RAF Uxbridge

RAF Uxbridge was a Royal Air Force (RAF) station in Uxbridge, within the London Borough of Hillingdon, occupying a  site that originally belonged to the Hillingdon House estate. The British Government purchased the estate in 1915, three years before the founding of the RAF. Until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the station was open to the public.

The station is best known as the headquarters of No. 11 Group RAF, which was responsible for the aerial defence of London and the south-east of England during the Battle of Britain. Hillingdon House served as the group's headquarters. A bunker, subsequently known as the Battle of Britain Bunker, was built nearby to house the  Operations Room, which controlled fighter squadrons operating within the group. The Operations Room was also responsible for providing air support during the evacuation of Dunkirk in May 1940 (Operation Dynamo) and the D-Day landings (Operation Overlord). It was here that Winston Churchill first said, "Never in the history of mankind has so much been owed by so many to so few", which he repeated in a speech to Parliament four days later.

RAF Uxbridge closed on 31 March 2010 as part of a reduction in the number of Ministry of Defence installations in the Greater London area. Many of its remaining military units were relocated to nearby RAF Northolt the following day. Plans for redevelopment, consisting of a mixture of new residential and commercial properties and the retention of all listed buildings, were approved in January 2011. A small part of the station incorporating the Battle of Britain Bunker retains the RAF Uxbridge name and is owned by Hillingdon Council.

The River Pinn runs through the site from north to south, passing Hillingdon House and the Battle of Britain Bunker. The land around the river is mainly wooded and designated as greenbelt, and Hillingdon Golf Course borders the south of the station. A footpath through the site that had closed in 1988 was reopened in 2011.

History

Early years

The area that became RAF Uxbridge was long a part of the estate of Hillingdon House, built as a hunting lodge in 1717 by the Duke of Schomberg, who staged regular hunts in the grounds. He was a German-born general serving under the future King William III, and was knighted for his part in the 1690 Battle of the Boyne.

The Marchioness of Rockingham, widow of Prime Minister Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, bought the house in 1786 for £9,000 () following her husband's death and lived there until her own death in 1804. She left the estate to her stepsister Elizabeth, widow of William Weddell MP, who sold it to Josias Du Pré Porcher in 1805.

In 1810 the estate was sold to Richard Henry Cox, grandson of Richard Cox, founder of the travel company Cox & Kings. Cox & Co, as the company was then known, was formed after Richard Cox was appointed agent to the Foot Guards (later the Grenadier Guards), and provided banking services for many regiments of the British Army by the end of the 18th century. The mansion was completely rebuilt after it burnt down in 1844 and later received a Grade II listing as a historic site.

First World War
In 1914 the mansion was put on the market by the estate of Frederick Cox, Richard Henry Cox's grandson. It was described as "a brick and stone building, partly stuccoed, with extensive outbuildings and ornamental gardens". The house and gardens, together with the surrounding parkland and an artificial lake created by damming a section of the River Pinn, amounted to over .

The British Government purchased the estate in 1915, with the intention of establishing a prisoner of war camp. The local population strongly opposed the plan, causing the government to relent, and the site instead became the Canadian Convalescent Hospital to care for troops evacuated from the front line during the First World War. The hospital opened on 20 September 1915 and was joined on 19 November 1917 by the Royal Flying Corps Armament School which moved into Hillingdon House with 114 officers and 1156 men, making a donation of £2289.12s.9d (£ in ) to the Canadian Red Cross. The RFC used parts of the estate not required by the Canadians, and established firing ranges for the training of recruits in ground gunnery. A total of eight of these ranges were built along the River Pinn; one remains today. The hospital closed on 12 December 1917.

On 1 April 1918, the Uxbridge site came under control of the Royal Air Force, which had been formed that day by the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service. The following month it became the first RAF station to receive a royal visit, from King George V.

Inter-war years
The Recruits Training Depot and a detachment of the RAF Depot from RAF Halton arrived in August 1919, merging to form  Depot, RAF Uxbridge. The station itself was designated RAF Central Depot, Uxbridge. The site was then split to form two new RAF stations, the area to the east of the River Pinn heading uphill to Hillingdon House becoming RAF Hillingdon and the remainder RAF Uxbridge. That year, the building that became the station cinema was opened, designed by Lieutenant J. G. N. Clift of the Royal Engineers, and served as a lecture hall for new recruits. The RAF School of Music moved to RAF Uxbridge from Hampstead in September 1919. Headquarters Southern Area, Southern Area Medical Headquarters, Southern Area Barrack Stores, and the Southern Area and South Eastern Area Headquarters of the Air Construction Service moved into Hillingdon House in October 1919. T. E. Lawrence, better known as "Lawrence of Arabia", underwent initial training at the Uxbridge Depot in 1922 after enlisting in the RAF under the assumed name John Hume-Ross. He recounted his experiences in The Mint.

Uxbridge Football Club was provided with the use of the station stadium from 1923 and played evening matches there. Ten barrack blocks designed by A. Gilpin were built around the parade ground in 1925, as was the RAF officers' hospital and the original Operations Room, controlled by the Fighting Area of Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB). The Air Ministry chose RAF Uxbridge as the new base for ADGB on 14 January 1926 owing to its proximity to Whitehall. The site had the added advantage of lying on the fringes of London and therefore difficult for an enemy to locate and bomb. Having also housed a gymnasium, the lecture hall building became the station cinema in 1927, initially for the use of station personnel only but soon opened to the general public. On 1 March 1929, the headquarters of the Observer Corps was established at Hillingdon House; Air Commodore Edward Masterman was appointed its first commandant. The Observer Corps remained at RAF Uxbridge until 1 March 1936, when it transferred to RAF Bentley Priory.

Owing to its wooden construction the original Operations Room could only be used during the summer months; maintenance of the signalling and communications equipment became difficult under damp winter conditions. A memo dated 16 January 1933, sent to the senior Air Staff Officer, Wing Commander Modin, stated:

Douglas Bader arrived at the military hospital in 1932 to recover from the amputation of his legs following an air crash. During his stay Bader met the Desoutter brothers, who were beginning to make lightweight artificial legs from aluminium. Once fitted with artificial legs, Bader fought hard to regain his former abilities and in time his efforts paid off. He was able to drive a specially modified car, play golf and even dance. During his convalescence, Bader met his future wife Thelma Edwards, a waitress at The Pantiles tearooms in Bagshot 25 miles away.

Formed on 1 May 1936,  Group RAF was headquartered at RAF Uxbridge under the command of Air Vice Marshal Philip Joubert de la Ferté, who was succeeded by Sir Ernest Gossage in January 1937. The ADGB was reorganised on 13 July 1936, with control of fighter aircraft passing to the newly established RAF Fighter Command, which moved to RAF Bentley Priory. The following day the remaining elements of ADGB became RAF Bomber Command, headquartered in Hillingdon House.

Planning for the new  Operations Room (within what became known as the Battle of Britain Bunker) began in August 1937. Initially it was to be buried  below ground, but problems with the local London Clay on the site meant it was eventually built by Sir Robert McAlpine at a depth of , although it was still able to withstand being hit by a  bomb. The bunker was designed by Bob Creer of the Air Ministry. Work began in February 1939 and finished in August, ten days before the outbreak of the Second World War. The original Operations Room on the surface remained as a back-up, but was not required for that purpose and was subsequently renamed Building 76. Also in August 1939, Bomber Command moved to Iver and on 2 September the new Operations Room and RAF Uxbridge reached operational war readiness. The station closed to the public on the outbreak of war, and the football club was required to suspend its use of the stadium.

Second World War

During the war, RAF Uxbridge was tasked with despatching personnel to and from training and operational units in Northern France. It also housed the RAF Uxbridge Language School, where Polish Air Force pilots were taught key RAF codewords. Pilots practised formation flying on the station football pitch, using tricycles fitted with radios, compasses and speed indicators. British Expeditionary Force troops returning from Dunkirk were processed at Uxbridge. In mid-1940, staff at the station processed an average of 2,500 recruits and experienced troops per week.

During the Battle of Britain, between July and October 1940, RAF Fighter Command at RAF Bentley Priory received air threat warnings that it filtered to remove duplication, doubt and confusion. These were then forwarded to the Operations Room at RAF Uxbridge, which allocated appropriate defence resources and passed orders on to  Group sector airfields.  Group personnel doubled to 20,000 between April and November 1940. The RAF officers' hospital was converted to the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) hospital early in 1940.

While overseeing the operations at RAF Uxbridge, Air Vice Marshal Park stayed in a house opposite the entrance to the bunker. He used a small door to reach the bunker from the house each day. The house, named after the war in Park's honour, was demolished in 1996 to make way for newly constructed married quarters; only the garden wall and door were retained. Wing Commander Willoughby de Broke received the Air Force Cross on 11 July 1940 for his service as a Senior Operations Officer for  Group, working within the Operations Room. Prime Minister Winston Churchill visited the station on 16 August 1940, to monitor the battle from the Operations Room. He subsequently made his well-known comment, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few", to General Ismay as they got into their car to leave. Churchill repeated the quote in a speech to Parliament four days later. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited the station on 6 September. Churchill was again present at RAF Uxbridge on 15 September 1940, the fiercest day of fighting of the entire battle and later named Battle of Britain Day. As the last squadrons were sent into battle, Churchill asked Air Vice Marshal Sir Keith Park, "How many reserves have we?" Park answered, "There are none."

A delayed-action landmine fell on the station on 26 September 1940, between the police school and WAAF Quarters where it remained until it was defused the following day. Two days later on 28 September a bomb fell into a tree  from the Operations Room and was later taken to Harefield where it was defused. A Junkers Ju 88 attacked the station on 6 October 1940, dropping a bomb beside the Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes (NAAFI) grocery shop. The device damaged water and gas mains but caused no casualties. Few bombs fell on the station; Luftwaffe pilots may have mistaken the glass greenhouses at the Lowe & Shawyer plant nursery west of the station for a large body of water not on their maps.

The king and queen returned on 1 November 1941, by which time a "Royal Box" had been installed in the Operations Room from which they could observe the plotting activities. During 1942, General Charles de Gaulle, Sir Anthony Eden and Lord Mountbatten all visited the  Operations Room. The actors Rex Harrison (then a squadron leader liaising with Bomber Command), Cyril Raymond and Ronald Adam all served within the Operations Room during the war.

In 1941, a division of the Meteorological Office was established at RAF Uxbridge as part of the Intelligence Branch. On 1 July that year, the station Sick Quarters were merged with the WAAF hospital to create the RAF Station Hospital.  Group was involved in providing air support for the Dieppe Raid (Operation Jubilee) on 19 August 1942. Air Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory commanded participating Allied air forces from the  Group Operations Room. The air operations section of Operation Overlord—the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 (D-Day)—was also controlled from RAF Uxbridge. Orders from the station were the only ones issued to Allied air units on the day. The headquarters of the 2nd Tactical Air Force and 9th Tactical Air Force of the USAAF were stationed at Uxbridge while preparations were made for the invasion. On D-Day, the  Group Controller was responsible for ensuring sufficient air patrols of the United Kingdom, the main shipping routes, and the beach landing areas.

Post-war years

RAF Uxbridge served as an athlete's village for the male competitors in the 1948 Summer Olympics. Swimmers trained at nearby Uxbridge Lido, and female athletes were housed at RAF West Drayton. Personnel from RAF Uxbridge were moved out to RAF Stanmore Park and transported back to the station daily for their shifts. In 1949, the RAF Cricket Association opened on Vine Lane on the western boundary of the station. Also moving into the stations grounds in October of that year were the 14F squadron or the Air Training Corps, their access also being via Vine Lane.The station's crest was approved in April 1953, incorporating a drill sergeant's pace stick to symbolise the training of recruits, and a bugle to represent the Central Band of the RAF; Uxbridge was the first RAF station in Middlesex to have a crest approved.

The ceremonial entrance to the north-west of the station, St Andrew's Gate, was officially opened on 16 December 1957 to mark the link between Uxbridge and the Royal Air Force. A memorial to the personnel of  Group, made of Cornish granite, was placed in the ground above the Operations Room in 1957.  Group moved to RAF Martlesham Heath on 14 April 1958 and the room was soon sealed in its original condition. The memorial was unveiled by Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding on 23 April 1958 in a ceremony attended by Group Captain Douglas Bader and Wing Commander Lord Willoughby de Broke, among others, and marked by a flypast of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight. Control of RAF Hillingdon passed from Fighter Command to Technical Training Command that year, at which time the entire site became known as RAF Uxbridge. The RAF School of Education moved into Hillingdon House from RAF Spitalgate on 10 November 1958, and the station was subsequently merged with No. 22 Group RAF.

The station was granted the Freedom of the London Borough of Hillingdon on 19 March 1960, an honour allowing the station's personnel to march throughout the borough in uniform. On 1 November that year, the Queen's Colour Squadron of the RAF Regiment moved to Uxbridge and the Southern Region Air Traffic Services headquarters moved into Hillingdon House. After the war, the station was already home to the London Area Control Centre, renamed the London Air Traffic Control Centre in 1948 and the Uxbridge Air Traffic Control Centre in 1957. This eventually transferred to RAF West Drayton but remained under the parentage of RAF Uxbridge.

The  Operations Room was extensively surveyed in order for a replica to be built at Pinewood Studios for the 1969 film Battle of Britain. Scenes for the 1996 television miniseries Over Here and an episode of Richard Holmes' War Walks were filmed in the Operations Room itself. The reinforced Uniter building was built on the site in the 1970s to house communications equipment. Although no longer used for this purpose, the building contains two fuel storage tanks. The main entrance to the station was moved in 1972 from beside the station cinema to its present location roughly  south.

Over nine months in 1975, the  Operations Room was restored by  Signals Unit. The original map was repaired and returned to the table by the RAF Cartography unit, and the board detailing the readiness and activities of each sector squadron was rebuilt to resemble its status on 15 September 1940. In 1985 a museum was created within the bunker by Warrant Officer Robert "Chris" Wren and the Operations Room opened for group visits.

In January 1981, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) planted a bomb in the Suvla barrack block at RAF Uxbridge. The device was discovered and the thirty-five RAF musicians and fifteen airmen living there were evacuated before it exploded. Following the incident, an enquiry began and security at all RAF stations was reviewed. The following year, many RAF personnel from the station were deployed during the Falklands War. The station went on to celebrate its 70th anniversary in 1987 by staging several events that raised £30,000 (£ in ) for the RAF Benevolent Fund.

RAF Uxbridge also became involved in Operation Granby following the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. Personnel at Uxbridge were prepared for service in the Gulf at that time and deployed in December that year. During the aerial assault on Iraq in January 1991, support group meetings began at the station for the families of service personnel serving during the Gulf War. Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, visited one of these groups in February 1991.

The station church, St Luke's, became structurally unsound on 21 November 1990 after the foundations failed. The building dated back to 1933 and had been constructed of wood; the walls were pushed out and the floor rose by . In March 1993, the Leigh-Mallory bridge was opened across the River Pinn, and the church moved into a new permanent home, Building 231, in March 1995. Jim Bolger, then Prime Minister of New Zealand, visited the station in May, and in October the station's new sports centre opened.

RAF Uxbridge personnel were once more prepared for action in the Gulf in 2003 in readiness for Operation Telic in Iraq. A support network for the families of service personnel sent into action was again established at the station. In March 2003 the Under-Secretary of State for Defence was briefed at Uxbridge as part of preparations for a visit to the Gulf.

Personnel paraded through Uxbridge town centre on 28 November 2007, exercising the freedom of the borough granted to the station in 1960. RAF Uxbridge became a satellite station of RAF Northolt on 1 April 2008, in preparation for eventual closure. In the final years of RAF ownership, the Service Prosecuting Authority and Civil Aviation Authority's UK Airprox Board (investigating air proximity incidents) was based in Hillingdon House. The final of the national Carnegie Champions schools rugby tournament was held at the station in August 2008. The link between RAF Uxbridge and the Royal Observer Corps was renewed in 2008 with the closure of RAF Bentley Priory and the relocation to Uxbridge of ROC memorabilia from the Priory Officers' Mess for safekeeping and display (the Royal Observer Corps having been stood down from operational duties in December 1995).

The Queen's Colour Squadron returned from a six-month tour of duty in Afghanistan in 2009, marked by a homecoming parade through Uxbridge town centre held on 5 August 2009. More than 20,000 people watched the parade, which started from Uxbridge Magistrates Court, passing along the town's High Street to the RAF station.

RAF units

Sources: RAF Uxbridge 90th Anniversary 1917–2007, RAF Uxbridge – A Fond Farewell, and Ministry of Defence.

Closure and redevelopment

Prior to the closure of RAF Uxbridge, Queen Elizabeth II sent a message to the station in February 2010, via her equerry, Wing Commander A. D. Calame, who had served as Officer Commanding the Queen's Colour Squadron between 10 August 2005 and 16 July 2007:

The station closed on 31 March 2010 as part of the Ministry of Defence's Project MoDEL, a programme to reduce the number of defence sites in Greater London in favour of a core site at RAF Northolt. The closure ceremony was overseen by the Mayor of Hillingdon and included parades and the final lowering of the Royal Air Force Ensign over the parade ground. A Supermarine Spitfire conducted a flypast of the station. The final units marched to their new station at RAF Northolt the following day. The station, which had received the Freedom of the Borough of Hillingdon, returned the award to the London Borough of Hillingdon as part of the ceremony, though this was returned on 4 September to be stored in the museum of the Battle of Britain Bunker. A commemorative blue plaque dedicated to Douglas Bader was unveiled by the Mayor of Hillingdon at the entrance to the Officers' Mess.

The Middlesex Wing Headquarters of the Air Training Corps (ATC) had been based at the station together with  Squadron ATC, which met on Mondays and Thursdays for parade nights. As part of the closing ceremony, personnel of  Squadron were presented with the station crest to adopt as their own. The squadron continued to meet at the station until July 2010, when a newly refurbished building at the TA Centre on Honeycroft Hill became available.

The Grade I listed Battle of Britain Bunker is now preserved as a museum open to the public, while the Grade II listed Hillingdon House will be partially converted into a restaurant. The station cinema is also Grade II listed. The Battle of Britain War Memorial is a scheduled protected monument. Although not listed, several other buildings on the site were identified within the plans for possible retention: the Sick Quarters, the Officers' Mess, the original gymnasium, the carpenters' block in the grounds of Hillingdon House and a building near the Battle of Britain Bunker. St. Andrew's Gate will be retained, as will the Mons barrack block adjacent to the parade ground.

Plans to develop the remaining  of the site were approved by the London Borough of Hillingdon in January 2011 for 1,340 homes, shops, a theatre and a primary school to be built over ten years. The council intends the development to become an extension of Uxbridge town centre. Early suggestions from the Leader of Hillingdon Council included a theatre with a statue of T.E. Lawrence outside, and a new museum built around the Battle of Britain Bunker. MP for Uxbridge John Randall called in 2009 for Hillingdon Hospital to be relocated to the site as an alternative to a planned rebuilding project on its existing site. The hospital trust ruled out such a move due to the projected costs.

The area around the Battle of Britain Bunker, including the  Group memorial, will retain the RAF Uxbridge name and be maintained by RAF Northolt as an exclave. The Royal Air Force Ensign was moved to the area, together with the Supermarine Spitfire gate guardian, a fibreglass replica of aircraft BR600. The Spitfire was refurbished and painted in the D-Day invasion colours of  Squadron as aircraft BS239, funded by the London Borough of Hillingdon. Uxbridge's first gate guardian was a real Supermarine Spitfire which was unveiled on 23 May 1973. This was sold to a collector for restoration and replaced by the current guardian in 1988. At a service commemorating the Battle of Britain in September 2010, a new Hawker Hurricane gate guardian in the markings of  Polish Fighter Squadron was unveiled, also near the bunker. The guardian is a fibreglass replica of the aircraft flown by Witold Urbanowicz during the Battle of Britain.

The South Hillingdon branch of the St. John Ambulance service was based at RAF Uxbridge until the closure in 2010 led to a period of uncertainty over its relocation. Eventually, RAF Northolt provided the charity with new premises, which were available from January 2011.

In June 2011, it was announced that the public right of way from St Andrew's Gate in the north-west to Vine Lane in the north-east would be reopened, after work to fence off the pathway was completed. The path,  long, was the subject of a petition submitted to Hillingdon Council in 2010 and had been closed since 1988. The path was reopened in early August 2011.

Since closing, the site has been used extensively for filming. Most recently, scenes for the television drama Endeavour, set in the 1960s, were filmed there.

In April 2012, VSM Estates announced it would be completing the purchase of the site from the MoD, with a view to commencing building work by the end of the year. VSM were provided with a £60 million five-year loan by HSBC, together with funding from joint parent companies, St. Modwen Properties and Vinci plc. Persimmon will develop  of the site with 500 homes under an existing joint venture agreement with St Modwen. Demolition of the site in phases began in October 2012. The site will be developed under the St Andrew's Park name.

A wood commemorating the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II was planted within the site in May 2012. Each school in the London Borough of Hillingdon was invited to plant a tree, and the Station Commander of RAF Northolt, Group Captain Tim O'Brien, also planted one on behalf of the RAF. The wood was officially dedicated by the London Borough of Hillingdon's Representative Deputy Lieutenant, Wing Commander Edna Partridge, on 19 July 2012.

A ground-breaking ceremony was held on 2 July 2013 on the site, attended by the Mayor of Hillingdon and cabinet members of Hillingdon Council. The development is due to be completed within seven years.

A new primary school, built on the site of the former sports ground and gym, opened in September 2014. Named the John Locke Academy, the school will have 630 primary places and 90 nursery places when fully subscribed.

An additional planning application for the construction of office buildings was submitted by St. Modwen in June 2015.

See also
 List of Battle of Britain airfields
 List of former Royal Air Force stations

References
Citations

Bibliography
 Bristow, Mark. (2005) A History of Royal Air Force Northolt. RAF Northolt: No. 1 AIDU (Aeronautical Information Documents Unit)
 Crozier, Hazel. (2007) RAF Uxbridge 90th Anniversary 1917–2007. RAF High Wycombe: Air Command Media Services
 Crozier, Hazel; Wren, Chris; Askew, Sam. (2010) RAF Uxbridge – A Fond Farewell. RAF High Wycombe: Air Command Media Services
 Jackson, Robert. (1983) Douglas Bader: a biography. London: Littlehampton Book Services
 Pearce, K. R. (2009) Uxbridge From Old Photographs. Stroud: Amberley Publishing
 Sherwood, Philip. (2007) Around Uxbridge Past & Present. Stroud: Sutton Publishing
 Skinner, James. (2008) Growing Up in Wartime Uxbridge. Stroud: Tempus Publishing

Further reading
 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4, 1971, pp. 55–69
 British History Online
 R.H.Cox records

External links

 English Heritage record for RAF Uxbridge
 English Heritage record for the No. 11 Group Operations Room, RAF Uxbridge
 Account of a visit to the restored ops room, with photographs
 London Borough of Hillingdon – RAF Uxbridge Planning Project
 Royal Air Force Association Battle of Britain Club
 1083 Squadron Air Training Corps
 St Andrew's Park Uxbridge redevelopment

Videos
 RAF Uxbridge Final Parade – Part One (YouTube)
 RAF Uxbridge Final Parade – Part Two (YouTube)
 Visit to the Battle of Britain Bunker (YouTube)

Category:1917 establishments in England
Uxbridge
Category:Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Category:History of the London Borough of Hillingdon
Uxbridge
Uxbridge
Category:Uxbridge


Canton of Saillagouse

The Canton of Saillagouse is a French former canton of the Pyrénées-Orientales department, in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 21 communes, which joined the new canton of Les Pyrénées catalanes in 2015.

Composition
The canton of Saillagouse comprised 21 communes:
Saillagouse
Angoustrine-Villeneuve-des-Escaldes
Bourg-Madame
Dorres
Égat
Enveitg
Err
Estavar
Eyne
Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via
Latour-de-Carol
Llo
Nahuja
Osséja
Palau-de-Cerdagne
Porta
Porté-Puymorens
Sainte-Léocadie
Targassonne
Ur
Valcebollère

References

Saillagouse
Category:2015 disestablishments in France
Category:States and territories disestablished in 2015


Key to the Door

Key to the Door is a novel by English author Alan Sillitoe, first published in 1961.

Synopsis
Key to the Door is the story of a young man growing up in the grim backstreets of Nottingham, England in the 1950s. He attempts to find a way of shaking off the stifling working class expectations that are thrust upon him from all sectors of society. After leaving school for a soulless job in a cardboard factory and forced into marriage with a woman he neither loves nor respects, he is finally called up for National Service and sent to Malaya during the Emergency where he finds himself an unwilling combatant against Chinese communists, whom he thinks of more as comrades in the class struggle rather than as enemies. Based in part on the author's own experiences in Nottingham and in Malaya, the novel was unfavourably compared to the author’s previous stories of working class life in Nottingham, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner, but proved popular enough to be reprinted in 1978.

Relation to other books
Key to the Door is the second part of the Seaton family trilogy which commenced with Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1958) although chronologically it is set before the earlier book. The third book is The Open Door (1989). Critical response to the second book of the trilogy was negative.

References

Category:1961 British novels
Category:Social realism
Category:Novels by Alan Sillitoe
Category:Novels set in Nottinghamshire
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Norma Brown

Norma Brown may refer to:

 Norma Parker (1906–2004), married name Brown, Australian social worker and educator
 Norma Elaine Brown (1926–2003), U.S. Air Force general


Brian Rolapp

Brian Rolapp is the Chief Media and Business Officer of the National Football League.

Career

Rolapp began as an analyst at CIBC World Markets for their Media and Entertainment Group. In 2000, after completing his MBA at Harvard Business School, Rolapp joined NBC Universal as the Director of Business Development in New York. His concentration included NBC's cable and new media strategies and their acquisition of all properties of Vivendi Universal Entertainment, which include USA Network, Sci-Fi and Trio. After three years with NBC, Rolapp moved to the NFL Network in 2003 where he became the Director of Finance and strategy. In 2005, he was promoted to Vice President of Media Strategy and Digital Media. In 2007, his title was changed to Senior Vice President. He was promoted to COO of NFL Media in 2011 and in 2014 became the Executive Vice President of NFL Media and the CEO and president of the NFL Network, succeeding Steve Bornstein.

Personal life
Brian has been named to the Sports Business Journal’s Forty Under 40 Hall of Fame. He is a national trustee for the Boys & Girls Clubs of America.
Rolapp graduated from Brigham Young University with a Bachelor of Arts in English and Business and the Harvard Business School with an MBA. He currently lives in Darien, Connecticut with his wife Cindy and their four children. Brian is a practicing Mormon and is passionate about sports, politics and music.

References

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Environmental Media Association

The Environmental Media Association (EMA) is a non-profit organization which was founded in 1989 by Cindy and Alan Horn and Lyn and Norman Lear. EMA works with the entertainment industry to encourage green production and raise the public's environmental awareness. The group provides a "Green Seal" to productions which reduce their environmental footprint. The first movie to have the EMA Green Seal in its credits was The Incredible Hulk, which made specific efforts during its 2007 filming to cut carbon emissions and waste created during production. There are also various TV episodes, such as the Futurama episode "The Problem with Popplers", and various movies have been awarded the Environmental Media Award, which is awarded to the best television show or film with an environmental message.

EMA also hosts the annual Environmental Media Awards, an awards ceremony which celebrates the entertainment industry’s environmental efforts.

References

External links
Official website

Category:1989 establishments in the United States
Category:Environmental organizations based in the United States
Category:Sustainability organizations
Category:Organizations established in 1989
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Laura Pous Tió

Laura Pous Tió (born 1 October 1984) is a former female tennis player from Spain.

Career
Pous Tió won the gold medal at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería by defeating compatriot Nuria Llagostera Vives in straight sets. She won 20 ITF titles in singles and nine in doubles. At the WTA level she was a singles runner-up at the 2012 Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem in Fés, Morocco, losing the final in two sets to Kiki Bertens. In 2007 she played a doubles match for the Spanish Fed Cup team against Russia. Pous Tió reached her career-high singles ranking of No. 72 in January 2012.

WTA career finals

Singles: 1 (0–1)

Doubles: 1 (0–1)

Grand Slam performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

ITF finals (29–16)

Singles (20–11)

Doubles: 14 (9–5)

References

External links

Category:1984 births
Category:Spanish female tennis players
Category:Living people
Category:Doping cases in tennis
Category:Spanish sportspeople in doping cases
Category:Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain
Category:Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Spain
Category:Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Category:Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
Category:People from Granollers
Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in tennis
Category:Catalan tennis players


WFIT

WFIT (89.5 FM), is a National Public Radio member station serving the Space Coast. Broadcasts originate from the WFIT Studios on the campus of the Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne, Florida.

Programming
WFIT's current weekday daytime programming is a mix of "Triple A" (Adult Album Alternative) music. The station's flagship daytime show produced by the station is Sound Waves, hosted by the station's program director, Todd Kennedy. The program frequently features live musical sessions and interviews with local and touring bands. Sound Waves is followed by NPR distributed Triple A program World Cafe.

WFIT's weekend and evening music broadcasts include a wide mix of genres and programs, including folk, bluegrass, blues, jazz, world music, classical, Latin, new-age, reggae, and American variety.

The station also broadcasts several syndicated talk and news shows, including Democracy Now!, Morning Edition, All Things Considered, and Tech Nation. WFIT also produces community content segments Coastal Connection, International Student Spotlight, Psychology Science Minute, and Linking the Arts.

WFIT also airs local news briefs produced by Florida Today newspaper.

History
In April 1975, Florida Institute of Technology (Florida Tech) launched its noncommercial educational radio station, WFIT, a student-run college radio station. In the 1980s, WFIT was regarded as one of the top alternative music college radio stations in the country. Its programming included alternative rock, punk rock, hardcore, post-punk, new wave, synthpop, classical, jazz, reggae, blues and funk. In the early 1980s the station promoted itself as "The New Music Leader."

In 1985, there were about 65 volunteers involved in running the station, of which approximately 40 percent were FIT students.

In 1986, WFIT applied to the FCC to increase its transmitter power to 20,000 watts, but was denied. The same year, its transmitter was stolen.

In 1988 and 1989, WFIT was recognized as one of the top five college radio stations in the USA by The Gavin Report, an industry trade publication. In 1989, the four other college radio stations WFIT competed with for top honors were the University of California at San Francisco [KUSF], University of Washington in Seattle [KCMU until April 2, 2001], Georgia State University [WRAS] and Tulane University [WTUL] in New Orleans.

In 1990 there were 80 people on staff, including 49 DJs.

In March 1993 WFIT dropped its daytime alternative rock format for in favor of a contemporary jazz sound similar to that heard on WLOQ-FM (103.1) in Winter Park. The change spurred detractors to refer to the new WFIT as "Melbourne's Muzak Leader."  It also began programming public radio news shows, as well as a variety of other culturally diverse music and educational programs. This same year, the station was interconnected with the public radio satellite system, and two years later, WFIT became an affiliate of National Public Radio.

In 1998 an FCC approved power increase to 8 kilowatts extended the station's signal to include more Brevard County listeners, reaching north to Cocoa and Cocoa Beach, as well as south to Vero Beach in Indian River County. Automated equipment has enabled the station to broadcast twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, maximizing the range of audiences served. WFIT upgraded its transmitter in 2004 and became the first radio station in Brevard County to broadcast in HD Radio. WFIT's programming is also streamed worldwide via the web at wfit.org.

In 2006, the station changed its daytime broadcasting to Triple A format with the introduction of in-house produced Sound Waves, followed by NPR distributed World Cafe.

In 2012, the station moved to a newly built, 5000 sq. ft. broadcast center next to Florida Tech's Gleason Performing Arts Center. The new building contains six recording studios, a performance studio, and a conference studio.

Community involvement
WFIT's nearly 30 DJs are community volunteers. WFIT sponsors concerts throughout the community featuring both local musicians and national acts.

The station also collaborates with the Florida Historical Society to produce a weekly Florida Frontiers radio segment designed to " explore the relevance of Florida history to contemporary society and promote awareness of heritage and culture tourism options in the state."

WFIT is funded in part by individual memberships, corporate underwriting, state and local grants, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and Florida Institute of Technology.

References

External links
 WFIT official website

Category:NPR member stations
Category:Florida Institute of Technology
FIT
FIT
Category:1975 establishments in Florida
Category:Radio stations established in 1975


Pierre Vaillandet

Pierre Vaillandet (13 May 1888 - 25 November 1971) was a French politician.

Vaillandet was born in Versailles.  He represented the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in the Chamber of Deputies from 1936 to 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted in favour of granting the Cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe Pétain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. Later on, he became one of the leaders of the National Popular Rally (RNP). He fled to Germany on 15 August 1944, shortly before the Liberation of Paris.

References

External links

Category:1888 births
Category:1971 deaths
Category:People from Versailles
Category:Politicians from Île-de-France
Category:French Section of the Workers' International politicians
Category:National Popular Rally politicians
Category:Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic


Chariton of Constantinople

Chariton (? – 1179) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1177 to 1178, during the reign of Manuel I Komnenos.

References

Bibliography

Category:12th-century births
Category:1178 deaths
Category:12th-century patriarchs of Constantinople
Category:Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople
Category:Officials of Manuel I Komnenos


Halesia monticola

Halesia (tetraptera var.) monticola, or mountain silverbell, was originally included in H. carolina, but was identified first as a subspecies by Rehder in 1914, then as a species by Sargent in 1921. More recently, some authoritative sources regard it only as a subspecies or variety, while other authoritative sources regard it as a species, as it is treated here.

Description
H. monticola is much larger than either the little silverbell or common silverbell (var. tetraptera), and is the largest member of the genus. It is known to grow 34 meters tall in the Great Smoky Mountains. Another important difference is that monticola has significantly larger flowers than either H. carolina or H. tetraptera.

Range
The silverbell tree grows mostly in the southern Appalachian Mountains and into southern Alabama and Georgia, with small outlying populations up to and barely north of the Ohio River, and along the Oklahoma-Arkansas border. It is apparently absent from Mississippi and Louisiana. In the cited reference, this species is referred to as Halesia carolina.

Cultivation
The mountain silverbell is cultivated in many places around the world. Although it may be difficult to transplant, once established it is easy to grow. It blooms while still quite small, only about 4 meters tall.

References

monticola
Category:Trees of the Southeastern United States
Category:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Category:Natural history of the Great Smoky Mountains


1770s

The 1770s decade ran from January 1, 1770, to December 31, 1779.

References


Daikaku-ji

is a Shingon Buddhist temple in Ukyō-ku, a western ward in the city of Kyoto, Japan. The site was originally a residence of Emperor Saga (785–842 CE), and later various emperor conducted their cloistered rule from here. The Saga Go-ryū school of ikebana has its headquarters in the temple.  The artificial lake of the temple, Ōsawa Pond, is one of the oldest Japanese garden ponds to survive from the Heian period.

History

The origins of the temple dates back to the Heian period in the year 814 CE, when Emperor Saga had a palace, known as the Saga-in, constructed on the site. The palace later became his seat of retirement, known as Saga Rikyu imperial villa. According to tradition, when Japan suffered a serious epidemic, the Buddhist monk Kobo Daishi, the founder of Shingon Buddhism, suggested that the Emperor Saga personally copy an important Buddhist religious document called the Heart Sutra (Hannya Shingyō).  The emperor made a handwritten copy, and the epidemic is said to have ended. The handwritten sutra is kept at the Shingyōden hall of the temple, and is displayed to the public once every sixty years, the next time being in 2018.  Pilgrims still come to the temple to make copies of the sutra, which are kept in the temple with the original.

In 876, thirty-four years after the death of Emperor Saga, his daughter Princess Masako (正子内親王; 810–879), who was consort of Emperor Junna, turned the complex into a temple and gave it the name Daikaku-ji. It was a monzeki temple (門跡), which means by tradition that only imperial princes were appointed abbot of the temple. Over the years, it became the retirement home of several emperors. In the 13th and 14th centuries the temple became the residence of retired emperors such as Emperor Go-Saga, Emperor Kameyama and Emperor Go-Uda, who could be ordained as monks, but continued to wield power in what became known as cloistered rule.

In 1336, during the upheaval between the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period, the temple burned down, but was later rebuilt. During the Edo period, Emperor Go-Mizunoo brought in Momoyama period buildings from the Kyoto Imperial Palace. The temple was placed in a graveled courtyard next to the pond.
The hondō, or main hall, and the Founder's Hall were also moved from the Kyoto Imperial Palace. The main images are of the Five Wisdom Kings, centered on Fudō.

The sliding door painting in the Okanmuri-no-ma room of the Shōshinden were painted by Kanō Sanraku and Shikō Watanabe. They feature peony trees and red and white plum blossoms. The hawk painted with Indian ink is a unique motif. The wooden beam above the doors has a painting of a hare. All these works of art are designated as Important Cultural Properties.

Pond and garden

The Ōsawa Pond is older than the temple itself. It is an artificial lake of 2.4 hectares that was created by Emperor Saga, either during his reign (809-823) or between his retirement from power and his death in 842. The pond is supposed to reflect the outlines of Dongting Lake in China, which has a special significance in Chinese culture. It was an imperial garden of the style known as chisen-shuyu: a garden meant to be seen from a boat, similar to the Imperial Chinese garden of the period.  The lake was created by damming a stream which came from the Nakoso waterfall. At the north end of the pond are two islands, one large and one small - the small island being known as Chrysanthmum Island.  Between the two islands are several small rocky islets, meant to resemble Chinese junks at anchor. On a hillside north of the lake is what appears to be a dry cascade (karedaki), a kind of Japanese rock garden or zen garden, where a real waterfall is suggested by a composition of stones.

The garden was celebrated in the poetry of the period.  A poem by Ki no Tomonori in an anthology from the period, the Kokinshū, described the Kiku-shima, or island of chrysanthemums, found in the Ōsawa pond.

I had thought that here
only one chrysanthemum can grow.
Who therefore has planted
the other in the depths
of the pond of Ōsawa?

Another poem of the Heian period, in the Hyakunin isshu, described a cascade of rocks, which simulated a waterfall, in the same garden:

The cascade long ago
ceased to roar,
But we continue to hear
The murmur
of its name.

The pond and the flowers are therefore by tradition to said to be the birthplace of the Saga school of ikebana, which is named in honour of the emperor.

The lake was created as a particularly good place for viewing the rising of the moon from boats. It also became, and remains, a popular place for viewing the cherry trees in bloom around the lake. A moon-viewing party is held in the garden every autumn for three days, around the date of the harvest moon; it features costumed dancers and musicians and dragon boats in the style of the Heian period. Today the lake is a popular park for the city's residents.

In addition to the garden around the lake, there is a large courtyard garden between the buildings of the temple.

See also
 Rokkaku-dō
 List of Buddhist temples in Kyoto
 List of National Treasures of Japan (ancient documents)
 List of National Treasures of Japan (writings)
 For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture, see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism.

Notes

References
David and Michiko Young, (2005) The Art of the Japanese Garden, Tuttle publishers, Singapore, ()
Nitschke, Gunter,  (1999)  Le Jardin japonais - Angle droit et forme naturelle, Taschen publishers, Paris (translated from German into French by Wolf Fruhtrunk), ()
 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.

External links

旧嵯峨御所 大覚寺 門跡 Kyū Sagano Gosho Dakaku-ji Monzeki(in Japanese)
Saga Goryū school of ikebana (in Japanese)
 Kyoto National Museum  -- "Treasures of Daikaku-ji," including portrait of Go-Uda and the former-emperor's will

Category:876 establishments
Category:Buddhist temples in Kyoto
Category:Historic Sites of Japan
Category:Imperial residences in Japan
Category:Important Cultural Properties of Japan
Category:Religious organizations established in the 9th century
Category:Shingon Buddhism
Category:9th-century establishments in Japan
Category:9th-century Buddhist temples
Category:Monzeki


The Office Boys

The Office Boys () is a group of rocks at the northeast end of the Clerke Rocks, lying some 40 nautical miles (70 km) east-southeast of the southeast end of South Georgia. Clerke Rocks were discovered by Captain James Cook in 1775. The Office Boys were charted and probably named by DI personnel who made surveys in the South Georgia area in the period 1926-30.

Category:Rock formations of Antarctica


1996 French Open – Mixed Doubles

Larisa Neiland and Todd Woodbridge were the defending champions, but competed this year with different partners. Neiland teamed up with Mark Woodforde and were eliminated in semifinals, while Woodbridge partnered with Nicole Bradtke and were eliminated in quarterfinals.

Patricia Tarabini and Javier Frana won the title, defeating Nicole Arendt and Luke Jensen 6–2, 6–2 in the final. It was the 1st and only mixed doubles title for both players in their careers.

Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Patricia Tarabini and Javier Frana are the champions; others show the round in which they were eliminated.All seeds received a bye into the second round.

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

External links
 Official Results archive (ITF)
 Official results archive (WTA)

Mixed Doubles
French Open - Mixed Doubles
French Open - Mixed Doubles
Category:French Open by year – Mixed Doubles


Marianna Laba

Marianna Laba (), born 7 September 1968) is a Ukrainian singer (soprano), Merited Artist of Ukraine, soloist of Lviv State Philharmonic and The Lviv House of Chamber and Organ music.

Biography
Marianna Laba was born on 7 September in Serebryanye Prudy, near Moscow in a family of professional musicians. Her father, originally from Chernivtsi region, was the headmaster of a music school then. Her mother, who was a Hungarian origin, sang in the choir led by the father. A few years later the family returned to Ukraine to settle in the town of Khust, Zakarpattia region.

Marianna has been playing music since she was four. She studied to play the violin and the piano.

From 1983 until 1987, she studied at Uzhhorod Music College, the violinist department. After she had graduated with excellent grades, she received a degree of an orchestra artist and the teacher of music. From 1987 until 1995, she studied at Lviv State Conservatory named after M.V.Lysenko at the department of opera and chamber singing.

Since 1996, she has been the soloist of Lviv State Philharmonic, as well as the one of Lviv House of Organ and Chamber music (since 2002).
Currently lives in Lviv, raising a son Christian.

Music career
As a student, being the soloist of "Krynytsia" and "Excelsior" bands, she toured Austria, Germany and Canada.
While she was studying in Philharmonic, she participated in "Das Treffen" festival (Bayreuth 1992–1994), and in 1998 in the "Kommern Oper Gettingen" concerts in Germany. In 2000, she toured Italy together with Lviv National Opera and Ballet theatre named after S.Krushelnitska.

She represented Ukraine on the numerous polish festivals, as well as on international festivals and forums in Austria, Germany, Canada, Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, Germany. From 2008 until 2009, Marianna toured the cities of Spain with Academic symphonic orchestra of Lviv Philharmonic led by Aydar Torybayev within the program "Gala Strauss".

Marianna's heritage includes numerous programmes, accompanied with organ, such as A.Vivaldi, J.S.Bach, G.F.Gendel, baroque music by D.Scarlatti, G.Paisiello, D.Pergolesi, A.Stradella, D.Cimarosa, F.Tostti and others.
She collaborated with such conductors, as Yezhy Kozek, Woitek Mrozek (Poland), Dieter Wagner (Germany), Mattias Kendlinger (Austria), Gungardt Mattes (Switzerland), Yuriy Lutsiv, Serhiy Burko, Volodymyr Syvohip, Gennadiy Fis'kov, Roman Fylypchuk, Myron Yusypovich (Ukraine), Aydar Torybayev (Kazakhstan).
Also she participated in Ukrainian-Polish project, supported by the president of Polish republic of staging the oratory of M.Soltys "Jan-Kazymyr's Oaths".

Marianna Laba is an active participant of the national celebrations in Budapest, Hungary. As the artist, she represented Ukraine in Canadian and Belarusian embassies. She speaks 7 languages and does the translations of vocal parties of classical pieces from foreign languages into Ukrainian one.

Since 2007 Marianna has revealed another side of music creativity. She became a lead singer of Lviv gothic metal band Polynove Pole ("The wormwood field"). That enabled her to attempt a new and more dynamic modern style of music. And the band itself moved to a higher level of creative activity and onstage performance.

References

External links
 Lviv Philharmonic

Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Serebryano-Prudsky District
Category:Ukrainian female singers
Category:Ukrainian musicians
Category:Ukrainian heavy metal singers
Category:21st-century Ukrainian musicians
Category:20th-century Ukrainian musicians
Category:20th-century women singers
Category:21st-century women musicians


She Ventures and He Wins

She Ventures and He Wins (1696) is a comedy in five acts written by a Young Woman under the pseudonym of "Ariadne". The author, who is referred to by most documents and historians by her pseudonym, caused an uproar between the theaters of the area and, because of her writing, this play helped to start the theatrical tradition of cross-dressing. Ariadne is noted as writing with humor and wit that matches that of her contemporaries. The original manuscript mentioned it was an adaptation of a "small novel", which has since been discovered to be The Fair Extravagant by Alexander Oldys, an unknown story that had been almost unheard of since its publication. Much of the plot remains the same with detail, some plot points, and characters changed. The main character in the Oldys text's name is Ariadne.

Summary

She Ventures and He Wins tells the story of two women who are tired of the old ways of dealing with the affairs of the heart. Charlotte, Juliana and Urania devise their own plans. Charlotte and Juliana dresses as a man in order to go into the world to find her perfect man while Urania, happily married, must fight off the romantic advances of Squire Wouldbe. Charlotte is an heiress who wants to marry a man who loves her for her mind, not her money. She dresses up as a boy, falls in love with Lovewell and, her true sex revealed, marries him. She then decides to test his love and the play proceeds in a confusion of masks and mistaken identities. Meanwhile, the upwardly-mobile Squire Wouldbe is lusting after the innkeeper's wife, Urania, who cooks up a suitable punishment for the would-be cuckolder.

"A Young Woman"
The author of She Ventures and He Wins amasses almost as much intrigue as the play itself. The name "Ariadne" is pseudonym modeled after the Greek goddess. Ariadne, the Greek goddess, is the daughter of King Minos of Crete and the wife of Dionysus. While already married to Dionysus, Ariadne fell in love with Theseus who help her by promising to take her to Athens as his wife. She gave him two special gifts, a sword and a clue of thread, to find a way back from the Cnossian Labyrinth after killing the Minotaur. She give Theseus the information that he needs to defeat the Minotaur. Ariadne is seen as a very progressive tale because of the strength that she shows compared to other female characters at the time the myth began.

The author Ariadne was a very strong, successful woman who broke the conventions of the time so much so that not only does she write under a pseudonym, but even her pseudonym was not included in the original publication. The writer of the epilogue of She Ventures and He Wins, Peter Motteux, tried to capitalize on the play by discrediting Ariadne.

Plot
A re-typed, easier to read, version of the script can be found here: http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A59615.0001.001?view=toc

Act 1
The play opens with Charlotte and Juliana discussing their problems with men and Charlotte's struggle to find a suitable husband whom she likes. Charlotte quotes her "youth and fortune" as the reasoning for not being able to find a husband who loves her for who she really is. Charlotte realizes that the only way she will be able to find out if a man truly loves her, she must dress up as a man and find out what kind of men they truly are. Meanwhile, Freeman and his wife, Urania, read a letter that had been sent to Urania requesting her company by a "humble servant", suggesting that she has nothing to gain from being with her husband. Later, in St. James Park, we find Charlotte and Juliana dressed in men's clothing. When Lovewell enters the park, they strike up a conversation with him, questioning him on his morals and beliefs; in this line of questioning, Charlotte learns that Lovewell is a sacred, honorable, upstanding man. This makes her unhappy because she assumes that he is lying. Charlotte convinces Lovewell to meet her tomorrow morning; she says that she will have two young ladies and the one that takes his hand is the one he must marry. Lovewell agrees to the plan.

Act 2
Act 2 opens with Squire Wouldbe reading the letter that he has written to Urania asking for her love. When his wife, Dowdy, enters, he hides the letter from her. She does not believe that nothing is going on, as he says, and begins to cry. After an argument about their marriage and trust, he convinces her that nothing is going on and that he should go on with his business for the day. After he leaves Mrs. Beldam, Dowdy's mother, comes, upset with her son-in-law for the way he treats her daughter, and then departs on her own business for the day. In a different part of town, Sir Charles and Sir Roger talk and sing about the women that they love or have yet to love. Charlotte and Juliana enter the park dressed in men's clothes discussing the matter at hand with their love lives. In a tavern, Freeman, Urania, and Doll prepare the meal for the guests while discussing their lives and the problem with trust in the relationship between Freeman and Urania. Freeman leaves Urania alone with her troubles.

Act 3
The third act opens with Squire Wouldbe undressing for bed and questioning his own morality saying "When am I going to hell". The devil enters in a dream like sequence, fighting and seizing him. After the squire is thoroughly scared, Urania and Freeman enter laughing, exposing the "devil" to be a scheme concocted by them to punish the squire for lusting after another's wife. Meanwhile, Lovewell goes to the home of Sir Roger where they discuss the women that they are in love with and the prospect of a future with both of them. The leave each other with their plans for the next day in the park. Charlotte and Juliana enter the park, dressed as women but in maks as Charlotte had told Lovewell the day before, nervous and ready to meet the men that they want to marry. She makes him agree to marry her before he sees the beauty under before she will unmask; once he agrees, she takes off the mask and he is blown away by her beauty. They agree to be married at once and Juliana comes along to be the witness. Meanwhile, Squire Wouldbe tells Dowdy of all the wrongs that he has done that evening and how he was punished for them. She forgives him as long as he does not sleep in their bed that night. After the wedding of Charlotte and Lovewell, there is a great feast, much singing and dancing.

Act 4
During the wedding feast, Lovewell's friends, Sir Roger and Sir Charles arrive. Lovewell discloses to Sir Roger that Juliana is in love with him and that he should act upon this love. Urania receives another note, this time it appears to be written by Dowdy telling her to come to the park to witness the squire cheating on his wife. Urania's mother comes to the home of Charlotte and Lovewell to tell them to also come to the park. They trick Squire Wouldbe in the park into thinking he is cheating on his wife with a beautiful mistress, but rather is it just an older woman in a mask. Charlotte confesses to Juliana that her brother, whom Juliana is in love with, is already betrothed.

Act 5
Sir Roger meets with Charlotte to convince her to go to Lovewell and live a happy life with him. The final act of the play is the telling of multiple fights between every character of the show. This includes Lovewell and Roger fighting over Charlotte, Bellafira fighting for Sir Frankwood, Julianna fighting for Sir Roger, Sir Charles fighting for Juliana and Dowdy and her mother getting in the way of every fight. Everyone has a happy ending. Charlotte and Lovewood end up together, Sir Roger with Bellafira, and Sir Charles with Juliana.

"Love.

At last the Storm is over blown,

And on that happy Coast I'm thrown

Where all my Joys are laid in store,

Heaven cannot give, nor could I ask one more."

(She Ventures and He Wins, Act 1, Sc. 1)

Roles

Women

Charlotte - A Rich Heiress

Juliana her Cousin - in love with Sir Frankford

Bellafira - in love with Sir Marwood

Urania - wife to Freeman

Dowdy - wife to Squire Wouldbe, pretending to rule her Husband, yet always  jealous

Mrs. Beldam - Dowdy's mother, a pawn-broker

Doll - Urania's maid

Men

Sir Charles Frankford - Brother to Charlotte, in love with Juliana

Sir Roger Marwood - Friend to Sir Charles

Lovewell - A young brother of small Fortune, married to Charlotte

Squire Wouldbe - a proud, pragmatical Coxcomb of poor extraction, husband to Dowdy

Theatre theories

Feminist Theory
Much of She Ventures and He Wins can be applied to Feminist Theory. Feminist Theory can be defined by Mark Fortier as working toward the unraveling and overthrow of the patriarchy. It is a struggle against the oppression of women as women.

The play, similar to other plays at the time, involves female cross dressing. It has been noted that this play started a trend with cross-dressing in plays of this era. "Between 1660 and 1700, eighty-nine of the three-hundred and twenty-five plays produced in London featured at least on female actor in male guise, and women frequently made cross-dressed appearances in entr'acte entertainment in all female productions."  While it can be assumed that many plays at this time only involved the cross dressing because their young male actors were no longer young enough to pass for females, we can also look at this through a feminist lens. Charlotte is not only asserting her own rights by dressing as a man and taking control of her own destiny, but also puts Charlotte as a primary character and main source of plot development. Not only can the characters involved in the play be attributed to this theory, but the author herself can be as well. At the time of its first performance, She Ventures and He Wins was one of only two plays written by women.

When Charlotte proposes to Lovewell, she says that he must take her "as you see me", standing her ground and maintaining her dominance even though she only won him over as a man.

Elizabeth Berry, who also originated the role of Urania, sponsored the play in the hopes of the novelty of a female playwright making the show successful.

Materialist Theory
Another theory that can be seen is materialist theory. Materialist theory denies the fact that we have personal wants and goals, but rather we are pushed by outside, monetary and need-based forces. Charlotte dresses as a man in order to find a man who wants her for  love and not for her money. This man that she wants to find will in her mind not be driven by these need-based forces, but rather by emotions and love.

The play itself also demonstrates materialist theory. This play was not published with the actual playwright's name on it because at this time, a theater company would make more money and probably have more people come see the play if it was written by a man. Even Ariadne herself said her identity would remain a mystery until her work was revered. As we still do not know her true identity, we can see how that ended.

Reactions
She Ventures and He Wins only ran for two performances mainly because the playwright made accusations against the theater company that had been performing the work. In the opening of the play, the character talks about warfare between two theater companies, the New Theater (at which this show premiered) and Christopher Rich's Patent Theater. This showed that Ariadne knew the workings of the theater world and the shady workings that these theaters were doing in order to put on plays. This prologue mentioned the Patent Theater's reputation to hurry out the production of shows in order to beat rival theaters .These accusations were taking seriously by both companies, but especially by playwright and actor George Powell who called Ariadne out in the prologue of his play The British Heroine.

The show only ran for two performances. This was a bad blow to the already struggling New Theatre.

According to Novak (1975: 51), this “may have been due to its feminist reversal of sexual roles,” particularly because Charlotte humiliates Lovewell “to an uncomfortable degree” through her insistence on testing his love. And to this we can add Urania’s humiliation of Squire Wouldbe, which was more justifiable morally speaking, but still a subversion of gender hierarchy and a usurpation of her husband’s role.

Recent productions
She Ventures and He Wins, while not part of the standard theater repertoire, is being performed more frequently at the professional and collegiate level with the rise of celebration of female playwrights. Many of these productions are occurring in the U.K., but there are some in the United States and other countries.

In September 2016, this play was one of six plays performed as part of The Rose Playhouse's festival entitled "A Festival Celebrating Pioneering Women Playwrights of The Restoration 1660 – 1720." This festival and its remarkable retelling of this story brought to light the issue that exists with many plays written by and about women of this time; these plays deserve more recognition and to be recognized by history.

Another recent production of this show took place at Rutgers's Preparatory School in November 2009. This production by a high school's drama department was translated into modern verse for the performance. Many of the themes in the play can be translated to modern themes.

References

Category:1696 plays
Category:Comedy plays


Siah Cheshmeh

Siah Cheshmeh (; also Romanized as Sīāh Cheshmeh, Seyah Cheshmah, Siāh Chashmeh, and Sīyah Cheshmeh; also known as ( or Kara Aineh.) is a city and capital of Chaldoran County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran.  At the 2006 census, its population was 14,189, in 3,024 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Chaldoran County
Category:Cities in West Azerbaijan Province

de:Chaldoran
fr:Chaldoran
ro:Chaldoran
tg:Чолдурон


Frank Silas Doernbecher House

The Frank Silas Doernbecher House is a house located in northeast Portland, Oregon, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The house was built c. 1903 for Portland businessman Frank S. Doernbecher (1861–1921), who founded the Doernbecher Furniture Company in Tacoma, Washington, and upon moving to Portland in 1900 established the Doernbecher Manufacturing Company.

See also
 Doernbecher Children's Hospital
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Northeast Portland, Oregon

References

External links

Category:1903 establishments in Oregon
Category:Houses completed in 1903
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Oregon
Category:Irvington, Portland, Oregon
Category:Tudor Revival architecture in Oregon
Category:Portland Historic Landmarks


Fort Ware Water Aerodrome

Fort Ware Water Aerodrome, , is located adjacent to Fort Ware, British Columbia, Canada.

See also
Fort Ware Airport

References

Category:Seaplane bases in British Columbia
Category:Northern Interior of British Columbia
Category:Peace River Regional District
Category:Registered aerodromes in British Columbia


Patella depressa

Patella depressa is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Patellidae, one of the families of true limpets.

Patella depressa is a nomen dubium according to Christiaens (1973, 1983); Patella intermedia gets priority. Nevertheless the name Patella depressa is in usage among British authors (e.g. Graham, 1988) and is assumed as valid.

Description

Distribution

References
This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference.

 Pennant, T., (1777) British Zoology, vol. IV. Crustacea. Mollusca. Testacea: i-viii, 1-154, Plates 1-93. London

External links

Category:Patellidae
Category:Molluscs described in 1777
Category:Taxa named by Thomas Pennant


Bogdan Klich

Bogdan Adam Klich  (born on 8 May 1960 in Kraków) is a former Minister of National Defence of Poland. Bogdan Klich was interned in 1981 during the martial law set by the communist regime.  Until 16 November 2007 he was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Lesser Poland Voivodeship & Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship with the Civic Platform, part of the European People's Party and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. Senator since November 2011.
Lecturer at the Department of European Studies of the Jagiellonian University since 2002. Lecturer at the Cracow University of Economics since the academic year 2013/2014. Author of numerous publications concerning foreign policy and international security.

Education
 1986: Physician, Kraków Medical Academy
 1987: Master's in the History of Art, Jagiellonian University (UJ)
 1991–1995: Doctoral studies, Department of Historical Philosophy

Political career

Career in national politics
 since 1997: President of the Institute of Strategic Studies
 2001–2004: Member of Parliament of the Republic of Poland, Vice-Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, member of the Committee on National Defence
 1989–1999: Advisor to the Chief Negotiator of the Republic of Poland with the European Union
 1999–2000: Deputy Minister for National Defence in the Republic of Poland
 2003–2004: Observer to the EP
 2001–2004: Polish representative and member of the Policy Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe

Member of the European Parliament, 2004-2007
A member of the European People's Party group, Kilch served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he was a member of the Parliament's delegation for relations with Belarus.

Minister of Defence, 2007-2011
From 2007 until 2011, Klich served as Minister for National Defence in the Republic of Poland, in the government of Prime Minister Donald Tusk.

During his time in office, Klich implemented Tusk's campaign pledge to withdraw Poland's troops from Iraq. By October 2008, he marked the end of his country's five-year partnership with U.S. forces in Iraq; Poland had been the only country other than the United States and Britain to command a full division of foreign troops in Iraq, and contingents from several other countries initially served under Polish command in a broad area south of Baghdad.

Also under Klich's leadership, Poland and the United States signed a status of forces agreement (SOFA) that paved the way for the stationing of U.S. troops on Polish territory. Three months after the United States announced a reformulated missile-defense plan for Poland in 2010, Klich announced that an undisclosed number of American MIM-104 Patriot surface-to-air missiles would be deployed in the vicinity of Morąg, in northern Poland, just 35 miles from the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad.

On 12 May 2011, Klich announced that Poland would lead a new EU Battlegroup of the Visegrád Group.

In July 2011, Klich resigned after an official investigation into the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash which killed President Lech Kaczyński and all 95 others on board concluded that mistakes by the military pilots were the primary cause of the disaster. Prime Minister Tusk clarified he did not hold Klich responsible for the crash, saying merely that the investigation had recommended swift and wholesale changes which could only be implemented by a new minister, Klich's deputy, Tomasz Siemoniak.

Member of the Senate, 2011-present
Klich has been a member of the Senate of Poland since the 2011 national elections and is currently minority leader. He also serves as deputy chairman of the Senate's Committee on Foreign Affairs and as member of the Defence Committee.

In addition to his role in parliament, Klich has again been serving as member of the Polish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2012. He serves on the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy and on the Sub-Committee on the Middle East and the Arab World; in this capacity he is also the Assembly's rapporteur on Morocco.

Since 2015, Klich has been serving as a member of the European Commission’s High-level Group of Personalities on Defence Research chaired by
Elżbieta Bieńkowska.

Other activities
 Member of the International Institute of Strategic Studies, London
 Lecturer at the Centre for European Studies at the Jagiellonian University

Decorations
 Order of Merit for Defence of Lithuania
 Gold Medal of Merit from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Slovakia

References

Publications

External links

Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Politicians from Kraków
Category:Ministers of National Defence of Poland
Category:Jagiellonian University alumni
Category:Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Category:Civic Platform MEPs
Category:MEPs for Poland 2004
Category:MEPs for Poland 2004–2009
Category:Members of the Senate of Poland 2011–2015
Category:Members of the Senate of Poland 2015–2019
Category:Members of the Senate of Poland 2019–2023
Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 2nd Class


Grey Eyes

see also Eye colour#GreyGrey Eyes is the third studio album by a Canadian indie pop band The Salteens. Released on October 12, 2010, this was a new studio album by the band 7 years after they released their second studio album Let Go of Your Bad Days.

This is the band's first album with Carrie Tennent as a member. Erin Jane, who was in the band for the album Let Go of Your Bad Days, had left the band.

Track listingAll songs by Scott L.D. Walker (SOCAN); except 'Savings and Loans' words by Carrie Tennant, music by Scott L.D. Walker.''

Personnel

The Salteens
 Scott Walker - vocals, mandolin, piano
 Carrie Tennant - vocals, piano, clarinet
 Dion Willis - drums, vocals
 Kevin Cooper - double bass, electric bass, vocals
 Robert Calder - trumpet, baritone, flugelhorn

Additional musicians and production

 Alison Gorman - trumpet, baritone, flugelhorn
 Ellen Marple - trombone, tuba
 Bryan Milks - tenor sax, clarinet, bass clarinet
 Tim Sars - bari sax, flute
 Carol Dymond- flute
 Todd Simko - guitars on 'Go On' and 'Last Train From London'
 Todd Simko and Scott Walker - producing
 Todd Simko - recording
 Ryan Morey - mastering at Ryebread Mastering
 Shawn Penner and John Raham - engineering at Mushroom Studios and at Ogre Studios respectively

External links
The Salteens-official website
Scott Walker's interview on the release of Grey Eyes

Category:The Salteens albums
Category:2003 albums


109 Prince Street

109 Prince Street at the corner of Greene Street – where it is #119 – in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City is a historic cast-iron building.  It was built in 1882-83 and was designed by Jarvis Morgan Slade in the French Renaissance style.  The cast-iron facade was provided by the architectural iron works firm of Cheney & Hewlett.

The building, originally a store, has been described as one of the most striking gems of the 19th century cast iron architecture in the world. Completely restored in 1993 by architecture firm Kapell & Kostow, it was awarded the prestigious Landmark Certificate of Merit by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1994. It is located within the SoHo - Cast Iron Historic District.

References
Notes

External links

 NYC Architecture | 109 Prince Street

Category:Cast-iron architecture in New York City
Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Category:SoHo, Manhattan
Category:Commercial buildings completed in 1882


Lazzo (musician)

Lazzo is a producer, engineer, and songwriter specializing in the rock, electronic, dance, and pop genres. In late 2013, he released his Wammy (Washington Area Music Association / WAMA) award-winning dance/dubstep remix album with Rites of Ash, Kept Me Up All Night.  In Oct. 2014, Rites of Ash released their new full-length album titled Kill For Love. He has had his music featured on numerous MTV shows, FUSE, MTV2, and MTVu, as well as shared the stage with many national artists.

Lazzo primarily works on music and radio production with DJ Boy Collective and DJ Boy Radio; current projects include: the Aeropostale PS Mobile Application (2013), The Screening Room Express Radio (2014), Sub Pop Radio (2014), Fedde Le Grand Radio (2014), and Kill Rock Stars Radio (2014). In Summer 2014, Lazzo and his DJ Boy team taught a Master’s Class at the Los Angeles Grammy Camp. Lazzo is a member of ASCAP, the Grammy Recording Academy (NARAS) & Voting Member, and the Washington Area Music Association (WAMA).

Rites of Ash
With the band, Lazzo has appeared in three professional music videos which aired on Fuse TV and licensed music for ten MTV shows including 'The Real World' and 'Pimp My Ride'.

In 2014, he won a Wammy (WAMA) Award with Rites of Ash for Best Electronic Record (Kept Me Up All Night); he and the band were nominated for two other awards: Best Electronica Artist and Producer of the Year.  In 2015, Rites of Ash was nominated for the Best Modern Rock Band Wammy award.

Blue Skies and Death
In late 2015, Lazzo teamed up with Annalytics (vocals, keyboards) to form the synth pop duo Blue Skies and Death.  The group's third single, Parallel Lines, has been featured on Spotify's official playlists: Discover Weekly, Release Radar, and Indie Electronics.  Their new EP, Rearrange, was released on September 19, 2016.

Discography
Singles
 Lazzo - Direction (feat. Omar Ruiz & Douglas Lira) (2019)
 Lazzo - Synful (2019)
 Rites of Ash - Hallo Spaceboy (2018)
 Blue Skies and Death - Hey Wait (2018)
 Blue Skies and Death - Parallel Lines (Lazzo Remix) (2016)
 Blue Skies and Death - Sometimes (2017)
 Blue Skies and Death - Innocence of Youth (2017)
 Blue Skies and Death - Just Can't (2017)
 Blue Skies and Death - Parallel Lines (2016)
 Blue Skies and Death - Little Things (2016)
 Lazzo - Just Lie (2016)
 Blue Skies and Death - Trainwreck (feat. Artem Grigoryev) (2015)
 Rites of Ash - Separate Ways (Worlds Apart) (2014)
 Rites of Ash - Bad Romance (2010)
 Rites of Ash - Burn (2009)

EP/LP
 Lazzo - Square One (2017)
 Blue Skies and Death - Rearrange (2016)
 Rites of Ash - Kill For Love (2014)
 Rites of Ash - Kept Me Up All Night (2013)
 Rites of Ash - She's Out For Blood (2012)
 Rites of Ash - Like Venom (2010)
 Rites of Ash - Epidemic of the Mannequins (2008)
 Rites of Ash - Beautiful Illusions (2006)

Videography
 Parallel Lines (2016)
 Just Lie (feat. Lisa Christine) (2016)
 Separate Ways (Worlds Apart) (2014)
 Molly (2012)
 Killing Me (2012)
 Burn (2009)

Television
 Fuse On-Demand
 The Real World: Key West
 Pimp My Ride
 Next
 My Sweet Sixteen: Remix
 Real World/Road Rules: Gauntlet 2
 Island Life
 Livin La Haina

Movies
 City of Lost Souls

Awards
Washington Area Music Association (WAMA)
 2015 Best Modern Rock Group (Nominated)
 2014 Best Electronica Recording - Kept Me Up All Night (Won)
 2014 Best Electronica Artist (Nominated)
 2014 Producer of the Year - Lazzo (Nominated)
 2010 Best Modern Rock Group (Nominated)
 2010 Best Modern Rock Recording - Like Venom (Nominated)

References

Category:American rock keyboardists
Category:American record producers
Category:Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Rjukan–Notodden Industrial Heritage Site

Rjukan–Notodden Industrial Heritage Site is a World Heritage Site in Telemark county, Norway, created to protect the industrial landscape around Lake Heddalsvatnet and Vestfjorddalen Walley. The landscape is centered on the plant built by the Norsk Hydro to produce fertilizer from atmospheric nitrogen. The complex also includes hydroelectric power plants, transport systems, including railways, transmission lines and factories, and workers' accommodation and social institutions in the towns of Notodden and Rjukan.

The site was placed on the tentative World Heritage list on 19 June 2009 together with the Odda–Tyssedal Industrial Heritage Site. On 5 July 2015 it was placed on the World Heritage list, under Criteria II and IV, with following description of the Outstanding Universal Value:

History
In the 1900s, Norway experienced rapid industrial development through the availability of cheap hydroelectric power. Kristian Birkeland developed a method to extract nitrogen from the air, which, after an initial trial in Notodden in 1907, looked superior to existing technologies. Nitrogen was needed to produce fertilizers. Norsk Hydro was founded in 1905, and industrial development began in the Eastern Telemark region, previously an underdeveloped and underpopulated agricultural area. To produce fertilizers, it was essential to build factories, power stations, infrastructure for workers, as well as facilities for exporting the production. The fertilizers, artificial saltpetre, eventually surpassed the Chilean naturally mined saltpeter, at the time the most widely used fertilizer.

At the beginning of construction, in 1907, the power was provided by the Svelgfoss Hydroelectric Power Station, which at the time was the largest in Europe and the second largest in the world. The station is still in operation. Subsequently, two more station were built. Vemork, built on a waterfall near Rjukan, in 1911 was the largest power station in the world. A plant producing heavy water and most famous for the 1943 sabotage events (Operation Gunnerside) was built nearby. The original building of the station has been destroyed, but the station is in operation. Another power plant, Såheim Hydroelectric Power Station, started operation in Rjukan in 1915. The building survived but the station operates elsewhere.

One of the 36 towers of the saltpetre factory's towerhouse, which was in operation between 1911 and the 1980s, has been conserved and is protected as a cultural monument.

In 1925, 80% of all apartments in Rjukan (1230 in total) were controlled by the Norsk Hydro. Red brick apartment buildings dominated, others were houses with individual gardens.

References

Category:World Heritage Sites in Norway


Euclid Tree

The Euclid Tree is a giant sequoia located in the Mountain Home Grove, one of several sequoia groves found in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. It is the 17th largest giant sequoia in the world, and could be considered the 16th largest depending on how badly Ishi Giant atrophied during the Rough Fire in 2015.

History
The Euclid Tree was named and measured in 1989 by "big tree hunter" Wendell Flint, with the help of Bob Walker. Flint later determined that it was by volume the 17th largest tree in the world. However, the number two tree, the Washington Tree, lost its ranking in 2003 due to damage from a lightning strike, and the Euclid Tree is now considered the 16th largest.

Dimensions
The dimensions of the Euclid Tree as measured by Flint and Walker are shown below. The calculated volume ignores burns.

See also
 List of largest giant sequoias
 Mountain Home Grove

References

Further reading

Category:Individual giant sequoia trees
Category:Natural history of Tulare County, California
Category:Sequoia National Forest
Category:Individual trees in California


First Kalvītis cabinet

The first Kalvītis cabinet was the government of Latvia from 2 December 2004 to 7 November 2006.  It was the first government to be led by Aigars Kalvītis, who was Prime Minister from 2004 to 2007.  It took office on 2 December 2004, after the resignation of Indulis Emsis, succeeding the Emsis cabinet, which had lasted from March to December 2004.  It was replaced by the second Kalvītis cabinet on 7 November 2006, after the October 2006 election.

Category:Government of Latvia
Category:2004 establishments in Latvia
Category:2006 disestablishments in Latvia
Category:Cabinets established in 2004
Category:Cabinets disestablished in 2006


Wondolowski

Wondolowski may refer to:

Bill Wondolowski (b. 1946), American football player
Chris Wondolowski (b. 1983), American soccer player
Stephen Wondolowski (b. 1985), American soccer player


Benedetto Possenti

Benedetto Possenti (active in the 17th century) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly as a battle painter, as well of seaports, landscapes, and festivals. He was a pupil of the Carracci. His son, Giovanni Pietro Possenti, was also a painter of similar themes.

References

page 30

Category:17th-century Italian painters
Category:Italian male painters
Category:Bolognese painters
Category:Italian battle painters
Category:Year of death unknown
Category:Year of birth unknown


East China administrative division codes of the PRC (Division 3)

List of administrative division codes of the PRC in Division 3 or East China .

Shanghai (31)

Jiangsu (32)

Zhejiang (33)

Anhui (34)

Fujian (35)

Jiangxi (36)

Shandong (37)

Category:China geography-related lists


The Guilt Trip (album)

The Guilt Trip is the debut triple album by composer and producer Kramer. It was released in 1992 by Shimmy Disc.

The album's cover is a parody of George Harrison’s All Things Must Pass.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from The Guilt Trip liner notes.

Musicians
 Samm Bennett – drums, percussion
 Randolph A. Hudson III – guitar
 Kramer – vocals, instruments, engineering, production
 David Licht – percussion

Production and additional personnel
 DAM – design
 Michael Macioce – photography
 Ron Paul – assistant producer, assistant engineer

Release history

References

External links

Category:1992 albums
Category:Albums produced by Kramer (musician)
Category:Kramer (musician) albums
Category:Shimmy Disc albums


Stuart Building (Lincoln, Nebraska)

The Stuart Building is a historic 10-story building in Lincoln, Nebraska. It was built by the Olson Construction Company in 1927 for the Stuart Investment Company, founded in 1880. It was designed in the Art Deco and Gothic Revival styles by Ellery L. Davis of Davis and Wilson. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 23, 2003.

References

Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln, Nebraska
Category:Art Deco architecture in Nebraska
Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Nebraska
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1927
Category:1927 establishments in Nebraska


Luis Angel Acosta

Luis Angel Acosta (born 14 September 1948) is a Mexican former swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:Mexican male swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Mexico
Category:Swimmers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Mexico City


X-Rated Critics Organization

The X-Rated Critics Organization (XRCO) is a group of writers and editors from the American adult entertainment industry who each year present awards in recognition of achievement within the industry. After the controversy and criticism of the Best Erotic Scene win for the movie Virginia in 1984 at the Adult Film Association of America awards, the XRCO and its "Heart-On Awards" were founded.

History
The organization was founded in 1984, consisting of writers from Los Angeles, New York City and Philadelphia. Jim Holliday, AVN Award-winning producer and historian, is considered the founding father of the X-Rated Critics Organization. After Holliday's death, the position of XRCO Historian was temporarily filled by XRCO founding member Bill Margold until 2006. James Avalon, a former editor of Adam Film World’s special editions, was also a founding member of XRCO.

XRCO's original Chairman, Jared Rutter, stepped down in 2004 and is now recognized as an "Honorary Chairman". The current co-Chairmen are "Dirty Bob" Krotts and Dick Freeman.

Members and management
In 2005, XRCO added its first European members. Its members now include writers from a wide range of adult publications and Internet sites. Many members work full-time at this occupation; some have university degrees with emphasis on Film Criticism. XRCO members remain active members after being evaluated yearly to determine if they are still active in the adult business, still qualified, and still participating in the XRCO Award nomination and voting processes. Anyone not participating is placed on an "inactive" list for one year and, if found to still be lacking and not participating after that time, are then dropped. There is no membership fee to be an XRCO member.

There are currently 27 award categories, including the XRCO Hall of Fame, which honor the achievements of performers, directors and movies.

Award program

The first XRCO Awards were presented in Hollywood on February 14, 1985. Until 1991, the awards were presented on Valentine's Day each year.

The award program also includes a Hall of Fame ceremony and inductions.

References

External links

Category:Sex industry in the United States
Category:Organizations established in 1984
Category:Organizations based in Los Angeles County, California