History of Nashville, Tennessee

This article pertains to the history of Nashville, the state capital of Tennessee.

Prehistory

The first known settlers in the area of modern Nashville were Native Americans who arrived in the region by at least 13,000 BC during the Paleoindian period of regional prehistory. For millennia the descendants of these first Tennesseans continued to live along the river terraces and uplands overlooking the Cumberland River, leaving behind a dense archaeological record spanning the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian periods. The final prehistoric Native American culture to inhabit what would become Nashville was a regional manifestation of the Mississippian Culture known as Middle Cumberland Mississippian, identified by archaeologists based on the specific combination of burial practices, artistic style, and ceramic styles. Recent studies suggest that Middle Cumberland Mississippian culture may be the result of interactions between local populations and outsiders from the American Bottom who moved into the western portion of the Nashville Basin around AD 1000, settling at the site of Mound Bottom. The archaeological footprint of the Middle Cumberland Mississippian culture appears throughout Nashville as the many platform mounds, extensive stone box cemeteries, palisaded villages, and small prehistoric farmsteads that have been destroyed by antiquarian scholars, relic hunters, and urban development. All archaeological evidence for Mississippian culture appears to vanish from the Nashville area by around AD 1475–1500. Archaeologists believe this regional collapse may have been the result of extreme pressures brought on by rapid population growth and dwindling resource availability following prolonged droughts leading to increased occurrences of disease, nutritional deficiencies, and warfare.

Early history

There is no reliable historical or archaeological evidence for Native American presence in the Nashville area from 1500 through the late 1600s. The region between the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers was a hunting ground for many tribes, and while the Shawnee occupied the area in the later part of the 17th century, by 1700 they were being challenged by the Cherokee and Chickasaw.

The first Europeans to enter what would become Tennessee were part of the expedition led by Hernando de Soto in the 16th century. Although the exact route of the Desoto expedition is unclear, they do not appear to have reached Middle Tennessee or the Nashville area. Instead, the earliest Europeans in what would become Nashville were French fur traders such as Martin Chartier, who established a trading post in 1689 on the Cumberland River, near the present-day site of the city. Jean du Charleville (aka Charles Charleville) established a trading post in 1710 at a natural sulfur and saline spring near what is now Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park. The natural salt lick attracted animals, which in turn attracted Native American hunters with whom the French could trade, and the area became known as "French Lick." This same portion of Nashville would later be known as Sulphur Spring Bottom and Sulphur Dell. In 1769, French-Canadian hunter Timothy DeMonbreun began a series of trips up the Cumberland to Nashville and built a cabin near the lick to use as a base of operations for fur trapping during his visits to the area. DeMonbreun settled in Nashville permanently in 1788, and ran a tavern and mercantile business.

Fort Nashborough
John Buchanan Sr., born in either Scotland or Ireland, migrated with his family from their home in Cumberland Co., Pennsylvania, to the Watauga Valley, Washington District of North Carolina.  Afterward, they took a long horseback trek to Kentucky, left their women and traveled down to the Cumberland Settlements in late 1778, building a station on the southern side of the Cumberland River above the French Lick, on the high ground where Nashville now stands, in the early spring of 1779.  His son, Major John Buchanan, known for the siege of Buchanan's Station, is considered to be one of the founders of Nashville, Tennessee. Another settlement arrived when James Robertson left the Watauga settlement in northwestern North Carolina, traveled overland for two months, and arrived on the banks of the Cumberland River near the center of present downtown Nashville on Christmas Day, 1779. They cleared the land and built a log stockade they called the Bluff station. Richard Henderson had planned to call the settlement Nashborough in honor of General Francis Nash, who won acclaim in the American Revolution. For a brief time, court records did use the Nashborough designation but there is no evidence that any of the settlers did. Robertson's friend and fellow Watauga settler John Donelson, along with some 60 families, including women and children, came in 30 flatboats and several pirogues down the Tennessee River and up the Cumberland, arriving April 23, 1780. They founded a new community that was then a part of the state of North Carolina. The town was officially created and named Nashville in 1784, by an act of the North Carolina legislature.

As the northern terminus of the Natchez Trace, the town quickly developed as a cotton center and river port and later as a railroad hub. It soon became the commercial center of the entire Middle Tennessee region. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 enslaved Blacks and 14 free Blacks.

Early statehood
After the failed experiment of the State of Franklin, North Carolina ceded its land from the Allegheny Mountains to the Mississippi River to the federal government.  In 1796, that territory was admitted to the union as the state of Tennessee. Nashville at that time was still a small settlement in a vast wilderness, but its central location and status as the state capital made it the political, commercial, financial and religious center of the state.

In 1806, Nashville was chartered as a city. The city's first debt and first large-scale public works project was the building of the Nashville Water Works, centered around the reservoir located on a bluff south of the city, now known as Rolling Mill Hill. The money was loaned by Philadelphia businessmen, and part of the amount was used to purchase around 12 enslaved Black men in Virginia to work on the project. The $50,000 loan was insufficient to cover the $55,000 cost of construction, but the rising value of the slaves purchased by the city covered the difference when all but one or two were sold at the end of the project. Water from the Cumberland River is pumped by steam engine into the reservoir, which remains in use today.

Andrew Jackson
In the War of 1812, General Andrew Jackson, a Nashville lawyer and politician, defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend and the British invasion army at the Battle of New Orleans, becoming a national hero, thanks in large part to the fighting skills of the Tennessee militia. Jackson became a western hero, and building on his militia connections, Jackson built a strong political base and in 1828, Jackson was elected President.

Capital of Tennessee
More than 30 years after receiving its charter, Nashville was selected as the permanent capital of Tennessee on October 7, 1843. Several towns across Tennessee were nominated; all received votes, but Nashville and Charlotte were the top contenders. Nashville won by only one vote.  Previously, the cities of Kingston (for one day) and Knoxville in Eastern Tennessee, and Murfreesboro, like Nashville located in Middle Tennessee, had each served as the temporary capital.

The Tennessee State Capitol building was constructed over a period of fourteen years from 1845 to 1859. It was designed by Philadelphia architect William Strickland, who modeled it after a Greek Ionic temple. Commercial, convict, and slave labor were used in the project. Fifteen enslaved Black men worked on carving the Capitol's limestone cellar from 1845 to 1847; Nashville stonemason A.G. Payne was paid $18 a month for their labor. It is believed to be "the most significant project where the [Tennessee] state government rented slave labor." It houses the Tennessee legislature and the Governor's office.

Civil War

Tennessee was the last state to join the Confederacy on June 24, 1861, when Governor Isham G. Harris proclaimed "all connections by the State of Tennessee with the Federal Union dissolved, and that Tennessee is a free, independent government, free from all obligations to or connection with the Federal Government of the United States of America." Nashville was an immediate target of Union forces. The city's significance as a shipping port on the Cumberland River and its symbolic importance as the capital of Tennessee made it a desirable prize.

The General Assembly was in session at Nashville when Fort Donelson fell on February 16, 1862.  Soon after at the end of the month, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, under the command of Don Carlos Buell.  Prior to that, Nashville was evacuated and Governor made a speech recommending the citizens burn their private property; retreating troops destroyed bridges crossing the Cumberland River.  Governor Harris issued a call for the legislature to assemble at Memphis, and the executive office was moved to that city. In the meantime, President Lincoln appointed future President Andrew Johnson Military Governor of Tennessee.  He set up offices in the capital at Nashville. Confederate uprisings and guerrilla attacks continued sporadically in the city.

On December 2, 1864, the Confederate Army of Tennessee (not to be confused with the rival Union Army of the Tennessee) arrived south of the city and set up fortifications facing the Union Army. After a lengthy stand-off, the Union forces attacked on December 15, starting the Battle of Nashville. The outnumbered Confederate forces were badly defeated and retreated south to the Tennessee River.

Refugees poured into Nashville during the war, because jobs were plentiful in the depots, warehouses and hospitals serving the war effort, and furthermore the city was much safer place than the countryside. Unionists and Confederate sympathizers both flooded in, as did free blacks and escaped slaves, and businessmen from the North.  Nashville, with its very large transient population, had flourishing red light districts. Union wartime regulations forced prostitutes to purchase licenses and pass medical exams, primarily to protect soldiers from venereal disease. Their trade was deregulated once military control ended.

A secret Confederate underground operated in the city, smuggling arms, medicines and information to the Confederacy, helping prisoners escape, and giving information to Confederate spies.

After the Civil War

After the Civil War, Nashville quickly grew into an important trade center. Its population rose from 16,988 in 1860 to 80,865 by 1900. African-Americans increased from being 23 to 38 percent of the population between 1860 and 1870. Meanwhile, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was established by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, who initiated General Nathan Bedford Forrest.

When the Union army left, the Fisk Free Colored School took over the Fort Gillem grounds, near where the free blacks lived before the civil war and north of downtown, and was renamed as Fisk University in 1872, it became a leading institution of African-American higher education. A black business district grew up along the fort's wagon road, renamed Jefferson Street. Just across the Cumberland River downtown, several other large African-American districts developed around former camps in East and North Nashville.

In the late 1880s, its African-American and poor white populations were affected by changes to laws by the state legislature, which made voter registration and voting more difficult by requirements including imposition of a poll tax in 1889. The effect was to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites, after Tennessee had been one of the most competitive states politically after the Civil War. About one-third of the state's citizens were thus shut out of the political process, a status that lasted for decades, until after passage of legislation during the mid-1960s as a result of the civil rights movement.

In 1897, Nashville hosted the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition, a World's Fair celebrating the 100th anniversary of Tennessee's entry into the Union. A replica of the Parthenon was built for the event. The Parthenon replica is now the centerpiece of Centennial Park.

An interesting sidenote occurred during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt.  President Roosevelt visited Nashville and took his lodging at the Maxwell House Hotel.  Joel Cheek, proprietor thereof, had served a special blend of coffee at the hotel's restaurant, and after drinking a cup of this coffee, Roosevelt proclaimed it "good to the last drop!"  Cheek subsequently sold the blend to General Foods and to this day, Maxwell House coffee is enjoyed by millions.

In 1913 Nashville was the last of several major cities in Tennessee to adopt a commission form of government, with all members of a small commission elected at-large. Compared to single-member districts, this change resulted in further limiting the political power of any African Americans who were able to vote, as their candidates were unable to gain support by the majority of the city, which was white. Other cities that adopted this form of government in this period were Clarksville in 1907, Chattanooga and Knoxville in 1911, and Jackson in 1915. As a result of legal challenges beginning in the late 1970s, all these cities have adopted new systems, most by 1990. These established council or commissions with more numerous members, most of whom are elected from single-member districts, when enables minorities to elect one or more candidates of their choice.

On March 22, 1916, a fire in East Nashville erupted, destroying more than 500 homes. The fire was exacerbated by unusually high wind gusts, allowing it to spread quickly before firefighters could suppress it. This became known as the Great Fire of 1916. Though there were few injuries and only one fatality, the fire significantly damaged the economy of East Nashville for decades.

The Great train wreck of 1918 occurred on July 9, 1918, in Nashville when an inbound local train collided with an outbound express, killing 101 people. This was one of the most deadly rail accidents in U.S. history.

Tennessee was the state that put the 19th Amendment, allowing women to vote, over the top, and the ratification struggle convulsed the city in August 1920.

On March 1, 1941, W47NV (now known as WSM-FM) began operations in Nashville, becoming the first FM radio station in the U.S.

Recent history (post-World War II)
In 1949, the city administration claimed 96 acres in Hell’s Half Acre, a black neighborhood northwest of the state capital that housed the poorest African-Americans in the city. The city administration justified it by saying they would rid the city of vice, as the place was then known for saloons, prostitution, and other vices but also housed some of the city's oldest African-American churches and schools. The neighborhood was replaced with the State Library and Archives, a large office building, a six-lane parkway, terraced parking lots and green space, with few provisions for the people who lost their homes.

Music entrepreneurs such as Roy Acuff (1903–1992) made Nashville the country music capital after World War II.  Acuff joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1938, and although his popularity as a musician waned in the late 1940s, he remained one of the Opry's key figures and promoters for nearly four decades.  In 1942, he co-founded the first major Nashville-based country music publishing company—Acuff-Rose Music.  The Second Avenue/lower Broadway district supports a large music industry as well as a musically flavored tourist center.

During the winter of 1951, Nashville experienced the most severe blizzard in the city's history. From Sunday, January 28 to Tuesday, January 30, an ice storm produced an inch of sleet and freezing rain, gridlocking the city and cutting off the power supply to many neighborhoods. On the afternoon of Wednesday, January 31, a blizzard swept through the city with wind gusts in excess of 50 mph and visibility down to zero. Eight inches of snow were recorded, and commute around the city was virtually impossible. On the night of February 2, low temperatures reached -13 degrees Fahrenheit, causing pipelines to burst. Many Nashville residents lacked both electricity and water. Due to the severity of the ice storm and the blizzard that followed afterward, this is known as the worst episode of winter weather in Nashville's history. The blizzard of 1951 holds third place for the most snow recorded in Nashville from a single storm system, behind the blizzard of 1892 and Winter Storm Jonas in 2016.

Nashville was a center of the Civil Rights Movement. In 1957, public schools began to be desegregated using the "stair-step" plan as proposed by Dan May; people protested integration and, at Hattie Cotton Elementary School, a bomb was detonated.  No one was killed, and after that the desegregation plan went on without violence. The school board gerrymandered the school districts so that only nine black first-graders enrolled out of about 100 that were eligible. Seven years later, fewer than 800 black students were in formerly all-white schools while black teachers and principals faced demotions or layoffs as the city consolidated the system.

On February 13, 1960, hundreds of college students involved in the Nashville Student Movement launched a sit-in campaign to desegregate lunch counters throughout the city. Inspired by students in Greensboro, North Carolina, students from Fisk, the American Baptist Theological Seminary, and Tennessee A&I had similar sit-in protests and boycotts in Nashville.  Although initially met with violence and arrests, the protesters were eventually successful in pressuring local businesses to end the practice of racial segregation. Many of the activists involved in the Nashville sit-ins—including James Bevel, Diane Nash, Bernard Lafayette, John Lewis and others—went on to organize the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, which emerged as one of the most influential organizations of the civil rights movement. The first movement credited to SNCC was the 1961 Nashville Open Theater Movement, directed and strategized by James Bevel, which desegregated the city's theaters.

Inspired by their example,
Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government (also known as a "metropolitan government") since 1963. Although a similar proposal had failed in 1958, Davidson County voters approved consolidation in a referendum on June 28, 1962.

On April 16, 1998, an F3 tornado struck the downtown area at around 3:30 p.m., causing serious damage and blowing out hundreds of windows from skyscrapers, raining shattered glass on the streets and closing the business district for nearly four days. Over 300 homes were damaged, and three cranes at the then incomplete Adelphia Coliseum were toppled. Though only one person was killed, it was one of the most costly urban tornadoes on record in the U.S.

The expansion of the National Hockey League brought the Nashville Predators to Nashville in 1998. They currently play at Bridgestone Arena, located in downtown Nashville. The franchise has performed exceptionally well in Nashville, valued at $270 million in 2016.

Shortly after the NHL expansion in 1998, the Tennessee Oilers moved from Memphis to Nashville in 1999, beginning its inaugural season as the Tennessee Titans.
In two years, Nashville witnessed the expansion of two professional sports organizations. These franchises tremendously invigorated the revitalization of the downtown area.

In 2000, Nashville native Bill Frist rose to national political prominence when he became majority leader of the U.S. Senate. Frist was formerly a transplant surgeon at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

In 2006, commuter rail service from Nashville to Lebanon opened to the public. Further plans to expand Music City Star were halted during the Great Recession of 2008-09; however, plans to expand commuter rail service are once again an objective for the city.

On April 30 through May 7 in 2010, significant flooding impacted Nashville and its suburbs. Many areas in the Nashville MSA received more than 18 inches of rainfall in less than 48 hours. This caused significant damage to the downtown area, and three dozen lives were lost in the city. Due to the rarity of the amount of rainfall, meteorologists dubbed it a "thousand year event."

On January 22, 2016, Winter Storm Jonas brought blizzard conditions to Nashville, producing more than eight inches of snow. The National Weather Service issued a blizzard warning that morning. On January 22, Nashville set a record for snowfall received in a 24-hour period. The blizzard proceeded to the East Coast by January 23.

In 2016, Nashville experienced a growth of 82 residents per day. In 2017, Nashville surpassed Memphis as Tennessee's most populous city. Despite the Great Recession, Nashville has posted strong economic growth during the 21st Century and boasts one of the lowest unemployment rates in Tennessee.

From April 25-27, 2019, Nashville hosted the 2019 NFL Draft. It broke draft attendance records with 600,000 people attending and is currently the most watched draft in NFL history with 47.5 million TV views.

Recent economic development

On January 8, 2013, The New York Times magazine declared Nashville "It" city in a publication titled "Nashville's Latest Hit Could Be the City Itself". This article is widely thought to have spurred new growth and construction in Nashville, ultimately leading to Nashville being declared the 5th fastest growing city in America by the end of 2013.

On May 28, 2013, the newly anticipated Music City Center opened its doors in the SoBro District of Downtown Nashville. This new convention center marked a major milestone by replacing the rapidly aging Nashville Convention Center, and also adding an 800-room Omni Hotel along with an expansion of the Country Music Hall of Fame's facilities. This construction project sparked a number of new construction projects in both the SoBro district and other parts of the city, and has continued to spur development up into 2015.

In November 2014, Bridgestone announced that they would be keeping their North American Headquarters in Nashville, and would invest $200 million to build a new 35 story skyscraper that would bring 1,700 jobs to downtown Nashville.

On January 26, 2015, Google announced that it was bringing its Fiber service to the Nashville Area, bringing with it super fast internet using fiber optic cables in the ground. This announcement was seen as a major plus for the up-and-coming tech scene in Nashville, along with other companies that either have a presence here or looking to relocate to the Nashville Area.

On April 17, 2015 First Tennessee Park opened in the Germantown district of Nashville, which provided a new home for the AAA Baseball team the Nashville Sounds.

As a whole, at least 123 projects are planned for or under construction in Davidson County, many of which have begun recently. In downtown alone, developments consist of a 27 story Westin Hotel under construction in the SoBro district, a 33 story residential apartment complex named "The Sobro", a 35 story JW Marriott is proposed across from the Music City Center, HCA's new 18 story headquarters along with a $1 billion development named Capitol View are both under construction in the North Gulch area, and a 44-story condo and apartment building named 505 cst is proposed for the downtown core which, if built, will be the tallest building in Nashville.

oneC1TY is a vibrant urban community under construction near the Charlotte Ave and 28/31st connector intersection, that will serve as a center of technology-enabled commercial, residential, research and retail activity catering to the idea that mindful healthy living can be made easy. Its sustainable design features abundant green space and a community lawn and encourages walking, biking and enjoyment of the outdoors, music and art.

Nashville became the largest city in the state of Tennessee in 2017, surpassing Memphis by a total of roughly 8000 people. It is also one of the fastest-growing cities in the United States, comparing with similar cities such as Austin and Raleigh.

Zillow ranked Nashville the hottest housing market in the entire United States in 2017, along with the Milken Institute ranking Nashville as the 7th best performing city in the United States based on economic, social and communal factors on a local and national scale.

In August 2017 British Airways announced the launch of the first nonstop transatlantic flight on their airline from Nashville to London's Heathrow Airport, beginning on May 4, 2018. The flight is expected to contribute $100 million to Nashville's economy and promote business connections and leisure travel to the city.

In May 2018, The New York financial firm AllianceBernstein announced it would relocate its corporate headquarters to downtown Nashville in the Fifth and Broadway development, bringing at least 1000 new corporate jobs. Shortly after in June of 2018 Nashville was named the host of the 2019 NFL Draft.

On November 12, 2018, Nashville was announced as the East coast operations hub for Amazon's logistics and retail department, bringing at least 5000 new corporate jobs downtown to the Nashville Yards development and becoming the largest jobs announcement in the history of the state of Tennessee. In addition, within the same day the 'Big Four' accounting firm Ernst & Young announced it would be opening a 'tech' IT hub on Nashville's Music Row, bringing a further 600 jobs to the Nashville region.

See also
 Timeline of Nashville, Tennessee

References

Further reading

 Doyle, Don H. (1985). New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860–1910 excerpt and text search
 Doyle, Don H. (1985). Nashville Since the 1920s

 Houston, Benjamin. The Nashville Way: Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012.  excerpt

Primary sources

External links
 Nashville Civic Design Center
 The Plan of Nashville
 Davidson County / Nashville Historical Markers

Category:U.S. cities in the American Civil War


Sydney Bailey

Sydney Bailey (born 1886, date of death unknown) was a British cyclist. He competed in the 100km event at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

References

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William Waring Taylor

William Waring Taylor (1819–1903) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament in Wellington, New Zealand.

He represented the City of Wellington electorate from the 1860 general election to 1870 when he retired.

He is the brother of Mary Taylor.

References

Category:1819 births
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Kevin Maek

Kevin Maek (born 4 November 1988) is a German footballer who plays as a centre-back for FC 08 Homburg. He is the son of Mario Maek.

External links
Profile at worldfootball.net

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football midfielders
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Category:German footballers
Category:VfL Wolfsburg II players
Category:1. FC Union Berlin players
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Category:1. FC Saarbrücken players
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Category:3. Liga players
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Category:Footballers from Berlin


Dmitri Turutin

Dmitri Grigoryevich Turutin (; born 10 April 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.

Club career
He played in the Russian Football National League for FC Baltika Kaliningrad in 2000.

References

External links

Category:1981 births
Category:Sportspeople from Kaliningrad
Category:Living people
Category:Russian footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
Category:FC Sibir Novosibirsk players
Category:FC Dynamo Barnaul players
Category:FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk players


Samantha May

Samantha May (born 16 September 1987) is an Australian netball player in the ANZ Championship, playing for Wasps Netball in the Super League.

May previously played with the Sydney Swifts in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy and New South Wales Swifts.

In April 2008, May was confirmed as a player in the Australian 21/U squad.

References

Category:1987 births
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Category:New South Wales Swifts players
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Category:Sportspeople from Sydney
Category:Loughborough Lightning netball players
Category:Mavericks netball players
Category:Wasps Netball players


Acraga ochracea

Acraga ochracea is a moth in the family Dalceridae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in southern Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina. The habitat consists of tropical premontane moist, subtropical wet, subtropical moist, subtropical dry and warm temperate moist forests.

The length of the forewings is 9–13 mm for males and 16–17 mm for females. Adults are orange, with the dorsal forewing darker than the hindwing. Adults are on wing year round.

References

Category:Moths described in 1855
Category:Dalceridae


Gackle, North Dakota

Gackle is a town in Logan County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 310 at the 2010 census.

History
Gackle was founded in 1904. It was named for George Gackle, a farmer.

The town is home to the Gackle Public Library. German has been spoken in Gackle in the past, and is visible in the inscriptions on the First UCC Church.

Geography
Gackle is located at  (46.627335, -99.143326).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which,  is land and  is water.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 310 people, 138 households, and 81 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 211 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.1% White, 0.3% African American, 1.0% Native American, 1.0% Asian, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population.

There were 138 households of which 13.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.6% were married couples living together, 3.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.3% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.56.

The median age in the city was 56.9 years. 13.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.2% were from 25 to 44; 32.7% were from 45 to 64; and 34.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 335 people, 163 households, and 93 families residing in the city. The population density was 617.3 people per square mile (239.5/km²). There were 212 housing units at an average density of 390.6 per square mile (151.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.40% White, and 0.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of the population. 76.6% were of German and 7.6% Norwegian ancestry.

There were 163 households out of which 14.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were non-families. 41.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 27.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.83 and the average family size was 2.43.

In the city, the population was spread out with 9.6% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 15.2% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 45.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 61 years. For every 100 females, there were 74.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,875, and the median income for a family was $26,563. Males had a median income of $17,386 versus $14,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,801. About 7.4% of families and 13.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over.

References

External links
 City of Gackle official website
 Gackle, North Dakota informational site
 Gackle-Streeter School website

Category:Cities in North Dakota
Category:Cities in Logan County, North Dakota
Category:Populated places established in 1904
Category:1904 establishments in North Dakota


Newchurch and Merthyr

Newchurch and Merthyr is a community located in Carmarthenshire, Wales. The community population at the 2011 census was 676.

The community is bordered by the communities of: Cynwyl Elfed; Bronwydd; Carmarthen; Llangynog; St Clears; Meidrim; and Abernant, all being in Carmarthenshire.

References

Category:Communities in Carmarthenshire


New Interpreter's Study Bible

The New Interpreter's Study Bible is a study Bible first published by Abingdon Press/Cokesbury in 2003 which utilizes the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV).

External links

 The official New Interpreter's website

Category:2003 non-fiction books
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Category:2003 in Christianity


Ten Nights in a Bar Room (1910 film)

Ten Nights in a Bar Room is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company. Adapted from the novel Ten Nights in a Bar-Room and What I Saw There by Timothy Shay Arthur, the production focuses on Joe Morgan after he has become a hopeless drunkard. Often Morgan's young daughter, Mary, comes to beg her father to return home. One day, she appears during a fight between the two men and is fatally struck by a bottle thrown by the saloon-keeper. Before Mary dies she asks her father to promise to swear off alcohol and he accepts. He is reformed and becomes successful, while the saloon-keeper is killed in a fight in an irony of fate. The film was released on November 4, 1910 and met with mixed reviews. The film is presumed lost.

Plot
The work was an adaptation of Timothy Shay Arthur's novel Ten Nights in a Bar-Room and What I Saw There. The Moving Picture World synopsis states: "Despite the fact that he is a loving husband and father, Joe Morgan ruins his life by his fondness for drink and finally becomes a seemingly hopeless drunkard. He spends his time and money in the saloon kept by Slade, the man who took away Joe's mill and largely caused his financial ruin. Slade's saloon, when he first opened it, was well furnished, the landlord courteous and well groomed, and the customers happy and seemingly unaffected by their surroundings. But as time passed, a change for the worse was noted in everything. Probably this escaped Joe's notice, for a sharp shot, indeed, was needed to reform him. That shock came. Joe's only daughter, Mary, was in the habit of going to the saloon and piteously urging her father to come home. She knew that no matter how intoxicated he might be, he would never harm her. But one evening when she appeared her father and Slade had been quarreling, and the saloonkeeper threw a bottle at Morgan, who dodged. The missile struck the child, entering. The blow resulted fatally, but before Mary died, she extracted a promise from her grief-stricken father that he would never drink again, a promise which he ever-afterward kept. In later years Joe became wealthy and respected, and influenced by the thought of his daughter in heaven he kept in the straight and narrow path. The saloon keeper who killed Mary was never punished by the law - but through the irony of fate his taking off was much like that of Joe Morgan's helpless child."

Cast
Frank H. Crane as Joe Morgan
Marie Eline as Little Mary

Production
The production was based on Ten Nights in a Bar-Room and What I Saw There by Timothy Shay Arthur. The plot focused on the dangers of alcoholism and the downfall of those taken in by its effects. In the 1850s, sales of the novel were second only to Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. The production was adapted for the stage in 1858 and while it did not perform well on Broadway, it proved to be a lasting success. Dozens of productions would cross the United States for the next sixty years and the play proved to be a major influence on the Temperance movement, resulting in the passage of temperance laws. It is likely that the writer of the scenario was Lloyd Lonergan. The film director is unknown, but it may have been Barry O'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson. Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith, Carl Louis Gregory, and Alfred H. Moses, Jr. though none are specifically credited. The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions. Only the roles of Frank H. Crane and Marie Eline are known. The other cast credits are unknown, but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary. In late 1910, the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films. The list includes G.W. Abbe, Justus D. Barnes, Frank H. Crane, Irene Crane, Marie Eline, Violet Heming, Martin J. Faust, Thomas Fortune, George Middleton, Grace Moore, John W. Noble, Anna Rosemond, Mrs. George Walters.

Release and reception
The single reel drama, approximately 1,000 feet long, was released on November 4, 1910. The film was released outside of the planned order due to a scheduling conflict. Originally The American and the Queen was planned to be released on this date, but it was instead pushed back to November 11. The film received mixed reviews from critics, H. Jeanval of The Moving Picture News stated that the costuming and lace curtains on the windows of the home betrayed the supposed poverty of the Morgan family. Walton, also of The Moving Picture News, stated, "This title would be completely misunderstood by the majority of moving picture show attendants. Some sporadic 'reformer' who does not know the original and who has never seen the film will fill 'space' on the iniquity of moving pictures founded on this title. If he did see the film it has not the necessary power to grapple with the terrible reality of a too common incident in daily life." The New York Dramatic Mirror was more picky in its wording and praise, stating: "It was to be supposed that some company would finally present this familiar drama in pictorial form, and a reviewer must feel glad that it is over, for the film doesn't materially exalt the level of film output." The review found the acting to be good, but found fault in the shadows of the actors fell towards a lamp instead of away from it. The New York Dramatic Mirror was not a neutral party for reviews and took a shot at the Thanhouser Company by running an article that stated: "The Selig Company announces the production of Ten Nights in a Bar Room will not be confined to one reel, but will be given all the film that it requires for proper production. This departure from the restrictive limit of 1,000 feet gives promise that the drama will have adequate treatment." Bowers states that the paper "was acting the role of a spoiler, for the Selig version was not released until a half year later, in June 1911, and, except for spite, there was no reason to mention it now."

Thomas S. Hischak, author of American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations, claims that the Thanhouser production is the earliest known film adaptation of the novel. This is an error because Lubin would produce an adaptation, 700 feet in length, by October 1903.

See also
 List of American films of 1910

References

External links

Category:1910 films
Category:1910s drama films
Category:American drama films
Category:American films
Category:American silent short films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Thanhouser Company films
Category:Lost American films
Category:Films about alcoholism
Category:Films based on American novels


Jaswant Singh Yadav

Dr. Jaswant Singh Yadav is an Indian politician. He was a Cabinet Minister for Skills Development, Labour and Employment, Factory and Boilers Inspection, ESI, ITI Minister in Rajasthan Government and a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing the Behror Assembly constituency of Rajasthan.. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party.

According to his official biography, Yadav holds a Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.) degree.

References

Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan
Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:Rajasthani politicians
Category:People from Alwar
Category:13th Lok Sabha members
Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan


The Beginning of the End of the World

The Beginning of the End of the World is a compilation album by Brazilian post-punk band Mercenárias, released in 2005 by British record label Soul Jazz Records. It features a selection of tracks of their two studio albums, Cadê as Armas? (1986) and Trashland (1988).

The album's name alludes to the Brazilian music festival O Começo do Fim do Mundo, that happened in 1982 and promoted many underground punk bands such as Ratos de Porão, Inocentes and Cólera, among others.

External links
 Page for the album at Soul Jazz's official website

Category:2005 compilation albums
Category:Mercenárias albums
Category:Compilation albums by Brazilian artists
Category:Post-punk compilation albums
Category:Portuguese-language compilation albums
Category:Soul Jazz Records compilation albums


Kids' WB Specials

Here are some of Kids' WB's most notable specials:

Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer

This Christmas special originally aired on Kids' WB on Monday, December 23, 2002 at 4:00 PM. It aired in The WB's primetime slots beforehand. Both entities have rebroadcast it, usually around Christmas time.

The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon

This is the one-hour tenth-anniversary special of the Pokémon franchise, and it aired in the USA before anywhere else, even Japan. Kids' WB! first aired it on April 29, 2006 at 10:00 AM, and it was the first Pokémon program dubbed by Pokémon USA, and the only program dubbed by Pokémon USA to air on Kids' WB. Kids' WB ran a promotional sweepstakes during it to win Pokémon: Tenth Anniversary merchandise.

Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys

Kids' WB aired the English-language version of this movie on January 22, 2005 at 10:00 AM. However, it was edited due to time constraints. The full-length movie was released on DVD February 15, 2005. Before the movie, during the preceding programs, Kids' WB rolled out the red carpet to meet the stars of the movie.

Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo

The movie aired on September 16, 2006 before The WB Television Network was shut down and converted to The CW Television Network.

Wakko's Wish

This two-hour direct-to-video Animaniacs movie originally aired on Kids' WB on February 22, 2000.

Welcome Home, Animaniacs!

This was the very first Kids' WB special, and was a Saturday morning preview special not unlike those that had been shown on ABC in the past. However, this special is rather hard to find, as not many WB Network affiliates actually aired it. And the few WB affiliates that did air the special aired it right after Kids' WB's first broadcast.

This special, hosted by Harland Williams, was built around the fact that, for Kids' WB's first season, Animaniacs was moving there from Fox Kids, and for the special, new animation of Yakko, Wakko and Dot had been produced driving away from the Fox studios to the Warner Bros. lot. In the meantime, the stars of The WB's prime-time shows gave viewers a look at the new shows:

 Robert Townsend and Curtis Williams of The Parent 'Hood gave a peek at the new season of Animaniacs
 Tia and Tamera Mowry from Sister, Sister introduced Freakazoid!
 Kirk Cameron showed off Earthworm Jim
 The Wayans Bros. gave a look at The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries
 And Pinky and the Brain was featured as well.

Zolar
Kids' WB's first ever original movie, and one of their only live-action programs in history, debuted on May 29, 2004. It featured a sport-competing alien named Zolar, from another planet. His catch phrase was "Blue-yah!" During the movie, Kids' WB! ran a sweepstakes to win a year's supply of buttered popcorn.

Notable promotions
As recently as 2007, Kids' WB had many promotional giveaways, primarily to promote its programs and other Warner Bros. merchandise up for grabs.

Big Kids Go First

That was a slogan used to describe Kids' WB's schedule as of October 19, 1996 (when Waynehead premiered) through November 21 of that year. In an apparent attempt to simplify the four-hour Saturday morning schedule, the action-oriented superhero cartoons were moved to make up the first two hours of the schedule, with the comedy-oriented shows (including Waynehead) making up the last two hours. In this time, the schedule went as follows:

This move proved to be a disaster, the mistake being that "big kids" (supposedly the kids who would've preferred the superhero cartoons) were more likely to sleep in on Saturday mornings rather than wake up early to watch the shows. As a result of this, on November 22, Freakazoid and Earthworm Jim were taken off the Saturday morning block and moved to being shown on Friday afternoons until the following February, when they disappeared from the block entirely, only to have Freakazoid replaced with The Daffy Duck Show and Earthworm Jim replaced with a classic episode of Animaniacs.

An episode of Animaniacs that was broadcast sometime later parodied this move in its gag credit: "On The WB, Big Kids Go First / In Real Life, Big Kids Sleep In."

Devon and Cornwall's Dubba Dragon Day

Aired in May 1998, this broadcast was themed around promoting the release of the film Quest for Camelot. The backlot set used in the bumpers was specially designed with a medieval theme, and Devon and Cornwall, the two-headed dragon from the film, appeared in specially-made promotional spots.

Cleopatra's Dubba Diva Day
This 1998 broadcast was hosted by Cleopatra (girl group). The music video for their song "Life Ain't Easy" premiered at the end of the show.

Backstreet Boys' Terrifying Tower Takeover
This broadcast aired in 1997 was hosted by the Backstreet Boys. They introduced shows and talked about their monster characters in the music video for Everybody (Backstreet's Back) leading up to the world premiere.

BNL Day

BNL Day was the name given to the broadcast that aired on May 15, 1999, in which the Barenaked Ladies performed between each show. This event was originally intended to be titled Naked Day, but was changed due to complaints from parents.

Warnerama Celebrity Showcase Featuring NSYNC

This broadcast aired on May 1, 1999 was hosted by NSYNC. They as well as Kids WB characters performed between shows.

The Adventures of Static Shaq
These shorts promoted NBA legend Shaquille O'Neal's guest appearance in the Static Shock episode "Static Shaq".

Kids' WB Snow Jam

The Kids' WB Snow Jam was the name given to the broadcast that aired on February 5, 2000, in which Lou Bega performed between each show. New episodes of Kids' WB shows aired all morning, including three new episodes of Pokémon.

Kids' WB Big Premiere
This special promoted the series premieres of Yu-Gi-Oh!, The Mummy: The Animated Series, and The Nightmare Room and aired new episodes of X-Men Evolution, Jackie Chan Adventures, and Pokemon: Johto League Champions. Originally set to air on September 15, 2001, it was later moved to September 29.

Halloween Duel of Screams
In 2002 and 2003, toward Halloween, Kids' WB would do a promotion similar to the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game pitting Kids' WB characters against one another in a duel, but this time with screaming kids. Whoever had the most screaming kids that could affect others won the duel. It was always done in tournament style, but in 2002, Todd "Toad" Tolensky from X-Men: Evolution was disqualified for eating The Flea from ¡Mucha Lucha!, Ash Ketchum from Pokémon almost lost to Joey Wheeler from Yu-Gi-Oh!, and Jade Chan from Jackie Chan Adventures beat Yugi in the final round. In 2003, Yugi defeated The Masked Toilet from Mucha Lucha in the final round and won.

Hey Dragon, Down in Front!
This sweepstakes aired in the afternoon block for a week sometime in the spring of 2004, to promote Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light. Viewers had to identify a dragon from the Yu-Gi-Oh! series when Yugi said "Hey, (dragon's name), down in front!" and when they did, viewers were to log on to the website and enter for a chance to win Yu-Gi-Oh! card decks, as well as discount coupons for the movie.

Holiday Sock Party
The Holiday Sock Party was an ongoing event from 2001-2005, and had always taken place on the second Saturday in December. During this five-year period, the Kids' WB mascot, the Holiday Sock, usually goes inside of the Kids' WB! promotional watertower, with other characters from Kids' WB, in which they do Christmas-related things. In 2001 and 2002, the sock was the sole host; however, in 2003, The Flea from ¡Mucha Lucha! co-hosted. In 2004, the sock granted the wishes of viewers who wanted to "turn into something" on TV. In 2005, the set was then moved to the Fruit Salad Island from Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island with Coconut Fred as the co-host, and was about granting wishes again. This did not happen in 2006 and 2007, it was then replaced with a singalong for those two years, it didn't occur in 2008, as all of the Kids' WB networks except for the Australian version had disbanded. This promotion was not aired on the Australian Kids' WB network, because that version uses hosted content.

The Holiday Sock appeared as a question in the 20th Anniversary Edition of Trivial Pursuit, card #582, "Q: Who was not worn out by hosting the Holiday Sock Party? A: The Holiday Sock"

Kids' WB! Backlot Tour
Kids' WB had its Kids' WB! Backlot Tour in the parking lot of The Centre Ice Rink at the Delaware State Fairgrounds in Harrington, Delaware, July 20 to 29, 2006, during the Delaware State Fair. It featured the best of Kids' WB programming, Xbox 360 gaming, and other fun activities. It is a nationwide traveling show, usually at Six Flags Theme Park.

Mad Mad Mad Monkey Summer, Ooh Ooh Ahh Ahh (Just For Kids) Island, Gotta See-ee-eeh Falls
Beginning June 5, 2004, Kids' WB gave their lineup a monkey-based theme, entitling it "Mad Mad Mad Monkey Summer". They did promos such as "1001 Uses For a Banana" showing a Kids' WB character in need of a banana (usually where it doesn't help or makes things worse), "Stump the Monkey!" where viewers could go online and ask the monkey, "Professor Oo-oo-oo" questions, and pranks where someone in a gorilla costume would pop up randomly in a public area, scaring someone. Also, beginning June 14, 2004, Kids' WB gave their weekday lineup a monkey-related theme to go along with "Mad Mad Mad Monkey Summer" and entitled it "Ooh Ooh Ahh Ahh (Just for Kids) Island". As a special, until July 30, 2004, viewers could enter online to be the Monkey King of the day and have their picture on a monkey's body on TV. This promo lasted longer than Mad Mad Mad Monkey Summer (which ended August 21, 2004, Ooh Ooh Ahh Ahh ended October 22, 2004) and beginning September 17, 2004, Kids' WB entitled the Friday lineup "Gotta See-ee-eeh Falls", as they showed encore episodes of Mucha Lucha and Pokémon from the previous Saturday, and encore episodes of the new series Da Boom Crew and The Batman, as well as other things, such as new "lost" episodes of MegaMan: NT Warrior which were either skipped or dubbed out of order. However, this only went until October 15, 2004, a week earlier before it was originally scheduled to, when the network did a last-minute schedule change to prepare for November sweeps, replacing the scheduled encore of The Batman with an orderly rerun of Yu-Gi-Oh!.

Magi-Nation: Battle for the Moonlands Sweepstakes
On May 17, 2008, Kids' WB held a sweepstakes to promote the online game "Magi-Nation: Battle for the Moonlands" on Cookie Jar's Magi-Nation website. In this sweepstakes, viewers were to watch Kids' WB! all morning long to find five secret code words, and then enter them online to be entered into a drawing for a pre-paid game card worth five dollars of in-game currency. This is the final sweepstakes Kids' WB! ever held, and it took place on their last day of programming.

Pillow Head Hour

The Pillow Head Hour began on June 4, 2005, as Kids' WB was showing the final episodes of Jackie Chan Adventures, it was a full hour at 8:00 EST (7:00 CST/PST), where they did promos featuring what Kids' WB characters' "Pillow Head Hair" would look like (what their hair would look like if they had just woken up from bed). The Pillow Head Hour was discontinued on June 25, 2005, when the network did a last-minute schedule change replacing Jackie Chan Adventures on July 2 with Teen Titans and The Batman. However, KidsWB.com made "Pillow Head Reports" featuring Gisselle, the Pillow Head Reporter for Kids' WB!, talking about things such as entertainment and media. Because of this, starting on January 7, 2006, when Saturdays were extended to five hours, the Pillow Head Hour was reborn at 7:00 am, featuring Giselle and a full hour of a randomly selected Kids' WB! show, and numerous guests talking about their "Pillow Head Hair". The Pillow Head Hour was discontinued once again on July 8, 2006, where Kids' WB! made their "Sizzlin' Summer Lineup" with two Yu-Gi-Oh! episodes in the former Pillow Head Hour's slot. This was supposed to be on September 23, 2006, for the 2006-2007 season, when it was then replaced with Shaggy and Scooby-Doo as then hosts of the block, from Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!, a show that was on Kids' WB, at that current period of time, until 2008, when Kids' WB had ceased, as well. Kids' WB was then replaced by then-4Kids block, The CW4Kids, following Kids' WB's disbandment in 2008; it had aired from 2008-2010. The CW4Kids was then replaced by Toonzai from 2010-2012. Following this, Saban Brands took over the block, renamed Vortexx until September 27, 2014. Until the end of the block, the first hour featured two programs which follow federally mandated E/I requirements and guidelines.  Vortexx was eventually replaced by One Magnificent Morning which airs educational programming exclusively.

The Pokémon Premiere Party

This was the name given to Kids' WB's broadcast on February 13, 1999, which marked the first time that Pokémon was shown on the block (the episode aired on that date was "The Problem with Paras") as part of the comedy lineup. Unfortunately for fans of Warner Bros. Animation, though, it was in this same weekend that The Big Cartoonie Show (which came right after Pokémon) was shortened down to half an hour.

Top of the Tower Win-a-Rama
During the 2002-03 season, from time to time, Kids' WB would run a contest, usually during weekdays when they had them, where each day they gave you a code to enter on KidsWB.com and be drawn to win some merchandise, usually relating to a Kids' WB show. The first one was for Yu-Gi-Oh! in the week of September 16, 2002. Sometimes it coincided with the week as a show was given a special airing, such as the "Weekday Shift" that aired Rescue Heroes the whole week, the special weeks of catching up on The Mummy: The Animated Series or the week of new Cubix: Robots for Everyone episodes.

Zany Insany April
Ozzy from Ozzy & Drix hosted Kids' WB in April 2003, and named it "Zany Insany April". For the occasion, every week in April, at 3:30 pm, Kids' WB aired a show that would normally air on Saturday, such as Ozzy & Drix, The Mummy: The Animated Series, Static Shock, Mucha Lucha, and X-Men: Evolution. Saturday promos included the "You Rhyme It, We Rap It, Rap-a-Thon", where viewers could make a rap about a Kids' WB show and Scooby-Doo and Shaggy from Scooby-Doo would get some other Kids' WB character to perform the rap on TV, or the "Burpalicious Belchathon", where viewers could compete with Kids' WB characters to see how loud they could burp.

References

Category:Kids' WB original programs


Hloušek

Hloušek is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Adam Hloušek (born 1988), Czech footballer
 Martin Hloušek (born 1979), Slovak footballer
 Vítězslav Hloušek, Czech basketball player

Category:Czech-language surnames


Bhawani Dayal Arya College

Bhawani Dayal Arya College (Bhawani Dayal High School until 1997) is a secondary school in Nakasi, Fiji. It is oriented to Hindu religious teachings as interpreted by the Arya Samaj movement.

History
Bhawani Dayal High School was established in 1972 and named after Bhawani Dayal (born 1892, died 1950), an activist for the rights of Indians and promoter of Vedic religion in South Africa. The school was renamed Bhawani Dayal Arya College in 1997, the year in which it commemorated 25 years since its founding.

The school started with 28 students and 2 teachers in a temporary building. Purpose-built premises were completed in 1976 by which time the school had 388 students and 17 teachers. Student numbers had risen to exceed 800 by 2018 with over 50 teaching staff.

The school premises have seen several expansions including a canteen in 1980, a multi-craft workshop in 1982, the two-storey southern wing of classrooms in 1983, a multi-craft workshop in 1982 and an additional classroom in 1988. In 1990 the Industrial Arts Workshop was constructed and 5 classrooms were added in 1993.

The school started offering Form 6 (Year 12) education in 1989 and Form 7 (Year 13) in 1993. It is governed by the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha of Fiji.

References

Category:Schools in Fiji
Category:Educational institutions established in 1972
Category:Schools affiliated with the Arya Samaj


Crownthorpe

Crownthorpe is a locality split between the South Burnett Region and the Gympie Region, in Queensland, Australia.

References

Category:South Burnett Region
Category:Gympie Region
Category:Localities in Queensland


Enterovirus

Enterovirus is a genus of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses associated with several human and mammalian diseases. Enteroviruses are named by their transmission-route through the intestine (enteric meaning intestinal).

Serologic studies have distinguished 71 human enterovirus serotypes on the basis of antibody neutralization tests. Additional antigenic variants have been defined within several of the serotypes on the basis of reduced or nonreciprocal cross-neutralization between variant strains. On the basis of their pathogenesis in humans and animals, the enteroviruses were originally classified into four groups, polioviruses, Coxsackie A viruses (CA), Coxsackie B viruses (CB), and echoviruses, but it was quickly realized that there were significant overlaps in the biological properties of viruses in the different groups. Enteroviruses isolated more recently are named with a system of consecutive numbers: EV-D68, EV-B69, EV-D70, EV-A71, etc.

Enteroviruses affect millions of people worldwide each year and are often found in the respiratory secretions (e.g., saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus) and stool of an infected person. Historically, poliomyelitis was the most significant disease caused by an enterovirus, namely poliovirus. There are 81 non-polio and 3 polio enteroviruses that can cause disease in humans. Of the 81 non-polio types, there are 22 Coxsackie A viruses, 6 Coxsackie B viruses, 28 echoviruses, and 25 other enteroviruses.

Poliovirus, as well as coxsackie and echovirus, is spread through the fecal-oral route. Infection can result in a wide variety of symptoms, including those of:   mild respiratory illness (the common cold), hand, foot and mouth disease, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, severe neonatal sepsis-like disease, acute flaccid paralysis, and the related acute flaccid myelitis.

Species and genetics

Enteroviruses are members of the picornavirus family, a large and diverse group of small RNA viruses characterized by a single positive-strand genomic RNA. All enteroviruses contain a genome of approximately 7,500 bases and are known to have a high mutation rate due to low-fidelity replication and frequent recombination. After infection of the host cell, the genome is translated in a cap-independent manner into a single polyprotein, which is subsequently processed by virus-encoded proteases into the structural capsid proteins and the nonstructural proteins, which are mainly involved in the replication of the virus.

The enterovirus genus includes the following fifteen species:
 Enterovirus A (formerly Human enterovirus A)
 Enterovirus B (formerly Human enterovirus B)
 Enterovirus C (formerly Human enterovirus C)
 Enterovirus D (formerly Human enterovirus D)
 Enterovirus E (formerly Bovine enterovirus group A)
 Enterovirus F (formerly Bovine enterovirus group B)
 Enterovirus G (formerly Porcine enterovirus B)
 Enterovirus H (formerly Simian enterovirus A)
 Enterovirus I
 Enterovirus J
 Enterovirus K
 Enterovirus L
 Rhinovirus A (formerly Human rhinovirus A)
 Rhinovirus B (formerly Human rhinovirus B)
 Rhinovirus C (formerly Human rhinovirus C)

These fifteen species' serotype include:
Coxsackievirus
Enterovirus A: serotypes CVA-2, CVA-3, CVA-4, CVA-5, CVA-6, CVA-7, CVA-8, CVA-10, CVA-12, CVA-14, and CVA-16.
Enterovirus B: serotypes CVB-1, CVB-2, CVB-3, CVB-4, CVB-5, CVB-6, and CVA-9.
Enterovirus C: serotypes CVA-1, CVA-11, CVA-13, CVA-17, CVA-19, CVA-20, CVA-21, CVA-22, and CVA-24.
Echovirus
 Enterovirus B: serotypes E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, E-5, E-6, E-7, E-9, E-11 through E-21, E-24, E-25, E-26, E-27, E-29, E-30, E-31, E32, and E-33.
Enterovirus
Enterovirus A: serotypes EV-A71, EV-A76, EV-A89 through EV-A92, EV-A114, EV-A119, EV-A120, EV-A121, SV19, SV43, SV46, and BabEV-A13.
Enterovirus B: serotypes EV-B69, EV-B73 through EV-B75, EV-B77 through EV-B88, EV-B93, EV-B97, EV-B98, EV-B100, EV-B101, EV-B106, EV-B107, EV-B110 through EV-B113, and SA5.
Enterovirus C: serotypes EV-C95, EV-C96, EV-C99, EV-C102, EV-C104, EV-C105, EV-C109, EV-C113, EV-C116, EV-C117, and EV-C118.
Enterovirus D: serotypes EV-D68, EV-D70, EV-D94, EV-D111, and EV-D120.
Enterovirus E: serotypes EV-E1, EV-E2, EV-E3, EV-E4, and EV-E5.
Enterovirus F: serotypes EV-F1, EV-F2, EV-F3, EV-F4, EV-F5, EV-F6, and EV-F7.
Enterovirus G: serotypes EV-G1 through EV-G20.
Enterovirus H: serotype EV-H.
Enterovirus I: serotype EV-I1 and EV-I2.
Enterovirus J: serotypes: EV-J1, EV-J103, and EV-J108.
Enterovirus K: serotype EV-K1 and EV-K2.
Enterovirus L: serotype EV-L1.

Rhinovirus
Rhinovirus A: serotypes RV-A1, RV-A1B, RV-A2, RV-A7 through RV-A13, RV-A15, RV-A16, RV-A18 through RV-A25, RV-A28 through RV-A34, RV-A36, RV-A38 through RV-A41, RV-A43, RV-A45 through RV-A47, RV-A49 through RV-A51, RV-A53 through RV-A68, RV-A71, RV-A73 through RV-A78, RV-A80 through RV-A82, RV-A85, RV-A88 through RV-A90, RV-A94, RV-A96, and RV-A100 through RV-A108
Rhinovirus B: serotypes RV-B3 through RV-B6, RV-B14, RV-B17, RV-B26, RV-B27, RV-B35, RV-B37, RV-B42, RV-B48, RV-B52, RV-B69, RV-B70, RV-B72, RV-B79, RV-B83, RV-B84, RV-B86, RV-B91 through RV-B93, RV-B97, and RV-B99 through RV-B104
Rhinovirus C: serotypes RV-C1 through RV-C51, RV-C54, RV-C55, and RV-C56.
Poliovirus
Enterovirus C: serotypes PV-1, PV-2, and PV-3.

Coxsackie and echovirus

Coxsackie viruses are a non-phylogenetic group. Coxsackie A viruses are mainly associated with human hand, foot and mouth disease. Coxsackie B viruses can cause signs and symptoms, similar to a cold, but these viruses also can lead to more serious diseases, including myocarditis (inflammation of the heart); pericarditis (inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart); meningitis (inflammation of the membranes that line the brain and spinal cord); and pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).

Echoviruses are a cause of many of the nonspecific viral infections. It is mainly found in the intestine, and can cause nervous disorders. The usual symptoms of Coxsackie and echovirus are fever, mild rash, and mild upper respiratory tract illness.

Non-cytolytic (non-cytopathic) enterovirus
Enteroviruses are usually only capable of producing acute infections that are rapidly cleared by the adaptive immune response. However genome mutations, which enterovirus B serotypes may acquire in the host during the acute phase, may transform these viruses into the non-cytolytic form (also known as non-cytopathic or defective enterovirus). This is a mutated quasispecies of enterovirus, which can cause persistent infection in human cardiac tissues especially in some patients with myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy. In persistent infections viral RNA is present only on very low levels and is not believed to contribute to any ongoing myocardial disease being a fading remnant of a recent acute infection although some scientists think otherwise.

Enterovirus D68

EV-D68 first was identified in California in 1962. Compared with other enteroviruses, it has been rarely reported in the U.S. in the past 40 years. Most people who get infected are infants, children and teens. EV-D68 usually causes mild to severe respiratory illness; however, the full spectrum of EV-D68 illness is not well-defined. Most start with common cold symptoms of runny nose and cough. Some, but not all, may also have fever. For more severe cases, difficulty breathing, wheezing or problems catching your breath may occur. As of October 4, 2014, there has been one death in New Jersey directly linked to EV-D68, as well as one death in Rhode Island attributed to a combination of EV-D68 and sepsis caused by an infection of staphylococcus aureus.

Enterovirus A71

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is notable as one of the major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and is sometimes associated with severe central nervous system diseases. EV-A71 was first isolated and characterized from cases of neurological disease in California in 1969. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of host response to EV-A71 infection, but increases in the level of mRNAs encoding chemokines, proteins involved in protein degradation, complement proteins, and proapoptotis proteins have been implicated.

Poliovirus

There are three serotypes of poliovirus, PV-1, PV-2, and PV-3; each with a slightly different capsid protein. Capsid proteins define cellular receptor specificity and virus antigenicity.  PV-1 is the most common form encountered in nature; however, all three forms are extremely infectious. Poliovirus can affect the spinal cord and cause poliomyelitis.

Polioviruses were formerly classified as a species belonging to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.  The Poliovirus species has been eliminated from the genus Enterovirus.  The following serotypes, Human poliovirus 1, Human poliovirus 2, and Human poliovirus 3, were assigned to the species Human enterovirus C, in the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.  The type species of the genus Enterovirus was changed from Poliovirus to Human enterovirus C.  This has been ratified in April 2008.
The 39th Executive Committee (EC39) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) met in Canada during June 2007 with new taxonomic proposals.

Two of the proposals with three changes were:
Code 2005.261V.04: To remove the following species Poliovirus from the existing genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
Code 2005.262V.04: To assign the viruses; PV-1, PV-2, PV-3 to the existing species Human enterovirus C in the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
Code 2005.263V.04: To change the type species Poliovirus from the existing genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae to the type species Human enterovirus C.
Proposals approved at the (EC39) meeting of 2007, were sent to members of ICTV via email for ratification and have become official taxonomy.  There have been a total of 215 taxonomic proposals, which have been approved and ratified since the 8th ICTV Report of 2005.

The ratification process was performed by email. The proposals were sent electronically via email on March 18, 2008 to ICTV members with a request to vote on whether to ratify the taxonomic proposals, with a 1-month deadline.
The following are two of the taxonomic proposals with three changes that were ratified by ICTV members in April 2008:

Picornaviruses
2005.261V.04: To remove the following species from the existing genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae: Poliovirus. (Note: Poliovirus hereby loses its status as a virus species.)
2005.262V.04: To assign the following viruses to the species Human enterovirus C in the existing genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae: Human poliovirus 1, Human poliovirus 2, Human poliovirus 3. (This is not strictly necessary as a taxonomic proposal because it concerns entities below the species level, but it is left in to clarify this reorganization of the Picornaviridae.)
2005.263V.04: To change the type species of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae, from Poliovirus to Human enterovirus C.

Diseases caused by enterovirus infection
Enteroviruses cause a wide range of symptoms, and while their long list of signs and symptoms should put them on the differential diagnosis list of many illnesses, they often go unnoticed. Enteroviruses can cause anything from rashes in small children, to summer colds, to encephalitis, to blurred vision, to pericarditis. Enteroviral infections have a great range in presentation and seriousness.  Non polio enteroviruses cause 10–15 million infections and tens of thousands of hospitalizations in the US each year. Enteroviruses can be identified through cell culture or PCR assay, collected from fecal or respiratory specimens. Below are common enterovirus related diseases, including poliomyelitis.
Poliomyelitis primarily via the fecal-oral route
Polio-like syndrome found in children who tested positive for enterovirus 68.
Nonspecific febrile illness is the most common presentation of enterovirus infection. Other than fever, symptoms include muscle pain, sore throat, gastrointestinal distress/abdominal discomfort, and headache. In newborns the picture may be that of sepsis, however, and can be severe and life-threatening.
Enteroviruses are by far the most common causes of aseptic meningitis in children. In the United States, enteroviruses are responsible for 30,000 to 50,000 meningitis hospitalizations per year as a result of 10–15 million infections.
Bornholm disease  or epidemic pleurodynia is characterized by severe paroxysmal pain in the chest and abdomen, along with fever, and sometimes nausea, headache, and emesis.
Pericarditis and/or myocarditis are typically caused by enteroviruses; symptoms consist of fever with dyspnea and chest pain. Arrhythmias, heart failure, and myocardial infarction have also been reported.
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis can be caused by enteroviruses.
Herpangina is caused by Coxsackie A virus, and causes a vesicular rash in the oral cavity and on the pharynx, along with  high fever, sore throat, malaise, and often dysphagia, loss of appetite, back pain, and headache. It is also self-limiting, with symptoms typically ending in 3–4 days.
Hand, foot and mouth disease is a childhood illness most commonly caused by infection by Coxsackie A virus or EV71.
Encephalitis is rare manifestation of enterovirus infection; when it occurs, the most frequent enterovirus found to be causing it is echovirus 9.
Myocarditis is characterized by inflammation of the myocardium (cardiac muscle cells). Over the last couple of decades, numerous culprits have been identified as playing a role in myocarditis pathogenesis in addition to the enterovirus, which at first was the most commonly implicated virus in this pathology. One of the most common enteroviruses found to be responsible for causing Myocarditis is the Coxsackie B3 virus.
A 2007 study suggested that acute respiratory or gastrointestinal infections associated with enterovirus may be a factor in chronic fatigue syndrome.
Diabetes mellitus type 1 It has been proposed that type 1 diabetes is a virus-triggered autoimmune response in which the immune system attacks virus-infected cells along with the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. A team working at University of Tampere, Finland has identified a type of enterovirus that has a possible link to type 1 diabetes (which is an autoimmune disease).

Treatment
Treatment for enteroviral infection is mainly supportive. In cases of pleurodynia, treatment consists of analgesics to relieve the severe pain that occurs in patients with the disease; in some severe cases, opiates may be needed. Treatment for aseptic meningitis caused by enteroviruses is also mainly symptomatic. In patients with enteroviral carditis, treatment consists of the prevention and treatment of complications such as arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, and cardiac failure. Other treatments that have been investigated for enteroviral carditis include intravenous immunoglobulin.

See also

 Influenza
 Influenza-like illness

References

External links
ICTV International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (official site)
Home of Picornaviruses (latest updates of species, serotypes, & proposed changes)
 alertnet.org, FACTBOX-Q&A on hand, foot and mouth disease

Category:Enteroviruses


Jinogondolella

Jinogondolella is an extinct genus of conodonts.

Use in stratigraphy
The top of the Kungurian (the base of the Roadian and the Guadalupian series) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of the species Jinogondolella nanginkensis first appeared.

The base of the Capitanian stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of the species Jinogondolella postserrata first appeared. The global reference profile for this stratigraphic boundary is located at Nipple Hill in the southern Guadalupe Mountains of Texas.

The base of the Wordian stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of the species Jinogondolella aserrata first appeared. The global reference profile for this stratigraphic boundary is located at Getaway Ledge in the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas.

References

External links

Category:Ozarkodinida genera
Category:Permian conodonts
Category:Guadalupian life
Category:Cisuralian first appearances
Category:Guadalupian genus extinctions


Shelter Bay

Shelter Bay may refer to:

Shelter Bay, British Columbia, a ferry terminal on Upper Arrow Lake, British Columbia
Shelter Bay, Quebec
Shelter Bay, Washington, a small community near La Conner, Washington
 Shelter Bay (ship, 1922) -- a freighter operated by the Quebec & Ontario Transportation Company


Edward Barron

Edward Barron (1801-1854) was an Irish born missionary bishop who led a Catholic mission to Liberia.

Life
Edward Barron was born on 18 June 1801, one of ten children of Pierce and Anna Winston Barron of Ballyneale, Clonea, Rathgormack, County Waterford. At the age of thirteen, Edward and his younger brother William were sent to St Edmund's College, Ware in Hertfordshire, England. In 1817, his eldest brother Pierce and four of his five sisters drowned when the packet William and Mary sank en route from Bristol to Waterford. From England Barron next attended the Lycée Henri-IV in Paris, before returning to Dublin to enter Trinity College to study Law. He left without completing exams and entered St. John's College, Waterford to study for the priesthood. In 1823 Patrick Kelly (bishop of Waterford and Lismore) sent him to the Propaganda College in Rome to complete his studies, where he obtained a Doctorate in Theology.

He was ordained at St Agatha’s church in Rome in 1829. Dr Barron was appointed Professor in St. John's College, Waterford, where taught French, Hebrew and Philosophy for seven years. He then accepted the invitation of Dublin-born Francis Kenrick, coadjutor bishop of Philadelphia, to come to America. There he became in turn pastor of St. Mary's Church, Philadelphia, president of St. Charles Borromeo Seminary, and then vicar-general of the diocese.

Liberia
In 1822 the American Colonization Society began sending black volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed blacks. A a number of the first American colonists were Catholics from Maryland and the adjoining states. In 1833, John England, Bishop of Charleston, had drawn attention to the West Coast of Africa, and had urged the sending of missioners to those regions. This appeal was renewed at the second Provincial Council of Baltimore, and the assembled Fathers commissioned Barron to undertake the work at Cape Palmas. Barron went over the ground carefully for a few years, and then repaired to Rome to give an account of the work, and to receive further instructions. On 21 Dec., 1841, Barron, Rev. John Kelly of New York, and Denis Pindar, a lay catechist from Baltimore, set sail from Baltimore for Cape Mesurado. After a time, finding that he did not receive missionaries enough to accomplish anything practical, Barron returned to Europe and the United States for more help.

While in Rome he was consecrated, 22 January 1842, titular Bishop of Constantia and Vicar Apostolic  of the Two Guineas. He returned to Africa, 30 November 1843, arriving at Cape Palmas with seven priests and three brothers of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit. Five of these priests died on the mission of fever, to which Denis Pindar, the lay catechist, also succumbed on 1 January 1844. Bishop Barron and Father Kelly held out for two years, and then, wasted by fever, they determined to return to the United States, feeling that it was impossible to withstand the climate any longer.

Here, as far as his impaired health allowed, he again took up the duties of a missionary priest and assisted in the work of the episcopate in Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Florida. He died of yellow fever at Savannah on 12 September 1854 while helping the bishop of that see during an epidemic. After a long pastorate Father Kelly died at Jersey City, New Jersey, 28 April, 1866.

Rev. Barrons brother Sir Henry Barron, 1st Baronet served as an MP for Waterford City.

References

Category:1801 births
Category:1854 deaths
Category:Catholic Church in Africa
Category:Irish Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Liberian Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XVI


Edo University, Iyamho

Edo University, Iyamho (abbreviated EUI) is a state government-owned tertiary institution founded in 2016. It is located in Iyamho, a town in Etsako West local government area of Edo State, Nigeria. On 23 March 2016, the university was approved by the National Universities Commission as Nigeria's 41st state university. Edo State University offer undergraduate, postgraduate and research programmes.

History
On 27 March 2014, the Edo State House of Assembly passed a bill for the establishment of a University of Science and Technology at Uzairue. The University was however changed to Edo University and its location to Iyamho.

Criticism
Upon the establishment of Edo University, Iyamho, the Governor of Edo State Adams Oshiomole was criticized by some section of the press. Francis Akhigbe of THISDAYLive cited "personal interest" as the reason why Oshiomole established the university . The media also felt there was no need of establishing a university when other tertiary institutions in the state were already in bad conditions.

References

External links

Category:2016 establishments in Nigeria
Category:Education in Edo State
Category:Universities and colleges in Nigeria
Category:Educational institutions established in 2016
Category:Public universities in Nigeria


Kira Willey

Kira Willeyis an award-winning children’s music artist, author, kids’ yoga & mindfulness expert, speaker, and creator of Rockin’ Yoga school programs. Her five releases of yoga albums for kids have all won numerous industry awards and earned national acclaim; her hit songs include “Colors,” which was featured in a worldwide Dell ad campaign. Her most recent release is Every Voice, winner of Parents’ Choice Gold, that Foundation’s highest award. The single "Real Girl," from Every Voice, was given ASCAP's 2018 Joe Raposa Children's Song Award.

Kira’s TEDx talk, “Bite-Sized Mindfulness,” can be viewed online, and her children’s mindfulness book, “Breathe Like a Bear,” (Random House Kids) has been translated into eleven foreign languages. A second book, "Peaceful Like A Panda," will be released early in 2021.

Kira is also the author of a children's mindfulness board book series, "Mindfulness Moments for Kids." The first two books, "Listen Like an Elephant' and "Breathe Like A Bear," were released in October of 2019, with a third ("Bunny Breaths") set for spring of 2020 release.

PBS TV affiliates nationwide air "Breathe With ME" and "Fireflies Yoga," two yoga-for-kids programs Kira created and hosts; and her “Music You Can Move To” series with kids’ music superstar Laurie Berkner can be heard daily on SiriusXM Radio.

Kira speaks at conferences, leads Professional Development days and teacher trainings, and performs Rockin' Yoga Assemblies and Concerts with her band nationwide. She also leads the River Valley Choir, plays fiddle in the not-quite-bluegrass band Moonshine & Millet, and is a founder of the singing-is-for-everyone experience, Choir & Company!

Musical career
Willey spent the late nineties in New York City performing in nightclubs  before working on material that would later be used for her debut album, Dance for the Sun. The songs initially were written for her daughter, the first of her three children in an effort to sing her to sleep. Upon gaining a certification to teach Yoga, she started bringing her guitar to classes to play for the children. Her students loved the songs she wrote  which led her to write more songs with the intention of pleasing children and eventually to recording her first album. Her cousin produced the album and played drums, her brother sang bass, and her daughter and friends sang along in a few tracks. Her music has been described as joyful, upbeat and eminently danceable  and she has won awards for best album and best song.

Awards
 Independent Music Award: Best Children's Album; Dance for the Sun
 Independent Music Award: Best Song; Caterpillar caterpillar
 2007 Parents' Choice Award: Best Children's Album; Dance for the Sun
 Children's Music Web Awards: Best Recording for Preschoolers; Dance for the Sun
 Children's Music Web Awards: Best Song; Caterpillar caterpillar

Personal life
At the age of five, Willey started playing the violin and continued performing all the way through high school and  taught herself how to play guitar and mandolin as a teenager. In 2006 she opened her own Yoga Studio, Fireflies Yoga in Pennsylvania. Kira is married to runner David Willey, and has three children.

Discography

 Dance for the Sun (2006)
 Kings & Queens of the Forest (2011)
 How to Be a Cloud (2014)
 Mindful Moments for Kids (2016)
 Every Voice (2018)

References

External links
 Official Website

Category:American female singers
Category:American songwriters
Category:Living people
Category:Independent Music Awards winners
Category:American female songwriters
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Huo Siyan

Huo Siyan (born October 23, 1981) is a Chinese actress.

Biography
Huo was born in a middle-class family in Beijing. Both her parents were university dons. She made her debut in an advertisement during 11th grade in school, and entered showbiz as she was invited to participate in a selection test for acting in a television series. After taking the college entrance examination, Huo chose to become a professional actress and started working on some television series. Her film debut was My Name Is Fame, in which she co-starred with Hong Kong actor Sean Lau.

Filmography

Film

Television series
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! English title !! Chinese title !!Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1998 ||The Happy Life of Talkative Zhang Damin ||贫嘴张大民的幸福生活 || Zhang Daxue ||
|-
| 1999 || ||生死两周半 || Zhou Yali || guest star
|-
| 1999 ||||京都神探 || Ping'er ||
|-
| 1999 || ||罪证 || Luo Jianing ||
|-
| 1999 ||||而立左右 || Ye Xiao ||
|-
| 2000 || ||九九归一 || Zheng Xiu'er ||
|-
| 2000 ||||屈原 || Zhuang Die ||
|-
| 2000 ||Sword Master||三少爷的剑 || Ji Qing ||
|-
| 2000 || The Eloquent Ji Xiaolan ||铁齿铜牙纪晓岚 || Xiangcao ||
|-
| 2001 ||Chen Zhen ||陈真后传|| Princess ||
|-
| 2001 || Affection||非常情网 || Meng Fei || guest star
|-
| 2001 ||||星梦恋人 || He Shanshan ||
|-
| 2001 ||Sun Zhong Shan||孙中山 || Ou Xiaomei || guest star
|-
| 2002 ||||钱王 || Wang Xiaomei ||
|-
| 2002 || ||换个活法 || Yi Xiaofan ||
|-
| 2002 || Woman's Hotspring||女人汤 || Gao Zi ||
|-
| 2003 || The Young Emperor||少年天子 || Consort Donggo ||
|-
| 2004 ||Happy 7 Fairies ||欢天喜地七仙女 || Zi'er ||
|-
| 2004 || Strange Tales of Liaozhai||聊斋 || Qiurong ||
|-
| 2004 || ||六面埋伏 || Xiaona ||
|-
| 2005 || ||杨乃武与小白菜 || Xiaobaicai ||
|-
| 2005 ||Jiaqing Emperor||嘉庆皇帝 || Gua'er ||
|-
| 2005 || Concubines of the Qing Emperor||大清后宫 || Shen Yinqiu ||
|-
| 2005 || ||像风一样离去 || Qiao Kexin ||
|-
| 2006 ||Xi'an Incident ||西安事变 || Zhao Yihuo ||
|-
| 2006 || ||江湖往事 || Zhao Xiaoling || alternative Chinese title Dongfang Bazhu (东方霸主)
|-
| 2007 || The Last Princess||最后的格格 || Yunxiang ||
|-
| 2007 || Healing Souls||生命有明天 || Sun Li ||
|-
| 2008 || A Husband and Wife||夫妻一场 || Ning Xiaoyan ||
|-
| 2008 || Rose Martial World||玫瑰江湖 || Jun Qiluo ||
|-
| 2009 || Ghost Catcher Legendary Beauty||天师钟馗 || Daji ||
|-
| 2009 ||Good Wife and Mother ||贤妻良母 || Mimi || guest star
|-
| 2009 || ||爱要有你才完美 || Xu Mengfei ||
|-
| 2009 || || 孽缘|| Wang Hailing ||
|-
| 2010 ||Detective Tang Lang|| 唐琅探案 || Su Yingying ||
|-
| 2010 ||The Brother Hero||兄弟英雄 || Su Zhenyu ||
|-
| 2010 ||Windmill ||风车 || Shu Zhaoxin ||
|-
|2012|| The Girls||女人帮·妞儿 ||Meimei ||guest star
|-
| 2013 || Protect Love Fearlessly||爱情面前谁怕谁 || Yu Xiaoyu||
|-
| 2014||Strawhat Police ||草帽警察|| Zhao Xiaojing||
|-
|2014||The Young Doctor||青年医生||Li Dan ||guest star
|-
| 2015||My Wife is the Queen||我的媳妇是女王||Kai Xin||
|-
| 2015||The Nanny Man||我爱男保姆|| Tao Le||
|-
|2015|| See You My Wife||再见，老婆大人||Zhen Meiren||
|-
|2016||Would You Marry Me|| 追婚记||Bai Shao||
|}

Awards and nominations

References

External links

  Huo Siyan's page on Sina.com
  Huo Siyan's blog on Sina.com
  Huo Siyan on Baidu Baike
 Actress Huo Siyan to Attend BIFF at The China Times''

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chinese television actresses
Category:Chinese film actresses
Category:21st-century Chinese actresses
Category:20th-century Chinese actresses
Category:Actresses from Beijing


Davenport, Nebraska

Davenport is a village in Thayer County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 294 at the 2010 census.

History
In 1872, the village was platted by the Nebraska Land and Town Company, and the St. Joseph and Denver City railroad line (later taken over by Union Pacific) was built through the site of village. It was named after Davenport, Iowa. In 1887, the village was officially incorporated. In 1888, North Western Railroad also built a line through the village. Two railroad lines with passenger and freight service brought much business to the village and helped support several hotels.

The public school was established in 1877. A Methodist Society was organized in 1881, a Church of Christ in 1882, Christ's Lutheran Church in 1892, and St. Peter's Lutheran in 1912.

Major fires destroyed large sections of the business district in 1889, 1917, and 2011.

Also, a Lutheran school once existed, St. Peters Lutheran School, but was closed in 2010 because of lack of students.

Geography
Davenport is located at  (40.313312, -97.812490).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 294 people, 141 households, and 83 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 175 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.3% White, 1.4% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.

There were 141 households of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.1% were non-families. 39.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 23.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.77.

The median age in the village was 53 years. 20.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 32.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.3% male and 53.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 339 people, 160 households, and 106 families residing in the village. The population density was 513.0 people per square mile (198.3/km2). There were 180 housing units at an average density of 272.4 per square mile (105.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.23% White, 0.29% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.18% of the population.

There were 160 households out of which 22.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.64.

In the village, the population was spread out with 21.5% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 32.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $26,964, and the median income for a family was $33,958. Males had a median income of $23,929 versus $16,563 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,960. About 11.4% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 19.3% of those age 65 or over.

References

External links
Davenport Community Improvement Program
A History of Davenport, Nebraska, Thayer County, 1872-1966 by Clare B. Row

Category:Villages in Thayer County, Nebraska
Category:Villages in Nebraska


Sri Lankan cricket team in England in 1975

The Sri Lankan cricket team toured to England in the 1975 English domestic cricket season.

During the tour, Sri Lanka made its One Day International debut in the 1975 Cricket World Cup, the inaugural tournament, playing (and losing) ODIs against West Indies on 7 June,, Australia on 11 June, and Pakistan on 14 June.

Sri Lanka also played a three-day game against the East African cricket team in Taunton, from 23 June to 25 June.  Captained by Anura Tennekoon, the Sri Lankans batted first, scoring 204.  East Africa scored 208 in reply, to take a narrow first-innings lead.  Sri Lanka scored 332-5 declared in their second innings, including a century (144) for Duleep Mendis, setting East Africa a target of 329.  East Africa were bowled out for 213, with Michael Tissera taking 5-95, and Sri Lanka won by 115 runs.

References

Annual reviews
 Playfair Cricket Annual 1976
 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1976

External links
 Tour schedule from CricketArchive

Category:1975 in English cricket
Category:1975 in Sri Lankan cricket
Category:International cricket competitions from 1970–71 to 1975
1975