Energy density

Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume. Colloquially it may also be used for energy per unit mass, though the accurate term for this is specific energy.  Often only the useful or extractable energy is measured, which is to say that inaccessible energy (such as rest mass energy) is ignored. In cosmological and other general relativistic contexts, however, the energy densities considered are those that correspond to the elements of the stress–energy tensor and therefore do include mass energy as well as energy densities associated with the pressures described in the next paragraph.

Energy per unit volume has the same physical units as pressure, and in many circumstances is a synonym: for example, the energy density of a magnetic field may be expressed as (and behaves as) a physical pressure, and the energy required to compress a compressed gas a little more may be determined by multiplying the difference between the gas pressure and the external pressure by the change in volume. In short, pressure is a measure of the enthalpy per unit volume of a system.  A pressure gradient has the potential to perform work on the surroundings by converting enthalpy to work until equilibrium is reached.

Introduction to energy density

There are different types of energy stored in materials, and it takes a particular type of reaction to release each type of energy. In order of the typical magnitude of the energy released, these types of reactions are: nuclear, chemical, electrochemical, and electrical.

Nuclear reactions take place in stars and nuclear power plants, both of which derive energy from the binding energy of nuclei. Chemical reactions are used by animals to derive energy from food, and by automobiles to derive energy from gasoline. Liquid hydrocarbons (fuels such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene) are today the most dense way known to economically store and  transport chemical energy at a very large scale (1 kg of diesel fuel burns with the oxygen contained in ~15 kg of air). Electrochemical reactions are used by most mobile devices such as laptop computers and mobile phones to release the energy from batteries.

Types of energy content
There are several different types of energy content. One is the theoretical total amount of thermodynamic work that can be derived from a system, with a given temperature and pressure for the surroundings. This is called exergy. Another is the theoretical amount of work that can be derived from reactants that are initially at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This is given by the change in standard Gibbs free energy. But as a source of heat or for use in a heat engine, the relevant quantity is the change in standard enthalpy or the heat of combustion.

There are two kinds of heat of combustion:
 The higher value (HHV), or gross heat of combustion, includes all the heat released as the products cool to room temperature and whatever water vapor is present condenses.
 The lower value (LHV), or net heat of combustion, does not include the heat which could be released by condensing water vapor, and may not include the heat released on cooling all the way down to room temperature.

A convenient table of HHV and LHV of some fuels can be found in the references.

Energy density in energy storage and in fuel

In energy storage applications the energy density relates the energy in an energy store to the volume of the storage facility, e.g. the fuel tank. The higher the energy density of the fuel, the more energy may be stored or transported for the same amount of volume. The energy density of a fuel per unit mass is called the specific energy of that fuel. In general an engine using that fuel will generate less kinetic energy due to inefficiencies and thermodynamic considerations—hence the specific fuel consumption of an engine will always be greater than its rate of production of the kinetic energy of motion.

Broad implications
Energy density differs from energy conversion efficiency (net output per input) or embodied energy (the energy output costs to provide, as harvesting, refining, distributing, and dealing with pollution all use energy). Large scale, intensive energy use impacts and is impacted by climate, waste storage, and environmental consequences.

No single energy storage method boasts the best in specific power, specific energy, and energy density. Peukert's law describes how the amount of useful energy that can be obtained (for a lead-acid cell) depends on how quickly it is pulled out. To maximize both specific energy and energy density, one can compute the specific energy density of a substance by multiplying the two values together, where the higher the number, the better the substance is at storing energy efficiently.

Alternative options are discussed for energy storage to increase energy density and decrease charging time.

Gravimetric and volumetric energy density of some fuels and storage technologies (modified from the Gasoline article):
Note: Some values may not be precise because of isomers or other irregularities.  See Heating value for a comprehensive table of specific energies of important fuels.
Note: Also it is important to realise that generally the density values for chemical fuels do not include the weight of oxygen required for combustion. This is typically two oxygen atoms per carbon atom, and one per two hydrogen atoms. The atomic weight of carbon and oxygen are similar, while hydrogen is much lighter than oxygen. Figures are presented this way for those fuels where in practice air would only be drawn in locally to the burner. This explains the apparently lower energy density of materials that already include their own oxidiser (such as gunpowder and TNT), where the mass of the oxidiser in effect adds dead weight, and absorbs some of the energy of combustion to dissociate and liberate oxygen to continue the reaction. This also explains some apparent anomalies, such as the energy density of a sandwich appearing to be higher than that of a stick of dynamite.

Tables of energy content

Unless otherwise stated, the values in the following table are lower heating values for perfect combustion not counting oxidizer mass or volume.
The following unit conversions may be helpful when considering the data in the table: 3.6 MJ = 1 kW⋅h ≈ 1.34 hp⋅h.

Divide joule/m3 by 106 to get MJ/L. Divide MJ/L by 3.6 to get kW⋅h/L.

The mechanical energy storage capacity, or resilience, of a Hookean material when it is deformed to the point of failure can be computed by calculating tensile strength times the maximum elongation dividing by two. The maximum elongation of a Hookean material can be computed by dividing stiffness of that material by its ultimate tensile strength. The following table lists these values computed using the Young's modulus as measure of stiffness:

Table on energy content of batteries:

Nuclear energy sources
The greatest energy source by far is mass itself.  This energy, E = mc2, where m = ρV, ρ is the mass per unit volume, V is the volume of the mass itself and c is the speed of light.  This energy, however, can be released only by the processes of nuclear fission (0.1%), nuclear fusion (1%), or the annihilation of some or all of the matter in the volume V by matter-antimatter collisions (100%). Nuclear reactions cannot be realized by chemical reactions such as combustion.  Although greater matter densities can be achieved, the density of a neutron star would approximate the most dense system capable of matter-antimatter annihilation possible.  A black hole, although denser than a neutron star, does not have an equivalent anti-particle form, but would offer the same 100% conversion rate of mass to energy in the form of Hawking radiation. In the case of relatively small black holes (smaller than astronomical objects) the power output would be tremendous.

The highest density sources of energy aside from antimatter are fusion and fission. Fusion includes energy from the sun which will be available for billions of years (in the form of sunlight) but so far (2018), sustained fusion power production continues to be elusive.

Power from fission of uranium and thorium in nuclear power plants will be available for many decades or even centuries because of the plentiful supply of the elements on earth, though the full potential of this source can only be realised through breeder reactors, which are, apart from the BN-600 reactor, not yet used commercially. Coal, gas, and petroleum are the current primary energy sources in the U.S. but have a much lower energy density. Burning local biomass fuels supplies household energy needs (cooking fires, oil lamps, etc.) worldwide.

Thermal power of nuclear fission reactors
The density of thermal energy contained in the core of a light water reactor (PWR or BWR) of typically 1 GWe (1 000 MW electrical corresponding to ~3 000 MW thermal) is in the range of 10 to 100 MW of thermal energy per cubic meter of cooling water depending on the location considered in the system (the core itself (~30 m3), the reactor pressure vessel (~50 m3), or the whole primary circuit (~300 m3)). This represents a considerable density of energy which requires under all circumstances a continuous water flow at high velocity in order to be able to remove the heat from the core, even after an emergency shutdown of the reactor. The incapacity to cool the cores of three boiling water reactors (BWR) at Fukushima in 2011 after the tsunami and the resulting loss of the external electrical power and of the cold source was the cause of the meltdown of the three cores in only a few hours, even though the three reactors were correctly shut down just after the Tōhoku earthquake. This extremely high power density distinguishes nuclear power plants (NPP's) from any thermal power plants (burning coal, fuel or gas) or any chemical plants and explains the large redundancy required to permanently control the neutron reactivity and to remove the residual heat from the core of NPP's.

Energy density of electric and magnetic fields

Electric and magnetic fields store energy.  In a vacuum, the (volumetric) energy density is given by

where E is the electric field and B is the magnetic field. The solution will be (in SI units) in Joules per cubic metre. In the context of magnetohydrodynamics, the physics of conductive fluids, the magnetic energy density behaves like an additional pressure that adds to the gas pressure of a plasma.

In normal (linear and nondispersive) substances, the energy density (in SI units) is

where D is the electric displacement field and H is the magnetizing field.

In the case of absence of magnetic fields, by exploiting Fröhlich's relationships it is also possible to extend these equations to anisotropy and nonlinearity dielectrics, as well as to calculate the correlated Helmholtz free energy and entropy densities.

When a pulsed laser impacts a surface, the radiant exposure, i.e. the energy deposited per unit of surface, may be called energy density or fluence.

See also

 Energy content of biofuel
 Energy density Extended Reference Table
 Figure of merit
 Food energy
 Heat of combustion
 High Energy Density Matter
 Power density and specifically
 Power-to-weight ratio
 Rechargeable battery
 Solid-state battery
 Specific energy
 Specific impulse

Footnotes

Further reading
 The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins by Alan H. Guth (1998)
 Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure by Andrew R. Liddle, David H. Lyth (2000)
 Richard Becker, "Electromagnetic Fields and Interactions", Dover Publications Inc., 1964

External links
   "Aircraft Fuels." Energy, Technology and the Environment Ed. Attilio Bisio. Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1995. 257–259
 "Fuels of the Future for Cars and Trucks" – Dr. James J. Eberhardt – Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy – 2002 Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction (DEER) Workshop San Diego, California - August 25–29, 2002

Category:Energy
Category:Density


Ken McElroy

Ken Rex McElroy (June 1, 1934 – July 10, 1981) was a resident of Skidmore, Nodaway County, Missouri. Known as "the town bully", his unsolved killing became the focus of international attention. Over the course of his life, McElroy was accused of dozens of felonies, including assault, child molestation, statutory rape, arson, hog and cattle rustling, and burglary.

In all, he was indicted 21 times but escaped conviction each time, except for the last. In 1981, McElroy was convicted of shooting and seriously injuring the town's 70-year-old grocer, Ernest "Bo" Bowenkamp, the previous year. McElroy successfully appealed the conviction and was released on bond, after which he engaged in an ongoing harassment campaign against Bowenkamp and others who were sympathetic to Bowenkamp, including the town's Church of Christ minister. He appeared in a local bar, the D&G Tavern, armed with an M1 Garand rifle and bayonet, and later threatened to kill Bowenkamp. The next day, McElroy was shot to death in broad daylight as he sat with his wife Trena in his pickup truck on Skidmore's main street. He was struck by bullets from at least two different firearms, in front of a crowd of people estimated as between 30 and 46. To date, no one has been charged in connection with McElroy's death.

Early life
McElroy was born in 1934, the fifteenth of sixteen children born to a poor, migrant tenant-farming couple named Tony and Mabel (née Lister) McElroy, who had moved between Kansas and the Ozarks before settling outside of Skidmore. He dropped out of school at age 15 in the eighth grade and quickly established a local reputation as a raccoon hunter, cattle rustler, small-time thief and womanizer. For more than two decades, McElroy was suspected of being involved in theft of grain, gasoline, alcohol, antiques and livestock, but he avoided conviction when charges were brought against him 21 times—often after witnesses refused to testify because he allegedly intimidated them, frequently by following his targets or parking outside their homes and watching them. He was represented by defense attorney Richard Gene McFadin of Gallatin, Missouri.

McElroy fathered more than 10 children with different women. He met his last wife, Trena McCloud (1957–2012), when she was 12 years old and in eighth grade. She became pregnant when she was fourteen, dropped out of school in the ninth grade, and went to live with McElroy and his third wife Alice. McElroy divorced Alice and married Trena in order to escape charges of statutory rape, to which she was the only witness. Sixteen days after Trena gave birth, both she and Alice fled to Trena's mother's and stepfather's house. According to court records, McElroy tracked them down and brought them back. He then returned to Trena's parents' home when they were away, shot the family dog, and burned down the house.

Events prior to his killing
Based on Trena's story, McElroy was indicted in June 1973 for arson, assault and statutory rape. He was arrested, booked, arraigned and released on $2,500 bail. Trena and her baby were placed in foster care at a home in Maryville, Missouri. McElroy sat outside the foster home for hours at a time, staring, and told the foster family that he would trade "girl for girl" to get his child back since he knew where the foster family's biological daughter went to school—and what bus route she rode. Additional charges were filed against McElroy.

On July 27, 1976, Skidmore farmer Romaine Henry said McElroy shot him twice with a shotgun after Henry challenged him for shooting weapons on Henry's property. McElroy was charged with assault with intent to kill. McElroy denied he was at the scene. As the case dragged on without a court date, Henry said McElroy had parked outside his home at least 100 times. At the trial, two raccoon hunters testified they were with McElroy the day of the shooting away from Henry's property. Henry was forced to admit in court, under questioning by McElroy's attorney Richard Gene McFadin, that he had concealed his own petty criminal conviction from more than 30 years previous. McElroy was acquitted.

1981 killing
In 1980, one of McElroy's children got into an argument with a clerk, Evelyn Sumy, in a local grocery store owned by 70-year-old Ernest "Bo" Bowenkamp and his wife, Lois, allegedly because a younger McElroy child tried to steal some candy. McElroy began stalking the Bowenkamp family, and eventually threatened Bo Bowenkamp in the back of his store with a shotgun in hand. In the ensuing confrontation, McElroy shot Bowenkamp in the neck; Bowenkamp survived, and McElroy was arrested and charged with attempted murder. McElroy was convicted at trial of assault, but freed on bail pending his appeal. Immediately after being released at a post-trial hearing, McElroy went to the D&G Tavern, a local bar, with an M1 Garand rifle with a bayonet attached, and made graphic threats about what he would do to Bo Bowenkamp. This led to several patrons deciding to see what they could legally do to prevent McElroy from harming anyone else. Nodaway County Sheriff Dan Estes suggested they form a neighborhood watch.

McElroy's appeal hearing was again delayed. On the morning of July 10, 1981, townspeople met at the Legion Hall in the center of town with Sheriff Estes to discuss how to protect themselves. During the meeting, McElroy arrived at the D&G Tavern with Trena. As he sat drinking at the bar, word got back to the men at the Legion Hall that he was in town. Sheriff Estes instructed the assembled group not to get into a direct confrontation with McElroy, but instead seriously consider forming a neighborhood watch program. Estes then drove out of town in his police cruiser. The citizens decided to go to the tavern en masse. The bar soon filled completely. After McElroy finished his drinks, he purchased a six pack of beer, left the bar, and entered his pickup truck. Someone shot at McElroy while he was sitting in his truck. He was shot at several times and hit twice, once by a centerfire rifle and once by a .22 rimfire rifle. In all, there were 46 potential witnesses to the shooting, including Trena McElroy, who was in the truck with her husband when he was shot. No one called for an ambulance. Only Trena claimed to identify a gunman; every other witness either was unable to name an assailant or claimed not to have seen who fired the fatal shots. The DA declined to press charges. An extensive Federal investigation did not lead to any charges.

McElroy was buried at Memorial Park Cemetery in St. Joseph, Missouri. On July 9, 1984, Trena McElroy filed a $6 million wrongful death lawsuit against the Town of Skidmore, County of Nodaway, Sheriff Danny Estes, Steve Peters (Mayor of Skidmore), and Del Clement (whom Trena accused of being the shooter, but who was never charged). The case was later settled out of court by all parties for the sum of $17,600, with no one admitting guilt, for the stated reason of avoiding costly legal fees should the suit proceed. Trena remarried and moved to Lebanon, Missouri, where she died of cancer on her 55th birthday on January 24, 2012.

Movies, books and media
 60 Minutes ran a segment on the story in 1982.
 A 1988 book about McElroy's murder, In Broad Daylight, by Harry N. MacLean, was adapted into the made-for-TV movie of the same name in 1991 starring Brian Dennehy, Marcia Gay Harden and Chris Cooper. The bully who was based on Ken McElroy was given the fictitious name "Len Rowan". A police officer tells the perpetrators that "there is no room in this country for vigilante justice".
 Connecticut filmmaker Ralph Server's Without Mercy won the Grand Jury Prize for Best Picture at the New York International Independent Film & Video Festival in 2004.  The film portrays the last six days of McElroy's life.
 The 2014 book Pollyanna's Revenge: How Memory and Emotion Foster Happiness profiled the McElroy story in a chapter describing the psychological effects of anger, fear and depression.
 The story of McElroy's life and shooting was featured in the 66th episode of the true crime podcast Criminal, titled "Bully".
 McElroy's life and shooting was also featured in the 87th episode of the podcast Do Go On.
 The case was covered in Episode 53 of the podcast My Favorite Murder, told by guest Dave Anthony.
 The case of McElroy's murder was featured in an episode of web series BuzzFeed Unsolved.
 The case was the inspiration for the song "Diesel in the Dust" song from British hard-rock band UFO's album Making Contact (1983).
 The case appears on Drunk History in the sixth season (2019) episode "Drunk Mystery II", as the first story.
 The case was the inspiration for "The Hunting Accident," the second episode of Renegade (1992).
 The case was the inspiration for No One Saw a Thing, a 2019 television documentary mini-series on Sundance TV.

See also
List of unsolved murders

References

External links

Category:1934 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:American criminals
Category:20th-century American criminals
Category:American male criminals
Category:People murdered in Missouri
Category:Unsolved murders in the United States
Category:People from Nodaway County, Missouri
Category:Place of birth missing
Category:Murdered criminals
Category:American murder victims
Category:Deaths by firearm in Missouri
Category:Crime in Missouri
Category:Criminals from Missouri


Image resolution

Image resolution is the detail an image holds. The term applies to raster digital images, film images, and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail.

Image resolution can be measured in various ways. Resolution quantifies how close lines can be to each other and still be visibly resolved.  Resolution units can be tied to physical sizes (e.g. lines per mm, lines per inch), to the overall size of a picture (lines per picture height, also known simply as lines, TV lines, or TVL), or to angular subtense.  Line pairs are often used instead of lines; a line pair comprises a dark line and an adjacent light line. A line is either a dark line or a light line. A resolution of 10 lines per millimeter means 5 dark lines alternating with 5 light lines, or 5 line pairs per millimeter (5 LP/mm).  Photographic lens and film resolution are most often quoted in line pairs per millimeter.

Resolution of digital images

The resolution of digital cameras can be described in many different ways.

Pixel resolution
The term resolution is often considered equivalent to pixel count in digital imaging, though international standards in the digital camera field specify it should instead be called "Number of Total Pixels" in relation to image sensors, and as "Number of Recorded Pixels" for what is fully captured. Hence, CIPA DCG-001 calls for notation such as  "Number of Recorded Pixels 1000 × 1500". According to the same standards, the "Number of Effective Pixels" that an image sensor or digital camera has is the count of pixel sensors that contribute to the final image (including pixels not in said image but nevertheless support the image filtering process), as opposed to the number of total pixels, which includes unused or light-shielded pixels around the edges.

An image of N pixels height by M pixels wide can have any resolution less than N lines per picture height, or N TV lines.  But when the pixel counts are referred to as "resolution", the convention is to describe the pixel resolution with the set of two positive integer numbers, where the first number is the number of pixel columns (width) and the second is the number of pixel rows (height), for example as 7680 × 6876. Another popular convention is to cite resolution as the total number of pixels in the image, typically given as number of megapixels, which can be calculated by multiplying pixel columns by pixel rows and dividing by one million. Other conventions include describing pixels per length unit or pixels per area unit, such as pixels per inch or per square inch.  None of these pixel resolutions are true resolutions, but they are widely referred to as such; they serve as upper bounds on image resolution.

Below is an illustration of how the same image might appear at different pixel resolutions, if the pixels were poorly rendered as sharp squares (normally, a smooth image reconstruction from pixels would be preferred, but for illustration of pixels, the sharp squares make the point better).

An image that is 2048 pixels in width and 1536 pixels in height has a total of 2048×1536 = 3,145,728 pixels or 3.1 megapixels.  One could refer to it as 2048 by 1536 or a 3.1-megapixel image. The image would be a very low quality image (72ppi) if printed at about 28.5 inches wide, but a very good quality (300ppi) image if printed at about 7 inches wide.

The number of photodiodes in a color digital camera image sensor is often a multiple of the number of pixels in the image it produces, because information from an array of color image sensors is used to reconstruct the color of a single pixel. The image has to be interpolated or demosaiced to produce all three colors for each output pixel.

Spatial resolution

The terms blurriness and sharpness are used for digital images but other descriptors are used to reference the hardware capturing and displaying the images.

Spatial resolution in radiology refers to the ability of the imaging modality to differentiate two objects. Low spatial resolution techniques will be unable to differentiate between two objects that are relatively close together.

The measure of how closely lines can be resolved in an image is called spatial resolution, and it depends on properties of the system creating the image, not just the pixel resolution in pixels per inch (ppi). For practical purposes the clarity of the image is decided by its spatial resolution, not the number of pixels in an image. In effect, spatial resolution refers to the number of independent pixel values per unit length.

The spatial resolution of consumer displays range from 50 to 800 pixel lines per inch.  With scanners, optical resolution is sometimes used to distinguish spatial resolution from the number of pixels per inch.

In remote sensing, spatial resolution is typically limited by diffraction, as well as by aberrations, imperfect focus, and atmospheric distortion.   The ground sample distance (GSD) of an image, the pixel spacing on the Earth's surface, is typically considerably smaller than the resolvable spot size.

In astronomy, one often measures spatial resolution in data points per arcsecond subtended at the point of observation, because the physical distance between objects in the image depends on their distance away and this varies widely with the object of interest.  On the other hand, in electron microscopy, line or fringe resolution refers to the minimum separation detectable between adjacent parallel lines (e.g. between planes of atoms), whereas point resolution instead refers to the minimum separation between adjacent points that can be both detected and interpreted e.g. as adjacent columns of atoms, for instance.  The former often helps one detect periodicity in specimens, whereas the latter (although more difficult to achieve) is key to visualizing how individual atoms interact.

In Stereoscopic 3D images, spatial resolution could be defined as the spatial information recorded or captured by two viewpoints of a stereo camera (left and right camera).

Spectral resolution

Pixel encoding limit the information stored in a digital image, and the term color profile is used for digital images but other descriptors are used to reference the hardware capturing and displaying the images.

Spectral resolution is the ability to resolve spectral features and bands into their separate components. Color images distinguish light of different spectra. Multispectral images can resolve even finer differences of spectrum or wavelength by measuring and storing more than the traditional 3 of common RGB color images.

Temporal resolution

Temporal resolution (TR) refers to the precision of a measurement with respect to time.

Movie cameras and high-speed cameras can resolve events at different points in time. The time resolution used for movies is usually 24 to 48 frames per second (frames/s), whereas high-speed cameras may resolve 50 to 300 frames/s, or even more.

Many cameras and displays offset the color components relative to each other or mix up temporal with spatial resolution:

In quantum physics there is a trade-off between temporal resolution of a measurement and its spatial resolution due to the uncertainty principle; similarly, a time/space trade-off is an inherent property of the Fourier transform used to visualise audio.

Radiometric resolution

Radiometric resolution determines how finely a system can represent or distinguish differences of intensity, and is usually expressed as a number of levels or a number of bits, for example 8 bits or 256 levels that is typical of computer image files. The higher the radiometric resolution, the better subtle differences of intensity or reflectivity can be represented, at least in theory. In practice, the effective radiometric resolution is typically limited by the noise level, rather than by the number of bits of representation.

Resolution in various media
This is a list of traditional, analog horizontal resolutions for various media.  The list only includes popular formats, not rare formats, and all values are approximate, because the actual quality can vary machine-to-machine or tape-to-tape. For ease-of-comparison, all values are for the NTSC system. (For PAL systems, replace 480 with 576.) Analog formats usually had less chroma resolution.
 Analog and early digital
 352×240 : Video CD
 333×480 : VHS, Video8, Umatic
 350×480 : Betamax
 420×480 : Super Betamax, Betacam
 460×480 : Betacam SP, Umatic SP, NTSC (Over-The-Air TV)
 580×480 : Super VHS, Hi8, LaserDisc
 700×480 : Enhanced Definition Betamax, Analog broadcast limit (NTSC)
 768×576 : Analog broadcast limit (PAL, SECAM)
 Digital
 500×480    : Digital8
 720×480    : D-VHS, DVD, miniDV, Digital Betacam (NTSC)
 720×480    : Widescreen DVD (anamorphic) (NTSC)
 854×480    : EDTV (Enhanced Definition Television)
 720×576    : D-VHS, DVD, miniDV, Digital8, Digital Betacam (PAL/SECAM)
 720×576    : Widescreen DVD (anamorphic) (PAL/SECAM)
 1280×720   : D-VHS, HD DVD, Blu-ray, HDV (miniDV)
 1440×1080  : HDV (miniDV)
 1920×1080  : HDV (miniDV), AVCHD, HD DVD, Blu-ray, HDCAM SR
 1998×1080  : 2K Flat (1.85:1)
 2048×1080  : 2K Digital Cinema
 3840×2160  : 4K UHDTV, Ultra HD Blu-ray
 4096×2160  : 4K Digital Cinema
 7680×4320  : 8K UHDTV
 15360×8640 : 16K Digital Cinema
 61440×34560 : 64K Digital Cinema
 Sequences from newer films are scanned at 2,000, 4,000, or even 8,000 columns, called 2K, 4K, and 8K, for quality visual-effects editing on computers.
 IMAX, including IMAX HD and OMNIMAX: approximately 10,000×7,000 (7,000 lines) resolution. It is about 70 MP, which is currently highest-resolution single-sensor digital cinema camera (as of January 2012).
 Film
 35 mm film is scanned for release on DVD at 1080 or 2000 lines as of 2005.
 The actual resolution of 35 mm camera original negatives is the subject of much debate. Measured resolutions of negative film have ranged from 25–200 LP/mm, which equates to a range of 325 lines for 2-perf, to (theoretically) over 2300 lines for 4-perf shot on T-Max 100.  Kodak states that 35 mm film has the equivalent of 6K resolution according to a Senior Vice President of IMAX.
 Print

 Modern digital camera resolutions
 Digital medium format camera – single, not combined one large digital sensor – 80 MP (starting from 2011, current as of 2013) – 10320 × 7752 or 10380 × 7816 (81.1 MP).
 Mobile phone – Nokia 808 PureView – 41 MP (7728 × 5368), Nokia Lumia 1020 – also 41 MP (7712 × 5360)
 Digital still camera – Canon EOS 5DS – 51 MP (8688 × 5792)

See also

 Display resolution
 Dots per inch
 Image scanner
 Pixel density
 High dynamic range imaging
 Kell factor, which typically limits the number of visible lines to 0.7x of the device resolution

References

External links

Category:Computer graphics
Category:Image processing


Maldives at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Maldives competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

Athletics

Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

Men

Women

Swimming

Men

Women

References

Wallechinsky, David (2004). The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (Athens 2004 Edition). Toronto, Canada. .
International Olympic Committee (2001). The Results. Retrieved 12 November 2005.
Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 1: Preparing for the Games. Retrieved 20 November 2005.
Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 2: Celebrating the Games. Retrieved 20 November 2005.
Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). The Results. Retrieved 20 November 2005.
International Olympic Committee Web Site

Category:Nations at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2000
Summer Olympics


Annie Skinner

Annie Skinner is an American DJ, concert promoter, and indie record store owner in Indianapolis, Indiana.

She started A-Squared Industries with her husband Andy Skinner in 2005 and through that company they book and promote concerts, provide outside marketing consulting for entertainment industry clients, and they have also run a record label and hosted a radio show under the same company name. They were voted "Best DJs" by readers of NUVO Newsweekly in their 2012 Best Of Indy Readers Poll. Annie and her husband were also named to the list of "Top 10 Indianapolis-area couples making a difference in the arts" by The Indianapolis Star in 2013.

In November 2012 Annie joined the board of directors of the Indianapolis chapter of the 501(c)(3) not-for-profit Girls Rock Camp, and in February 2014 Annie, her husband Andy, and their friend Eric Davis bought Indy CD & Vinyl, central Indiana's largest independent record store.

References

Category:Musicians from Indianapolis
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:American DJs


List of Phi Kappa Tau chapters

This article lists the chapters of Phi Kappa Tau Fraternity in Greek alphabetical (chronological) order followed by their dates of chartering as Phi Kappa Tau chapters.

Some chapters listed no longer have active collegiate chapters, known in Phi Kappa Tau as Resident Councils, though the alumni organizations (Graduate Councils) may still be active.  *Indicates inactive chapter.

List of chapters
Α Miami University, 1906*
Β Ohio University, 1911
Γ Ohio State University, 1912
Δ Centre College, 1914
Ε University of Mount Union, 1915
Ζ University of Illinois, 1916
Η Muhlenberg College, 1918* Colony Spring 2020
Θ Transylvania University, 1919
Ι Coe College, 1920
Κ University of Kentucky, 1920
Λ Purdue University, 1920
Μ Lawrence University, 1920* disbanded 2019
Ν University of California-Berkeley, 1921
Ξ Franklin and Marshall College, 1921
Ο Pennsylvania State University, 1922  Colony
Π University of Southern California, 1922  Colony
Ρ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1922
Σ Syracuse University, 1922*
Τ University of Michigan, 1923  Colony
Υ Nebraska Wesleyan University, 1923
Φ Bethany College (West Virginia), 1923
Χ North Carolina State University, 1923
Ψ University of Colorado, 1924
Ω University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1924 Colony
ΑΑ Michigan State University, 1924
ΑΒ New York University, 1924*
ΑΓ University of Delaware, 1924 Colony
ΑΔ Case Western Reserve University, 1925
ΑΕ Kansas State University, 1925*
ΑΖ Oregon State University, 1925*
ΑΗ University of Florida, 1926
ΑΘ College of William and Mary, 1926*
ΑΙ University of Pennsylvania, 1926*
ΑΚ Washington State University, 1927
ΑΛ Auburn University, 1927
ΑΜ Ohio Wesleyan University, 1928*
ΑΝ Iowa State University, 1928*
ΑΞ West Virginia University, 1928*
ΑΟ Lafayette College, 1928*
ΑΠ University of Washington, 1929
ΑΡ Georgia Institute of Technology, 1929 Colony
ΑΣ Colorado State University, 1929
ΑΤ Cornell University, 1930
ΑΥ Colgate University, 1937
ΑΦ University of Akron, 1938
ΑΧ Mississippi State University, 1938
ΑΨ University of Texas-El Paso, 1941*
ΑΩ Baldwin Wallace College, 1942
ΒΑ University of Texas-Austin, 1943
ΒΒ University of Louisville, 1947
ΒΓ University of Idaho, 1947
ΒΔ University of Miami, 1948*
ΒΕ University of Southern Mississippi, 1948
ΒΖ New Mexico State University, 1948*
ΒΗ University of New Mexico, 1948*
ΒΘ University of Kansas, 1948  Colony
ΒΙ Florida State University, 1949*
ΒΚ Oklahoma State University, 1949
ΒΛ Indiana University, 1949
ΒΜ Kent State University, 1949
ΒΝ San Diego State University, 1950*
ΒΞ University of Georgia, 1950
ΒΟ University of Maryland, College Park, 1950
ΒΠ Middlebury College, 1950*
ΒΡ University of California, Los Angeles, 1950*
ΒΣ Idaho State University, 1950*
ΒΤ Bowling Green State University, 1950*
ΒΥ Hobart College, 1952*
ΒΦ Westminster College, 1952
ΒΧ Southern Illinois University, 1953
ΒΨ California State University, Long Beach, 1956
ΒΩ California State University, Chico, 1958

ΓΑ Michigan Technological University, 1959
ΓΒ University of Cincinnati, 1959
ΓΓ Saint John's University, 1960*
ΓΔ Northern Michigan University, 1961*
ΓΕ University of the Pacific, 1961*
ΓΖ University of Connecticut, 1961*
ΓΗ East Carolina University, 1962*
ΓΘ Western Michigan University, 1962*
ΓΙ California State University, Sacramento, 1963
ΓΚ C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University, 1964*
ΓΛ Central Michigan University, 1965*
ΓΜ Bradley University, 1965
ΓΝ Rochester Institute of Technology, 1966*
ΓΞ East Central University, 1966
ΓΟ California State University, Fullerton, 1966* (Suspended until 2024)
ΓΠ Youngstown State University, 1967*
ΓΡ University of Nebraska-Kearney, 1967*
ΓΣ University of California, Davis, 1967*
ΓΤ Old Dominion University, 1967
ΓΥ Spring Hill College, 1967*
ΓΦ Northeastern University, 1968*
ΓΧ Delta State University, 1968*
ΓΨ Southwest Texas State University, 1968
ΓΩ La Salle University, 1968*
ΔΑ Iowa Wesleyan College, 1968*
ΔΒ University of Evansville, 1968
ΔΓ University of Mississippi, 1969
ΔΔ Bryant University, 1969*
ΔΕ St. Cloud State University, 1969
ΔΖ Emporia State University, 1970*
ΔΗ Marshall University, 1970*
ΔΘ Georgetown College, 1970*
ΔΙ New Mexico Highlands University, 1970*
ΔΚ University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1971 Colony
ΔΛ Muskingum College, 1971
ΔΜ College of Santa Fe, 1972*
ΔΝ Wright State University, 1975*
ΔΞ Cleveland State University, 1975*
ΔΟ University of Texas-Pan American, 1975*
ΔΠ Murray State University, 1982
ΔΡ Eastern Kentucky University, 1982 Colony
ΔΣ Webber International University, 1982*
ΔΤ California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 1984
ΔΥ University of Tennessee at Martin, 1984 Colony
ΔΦ University of Arkansas, 1984*
ΔΧ University of Rochester, 1985, Rechartered 2012
ΔΨ Rider University, 1986*
ΔΩ Truman State University, 1987
ΕΑ Texas A&M University, 1987*
ΕΒ West Virginia University Institute of Technology, 1987
ΕΓ The College of New Jersey, 1988*
ΕΔ Virginia Wesleyan College, 1988 Recolonized 2019
ΕΕ William Paterson University, 1989
ΕΖ Buffalo State College, 1989*
ΕΗ State University of New York at Oswego, 1990*
ΕΘ San Francisco State University, 1991
ΕΙ Barry University, 1993*
ΕΚ Rutgers University, 1993
ΕΛ Longwood University, 1994
ΕΜ University of North Carolina at Pembroke, 1994
ΕΝ Clemson University, 1995*
ΕΞ Pace University, 1995*
ΕΟ Frostburg State University, 1996*
ΕΠ Northern Kentucky University, 1997*
ΕΡ Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1997
ΕΣ Chapman University, 1998
ΕΤ University of Arizona, 1998
ΕΥ Saint Louis University, 1998*
ΕΦ Indiana State University, 1999*
ΕΧ Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2001
ΕΨ John Carroll University, 2001
ΕΩ Shepherd University, 2002
ΖΑ Belmont University, 2006
ΖΒ Saginaw Valley State University, 2009
ΖΓ  San Jose Area (Not school affiliated), 2012
ΖΔ  College of Charleston, 2012*
ΖΕ  University of Lynchburg, 2014
ΖΖ  University of Illinois at Springfield, 2014
ΖΗ  University of Alabama, 2014
ΖΘ  University of North Texas, 2015
ΖΙ  Indiana University Kokomo, 2015*
ΖΚ  Kenyon College, 2015
ΖΛ  Middle Tennessee State University, 2015
ΖΜ  Appalachian State University, 2016*
ΖΝ University of Minnesota Duluth, 2016
ΖΞ University of South Carolina, 2017
ΖΟ Arizona State University, 2018
ΖΠ  Boston University, 2018
ΖΡ  Columbus State University, 2019

External links
 Chapter locator at Phi Kappa Tau's website

Category:Phi Kappa Tau
Category:Lists of chapters of United States student societies by society


Allium materculae

Allium materculae is a species of onion native to Turkey, Iran, and Russia.

References

materculae
Category:Flora of Turkey
Category:Flora of Iran
Category:Flora of Russia
Category:Plants described in 1915


Foraging

Foraging is searching for wild food resources. It affects an animal's fitness because it plays an important role in an animal's ability to survive and reproduce. Foraging theory is a branch of behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment where the animal lives.

Behavioral ecologists use economic models to understand foraging; many of these models are a type of optimal model. Thus foraging theory is discussed in terms of optimizing a payoff from a foraging decision.  The payoff for many of these models is the amount of energy an animal receives per unit time, more specifically, the highest ratio of energetic gain to cost while foraging.  Foraging theory predicts that the decisions that maximize energy per unit time and thus deliver the highest payoff will be selected for and persist. Key words used to describe foraging behavior include resources, the elements necessary for survival and reproduction which have a limited supply, predator, any organism that consumes others, and prey, an organism that is eaten in part or whole by another.

Behavioral ecologists first tackled this topic in the 1960s and 1970s. Their goal was to quantify and formalize a set of models to test their null hypothesis that animals forage randomly. Important contributions to foraging theory have been made by:
Eric Charnov, who developed the marginal value theorem to predict the behavior of foragers using patches;
Sir Kevin Durant, with work on the optimal diet model in relation to tits and chickadees;
John Gross-Custard, who first tested the optimal diet model against behavior in the field, using redshank, and then proceeded to an extensive study of foraging in the common pied oystercatcher

Factors influencing foraging behavior

Several factors affect an animal's ability to forage and acquire profitable resources.

Learning
Learning is defined as an adaptive change or modification of a behavior based on a previous experience. Since an animal's environment is constantly changing, the ability to adjust foraging behavior is essential for maximization of fitness. Studies in social insects have shown that there is a significant correlation between learning and foraging performance.

In nonhuman primates, young individuals learn foraging behavior from their peers and elders by watching other group members forage and by copying their behavior. Observing and learning from other members of the group ensure that the younger members of the group learn what is safe to eat and become proficient foragers.

One measure of learning is 'foraging innovation'—an animal consuming new food, or using a new foraging technique in response to their dynamic living environment. Foraging innovation is considered learning because it involves behavioral plasticity on the animal's part. The animal recognizes the need to come up with a new foraging strategy and introduce something it has never used before to maximize his or her fitness (survival). Forebrain size has been associated with learning behavior. Animals with larger brain sizes are expected to learn better. A higher ability to innovate has been linked to larger forebrain sizes in North American and British Isle birds according to Lefebvre et al. (1997).  In this study, bird orders that contained individuals with larger forebrain sizes displayed a higher amount of foraging innovation. Examples of innovations recorded in birds include following tractors and eating frogs or other insects killed by it and using swaying trees to catch their prey.

Another measure of learning is spatio-temporal learning (also called time-place learning), which refers to an individual's ability to associate the time of an event with the place of that event. This type of learning has been documented in the foraging behaviors of individuals of the stingless bee species Trigona fulviventris. Studies showed that T. fulviventris individuals learned the locations and times of feeding events, and arrived to those locations up to thirty minutes before the feeding event in anticipation of the food reward.

Genetics

Foraging behavior can also be influenced by genetics. The genes associated with foraging behavior have been widely studied in honeybees with reference to the following; onset of foraging behavior, task division between foragers and workers, and bias in foraging for either pollen or nectar.  Honey bee foraging activity occurs both inside and outside the hive for either pollen or nectar. Similar behavior is seen in many social wasps, such as the species Apoica flavissima. Studies using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping have associated the following loci with the matched functions; Pln-1  and Pln-4 with onset of foraging age, Pln-1 and 2 with the size of the pollen loads collected by workers, and Pln-2 and pln-3 were shown to influence the sugar concentration of the nectar collected.

Presence of predators

The presence of predators while a (prey) animal is foraging affects its behaviour. In general, foragers balance the risk of predation with their needs, thus deviating from the foraging behaviour that would be expected in the absence of predators. An example of this balanced risk can be observed in the foraging behavior of A. longimana.

Parasitism
Similarly, parasitism can affect the way in which animals forage. Parasitism can affect foraging at several levels. Animals might simply avoid food items that increase their risk of being parasitized, as when the prey items are intermediate hosts of parasites. Animals might also avoid areas that would expose them to a high risk of parasitism. Finally, animals might effectively self-medicate, either prophylactically or therapeutically.

Types of foraging
Foraging can be categorized into two main types. The first is solitary foraging, when animals forage by themselves.  The second is group foraging.  Group foraging includes when animals can be seen foraging together when it is beneficial for them to do so (called an aggregation economy) and when it is detrimental for them to do so (called a dispersion economy).

Solitary foraging
Solitary foraging includes the variety of foraging in which animals find, capture and consume their prey alone.  Individuals can manually exploit patches or they can use tools to exploit their prey. Animals may choose to forage on their own when the resources are abundant, which can occur when the habitat is rich or when the number of conspecifics foraging are few. In these cases there may be no need for group foraging. In addition, foraging alone can result in less interaction with other foragers, which can decrease the amount of competition and dominance interactions an animal deals with. It will also ensure that a solitary forager is less conspicuous to predators. Solitary foraging strategies characterize many of the phocids (the true seals) such as the elephant and harbor seals. An example of an exclusive solitary forager is the South American species of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex  vermiculatus.

Tool use in solitary foraging

Some examples of tool use include dolphins using sponges to feed on fish that bury themselves in the sediment, New Caledonian crows that use sticks to get larvae out of trees, and chimpanzees that similarly use sticks to capture and consume termites.

Solitary foraging and optimal foraging theory

The theory scientists use to understand solitary foraging is called optimal foraging theory. Optimal foraging theory (OFT) was first proposed in 1966, in two papers published independently, by Robert MacArthur and Eric Pianka, and by J. Merritt Emlen. This theory argues that because of the key importance of successful foraging to an individual's survival, it should be possible to predict foraging behavior by using decision theory to determine the behavior that an "optimal forager" would exhibit. Such a forager has perfect knowledge of what to do to maximize usable food intake. While the behavior of real animals inevitably departs from that of the optimal forager, optimal foraging theory has proved very useful in developing hypotheses for describing real foraging behavior. Departures from optimality often help to identify constraints either in the animal's behavioral or cognitive repertoire, or in the environment, that had not previously been suspected. With those constraints identified, foraging behavior often does approach the optimal pattern even if it is not identical to it. In other words, we know from optimal foraging theory that animals are not foraging randomly even if their behavior doesn't perfectly match what is predicted by OFT.

Versions of OFT
There are many versions of optimal foraging theory that are relevant to different foraging situations. These models generally possess the following components according to Stephens et al. 2007;
Currency: an objective function, what we want to maximize, in this case energy over time as a currency of fitness
Decision: set of choices under the organism's control, or the decisions that the organism exhibits
Constraints: "an organism's choices are constrained by genetics, physiology  neurology, morphology and the laws of chemistry and physics"
Some of these versions include:

The optimal diet model, which analyzes the behavior of a forager that encounters different types of prey and must choose which to attack. This model is also known as the prey model or the attack model. In this model the predator encounters different prey items and decides whether to spend time handling or eating the prey. It predicts that foragers should ignore low profitability prey items when more profitable items are present and abundant. The objective of this model is to identify the choice that will maximize fitness. How profitable a prey item is depends on ecological variables such as the time required to find, capture, and consume the prey in addition to the energy it provides. It is likely that an individual will settle for a trade off between maximizing the intake rate while eating and minimising the search interval between prey.

Patch selection theory, which describes the behavior of a forager whose prey is concentrated in small areas known as patches with a significant travel time between them. The model seeks to find out how much time an individual will spend on one patch before deciding to move to the next patch.  To understand whether an animal should stay at a patch or move to a new one, think of a bear in a patch of berry bushes.  The longer a bear stays at the patch of berry bushes the less berries there are for that bear to eat. The bear must decide how long to stay and thus when to leave that patch and move to a new patch.  Movement depends on the travel time between patches and the energy gained from one patch versus another. This is based on the marginal value theorem.

Central place foraging theory is a version of the patch model.  This model describes the behavior of a forager that must return to a particular place to consume food, or perhaps to hoard food or feed it to a mate or offspring. Chipmunks are a good example of this model.  As travel time between the patch and their hiding place increased, the chipmunks stayed longer at the patch.

In recent decades, optimal foraging theory has often been applied to the foraging behavior of human hunter-gatherers.  Although this is controversial, coming under some of the same kinds of attack as the application of sociobiological theory to human behavior, it does represent a convergence of ideas from human ecology and economic anthropology that has proved fruitful and interesting.

Group foraging
Group foraging is when animals find, capture and consume prey in the presence of other individuals. In other words, it is foraging when success depends not only on your own foraging behaviors but the behaviors of others as well. An important note here is that group foraging can emerge in two types of situations. The first situation is frequently thought of and occurs when foraging in a group is beneficial and brings greater rewards known as an aggregation economy.  The second situation occurs when a group of animals forage together but it may not be in an animal's best interest to do so known as a dispersion economy. Think of a cardinal at a bird feeder for the dispersion economy.  We might see a group of birds foraging at that bird feeder but it is not in the best interest of the cardinal for any of the other birds to be there too.  The amount of food the cardinal can get from that bird feeder depends on how much it can take from the bird feeder but also depends on how much the other birds take as well.  In red harvester ants, the foraging process is divided between three different types of workers: nest patrollers, trail patrollers, and foragers. These workers can utilize many different methods of communicating while foraging in a group, such as guiding flights, scent paths, and "jostling runs", as seen in the eusocial bee Melipona scutellaris.

Tai chimpanzee's also engage in foraging for meats when they can, which is achieved through group foraging. Where the positive correlation has been found between the success of the hunt and the size of the foraging group. The chimps have also been observed implying rules with their foraging, where there is a benefit to becoming involved through allowing hunter first access to the fresh kills.

Cost and benefits of group foraging

As already mentioned, group foraging brings both costs and benefits to the members of that group. Some of the benefits of group foraging include being able to capture larger prey, being able to create aggregations of prey, being able to capture prey that are difficult or dangerous and most importantly reduction of predation threat. With regard to costs, however, group foraging results in competition for available resources by other group members. Competition for resources can be characterized by either scramble competition whereby each individual strives to get a portion of the shared resource, or by interference competition whereby the presence of competitors prevents a forager's accessibility to resources. Group foraging can thus reduce an animal's foraging payoff.

Group foraging may be influenced by the size of a group. In some species like lions and wild dogs, foraging success increases with an increase in group size then declines once the optimal size is exceeded. A myriad number of factors affect the group sizes in different species. For example, lionesses (female lions) do not make decisions about foraging in a vacuum.  They make decisions that reflect a balance between obtaining food, defending their territory and protecting their young.  In fact, we see that lion foraging behavior does not maximize their energy gain. They are not behaving optimally with respect to foraging because they have to defend their territory and protect young so they hunt in small groups to reduce the risk of being caught alone.  Another factor that may influence group size is the cost of hunting.  To understand the behavior of wild dogs and the average group size we must incorporate the distance the dogs run.

Theorizing on hominid foraging during the Aurignacian Blades et al (2001) defined the forager performing the activity to the optimal efficiency when the individual is having considered the balance of costs for search and pursuit of prey in considerations of prey selection.  Also in selecting an area to work within the individual would have had to decide the correct time to move to another location corresponding to perception of yield remaining and potential yields of any given area  available.

Group foraging and the ideal free distribution

The theory scientists use to understand group foraging is called the Ideal free distribution.  This is the null model for thinking about what would draw animals into groups to forage and how they would behave in the process.  This model predicts that animals will make an instantaneous decision about where to forage based on the quality (prey availability) of the patches available at that time and will choose the most profitable patch, the one that maximizes their energy intake. This quality depends on the starting quality of the patch and the number of predators already there consuming the prey.

See also
 Chesson's index
 Forage
 Forage fish
 Hunter-gatherer
 Lévy flight foraging hypothesis
 Optimal foraging theory
 Scavenging

References

External links

The Association of Foragers: An international association for teachers of foraging skills.
Forager's Buddy GPS Foraging
South West Outdoor Travelers- Wild Edibles, Medicinals, Foraging, Primitive Skills & More
Institute for the Study of Edible Wild Plants and Other Foragables
The Big Green Idea Wild Foraging Factsheet
 Caress, Badiday. (2000),  The emergence and stability of cooperative fishing on Ifaluk Atoll, for Human Behavior and Adaptation: an Anthropological Perspective, edited by L. Cronk, N. Chagnon, and B. Iro ns, pp. 437–472.

Category:Eating behaviors


Bivalve Oyster Packing Houses and Docks

Bivalve Oyster Packing Houses and Docks is located in the Bivalve section of Commercial Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. The Packing Houses and Docks were added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 1996.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cumberland County, New Jersey

References

Category:Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Category:Buildings and structures in Cumberland County, New Jersey
Category:Commercial Township, New Jersey
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Cumberland County, New Jersey
Category:New Jersey Register of Historic Places


Kailash Baitha

Kailash Baitha (born 1 January 1948) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Bagaha constituency of Bihar and is a member of the Janata Dal (United) political party.

External links
 Home Page on the Parliament of India's Website

Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Bihar
Category:14th Lok Sabha members
Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians
Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar


Social-Democratic Party of Abkhazia

The Social-Democratic Party of Abkhazia (, ) is an oppositional political party in Abkhazia. It was founded during the crisis that followed the October 2004 presidential election by people from the presidential campaign of Sergei Shamba, who had come third in the election. Besides Shamba himself, initial members included his Vice Presidential candidate Vladimir Arshba, chief of staff Gennady Alamia and former Vice Premier Albert Topolian. The foundational congress of the Social-Democratic Party took place on 15 October 2005 in the State Drama Theatre of Abkhazia, where Gennadi Alamia was elected its first chairman. The Union of Social-Democratic Youth was founded as the party's youth wing, headed by Abkhazian State University student Astamur Logua.

The Social-Democratic Party called on voters to boycott the new presidential election on 12 January 2005 held as a result of the power-sharing agreement reached between Sergei Bagapsh and Raul Khajimba.

The Social-Democratic Party and the Union of Social-Democratic Youth were 2 of the 12 organisations that stood at the basis of the Forum of Abkhaz People's Unity founded on 8 February 2005 and Gennadi Alamia became its first chairman.

The new election was won by the joint Bagapsh-Khajimba ticket and Sergei Shamba became the new Minister for Foreign Affairs, but the Social-Democratic Party stayed in opposition.

On 20 May 2009 the Social-Democratic Party was one of a number of opposition parties that during a press conference strongly criticised the government's foreign policy. The criticism was rejected by Shamba two days later, dismissing it as "biased".

References

Category:Political parties in Abkhazia
Category:2004 establishments in Abkhazia
Category:Social democratic parties in Asia
Category:Social democratic parties


1978 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland

In 1978 the New Zealand national rugby union team, the All Blacks, toured Britain and Ireland. They were the eighth All Black team to undertake a full tour of the countries and became the first to achieve a Grand Slam in beating the national teams of Ireland, Wales, England and Scotland. The previous seven touring parties had either lost or drawn at least one international, or had not played all four nations.

The tourists played eighteen matches, winning seventeen and losing one. Their sole defeat was by Munster at Thomond Park, Limerick. This was the first time that an All Black team had been beaten in Ireland and it remained the All Blacks' only defeat by any Irish team until they lost to the Ireland national team in 2016. The Munster victory inspired a subsequent stage play, Alone it Stands.

Although the All Blacks won their four internationals, three of the matches remained undecided until close to the end. The match against Ireland was level 6–6 at the end of normal time and was settled by Andy Dalton's try in injury time. Against Wales, a 78th-minute penalty goal by replacement full-back Brian McKechnie turned a 12–10 deficit into a 13–12 win. In the Scotland game the All Blacks led 12–9 going into injury time and a drop goal attempt by Ian McGeechan, which would have tied the scores if successful, was charged down and led to a breakaway try for New Zealand by Bruce Robertson.

Matches
Scores and results list New Zealand's points tally first.

Test matches

Ireland

The All Blacks opened the scoring with a dropped goal by Bruce, with Ward's penalty making the score 3–3 at half-time. Bruce put the visitors ahead again with a further dropped goal before Ward levelled again with another penalty. The score remained at 6–6 as the game went into injury time but an unconverted try by Dalton after Donaldson's break from a line-out gave New Zealand a 10–6 victory. Rothmans Yearbook called it a "tense, if unspectacular, struggle in perfect playing conditions" and asserted that the All Blacks "deserved their narrow victory" after winning 31 of the 40 line-outs in the game.

NEW ZEALAND: Clive Currie, Stu Wilson, Bill Osborne, Mark Taylor, Brian Ford (rep Bryan Williams), Doug Bruce, Mark Donaldson, Billy Bush, Andy Dalton, Brad Johnstone, Andy Haden, Frank Oliver, Graham Mourie (c), Leicester Rutledge, Gary Seear.

IRELAND: Lawrence Moloney, Terry Kennedy, Mike Gibson, Alistair McKibbin, Freddie McLennan, Tony Ward, Colin Patterson, Ned Byrne, Pa Whelan, Phil Orr, Moss Keane, Donal Spring, Fergus Slattery, Shay Deering (c), Willie Duggan

Touring party

Manager: Russell Thomas
Assistant Manager: Jack Gleeson
Captain: Graham Mourie
Physiotherapist: Brian McKenzie

Full back
Clive Currie, Brian McKechnie, Richard Wilson

Three-quarters
Stu Wilson, Robert Kururangi, Brian Ford, Bryan Williams, Bruce Robertson, Lyn Jaffray, Mark Taylor, Bill Osborne

Half-backs
Doug Bruce, Eddie Dunn, Dave Loveridge, Mark Donaldson

Forwards
Brad Johnstone, John Ashworth, John McEldowney, Gary Knight, Andy Dalton, John Black, Billy Bush, John Fleming, John Loveday, Andy Haden, Frank Oliver, Barry Ashworth, Leicester Rutledge, Graham Mourie, Wayne Graham, Gary Seear, Ash McGregor

References

Sources

External links
 1978 Tour in Details

1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
Tour
Category:1978–79 in Irish rugby union
Category:1978–79 in English rugby union
Category:1978–79 in Welsh rugby union
Category:1978–79 in Scottish rugby union
Category:1978–79 in British rugby union


Rieucros

Rieucros  is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants are called Rieucrosains.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Ariège (department)
Category:Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Baumanis

Baumanis (feminine: Baumane) is a Latvian surname of German origin (from German surname Baumann). Individuals with the surname include:

Arnolds Baumanis, Latvian sport wrestler
Hardijs Baumanis (1967–2015), Latvian diplomat
Herberts Baumanis, Latvian sprinter
Jānis Baumanis (born 1992), Latvian racing driver
Jānis Frīdrihs Baumanis (1834–1891), Latvian architect
Kārlis Baumanis (1835–1905), Latvian classical composer
Rudolfs Baumanis (1909–1998), Latvian sport shooter
Valdemārs Baumanis (1905–1992), Latvian basketball player and coach

Category:Latvian-language masculine surnames
Category:Surnames of German origin


1917 Cambridge by-election

The Cambridge by-election of 1917 was held on 25 July 1917.  The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Almeric Paget.  It was won by the Conservative candidate Eric Geddes, who was coming in as First Lord of the Admiralty who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.

References

Category:1917 elections in the United Kingdom
Category:1917 in England
Category:20th century in Cambridge
Category:July 1917 events
Category:Politics of Cambridge
Category:History of Cambridge
Category:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Cambridgeshire constituencies
Category:Unopposed ministerial by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom (need citation)


TCL1A

T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCL1A gene.

Interactions

TCL1A has been shown to interact with AKT1 and AKT2.

References

Further reading


2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship

The 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship was the 16th edition of the FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. Like the previous tournament, the 2010 edition also was held in Japan, from 29 October to 14 November 2010, though the range of venues and locations was modified slightly (Matsumoto and Hamamatsu replaced Sapporo and Kobe in 2010). Twenty-four teams participated in the tournament.

The tournament was won by Russia, who finished with a perfect record, defeating Brazil in the intense final game. Japan defeated the United States for the third place, winning their first bronze medal in the tournament history, and the first medal since 1978, having so far three gold and three silver already to their name. Russia won its second straight title,  while Brazil was prevented from achieving a volleyball double of winning both the men's championship and the women's championship in the same year.

Russia's towering outside hitter Yekaterina Gamova was named the tournament Most Valuable Player.

Qualification

Format
The tournament was played in three different stages (first, second and final rounds). In the , the 24 participants were divided in four groups of six teams each. A single round-robin format was played within each group to determine the teams group position, the four best teams of each group (total of 16 teams) progressed to the next round.

In the , the 16 teams were divided in two groups of eight teams. A single round-robin format was played within each group to determine the teams group position, matches already played between teams in the  were counted in this round. The six best teams of each group (total of 12 teams) progressed to the next round.

In the , the 12 teams were allocated to semifinals for placement matches according to their  group positions. First and second of each group played the semifinals, third and fourth played the 5th-8th semifinals and fifth and sixth played the 9th-12th semifinals. Winners and losers of each semifinals played a final placement match for 1st to 12th places.

Source:FIVB

Pools composition
Teams were seeded in the first three positions of each pool following the Serpentine system according to their FIVB World Ranking. FIVB reserved the right to seed the hosts as head of Pool A regardless of the World Ranking. All teams not seeded were drawn to take other available positions in the remaining lines, following the World Ranking. The drawing was held in November 2009. The rankings displayed in this table are from August 2010.

Squads

Venues
The tournament was played at six venues in five cities.

First round

 All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+09:00).

Pool A
 venue: Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo

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Pool B
 venue: Hamamatsu Arena, Hamamatsu

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Pool C
 venue: Matsumoto City Gymnasium, Matsumoto

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Pool D
 venue: Osaka Municipal Central Gymnasium, Osaka

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Second round

 All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+09:00).
 The results and the points of the matches between the same teams that were already played during the First round are taken into account for the Second round.

Pool E
 venue: Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo

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Pool F
 venue: Nippon Gaishi Hall, Nagoya

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Final round
 All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+09:00).

9th–12th place
 venues: Yoyogi National Gymnasium (YNG) and Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium (TMG), both in Tokyo

9th–12th semifinals

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11th place match

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9th place match

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5th–8th place
 venue: Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, Tokyo

5th–8th semifinal

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7th place match

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5th place match

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Finals
 venue: Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo

Semifinals

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3rd place match

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Final
The final was a repeat of the 2006 final, between Russia and Brazil.  Both teams had cruised through the group stages undefeated, though Brazil got to the final after winning a tough five-set semifinal match with Japan the day before.

Russia was forced to rally from a set down twice, winning in five sets (21–25, 25–17, 20–25, 25–14, 15–11).  Russia's 2.02 meter tall Yekaterina Gamova led all scorers with a tournament-high 35 points, while Sheilla Castro led Brazil with 26.

The match was played at the Yoyogi National Stadium in Tokyo in front of a crowd of 12,000.

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Final standing

Individual awards
Most Valuable Player:  Yekaterina Gamova
Best Scorer:  Neslihan Darnel
Best Spiker:   Tatiana Kosheleva
Best Blocker:  Christiane Fürst
Best Server:  Maret Grothues
Best Digger:  Stacy Sykora
Best Receiver:  Logan Tom
Best Setter:  Wei Qiuyue
Best Libero:  Stacy Sykora

See also
 2010 FIVB Men's World Championship

References

External links
 Official website
 FIVB

Category:FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship
World Championship
FIVB Women's World Championship
V

Category:October 2010 sports events in Asia
Category:November 2010 sports events in Asia
Category:Women's volleyball in Japan


Ahsan Mubarak

Ahsan Mubarak (Urdu: احسن مبارک; SI, DSc), is a Pakistani geophysicist and nuclear seismologist who is renowned for his pioneering research on earthquake sciences, and seismic activities in Pakistan. He is the current director of the Center for Earthquake Studies (CES), senior scientist at the Global Network for the Forecasting of Earthquakes (GNFE) and a visiting professor of geophysics at the Quaid-e-Azam University.

Biography

Ahsan attended and graduated from the Karachi University, where he gained BSc in Physics and BA in Mathematics, followed by double MSc in Mathematics and Geology. After his master's degree, Ahsan served as lecturer in geology and taught undergraduate courses on Mathematics before joining the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in 1960s. In 1961, Ahsan joined the PAEC and earned a scholarship for his doctoral studies. In 1962, Ahsan joined the doctoral programme of the London University, and began doctoral research on geophysics. In 1966, Ahsan was awarded Doctor of Science in Geophysics after writing a brief thesis on Radiometric dating and its relative expansion on the Geochronology. In 1967, Mubarak return to his country and joined the senior staff of the PAEC where he engage research on Seismic waves and the Exploration geophysics. In 1969, he was among the five top senior scientists who were selected by the PAEC to receive technical training at the plutonium production facility in Windscale, United Kingdom. Upon return, Ahsan advised the government to acquire the key components, materials and facilitated drafts instead of purchasing the entire site which PAEC can built ingeniously.

Dr. Ahsan Mubarak was recruited by fellow scientist and nuclear physicist dr. Ishfaq Ahmad to join the country's clandestine, large-scale atomic bomb project in 1976. He was a part of PAEC team led by Ishfaq Ahmad which commenced a three-dimensional space survey to find a suitable location for an underground nuclear test, preferably a mountain. The over span of three days and had made several reconnaissance tours of the areas of Balochistan Province. He helped to develop a wide range three-dimensional sites to conduct the nuclear tests, and was set as team leader of a study group to study the effects of blast waves, shock waves and seismic waves generated by the weapon to effect the shape of the site and effects on earth. Ahsan was among the few scientists who were invited to witness the first nuclear tests conducted in 1998, see codenames Chagai-I and Chagai-II. While at the detonation process, Mubarak helped the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) to calculate and approximate the exact yield generated by the devices. For this, he was honoured by the government and is a recipient of Sitara-e-Imtiaz which was honoured to him in 1999.

In 2005, he became founding director of the Center for Earthquake Studies (CES) after experiencing the disastrous 2005 Pakistan earthquake. Since 2005, he has been a public figure educating the country on seismic activities and earthquake sciences. In 2008, Mubarak became senior scientist at the Global Network for the Forecasting of Earthquakes and currently serving as the chief scientist representing Pakistan. In 2010, Mubarak became visiting professor of Geophysics at the Department of Earth Sciences of the Quaid-i-Azam University.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Muhajir people
Category:Pakistani geophysicists
Category:Pakistani scientists
Category:Pakistani seismologists
Category:Pakistani earth scientists
Category:Pakistani science writers
Category:Alumni of the University of London
Category:Quaid-i-Azam University faculty
Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Category:People from Karachi
Category:People from Islamabad
Category:Pakistani academics
Category:Pakistani scholars
Category:Project-706
Category:University of Karachi alumni
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


2008 Chelopechene explosions

The 2008 Chelopechene explosions were a series of explosions that began early on Thursday morning 3 July 2008 at around 6:30 am local time at a munitions depot in the suburb of Chelopechene, 10 kilometres east of the centre of the Bulgarian capital, Sofia. The initial explosions were powerful enough to be heard in the entire capital and surrounding villages. The depot was part of a military facility (Podelenie 18 250) that specialised in dismantling obsolete ammunition.

Timeline
At 6:28 am, Sofia residents were awakened by a powerful, deafening explosion so loud it set off car alarms in districts as far away as Lyulin, some 15 km from the blast. Further east there was great panic among residents as the shockwave shattered windows and some trees were blown down. There was another powerful blast at 6:45 am. Explosions continued throughout the day prompting authorities to evacuate the residents of Chelopechene, Chepintsi and Botunets. A mushroom cloud formed after the first explosion and rose quickly into the morning sky, obscuring the sun. Smaller explosions occurred after midnight on the morning of July 4.

A total of 1,494 tonnes of ageing artillery shells, rocket propelled grenades, depth charges, hand grenades and other explosives were stored at the depots, the Defense Ministry said in a statement. The communist-era ammunition had been due for disposal by army experts.

Panic and first media reports

The first official reports of the blast came on the Bulgarian National Radio 7:00 am news bulletin. TV stations and Internet media also reported that "loud explosions were heard in Sofia but the source was not immediately clear".

Bulgarian Nova Television, which is in close proximity to the blast site, showed residents leaving their homes in panic. Some complained of difficulty breathing. Two men wept on TV, saying their homes were absolutely devastated.

Police and emergency services were inundated with calls from frantic residents. Ambulances and fire engines rushed to the scene but there was little they could do since loud explosions were still being heard in the area.

Official response

The mayor of Sofia, Boyko Borisov, was among the first officials to arrive at the scene. He arrived and issued a warning to local residents to stay indoors or leave the area and to the inhabitants of Sofia to stay at home, and close all windows.

Later, all residents were ordered to evacuate an 8-km zone around the site for fear of another, more powerful explosion. Representatives from the Bulgarian Red Cross, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry for the Environment, the Ministry of Defense, Civil Defense Units and Pirogov paramedics were all at the scene. The first few hours were characterised by many accusations in front of television crews between Borisov and Etem that the situation had not been, and was not, being handled well.

It is an interesting coincidence that a modernised system of the pan-European 112 emergency telephone line had only become operational at midnight on the same day. "Even if we had organized it, we could not have planned it so well," the Emergency Situations Minister told MPs.

Injuries and property damage
Two people suffered cuts from broken glass and one man was taken to hospital with smoke inhalation. Four soldiers on duty at the depots escaped unscathed.

Damage to the area was extensive.  Aerial photos showed that the facility was completely obliterated. The ammunitions depot and surrounding buildings were destroyed.

Nearby homes suffered broken windows and smashed doors and cracks appeared on several homes. Sofia Airport and the Russian Cultural and Information Centre also suffered broken windows. The airport was closed after debris from the blasts fell near a taxiway.

Sofia Airport closure

Sofia Airport had to close down as broken glass was reported at Terminal One and some debris landed on the runways. All flights were redirected to Plovdiv International Airport, about 160 kilometers east of Sofia.

Possible causes
By Sunday, June 6 there were already rumours circulating that the explosions were intentionally caused. Defence Minister Nikolai Tsonev said that a fire (such as the one that caused the explosions) could not have accidentally occurred, and if it had indeed been an accident, that "whole blocks of flats would have been toppled". Instead, it was carefully engineered to spare casualties, Tsonev told reporters. He said that information from as far back as 2002 had suggested of wrongdoing at the unit.

Prosecutor General Boris Velchev considers the security of the facility inadequate and intends to investigate why the 1,500 tonnes of munitions were guarded only by two retired servicemen. The commander of the base is also under investigation for improprieties in the auctioning of the products of the dismantling.. On June 10, it became clear that 200 tonnes of munitions had been missing from the warehouses; one version being circulated was that the explosions aimed to cover up wrongdoings.

On Friday, July 11, it became clear that investigations would be carried out on suspicions into the possibility that the explosions were carried out on land due to be privatised.

Afternoon earthquake
To make matters worse, there was a moderate earthquake at 15:12 EET measuring 3.2 on the Richter scale. The epicentre was 15 km south of the centre of Sofia, in the borough of Pancharevo. Residents thought this was another explosion and rushed to the streets in panic, especially those living in high-rise buildings in the Mladost district. Scientists from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences said it was extremely unlikely that the earthquake was triggered by the blasts.  The geological institute also said that there was no link to the blasts.  Bulgaria's defense minister Nikolay Tsonev said that there were no underground galleries at the military facility and thus no underground blasts that could have caused the recorded tremor.

Environmental impact
"Large quantities of conventional ammunition are stored in the facility, but there are no toxic chemicals or radioactive substances stored there," said Nikolai Kolev, a former army chief of staff. There was visible air pollution in the area and residents said there was a strange smell in the air near the blast zone.

See also
 2008 Gërdec explosions

References

BBC News:  Sofia shaken by depot explosions
Sofia Echo: Sofia Airport still Closed After Blasts
Reuters: Arms dump explosions rock Bulgarian capital
CNN: Explosions rock Bulgarian army facility

External links

News reports:
AP:  Blasts at Bulgarian army depots near capital damage buildings

Video:
Amateur footage
Amateur footage
Dnevnik.bg / RE:TV video
BBC aerial footage

Galleries:
Dnevnik.bg – The explosions
Dnevnik.bg – Chelopechene after the explosions

Category:Explosions in 2008
Category:2008 industrial disasters
Category:Explosions in Bulgaria
Category:2008 in Bulgaria
Category:2000s in Sofia
Category:Events in Sofia
Category:July 2008 events in Europe


Institute for Food, Brain and Behaviour

The Institute for Food, Brain and Behaviour ("IFBB") is a Registered Charity with the primary focus of commissioning research into how food, nutrition and diet can affect brain function and behaviour.

Trustees include France Jackson (Chairman), Lord Ramsbotham, Geoffrey Shields, Noel Wallace, Sarah Morton, Hilary Gal and John Stein (physiologist),  and . Former trustees include Hugh Montefiore, Henry Kitchener, 3rd Earl Kitchener, Baroness Greenfield and Nicholas Frayling.

IFBB's Science Fellows are Dr Paul Clayton, Kathleen Taylor (biologist) and Dr Rachel Gow.

The Patrons isPrue Leith.

History
In 1984 a charity known as South Cumbria Alternative Sentencing Options was founded to investigate whether nutrition could play a role in minimising recidivism in young offenders. The organisation became Natural Justice in 1991, and finally the Institute for Food, Brain and Behaviour in 2010.

Research
The Institute has a collaborative research programme with Oxford University. It facilitated a £1.4 million research project in three prisons funded by the Wellcome Trust. The study commenced in January 2008 with Professor John Stein (physiologist) of Oxford University as Principal Investigator. It was carried out at three Young Offenders Institutions - HM Prison Hindley, Greater Manchester; Lancaster Farms, Lancashire; and HM Prison Polmont, Falkirk.

The Institute has been carrying out a study at Robert Clack School into whether nutritional supplements can improve disadvantaged pupils' cognitive skills and behaviour. This is funded by the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation under their 'food' strand.

References

External links
 Institute for Food, Brain and Behaviour

Category:Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom


Pinemere Camp

Pinemere Camp is a Jewish overnight summer camp for children in grades 2–9.  Its 300 campers are primarily drawn from the United States.

Pinemere is located in a mountain setting, with cabins and a lake.  It is on Bartonsville Woods Road, Stroudsburg, on Stoney Run in the Pocono Mountains in Northeastern Pennsylvania.  The camp is  from the Camelback Mountain Resort, and about  north of Allentown, Pennsylvania.  The camp grounds are 180 acres (4,050 square meters).

Pinemere's name refers to the reflection of its pine trees upon its lake.  The camp was officially established in 1942.

History

1930s–1957

Pinemere Camp began operations in the 1930s.  A lake for swimming and boating was built.  Originally, it was a girls-only camp.

Mrs. Cohen then purchased the property from the McCluskey family and Joseph Nye.  Shortly after the official establishment in 1939 of the North American Federation of Temple Youth (NFTY), the organized youth movement of Reform Judaism in North America, Rabbi Sam Cook organized what may have been the first regional Labor Day Conclave for the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC) Pennsylvania State Federation at Pinemere.

Subsequently, the Philadelphia Jewish Welfare Board purchased the camp.  Pinemere Camp was officially established in 1942 by the Jewish Welfare Board (which subsequently became the Jewish Community Center Association (JCCA)) to provide a resident camp experience for Jewish children in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It focused especially on providing a camp experience to children from smaller communities that did not have a synagogue.  At that point, it became co-ed.  In the late 1940s, John Bernheimer, a prominent Philadelphia attorney, served on its board of directors.  American interior designer and former daytime television host Nate Berkus's grandparents met at the camp, where his grandfather was the water sports director.

1958–99
From 1958 to 1999, Robert H. Miner was Pinemere Camp's director, leading more than 15,000 campers and young counselors.  In 1980, it formed the Pinemere Alumni Association.  In 1988, it dedicated its new Pinemere Indoor Facility.

In 1991, Stephen H. Holden, a Cherry Hill, New Jersey, attorney, was elected president of the Pinemere Camp Association.  In 1995, the camp had 205 campers. Starting in the mid-1990s, some of its buildings were used as accommodation for ski groups, including those of other faiths.

2000–present
In 2000, Aaron Selkow became the camp's Executive Director; he held that position until 2008.  In 2008, 18 campers who attended Pinemere did so with a grant from the Overnight Camp Incentive Program, a program designed to attract new campers to Jewish identity-building camps. It is a joint project of the Philadelphia-based Neubauer Family Foundation, the Foundation for Jewish Camp, and the Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia.  The program provided grants for campers in amounts ranging from $750 to $1,250.  The majority of the Pinemere campers who received grants chose to return the following summer.

That same summer, the camp  began an environmental education program. Activities include gardening and repurposing discarded items into new items.

In 2008, Toby Ayash became executive director; a position she held for five years. Pinemere began offering three-day sports clinics in basketball, tennis, baseball, softball, football, soccer, golf, horseback riding, lacrosse, field hockey, and wilderness survival.  It brought in the full-time Athletic Director of the Pocono Mountain East High School so campers could work on sports drills.  The clinics are taught by professional coaches; the golf clinic is taught by a PGA-certified coach, and the one-day basketball clinic known as the Sixers Summer Hoops Tour is run by the Philadelphia 76ers, with visits by 76ers legends.

In 2010, the camp began to offer an abbreviated option of a one-week  mini-session, with 5 rising third-graders.  By June 2012, 42 campers had signed up.

In the summer of 2012, two dozen Jewish teenagers from Germany attended Pinemere Camp in an arrangement with the Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (the Central Council of Jews in Germany), the umbrella organization of Germany’s Jewish communities. In December 2012, two dozen American Pinemere campers joined their German counterparts in the ski village of Fürstenhof in Natz in the Italian Alps.

In 2013 the camp had 300 campers, about half from the Philadelphia area.

Today
Pinemere Camp has campers from the ages of 6 to 16.  The camp attracts children who both do and do not attend Hebrew school or synagogue, and some campers who attend Hebrew day schools.

Pinemere offers boating, canoeing, pioneering, dramatics, arts and crafts, team sports, archery, and tennis.  The camp offers sports clinics in basketball, baseball, softball, football, soccer, tennis, golf, horseback riding, lacrosse, and field hockey.

All meals at the camp are kosher, and the camp observes shabbat.  The camp also offers gluten-free food for campers with celiac disease and other options for various dietary needs.

Pinemere offers campers the options of various sessions:  either a one-, three-, four-, or seven-week session.  It also offers a 3-day "SPARK weekend," so first-time campers can try it out.

The camp is owned by Pinemere Camp Association. It is affiliated with mid-Atlantic region Jewish centers.

Staff
The camp's executive director is Mitch Morgan.  Pinemere's Assistant Directors are Aaron Singer and Linz Etter Haft.

Notable persons

Staff
Rabbi James L. Apple, rabbi and navy chaplain

Campers
Diane Ackerman, author, poet, and naturalist; her first summer at the camp was in 1961
Stephen Fried, investigative journalist, non-fiction author, essayist, and adjunct professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
Toby Lightman, singer-songwriter attended Pinemere in the 90's and was a CIT at Pinemere in 1995.

References

External links

TimeOut entry
Roxborough-Manayunk Patch entry

Category:Buildings and structures in Monroe County, Pennsylvania
Category:The Poconos
Category:Youth organizations based in Pennsylvania
Category:1942 establishments in Pennsylvania
Category:Jewish summer camps in Pennsylvania


2018–19 Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball team

The 2018–19 Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball team represents the University of Alabama in the 2018–19 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Crimson Tide, led by sixth-year head coach Kristy Curry, play their games at Coleman Coliseum and were members of the Southeastern Conference. They finished the season 14–17, 5–11 in SEC play to finish in eleventh place. They defeated Vanderbilt in the first round of the SEC Women's Tournament before losing to Auburn in the second round.

Previous season
The Crimson Tide finished the 2017–18 season 20–14, 7–9 in SEC play to finish in eighth place. They lost in the second round of the SEC Women's Tournament to Kentucky. They received an automatic bid to the Women's National Invitation Tournament and defeated Southern, UCF and Georgia Tech in the first, second and third rounds, before losing to Virginia Tech in the quarterfinals.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=6 style=| Exhibition

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!colspan=6 style=| Non-conference regular season

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!colspan=6 style=| SEC regular season

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!colspan=9 style=| SEC Women's Tournament

Source:

Rankings
2018–19 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings

References

Alabama
Category:Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball seasons
Alabama Crimson Tide
Alabama Crimson Tide


Jo Leemans

Josephine Leemans-Verbustel (born 13 August 1927 in Mechelen, Belgium), better known as Jo Leemans, is a Belgian singer who was given the nickname "The Flemish Doris Day" in the 1950s.

She had multiple number 1 hits in the national hit parade including "Que Sera Sera", a Dutch cover of the song by Doris Day, only one month after the original.

Asides from being a singer, she also had a career as a TV and radio host.

Sources
 Jo Leemans at the Belgian pop and rock archive
 Dutch Wikipedia page on Jo Leemans

Category:1927 births
Category:Living people
Category:Belgian female singers
Category:People from Mechelen


Bibeau

Bibeau is a surname of French origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Antoine Bibeau (born 1994), Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender
Marie Bibeau (1865-1924), first Superior General of the Little Franciscans of Mary
Marie-Claude Bibeau, Canadian politician
Michael Zehaf-Bibeau (1982-2014) (aka Joseph Paul Michael Bibeau), the perpetrator of the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa
Ray Bibeau, Canadian ice hockey player
Rénald Bibeau, Canadian politician


Townsendia scapigera

Townsendia scapigera is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name tufted Townsend daisy. It is native to the western United States, where it grows in mountains, sagebrush, and other habitat.

It is a small perennial herb taking a clumped form just a few centimeters tall, its herbage growing on a caudex and taproot unit. The leaves are up to 5 centimeters long and coated in rough hairs. The inflorescence bears flower heads on erect peduncles, each head measuring 1 to 3 centimeters wide with hairy phyllaries. Each head contains many yellow disc florets and many white, pinkish, or purplish ray florets each measuring up to 1.6 centimeters in length.

The fruit is a hairy achene tipped with a pappus of bristles.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Flora of North America
Photo gallery

Category:Astereae
Category:Flora of the Western United States
Category:Flora of Colorado
Category:Flora of California
Category:Flora of the Rocky Mountains


Dorothee Mields

Dorothee Mields (born 15 April 1971) is a German soprano concert singer of Baroque and contemporary music.

Career
Mields was born in Gelsenkirchen. She studied at the University of the Arts Bremen with Elke Holzmann, Harry van der Kamp and Gabriele Schreckenbach. After graduation she continued studying in Stuttgart with Julia Hamari.

Baroque music
With the Collegium Vocale Gent and Philippe Herreweghe she recorded several Bach cantatas, his Magnificat in E-flat major, BWV 243a, Easter Oratorio and Ascension Oratorio. In 2001 she recorded Joseph Schuster's opera Demofoonte on a libretto of Metastasio with La Ciaccona, conducted by Ludger Rémy.

In 2002 she recorded several cantatas for Pentecost of Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel, a prolific contemporary of Bach, conducted by Ludger Rémy. The soloists, including Jan Kobow, also formed the choir. In January 2003 she sang Monteverdi’s Vespro della Beata Vergine on a tour of with the Collegium Vocale Gent. In 2006 she performed in Bach's St John Passion with the Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra in Canada. She sang the soprano part in the recording of Bach's Mass in B minor with Jos van Veldhoven. She recorded songs of John Dowland with the gambist Hille Perl in 2008, and Love Songs of Henry Purcell with the Lautten Compagney Berlin. She was soprano soloist for two concerts of the Bachchor Mainz reviving church cantatas of Wilhelm Friedemann Bach in June 2010, remembering the composers birth in 1710. In 2016 she performed an evening of English Mad Songs, by Purcell and his contemporaries, with the Lautten Compagney at Eberbach Abbey as part of the Rheingau Musik Festival.

Contemporary music
In 2004 she sang the title role in the premiere of Johannes Maria Staud's opera Berenice at the Munich Biennale. She premiered Beat Furrer's Invocation III (the third scene of invocation) for soprano and ensemble on words from the 16th century on 17 September 2004, in Innsbruck, with the Klangforum Wien conducted by the composer. In 2006 she sang Gérard Grisey's final work Quatre Chants pour franchir le seuil with the Klangforum Wien and Simone Young in Hamburg. She performed the solo of Mahler's Symphony No. 4 with the Orchestre des Champs-Élysées conducted by Herreweghe. Her debut at the Salzburg Festival in 2007 was again Grisey's Quatre Chants, conducted by Emilio Pomárico. In 2009 Dorothee Mields and Andreas Karasiak were the soloists in the requiem composition Schwarz vor Augen und es ward Licht of Harald Weiss dedicated to the Knabenchor Hannover, premiered on 31 October 2009, with the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra.

Festivals
Mields has performed at many international festivals, including Bachwoche Ansbach, the Bach Festival of Köthen, the Bachfest Leipzig, the Handel Festival, Halle, and the Handel Festival, Göttingen, the Suntory Music Foundation Festival, the Boston Early Music Festival, the Tanglewood Music Festival, the Music Festival of Bremen, the Vienna Festival Weeks, and the Flanders Festival in Bruges. At the Tanglewood Festival she performed Bach's Mass in B minor in 2007 with the Netherlands Bach Society.

Mields has been a teacher at the Hochschule für Musik "Franz Liszt", Weimar.

Selected discography
 Purcell Love Songs Dorothee Mields, Wolfgang Katschner, Lautten Compagney Berlin. Carus Verlag.
 Purcell Love's Madness Dorothee Mields, Wolfgang Katschner, Lautten Compagney Berlin. Carus Verlag.
 Sacred Arias German baroque cantatas. Dorothee Mields, Concerto Melante
 Birds Dorothee Mields, Stefan Temmingh (recorder), L'Orfeo Barockorchester, The Gentleman's Brand. Baroque bird songs by Handel, Torri, Arne, Keiser, Bartlet, and others. dhm. February 2015
 Telemann. Hoffnung des Widersehens Dorothee Mields, soprano. Michi Gaigg, L'Orfeo Barockorchester. dhm. September 2012

References

External links
 Dorothee Mields on Konzertdirektion Schmid
 Dorothee Mields on Les Boréades, Baroque ensemble on period instruments

Category:German operatic sopranos
Category:Living people
Category:1971 births
Category:Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar faculty
Category:University of the Arts Bremen alumni
Category:People from Gelsenkirchen
Category:21st-century German musicians
Category:21st-century women musicians
Category:German performers of early music
Category:Women performers of early music
Category:21st-century women singers
Category:21st-century German opera singers