen name of Christopher Murray Grieve, In Memoriam James Joyce Edith Anne Robertson, Poems Frae the Suddron Stephen Spender, Collected Poems. 1928-1953, what he considers his best poems, selected and revised; among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review.
 Iain Crichton Smith, 'The Long River
 R.S. Thomas, Song at the Year's Turning, introduction by John Betjeman
 Charles Tomlinson, The Necklace

United States

 A.R. Ammons, Ommateum with Doxology, his first book
 W. H. Auden, The Shield of Achilles, a book of 28 pastoral and devotional poems (his poem of the same name was first published in 1953); among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review.
 Elizabeth Bishop, Poems: North & South — A Cold Spring, (Houghton Mifflin); among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review.
 Paul Blackburn, The Dissolving Fabric, Highlands, North Carolina: The Divers Press
 Kenneth Burke, Book of Monuments: Poems 1915–1954
 John Ciardi, As If
 Robert P. Tristram Coffin, Selected Poems, among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review.
 Gregory Corso, The Vestal Lady on Brattle and Other Poems
 Louis Coxe, The Second Man
 Emily Dickinson, The Complete Poems, three volumes
 Robert Creeley, All That is Lovely in Man
 Emily Dickinson, The Poems of Emily Dickinson, three volumes, edited by Thomas H. Johnson; a "definitive edition of the Dickinson poems with variant readings critically compared," according to the New York Times Book Review, which listed it among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year".
 Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Pictures of the Gone World
 Isabella Gardner, Birthdays from the Ocean, her first collection; among eight books of poetry included in "A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year" in The New York Times Book Review.
 William Graham (poet), The Nightfishing
 Donald Hall, Exiles and Marriages
 Robert Hughes, Collected Poems
 Randall Jarrell, Selected Poems
 Josephine Miles, Prefabrications
 Howard Nemerov, The Salt Garden
 John Crowe Ransom, Poems and Essays
 Adrienne Rich, The Diamond Cutters and Other Poems
 Louis Simpson, Good News of Death
 William Carlos Williams, Journey to Love

Criticism, scholarship, and biography in the United States
 Carl Sandburg, Prairie-town boy (autobiography; essentially excerpts from Always the Young Strangers)

Other in English
 A. D. Hope, The Wandering Islands (Australia)
 D. Stewart and N. Keesing, editors, Australian Bush Ballads, anthology (Australia)

Works published in other languages

France
 Guillaume Apollinaire, pen name of Wilhelm Apollinaris de Kostrowitzky,  Poèmes à Lou, (a revised edition of Ombre de mon amour, published by P. Cailler Vesenaz 1947), posthumously published (died 1918)
 Pierre Oster, Le Champ de mai
 Jacques Prévert, La Pluie et le beau temps
 Roger-Arnould Rivière, L'Équerre
 Victor Segalen, Stèles, Peintures, Équipée (see also Stèles 1912)
 Jean Tortel, Naissance de l'objet
 Tristan Tzara, pen name of Sami Rosenstock, Le temps naissant
 Tchicaya U Tam'si, Mauvais sang

India
Listed in alphabetical order by first name:

Gujarati
 Balumukund Dave, Parikrama, Gujarati
 Natvarlal Kuberdas Pandya, Prasun, the author's first collection of poems
 Ramnarayan Vishvanath Pathak, Brhat Pingal, a study of the history and structure of Gujarati prosody
 Venibhai Purohit, Sinjarav, the author's first collection of poems

Oriya
 Krushnachandra Tripathy, Ahuti
 Mohan Upendra Thakur, Phuldali
 Narendranath Misra, Balarama Dasa O Oriya Ramayana, critical study of Balaram Das, the 15th-century poet-saint and author of the most popular Ramayana in the Oriya language

Other languages of the Indian subcontinent
 Amrita Pritam, Sunehure, Punjabi
 Birendra Chattopadhyay, Ulukhagdar Kabita, Bengali
 C. Narayanan Nair, translator, Kannaki-Kovalam, translation into Sanskrit from the Silappadikaram, a Tamil-language poem
 Dina Nath Walli, also known as "Almast", Bala Yepari, lyrics on rural themes, mostly in the vatsun form; Kashmiri
 Hitanarayan Jha, Kavivar Canda Jha O Wordsworthak prakrtiprem, a comparative study of Chanda Jha and William Wordsworth's love of nature; Maithili
 Jaswant Singh Neki, Asle Te Ohle, Punjabi
 Kalachand Shastri Chingorgban, Manipuri Mahabharat, translation into Meitei from the Sanskrit Mahabharat, in 20 volumes, published from this year to 1980
 Krishnakanta Mishra, Maithili Sahityak Itihas, history of Maithili literature
 Lekhraj Aziz, Gul Va Khar, study of prosody and the rules of Islamic meters, including examples from various works by modern Sindhi poets
 Ram Nath Shastri, translator, Niti Sataka, translation into Dogri from the Sanskrit poems of Bhartrihari
 Sri Naunram Samskarta, Dasa dev, Rajasthani
 Sudhindranath Datta, translator, Pratidhvani, translation into Bengali from English, French and German poems, including verses by Shakespeare, Mallarme and Heine
 V. R. M. Chettiyar, Kavinan Kural, literary essays on Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William Shakespeare, William Wordsworth, Bharatidasan, Mutiyaracan among others; Tamil

Other languages
 Simin Behbahani, Chelcheragh ("Chandelier"), Persia
 Alberto de Lacerda, 77 Poems, Portuguese poet published in English, translations by poet and Arthur Waley
 H. E. Holthusen and F. Kemp, editors, Ergriffenes Dasein: deutsche Lyrik 1900-1950, anthology, Germany
 Henryk Jasiczek, Obuszkiem ciosane, Poland
 Alexander Mezhirov, Возвращение ("Return"), Soviet Union
 Giorgos Seferis, Ημερολόγιο Καταστρώματος ΙΙΙ ("Deck Diary III"), Greece
 Yoshioka Minoru, 静物 ("Still Life"), Japan

Awards and honors
 Frost Medal: Leona Speyer
 National Book Award for Poetry: Wallace Stevens, The Collected Poems
 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Wallace Stevens: Collected Poems
 Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Ruth Pitter
 Bollingen Prize: Léonie Adams and Louise Bogan
 Fellowship of the Academy of American Poets: Rolfe Humphries
 Canada: Governor General's Award, poetry or drama: Friday's Child, Wilfred Watson
 Vachel Lindsay Prize (Poetry (magazine)): Violet Ranney Lang

Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
 January 1 – Mir Tanha Yousafi (died 2019), Pakistani Punjabi and Urdu writer
 February 2 – Leszek Engelking, Polish poet
 February 22 – Yang Lian 杨炼, Swiss-born Chinese poet associated with the Misty Poets
 March 19 – John Burnside, Scottish poet and fiction writer
 March 27 – Lisa Zeidner, American poet
 April 4 – Margaret Lindsay Holton, Canadian designer and writer
 April 17 – Erin Mouré, Canadian poet
 April 22 – Marie Uguay (died 1981), French-Canadian poet
 May 13 – Mark Abley,  Canadian poet, journalist, editor and non-fiction writer
 July 6 – William Wall, Irish novelist, poet and short story writer
 July 12 – Robin Robertson, Scottish-born poet, novelist and editor
 June 15 – Les Wicks, Australian poet
 June 25 – Patricia Smith, African-American poet, "spoken-word performer", playwright, author and writing teacher
 September 13 – Hiromi Itō, Japanese poet
 October 19 – Jason Shinder (died 2008), American poet, editor, anthologist and teacher, founder of Y.M.C.A. National Writer’s Voice program, one of the country’s largest networks of literary-arts centers, at one time an assistant to Allen Ginsberg
 October 26 – Michelle Boisseau (died 2017), American poet
 December 23 – Carol Ann Duffy, Scottish poet
 Also:
 Marilyn Chin, American poet
 Chris Edwards, Australian poet
 Paula Green, New Zealand poet
 Jennifer Harrison, Australian psychiatrist, poet and photographer
 Paula Meehan, Irish poet
 Kim Morrissey, Canadian poet and playwright
 Wang Xiaoni, Chinese poet
 Dean Young, American poet
 Ouyang Yu, Australian poet, novelist, writer, translator and academic

Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
 January 1 – Mizuho Ōta 太田水穂, pen-name of Teiichi Ōta 太田 貞, occasionally also using alternative pen name "Mizuhonoya", 78 (born 1876), Shōwa period Japanese poet and literary scholar (surname: Ōta)
 January 19 – Kenneth Mackenzie, writing fiction as Seaforth Mackenzie, 41 (born 1913), Australian poet and novelist (accidental drowning)
 January 20 – Robert P. Tristram Coffin, 62 (born 1892), American poet, essayist and novelist
 March 10 – Brian Vrepont (born 1882), Australian poet
 June 19 – Adrienne Monnier, 63 (born 1892), French poet and publisher
 July 18 – Weldon Kees, 41 (born 1914), American poet, critic, novelist, short story writer, painter and composer (presumed dead – see "Events" section)
 August 2 – Wallace Stevens, 75 (born 1879), American poet
 November 12 – Tin Ujević, 64 (born 1891), Croatian poet
 December 30 – Rex Ingamells, 42 (born 1913), Australian poet influential in the Jindyworobak Movement (automobile accident)

See also

 Poetry
 List of poetry awards
 List of years in poetry

Notes

Category:20th-century poetry
Poetry
*


Samuel Lowe

Samuel Lowe (c. 1693–1731) of Goadby Marwood was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1718 to 1731.

Lowe was the son of Henry Lowe of Goadby Marwood and his wife Elizabeth Long, daughter of Samuel Long of Jamaica, and nephew of Charles Long. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on  21 April 1710, aged 16 and was admitted at Middle Temple in 1711. He succeeded his father in 1714 and also inherited extensive sugar plantations in Jamaica

Lowe was appointed Comptroller of the Ordnance for Ireland in 1718 and held the post until 1730. He was elected Member of Parliament for Aldburgh at a by-election on 24 November 1718. He generally voted with the government.   At the general elections of  1722 and 1727 he was returned unopposed for Aldeburgh. By this time he had gone over to support the opposition.

Lowe died unmarried on 19 July 1731, leaving his fortune to his two sisters, one of whom married Theobald Taaffe.

References

.

Category:1690s births
Category:1731 deaths
Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Category:British MPs 1715–1722
Category:British MPs 1722–1727
Category:British MPs 1727–1734


2009 European Mixed Curling Championship

The 2009 European Mixed Curling Championship was held from September 26 to October 3, 2009 at the Curling Hall Roztyly in Prague.

Scotland, skipped by Tom Brewster won its second title, defeating Denmark in the final.

Teams
The teams are as follows:

Standings

Playoffs
Semi final challenge games:
 5-3
 7-2

External links
Event website

Category:2009 in curling
Category:2009 in Czech sport
Category:Sports competitions in Prague
Category:European Mixed Curling Championship
Category:International curling competitions hosted by the Czech Republic
Category:September 2009 sports events in Europe
Category:October 2009 sports events in Europe
Category:2000s in Prague


2008–09 Biathlon World Cup – World Cup 8

The 2008-09 Biathlon World Cup - World Cup 8 was the eighth event of the World Cup season and was held in Trondheim, Norway, from Thursday March 19 until Sunday March 22, 2009.

Schedule of events
The timeschedule of the event stands below

Event summary

Men

Women

References

Biathlon World Cup - World Cup 8, 2008-09
Category:March 2009 sports events in Europe
Category:Sports competitions in Trondheim
Category:Biathlon competitions in Norway
Category:2009 in Norwegian sport
Category:21st century in Trondheim


1925 in Afghanistan

The following lists events that happened during 1925 in Afghanistan.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Amanullah Khan

January-May
The amir takes severe measures to prevent a recrudescence of the rebellion among the Khost tribes which gave him so much trouble in the previous year. Early in February two shopkeepers in Kabul, members of the Ahmadiyya community of Muslims, and followers of the Quadian Mullah
who was executed in the previous summer for fomenting the rebellion, are sentenced to death by stoning for apostasy, and the sentence is carried out with great barbarity in the presence of Afghan officials. In the course of the same month there is a general dragooning of the revolted tribes. According to the Afghan newspapers, in two weeks all the Mangal villages are occupied, 3,500 houses are bombarded and burnt, 1,575 rebels are killed and wounded, 460 women and children die of cold and hunger during their flight in the snow, and 6,000 head of cattle and an immense booty are captured. The returning troops make a triumphal entry into Jalalabad, where flowers are showered on them by the amir and his mother. On May 25, sixty Khost rebels, mainly Ghilzais, are shot by order of the amir. After the rebellion, the amir does not prosecute further his reforming designs, and leaves the country in the traditional state. He devotes his energies to increasing its military power, having fifty young Afghans trained as airmen, and importing aeroplanes from Russia and large quantities of ammunition through India.

As the Soviet government continues to make sedulous efforts to extend Russian influence in Afghanistan, negotiations are commenced for a Russo-Afghan trade convention, and there is a steady infiltration of Russians prospecting for oil round Herat and in Afghan Turkestan. The Afghan government looks with disfavour on this activity, and it becomes genuinely alarmed at Russian designs when, near the end of December, Russian troops occupy an island in the Oxus at Darkad, which has always been regarded as Afghan territory, overpowering two Afghan posts by which it was held.

June-August
An "incident" occurs which for a time disturbs the relations between Afghanistan and Italy. An Italian engineer resident in Kabul named Dario Piperno is condemned to death by the Afghan court for killing a policeman who was trying to arrest him for some offence. On the Italian government offering to pay "blood money" for him, he is promised his release, but after the blood money has been duly paid, he is executed on June 2. Benito Mussolini at once makes a formal protest against the execution, and hands a note to the Afghan minister in Rome, demanding that the Afghan minister for foreign affairs should call in person on the Italian minister in Kabul to express his regret at the incident, while a company of Afghan soldiers was to salute the Italian flag. He further demands the payment of an indemnity of £7,000, in addition to the restoration of the blood money. The Afghan government procrastinates so long with its reply as to exhaust the patience of the Italian government, and a rupture of diplomatic relations is imminent when, on August 17, a telegram reaches Rome stating that the Afghan government has agreed to come to terms. It is announced the next day that the Afghan foreign minister has presented the apologies of his government to the Italian minister at Kabul, and has handed over £6,000 as indemnity and as repayment of the blood money. Good relations between the two countries are thereupon resumed.

Births
date unknown - Mohammad Hasan Sharq, politician

Afghanistan
Category:Years of the 20th century in Afghanistan
Afghanistan


Paul Baumgartner

Paul Baumgartner (21 July 1903 – 19 October 1976) was a Swiss pianist.

Born in Altstätten, Switzerland, he studied piano and composition with Walter Braunfels in the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München and with Eduard Erdmann in Köln where he subsequently taught. Fleeing from the rise of the Nazis he took up residence in Basel, in Switzerland again, where he taught in the conservatory.

A fine pianist, he was one of the musicians who rallied around the cellist Casals and played in the first Casals festival. He recorded the Bach sonatas for viola da gamba with Casals.

However, he is nowadays mainly remembered as a teacher, numbering among his pupils Alfred Brendel, Karl Engel, Arie Vardi, Peter Efler and the conductor Günter Wand.
In 1962 he was awarded the Kunstpreis der Stadt St. Gallen. He died, in 1976, in Locarno, Switzerland.

At the age of 12, Paul Baumgartner wrote The Seven Searchers and other poems. https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00089SD8O

External links
Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks

Category:Swiss classical pianists
Category:1903 births
Category:1976 deaths
Category:Hochschule für Musik und Theater München alumni
Category:People from Altstätten
Category:20th-century classical pianists


2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League Round 1

The 2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League Round 1 was held from June to December 2014. A total of 35 teams competing in 7 events were part in this round of the tournament playing for 15 berths in the Round 2, played from January to March 2015.

Qualification
Each national association member of the International Hockey Federation (FIH) had the opportunity to compete in the tournament. Teams ranked 20th and lower in the FIH World Rankings current at the time of seeking entries for the competition were allocated to one of the Round 1 events. The following 35 teams, shown with final pre-tournament rankings, competed in this round of the tournament.

 (22)
 (38)
 (40)
 (47)
 (31)
 (33)
 (54)
 (25)
 (48)
 (21)
 (56)
 (24)
 (70)
 (37)

 (42)

 (28)
 (67)
 (45)

 (30)
 (36)
 (72)
 (50)
 (20)
 (71)
 (51)
 (46)
 (41)

 (59)
 (34)
 (55)
 (27)

Sveti Ivan Zelina
Sveti Ivan Zelina, Croatia, 1–6 July 2014.

Pool
All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00)

 Advanced to Round 2

Awards
Top Goalscorer -  Dmitry Azarov

Hradec Králové
Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, 2–7 September 2014.

Pool
All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00)

 Advanced to Round 2

Dhaka
Dhaka, Bangladesh, 5–7 September 2014.

Pool
All times are Bangladesh Standard Time (UTC+06:00)

 Advanced to Round 2

Muscat
Muscat, Oman, 5–7 September 2014.

Pool
All times are Gulf Standard Time (UTC+04:00)

 Advanced to Round 2

Nairobi
Nairobi, Kenya, 5–7 September 2014.

Pool
All times are East Africa Time (UTC+03:00)

 Advanced to Round 2

Guadalajara
Guadalajara, Mexico, 12–14 September 2014.

Pool
All times are Central Daylight Time (UTC−06:00)

 Advanced to Round 2

Lousada
Lousada, Portugal, 12–14 September 2014.

Pool
All times are Western European Summer Time (UTC+01:00)

 Advanced to Round 2

Kingston
Kingston, Jamaica, 1–5 October 2014.

Pool
All times are Eastern Standard Time (UTC−05:00)

 Advanced to Round 2

Suva
Suva, Fiji, 6–11 December 2014.

Pool
All times are Fiji Summer Time (UTC+12:00)

 Advanced to Round 2

References

External links
Official website (Sveti Ivan Zelina)
Official website (Hradec Králové)
Official website (Dhaka)
Official website (Nairobi)
Official website (Muscat)
Official website (Guadalajara)
Official website (Lousada)
Official website (Kingston)
Official website (Suva)

Round 1


Ambia naumanni

Ambia naumanni is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wolfgang Speidel and Dieter Stüning in 2005. It is found in Yunnan, China.

The wingspan is 15–17 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is yellowish with white transverse fasciae, bordered by blackish brown. The hindwings are similar to the forewings. Adult have been recorded on wing from mid-June to the beginning of September.

References

Category:Moths described in 2005
Category:Musotiminae
Category:Moths of China


Bang Klam railway station

Bang Klam railway station is a railway station located in Bang Klam Subdistrict, Bang Klam District, Songkhla. It is a class 3 railway station located  from Thon Buri Railway Station.

Services
 Local No. 445/446 Chumphon-Hat Yai Junction-Chumphon
 Local No. 447/448 Surat Thani-Sungai Kolok-Surat Thani
 Local No. 451/452 Nakhon Si Thammarat-Sungai Kolok-Nakhon Si Thammarat
 Local No. 455/456 Nakhon Si Thammarat-Yala-Nakhon Si Thammarat
 Local No. 463/464 Phatthalung-Sungai Kolok-Phatthalung

References

Category:Railway stations in Thailand
Category:Buildings and structures in Songkhla Province


Plainfield Center Historic District

The Plainfield Center Historic District encompasses the historic rural village center of Plainfield, Massachusetts.  The district is centered on a stretch of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 116), between Church Lane and Central Street, and includes the town's oldest surviving houses, and its congregational church, set on the site of its first colonial-era meeting house, as well as the town hall (1847) and library (1925).  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.

Description and history
The area that is now Plainfield was first settled in 1769, and was incorporated out of Cummington in 1785.  The town center arose on one of the town's larger areas of flattish terrain, there being steep rises and falls to the east and west.  Always rural and agricultural, the town in its early years had a few grist and sawmills, built mainly to serve local needs.  The town center area benefited from the establishment of a water company in 1816, which built an aqueduct to provide water to the area in wooden pipes.  Its first meeting house was built in 1792, the same year the Old Burying Ground was laid out.

The historic district, built infrastructure is centered along Main Street, extending a short way north to the junction of Union and Central Streets, where the Hilltop Cemetery, the town's second, is located.  It extends southward along Central Street, which follows a hill terrace, as far as Pleasant Street.  This lobe includes more dispersed residential architecture and an extensive rural landscape.  This area is home to the town's oldest houses, mostly Cape-style frame buildings dating to the 1780s.  The district is about  in size because of this section and a smaller southern extension of Union Street.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampshire County, Massachusetts

References

Category:Historic districts in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Category:Plainfield, Massachusetts


Olena Prytula

Olena Yuriivna Prytula (; ) (born March 10, 1967) is a Ukrainian journalist, the former editor-in-chief, owner (and earlier co-founder) of the Ukrayinska Pravda, an influential online newspaper that focuses on news and political coverage in Ukraine.

Early life
Born in Zavolzhye, Gorky Oblast, Prytula with her parents moved to the city of Izmail on the Danube in Ukraine. She was educated as an engineer in electroacoustics and ultrasound at Odessa Polytechnic Institute. Influenced by the dramatic social changes in the Soviet Union, Prytula quit her engineering career and became a journalist. She began her journalism career as a correspondent of UNIAR news agency, later working as a stringer for Reuters in Crimea, correspondent for Interfax-Ukraine news agency in Kiev and Crimea.

Ukrayinska Pravda and Gongadze
In 2000, Prytula became one of the founders of Ukrayinska Pravda. The murder of the site's co-founder, journalist Georgiy Gongadze, who had openly protested against growing government censorship, focused attention on freedom of speech issues in Ukraine.

Prytula has also been a mistress of married Gongadze. She never stated it publicly but repeatedly mentioned her deep personal ties to him after his death. She was the very same "friend" of Gongadze whose apartment he left just before he was last seen alive.

Since 2013 Prytula was the partner of a married Belarusian journalist Pavel Sheremet. On July 20, 2016 after leaving her apartment, he was blown up in her car.

Recent career

Prytula returned to Ukraine in 2004 after her fellowship year at Stanford, where she was a Lyle and Corrine Nelson International Journalism Fellow, studying Internet-based communications and new media technologies.

Soon after her return, Ukraine witnessed the Orange Revolution during which Prytula's site played a pivotal role in providing timely information to the public in an atmosphere of upheaval and press restrictions.

In the 2000s (decade), Prytula complemented Ukrayinska Pravda with news sites dedicated to economy, lifestyle, local news and tabloid, creating an integrated Internet-media group.

Russian-speaking Prytula insists that her news sites' home pages should remain in Ukrainian language, although translated Russian version is also provided. Earlier available English-translated version is discontinued and put offline.

References

External links
 Prytula page at Mother Jones
 A CV at UNESCO portal
  Gongadge case. The Final dot? Article in Ukrainian Antenna newspaper

Category:20th-century journalists
Category:21st-century journalists
Category:Ukrainian women journalists
Category:Ukrainian mass media owners
Category:Living people
Category:1967 births
Category:People from Zavolzhye
Category:Odessa National Polytechnic University alumni
Category:Russian emigrants to Ukraine
Category:Ukrayinska Pravda


Vítor Faverani

Vítor Luiz Faverani Tatsch (born May 5, 1988) is a Brazilian professional basketball player who last played for Delteco GBC of the Liga ACB. He has also represented Brazil in international competition and holds a Spanish passport.

Professional career

Spain
Faverani arrived in Spain at age 14 and started playing for Unicaja's junior ranks. In 2005, he joined Clínicas Rincón Axarquía of the LEB Oro, the junior team of Unicaja. In 2006, he joined the Unicaja senior team where he made his Liga ACB debut during the 2006–07 season. He also spent time with CAI Zaragoza in 2006–07, playing 24 games in the LEB Oro. For the 2007–08 season, he was loaned to Gipuzkoa BC. In 2008–09, he played seven EuroLeague games for Málaga while also spending time with Clínicas Rincón Axarquía.

After going undrafted in the 2009 NBA draft, Faverani parted ways with Málaga on August 26, 2009. The next day, he signed with CB Murcia.

After two seasons with Murcia, Faverani signed a two-year deal (with the option of a third) with Valencia Basket on July 19, 2011. On September 1, 2012, he extended his contract with the club through the 2014–15 season. However, following the 2012–13 season, he parted ways with Valencia in the hopes of signing in the NBA.

Boston Celtics
On July 22, 2013, Faverani signed a three-year deal with the Boston Celtics. During his rookie season, he had multiple assignments with the Maine Red Claws of the NBA Development League. On March 7, 2014, he underwent successful left knee arthroscopy to repair a torn lateral meniscus, subsequently sidelining him for the rest of the season. On December 18, 2014, he was waived by the Celtics following the Rajon Rondo trade; he did not make an appearance for the Celtics in 2014–15.

Maccabi Tel Aviv
On July 10, 2015, Faverani signed with the Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv. On November 2, he was waived by Maccabi after appearing in only two official games.

Return to Spain
On December 30, 2015, Faverani returned to UCAM Murcia. On January 15, 2017, FC Barcelona Lassa bought him out, for €250,000, from UCAM Murcia and he signed a two-year deal with Barcelona. On May 18, 2017, Faverani and Barcelona mutually parted ways.

On July 26, 2017, Faverani returned to UCAM Murcia for the 2017–18 season. On August 26, 2018, Faverani signed a one-year deal with Delteco GBC of the Liga ACB.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Boston
| 37 || 8 || 13.2 || .435 || .300 || .649 || 3.5 || .4 || .4 || .7 || 4.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 37 || 8 || 13.2 || .435 || .300 || .649 || 3.5 || .4 || .4 || .7 || 4.4

Career statistics

Domestic leagues

References

External links
ACB.com Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
Euroleague.net Profile

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Baloncesto Málaga players
Category:Basket Zaragoza players
Category:Boston Celtics players
Category:Brazilian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Category:Brazilian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Category:Brazilian men's basketball players
Category:CB Axarquía players
Category:CB Murcia players
Category:FC Barcelona Bàsquet players
Category:Gipuzkoa Basket players
Category:Liga ACB players
Category:Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players
Category:Maine Red Claws players
Category:Power forwards (basketball)
Category:Sportspeople from Porto Alegre
Category:Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Category:Valencia Basket players


Eka tala

Eka tala is one of the sapta (seven) talas (beats) bases in Indian Carnatic classical music. Its cycle is of the form of a single laghu, which consists in a first beat followed by a variable count. Traditionally, this base of beats can produce five meter patterns.

Forms
There are five forms (jatis) by varying the number of beats in the cycle. For example, chatusra eka taala will have four beats, with the related action being a single beat with the palm and then three beats with the movement of the outer three fingers in one cycle. When the type of the laghu (number of beats) is not specified, eka tala is understood to be chaturasra eka (4 beats).

Symbols

See also

Category:Carnatic music terminology
Category:Carnatic talas


Supreme Court of South Africa

The Supreme Court of South Africa was a superior court of law in South Africa from 1910 to 1997. It was made up of various provincial and local divisions with jurisdiction over specific geographical areas, and an Appellate Division which was the highest appellate court in the country.

The Supreme Court of South Africa was dissolved in 1997 when the current Constitution of South Africa came into force. The provincial and local divisions, as well as the supreme courts of the former TBVC states ("Bantustans"), became separate High Courts, while the Appellate Division became the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA). The High Courts were subsequently restructured by the Superior Courts Act, 2013 into nine provincial divisions of a single High Court of South Africa. The SCA is no longer the highest court because it is subordinate to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.

History

The Supreme Court was created by the South Africa Act 1909 when the Union of South Africa was formed. The Supreme Courts of the four former colonies (the Cape Colony, the Transvaal Colony, the Orange River Colony and the Natal Colony) became provincial divisions of the Supreme Court. The Court of the Eastern Districts and the High Court of Griqualand, both in the Cape, and the High Court of the Witwatersrand in the Transvaal became local divisions under their respective provincial divisions. A new Appellate Division, headed by the Chief Justice of South Africa, was created to hear appeals from the provincial and local divisions.

Until 1950 there was a right of appeal from the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.

In 1957 the Eastern Cape Local Division was elevated to provincial status, and in 1969 the Griqualand West Local Division was similarly elevated, becoming the Northern Cape Provincial Division. Over time, two new local divisions were created: the Durban & Coast Local Division under the Natal Provincial Division, and the South Eastern Cape Local Division under the Eastern Cape Provincial Division. During the apartheid era the Supreme Court of South Africa lost jurisdiction over the quasi-independent bantustans (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei) which created their own Supreme Courts.

The Interim Constitution which came into force in 1994 kept the existing structure of the Supreme Court, but absorbed the Supreme Courts of the bantustans as provincial divisions. The final South African constitution which came into force in 1997 transformed the Appellate Division into the Supreme Court of Appeal, and the provincial and local divisions into High Courts.

Divisions
The South Africa Act created the Appellate Division, and renamed the existing courts of the colonies as follows:
 The Supreme Court of the Cape of Good Hope (Cape Town) became the Cape of Good Hope Provincial Division (abbreviated CPD; now: WCC of the High Court)
 The Court of the Eastern Districts of the Cape of Good Hope (Grahamstown) became the Eastern Districts Local Division (EDL)
 The High Court of Griqualand (Kimberley) became the Griqualand West Local Division (GWL)
 The Supreme Court of the Transvaal (Pretoria) became the Transvaal Provincial Division (TPD; now: GP)
 The High Court of Witwatersrand (Johannesburg) became the Witwatersrand Local Division (WLD; now: GJ)
 The High Court of the Orange River Colony (Bloemfontein) became the Orange Free State Provincial Division (OPD; now: FB)
 The Supreme Court of Natal (Pietermaritzburg) became the Natal Provincial Division (NPD; now: KZP)
 The Durban & Coast Circuit Court (Durban) became the Durban & Coast Local Division (DCLD; now: KZD)

Subsequent changes to the divisions were as follows:
 In 1957 the Eastern Districts Local Division was separated from the Cape Provincial Division and became the Eastern Cape Provincial Division (abbreviated E; now: ECG).
 In 1969 the Griqualand West Local Division was separated from the Cape Provincial Division and became the Northern Cape Provincial Division (NC; now: NCK).
 In 1973 a Transkeian High Court was created at Umtata, becoming the Supreme Court of the Transkei when that homeland attained nominal independence in 1976 (Tk; now: ECM).
 In 1974 the South Eastern Cape Local Division was created at Port Elizabeth, having jurisdiction (concurrently with the Eastern Cape Provincial Division) over that city and the surrounding districts (SE; now: ECP).
 In 1977 the Supreme Court of Bophuthatswana was created when the homeland attained nominal independence (B; now: NWM). Supreme Courts of Venda (V; now: LT) and Ciskei (Ck; now: ECB) were similarly created in 1979 and 1981 respectively.

References

Category:Courts of South Africa
Category:1910 establishments in South Africa
Category:1997 disestablishments in South Africa


Golobinjek

Golobinjek (; ) is a remote former settlement in the Municipality of Semič in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. Its territory is now part of the village of Planina.

History
Golobinjek was a Gottschee German village. The last of the originally settlers moved away in 1891, at which point the Auersperg noble family moved workers to the village to prepare timber for the sawmill at Rog. Three houses in the village were still inhabited in 1931. Italian troops burned the village during the Rog Offensive in the summer of 1942 and it was not rebuilt after the war.

References

External links
Golobinjek on Geopedia
Pre–World War II list of oeconyms and family names in Golobinjek

Category:Former populated places in the Municipality of Semič


Island Pond (disambiguation)

Island Pond is a village in the town of Brighton, Vermont, United States.

Island Pond may also refer to:

Island Pond (Cedarville, Massachusetts)
Island Pond (Plymouth, Massachusetts), in South Pond
Island Pond, also known as Great Island Pond, in The Pinehills, Plymouth, Massachusetts
Island Pond (Rockingham County, New Hampshire)
Island Pond (Stoddard, New Hampshire)
Island Pond (New York)

See also
Island Creek Pond, in Duxbury, Massachusetts
Island Lake (disambiguation)


MTV (Lithuania & Latvia)

MTV Lithuania & Latvia was a twenty-four-hour music and entertainment channel operated by MTV Networks Europe. The channel was originally formed in September 2006 at Lithuania, at January 2009 it got re-formed to double channel including both Lithuania and Latvia and targeted audiences in Lithuania and Latvia.

History
In 2006, MTV Networks Europe established MTV Networks Baltic a new broadcasting service which provided localized channels for Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. MTV Networks Baltic launched three separate channels within the region in September, 2006. Initially, MTV Networks Baltic comprised MTV Latvia, MTV Lithuania and MTV Estonia. But due to financial difficulties with the region heightened by the global economic downturn, MTV Networks International merged MTV Latvia and MTV Lithuania to form MTV Lithuania and Latvia in January 2009.

MTV Estonia remained as stand alone channel.

The first video to air on MTV in the Baltic region was Justice vs. Simian – "We Are Your Friends".
In 2008, MTV Networks International signed a new licensing agreement with Israeli Communications company Ananey Communications to continue to operate and manage the MTV brand within the Baltic Region.
The channel ceased broadcasting on November 18, 2009.
As of November 18, 2009 MTV Europe has replaced MTV Baltic channels.
Lithuania receives MTV Europe and other Viacom international channels, distributed by "Starworks LT".

Channel
The channel combined local and international music, as well as MTV's trademark shows such as Pimp My Ride, Celebrity Deathmatch and Wildboyz which were shown with subtitles in Lithuanian. The network also aired local programmes as European Top 20, Baltic Top 20, Dance Floor Chart, MTV Oops and MTV Supermercado. Prior to closing, it had launched a reality show live from the MTV Lietuva headquarters, the humour show Baltish and Pimp My Ride Baltic were created by MTV Lietuva. Lithuanian MTV VJs are VJ Ugnė, VJ Jonas and twins VJ Artūras and VJ Robertas.

Local shows
 MTV News
 Baltic Top 20
 Dance Floor Chart
 MTV's Most Wanted
 Sandra
 Wishlist
 Show Wishlist
 Top 10 @ 10
 Making the Video
 MTV Special
 This Is The New S***
 Baltic Top 100 (seasonal)
 World Chart Express
 UK Top 10
 Rock Chart
 Hitlist Base Chart

Former local shows
 Baltish
 Ežio stažas
 MTV Oops
 Pimp My Ride Baltic
 MTV Supermercado
 MTV Rainbow
 Celebrities chart
 MTV B-Day
 MTV News. 7 days
 Music Download Chart Top 10

Pan-European shows
 Euro Top 20
 MTV Push
 MTV World Stage
 MTV at the Movies
 MTV Live Sessions
 MTV EMA (seasonal)
 EMA Spotlight (seasonal)

Shows imported from MTV Networks US
 The Real World
 True Life
 Made
 MTV Cribs
 MTV Essentials
 Brooke Knows Best
 MTV's Busted
 My Super Sweet 16
 The City
 Boiling Points
 A Double Shot at Love
 Wildboyz
 Dirty Sanchez
 Dismissed
 Beavis & Butthead
 Room Raiders
 Parental Control
 Run's House
 Viva La Bam
 MTV Movie Awards (seasonal)
 MTV VMA (seasonal)

Other shows
 Chillout Zone
 MTV Beat
 MTV Amour
 MTV Roulette
 MTV's Breakfast Club
 MTV Flasher
 MTV Fuzz
 Smells like 90s
 Alternative Nation
 MTV New Rave
 SpongeBob SquarePants

Other former shows
 Rise and Shine
 Don't Stop The Music
 Popular Music
 Superock
 The Block
 Patyzone
 Superpop

Other projects
 Coca-Cola Soundwave (seasonal)
 Pradėk nuo savęs
 No Smoking Power
 MTV Exit
 MTV Fanwalk
 Ežio inkubatorius

Change in format
MTV Networks Europe originally launched separate MTV channels in Lithuania (MTV Lietuva) and Latvia (MTV Latvija) in September 2006. Both channels offered a mixture of local and international content. Due to the global recession and its impact on Latvia, MTV Networks Baltic merged both channels to form MTV Lietuva & Latvija this channel will operate for the foreseeable future until the economic crisis is rectified. MTV Lietuva & Latvija and MTV Estonia ceased operations on November 18, 2009 and have been replaced by the original MTV Europe channel.

VJs
 Mantas Stonkus
 Jonas Bačelis

Past VJs
 Ugnė Skonsmanaitė
 Artūras Mediuška
 Robertas Mediuška
 DJ Sezzy
 Orinta Servaitė
 Silvija Vilkaitė
 Tomas Sinickis
 Andrius Afanasjev
 Jurgis Didžiulis
 Artūras Burnickis

Notes

External links
 MTV Lithuania and Latvia homepage

Category:MTV channels
Category:Television channels in Lithuania
Category:Television channels in Latvia
Category:Music organizations based in Lithuania
Category:2006 establishments in Lithuania
Category:Music organisations based in Latvia
Category:Television channel articles with incorrect naming style


Dolomedes elegans

Dolomedes elegans Taczanowski, 1874 is a spider species in the family Pisauridae, found in French Guiana.

(Note, Another species described two years after the original, initially namedDolomedes elegans L. Koch, 1876, and later named Nilus kochi is now considered as Mangromedes kochi, and is found in Queensland, Australia.)

See also
 List of Pisauridae species

References

External links

elegans
Category:Spiders described in 1874
Category:Spiders of South America
Category:Arthropods of South America
Category:Fauna of French Guiana


Karel Knejzlík

Karel Knejzlík (born 23 October 1996) is a professional Czech football left back currently playing for Opava on loan from FC Slovan Liberec.

Youth career
He started playing football at FK Stráž pod Ralskem before moving to the Slovan Liberec youth setup.

Club career
He started his professional career at Liberec. He went on an 18-month loan to the Czech National Football League side Varnsdorf in January 2016 and made his competitive debut in their 0–0 draw at Ústí nad Labem on 11 March. He scored his first league goal on 3 March 2017 in Varnsdorf's 1–0 win at České Budějovice. Upon his return to Liberec, he made two league appearances in 2017 before going on loan to another National Football League club, Hradec Králové.

International career
He represented the Czech Republic in the Under-16, Under-18 and Under-21 youth categories.

References

External links

 Karel Knejzlík official international statistics

 Karel Knejzlík profile on the FC Slovan Liberec official website
 Karel Knejzlík profile on the FC Hradec Králové official website

Category:Czech footballers
Category:Czech Republic youth international footballers
Category:1996 births
Category:Living people
Category:Czech National Football League players
Category:Czech First League players
Category:FC Hradec Králové players
Category:FC Slovan Liberec players
Category:SFC Opava players
Category:Association football defenders


Laurențiu

Laurențiu is a Romanian masculine given name of Latin origin. It is used in Romania. The name was derived from the Roman surname Laurentius, which meant "from Laurentum". Laurentum was an ancient Roman city of Latium situated between Ostia and Lavinium, on the west coast of the Italian peninsula southwest of Rome.

Notable people with this name include:
Laurențiu Constantin, rugby player
Laurențiu Fulga, author
Laurențiu Profeta, composer
Laurențiu Rebega, politician
Laurențiu Reghecampf, footballer
Laurențiu Streza, metropolitan bishop
Laurențiu Țigăeru Roșca, politician

Category:Romanian masculine given names


Viva la Diva (Darcey Bussell and Katherine Jenkins)

Viva la Diva is an operatic ballet show by Welsh mezzo-soprano Katherine Jenkins and prima ballerina Darcey Bussell, CBE. In the show Jenkins and Bussell pay homage to past 'divas' and idols, including Doris Day, Edith Piaf (who died in 1963), Marilyn Monroe (who died in 1962), Maria Callas (who died in 1977), Fred Astaire (who died in 1987), Audrey Hepburn (who died in 1993) and Moira Shearer (who died in 2006). Choreographer Kim Gavin directs.

The object of the show was to primarily swap talents. Bussell and Jenkins sang and danced respectively. In an interview, they reported it as being 'so, so much fun', but completely new territory for both of them. The show's 17 date tour around the UK was a sellout.

The show was not received favourably by The Daily Telegraph's reviewer.

The DVD of the concerts was released on 10 November 2008, and was filmed at the O2 Arena London. The DVD also includes bonus interviews with Jenkins and Bussell. The idea of the show came from Steven Howard, who also produced it.

References

Category:Katherine Jenkins video albums
Category:2007 concert tours
Category:2008 concert tours
Category:Ballet in the United Kingdom


Ivan Bakhtin

Ivan Ivanovich Bakhtin (; 1756 – April 26, 1818), was a Russian government official and writer.

Biography
Bakhtin was born in Tula, Russian Empire, to an old family of the nobility. He enlisted in the Russian army in 1772, and was a part of the Russo-Turkish War, he retired from the military in 1776 as a Podporuchik of artillery.

In 1802, he jointed the Ministry of Finance, and on numerous occasions Alexander I had given him confidential assignments on misconduct of government administration and officials. On April 8, 1803, he was promoted to a state councilor and appointed the governor of the Kharkov Governorate. He directly contributed to the opening of the Kharkov University. Bakhtin retired in 1814, and moved to St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1815.
He died on April 26, 1818, and was buried in the Volkovo Cemetery.

Literature
Satire was the main element of Bakhtin's literary works, as well as poems, madrigals, epigrams, parables and fairy tales. His literary works and contributions were included in:

 Russian Biographical Dictionary, 1896–1918.
 Kochetkova N. D. Bakhtin I.I. // Dictionary of Russian writers of the 18th century (), 1988, chapter 1, p. 70-72.
 Chmykhalo B. A. The experience of reconstructing one's biography (Poet and government official I. I. Bakhtin) () // Tendency of development of the Russian literature in Siberia in 18–20th centuries (), Novosibirsk, 1985.

References

Category:1756 births
Category:1818 deaths
Category:19th-century Russian short story writers
Category:Imperial Russian writers
Category:Russian-language writers
Category:Russian nobility


Leonardo Chão

Leonardo Ventura Jesus Chão (born 1 August 1999) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for the club Vitória Setúbal in the Primeira Liga.

Professional career
Chão made his professional debut with Vitória Setúbal in a 3-1 Primeira Liga loss to Sporting CP on 11 January 2020.

References

External links

 Profile
 ZeroZero Profile

Category:1999 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Setúbal
Category:Portuguese footballers
Category:Portugal youth international footballers
Category:Portuguese people of Chinese descent
Category:Vitória F.C. players
Category:Primeira Liga players
Category:Association football forwards


Paraldehyde

Paraldehyde is the cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde molecules. Formally, it is a derivative of 1,3,5-trioxane, with a methyl groups substituted for a hydrogen atoms in each carbon. The corresponding tetramer is metaldehyde. A colourless liquid, it is sparingly soluble in water and highly soluble in ethanol. Paraldehyde slowly oxidizes in air, turning brown and producing an odour of acetic acid. It quickly reacts with most plastics and rubber.

Paraldehyde was first observed in 1835 by the German chemist Justus Liebig; its empirical formula was determined in 1838 by Liebig's student Hermann Fehling.  Paraldehyde was first synthesized in 1848 by the German chemist Valentin Hermann Weidenbusch (1821–1893), another student of Liebig; he obtained paraldehyde by treating acetaldehyde with acid (either sulfuric or nitric acid). It has uses in industry and medicine.

Stereochemistry
Paraldehyde is produced and used as a mixture of two diastereomers, known as cis- and trans-paraldehyde.  For each diastereomer, two chair conformers are possible. The structures (1), (4) and (2), (3) are conformers of cis- and trans-paraldehyde, repsectively. The structures (3) (a conformer of (2)) and (4) (a conformer of (1)) are high energy conformers on steric grounds (1,3-diaxial interactions are present) and do not exist to any appreciable extent in a sample of paraldehyde.

Reactions
Heated with catalytic amounts of acid, it depolymerizes back to acetaldehyde:

C6H12O3 → 3CH3CHO

Since paraldehyde has better handling characteristics, it may be used indirectly or directly as a synthetic equivalent of anhydrous acetaldehyde (b.p. 20 °C). For example, it is used as-is in the synthesis of bromal (tribromoacetaldehyde):

 C6H12O3 + 9 Br2 → 3 CBr3CHO + 9 HBr

Medical applications
Paraldehyde was introduced into clinical practice in the UK by the Italian physician Vincenzo Cervello (1854–1918) in 1882.

It is a central nervous system depressant and was soon found to be an effective anticonvulsant, hypnotic and sedative. It was included in some cough medicines as an expectorant (though there is no known mechanism for this function beyond the placebo effect).

Paraldehyde was the last injection given to Edith Alice Morrell in 1950 by the suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams. He was tried for her murder but acquitted.

As a hypnotic/sedative
It was commonly used to induce sleep in sufferers from delirium tremens but has been replaced by other drugs in this regard. It is one of the safest hypnotics and was regularly given at bedtime in psychiatric hospitals and geriatric wards up to the 1970s. Up to 30% of the dose is excreted via the lungs (the rest via the liver). This contributes to a strong unpleasant odour on the breath.

As anti-seizure
It has been used in the treatment of convulsions.

Today, paraldehyde is sometimes used to treat status epilepticus. Unlike diazepam and other benzodiazepines, it does not suppress breathing at therapeutic doses and so is safer when no resuscitation facilities exist or when the patient's breathing is already compromised. This makes it a useful emergency medication for parents and other caretakers of children with epilepsy. Since the dose margin between the anticonvulsant and hypnotic effect is small, paraldehyde treatment usually results in sleep.

Administration

Generic paraldehyde is available in 5 mL sealed glass ampoules. Production in the US has been discontinued, but it was previously marketed as Paral.

Paraldehyde has been given orally, rectally, intravenously and by intramuscular injection. It reacts with rubber and plastic which limits the time it may safely be kept in contact with some syringes or tubing before administration.

 Injection. Intramuscular injection can be very painful and lead to sterile abscesses, nerve damage, and tissue necrosis. Intravenous administration can lead to pulmonary edema, circulatory collapse and other complications.
 Oral. Paraldehyde has a hot burning taste and can upset the stomach. It is often mixed with milk or fruit juice in a glass cup and stirred with a metal spoon.
 Rectal. It may be mixed 1 part paraldehyde with 9 parts saline or, alternatively, with an equal mixture of peanut or olive oil.

Industrial applications
Paraldehyde is used in resin manufacture, as a preservative, MEP and in other processes as a solvent.

It has been used in the generation of aldehyde fuchsin.

References

External links

 Paraldehyde Injection B.P Data Sheet
 Drugs.com: Paraldehyde
 Paraldehyde Chemical Data

Category:Acetals
Category:Anticonvulsants
Category:Hypnotics
Category:Solvents
Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators


Lumia (citrus)

The lumia (Citrus lumia Risso. & Poit., or Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. et Panz.) Swingle var. lumia hort.) is also called the pear lemon (Citrus × lumia 'pyriformis'), since its shape resembles a pear. It is also called French lime and sometimes sweet lemon, even though it is not necessarily sweet.

In German, the lumia is called Birnenlimone, Patriarch-Citrone, Süsse Limone or Birnenlumie; in French it is called Poire du commandeur. In Chinese it is called Lu mi (露蜜), in Japanese Rumii (ル ミー), Vietnamese, Chanh Pháp.

The fruit resembles a pear in shape, has a thick peel and is not very juicy. Like a citron, it can grow to a formidable size.

Pomum Adami
There is variety of Lumia called Pomme D'Adammo or Adam's apple, and is also included under the name Citrus lumia, according to Risso & Poit, the variety name is pomum adami.

Origin and genetics

The most known origin for the Lumia is from the Mediterranean basin. The Lumia is also classified as Citrus limon var. lumia by Swingle which places it under the taxonomy of lemon, and Citrus medica L. var. lumia, that suggests it is similar to citron.

Lumias represent several distinct citrus hybrids.  Usually lumias are referred to as a citron hybrid, because of its size, thick peel and dryness of pulp. Pomo d'Adamo was also described by Johann Christoph Volkamer as a Cedrato which is Italian for a citron hybrid, whilst Cedro refers to a true citron.

A recent genomic analysis of several species commonly called 'lemons' or 'limes' revealed that the various individual lumias have different genetic backgrounds.  The 'Hybride Fourny' was found to be an F1 hybrid of a citron- pomelo cross, while the 'Jaffa lemon' was a more complex cross between the two species, perhaps an F2 hybrid.  The Pomme d'Adam arose from a citron-micrantha cross, while two other lumias, the ‘Borneo’ and ‘Barum’ lemons, were found to be citron-pomelo-micrantha mixes.

In The Citrus Industry, Hodgson would write of the lumias:

Medicine
According to a Japanese study of 1996, the albedo extract of the Lumia, was shown to possess the highest inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase (IC50 = 24 μg/mL), among other citrus studied. Flavedo extract of ripe Lumia inhibited cyclooxygenase to the same degree as the albedo, more than the pulp extract.

References
 MADDI Taklit., Pérez-Román, E., Maiza-Benabdesselam, F. Khettal B., Talon M., Ibanez-Gonzalez V. 2018. New Citrus chloroplast haplotypes revealed by molecular markers using Algerian and Spanish accessions. Genet Resour Crop Evol 65: 2199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0685-7

Sources
Citrus Pages
Citrus Variety Collection website
USDA page
Zitrusgarten
Agrumes Baches
Tintory Citrus Plants
Good Photo of Lumia

Category:Lemons
Category:Citrus hybrids


Morganville, Nova Scotia

Morganville is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the District of Digby in Digby County, southeast of the town of Bear River.

References
Morganville on Destination Nova Scotia

Category:Communities in Digby County, Nova Scotia
Category:General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Manambolo

Manambolo is a town and commune () in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Maroantsetra, which is a part of Analanjirofo Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 13,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 95% of the population of the commune are farmers.  The most important crops are rice and vanilla, while other important agricultural products are coffee and cloves.  Services provide employment for 5% of the population.

References and notes

Category:Populated places in Analanjirofo


2019 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations squads

The 2019 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations is an international age-restricted football tournament which is currently being held in Tanzania from 14–28 April. The 8 representative teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 21 players, including three goalkeepers. Only players born or after 1 January 2002 are eligible to be registered in these squads, only players registered in the squads are eligible to take part in the tournament.

Group A

Tanzania
Head coach: Oscar Mirambo

Nigeria
Head coach: Manu Garba

Angola
Head coach:  Pedro Gonçalves

Uganda
Head coach:  Samuel Fabin

Group B

Guinea
Head coach: Mohamed Maleah Camara

Cameroon
Head coach: Thomas Libiih

Morocco
Head coach: Jamal Sellami

Senegal
Head coach: Malick Daf

References

Category:2019 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations


Palirisa cervina

Palirisa cervina is a moth of the family Eupterotidae first described by Moore in 1865. It is found in south-east Asia, including Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, India and Taiwan.

The wingspan is about 104 mm. Adults are similar to Palirisa lineosa, but are pale grey brown and only the medial and postmedial rufous lines on the forewings are present, the latter with a waved line beyond it, between which and the postmedial line the colour is darker. The hindwings have three obsolescent lines and no outer line.

Subspecies
Palirisa cervina cervina (Burma, India)
Palirisa cervina annamensis Mell, 1929 (China)
Palirisa cervina birmana Bryk, 1944 (Myanmar)
Palirisa cervina formosana Matsumura, 1931 (Taiwan)
Palirisa cervina mosoensis Mell, 1937 (China: Yunnan)
Palirisa cervina renei Bryk, 1944 (Myanmar)

References

Category:Moths described in 1865
Category:Eupterotinae


Misled by Certainty

Misled by Certainty is the sixth studio album by the Colorado-based deathgrind band Cephalic Carnage. It was released on August 31, 2010, through Relapse Records. Misled by Certainty sold 1300 copies in the United States in its first week, appearing at the #24 position on Billboard Heatseekers. This is the first album with Brian Hopp as a guitarist. In support of this album, Cephalic Carnage toured Europe during September and October 2010; for this tour, called the "Initiation of the Misled European Tour 2010", Cephalic Carnage performed alongside Psycroptic, Ion Dissonance, Hour of Penance, and Dyscarnate. Four vlogs of the recording process for this album have been posted online.

A video was released for "The Incorrigible Flame" in early August 2010. A video for "Ohrwurm" was released in September 2010.

Track listing

Personnel
 Lenzig Leal – vocals
 John Merryman – drums
 Steve Goldberg – guitar
 Nick Schendzielos – bass guitar, vocals
 Brian Hopp – guitar

Additional musicians
 Alex Camargo – vocals ("Power and Force")
 Blaine Cartwright – vocals ("P.G.A.D.")
 Ross Dolan – vocals ("Abraxas of Filth")
 Pat Hanson – keyboards ("Abraxas of Filth, "Repangaea", "Cordyceps Humanis")
 Zac Jefferson – vocals ("Raped by an Orb")
 Bruce Lamont – saxophone ("Ohrwurm", "Repangaea"), vocals ("Repangaea")
 Dave Otero – vocals ("Warbots A.M.")
 Katherine Rosser – vocals ("Repangaea")
 Travis Ryan – vocals ("When I Arrive")
 Keith Sanchez – vocals ("P.G.A.D.")
 Sherwood Webber – vocals ("Cordyceps Humanis")

Production
Dave Otero – production
Jeff Dunne – editing
Orion Landau – album artwork

References

Category:2010 albums
Category:Cephalic Carnage albums
Category:Relapse Records albums


Bukit Kerang

Bukit Kerang is an archaeological site of the Mesolithic era found in the Aceh Tamiang regency, Aceh, Eastern Sumatra, Indonesia.

The site stretches for about 120 kilometres to Tembung, a part of Medan in North Sumatra, in the southern part of the Aceh Tamiang regency. Two sites have been identified by the Archaeological Center of Medan (Balai Arkeologi Medan). For thousand of years the site has drawn farther and farther away from the coast. The site’s distance from coast now is about 10 to 15 kilometres. The archaeologists who first researched the site were Dutch archaeologists in the 1920s to 1930s.

The prehistoric site was named "Bukit Kerang", meaning "hill of mollusk shells". The most significant part of it is a large shell mound, formed from a mass of mollusk shells. Prehistoric man of the Mesolithic era (dating from 5000–7000 years ago) lived by the shore of eastern Sumatra and mollusks were the easiest foodstuff that could be found. A pile of waste mollusk shells built up over time. There were also skulls, brainpans and bones which have been found inside the site. One of the skulls had teeth made of hematite.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070502210749/http://kompas.com/ver1/Iptek/0704/03/172801.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070916015812/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/iptek/2007/04/13/brk%2C20070413-97804%2Cid.html

Category:Archaeological cultures of Southeast Asia
Category:Mesolithic cultures of Asia
Category:Archaeological sites in Indonesia
Category:Former populated places in Indonesia
Category:Shell middens
Category:Prehistoric Indonesia


2-36 High Street, Millers Point

2-36 High Street, Millers Point are heritage-listed terrace houses located at 2-36 High Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. These are a group of early twentieth century workman's terraces built  as part of the post bubonic plague redevelopment by the Sydney Harbour Trust. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986.

Description
These large terraces feature elaborate timber verandahs with ornamental brackets in the Federation style. Usually, accommodation consists of either two or three bedroom units on both the ground and first floors. Access to the first floor is shared by two units via stairs off the street. To either side of the stairwell are the entrances to the lower units. Storeys: Two; Construction: Face brick walls, tiled roof, some corrugated galvanised iron, chimneys, timber verandahs. Painted timber joinery. Style: Federation.

The external condition of the property is good.

Heritage listing
As at 23 November 2000, this terrace is one of a group of early twentieth century workmen's terraces built as part of the post plague redevelopment by the Sydney Harbour Trust.

It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.

2-36 High Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

See also

Australian residential architectural styles

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

Category:New South Wales State Heritage Register sites located in Millers Point
Category:1910s establishments in Australia
Category:Terraced houses in Sydney
Category:Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Category:Millers Point Conservation Area