Role of the international community in the Rwandan genocide

This article details the role of the international community in the Rwandan genocide.

Background
The genocide in Rwanda was based on two groups, believed to be based on ethnicity, the Hutu and the Tutsi. The population in the year 1994 was approximately seven million people. Rwanda's population was 85% Hutu, 14% Tutsi, and 1% Twa (a Pygmy tribe). Historically, the Tutsis had been the ruling class, which was enforced by Belgian colonialism, so centuries of Hutu hatred toward the elitist minority had made politics a tense arena in Rwanda. In 1959, there was a Hutu revolution in which the Tutsi elite was overthrown and a Hutu government was put in place in 1961 with the support of European powers. President Habyarimana, who came to power in 1973, increased divisions between the Tutsi and Hutus in the year of 1992. In the year of 1994, President Habyarimana, a moderate Hutu, was shot down in a plane on April 6 and this was the spark that began the 100 days of genocidal violence against Tutsis and moderate Hutu.

It is estimated that about 800,000 - three-quarters of the Tutsi population in Rwanda - were killed in the genocide.  Anyone suspected of being a Tutsi was killed while fleeing the roadblocks and leaving the country. Hutus opposing the genocide were also killed, being proclaimed traitors. The Hutu extremists, known as Interahamwe were successful in their genocide.  The genocide and war were stopped when the rebel group of Tutsis based in Uganda, called the Rwandan Patriotic Front, stopped the Hutu extremists. Paul Kagame, the leader of the RPF, became the president of Rwanda.

The UN and peacekeeping forces stationed there made little effort to suppress the genocide and eventually all were ordered to leave before the genocide's end, even though many peacekeepers were providing protection to Tutsis that sought refuge.

Response
Most of the world stood on the sidelines during the Rwandan genocide, hoping to avoid the loss of life and political entanglement that the American debacle in Somalia had created. As reports of the genocide spread through the media, the Security Council supplied more than five thousand troops to give a strong force. But the delay and denial of recommendations prevented the force from getting there on time and arrived months after the genocide was over.  In the events that took place after the genocide, many government officials in the community mourned over the loss of many and were surprised about the world’s obliviousness to the situation that could have prevented the massacre from taking place. The Rwandan genocide did not interest the outside world as the Yugoslavia genocide did. The outbreaks in Rwanda were seen as not of sufficient interest and value to warrant prevention of the violence, expense of resources or the risk of losing more casualties. The delay caused thousands of Rwandan lives to be lost and mentally scarred those who lived to tell the story.

Belgium
Belgium was a colonial power in Rwanda and had a deep political connection with their government even after decolonization. Their main connection - the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), which was initially mostly composed of Belgian soldiers.  The Belgian General Information and Security Service had previous knowledge of the genocidal intentions of the Habyarimana regime but were unable to act until it was too late.

Out of the 2,548 troops authorized by the UN in October 1993, initially only 800 were deployed, half of which were Belgian. Concerned about the continued armament of militia in February 1994, Belgium warned the UN of the potential for a massacre and urged the international community to strengthen UNAMIR's peacekeeping force. Belgium's warnings fell on deaf ears. The soldiers were told that they were in Rwanda in the light of a peace mission. They were not allowed to fight, as that was not their assignment.
After the attack of April 6, 1994, the Radio des milles collines spread the rumor that Belgian soldiers from UNAMIR were the source. The Rwandan presidential guard captured and assassinated Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana and her husband, as well as the ten Belgian soldiers assigned to protect them. Lt. Thierry Lottin had contact with General Dallaire about the serenity of the situation while protecting the Prime Minister, but Dallaire initially did not see the urge to retreat. This dramatic episode drove Belgium into a depressive consternation which entailed its disengagement from UNAMIR.  As to justify its decision, Belgium carried the UN along with a spiraling number of countries who were leaving UNAMIR. An informer, known as "Jean-Pierre" by General Dallaire, had revealed to Dallaire that the people behind the genocide were counting on the fact that western nations couldn't tolerate their own casualties without pulling out of the mission.

Starting with April 7, Belgium demanded an extension from the UN of UNAMIR's mandate in order to evacuate the 1,520 Belgian residents. One can read from the report from the Belgian Senate the intentions of the Belgian ambassador from 12 April 1996: "We are preoccupied above all with the personnel who have worked for us, of certain people associated with the process of democratization, with clergymen." The report follows: "Finally, operation 'Silver Back' began on April 10 and will be completed on April 15 when the last Belgian civilians will have left Rwanda."

After the genocide, Belgium, traumatized, started a parliamentary reflection.  The Belgian senate instituted a "Commission d'enquête parlementaire () which inquired and composed a parliamentary report.

On April 6, 2000, Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt attended the ceremony commemorating the sixth anniversary of the genocide in Kigali. He took the occasion to make apologies after six years and to 'take on the responsibility of my country, according to what we have learnt afterwards 'in the name of my country and of my people, I beg your pardon.' - Extract from chapter 15.52 of the report from the UN

Canada
In July 1993 UNAMIR Force Commander General Roméo Dallaire was  with little information on the background of the conflict in Rwanda. When he requested current intelligence, he was denied and given little access to the information. Roméo was forced to proceed on his mission blindly and due to the lack of information Canada was given, the mission was planned poorly as they were provided with inexperienced experts in economic, political and human rights operational planning. This came as a result of military operations that had ignored requirements for long-term addresses to the cause of the Rwandan conflict. Their mandate allowed them only to monitor the implementation of the Arusha Accords and to support the transitional Government. The mission was also restricted with little funding or time, and force was prohibited except in self-defence.

After the 1994 shooting down of President Habyarimana's plane, Dallaire called for reinforcement and was denied. By April 10, it was clear the non-battle pole strategy had failed to prevent the genocide. Belgium withdrew its forces after a number of their soldiers were massacred and the majority of the UN force followed shortly afterwards. UNAMIR eventually took under protection 40,000 Rwandans despite their strict mandate. The Peacemaking (Chapter VII) UNAMIR II deployed once the airport had been retaken and forces could begin arriving (UN ARCH).  Canadian (Operation Lance), British (Op Gabriel) and Australian (Op Tamor) forces were among the first western nations to arrive and join the small UN force and begin assisting Rwandan in achieving peace and healing, including intervening in the genocide.

Canada’s new role in genocidal prevention is to take action under the United Nations Charter as they consider appropriate, in an attempt to prevent and suppress the violent acts of genocide.  With the use of a bi-polar strategy, military defense prevention and suppression, Canadian policy makers can respond when it may be the only practical way of stopping genocides.

China
China’s acute role played two parts within their community, one being a part of the horror that took place and the other side being remorseful. It is already proven that the Rwandan genocide could have been prevented . Both France and China were responsible for supplying the government with military arms. If prevention from the United Nations was taken far more seriously, it could have prevented China and France from funding and/or fueling the genocide and French troops from helping the Hutu regime in power flee the country.  The Rwandan embassy and Chinese communities organized events to honor the lost and injured. These events took place in Beijing and a few Rwandan communities. The memorials were marked with silence, prayers, songs and presentations on the history of Rwanda; they expressed the hope that the world could learn from this tragedy.

France

From October 1990 to December 1993, the French army led Opération Noroit, when the president of the French Republic responded to the Rwandan Republic. France openly supported the regime of Juvénal Habyarimana against the RPF rebels, contributing a 'French presence to the limit of direct engagement' according to the title of a chapter of the report of the French parliamentary mission.  This operation allowed the French to organize and train Rwandan troops, who subsequently formed the Interahamwe militias, or even future militiamen.

Oppositely, France, in agreement with the international community, endorsed the peace process of the negotiations of the Arusha accords between the Rwandan government, their opposition, and the exiles of the FPR.

In December 1993, France used the arrival of  UNAMIR, who had come to the implementation of the Arusha accords, as a front, while according to diverse sources, some military technicians continued to operate in Rwanda.   A couple of Frenchmen were notably assassinated, reportedly by the RPF, in the hours that followed the attack, while they were engaged in setting up sophisticated electronic equipment.  Other leads of this type exist.

On April 8, 1994, two days after the attack against president Habyarimana, France launched Opération Amaryllis in order to permit the secured evacuation of 1500 residents, mainly westerners.  The Rwandan survivors have strongly criticized that operation which, according to numerous testimonials, did not include the evacuation of the Rwandans threatened with the massacres, even when they were employed by the French authorities. France also evacuated dignitaries from the Habyarimana regime, and on 11 April, 97 children from the orphanage protected by Madame Habyarimana were evacuated.  According to several sources, several dignitaries close to the Habyarimana family were also evacuated. Operation Amaryllis terminated on 14 April.

UNAMIR's Kigali sector commander, Belgian Col. Luc Marchal, reported to the BBC that one of the French planes supposedly participating in the evacuation operation arrived at 0345 hours on 9 April with several boxes of ammunition. The boxes, weighing about , were unloaded and transported by FAR vehicles to the Kanombe camp where the Rwandese Presidential Guard was quartered. The French government has categorially denied this shipment, saying that the planes carried only French military personnel and material for the evacuation.

France was very active at the UN in the discussions about the reinforcement of the UNAMIR in May 1994. In front of the inertia of the international community, France obtained the backing of the UN to lead Opération Turquoise from June 22 to August 22, 1994.  The declared goal was to protect the "threatened populations," both by the genocide and by the military conflict between the FPR and the temporary Rwandan government.  No hierarchy between the two types of threatened people was established. The two parties of the military conflict assimilated them and the system was organised to remain neutral between the two different groups. This system was humanitarian in some cases, notably during a cholera epidemic in refugee camps in Zaïre, the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, however it was the source of many distinct controversies surrounding the French role at the time of Operation Noroit and the criticism of having facilitated the desertion of those responsible for the genocide and a massive refugee movement of the population to Congo (around two million people). France has accused the FPR of having provoked half of these movements by refusing the advice of French authorities not to get involved in the northwest of the country.

France, one of the five permanent members of the Security Council of the UN, has been accused of a role that some of those answerable to France refute and who claim that Operation Turquoise was an exemplarily humanitarian intervention.  Some use as context that in supporting a group that would become genocidal, and who, according to the French parliamentary report, did not hide their genocidal intentions, France would have favoured the launching of the genocide.

As the outgrowth of a press campaign, especially the articles written by the journalist Patrick de Saint-Exupéry which appeared in 1994 and in 1998 in the French newspaper Le Figaro, the French parliament decided to examine the actions of France in Rwanda using a parliamentary information mission for Rwanda.  Some French NGOs who specialise in Rwanda would have preferred a parliamentary enquiry mission whose judicial powers would have been more extensive in order to find the truth. After several months of work, the president of the parliamentary mission, the former Defence Minister Paul Quilès, concluded that France was "not guilty" (December 1998).

Ten years later, during the year 2004, books, films, radio programmes and television shows have brought the controversies surrounding France's role in Rwanda back to life.  Unsatisfied by the conclusions of the report from the parliamentary mission for Rwanda, some citizens and NGOs have formed a citizens' enquiry commission.  After a week of work in Paris, their "provisional conclusions" were read on 27 March 2004 at a conference that they organised the enclave of the French Assemblée nationale in the presence of one of two of the original people who had publicly stated the findings of the parliamentary mission, the former deputy Pierre Brana.  On April 7, 2004 a serious diplomatic incident took place between France and Rwanda during the commemoration of the genocide in Kigali.  In the course of the ceremonies, the Rwandan President publicly accused France of not having apologised for its role in Rwanda while desiring to participate in the ceremonies.

In July 2004, the ministers of Foreign Affairs from the two countries convened in order to "share the work of a memory piece " about the genocide.  Rwanda announced several days later, according to a dispatch from Agence France-Presse from August 2, 2004, that "the council of ministers has adopted the organic law project to aid in the creation of the independent national commission charged with assembling proof of the implication of France in the genocide perpetrated in Rwanda in 1994." The French minister of Foreign Affairs "took action" for the creation of the Rwandan commission.

On October 22, 2004 the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda officially demanded that the "Republic of France" allow former ambassador Jean Michel Marlaud and one of his military representatives, officer Jean Jacques Maurin to respond to the demand of the defence of the presumed mastermind of the genocide: Colonel Bagosora pending judgement.  Colonel Bagosra was the first Rwandan officer to have graduated from the French École des Officiers.

On November 27, 2004 in a televised debate on France 3, after the showing of the French film "Tuez les Tous" (), created by three students of political science, the president of the parliamentary mission for information for Rwanda, Paul Quilès stated for the first time that "France asks to be pardoned by the people of Rwanda, but not by their government".

On April 6, 2014 Rwandan president Paul Kagame repeated the charges against France as "direct role of Belgium and France in the political preparation for the genocide" in an interview with Jeune Afrique magazine. He also accused French soldiers who took part in a military humanitarian mission in the south of the former Belgian colony of being both accomplices and "actors" in the bloodbath.

Rwandan report of 2008
On August 5, 2008, an independent Rwandan commission said France was aware of preparations for the 1994 Rwanda genocide and helped train the ethnic Hutu militia perpetrators. It accuses France of training Hutu militias responsible for the slaughter, helping plan the genocide, and participating in the killings.  The report accused 33 senior French military and political officials on Tuesday of involvement in the genocide. Among those named were François Mitterrand (the president at the time), Édouard Balladur (the prime minister), Alain Juppé (the foreign minister), and his then chief aide, Dominique de Villepin. "French soldiers themselves directly were involved in assassinations of Tutsis and Hutus accused of hiding Tutsis," said the report, which was compiled by a team of investigators from the Justice Ministry.

United States

After events surrounding the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia the year prior, the US refused to provide requested material aid to Rwanda.  France, China and Russia opposed involvement in what was seen as an "internal affair". Dallaire was directly "taken to task," in his words, for even suggesting that UNAMIR should raid Hutu militants' weapons caches, whose location had been disclosed to him by a government informant.  The UN failed to respond adequately to Dallaire's urgent requests.

The role of the United States is directly inspired by their defeat that they underwent during their intervention in Somalia in 1993. For two months, from April to May 1994, the American government fought over the word "genocide" which is banned by the  Convention for the Prevention and the Repression of Crime and Genocide (adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948).

In the US, President Bill Clinton and US Ambassador to the UN Madeleine Albright repeatedly refused to take action. US government documents declassified in 2004 indicate the Clinton administration knew Rwanda was being engulfed by genocide in April 1994, but buried the information to justify its inaction.  Senior US officials privately used the word genocide within 16 days of the start of the killings, but chose not to do so publicly because Clinton had already decided not to intervene.

Intelligence reports obtained using the US Freedom of Information Act show the cabinet and almost certainly the president had been told of a planned "final solution to eliminate all Tutsis" before the slaughter reached its peak.

Clinton and Albright would both later expressed regret for their inaction.  Clinton provided major funding for the Rwandan genocide memorial in Kigali, and visited Rwanda in 1998 and 2005.  He apologized both times, and "expressed regret for what he says was his 'personal failure' to prevent the slaughter of an estimated 800,000 people there in 1994." He has attempted amends by sponsoring initiatives to help rebuild Rwanda through the Clinton Foundation.

In 2001 the government of the United States declassified documents, which confirm the attitude of the United States of not having taken into account the reality of the situation starting in January 1994.

Other African states

The OAU, which has today become the African Union, created a report on the genocide in 2000. Before the UNAMIR mission led by Gen. Roméo Dallaire (military) and Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh (civilian), the OAU had indeed sent a Neutral Military Observation Group, known by its French initials as GOMN.

United Nations
The nation’s Security Council accepted failing their responsibility to prevent the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Council members at first acknowledged that lack of governments provided the un-political stop to the massacres and admitted many mistakes made by them in tackling the issue.

After the death of ten Belgium soldiers, the United Nations reported the removal of most 2,500 peace keepers. Canadian Foreign Minister, Lloyd Axworthy stated "none present could look back without feeling guilt and devastation at the lack to help the Rwandan civilians at their time in need" (BBC News). Even as the council stopped short and delivered an apology, fifteen council members focused on a report about lessons to be learned. It was based on the lack of support and help in Africa. The United Nations presents a core policy and a great challenge to prevent another round of genocidal violence. The councils have already evidently learned how to bring peace from lessons of past failures. The Rwandan ambassador Joseph Mutaboba has welcomed the report and its apologies stating that the council could do more, it’s not too late. In 1994 the United Nations Security Council had appointed General Kofi Annan to the United Nations Security Council and Head of United Nations Peacekeeping operations. Annan commissioned the report and was publicly criticized for not delivering warnings about the upcoming genocide. Kofi Annan has accepted the conclusions based on recorded reports.

The United Nations has been criticized for inaction. Next in line when it comes to responsibility is France, which moved in too late and ended up protecting the genocidaires and permanently destabilizing the region; and the U.S. government, which actively worked against an effective UNAMIR and got involved only to aid the same Hutu refugee population and the genocidaires, leaving the genocide survivors to flounder and suffer.

The Guardian on April 12, 1994, stated that when viewing a woman "being hauled along the road by a young man with a machete":"none of the troops moved. 'It's not our mandate,' said one, leaning against his jeep as he watched the condemned woman, the driving rain splashing at his blue United Nations badge.  The 3,000 foreign troops now in Rwanda are no more than spectators to the savagery which aid workers say has seen the massacre of 15,000 people"''

Michael Barnett, who was a senior official at the UN at that time, has provided evidence that the UN's Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) failed to pass on to the Security Council information that could have bolstered a case for intervention. This information included the location of Interhamwe arms caches and information preceding the genocide that the Interhamwe were compiling a list of all the Tutsis in Kigali. The informer was Jean-Pierre Twatzinze, who has been asked to compile the list. According to Barnett, UN inaction stemmed from its desire not to get involved in a potentially PR-risky operation which could damage the prospects for future peacebuilding operations, given that 18 UN troops had recently been killed in Somalia, even though UN troops had the capacity to save thousands of lives. "For many at the UN", Barnett writes, the moral compass pointed "away from and not toward Rwanda."

Arms shipments

From France
In the early morning of January 22, 1994, a DC-8 aircraft loaded with armaments from France, including 90 boxes  of Belgian-made 60 mm mortars, was confiscated by UNAMIR at Kigali International Airport. The delivery was in violation of the cease-fire clauses of the Arusha Accords, which prohibited introduction of arms into the area during the transition period. General Dallaire put the arms under joint UNAMIR-Rwandan army guard. Formally recognizing this point, the French government argued that the delivery stemmed from an old contract and hence was technically legal. Dallaire was forced to give up control over the aircraft.

From Mil-Tec Corporation Ltd (UK)
A UK company, Mil-Tec Corporation Ltd, was involved in arms supplies to the Hutu regime at least from June 1993 to mid-July 1994. Mil-Tec had been paid $4.8 million by the regime in return for invoices of $6.5 million for the arms sent. The manager of Mil-Tec, Anoop Vidyarthi, was described as a Kenyan Asian who owned a travel company in North London and was in business with Rakeesh Kumar Gupta. They both fled the UK shortly after the revelations.
 6 June 1993 ($549,503 of ammunition from Tel Aviv to Kigali);
 17–18 April 1994 ($853,731 of ammunition from Tel Aviv to Goma);
 22–25 April 1994 ($681,200 of ammunition and grenades from Tel Aviv to Goma);
 29 April - 3 May 1994 ($942,680 of ammunition, grenades, mortars and rifles from Tirana to Goma);
 9 May 1994 ($1,023,840 of rifles, ammunition, mortars and other items from Tirana to Goma);
 18–20 May 1994 ($1,074,549 of rifles, ammunition, mortars, rocket propelled grenades and other items from Tirana to Goma);
 13–18 July 1994 ($753,645 of ammunition and rockets from Tirana to Kinshasa).

From Israel
Israeli bullets, rifles, and grenades were reportedly used in Rwanda during the genocide.

See also
 Mogadishu Line

Notes and references

External links
"Tous complices du génocide au Rwanda"
Voices of Rwanda  The Rwanda Testimony Film Project
(http://intabaza.com/?p=2274&lang=en) Bill Clinton behind the pre-conceived plot in the Rwanda genocide

Category:Rwandan genocide


Vyrus

Vyrus is a small, exclusivist Italian motorcycle manufacturer based in Coriano, Italy.

Vyrus initially worked alongside Bimota on the evolutionary development of Bimota's "Tesi" motorcycle. The "Tesi", meaning Thesis in Italian, had its origins as a university engineering project linked to Massimo Tamburini. The Tesi design was easily distinguished by the use of its Hub-center steering front suspension arrangement. Vyrus split from the Bimota and completed the first evolution of the Tesi's development, marketing the bike under their own name.

Currently Vyrus has four models: 984 C3 2V (Ducati-sourced 2-valve, 1000 cm3 air-cooled engine developing 100bhp), 985 C3 4V (Ducati-sourced 4-valve, 1000 cm3 water-cooled engine developing 155bhp) 987 C3 4V (Ducati-sourced 4-valve, 1200 cm3water cooled engine developing 184bhp ) and the 987 C3 4VV (Ducati-sourced 4-valve, 1200 cm3supercharged water cooled engine developing 211bhp).

Vyrus is very much a "bespoke" manufacturer - individual bikes are built to order, with no two bikes being the same. Due to the limited production and use of high-quality parts, all Vyrus models are expensive, with the cheapest models starting from $60,000USD.

2011 MotoGp prototype
In 2011 Vyrus showed interest in the new Moto2 category by designing a new bike around the series-spec Honda CBR600RR engine used in the class. The hub-centre front steering was used, with a new frame as well. Three versions were offered – a race-ready model with top spec components for a little under $90,000USD, a street legal variant for around $40,000USD and a kit without engine around $27,000USD. Unfortunately there were no takers for the venture and Vyrus sold off the prototypes in 2012.

MiniVirus 07 EV
The MiniVirus was a pocketbike powered by a two-stroke 40cc engine and again using the hub-centre front steering system. Like the full-size bikes, the MiniVirus was expensive, costing over $5,000USD. Few were made.

See also

 Motorcycle
 List of Italian companies
 List of motorcycle manufacturers
 List of motorcycles by type of engine

References

External links

Official Vyrus website—
 MotorcyclistOnline.com: Review of Vyrus

Category:Motorcycle manufacturers of Italy
Category:Bimota
Category:Companies based in the Province of Rimini
Category:Italian companies established in 2001
Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2001
Category:Italian brands


1915 VFL Grand Final

The 1915 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Collingwood Football Club and Carlton Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 18 September 1915. It was the 19th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1915 VFL season. The match, attended by 39,343 spectators, was won by Carlton by a margin of 33 points, marking that club's fifth premiership victory and second in succession.

Teams

 Umpire - Norden

Statistics

Goalkickers

References
AFL Tables: 1915 Grand Final

See also
 1915 VFL season

Category:VFL/AFL Grand Finals
Grand
Category:Carlton Football Club
Category:Collingwood Football Club
Category:September 1915 sports events


Montana (surname)

Montana or Montaña is the surname of:

 Allison Montana (1922–2005), New Orleans cultural icon who acted as the Mardi Gras Indian "chief of chiefs"
 Amber Montana (born 1998), American actress
 Billy Montana (born 1959), American country music singer-songwriter
 Bob Montana (1920-1975), cartoonist who drew the characters that launched Archie Comics
 Claude Montana (born 1949), French fashion designer
 Francisco Montana (born 1969), American tennis player
 Freddy Montaña (born 1982), Colombian road cyclist
 Gentil Montaña (1942–2011), classical guitarist and composer
 Íñigo López Montaña (born 1982), Spanish footballer
 Joe Montana (born 1956), American Hall-of-Fame retired National Football League quarterback
 Jordi Montaña, Spanish academic
 Jorge López Montaña (born 1978), Spanish retired footballer
 José Fernández Montaña, (1842–1935), Spanish priest, jurist, linguist and historian
 John C. Montana (1893–1964), American mobster and city politician
 Karla Montana (born 1973), American actress
 Manny Montana, American actor
 Nate Montana (born 1989), American footballer
 Nick Montana (born 1992), American footballer
 Pietro Montana (1890–1978), Italian-American sculptor, painter and teacher
 Randy Montana (born 1985), American country singer
 Raúl Montaña (born 1971), Colombian road racing cyclist
 Saúl Montana (born 1970), Mexican boxer
 Vincent Montana, Jr. (1928–2013), American composer, arranger and percussionist
 Cyril Montana (born 1969)

Category:Spanish-language surnames


Cyclic mass

In Renaissance music, the cyclic mass was a setting of the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Mass, in which each of the movements – Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei – shared a common musical theme, commonly a cantus firmus, thus making it a unified whole.  The cyclic mass was the first multi-movement form in western music to be subject to a single organizing principle.

The period of composition of cyclic masses was from about 1430 until around 1600, although some composers, especially in conservative musical centers, wrote them after that date.  Types of cyclic masses include the "motto" mass (or "head-motif" mass), cantus-firmus mass, paraphrase mass, parody mass, as well as masses based on combinations of these techniques.

History
Prior to complete settings of the Mass Ordinary by a single composer, which had become the norm by around the middle of the 15th century, composers often set pairs of movements. Gloria-Credo pairs, as well as Sanctus-Agnus Dei pairs, are found in many manuscripts of the early 15th century, by composers such as Johannes Ciconia, Arnold de Lantins and Zacara da Teramo. While it is possible that some of these composers wrote an entire setting of the mass, no complete cyclic setting by a single composer has survived. (The Messe de Nostre Dame by Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300–1377), which dates to before 1365 is generally not considered to be a true cyclic mass, but is the earliest surviving complete mass setting by a single composer, although the existence of at least four earlier such pieces is known.) Some mass cycles from the period 1420–1435, especially from northern Italy, show that composers were working in the direction of a unified mass, but were solving the problem in a different way:  often a separate tenor would be used for each movement of a mass that was otherwise unified stylistically.

The true cyclic mass most likely originated in England, and the first composers known to have organized a mass by using the same cantus firmus in each movement were John Dunstable and Leonel Power.  However it was the Missa Caput, an anonymous English composition once attributed to Guillaume Dufay, "one of the most revered compositions of the 15th century", which was to be the most influential on continental practice; this work appears in seven separate continental sources of the 15th century, more than any other mass prior to the 1480s.  Among other features, it was the first widely influential work to use a freely-written bass line underneath the tenor cantus firmus.  As a result of the spread of the Missa Caput, composers commonly added this lower voice to their polyphonic textures after about mid-century; this allowed a harmonic and cadential flexibility which was previously lacking.

The earliest consistently-used method for organizing the movements of the mass was use of a head motif, also known as a "motto".  In this case, a recognizable theme or thematic fragment began each of the important sections of the mass.  Many "motto" masses were also unified by some other means, but such a procedure was not necessary.  An early example of a "motto" mass is the Missa verbum incarnatum by Arnold de Lantins, probably from around 1430, in which each movement is linked by use of a head motif.  Additionally, the movements contain subtle references to his own motet O pulcherrima mulierum.  Many of Dufay's masses use the head-motif technique, even when they employ another, such as cantus-firmus.  The motto technique was common on the continent, but rare with English composers.

During the late 15th century, cantus firmus technique was by far the most frequent method used to unify cyclic masses.  The cantus firmus, which at first was drawn from Gregorian chant, but later from other sources such as secular chansons, was usually set in longer notes in the tenor voice (the next-to-lowest).  The other voices could be used in many ways, ranging from freely composed polyphony to strict canon, but the texture was predominantly polyphonic but non-imitative.  In some cases the cantus firmus appeared also in voices other than then tenor, with increasing freedom as the century reached its close.  Secular chansons became the favored source for cantus firmi by the time of Ockeghem and his generation (the last third of the 15th century), and composers began writing their own; for example Ockeghem's Missa au travail suis is based on his own chanson of that name.

Ockeghem was a particularly experimental composer, writing probably the first example of a mass organized entirely by canon:  the Missa prolationum.  Instead of being based on a fixed cantus firmus, each movement is a mensuration canon, with the interval of imitation expanding from the unison to the octave during the course of the mass (Leeman Perkins called this "the most extraordinary contrapuntal achievement of the 15th century", and compared it in scope and execution with the Goldberg Variations of J.S. Bach).  Another of Ockeghem's masses, the Missa cuiusvis toni, is so written that it can be performed in any of the four modes.

By the beginning of the 16th century, the cantus firmus technique was no longer the preferred method for composition of masses, except in some areas distant from Rome and the Low Countries (Spanish composers, in particular, used the method into the 16th century).  Some other methods of organizing cyclic masses include paraphrase and parody.

In paraphrase technique, a source tune, which could be either sacred or secular, is elaborated, usually by ornamentation but occasionally by compression.  Usually in paraphrase masses the tune appears in any voice.  Josquin des Prez' Missa Pange lingua (c. 1520) is a famous example; Palestrina also used the method extensively, second only to parody technique.

The parody mass, also known as the imitation mass (for the use of the word "parody" implies no satire, but is based on a misreading of a 16th-century source), uses many voices from a polyphonic source to unify the different movements of a cyclic mass.  Parody technique was the most commonly used of all the methods in the 16th century:  Palestrina alone wrote 51 parody masses.  Either sacred or secular source material could be used in constructing a parody mass, and some of the songs were secular indeed:  a late example was Orlande de Lassus' Missa entre vous filles (1581), based on an obscene popular song by Clemens non Papa, "Entre vous filles de quinze ans" ("You sweet 15-year-old girls").

See also
 Cyclic form
 Cantus firmus mass

Notes

References

 J. Peter Burkholder: "Borrowing"; Hans Schoop/J. Michael Allsen:  "Arnold de Lantins"; Lewis Lockwood, "Mass"; Andrew Kirkman, "Caput"; Leeman Perkins, "Johannes Ockeghem".  Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed November 12, 2006), (subscription access)
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
 Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I).  Bloomington, Indiana.  Frangipani Press, 1986.
 Lewis Lockwood, "Mass."  The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
 The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, ed. Don Randel.  Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1986.
 Robert Scherr, ed., The Josquin Companion.  Oxford University Press, 1999.
 Anne Walters Robertson, "The Savior, the Woman, and the Head of the Dragon in the Caput Masses and Motet".  Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 59 No. 3., pp. 537-630.  Fall 2006.  ISSN 0003-0139

Category:Renaissance music
Category:Christian liturgical music


Cairneyhill railway station

Cairneyhill railway station served the village of Cairneyhill, Fife, Scotland from 1906 to 1930 on the Kincardine Line.

History
The station opened in 1906 by the North British Railway. It closed to passengers in 1930. The line is still open.

References

External links

Category:Disused railway stations in Fife
Category:Railway stations opened in 1906
Category:Railway stations closed in 1930
Category:Former North British Railway stations
Category:1906 establishments in Scotland
Category:1930 disestablishments in Scotland


A Story About My Uncle

A Story About My Uncle is a 2014 indie adventure game by Gone North Games, published by Coffee Stain Studios. It was initially developed by students of Södertörn University in 2012, with a full release in May 2014 for Microsoft Windows, and three years later for macOS and Linux. The game was re-developed professionally after the collaboration with Coffee Stain Studios.

A Story About My Uncle is played from a first-person perspective, and the player travels by using floating rocks. According to review aggregator Metacritic, the game received mixed reviews. It was nominated for the Game of the Year award at the 2012 Swedish Game Awards.

Gameplay and plot
A Story About My Uncle is an adventure indie video game. Played from a first-person perspective, the game is a platformer set in a world of drifting rocks. In the game the player needs to search for Uncle Fred.

The game focuses on the narrator's uncle Fred, as the narrator tells a bedtime story to a small child. The uncle Fred is described as "a brilliant scientist – a whimsical and even-tempered version of Uncle Quentin from the Famous Five books". A board in the narrator's abandoned house tells the player that Fred built a waste disposal system, conceivably controlled by starlight. After this backstory, the game begins with the narrator as a child entering the "waste disposal dimension" to search for his uncle. The player follows the uncle character through the game environment, with the player character having a suit that is equipped with a "magical grappling hook and shock absorbers" that stop the player character from taking damage when landing. Later on in the game, the player will find and be able to use jet-propelling boots, which enable them to travel farther in one jump. The story-line of the game is roughly four to six hours.

Development
The initial ideas for developing the game were "basically playing with gravity in the world – you would turn it upside down" according to Sebastian Eriksson, co-founder of Gone North Games and one of the company's programmers. Eriksson "had been playing around with a mechanic to propel yourself within this gravity-bending game"; this ended up being the main game mechanic, and the game was built around it. The students who developed A Story About My Uncle had "to teach themselves how to use game development software" Unreal Engine because they did not have much experience in the video game field.

The game was developed over three months in 2012, in the Unreal Engine Unreal Development Kit, by a small group of students at Södertörn University. Being developed for a competition, university students were tasked to build a "non-violent first-person game in the Unreal Engine". The Södertörn students went on to form their own video game studio called Gone North Games. According to Sebastian Zethraeus, they learned how to use the engine in ten weeks and built a prototype in that time; he said that they "were proud of it at the time, but our eyes bleed now when we look at it".

A Story About My Uncle was first released on 30 July 2012 as a free demo; the demo was nominated for Game of the Year at Swedish Game Awards. Developers Gone North Games then partnered with Coffee Stain Studios to publish the game on 28 May 2014, on Steam, professionally redeveloping it in collaboration with Coffee Stain Studios. The game was released on 28 May 2014 for Microsoft Windows, and on 12 May 2017 for macOS and Linux.

Gone North Games' student developers, together with Coffee Stain Studios, polished the game by "remaking everything from the meshes to the voice acting to the code itself". Sebastian Eriksson said that being nominated for Game of the Year, and getting feedback from early players, led the group to finish the game.

Reception

Critical response
Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the game a score of 73 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". As of December 2019 the game scored a "Very Positive" review by over 10,150 reviews on Steam.

Stephen Dunne of GodisaGeek wrote that "Some [players] may find A Story About My Uncle too easy, some people may find it infuriating", but that "most, however, will be engrossed in its ever-glowing and charismatic fantasy world". Ben Griffin of PC Gamer wrote that the game "is fast, fluid and fun". Cassidee Moser of CGMagazine praised the game for being "well-crafted and paced", adding that the "environments are varied and beautifully done" and the "story itself is a light-hearted, innocent magical romp".

Kyle Hilliard of Game Informer also found the game to be light-hearted, but did suggest that this is "at odds with the difficulty late in-game", and so confusing who the game is aimed at. Jordan Baranowski of The Nerd Stash criticised the game for lacking polish throughout, saying that "the characters you meet suffer from dead-eye syndrome, and move in extremely irregular and unnatural ways". He concluded that "it has some strong elements, but a short length, odd design quirks, and frustrating sections", so it would not be an automatic purchase for him.

Accolades
In 2012, A Story About My Uncle received a nomination for Game of the Year at the Swedish Game Awards.

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Adventure games
Category:2012 video games
Category:Windows games
Category:Linux games
Category:MacOS games
Category:Single-player video games
Category:First-person adventure games
Category:Video games developed in Sweden
Category:Indie video games


Zalmay

Zalmay, Zalmai, Zalmie, or Zalmeh is a Pashtun male given name found amongst the Pashtuns of Pakistan and Afghanistan. It's meaning is loosely translated as "youth" or "young man". In Afghanistan, the name appears amongst non-Pashtuns as well.

Zalmai Araa, Afghan singer and comedian
Zalmai Aziz (born 1940), former Afghan Ambassador to the Russian Federation
Zalmay A. Gulzad, professor, author, lecturer and researcher into contemporary Afghan politics
Zalmay Khalilzad (born 1951), counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and president of Khalilzad Associates

Category:Afghan masculine given names


Pedro Henrique Botelho

Pedro Henrique Botelho (born April 4, 1987) is a Brazilian football player currently playing for FK Sūduva in Lithuania.

He previously played in one Russian Premier League match for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara during the 2007 season.

References

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Brazilian footballers
Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Lithuania
Category:FC Krylia Sovetov Samara players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Russia
Category:Russian Premier League players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Latvia

Category:Association football defenders


Opogona stathmota

Opogona stathmota is a moth of the family Tineidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1911. It is found in Sri Lanka.

References

Category:Moths of Asia
Category:Moths described in 1911
Category:Tineidae
Category:Hieroxestinae


Vlasios Skordelis

Vlasios Skordelis (; romanized: Vlásios Skordélis) was a Greek writer and educator of the 19th century.

Biography
He was born in 1835 in Stanimaka, then Ottoman Empire (now Asenovgrad, Bulgaria). From an early age he showed a strong inclination towards letters and was went to Athens to complete his high school studies. He subsequently studied Pedagogy at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, graduating as a teacher in 1857. A year later, he went to Leipzig, Germany, to pursue postgraduate studies, and then returned to Stenimaka where he became schoolmaster of the Greek school. He later settled in Filibe (now Plovdiv), taking over the Greek School and theorically controlling all the Greek schools of the province.

Skordelis assumed this position at a critical historical period. His education initiatives appear to have sought to cultivate national self-awareness and stimulate national unity in Bulgaria, in response to the challenges of Bulgarians through the provision of high quality education. One of his projects for this purpose was to enhance and enrich the Central School Library.

In 1868, following episodes between the Ottoman Empire and the Ecumenical Patriarchate over issues that satisfied the claims of the Bulgarians, the Greek community of Philippopolis (officially Filibe) decided to send Skordelis as its representative to Konstantiniyye. He remained there at least until August 1869, participating in negotiations to resolve the Bulgarian ecclesiastical issue, informing the Greek community and giving it international prominence. For this reason he worked with the several newspapers and also published his own publications and magazines.

After the negotiations were completed, Skordelis returned to Philippopolis and continued to deal with the educational issues of the province. In 1872 he founded the Philomousos Society, while he was already declared an honorary member of the Philological Association of Constantinople. At the suggestion of Georgios Zariphis, who had founded the Zariphios School in Philippopolis, Skordelis again went to Leipzig to pursue further pedagogical studies. He returned in 1875 and assumed the position of head teacher during the period 1877-1878.

In 1880 he moved to the free Greek state, initially to Tripoli, where he headed the local school, and then to Athens, where he founded a Girls' School, of which he was the head teacher until October 15, 1898, when he died.

Works
Θρακικαί Μελέται. (Thracian study)
Διδασκαλικός οδηγός: ήτοι θεωρητικός και πρακτικός οδηγός των Δημοτικών Σχολείων και Παρθεναγωγείων. (Teacher guide: theoritical and practical guide of Primary schools and Girl schools)
Ημερολόγιον δημοδιδασκάλου: ήτοι η παιδαγωγία εν τη πράξει. (Diary of a teacher: Pedagogy in practise)
Περί Θράκης: Λόγος εκφωνηθείς κατά την επέτειον εορτήν της εν Φιλιππουπόλει κεντρικής Ελλ. Σχολής λ' Ιανουαρίου αωξε΄. (Thrace: Speech during anniversary in the Greek school of Philippopolis in January)
Το χωρίον της Ροδόπης. (The village of Rhodope)
Ἑλληνικόν λεξιλόγιον. (Greek vocabulary)

References

Sources

Category:1835 births
Category:1898 deaths
Category:People from Asenovgrad
Category:19th-century Greek educators
Category:19th-century Greek writers
Category:History of Plovdiv
Category:Bulgarian people of Greek descent


Chrysoprasis beraba

Chrysoprasis beraba is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Napp and Martins in 1997.

References

Category:Chrysoprasis
Category:Beetles described in 1997


Sonakanda Fort

Sonakanda Fort is a river fort situated in Narayanganj, Bangladesh, on the eastern bank of Shitalakshya River. Though the time of its establishment could not be ascertained, historians believe that the river fort was built by Mir Jumla II, a Subahdar of Bengal under the Mughal Empire, to defend Dhaka and Narayanganj from pirates.

History
Bengal went under the effective control of the Mughal Empire in 1574 AD after the defeat of Daud Khan Karrani by the Mughal General Munim Khan. Mughals exercised a progressive rule in Bengal and were determined to protect their subjects from external forces.

Mir Jumla II was appointed as the Subahdar or governor of the then Bengal province in 1660 AD. He was aware of the pirates who ran a campaign of terror in the important cities of Bengal. In a quest to protect the capital Dhaka from the pirates, Mir Jumla II decided to build three river forts around Dhaka, including Sonakanda Fort.

Though archaeologists cannot trace any evidence on its date of establishment, according to historians the construction of the fort started between 1660 and 1663 AD.

Structure

The fort combines thick walls, a massive artillery platform and a gateway to the north.

The fort has two main parts. One is a fortified defensive wall of gigantic dimensions. The defensive walls are 3.05 metres in height and thicker at the bottom. Several wide and narrow loopholes allowed guns and light cannons to fire shells at the pirates. The other one is a raised outwork on the western face to defend the fort from the attack of the pirates.

The most significant structure of the fort is the massive artillery platform. One of the spherical artillery platforms has a stairway, which leads up to the artillery platform. Cannons with bigger calibre were placed on there, aiming at the aggressors coming up the Shitalakshya River. This is a unique feature of the river forts built by Mughal Empire.

The platform is surrounded by two circular structures of which the diameter of the inner one is 15.70 metres and the diameter of the outer one is 19.35 metres. The structure is 6.09 metres in height and surrounded by walls.

The fort is quadrangular in plan, measuring 86.56 by 57.0 metres. There are octagonal bastions on the four corners of the fort. The corner bastions on both sides of the western wing are wider than those of the eastern wing, which are 4.26 metres, while the two on the western wing are 6.85 metres in width.

The only gate of the fort is on the north. The arched entrance is placed within a rectangular frame. The gateway is higher than the average height of the walls of fort and decorated with several groomed panels.

Myths

There are a number of myths related to the river fort that include tragedy and mystery.

 Princess Swarnamoyee was abandoned by her father Kedar Roy, a king of Bikrampur. She went to the Shitalakshya River with her barge to perform the sacred bath. Unfortunately, the pirates attacked her barge that day and looted all the valuables she had. They also kidnapped the princess. She was later saved by Isa Khan, the ruler of Sonargaon. Isa Khan brought her to the Sonakanda Fort and asked her father to take her back. Kedar Roy, however, refused to take her back as she had lost her caste by spending a night in a tent owned by a Muslim ruler.

Swarnamoyee, shocked by the incident, cried for several days in her tent at Sonakanda Fort. According to a popular belief the name of the fort is derived from this incident as the Swarnamoyee in other words Sona, cried a lot in this fort. The Bengali for crying is kanda.

 Another version of the story says that Isa Khan forcefully married Sona Bibi, a widowed daughter of Kedar Roy. She was brought to this fort and put under confinement by Isa Khan's soldiers. She cried following the incident and the name of the fort derived from that.
 Some people believe that there were some hidden tunnels in the fort that linked it with Sonargaon and Lalbagh Fort.

See also
 Hajiganj Fort
 Idrakpur Fort

References

External links
 The World Monuments Fund's 2008 Watch List page for Sonakanda Fort

Category:Palaces in Bangladesh
Category:Forts in Bangladesh
Category:Narayanganj


Robert C. Wright (politician)

Robert C. Wright (November 5, 1944 – February 22, 2014) was an American politician from Pennsylvania.  He served as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 159th district from 1981 to 1992 and as a judge on the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas from 1992 to 2008.

Early life and education
Wright was born in Chester, Pennsylvania to Mary Maloney Wright and the Honorable Robert A. Wright.  He graduated from Chester High School in 1962.

Wright graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from George Washington University in 1966 and received his law degree from Villanova University School of Law in 1969.

Career
From 1970 to 1991, Wright worked as an attorney in his father's practice and was a director on several boards including the Chester Water Authority and the Chester Boys and Girls Club.  He also served as the Solicitor for the Chester Housing Authority and President of the Delaware County Republican Council.

Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Wright was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 159th district on September 15, 1981 in a special election to serve the remainder of the 1981 term after Arthur Earley died of a heart attack.  He served five consecutive terms and resigned from the House on January 5, 1992.

Delaware County Court of Common Pleas
Wright was elected to the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas in 1992 and served until he retired in 2008. Wright and his father Robert A. Wright were the first father and son to serve on that court at the same time.

In 2014, Wright died at age 69 of complications of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Lyme disease.  He is interred at Haven Memorial Cemetery in Chester, Pennsylvania.

Personal life
Wright was married to Florence Wright and they had two children together.  He was a member of the Tau Epsilon Phi fraternity at George Washington University.

References

Category:1944 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:African-American people in Pennsylvania politics
Category:Chester High School alumni
Category:Deaths from Lyme disease
Category:Deaths from motor neuron disease
Category:George Washington University alumni
Category:Judges of the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas
Category:Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Category:Pennsylvania Republicans
Category:People from Chester, Pennsylvania
Category:Villanova University School of Law alumni


Diamella arrowi

Diamella arrowi is a species of ground beetle in the Lebiinae subfamily that is endemic to the Philippines. The species is black coloured and is  in length.

References

Category:Beetles described in 1935
Category:Beetles of Asia
Category:Endemic fauna of the Philippines


Preference Pane

A Preference Pane (often abbreviated as prefpane) is a special dynamically loaded plugin in macOS. Introduced in Mac OS X v10.0, the purpose of a Preference Pane is to allow the user to set preferences for a specific application or the system by means of a graphical user interface. Preference Panes are the macOS replacement for control panels in the classic Mac OS. Prior to Mac OS X v10.4, collections of Preference Panes featured a "Show All" button to show all the panes in the collection and a customizable toolbar to which frequently-used preference panes could be dragged. In Mac OS X v10.3, the currently-active pane would also be highlighted in the toolbar when it was selected. With Mac OS X v10.4, this functionality was dropped in favor of a plain Show All button and back/forward history arrows.

System Preferences is an application whose sole purpose is the loading of various preference panes, for system configuration. Any application can be written to use prefpanes.

Preference panes carry the .prefpane file extension.

External links
Apple Developer Connection – Preference Panes

Category:MacOS


Adoopura Jagir

Adoopura Jagir is a  village in Bithiri Chainpur block in Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh, India.

References

Category:Bareilly district


Pokrovka, Ufimsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Pokrovka () is a rural locality (a village) in Ufimsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 65 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

References

Category:Rural localities in Bashkortostan


Timothy Alden

Rev Timothy Alden, Jun. (Yarmouth, Massachusetts, August 28, 1771 – July 5, 1839) was an educator and founder of Allegheny College. After receiving a  theology degree from Harvard University in 1794, he was appointed as a pastor in 1799. As an educator, he held posts in Boston, Cincinnati, and Newark. He founded Allegheny College in 1817, and held the post of President there for 14 years.

Founder of Allegheny College
Allegheny College was founded in April 1815 by Alden, a graduate of Harvard Divinity School. The college was historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church after 1833, although it is currently non-sectarian.

The first class, consisting of four male students, began their studies on July 4, 1816, without any formal academic buildings. Within six years, Alden accumulated sufficient funds to begin building a campus. The first building erected, the library, was designed by Alden himself, and is a notable example of early American architecture. Bentley Hall is named in honor of William Bentley, who donated his private library to the College, a collection of considerable value and significance. In 1824, Thomas Jefferson wrote to Alden, expressing the hope that his University of Virginia could someday possess the richness of Allegheny's library.

Alden served as president of the college until 1831, when financial and enrollment difficulties forced his resignation.

Literary works
He wrote "Missions among the Senecas," and prepared a catalogue of the New York historical society's library. He died July 5, 1839.

Courtship of Myles Standish

Set against the backdrop of a fierce Indian war, the tale focuses on a love triangle among three Pilgrims: Myles Standish, Priscilla Mullens, and John Alden. Longfellow claimed the story was true, but the historical evidence is inconclusive. Nevertheless, the ballad was very popular in nineteenth-century America, immortalizing the Mayflower Pilgrims.

In 1814, Rev. Alden was the first to publish a popular family tradition about the love triangle of his Mayflower pilgrim ancestors in his book American Epitaphs.  This story would later become famous in a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow called The Courtship of Miles Standish.  Both are direct descendants of pilgrims John Alden and Priscilla Mullins.

The families of the alleged lovers remained close for several generations, and intermarried, moving together to Duxbury, Massachusetts, in the late 1620s. Descendants still retell the love triangle of their ancestors; the story is nearly 400 years old now.

References

Category:1771 births
Category:1839 deaths
Category:Methodist ministers
Category:American Methodist missionaries
Category:Methodist missionaries in the United States
Category:Harvard Divinity School alumni
Category:People from Yarmouth, Massachusetts
Category:Presidents of Allegheny College


Wonmi-gu

Wonmi-gu is a district of the city of Bucheon in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.

Administrative divisions
Wonmi-gu is divided into the following administrative districts or "Dong's."
Sosa-dong
Chunui-dong
Dodang-dong
Yakdae-dong
Simgok 1 to 3 Dong
Wonmi 1 and 2 Dong
Yeokgok 1 and 2 Dong
Jung 1 to 4 Dong
Sang 1 to 3 Dong

See also
Bucheon
Ojeong-gu
Sosa-gu

Category:Bucheon
Category:Districts in Gyeonggi Province


Sudhir Kumar Vempati

Sudhir Kumar Vempati is an Indian high energy physicist and a professor at the Centre for High Energy Physics of the Indian Institute of Science. He is known for his studies in neutrino physics, especially Large Hadron Collider Inverse problem and has published a number of articles, ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles has listed 76 of them. He is a member of the Indo-French Collaboration on High Energy Physics. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 2016.

Selected bibliography

See also

 Flavour (particle physics)
 Two-Higgs-doublet model

Notes

References

External links

Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science
Category:Indian scientific authors
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Indian academics
Category:Scientists from Karnataka
Category:People from Bangalore
Category:Indian physicists
Category:Indian Institute of Science faculty
Category:Living people


Míchel

In Spain, Míchel (stressed on the first syllable) is a common nickname for Miguel, particularly frequent in footballers. Spanish footballers known as Míchel include:

Míchel (footballer, born 1963), real name José Miguel González Martín del Campo, former Spanish football midfielder and coach, and allegedly the one who popularized the nickname
Míchel (footballer, born 1975), real name Miguel Ángel Sánchez Muñoz, Spanish former football midfielder
Míchel (footballer, born 1977), real name Miguel Ángel Carrilero, Spanish former football forward
Míchel (footballer, born 1985), real name Miguel Marcos Madera, Spanish football midfielder
Míchel (footballer, born 1988), Miguel Alfonso Herrero, Spanish football midfielder
Míchel Salgado (born 1975), real name Miguel Ángel Salgado Fernández, Spanish former football defender
Míchel Zabaco (born 1989), real name Miguel Zabaco Tomé, Spanish football defender

See also

Category:Lists of people by nickname


Tom Woodruff

Thomas M. "Tom" Woodruff (born July 11, 1943) was an American politician in the state of Florida.

Woodruff was born in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1943 and moved to Florida in that same year with his family. He is a lawyer. He served in the Florida House of Representatives for the 58th district from 1976 to 1988, as a Republican.

References

Category:Living people
Category:1943 births
Category:Members of the Florida House of Representatives
Category:Florida Republicans


Charles Tory Bruce

Charles Tory Bruce (May 11, 1906 - December 19, 1971) was a Canadian poet, journalist and fiction writer. He was most noted for his poetry collection The Mulgrave Road, which won the Governor General's Award for English-language poetry or drama at the 1951 Governor General's Awards.

Born in Port Shoreham, Nova Scotia, Bruce graduated from Mount Allison University in 1927. He then joined the Halifax Chronicle, where he worked for eight months before joining Canadian Press. He served as a war correspondent during World War II. In this role, he was presumed missing for several days after accompanying the Royal Air Force into the ill-fated Battle of Arnhem, but was located safe and alive several days later. By 1945, he was general superintendent of the news agency, holding that role until his retirement in 1963.

As a creative writer, he published the poetry collections Wild Apples (1927), Tomorrow's Tide (1932), Personal Note (1941), Grey Ship Moving (1945), The Flowing Summer (1947) and The Mulgrave Road (1951), the novel The Channel Shore (1954) and the short story collection The Township of Time (1959). His poetry also appeared in magazines such as Harper's, Saturday Night, Canadian Poetry and The Saturday Evening Post. Mount Allison University awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Letters in 1952, and the year after his Governor General's Award win he served as a judge in the same category.

His final book, a history of the Southam News company titled News and the Southams, was published in 1968.

He died on December 19, 1971 in Toronto.

References

Category:1906 births
Category:1971 deaths
Category:20th-century Canadian poets
Category:20th-century Canadian male writers
Category:20th-century Canadian novelists
Category:21st-century Canadian short story writers
Category:Canadian male poets
Category:Canadian male novelists
Category:Canadian male short story writers
Category:Canadian newspaper journalists
Category:Canadian male journalists
Category:Writers from Nova Scotia
Category:Canadian war correspondents
Category:People from Guysborough County, Nova Scotia


General Terán, Nuevo León

General Terán is a municipality located in Nuevo León, Mexico. It was given its name in honour of General Manuel Mier y Terán. It has a 2,465 km² territorial extension. To the north it borders Los Ramones Linares, Montemorelos in the south and the State of Tamaulipas, China in the east and west with Montemorelos and Cadereyta Jiménez.

History
Previously took the name of finance solitude of the Mota, located in the North of the River pilon and surrounded by other so many estates as the de San Rafael of the Llano, La Purísima, San Pedro, San Pablo, Ojo de Agua, etc. margin

To the north side of the municipal header of what today is General Teran N.L. is located property now known as Mota Soledad, where the then President of Mexico, Plutarco Elias Calles, organize and afino known today as party revolutionary institutional PRI political Institute.

First paved road of the State of Nuevo León, which connects the municipality of Montemorelos with General Teran, this due to in the 20s and 30s the President of Mexico Plutarco Elias Calles, travelling from Mexico City to spend a few days in its General Teran municipality, property towards travelling by train to the municipality of Montemorelos and took a car to reach General Terán, located just 10 km away.

Economy

Agriculture
A variety of crops are grown including oranges, nuts, sorghum, corn, beans and wheat. Livestock farming specialises in the breeding of cattle, goats, pigs, horses and bottlenose.

Industry
There are companies devoted to milk processing, butter, bloqueras, clothes maquiladoras and artificial flowers processing factory sweets.

Tourism
Five kilometers from the municipal header is Recreativo "Sabino scoop", which is a sabino millenary and great circumference with a spring that never dries at its center. Sport fishing is available in the "Los glazing" dam (45 km.) and José Noriega (Los Mimbres) 84 km. municipal header can practice.

Services
There are commercial plazas with shops selling furniture, footwear, food, materials for construction, stationery, regional central form of meat of all kinds, etc.

Other businesses include car repairers, tire repairers, restaurants, medical clinics, laboratory testing, pharmacies, photographic studies, banks, funeral homes, currency exchange, petrol stations, etc.

Government
The president of the municipality is  Eleuterio Villagomez

Related links
Official City Portal
Terán

Category:Populated places in Nuevo León


Nicholas Sergeevich Obraztsov

Nicholas Sergeevich Obraztsov (1906–1966) was a Russian-American scholar, entomologist, and leading specialist of the tortricoid microlepidoptera.

Early life and career
Obraztsov was born on 18 August 1906 in Rostov on the Don, Russia, to Dr. Sergei Nikolaevich Obraztsov and his wife Ludmila Nikolaevna Obraztsova. From 1922 to 1934 he studied natural history, science, chemistry, and mathematics at the Institute for Pedagogy in Nikolaev. He furthermore obtained a PhD form the University of Munich in 1951. After various positions in Kiev, Konigsberg and Munich he emigrated to the US in 1951 where he became a research associate of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City and of the United States National Museum in Washington, D.C.

Research
The subjects of his research were revisions of the family Ctenuchidae of the world and of the family Tortricidae, first of the Palaearctic, later of the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. By systematically indexing the lepidopterological literature Obraztsov created a catalog with more than 30,000 entries and became the recognized leading specialist in his field. The most significant results of his taxonomy were published in the journal Tijdschrift voor Entomologie in 1955. In addition, Obraztsov published more than 130 other scientific works from 1926 to 1966.

Numerous species of Tortricidae were first systematically categorized by Obraztsov, including Argyrotaenia urbana,  Cochylidia contumescens, Choristoneura lambertiana, and Cochylidia oblonga.

References

Category:1906 births
Category:1966 deaths
Category:American people of Russian descent
Category:American Museum of Natural History
Category:Ctenuchina
Category:Lepidopterists


Palatine P 3.1

The German steam locomotives of Palatine Class P 3.1 were operated by the Palatinate Railway and were the first engines in Germany with a 4-4-2 (Atlantic) wheel arrangement. The two-cylinder saturated steam locomotives with inside cylinders had in addition to an inside bar frame a characteristic outer frame for the rear part of the locomotive, that partly covered the driving wheels. The valve gear was of the Joy type.

In 1898 and 1899 Krauss initially built eleven locomotives; in 1904 a twelfth followed that was equipped with a Pielock superheater. Although the P 3s met their intended performance criteria, they were soon overtaxed by increasingly long trains.

The Palatinate Railway decided therefore on an unusual conversion: in 1913 the two-cylinder engine was converted into a four-cylinder compound engine by the addition of two outside cylinders, the inner ones becoming the high-pressure cylinders. However they did not achieve the higher performance required, just a lower fuel consumption of around 15%.

The Deutsche Reichsbahn took over five of these locomotives as DRG Class 14.1 with numbers 14 101 to 14 105, but by 1926 they were retired from service. Also grouped into Class 14.1 were the Bavarian S 2/5s.

The locomotives were equipped with tenders of the Bavarian Class 3 T 16.

See also
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 Palatinate Railway
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses
 List of Palatine locomotives and railbuses

Category:4-4-2 locomotives
P 3.I
Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1898
Category:Krauss locomotives
Category:Standard gauge locomotives of Germany


Fumiaki Uto

is a Japanese amateur astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets.

He is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 21 numbered minor planets between 1992 and 1999. Among his discoveries are the named asteroids 7253 Nara, 7895 Kaseda, 8041 Masumoto, and 9648 Gotouhideo.

List of discovered minor planets

See also

References

Category:Discoverers of minor planets
*
Category:Japanese astronomers
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


UiTM LRT station

The UiTM LRT station is a Light Rail Transit (LRT) under planning that will serve the Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) campus in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. It serves as one of the stations on LRT3 Bandar Utama-Klang Line. The station is located between Petronas and Shell petrol stations near Federal Highway.

External links
 LRT3 Bandar Utama–Klang line

Category:Railway stations in Selangor
Category:Rapid transit stations in Selangor
Category:Bandar Utama-Klang Line
Category:Universiti Teknologi MARA


BOAC Flight 911

BOAC Flight 911 (callsign 'Speedbird 911') was a round-the-world flight operated by the British Overseas Airways Corporation that crashed near Mount Fuji in Japan on 5 March 1966, with the loss of all 113 passengers and 11 crew members. The Boeing 707 jetliner involved disintegrated mid-air shortly after departing from Tokyo, as a result of severe clear-air turbulence.

It was the third fatal passenger airline accident in Tokyo in a month, following the crash of All Nippon Airways Flight 60 on 4 February and that of Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 402 just the day before.

Flight history
The aircraft (registration  arrived at Tokyo Haneda Airport at 12:40 on the day of the accident from Fukuoka Airport, where it had diverted the previous day due to conditions on the ground in Tokyo. The weather there had since improved behind a cold front with a steep pressure gradient bringing cool dry air from the Asian mainland on a strong west-northwest flow, with crystal-clear sky conditions.

For the next Tokyo–Hong Kong segment, the crew received a weather briefing from a company representative, and filed an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan calling for a southbound departure from Haneda via the island of Izu Ōshima, then on airway JG6 to Hong Kong at flight level 310 (31,000 feet). The Boeing was commanded by captain Bernard Dobson, 45, from Dorset, described as a very experienced 707 pilot who had been flying the type since 1960.

At 13:42 the crew contacted air traffic control requesting permission to start the engines, and amending their clearance request to a visual meteorological conditions (VMC) climb westbound via the Fuji-Rebel-Kushimoto waypoints, which would take them nearer to Mount Fuji, possibly to give the passengers a better view of the landmark.

The aircraft began taxiing at 13:50 and took off into the northwest wind at 13:58. After takeoff, the aircraft made a continuous climbing right turn over Tokyo Bay, and rolled out on a southwest heading, passing north of Odawara. It then turned right again toward the mountain, flying over Gotemba on a heading of approximately 298°, at an indicated airspeed of 320 to 370 knots, and an altitude of approximately 4,900 m (16,000 ft), well above the 3,776 m (12,388 ft) mountain peak. The aircraft then encountered strong turbulence, causing it to break up in flight and crash into a forest.

Investigation

The aircraft left a debris field  long. Analysis of the location of wreckage allowed the accident investigators to determine that the vertical stabiliser attachment to the fuselage failed first. It left paint marks indicating that it broke off the port side horizontal stabiliser as it departed to the left and down. A short time later, the ventral fin and all four engine pylons failed due to a leftward over-stress, shortly followed by the remainder of the empennage. The aircraft then entered a flat spin, with the forward fuselage section and the outer starboard wing breaking off shortly before impact with the ground.

An 8 mm film exposed by one of the passengers was recovered from the wreckage. It showed pictures of the Tanzawa Mountains and Lake Yamanaka, followed by two empty frames and then apparently images of the aircraft's interior, before ending abruptly. Tests suggested that the two empty frames may have been the result of structural loads of up to 7.5 g momentarily jamming the camera's feeding mechanism.

Although some stress cracking was found in the vertical stabiliser bolt holes, it was determined by subsequent testing that it did not contribute to the structural failure. Still, it was potentially a significant flight safety issue. Subsequent inspections on Boeing 707 and similar Boeing 720 aircraft as a result of this discovery did reveal this was a common problem, and corrective maintenance actions on the fleet eventually followed.

One day after the crash, speculation was that fierce winds above Mount Fuji were responsible. The New York Times reported: "Despite these reports of a fire and explosion aviation experts said that adverse wind conditions around the volcanic cone about  south of Tokyo may have caused the crash. The vicinity of the -foot peak is notorious for tricky air currents. Technicians in New York said that a condition could exist where turbulent air could have caused the aircraft to undergo a drastic manoeuvre that might lead to a crash. Such violent forces, they said, might have caused an engine to disintegrate, possibly setting fire to the wing or fuselage."

The investigation report concluded that "the aircraft suddenly encountered abnormally severe turbulence over Gotemba City which imposed a gust load considerably in excess of the design limit." It also stated "it is not unreasonable to assume that, on the day of the accident, powerful mountain waves existed in the lee of Mt Fuji, as in the case of mountain waves formed by extended ridges, and that the breakdown of the waves resulted in small-scale turbulence, the intensity of which might have become severe or extreme in a short period of time."

Surrounding circumstances
This accident was one of five fatal aircraft disasters—four commercial and one military—in Japan in 1966, and occurred less than 24 hours after Canadian Pacific Airlines Flight 402 crashed and burned on landing at Haneda. Flight 911 had taxied past the still smouldering wreckage of Flight 402 immediately before taking off for the last time.

The victims included a group of 75 Americans associated with the Thermo King company of Minneapolis, Minnesota, on a two-week company sponsored tour of Japan and Southeast Asia. There were 26 couples travelling together in the group, and a total of 63 children were orphaned as a result of the accident.

Several booked passengers cancelled their tickets at the last moment to see a ninja demonstration. These passengers, Albert R. Broccoli, Harry Saltzman, Ken Adam, Lewis Gilbert, and Freddie Young, were in Japan scouting locations for the fifth James Bond film, You Only Live Twice.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 (Newspaper archive: page A-1 page A-3)

External links

Picture of the aircraft that carried BOAC Flight 911
Pilotfriend.Com – Article about BOAC Flight 911
Plane crash info – BOAC Flight 911 entry
AirDisaster.Com – BOAC Flight 911 crash photos

Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1966
Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Japan
Category:1966 in Japan
Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure
Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707
Flight 911
Category:March 1966 events


Beneath Your Beautiful

"Beneath Your Beautiful" is a song by British musicians Labrinth and Emeli Sandé. Written by Labrinth, Mike Posner and Sandé, it was promoted as the sixth single from Labrinth's debut album, Electronic Earth (2012). Impacting from 18 October 2012, and following a well-received performance on the ninth series of The X Factor, the single would go on to sell 108,000 copies in the UK during its first week and top the UK Singles Chart. It became Labrinth's first number one single as a lead artist and additionally became his first top 40 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number 34. The song was nominated for 'Best British Single' at the 2013 BRIT Awards and was ranked the twelfth best-selling single of 2012 in the UK.

Background and release
"Beneath Your Beautiful" is an R&B ballad written by Labrinth, Mike Posner, and Emeli Sandé.  It was recorded as a duet between Labrinth and Sandé for Labrinth's debut studio album Electronic Earth.  The title of the song attracted attention from fans, some of whom questioned Labrinth about the spelling of the word "Your" within the song's title, believing that was a grammatical error and should have been spelt "You're" (although the song's lyrics use "beautiful" and "perfect" as nouns).  Upon reaching number one, fans asked Labrinth via social networking website Twitter about the spelling.  He replied "Can I make something clear! this is twitter! Not an English GCSE haha I’ll spell as BADLY as I wish awritemayte!... Oh is this about #Beneath”YOUR”Beautiful I love how crazy this has sent people…. It was to annoy English teachers and grammar Nazis."  The song was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 BRIT Awards.

Chart and sales performance
The song was released in the UK on 18 November 2011. Originally only reaching number 200 in the UK Singles Chart on 14 April 2012, it peaked at number one on 28 October 2012, selling 108,000 copies in its first week of release. This became Labrinth's first number one single as a solo artist, and Sandé's second number one overall. To date, "Beneath Your Beautiful" has peaked within the top 40 in over 15 countries worldwide.

The song was the 12th best-selling single of 2012 in the UK, with 663,000 copies sold and was certified as Platinum.

Music video
The music video for the track was uploaded to Labrinth's official Vevo account on YouTube on 5 October 2012. The video features Labrinth and Sandé performing the track while standing in front of a giant screen, which features images of them both.

Live performances
On 21 October 2012, Labrinth and Sandé performed the song live for the first time on The X Factor, which led to the sales boost that got it number one. Since the performance on The X Factor, the video has gained more than 14 million views.

At Capital FM's Summertime Ball 2013, on Sunday 9 June 2013, Labrinth performed the song with The X Factor 2012 finalist Ella Henderson live, as part of his setlist, with Henderson replacing Sandé.

Track listing

CD single
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Radio Edit) – 3:56
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Naughty Boy Remix) – 4:31

Digital International EP 1
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Radio Edit) – 3:56
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Naughty Boy Remix) – 4:31
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Rollz Remix Edit) – 3:43
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Instrumental) – 4:33

Digital download - album track
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) – 4:32

Digital International EP 2 – exclusive to iTunes
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Radio Edit) – 3:56
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Naughty Boy Remix) – 4:31
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Rollz Remix Extended Version) – 5:13
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Seamus Haji Remix Extended) – 6:03
"Beneath Your Beautiful" (featuring Emeli Sandé) (Music Video) – 4:27

 "Express Yourself" contains a sample of "Express Yourself" as written by Charles Wright and performed by Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band and "Funky Drummer" as written and performed by James Brown.

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

!scope="col" colspan="3"| Streaming
|-

Release history

References

Category:2012 singles
Category:Labrinth songs
Category:Contemporary R&B ballads
Category:Songs written by Emeli Sandé
Category:Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Category:Number-one singles in Poland
Category:Number-one singles in Scotland
Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Category:Emeli Sandé songs
Category:Songs written by Mike Posner
Category:Syco Music singles
Category:Song recordings produced by Labrinth
Category:Songs written by Labrinth
Category:2012 songs
Category:2010s ballads


1995 NAIA Division I football season

The 1995 NAIA Division I football season, as part of the 1995 college football season in the United States and the 40th season of college football sponsored by the NAIA, was the 26th season of play of the NAIA's top division for football.

The season was played from August to November 1995 and culminated in the 1995 NAIA Champion Bowl playoffs and the 1995 NAIA Champion Bowl, played this year on December 2, 1995 at Doc Wadley Stadium in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, on the campus of Northeastern State University.

Central State (OH) defeated Northeastern State in the Champion Bowl, 37–7, to win their third NAIA national title. It was the RiverHawks' second consecutive loss in the championship game and the Marauders' third title in six seasons.

Conference standings

Conference champions

Postseason

See also
 1995 NCAA Division I-A football season
 1995 NCAA Division I-AA football season
 1995 NCAA Division II football season
 1995 NCAA Division III football season

References

Category:NAIA Football National Championship


Fozzano

Fozzano  is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

Population

See also
Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Corse-du-Sud
Category:Corse-du-Sud communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Tillie Wakes Up

Tillie Wakes Up, also known as Meal Ticket (Working title: Tillie's Night Out), is a 1917 American slapstick comedy film, and a quasi-sequel to Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914) and Tillie's Tomato Surprise (1915) starring Marie Dressler as Tillie for the third time, albeit with a different last name in Tillie Wakes Up, which could be explained by the fact that her character has been married.  The movie was produced by Peerless Productions and World Film Corporation, directed by Harry Davenport, and written by Frances Marion from a story by Mark Swan. The supporting cast features Johnny Hines, Frank Beamish, Rubye De Remer, Ruth Barrett and Jack Brawn.

The film takes place in the Coney Island amusement park.

Synopsis
Tillie and her neighbor Mr. Pipkins are both distraught over their respective marriages. One day, they sneak off to have a lively time at Coney Island. They flee the park together just as their spouses come to find them. After a chase, each is rescued from the ocean and reconcile with their respective spouses.

Cast
Marie Dressler as Tillie Tinkelpaw
Johnny Hines as J. Mortimer Pipkins
Frank Beamish as Henry Tinkelpaw
Rubye De Remer as Mrs. Luella Pipkins
Ruth Barrett as Mrs. Nosey
Jack Brawn as Mr. Nosey

References

External links

Category:American silent feature films
Category:American films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:American slapstick comedy films
Category:Films set in amusement parks
Category:1917 films
Category:1910s comedy films
Category:Films directed by Harry Davenport
Category:World Film Company films
Category:Films with screenplays by Frances Marion


Battle of Višegrad

The Battle of Višegrad was the most important battle of the large-scale Chetnik anti-Axis offensive in Eastern Bosnia in Autumn 1943 in Axis occupied Yugoslavia during World War II. The Chetnik forces of 2,500 captured Višegrad, destroyed big railway bridge across river Drina and continued their advances toward Rogatica and Sokolac. The Chetnik forces included members of the British and American missions who participated in the battle and destruction of the bridge. The German and Ustaše garrison in Višegrad and garrison that protected the bridge of total 1,100 soldiers had 350 dead and 400 wounded. The Chetniks had 21 dead and 30 wounded. In subsequent battle for Rogatica waged ten days later, the Chetniks captured Rogatica and killed more than 200 Axis soldiers.

This Chetniks' victories against Axis were attributed by BBC to Tito's Communist Partisan forces, like in many other cases in that period of the war. Despite many protests, the BBC did not make any corrections. When Chetniks attacked Sokolac on 21 October 1943, the Partisans attacked them from rear and Chetniks found themselves under attack of Axis and Communist forces which ended advances of Chetniks into Eastern Bosnia and toward Sarajevo. This was emphasized by Chetnik commander Mihailović as another proof that Communists collaborated with Ustaše and Germans.

Forces
The Battle for Višegrad was part of a Chetnik anti-Axis offensive in Eastern Bosnia. The Chetnik headquarters were in Višegrad and Dobrun during this offensive. The Chetniks mobilized 15-18,000 soldiers in four corps (Romanija, Cer-Majevica, Mačva and Avala Corps). The offensive, also called the Third Chetnik Uprising, was commanded by Zaharije Ostojić while Chetniks from Western Serbia were under command of Dragoslav Račić.

The Chetniks were accompanied by members of British mission headed by Brigadier Charles Armstrong who arrived to Chetnik headquarters at the end of September 1943, and by the ranking American officer attached to the British mission, Lieutenant Colonel Albert Seitz. One of the aims of Chetnik attack on Višegrad was destruction of a railway bridge over River Drina, as instructed by Brigadier Armstrong. Less than a week after Armstrong arrived at Chetnik headquarters he and Seitz and Hudson saw a successful Chetnik attack on Višegrad and destruction of the railway bridge across Drina. Armstrong and Seitz took part in a Chetnik action against Axis-controlled units protecting the railway bridge over Drina near Višegrad.

The German garrison in Višegrad had more than 800 soldiers while another garrison of 300 German soldiers was protecting main bridge over the River Drina. The Chetnik force of 2,500 soldiers that attacked Višegrad used heavy mortars, light artillery and small arms.

Attack on Višegrad
According to the plan of attack, developed by Zaharije Ostojić, the attack on Višegrad was organized from both left and right bank of river Drina. The attack from the left bank was planned to start one hour earlier than attack from the right bank, with intention to provoke German forces to leave bunkers on the right side to support their forces on the left side of the river. The attack started in 4 am on 5 October 1943.

Before Chetniks stormed into Višegrad they first destroyed four smaller bridges in Mokra Gora. The Chetnik forces began with preparation movement for this battle during the night of 2 October 1943. Two days later Chetniks attacked Axis troops garrisoned in Višegrad . There was a fierce fighting between German and Ustaše garrison and Chetniks.

The bridge was taken by assault of Chetniks who used only hand grenades. The casualties of Chetniks were 21 dead and 30 wounded.

At the beginning of October 1943, based on Armstrong's instructions Mihailović and his Chetniks organized the attack on Višegrad, captured the town and destroyed the railway bridge across river Drina on Sarajevo-Užice railway. This bridge was the longest bridge in Axis occupied Yugoslavia destroyed by rebel guerrilla. In this attack about 2,500 Chetniks killed about 350 Ustaše and German soldiers and captured a lot of ammunition and arms. The Axis forces had 400 wounded. The bridge near Višegrad was destroyed with help of British sappers commanded by British Major Archie Jack.

Aftermath
The BBC credited communist forces of Yugoslav Partisans for the successful anti-Axis campaign of Chetniks in Višegrad. The BBC did not make any corrections although the people and institutions who protested because of this misinformation included Kenneth Pickthorn and officials of Yugoslav government in exile in London. After the capture of Višegrad, the Chetniks also captured Rogatica on 14 and 15 October and killed more than 200 Axis soldiers. The BBC again credited communist forces with this success. The Chetnik forces then advanced toward Sokolac, using arms captured from Germans and Ustaše who retreated together with many Muslim civilians who also suffered substantial casualties during Chetnik chase of Ustaše and German forces. When Chetniks attacked Axis forces in Sokolac on 21 October 1943, the Partisans attacked them from rear. In his report Mihailović emphasized that this was the best proof that communists closely collaborated with Ustaše and Germans.

References

Sources

Category:Battles of World War II involving Chetniks
Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany
Category:Yugoslavia in World War II
Category:1943 in Serbia
Category:1943 in Croatia
Category:October 1943 events


1999 Gator Bowl

The 1999 Gator Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game between the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets played at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida, on January 1, 1999. For sponsorship reasons, the game was officially named the 1999 Toyota Gator Bowl. The game was the final contest of the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season for both teams, the 54th edition of the annual Gator Bowl game, and ended in a 35–28 victory for Georgia Tech.

Both Georgia Tech and Notre Dame entered the bowl hoping to boost their season win total to double digits. This matchup pitted two top-20 teams against each other on New Year's Day. Georgia Tech's Dez White led the Yellow Jacket's offensive charge with 129 receiving yards and two touchdowns. White would be named Most Valuable Player along with his quarterback, Joe Hamilton. Hamilton also had an impressive performance, and ended the season on a high note to be carried into the following season. After a hard-fought game, Georgia Tech edged out Notre Dame to boost their season win total to ten.

Background
The Irish were 1–1 before going on an 8-game winning streak that made them ranked number 9, until a loss to USC in the last game of the season as they tried to break their losing streak in bowl games, which was at three. Georgia Tech were co-champions in the Atlantic Coast Conference with a loss to Florida State costing them a Bowl Championship Series spot. This was Georgia Tech's fifth Gator Bowl and first since 1965. This was Notre Dame's first Gator Bowl since 1976.

Game summary
Wearing their green uniforms for the first time since the 1995 Fiesta Bowl, the Irish hoped to have luck on their side. But as it turned out, their defense gave the Yellow Jackets luck, allowing five long drives for touchdowns and 436 yards. Joe Burns would throw a touchdown pass to Joe Hamilton to start off the scoring for GT, though Autry Denson responded with a touchdown run. But the Yellow Jackets scored 14 unanswered points in the second quarter, with a Phillip Rogers touchdown run and a Mike Sheridan touchdown catch from Hamilton, as they had a 21–7 halftime lead. The Irish responded with two rushing touchdowns from Jarious Jackson and Denson, but they still trailed 21–20 due to a blocked extra point. Dez White made the lead 8 with his touchdown catch from Hamilton to make it 28–20 as the third quarter ended. Notre Dame tied the game with an Autry Denson touchdown run and the successful conversion pass from Jackson. Georgia Tech took the lead for the final time with a Dez White touchdown pass from Hamilton. With less than three minutes remaining, Notre Dame tried to drive to tie the game; Jackson was tackled by Nate Simson, who forced a fumble that was recovered by Jesse Tarplin as the Yellow Jackets won their fifth bowl game appearance. For GT, Hamilton went 13 of 20 for 237 yards and two touchdowns, and White caught 4 passes, but for 129 yards and two touchdowns. For Notre dame, Denson rushed 26 times for 130 yards.

Aftermath
Georgia Tech would return to the Gator Bowl the next year, and Notre Dame would return in 2003, though they would have to wait until 2008 to win a bowl game.

Statistics

References

Gator Bowl
Category:Gator Bowl
Category:Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football bowl games
Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish football bowl games
Category:January 1999 sports events in the United States


Gordon H. Winton

Gordon H. Winton  (August 21, 1913 - ?) served in the California legislature and during World War II he served in the United States Navy.

References

Category:American military personnel of World War I
Category:Members of the California State Legislature
Category:1913 births
Category:year of death missing


California Historical Landmarks in Butte County

This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in Butte County, California. Click the "Map of all coordinates" link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.

|}

References

See also

List of California Historical Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places listings in Butte County, California

+Landmarks
*List of California Historical Landmarks
H01


Strel

Strel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Boris Strel (1959–2013), Slovenian alpine skier
 Martin Strel (born 1954), Slovenian long-distance swimmer


Bonequinha de Seda

Bonequinha de Seda (English: Silk Doll) is a 1936 Brazilian film directed by Oduvaldo Vianna, and starring Gilda de Abreu.

Cast
Gilda de Abreu ... Marilda
Delorges Caminha ... João Siqueira
Conchita de Moraes ... Madame Valle
Darcy Cazarré ... Pechincha
Mira Magrassi ... Madame Pechincha
Apolo Correia ... Mesquita
Carlos Barbosa ... Dr. Leitão

References

External links

Category:1936 films
Category:Brazilian black-and-white films
Category:Brazilian films
Category:Portuguese-language films
Category:Brazilian musical films
Category:Brazilian romance films
Category:Brazilian comedy films
Category:Cinédia films
Category:1930s romantic musical films
Category:1930s musical comedy films


Eduard Stăncioiu

Eduard Cornel Stăncioiu (born 3 March 1981) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Sportul Studențesc, CFR Cluj, ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș, FCSB and Universitatea Craiova.

Club career
Stăncioiu began his career at Sportul Studenţesc, where he played for 8 years. During the summer of 2006 he moved to CFR Cluj as a free agent.

Stăncioiu accomplished a feat when he conceded no goals between rounds 26 and 30 of the Romanian Liga 1 2004–2005 season. He managed to keep his goal untouched for a total of 457 minutes.

On 15 June 2018, Stăncioiu left FCSB after 2 years with the club.

International career
Stăncioiu played his only game for the Romania national team on the 31 May 2008, in a friendly game against Montenegro.

Career statistics

Club

Statistics accurate as of match played

Honours

Club
CFR Cluj
Liga I: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12
Cupa României: 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10
Supercupa României: 2009, 2010

ASA Târgu Mureș
Supercupa României: 2015

References

External links

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Romanian footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:FC Sportul Studențesc București players
Category:Liga I players
Category:CFR Cluj players
Category:ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș players
Category:FC Steaua București players
Category:CS Universitatea Craiova players
Category:Romania international footballers
Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players


Big Jacks Creek, New South Wales

Big Jacks Creek is a locality in the North West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia. The locality is in the Liverpool Plains Shire local government area,  north west of the state capital, Sydney.

At the , Big Jacks Creek had a population of 56.

References

External links

Category:Towns in New South Wales
Category:Liverpool Plains Shire


R353 road

R353 road may refer to:
 R353 road (Ireland)
 R353 road (South Africa)