CNT EP

The Corporación Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, CNT EP is the public telecommunications company in Ecuador that offers fixed telephony services local, regional and international, Internet Access (Dial-Up, DSL, mobile Internet), satellite television and mobile telephony in Ecuadorian territory.

It was founded on October 30, 2008 as a result of the merger of the now defunct Andinatel S.A. and Pacifictel S.A. On January 14, 2010 the CNT S.A. became a public company and was renamed the Corporación Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, CNT EP.
Subsequently, July 30, 2010 was the official merger of the Corporación Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, CNT EP with Alegro mobile phone company, allowing the company to enhance their product portfolio by focusing efforts in the packaging business and converged services technology.

External links
Official site
Telecomunicaciones in Ecuador website

References

Category:Companies of Ecuador
Category:Ecuadorian brands
Category:Companies established in 2008


Raiamas

Raiamas is a genus of cyprinid freshwater fishes. The majority of the species are from Africa, but R. bola and R. guttatus  are from South and Southeast Asia.

Species
 Raiamas ansorgii (Boulenger, 1910)
 Raiamas batesii (Boulenger, 1914)
 Raiamas bola (F. Hamilton, 1822) (Trout barb)
 Raiamas buchholzi (W. K. H. Peters, 1876)
 Raiamas christyi (Boulenger, 1920) (Coppernose barb)
 Raiamas guttatus (F. Day, 1870) (Burmese trout)
 Raiamas intermedius (Boulenger, 1915)
 Raiamas kheeli Stiassny, Schelly & Schliewen, 2006
 Raiamas levequei Howes & Teugels, 1989
 Raiamas longirostris (Boulenger, 1902)
 Raiamas moorii (Boulenger, 1900) (Lake Rukwa minnow)
 Raiamas nigeriensis (Daget, 1959)
 Raiamas salmolucius (Nichols & Griscom, 1917)
 Raiamas scarciensis Howes & Teugels, 1989
 Raiamas senegalensis (Steindachner, 1870) (Silver fish)
 Raiamas shariensis (Fowler, 1949)
 Raiamas steindachneri (Pellegrin, 1908)

References

Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Middlebury Panthers men's ice hockey

The Middlebury Panthers men's ice hockey team represents Middlebury College in men’s hockey and has done so since 1922 (with the exception of a few years during World War II). The Panthers currently play at the Division III and have won the most championships (8) of any D-III program. For a time the team did play along with top-level programs but when men's ice hockey divided into separate tiers in the mid-1960s Middlebury left the upper echelon.

History
Middlebury played as an Independent program, as all schools did officially, prior to 1950 but the Panthers were a founding member of the NCAA's first ice hockey conference, the Tri-State League. The Panthers remined in the conference for nine years but through most of that time they were pushed around by the national powers Clarkson, Rensselaer and St. Lawrence. Towards the end of their tenure in the conference, however, Middlebury did land a recruit who would rewrite the NCAA record book.

Phil Latreille joined the Panthers in 1957 and began playing immediately. Normally, freshman did not play for varsity squads as the NCAA only allowed players eligibility for three seasons but because Middlebury wasn't competing for any national tournament they could ignore that NCAA regulation. Latreille scored 36 goals in only 20 games in his first year then set a new single-season record with 57 goals as a sophomore. For his third season Latreille shattered his record with 77 goals and capped that off with a senior season of 80 goals and 108 points. No other player in NCAA history has even scored 60 goals in a season. Latreille held the points record for 24 seasons before being surpassed by Bill Watson who played in more than twice as many games in his record-breaking season. Latreille still hold the NCAA record for career goals with 250 with second a distant 94 goals behind (Chuck Delich). Latreille's scoring exploits were so spectacular that he was able to parley them into a brief appearance with the New York Rangers after graduating. While he didn't stick in the National Hockey League, Latreille remains Middlebury's only alumnus to play in the NHL.

After Latreille left, Middlebury became one of the 28 founding members of ECAC Hockey, remaining with the conference for three seasons. By the end of the 1963–64 season it was obvious that ECAC Hockey had to make a change and the conference divided itself into upper- and lower-tiers. This was the first formal delineation of men's ice hockey and Middlebury was one of the 14 teams that founded ECAC 2. The Panthers played well under Wendall Forbes and typically finished in the top half of the conference. In 1971 Middlebury was again a founding member of a conference, this time for the NESCAC, though because the new conference didn't sponsor ice hockey as a varsity sport the Panthers remained with ECAC 2.

By the mid-1970s ECAC 2 had become just as ungainly as ECAC Hockey had and boasted 31 programs in 1977. Rather then split into separate conferences, ECAC 2 divided itself into East and West Divisions with both playing separate postseason tournaments. Middlebury won its first conference tournament in 1979 but because NESCAC rules prohibited them from participating in any national tournament the Panthers didn't receive an invitation to the 1979 Championship.

When the NCAA instituted numerical classifications in 1973 Middlebury became a Division III school but the ice hockey program played at the Division II level. This continued for a decade until the NCAA instituted a Division III Championship and, while the Panthers could not participate in the tournament, most of their contemporaries were able to play in the championship. As a result almost the entire D-II level dropped down to the lower tier with Middlebury going along. During the change came a formal split for ECAC 2 with Middlebury founding yet another ice hockey conference, this one called ECAC East.

In the mid-80's Forbes stepped down and was replaced by Bill Beaney. It took Beaney a short time to rebuild the program and five years after he took over the Panthers won both the conference regular season and tournament titles. In 1994 the NESCAC changed its rules to permit its member teams to play in one postseason tournament, either conference or national, and a year later Middlebury made its first appearance in the Division III championship. Middlebury jumped in with both feet and won each of their games, including the championship over #1-ranked Fredonia State to capture the school's first national title in any sport. Beaney kept the panthers at the top of Division III and won five consecutive national championships (1995–1999), setting an NCAA record for any level of play.

Middlebury's championship streak ended in 2000, the same year that the NESCAC began to sponsor ice hockey as a sport and Middlebury joined 8 other schools to form the new conference. The NESCAC also allowed their member schools to play in both the conference and national tournaments beginning in 2000. This allowed the Panthers to play in their first conference tournament in 5 years and win their first of three consecutive titles. Beaney took a sabbatical in 2003 but returned the year after to lead Middlebury to three consecutive titles for a total of 8. The team was in contention for a ninth championship in 2007 but fell to Oswego State in overtime. The program slowly declined after its first championship loss and after Beaney retired in 2015 the team has yet to post a winning season.

Season-by-season results
This is a partial list of Middlebury's record. It covers the time from when Middlebury restarted the ice hockey program after World War II until the program officially left the top tier of men's ice hockey.

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties

* Winning percentage is used when conference schedules are unbalanced.† Middlebury tied Clarkson for the best record in the conference. The two then played a single game to determine the sole champion for the Tri-State League.

Footnotes

All-time coaching records
As of completion of 2018–19 season

References

Category:College men's ice hockey teams in the United States
Category:Ice hockey teams in Vermont
Ice Hockey, Men


Gieve Patel

Gieve Patel (born 18 August 1940) is an Indian poet, playwright, painter, as well as a practising physician. He belongs to a group of writers who have subscribed themselves to the 'Green Movement' which is involved in an effort to protect the environment. His poems speak of deep concerns for nature and expose man's cruelty to it. His works include poems, How Do You Withstand (1966), Body (1976) and Mirrored Mirroring (1991). He has also written three plays, Titled Princess, Savaska and Mr. Behram.

Early life
Patel was born in 1940 in Mumbai. His parents were from a small village called Nargol in southern Gujarat. He started his education at St. Xavier's High School and Grant Medical College, Mumbai. He lives in Mumbai where he is a general practitioner.

Career
Patel's poetical works include Poems, first launched by Nissim Ezekiel, followed by How Do You Withstand, Body and Mirrored Mirroring. His plays include Princes, Savaksa and Mr Behram.

He held his first art show in Mumbai in 1966, and went on to have several major exhibitions in India and abroad. Patel participated in the Menton Biemale, France in 1976. India, Myth and Reality, Oxford in 1982; Contemporary Indian Art, Royal Academy, London 1982. Patel belongs to an avant-garde grouping of artists based in Bombay and Baroda.

Patel has also exhibited for Contemporary Indian Art, Grey Art Gallery, New York City, 1985, Indian Art from the Herwitz collection Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts, 1985 and Coups de Coeur Geneva, 1987.

He has been conducting a poetry workshop in Rishi Valley School for more than a decade. He edited a collection of poetry which was published in 2006. His poetry is included in Anthology of Contemporary Indian Poetry (BigBridge, United States). One of his Poems "Licence" from the collection How do you Withstand is included in the anthology Confronting Love edited by Arundhati Subramanyam and Jerry Pinto.

He has been translating poems from the 17th century Gujarati poet Akho into English.

Bibliography – poetry in English
University
Poems. Nissim Ezekiel, 1966
How Do You Withstand, Body. Clearing House, (1976 )
Mirrored, Mirroring. Oxford University Press, 1991
On Killing a Tree

Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies
 The Golden Treasure of Writers Workshop Poetry (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by Writers Workshop, Calcutta

See also

 Indian English Literature
 Indian Writing in English
List of poets from Mumbai

References

External links
Patel's Artist Profile and Artworks
Poetry International
Biography and poems on Poemist

Category:1940 births
Category:Indian male painters
Category:Living people
Category:Indian male poets
Category:English-language poets from India
Category:Artists from Mumbai
Category:Poets from Maharashtra
Category:Gujarati-language poets
Category:Gujarati-language writers
Category:Translators from Gujarati


George Mason Patriots men's soccer

For information on all George Mason University sports, see George Mason Patriots

The George Mason Patriots men's soccer team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, United States. The team is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. George Mason's first men's soccer team was fielded in 1968. The team plays its home games at George Mason Stadium in Fairfax, Virginia.

Year-by-year results

NCAA Tournament results

George Mason has appeared in 11 NCAA tournaments.

References

External links
Men's Soccer

Category:Soccer clubs in Virginia
Category:1968 establishments in Virginia
Category:Association football clubs established in 1968


National Commission on Resources for Youth

The National Commission on Resources for Youth was an American program established in 1970. The Commission was charged with identifying and promoting youth participation in schools and communities across the United States, and was largely funded through the US Department of Health, Education and Welfare through their Office of Human Development and the Division of Youth Activities within the Office of Youth Development, with additional support from the Ford Foundation.

Activities
In addition to publications and studies on a range of youth participation topics, the Commission held meetings, training events and conferences across the country, with youth engagement in schools and community development seeing a significant increase. The Commission succeeded in seeding national movements in youth voice, youth participation, and community youth development. Aside from defining and fostering these efforts across the nation, the Commission provided expert knowledge and resources to support ongoing activities long after its closure.

The National Commission on Resources for Youth was preceded in federal legislation by the National Youth Administration, a 1930s federally coordinated youth program. Its recent political successor is the Tom Osborne Federal Youth Coordination Act, passed in 2006 to direct federal interaction among youth-serving agencies and grant programs. Several national organizations today trace their roots to the Commission, including the Forum for Youth Investment and Youth On Board.

Publications by the Commission

 Conrad, D.E. (1982, May). Learning from the Field Experience: A Guide for Student Reflection in Youth Participation Programs. New York, NY: The National Commission on Resources for Youth.
 Conrad, D., with D. Harrington. (1981, May). Thinking about the Work Experience: A Manual for Learning and Reflection in Youth Employment Programs. New York, NY: The National Commission on Resources for Youth.
 National Commission on Resources for Youth. (n.d.). "Kids Can Do Wonderful Things." Resources for Youth Newsletter, VI(I).
 National Commission on Resources for Youth. (1982, Fall). "These Young People Care!" Resources for Youth Newsletter, XI(I).
 National Commission on Resources for Youth, United States (1974) 'New Roles for Youth in the School and the Community,' New York: Citation Press.
 National Commission on Resources for Youth. (1979). "What If..." Resources for Youth Newsletter, IX(II).
 National Commission on Resources for Youth. (n.d.). 'Youth into Adult: Towards a Model for Programs that Facilitate the Transition to Adulthood.' New York, NY: National Commission on Resources for Youth.
 National Commission on Resources for Youth. (1975, December). Youth Participation: A Concept Paper. A Report of the National Commission on Resources for Youth to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Youth Development. New York, NY: National Commission on Resources for Youth.
 Schine, J., with B. Shoup & D. Harrington. (1981). New Roles for Early Adolescents. New York, NY: The National Commission on Resources for Youth.

References

External links
 Tom Osborne Federal Youth Coordination Act
 National Youth Development Information Center Federal Youth Coordination Act Information Center
 Rep. Tom Osborne's) (NE03) Press Release on the Federal Youth Coordination Act

Category:History of youth
Category:United States national commissions
Category:Youth in the United States
Category:1970 establishments in the United States


Juan Arostegui

Juan Manuel Arostegui (born 2 December 1980 in San Francisco, Córdoba) is a professional Argentine football player. He played for Boca Juniors as well as the Argentina Youth World Cup team.

Arostegui is a former player for MPPJ FC in the Malaysian Super League. With the club he scored 50 goals for MPPJ FC in all competitions in the 2003 season. This was capped off by a hat-trick in the 3–0 win against Sabah FA in the 2003 Malaysia Cup final held in National Stadium, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur.

The win earned the Petaling Jaya club the accolade of being the only football club in Malaysia to ever win the prestigious Malaysia Cup trophy (all previous winners were state sides of Malaysia).

References

External links
 Juan Arostegui at BDFA.com.ar

Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from San Francisco, Córdoba
Category:Argentine footballers
Category:Boca Juniors footballers
Category:Club Atlético Belgrano footballers
Category:Chacarita Juniors footballers
Category:Club Deportivo Universidad Católica footballers
Category:UD Vecindario players
Category:C.F. Pachuca players
Category:Aldosivi footballers
Category:MPPJ FC players
Category:ATM FA players
Category:Sportivo Belgrano footballers
Category:Tercera División players
Category:Argentine Primera División players
Category:Malaysia Super League players
Category:Torneo Federal A players
Category:Primera B Nacional players
Category:Serie C players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Chile
Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy
Category:Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Category:Expatriate footballers in Malaysia
Category:Argentine expatriate footballers
Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
Category:Association football forwards


Tana Toa

Tana Toa (sometimes spelled as Tanatoa, Tanah Toa, or Tanah Towa) is a village in the Kajang district, Bulukumba Regency in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The village is located in the east coast of South Sulawesi, about  from town of Kajang, about  north of Bulukumba and  southeast of Makassar. The village is inhabited majority by Kajang tribe.  The village is famous throughout Makassar territory as the place of great mystical power.

Geography
The village of Tana Toa has a very dense forest. Almost the entire village is surrounded by rainforests. There are no paved roads in the region, except paths made of stones arranged in a regular pattern as road markers. 90 ha of land used as a rain-fed agriculture. Plants are cultivated on an area that is quite diverse, including rice, corn, cocoa, coffee, and others. Rice fields are located at the bottom of the hill near the Amma Toa, The fertile paddy fields are visible from distance.

The village is bordered by village Tuli to the north, Limba village to the south, Seppa village to the east and Dor village to the west.

Tana Toa consists of hamlets:
 Balagana
 Jannayya
 Bantalang
 Pangi
 Sobbu
 Balambina
 Benteng
 Luraya
 Tombolo

Out of the nine hamlets in Tana Toa, eight of them are in the traditional Ammatoa customs zone totally occupy area of about  or more than 55% of the village total area, while Jannayya is not.

Culture
The village is named Tana Toa (from local language meaning the oldest land in the world according to the customary beliefs of the villagers). People of Tana Toa believe that the earth was first created by God in a forest called Tombolo. The area was believed to be the oldest area in the world, so the villagers named the area as Tana Toa.

Geographically and administratively, Tana Toa is inhabited by Konjo people, a sub ethnic of Buginese. The indigenous people of Konjo divided into two sub-groups called Konjo Gunung (Mountain Konjo) and Konjo Pesisir (Coastal Konjo)., who speak the Highland and Coastal Konjo language. The Konjo Pegunungan (Mountain Konjo) primarily live in the mountainous region of Konjo, in the districts of Tinggimoncong, Gowa, Sinjai and Bone.  The Konjo Pesisir people (also known as Tiro) live in the districts of Kajang, Herlang, Bonto Tiro and Bonto Bahari in the east area of the Bulukumba Regency. The Konjo Pesisir speak the Konjo language in several dialects, namely Tana Toa, Konjo Hitam and Kajang. The Konjo Hitam (Black Konjo) people, who are included among the Konjo Pesisir, occupy an area to the west of Kajang. These Konjo Hitam consider themselves the original inhabitants and regard their area as the center of traditional custom for all of the Konjo Pesisir. This Konjo Hitam tribe is also known as Kajang tribe.

Kajang tribe is divided into two groups, inner Kajang and Outer Kajang tribes.  The traditional Inner Kajang tribe scatters in several villages, including the village of Tana Toa, Bonto Baji, Malleleng, Pattiroang, Batu Nilamung and some parts of Tambangan village. The Inner Kajang tribe lives in the area bordered with Tuli in the north, Limba in the east, Seppa in the South, and Doro in the west. While the Outer Kajang tribe population spreads throughout much of the Kajang District and  in some villages in the Bulukumba Regency, such as Jojolo, Tibona, Bonto Minasa and Batu Lohe

However, only Inner Kajang tribe live in full customs of Ammatoa.  The tribe are known for their motto Kamase-masea, or a simple living and reluctance to adopt many conveniences of modern technology. For them, technology objects can have negative impacts on their lives, because they undermine the sustainability of natural resources. The tribe people always wear black clothes, such as pants that almost touch knees, sarong, robe, and headband. These people also practice occultism as part of their animistic worship. They are referred to as the indigenous people of Kajang.

The simplicity is also applied to their residence.  All houses in Tana Toa are stilt houses constructed and made of the same material made of wood with roofs of straw. All  houses even face the same direction facing the west. The bathroom is located in front of the house and without doors.

Kajang people do not recognize social stratification, they assume men are all equal. They also assume that they are the oldest Konjo, and regard their territory as the Centrum of all descendants of the traditional Konjo people.

The word Ammatoa or Amma Toa is a Konjo word for Old Father. It means that the Kajang tribe is led by a Ammatoa figure (Tribal chief).  A successful candidate to replace previous Ammatoa is chosen through a long and complicated process. The tribe believe that the chosen Ammatoa receives instructions from Turae Ra’na (God). He must also be able to recite a series of myths and genealogies flawlessly without ever having studied them. Ammatoa society hold the Patuntung belief, a belief for sustainability of forest ecosystems.  The Ammatoa position is for life, and is replaced only when the incumbent dies.

The main source of life for Kajang tribe is agriculture and plantations.  Most of the men working in farms or paddy fields during the day to meet the needs. When planting season arrives they flock to the fields that are located a few kilo-meters from their homes. They use horses as transportation to the rice fields and water buffaloes  for plowing the fields. People who do not have farms or fields usually work for the owners of the fields. Women usually work at home weaving fabrics. They weave fabrics to be used to make black sarongs called Tope Le'leng. They also sell the woven fabrics to visitors as additional revenue.

Religion
Konjo people are 100% Muslims, but 75% of the people still retain animistic practice.  Even the most devout Muslims fear of spirits and do whatever it takes to please these spirits. When there is a conflict between the teachings of Islam and their traditional practices, traditional practices will win. Most children learn to read the Koran and every ceremony is considered not complete without Koran recitation, even though they do not understand the meaning.

Climate and ecology
The forest  in Tana Toa is called Borong Karama (meaning Sacred Forest) with the area of .  Tana Toa is rich with Bitti wood (Vitex cofasus).  The wood is the main material to make hull frames of phinisi boat, because the wood is naturally  in curved shape.  Animals commonly found in the forest are deer, pigs, monkeys and jungle fowls.

The flora and fauna in Tana Toa are conserved by local community, not only because of the penalties as mush as  tallu lasa’  (about 1.2 millions of rupiah), but also because they are afraid of a curse as the result of breaking the old tradition of the antecedents, Pasanga ri Kajang.

Tana Toa has a tropical rainforest climate. Throughout the year the humidity is high due to the significant annual precipitation of around 1453 mm. The average annual high temperature in Tana Toa is around  and the average annual low temperature is . The village's wet season runs from October through June, while the dry season covers the remaining three months.

References

Tana Toa
 Suku Konjo Pesisir

Category:Districts of South Sulawesi
Category:Populated places in South Sulawesi


Mary Prince

Mary Prince (c. 1 October 1788 – after 1833) was a British abolitionist and autobiographer, born in Bermuda to an enslaved family of African descent. Subsequent to her escape, when she was living in London, England, she wrote her slave narrative The History of Mary Prince (1831), which was the first account of the life of a black woman to be published in the United Kingdom. This first-hand description of the brutalities of enslavement, released at a time when slavery was still legal in Bermuda and British Caribbean colonies, had a galvanising effect on the anti-slavery movement. It was reprinted twice in its first year.

Prince had her account transcribed while living and working in England at the home of Thomas Pringle, a founder of the Anti-Slavery Society. She had gone to London with her master and his family in 1828 from Antigua.

Early life and education
Mary Prince was born into enslavement at Brackish Pond in Bermuda, known today as Devonshire Parish, Bermuda. Her father (whose only given name was Prince) was a sawyer owned by David Trimmingham, and her mother a house-servant held by Charles Myners. She had three younger brothers and two sisters, Hannah and Dinah. When Myners died in 1788, Mary Prince, her mother and siblings were sold as household servants to Captain Darrell. He gave Mary and her mother to his daughter, with Mary becoming the companion servant of his young granddaughter, Betsey Williams.

At the age of 12, Mary was sold for £38 sterling (Present day: ~£4484) to Captain John Ingham, of Spanish Point. Her two sisters were also sold that same day, all to different enslavers. Mary's new enslaver and his wife were cruel and often lost their tempers, Mary and others were often severely flogged for minor offences.

Ingham sold Mary in 1806 to an enslaver on Grand Turk in The Turks and Caicos Islands, who owned salt ponds. The Bermudians had used these seasonally for a century for the extraction of salt from the ocean. The production of salt for export was a pillar of the Bermudian economy, but the production was labour-intensive. Originally, raking had been performed by whites due to the fear of black enslaved people being seized by Spanish and French raiders (the enslaved were considered property, and could be seized as such during hostilities). Blacks crewed the Bermuda sloops that delivered the rakers to and from the Turks Islands and delivered salt to markets in North America, engaging in maritime activities while the whites raked. When the threats posed by the Spanish and French in the region decreased, however, the enslaved were put to work in the salt pans.

As a child Mary worked in poor conditions in the salt ponds up to her knees in water. Due to the nature of salt mining, Mary and others were often forced to work up to 17 hours straight as owners of the ponds were concerned that if the workers were gone for too long rain would come and soil the salt. Generally, men were the salt rakers, forced to work in the salt ponds, where they were exposed to the sun and heat, as well as the salt in the pans, which ate away at their uncovered legs. Women did packaging of salt.

Mary Prince was returned to Bermuda in 1810, where her master at the time had moved with his daughter. While here, she was physically abused by her master, and forced to bathe him under threat of further beatings. Mary resisted her master's abuse on two occasions: once, in defence of his daughter, whom he also beat; the second time, defending herself from her master when he beat her for dropping kitchen utensils. After this, she left his direct service and was hired out to Cedar Hill for a time, where she earned money for her master by washing clothes.

In 1815, Mary was sold a fourth time, to John Adams Wood of Antigua for $300 (2017: ~$4600). She worked in his household as a domestic slave, attending the bedchambers, nursing a young child, and washing clothes. There she began to suffer from rheumatism, which left her unable to work. When Adams Wood was traveling, Mary earned money for herself by taking in washing and by selling coffee, yams and other provisions to ships.

In Antigua, she joined the Moravian Church, where she also attended classes and learned to read. She was baptised in the English church in 1817 and accepted for communion, but she was afraid to ask Adams Wood for permission to attend. In December 1826, Prince married Daniel James, a formerly enslaved man who had bought his freedom by saving money from his work. He worked as a carpenter and cooper. According to Mary, her floggings increased after her marriage because Adams Wood and his wife did not want a free black man living on their property.

Travel to England
In 1828 Adams Wood and his family travelled to London, visiting and arranging their son's education, and to bring their daughters home to the islands. At her request, they took Mary Prince with them as a servant. After the case of Somerset v Stewart in 1772, it was ruled that it was illegal to transport slaves out of England. That, however, did not make slavery illegal in England, even though public opinion believed it did. Even if she could leave the Adam Wood's household, however, she had no means to support herself alone in England. Additionally, unless Wood formally emancipated her, she could not return to her husband in Antigua without being re-enslaved there.

Although she had served the Woods for more than ten years, they had increasing conflict in England. Four times Wood told her to obey or leave. They gave her a letter that nominally gave her the right to leave but suggested that no one should hire her.

After leaving the household, Prince took shelter with the Moravian church in Hatton Garden. Within a few weeks, she started working occasionally for Thomas Pringle, an abolitionist writer, and Secretary to the Anti-Slavery Society, which offered assistance to blacks in need. Prince found work with the Forsyth household, but the couple moved away from England in 1829. The Woods also left England in 1829 and returned with their daughter to Antigua. Pringle tried to arrange to have Wood manumit Prince, so she would have legal freedom.

In 1829 Adams Wood refused either to manumit Mary Prince or allow her to be purchased out of his control. His refusal to sell or free her meant that as long as slavery remained legal in Antigua, Prince could not return to her husband and friends without being re-enslaved and submitting to Wood's power. After trying to arrange a compromise, the Anti-Slavery Committee proposed to petition Parliament to grant Prince's manumission, but did not succeed. At the same time, a bill was introduced to free all slaves from the West Indies in England whose owners had freely brought them there; it did not pass but was an indication of growing anti-slavery sentiment.

Publication of The History of Mary Prince
In December 1829, Pringle hired Prince to work in his own household. Encouraged by Pringle, Prince arranged for her life narrative to be transcribed by Susanna Strickland. Pringle served as editor, and her book was published in 1831 as The History of Mary Prince. The book caused a commotion as it was the first account published in Great Britain of a black woman's life; at a time when anti-slavery agitation was growing, her first person account touched many people. In the first year, it sold out three printings.

Two libel cases arose out of it, and Prince was called to testify at each.

Prince's life after her book was published is not much known. It is not clear whether she ever returned to Antigua and her husband as she had wished.

She is known to have remained in England until at least 1833, when she testified in the two libel cases. That year, the Slavery Abolition Act was passed, to be effective August 1834. In 1808, Parliament had passed the Slave Trade Act of 1807, which outlawed the slave trade but not slavery itself. The 1833 law was intended to achieve a two-staged abolition of West Indian slavery by 1840, allowing the colonies time to transition their economies. Because of popular protests in the West Indies among the freedmen, the colonies legally completed abolition two years early in 1838. In Bermuda, which was not dependent on the institution of slavery, emancipation took place immediately on the law going into effect in 1834. If Prince was still alive and in good health, she may then have returned as a free woman to her homeland.

The book and its influence
When Prince's book was published, slavery was still legal in England, and had not been abolished by the 1772 Somerset v Stewart ruling, as previously believed by some historians. Parliament had also not yet abolished it in the colonies. There was considerable uncertainty about the political and economic repercussions that might arise if Britain imposed an end to slavery throughout the empire, as the sugar colonies depended on it for labour to raise their lucrative commodity crop. As a personal account, the book contributed to the debate in a manner different from reasoned analysis or statistical arguments. Its tone was direct and authentic, and its simple but vivid prose contrasted with the more laboured literary style of the day.

An example is Prince's description of being sold away from her mother at a young age:

It was night when I reached my new home. The house was large, and built at the bottom of a very high hill; but I could not see much of it that night. I saw too much of it afterwards. The stones and the timber were the best things in it; they were not so hard as the hearts of the owners.

Prince wrote of slavery with the authority of personal experience, something her political opponents could never match.
She wrote:

I have been a slave myself—I know what slaves feel—I can tell by myself what other slaves feel, and by what they have told me. The man that says slaves be quite happy in slavery—that they don't want to be free—that man is either ignorant or a lying person. I never heard a slave say so. I never heard a Buckra (white) man say so, till I heard tell of it in England.

Her book had an immediate effect on public opinion and was published in three impressions the first year. It generated controversy, and James MacQueen, the editor of The Glasgow Courier, challenged its accuracy by a lengthy letter in Blackwood's Magazine.  MacQueen was a defender of white West Indian interests and vigorous critic of the anti-slavery movement.  He depicted Prince as a woman of low morals who had been the "despicable tool" of the anti-slavery clique, who had incited her to malign her "generous and indulgent owners."  He attacked the character of the Pringle family, suggesting they were at fault for accepting the slave in their household.

In 1833 Pringle sued MacQueen for libel, receiving damages of £5.  Not long afterwards, John Wood, Prince's master, sued Pringle for libel, holding him responsible as the editor of Prince's The History, and claiming the book generally misrepresented his character.  Wood won his case and was awarded £25 in damages.  Prince was called to testify in both these trials, but little is known of her life after this.

Legacy
On 26 October 2007, a commemorative plaque organised by the Nubian Jak Community Trust was unveiled in Bloomsbury, where Mary Prince once lived.
Also in 2007, the Museum in Docklands opened a new gallery and permanent exhibition entitled London, Sugar & Slavery, which credits Prince as an author who "played a crucial role in the abolition campaign".

Representations in other media
Prince is featured as the fictional love interest in the jazz opera Bridgetower – A Fable of 1807 (2007), by Julian Joseph with libretto by Mike Phillips, about the 18th-century black violinist George Bridgetower.
In the UK and Republic of Ireland, and in parts of Europe and South America, Prince was the subject of a Google doodle on Monday 1 October 2018 to mark her 230th birthday.

See also
Ottobah Cugoano
Olaudah Equiano
Charles Stuart (abolitionist)
Somersett's Case
List of slaves

References

Bibliography

The History of Mary Prince: A West Indian Slave, F. Westley and A. H. Davis (eds). 1831. Online HTML edition, New York Public Library.
The History of Mary Prince; many printed editions are available, both in and out of print.

External links

The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave. Related by Herself. With a Supplement by the Editor. London: Published by F. Westley and A. H. Davis, 1831, at University of North Carolina.
Spartacus Educational: Mary Prince.
"Mary Prince", 100 Great Black Britons
The History of Mary Prince, University of California, Santa Barbara
Mary Prince Course, Coker College, Hartsville, South Carolina
A Slave Account by Mary Prince, Turks & Caicos Museum
Major Problems in American Women's History. Fifth Edition Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning. Edited by Sharon Block at University of California, Irvine and Ruth M. Alexander at Colorado State University and Mary Beth Norton at Cornell University, p. 62.

Category:1788 births
Category:1833 deaths
Category:Black British writers
Category:British abolitionists
Category:Turks and Caicos Islands slaves
Category:Bermudian slaves
Category:Antigua and Barbuda slaves
Category:British people of the Moravian Church
Category:Writers of the Moravian Church
Category:Black British former slaves
Category:People who wrote slave narratives
Category:19th-century British writers
Category:19th-century British women writers
Category:Bermudian non-fiction writers
Category:Bermudian women writers
Category:People from Devonshire Parish
Category:National Heroes of Bermuda


Lawn cloth

Lawn cloth or lawn is a fine plain weave textile, now chiefly of cotton. Terms also used include batiste and nainsook. Originally the name applied to plain weave linen, and linen lawn is also called "handkerchief linen".

Lawn is designed using fine, high-thread-count yarns, which results in a silky, untextured feel. The fabric is made using either combed or carded yarns. When lawn is made using combed yarns, with a soft feel and slight luster, it is known as "nainsook".

The term lawn is also used in the textile industry to refer to a type of starched crisp finish given to a cloth product. The finish can be applied to a variety of fine fabrics,  prints or plain.

Characteristics
Lawn is a lightweight, sheer cloth, crisper than voile but not as crisp as organdy. Lawn is known for its semi-transparency, which can range from gauzy or sheer to an almost opaque effect, known as lining or utility lawn. The finish used on lawn ranges from soft to semi-crisp to crisp, but the fabric is never completely stiff. Lawn can be white, or may be dyed or printed.

History
The term "lawn" derives from "Laon", a city in France, which produced linen lawn.

Uses
Lawn cloth commonly is used for infant wear, handkerchiefs. dresses, blouses, aprons and curtains. Other uses are nightwear, underwear, lingerie,  collar cuffs and shirting.

It is also commonly used in vestments in Anglican churches, such as the surplice and episcopal rochet.

See also
 Textile manufacturing

Notes

Category:Woven fabrics


Marcus Perrin Knowlton

Marcus Perrin Knowlton (February 3, 1839 – May 7, 1918) was an American politician and jurist who served as Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.

He was born in Wilbraham, Massachusetts, to Merrick and Fatima Knowlton. He graduated from Yale University in 1860 and was admitted to the bar in 1862 in Hampden County, where he made his residence in Springfield. He was elected to the City Council, and also represented Springfield in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as well as the Massachusetts Senate.

In 1881, he was appointed to the Massachusetts Superior Court. His career there was successful enough to earn him a spot on the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1887. Following the appointment of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. to the United States Supreme Court in 1902, Knowlton took over as Chief Justice, and he held that position until he retired in 1911 due to failing eyesight.

References

Category:1839 births
Category:1918 deaths
Category:Chief Justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
Category:People from Wilbraham, Massachusetts


Prakovce

Prakovce is a village and municipality in the Gelnica District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia. Total municipality population was in 2011 3397 inhabitants

References

External links
http://en.e-obce.sk/obec/prakovce/prakovce.html
Official homepage

Category:Villages and municipalities in Gelnica District


Francis George Godson

Rev. Francis George Godson MBE was a Methodist minister from the village of Brailes in Warwickshire, and one of the early proponents of a retirement pension for the poor of Barbados.

Family
Godson was the son of Stephen Godson and Mary (Morley). He grew up in the village of Lower Brailes, Warwickshire, England,

He was married, in the former British Guiana, to Florence (Hendy) (18691960), and they had one daughter, Annie Godson (19001999), and one son, also named Francis Godson (19021973).

At the time of his death, he was survived by his children, and also by four grandchildren, Francis Godson and George Godson (both of Barbados), Stephen Godson (Germany), and Maria Creuco (Australia).

Francis Godson is buried in the cemetery of the Bethel Methodist Church on Bay Street in Bridgetown, Barbados.

Social activism
Godson left England in 1890 to spend most of the rest of his life as a Methodist minister in the Caribbean and in British Guiana.

From 1909 until his death, he was resident in Barbados, initially in the north of the island; it was there that he was witness to the poverty of many of the descendants of freed slaves and indentured servants.
As early as the late 1910s, Godson had written to the Barbados Advocate newspaper, appealing for assistance for the poor.  In 1936, he was a member of a legislative committee charged with “investigating the possibility of introducing in Barbados a scheme of old age pensions”. The following year Godson, as an acting-Member of the Legislative Council of Barbados, gave evidence to the Deane Commission of Enquiry, whose final report resulted in an old-age pension scheme coming into operation in Barbados on .

Honours

Francis Godson was awarded the MBE on .

A road, which circles the National Insurance Office on Culloden Road in Bridgetown, is named Francis Godson Drive, in honour of Godson’s work on behalf of the poor of Barbados.

References

Category:1953 deaths
Category:1864 births
Category:Methodist ministers
Category:People from Warwickshire (before 1974)
Category:Colony of Barbados people


Telephone numbers in Costa Rica

Country Code: +506

International Call Prefix: 00

Number plan type: closed

As of 2010 the government body in charge of allocations is the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones SUTEL  (In Spanish)

History of allocations

Prefix 00 was reserved for international calls, while prefix 9 was assigned to special numbers, such as 9-1-1. Toll-free numbers start with 800 followed by 7 digits while premium-rate numbers start with 900 followed by 7 digits.

Before 1994, all phone numbers in Costa Rica were six digits long. The Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, which at that time had the monopoly on telecommunications, introduced a system in which the telephone numbers in every province were assigned a prefix to make them 7 digits long.
This numbering system was effective for some time. However, the boom of mobile phone customers since the introduction of GSM around 2000 and the expansion of metropolitan areas caused a serious shortage of available numbers. Thus many GSM-based customers used numbers starting with 3 and many residents of San Jose province had telephone numbers starting with prefixes other than 2.

Since March 20, 2008, a renewed numbering system added the prefix 2 for all landlines and 8 for all mobile phone numbers. This system was implemented in order to face the introduction of 1.5 million 3G W-CDMA customers in Q1 2009. The transition to 8-digit numbers was heavily publicized in Costa Rican media. However, the change caused considerable confusion among foreigners. Also, all calls dialed using the old 7-digit version of the phone number are automatically redirected to a voice message with information about the change.

In 2010, after the end of the government monopoly in telecommunications, prefixes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were assigned to private operators.

8-digit numbers are commonly written one of two ways: "xxxxxxxx" or "xxxx-xxxx"

Current Costa Rica number plan

Special Costa Rica numbers

References

Sources
SUTEL Registro de Numeración  (In Spanish)
SUTEL Plan Nacional de Numeración (In Spanish)

External links
800 Toll Free Numbers Costa Rica - Phonebook Database

Costa Rica
Category:Costa Rica communications-related lists
Category:Telecommunications in Costa Rica


St. Mary's Cathedral, Urmia

The St. Mary's Cathedral ( ) also called Cathedral of St. Mary the Mother of God Is a religious building of the Catholic church that follows the Chaldean rite and is located in Mehdi Al Ghadam, Mirzaian Street of the city of Urmía in the province of Western Azerbaijan in the north of Iran and near the border with Turkey.

It is a temple that follows the Chaldean or East Syriac Rite and is one of the 4 Chaldean Catholic cathedrals operating in Iran. The church serves as the seat of the Chaldean Catholic Archeparchie of Urmia, suffragan of the Chaldean Catholic diocese of Salmas.

Its construction dates from the period between 1881 and 1885, It was destroyed in 1918 and reopened in 1954. It is under the pastoral responsibility of the Archbishop Thomas Meram.

See also
Roman Catholicism in Iran
St. Mary Church, Urmia

References

Category:Eastern Catholic cathedrals in Iran
Category:Churches in Iran
Category:Buildings and structures in Urmia
Category:Chaldean Catholic cathedrals


Carlos Lopez-Barillas

Carlos Lopez-Barillas is a Guatemalan-born photographer, writer and athlete who has been living and working in the United Kingdom since 1994. His work appears regularly in publications like The New York Times, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Boston Globe, Dallas Morning News. His most recent series of work studies the post-conflict Protestant community of Northern Ireland; previous work includes the last ten years of the conflict in Northern Ireland, the Zapatista rebel uprising in the Mexican state of Chiapas, and the armed conflicts in Central America. His work has recently turned more towards the commercial, architecture, landscape and social documentary areas of photography.

Early life
The Lopez-Barillas family is a Guatemalan family with origins in Spain, Switzerland, and Luxembourg. Lopez-Barillas' father, Carlos Humberto Lopez y Lopez , was a coffee trade businessman and a professional cycling national and international champion in his youth.

During his earlier years Lopez-Barillas was always active in sports, first while attending San Sebastian school in Guatemala City, a school with a long tradition in athletics. This was the foundation for a lasting sporting career.

Some of the Lopez-Barillas family's notable ancestors are:

Second Great Grandfather Jose Venancio Lopez-Requena second president of the Republic (1842).  Jose Venancio was also the first president of the Judicial Courts of Justice and the Supreme Court of the republic.

First Great Grandfather Lucio Lopez, famous landowner who voiced the opposition of the people against President's Rafael Carrera expropriation of communal land program. He was murdered by President Carrera's forces at the patronal house of one of his farms in 1845. A peasant revolt ensued instigated by an armed rebel faction who called themselves "Los Lucios" after the landlord who supported their cause.

The rebels went on a long run of pillaging and plundering throughout much of the east of the country. The revolt came to an end when President Carrera received news that "Los Lucios" were marching towards Guatemala city, camping 30 miles outside the city centre with the intention of taking the city. President Carrera rode to the field where "Los Lucios" were camping and after requesting a truce to dialogue, he met the rebel leaders and promised not to pursue his expropriation program. This successfully ended the revolt.

General Manuel Lisandro Barillas  13th. President of the Republic 1885-1892 Subsequently murdered by President Manuel Estrada Cabrera in 1907 after organizing and supporting an unsuccessful coup attempt against Estrada Cabrera in 1903.  He was murdered while in exile in Mexico.

Brigadier General Policarpo Lopez-Pinto (Great-Grandfather) Governor and Chief-Of-Arms of the estates of Chiquimula and Jalapa in East Guatemala during the rule of President Manuel Estrada Cabrera 1898-1906. He was murdered by orders of president Manuel Estrada Cabrera in 1906 after the Head of the Guatemalan Aristocracy The Aycinena Family expressed their support of General Lopez as the preferred choice to succeed Estrada Cabrera in the presidency.

Carlos Humberto Lopez-Gonzalez (Grandfather) after the conservatives murder his father he turned to Left Wing Political activist and Politician, he supported the 1944 left wing revolution and was minister of transport during the presidency of Juan Jose Arevalo, 1945-1951 and Chief of Customs during the presidency of Jacobo Arbenz 1951-1954.  He was briefly imprisoned and released during the right wing counter-revolution in 1955.  He died of natural causes in 1979.

Through his maternal grandfather, Adolfo Mazariegos, Carlos is a direct descendant of Diego de Mazariegos, Conquistador of the region of Chiapas Mexico, and First Lieutenant Governor of Chiapas between 1528-1529.  Diego Mazariegos was the first cousin of Alonso de Estrada, a Colonial Official and Governor of New Spain between 1525 and 1528,  Alonso was allegedly the illegitimate son of King Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Career
During his younger years, Lopez-Barillas spent a short spell working as a fashion photographer for the fashion magazine Amiga, Upon closure of the magazine he was offered a post in the news section of the local daily Prensa Libre, an experience which marked the transformation of his work from fashion to reportage and investigative journalism. He worked there for a few years until he was offered a post with the American news agency the Associated Press (AP).

Lopez-Barillas continued working for AP until his subsequent move to live in Europe in 1996, when he developed a working relationship with the US Daily The New York Times.  Apart from his documentary work, his work includes high level investigations into corruption of public institutions and non-governmental organisations NGO's.

Among other awards, he received a replica of the Nobel Peace Prize medal from Nobel laureate Rigoberta Menchú in December 1994 for his documentary and humanitarian work.

Sports
In his youth Lopez-Barillas won several Guatemalan skateboarding competitions, specialising in pool and vertical riding, he went to win the national aerial championship in 1978 with a recorded 6-foot high aerial. His interest with board based sports extended into surfing. He became active in swimming and waterpolo during his university years, first joining the national university USAC team, and later drafted into the Guatemalan National Waterpolo Squad where he played over 100 international caps, between 1980 and 1995. Among other victories, he played in the different teams that won the national waterpolo and swimming championships between 1981 and 1995, He won gold medals in the Central American Games in 1985, 1989, and 1993, also gold in the Central America Mexico and Caribbean games of 1986 and 1990. After his move to Europe he continued playing waterpolo in Ireland, playing with the team Clonard in the first division of the Irish Waterpolo League. Lopez-Barillas suffered a serious accident while snowboarding in 2002, fracturing his left arm and requiring reconstructive surgery to his left wrist and hand, to date he is still active in skateboarding, snowboarding, surfing and kite surfing. He is still active playing Squash at competition level in London, UK.

References

External links
 http://www.lopezphoto.co.uk
 http://www.electricstormstudios.com

Category:Guatemalan photographers
Category:Guatemalan people of Spanish descent
Category:Guatemalan people of Swiss descent
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Guatemalan emigrants to England


List of Brazilian films of 2012

This is a list of Brazilian films released in 2012.

See also
2012 in Brazil
2012 in Brazilian television

References

2012
Films
Brazilian


Legislative district of Nueva Vizcaya

The Legislative District of Nueva Vizcaya is the representation of the province of Nueva Vizcaya in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The province is currently represented in the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines through its lone congressional district.

History
Nueva Vizcaya was first represented in the Philippine Assembly in 1916, which included the present-day Quirino Province in 1972. From 1978 to 1984 it was part of the representation of Region II, and since 1984 it has been represented on its own.

Lone District
Population (2015): 452,287

At-large (defunct)

See also
Legislative district of Quirino

References

Nueva Vizcaya
Category:Politics of Nueva Vizcaya


Misari Regatta

Misari Regatta is a boat racing track and park located in the neighborhood of Misa-dong in Hanam City, Gyeonggi Province, in the vicinity of 20 km east of Seoul, South Korea. It was established for the rowing and canoeing competition during the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Olympics. The place has a 4.4 million square meters in total, the lake area of which covers 2,212 m in length, 140m in width and depth 3m. The area was originally a small island surrounded by sand which made its scenery as beautiful as if it were waving, so was named "Misa-ri" (sand waving) in Korean.

References

External links
Canoeing and canoodling by the waterfront at the JoongAng Daily

Category:Sports venues in Gyeonggi Province
Category:Sport in Gyeonggi Province
Category:Venues of the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic canoeing venues
Category:Olympic rowing venues
Category:Buildings and structures in Hanam
Category:Venues of the 1986 Asian Games


Gazprom-OGU Orenburg

Gazprom-OGU Orenburg is an ice hockey team in Orenburg, Russia. They play in the Vysshaya Liga, the second level of Russian ice hockey. The club was founded in 1998, and affiliated with Dynamo Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League in 2008.

External links
Official site

Category:Ice hockey teams in Russia
Category:Sport in Orenburg
Category:Ice hockey clubs established in 1998


2006 Italian general election in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol

The Italian general election of 2006 took place on 10–11 April 2006.

In Trentino the centre-right came first narrowly ahead of the centre-left, as it happened nationally, while in South Tyrol the South Tyrolean People's Party led the centre-left to a major victory, but lost almost 10% of the vote from 2001 due to the alliance with Italian parties.

Results

Chamber of Deputies

Trentino

|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Coalition leader
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|votes
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|votes (%)
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Party
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|votes
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|votes (%)
|-
!rowspan="9" align="left" valign="top"|Romano Prodi
|rowspan="9" valign="top"|165,413
|rowspan="9" valign="top"|50.1

|align="left"|The Olive Tree
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy
Democrats of the Left
|valign="top"|99,131
|valign="top"|30.0
|-
|align="left"|South Tyrolean People's Party
|valign="top"|16,738
|valign="top"|5.1
|-
|align="left"|Communist Refoundation Party
|valign="top"|14,834
|valign="top"|4.5
|-
|align="left"|Italy of Values
|valign="top"|8,923
|valign="top"|2.7
|-
|align="left"|Federation of the Greens
|valign="top"|8,368
|valign="top"|2.5
|-
|align="left"|Rose in the Fist
Italian Democratic Socialists
Italian Radicals
|valign="top"|7,451
|valign="top"|2.3
|-
|align="left"|Party of Italian Communists
|valign="top"|4,774
|valign="top"|1.5
|-
|align="left"|Pensioners' Party
|valign="top"|3,994
|valign="top"|1.2
|-
|align="left"|others
|valign="top"|1,200
|valign="top"|0.4

|-
!rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top"|Silvio Berlusconi
|rowspan="6" valign="top"|164,036
|rowspan="6" valign="top"|49.7

|align="left"|Forza Italia
|valign="top"|76,355
|valign="top"|23.1
|-
|align="left"|National Alliance
|valign="top"|30,773
|valign="top"|9.3
|-
|align="left"|Lega Nord
|valign="top"|25,947
|valign="top"|7.9
|-
|align="left"|Union of Christian and Centre Democrats
|valign="top"|25,819
|valign="top"|7.8
|-
|align="left"|Tricolour Flame
|valign="top"|2,264
|valign="top"|0.7
|-
|align="left"|others
|valign="top"|2,878
|valign="top"|0.9

|-
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Others
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|529
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|0.2

|align="left"|others
|valign="top"|529
|valign="top"|0.2

|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total coalitions
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|329,978
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total parties
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|329,978
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
|}
Source: Ministry of the Interior

South Tyrol

|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Coalition leader
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|votes
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|votes (%)
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Party
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|votes
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|votes (%)
|-
!rowspan="8" align="left" valign="top"|Romano Prodi
|rowspan="8" valign="top"|231,935
|rowspan="8" valign="top"|74.6

|align="left"|South Tyrolean People's Party
|valign="top"|165,966
|valign="top"|53.4
|-
|align="left"|The Olive Tree
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy
Democrats of the Left
|valign="top"|33,458
|valign="top"|10.8
|-
|align="left"|Federation of the Greens
|valign="top"|16,753
|valign="top"|5.4
|-
|align="left"|Communist Refoundation Party
|valign="top"|4,711
|valign="top"|1.5
|-
|align="left"|Rose in the Fist
Italian Democratic Socialists
Italian Radicals
|valign="top"|3,915
|valign="top"|1.3
|-
|align="left"|Italy of Values
|valign="top"|3,315
|valign="top"|1.1
|-
|align="left"|Party of Italian Communists
|valign="top"|2,127
|valign="top"|0.7
|-
|align="left"|others
|valign="top"|1,609
|valign="top"|0.5

|-
!rowspan="5" align="left" valign="top"|Silvio Berlusconi
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|62,344
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|20.1

|align="left"|Forza Italia
|valign="top"|30,323
|valign="top"|9.8
|-
|align="left"|National Alliance
|valign="top"|21,366
|valign="top"|6.9
|-
|align="left"|Union of Christian and Centre Democrats
|valign="top"|5,342
|valign="top"|1.7
|-
|align="left"|Lega Nord
|valign="top"|2,809
|valign="top"|0.9
|-
|align="left"|others
|valign="top"|2,504
|valign="top"|0.8

|-
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Pius Leitner
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|16,654
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|5.4

|align="left"|Die Freiheitlichen
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|16,654
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|5.4

|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total coalitions
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|310,933
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total parties
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|310,933
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
|}
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Category:Elections in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Category:2006 elections in Italy


Glyfada, Patras

Glyfada () is a neighbourhood in the city of Patras, Achaea, Greece.

Category:Neighborhoods in Patras


1988–89 Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey season

The 1988–89 Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team represented the Harvard University in college ice hockey. In its 18th year under head coach Bill Cleary the team compiled a 31–3–0 record and reached the NCAA tournament for the fourteenth time. The Crimson defeated Minnesota 4–3 in overtime to win the championship game at the St. Paul Civic Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Season
After spending the previous year playing for the US National Team at the 1988 Winter Olympics, Lane MacDonald and Allen Bourbeau returned to Harvard and led a very experienced team that was looking to being the Crimson its first national championship. MacDonald was named team captain and placed on the top line along with Bourbeau and C. J. Young. Over the course of the season Harvard was led by its upper-classmen, with nearly two thirds of the game-to-game roster coming from the veterans. However, the Crimson got major contributions from underclassmen as well. Sophomores Peter Ciavaglia and Ted Donato earned their place on the second line with the former leading the team in scoring. In net Bill Cleary decided to go with a goaltending tandem with the two freshmen Allain Roy and Chuckie Hughes alternating starts.

Fast Start
The Crimson began the year with five wins against different conference opponents, though none were particularly strong squads. The first real test for Harvard came against Hockey East powerhouse Boston College where the two Boston-area rivals battled into overtime where the ivy-leaguers took the game. In the three succeeding games Harvard absolutely pounded their ECAC opponents, scoring 27 goals and routing the competition. Harvard ended 1988 with a pair of games against New Hampshire teams. After an overtime win over UNH the Crimson smashed long-time rival Dartmouth 10–0, Harvard's only shutout of the season.

Number One
Harvard began the second half of its season in early January and looked to have lost a bit of a step during their three-week break; they continued to win games but their massive goal differentials had vanished. Just when it looked like they were vulnerable, however, the Crimson soundly beat previously-undefeated St. Lawrence and claimed the #1 ranking. The 15–0 Crimson were off to their best start since the depression but couldn't build on their lead for another two weeks. When they finally returned to the ice at the end of the month their offense was nowhere to be found against their arch-rival Yale and Harvard suffered its first loss of the season. The Crimson recovered for the next two games, winning easily against two of the conference's worst teams, before heading to the Boston Garden for the start of the Beanpot.

Beanpot Champions
Despite Harvard's success throughout the 1980s the program hadn't won a Beanpot semifinal since 1981 and they wouldn't have an easy task in the first game as they faced Boston College who were looking for revenge after the earlier loss. Once more the squads fought a close game but Harvard was able to come out as the victor once more, setting up a championship showdown against Boston University a week later. In the meantime Harvard played a pair of road games and suffered their second loss of the season, losing in overtime to 3rd-place Colgate. The Beanpot championship came two days after the loss and Harvard's forwards ran roughshod over the Terriers, scoring nine times to win the match and give the program its ninth Beanpot title.

Harvard faced a bit of a gauntlet in the final two weeks of the regular season, going up against two of the top teams in the conference, but Harvard was able to sweep both weekends and cement its 4th-consecutive ECAC title.

ECAC Tournament
Harvard began the conference tournament by hosting Rensselaer in the best-of-three quarterfinals and won two games handily. The Crimson headed back to Boston Garden for the championship rounds and found themselves in a touch match against the upstart Vermont Catamounts. They fought to a 2–2 draw after regulation and when the sixth-seed team were the ones to find the back of the net Harvard headed to its third consolation game of in four years. While they won the match against Cornell, Harvard's loss in the semifinal gave the top eastern seed to Maine despite the Crimson's 27–3 record.

NCAA Tournament
The slightly lowering of their ranking still gave Harvard a first-round bye in the national tournament, allowing the Crimson to wait at home for their opponent. In late March Harvard played their final home games of the season against defending national champion Lake Superior State and the difference between the two could not have been greater. While Harvard was a fast-skating finesse team, the Lakers were a hard-nosed checking group that relied on their All-American goalie Bruce Hoffort to bail them out on the penalty kill. Harvard's goaltending tandem were able to keep LSSU from scoring much in the two games, allowing the Crimson to win both games and advance to their fourth Frozen Four of the decade.

In the semifinal Harvard faced the team that had stopped them from winning the 1986 Championship in Michigan State. The senior class for MSU remembered the win over Harvard and leading-scorer Bobby Reynolds remarked:

"Thank God we're not playing Minnesota."

The relief over facing the Ivy-leaguers was soon erased when Harvard scored twice in the first while Allain Roy stood on his head to make a spectacular save on Reynolds' wrap-around chance. In the end it was the boys from the east who skated away with the victory in front of a mostly-MSU cheering 15,000.

Title Game
The championship game pitted two teams who had been desperately trying to win the title over the previous decade but came up empty each year. While Harvard wore their home whites it was Minnesota who had a sellout crowd cheering for them in their backyard of Saint Paul. Just prior to the game Lane MacDonald received the Hobey Baker Award, giving both teams a national player of the year (Robb Stauber had won the award in 1988). Both teams were anxious to win the championship and came out flying at the start of the game. Minnesota got on the board first with a fairly soft goal from the stick of Jon Anderson. In Harvard's zeal to tie up the game they took three consecutive penalties in the first period but the penalty kill, which had been good all season, stood strong and prevented Minnesota from extending its lead.

In the second in was Minnesota's turn in the box and the Gophers received three straight minors to start the middle frame. In the second power play for Harvard, Ted Donato fired a shot from the point and the puck sailed past Stauber's glove to tie the score. Four minutes later, just after the Gophers killed off the third penalty, Lane MacDonald managed to get behind Minnesota's defensemen and cut across the front of the net before beating a sprawled Stauber to give Harvard its first lead. Three and a half minutes later Minnesota finally broke through on the power play and the two teams skated into intermission tied at 2.

Minnesota had the balance of power in the third but it was Donato who found the back of the net first, giving Harvard the lead with just over 7 minutes to play. The Gophers fought furiously to tie the score and managed to do just that on their third power play of the period. In overtime Minnesota nearly won the game when a shot from Randy Skarda beat Chuckie Hughes' blocker but it hit the post square and bounced straight back. A few minutes later Harvard won a faceoff in Minnesota's end and Brian McCormack shot a puck from the point. It rebounded off of Stauber and while Peter Ciavaglia was being tackled by Skarda, Ed Krayer picked up the puck, skated a few feet towards the corner, and backhanded a puck that eluded Stauber. The overtime goal silenced the partisan crowd while the cheers from the Harvard squad echoed throughout the building.

Awards and Honors
Ted Donato's two goals in the final games helped him win tournament MOP honors, and he was joined on the All-Tournament team by Kevin Sneddon, Lane MacDonald and Allain Roy. MacDonald's Hobey Baker award was the third for Harvard in a seven-year span and he was the only member of the team to make the AHCA All-American East First Team though linemate C. J. Young made the Second Team. MacDonald was also ECAC Player of the Year and an All-ECAC First Team member. Young, Allen Bourbeau and Peter Ciavaglia made second-team all-conference. As they had been equally critical to the team's success all season, it was fitting that Allain Roy and Chuckie Hughes shared the goaltending spot on the All-ECAC Rookie Team.

Head Coach Bill Cleary remained behind the bench for one more season before becoming the Athletic Director, leaving the '89 season as crowning jewel of his illustrious career.

Standings

Schedule

|-
!colspan=12 style=";" | Regular Season

|-
!colspan=12 style=";" |

|-
!colspan=12 style=";" |

|- align="center" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
|colspan=12|Harvard Won Series 2-0

|-
!colspan=12 style=";" |

|- align="center" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
|colspan=12|Harvard Won Series 2-0

Roster and scoring statistics

Goaltending statistics

1989 Championship Game

(W2) Minnesota vs. (E2) Harvard

Players drafted into the NHL

1989 NHL Entry Draft

† incoming freshman

1989 NHL Supplemental Draft

See also
1989 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
List of NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament champions

References

Category:Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey seasons
Category:NCAA men's ice hockey Frozen Four seasons
Category:NCAA men's ice hockey championship seasons
Harvard Crimson
Harvard Crimson
Harvard Crimson
Category:1989 in sports


Israel College of the Bible

Israel College of the Bible () is a private Hebrew-speaking Messianic Bible college in Israel. It is an independent academically accredited institution. The campus moved to its new premises in Netanya, Israel in 2010, and has several hundred students in its programs. Israel College of the Bible hosts a large Messianic library. The College has been accused by anti-missionary groups as being at the "forefront of missionary activity in Israel".

Description
Israel College of the Bible (ICB) was founded in 1990 and provides theological and practical training at a Bible school inside the country for Israelis who would previously have had to travel abroad for equivalent courses. It provides theological training for both Israelis and foreign students, and it provides ministry training and leadership development for followers of Jesus. The emphasis and the majority of programs are focused on training Israelis, both Jewish and Arab, but a Year in Israel Program is available to international students, and distance learning courses are available online in English. The college is accredited through the European Evangelical Accrediting Association and the Asia Theological Association, although Israel's Ministry of Education does not recognise its degrees.

Israel College of the Bible celebrates the Jewish holidays and keeps an emphasis in the curriculum on their Jewish heritage, but claims to be "very inclusive, and live very harmoniously with our Arab brothers and sisters and our Gentile brothers and sisters".
 The "Linga" organisation of Arab Christians in Israel has also affirmed this connection and has celebrated the graduation of several Arab students who had gained their qualifications from the ICB.

The primary language of the college is Hebrew, with some courses also taught in Russian and English. The teaching staff are all Israeli, including both Jewish and Arab, and the students also come from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds from within Israel. Additionally there are international students each year from countries around the world.

Academic scope
Israel College of the Bible faculty expertise is primarily in the areas of Bible and Theology, Jewish studies, Biblical Geography and Culture, Archaeology, Practical Ministry, and Leadership and Counseling. The college offers an international Bachelor of Theology, a Hebrew Bachelor of Theology, a "Year in Israel Program", a Bikurim program, a Bachelor of Arts degree and Master of Arts counselling. Semester credits can be applied to a certificate in Messianic Studies.

All teachers are Israeli believers in Jesus as the Messiah, and come from a variety of cultural backgrounds.

Selected courses in Hebrew
Theology and hermeneutics; The Messiah in the Jewish Scriptures; Introduction to the New Testament; Greek; Biblical Aramaic; The Torah; Doctrine of the Messiah and of salvation; Doctrine of man, sin and salvation; Family and marriage counseling; Pastoral counseling.

Selected courses in English
Biblical Archaeology; Biblical Geography; New Testament Backgrounds; Messianic Prophecies; Biblical Hebrew; Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith; The Feasts of Israel; Jewish Apologetics; Jewish Christian Relations; Kingdom and Covenants

Activities and promotion of Messianic Judaism in Israel
The college is the headquarters of One For Israel, which both supports the growth of the Messianic community in Israel, and promotes understanding of Messianic Judaism abroad. There is a media center on the premises, with radio and video studios to broadcast music and teaching, as well as being the hub of several websites about the Messianic faith. Eitan Bar, co-founder of One For Israel and Media Director at Israel College of the Bible, claimed that, "The single best and most important way to support Israel is by sharing Yeshua with Israeli Jews and Arabs – and that is what we at oneforisrael.org are all about: Israeli Jews who share the gospel with our own brothers and sisters in a relevant way via media".

Regular excursions exploring Biblical Archaeology, Geography of the Bible, Cultural and Historical Background of the New Testament, and History and Theology of Modern Israel are scheduled for the students around the country of Israel as part of their studies and recreation. Additionally, ICB Tours has been developed to provide study tours for Christians wanting to visit Israel in the context of academic Bible study. Tours are led by "professional, Messianic guides".

The college partners with local authorities in distributing food to the poor and elderly in the city.

Criticism
Messianic Judaism is typically seen negatively, and even as a threat, within Israel. The leading anti-missionary organisation, Yad L'Achim, declared the college to be at the "forefront of missionary activity in Israel". Rabbi Tzvi Wilhelm, rabbi of the Chabad synagogue north of Netanya, objected to teaching about Jesus, who broke away from many Jewish traditions and rabbinic law, terming the subject matter "idolatry". Rabbi Irwin Birnbaum, a former Conservative rabbi in Netanya, considers the activities of followers of Jesus in Israel to be "worse than the Holocaust", and that they are set on destroying Israel.

References

Category:Bible colleges
Category:Christian universities and colleges in Israel
Category:Christian Zionism
Category:Messianic Judaism
Category:Universities and colleges in Netanya
Category:1990 establishments in Israel
Category:Educational institutions established in 1990


Byzantine coinage

Byzantine currency, money used in the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the West, consisted of mainly two types of coins: the gold solidus and a variety of clearly valued bronze coins. By the end of the empire the currency was issued only in silver stavrata and minor copper coins with no gold issue.

The East Roman or Byzantine Empire established and operated several mints throughout its history. Aside from the main metropolitan mint in the capital, Constantinople, a varying number of provincial mints were also established in other urban centres, especially during the 6th century. Most provincial mints except for Syracuse were closed or lost to invasions by the mid-7th century. After the loss of Syracuse in 878, Constantinople became the sole mint for gold and silver coinage until the late 11th century, when major provincial mints began to re-appear. Many mints, both imperial and, as the Byzantine world fragmented, belonging to autonomous local rulers, were operated in the 12th to 14th centuries. Constantinople and Trebizond, the seat of the independent Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461), survived until their conquest by the Ottoman Turks in the mid-15th century.

Iconography

Early Byzantine coins continue the late Roman conventions: on the obverse the head of the Emperor, now full face rather than in profile, and on the reverse, usually a Christian symbol such as the cross, or a Victory or an angel (the two tending to merge into one another). The gold coins of Justinian II departed from these stable conventions by putting a bust of Christ on the obverse, and a half or full-length portrait of the Emperor on the reverse.  These innovations incidentally had the effect of leading the Islamic Caliph Abd al-Malik, who had previously copied Byzantine styles but replacing Christian symbols with Islamic equivalents, finally to develop a distinctive Islamic style, with only lettering on both sides.  This was then used on nearly all Islamic coinage until the modern period.

The type of Justinian II was revived after the end of Iconoclasm, and with variations remained the norm until the end of the Empire.

In the 10th century, so-called "anonymous folles" were struck instead of the earlier coins depicting the emperor. The anonymous folles featured the bust of Jesus on the obverse and the inscription "XRISTUS/bASILEU/bASILE", which translates to "Christ, Emperor of Emperors"

Byzantine coins followed, and took to the furthest extreme, the tendency of precious metal coinage to get thinner and wider as time goes on. Late Byzantine gold coins became thin wafers that could be bent by hand.

The Byzantine coinage had a prestige that lasted until near the end of the Empire. European rulers, once they again started issuing their own coins, tended to follow a simplified version of Byzantine patterns, with full face ruler portraits on the obverse.

Denominations
The start of what is viewed as Byzantine currency by numismatics began with the monetary reform of Anastasius in 498, who reformed the late Roman Empire coinage system which consisted of the gold solidus and the bronze nummi. The nummus was an extremely small bronze coin, at about 8–10 mm, weight of 0.56 g making it at 576 to the Roman pound which was inconvenient because a large number of them were required even for small transactions.

New bronze coins, multiples of the nummus were introduced, such as the 40 nummi (also known as the follis), 20 nummi (also known as the semifollis), 10 nummi (also known as the decanummium, and 5 nummi coins (also known as the pentanummium); other denominations were occasionally produced. The obverse (front) of these coins featured a highly stylized portrait of the emperor while the reverse (back) featured the value of the denomination represented according to the Greek numbering system (M=40, Λ=30, K=20, I=10, E=5). Silver coins were rarely produced.

The only regularly issued silver coin was the Hexagram first issued by Heraclius in 615 which lasted until the end of the 7th century, minted in varying fineness with a weight generally between 7.5 and 8.5 grams. It was succeeded by the initially ceremonial miliaresion established by Leo III the Isaurian in ca. 720, which became standard issue from ca. 830 on and until the late 11th century, when it was discontinued after being severely debased. Small transactions were conducted with bronze coinage throughout this period.

The gold solidus or nomisma remained a standard of international commerce until the 11th century, when it began to be debased under successive emperors beginning in the 1030s under the emperor Romanos Argyros (1028–1034). Until that time, the fineness of the gold remained consistent at about 0.955–0.980.

The Byzantine monetary system changed during the 7th century when the 40 nummi (also known as the follis), now significantly smaller, became the only bronze coin to be regularly issued. Although Justinian II (685–695 and 705–711) attempted a restoration of the follis size of Justinian I, the follis continued to slowly decrease in size.

In the early 9th century, a three-fourths-weight solidus was issued in parallel with a full-weight solidus, both preserving the standard of fineness, under a failed plan to force the market to accept the underweight coins at the value of the full weight coins. The 11⁄12 weight coin was called a tetarteron (a Greek comparative adjective, literally "fourth-er"), and the full weight solidus was called the histamenon. The tetarteron was unpopular and was only sporadically reissued during the 10th century. The full weight solidus was struck at 72 to the Roman pound, roughly 4.48 grams in weight. There were also solidi of weight reduced by one siliqua issued for trade with the Near East. These reduced solidi, with a star both on obverse and reverse, weighed about 4.25 g.

The Byzantine solidus was valued in Western Europe, where it became known as the bezant, a corruption of Byzantium.  The term bezant then became the name for the heraldic symbol of a roundel, tincture or - i.e. a gold disc.

Alexius I reforms

Former money changer Michael IV the Paphlagonian (1034–41) assumed the throne of Byzantium in 1034 and began the slow process of debasing both the tetarteron nomisma and the histamenon nomisma. The debasement was gradual at first, but then accelerated rapidly. about 21 carats (87.5% pure) during the reign of Constantine IX (1042–1055), 18 carats (75%) under Constantine X (1059–1067), 16 carats (66.7%) under Romanus IV (1068–1071), 14 carats (58%) under Michael VII (1071–1078), 8 carats (33%) under Nicephorus III (1078–1081) and 0 to 8 carats during the first eleven years of the reign of Alexius I (1081–1118). Under Alexius I Comnenus (1081–1118) the debased solidus (tetarteron and histamenon) was discontinued and a gold coinage of higher fineness (generally .900-.950) was established, commonly called the hyperpyron at 4.45 grs. The hyperpyron was slightly smaller than the solidus.

It was introduced along with the electrum aspron trachy worth a third of a hyperpyron and about 25% gold and 75% silver, the billon aspron trachy or stamenon  valued at 48 to the hyperpyron and with 7% silver wash and the copper tetarteron and noummion worth 18 and 36 to the billon aspron trachy.

Andronicus II reforms

During Andronicus II's reign he instituted a some new coinage based on the hyperpyron. They were the silver miliaresion or basilika at 12 to the hyperpyron and the billon politika at 96 per hyperpyron.
along with the copper assaria, tournesia and follara
The basilikon was a copy of the Venetian ducat and circulated since 1304 for fifty years.

The hyperpyron remained in regular issue and circulation until the 1350s, remaining in use thereafter only as a money of account. After 1400, Byzantine coinage became insignificant, as Italian money became the predominant circulating coinage.

These scyphate (cup-shaped) coins known as trachy were issued in both electrum (debased gold) and billon (debased silver). The exact reason for such coins is not known, although it is usually theorized that they were shaped for easier stacking.

1367 reform

During this last phase of Byzantine coinage gold issues were discontinued and a regular silver issue was commenced. The denomination was the Stavraton issued in 1, ,  and  stavraton. Also issued were the copper follaro and tornesse.

Buying power

It is possible to get some small snapshots in time, specific to region, culture and local inflation. The literary world is littered with references to prices from different time frames. A good portion of them may be inaccurate or tainted by translation.

At Jerusalem in the sixth century a building worker received  solidus per day, that is 9 folles.  solidus was earned by a casual labourer at Alexandria in the early seventh century. A family's vegetable allowance for one day cost 5 folles. A pound of fish 6 folles, a loaf of bread was 3 folles worth at a time of shortage.  The cheapest blanket was worth  solidus, a second-hand cloak 1 solidus, and a donkey 3 or 4 solidi.

Relative values

See also

 Roman currency
 Medieval Bulgarian coinage
 Sasanian coinage
 bezant

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Byzantine coinage by rulers
 Byzantine coinage by Sear numbers
 Digital Library Numis (DLN) Online books and articles on Byzantine coins
 Talking about Ancient and Byzantine Coins: Interview with Yannis Stoyas An informative October 2015 interview on the Byzantine coinage with a leading Greek numismatist

Category:Economy of the Byzantine Empire
Category:Coins of ancient Rome
Category:Numismatics


Gangs of Wasseypur

{{Infobox film
| name           = Gangs of Wasseypur
| image          = Gangs of wasseypur.jpg
| caption        =
| director       = Anurag Kashyap
| producer       = Atul ShuklaAnurag KashyapSunil BohraViacom 18 Motion Pictures
| screenplay     =
| writer         = Zeishan QuadriAkhileshSachin LadiaAnurag KashyapAkhilesh Jaiswal
| starring       = Manoj BajpaiJaideep AhlawatNawazuddin SiddiquiHuma QureshiTigmanshu DhuliaVineet Kumar SinghPiyush MishraPankaj TripathiRicha ChaddaReemma Sen
| music          = Sneha Khanwalkar (soundtrack)G. V. Prakash Kumar (score)
| cinematography = Rajeev Ravi
| editing        = Shweta Venkat
| studio         = Anurag Kashyap Films  Jar Pictures Elle Driver Productions
| distributor    = Viacom 18 Motion Pictures
| released       =
| runtime        = 319 minutes<ref name=Runtime>{{cite web|title=GANS OF WASSEYPUR – PART 1 (15) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/gangs-wasseypur-2013 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130419202946/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/gangs-wasseypur-2013 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2013 |work=British Board of Film Classification |accessdate=9 February 2013 }}</ref>
| country        = India
| language       = Hindi
| budget         =
| gross          =
}}Gangs of Wasseypur (stylised as Gangs of वासेपुर) is a 2012 Indian two-part crime film, produced and directed by Anurag Kashyap, and written by Kashyap and Zeishan Quadri. Centered on the coal mafia (Mafia Raj) of Dhanbad, and the underlying power struggles, politics and vengeance between three crime families, the film features an ensemble cast, with Manoj Bajpai, Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Huma Qureshi, Richa Chadda and Tigmanshu Dhulia in the major roles. Its story spans from the early 1940s to the 2000s. Both parts were originally shot as a single film measuring a total of 319 minutes and screened at the 2012 Cannes Directors' Fortnight, but, since no Indian theatre would volunteer to screen a more-than-five-hour film, it was divided into two parts for the Indian market.

Anurag had also revealed twice - once in 2010 and once in 2018 - that the Tamil movie, Subramaniapuram (2008) was the inspiration for this movie series.

Most characters in this film are from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Wasseypur.

Cast

 Manoj Bajpai as Sardar Khan, Shahid Khan's son
 Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Faizal Khan, Sardar's second son
 Huma Qureshi as Mohsina Hamid, Faizal's wife
 Piyush Mishra as Nasir, Sardar's uncle
 Jameel Khan as Asghar Khan, Sardar's cousin
 Jaideep Ahlawat as Shahid Khan, the patriarch of the Khan family.
 Tigmanshu Dhulia as Ramadhir Singh, a criminal cum politician.
 Satya Anand as J.P Singh, Ramadhir's son
 Richa Chadda as Nagma Khatun, Sardar's first wife
 Zeishan Quadri as Definite Khan, Sardar's third son
 Reema Sen as Durga, Sardar's second wife
 Pankaj Tripathi as Sultan Qureshi, nephew of sultana daku, one of Sardar's enemies.
 Vipin Sharma as Ehsan Qureshi, Sultan's uncle
 Vineet Kumar Singh as Danish Khan, Sardar's eldest son
 Aditya Kumar as Babu "Babua/Perpendicular" Khan, Sardar's fourth son
 Anurita Jha as Shama Parveen, Danish's wife and Sultan's sister
 Murari Kumar as Guddu
 Yashpal Sharma as Occasional Singer (Guest Appearance)
 Rajkummar Rao as Shamshad Alam
 Shankar as Shankar
 Hazrat Ali as Definite Khan (young)
 Tilak Raj Mishra as Sanjeev
 Syed Khan as Iqbal Khan
 Naman Tiwari as Ajay Singh (young)
 Aniket Raj as Vijay Singh (young)
 Jaikumar Solanki as Jatin
 Sanjay Varma as Inspector Udayveer Singh
 Sandeep Arora as ACP Jadhav
 Pramod Pathak as Sultana Daku
 Harish Khanna as Yadav
 Raj Singh as Thakur
 Sam Raj as Raj
 Vicky Nanavare as Parallel Khan, Sardar's fifth son
 Uncredited child as Firoz Khan, Faizal's son

Parts

Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1

Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2

 Critical reception
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film holds a 96% approval rating, based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8.36/10. The film holds a Metacritic score of 89 based on 10 reviews, indicating "[u]niversal acclaim".

Critic Danny Bowes of RogerEbert.com called it "[o]ne of the most ambitious gangster films ever made, and quite possibly one of the best", writing that it is "worthy of discussion alongside Coppola's first two “Godfather” films, or Leone's “Once Upon a Time in America.”" Salon's Andrew O'Hehir wrote: "As a rich and exuberant character-driven crime saga in an idiom you absolutely have not encountered before, and a dense, unsentimental portrayal of the collision between democracy, capitalism and gangsterism on the frayed margins of the post-colonial world, Gangs of Wasseypur is a signal achievement in 21st-century cinema."

In 2019, The Guardian ranked Gangs of Wasseypur in 59th place in its 100 best films of the 21st century list.

Awards and Nominations

Sequel
There was a rumored third part of the franchise, named Gangs of Wasseypur 1.5''. However, Director Kashyap discarded the rumors and confirmed there won't be a third part of the franchise.

Notes

References

See also
Faheem Khan

External links

Category:2012 films
Category:Indian films about revenge
Category:2010s Hindi-language films
Category:Indian films
Category:Indian crime drama films
Category:Films set in the 1940s
Category:Films set in the 1950s
Category:Films set in the 1960s
Category:Films set in the 1970s
Category:Films set in the 1980s
Category:Films set in the 1990s
Category:2010s crime drama films
Category:Indian crime thriller films
Category:Indian gangster films
Category:Indian epic films
Category:Films set in Bihar
Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh
Category:Films set in West Bengal
Category:Films shot in India
Category:Films set in India
Category:Films about organised crime in India
Category:Films about corruption in India
Category:Film series
Category:Films set in the British Empire
Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement
Category:Films directed by Anurag Kashyap
Category:Crime in Jharkhand
Category:Films shot in Bihar
Category:Films released in separate parts
Category:Films with screenplays by Anurag Kashyap


Santa María Department

Santa María Department may refer to:
 Santa María Department, Catamarca, in Argentina
 Santa María Department, Córdoba, in Argentina


Osama Mazini

Osama Mazini (, ) is a senior political leader of Hamas, a Palestinian paramilitary and political organization with ties to the group's military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.

He was in charge of negotiation affairs dealing with captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit.

In a 2006 sermon, he criticized Pope Benedict XVI over the latter's remarks on Islam, saying that the pontiff was criminal and arrogant.

During Israel's air strikes against the Gaza Strip in December 2008, Mazini warned Israel about sending in ground forces, stating "the people of Gaza are waiting to see the Zionist enemy in Gaza to tear them into pieces of flesh."

References

Category:Hamas members
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)