Salamaua–Lae campaign

The Salamaua–Lae campaign was a series of actions in the New Guinea campaign of World War II. Australian and United States forces sought to capture two major Japanese bases, one in the town of Lae, and another one at Salamaua. The campaign to take the Salamaua and Lae area began after the successful defence of Wau in late January, which was followed up by an Australian advance towards Mubo as the Japanese troops that had attacked Wau withdrew to positions around Mubo. A series of actions followed over the course of several months as the Australian 3rd Division advanced north-east towards Salamaua. After an amphibious landing at Nassau Bay, the Australians were reinforced by a US regimental combat team, which subsequently advanced north up the coast.

As the Allies kept up the pressure on the Japanese around Salamaua, in early September they launched an airborne assault on Nadzab, and a seaborne landing near Lae, subsequently taking the town with simultaneous drives from the east and north-west. As the situation around Lae grew more desperate, the Salamaua garrison withdrew, and it was captured on 11 September 1943, while Lae fell shortly afterwards on 16 September, bringing the campaign to an end.

Background
In March 1942, the Japanese secured Salamaua and Lae and subsequently established major bases on the north coast of New Guinea, in the large town of Lae, and in Salamaua, a small administrative town and port 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the south. Salamaua was a staging post for attacks on Port Moresby, such as the Kokoda Track campaign, and a forward operating base for Japanese aviation. When the attacks failed, the Japanese turned the port into a major supply base. Logistical limitations meant that the Salamaua–Lae area could garrison only 10,000 Japanese personnel: 2,500 seamen and 7,500 soldiers. The defences were centred on the Okabe Detachment, a brigade-sized force from the 51st Division under Major General Toru Okabe.

In January 1943, the Okabe Detachment was defeated in an attack on the Australian base of Wau, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) away. Allied commanders turned their attention to Salamaua, which could be attacked by troops flown into Wau. This also diverted attention from Lae, which was a major objective of Operation Cartwheel, the Allied grand strategy for the South Pacific. It was decided that the Japanese would be pursued towards Salamaua by the Australian 3rd Division, which had been formed at Wau, under the command of Major General Stanley Savige, who were to link up with elements of the US 41st Infantry Division.

Salamaua

Following the conclusion of the fighting around Wau in late January, the Okabe Detachment had withdrawn towards Mubo, where they began to regroup, numbering about 800 strong. Between 22 April and 29 May 1943, the Australian 2/7th Infantry Battalion, at the end of a long and tenuous supply line, attacked the southern extremity of Japanese lines in the Mubo area, at features known to the Allies as "The Pimple" and "Green Hill". While the 2/7th made little progress, they provided a diversion for Major George Warfe's 2/3rd Independent Company, which advanced in an arc and raided Japanese positions at Bobdubi Ridge, inflicting severe losses. In May, the 2/7th repelled a number of strong Japanese counterattacks.

At the same time as the first battle at Mubo, the Australian 24th Infantry Battalion, which had been defending the Wampit Valley in an effort to prevent Japanese movement into the area from Bulolo, detached several platoons to reinforce the 2/3rd Independent Company. During the month of May, they were heavily engaged in patrolling the 3rd Division's northern flank, around the Markham River, and the area around Missim, and one patrol succeeded in reaching the mouth of the Bituang River, to the north of Salamaua.

In response to the Allied moves, the Japanese Eighteenth Army commander, Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi, sent the 66th Infantry Regiment from Finschhafen to reinforce the Okabe Detachment and launch an offensive. The 1,500-strong 66th attacked at Lababia Ridge, on 20–23 June. The battle has been described as one of the Australian Army's "classic engagements" of World War II. The ridge's only defenders were "D" Company of the 2/6th Battalion. The Australians relied on well-established and linked defensive positions, featuring extensive, cleared free-fire zones. These assets and the determination of "D" Company defeated the Japanese envelopment tactics.

Between 30 June and 19 August, the Australian 15th Infantry Brigade cleared Bobdubi Ridge. The operation was opened with an assault by the inexperienced 58th/59th Infantry Battalion, and included hand-to-hand combat. At the same time as the second Australian assault on Bobdubi, on 30 June – 4 July, the US 162nd Regimental Combat Team (162nd RCT), supported by engineers from the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade, made an unopposed amphibious landing at Nassau Bay and established a beachhead there, to launch a drive along the coast, as well as bringing ashore heavy guns with which to reduce the Japanese positions.

A week after the Bobdubi attack and Nassau Bay landing, the Australian 17th Brigade launched another assault on Japanese positions at Mubo. With the Allies making ground closer to Salamaua, the Japanese withdrew to avoid encirclement. The Japanese divisional commander, Hidemitsu Nakano, subsequently determined to concentrate his forces in the Komiatum area, which was an area of high ground to the south of Salamaua.

Meanwhile, the main body of the 162nd RCT followed a flanking route along the coast, before encountering fierce resistance at Roosevelt Ridge—named after its commander, Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Roosevelt—between 21 July and 14 August. Between 16 July and 19 August, the 42nd and 2/5th Infantry Battalions gained a foothold on Mount Tambu. They held on despite fierce Japanese counter-attacks. The battle turned when they were assisted by the 162nd RCT. Throughout July, the Japanese sought to reinforce the Salamaua area, drawing troops away from Lae; by the end of the month there were around 8,000 Japanese around Salamaua.

On 23 August, Savige and the 3rd Division handed over the Salamaua operation to the Australian 5th Division under Major General Edward Milford. Throughout late August and into early September the Japanese in the Salamaua region fought to hold the advancing Allies along their final line of defence in front of Salamaua, nevertheless the 58th/59th Infantry Battalion succeeded in crossing the Francisco River and the 42nd Infantry Battalion subsequently captured the main Japanese defensive position around Charlie Hill. After Allied landings near Lae in the first week of September, the 18th Army commander, Hatazō Adachi, ordered Nakano to abandon Salamaua and subsequently his forces withdrew to the north disinvesting the town and transferring between 5,000 and 6,000 troops by barge, while other troops marched out along the coastal road. The 5th Division subsequently occupied Salamaua on 11 September, securing its airfield.

The fighting between April and September in the Salamaua region cost the Australians 1,083 casualties, including 343 dead. The Japanese lost 2,722 killed and a further 5,378 wounded, for a total of 8,100 casualties. The US 162nd lost 81 killed and 396 wounded. Throughout the fighting, Allied aircraft and US PT boats supported the troops ashore, enforcing a blockade of the Huon Gulf and the Vitiaz and Dampier Straits.

Operation Postern

The codename for the main operations to take Lae was Operation Postern. Planned as part of wider operations to eventually secure the Huon Peninsula, the operation to capture Lae was planned by General Thomas Blamey, who assumed command of the Allied New Guinea Force, and Australian I Corps commander, Lieutenant General Sir Edmund Herring. This was a classic pincer movement, involving an amphibious assault east of the town, and an airborne landing near Nadzab, 50 kilometres (30 mi) to the west. Battle casualties for the 9th Division during Operation Postern amounted to 547, of which 115 were killed and 73 were posted as missing, and 397 were wounded, while the 7th Division suffered 142 casualties, of which 38 were killed. The Japanese lost about 1,500 killed, while a further 2,000 were captured.

Lae

On 4 September, the Australian 9th Division, under Major General George Wootten, landed east of Lae, on "Red Beach" and "Yellow Beach", near Malahang beginning an attempt to encircle Japanese forces in the town. Five US Navy destroyers provided artillery support. The landings were not opposed by land forces but were attacked by Japanese bombers, which inflicted numerous casualties amongst the naval and military personnel on board several landing craft.

The 20th Brigade led the assault, with the 26th following them up while the 24th formed the divisional reserve. The 9th Division faced formidable natural barriers in the form of rivers swollen by recent rain. They came to a halt at the Busu River, which could not be bridged for two reasons: the 9th lacked heavy equipment, and the far bank was occupied by Japanese soldiers. On 9 September, the 2/28th Infantry Battalion led the attack across the Busu River and secured a bridgehead after fierce fighting.

Nadzab

The following day, the US 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment, together with two gun crews from the Australian 2/4th Field Regiment—who had received a crash course in the use of parachutes—and their cut-down 25-pounder artillery pieces, made an unopposed parachute drop at Nadzab, just west of Lae. The airborne forces secured Nadzab Airfield, so that the Australian 7th Division, under Major General George Vasey, could be flown in, to cut off any possible Japanese retreat into the Markham Valley. The 7th Division suffered its worst casualties of the campaign on 7 September, as they were boarding planes at Port Moresby: a B-24 Liberator bomber crashed while taking off, hitting five trucks carrying members of the 2/33rd Infantry Battalion: 60 died and 92 were injured.

On 11 September, the 7th Division's 25th Infantry Brigade engaged about 200 Japanese soldiers entrenched at Jensen's Plantation in a firefight, at a range of , with the 2/4th Field Regiment providing artillery support. After defeating them and killing 33 enemy soldiers, the 25th Infantry Brigade engaged and defeated a larger Japanese force at Heath's Plantation, killing 312 Japanese soldiers. It was at Heath's Plantation that Private Richard Kelliher won the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the British Commonwealth. The 25th Infantry Brigade entered Lae on 15 September, just before the 9th Division's 24th Infantry Brigade. The two units linked up that day.

Aftermath

While the fall of Lae was clearly a victory for the Allies, and it was achieved more quickly and at lower cost than anticipated, a significant proportion of the Japanese garrison had escaped through the Saruwaged Range, to the north of Lae, and would have to be fought again elsewhere. The Huon Peninsula campaign was the result, and a quick follow up landing was subsequently undertaken at Scarlet Beach by the 20th Brigade.

Despite initial plans to do so, Salamaua was not developed as a base.  The Australian I Corps commander, Lieutenant General Sir Edmund Herring, visited Salamaua by PT boat on 14 September 1943, three days after its capture, and found little more than bomb craters and corrugated iron.  He recommended cancelling the development of Salamaua and concentrating all available resources on Lae. The base that had originally been envisaged now looked like a waste of effort, because Salamaua was a poor site for a port or airbase. However, in drawing the Japanese attention away from Lae at a critical time, the assault on Salamaua had already served its purpose.

Lae, on the other hand, was subsequently transformed into two bases: the Australian Lae Base Sub Area and the USASOS Base E. Herring combined the two as the Lae Fortress, under Milford. Because Blamey had launched Postern before the logistical preparations were complete, most of the units needed to operate the base were not yet available.

The importance of Lae as a port was to supply the airbase at Nadzab, but this was compromised because the Markham Valley Road was found to be in poor condition. To expedite the development of Nadzab, minimal efforts were made to repair it, and heavy military traffic bound for Nadzab was permitted to use it. The road was closed following heavy rains on 7 October and did not reopen until December. Until then, Nadzab had to be supplied by air, and its development was slow because heavy engineer units could not get through.

Notes

References

Further reading

Category:Conflicts in 1943
Category:1943 in Papua New Guinea
Category:Territory of New Guinea
Category:South West Pacific theatre of World War II
Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia
Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States
Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Papua New Guinea
Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan
Category:Operation Cartwheel


Trump National Golf Club (Los Angeles)

Trump National Golf Club, Los Angeles is a public golf club in Rancho Palos Verdes, California with a  course designed by Pete Dye and Donald J. Trump Signature Design. It is owned by The Trump Organization.

Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles was formerly known as Ocean Trails Golf Club, an 18–hole course designed by Pete Dye, which was about to open when a landslide occurred and the 18th hole slid toward the Pacific Ocean. The Ocean Trails Golf Club subsequently went into bankruptcy, and on November 26, 2002 Trump bought the property for $27 million, intending to redesign the course. It includes a  clubhouse.

It is ranked among the Top 100 Courses You Can Play by Golf Magazine.

The club is known for its views of the Pacific Ocean and Catalina Island. It is not the only ocean-front golf course in LA County. Nearby is also the Los Verdes Golf Course. The course featured three artificial waterfalls until they were removed during the 2012–15 drought. The Michael Douglas Pro-Celebrity and Friends Golf Tournament takes place there annually, in April.

At a total cost of $264 million, Trump National Golf Club, Los Angeles would be the most expensive golf course ever constructed. Trump’s representatives claimed the course was worth $10 million in dealing with the L.A. County property tax  assessor two years after the course opened.

History

Trump National's predecessor, the Ocean Trails Golf Club, was part of a  property owned by developer Edward Zuckerman and a partner. Prior to the Zuckerman purchase, the property was used as a farm. The golf course is on the Palos Verdes Peninsula known for its landslides. The height of the peninsula of  above sea level and the action of the waves are two main contributing factors for the landslides. The stratification of the sedimentary rock below the course is visible in the high cliffs of the area as it gradually slopes seaward. The sloping and stratification create favorable conditions for the generation of landslides. As a result, homes and roads have been lost to the ocean in that area. In the area occupied by the golf course and its vicinity, there are three ancient landslides which have been named by geologists as A, B and C respectively. The green of the Ocean Trails golf course 18th hole and half of its fairway were on top of ancient landslide C.

On June 2, 1999 the construction on the $126 million Ocean Trails golf course was almost complete and the course was close to its scheduled opening when a landslide unexpectedly occurred, caused by the sudden reactivation of ancient landslide C, and  of the 18th hole fairway disappeared under the ocean when a fissure parallel to the cliff appeared and subsequently collapsed. A  long island was created due to the landslide, temporarily trapping a local resident. The landslide caused most of the 496 yard par 4 18th hole to slide  toward the ocean, including the fairway and green.

Also due to the slide, bike paths, walking paths, the edge of the bluffs and a segment of an LA County sewer line disappeared. It is believed that fluid discharge from the sewer line, probably leaking before the slide, acted as a lubricant on the thin underlying layer of bentonite, which became saturated with liquid sewage in turn, and this acted as a facilitator for the stratified geological accumulations to slide relative to each other. Bentonite, a form of clay, exhibits a low frictional coefficient when wet, i.e. it becomes slippery. The golf course opened with only 15 holes because of the landslide.

The landslide caused the Ocean Trails Golf Course construction project to go into bankruptcy. Covered by insurance funds, a massive geotechnical project was launched to reconstruct the 18th hole using 1,250,000 cubic yards of earth to fill it. The stabilization work and the slide caused cosmetic damage to the course. At the time, golf course historian Geoff Shackelford said that at the then projected cost of repair of more than $20 million, the 18th hole would have been "the most expensive single hole in history".

After three years, legal issues between the involved banks and developers caused the geological stabilization work to stop. In 2002 Donald Trump stepped in and bought the  property, including the golf course, with the intention of finalizing construction and repairs by the summer of 2003. On January 20, 2006 the 18-hole Trump National Golf Club opened in Los Angeles. The reinforcement fill designed to stabilize the area affected by the slide is located under holes 17 and 18. During the massive geological stabilization process the golf course was open for business.

The geological stabilization process was based on a geotechnical design involving the use of geosynthetic materials designed to enhance the cohesion and strength of the landslide fill. Asked about the safety of the work, Trump said: "If I'm ever in California for an earthquake, this is where I want to be standing".

In 2008 Trump sued the city of Rancho Palos Verdes for $100 million, alleging that the city did not allow him to make the improvements needed to maintain the Trump image. The lawsuit was settled in 2012 for undisclosed terms.

In 2015, the course was to have become the host of the PGA Grand Slam of Golf.  The tournament was cancelled due to Trump's comments about illegal immigrants. Sports teams and charities continued to move their charity-golf tournaments to other venues during his presidency.

Media
The Trump National Los Angeles was the setting for the filming of Golf Channel's The Big Break VI: Trump National.
The Trump National Los Angeles was also the setting for the golf course shots in "50 First Dates", with Catalina Island clearly seen in some of the shots.
In the 2008 film Step Brothers, the course was used for the "Catalina Wine Mixer" scenes, doubling as Catalina Island.

In the 2014 film Horrible Bosses 2, the 'cancel the order' scene was filmed at the golf course.

The Modern Family 2014 episode The Wedding (Part 2) was filmed at the golf course.

See also
 Donald Trump and golf
List of things named after Donald Trump

References

External links

Category:Golf clubs and courses in California
Category:Palos Verdes Peninsula
Category:Landslides in the United States
Category:Assets owned by the Trump Organization
Category:Landslides in 1999
Category:Donald Trump real estate


1915 Scarborough by-election

The Scarborough by-election of 1915 was held on 9 February 1915.  The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, Walter Rea, becoming Lord Commissioner of the Treasury.  It was retained by Rea, who was unopposed due to the war-time electoral pact.

References

Category:1915 in England
Category:Politics of the Borough of Scarborough
Category:1915 elections in the United Kingdom
Category:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in North Yorkshire constituencies
Category:1910s in Yorkshire
Category:Unopposed ministerial by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom (need citation)
Category:February 1915 events


Friedrich von Rochow

Friedrich Leopold Harry von Rochow (August 12, 1881 – August 17, 1945) was a German horse rider who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

He was part of the German team, which won the silver medal in the equestrian team event, also he won the silver medal in the individual event.

External links
profile

Category:1881 births
Category:1945 deaths
Category:German event riders
Category:Olympic equestrians of Germany
Category:German male equestrians
Category:Equestrians at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Category:Olympic medalists in equestrian

Category:Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics


Talsi (floorball club)

Talsi is a Latvian Floorball League team based in Talsi, Latvia.

Goaltenders
  1  Andris Eglītis
12  Māris Ronis
41  Kārlis Švampe

Defencemen
  2  Oskars Fīrmanis
  7  Rihards Fīrmanis
11  Mikus Norde
14  Jānis Klestrovs
16  Andris Blumbahs
14  Ivo Solomahins
78  Mārtiņš Maķevics
81  Dailis Skudritis
84  Andris Jurkevics
91  Madars Plepis

Forwards
  4  Roberts Fārenhorsts
  8  Uvis Nordeja
  9  Andis Švalkovskis
10  Māris Āboltiņš
13  Daneks Balodis
17  Aivars Haselbaums
18  Kristiāns Lisovskis
20  Ģirts Zanders
21  Artis Raitums
69  Māris Kumerdanks

Category:Talsi
Category:Floorball in Latvia
Category:Latvian floorball teams


Lionel Kiddie City

The Lionel toy stores (doing business as Lionel Kiddie City, Lionel Playworld, and, until 1990, Lionel Toy Warehouse) were American toy store chains under the ownership of Lionel Corp.

History
Kiddie City Toy Stores were started in the 1960s.  By the early 1980s, Lionel operated 150 stores, under the names Lionel Kiddie City, Lionel Playworld, and Lionel Toy Warehouse (rebranded as Lionel Kiddie City in 1990). For a time it was the second-largest toy store chain in the United States. Lionel ran into financial trouble during the early 1980s recession and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in February 1982. After reducing itself in size to 55 stores, it emerged from bankruptcy in September 1985.

By 1991, the chain grew to 100 stores and was the fourth-largest toy retailer in the country, but once again ran into trouble due to a combination of factors. In 1989 the Robert I. Toussie L.P., a partnership of several retail executives, attempted to buy the company. Lionel resisted, and the fight drained the company of cash. Meanwhile, non-specialty discount stores expanded their toy sections and undercut the prices of specialty toy chains. Additionally, Lionel found it difficult to compete on price with the larger Toys "R" Us, and the chain attempted to expand too rapidly in a weakened economy. After several successive unprofitable quarters, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on June 14, 1991. In 1992 Lionel attempted to reverse its fortunes by merging with the bankrupt Child World, the United States' #3 toy retailer, but was unable to secure financing. By February 1993 Lionel had closed all but 29 stores in six states, concentrating on the markets of Philadelphia, central New Jersey, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Cleveland, Ohio and south Florida. Unable to reach an agreement for reorganization with its creditors, on June 2, Lionel announced its intention to liquidate all of its stores and go out of business.

The Lionel trademarks were purchased by Richard Kughn, a real estate magnate who had bought the Lionel model train line from General Mills in 1986.

Slogans
 Let Lionel (Kiddie City/Playworld) turn that frown... upside down!
 Shop at (Kiddie City/Lionel Playworld) - toy capital of the world!
 Playworld, A World of Toys, Great for Girls and Great for Boys, Playworld, Where Prices Go, So Low, Low, Low, Low.

References

Category:Defunct toy manufacturers
Category:Defunct companies based in New Jersey
Category:Toy companies of the United States
Category:Companies based in New Jersey
Category:Toy retailers
Category:Lionel, LLC
Category:Retail companies established in the 1960s
Category:Retail companies disestablished in 1993


33 Shiroor

33 Shiroor  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Udupi taluk of Udupi district in Karnataka.

See also
 Udupi
 Districts of Karnataka

References

External links
 http://Udupi.nic.in/

Category:Villages in Udupi district


American Society of Biomechanics

The American Society of Biomechanics (ASB) is a scholarly society that focuses on biomechanics across a variety of academic fields. It was founded in 1977 by a group of scientists and clinicians. The ASB holds an annual conference as an arena to disseminate and learn about the most recent progress in the field, to distribute awards to recognize excellent work, and to engage in public outreach to expand the impact of its members.

Conferences

The society hosts an annual conference that takes place in North America (usually USA). These conferences are periodically joint conferences held in conjunction with the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB), the North American Congress on Biomechanics (NACOB), and the World Congress of Biomechanics (WCB). The annual conference, when not partnered with another conference, receives around 700 to 800 abstract submissions per year, with attendees in approximately the same numbers. The first conference was held in 1977.

Often, work presented at these conferences achieves media attention due to the ‘public interest’ nature of the findings or that new devices are introduced there. Examples include:
 the effect of tablet reading on cervical spine posture;
 the squeak of the basketball shoe;
 ‘underwear’ to address back-pain;
 recovery after exercise;
 exoskeleton boots for joint pain during exercise;
 how flamingos stand on one leg.

National Biomechanics Day

The ASB is instrumental in promoting National Biomechanics Day (NBD), which has received international recognition.
In New Zealand, Massey University attracted NZ$48,000 of national funding
through the Unlocking Curious Minds programme to promote National Biomechanics Day, with the aim to engage 1,100 students from lower-decile schools in an experiential learning day focused on the science of biomechanics.

It was first held in 2016 on April 7, and consisted of ‘open house’ visits from middle and high school students to biomechanics research and teaching laboratories across the US.

In 2017, NBD was held on April 6. An estimated 7000+ number of high school students participated in events around USA and internationally
with significant media attention

International participation was recognised from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and Taiwan.

Awards

The society grants a number of annual awards both honouring individuals in the field, and honouring notable research projects. The most notable of these is the Borelli Award, which has been awarded annually since 1984 for outstanding career accomplishment in any field of biomechanics. Past winners include:

References

Category:Conferences
Category:Biomechanics
Category:Learned societies of the United States
Category:1977 establishments in the United States


Pinckney Community Schools

Pinckney Community Schools is a school district in Pinckney, Livingston County, Michigan.  The district serves 2,977 students from the communities of Hamburg Township, Putnam Township, the Village of Pinckney, and Hell. In 2010, a bond was passed with the money going towards facility improvements, classroom technology, a one-to-one laptop program for grades 7-12, a new fine and performing arts center, and a football stadium.
Beginning with the 2013-2014 school year, Navigator School serves students in grades 4, 5 and 6, while the elementary schools serve students from Pre-Kindergarten through grade 3.

Schools

The school district is housed in five buildings:
 Pinckney Community High School - grades 9 through 12
 * Dr. Les Sharon, Principal
 * April Woods, Assistant Principal
 * Julia McBride, Assistant Principal
 * Dr. Jim Darga, Director of CTE Programs and Secondary Curriculum
 Pinckney New Technology High School - grades 9 through 12 (housed inside Pinckney Community High School)
 * Julia McBride, New Tech Director
 Pathfinder School - 7th and 8th grade
 * Eric Ray, Principal
 * Lori Sandula, Assistant Principal
 Navigator Upper Elementary School - 4th, 5th and 6th grade
 * Janet McDole, Principal
 * Lori Sandula, Assistant Principal
 Farley Hill Elementary - Pre-K through 3rd grade
 * Yvonne Taylor, Principal
 Country Elementary - Pre-K through 3rd grade
 * Ruth Badalucco, Principal

External links
Pinckney Community Schools

Category:School districts in Michigan
Category:Education in Livingston County, Michigan

References

 Detroit News, January 5, 2009.
 Livingston County Press & Argus, October 10, 2014, New Tech High National Recognition


Stuart A. Herrington

Stuart Arthur Herrington, Col, U.S. Army (Ret.) is an author and retired counterintelligence officer with extensive interrogation experience in three wars (Vietnam, Operation Just Cause, and Operation Desert Storm).  Herrington's 2003 audit of interrogation practices by U.S. forces in Iraq, including conditions at the Abu Ghraib prison and other sites, prompted scrutiny of U.S. interrogation efforts in the Global War on Terror.

For his experience in the Vietnam War, he was interviewed in Ken Burns's series about the war.

Military and Intelligence Assignments

Vietnam
Herrington joined military intelligence in 1967 training at the US Army Intelligence School at Fort Holabird and then served in West Berlin for 2 years.

He then trained as a military adviser at Fort Bragg and spent 3 months learning Vietnamese at Fort Bliss before deploying to South Vietnam in March 1971 as an intelligence adviser in the Đức Huệ District of Hậu Nghĩa Province on the Cambodian border. In this role he took part in the Phoenix Program identifying and then capturing or killing Vietcong cadres. Herrington later wrote that he saw the waterboarding of a 19-year-old girl, and was shocked into a permanent aversion to torture as an interrogation technique.

Herrington then served at the Defense Attache Office in Saigon as an intelligence officer in the U.S. Delegation, Four Party Joint Military Team, which was charged by the terms of the Paris Peace Accords with obtaining information on the dead and missing from the war. At dawn, April 30, 1975, he was one of the last Americans to be evacuated from the roof of the US Embassy during the Fall of Saigon.

German and post Cold-War operations
Herrington spent six years during the 1980s in West Germany, culminating with a three-year tour as the Commander of the 766th MI Detachment, Army counterintelligence's unit in West Berlin. During his tenure, the Detachment scored a success against the Soviet KGB when three Soviet officers were detained while meeting with an American soldier they believed was a traitor.(Operation Lake Terrace)  Transferring to Ft. Meade, Maryland in 1986, he continued his focus on counterintelligence, commanding three Intelligence & Security Command CI/Human Intelligence units there over a period of eight years. His most significant command challenge was as Director, U.S. Army Foreign Counterintelligence Activity (FCA), between January 1988 and May 1992. During his tenure as Director, FCA, the unit pursued and wrapped up two of the most sensitive and significant espionage cases in post WW II history.

In a global counterespionage case, FCA, working with the CIA, the FBI, Germany, and several foreign governments, successfully concluded the Clyde Lee Conrad espionage investigation, which involved the arrests and/or exposing of eleven participants in a spy ring that had been stealing war plans in Europe and selling them to the Czechs and the Hungarians, who provided them to the Soviet Union. Conrad, a retired Army NCO, was arrested in August 1988, and eventually given the first and only life sentence for espionage by the German government. Following the Conrad case, Herrington's FCA team successfully handled another sensitive investigation, resulting in the arrest and conviction of Warrant Officer James Hall, his Turkish courier, and four other co-conspirators, all of them soldiers or former soldiers.

During his service as Director, FCA, Herrington twice deployed to hostile contingencies, first in Panama (Just Cause-1989-90) and second to Saudi Arabia (Desert Storm). (1991). During both contingencies, Herrington constituted a team from FCA and other assets, then established and led sophisticated interrogation projects targeting high-value detainees from among the prisoner population. His account of these interrogation operations, which did not employ torture, brutality, or any of the "enhanced interrogation techniques" that became famous/infamous during the post-9-11 period, can be found in a major address Herrington delivered in 2009. In June 1992, after giving up command of FCA, Herrington established "Task Force Russia: POW/MIA" at the request of the Chief of Staff, Army, which supported an intensive probe into the fates of unaccounted for personnel from WW II, Korea, Cold War shootdowns, and Vietnam POW/MIA. Initially the TF Director, he became its Deputy Director when the Army determined that the highly charged nature of the POW/MIA hunt merited the assignment of a general officer as its Director. From June 1992 to June 1993, Herrington and his TF Russia team reestablished the DoD's credibility in POW/MIA matters, and cemented cordial and respectful ties with the families of unaccounted for servicemembers.

After Retirement
Herrington retired from the military in 1998 to become the Director, Global Security & Investigations for the Callaway Golf Company, protecting the golf company's intellectual property (anti-counterfeiting), and running its corporate security operations. In 2005, he was named "Corporate Security Director of the Year" by Access Control & Security Systems magazine.

In March 2002, he was requested by HQ, Department of the Army, to travel to Guantanamo, Cuba, to evaluate the interrogation operations of the newly established task force (JTF 161) of Global War on Terror detainees.  His report to the Task Force's commander strongly recommended the adoption of sophisticated, developmental-based operations along the lines of earlier successful projects Herrington had undertaken in other contingencies.  In December 2003, he again was asked by the Army to serve as a consultant, this time by traveling to Baghdad, Iraq to evaluate both interrogation operations and the command's (Combined Joint Task Force-7) conduct with respect to the growing insurgency.  As in Guantanamo, Herrington's report was critical of the command's operations, and became controversial when it was leaked to the "Washington Post."    In that report, Herrington criticized the command's interrogation practices, and pointed out that command operations, particularly "kinetic" operations in search of Saddam Hussein and insurgents, were counterproductive    In 2006, Herrington mentored a class of interrogators at Fort Bliss, Texas, on the use of non-abusive interrogation techniques.  In 2004, he repeated this effort at Ft. Lewis, Washington to the soldiers of the 502d Military Intelligence Battalion, again rejecting brutality and stressing the effectiveness of legal, developmental-based interrogation practices.

Opposition to Use of Force in Interrogations

In 2008, Herrington and other retired military intelligence officers called for a ban on waterboarding. Herrington discussed his opposition to Bush-era interrogation practices and his own philosophy of interrogation—a developmental, rapport-based effort—in several public articles and talks.  One of his themes was that experienced, skilled interrogators almost unanimously reject the concept of using force and inflicting physical misery on detainees to obtain information.  He and numerous other seasoned interrogators from the military, the FBI, and the CIA, collaborated with the organization, Human Rights First, to lobby in Washington on behalf of this philosophy and against "enhanced interrogation techniques," labeling them as ineffective, illegal, morally wrong, and a resort to "amateur hour" tactics.

Publications

Silence Was A Weapon: The Vietnam War in the Villages, Presidio Press, 1982 (An account of the Vietnam War in Hau Nghia Province based upon the author's tour of duty between January 1971 and August 1972).

Peace with Honor? An American Reports on Vietnam, 1973-1975, Presidio Press, 1983 (Sequel to Silence Was A Weapon, an account of the cease-fire period ending with the evacuation of Saigon based on the author's tour of duty between Aug 1973 and April 1975) Out of Print

Stalking the Vietcong: Inside Operation Phoenix Presidio Press (trade paperback), 1997, A revised edition of Silence Was A Weapon containing formerly classified data not included in the original edition, out of print.

Stalking the Vietcong: Inside Operation Phoenix Ballantine Books-Random House (paperback), 2004, in print.

Traitors Among Us: Inside the Spy Catcher's World Presidio Press (hardbound, out of print), 2004; Same title, trade paperback, in print, Harvest Book, Harcourt, 2000.

A Tale of Two Families: A Genealogical Memoir of the Herrington Family Hardbound, Angel Printing, 2009 (not commercially available)

The Fight for the High Ground: The U.S. Army and Interrogation During Operation Iraqi Freedom, May 2003-April 2004 by Major Douglas A. Pryer, U.S. Army, CGSC Foundation Press, 2009, (Major Pryer's award-winning book, with a Foreword contributed by Colonel (retired) Stuart A. Herrington addressing the interrogation issues of the Bush Administration)

See also
 Abu Ghraib
 Clyde Lee Conrad
 Guantanamo
 Task Force 121
 Waterboarding

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:Military intelligence
Category:American army personnel of the Vietnam War
Category:University of Florida alumni
Category:United States Army colonels
Category:American army personnel of the Gulf War
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Spoiler

Spoiler may refer to:
 Spoiler (aeronautics), a device to reduce lift in aeronautics
 Spoiler (car), a device to modify air flow in order to increase fuel efficiency or improve handling in automobiles
 Spoiler (sports), a team that has been eliminated from the playoffs, and beats a team that required that win to advance
 Spoiler (media), a comment which discloses plot details of a book, play, video game, film, or other narrative content
 Spoiler effect, an individual unable to win an election or game for him- or herself, but with the power to determine which player among two or more others will win
Spoiler (security vulnerability), a computer security vulnerability

Entertainment
 Spoiler (comics), a secondary character in the DC comic book Robin
 Spoiler (film), a 1998 science fiction film
 Spoilers (web series), an "anti-movie review" show hosted by Kevin Smith
 Spoiler (album), an album by Aitana
 The Spoiler (album), a 1966 album by Stanley Turrentine

 The Spoiler (novel), a 2011 novel by Annalena McAfee
 The Spoiler (TV series), a 1972 Australian television drama series

People
 Mighty Spoiler (1926–1960), calypso singer
 The Spoiler (wrestler) (1940–2006), professional wrestler

See also
 The Spoilers (disambiguation)


Big Salmon Range

The Big Salmon Range is a remote mountain range in the Yukon, Canada. It has an area of 9001 km2 and is a subrange of the Pelly Mountains which in turn form part of the Yukon Ranges. Most of its peaks are unnamed.

See also
List of mountain ranges

References

Category:Mountain ranges of Yukon


List of The Rose of Versailles chapters

, also called BeruBara, is a shōjo manga series by Riyoko Ikeda published by Shueisha in Margaret from 1972 to 1973.  It later was adapted into an anime, The Rose of Versailles. The series was published on 21 May 1972, in the Shueisha Margaret magazine's 21st edition.  Publication lasted 82 weeks.  The series garnered much acclaim, and topped sales ranks regularly. The serialization of the manga finished in the autumn of 1973, with the publication of the last installment in the 52nd edition of the magazine.

In 1983, the first two volumes of The Rose of Versailles were translated in English by Frederik L. Schodt for the purpose of teaching English to Japanese speakers and released in North America by the North American branch of Sanyusha.
It has been licensed in French by Kana, in Spanish by Azake Ediciones, German by Carlsen, Italian by d-world, and in Chinese by Tong Li Publishing.

Volume list

Collected editions
Compilations published after the completion of the original manga were also successful, especially among women.   The following compilations were published:

Berusaiyu no Bara Gaiden
The Berusaiyu no Bara Gaiden series is a collections of short stories written by Riyoko Ikeda. These stories were published in two separate magazines in 1974 (first publication) after the serialization of the manga Berusaiyu no Bara, and 1984–1985 (second publication).  The plot revolves around Oscar, André and Rosalie going to visit one of the older sisters of Oscar, Hortense de la Lorancy.

The first publication of Berusaiyu no Bara Gaiden started weeks after the release of the last chapter of the manga The Rose of Versailles, in 1974. The gaiden was serialized, like the manga, in Margaret magazine. This publication consists of one gaiden, "Kokui no Hakushaku Fujin". "Kokui no Hakushaku Fujin" is situated during the incidents of the Black Knight and is inspired by the legend of the countess Elizabeth Bathory, who tortured and murdered many young women by the end of the 16th century. Further gaiden appeared in Monthly Jam (月刊Jam) published by Chuokoron-sha between June 1984 and April 1985, consisting of four stories. Like the earlier gaiden, it is set prior to the rioting, around the time of the Black Knight.  Loulou is the main character.

BeruBara Kids
BeruBara Kids ベルばらＫｉｄｓ is a chibi-style Rose of Versailles spin-off by Riyoko Ikeda.

References

Category:The Rose of Versailles
Rose of Versailles, The

ja:ベルサイユのばら


Arath

Arath may refer to the following :

 Places and jurisdictions
 Arathia, an Ancient city and bishopric in Cappadocia (Asia Minor), now a Latin Catholic titular see.
 Arath, Iran, a village in Iran
 Persons
 Arath de la Torre (b. 1975), Mexican actor


Yershova, Perm Krai

Yershova () is a rural locality (a village) in Kudymkarsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2010.

References

Category:Rural localities in Perm Krai


Anderson Grasiane de Mattos Silva

Anderson Grasiane de Mattos Silva, better known as Anderson (born August 26, 1982, Itaperuna, Brazil), is a Brazilian footballer who acts as a defender for Botafogo.

Career
Played by Ceará since 2009.

Honours
Fluminense
Campeonato Carioca: 2012
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2012

Contract
 Ceará.

References

External links

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Brazilian footballers
Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Category:Atlético Clube Goianiense players
Category:Ceará Sporting Club players
Category:Fluminense FC players
Category:Itaperuna
Category:Association football defenders


HRB

HRB may refer to:

 HRB (gene)
 HRB Systems, an American defense contractor
 Harrow Road Boyz, a rap collective from London
 Boeing HRB, an American helicopter
 Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (Croatian: )
 FBI Human Resources Branch, part of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation
 H&R Block, a U.S. tax preparation and personal finance management company
 Hazard reduction burning, also known as controlled burn
 Harbin Taiping International Airport, in Heilongjiang, China
 Health Research Board, an Irish research support quango
 House of Responsibility in Braunau am Inn, a political project to be installed in Hitler's house
 HRB, a Rockwell scale used to measure the hardness of materials
 High-speed rotary bonder, see: High Speed Strap Attach Machine
 Heat retention balls used to reduce evaporation, fumes, or sometimes waterfowl.


Tottenham Hotspur F.C. in European football

Tottenham Hotspur Football Club became the first British club to win a major European competition, with the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1963. In 1972, they won the inaugural UEFA Cup and won the competition again in 1984. The team regularly qualified for European football in the 2010s, and were runners-up in the 2018-19 UEFA Champions League.

Up until 2016, White Hart Lane served as the club's home venue for European home matches, which was temporarily replaced with Wembley Stadium the following season. Their first home match of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League group stage saw the club's highest ever record attendance of 85,000 for a European home match against Monaco. As of 2019, home games are played at the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium.

Summary

By Competition

Source: uefa.com, Last updated on 19 February 2020Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against. Defunct competitions indicated in italics.

European finals
Spurs' score listed first

By Home or Away

Last updated: 17 October 2017
1 Includes two 1995 Intertoto Cup matches against Lucerne and Östers where Tottenham played as hosts away from their home stadium, at The Goldstone Ground. They lost both matches and Tottenham was banned from UEFA European competitions for the following season, after fielding under-strength sides.

By Opponent
Table correct as of 26 November 2019

List of matches

1960–1980

1980–2000

2000–present

Last updated: 19 February 2020Note: Tottenham score always listed first.

References

External links
Tottenham Hotspur - Full Record of European Cup Ties

Europe
Tottenham Hotspur


Madden Island

Madden Island is an ice-covered island,  long, in the Marshall Archipelago, Antarctica. It lies between Moody Island and Grinder Island in the Sulzberger Ice Shelf. The island was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–65, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for electrician's mate Michael C. Madden, U.S. Navy, of the Byrd Station party, 1966.

See also
 List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands

References

Category:Islands of Marie Byrd Land


Çamlıca, Ermenek

Çamlıca (former Muhallar) is a village in Karaman Province, Turkey

Çamlıca is in Ermenek ilçe (district) of Karaman Province at  . Its distance to Ermenek is .Its population was 500 as of 2009.

References

Category:Populated places in Karaman Province
Category:Ermenek District
Category:Villages in Turkey


Deanne Soza

Deanne Soza (born September 24, 2001 in Orem, Utah) is an American artistic gymnast.

Competitive History

2013
Soza competed at the 2013 Secret U.S. Classic, placing 16th all-around. She advanced to Nationals where she accumulated a two-day score of 103.050, placing 26th.

2014
Deanne kicked off the 2014 season finishing 3rd at the American Classic, held at the Karolyi's Ranch.

Soza later competed at the Secret U.S. Classic where she placed 3rd with Norah Flatley. She also took home a silver on uneven bars and a bronze on vault.

She will compete at the 2014 P&G Championships in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

In September 2014, Deanne contracted a rare eye infection which could have the potential to blind her. She has healed fully and has resumed training

2015
Soza returned to competition at the 2015 U.S. Classic on July 25. She placed 5th in the junior all-around competition with a score of 55.550, including 2nd on balance beam with a score of 14.5 and tied for 3rd on floor exercise (with Laurie Hernandez) with a score of 14.350. These scores were sufficient for her to once again qualify to the P&G National Championships.

2016
In January 2016, FloGymnastics released an article that revealed that Soza could've died as a result of her eye infection.

References

Category:2001 births
Category:American female artistic gymnasts
Category:Junior artistic gymnasts
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Orem, Utah
Category:U.S. women's national team gymnasts


157th Street station

157th Street is a local station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Broadway and 157th Street in the Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights, it is served by the 1 train at all times.

History

Opening
157th Street was first opened on a temporary basis on October 29, 1904, at which point it was still incomplete. The station was used to allow passengers to get to a football game at the Polo Grounds, to accommodate fans heading to the Yale–Columbia game. At the time, the original northern terminal of the original IRT was 145th Street, the next station south.

157th Street was formally opened on November 12, 1904. This station was the first to be added to the subway following the opening of the original 28 stations. The station's opening was delayed by two weeks because there was still painting and plastering work going on in the station. 157th Street thus became the terminal for trains not going via the IRT Lenox Avenue Line. The terminal of 157th Street had facilities for switching trains, relieving congestion at 96th Street. On March 12, 1906, the IRT was extended from 157th Street to 221st Street. Shuttle trains served the new extension terminating at 157th Street, meaning that passengers south of 157th Street wanting to go to stations on the extension had to transfer at 157th Street. On May 30, 1906, express trains began running through to 221st Street eliminating the need to transfer at this station.

Platform extensions

In 1948, platforms on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from 103rd Street to 238th Street were lengthened to 514 feet to allow full ten-car express trains to platform. Previously the stations could only platform six car local trains. The platform extensions were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension opened for stations from 103rd Street to Dyckman Street, with the exception of 125th Street.

Station layout
This station has two tracks and two side platforms, which are narrow, even by IRT standards. The platforms contain their original trim line that includes "157" mosaics and name tablets reading "157TH ST." There are also directional signs on the tiles containing white lettering on a black background and brown border. Both platforms have tiled columns that run along the entire length and contain "157" painted in black. Some of the columns separating the two tracks have "157" signs in black letting on white borders.

Exits
Each platform has one same-level fare control area near the middle. Both are fully staffed, containing a turnstile bank and token booth, and each has two street stairs. The northbound side's two exits lead to the southeast corner of 157th Street and Broadway, and the southbound side's two exits lead to the northwest corner of the aforementioned intersection. There are no crossovers or crossunders to allow free transfers between directions. Only the South Ferry-bound side token booth is staffed.

References

External links

 Station Reporter – 1 Train
 The Subway Nut – 157th Street Pictures
 157th Street downtown entrance from Google Maps Street View
 157th Street uptown entrance from Google Maps Street View
 Platforms from Google Maps Street View

Category:IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stations
Category:Washington Heights, Manhattan
Category:Broadway (Manhattan)
Category:New York City Subway stations in Manhattan
Category:Railway stations opened in 1904
Category:1904 establishments in New York (state)
Category:New York City Subway stations located underground


Uścikowiec

Uścikowiec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oborniki, within Oborniki County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Oborniki and  north of the regional capital Poznań.

References

Category:Villages in Oborniki County


1301 Yvonne

1301 Yvonne, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the background population of the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1934, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in North Africa. The asteroid was named for the discoverer's sister, Yvonne Boyer

Orbit and classification

Yvonne is a non-family of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,682 days; semi-major axis of 2.77 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 34° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers in March 1934.

Physical characteristics

In the SMASS classification, Yvonne is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. PanSTARRS photometric survey also characterized the asteroid as a C-type.

Rotation period and pole

Between 2003 and 2017, four rotational lightcurves of Yvonne have been obtained from photometric observations. Analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 7.320 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.52 and 0.90 magnitude ().

In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a concurring period 7.31968 hours, as well as a spin axis of (39.0°, 41.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).

Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Yvonne measures between 18.693 and 22.77 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.10 and 0.201.

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1054 (which is untypically high for a carbonaceous body) and a diameter of 22.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.

Naming

This minor planet was named after Yvonne Boyer, sister of discoverer. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 ().

References

External links
 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info)
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center

001301
Category:Discoveries by Louis Boyer (astronomer)
Category:Minor planets named for people
Category:Named minor planets
001301
19340307


Lam Takhong

Lam Takhong is a watercourse in Thailand and a tributary of the Mun River in northeastern Thailand. It is impounded by the Lam Takhong Dam.

References

Takhong


Eilif Dahl

Eilif Dahl (7 December 191617 March 1993) was a Norwegian botanist and politician for the Labour Party.

He was born in Kristiania. He was appointed professor of botany at the Norwegian College of Agriculture from 1965. His research interests centered on Arctic plants and lichen, plant geography and ecology. He was also a politician for the Labour Party, where he was a board member from 1965 to 1977. During the German occupation of Norway he took part in resistance work, and was a member of the clandestine intelligence organization XU. After fleeing to neutral Sweden and later to the United Kingdom, he served with the Norwegian High Command in London.

References

Category:1916 births
Category:1993 deaths
Category:People from Oslo
Category:Norwegian botanists
Category:Norwegian College of Agriculture faculty
Category:Norwegian resistance members
Category:XU
Category:Norwegian military personnel of World War II
Category:Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Category:20th-century botanists


Ma Wo

Ma Wo () is a village in Tai Po and the name of valley the village situated. The valley became a residential area when several private housing estates, like Classical Gardens, Dynasty View and Grand Dynasty View, were built in the lower side of the valley. Ma Wo hosts some Buddhist monasteries. The most famous one is Ting Wai Monastery.

Geography
The area of Ma Wo is hilly and cut into half by Tolo Highway, connected only by a tunnel for pedestrian and bicycle. The west is much higher than the east. The higher Ma Wo is sparsely populated and the lower is much crowded. The lower land is surrounded by a hill Kam Shan to its north and To Yuen Tung to its south-east, Pan Chung to its far east.

Transportation
Tolo Highway runs across the area but no entrance and exit there. In the lower land, Ma Wo Road is its main access leading to Wan Tau Tong and Pan Chung Road is a minor road leading to Pan Chung. There is no road spanning into high land though there is a service road for water services above from Pun Chun Yuen. The road ends near Ma Wo and a trail continues to Wun Yiu. The service road and the trail is a part of the eighth section of Wilson Trail across Hong Kong.

References

Category:Tai Po


Shahrak-e Shahid Beheshti, Bampur

Shahrak-e Shahid Beheshti (, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Shahīd Beheshtī; also known as Shahrak-e Shahīd Beheshtī-ye Khowrāb) is a village in Bampur-e Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Bampur County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,136, in 223 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Bampur County


Seine-Maritime's 8th constituency

The 8th constituency of the Seine-Maritime (French: Huitième circonscription de la Seine-Maritime) is a French legislative constituency in the Seine-Maritime département. Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round.

Description

The 8th Constituency of the Seine-Maritime covers Le Havre as well as Gonfreville-l'Orcher which was added as a result of the 2010 redistricting of French legislative constituencies.

The seat has historically been a stronghold of the French Communist Party, 2012 is the only recent election in which another party won, in this case the Socialist Party.

Assembly Members

References

8


Law Society of Saskatchewan

The Law Society of Saskatchewan is the governing body for lawyers in the Province of Saskatchewan, Canada.

History
The Law Society of Saskatchewan was established in 1907, by the Legal Professions Act, following the establishment of the Province of Saskatchewan in 1905.  Prior to 1907, lawyers in the province were governed by the 1885 Legal Profession Ordinance of the North-West Territories, of which the successor provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan had been a part.

The Society has generated national interest, since the 1980s, in relation to its regulatory actions against prominent Saskatchewan lawyer Anthony Merchant.

On the occasion of its centenary, the Law Society published A Century of Integrity: The Law Society of Saskatchewan 1907 to 2007, by lawyer Iain Mentiplay, Q.C.  Mentiplay had been the secretary-treasurer of the Law Society from 1979 to 1991, and then senior counsel and complaints officer from 1992 until his retirement in 1999.

References

Saskatchewan
Category:1907 establishments in Saskatchewan
Category:Organizations established in 1907
*


Antonio Giannini

Antonio Giannini is a table tennis player from Venezuela, champion in the mixed doubles and team competition of the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games. He played the 2005 World Championships, reaching the round of 128 in mixed doubles.

Career
Giannini played with Fabiola Ramos at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games, winning the gold medal in mixed doubles. He also played the team competition with Henry Mujica, Ricardo Lizardo, Jonathan Pino, winning the championship of the event. He also took part of  the 2004 Latin American Championship, claiming the bronze medal in the mixed doubles with Fabiola Ramos, and ranking among the 9-16th position in singles and 7th in team competition with Henry Mujica and Jonathan Pino.

In the 2005 World Championships, he played the mixed doubles with Fabiola Ramos, defeating Italian Andrea Tarocco and Lao's Soulinda Sisavath 3-0 in the round of 64, 3-2 to Rachid El Boubou and Lara Kejebachian from Libia, 3-1 to Philippines's Ernesto Ebuen and Sendrina Balatbat, but fell to Hong Kong's Li Ching and Lau Sui-fei 0-4 in the main draw round of 128.

In November 2012 he won the silver medal with Ricardo Lizardo, Jepherson Roach y Miguel Arcones in the team competition of the Latin American Master Championship.

References

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Venezuelan table tennis players
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Venezuela
Category:Competitors at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games


Snow (2015 film)

Snow ("Сняг") is a Bulgarian film, a co-production with Ukraine, from 2015, directed by Ventsislav Vasilev.

The film premiere was at the XXXIII edition of the Golden Rose Film Festival in Varna on 9 October 2015. The film participated at the XXXI Warsaw International Film Festival, which took place in October 2015, and at the XXV festival for Eastern European cinema in Cottbus, Germany in November 2015. During the XIV festival for European cinema Cinedays in Skopje in 2015 it won the "Golden Sun" award for the best Balkan film. It participated at the XX Sofia International Film Fest in March 2016.

Actors
 Plamen Velikov
 Ovanes Torosyan
 Krasimir Dokov
 Vladimir Yamnenko
 Ivana Papazova
 Bozhidar Popchev
 Biser Marinov
 Konstantin Asenov

References

External links

Category:2015 films
Category:Ukrainian films
Category:Bulgarian films


Peter Lachmann

Sir Peter Julius Lachmann,  (born 23 December 1931) is a British immunologist, specialising in the study of the complement system. He is emeritus Sheila Joan Smith Professor of Immunology at the  University of Cambridge, a fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge and honorary fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and of Imperial College. He was knighted for service to medical science in 2002.

Biography
Born into a secular Jewish family in Berlin on 23 December 1931, he moved to London in 1938. He went to school at Christ's College, Finchley, then trained in medicine at Cambridge and University College Hospital, graduating in 1956, and obtained a PhD (1962) and ScD (1974) at Cambridge in immunology.

Scientific work
Lachmann's primary research interest now is the downregulation of the complement alternative pathway as a treatment for age related macular degeneration. he has previously worked on many aspects of complement biology; on microbial subversion of the innate immune response; on the immunology of measles, on systemic lupus erythematosus and on insect sting allergies.

Publications

Honours
He has held a chair at Cambridge University and served as President of the Royal College of Pathologists, Vice President and Biological Secretary of the Royal Society, and Founder President of the UK's Academy of Medical Sciences. His posts  in immunology have included Head and Honorary Head of the Medical Research Council Group on Mechanisms in Tumour Immunity and Honorary Director of the MRC Mechanisms in Tumour Immunity Unit. He was also at one point Associate Editor of the journal Clinical and Experimental Immunology. From 1976 to 1999, he was Honorary Clinical Immunologist with the Cambridge Health Authority. Lachmann has also won   a Gold Medal from the European Complement Network in 1997, the Medicine and Europe Senior Prize of the Académie des Sciences de la Santé in 2003.

He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Foreign Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (1997) and Honorary Foreign Member Czech Academy of Medicine (2012).
He is an honorary member of the British Society for Immunology.

Public affairs

Lachmann's helped produce the Royal Society's first report on GM crops in 1998. The report, Genetically Modified Plants for Food Use, outlined the benefits of GM plants in agriculture, medicine, food quality and safety, nutrition and health, especially in alleviating food shortage in third-world countries. This caused him to be regarded as a controversial figure by the anti-GM food lobby. In 1999, he tried to persuade the editor of The Lancet not to publish Árpád Pusztai's research on the adverse effects of GM potatoes on rats on the grounds that it was not sound science. The Lancet's editor, Richard Horton, said he received a "very aggressive" phone call calling him "immoral" and threatening that if he published the paper it would "have implications for his personal position" as editor. Lachmann said that he made the call but denied that he threatened Horton and said the call was to "discuss his error of judgment" in publishing the Pusztai letter and to discuss the "moral difficulties about publishing bad science".  Lachmann's own account of GMOs and the Pusztai affair can be found in Panic Nation (2005).

Lachmann remains a proponent of the defence of reason and scepticism in scientific academia also on other topics that extend from vaccine scares to stem cell technology and to alternative medicine. He is also a bee keeper and this interest has led to an interest in the evolution of group behaviour in both bees and humans and the role of religious prescription as the building blocks of cultural evolution.

References

Sources
"Examination of Witnesses (Questions 80-87)." House of Lords–Science and Technology–Minutes of Evidence, 4 June 2009
"The law has no place in scientific disputes." Sense About Science, 4 June 2009
"The MMR controversy: an investigation. Part three." Melanie Phillips's Articles. 4 June 2009 .
Open letter about ‘GM’ from UK scientists to HM Government From Professor Derek Burke and others" Chemophilia, 4 June 2009
"Professor Sir Peter Lachmann (DSc) - Distinguished Immunologist." University of Leicester, 4 June 2009
"Sir Peter Lachmann" "Genetically Modified Organisms" in "Panic Nation" Chapter 18 pps 153-162 Eds Stanley Feldman and Vincent Marks, London John Blake, 2005
"Sir Peter Lachmann" The Academy of Medical Sciences, 4 June 2009

External links

Category:1931 births
Category:Living people
Category:German Jews
Category:British Jews
Category:British people of German-Jewish descent
Category:Jewish scientists
Category:People from Berlin
Category:British immunologists
Category:Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge
Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Category:Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Category:Alumni of University College London
Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:People educated at Christ's College, Finchley


Blackburn Radio

Blackburn Radio, Inc. is a Canadian radio broadcasting group, which owns several radio stations in Southwestern Ontario. Headquartered in London, Ontario, the company is owned by 2061302 Ontario Limited, which is majority owned by Cogent Investments.

The three Chatham stations were previously owned by Webster and Bea-Ver Communications, which was acquired by Blackburn Radio in April 2005.

In 2006, during CRTC hearings reviewing commercial radio policy in Canada, Blackburn requested that all of its radio stations on or near the U.S. border be permitted to reduce their Canadian content requirement to 20 per cent. CHUM Limited's radio stations in Windsor have been granted this special exemption, due to competition from the Metro Detroit media market, and Blackburn has stated that all of its stations in the region face similar competitive challenges.

Stations

 Chatham-Kent - CFCO, CKSY-FM, CKUE-FM
 Leamington - CHYR-FM, CJSP-FM
 London - CKLO-FM
 Sarnia - CHOK, CFGX-FM, CHKS-FM
 Windsor - CJWF-FM, CKUE-FM-1
 Wingham - CKNX, CKNX-FM, CIBU-FM

Formerly-owned stations
 CFPL-TV, CKNX-TV (sold to Baton Broadcasting in 1993)
 CFPL-AM, CFPL-FM, CFHK-FM (sold to Corus Entertainment in 1999)

External links
Blackburn Radio official website
Radio Sarnia.com, Blackburn Radio's secondary site for its Sarnia-area stations
History of Blackburn Radio Inc. - Canadian Communications Foundation

Category:Radio broadcasting companies of Canada
Category:Companies based in London, Ontario


Hey Love (Can I Have a Word)

"Hey Love (Can I Have a Word)" is a song by American R&B singer R. Kelly and Public Announcement featuring Mr. Lee, on their debut album Born into the 90's. The song incorporates the melody and lyrics of Stevie Wonder's "Hey Love" from his 1966 album Down to Earth. It reached number one on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart in Billboard and number 15 on the R&B chart.

Charts

References

Category:1992 songs
Category:R. Kelly songs
Category:Songs written by Clarence Paul
Category:Songs written by Stevie Wonder
Category:Songs written by R. Kelly
Category:New jack swing songs


Ochłoda

Ochłoda  () is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Jutrosin, within Rawicz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

References

Category:Villages in Rawicz County


Electric Tilt Train

The Electric Tilt Train is the name for two identical high-speed tilting trains operated by Queensland Rail on the North Coast line from Brisbane to Bundaberg and Rockhampton which entered service in November 1998.

History
In March 1993 Queensland Rail issued a tender for the construction of two electric six-carriage tilting trains. In October 1994 a contract was awarded to Walkers, Maryborough with Hitachi to supply the electrical and tilting equipment.

After an extensive program, on 6 November 1998 Australia's first pair of tilting trains entered service on the Spirit of Capricorn between Brisbane and Rockhampton. With a journey time of seven hours, they shaved over two hours from the schedule operated by InterCity Express sets. In July 1999 a second daily service was introduced between Brisbane and Bundaberg.

Using traction equipment based on the JR Shikoku 8000 series trains, the Tilt Train set an Australian train speed record of  north of Bundaberg in May 1999, a record that still stands. This also makes it the fastest narrow-gauge train in the world.

In 2006 the electric sets underwent an $8.3 million refurbishment program at Mayne depot.

In 2015 the tilt train sets again undertook refurbishment over the course of 12 months with the addition of high visibility yellow doors, and a modification of the front ends. The traction packages were given a complete overhaul to extend the life of the tilt train. The trains also had Wi-fi installed to enable wireless internet for passengers. The first refurbished set re-entered service in July 2016. The second refurbished set re-entered service in July 2017.

Routes

Rockhampton
Commencing in 1998, the electric Tilt Train operates from Brisbane to Rockhampton. With a top service speed of  and the ability to tilt five degrees in each direction, the Tilt Train is one of the fastest trains in Australia, having the same maximum allowed service speed as the V/Line VLocity train which operates in Victoria. The train operates the on the North Coast line and serves the intermediate towns of Gympie, Maryborough West railway station, Bundaberg and Gladstone. The Electric Tilt Trains run in a multiple unit configuration.

The electric Tilt Train features 2×2 economy seating, and 1×2 business class seating, mainscreen visual entertainment along with in-seat audio entertainment. Economy class passengers have a regular trolley service and a buffet style galley food service, while business class has a frequent trolley service and passenger attendants to tend to the needs of the passengers.

Bundaberg
A service from Roma Street to Bundaberg began in 2014.

References

External links
Tilt Train
Flickr gallery

Category:Electric multiple units of Queensland
Category:High-speed rail
Category:Named passenger trains of Queensland
Category:Tilting trains
Category:1997 establishments in Australia


Allyn House (Arlington, Massachusetts)

The Allyn House is a historic house at 94 Oakland Avenue in Arlington, Massachusetts.  Built about 1898, it is a prominent local example of Craftsman style architecture.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Description and history
The Allyn House stands in the Arlington Heights neighborhood, on the southeast side of Oakland Avenue roughly midway between Cedar Avenue and Gray Street.  It occupies an irregular diamond-shaped lot, and is (unlike its neighbors) oriented at an angle to the street.  The front of the lot is demarcated by a low rubblestone wall.  The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a stuccoed exterior and brown wooden trim.  It has a hip roof with extended eaves, punctuated by hip-roofed dormers with shingled sides.  Its front facade is dominated by a full-height polygonal bay, with a band of narrow casement windows in the center section, and single windows on the angled sides.  Other Craftsman details include exposed rafter ends and a number of diamond-pane windows.

Significant development in the Arlington Heights area began following the 1872 purchase of the Pierce family properties by the Arlington Land Company.  The lot this house stands on was among the Arlington Land Company holdings, and the house was built about 1898.  It was owned for many years by Phillip M. Allyn, a publisher who worked in Boston.  It is a particularly fine local example of Craftsman architecture.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington, Massachusetts

References

Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arlington, Massachusetts
Category:Houses in Arlington, Massachusetts
Category:Houses completed in 1898


Sahra

Sahra is a studio album from Algerian raï artist Khaled, released in 1996. It was the artist's biggest production to date, being co-produced by Philippe Eidel, Don Was, Jean-Jacques Goldman and Clive Hunt, and including performances by many other singers from around the world. It features what is perhaps Khaled's most popular song, "Aïcha". Most tracks are sung in Arabic, with a notable dosage of French. "Ki Kounti" is partially sung in Spanish as it features Mexican Rock vocalist Saúl Hernández from the band Caifanes. The title track is named after Khaled's first daughter, Sarah, to whom the album is dedicated along with her mother, Samira.

The album was certified platinum certification by Syndicat National de l'Edition Phonographique.

The album was re-released by Wrasse Records in the US & UK in 2005.

Track listing
 "Sahra" – 4:12
 "Oran Marseille (Oran mix)" – 5:08
 "Aïcha" – 4:19
 "Lillah" – 4:24
 "Ouelli El Darek" (with the I Threes) – 3:11
 "Detni Essekra" – 4:58
 "Walou Walou" – 4:17
 "Ki Kounti" (with Saúl Hernández) – 4:40
 "Wahrane Wahrane" – 4:40
 "Haya Haya" – 4:37
 "Mektoubi" – 3:55
 "Hey Ouedi" – 4:12
 "Oran Marseille" (with Akhenaton and Shurik'n of IAM) – 4:25
 "Sratli" – 4:36
 "Le jour viendra" – 4:42
 "Didi (BBB Radio Edit" - 3:14 (bonus track on 1997 European re-issue)

References

Category:Khaled (musician) albums
Category:1996 albums
Category:Albums produced by Don Was
Category:Mango Records albums


Tapering (mathematics)

In mathematics, physics, and theoretical computer graphics, tapering is a kind of shape deformation. Just as an affine transformation, such as scaling or shearing, is a first-order model of shape deformation, there also exist higher-order deformations such as tapering, twisting, and bending. Tapering can be thought of as non-constant scaling by a given tapering function. The resultant deformations can be linear or nonlinear.

To create a nonlinear taper, instead of scaling in x and y for all z with constants as in:

let a and b be functions of z so that:

An example of a linear taper is , and a quadratic taper .

As another example, if the parametric equation of a cube were given by ƒ(t) = (x(t), y(t), z(t)), a nonlinear taper could be applied so that the cube's volume slowly decreases (or tapers) as the function moves in the positive z direction. For the given cube, an example of a nonlinear taper along z would be if, for instance, the function T(z) = 1/(a + bt) were applied to the cube's equation such that ƒ(t) = (T(z)x(t), T(z)y(t), T(z)z(t)), for some real constants a and b.

See also
3D projection

References

External links
 , Computer Graphics Notes. University of Toronto. (See: Tapering).
 , 3D Transformations. Brown University. (See: Nonlinear deformations).
 , ScienceWorld article on Tapering in Image Synthesis.

Category:Linear algebra
Category:Functions and mappings


Nagla Tula

Nagla Tula is a village in Rajasthan, India. Administratively, it is under Rudawal ILRC, Roopwas Tehsil, Bharatpur District, Rajasthan. The village has a population of about a thousand.

In May 2013, during a heat wave, a fire in Nagla Tula burned a large portion of the village.

Notes

External links

Category:Villages in Bharatpur district


List of Arizona Coyotes head coaches

The Arizona Coyotes are an American professional ice hockey team based in Glendale, Arizona. They play in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The team started out as a charter member of the World Hockey Association (WHA), and were named the Winnipeg Jets. The WHA then merged with the NHL in 1979, the Jets relocated to Phoenix in 1996, and were renamed the Phoenix Coyotes. Having first played at the America West Arena, the Coyotes have played their home games at the Gila River Arena, formerly named the Glendale Arena and the Jobing.com Arena, since 2003. The Coyotes are owned by IceArizona, John Chayka is their general manager, and currently have a vacant captain spot.

There have been seven head coaches for the Coyotes team. The team's first head coach was Don Hay, who coached for one season. Dave Tippett is the team's all-time leader for the most regular season games coached (622), the most regular season game wins (282), the most regular season points (647), the most playoff games coached (27), and the most playoff game wins (12). Tippett was the head coach of the Coyotes from the 2009–10 season until the end of 2016–17 season.  The Jack Adams Award has been awarded twice to a Coyotes' coach; Bob Francis for the 2001–02 season and Tippett for the 2009–10 season. None of the Coyotes coaches have been elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder, though Wayne Gretzky has been elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a player in 1999. Francis and Gretzky have each spent their entire NHL head coaching careers with the Coyotes. The team's current head coach is Rick Tocchet, who was named to the position on July 11, 2017.

Key

Coaches
Note: Statistics are correct through the 2016-2017 season.

Notes
 A running total of the number of coaches of the Coyotes. Thus, any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once.
 Before the 2005–06 season, the NHL instituted a penalty shootout for regular season games that remained tied after a five-minute overtime period, which prevented ties.
 Each year is linked to an article about that particular NHL season.

References
General

Specific

*
Arizona Coyotes head coaches
Category:Arizona Coyotes lists


Cleary (surname)

Cleary is an Irish surname; which derives from Gaelic Ó Cléirigh/Mac Cleirigh, meaning 'descendant or son of cleric. it may relate to:
Audrey Cleary (1930–2019), American politician and nurse
Bernard Cleary (born 1937), Canadian politician
Beverly Cleary (born 1916), American author
Bill Cleary (born 1934), American hockey player
Brendan Cleary (born 1958), Irish poet
Brian P. Cleary (born 1959), American humorist, poet and author
Daniel Cleary (born 1978), Canadian hockey player
Gabriel Cleary (born 1945), Irish engineer
Ivan Cleary (born 1971), Australian rugby league footballer and coach
Joe Cleary (1918–2004), Irish baseball player
John Cleary (disambiguation), many people
Jon Cleary (1917–2010), Australian author
Jon Cleary (musician) (born 1962), American musician
Mark Cleary (professor) (born 1954), Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bradford
Michael Cleary (disambiguation), various including
Michael Cleary (rugby) (born 1940), Australian politician and dual-code rugby footballer
Michael J. Cleary (born 1925), Irish bishop
Michael Cleary (hurler) (born 1966), former Irish hurler for Nenagh Éire Óg and Tipperary
Father Michael Cleary (1934–1993), Irish Roman Catholic priest
M. H. Cleary (1853–1933), American politician, lawyer, and physician
Nathan Cleary (born 1997), Australian rugby league footballer
Nikki Cleary (born 1988), American singer
Paul Cleary (born 1976), Australian middle-distance runner
Phil Cleary (born 1952), Australian commentator
Patrick Roger Cleary (1858–1948), founder of Cleary University
Russell G. Cleary (1933–1997), American businessman and lawyer
Sean Cleary (footballer) (born 1983), Irish football player
Sean Cleary (rugby league), Irish rugby league footballer
Siobhán Cleary (born 1970) Irish Composer
Thomas Cleary (born 1949), author & translator
Timothy Cleary, (1900–1962), New Zealand lawyer and judge
William J. Cleary (1870–1952), American politician

See also
Cleary (disambiguation)
MCleary (surname)

Category:Anglicised Irish-language surnames


Eje Central

The Eje Central, or Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas, is a street in the Cuauhtémoc borough of central Mexico City.

It is part of a system of roadways built by Carlos Hank González to modernize Mexico City for improved traffic flow through the city.

Public transportation

Metro
Several Mexico City Metro stations are also located on Eje Central, most notably the Eje Central station of Line 12. Line 8 runs under Eje Central on its stretch that crosses downtown Mexico City.

Metro stations
Salto del Agua
Bellas Artes
La Raza
Politécnico
Instituto del Petróleo
Autobuses del Norte
Garibaldi / Lagunilla
San Juan de Letrán
Doctores
Obrera
Lázaro Cárdenas
Eje Central

Trolleybus

Trolleybus Line A, also known as Corredor Cero Emisiones Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas (Zero Emissions Corridor), runs through Eje Central from the Northern Bus Station to the Southern Bus Station (near Metro Tasqueña).

See also
 Metro Eje Central

External links

Category:Streets in Mexico City
Category:Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City


Hilton Worldwide

Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc., formerly Hilton Hotels Corporation, is an American multinational hospitality company that manages and franchises a broad portfolio of hotels and resorts. Founded by Conrad Hilton in May 1919, the corporation is now led by Christopher J. Nassetta.

Hilton is headquartered in Tysons Corner, Virginia. As of March 31, 2019, its portfolio includes 5,757 properties (including timeshare properties) with 923,110 rooms in 113 countries and territories, including 689 that are managed and 4,947 that are franchised, with the combined managed and franchised properties having a total of 893,494 rooms, in addition to 68 that are owned or leased (including 59 that are wholly owned or leased, one owned by a consolidated non-wholly owned entity, two that are leased by consolidated variable interest entities (VIEs) and six that are owned or leased by unconsolidated affiliates. Prior to their December 2013 IPO, Hilton was ranked as the 36th largest privately held company in the United States by Forbes.

Hilton has 15 brands across different market segments, including Conrad Hotels & Resorts, Canopy by Hilton, Curio - A Collection by Hilton, Hilton Hotels & Resorts, DoubleTree by Hilton, Embassy Suites Hotels, Hilton Garden Inn, Hampton by Hilton, Homewood Suites by Hilton, Home2 Suites by Hilton, Hilton Grand Vacations, Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts, Tru by Hilton, Tapestry Collection by Hilton, and Motto by Hilton.

On December 12, 2013, Hilton again became a public company, raising an estimated $2.35 billion in its second IPO. At the time, The Blackstone Group held a 45.8 percent stake in the company. In October 2016, China's HNA Group agreed to acquire a 25 percent equity interest in Hilton from Blackstone. The transaction was expected to close in the first quarter of 2017. Hilton's largest stockholders were until mid 2018 HNA Group, Blackstone, and Wellington Management Group, which own 25%, 15.2%, and 6.7% of Hilton common stock respectively.Hilton Hotels are now a stand-alone company.

Hilton was founded by Conrad Hilton in Cisco, Texas, in 1919 and had its headquarters in Beverly Hills, California, from 1969 until 2009. In August 2009, the company moved to Tysons Corner, unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia, near McLean.

History
In 1919, Conrad Hilton purchased his first hotel, the 40-room Mobley Hotel in Cisco, Texas, and bought additional Texas hotels as years passed.

In 1925, the Dallas Hilton became the first hotel to use the Hilton name. In 1927, Hilton expanded to Waco, Texas, where he opened the first hotel with air-conditioning in public areas and cold running water.

In 1943, Hilton purchased the Roosevelt Hotel and the Plaza Hotel, both well-established high-end luxury hotels less than a mile apart in New York City's Midtown Manhattan neighborhood. With this pair of acquisitions Hilton established the first hospitality company to span the contiguous United States. The company incorporated in 1946 as the Hilton Hotels Corporation, and subsequently began public trading of shares on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1947, the Roosevelt Hotel became the first hotel in the world to have televisions in its rooms.

Hilton International was founded a few years later, in 1949, with the opening of the Caribe Hilton Hotel in Puerto Rico. Barman Ramon "Monchito" Marreno claimed he created the piña colada cocktail at this resort.  Hilton purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York in the same year.

The Hotels Statler Company was acquired in 1954 for $111 million in what was then the world's most expensive real estate transaction. One year later, Hilton created the world's first central reservations office, titled "HILCRON". The reservations team in 1955 consisted of eight members on staff booking reservations for any of Hilton's then 28 hotels. Reservations agents used the "availability board" to track records. The chalk board measured  by  and allowed HILCRON to make over 6,000 reservations in 1955. Bookings could be made for any Hilton via telephone, telegram, or Teletype.

Later in 1955, Hilton launched a program to ensure every hotel room would include air conditioning.

In late 1955, Hilton opened the first post–World War II property in Istanbul, Turkey.

Hilton is credited with pioneering the airport hotel concept with the opening of the San Francisco Airport Hilton in 1959.

In 1965, Hilton launched Lady Hilton, the first hotel concept created specifically for women guests. To appeal to female travelers, a number of properties offered floors occupied by only women along with distinct amenities for their usage.

In 1969, the first DoubleTree Hotel opened. However, Hilton was not affiliated with the brand until its acquisition of the parent company in 1999.

Hilton purchased the Flamingo Las Vegas in 1970, which would become the first in the domestic gaming business to be listed on the NYSE.

In 1979, founder Conrad Hilton died at the age of 91. Hilton Hotels Corporation later created the Conrad Hotels brand in honor of Hilton.

Hilton Honors (formerly Hilton HHonors), the company's guest loyalty program, was initiated in 1987. In 1994, the Honors surpassed competing hotel loyalty programs by offering members both hotel credit points and airline credit miles.

The company has been a sponsor of the United States Olympic Team.

Two chains with one name

The company spun off its international operations into a separately traded company on December 1, 1964, known as "Hilton International Co." It was acquired in 1967 by Trans World Corp., the holding company for Trans World Airlines. In 1986, it was sold to UAL Corp., the holding company for United Airlines, which became Allegis Corp. in an attempt to re-incarnate itself as a full-service travel company, encompassing Westin Hotels and Hertz rental cars in addition to Hilton International and United Airlines. In 1987, after a corporate putsch, the renamed UAL Corp. sold Hilton International to Ladbroke Group plc, a British leisure and gambling company, which, in May 1999, adopted the name "Hilton Group plc."

As a result, there were two separate, fully independent companies operating hotels under the Hilton name. Those Hilton Hotels outside the U.S. were, until 2006, styled as "Hilton International" hotels. Because the two chains were contractually forbidden to operate hotels in the other's territory under the Hilton name, for many years hotels run by Hilton International in the U.S. were called Vista International Hotels, while hotels operated by the American arm of Hilton outside the U.S. were named Conrad Hotels.

In 1997, to minimize longtime consumer confusion, the American and British Hilton companies adopted a joint marketing agreement under which they shared the same logos, promoted each other's brands and maintained joint reservation systems. At that point, the Vista chain was phased out, while Conrad has been restyled as one of the luxury brands of Hilton (along with the Waldorf-Astoria Collection) and operates hotels within the U.S. as well as abroad.

In 1971, Hilton acquired International Leisure Company, including the Las Vegas Hilton and Flamingo Hilton.

In 1998, Hilton spun off its gaming operations into a separate, publicly held company called Park Place Entertainment (later Caesars Entertainment, Inc.)

In 1999, Hilton acquired Promus Hotel Corporation, which included the DoubleTree, Red Lion, Embassy Suites, Hampton Inn, and Homewood Suites brands.

21st century

In 2001, Hilton agreed to sell Red Lion to WestCoast Hospitality.

On December 29, 2005, Hilton Hotels Corporation agreed to re-acquire the Hilton International chain from its British owner, Hilton Group plc, for £3.3 billion ($5.71 billion). As well as bringing the two Hilton companies back together as a single entity, this deal also included Hilton plc properties operating as Conrad Hotels, Scandic Hotels and LivingWell Health Clubs. On February 23, 2006, the deal closed, making Hilton Hotels the world's fifth largest hotel operator in number of rooms.  Scandic Hotels was sold the next year on March 1 to EQT Partners.

On July 3, 2007, Hilton Hotels Corp. agreed to an all-cash buyout from the Blackstone Group LP in a $26 billion (including debt) deal that would make Blackstone the world's largest hotel owner. At $47.50 per share, the buyout price was 32 percent higher than the closing value of a share of Hilton stock on July 3. The deal was the culmination of a year of on and off discussions with Blackstone. In October 2007, Christopher J. Nassetta was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of Hilton. In February 2009, Hilton Hotels Corp. announced that its headquarters were moving from Beverly Hills, California to Fairfax County, Virginia.

While Blackstone saw an opportunity to streamline the company and push Hilton's expansion overseas when Blackstone pursued Hilton in 2006 and 2007, the buyout saddled the company with $20 billion of debt just as the economy was turning down. The debt had very liberal terms, so there was no danger of default, but when travel slowed, the company suffered. In April 2010, Hilton and Blackstone restructured the debt. Blackstone invested a further $800 million of equity and the debt was reduced to $16 billion.

Hilton returned to being a public company on December 12, 2013. This second IPO in the company's history raised an estimated $2.35 billion. The Blackstone Group retained a 45.8% stake in the company.

The company announced in February 2016 that Hilton would turn its hotel holdings into a real estate investment trust. Prior to making the announcement, the company went to the IRS for approval.

In February 2016, Hilton announced its intention to spin off its timeshare and real estate businesses, creating three independent public companies. The spin-offs of Park Hotels & Resorts and Hilton Grand Vacations were completed in January 2017. As of 2018, the company is a fully independent publicly traded company (just like in the pre-buyout days)  after the exits of Blackstone and HNA.

Brands

Luxury

 Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts
 LXR Hotels & Resorts
 Conrad Hotels & Resorts

Upper Upscale

 Hilton Hotels & Resorts (Flagship Brand of Hilton Worldwide)
 Canopy by Hilton
 Curio Collection by Hilton
 Signia by Hilton
 Embassy Suites by Hilton

Upscale

 DoubleTree by Hilton
 Tapestry Collection by Hilton
 Tempo by Hilton
 Hilton Garden Inn
 Homewood Suites by Hilton

Upper Midscale
 Hampton by Hilton
 Motto by Hilton
 Home2 Suites by Hilton

Midscale
 Tru by Hilton

Timeshare
 Hilton Grand Vacations, independently operated company under Hilton Grand Vacations Inc.

Former
 Coral by Hilton
 Denizen Hotels
 Lady Hilton
 Scandic Hotels

Franchising
As of 2019, about 97% of the rooms branded under Hilton were managed or franchised to independent operators and companies. During its 2007–2013 ownership of Hilton, Blackstone Group pursued a strategy of predominantly expanding Hilton's reach through franchise agreements, while relatively few new properties were actually operated by Hilton. Hence, the proportion of franchised rooms grew significantly during this period.  The practice of franchising is popular within the hospitality industry among most major hotel chains, as the parent company does not have to pay for the maintenance and overhead costs of franchised properties. Franchisees must follow strict brand standards in order to maintain a licensing agreement with Hilton. Many of Hilton's flagship properties, airport properties, and largest resorts, however, are corporately managed.

Hilton Honors
Hilton Honors (formerly Hilton HHonors) is Hilton's guest loyalty program, through which frequent guests can accumulate points and airline miles by staying within the Hilton portfolio. The program is one of the largest of its type, with approximately 71 million members.  There are four levels of elite status within the Hilton Honors program including Member, Silver, Gold and Diamond.

Hilton renamed the Hilton HHonors program to Hilton Honors in February 2017.

Properties

Corporate affairs
The company has its headquarters in Tysons Corner, Virginia and an operations center in Memphis. Its Asia-Pacific operations are managed out of Singapore, its Middle East and Africa operations are managed out of Dubai, and its European operations are based in Watford, UK.

Company culture
According to Careerbliss.com, Hilton ranked first in the list of "2012 Happiest Companies in America", with a score of 4.36 out of 5. The survey looked at job reviews from more than 100,000 employees, with such characteristics life as work-life balance, company culture and reputation, and the relationships employees have with their bosses.  Hilton has scored 100% on the Corporate Equality Index each year from 2014 to 2017.

In 2016, Hilton was named one of the "World's 25 Best Multinational Workplaces" by Fortune and Great Place to Work.

In 2017, Fortune ranked Hilton number 26 in their list of "The 100 Best Companies to Work For".

In 2019, Fortune ranked Hilton number 1 in their list of "The 100 Best Companies to Work For".

Hilton in popular culture

 Keith Richards and Mick Jagger performed in the East Penthouse on the 45th floor of the New York Hilton on October 28, 1965.
 On the rotating wheel space station in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, a receptionist is shown sitting at the entrance to the Hilton Space Station 5.
 John Lennon and Yoko Ono honeymooned in the presidential suite at the Hilton Amsterdam, where they hosted one of their famous "Bed-Ins" for a full week in 1969.
 In 1971, Diamonds Are Forever was filmed at the Las Vegas Hilton.
 On April 3, 1973, Dr. Martin Cooper made the world's first cell phone call in front of the New York Hilton Midtown. A press conference was held at the hotel later that day to mark the milestone.
 In 1976, during a music tour, Ike and Tina Turner were staying at the Statler Hilton (now the Statler Hotel & Residences) in downtown Dallas when Tina decided to leave Ike.  Her moments of getting away from Ike and fleeing the hotel were included in her book I, Tina and in the movie What's Love Got to Do with It.
 The Bodyguard with Whitney Houston and Kevin Costner was filmed at the Fontainebleau Hilton in Miami in 1992. On February 11, 2012, Houston died in her bathtub in Suite 434 of the Beverly Hilton after a drug overdose. Hotel management has since renovated the room.
 In 1995, the James Bond movie GoldenEye was filmed at the Langham Hilton.
 The Insider was filmed in 1999 at the Seelbach Hilton.
 In 2006, several movies including Spider-Man 3, Michael Clayton, and American Gangster were filmed at the New York Hilton.
 Conrad Hilton (played by actor Chelcie Ross) features as a major character in the third season of Mad Men, as lead character Don Draper creates a series of ad campaigns for Hilton Hotels. The Drapers travel during one episode to the Cavalieri Hilton in Rome, though the scenes were actually shot at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles.

References

External links

Category:1919 establishments in Texas
Category:The Blackstone Group companies
Category:Companies based in McLean, Virginia
Category:Hospitality companies established in 1919
Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Category:Hotel chains in the United States
Category:Private equity portfolio companies
Category:2013 initial public offerings


Rabindra Chanda

Rabindra Chanda (born 1 February 1932) is an Indian former cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Bengal and Railways.

See also
 List of Bengal cricketers

References

External links

Category:1932 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian cricketers
Category:Bengal cricketers
Category:Railways cricketers
Category:Sportspeople from Dhaka