Shub-Niggurath

Shub-Niggurath, often associated with the phrase "The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young", is a deity in the Cthulhu Mythos of H. P. Lovecraft.  The only other name by which H. P. Lovecraft referred to her was "Lord of the Wood" in his story The Whisperer in Darkness.

Shub-Niggurath is first mentioned in Lovecraft's revision story "The Last Test" (1928); she is not described by Lovecraft, but is frequently mentioned or called upon in incantations. Most of her development as a literary figure was carried out by other Mythos authors, including August Derleth, Robert Bloch, and Ramsey Campbell.

August Derleth classified Shub-Niggurath as a Great Old One, but the Call of Cthulhu role-playing game classifies her as an Outer God. The CthulhuTech role-playing game, in turn, returns to Derleth's classification of Shub-Niggurath as a Great Old One.

Development
Shub-Niggurath's appearances in Lovecraft's main body of fiction do not provide much detail about his conception of the entity. Her first mention under Lovecraft's byline was in "The Dunwich Horror" (1928), where a quote from the Necronomicon discussing the Old Ones breaks into an exclamation of "Iä! Shub-Niggurath!" The story provides no further information about this peculiar expression.

The next Lovecraft story to mention Shub-Niggurath is scarcely more informative. In The Whisperer in Darkness (1930), a recording of a ceremony involving human and nonhuman worshipers includes the following exchange:

Similarly unexplained exclamations occur in "The Dreams in the Witch House" (1932)  and "The Thing on the Doorstep" (1933).

Revision tales
Lovecraft only provided specific information about Shub-Niggurath in his "revision tales", stories published under the names of clients for whom he ghost-wrote. As Price points out, "For these clients he constructed a parallel myth-cycle to his own, a separate group of Great Old Ones", including Yig, Ghatanothoa, Rhan-Tegoth, "the evil twins Nug and Yeb"—and Shub-Niggurath.

While some of these revision stories just repeat the familiar exclamations, others provide new elements of lore. In "The Last Test" (1927), the first mention of Shub-Niggurath seems to connect her to Nug and Yeb: "I talked in Yemen with an old man who had come back from the Crimson Desert—he had seen Irem, the City of Pillars, and had worshipped at the underground shrines of Nug and Yeb—Iä! Shub-Niggurath!"

The revision story The Mound, which describes the discovery of an underground realm called K'n-yan by a Spanish conquistador, reports that a temple of Tsathoggua there "had been turned into a shrine of Shub-Niggurath, the All-Mother and wife of the Not-to-Be-Named-One. This deity was a kind of sophisticated Astarte, and her worship struck the pious Catholic as supremely obnoxious."

The reference to "Astarte", the consort of Baal in Semitic mythology, ties Shub-Niggurath to the related fertility goddess Cybele, the Magna Mater mentioned in Lovecraft's "The Rats in the Walls", and implies that the "great mother worshipped by the hereditary cult of Exham Priory" in that story "had to be none other than Shub-Niggurath".

The Not-to-Be-Named-One, not being named, is difficult to identify; a similar phrase, translated into Latin as the Magnum Innominandum, appears in a list in The Whisperer in Darkness and was included in a scrap of incantation that Lovecraft wrote for Robert Bloch's "The Shambler from the Stars". August Derleth identifies this mysterious entity with Hastur  (though Hastur appears in the same Whisperer in Darkness list with the Magnum Innominandum), while Robert M. Price equates him with Yog-Sothoth—though he also suggests that Shub-Niggurath's mate is implicitly the snake god Yig.

Finally, in "Out of the Aeons", a revision tale set in part on the lost continent of Mu, Lovecraft describes the character T'yog as the "High Priest of Shub-Niggurath and guardian of the copper temple of the Goat with a Thousand Young". In the story, T'yog surprisingly maintains that "the gods friendly to man could be arrayed against the hostile gods, and ... that Shub-Niggurath, Nug, and Yeb, as well as Yig the Serpent-god, were ready to take sides with man" against the more malevolent Ghatanothoa. Shub-Niggurath is called "the Mother Goddess", and reference is made to "her sons", presumably Nug and Yeb.

Other references
Other evidence of Lovecraft's conception of Shub-Niggurath can be found in his letters. For example, in a letter to Willis Conover, Lovecraft described her as an "evil cloud-like entity". "Yog-Sothoth's wife is the hellish cloud-like entity Shub-Niggurath, in whose honor nameless cults hold the rite of the Goat with a Thousand Young. By her he has two monstrous offspring—the evil twins Nug and Yeb. He has also begotten hellish hybrids upon the females of various organic species throughout the universes of space-time."

The Black Goat
Although Shub-Niggurath is often associated with the epithet "The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young", it is possible that this Black Goat is a separate entity. Rodolfo Ferraresi, in his essay "The Question of Shub-Niggurath", says that Lovecraft himself separated the two in his writings, such as in "Out of the Aeons" (1935) in which a distinction is made between Shub-Niggurath and the Black Goat—the goat is the figurehead through which Shub-Niggurath is worshipped. In apparent contrast to Shub-Niggurath, the Black Goat is sometimes depicted as a male, most notably in the rite performed in The Whisperer in Darkness (1931) in which the Black Goat is called the "Lord of the Woods".  However, Lovecraft clearly associates Shub-Niggurath with The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young in two of his stories—"The Dreams in the Witch House" and "The Thing on the Doorstep".

The Black Goat may be the personification of Pan, since Lovecraft was influenced by Arthur Machen's The Great God Pan (1890), a story that inspired Lovecraft's "The Dunwich Horror" (1929). In this incarnation, the Black Goat may represent Satan in the form of the satyr, a half-man, half-goat. In folklore, the satyr symbolized a man with excessive sexual appetites. The Black Goat may otherwise be a male, earthly form of Shub-Niggurath—an incarnation she assumes to copulate with her worshipers.

Robert M. Price's interpretation
Robert M. Price points to a passage from "Idle Days on the Yann", by Lord Dunsany, one of Lovecraft's favorite writers, as the source for the name Shub-Niggurath:

Notes Price: "The name already carried a whiff of sulfur: Sheol was the name for the Netherworld mentioned in the Bible and the Gilgamesh Epic."

As for Shub-Niggurath's association with the symbol of the goat, Price writes,

Other writers

Ramsey Campbell
In Ramsey Campbell's story "The Moon Lens", the English town of Goatswood is inhabited by once-human worshippers of Shub-Niggurath. When the deity deems a worshiper to be most worthy, a special ceremony is held in which the "Black Goat of the Woods" swallows the initiate, and then regurgitates the cultist as a transformed satyr-like being. A changed worshiper is also endowed with immortal life.

Stephen King
In the short story "Crouch End", a woman loses her husband to, and then is chased by minions of "the Goat with a Thousand Young" and then by the Goat itself. In the novel Revival a maddening entity known as "Great Mother" is introduced and shares many similarities with Shub-Niggurath, though the latter is never mentioned.

Paul Stewart
In his Edge Chronicles novel The Curse of the Gloamglozer, one of the antagonists, the Rogue Glister, is obviously modelled after Shub-Niggurath, with long, stretching tentacles and its main body being a pulsating mass of muscle just like the Black Goat.

Paul Morris
The Scarifyers: The Devil of Denge Marsh, by Paul Morris, is a light-hearted radio play (on CD as a Cosmic Hobo publication, 2007) in The Scarifyers series whose heroes (played by Nicholas Courtney and Terry Molloy) are engaged in foiling the return of this watery timeless horror and thwarting the intentions of its mysterious (and sometimes bizarre) human acolytes.

Gary Myers

Gary Myers's story, "What Rough Beast", casts Shub-Niggurath as the mother of all the gods, and her children as the chapters of her ongoing revelation.

Jim Butcher

In Turn Coat, the eleventh book in The Dresden Files by Jim Butcher, the narrator mentions that there are in his universe "terrors that the Black-Goat-with-a-Thousand-Young wouldn't dare use for its kids' bedtime stories".

Edward M. Erdelac

In The Outlaw Gods, a novella from The Mensch With No Name, second book in the Merkabah Rider weird western series, Shub-Niggurath dwells beneath the ruins of Red House, a K'n-yan citadel in the mountains of Arizona, surrounded by dark trees which tear apart trespassers.

Joseph Nanni

The Dark Young or Thousand Young appear in the short film Black Goat by writer/director Joseph Nanni.  The Dark Young first appear as root/tentacles assessing their prey.  Later in the film a young trapper surrounds one of the Young with fire only to find himself surrounded when the creature calls its siblings.

However, the concept of the Dark Young was first introduced by game designer Sandy Petersen for the Call of Cthulhu role-playing game.

Joe Hill
Shub-Niggurath (under the variant "Shub-Niggarauth") is mentioned in the Joe Hill graphic novel series Locke & Key. Another dimension is barred from our own by a black door in a deep cave, and any who step through become possessed by a "Child of Leng" (implying that this other world behind the Black Door is, indeed, Lovecraft's Leng) - writhing creatures made of dark liquid-like material and golden eyes. In Clockworks, volume five of the series, three possessed characters (two humans and a goat) all exclaim "Iä! Iä Shub-Niggarauth!", implying that the Children of Leng are either the creature's "Thousand Young" or the creature itself. It is noteworthy to mention that the series itself is set on the fictional island of Lovecraft, Massachusetts.

Christopher Brookmyre
In his book A Big Boy Did It and Ran Away, Brookmyre includes various first-person shooter references (as the plot involves an ex-videogame-salesman fighting terrorists single-handed). Among these references, the terrorists' financier is named Shaloub "Shub" N'gurath, a reference to Shub-Niggurath as it appears as a boss in the first-person shooter Quake.

Anders Fager
In "The Furies From Borås" Anders Fager includes references to Shub-Niggurath. The "Young of the Goat" is a cult of teenage girls. They lure teenage boys into the woods and sacrifice them to a monstrous messenger. The story has given rise to the "Borås Black Goats", a fictional sports club from the Furies' home town.

Charles Stross
Shub-Niggurath is the primary antagonist in the 2013 novelette "Equoid" by Charles Stross.

A. J. Smith
Shub-Nillurath, or the "Black God of the Forest with a thousand Young", features in the "Long War" series of fantasy novels.

Charles Gilman (pen name of Jason Rekulak)
Shub-Niggurath is mentioned in "Professor Gargoyle: Tales from Lovecraft Middle School #1".

Iida Pochi
Shub-Niggurath, calling herself "The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young" and "Chiyo", is one of the main protagonists of the slice-of-life manga . The story involves her taking care of a young boy.

Maruyama Kugane
Episode 12 of , the 3rd season of the popular Japanese anime series Overlord, gives a nod to the Cthulhu mythos, portraying the anti-hero and principal lead character of the series, Ains Ooal Gown, sacrificing 70,000 enemy soldiers with a "super-tier" magic spell to summon five of Shub-Niggurath's 1,000 young, which then proceed to destroy an army of 240,000 men.

Trey Parker and Matt Stone (South Park)
The crooked police of South Park falsely arrest black people so they can feed them to Shub-Niggurath in South Park: The Fractured But Whole, claiming that it only likes "dark meat" and that they have to do so in order to appease it. The heroes defeat Shub-Niggurath by feeding it the white cultists, making Shub-Niggurath violently ill.

See also
 Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture
 Pan and Echidna, similar deities in Ancient Greece.
 Akerbeltz
 Shuma-Gorath, a cosmic antagonist mentioned in Conan the Barbarian and Marvel Comics stories
 Night in the Woods, an adventure game where a "Black Goat" is said to torment the main character

Notes

References

  [Suggests Byatis is the son of Yig]
 "Dark Young of Shub-Niggurath", pp. 75, ibid.
 "gof'nn hupadgh Shub-Niggurath", pp. 124, ibid.
 "Shub-Niggurath", pp. 275–7, ibid.
 , Mount Olive, NC: Cryptic Publications.
  Definitive version.
  Definitive version.

 and Adolphe de Castro (1928). "The Last Test", ibid.
 and Hazel Heald (1932). "The Man of Stone", ibid.

External links

 "The Dreams in the Witch House" by H.P. Lovecraft
 "The Man of Stone" by H.P. Lovecraft and Hazel Heald
 "The Mound" by H.P. Lovecraft and Zealia Bishop
 "The Whisperer in Darkness" by H.P. Lovecraft

Category:Cthulhu Mythos deities
Category:Literary characters introduced in 1928
Category:Fictional extraterrestrial characters
Category:Fictional goddesses
Category:Mother goddesses
Category:Fictional amorphous creatures
Category:Female characters in literature

de:Shub-Niggurath


Alp Er Tunga

Alp Er Tunga or Alp Er Tonğa (Alp  "brave, hero, conqueror, warrior", Er "man, male, soldier, Tom", Tonğa "Siberian tiger”) is a mythical hero who was mentioned in Mahmud al-Kashgari's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, Turkic mythology and Turkish literature.

In Turkic literature he is considered to be the same character as Afrasiab in the Persian Epic Shahnameh. He is sometimes mentioned as a khan of Saka (Scythia).

Alp Er Tunga Epic

Sources

Category:Turkic rulers
Category:Turkic mythology
Category:Heroes in mythology and legend
Category:Mythological kings


The Class (2007 film)

The Class () is an Estonian film about school violence directed by Ilmar Raag. It was released on March 16, 2007. A 7 episode series was later produced, telling what happens after the initial movie. The series was called Class: Life After (, which can also be translated as "Class: For Life").

Plot
Joosep Raak (Pärt Uusberg) is an Estonian teenager who is being bullied by his entire high school class, the ring leader of them all is Anders (Lauri Pedaja), his accomplice Paul (Mikk Mägi) and three other friends Toomas (Joonas Paas), Tiit (Virgo Ernits) and Olav (Karl Sakrits). Anders encourages the class to continually beat up Joosep, and harass him in other ways as well, such as fully undressing him and then pushing him in the girls' changing room. However classmate Kaspar Kordes (Vallo Kirs) decides to go into a matter of loyalty by going against Anders and the others entertainment of harassing Joosep by defending him, such as giving him a spare pair of shoes when Paul had torn them, which does not sit well with the whole class and so Kaspar becomes separated from the whole group the class had formed. Kaspar's love interest Thea (Paula Solvak) becomes distant to him and this begins to worry him but continues to defend Joosep.

Joosep's tutor Laine (Laine Mägi) becomes aware of Joosep receiving harassment and sends Paul to the headmistresses office and so he frames Kaspar of the whole harassment where they believe in him due to being unaware of his true actions, which leads to the school contacting Joosep's parents. Joosep's Father Margus (Margus Prangel) a militarist fascinated with guns and insists on Joosep being a "real man" encounters him about the accusation of Kaspar bullying him and so Joosep dismissively reveals that is the whole class which angers Margus and tells Joosep to fight the ringleader of the crowd as he believes it is the only way to stop and scare somebody from bullying him. The next day when Anders and his four friends go to attack Joosep, the restrained Kaspar breaks free and attempts to hit Anders with a chair, which Anders manages to dodge. Anders then claims that Kaspar has "gone crazy".

Anders asks Kaspar to meet him in the school playground after class. Upon meeting up with an expected fight, Kaspar tells Anders that he will accept the fact that he will not be a "normal guy", where then Paul, Toomas, Tiit and Olav appear with a restrained Joosep and lock Kaspar in a burned down shed where they force him to watch as they take turns to hit Joosep, to the point where he can't breathe anymore. Before leaving off Anders tells Kaspar that if he continues to defend Joosep then it will only earn Joosep worser beatings. Joosep goes to Kaspar's apartment complex where they meet up and he informs Kaspar that he wishes for him to stop defending him, a concerned Kaspar asks what Joosep will do and suggests that he could shoot them by referencing a God's law, Joosep believes that it will be best if he simply let's it go on until he has completely finished school so he will never see them again and be free.

Thea becomes saddened and angered when the class starts believing that in a homophobic atmosphere Joosep and Kaspar are ridiculed for supposedly having gay feelings for each other and so she is having love interests in Kaspar. Kaspar becomes stressed by this and tries to talk Thea down about it but she starts believing that Kaspar cares more about Joosep then her and leaves him, meanwhile Joosep is being beaten in class.

When returning home, Joosep's Mother Liina (Tiina Rebane) discovers heavy bruises on his chest as well as a cut on his chin, she then becomes heavily worried that he had been fighting and demands to know what is happening but he refuses to tell and Margus supports him on the claim. Liina informs the school administration and at last the class as a whole is rightly blamed. When Laine confronts the class about the claim, Joosep runs home fearing the worst and angered, upon entering his home crying only to encounter Margus who learns that Liina called the school, tries to encourage his son to fight back and demonstrates a fighting technique by giving the boy an additional punch.

Out of revenge, the class assembles on a beach, calling both Kaspar and Joosep there by writing emails to them showing each other as fake sender. Once there, they make Thea confess to Kaspar that she is no longer with him in front of the whole crowd which sets him off and beats Anders to the ground only to have a knife pulled on him, they all then force Kaspar to fellate Joosep at knife point and photograph the sexual act without showing the knife. Kaspar throws up afterwards.

The boys decide to avenge themselves. Joosep steals Margus's two pistols, a bolt-action rifle and ammunition from his gun safe whilst asleep, and the two proceed to school the next morning. As they proceed, students and teachers notice the guns in their hands, when a teacher encounters them about it they simply walk past and Joosep tells her to call the police. Before entering the cafeteria to shoot their bullies, Kerli (Triin Tenso), a gothic girl from the class who also witnessed the incident at the beach, decides to let the two have their revenge and goes past them. They begin the massacre on the students responsible for their torment. Joosep shoots Tiit at close range and then shoots Olav in the head. Joosep then shoots and kills Thea's best friend Riina (Riina Ries). To their regret, Kaspar accidentally shoots an eighth grade female student from another class while trying to shoot Anders. Toomas tries to grab the gun from Joosep but ends up getting shot in the abdomen, then Anders and Paul manage to restrain him and take his rifle, however Kaspar saves Joosep by shooting Paul in the head, just before Anders could reach the exit and escape he is shot in the shoulder and is executed by Joosep. Joosep then goes over to finish off Thea but Kaspar stops him and decides to spare her. Finally Joosep and Kaspar, facing one another, each aim a gun at their own head, decide to commit suicide together after counting to three. Joosep pulls the trigger and dies, but the film ends with Kaspar still standing there with his gun aiming at his head.

Cast
 Vallo Kirs – Kaspar
 Pärt Uusberg – Joosep
 Lauri Pedaja – Anders
 Paula Solvak – Thea
 Mikk Mägi – Paul
 Riina Ries – Riina
 Joonas Paas – Toomas
 Kadi Metsla – Kati
 Triin Tenso – Kerli
 Virgo Ernits – Tiit
 Saara Kadak – Liisi
 Karl Sakrits – Olav
 Laine Mägi – Laine, teacher
 Leila Säälik – Liidia, Kaspar's grandmother
 Margus Prangel – Margus, Joosep's father
 Tiina Rebane – Joosep's mother
 Merle Jääger – History teacher
 Marje Metsur – Literature teacher
 Kaie Mihkelson – School headmistress

Critical reception
It currently holds an 89% approval rating among users on Rotten Tomatoes.

Awards
In 2007, the movie received an award from Karlovy Vary International Film Festival and Warsaw International Film Festival. The movie was also the official Estonian submission to the Best Foreign Language Film Category of the 80th Academy Awards.

Political invocations
Since the movie was released, two school shootings have taken place in nearby Finland — the Jokela school shooting and the Kauhajoki school shooting. In analysis of both events, the movie has been raised as an illustration by columnists and other media pundits.

References

External links

Variety review
The Class online at ETV archives (Only in Estonian)

Category:2007 films
Category:Estonian films
Category:Films about bullying
Category:Films about school violence


Andrea Allan

Andrea Allan (born 18 November 1946) is a Scottish-born actress who appeared in many British films of the 1960s and '70s. She also appeared in magazine spreads for both Playboy and Penthouse.

Her films included the Carry On films Carry On Spying and Carry On Cowboy, as well as The Wrong Box with Dudley Moore, Spanish Fly with Leslie Phillips and Vampira with David Niven. She had the leading role in the Spanish/English co-production The House That Vanished and appeared in several television series including Gideon's Way, UFO (episodes "A Question of Priorities", "The Sound of Silence" and "The Man Who Came Back"), Space: 1999, Thriller and Jason King.

In the mid-1970s she changed her name to Ellie Reece-Knight and appeared in a few more films and an episode of The Benny Hill Show before apparently retiring from acting on screen.

Selected filmography
 Carry On Cowboy (1966)
 The Wrong Box (1966)
 Assignment K (1968)
 She'll Follow You Anywhere (1971)
 Vampira (1974)
 The House That Vanished (aka Scream... and Die!) (1974)
 The Office Party (1976)
 Spanish Fly (1975)

References

External links

Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:Scottish television actresses
Category:Scottish film actresses
Category:Actresses from Glasgow


FC Tiraspol

FC Tiraspol was a Moldovan football club based in Tiraspol, Moldova. They played in the Divizia Naţională, the top division in Moldovan football.

Founded in 1992 as Constructorul Chișinău, it entered the Moldovan National Division in 1995–96 season, winning its only title in 1996–97 and Moldovan Cups in 1996 and 2000. The club then relocated in 2001 to Cioburciu before moving to Tiraspol the year after. Despite the latter two settlements being in the breakaway republic of Transnistria, their clubs play in the Moldovan league system.

History

Constructorul Chisinau
The side was founded in 1992 as Constructorul Chisinau, and played in Chisinau, the Moldovan capital. It entered the Moldovan National Division in 1995–96 season. Constructorul won their first silverware, the 1996 Moldovan Cup with a 2–1 win over Tiligul Tiraspol, and the next season won their only Moldovan National Division title by denying city rivals Zimbru Chișinău a sixth consecutive triumph. The league triumph earned Constructorul a place in the 1997-98 UEFA Champions League, where they were knocked out by Belarusian club MPKC Mozyr 4–3 on aggregate in the first qualifying round. In 2000 Constructorul won their second Cup, by beating Zimbru 1–0 in the final on 24 May.

The club also participated in the UEFA Cup during the Constructorul era. In September 2000, the club was banned from appearing in European competitions for a year following a number of security breaches in a home match against Bulgarian side CSKA Sofia.

Move to Transnistria
Before the 2001–02 season, the club relocated to Cioburciu, a small village outside Tiraspol, the capital of the breakaway republic of Transnistria, and was renamed Constructorul Cioburciu. The following season, the club moved into Tiraspol and became its current entity. The club has not won a Cup or National Division title since leaving Chisinau.

The only major European campaign since leaving Chisinau was the 2004-05 UEFA Cup. The club defeated Armenian team Shirak in the first qualifying round (4–1 on aggregate)  before a 5–1 aggregate elimination by Metalurh Donetsk of Ukraine in the next round.

Past crests

Honours
 Divizia Naţională (1): 1996–97 (as Constructorul Chișinău)
 Moldovan Cup (3): 1996, 2000, 2012–13
 Moldovan "A" Division (1): 1994–95
 Moldovan "B" Division (1): 1993–94

Statistics
Until 2001, the club was known as Constructorul Chișinău, in 2001–02 as Constructorul Cioburciu, and FC Tiraspol since 2002.

European record

UEFA Champions League

UEFA Europa League

UEFA Intertoto Cup

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

Managers

 Alexandru Mațiura (1996–1998)
 Ihor Nadein (1998–1999)
 Dumitru Chihaev (1999)
 Ion Caras (1999–Jun, 2000)
 Dumitru Borcău (Jul, 2000)
 Iurie Arcan (Aug, 2000–2000)
 Ilie Vieru (2000–Jan, 2001)
 Nicolae Mandricenco (Jan, 2001–Aug, 2001)
 Oleksandr Holokolosov (Aug, 2001–Oct, 2001)
 Yuriy Kulish (2001–2002)
 Ihor Nakonechnyi (2002–Jun, 2003)
 Alexandru Mațiura (2003–2004)
 Victor Barîșev (2004)
 Yuriy Kulish (Dec 21, 2004–Aug, 2006)
 Volodymyr Reva (Aug, 2006 – Dec 1, 2008)
 Emil Caras (Dec 1, 2008 – June 30, 2009)
 Sergey Yasinsky (July 1, 2009 – Dec 31, 2009)
 Iurie Blonari (Jan 1, 2010 – Dec 31, 2010)
 Vlad Goian (Jan 1, 2011–Dec, 2014)
 Lilian Popescu (Dec 15, 2014–)

References

External links
 Official website
 Profile at DiviziaNationala.com

Tiraspol, FC
Tiraspol, FC
Tiraspol, FC
Category:1992 establishments in Moldova
Category:Tiraspol
Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 2015


1849 Baden Revolution

The Baden Revolution of 1849 was a war fought between the rebels who overthrew the government of the Grand Duchy of Baden in favor of a republic and the Imperial forces of Prussia who fought to suppress republicanism.

References

Category:Wars involving Prussia
Revolution


Dzulfadli Marajeh

Mohammad Dzulfadli bin Awang Marajeh (born 28 January 1991, in Sarawak) is a Malaysian footballer whom previously played for Sarawak in the Liga Super. His primary position is as center-back but he can also play in as a right-back.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140323134612/http://www.sarawakfootball.com/en/the-teams/first-teams.html?id=37

Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:Malaysian footballers
Category:People from Sarawak
Category:Sarawak FA players
Category:Malaysia Super League players
Category:Association football defenders


Francisco Z. Mena

Francisco Z. Mena Municipality is a municipality in Puebla in south-eastern Mexico.

The municipality is named after General Francisco Zacarías Mena (1841-1910).

References

Category:Municipalities of Puebla


HyperTalk

HyperTalk was a high-level, procedural programming language created in 1987 by Dan Winkler and used in conjunction with Apple Computer's HyperCard hypermedia program by Bill Atkinson. Because the main target audience of HyperTalk was beginning programmers, HyperTalk programmers were usually called "authors" and the process of writing programs "scripting". HyperTalk scripts resembled written English and used a logical structure similar to that of the Pascal programming language.

HyperTalk supported the basic control structures of procedural languages: repeat for/while/until, if/then/else, as well as function and message "handler" calls (a function handler was a subroutine and a message handler a procedure). Data types usually did not need to be specified by the programmer; conversion happened transparently in the background between strings and numbers. There were no classes or data structures in the traditional sense; in their place were special string literals, or "lists" of "items" delimited by commas (in later versions the "itemDelimiter" property allowed choosing an arbitrary character).

In the late 1980s Apple considered using HyperCard's HyperTalk scripting language as the standard language across the company and within its classic Mac OS operating system, as well as for interprocess communication between Apple and non-Apple products. The company did not oppose the development of imitations like SuperCard, but it created the HyperTalk Standards Committee to avoid incompatibility between language variants. The case-insensitive language was initially interpreted, but gained just-in-time compilation with HyperCard 2.0.

Description

Fundamental operations
For most basic operations including mathematical computations, HyperTalk favored natural-language ordering of predicates over the ordering used in mathematical notation. For example, in HyperTalk's put assignment command, the variable was placed at the end of the statement:
 put 5 * 4 into theResult
whereas in the more traditional BASIC programming language (and most others), the same would be accomplished by writing:
 theResult = 5 * 4

The HyperTalk code has the side-effect of creating the variable theResult on the fly. Scripts could assign any type or value to a variable using the put command, making HyperTalk very weakly typed. Conversions between variable types were invisible and automatic: the string "3" could be multiplied by the number 5 to produce the number 15, or the number 5 concatenated onto the string "3" to produce the string "35". HyperTalk would not complain unless the types could not be automatically converted.

Flow control and logic were generally similar to other common languages, using a if ... then ... else ... end if structure for conditionals and supporting loops based on a flexible repeat ... end repeat syntax. Comments were prefaced with two minus signs: -- this is a comment.

Objects, containers and scripts
HyperCard's primary user interface concept was the card, a display system that emulated an index card. Cards were normally used to store information, similar to a record in a conventional flat-file database. The graphical layout of the card was created using the mouse by placing various elements on the card, such as text fields and buttons. A master layout "card" known as the background was shown behind the transparent areas of each card. Objects placed on the background, such as fields and buttons, would be shared as a common layout among several cards, but with card-specific content. The collection of cards, backgrounds and the associated data stored in them were stored in a single file known as the stack (of cards). Collectively, all of these data-containing objects are referred to as containers.

HyperTalk functions, or scripts, were normally stored within the script property available in many of the stack's containers. Scripts could access the properties of a container, corresponding to instance variables, using the get and set instructions. The script property held plain text and had no special properties; scripts could be placed in, and run from, any text container, including string variables, or imported from other stacks using the start using command. A script could even be user-provided text typed into an on-screen text field. Arbitrary text could be executed using the do command, in a manner similar to Dynamic SQL.

Referring to containers
A key concept in HyperTalk was the way it referred to containers through a navigational system based on the visual hierarchy of the stack. Every container in the stack was given a unique ID number when created and could also be given an optional name. Scripts could refer to objects by using either of these identifiers, along with an object type specified using the of operator. This operator used a natural language syntax making for easily readable, self-documenting code. For instance, a script stored in a button on a card might wish to take user-supplied text gathered using a text field and store the text in a variable called theValue:
  put the value of card field "typehere" into theValue
Various contextual aspects of statements could be inferred by the interpreter. In the statement above, for example, because the script would be running in the context of a button on a specific card, the identifier card was understood to refer to the card the user was interacting with, even though the button itself would normally be on the background. In addition, "the value" (the text submitted by the user) was assumed to be the main property and to be the target of operations if not otherwise specified. Likewise, "card field" was assumed to be the target of the command, as opposed to the background field, so that information could also be omitted. Even container types had short forms that programmers could use to save typing. Thus the code above is equivalent to the shorter form:
  put fld "typehere" into theValue

Objects within a given context—the card or background, for instance—were also given a runtime number based on their z-order on the screen. To assist in using their position for navigation, HyperTalk also included a variety of ordinal and cardinal referencing systems to simplify the syntax further. Assuming the field "typehere" is the only field on the card, the code above could also be written:
  put the first card field into theValue
or:
  put card field 1 into theValue
The choice of addressing style was left to the programmer; often different styles were used in different statements in order to make the code more readable.

HyperTalk included the me container which acted in the same fashion as the self qualifier found in most object-oriented languages, allowing simple access to the current container object. Less common was the it variable, which held the value of the last operation for certain built-in operators. For example:
  ask "What is the value?"
  put it into card field "display"
uses the ask command to display a dialog box and capture the text typed into an accompanying text field; when the dialog is completed by hitting  or clicking , the value is assigned to the it pseudo-variable. This code then copies that value into a card field using the put assignment operator.

Collections
Containers of a given type were also available as collections with a pluralized version of that container type as its name—the collection of the fields on a card was card fields. These collections were themselves containers with their own properties. Key among these was the number property which was widely used during iterations and similar tasks. For instance, if one wanted to hide all the fields on a card, this could be accomplished with this code:

  repeat with i = 1 to the number of card fields
    hide field i
  end repeat

This code exposes another common feature of HyperTalk: that a property might have several names and operators. In this case the hide command, and the associated show, act by setting the value of the container's visible property. Thus hide field i is exactly equivalent to set the visible of field i to false. A similar example was the lock screen command that stopped visual updating, which was a short form for set the lockscreen to true, where lockscreen is a property of HyperCard itself—also a container. Many examples of this sort of syntactic sugar were found in HyperTalk, in order to simplify the syntax and improve readability of common code.

In HyperCard 2.2 and later, the collection of collections was also available as a container's parts. This allowed a script to address all of the objects in a container with a single iterator.

Handling text
A notable feature of the HyperTalk container model was its handling of text. Every collection of text, whether a literal string in a program or text typed into a text field, was itself considered a container with multiple collections of containers within it. This allowed scripts to parse text using the same navigational commands as any other container. For instance, while parsing a space-delimited data file, one might want to extract the third column, like this:
  put the third word of theFilesText into colThree
This syntax allowed the script to "walk" down the text to find particular data, as in this example:
   put the first character of the third word of line 5 of card field "sometext" into theChar
This process of treating text as a container was known as "chunking", and the functions as "chunk expressions". These same sorts of expressions were used to handle file manipulation, along with a set of file management functions. The following code opens a known file, reads from it, extracts data, and then closes the file:
  on mouseDown
    answer file "Please select a text file to open."
    if it is empty then exit mouseDown
    put it into filePath
    if there is a file filePath then
      open file filePath
      read from file filePath until return
      put it into cd fld "some field"
      close file filePath
      set the textStyle of character 1 to 10 of card field "some field" to bold
    end if
  end mouseDown
HyperTalk also included functions for chunking strings using a substring-find operation using the in operator. The following code finds all examples of a given pattern using the in as part of the repeat loop, while offset finds the location of that pattern within the string:
  function replaceStr pattern,newStr,inStr
    repeat while pattern is in inStr
      put offset(pattern,inStr) into pos
      put newStr into character pos to (pos +the length of pattern)-1 of inStr
    end repeat
    return inStr
  end replaceStr

Lists and other collections
HyperTalk used the same chunking system to produce structures like arrays or lists. Such a structure would be created by placing multiple data items in a variable, separated by commas. Various types of data could be imported into a HyperTalk script using strings that would get parsed as required. For instance, the position of objects on the screen was defined by a pair of numbers representing the X and Y coordinates relative to the upper left corner. The following code creates a variable called pos that holds a coordinate pair, and then manipulates this to re-position all of the buttons on a card in a diagonal from top-left to bottom-right:
  on mouseUp
    put "100,100" into pos
    repeat with x = 1 to the number of card buttons
      set the location of card button x to pos
      add 15 to item 1 of pos
    end repeat
  end mouseUp
The item chunking expression was originally based on a comma delimiter, but later versions of HyperCard changed this to the value of itemDelimiter, offering the ability to parse arbitrary lists and structures.

Messages and events
HyperTalk used an object-oriented concept for calling scripts, with objects in the stack sending "events" that would be processed by "handlers" that declared their interest in receiving the events using the on syntax. For instance, most GUI containers could send the mouseUp event when the mouse button was clicked down and then released on top of that container, and a script could capture these events like this:
 on mouseUp
  -- place additional code here
 end mouseUp
The events were first sent to the script in the object that created the event, for instance, if the user clicked on a button the mouseUp event was first sent to that button. If the button's script object did not have a mouseUp handler (or no script at all), it was then passed to the card, the background, the stack, any stacks whose scripts had been explicitly imported using the start using command, the "home stack" (a user-selected always-open HyperCard stack), and finally to the HyperCard application itself.

For many simple events like mouse clicks on buttons the script would be placed directly within the object in question, the button itself. For instance, one might use the example code above within a button handler in this fashion:
 on mouseUp
    repeat with i = 1 to the number of card fields
      hide field i
    end repeat
 end mouseUp
In the case where code was being called from multiple locations, or it was being used as a global handler for an event, the script could determine the original sender of the event using the target function. Likewise, scripts could send events to other containers using the send command and then using the navigational code to refer to the container holding that handlers code:

    send "mouseUp" to card button "OK" of card "Veracity"
Combining HyperTalk's string processing with the do command allowed for the construction of  interactive interpreters by placing a text field on a card and then placing this code in the field's script:
  on mouseUp
    select the clickLine
    put word 2 of the clickLine into linenum
    do line linenum of cd fld 1
  end mouseUp
clickLine is a global property that returns the name and line number of the last field clicked, in a form like "line 10 of card field 4". This code first selects all of the text on the clicked line, then extracts the line number into a local variable, then uses do to run the text as a HyperCard script.

The mouseDown message was sent to a button when the user clicked it, and mouseUp was sent when the user released the mouse inside it to trigger its action. Similarly, HyperCard sent periodic idle message, mouseEnter, mouseLeave, ... and various other messages related to navigation between different cards in a HyperCard stack, as well as user input (keyDown, functionKey, ...), and system events. As far as the scripters were concerned, there were no main event loops like in other procedural programming languages.

Controlling HyperCard
Unlike general rapid application development platforms, HyperCard stacks always looked like stacks - the menu bar was HyperCard's and not the programmer's (by default—scripting could add, delete and modify menus), the single window was a fixed size (in early versions), and in certain cases, commands that were central to the operation were part of the application itself, and not directly available in HyperTalk itself.

A good example of this was the creation of new cards, which was part of the application, not directly accessible from the HyperTalk language itself. A new card could only be created using the New Card menu item, which could be simulated in code usingdoMenu "New Card". While HyperTalk called into menu commands, menu commands also invoked handlers in HyperTalk. To run custom code when the Copy menu item was selected, one would place a script in the stack using the on doMenu itemName handler, and then examine itemName to see if it was "Copy".

HyperTalk also provided script control over the built-in drawing tools, simply by scripting the needed changes in paint tools and simulating mouse movements using the drag from start to end and the click at position commands.

Extending HyperTalk
Although the HyperTalk language languished just like HyperCard itself, it received a second lease on life through its plugin protocol, so-called External Commands (XCMDs) and External Functions (XFCNs), which were native code containers attached to stacks (as Macintosh-specific resources) with a single entry point and return value. XCMDs and XFCNs could be called just like regular message and function handlers from HyperTalk scripts, and were also able to send messages back to the HyperCard application. Some enterprising XCMD authors added advanced features like full color support (ColorizeHC, HyperTint, AddColor), multiple special-purpose windows (Prompt, Tabloid, Textoid, Listoid, ShowDialog, MegaWindows), drag and drop support and various hardware interfaces to the language.

Descendants of HyperTalk
Various scripting languages have taken their cues from HyperTalk. They are commonly regrouped in a loosely defined family named xTalk:
 CompileIt!-Talk – A HyperCard stack and XCMD by Tom Pittman that allowed compiling native 68000 machine code (e.g. for XCMDs and XFCNs) from HyperTalk code, and calling the native Macintosh toolbox routines. CompileIt was bootstrapped, that is, later versions were compiled using earlier versions of itself.
 Double-XX-Talk (?) – Double-XX was a lightweight HyperCard clone that shipped as an addition to CompileIt! and allowed running XCMDs and XFCNs without HyperCard, and even included a small HyperTalk interpreter.
 MediaTalk – The language of Oracle Media Objects, a descendant of Plus, and the first cross-platform HyperCard clone. Furthermore, the only one that was truly modular.
 PlusTalk (?) – of Spinnaker Plus (originally by the German Format Verlag), which was used as the basis for Oracle Media Objects.
 SenseTalk – The language of the NeXT-originated HyperSense and the VNC-based testing tool Eggplant.
 SuperTalk – The language of SuperCard, the first HyperCard clone, by Bill Appleton. Appleton also wrote the popular World Builder adventure construction kit.
 Transcript (formerly revTalk and MetaTalk) – The language implemented in the LiveCode (formerly Revolution and MetaCard) software platform and development environment. MetaCard was an early Unix-originated HyperCard clone that ran on Classic Mac OS, Mac OS X, Windows, Linux and Solaris.
 XION - Originally the language of an open-source HyperCard clone that never materialized. Now implemented as OpenXION.

As well as second-level clones like:
 ActionScript – the scripting language for Adobe Flash
 AppleScript – the main scripting language of Apple's Mac OS.
 Lingo – the programming language of Macromedia Director started out with an xTalk-like syntax, although current versions went into a direction more like JavaScript.
 JavaScript – a scripting language created by Brendan Eich which is commonly implemented as part of a web browser in order to create enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites. It was later generalized and standardized as ECMAScript.

Many method names first popularized by HyperTalk made it into later languages, such as the onmouseup event handler in JavaScript. Although Asymetrix ToolBook is often also considered a HyperCard clone, its scripting language apparently bears little resemblance to HyperTalk.

These clones and dialects (commonly referred to under the moniker of xTalk-languages) added various features to the language that are expected from a modern programming language, like exception handling, user-defined object properties, timers, multi-threading and even user-defined objects.

See also
 Inform 7 – a programming language with similarly English-like syntax

Notes

References

External links
 Pantechnicon HyperTalk Wiki pages – HyperTalk language reference (control structures, events, built-in functions, etc.)

Category:Domain-specific programming languages
Category:Educational programming languages
Category:Scripting languages
Category:HyperCard products
Category:Programming languages created in 1987
Category:XTalk


Nancy Wake (miniseries)

Nancy Wake is a 1987 Australian mini-series on the exploits of New Zealander (b. Wellington NZ 30 August 1912) Nancy Wake during World War Two as a female British Special Operations Executive agent based on Russell Braddon's 1956 book Nancy Wake: The Story of a Very Brave Woman. It was released as True Colors in the United States.

Production
In 1985, Australian television Seven Network purchased the rights to Russell Braddon's  book Nancy Wake: The Story of a Very Brave Woman and engaged a producer but due to differences over what approach to take, including budget, the project was called off. The production company, and director Pino Amenta, had planned to produce a definitive resistance story over eight hours. Five months later, in April 1986, Seven Network approached Simpson Le Mesurier Films, Roger Le Mesurier the producer and Roger Simpson the writer-producer, who came up with a four-hour love story. In October 1986, Nancy Wake was asked to be a consultant, after the script had been prepared, she criticized parts of Simpson's script which were not acceptable to her.

At the launch of the film by Network Seven, Nancy spoke candidly of her views of the production, stating she was disappointed it was not made as originally planned as an eight-hour resistance story but instead a four-hour love story, and criticized aspects of the mini-series. She said "There are certain little things I don't agree with, but in the main I think it's wonderful."  She continued to criticize the script throughout her life that certain scenes were not a true depiction.

She appears in the film as Madame Fouret.

Filming was completed within 11 weeks around Melbourne and involved the construction of two French towns, the forest battle scenes were shot near Harcourt in an oak forest, and included a 2-week shoot in France in Marseilles and Paris, Nancy was not sent to France to consult.

The mini-series was pre-sold to British Thames Television.

Reception
The Sydney Morning Herald described it as "..compelling with its humour and tears. The whole cast puts on a brilliant display of talent. This show is not to missed".

The mini-series screened in July 1988 in Britain taking the title as the highest rating program on London Weekend Television so far that year.

Home media
Nancy Wake was released on DVD and Online Streaming by Umbrella Entertainment in November 2012. The DVD is compatible with all region codes.

References

External links
Nancy Wake at AustLit
Nancy Wake at IMDb

Category:Australian films
Category:Australian epic films
Category:1980s Australian television miniseries
Category:1987 Australian television series debuts
Category:1987 Australian television series endings


Mayor of Bedford

The Mayor of Bedford is a directly elected mayor responsible for the executive function, and ceremonial duty of Bedford Borough Council in Bedfordshire. The incumbent is Dave Hodgson of the Liberal Democrats.

History

The first known reference to a Mayor of Bedford in England was in 1264.

Prior to the Municipal Corporations Act, 1835, the Mayor of Bedford came into office on 29 September. The first Mayor of the reformed Corporation came into office on 1 January 1836, and subsequent Mayors on 9 November. After the Local Government Act, 1948, and the Local Government Act, 1972, the Mayors from 1949 onwards came into office in May. The civic Mayor was replaced by a directly elected Mayor in 2002.

Since April 2009 the Borough of Bedford is a unitary authority, with the executive having the powers and functions of both a non-metropolitan district and a non-metropolitan county.

Referendum
Bedford held a referendum on 21 February 2002 on whether to introduce a directly elected mayor after a petition was signed by at least 5% of the electorate. The move was approved with 11,316 voting in favour and 5,357 against on a turnout of 15.5%.

Elections
The first mayoral election on 17 October 2002 saw independent Frank Branston elected as mayor.

2002

2007
In 2007 Frank Branston was re-elected as mayor.

2009 By-Election
A by-election took place on 15 October 2009 after the death of the previous incumbent, Frank Branston in August 2009. The by-election was won by the Liberal Democrat, Dave Hodgson.

2011
Dave Hodgson was elected to a full term as Mayor on 5 May 2011 after being elected to finish the term of Frank Branston in 2009.

2015
The 2015 mayoral election took place on 7 May 2015, the same day as elections of Bedford Borough Councillors, and the UK General Election. Hodgson was re-elected.

2019
The 2019 mayoral election took place on 2 May 2019, the same day as the 2019 Bedford Borough Council election, part of the 2019 United Kingdom local elections.

References

Bedford
Category:Mayors of places in Bedfordshire
Category:Borough of Bedford


Walter van Laack

Walter van Laack (born 1957 in Cologne) is a German specialist in orthopedics, Special Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine. He lay at the University of Cologne from his state examination and attained a doctorate 1982 at the RWTH Aachen University. Van Laack practiced in an orthopedic group practice in Herzogenrath and teaches at the Fachhochschule Aachen the subjects medical, orthopedic and border areas of medicine. 2014 he was appointed professor here. He is also managing director and co-owner of his own book publishing company.

Van Laack is concerned in particular with the issue of near-death experiences. For this purpose he has already published numerous books, appeared in TV shows and writes columns, among others in the Huffington Post.

In 2010, van Laack received the Burkhard Heim Award of the umbrella organization Spiritual healing (DGH).

Walter van Laack lives in Aachen and is married and father of two sons.

Books authored
 A Better History of Our World (volume 1):
 Der Schlüssel zur Ewigkeit:
 Eine bessere Geschichte unserer Welt: Der Tod (volume 3):
 Key to Eternity:
 Mit Logik die Welt begreifen:
 Unser Schlüssel zur Ewigkeit:
 Wer stirbt, ist nicht tot!:

Cinematic documentation (selection)
 ZDF Mittagsmagazin: NDEs are not brain products, interview with Walter van Laack
  Video: Mirror TV: Is there life after death? View into the Hereafter see posts by Walter van Laack
 Interview with Walter van Laack
 Phoenix: Near-Death Experiences - Is there life after death ?, Interview with Walter van Laack

External links

 Bibliography on the pages of the FH Aachen
 Short CV and information about near-death experience on technodoctor.de

References

Category:German sports physicians
Category:1957 births
Category:Near-death experience researchers
Category:Living people


Max Grace

Max Grace (born 14 December 1942) is a former New Zealand cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1942 births
Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand male cyclists
Category:Olympic cyclists of New Zealand
Category:Cyclists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Category:Cyclists from Auckland


Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam

Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam () is a 1985 Malayalam drama film, written and directed by P. Padmarajan. It stars Mammootty, Kaviyoor Ponnamma, Karamana Janardanan Nair and Srividya in pivotal roles. It tells the story of a man who wants to sell his ancestral house and put his mother in an old age home. It won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam.

Plot

Janakiyamma (Kaviyoor Ponnamma) stays in a spacious ancestral house with the help of a distant relative girl and servants who help her take care of her cows and poultry.  Her elder son is Narayanankutty (Karamana Janardanan Nair), married to Ambika (Srividya), both central government servants in Bombay (Mumbai). They have two girls, Sheenu (Kuku Parameswaran) and Meenu. Her younger son Gopan (Mammootty) is married to Bindu (Unnimary) and is working in the Middle East.  She also had a deceased daughter (not shown in the movie) and her son is Venu (Ashokan).
The story starts with the children and grandchildren arriving at their ancestral house to celebrate the mother's 60th birthday.  Janakiyamma is very happy with everybody's enthusiasm and thinks everyone is genuinely enjoying their stay at the house.  Meanwhile, Gopan and Bindu have paid advance for a flat in Bangalore and want to get their share of the ancestral property (the house in which Janakiyamma lives) to be sold to pay the rest of the amount.  Narayanankutty and Ambika come to know about this and are shown upset at uprooting the mother. Narayanankutty is helpless and disappointed because they have not yet bought a house for themselves in Bombay and is visibly envious of the prosperity of his brother. One night they have a visitor Kochu/Kunju (Achankunju), who was their father's old servant. He is now well off and has 4 sons in the Middle East. He offers to buy the property, which upsets Narayanankutty because it is Kochu who is the buyer. Bindu has bought a TV for Amma (mother) and tries to project to her that Amma is not safe alone in that house. Janakiyamma overhears Bindu and Ambika discussing about selling the house and waiting for Amma to die. She is heartbroken and accepts the house to be sold. She also agrees to go to an old age home suggested by Bindu and Gopan. She refuses to go with Narayanankutty and Ambika.
She goes to the old age home and passes away the next day. Gopan, now with only his family in the house waiting to be sold has nightmares. He feels really guilty of his deeds and loses his peace of mind. He decides not to sell the house his mother loved so much and decides to spend the rest of his life there.

The film depicts how materialistic people become given the circumstances and how their past does not have any value in such people's lives.
There is also a side track of on and off love angle between Sheenu and Venu and Gopan's girls enjoying the stint in the ancestral house, running around with livestock, bathing in ponds etc. The little girls finally force their father to stay back making his decision to stay in his ancestral house easier.
Sheenu, brought up in Mumbai, initially does not like the relative girl at the house because of her over friendly approach. She later comes to know in an embarrassing moment from Venu that she understands all the bad words Sheenu used in English because the girl is more educated than her. Padmarajan, with his skillful narrative clearly shows how the urban people generally consider all villagers as primitive.

The film gives viewers a clear perspective of the cultural shift that happened in the late 70s to early 90s in India when nuclear families took over from joint families. The film is appreciated for good performances from most of the cast, especially Karamana Janardanan Nair.

Cast
 Kaviyoor Ponnamma as Janakikutty
 Mammootty as Gopan
 Karamana Janardanan Nair as Narayanankutty
 Srividya as Ambika
 Unnimary as Bindu
 Ashokan as Venu
 Achankunju as Kunju
 Kukku Parameshwaram as Sheenu
 Ramachandran

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Shyam and the lyrics were written by Chunakkara Ramankutty.

References

External links

Category:1980s Malayalam-language films
Category:1980s drama films
Category:Indian films
Category:Films with screenplays by Padmarajan
Category:Films directed by Padmarajan
Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners


Trinidad and Tobago International

The Trinidad and Tobago International in badminton is an international open held in Trinidad & Tobago.

Previous winners

References

External links
 Trinidad and Tobago Badminton Association

Category:Badminton tournaments
Category:Sports competitions in Trinidad and Tobago


Embraer EMB 121 Xingu

The Embraer EMB 121 Xingu (pronounced "shingoo") is a twin-turboprop fixed-wing aircraft built by the Brazilian aircraft manufacturer, Embraer.  The design is based on the EMB 110 Bandeirante, using its wing and engine design merged with an all-new fuselage.  The EMB 121 first flew on 10 October 1976.

A modified form of the EMB 121, the EMB 121A1 Xingu II, was introduced on 4 September 1981 with a more powerful engine (PT6A-135), increased seating (8 or 9 passengers) and a larger fuel capacity.

Before production ceased in August 1987, Embraer had produced 106 EMB 121 aircraft, 51 of which were exported to countries outside Brazil. Currently, the French Air Force is the largest operator with 23 aircraft still in service.

Variants

EMB 121A Xingu I  Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-28
EMB 121A1 Xingu II  Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-135
EMB 121B Xingu III  Projected stretched development, not proceeded with, to have been powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-42 engines.
EMB 123 Tapajós  planned version with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-45
VU-9  Brazilian Air Force designation

Military operators

 Brazil
 Brazilian Air Force
 France
 French Air Force
 French Navy

Specifications (EMB 121A1 Xingu II)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 EMB-121 information at Airliners.net
 Endres, Gunter and Gething, Mike. (2002). Aircraft Recognition Guide, (2nd Ed.).  New York City: Harper Collins Publishers. .
 Michell, Simon (editor). Jane's Civil and Military Aircraft Updates 1994-95. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK:Jane's Information Group, 1994. .

External links

Category:1970s Brazilian aircraft
Category:Embraer aircraft
Category:T-tail aircraft
Category:Low-wing aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1976
Category:Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft


Aftermath of the Northwest Airlines Flight 253 attack

On December 25, 2009, 23-year-old Nigerian Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab made an attempt to detonate an explosive substance on Northwest Airlines Flight 253. The international flight originated in Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in Amsterdam, Netherlands and made an emergency landing at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport in Detroit, Michigan, United States. All 290 people aboard the flight, including Abdulmutallab, survived, though he and several others sustained injuries, most of them minor. After being released from a local hospital, Abdulmutallab was indicted by a federal grand jury on six criminal counts. As a result of the attack, travelers faced increased security and other effects, while the U.S. government saw a backlash to its handling of national security and the incident.

Criminal charges

On December 26, a criminal complaint was filed against Abdulmutallab in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, charging him with two counts: placing a destructive device in, and attempting to destroy, a U.S. civil aircraft. The U.S. Attorney's Office assigned to the case federal prosecutors Jonathan Tukel (chief of the counter-terrorism unit) and Eric Straus (former chief of the same unit).  Abdulmutallab was arraigned and officially charged by U.S. District Court Judge Paul D. Borman later the same day at the University of Michigan Hospital.

On January 6, 2010, a federal grand jury indicted Abdulmutallab on six criminal counts including attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction and attempted murder.  "Not guilty" pleas were entered on the behalf of Abdulmutallab at the hearing. The charges carried a maximum sentence of life imprisonment plus 90 years. He faced his first court hearing, a detention hearing, on January 8, 2010. A former federal prosecutor told the Detroit News that "there's no chance of getting this guy bond in a million years".

When asked about his decision to prosecute Abdulmutallab in federal court rather than have him detained under the law of war, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder defended his position, saying that it was "fully consistent with the long-established and publicly known policies and practices of the Department of Justice, the FBI, and the United States Government as a whole," and that he was confident that Abdulmutallab would be successfully prosecuted under the federal criminal law. Holder had originally been asked by U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell, as well as several others, about his choice on January 26, 2010. The response was sent in a February 3 letter to McConnell and the others.

On February 16, 2012, Abdulmutallab, who had pleaded guilty but remained unrepentant, was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.  He is currently incarcerated at the ADX Florence supermax prison, near Florence, Colorado.

Governments

Effect on travel
The U.S. government did not raise the Homeland Security Advisory System terrorist threat level, orange at the time (high risk of terrorist attacks), following the attack. However, the Department of Homeland Security said that additional security measures would be in place for the remainder of the Christmas travel period. The TSA detailed several of the measures, including a restriction on movement and access to personal items during the last hour of flight for planes entering U.S. airspace. The TSA also said that there would be more officers and security dogs at airports.

On December 28 Transport Canada announced that for several days it would not allow passengers flying to the U.S. from Canada a carry-on bag, with some exceptions.  British Airways said that passengers flying to the U.S. would only be permitted one carry-on item. Other European countries increased baggage screening, pat-down searches, and random searches for passengers traveling to the U.S. A spokesperson for the Dutch airport used by the attacker said that heightened security would be in place for "an indefinite period". However, in spite of the extra measures said to have been put in place to prevent a follow-up attack, Stuart Clarke, a photoreporter from the British newspaper Daily Express claimed to have smuggled a syringe containing fluid, and which could have contained a liquid bomb detonator onto another plane. On January 3, 2010, Clarke said he boarded a jet from Schiphol Airport bound for Heathrow Airport just five days after the Christmas Day terror attack, and that the airport appeared to have imposed no additional security, such as precautionary pat-downs which could easily have discovered the syringe which he claimed he kept in his jacket pocket throughout.

On December 27, a Lufthansa flight headed for Detroit was diverted to Iceland when it was discovered to be carrying a bag from a passenger who was not on the plane. In addition, a passenger on a Baltimore-to-New York flight was detained when a firecracker was discovered in the seat he had used.

U.S. political fallout
Beginning on the day of the incident, Obama was kept informed via secure conference calls and follow-up briefings. White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs and Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano said several times on Sunday talk shows that "the system had worked", a statement that engendered some controversy. The next day they retracted the statement, saying that the system had in fact "failed miserably." According to Napolitano, her initial statement had referred to the rapid response to the attack that included alerts sent to the 128 other aircraft in U.S. airspace at the time, and new security requirements for the final hour of every flight, rather than the security failures that allowed the attack to happen. Napolitano had originally stated on This Week that "once this incident occurred, everything went according to clockwork" and that "once the incident occurred, the system worked".

The day after the attack, the U.S. House Homeland Security Committee and Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee both announced that they would hold hearings in January 2010 to investigate how the device passed through security, and whether further restrictions should be placed on air travel; the Senate hearings began on January 21.

Four days after the attack, Obama said publicly that Abdulmutallab's ability to board the aircraft was the result of a systemic failure that included an inadequate sharing of information among U.S. and foreign government agencies. He called the situation "totally unacceptable." He ordered that a report be delivered detailing how some government agencies had failed to share or highlight potentially relevant information about the suspect before he allegedly tried to blow up the airliner. Two days later Obama received the briefing, which included statements that information about the suspect had failed to cross agency lines, and that the failures to communicate within the U.S. government had led to the threat posed by Abdulmutallab not being known by certain agencies until the attack. Obama said he would meet with security officials and specifically question why Abdulmutallab was not placed on the U.S. no-fly list, despite the government having received warnings about his potential al-Qaeda links.

References

Category:Failed terrorist attempts in Europe
Category:Legacies
Category:Failed terrorist attempts in the United States
Category:Terrorist incidents in Europe in 2009
Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2009


Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva

Aneurysm of the aortic sinus, also known as the sinus of Valsalva, is a rare abnormality of the aorta, the largest artery in the body.  The aorta normally has three small pouches that sit directly above the aortic valve (the sinuses of Valsalva), and an aneurysm of one of these sinuses is a thin-walled swelling.  Aneurysms may affect the right (65–85%), non-coronary (10–30%), or rarely the left (< 5%) coronary sinus. These aneurysms may not cause any symptoms but if large can cause shortness of breath, palpitations or blackouts. Aortic sinus aneurysms can burst or rupture into adjacent cardiac chambers, which can lead to heart failure if untreated.

Aortic sinus aneurysms may occur in isolation, or may been seen in association with other diseases of the aorta including Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, and bicuspid aortic valve.  They can be diagnosed using an echocardiogram or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.  Treatment includes blood pressure control but surgical repair may be needed, especially if the aneurysm ruptures.

Symptoms and signs
If unruptured, sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (commonly abbreviated SVA or SOVA) is usually asymptomatic and typically goes undetected until symptoms appear or medical imaging is performed for other reasons. If symptoms do occur, the most common are shortness of breath, palpitations, myocardial ischemia, and syncope. Even less common, but more serious, presentations are embolic stroke and myocardial infarction due to blockage of a coronary artery by the aneurysm.

A ruptured aneurysm typically leads to an aortocardiac shunt and progressively worsening heart failure.

An aneurysm of the aortic sinus may rupture due to infective endocarditis involving the aortic wall and tertiary-stage syphilis.

The manifestations appear depending on the site where the sinus has ruptured. For example, if the sinus ruptures in a low pressure area like the right atrium or right ventricle then a continuous type of murmur is heard. The murmur is located in the left parasternal region mainly confined to the lower sternum. It is also accompanied by a superficial thrill. A ruptured Sinus of Valsalva abscess represents a surgical emergency.

Causes
This type of aneurysm is typically congenital and may be associated with heart defects.  It is sometimes associated with Marfan syndrome or Loeys–Dietz syndrome, but may also result from Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, atherosclerosis, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, syphilis, cystic medial necrosis, chest injury, or infective endocarditis.

Diagnosis

The first step in diagnosis is typically transthoracic echocardiography.  However, if surgery is planned or if the standard echocardiogram lacks sufficient detail, then one or more additional studies are recommended.  These studies include transesophageal echocardiography, 3D echocardiography, CT Angiography and aortic angiography.  Cardiac MRI may be another option.

Treatment
Medical therapy of aneurysm of the aortic sinus includes blood pressure control through the use of drugs, such as beta blockers.

Another approach is surgical repair.  The determination to perform surgery is usually based upon the diameter of the aortic root (with 5 centimeters being a rule of thumb - a normal size is 2-3 centimeters) and the rate of increase in its size (as determined through repeated echocardiography).

An alternative to surgical repair or a ruptured aneurysm is percutaneous closure.  In this technique, a wire is introduced via a small incision in the groin and advanced through the vascular system to the aneurysm. A closure device is advanced along the wire before being expanded to straddle the site of rupture.

Prognosis
If a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm ruptures, the life expectancy without treatment is approximately four years. Surgery carries a 1% risk of intra-operative death with higher risks associated with infected aneurysms, and 5- to 10-year survival rates following surgery range from 82-97%.

Epidemiology
Aneurysms of the sinuses of Valsalva are estimated to affect 0.09% of the population.  Rupture of a sinus of Valsalva can occur at any age.  Rupture is five times more likely to occur in those of far eastern than western ethnic backgrounds, and is twice as likely to occur in males than females.

History
The first description of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm was made in 1939.

See also
 Aortic aneurysm
 Thoracic aortic aneurysm
 Abdominal aortic aneurysm

References

External links

 VIRTUAL TEE - Synopsis of SOVA with video of 2D and 3D TEE

Category:Congenital vascular defects


Pleasley

Pleasley  is a village and civil parish with parts in both Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. It lies between Chesterfield and Mansfield,  south east of Bolsover, Derbyshire, England and  north west of Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. The River Meden, which forms the county boundary in this area, runs through the village.

The bulk of the village is in the Derbyshire district of Bolsover, and constitutes a civil parish of the same name. The population of this civil parish at the 2011 Census was 2,305. The part in Nottinghamshire is in the district of Mansfield and is unparished. Pleasley is not mentioned in Domesday when it was part of Glapwell parish.

Buildings
The parish church of St. Michael is built of squared sandstone and is believed to originate from the 12th century, as it includes a 12th-century chancel arch and font. There are also features from the 13th and 14th century, end evidence of significant restoration in the 19th century, when it was re-roofed in Welsh slate. A new south window was fitted in the chancel at this time. The pulpit came from Derby cathedral, and there is a second font, which carries the date 1662. The building is a grade II* listed structure. It is situated close to the River Meden which marks the county boundary and also the boundary of the ancient Sherwood Forest.

Industry

George Sitwell, Ironmaster mined iron locally and at Pleasley built a furnace, a forge and power saws in the seventeenth century.

Pleasley was a coal mining village for over 100 years. The Stanton Ironworks Company leased the mineral rights in 1872, and work on building the shaft for Pleasley Colliery began soon afterwards. Stanton's continued to operate it until nationalisation in 1946, after which it was run by the National Coal Board until it closed in 1983, with some of the workforce transferring to nearby Shirebrook colliery from where the accessible remaining underground coal reserves were mined. The mine was partly demolished but during the demolition it was realised that the pit winding engines were the only pair of such engines left. The former mine is now a museum. The spoil heaps have been turned into a large nature reserve, complete with large ponds, cycle and walking tracks.

Pleasley, as a whole, spreads into two counties, with the old coal mine high above the old village centre and a series of very large old weaving mills below in the Vale being the historic main industries, together with farming.

Education
Pleasley has two primary schools, one on the Nottinghamshire side of the village and one on the Derbyshire side.

Anthony Bek Primary School
Anthony Bek Primary School is located on the Derbyshire side of the village. First opened in 1899, the school is named after Antony Bek, a Bishop of Durham. The Bek family acquired half of the manor of Pleasley in 1280 and Anthony often returned during the crusades with Prince Edward.   The school is situated on Rotherham Road, on the opposite side of the bypass to the village centre.

Farmilo Primary School
Farmilo Primary School is situated on the Nottinghamshire side of the village, close to the Radmanthwaite estate.  Farmilo Primary School was originally situated on Chesterfield Road North where it was built in 1920, and is named for Councillor Farmilo who campaigned to have the school built.  The school moved to its present location on Woburn Lane in the early 1970s.  In 2017 the school took over the adjacent Sure Start centre and extended into it.

The localities of Pleasley

The area of Pleasley itself consists of four distinct areas: Pleasley Village, Upper Pleasley, Pleasley Hill with the Radmanthwaite Estate and Pleasley Vale..  Pleasley Village
Pleasley Village is the oldest part at the lowest point where the River Meden flows through the valley with a dam and mill pond in the centre of the village. Some original buildings remain, built from local sandstone, noticeably around the old mill site, and the two pubs.

Upper Pleasley
Upper Pleasley is situated at the southern end of the village, and is today the area around Terrace Lane.  Terrace Lane was initially surrounded by fields, and eventually served as the back entrance to Pleasley Colliery, which is still visible today.  Between 1875–1899, two rows of terraced houses were built on what is now Old Terrace.  These were built for workers at the colliery.  Private bungalows were built along Terrace Lane, and in the 1920s, more pit houses were built on New Terrace, and along the top of Terrace Lane.

The terraced houses on Old Terrace were demolished in the 1970s, and the land stood empty for 30 years.  In the early 2000s, this land was built on and a new estate was built, with two new cul-de-sacs being built, and new houses being built along Old Terrace.  In 2009, the older houses on New Terrace were demolished, and the remaining houses renovated.  New homes were built in the place of the demolished houses, following the existing road layout.

Pleasley Hill

Pleasley Hill is an area in Mansfield, adjacent to Pleasley. It once consisted of rows of derelict terraced houses running along the main A617 road leading from Glapwell and the Pleasley By-pass towards Mansfield.

These were the subject of lengthy debate in the area, and were demolished in 2013.  In 2015, new houses were built on the land.

A small amount of housing regeneration was created by seven derelict terraced homes on Hillmoor Street being sold by Mansfield District Council to a social enterprise group named TREES for just one pound. TREES (Training Regeneration Education Employment and Sustainability) – administered under Mansfield-based ex-servicemen's charity Joint Forces Alliance Ltd – helps veterans to refurbish and ultimately live in the homes.

The area is strictly part of Mansfield and prior to Mansfield Mayor Tony Egginton's reorganisation of the Wards and ward boundaries in time for the 2011 elections, it had its own 'Pleasley Hill' ward but afterwards the name became Bull Farm and Pleasley Hill.

Pleasley By-pass Extension

The Pleasley area is situated around the main A617 road. The Pleasley Hill section is a steep, old winding single-carriageway which was scheduled for an improvement scheme designated Pleasley By-pass Extension, a Nottinghamshire County Council initiative intended to link the A617 Chesterfield Road North and MARR junction to the existing Pleasley By-pass, a long-established dual-carriageway created by Derbyshire County Council which terminates on the Nottinghamshire side at the base of Pleasley Hill.

The intended extension situated on the Nottinghamshire side has never been scheduled, and remains as a 'missing' section and bottleneck to the MARR route. Three proposals were mooted in 2004 with two alternate routes:

1. A single carriageway upgrade of the existing Pleasley Hill route2. A single carriageway extension from the MARR junction at the top of Pleasley Hill routed through land running at the back of the old cemetery3. A dual carriageway extension from the MARR junction at the top of Pleasley Hill routed through land running at the back of the old cemetery.

Nottinghamshire County Council summarised the scheme as:Pleasley bypass extension has mixed impacts. It has clear economic benefits, and also will reduce accidents, pollution and noise along the existing route. However these are balanced by adverse effects along the new route, such as possible impact on wildlife and also a nearby primary school.

Mansfield District Council summarised the scheme as:As with the Rainworth Bypass this scheme will provide considerable environmental benefits and will be an important component in improving links between the District and the M1, via junction 29. Depending on finance being made available it is anticipated that construction of this proposal will commence after 2000/2001.

Despite extensive planning and preparation, the road scheme was abandoned by Government's allocation of regional transport funding in 2009.

Pleasley Vale
Pleasley Vale is a deep, narrow valley, much of which is wooded, which has been formed by the River Meden cutting down through the underlying limestone escarpment. The Vale has been the location for industry since at least 1767, when two forges and a corn mill are known to have been operating, powered by the river. The forges were run by George Sitwell, and were called Nether and Upper forge. The engineered river channel made it a good site for further development, and a consortium of businessmen from Nottingham and drapers from Mansfield leased the vale and Pleasley Park in 1782, to construct water-powered cotton mills. The Upper Mill was built first, on the site of the previous corn mill, and was operational by 1785. The Lower Mill was completed seven years later at a cost of £1,190, and was much bigger. A manager's house and a row of ten houses for the workers was also completed in 1792. The mills supplied cotton to the expanding East Midland hosiery industry. One of the original three businessmen was Henry Hollins, and by the early 18th century, the mills were run by William Hollins and Co. They were the first and one of the most successful cotton producers in the East Midlands.

The Hollins family managed the mills for many years, but from the 1830s were joined by the Pagets, who introduced steam power to the mills. Fire destroyed the Upper Mill on 25 December 1840, but it was rebuilt by 1844. The Lower Mill also burnt down, and was replaced in 1847. Newer equipment fitted as part of the rebuilding enabled the mills to stay competitive. William Hollins lived at Pleasley Vale, and oversaw the expansion of the community, with the construction of more houses for the workers, the provision of public facilities including a school, wash house, and a cooperative society, and attention to leisure activities by the establishing of a Mechanics Institute, a library and a cricket club. A company farm was also established. St Chad's Chapel and the vicarage were commissioned by Charles Paget in 1876. The Chapel was opened in 1881, but was reputedly built in 1861 at Stuffynwood, Derbyshire, and later moved to its present site. It has a small bell turret at its western end, and a number of its features mimic thirteenth and fourteenth century styles. Internally, there is a brass memorial to Paget and his wife Helen Elizabeth.

From the 1890s, the mills produced Viyella, a mixture of cotton with Merino wool, which produces a soft fabric. A third mill (now called Mill 2) was built between the upper and lower mills in 1913. It was originally built as a combing shed, where the cotton fibres were straightened and aligned prior to the production of fabric, but became a mill in 1952 following the addition of a further two floors to the main building, and a three-storey extension on the side. The mills continued to flourish, employing 980 workers at the site in 1934. Transport of raw materials and finished product was provided by the Midland Railway, who opened their Tibshelf and Pleasley branch in 1883, primarily to serve Pleasley Colliery, which began production in 1878. The branch connected with other lines at Mansfield Woodhouse in the east and Alfreton in the west. Sidings and a warehouse were built below the lower mill. By 1938, the upper sidings had been built, which provided direct access to the Upper Mill and the combing shed. The railway and its sidings had both been dismantled by 1967.

The first workers houses were demolished in 1961, to be followed by the school, the baths and the Mechanics Institute. By 1987, production had moved abroad, and the mills closed. Bolsover District Council sought to buy the mill buildings in 1992, using compulsory purchase powers. They were to be converted for use as offices and by light industry. The Council obtained them for just £1.00, and secured over £1 million in funding for the first phase of restoration. The initial building tackled was the latest to be built, and Mill 2 provided  of accommodation when it was completed in 1994. Phase 2 consisted of Mill 1 and the North Wing, which provided a further  and was completed in 1997. Stage 3 was the refurbishment of Mill 3, which provided  of space. By 1998, over £4 million had been spent of the work, and the mill buildings provided accommodation for 45 businesses employing 244 people.

References

Bibliography

External links

http://pleasleyparishcouncil.org.uk/
http://www.pleasley-colliery.org.uk
http://www.pleasleylandmark.co.uk
http://www.stmichaelschurchpleasley.co.uk

Category:Bolsover District
Category:Civil parishes in Derbyshire
Category:Villages in Derbyshire
Category:Villages in Nottinghamshire
Category:Mansfield District


Brigham Young University Student Service Association

The Brigham Young University Student Service Association (BYUSA) is the official student association at Brigham Young University (BYU), located in Provo, Utah. Student government appeared at BYU as early as the 1900s. Throughout its existence, the student government took different forms. Up until 1933, the student government association was known as the student body, after which it was known as the Associated Students of Brigham Young University (ASBYU). During its early history the student body sought to provide students with campus events and forms of entertainment for its students; however, with the transition to ASBYU, the organization sought to not only provide for the social life of students but also seek to advocate for their needs. The structure of modern BYUSA includes a president and executive vice-president as well as seven area vice-presidents in charge of a distinct sect of BYUSA which include Campus activities (Y-Activities and AIM), Clubs, Student Advisory Council, Student Honor, Communications, and Involvement.

Throughout its history, the student government at BYU has frequently clashed with the administration at BYU. Sometimes finding themselves underneath the control of BYU administration and prominent LDS Church leaders on the Board of Trustees, the student body leadership often attempted to reorganize or protest in order to assert their desire to affect policy at BYU. BYUSA was reorganized and rechartered in 1988, while Jeffrey R. Holland was the university president. Following their rechartering, BYUSA reevaluated their role at BYU, seeking to emulate their motto "students serving students" by focusing their attention as a student government on advisement and service. A prominent controversy surrounding BYUSA and BYU administration revolved around the firing of a BYUSA faculty advisor for writing a letter to the school newspaper, asking for more transparency in BYUSA elections which led to student protestation of the firing and the call for more freedom for students to express opinions. In the 1990s and the 2000s, BYUSA made university history by electing its first female BYUSA president in 1991 and its first African-American student body president in 2002.

History
The organization of student government at BYU can be traced to the early 1900s. According to Brigham Young University: The First One Hundred Years, the student government organization officially began in 1909. However, according to Brigham Young University: A House of Faith, student government began in December 1902. Regardless of the discrepancy, a  de facto student government existed at BYU as early as 1899 with the establishment of the first student newspaper at BYU, White and Blue. While, not an official student government, the newspaper used their influence to establish student policies. Until 1933, the student government association was known by the title the "student body", after which it was known as ASBYU. During the university presidency of Franklin S. Harris, ASBYU ran with little supervision from administration or faculty. In 1937, the Board of Control, made up of administration chosen student members, was dissolved and students were granted permission to hold primary elections, however, students continued to notice the lack of student government's power for the next 20 years. Early duties of student government included running intercollegiate athletics, managing the Student Loan Fund, operating the BYU bookstore, planning campus social activities, maintaining the paint on the "Y" on the mountainside near BYU, and overseeing freshman initiation.

The ASBYU senate was more outspoken than other student government branches but was frequently censored by the administration. For example, in 1958, senate members proposed a "dead week" before final exams with no university activities; however, administrators compelled ASBYU members to schedule activities anyway so students would not be forced to travel off-campus for "less desirable recreation". Administration pushed back on the senate led by BYU president Ernest L. Wilkinson who reminded students that the university was "private...not a republic" and that it was "ludicrous" to think students could affect university policy. From the 1950s to the 1970s, interest in student government was on a steady decline due to the creation of local religious organizations that became the new social units for students. Additionally, interest in ASBYU had decreased because students began to identify with their major rather than their class in school. Despite its declining interest, ASBYU funded and helped organize many campus events and improve student and BYU relations. Throughout the history of ASBYU, student body officials had been forced to resign due to moral or legal violations which included public "lewdness", embezzlement, and unauthorized use of university vehicles among other violations. Consequently, some students suggested that student officers be appointed by local ecclesiastical leaders rather than elected. President of BYU Dallin H. Oaks argued that it was important for students to experienced the democratic system and ecclesiastical appointment of leadership was never implemented.

In 1988, ASBYU was restructured and renamed BYUSA by BYU president Jeffrey R. Holland. According to the director of the Honor Code Office, Rush Sumpter, ASBYU became too powerful with students believing they "could do their own thing". Additionally, Sumpter stated that elections became exclusive to wealthy students who could afford to campaign, social clubs had too much control, and activities excluded students. John Coleman became the new president of BYUSA with advisement and service rather than power, being the focus of the government modeled institution. Despite being the equivalent of a student government, the association claims to function as a student service association, because students work with administration to solve problems rather than have the power to make direct change. The name was initially changed to the Student Service Association of Brigham Young University (SSABYU) but was changed to BYUSA due to potential abuse of the acronym.

In 1991, Amy Baird was elected the first female president of BYUSA. In 2002, Rob Foster became the first African-American BYUSA president, the Daily Herald noted this as significant, because African-Americans make up less than 1% of enrollment at BYU. In 2006, controversy surrounding BYU's administration of BYUSA was heightened when Todd Hendricks, a BYUSA advisor, was fired from the university. The Daily Herald reported that Hendricks was fired for submitting a letter to the school's newspaper The Daily Universe which urged for more transparency in BYUSA elections. The firing led to student protests and concern that BYU administration had too much control over student government. A mostly silent student protest was held on March 31, 2006 where students protested the firing of Hendricks and the lack of freedom for students to express their opinions. In 2016, the first all-female presidency of BYUSA was elected with Avery Harding as president and Addie Hulme as vice-president. BYUSA instituted PEN talk panels (Perspective Education Narratives), modeled off TED talks, to allow BYU students a safe place to discuss various topics with the goal of better understanding minority groups at BYU.

Organization
BYUSA functions to serve and advise. Every March full-time students participate in electing a new president and executive vice president to a one-year term. Candidates for president and executive vice president must be in good honor code standing and have completed two semesters of service leadership experience at the university. The remaining members of the BYUSA presidency are appointed by the incoming president and executive vice president. The BYUSA Presidency is made up of six distinct areas. Each area is led by an area vice president and each member of the presidency serves for a one-year term, alongside the President and Executive Vice President. Additionally, each area vice president appoints executive directors who serve as volunteers from the beginning of summer term to the end of the following winter semester.

The six departments of BYUSA are campus activities, clubs, the Student Advisory Council, the Student Honor department, communications, and involvement. Campus Activities plans, implements, and evaluates large-scale, campus-wide activities for the students, including popular activities like the semi-annual Battle of the Bands and True Blue Foam. In 2017, the campus activities department was divided into Y-Activities and AIM (Arts, Interests and Music). The Clubs area provides administrative oversight for over 100 recognized BYUSA clubs. This area directs the chartering of campus clubs and the training of club officers to ensure the success of the clubs and involvement of students. The Student Advisory Council, or SAC, established in 1988 with the reorganization BYUSA, helps to perform the organizational mission in advising the administration and students across campus. The Student Honor department is tasked with the primary mission of promoting the university Honor Code. In 2007, the Student Honor Association was placed under the BYUSA, with the role of Student Honor Association President becoming an official BYUSA Vice President. Communications helps to coordinate the marketing effort of the association, aiding recruitment and retention of volunteers.

Elections
In past years and due to various reasons, the BYUSA elections have caused campus-wide controversy. Across multiple years, candidates have been disqualified and, in 2006, a candidates disqualification led to the firing of a full-time employee. After a successful election and at the end of the out-going administration's term, new BYUSA officers gather atop the Spencer W. Kimball Tower to perform the "Pass the Torch" Ceremony. During this ceremony the outgoing BYUSA President gives the "Oath of Office" to the incoming BYUSA President.

Notable Alumni
 Rex E. Lee, President of ASBYU from 1959 to 1960, former dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School and former Solicitor General of the United States

References

External links
BYUSA Official Site
Associated Students of Brigham Young University records, Vault UA 1298, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
BYUSA records, Vault UA 1329, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

Category:1988 establishments in Utah
Student Service Association
Category:Organizations established in 1988
Category:Student governments in the United States


Frank J. Swanson

Frank J. Swanson (October 19, 1865 – December 5, 1941) was an American farmer, businessman, and politician.

Born in Stockryd Jonkoping Lan, Småland, Sweden, Swanson emigrated with parents to the United States and stayed in Chicago, Illinois for nine months. Swanson and his family settled on a farm in Union County, Dakota Territory. He studied at the University of South Dakota and then helped managed his father's farm. In 1901, Swanson moved to Akron, Iowa where he was in the real estate business. Swanson was also in the banking, furniture and hardware business. He also owned a funeral home in Akron, Iowa. He was also general manager of the Farmers' Grain Company in Akron, Iowa. From 1918 to 1923, Swanson served on the Akron City Council. From 1929 to 1931, Swanson served in the Iowa House of Representatives. Swanson died in his home n Akron, Iowa of a heart ailment.

Notes

Category:1865 births
Category:1941 deaths
Category:Swedish emigrants to the United States
Category:People from Småland
Category:Politicians from Chicago
Category:People from Plymouth County, Iowa
Category:People from Union County, South Dakota
Category:University of South Dakota alumni
Category:Businesspeople from Iowa
Category:Farmers from South Dakota
Category:Iowa Republicans
Category:Iowa city council members
Category:Members of the Iowa House of Representatives