International City Theater

The International City Theater (ICT) in Long Beach, California, is a professional, non-profit theater company located in the Long Beach Performing Arts Center.

Shashin Desai
Shashin Desai was the founding artistic director of ICT.  He was educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London, and holds two master's degrees from USC. He is the recipient of the Distinguished Artist Award from the Public Corporation for the Arts as well as a commendation from the County of Los Angeles and the City of Long Beach.  He was recently honored with the Asian Heritage Award in Innovation.

As a professor of Theater and Film at Long Beach City College, Desai founded ICT in 1985 in a 99-seat “black-box” playhouse on the college campus.  ICT has expanded over  the decades, for a time alternating productions between the original playhouse and the new and larger Long Beach Performing Arts Center, until in 2000 the company committed to the Center Theater as its full-time home and was recognized by the City Council as the official resident theater of the City of Long Beach.  The Theater operates under an SPT Agreement with Actors Equity Association.

caryn morse desai
When Desai stepped down as artistic director in 2011, ICT’s board appointed his wife and theatrical partner, caryn morse desai (who prefers the lower case spelling), as the new artistic director.  The current director desai is a graduate of the MFA directing program of the University of California, Irvine, where, as a student of Keith Fowler, she was encouraged to emphasize her “evident producing abilities.”  She is the recipient of awards from the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle, from the NAACP, LA Weekly, Ovations, and Drama-Logue.  She has been a member of the acting faculty of Long Beach City College and has also taught at USC.

Repertory
ICT’s first production in 1985 was of Robin Swados’ play The Quiet End, one of the earliest dramas of the AIDs crisis in America.  It set a tone for the ICT repertory which, in addition to plays of familial relationships and musical entertainments—including such modern classics as The Threepenny Opera and Master Class—regularly experiments with new works and with edgy contemporary pieces of social significance.  In 2011, for example, in announcing the first slate of plays under her directorship, caryn desai said, “I like to think of this season as being 'not quite PC’.” The season consisted of Ken Ludwig’s Leading Ladies; the musical revue Ain’t Misbehavin’; two premieres—a political musical, The Fix, and Michael Hollinger’s Ghost-Writer-- and Yasmina Reza’s provocative God of Carnage.

Now in its twenty-ninth year, ICT presents a five-play season and runs several educational outreach programs. ICT has received over 200 awards for excellence in professional theatre. The New York Times has cited ICT as an innovative theatre, and the Los Angeles Times named ICT one of the top ten theatres in Southern California.  In 1997 and 2000, ICT received the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle’s Award for Sustained Excellence in Theater.  ICT relies on ticket sales and donations from individuals, corporations, foundations and the government for support.

References

Category:Regional theatre in the United States
Category:Long Beach City College


Moshe Rosen (Nezer HaKodesh)

Moshe Rosen (1870 – 12 October 1957), known by the name of his magnum opus, Nezer HaKodesh on Kodashim, was a  Polish Orthodox rabbi who befriended the Chazon Ish while serving as a rabbi in Lithuania and later became a well respected Torah scholar in the United States of America.

Biography

In Europe
Born in 1870 in Brańsk, Grodno Governorate, Poland, to Yehuda Aryeh of the Rosen family, which was made of many Torah scholars, Moshe Rosen learned in the local school in Brańsk, then in Bielsk Podlaski by Aryeh Leib Yellin, and finally in Raszyn by Mordechai Gimpel Jaffe before pursuing his studies independently. He had a close relationship with the rabbi of Brańsk, Meir Shalom HaKohen, author of Milchemet Shalom, and he was known as a "masmid" (non-stop learner of Torah).

Upon marrying Hinda, daughter of Hillel David Trivash, in 1893, Rosen studied in Kovno Kollel and was ordained by Rabbis Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor and Moshe Danishevsky at the age of twenty. In 1897, Rosen was installed as the rabbi of Chweidan (Kvėdarna), Lithuania, where he remained until his departure to the United States, despite several offers from other communities. He was active in the community, rescuing people from forced labor and mandatory labor on the Shabbat. He established the Agudath HaRabbonim of Lithuania and stood at its head.

Rosen was also a contributor to the first three issues of his father-in-law's Torah journal HaPisga, the first article of which was entitled "Aruch laNer" and attacked an enlightened view of the Miracle of Chanukah. His words were praised and analyzed by Chaim Hezekiah Medini

Relationship with R' Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz (Chazon Ish)
The Chazon Ish’s wife was from Chweidan, the Chazon Ish lived there after getting married (Rosen was the officiating Rabbi). Rosen and the Chazon Ish established a close relationship and began studying Torah together. He developed tremendous respect for his younger study partner and considered himself the student, not the teacher. Rosen and the Chazon Ish became quite close, and the former would call upon the latter to join him on the Beit Din when serious matters requiring expert dayanim were brought to the table. They would work together on matters of community, and Rosen's daughter, Leah, would assist Karelitz's wife in her store and home.

All the while, the Chazon Ish's genius was kept hidden from the public. Even when the Chazon Ish began delivering a Gemara lecture to local townspeople, and Rav Moshe Rosen would himself attend, people were given the impression that the rabbi of the town was coming to encourage the young Karelitz. Indeed, even when Rosen published his first sefer, Divrei Soferim, he quotes Karelitz as "Chazon Ish," a name that, at the time, nobody but he recognized. Rosen couldn't afford to publish this sefer, though, due to his unlivable salary as a rabbi, so Karelitz loaned him some of his own dowry and said not to worry. It was Rosen who first told Chaim Ozer Grodzinski about the unknown, hidden genius, Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz. Rosen was a Zionist, unlike the Chazon Ish. There was a plan to publish Masechet Kelim with three commentaries, that of the Chazon Ish, Rav Chaim Ozer Grodzinski, and Rav Moshe Rosen, but the plan did not come to fruition, as Rav Chaim Ozer was too busy with his other responsibilities. Later in life, someone told Rosen that the Chazon Ish could learn 100 pages of Gemara a day, to which Rosen responded that he hadn't heard of that, but he had seen the man learn one page of Gemara over a hundred days and the first perek of Mikvaot for three months, fifteen hours a day!

The Chazon Ish also proofread the volume of Nezer ha-Kodesh on Zevahim, except in order to blunt his comments, he articulated them in Rosen's own style to make it seem as though Rosen himself was writing corrections, not someone else.

After the Chazon Ish left Chweidan, their friendship continued in the form of the letters they wrote to one another discussing various Torah topics.

In America
In 1928 Rosen immigrated to the United States, where he became a Talmud instructor at Mesivta Torah Vodaath. After only one year, he left the Torah Vodaath yeshiva in favor of the professional rabbinate, serving as a pulpit rabbi at several congregations in Brooklyn for the next two decades. Rosen spent his final years as rabbi of Congregation Beth Medrash HaRav in Brooklyn. An advocate of religious Zionism, Rosen worked for the benefit of Mizrachi and the Jewish National Fund. He was active on behalf of Ezrat Torah and the Agudath Harabbonim, later serving as honorary president of the Agudath Harabbonim. An exceptional Talmudic scholar who maintained correspondence with many of the leading sages of the day, and publishing several volumes of halakhic studies and more than a dozen volumes of Talmudic commentary, Nezer Ha-Kodesh. He was well known for his erudition and deep Torah insights both while he was still in Europe and throughout his life in America.

Rosen was the Rosh Yeshiva of the Beis Midrash level of Torah Vodaath from September 1926 to June 1928. Upon his departure, the Beis Midrash students also left. Rabbi Dovid Leibowitz joined the faculty of Torah Vodaath in June, 1927, and when the Beis Midrash was reorganized in 1929, became the Rosh Yeshiva. One of his notable students was Avraham Yaakov Pam.

Rosen was reportedly offered a position at RIETS but declined.

He was also collected money to support the Chazon Ish, Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik, and institutions of Torah learning regularly. During World War II, he helped organize a Vaad Hatzalah to help Jews escape to America.

Rosen was married to Hinda, the daughter of Rav Hillel David Trivash. She died on March 12th, 1952 (Shushan Purim), and he died in New York in October (first day of Chol HaMoed Sukkot, 1957, at the age of 86. He was survived by a son and five daughters. As he died on a Friday which was also the second day of Sukkot, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein advised the funeral be delayed until Sunday in his honor (i.e. not to bury on Friday afternoon or Saturday night). At the funeral, he was eulogized by Rabbis Aharon Kotler, Moshe Feinstein, Avraham Kalmanowitz, Yosef Eliyahu Henkin, Pinchas Mordechai Teitz, and Nissan Telushkin.

Published works
Divrei Soferim. 2 vols. Vilna and New York: 1912, 1955
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Zevachim. Vilna: 1910.
Sheiloth Moshe. Vilna: 1930.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Menachot. New York: 1934.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Temura. New York: 1936.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Arachin. New York: 1937.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Keritot. New York: 1938.
Sheilot Moshe. New York: 1940.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Yoma. New York: 1942.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Makkot. New York: 1943.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Me'ila. New York: 1943.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Bechorot. New York: 1945.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Nida. New York: 1946.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Hulin. Brooklyn: 1950.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Tamid. Brooklyn: 1951.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Hullin, Zevachim Second Ed. New York: 1953.
Nezer Ha-Kodesh v'Shut. Brooklyn: 1953.
Ohel Moshe. New York: 1963.

His grandson, Rabbi Hillel Litwack published a pamphlet called Zichron Moshe, which is a collection of letters between Rosen and great Torah personalities of his time, Yisrael Meir Kagan, Meir Simcha of Dvinsk, Chazon Ish, Elchanan Wasserman, Boruch Ber Leibowitz, the Rogatchover Gaon, Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik, Tzvi Pesach Frank, Moshe Mordechai Epstein, and Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Unpublished letters include communications between him and Moshe Soloveitchik and Chaim Hezekiah Medini.
In April 2019, his descendants republished Nezer HaKodesh in five newly typeset volumes.

Descendants
Rosen and his wife had seven children, two of whom died young (Aba Yosef at age 14 and Shlomo at age 3). He was survived by his five remaining children:
Chaim Rosen, husband to Ida Rosen and author of seven seforim: Bechori Chaim (5 volumes), Ein Chaim (2 volumes), and Be'er Chaim
Leah Litwack, wife of Shalom Litwack
Sara Gaz, wife of Yehuda Dov Gaz
Chayna Rosen
Frieda Gutman-Dowertz, wife of Avraham Gutman-Dowertz
Ester Krinsky, wife of Chaim Krinsky

Further reading
 Morei Ha’umah, Shurin, Yisrael, volume 3, page 58
 Moshe Rosen משה ב"ר יהודא אריה Baal Nezer HaKodesh
 Forverts (January 26, 1953), p. 3
 Ha-Pardes 32:2 (November 1957), inner cover (dedication in his memory) and obituary (pp. 34—35)
 Aaron Ben Zion Shurin, Keshet Gibborim (Jerusalem, 1964), pp. 254—58
 Encyclopedia shel ha-Tzionut ha-Datit (Jerusalem, 1983), 5: 598.

References

Category:1870 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:People from Tauragė County
Category:20th-century rabbis
Category:Rosh yeshivas
Category:Religious leaders from New York City
Category:Rabbis from New York (state)
Category:Exponents of Jewish law
Category:Polish Zionists


Sabyasachi

Sabyasachi is a masculine Indian given name. Notable people with the name include:
 Kazi Sabyasachi, Indian Bengali elocutionist
 Sabyasachi Chakrabarty, Indian Bengali actor
 Sabyasachi Hajara, Indian business executive
 Sabyasachi Mishra, Indian Odia actor
 Sabyasachi Mohapatra, Indian Odia actor, director
 Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Indian fashion designer
 Sabyasachi Sarkar, Indian chemist
 Sabyasachi Sarkar, Indian Physicist working at CERN, COMPASS Experiment.
 Sabyasachi (film), 1977 Bengali film.

Category:Indian masculine given names


Dead to the World (album)

Dead to the World is the eighth studio album by the American alternative metal band Helmet, released on October 28, 2016. It is the band's first studio album since Seeing Eye Dog (2010), as well as their first release on earMUSIC and their first one with bassist Dave Case.

The first song to be released from the album, "Bad News", premiered on October 5, 2016.

Track listing

Personnel
 Page Hamilton – vocals, lead guitar
 Dan Beeman – rhythm guitar
 Dave Case – bass
 Kyle Stevenson – drums

Charts

References

Category:2016 albums
Category:Helmet (band) albums
Category:Edel AG albums


Lewis Montsma

Lewis Montsma (born 25 April 1998) is a Dutch football player. He plays for FC Dordrecht.

Club career
He made his Eerste Divisie debut for FC Dordrecht on 31 August 2018 in a game against NEC, as a starter.

References

External links

Category:1998 births
Category:Footballers from Amsterdam
Category:Living people
Category:Dutch footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:FC Dordrecht players
Category:Eerste Divisie players


Chlorantraniliprole

Chlorantraniliprole (Rynaxpyr) is an insecticide of the ryanoid class. Chlorantraniliprole is being developed world-wide by DuPont belonging to a new class of selective insecticides  featuring a novel mode of action to control a range of pests belonging to the order Lepidoptera and some other Coleoptera, Diptera and Isoptera species.

Chlorantraniliprole activates Ryanodine receptor via stimulation of the release of calcium stores from the Sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells ( i.e. for chewing insect pest) causing impaired regulation, paralysis and ultimately death of sensitive species. The differential selectivity Chlorantraniliprole had towards insect rynodine receptors explained the outstanding profile of low mammalian toxicity. Chlorantraniliprole is active on chewing pest insects primarily by ingestion and secondarily by contact.

As active ingredient (a.i.) in insecticide -

a.  Chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR having the trade name  Ferterra.

b. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC having the trade name Coragen.

References

Category:Insecticides
Category:Benzamides
Category:Pyridines
Category:Pyrazoles


Nearcha nullata

Nearcha nullata is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is mainly found in Australia, more specifically in the South-Eastern quarter, including Tasmania.

The wingspan is about 30 mm.

The larvae feed on Dillwynia parvifolia.

References

Category:Oenochrominae
Category:Moths described in 1857


Pedra Redonda

Pedra Redonda (literally Round Stone in English) is a neighbourhood (bairro) in the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil. It was created by Law 2022 from December 7, 1959.

The neighbourhood is known by its beautiful view to the Guaíba Lake, and its proximity to the lake, having some very sophisticated houses at the lake's edge, and some in other parts of the locality. Pedra Redonda embraces people from upper middle class to upper class.

External links
 Pedra Redonda - Porto Alegre City Website

Category:Neighbourhoods in Porto Alegre


New Germany, Ohio

New Germany is an unincorporated community in Greene County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

History
New Germany was not officially platted. A share of the early settlers being natives of Germany most likely caused the name to be selected.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Greene County, Ohio
Category:Unincorporated communities in Ohio


The Independent (Uganda)

The Independent is a newsmagazine published in Kampala, Uganda.

Overview
The newspaper covers general and business news. It also has dedicated sections for news analysis, Eastern African regional news and a features section. It comes out in glossy print, but it is also available on the Internet. It is published in English only.

History
The paper was founded in 2007, by Andrew Mwenda, who owns, edits and publishes the news magazine.

See also
 List of newspapers in Uganda
 Media in Uganda
 Andrew Mwenda

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Kampala
Category:Newspapers published in Uganda
Category:Media in Kampala
Category:Publications established in 2007
Category:2007 establishments in Uganda


Riveris (river)

The Riveris is an orographically right-hand, southern tributary of the River Ruwer in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It was impounded in 1953 by the  which inter alia supplies water to the town of Trier. The name Riveris is derived from the Latin and means "little river".

Geography
The Riveris is formed by the confluence of the Eschbach (length: ) and Altweiherbach (length:  ) at an elevation of . The longer Eschbach rises in the  Osburg Forest on the western flank of the Hohe Wurzel (669 m) at a height of . The stream flows mainly in a westerly direction to the Riveris Dam and then turns northwards. The only settlement that the river flows through is the eponymous village of Riveris. After   the river empties from the right at an elevation of  into the Ruwer. The river descends through 436 metres at a gradient of 32.8 ‰. The Riveris drains a catchment area of  and its waters flow through the Ruwer, Moselle and Rhine into the North Sea.

See also
List of rivers of Rhineland-Palatinate

References

External links
 Riveris Dam

Category:Rivers of Rhineland-Palatinate
Category:Rivers of Germany


1969–70 Yugoslav Cup

The 1969–70 Yugoslav Cup was the 23rd season of the top football knockout competition in SFR Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav Cup (), also known as the "Marshal Tito Cup" (Kup Maršala Tita), since its establishment in 1946.

Round one

Garnizon Krajlevo 2 - 3 Partizan

Round of Sixteen

Crvena Zvezda            - Zeljeznicar Sarajevo     1-0

OFK Beograd              - Rudar Kakanj             2-0

Olimpija Ljubljana       - Buducnost Pec            3-0

Orijent Rijeka           - Dinamo Zagreb            0-1

Osijek                   - Vojvodina Novi Sad       1-3

Proleter Zrenjanin       - Partizan Beograd         0-0aet (4-3 pen)

Radnicki Nis             - Sutjeska Niksic          1-0

Vardar Skopje            - Hajduk Split             1-1aet (3-4 pen)

Quarter finals

Dinamo Zagreb            - Hajduk Split             1-0

OFK Beograd              - Crvena Zvezda            0-1

Radnicki Nis             - Proleter Zrenjanin       2-0

Vojvodina Novi Sad       - Olimpija Ljubljana       0-2aet

Semi finals

Crvena Zvezda            - Radnicki Nis             2-0

Olimpija Ljubljana       - Dinamo Zagreb            3-1

Finals (First Leg)

Finals (Second Leg)

See also
1969–70 Yugoslav First League
1969–70 Yugoslav Second League

External links
1969–70 Yugoslav Cup details at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation

Category:Yugoslav Cup seasons
Cup
Yugo


Lathrothele

Lathrothele is a genus of African curtain web spiders that was first described by Pierre L.G. Benoit in 1965.

Species
 it contains five species:
Lathrothele catamita (Simon, 1907) – São Tomé and Príncipe
Lathrothele cavernicola Benoit, 1965 – Congo
Lathrothele grabensis Benoit, 1965 (type) – Cameroon, Congo, Rwanda, Burundi
Lathrothele jezequeli Benoit, 1965 – Ivory Coast
Lathrothele mitonae Bäckstam, Drolshagen & Seiter, 2013 – Gabon

References

Category:Dipluridae
Category:Mygalomorphae genera
Category:Spiders described in 1965
Category:Spiders of Africa


Washington Mills, New York

Washington Mills is a hamlet  and census-designated place in the Town of New Hartford, a suburb of Utica, New York.

Washington Mills is located off New York State Route 8.

References

Category:Hamlets in New York (state)
Category:Utica, New York
Category:Census-designated places in New York (state)
Category:Census-designated places in Oneida County, New York
Category:Hamlets in Oneida County, New York


List of things named after Edward Teller

This article is a list of things named after Edward Teller Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, regarded by some as "the father of the hydrogen bomb".

Ashkin–Teller model
Axilrod–Teller potential
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory
Gamow–Teller transition
Inglis–Teller equation
Jahn–Teller effect
Pseudo Jahn–Teller effect
Lyddane–Sachs–Teller relation
Pöschl–Teller potential
Renner–Teller effects
Teller–Ulam design

teller


Unincorporated territories of the United States

Under United States law, an unincorporated territory is an area controlled by the United States government that is not "incorporated" for the purposes of United States constitutional law. In unincorporated territories, the U.S. Constitution applies only partially. In the absence of an organic law, a territory is classified as unorganized. In unincorporated territories, "fundamental rights apply as a matter of law, but other constitutional rights are not available". Selected constitutional provisions apply, depending on congressional acts and judicial rulings according to U.S. constitutional practice, local tradition, and law.

There are currently 13 unincorporated territories, comprising a land area of approximately  containing a population of approximately four million people; Puerto Rico alone comprises the vast majority of both the total area and total population.

Of the 13 territories, five are inhabited. These are either organized or self-governing but unincorporated. These are Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa. There are also nine uninhabited U.S. possessions, of which only Palmyra Atoll is incorporated. (See Territories of the United States, Unorganized territory and insular area.)

Overview
All modern inhabited territories under the control of the federal government can be considered as part of the "United States" for purposes of law as defined in specific legislation. However, the judicial term "unincorporated" was coined to legitimize the late–19th-century territorial acquisitions without citizenship and their administration without constitutional protections temporarily until Congress made other provisions. The case law allowed Congress to impose discriminatory tax regimes with the effect of a protective tariff upon territorial regions which were not domestic states.

From 1901 to 1905, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a series of opinions known as the Insular Cases, held that the Constitution extended ex proprio vigore (i.e., of its own force) to the continental territories. However, the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation, under which the Constitution applies fully only in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii, and applies only partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.

To define what is an unincorporated territory, in Balzac v. People of Porto Rico, , the Court used the following statements regarding the United States District Court in Puerto Rico:

In Glidden Co. v. Zdanok,  the court cited Balzac and made the following statement regarding courts in unincorporated territories:

"The inhabitants of the ceded territory ... shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States;"
"This declaration, although somewhat changed in phraseology, is the equivalent, as pointed out in Downes v. Bidwell, of the formula, employed from the beginning to express the purpose to incorporate acquired territory into the United States, especially in the absence of other provisions showing an intention to the contrary."

List of unincorporated territories

Current

Former
 Philippines – administered directly by the U.S. government 1898–1901; insular government 1901–1935; commonwealth 1935–1946; independent since July 4, 1946
 Panama Canal Zone – administered directly by the U.S. government 1903–1979; jointly administered with Panama 1979–1999; reverted to Panama beginning on December 31, 1999

History
August 28, 1867
Captain William Reynolds of the USS Lackawanna formally took possession of the Midway Atoll for the United States.
April 11, 1899
The Treaty of Paris of 1898 came into effect, transferring Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico from Spain to the United States, all three becoming unorganized, unincorporated territories. Puerto Rico's official name was changed to Porto Rico, a phonetic reinterpretation of the Spanish name for the territory.
April 12, 1900
The Foraker Act organized Puerto Rico.
June 7, 1900
The United States took control of the portion of the Samoan Islands given to it by the Treaty of Berlin of 1899, creating the unorganized, unincorporated territory of American Samoa.
April 1, 1901
General Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipino leader in the Philippine–American War and President of the Malolos Republic, surrendered to the United States, allowing the U.S. to form a civilian government for the Philippines.
February 23, 1903
Under the terms of a 1903 lease agreement, the United States came to exercise complete control over Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, while Cuba retained ultimate sovereignty over the territory.
August 29, 1916
The Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law was signed, promising the Philippines independence.
March 2, 1917
Jones–Shafroth Act reorganized Puerto Rico. This act conferred United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico.
March 31, 1917
The United States purchased the Danish West Indies and renamed it as U.S. Virgin Islands under the terms of a treaty with Denmark.
May 17, 1932
The name of Porto Rico was changed to Puerto Rico.
March 24, 1934
The Tydings–McDuffie Act was signed allowing the creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
July 4, 1946
The United States recognized Philippine independence.
July 14, 1947
The United Nations granted the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to the United States, consisting primarily of many islands fought over during World War II, and including what is now the Marshall Islands, the Carolina Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau. It was a trusteeship, and not a territory of the United States.
August 5, 1947
The Privileges and Immunities Clause regarding the rights, privileges, and immunities of citizens of the United States was expressly extended to Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through federal law codified in Title 48 the United States Code as  and signed by President Harry S. Truman. This law indicates that the rights, privileges, and immunities of citizens of the United States shall be respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a State of the Union and subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of section 2 of article IV of the Constitution of the United States.
July 1, 1950
The Guam Organic Act came into effect, organizing Guam as an unincorporated territory.
July 25, 1952
Puerto Rico became a Commonwealth of the United States, an unincorporated organized territory, with the ratification of its constitution.
July 22, 1954
The Organic Act for the United States Virgin Islands went into effect, making them an unincorporated, organized territory.
July 1, 1967
American Samoa's constitution became effective. Even though no Organic Act was passed, this move to self-government made American Samoa similar to an organized territory.
September 12, 1967
Article Three of the United States Constitution, was expressly extended to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through the federal law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, this law was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
January 1, 1978
The Northern Mariana Islands left the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to become a commonwealth of the United States, making it unincorporated and organized.
October 21, 1986
The Marshall Islands attained independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, though the trusteeship granted by the United Nations technically did not end until December 22, 1990. The Marshall Islands remained in free association with the United States.
November 3, 1986
The Federated States of Micronesia attained independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and remained in free association with the United States.
December 22, 1990
The United Nations terminated the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands for all but the Palau district.
May 25, 1994
The United Nations terminated the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands for the Palau district, ending the territory, making Palau de facto independent, as it was not a territory of the United States.
October 1, 1994
Palau attained de jure independence, but it remained in free association with the United States.
December 11, 2012
The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution to request the President and the Congress of the United States to respond diligently and effectively, and to act on the demand of the people of Puerto Rico, as freely and democratically expressed in the plebiscite held on November 6, 2012, to end, once and for all, its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico to the Union as a State.

See also
 Insular area
 Political divisions of the United States
 Political status of Puerto Rico
 Territories of the United States
 Unincorporated area
 Unorganized territory
 Unparished area

Notes
Scholars agreed as of 2009 in the Boston College Law Review, "Regardless of how Puerto Rico looked in 1901 when the Insular Cases were decided, or in 1922, today, Puerto Rico seems to be the paradigm of an incorporated territory as modern jurisprudence understands that legal term of art". In November 2008 a district court judge ruled that a sequence of prior Congressional actions had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico's status to incorporated.

References


Banalia Territory

Banalia is a territory and a locality of Tshopo province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  It is located in the north-central part of the country, 1,300 km northeast of the capital Kinshasa .

The locality was one of the milestones during the Emin Pasha relief expedition.

The region is also rich in iron ore, which was to feed the Maluku steel plant.

In the surroundings around Banalia grows mainly clean green deciduous forest.   Around Banalia, it is very sparsely populated, with 6 inhabitants per square kilometer.   Tropical monsoon climate prevails in the area.   Annual average temperature in the funnel is 21 ° C.  The warmest month is May, when the average temperature is 22 ° C, and the coldest is March, at 20 ° C.   Average annual rainfall is 1,540 millimeters.  The rainy month is October, with an average of 236 mm rainfall , and the driest is January, with 28 mm rainfall.

References

Category:Populated places in Tshopo
Category:Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo


Maltese in Egypt

The Maltese of Egypt, also known as Egyptian Franco-Maltese, are an ethnic minority group in Egypt. Though culturally very similar to the Franco-Maltese of Tunisia and Algeria, most people of Maltese or part-Maltese descent born in Egypt remained British subjects. They are immigrants, or descendants of immigrants, from the islands of Malta, who settled in Egypt largely during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and intermarried heavily with Italians, French and other Europeans. Those with a French father assumed French citizenship. Some Maltese had been present in the country as early as the era of Napoleon and his conquest of Egypt. The proximity between the two countries and the similarity between the Maltese and Arabic languages have led many Maltese to settle in Egypt in the past, mainly in Alexandria. Like the Italians who settled in Egypt, the Egyptian-born Maltese constituted a portion of Egypt's Roman Catholic community. By 1939, up to 20,000 Maltese were living in Egypt. Practically all of these were French-speaking, and those with a French parent had French as their mother tongue. In many middle-class families (especially in Alexandria and Cairo) a language shift had occurred, with Italian used as the home language alongside French; a large minority of Egyptian Maltese (for example those of the Suez Canal Zone) still retained Maltese as their mother tongue. This number was greatly reduced by emigration years after, and almost completely wiped out by expulsions in 1956 due to the Maltese being British nationals. Most of the Egyptian Franco-Maltese settled in Australia or Britain, where they remained culturally distinct from immigrants from Malta. Those with French citizenship were repatriated to France. Post-war Malta in general did not accept refugees from Egypt.

History
Catholic Malta and predominantly Muslim North Africa have had troubled relations since at least the Crusades, when Malta became the final stand against the Turks by the Knights Hospitallers. Malta held, and after the Crusades many attacks against Arab and Turkish coastal towns were launched from it. Not all of the Maltese who joined the Knights in these attacks returned home. Some lost their liberty, settling against their will in North Africa.

The Knights remained in possession of Malta until its seizure by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798. Bonaparte formed a troop of Maltese--the number of men varies in sources from 400 or 500 to 2000--who went with him into Egypt as part of the Mediterranean campaign of 1798. Many of these men settled in the Eastern Mediterranean after Napoleon's loss at the Battle of the Nile, becoming some of the first Maltese settlers in Egypt. Opportunity for work with the British drew more Maltese into the area thereafter, although there was an exodus of Maltese refugees back to their native land in 1822, when Alexandria was besieged by the British. Nevertheless, Alexandria, Cairo, Suez, Rosetta and Port Said continued to be a draw for Maltese settlers.

Maltese immigrants joined the many others who flocked to the area for work in 1859 with the construction of the Suez Canal. The Egyptian Maltese community was heavily employed in such construction areas as masonry, carpentry, and smithing as well as in administration and commerce. Many became employees of the French Suez Canal Company. As English was known to some and they were quicker than Europeans to learn Arabic, they proved useful to British employers. Language became a major focus of the Maltese work force. While many had left their homes illiterate, speaking Maltese and usually also Italian, they sent their children to French Catholic schools where they developed fluency not only in French, which became the principal language of the subsequent generations, but also in English and Arabic. This education made them useful both in consular work and to European companies entering the area.

Relations between the Maltese immigrants and the Egyptian population were not always easy. In Alexandria in 1882, a fight between a Maltese immigrant and an Egyptian donkey driver, in which the donkey driver was killed, led the Egyptians to riot. As word spread that the Europeans were killing Egyptians the residents took to the streets. They met return fire from Europeans, Greeks, Syrians and other Christians, with violence continuing until finally the army was called in to intervene.

In 1926, there were nearly 20,000 Maltese residents living and working in Egypt. However, the Suez Crisis of 1956, when Malta was used as a point of deployment by the British and French for troops to invade Egypt, was followed by the expulsion of Maltese immigrants, along with many other groups, from the country.

Egyptian Maltese, like the very similar Tunisian Maltese and Algerian Maltese varieties, is an archaic form of the language, characterized by the preservation of late nineteenth-century features (including numerous Italian lexical elements now replaced by English loanwords in the Maltese of Malta), a large number of borrowings from French and a small number of Arabic loanwords and expressions relating to life in Egypt. As a majority of Egyptian-born Maltese had origins in the Cottonera (Three Cities) harbourside district of Malta, Cottoneran dialectalisms are another feature distinguishing Egyptian Maltese from the current metropolitan standard variety of the language.

References

Category:Ethnic groups in Egypt
Category:European diaspora in Egypt
Category:Maltese diaspora
Category:Catholicism in Egypt


Ponte dei Tre Archi

The Ponte dei Tre Archi (Italian for "Three Arches' Bridge") is one of the main bridges of Venice, Italy, along with the Ponte delle Guglie, the other bridge spanning the Cannaregio Canal, and the four bridges spanning the Canal Grande: Rialto, Scalzi, Accademia, and the Costituzione. It is located  in Cannaregio district (sestiere), just South of Rio San Giobbe, linking the fondamenta San Giobbe,  and the South-West area of Cannaregio, to the fondamenta di Sacca San Girolamo and the North-East of Cannaregio. As all other Venetian bridges, the Ponte dei Tre Archi is  a pedestrian walkway.

The Baroque style bridge was designed in 1681 by Andrea Tirali, and is the sole three-arched bridge left in Venice. North of the bridge, towards the lagoon, is the former church of Santa Maria delle Penitenti and on the south is San Giobbe church located on its namesake square (campo).

References

Category:Bridges completed in the 17th century
Tre
Category:Pedestrian bridges in Italy


Anbalippu

Anbalippu (English: Presentation) is a 1969 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by A. C. Tirulokchandar and produced by S. Gandhiraj. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, B. Sarojadevi,  Vijayanirmala, Jaishankar and M. N. Nambiar in lead roles. The film had musical score by M. S. Viswanathan. The film was hit at box-office.

Cast
Sivaji Ganesan as Velu
B. Sarojadevi as Valli
Vijayanirmala as Meena
Jaishankar as Raja
Pandari Bai as (Land Leady, Raja Mother)
M. N. Nambiar as Vasudevan
V. K. Ramasamy as Neelamegam Pillai
T. R. Ramachandran as Nayar
Nagesh as Shanmugam
Sachu as Chandra
Karuppu Subbiah as Thangam
Senthamarai as Veerasamy
Geethanjali as (Dancer)
Loose Mohan as The buyer

Soundtrack
Music was composed by M. S. Viswanathan and lyrics were written by Kannadasan.

References

External links

Category:1969 films
Category:Indian films
Category:Films directed by A. C. Tirulokchandar
Category:1960s Tamil-language films
Category:Tamil films scored by M. S. Viswanathan
Category:Indian drama films
Category:Films set in 1969


Delfina Guzmán

Delfina Guzmán Correa (born 7 April 1928) is a Chilean actress. She has appeared in more than 30 films and television shows since 1968. She starred in the 1968 Raúl Ruiz film Three Sad Tigers. She is the daughter of Florencio Guzmán Larraín and María Luisa Correa Ugarte. Her son, Nicolás Eyzaguirre, is a Chilean economist.

Selected filmography
 Three Sad Tigers (1968)
 The Expropriation (1972)
 La Nana (2009) as the Grandmother
 Bombal (2012) as Grandmother

Filmography

References

External links

Category:1928 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Chilean actresses
Category:21st-century Chilean actresses
Category:Chilean film actresses
Category:Chilean television actresses
Category:Chilean telenovela actresses
Category:Actresses from Santiago


Saint James, Indiana

Saint James is a small hamlet located roughly 1 mile south of Haubstadt, Indiana in Johnson Township, Gibson County, Indiana and 1/4 mile north of Vanderburgh County.

Saint James took its name from St. James Roman Catholic Church. The church is the oldest Catholic congregation in Gibson County.

Geography
Saint James is located at .

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Gibson County, Indiana
Category:Unincorporated communities in Indiana


Clutch hitter

A clutch hitter is a baseball player with a knack for coming up with a hit in high pressure circumstances, or in the clutch, sometimes a home run, often coming with two outs, although it can be any hit or play with a significant impact late in a game. However, a clutch hit could come as early as the first inning. Being known as a clutch hitter is a position of high honor and responsibility, as the clutch hitter is recognized as the "go-to guy" for the team. His exploits in pressure situations are celebrated by both fans and players alike and can become a factor (especially in the modern free agency system) in contract negotiations.

Does clutch hitting exist?
Various baseball analysts, including Bill James, Pete Palmer and Dick Cramer, and the Baseball Prospectus editors, have found so-called "clutch hitting" ability to be a myth. This is not to say that clutch hits, like those listed above, do not exist, but that "there is virtually no evidence that any player or group of players possesses an ability to outperform his established level of ability in clutch situations, however defined". In his 1984 Baseball Abstract, James framed the problem with clutch hitting this way: "How is it that a player who possesses the reflexes and the batting stroke and the knowledge and the experience to be a .262 hitter in other circumstances magically becomes a .300 hitter when the game is on the line? How does that happen? What is the process? What are the effects? Until we can answer those questions, I see little point in talking about clutch ability."

Clutch hitters
Most studies on the matter involved comparing performance in the "clutch" category of statistics (production with runners in scoring position, performance late in close games, etc.) between seasons; if clutch hitting were an actual skill, it would follow that the same players would do well in the clutch statistics year in and year out (the correlation coefficient between players' performances over multiple seasons would be high). Cramer's study was the first of its kind, and it found that clutch hitting numbers between seasons for the same player varied wildly; in fact, the variance was the kind one would expect if the numbers had been selected randomly. Since Cramer published his results, many others have tried to find some evidence that clutch hitting is a skill, but almost every study has confirmed Cramer's initial findings: that "clutch hitting," in terms of certain players being able to "rise to the occasion" under pressure, is an illusion.

Despite the evidence, though, most people in baseball steadfastly cling to the idea of the clutch hitter. In an interview with Sports Illustrated, Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter criticized analysts who deny clutch hitting as a skill, stating: "You can take those stat guys and throw them out the window." While many do not believe clutch hitting actually exists, supporters of it cite Alex Rodriguez's perceived struggles in clutch situations as proof that even great statistical hitters like A-Rod (who was the 2003, 2005, and 2007 AL MVP) are different players in the clutch.

Jeter is perhaps a prime example of the difference between perception and reality when it comes to "clutch hitting."  Widely considered a "clutch player," Jeter's career BA/OBP/SLG (through the end of the 2007 season) numbers are .317/.388/.462, while his playoff numbers are in fact marginally worse at .309/.377/.469.  Teammate Bernie Williams had equal or better numbers to Jeter in the time they played together but it is Jeter who is deemed 'clutch'. Jeter's home run to win Game 4 of the 2001 World Series helped earn him the nickname "Mr. November," but his offensive numbers for the series were very poor .148/.179/.259.  (It is notable that few of the Yankees were able to produce at their normal level in this series, in part due to Arizona's pitching, which included the co- World Series MVP's of Randy Johnson and Curt Schilling.  The New York Yankees ultimately went on to lose the series in seven games.)

The fact that a player shows improved statistics in "clutch" situations is also not proof that clutch hitting exists, because random statistical variations can produce such occurrences.  For example, using the binomial probability distribution, one can calculate that there is about a 4.8% chance that a .300 hitter will bat .500 or better in 20 at-bats, based merely on random chance.  This is analogous to the fact that there is always some nonzero probability that a fair coin will produce a surprising amount of consecutive flips, e.g. there is a chance that one will get 20 straight flips of "tails", without attributing any "clutch" characteristics to the coin.  Given the great number of players who have played the game, players who have average career statistics but seemingly exceptional statistics in certain situations (e.g. the playoffs or with the bases loaded) are expected without providing proof that "clutch hitting" skills exist.

Conversely, the perceived struggles of Alex Rodriguez are easily explained as a statistical anomaly.  Rodriguez is a career .306 hitter in the regular season with 41 hits in 147 post-season at bats (.279).  Based on a binomial probability distribution, one can calculate that there is a 26.9% chance that a career .306 hitter like Rodriguez would have 41 or fewer hits in 147 post-season at-bats.  While this does not prove that Rodriguez is exactly the same player in the post-season that he is in the regular season, the statistical arguments that say otherwise are not particularly strong.

In addition, the cause of "clutch" situations must be considered.  For example, if a player hits better with the bases loaded, it may be in part because the bases are only loaded because the other team's pitcher is not pitching well at that time, thus giving the batter a better-than-average chance for a hit in the first place.  Furthermore, a pitcher may pitch differently with runners on (from "the stretch" rather than a full wind-up pitching motion), resulting in a strategic advantage for a batter.

This is not to say that it is impossible for a player's mental state to have some impact, either positively or negatively, on their performance—e.g. confidence leading to "clutch hits" or a lack of confidence leading to "choking".  However, there is little-to-no statistical evidence that shows this to be common, favoring the idea that any such impact is frequently overstated and most "clutch hits" are simply cases where success occurred at fortunate moments, and players perceived as "clutch" are simply players who have been lucky enough to get an above-average number of these hits.

References

Richard D. Cramer, "Do Clutch Hitters Exist?," SABR Baseball Research Journal (1977).

Notes

Silver, Nate. "Is David Ortiz a Clutch Hitter?" in Jonah Keri, Ed., Baseball Between the Numbers (New York: Basic Books, 2006): 14–35.
Verducci, Tom. "Does Clutch Hitting Truly Exist?" Sports Illustrated, April 5, 2004: 60–62.

Category:Batting (baseball)
Category:Baseball terminology


Luidia magnifica

Luidia magnifica, the magnificent star, is a species of starfish in the family Luidiidae. It is found in the Pacific Ocean.

Description

The magnificent star usually has 10 long, tapering arms with pointed tips though there are occasionally 11 arms. One or more of these may be regenerating after being damaged or removed by a predator. The upper surface is covered with paxillae, pillar-like spines with truncated ends. There are also paxillae on the margins of the underside and multiple rows of tube feet running down the centre of each arm. The colour is variable, sometimes being creamy yellow with bands of red spots, but other specimens are darker in varying shades of brown and olive. The underside is usually creamy yellow and the tube feet are tipped with red.

The magnificent star can grow to a large size. One specimen on the Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Hawaii, was found to be  in diameter.

Distribution and habitat
The magnificent star is found on sandy areas of the seabed surrounding Hawaii and the Philippines at a depth of between  and .

Biology
Like other members of the genus Luidia, the magnificent star is likely to be an opportunist predator of macrofauna and possibly also a scavenger. Other related species favour a diet of bivalve molluscs and echinoids. The magnificent star can move rapidly, appearing to glide across the sandy seabed. It swallows large items of food whole, digesting them in its two stomachs and further processing the remains in the pyloric caeca in the base of its arms. It then ejects any undigested material through its anus.

See also

 Asteroidea
 Eleven-armed sea star

References

Category:Luidia
Category:Animals described in 1906


Stephen Birkland

Stephen Birkland is a current member of the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing institution of the Baháʼí Faith. He and Stephen Hall were both elected during a by-election in 2010 to fill the vacancies created by the retirement of Hooper Dunbar and Peter Khan.

Background
A statement from the Baháʼí International Community after the by-election in 2010 included the following biographical statement about Stephen Birkland:

Talisman
In the 1990s an email group named "Talisman" was formed where some Baháʼís began being critical of Baháʼí institutions. Some members from that forum later shared letters claiming to come from Stephen Birkland during exchanges where Birkland warned them against taking an openly critical stance against senior Baháʼí institutions. Four of them ended up withdrawing their membership and some went on to write critically of Mr Birkland in particular. Moojan Momen refers to those participants as "marginal" and, after their leaving the Baháʼí Faith, "apostates."

Writings

References

Category:University of Minnesota alumni
Category:University of Wisconsin–River Falls alumni
Category:American Bahá'ís
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Universal House of Justice
Category:American religious leaders
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Chris Gomez

Christopher Cory Gomez (born June 16, 1971) is a former Major League Baseball infielder. He bats and throws right-handed.

College career
He played park league baseball in Lakewood for Mike Fahey. After playing baseball at Lakewood High School in Lakewood, California Gomez originally went to college at Loyola Marymount University, but transferred to Long Beach State and played baseball there in 1992. He was a selection for the All-America Team while at Long Beach State.

Professional career
Gomez was originally drafted by the California Angels in 1989 in the 37th round of the amateur draft, but he turned down the contract. He was not drafted until June 1, 1992, when he was signed by Detroit in the 3rd round of the amateur draft. His contract was purchased from the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens on July 19, 1993, and he made his big league debut that night against the Minnesota Twins. His first major league hit was a triple on July 22 off Kansas City Royals pitcher Frank DiPino. He started in 23 games at shortstop and 17 at second base that year. After the season, Tigers news broadcasters elected him the Rookie of the Year.

1994 was Gomez' first full major league season. He was on the Topps All-Rookie team at shortstop. 27 of his 76 hits were extra base hits. His first multi-homer game was on May 7 against the Mariners. Gomez finished the year with a .257 batting average, 8 home runs, and 53 RBI. In 1995, Gomez hit career highs in home runs with 11, runs with 49, hits with 96, doubles with 20, as well as 41 walks. He ranked 4th on the team in RBI, hits, and doubles. In 123 games, Gomez only made 15 errors.

Gomez started out the 1996 season with the Tigers, but was traded along with catcher John Flaherty to the San Diego Padres for catcher Brad Ausmus, shortstop Andújar Cedeño, and minor leaguer Russ Spears. Gomez finished the year with a .252 average, 4 home runs and 45 RBI. He batted .253 with 5 home runs and 54 RBI, and also swiped 5 bases, in 1997.

Gomez was the shortstop for the National league champion Padres in 1998. In the 1998 World Series he batted .364 as the Padres went on to lose the series to the New York Yankees.

After the 2004 season, Gomez was signed by the Baltimore Orioles. However, they did not protect him for the Rule 5 draft, and he was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies. When the team found out Plácido Polanco was remaining with them, they allowed the Orioles to buy him back.

On August 9, 2007, he was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Indians.

On December 4, 2007, he signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates.

On January 9, 2009, Gomez signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles, and was given a non-roster invitation to spring training. However, he did not make the team and was released on April 1. On January 31, 2010 Gomez officially retired from the MLB.

References

External links

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Aberdeen IronBirds players
Category:American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Category:Baltimore Orioles players
Category:Baseball players at the 1991 Pan American Games
Category:Baseball players from California
Category:Cleveland Indians players
Category:Detroit Tigers players
Category:Durham Bulls players
Category:Long Beach State Dirtbags baseball players
Category:Major League Baseball infielders
Category:Minnesota Twins players
Category:Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Category:Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Category:Pittsburgh Pirates players
Category:Portland Beavers players
Category:San Diego Padres players
Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Category:Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Category:Toledo Mud Hens players
Category:Toronto Blue Jays players


Air Comores

Air Comores was an airline of the Comoros that operated between 1966 and 1974. The airline was 49% owned by Air France, with the remaining 51% owned by the Comorian state.

Destinations

Fleet
This was the Air Comores fleet in 1993:

 Fokker F.27
 Douglas DC-6

References

Category:Airlines disestablished in 1974
Category:Airlines established in 1966
Category:Defunct airlines of Africa
Category:Former IATA members
Category:Air France–KLM


Hardin Precinct, Calhoun County, Illinois

Hardin Precinct is located in Calhoun County, Illinois. The population was 1,330 at the 2010 census, an increase from 1,308 in 2000.

External links
US Census
Illinois State Archives

Category:Precincts in Calhoun County, Illinois


Temangan (state constituency)

Temangan is a state constituency in Kelantan, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly.

History

Representation history

References

Category:Constituencies in Malaysia


Moldova at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics

Moldova is competing at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow, Russia, from 10–18 August 2013.
A team of 4 athletes was announced to represent the country in the event.

Results
(q – qualified, NM – no mark, SB – season best)

Men

Women
Track and road events

References

External links
IAAF World Championships – Moldova

Category:Nations at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics
World Championships in Athletics
Category:Moldova at the World Championships in Athletics


Internet metaphors

Internet metaphors provide users and researchers of the Internet a structure for understanding and communicating its various functions, uses, and experiences.  An advantage of employing metaphors is that they permit individuals to visualize an abstract concept or phenomenon with which they have limited experience by comparing it with a concrete, well-understood concept such as physical movement through space. Metaphors to describe the Internet have been utilized since its creation and developed out of the need for the Internet to be understood by everyone when the goals and parameters of the Internet were still unclear.  Metaphors helped to overcome the problems of the invisibility and intangibility of the Internet's infrastructure and to fill linguistic gaps where no literal expressions existed.

"Highways, webs, clouds, matrices, frontiers, railroads, tidal waves, libraries, shopping malls, and village squares are all examples of metaphors that have been used in discussions of the Internet." Over time these metaphors have become embedded in cultural communications, subconsciously shaping the cognitive frameworks and perceptions of users who guide the Internet's future development.  Popular metaphors may also reflect the intentions of Internet designers or the views of government officials.  Internet researchers tend to agree that popular metaphors should be re-examined often to determine if they accurately reflect the realities of the Internet, but many disagree on which metaphors are worth keeping and which ones should be left behind.

Overview

Internet metaphors guide future action and perception of the Internet's capabilities on an individual and societal level.  Internet metaphors are contestable and sometimes may present political, educational, and cognitive issues.  Tensions between producer and user, commercial and non-commercial interests, and uncertainty regarding privacy all influence the shape these metaphors take.

Common Internet metaphors such as the information superhighway are often criticized for failing to adequately reflect the reality of the Internet as they emphasize the speed of information transmission over the communal and relationship building aspects of the Internet.  Internet researchers from a variety of disciplines are engaged in the analysis of metaphors across many domains in order to reveal their impact on user perception and determine which metaphors are best suited for conceptualizing the Internet.  Results of this research have become the focus of a popular debate on which metaphors should be applied in political, educational, and commercial settings as well as which aspects of the Internet remain unaccounted for with current metaphors, limiting the scope of users understanding.

Metaphors of the Internet often reveal the intentions of designers and industry spokespeople. "For instance, those who use metaphors of consumption and shopping malls will devote resources to developing secure exchange mechanisms. Broadcasting metaphors carry with them assumptions about the nature of interactions between audiences and content providers that are more passive than those suggested by interactive game metaphors and applications.  Computer security experts deploy metaphors that invoke fear, anxiety, and apocalyptic threat" (Wyatt, 2004, p. 244).  The extent to which the Internet is understood across individuals and groups determines their ability to navigate and build Web sites and social networks, attend online school, send e-mail, and a variety of other functions.  Internet metaphors provide a comprehensive picture of the Internet as a whole as well as describe and explain the various tools, purposes, and protocols that regulate the use of these communication technologies.

Without the use of metaphors the concept of the Internet is abstract and its infrastructure difficult to comprehend.  When it was introduced the Internet created a linguistic gap as no literal expressions existed to define its functions and properties.  Internet metaphors arose out of this predicament so that it could be adequately described and explained to the public.  Essentially all language now used to communicate about the Internet is of a metaphorical nature, although users are often unaware of this reality because it is embedded in a cultural context that is widely accepted.  There are several types of metaphors that serve various purposes and can range from describing the nature of online relationships, modeling the Internet visually, to the specific functions of the Internet as a tool.  Each metaphor has implications for the experience and understanding of the Internet by its users and tends to emphasize some aspects of the Internet over others. Some metaphors emphasize space (Matlock, Castro, Fleming, Gann, & Maglio, 2014).

Popular culture

Common recurring themes regarding the Internet appear in popular media and reflect pervasive cultural attitudes and perceptions.  Although other models and constructed metaphors of the Internet found in scholarly research and theoretical frameworks may be more accurate sources on the effects of the Internet, mass media messages in popular culture are more likely to influence how people think about and interact with the Internet.

The very first metaphor to describe the Internet was the World Wide Web, proposed in 1989.  However, uncertainty surrounding the structure and properties of the Internet was apparent in the newspapers of the 1990s that presented a vast array of contradicting visual models to explain the Internet.  Spatial constructs were utilized to make the Internet appear as a tangible entity placed within a familiar geographical context.  A popular metaphor adopted around the same time was cyberspace, coined by William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer to describe the world of computers and the society that gathers around them.

Howard Rheingold, an Internet enthusiast of the 1990s, propagated the metaphor of virtual communities and offered a vivid description of the Internet as "...a place for conversation or publication, like a giant coffee-house with a thousand rooms; it is also a world-wide digital version of the Speaker's Corner in London's Hyde Park, an unedited collection of letters to the editor, a floating flea market, a huge vanity publisher, and a collection of every odd-special interest group in the world" (Rheingold 1993, p. 130).

In 1991, Al Gore's choice to use the information superhighway as a metaphor shifted perceptions of the Internet as a communal enterprise to an economic model that emphasized the speed of information transmission.  While this metaphor can still be found in popular culture, it has generally been dropped in favor of other metaphors due to its limited interpretation of other aspects of the Internet such as social networks. The most common types of metaphors in usage today relate to either social or functional aspects of the Internet or representations of its infrastructure through visual metaphors and models.

Social metaphors

Internet metaphors frequently arise from social exchanges and processes that occur online and incorporate common terms that describe offline social activities and realities.  These metaphors often point to the fundamental elements that make up social interactions, even though online interactions differ in significant ways from face-to-face communication.  Therefore, social metaphors tend to communicate more about the values of society rather than the technology of the Internet itself.

Metaphors such as the electronic neighborhood and virtual community point to ways in which individuals connect to others and build relationships by joining a social network.  Global village is another metaphor that evokes the imagery of closeness and interconnectedness that might be found in a small village, but is applied to the worldwide community of Internet users. However, the global village metaphor has been criticized for suggesting that the entire world is connected by the Internet as the continued existence of social divides prevent many individuals from accessing the Internet.

The electronic frontier metaphor conceptualizes the Internet as a vast unexplored territory, a source of new resources, and a place to forge new social and business connections.  Similar to the American ideology of the Western Frontier, the electronic frontier invokes the image of a better future to come through new opportunities afforded by the Internet.  The Electronic Frontier Foundation is a non-profit digital rights group that adopted the use of this metaphor to denote their dedication to the protection of personal freedoms and fair use within the digital landscape.  Social metaphors and their pervasive influence indicate the increasing importance placed on social interaction on the Internet.

Functional metaphors
Functional metaphors of the Internet shape our understanding of the medium itself and give us clues as to how we should actually use the Internet and interpret its infrastructure for design and policy making.  These exist at the level of the Internet as a whole, at the level of a website, and the level of individual pages.  The majority of these types of metaphors are based on the concept of various spaces and physical places; therefore, most are considered spatial metaphors.  However, this aspect should not be considered the only defining feature of a functional metaphor as social metaphors are often spatial in nature.

Cyberspace is the most widely used spatial metaphor of the Internet and the implications of its use can be seen in the Oxford English Dictionary definition, which denotes cyberspace as a space within whose boundaries digital communications take place.  The implications of this spatial metaphor in discourse on law can be seen in instances where the application of traditional laws governing real property are applied to Internet spaces.  However, arguments against this type of ruling have claimed that the Internet is a borderless space, which should not be subject to the laws applied to places.  Others have argued that the Internet is in fact a real space not sealed from the real world and can be zoned, trespassed upon, or divided up into holdings like real property.

Other functional metaphors are based on travel within space, such as surfing the Net, which suggests that the Internet is similar to an ocean. Websites indicate components of a space, which are static and fixed, whereas webpages suggest pages of a book. Similarly, focal points of the Internet structure are called nodes.  Home pages, chat rooms, windows, and the idea that one can jump from one page to the next also invoke spatial imagery that guide the functions that users perform on the Internet.  Other metaphors refer to the Internet as another dimension beyond typical spaces, such as portals and gateways, which refer to access and communication functions.  Firewalls invoke the image of physically blocking the incoming of information such as viruses and pop-up ads.

Designers of computer systems often use spatial metaphors as a way of controlling the complexity of interfaces.  Designers create actions, procedures, and concepts of systems based on similar actions, procedures, and concepts of other domains such as physical spaces so that they will be familiar to users.  In designing hypertext, a system that links topics on a screen to related information, navigational metaphors such as landmarks, routes, and way-finding have often been implemented for users' ease of understanding how hypertext functions.

Visual metaphors
Visual metaphors are popular in conceptualizing the Internet and are often deployed in commercial promotions through visual media and imagery. The most common visual metaphor is a network of wires with nodes and route lines plotted on a geographically based map.  However, maps of Internet infrastructure produced for network marketing are rarely based on actual pathways of wires and cable on the ground, but are instead based on circuit diagrams similar to those seen on subway maps.  The globe, or the Earth viewed from space, with network arcs of data flow wrapped around it, is another dominant metaphor for the Internet in Western contexts and is connected with the metaphor of the global village.

Many abstract visual metaphors based on organic structures and patterns are found in literature on the Internet's infrastructure.  Often, these metaphors are used as a visual shorthand in explanations as they allow one to refer to the Internet as a definite object without having to explain the intricate details of its functioning. Clouds are the most common of abstract metaphors employed for this purpose in cloud computing and have been used since the creation of the Internet. Other abstract metaphors of the Internet draw on the fractal branching of trees and leaves, and the lattices of coral and webs, while others are based on the aesthetics of astronomy such as gas nebulas, and star clusters.

Technical methods such as algorithms are often used to create huge, complex graphs or maps of raw data from networks and the topology of connections. The typical result of this process are visual representations of the Internet that are elaborate and visually striking, resembling organic structures. These artistic, abstract representations of the Internet have been featured in art galleries, sold as wall posters, used on book covers, and have been claimed to be a picture of the whole Internet by many fans. However, there are no instructions on how these images may be interpreted. The main function of these representations has sometimes been explained as a metaphor for the complexity of the Internet.

References

Category:Cognitive linguistics
Category:Internet culture
Category:Internet terminology
Category:Metaphors
Category:Metaphors by type
Category:Social constructionism
Category:World Wide Web


Jonas Grønner

Jonas Grønner (born 11 April 1994) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays for Aalesund, as a defender. He represented Norway U17 in the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship qualifying round.

Career statistics

References

Category:1994 births
Category:Living people
Category:Norwegian footballers
Category:Norwegian expatriate footballers
Category:SK Brann players
Category:Eliteserien players
Category:Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Iceland
Category:Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Iceland
Category:Association football defenders


Nissan MA engine

The MA is a straight-4 SOHC 0.9 L, 1.0 L, or 1.2 L engine introduced in 1982 by Nissan, intended primarily for the K10 series Micra/March model. It shares design similarities with the older E engine, with an 8-valve hemispherical cylinder head but differs in that it uses an aluminium cylinder block. Unusually, the specified ignition timing for the MA10 running on the specified 90 RON gasoline was 2 degrees after top dead centre, reflecting a very high flame speed in the compact combustion chambers.

MA10E
The MA10E was used in the Nissan Saurus Jr.
Displacement:
Maximum power:  / 5600 rpm

MA09ERT

The MA09ERT was a twin charged (supercharger and turbocharger) engine that powered the March Superturbo, March R and the March Superturbo R.
Displacement:
Bore:
Stroke:
Maximum power:  @ 6500 rpm
Maximum torque:  @ 5200 rpm
Compression ratio: 7.7:1
weight:

MA10ET

The Nissan MA10ET powered the Figaro and March Turbo.
Displacement:
Bore:
Stroke:
Maximum power:  at 6000 rpm
Maximum torque:  at 4400 rpm
Compression ratio: 8.0:1
March Turbo Type 1 (A-1) Engine Photograph

MA10S

The MA10S is an engine with an electronically controlled carburetor. It was used in the Be-1 and 1989 Micra and Pao.
Displacement:
Bore:
Stroke:
Maximum Power:  / 6000 rpm
Maximum Torque:  / 3600 rpm
Compression Ratio: 9.5:1

MA12S

The MA12S is the designation for the larger  engine. It was used in the Nissan Micra K10.
Displacement:
Bore:
Stroke:
Maximum Power:  / 5600 rpm
Maximum Torque:  / 3600 rpm
Compression Ratio: 9.0:1

See also
 List of Nissan engines

MA

Category:Inline-four engines
Category:Gasoline engines by model


Plectromerus roncavei

Plectromerus roncavei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Nearns and Miller in 2009.

References

Category:Cerambycinae
Category:Beetles described in 2009


Helensburgh RFC

Helensburgh RFC is a rugby union side based in Helensburgh, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. They play their home games at Ardencaple.

History

The club was founded in 1963 and celebrated its golden jubilee in 2013. The event attracted 400 guests from around the world for a celebratory dinner.

Trivia

The Helensburgh rugby team made the news in 2004 when their 1st XV all became fathers in the space of 5 years; all of them together having 15 sons; enough for a new 1st XV.

The Princess Royal visited Helensburgh RFC in 2012 and opened a new stand at the ground.

Helensburgh Sevens

The club run the Helensburgh Sevens tournament.

Other Sevens

The Royal Navy host their Northern Sevens at Ardencaple. Helensburgh are allowed to participate as ground owners; however they can not represent the Royal Navy in subsequent matches,The Helensburgh side reached the final in 2017.

Honours

 Helensburgh Sevens
 Champions: 1972

References

Category:Rugby union in Argyll and Bute
Category:Scottish rugby union teams
Category:Helensburgh


Aurorobotys

Aurorobotys is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Aurorobotys aurorina (Butler, 1878)
Aurorobotys crassispinalis Munroe & Mutuura, 1971

References

Category:Pyraustinae
Category:Crambidae genera
Category:Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Kaki King

Kaki King (born Katherine Elizabeth King, August 24, 1979) is an American guitarist and composer. King is known for her percussive and jazz-tinged melodies, energetic live shows, use of multiple tunings on acoustic and lap steel guitar, and her diverse range in different genres.

In February 2006, Rolling Stone released a list of "The New Guitar Gods", on which King was the sole woman and youngest artist (beating Derek Trucks in age by two months as the youngest on the list). Her career includes six LP and two EP albums, as well as several scores for television and film. She worked alongside Eddie Vedder and Michael Brook contributing music for the soundtrack to Sean Penn's Into the Wild, for which the trio received nominations for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score.

Childhood and early life
King was born the first of two daughters. While still a small child, her father noticed her natural musical ability, and encouraged her interest in music. She was introduced to the guitar at the age of four and played for several years, but after taking up the drums a few years later, they became her primary instruments as an adolescent.

Convinced that her break in music would come from drumming, King played in bands in high school with classmate Morgan Jahnig, who would later become the bassist of Old Crow Medicine Show. On graduating from The Westminster Schools in Atlanta in 1998, the two friends attended New York University. While there, King picked up the guitar again, and revisited the finger-style techniques that intrigued her as a child. While at NYU she studied with Bill Rayner, a professor of guitar. From there, King played a few occasional gigs and busked in the New York City Subway.

Career

Early career
After signing with Velour Records in 2002, King began recording her debut album, Everybody Loves You. She incorporated fingerstyle "fanning," with both flamenco style percussion and fret tapping techniques, as well as using double open tunings, viola tunings, and traditional Russian guitar (7 strings). On April 22, 2003, Everybody Loves You was released to positive reviews and feedback on King's skills as a guitarist in relation to her age. While her later work involves more of a band format, Everybody Loves You is King's only fully acoustic guitar album, with the exception of light singing on the hidden bonus track, "The Government." To support the album, King embarked on her first major promotional tour in North America.

After King appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Sony Records offered her a deal with Epic records' Red Ink label. From there, King headed back into the studio to work on her sophomore effort, Legs to Make Us Longer. King began to incorporate different instruments and sound effects into her album, such as looping, light drum work on "Doing the Wrong Thing", and her first incorporation of Lap steel guitar with "My Insect Life." Produced by David Torn, Legs to Make Us Longer was released on Epic's Red Ink Imprint on October 5, 2004 to strong reviews. In support of the album, King performed as an opening act for Eric Johnson during a leg of his 2005 tour, as well as completing her own nationwide and world tour.

Change in musical style and sound

At the end of her tour for Legs to Make Us Longer in 2005, King departed from her previous musical direction out of a desire to escape being pigeonholed as a solo instrumental artist. She amicably parted ways with major label Sony/Epic and returned to her original label, Velour, to begin work on her third album ...Until We Felt Red. Released August 8, 2006, on Velour Records, the album features production work by Tortoise's John McEntire. With the prominence of electric guitar shoegazing and effect boxes on the new record, and the addition of a full band, the music website, The A.V. Club, called the sound a "post-rock makeover." She supported the album by going on tour with Sarah Bettens from K's Choice.
In early 2007, Dave Grohl invited King to appear as a guitarist on the track "Ballad of the Beaconsfield Miners", a song penned by Grohl for an upcoming studio album by the Foo Fighters. King agreed and is credited on the album, entitled Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace, released on September 25, 2007. On November 18, 2007, she joined Dave Grohl on stage to perform the track at the O2 arena in London. Grohl highly praised King's performance:

King toured with the Foo Fighters on the Australian leg of the Echoes, Silence, Patience and Grace tour. While on tour, King finished recording what became the Day Sleeper (Australian tour EP).  It was released in late 2007 after King had finished working on August Rush, and with Eddie Vedder and Sean Penn on Into The Wild.

Further changes in sound
King recruited Malcolm Burn to help with her next album, Dreaming of Revenge, and in December 2007 wrote about it in her blog: "I finished the new album. Don't get your panties in a tangle, it won't be released until next year, but it's done. And it's amazing." Filled with more melodic pop tunes than previous albums, Dreaming of Revenge was released on March 11, 2008 to highly positive reviews. On March 4, 2008, iTunes released a full version of Dreaming of Revenge featuring the bonus track "I Need A Girl Who Knows A Map". After filming a video for "Pull Me Out Alive", she began her tour.

In the first half of King's tour, she headlined at The Roxy and toured with The Mountain Goats, which led to the exclusive release of Kaki King and The Mountain Goats EP Black Pear Tree EP. While touring Australia in 2008, King filmed part of the music video "Can Anyone Who Has Heard This Music Really Be A Bad Person?" in Sydney. Directed by Michael Ebner, the rest of the video was completed in New York in 2009. After completing the last leg of her world tour, King decided to tour once again with a strictly acoustic show. Dubbed 'The "No Bullshit" Tour', King did smaller shows throughout the US and UK that were specifically focused on acoustic works from her first albums along with stripped-down versions of her newer songs.

After completing her "No Bullshit Tour," King scored work on the independent film How I Got Lost, and started to record her next EP, titled Mexican Teenagers EP. Recruiting her band that she used from Dreaming of Revenge, King cut five new tracks for her new album.

Junior

After meeting with Carter Burwell to start work on the scoring for the Twilight movies, and completing work on Timbaland's Shock Value II (which became Miley Cyrus' "We Belong to the Music"), King began to outline her ideals for her 5th record. King's interest in Cold War novels, Russian spies and espionage themes, particularly that of double spies living in a double life, became the basis for her new album, Junior. Ranging lyrically "from exuberance and anger to heartbreaking melancholy, and sonically from experimental pieces to accessible pop," Junior showcases her further maturation as a well-rounded artist that continues to defy categorization and expectations.

As with her previous album, 2008's Dreaming of Revenge, Junior was produced by Malcolm Burn and recorded at his studio in Kingston, New York. But in contrast to that record, which was marked by deep textures and layers as well as unusual instrumentation, Junior was specifically made with only three musicians in mind – in this case King, multi-instrumentalist Dan Brantigan and drummer Jordan Perlson. The result was something more direct. "Prior to this I would have written a lot in the studio and played all the instruments myself," King says. "This time, I really leaned on Dan and Jordan to help shape the songs and help me get the record written."

King toured for five weeks in Europe in support of her LP Junior, on the Cooking Vinyl label. She later appeared as the musical guest on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, sitting in with The Roots as a part of the house band, and began a US-based tour.

When asked by Premier Guitar Magazine what her plans were after completing her tour, King responded "I've been on the road for four months straight. In another three weeks, we'll be done with this tour. Honestly, that's about as far as I can see."

Traveling Freak Guitar Show
King returned to her roots as a solo acoustic performer in 2011, going on her first tour without a backing band since 2005. King planned a tour with a collection of seven instruments including a harp guitar, dojo, a custom 7-string nylon string guitar with fanned fret board, and a hybrid between a guitar and koto that King made herself. Before beginning the tour, King performed with some of these instruments at the opening of an exhibit of Picasso's guitar paintings at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The tour began on February 24 in Mexico City and ended on April 9, 2011 in Binghamton.

Guitar Art Show
In 2009, King conceived of an art show in which twelve different artists would be commissioned to create visual pieces themed after her songs, using the guitar as the primary artistic medium. As King described it,

The final total came to fifteen distinct pieces which were then put on display for a one-night exhibition at The Littlefield in Brooklyn. During the exhibit, King provided her own contribution by covering her hands in pink paint and performing her song, 'Playing with Pink Noise', leaving the guitar covered in pink finger prints.

Everybody Glows: B-sides & Rarities
On November 4, 2014, Kaki released her first B-sides and rarities album entitled, Everybody Glows. The album features a collection of outtakes, demos, covers, live versions and never before heard recordings culled from scratched demo CDs, long forgotten hard drives, and the fuzzier corners of her memory. The collection reveals the evolution of her songwriting while offering a glimpse of a young guitarist doing daring things on her instrument before she grasped the significance of any of it. The album comes with a track-by-track explanation of each song, along with liner notes written by her father. This is the first album Kaki released on her own label, Short Stuff Records.

The Neck Is a Bridge to the Body

In 2014, King collaborated with the visual experience company Glowing Pictures to construct a multimedia production in which the guitar is used as a projection screen to tell a story. The hour-long production entitled The Neck Is a Bridge to the Body places the focus on the guitar itself. Projections of a creation myth including genesis and death were cast onto Ovation Adamas 1581-KK Kaki King Signature 6-String Acoustic guitar customized specifically for the production.

"The Guitar is a shape-shifter," King says, "something that plays all types of music and really fills all kinds of roles. It's not always the six-string guitar that we all know and love. I've been playing guitar for more than 30 years. It's who I am and if anything, this project has made me even more familiar with it."

The Neck Is a Bridge to the Body debuted at Brooklyn's BRIC Theater in New York City in 2014, and was to tour extensively in 2015. An album featuring the music from the show will also be released on March 3, 2015 on King's label, Short Stuff Records.

Style, techniques and instruments
As a long-time Ovation player, King was invited to design her own custom guitar, the result being the Adamas 1581-KK model. Each guitar is signed by King, and she can be seen playing it often on tour and in The DVD for Tegan And Sara's The Con.

King's fingerstyle playing combines fret-tapping with slap bass techniques, using the guitar for percussive beats, as well as sound layering and looping. Her playing style has been compared to Michael Hedges and Preston Reed, the latter of whom she explicitly cites as an influence.

King uses Elixir Strings, particularly the Acoustic Light Guitar Strings on her custom Ovation Adamas guitar, and is a featured artist on the company's website.

Personal life
King married Jessica Templin in October 2012, giving Templin her name. The pair honeymooned in Australia, where King played at the Peats Ridge Festival. The couple have two children together.

Discography
Studio albums
 Everybody Loves You (2003)
 Legs to Make Us Longer (2004)
 ...Until We Felt Red (2006)
 Dreaming of Revenge (2008)
 Junior (2010)
 Glow (2012)
 Everybody Glows B Sides & Rarities (2014)
 The Neck Is a Bridge to the Body (2015)

Live albums
Live at Berklee (2017)

References

External links

 Kaki King Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2017)

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:American female drummers
Category:American female singer-songwriters
Category:American rock drummers
Category:American rock guitarists
Category:American rock singers
Category:American rock songwriters
Category:American singer-songwriters
Category:Fingerstyle guitarists
Category:Lesbian musicians
Category:LGBT composers
Category:LGBT musicians from the United States
Category:LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Musicians from Atlanta
Category:Shoegazing musicians
Category:Steel guitarists
Category:Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Guitarists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:New York University Gallatin School of Individualized Study alumni
Category:20th-century American drummers
Category:20th-century American women guitarists
Category:20th-century American guitarists
Category:21st-century American women singers
Category:21st-century American women guitarists
Category:21st-century American guitarists
Category:21st-century American drummers
Category:The Westminster Schools alumni


Advait Chandan

Advait Chandan (; born 26 January 1987) is an Indian film director works in Hindi film.  He had his debut as a director with the movie  Secret Superstar.

Career
In 2007, Advait started his career with Reema Kagti's Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd. as the third assistant director and Taare Zameen Par as the assistant production manager. Collaborating with Aamir Khan again, Advait worked as the casting director and post-production supervisor on Kiran Rao's debut venture Dhobi Ghat.

After donning various roles in the film industry, Advait finally made his directorial debut in 2017 with the film Secret Superstar, featuring Aamir Khan and Zaira Wasim in the lead. He also wrote the screenplay of the film. It was the highest-grossing 2017 Hindi film, and the second-highest-grossing Hindi film of all time, behind only Dangal (2016). It is also the third-highest-grossing Indian film of all time, behind only Dangal and Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017), after surpassing Aamir Khan's own PK (2014).His next film as a director is the upcoming  Aamir Khan starrer Lal Singh Chaddha which was supposed to begin shooting  in October 2019.

Filmography

Accolades

References

External Links

Category:Living people
Category:1987 births
Category:Indian film directors
Category:Hindi-language film directors
Category:Indian screenwriters
Category:Film directors from Mumbai
Category:21st-century Indian film directors
Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai


1928 Lancaster by-election

The Lancaster by-election, 1928 was a parliamentary by-election held in England for the House of Commons constituency of Lancaster on 9 February 1928.

Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the elevation to the peerage of the sitting Conservative MP, Sir Gerald Strickland. Strickland had been elected as MP for Lancaster at the 1924 general election gaining the seat from the Liberals.

Candidates

Conservatives
The Conservatives selected 40-year-old Herwald Ramsbotham. Ramsbotham was educated at Uppingham and University College, Oxford, had been called to the Bar in 1911 but entered a City export business. He had also had a distinguished service career during World War One, being three times mentioned in despatches. Although Ramsbotham now resided in Radlett in Hertfordshire, he had strong connections with the Lancaster constituency. He had been the Unionist candidate there at the December 1910 general election when, although he lost, he had caused the Liberal majority in the seat to fall from 1,084 to just  134.

Liberals
The Liberals chose Robert Parkinson Tomlinson, a 46-year-old corn merchant from Poulton-le-Fylde and former parliamentary candidate in the Fylde constituency. Tomlinson was seen as a local man as his home was just across the constituency border and was known for his religious work as a Wesleyan lay preacher across Lancashire.

Labour
The Labour Party settled upon the Reverend David R Davies, a Congregational minister from Southport as their candidate. Davies was originally from Glamorgan and was for 12 years a coal miner. He had beaten off the challenge of a local Labour hopeful to win the candidate selection and was described as an advocate of extreme socialism.

Issues

Agriculture
Agriculture was an early issue in the election, with the Liberals aiming a direct appeal at the farmers. This followed the controversy over the Liberal Land enquiry of 1925, instigated by David Lloyd George which had been published as Land and the Nation (also known as the Green Book). It proposed an element of land nationalisation and caused controversy in the party. After heated debate, the more extreme proposals had been taken out and reference to the party’s traditional policy of Land Value Taxation strengthened, but reform of the agricultural system to benefit rural workers remained a key Liberal policy. In addition, Tomlinson was able to take advantage of his profession as a corn miller to present himself  as someone who knew agriculture well and had its interests at heart. There was a general dissatisfaction among farmers and rural workers with the policy of the Tory government towards agricultural affairs with many claiming to have been promised much by Stanley Baldwin’s administration but with little to show for it. Tomlinson argued that what the farmers wanted more than anything was security of tenure.

Ramsbotham however was a member of the National Farmers Union and said he stood for many of the Union’s demands, including the easing of local rates on farms and farm buildings, special purchasing arrangements for meat to feed the British armed forces and the rectifying of other grievances concerning imported milk and eggs. He also attacked the Liberal position on land nationalisation and the bureaucratic control of farmers which Land and the Nation had recommended.

Socialism

Davies focused his appeal to the electorate on philosophical grounds, pointing out the unfairness of social and political systems based on vested interests to the permanent and deep disadvantage of working people. However Labour's ability to get their messages across seem to have been hampered from the outset by the tactical difficulty of being the third party in a three-cornered contest. At the 1924 general election, the Labour candidate had come third with 17.5% of the poll. It became plain that, despite a good Labour showing in other by-elections, in particular the Labour gain from the Conservatives at Northampton on 9 January, Lancaster would be a struggle for supremacy between the Conservative and Liberal candidates. By February it was being reported that the Labour team was growing in despondency as the awareness of this situation became increasingly apparent.

Defence of the government
Ramsbotham generally took the line of fighting on the government’s record and attacking the opposition parties for what he called their lack of effectiveness in Parliament. He also attacked the pretensions of the socialist candidate and Liberal problems concerning the leadership of their party. He defended the government’s expenditure on the military and the conversion of War Debt and warned about opposition attempts to misrepresent these policies. Ramsbotham told the electorate that no party had a positive cure for unemployment, which could only be remedied by an improvement in trade. Whether true or not, this emollient line could have given little comfort to those suffering from being out of work or fearing unemployment in a difficult economic climate. As Ramsbotham spoke out for the government’s success, so Tomlinson went on the attack. He argued that the government had failed to keep its pledges, that it must reduce expenditure and that it had failed to grasp the problems in the coal industry in the aftermath of the General Strike. Among other policies, he particularly advocated an extension of the national insurance scheme, electoral reform to ensure majority rule, temperance and land taxation reform.

Religion

Ramsbotham, in his election address, referred to the question of religious education in schools, which he supported as a vital need. He said that children should be taught the religion desired by their parents and this was thought to have been an appeal to Roman Catholic voters in Lancaster where a local controversy over their schools had recently arisen. Given the strong nonconformist associations of the Liberal and Labour candidates, this could be seen as an intelligent appeal.

The intervention of Lord Ashton
James Williamson, 1st Baron Ashton was a successful businessman, whose family firm in Lancaster produced oil cloth and linoleum. He had been Liberal MP for Lancaster from 1888-1895 when he was made a peer. He created Lancaster’s Williamson Park and after the death of his second wife, Jessy, he built the Ashton Memorial on a hill in the park. He was High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1885, sometime Deputy Lieutenant of the county and a Justice of the Peace .  Ashton was therefore well known and influential in the Lancaster constituency.

On 6 February 1928, following a visit to Lancaster by David Lloyd George a few days earlier to campaign for Tomlinson, Ashton wrote a public letter of support to Ramsbotham. In the letter, which bore the address Ryelands, Lancaster, Ashton attacked Lloyd George on a number of policy questions but also described the former prime minister as the man who had wrecked the Liberal Party and someone who was not fully trusted by his own political associates. Ashton said the present position of the Liberal Party was entirely the fault of Lloyd George and could not be put right for a generation. He painted Lloyd George as more extreme than moderate members of the Labour Party and accused him of disloyalty to his party and country during the General Strike. Ashton raised the issue of Tomlinson’s relationship with the Lloyd George fund, claiming that when asked if he was financed by it he evaded the question. He ended by associating Tomlinson with what Lloyd George had described as ‘the whole advanced programme of Liberalism,’ which included radical measures such as those on agriculture in the Green Book and which were thought on the right to be tantamount to socialism.

This intervention naturally worried the Liberals. It was reported that Ashton had a record of publicly declaring his support in Lancaster elections since 1922 and that on each occasion the candidate securing his endorsement had gone on to win the seat. Nevertheless, the same report also queried if Ashton’s support for a candidate was actually overrated. In response to Ashton’s letter, Tomlinson characterised its tone as an envenomed  and bitter attack on Lloyd George. He re-iterated that he was standing for election as a Liberal without prefix or suffix, implying that the divisions in the Liberal Party occasioned by the split between Lloyd George and H H Asquith were now completely a thing of the past. As if to underline this new unity he declared he was supported not only by Lloyd George but by Asquith, who had sent him a letter of support, and by Herbert Samuel. The Liberals arranged for Lloyd George to issue a statement in rebuttal and for him return to the constituency to make speeches at Lancaster and Morecambe.

Although the Conservatives painted Ashton’s intervention as an internal disagreement between Liberals, they were plainly delighted to have received Ashton’s endorsement and Ramsbotham clearly relished bringing the issue of the letter back to the attention of the electorate as late as meetings on the eve of poll itself. By this time too the Liberals were recovering some lost ground over the letter. Lloyd George claimed two days before polling day that the letter had been written for Lord Ashton by an unnamed Tory MP and alleged he had been told this by the writer of the letter himself. Ashton spluttered out a denial.

Result
The result was a victory for Tomlinson, turning a Conservative majority of 4,158 into a Liberal majority of 1,829. The Labour vote remained at broadly the same level from that of the previous general election. The turnout was 82.7%.

This victory, together with other Liberal by-election gains which followed at St Ives a month later, and at Eddisbury and Holland with Boston both in March 1929, gave great heart to the Liberal Party and caused the Conservatives to fear the possibility of Liberal revival. They should however have been more worried about the rise of Labour. Over the course of the 1924-1929 Parliament, Labour made thirteen by-election gains in all, eleven from the Tories, and two from the Liberals.

Aftermath

Labour went on to win the 1929 general election and, despite a rise in their Parliamentary representation, the Liberal position in British in politics did not recover enough to halt the decline which had started with the Asquith-Lloyd George split  in 1916.
In Lancaster however, Ramsbotham had the last laugh. He won the seat from the Liberals at the 1929 general and held it until 1941 when he went to the House of Lords as Lord Soulbury.

References

See also
List of United Kingdom by-elections
United Kingdom by-election records

Category:1928 elections in the United Kingdom
Category:1928 in England
Category:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Lancashire constituencies
Category:Politics of Lancaster
Category:1920s in Lancashire