Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railway

Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railway is a high-speed railway in South-Western China. It connects the provincial capital of Nanning to the north east of Guangxi province. It also connects with the Hengyang–Liuzhou intercity railway, allowing for diverse connections with distant destinations, such as Wuhan, Shanghai, and Beijing.

History
Construction commenced in 2009 and was completed in mid 2013. It was opened for service on 28 December 2013. It was part of a network of railways that opened on the same day, connecting Nanning to Beihai on the coast.

Route
The 226 km route has a designed maximum speed of 250 km/h.

Notes

Category:High-speed railway lines in China
Category:Railway lines opened in 2013


Hypoplectrus indigo

Hypoplectrus indigo, also known as the indigo hamlet or butter hamlet, is a species of hamlet from the Western Central Atlantic. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 14 cm in length.

Distinctive features: Blue and white bars. Wide medium blue to indigo bars separated by narrower bars. Blue ventral fins, pectoral fins white or clear. Common to the Cayman Islands, Jamaica and Bay Islands, Occasional Belize and Bahamas and rare balance of Caribbean and Florida. Habitat and behavior: remains near bottom within limited territories on or near reefs. Reaction to divers: Somewhat wary but can be curious. After retreating a short distance, fish often returns and approaches stationary divers. Size: 3-4 1/2 inches, max 5 inches. Depth found: 30–130 feet.

References

External links

indigo
Category:Fish described in 1851


Ibn al-Nadim

Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Ishāq al-Nadīm () nasab (patronymic); ibn Abī Ya'qūb Ishāq ibn Muḥammad ibn Ishāq al-Warrāq and erroneously known as Ibn al-Nadīm (d. 17 Sept 995 or 998).  Ishāq al-Nadīm was a 10th-century Arab  Muslim bibliographer biographer  of Baghdad who compiled the bibliographic-biographic encyclopedia Kitāb al-Fihrist ('The Book Catalogue').

Biography
Much known of al-Nadim is deduced from his epithets. 'Al-Nadim' (), 'the Court Companion' and 'al-Warrāq () 'the copyist of manuscripts'. Probably born in Baghdad ca. 320/932 he died there on Wednesday, 20th of Shaʿban A.H. 380. He was Arab perhaps of Persian origin.
From age six he would have attended a madrasa and received a quality comprehensive education in Islamic studies, history, geography, comparative religion, the sciences, grammar, rhetoric and Qurʾanic commentary. Ibrahim al-Abyari, author of Turāth al-Insaniyah says al-Nadim studied with al-Hasan ibn Sawwar, a logician and translator of science books; Yunus al-Qass, translator of classical mathematical texts; and Abu al-Hasan Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Naqit, scholar in Greek science.
An inscription, in an early copy of al-Fihrist, probably by the historian al-Maqrizi, relates that al-Nadim was a pupil of the jurist Abu Sa'id al-Sirafi (d.978/9), the poet Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, and the historian Abu Abdullah al-Marzubani and others.  Al-Maqrizi's phrase 'but no one quoted him', would imply al-Nadim himself did not teach. While attending lectures of some of the leading scholars of the tenth century, he served an apprenticeship in his father's profession, the book trade. His father, a bookdealer and owner of a prosperous bookstore, commissioned al-Nadim to buy manuscripts from dealers.  Al-Nadim, with the other calligrapher scribes employed, would then copy these for the customers. The bookshop, customarily on an upper floor, would have been a popular hangout for intellectuals.

He probably visited the intellectual centers at Basra and Kufa in search of scholarly material.  He may have visited Aleppo, a center of literature and culture under the rule of Sayf al-Dawla. In a library in Mosul he found a fragment of a book by Euclid and works of poetry.  Al-Nadim may have served as 'Court Companion' to Nasir al-Dawla,  a Hamdanid ruler of Mosul who promoted learning. His family were highly educated and he, or his ancestor, may have been a 'member of the Round Table of the prince'. The Buyid caliph 'Adud al-Dawla (r. 356-367 H), was the great friend of a arts and sciences, loved poets and scholars, gave them salaries, and founded a significant library. More probably service at the court of Mu'izz al-Dawla, and later his son Izz al-Dawlah's, in Baghdad, earned him the title. He mentions meeting someone in Dar al-Rum in 988, about the period of the book's compilation. However it is probable that, here, 'Dar al-Rum' refers to the Greek Orthodox sector of Baghdad rather than Constantinople.

Others among his wide circle of elites were Ali ibn Harun ibn al-Munajjim (d.963), of the Banu Munajjim and the Christian philosopher Ibn al-Khammar. He admired Abu Sulayman Sijistani, son of Ali bin Isa the "Good Vizier" of the Banu al-Jarrah, for his knowledge of philosophy, logic and the Greek, Persian and Indian sciences, especially Aristotle.  The physician Ibn Abi Usaibia (d.1273), mentions al-Nadim thirteen times and calls him a writer, or perhaps a government secretary. Al-Nadim's kunya 'Abu al-Faraj' indicates he was married with at least one son.

In 987, Ibn al-Nadim began compiling al-Fihrist (The Catalogue), as a useful reference index for customers and traders of books. Over a long period he noted thousands of authors, their biographical data, and works, gathered from his regular visits to private book collectors and libraries across the region - including Mosul and Damascus - and through active participation in the lively literary scene of Baghdad in the period.

Religion
Ishaq al-Nadim's broad discussions of religions and religious sects in his writings and the subtleties of his discriptions and terminologies raised questions as to his own religious beliefs and affiliations.  It seems Ibn Hajar's claim that al-Nadim was Shiʿah, was based on his use of the term specific people () for the Shiʿah,  general people () for non-Shiʿahs, and of the pejorative term Ḥashawīyya (), for Sunnis. Reinforcing this suspicion are references to the Hanbali school as Ahl al-Hadith ("People of the Hadith"), and not Ahl al-Sunna ("People of the Tradition"), use of the supplication of peace be upon him () after the names of the Ahl al-Bayt (Descendants of Muhammad) and reference to the Shia imam Ali ar-Rida as mawlana (master). He alleges that al-Waqidi concealed being a Shiʿah by taqiyya (dissimulation) and that most of the traditionalists were Zaydis.  Ibn Hajar also claimed al-Nadim was a Muʿtazila. The sect is discussed in chapter five of Al-Fihrist where they are called the People of Justice ().  Al-Nadim calls  the Ash'arites al-Mujbira, and harshly criticises the Sab'iyya doctrine and history. An allusion to a certain Shafi'i scholar as a 'secret Twelver', is said to indicate his possible Twelver affiliation. Within his circle were the theologian Al-Mufid, the da'i Ibn Hamdan, the author Khushkunanadh, and the Jacobite philosopher Yahya ibn 'Adi (d. 363/973) preceptor to Isa bin Ali and a fellow copyist and bookseller (p. t64, 8). Another unsubstantiated claim that al-Nadim was Isma'ili, rests on his meeting with an Isma'ili leader.

Al-Fihrist

A compendium of the knowledge and literature of tenth-century Islam referencing approx. 10,000 books and 2,000 authors. This crucial source of medieval Arabic-Islamic literature, informed by various ancient Hellenic and Roman civilizations, preserves from his own hand the names of authors, books and accounts otherwise entirely lost. Al-Fihrist evidences Al-Nadim's thirst for knowledge among the exciting sophisticated milieu of Baghdad's intellectual elite. As a record of civilisation transmitted through Muslim culture to the West world, it provides unique classical material and links civilisations.

The Fihrist indexes authors, together with biographical details and literary criticism. Al-Nadim's interest ranges from religions, customs, sciences, with obscure facets of medieval Islamic history, works on superstition, magic, drama, poetry, satire and music from Persia, Babylonia, and Byzantium. The mundane, the bizarre, the prosaic and the profane.  Al-Nadim freely selected and catalogued the rich culture of his time from various collections and libraries.
The order is primarily chronological and works are listed according to four internal orders: genre; orfann (chapter); maqala (discourse); the Fihrist (the book as a whole). These four chronological principles of its underlying system help researchers to interpret the work, retrieve elusive information and understand Ibn al-Nadim's method of composition, ideology, and historical analyses.

The Fihrist shows the wealth, range and breadth of historical and geographical knowledge disseminated in the literature  of the Islamic Golden Age, from the modern to the ancient civilisations of Syria, Greece, India, Rome and Persia. Little survives of the Persian books listed by Ibn al-Nadim.

The author's aim, set out in his preface, is to index all books in Arabic, written by Arabs and others,  as well as their scripts, dealing with various sciences, with accounts of those who composed them and the categories of their authors, together with their relationships, their times of birth, length of life, and times of death, the localities of their cities, their virtues and faults, from the beginning of the formation of science to this our own time (377 /987). An index as a literary form had existed as tabaqat biographies. Contemporaneously in the western part of the empire in the Umayyad seat of Córdoba, the Andalusian scholar Abū Bakr al-Zubaydī, produced Ṭabaqāt al-Naḥwīyīn wa-al-Lughawīyīn (‘Categories of Grammarians and Linguists’) a biographic encyclopedia of early Arab philologists of the Basran, Kufan and Baghdad schools of Arabic grammar and tafsir (Quranic exegesis), which covers much of the same material covered in chapter II of Al-Fihrist.

Editions & Chapters

Al-Fihrist published in 987, exists in two manuscript traditions, or "editions": the more complete edition contains ten maqalat (discourses). The first six are detailed bibliographies of books on Islamic subjects:

 Chapter 1 Quran

 1.1 Language and Calligraphy
 1.2 The Torah, the Gospel
 1.3 The Quran
 Chapter 2 Grammar
 2.1 Grammarians of al-Baṣrah
 2.1 Grammarians of al-Kūfah
 2.3 Grammarians of Both Schools
 Chapter 3 Hadīth
 3.1 Historians and Genealogists
 3.2 Official Government Authors
 3.3 Court Companions, Singers, and Jesters
 Chapter 4 Poetry
 4.1 Pre-Islāmic and Umayyad-Era Poets
 4.2 'Abbāsid-Era Poets
 Chapter 5 Theology & Dogma
 5.1 Muslim Sects; the Mu'tazilah
 5.2 The Shī'ah, Imāmīyah, and Zaydīyah
 5.3 The Mujbirah (Determinists) and al-Ḥashawīyah
 5.4 The Khawārij
 5.5 Ascetics
 Chapter 6 Law
 6.1 Mālik ibn Anas
 6.2 Abū Hanīfa
 6.3 Al-Shāfi'i
 6.4 Dāwūd ibn 'Alī
 6.5 Legal Authorities (Shī'a and Ismā'īlīyah)
 6.6 Jurists of Ḥadīth
 6.7 Al-Ṭabarī
 6.8 Jurists of Shurāt
 Chapter 7 Philosophy and 'Ancient Sciences'
 7.1 Philosophy; Greek philosophers, Al-Kindī et al.
 7.2 Mathematics and Astronomy
 7.3 Medicine; Greek and Islāmic
 Chapter 8 Entertainment Literature
 8.1 Storytellers and Legends,
 8.2 Exorcists, Jugglers, Conjurers and Magicians
 8.3 Fables and Other Topics
 Chapter 9 Religious Doctrines
 9.1 The Ṣābians, (Manichaeans, Dayṣānīyah, Khurramīyah, Marcionites, and Other Sects)
 9.2 Doctrines  (Maqalat) of Hindus, Buddhists and the Chinese);
 Chapter 10 Alchemy.

Al-Nadim claims he has seen every work listed or relies upon creditable sources.

The shorter edition contains (besides the preface and the first section of the first discourse on the scripts and the different alphabets) only the last four discourses, in other words, the Arabic translations from Greek, Syriac and other languages, together with Arabic books composed on the model of these translations. Perhaps it was the first draft and the longer edition (which is the one that is generally printed) was an extension.

Ibn al-Nadim often mentions the size and number of pages of a book, to avoid copyists cheating buyers  by passing off shorter versions. Cf. Stichometry of Nicephorus.  He refers to copies by famous calligraphers, to bibliophiles and libraries, and speaks of a book auction and of the trade in books. In the opening section he deals with the alphabets of 14 peoples and their manner of writing and also with the writing-pen, paper and its different varieties. His discourses contain sections on the origins of philosophy, on the lives of Plato and Aristotle, the origin of One Thousand and One Nights, thoughts on the pyramids, his opinions on magic, sorcery, superstition, and alchemy etc.
The chapter devoted to what the author rather dismissively calls "bed-time stories" and "fables" contains a large amount of Persian material.

In the chapter on anonymous works of assorted content there is a section on "Persian, Indian, Byzantine, and Arab books on sexual intercourse in the form of titillating stories", but the Persian works are not separated from the others; the list includes a "Book of Bahrām-doḵt on intercourse." This is followed by books of Persians, Indians, etc. on fortune telling, books of "all nations" on horsemanship and the arts of war, then on horse doctoring and on falconry, some of them specifically attributed to the Persians. Then we have books of wisdom and admonition by the Persians and others, including many examples of Persian andarz literature, e.g. various books attributed to Persian emperors Khosrau I, Ardashir I, etc.

Manuscripts

Gustav Flügel

Old Paris MS - four chapters
MS Istanbul, copy transcribed by Aḥmad al-Miṣrī for de Slane’s use in Paris
Vienna MS - two copies
Leiden MS - several fragments

Bayard Dodge
Beatty MS - MS no. 3315, Chester Beatty Library in Dublin; up to Chap. V, §.I, (account of al-Nashi al-Kabir). 119 f.f., handwriting in an old naskh script; belonged to historian Aḥmad ibn ‘Ali al-Maqrīzī. The Beatty MS, a copy of the original, probably escaped destruction at Baghdad in 1258, having been taken to Damascus where in 1423 the historian Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī al-Maqrīzī acquired it.  At the fall of Aḥmad Pāshā al-Jazzār (d.1804) it was in the library of the great mosque at ‘Akkā and the manuscript was probably divided when stolen from there, and later the first half was sold by the dealer Yahudah to the collector Chester Beatty for his library at Dublin.
MS 1934 - library adjacent to Süleymaniye Mosque Istanbul; “Suleymaniye G. Kütüphanesi kismi Shetit Ali Pasha 1934”; from Chap. V, §.2., an account of al-Wāsiṭī.
MS 1134 (no. 1134) & MS 1135 (no. 1135) - Koprülü Library, Istanbul.
Tonk MS - Sa‘īdīyah Library at Tonk, Rajastan it originally belonged to the Nabob.
MS 4457 - Bibliothéque nationale Paris; Fonds Arabe, 1953; cat., p.342 (cf. 5889, fol. 128, vol. 130), No. 4457; first part; (AH 627/1229-30 CE); 237 folios.
MS 4458 -BNP; Fonds Arabe, 1953; cat., p.342 (cf. 5889, fol. 128, vol. 130), No. 4458.
Vienna MSS - Nos. 33 & 34.
Leiden MS (No. 20 in Flügel)
Ṭanjah MS -(Majallat Ma‘had al-Khuṭūṭ al-‘Arabīyah, published by the League of Arab States, Cairo, vo. I, pt 2, p. 179.)
Aḥmad Taymūr Pasha Appendix - Al-Fihrist, Egyptian edition, Cairo, Raḥmānīyah Press, 1929.

See also
 Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid

Notes

References

Sources
[complete English translation].

External links
Encyclopaedia Iranica
Arabic text of the Fihrist. with notes and  an introduction in German. Leipzig, 1872. PDF format.
Chapter 7 the Fihrist in English. English translation by Bayard Dodge. PDF format.

Category:990s deaths
Category:History of education in Iraq
Category:Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate
Category:10th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
Category:10th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate
Category:10th-century Arabs
Category:10th-century jurists
Category:10th-century manuscripts
Category:10th-century men
Category:10th-century historians
Category:10th-century Muslims
Category:10th-century philosophers
Category:10th-century scholars
Category:10th-century Arabic writers
Category:Abbasid literature
Category:Alchemists of medieval Islam
Category:Ancient Arabic peoples
Category:Bibliographers
Category:Bibliophiles
Category:Grammarians of Arabic
Category:History books about Iraq
Category:Muslim encyclopedists
Nadim
Category:Persian writers
Category:Social history of Iraq
Category:Translators of One Thousand and One Nights
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Persian chemists


Johann Andreas Amon

Johann Andreas Amon (1763 – March 29, 1825) was a German virtuoso guitarist, horn player, violist, conductor and composer.  Amon composed around eighty works, including symphonies, concerti, sonatas, and songs. He also wrote two masses, various liturgical works, and two operettas.

Early life and education
Amon was born at Bamberg, Bavaria in 1763, being first instructed in singing by the court singer Madame Fracassini. During this period he was also studying the guitar and the violin under Bauerle, a musician of local repute. Young Amon had the misfortune to lose his voice at a very early age and his parents then desired him to study the horn. He was placed under Giovanni Punto, one of the most celebrated masters of this instrument, and he obtained extraordinary skill upon it.  Previous to 1781 he had visited England as a horn player and in that year, when eighteen years of age, he went with his teacher Punto to Paris. After studying with Punto, Amon continued his studies in composition under Antonio Sacchini in 1781. Amon remained in Paris, as a pupil of Sacchini, for the space of two years and then toured with his former teacher, Punto. They travelled throughout France and appeared as a horn duo with great success, and in 1784 arrived in Strasburg. He accepted an engagement in Strasburg and remained in that city for some time and then undertook another extended tour, which included all the important cities of eastern Europe.

Musical director at Heilbronn
Amon traveled with Punto, often leading his orchestra, until 1789, when he became the musical director at Heilbronn. Amon's excellent playing both of the horn and guitar brought him before the notice of Haydn, Mozart, and many other influential musicians which added considerably to his reputation. In 1789 his health was such that he was compelled to relinquish the playing of the horn, and he then devoted himself to teaching the guitar
and piano.

The same year he was engaged as musical director at Heilbronn and on 6 May 1817 he received the appointment of  kapellmeister to the Prince of Oettingen-Wallerstein. At his application at the court of Wallerstein, Amon remarked that he had composed more than 80 works, all printed. In August he was awarded the title of "Master for the chapel." He continued in this position until his death at Wallerstein, Bavaria in 1825. Throughout this period in his life, he was a teacher of the guitar and piano. He was very popular, and the number of celebrated pupils he trained was considerable. At the time of his death he was completing a requiem and mass, and the former composition was performed by the members of the Royal Chapel at his funeral obsequies. He was mourned by a daughter and four sons, one of the latter, Ernest, having also published compositions for the flute and orchestra.

Operas
Amon was a very prolific composer and his published works embrace all classes of music. He was the writer of two operas, one of which, The Sultan Wampou, performed in 1791, obtained marked success, and also numerous symphonies, quartets, concertos and solos for the guitar and piano, and songs with guitar accompaniment. Upon his early compositions he styles himself "a pupil of Punto." His vocal works with guitar accompaniment were very popular in his native land, and he published many volumes, each containing six songs. Bone states that Amon's instrumental works are immeasurably superior to his vocal compositions, and are compactly and clearly designed.

Selected works
Concerti and Symphonies
 Concerto No. 1 in A major for viola and orchestra, Op. 10 (1799); The solo viola part is written in the key of G major requiring a scordatura tuning a whole step higher.
 Concerto No. 2 in E major for viola and orchestra; The solo viola part is written in the key of E major requiring a scordatura tuning a half step higher.
 Symphony for orchestra, Op. 30
 Concerto for piano and orchestra, Op. 34 (1805)
 Concerto for flute and orchestra, Op. 44 (1807)
 6 variations for violin and orchestra, Op. 50
 Symphony for 2 Violins, 2 Violas, Flute, 2 Oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 Trumpets, Timpani, Cello and Bass, Op. 60

Chamber music
 4 Waltzes, 2 Eccosaises, and a march for guitar and piano, without opus
 Serenade for Two Corni in D, Flauto Traverso, Violino and Harpe (1786)
 Serenade for Piano, Viola, and Guitar, Op. 83, by after Leonhard von Call, arranged by Johann Amon
 Duos for violin and viola, Op. 1
 6 Duos for violin and viola, Op. 2 (1791)
 3 String Trios, Op. 8 (c.1800)
 3 Sonatas for piano and violin, Op. 11
 3 Concertante Quartets for solo viola and string trio, Op. 15
 Divertissement for guitar, violin, viola and cello, op. 16
 3 Quartets for solo viola and string trio, Op. 18  (1803)
 3 Quintets for flute, viola and string trio, Op. 19
 3 Quartets for horn, violin, viola and cello, Op. 20
 Receuil de vingt-six Cadences ou Points d'Orgue faciles pour la Flûte, Op. 21
 Recueil de dix-huit cadences ou points d'orgue faciles pour pianoforté, Op. 22
 3 Sonatas for piano and violin (1805); arranged from 3 Quartets, Op. 9 by Ferdinand Fränzl
 3 Quartets Alto Violin, Viola & Cello, Op. 25 (1804)
 6 Songs with piano or guitar accompaniment, Op. 26
 6 songs with piano or guitar accompaniment, dedicated his friend JD Langl, Op. 32
 Recueil, Suite de l'oeuvre 22 Dix-huit Cadences ou Points d'Orgue faciles pour Piano-Forté, Op. 33
 Theme and variations pour le cor, Op. 35
 6 Songs with piano or guitar accompaniment, Op. 36
 6 songs with piano or guitar accompaniment, Op. 38
 3 Quartets for the flute, Op. 39
 6 pieces pour musique turque, Op. 40
 3 Italian songs with German words, with piano or guitar accompaniment, Op. 41
 3 Quartets for flute, violin, viola and cello, Op. 42 (1806)
 Divertissement for violin, viola, cello and guitar Op. 46 (1807)
 3 Sonatas for flute, cello and piano Op. 48
 6 songs with piano or guitar accompaniment, Op. 51
 6 waltzes for guitar and piano, Op. 52, (1809)
 Sonates Periodiques with flute, Op. 55
 The Lord's Prayer, for voice with piano accompaniment, Op. 56
 3 Trios for violin, cello, and piano, Op. 58
 Sonates Periodiques with flute, Op. 59
 6 waltzes for guitar and piano Op. 61, (1812)
 3 Sonatas for piano Op. 63
 6 waltzes for guitar and piano, Op. 65
 Sonata in F major for one piano four hands, Op. 67
 3 Sonatines Faciles pour piano, Op. 68
 3 Easy duets for guitar and piano, Op. 69 (1824)
 Sonates Periodiques pour piano, Op. 70
 Sonates Periodiques with flute, Op. 71
 12 pieces for piano, Op. 72
 3 Sonatas for piano with violin and cello accompaniment, Op. 76
 Air souabe varie pour piano, Op. 78
 Sonates Periodiques pour piano, Op. 83
 3 quartets for flute, violin, viola and cello, Op. 84
 5 waltzes for piano, Op. 87
 Sonata Concertante in F major, for bassoon and piano, Op. 88
 Air national Autrichien varie, Op. 91
 3 Quartets for oboe, violin, viola and cello, Op. 92
 Sonate pour harpe pedales et flute obligee, Op. 95
 2 sonatas in C and E-flat major for one piano four hands, Op. 99 (1823)
 Sonata in B-flat major for one piano four hands, Op. 100 (1823)
 2 poems by Ludwig Ernst Craft, for piano, four voices and 3 french horns, Op. 103
 3 Quartes for clarinet, violin, viola and cello, Op. 106
 3 Quartets for horn, violin, viola and cello, Op. 109
 Quintet in F Major for Flute, Horn in F, violin, viola and cello, Op 110
 3 Quartets for 2 violins, viola and cello, Op. 113 (1827)
 Larghetto and 2 different themes for obligatory viola , violin, viola and cello concertante, Op. 115
 Theme by Connu, variations for violin and piano, Op. 116
 Quintet for flute, horn, violin, viola, cello and contrabass ad lib., Op. 118
 5 variation sets for solo piano, and one piano and four hands (5), Op. 119
 3 Serenades for piano and guitar, Op. 123

References

External links

Category:1763 births
Category:1825 deaths
Category:German classical horn players
Category:German classical violists
Category:German classical composers
Category:Classical-period composers
Category:German conductors (music)
Category:German male conductors (music)
Category:People from Bamberg
Category:German male classical composers
Category:19th-century male musicians


Moolia

Moolia is a village of Abbottabad District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is part of Bakot Union Council and is located in the east of the district. It was impacted by the 2005 earthquake.

It is one of the biggest villages of the UC Bakote. Previously it was UC but in recent time it is part of the UC Bakot and one of the biggest village of not only this UC but also considered in the list of the few biggest villages of PF 45. It has many hamlets, including Ghorwara, Havali, Jhanglie Gali, laree, Batangi Kehter,phatto na bagla.(پھت و نا بگلا ) Kehter, Nighrori, upper pand, Chatibat, Kiasbagla, Nala, Nithial, Arra, Dandian, Kah-na-Kehter, Ghandan, Bagh, Topa, and Kohi.

The village has one Government High School, and one primary school for boys and one for girls. Although it has many Government Masjad Primary Schools. Government High Schools Moolia is one of the schools of the area. The literacy rate of the village is very high especially in females; we can say 90% of young girls are educated. Beside the Government Schools, there are also private schools system known as SASA,tehzeeb and Rasheed Ahmed Education system. Major Political parties here include PMN, PPPP, and Jamat-e-Islami.

References

Category:Populated places in Abbottabad District


Jari Litmanen

Jari Olavi Litmanen (; born 20 February 1971) is a Finnish former footballer. He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010.

Litmanen is widely considered to be Finland's greatest football player of all time  He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003. He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004. The Association of Football Statisticians' (The AFS) compendium of 'Greatest Ever Footballers' listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever.

In Finland, he is often called "Litti" (after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname), which dates from his early years, and is also known as "Kuningas" ("The King").

During his club career, Litmanen represented Reipas, HJK, MyPa and Lahti in Finland, and Ajax, Barcelona, Liverpool, Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad. Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world, he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s, winning the Champions League in 1995, the peak year of his career.

His later career was marred by injuries, and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool, often finding himself on the bench, despite some impressive performances for the latter. Writing about Litmanen in 2009, Paul Simpson, former FourFourTwo editor, went as far as to assert that "his career has not been worthy of his talent".

Club career

Early career
Litmanen made his first-team debut for Reipas in Finland's then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987. After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK, Finland's biggest club, in 1991. A year later, he joined MyPa, where he was coached by Harri Kampman, who later introduced him to his agent, the late Heikki Marttinen. Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league, but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium. His performance in the cup final, including a goal, convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him. "For me, he was the player," the scout later told Finnish television. His transfer took place during the same summer, and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa.

Ajax

Before his move to Ajax, Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București. A number of European clubs, including Barcelona, Leeds United and PSV, had shown an interest in him, but in the end it was Ajax that bought him.

David Endt, who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s, described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010:

During 1992–93, his first season at Ajax, he played mostly in the reserves. The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him, but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp, who was injured at the time. Van Gaal liked what he saw, and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale, he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamp's successor, something that people in Litmanen's native Finland found difficult to believe. This turned out to be true, however, and he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt, which is often given to playmakers. He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season, becoming the league's top scorer, and leading Ajax to the title. He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993.

Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaal's team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row. From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season, Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie (a run of 52 games) and the Champions League (19 games). When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final, Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League. In 1995–96, he was the Champions League top scorer with nine goals, including the equaliser in the final against Juventus, which Ajax lost on penalties. In 1995, he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon d'Or (European Footballer of the Year), having finished eighth the previous year.

Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam, winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups, and scored a total of 129 goals, 91 of them in the league. He is the club's top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches (including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season). Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum. The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff. Frank Rijkaard, Litmanen's teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons, once said, "Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari." In his time at Ajax, some fans called him "Merlin" because of the magic he brought to the pitch.

But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name "The Man of Glass", and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games (in his six seasons as a regular first-team player, he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games, and in his last three seasons, he missed seven out of 24 European matches, playing only part of five others). His injury problems were to worsen as time passed, undermining his subsequent career.

Barcelona
In 1999, Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona, one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager. Litmanen's stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries. An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II, in that he was "making few appearances and looking more frail each time".

Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions, and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter. Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona:

After an unsuccessful season, Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer, and Litmanen was frozen out of the team, losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo, although he remained at the club until January 2001, when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer.

Liverpool
"We have signed a world-class player. He comes with a massive reputation and I believe he's one of the most exciting signings we have made," said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed. Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move: "It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool. I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before." He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish, but this had already been taken by Vladimír Šmicer. As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use, he settled for the number 37.

Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season. Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the "cup treble" of the Worthington Cup, FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001, he missed all three finals because of injury. The following season, he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur, Arsenal, Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv, Roma and Bayer Leverkusen in the Champions League.

According to his profile on LFCHistory.net, "Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out." Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool:

Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season, having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club.

Return to Ajax
Litmanen decided to return to Ajax, and was given a hero's welcome with the crowd again singing his name. He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League, but he continued to be plagued by injuries, and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines. In the spring of 2004, the club released him from his contract.

Lahti and Hansa Rostock
Litmanen's return to Finland, where he joined Lahti, was much hyped and was hailed as "the return of the king". Litmanen, however, moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005, but he was unable to prevent them being relegated, which ended his stint at the club.

Malmö FF
Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League. This attempt, however, failed, and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn, only making a few appearances. He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season. However, the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit. After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break, Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season, but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it.

Fulham
In January 2008, Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson, and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio. Just weeks after signing with Fulham, Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest, after serious heart concerns.

Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008, but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team.

Return to Lahti
On 8 August 2008, it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season. Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match, he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals. He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the club's history. He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009. Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League, with the final aggregate score being 2–1. This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches. On 18 September 2010, he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory.

On 23 October 2010, he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal, but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didn't stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen.

Return to HJK
On 20 April 2011, Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40, making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades (1980s–2010s). He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes. The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a "precision munition" for HJK. He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS, coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0. During the second half of extra time, he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute. They went on to win the match 2–1. This was Litmanen's first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992. He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years, he won't be playing many more in his career. On 2 October 2011, HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship, thus winning the Double. As of that day, Litmanen had played 18 matches for HJK that season, and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field. On 14 October 2011, this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä.

On 29 October 2011, Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJK's 5–2 home win over Haka. It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career.

International career

Litmanen is Finland's most capped player and leading goal scorer. His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010.

Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago, and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta. Litmanen served as Finland's captain from 1996 to 2008, and was arguably their key player for more than a decade, helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition.

Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea, one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone, the others being Ari Hjelm, Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson.

When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010, he achieved the distinction of having represented Finland in four different decades.

On 17 November 2010, Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino, which proved to be his last international match.

International goals

{| class="wikitable" style=font-size:85%
!width=30| No.
!width=70| Date
!width=110| Home team
!width=100| Visiting team
!width=105| Goals
!width=65| Score
!width=70| Result
!width=260| Venue
!width=200| Competition
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 1. || 16 May 1991 ||  ||  || align=center|  2–0 || align=center| 2–0 || align=center| Win || Helsinki Olympic Stadium || UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
|align=center| 2. || 25 Mar 1992 ||  ||  || align=center|  1–1 || align=center| 1–1 || align=center| Draw || Hampden Park, Glasgow || Friendly
|-style="background-color:#FFCCCC"
|align=center| 3. || 13 Oct 1993 ||  || || align=center|  3–2 || align=center| 3–2 || align=center| Loss || Råsunda Stadium, Stockholm || 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 4. || rowspan=2| 16 Nov 1994 || rowspan=2|  || rowspan=2|  || rowspan=2 align=center|  2–0 3–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 5–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| Win || rowspan=2| Helsinki Olympic Stadium || rowspan=2| UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
| align=center| 5.
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 6. || 29 Mar 1995 ||  || || align=center|  0–1 || align=center| 0–2 || align=center| Win || Stadio Olimpico, Serravalle || UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 7. || 11 Jun 1995 ||  ||  || align=center|  1–1 (pen.) || align=center| 2–1 || align=center| Win || Helsinki Olympic Stadium || UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
|-style="background-color:#FFCCCC"
|align=center| 8. || 2 Jun 1996 ||  ||  || align=center|  1–0 ||align=center| 1–2 || align=center| Loss || Helsinki Olympic Stadium || Friendly
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
|align=center| 9. || 2 Feb 1997 ||  ||  || align=center|  0–1 ||align=center| 1–1 || align=center| Draw || Atatürk Stadium, Denizli || Friendly
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 10. || 2 Apr 1997 ||  ||  || align=center|  0–1|| align=center| 1–2 || align=center| Win || Tofik Bakhramov Stadium, Baku || 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center|  11.
| 8 Jun 1997 ||  ||  ||align=center|  2–0 ||align=center| 3–0 ||align=center| Win || Helsinki Olympic Stadium || 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 12. || 6 Sep 1997 ||  ||  || align=center|  0–1 ||align=center| 1–2 || align=center| Win || Stade Olympique de la Pontaise, Lausanne|| 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 13. || 14 Oct 1998 ||  ||  || align=center|  1–3 ||align=center| 1–3 || align=center| Win || Ali Sami Yen Stadium, Istanbul || UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 14. || 29 Mar 2000 ||  ||  || align=center|  0–1||align=center| 1–2 || align=center| Win || Millennium Stadium, Cardiff || Friendly
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 15. || rowspan=2| 16 Aug 2000 || rowspan=2|  || rowspan=2|  || rowspan=2 align=center|  1–0 2–1  || rowspan=2 align=center| 3–1 || rowspan=2 align=center| Win || rowspan=2| Finnair Stadium, Helsinki || rowspan=2| 2000–01 Nordic Football Championship
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 16.
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 17. || 2 Sep 2000 ||  ||  || align=center|  1–0 ||align=center| 2–1 || align=center| Win || Finnair Stadium, Helsinki || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 18. || 15 Aug 2001 ||  ||  || align=center|  3–0 (pen.) ||align=center| 4–1 || align=center| Win || Helsinki Olympic Stadium || Friendly
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 19. || 5 Sep 2001 ||  ||  || align=center|  5–1 ||align=center| 5–1 || align=center| Win || Helsinki Olympic Stadium || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 20. || rowspan=2| 27 Mar 2002 || rowspan=2|  || rowspan=2|  || rowspan=2 align=center|  1–3 1–4 || rowspan=2 align=center| 1–4 || rowspan=2 align=center| Win || rowspan=2| Estádio do Bessa, Porto || rowspan=2| Friendly
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 21.
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 22. || 30 Apr 2003 ||  ||  || align=center|  1–0 (pen.) ||align=center| 3–0 || align=center| Win || Pohjola Stadion, Myyrmäki, Vantaa || Friendly
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 23. || 31 Apr 2004 ||  ||  || align=center|  0–2 ||align=center| 1–2 || align=center| Win || Ta' Qali National Stadium, Valletta || Friendly
|-style="background-color:#FFCCCC"
|align=center| 24. || 28 May 2004 ||  ||  || align=center|  1–0 (pen.) ||align=center| 1–3 || align=center| Loss || Ratina Stadion, Tampere || Friendly
|-style="background-color:#FFCCCC"
|align=center| 25. || 26 Mar 2005 ||  ||  || align=center|  2–1 ||align=center| 4–3 || align=center| Loss || Na Stinadlech, Teplice || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 26. || rowspan=2| 2 Sep 2006 || rowspan=2|  || rowspan=2|  || rowspan=2 align=center|  0–1 0–2 (pen.) || rowspan=2 align=center| 1–3 || rowspan=2 align=center| Win || rowspan=2| Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak, Bydgoszcz || rowspan=2| UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 27.
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 28. || 11 Oct 2006 ||  ||  ||align=center|  0–1 ||align=center| 0–2 ||align=center| Win || Almaty Central Stadium, Almaty || UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
|-style="background-color:#FFCCCC"
|align=center| 29. || 6 Feb 2008 ||  ||  || align=center|  1–0 ||align=center| 1–2 || align=center| Loss || Neo GSP Stadium, Nicosia || Friendly
|-style="background-color:#FFCCCC"
|align=center| 30. || 26 Mar 2008 ||  ||  || align=center|  0–1 (pen.) ||align=center| 2–1 || align=center| Loss || Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia || Friendly
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
|align=center| 31. || 9 Sep 2009 ||  ||  || align=center|  0–1 (pen.) ||align=center| 1–1 || align=center| Draw || Rheinpark Stadion, Vaduz || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC"
|align=center| 32. || 17 Nov 2010 ||  ||  || align=center|  6–0 (pen.) ||align=center| 8–0 || align=center| Win || Helsinki Olympic Stadium || UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
|}

Later career

In February 2011, the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanen's former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career. Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following:
Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility:

He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992, Euro 2012, World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016, and, during the latter, also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat.

Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over. He played his last professional game in 2011.

Personal life
Litmanen was born into a footballing family. His father, Olavi Litmanen, was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player. His mother also played for Reipas at the women's highest level.

Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro. The couple's second son, Bruno, was born in September 2007. Although they avoid too much publicity, they are sometimes seen together in public.

On 10 October 2010, Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue: it stands at Kisapuisto (Lahti) where he started his career in the 1970s. The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanen's career.

Career statistics

Finnish League Cup held for the first time in 1994.

Honours
ClubMyPaFinnish Cup: 1992AjaxEredivisie: 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98, 2003–04
KNVB Cup: 1992–93, 1997–98, 1998–99
Dutch Supercup: 1993, 1994, 1995
UEFA Champions League: 1994–95
UEFA Super Cup: 1995
Intercontinental Cup: 1995LiverpoolFA Cup: 2000–01
Football League Cup: 2000–01
FA Community Shield: 2001
UEFA Cup: 2000–01
European Super Cup: 2001HJKFinnish League: 2011
Finnish Cup: 2011

NationalFinland'''
Nordic Football Championship:2000-01

Individual
Finnish Sports' Journalists Player of the Year (8): 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
Finnish Football Association Player of the Year (9): 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000
 Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year: 1990
Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands: 1993
Dutch league top scorer: 1993–94 (26 goals)
UNICEF European Footballer of the Season: 1994–95
European Footballer of the Year (Ballon d'Or), 8th place: 1994
European Footballer of the Year (Ballon d'Or), 3rd place: 1995
Finnish Sports Personality of the Year: 1995
 European Sports Media Team of the Year: 1994–95, 1995–96
UEFA Champions League top scorer: 1995–96 (9 goals)
UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years: 2003
Most-capped player for the Finland national team: 137 caps
All-time top scorer for the Finland national team: 32 goals
All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax: 26 goals
Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame

References

External links

 Profile at FA of Finland's official website
 Big article, photos and interview with Jari Litmanen
 Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [Escape To Suomi]
 Article at Helsingin Sanomat

Category:UEFA Golden Players
Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Lahti
Category:Finnish footballers
Category:Finland international footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players
Category:Myllykosken Pallo −47 players
Category:AFC Ajax players
Category:FC Barcelona players
Category:Liverpool F.C. players
Category:FC Lahti players
Category:F.C. Hansa Rostock players
Category:Malmö FF players
Category:Fulham F.C. players
Category:Eredivisie players
Category:La Liga players
Category:Bundesliga players
Category:Premier League players
Category:Veikkausliiga players
Category:Finnish expatriate footballers
Category:Finnish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Category:Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Category:Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain
Category:Finnish expatriate sportspeople in England
Category:Expatriate footballers in England
Category:Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany
Category:Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Category:Expatriate footballers in Sweden
Category:FIFA Century Club
Category:Allsvenskan players
Category:Mestaruussarja players
Category:UEFA Champions League winning players
Category:Reipas Lahti players


Four Corners Formation

The Four Corners Formation is a geologic formation in Kentucky. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period .

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kentucky

References

Category:Carboniferous Kentucky
Category:Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


Claudia (play)

Claudia, a story about a naive young wife's maturing, is a 1941 play by Rose Franken.

Broadway play
Claudia, based on Franken's 1939 novel, premiered as a play on Broadway in 1941. The play was written and directed by Rose Franken and produced by John Golden. The show starred Dorothy McGuire as Claudia Naughton and Donald Cook as David Naughton. When it closed in 1943, it had run for a total of 722 performances.

Books
Franken's Claudia: The Story of a Marriage was released in 1939, the first in a series of books which would be followed by Another Claudia (1943), Young Claudia (1946), The Marriage of Claudia (1948), From Claudia to David (1949), two 1952 novels, and a 1958 omnibus edition called The Complete Book of Claudia. The Claudia series explored the challenges and delights of family relationships that foster personal growth.

Films
Claudia was first made into a film, Claudia (1943), followed by Claudia and David in 1946.

Television
In January 1952, NBC-TV premiered a series based on Claudia, The Story of a Marriage.

Radio
The play was first adapted for radio in a segment on the June 6, 1941, episode of The Kate Smith Hour. When Smith's program went off the air for the summer, a 30-minute version, Claudia and David, filled her time slot.

In 1949, the British Broadcasting Corporation presented two 90-minute productions of Claudia.

References

External links

Category:1941 plays
Category:Broadway plays
Category:American plays adapted into films


Bill Keith (artist)

William "Bill" Keith (January 20, 1929 – September 1, 2004) was an American artist who began his artistic life as a painter, but moved into photography and visual poetry. His visual poetry ran a full gamut from calligrams inspired by Apollinaire and other early 20th Century French poets to Lettrisme to the Minimalism and Op Art of the 1960s.

As his work developed, Keith concentrated increasingly on African and African-American themes and sources. This development toward African roots and branches led away from the Roman alphabet and more toward the store of iconography and symbolism from Egypt to South Africa to the American diaspora. Consequently, Keith developed graphic techniques suggested by textiles, wood carvings, bronze casts, ceramics, and other indigenous arts.

An example of Keith's recreation of the substance of his visual style and the very nature of his own particular artistic interventions would now be traced in his use of rhythmic patterns through repetitions of graphic elements from sources as diverse as road signs and zebra stripes. Keith's work as a whole became a celebration of the adventures of African sources as they moved and interacted with the rest of the world. Individual works may initially seem merely decorative, but familiarity reveals a call to the kinetics and dynamics of celebration.

Upon his death, Keith was survived by his sons, Antar and Tarik, to whom he dedicated his book, "Pictographs."

Bibliography

Sphinx (Xerolage, 1992)
Wisdom (Runaway Spoon, 1993)
Pictographs (Left Hand Books, 1996)
Stalking the Minotaur (Koja Press, 2003)

External links
Selected Openings of Pictographs
 Tributes and Appreciations at Black Box magazine. Scroll about half way down the long page and click each individual entry you'd like to read.
 Stalking the Minotaur (Koja Press)

Category:American male poets
Category:African-American artists
Category:American artists
Category:1929 births
Category:2004 deaths
Category:20th-century American poets
Category:20th-century American male writers


Bhiwani district

Bhiwani district is one of the 22 districts of the northern Indian state of Haryana. Created on 22 December 1972, the district was the largest district of the state by area, before the creation of Charkhi Dadri as a separate district, as it occupied an area of  and administered 442 villages with a population of 1,634,445. Sirsa is now the largest district of the state.

The district headquarters is the city of Bhiwani, which is around  from the national capital Delhi. Other major towns in the district are Siwani, Loharu, Tosham, Bawani Khera, Kohlawas, Lamba.

As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Haryana (out of 21), after Faridabad and Hisar.

History
Pre-Indus Valley Civilization mine, smelt and houses have been found at Khanak hills of Tosham Hill range. Excavations (1968–73 and 1980–86) in the village of Mitathal in Bhiwani have unearthed evidence of pre-Harappan and Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization) culture in the area. Near the village of Naurangabad, about  east of Bhiwani city, preliminary diggings in 2001 revealed artifacts including coins, tools, sieves, toys, statues and pots up to 2,500 years old. According to archaeologists the presence of coins, coin moulds, statues and design of the houses, suggests that a town existed here sometimes in the Kushan, Gupta and the Youdheya period till 300 BC.

Bhiwani city is mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari and has been a prominent centre of commerce since the time of the Mughals.

Divisions
The district comprises four sub-divisions: Bhiwani, Loharu, Siwani and Tosham. These sub-divisions are further divided into five Tehsils: Bhiwani, Loharu, Siwani, Bawani Khera and Tosham and one sub-tehsil, Behal.

There are five Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district: Bhiwani, Loharu, Bawani Khera, Tosham and Bawani Khera. Bawani Khera is part of the Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency) while the rest are part of Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency).

Previously in Bhiwani district, sub-divisions Badhra and Charkhi Dadri and sub-tehsil Bond Kalan became part of the new Charkhi Dadri district in 2016.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Bhiwani district has a population of 1,634,445, roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau or the US state of Idaho. This gives it a ranking of 306th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was  14.32%.	Bhiwani	has a sex ratio of 	884	females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.7%.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 99.32% of the population in the district spoke Hindi and 0.52% Punjabi as their first language.

Education

University
 Chaudhary Bansi Lal University

Religious places
Devsar Dhaam - It is located on a hillock on Bhiwani-Luharu road. It has a temple devoted to the goddess Vaishno Devi.

Sports
Sports played in the area include wrestling, volleyball, boxing and running. Bhiwani has emerged as a centre of Indian boxing as all four boxers representing India at Beijing Olympics 2008 are products of Sports Authority of India (SAI) boxing hostel at Bhiwani. To top that three of them Akhil Kumar, Vijender Kumar and Jitender Kumar reached the quarterfinals of their respective categories. While Akhil Kumar and Jitender Kumar lost in their respective quarterfinals bouts Vijender Kumar qualified to the semifinals thereby ensuring India's first ever Boxing medal (Bronze) in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paramjeet Samota who won a gold for India in the 2010 Commonwealth Games also lives in a large village called Dinod in the Bhiwani district. The wrestler sisters Geeta Phogat and Babita Kumari too belong to Balali village in Bhiwani.

Notable people

Bansi Lal - Former Chief Minister of Haryana
Dinesh Kumar - Boxer
Hawa Singh - Legendary boxer from Haryana
Jagdish Singh - Boxer
Jitender Kumar (flyweight boxer)
Jitender Kumar (middleweight boxer)
Richhpal Ram - Victoria Cross winner in World War-II
Vijay Kumar Singh PVSM, AVSM, YSM, ADC - COAS for Indian Army
Vijender Singh - Olympic Bronze medal winner in boxing

Geeta Phogat - Wrestler
Babita Kumari - Wrestler and sister of Geeta Phogat.

Villages
See List of villages in Bhiwani district.

References

External links

Official website of Bhiwani district

Category:Districts of Haryana

Category:1972 establishments in India
Category:Districts of India


Glomerellaceae

Glomerellaceae is a family of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes.

Genera
 Blennorella
 Colletotrichum (sexual stage is Glomerella)
 Ellisiellina
 Haplothecium
 Peresia
 Schizotrichella
 Vermicularia

References

External Links

Category:Sordariomycetes
Category:Fungus families


Sideritis macrostachyos

Sideritis macrostachyos is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to north and north-eastern Tenerife in the Canary Islands.

Description
Sideritis macrostachyos has branched woody stems. The thick, wrinkled leaves are petiolate (stalked) and crenulate in outline. The upper leaves are oval, the lower ones very large and more rounded. The upper surface of the leaves is green, and ranges from pubescent (softly hairy) in the upper leaves to almost glabrous (smooth) in the lower leaves. The lower surface of the leaves is white with cottony down. The flowers are arranged in terminal spikes which are large, stiff and tufted in appearance. The individual flowers are sessile and arranged in tight whorls separated by small bracts. The seeds are small, brown and rounded.

Taxonomy
Sideritis macrostachyos was first described by Jean Poiret in 1811. The epithet macrostachyos is correct as published by Poiret; stachyos is an adjective derived from Greek, whose masculine and feminine forms both end in -os. In some sources, it has been wrongly changed to macrostachya, or to macrostachys.

References

macrostachyos
Category:Flora of the Canary Islands
Category:Plants described in 1811


Bo Randall

Bo Randall (September 27, 1909 – December 25, 1989) was an American knifemaker who founded Randall Made Knives in Orlando, Florida.

Early life
Randall was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on September 27, 1909. His family moved to Orlando, Florida in 1916.  As a youth Randall enjoyed hunting and fishing and went on to become a successful citrus rancher.  He first became interested in making knives after he purchased in 1936 a William Scagel knife that was being used to scrape paint off of a boat without showing any signs of wear or damage.

Knifemaking
Impressed with his Scagel knife, Randall located Scagel and asked him how to make knives.  Over the years he visited Scagel and corresponded with him, becoming his "pupil" with regard to knifemaking.  Randall forged his first knife out of a leaf spring from an automobile in his garage in Lake Ivanhoe, Florida with a handle of stag and made his first hunting knife.  On his first hunting trip with that knife he sold it to a companion and made another, repeating the pattern of making knives and selling them to friends one at a time.

In 1938 Randall opened a shop in Orlando, Florida.  Although Randall's initial efforts were inspired by Scagel's designs and were predominantly "sporting knives" for hunters and fisherman, a visit by a soldier bound for World War II changed that.  Randall began production of the "All Purpose Fighting Knife" giving it the designation of "Number 1" in his catalog.  Between 1942 and 1945, Randall Made Knives produced 4,000 of these knives for US Troops in the war, with approximately 1,058 subcontracted out to Northampton Cutlery Company in Springfield, Massachusetts to meet the demand.  In the 1950s Randall would return to the pattern of the Bowie knife for several of his combat knife designs.

Randall designed the Model 17 Astro Model and built 7 of these knives for NASA.  In addition to the knife that made 21 orbits around the earth, several of Randall's knives are displayed in the Smithsonian Institution and in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. One  Model 8 "Trout and Bird Knife" was displayed in the Monino Airbase museum near Moscow as part of the equipment carried by U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers who was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960.

Personal life
Randall's wife was Ruth Randall.

Randall died in 1989 in Orlando, Florida, at 80 years of age.

Legacy
Randall was inducted into the Blade magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame at the 1983 Blade Show as an inauguree. In 1997, Randall was inducted into the American Bladesmith Society Hall of Fame.  In 2001, Randall's knives were listed as "Best Sheath Knife" as part of Forbes "50 Best List".

References

Category:Knife makers
Category:People from Cincinnati
Category:1909 births
Category:1989 deaths


Achromatorida

Achromatorida is an order of non-pigmented intraerythrocytic parasitic alveolates belonging to the subclass Haemosporidiasina. The order was created by Jacques Euzéby in 1988.

The taxonomy of these organisms has been one of some controversy. Weylon in 1926 grouped many of these genera into the genus Babesia - given what is now known about these genera this was probably an error. Agreement on the organisation of these genera probably cannot be regarded as being settled.

Description

These are minute rounded or pyriform parasites found within erythrocytes, or other circulating or endothelial cells of vertebrates. The parasites reproduce by merogony without oocysts or spores.

The apical complex has a polar ring and rhopteries. A conoid is lacking and most species lack the associated pellicular microtubules.

Flagellae are lacking. The trophozoite stage is separated from erythrocyte by single membrane (in the other groups there usually 2 or more). Vectors include ticks and leeches.

Evolution

A Bayesian analysis based on the nuclear genes suggests a date of divergence between Babesia and Theileria of  ( 95% credible interval –)

Taxonomy
This order is divided into two suborders:

Suborder Babesiina

These are agents of piroplasmosis sensu stricto. The species have been placed into two families.

Family Babesiidae Poche 1913

This family excludes species that undergo schizogony in lymphocytes before parasitizing erythrocytes. these species have been placed in the genus Theileria.

Species in this family have rhoptries, a polar ring and subpellicular tubules in its apical complex. With the exception of the genus Tunetella which infects tortoises, species in this family infect in warm-blooded vertebrates and are transmitted by ticks.

Genus Babesia Starcovici 1893
Genus Echinozoon Garnham 1951
Genus Entopolypoides Mayer 1933
Genus Microbabesia Sohns 1918
Genus Rangelia
Genus Tunetella Brumpt & Lavier 1935

Family Haemohormidiidae Levine 1984

This family includes species that infect marine animals. A notable exception is the genus Serpentoplasma which infects reptiles. Very little is known about most of these genera.

Genus Cardiosporidium Gaver & Stephan 1907
Genus Cristalloidophora Dehorne 1934, Porchet 1978
Genus Dobellia Brumpt 1913
Genus Echinococcidium  Porchet 1978
Genus Globidiellum  Neumann 1909
Genus Haemohormidium Léger & Duboscq 1910
Genus Haematractidium Henry 1910
Genus Joyeuxella Le Calvez 1939
Genus Rhabdospora Landau, Boulard & Houin 1969
Genus Serpentoplasma Pienaar 1962
Genus Spermatobium Eisen 1895
Genus Toxocystis Henry 1910
Genus Trophosphaera du Toit 1938

The genus Nephromyces may also belong to this family.

Suborder Theileriina

These are parasites of erythrocytes and diverse white blood cells with sexual reproduction by exoerythrocytic or by exo- and endoerythrocytic schizogony.

Family Leucocytozoidae
Genus Leucocytozoon  Ziemann 1898
Subgenus Leucocytozoon
Subgenus Akiba

Family Garniidae
Genus Fallisia Lainson, Landau & Shaw 1974
Subgenus Fallisia
Subgenus Plasmodioides
Genus Garnia   Lainson et al 1971
Genus Progarnia  Lainson 1995

Family Theileriidae (synonym Gonderiidae)
Genus Cytauxzoon  Neitz & Thomas 1948
Genus Theileria Bettencourt, França and Borges 1907
Genus Haematoxenus Uilenberg 1964

Notes

There are also a number of genera of uncertain placement that earlier were provisionally included in this taxon:

Elleipsisoma Franca 1912: This genus is currently placed in the Eimeriorina. Its placement there is unusual given that species in this genus infect erythrocytes.

The families Dactylosomatidae (genera Babesiosoma Jakowski and Nigrelli 1956 and Dactylosoma Labbé 1894) were transferred to the suborder Adeleorina by Boulard et al in 1982. The position of the  Anthemosomatidae (genus Anthemosoma Landau, Boulard and Houin 1969) remains unclear.

The genus Nicollia Franca 1910 is now regarded as a synonym for Babesia.

Cytauxzoon replicates in macrophages rather than in lymphocytes. For this reason may be moved to a new family at some point.

Pirhemocyton was described as a protozoan infecting lizards but the intraerythroctic inclusions have since been shown to be due to a viral infection.

An additional genus - Chelonplasma - has been described but its taxonomic status is unclear.

Synonyms

The classification of the species in this group is difficult. Over the passage of time several genera have been described only to re classified as being synonyms of previously described genera.

Currently recognised synonyms of the genus Babesia include:

Achromaticus Dionisi 1899
Apiosoma
Babesiella Mesnil 1919
Francaiella Yakimoff 1926
Haematococcus Babes 1888
Luhsia Dschunkowsky 1938
Microsoma Sohns 1918
Nicollia Franca 1910
Patonella Ray & Idnani 1943
Piroplasma Patton 1895
Pyrosoma Smith 1893
Rosiella Nuttall 1912
Sogdianella Schurenkova 1939

Recognised synonyms of the genus Nicollia - which is now itself regarded as a synonym of Babesia - include:

Nuttallia Franca 1909
Smithia Franca 1910

Recognised synonyms of the genus Theileria include:

Gonderia

Notes

Apiosoma is currently the name of a genus of ciliated protozoa also known as Glossatella. Although this genus is pathogenic to fish it has not related to the parasites in this taxon.

Nuttallia Dall 1898 is a genus of sunset clams (Psammobiidae)

References

Category:Apicomplexa orders


Hisel

Hisel is a village and a former municipality in the district of Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany. Since January 2018, it is part of the municipality Brimingen.

References

Category:Bitburg-Prüm
Category:Former municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate


New Brunswick Route 134

Route 134 is a -long north–south secondary highway in eastern New Brunswick, Canada. The highway is divided by into a northern and southern section by a gap in Northumberland County connected by Route 11 and Route 8.

History
Route 134, for the most part, consists of former routings of Route 8 and Route 11. It was first designated in 1972 with the opening of the Shediac four-lane highway between Moncton and Shediac (now part of Route 15). Different sections of Route 134 continued to appear between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s as construction continued of new controlled-access alignments of Route 8 and Route 11.

As Route 11 between Kouchibouguac and Miramichi, and a stretch of Route 8 south of Allardville have never been upgraded, Route 134 remains a "broken" route.

A third segment of Route 134 appeared briefly on maps in the early 1990s along Oldfield Road north of Miramichi (after a new alignment of Route 8 was constructed), whether it was signed or officially part of the route is uncertain.

Route 134 was rerouted in a portion of Belledune in 1996 after the footprint of a new power plant took over a section of the route's former alignment.

Route

Moncton
The route's southern terminus begins at the intersection of Route 106 in Moncton (Main St) where the route is called Botsford St. The route travels north crossing Route 126 (Mountain Rd), then Route 15 (Wheeler Blvd).  Now known as Lewisville Road, the route crosses Humphrey Brook, passing the southern terminus of Route 115, turning north east and is known as Shediac Rd.  Continuing out of the city crossing under Route 2 as it exits the city passing through Lakeville north east.

Rural Westmorland County
The route continues north-east passing through the community of Shediac Cape in Westmorland County, crossing Route 11 where it takes a sharp turn north at the northern terminus of Route 133.

Kent County

Northumberland County

Gloucester County
As Route 134 enters Gloucester County, it is concurrent with Route 8. After a few kilometres, it splits away and heads NNW to Allardville. After passing through Allardville, intersecting Route 160, it continues for about 25 km heading NNW for Bathurst. After passing through Bathurst and serving as the eastern terminus of Route 180, it goes up the SW coast of Chaleur Bay for about 30 km before hopping into Restigouche County near Belledune.

Restigouche County
In Restigouche County, it continues to run along the Bay of Chaleur. Upon entering from the south, Route 134 follows a short alignment, built around a power plant in Belledune. North of it, the road continues along the coast, running through the communities of Jacquet River, Nash Creek, and New Mills among others, before reaching the Village of Charlo. In the northern part of the village, there is a beach which the route travels through, along the mouth of the Eel River. On the other side of the Eel River, is Eel River Bar First Nation. The road then proceeds through downtown Dalhousie, along Renfrew, William, and George Street's. After a right turn, Route 134 heads west for Campbellton. In the 20 km between the two municipalities, the posted speed limit varies from 60 – 80 km/h. Upon entering Campbellton, the speed limit is reduced to 50 km/h, and a sidewalk appears. The road takes a route through downtown Campbellton, following Ramsay, Water, Andrew, and Roseberry Street's. West of Campbellton are Atholville and Tide Head. Through the villages, it becomes a truck route, linking highways to local industry. At the intersection with Route 11 in Tide Head, Route 134 reaches its northern terminus.

Communities along Route 134

Major intersections

See also
List of New Brunswick provincial highways

References

134
134
134
134
134
Category:Transport in Bathurst, New Brunswick
Category:Transport in Campbellton, New Brunswick
Category:Shediac
Category:Transport in Miramichi, New Brunswick
Category:Transport in Moncton


Everything's Alright (The Mojos song)

"Everything's Alright" is a song written and performed by the Mojos. It was released as a single in 1964, peaking at No. 9 in the UK Singles Chart.

Unusually for the time, both sides of the record were written by the band. "Everything's Alright" is credited to all five members of the band (Nicky Crouch, Bob Konrad, Stu James, Keith Karlson and "Simon Stavely", a pseudonym for keyboardist Terence O'Toole). Only Karlson, James and Stavely are listed as writers of the b-side, "Give Your Lovin' To Me".

An EP titled The Mojos, with "Everything's Alright" as the opening track, was released later in the year, backed with versions of American rhythm and blues tracks "I Got My Mojo Working" (a hit for Muddy Waters), "The One Who Really Loves You" (Mary Wells) and "Nobody But Me" (the Isley Brothers).

David Bowie recorded a version of "Everything's Alright" for his Pin Ups album in 1973, which featured Aynsley Dunbar on drums, who was a member of the Mojos, but only after the "Everything's Alright" single.

References

External links

Category:David Bowie songs
Category:1964 singles
Category:Decca Records singles
Category:1964 songs


Linières-Bouton

Linières-Bouton is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 15 December 2016, it was merged into the new commune Noyant-Villages.

See also
Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department

References

Linieresbouton


Beamish Hall

Beamish Hall is a mid-18th-century country house, now converted to a hotel, which stands in  of grounds near the town of Stanley, County Durham. It is a Grade II* listed building.

History

The history of Beamish Hall can be traced back to the Norman Conquest.  The name of Beamish, is derived from a corruption of the Norman word 'Beauvis', meaning beautiful place, or the old French phrase 'bew-mys' which when translated means 'beautiful mansion'.

Originally built as a present in 1268 for the wedding of Isabella de la Leigh and Guiscard de Charron, the Manor went on to be occupied by five generations of Charrons and later Monbouchers.  The last family member died in 1400.  During the Middle Ages, the fortified manor was occupied by various local aristocrats, including members of the Percy family.

The manor of Beamish was forfeited to the Crown by Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland as a consequence of his part in the Rising of the North in 1569. A manor house (on the site of which the present house was later built), was built in the early 17th century probably by the Wray family.

In 1683 the manor was purchased by Timothy Davison a wealthy Newcastle upon Tyne merchant. He was the Mayor of Newcastle in 1673 and a governor of the merchants company of Newcastle.  His family consisted of eleven sons and five daughters. In 1714 his eldest surviving son, William, married Dulcibella (the daughter of John Morton, Rector of Sedgefield and Dulcibella Naylor). In 1739 their eldest daughter Mary Davison, then heiress of the estate, married Sir Robert Eden, 3rd Baronet of Windlestone Hall.

The Hall was built in the mid 18th century to replace the old manor. The original three storeyed seven bayed main front was soon extended  by the addition of a further three bays.

In 1803 Rosemary Smith, a daughter of Sir John Elderwood 4th Baronet, married Robert Eden Duncombe Shafto of Whitworth Hall, County Durham . In 1904 their grandson Rev Slingsby Duncombe Shafto inherited the estate and thereupon took Eden as an additional surname. He was High Sheriff of Durham in 1908. Future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Anthony Eden, spent part of his childhood in Beamish Hall.

The  Edens added a rear block to the house in  1813 and substantial further alterations and additions were made in 1897 and 1910 including an entrance porch with six Ionic order columns, ballrooms and a winter garden.

In 1949 following the death of Robert Shafto, the property was sold to the National Coal Board and the family moved to Bavington Hall. In 1969 the house was acquired by Durham County Council and from then until 1995 it was occupied by a Local Education Authority residential school. After being declared surplus to the council's needs, the Hall stood empty until August 2000.  Later in that year it was again sold and was refurbished by new owners and converted into a hotel.

Beamish Museum now occupies part of the parkland in which the house stands.  The hall is nearing the end of a renovation, which intends to restore the ancestral home to its original splendour.  The grounds of the hall have also been themed, as 'Beamish Wild', to appeal to families; with aerial rope courses and children's adventure play area.

Guests who have stayed at the hall have reported haunting in different rooms in the grand hall. There have been reports of people seeing children dancing in the hallways and a woman in a grey dress standing picking flowers in the gardens. Some guests say that the most haunted room in the entire hall is rooms between 104 to 106. With reports of feeling like someone is with you and hearing banging from the bathroom and the wardrobe. But no solid evidence has been found to back this accusation.

References

 A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Burke and Burke Vol 1 1835 p47. Google Books. Shafto of Whitworth and Beamish.
  Durham County Council, briefing notes Beamish Hall
  Beamish Wild, Activity centre at Beamish Hall

Category:Grade II* listed buildings in County Durham
Category:Country houses in County Durham
Category:History of County Durham


Serpent dance

The Serpent dance is a traditional Cornish dance associated with the Midsummer festival of Golowan and Cornish cultural events such as nos lowen (earlier spelling noze looan.  detailed description of the Golowan serpent dance form An Daras the Cornish culture website.

Below is a description of the dance as performed in the Golowan fire festival in Penzance in the 19th century from J S Courtney's A Guide to Penzance and Its Neighbourhood (1845):

"The proceedings finished by the boys and girls from the quay, whose torches had by this time expired, dancing in a long line hand-in-hand through the streets, in and out and sometimes over the now low burning tar-barrels, crying out, "An eye, an eye". At this shout the top couple held up their arms and beginning with the last the others ran under them thus reversing their position."

Category:Cornish culture
Category:Penzance
Category:European dances


Mia Hansen-Løve

Mia Hansen-Løve (born 5 February 1981) is a French film director, screenwriter, and former actress. She has won several accolades for her work. Her first feature film, All Is Forgiven, won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best First Film in 2007 along with Céline Sciamma's Water Lilies. Hansen-Løve's film Father of My Children won the Special Jury Prize in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. In 2014, Hansen-Løve was awarded the status of Chevalier in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 2016, she won the Silver Bear for Best Director for her film Things to Come at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival, as well as becoming a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Early life
Hansen-Løve was born on 5 February 1981 in Paris. Her parents, Laurence and Ole Hansen-Løve, are both philosophy professors who separated when Hansen-Løve was in her 20s. In university, Hansen-Løve studied German and minored in Philosophy.

As a teenager, Hansen-Løve enjoyed acting and appeared in Late August, Early September and Sentimental Destinies, both directed by Olivier Assayas. In 2001, Mia Hansen-Løve began studying at the Conservatory of Dramatic Arts in Paris, but left in 2003 and began writing reviews for French film magazine Cahiers du cinéma until 2005, a job that fueled her desire to make films herself. "What I wanted [as a Cahiers critic] was to build little-by-little a cinematic train of thought," says Hansen-Løve. In regards to her time at Cahiers du cinéma, Hansen-Løve says she is not nostalgic about this period in her life, however useful it was. In addition, she experienced misogyny while there. Meanwhile, she directed several shorts, including Contre-coup (2005), which starred Louis Garrel and Lolita Chammah. In an interview with The Guardian in 2016, Hansen-Løve stated, "When I was in my 20s, I was completely lost in life. Realizing I wanted to make films gave me strength. Because film-making is a perpetual questioning of existence. What is beauty? Why am I living? And I need that, I think, perhaps because of being the daughter of two philosophy teachers.”

Career
Hansen-Løve's debut film, All Is Forgiven, was nominated for a César Award for Best First Feature Film in 2008 by the French Film Academy.

Her second film, Father of My Children, premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section and won the Special Jury Prize. The film was inspired by the suicide of Humbert Balsan, a French actor and film producer who served as an early mentor for Hansen-Løve.

Her third feature was the semi-autobiographical film, Goodbye First Love. Hansen-Løve cast actress Lola Créton after seeing her in Bluebeard. Her partner Olivier Assayas, who was with her at the time of the viewing, subsequently cast Créton in one of his films as well. The film premiered at the 2011 Locarno International Film Festival, where it received a special mention from the Jury.

In August 2012, TIFF Cinemathique presented a retrospective of Hansen-Løve's work titled "Fathers and Daughters: The Films of Mia Hansen-Løve."

In November 2013, Hansen-Løve began filming on Eden, an autobiographical drama about a young man named Paul who discovers the burgeoning French house music scene during the early 90s. The film was inspired and co-written by her brother Sven, who had been part of the 90s club scene as a DJ. Hansen-Løve went through multiple producers while trying to make the film, as obtaining the rights to the music she wanted to use was both time-consuming and expensive. Actors Greta Gerwig and Brady Corbet starred in the film, which premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.

During promotion for Eden, Hansen-Løve announced that her next film, Things to Come (L'Avenir), would star Isabelle Huppert as a philosophy teacher whose seemingly perfect life begins to fall apart when her husband leaves her and her children move away from home. Hansen-Løve cited Eric Rohmer's The Green Ray as the "one film [she] couldn't help thinking of when writing Things to Come" because of the similarities between the film's themes and their central female characters. The film was completed in 2016 and premiered in competition at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival where Hansen-Løve won the Silver Bear for Best Director.

In September 2018, Hansen-Løve premiered Maya at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival as a part of the Special Presentations section.

In May 2017, it was announced that Hansen-Løve would be making her English-language debut with Bergman Island. Set on the Swedish island of Fårö, the film illustrates an American filmmaking couple who retreat to the island that inspired the famous director, [Ingmar] Bergman, where they reside for the summer to each write screenplays for their upcoming films. The film was set to star Greta Gerwig, Mia Wasikowska, Anders Danielsen Lie, and John Turturro, but in August 2018, it was announced that Vicky Krieps would replace Gerwig and Turturro would no longer star in the film. Production began in August 2018.

In addition to being a notable filmmaker, Hansen-Løve is also a screenwriter, having written the screenplays for all of her films. "I write all films by myself," says Hansen-Løve. "I really try to close a door and go inside myself to search for my own truth. It would be a limitation to stick to those cineastes that I look up to. What I admire in them is precisely their sense of independence, how they created their own language and how they plunged into themselves to make their own films."

Style and themes
Hansen-Løve's films mainly revolve around familial and/or romantic relationships and their effects. Eden, Father of My Children, and Things to Come all draw from important persons or events in Hansen-Løve's life, however she has stated that while all her films are personal, they’re not autobiographical. Time Out writer Dave Calhoun describes Hansen-Løve's films as "intimate, realist, free of melodrama. They have a lightness of touch and yet feel wise." Hansen-Løve's brother, Sven, claims that the director "prides herself on trueness and realism and authenticity." Rather than relying on shocking or dramatic events, Hansen-Løve rests her narratives on subtle emotional shifts; climatic moments occur naturally and with no prior indication.

Common themes found in Hansen-Løve's films are personal crisis, desire, and existentialism. In addition, her films tend to touch upon the generational effects of France's political and social history. Hansen-Løve's films have been compared to those of French auteur Eric Rohmer, whose films such as The Green Ray are said to be influential to Hansen-Løve.

Hansen-Løve has stated that she sees All Is Forgiven, Father of My Children, and Goodbye First Love as a loose trilogy about the transformations the coincide with the transition to adulthood. “It’s not accidental that the daughters are all 15, 16, or 17 for the majority of each film,” she indicates. “It’s not only about the relationship between fathers and daughters, it’s about that particular age where you separate from your family and become an adult.”

Personal life
Hansen-Løve was in a relationship with director Olivier Assayas, who directed her in the films Late August, Early September and Sentimental Destinies, from 2002 to 2017. Though it was widely assumed they were married Hansen-Løve revealed after they split that they never had been. Together they have a daughter named Vicky, born in 2009.

Hansen-Løve is the younger sister of Sven Hansen-Løve, who was a successful DJ in the 90s and who was the inspiration and co-writer for her film Eden.

Her cousin, Igor Hansen-Løve, is a L’Express journalist. He had a small role in her 2009 film Father of My Children.

Filmography

As director/screenwriter

As actress

Further reading
 Ince, Kate. The Body and the Screen: Female Subjectivities in Contemporary Women’s Cinema. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017. .
 Palmer, Tim. "Contemporary Feminine French Cinema and Lucile Hadzihalilovic's 'Innocence'." The French Review 83, no. 2 (2009): 316-27.
 Porton, Richard. "A Death in the Family: An Interview with Mia Hansen-Løve." Cineaste: America's Leading Magazine on the Art and Politics of the Cinema 35, no. 3 (2010): 10-14.
 Porton, Richard. "Love, Work and Radical Ideals: An Interview with Mia Hansen-Løve." Cineaste: America's Leading Magazine on the Art and Politics of the Cinema 42, no. 2 (2017): 24-27.
 Wilson, Emma. "Precarious Lives: On Girls in Mia Hansen-Løve and Others." Studies in French Cinema 12, no. 3 (2012): 273-284.

References

External links

Mia Hansen-Løve’s 10 Favorite Films

Interviews
 Interview: Mia Hansen-Løve, director of Goodbye First Love on Film Comment
 Why ‘Things to Come’ Filmmaker Mia Hansen-Løve Refuses to Get Caught Up in Ideologies on IndieWire
Interview: Mia Hansen-Løve on Thing to Come on Slant Magazine
 ‘Eden’ Brilliantly Captures the Highs and Lows of the DJ Lifestyle in 90s Paris on Vice

Reviews
 Family Matters on The New Yorker
 Film of the month: Goodbye First Love in Sight & Sound
 Review: Eden on Film Comment
 ‘Maya’ Review: Mia Hansen–Løve Goes to India for a Beguiling Story of Romance and Rootlessness — TIFF on IndieWire

Category:1981 births
Category:20th-century French actresses
Category:21st-century French actresses
Category:Living people
Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Category:Silver Bear for Best Director recipients
Category:Film directors from Paris
Category:French film actresses
Category:French film critics
Category:French people of Danish descent
Category:French women film directors
Category:French women screenwriters
Category:French screenwriters
Category:Women film critics


Studia Islamica

Studia Islamica is an academic journal of Islamic studies focusing on the history, religion, law, literature, and language of the Muslim world, primarily Southwest Asian and Mediterranean lands. The editors-in-chief are A. L. Udovitch (Princeton University) and Houari Touati (School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences). It was established in 1953 and is published biannually. Brill has published the journal since 2013.

External links

Category:Publications established in 1953
Category:Islamic studies journals
Category:Multilingual journals
Category:Biannual journals
Category:Brill Publishers academic journals


Gwilym Kessey

Gwilym Taf Kessey (13 January 1919 – 25 June 1986) was an Australian cricketer who played thirteen first-class matches between 1945 and 1950 for Western Australian sides as a wicket-keeper. He made his debut for Western Australia in 1945 against the Australian Services cricket team, making 22* in his only innings. Kessey played in Western Australia's inaugural Sheffield Shield match in November 1947 against South Australia, making 12 runs batting at #8. He played one match for a Western Australia Combined XI featuring Test players Ian Johnson, Ken Meuleman, Bruce Dooland and Sid Barnes against the MCC in 1946, stumping Test cricketers Denis Compton and Bill Edrich. Overall, he played 13 first-class matches, scoring 320 runs with a highest score of 60, and making 26 dismissals. His identical twin daughters, Karen and Katherine Kessey, were both actresses.

See also
List of Western Australia first-class cricketers

References

Category:1919 births
Category:1986 deaths
Category:Australian people of Welsh descent
Category:People from Meekatharra, Western Australia
Category:Western Australia cricketers
Category:Cricketers from Western Australia


Carlos María de Castro

Carlos María de Castro (24 September 1810 - 2 November 1893) was a Spanish architect, engineer and urban planner. He created the plan of the urban expansion (Ensanche) of Madrid.
The New Plan of Madrid was commissioned in 1857 and adopted in 1860. It was inspired by some technical aspects of Ildefons Cerdà's early studies and plans for the extension of Barcelona. But unlike Cerdà who sought to avoid social segregation, Castro proposed functional and social zoning.

References

Category:19th-century Spanish architects
Category:Spanish urban planners
Category:1810 births
Category:1893 deaths
Category:Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando alumni


Decarthron discolor

Decarthron discolor is a species of ant-loving beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is found in North America.

References

Further reading

Category:Pselaphinae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Beetles described in 1890


Slater Mill Historic Site

The Slater Mill is a historic textile mill complex on the banks of the Blackstone River in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, modeled after cotton spinning mills first established in England. It is the first water-powered cotton spinning mill in North America to utilize the Arkwright system of cotton spinning as developed by Richard Arkwright.

Samuel Slater, the mill's founder, apprenticed as a young man in Belper, England with industrialist Jedediah Strutt. Shortly after immigrating to the United States, Slater was hired by Moses Brown of Providence, Rhode Island to produce a working set of machines necessary to spin cotton yarn using water power. Construction of the machines was completed in 1793, as well as a dam, waterway, waterwheel, and mill. Manufacturing was based on Richard Arkwright's cotton spinning system, which included carding, drawing, and spinning machines. Slater initially hired children and families to work in his mill, establishing a pattern that was replicated throughout the Blackstone Valley and known as the "Rhode Island System". It was later eclipsed by Francis Cabot Lowell's Waltham System.

Slater Mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark on November 13, 1966, the first property to be listed on the register. In December 2014, the mill was added to the newly formed Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park.

Architectural history

The original portion of the Slater Mill built in 1793 was six bays long and two stories tall. Several additions were made beginning in 1801, and a second added in 1835. Between 1869 and 1872, a large addition was made to the north end of the mill. Cotton spinning continued until 1895, after which the mill was used for various industrial purposes until 1923. The building had suffered numerous fires in the past, and two fires occurred in 1912 which precipitated awareness of the building and the need for its preservation.

From mill to museum
In 1921, the non-profit Old Slater Mill Association was founded with the purpose of saving the historic Mill. Efforts to restore the mill began in 1923; modern additions to the structure were removed, restoring the mill to its 1835 appearance. In 1955, it opened as a museum. Restoration of the nearby Wilkinson Mill (built 1810–1811) was completed in 1978 as part of the Slater Mill site.

The Slater Mill site now serves as a museum, educational center, and music venue, which "celebrates innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit by engaging audiences in relevant cultural, historic, and artistic endeavors". It includes five acres of land on both sides of the Blackstone River, a dam on the river, two historic mills (the Slater Mill and Wilkinson Mill), and the Sylvanus Brown House (a house built in 1758 but moved to the site in the 1960s).

See also

Hannah Slater
Samuel Slater
David Wilkinson
Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor
Derwent Valley Mills
National Register of Historic Places listings in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
List of National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island

References

External links

Providence Journal video of Slater Mill Historic Site
Providence Journal video of the Blackstone River
Site about Slater and his mill
Pawtucket Arts Festival

Category:1793 establishments in Rhode Island
Category:Buildings and structures in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Category:Cotton mills in the United States
Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in Rhode Island
Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Rhode Island
Category:History of the textile industry
Category:Industrial archaeological sites in the United States
Category:Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Category:Industrial buildings completed in 1793
Category:Industrial Revolution
Category:Industry museums in Rhode Island
Category:Mill museums in the United States
Category:Museums established in 1955
Category:Museums in Providence County, Rhode Island
Category:National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Category:Textile machinery manufacturers
Category:Textile museums in Rhode Island
Category:Tourist attractions in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Category:1955 establishments in Rhode Island