In the Kingdom of Ice

In The Kingdom of Ice: The Grand and Terrible Polar Voyage of the USS Jeannette (Doubleday), 2014, is a non-fiction book written by the author and historian Hampton Sides. The book tells the true story of the 1879–1881 arctic voyage of the USS Jeannette and the crew's struggle to survive after having to abandon their ship in the polar ice.

Key Figures
James Gordon Bennett, Jr.: Sports enthusiast, owner of the New York Herald newspaper and financier.
August Heinrich Petermann: German cartographer whose theory helped spawn the polar expedition.

Notable Crew of the USS Jeannette
George W. De Long: Commander of the expedition and officer in the United States Navy.
Charles W. Chipp: Lieutenant in the United States Navy and De Long's second-in-command.
George W. Melville: Engineer, explorer, and officer in the United States Navy. Chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering.
John Wilson Danenhower: Explorer and officer in the United States Navy.

Full Officer & Crew List

Notable Reviews
Time; 'In The Kingdom of Ice' brings cold comfort.
The New York Times; Abandon Ship!
The Miami Herald; In the Kingdom of Ice' recreates a disastrous Arctic voyage.USA Today; Crack into this harrowing 'Ice' survival tale.The Christian Science Monitor; '''In the Kingdom of Ice' follows a disaster-ridden journey to the North Pole.
The Washington Post; Book review: “In the Kingdom of Ice”.
The Los Angeles Times; Kingdom of Ice' uncovers a polar adventure frozen in time.The Wall Street Journal; Book Review: 'In the Kingdom of Ice' by Hampton Sides.

 Media Daily Mail; Russian bid to raise wreck of US Navy ship.The Huffington Post; What Can a 19th Century Arctic Shipwreck Tell Us About the 21st Century's Most Wicked Problem?The Diane Rehm Show; Hampton Sides: “In the Kingdom of Ice”.Weekend Edition (NPR); In 1879, Explorers Set Sail To Solve Arctic Mystery, Once And For All.The Wall Street Journal; Why an 1879 Voyage Is a Time Machine for Climate Change.Imus in the Morning; A survival story of polar exploration in the Gilded Age''.

See also
Jeannette Expedition
USS Jeannette (1878)
Lena Delta
De Long Islands

References

Category:2014 non-fiction books
Category:19th-century history books
Category:Doubleday (publisher) books
Category:American history books


Nandanam metro station

Nandanam metro station is a Metro railway station on the Blue Line of the Chennai Metro. The station is among the elevated stations along corridor I of the Chennai Metro, Washermanpet–Chennai International Airport stretch. The station serves the neighbourhoods of Nandanam and T. Nagar.

History

Construction

The station
The station has a length of 230 to 250 meters.

Station layout

Facilities
List of available ATM at Nandanam metro station are

Connections

Bus
Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) bus routes number 1B, 12C, 18A, 18D, 18E, 18K, 18R, 23C, 23V, 41D, 45B, 45E, 51J, 51P, 52, 52B, 52K, 52P, 54, 54D, 54M, 60, 60A, 60D, 60H, 88Ccut, 88K, 88R, 118A, 188, 221, 221H, A45B, A51, B18, D51, E18, M45E, M51R, N45B, serves the station from nearby Nandanam Military Quarters bus stand.

Entry/Exit

Gallery

See also

 Chennai
 Anna Salai
 List of Chennai metro stations
 Chennai Metro
 Railway stations in Chennai
 Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System
 Chennai Monorail
 Chennai Suburban Railway
 Chennai International Airport
 Transport in Chennai
 Urban rail transit in India
 List of metro systems

References

External links

 UrbanRail.Net – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

Chennai Metro Station
Category:Railway stations in Chennai


Fresnay-sur-Sarthe

Fresnay-sur-Sarthe is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays-de-la-Loire in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, the former communes Coulombiers and Saint-Germain-sur-Sarthe were merged into Fresnay-sur-Sarthe.

History
Even if it hasn't yet been proven, it is likely that a few people were already installed on the rock overhanging the River Sarthe during the Roman occupation. In the 7th century, around ten families were registered on the site called Faxinidum.

The city history really begins with the erection of the castle, which was initiated approximately in the 10th century (perhaps in the 9th century), under the reign of Charles the Bald. Express mention can be found on an official document dated October 12, 997, first year of the reign of Robert the Pious. The purpose of the castle was mostly to ensure protection of the river crossing.

William the Conqueror captured the castle twice; first in 1063, then again in 1073. Young Robert of Bellême, who particularly distinguished himself during the siege, was proclaimed as a knight from William's hand.

In 1100, Henry I decided to join the Maine to the Anjou. The castle then became part of a series of several, destinated to protect the Maine against "North Mans" (Vikings)'s attacks, and the city was placed under the protection of the . At that time, the city was then called Fresnay-le-Vicomte. A few more attacks were conducted against Fresnay, and the city finally found peace only at the beginning of the 14th century. That period permitted the development of farming.

Strategic importance of the Castle of Fresnay was particularly highlighted during the Hundred Years' War. Successively occupied by the adventurers of Philippe de la Chèze, in 1356, then captured by the English troops of King Henry V, in 1417, it came back to the French, thanks to Ambroise de Loré, future companion of Joan of Arc; Captain of the Castle in 1418, he later became "Prévôt" de Paris.

In 1420, the city was again taken by the English who occupied the place for thirty years (1420 to 1450). Heavily affected by the Hundred Years' War, Fresnay also had to suffer from the Wars of Religion; in 1562, it was devastated by the Huguenots. From then, the castle started to gradually fall into ruins.

From the beginning of 17th century and until the end of the 19th century, the culture of hemp grew in importance; that textile was especially used for ships' sails. New quarters were created in Fresnay's area; the "Bourg-Neuf" and the "Creusot". Some weavers' houses, from that time, remain visible today. In 1793, the old wooden bridge were replaced by one made of stone.

During the 20th century, the weaving workshops of Fresnay were replaced by agronomics and domestic appliance industries.

Demography
As of the last census data (1999), 2,363 persons live in Fresnay (the "Fresnois"); the city is the center of a dozen rural districts, now grouped in a "Alpes Mancelles Rural Districts Community", that comprises a total of 8,000 people leaving in the region.

Twin Towns
  Spilsby, United Kingdom
 , Germany

See also
Communes of the Sarthe department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Sarthe


Phyllodesmium pinnatum

Phyllodesmium pinnatum is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae.

Distribution
This species was described from Devil’s Point, Maricaban Island, Batangas Province, Luzon Island, Philippines.

References

Category:Facelinidae
Category:Gastropods described in 2009


Comahuesuchus

Comahuesuchus is an extinct genus of notosuchian crocodylomorphs from the Santonian Bajo de la Carpa Formation of Argentina. It was described by palaeontologist José Bonaparte in 1991. The type species is C. brachybuccalis.

Classification

The holotype of C. brachybuccalis is MUCPv-202. Comahuesuchus is the name-sake of the clade Comahuesuchidae. Sereno et al. (2003) suggested that Comahuesuchus and Anatosuchus are both comahuesuchids, but work by Martinelli and Andrade et al. (2006), has suggested that A. minor is not a comahuesuchid. Comahuesuchus seems instead to be more closely related to Mariliasuchus.

References

Bibliography
 Andrade, M.B.; Bertini, R. J. ; Pinheiro, A. E. P. (2006). Observations on the palate and choanae structures in Mesoeucrocodylia (Archosauria, Crocodylomorpha): phylogenetic implications. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 9 (3): 323-332.
 Sereno, P. C., Sidor, C. A., Larsson, H. C. E., and Gado, B. (2003). A new notosuchian from the Early Cretaceous of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (2): 477-482.

External links
 Andrade et al. (2006)
 Sereno et al. (2003)
 The Paleobiology Database

Category:Ziphosuchians
Category:Santonian life
Category:Late Cretaceous crocodylomorphs of South America
Category:Cretaceous Argentina
Category:Fossils of Argentina
Category:Bajo de la Carpa Formation
Category:Fossil taxa described in 1991
Category:Mapudungun


Binkang Road station

Binkang Road () is a station on Line 1 of the Hangzhou Metro in China. It was opened in November 2012, together with the rest of the stations on Line 1. It is located in the Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou.

References

Category:Railway stations in Zhejiang
Category:Railway stations opened in 2012
Category:2012 establishments in China
Category:Hangzhou Metro stations


XHAB-TDT

XHAB-TDT is the television call sign for the Televisa television station in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The channel can also be seen in Texas' Rio Grande Valley market. In addition to local news and programming, XHAB also airs a selection of Nueve's programming. XHAB also shares a sales office with XERV-TV in McAllen, Texas, for sales of commercial time from American businesses.

XHAB returned channel 7 to the air in Matamoros upon signing on in 1968; the channel had been occupied by XELD-TV in the early 1950s.

An interesting coincidence is between XHAB and the Univision affiliate KNVO; they both carry some of the same TV programming provided by Televisa (in XHAB's case, because it is a Televisa affiliate; in KNVO's case, Univision carries some Televisa programming in its lineup and this is thus reflected in KNVO's lineup).

Grenade attack
The television station has been attacked twice, once in July 2009 and again on August 15, 2010. No one was injured, but two automobiles were damaged.

References

External links
 Televisa Noreste website

Category:Televisa Regional
Category:Media in Matamoros, Tamaulipas
Category:Television stations in the Rio Grande Valley


Mecyclothorax tahitiensis

Mecyclothorax tahitiensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Perrault in 1978.

References

tahitiensis
Category:Beetles described in 1978


1997 BDO World Darts Championship

The 1997 Embassy World Professional Darts Championship was held from 4–12 January 1997 at the Lakeside Country Club in Frimley Green, Surrey.  It was won by Les Wallace, who became the second Scotsman to become World Darts Champion after Jocky Wilson won it twice in 1982 and 1989.  Wallace defeated Wales' Marshall James 6-3 in the final.  Wallace also became the first left-handed player to win either version of the World Darts Championship.  It was also the second time in four years that two unseeded players had reached the Embassy final, and remains the most recent occasion that this has occurred.

Seeds
  Martin Adams
  Roland Scholten
  Raymond van Barneveld
  Richie Burnett
  Steve Beaton
  Colin Monk
  Ronnie Baxter
  Andy Fordham

Prize money
The prize money was £152,400.

Champion: £38,000
Runner-Up: £19,000
Semi-Finalists (2): £8,700
Quarter-Finalists (4): £4,400
Last 16 (8): £3,350
Last 32 (16): £2,100

There was also a 9 Dart Checkout prize of £52,000, along with a High Checkout prize of £1,600.

The Results

References

Category:BDO World Darts Championships
BDO World Darts Championship
BDO World Darts Championship
BDO World Darts Championship
Category:Sport in Surrey
Category:Frimley Green


Calvary at Guéhenno

The Calvary of Guéhenno, dating from 1550, is located in the village of Guéhenno in the Pontivy arrondissement of Brittany. This article gives a full description of the calvary and details of how it was rebuilt after suffering severe damage in 1794. This calvary is classified as one of the seven great calvaries of Brittany and is the furthest to the east, being located in the ancient diocese of Vannes. It is made entirely from granite save for some bas-reliefs carved using "pierre bleutėe" (a bluish stone). The granite used is fine grained which lends itself to being carved. Extracted from the Guéhenno region, it was also used for the north porch at Ploërmel and the façade of the château at Josselin.

Introduction
Guéhenno originally had the archetypal "enclos paroissial" with the parish church, an ossuary, calvary and cemetery. In 1794 however, troops of the Republican Army, pausing on their journey to Josselin, pillaged the village, burnt down the 16th-Century church and severely damaged the calvary which dated back to 1550 and was attributed to the sculptor F. Guillonic. In 1853 the new rector, Abbé Jacquot, set about rebuilding the calvary assisted by his rector Laumaillė and two masons; fortunately the villagers had managed to hide away the fragments left after the soldiers' attack, secreting them in the ossuary, granary and other places and having mastered the rudiments of sculpture, Jacquot even added some extra pieces. Two inscriptions tell the story. "J.GUILLOUIC A FACIT CESTE CROUA DE P[AR] LES P[A]RROISSIE[N]S 1550" and "REFAIT EN 1853 JACQUOT R[ECTEUR] DREAN M[AIRE]. LAUMAILLÉ VICAIRE." Jacquot also added several sculptures to a new ossuary built in 1863. The church was also rebuilt. The calvary has three crosses emerging from a large granite pedestal, the central cross being occupied by Jesus Christ whilst the two robbers executed alongside Jesus hang from the two smaller crosses. At the front of this pedestal, a smaller granite slab forms an altar table and facing the calvary Jacquot placed a column on which the instruments of the passion were carved, a rooster sitting at the top of the column representing Saint Peter's denial of Christ. Jacquot also added to the sides of the altar table the images of the Prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel and Ezekiel. Jacquot died in 1866, aged 66 years. The calvary was designated a "monument historique" in 1927. Apart from the rooster topped column and the four prophets which are attributable to Jacquot alone, Jacquot also made some other alterations to pieces originally sculpted by Guillonic. As a result, the attributions are not always crystal clear.

The crosses
The image of the crucified Jesus Christ hangs from the central cross ("Le Christ à l'agonie") which is 10 metres high. On the crosspiece are statues depicting the Virgin Mary and John the Apostle. Two cherubs are on the arms of the cross. Two smaller crosses stand at each side of the central cross and from these hang the bodies of the two robbers executed alongside Jesus. At the base of the central cross is a pietà ("Vierge de pitié"). The sculpture of the bad robber with attendant demon are by Jacquot whilst the good robber was carved by Guillouic.

Bas-reliefs around the pedestal
On each face of the pedestal is a bas-relief depicting a scene from the passion. The first on the pedestal's south side shows Jesus praying in the Garden of Olives/Gethsemane as three of his apostles sleep ("Agonie du Christ"). The bas-relief at the rear of the calvary, the eastern side, shows the flagellation. Jesus is surrounded by two soldiers holding whips. The third relief on the west side depicts Christ's resurrection and in the final relief on the north side Jesus sits between two Roman soldiers who are kneeling and mocking him, one handing him a reed and joking that he should hold it as his sceptre; the "Christ aux outrages" or "Dėrision du Christ". It is not thought that the bas-reliefs are by either Guillouic or Jacquot but that they are the work of two different 16th Century sculptors.

The ossuary
There are several statues outside the ossuary. Statues depicting two young women face away from the calvary and look towards the ossuary entrance which is guarded by two Roman soldiers. There is also a monster representing Satan.  Inside the ossuary there is a gisant representing Christ in his tomb, this sculpted in 1863. Christ is accompanied by three sleeping cherubs. On the side of the ossuary facing the church there is a beautiful altar-piece from the 15th Century which shows, from left to right, Jesus at prayer, the way of the cross, the crucifixion, the descent from the cross and the entombment.

The pedestal
The three crosses are placed on and emerge from a large stone pedestal on which there are various sculptures.  In the centre of the pedestal there is a scene depicting the way of the cross with a centurion, on horseback, whilst a second centurian holds the lance which had pierced Jesus' side. At each corner of the pedestal are statues of the evangelists, Matthew the Apostle with his attribute the child, Luke the Evangelist who sits on a bull, Mark the Evangelist with a lion and John the Evangelist with an eagle. There is also a sculpture depicting Christ carry the cross and Saint Veronica holding up the veil on which Jesus' image has appeared and finally a pietà, the Virgin Mary holding the body of Christ which has just been brought down from the cross. The pietà is by Guillouic. There is also a figure on the shaft of the central cross. He seems to be sleeping and is a depiction of Jesse the father of David and thus an ancestor of Jesus. At the feet of the crucified Jesus are two skulls and two crossed bones symbolizing that Jesus' death has washed away the sins of mankind.

The altar table
The altar table comprises a smaller pedestal at the front of the larger pedestal and on this is a bas-relief which depicts Jesus' apparition before the empty tomb.  Beneath this is an inscription added by Abbé Jacquot stating that any visitor saying prayers at the calvary will be given 40 days of grace after saying "5 Paters and 3 Ave Marias." On the altar table's surface is a depiction of the entombment ("Mise au tombeau") attended by Saint Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea, John the Evangelist and three female saints. This is attributed to Guillouic. To the side of the altar there are statues of the Prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezechiel and Daniel. Each carries a banner. Isaiah's banner reads "Salvabos gregem meum", Jeremiah's reads "Saturabitur opprobriis", Ezechiel's reads "Et cum sceleratis reputatus est" and Daniel's "Christus occidetur". The four sculptures are attributed to Jacquot. .

The column in front of the calvary
On this column, the work of Abbé Jacquot, are carvings depicting the instruments of the passion:  two  Holy Lances, one of which had held the Holy Sponge drenched in vinegar which had been offered to Jesus and the second the lance which had pierced Jesus' side, the whip, the rope with which Jesus was tied to the cross, the crown of thorns, a pair of pincers and three nails as well as the reed which had been placed mockingly in Jesus' hand as though it was his sceptre. At the very top is a rooster as a reminder of Saint Peter's denial of Jesus.

Recommended reading
"Sculpteurs sur pierre en Basse-Bretagne. Les Ateliers du XVe au XVIIe Siècle" by Emmanuelle LeSeac'h. Published by Presses Universitaires de Rennes. .
Victor-Henri Debidour. "Grands Calvaires de Bretagne". Éditions d'Art Jos Le Doaré. 1998.

References

External links
. A paper on the calvary written in 1930 by Charles Géniaux and available on line.
 Article on Breton calvaries.

Category:Calvaries in Brittany
Category:Monuments historiques of Morbihan


Santa Rosa Canton

Santa Rosa Canton is a canton of Ecuador, located in the El Oro Province.  Its capital is the town of Santa Rosa.  Its population at the 2001 census was 60,388.

Demographics
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
Mestizo  83.6%
Afro-Ecuadorian  7.2%
White  6.6%
Montubio  1.7%
Indigenous  0.6%
Other  0.3%

References

Category:Cantons of El Oro Province


Red Ruthenia

Red Ruthenia or Red Rus' (; ; ; ; ) is a term used since the Middle Ages for the south-western principalities of the Kievan Rus', namely the Principality of Peremyshl and the Principality of Belz. Nowadays the region comprises parts of western Ukraine and adjoining parts of south-eastern Poland. It has also sometimes included parts of Lesser Poland, Podolia, "Right-bank Ukraine" and Volhynia. Centred on Przemyśl (Peremyshl) and Belz, it has included major cities such as: Chełm, Zamość, Rzeszów, Krosno and Sanok (now all in Poland), as well as Lviv and Ternopil (in Ukraine).

First mentioned by that name in a Polish chronicle of 1321, Red Ruthenia was the portion of Ruthenia incorporated into Poland by Casimir the Great during the 14th century. The disintegration of Rus', Red Ruthenia was contested by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Gediminids), the Kingdom of Poland (the Piasts), the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Ruthenia. After the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, for about 400 years most of Red Ruthenia became part of Poland as the Ruthenian Voivodeship.

A minority of ethnic Poles have lived since the beginning of the second Millennium in northern parts of Red Ruthenia. The exonym "Ruthenians" usually refers to members of the Rusyn ethnic and/or Ukrainians.

History

Ethnography

The first known inhabitants of northern Red Ruthenia were Lendians, while subgroups of Rusyns, such as Boykos and Lemkos, lived in the south.

Later Walddeutsche ("Forest Germans"), Jews, Armenians and Poles also made up part of the population. According to Marcin Bielski, although Bolesław I Chrobry settled Germans in the region to defend the borders against Hungary and Kievan Rus' the settlers became farmers. Maciej Stryjkowski described German peasants near Rzeszów, Przemyśl, Sanok, and Jarosław as good farmers. Casimir the Great settled German citizens on the borders of Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia to join the acquired territory with the rest of his kingdom. In determining the population of late medieval Poland, colonisation and Polish migration to Red Ruthenia, Spiš and Podlachia (whom the Ukrainians called Mazury—poor peasant migrants, chiefly from Mazowsze) should be considered.

During the second half of the 14th century, the Vlachs arrived from the southeastern Carpathians and quickly overspread southern Red Ruthenia. Although during the 15th century the Ruthenians gained a foothold, it was not until the 16th century that the Wallachian population in the Bieszczady Mountains and the Lower Beskids was Ruthenized. From the 14th to the 16th centuries Red Ruthenia underwent rapid urbanization, resulting in over 200 new towns built on the German model (virtually unknown before 1340, when Red Ruthenia was the independent Duchy of Halych).

Political history

1199 to 1772

During the early Middle Ages, the region was part of Kievan Rus' and, from 1199, the independent Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia.

It came under Polish control in 1340, when Casimir the Great acquired it. During his reign from 1333 to 1370, Casimir the Great founded several cities, urbanizing the rural province.

The Polish name Ruś Czerwona (translated as "Red Ruthenia") came into use for territory extending to the Dniester, centring on Przemyśl (Peremyshl). Since the reign of Władysław Jagiełło (d. 1434) the Przemyśl Voivodeship was called the Ruthenian Voivodeship (województwo ruskie), centring on Lwów. The voivodeship consisted of five regions: Lwów, Sanok, Halicz (Halych), Przemyśl (Peremyshl), and Chełm. The town of Halych gave its name to Galicia.During the 1340s, the influence of the Rurik dynasty ended; most of the area passed to Casimir the Great, with Kiev and the state of Volhynia falling under Lithuanian control. The Polish region was divided into a number of voivodeships, and an era of German eastward migration and Polish settlement among the Ruthenians began. Armenians and Jews also migrated to the region. A number of castles were built at this time, and the cities of Stanisławów (Stanyslaviv in Ukrainian, now Ivano-Frankivsk) and Krystynopol (now Chervonohrad) were founded.

In October 1372, Władysław Opolczyk was deposed as count palatine. Although he retained most of his castles and goods in Hungary, his political influence waned. As compensation, Opolczyk was made governor of Hungarian Galicia. In this new position, he contributed to the economic development of the territories entrusted to him. Although Opolczyk primarily resided in Lwów, at the end of his rule he spent more time in Halicz. The only serious conflict during his time as governor involved his approach to the Russian Orthodox Church, which angered the local Catholic boyars. Under Polish rule 325 towns were founded from the 14th century to the second half of the 17th century, most during the 15th and 16th centuries (96 and 153, respectively).

Ruthenia was subject to repeated Tatar and Ottoman Empire incursions during the 16th and 17th centuries and was impacted by the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1654), the 1654–1667 Russo-Polish War and Swedish invasions during the Deluge (1655–1660); the Swedes returned during the Great Northern War of the early 18th century. Red Ruthenia consisted of three voivodeships: Ruthenia, whose capital was Lviv and provinces were Lviv, Halych, Sanok, Przemyśl and Chełm; Bełz, separating the provinces of Lviv and Przemyśl from the rest of the Ruthenian voivodeship; and Podolia, with its capital at Kamieniec Podolski.

Ruthenian Voivodeship
 Chełm Land (Ziemia Chełmska), Chełm
 Chełm County, (Powiat Chełmski), Chełm
 Powiat of Ratno, (Powiat Ratneński), Ratno
 Halych Land (Ziemia Halicka), Halicz
 Powiat of Halicz, (Powiat Halicki), Halicz
 Kolomyja County, (Powiat Kołomyjski), Kołomyja
 Trembowla County, (Powiat Trembowelski), Trembowla
 Lwów Land (Ziemia Lwowska), Lwów
 Powiat of Lwów, (Powiat Lwowski), Lwów
 Powiat of Żydaczów, (Powiat Żydaczowski), Żydaczów* Przemyśl Land (Ziemia Przemyska), Przemyśl; Its area was 12,000 km2. and in the 17th century it was divided five smaller regions (county, powiaty).
 Przemyśl County (Powiat Przemyski), Przemyśl
 Powiat of Sambor, (Powiat Samborski), Sambor
 Powiat of Drohobycz, (Powiat Drohobycki), Drohobycz
 Powiat of Stryj, (Powiat Stryjski), Stryj
 Sanok Land (Ziemia Sanocka), Sanok
 Sanok County (Powiat Sanocki), Sanok: Intensive settlement occurred from the 13th to 15th centuries in an area flanked by the Wisłok, San and Wisłoka Rivers. The Vlachs primarily engaged in agriculture; moving west, they established a number of villages during the 15th century. In Sanok Land were six Jewish communities, with synagogues and kahal organizations. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Jewish Communities were also autonomous in criminal law.

Bełz Voivodeship
 Belz County, (Powiat Bełzski), Bełz
 Grabowiec County, (Powiat Grabowiecki), Grabowiec
 Horodło County, (Powiat Horodelski), Horodło
 Lubaczów County, (Powiat Lubaczowski), Lubaczów
 Busk Land, (Ziemia Buska), Busk

1772 to 1918
Red Ruthenia (except for Podolia) was conquered by the Austrian Empire in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland, remaining part of the empire until 1918. Between World Wars I and II, it belonged to the Second Polish Republic. The region is currently split, with its western portion in southeastern Poland (around Rzeszów, Przemyśl, Zamość and Chełm) and its eastern portion (around Lviv) in western Ukraine.

See also

Cherven Cities
 Ruthenia
 White Ruthenia
 Black Ruthenia
 Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
 Slovak invasion of Poland
 Stanisławów Voivodeship

Sources
 "Monumenta Poloniae Historica"
 Akta grodzkie i ziemskie z archiwum ziemskiego. Lauda sejmikowe. Tom XXIII, XXIV, XXV.
 Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego (Digital edition)
 Lustracja województwa ruskiego, podolskiego i bełskiego, 1564-1565 Warszawa, (I) edition 2001, pages 289.
 Lustracje dóbr królewskich XVI-XVIII wieku. Lustracja województwa ruskiego 1661—1665. Część III ziemie halicka i chełmska. Polska Akademia Nauk - Instytut Historii. 1976
 Lustracje województw ruskiego, podolskiego i bełskiego 1564 - 1565, wyd. K. Chłapowski, H. Żytkowicz, cz. 1, Warszawa - Łódź 1992
 Lustracja województwa ruskiego 1661-1665, cz. 1: Ziemia przemyska i sanocka, wyd. K. Arłamowski i W. Kaput, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków. 1970
 Aleksander Jabłonowski. Polska wieku XVI, t. VII, Ruś Czerwona, Warszawa 1901 i 1903.

References

External links

Category:Historical regions in Poland
Category:Historical regions in Ukraine
Category:Podkarpackie Voivodeship
Category:History of Lviv Oblast
Category:History of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Category:History of Ternopil Oblast
Category:Ruthenians in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth


Jane King

Jane King may refer to:

 Jane King (poet) (born 1952), St. Lucian poet
 Jane King (journalist) (born 1968), American journalist


Venezuelan Rugby Federation

The Venezuelan Rugby Federation ( (FVR)) is the governing body of rugby union in Venezuela. It was founded in 1992. It is a member of World Rugby since 1998 and Sudamérica Rugby.

The Venezuelan Rugby Federation was recognised by the Venezuelan Ministry of Sport in 2005. It was admitted by the Venezuelan Olympic Committee on 1 February 2010.

See also
 Rugby union in Venezuela
 Venezuela national rugby union team
 Venezuela national rugby union team (sevens)
 Venezuela women's national rugby union team (sevens)
 Campeonato Nacional de Clubes

References

External links
   Official site

Category:Rugby union in Venezuela
Rugby
Category:Rugby union governing bodies in South America
Category:World Rugby members
Category:Sports organizations established in 1992


Christian Camacho

Christian Camacho (born July 11, 1988) is an American soccer player of peruvian ascendent who currently plays for Dayton Dutch Lions in the USL Professional Division.

Career
Camacho left the United States in 2005 to play in Moldova with FC Zaria Bălți, before returning to the US to play with USL PDL clubs Brooklyn Knights and Westchester Flames.

Camacho returned to Moldova, again with FC Zaria Bălți, before transferring to FC Sfântul Gheorghe in 2011.

On August 13, 2014 Camacho signed with USL Pro club Dayton Dutch Lions.

References

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:American soccer players
Category:Brooklyn Knights players
Category:Westchester Flames players
Category:Dayton Dutch Lions players
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Soccer players from New York (state)
Category:USL League Two players


Graceland (film)

Graceland is a 2012 Filipino drama movie directed and written by Roy Morales.

Plot
Marlon Villar (Arnold Reyes), a driver for a politician, whose daughter (Ella Guevara) is accidentally kidnapped, does everything he can to save her, while being enmeshed in a web of crime and corruption.

Cast
 Arnold Reyes as Marlon Villar
 Menggie Cobarrubias as Mr. Manuel Changho
 Dido de la Paz as Detective Ramos
 Leon Miguel as Visel
 Ella Guevara as Elvie Villar
 Marife Necesito as Mrs. Marcy Chango

Release
The movie was released on 26 April 2013 in the Philippines and was also screened in the US, earning $20,791 after a month of its release.

References

Category:2012 films
Category:2010s crime thriller films
Category:Philippine films
Category:Philippine crime thriller films
Category:Filipino-language films


1947 World Archery Championships

The 1947 World Archery Championships was the 11th edition of the World Archery Championships. The event was held in Prague, Czechoslovakia in August 1947 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA).

Events

Recurve

Medal table

References

External links
World Archery website
Complete results

World Archery
A
Category:World Archery Championships
Category:1947 in archery
Category:Archery competitions in Czechoslovakia


Doron Avital

Dr. Doron Shalom Avital (, born 22 January 1959) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Kadima between 2011 and 2013.

Biography
Born in the Brit Ahim youth village near Bustan HaGalil, Avital moved to the Katamon neighbourhood of Jerusalem as a child. During the 1982 Lebanon War he served as commander of Battalion 202. Between 1992 and 1994 he was commander of Sayeret Matkal. For the 2009 Knesset elections, he was placed thirty-second on the Kadima list. Although he failed to win a seat, he entered the Knesset as a replacement for the deceased Ze'ev Boim in 2011.

Avital was placed seventh on the Kadima list for the 2013 elections, losing his seat as the party was reduced to two MKs.

He holds a BA in mathematics and computer science, a master's degree in history and philosophy of science, both from Tel Aviv University, as well as a PhD in logic and philosophy from Columbia University.

References

External links

Category:1959 births
Category:Israeli soldiers
Category:Tel Aviv University alumni
Category:Columbia University alumni
Category:Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Category:Kadima politicians
Category:Living people


Jerome Socolovsky

Jerome Socolovsky was the religion reporter for Voice of America.

From 2002 to 2010, he was a freelance correspondent stationed in Spain, mainly reporting for NPR, but also for Jewish Telegraphic Agency, and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

A native of Teaneck, NJ and raised in Drexel Hill, PA, Socolovsky graduated from Upper Darby High School in 1982 where he was inducted as a notable alum on its Wall of Fame, as well as from the Gratz College supplementary Hebrew high school and the University of Pennsylvania in 1986.  He also has master's degrees from Harvard University and Hebrew University of Jerusalem.  He speaks Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Hebrew, German and French.

References

External links
Socolovsky's blog
A Spanish language radio interview of Jerome by radiosefarad.com

Category:Television personalities from Philadelphia
Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni
Category:Living people
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Journalists from Pennsylvania
Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Aleksandar Popović (footballer, born 1999)

Aleksandar Popović (; born 29 September 1999) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Partizan.

Club career
After coming through the youth system of Partizan, Popović was loaned to affiliated side Teleoptik in the summer of 2017. He was promoted back to the Partizan first team during the 2018 winter transfer window. After failing to make his official debut for the side, Popović was again loaned to Teleoptik in the summer of 2018. He was recalled back to Partizan in early 2019.

International career
Popović was capped for Serbia at under-17 and under-19 levels.

Honours
Partizan
 Serbian Cup: 2017–18

Notes

References

External links

Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:FK Partizan players
Category:FK Teleoptik players
Category:Serbia youth international footballers
Category:Serbian First League players
Category:Serbian footballers
Category:Sportspeople from Užice
Category:1999 births
Category:Living people


Lee Johnson (punter)

Leland Eric Johnson (born November 27, 1961) is a retired United States professional American-football punter who played 18 seasons in the National Football League. Throughout the course of his career, he played for the Houston Oilers (1985–1987), the Cleveland Browns (1987–1988), the Cincinnati Bengals (1988–1998), the New England Patriots (1999–2001), the Minnesota Vikings (2001), and the Philadelphia Eagles (2002). Before his NFL career, Johnson played college football for Brigham Young University.

Early years
Johnson was born in Conroe, Texas and was a punter and kicker for McCullough High School in The Woodlands, Texas.

College career
Johnson was a punter for Brigham Young University and was a member of the 1984 National Champion team. He was nicknamed "Thunderfoot" while at BYU. Johnson was an All-American selection in 1984.

Professional career
After graduating college, Johnson was selected by the Houston Oilers in the fifth round of the 1985 NFL Draft.

In his 18 seasons, Johnson played in 259 games and recorded 1,226 punts for 51,979 yards and 317 punts in the 20, with 142 touchbacks.  His 70-yard punt in 1990 was the longest of the season, and he led the NFL with a 38.5 net yard average in 1995.  At the time of his retirement, his 51,979 punting yards were the third most in NFL history behind Sean Landeta and Jeff Feagles.

Johnson's most successful years in the NFL were with the Bengals, where he spent 11 of his 18 seasons and made an NFL championship appearance in Super Bowl XXIII.  In that game, Johnson set a record for the longest punt in Super Bowl history (63 yards).  By 1998, Johnson had become extremely frustrated with Cincinnati, which had not recorded a winning season since 1990.  After a 33-20 loss at home during the 1998 season, Johnson publicly denounced the Bengals management and said if he was a Cincinnati fan with season tickets, he would probably sell them.  Johnson was cut by the Bengals the following day, and subsequently signed with the Patriots in the following season.  He left the Bengals as their all-time leading punter with 746 punts for 32,196 yards and 186 punts in the 20.

Johnson was the Patriots punter for the next two years, but was cut by the team five games into the 2001 season.  He spent the rest of the year with the Vikings and played his final season with the Eagles before retiring from the NFL at age 40.

Further reading
Ludwig, Chick. Cincinnati Bengals, The Legends. Willmington, Ohio: Orange Frazer P, 2004.

External links
Database Football: Lee Johnson statistics

Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Dallas
Category:Latter Day Saints from Texas
Category:American football punters
Category:BYU Cougars football players
Category:Houston Oilers players
Category:Cleveland Browns players
Category:Cincinnati Bengals players
Category:New England Patriots players
Category:Minnesota Vikings players
Category:Philadelphia Eagles players
Category:Players of American football from Texas


Joseph Barbera

Joseph Roland Barbera ( , ; March 24, 1911 – December 18, 2006) was an American animator, director, producer, storyboard artist, and cartoon artist, whose film and television cartoon characters entertained millions of fans worldwide for much of the 20th century.

He was born to Italian immigrants in New York City, where he lived, attended college and began his career through his young adult years. After working odd jobs and as a banker, Barbera joined Van Beuren Studios in 1927 and subsequently Terrytoons in 1929. In 1930, he moved to California and while working at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), Barbera met William Hanna. The two men began a collaboration that was at first best known for producing Tom and Jerry. In 1957, after MGM dissolved their animation department, they co-founded Hanna-Barbera, which became the most successful television animation studio in the business, producing programs such as The Flintstones, Yogi Bear, Scooby-Doo, Top Cat, The Smurfs, Huckleberry Hound and The Jetsons. In 1967, Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting for $12 million, but Hanna and Barbera remained heads of the company. In 1991, the studio was sold to Turner Broadcasting System, which in turn was merged with Time Warner, owners of Warner Bros., in 1996; Hanna and Barbera stayed on as advisors.

Hanna and Barbera won seven Academy Awards and eight Emmy Awards. Their cartoon shows have become cultural icons, and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films, books, and toys. Hanna-Barbera's shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in the 1960s and have been translated into more than 28 languages.

Early and personal life
Joseph Barbera was born at 10 Delancey Street in the Little Italy (Lower East Side) section of Manhattan, New York, to immigrants Vincent Barbera (of Lebanese origin) (1889-1965) and Francesca Calvacca Barbera (1875-1969), born in Sciacca, Italy; he grew up speaking Italian. His family moved to Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York when he was four months old. He had two younger brothers, Larry (1912-1999) and Ted (1914-2000), both of whom served in World War II. As a member of the United States Army, Larry participated in the invasion of Sicily. Ted was a fighter pilot with the United States Army Air Forces and served in the Aleutian Islands Campaign. Barbera's father, Vincent, was the prosperous owner of three barbershops who squandered the family fortunes on gambling. By the time Barbera was 15, his father had abandoned the family and his maternal uncle Jim became a father figure to him.

Barbera displayed a talent for drawing as early as the first grade. He graduated from Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn in 1928. While in high school, Barbera won several boxing titles. He was briefly managed by World Lightweight Boxing Champion Al Singer's manager but soon lost interest in boxing. In 1935, Barbera married his high school sweetheart, Dorothy Earl. In school, they had been known as "Romeo and Juliet".

Barbera and his wife briefly separated when he went to California. They reunited but were on the verge of another separation when they discovered that Dorothy was pregnant with their first child. They had four children: two sons (Neal and an infant boy who died two days after his birth) and two daughters (Lynn and Jayne, who has been a producer in her own right). The marriage officially ended in 1963. Shortly after his divorce, Barbera met his second wife, Sheila Holden, sister of British rock and roll singer Vince Taylor at Musso & Frank's restaurant, where she worked as bookkeeper and cashier. Unlike Dorothy, who had preferred to stay at home with the children, Sheila enjoyed the Hollywood social scene that Barbera often frequented.

Career

Early career
During high school, Barbera worked as a tailor's delivery boy. In 1929, he became interested in animation after watching a screening of The Skeleton Dance. During the Great Depression, he tried unsuccessfully to become a cartoonist for a magazine called The NY Hits Magazine. He supported himself with a job at a bank, and continued to pursue publication for his cartoons. His magazine drawings of single cartoons, not comic strips, began to be published in Redbook, Saturday Evening Post, and Collier's—the magazine with which he had the most success. Barbera also wrote to Walt Disney for advice on getting started in the animation industry. Disney wrote back, saying he would call Barbera during an upcoming trip to New York, but the call never took place.

Barbera took art classes at the Art Students League of New York and the Pratt Institute and was hired to work in the ink and paint department of Fleischer Studios. In 1932, he joined the Van Beuren Studios as an animator and storyboard artist. He worked on cartoon series such as Cubby Bear and Rainbow Parades, and an earlier Tom and Jerry. This Tom and Jerry series starred two humans; it was unrelated to Barbera's later cat-and-mouse series. When Van Beuren closed down in 1936, Barbera moved over to Paul Terry's Terrytoons studio.

In 1935, Barbera created his first solo-effort storyboard about a character named Kiko the Kangaroo. The storyline was of Kiko in an airplane race with another character called Dirty Dog. Terry declined to produce the story. In his autobiography, Barbera said of his efforts ..."I was, quite honestly, not in the least disappointed. I had proven to myself that I could do a storyboard, and that I had gained the experience of presenting it. For now, that was enough."The original storyboard, which had been passed down through the Barbera family, went on sale at auction in November 2013.

Film
Lured by a substantial salary increase, Barbera left Terrytoons and New York for the new Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) cartoon unit in California in 1937. He found that Los Angeles was suffering just as much from the Great Depression as Brooklyn and almost returned to Brooklyn.

Barbera's desk was opposite that of William Hanna. The two quickly realized they would make a good team. By 1939, they had solidified a partnership that would last over 60 years. Barbera and Hanna worked alongside animator Tex Avery, who had created Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny for Warner Bros. and directed Droopy cartoons at MGM.

In 1940, Hanna and Barbera jointly directed Puss Gets the Boot, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best (Cartoon) Short Subject. The studio wanted a diversified cartoon portfolio, so despite the success of Puss Gets the Boot, Barbera and Hanna's supervisor, Fred Quimby, did not want to produce more cat and mouse cartoons believing that there were already enough cartoons of those in existence. Surprised by the success of Puss Gets the Boot, Barbera and Hanna ignored Quimby's resistance and continued developing the cat-and-mouse theme. By this time, however, Hanna wanted to return to working for Ising, to whom he felt very loyal. Barbera and Hanna met with Quimby, who discovered that although Ising had taken sole credit for producing Puss Gets the Boot, he never actually worked on it. Quimby, who had wanted to start a new animation unit independent from Ising, then gave Hanna and Barbera permission to pursue their cat-and-mouse idea. The result was their most famous creation, Tom and Jerry.

Modeled after the Puss Gets the Boot characters with slight differences, the series followed Jerry, the pesky rodent who continuously outwitted his feline foe, Tom. Hanna said they settled on the cat and mouse theme for this cartoon because "we knew we needed two characters. We thought we needed conflict, and chase and action. And a cat after a mouse seemed like a good, basic thought." The revamped characters first appeared in 1941's The Midnight Snack. Over the next 17 years, Barbera and Hanna worked exclusively on Tom and Jerry, directing more than 114 popular cartoon shorts. During World War II, they also made animated training films. Tom and Jerry relied mostly on motion instead of dialog.  Despite its popularity, Tom and Jerry has often been criticized as excessively violent.  Nonetheless, the series won its first Academy Award for the 11th short, The Yankee Doodle Mouse (1943)—a war-time adventure. Tom and Jerry was ultimately nominated for 14 Academy Awards, winning 7. No other character-based theatrical animated series has won more awards, nor has any other series featuring the same characters. Tom and Jerry also made guest appearances in several of  MGM's live-action films, including Anchors Aweigh (1945) and Invitation to the Dance (1956) with Gene Kelly, and Dangerous When Wet (1953) with Esther Williams.

In addition to his work in animated cartoons, Barbera and Tom and Jerry layout artist Harvey Eisenberg moonlit to run a comic book company named Dearfield Publishing. Active from 1946 to 1951, Dearfield's titles included "Red" Rabbit Comics, Foxy Fagan, and Junie Prom.

Quimby accepted each Academy Award for Tom and Jerry without inviting Barbera and Hanna onstage. The cartoons were also released with Quimby listed as the sole producer, following the same practice for which he had condemned Ising. Quimby once delayed a promised raise to Barbera by six months . When Quimby retired in late 1955, Hanna and Barbera were placed in charge of MGM's animation division. As MGM began to lose more revenue on animated cartoons due to television, the studio soon realized that re-releasing old cartoons was far more profitable than producing new ones. In 1957, MGM ordered Barbera and Hanna's business manager to close the cartoon division and lay off everyone by a phone call. Barbera and Hanna found the no-notice closing puzzling because Tom and Jerry had been so successful.

Television
Barbera's first foray into television was a 1957 collaboration with Robert D. Buchanan, Colonel Bleep. The series, the first ever cartoon produced specifically for color television, would feature some of the futuristic designs and limited animation Barbera would later carry over to his other television productions. Barbera's involvement in Colonel Bleep (and with Buchanan) was apparently short-lived; his only known credited involvement was a creator credit.

In 1957, Barbera reteamed with his former partner Hanna to produce cartoon films for television and theatrical release. As they had at MGM, the two brought their different skills to the company; Barbera was a skilled gag writer and sketch artist, while Hanna had a gift for timing, story construction, and recruiting top artists. Major business decisions would be made together, though each year the title of president alternated between them.  A coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming of the new company, first called H-B Enterprises but soon changed to Hanna-Barbera Productions. Barbera and Hanna's MGM colleague George Sidney, the director of Anchors Aweigh, became the third partner and business manager in the company, and arranged a deal for distribution and working capital with Screen Gems, the television division of Columbia Pictures, who took part ownership of the new studio.

The first offering from the new company was The Ruff & Reddy Show, a series which detailed the friendship between a dog and cat.  Despite a lukewarm response for their first theatrical venture, Loopy De Loop, Hanna-Barbera soon established themselves with two successful television series: The Huckleberry Hound Show and The Yogi Bear Show. A 1960 survey showed that half of the viewers of Huckleberry Hound were adults.  This prompted the company to create a new animated series, The Flintstones. A parody of The Honeymooners, the new show followed a typical Stone Age family with home appliances, talking animals, and celebrity guests.  With an audience of both children and adults, The Flintstones became the first animated prime-time show to be a hit. Fred Flintstone's signature exclamation "yabba dabba doo" soon entered everyday usage, and the show boosted the studio to the top of the TV cartoon field. The company later produced a futuristic version of The Flintstones, known as The Jetsons.  Although both shows reappeared in the 1970s and 1980s, The Flintstones was far more popular.

By the late 1960s, Hanna-Barbera Productions was the most successful television animation studio in the business. The Hanna-Barbera studio produced over 3000 animated half-hour television shows. Among the more than 100 cartoon series  they produced were The Quick Draw McGraw Show, Top Cat, Jonny Quest, The Magilla Gorilla Show, The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show, Scooby-Doo, Super Friends, and The Smurfs. The company also produced animated specials based on Alice in Wonderland, Jack and the Beanstalk, and Cyrano de Bergerac, as well as the feature-length films Charlotte's Web and Heidi's Song.

As popular as their cartoons were with 1960s audiences, they were disliked by artists.  Television programs had lower budgets than theatrical animation, and this economic reality caused many animation studios to go out of business in the 1950s and 1960s, putting many people in the industry out of work.  Hanna-Barbera was key in the development of an animation technique known as limited animation, which allowed television animation to be more cost-effective, but often reduced quality.  Hanna and Barbera had first experimented with these techniques in the early days of Tom and Jerry. To reduce the cost of each episode, shows often focused more on character dialogue than detailed animation.  The number of drawings for a seven-minute cartoon decreased from 14,000 to nearly 2,000, and the company implemented innovative techniques such as rapid background changes to improve viewing.  Critics criticized the change from detailed animation to repetitive movements by two-dimensional characters.  Barbera once said that their choice was to adapt to the television budgets or change careers. The new style did not limit the success of their animated shows, enabling Hanna-Barbera to stay in business, providing employment to many who would otherwise have been out of work. Limited animation paved the way for future animated series such as The Simpsons, SpongeBob SquarePants, and South Park.

In December 1966, Hanna-Barbera Productions was sold to Taft Broadcasting (renamed Great American Communications in 1987) for $12 million. Barbera and Hanna remained at the head of the company until 1991. At that point, the company was sold to the Turner Broadcasting System for an estimated $320 million. Turner began using Hanna-Barbera's television catalog as material for its new Cartoon Network cable channel in 1992, and by the mid-1990s Hanna-Barbera was producing several original series for Cartoon Network, among them Dexter's Laboratory and The Powerpuff Girls. In 1996, Turner merged with Time Warner, owners of Warner Bros., who would eventually absorb Hanna-Barbera into Warner Bros. Animation.

Barbera and Hanna continued to advise their former company and periodically worked on new Hanna-Barbera shows, including shorts for the series The Cartoon Cartoon Show and feature film versions of The Flintstones (1994) and Scooby-Doo (2002). In a new Tom and Jerry cartoon produced in 2000, The Mansion Cat, Barbera voiced the houseowner.

After Hanna's death from throat cancer in March 2001, Hanna-Barbera was absorbed into Warner Bros. Animation, with the unit dedicated to the Cartoon Network original series spun off into Cartoon Network Studios. Barbera remained active as an executive producer for Warner Bros. on direct-to-video cartoon features as well as television series such as What's New, Scooby-Doo? and Tom and Jerry Tales. He also wrote, co-storyboarded, co-directed and co-produced The Karate Guard (2005), the return of Tom and Jerry to the big screen. His final animated project was the direct-to-video feature Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007).

Legacy
Most of the cartoons Barbera and Hanna created revolved around close friendship or partnership; this theme is evident with Fred and Barney, Wilma Flintstone and Betty Rubble, Dick Dastardly and Muttley, Tom and Jerry, Scooby and Shaggy, Jake Clawson/Razor and Chance Furlong/T-Bone, The Jetson family and Yogi & Boo-Boo, as well as Cartoon Network characters created by Hanna-Barbera such as Johnny Bravo and Carl, Dexter and his supercomputer, the Powerpuff Girls, Cow and Chicken and their schoolmates Flem and Earl, I.M. Weasel and I.R. Baboon, and characters created by Hanna-Barbera successor Cartoon Network Studios such as Mordecai and Rigby from Regular Show, Finn and Jake from Adventure Time, Steven and the Gems from Steven Universe, the three titular protagonists from We Bare Bears and Tulip Olsen and One-One from Infinity Train, and even Cartoon Network shows not actually created by Hanna-Barbera itself such as Ed, Edd n Eddy, Courage the Cowardly Dog and the Bagges, the Sector V from Codename: Kids Next Door and the animated versions of Japanese pop rock group Puffy AmiYumi from Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi. These may have been a reflection of the close business friendship and partnership that Barbera and Hanna  shared for over 60 years. Professionally, they balanced each other's strengths and weaknesses very well, but Barbera and Hanna travelled in completely different social circles. Hanna's circle of personal friends primarily included other animators; Barbera socialized with Hollywood celebrities—Zsa Zsa Gabor was a frequent visitor to his house. Their division of work roles complemented each other but they rarely talked outside of work since Hanna was interested in the outdoors and Barbera liked beaches and good food and drink. Nevertheless, in their long partnership, in which they worked with over 2000 animated characters, Barbera and Hanna rarely exchanged a cross word. Barbera said: "We understood each other perfectly, and each of us had deep respect for the other's work." Hanna once said that Barbera could "capture mood and expression in a quick sketch better than anyone I've ever known."

Barbera and Hanna were also among the first animators to realize the enormous potential of television. Leonard Maltin says the Hanna–Barbera team "held a record for producing consistently superior cartoons using the same characters year after year—without a break or change in routine their characters are not only animated superstars, but also a very beloved part of American pop culture".  They are often considered Walt Disney's only rivals in cartoon animation.

Barbera and Hanna had a lasting impact on television animation. Cartoons they created often make greatest lists. Many of their characters have appeared in film, books, toys, and other media. Their shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in the 1960s and have been translated into more than 20 languages. The works of Barbera and Hanna have been praised not only for their animation, but for their music. The Cat Concerto (1946) and Johann Mouse (1952) have both been called "masterpieces of animation" largely because of their classical music.

In all, the Hanna–Barbera team won seven Academy Awards and eight Emmy Awards, including the 1960 award for The Huckleberry Hound Show, which was the first Emmy awarded to an animated series. They also won these awards: Golden Globe for Television Achievement (1960), Golden IKE Award – Pacific Pioneers in Broadcasting (1983), Pioneer Award – Broadcast Music Incorporated (1987), Iris Award – NATPE Men of the Year (1988), Licensing Industry Merchandisers' Association award for Lifetime Achievement (1988), Governors Award of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (1988), Jackie Coogan Award for Outstanding Contribution to Youth through Entertainment Youth in Film (1988), Frederic W. Ziv Award for Outstanding Achievement in Telecommunications – Broadcasting Division College – Conservatory of Music University of Cincinnati (1989), stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (1976), several Annie Awards, several environmental awards, and were recipients of numerous other accolades prior to their induction into the Television Hall of Fame in 1994. In March 2005 the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences and Warner Bros. Animation dedicated a wall sculpture at the Television Academy's Hall of Fame Plaza in North Hollywood to Hanna and Barbera.

In 1992, Barbera met with pop musician Michael Jackson, an avid cartoon fan, in an unsuccessful attempt to arrange for him to sing in Tom and Jerry: The Movie. Barbera drew five quick sketches of Tom and Jerry for Jackson and autographed them. Jackson autographed a picture of himself and his niece Nicole for Barbera with the words: "To my hero of yesterday, today, and tomorrow, with many thanks for all the many cartoon friends you gave me as a child. They were all I had. – Michael"

See also

 Golden age of American animation
 Tom and Jerry filmography
 List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions
 Peace on Earth (remade by Barbera and Hanna as Good Will to Men)
 Tom and Jerry awards and nominations

References

Further reading

External links

 Hanna Barbera Studios

 Mark Evanier's recollections
 National Public Radio Joe Barbera Obituary by Joe Bevilacqua
 1990 WNYC Radio Interview with Joe Barbera by Joe Bevilacqua

Category:1911 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:Animators from California
Category:Animators from New York (state)
Category:American animated film directors
Category:American animated film producers
Category:Animation screenwriters
Category:Film producers from New York (state)
Category:American storyboard artists
Category:Television producers from New York City
Category:American television directors
Category:Erasmus Hall High School alumni
Category:Film directors from New York City
Category:Hanna-Barbera people
Category:Voice directors
Category:People from Flatbush, Brooklyn
Category:Pratt Institute alumni
Category:American people of Italian descent
Category:American people of Sicilian descent
Category:Directors of Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
Category:Emmy Award winners
Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)


Oakland Beach, Rhode Island

Oakland Beach is a neighborhood located in the South Central area of Warwick, Rhode Island, on Greenwich Bay, a tributary of Narragansett Bay.  In the late 1800s, Oakland Beach was the site of the camp ground for the six day annual training encampment of the Rhode Island Militia.  Around 1895 the encampment was moved to a larger and better equipped facility at Quonset Point.

This densely populated community of small cottages was developed after World War I as a summer colony, largely for nearby Providence's middle-class Irish, Greek and Italian communities.

Oakland Beach reached its heyday in the 1930s when it boasted a bathing beach, boat docks and restaurants, as well as a Ferris wheel, and rail service to Providence and other nearby summer colonies. Popular local attractions included an arcade, carousel (merry go round) movie theater, bowling alley and dodgem cars, it also housed a skating rink run by the same people who ran the oldest family run skating rink in the country which replaced the one in Oakland Beach after the 1930s New England Hurricane.

The New England Hurricane of 1938, however, destroyed much of Oakland Beach. The area never quite recovered, and Hurricane Carol in 1954 added to the area's destruction. Over the years, Oakland Beach has become a destination where people come to attend the many activities on the green, park by the sea wall to enjoy the beautiful vista of Greenwich Bay, kayak the scenic coves, stroll the shoreline and dine at the restaurants. The most notable being Iggy's Doughboys and Chowderhouse, Iggy's Boardwalk and also Top of the Bay (which used to be the Governor's residence). New to the area is The Beach Cafe and Pub.

In the late 1980s a novelty song called Born in Oakland Beach was made which used the tune of Bruce Springsteen's ''Born in the USA.  It was played on local radio stations and referenced local landmarks like Veterans Memorial High School and Rocky Point.

References

External links
 Oakland Beach 1970
 Oakland Beach Slide Show

Category:Neighborhoods in Rhode Island
Category:Narragansett Bay
Category:Populated coastal places in Rhode Island
Category:Populated places in Providence County, Rhode Island


Theo Harding

Charles Theodore 'Theo' Harding (26 May 1860 – 13 July 1919) was an English-born international rugby union player who played club rugby for Newport and international rugby for Wales. Harding was an all-round sportsman and also captained Newport Hockey Club in their very first season.

Rugby career
Harding was one of the first Newport players and was given the captaincy of the club in the 1887/88 and the 1888/89 season. During the 1888 Harding twice faced the first overseas touring team the New Zealand Māoris. The first occasion was also Harding's first cap for Wales, when under the captaincy of Frank Hill, the Welsh team beat the tourists five points to nil. Four days later, on 26 December, Harding led his Newport team against the Māori's, but without star player and Welsh legend Arthur Gould, Newport's supporters were not optimistic of success. They were proven right when the Māoris won three tries to nil.

In 1889, Harding was selected to represent Wales twice as part of the Home Nations Championship. Wales lost both games of the tournament against Scotland and Ireland, and Harding was not chosen to represent his country again.

International matches played
Wales (rugby union)
  1889
  1888
  1889

Bibliography

References

Category:1860 births
Category:1919 deaths
Category:English rugby union players
Category:Newport RFC players
Category:Rugby union forwards
Category:Wales international rugby union players
Category:Welsh male field hockey players


Calotrophon turritus

Calotrophon turritus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

Description

Distribution

References

Category:Muricidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1919


Mugan plain

Mugan plain (Azeri: Muğan düzü, دشت مغان; ) is a plain in northwestern Iran and the southern part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The highest density of irrigation canals is in the section of the Mugan plain which lies in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is located on the bank of the Aras river extending to Iran.

The Mugan plain consists of five cities: Bilehard, Parsabad, Jafarabad, Germi and Aslan Duz. One third of the plain is located in Iran and the rest is in Azerbaijan.
From 1353 to 1372, Garmi was the center of this city. After that, Mugan was divided into three cities, Bilehayar, Garmi and Parsabad.
The soil of this plain is very fertile.

Alikemek-Tepesi

The ancient settlement of Alikemek-Tepesi (Alikemektepesi), dating to c. 5000 BC, is located in the Mugan plain, and covers an area of over 1 hectare. Early levels belonged to Shulaveri-Shomu culture.

See also
 Arran (Caucasus)

Notes

References
 MOḠĀN in Iranica

Category:Plains of Azerbaijan
Category:Plains of Iran


Hillforts in Scotland

Hillforts in Scotland are earthworks, sometimes with wooden or stone enclosures, built on higher ground, which usually include a significant settlement, built within the modern boundaries of Scotland. They were first studied in the eighteenth century and the first serious field research was undertaken in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century there were large numbers of archaeological investigations of specific sites, with an emphasis on establishing a chronology of the forts. Forts have been classified by type and their military and ritual functions have been debated.

They were introduced into Scotland during the Bronze Age from around 1000 BCE. The largest group are from the Iron Age, with over 1,000 hillforts, mostly below the Clyde-Forth line, most of which were abandoned during the period of Roman occupation of Britain. There are also large numbers of vitrified forts, which have been subjected to fire, many of which may date to this period and are found across Scotland. After Roman occupation in the early Middle Ages some hillforts were reoccupied and petty kingdoms were often ruled from smaller nucleated forts using defensible natural features, as at Edinburgh and Dunbarton.

Early studies

The first major study of Scottish hillforts was undertaken by General William Roy and published as The Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain in 1793. However, Roy recorded only native forts like Burnswark that had a close relationship to Roman constructions (in this case probably Roman practice siege camps), or which he wrongly attributed to be Roman in origin. George Chalmers' (1742–1825) first volume of Caledonia (1807) contained an arbitrary list of forts, but recognised that defences at Burnswark were not just in anticipation of Roman invasion, but to defend against native threats. He also recognised some of the relationships between major and subordinate sites, and the importance of intervisibility between sites. In 1851 the Scots-Canadian Daniel Wilson was the first person to use the term "pre-historic" in English, but he was dismissive of the significance of hillforts. The first serious field research in Scotland was undertaken by David Christison, in the decade preceding his Rhind lectures of 1894. This was the first comprehensive survey of hillforts in a region of Britain. It was critical of previous neglect of the subject and cautious in labelling all forts as prehistoric. His work was published in 1898 as Early Fortification of Scotland and became the model for subsequent national and regional studies.

In the twentieth century there were large numbers of archaeological investigations of specific sites, which formed the basis for an attempt to establish a chronology of the forts that would allow them to be fitted into a "defensive sequence" of invasion and occupation. Particularly important in Northern Britain was C. M. Piggott's investigation at Hownam Rings in the Cheviots (1948). This established the "Hownam model" for Iron Age forts of progressive complexity of enclosure. These began with simple palisades, developed into stone univallate defences (with a single rampart), then more complex multivallate walls (with multiple ramparts) and then finally the abandonment of these defences for stone-built roundhouses attributed to the Pax Romana in the first or second century BCE. This was challenged by Peter Hill on the basis of his excavations at Broxmouth near Edinburgh, from which he was able to suggest that the chronology of hill fort development was more complex and that stone-build houses pre-dated the arrival of the Romans. The introduction of reliable carbon dating in the late twentieth century allowed new approaches to be developed in which the defensive sequence was less prominent. The idea of developing enclosure, followed by a period of post-enclosure settlement developed in the Hownam model is still seen as having some validity.

Classification and function

A. H. A. Hogg identified four types of hillfort: contour forts, promontory forts, cliff forts and ridge forts. Contour forts, where banks and ditches are moulded to the shape of the hill, are the dominant form in Scotland. Less significant are promontory forts, usually employing coastal features, such as the largest one in Scotland at the Mull of Galloway. Different types of defensive style occurred throughout the Iron Age period, some of which may have been a response to Roman siege warfare. There were different combinations in the use of earth, stone or timber. Timber was frequently in-filled with stone or other materials. In continental Europe the timber is often arranged vertically, but in Scotland horizontal timbers were more common. The function of hillforts has been much debated. It was traditionally assumed that they were primarily defensive in nature, but in the late twentieth century this view began to be questioned and social, ritual and religious functions were emphasised.

Bronze Age

Bronze working developed in Scotland from about 2000 BCE. As elsewhere in Europe, it was in this period that hillforts of varying size and form were first introduced. Some had timber palisades and others ditches and ramparts. These included the occupation of Eildon hill near Melrose in the Scottish Borders, from around 1000 BCE, which accommodated hundreds of houses on a fortified hilltop. Traprain Law in East Lothian, had a 20-acre enclosure, sectioned in two places west of the summit, made up of a coursed, stone wall with a rubble core. The occupation of Castle Rock at Edinburgh and Burnswark in Dumfries and Galloway, also date from this time. Additionally, there were much smaller forts that were domestic in scale and which would have housed only one or two families. The function of these forts have been debated, with some stressing their military role and others their importance as symbolic centres of local society.

Iron Age

From about 700 BCE iron working reached Scotland. There is evidence for about 1,000 Iron Age hillforts in Scotland, most located below the Clyde-Forth line. The majority are circular, with a single palisade around an enclosure. They appear to have been largely abandoned in the Roman period, both in the occupied region and further north in the regions beyond Roman control. This may have been because of the threat posed by Roman incursions, which meant that concentrations of military and political force were vulnerable to incursions and siege. Archaeological evidence indicates that some were reoccupied after their departure.

There are also numerous vitrified forts, the walls of which have been subjected to fire, which may date to this period, but an accurate chronology has proven to be evasive. When first noted in the nineteenth century it was assumed that vitrification had been deliberately undertaken as part of the building process to harden walls, but this hypothesis was rejected by V. Gordon Childe in the 1940s and subsequent excavations have indicated that, since the debris from such walls fell on the deposits of occupation it could not have been part of the building process. Reconstructions have indicated the difficulty of deliberately firing timbers in this way, particularly in the prevailing climatic conditions in Scotland, and it is more likely that this was done as part of a process of fort destruction, either after conquest or when abandoned by the inhabitants. Extensive studies of such a fort at Finavon Hill near Forfar in Angus, suggest dates for the destruction of the site in either the last two centuries BCE, or the mid-first millennium CE. Excavations at Dunnideer, Aberdeenshire indicate a date for its destruction in the period 500–250 BCE.

Early Medieval

For the period after the departure of the Romans in the fifth century there is evidence of a series of new forts. According to archaeologist Leslie Alcock, warfare was perhaps the "principal social activity in Early Historic northern Britain", playing a major part in "contemporary prose and poetry", and for this reason hill forts of this period have been commonly thought of as defensive structures designed to repel attack. Some became the centres of competing kingdoms. These were often smaller "nucleated" constructions compared with those from the Iron Age, sometimes utilising major geographical features, as at Edinburgh, which was probably the main fortification of the Brythonic kingdom of the Gododdin, and Dunbarton rock, who gave its Brythonic name of Alt Clut to the kingdom that dominated the Strathclyde region in the post-Roman period. The northern British peoples utilised different forms of fort and the determining factors in construction were local terrain, building materials, and politico-military needs. The first identifiable king of the Picts, Bridei mac Maelchon () had his base at the fort of Craig Phadrig near modern Inverness. The Gaelic overkingdom of Dál Riata was probably ruled from the fortress of Dunadd, now near Kilmartin in Argyll and Bute.

See also
 List of hill forts in Scotland

References

Notes

Bibliography
  Alcock, L., Kings & Warriors, Craftsmen & Priests: In Northern Britain AD 550–850 (Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2003), .
  Alexander, D., "The oblong fort at Finavon, Angus" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, In the Shadow of the Brochs (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), .
  Bradley, R., The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), .
  Cunliffe, B., Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman Conquest (Routledge, 3rd edn., 2012), .
  Harding, D. W., The Iron Age in Northern Britain: Celts and Romans, Natives and Invaders (New York: Routledge, 2004), .
  Harding, D. W., Iron Age Hillforts in Britain and Beyond (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), .
  Haywood, J., The Celts: Bronze Age to New Age (London: Pearson Education, 2004), .
  Hogg, A. H. A., British Hill-forts (Hart-Davis, 1975), .
  Hunter, F., "War in Prehistory and the Impact of Rome" in E. M. Spiers, J. A. Crang and M. Strickland, eds, A Military History of Scotland (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012), .
  Konstam, A., Strongholds of the Picts: The Fortifications of Dark Age Scotland (Botley: Osprey, 2010), .
  Laing, L. R., The Archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland, C. AD 400–1200 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edn., 2006), .
  Lepage, J-D. G. G., British Fortifications Through the Reign of Richard III: An Illustrated History (McFarland, 2012), .
  Lynch, M., ed., Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press), .
  Moffat, A., Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History (London: Thames & Hudson, 2005), .
  Piggott, S., The Prehistoric Peoples of Scotland (London: Taylor & Francis, 1962) OCLC 560286204.

External links
Rampart Scotland research project

Category:Hill forts in the United Kingdom
Category:Scottish architecture
Category:Prehistoric Scotland


Jean-Baptiste Coclers

Jean-Baptiste Coclers (Maastricht, 14 October 1696 – Liège, 23 May 1772) was a Southern Netherlandish portrait painter and a painter of floral still lifes and historical subjects.

Life
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Coclers was born in Maastricht in 1696. He was the son and pupil of the Liège painter Philippe Coclers who then lived in Maastricht but in 1702 moved back to Liège.

From 1713 till 1729 he studied in Rome with Sebastiano Conca and Marco Benefial, and worked together with the landscape painter Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni.

After his Italian years, Coclers worked some time in Marseille (1729–31), where he painted a large fresco in the bourse (destroyed). From 1731 till 1738 he worked in Maastricht, after which he established himself in Liège, where he was made court painter of the prince-bishops Georges-Louis de Berghes, John Theodore of Bavaria and Charles-Nicolas d'Oultremont.

Jean-Baptiste Coclers died in 1772 as a wealthy man and a painter with a big reputation. After his death however, his reputation declined rapidly.

His son Louis Bernard Coclers also became a well-known painter. A second son, Philippe Henri Coclers van Wyck, established himself as a painter in Marseille and became director of the art academy there. His daughter, Marie-Lambertine Coclers, was known for engraving plates in the style of Adriaan van Ostade.

Works
 Portrait of a canon (1731), Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht;
 The apostle Peter (1737) in the church in Bemelen;
 Ceiling painting in the town hall of Maastricht (1737); removed in 1955 because of water damage, now in the Bonnefanten Museum;
 Chimney pieces in the town hall of Sint-Truiden;
 Unknown paintings in the town hall of Liège;
 Floral still life (1758) and other works in museum Grand Curtius in Liège.

References

Category:1692 births
Category:1762 deaths
Category:Artists from Maastricht
category:18th-century painters from the Principality of Liège


Siemens Charger

The Siemens Charger is a family of diesel-electric passenger locomotive designed and manufactured by Siemens Mobility for the North American market. Three models are being produced: the base SC-44 locomotive designed to haul traditional passenger cars in inter-city rail service, the SCB-40 locomotive designed to pair with the Siemens Viaggio Comfort passenger car trainset in inter-city rail service, and the ALC-42 locomotive designed to haul traditional passenger cars in long distance rail service.

The first production SC-44 unit was unveiled on March 26, 2016. The first SC-44 unit went into Amtrak revenue service on August 24, 2017, followed by the SCB-40, which inaugurated Brightline service on January 13, 2018.

Design
The Charger is powered by a Cummins 16-cylinder QSK95 4-stroke high speed diesel engine, which is designed to meet EPA Tier IV emissions standards that took effect in 2015. Power output varies by model; the SCB-40 produces , while the SC-44 produces .

The top speed in service as per PRIIA specifications is . The locomotive shares much of its overall design with Siemens' all-electric locomotives Vectron used in Europe and the ACS-64 used by Amtrak and SEPTA. Four Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power inverters carry electric current to each of the four AC traction motors. A static inverter off of the main prime mover supplies head-end power (HEP). The locomotive also features dynamic braking with regenerative capability, allowing the locomotive to divert power generated by dynamic braking away from the resistor grids to HEP and onboard locomotive auxiliary power demands.

In response to a 2013 Request for Information from Metro-North Railroad, Siemens said they might produce a dual-mode variant of the Charger with onboard energy storage for use by Metro-North and Long Island Rail Road, as well as intercity service on Amtrak's Empire Corridor.

California units have an aerodynamic spoiler on the rear roof that matches the height of bi-level California and Surfliner cars.

Service history

The first production SC-44 unit was unveiled on March 26, 2016. The first two Charger locomotives to leave Siemens' factory in Florin, California were transported to the Transportation Technology Center (TTCI) in Pueblo, Colorado in June 2016 and underwent testing of performance metrics such as acceleration and braking. The first Brightline SCB-40 locomotives were delivered in December 2016 to undergo testing in Florida.

In February 2017, Amtrak and WSDOT began testing one of the Midwest-bound locomotives for federal certification along the Cascades corridor in the Pacific Northwest. Test runs were conducted on the Midwest and Northern California routes in April and May. Testing at up to  at TTCI, on the corridors, and on the Northeast Corridor in September 2016 resulted in a federal certification for  operations.

Revenue testing on the Capitol Corridor and San Joaquins routes in Northern California began on May 25, 2017. During these tests, the trains operated with a second locomotive in case of failure. The Northern California units were formally accepted and approved for solo service on October 23, 2017. The SC-44 entered revenue testing on the Midwest routes in July 2017, with solo revenue service beginning on a Hiawatha Service train on August 24, 2017. Revenue service on the Cascades route began in November 2017.

On December 18, 2017, Washington state SC-44 #1402 was wrecked in a derailment of a Cascades train on the Point Defiance Bypass.

Brightline began revenue operations with its SCB-40 locomotives on January 13, 2018. The first Chargers for MARC began testing that month, and revenue service began on April 5, 2018. Pre-revenue testing began on the Pacific Surfliner in October 2018; revenue service began later that year.

Customers

Altamont Corridor Express
California regional commuter line Altamont Corridor Express ordered four SC-44 locomotives in April 2018, with deliveries expected to begin in December 2019.

Amtrak
Amtrak has ordered 75 Chargers, to be designated the ALC-42, to replace the aging GE Genesis on long-distance services. The order was placed on December 21, 2018, and Amtrak has an option to purchase up to 100 additional locomotives under the contract. The first of these locomotives is expected to enter service in 2021, with the order completed in 2024. The ALC-42 variant of the Charger will look very similar to the SC-44, but with some changes to make it better suited to long-distance services, including more onboard positive train control systems, a larger diesel fuel tank ( instead of ), a larger diesel exhaust fluid tank, and a larger sand tank.

Amtrak state-supported corridors

The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), in conjunction with its counterparts in California, Michigan, Missouri and Washington, purchased 32 SC-44 locomotives for state-supported corridor services, operated by Amtrak under contract.

The $225 million order placed in March 2014 included options for an additional 75 corridor-configured locomotives In 2015, IDOT ordered 12 additional units for use on the upgraded Lincoln Service corridor. California ordered 14 additional units in November 2015 for use on the Pacific Surfliner beginning in 2018, plus an additional 2 units in 2016 for the Northern California services. Several additional units were later added, for a total of 63 locomotives (32 base order and 39 option order): 22 for California, 8 for Washington state, and 33 for the Midwest states.

COASTER
In June 2018, the North County Transit District Board of Directors approved the purchase of five SC-44s for its San Diego-area COASTER commuter rail service. Deliveries are expected to begin in August 2020 and conclude in the spring of 2021. In 2019, the Board approved the purchase of two additional units (pending funding) to allow increased service levels.

MARC
MARC announced in August 2015 that it was seeking $58 million to purchase eight locomotives to replace their aging electric powered AEM-7 units, with deliveries planned for late 2017. The purchase was approved by the Maryland Board of Public Works on September 16, 2015. The MARC order uses part of the Amtrak state-corridor options. The first MARC Charger was shipped from the Siemens factory in early December 2017, and began testing in mid-January 2018.

VIA Rail Canada
In December 2018, VIA Rail Canada ordered 32 bi-directional trainsets powered by SCB-40 locomotives from Siemens for use on the Québec City–Windsor Corridor.

Virgin Trains USA

In September 2014, Virgin Trains USA, then named Brightline, purchased ten SCB-40 locomotives with options for an additional eleven. The locomotives are used in pairs, bookending four passenger cars (expandable to seven) between MiamiCentral and Brightline West Palm Beach station, with a future expansion planned to Orlando International Airport Intermodal Terminal. The Brightline locomotives are built with a streamlined front end, concealing the front coupler behind doors, and produce a maximum of  instead of the  on the SC-44.

Possible future orders
In July 2018, Metro-North Rail Commuter Council’s vice chairman announced that the agency is considering purchasing 15 SC-44 locomotives to replace the current fleet of locomotives for the Port Jervis Line. Chargers are planned (but have not been purchased) for the Northern Lights Express, a proposed higher-speed passenger service in Minnesota.

See also
 EMD F125

References

Further reading

External links

Siemens Charger data sheet
Raw Footage of Siemens Charger SC-44 4601 Cummins QSK95 Testing (YouTube)

Category:Siemens locomotives
Category:Bo-Bo locomotives
Category:Passenger locomotives
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of the United States
Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 2014
Category:EPA Tier 4-compliant locomotives of the United States
Category:Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Canada


Hesychopa molybdica

Hesychopa molybdica is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Turner in 1940. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

References

Category:Moths described in 1940
Category:Lithosiini
Category:Moths of Australia


2002–03 Croatian Second Football League

The 2002–03 Druga HNL (also known as 2. HNL) season was the 12th season of Croatia's second level football since its establishment in 1992. The league was contested in two regional groups (North Division and South Division), with 12 clubs each.

North Division

First stage

Play-off Group

Play-out Group

South Division

First stage

Play-off Group

Play-out Group

Promotion play-off

Marsonia and Inker Zaprešić, winners of the North and South Division, qualified for a two-legged promotion play-off, which took place on 28 May and 1 June 2003. The tie ended in a 4–4 aggregate score and Marsonia won it on away goals, thereby earning promotion to the Prva HNL for the following season.

However, Inker had another chance for promotion, as the losing team from the promotion play-off played another two-legged tie against the 11th placed team of Prva HNL, Pomorac. Inker won 3–1 on aggregate and was promoted to 2003–04 Prva HNL.

See also
2002–03 Prva HNL
2002–03 Croatian Cup

External links
2002–03 in Croatian Football at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
Official website

Category:Croatian Second Football League seasons
Cro
Drug