Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass

Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass is a 2001 stage adaptation of Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and the 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass. It was written by Adrian Mitchell.

Play inception
Mitchell's adaptation originated as a commission from the Royal Shakespeare Company. In his version, Mitchell uses a fictionalized version of the biographically famous "Golden Afternoon" on the 4th of July 1862, when Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) first told the stories that would become the Alice novels to his friend Canon Robinson Duckworth and the Liddell children, Alice, Lorina, and Edith. Dodgson wrote the stories down, and much later, presented the manuscript of Alice's adventures Underground to Alice Liddell in November 1864.

Synopsis

Act 1

Prologue
On the 4th of July 1862, Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) , his friend the Canon Duckworth, and the three Liddell sisters, Alice Liddell, Lorina Liddell, and Edith Liddell, drift down the Oxford stretch of the river Thames. Alice Liddell asks for a story, as all disembark from the boat, Dodgson begins to tell one. As Dodgson and company sit on a riverbank and listen to the story he is spinning, Alice Liddell becomes the fictional "Alice".

Alice's adventures in Wonderland
"Alice" steps forward, suddenly seeing an unusual rabbit brush past her, wearing a waistcoat and a watch, and complaining that it is late. Alice follows it across the field and it disappears into a rabbit hole. Alice follows him and falls deep into the centre of the earth, musing on the workings of physics and daydreaming about her cat Dinah, while the Company sing of Alice's predicament ("Down, Down, Down").

Landing in a heap of leaves, Alice sees the white rabbit running away, but he vanishes when she gets near to him. Now alone in a hall of doors, Alice is drawn to a lovely garden through a tiny door which is too small to fit through. On locking the door again she notices a glass table on which a cake marked eat me rests. Alice eats the cake and grows to the size of the hall. Alarmed at her sudden change in size and the fact the garden is more further away than ever, Alice cries. The White Rabbit returns, holding a pair of gloves and a fan, but drops them and runs away when he sees Alice. On a shelf high up Alice notices a bottle marked drink me, which Alice does. She shrinks rapidly and tries the garden door again, but it is locked. In vain she tries to climb up the table leg to reach the golden key. Reflecting on her loneliness she tries to recite an old song, Issac Watts's Against Idleness and Mischief, but instead ends up reciting a bizarre parody, How Doth the Little Crocodile.

After seeing the crocodile from the poem appear, a startled Alice falls into a pool of her own tears, where she meets a mouse who is offended by both cats and dogs. Despite being afraid of Alice's remarks on both subjects the mouse invites her to listen to his history when they reach the shore.

On the shore Alice meets several animals who appear quite familiar to her. The Duck, the Dodo, the Lory and the Eaglet all have over-exaggerated characteristics of Duckworth, Dodgson, Lorina and Edith. The Dodo proclaims that the best way to get dry would be to run a caucus race, which is a race which no one wins and all run round in a circle. After the race is over he declares that everyone has won, so all must have a prize. Everyone turns to Alice, who finds a packet of sweets in her pinafore pocket and hands them out as prizes. After the festivities finish, all sit and listen to the story of the mouse. The story is nonsensical and Alice, in an effort to understand the tale, accidentally insults the mouse. He storms off, enraged. Alice lapses into daydreaming about her cat Dinah and this scares everyone else away too. Left alone, Alice decides to try and grow bigger again so she can reach the lovely garden.

Alice comes across and identity obsessed Caterpillar who insists on asking who she is. After all the changes she has gone through and all she has witnessed, Alice isn't sure if she is the same person as she was this morning. After the Caterpillar and Alice argue about the emotional effects of size changing, he bids her to recite You are Old Father William by Robert Southey, a popular Victorian child's recitation poem. Father William and son rush into the scene, a double act anxious to avoid their routine being stolen. They perform the poem as Alice recites. The Caterpillar declares that Alice's recitation was wrong entirely and offers her one piece of advice, to eat the mushroom to make her grow taller or shorter. He falls asleep as Alice breaks off two pieces and experiments with her size. Finally at a reasonable height, Alice thanks the now-tiny caterpillar and wonders through a wood.

Outside a grand house, Alice observes a Fish-Footman and Frog-Footman handing a letter to each other for the Duchess, from the Queen of Hearts, to play croquet. After laughing at the bizarre way the pair complete this ritual, Alice gets drawn into a conversation with the Frog-Footman on the ethics of door knocking. As a plate spins out of the house, the Frog-Footman remarks he will sit outside for days and days doing nothing. Alice is infuriated and hurries inside the noisy house.

Inside the house is a manic and dangerous kitchen, featuring a deranged cook, irritable Duchess, a strange baby and a grinning Cheshire Cat, Alice argues with the Duchess over the day and night structure of the earth, observes the curious Cheshire cat who grins from ear to ear constantly, ducks from plates thrown by the cook and is alarmed when the Duchess seems to imply her baby is a pig. After a surreal lullaby ("Wow, Wow, Wow") is sung to the baby, Alice is given it as the Duchess hurries off to prepare for croquet with the Queen of Hearts. Alice takes the child away, worrying about its safety, but is taken aback when the child turns into a pig and she has to let it go.

Seeing the Cheshire Cat in a tree in a wood, Alice asks it for advice on whom to visit next, the cat advises her to visit the Hatter or the March Hare. Although it doesn't matter which she visits as they are both mad. Alice realizes she doesn't want to be among mad people and the cat remarks that everyone in Wonderland is mad, even her. It justifies why its mad and disappears leaving only a grin. Faced with an unenviable decision, Alice decides to visit the March Hare as she's seen hatters before.

Coming across a tea-table in front of a house where the roof is shaped like ears, Alice sees the March Hare along with a Hatter and a Dormouse taking tea. Joining them, they angrily tell her there's no room at the table, even though there is. Irritated, Alice decides to sit down anyway. The March Hare delights in confusing her and the Hatter asks an impossible riddle with no answer. Taking out his watch the hatter complains that the March Hare has tampered with it by putting butter in it. It turns out that time itself has stopped at the tea party as a result of the Hatter's quarrel with time itself. Because of a bad recitation at the Queen of Hearts's concert, the savage Queen claimed he was murdering the time. Time and the Hatter fell out and as a punishment its always six o clock for the Hatter now. The Hatter laments his lost friendship with time and sings a little of the recitation he sang at the concert, which is a distorted parody of a popular nursery rhyme ("Twinkle, Twinkle, little bat...") The March Hare suggests the subject be changed and the Hatter votes for a story. After pinching and pulling the sleepy Dormouse awake, the March Hare and Hatter beg for a story, whilst Alice asks politely. The Dormouse tells a bizarre tale of three sisters who lived in a well and drew treacle from it. A curious Alice questions the logic of the story and is insulted by the Hatter. Angered, she turns to leave. No one notices her going, and she looks back to see the Hatter and March Hare trying to put the Dormouse in the teapot.

Seeing a door with a tree in it, Alice goes through and finds herself back in the hall of doors. She takes the gold key off the glass table and opens the door to the lovely garden. Now the right size, Alice bounds into the lovely garden at last.

At the entrance to the garden, Alice spies three card gardeners arguing amongst themselves, busily painting white roses on a rosebush red. When asked why, the gardeners reveal that they planted a white rose tree by mistake and if the Queen of Hearts were to find out, she would order the gardeners to be beheaded. At this moment the Queen and her procession enter, and terrified, the gardeners lie flat on their faces. Alice observes the procession spotting a familiar face- the white rabbit, among the guests. The Queen and King take an interest to Alice and ask her her name, Alice obliges and curtsies politely, but the Queen of Hearts is angered by Alice's steadfastness when she asks her who the gardeners are, and Alice replies that she doesn't know. The Queen calls for her head, but the King begs her to reconsider, pointing out that Alice is only a child. The Queen takes her anger out on the three gardeners instead, who are sentenced to be beheaded when she realizes the rose-tree's roses are white and not red. Alarmed, Alice hides the gardeners so the executioner can't find them.

Alice is invited by the Queen to join a distorted game of croquet in which the mallets are flamingos, the arches cards and the balls hedgehogs. She bumps into The White Rabbit who reveals to her that the Duchess is in prison, but is interrupted by the start of the croquet before he can divulge any more information. Alice struggles with a hedgehog as a ball and flamingo as a mallet, the Queen orders everyone in sight to be executed, and the players cheat constantly. Annoyed, Alice is on the verge of walking away when the Cheshire Cat's head appears in the sky. Happy that she has a friend to talk to Alice spends no time in complaining about the croquet game, nearly insulting the Queen as she walks past her in the process. The King asks to be introduced to the cat, but the cat is less than complimentary about him. Bewildered the King asks for the cat to be removed, sparking a debate between the executioner and himself. Alice eventually settles the argument by suggesting the Duchess be called, as it is her cat. The executioner rushes off to fetch the Duchess from prison. As everyone watches, the Cheshire Cat's head disappears, and by the time the Duchess has arrived, it has gone entirely.

Walking with the Duchess, Alice is pleased to find her in a better mood than when they last met. The Duchess reveals her love of nonsensical morals but stops in her tracks when the Queen of Hearts appears in front of her. The Queen issues an ultimatum, either the Duchess or her head must be off. The Duchess hurries away. Alice and the Queen go back to the croquet, where the Queen orders everyone to be executed. Now in a better mood, she takes Alice to see the Mock Turtle, despite the fact that Alice has never seen or heard if one.

At the seashore Alice comes across a Gryphon who takes her to the miserable mock turtle, who is miserable because has nothing to be miserable about. The two reminisce about their schooldays under the sea and introduce Alice to a dance and a song called the Lobster Quadrille ("The Lobster Quadrille"). After an argument about the song, the Mock Turtle decides to distract the Gryphon and Alice by singing another, this time about soup ("Beautiful Soup"). A fanfare is heard and the White Rabbit scurries onstage, announcing that the trial is beginning. The Gryphon refuses to tell Alice any more information regarding the trial and drags her away from the seashore. Meanwhile, the Mock Turtle still sings.

In the royal Court, the trial of the Knave of Hearts is held, featuring every resident of Wonderland as spectators, the King of Hearts as judge, and the White Rabbit as herald. After the accusation, based on the famous rhyme is recited by the White Rabbit, the Hatter is called to give evidence. The Hatter's evidence is confused and pointless, on account of his nervousness on being in front of the Queen again. The evidence soon dissolves into the Hatter and the King arguing about spelling. A suspicious Queen recognises the Hatter, and declares he should be beheaded once the trial is over. The next witness, the Duchess's Cook, fares no better as she violently refuses to give evidence. The cross examining is derailed by the Dormouse talking in its sleep. As per usual the Queen of Hearts calls for it to be beheaded. By the time everything settles down again, the cook has disappeared. Alice wonders who the next witness will be and is extremely alarmed when she is called. She states that she knows nothing about what's happened and the King stupidly believes this to be important. Corrected by the White Rabbit nevertheless he becomes confused over the terms important and unimportant, unable to tell the difference. The White Rabbit notifies the court of a letter written by the Knave to somebody. He sings the verses to the court ("They Told me you had been to her..."). Upon finishing, the King declares that the letter is the best evidence they've had all day. Alice eats a tart, hungry, and grows to the size of the court. interrupting the King, she explains that there isn't any meaning to the verses. The King over-analyses them, seeing meaning where there is none. He calls for the Jury to consider their verdict. The Queen roars that the sentence should be given first. Incredulous at the idea, Alice spars with the Queen, causing the Queen to call for her head. A pack of cards rise up seemingly from nowhere and attack Alice.

Epilogue
Awakening with a start in an armchair in her drawing-room, Alice realises the cards which are all over her are  in fact only cards from a table she has just knocked over next to her armchair. Her Sisters, playing chess across the room, suddenly look up, worried, at Alice. Alice tries to tell her sisters her dream but Edith, the younger of the two, is more excited by the fact it has just started to snow outside.

Act 2

Main characters and cast members

Musical numbers

Act 1: Alice's adventures in Wonderland
 "Golden afternoon" - Dodgson, Duckworth, Alice Liddell, Lorina Liddell, Edith Liddell and Company
 "Down, Down, Down" - Company
 "How Doth the Little Crocodile..." - Alice, Crocodile Voice
 "Fury Said to a Mouse..." - Mouse and Company
 "You are Old Father William...." - Father William, Youth
 "Wow! Wow! Wow!" - Duchess, Cook, Baby, Cheshire Cat and Company
 "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat" - Hatter
 "The Lobster Quadrille" - Mock Turtle, Gryphon and Company
 "Beautiful Soup" - Mock Turtle, Gryphon and Company
 "The Queen of Hearts..." - White Rabbit
 "They told me you had been to her..." - White Rabbit

Act 2: Through the Looking-Glass
 "Moonlight on the Mirror" - Alice and Company
 "The Jabberwocky" - Alice, Father, Youth and Company
 "Tweedle-Dum and Tweedle-Dee..." - Alice and Company
 "The Walrus and the Carpenter" - Tweedle-Dum, Tweedle-Dee, Walrus, Carpenter and Company
 "Humpty Dumpty..." - Alice
 "In Winter when the fields are White..." - Humpty Dumpty
 "The Lion and the Unicorn..." -  Company
 "Haddocks Eyes (A-sitting on a Gate)" - White Knight, Aged Aged Man
 "Welcome Queen Alice" - White Rabbit and Company
 "Hushaby Lady" - Red Queen, White Queen, Alice
 "Golden Afternoon (Reprise) - Dodgson, Duckworth, Alice Liddell, Lorina Liddell, Edith Liddell and Company

Critical reception
The review in The Independent called the original 2001 Royal Shakespeare Company production "a magic-free tundra of non-idiosyncrasy" and its Alice, played by Katherine Heath, "charmless". The Guardian thought it faithful to Carroll's text, but called it a game of two halves, Wonderland working well enough, but that Looking-Glass went "off the boil."

Revivals
The play received a significant revival at the Chichester Festival Theatre in 2010 by the Youth Theatre. This revival, unlike its premiere, received more positive reviews, the Angus noting Emily Dyble's "delightful" performance as Alice.

The play has become popular with amateur and university groups, due to its licencing availability, and is now among one of the most popular stage adaptations of Carroll's tales to be produced in community theatres.

References

Category:Works based on Alice in Wonderland
Category:2001 plays
Category:Plays based on novels


Grand Besançon Métropole

Grand Besançon Métropole is the urban community, an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Besançon. It is located in the Doubs department, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, northeastern France. It was created in December 2000 Communauté d'agglomération Grand Besançon, which was transformed into a communauté urbaine on 1 July 2019. Its population was 193,279 in 2017, of which 119,249 (60%) in Besançon proper. Its budget is € 304.5 million (2019).

Composition
The communauté d'agglomération consists of the following 68 communes:

Amagney
Audeux
Les Auxons
Avanne-Aveney
Besançon
Beure
Bonnay
Boussières
Braillans
Busy
Byans-sur-Doubs
Chalèze
Chalezeule
Champagney
Champoux
Champvans-les-Moulins
Châtillon-le-Duc
Chaucenne
Chemaudin et Vaux
La Chevillotte
Chevroz
Cussey-sur-l'Ognon
Dannemarie-sur-Crète
Deluz
Devecey
École-Valentin
Fontain
Franois
Geneuille
Gennes
Grandfontaine
Le Gratteris
Larnod
Mamirolle
Marchaux-Chaudefontaine
Mazerolles-le-Salin
Mérey-Vieilley
Miserey-Salines
Montfaucon
Montferrand-le-Château
Morre
Nancray
Noironte
Novillars
Osselle-Routelle
Palise
Pelousey
Pirey
Pouilley-Français
Pouilley-les-Vignes
Pugey
Rancenay
Roche-lez-Beaupré
Roset-Fluans
Saint-Vit
Saône
Serre-les-Sapins
Tallenay
Thise
Thoraise
Torpes
Vaire
Velesmes-Essarts
Venise
La Vèze
Vieilley
Villars-Saint-Georges
Vorges-les-Pins

References

Besancon
Besancon
Category:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hansdih

Hansdih is a place in Bihar, India, situated beside the Jamui - Lakhisarai state highway.

This place is a mixture of Hindu and Muslim religion and famous for unity. About 3/4 of total population is Hindu and rest Muslim.

It is about 2 km from Jamui city. A mosque is at the centre of Hansdih. The people of Hansdih speaks Hindi. Most of people have their own business here. This place comes within Jamui Municipality region. In future expansion of Jamui city, Hansdih might be the center of city.

References

Category:Cities and towns in Bihar


Julien Mewis

Julien Mewis (born 8 April 1958) is a Belgian wrestler. He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Belgian male sport wrestlers
Category:Olympic wrestlers of Belgium
Category:Wrestlers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Category:Wrestlers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Brasschaat


Diving at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 10 metre platform

The women's 10 metre platform competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 20 with the preliminary round held in the morning and the semifinal in the evening session. The final was held on July 21.

Medalists

Results
The preliminary round was held on July 20 at 10:00. The semifinal was held on the same day at 14:00. The final was held on July 21 at 17:15.

Green denotes finalists

Blue denotes semifinalists

References

External links
2011 World Aquatics Championships: Women's 10 m platform start list, from OmegaTiming.com; retrieved 2011-07-17.

Women's 10 m platform
Aqua


Pimelodus pictus

Pimelodus pictus, also known as the pictus cat or pictus catfish, is a small ( TL) member of the catfish family Pimelodidae, native to the Amazon and Orinoco river basins and commonly kept as a pet in freshwater aquariums. Pictus catfish are sometimes mislabeled as Angelicus cats in the aquarium trade, but the latter name actually refers to an unrelated  African catfish, the mochokid Synodontis angelica.

Pimelodus pictus should not be confused with Leiarius pictus, a much larger (60 cm) pimelodid.

Details
Pimelodus pictus, like other members of the Pimelodidae, are known for having extremely long barbels. These can extend all the way to the caudal fin. The fish are silver-colored with black spots and stripes. They have sharp spines on their dorsal and pectoral fins, which makes shipping a difficult task, since the spines can pierce plastic bags and get caught in nets. There is relatively little sexual dimorphism, with females being slightly larger than males. Like many catfish, P. pictus has a downturned mouth and a forked tail.

These fish are active swimmers and, like many catfish, nocturnal bottom feeders. Two forms are known; a large-spotted form and a small-spotted form. Of the two, only the large-spotted form is commonly seen in the aquarium trade; it does not grow as large as the small-spotted form.

In captivity, these fish prefer soft water and are omnivorous; pictus cats eat bloodworms, beef heart, insects, vegetables, and prepared fish foods. They will also eat very small fish such as neon tetras, depending on the size of the catfish. Despite this, they are generally non-aggressive and will not harm fish too large for them to eat. A larger tank is required as these fish are agile and fast swimmers. They are also non-territorial and can be kept with other P. pictus. Besides the mildly venomous sting imparted by the dorsal spine, they are generally harmless to humans.

In the wild, Pimelodus pictus has an estimated average trophic level of 3.19.

References

Category:Pimelodidae
Category:Freshwater fish of Brazil
Category:Freshwater fish of Colombia
Category:Freshwater fish of Peru
Category:Fish of Venezuela
Category:Fauna of the Amazon
Category:Fish described in 1876
Category:Taxa named by Franz Steindachner


Yazıkent, Bozdoğan

Yazıkent is a small town in the District of Bozdoğan, Aydın Province, Turkey. As of 2010, it had a population of 2091 people.

References

Category:Populated places in Aydın Province
Category:Bozdoğan District
Category:Villages in Turkey


Powiat opolski

Powiat opolski may refer to either of two counties (powiats) in Poland:
Opole County, in Opole Voivodeship (SW Poland)
Opole Lubelskie County, in Lublin Voivodeship (E Poland)


Pilotpriest discography

The following is the discography of Pilotpriest, including albums and singles. Pilotpriest is Anthony Scott Burns' DJ name. He has released a number of albums and EPs, as well as multiple singles and remixes. The 2010 single "4th of July (Fireworks)" by Kelis samples "You're My Heart (Pilotpriest Remix)" by Lioness, which was released in 2009.

Discography

Albums

EPs

Singles

Remixes

References

External links
Pilotpriest at Vimeo
Pilotpriest at Bandcamp
Pilotpriest at YouTube

Category:Discographies of Canadian artists


Karen Sisco

Karen Sisco is an American crime drama television series starring Carla Gugino in the title role. The series was created by novelist Elmore Leonard, based on a character who had appeared in several of his written works, as well as one film adaptation, 1998's Out of Sight. The series debuted on October 1, 2003 on ABC, and was canceled after seven episodes.

As a U.S. Deputy Marshal, based on Miami, Florida's Gold Coast, Karen must deal with the underbelly of South Beach nightlife and Palm Beach high life while tracking down fugitives. She also struggles to win the respect of her fellow officers. Karen occasionally gets advice from her father, a retired Miami police officer turned private investigator, who is Karen’s confidant, counselor, and confessor. The show faced stiff competition from NBC's Law & Order.

TV Guide included the series in their 2013 list of 60 shows that were "Canceled Too Soon".

Character history
Prior to the events of the series, the character appeared in two stories:
 "Karen Makes Out", a 1996 short story, available in two collections: Murder for Love, and When the Women Come Out to Dance, and Other Stories
 Out of Sight, a 1996 novel, and 1998 film wherein she was played by Jennifer Lopez, and Marshall Sisco was played by Dennis Farina.

Cast
 Carla Gugino as Karen Sisco
 Robert Forster as Marshall Sisco, Karen's father
 Bill Duke as Amos Andrews, Karen's boss

Recurring
 Jeffrey De Serrano as Edwards
 Frank Pesce as Sonny
 Robert Deacon as Mordecai Jones
 Obba Babatundé as Daniel Burden
 Jake Mailey as Jethro

Crew
 Scott Frank, nominated for an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay for Out Of Sight, served as an executive consultant.
 Jason Smilovic and Peter Lefcourt were co-executive producers and writers. Smilovic developed the series.

Episodes
Karen Sisco was canceled before airing all of the finished episodes. The last three were first broadcast when the series was re-aired on the USA Network.

Connections to other media
Gugino appeared as "Karen Goodall" in the second episode of the third season of Justified, which is also based on a work by Leonard. There, the character had been promoted to Assistant Director in the Marshals Service, and had married and divorced, taking and keeping the last name Goodall, presumably for legal reasons.

International broadcasting
  – HRT
  – TF1
  – TVN
  – ITV3 & ITV1
  Asia – Star World
  Middle East – MBC Action
  – Star Channel
  – Kanal 5
  – Rede Globo
  – SubTV & MTV3
  – bTV
  – Kanal A
  – Radio Televisyen Malaysia 2
  – STAR World India

References

External links

Category:2003 American television series debuts
Category:2003 American television series endings
Category:American Broadcasting Company original programming
Category:2000s American crime drama television series
Category:English-language television programs
Sisco, Karen
Category:American police procedural television series
Category:Television programs based on books
Category:Live action television programs based on films
Category:Television series by Universal Television
Category:Television shows set in Miami
Category:United States Marshals Service in fiction


Dança dos Escravos

Dança dos Escravos (Portuguese for "Dance of the Slaves") is a solo album by Brazilian composer and guitarist Egberto Gismonti recorded in 1988 and released on the ECM label.

Reception
The Allmusic review awarded the album 4½ stars.

Track listing
All compositions by Egberto Gismonti except as indicated:

 2 Violões - 5:58
 Lundu - 6:30
 Trenzinho do Caipira (Heitor Villa-Lobos) - 7:18
 Alegrinho - 3:44
 Dança dos Escravos - 14:58
 Salvador - 4:45
 Memória e Fado - 3:22

Personnel
 Egberto Gismonti - guitar

References

Category:1989 albums
Category:ECM Records albums
Category:Albums produced by Manfred Eicher
Category:Egberto Gismonti albums


May River (Australia)

The May River is a river in the Kimberley of Western Australia.

The river is formed when the Lennard River splits into two channels north of Mount Marmion and near the Kimberley Downs Station homestead, the other channel being the Meda River. Continuing to flow west north-westward through Poulton Pool until the river eventually discharges into Stokes Bay, King Sound which is north-east of Derby.

The river was named in 1881 by a pioneer of the area, George Julius Brockman during an expedition in the Kimberley area looking for grazing land north of the Fitzroy River. He named the river after the granddaughter of John Septimus Roe, Mary Matilda (May) Thomson.

The only tributaries of the May and the Lennard and Camiara Creek.

The Northern river shark is known to inhabit the tidal region of the river and has been found further upstream. Barramundi and Cherrabun are also caught in the river pools after the wet season.

References

Category:Rivers of the Kimberley region of Western Australia


Nikt Nic Nie Wie

Nikt Nic Nie Wie (meaning Nobody Knows Nothing in Polish) is the first Polish independent record label. The label started in 1989 with the motto "podkładamy nogi tym, którzy nie chcą o nas słyszeć". ("We are sticking our legs out for those who do not want to hear about us to trip over.") Activities include distribution, organizing concerts, promotion of culture and independent music.
Some of their releases include: Włochaty, Oi Polloi, Odszukać listopad, Už Jsme Doma, Apatia, Chumbawamba, Crass. The first record issued by the label was Na Własne Podobieństwo by punk rock band Inkwizycja, making it the very first independent record release in Poland.

References

External links

Nikt Nic Nie Wie on Myspace

Category:Polish independent record labels
Category:Record labels established in 1989
Category:Punk record labels


Tiffany Foxx

Tiffany Harrison, known professionally as Tiffany Foxx, (born November 27, 1985) is an American recording artist. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Foxx first garnered recognition in 2005 after appearing on Snoop Dogg's compilation album Welcome to tha Chuuch: Da Album. In 2010, she formed a hip-hop group "June 5th". They released the mixtape HERstory before Foxx decided to pursue her solo career.

In 2012, rapper Lil' Kim signed Foxx to her record label International Rock Star Records. Since then she has released three mixtapes, Yellow Tape, Goal Diggers and King Foxx. She also appeared in the fourth season of the VH1 reality show Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta. In 2017, Foxx appeared on Season 2 Episode 7  of WE TV dating show Million Dollar Matchmaker with Patti Stanger.

Career

2009–11: June 5
"June 5" was a female rap group from St. Louis, Missouri formed in 2009 signed under Mizay Entertainment that included (in addition to Foxx) such as Scar Ladon, and Brooke Holladay. The group came about when all three girls met on June 5, 2009.

Foxx stated “When we first came together we met because we were all in the business, So we joined forces on June 5th and became the group June 5th.” On March 24, 2010, June 5 released their first mixtape called, HERstory.

2012–present: Solo career

In 2012, rapper Lil' Kim signed Foxx to her label, International Rock Star Records. Together, the two have released two songs, "Twisted" and "Jay-Z," both of which have accompanying music videos. In the music video for "Twisted", Miley Cyrus supported her friends Lil' Kim and Foxx by appearing in the music video.

On October 15, 2013, Foxx appeared on the BET Hip Hop Awards BET cypher. On Christmas Day, Foxx revealed the artwork for her upcoming mixtape titled "King Foxx" which is set to be released on Valentine's Day. Foxx will join the cast of VH1's Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta, which premieres on April 20, 2015.

In 2018 Foxx released singles "War Zone" and "If I do it" which will be found on her upcoming album titled Bad Bitch Commandments.

November 21, 2018 Tiffany Foxx released Bad Bitch Commandments.

Discography

Mixtapes

Promotional singles

Guest appearances

Videography

Solo – Music videos

Featured artist – Music videos

Filmography

Films

Television

Commercials

References

Category:American female rappers
Category:African-American female rappers
Category:Living people
Category:Rappers from St. Louis
Category:1987 births
Category:Participants in American reality television series
Category:21st-century American rappers
Category:21st-century American women musicians


1979 British Columbia general election

The 1979 British Columbia general election was the 32nd general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on April 3, 1979.  The election was held on May 10, 1979, and the new legislature met for the first time on June 6, 1979.

The governing Social Credit Party of British Columbia of Bill Bennett was re-elected with a majority government, and won almost half of the popular vote. The electorate was polarized between the Socreds and the social democratic New Democratic Party of former premier Dave Barrett, which won just under 46% of the popular vote and all of the remaining seats in the legislature. The NDP made up much of the ground it had lost in its severe defeat of four years earlier. However, the Socreds dominated the Fraser Valley and the Interior, allowing Bennett to cling to government by three seats.

Of the other parties only the Progressive Conservatives won over 1% of the popular vote, but their 5% of the vote did not enable them to hold on to their single seat in the legislature. Party leader Victor Stephens complained during the campaign that the federal PC Party was providing no assistance to the provincial party, favouring Social Credit instead. The caused embarrassment for federal party leader Joe Clark, who was leading his own election campaign for the May 22, 1979 federal election.

Results

Note:

* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

See also
List of British Columbia political parties

References

1979
Category:1979 elections in Canada
Category:1979 in British Columbia
Category:May 1979 events in Canada


Theligonum

Theligonum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The genus is found from Macaronesia to the Mediterranean Basin, and from China to temperate eastern Asia. It is the only genus in the tribe Theligoneae.

Species

 Theligonum cynocrambe L.
 Theligonum formosanum (Ohwi) Ohwi
 Theligonum japonicum Ôkubo & Makino
 Theligonum macranthum Franch.

References

External links
Theligonum in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Category:Rubiaceae genera
Category:Rubioideae


Dino Minichiello

Dino Minichiello (born December 28), legal name Domenic Dean Minichiello, is a Canadian fashion designer, entrepreneur and the founder and cofounder of several apparel companies.

He was formerly the founder and lead designer for ONS—a line of men's and women's undergarments—and Dino Minichiello Designs Ltd, a designer label of men's and women's professional and evening wear.

In the late 1990s, as he was transitioning into a career in business, he was one of Vancouver’s hottest up-and-coming fashion designers, with a variety of TV shows, magazines and newspapers featuring and describing him as an artist on the leading edge of Vancouver’s evolving fashion industry.

Until mid-2015 he was the founder and Chief Executive Officer of Triumph Capital, a Canadian private equity and investment banking firm that combines capital support with hands-on executive consultation.

His new venture, Cattivo Ragazzo, a luxury men's apparel house.  Not many details are known beyond rumours and a landing page.

Early life
Dino was born in North Vancouver on Wednesday, December 28. His father, Paul Minichiello, was a prominent master tailor in the Vancouver fashion scene from the 1960s to the early 2000s. Paul attracted both national and international attention with his custom-made shirts and suits, garnering a large stable of dedicated celebrity clients, such as Sonny Bono, Wayne Gretzky and Carl Weathers.

The family business, and his father’s success, made a large impression on Dino, and soon after he graduated high school he designed and created his own zip-up dress shirt. It was a hit, and all his friends wanted ones of their own, but it wasn’t until his mid-twenties that he felt ready to step into his father’s footsteps.

Career

ONS undergarment line

In 1996, Dino launched ONS, a label of designer men’s and women’s underwear. Comprising brightly colored boxers, briefs and G-strings in fabrics like burnout velvet, stretch velour and imported silk, ONS was specifically designed and marketed as an alternative to more conservative underwear from Calvin Klein and Fruit of the Loom.

Designs featured reflective waistbands and loud patterns, such as leopard print, and when asked where his underwear looked best Dino told Vancouver magazine: "On the floor."

Boundary-pushing and focused on creating a buzz, each ONS purchase also included a complimentary (and flavored) ONS-labeled condom, with portions of each sale going to HIV/AIDS research.

For its flashy designs, edgy marketing and playful style the ONS line received instant acclaim and attention, throttling Dino into the spotlight of up-and-coming fashion designers in Vancouver.

Appearing in Vancouver magazine, Vancouver ECHO, Vancouver Taxi, Xtra! West and the North Shore News, each cover story profiled him as one of the city's most promising young designers who were responsible for putting Vancouver back on the international fashion map.

The Chew Chew Club

In 1998 Dino turned his sights on rescuing famous Vancouver landmark The Railcar in Gastown.

Built in 1929, the retrofitted traincar/restaurant was a popular draw with well-to-do tourists traipsing through the trendy Vancouver neighborhood, but the owners changed hands several times and the various iterations never found sustained success with the local residents.

Dino and business partner Andy Chu purchased The Railcar and rebranded it as The Chew Chew Club, taking direct aim at a younger, hipper and more affluent demographic.

The pair hired edgy chef Gerry Kleinhout who crafted a casual, tapas-style menu that featured a blend of quirky specialties, such as potato-crust pizza, and high-end offerings, such as imported P.E.I. mussels.

Minichiello retail

Following the success of ONS, Dino set about bringing his family business's high-profile name to the heart of Downtown Vancouver by opening his own high end store in Yaletown.

Minichiello opened on June 16, 1999, and carried Dino's own label of designer men's and women's wear.

Marketed as bringing to Downtown Vancouver "the best of old-world Italian couture coupled with new world attitude," Dino's new store and new fashion line quickly gained him celebrity clients such as Rodney Dangerfield, Nick Gilder, Pat Quinn and Olympian Charmaine Crooks.

During this time he was also nominated for "best emerging designer" by the B.C. apparel industry.

Triumph Capital

In January 2009 Dino founded Triumph Capital, a private equity and investment banking company based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Recognizing the importance of combining capital investment with practical hands-on executive experience, Dino set about positioning Triumph Capital as a firm that specializes in taking companies to new levels of profitability.

Cattivo Ragazzo
As part of promise to his father,  Paul Minichiello, Dino decided to return to his tailoring roots.  Cattivo Ragazzo, to launch in late 2020, is rumoured to be his most ambitious project yet.

Charity work

Throughout the years Dino has played an active role as a fundraiser for a variety of local, national and international charities, including: the Heart and Stroke Foundation, World Vision, the Children's Wish Foundation, the ALS Society, Loving Spoonful, the Confratellanza Italo-Canadese and the Richard Brodeur Charity Golf Classic.

References

External links
 www.cattivoragazzo.com

Category:People from North Vancouver
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Hroðr

In Norse mythology, Hroðr (Old Norse "famed") is a female jötunn (giantess) friendly to the Æsir and the wife of the jötunn Hymir. According to the Eddic poem Hymiskviða, she is the mother of Týr, the poem suggests by Hymir, but the later Prose Edda states that Odin is his father.

Notes

References
 Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell.

Category:Gýgjar


1957 Open Championship

The 1957 Open Championship was the 86th Open Championship, played 3–5 July at the Old Course in St Andrews, Scotland. Bobby Locke, age 39, won his fourth and final Open title, three strokes ahead of runner-up Peter Thomson, who had won the three previous Opens.

The Open, last played at the Old Course just two years prior, was originally scheduled for Muirfield, but the "Suez Crisis" in Egypt in late 1956 led to serious fuel shortages in Britain and rationing of petrol. In early 1957, the R&A decided that St Andrews, on a railway line, would be an easier place for players and spectators to get to than Muirfield, and so it was moved. Petrol rationing ended in May 1957 but it was then too late to switch back to the original venue and Muirfield was allocated the 1959 edition.

Qualifying took place on 1–2 July, Monday and Tuesday, with 18 holes on the Old Course and 18 holes on the New Course. With an entry of 295, compared to the record 360 entries the previous year, qualifying was in pairs rather than the three-balls used in 1956. The number of qualifiers was limited to a maximum of 100, and ties for 100th place were not included. Bernard Hunt and Bobby Locke led the qualifiers at 137; the qualifying score was 149 and 96 players advanced to the opening round on Wednesday.

There were fifteen American entries, many of them amateurs, but only four qualified for the  field of 96: professionals  and Frank Stranahan finished in the top twenty and the two amateurs missed the cut.

During the first round on Wednesday, competitors playing behind Middlecoff demonstratively complained of his slow play. They officially protested to the R&A, which sided with Middlecoff, who had completed his 18-hole round with Antonio Cerdá in three hours and 18 minutes. The maximum number of players making the cut after 36 holes was set at fifty, and ties for 50th place were not included.

This was the first Open Championship in which the leaders after 36 holes went off last for the final 36 holes. Previously a random draw had been used. Flory Van Donck and Eric Brown, the leading two players after 36 holes were paired together in the final group for the final two rounds.

A mini-controversy surrounded the ending of the championship. Lying two, Bobby Locke was only  from the cup on the 72nd hole when he moved his ball marker one putter-head length to avoid the line of fellow competitor Bruce Crampton's putt. After Crampton holed out, Locke forgot to replace his ball to its original position and sank his putt. Only much later were officials made aware of Locke's mistake; the Championship Committee decreed that no advantage had been gained and that the result, and Locke's three-stroke victory, stood.

Card of the course

^ The 10th hole was posthumously named for Bobby Jones in 1972

Past champions in the field

Made the cut

Missed the cut

Round summaries

First round
Wednesday, 3 July 1957

Source:

Second round
Thursday, 4 July 1957

Source:
Amateurs: Smith (–1), Galloway (+2), Joe Carr (+6), Shepperson (+7), Sinclair (+7),Butler (+8), Texier (+8), Will (+8), Lawrie (+9), Andrews (+10), Allan (+12), Reid (+12), Keck (+21).

Third round
Friday, 5 July 1957 - (morning)

Source:

Final round
Friday, 5 July 1957 - (afternoon)

Source:
Amateurs: Smith (–2), Galloway (+12).

References

External links
86th Open - St Andrews 1957 (Official site)
1957 Open Championship (about.sports)

Category:The Open Championship
Open Championship
Open Championship
Category:Golf tournaments in Scotland
Category:July 1957 sports events


Side by Side (TV series)

Side by Side is a British sitcom starring Gareth Hunt and Louisa Rix that was broadcast for two series from 1992 to 1993. It was written by Richard Ommanney, who had also written Three Up, Two Down.

Cast
Gareth Hunt - Vince Tulley
Louisa Rix - Gilly Bell
Julia Deakin - Stella Tulley
Mia Fothergill - Katie Bell
Alex Walkinshaw - Terry Shane

Plot
Vince Tulley is a successful and relatively wealthy plumber who lives in Kingston upon Thames in Surrey, with his wife Stella. He enjoys adding bizarre and unusual features to both the inside and outside of his house, including a windmill and mock Acropolis. His neighbour, Gilly Bell, is recently widowed and bringing up her daughter Katie. Gilly hates Vince's additions as she feels he is bringing down the tone of the neighbourhood, although she gets on very well with Vince's easy-going wife, Stella. Terry Shane, Vince's nephew and assistant, has a love-hate relationship with Katie.

Episodes
Series One had six episodes, which aired weekly from 27 April until 1 June 1992.  Series Two had seven episodes, which aired weekly from 18 February until 1 April 1993.

References
Mark Lewisohn, "Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy", BBC Worldwide Ltd, 2003

External links

Category:1992 British television series debuts
Category:1993 British television series endings
Category:1990s British television series
Category:BBC television sitcoms


Callipara queketti

Callipara queketti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Volutidae, the volutes.

Description

Distribution

References

External links

Category:Volutidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1901


Our Love (Caribou album)

Our Love is the seventh studio album by Canadian musician Dan Snaith, released under the moniker Caribou on October 6, 2014 by City Slang worldwide and October 7, 2014 by Merge in North America and South America. It is Snaith's fourth album as Caribou, having released his previous album, Jiaolong, as Daphni in 2012. It features collaborations with Jessy Lanza and Owen Pallett.

The album reflects on the success of Snaith's breakthrough album, Swim, four years prior. The lyrics are more personal and reflective than his previous albums, influenced by the birth of his daughter. It is an electronic album with R&B and hip hop influences.

Following the less positive reception of Jiaolong, Our Love debuted to critical acclaim, with praise for its subtle composition and themes. The album appeared on numerous end-of-year lists, was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards and was shortlisted for the 2015 Polaris Music Prize. It peaked at #46 on the Billboard 200 and #8 on the UK Albums Chart.

Production
The album title reflects the success of Swim. Snaith said "the primary impulse on this record was to make something that was generous in the sense that it was for everybody, not just for me locked in a studio by myself." The album features contributions from Jessy Lanza and Owen Pallett.

Our Love contains R&B and hip hop influences. Snaith described the lyrics as being more personal compared to previous Caribou releases, saying "Part of it’s just getting older and being more reflective, thinking, 'What is it that I want to have in my music when I look back on it? What are the things that matter to me?' And they are clichéd things: the love in my life, whether that be my family or my friends." Snaith cited the birth of his daughter as a major reason for the more personal lyrics.

Release
The album's first single, "Can't Do Without You", was made available for free online on June 3, followed by "Our Love" on August 18, 2014. A music video for "Our Love," directed by Ryan Staake, was released on October 7, 2014.

Reception

On Metacritic, Our Love has a Metascore of 84 based on 33 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim." Alexis Petridis of The Guardian praised the album as "rich, strange, endlessly fascinating music" and "a subtle, beautiful triumph." Pitchforks Jamieson Cox chose the album as that week's "Best New Music" and called it "a very assured record, from its unconventional, austere arrangements to its unrelenting focus and thematic consistency." Fred Thomas of AllMusic wrote that Our Love "stands as the most straightforwardly danceable Caribou album to date, but holds on to both the experimental bent and composition-minded musicality that helped build the project's one-of-a-kind sound world." Drowned in Sounds Alex Baker said that while the album "lacks the element of surprise that Swim had," Our Love "holds in abundance all the hallmarks of a master: so rich, so textured and despite being predominantly electronic, so human."

In a mixed review, Andrew Ryce of Resident Advisor called Our Love "a grower" and wrote that he had "come to appreciate its nuanced production, even on songs that initially fell flat," but nonetheless felt underwhelmed. Slant Magazines Jesse Cataldo criticized the album's "dreary" sound, writing that the album lacked "the nervous energy and addictive grooves of 2010's Swim or the sample-based bounciness of Snaith's recent side project, Daphni."

Accolades
Our Love appeared on numerous end-of-year charts. Consequence of Sound ranked the album at number five on their list of the top 50 albums of 2014, writing "As the world goes electronic, artists must work even harder to maintain the humanity that brings so many people together through music. Our Love is proof that artists can adopt timeless dance floor tactics without losing themselves in the hysteria." The Guardian also ranked the album at number five on their end-of-year list, writing "Our Love ran far deeper than most dance records, exploring the complexities of adult relationships: new fatherhood, friends’ divorces and even death." The album was nominated for the 2015 Polaris Music Prize shortlist.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic.

 Matthew Cooper – design
 Jason Evans – art direction, design, photography
 Bo Kondren – mastering
 Jessy Lanza – composition, vocals
 Owen Pallett – composition, viola, violin
 Dan Snaith – composition, production
 David Wrench – mixing

Charts

References

External links

Category:2014 albums
Category:Dan Snaith albums
Category:Merge Records albums
Category:City Slang albums
Category:Juno Award for Electronic Album of the Year albums


Serge Dupire

Serge Dupire (born 23 May 1958) is a Canadian actor.

Selected filmography

External links

Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian male film actors
Category:Male actors from Quebec
Category:Canadian male television actors


Jean-Joseph Thonissen

Jean-Joseph Thonissen (b. Hasselt, Limburg, 21 Jan., 1817; d. Leuven, 17 Aug., 1891) was a professor of law at the Catholic University of Leuven and a minister in the Belgian Government.

He first performed duties in the magistracy and the administration of Limburg, but was occupied with juridical works on penal law. When dismissed by the Liberal (anti-clerical) ministry, the University of Leuven appointed him in 1848 to the chair of criminal law. In 1863 he was elected to Parliament.

Although he achieved his fame in his chosen field of penal law, his writings covered varied points of history and social science, as was evidenced by the fact that in 1886 the national jury of social sciences awarded him the prize. In penal matters he began with commentaries on the penal code and devoted himself especially to the reform of the penal procedure which he advocated while he was minister. He had conceived the vast plan of a history of criminal law, but realized only a part of it. The first part, which met with considerable success, dealt with Brahminical India, Egypt, and Judea, and contained a "Penal Code of the Pentateuch". He published a work on the penal law of the Athenian Republic. Considering the Roman period as sufficiently well-known, he took up the Frankish period, which he was unable to finish. He aroused controversy by advocating the abolition of the death penalty, which his influence helped bring about in Belgium. While not rejecting it as absolutely unlawful, Thonissen considered it useless in the social condition of the time.

He showed a marked preference for national political history, his principal work on the subject being the History of the Reign of Leopold I. He also published biographies of prominent Belgians such as Félix de Mérode. He had been impressed by the Revolution of 1848 which determined his career and he devoted himself to a laborious study of innovating systems, especially of the Utopian Socialists - St. Simon, Fourier, Cabet, Robert Owen, Louis Blanc, and others, being led eventually to write a history of Socialism from ancient times to 1852. These works and many others secured his admission to the Royal Academy of Belgium and the Institut de France; he was commissioned by the former institution to write the volume devoted to its centenary (1872).

Political life
Thonissen's political career began in 1863 and was never interrupted by his constituents. In the Chamber he functioned as a jurisconsult and drafted many of the parliamentary reports. He occupied a unique position owing to his independence which made him disagree with the Right on certain points, for instance, on military matters. He was deeply attached to the Constitution of Belgium of 1831, which contained articles proclaiming liberty of worship, of the press, etc. Although a devoted Catholic he was a Liberal, and regarded liberties as a natural right, and defended this opinion in his commentary on the Constitution (1844). After the Pope's decisions on these matters, he changed his ideas, but always had a leaning towards solutions favouring broad tolerance.

In 1872, during a period of turmoil, the King entrusted him with the formation of a ministry, he was not supported by his party, which dreaded concessions to the Left or to the Crown. When he finally entered the ministry (1884), age had rendered him unfit for hard work, though he was able to enforce the new school law which the victorious Right had substituted for the lay regime of 1879; this task consumed the last of his strength and left him unable to resume his scientific pursuits in his retirement (1887); his faculties soon became clouded.

References
Attribution
 cites:
LAMY in Annuaire de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1892);
NYSSENS in Annuaire de l'universite catholique de Louvain (1892).

External links
Obituary in the New York Times

Category:1817 births
Category:1891 deaths
Category:Belgian Ministers of State
Category:People from Hasselt


Chairo (stew)

Chairo is a traditional dish of the Aymara people, consumed mainly in Bolivia and other countries in the Andes.

It is a soup made of vegetables and beef. It is made of chuño (potato starch), onions, carrots, potatoes, white corn, beef and wheat kernels. It also contains herbs such as coriander and spices. It is native to the region of La Paz.

See also
 Chilean cuisine
 List of beef dishes
 List of stews

References

Category:Bolivian cuisine
Category:Chilean cuisine
Category:Peruvian cuisine
Category:Stews
Category:Beef dishes


Aquatic timing system

Aquatic timing systems are designed to automate the process of timing, judging, and scoring in competitive swimming and other aquatic sports, including diving, water polo, and synchronised swimming. These systems are also used in the training of athletes, and many add-on products have been developed to assist with the training process.

Manufacturers
Companies that manufacture aquatic timing systems include Colorado Time Systems, Daktronics, Omega/Swiss Timing, Seiko and Superior Swim Timing.

History
Prior to the 1950s, competitive swimmers relied on the sound of a starting pistol to start their races and mechanical stopwatches to record their times at the end of a race.  A limitation of analog timekeeping was the technology's inability to reliably record times accurately below one tenth (0.1) of a second.  The invention of automatic timing systems brought more accuracy and credibility to aquatic sports.

See also

Fully automatic time
Scoreboards

References

"The Not So Bad Ol' Days", USA Swimming.
"History - Swimming and Sports Timekeeping", Omega SA.
"About Our Company", Colorado Time Systems.
"Olympic Swimming Controversies and Scandals", About.com.

Category:Sports equipment
Category:Sports officiating technology
Category:Timekeeping


Mincar, West Virginia

Mincar was an unincorporated community and coal town  in Fayette County, West Virginia.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Category:Unincorporated communities in Fayette County, West Virginia
Category:Coal towns in West Virginia


List of things named after Shota Rustaveli

This is a list of places, buildings, roads and other things named for the medieval Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli.

Geographic locations
 Rustaveli Avenue, one of the central thoroughfares in Tbilisi, Georgia.
 Shota Rustaveli Peak, a mountain in the central part of the Greater Caucasus.

Organizations
 Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, a Georgian government agency supporting fundamental research and education.
 Shota Rustaveli Society, a civil organization established in Georgia in 1988.

Structures
 Rustaveli Cinema, a movie theatre in Tbilisi, Georgia.
 Shota Rustaveli State Academic Theatre, a theatre in Tbilisi, Georgia.
 Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature, a research institute in Tbilisi, Georgia.
 Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University, an educational institution in Tbilisi, Georgia.
 Shota Rustaveli State University, an educational institution in Batumi, Georgia.
 Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi International Airport, Georgia's main international airport.
 Rustaveli, a metro station of Tbilisi Metro.

Ships
 , a former Soviet cargo ship.
 , a former Soviet cruise ship.

Other
 Shota Rustaveli Prize, a prize awarded by the Georgian government in the fields of art and science.
 Rustaveli, a basin located in the northern hemisphere of Mercury.

References

Shota Rustaveli


List of football clubs in Venezuela

This is a List of football clubs in Venezuela. Football in Venezuela (association football) is one of Venezuela's most popular sports.

 ACD Lara
 Aragua
 Atlético El Vigía
 Atlético Venezuela
 Carabobo
 Caracas
 Caroní
 Deportivo Anzoátegui
 Deportivo Petare
 Deportivo Táchira
 Estudiantes de Mérida
 Mineros de Guayana
 Monagas
 Real Esppor
 Trujillanos
 Yaracuyanos
 Zamora
 Zulia

Venezuela

Clubs
Football clubs


Apis nigrocincta

Apis nigrocincta is a species of honey bee that inhabits the Philippine island of Mindanao as well as the Indonesian islands of Sangihe and Sulawesi. The species is known to have queens with the highest mating frequencies of any species of the tribe Apini.

It is a middle-sized species of the tribe Apini, compared to the larger A. dorsata or smaller A. florea.

Taxonomy and phylogeny
Apis nigrocincta is part of subfamily Apinae within the Hymenopteran family Apidae. Apidae is the largest family of bees consisting of over 5,600 species, with the only bees that are colonized by humans for honey production.

The subfamily Apinae includes a majority of the honey bee species, with 19 tribes; A. nigrocincta is part of Apini. Unlike the stingless honeybees of genus Meliponini, A. nigrocincta is part of the genus Apis of true honeybees. The genus Apis is split into three major lineages – dwarf, giant, and cavity-nesting honeybees. Apis nigrocincta is a cavity-nesting species and is most related to Apis cerana, Apis koschevnikovi, and Apis cerana nuluensis.

Description and appearance
The bees have a hind wing length ranging anywhere from 5.5 mm to 5.9 mm, and a hind wing width within the range of 1.35 mm to 1.5 mm.  The bees have rust-colored scapes, legs, and cylpeuses, with reddish-tan hair color that covers most of the body.

A. nigrocincta has a proboscis characteristic to those of the tribe Apis. The proboscis is characterized by a tube around the glossa formed by the flat galae and basal segments of the labial palpi. Liquids are brought to the mouth through the tube by a back and forth movement of the glossa, capillary action, and suction through the mouth. The proboscis is stored in a large groove on the underside of the head, known as the proboscidial fossa, when not in use. Pollen is carried by scopal hairs on the underside of the abdomen or on the hind legs. Teeth and carinae are not present in the mandibles of workers. In females, the claws are cleft and ariola are present. The hind tibia and flabellum are similar to the tribe Bombus.

Reproductive structure and function
In queens, the ovariole count can range from 150 to 180 per ovary, and that number is much smaller in workers, although variable. In males, the genitalia are greatly reduced compared to other Hymenoptera, but replaced by ornate endophalluses. Within the species of Apis, there is very little differentiation in male genitalia of Apis. However, there is a striking variance in male endophalli for A. nigrocincta, and an explanation could be due to the female choice hypothesis, in that variability in male structure can be attributed to the fact that females choose their mates.

Distribution and habitat
There is little known about the biogeography of the species, only that it is found in parts of Indonesia and the Philippines. A. nigrocincta is suggested to have been derived from China, as it shares similar morphologies with A. cerana from the mainland than with A. cerana from the southwest. It is also stipulated that a proto-nigrocincta may have come from Borneo during the Quaternary glaciation. On southern part of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, most colonies are found above 400 m elevation, unlike its cousin A. cerana, of which most colonies are found below 400 m elevation. However, in areas without A. cerana, A. nigrocincta can be found in low elevation as well. In addition, A. nigrocincta inhabit areas that are more forested or mixed culture areas, in either natural or man made cavities near streams. In central Sulawesi, A. nigrocincta is only found at elevation levels of 550 m or higher. The areas with a higher density of A. nigrocincta have shorter, less defined dry periods but more pronounced wet periods. Finally, where A. cerana and A. nigrocincta coexist, competition will influence the location of either species.

Nest structure
A. nigrocincta is a medium-sized cavity-nesting species. Colonies are “permanent” and new colonies are formed by fission. Multiple combs are found in dark cavities such as hollows of trunks of live or dead trees, underneath roofs, water jars, and caves. Combs are also built with multiple attachment sites so that the contents of the nest are spread out over several points of contact. These nesting sites are close to the ground, usually 4–5 m in distance. Multiple combs are built in a pattern in which there is a uniform distance, known as the bee space, between each comb. There are two types of combs in a brood: smaller ones for workers and larger ones for drones, with worker cells averaging around 4.5 mm. Queen cells can be found on the lower edges of the combs, while honey is stored in the upper as well as the outer part of the combs.

Colony cycle
Little has been observed concerning the colony cycle of A. nigrocincta. Colony reproduction occurs when an old queen bee leaves the nest with a large number of worker bees after communicating with a dancing scout. These dances will indicate final destinations that range anywhere from 140 to 1,920 m, although scouts will travel anywhere from 75 to 2,340 m, distance much further than A. cerana. A rapid expansion of the nest will occur, and brood rearing will occur.

Kin selection

Queen
	A colony will have anywhere from 7 to 15 queens per colony. Virgin queens that emerge from the queen cells of A. nigrocincta will be accepted by other species, but A. nigrocincta will not accept alien queens when queens of the same species are present, although there is no evidence that alien queens mate with A. nigrocincta drones. When a mother queen leaves the nest in a prime swarm, the first emerged queen will start “piping” by pressing her thorax on the surface of the comb and vibrating, causing a piping sound. Her fully developed sisters will also vibrate their thoraxes, creating a “tooting” sound. As long as these sounds continue, the younger queens will remain in their cells. Only after the next swarm will the next queen emerge and start the cycle of “piping” and “tooting.” If there are not enough workers to form a swarm, young queens will fight to the death until there is only one queen left.

Behavior

Migration
Similar to virtually all other Asian honeybee species, A. nigrocincta will abandon a nest to start a new one through migration and absconding. Due to the tropical climate of Southeast Asia, conditions for migration and absconding are possible year round, though predation pressure is severe in many areas. Colonies will leave due to disastrous events of nature or situations where abandonment is necessary, or due reduced resources. In addition, one can predict colony migrations due to seasonal declines in pollen or extreme temperature.

Waggle dance
The waggle dance of A. nigrocincta shares similarities with waggle dances of other cavity-nesting Asian honeybees. The dance will be performed on a vertical plane in an enclosed nest cavity near the entrance in the darkness of the cavity. During the straight portion of the dance, the location of a resource based on its position relative to the sun, while during the angle portion, the angle relative to the vertical represents the angle of the food source relative to the sun. The dance tempo is slower than that of A. cerana.

Mating
Drones will congregate to specific sites known as drone congregation areas, and queens will mate at these sites when she is out on her mating flight. When a queen encounters a drone, she can choose to exercise choice of mates before mating, although there is currently no evidence of this preferential treatment. A drone will then hold on to a queen and turn his endophallus inside out into the opened sting chamber of the queen. This then will paralyze him, and the distal part of his genitalia will break off the sting chamber will be filled with sperm. The queen will then return from her mating sight with a mating sign that protrudes from the sting chamber

Mating frequency
A. nigrocincta queens mate with a relatively high number of males compared to queens of other bee species, with observed numbers of different matings ranging from 42 to 69 drones per queen. The mating frequency is the highest documented for honeybees, aside from A. dorsata, Apis dorsata laboriosa, and Apis cerana nuluensis, the only Apis species that do not have documented paternity frequencies. Similar to other Apis species, A. nigrocincta have monogynous colonies with queens mating with a large number of males.

Defense
The primary measure of defense for A. nigrocincta is to live in cavities, as the cavities restrict accessibility of resources to a predator, but allow possession of valuable and limited resources to the bees themselves. Entrances to these cavities are guarded and check incoming traffic for any intruders. Another act of defense is “body shaking,” a violent and pendulum like swaying of the abdomen, performed by worker bees to discourage any insects, especially wasps, from invading the nest.

Differences between A. cerana and A. nigrocincta
A. nigrocincta has been mistaken for the species A. cerana, as the two species live in similar areas and can be confused for each other in their behavior and to a certain extent, appearance. In areas where A. cerana and A. nigrocincta live together, they can most immediately be distinguished by their coloration and size: A. cerana tends to be darker and smaller, while A. nigrocincta tends to be larger and have a yellowish clypeus (the lower area of the face). They can best be differentiated using morphometrics, which can also be used to identify morphologically distinct populations in both species.

The architecture of the colonies is also a point of difference: the opening of the drone cell of A. cerana is covered in wax, under which there is a conical cocoon with a central hole or pore. In A. nigrocincta, however, the cell of the drone has a narrow opening, without a hard wax cap and hole. In addition, the queens of A. nigrocincta generally create colonies with greater numbers of drones than those of A. cerana.The species builds nests in cavities like the closely related Apis cerana. In fact, there are few substantial differences between the two species: the genitals of the respective drones, for instance, are identical. However, there are small morphological differences, genetic polymorphism in the mitochondrial DNA, as well as behavioral differences.A. nigrocincta contracts the parasite-caused honey bee disease varroatosis by playing host to the species of Varroa mite known as Varroa underwoodi. In this way, they are similar to Apis cerana nuluensis'', which is also susceptible to the same species of parasite.

References

External links
Collection of scholarly articles on ''Apis nigrocincta

nigrocincta
Category:Hymenoptera of Asia
Category:Insects of Indonesia
Category:Insects of the Philippines
Category:Fauna of Mindanao
Category:Insects described in 1861


Hoboken Land and Improvement Company Building

The Hoboken Land and Improvement Company Building, is located in Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. The building was designed by Charles Fall and was built by Myles Tierney in 1889. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 3, 1979. The building housed the offices of the Stevens family real estate holding corporation the Hoboken Land and Improvement Company. The building is notable for its high quality brickwork, with recessed panels and contrasting color mortars.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey
John Den, ex dem. James B. Murray et al. v. The Hoboken Land and Improvement Company

References

Category:Buildings and structures in Hoboken, New Jersey
Category:Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Category:Commercial buildings completed in 1889
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Hudson County, New Jersey
Category:New Jersey Register of Historic Places


Rogaszyce, Ostrzeszów County

Rogaszyce  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrzeszów, within Ostrzeszów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Ostrzeszów and  south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

References

Category:Villages in Ostrzeszów County


Land mobile radio system

A land mobile radio system (LMRS) is a person-to-person voice communication system consisting of two-way radio transceivers (an audio transmitter and receiver in one unit)  which can be mobile, installed in vehicles, or portable (walkie-talkies).  Public land mobile radio systems are made for use exclusively by public safety organizations such as police, fire, and ambulance services, and other governmental organizations, and use special frequencies reserved for these services.  Private land mobile radio systems are designed for private commercial use, by firms such as taxis or delivery services.  Most systems are half-duplex, with multiple radios sharing a single radio channel, so only one radio can transmit at a time.  The transceiver is normally in receiving mode so the user can hear other radios on the channel; when a user wants to talk he presses a push to talk button on his microphone, which turns on his transmitter.  They use channels in the VHF or UHF bands giving them a limited range, usually  depending on terrain, although repeaters installed on tall buildings, hills or mountain peaks can be used to increase the coverage area.  Older systems use AM or FM modulation, while some recent systems use digital modulation allowing them to transmit data as well as sound.

Military use
Land mobile radio systems are widely used by the military.  Separate bands in the radio spectrum are reserved for military use.

Commercial use
Many businesses and industries throughout the world use LMR as their primary means of communication, especially from a fixed location to mobile users (i.e. from a base site to a fleet of mobiles).  Commercial LMR Radios are typically available in the VHF and UHF frequency bands.  30−50 MHz (sometimes called "Low VHF Band" or "Low Band"), 150−172 MHz (sometimes called "High VHF Band" or "High Band"), 450−470 MHz "UHF". Many larger populated areas have additional UHF frequencies from 470−490 MHz, and 490−512 MHz.  Low band has longer range capability, but requires mobile antennas as long as nine feet (2.7 m) tall.  VHF bands works well in outdoor environments, over bodies of water, and many other applications.  UHF bands typically perform better in urban environments and with penetrating obstacles such as buildings. There are also frequencies in the 800 and 900 MHz range available.  Commercial, public safety and government users are required to obtain U.S. Federal Communications Commission licensing in the United States and must follow Government law.

Interference in the spectrum
In November 2005, many automatic garage doors in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, had suddenly stopped working, due to a powerful radio signal that appeared to be interfering with the remote controls that open them.

In the summer of 2004, garage door operators noticed similar phenomena around U.S. military bases. The strong radio signals on the 390-megahertz band overpowered the garage door openers.  One technician likened it to a whisper competing with a yell.

Repeaters
Mobile and portable stations have a fairly limited range, usually three to twenty miles (~5 to 32 km) depending on terrain. Repeaters can be used to increase the range of these stations. They are usually placed upon hills and buildings to increase range.

Repeaters have one or more receivers and a transmitter, with a controller. The controller activates the repeater when it detects a carrier on one of its incoming channels, representing a user talking.  The repeater receives the radio signal, demodulates it to an audio signal which is filtered to remove noise, and retransmits it on a second channel to avoid interference with the first signal.  This is received by a second two way radio in the repeater's expanded listening area. When the second user replies on the second channel, representing the other half of the half-duplex conversation, his signal is received by the repeater and similarly translated and retransmitted on the first channel back to the first user.  Most controllers also decode Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System tones, which allows the repeater to activate only if the station is sending a particular pre-programmed code, preventing unauthorized stations from using the repeater. Additionally, as repeaters are placed on high locations it also prevents distant stations on the same frequency from interfering. A Morse code or a synthesized voice module may produce station ID to comply with station identification regulations; this is most common on amateur radio repeaters, some LMR stations must also identify to be legal in some areas.

Along with the repeater units, most stations utilize duplexers. These are notch filters usually in an array of six, eight, and sometimes four units. They separate the transmitter and receiver signals from each other so one antenna and coaxial line can be utilized. While this solution is very efficient and easy to install, factors such as humidity and temperature can affect the performance of duplexers, so in most configurations a dryer is installed to keep humidity out of the duplexers and coaxial cable, along with heated buildings in which they are installed in. Excellent quality coaxial cable, connectors, and antennas must also be used, as a single-antenna is not as forgiving as a dual antenna system since any RF leakage or poor connection can greatly decay the reliability and performance of the repeater. In some applications, cables going from the repeater and duplexers must be tuned to mitigate these issues.

In dual antenna systems, there are two antennas and two lengths of coaxial cable running from the transmitter and receiver. Usually, triple shield coax and or low loss Heliax are used to keep the two systems isolated. Two antenna systems are usually used if tower space is not limited, or space to build an array is available. The only issues with dual antenna systems is isolating the antennas so the receiver is not receiving what the transmitter is putting out. If this happens, it creates a loop, much like the feedback heard when a microphone is placed near a speaker. When this happens the repeater amplifies its own signal until it is either powered off or a TOT (time out timer) is expired.

To solve this antennas must be placed several wavelengths from each other in opposite vertical planes. For example, the receiver antenna is vertically polarized, while the transmitter antenna is placed one wavelength (or more) below the receiver antenna, but rotated 180° as to maintain vertical polarization. Antennas that have a null spot directly above and below them are excellent choices since another antenna can be placed in the null zone and isn't affected as much. Antennas must also be polarized the same as the stations trying to access the repeater—usually vertical polarization.

See also
 Land mobile service
 Astro (Motorola)

References

Category:Military radio systems


Hidemaro Konoye

Viscount  was a conductor and composer of classical music in Shōwa period Japan. He was the younger brother of pre-war Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe.

Biography
Konoye was born in Kōjimachi, Tokyo as the younger son of Duke Konoe Atsumaro, scion of one of the Five regent houses of the Fujiwara clan. The Konoe clan traditionally provided gagaku musicians to the Imperial Household, and Hidemaro chose to follow the family's musical tradition, whereas his older brother Fumimaro went into politics.

Konoye attended the Gakushuin Peers School, where he became a close friend of Takashi Inukai. In 1913, he entered the Tokyo University of the Arts, where he specialized in the violin. In 1915, he went to Germany briefly to study musical composition. On his return to Japan he became a pupil of Kosaku Yamada. His debut as a conductor was in 1920, with an amateur orchestra led by Tokichi Setoguchi. Konoye returned to Europe for further studies in 1923 in Paris under Vincent d'Indy and Berlin under Franz Schreker.
He also studied conducting under Erich Kleiber, and Karl Muck. In 1924, he conducted at the Berlin Philharmonic, and returned to Japan in the fall of the same year.

Konoye co-founded the Japan Symphonic Association in 1925, and the following year became conductor of the orchestra. Konoe later founded the New Symphony Orchestra of Tokyo (the present day NHK Symphony Orchestra), and helped mold the orchestra over a 10-year period into an ensemble that was praised as competitive with many of the better orchestras in Europe.

Today he is remembered for making the première recording of Mahler's Fourth Symphony, done in May 1930. It was also, aside from a cut in the third movement, the first electrical recording of any complete Mahler symphony.

Additionally, Konoye made numerous guest appearances in Europe and America, conducting some 90 different orchestras in the course of his career including the orchestra of La Scala, Milan and the NBC Symphony Orchestra. He created friendships with Erich Kleiber, Leopold Stokowski, Wilhelm Furtwängler and Richard Strauss. He went to Germany and conducted Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in the second half of the 1930s. In the early days of the NBC Symphony, he planned an American tour under the supervision of Stokowski, but the project was cancelled due to World War II.

Konoye wrote original compositions, but was more deeply interested in arranging existing music, including, for example, Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Schubert's C major Quintet, which he orchestrated.

Major works
Kronungs-Kantate for soprano, mezzo-soprano, bariton, chorus and orchestra (1928)
Etenraku for orchestra (1931; Transcription from gagaku)
Kimigayo (national anthem of Japan) for orchestra
Chin Chin Chidori for voice and piano

Notable recordings
 Mahler, Fourth Symphony, Sakaye Kitasaya (soprano), New Symphony Orchestra of Tokyo, Japanese Parlophone, May 1930

Ancestry

References

External links
Konoye Foundation of Music
Biography (in English)
Mozart : Sinfonia concertante KV 297b

Category:1898 births
Category:1973 deaths
Category:20th-century classical composers
Category:20th-century conductors (music)
Category:20th-century Japanese composers
Category:Japanese classical composers
Category:Japanese conductors (music)
Category:Japanese male classical composers
Category:Kazoku
Category:Konoe family
Category:20th-century male musicians


Robert Smart

Admiral Sir Robert Smart, KCB, KH (September 1796 – 10 September 1874) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet.

Naval career

Smart joined the Royal Navy and was promoted to lieutenant in 1820. Promoted to captain in 1837, he took command, successively, of HMS Howe, HMS Impregnable, HMS Collingwood and HMS Indefatigable. He became captain superintendent of Pembroke Dockyard in 1854.

Promoted to rear admiral in July 1857, he became Commander-in-Chief, Channel Squadron in 1861 and Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet in April 1863. He was promoted to vice admiral in December 1863 and was required to assess the damage caused by the volcanic disturbances in the neighbourhood of Santorini in Spring 1866 before handing over his command in April 1866.

He was promoted to full admiral in 1869 and retired the following year.

Family
Smart′s daughter, Isabella Dora Smart, married first J. H. Anderson; and after his death she re-married in August 1902 Henry Francis Wilson, CMG, Colonial Secretary to the Orange River Colony.

See also

References

|-

Category:1796 births
Category:1874 deaths
Category:Royal Navy admirals
Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Category:Knights of the Royal Guelphic Order


Glenicia James

Glenicia James (born 16 June 1974) is a former Saint Lucian cricketer who represented the West Indies.

A right-handed top order batter, Watts played in five women's One Day International matches. She played all her matches against Sri Lanka during their March 2003 tour.

References

Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Saint Lucian women cricketers
Category:West Indian women cricketers
Category:West Indies women One Day International cricketers


Signal recognition particle RNA

The signal recognition particle RNA, (also known as 7SL, 6S, ffs, or 4.5S RNA) is part of the signal recognition particle (SRP) ribonucleoprotein complex. SRP recognizes the signal peptide and binds to the ribosome halting protein synthesis.   is a protein that is embedded in a membrane, and which contains a transmembrane pore. When the  complex binds to , SRP releases the ribosome and drifts away. The ribosome resumes protein synthesis, but now the protein is moving through the  transmembrane pore.

In this way SRP directs the movement of proteins within the cell to bind with a transmembrane pore which allows the protein to cross the membrane to where it is needed. The RNA and protein components of this complex are highly conserved but do vary between the different kingdoms of life.

The common SINE family Alu probably originated from a 7SL RNA gene after deletion of a central sequence.

The eukaryotic SRP consists of a 300-nucleotide 7S RNA and six proteins: SRPs 72, 68, 54, 19, 14, and 9. Archaeal SRP consists of a 7S RNA and homologues of the eukaryotic SRP19 and SRP54 proteins. Eukaryotic and archaeal 7S RNAs have very similar secondary structures.

In most bacteria, the SRP consists of an RNA molecule (4.5S) and the Ffh protein (a homologue of the eukaryotic SRP54 protein). Some Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Bacillus subtilis) have a longer eukaryote-like SRP RNA that includes an Alu domain.

In eukaryotes and archaea, eight helical elements fold into the Alu and S domains, separated by a long linker region. The Alu domain is thought to mediate the peptide chain elongation retardation function of the SRP. The universally conserved helix which interacts with the SRP54 M domain mediates signal sequence recognition. The SRP19-helix 6 complex is thought to be involved in SRP assembly and stabilises helix 8 for SRP54. binding Humans have three functional SRP RNA genes, conviently named RN7SL1, RN7SL2, and RN7SL3. The human genome in particular is known to contain a large amount of SRP RNA related sequence, including Alu repeats.

Discovery
SRP RNA was first detected in avian and murine oncogenic RNA (ocorna) virus particles. Subsequently, SRP RNA was found to be a stable component of uninfected HeLa cells where it associated with membrane and polysome fractions. In 1980, cell biologists purified from canine pancreas an 11S "signal recognition protein" (fortuitously also abbreviated "SRP") which promoted the translocation of secretory proteins across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. It was then discovered that SRP contained an RNA component. Comparing the SRP RNA genes from different species revealed helix 8 of the SRP RNA to be highly conserved in all domains of life. The regions near the 5'- and 3'-ends of the mammalian SRP RNA are similar to the dominant Alu family of middle repetitive sequences of the human genome. It is now understood that Alu DNA originated from SRP RNA by excision of the central SRP RNA-specific (S) fragment, followed by reverse transcription and integration into multiple sites of the human chromosomes. SRP RNAs have been identified also in some organelles, for example in the plastid SRPs of many photosynthetic organisms.

Transcription and processing
Eukaryotic SRP RNAs are transcribed from DNA by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). RNA polymerase III also transcribes the genes for 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA, 7SK RNA, and U6 spliceosomal RNA. The promoters of the human SRP RNA genes include elements located downstream of the transcriptional start site. Plant SRP RNA promoters contain an upstream stimulatory element (USE) and a TATA box. Yeast SRP RNA genes have a TATA box and additional intragenic promoter sequences (referred to as A- and B-blocks) which play a role in regulating transcription of the SRP gene by Pol III. In the bacteria, genes are organized in operons and transcribed by RNA polymerase. The 5'-end of the small (4.5S) SRP RNA of many bacteria is cleaved by RNase P. The ends of the Bacillus subtilis SRP RNA are processed by RNase III. So far, no SRP RNA introns have been observed.

Function

Co-translational translocation
The SRP RNA is an integral part of the small and the large domain of the SRP. The function of the small domain is to delay protein translation until the ribosome-bound SRP has an opportunity to associate with the membrane-resident SRP receptor (SR). Within the large domain, the SRP RNA of the signal peptide-charged SRP promotes the hydrolysis of two guanosine triphosphate (GTP) molecules. This reaction releases the SRP from the SRP receptor and the ribosome, allowing translation to continue and the protein to enter the translocon. The protein transverses the membrane co-translationally (during translation) and enters into another cellular compartment or the extracellular space. In eukaryotes, the target is the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In Archaea, SRP delivers proteins to the plasma membrane. In the bacteria, SRP primarily incorporates proteins into the inner membrane.

Post-translational transport
SRP participates also in the sorting of proteins after their synthesis has been completed (post-translational protein sorting). In eukaryotes, tail-anchored proteins possessing a hydrophobic insertion sequence at their C-terminus are delivered to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the SRP. Similarly, the SRP assists post-translationally in the import of nuclear-encoded proteins to the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.

Structure

In 2005, a nomenclature for all SRP RNAs proposed a numbering system of 12 helices. Helix sections are named with a lower case letter suffix (e.g. 5a). Insertions, or helix "branches" are given dotted numbers (e.g. 9.1 and 12.1).

The SRP RNA spans a wide phylogenetic spectrum with respect to size and the number of its structural features (see the SRP RNA Secondary Structure Examples, below). The smallest functional SRP RNAs have been found in mycoplasma and related species. Escherichia coli SRP RNA (also called 4.5S RNA) is composed of 114 nucleotide residues and forms an RNA stem-loop. The gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis encodes a larger 6S SRP RNA which resemble the Archaeal homologs but lacks SRP RNA helix 6. Archaeal SRP RNAs possess helices 1 to 8, lack helix 7, and are characterized by a tertiary structure which involves the apical loops of helix 3 and helix 4. The eukaryotic SRP RNAs lack helix 1 and contain a helix 7 of variable size. Some protozoan SRP RNAs have reduced helices 3 and 4. The ascomycota SRP RNAs have an altogether reduced small domain and lack helices 3 and 4. The largest SRP RNAs known to date are found in the yeasts (Saccharomycetes) which acquired helices 9 to 12 as insertions into helix 5, as well as an extended helix 7. Seed plants express numerous highly divergent SRP RNAs.

Motifs
Four conserved features (motifs) have been identified (shown in the Figure in dark gray): the (1) SRP54 binding motif, (2) Helix 6 GNAR tetraloop motif, (3) 5e motif, and (4) UGU(NR) motif.

SRP54 binding
The asymmetric loop between helical sections 8a and 8b and the adjacent base paired 8b section are a prominent property of every SRP RNA. Helical section 8b contains non-Watson-Crick base pairings which contribute to the formation of a flatted minor groove in the RNA suitable for the binding of protein SRP54 (called Ffh in the bacteria). The apical loop of helix 8 contains four, five, or six residues, depending on the species. It has a highly conserved guanosine as the first and an adenosine as the last loop residue. This feature is required for the interaction with the third adenosine residue of the helix 6 GNAR tetraloop motif.

Helix 6 GNAR tetraloop
The SRP RNAs of eukaryotes and Archaea have a GNAR tetraloop (N is for any nucleotide, R is for a purine) in helix 6. Its conserved adenosine residue is important for the binding of protein SRP19. This adenosine makes a tertiary interaction with another adenosine residue located in the apical loop of helix 8.

5e
The 11 nucleotides of the 5e motif form four base pairs which are interrupted by a loop of three nucleotides. In the eukaryotes, the first nucleotide of the loop is an adenosine which is needed for the binding of protein SRP72.

UGU(NR)
The UGU(NR) motif connects helices 3 and 4 in the small (Alu) SRP domain. Fungal SRP RNAs lacking helices 3 and 4 contain the motif within the loop of helix 2. It is important in the binding of the SRP9/14 protein heterodimer as part of an RNA U-turn.

Secondary

Tertiary

X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM] have been used to determine the molecular structure of portions of the SRP RNAs from various species. The available PDB structures show the RNA molecule either free or when bound to one or more SRP proteins.

Binding proteins

One or more SRP proteins bind to the SRP RNA to assemble the functional SRP. The SRP proteins are named according to their approximate molecular mass measured in kilodalton. Most bacterial SRPs are composed of SRP RNA and SRP54 (also named Ffh for "Fifty-four homolog"). The Archaeal SRP contains proteins SRP54 and SRP19. In eukaryotes, the SRP RNA combines with the imported SRP proteins SRP9/14, SRP19, and SRP68/72 in a region of the nucleolus. This pre-SRP is transported to the cytosol where it binds to protein SRP54. The molecular structures of the free or SRP RNA-bound proteins SRP9/14, SRP19, or SRP54 are known at high resolution.

SRP9 and SRP14
SRP9 and SRP14 are structurally related and form the SRP9/14 heterodimer which binds to the SRP RNA of the small (Alu) domain. Yeast SRP lacks SRP9 and contains the structurally related protein SRP21. Yeast SRP14 forms a homodimer. SRP9/14 is absent in the SRP of trypanosoma which instead possess a tRNA-like molecule.

SRP19
SRP19 is found in the SRP of eukaryotes and Archaea. Its primary role is in preparing the SRP RNA for the binding of SRP54, SRP68, and SRP72 by properly arranging SRP RNA helices 6 and 8. Yeast SRP contains Sec65p, a larger homolog of SRP19.

SRP54
Protein SRP54 (named Ffh in the bacteria) is an essential component of every SRP. It is composed of three functional domains: the N-terminal (N) domain, the GTPase (G) domain, and the methionine-rich (M) domain.

SRP68 and SRP72
Proteins SRP68 and SRP72 are constituents of the large domain of the eukaryotic SRP. They form a stable SRP68/72 heterodimer. About one third of the human SRP68 protein was shown to bind to the SRP RNA. A relatively small region located near the C-terminus of SRP72 binds to the 5e SRP RNA motif.

References

Further reading

External links

 The SRP Database (SRPDB): Alignments of SRP RNAs and associated proteins, SRP RNA secondary structures and 3-D models
 Rfam entry for Metazoan type signal recognition particle RNA
 Rfam entry for Bacterial small signal recognition particle RNA
 Rfam entry for Bacterial large signal recognition particle RNA
 Rfam entry for Fungal signal recognition particle RNA
 Rfam entry for Plant signal recognition particle RNA
 Rfam entry for Protozoan signal recognition particle RNA
 Rfam entry for Archaeal signal recognition particle RNA
 Dnatube Signal Recognition Particle Movie

Category:RNA
Category:Protein biosynthesis
Category:Non-coding RNA


Pallavur Appu Marar

Pallavur Appu Marar was an Indian percussionist, widely considered to be a maestro in the Pallavur (Palakkad) style of thayambaka, edakka, sopana sangeetham, melam and panchavadyam. He was the eldest of the three brothers, the other two being Pallavur Manian Marar and Pallavur Kunhikuttan Marar, who formed the famed Pallavur trio.

Biography

Appu Marar was born in 1928, at Pallavur, a small hamlet in Palakkad district, in the south Indian state of Kerala, to Shankaran Marar and Ammini. His father, a nomad, left the young Appu and his mother, when he was one year old, throwing the family into poverty. Ammini was forced to remarry Subramania Iyer, and had two more sons, Manian and Kunhikuttan, who, years later, completed the Pallavur trio.

Appu started learning traditional percussion instruments at a very young age and had his arangettam (debut) on chenda, at Pallavur Shiva Temple, the age of 8. He, soon, became adept at playing chenda, edeka and timila, under the tutelage of Thiruvilvamala Kondaswami and Parathuveettil Nanu Marar. Appu Marar saw his father for the first time, when he was 17 years old, by which time, he had already mastered those traditional percussion instruments and had started performing at various temples in Kerala.

By the time, Appu Marar died in 2002, due to age related illnesses, he had already performed at many stages including in Russia and at 47 Thrissur Poorams and 60 Nemmara Velas. He performed, without break, at Thrissur pooram, heading the panchavadyam for Paremekkavu Devaswom from 1960 till his death in 2002.

The legacy of Appu Marar lives on through his numerous disciples, who are active at the temple festivals across the state. His son, Kunissery Chandran, is also a known Maddalam exponent. However, the most notable contribution of Appu Marar remains the style of panchavadyam, he, along with his brothers, have created, the Pallavur style.

Kaalam (The Unending Time)
K. Ramachandran, a short filmmaker from Kerala, created a documentary, Kaalam (The Unending Time), on the life of Appu Marar. The film, narrates the tumultuous early life of Appu Marar and his later climb to fame, and won the Kerala Kala Mandalam Award for the most outstanding short film on performing arts. The film was also screened at the Festival of South Asian Documentaries at Kathmandu 3–6 October 2013. The film shows many interviews with Appu Marar's contemporaries and family members.

Awards and recognitions

Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi honoured Appu Marar, in 1983, by bestowing on him their annual award. Guruvayur Devaswom Board awarded him the Guruvayurappan Puraskaram in 1995. He also received the Manaweeyam Award, in 2002, apart from various other local honours.

Honoring the memory of the percussionist, the Government of Kerala has instituted an award, Pallavur Appu Marar Award, which is given annually to recognise excellence in ritual music of Kerala. Another award of the same name, Pallavur Appu Marar Award has also been instituted by the renowned ayurvedic institution, Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala.

An annual beat festival, Appu Marar Vadyotsavam, is conducted every year, in Appu Marar's honour.

Publications

Appu Marar has written a book, Pr̲amāṇaṃ: ātmakatha (Theory and Biography), an autobiography in part, but also containing theories and arguments on traditional Kerala music. The book was co-authored by Madanan.

Crescent Music has released an audio on compact disc, which has the recording of many of Appu Marar's performance on edaka.

See also
 Neralattu Rama Poduval
 Kuzhur Narayana Marar
 Guru Gopinath
 Panchavadyam
 Thayambaka
 Panchari melam
 Pandi melam

External links
 Appu Marar performing Thripuda''
 Tribute on Blog
 Reference on Thrissur Pooram Festival site
 Reference on Maddys
 Reference on Blog
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 1
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 2
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 3
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 4
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 5
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 6
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 7

Gallery

References

Category:1928 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Indian percussionists
Category:Malayali people
Category:People from Palakkad district
Category:20th-century Indian musicians


Mont-Tremblant/Lac Ouimet Water Aerodrome

Mont-Tremblant/Lac Ouimet Water Aerodrome, , was located on Lac Ouimet near Mont-Tremblant, Quebec, Canada. The airport was listed as abandoned in the 15 March 2007 Canada Flight Supplement.

See also
 Mont-Tremblant/Lac Duhamel Water Aerodrome
 Mont-Tremblant/Saint-Jovite Airport

References

Category:Defunct seaplane bases in Quebec
Category:Airports in Laurentides


Crimson Key Society

The Crimson Key Society is an organization at Harvard University devoted to serving the University. Founded on April 14, 1948, CKS was originally formed to welcome visiting athletic teams to Harvard and represented Harvard's first organized commitment to hospitality. Crimson Key later went on to provide campus tours to prospective students and visitors, welcome incoming students during Freshman Week, and toured the country to recruit applicants. CKS has played a major role in expanding Harvard's global image, helping to gain world renown for the university as both an academic institution and as a brand. Benazir Bhutto, Radcliffe Class of 1973, was perhaps the best-known member of the Society. Today, CKS continues to provide tours to visitors to the university and welcomes new freshmen with a week of activities, including most famously a Rocky Horror Picture Show-style screening of Love Story that has attracted both praise and criticism from the media.

References

External links
http://www.crimsonkeysociety.org/about/history
http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1989/6/8/behind-pinkie-bhuttos-passion-for-politics/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html
Category:Harvard University