Raspeball

Raspeball, also known in some areas as klubb, kumle, komle, kompe, potetball or ball, is a potato dumpling, a traditional Norwegian  dish. It consists of grated potatoes (typically half pre-cooked and half raw), salt and varying kinds of flour (barley is often used). There are a great variety of regional variations to the dish, and in many areas the raspeball is filled with bits of salted lamb or pork.

The dish is more common in the southern (Sørlandet, where "kompe" is the most common name), western (Vestlandet, where "raspeball", "komle", "potetball" and "ball" is the most used) and middle (Trøndelag, where it is nearly always called "klubb") parts of Norway than elsewhere. In Vestlandet, this dish is traditionally consumed on Thursdays, when it often makes an appearance as "dish of the day" at cafes and restaurants specializing in local cuisine, commonly known as "Komle-torsdag".

The condiments vary greatly, and locally, throughout the Norwegian regions. They may include salted and boiled pork or lamb meat, bacon, sausages, melted butter, bacon fat, lard, mashed or cooked rutabaga, sour cream, soured- or kefir milk, sugar, syrup, cured meat, brown cheese sauce and even boiled potatoes. A variety of raspeballer is the fiskeball, where minced fish, fresh or salted, is added to the potato dough.

The raspeball is related to the Lithuanian cepelinai, the Acadian poutine râpée and the potato dumplings known as Knödel or Klöße in Austria and Germany.

See also
 Kroppkakor, Swedish name of the dumplings of this dish
 Palt, similar dish from Sweden
 Cepelinai, similar dish from Lithuania

References

Category:Norwegian cuisine
Category:Dumplings
Category:Potato dishes
Category:German cuisine

lt:Didžkukuliai


Michael J. Forde

Michael J. Forde (born August 14, 1954) is a labor union activist and, since 2000, EST (Executive Secretary Treasure of the N.Y.C. District Council of Carpenters, an affiliate of the UBC (United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America).  Mr. Forde was fired on August 10, 2009 from the position of EST.

Early life and career
Forde was born August 14, 1954 in Woodside, Queens.  His father was Martin Forde, who was a Carpenter Official.  He is married to his wife Mary Jane and has two children.  He attended Hunter College, but it is unknown if he graduated with a degree.  His early career was as a court room stenographer, but he left that to work as a Union Carpenter, joining Local Union 608 on October 1, 1980.

Local 608 Tenure
After working as a Carpenter for a number of years, mostly on Acoustical Ceilings, Mike Forde was appointed as a Union Organizer by Local 608 President, Paschal McGuinness.  He served in this appointed position, until he was elected Business Agent of Local 608 in 1993.  In 1994, Forde was elected Vice President of Local 608.  After the retirement of Patrick J Harvey, Mike Forde became President of Local 608 in 1996

District Council Tenure
After the N.Y.C. District Council of Carpenters came out of trusteeship, Forde was elected EST - Executive Secretary Treasurer of the council (2000), overseeing all the Organizers and Business Agents of all 11 Carpenters Local Unions of New York City.  Forde held this position, until being fired in August 2009.  After being elected to the EST position, Forde was forced to give up his Local 608 position of President and Business Manager, due to a RICO Consent Decree rule, even though previous DC Officials were able to keep their local positions.

Rise to the Executive Secretary Treasurer
From 1996-2000, the N.Y.C. District Council of Carpenters was under a trusteeship, due the previous administration.  The RICO Consent Decree required the Council to have an all member election, and Mike Forde was elected as the EST, a position that is very powerful—the authority to hire and fire all Organizers and Business Agents, as well as being the Chairman of the lucrative Benefit Funds.  Forde has gone on to win the position of EST in 2004 and 2008, but not without incident.

Turmoil in the Carpenters
In September 2000, Mike Forde and 37 other individuals were indicted for Bribery, including Local 608 Business Agent Martin Devereaux.  Forde was accused of accepting a $50,000 bribe to allow non union labor to work at the Park Central Hotel, in New York City.  After a long delay for unknown reasons (3 years and 9 months), Forde was convicted in 2004.  His able lawyers were able to convince the Judge to set aside the verdict, and a new trial was ordered in 2005.  This trial was finally held again in 2008, and Forde was acquitted.  Most of the other 37 defendants had pleaded guilty, including Steven Crea

In September 2007, Judge Haight, who oversees the enforcement of the District Council's consent decree found Forde to be in contempt, as a result of rigging the job referral system to benefit his friends and associates - Forde was fined $10,000 for this infraction.  This was the second occurrence of Mr. Forde being found to manipulate the out of work list.

On August 5, 2009, a new 29 count indictment was revealed that accuse Mike Forde and 9 other individuals, including two local 608 Business Agents, of bribe taking, and allowing contractors to knowingly hire carpenters and pay them in cash, defrauding the Carpenters Benefit Funds of over $10 Million. They are assumed to be innocent, and Mike Forde was even at work on the following day.  On August 10, 2009, Mike Forde was fired from his position of Executive Secretary Treasurer of the New York City District Council of Carpenters.  Shortly after the Forde was indicted and fired, a cache of drugs (OxyContin) and a stun gun were found hidden in the offices of the Labor Technical College of the District Council.  The Assistant United States Attorney has stated that Mike Forde tested positive for both cocaine and marijuana at the time of his arrest.

In July 2010, Mike Ford plead guilty to the most recent charges, including taking bribes from contractors to pay workers cash, and allowing non-union workers onto job sites. These crimes are very similar to the crimes that his father, Martin was convicted of back in 1990.

Mike Forde was sentenced to 11 years in prison, and will have to pay restitution to the union funds that he defrauded.  Just after sentencing, Mr. Forde asked the Judge if he could be enrolled in a Drug and Alcohol Treatment program while serving his term.  He must turn himself in to the authorities before January 7, 2011. Because of a snafu with the paperwork, Forde's entry date to the Federal Prison System was postponed to a later date of February 7, 2011, and the judge announced that the Federal Bureau of Prisons has chosen a prison in West Virginia for Mr. Forde to serve his time.

Mike Forde was serving his sentence in McDowell Federal Correction Center in West Virginia, with an expected release date of September 6, 2020.

As of May 04, 2015 Mike Forde [Register Number: 62573-054] is currently at Ray Brook FCI, Ray Brook, NY

References

Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:American trade unionists
Category:People from Woodside, Queens
Category:Hunter College alumni


Jumilla

Jumilla () is a town and a municipality in southeastern Spain. It is located in the north east of the Region of Murcia, close to the towns of Cieza and Yecla. According to the 2018 census, the town population was 25,547.

Geography
The municipality, located in the north of the Region of Murcia, covers . It shares borders with the municipality of Yecla at its northeast and its east; with Abarán, Fortuna and Cieza at its south and with Abanilla at its east. It also adjoins the province of Albacete in the autonomous community Castilla–La Mancha at its west and the province of Alicante in the autonomous community Valencian Community.

History
This current municipality was populated in the Lower Paleolithic, 450,000 years ago. Remains of human presence in the Upper and Middle Paleolithic were discovered in the same spot as the Lower Paleolithic ones. These have a date of the 80,000 BC.

There is also evidence of human presence in the Epipaleolithic in this territory and it consists in the archaeological sites.

In regards to the Calcolithic in this current municipality, ruins of an ancient hamlet are the trace of the people living in that era. The archaeological site is named El Prado and it has a distance of 3 km from the town Jumilla. This hamlet was inhabited by 300 people and its dwellings consisted in husts formed with reed and mud adobe.

There is a cave in this current municipality which had a sacred purpose for these people 5,000 years ago. In that spot burial sites had been discovered.

The Bronze Age (1900 BC - 900 BC in Region of Murcia) was an important period for Jumilla and this statement is based in the fact that a relevant quantity of hamlets of this era were found with some archaeological operations.

In the 3rd century BC the Phoenicians of Carthage colonised a large part of the Iberian Peninsula: from the current town Cádiz to the Ebro River. A war in which the Roman Republica side and the Carthaginian side were involved took place and its name is the Second Punic War. In this war the Roman side was the winner and as a consequence the territory which had been under Carthaginian control were conquered by the Romans.

As a result of these facts, Jumilla became Roman territory and its farming lands were divided up among legionnaires. Remains of Ancient Roman presence in Jumillaare the roman villas ruins, which are part of the landscape of the municipality. Some remarkable remains are a bronze statuette of the god Hypos and some mosaiscs from a former Roman villa.

There is a trace element from the 5th century AD (Late antiquity) and it consists in a funerary structure.

In the year 711 AD, Berbers and Arabs entered in the Iberian Peninsula and conquered a large portion of it. Approximately the area of the current Region of Murcia became to be under Adb's Al-Aziz power. The Abd's Al-Aziz troops circulated through Jumilla  territory. The Muslims used previous built fortifications for erecting their fortress.

In the mid-13th century, the king of the Taifa of Murcia Aben Hud was menaced by the Castillian troops and by the monarch of the Emirate of Granada Aben Almahar. The king of the Taifa of Murcia reached an agreement with the prince Alfonso X of Castile, who would be king.In this deal issues such as respecting the inhabitants lives and possessions were agreed.

Alfonso X of Castile visited Jumilla when he was king. He decided to get the Church of Santa María de Gracia built and nowadays a part of the church is still preserved.

After the death of Alfonso X, there were dispuets for reigning. The Crown of Aragon took advantage of that situation - It broke out a war against the Crown of Castile and invaded the Kingdom of Murcia. Jumilla was conquered in the late 13th century or in the early 14th century. It was during under the Crown of Aragon Control era when the first historic document which address solely Jumilla was written. The document was about demarcating lands and municipality with boundary markers.

In the mid 14th century, when Jumilla was under the Crown of Aragon power, this town became a border locality. As a consequence, Jumilla must have been ruled with a man having an iron fist. Consequently, the inhabitants asked the king Peter of Castile for help in order to live in territory which belonged again to the Crown of Castile. Frederik of Castile, who was son of the king Ferdinand III of Castile, caused Jumilla to belong to the Crown of Castile again in the year 1357.

Two of the first important facts in Jumilla were the French invasion and the resulting Peninsular War. Jumilla plunged into the war and its inhabitants established the military defence junta.

Economy
Jumilla's economy is based on agriculture with main cultivation being vineyards, olive trees and fruit trees.

Jumilla is home to a large photovoltaic solar power farm, with an installed peak power capacity of 20 megawatts.   The solar farm consists of 120,000 solar panels and covers . The farm's total annual production will be the equivalent of the energy used by 20,000 homes. The solar panels are owned by groups of investors. It is expected to generate an estimated annual income of $28 million (€19 million) and a reduction in CO2 emissions of 42,000 tons a year. Powerlight provided single-axis solar trackers to improve the system's performance.

Jumilla, together with neighboring Yecla, is one of the primary regions for development of the Murciana and Granadina breeds of dairy goats. Jumilla is also a wine-producing region famous for its Carta Roja wines. Jumilla's wine production and culture are particularly notable for its use of the Monastrell grape as a varietal.

See also
Torta de Gazpacho
Spanish wine

References

Category:Municipalities in the Region of Murcia


Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi

Jefferson Davis County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,487. Its county seat is Prentiss. The county is named in honor of Mississippi Senator and Confederate President Jefferson Davis. The county was carved out of Covington and Lawrence counties in March 1906. Governor James K. Vardaman signed the bill creating the county on May 9, 1906.

History
The genesis of the county occurred on March 31, 1906, when a Mississippi state legislative act authorized the new country's boundaries. The residents of western Covington County and eastern Lawrence County had frequently complained of the rivers and streams impeding the route to their respective county seats. Jefferson Davis County was the state's 77th county.

A 1906 special referendum determined that the county seat would be Prentiss, named for either famed Mississippi lawmaker and orator Seargent Smith Prentiss, or wealthy landowner Prentiss Webb Berry. The settlement was originally named Blountville after early settler William Blount.

In 1933, the county was the first in Mississippi to issue a prohibition on alcohol after the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Round dancing in the community hall was banned in 1938.

In 1935, notorious bank robber Raymond Hamilton, known to hide out in the county's wilderness, was involved in a hostage situation after robbing Prentiss' Bank of Blountville, but escaped in Memphis.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.2%) is water.

Major highways
 U.S. Route 84
 Mississippi Highway 13
 Mississippi Highway 35
 Mississippi Highway 42
 Mississippi Highway 43

Adjacent counties
Simpson County (north)
Covington County (east)
Lamar County (southeast)
Marion County (south)
Lawrence County (west)

Demographics

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 12,487 people living in the county. 59.9% were Black or African American, 38.7% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.3% of some other race and 0.7% of two or more races. 0.8% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

As of the census of 2000, there were 13,962 people, 5,177 households, and 3,768 families living in the county.  The population density was 34 people per square mile (13/km²).  There were 5,891 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile (6/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 57.38% Black or African American, 41.66% White, 0.14% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races.  0.77% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 5,177 households out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 21.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the county, the population was spread out with 28.4% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 89.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.7 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $21,834, and the median income for a family was $27,594. Males had a median income of $23,942 versus $16,510 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,974.  About 23.2% of families and 28.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.7% of those under age 18 and 24.5% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

Towns
Bassfield
Prentiss (county seat)

Unincorporated communities
Carson
Oak Vale (partly in Lawrence County)
Society Hill

Ghost town
Mount Carmel

Politics

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi

References

External links
Jefferson Davis County Website
Jefferson Davis County Courthouse Pictures
Jefferson Davis County Economic Development District Website

Category:Mississippi counties
Category:Black Belt (U.S. region)
Category:1906 establishments in Mississippi
Category:Populated places established in 1906
Category:Places named for Confederate heroes in Mississippi


Pueblo, New Mexico

Pueblo is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in San Miguel County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 125 as of the 2010 census. New Mexico State Road 3 passes through the community.

Geography
Pueblo is located at . According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the community has an area of , all of it land.

References

Category:Census-designated places in New Mexico
Category:Census-designated places in San Miguel County, New Mexico


Declaration of Sports

The Declaration of Sports (also known as the Book of Sports) was a declaration of James I of England issued just for Lancashire in 1617, nationally in 1618, and reissued by Charles I in 1633. It listed the sports and recreations that were permitted on Sundays and other holy days.

Issue under James I
It was originally issued in consultation with Thomas Morton, bishop of Chester, to resolve a dispute in Lancashire between the Puritans and the gentry (many of whom were Roman Catholics).  The initial declaration was just for Lancashire, but in 1618, James made the declaration national. The 1618 declaration has largely the same main text as the 1617 version, but with an additional paragraph at the beginning explaining that the king has decided to make the declaration applicable to the whole of England.

The declaration listed archery, dancing, "leaping, vaulting, or any other such harmless recreation" as permissible sports, together with "May-games, Whitsun-ales and Morris-dances, and the setting up of May-poles". Also allowed: "women shall have leave to carry rushes to the church for the decorating of it, according to their old custom."

Amongst the activities that were prohibited were bear- and bull-baiting, "interludes" and bowling.

On the one hand, the declaration rebuked Puritans and other "precise persons", and was issued to counteract the growing Puritan calls for strict abstinence on the Christian Sabbath (Sabbatarianism). On the other, it condemned Catholics and others who did not attend church services in their parish, as the declaration specified that only people who had first attended divine service were entitled to participate in recreations afterward.

Re-issue under Charles I
The declaration was reissued by Charles I on 18 October 1633, as The King's Majesty's declaration to his subjects concerning lawful sports to be used.  It was claimed by William Prynne that the new declaration was written by Charles' new Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, but Laud denied this and there is only evidence that he supported and facilitated the reissue.  Moreover, the 1633 declaration has the same main text as the 1617 and 1618 declarations of King James, with the primary differences an additional introduction and conclusion adding wakes and ales (countryside festivals) to the list of sanctioned recreations. Charles ordered that any minister who refused to read it would be deprived of position.  As the Puritans gained power in Parliament in the lead-up to the English Civil War, hostility to the Book of Sports grew.  Attempts to enforce the declaration came to an end with the fall of Archbishop Laud in 1640, and Parliament ordered the book publicly burned in 1643, two years before Laud was executed.

Footnotes

Bibliography and further reading
Craigie, James, ed. Minor Prose Works of James VI and James I. Scottish Text Society, 1982: 217–41.
George, David, ed.  Records of Early English Drama: Lancashire. University of Toronto Press, 1991.
Govett, L. A. The King’s Book of Sports: A History of the Declarations of King James I. and King Charles I. as to the Use of Lawful Sports on Sundays. London, 1890.
Parker, Kenneth. The English Sabbath: A Study of Doctrine and Discipline from the Reformation to the Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Semenza, Gregory M. Colón. Sport, Politics, and Literature in the English Renaissance. University of Delaware Press/AUP, 2003.
Tait, James. “The Declaration of Sports for Lancashire.” English Historical Review 32 (1917): 561–68.

External links

Text of the Declaration of Sports, 1633: ,
Digital version of the Lancashire Records of Early English Drama

Category:1617 works
Category:1633 works
Category:History of Lancashire
Category:Sports law
Category:Sport in the United Kingdom
Category:17th century in England
Category:17th century in Scotland
Category:Christianity and sports


Seth Lore and Irwinton Historic District

The Seth Lore and Irwinton Historic District is a historic district in Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

With over 700 historic and architecturally significant structures, the district includes Alabama's most coherent collection of intact mid-to-late 19th century small town commercial buildings, as well as the state's most extensive collection of domestic Italianate architecture.  The period of architectural, commercial, industrial and political significance is from 1825 to 1949.  Architectural styles include Bungalow/Craftsman, Late Victorian, Classical Revival, Gothic Revival, and Greek Revival.

Photo gallery

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Barbour County, Alabama
James L. Pugh

References

External links

 Eufaula, Alabama Visitor's Guide (Eufaula/Barbour Chamber of Commerce)

Category:National Register of Historic Places in Barbour County, Alabama
Category:Historic districts in Barbour County, Alabama
Category:Italianate architecture in Alabama
Category:Neoclassical architecture in Alabama
Category:American Craftsman architecture in Alabama
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama


1995–96 Moroccan Throne Cup

The 1995–96 season of the Moroccan Throne Cup was the 40th edition of the competition.

Raja Club Athletic won the cup, beating FAR de Rabat 1–0 in the final, played at the Stade Hassan II in Fès. Raja Club Athletic won the cup for the fourth time in their history.

Competition

Last 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final
The final took place between the two winning semi-finalists, Raja Club Athletic and FAR de Rabat, on 7 April 1996 at the stade Hassan II in Fès.

Notes and references

1995
Category:1995 in association football
Category:1996 in association football
Category:1995–96 in Moroccan football


Between the Covers (album)

Between the Covers is a cover album by Wet Wet Wet frontman Marti Pellow. It was released on 17 November 2003.

The album's sole offspring single was Neil Young's "A Lot of Love".

Track listing
"A Lot of Love" (Neil Young)
"Brand New Start" (Paul Weller)
"Fire and Rain" (James Taylor)
"Follow You, Follow Me" (Genesis)
"Creepin'" (Stevie Wonder)
"Mary Jane's Last Dance" (Tom Petty)
"Brass in Pocket" (The Pretenders)
"The River" (Joni Mitchell)
"Grandma's Hands" (Bill Withers)
"Suzanne" (Leonard Cohen)
"Don't Let Me Down" (Lennon–McCartney)

References

Category:2003 albums
Category:Marti Pellow albums
Category:Covers albums


Judith Joy Ross

Judith Joy Ross (born 1946) is an American portrait photographer. Her books include Contemporaries (1995), Portraits (1996), Portraits of the Hazleton Public Schools (2006) and Protest the War (2007), "exploring such themes as the innocence of youth, the faces of political power, and the emotional toll of war".

Personal life
Ross was born in Hazleton, Pennsylvania in 1946.  She graduated from the Moore College of Art in 1968 and earned a master's degree in photography in 1970 from the Institute of Design at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, where she studied with Aaron Siskind.

Works
Since the early 1980s, Ross has photographed a cross-section of the American population, especially people in eastern Pennsylvania where she was born and raised.  Ross uses an 8×10 inch view camera mounted on a tripod and her portraits are made on printing out paper by contact, a process by which a print is made by placing a negative directly onto photographic paper, and then exposing it to sunlight for a few minutes to a few hours. Her photographic antecedents include the German August Sander and the American Diane Arbus.

Her series include pictures of children at Eurana Park in Weatherly, Pennsylvania (1982), visitors to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington D.C. (1983–1984), members of the United States Congress and their aides in their Washington offices (1986–1987), laborers, people at shopping malls, and children at play near her home in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. She has also photographed immigrants in New York City and Paris, and was commissioned by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art to photograph tech workers in Silicon Valley, California.  One of her major projects, pictures made from 1992 to 1994 in Hazleton public schools she had attended in the 1950s and 1960s, was published by the Yale University Art Gallery in 2006 as Portraits of the Hazleton Public Schools.

Ross has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1985), a city of Easton, Pennsylvania Council on the Arts Grant (1988), the Charles Pratt Memorial Award of $25,000 (1992), and the Andrea Frank Foundation Award (1998).

Monographs and exhibition catalogs of her work have been published internationally.

John Szarkowski at the Museum of Modern Art in New York selected Ross' work for the first exhibition in the New Photography series. In 2011, Die Photographische Sammlung in Cologne organized a retrospective exhibition of Ross's work which traveled to the Kunstmuseum Kloster in Madeburg and the Foundation A Stichting, Brussels.

Publications
Judith Joy Ross: Contemporaries: a Photographic Series. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1995. .  With an essay by Susan Kismaric.
Judith Joy Ross: Portraits. Hannover: Sprengel Museum, 1996. . With an essay by Thomas Weski. Exhibition Catalog.
Portraits of the Hazleton Public Schools. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 2006. . With an essay by Jock Reynolds.
Protest the War. Göttingen: Steidl, 2007. . With an essay by Andrew Szegedy-Maszak.
Living with War – Portraits, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Gulf War, Protest the War. Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. . Edited and with an essay by Heinz Liesbrock. Exhibition catalogue.
Judith Joy Ross. Photographs Since 1982. Cologne: Die Photographische Sammlung/SK Stiftung Kultur im Mediapark, 2011. . With essays by Gabriele Conrath-Scholl and Claudia Schubert.

Collections
Ross' work is held in the following public collections:
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: 5 prints (as of June 2018)
Museum of Modern Art, New York: 55 prints (as of June 2018)
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa
Die Photographische Sammlung, Cologne
The Pilara Foundation Collection, Pier 24 Photography, San Francisco
Victoria and Albert Museum, London: 4 prints (as of June 2018)
Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven.

References

External links
Ross talks about her various photography series (video)

Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Hazleton, Pennsylvania
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:Artists from Pennsylvania
Category:American women photographers


Chaturbhuj Sthan

Chaturbhuj Sthan is a red-light district in Muzaffarpur, a district in the state of Bihar, India. The area is said to have existed since the Mughal period and is home to more than 3,500 sex workers. It gained its name from the Chaturbhuj Sthan Temple located there.

The area has a problem with sex trafficking. The area is based around a kilometer long lane where female sex workers perform the Mujra dance for potential clients.

References

Category:Muzaffarpur district
Category:Red-light districts in India


A Million Little Pieces (film)

A Million Little Pieces is a 2018 American drama film directed and co-written by Sam Taylor-Johnson and starring Aaron Taylor-Johnson. Based on the book of the same name by James Frey, it follows a drug-addicted young man who, in an attempt to quit his addiction, checks himself into a rehabilitation center.

Plot
In 1993, following a drug-induced accidental fall, James Frey is brought home and packed off to a rehab center by his older brother Bob Frey, Jr. It is there where he meets interesting people, with whom he forms relationships and who play an important role in his life both during and after his time in the clinic. These people include a mafia boss (the subject of Frey's subsequent book My Friend Leonard) who plays a vital role in his recovery and a woman drug addict Lilly with whom he falls in love despite strict rules forbidding contact between men and women at the clinic. When tragedy befalls him, a devastated James seems set to spiral into self-destruction as did Lilly, however he finds the strength and will to resist his addictions, when faced with potential temptations. James finally recovers and never relapses.

Cast
Aaron Taylor-Johnson as James Frey
Billy Bob Thornton as Leonard
Charlie Hunnam as Bob Frey, Jr.
Giovanni Ribisi as John
David Dastmalchian as Roy
Juliette Lewis as Joanne
Odessa Young as Lilly
Charles Parnell as Miles Davis
Andy Buckley as Dr. Stevens
Ryan Hurst as Hank
Dash Mihok as Lincoln
Eugene Byrd as Matty
Tom Amandes as Dr. Baker
Dominic Pace as Cecil
Drake Andrew as Ed
Deep Rai as Ticket Officer

Production
Initial rights for a film adaptation were held by Warner Bros., which had shelved the project after it emerged the book was not a memoir as promoted, and the author James Frey fabricated elements of the story. In October 2017, Sam Taylor-Johnson was announced to be directing the film, with her husband Aaron Taylor-Johnson attached to star.

In January 2018, Billy Bob Thornton, Carla Juri, Charlie Hunnam and Giovanni Ribisi were added to the cast, with production beginning on 25 January. David Dastmalchian and Juliette Lewis were cast a few days later. Odessa Young and Charles Parnell joined the cast in February.

Atticus Ross, Leopold Ross and Claudia Sarne composed the film score. Republic Records will release the soundtrack with a score suite from the composers and original songs of various artists

Reception

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 27%, based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 5.02/10. The site's consensus reads, "While solidly cast and competently helmed, A Million Little Pieces amounts to little more than a well-intentioned but unpersuasive echo of a deeply problematic memoir".

References

External links

Category:2018 films
Category:Films directed by Sam Taylor-Wood
Category:Films based on American novels
Category:Films scored by Atticus Ross
Category:Films set in 1993


The Gallery: Live Sessions

The Gallery: Live Sessions is a collaborative compilation album mixed by Euro House DJ/producer Tall Paul and Benny Benassi. It was released in 2005 as a double disc album, the first disc being mixed by Tall Paul and the second disc being mixed by Benny Benassi.

Track listing

Disc 1 (Tall Paul)
Tall Paul & Dave Aude - "Common Ground" – 6:30
Steve Lawler & Za Za La Boom - "Illectronic" – 4:50
Dave Spoon - "Who You Are" – 4:42
TDR - "Smoked Out" – 5:53
Deux - "Sun Rising Up" – 6:15
Erik E - "Ya Don't Stop" – 3:59
Tell Paul - "Got It" (Jark Prongo Remix & Original) – 3:43
Max Graham - "Time & Again" – 5:56
Gabriel & Dresden - "Arcadia " – 6:41
Pryda - "Human Behavior" – 5:55
Darren Christian & John Johnson - "Electrify" – 6:51
DT8 Project featuring Andrea Britton - "Winter" (Maxx Graham's Sidechain Remix) – 7:39

Disc 2 (Benny Benassi)
Chelonis R. Jones - "The Rush (Sex With Machines)" – 4:44
Mark Knight & MTV featuring E-Man - "A New Reality" (Dub Mix) – 4:48
DJ Koze - "Brutalga Square" – 5:35
Konfekt - "Ra (Bammel)" – 3:39
Agoria - "La Onzieme Marche" – 4:49
Alex Neri - "Aurora" – 8:11
Michael Burns pres. Blue Haze - "Into Nothing" – 6:47
Pinktronix - "Song About Nothing" (Swayzak Remix) – 4:53
Swayzak - "Bergerie" – 4:47
Etienne De Crecy & Alex Gopher - "Overnet" – 6:43
FB - "Who's Knockin'?" (Instrumental Club Mix) – 7:16
Etienne De Crecy & Boom Bass - "Bit Torrent"

External links

Category:DJ mix albums
Category:Benny Benassi albums
Category:Split albums
Category:2005 compilation albums


Vegas (film)

Vegas is a 2009 Norwegian drama film directed by Gunnar Vikene, and written by Torun Lian and Vikene.

Vegas tells the story of Thomas, Marianne and Terje - three youngsters that have lost everything and have a common dream about finding a new home.

Cast
Anders Baasmo Christiansen - Thorstein
Helge Jordal - Reidar
Karoline Stemre - Marianne
Kyrre Haugen Sydness - Roger
Eindride Eidsvold - Johannes
Sindre Kvalvåg Jacobsen - Terje
Ellen Birgitte Winther - Lillian
Jørgen Hausberg Nilsen - Thomas
Stig Amdam - Fredrik
Henriette Slorer - Gro

External links

Category:2009 films
Category:2000s drama films
Category:Films about dysfunctional families
Category:Norwegian films
Category:Norwegian-language films
Category:Norwegian drama films


Sleaford, South Australia (disambiguation)

Sleaford, South Australia is a locality.

Sleaford, South Australia may also refer to.

Hundred of Sleaford, a cadastral unit
Sleaford Bay, a bay
Sleaford Mere , a lake or a mere

See also
Sleaford (disambiguation)
Sleaford Mere Conservation Park


Taiheiki

The  (Chronicle of Great Peace) is a Japanese historical epic (see gunki monogatari) written in the late 14th century and covers the period from 1319 to 1367.  It deals primarily with the Nanboku-chō, the period of war between the Northern Court of Ashikaga Takauji in Kyoto, and the Southern Court of Emperor Go-Daigo in Yoshino.

Original work
The latest English translation consists of 12 chapters of the 40-chapter epic, and spans the period from Go-Daigo's accession in 1318 (when Takauji was still a minor vassal of the Kamakura shogunate's Hōjō clan), through Takauji's betrayal of the Hōjō, and Go-Daigo's fall and expulsion by Takauji in 1333, to his return to Kyoto in 1338. Go-Daigo, unlike many of the emperors before him, sought to supersede the power of the shōguns, and to actually rule in addition to reigning in name.  Thus began a series of battles, both military and political, as the Fujiwara family, who dominated the Imperial regency following the fall of the Hōjō, sought to retain influence.  These battles, political maneuvers, and other developments of the time are related in the Taiheiki.

Historical significance
These battles are historically very important as they led to the extinction of the Southern Court of the Japanese Imperial Line, which to this day is seen as legitimate. Northern Court members may be considered pretenders, but the ramifications are relics of history.  One Southern Court descendant, Kumazawa Hiromichi, proclaimed himself Japan's Emperor after World War II, calling Emperor Hirohito a fraud, as Hirohito's entire line is descended from the Northern Court.  Despite this, he was not arrested for lèse majesté, even when donning the Imperial Crest, because he had a koseki detailing his bloodline back to Go-Daigo in Yoshino.  Kumazawa has been unsuccessful at creating any political change other than some sympathy.

Analysis
Like most Japanese historical epics, the Taiheikis tendencies towards drama and exaggeration are acknowledged, but the text is regarded as remaining mostly accurate. It is the primary source on many of the warriors and battles of this period, and also documents elements of the fall of the powerful and historically important Hōjō clan.

Cultural references
NHK's 1991 taiga drama Taiheiki was noted for its portrayal of Ashikaga Takauji as an agent of change against the decadent Hōjō, rather than a national traitor as generally viewed by Japanese historians.

See also
 Japanese Historical Text Initiative

References

Further reading

External links
Complete text (in Japanese)
Japan's Other Emperor
 Manuscript scans at Waseda University Library: 1603, 1698

Category:Japanese chronicles
Category:Late Middle Japanese texts
Category:Monogatari
Category:14th-century history books
Category:Nanboku-chō period
Category:Gunki monogatari


Falcon School District 49

Falcon School District 49 (D49) is a public school district located on 133 square miles in the shadow of Pikes Peak. It spans eastern Colorado Springs and several unincorporated areas of El Paso County.

List of schools

Elementary schools
Bennett Ranch Elementary School
Evans International Elementary School
Falcon Elementary School of Technology
Meridian Ranch Elementary School
Odyssey Elementary School
Remington Elementary School
Ridgeview Elementary School
Springs Ranch Elementary School
Stetson Elementary School
Woodmen Hills Elementary School
Inspiration View Elementary School

Middle schools
Falcon Middle School
Horizon Middle School
Skyview Middle School

High schools
Falcon High School
Sand Creek High School
Vista Ridge High School

Alternative schools
Academy for Literacy, Learning & Innovation Excellence
Patriot High School
Pikes Peak Early College
Springs Studio for Academic Excellence

Charter schools
Banning Lewis Ranch Academy
GOAL Academy
Imagine Classical Academy
Liberty Tree Academy
Pikes Peak School Expeditionary Learning
Power Technical Early College
Rocky Mountain Classical Academy

See also
List of school districts in Colorado

References

External links

Category:School districts in Colorado
Category:Education in El Paso County, Colorado


List of Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell episodes

The following is a list of episodes for the American late night talk show Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2012–13)

Season 2 (2013)

References

External links
 Official Website

Category:Lists of American non-fiction television series episodes


List of college athletics championship game outcomes

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), founded in 1906, is the major governing body for intercollegiate athletics in the United States and currently conducts national championships in its sponsored sports, except for the top level of football. Before the NCAA offered a championship for any particular sport, intercollegiate national championships in that sport were determined independently. Although the NCAA sometimes lists these historic championships in its official records, it has not awarded retroactive championship titles.

Prior to NCAA inception of a sport, intercollegiate championships were conducted and usually espoused in advance as competitions for the national championship.  Many winners were recognized in contemporary newspapers and other publications as the "national intercollegiate" champions.  These are not to be confused with the champions of early 20th-century single-sport alliances of northeastern U.S. colleges that were named "Intercollegiate League" or "Intercollegiate Association."  These leagues generally included some of the colleges that later became the Ivy League, as well as an assortment of other northeastern universities.

Even after the NCAA began organizing national championships, some non-NCAA organizations conducted their own national championship tournaments, usually as a supplement to the NCAA events. A notable example is that of NCAA Division III men's volleyball. Although the NCAA Men's National Collegiate Volleyball Championship, established in 1970, was in theory open to D-III schools, none had received a berth in that tournament. As a result, a separate championship event, open only to D-III schools, was created in 1997. That event was discontinued after its 2011 edition once the NCAA announced it would sponsor an official Division III championship starting in 2012.

The historical championship event outcomes included in the Section 1 list were decided by actual games organized for the purpose of determining a champion on the field of play. Lists of other championships for collegiate athletic organizations are referenced in Sections 2.1 through 2.6 of this list. (See Table of Contents)

Championship game outcomes prior/concurrent to NCAA inception

Men's teams

Baseball
1893 Yale def. Amherst, 9-0

Tournament was played at the Chicago World's Fair and included Virginia, Illinois, Wisconsin, Vanderbilt, Yale, Amherst, Wesleyan and Vermont. William McKinley attended the opening game. It was organized by the Columbian National Inter-Collegiate Baseball Association, notably by its secretary, Amos Alonzo Stagg, then the new head football coach at the University of Chicago.

NCAA from 1947.

Basketball
1904 Hiram College won the 1904 Olympic Games collegiate championship tournament, def. Wheaton College, 25-20, and Latter-Day Saints University (later, Brigham Young University), 25-18.
1908 Chicago def. Pennsylvania, 2 games to 0 (21-18, 16-15)
Amateur Athletic Union annual United States championship – College teams were runners-up in 1915, 1917, 1920, 1921, 1932, and 1934. Four college teams won the championship (final game results):

1916 Utah def. Illinois Athletic Club, 28-27
1920 New York University def. Rutgers, 49-24
1924 Butler (Indiana) def. Kansas City Athletic Club, 30-26
1925 Washburn College (Kansas) def. Hillyard Shine Alls, 42-30

1920 Pennsylvania def. Chicago, 2 games to 1 (24-28, 29-18, 23-21)
1922 Wabash College (Indiana) won the first national intercollegiate championship tournament, which was held in Indianapolis. Five 1922 conference champions and a runner-up from these conferences participated: Pacific Coast Conference, Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Western Pennsylvania League, Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association and Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association.  The Western Conference and Eastern Intercollegiate League declined invitations to participate.
1930 Pittsburgh def. Montana State 37-36 in contest billed as a "championship game" according to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
1938 Temple def. Colorado, 60-36 in first National Invitation Tournament

NCAA from 1939.

1939–1950 NIT winners:

1939  Long Island
1940  Colorado
1941  Long Island
1942  West Virginia
1943  St. John's
1944  St. John's

1945  DePaul
1946  Kentucky
1947  Utah
1948  Saint Louis
1949  San Francisco
1950  City College of New York (also won NCAA)

1954 Holy Cross claims a national championship for its 1954 NIT victory.

1943–1945 Red Cross War Benefit Games:
1943 Wyoming, winner of NCAA tournament, def. NIT champion, St. John's, 52-47 (OT)
1944 Utah, winner of NCAA tournament, def. NIT champion, St. John's, 43-36
1945 Oklahoma A&M, winner of NCAA tournament, def. NIT champion, DePaul, 52-44

Boxing
1924 Penn State def. Navy, 18-16
1925 Navy def. Penn State, 23-11
1926 Navy def. Penn State, 15-13
1927 Penn State def. Navy, 22-21
1928 Navy def. Penn State, 19-18
1929 Penn State def. Navy, 23-13
1930 Penn State def. Western Maryland, 19-14
1931 Navy def. Western Maryland, 20-16
NCAA from 1932–1960.

Cross country
Inter-Collegiate Cross Country Association (1899–1907)
Inter-Collegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1908–1937)

1899  Cornell
1900  Cornell
1901  Yale
1902  Cornell
1903  Cornell
1904  Cornell
1905  Cornell
1906  Cornell
1907  Cornell
1908  Cornell
1909  Cornell
1910  Cornell
1911  Cornell

1912  Harvard
1913  Cornell
1914  Cornell
1915  Maine
1916  Cornell
1917  Pennsylvania
1918  not held
1919  Syracuse
1920  Cornell
1921  Cornell
1922  Syracuse
1923  Syracuse
1924  Pittsburgh

1925  Syracuse
1926 Penn State
1927  Penn State
1928  Penn State
1929  Pennsylvania
1930  Penn State
1931  Harvard
1932  Manhattan
1933  Michigan State
1934  Michigan State
1935  Michigan State
1936  Michigan State
1937  Michigan State

NCAA from 1938.

Fencing
Intercollegiate Fencing Association (1894–1943)

Team Foils

 1894  Harvard
 1895  Harvard
 1896  Harvard
 1897  Harvard
 1898  Columbia
 1899  Harvard
 1900  Harvard
 1901  Navy
 1902  Army
 1903  Army

 1904  Army
 1905  Navy
 1906  Army
 1907  Navy
 1908  Army
 1909  Army
 1910  Navy
 1911  Cornell
 1912  Army
 1913  Columbia

 1914  Columbia
 1915  Navy
 1916  Navy
 1917  Navy
 1918  Columbia
 1919  Columbia
 1920  Navy
 1921  Navy
 1922  Navy

Three-Weapon Championship

 1923  Army †
 1924  Navy
 1925  tie: Yale, Navy
 1926  Yale
 1927  Army
 1928  Yale
 1929  Yale
 1930  tie: Yale, Army

 1931  Army
 1932  Yale
 1933  New York Univ.
 1934  Columbia
 1935  New York Univ.
 1936  New York Univ.
 1937  New York Univ.

 1938  New York Univ.
 1939  Navy
 1940  New York Univ.
 1941  New York Univ.
 1942  New York Univ.
 1943  Navy
 1944 – 47  not held

† The first IFA three-weapon trophy was awarded in 1923. However, all three weapons (foil, épée, saber) were contested in the IFA tournament as early as 1920.

NCAA 1941 – 42 and from 1947.

Football

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has never conducted a national championship event at the highest level of college football, currently its Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). Neither has the NCAA ever officially endorsed an FBS national champion. Since 1978, it has held a championship playoff at the next lower level of college play.  Prior to 1978, no divisions separated teams, and champions were independently designated by "selectors," composed of individuals and third-party organizations using experts, polls, and mathematical methods. These efforts have continued and thrived for the higher FBS level.  From the beginning, the selectors' choices have frequently been at odds with each other. The NCAA has documented both contemporaneous and retroactive choices of several major national selectors in its official NCAA Football Records Book. These selections are often claimed as championships by individual schools.

Golf
1897–1938

See Pre-NCAA college golf champions

NCAA from 1939.

Gymnastics
1899 No team title. Yale gymnasts won 4 out of 6 individual events, shared a tie for victory in one event and also won the individual all-around. 19 schools participated.
1900 Columbia def. 2nd place Yale, 26 - 17
1901 Yale def. 2nd place Columbia, 20 - 14
1902 Yale def. 2nd-place Columbia, 16 - 15

In 1903, the Western Conference instituted an annual conference championship meet.  Although early interest was expressed by the Intercollegiate Association in establishing a recognized national championship event with the Western Conference, that interest did not reach fruition.  In later years, the University of Chicago, a perennial Western Conference power, participated in several of the annual championship meets of the Intercollegiate Association.

1917 Chicago def. 2nd-place Haverford, 14½ - 10
1918  not held
1919  not held
1925 Navy def. Chicago, 33 - 12, in a dual meet between winners of the Intercollegiate and Western Conference championship meets.
"[I]n the twenty year period from 1910 to (the end of 1929) ... Navy has participated in 91 tournaments and dual meets and won 87 of them, including all seven of the intercollegiate championship events entered." (Those seven events were conference, not national, championships.)  Navy was so strong that the Intercollegiate Association asked Navy not to participate in the 1926 championship meet.  Navy was not a participant in the 1926, 1927 and 1928 meets.
1944 Penn State won the National AAU team title during a five-year hiatus in the NCAA championships for World War II.

NCAA from 1938.

Ice hockey

Amateur Athletic Union conducted annual National Ice Hockey Championships during 1931–1948, except during most of the World War II years. College teams won the championship on at least two occasions:

1940 Minnesota def. Amesbury, 9-4, and Brock-Hall, 9-1
1942 Boston College def. High Standard H.C., 3-2, Massena H.C., 9-8, and defending champion St. Nicholas H.C., 6-4
NCAA from 1948.

Lacrosse
1881 Harvard def. Princeton, 3-0
The first intercollegiate lacrosse tournament was held in 1881 with Harvard beating Princeton in the championship game. New York University and Columbia University also participated. From 1882 through 1970 (excepting 1932–1935), the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association and the collegiate lacrosse associations from which it evolved chose annual champions based on season records. These associations were the ILA (1882-1905), IULL (1899-1905), USILL (1906-1925) and USILA (1926-1970).  In 1912 and 1921, the USILL conducted championship games between the winners of its Northern and Southern Divisions. Efforts to conduct such games in other years during its existence were unsuccessful.

1912 Harvard def. Swarthmore, 7-3
1921 Lehigh def. Syracuse, 3-1

NCAA from 1971.

Rifle
National Rifle Association

National Indoor Intercollegiate Match
1924 – 79
Men/Coed (year of conversion to Coed undetermined)

In the contemporary press, the type of competition utilized for this match was referred to as "shoulder-to-shoulder."   This distinguished it from the "telegraphic" or "postal" form of competition.

 1924 US Naval Academy

 1925 US Naval Academy

 1926 US Naval Academy
 1927 George Washington

 1928 * George Washington
 1929 Iowa
 1930 US Naval Academy
 1931 US Naval Academy
 1932 Cincinnati
 1933 Minnesota
 1934 US Naval Academy

 1935 US Naval Academy
 1936 Carnegie Institute of Tech. (PA)
 1937 US Naval Academy
 1938 George Washington
 1939 US Naval Academy
 1940 Iowa
 1941 Minnesota
 1942 US Military Academy

 1943-45 No competition
 1946 † Iowa
 1947 Maryland
 1948 US Naval Academy
 1949 Maryland
 1950 US Military Academy
 1951 MIT
 1952 California
 1953 Maryland
 1954 Maryland
 1955 California
 1956 Nevada-Reno
 1957 California
 1958 California
 1959 California
 1960 Oregon State
 1961 West Virginia
 1962 Oregon State

 1963 The Citadel
 1964 West Virginia
 1965 US Military Academy
 1966 West Virginia
 1967 US Naval Academy
 1968 tie: Murray State, Montana State
 1969 US Naval Academy
 1970 Murray State
 1971 Tennessee Tech
 1972 Tennessee Tech
 1973 Tennessee Tech
 1974 East Tennessee State
 1975 US Military Academy
 1976 Texas Christian
 1977 Tennessee Tech
 1978 Murray State
 1979 Tennessee Tech
 1980 -   NCAA after 1979

NCAA from 1980.

* The Intercollegiate Rifle Team Trophy was presented to the NRA by the Sons of the American Revolution in 1928, when it was first awarded for annual rifle competition.

† NRA document states that there was no competition in 1946.

NRA Intercollegiate League
1909 – 22

Competition was held in telegraphic form using the indoor ranges of each competing school.

 1909 Washington State
 1910 Washington State
 1911 Iowa
 1912  Massachusetts Agricultural
 1913 West Virginia

 1914  Michigan Agricultural
 1915  Washington State
 1916  Michigan Agricultural
 1917  Michigan Agricultural
 1918  Iowa

 1919  Pennsylvania
 1920  Norwich
 1921 Norwich
 1922  Pennsylvania

NRA Gallery Indoor Championship
1908 – ?

The indoor intercollegiate match was a single annual indoor match open to teams of any college.  It was held in telegraphic form using the indoor ranges of each competing school.

 1908 Columbia
 1909 Washington State

 1910  Massachusetts Agricultural
 1911  Massachusetts Agricultural
 1912 - 1922  ?

 1923  Georgetown
 1924  George Washington
 1925  Washington
 1926  ?
 1927 Norwich
 1928

 1929
 1930
 1931
 1932 Washington
 1933 Washington State
 1934 ...  ?

National Outdoor Intercollegiate Match
1905 – ?

Matches were initially held at Sea Girt, New Jersey; after several years Camp Perry, Ohio, became the perennial venue.

(This competition is not to be confused with the National ROTC outdoor rifle team championship for the William Randolph Hearst Team Trophy (first awarded circa 1922), which was not open to all students.)

 1905  Princeton
 1906  George Washington
 1907  not held

 1908  George Washington
 1909  George Washington
 1910  Massachusetts Agricultural
 1911

 1912
 1913  Massachusetts Agricultural
 1914  Massachusetts Agricultural
 1915  MIT
 1916  Norwich
 1917
 1918

 1919
 1920
 1921  US Naval Academy

 1922  Univ. of Dayton
 1923
 1924 Columbia
 1925 ...  ?

Skiing
1921 – 53

Beginning in 1921, an intercollegiate winter sports championship was held annually at Lake Placid, New York, and involved colleges from the US and Canada.  It combined events from downhill and slalom skiing, cross-country skiing and ski jumping, as well as speed skating, figure skating and snowshoeing in some years.  The overall winning team received the President Harding Trophy.  Prior to the 1940s, in end-of-year accounts of national sporting champions, major newspapers regarded the winning team at Lake Placid as intercollegiate champion.

In the late 1930s, a major annual "four-way" (downhill, slalom, jumping and cross-country) intercollegiate event began in Sun Valley, Idaho.  From the start it attracted not only college teams from the West, but also strong teams that traditionally participated in the Lake Placid meet, such as Dartmouth. After interruption by World War II, it usurped the older event.

Newspaper coverage referred to the 1946 and 1947 Sun Valley winners (Utah and Middlebury, respectively) as national champions.  A few days earlier than the 1947 Sun Valley meet, a similar skiing competition was held in Aspen, Colorado, overlapping the start date of the Sun Valley event.  In 1948 and 1949, Aspen, rather than Sun Valley, hosted the national "four-way" intercollegiate ski championships.

All of these competitions were held in the middle of the ski season rather than at the end.  Then in 1950, an official annual post-season national championship event was established.  This event served to influence the NCAA to add skiing as a sponsored sport, with the first NCAA title event occurring in 1954.

The Intercollegiate Ski Union (ISU), a conference of schools primarily in the Northeast, also conducted annual championship events for its members.  However, its geographic reach was more limited than the other competitions described.

Lake Placid, New York

 1921 – 22  Dartmouth
 1922 – 23  Dartmouth
 1923 – 24  Dartmouth
 1924 – 25  Williams College
 1925 – 26  tie: Wisconsin, New Hampshire(Wisconsin won tiebreaker.)
 1926 – 27  New Hampshire
 1927 – 28  Wisconsin
 1928 – 29  New Hampshire
 1929 – 30  Dartmouth
 1930 – 31  Dartmouth

 1931 – 32  New Hampshire
 1932 – 33  New Hampshire †
 1933 – 34  Dartmouth
 1934 – 35  Dartmouth
 1935 – 36  Dartmouth
 1936 – 37  cancelled, lack of snow
 1937 – 38  Dartmouth
 1938 – 39 McGill Univ. (Montreal)
 1939 – 40   Middlebury
 1940 – 41   New Hampshire
 1941 – 42   team point title not awarded ‡

 1942 – 43   Middlebury
 1943 – 44   Dartmouth #
 1944 – 45   Dartmouth
 1945 – 46   not held (housing difficulties)
 1946 – 47   St. Lawrence Univ. (NY) §
 1947 – 48  St. Lawrence Univ. (NY) §
 1948 – 49   team point title not awarded ♦
 1949 – 50  cancelled, lack of snow
 1950 – 51  cancelled, not enough entries

† curtailed by bad weather (jump and snowshoe race held, last two events cancelled)
‡ lack of snow (cross-country and jump held, downhill and slalom cancelled)
# competition included non-collegians
♦ lack of snow (jump held, other events cancelled)
§ not regarded as national champion; included for completeness

Sun Valley, Idaho
 1937 - 38   Dartmouth
 1938 - 39   no apparent team title (individual only)
 1939 - 40   Washington
 1940 - 41   Washington
 1941 - 42   Washington
 1942 - 46   not held
 1946 - 47   Utah
 1947 - 48   Middlebury

Aspen, Colorado
 1947 - 48   Western State (CO) §
 1948 - 49   Middlebury
 1949 - 50   Denver

Post-Season National Championship
 1950   Dartmouth (venue: Arapahoe Basin, Colorado)
 1951   Denver (venue: Mt. Hood, Oregon)
 1952   Denver (venue: Snow Basin, Utah)
 1953   Washington State (venue: Snow Basin, Utah)

NCAA from 1954.

Soccer
During the periods 1926–35 and 1946–58, annual champions were selected by collegiate soccer associations based on regular season records.  All are considered unofficial.  For the period of 1936–45, each year's outstanding teams claim unofficial national championships. See also Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association.

The Soccer Bowl(played in 1950–52) attempted to settle the national championship on the field for the 1949, 1950 and 1951 seasons. The Soccer Bowl championship games were played in January,1950; December, 1950; and February, 1952, respectively.

1949   Penn State tied San Francisco, 2-2 (co-champs)
1950   Penn State def. Purdue, 3-1
1951   Temple def. San Francisco, 2-0

NCAA from 1959.

Tennis
1883–1945

See Collegiate individual tennis champions

NCAA from 1946.

Tennis (indoor)
Intercollegiate Tennis Association (1973 – )

1929 Lehigh (PA)
1930  Lehigh
1931  Yale
1973  Stanford
1974  Not held
1975  Stanford
1976  Stanford
1977  Trinity (TX)
1978  Stanford
1979  SMU
1980  California
1981  Not held
1982  Pepperdine
1983  SMU
1984  UCLA
1985  Stanford
1986  Pepperdine
1987  Southern California

1988  Southern California
1989  California
1990  Stanford
1991  UCLA
1992  Stanford
1993  UCLA
1994  Stanford
1995  Stanford
1996  UCLA
1997  UCLA
1998  Stanford
1999  UCLA
2000  Stanford
2001  UCLA
2002  Stanford
2003  Illinois
2004  Illinois
2005  Baylor

2006  Georgia
2007  Georgia
2008  Virginia
2009  Virginia
2010  Virginia
2011  Virginia
2012  Southern California
2013  Virginia
2014  Ohio State
2015  Oklahoma
2016  North Carolina

Track and field (indoor)
Amateur Athletic Union (1918)

Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1923–1964)

1918  Pennsylvania
1923  Pennsylvania
1924  Pennsylvania
1925  Georgetown
1926  Harvard
1927  Harvard
1928  Cornell
1929  New York Univ.
1930  Cornell, Pennsylvania
1931  Pennsylvania
1932  New York Univ.
1933  Yale
1934  Manhattan
1935  Manhattan
1936  Manhattan

1937  Columbia
1938  Columbia
1939  Manhattan
1940  New York Univ.
1941  Fordham
1942 Penn State
1943  New York Univ.
1944  Army
1945  Army
1946  not held
1947  New York Univ.
1948  New York Univ.
1949  Michigan State
1950  Michigan State

1951  Manhattan
1952  Manhattan
1953  Manhattan
1954  Yale
1955  Manhattan
1956  Manhattan
1957  Villanova
1958  Villanova
1959  Penn State
1960  Villanova
1961  Yale
1962  Villanova
1963  Villanova
1964  Villanova

NCAA from 1965.

Track and field (outdoor)
Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1876–1920)

1876  Princeton
1877  Columbia
1878  Columbia
1879  Columbia
1880  Harvard
1881  Harvard
1882  Harvard
1883  Harvard
1884  Harvard
1885  Harvard
1886  Harvard
1887  Yale
1888  Harvard
1889  Yale
1890  Harvard

1891  Harvard
1892  Harvard
1893  Yale
1894  Yale
1895  Yale
1896  Yale
1897  Pennsylvania
1898  Pennsylvania
1899  Pennsylvania
1900  Pennsylvania
1901  Harvard
1902  Yale
1903  Yale
1904  Yale *
1905  Cornell

1906  Cornell
1907  Pennsylvania
1908  Cornell
1909  Harvard
1910  Pennsylvania
1911  Cornell
1912  Pennsylvania
1913  Pennsylvania †
1914  Cornell
1915  Cornell
1916  Cornell
1917  not held
1918  Cornell
1919  Cornell
1920  Pennsylvania

* University of Chicago won the 1904 Olympic Games collegiate championship meet, defeating Princeton, Illinois, Michigan State and Colgate.

† A contemporary source states, as part of an "international athletic games" (similar to the Olympics) in Chicago on June 28—July 6, 1913, "The national intercollegiate track and field meet was won by the University of Michigan," with Southern California second and Chicago third.

NCAA from 1921.

Trampoline
Until 1969, men's trampoline was one of the events that comprised the NCAA gymnastics championships.  At that time, the event was removed in order to conform to the international gymnastics itinerary.  The NCAA continued to bestow a national title in trampoline for two years.
1969  Michigan
1970  Michigan
Discontinued after 1970.

Volleyball
United States Volleyball Association (1949 – 69)

1949 Southern California
1950 Southern California
1951 University of Mexico
1952 University of Mexico
1953 UCLA
1954 UCLA
1955 Florida State

1956 UCLA
1957 Florida State
1958 Florida State
1959 George Williams College (IL)
1960 George Williams College
1961 Santa Monica Community College
1962 Santa Monica Community College

1963 Santa Monica Community College
1964 Santa Monica Community College
1965 UCLA
1966 Santa Monica Community College
1967 UCLA
1968 San Diego State
1969 UC Santa Barbara

NCAA from 1970

Molten Division III Men's Invitational Volleyball Championship Tournament (1997–2011)

This was a championship solely for NCAA Division III schools. It was discontinued after its 2011 edition when the NCAA announced it would organize an official Division III championship starting in 2012.

1997 Springfield
1998 Juniata
1999 La Verne
2000 UC San Diego
2001 Springfield

2002 Springfield
2003 Springfield
2004 Juniata
2005 Juniata
2006 Juniata

2007 Juniata
2008 Springfield
2009 Juniata
2010 Springfield
2011 Nazareth

NCAA from 2012

Water polo
1913 Princeton 3, Illinois 1
NCAA from 1969.

Wrestling
1921  Penn State def. Indiana, 32-14, and Iowa Agricultural College, 28-18, in post-season dual meets among conference champions.
NCAA from 1928.

Women's teams

AIAW Champions in 16 NCAA Sports
See AIAW Champions for listings of pre-NCAA champions for most of the current NCAA women's sports.

Basketball
See DGWS/AIAW Basketball Champions (1969–1982)

NCAA from 1982.

The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) has since 1926 conducted United States championship tournaments for women's amateur teams.  On 28 occasions, small college teams (all from the central U.S.) have won the AAU women's basketball championship:
 1932–33 (2) Oklahoma Presbyterian College
 1934–36 (3) Tulsa Business College
 1950, 58, 60, 62–69 (11)  Nashville Business College
 1954–57, 59, 61, 70–71, 74–75 (10)  Wayland Baptist College (Texas)
 1972–73 (2)  John F. Kennedy College (Nebraska)

Bowling
United States Bowling Congress (formerly American Bowling Congress and Women's Intercollegiate Bowling Congress)

The NCAA from 2004 has sponsored a women's team championship, apart from the USBC national championships.  There were 80 schools in all divisions participating in NCAA bowling as of April, 2018.

Fencing
Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association (1929 – 63)

National Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association (1964 – 79)

Until 1974, schools from the states of New York and New Jersey won every foil team title.

AIAW 1980 – 82 (3 years). NCAA 1982 – 89 (8 years). NCAA (Coed) from 1990.

Ice hockey
American Women's College Hockey Alliance

NCAA from 2001

Rifle
National Rifle Association

NCAA (Coed) from 1980

Pre-NCAA Coed Rifle: see above

Rowing
The National Women's Rowing Association (NWRA) sponsored an annual open eights national championship from 1971–1979, among college and non-college teams. (There were no eights before 1971.) During this period, only in 1973 and 1975 did a college team win the national eights championship outright. According to US Rowing Association, contemporary news reports in 1976 and 1977 do not mention a national collegiate title.  Beginning in 1980, the NWRA sponsored the Women's Collegiate National Championship, including varsity eights.  In 1986 the NWRA dissolved after recognizing US Rowing's assuming of responsibility as the national governing body for women's rowing.

NWRA Open National Championship, Eights top college finishers, 1971–1979 (champion in parentheses) :
1971 Washington (first place - Vesper Boat Club)
1972 Washington (first place - College Boat Club)
1973 Radcliffe College (NWRA open champion)
1974 Radcliffe College (first place - Vesper Boat Club)
1975 Wisconsin (NWRA open champion)
1976 Wisconsin (first place - College Boat Club)
1977 Wisconsin (first place - Vesper Boat Club)
1978 Wisconsin (first place - Burnaby Boat Club)
1979 Yale (first place - Burnaby Boat Club)

NWRA / US Rowing Women's Collegiate National Championship, Varsity eights :

* simultaneous AIAW championship, the only one conducted

Followed by NCAA from 1997, in which women currently compete in a Varsity 8, a Second Varsity 8, and a Varsity Four.

Beach volleyball
American Volleyball Coaches Association, Collegiate Nationals

NCAA from 2016

Tennis (indoor)
Intercollegiate Tennis Association

Track and field (outdoor)
Women's National Collegiate and Scholastic Track Association

Telegraphic meets conducted during specified dates each May

Amateur Athletic Union

The AAU conducted senior women's national track and field championships for all athletes, both indoors and outdoors, beginning in the 1920s. Two college teams won numerous championships in each sport against other clubs from throughout the country.

Tuskegee Institute won the AAU national title 14 times in 1937–1942 and 1944–1951. Tennessee State won national outdoors 13 times in 1955–1960, 1962, 1963, 1965–1967, 1969 and 1978.

Track and field (indoor)
Amateur Athletic Union

Tuskegee Institute won the AAU national indoor championships four times in 1941, 1945, 1946 and 1948.  Tennessee State won the national title 14 times in 1956–1960, 1962, 1965–1969 and 1978–1980.

Water polo
USA Water Polo

NCAA from 2001

Champions of collegiate athletic organizations

NCAA champions

NAIA champions

NJCAA champions

USCAA champions

ACCA champions

Other sports

References

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The Carnival Is Over

"The Carnival Is Over" is a Russian folk song Из-за острова на стрежень about Stenka Razin first published circa 1883, adapted with English-language lyrics, written by Tom Springfield, for the Australian folk pop group The Seekers in 1965. The song became The Seekers' signature recording, and the band have customarily closed their concerts with it ever since its success in late-1965. At its 1965 sales peak, The Seekers' single was selling 93,000 copies per day in the UK and is No.30 in the chart of the biggest-selling singles of all time in the United Kingdom, with sales of at least 1.41 million copies in the UK alone. The track spent three weeks at No.1 in the UK Singles Chart in November and December 1965.

The song also topped the Australian charts (for six weeks, from 4 December 1965), and reached No.1 in the Irish Charts for two weeks.

Chart performance (The Seekers)

The music

The main tune is taken from a Russian song about  the Cossack ataman Stepan (also known as Stenka) Razin known as "Iz-za ostrova na strezhen" or "Volga, Volga mat' rodnaya" which became popular in Russia as early as the 1890s.

There is a resemblance in the tune, tempo and emotional appeal to the iconic Welsh song Myfanwy, by Joseph Parry, written earlier, though the Russian folklore possibly predates them both.

The original lyrics of the song, written in 1883 by the poet and Povolzhye region ethnographer Dmitry Sadovnikov to a folk melody, told about an episode of the 1670–1671 Russian Peasant Uprising in which Stepan Razin allegedly killed his captive, a beautiful Persian Princess, by throwing her into the water from his boat. According to the Dutch traveller Jean Jansen Struys (1630—1694), the murder was meant as a sacrifice with which Razin hoped to appease the much loved and feared Volga River. Sadovnikov in his text adds another motive: Razin's gesture is addressed to his disgruntled jealous comrades who accuse him of "mellowing down" after just one  night spent with a woman.

The lyrics of the song were dramatized in the first Russian narrative film, Stenka Razin directed by Vladimir Romashkov in 1908. The song also gave the title to the famous 1938 Soviet musical comedy Volga-Volga. It was performed by the Osipov State Russian Folk Orchestra (balalaikas and domras) during their 1967 tour of Australia. The tune is also used in a Dutch hymn "Vol Verwachting Blijf Ik Uitzien", and a Dutch nursery rhyme "Aan de Oever van de Rotte". It is played in a cafe scene in the 1988 film The Unbearable Lightness of Being.

Tom Springfield adapted the melody from the Russian folk song, and also wrote the lyrics, after a trip to Brazil, where he witnessed the Carnival in Rio.

The melody is played repeatedly in an early episode of TV series "The Twilight Zone" – Season 1 Episode 3, entitled "Mr. Denton On Doomsday", first aired in 1959. It also can be heard briefly in a scene from Sam Peckinpah's film "Cross of Iron".

Use in popular culture
The playing of "The Carnival Is Over", sung by The Seekers, has been sometimes used at the close of special events in Australia. It was performed at the Expo '88 closing ceremony, with Julie Anthony taking the place of Judith Durham, along with the other members of The Seekers, Athol Guy, Keith Potger and Bruce Woodley.

The song was played at the end of The Seekers' August 1968 BBC-TV finale special. In the lead-up to the song, Athol Guy announced in a choked voice "I'm afraid that tonight the carnival really is over".

The Seekers were supposed to have performed the song at the end of the closing ceremony for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney but the performance was cancelled after Judith Durham broke her hip. The Seekers did, however, sing the song at the conclusion of the 2000 Summer Paralympics, with Judith Durham seated in a wheelchair.

The tradition of the song's being sung at conclusion of special celebrations in Australia is so well entrenched that the cast of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation comedy series The Games, which was about the forthcoming Sydney 2000 Olympics, imitated the group singing "The Carnival Is Over" at the closing ceremony of their fictitious version of the Sydney Olympic Games.

The Russian sung tune (Stenka Razin) recurred in Season 1 (1959), Episode 3 of the TV series The Twilight Zone.

Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds' version
Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds covered the song on their 1986 album Kicking Against The Pricks. This cover featured in the final episode and scene of the Australian TV Series Underbelly, based on the Melbourne gangland killings when Senior Constable Steve Owen arrested Carl Williams for murder.

Boney M. version

"The Carnival Is Over (Goodbye True Lover)" / "Going Back West" is a double A-side single by German band Boney M.. It replaced a cancelled third single release of a re-recording of the song "Jimmy" from the group's fifth studio album Boonoonoonoos. "The Carnival Is Over" was the first single release after dancer Bobby Farrell's departure and introduced new male singer Reggie Tsiboe in the line-up. Despite reaching #11 in the Swiss charts, the single was widely considered Boney M.'s first flop. After a string of 16 consecutive Top 20 singles in Germany, the single only climbed to #41 after a second pressing with a remix of "Going Back West" as the main A-side was sent out. "Going Back West", however, would become a hit single in South Africa where the group's popularity remained high in the early 1980s. Boney M. would use the double A-side format in this period, typically with the A1 being the song intended for radio and A2 being more squarely aimed at discos. The sides would usually be switched on the accompanying 12" single.

The Carnival Is Over (Goodbye True Lover)
Boney M.'s version of The Seekers' song was done in a low-key ballad arrangement and featured Liz Mitchell on lead vocal. An original verse by producer Frank Farian and lyricist Catherine Courage was added to introduce Reggie Tsiboe as a vocalist. In the early mix of the single, Liz Mitchell sings the answer-back line "Kiss me again" as opposed to the final mix where she sings "Our love is true". An edit was released in the UK and Japan where a part of the intro had been cut out. "The Carnival Is Over" was never included in any studio album by Boney M. and didn't appear on a compilation until 2000 when it was included on 25 Jaar Na Daddy Cool. The single edit was added as a bonus track to the remastered 2007 edition of Ten Thousand Lightyears.

Going Back West
The first song with new member Reggie Tsiboe on lead vocals was an uptempo cover version of a Jimmy Cliff track. An early mix had only vocal group La Mama (Cathy Bartney, Patricia Shockley, Madeleine Davis) on backing vocals. Several later mixes were released with Liz Mitchell's vocals added to the backing vocals and also producer Frank Farian singing a couple of lines. The 12" version was coupled with an edit of the track "Silly Confusion" from Boonoonoonoos.

Releases
7" Singles
"The Carnival Is Over (Goodbye True Lover)" – 4:49 / "Going Back West" (Early mix) – 4:05 (Hansa 104 475–100, Germany)
"Going Back West" (Remix) – 4:15 / "The Carnival Is Over" – 4:49 (Hansa 104 475–100, Germany)
"The Carnival Is Over (Goodbye True Lover)" (edit) – 4:20 / "Going Back West" (Remix) – 4:15 (Atlantic A 9973, UK)
"Going Back West" (Remix) – 4:15 / "The Carnival Is Over" (edit) – 4:20 (Atlantic P-1693, Japan)

12" Singles
A1 "Going Back West" – 5:00 / A2 "Silly Confusion" (Farian, Kawohl, Björklund, Baierl, Courage) – 4:05 / B "The Carnival Is Over" – 4:52 (Hansa 600 633–213, Germany)

See also
 List of best-selling singles of the 1960s in the United Kingdom
 Pierrot

References

External links
 Rateyourmusic.com
 Fantastic Boney M.

Category:1965 singles
Category:Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Category:Songs written by Tom Springfield
Category:Sporting songs
Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Category:1883 songs
Category:Columbia Graphophone Company singles
Category:The Seekers songs


William Langford (golf)

William Boice Langford (1887–1977) was a golf course designer and civil engineer from Austin, Illinois. He graduated from both Yale and Columbia University. During the golden age of golf design between the world wars, he produced many great golf courses primarily in the Midwest states. Langford’s work is reminiscent of golf course designers Seth Raynor, Charles Banks and Charles B. Macdonald. He died in Sarasota, Florida in 1977.

Along with Theodore Moreau, he produced over 200 golf courses. Some of the best include Minnehaha Country Club, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, added in 2018 as a tournament stop for the PGA Champions tour, Martin County Golf Course in Stuart, Florida, Milburn Country Club in Overland Park, Kansas, Wakonda in Des Moines, Iowa, Harrison Hills in Attica, Indiana, Maxinkuckee in Culver, Indiana (played often by Roy, Pete and Alice Dye early in their careers), Ozaukee in Mequon, Wisconsin, Lawsonia in Green Lake, Wisconsin, and Happy Hollow in Omaha, Nebraska.

Courses Designed
The following is a (partial) list of other courses designed or remodeled by William Langford:

 Arkansas
 Texarkana CC (1927) - Texarkana, AR
 Florida
 Key West GC (1923) - Key West, FL
 Martin County GC (1920) - Stuart, FL
 Eglin Eagle Course (1927) - Niceville, FL
 Illinois
 Acacia CC (1917) - Indian Head Park, IL
 Barrington Hills CC (1946) - Barrington, IL
 Bloomington CC (1917) - Bloomington, IL
 Bryn Mawr GC (1921) - Lincolnwood, IL
 Butterfield CC (1922) - Oak Brook, IL
 Franklin County CC (back 9) (1921)(West Frankfort, IL)
 Glen Oak CC (1922) - Glen Ellyn, IL
 La Grange CC (1924) - La Grange, IL
 Marquette Park GC (1917) - Chicago, IL
 Park Ridge CC (1949) - Park Ridge, IL
 Riverside Golf Club (1917) - North Riverside, IL
 Ruth Lake CC (1926) - Hinsdale, IL
 Schaumburg CC (1928) - Schaumburg, IL
St. Clair Country Club (1911) - [Belleville, IL]
 Winnetka GC (1917) - Winnetka, IL
 Indiana
 Innsbrook CC (1919) - Merrillville, IN
 Christiana Creek CC (1925 and 1945) - Elkhart, IN
 Culver Military Academy (1920) - Culver, IN
 Oakland City GC (1946) - Oakland City, IN
 Maxwelton GC (1929) - Syracuse, IN
 Fort Wayne CC (1916) - Fort Wayne, IN (9 holes)
 Iowa
 Ellis Park Muni (1949) - Cedar Rapids, IA
 Keokuk CC (1951) - Keokuk, IA
 Oneota CC (1921) - Decorah, IA
 Kansas
 Brookridge Country Club (1960) - Overland Park, KS
 Milburn G&CC (1917) - Overland Park, KS
Kentucky
 Audubon CC (1921) - Louisville, KY
 Indian Hills CC (1956) - Bowling Green, KY
 Louisville CC (1921) - Louisville, KY
 Michigan
 Blythefield CC (1927) - Belmont, MI
 Country Club of Lansing (1919) - Lansing, MI
 Marquette G&CC (1927) - Marquette, MI
 Minnesota
 Mankato GC (1954) - Mankato, MN
 Southview CC (1960) - West St. Paul, MN
 Mississippi
 Clarksdale CC (1921) - Clarksdale, MS
 Nebraska
 Highland CC (1924) - Omaha, NE
 Omaha CC (1927) - Omaha, NE
 South Dakota
 Minnehaha Country Club (1922) - Sioux Falls, SD
 Ohio
 Clovernook Country Club (1921) - Cincinnati, OH
 Fairlawn Country Club (1918) - Akron, OH
 Portage Path Country Club (1918) - Akron, OH
 Tennessee
 Chickasaw CC (1922) - Memphis, TN
 Colonial CC (1916) - Cordova, TN
 Gatlinburg G&CC (1956) - Pigeon Forge, TN
 Green Meadow CC (1958) - Alcoa, TN
 The Country Club (1959) - Morristown, TN
 Wisconsin
 The Links at Lawsonia - Green Lake, WI
 Ozaukee CC (1922) - Mequon, WI
 Spring Valley CC (1927) - Salem, WI
 West Bend CC (1922) - West Bend, WI

References

Links
 http://thecaddyshack.blogspot.com/2007/06/architect-15-william-langford.html
 http://www.golfclubatlas.com/in-my-opinion/mark-chalfant-the-architecture-of-william-b-langford/
 https://webspace.yale.edu/Yale-golf-history/Eras/1895-1923/Langford.htm

Langford, William B.
Category:Sportspeople from Illinois
Category:1887 births
Category:1977 deaths


Mohan Sivanand

Mohan Sivanand is an Indian journalist and artist. For a decade, until October 2015, he was Editor-in-Chief of the Indian edition of Reader's Digest, India's largest-selling magazine in English.

Category:Journalists from Kerala
Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian newspaper editors
Category:People from Alappuzha district
Category:Malayali people
Category:Indian cartoonists
Category:20th-century Indian journalists
Category:Indian male journalists


Pagurus samuelis

Pagurus samuelis, the blueband hermit crab, is a species of hermit crab from the west coast of North America, and the most common hermit crab in California. It is a small species, with distinctive blue bands on its legs. It prefers to live in the shell of the black turban snail, and is a nocturnal scavenger of algae and carrion.

Description
Pagurus samuelis is a small hermit crab, at up to a total length of  and a carapace width of up to . The base colour of the exoskeleton is brown or green, but the antennae are red, and adults have bright blue bands near the tips of their legs. In smaller individuals, the bands may be white. The legs and carapace are covered in setae, and the rostrum at the front of the carapace is triangular.

Distribution
Pagurus samuelis is found from Alaska to Punta Eugenia in Baja California, Mexico. It was formerly thought to also occur in Japan, but the Japanese specimens which were formerly assigned to this species are now recognised as Pagurus filholi.

Ecology and life cycle
Pagurus samuelis prefers to use the discarded shell of the black turban snail, Tegula funebralis. They are chiefly nocturnal scavengers that feed on algae, especially the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, and detritus. In a laboratory setting, P. samuelis can survive on a diet of Pelvetia canaliculata. Predators of P. samuelis include fishes such as the pile perch (Rhacochilus vacca), California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) and the spotted kelpfish, Gibbonsia elegans.

In the breeding season, males carry females on their backs, sometimes for more than a day. Eggs are produced from May to July, and are carried on the female's abdomen, inside the shell.

See also
Pagurus hirsutiusculus

References

External links

Category:Hermit crabs
Category:Crustaceans of the eastern Pacific Ocean
Category:Crustaceans described in 1857


Shaista Shameem

Shaista Shameem, a Fijian lawyer, the director of the Fiji Human Rights Commission (FHRC) from 2002 to 2007, and its director and chairperson from 2007 to 2009. A graduate of the University of the South Pacific, she holds a PhD in Sociology from the University of Waikato and a Masters in Law from the University of Auckland.

After working in the media and as a sociology lecturer in New Zealand, Shameen returned to Fiji and was involved in the constitutional case of Chandrika Prasad v the State which reinstated the 1997 Constitution following the coup d'état of 2000 led by George Speight. She served in 2004-05 as United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Use of Mercenaries and has since 2005 been a member of the UN Working Group on Mercenaries. In 2005 Shameem was invited to assist a UN assessment of the courts in Timor-Leste, but was prevented from visiting the territory. In 2009 she was elected chair of the Working Group. She is a member of the Advisory Board of the Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT).

Personal life
Shaista's sister Nazhat Shameem is a judge. Their father hailed from Multan, in present-day Pakistan, while their mother was born in Fiji.

2006 coup
On 5 January 2007 Shameem published a report defending the December 2006 military coup, alleging that the previous government of Laisenia Qarase had committed human rights violations and crimes against humanity. She maintained that the 2006 elections were unlawful, and supported claims that Australia had intended to invade Fiji. Shameem acted as amicus curiae in the case of Qarase v the State where she submitted that the President of Fiji acted lawfully in dismissing the Prime Minister on 5 December 2006 and installing the military commander as Interim Prime Minister on 5 January 2007. While the High Court upheld this claim, in 2009 the Appeal Court overturned the decision and ruled that the 2006 coup and the President's action were unlawful.

Ombudsman
On 16 July 2007, Fiji’s Constitutional Offices Commission (COC) announced the appointment of Dr Shameem as Ombudsman, designated as an ex officio position to the chairperson of the Fiji Human Rights Commission. The international human rights NGO Human Rights Watch described her appointment as unlawful, and was highly critical of the FHRC's endorsement of the coup.

Shameen ceased to lead the FHRC in 2009 when it was reconstituted under new legislation.

In 2011, she strongly criticised the military-led government's Essential National Industries Employment decree, which "takes away nearly all collective bargaining rights in essential companies [and] virtually abolishes the right to strike". Shameem said the decree showed the government had abandoned its "previous consensus building approach", and adopted an autocratic mode of government, "diminish[ing] or remov[ing]" workers' rights.

References

External links
 Fiji Human Rights Commission
 Timor Leste

Category:University of the South Pacific alumni
Category:Fijian civil servants
Category:Fijian Ahmadis
Category:Living people
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:United Nations special rapporteurs
Category:University of Auckland alumni
Category:University of Waikato alumni
Category:Fijian lawyers
Category:Fijian women lawyers
Category:Ombudsmen in Fiji
Category:Fijian people of Pakistani descent
Category:Fijian people of Punjabi descent
Category:21st-century Fijian lawyers
Category:Fijian officials of the United Nations
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Ndathi

Ndathi is a settlement in Kenya's Central Province.

References

Category:Populated places in Central Province (Kenya)