Luan Scapolan

Lázaro Luan Scapolan (born 30 December 1988), simply known as Luan, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Paraná Clube.

In the summer of 2012, Luan signed for Portuguese club Gil Vicente. After making no league appearances in the first half of the 2012–13 season, Luan went on loan with former club Audax São Paulo.

References

External links

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from São Paulo
Category:Brazilian footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players
Category:São Paulo FC players
Category:Esporte Clube Santo André players
Category:Grêmio Osasco Audax Esporte Clube players
Category:Red Bull Brasil players
Category:Sport Club Corinthians Alagoano players
Category:Esporte Clube Juventude players
Category:Avaí FC players
Category:Paraná Clube players
Category:Primeira Liga players
Category:Gil Vicente F.C. players
Category:Süper Lig players
Category:Akhisar Belediyespor footballers
Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers
Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Category:Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Category:Expatriate footballers in Turkey


Felix Cartal

Taelor Deitcher, better known by his stage name Felix Cartal, is a Canadian DJ and electronic dance music producer. He released his first EP Skeleton in 2009 once he signed with Dim Mak Records. Since then he has gone on to release three full-length albums, 2010's Popular Music and 2012's Different Faces and 2018's Next Season. Deitcher has toured with Wolfgang Gartner, MSTRKRFT, and Bloody Beetroots. Deitcher set the trend of collaborating with unpredictable vocalists in the dance scene such as Sebastien Grainger of Death from Above 1979, Maja Ivarsson of The Sounds and Johnny Whitney of The Blood Brothers.

Early life
In 2000, Deitcher attended New Westminster Secondary School in New Westminster, British Columbia. He began playing bass in the punk and hardcore scene with a band called Dysfunctional, named after a sticker they had found. Their musical style were inspired from groups such as Refused, NOFX and Anti-Flag. They had developed a small fanbase in North Vancouver and performed at venues before reforming into a more progressive, The Mars Volta/Pink Floyd-inspired group named Orange Orange, which broke up in 2006.

Following the group's disintegration, Deitcher experimented with music production software such as Reason and Cubase. Influenced by the club nights and parties with local DJs, Deitcher acknowledged the similarity of the punk and EDM scenes which prompted him to get involve into the EDM scene.

Deitcher enrolled at the University of British Columbia where he majored in English. He moved to Scotland for a semester at University of Glasgow.

Career

2006–10: Skeleton and Popular Music
In December 2006, he emerged on the international blog scene alongside MSTRKRFT with original songs such as Moss vs. Tree and Parisienne.

During his time in the UK, Deitcher signed with a booking agent and started playing weekend shows across Britain and Europe. His third ever show was opening for Justice with an audience of over 4,000 people. By the time he returned to his hometown four months later, he was already an underground star. He opened for MSTRKRFT on their Fist of God tour. He released several more remixes before being signed to Steve Aoki's Dim Mak Records and released his first EP entitled Skeleton in May 2009.

Four months later, Deitcher released Drone as the first single for his debut album Popular Music.

Popular Music was released on February 23, 2010. Along with Drone, the album featured the singles Volanco featuring The Blood Brothers' Johnny Whitney, World Class Driver and Love. Music videos for Volcano and World Class Driver were made. Deitcher went on tours and performed at music festivals such as Electric Daisy Carnival, Camp Bisco, South by Southwest, and Winter Music Conference.

2011–12: Different Faces
In March 2011, Deitcher released a single titled The Joker via Dim Mak Records. The song became one of Deitcher's most notable work and was played in the live sets by notable DJs such as Benny Benassi, Laidback Luke and Diplo. After extensive touring, Deitcher started working on his sophomore album which featured several guest vocalists and focused more on catchy melodies, yet still retained his trademark aggressive sound. His second album, Different Faces was released on March 27, 2012, and featured the singles Don't Turn on the Lights featuring Polina Goudieva, "Domo", "Black to White" featuring Miss Palmer, and H.U.N.T featuring Sebastien Grainger. Different Faces debuted on the iTunes Top 10 Electronic chart in North America.

Continuing his success, Deitcher started a biweekly podcast entitled The Weekend Workout, a one-hour mix showcasing new electronic dance music including unreleased Deitcher tracks. Starting in June 2012, it became a weekly mix broadcast worldwide on SiriusXM and available for free download on iTunes and SoundCloud. On July 25, 2012, a music video for Higher featuring New Ivory was released online.

On August 14, 2012, Deitcher released the final single for Different Faces, Tonight featuring Maja Ivarsson of The Sounds, accompanied by an EP featuring remixes by Autoerotique, Botnek, and others. On December 4, 2012, Deitcher released single No Sleep featuring Natalie Angiuli. On December 20, 2012, Lullaby featuring Natalie Angiuli was released as a free download for the B-side to the recently released single No Sleep.

2013–15: Past Present Felix
Constantly touring North America and Europe, Deitcher released remixes for Zedd and The Bloody Beetroots. On January 22, 2013, he released a single titled The Alarm with Autoerotique.

Collaborating with Clockwork, Deitcher released the single The Fire featuring Madame Buttons. He also produced a song for K.Flay titled Hail Mary featuring Danny Brown. On July 2, 2013, Deitcher released Young Love (featuring Koko LaRoo) as the first single from his four-track EP titled Past Present Felix. On July 25, 2013, the music video for Young Love was released online. Past Present Felix was released August 6, 2013.

A 16-date headlining North American tour was announced in support of Past Present Felix through September and October 2013.

December 3, 2013 saw the release of New Scene featuring Ofelia as the final single from Past Present Felix. Following the release of the single, the music video premiered December 19, 2013, on MTVu. After a successful tour, Deitcher released a three-song EP entitled Credits, featuring the lead single Ready for Love featuring Chloe Angelides, on April 29, 2014.

2015–present: Remixes, collaborations, and a new sound
In 2015, Deitcher signed with Universal Canada and released two singles: With You and Something To Live For. In early 2016, he showcased a new sound on remixes for Kiiara, Wafia, Anna of the North, and Selena Gomez. He then released a collaboration with Kaskade titled Fakin It  and three original songs: Keep Up, Drifting Away, and Falling Down.

In March 2017, he released Get What You Give, a remix cover of the New Radicals song, which earned him his first certified Gold Record, followed by Hold Tight in September 2017. He then collaborated with R3hab on the track Killing Time.

Next Season
In May 2018, he released his third studio album, Next Season. Released by Physical Presents, the album featured the singles Runaway featuring Regn, Walking By featuring Iselin, Faces featuring Veronica, and Worry featuring Victoria Zaro. Next Season received positive reviews from critics.

The album featured a number of co-writers, including Ofelia, Veronica, Iselin, Kriss and Erik, Moon Bounce, REGN, and Nate. In an interview with Billboard magazine, Cartal cited Shel Silverstein, Drake, M83, The Beatles, and even Simpson Wave internet content as sources of inspiration for the album.

Mood
In October 2018, he released the EP Mood, featuring remixes of the track of the same name from Next Season.

Discography

Studio albums
 Popular Music (2010)
 Different Faces (2012)
 Next Season (2018)

References

External links

Category:1987 births
Category:Canadian DJs
Category:Canadian dance musicians
Category:Canadian electronic musicians
Category:Living people
Category:Musicians from Vancouver
Category:Remixers
Category:Electronic dance music DJs


Quinton, Saskatchewan

Quinton is a village in Mount Hope No. 279, Saskatchewan, Canada. The population was 109 at the 2006 Canada Census. The village is located on Highway 15 between the Town of Raymore and the Village of Punnichy. It is near the administrative office of the Kawacatoose First Nations.

Climate

Demographics

In 2006, Quinton had a population of 108 living in 61 dwellings, a 0.9% increase from 2001. The village has a land area of  and a population density of .

See also

 List of communities in Saskatchewan
 Hamlets of Saskatchewan

References

External links
 Municipal Affairs - Quinton, Saskatchewan

Category:Mount Hope No. 279, Saskatchewan
Category:Villages in Saskatchewan


Bratton Fleming

Bratton Fleming is a large village, civil parish and former manor near Barnstaple, in Devon, England. The population in 2001 was 942, falling to 928 in 2011.  The village is a few miles west of Exmoor. The parish is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of
Challacombe, Brayford, Stoke Rivers, Goodleigh, Shirwell, Loxhore, Arlington and Kentisbury.
There is an electoral ward with the same name. The ward population at the 2011 census was 2,117.

History
The former Manor of Bratton Fleming was owned by a succession of families from the Norman Conquest to the 19th century. The Flemings had their seat at Chimwell which Tristram Risdon described as "one of the largest demesnes of this shire". According to W. G. Hoskins, Chimwell is now a farmhouse called Chumhill. Other Domesday manors in the parish were Benton and Haxton. The great jurist Henry de Bracton (c. 1210 – c. 1268) was either born here or at Bratton Clovelly.

The village was once served by a railway station, supposedly 'the most beautiful in England', on the narrow gauge Lynton & Barnstaple Railway; the trackbed runs close to the village. The street names Station Road and Station Hill survive.

Church
St Peter's Church was rebuilt on the site of a much older building, in 1861.

Rev. Gascoigne Canham (d.1667), Rector of Arlington, whose mural monument exists in Arlington Church, and a relative by marriage to the Chichester family of Arlington (a cadet branch of the Chichesters of Raleigh and later of Youlston, lords of the manor of Bratton Fleming), purchased in 1665 the advowson of  Bratton Fleming, 2 1/2 miles south-east of Arlington, from Sir Francis Godolphin for £300,  and on 27 March 1667 he signed a deed granting the advowson in perpetuity to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, of which he was a member. He also gave £10 toward the "Combination Room" of that college.
A mural monument exists in St Peter's Church, Bratton Fleming, to  Rev. Bartholomew Wortley, the first rector to be appointed by Gonville & Caius College. He was aged about 50 when appointed and remained in office until his death in 1749 aged 97.

See also
Baron Slane
Henry de Bracton
Exmoor Steam Railway

References

External links
Bratton Fleming home page
Bratton Fleming at GENUKI
Bratton Fleming community page

Category:Villages in Devon


MGIT (disambiguation)

The term MGIT may also refer to any of the following:

Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube, tube for isolation of Mycobacteria
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, technological institution in India


Felice Cavaliere

Felice Cavaliere (born January 23, 1981 in Tivoli) is an Italian professional football player who is currently unattached.

External links

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian footballers
Category:Italy youth international footballers
Category:A.S. Viterbese Castrense players
Category:A.C.D. Treviso players
Category:Frosinone Calcio players
Category:Association football defenders


St Roque's Church, Mdina

The Chapel of St. Roque, also known as the Chapel of Our Lady of Light, is a Roman Catholic chapel located in Mdina, Malta.

History
The original chapel building that stood on the site, of the present church, existed in 1393 under the dedication of the Holy Cross. However, the chapel was demolished in 1681 and another dedicated to Saint Roque was built in the 18th century. By time this chapel became known as Our Lady of Light, as a consequence after a painting depicting the Virgin of Light was installed in the chapel.

References

Category:18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings
Category:Roman Catholic chapels in Malta
Category:Mdina
Category:National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands


KQLX (AM)

KQLX (890 AM, "890 Ag News") is a radio station licensed to serve Lisbon, North Dakota. It airs an Agricultural News/Talk format.

A sale was finalized in July 2009, for transfer of ownership from Terry Loomis's Sheyenne Valley Broadcasting to Great Plains Integrated of Fargo, North Dakota. Great Plains Integrated was owned by Scott Hennen until he was forced out of the company in 2010.

The station was assigned the KQLX call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on August 16, 1984.

References

External links
KQLX official website
Red River Farm Network

QLX (AM)
Category:News and talk radio stations in the United States
Category:Ransom County, North Dakota
Category:Agriculture in North Dakota
Category:Radio stations established in 1984
Category:Daytime-only radio stations
Category:1984 establishments in North Dakota


Nuyeh

Nuyeh (, also Romanized as Nūyeh; also known as Noveyeh and Nowbeh) is a village in Tujerdi Rural District, Sarchehan District, Bavanat County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 657, in 153 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Bavanat County


XHLU-FM

XHLU-FM is a radio station on 93.5 FM in Ciudad Serdán, Puebla. It carries the Ke Buena grupera format from Televisa Radio.

History
XELU-AM 1340 received its concession on October 29, 1959. The 250-watt station was owned by Antonio Bautista García. The AM station would end its life transmitting with 10,000 watts day and 5,000 at night.

XELU was cleared to move to FM in 2011. In 2014, ownership passed from Victoria Hernández Cruz, who had bought it in 1989, to Bautista Paulino.

References

Category:Radio stations in Puebla


Justice and the Market

Justice and the market is an ethical perspective based upon the allocation of scarce resources within a society. The allocation of resources depends upon governmental policies and the societal attitudes of the individuals who exist within the society.  Personal perspectives are based upon ones circle of moral concern or those who the individual deems worthy of moral consideration.

Philosophers, economists and politicians have sought to answer the question of which members of society deserve material rewards and how to decide what deserving is based upon. Perspectives of distributive justice vary from collectivism to extreme self-sufficiency; these perspectives vary between the importance of the group or individual respectively. Positions on distributive justice incorporate moral and political philosophies to form the extremes  of communism (left wing) and libertarianism (right-wing) that exist on a continuum scale.

20th century philosopher John Rawls attempted to create a thought experiment that would allow for the consideration of a societal design that is best for all involved. Mechanisms of redistribution vary among countries and governmental roles within societies determine the redistributive mechanisms that are used.

Distributive Justice

Distributive justice relates to the principle of fairness in the allocation of wealth, income, power and opportunities. Many theoretical paradigms have been developed to approach distributive justice such as Adam Smith's invisible hand, Karl Marx's Socialist view of Communism and John Rawls Original position on Inequality.

Libertarianism

The Libertarian philosophy refers to freedom, and particularly individual liberty which dictates the right and ability to govern one's self. In an economic sense the libertarian view assumes a free market, left to its own accord, is a fair market and that redistributive taxation is unjust. Many libertarian schools of thought exist with differing views on many principles, such as the role of government in the market place.

Capitalist Society

Adam Smith's idea of the invisible hand was a founding contribution to explain resource allocation within a society. The invisible hand metaphor portrayed an aggregated market created by the self-interest of those involved, and grounded in the notion that through fulfillment of one's own aspirations, society would benefit. This idea formed the foundation of laissez-faire economic philosophy and subsequent neoclassical economics, where Milton Friedman’s ideas about economic systems lay. The free market originated from the concept of the invisible hand, and eventuates in a meritocratic society with resources allocated on the basis of merit. Modern representations of this exemplify perfect free market capitalism.

Criticism of capitalism
The invisible hand approach, or pure free market capitalism, assumes that a competitive market allocates resources in an appropriate manner, however Stephen LeRoy highlighted the debate that ensued following the recent financial crisis upon whether this assumption holds true for modern economies. Thorstein Veblen in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) argued that some wealth is conspicuously consumed to display success to others. This proclivity to purchase luxury goods has been viewed as an inefficiency of the capitalist system. Galbraith’s writings centered mostly, however, on the market power of large corporations. He posited that the power of corporations and their associated advertising, would make the markets espoused in classical economic theory ineffectual, requiring a new economic theory to be developed. Critics of Galbraith in turn objected to the fact that the focus of his writings were lay readers, as opposed to expert academics, implying that his answers to economic problems are too simplistic. Social inequality and unfair distribution of wealth, are often attributed to capitalism and a pure free market is built upon a principle of rewarding effort. However, this ignores persons born with greater natural abilities or greater opportunities. Thus, successive iterations of pure free market capitalism would lead to a market based upon feudal aristocracy.

Price controls are a government initiative to mitigate exploitative market power. Specifically in response to systems of pricing that capitalise on the dependency of one market entity upon another, such as monopolistic markets in which the supplier is a price maker and consumers assume the role of price taker. Price controls as a strategy provide relief from the price exploitation of the dominant player in a market transaction, albeit a short term abatement of this power which is a common criticism of this method.

Communist Society

Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto postulated that the era of feudal aristocracy and the capitalism experienced in 1847 at the time of its writing, would be replaced with communism, or as we now know it, a socialist society. Communists from a Marxian perspective are described as persons that understand the world and are enlightened to the interests of the proletariat. Marx surmised that the "dictatorship of the proletariat"  refers to rule by the working class and would see the battle of democracy as won.

In this scenario members of a society share common ownership of the means of production and rewards from that production. The resultant society gains and allocates resources according to the quote "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!". The communist approach eliminates scarcity in all respects, and represents a society from a pure collectivism school of thought, based upon the utilitarian moral perspective.

The impact of Marxist theories continues to this day, Alan Taylor  compares The Communist Manifesto to a holy script, being acted upon and quoted by supporters that do not know the source of their belief.

Criticisms of the Communist Society

Utilitarianism

A Communist society utilises a utilitarian based moral approach as a means to preserve the society. In this system the rights of the collective are placed above the rights of individuals. The utilitarian paradigm represents "the greatest happiness principle" as theorized by John Stuart Mill. This theory holds that the best course of action is that which benefits the majority, and may require the sacrifice of some to maximise happiness overall.

Motivation
Within a Communist Society the sole purpose of production is in maintaining the subsistence of the collective. Removing any role for self-interest also removes this incentive to exert effort by individuals because reward is not allocated proportionate to effort or in a meritocratic manner. Introduction of a rewards system (be it economic or otherwise) breaches the basis of the communist society, because reward places value on individual achievement. An additional criticism flows from Adam Smith's discovery of the effect of market signals on resource allocation. With no consumers to express demand, optimal resource levels cannot be maintained. Instead production occurs on the basis of need only and need is not measured by willingness to pay .

Meritocracy

Meritocracy is an ideology founded in the works of Confucius, whereby the allocation of rewards, positions and responsibilities is objective and upon the merit of an individual. Merit is predominantly assessed via examinations and evaluations, however a perfect meritocracy is near impossible to achieve. The attainment of a university degree is purportedly an example of a meritocratic system, however the inability to ensure equal opportunity to access university by all refutes this point. Inequalities exist in access to prior education, socio-economic factors and as Rawls argues natural abilities and talents. Criticism of meritocracy comes from the reproduction of traditional hierarchies and inequality, when merit is not awarded in a meritocratic manner but instead on the basis of opportunity. Distribution based upon the arbitrary nature of desert faces criticism from egalitarianism, that dictates justice without equality is futile and that equality in itself is the highest form of justice.

The Original Position

John Rawls conceived the notion of ‘The Original Position’ based upon the thought experiment whereby participants must agree to a hypothetical social contract under a veil of ignorance. In this approach to the question of societal design, removal of the knowledge of particular abilities, tastes and position within society creates a veil of ignorance. The application of this veil in the thought experiment determines the basic structure of society subjectively, because knowledge of the outcome and participant's subsequent position in the society is deprived. From this naive perspective, an evaluation of resource allocation can be made from a morally arbitrary point of view.
The veil of ignorance favours the selection of ‘the original position’ a point in between self-sufficiency and collectivism, whereby two fundamental principles of justice would be agreed upon.
 Equal rights to extensive basic liberties, compatible with a similar liberty for others.
 Social and economic inequalities that (a) work to the benefit of the least advantaged members of society and (b) attached to positions and offices available to all.

"They are the principles that free and rational persons concerned to further their own interests would accept in an initial position of equality as defining the fundamental terms of their association."

The Difference Principle

Rawls’ conclusion to the regulation of inequality, was a society based upon his proposed ‘difference principle’ - permitting inequalities that work to the advantage of the worst off. Not to be confused with trickle-down economics, this compensates for the natural abilities of individuals through a redistributive exercise. The society that results is therefore fair on the basis of opportunity regardless of natural ability.

Criticism of Rawls Theory
Rawls arranged the fundamental principles of the Original Position in lexical priority: the liberty principle, fair equality of opportunity and lastly the difference principle. This prioritisation encounters criticism, as the importance of the first principle is awarded greater weighting and must be satisfied prior to subsequent principles. So whilst liberty is said to be the dominant principle, the difference principle that results from the acceptance of inequalities (the second principle) operates in violation of the first principle. This is exemplified by redistributive taxes as discussed by Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State and Utopia which criticises the use of this tax as a levelling mechanism, impinging upon an individual's basic liberties, the mainstay of the original position's principles.

Three objections to the difference principle are identified by Michael Sandel as follows:
1. A decreased incentive to work when top tier earners are taxed proportionately greater than lower tier earners. Reaching an equilibrium point demonstrates the difference principle. At equilibrium, top tier earners are provided with enough incentive so to remain in their positions of employment and thus continue to produce benefits also received by bottom tier earners.
2. A Meritocratic allocation of reward.
3. Self-Ownership of one's natural talents and abilities, violated by redistributive practises that treat these natural assets as public or communal.

Redistributive mechanisms

Redistribution of wealth is attained through many forms such as taxation, monetary policies, welfare and nationalisation of private enterprise. Taxation as a means to redistribute wealth seeks to establish a level playing field for its constituents. Sweden has one of the highest income tax rates in the world, which translates to a high level of social welfare in the areas of education, healthcare and pensions. This is a mostly utilitarian form of society and results in a low Gini coefficient, a measure of equality of income 0.25. The United States of America has a relatively high Gini coefficient opposed to Sweden of 0.41. As such the USA faces a problematic history in public sector services. Accessibility issues exist in healthcare and education in particular. Private sector ownership of these services advantage those that can afford it and for those that cannot, inequality is exacerbated further.

Inequality of Wealth
The inequality of wealth distribution in the United States was the precursor to the Occupy Wall Street Movement that spread to up to 80 countries. The protest's slogan "We are the 99%" aimed to draw attention to the financial power held by a minority. This power is perpetuated by the supposedly corrupt nature of large corporations said to hold overwhelming financial and political control.

A poverty trap, acts as a self-reinforcing mechanism which causes poverty to persist. This vicious cycle of poverty remains a common experience of billions and the emergence of these traps can arise from both market failure and institution failure. On the opposite side to poverty traps are welfare traps, or an over-reliance upon welfare, that creates a perverse incentive to work.

Market failures are the inefficient allocation of goods and services, that can occur in a free market economy. These failures often arise in the pursuit of goals of self-interest that lead to inefficient market outcomes such as Veblen's theory of conspicuous consumption.

References

Category:Justice
Category:Distribution of wealth
Category:Inequality


KPAO

KPAO may refer to:

 Palo Alto Airport (ICAO code KPAO)
 KPAO-LP, a low-power television station (channel 22) licensed to Paso Robles, California, United States


Asptro convention

Asptro is a contract bridge  bidding convention used to intervene over a 1NT  opening bid.  Its methodology and hence its designation is a combination of two similar conventions – Aspro and Astro.

2 shows at least 5-4 either way round in hearts, the anchor, and a minor suit. Exceptionally the intervenor holds hearts and spades with preference for spades.
2 shows at least 5-4 either way round in spades, the anchor, and another suit. If the other suit is hearts, there is preference for hearts.
2 and 2 are natural.

Partner can bid two of the anchor suit, 2M, expecting to play that contract (sign off). 2 is a non-forcing enquiry, if available, and 2NT is a forcing enquiry. Other replies are natural. Responder can also pass with 6+ length in the bid minor. (You cannot expect support from partner but it might be the least evil).

After a 2 reply, the 2 intervenor passes with five diamonds or bids the 5 card suit, always the unknown one with 5-5.

After a 2NT reply, the intervenor routinely bids the unknown suit. Both the anchor and the unknown major imply both majors with preference for the new one. Thus 3 and 3 may be refined, such as by a strength difference with 3 stronger.

See also
List of defenses to 1NT

References

Category:Bridge conventions


Saint-Aubin-le-Monial

Saint-Aubin-le-Monial is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Allier
Category:Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Netta Rheinberg

Netta Rheinberg MBE (24 October 1911 – 18 June 2006) played for the English women's cricket team in a single Test, but was a notable figure in the women's game as an administrator and journalist. Rachael Heyhoe-Flint, the former England captain, said of her work as an administrator, "Netta was an action girl. We had very few people then, and she galvanised activity, partly just by having a great personality and a sense of humour."

"For a north London Jew, playing cricket for England and being one of the game’s most important administrators is about as well-trodden a career path as prime minister or bacon-buttie salesman," wrote Rob Steen shortly after her death aged 94 in 2006. "That Rheinberg happened to be a woman made her accomplishments all the more admirable."

She played her cricket mostly for Gunnersbury and Middlesex, as a batsman and slip fielder. Her one Test came on England's tour of Australia in 1948-9. She was the team's manager, and had to play in the match because of injuries to other players. She made a "pair".Therefore she became the first woman cricketer to register a pair on women's test debut

She was secretary of the Women's Cricket Association in 1945 and from 1948 to 1958. She was also membership secretary and vice-chairman of the Cricket Society.

She edited the magazine Women's Cricket, reported on women's cricket for Wisden for more than thirty years, and wrote a regular column for The Cricketer. With Heyhoe-Flint as co-author, she wrote a history of the women's game.

In 1999 she was one of the first ten women to be awarded honorary membership of MCC.

References
General
 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 2007, , 1568-9: Obituary

Specific

External links

Category:English women cricketers
Category:England women Test cricketers
Category:Cricket historians and writers
Category:English cricket administrators
Category:English cricket umpires
Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire
Category:1911 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:People educated at South Hampstead High School
Category:English Jews
Category:Jewish cricketers
Category:Middlesex women cricketers


GTool

gTool is a mobile repair tools manufacturing company. Its headquarters is in Pretoria, South Africa.

History
gTool was founded by George Hajipetrou in a small mobile repair shop situated in the north of Johannesburg, South Africa. The company was created in order to meet the high demand for mobile phone repairs. The repair shop was later acquired  by a corporate firm. This gave George Hajipetrou an opportunity to concentrate on developing repair tools.

Products
gTool has created tools that allow mobile technicians to repair a range of mobile devices.

gTool DRS System
The DRS systems were sold to over 50 individuals, it is a 3 part system in which 1 machine does the freezing and another does laminating and 3rd a dust free chamber. Each system cost offer $7,000 US dollars, took 1 year to build. The system were sold to 50 individuals. The systems were used as a testing to perfect the final product. The latest systems will be launched first quarter of 2020. The Previous individuals who received the 50 machines will either be refunded or replaced with the new system.

The gTool ScreenJack
The gTool ScreenJack was created in 2014. It is the world’s first professional iPhone opening tool. The tool enabled the user to open the iPhone 5, iPhone5S and iPhone 5C with ease without compromising the faulty phone any further.

The gTool iCorner
The gTool iCorner is used to rectify dented corners and sidewalls on iPads and iPhones. It works as a vice which fits over the affected area and when the knob is turned, it conforms the corner back to its original shape.

The gTool PanelPress
The gTool PanelPress is the first and only solution for fixing bent iPhones. It is regarded as the only device to ‘’unbend’’ the iPhone 6. The PanelPress is designed to repair the iPhone 5, iPhone5S, iPhone 5C as well as the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 plus. The unbending of the iPhone can be done by passing through a few easy steps.

References

External links
Official Website

Category:Companies based in the City of Tshwane
Category:Organisations based in Pretoria
Category:Tool manufacturing companies of South Africa
Category:South African brands


Heshima Thompson

Heshima Salim Thompson ( ; born 23 October 1986) is a British actor and singer.

Thompson was born in the London Borough of Brent to Jamaican immigrants. He has appeared on television in Spooks: Code 9 as Jez, Prime Suspect, Casualty, City Lights, Judge John Deed and Babyfather. In theatre he has appeared at The Young Vic in Generations and at The Royal Court in Incomplete and Random Acts of Violence. In 2009 he was nominated for a Screen Nation Award in the Young Shooting Star category. He has toured with Amy Winehouse as a backing singer and co-wrote a song with his brother Zalon, which was a hit in Japan. In 2009 he auditioned for the sixth series of The X Factor and in 2011 he auditioned for the eighth series. In 2010 he was cast as Asher Levi in series 2 of EastEnders: E20.

In March 2012 Thompson auditioned for the first series of The Voice UK He was selected by coach will.i.am and made it to the battle rounds of the competition, being beaten to the live shows by Tyler James.

Filmography

References

External links

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Male actors from London
Category:Black British male actors
Category:Black British singers
Category:English pop singers
Category:People from the London Borough of Brent
Category:The X Factor (British TV series) contestants
Category:The Voice UK contestants
Category:English male soap opera actors
Category:English male television actors
Category:English people of Ghanaian descent
Category:21st-century English singers


The Home of Dark Butterflies

The Home of Dark Butterflies () is a 2008 Finnish film directed by Dome Karukoski and starring Niilo Syväoja, Tommi Korpela, Kristiina Halttu and Kati Outinen. The film is an adaptation of the award-winning novel of the same name by Leena Lander.

The Home of Dark Butterflies was released on 11 January 2008 and was well received in its native Finland, winning the 2009 Jussi Awards for Best Direction (Karukoski), Best Editing (Ylönen), Best Supporting Actor (Sveholm) and the People's Choice Award.

Cast
 Niilo Syväoja as Juhani Johansson
 Tommi Korpela as Olavi Harjula
 Kristiina Halttu as Irene Harjula
 Kati Outinen as Tyyne
 Pertti Sveholm as Erik Johansson
 Matleena Kuusniemi as Maire Johansson
 Eero Milonoff as Salmi
 Marjut Maristo as Vanamo Harjula
 Roope Karisto as Sjöblom
 Ville Saksela as Rinne

See also
 2008 in film
 Cinema of Finland
 List of Finnish films: 2000s

References

External links

Category:Films directed by Dome Karukoski
Category:Finnish films
Category:Finnish-language films
Category:2008 films
Category:Films based on Finnish novels


Butterfly Boucher

Butterfly Giselle Grace Boucher  (born 2 June 1979) is an Australian singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer born in Adelaide. From the age of 15 years she played bass guitar in her older sister, Rebecca Boucher Burns (Becca)'s band Eat the Menu (later named The Mercy Bell), which issued a debut album, Whoosh, in 1996. Since mid-2000 Boucher has lived in Nashville, United States, and has released four solo albums, Flutterby (October 2003), Scary Fragile (June 2009), a self-titled album (April 2012), and a 10th-anniversary celebration of Flutterby called Happy Birthday Flutterby (23 August 2014). Since 2008, Boucher has recorded material for Ten Out of Tenn, a Nashville-based music collective. Boucher is also a member of the pop rock trio Elle Macho.

Biography
Butterfly Giselle Grace Boucher was born on 2 June 1979 in Adelaide, the fourth of seven daughters. Her first name, Butterfly, was a suggestion from a friend of the family. Her parents are Vivienne, a ballet dancer, and Rodney "Rod" Boucher. Rod had a career as a professional singer/musician during the 1970s and 1980s specialising in Christian and rock music. Boucher's sisters are Danielle Boucher (later a film director, actor, production designer), Rebecca Boucher Burns (now in band Belle of the Ball), Sunshine Boucher March (a ceramicist), Eden (born ca. 1981, member of Lovers Electric, and known for clothing design as 'Eden honeydew'), Angelle (ex model and coffee barista, studying herbology), and Harmony (singer of Vuvuvultures and a Models 1 model). Her family travelled outback Australia during Boucher's early years. Her parents are French Quebecers.

From the age of 15 years, Boucher played bass guitar for Eat the Menu (later renamed The Mercy Bell), which was formed in Brisbane in 1992 by her sister Becca on lead vocals, and Josh Thomson on guitars and backing vocals. In June 1996, Eat the Menu issued an album, Whoosh, with a line-up of Boucher, Becca, Thomson on acoustic guitar, and Dale Rankine on drums. Whoosh was re-released a year later under the band's new name, The Mercy Bell. In 1998, The Mercy Bell relocated to the United States –  Nashville and Los Angeles – for six months and then the United Kingdom. They had signed with Polydor, but Boucher became disillusioned working with the major label, "I don't think they did any promotion for that first record. There weren't even posters. It was like suddenly we were signed, but it didn't change anything". Plans for a second album were shelved amid wrangles with the label. While The Mercy Bell was in hiatus, Boucher was working on her solo material, initially in Stockton, UK. By mid-2000, she had returned to live in Nashville. Thomson returned to Australia and Becca remained in the UK, where she later married Benjamin Burns and by 2011 performed a travelling "lo-fi pop event", Burns Bistro.

On 7 October 2003, Boucher released her debut solo album, Flutterby, on Universal and A&M Records. She co-produced and co-engineered it with Robin Eaton, Ron Fair, and Brad Jones at Alex the Great Studios in Nashville, Tennessee. AllMusic's Robert L. Doerschuk described Flutterby as "[a] low-key tour de force, [it] reflects an uncommon maturity and breadth of talent, particularly for a debut effort. Boucher commands all the essential instruments; more than that, she layers her parts with an ear toward sounding like a solid backup band, as opposed to showing off. Her lyrics, which adhere to the confessional/heartache model, can revolve around unanswered questions". The album peaked in the top 40 of Billboards Top Heatseekers. In the next month Boucher issued her first single off the album, "I Can't Make Me", and followed with "Another White Dash". The latter track had been written by Boucher, Becca and Thomson of The Mercy Bell, which appeared on Billboards Adult Top 40. During 2004 Boucher toured the US and Europe, opening for Barenaked Ladies, and then for Sarah McLachlan on the latter's Afterglow Tour.

Boucher started work on a second album, Scary Fragile, in 2005 and it was delivered to the A&M label in January 2006. In February 2007 the track, "A Bitter Song", from the album, featured on an episode of the TV series, Grey's Anatomy, it was available on iTunes for digital download on 27 February. After various delays due to producer, label and legal concerns Scary Fragile was released independently on 2 June 2009. Boucher reflected on her problems with major labels, "[t]hat's what was so frustrating. I had been there before and I managed to do it again ... I wasted those three years and lost my love of music in the process, trying to figure out what other people wanted". To promote the album's appearance Boucher issued a single, "Gun for a Tongue", in May and toured the US from May to July that year. In 2008 different Boucher family members contributed to the film, The Burial: Butterfly Boucher and Becca co-wrote two tracks which were performed by The Mercy Bell; Rod had the role as 'The Priest'; Vivi was a catering manager; Danielle co-directed, co-designed, acted as "The Mother' and co-wrote; Sunshine, Angelle and Harmony were catering assistants; and Eden co-designed production, acted as 'Nurse' and designed costumers.

Boucher is part of the musical collective, Ten Out of Tenn, which formed in Nashville in 2005; since 2008 Boucher appeared on various compilation or Christmas albums including, Ten Out of Tenn Compilation (Vol. 2), Ten Out of Tenn Christmas (both 2008), Any Day Now (2009), We Are all in This Together (2010) and Ten Out of Tenn Compilation (Vol. 4)  (2011). In July and August 2010, McLachlan invited Boucher to perform on the renewed Lilith Fair tour, where Boucher met fellow Australian singer-songwriter Missy Higgins, the pair share songwriting for a number of tracks including, "Unashamed Desire". In 2011, Boucher and Brad Jones, co-produced Higgins' album, The Ol' Razzle Dazzle (June 2012), at Alex the Great Studios, Nashville. Both Boucher and Higgins recorded their own version of "Unashamed Desire": Boucher's appeared on her self-titled album which was released 13 April 2012, Higgins' version was issued as a single and appeared on The Ol' Razzle Dazzle. In 2011 Boucher toured with McLachlan, playing bass guitar and singing vocals. She also performs and records bass guitar and vocals as part of Elle Macho, a Nashville-based trio she formed with guitarist David Mead and drummer Lindsay Jamieson. Elle Macho will release their debut album on 5 February 2013. In August 2012, Boucher supported Higgins on an Australian tour that was followed, in September, by a tour of the US with Katie Herzig (fellow Ten out of Tenn member) added to the bill.

In September 2013, she announced that for the 10th anniversary of her first album, Flutterby, she re-recorded its songs. This new release will be called "Happy Birthday Flutterby".

In media
Butterfly Boucher recorded a duet with David Bowie singing his song "Changes", on the Shrek 2: Motion Picture Soundtrack, released in May 2004, for the film of the same name. Boucher's own songs have been featured on various TV programs. In July to August 2004, the short-lived ABC series, The Days used "Life is Short" as its opening theme. TV drama series Grey's Anatomy featured both "Never Leave Your Heart Alone" and "Life is Short" in its first season (2005), and debuted "A Bitter Song" from her then-unreleased album Scary Fragile in the third-season episode "Drowning on Dry Land" (2007). In addition, the title song "Scary Fragile" also featured in the pilot for the ABC Family show, Switched at Birth. The song "Gun for a Tongue" served as the theme song for The Lying Game.

Flutterby was the source of songs on the fantasy television series Charmed. "Life is Short" was used in the episode "Spin City", and the episode "Show Ghouls" features a version of the track "I Can't Make Me" remixed by Chris Lord-Alge, which is later included in soundtrack album, Charmed: The Book of Shadows.

The single "It Pulls Me Under" was featured in the film Where We're Meant to Be (2016) as well as the short film Break Free (2014) by Ruby Rose. Boucher later recorded and co-wrote an original song for the 2017 film Wonder entitled "Break the Rules".

Boucher co-wrote several songs and appears on Dawson Wells' debut album Re: No Subject, for which she played instruments, including drums, guitar, piano and keyboards, tambourine and bass. She provided lead and backup vocals on most of the songs, including a duet with Dawson called "Gracey and Henry Martin's First Summer". Compositions she penned with Wells on that album are "Say Anything", "Silly One", "Being in Love".

Her 2009 song, "A Bitter Song", was sampled by New Orleans rap duo Suicideboys in their song, "Kill Yourself III"

Discography
According to AllMusic, Butterfly Boucher is credited with: guitars (lead, bass, seven-string electric, acoustic, baritone), piano, violin, vocals (lead, backing), drums, animal sounds, keyboards, organ, percussion, programming, arranger, art direction, artwork, layout design, package design, composer, engineer, mixer, producer, and video director.

Albums
 Flutterby (7 October 2003)
 Scary Fragile (2 June 2009)
 Butterfly Boucher (13 April 2012)
 Happy Birthday Flutterby (November 2013 – a re-recording of Flutterby)

Singles and EPs
 "I Can't Make Me" (2003)
 "Another White Dash" (2004)
 "A Bitter Song" (2007)
 "Gun for a Tongue" (2009)
 "5678!" (2012)
 "It Pulls Me Under" (Single) 24 July 2014

Collaborations and guest performances
 "I'm Different" (on For the Kids Too!) 19 October 2004
 ¡Es Potencial! (with Elle Macho) 6 October 2009
 "Too Late, Farewell" (with Delerium) on Voice: An Acoustic Collection 5 October 2010
 "Absolute Beginners" (with Cary Brothers) on Covers Volume One EP 15 May 2012
 "Conquistador" (Single) (with Elle Macho) 5 February 2013
 "Import" (with Elle Macho) 5 February 2013

References

External links

 Interview with Butterfly at WickedInfo.com
 Butterfly Boucher on Channel One News

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Australian female guitarists
Category:Australian multi-instrumentalists
Category:Australian pop singers
Category:Australian rock bass guitarists
Category:Australian rock drummers
Category:Australian singer-songwriters
Category:Female bass guitarists
Category:Female drummers
Category:Musicians from Adelaide
Category:Australian people of Canadian descent
Category:21st-century Australian singers
Category:21st-century women singers
Category:21st-century drummers
Category:21st-century bass guitarists


Don Chan 2 Slot

, one slot game for the Java applet Hide1109 developed.

Gameplay
It is basically turning the reels repeat stop aiming the acquisition of bonus game. Bonus based on the Unit 4 Pachislot, Big bonus ends with a rush of 30 games or three bonus games, Regular bonus ends with a getting of 12 games or 8 hits replay (JAC). Also, when you close the game, it is equipped to save function by Cookie.

Development
The game made from Don chan 2 slot machine (Aruze / Universal Entertainment Corporation) the based is one that was port to Java applet, but the contents is a stripped-down version. (Basically, such as flash and LCD animation is equipped with.)

External links
 Official site (Japanese)

Category:2000 video games
Category:Java platform games
Category:Browser games


Future tense

In grammar, a future tense (abbreviated ) is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future. An example of a future tense form is the French aimera, meaning "will love", derived from the verb aimer ("love"). English does not have a future tense formed by verb inflection in this way, although it has a number of ways to express the future, particularly the construction with the auxiliary verb will or shall or is/am/are going to and grammarians differ in whether they describe such constructions as representing a future tense in English.

The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is used it may mean the future relative to some other point in time under consideration.

Expressions
The nature of the future, necessarily uncertain and at varying distances ahead, means that the speaker may refer to future events with the modality either of probability (what the speaker expects to happen) or intent (what the speaker plans to make happen). Whether future expression is realis or irrealis depends not so much on an objective ontological notion of future reality, but rather on the degree of the speaker's conviction that the event will in fact come about.

In many languages there is no grammatical (morphological or syntactic) indication of future tense. Future meaning is supplied by the context, with the use of temporal adverbs such as "later", "next year", etc. Such adverbs (in particular words meaning "tomorrow" and "then") sometimes develop into grammaticalized future tense markers. (A tense used to refer specifically to occurrences taking place on the following day is called a crastinal tense.)

In other languages, mostly of European origin, specific markers indicate futurity. These structures constitute a future tense. In many cases, an auxiliary verb is used, as in English, where futurity is often indicated by the modal auxiliary will (or shall). However, some languages combine such an auxiliary with the main verb to produce a simple (one-word, morphological) future tense. This is the origin of the future tense in Western Romance languages such as French and Italian (see below).

A given language may have more than one way to express futurity. English, for example, often refers to future events using present tense forms or other structures such as the going-to future, besides the canonical form with will/shall. In addition, the verb forms used for the future tense can also be used to express other types of meaning; English again provides examples of this (see English modal verbs for the various meanings that both will and shall can have besides simply expressing futurity).

Expressions of relative tense
It is sometimes possible to mark the time of an occurrence as being in the past or future not relative to the present moment (the moment of speaking), but relative to a time of reference, which can itself be in the past or future (or in some hypothetical reality) relative to the present moment. (See relative tense.) Thus an occurrence may be marked as taking place in the "past of the future", "future of the past", etc. (For the "past of the past", see pluperfect.)

The past of the future, marking an occurrence expected to take place before some future reference time, is typically marked by a future perfect form (in languages that have such a form), as in the English "I shall have finished by tomorrow afternoon."

The "future of the past" may be expressed in various ways in English. It is possible to use would in its capacity as the past tense of the future marker will (see English modal verbs and future-in-the-past); for example: "The match started at midday but would not end until the evening." It is also possible to use the past tense of other expressions that express future reference, as in "I was going to wait"; "I was to wait"; "I was about to wait." Such expressions can also be put into other tenses and moods (and non-finite forms), to achieve future reference in hypothetical and future situations, e.g., "I would be going to take part if ..."; "I shall be about to leave." More examples can be found in the section Expressions of relative future in the article on the going-to future.

Germanic languages
In Germanic languages, including English, a common expression of the future is using the present tense, with the futurity expressed using words that imply future action (I go to Berlin tomorrow or I am going to Berlin tomorrow). There is no simple (morphological) future tense as such. However, the future can also be expressed by employing an auxiliary construction that combines certain present tense auxiliary verbs with the simple infinitive (stem) of the main verb. These auxiliary forms vary between the languages. Other, generally more informal, expressions of futurity use an auxiliary with the compound infinitive of the main verb (as with the English is going to ...).

English
English grammar provides a number of ways to indicate the future nature of an occurrence. Some argue that English does not have a future tense—that is, a grammatical form that always indicates futurity—nor does it have a mandatory form for the expression of futurity. However, there are several generally accepted ways to indicate futurity in English, and some of them—particularly those that use will or shall—are frequently described as future tense.

The will/shall future consists of the modal verb will or shall together with the bare infinitive of the main verb, as in "He will win easily" or "I shall do it when time permits". (Prescriptive grammarians prefer will in the second and third persons and shall in the first person, reversing the forms to express obligation or determination, but in practice shall and will are generally used interchangeably, with will being more common. For details see shall and will.) The meaning of this construction is close to that expressed by the future tense in other languages. However the same construction with will or shall can have other meanings that do not indicate futurity, or else indicate some modality in addition to futurity (as in "He will make rude remarks", meaning he has a habit of doing so, or, "You shall act on my behalf", giving an order). For details of these meanings, see the sections on will and shall in the article on English modal verbs.

The form of the will/shall future described above is frequently called the simple future (or future simple). Other constructions provide additional auxiliaries that express particular aspects: the future progressive (or future continuous) as in "He will be working"; the future perfect as in "They will have finished"; and the future perfect progressive as in "You will have been practising." For detail on these, see the relevant sections of Uses of English verb forms. (For more on expressions of relative tense, such as the future perfect, see also the section  above.)

Several other English constructions commonly refer to the future:
 Present tense forms, as in "The train leaves at five," or, "My cousins arrive tomorrow." Since these grammatical forms are used more canonically to refer to present situations, they are not generally described as future tense; in sentences like those just given they may be described as "present tense with future meaning". Use of the present tense (rather than forms with will) is mandatory in some subordinate clauses referring to the future, such as "If I feel better next week, ..." and "As soon as they arrive, ...". For more details see the sections on the simple present, present progressive and dependent clauses in the article on English verb forms.
 The going-to future, e.g., "John is going to leave tonight."
 The construction with a finite form of the copula verb be together with the to-infinitive, e.g., "John is to leave tonight". (With the zero copula of newspaper headline style, this becomes simply "John to leave tonight".) For details see am to.
 The construction with to be about to, e.g., "John is about to leave", referring to the expected immediate future. (A number of lexical expressions with similar meaning also exist, such as to be on the point of (doing something).)
 Use of modal verbs with future meaning, to combine the expression of future time with certain modality: "I must do this" (also mun in Northern English dialect); "We should help him"; "I can get out of here"; "We may win"; "You might succeed". The same modal verbs are also often used with present rather than future reference. For details of their meanings and usage, see English modal verbs.

Questions and negatives are formed from all of the above constructions in the regular manner: see Questions and Negation in the English grammar article. The auxiliaries will and shall form the contracted negations won't and shan't (they can also sometimes be contracted when not negated, to  'll).

The various ways of expressing the future carry different meanings, implying not just futurity but also aspect (the way an action or state takes place in time) and/or modality (the attitude of the speaker toward the action or state).  The precise interpretation must be based on the context. In particular there is sometimes a distinction in usage between the will/shall future and the going-to future (although in some contexts they are interchangeable). For more information see the going-to future article.

German
The use of the present tense in future meaning is much more common in German than it is in English. Especially in colloquial German, but also in the written standard language, future tenses are quite rarely used if the future meaning is already evident through context or a temporal adverb or clause. For example:

 In zehn Jahren bin ich Millionär.
 "In ten years, I shall be a millionaire."
 Literally: "In ten years am I millionaire."

German uses an auxiliary for the future: werden (which can also mean "to become.") The main verb after werden is a simple infinitive. The infinitive main verb is placed at the end of the sentence or clause. For example:

 Ich werde dich morgen nach der Arbeit anrufen.
 "I shall call you tomorrow after work."
 Literally: "I will you tomorrow after work call."

A future perfect (in German referred to as Futur II) can be formed by means of replacing the simple infinitive with a past infinitive (past participle + infititive of the relevant auxiliary):

 Ich werde dich angerufen haben
 "I shall have called you."

Some 17th and 18th century grammarians (e.g. J. Kromeyer, J. C. Gottsched, J. B. v. Antesperg) also labeled other future forms, like:
 imperative future: du sollst loben (you shall praise)
 indicative uncertain future (German: ungewiss zukünftige Zeit, Latin: tempus futurum incertum): ich will loben (I want to praise)
 indicative certain future (German: gewiss künftige Zeit, Latin: tempus futurum certum), or indicative future I: ich werde loben (I shall praise)
 indicative conditional future (German: bedingt zukünftige Zeit, Latin: tempus futurum conditionatum), or conjunctive II future: ich würde loben (I would praise)
All these wordings do still exists, but nowadays (usually) only ich werde loben (future I) and sometimes ich würde loben (conjunctive II future) are labeled future forms.

Dutch
Dutch can express the future in three ways:
gaan + infinitive: Ik ga het boek lezen (I'm going to read the book). "Gaan" is a cognate of "to go".
zullen + infinitive: Ik zal het boek lezen (I will/shall read the book). "Zullen" is a cognate of "shall".
 present tense + context or a temporal adverb or clause: Hoe lang blijft hij in Nederland? (How long is he staying in the Netherlands?) Its English-language equivalent uses the continuous or imperfective aspect.
Zullen + infinitive is more similar to shall than to will. It is used to:
express a promise or a proposal
emphasize that something will certainly happen
express that an event is likely going to take place (by explicitly mentioning the probability)
English will and Dutch wil, although cognates, have over the centuries shifted in meaning, such that will is almost identical to shall, whereas Dutch wil means want, as in Ik wil het doen (I want to do it).

Gaan + infinitive can be compared with the English "going to" . It is used:
to express an intended action (but not a promise, proposal, or solemn plan)
to say that an event is going to take place (without emphasizing the certainty or mentioning the probability)

Icelandic and Old Norse
Icelandic descends from Old Norse and  is scarcely changed from it in the written form. Icelandic uses the auxiliaries:

 munu expressing a probable future
 skulu (shall) implying obligation or determination.

It is believed that in Old Norse munu expressed the pure future, skulu (shall) expressed obligation or determination as it still does, and a third auxiliary, vilja ("will"), expressed will or intent.

A common auxiliary expression of the future, which takes the compound infinitive, is:

 ætla expressing intention.

(So Ég ætla að koma;  I will come)

The verb verða (become) is also very commonly used in the meaning "will be", making the lesser used mun vera (will be) have a bit stronger emphasis on the future than the English translation has.

Like many other Germanic languages, the future can also be expressed by simply using the present tense and having in the sentence words that imply future action (e.g. "tomorrow"). Because of this, if it is already evident from the sentence that one is talking about the future, then the verb is almost always in the present tense.

Norwegian

Current standard Norwegian auxiliaries are:

 vil (cognate with "will"; used to indicate desire)
 skal (cognate with "shall"; used to indicate intent)
 kan (cognate with "can"; used to indicate ability)
 kommer/kjem til å (future regardless of intention)
An occasional usage is:

 mon (or in Nynorsk mun.).
etla (Nynorsk)

Danish

In Danish the future is usually unmarked, using the present tense form.  Sometimes the modals  ("want") and  ("must") are used instead to indicate futurity, and sometimes  "become" can have the meaning "will be".  The following distinctions illustrate some of their uses:

 "That will never happen" (a prediction) but  "That shall not happen" (a promise).

 "What will you (do) tonight?";  "I shall visit my parents this weekend";  "Will you go (are you going) home now?".

 "He wants to_be_picked_up";  "He must be_picked_up".   "He will become (get) picked_up (it's already arranged)", but  "He will become (be) picked_up (I promise)".

 "I shall (go) to (a) birthday_party tomorrow".   "That becomes (will be) fun".   "We become (shall be) 15 (there will be fifteen of us)".   "He becomes (will be) 40".

Swedish

Swedish skall strongly implies intention, but with an adverb such as nog "probably" it can avoid the implication of intentionality: Det här skall nog gå bra "This will probably go well".  However, the past tense of skall, skulle, can be used without such an adverb to express predictions in the past:  Pelle sa, att det skulle bli varmt på eftermiddagen "Pelle said that it would be warm in the afternoon."

Pure future, regardless of intention, is usually expressed with kommer att (literally: "comes to"): Det här kommer att gå bra "This will go well", Du kommer att överleva det här "You will survive this".

Generally, future tense is sparsely used in spoken Swedish, with the verb instead being put in present tense and accompanied by a distinct time specification: Jag åker till Spanien på fredag "I travel to Spain on Friday" Då ses vi imorgon. "Then we meet tomorrow"

Latin and Romance
The future tense forms in Latin varied by conjugation.  Here is a sample of the future tense for the first conjugation verb amare, "to love".

See Latin conjugation for further details. Sound changes in Vulgar Latin made future forms difficult to distinguish from other verb forms (e.g., amabit "he will love" vs. amavit "he loved"), and the Latin simple future forms were gradually replaced by periphrastic structures involving the infinitive and an auxiliary verb, such as debere, venire, velle, or especially habere. All of the modern Romance languages have grammaticalized one of these periphrastic constructions for expressing the future tense; none of them has preserved the original Latin future.

Future tense with habere

While Classical Latin used a set of suffixes to the main verb for the future tense, later Vulgar Latin adopted the use of habere ("to have") with the infinitive, as for example:

petant aut non petant venire habet ("whether they ask or do not ask, it will come")

From this construction, the major Western Romance languages have simple future tense forms that derive from the infinitive followed by a conjugated form of the verb "to have" (Latin habere). As the auxiliary verb lost its modal force (from a verb expressing obligation, desire, or intention, to a simple marker of tense), it also lost syntactic autonomy (becoming an enclitic) and phonological substance (e.g., Latin first singular habeo > ayyo > Old French ai, Modern French ).

Thus the sequence of Latin verbs amare habeo ("I have to love") gave rise to French aimerai, Spanish amaré, etc. "I will love".

Phonetic changes also affected the infinitive in the evolution of this form, so that in the modern languages the future stem is not always identical to the infinitive. Consider the following Spanish examples:
 "go out": infinitive salir → 1st. sing. future saldré in lieu of *saliré
 "know": infinitive saber → 2nd. sing future "sabrás" in lieu of *saberás
 "do": infinitive hacer → 3rd sing. future hará in lieu of *hacerá
 "want": infinitive querer → 3rd pl. future querrán in lieu of *quererán

Romanian

Romanian, although a Romance language, patterns like Balkan languages such as Greek and Serbo-Croatian (cf. Balkan sprachbund) in that it uses reflexes of the verb vrea (to want):
"love": infinitive a iubi → 3rd sing. future va iubi

Romanian also forms a future tense from the subjunctive, with a preceding particle, o, also derived from vrea:
"love": infinitive a iubi → 3rd sing. future o să iubească (lit. (want) that he love)

Portuguese
In Portuguese, there is a simple future conjugation, which is quite similar to the Spanish one (see the table below):

However, there are multiple composed future conjugations such as the following ones:

 vou cantar (Auxiliary go)
 irei cantar (Auxiliary go)
 vim cantar (Auxiliary come)
 venho cantar (Auxiliary come)
 virei cantar (Auxiliary come)
 hei de cantar (Auxiliary exist)
 vou estar cantando (Auxiliaries go + be)
 estarei cantando (Auxiliary be)

Combinations of auxiliary and event verbs such as venho vir and venho ir are not used because the future auxiliaries vim/venho/irei (come) have a residue meaning of coming: vim cantar (I came here to sing), venho cantar (I will sing here), and virei cantar (I will sing here) mean that the speaker will do the described action at the same place where he or she is now. In particular, vou is not only the most used future auxiliary in Portuguese and it is equivalent to will in English. It is also the most used simple future form for the verb ir (to go) meaning will go.

In Portuguese a pronoun may be placed between the root verb and the future tense ending, as in dar-lhe-ei ("I will give it to you"), where the pronoun lhe ("to you") is inserted into the future verb darei ("(I) will give"), between the stem (dar) and the future tense ending (ei). This phenomenon is called mesoclisis.

Sardinian
Sardinian, due to its early breaking off from Proto-Romance, displays different traits in its morphology. Notably, in the future tense, the verb habeo (aere in Sardinian) is instead proclitic, and does not have an individual conjugation on the verb. Instead, aere is conjugated into present tense, and the other verb's infinitive form is used. Thusly,  app'aere, app'appidu and app'aere appidu are aere's future, perfect, and future perfect.

Slavic languages

Slovak
In the Slovak language, the future tense is formed only with verbs with imperfective grammatical aspect, with the auxiliary verb byť (to be) in future tense:

To this auxiliary verb, the infinitive of the verb to be put into future tense is simply appended:
 robiť (to do, to work): budem robiť (I will work, I will be working)
 hovoriť (to speak, to talk): budeme hovoriť (we will speak/talk, we will be speaking/talking)

Polish
Polish language uses both suffixes and auxiliary verbs to express the sense of futurity. The only verb which has its own future conjugation is być (to be):

The future tense can be formed in two different ways depending on the aspect of the verb. For imperfective verbs, Polish uses the future tense of być plus the past tense of the verb at the third person or the infinitive. For instance:
 mówić (to say/speak/talk/tell):
-będę mówił (m)/mówiła (f)/ mówiło (n)/mówić (I will say, I will be saying).

-będziesz mówił (m) / mówiła (f) / mówiło (n)/mówić (You will say, you will be saying).

-będzie mówił (m) / mówiła (f) / mówiło (n)/mówić (He/she/it will say, he/she/it will be saying).

-będziemy mówili (mp) / mówiły (nmp) / mówić (We will say, we will be saying).

-będziecie mówili (mp) / mówiły (nmp) / mówić (You will say, you will be saying).

-będą mówili (mp) / mówiły (nmp) / mówić (They will say, they will be saying).

(m) refers to a male, (f) to a female and (n) is neuter, used with inanimate objects. In Plural, (mp) refers to the masculine-personal gender and (nmp) to non-masculine-personal. The form with the infinitive is less common.

Perfective verbs have only the past and future tenses. As they have no present tense, the rules used to form the present tense in imperfective verbs are used to give the sense of futurity to perfective verbs. For instance, the perfective form of mówić is conjugated as follows:
 powiedzieć (to say/speak/talk/tell)

-powiem (I will say, I will be saying)

-powiesz (You will say, you will be saying)

-powie (He/she/it will say, he/she/it will be saying)

-powiemy (We will say, we will be saying)

-powiecie (You will say, you will be saying)

-powiedzą (They will say, they will be saying)

This example follows the rules of the verbs which conjugate according to the model -em, esz. The other models are -am, asz, -ę, esz, -ę, isz and -ę, ysz. Irregular verbs may change their root, but never their desinence (like in the example above where the root powi changes to powiedz in the third person plural).

Celtic languages

Scottish Gaelic

In Scottish Gaelic, the future tense is formed in regular verbs by adding aidh or idh to the end of the root form of the verb (idh is used if the final vowel in the root is i).

Danns. (dance.) -> Dannsaidh mi. (I will dance.)
Cuir. (put.) -> Cuiridh i. (She will put.)

Inserting cha before the root forms the negative.  The initial consonant of the root is lenited where possible, except for d, t or s, which in certain cases is not lenited. Chan is substituted if the root begins with a vowel or an f followed by a vowel, which is also lenited.

Cha téid mi... (I will not go...)
Chan fheuch am peasan sin idir. (That brat will not try at all.)

In the interrogative, an is placed before the root of the verb. If the root begins with b, f, m, or p, am is used instead.

An ith thu sin? (Will you eat that?)
Am pòg thu i? (Will you kiss her?)

As in English, some forms are irregular - mostly common verbs. For example, the root for the word "to see" is faic, but the positive future tense form "will see" is chì.

The copula is bidh (will be), cha bhi (will not be), am bi (interrogative), and nach bi (negative interrogative).

Bidh mi a' tighinn! (I shall be coming!)
Cha bhi e an seo a-màireach. (He will not be here tomorrow.)
Am bi thu air falbh as t-samhradh? (Will you be away this summer?)
Nach bi sibh a' fuireach airson a' bhìdh? (Will not you be staying for the food, sir?)

The linking verb (that will be) is gum bi (positive) or nach bi (negative).

Tha ise ag ràdh gum bi esan a' dol. (She said that he will be going.)
Tha mi an dòchas nach bi iad sgìth. (I hope that they will not be tired.)

Irish

In Irish, the future tense is formed two ways in regular verbs, depending on verb class.  Class I verbs add faidh or fidh to the end of the root form of the verb (fidh is used if the final vowel in the root is e or i).

Glan. (clean.) -> Glanfaidh mé. (I will clean.)
Cuir. (put.) -> Cuirfidh sí. (She will put.)

Class II verbs add óidh or eoidh to the end of the root form of the verb (eoidh is used if the final vowel in the root is e, i, or í).

Eistigh. (listen.) -> Eisteoidh mé. (I will listen.)
Imir. (play.) -> Imreoidh sí. (She will play.)

Both class I and class II verbs have a special form for the 1st person plural:

Glan. (clean.) -> Glanfaimid. (We will clean.)
Cuir. (put.) -> Cuirfimid. (We will put.)
Eistigh. (listen.) -> Eisteoimid. (We will listen.)
Imir. (put.) -> Imreoimid. (We will play.)

The negative is formed by adding ní.  The initial consonant of the root is lenited.

Ní fhreastalóidh mé... (I will not serve...)

In the interrogative, an is placed before the root of the verb, which causes eclipsis.

An iosfaith tú sin? (Will you eat that?)
An bpogfaigh tú í? (Will you kiss her?)

Of the ten listed irregular verbs in Irish, six show irregular future forms:
Abair. (say.) -> Déarfaidh sí. (She will say.) (present deireann)
Beir. (catch/bring.) -> Béarfaidh sí. (She will bring.) (present beireann)
Faigh. (get.) -> Gheobhaidh sí. (She will get.) (present faigheann)
Ith. (eat.) -> Iosfaidh sí. (She will eat.) (present itheann)
Tar. (come.) -> Tiocfaidh sí. (She will come.) (present tagann)
Teigh. (go.) -> Rachaidh sí. (She will go.) (present téann)

One additional irregular verb has an alternate future form:
Feic. (see.) -> Chífidh sí. (She will see.) (regular future feicfidh)

The future of verb tá (be) is beidh (1pl. beimid).  The copula is ("is") is  is (will be), ní (will not be), an (interrogative), and nach (negative interrogative).

The linking verb (that will be) is go mbí (positive) or nach bí (negative).

Duirt sí go mbeidh sé ag dul. (She said that he will be going.)
Tá súil agam nach mbeidh tuirse acu. (I hope that they will not be tired.)

Welsh

In Welsh, most verbal functions are expressed using constructions with bod (to be).  The future may be expressed in the same way using the future tense of bod.

Fe fydda i yn... (I will...)Fe fyddi di yn... (thou wilt...)Fe fydd e yn... (he will...) etc.

(The affirmative marker "fe" has no real translation in English and can easily be left out or replaced with 'mi' in North Wales. Neither word should be confused with subject pronouns which follow the verb in Welsh).

More commonly Welsh uses a construction with "Mynd" (to go)

"Rwy'n mynd i weld y ffilm yfory" (I'm going to see the film tomorrow)

Futurity can also be expressed by using words that imply future actionDwi'n mynd yna heddiw: I am going there today.

The simple future, which uses verb suffixes conjugated with the verb, is used to express determination of action or to emphasise confidence in outcome.  As in the future of bod, the affirmative marker is fe.

Semitic languages
Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew has a distinction between past and future tenses which is similar in form to those used in other Semitic languages such as Arabic and Aramaic. Gesenius refers to the past and future verb forms as Perfect and Imperfect, respectively, separating completed action from uncompleted action. However, the usage of verbs in these forms does not always have the same temporal meaning as in Indo-European languages, mainly due to the common use of a construct of inverting the time reference with a prefix "Waw consecutive" (ו' ההיפוך). With this construct,  the Perfect-consecutive refers to the future  and the Imperfect-consecutive refers to the past.

Usage of the imperfect to discuss future events is somewhat uncommon in Biblical Hebrew, as the Bible mainly discusses past events. It can be found in quoted speech, such as in the words of Moses (imperfect verbs stressed):

The Perfect-consecutive is commonly found in prophetic text, describing an unspecified future, as in the Book of Isaiah:

Modern Hebrew always employs the imperfect as the future tense (and the perfect as the past tense). The usage of "Waw consecutive" has practically disappeared, except for quotes from the Bible and Poetic language.

Arabic

To form future tense in Arabic the prefix (سـ) "sa" is added to the present tense verb, or (سوف) "sawfa".

For example, consider the sentence:
I eat apples > "آكلُ تفاحاً" "Akulu tuffahan"

To express the future we have two ways:
I will eat apples > "سـآكلُ تفاحاً"  "Saakulu tuffahan"
or:
I will eat apples >  "سوف آكلُ تفاحاً"  "Sawfa akulu tuffahan"

The first is written as part of the verb, whereas the latter is written as a Clitic to indicate the future but preceding the verb.

In Classical Arabic the latter indicates an individual future action that usually takes place further in the future than the first mentioned form, which is usually used with verbs that relate to other actions, and mostly referring to rather near future actions.
However, in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) the distinction is minimal.

Moreover, the indication of the future tense in dialectal Arabic is quite varied from one dialect to the next.
Generally speaking, the words meaning "want to" (بدي / أريد أن), "go to" (أروح), "intend to"(ناوي /نويت), and many others are used daily to indicate future actions.
In Moroccan Arabic, the word "Ghad" (غاد) is used to indicate future, which literally means "there" (or there is to happen), that is in some way similar to the English formation "there I go.."

Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin Chinese has no grammatical tense, instead indicating time of action from the context or using adverbs.  However, the auxiliary verb 會 /  - huì / ㄏㄨㄟˋ, a modal meaning "can", "know how", can alternatively indicate futurity.  For lexical futurity, the word  yào, which can serve as a verb meaning "to want", can also serve as an adverb meaning "immediately": For example,  wǒ yào xǐzǎo can mean either "I want to bathe" or "I am about to bathe".  即 jí、將 jiāng serve a similar function as tense-marking adverbs.

Creoles
Creoles are languages with a vocabulary heavily based on a superstrate language but a grammar based on substrate languages and/or universal language tendencies.  Some Creoles model a future tense/irrealis mood marker on "go" from the superstrate (analogous to English "am going to").  In many creoles the future can be indicated with the progressive aspect, analogous to the English "I'm seeing him tomorrow."  In general creoles tend to put less emphasis on marking tense than on marking aspect.  When any of tense, aspect, and modality are specified, they are typically indicated with invariant pre-verbal markers in the sequence anterior relative tense (prior to the time focused on), irrealis mode (conditional or future), imperfective aspect.

Jamaican English Creole

The future marker in Jamaican Creole is /de go/ or /a go/: /de go hapm/ "is going to happen", /mi a go ɹon/ "I am going to run".

Belizean Creole English

In Belizean Creole, the future tense is indicated by a mandatory invariant pre-verbal particle /(w)a(n)/, /gwein/, or /gouɲ/.

Gullah

In Gullah the future is indicated by the pre-verbal marker gwine:  Uh gwine he'p dem "I'm going to help them".

Hawaiian Creole English

In Hawaiian Creole, the pre-verbal future marker is gon:  Ai gon bai wan pikap "I'm going to buy a pickup".

Haitian Creole

Haitian Creole, based on a French superstrate, interchangeably uses pral or va (from French 3rd person singular va "goes") pre-verbally to indicate the future:  Mwen va fini lit. "I go finish"; Li pral vini jodi a'' "He will come today".

References

External links
4 Future Tenses Explained
English Grammar Reference and Exercises

Tense
Category:Grammatical tenses


Blair Russel

Blair Russel (September 17, 1880 – December 7, 1961) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey forward who played for the Montreal Victorias. Russel helped the Victorias to several Stanley Cup wins during his career. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965.

Russel was born in Montreal, Quebec. He joined the Montreal Victorias in 1894 as a junior, playing for the Victorias' team in the Montreal Metropolitan League. Russel moved up to the Victorias Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) Intermediate team two years later and joined the CAHL Senior team for the 1899–1900 season.

Awards
 1907 – ECAHA 1st All-Star Team

References

External links

Category:1880 births
Category:1961 deaths
Category:Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Ice hockey people from Quebec
Category:Montreal Victorias players
Category:Sportspeople from Montreal
Category:Stanley Cup champions
Category:Canadian ice hockey left wingers


Parviz Kambin

Parviz Kambin (born 1931) is an American-Iranian medical doctor and orthopaedic surgeon. He is a Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and has established an Endowed Chair of Spinal Surgery Research at Drexel University College of Medicine. He has published more than 55 articles in peer-reviewed journals, edited two textbooks and has contributed chapters in spinal surgery textbooks. He has lectured worldwide in the field of minimally invasive spinal surgery. His research and development in this specialty began in 1970.

Biography
Kambin was born in Tehran, Iran on  May 21, 1931. He received his doctorate degree in medicine from Tehran University Faculty of Medicine in 1956. He continued his post-graduate training as an intern at St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center. He then did a four-year residency at New Jersey Orthopaedic Hospital and New York University, and received his American Board Certification in Orthopaedic Surgery in 1965.

Kambin is a Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and has established an Endowed Chair of Spinal Surgery at Drexel University, College of Medicine. He has been recognized by the College of Physicians of Philadelphia and his work in part has been exhibited in the Mutter Museum. Together with several colleagues, he assisted in the establishment of the International Society for Minimal Intervention in Spinal Surgery in 1988 and was elected the first president of the society in 1990. He coined the term "minimally invasive spinal surgery" and is credited in the Dorland's Medical Dictionary for describing the "Kambin triangular working zone".

Research and development
Parviz Kambin's contributions to the field of spinal surgery have been recognized both in the medical circle and the surgical industry. Kambin's early experimental work with the debulking of the nuclear mass began in 1970. By utilising a series of cadaveric studies at the University of Pennsylvania and the Graduate Hospital, Philadelphia, he developed instruments and described the anatomy and the path of the lateral access to the spinal canal for access and removal of herniated disc fragments.

He subsequently began his experimental work on the efficacy of the postero-lateral access to herniated lumbar discs. Kambin's preliminary study of nine patients who underwent lateral discectomy was published in the peer-reviewed journal Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research in April 1983, and is considered to be the first publication on this subject in western literature. He is also credited with 34 US and European patents in the field of minimally invasive spinal surgery.

Awards
The American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons "Lifetime Achievement Award," July 2000
The American Academy of Minimally Invasive Spinal Medicine & Surgery "Minimally Invasive Hall of Fame," Las Vegas, Nevada, December 2000
Royal College of Surgeons, USA "Lifetime Achievement Award", December 2005
World Congress of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery & Techniques Lifetime Achievement Award, June 2008

International activities
During a meeting with Adam Schreiber from Switzerland, Mario Brock from the University of Berlin and J.A.N. Shepperd from the UK, a desire to establish an international society dedicated to the research and teaching of the emerging technology was expressed. Dr. Hijikata from Toden Hospital, Japan,  had described the removal of nuclear tissue from the intervertebral disc (nucleotomy) for the treatment of herniated discs in 1975.  Professor Schreiber adopted this technique and utilized the procedure in his practice.  Kambin resisted the term "nucleotomy" in the title of the newly formed society.  He believed that the dislodged herniated disc fragments should be accessed and removed. Kambin was elected the first President of the newly organized society. He coined the term "minimal intervention in spinal surgery" by registering the society as a nonprofit organization dedicated to education and research in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The name "International Society for Minimal Intervention in Spinal Surgery" (ISMISS) was established on April 10, 1990. His first textbook, Arthroscopic Microdiscectomy, Minimal Intervention in Spinal Surgery, was published in 1991. The Society was formed under the auspices of the Société Internationale de Chirurgie Orthopédique et de Traumatologie (International Society of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology).

Teaching
Parviz Kambin remained an active member of the Graduate Hospital, where he served patients, taught and did research for more than 30 years. Subsequently, he accepted a full-time academic position at the Drexel University College of Medicine where he continued with his research and patient care. He has also contributed to the Parviz Kambin Lectureship at the Philadelphia Orthopaedic Society, where annually renowned spine surgeons present their work to the Philadelphia orthopaedic community. Norman Johanson, Chairman of Orthopaedic Surgery at Drexel, commented, "Dr. Kambin’s trailblazing work in minimally invasive spine surgery serves as an inspiration to me, the faculty, and the orthopaedic residents here."

Selected publications
Kambin, P.:  Discectomie Percutanee Au Tracer. Abstract Rhumato, Vol. 23 pp 11, September/October 1987.
Kambin, P:  Percutaneous Lumbar Discectomy: Current Practice.  	Surgical Rounds for Orthopaedics, pp 31–35, December 1988.
Schaffer, J.L. and Kambin, P.:  Percutaneous Posterolateral Lumbar Discectomy and Decompression with a 6.9-Millimeter Cannula.  The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 73-A, No. 6, pp 822–831, July 1991.
Schaffer, J.L., Kambin P:  Percutaneous Posterolateral Lumbar Discectomy and Decompression with a 6.9 Millimeter Cannula: Analysis of Operative failures and Complications. The Year Book of Neurology and Neurosurgery, pp 375–377, 1993.
Kambin,P., Cohen, L., Brooks, M., and Schaffer, JL:  Development of Degenerative Spondylosis of the Lumbar Spine after Partial Discectomy.  SPINE Vol. 20, No.5 pp 599–607, March 1995.
Kambin, P., Casey, K., O'Brien, E., and Zhou, L:  Transforaminal arthroscopic decompression of lateral recess stenosis.  J Neurosurgery 84: 462-467, 1996.
Kambin, P. (Moderator) Parke, W, Regan, JJ, Schaffer JL, Yuan, HA: Instructional Course, Minimally Invasive Arthroscopic Spinal Surgery, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, February 24, 1996
Hermantin, F.U., Peters, T., Quartararo, L., Kambin, P: Prospective, Randomized Study Comparing the Results of Open Discectomy with Those of Video-Assisted Arthroscopic Microdiscectomy. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 81-A, No. 7, pp  958 –65, July 1999.

References

External links

Mütter Minute: Less Is More - A Tribute to Dr. Parviz Kambin
Mütter Minute: Minimally Invasive Surgery by Dr. Parviz Kambin
The International Society for Minimal Intervention in Spinal Surgery
Parviz Kambin, MD: An Interview

Category:American orthopedic surgeons
Category:1931 births
Category:Living people
Category:University of Tehran alumni


Assegaaibosch Nature Reserve

Assegaaibosch Nature Reserve is an historic estate and currently a CapeNature nature reserve and World Heritage Site situated in the Jonkershoek Valley near Stellenbosch in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The historic estate was established by Dirk Coetsee, the progenitor of the Coetsee family in South Africa.

Name
'Assegaaibosch' means 'Forest of Assegaai' in Dutch and Afrikaans, referring to the large number of Assegaai (Curtisia) trees on the estate. An assegaai is a traditional African weapon usually carved from Curtisia wood.

Location
Assegaaibosch is located south-east of Coetsenburg, on the north-eastern slopes of the Stellenbosch Mountain, which forms its southern boundary, in the Jonkershoek Valley stretching down to the banks of the Eerste River which forms its northern boundary below. It is about nine kilometres from Stellenbosch, and 204 hectares in size.

History
In the early 1680s, Simon van der Stel, the Dutch Governor of the Cape Colony, granted land to white settlers on the banks of the Eerste and Berg Rivers in and around what would become the towns of Stellenbosch and Franschhoek. The settlers were tasked with cultivating crops and raising livestock to supply ships of the Dutch East India Company as they rounded the Cape Peninsula en route to trade in the East Indies. In 1682, Simon van der Stel granted land at the foot of the Stellenbosch Mountain to the captain of the Stellenbosch Infantry, Dirk Coetsee, who established one of the oldest wine estates in South Africa, Coetsenburg, on the land. In the same year, Van Der Stel promised land higher up in the Jonkershoek Valley to Dirk Coetsee. Coetsee named this land Assegaaibosch (due to the abundance of assegaai trees; Assegaaibosch means "Assegai forest") and used it primarily for livestock.

Dirk Coetsee later built the Assegaaibosch Manor House, a traditional Cape Dutch-styled house, which is now a national monument. Though the Coetsee family certainly used the farm since the early 1680s, the only record registers the property in 1755 in the name of Dirk's son, Gerrit Coetsee. Van der Stel also granted two other estates to Coetsee: Uiterwyk (“Outer ward”) in Bottelary in 1699, and Zonquasdrift (from “Zonqua” which means San and drift) in Tulbagh in 1714. Over the years, the farm changed hands a number of times. The huge old oak trees were planted by Wouter Eduard Wium, who was granted the land by Lord Charles Somerset in 1806, with the special provision that he plant oaks in the area. In 1893, the land next to Assegaaibosch was used to establish a trout hatchery.

By the early twentieth century, Assegaaibosch had become quite run down. In 1960, the Cape Provincial Administration purchased Assegaaibosch, and the house was renovated. It is now a national monument and is used as a guest house.

The sturdy stone trout-hatching house also still stands today, although trout is no longer bred here, as it is an exotic species. CapeNature uses the property as a conservation station. The original hatching house is a national monument.

See also
Dirk Coetsee, the founder of Assegaaibosch Estate
Coetsenburg, also founded by Dirk Coetsee, in 1682

References

Category:Provincial nature reserves of the Western Cape


Workman Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota

Workman Township is a township in Aitkin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 207 as of the 2010 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 7.68%, is water.

Major highways
  Minnesota State Highway 65

Lakes
 Big Sandy Lake (west edge)
 Brown Lake (southwest three-quarters)
 Flowage Lake (west three-quarters)
 Rat Lake
 Sanders Lake
 Sandy River Lake (west half)

Adjacent townships
 Libby Township (north)
 Turner Township (northeast)
 Shamrock Township (east)
 McGregor Township (southeast)
 Jevne Township (south)
 Fleming Township (southwest)
 Logan Township (west)

Cemeteries
The township contains Lakeview Cemetery.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 194 people, 90 households, and 64 families residing in the township.  The population density was 5.9 people per square mile (2.3/km²).  There were 250 housing units at an average density of 7.6/sq mi (2.9/km²).  The racial makeup of the township was 95.36% White, 3.61% Native American, 0.52% Asian, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population.

There were 90 households out of which 18.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.48.

In the township the population was spread out with 13.9% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 21.1% from 25 to 44, 33.0% from 45 to 64, and 27.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 56 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $35,833, and the median income for a family was $37,083. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $21,607 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,518.  About 6.2% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 15.6% of those sixty five or over.

References
 United States National Atlas
 United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
 United States Board on Geographic Names (GNIS)

Category:Townships in Aitkin County, Minnesota
Category:Townships in Minnesota


Born (song)

"Born" is a song written and performed by Barry Gibb that was included as the first track on his debut album The Kid's No Good in 1970. But in the Ladybird version of the album, this song was at number 12. It was one of the first songs he recorded for his first solo album. The song's style was closer to the 1971 song "Everybody Clap" by Lulu.

Recording
It was recorded on 22 February 1970 along with "A Child, A Girl, A Woman", "Mando Bay", "Clyde O'Reilly" and "Peace in My Mind". The song was covered by P.P. Arnold in two times, the first was recorded on 4 April 1970 along with "Happiness" (also a Barry Gibb song), as well as cover versions of "You've Made Me So Very Happy" and "Spinning Wheel", the session was produced by Gibb himself, the second version was recorded on 10 June 1970. The second recording is called "Born to Be Free" in the tape library, Barry's version contains the line born to be free, and that second recording was the last session of Arnold produced by Gibb.

The musicians played on the lead guitar and drums on Gibb's version was not credited. The harmony on the Gibb recording was sung by Gibb himself and Arnold. The song also features Arnold's falsetto in response to Barry's line I was born to be free.

Personnel
 Barry Gibb — lead and harmony vocals, guitar
 P.P. Arnold  — harmony vocals
 Bill Shepherd  — orchestral arrangement
 Uncredited  — lead guitar, drums

References

Category:Barry Gibb songs
Category:1970 songs
Category:Unreleased songs
Category:Songs written by Barry Gibb
Category:Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb
Category:Blues rock songs


Stargazing (Alpha album)

Stargazing is a studio album by Alpha. It was released on Don't Touch in 2003. It includes vocal contributions from Wendy Stubbs, Helen White, Martin Barnard, and Kelvin Swaybe.

In 2004, a special edition CD was released on Nettwerk Records with a different track listing.

Critical reception
Tim DiGravina of AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5, saying: "While some of the group's contemporaries were releasing somewhat blundering, meandering albums, Alpha hit the ball out of the park with Stargazing and redefined intelligent and passionate electronic soul music." John Bergstrom of PopMatters called it "peaceful, intense and ultimately inspiring."

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted from the original edition's liner notes.

 Corin Dingley – production, mixing
 Andy Jenks – production, mixing, artwork
 Wendy Stubbs – vocals (2, 9, 12)
 Martin Barnard – vocals (3, 7, 14)
 Helen White – vocals (4, 8, 13), photography
 Kelvin Swaybe – vocals (5, 10)
 Pete Wild – piano (5, 12)
 Joe Allen – bass guitar (5, 12)
 Bob Locke – bass guitar (9)
 John Dent – mastering

Charts

References

External links

Category:2003 albums
Category:Alpha (band) albums
Category:Nettwerk Records albums


Binghamton Bearcats wrestling

The Binghamton Bearcats wrestling team represents Binghamton University of Vestal, New York. The squad was coached by Pat Popolizio, a former wrestler for the Oklahoma State Cowboys, who left in 2012 to take the head wrestling coach position at North Carolina State University. Popolizio was succeeded by Matt Dernlan who had been the head coach of the Clarion Golden Eagles. Binghamton has fielded a college wrestling team since 1969. The team competed on the NCAA Division III level until 1998. The Bearcats moved to Division II in 1999 and Division I in 2002. The wrestling team joined the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association in July 2013. Previously, it had been an associate member of the Colonial Athletic Association, but conference realignment led the CAA to drop the sport. The rest of Binghamton's intercollegiate teams, excepting golf, are members of the America East Conference. The Bearcats have had four All-American wrestlers (Josh Patterson 7th, Justin Lister 4th, Nick Gwiazdowski 8th, Donald Vinson 3rd) since joining Division I and had 25 All-Americans in Divisions II and III.

In December 2017, Dernlan resigned as head coach. Kyle Borshoff, a two-time All-American at American University, was named head coach.

References

Category:1969 establishments in New York (state)
Category:Sports clubs established in 1969


Hirokazu Ishihara

is a Japanese football player. He plays for Avispa Fukuoka on loan from Shonan Bellmare.

Career
Hirokazu Ishihara joined J1 League club Shonan Bellmare in 2016. On June 5, he debuted in J.League Cup (v Vissel Kobe).

Club statistics
Updated to end of 2018 season.

References

External links
Profile at Shonan Bellmare

Category:1999 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football people from Kanagawa Prefecture
Category:Japanese footballers
Category:J1 League players
Category:J2 League players
Category:Shonan Bellmare players
Category:Avispa Fukuoka players
Category:Association football defenders