Iván Germán Velázquez

Iván Germán Velázquez Durán (23 April 1979) is an expert in intelligence, counterintelligence, counterterrorism, psychological operations, electronic warfare and propaganda, and former Argentine military officer and former Director of Counterintelligence of Argentina Airport Security Police (PSA) currently residing in exile in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay after fleeing his country and seek political asylum after being accused in Argentina by the government of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of having been responsible for the operation of electronic espionage largest in the history of the continent in an affair known as the "South American Watergate" in which he charged with having spied electronically intercepted emails and wireless communications of all Argentina's political class that included also businessmen, journalists and relevant public characters, reaching even to the president of that country itself.

The case that shook South America involves the prosecution of Argentina to the former military officer Iván Velázquez  for having ridden a para-state Secret Service and conspiring politically to overthrow the government of Argentina through supporting the protests of peasant sectors against the Argentine government of President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, as well as having tried to overthrow the defense minister of that country, Nilda Garre in order to put in his place to the then Interior Minister Aníbal Fernández.

Velázquez, who remains in Uruguay after this country flatly has refused to the extradition requested by Argentina, after being in prison for nearly a year pending the determination of their extraditorial resolution, which has been finally determined it as a purely political offense (Reason for no extradition between the two countries under a treaty of 1800) and after that the intelligence service of Uruguayan police had detected and aborted an operation mounted by Argentine agents to assassinate former Argentina's intelligence hierarch, was also accused of having spied several governments in South America and of involvement in arms trafficking operations to African countries.

He is currently director of the firm ICG GROUP (Counsulting Intelligence Group), a private firm with subsidiaries in several countries in South America and Africa.

While the accusations by the Argentine government could not be substantiated, since Velázquez by refusing to be extradited to his country and the constitution does not allow for the trial in absentia, there is some suspicion that the charges against the former military and spy would motivated by refusing to carry out domestic spying (Prohibited by the constitution of this country) at the request of the presidents Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández, which would become the persecution by the presidential marriage to the former spy chief who also have been responsible for the creation of a mega spy intel system known as "VAMPIRE PROJECT" whose aim would have the same objective as the American ECHELON.

Among those involved in this alleged coup failed, are former Head of State Intelligence Secretariat (SIDE), Juan Bautista Yofre, Major General Daniel Reimundes, Deputy Director of Counterintelligence of the PSA, Pablo Alfredo Carpenter and fifty persons among them are journalists, soldiers, policemen and businessmen in the "mega-Espionage" affaire which has strongly questioned by the Judge Sandra Arroyo Salgado, wife of the Prosecutor Alberto Nisman also questioned for his lack of results in the investigation of terrorist attacks against the AMIA Jewish Mutual of Argentina and its relationship with a sector of the intelligence services of the country linked to drug trafficking by the Director of Operations of the Secret Service presidential Antonio Horacio Stiuso, who part of the Argentine press and the accused themselves of responsibility for the conspiracy have mounted a legal case without evidence.

References

External links
 In March 2008 the Argentine newspaper entitled Profile: Official Profile | SIDE repentant, "exiles" in Montevideo
 On 12 March 2009 the BBC entitled "Southern Cone behind Argentine spy":
 The Vampire Project:
 On September 17 the Argentine newspaper URGENT 24 titles "Ladies and gentlemen, this is a scandal: The Side (Stiusso / Pocino) and Página/12 vs. Aníbal Fernández"
 On September 20 URGENT Argentinean newspaper 24 published in relation to the conspiracy as part of the Argentina press attributed to a plot against Velázquez, an exchange of emails between the chief of presidential intelligence operations, and Judge Stiuso Arroyo Salgado New spy scandal Velázquez against Stiusso spy chief (and the judge Arroyo): When falls the cause?:
 The site of La Patria Grande alternative journalism published in relation to an investigation by journalist Christian Sanz "Drugs in Ezeiza and nerves Kirchner":
 In relation to the attempted coup. The information portal Refer ONE MINUTE:
 In March 2008 the daily Página/12 references on Velázquez and a group of soldiers among them were former military intelligence chief, Brigadier General Osvaldo Montero and the National Criminal Intelligence Director, Verónica Fernández Zagari those responsible for "concoct various conspiracies" between the vessels which are the subvlevación peasants against the government: [www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-101537-2008-03-30.html]
 In July 2008 the Argentine daily La Nacion under "Investigate a spy for political purposes" refers to the attempted overthrow by Velázquez of Defense Minister Nilda Garre, in a plot of several soldiers who were members for put in its place the then Interior Minister Dr. Aníbal Fernández:

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Argentine police officers


Snorri Þorbrandsson

Snorri Þorbrandsson (also Snorri Thorbrandsson) was a 10th-century Icelandic warrior. The main sources of Snorri's life are the semi-historical Icelandic sagas.

Snorri appears as a character in the Icelandic Eyrbyggja saga. He was from the area of Álftafjörður in west Iceland. He was a blood-brother of  Snorri goði  and comrade-in-arms with Þorfinnr Karlsefni. Following mild injury and outlawry resulting from a conflict with  Steinthor Thorlaksson (Steinthor of Eyr),  Snorri traveled to Greenland with his brother Thorleif Kimbi and perished in battle against the skrælings, the Indigenous peoples of the Americas), during Karlsefni's trip to Vinland.

References

Other sources
Pencak, William (1995)  The Conflict of Law and Justice in the Icelandic Sagas (Rodopi)

Related Reading
Magnusson, Magnus; Pálsson, Hermann (1965)  The Vinland Sagas (Penguin)
Smiley, Jane (2001)  The Sagas of the Icelanders (Viking Penguin)

Category:Norse colonization of North America


Kelvin Martin

Kelvin Darnell Martin (July 24, 1964 – October 24, 1987), also known  as 50 Cent, was an American criminal from Brooklyn, New York City, New York. He is primarily known as the inspiration for the name of the rapper, 50 Cent.

Biography
Born in 1964 in The Bronx, New York City, New York, Martin later moved to Brooklyn, New York City, New York.  Martin was possibly known as '50 Cent' due to his reputation of being prepared to rob anyone, regardless of how much money they were carrying at the time. Another story is that it came from an incident when he entered a game of dice with 50 cents and ended up walking away with $500.

The nickname may also be an allusion to his physically tiny stature - he weighed only 120 pounds (54 kg) and his height was 5'2" (157 cm).

He was shot on October 20, 1987, on the stairway of his girlfriend's project building, dying in Kings County Hospital four days later. Julio "WeMo" Acevedo was convicted of first-degree manslaughter and "served about a decade" in prison for Martin's killing.

Legacy
Martin's life and influence were chronicled in an in-depth, biographical documentary, starting from his upbringing and carrying through past his death. The documentary is called Infamous Times: The Original 50 Cent. Another documentary about him is called, The Original 50 Cent: The True Story of The Legend Who Inspired The Biggest Name In Rap.

References

Category:1964 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:20th-century American criminals
Category:African-American mobsters
Category:American mobsters
Category:American male criminals
Category:American criminals
Category:American robbers
Category:Criminals from New York City
Category:Murdered African-American people
Category:People from the Bronx
Category:People from Brooklyn
Category:Deaths by firearm in Brooklyn


Gwen Taylor

Gwen Taylor (born 19 February 1939) is an English actress who has appeared in many British television programmes. She is known for her roles as Amy Pearce in the sitcom Duty Free (1984–86); Barbara Liversidge in the sitcom Barbara (1999–2003); Peggy Armstrong in the drama series Heartbeat (2005–09), and Anne Foster in the soap opera Coronation Street (2011–12). She was nominated for the 1990 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for her role as Rita Simcock in the comedy series A Bit of a Do (1989). Her film appearances include Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979) and The Lady in the Van (2015).

Biography
Taylor was born in Crich, Derbyshire. Her initial career was in banking, but when she was an assistant area manager for the National Provincial Bank in Derby she became increasingly interested in amateur dramatics. Her first professional acting role was as a Green Bean in 'Jack and the Beanstalk' at the Derby Playhouse.

Gwen Taylor trained at East 15 Acting School, London. She played Pamela Dean, the sister of the murder victim Victor Dean, in Murder Must Advertise (1973). In 1975 she played the role of Jack Regan’s girlfriend, a probation officer named Anne Knightley in fourth episode of the second series of the British police drama, The Sweeney: episode Big Brother.

Later in the 1970s, she was one of the regulars on Eric Idle's Rutland Weekend Television. She also appeared in other Monty Python spin-offs such as The Life of Brian and Ripping Yarns, and as Chastity and Mrs. Mountbatten in the Beatles parody All You Need Is Cash. On the film's DVD commentary Eric Idle described her as 'the best comedy actress I ever worked with. She could do anything'. However, she turned down a role in The Meaning of Life as she thought that being covered in intestines as a man exploded in a restaurant would be "tasteless".

In 1990 she was nominated for a BAFTA as Best Actress for her role in A Bit of a Do opposite Sir David Jason. Between 2005 and 2009 she played the role of Peggy Armstrong in the drama Heartbeat. In July 2011 it was announced that Gwen Taylor would be joining the cast of Coronation Street, playing Anne, the mother of Frank Foster. She departed the series after her character was revealed as the killer of her rapist son on 19 March 2012. In November 2012 she appeared with Don Warrington in the stage version of Driving Miss Daisy on a UK-wide tour.

Taylor played various roles in Tracey Ullman's Show on the BBC in 2016 and 2017, and played Lillian in an episode of the Sky 1 sitcom Trollied in 2018.

Personal life
Taylor is married to the playwright Graham Reid, married in 1996. They live in London. She was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2014 but has since recovered.

Selected filmography

References

External links

Rutland Weekend Television on BBC Comedy Guide

Category:1939 births
Category:Actors from Derbyshire
Category:English film actresses
Category:English television actresses
Category:Living people
Category:People with cancer
Category:People from Derby
Category:Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) nominees


Night Train (2007 film)

Night Train is writer-director Diao Yi'nan's second feature film.  Like his previous film, Uniform, Night Train takes place in Diao's home province of Shaanxi and was shot in and around Baoji.

Night Train premiered in the 2007 Cannes Film Festival as part of the Un Certain Regard competition and was one of only two Asian films (the other being Li Yang's Blind Mountain) in competition for an award. The film was produced by Diao's Beijing-based Ho-Hi Pictures with funding from French (Fonds Sud Cinema) and American (DViant Films) companies.

Plot
The film follows a young woman, Wu Hongyan (Liu Dan), who works as a prison guard who aids in the execution of female prisoners. Lonely and widowed, Wu finds herself taking the night train to a dating service in a neighboring city.

After a series of unsuccessful dates, she meets Li Jun (Qi Dao), with whom she begins a relationship. It soon becomes clear that Li Jun is hiding a secret: that he is the widower of one of Wu's executed prisoners. Li Jun is torn both by his attraction to Wu, but also his desire to exact some sort of vengeance. Wu, meanwhile, must consider her own safety in this new volatile relationship.

Cast
 Liu Dan as Wu Hongyan, a widow, now working on the execution
 Qi Dao as Li Jun, the husband to one of Wu's executed inmates, Li Jun and Wu embark on an unstable sexual relationship
 Xu Wei as Wu's first date
 Wu Yuxi as Wu's second date
 Wang Zhenjia as Wu's girlfriend
 Meng Haiyan as a new prisoner

Reception

Awards and nominations
2007 Warsaw International Film Festival
 Nescafe Grand Prix
2008 Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema
 Best Actress — Liu Dan
 Jury Special Prize

References

External links

Night Train from the Chinese Movie Database
Night Train from distributor Mk2

Category:2007 films
Category:Chinese films
Category:Chinese drama films
Category:Films directed by Diao Yinan
Category:Films set in the 2000s
Category:Films set in Shaanxi
Category:Films shot in China
Category:Mandarin-language films
Category:Rail transport films
Category:2000s thriller films


Through My Eyes (Hunter Hayes album)

Through My Eyes is the debut independent studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Hunter Hayes. It was released on October 8, 2000, by Suagartown Records and Louisiana Red Hot Records.

Track listing

References

Category:2000 debut albums
Category:Cajun music albums
Category:Hunter Hayes albums


Leirvík

Leirvík () is a town on the Faroe Islands and was an important regional ferry harbour at the east coast of the second-largest island Eysturoy. Leirvík has 925 inhabitants (January 1, 2017).

It was the only town in the municipality of Leirvík (Leirvíkar kommuna), however on 1 January 2009, it merged with Gøtu kommuna to make the new municipality called Eysturkommuna.

Leirvík is important for its fishing industry.

The Norðoyatunnilin, a submarine tunnel to Klaksvík to the east, was opened in April 2006.

A district heating system pulls heat from the sea, increases the heat in a heat pump powered by electricity, and sends the heat to the large buildings in the town.

History
Archaeological excavations have shown that the town was first settled the 9th century by the Vikings. It is said that all inhabitants died in 1349 because of the Black Death.

See also

 Leirvik in Norway
 Lerwick in the Shetland Islands
 List of towns in the Faroe Islands

References

External links

 Faroeislands.dk: Leirvík

Category:Populated places established in the 9th century
Category:Populated places in the Faroe Islands


Yandong Township

Yandong Township () is a rural township in Bama Yao Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 25,917 and an area of .

Administrative division
As of 2017, the township is divided into 12 villages:
 Longjia ()
 Jiaole ()
 Longfeng ()
 Longtian ()
 Tonghe ()
 Laiman ()
 Yandong ()
 Longwei ()
 Xinli ()
 Hongwan ()
 Zimao ()
 Yanting ()

Geography
The township lies in the southern Bama Yao Autonomous County at its border with the counties of Tiandong and Tianyang. It borders the towns of Jiazhuan and Bama in the north, Natao Township in the east, Tianyang County in the southwest, Tiandong County in the southeast, and Suolue Township in the west.

The Lingxi Stream () and Chedou Stream () flow through the town.

Economy
The town's economy is based on nearby mineral resources and agricultural resources. The region abounds with gold, copper and antimony. The main food crops are rice, corn and cassava. Native products include tea-oil tree and Bama miniature pig ().

Transport
The National Highway G323 passes across the township.

References

Bibliography

Category:Township-level divisions of Guangxi
Category:Divisions of Bama Yao Autonomous County


HOXA7

Homeobox protein Hox-A7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA7 gene.

In vertebrates, the genes encoding the class of transcription factors called homeobox genes are found in clusters named A, B, C, and D on four separate chromosomes. Expression of these proteins is spatially and temporally regulated during embryonic development. This gene is part of the A cluster on chromosome 7 and encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor which may regulate gene expression, morphogenesis, and differentiation. For example, the encoded protein represses the transcription of differentiation-specific genes during keratinocyte proliferation, but this repression is then overcome by differentiation signals. This gene is highly similar to the antennapedia (Antp) gene of Drosophila.

See also
 Homeobox

References

Further reading

External links

Category:Transcription factors


Kurdo (rapper)

Kurdo Jalal Omar Abdel Kader (born in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan on 30 November 1988) better known by the mononym Kurdo is a German rapper of Kurdish origin from Heidelberg, Germany.

Born in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, he immigrated with his family to Germany when he was eight. In 2011, he launched his music through YouTube and was signed by the label Azzlackz. A few months later, he founded his own label Beefhaus with a debut mixtape 11ta Stock Sound and the single "Nike Kappe". In 2014, he released his debut album Slum Dog Millionaer with collaborations with Eko Fresh, KC Rebell, Mosh36, Nazar und Kontra K.

On 10 September 2014, Kurdo announced his self-founded label Almaz Musiq that released his second album, Almaz followed by Verbrecher aus der Wüste in 2016 and Vision in 2017. He has charted in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Discography

Albums

Collaboration albums

Mixtapes

Singles

References

External links
Facebook

Category:German rappers
Category:German people of Iraqi descent
Category:German people of Kurdish descent
Category:1988 births
Category:Living people


Seigo Saito

is a retired Japanese judoka.

Saito is from Sapporo, Hokkaidō. He belonged to Asahi Kasei after graduation from Kokushikan University in 2000.

Saito was good at Uchimata and Newaza in high-school days and was expected to get medal of Olympic Games or World Championships in the future. But he was not able to use the skill of them by the trouble of knee like Anterior cruciate ligament injury since 2000.

In 2005, he won a gold medal at the Asian Championships and All-Japan Selected Championships with the skill that he learned newly like Kata guruma, Ōuchi gari and Kuchiki taoshi. But he was not chosen as a Japanese representative at the World Championships held in Cairo.

He has coached judo at Asahi Kasei since 2010. Among his students is Tatsuki Masubuchi
Yohei Takai and so on.

His younger brother,  is also famous judoka and won a gold medal at the Kodokan Cup in 2001.

Achievements
1994 - All-Japan Junior Championships (-86 kg) 2nd
 - Inter-highschool championships (-86 kg) 3rd
1995 - Kodokan Cup (-86 kg) 2nd
 - Inter-highschool championships (-86 kg) 1st
1996 - Jigoro Kano Cup (-86 kg) 3rd
 - All-Japan Selected Championships (-86 kg) 3rd
 - All-Japan Junior Championships (-86 kg) 1st
1997 - Kodokan Cup (-90 kg) 2nd
 - All-Japan Junior Championships (-86 kg) 1st
 - All-Japan University Championships (-86 kg) 3rd
1998 - All-Japan University Championships (-90 kg) 3rd
1999 - Kodokan Cup (-90 kg) 3rd
 - All-Japan University Championships (-90 kg) 2nd
2000 - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90 kg) 2nd
2001 - All-Japan Selected Championships (-90 kg) 2nd
 - Kodokan Cup (-90 kg) 1st
2002 - All-Japan Selected Championships (-90 kg) 3rd
 - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90 kg) 1st
2003 - Kodokan Cup (-90 kg) 2nd
 - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90 kg) 1st
2004 - Kodokan Cup (-90 kg) 1st
 - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90 kg) 1st
2005 - Asian Championships (-90 kg) 1st
 - All-Japan Selected Championships (-90 kg) 2nd
 - Kodokan Cup (-90 kg) 1st
2006 - All-Japan Selected Championships (-90 kg) 1st
 - Kodokan Cup (-90 kg) 1st
2007 - Jigoro Kano (-90 kg) 3rd
 - All-Japan Selected Championships (-90 kg) 2nd
 - Kodokan Cup (-90 kg) 1st
2008 - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90 kg) 2nd
2009 - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90 kg) 2nd

References

Category:Japanese male judoka
Category:Sportspeople from Sapporo
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people


Dara Horn

Dara Horn (born 1977) is an American novelist and professor of literature.

Early life and education
Horn was born in New Jersey in 1977, grew up in Short Hills, New Jersey, and attended Millburn High School. Her mother, Susan, was an English teacher with a doctorate. Horn's father, Matthew, is a dentist who learned Chinese history at Temple University. When Horn was 14 she won a trip to Poland and Israel when she finished first in a competition about Israeli history. Upon her return to the US her essay that she wrote for Hadassah Magazine about her trip was nominated for a National Magazine Award in 1993.

She received her BA in comparative literature,  summa cum laude, in 1999 and her Ph.D. in comparative literature in Hebrew and Yiddish in 2006, both from Harvard University. She finished her master's degree in Hebrew literature at Cambridge University.

Career
She taught classes in Jewish literature and Israeli history at Sarah Lawrence College and the City University of New York. She was a visiting professor in Jewish Studies at Harvard, teaching Yiddish and Hebrew literature.  Horn served as a Distinguished Visiting Scholar at Yeshiva University during the 2019-2020 academic year. She has also been a contributor to the New York Times and The Atlantic.

Novels
Her first novel, In the Image, published by W. W. Norton when she was 25, received a 2003 National Jewish Book Award, the 2002 Edward Lewis Wallant Award, and the 2003 Reform Judaism Fiction Prize.

Her second novel, The World to Come, published by W. W. Norton in January 2006, received the 2006 National Jewish Book Award for Fiction, the 2007 Harold U. Ribalow Prize, was selected as an Editors' Choice in The New York Times Book Review and as one of the Best Books of 2006 by the San Francisco Chronicle, and has been translated into eleven languages.

Her third novel, All Other Nights, published in April 2009 by W. W. Norton, was selected as an Editors' Choice in the New York Times Book Review.

Her fourth novel, A Guide for the Perplexed, was published in September 2013.

Horn's fifth novel, Eternal Life, was published in January 2018 by W. W. Norton.  It was selected as one of The New York Times''' 100 Notable Books of 2018.
 Personal life
She lives with her husband, daughter, and three sons in Short Hills. Horn has one brother and two sisters.

Bibliography

HonorsGranta magazine, Best Young American Novelists, 2007
Editor's Choice in The New York Times Book ReviewHarold U. Ribalow Prize 2007
Best Books of 2006 by the San Francisco Chronicle''
Reform Judaism Prize for Jewish Fiction

References

External links
 Official website
 Interview at BookBrowse.com
 Presentense magazine
 Story behind A Guide for the Perplexed - Online Essay by Dara Horn

Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century American novelists
Category:Jewish American novelists
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Novelists from New Jersey
Category:Millburn High School alumni
Category:People from Millburn, New Jersey
Category:Sarah Lawrence College faculty
Category:American women novelists
Category:21st-century American women writers


Justice McFarland

Justice McFarland may refer to:

Ernest McFarland, a Chief Justice on the Arizona Supreme Court
Kay McFarland, a Chief Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court
Robert McFarland (judge), an Associate Justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court
Thomas Bard McFarland, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California


Paul Hindmarch

Paul Robert Hindmarch (born 8 February 1988) is an English cricketer. Hindmarch is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium-fast. He was born at Carlisle, Cumberland, and was educated as Keswick School.

Hindmarch made his debut for Cumberland against Lincolnshire in the 2006 Minor Counties Championship. His next appearance for Cumberland didn't come until 2009, against Northumberland in the Minor Counties Championship, having between those appearances played second XI cricket for a number of first-class counties. His next appearance for Cumberland came in the 2012 Minor Counties Championship against Lincolnshire, with him making three further appearances in that season's competition. He also made his debut in 2012 in the MCCA Knockout Trophy against Dorset. During the 2012 season, Hindmarch was selected to play for the Unicorns in the Clydesdale Bank 40, making his List A debut for the team against Yorkshire at Headingley. He wasn't required to bat during the match, but did take the wicket of Adil Rashid, taking figures of 1/35 from six overs. He made a second appearance during the tournament against Warwickshire at Wormsley Park. Batting at number eleven, Hindmarch made 50 runs from 49 balls, before he was run out by Chris Wright. His partnership of 73 for the tenth wicket with Glen Querl was the highest of the Unicorn's innings of 185. In Warwickshire's successful chase, he bowled five wicketless overs for the cost of 36 runs.

References

External links
Paul Hindmarch at ESPNcricinfo
Paul Hindmarch at CricketArchive

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Carlisle, Cumbria
Category:People educated at Keswick School
Category:English cricketers
Category:Cumberland cricketers
Category:Unicorns cricketers


Pałczew

Pałczew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brójce, within Łódź East County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Brójce and  south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

References

 Central Statistical Office (GUS) Population: Size and Structure by Administrative Division - (2007-12-31) (in Polish)

Category:Villages in Łódź East County


Parrearra, Queensland

Parrearra is a suburb of the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia, located within the Kawana Waters urban area. It contains Kawana Island.

History
The name of the suburb was one of several proposed in 1967 by the Kawana Waters developer, Alfred Grant, drawing on an unattributed reference by Justine Kenyon in her book on Aboriginal words, denoting a length of river.

References

External links
University of Queensland: Queensland Places:Parrearra

Category:Suburbs of the Sunshine Coast Region
Category:Kawana, Queensland


Michelle Ruthven

Michelle Ruthven (née McKendry, born 18 June 1967) is a Canadian former alpine skier who competed in the 1988 Winter Olympics, 1992 Winter Olympics, and 1994 Winter Olympics.

In the January 1994 World Cup downhill in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, Ruthven came in third in a race where skier Ulrike Maier died.

References

Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian female alpine skiers
Category:Olympic alpine skiers of Canada
Category:Alpine skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Category:Alpine skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Category:Alpine skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics


Norman de Mesquita

Samuel Norman Bueno de Mesquita (1932 – announced 29 July 2013) was a British sports journalist and broadcaster who specialized in the coverage of cricket and ice hockey.
 De Mesquita spearheaded the growth of ice hockey in the United Kingdom during the 1950s. From ca.1972 until 1975 de Mesquita produced and presented a seasonal BBC Radio London series titled The Play's the Thing, a fortnightly review of London's amateur theatre scene.

His death from a suspected heart attack was announced on 29 July 2013, at the age of 81.

References

External links
Cricket Writers Club: Norman de Mesquita 1932-2013

Category:1932 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Category:British sports broadcasters
Category:British sportswriters
Category:Cricket historians and writers
Category:English sports journalists
Category:Ice hockey commentators
Category:Ice hockey people in the United Kingdom


Rhododon

Rhododon, called sandmint, is a genus of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, first described as a genus in 1939. It contains only one known species, Rhododon ciliatus, the Texas sandmint endemic to the state of Texas in the United States.

References

External links
US Department of Agriculture plant profile, Rhododon Epling, sandmint
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas
Dave's Garden

Category:Lamiaceae
Category:Endemic flora of Texas
Category:Monotypic Lamiaceae genera


CD Guadalcacín

Club Deportivo Guadalcacín is a Spanish football team based in , Province of Cádiz, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. Founded in 1954, it plays in Tercera División – Group 10, holding home games at Estadio Municipal Antonio Fernández Marchán.

Season to season

5 seasons in Tercera División

External links

Fútbol Regional team profile
La Preferente team profile

Category:Football clubs in Andalusia
Category:Association football clubs established in 1954
Category:Jerez de la Frontera
Category:1954 establishments in Spain


Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica

Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica, also known as the Rameshwaram ornamental, or Rameshwaram parachute spider, is a critically endangered species of tarantula.

Distribution
It was discovered in 2004 by Andrew Smith from a sacred grove of the Hanumavilasum Temple in Rameshwaram.

It was initially thought to be endemic to the Ramanathapuram district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, but has since been identified outside India in the Mannar District of Northern Sri Lanka. The close proximity of Mannar island to India suggests that the species may have dispersed over the land bridge between the two countries in the Pleistocene epoch.

Identification
In first pair of legs, ground color is daffodil yellow. Femur has a black band three quarters the part. Patella is daffodil yellow with a thin black band distally. Tibia also daffodil yellow with a thick black transverse band.

In fourth pair of legs, ground color is bluish grey, with a black patch proximally. Femur having bluish grey band. Patella also bluish grey with fade black mark distally. Tibia bluish grey.

References

External links
photos

Category:Spiders described in 2004
Category:Spiders of Asia


Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes

The inferior deep cervical lymph nodes extend beyond the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle into the subclavian triangle, where they are closely related to the brachial plexus and subclavian vein.

References

Category:Lymphatics of the head and neck


Alexandr Yakovlevich Tal

Alexandr Yakovlevich Tal (July 18, 1840 – October 16, 1911) was an Imperial Russian corps commander. He took part in the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the war against the Ottoman Empire. He died in what is now Pushkin, Saint Petersburg.

Category:1840 births
Category:1911 deaths
Category:Russian people of the January Uprising
Category:Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)


Bolota Asmerom

Bolota Asmerom (born 12 October 1978 in Asmara, Eritrea) is a long-distance runner who competed for Eritrea before gaining a US visa in 2002. He attended McAteer High School in San Francisco and graduated in 1995. His personal-record for the 5k in high school cross country was 15:59. He placed 6th in CIF cross-country championships Division 3 in his senior year. After High school, he went on to attend the University of California. Bolota has a brother, Yonathan, who was also on The University of California Track and Field Team.

Eritrea
In 2000, while studying at the University of California he represent Eritrea at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, he entered the 5000 metres where he finished 16th in his heat so didn't qualify for the final.

USA
In May 2002 he gained US nationality, he entered for the 2004 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), although he finished third he didn't have the Olympic "A" standard time to qualify. In the 2008 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) he was in a good position going into the final turn before being bumped off the track thus losing his rhythm and finishing in fourth place. Asmerom went to McAteer high school in San Francisco, graduated from UC Berkeley, and now lives in Oakland, CA.

Asmerom spent one semester studying counseling psychology at the University of San Francisco. He is currently a coach.

References

Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:Eritrean male long-distance runners
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic athletes of Eritrea


Minor Radvilos Palace

Minor Radvilos Palace () is a former palace of the Radziwiłł family in Vilnius, Lithuania. The palace was originally built in the 17th century and was reconstructed twice in 1796–1810 and 1987–1989. Currently, it houses the Lithuanian Theater, Music and Cinema Museum.

References

Category:Palaces in Vilnius
Category:Castles and palaces of the Radziwiłł family


New Zealand 'A' cricket team in India in 2017

The New Zealand A cricket team toured India in September and October 2017. On this tour they played two first-class matches and five limited-overs matches against the India A team. New Zealand A was captained by Henry Nicholls. The two first-class matches were played at the ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground and the limited overs matches at ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium in Visakhapatnam.

Squads

Parthiv Patel replaced Rishabh Pant for the second Test due to Pant's injury. Colin de Grandhomme replaced Sean Solia for the ODI series.

First-class series

1st unofficial Test

2nd unofficial Test

ODI Series

1st ODI

2nd ODI

3rd ODI

4th ODI

5th ODI

See also
 New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017–18

References

Category:2017 in Indian cricket
Category:A team cricket

External Links
Series home at ESPN Cricinfo


List of state leaders in 1404

Africa
Ethiopian Empire – Dawit I (1382–1413)

Asia
China (Ming dynasty) - Yongle Emperor (1402–1424)
Kingdom of Chūzan  - Bunei (1395–1407)
Kingdom of Hokuzan – Hananchi (1401–1416)
 Japan (Muromachi period)
 Monarch – Emperor Go-Komatsu (1392–1412)
 Ashikaga shogunate - Ashikaga Yoshimochi (1394–1423)
Joseon (Korea) – Taejong (1400–1418)
Kingdom of Nanzan – Ououso (1403–1413)
 Siam
 Ayutthaya Kingdom – Ramrachathirat (1395–1408)
 Sukhothai Kingdom – Maha Thammaracha III (1400–1419)

Europe
Principality of Achaea –
 Maria II Zaccaria (1402–1404)
 Centurione II Zaccaria (1404–1430)
Kingdom of Bosnia – Tvrtko II (1404–1409)
Byzantine Empire – Manuel II Palaiologos (1391–1425)
Kingdom of Castile – Henry III (1390–1406)
Kingdom of England – Henry IV (1399–1413)
Kingdom of France – Charles VI (1380–1422)
Germany - (House of Wittelsbach) - Ruprecht, King of the Romans (1400–1410)
Bavaria-Straubing (House of Wittelsbach) -
Albert, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing and Count of Holland and County of Hainaut (1347–1404)
William II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing and Count of Holland and County of Hainaut (1404–1417)
Margraviate of Meissen (Wettin) - William der Einäugige (1349–1407), Wilhelm the Rich (1381–1425) and Frederick IV (1381–1428)
Landgraviate of Thuringia (Wettin) - Balthasar, Landgrave of Thuringia (1349–1406)
Kingdom of Poland – Władysław II Jagiełło (1386–1434)
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – John I (1385–1433)
Kingdom of Scotland – Robert III (1390–1406)
Principality of Theodoro – Alexios I (1402–1434)
Principality of Tver – Ivan (1400–1425)

Middle East and North Africa
Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) – Qara Osman (1403–1435)
Kingdom of Cyprus – Janus (1398–1432)
Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt – Nasir-ad-Din Faraj (1399–1405)
Empire of Trebizond – Manuel III (1390–1416)


List of trees of the Andaman Islands

The Andaman Islands fall within the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. While endemism estimated to be a modest 17%, the islands share about 65% of its tree species with south-west Myanmar. Early explorers like Kurz documented the flora of the region, and C.E. Parkinson published a Flora of the Andaman Islands with important tree species of the region. Since then, a number of tree species have been described. A comprehensive checklist of flora of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands has been published by the Botanical Survey of India - a 3-volume flora is currently under preparation of which the first volume was published in 2008.

List of species
This checklist includes trees and other flora listed in Parkinson (1923). It includes most native tree species and some exotic trees species.

See also
Flora of the Indian epic period

References

Andaman Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
.


Deacons (law firm)

Deacons is Hong Kong's oldest and largest independent, full service first-tier law firm. Having integrated into Hong Kong's society for more than 165 years, it benefits from the long-established relationships with Hong Kong’s business community, including the HKSAR Government, local conglomerates such as Shangri-La Hotels & Resorts, Tsui Wah Holdings Limited and Kerry Logistics Network Limited, and multinational corporation such as McDonald’s Corp., Samsung and Yahoo Inc!. The firm has also international connections with other independent law firms around the world through its membership of international networks of independent law firms such as Lex Mundi, Interlex, World Services Group and Employment Law Alliance.

The firm is based in Hong Kong and has offices in Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai.  In Hong Kong and Mainland, Deacons provides legal services to a wide range of clients, mainly from medium to large-scale businesses. The firm previously had offices in the United States, Australia, Japan,  Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Taiwan, Vietnam and Jakarta in the form of affiliation or joint name. It has decided to remain independent where the Hong Kong office retains its absolute management of its entire business and staff administration.

Until now, it has an office of 6 entire floors in Alexandra House in Central. The office is equipped with internal staircases across different floors and two private elevators exclusively for the use of Deacons. The firm also extends its office to Sheung Wan.

History

The firm is named for the English solicitor Victor Deacon, who in 1880 joined the legal practice established by William Thomas Bridges in 1851 in Hong Kong. Bridges was the second barrister to commence practice in Hong Kong.

Within two years, Victor Deacon was made a partner and within 20 years, under his own name, he had firmly established Deacons as one of the colony's leading law firms, a position it has retained to this day. In 1860, with offices on Queen's Road, the firm was based close to the Supreme Court.

Deacons grew steadily throughout the 20th century, flourishing during Hong Kong's post-war boom. By the mid-1970s, Deacons was a busy, full-service business law firm and a highly respected name in commercial circles throughout Asia. In 1910, the larger firm required bigger office space and Deacons moved to Ice House Street. Since 1985, it has resided in Alexandra House, progressively taking more floor space to accommodate the expanding team of lawyers. Until now, it has an office of 6 floors in Alexandra House. It also has an office in Sheung Wan.

In 1986, Deacons opened an initial presence in the People's Republic of China in Beijing. In 2002, Deacons established a representative office in Beijing and was one of the first Hong Kong law firms to be granted a licence to open a second office in the PRC. In 2005, Deacons became the first firm to be awarded a third foreign law firm licence in mainland China.

In 2016, Deacons celebrates 165 years in Hong Kong.

Practice Areas

Deacons is listed in The Legal 500 and Chambers and Partners. It is globally ranked to be a first-tier law firm, particularly in Real Estate, Intellectual Property, Investment Funds, and Insurance services.

It has 15 key service areas, including:-
 Banking & Finance
 Capital Markets
 China Trade & Investment
 Construction
 Corporate and M&A
 Employment & Pensions
 Insolvency & Restructuring
 Insurance
 Intellectual Property
 Investment Funds
 Litigation & Dispute Resolution
 Private Clients
 Real Estate
 Regulatory
 Tax
Within these areas, it has over 80 specializations in view of its substantial manpower, such as International Arbitration, Entertainment & Media and Japan Services.

Recognition

Deacons has been awarded for its service, corporate social responsibility (CSR), employee benefits, working environment and graduate recruitment over decades. A selection of the recent three years' awards includes:-

2017
 IFLR "Private Equity Deal of the Year 2017"
 IFLR "Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017"
 Managing IP "Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017"
 Chinese Business Law Awards "Construction & Infrastructure Firm of the Year 2017"
 Chinese Business Law Awards "Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2017"
 The Asia Legal Award "M&A Deal of the Year: Private Equity & Venture Capital 2017"
 Human Resources Asia "Best Graduate Recruitment Programme 2017"

2016
 Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2016”

 ASIAN MENA "Firm of the Year 2016"
 IFLR "Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2016"
 Euromoney Asia "Best National Firm for Talent Management 2016"
 Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2016”
 Asian Legal Business "Annual CSR List Awardee 2016"
 HFM Asia Hedge Fund Services Award "Best Onshore Law Firm 2016"

2015
 Chambers Asia-Pacific “Hong Kong Law Firm of the Year 2015”
 China Law & Practice’s “Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015”

 ASIAN MENA Counsel "Most Responsive Domestic Law Firm of the Year 2015"
 IFLR "Hong Kong Firm of the Year 2015"
 Asian Legal Business “Employer of Choice 2015”
 Asian Legal Business "Citizenship Law Firm of the Year 2015"
 The Asian Lawyer

References

External links

 PLC 'Which Lawyer?' web site
 Findlaw.com website
 Martindale website
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100305143902/http://www.deacons.com.hk/eng/index.htm
 CRPS Lawyers

Category:Law firms of Hong Kong
Category:Law firms established in 1851
Category:1851 establishments in Hong Kong


Veststraumen Glacier

Veststraumen Glacier () is a glacier about  long draining west along the south end of Kraul Mountains into Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf. The glacier was seen in the course of a U.S. Navy LC-130 plane flight over the coast on November 5, 1967, and was plotted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from photographs obtained at that time. In 1969, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) gave the name "Endurance Glacier" to this feature (in remembrance of the ill-fated voyage of the Endurance in this part of Weddell Sea in 1915), but that naming was rescinded because UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) gave the identical name to a small glacier on Elephant Island. The descriptive name "Veststraumen" (the west stream) appears on a 1972 Norsk Polarinstitutt map.

See also
 List of glaciers in the Antarctic
 Glaciology

References

Category:Glaciers of Queen Maud Land
Category:Princess Astrid Coast


Abdul Qadim Haqq

Abdul Qadim Haqq (born December 24, 1968), also known as Haqq and The Ancient,  is an American visual artist who was born and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He is considered Detroit's number one ambassador of art for world-renowned techno music artists. Haqq's artwork is featured worldwide on classic records by Detroit Techno record labels, namely the records of Juan Atkins, Metroplex, Derrick May, Transmat, Underground Resistance, Kevin Saunderson, Carl Craig.  Abdul Qadim Haqq has been serving the techno music community through Techno Visual Art since 1989. His artwork continues to inspire fans all over the world.

Haqq, founder of Third Earth Visual Arts, bases his futuristic concepts on time travel. His love for fantasy art was inspired by childhood pastimes such as watching sci-fi and Japanese animation. "Japanese cartoons were all I watched when I was a kid, like Speed Racer, Battle of the Planets and Robotech," says Haqq. "I watched them constantly; I never missed an episode." As a youth growing up in Detroit, Haqq was often sick from asthma and had to stay in the house, which caused him to spend a considerable portion of his time watching science fiction and fantasy shows on TV. These in turn led him to create and illustrate his own stories. Haqq majored in graphic illustration at the College for Creative Studies, originally called the Center for Creative Studies, in Detroit. After graduating in 1991, he committed himself to working as a futurist artist, and remains dedicated to Detroit Techno Art today. "  ''

Career
Haqq completed his first work for Derrick May's record label Transmat in October 1989. Later that year, Haqq met Mike Banks and UR. "We got our start when Derrick May from Transmat asked us to do artwork for his label. We started doing work there and he liked it, so he let us have a studio in the basement at Metroplex, which he arranged with Juan Atkins. Third Earth Visual Arts was originally four art students, but we all went different paths and I'm the only one who stuck with it for the past 25 years."

After completing art school in 1991, he met Banks and composed his first project for him. He recalls having the same feelings about the sound then and now;  "[the music] always sounded like it was from beyond this world," he says. At the time, UR was new, but the music was already alive. Haqq knew this from his nights spent dancing at the Music Institute, which is burnt into the city's history of computer dance jams. One day, Derrick May skimmed some of his journal entries on Native American rituals and chose some of Haqq's notes on the Lakotah for the backsleeve of his magnum opus, Rhythm is Rhythm's "The Beginning". That instance was just one of the increasing moments of Haqq's eye and eye (third and physical) visions that are evenly building optical rapture.

"Abdul Qadim Haqq & Shinichiro Watanabe Joint Exhibition" held an Art exhibit from April 24, 2010 until August 1, 2010.  The exhibit was opened in the Netherlands at the "GalleryIKOI" and in Tokyo, Japan June 24, 2010, the booklet was published by Storyriders in Japan. To celebrate the publication of the booklet that summarizes this event "Requiem for a Machine Soul" booklet, held at the Kichijoji Club Seata and June 26 at club Seata in Kichijoji, Tokyo.  Abdul Qadim Haqq & Shinichiro Watanabe Joint Exhibition", Paintings and the painter Abdul Qadim Haqq which occupies an important position in the Detroit Techno scene, such as vinyl record/cd jackets and graphic arts.  Abdul Qadim Haqq was newly written for this exhibition, paintings he created to inspired, original stories by Shinichiro Watanabe.

In 2014 Haqq published a book titled, 1989–2014: 25 Years of Techno Art in 2014, featuring photography and illustrations of the Detroit Techno scenes important work including Drexciya, Gerald Mitchell, Dj Rolando, This work contains a comprehensive record of activities and historical documentation that records the Detroit Techno community in one book.

The "Technanomicron" is a 30-paged art book in 10" size entitled "The Rise of the Technolords". It contains abstract illustrations of important artists from Detroit, as well as short biographies written in Abdul's own unique science fiction style of Storytelling.
Prolific and highly respected Detroit techno artist, Abdul Haqq, shares a selection of personal favourites and undisputed Detroit techno classics from the archives of Underground Resistance, Carl Craig, Derrick May, Jeff Mills and Suburban Knight. Over the years, Haqq has undertaken a whole foray of artwork for the aforementioned recording artists and their related labels. He was responsible for producing some of the earlier artwork for Transmat, closely followed by various projects for Planet E, including the well known Intergalactic Beats cover art. Subsequently, Abdul has worked very closely with Underground Resistance and still producing much of their label artwork to this day, remains the key figure in creating the unique imagery for the ultimate techno institution. If you are unfamiliar with Haqq's painting style, then this compilation provides an excellent starting point, for a taster of this artist's work is depicted in the enclosed thirty-two-page artbook. This limited edition includes printed artbook.

References

External links

Third Earth Visual Arts

Detroit Promo TV - Abdul Haqq - Techno Artist
“Techno Art” - Abdul Qadim Haqq meets Techno & Philosophy collective in Detroit for London Art Exhibit
Abdul Qadim Haqq at the Hubb | Birmingham UK for Soul City Arts

Category:Detroit techno
Category:American speculative fiction artists
Category:Futurist artists
Category:African-American artists
Category:Culture of Detroit
Category:Artists from Detroit
Category:Fantasy artists
Category:1968 births
Category:Living people


Sirembe Secondary School

Sirembe Secondary School was established in 1989. It is a mixed day and partly boarding secondary school. Sirembe Secondary School is located along Kodiaga-Siaya Road in Sirembe Sub Location, Gem Constituency in  Siaya County in Kenya.

School Postal address is  P.O BOX 143-40612, SAWAGONGO, KENYA

The school's population currently stands at approximately 500 students. The school has produced notable Alumni, Ronald McAgak (Journalist), Maxwell Odera ( High school Teacher), Judith Nyajom ( CDC/KEMRI), Mophat Onyango (Engineer) Benard Okoth( Film Maker), Victor Omondi (Social Scientist), Samson Opondo ( Pharmacist) Duncan Mola, Belvin Okaka,  among others.

Performance

The School became position 29 Nationwide among the district secondary schools  in the 2013 KSCE

Partnership

The school currently partners with Restore Humanity, a Non-proft making organisation that aims at making the dreams of financially incapacitated students a reality. The organisation sponsors a number of students in the school  Currently Restore Humanity is running  a campaign " OUTREACH #EDUCATE40 " that aims at sending 30 Kenyan Girls and 10 boys to High School

The school also works closely with other community based organisations, the CDF, government and other organisations

Leadership

The school is Currently headed by Henry Oyuga Airo. Former Principals include the late Peter Odida Owuor, Ernest Odero and Walter Onyango

Digital Media platforms

Website/blog : Sirembe Secondary School

References

Sirembe School Website Retrieved on 17 January 2017

Shule Zote Retrieved on 17 January 2017

Elimu Centre Retrieved on 17 January 2017

The Standard Newspaper Retrieved on 17 January 2017

Advance Africa Retrieved on 17 January 2017

Restore Humanity Retrieved on 17 January 2017

Category:Educational institutions established in 1989
Category:Secondary schools in Kenya
Category:Education in Nyanza Province
Category:Siaya County


Boeing EC-135

The Boeing EC-135 was a command and control version of the Boeing C-135 Stratolifter. During the Cold War, the EC-135 was best known for being modified to perform the Looking Glass mission where one EC-135 was always airborne 24 hours a day to serve as flying command post for the Strategic Air Command in the event of nuclear war. Various other EC-135 aircraft sat on airborne and ground alert throughout the Cold War, with the last EC-135C being retired in 1998. The EC-135N variant served as a tracking aircraft for the Apollo program.

Missions

Looking Glass

Officially known as "Operation Looking Glass", at least 11 EC-135C command post aircraft were provided to the Commander in Chief, Strategic Air Command (CINCSAC), and were based at various locations throughout the United States and worldwide. Operations began in 1961 with the 34th Air Refueling Squadron at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, initially using EC-135As (converted from KC-135As) until the dedicated EC-135Cs entered service in 1963 and 1964. The EC-135Cs were converted from the 17 new build KC-135Bs that were accepted by SAC but never entered squadron service as tankers.  Other Offutt-based units included the 38th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (1966–1970), the 2d Airborne Command and Control Squadron (1970–1994), and the 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron (1994–1998). Other units operating the Looking Glass mission included the following:

913th Air Refueling Squadron at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana (1963–1970)
3d Airborne Command & Control Squadron at Grissom Air Force Base, Indiana (1970–1974)
4th Airborne Command & Control Squadron at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota (1970–1991)
99th Air Refueling Squadron, Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts (1963–1970)

Other EC-135 aircraft (including EC-135A, G, and L models) supporting the Looking Glass missions (communications relay and Minuteman airborne launch control centers) were flown by the 906th Air Refueling Squadron at Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota (1963–1970), the 70th Air Refueling Squadron at Grissom AFB (1975–1993), and the 301st Air Refueling Squadron at Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio (1963–1970).  All aircraft have been retired or repurposed.

The United States nuclear strategy depends on its ability to command, control, and communicate with its nuclear forces under all conditions. An essential element of that ability is Looking Glass; its crew and staff ensure there is always an aircraft ready to direct bombers and missiles from the air should ground-based command centers be destroyed or rendered inoperable. Looking Glass is intended to guarantee that U.S. strategic forces will act only in the manner dictated by the President. It took the nickname "Looking Glass" because the mission mirrored ground-based command, control, and communications centers.

The Strategic Air Command (SAC) began the Looking Glass mission on February 3, 1961 and  Looking Glass aircraft were continuously airborne 24 hours a day for over 29 years, accumulating more than 281,000 accident-free flying hours.  On July 24, 1990, "The Glass" ceased continuous airborne alert, but remained on ground or airborne alert 24 hours a day. The EC-135A flew the Command Post mission until EC-135C were delivered starting in 1963. The aircraft were delivered to Offutt AFB and as well as one aircraft to each of the Stateside Numbered Air Force Headquarters – Second Air Force at Barksdale AFB, LA; Eighth Air Force at Westover AFB, MA; and Fifteenth Air Force at March AFB CA. EC-135s flew all the missions except one, on March 4, 1980, when an E-4B was tested on an operational mission, flying a double sortie as the replacement aircraft could not launch due to weather. About a week after the flight, Washington deleted the funds for additional E-4 aircraft.

On June 1, 1992, SAC was inactivated and replaced by the United States Strategic Command, which now controls the Looking Glass. On October 1, 1998, the Navy's E-6 Mercury TACAMO replaced the USAF's EC-135C in the Looking Glass mission. One former Looking Glass aircraft remains in service as a WC-135C Constant Phoenix.

Notes
 Ellsworth AFB maintained additional EC-135 aircraft on Satellite Alert at Minot AFB to monitor the North Dakota missile silos.

Airborne Launch Control Center

Airborne Launch Control Centers (ALCC—pronounced "Al-see") provided a survivable launch capability for the United States Air Force's LGM-30 Minuteman Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) force by utilizing the Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS) on board that is operated by an airborne missileer crew. Historically, from 1967–1998, the ALCC mission was performed by United States Air Force Boeing EC-135 command post aircraft. This included EC-135A, EC-135C, EC-135G, and EC-135L aircraft.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, ALCS crews belonged to the 44th Strategic Missile Wing (SMW) at Ellsworth AFB, SD and 91st SMW at Minot AFB, ND. ALCS equipment was installed on various Boeing EC-135 variants to include the EC-135A, EC-135C, EC-135G, and for a short while on the EC-135L.

Starting in 1970, there were only two SAC squadrons that operated ALCS capable aircraft. This included the 2nd Airborne Command and Control Squadron (ACCS) operating EC-135C aircraft out of Offutt AFB, NE and the 4th ACCS operating EC-135A, EC-135C, and EC-135G aircraft out of Ellsworth AFB, SD. All three variants of these EC-135A/C/G aircraft had ALCS equipment installed on board.

The 4th ACCS was the workhorse of ALCS operations. Three dedicated Airborne Launch Control Centers (ALCC) were on ground alert around-the-clock providing ALCS coverage for five of the six Minuteman ICBM Wings. These dedicated ALCCs were mostly EC-135A aircraft but could also have been EC-135C or EC-135G aircraft depending on availability. ALCC No. 1 was on ground alert at Ellsworth AFB, SD and during a wartime scenario would have taken off and orbited between the Minuteman Wings at Ellsworth AFB, SD and F.E. Warren AFB, WY providing ALCS assistance if needed. ALCCs No. 2 and No. 3 were routinely on forward deployed ground alert at Minot AFB, ND. During a wartime scenario, ALCC No. 3 would have orbited between the Minuteman ICBM Wings at Minot AFB and Grand Forks AFB, both in North Dakota, providing ALCS assistance if needed. ALCC No. 2 was dedicated to orbiting near the Minuteman ICBM Wing at Malmstrom AFB, MT providing ALCS assistance if needed. The 4th ACCS also maintained an EC-135C or EC-135G on ground alert at Ellsworth AFB, SD as the West Auxiliary Airborne Command Post (WESTAUXCP) as a backup to SAC's "Looking Glass" Airborne Command Post (ABNCP) as well as a radio relay link between the Looking Glass and ALCCs when airborne. Although equipped with ALCS, the WESTAUXCP did not have a dedicated Minuteman ICBM wing to provide ALCS assistance to.

The 2nd ACCS was another major player in ALCS operations. The primary mission of the 2nd ACCS was to fly the SAC ABNCP "Looking Glass" aircraft in continuous airborne operations. However, due to its proximity in orbiting over the central United States, the airborne Looking Glass provided ALCS coverage for the Minuteman ICBM Wing located at Whiteman AFB, MO. Not only did Whiteman AFB have Minuteman II ICBMs, but it also had ERCS configured Minuteman missiles on alert. The 2nd ACCS also had an additional EC-135C on ground alert at Offutt AFB, NE as the EASTAUXCP, providing backup to the airborne Looking Glass, radio relay capability, and a means for the Commander in Chief of SAC to escape an enemy nuclear attack. Although the EASTAUXCP was ALCS capable, it did not have a dedicated ALCS mission.

Silk Purse

Operation Silk Purse program provided four EC-135H command post aircraft to the Commander, U.S. European Command (USEUCOM), which were based at RAF Mildenhall in the United Kingdom. Flown by the 10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron 1970–91.  Onboard secure/non-secure communications and avionics equipment was maintained by the 513th Avionics Maintenance Squadron and the 2147th Communications Squadron.  Aircraft S/Ns 61-0282, 285, 286 and 291.

Scope Light

Operation Scope Light provided five EC-135C/HJ/P command post aircraft to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Atlantic Command (CINCLANT), which were based at Langley AFB, VA.  Operated by the 6th Airborne Command and Control Squadron 1972–92.

Blue Eagle

Operation Blue Eagle provided five EC-135J/P command post aircraft to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command (USCINCPAC), which were based at Hickam AFB, HI.  Operated by the 9th Airborne Command and Control Squadron 1969–92. Communications, secure/unsecure voice and teletype, handled by the 1957th Communications Group, Hickam AFB, HI (1969–1992)

"Upkeep" was the call sign for the EC135 flying in southeast Asia during 1969 to 1971, based out of Hickam AFB Hawaii.  It was under the direction of PACAF of which 5th AF in Fuchu AS, Tokyo
Japan handled their voice communications both unsecure and secure.
<1956 Comm Gp USAF 1969 to 1971>

Blue Eagle Ground Stations were located at Hickam AFB, HI, Yakoto AB, Japan, Kadena AB, Okinawa, and Clark AB, Philippines.  There may have been an additional Ground Station on Guam.

At Kadena AB, the 1962nd Communications Group hosted the Blue Eagle Ground Station.  The call sign for the Kadena Blue Eagle Operation was “Settler”.

All Blue Eagle Ground Stations were contracted to Philco Corporation and consisted of two trailer vans that could be pulled by a single tractor.  One van was configured with a 15KW diesel powered generator and diesel fuel tank and the other was outfitted with a 15 ton heavy duty air conditioning unit, three motor generators, three UHF/VHF FM transmitters and receivers, two multiplexers each providing up to 24 telephone lines and a dedicated, individual telephone line provided to the aircraft.

The ground stations were self sufficient in that they were configured in trailers so they could be relocated to safer positions in the event of a national emergency.  The equipment installed in the vans was identical to the electronics on board the aircraft.  This necessitated the requirement for motor-generators to provide conversion from 60 Hz to 400 Hz power.

Each equipment van had an omni-directional antenna mounted on the roof of the van and 3 additional portable antennas that were deployed on telephone poles.  The antennas could be switched electro-mechanically from each transmitter/receiver pair.  The vans at Kadena AB were never moved from their initial installation location.

Blue Eagle was formed in 1965 and started 24/7 operation in October 1965 and continued until disbanded in 1992.

Nightwatch

Operation Nightwatch provided three EC-135J command post aircraft to the President of the United States which were based at Andrews AFB, MD. All three aircraft were transferred to other ABNCP missions.

Nightwatch was initiated in the mid-1960s utilizing the three EC-135J aircraft, modified from KC-135Bs, as command post aircraft. The three Nightwatch aircraft were ready to fly the President and the National Command Authority (NCA) out of Washington in the event of a nuclear attack. The E-4 aircraft (a modified Boeing 747-200) came on line with the Nightwatch program in 1974 replacing the EC-135s on this mission.

USCENTCOM Support

The 310th Airlift Squadron, part of the 6th Air Mobility Wing at MacDill AFB, Florida, operated two NKC-135s that were reconfigured as  EC-135Y aircraft from 1989 to 2003 as executive transport and command & control platforms to support the Commander, United States Central Command.  These aircraft have since been replaced with three C-37A Gulfstream V aircraft.

Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft

The Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft are EC-135Bs, modified C-135B cargo aircraft and EC-18B (former American Airlines 707-320) passenger aircraft that provided tracking and telemetry information to support the US space program in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

During the early 1960s, NASA and the Department of Defense (DoD) needed a very mobile tracking and telemetry platform to support the Apollo space program and other unmanned space flight operations. In a joint project, NASA and the DoD contracted with the McDonnell Douglas and the Bendix Corporations to modify eight Boeing C-135 Stratolifter cargo aircraft into EC-135N Apollo / Range Instrumentation Aircraft (A/RIA). Equipped with a steerable seven-foot antenna dish in its distinctive "Droop Snoot" or "Snoopy Nose", the EC-135N A/RIA became operational in January 1968, and was often known as the "Jimmy Durante" of the Air Force. The Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) at Patrick AFB, Florida, maintained and operated the A/RIA until the end of the Apollo program in 1972, when the USAF renamed it the Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft (ARIA).

Since Patrick AFB was located on the Atlantic Ocean, salt water and salt air-induced corrosion issues and associated aircraft maintenance challenges were problematic for the ARIA while based there.  Transferred to the 4950th Test Wing at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, in December 1975 as part of an overall consolidation of large test and evaluation aircraft, the ARIA fleet underwent numerous conversions, including a re-engining that changed the EC-135N to the EC-135E. In 1994, the ARIA fleet relocated again to Edwards AFB, California, as part of the 412th Test Wing. However, taskings for the ARIA dwindled because of high costs and improved satellite technology, and the USAF transferred the aircraft to other programs such as E-8 J-STARS.

Over its thirty-two year career, the ARIA supported the United States space program, gathered telemetry, verified international treaties, and supported cruise missile, ballistic missile defense tests, and the Space Shuttle.

Variant summary
EC-135A – KC-135A modified for airborne national command post role. Later performed Airborne Launch Control Center mission with the Airborne Launch Control System.
EC-135B – C-135B modified with large nose for ARIA mission
EC-135C – converted from new built KC-135B to EC-135C for airborne command post role, "Looking Glass"
EC-135E – re-engined EC-135N
EC-135G – KC-135A modified for airborne national command post role. Later performed Airborne Launch Control Center mission with the Airborne Launch Control System.
EC-135H – KC-135A modified for airborne national command post role, "Silk Purse"
EC-135J – KC-135B modified for airborne national command post role, "Nightwatch"
EC-135K – KC-135A modified for deployment control duties
EC-135L – KC-135A modified for radio relay and amplitude modulation dropout capability "Cover All"
EC-135N – ARIA aircraft with the so-called "droop snoot" radome housing a large parabolic telemetry gathering antenna.
EC-135J/P – KC-135A modified for airborne command post role, "Blue Eagle" and "Scope Light"
EC-135Y – NKC-135 reconfigured as C3 aircraft for Commander-in-Chief, United States Central Command

Accidents

On 13 June 1971, USAF EC-135N, (AF Serial Number 61-0331), of 4950th Test Wing, Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH disappeared while en route from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Hickam AFB, HI after monitoring a French atmospheric test conducted on the previous day.  The aircraft disappeared about 70 miles south of Hawaii near Palmyra Island.  Twelve military personnel and twelve civilians died.  Cause of the mishap is unknown.  Only small bits of wreckage were found.
On 14 September 1977, USAF EC-135K, (AF Serial Number 62-3536), crashed on takeoff from Kirtland Air Force Base, NM for a Higher-Headquarters Directed (HHD) mission.  After a long crew duty period, the crew started its takeoff roll at a few minutes prior to midnight.  The aircraft impacted the ground 8 km (5 miles) east of the departure base because it lacked sufficient power to either climb above or turn to avoid rapidly rising terrain in that area.  All 20 occupants of this Tactical Air Command (TAC) operated aircraft were killed in the crash and subsequent fire at about 8,500 feet up the Manzano Mountain Range east of Albuquerque, NM.
On 2 January 1980, USAF EC-135P, (AF Serial Number 58-0007), was destroyed on the ground at Langley AFB, VA when an electrical short occurred in the water injection tank heater wiring on the J-57-P/F-59W equipped aircraft.  There were no injuries as the Tactical Air Command (TAC) aircraft was unoccupied at the time of the mishap.
On 6 May 1981, USAF EC-135N, (AF Serial Number 61-0328), crashed during a scheduled Advanced Range Instrumented Aircraft (ARIA) navigator and Primary Mission Electronic Equipment (PMEE) training mission from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. For an unexplained reason, the aircraft pitch trim was moved to the full nose-down position, which exceeded the ability of the autopilot to control, and the aircraft pitched over abruptly.  The abrupt pitch over caused the generators to trip off line and the loss of AC electrical power prevented the pitch trim from being operated normally.  The aircraft became uncontrollable and exploded at about 1,500 ft MSL.  The crash occurred near Walkersville, MD at 10:50L.  All seventeen crew members and four passengers on board the aircraft were killed.
On 29 May 1992, USAF EC-135J, (AF Serial Number 62-3584), landed long at Pope AFB, NC and overshot the runway.  The undercarriage collapsed and the fuselage broke in two.  Although none of the 14 occupants were seriously injured, the aircraft was written off as damaged beyond repair and the remains were removed to Davis-Monthan AFB, AZ for disposal.
On 2 September 1997, USAF EC-135C, (AF Serial Number 63-8053), was heavily damaged on landing at Pope AFB, NC when the nose wheel collapsed.  None of the 11 occupants was injured significantly, but the Air Combat Command (ACC) aircraft was 32 years and 10 months old at the time of the accident and was written off as damaged beyond repair.

Aircraft on display

 60-0374 The Bird of Prey – EC-135E (originally built as a C-135A, later converted to EC-135N) on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. The aircraft is a former Advanced Range Instrumented Aircraft (ARIA) designated as an EC-135N model with J57-59 engines, and is displayed in the museum's outside Air Park; nose art remains. The aircraft was flown to the museum on November 3, 2000, by a flight crew from the Air Force Flight Test Center (AFFTC), and was delivered with full Prime Mission Electronic Equipment intact.
 61-0262 Rollin' Thunder – EC-135A (originally built as a KC-135A) on static display at the South Dakota Air and Space Museum in Box Elder, South Dakota; nose art remains. It was last assigned to the 4th Airborne Command and Control Squadron (4th ACCS), 28th Bomb Wing at Ellsworth.
 61-0269 Excaliber – EC-135L (originally built as a KC-135A) on static display at the Grissom Air Museum near Peru, Indiana.   The aircraft was last assigned to the 305th Air Refueling Wing and retired in 1992, at the end of the Cold War. It was delivered to the Air Force on 8 December 1961. Assigned to Grissom AFB in 1970, the aircraft flew many missions during Operation Just Cause, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. For the latter, it performed radio relay operations leading to the elimination of two Iraqi aircraft, over 60 tank kills, and 27 Scud missile strikes.
 61-0287 – EC-135A Airborne Launch Control Center/radio relay link aircraft (originally built as a KC-135A) on static display at Zorinsky Memorial Air Park at Offutt Air Force Base in Bellevue, Nebraska.
 61-0327 – on static display at the Museum of Aviation, Robins AFB
 63-8049 – EC-135C (originally built as a KC-135B), under restoration at the Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum in Ashland, Nebraska.
 63-8057 – EC-135J (originally built as a KC-135B) on static display at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.

See also
Airborne Launch Control System
Airborne Launch Control Center
Post Attack Command and Control System
Operation Looking Glass
Emergency Rocket Communications System

References

Reference for the Variant Summary list: DoD 4120.14L, Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles, May 12, 2004

External links

USSTRATCOM ABNCP Fact Sheet

EC-0135, Boeing
Category:Military communications
Category:Nuclear warfare
Category:Strategic Air Command
Category:Telemetry
C-135E, Boeing
Category:1960s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Category:Quadjets
Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Nebraska
Category:Low-wing aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1965


Barriles

Barriles (known also as Sitio Barriles or by the designation BU-24), is one of the most famous archaeological sites in Panama. It is located in the highlands of the Chiriquí Province of Western Panama at 1200 meters above sea level. It is several kilometers west of the modern town of Volcán. This places the site in the Gran Chiriquí culture area (encompassing Western Panama and much of Southern Costa Rica, parts of the even broader Intermediate Area or Isthmo-Colombian Area). The site was originally named for several small stone barrels found in the area, although these have also been found elsewhere in the Río Chiriquí Viejo valley and in Costa Rica. This area has a cool, spring-like climate with a pronounced rainy season between May and November, and a dry but windy season the rest of the year. The region lies on the western flanks of Volcán Barú, a dormant volcano and the highest mountain in Panama.

Like El Caño in Central Panama or Panamá Viejo in Panama City, Barriles is one of the few archaeological sites in Panama regularly accessible to the public. The northwestern portion of the site is accessible to the public through the Landau finca (which is a private property), who have a variety of artifacts on display in their yard, in the walls of a fake excavation block, and in a small private museum. Not all of the artifacts on display were found on-site. The family offers guided tours of the collections and their gardens in both Spanish and English. Donations are greatly appreciated.

The site is believed to have once been a socioceremonial center with a substantial residential population between 500-1000 individuals. It contains a small mound which was once associated with a row of 14 statues. Ten of these depicted solitary individuals, while four included one individual- often chubbier, taller, wearing a conical hat and ornaments- riding atop the shoulders of a naked man, though some of these individuals also wore conical hats. Many scholars have interpreted these double individual statues as evidence for the existence of higher and lower status social groups within Barriles. A large metate (grinding stone) whose border was adorned by tiny stone heads has also been interpreted as evidence for violence or human sacrifice in the past. Many of the statues and the metate are on currently display in the Museo Antropológico Reina Torres de Araúz in Panama City.

Chronology

Barriles was largely occupied during the Aguas Buenas Period (A.D. 300-900) (see ), known locally as the Bugaba Period. Nine radiocarbon dates have been taken from Barriles, six of them clustering between A.D. 500-800 (or the Late Bugaba Phase). Pottery from this period was generally unpainted and occasionally included engraved, incised and appliqué decorations. Stone artifacts, including small chips created from the manufacture of stone tools (i.e. blades, axes, and metates), were generally made from andesite, basalt, rhyolite, and chert. Organic materials, like plant fibers and animal bones, have not preserved well in the acidic soils.

The Aguas Buenas Period was preceded by the Tropical Forest Archaic (4600-2300 B.C.), which is known from rockshelter sites found outside of the valley. The Concepción Phase (roughly 300 BC to AD 400) was associated with the earliest ceramic using populations in the area, and evidence suggests that populations were low and spatially dispersed, though more sites are known from lower elevations. The Aguas Buenas Period was associated with the development of settlement system containing large villages and small farmsteads. The subsequent Chiriquí Phases (AD 900-1500) witnessed the dissolution of the previous villages, and populations returned to ephemeral and spatially dispersed patterns. This suggests that major population reorganization during the sequence may have been associated with the political and ceremonial rise and decline of Barriles.

A hypothetical AD 600 eruption of nearby Volcán Baru was thought to have devastated other archaeological settlements upstream from Barriles, prompting a movement into, and subsequent colonization of, the Caribbean watershed. Recent geological and archaeological work has seriously questioned the veracity of the AD 600 eruption, and evidence now points toward a much later eruption event, possibly around AD 1400. Recent archaeological work in the Caribbean watershed has also raised the possibility of earlier and denser populations than previously believed.

History of research

Barriles was the subject of early archaeological investigations by Dr. Matthew Stirling (the late 1940s), who did not publish extensively on his findings. Stirling was the archaeologist who recovered fragments of the Barriles statues and the large metate. Alain Ichon and Wolfgang Haberland (1950s and 1960s) were interested in studying the ceramics from Barriles, and collected samples from a few small excavations.

In the early 1970s, in the region (and other areas in Western Panama) became the focus of the multi-year Adaptive Radiations project led by the Panamanian archaeologist Dr. Olga Linares. The project involved several influential figures in modern Central American archaeology, including Dr. Richard Cooke, Dr. Anthony Ranere, and Dr. Payson Sheets. This project surveyed a portion of the Río Chiriquí Viejo valley and identified dozens of sites. They concluded that the Río Chiriquí Viejo was once home to substantial and complexly populations supported by maize agriculture. According to them, this was not as easily possible in the neighboring Caribbean lowlands, which did not exhibit the same complex social organization as the mountains. The accuracy and implications of last point has become the subject of considerable debate. Some collections of ceramics and lithics from this project are housed in Temple University. The site was then briefly revisited by Dr. Catherine Shelton in the 1980s, but the majority of her work dealt with sites at lower elevations. The Argentinian scholar Dr. Vidal Fraitts studied the Barriles statues during the 1990s, but did not conduct new fieldwork at the site.

The first decade of the 21st century has witnessed renewed interest in the site. A German-Panamanian team of archaeologists excavated the remains of a structure in 2001, which suggested to them that Barriles was probably a village rather than an empty ceremonial center or cemetery. This large excavation block has been left open for tourists to visit today. Dr. Karen Holmberg (Brown University) sampled volcanic stata from this excavation, though much of her work was ultimately conducted near the modern towns of Boquete and Caldera on the other side of the volcano. Dr. Scott Palumbo (College of Lake County) recently conducted the most extensive work at the site by sampling different domestic sectors with hundreds of small excavations. His work suggested that Barriles contained a far denser residential population compared to other sites in the region, and that the activities which drew people to the village were likely ceremonial feasts, perhaps associated with funerary rituals. Differences between social ranks, however, was subtle and not nearly as clear as the distinctions supposedly advertised in the double individual statues.

Myths and Misconceptions

Because Barriles has received relatively little archaeological attention compared to flashier sites in Mesoamerica or Peru, it has become the subject of considerable rumor and speculation.

One of the more popular rumors is that Barriles was settled by two populations, one of African descent and another of Asian descent (not completely unlike modern Panama). Proponents of this theory point to the supposed ethnic characteristics they claim to see on the Barriles statues. There are three reasons to doubt this possibility. The first is the ceramic styles and patterns of domestic organization studied at Barriles have identifiable and direct antecedents in the previous Concepción Phase, rather than representing an intrusive complex of artifacts introduced from elsewhere. The second reason to doubt this theory is that the statues themselves appear quite stylized, suggesting that certain physical features (like perfectly squared shoulders) may have been part of the ancient artistic canon of the sculptors, rather than an accurate copy of actual physical characteristics. The final reason is that some of the statues' faces have been interpreted as reflecting possibly mutilated individuals

Pointing to poorly demonstrated trans-oceanic contacts is an example of a hyper-diffusionist theory. Such theories often do not give proper credit to descendant indigenous groups for their ancient cultural achievements, a practice which may be interpreted as implicitly racist and colonial.

Another common myth is that the Barriles population was conquered by Mayan groups from Mesoamerica (Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, parts of Honduras and El Salvador). Part of this theory is based on the presence of painted, polychrome ceramics from the end of the sequence. These exact ceramics are commonly associated with the later Chiriquí (or Boruca) Period and have been extensively described by neighboring Costa Rican archaeologists. There is no evidence for Maya contact or occupation that has been accepted by professional archaeologists.

Anthropological significance

According to some, Barriles is believed to have been the seat of a small regional polity of settlements linked by ceremonial ties, warfare, and the production or exchange of polished stone axes, used for forest clearing and woodworking activities. The possible connection of political or religious organization to different degrees or forms of social inequality has been the subject of a recent investigation. Changes in social organization, especially those associated with the early development and persistence of political hierarchies or social inequalities, are of theoretical interest to many anthropological archaeologists who seek to understand these important shifts in human history. This is one of the reasons why Barriles has a theoretical importance that transcends Central American archaeology.

Barriles also plays an important role in discussions of a Macro-Chibchan identity, based on genetic, linguistic and archaeological studies from elsewhere in Central America. The individuals wearing conical hats in the statues may be possibly associated with a shamanistic religious tradition. However, studies of Macro-Chibchan identity have been largely based on qualities between trade items which are hypothesized to have bound different Chibchan-speaking groups into a similar religious tradition, items which are entirely absent at Barriles. This observation, however, is based largely on collections of ancient domestic trash, not the systematic excavation of tombs where valued items may have been consumed as grave goods.

Notes

References
Behling, H. 2000 A 2860-year high-resolution pollen and charcoal record from the Cordillera de Talamanca in Panama: a history of human and volcanic forest disturbance. The Holocene 10:387-393.
Beilke-Voigt, v.I. 2002 Archäologische Forschungen in Panamá. Ethnographische-Archäologische Zeitschrift 43:605-613.
Clement, R.M., and S.P. Horn 2001 Pre-Columbian Land-Use History in Costa Rica: A 3000-year Record of Forest Clearance, Agriculture and Fires from Laguna Zoncho. The Holocene 11(4): 419-426.
Graham, M.M. 1996 Merchants and Metalwork in Middle America. In Paths to Central 	American Prehistory, edited by F. W. Lange, pp. 237–252. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado
Griggs, J. 2005 The Archaeology of Central Caribbean Panama. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.
Haberland, W. 1955 Preliminary Report on the Aguas Buenas Complex, Costa Rica. Ethnos 20(4): 224-230.
Holmberg, K. 2009 Nature, Material, Culture, and the Volcano: The Archaeology of the Volcán Barú in Highland Chiriquí. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York.
Hoopes, J. 1996 Settlement, Subsistence, and the Origins of Social Complexity in Greater Chiriquí: A Reappraissal of the Aguas Buenas Tradition. In Paths to Central American Prehistory, edited by F. Lange, pp. 15–48. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
-----. 2005 The Emergence of Social Complexity in the Chibchan World of Southern Central America and Northern Colombia, AD 300-600. Journal of Archaeological Research 13(1): 1-47.
Linares, O. 1977 Adaptive Strategies in Western Panama. World Archaeology 8(3): 304-319.
-----. 1980 Conclusions. In Adaptive Radiations in Prehistoric Panama, edited by O. Linares and A. Ranere, pp. 233–247. Peabody Museum Monographs, vol. 5. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Linares, O., and A. Ranere (eds.) 1980 Adaptive Radiations in Prehistoric Panama. Peabody Museum Monographs, vol. 5. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Palumbo, S. 2009 The Development of Complex Society in the Volcán Barú Region of Western Panama. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh
Ranere, A. 1980 Preceramic Shelters in the Talamancan Range. In Adaptive Radiations in Prehistoric Panama, edited by O. Linares, and A. Ranere, pp. 16–43. Peabody Museum Monographs, vol. 5. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Shelton, C. 1984 Formative Settlement in Western Chiriquí, Panamá: Ceramic Chronology and Phase Relationships. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia.
Sherrod, D.R., Vallance, J.W., Tapia Espinosa, A., and McGeehin, J.P. 2007 Volcan Baru- eruptive history and volcano-hazards assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1401, 33 p., 1 plate, scale 1:100,000. Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1401
Stirling, M. 1950 Exploring ancient Panamá by Helicopter. National Geographic Magazine 97(2):227-246.
Vidal Friatts, M.L. 1993 Las “Estatuas” de Barriles, Chiriquí – Republica de Panamá. Edición Fundación del Rosario, Buenos Aires.
Wake, T. 2006 Prehistoric Exploitation of the Swamp Palm (Raphia taedigera: Arecacea) at Sitio Drago, Isla Colón, Bocas del Toro province, Panamá. Caribbean Journal of Science 42(1): 11-19.
Wake, T., J. de Leon, and C. Bernal 2004 Prehistoric Sitio Drago, Bocas del Toro, Panama. Antiquity 78 (online project gallery). https://web.archive.org/web/20080626142956/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/wake/index.html

Category:History of Panama
Category:Archaeological sites in Panama
Category:Former populated places in Panama
Category:Pre-Columbian archaeological sites
Category:Buildings and structures in Chiriquí Province


Garak Market

Garak Fish Market or Garak-dong Agricultural Market is an extensive farmers fish market in the neighborhood of Garak-dong in Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It is served by Garak Market Station.

Management Agency

Seoul Agro-Fisheries & Food Corporation

Mission
We make customers happy by providing the effective agro-distribution system

Vision
Global Leader in Agro-distribution

Strategic goals
Efficient distribution system, Eco-friendly Global Market, Developing new engine of growth, Sustainable management focused on customers.

Purpose establishment
- To contribute the stabilization of the livelihood of producers and consumers by promoting the smooth distribution of agricultural & marine products

- To maintain proper pricing and a stable supply of agro-marine products.

Main business
- The Management and operation of the agricultural & marine products wholesale markets established by Seoul City

- Directing & supervising auction companies, intermediate wholesalers and related traders

- Maintaining transaction order at the wholesale markets

- Modernizing the distribution system of agro-marine products

- Cultivating specialists in distribution (education & training)

- Investigating, analyzing and providing distribution information for agro-marine products

- Supervision of food quality and hygiene

- Managing standardization, grading, packaging, keeping food fresh.

Main task
- Providing a fair and transparent transaction environment

- Improving the existing agro-distribution system

- Providing prompt and various distribution information of a high quality

- Promoting the competitiveness of distributors

- Reducing waste and recycling

- Inspection of the food safety of agricultural products

- Guiding grading and traceability

- Expanding facilities of collection, delivery and storage for a new distribution environment.

Gallery

See also
List of markets in South Korea
List of South Korean tourist attractions
Fish market

References

External links
 Official site

Category:Songpa District
Category:Retail markets in Seoul
Category:Fish markets


Kaikoura

Kaikoura (; officially Kaikōura) is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 1, 180 km north of Christchurch. The town has an estimated permanent resident population of  (as of ).

The town is the governmental seat of the territorial authority of the Kaikoura District, which is politically a part of the Canterbury region. Kaikoura was the first local authority in the Southern Hemisphere to achieve recognition by the EarthCheck Community Standard.

The infrastructure of Kaikoura was heavily damaged in the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, which caused two deaths in the area. The bay and surrounding region were uplifted by as much as 2 metres.

History
From 1853 to 1876, Kaikoura was administrated as part of the Nelson Province. In 1876 the Kaikoura County was formed.

On 14 November 2016 a 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck the South Island just after midnight. It left two people dead and triggered a small tsunami. One thousand tourists and hundreds of residents were stranded in Kaikoura after the earthquake cut off train and vehicle access.

Geography

The stretch of coastline stretching roughly between the mouths of the Conway and Clarence Rivers is generally known as the Kaikoura Coast. This coast is unusual for the South Island east coast, as there is very little coastal plain, with the Seaward Kaikoura Range, a branch of the Southern Alps, rising straight from the ocean.

The town of Kaikoura itself has a beautiful setting, with the Seaward Kaikouras as a backdrop. Because of this, there are many walking tracks up and through the mountains. A common one for tourists is the Mt. Fyffe track, which winds up Mt. Fyffe, and gives a panoramic view of the Kaikoura peninsula from the summit.

Mt. Fyffe owes its name to the first European family to settle in Kaikoura, the Fyffe family. The cottage that they lived in, built in 1842, still stands, and is now a tourist attraction operated by Heritage New Zealand.  The construction of the cottage is unusual in that the supporting foundations of the house are made of whalebone.

The Kaikoura Peninsula extends into the sea south of the town, and the resulting upwelling currents bring an abundance of marine life from the depths of the nearby Hikurangi Trench. The town owes its origin to this effect, since it developed as a centre for the whaling industry.  The name Kaikōura means 'meal of crayfish' (kai – food/meal, kōura – crayfish) and the crayfish industry still plays a role in the economy of the region. However Kaikoura has now become a popular tourist destination, mainly for whale watching (the sperm whale watching is perhaps the best and most developed in the world) and swimming with or near dolphins.  There is also a large and readily observed colony of southern fur seals at the eastern edge of the town.  At low tide, better viewing of the seals can be had as the ocean gives way to a rocky base which is easily navigable by foot for quite some distance.

It is also one of the best reasonably accessible places in the world to see open ocean seabirds such as albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters, including the Hutton's shearwater which nests high in Kaikoura mountains.  A strategic plan for the future of the Kaikoura Coast is being developed by Te Korowai o te Tai o Marokura, the Kaikoura Coastal Guardians.

Climate

Economy
At the 2013 census, the largest employment industries in the Kaikoura District were accommodation and food services (19.5%), agriculture, forestry and fishing (17.7%) and retail trade (11.5%).

Culture
Takahanga Marae, a marae (tribal meeting ground) of Ngāi Tahu and its Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura branch, is located in Kaikoura. It includes the Maru Kaitatea wharenui (meeting house).

Government

Local governance history
At a provincial level, the area of Kaikoura initially belonged to the Nelson Province. When the Marlborough Province split off from the Nelson Province, Kaikoura became part of that new province, with the Conway River the new southern boundary. Provincial government was abolished at the end of 1876, and counties were formed instead.

Kaikoura was from 1877 governed by Kaikoura County. The county's boundary was adjusted northwards in 1940 to take over most of the East Coast Riding of Awatere County. There were also desires for land from Cheviot County to transfer to Kaikoura County, but the petition lapsed. In 1952, there were moves for a borough to be formed for Kaikoura township, but the underlying concerns from which the initiative resulted were addressed in different ways and no borough was formed. A 1971 scheme to form a Hurunui County would have seen Kaikoura County lose the area south of the Hundalee Hills, but this did not proceed.

The 1989 local government reforms disestablished all counties, and district and regional councils were formed instead. Kaikoura District was formed in the process, with the land south of the Hundalee Hills transferred to Hurunui District as per the 1971 proposal. At a regional level, Kaikoura belonged to the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council. When the regional council was disestablished in 1992 after only three years and its functions went to the unitary authorities of Nelson City Council, Tasman District Council, and Marlborough District Council, Kaikoura transferred to the Canterbury Regional Council. In 1993, an elector-initiated appeal wanted the northern 59% of Kaikoura District to be transferred to Marlborough District, but this was rejected by the Local Government Commission. There was a further elector-initiated proposal for Kaikoura District to merge with Hurunui District, but the Local Government Commission rejected this in 2009.

In terms of its provincial anniversary holiday, Kaikoura observes the anniversary of Marlborough Province due to its historic association. This meant that the public holiday established through the Canterbury Earthquake Commemoration Day Act 2011 did not apply in Kaikoura District as it only applied to the area where the Canterbury Anniversary Day is observed.

Kaikoura District
Kaikoura District has a land area of 2,046.41 km² (790.12 sq mi) and an estimated population of  inhabitants; which includes other populated places within the district (aside from Kaikoura):

 Main settlements:
 Kekerengu
 Clarence
 Rakautara
 Hapuku
 Ocean Ridge
 The Elms
 Peketa
 Goose Bay
 Omihi
 Oaro

 Minor localities:
 Ngaio Downs
 Parikawa
 Mangamaunu
 South Bay
 Mount Fyffe
 Swyncombe
 Mount Furneaux
 Lynton Downs

 Other communities:
 Waipapa Bay
 Okini Bay
 Half Moon Bay
 Puhi Puhi
 Inland Road

Provincial representation
The town of Kaikoura was represented through an elected representative of the Amuri electorate on the Nelson Provincial Council. From 1860, the area was represented on the Marlborough Provincial Council first through the Flaxbourne and Clarence electorate, then the Clarence electorate, and finally the Awatere electorate.

Transport

The town is on State Highway 1 and the northern section of the South Island Main Trunk Railway. Kaikoura also has a small sealed airstrip located 6 km south of the main centre. Kaikoura Airport is mainly used for whale spotting tourist flights but it can also be used by small private and charter flights. It previously had return flights to Wellington operated by Sounds Air.

Rail
Kaikoura is served by the Main North Line, the northern section of the South Island Main Trunk Railway. The line opened north of Kaikoura on 13 March 1944, while the line south of the town opened on 15 December 1945, the latter completing the full line Christchurch to Picton.

Kaikoura is served by the Coastal Pacific long-distance passenger train, formerly called the TranzCoastal, which connects the town with Christchurch to the south, Picton and the Cook Strait ferries to the north. Kaikoura Station was the last station in New Zealand to have a refreshment room for passengers, which closed in 1988 when the Coastal Pacific Express (former name for the TranzCoastal) introduced on-board refreshments.

Freight trains also pass through the town, mainly carrying freight between the marshalling yards at Middleton in Christchurch and the Interislander rail ferries at Picton.

The Main North Line (Picton to Christchurch, passing through Kaikoura) suffered damage in the November 2016 earthquake and was closed for repairs, re-opening to freight traffic on 15 September 2017.  The Coastal Pacific is expected to resume running once all repairs are completed in mid 2018.

Education

Media

Newspapers
The main newspapers for Kaikoura are the Wednesday weekly Kaikoura Star and Monday to Friday late morning daily The Marlborough Express. The early morning Monday-Saturday Christchurch based daily The Press is also available. These papers are all owned by Fairfax New Zealand

Radio
Kaikoura has three locally transmitted radio stations on FM. These are More FM Marlborough (formerly Sounds FM) broadcast from Blenheim during the day and Auckland at night, Blue FM which is a locally broadcast Kaikoura station, and Tahu FM broadcast from Christchurch. Non local transmissions of the following stations can be received: The Breeze (Wellington AM/FM), Radio New Zealand National (Wellington AM/FM), ZM (Wellington and Christchurch FM), Radio Hauraki (Christchurch).

Entertainment
Movies are shown at the Mayfair cinema (opened 1935), located on the Esplanade, and historically known for its carbon arc movie projector. In November 2013 the cinema went digital. Due to earthquake, it has closed.

Gallery

References

External links

 Official District Council website
 Official tourism and information site

Category:Kaikoura District
Category:Populated places in Canterbury, New Zealand


Joseph Schuster (vaudeville)

Joseph Schuster (1896 - June 10, 1959) was an American composer and music publisher. He was also a vaudeville and radio performer. With John A. Tucker, he was part of the team of Schuster and Tucker. He collaborated on songs with Rudy Vallée and Ruth Etting.

Biography
He was born in 1896 to Sarah and Morris Schuster. His father was from Germany and his mother from England. He had a brother, Ira Schuster.

He was on the radio between 1928 and 1935 as Schuster and Tucker. Their songs included Dance of the Paper Dolls, and Don't Shoot the Bartender, He's Half Shot Now''.

In 1959 he appeared on Memory Lane (TV series) with his former partner Tucker. He died on June 10, 1959 at Trafalgar Hospital from an intestinal hernia.

Songs
Mama's Little Baby with John A. Tucker.
Look at Me Now (Schuster song) with John A. Tucker.
I Kissed a Girl and Made Her Cry with Jack Val.
Home Is Where the Heart Is (Schuster song).

References

Category:1896 births
Category:1959 deaths
Category:American composers
Category:American music publishers (people)