Human subject research legislation in the United States

Human subject research legislation in the United States can be traced to the early 20th century. Human subject research in the United States was mostly unregulated until the 20th century, as it was throughout the world, until the establishment of various governmental and professional regulations and codes of ethics. Notable – and in some cases, notorious – human subject experiments performed in the US include the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, human radiation experiments, the Milgram obedience experiment and Stanford prison experiments and Project MKULTRA. With growing public awareness of such experimentation, and the evolution of professional ethical standards, such research became regulated by various legislation, most notably, those that introduced and then empowered the institutional review boards.

Early research and legislation
Aside from the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Harrison Act of 1914 banning the sale of some narcotic drugs, there was no federal regulatory control ensuring the safety of new drugs. Thus the early calls for regulation of human experimentation concerned medicine, and in particular, testing of new pharmaceutical drugs and their release on the market.

In 1937, a drug known as Elixir Sulfanilamide was released without any clinical trials. Reports in the press about potentially lethal side effects led to a public outcry. Investigation by the American Medical Association showed that a poisonous compound, diethylene glycol, was present in the drug. The AMA concluded that the drug caused more than a hundred deaths – yet the contemporary law did not require the company that released it to test it (the existing laws required only that a drug be clearly labeled, no false claims be made about it, and that it was not adulterated). A new legislation was proposed by the Secretary of Agriculture to address the issue but was weakened after opposition from business interests. It was finally included in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938.

In the aftermath of World War II, and what became recognized as deeply unethical human experimentation carried out by the Nazis, the Nuremberg Code – ethical principles governing international human experimentation – were founded. The code highlighted 3 key elements (voluntary informed consent, favorable risk/benefit analysis, and right to withdraw without repercussions) which later became the foundation for further human research regulations. However, neither the Nuremberg Code nor the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 prevented the "thalidomide tragedy" of the early 1960s. Thalidomide was introduced in 1958, and there were reports of it being unsafe for certain groups, such as pregnant women and young children; however, although the Food and Drug Administration did not approve it for market, the existing regulations allowed relatively unrestricted testing of the drug. This led to the abuse of approved drug testing as the means to further a promotional marketing strategy. This was addressed by the Drug Amendments legislation of 1962, which introduced a requirement for a series of animal tests before proceeding with human experimentation, and a total of three phases of human clinical trials before a drug can be approved for the market. The inadequacy of the 1938 and 1962 acts was exposed by revelations in the 1960s and 1970s.

60s and 70s: Beecher's study and the Tuskegee syphilis experiment
Another milestone came with Henry K. Beecher's 1966 study as published in the New England Journal of Medicine. His study became instrumental in the implementation of federal rules on human experimentation and informed consent. Beecher's study listed over 20 cases of mainstream research where subjects were subject to experimentation without being fully informed of their status as research subjects, and without knowledge of the risks of such participation in the research. Some of the research subjects died or were permanently crippled as a result of that research. One of the cases analyzed was the Willowbrook State School Case, in which mentally defective children were deliberately infected with hepatitis, under disguise of a vaccination program.

Beecher's findings were not alone. Evidence emerged that soon after the introduction of nuclear weapons, soldiers and civilians were subjected to potentially dangerous levels of radiation – without consent – to test its health effects (see Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments and human radiation experiments in the United States).

While most major controversies about unethical research were focused on biomedical sciences, there were also controversies involving behavioral, psychological, and sociological experiments such as: the Milgram obedience experiment, Stanford prison experiment, Tearoom Trade study, and others.<ref name=babbie>Earl R. Babbie, The Practice of Social Research", 12th edition, Wadsworth Publishing, 2009, , p. 75-77</ref> There were also ethical issues related to the CIA's Project MKULTRA.

The Tuskegee syphilis experiment is probably the most infamous case of unethical medical experimentation in the United States. Starting in 1932, investigators recruited 399 impoverished African-American sharecroppers with syphilis for research related to the natural progression of the untreated disease, in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks. By 1947, penicillin had become the standard treatment for syphilis, but the Tuskegee scientists decided to withhold penicillin (and information about it) from the patients. The study continued under numerous supervisors until 1972, when a leak to the press resulted in its termination. Victims included a number of men who died of syphilis, their wives who contracted the disease, and some children who were born with syphilis. Even when the results were made public, the initial reaction of the medical scientific community was to exonerate the study and criticize the popular press for interfering with the research.

In 1976, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office for Protection of Research Subjects (OPRR) was created, and issued its Policies for the Protection of Human Subjects which recommended establishing independent review bodies, later called institutional review boards.

Rise of the IRB
In 1969, Kentucky Court of Appeals Judge Samuel Steinfeld dissented in Strunk v. Strunk, 445 S.W.2d 145, and made the first judicial suggestion that the Nuremberg Code should apply to American jurisprudence.

By the early 1970s, cases like the Willowbrook State School and the Tuskegee syphilis experiments were being raised in the U. S. Senate.Benedict M. Ashley, Kevin D. O'Rourke, Ethics of health care: an introductory textbook, Georgetown University Press, 2002, ,  As controversy over human experiments continued, the public opinion criticized research where the science seemed to be valued over the good of the subjects.

In 1974, Congress passed the National Research Act which established the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (CPHS) and mandated that the Public Health Service come up with regulations that would protect the rights of human research subjects. The Commission work from 1974-1978 resulted in 17 reports and appendices, of which the most important were the Institutional Review Board Report and the Belmont Report ("Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research"). The IRB Report endorsed the establishment and functioning of the Institutional Review Board institution, and the Belmont Report, the Commission's last report, identified "basic ethical principles" applicable to human subject experimentation that became modern guidelines for ethical medical research: "respect for persons", "beneficence" and "justice".

In 1975, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW) created regulation which included the recommendations laid out in the NIH's 1966 Policies for the Protection of Human Subjects. Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations, known as "The Common Rule," requires that institutional review boards (IRBs) oversee experiments using human subjects.

Beyond IRBs
The National Commission was superseded by the Ethical Advisory Board (EAB), which in turn was superseded in 1980 by the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Biomedical and Behavioral Research (PCEMR). EAB focused on the issues of in vitro fertilization and prohibited the creation of fetuses for research purposes; and PCEMR issues recommendation on subjects such as brain death, access to health services, withdrawal of life-support systems, and testing in regards to genetic disease.

In 1980 the FDA made prisoners ineligible to be subjects of new drug testing in clinical trials (21 CFR 50.44).

On January 15, 1994, President Bill Clinton formed the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE).Final report of ACHRE  This committee was created to investigate and report the use of human beings as test subjects in experiments involving the effects of ionizing radiation in federally funded research. The committee attempted to determine the causes of the experiments, and reasons why the proper oversight did not exist, and made several recommendations to help prevent future occurrences of similar events. In 1995 (or 1996 – sources vary) a National Bioethics Advisory Commission was established, opining on issues such as cloning of humans, and research involving mentally disabled. In 2001, The President's Council on Bioethics was founded to consider bioethics issues, such as stem cell research. Committee review of research has since then become a standard part of American attitude to ethical issues in science. In 2009, the Obama administration replaced this body with the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.

Research that does not require IRB review
Some provisions of medical research regulation allow certain research project to proceed without IRB review. For example, in the United States, research that uses electronic health record of deceased patients does not require IRB review.

References

Further reading
 Christine Grady, "Clinical Trials," in From Birth to Death and Bench to Clinic: The Hastings Center Bioethics Briefing Book for Journalists, Policymakers, and Campaigns, ed. Mary Crowley (Garrison, NY: The Hastings Center, 2008), 21-24.
 Jay Katz, The Regulation of Human Experimentation in the United States: A Personal Odyssey, IRB: Ethics and Human Research, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Jan. – Feb., 1987), pp. 1–6, JSTOR
 Eileen Welsome, The plutonium files: America's secret medical experiments in the Cold War, Dial Press, 1999,
 Harriet A. Washington, Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present'', Random House, Inc., 2008,

External links
 IRB: Ethics & Human Research journal
 The Belmont Report

Category:Human subject research in the United States
Category:United States federal legislation
Category:Bioethics


Orsoy, Germany

Orsoy is a district of the Lower Rhine town of Rheinberg on the Rhine. The word Orsoy, pronounced Oschau means "horse pasture" (Rossaue). Orsoy itself was in the Middle Ages a powerful fortified town with high walls and four gates. Although much of the fortifications were destroyed in the Second World War, a gate tower and part of the moat remain today giving some indication of the scale of the fortifications. Although the remaining gate was refurbished in 1937.

History
Teutons supplanted the Celtic inhabitants around Orsoy in 750BC and Ceesar invaded the area establishing Roman Rule in the 1st century BC. Orsoy was first founded as a Roman Villa on what was the frontier of the empire. By the 4th century a Roman Road and ferry crossing had been established at Orsoy.

In 401AD the Romans withdraw from the area in the face of the Visigoths and the Franks followed close behind. In 1938 archaeologists uncovered 9 royal tombs from 500-630AD showing strong Scandinavian cultural input.

The town became Frankish and was Christianised about 700 AD.

The earliest mention of the town is in a charter for nearby Hamborn Abbey in 1139.
It is then mentioned in a deed of Count Dietrich IV of Kleve of 1233. From 1238 to 1240, Orsoy was used as a River Toll Station for the count of Kleve. His heir Dietrich V of Cleves,(1260-1275))  granted it town status in 1263 or 1270. There was a fire in 1347 that left the city in ruins, so it was refounded on September 1, 1347 by Emperor Louis IV.  Count Johann von Kleve remained the local lord, and the town was governed by 7 aldermen, although it was never granted market rights. A baliff was granted in 1364 and a grant of a mayor followed soon after.

In 1438 Duke Adolf of Cleves had built a second castle and in 1452 records show a teacher (schoolmaster) hired by the town. The town moat was completed in 1461.

 The modern fortress was built 1565-1581 by Italian Johann Pasqualini Elder (Responsible for the construction of the second ring ) and funded by Duke William the Rich of Cleves. In 1586 the town was conquered by the Spaniards and destroyed.

From 1632-1640 the city was under Dutch occupation and the rebuilt fortress was built in the old Dutch style and expanded by the third fixing ring. In 1666 Orsoy once again came under Brandenburg management, until 1672 when there was a period of French rule, when Louis XIV ordered demolition of large parts of the existing fortifications.

In 1685 the first Rhine harbor in Orsoy is established. Rebuilding of the fort took place again in 1750.
In the 18th century Orsoy was a site of a significant textile industry. But a fire in 1818 and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) and the relocation of the Rhine customs duty office to Homberg in 1805 caused the economy to crash.
 A recovery began in 1851 with the production of cigars, which remained a staple industry until the second world war.

In 1935/36 the harbor basin was filled in to facilitate extension to the primary school and extend the river dike.

In 1938 also Orsoyer Jews were expelled from the town and later deported.
Towards the end of World War II, in March 1945, Orsoy was occupied by troops of the US Army. During the hostilities the steeple of the Catholic Church was shelled by German troops. The shelling was carried out from the opposite (right) bank of the Rhine. A destruction of the tower a possible use by enemy reconnaissance should be suppressed.

Starting in 1956, missile engineer Berthold Seliger lived in Orsoy. He built a workshop and built here the rocket, which he launched from 1962 to 1964 in the Wadden area of Cuxhaven.

The once thriving tobacco is no longer existent. A large former tobacco factory on Südwall was converted in the 1990s to housing. The most important local supply facilities have been preserved over the years in Orsoy. There is a primary school, two kindergartens, several doctors, a nursing home, two bakeries, a pastry shop, a bank and several smaller shops.

On January 1, 1972, the town was incorporated into the city of Rheinberg. The city Orsoy was added on 1 January 1975.

References

Category:Populated places in North Rhine-Westphalia
Category:Wesel (district)


Samuel Adams Sr.

Samuel Adams Sr. (1689–1748) was an American brewer, father of American founding father Samuel Adams and first cousin once removed of John Adams.

Biography
He was born in Boston, on May 16, 1689. He was a deacon in the Congregational Church.

He was a Boston Caucus member with Elisha Cooke.
In 1740, he helped create a Land Bank, in Massachusetts Bay Colony, using paper money to promote commerce, with a scarcity of gold and silver coins. In July 1741, the House of Commons passed a bill destroying the land bank, by making shareholders liable for the bank's debts.

Family
In 1713, he married Mary Fifield.
They had twelve children. Three survived into adulthood, including Samuel Adams. Adams Sr. died in 1748.

References

Category:1689 births
Category:1748 deaths
Category:Adams political family
Category:American brewers
Category:American Congregationalists
Category:American people of English descent
Category:American Puritans
Category:Businesspeople from Boston


Texas Book Festival

The Texas Book Festival is a free annual book fair held in Austin, Texas. The festival was established in 1995 by Laura Bush, then the First Lady of Texas, and Mary Margaret Farabee, wife of former State Senator Ray Farabee. The first festival took place at the Texas State Capitol in November 1996. The festival takes place in late October or early November. It is frequently cited as one of the top book festivals in the United States.

The festival was initially created to benefit the state's public library system, promotes the joy of reading, and honor Texas authors. Since then, the festival has greatly expanded, with a focus on nationally known authors, attracting major bestsellers and award-winners. The revised mission statement: "The Texas Book Festival connects authors and readers through experiences that celebrate the culture of literacy, ideas, and imagination. With the assistance of Honorary Chairman and librarian, Mrs. Bush, and a task force, the festival has grown, hosting more than 2,000 authors since its introduction. It grew to hosting about 250 authors each year and attracting more than 40,000 attendees. In 2015, it hit a record 300 authors, including Booker Prize winner Margaret Atwood, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Elizabeth Strout, Pulitzer Prize-winning critic Margo Jefferson, politicians Gary Hart and John Sununu, Jonathan Lethem, Lemony Snicket, Taye Diggs, Leonard Pitts, Robert Christgau and Jessica Hopper.

Each year, the festival honors a writer with the "Bookend Award" for outstanding contribution to the literature of Texas. In addition to the award event, the festival includes children's books, crafts, and costumed characters.

See also

 Books in the United States
 National Book Festival, founded by Laura Bush and James H. Billington in 2001

References

External links

 Official website
 Photos of the 2015 festival
 The Austin Chronicle's full coverage of the current/latest festival

Category:Laura Bush
Category:Book fairs in the United States
Category:Festivals established in 1995
Category:Festivals in Austin, Texas
Category:Literary festivals in the United States
Category:1995 establishments in Texas


Pinnilavu

Pinnilavu is a 1983 Indian Malayalam-language drama film directed by P. G. Viswambharan and written by Thoppil Bhasi, based on the story of the same name by C. Radhakrishnan. It stars Mammootty, Mohanlal, Poornima Jayaram, Madhu, Srividya, Mukesh, Maniyan Pillai Raju, and Sukumari. The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The film is about a fight of ethics between a father and son.

Plot
Kesava Panickar (Madhu) is an honest government engineer who assiduously resists any offers of bribes. His only son Govindanunni (Mammootty) gets selected for MBBS, for which Panicker is too proud of. Unni is in love with Parvathi (Poornima Jayaram), and their marriage is almost fixed by both the parents. But changes are seen in Unni after he joins the college. Getting into bad company consisting of spoiled brats from rich families, Unni turns to alcohol, grass and porn, and stops attending his classes.

Raghu (Mohanlal), the son of Padnanabhan Pillai (Adoor Bhasi), a corrupted contractor, their leader manipulates Unni by all means. Unni starts taking bribes on his father's behalf and eventually culminates in stealing money from his own house. In the process, he alienates his father and gets thrown out of home. He finds accommodation with his college mates at the "house of sin". Later he finds it difficult to stay there as his friends began avoiding him when he was not able to  pay them his part of the house rent.

Meanwhile, he is frequently visited by Parvathi, his cousin and lover. Parvathi was able to make him realise his faults, but even she is not able to unite him with his father. Afterwards, Unni fixes his marriage with  Parvathi, without the consent of his father. At the wedding, Dr. Gopi, a family friend who financially supported Unni makes Unni realize his mistake. He reaches his father to apologize, but finds his father dead.

Cast
 Madhu as Kesava Panikkar
 Srividya as Sreedevi
 Mammootty as Govindhananunni a.k.a. Unni
 Mohanlal as Raghu, Pillai's son
 Poornima Jayaram as Parvathi, Unni's cousin and lover
 Maniyanpilla Raju as Sreedharan
 Adoor Bhasi as Padmanabha Pillai
 Aruna Mucherla as Gopi's Lover
 Mukesh as Sabu
 Vijayaraghavan as Wilson
 M. G. Soman as Doctor Gopi
 Santhosh as Baker
 Sukumari as Saraswathi, Parvathi's mother

Songs
There are three songs in the film with lyrics by poet Yusuf Ali Kechery and music scored by Ilaiyaraaja.

"Maane Madhurakkarimbe" — K. J. Yesudas
"Nishaamanoharee " — K. J. Yesudas, Krishnachandran, S. Janaki
"Priyane Uyir Neeye " — K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki

References

External links

 Pinnilavu at the Malayalam Movie Database

Category:Indian films
Category:1980s Malayalam-language films
Category:1983 films
Category:Malayalam film scores by Ilaiyaraaja


Our Lady of Good Counsel's Church (Staten Island)

The Church of Our Lady of Good Counsel is a Roman Catholic parish church in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, located at 10 Austin Place, Staten Island, New York City.

History
The parish was established by the Augustinians on 30 May 1899 with the Rev. Nicholas J. Murphy, O.S.A. being the first pastor.

The first mass in Tompkinsville occurred 12 November 1899 in McRobert's Hall on Arietta Street. A large chapel in the building of the Augustinian Academy (Tompkinsville, Staten Island) "was used for parochial purposes with the chapel of Our Lady of Consolation in Tompkinsville.  The chapel, which is situated on St. Paul's Avenue, was erected on 2 February 1902."  It was enlarged and renovated in the summer of 1908 and the parish numbered around 400 in 1914.  The second pastor, the Irish-born Rev. B.E. Daly, O.S.A., was a missionary before being appointed to the Tompkinsville parish on 22 December 1910.

The modern church building was designed by the architectural firm of Genovese & Maddalene of 175 Rock Road, Glen Rock, New Jersey. The firm also designed Manhattan's Church of the Nativity in 1968. It was dedicated by Terrence Cardinal Cooke on April 26, 1968.

Pastors
1899-1910: Rev. Nicholas J. Murphy, O.S.A.
1910-:Rev. B.E. Daly, O.S.A.

References

Category:Religious organizations established in 1898
Category:Roman Catholic churches in Staten Island
Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1968


The Kingswinford School

Kingswinford academy  is a coeducational secondary school with academy status, located in Kingswinford, West Midlands, England.

History
The school was built just before World War II by the Brierley Hill Urban District Council. Subsequent local authority mergers meant that the school was later controlled by the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, and then became a Foundation School and specialist Science College.

The Kingswinford School converted to an Academy status on 1 January 2012 and became independent of local authority control. However, the school continues to coordinate Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council for admissions. As of September 2016, the Kingswinford School joined the Windsor Academy Trust (WAT), run by Windsor High School to become part of a Multi Academy Trust (MAT). The school frequently receives financial grants from the government to help its funds and upkeeping. In easter term of 2019 the name changed from the kingswinford school to kingswinford academy

Running
The school is run by the head teacher, Thomas Macdonald. There is about 51 staff operating in the school and 914 students. There are roughly 180 students per year group and 220 per house (Krypton, Neon, Argon and Helium). The current house leaders are: Krypton – A Wall, Neon - J Airey, Argon – J Wilkes and Helium - D Cotterell . The school is run by the standard English Education System and operates with Year 7, 8 and 9 falling under KS3 and Year 10 and 11 falling under KS4, with students choosing their GCSE subjects in Year 9 and beginning their two-year GCSE learning in Year 10.

Major refurbishments and repairs have taken place since 2012 with the introduction of an observatory  in 2012. In 2014, three new modern classroom facilities purposed for the English curriculum were built. In 2015 many windows, doors and classrooms were refurbished and helped modernise the school.

In May 2016, the schools canteen was demolished after being in service since 1939, to be replaced by a newer more modern refectory. The financial cost of the project, summing up to £1.5 million, was provided by The Department for Education as part of the government's Academy Programme. The refectory was planned to be finished in March 2016 but due to various administrative issues, the final completion date was reached in late March 2017 and officially opened on 19 June 2017, named "The Hedley Refectory" after former headteacher, Bronwyn Hedley. The canteen is staffed by a group of  chefs and serves various meals from mellors catering company. In September of 2018 the school opened the King's pod selling snackish food to students across the school.

References

External links

Category:Secondary schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley
Category:Academies in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley


Christian von Zweibrücken

Christian von Zweibrücken may refer to:* Christian von Zweibrücken (1752–1817), Marquis de Deux-Ponts & Freiherr von Zweibrücken, officer of the French army, Prussian & Bavarian General der Infanterie
 Christian von Zweibrücken (1782–1859), later Graf von Zweibrücken, (1782–1859), Bavarian General der Kavallerie


Avec Laudenum

Avec Laudenum is the fifth studio LP released by Stars of the Lid. It was originally released on Sub Rosa in 1999 and then re-released on Chicago indie Kranky in late 2002. The title translates as "With Laudanum", laudanum being an opiate. The first three tracks are three sections of one long piece but, while within the minimalist vein, they have some variation and movement.  The final two, individual tracks are more minimalist than the former and create a "floating bliss" atmosphere.  By the time of this recording, band members Adam Wiltzie and Brian McBride were residing in Brussels, Belgium, and Los Angeles, California, respectively.  It is reported that a vast proportion of this album was recorded through mail, with ideas being sent back and forth between the duo.

Critical Reaction
The album was generally praised by critics. John Bush, writing for Allmusic, stated:

Track listing
"The Atomium, Part One" – 5:32
"The Atomium, Part Two" – 10:43
"The Atomium, Part Three" – 6:17
"Dust Breeding (1.316)+" – 9:08
"I Will Surround You" – 10:28

References

Category:1999 albums
Category:Stars of the Lid albums
Category:Kranky albums
Category:Instrumental albums


Reuben Robie

Reuben Robie (July 15, 1799 – January 21, 1872) was a U.S. Representative from New York.

Born in Corinth, Vermont, Robie attended the common schools.  At the age of twenty he moved to Bath, New York, and established a successful mercantile business. He later became active in other ventures, including the Buffalo, Corning and New York Railroad and the Steuben County Bank.  Robie was also a founder of the Steuben County Agricultural Society.

He was active in the New York Militia, serving on the staff of the 56th Brigade in the 1830s.

Robie was active in local government, serving as Town Clerk from 1825 to 1830, and Town Supervisor in 1831 and 1832.  In 1837 he was appointed Postmaster, and served four years.  From 1844 to 1847 Robie served as Steuben County Treasurer.

In 1850 Robie was elected to the United States House as a Democrat. and he served in the Thirty-second Congress, March 4, 1851 to March 3, 1853.  He was not a candidate for renomination in 1852.

After leaving Congress Robie resumed his business interests.  He died in Bath on January 21, 1872 and was interred in Grove Cemetery.

His home at Bath, known as the Reuben Robie House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

In 2011 Robie was added to the Steuben County Hall of Fame.

References

External links

Category:1799 births
Category:1872 deaths
Category:People from Corinth, Vermont
Category:People from Bath, New York
Category:American militia officers
Category:New York (state) Democrats
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians


Savani Ravindra

Savaniee Ravindrra, or Savani Ravindra, or Savani Ravindra Ghangurde Dhande  () (born 22 July 1989), is a singer in the Marathi music industry.

Schooling
Savaniee Ravindrra was among the five finalist 2011 IDEA Saregma singers. She is the daughter of Dr. Ravindra Ghangurde and Dr. Vandana Ghangurde who are both singers.
She did her schooling from Fergusson College, Pune. She has a strong classical background.
Trained in Classical Vocals by Pandit Pandharinath Kolhapure.
She was trained in ghazal by Ravi Date.

Career
Along with Pandit Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Savani also performed with renowned singers  Suresh Wadkar,Arun Date,Ravindra Sathe, Ravindra Jain, Uttara Kelkar and Shridhar Phadke.
She has sung in albums such as "Aashaye", "Canvas" and "Ajunahi(Marathi)"
She has sung for the popular music shows Black & White, Ghazal ka safar and gulzar baat pashmine ki.
She has sung songs in various films such as Ajab Lagnachi Gajab Gosht and Kuni Ghar Deta Ka Ghar. One of her most famous Marathi songs, "Tu Mala Mi Tula Gungunu Laglo- Honar Sun Mi Hya Gharchi -Zee Marathi", is a duet with singer "Mangesh Borgaonkar".
She has also sung the title song of popular television serial 'Kamala' aired on E-tv Marathi along with Shrirang Bhave. She was also a backing vocalist for the songs sung in the Marathi movie 'Sairat' which gained worldwide fame.

References

External links

Category:Indian female film singers
Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participants
Category:Marathi-language singers
Category:Marathi playback singers
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Ratnagiri
Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra
Category:Singers from Maharashtra
Category:21st-century Indian singers
Category:21st-century Indian women singers


The Girl, the Gold Watch & Everything

The Girl, the Gold Watch & Everything (1962) is a science fiction novel by the American writer John D. MacDonald.

Plot synopsis

The protagonist, Kirby Winter, is a young man living in Florida, full of anxiety and feeling no confidence in his ability to face life, either professionally (he had in fact not chosen a clear profession) or sexually (all his encounters with women, since puberty, ended disastrously).

Kirby's life had been overshadowed by an uncle who had been a mathematics teacher and suddenly developed an uncanny talent for gambling, broke several casinos and made himself a millionaire. The uncle seemed disappointed with Kirby's inability to make something of himself. At his death it turns out he had left Kirby none of his wealth – nothing but an antique  gold pocket watch to which a toy telescope is attached, showing a pornographic picture.

An older woman, quite attractive, shows up and makes clear her interest in Kirby. He is attracted to her but feels too insecure to respond to her attempts at seduction – which turns out to be fortunate, as she is a hardened and ruthless criminal, who had been his uncle's arch-enemy. The uncle many times thwarted the plots of her and her male partner, got away with quite a bit of their ill-gained money and avoided with contemptuous ease all that they tried to do against him. Her interest in the nephew derives from the vain hope of learning the uncle's secret (of which Kirby still has no idea).

Kirby's luck turns when he sleeps in the bed of a friend of a friend who is away for the weekend. In the middle of the night, a naked young woman gets into the bed and makes love to him in the dark, mistaking him for the bed's usual occupant. Caught in the middle of sleep, all of Kirby's sexual hang-ups disappear and he performs quite well. Discovering her mistake, the woman – named Bonnie Lee Beaumont – is at first furious but within minutes the two of them fall deeply and enduringly in love with each other and consummate their new-found love for the rest of the night.

On the following day, spent on the seashore, Kirby plays with the watch and accidentally finds out his uncle's secret: the watch can stop time for everybody but the holder, leaving him in a peculiar red-lighted world with everybody around "frozen", and effectively placing everybody else in the world at his mercy. Kirby and his newly found girlfriend only use this awesome power for relatively innocuous practical jokes such as completely undressing women who "tease men by wearing very small bikinis" and laughing to see them escape in panic.

The woman criminal, who meanwhile discovered the watch's secret, has far more sinister plans for its use, and succeeds in capturing Kirby, who comes near to being killed - but he manages to turn the tables on her with the help of the watch. He can quite easily use the watch's power to kill her, but decides that using it to kill anybody - even those who deserve it - would "take away the fun"; he settles instead for stripping her and putting her in a truckload of Navy sailors, with the resulting experience causing her to lose interest in the watch (and everything else) in favor of sexual trysts with sailors.

In the aftermath, Kirby Winter and Bonnie Lee Beaumont live happily ever after – joining the world's jet set, living in riotous luxury, traveling from one resort to another, gambling at casinos and (naturally) always winning, and responding to constant attacks by dangerous gangsters by perpetrating ever-funnier practical jokes on the hapless gangsters.

Publishing history
The first printing of this book was as a paperback original:

 The Girl, the Gold Watch & Everything. Greenwich, Conn.: Gold Medal Books | Fawcett Publications, Inc., 1962. 172 pp. Wrappers. s1259 (35¢). Title page: "an original gold medal book"; copyright page: "First Printing, December 1962."

This book has appeared in at least 24 printings in the United States through June 1991 and, with MacDonald's two other science fiction novels, Wine of the Dreamers (1951) and Ballroom of the Skies (1952), was collected as part of an omnibus in Time and Tomorrow (1980).

A second comma was added to the title (after "Watch") with the second printing, and dropped again with the 14th printing.

The only English-language printing that used "and" instead of an ampersand (&) was the Coronet Books printing published by Hodder Fawcett Ltd. in the United Kingdom (1968).

In addition, the book has appeared in at least one Canadian printing (1964) and four British printings (1964, ca. 1965, 1968, and 1974). The latter book was the first hardcover appearance of the novel.

The Girl, the Gold Watch & Everything has been translated into at least six languages and published in Brazil, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, and Russia.

Adaptations
The novel was adapted directly as a TV movie starring Robert Hays and Pam Dawber, The Girl, the Gold Watch and Everything (1980). The title song was released as a 45-rpm record by Richie Havens on the Elektra label.

The TV movie was successful enough to inspire a sequel based on the original characters, The Girl, the Gold Watch and Dynamite (1981).

Parodies, pastiches, and allusions
A similar plot line - a man stopping time - already appeared in 1955 in Roger Lee Vernon's story "The Stop Watch", included in the collection The Space Frontiers. Vernon treated the theme far more seriously, with his protagonist using the device to commit crimes with impunity and win the Third World War all by himself, and finally suffering a terrible perdition.

MacDonald's plot device, the watch that stopped time, was incorporated into Lady Slings the Booze (1992) by Spider Robinson, who included MacDonald in his acknowledgments.

The title was parodied — apparently with the permission of Gold Medal Books — in The Girls, the Massage, & Everything (1973) by Bernhardt J. Hurwood.

A similar plot device is used in the Twilight Zone episode, "A Kind of a Stopwatch", as well as in the 1985 Twilight Zone episode "A Little Peace and Quiet".

Stephen King often alludes to the title in his time-travel novel, 11/22/63.

See also
 Ballroom of the Skies
 Wine of the Dreamers

References

External links

 The Rod Serling Archives at Ithaca College, The Twilight Zone, Season 5, Script 124, "A Kind of Stopwatch"

Category:1962 American novels
Category:1962 science fiction novels
Category:Novels adapted into television programs
Category:Novels set in Florida
Category:Novels by John D. MacDonald
Category:American novels adapted into films


Jack Harper (1900s pitcher)

Charles William "Jack" Harper (April 2, 1878 – September 30, 1950) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball. He pitched eight seasons in the majors, from 1899 to 1906.

Harper started his professional baseball career in 1898. After a short stint with the Cleveland Spiders, he had a good season with the Fort Wayne Indians of the Interstate League in 1900 (going 20-15). This got him into the majors for good.

Over the next few seasons, Harper jumped from league to league, finally settling in with the Cincinnati Reds. He had his best season in 1904, when he went 23–9 with a 2.30 earned run average.

On May 30, 1904, Harper hit Chicago Cubs first baseman Frank Chance three times in one game, the last of which knocked Chance out cold. By 1906, Chance had become the manager of the Cubs, and Harper was struggling on the mound. Chance traded for Harper, cut his salary by two-thirds, and sat him on the bench for the entire season.

At that time, organized baseball had the reserve clause; Harper had to pitch for the Cubs or no team at all. He never played professional baseball again.

See also
 List of Cincinnati Reds Opening Day starting pitchers

References

External links

Category:1878 births
Category:1950 deaths
Category:Major League Baseball pitchers
Category:19th-century baseball players
Category:Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Category:Cleveland Spiders players
Category:St. Louis Cardinals players
Category:St. Louis Browns players
Category:Cincinnati Reds players
Category:Chicago Cubs players
Category:Montgomery Senators players
Category:Fort Wayne Indians players


Warrenton, Indiana

Warrenton is an extinct town in Warren Township, Warren County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.  It was the county's original county seat.

History
Warrenton was selected as the Warren County seat in March 1828 by commissioners appointed under the act forming the county.  It was laid out "on the east fraction of the southwest quarter of Section 31, Township 22 north, Range 7 west," which today is in the extreme southwestern corner of Warren Township, a little over two miles (3 km) northeast of the current county seat of Williamsport.  The site overlooks the confluence of Big Pine Creek with the Wabash River.

The town was surveyed by Perrin Kent and platted by County Agent Luther Tillotson on July 8, 1828, on a tract of land which had been donated to the county by a local landowner named Hollingsworth.  Tillotson laid out seven full blocks of eight lots each, four half blocks of four lots each, and a public square of .  On August 5, 1828, the lots were sold at public auction for between $10 and $20 each, during which free whiskey was served at the county's expense, "probably to loosen the tongue of the auctioneer or 'crier' and the generosity of the buyers".

Warrenton's status as county seat was short-lived.  An act approved on January 22, 1829, ordered a relocation of the county seat, and in June 1829 it was moved to nearby Williamsport.  Not all the reasons for the move are clear, but an 1883 history cites concerns that "donations" to the county from Warrenton landowners were less than expected, and that much better sums had been received from William Harrison (founder of Williamsport) and Thomas Gilbert.  Consequently, "this induced the citizens to wish a re-location of the county seat where the county could receive much greater benefit, or a re-establishment of it at Warrenton if the proprietors of that town would come down, in a handsome manner, with satisfactory donations."

Very few improvements were ever made to the lots at Warrenton and it quickly faded away.  No evidence of the town remains at the site.

References

Category:Former populated places in Warren County, Indiana
Category:Populated places established in 1828
Category:Former populated places in Indiana
Category:Former county seats in Indiana
Category:Ghost towns in Indiana


Gmina Opatów, Silesian Voivodeship

__NOTOC__
Gmina Opatów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Opatów, which lies approximately  north-west of Kłobuck and  north of the regional capital Katowice.

The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 6,733.

Villages
Gmina Opatów contains the villages and settlements of Brzezinki, Iwanowice Duże, Iwanowice Małe, Iwanowice-Naboków, Opatów, Waleńczów, Wilkowiecko, Złochowice, Zwierzyniec Drugi and Zwierzyniec Pierwszy.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Opatów is bordered by the gminas of Kłobuck, Krzepice, Lipie, Miedźno, Panki, Popów and Wręczyca Wielka.

References
Polish official population figures 2006

Opatow
Category:Kłobuck County


Kristallnacht in Leipzig

In Leipzig, as in other German cities, Jews and Jewish institutions suffered from attacks during the events called Kristallnacht, from November 9–10, 1938. Kristallnacht took its name because of all of the shattered glass from destroyed synagogues, Jewish-owned stores, Jewish-owned homes, schools, and Jewish-owned artifacts. The violence and destruction was carried out by members of the Sturmabteilung (SA), Schutzstaffel (SS), Gestapo, as well as German civilians. German and Nazi officials, along with standard civilians, watched as Jewish property in Leipzig turned to ash. The pogrom affected Jewish men, women, and children in Leipzig and other parts of Germany. There were more foreign-born Jews present in Leipzig than the majority of cities in Germany, and this made conditions for Leipzig Jews worse. Harsh conditions towards Jews in Leipzig began earlier than Kristallnacht because of this, and made Kristallnacht especially harmful. Kristallnacht destroyed much of the Jewish life in Leipzig. The events of Kristallnacht in Leipzig were described by United States Consul David H. Buffum, who reported what he saw to the State Department and published his 16-page report, Anti-semitic Onslaught in Germany as Seen from Leipzig, shortly after the events. A 5-page excerpt from his report was published in the Nuremberg Trial documents and was subsequently quoted at length in several English-language source collections on German history.

Destruction by fire
In the early morning of November 9, 1938, Nazi party Kreisleiter, Ernst Wettengel, commanded the Leipzig SA to instigate a pogrom ordered by the Nazi national party. By 3:51 am that day, SA members dressed in regular clothes, had put the Gemeinde synagogue in the town of Gottschedstraße in flames.

Still in the morning, the Ez-Chaim synagogue, the Bamberger and Hertz department store, the Ury’s department store, the Höhere Israelitische Schule, and the chapel at the Jewish cemetery were all defiled in flames. The Leipzig fire department listed the causes of all the fires to be “unknown,” and only attempted to prevent the spreading of the fires in order to protect Gentile property. The Nazi officials ordered the fire department and police to only aim to protect Gentile property.

In the afternoon, two Jewish cafes were attacked, but no one was injured because they were tipped off by circulating rumors.

At night, the buildings on the land of the new Jewish cemetery in Delitzscher Landstraße were set on fire. Three synagogues in Leipzig suffered damage from incendiary bombs. All of the sacred artifacts and records were desecrated, and in many cases thrown onto the street to be burned. The living quarters were completely destroyed, and the large and small cemetery halls were burnt down. Black flames were one of the biggest attractions for baffled crowds in Leipzig. While the loss of goods was substantial, it was second to the destruction of property.

Many Jews were forced to clean up the damage from the burnt buildings.

Destruction by hand

Partakers in the pogrom smashed Jewish shop windows by the hundreds. Jewish homes and synagogues were also torn apart in search of valuables, and so Nazis could achieve the joy of ruining a Jew's home. Raiders of synagogues took files and scrolls, silver shields from the Torah, and some bells and coins. Families reported the loss of jewelry, silver, decorations, furniture, and cash from their homes. In one of the Jewish sections of Leipzig, and eighteen-year-old boy was thrown from his own three-story apartment. He landed on a street filled with burning furniture from his and his neighbors’ apartments, and both of his legs broke. A Jewish family's dog was also thrown from a four-story apartment, and broke its spine. The Nazi officers disinterred ten corpses at the Jewish cemetery in Delitzscher, and left them unburied while arresting the gravediggers and cemetery attendants. During the first night of Kristallnacht, 193 businesses, 34 private homes, 3 synagogues, 4 smaller temples, the cemetery chapel, and the Ariowitsch old age home were destroyed. The damage to Leipzig cost several million marks.

Arrests
Nazi propaganda and anti-Semitic acts became much more frequent and severe during and after Kristallnacht.

Arrests were common. They began early in the morning of the ninth. Arrests were carried out by officers of the Gestapo and/or the Kriminalpolizei. These groups collaborated with the SA and SS, but mobs of gentiles in Leipzig also dragged Jewish men out of their homes and brought them to the police. Rioters would split into small groups and march through the neighborhoods, banging on the doors of Jewish homes shouting “Juden heraus!” (“Get out here, Jews!”), and “Raus ihr Judenschwein!” (“Out, you Jewish pigs!”). They broke down many doors of homes and dragged Jews out if they did not act promptly to the commands. They then proceeded to violate the Jews on the streets.  They did this very early in the morning or late at night during both days of Kristallnacht.

Three Aryan professors of the University of Jena were arrested and brought to concentration camps because they voiced disapproval of the occurring events.

German Jews between the ages of sixteen and sixty, as well as Jewish men without citizenship were taken to concentration camps in Germany. There were several thousands of these arrests.

Torture
Of the first people arrested that day, some were taken to the court prison and some to the local homeless shelter. A work lieutenant tortured those at the homeless shelter. They were forced to stand the entire time and set up an long-distance obstacle course in the hall. Even the elderly men that had been arrested were forced to partake, but those evidently unable to complete the course had a different task. They were ordered to form a circle and sing a lullaby that went like: “Do you know how many stars there are?”.  Men were verbally abused and called pimps, fraudsters, talmud, crooks, and others. The SS men would try to make fun and have a conversation with prisoners, and every silent reply of a prisoner led to being hit by a rifle butt. Almost all prisoners bled. Others arrested in Leipzig during Kristallnacht would be told to go to a curved tunnel in the prison and line up, and then ordered by SS men to perform military exercises; all while being beaten, verbally abused, and having razors thrown behind them. In the Zoo district of Leipzig, people were chased to the Parthe and forced to go into the water. The prisoners were tightly packed together in the river. Some of these prisoners were permitted to go back to their homes later in the day, but most were transferred to a concentration camp. Another group of prisoners were forced to walk to a concentration camp on a path for fourteen hours without food. Once they got to the camp, conditions were miserable. The water was impotable. A makeshift river was established for water, but only the dying or the mentally ill would go to drink from it. The SS set up an outhouse at the concentration camps, but it was simply a pit with a couple of bars placed over it. Several drowned in the outhouses by either falling in or being pushed in by SS members. In the Buchenwald Concentration Camp there were 12,000 people from different areas of Germany who had been arrested on the first day of Kristallnacht. One thousand of these prisoners were from Leipzig. In a group reported to have 250 prisoners, twenty-six died during Kristallnacht, seventeen due to the cold.

Women and children
Throughout Kristallnacht in Leipzig, Women and children were not targeted for arrest like military-aged Jewish men, but they were affected.  SS guards and Nazi storm troopers raided Jewish homes and brutalized the women and children present. In the town of Eutritzsch in Leipzig, women were the first to be taken from their homes on the first day of Kristallnacht. Later they were reunited with the men in a public square. They were stripped of their belongings, but released later that day. Many women and children were deported from Leipzig.  Many of the younger children died from the cold and poor nutrition while being transferred.

Aftermath

Post November 10th, 1938
The effects of Kristallnacht persisted after November 10. Arrests of German Jewish men between ages sixteen and sixty, and Jewish men without citizenship continued. Many Jews left Leipzig completely. Those that stayed faced many challenges. With their homes destroyed, many were forced to find a new place to live. Men continued to be arrested, and in order to avoid being targeted, families split and lived separately with gentile friends and neighbors. Many Jews were fired from their jobs at “Aryan” institutions, and with so many Jewish institutions destroyed it became extremely difficult to find work. This problem was especially acute for Jewish men, who were unable to find the same opportunities still available to women. For example, women could still find work as teachers in Jewish schools, social workers, nurses, and clerical workers for Jewish communities and ghettos.

Revival
Although in the post World War Two era, a modest Jewish cultural revival in Leipzig occurred. Still, the Jewish community never regained its pre-Kristallnacht vitality.

Bibliography
 Kaplan, Marion A. Between dignity and despair: Jewish life in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press, 1998. pp. 122–126
 Noakes, Jeremy. Documents on Nazism, 1919-1945. Jonathan Cape Ltd, 1974. pp. 473–475
 Willingham II, Robert Allen. Jews in Leipzig: Nationality and Community in the 20th Century. The University of Texas at Austin, 2005. pp. 97–115
 Jon Gunnar Mølstre Simonsen. Perfect Targets—Antisemitism and Eastern Jews in Leipzig, 1919–1923. Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 51, 2006. pp. 81
 The Wiener Library: Pogrom - November 1938 : Testimonies from 'Kristallnacht' : Overview. Testimonies: B.30, B.193, B.326.
 Reiss, Elsa. 1938 Bericht ueber Kristallnacht. Leo Baeck institute, 1986
 Katz, David. In memory of my parents. Auschwitz 1942 Holocaust Teacher Resource Center
 Rabinbach, Anson, and Gilman, Sander L. The Third Reich Sourcebook. Berkeley.University of California Press, 2013. pp. 96, 231-233.
 Gilbert, Martin. Kristallnacht : prelude to destruction. First Harper Perennial edition, 2007
 Fitzgerald, Stephanie. Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass : igniting the Nazi War against Jews. Compass Point Books, 2008
 Steinweis, Alan E. Kristallnacht 1938. Harvard University Press, 2009
 Jaffe, Maayan. Kristallnacht. Baltimore Jewish Times, November 8, 2013. pp. 20–23.

References

Category:Kristallnacht
Category:History of Leipzig
Category:The Holocaust in Germany


William McCalla

William McCalla (1814–1849) was an Irish naturalist.

McCalla lived in Roundstone, Co.Galway where he was a schoolmaster. He is associated with many areas of natural history and had a private museum. His bird records are frequently mentioned in the Natural History of Ireland by William Thompson.

He worked as a plant specimens collector for David Moore, John Scouler and Thomas Coulter.

McCalla collected algae and flowering plants, his records are included in Harvey's Phycologia Britannica. His specimens are in the Ulster Museum and Trinity College, Dublin.

He was the discoverer in 1835 of Erica mackaiana, which he transmitted to Mackay. This plant is found only in Roundstone district (Ireland) and the mountains of Castile and Asturia. The seaweed Cladophora macallana (now referred to as Cladophora lehmanniana (Lindenberg) Kützing) was named after him by William Henry Harvey.

McCalla's algal collection in the Ulster Museum includes two albums with 75 specimens in volume I (museum catalogue numbers: F10368 - F10442) and 50 specimens in volume II (Museum catalogue numbers: F10443 - F10492) along with two lichen specimens. Many of the algal specimens are from Roundstone Bay, County Galway.

An account of his life and career is given by Tim Robinson in Connemara:Listening to the Wind.

References
 Eager, A.R. and Scannell, M.J.P. 1978. William M'Calla: his published papers overlooked in scientific literature. Ir.Nat. J. 19: 281.
 Eager, R. Alan and Scannell, J.P. 1981. William M'Calla (c. 1814 - 1849), Psychologist; his published papers of 1846.  J.Life Sci. R. Dubl. Soc. 2 109 - 135.
 Nelson, E.C. 1981. William McCalla - A second 'panegyric' for an Irish psychologist. Ir. Nat. J. 20:275 - 283.
 Morton, O. 1980. Three algal collections in the Ulster Museum Herbarium. Ir. Nat. J.  20: 33 - 37.
 Robinson, Tim, 2006. Connemara:Listening to the Wind, pp. 39–41.

Category:Irish botanists
Category:Irish zoologists
Category:Phycologists
Category:1814 births
Category:1849 deaths
Category:People from County Galway


Strange Life of Ivan Osokin

Strange Life of Ivan Osokin () is a 1915 novel by P. D. Ouspensky.  It follows the unsuccessful struggle of Ivan Osokin to correct his mistakes when given a chance to relive his past.  The novel serves as a narrative platform for Nietzsche's theory of eternal recurrence. The conclusion fully anticipates the Fourth Way Philosophy which typified Ouspensky's later works. In particular the final chapter's description of the shocking realization of the mechanical nature of existence, its consequences, and the possibility/responsibility of working in an esoteric school.

Plot introduction

Explanation of the novel's title
The title derives the experience of Ivan Osokin living and then reliving his life again in exactly the same way but with prior knowledge of his past mistakes the second time.  The title is an ironic commentary on this experience.

Plot summary
When the protagonist realizes that he can recall having lived his life before, he decides to try to change it. But he discovers that because human choices tend to be mechanical, changing the outcome of one's actions is extremely difficult. He realizes that without help breaking his mechanical behavior, he may be doomed to repeat the same mistakes forever.

Characters
 Ivan Osokin, the main character of the novel
 The Magician, a minor but important character who makes appearances at the beginning and end of the novel, a possible reference to Ouspensky's teacher George Gurdjieff

Major themes
Eternal Return

Literary significance and reception

Harold Ramis, who directed Groundhog Day, found the meaning of Strange Life of Ivan Osokin similar to the existential dilemma of Groundhog Day.  Both works imply that a sober acceptance of personal accountability is necessary in order to effect an increase in the degree of freedom of the individual.  Ramis' opinion is printed in the Lindisfarne Books' 2004 edition of Strange Life of Ivan Osokin.

Publication history
12 editions

 1915, First Edition, Russia, publisher, Pub date ?? ??? 1915
 1947, Limited Edition (356 copies), UK, Stourton Press, , Pub date ?? Oct 1947
 1947, First Trade Edition, US, Holmes , , , Pub date ?? ??? 1947, Hardback
 1948, First Edition, UK, Faber & Faber, , Pub date ?? ??? 1948, Hardback
 1947, Lindisfarne Books, US,   Paperback

External links
Strange Life of Ivan Osokin at Gurdjieff International Review.
 Synopsis Time online, November 17, 1947
Strange Life of Ivan Osokin Excerpts at Google Books

Category:1915 novels
Category:20th-century Russian novels
Category:Books by P. D. Ouspensky


Stirling County RFC

Stirling County RFC is a Scottish rugby union club based in Stirling. The club plays its home games at Bridgehaugh and competes in the .

History

During the season of 2004–05, Stirling County celebrated its centenary. Rugby has its origins in the town in the 1870s, resulting in the formation of Stirling High School F.P.’s in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The F.P. club joined the Scottish Rugby Union in 1904, hence the celebration of the centenary this season. In 1925, Bridge of Allan Rugby Club was founded with both clubs uniting in 1946 to form Stirling County.

While the team of 1959–60 went undefeated, it was not until the formation of the national leagues in the 1970s that Stirling had a springboard to success. Another vital factor was the creation of a strong and vibrant youth section at this time. In 1995, County achieved the unique distinction of being the first club to rise through the ranks from the depths of the seventh division and win the Scottish Championship.

Uniquely, the club played against the Barbarians at Stirling Albion F.C. home, Forthbank Stadium in 1995. The club has been prolific in producing a large number of age-group internationalists while senior internationalists who have worn County’s colours include George Graham, Allister Hogg, Ian Jardine, Alastair Kellock, Kenny Logan, Kevin McKenzie,  James McLaren,  Grant Gilchrist, Adam Ashe, Nick Grigg Jamie Bhatti and Finn Russell.

In 2012–13, County recorded their highest league finish for 16 years, third place in RBS Premier One, and qualified for the cross-border British & Irish Cup competition for the second consecutive year.

Stirling County also has the most successful youth set-up, winning the Scottish National Youth League Cup more times than any other team,

Stirling County RFC Squad compete in the Scottish Rugby Super 6 Competition

Stirling County's Wolves XV compete in National League Division 1 while the Accies XV play in West Reserve League Division 1.

Stirling County's Women's play in the top-flight BT Women's Premier League.

Current squad

Glasgow Warriors players drafted:

  Adam Nicol
  Adam Ashe
  Brandon Thomson
  Bruce Flockhart
  Andrew Davidson
  Matt Smith

Honours

 Scottish Premiership
 Champions (1): 1994-95

External links
 Official Site: http://www.stirlingcounty-rfc.co.uk/

References

Category:Scottish rugby union teams
Category:Rugby clubs established in 1880
Category:Sport in Stirling (council area)
Category:Rugby union in Stirling


Animal tale

An animal tale or beast fable generally consists of a short story or poem in which animals talk. It is a traditional form of allegorical writing.

Important traditions in beast fables are represented by the Panchatantra and Kalila and Dimna (Sanskrit and Arabic originals), Aesop (Greek original), One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) and separate trickster traditions (West African and Native American). The medieval French cycle of allegories, Roman de Reynart is called a beast-epic, with the recurring figure Reynard the fox.

Beast fables are typically transmitted freely between languages, and often assume pedagogic roles: for example, Latin versions of Aesop were standard as elementary textbook material in the European Middle Ages, and the Uncle Remus stories brought trickster tales into English.  A more recent example, in English literature, was George Orwell's allegorical novel Animal Farm, in which various political ideologies were personified as animals, such as the Stalinist Napoleon Pig, and the numerous "sheep" that followed his directions without question. In American cinema, there is also the Academy Award-winning film, Zootopia, that serves as a fable about prejudice and stereotypes where the funny animal characters experience both social problems with their species serving as an analogy to racial groups.

Notes

Further reading
Jill Mann, From Aesop to Reynard: Beast Literature in Medieval Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Jill Mann, Ysengrimus: Text with Translation, Commentary, and Introduction. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
Jan Ziolkowski, Talking animals: medieval Latin beast poetry, 750-1150. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.

Category:Fables
Category:Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters


Xie of Xia

King Xie (Chinese: , Xiè) was the 10th ruler of the semi-legendary Xia Dynasty. The son of King Mang, Xie ascended the throne in the "Xinwei" () year. He possibly ruled 25 years.

According to the Bamboo Annals, in the 12th year of Xie's reign, the prince of Yin, Zihai, while a guest in Youyi, was "guilty of licentious conduct" and killed by the leader of the place, Mianchen, who also sent away his retinue. Four years later, his successor, Wei, allied with the forces of the baron of Ho, and invaded Youyi, killing Mianchen.

In the 21st year of his reign, Xie "conferred regular dignities" on the chiefs of the surrounding barbarians.

He was succeeded by his sons Bu Jiang and Jiong.

See also
 Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors

Notes

Category:20th-century BC rulers
Category:19th-century BC rulers
Category:Xia dynasty kings


Richard Aertsz

Richard Aartsz, or Rijckaert Aertsz (1482 – May 1577) was a Dutch Renaissance painter of historical allegories. Most of his works were painted while he lived in Antwerp. He was a pupil of Jan Mostaert in Haarlem. Frans Floris became his pupil and friend.

Biography
Rykert (or Rijck) was born in Wijk aan Zee, (Beverwijk) and was the son of a fisherman. As a boy he had burned his leg, so he was sent to Haarlem for treatment, but because of an incompetent doctor or because it was simply too late, the wound further deteriorated until his leg had to be amputated, which compelled him to walk with a crutch. That's why he was nicknamed Rijk met de Stelt (Rich with the Crutch), which is his now his best known artist name.

During his period of recovery, he often sat near the fire, and drew on the white stone hearth wall with charcoals, which he did so well that his parents asked if he would like to be a painter or draughtsman, and when he responded seriously in the affirmative, he was apprenticed to Jan Mostaert, then a master of a painting workshop in Haarlem. He was such a studious apprentice that he soon became a good artist himself. He painted the altar doors of the Carrier's guild (Zakkendragersgilde, a guild for turf carriers and other cart trades) in the St. Bavochurch. The altar itself had been painted earlier by Jacob van Haarlem, the master of Mostaert. The altar door subjects were designed by Rijck, and were the history of Joseph (son of Jacob); one side was devoted to his brothers who came for grain, and the other side was Joseph himself seated like a king, hiding his identity for his brothers in Egypt; pieces which were highly praised. Rijck was a successful painter who painted many pieces in Friesland, but most of these were destroyed during the Beeldenstorm.

Rijck eventually traveled to Antwerp where he married Catharina Dircksdr and joined the Guild of Saint Luke in 1520. He was able to make a living by painting the flesh tones ("naeckten" can also mean nudes) for other painters in return for a day-wage. He died there in May 1577, famed as a quiet, happy, peaceful and pious man, much loved for his good mood. In reference to his name and crutch, he often said "Ik ben rijk en wel gestelt" ("I am rich and well off", a pun on his name Rijckaert ( means rich, while  means rich man), and having to use a crutch ( means with a crutch, while  means well off).

In his old age, his vision was badly impaired, so that he was barely able to see what he was doing. When he put the paint on the panels so thickly that no one liked it, the paint often needed to be scraped off again, which upset him because he felt no one appreciated his work.

His portrait was painted by his friend Frans Floris around 1560, as the central figure in a painting of St. Luke for the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke, probably because he was an upbeat and popular character in the guild. He was the father of the painter Lambert Ryck Aertsz, called Robbesant.

References

External links
Aertsz., Rijckaert at the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD)

Category:1482 births
Category:1577 deaths
Category:People from Beverwijk
Category:Dutch Renaissance painters
Category:History painters


Work Club

Work Club is a full service   Digital and Social Marketing Agency based near Borough Market in London SE1.
Their clients include: Adidas, Asda, Coca-Cola, Heineken International, Pernod Ricard, McLaren, General Mills, PZ Cussons and Sony.

History
Work Club was founded in August 2007 by Martin Brooks (CEO), Paddy Griffith (Strategy Partner) Andy Sandoz (Creative Partner) and Jon Claydon (Chairman)
Two additional partners joined in December 2007, Ben Mooge (Creative Partner) and Lisa de Bonis (Strategy Partner). Jane McNeill (COO) joined in February 2013.

On April 1, 2013 Work Cub acquired the clients and assets of Pirata London Ltd, a digital design and production studio led by Eduardo de Felipe and Stuart Peddie.
Brooks, Griffith, Sandoz, Claydon and McNeill had previously worked together at Agency Republic and won Digital Agency of the Year accolades from Campaign and Marketing four times. Mooge and de Bonis had previously worked together at Mother Advertising.

Clients
Work Club's disclosed clients are:
Adidas
Asda
Coca-Cola
Creative Spirit
Heineken International: Strongbow Gold
PZ Cussons: Original Source, Carex, Sanctuary and Cussons Baby
D&AD
General Mills: Old El Paso
McLaren Group: F1 Racing
Nokia: Nokia Connectors
Pernod Ricard: Ballantine's, Royal Salute
Sony

Notable campaigns
Work Club's most notable campaigns are:

Carte Noire Readers
The Carte Noire Readers were created to appeal to Carte Noire's predominantly female audience. These coffee-break-length, Jackanory-style book readings featured desirable male actors Dominic West, Greg Wise, Dan Stevens and Joseph Fiennes.

McLaren 'The Race'
To accompany and augment live TV broadcasts Work Club designed The Race 1.0b. A software app unique to McLaren, live only when the car is on the track, delivering real-time updates and raw data from the car, the drivers and the pit. This project won ‘best website' at the One Show awards, NYC 2010.

Sharp FanLabs
To promote Sharp's sponsorship of UEFA Euro 2012 Work Club built laboratories filled with Sharp technology to monitor fans' behaviour – not just what they were saying, but what they were thinking while watching matches. The FanLabs laboratory is also accompanied by an online survey to further monitor fans.

Ballantine's Human API
Work Club created an app called "Human API" to illustrate Ballantine's strap line "leave an impression". The app accessed via Ballantine's Facebook page allowed users to comment and advise artists live as they worked on a series of projects. This project won the IAB creative showcase award 2011.

References

Category:Advertising agencies of the United Kingdom


2013 Buffalo Bandits season

The Buffalo Bandits are a lacrosse team based in Buffalo, New York playing in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2013 season was their twenty-second season in the NLL.

The Bandits started the season with a fairly strong 5-3 record, with wins over their division rivals the Toronto Rock and Philadelphia Wings and two wins over the defending champion Rochester Knighthawks. But for the second straight season, the Bandits lost six in a row to put their playoff hopes in jeopardy. They finished the season 6-10 and out of the playoffs for the first time since 2002.

After the season, long-time coach Darris Kilgour was fired by the Bandits.

Standings

Game log
Reference:

Roster

Transactions

Trades

Entry Draft
The 2012 NLL Entry Draft took place on October 1, 2012. The Bandits made the following selections:

See also
2013 NLL season

References

Buffalo
Category:Buffalo Bandits seasons
Buffalo Bandits


Tolombeh-ye Hoseyn Aqatdari

Tolombeh-ye Hoseyn Aqatdari (, also Romanized as Tolombeh-ye Ḩoseyn Āqatdārī) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Larestan County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

References

Category:Populated places in Larestan County


Augusta Lake (Cottonwood County, Minnesota)

Augusta Lake is a lake in Cottonwood County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

Augusta Lake was named for the wife of an early settler.

References

Category:Lakes of Minnesota
Category:Lakes of Cottonwood County, Minnesota


Ninie Doniah

Ninie Doniah is a Malagasy singer and composer of salegy music that originates from the northern coastal area of Madagascar, including her birthplace of Nosy Be. She descends from a musical family: her grandmother was a celebrated singer of the traditional jijy vako-drazana antakarana.

Doniah is commonly termed the "Queen of Salegy", in counterpoint to the "King of Salegy," superstar Jaojoby. She is considered one of the best female salegy performers in a genre dominated by men, and is the most well-recognized and successful female ambassadors of the genre outside of Madagascar. She has recorded more than six albums since the mid-1990s and continues to tour throughout Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands.

See also
Music of Madagascar

Notes

References

Category:Malagasy female singers