Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988

The Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988 was a United States Senate bill to punish Iraq for chemical weapons attacks on the Kurds at Halabja during the Iran–Iraq War. It was defeated after intense lobbying of Congress by the Reagan-Bush White House which then supported Iraq's Saddam Hussein as a counterbalance to post-revolutionary Iran.

Background
In the Halabja poison gas attack of March 16–March 17, 1988, Iraqi government forces used chemical weapons against the Iraqi Kurdish town of Halabja - killing 3,200-5,000, most of them civilians. This was during the Iran–Iraq War, in which the US government supported Iraq's Saddam Hussein.

On learning of the use of poison gas on Kurdish civilians the US government sought to obscure the facts by falsely suggesting Iran bore equal responsibility - and opposed any sanctions against Iraq.

Support and defeat
Peter W. Galbraith, then a staff member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations drafted the bill.  Senators Claiborne Pell, Jesse Helms, Christopher S. Bond, Wendell H. Ford, Al Gore, Carl Levin, Richard G. Lugar and William Proxmire sponsored it.

The bill aimed to punish Iraq by embargoing all dual-use technological exports, stopping all Export-Import bank credits, banning US imports of Iraqi oil, and mandating US opposition to any loans by the International Monetary Fund or any other multilateral financial institution.

The bill was defeated – in part due to intense lobbying of Congress by the Reagan-Bush White House and a veto threat from President Reagan.  U.S. Representative Bill Frenzel publicly opposed it, arguing it was unlikely to prevent genocide but sure to cause Americans economic loss.

Later significance
The history of the bill marks legal efforts to deter genocide, or punish those responsible.  American politicians later cited the Halabja poison gas attack to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

See also
Chemical Ali

References

Category:1988 in law
Category:Iraq–United States relations
Category:United States proposed federal legislation


Tyrone GAA

The Tyrone County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (), or Tyrone GAA, is one of the 32 county boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association in Ireland. It is responsible for Gaelic games in County Tyrone and for Tyrone inter-county teams.

Gaelic football

History

Tyrone won their first Ulster Championship in 1956, defending it successfully in 1957. They did not win a third Ulster title until 1973. The Tyrone Minors, however, won the All-Ireland in 1947, 1948 and 1973. 1973 is remembered because Frank McGuigan, who captained the minor team, was also part of the Under-21 and Senior teams that won their Ulster Championships.

Tyrone first tasted success in the mid-eighties with a team that included McGuigan, Eugene McKenna, Plunkett Donaghy and John Lynch. They won their fourth Ulster title in 1984, and in 1986 they reached their first All-Ireland final, where they were beaten by Kerry, 2-15 to 1-10. They added another Ulster championship in 1989, beating Donegal in the final replay.

In 1994, Tyrone were defeated in the Ulster Final by Down, but their forward Peter Canavan was Ulster's top scorer, winning his first All Star Award. The following year they reached their second All-Ireland final. Dublin won the 1995 final 1–10 to 0–12, in a match that was notable both for Canavan scoring 11 of Tyrone's 12 points, and for Dublin's Charlie Redmond failing to leave the pitch for a full minute after being sent off for a foul. In 1996, Tyrone again met Down in the Ulster final, this time emerging victorious.

In 1998, the Tyrone Minors won the All-Ireland final for the first time in fifteen years, with a team that included future senior team players Cormac McAnallen, Stephen O'Neill and Ryan McMenamin. McAnallen also captained the Under-21s to successive All-Ireland titles in 2000 and 2001.

2003 saw the introduction of the new Tyrone Manager, Mickey Harte. Harte took Tyrone to victory in the All-Ireland championship in his first year. They beat Down in the Ulster final after a replay, with Harte switching McAnallen from midfield to full back after the drawn match. They beat Fermanagh in the All-Ireland quarter-finals, before overpowering Kerry in the semi-final to win by 0–13 to 0–6. The 2003 final saw Tyrone pitted against neighbours and rivals Armagh, the reigning Champions. It was the first All-Ireland Football Final between sides from the same province. Tyrone ran out 0–12 to 0–09 winners to lift the Sam Maguire Cup for the first time. 2003 also saw Tyrone win the National Football League for the second successive year.

Tragedy struck the following year with the sudden death of Cormac McAnallen, at the age of 24. Tyrone, however, came back the following year to win the title for the second time. They played five matches in the Ulster championship, including replays in the second round against Cavan and the final against Armagh, which they lost. Having beaten Monaghan in the qualifiers, Tyrone had yet another drawn game in the quarter-final, against Dublin – a match notable for Owen Mulligan's stunning solo goal. In the semi-final, they met Armagh for the third time, winning 1–13 to 1–12 with an injury-time free kick by Peter Canavan. In the 2005 final, they defeated Kerry for the second time in three years to win the All-Ireland, sparking emotional scenes among the Tyrone team and fans, in remembrance of Cormac McAnallen.

Tyrone won their eleventh Ulster title in 2007, but lost to Meath in the All-Ireland quarter-final. They lost their Ulster quarter-final to Down in 2008, but came back via the qualifiers to win their third All-Ireland, beating Kerry 1–15 to 0–14 in the 2008 All-Ireland Final. They reached the semi-final in 2009, when they were beaten by Cork; in 2013, when they were beaten by Mayo; in 2015, when they were beaten by Kerry; and 2017, when they were beaten by Dublin. They won their fifteenth Ulster Championship in 2017.

Current squad
Manager: Mickey Harte
Coach: Gavin Devlin, Fergal McCann, Stephen O'Neill

Squad as per Tyrone v Kerry, 2019 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Semi-Final, 11 August 2019

Honours

All-Ireland Senior Football Championships: 3
2003, 2005, 2008
The Mark McGlinn Memorial Trophys: 5
1991, 1992, 2000, 2001, 2015
All-Ireland Minor Football Championships: 8
1947, 1948, 1973, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2010
All-Ireland Junior Football Championships: 1
 1968
All-Ireland Under -17 Football Championships: 1
 2017
All-Ireland Vocational Schools Championships: 9
1967, 1969, 1970, 1988, 1989, 1998, 2004, 2005, 2007
National Football Leagues: 2
2002, 2003
National Football Leagues Division Two: 2
1972–73, 2016
Ulster Senior Football Championships: 15
1956, 1957, 1973, 1984, 1986, 1989, 1995, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2016, 2017
Ulster Under-21 Football Championships: 12
1972, 1973, 1980, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2015
Ulster Minor Football Championships: 23
1931, 1934, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1967, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1988, 1993, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012
Ulster Junior Football Championships: 3
1968, 1983, 1986
Dr. McKenna Cups: 17
1957, 1973, 1978, 1982, 1984, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020
Dr Lagan Cups: 3
1943, 1957, 1958

All Stars
Tyrone have 49 All Stars.
 1980: K. McCabe
 1984: E. McKenna, F. McGuigan
 1986: J. Lynch, P. Donaghy, D. O'Hagan, E. McKenna (2nd All Star)
 1989: E. McKenna (3rd)
 1994: P. Canavan
 1995: F. Devlin, P. Canavan (2nd)
 1996: F. McConnell, P. Canavan (3rd)
 2001: S. O'Neill
 2002: P. Canavan (4th)
 2003: C. McAnallen, C. Gormley, P. Jordan, S. Cavanagh, B. Dooher, B. McGuigan, P. Canavan (5th)
 2004: S. Cavanagh (2nd)
 2005: R. McMenamin, C. Gormley (2nd), P. Jordan (2nd), S. Cavanagh (3rd), B. Dooher (2nd), P. Canavan (6th), O. Mulligan, S. O'Neill (2nd)
 2008: C. Gormley (3rd), J. McMahon, D. Harte, P. Jordan (3rd), E. McGinley, B. Dooher (3rd), S. Cavanagh (4th)
 2009: S. O'Neill (3rd)
 2010: P. Jordan (4th)
 2013: S. Cavanagh (5th)
 2015: M. Donnelly
 2016: M. Donnelly (2nd), P.Harte
 2017: C.Cavanagh
 2018: C Cavanagh (2nd), P Hampsey
 2019: R. McNamee, C. McShane

Hurling
Gerry Goodwin of Tyrone won the 1982 All-Ireland Poc Fada Championship.

Honours
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championships: None
All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championships: None
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championships: 2010 (All-Ireland C) 1990 (All-Ireland C)
All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championships: None
National Hurling League Div 4: 2011
Ulster Senior Hurling Championships: None
Ulster Under-21 Hurling Championships: None
Ulster Minor Hurling Championships: None
Ulster Junior Hurling Championships: 3
1995, 1996, 1999
Lory Meagher Cup: 2
2009, 2012
Nicky Rackard Cup: 1
 2014

Camogie
High point of the Tyrone camogie story was the run of Eglish to the 1991 All-Ireland Senior Club Camogie Championship final. Led by the Jordan sisters they pulled off two of the shocks of the century in defeating Loughgiel in the Ulster final by 3–7 to 2–4 and then defeating Celtic of Dublin in the All Ireland semi-final, but lost the final heavily against Mullagh from Galway

Tyrone qualified for the All Ireland junior final of 1980 against Cork, defeating Armagh, Antrim and Louth in their path to the final. Ursula Jordan was the outstanding player of the era and in the history of camogie in the county, and was selected for Ulster's Gael Linn Cup inter-provincial team. Ann Jordan, Sheila Burke and Paula Vallely were other notable players from the 1980s. Vera Campbell refereed the All Ireland senior finals of 1939, 1940 and 1943.

Tyrone won the Máire Ní Chinnéide Cup in 2008 and the fourth division of the National Camogie League in 2010.

Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010–2015, "Our Game, Our Passion," five new camogie clubs were established in the county in 2015.

Kit evolution

Images

References

External links

 The Tyrone Gaelic games magazine
 Tyrone on Hoganstand.com
 National and provincial titles won by Tyrone teams
 Club championship winners
 Tyrone GAA site
 Red Hands
 An Caisleán Glas CLG – First Club in Tyrone to win an All-Ireland Club medal

Category:Gaelic games governing bodies in Northern Ireland
Category:Gaelic games governing bodies in Ulster


Television Centre, London

Television Centre (TVC) is a building complex in White City, West London, that was the headquarters of BBC Television between 1960 and 2013. After a refurbishment, the complex reopened in 2017 with three studios in use for TV production, operated by BBC Studioworks. The first BBC staff moved into the Scenery Block in 1953, and the centre was officially opened on 29 June 1960. It is one of the most readily recognisable facilities of its type, having appeared as the backdrop for many BBC programmes. Parts of the building are Grade II listed, including the central ring and Studio 1.

Most of the BBC's national television and radio news output came from Television Centre, and in later years most recorded television was output from the nearby Broadcast Centre at 201 Wood Lane, care of Red Bee Media. Live television events from studios and routing of national and international sporting events took place within Television Centre before being passed to the Broadcast Centre for transmission.

The building is  west of central London, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. The nearest Underground stations are White City and Wood Lane.

The BBC announced in 2010 that it would cease broadcasting from Television Centre in 2013. In July 2012 it was announced that the complex had been sold to property developers Stanhope plc, who said that the new Television Centre development would "pay homage to the original use of the building", and that the new Television Centre would be opened up to the public, offering entertainment and leisure facilities and approximately 1,000 new homes.

History

On Friday 1 April 1949 Norman Collins, the Controller of the BBC Television Service, announced at the Television Society's annual dinner at The Waldorf Hilton, London that a new TV centre would be built in Shepherd's Bush. London broadcasts at the time came from Alexandra Palace and Lime Grove Studios (from 1949). It was to be the largest television centre in the world. Riverside Studios in Hammersmith were used from 1954.

It was planned to be , but turned out to be twice the size. On 24 August 1956 the main contract was awarded to Higgs and Hill, which also built The London Studios for ITV which opened in 1972. Television Centre was planned to cost £9m.

When it opened, the Director of BBC television was Gerald Beadle, and the first programme broadcast was First Night with David Nixon in Studio Three.

In 1997, the BBC News Centre was opened, in a new complex at the front of the building. The decision to move radio news to this building was attributed to Director General John Birt, a move that was resisted by the managing director of BBC Radio, Liz Forgan, who resigned after failing to dissuade the governors. Birt's decision caused problems; for example some politicians accustomed to travelling to interviews at Broadcasting House in Central London were reluctant to make the journey to White City, despite being only  west.

The building

Circular shape

The building featured a central circular block (officially known as the Main Block, but often referred to by staff as the "doughnut") around which were studios, offices, engineering areas and the News Centre. In the centre of the main block was a statue designed by T.B. Huxley-Jones of Helios, the Greek god of the sun, to symbolise the radiation of television around the world. At the foot of the statue were two reclining figures, symbolising sound and vision, the components of television. It was originally a fountain, but owing to the building's unique shape it was too noisy for the staff in the overlooking offices, and there were problems with water leakage into the videotape area which for a long time was directly beneath. Even though there was a foundation stone marked 'BBC 1956' in the basement of the main building, construction began in 1951. Various extensions have been added.

Increasingly the BBC had to seek accommodation elsewhere, such as the nearby BBC White City complex comprising White City One, a 25,000 square metre office building, and the adjacent Broadcast and Media Centres. With the migration of staff and functions to complexes in Salford and London W1, White City One was mothballed in March 2013.

Design

The overall design from the air appeared to resemble a question mark in shape. The architect, Graham Dawbarn, CBE (Norman & Dawbarn), drew a question mark on an envelope (now held by the BBC Written Archives Centre) while thinking about the design of the building, and realised that it would be an ideal shape for the site. An article in The BBC Quarterly, July 1946, proposed a circular design, several years before Dawbarn drew up his plans.

The building was commissioned in 1949 with work starting in 1950. However government restrictions on building, through its loan sanction and licensing of materials, ensured that building work was halted until 1953. Intended as stopgaps, the BBC remodelled the former Gaumont Studios at Lime Grove and the Riverside Studios in Hammersmith. In 1953, the Shepherd's Bush Empire began to be used for television broadcasts. Work resumed in 1953 on the TVC scenery block (Stage 1) and work began in 1954 on the canteen block (Stage 2), which doubled as a rehearsal space.

Work on Stage 3, the central circular office block and studios, began in March 1955 on TC4, 5 and 2. The shells of TC1, TC6 and TC7 were constructed around the same time but they were not fitted out until a few years later. BBC Television Centre officially opened with TC3 operational on 29 June 1960.

Arthur Hayes worked on the building from 1956 to 1970 and was responsible for the creation of the original  'BBC Television Centre' lettering on the façade of Studio 1. The lettering was later used all over the building, even in tile work outside lift entrances. Demands from Broadcasting House meant that Hayes had less time than he had thought to design a decor for the façade, leading to him puncturing a scale foam model of the wall with drawing pins, and thus the birth of the iconic 'Atomic Dots': there are 26 across the façade of Studio 1, each one backlit and clearly visible at night.

Current studios

In later years, the centre's studios were run by BBC Studios and Post Production (now renamed BBC Studioworks), a wholly owned commercial subsidiary. The studios vary in size. All studios were usually abbreviated to initials, such as TC1 (Television Centre 1) for Studio 1.

The studios host a wide variety of TV programmes for a range of broadcasters, including Strictly Come Dancing, Harry Hill's TV Burp, Match of the Day, Later... with Jools Holland, Miranda, The Alan Titchmarsh Show, The Armstrong and Miller Show and 8 Out of 10 Cats, and big complex live productions such as Children in Need and Comic Relief. Over the years they were home to some of Britain's best known television programmes including Fawlty Towers, Monty Python's Flying Circus, Blue Peter, Absolutely Fabulous, the original Doctor Who series and most of the best known BBC drama series. From the 1980s the use of the complex for such productions declined with the last major drama series to be shot there being The House of Eliott, which ended in 1994, and the last single drama recorded was Henry IV, Part 1, in 1995. The reason for the decline was because drama productions (except for soap operas) shifted almost entirely onto film or single-camera video, and Television Centre was a video-based, multi-camera production environment.

Studio 1

995 square metres (10,250 ft²)

Opened on 15 April 1964 and was the fourth largest television studio in Britain (following Fountain Studios' Studio A&B, dock10's Studio 1 and The Maidstone Studios' Studio 1), and was equipped for HDTV production (as were Studio 4, Studio 6 and Studio 8). It was reopened on 1 September 2017. Studio 1 is the home of shows including Sounds Like Friday Night, The Graham Norton Show, Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, The Jonathan Ross Show, The Russell Howard Hour, Blind Date and The Last Leg.

Studio 2
223 square metres (2,400 ft²)

Opened in late 1960, it housed comedy programmes such as That Was The Week That Was. It was not initially converted to colour and closed in 1969, with the space being used as storage, but reopened in 1981. It was used by BBC News until they moved in 1997, and has played host to the Sport and Children's department. It was the main studio used for Blue Peter for the 2007 and 2008 series. It was vacated following the move of both departments to dock10. It was reopened on 1 September 2017. Studio 2 is currently the home of the ITV programmes Loose Women, Peston and Lorraine, in addition to Channel 4's Sunday Brunch.

Studio 3
594 square metres (6,390 ft²)

Opened on 29 June 1960, it was designed as a drama studio and had customised panels and fittings. The walls were slightly thicker to insulate it from noise from the Hammersmith & City line (then still part of the Metropolitan line) of the London Underground. It was the first studio to be completed and was upgraded to colour in 1969. It was reopened on 1 September 2017. Studio 3 currently broadcasts ITV programmes Good Morning Britain and This Morning. It was one of two studios that hosted the 1963 Eurovision Song Contest the other being Studio 4.

Former studios

At 19:00 on 22 March 2013, a special edition of The One Show was broadcast from the front of Television Centre followed by the building's last live broadcast Madness Live: Goodbye Television Centre and special programming to mark the end of the BBC at TVC, with the official last day at the end of that month, before it reopened in September 2017.

In April 2013 an unsuccessful campaign was started to keep studios TC4 to TC8 open.

Studio 0
117 square metres (1,260 ft²)

Opened in 1989, productions included for UK Play and during its later life was equipped for producing virtual reality programmes. It was home to Liquid News between 2000 and 2002 and CBeebies in vision continuity between 2002 and 2007. After that it was used by BBC Research. The studio was demolished as part of the redevelopment of Television Centre.

Studio 4
585 square metres (6,300 ft²)

Opened in January 1961, TC4 was similar in design and layout to its neighbour, TC3. It was designed as a light entertainment studio and contained a rather unusual sound system called ambiophony. It was upgraded to colour in 1970 and to HD and surround sound in 2008. It was home to many BBC sitcoms and the talk show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross. This studio was demolished during the redevelopment of Television Centre.

Programmes recorded or transmitted included:

Never Mind the Buzzcocks
Later... with Jools Holland
Embarrassing Bodies: Live from the Clinic
Harry Hill's TV Burp
A Question of Sport
Celebrity Mastermind
The Alan Titchmarsh Show
Room 101
Strictly Come Dancing
Noel's House Party
Parkinson
Dead Ringers
Little Britain
Clarkson
Record Breakers
Only Fools and Horses
Blackadder
The Hairy Bikers' Cook Off
The Paul Daniels Magic Show
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
The National Lottery: In It to Win It
The Impressions Show with Culshaw and Stephenson
The Forsyte Saga
Blue Peter
Sam & Mark's Big Friday Wind-UpYes Minister-Yes Prime MinisterZ-CarsPlay for TodayGolden BallsTop of the PopsStudio 5
223 square metres (2,400 ft²)

Opened in August 1961, it was used for the first half of its life by broadcasts from BBC Schools. There was an adjacent area used for schools programming that linked in with the studio. It was converted to colour around 1973, about the same time as schools broadcasts as a whole. It was closed briefly during the mid-1980s, and reopened in 1987 following a two-year refurbishment. It was the home of BBC Sport's programmes until 2012 when the Sports department moved to MediaCityUK. This studio was demolished during the redevelopment of Television Centre.

Programmes recorded or transmitted included:Match of the DayFootball FocusCrimewatchJackanoryGrandstandAsk the FamilyCall My BluffHolidayWatchdogPlay SchoolThe Old Grey Whistle TestStudio 6

598 square metres (6,440 ft²)

Opened in July 1967 to coincide with BBC Two's switch to colour. It was the first to be equipped with colour cameras. It was a strange design: it was originally designed to be split in two by a large removable wall, but this idea was abandoned. The gallery was moved in 1993 and the old gallery became home to the BBC Red Button control room. Upgraded to HD in July 2010, the first 3D capable studio in the UK. Home to children's programmes Live & Kicking and Dick and Dom in da Bungalow, and Pointless. This studio was demolished during the redevelopment of Television Centre.

Programmes recorded or transmitted included:PointlessMock the WeekNever Mind the BuzzcocksAlan Carr: Chatty ManThe Paul O'Grady Show8 Out of 10 Cats10 O'Clock LiveChris Moyles' Quiz NightSam & Mark's Big Friday Wind UpLive & KickingThe Saturday ShowDick & Dom in da BungalowThe Liver BirdsMy FamilyPennies from HeavenDoctor WhoThe Good LifeThe GoodiesRentaghostBlue PeterJuliet BravoBomber HarrisA Bit of Fry & LaurieThey Think It's All OverRory BremnerTwo Pints of Lager and a Packet of CrispsBig BreakStudio 7

223 square metres (2,400 ft²)

Opened in 1962 and was used for a variety of programmes. Home to children's programming such as Going Live!, before being home to BBC News in 1997. It was the home of the BBC Breakfast programme until 2012 and the BBC News at Six bulletin until 2013, with other bulletins based at N6 in the News Centre. It was vacated on 15 March 2013, following the refit of the extension to Broadcasting House, to where the BBC News department and newsroom moved. This studio was demolished during the redevelopment of Television Centre.

Programmes recorded or transmitted included:Business BreakfastBBC BreakfastWorking LunchHARDtalkNewsroundSportsroundNewsnightNewsnight ReviewMatch of the Day KickaboutThe Andrew Marr ShowBreakfast with FrostOn the RecordThe Politics ShowBBC News at SixSwap ShopSaturday SuperstoreGoing LiveButterfliesTo the Manor BornPlay SchoolBob's Full HouseChuckleVisionShooting StarsThe Stand Up ShowThe Late ShowBodger & BadgerStudio 8
602 square metres (6,480 ft²)

Opened in 1967, noted as the best studio for television producers to use. It was the size that most programmes wanted and, building on the experience when building the other studios, was the best. The galleries and studios were laid out perfectly and in a layout producers liked. It became the studio for comedy and sitcoms, because of its audience seating arrangements and size. It was converted to HD in January 2007. This studio was demolished during the redevelopment of Television Centre.

Programmes recorded or transmitted included:MirandaNot Going OutNever Mind the BuzzcocksTipping PointA Question of SportPiers Morgan's Life StoriesFive Minutes to a FortunePets NationMorecambe & WiseThe Dick Emery ShowSykesThe Two RonniesAbsolutely FabulousMonty Python's Flying CircusKeeping Up AppearancesAre You Being Served?It Ain't Half Hot MumOpen All HoursCitizen SmithUp PompeiiPorridgeIn Sickness and in HealthThe Les Dawson ShowFawlty TowersThe Fall and Rise of Reginald PerrinNot the Nine O'Clock NewsBlankety BlankBreadHi-de-Hi!The Russ Abbot ShowAlas Smith and Jones'Allo 'AlloBirds of a FeatherMay to DecemberJust Good FriendsHole in the WallEver Decreasing CirclesVictoria Wood As Seen on TVFrench and SaundersOne Foot in the GraveKnowing Me Knowing You with Alan PartridgeDinnerladiesAuntie's BloomersThe National Lottery DrawsThe Catherine Tate ShowStudio 9
84 square metres (900 ft²)

Built in 1955 as a foyer area of the restaurant block, becoming a store area, converted to a studio in 1996 for Children's BBC. The location was highly convenient: it allowed the invision continuity to be relocated from the "Broom Cupboard" (continuity announcer's booth) to a roomier studio. It opened onto the Blue Peter Garden allowing presentation to take place there. It was an odd shape, and was used for invision continuity for CBBC until 2004, when they broadcast links for the CBBC Channel only. All invision continuity was dropped in 2006, and it was used for programmes such as Sam & Mark's TMi Friday and SMart. This studio was demolished during the redevelopment of Television Centre.

Studio 10
111 square metres (1,200 ft²)

Opened as N1 in September 1969, it was used for the BBC1 daytime news bulletins, and the home of BBC World (previously BBC World Service News) from 1993. Closed in spring 1999 when news bulletins moved to the News Centre section of Television Centre, and renamed as TC10. Used for some programmes by channel UK Play until the station's closure. Between 2004 and 2006 it was used for in-vision continuity for CBBC on BBC One and BBC Two, before being used by some programming for CBBC such as Level Up. From 2010 to 2011 it was the home of CBeebies. This studio was demolished during the redevelopment of Television Centre.

Studio 11
186 square metres (2,000 ft²)

Opened as N2 in September 1969, and the same size as N1, it was used for the BBC2 daytime news bulletins. Extended in 1985 to include props store and adjacent lobby, it became home to the Six O'Clock and Nine O'Clock News. In spring 1999, following the completion of the News Centre spur of Television Centre, the news moved out and it was renamed TC11. In 2002 it became home to Liquid News and later to the other BBC Three news programmes 60 Seconds and The 7 O'Clock News. It briefly played host to the domestic BBC News bulletins while their studios were refurbished in 2006, before becoming general purpose. It was home to Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two until December 2011. This studio was demolished during the redevelopment of Television Centre.

Studio 12
56 square metres (600 ft²)

Originally a music store, converted into a studio in 2004 for CBBC programmes. Used for Sportsround for some years, but converted into presentation studio in 2006. Used for in-vision continuity for CBBC and changed into an in-vision continuity studio in summer 2007. The set was transferred to a mini studio in the East Tower. It was used by BBC Research This studio was demolished during the redevelopment of Television Centre.

Pres A
65 square metres (704 ft²)

Opened in 1960, designed for in-vision continuity for BBC 1, but was used as such for only three years. Became weather studio prior to the move to the BBC Weather Centre in 1990 (also in Television Centre), following which it was used by Children's BBC to supplement presentation from the 'Broom Cupboard', and was used for slots such as birthdays and public holidays. Became full-time home of Children's BBC in 1994 following the vacation of the 'Broom Cupboard'. It closed following CBBC's move to TC9 and was converted back into office space.

Pres B
65 square metres (704 ft²)

Opened in 1964, designed for in-vision continuity for BBC 2, but that did not use in-vision continuity for more than a few months after launch. Became a general purpose studio housing small productions such as Points of View, the Film series with Barry Norman and The Old Grey Whistle Test. It closed in 1996 and was converted back into office space.

News studios
In addition to these studios, BBC News used a number of studios for the frequent news bulletins. These studios have a different naming system owing to their permanent usage and were not included on most studio lists, as they were unavailable for hire.

 N1 – Previously BBC One daytime bulletins. Became TC10
 N2 – Previously BBC Two daytime bulletins. Became TC11
 N3 – Small studio off main newsroom, before being made part of newsroom, separated by glass panels.
 N4 – Studio, became part of the BBC Club bar
 N5 – Originally studio for BBC Arabic Television service, which closed in 1996. It was a storeroom until 2001 when it was used for the BBCi service, then from 2007 as a home for Click prior to its move to Broadcasting House in 2012.
 N6 – Formerly home to BBC News at One, BBC News at Ten and the BBC News channel.
 N8 – Home to BBC World News prior to its move to Broadcasting House in 2013, and by the BBC News channel from 1999 to 2008. BBC News channel still used the studio to allow the BBC News at Ten to rehearse in N6 until 2013
 N9 – Home to BBC World News until 2008, used as a contingency when N6/N8 unavailable due to technical work and for election coverage
 N10 – Formerly used by BBC Three to produce 60 SecondsThese studios were located in Stage 5 & Stage 6, commonly known as the BBC News Centre.  BBC News moved out of Stage 6 in 2013 to the new BBC News Centre at New Broadcasting House in Central London.  After redevelopment, Stage 6 became the new home to the commercial arm of the BBC, BBC Worldwide.

There was no N7, to avoid confusion with TC7, which housed 'big' news programmes such as BBC Breakfast, Working Lunch, and Newsnight.

Infrastructure

In February 1996, the electricity and heating were transferred to a European Gas Turbines (EGT) 4.9MWe Typhoon gas turbine combined heating, power and cooling unit. It included a 6MW Thermax air conditioning (cooling) vapour absorption machine (VAM). The £6m HVAC system reduced energy costs by 35%, and paid for itself within three years. A second turbine was added, without a second chimney. However, in 2008 the BBC admitted that the energy system was being used for emergency purposes only as it had become cost-ineffective to use full-time. Excess electricity produced at night has not been returned to the National Grid, as originally planned. In November 2003, the turbine's chimneys caught fire, bringing TV output to a halt. After the fire the turbines were no longer used regularly.

Listed status

The development of the Westfield shopping centre nearby led to a sharp rise in property prices and placed the Television Centre under threat. In February 2008, with an amendment in November, English Heritage requested listed status for the scenery workshop, the canteen block adjoining the Blue Peter Garden, and the central building. Previously, under a longstanding deal between the BBC and English Heritage the building was not listed to allow the BBC to make changes necessary in a broadcasting centre. In return, the BBC agreed that if it left, the fabric of the building would be restored to its mid-1960s state, and English Heritage would list notable features.

On 17 June 2009 the Central Ring of the building and Studio 1, noting in particular the John Piper mosaic, central drum with its mosaic tiles, the Huxley-Jones gilded statue of Helios, full-height glazing of the stair and original clock in the Central Ring, received Grade II listed status from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The 'atomic dots' and name of Studio 1, and the cantilevered porch on its exterior were noted as important architectural features of that building. The Department did not consider the other buildings, including all other studios, scenery block and canteen of sufficient special interest to warrant listing. Making the protection announcement, the architecture minister Barbara Follett noted that it was where Doctor Who, Fawlty Towers and Blue Peter were made: "It has been a torture chamber for politicians, and an endless source of first-class entertainment for the nation—sometimes both at the same time."

Redevelopment

It was announced on 18 October 2007 that in order to meet a £2 billion shortfall in funding, the BBC intended to "reduce the size of the property portfolio in west London by selling BBC Television Centre by the end of the financial year 2012/13", with the then Director General, Mark Thompson, saying the plan would deliver "a smaller, but fitter, BBC" in the digital age. A BBC spokeswoman has added that "this is a full scale disposal of BBC Television Centre and we won't be leasing it back". The corporation officially put Television Centre on the property market in June 2011.

BBC Sport and BBC Children's moved to dock10, MediaCityUK in Salford Quays in 2012, with Children's Learning, Radio 5 Live and part of BBC Future Media & Technology. The move saw up to 1,500 posts at TV Centre and 700 posts at New Broadcasting House relocate to Salford Quays. BBC Breakfast, part of BBC News, moved to Salford in April 2012.BBC Breakfast makes Salford move BBC News, 10 April 2012

On 16 July 2012, the BBC agreed to sell the site to Stanhope plc for £200 million. The figure was low partly due to the high levels of asbestos in the building. The building closed on 31 March 2013 and was redeveloped to include flats, office space, a cinema and hotels. Studios 1, 2 and 3 along with part of the basement and offices have been refurbished and leased back to the BBC on a 15-year lease. The original schedule would have seen Studios 1, 2, & 3 back in production by Autumn of 2014 however on 17 July 2014 the BBC announced that due to the extensive building work, programme production will not recommence at Television Centre until 2017 when much of the demolition and groundwork has been completed. The BBC's commercial businesses, BBC Worldwide and BBC Studios and Post Production will lease back Stage 6 as office space which is the part formerly occupied by BBC News.

All BBC News, national radio and BBC World Service broadcasts were relocated to Broadcasting House between July 2012 and March 2013, which is said to include one of the largest live newsrooms in the world. The final news broadcasts from Television Centre took place on 18 March 2013, when the BBC News channel and remaining news output completed the move to Broadcasting House. This was one of the final live broadcasts from the building.

A 90-minute documentary titled Tales of Television Centre was broadcast on BBC Four in 2012 ahead of the move out. On 22 March 2013, BBC Four devoted its evening schedule to programmes commemorating Television Centre. At the heart of the evening was Goodbye Television Centre a two-hour history presented by former BBC One controller and BBC chairman Michael Grade. The last live programme broadcast was Madness Live: Goodbye Television Centre, shown that day on BBC Four.

In March 2013, the BBC and Stanhope formed a joint venture, Television Centre Developments, to manage the redevelopment of the 14-acre site. Only three of the eight production studios were earmarked for continued use by the BBC, with the rest being demolished for flats, and it was argued that this would leave insufficient facilities in the capital for independent television production, and a Save Television Centre Studios website and petition was set up.

In December 2013 Stanhope was granted planning permission from the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.

In October 2014, UK magazine Private Eye reported that having spent £60 million to remove broadcasting equipment from the building, the BBC planned to spend £12 million a year to lease back parts of the building. This decision was in direct contradiction of the BBC's promise in 2007 that the sale of TVC was a "full-scale disposal" and that it would not be leasing back any part of the building.

Demolition work began in February 2015.

As of April 2016 only Studios TC1, TC2 and TC3 remained, the other studios TC4, TC5, TC6, TC7 and TC8 had now all been demolished. The statue of Helios, the Greek God of Sun, had been removed for renovation before it returns to the redevelopment at Television Centre later in 2016. Developer Stanhope and construction manager Mace have carefully removed the gilded bronze figure with heritage experts PAYE Conservation for repair and renovation. The Helios has stood in the rotunda at Television Centre since the former BBC headquarters opened in 1960.

Reopening

BBC Studioworks, the commercial subsidiary of the BBC who will operate and maintain the newly refurbished Studios 1, 2 and 3 and production facilities at Television Centre confirmed on their website that the newly refurbished Television Centre studios, productions facilities and post production facilities would have its official opening in September 2017. As of April 2017, bookings for the newly refurbished and renovated Studios 1, 2 and 3 were being taken.

BBC Studioworks at Television Centre officially opened on 1 September 2017. The first programme to transmit live from the newly refurbished studios was Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two on BBC Two on Monday 25 September 2017. It was hosted by Zoë Ball.

In April 2018, ITV's daytime programmes Good Morning Britain, Lorraine, This Morning,  Loose Women and political discussion programme Peston moved to Television Centre, due to the closure and redevelopment of The London Studios. However, in October 2018, it was announced that ITV would not be returning to the South Bank, and it is thought that ITV Daytime programmes will continue to be broadcast from Television Centre.

Current productions
BBC productions

 The Graham Norton Show (TC1: 2018–present)
 Later... with Jools Holland (1992-2012; TC1: 2019)
 Mock the Week (TC4: 2005–2012; TC1: 2018–present)
 QI (TC1: 2019–present)
 Sounds Like Friday Night (TC1: 2017–present)

ITV productions

 The Chase (TC1: Celebrity Specials, 2019)
 Good Morning Britain (TC3: 2018–present)
 The Jonathan Ross Show (TC1: 2017–present)
 Loose Women (TC2: 2018–present)
 Lorraine (TC2: 2018–present)
 This Morning (TC3: 2018–present)
 Peston (TC2: 2018–present)
 Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway (TC1: 2020—present)

Other productions

 The Big Narstie Show (TC1: 2018–present)
 Blind Date (TC1: 2017–present)
 El Hormiguero (TC1: Special, 2019)
 The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice (TC1: 2018–present)
 The Russell Howard Hour (TC1: 2017–present)
 Sunday Brunch (TC2: 2019–present)
 The Last Leg (TC1: 2018–present)
 Your Face or Mine (TC1: 2019–present)

Major events

Terrorist target

On 4 March 2001, a bomb placed outside the news centre exploded, with no fatalities. It was attributed to the Real IRA and the culprits were eventually caught. The front of the building suffered moderate damage, but was soon repaired.

Power failures
Television Centre has suffered from power cuts that affected normal broadcasting, but these were not seen as a systemic problem. One such power cut caused the launch night of BBC2, on 20 April 1964, to be cancelled; programmes began the next day.

A major power failure occurred on 20 June 2000 at approximately 5 p.m., affecting the entire Television Centre resulting in services such as BBC Two and BBC Radio 4 coming off air, and BBC News 24 went off air before being relocated to the BBC's Westminster studios. The Six O'Clock News suffered severe lighting problems and had to be cancelled halfway through, and the BBC's backup generator caught fire. Troubles were experienced in the South East region, as Newsroom South East started later than planned. The fire alarms went off at Television Centre later that day, leaving only a skeleton crew. Eventually many programmes returned, from different locations: Newsnight was presented from the main news studio with intermittent technical problems. The failure was due to a substation in Shepherd's Bush and normal services resumed the following day.

Just before 8 a.m. on 28 November 2003 an electrical fault caused some equipment to overheat, which set off fire alarms. Although there was no fire, the fault caused widespread power cuts and prevented backup generators from providing alternative power. All output was affected with services transferred across London to alternative studios. The One O'Clock News and BBC News 24 broadcast for much of the day from the BBC's Millbank Studios, and the Today programme and Five Live's Breakfast morning radio shows fell off air for 15 minutes. The Millbank Studios are a fall-back for news operations in the event of TVC failure, and are continually recording the last hour of the BBC News Channel output (sans in-vision clock) for this purpose. This power cut came on the week prior to the relaunch of News 24, which was postponed for another week to ensure that all problems had been remedied.

Protests

Programmes have been interrupted by protesters gaining access to Television Centre. In 1988, a group of lesbian protestors campaigning against Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988 gained access to the studio of the Six O'Clock News during a live broadcast. Newsreader Sue Lawley continued with the broadcast, while co-presenter Nicholas Witchell tackled the intruders off-camera.

On 20 May 2006 during the live broadcast of National Lottery: Jet Set the studio was invaded by members of the Fathers 4 Justice campaign group, causing the show to go briefly off air while the protesters were removed. This was also a problem as that night's lottery broadcast ran straight into the Eurovision Song Contest 2006.

For Question Time'' on 22 October 2009, the BBC invited the leader of the British National Party, Nick Griffin, onto the programme for the first time causing heated public debate and strong protests outside the studios. Television Centre had its security breached with around 30 anti-fascist protesters storming the reception area and several hundred protesters gathering outside. Police and security staff were forced to close gates leading into the Centre and form barriers to prevent any further breaches of security.

References

External links

 BBC Studioworks studios website of the studios reopened in 2017
 Television Centre official redevelopment website
 BBC TV Centre sale looks unlikely guardian.co.uk, 5 March 2008
 Future of BBC TV Centre in doubt BBC News, 11 January 2007
 BBC Television Centre may be sold for £300m The Telegraph, 13 October 2007
 Decision to sell BBC Television Centre signals end of an era Mail Online, 18 October 2007
 BBC icon for sale? TechWatch, 6 March 2008
 Row brewing over listing of BBC Television Centre guardian.co.uk, 27 June 2008
 BBC Televison {sic} Centre sale at risk as English Heritage considers listed status The Telegraph, 29 June 2008
 Listed status bid for BBC centre BBC News, 29 June 2008
 Unofficial History of BBC Television Centre TV Studio History
  commemorative documentary broadcast 15 May 2012, followed by Q&A session with producer/director Richard Marson
 GES046 – BBC TV Centre (Trip 1) Guerrilla Exploring, Unofficial Insider Tour – A look around the building and behind the scenes

Television Centre London
Television Centre
Category:Cultural and educational buildings in London
Category:Television in London
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1960
Category:Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Category:White City, London
Category:Eurovision Song Contest venues


Çaxırlı, Goychay

Caxırlı (also, Chakhyrly) is a village and municipality in the Goychay Rayon of Azerbaijan.  It has a population of 3,062.

References

Category:Populated places in Goychay District


Commonwealth Railways NT class

The NT class were a class of diesel locomotives built by Tulloch Limited, Rhodes for Commonwealth Railways for use on the Central and North Australia Railways between 1965 and 1968.

History
In 1964 Commonwealth Railways ordered three locomotives from Tulloch Limited based on a Sulzer design that had entered service with the Nigerian Railway Corporation. The first was handed over on 12 May 1965 and named after Federal Minister for Shipping & Transport Gordon Freeth.

In 1966 a further three were delivered for the North Australia Railway. A further seven were delivered in 1968, two for the Central Australian Railway and five for the North Australia Railway. Following the delivery of the NJ class in 1971, all the five Central Australian units were transferred north.

In November 1972 three were destroyed in a runaway at Frances Bay freight yard.
Following the closure of the North Australia Railway in December 1974, the remaining 10 NTs were transferred to the Central Australian Railway.

In July 1975 all were included in the transfer of Commonwealth Railways to Australian National. Following the closure of the narrow gauge Central Australian Railway in 1980, three were transferred to the Eyre Peninsula Railway with the others withdrawn. The last three were withdrawn in the late 1980s with NTs 69 and 73 going out in a blaze of glory, when, during their scrapping, they caught fire.

Preservation
Only NT76 has survived into preservation. It is owned and operated by Pichi Richi Railway, Quorn.

Class workings
NT65 - Named Gordon Freeth; Delivered 24 April 1965; First NT to work over the Quorn line on its delivery 1 May 1965 To Northern Australia Railway (NAR) 13 September 1971: To Central Australia Railway (CAR) 1976; Stored Port Augusta 1981; 575,954 km
NT66 - Delivered 18 June 1965 via Broken Hill and Quorn; to NAR 4 October 1971; to CAR 1976; Stored Port Augusta 1981; 948,205 km
NT67 - Delivered 4 August 1965 via Quorn line (10 August 1965); To NAR 14 February 1968; To CAR 1976 - used as Marree Narrow Gauge Shunter; Stored Port Augusta 1981; To Peterborough 1 February 1983 To Wilmington Line ~August 1984 - scrapped Gladstone 1989
NT68 - Delivered 11 November 1966; To NAR 5 December 1966; Involved in major accident Darwin Yard 4 November 1972; To CAR 1975; Withdrawn at Port Augusta 1978.
NT69 - Delivered 28 November 1966 via Quorn Line (3 December 1966); To NAR 20 December 1966; to CAR 1976; Stored Port Augusta 1981; To Peterborough 1 February 1983; Last North Australia South and North Bound trains 29/30 June 1976; to Port Lincoln 1984 - First to be repainted AN Corporate green and gold January 1985 following "rough" overhaul; Last mainline train from Rudall 11 April 1988. Last operated 21 June 1988 as Port Lincoln yard shunter Scrapped Port Lincoln 21 August 1990
NT70 - Delivered 11 January 1967; to NAR 23 June 1967; Involved in major accident Darwin Yard 4 November 1972; Scrapped 1975
NT71 - Delivered 1 February 1968 via Quorn Line (10 February 1968) ; To NAR 2 May 1968;Involved in major accident Darwin Yard 4 November 1972; Scrapped 1975
NT72 - Delivered 21 March 1968 via Quorn Line (28 March 1968); To NAR 1 July 1968; to CAR 1976; Scrapped in 1978
NT73 - Delivered 18 April 1968; to NAR 1 July 1968; to CAR 1976; To Gladstone 16 October 1981; to Port Lincoln ~February 1985 - repainted AN Corporate green and gold February 1985 following complete engine overhaul; Last mainline train from Rudall 11 April 1988; Last operated Port Lincoln 21 September 1988 as yard shunter Scrapped Port Lincoln 21 August 1990
NT74 - Delivered 1 June 1968;to NAR 18 January 1971;to CAR 1976;To Peterborough 13 November 1981; Used to recover Quorn Line Assets; To Port Lincoln ?1984. Rewired Port Lincoln Workshops; stored following crankshaft failure at 28 July 1987 Scrapped Port Lincoln November 1989.
NT75 - Delivered 28 June 1969; to NAR 27 August 1968; Involved in major accident Darwin Yard 4 November 1972 to CAR 1975 - Scrapped Port Augusta 1975
NT76 - Delivered 12 August 1968; To NAR 1 November 1968; to CAR 1976; Last movement on CAR-Marree Yard Shunter 27 March 1980 to Gladstone 5 April 1980; First trip to Booleroo Centre with NSU56 9 April 1980; Used as trailing unit pending sound proofing: withdrawn from service 1986 transferred to Wilmington line ~1986 - Operational - Pichi Richi Railway
NT77 - Delivered 25 September 1968; To NAR 5 August 1971; to CAR 1976 Scrapped Port Augusta 1976

References

Category:Co-Co locomotives
Category:Commonwealth Railways diesel locomotives
Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1965
Category:Tulloch Limited locomotives
Category:3 ft 6 in gauge locomotives of Australia
Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Australia


Churring cisticola

The churring cisticola (Cisticola njombe) is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family.
It is found in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.

References

churring cisticola
Category:Birds of East Africa
churring cisticola
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Ilya Zhigulyov

Ilya Konstantinovich Zhigulyov (; born 1 February 1996) is a Russian football player who plays as a central midfielder for FC Krasnodar-2.

Club career
He made his professional debut in the Russian Professional Football League for FC Krasnodar-2 on 1 November 2013 in a game against FC Druzhba Maykop.

He made his debut for the main squad of FC Krasnodar on 28 February 2017 in a Russian Cup game against FC Ural Yekaterinburg. He made his Russian Premier League debut for Krasnodar on 5 March 2017 in a game against FC Spartak Moscow.

On 9 February 2018, he joined FC Tosno on loan until the end of the 2017–18 season. He played as FC Tosno won the 2017–18 Russian Cup final against FC Avangard Kursk on 9 May 2018 in the Volgograd Arena.

On 30 August 2018, he signed with FC Ural Yekaterinburg for another season-long loan, reuniting with his former Tosno coach Dmytro Parfenov.

Honours

Club
Tosno
 Russian Cup: 2017–18

Career statistics

References

Category:1996 births
Category:People from Seversky District
Category:Living people
Category:Russian footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:FC Milsami players
Category:Russian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Moldova
Category:FC Krasnodar players
Category:FC Tosno players
Category:FC Ural Yekaterinburg players
Category:Russian Premier League players
Category:Russia under-21 international footballers


Shops Act 1911

The Shops Act 1911 was a United Kingdom piece of legislation which allowed a weekly half holiday for shop staff. This became known in Britain as "early closing day". It formed part of the Liberal welfare reforms of 1906-1914.

Background
Four brief acts, the Shop Hours Act 1892, the Shop Hours Act 1893, the Shop Hours Act 1895 and the Seats for Shop Assistants Act 1899, were the first very limited steps taken towards the positive regulation of the employment of shop assistants in the United Kingdom.

The House had resolved that more drastic legislation was required. As regards shops, therefore, in place of such general codes as apply to factories, laundries, mines—only three kinds of protective requirement are binding on employers of shop assistants:
 Limitation of the weekly total of hours of work of persons under eighteen years of age to seventy-four inclusive of meal-times;
 prohibition of the employment of such persons in a shop on the same day that they have, to the knowledge of the employer, been employed in any factory or workshop for a longer period than would, in both classes of employment together, amount to the number of hours permitted to such persons in a factory or workshop;
 provision for the supply of seats by the employer, in all rooms of a shop or other premises where goods are retailed to the public, for the use of female assistants employed in retailing the goods—the seats to be in the proportion of not fewer than one to every three female assistants.

The first two requirements are contained in Shop Hours Act 1892, which also prescribed that a notice, referring to the provisions of the act, and stating the number of hours in the week during which a young person may be lawfully employed in the shop, shall be kept exhibited by the employer; the third requirement was first provided by the Seats for Shop Assistants Act 1899.

A wide interpretation is given by the act of 1892 to the class of workplace to which the limitation of hours applies. "Shop" means retail and wholesale shops, markets, stalls and warehouses in which assistants are employed for hire, and includes licensed public-houses and refreshment houses of any kind. The person responsible for the observance of the acts is the "employer" of the "young persons" (i.e., persons under the age of eighteen years), whose hours are limited, and of the "female assistants" for whom seats must be provided.  The provisions of the act of 1892 did not apply to members of the same family living in a house of which the shop forms part, or to members of the employer's family, or to anyone wholly employed as a domestic servant.

The Shop Hours Act 1893 provided for the salaries and expenses of the inspectors appointed by councils under by the Shop Hours Act 1892.

The Shop Hours Act 1895 provided a penalty for failure of a shop to keep exhibited the notice of the provisions of the earlier acts, which in the absence of a penalty it had been impossible to enforce.

Neither the term "employer " nor "shop assistant" (used in the title of the act of 1899) was defined; but other terms had the meaning assigned to them in the Factory and Workshop Act 1878. The "employer" had, in case of any contravention alleged, the same power as the "occupier" in the Factory Acts to exempt himself from fines on proof of due diligence and of the fact that some other person is the actual offender.

In London, where the County Council appointed men and women inspectors to apply the acts of 1892 to 1899, there were, in 1900, 73,929 premises, and in 1905, 84,269, under inspection. In the latter year, there were 22,035 employing persons under eighteen years of age. In 1900, the number of young persons under the acts were: indoors, 10,239 boys and 4,428 girls; outdoors, 35,019 boys, 206 girls. In 1905, the ratio between boys and girls had decidedly altered: indoors, 6,602 boys, 4,668 girls; outdoors, 22,654 boys, 308 girls. The number of irregularities reported in 1900 was 9,204 and the prosecutions were 111; in 1905 the irregularities were 6966 and the prosecutions numbered 34. As regards the act of 1899, in only 1,088 of the 14,844 shops affected in London was there found in 1900 to be failure to provide seats for the women employed in retailing goods.

The Shop Hours Act 1904 gave certain additional optional powers to local authorities, making a "closing order" fixing the hour (not earlier than 7 p.m., or on one day in the week 1 p.m.) at which shops in their area had to stop serving customers. Councils could decide the types of shops to which the order would apply.  The consent of two-thirds of the owners of the shops affected was required to make the order, and in practice this proved difficult to obtain.

Outline of 1911 Act

Notes

Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1911


Philadelphian cricket team

The Philadelphian cricket team was a team that represented Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in first-class cricket between 1878 and 1913. Even with the United States having played the first ever international cricket match against Canada in 1844, the sport began a slow decline in the U.S. This decline was furthered by the rise in popularity of baseball. In Philadelphia, however, the sport remained very popular and from the end of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I, the city produced a first class team that rivaled many others in the world. The team was composed of players from the four chief cricket clubs in Philadelphia–Germantown, Merion, Belmont, and Philadelphia. Players from smaller clubs, such as Tioga and Moorestown, and local colleges, such as Haverford and Penn, also played for the Philadelphians. Over its 35 years, the team played in 88 first-class cricket matches. Of those, 29 were won, 45 were lost, 13 were drawn and one game was abandoned before completion.

History

1870s and 1880s

When Fitz Fitzgerald's team from England toured North America in 1872, they played a match against Philadelphia over three days beginning on September 21. The match was played at the Germantown Cricket Club Ground, Nicetown, Philadelphia. It was not a first-class fixture, the Philadelphians having 22 players and the visitors, who won by 4 wickets, having 12. Amongst the English players were W. G. Grace, the future Lord Harris and A. N. Hornby. Grace did little as a batsman, but took 21 wickets (out of a possible 42) in the match.

The first time that the Gentlemen of Philadelphia played a first-class cricket match was on October 3, 1878 against Australia. This match took place on the Australians' trip home after playing in England earlier in the year. The game was a three-day match, and finished in a low scoring draw, with Australia still needing 43 runs when the game ended. The following year saw Ireland visit for two matches against the Philadelphians. The first match was  a two-day game which the home side won by an innings. This was followed by a one-day game which was won by the Irish.

The next time the Philadelphians played in a first-class match was in 1883, when they played the USA national side in a first-class match. They lost this game by 8 wickets, but gained revenge when the fixture was played again the next year, winning by 3 wickets. This match then became an occasional game played between the best amateur players of Philadelphia and the country's best professionals. The fixture was played six times between 1885 and 1894. Also in 1884, the Gentlemen of Philadelphia toured the United Kingdom.
In 1885, a team from England organized by Edward (Ned) Sanders visited Philadelphia, playing two first-class matches. The English side, captained by Richard Thornton, split the series with the Philadelphians. The team toured again the following year with more success, winning both matches. In 1888 Ireland visited Philadelphia, playing two first-class games which were both won by the Philadelphians. The final tour of the decade came in 1889 when the Gentlemen of Philadelphia again toured the UK.

1890s
The decade of the 1890s marks the golden age of Philadelphian cricket. This was the period in which the most well-known players from the team made their marks. The first match of the decade for the Philadelphians that is classified as first-class was played against a team of English Residents. This fixture had been played annually from 1880 to 1883. This was the last time it was played, and the only time it featured a team specifically named as the Philadelphians, who won the game by six wickets. In 1891 a team led by Lord Hawke visited from England, playing two matches. The Philadelphians won a high-scoring first match but the tourists won a low-scoring second match, Sammy Woods taking 15 wickets.

1892 saw Ireland visit Philadelphia. The teams each won one match, with one game drawn. This series was notable as it was the debut of Bart King, who would go on to a successful career bowling for the Philadelphians. The following year saw the first visit of Australia since the game in 1878. It visited on its way home from a tour of England. Australia fielded a strong side, but the team was tired after a long tour and trip. In spite of this fatigue, the Australians chose to face the full strength of the Gentlemen of Philadelphia. On a small ground at Elmwood, the September grass was coarse and rolled very fast. The Australian side, fielding first, dropped many balls and could not cope with the short boundary. They allowed the Philadelphians to run up a total of 525 runs. When the Australians came to bat, they had hoped that they were recovered from their journey, but they soon encountered Bart King's developing swing. The side was all out for 199, and King took 5 wickets for 78 runs. The Australians followed on and were all out again for 268, allowing the Gentlemen of Philadelphia to win by an innings and 68 runs. This win came about with the help of Bart King's batting and, more importantly, his bowling. The Australians won the return match by six wickets, but the Australian captain, Jack Blackham, said to the Americans, "You have better players here than we have been led to believe. They class with England’s best."

In 1894 a second team led by Lord Hawke visited from England, playing two matches. Lord Hawke's XI won the first match at Merion with the Philadelphians coming back to win the second at Germantown's Manheim ground.

In 1897, the Philadelphian side toured England for 15 first class matches. Though the results may have been less satisfactory than hoped for by the promoters, the tour was arranged mainly for educational purposes and few of those on the American side expected to win many matches. Previous tours had tended to involve amateur English sides with a low level of competition. In 1897 a schedule was made including all of the top county cricket teams, the Oxford and Cambridge University teams, the Marylebone Cricket Club, and two other sides, though only a few of the counties thought it worthwhile to put their best elevens onto the field. Starting on June 7 at Oxford, the tour lasted for two months and ended in late July at The Oval. While it initially aroused some curiosity, many English fans lost interest until Bart King and the Philadelphians met the full Sussex team at Brighton on June 17. In the first innings, King proved his batting worth in a fourth-wicket stand of 107 with John Lester. He then took 7 wickets for 13 runs and the team dismissed Sussex for 46 in less than an hour. In the second innings, King took 6 for 102 and helped the Philadelphians to a victory by 8 wickets. Despite the excitement surrounding the team's performance, the Americans did not fare well overall. Fifteen matches were played, but only two were won, while the team lost nine and drew four. The other win of the tour came against Warwickshire.

This tour was followed by a two-game series at home against a team captained by Plum Warner in which each team won a match. Warner again brought a team the following year, this time winning both games. The decade was rounded out with a tour by a team captained by Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji. This team won both matches against the Philadelphians in 1899.

1900s and 1910s

In 1901 Bernard Bosanquet brought an English team to Philadelphia. The four match series ended  tied. The Philadelphians again toured England in 1903, playing 15 first-class games. The team was more successful than in 1897, this time winning six, losing six and drawing three. Bart King continued his successful form on this tour. In the first innings against Lancashire, he bowled 27 overs and took 5 wickets for 46 runs. After the Philadelphians surpassed Lancashire, their lead was quickly wiped away in the second innings. With the wind strong over King’s left shoulder he went in to dominate the opposition. In his first over after the lunch break, he yorked one of the opening batsmen and his replacement with successive balls. In the second over he clean bowled two more batsmen, and in the third he bowled a stump out of the ground. He had taken 5 wickets for 7 runs. After this performance, King had to be rested in the field and one wicket was taken. On his return, he took four more to finish with 9 for 62. The Philadelphians won next morning by nine wickets. The tour of England was followed the same year by a visit from Kent to Philadelphia. The Marylebone Cricket Club visited for two tours in 1905 and 1907. The first series was drawn one game to one, and the second tour saw both games drawn.

In 1908 the Philadelphians undertook their third and final tour of England. They played ten first-class games on this tour, winning four and losing six. The tour was highlighted by Bart King, who took 87 wickets and topped the England bowling averages with the figure of 11.01. This was not bettered until 1958 when Les Jackson of Derbyshire posted an average of 10.99. They played three first-class games in Jamaica in 1908–09, their only tour of a country other than England.

In 1909, the Philadelphians played a two match home series against Ireland, in which they won both games by an innings. In the first of these games, Bart King took all ten Irish wickets in the first innings, and followed up that with a hat-trick in the second innings.

The second decade of the twentieth century was the last for first-class cricket in Philadelphia, with baseball increasing its dominance over American sports. With the formation of the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909 specifically excluding countries from outside the British Empire, American cricket had little influence on the global game. This exclusionary policy undercut any momentum to professionalize cricket in the USA. There were still two more first-class tours by Australia, however. The first was a drawn two match series in 1912. The final series was a three match affair, with the Australians winning two games, and one drawn. The drawn game, played on June 28, 1913 was the last first-class game played in the USA until the national side played an Intercontinental Cup game against Canada in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in 2004. Today, cricket is played in Philadelphia, but it has not reached the same heights it did during this golden age.

Summary of first-class matches

Note: This table includes first-class matches played by both the Philadelphians and the Gentlemen of Philadelphia

Notable players
 Francis Bohlen (1868–1942)
Percy Clark – a bowler with a career average of 21.97.
Nelson Graves – made his first-class debut at age 14.
"Ranji" Hordern – Australian Test cricketer who played for Philadelphia between 1907 and 1909
Bart King – almost universally recognized as the greatest American cricketer of all time.
John Lester – led the team's batting averages from 1897 until his retirement in 1908.
Christie Morris – the CC Morris Cricket Library at Haverford College, the largest collection of cricket literature and memorabilia in the western hemisphere, was named after him.
George Patterson – made the highest first-class score by a player from a non-Test nation.
Henry Scattergood – was a successful wicket-keeper for the team.
John B. Thayer – had a short career with the team but is notable as the only first-class cricketer to have died on the .
Willard Graham, also member of the combined Canada-USA team against Australia in 1913
Henry Sayen – the first American to play for the Gentlemen of England

See also

Harold Furness
United States cricket team

Notes

Category:United States in international cricket
Category:United States cricket in the 19th century
Category:United States cricket in the 20th century
Category:Defunct sports teams in Philadelphia
Category:Former senior cricket clubs in the United States
Category:Sports clubs established in the 1870s
Category:Sports clubs disestablished in 1913
Category:Cricket in Pennsylvania


Billy Mitchell (politician)

Billy Mitchell is a Democratic member of the Georgia House of Representatives, serving since 2003. Mitchell previously served on the Stone Mountain City Council from 1995 to 2002.

References

External links

Legislative page

Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats
Category:People from Stone Mountain, Georgia
Category:Politicians from Savannah, Georgia
Category:21st-century American politicians
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Rutgers University alumni
Category:University of Southern California alumni
Category:Atlanta Law School alumni
Category:Georgia (U.S. state) city council members


Svetlana Cvetko

Svetlana Cvetko is a cinematographer/director and winner of the Grand Prix du Public in Films de Femmes in France. Cvetko's visual talent has been displayed in several award-winning films including the Sundance Film Festival Special Jury Prize winner Inequality For All and the Academy Award-nominated short subject Facing Fear. She provided the cinematography for the Academy Award-winning documentary, Inside Job. Her work has been featured in American Cinematographer magazine.

Background and education
Cvetko came to the United States as an expatriate of the former Yugoslavia in the late 1980s to pursue a career in filmmaking. Originally a still photographer, Cvetko was inspired by the prolific work of Agnès Godard to become an established female cinematographer. This inspiration led her to move to the San Francisco Bay Area. While attending classes at the University of California-Berkeley extension program, Cvetko met film professor Larry Clark. Clark became Cvetko's mentor and gave her access to her first production set.

Career
Cvetko began her career with No War, a documentary film about the conflict in Bosnia. Directed and shot by Cvetko, No War was well received, shown in over 15 festivals around the world and winning the Grand Prix du Public in Films de Femmes in 2001.

Cvetko's skill in documentary filmmaking continued to develop through several feature films including Miss Representation, directed by Jennifer Siebel Newsom and premiering at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival in the documentary competition and Sundance 2013 Special Jury Prize winner Inequality For All. She was the cinematographer for Inside Job, directed by Charles Ferguson. Premiering at Cannes Film Festival in 2010, Inside Job won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Red Army, Cvetko's latest documentary, was screened at 2014 Cannes Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival. She lent her visual talent to narrative films including (Untitled) directed by Jonathan Parker, On a Tuesday directed by David Scott Smith, and Dorme directed by Sylvia Binsfeld.

Cvetko is versed in both film and digital cinematography utilizing digital most recently on the film The Architect with the use of the ARRI Alexas camera. Her cinematographic skill using film can be seen in On a Tuesday, shot on Super 35mm with a Kodak Vision2 5205 250D. Cvetko and director David Scott Smith created a panoramic, wide-screen 3.18 aspect ratio to shoot in the historic San Francisco City Hall. Discovered by accident while scouting locations in San Francisco City Hall, Cvetko said "It was breathtaking. The space was just asking to be seen that way." This exceptional work in cinematography was also featured in In Camera magazine.

Critical recognition
Cvetko's cinematography has been praised. The New York Times called her work "clean wide-screen cinematography [that] provides an aesthetic polish," and Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood stated that her sharp cinematography was "perfect".

Selected filmography
No War (2000)
Birju (2002)
Raw (2005)
Dirty Test (2005)
Even Now (2005)
Dorme (2006)
Car Stories (2006)
Daily Specials (2006)
Last Flight Home (2007)
The Book (2007)
On a Tuesday (2007)
How to Be Popular (2007)
TBD (2007)
(Untitled) (2009)
Inside Job (2010)
Miss Representation (2011)
Inequality for All (2013)
Facing Fear (2013)
Red Army (2014)
She's Beautiful When She's Angry (2014)
The Architect (2016)

Awards and nominations
No War -- Winner of 2001 Grand Prix du Public in Films de Femmes
Inside Job -- Winner of 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature
Inequality for All -- 2013 Special Jury Prize, Sundance Film Festival
Facing Fear -- 2013 Academy Award-nominee for Best Documentary Short Subject

References

External links
Svetlana Cvetko at professional website.

Category:Living people
Category:American film directors
Category:American women cinematographers
Category:American women film directors
Category:American cinematographers
Category:Yugoslav emigrants to the United States
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Journal of Computational Biology

The Journal of Computational Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering computational biology and bioinformatics. It was established in 1994 and is published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. The editors-in-chief are Sorin Istrail (Brown University) and Michael S. Waterman (University of Southern California). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.191.

Since 1997, authors of accepted proceedings papers at the Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB) conference have been invited to submit a revised version to a special issue of the journal.

References

External links

Category:Mary Ann Liebert academic journals
Category:Publications established in 1994
Category:English-language journals
Category:Hybrid open access journals
Category:Bioinformatics and computational biology journals
Category:Monthly journals


Argiletum

The Argiletum () was the main route approaching the Forum Romanum from the northeast in the ancient city of Rome. It connected the Forum with the Subura district of the city. Paths that were found in the Alta Semita and the domus on the Oppian and Caelian hills converged onto the Argiletum, making it a principal node of public space particularly during the Flavian rule.

Development
Varro claimed that the etymology of the term argiletum was connected with the name of a Greek scoundrel. As it originally passed between Comitium and Basilica Pauli, the Argiletum was eventually absorbed by the construction of the imperial fora from the time of Julius Caesar onwards.  Given this encroachment, the limits of the Argiletum were defined differently in various periods. One of the landmarks excavated in the area was a quadrifrons, which was located at the juncture of the Forum Romanum, Argiletum, and Forum of Caesar. It is suggested that a second arch or a temple was also constructed somewhere on the Argiletum, possibly close to the templum iani in the Forum.

By the time of Martial (died ca 103 CE) the Argiletum had become a seedy district filled with taverns and brothels. However, an account cited that this reputation did not reflect the actual status of the residents since the population was constituted by a mix of elite and nonelite, side by side.

Livy indicates that the temple of Ianus Geminus was located ad infimum Argiletum (Liv. 1.19.1).

References

Category:Topography of the ancient city of Rome


Vasyl Tuchapets

Vasyl Volodymyr Tuchapets OSBM (; born 29 September 1967 in Yavoriv, Lviv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch as an Archiepiscopal Exarch of Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Kharkiv and Titular Bishop of Centuriones since 2 April 2014.

Life
Vasyl Volodymyr Tuchapets was born in the family of Vasyl and Kateryna (née Datsko) Tuchapets in Yavoriv, where he grew up. After graduation of the school education, he graduated the technical college #14 in Ivano-Frankivsk (1982–1986) and made a compulsory service in the Soviet Army (1986–1988). He also studied an architecture in the Lviv Polytechnic (1988–1990). After graduation of the school education he joined a clandestine theological seminary.

During all this time he was a clandestine member of the Order of Saint Basil the Great from November 10, 1986, where he had a profession on October 6, 1991 and a solemn profession on December 29, 1996. Tuchapets was ordained as priest on July 12, 1997, after completed theological studies in Pontifical Theological Faculty in Warsaw (1991–1997). Then he continued his studies with a licentiate degree in patrology.

After returning from studies in Poland, he had a various pastoral assignments and served as professor, superior and rector at the Basilian Institutes in Ukraine. And during 2005-2014 he was a superior of the Basilian monastery in Kyiv.

On April 2, 2014 Tucapets was appointed and on May 21, 2014 was consecrated to the Episcopate as the first Archiepiscopal Exarch of the new created Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Kharkiv and the Titular Bishop of Centuriones. The principal consecrator was Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the Head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.

References

Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Yavoriv
Category:Order of Saint Basil the Great
Category:Ukrainian Eastern Catholics
Category:21st-century Eastern Catholic bishops
Category:Bishops of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church


Acliceratia

Acliceratia is a genus of very small, somewhat amphibious land snails that have a gill and an operculum, semi-terrestrial gastropod mollusks or micromollusk  in the family Iravadiidae.

These tiny snails live in damp habitat (under rotting vegetation) that is very close to the edge of the sea; they can tolerate being washed with saltwater during especially high tides. These snails are sometimes listed as land snails and at other times they are listed as marine snails.

Species
Species within the genus Acliceratia include:
 Acliceratia beddomei (Dautzenberg, 1912)
 Acliceratia carinata (Smith, 1871)

References

Category:Iravadiidae


Ana Fortin

Ana Fortin (born 2 February 1972) is a Honduran swimmer. She competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 1992 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1972 births
Category:Living people
Category:Honduran female swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Honduras
Category:Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Dionysus in 69 (play)

Dionysus in 69 was a theatrical production by The Performance Group (TGP), a New York-based experimental theatre group. Dionysus in 69 was directed and conceived by TPG's founder and long-time artistic director Richard Schechner. The stage play was an adaptation of Euripides' The Bacchae. Dionysus in 69 is an example of Richard Schechner's practice of site-specific theatre as described in his 1973 book Environmental Theater, utilizing space and the audience in such ways as to bring them in close contact with each other. Dionysus in 69 challenged notions of the orthodox theatre by deconstructing Euripides' text, interpolating text and action devised by the performers, and involving the spectators in an active and sensory artistic experience. Brian de Palma, Bruce Joel Rubin, and Robert Fiore made a film of Dionysus in 1970. The film records and merges the final two performances of the 1968 stage play.

Cast
The cast of the play at the time of its filming was:
Remi Barclay
Samuel Blazer
Jason Bosseau
Richard Dia
William Finley
Joan MacIntosh
Vicki May
Patrick McDermott
Margaret Ryan
Richard Schechner
William Shephard
Ciel Smith

The Bacchae
The Bacchae is a play written by the Greek playwright Euripides. The play opened at the City Dionysia Festival in Athens in 405 B.C. and won first prize. It follows the God Dionysus on his return to the city of Thebes to avenge his mother's reputation and the God's own rejection as the bastard child of Zeus. The title refers to the groups of female followers of the God, who serve as the chorus in the play, and would engage in ecstatic rituals to the point of euphoric delirium motivated by the God's association with wine, sexuality, celebration and the theater. The play deals with the themes of religion, sexuality, sacrifice and devotion. The translation which served as the basis for the TPG production was written by William Arrowsmith.

Project details
Rehearsal and performance took place in a “performing garage” which was rather a small metal stamping factory, but Schechner found “garage a much jazzier title”. According to Schechner the group rehearsed for 5 months at least 6 days a week on average 6 hours a day including vocal training and psychophysical interactions (e.g. attack therapy, a controversial method at that time in use to treat drug addicts).
Dionysus in 69 is an example of Richard Schechner's theories of Environmental Theater in terms of the uses of the performing space, deconstruction of classic texts, and audience participation. In his book, Schechner describes participation as the opening up of a play so that the audience/spectators can enter into the action—they are included in the world of the drama which is made all the more actual by their participation. As Schechner writes in Environmental Theater: “The transformation of an aesthetic event into a social eventor shifting the focus from art-and-illusion to the formation of a potential or actual solidarity among everyone in the theater, performers and spectators alike.” There were no seats, though the cast would chant "May I take you to your seat, sir?" The audience sat either on the floor, against a wall, or wooden scaffolds. Dionysus in 69 created an atmosphere in which participation ranged from clapping and singing to spectators stripping and joining in the ritual celebrations and dances.

After working on Dionysus in 69, Schechner composed three rules regarding participation:

 The audience is in a living space and a living situation. Things may happen to and with them as well as “in front” of them.
 When a performer invites participation, he must be prepared to accept and deal with the spectator's reactions.
 Participation should not be gratuitous.

Schechner also notes that the key to participation is that it fundamentally changes the nature of the performance, its rhythms and outcomes. He states that, “Without this potential for change participation is just one more ornamental, illusionistic device.”

Previous to Dionysus in 69, Schechner practiced and theorized "Six Axioms for Environmental Theater". These axioms were enacted in this play, as well as in other of Schechner's theatre pieces:
 The theatrical event is a set of related transactions
 All the space is used for performance; all the space is used for audience.
 The theatrical event can take place either in a totally transformed space or in found space.
 Focus is flexible and variable.
 All production elements speak in their own language.
 The text need be neither the starting point nor the goal of a production. There may be no text at all.

Critical reception and influence
Dionysus in 69 was widely considered to be Schechner's seminal work. It is often looked to as the piece that broke ground on the movement of happenings in American theater and performance art. Jill Dolan, of Princeton University, says of Schechner's work on Dionysus: "Schechner [made environmental staging] famous, in which the audience is interspersed with the actors, in a way that refuses the conventional separation between spectators and performers.” The production also gained something of a cult following, with audiences who returned to see (or participate in) the show again and again. This was so much the case that when, during a performance in which the audience held a revolt of sorts and several students "rescued" the actor playing Pentheus, removing him from the performance over the objections of other cast members. Schechner then asked the audience for a volunteer to replace the actor playing Pentheus in order to complete the performance, and  a spectator who had been many times before and was familiar with the piece volunteered to fill in the role. Although wrought with controversy, the New York Times called Dionysus in 69 "a production of extraordinary grace and power".

References

External links
 Dionysus in 69 (digitally re-rendered) — Brian De Palma's film of the production, hosted by the Hemispheric Institute Digital Video Library

Category:1968 plays
Category:Works based on The Bacchae


Christian Wilhelm Wisbech

Christian Wilhelm Wisbech (7 October 1832 – 5 April 1897) was a Norwegian naval officer and politician for the Conservative Party.

He was born in Bergen as the son of Christian Wisbech (1801–1869) and his wife Alida Georgine Brunchorst (1803–1860). He married Thora Heiberg.

Wisbech was a Captain in the Royal Norwegian Navy. He was also elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1883 and 1889, representing the constituency of Jarlsberg og Larviks Amt.

He died in 1897 in Horten.

Notes

Category:1832 births
Category:1897 deaths
Category:Members of the Storting
Category:Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Category:Vestfold politicians
Category:Royal Norwegian Navy personnel


Robert Kennedy (disambiguation)

Robert F. Kennedy (1925–1968) was an American politician.

Robert Kennedy may also refer to:
 Robert Kennedy (cricketer) (born 1972), cricketer from New Zealand
 Robert Kennedy (field hockey) (1880–1963), Irish field hockey player
 Robert Kennedy (high jumper) (1916–2004), British Olympic athlete
 Robert Kennedy (Jesuit) (born 1933), Zen priest, Jesuit, psychotherapist, professor and author
 Robert Kennedy (publisher) (1938–2012), magazine publisher
 Robert B. Kennedy (born 1940), American politician from Lowell, Massachusetts
 Robert D. Kennedy, American businessman
 Robert E. Kennedy (university dean), university administrator
 Robert E. Kennedy (university president) (1915–2010), president emeritus of California Polytechnic State University
 Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (born 1954), American environmental lawyer and son of Robert F. Kennedy
 Robert Foster Kennedy (1884–1952), Irish-American neurologist
 Robert H. Kennedy (1869–1951), farmer, merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada
 Robert P. Kennedy (1840–1918), American politician, U.S. Representative from Ohio
Robert T. Kennedy (born 1962), American chemist
 Robert Kennedy (St. Paul) (1801–1889), businessman and town president of Saint Paul, Minnesota
 Robert Cobb Kennedy (1835–1865), Confederate operative hanged for his role in a plot to burn New York City

Bob or Bobby Kennedy
 Bob Kennedy (1920–2005), American baseball player and manager
 Bob Kennedy (American football, born 1921) (1921–2010), American football running back
 Bob Kennedy (American football, born 1928) (1928–1991), American football player
 Bob Kennedy (ice hockey) (1930–1998), Canadian ice hockey player
 Bob Kennedy (runner) (born 1970), American distance runner
 Bobby Kennedy (footballer) (born 1937), Scottish footballer


Lion-Mane

Lion-Mane is the name of 4 characters in DC Comics.

Publication history
The Ed Dawson version of Lion-Mane first appeared in Hawkman #20 and was created by Gardner Fox and Murphy Anderson.

Fictional character biography

Lion-Mane
The first Lion-Mane resided on Earth-Two. This version was a human with feline features and heightened strength. He was initially a henchman of that world's Catwoman who betrayed him and buried the loot in the forest. Lion-Mane was captured after that. Years later, Lion-Mane orchestrated a prison riot and took the guards hostage. Huntress infiltrated the prison and challenged Lion-Mane into a 1-on-1 fight. If she won, Lion-Mane would release the hostages, or if Lion-Mane won, she would have to reveal the location of the treasure Catwoman buried in the forest. The fight was tough and almost a draw, but eventually Huntress was able to defeat Lion-Mane. In the meantime, police had arrived and with nobody leading the prisoners, they were easily captured.

Ed Dawson
Archaeologist and lion-hunter Ed Dawson touched a mystical meteor called Mithra which transforms him into a were-lion. He retained his mind, but as he saw some lions in captivity, he couldn't control his killing urges. While being feral from the lion's presence, he battled Hawkman. But the first meteor wasn't pure; the transformation would eventually kill him. Hawkman saved him by smashing the Mithra stone and Edward reverted to human. Hawkman theorized that the Mithra Meteor contains some radiation that transforms the one who touches it into Lion-Mane who then represents an alien race who wants to terraform this planet. Days later, Dawson continues his criminal career as the Lion-Mane when he found another Mithra stone in a museum. He didn't know that Hawkman was his friend, Carter Hall, standing next to him. Edward, again sensing that a lion is in captivity, attacked nearby civilians. Hawkman tried to stop him but failed and was knocked out. Edward wanted to be a super-powered human. With this goal he sought other meteor pieces to increase his power and also to stay alive as Lion-Mane. With each meteor rock he touched his powers grew. Hawkman and Hawkgirl managed to find him again and defeat him; Hawkman thought that he might still carry some pieces of the first meteor rock in his pockets, and smashed them with a stone, reverting Edward back to human once more.

Ed Dawson later had a nightmare of him turning into Lion-Mane again and killing Hawkman. Edward Dawson was invited to the museum where Hawkman worked, and he was considered to take Carter's place. When the museum chairmen take their time to discuss the issue, Dawson was kidnapped and dragged to the basement. There he was made to touch one of the Mithra Meteor pieces, Edward tried to resist but he was overpowered by the strength of his Thanagarian captors and he transformed into Lion-Mane. He first killed the two musclemen who forced him to touch the stone and then he turned to Coral Shilak, who orchestrated it. He didn't got far, as Hawkman and Hawkgirl heard Coral's scream and arrived shortly after that. In the fight, Lion-Mane managed to grab a spear from Hawkman's hands and thrust it through the hero. Lion-Mane then takes his leave and starts to remold the world in his image. Lion-Mane's powers were still growing. He even affected people miles away and started to transform a selected few into Lion-Men. Hawkgirl tried to fight him but her efforts were useless. In a last resort, she grabbed him and flew high up. The cold at that height turned Lion-Mane back to Ed Dawson. Ed was then carried away to a hospital after that.

The character was initially removed from continuity post-Crisis/Hawkworld, but reappeared years later in the Hawkman ongoing series starring the Golden Age Hawkman and the modern Hawkgirl (Kendra Saunders). In this incarnation, Ed Dawson was an archaeologist looking for the Mithra stone with Karen Ramis. When she examined it, Ed witnessed her transforming into Lion-Mane. When it was repelled from Karen Ramis by Hawkman, Ed Dawson broke into the Mount St. Croix lab where the meteor was. It transformed him into Lion-Mane. When it came to his fight with Hawkman, Karen touched the stone taking half of the Lion-Mane power, enough for Ed to be apprehended. It was also revealed during this time that a previous hawk avatar (presumed to be Gabriel) and a lion avatar had previously battled each other.

Some months later, Fadeaway Man approached Ed Dawson and invited Dawson to join him and the other enemies of Hawkman making him a member of Alexander Luthor, Jr.'s Secret Society of Super Villains. Lion-Mane managed to poison Hawkman. It didn't have long term consequences however and Hawkman got away. Fadeaway Man tried again at one of the parties where Hawkman was attending. This time they were able to kidnap him. Lion-Mane and the gang went for breakfast in a local diner, while the Thought Terror was working on Hawkman. Hawkman was rescued by Hawkgirl and Golden Eagle, but his perception was altered and he saw Hawkgirl as an enemy; he beat her almost to death. Lion-Mane then set some explosive charges around the city as did others of his group. By blowing up buildings they caught Hawkman's attention, which was part of the plan. The Manhawks arrived, but they only were there to prevent Hawkman from escaping. The gang then took turns in beating Hawkman; Lion-Mane got over zealous and tossed Hawkman into a burning building. Hawkman recovered and tried to escape, but the Manhawks attacked him. Fadeaway Man let them do their job and left with his gang. Lion-Mane got his payment and went to vacation in Africa, where he was loved and treated as king. His happiness was a brief one, as Hawkman had returned from the dead and attacked him with an axe demanding to know the whereabouts of Fadeaway Man.

In his fight with Hawkman, Lion-Mane was severely injured including the loss of his right eye.

When Deathstroke's team attacked a prison to attack Bombshell, Lion-Man took the opportunity to escape.

The cover of Justice League of America vol.2 #13 shows a member of the Injustice League that appears to be Lion-Mane, though this was not corroborated by the story.

During the Brightest Day storyline, Hawkman and Hawkgirl encountered a tribe of alien creatures resembling Lion-Mane on Hawkworld. They are called the Lion-Mane Pride. So far, there is no connection to them and the actual Lion-Mane.

Karen Ramis
A third Lion-Mane was introduced post-Zero Hour. A female scientist named Karen Ramis was transformed into Lion-Mane (a Lion Avatar) by the Mithra Meteor. She didn't want its power and that was how she was saved. Hawkman convinced her to fight the avatar and it left her seeking another host. Although now back to her human form, she still craved the meteor's power as it was more addictive than any other drug. When Hawkman was battling Ed Dawson, Karen used the only way to stop him as she again touched the Mithra Meteorite. She was repowered, but not quite Lion-Mane as she had been transformed into a near lion-like state. Karen fled afterwards and hasn't been seen since.

Lion-Mane IV
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, a fourth version of Lion-Mane is introduced. This version has a Wemic-like appearance. Lion-Mane ruled over the Marubunta Diamond Mines in Africa. When Batwing came to Africa to shut down the Marubunta Diamond Mines, Lion-Mane was confident that his three wives could beat him. When Lion-Mane's three wives were defeated, Lion-Mane confronted Batwing himself. Despite Batwing's technological edge, Lion-Mane's physical might was too much for the hero to handle. Batwing gave up a good fight landing plenty of hits in the process, but ultimately Lion-Mane had Batwing at his mercy. It was then that Batwing called in his vehicle and it smashed Lion-Mane into a wall, knocking him out. The villain was then being transported via plane by authorities, but the Marabunta attacked and successfully took over the plane. They told Lion-Mane they were going to kill him, but the locked-up villain then bit off the gunman's arm. All of the other characters opened fire and shot him several times, but he was fine. Lion-Mane swiftly tore apart his enemies and then jumped from the plane.

During the Forever Evil storyline, Lion-Mane is among the villains recruited by the Crime Syndicate of America to join their Secret Society of Super Villains. Lion-Mane appears in Cheetah's Menagerie where they subdue Steve Trevor and Killer Frost. While Steve Trevor knocks out Cheetah, Lion-Mane is among the Menagerie members that are frozen by Killer Frost.

In other media

Video games
 Lion-Mane appears in DC Universe Online. He appears as one of the Cat Avatars alongside Cheetah Claw, Panther Fang, and Tiger Eye. The players encounter him in Gotham University where he has the Cat's Eye of Power. The players managed to defeat him with the help of the Lion Cubs that were harvested from the Lion Lords.

Animation
 Lion-Mane made his animated debut in the DC Superhero Girls web series, voiced by Khary Payton.

Commercials
 Lion-Mane is mentioned (but does not appear in person) by a reporter in a 1997 Baby Ruth commercial featuring Hawkman.

References

External links
 Lion-Mane at Comic Vine

Category:Characters created by Gardner Fox
Category:Characters created by Murphy Anderson
Category:Comics characters introduced in 1967
Category:DC Comics supervillains
Category:DC Comics metahumans
Category:Fictional archaeologists
Category:Fictional lions
Category:Fictional werecats


Daniel Ayora

Daniel Ayora (born 23 June 1964) is a Peruvian swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1964 births
Category:Living people
Category:Peruvian male swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Peru
Category:Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


2007 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I – Play-offs

The Play-offs of the 2007 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I were the final stages of the Group I Zonal Competition involving teams from the Americas. Using the positions determined in their pools, the seven teams faced off to determine their placing in the 2007 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I. The team that ended up placing first overall advanced to World Group II Play-offs, whilst those coming in sixth and seventh were relegated down to Group II for the next year.

Promotional play-offs
The top team of each pool was placed against each other in a head-to-head round. The winner of the round advanced to World Group II for next year.

Brazil vs. Argentina

Third to Fourth Play-off
The second placed teams of each pool were placed against each other in a ties. The winner of the tie was allocated third place in the Group while the loser was allocated fourth.

Mexico vs. Colombia

Relegation play-offs
Because there was one extra player in Pool B, the last-placed team of that pool, Dominican Republic was automatically relegated down to Group II. The third-placed teams of each pool were then placed against each other in a tie, where the losing team would join the Dominicans in relegation.

Chile vs. Puerto Rico

Final placements

 Argentina advanced to the World Group II Play-offs, and were drawn against Canada, where they won 3–1. The team thus advanced to World Group II for the next year.
 Chile and the Dominican Republic were relegated down to Americas Zone Group II for the next year. The Chileans placed equal third, while the Dominicans placed equal seventh.

See also
Fed Cup structure

References

External links
 Fed Cup website

Category:2007 Fed Cup Americas Zone


St. Alexander's Church, Bokion

St. Alexander's Church () is a church in Bokion, Lezhë District, Albania. It is a Cultural Monument of Albania.

References

Category:Cultural Monuments of Albania
Category:Buildings and structures in Lezhë County