Saturday Night! – The Album

Saturday Night! – The Album is the second studio album by hip hop artist Jesse Weaver under the alias of Schoolly D. The album was recorded at INS Studios in New York where Weaver created an album of seven tracks that included rapping and instrumentals that were both inspired and sampled various funk musicians from the 1970s. The album was released independently in 1986. Singles from the album included the tracks "Saturday Night" and "Dedication to All B-Boys".

Saturday Night! – The Album was re-issued by Jive Records in 1987 with several extra tracks that were originally intended for Weaver's follow-up album Smoke Some Kill. The album charted on the Billboard's Black Albums chart and the UK Top Indie Album chart on its release. The album content was described by AllMusic as putting Weaver "in hot water with many critics and community leaders." Critical reception on its release was mixed with the album being referred to as "artless" by The Washington Post while other critics such as Robert Christgau gave it a positive review. The NME placed it on their list of the top albums of 1987.

Production

Weaver began recording Saturday Night! – The Album in 1986. He was being barred from the studio where he originally recorded his single for "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?" and went to INS Studios in New York. To compose the music, Weaver first started working on the drums, stating that "by 1985 I had mastered the [Roland TR-]909." After completing the drums, Weaver worked on lyrics and vocals when he "smoked and drank until we got silly enough. At that point, the first thing that hit my mind-that was the song". Some songs were performed with live musicians such as "B-Boy Rhyme and Riddle" which had a live drummer brought in by engineer Joe Nicolo. The music on "Saturday Night" was the result of DJ Codemoney forgetting a plug for the 909. Weaver used the drum machine at the studio to record the song without the 909 on hand and accidentally pushed a button that sent the kick and snare to go to the timbales sound. This new sound was used for the song "Saturday Night".

The initial release of Saturday Night! – The Album consisted of seven songs and was released through Weaver's own Schoolly-D Records. Weaver signed with Jive Records to "pay a lot of bills" as the distributors of his previous work were not paying him for the records that were sold. Saturday Night! – The Album was re-released by Jive in 1987 with extra tracks including "Parkside 5-2", "Housing the Joint" and "Get N' Paid". These three tracks were originally intended for Weaver's next album Smoke Some Kill.  Weaver was upset after finding these new tracks added to the album, stating that "it was a total scam to reissue Saturday Night like they did, with those tracks, because it had already sold hundreds of thousands of copies."  and that if these tracks were released on Smoke Some Kill, his follow-up album would have "been an even better record".

Style
Brian Coleman, author of Check the Technique described Saturday Night! – The Album as "what everything that Schoolly D was all about: funk, loose rhymes and attitude."
"We Get Ill" was reviewed by Spin, who called it "a seamy celebration of bad habits and bad language. The track was inspired by Bootsy Collins and initially was going to be an instrumental.  "Do It, Do It" was developed in DJ Codemoney's basement when he was working on a break involving Funkadelic's song "You'll Like It Too". The song samples the nursery rhyme "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" taken from a children's record. "Dedication to All B-Boys" was inspired by the group The Commodores. The track features a Weaver's disc jockey, DJ Codemoney, performing a long break at the end. Weaver explained this part of the song by stating that in "rock and funk groups, everybody who was part of the band got to do their thing. And Code was part of the band."

AllMusic writer David Jeffries noted songs such as "Saturday Night", stating it as "the kind of sleazy tale of misogyny that put Schoolly in hot water with many critics and community leaders."
When asked about his lyrics commanding a woman to "do it doggy style" in his song "Do It Do It", Weaver stated that the lyrics are a reflection of his background and audience, and not necessarily how he feels about others. Weaver reflected on the song "Saturday Night" as being about "my 17 year old Saturday night" which consisted of going down to the Parkside Inn, drinking, and "watching the bitches on the corner" and that the song was not meant to be taken literally, but that he "did come home once with a girl and I forgot my key and my mom was pissed off, but she didn't pull a gun; she's never owned a gun in her life".

"Housing the Joint" was influenced by a trip to California when he heard the song "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)" by Sly and the Family Stone.  Upon hearing it, Weaver booked studio time and recorded the song in a day. The track's lyrics involve a conflict Weaver had with rapper Spoonie Gee and his song "That's My Style" where he claims that Weaver was appropriating his technique. Weaver has since performed with Spoonie Gee on stage and later stated he "never felt comfortable" performing this track in concert.

Release
Saturday Night! – The Album was first released on Schooly-D Records in 1986. On the album's Jive Records re-release, it charted on Billboards Top Black Albums for ten weeks peaking at number 59. In the United Kingdom, the album was released by Mute Records affiliate called Rhythm King where it charted on the UK Indie Charts for 10 weeks peaking at number four. Singles for the album included "Saturday Night" and "Dedication to All B-Boys" released on Schooly-D Records and Flame Records. Both "Saturday Night" and "Dedication to All B-Boys" appeared on the UK Indie Charts." On its release, Philadelphia's city officials had the album removed from store shelves after public outrage over the violent content in the songs.

Saturday Night! – The Album was released for the first time on compact disc by Funky Town Grooves on July 21, 2014. The CD release included radio edits, remixes and instrumentals of songs from the album as bonus tracks.

Reception

From contemporary reviews, The Washington Post gave the album a mixed review, stating that "even by rap standards, [Schooly D's] work is artless." The review compared the album negatively to other rappers, noting that they "construct complex hip-hop concertos for voice, beat-box and borrowed sounds, Schooly's best-known work is little more than a beat accompanying his foul-mouthed, ill-tempered rants". The review also found that "there's no denying that his harsh communiqués crackle with a mean-streets vitality as fascinating as his confrontational world view is disturbing." Robert Christgau gave the Jive reissue of the album a B, stating "What other rapper would write a rhyme about the night his mother pulled a gun on him—or make it so clear that, just like in West Side Story, he's depraved on account of he's deprived. This doesn't speak too well of white critics, obviously, but it also doesn't take away his raps, his rips, or his muscleman groove." Spin stated that it "can't sustain an album with just reverb and a cowbell. Even if it is killer reverb and a way funky cowbell." The NME placed Saturday Night! – The Album at number 20 on their list of the top albums of 1987. The single "Saturday Night" was also listed at number 28 on their list of Top 50 tracks of the year.

Spin Alternative Record Guide (1995) gave the original release an eight out of ten and the Jive re-release a nine out of ten. The review concluded that Jive's release was superior as it included "some of Schoolly's best cuts ("Housing the Joint," "Park-side 5-2")"
AllMusic gave the album a four star rating, finding it better than Weaver's previous album Schooly D due to "higher production values and more direct songs."

Track listing
All songs are written and produced by Schooly D (J.B. Weaver Jr.).Original Schooly-D Records releaseSide A "We Get Ill" – 4:06
 "Do It Do It" – 2:56
 "Dedication to All B-Boys" – 4:02
 "We Get Paid" – 2:58Side B "B-Boy Rhyme and Riddle" – 5:06
 "Saturday Night" – 5:26
 "It's Crack" – 5:30
Track listing adapted from Saturday Night! – The Album back cover and vinyl sticker.

Jive Records re-releaseSide A "Housing the Joint" – 5:06
 "We Get Ill" – 4:06
 "Do It Do It" – 2:56
 "Dedication to All B-Boys" – 4:02
 "Get n' Paid" – 2:58
 "Dis Groove is Bad" – 4:30Side B'''
 "Parkside 5-2" – 5:48
 "B-Boy Rhyme and Riddle" – 5:48
 "Saturday Night" – 5:26
 "It's Krack" – 5:30
Track listing from Jive's Saturday Night! – The Album back cover and vinyl sticker.

Personnel
Credits adapted from Jive's Saturday Night! – The Album front cover, back cover and vinyl sticker.
Original Schooly-D Records release
 Schooly D – music, words, writer, producer, artwork
 Joe "The Butcher" – engineer
Credits adapted from Saturday Night! – The Album'' front and back cover and vinyl sticker.

Jive Records release
 Schooly D – music, words, writer, producer, artwork
 Joe "The Butcher" – engineer
 Arthur Mann – executive producer
 Rick Cohn – executive producer

Charts

Album

Singles

See also
 1986 in music
 New school hip hop

References

Footnotes

Sources

Category:1986 albums
Category:Schoolly D albums
Category:Jive Records albums


Inticetus

Inticetus is an extinct genus of Early Miocene odontocete from the Chilcatay Formation, Pisco Basin, Peru.

Description
Inticetus is distinguished from other archaic heterodont odontocetes by the following features: long and robust rostrum bearing at least 18 teeth per quadrant; the absence of procumbent anterior teeth; many large, broad-based accessory denticles in double-rooted posterior cheek teeth; a reduced ornament of dental crowns; the styliform process of the jugal being markedly robust; a large fovea epitubaria on the periotic, with a correspondingly voluminous accessory ossicle of the tympanic bulla; and a shortened tuberculum of the malleus.

Classification
Inticetus was judged by Lambert et al. to be sufficiently distinct from other archaic heterodont odontocetes to be placed in a new family, Inticetidae. The authors recovered it as either outside crown Odontoceti or as an early-branching member of Platanistoidea.

Phococetus, previously assigned to Kekenodontidae, is apparently a relative of Inticetus.

References

Category:Prehistoric toothed whales
Category:Prehistoric cetacean genera
Category:Miocene cetaceans
Category:Miocene mammals of South America
Category:Neogene Peru
Category:Fossils of Peru
Category:Fossil taxa described in 2017


Haji Murad Muradi

Haji Murad Muradi (born 29 May 1989) is an Afghan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Speen Ghar Tigers in the 2017 Shpageeza Cricket League on 17 September 2017. He made his first-class debut for Amo Region in the 2017–18 Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament on 20 October 2017, scoring a century in both innings, albeit in a losing cause. He captained Amo Region in the final of the 2018 Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament.

He made his List A debut for Amo Region in the 2018 Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament on 10 July 2018.

References

External links

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Afghan cricketers
Category:Amo Region cricketers
Category:Speen Ghar Region cricketers
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Serrata lifouana

Serrata lifouana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

Description

Distribution

References

Category:Marginellidae
Category:Gastropods described in 2008


Mahoning Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania

Mahoning Township is a township in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,083 at the 2010 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 25.0 square miles (64.7 km²), of which 24.5 square miles (63.6 km²) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.2 km²), or 1.80%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,447 people, 1,373 households, and 966 families residing in the township.  The population density was 140.4 people per square mile (54.2/km²).  There were 1,436 housing units at an average density of 58.5/sq mi (22.6/km²).  The racial makeup of the township was 98.84% White, 0.29% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.35% of the population.

There were 1,373 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the township the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 96.0 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $32,267, and the median income for a family was $39,635. Males had a median income of $32,985 versus $21,810 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,878.  About 8.7% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.0% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.

References

Category:Populated places established in 1793
Category:Townships in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania


Incisoscutum

Incisoscutum is a genus of arthrodire placoderm from the Late Frasnian Gogo Reef, from Late Devonian Australia. The genus contains two species I. ritchiei, named after Dr. Alex Ritchie, a palaeoichthyologist and senior fellow of the Australian Museum, and I. sarahae, named after Sarah Long, daughter of its discoverer and describer, Dr. John A. Long.

The genus is important in the study of early vertebrates as well-preserved fossilised embryos have been found in female specimens  and ossified pelvic claspers found in males. This shows that viviparity and internal fertilisation was common amongst these primitive jawed vertebrates, which are outside the crown group Gnathostoma.

In a study of fossil remains, comparison of the ontogeny of fourteen dermal plates from Compagopiscis croucheri and the more derived species Incisoscutum ritchiei suggested that lengthwise growth occurs earlier in the ontogeny than growth in width, and that dissociated allometric heterochrony has been an important mechanism in the evolution of the arthrodires, which include placoderms.
These same fossil specimens also show that Incisoscutum was a predator, as muscle fibres from the tails of other placoderms have been found in the stomach regions.

Fossils

Three-dimensional uncrushed Incisioscutum fossils with remarkable soft tissue preservation were discovered within the Western Australian Gogo Formation, a warm, shallow-sea reef facies of Frasnian age.

Palaeobiology

Embryos

When Incisoscutum ritchiei was first described, bony plates of smaller arthrodires were discovered within the body cavity of two specimens. Due to their disorganised arrangement, posterior position behind the trunk shield, apparent gastric etching and the fact that one of the small arthodires was posterior facing relative to the adult, these bony plates were thought to represent the stomach contents of the adult Incisoscutum.

However spurred by the discovery of preserved embryos inside the ptyctodonts Materpiscis attenboroughi
and Australoptyctodus gardineri, the ‘last meals’ of the Incisoscutum have now been reinterpreted as embryos, 5 cm in length, within pregnant adult females.

The apparent gastric etching is now thought to be an early stage of ossification. The disarrangement is thought to be due to scattering as a result of the body cavity opening postmortem, worm casts throughout the body and surrounding matrix reveal that the fish carcass remained in an open environment after death. Furthermore, the lack of any taxa associated with the completely preserved delicate plates means that the arthrodires can now be excluded as stomach contents and interpreted as embryos.

The discovery of embryos within Incisoscutum is of evolutionary importance as these fossils reveal that arthrodires had advanced reproductive biology and were able to give birth to live young. The Incisoscutum fossils show the oldest record of viviparity in any vertebrate, therefore internal fertilization and viviparity must have evolved in the vertebrates at least 380 million years ago and outside the gnathostomes.

Viviparity in Incisoscutum and the ptyctodontids show that these placoderms were the first K-strategists in relation to breeding. They invested in rearing a smaller amount of eggs, rather than a huge spawn as their ancestors must have done. It is therefore likely that the warm reef environment of the Devonian Gogo Formation was stable and predictable, having a degree of ecological balance (for example hiding places for pregnant placoderms). This would have allowed the placoderms to invest more time and energy in producing and nurturing fewer, but more developed, offspring.

Pelvic claspers

Sexually dimorphic pelvic claspers have been found in male and female Incisoscutum fossil specimens. In males (WAM 03.3.28)  the completely ossified clasper is a slender rod attached to a square basal plate that articulates directly with the pelvic girdle. This contrasts to modern sharks where the clasper articulates with a basipterygial cartilage element. The tip of the distal end has a small cap of dermal bone with small pits and denticles for clinging on to the female. The proximal part of the clasper expands into a plate with four foramina, two larger above two smaller. It is thought that this anatomy corresponds to the core of an erectile element as in extant sharks.

Female Incisoscutum specimens differ from these male claspers and instead fossils have been found with a broad based pelvic plate that articulates with a posteriorly directed basipterygium, similar to modern sharks. The distal end has an articulation for an additional cartilaginous segment or series.

Therefore, the difference in pelvic claspers between genders suggests that sexual dimorphism was already present in the arthrodires in the Devonian. Pelvic claspers have also been discovered in pyctodontid fossils  suggesting homology.  It is therefore suggested that pelvic claspers may characterise all of the pytodontids and arthrodires. As male and females have never been found in the same locality it is possible that Incisoscutum males and females inhabited different areas throughout most their life cycles, only coming together to mate, a behavior comparable to some extant sharks.

See also

Placoderms

Materpiscis attenboroughi

Gogo Formation

References

Category:Arthrodire genera
Category:Placoderms of Australia


Mézy-sur-Seine

Mézy-sur-Seine is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yvelines department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Yvelines


Tiu Keng Leng

Tiu Keng Leng (also Rennie's Mill; ) is an area of Hong Kong in the Sai Kung District adjacent to Tseung Kwan O (Junk Bay).

The area used to be a refugee village housing former Kuomintang officials and followers who escaped to Hong Kong from Mainland China after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC); however, the original Tiu Keng Leng village was cleared before Hong Kong's sovereignty transfer to the PRC in 1997, and nowadays Tiu Keng Leng is thoroughly redeveloped as part of the Tseung Kwan O New Town.

History

The earliest traceable name referring to the area nowadays known as Tiu Keng Leng was "Chiu Keng Leng" (照鏡嶺, lit. ridge of mirror reflection), being a reference to the clearness and calmness of the adjacent bay. The name was given by Tanka residents in the area.

Both the names "Tiu Keng Leng" and "Rennie's Mill" come from a 19th-century Canadian businessman named Alfred Herbert Rennie, who established the Hong Kong Milling Company at Junk Bay (his partners were Paul Chater and Hormusjee Naorojee Mody). The business failed, and Rennie drowned himself there in 1908, though it was mistakenly reported that he had hanged himself. The incident gave the Chinese name for the site 吊頸嶺 (Tiu Keng Leng / Jyutping: diu3 geng2 leng5), meaning "Hanging (neck) Ridge", a pun on the name "Chiu Keng Leng" mentioned above. Because it was inauspicious, the name was later changed to similar-sounding 調景嶺 (Tiu King Leng / Jyutping: tiu4 ging2 leng5, which can be interpreted as "ridge of adjusting situation".)

On 26 June 1950 the Hong Kong Government's Social Welfare Office (the predecessor of the Social Welfare Department) settled a considerable number of refugees from China – former Nationalist soldiers and other Kuomintang supporters (according to official government account, there were 6,800 of them) – at Rennie's Mill, following the Chinese Civil War. The Hong Kong Government's original intention was to settle these refugees temporarily before they would be repatriated to Taiwan by the Kuomintang or to Mainland China by the Chinese Communists.  But this day never came for the Kuomintang (under the auspices of a political-oriented charitable body named Free China Relief Association which became prominent after the government suspended food ration in 1953), the residents of the enclave became more supportive to the Kuomintang cause.  Thus, by the late-1950s, in correlation with the Cold War context in Asia at the time, Rennie's Mill gradually became a "Bastion Against Communism", with the flag of the Republic of China flying (earning it the sobriquet "Little Taiwan"), its own school system and practically off-limits to the Royal Hong Kong Police Force until 1962 when the Hong Kong Government decided to turn it into a resettlement estate due to its apprehension of the growing Kuomintang presence in the enclave. It also had a significant missionary presence. Due to its pro-Kuomintang atmosphere, the 1967 Riots did not have an effect on Rennie's Mill.

Rennie's Mill was badly damaged by Typhoon Wanda in 1962, rendering many homeless.

In 1996 the Hong Kong government evicted the last of Rennie's Mill's original residents, ostensibly to make room for new town developments as part of the Tseung Kwan O New Town, but widely believed to be a move to please the Communist Chinese government before the transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997.

Housing

After the handover, the English name of the area was changed from "Rennie's Mill" to "Tiu Keng Leng", following the Cantonese name. Tiu Keng Leng became redeveloped as a modern high-rise residential district.

Metro Town is a private housing estate situated directly above the Tiu Keng Leng Station. With nine towers built on top of a carpark/shopping mall podium, it is the tallest structure in the area.

To the south of Metro Town, on the site of a former steel mill operated by Shiu Wing Steel, is another private housing estate, Ocean Shores.

The three public housing estates in the area are: Kin Ming Estate, Choi Ming Court and Shin Ming Estate.

Transport
Before the redevelopment and reclamation in the surrounding area, Tiu Keng Leng could be reached by the winding, hilly and narrow Po Lam Road South, which ran past numerous busy quarries. At that time, Tiu Keng Leng's only public transport connections were Kowloon Motor Bus routes 90 and 290, served with minibuses, and by water transport. In 2001, with the redevelopment, a segment of Po Lam Road South was rebuilt and extended to near Kwong Tin Estate in Yau Tong. The reconstructed road was renamed O King Road and became the first road connection to modern Tiu Keng Leng. For bicycles and other non-motorised traffic, it remains the only viable route between Tseung Kwan O and Kowloon.

The various centres of Tseung Kwan O were always intended to be served primarily by the MTR metro system, and the 2002 opening of Tiu Keng Leng Station of the Tseung Kwan O Line and Kwun Tong Line provided a much-used link to the urban area of Kowloon.

Education

The Hong Kong Design Institute (HKDI) is well known for the shape of its building. Designed by French architects Coldefy & Associs, it resembles a piece of paper floating mid-air featuring a glazed box raised seven storeys above the ground on four lattice-steel towers that rest on a sloping, grass-covered podium. Total construction cost amounted to HK$1.2 billion, it was opened in November 2010.

The Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (IVE) – Lee Wai Lee campus is located next to HKDI. Also, the campus of Caritas Institute of Higher Education is located at Tiu Keng Leng. The institute has the aim of becoming the first Catholic University in Hong Kong.

See also
Military dependents' village

References

External links

 History Stories: Tiu Keng Leng (part 2)
 Tatlow, Kirsten Didi. "Hong Kong's 'little Taiwan' And Flags Passing Into History." Associated Press at The Day. Monday 29 July 1996. p. A8. Google News page 5/12.

Category:Populated places in Hong Kong
Category:Places in Hong Kong
*
Category:Sai Kung District
Category:Mountains, peaks and hills of Hong Kong


Asphalt plant

An asphalt plant is a plant used for the manufacture of asphalt, macadam and other forms of coated roadstone, sometimes collectively known as blacktop or asphalt concrete.

The manufacture of coated roadstone demands the combination of a number of aggregates, sand and a filler (such as stone dust), in the correct proportions, heated, and finally coated with a binder, usually bitumen based or, in some cases tar, although tar was removed from BS4987 in 2001 and is not referred to in BSEN 13108/1. The temperature of the finished product must be sufficient to be workable after transport to the final destination. A temperature in the range of 100 to 200 degrees Celsius is normal.

Countries have individual specifications stipulating how much of the raw material can be allowed from recycled asphalt. In-depth research shows that addition of up to 20% recycled asphalt produces the same quality of asphalt compared to 100% virgin material. The quality of asphalt starts reducing once the percentage of recycled asphalt increases beyond 20%.

Main Structure

The asphalt plant is mainly composed of cold aggregate supply system, drum dryer, coal burner, coal feeder, dust collector, hot aggregate elevator, vibrating screen, filler supply system, weighing and mixing system, asphalt storage, bitumen supply system. All these components have characteristics that impact not only the overall quality of the asphalt but also the effect on the environment.

References

Category:Asphalt


Anghel Iordănescu

Anghel Iordănescu (; born 4 May 1950), also known as "Tata Puiu", is a Romanian former footballer and former manager of the Romania national team, who played as a forward. In 2007, Iordănescu retired from football, and the following February, after his predecessor resigned, he became a member of the Romanian Senate, sitting on the Social Democratic Party benches. On 26 December 2011, he became an independent senator, affiliated to the National Union for the Progress of Romania.
His son, Edward Iordănescu, is also a former footballer and current manager.

Playing career
One of Steaua București's greatest players, Iordănescu was a forward or attacking midfielder with a well-developed scoring technique and uncommon dribbling ability. He was also well known for his vision and set-piece ability. In Romania, he played only for Steaua, a team he joined as a youth in 1962, aged 12. Six years later, he made his debut for the first team, followed by his first appearance for the Romania national team in 1971. During this period, he scored 155 goals, becoming the team's highest ever goalscorer.

Iordănescu won two league championships (in 1976 and 1978) and four Cupa Romaniei (in 1970, 1971, 1976, and 1979). In 1981–82, he was Divizia A's top goalscorer.

In 1982, aged 32, Iordănescu left Romania to play for OFI Crete in Greece under head coach Les Shannon, but returned to Steaua two years later to become the club's assistant manager. Together with Emerich Jenei, then head coach, he won the championship in 1985 and helped lead the team to its European Cup triumph in 1986, playing as a substitute in the final against Barcelona.

International goals
Romania's goal tally first.

Coaching career
Emerich Jenei was appointed as Romania's manager in the summer of 1986, leaving Iordănescu as Steaua's new head coach. From his new position, he led his side to victory in three championships (1987, 1988 and 1989) as well as three Cupa Romaniei in the same years. At international level, Steaua and Iordănescu reached the European Cup semi-final in 1988 and the final one year later.

In 1990, he left Steaua for the second time as he signed a two-year contract with Cypriot club Anorthosis Famagusta. After being released from his contract, he returned to Steaua in 1992 to lead the club to the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals in 1993, and then a new league championship.

In the summer of 1993, he was asked to replace Cornel Dinu as Romania's coach and managed to lead the team to qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, where Romania reached the quarter-finals, the best-ever performance of Romanian football at the national team level. He continued as Romania's coach after the World Cup and led the team to a new qualification, for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 World Cup, where Romania reached the knockout stage as winners of Group G.

However, although he had led the team to a new qualification for a World Cup, Iordănescu was harshly criticized by the media, with some journalists accusing him of the low level of the team during the process. After losing against Croatia in the second round of the 1998 World Cup, he resigned and took over the managerial position of Greece, from where he would be sacked in 1999 after Greece failed to qualify for Euro 2000.

In the 1999–2000 season, Iordănescu was appointed head coach of Saudi club Al-Hilal, where he won the Saudi Crown Prince Cup and the Asian Club Championship (the forerunner to the AFC Champions League). Despite these performances, he left the club to lead Rapid București. He led Rapid to the first round of the 2000–01 UEFA Cup, losing 1–0 on aggregate to eventual winners Liverpool. However, he was sacked after only three months, after which he signed with Emirati club Al Ain, guiding them to UAE President's Cup title.

After Romania failed to qualify for the 2002 World Cup, Iordănescu was asked to replace Gheorghe Hagi, thereby becoming the national football team's coach for the second time. His main objective was to qualify the team for Euro 2004, but failed to do so. Saying that there was no one else both better than he and available to take charge of the national team, the Romanian Football Federation gave him credit for the 2006 World Cup qualifying stage, but after a poor performance away against Armenia, he was finally sacked.

After his second stint as Romania's coach, Iordănescu returned to Saudi Arabia to manage Al-Ittihad, with whom he won his second AFC Champions League (in 2005) and the Arab Champions League, but one year later was sacked after drawing with Al-Ettifaq. Just as the 2006–07 UAE League season began, Iordănescu returned to coach Al Ain for a few months before announcing his retirement from professional football.

In October 2014, Iordănescu came out of retirement to take charge of Romania for a third time. On 27 June 2016, he resigned as Romania coach after an unsuccessful Euro 2016 finals campaign, finishing last place in Group A with just one point earned, from a 1–1 draw with Switzerland.

Career honours

Player
Steaua București

Romanian League: 1975–76, 1977–78
Cupa României: 1969–70, 1970–71, 1975–76, 1978–79
European Cup: 1985–86

Romania
Balkan Cup: 1977–80

Manager
Steaua București

Romanian League: 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1992–93
Romanian Cup: 1986–87, 1988–89
Intercontinental Cup: Runner-up 1986
European Super Cup: 1986
European Cup: Runner-up 1988–89

Al-Hilal
AFC Champions League: 1999–00
Saudi Crown Prince Cup: 1999–00
Gulf Club Champions Cup: Runner-up 2000

Al Ain
UAE President's Cup: 2001

Al-Ittihad
AFC Champions League: 2005
UAFA Arab Champions League: 2005

Managerial statistics

See also
List of UEFA Super Cup winning managers
List of Asian Cup and AFC Champions League winning managers

References

External links

Category:1950 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Bucharest
Category:Romanian football managers
Category:Romanian footballers
Category:Romania international footballers
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Padma Vibhushan

The Padma Vibhushan is the second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, second only to the Bharat Ratna. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "exceptional and distinguished service", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The award criteria include "service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" including doctors and scientists, but excluding those working with the public sector undertakings. Up to january 2020, the award has been bestowed on 314 individuals, including 16 posthumous and 21 non-citizen recipients.

During 1 May and 15 September of every year, the recommendations for the award are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, constituted by the Prime Minister of India. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, the Ministries of the Government of India, the Bharat Ratna and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals. The committee later submits their recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President of India for the further approval. The award recipients are announced on Republic Day.

The first recipients of the award were Satyendra Nath Bose, Nand Lal Bose, Zakir Hussain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, and V. K. Krishna Menon, who were honoured in 1954. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute. The "Padma Vibhushan", along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended twice, from July 1977 to January 1980 and from August 1992 to December 1995. Some of the recipients have refused or returned their conferments. P. N. Haksar, Vilayat Khan, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, Swami Ranganathananda, and Manikonda Chalapathi Rau refused the award, the family members of Lakshmi Chand Jain (2011) and Sharad Anantrao Joshi (2016) declined their posthumous conferments, and Baba Amte returned his 1986 conferment in 1991. Most recently on 25 January 2020, the award has been bestowed upon seven recipients - George Fernandes, Arun Jaitley, Anerood Jugnauth, Mary Kom, Chhannulal Mishra, Sushma Swaraj and Vishwesha Teertha.

History
On 2 January 1954, a press release was published from the office of the secretary to the President of India announcing the creation of two civilian awards—Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pahla Varg" (Class I), "Dusra Varg" (Class II), and "Tisra Varg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna. On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards: the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.

The award, along with other personal civilian honours, was briefly suspended twice in its history; for the first time in July 1977 when Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister of India, for being "worthless and politicized". The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister. The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed in the High Courts of India, one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being "titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India. On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards. A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court of India was formed comprising five judges: A. M. Ahmadi C. J., Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgment that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution of India".

Regulations
The award is conferred for "exceptional and distinguished service", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The criteria include "service in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excludes those working with the public sector undertakings, with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute; Aditya Nath Jha, Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq, and Vikram Sarabhai became the first recipients to be honoured posthumously in 1972.

The recommendations are received from all state and union territory governments, the Ministries of the Government of India, the Bharat Ratna and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers, the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament, including private individuals. The recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, convened by the Prime Minister of India. The Awards Committee later submits its recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President of India for further approval.

The Padma Vibhushan award recipients are announced every year on Republic Day of India and registered in The Gazette of Indiaa publication released weekly by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices. The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which actions require the authority of the President, are also registered in the Gazette and are required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register.

Specifications
The original 1954 specifications of the award called for a circle made of gold gilt  in diameter, with rims on both sides. A centrally located lotus flower was embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma Vibhushan" written in Devanagari script was inscribed above the lotus along the upper edge of the medal. A floral wreath was embossed along the lower edge and a lotus wreath at the top along the upper edge. The Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the text "Desh Seva" in Devanagari Script on the lower edge. The medal was suspended by a pink riband  in width divided into two equal segments by a white vertical line.

A year later, the design was modified. The current decoration is a circular-shaped bronze toned medallion  in diameter and  thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of  side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of  in diameter is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Vibhushan" is placed below the lotus. The Emblem of India is placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs), in Devanagari Script, inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges. and all embossing on either side is of white gold with the text "Padma Vibhushan" of silver gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband  in width.

The medal is ranked fourth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations. The medals are produced at Alipore Mint, Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Bharat Ratna, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, and Param Veer Chakra.

Recipients

The first recipients of the Padma Vibhushan were Satyendra Nath Bose, Nandalal Bose, Zakir Husain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, V. K. Krishna Menon, and Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, who were honoured in 1954. , the award has been bestowed on 300 individuals, including 12 posthumous and 19 non-citizen recipients. Some of the conferments have been refused or returned by the recipients; P. N. Haksar, Vilayat Khan,, E. M. S. Namboodiripad,, Swami Ranganathananda, and Manikonda Chalapathi Rau refused the award; the family members of Lakshmi Chand Jain (2011) and Sharad Anantrao Joshi (2016) declined their posthumous conferments, and Baba Amte returned his 1986 conferment in 1991. On 25 January 2020, the award has been bestowed upon seven recipients: George Fernandes, Arun Jaitley, Anerood Jugnauth, Mary Kom, Chhannulal Mishra, Sushma Swaraj and Vishwesha Teertha.

Explanatory notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Category:Awards established in 1954
Category:Civil awards and decorations of India
*


J. Eggleston

John Eggleston III (born 1966) is an American politician. He is a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from the 2nd District, first elected in 2014. He is a member of the Republican Party.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Missouri House of Representatives
Category:Missouri Republicans
Category:21st-century American politicians
Category:1966 births
Category:People from Maysville, Missouri


Mayetta

Mayetta may refer to:

Mayetta, Kansas
Mayetta, New Jersey


Chinese Jia-A League 2000

The 2000 Chinese Jia-A League season is the seventh season of professional association football and the 39th top-tier overall league season in China. It was named the Pepsi Chinese Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons, while the league started on March 19 and ended on October 1, 2000, and saw Dalian Shide win the championship.

Promotion and relegation
Teams promoted from 1999 Jia-B League
Xiamen Xiaxin
Yunnan Hongta

Relegated after end of 1999 Jia-A League
Guangzhou Songri
Wuhan Hongtao K

League standings

Top scorers

See also
Chinese Jia-A League
Chinese Super League
Chinese Football Association Jia League
Chinese Football Association Yi League
Chinese FA Cup
Chinese Football Association
Football in China
List of football records in China
Chinese clubs in the AFC Champions League

References
China - List of final tables (RSSSF)

Category:Chinese Jia-A League seasons
1
China
China


Elko station

Elko station is a train station in Elko, Nevada. It is served by Amtrak's California Zephyr.

The westbound platform is accessed from Water Street via 11th Street and the eastbound platform is accessed from Sharp Access Road via 12th Street (Water Street cannot be accessed directly from 12th Street). The station is owned by the Union Pacific Railroad and contains two enclosed shelters on two platforms, one on each side of the pair of tracks for each direction of travel. There are no services provided at the station (e.g., ticketing, restrooms, lounge, etc.).

History
Originally Elko was served by two train depots along two separate lines that ran through the down town area.  As the two lines were operated in a directional running setup, westbound trains used the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) depot at 684 Railroad Street and eastbound trains used the Western Pacific Railroad (WP) depot at the corner of 3rd street and Silver street. In the 1980s both railroad tracks were relocated south of the downtown area and the current shelters became the Amtrak depots in 1984.

Notes

References

External links

Elko Amtrak Station (USA RailGuide - TrainWeb)
Amtrak Photo Archive: Current Appearance Older Picture
Elko, NV (ELK) (Amtrak's Great American Stations)

Category:Amtrak stations in Nevada
Category:Buildings and structures in Elko County, Nevada
Category:Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations
Category:Former Western Pacific Railroad stations
Category:Transportation in Elko County, Nevada
Category:Elko, Nevada


Vilna offensive

The Vilna offensive was a campaign of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. The Polish army launched an offensive on April 16, 1919, to take Vilnius () from the Red Army. After three days of street fighting from April 19–21, the city was captured by Polish forces, causing the Red Army to retreat. During the offensive, the Poles also succeeded in securing the nearby cities of Lida, Pinsk, Navahrudak, and Baranovichi.

The Red Army launched a series of counterattacks in late April, all of which ended in failure.  The Soviets briefly recaptured the city a year later, in spring 1920, when the Polish army was retreating along the entire front. In the aftermath, the Vilna offensive would cause much turmoil on the political scene in Poland and abroad.

Prelude
Soviet Russia, while at the time publicly supporting Polish and Lithuanian independence, sponsored communist agitators working against the government of the Second Polish Republic, and considered that its eastern borders should approximate those of the defunct Congress Poland. Poles and Lithuanians, on the other hand, inspired by memories of the greatness of the erstwhile Grand Duchy of Lithuania, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, saw their borders as lying much farther east. The leader of the Polish forces, Józef Piłsudski, discerned an opportunity for regaining territories that were once the part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and since then were part of the Prussian Empire, shaken by the 1917 Revolution and the ongoing Russian Civil War.

In the first weeks of 1919, following the retreat of the German Ober-Ost forces under Max Hoffmann, Vilnius found itself in a power vacuum. It promptly became the scene of struggles among competing political groups and experienced several internal revolutions.

On January 1, Polish officers, led by generals Władysław Wejtko and Stefan Mokrzecki, attempted to take control of the city by establishing a Samoobrona ("Self-Defense") provisional government. Their aim was to defeat the Communist "Workers' Council", a rival faction within Vilnius plotting to seize the city. Samoobrona rule of Vilnius did not last long.  Four days later January 5, 1919, the Polish forces were forced to make a hasty retreat when the Russian Western Army marched in from Smolensk to support the local communists as part of the Soviet westward offensive.

Vilnius, the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, became part of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and was soon proclaimed capital of the Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lit-Bel) on February 27, 1919. The Lit-Bel became the 8th government to control Vilnius in two years. During the month and a half that the Lit-Bel controlled the city, the new communist government turned Vilnius into a social experiment, testing various applications of left-leaning governmental systems on the city's inhabitants.

Józef Piłsudski, Polish commander-in-chief, determined that regaining control of Vilnius, whose population consisted mostly of Poles and Jews, should be a priority of the renascent Polish state. He had been working on plans to take control of Vilnius since at least March; he gave preliminary orders to prepare a push in that direction—and counter an expected Soviet westward push—on March 26. One of Piłsudski's objectives was to take control of Vilnius before Western diplomats at the Paris Peace Conference could rule on whom the city, demanded by various factions, should be given to. The action was not discussed with Polish politicians or the government, who at that time were more concerned with the situation on the southern Polish–Ukrainian front. By early April, when members of the Kresy Defence Committee (Komitet Obrony Kresów) Michał Pius Römer, Aleksander Prystor, Witold Abramowicz, and Kazimierz Świtalski met with Pilsudski, stressing the plight of occupied Vilnius and its inhabitants' need for self-government, Piłsudski was ready to move.

Offensive

Diversionary attacks
Piłsudski arrived at the front near Lida on 15 April, bringing reinforcements from Warsaw. His plan called for exploitation of the gap in the Soviet lines between Vilnius and Lida by an advance towards Vilnius using the road and railway. Amidst diversionary attacks, designed to draw Russian attention away from the main Polish thrust towards Vilnius, the main Polish attack began at dawn on 16 April. The forces moving on Vilnius included the cavalry group of Colonel Wladyslaw Belina-Prazmowski, composed of 800 men in nine cavalry squadrons and a battery of horse artillery; and infantry under General Edward Rydz-Śmigły, composed of 2,500 men in three battalions of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division and two batteries of heavy artillery.

Soviet forces in the area were composed of the Western Rifle Division, a unit which had many pro-communist Polish volunteers, and other units of the Western Army. The Soviet garrison of Vilnius numbered about 2,000 newly trained troops. Soviet forces in the area around Vilnius are estimated at 7,000 infantry, a few hundred cavalry, and 10 artillery pieces. These forces were to be engaged and thus prevented from coming to the aid of the Vilnius garrison.

The diversionary attacks went well, with Soviet forces acting under the impression that the Poles had targets other than Vilnius. Despite their diversionary intent, these attacks succeeded in their own right, with Generał Józef Adam Lasocki taking Lida in two days despite unexpectedly strong resistance, and Generał Stefan Mokrzecki taking Nowogrodek in three days and Baranowicze in four.

Assault on Vilnius

On 18 April, Colonel Belina decided to use the element of surprise and move into Vilnius without waiting for the slower infantry units. Polish forces left the village of Mýto in early morning. At 03:30 on 19 April, Maj. Zaruski took Lipówka near Vilnius. Belina's cavalry bypassed Vilnius and attacked from behind, taking the train station on the night of 18 to 19 April; on 19 April, cavalry under lieutenant Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer—future Polish general—charged into the suburbs, spreading panic among the confused garrison. He seized the train station and sent a train down the line to collect infantry. In this surprise raid about 400 prisoners, 13 trains, and various military supplies were captured. Piłsudski would declare Belina's cavalry action the "most exquisite military action carried out by Polish cavalry in this war".

Cavalrymen fought for control of the center of Vilnius and took Cathedral Square, the castle complex on the hillside, and the enemy quarters on the southern riverbank. They also captured hundreds of Bolshevik soldiers and officials, but their numbers were too small compared to the enemy forces, who had begun to reorganize, particularly in the north and west of the town, and to prepare a counterattack. Belina sent a message reporting that "enemy is resisting with extreme strength" and asking for immediate reinforcements. At around 8:00 in the evening the train he had sent in the morning returned with the first infantry reinforcements. The Polish troops were also supported by the city's predominantly Polish population which formed a militia to aid them. By the evening of 19 April half of Vilnius was under Polish control, however, the Red Army troops and supporters were putting up a stubborn and coordinated defence. Only upon the arrival of the main force of Polish infantry under Generał Śmigły on 21 April did the Poles gain the upper hand, attacking those parts of the town still held by the Red Army. The Polish infantry was able to reinforce the cavalry in the city center, and during the night, with help of local guides, Polish forces crossed the river and took one of the bridges. On April 20, the bridges were in the hands of the Poles, and more of the city fell under their control. During the afternoon of that day, after a three-day-long urban battle, the city was in Polish hands. Piłsudski arrived in Vilnius on the same day.

Jewish deaths

 – Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Prime Minister of Poland, 1919

As the Polish troops entered the city, the first pogrom in modern Vilnius started, as noted by the Timothy D. Snyder, citing Michał Pius Römer. Dozens of people connected with the Lit-Bel were arrested, and some were executed; Norman Davies cites a death toll for all – Jews and non-Jews, under Polish rule – as 65. Jews constituted close to one-half of Vilnius's population, according to the German census of 1916, and many victims of fighting and subsequent repression in Vilnius were Jews. Henry Morgenthau, Sr. counted 65, Joseph W. Bendersky counted over a hundred.

There was a common belief among the Poles that most Jews were Bolsheviks and Communists, in league with the enemy of the Polish state, Soviet Russia. The Polish army stated that any Jews it killed were militants and collaborators engaged in actions against the Polish army. Having been fired at from Jewish homes, Polish soldiers took this as an excuse to break into many Jewish homes and stores, beating the Jews and robbing them, desecrating synagogues, arresting hundreds, depriving them of food and drink for days and deporting them from the city; such abuses were, however, not supported – and even specifically forbidden – by the Polish high command.

The US Army representative on the scene, Colonel Wiliam F. Godson, agreed with the version of events presented by the Polish general staff. In his reports, Godson wrote that "Jews constituted at least 80% of every Bolshevik organization" and that, unlike the "harmless Polish Jews" (who really "had become Poles"), the "Litwaks or Russian Jews" are "extremely dangerous", making the "Jewish question the most important one [for the country]". Neglecting the plight of the Jews, Godson had only noted in his report the instances of Bolsheviks executing and mutilating civilians and Polish prisoners of war. The Nobel Prize-winning author Władysław Reymont, in an article published by Gazeta Warszawska, the main organ of the openly antisemitic National Democratic Party, also denied that pogroms had taken place. Henry Morgenthau, Sr. of the Anglo-American Investigating Commission in his report acquitted the Polish side of having organized pogroms, noting the wartime confusion and the fact that some Jews had indeed shot at the Polish forces. The report was, however, highly critical of the activities of the Polish Army in Vilnius, noting that 65 Jews with no proven connections to the Bolsheviks had been killed, and that many arrests, robberies and mistreatments had occurred, while soldiers guilty of these acts had not been punished.

Soviet counteroffensive
The Polish victory infuriated the Soviets, leading to dozens of arrests and several executions among those connected to the Lit-Bel. The former Lit-Bel leaders began accusing one another of culpability for the loss of their capital. Lenin considered the city vital to his plans, and ordered its immediate recapture, with the Red Army attempting several counteroffensives in April 1919.

Near the end of the month about 12,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, 210 heavy machine guns and 44 guns were assembled by Soviet forces in the area of Szyrwiany, Podbrodzie, Soly and Ashmyany. Polish forces in the area under general Stanisław Szeptycki numbered 11,000; Rydz-Śmigly had 8 infantry battalions, 18 cavalry squadrons and 18 guns in Vilnius itself. Rydz-Śmigły decided to engage the enemy forces before they combined their strengths. On the night of April 28–29, general Stefan Dąb-Biernacki took Podbrodzie, capturing one of the Soviet formations. Simultaneously, Soviet forces attacked near Deliny–Ogrodniki, south of Vilnius. Polish defenses and counterattacks managed to halt Soviet movements towards Vilnius, pushing them back towards Szkodziszki–Grygajce. In retaliation, Soviet forces launched yet another counterattack, this one from north of Vilnius. The results were significantly better than those of the previous offensive, with Soviet forces breaking through Polish defenses in the area.  However, Red Army forces halted their movements short of Vilnius, not wishing to attack a hostile city during the night.  Polish forces took advantage of the opportunity to strengthen their defenses.  Shortly afterwards, Polish forces counterattacked, pushing the Red Army back towards Mejszagoła and Podberezie.  Polish forces pursued and took those two settlements, as well as Giedrojsc and Smorgoń. By mid-May Polish forces had reached the line of Narocz lake –  Hoduciszki – Ignalina – Lyngniany, leaving Vilnius well behind the frontline.

Aftermath

Because of the successful surprise attack, the Polish army in Vilnius managed to appropriate sizable stocks of supplies and take hundreds of prisoners. When Piłsudski entered the city, a victory parade was held in his honour. The city's Polish citizens on the whole were delighted; their politicians envisaged a separate Lithuanian state closely allied with Poland. Representatives from the city were immediately sent to the Paris Peace Conference, and the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, which had been closed in 1832 following the November 1830 Uprising, was reopened.

Acting in accordance with his vision of a Polish-led "Międzymorze" federation of East-Central European states, Piłsudski on April 22, 1919, issued a bilingual statement, in Polish and Lithuanian, of his political intentions – the "Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania", pledging to provide "elections [which will] take place on the basis of secret, universal and direct voting, without distinction between the sexes" and to "create an opportunity for settling your nationality problems and religious affairs in a manner that you yourself will determine, without any kind of force or pressure from Poland." Piłsudski's proclamation was aimed at showing good will both to Lithuanians and international diplomats; the latter succeeded as the proclamation dealt a blow to the image of 'Polish conquest' and replaced it with the image of 'Poland fighting with Bolsheviks dictatorship and liberating other nations'; however the Lithuanians who demanded exclusive control over the city were much less convinced. Piłsudski's words also caused significant controversy on the Polish political scene; as they had not been discussed with the Sejm and caused much anger among Piłsudski's National-Democratic opponents; Polish People's Party "Piast" deputies demanded incorporation of the Vilnius Region into Poland and even accused Piłsudski of treason.  However, Piłsudski's supporters in the Polish Socialist Party managed to deflect those attacks.

The Lithuanian government in Kaunas, which viewed the city as the historic capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, saw the Polish incursion as an occupation. The Lithuanian government demanded Vilnius back. Relations between the Polish and Lithuanian governments, unable to reach a compromise over Vilnius, continued to worsen, destroying the prospects for Piłsudski's plan of the Międzymorze federation and leading to open hostilities in the ensuing Polish–Lithuanian War. In 1920, the Soviets recaptured Vilnius, followed by the Poles' establishment of the short-lived Republic of Central Lithuania.

The Polish capture of Vilnius set the stage for further escalation of Polish conflicts with Soviet Russia and Lithuania. In coming months, Polish forces would push steadily eastward, launching Operation Minsk in August.

See also
1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division
Żeligowski's Mutiny
Wilno Voivodeship (1923–1939)
Pinsk massacre

Notes
a  For controversies about the naming and dating of this conflict, refer to the section devoted to this subject in the Polish-Soviet War article.

b  Speaking of Poland's frontiers Piłsudski said: "All that we can gain in the west depends on the Entente – on the extent to which it may wish to squeeze Germany", while in the east "there are doors that open and close, and it depends on who forces them open and how far."

c  Jews of Vilnius had their own complex identity, and labels of Polish Jews, Lithuanian Jews or Russian Jews are all applicable only in part.

References

Further reading

Przemysław Różański, "Wilno, 19-21 kwietnia 1919 roku" (Vilna, April 19–21, 1919), Jewish History Quarterly (01/2006), C.E.E.O.L.

Category:Conflicts in 1919
Category:1919 in Poland
Category:1919 in Lithuania
Category:1919 in Belarus
Category:Military history of Lithuania
Category:Military history of Belarus
Vilna 1919
Category:History of Vilnius


Khin Ma Gyi

Khin Ma Gyi ( , born 25 April 1952) is a Burmese politician and physician currently serves as a Amyotha Hluttaw MP for Kachin State No. 8 constituency. She is a member of the National League for Democracy.

Early life and education
She was born on 25 April 1952 in Monywa, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. She graduated with M.B.B.S. from University of Medicine, Mandalay.

Political career
She is a member of the National League for Democracy. In the 2015 Myanmar general election, she was elected as an Amyotha Hluttaw MP, winning a majority 25580 vote and elected representative from Kachin  State No. 8 parliamentary constituency.

References

Category:National League for Democracy politicians
Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Sagaing Region
Category:University of Medicine, Mandalay alumni


Kexby

Kexby may refer to:

 Kexby, Lincolnshire, England
 Kexby, North Yorkshire, England

Kexby may be a person:

 William Kexby, English 14th-century college master and archdeacon


Pello Bilbao

Pello Bilbao López de Armentia (born 25 February 1990) is a Spanish cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam .

Career

Caja Rural–Seguros RGA (2014–16)
Bilbao joined  for the 2014 season, after his previous team –  – folded at the end of the 2013 season. In 2015, Bilbao won the sixth stage of the Tour of Turkey, concluding his effort atop a steep climb.

Astana (2017–2019)
He was named in the start list for the 2017 Giro d'Italia. He finished 10th overall in the Tour de Suisse, which was his first top 10 in a general classification in a major stage race.

Bilbao finished 7th overall at the 2018 Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana. Months later he finished 8th overall at the Tour of the Basque Country. He won stage 1 of the Tour of the Alps, therefore riding stage 2 in the leader's jersey. He continued his great form at the Giro d'Italia, supporting Miguel Ángel López, and finishing 6th overall. Weeks later Bilbao won stage 6 of the Critérium du Dauphiné, which was his first World Tour victory.

In July 2019, he was named in the startlist for the Tour de France.

Bahrain–McLaren
In October 2019, it was announced that Bilbao was to join , later renamed as , for the 2020 season.

Major results

2011
 2nd Tour de Vendée
 7th Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia
2012
 10th Overall Vuelta a Asturias
2013
 7th Overall Vuelta a Asturias
2014
 1st Klasika Primavera
 3rd Circuito de Getxo
 6th Overall Vuelta a Burgos
 7th Overall Tour of Norway
 7th Overall Tour du Gévaudan Languedoc-Roussillon
 8th Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise
2015
 1st  Overall Tour de Beauce
 1st  Mountains classification Vuelta a Andalucía
 1st Stage 6 Tour of Turkey
 4th Overall Vuelta a Castilla y León
1st  Points classification
1st Stage 1
 7th Overall Tour du Gévaudan Languedoc-Roussillon
 10th GP Miguel Induráin
2016
 1st Stage 2 Presidential Tour of Turkey
 2nd Overall Vuelta a Castilla y León
 5th Circuito de Getxo
 6th GP Miguel Induráin
 7th Milano–Torino
 8th Klasika Primavera
 9th Overall Tour of Norway
 9th Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia
2017
 10th Overall Tour de Suisse
2018
 1st Stage 6 Critérium du Dauphiné
 1st Stage 1 Tour of the Alps
 6th Overall Giro d'Italia
 7th Overall Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
 8th Overall Tour of the Basque Country
2019
 Giro d'Italia
1st Stages 7 & 20
 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
 3rd Overall Vuelta a Murcia
1st Stage 1
 3rd Overall Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
 4th Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
2020
 6th Overall Vuelta a Andalucía

General classification results timeline

References

External links

Category:1990 births
Category:Basque male cyclists
Category:Living people
Category:People from Guernica
Category:Vuelta a España cyclists
Category:Giro d'Italia cyclists
Category:Tour de France cyclists


St. Peter's Church, Laragh, Co.Monaghan.

St. Peter's Church in Laragh, County Monaghan, Ireland, is a tin tabernacle constructed in 1890 from corrugated iron and timber.

History
The Swiss-Gothic design of the church was inspired by travels on the continent in the 1800s by Laragh Tweed Mill operator James McKean and his wife.

Local rumour suggests McKean had the mill river realigned to create the spectacular site in Aughnamullen parish. The intention being to build a Catholic church to serve the mill workers of the town.
However, following a breakdown in industrial relations, a falling out with the local clergy and the eventual permanent closure of the Irish Laragh Tweed factory in 1885; St. Peter’s was eventually built in 1890 and consecrated as Church of Ireland on 13 August 1891.

St. Peter's was de-consecrated in 1962.

Restoration
In 2012, Laragh Heritage group  was formed to raise funds to restore St. Peter's back to its former glory.

On 13 September 2014, St. Peter's Church was officially reopened.

References

Attribution

Category:Former churches in the Republic of Ireland


Chelsea Valois

Chelsea Valois (born October 11, 1987) is a Canadian bobsledder who has competed since 2012. She currently acts as the brakewoman for Jennifer Ciochetti and formerly Kaillie Humphries. Valois began as a track athlete at the University of Regina before switching to bobsleigh.

During the 2012–13 Bobsleigh World Cup she helped push Humphries to five straight wins. This success would continue as the pair placed first at the 2013 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz.

Achievements

References

External links
 Bobsleigh Canada Profile PDF

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian female bobsledders
Category:Bobsledders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Olympic bobsledders of Canada
Category:Sportspeople from Saskatchewan
Category:University of Regina alumni


Wang Chang (Three Kingdoms)

Wang Chang (died July or August 259), courtesy name Wenshu (文舒), was a military general and official of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Early life
Wang Chang was from the same commandery as Wang Ling, and both of them were already quite well known when they were still young. Wang Chang became a tutor to Cao Pi when the latter was still a prince. After Cao Pi became the emperor of Wei, Wang Chang was appointed as a Gentleman of Scattered Cavalry (散騎侍郎), Agriculture Officer (洛陽典農) of Luoyang, and Inspector of Yan Province (兗州刺史). After Cao Pi died in 226, his successor Cao Rui promoted Wang Chang to General Who Spreads Vehemence (揚烈將軍) and granted the title of a Secondary Marquis. When Wang Chang was serving in Yan Province, he was still concerned about affairs in the imperial court. He felt that the system of governance in Wei, inherited from the Qin and Han dynasties, was too strict and flawed. He decided to draft a new constitution for the state, and submitted two memorials, Discussion on Governance (治論) and Military Book (兵書), to the Wei imperial court.

Battles against Eastern Wu
In 236, Grand Commandant Sima Yi recommended Wang Chang to the second Wei emperor Cao Rui as a talent. Wang Chang was appointed as the Inspector of Xu Province and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Wuguan Village (武觀亭侯). He was later appointed General Who Attacks the South (征南將軍) and acting supervisor of military affairs in Jing and Yu provinces.

Wang Chang noticed that his base at Wancheng was too far away from Xiangyang, an important city on Wei's southern border. Besides, the military camps in that region were quite scattered and their naval force was far away at Xuanchi. If enemy forces from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu attacked them, their armies would not be able to provide support in time. Hence, Wang Chang changed his base to Xinye, ordered drills to be conducted for their naval forces, and promoted agriculture to build up food supplies.

In 250, the political turmoil in Wu had just ended and the Wu general Zhu Ju was recently dismissed by Sun Quan and forced to commit suicide. Wang Chang felt that the time was ripe to attack Wu, so he ordered Zhou Tai to attack Wu (巫), Shigui (柹歸) and Fangling (房陵) counties; Wang Ji to attack Yiling (夷陵); while he personally led an attack on Jiangling (江陵). Wang Chang's troops used bamboo splints to build bridges to cross the Yangtze River and defeated the Wu general Shi Ji, killing Zhongli Mao (鍾離茂) and Xu Min (許旻), returning victorious to Wei with many spoils of war. For his contributions, Wang Chang was promoted to Senior General Who Attacks the South (征南將軍) and promoted from a village marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Jingling" (京陵侯).

In 252, Wang Chang proposed his plan to attack Wu again. At the same time, Zhuge Dan, Hu Zun and Guanqiu Jian also proposed their respective plans. The Wei regent Sima Shi accepted their proposals and ordered them to attack Wu from three directions. Wang Chang was assigned to attack Nan Commandery, but due to Hu Zun and Zhuge Dan's defeat by the Wu general Zhuge Ke, Wang Chang was forced to retreat.

Suppressing rebellions
In 255, the Wei generals Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin started a rebellion in Shouchun. Wang Chang was promoted to General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍) and tasked with sending troops to help suppress the rebellion. In 257, another Wei general, Zhuge Dan started a rebellion in Shouchun, this time with support from Wu forces. Wang Chang led his army to put pressure on Wu forces at Jiangling, led by Shi Ji and Quan Xi (全熙), and prevent them from coming to Zhuge Dan's aid. In 258, after Zhuge Dan's rebellion was crushed, Wang Chang was promoted to Minister of Works (司空) and rewarded with an additional 1,000 taxable households in his marquisate. He died in the following year and was granted the posthumous title "Marquis Mu" (穆侯).

Family
Father: Wang Ze (王澤), served as Administrator of Dai Commandery in the Eastern Han dynasty
Sons:
Wang Hun (王渾), served as a general in Wei and later as Minister over the Masses under the Jin dynasty, participated in the conquest of Wu by Jin in 280
Wang Shen (王深), served as Inspector of Ji Province
Wang Lun (王淪), served as an adviser to the General-in-Chief
Wang Zhan (王湛), served as Administrator of Runan Commandery
Grandsons:
Wang Shang (王尚), Wang Hun's eldest son, held a marquis title, died at a young age
Wang Ji (王濟), Wang Hun's second son, served as a Palace Attendant during the Jin dynasty
Wang Cheng (王澄), Wang Hun's third son, held a marquis title, served as an official during the Jin dynasty
Wang Wen (王汶), Wang Hun's fourth son, served as an official during the Jin dynasty
Wang Cheng (王承), Wang Zhan's son, served as an Inner Attendant in Donghai Commandery
Great-grandsons:
Wang Zhuo (王卓), Wang Ji's eldest son, served as an official
Wang Yu (王聿), Wang Ji's second son, married a Jin dynasty princess, held the title of Marquis of Minyang
Wang Shu (王述), Wang Cheng's son, served as a Master of Writing and General of the Guards during the Jin dynasty
Great-great-grandson:
Wang Tanzhi (王坦之), Wang Shu's son, served as a General of the Household and the Inspector of Xu and Yan provinces during the Jin dynasty

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
 Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.

Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:259 deaths
Category:Cao Wei generals
Category:Cao Wei politicians
Category:Politicians from Taiyuan
Category:Political office-holders in Jiangsu
Category:Generals from Shanxi


Rick Mystrom

Richard "Rick" Mystrom (born 1943) is an American Republican politician and businessman in Anchorage, Alaska. He was Mayor of Anchorage from 1994 to 2000.

Biography
Mystrom was born in Minnesota in 1943 and came to Alaska in 1972. In 1975, he established Mystrom/Beck Advertising. In 1982, he received the Small Business Person of the Year Award from President Ronald Reagan. In 1990, he sold his advertising business, which was later merged into the Nerland Agency.

Mystrom was elected to the Anchorage Assembly in 1979, serving until 1985. In 1994, he defeated Democrat Mark Begich to succeed Tom Fink as Mayor of Anchorage. In 1997, he withstood a challenge from Fink, a fellow Republican. Mystrom was widely considered the more moderate of the two Republican candidates.

In office, Mystrom emphasized crime reduction and championed the City of Lights beautification program, encouraging residents and employers to ornament their homes and businesses with decorative lights during Anchorage's dark winter.

In 2003, he challenged incumbent Republican mayor George Wuerch in a three-way race. Begich, who had unsuccessfully faced Wuerch in 2000, was elected.

Mystrom is a longtime advocate of bringing the Winter Olympic Games to Anchorage, and has chaired several committees to that end. Anchorage was twice the US candidate for these Games (1992 and 1994).

Family
He has two sons, Nick and Richard, and a daughter, Jennifer, from his former wife, Mary.

References

 Profile in the Anchorage Press

External links

Category:1943 births
Category:Alaska Republicans
Category:Anchorage Assembly members
Category:Businesspeople from Alaska
Category:Businesspeople from Minnesota
Category:Businesspeople in advertising
Category:Date of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Mayors of Anchorage, Alaska


Dick Higgins

Dick Higgins (1938–1998) was an American composer, poet, printmaker, artist, and a co-founder of Fluxus.

Life
Higgins was born in Cambridge, England to American parents. He was raised in the United States in various parts of New England, including Worcester, Massachusetts, Putney, Vermont, and Concord, New Hampshire, and lived most of his life in the United States. Higgins was the son of Carter Chapin Higgins and Katherine Huntington Bigelow. His younger brother Mark Huntington Higgins was murdered in the Congo in 1960.

Higgins married fellow Fluxus artist Alison Knowles in 1960. One daughter of Higgins and Knowles, Hannah Higgins, is the author of Fluxus Experience, an authoritative volume about the Fluxus movement. Her twin sister, Jessica Higgins, is a New York based intermedia artist closely associated with seminal curator Lance Fung.

Career
Higgins heard the John Cage Twenty-five-year Retrospective Concert in May 1958, and began studying with him that summer.

Higgins and Alison Knowles both took part in the Wiesbaden, Germany Fluxus festival in 1962 that marked the founding of Fluxus activity. He founded Something Else Press in 1963, which published many important texts including Gertrude Stein, Bern Porter, Marshall McLuhan, Cage, Merce Cunningham, Cage's teacher Henry Cowell, as well as his contemporaries such as artists Allan Kaprow, Al Hansen, Claes Oldenburg and Ray Johnson as well as leading Fluxus members George Brecht, Wolf Vostell, Daniel Spoerri, Emmett Williams, Eric Andersen, Ken Friedman, and others. The Something Else Press series of "Great Bear Pamphlets," documented the earliest Fluxus performances.

Higgins coined the word intermedia <ref>Hannah B Higgins,"The Computational Word Works of Eric Andersen and Dick Higgins", Mainframe Experimentalism: Early Digital Computing in the Experimental Arts, Hannah Higgins, & Douglas Kahn, eds., pp. 271-281</ref> to describe his artistic activities, defining it in a 1965 essay by the same name, published in the first number of the Something Else Newsletter. His most notable contributions include Danger Music scores and the Intermedia concept to describe the ineffable inter-disciplinary activities that became prevalent in the 1960s. He was an early and ardent proponent and user of computers as a tool for art making, dating back to the mid-1960s, when Alison Knowles and he created the first computer generated literary texts. His A Book About Love & War & Death, a book-length aleatory poem published in 1972 included one of those. In his introduction, Higgins states, having finished the first three parts of the poem throwing dice, he wrote a FORTRAN IV program to produce part (or Canto) four. Higgins also created 'metadrama ' poems 'minimal emotional statements or narratives'. Between 1976 and 1994 he collaborated with the Italian writer and visual artist Luciano Caruso (poet) through email correspondence.

Higgins wrote and edited forty-seven books, including "George Herbert's Pattern Poems: In Their Tradition" and "On the Composition of Signs and Images", his edition of a Giordano Bruno text, which he annotated. He saw Bruno's essay on the art of memory also as an early text on intermedia. A Dialectic of Centuries: Notes towards a Theory of the New Arts collected many of his essays and theoretical works in 1976. In 1972 Higgins founded Unpublished Editions to publish his short novel Amigo, which was later renamed Printed Editions.

In 2018, Siglio Press published a posthumous collection of Higgins's writings titled Fluxus, Intermedia and the Something Else Press. Selected Writings by Dick Higgins edited by Steve Clay of Granary Books and Fluxus artist Ken Friedman .

Higgins died of a heart attack after a performance in Quebec, Canada.

Books
 What are Legends. Illustrated by Bern Porter. Calais, Maine: Bern Porter, 1960.
 Jefferson’s Birthday/Postface. New York: Something Else Press, 1964.
 A Book about Love & War & Death. Canto One. New York: Something Else Press, 1965.
 Die Fabelhafte Geträume von Taifun-Willi. A Hear Show for the Boys at Garnisht Kiegele. Stuttgart: Reflection Press, 1966.
 Act. A Game of 52 Soaphorse Operas. New York, NY: Threadneedle Editions, 1967.
 Some Graphis Mirrors. New York, NY: Threadneedle Editions, 1967.
 A Book about Love & War & Death. San Francisco: Nova Broadcast Press, 1969.
 Foew&ombwhnw. A grammar of the mind and a phenomenology of love and a science of the arts as seen by a stalker of the wild mushroom. New York: Something Else Press, 1969.
 Computers for the Arts. Somerville, Massachusetts: Abyss Publications, 1970.
 Die Fabelhafte Geträume von Taifun Willi. Somerville, Massachusetts: Abyss Publications, 1970.
 A Book About Love & War & Death. Barton, Vermont: Something Else Press, 1972.
 For Eugene in Germany. Barton, Vermont: Unpublished Editions, 1973.
 The Ladder to the Moon. Barton, Vermont: Unpublished Editions, 1973.
 Modular Poems. Barton, Vermont: Unpublished Editions, 1974.
 City with All the Angles. A Radio Play. West Glover Vermont: Unpublished Editions, 1974.
 Spring Game. An Opera for Shadow Puppets. West Glover Vermont: Unpublished Editions, 1974.
 Classic Plays. New York: Unpublished Editions, 1976.
 Cat Alley. A Long Short Novel. Willits, California: Tuumba Press, 1976.
 Five Traditions of Art History. An Essay. New York: Unpublished Editions, 1976.
 An Exemplativist Manifesto. New York: Unpublished Editions, 1976.
 Legends & Fishnets. Barton, Vermont: Unpublished Editions, 1976.
 George Herbert's Pattern Poems. In Their Tradition. West Glover, Vermont: Unpublished Editions, 1977.
 The Epitaphs = Gli Epitaphi. Napoli, Italy: Morra, 1977.
 Everyone Has Sher Favorite (His or Hers). New York: Unpublished Editions, 1977.
 Ett Exemplativistiskt Manifest. Lund: Kalejdoskop Förlag, 1977.
 The Epickall Quest of the Brothers Dichtung and Other Outrages. Illustrated by Ken Friedman. New York: Printed Editions, 1978.
 A Dialectic of Centuries. Notes Towards a Theory of the New Arts. New York: Printed Editions, 1978.
 Of Celebration of Morning. New York: Printed Editions, 1980.
 Piano Album. Short Piano Pieces, 1962-1984. New York: Printed Editions, 1980.
 Twenty-Six Mountains for Viewing the Sunset From. Barrytown, New York: Printed Editions, 1981.
 The Word and Beyond. Four Literary Cosmologists (with Richard Morris, Donald Phelps, and Harry Smith). New York: The Smith, 1982.
 Horizons. The Poetics and Theory of the Intermedia. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1984.
 Pattern Poetry. Guide to an Unknown Literature. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.
 The Journey. Eight Colored Scenes. Barrytown, New York: Left Hand Books, 1992.
 Buster Keaton Enters into Paradise. Barrytown, New York: Left Hand Books, 1994.
 Modernism since Postmodernism. Essays on Intermedia. San Diego, California: San Diego State University, 1997.

As editor with Wolf Vostell
 Pop Architektur. Concept Art. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1969.
 Fantastic Architecture. New York: Something Else Press, 1971.

See also

intermedia
Something Else Press

References

 Further reading

 Steve Clay and Ken Friedman, eds. (2018). Fluxus, Intermedia and the Something Else Press. Selected Writings by Dick Higgins. Catskill, NY: Siglio.

External links

 Fluxus Performance Workbook
 1966 Statement on Intermedia
 Dick Higgins' page on UbuWeb
 Ruud Janssen interview with Dick Higgins about mail art
 Dick Higgins Intermedia book back in print with SDSU Press (scroll down, near the bottom)

 Dick Higgins collection, 1958-2002 – at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County
 Dick Higgins Collection, 1968-1993 (MsC 790) – at the University of Iowa
 Dick Higgins papers, 1960-1994 – the Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
 Fluxus, Intermedia and the Something Else Press. Selected Writings by Dick Higgins. – Higgins book at Siglio Press edited by Steve Clay and Ken Friedman
 Something Else Newsletter – a complete open access set of Dick Higgins's Something Else Newsletter'' at Primary Information
 An Interview With Dick Higgins, 1971 – recorded at the KPFA studios on June 13, 1971, after Higgins resigned his post at California Institute of the Arts

Category:1938 births
Category:1998 deaths
Category:People from Cambridge
Category:Fluxus
Category:British emigrants to the United States
Category:Language poets
Category:Media theorists
Category:Signalism
Category:20th-century English poets
Category:Private press movement people


Taizerbo

Taizerbo is a proposed protected area of Libya. According to data of the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) published by the United Nations this small protected area (surface 0.3 sq km) has not yet been established in 2014. The name Taizerbo is an alternative spelling of Tazirbu.

References

Category:Protected areas of Libya


Yagoto Cemetery

Yagoto Cemetery (Japanese: 八事霊園, Yagoto Reien) is one of the largest cemeteries in Nagoya, central Japan. It is located in the neighbourhood of Yagoto.

The cemetery, which was established in 1915 during the Taishō era, is civil in the sense that any resident of Nagoya, regardless of his/her religious orientation, can apply for a space there. The remains of the deceased can be cremated in the crematorium of the cemetery and the ashes laid to rest at the tomb. Most of the graves are family tombs.

Because of the rapidly aging population, there are plans to construct a second crematorium, which has met local opposition.

References

External links

 City of Nagoya | Yagoto Cemetery

Category:Yagoto
Category:Cemeteries in Japan


Wilewo

Wilewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bieżuń, within Żuromin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Bieżuń,  south-east of Żuromin, and  north-west of Warsaw.

The village has a population of 20.

References

Wilewo


Mitsu Dan

is the professional name of , a Japanese actress, gravure idol, and writer. She has played multiple lead roles in television and film, including Naoko in the 2013 erotic thriller Amai Muchi, for which she received a Newcomer of the Year award at the 37th Japan Academy Prize ceremony.

Early life and education
Mitsu Dan was born in December 3, 1980 in Akita Prefecture, Japan. After graduating from Showa Women's University, she earned a teaching certificate, worked in a funeral parlor, tried but failed to start a sweets shop, and worked as a hostess in a Ginza club before becoming a gravure idol in 2010.

Career
Dan became known for her role in the BDSM-themed erotic thriller movie Be My Slave (2012), a performance that Giovanni Fazio of The Japan Times summarized as "a starlet is born." The next year she played a lead role in the 2013 erotic thriller , which was directed by Takashi Ishii. At the 37th Japan Academy Prize ceremony Dan was recognized as a Newcomer of the Year for her performance in Amai Muchi.

Over the next few years Dan appeared in numerous television dramas, variety programs, movies, and advertising campaigns, including the kaiju parody , the 90th NHK asadora Hanako to Anne, a 2015 recruiting commercial for the Japan Self-Defense Forces, the 2016 Hulu drama Crow's Blood, and the 2017 film Sekigahara. In 2018 Dan became a weekly host of the radio program Makoto Ōtake Golden Radio! The next year she appeared in the 99th NHK asadora Manpuku.

In July 2017 Dan starred in an official tourism promotion video for Miyagi Prefecture that was created using 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami reconstruction funds and published online. Female members of the Miyagi Prefectural Assembly, along with members of the public, claimed that the video was sexually suggestive and demanded that it be taken down. Miyagi governor Yoshihiro Murai initially defended the video on the grounds that it successfully brought attention to the prefecture, but after receiving hundreds of complaints in a month he ordered the video withdrawn. Later that year the Japanese Ministry of the Environment appointed Mitsu Dan as a public ambassador to promote home energy conservation.

Dan has written books in multiple genres, including the autobiographical book , advice books  and , and the food essay collection . She made her fiction debut in 2016 with a story in the Bungeishunjū literary magazine . Since April 2017 she has written a monthly advice column for Otokemachi, an online publication of Yomiuri Shimbun. In March 2018 her story  was published in the literary magazine Bungakukai.

Personal life
Dan married manga artist Tōru Seino in November 2019.

Recognition
 2014: 37th Japan Academy Prize for Newcomer of the Year

Works
 , Shōgakukan, 2013,
 , Daiwashobō, 2013,
 , Magajinhausu, 2016,
 , Shinchosha, 2017,

Filmography

Films
 Be My Slave, 2012
 Amai Muchi, 2013
 Taishibōkei Tanita Shain Shokudō, 2013
 Figure na Anata, 2013
 Chikyū Bōei Mibōjin, 2014
 Sanbun no Ichi, 2014
 Sekigahara, 2017
 Hoshimeguri no Machi, 2018
 Eating Women, 2018

Television
 Tokumei Tantei, TV Asahi, 2012
 Otenki Oneesan, TV Asahi, 2013
 Hanzawa Naoki, TBS, 2013
 Hanako to Anne, NHK, 2014
 Coffee-ya no Hitobito, NHK, 2014
 Black President, Fuji TV, 2014
 Ore no Dandyism, TV Tokyo, 2014
 Arasa-chan Mushūsei, TV Tokyo, 2014
 Crow's Blood, Hulu Japan, 2016
 Manpuku, NHK, 2019
 Mikazuki, NHK, 2019

References

External links

Category:1980 births
Category:Japanese actresses
Category:Japanese gravure models
Category:Japanese female adult models
Category:Japanese television personalities
Category:21st-century Japanese women writers
Category:Actors from Akita Prefecture
Category:Living people


Louis Rousselet

Louis-Théophile Marie Rousselet (1845-1929) was a French traveller, writer, photographer and pioneer of the darkroom. His photographic work now commands high prices. Many of his drawings and photographs were made into engravings by others.

Life
The son of a wealthy Freight forwarder, an only child; he was educated in Paris and Heidelberg.
He made ethnological and archaeological explorations in India and the Himalayas, He travelled to Morocco, and was a Secretary of the Society of Anthropology of Paris. His travels have inspired several books. He made various archaeologigal expeditions in the southern French department of Pyrénées-Orientales.

Travels in India

He was in India from 1864 to 1868 He spent much time in central India (Alwar, Baroda, Bhopal, Gwalior, Udaipur and several other cities in Rajasthan).

Roussellet wrote: "On 20 June 1863 I embarked at Marseilles on board the "Vectis", an English steamer bound for the East", he stopped off in Malta, Cairo and Aden, before boarding the "Malta" taking the Suez Canal to Bombay and India, "I intended to mainly visit all the northern region, which includes, besides the English Presidency of Bengal, the feudal states of Rajasthan, the Bundelcund, the Goundwana, The Punjab and the Kingdom of Nepal". He arrived at Bombay on 8 July 1863.

While in Bombay he met "Jules Henri Jean Schaumburg" (1839-1886) a Belgian, who was to be his travelling companion from May 1865 - Sept 1868. Schaumburg was later appointed as an artist to The Geological Survey of India in Calcutta.

His intention was for a 6-month trip but he stayed 4 years. He was only the second photographer (after Samuel Bourne) to do so. Both men's photographs were extensively made into etchings without attribution in many cases worldwide.

On arrival in India he decided to learn photography (October 1865) in order to supplement his diaries. after visiting the ruins at Dabhoi, he realized that his pencil sketches were not doing justice to the beauty of the elaborate architecture and carving. He was to write, "It was on seeing these generally unknown masterpieces at Dubbhoee that I regretted I had not the power of reproducing them by photography, and felt that it would be impossible to continue my explorations profitably without the assistance of that art. As soon, therefore, as I returned to Baroda, I applied myself seriously to learn photography; and with that view I procured from Bombay all the necessary apparatus".

He took more than 600 photographs. On his return to France he published excerpts from his Indian diary along with woodcut illustrations taken mostly from his sketches and photographs in a French weekly journal Le Tour du Monde. Many of the engravings were by Émile Thérond.

 He visited the Bir Singh Dev Palace and it's lake Datia (Lala ka Taal) (1867).

When in Bhopal in 1867, the two companions were presented with Sirdar costumes: "The glittering costumes ordered by the Queen consisted of long tunics of green silk gauze embossed with gold; vast petticoat pantaloons of crimson satin embroidered with silver, kumerbunds, or cashmere belts, of violet and gold, cloaks of deep scarlet-coloured cashmere embroidered with gold and silver, and to crown all, toque diadems in fine gold."

He first visited Banaras (Kashi) in Uttar Pradesh and Delhi in 1868.

Rousselet then left India for the last time: "...and on the 1st September 1868, I went on board the "Labourdonnais" ... I had also to say good-bye to my good and faithful companion (Schaumburg), who was detained by fresh projects in the country. My old bearer Devi, the trusty servant who had followed me for two years through so many good and evil fortunes, was there also, melted in tears, and embracing my knees. At last the moment of parting arrived; the bell rang; I saw Schaumburg, and the old bearer pushing off in the boat, and waving me their last adieu."

After India
On return to France, in 1868, he began to work with Goupil & Cie on a publishing project entitled "travel in India ML Rousselet", composed of one hundred sixty photographic plates. This publication, was intended to be prestigious, rare and expensive. Unfortunately the project nearing completion, was abandoned as the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 broke out. Rousselet was then mobilized and Goupil workshops suffered significant damage. However Rousselets extraordinary set of high quality technical and aesthetic quality photographs remained.

In 1873 he became editor-in-chief of Hachette's Le Journal de la jeunesse, a weekly magazine aimed at educating and entertaining youths aged between 10 and 15; the advent of World War I put a stop to it.

He was also director of the new dictionary of universal geography (Hachette), an Academy Officer, and a member of the Society for the Advancement of Science

The publication in 1875 by Hachette of his journal, The Rajahs of India ("L'Inde des Rajas"), a compilation of his notes, drawings and photographs, was a great success with a large audience. Rousselet was to remain faithful to Hachette thereafter and make a great career.

In 1876 he got married in Paris, to Thérèse Trotignon, they would have four children born in 1877, 1878, 1881, and 1891.

Rousselet's photographs are the most copied images published worldwide of 19th century India.

His photograph collection and travel book L'Inde des Rajahs: Voyage Dans l'Inde Centrale, dans les Presidences de Bombay et du Bengale (1875) documented court life. Other photographs were of monuments and temples.

Death
Rousselet died at Vineuil and was buried at Bourré, Loir-et-Cher, in France.

Honours
Légion d'Honneur (Chevalier)
Palmes Académiques

Works
 L'Inde des Rajas: voyage dans l'Inde centrale et dans les présidences de Bombay et du Bengale (1875)
 India and its Native Princes, éditions Chapman & Hall, 1876
 Les royaumes de l'Inde (1879)
+ " The Son of the Constable of France or the Adventures of Jean de Bourbon" (1882)
 Nouveau dictionnaire de géographie universelle, with Vivien de Saint-Martin
 Au vieux pays de France (1906)
 Sur les confins du Maroc (1912)
 L'Inde: photographies de Louis Rousselet 1865 - 1868, Musée Goupil, 1992

Collection
 Musée d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux. The museum contains the archives (Musée Goupil) of Goupil & Cie, one of the greatest art dealers and publishers of the 19th century. The collection includes - The India photographs of Louis Rousselet 1865-1868

Expositions
 1996, Musée des beaux-arts et d'archéologie, Libourne
 1992, Musée d'Aquitaine

Gallery of photographs

Gallery of works after Rousselet

References
 L'Inde: photographies de Louis Rousselet 1865 - 1868. Musée Goupil - Bordeaux, Bordeaux. (1992)

Notes

External links

Category:1845 births
Category:1929 deaths
Category:French photographers
Category:French non-fiction outdoors writers


Esmark Glacier

Esmark Glacier is a glacier flowing into the west part of Jossac Bight on the south coast of South Georgia. It was named by the Norwegian expedition under Olaf Holtedahl, 1927–28, most likely for Jens Esmark, professor of mineralogy at the University of Kristiania (Oslo), Norway.
To the northwest is Mount Cunningham.

See also
 List of glaciers in the Antarctic
 Glaciology

References

Category:Glaciers of South Georgia


Troilus of Elis

Troilus of Elis was an ancient Greek athlete from Elis who participated at the ancient Olympic Games. He gained controversy by being a referee who won two equestrian events at the 372 BC games. After that a law banned referees from competing. His story has at times been used to show the ancient games had a "win at any cost" mindset quite different from the modern Olympic ideal.

External links
Equestrian site
The Telegraph on how "Winning matters" at the Ancient Olympics
Ancient Olympic results without comment at Sikyon

Category:Ancient Eleans
Category:Ancient Olympic competitors
Category:4th-century BC Greek people