6th Army Group Royal Artillery

The 6th Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA), developed by the British Army to add weight of fire and increased artillery flexibility to the battlefield, was one of a number of AGRAs created and one of the main AGRAs to fight in the Italian Campaign during World War 2.

Under the command of Brigadier Julian St. Clair Holbrook, 6th AGRA was created at the Royal Artillery Base Depot near Almaza, North Africa on 15 March 1943. As with all newly formed units, the Headquarters was established initially and the administrative centre set up. The men in charge chose the 6th sign of the Zodiac as their formation badge - this was worn on the right sleeve of the Battledress uniform, with the 8th Army badge on the left sleeve.

The HQ 6th AGRA then moved to Beni Yusef, near Cairo in April 1943 to begin the task of establishing the numerous regiments that would form its order of battle. By the end of that month, the Group consisted of three Medium Regiments, RA as follows:

 66th (Lowland) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 75th (Shropshire Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 80th (Scottish Horse Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery

The first action of 6th AGRA was during Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, with the advanced guard of 66th Medium Regiment landing on 10 July 1943 and the guns themselves being deployed and ready to fire by 12th.

The AGRA then took part in the Invasion of Italy, firing across the straight of Messina onto Italian soil. For this operation, both 5th and 6th AGRA fired side-by-side. Through the Italian Campaign, 6th AGRA fought at Sangro, Cassino, Arezzo, Florence, the assault on the Gothic Line. They held station on Monte Grande beside the British 1st Infantry Division over the winter of 1944/45, before beginning the Spring Offensive in the Po Valley.

6th AGRA finished the war in Austria, Brigadier Holbrook having left the formation 3 weeks prior to the final surrender of Axis Forces in Europe. The AGRA was the commanded by Brigadier T. F. K. Howard, DSO, who following the war, gave this assessment of the AGRA and of his late command of the units in it:

"It was like giving the final tap to a truly driven nail with a nicely balanced hammer. It was so nicely balanced too."

6th AGRA was disbanded in November 1945.

Order of battle

During the various stages of its time in action, 6th AGRA's order of battle varied widely as regiments were seconded to it and other regiments were assigned elsewhere. The following is a list of all the units engaged within 6th AGRA at some time during its operational establishment, during the war:

 Headquarters 6th Army Group Royal Artillery
 66th (Lowland) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 75th (Shropshire Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 76th (Shropshire Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 78th (Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 75th (Highland) Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery
 Counter Battery Staff XIII Corps
 80th (Scottish Horse Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 2nd Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 69th (Caernarvon & Denbigh Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 61st Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery
 5th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
 194th (U.S) F.A. Group
 3rd Survey Regiment, Royal Artillery
 376th (Artillery) Company, Royal Army Service Corps
 655th Air O.P. Squadron, Royal Air Force
 126th Meteorological Section, Royal Air Force
 21st Canadian Meteorological Section, Royal Canadian Artillery
 40th Squadron, South African Air Force
 51st (London) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery was temporarily assigned to 6th AGRA for the crossing of the Sangro and Biferno rivers at the end of November 1943. Its 3.7-inch AA guns supplemented the medium artillery in the long preparatory bombardment, and then switched to anti-aircraft protection of the assembly and bridgehead areas for the actual assault.

Post-war
Brigadier Hollbrook later went on to command 86th AGRA (TA), a post-war Territorial Army Group Royal Artillery, which had command ties to the 6th AGRA, through Holbrook. The post-war 86th AGRA (TA) had a very similar sign to the 6th AGRA, but with the tail of the 'M' separated.

Notes

References

 G. Meddemmen, The Guns of 6th AGRA, HMSO. Date Unknown.
 Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, .

Category:Military units and formations established in 1943
Category:Army Groups Royal Artillery
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


Turlogh Dubh O'Brien

Turlogh Dubh O'Brien or Black Turlogh, is a fictional 11th Century Irishman created by Robert E. Howard.

Stories

 The Gods of Bal-Sagoth (first published in Weird Tales, October 1931) - Also known as The Blond Goddess of Bal-Sagoth, this is a sequel to The Dark Man despite seeing print before that story. This story can be found on Wikisource. It was adapted as a Conan story by Marvel Comics in Conan the Barbarian #17 (Aug 1972).
 The Dark Man (first published in Weird Tales, December 1931) - Turlogh rescues the daughter of King Brian Boru from a tribe of Vikings. This story features a cameo of another Howard character, Bran Mak Morn, albeit post-apotheosis as the titular Dark Man.  This story can be found on Wikisource. Adapted as a Conan story.
The Shadow of the Hun (first published in Shadow of the Hun, 1975) - This story can be found on Wikisource
 Spears of Clontarf (first published in Spears of Clontarf, 1978) - A historical story set against the Battle of Clontarf (1014). Howard also rewrote this unsold story twice.  One version, The Grey God Passes, is close to Spears of Clontarf with added fantasy elements and the other The Cairn on the Headland is a modern horror story.
 The Twilight of the Grey Gods (first published in Eons of the Night, 1996) - Also known as The Grey God Passes. This is the re-write of Spears of Clontarf (see above) with added fantasy elements

In addition to these there is an untitled and unfinished piece that begins "The Dane came in with a rush, hurtling his huge body forward..."  This was first published in Shadow of the Hun, 1975.

External links
 List of Turlogh Dubh O'Brien stories at HowardWorks.com

Category:Characters in pulp fiction
Category:Literary characters introduced in 1931
Category:Robert E. Howard characters
Category:Fictional Irish people
Category:Fiction set in the 11th century


Andrew Collins

Andrew Collins may refer to:

 Andrew Collins (actor) (born 1973), British actor
 Andrew Collins (broadcaster) (born 1965), British journalist, scriptwriter, and broadcaster
 Andrew Collins (cricketer) (1972–1999), British cricketer
 Andrew Collins (footballer, born 1965), former Australian rules footballer for Hawthorn
 Andrew Collins (footballer, born 1988), former Australian rules footballer for Carlton
 Andrew Collins (judge) (born 1942), English barrister and judge
 Andrew Collins (politician), American politician in Arkansas

See also
 Andy Collins (disambiguation)


Blue Lightnin'

Blue Lightnin' is an album by blues musician Lightnin' Hopkins recorded in Texas in 1965 and released on Stan Lewis' Jewel Records label in 1967.

Reception

AllMusic reviewer Bill Dahl stated: "After a slew of albums aimed primarily at the folk-blues audience that resuscitated his flagging career during the early '60s, Lightnin' Hopkins attempted to regain his original fan base with these unpretentious 1965 sessions for Stan Lewis' Jewel logo. Pretty convincingly, too,".

Track listing
All compositions credited to Sam "Lightnin'" Hopkins and Stan Lewis except where noted
 "Found My Baby Crying" – 3:55
 "Move on Out, Part One" – 2:59
 "Back Door Friend" – 3:56
 "Fishing Clothes" – 3:37
 "Morning Blues" – 4:36
 "Gambler's Blues" – 3:58
 "Wig Wearing Woman" – 3:42
 "Lonesome Dog Blues" (Hopkins) – 2:38
 "Last Affair" (Hopkins) – 2:56
 "Move on Out, Part Two" – 3:00

Personnel

Performance
Lightnin' Hopkins – guitar, vocals

Production
Stan Lewis – producer

References

Category:Lightnin' Hopkins albums
Category:1967 albums
Category:Jewel Records (Shreveport record label) albums


Wobbly hedgehog syndrome

Wobbly hedgehog syndrome (WHS) is a progressive, degenerative, neurological disease of the African pygmy hedgehog. The cause is believed to be genetic. Nearly 10 percent of pet African pygmy hedgehogs are affected, due to their limited bloodlines.

Symptoms

The disease slowly degrades the hedgehog's muscle control. This first appears as a wobble while the hedgehog is attempting to stand still. Over time, the hedgehog will lose control of all muscles from the rear of its body to the front. A tentative diagnosis can be based purely on the clinical signs, but definitive diagnosis is only possible from post-mortem examination of spinal cord and brain tissues.

The hedgehog's health will deteriorate over the course of weeks or months, and in the advanced stages of this disease, they become completely immobilized, making euthanasia a recommended consideration. Most animals die within two years of diagnosis.

Symptoms usually begin in hedgehogs before they reach two years old, but can occur at any age.

Treatment
There is no known cure for WHS, which has been compared to human multiple sclerosis. Various vitamin supplements, antibiotic and steroid treatments have been used; some appear to temporarily improve the signs or slow the progression of the disease, but as signs of WHS wax and wane, it is difficult to assess the benefit of treatments. No treatment has been shown to prevent the progression of paralysis.

References

Category:Hedgehogs
Category:Mammal diseases
Category:Neurodegenerative disorders
Category:Syndromes


Ficus subpisocarpa

Ficus subpisocarpa (called 笔管榕 in China and 雀榕 in Taiwan) is a species of small deciduous tree native to Japan, China, Taiwan and southeast Asia to the Moluccas (Ceram). Two subspecies are recognised. Terrestrial or hemiepiphytic, it reaches a height of 7 m (23 ft). Ants predominantly of the genus Crematogaster have been recorded living in stem cavities. Ficus subpisocarpa is pollinated by Platyscapa ishiiana (Agaonidae).

Taxonomy
French botanist François Gagnepain described Ficus subpisocarpa in 1927, from a collection near Haiphong in Vietnam. It was reduced to a synonym of F. superba variety japonica by E. J. H. Corner in 1965, before being raised to species status again by Cornelis Christiaan Berg in 2005. Two subspecies are recognised.
Within the genus, Ficus subpisocarpa belongs in the banyan subgenus Urostigma section Urostigma subsection Urostigma.

Description
Ficus subpisocarpa is a tree that grows up to 7 metres (23 ft) high, growing from the ground or directly on other trees (hemiepiphyte). The bark is dark brown, while the branches are reddish brown to dark grey. The tree is deciduous. The tree's leaves and petioles are glabrous (smooth), and the leaves are symmetrical, elliptical and oblong with a rounded base, and can measure anywhere from 4 to 24 cm (1.6–9.5 in) long by 1.5–13 cm (0.6–5.1 in) wide. They are spirally arranged on the stem. The growth of new tissue occurs when a whole section of the branch undergoes budding and becomes covered with leaves. The figs are ramiflorous, that is they grow on the branches, in groups of one to three. There is a high variation in color between trees and seasons; mature figs are whitish pink to dark purple, and are bulbous in shape and measure 0.5 to 0.8 cm (0.2–0.3 in) in diameter. Two to four crops of figs can be produced in a year.

Subspecies pubipoda is distinguished by having the base of the petiole covered in white fur.

Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies is found from Southern Japan, Taiwan, Hainan and eastern China (where it occurs in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, southern Yunnan and southeastern Zhejiang provinces), through Vietnam, Laos and Thailand into Indonesia where it reaches Ceram in the Moluccas. It is possibly found in Cambodia. Subspecies pubipoda is found in Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia.

Both subspecies are found in deciduous and evergreen forests, the nominate at low altitudes and subspecies pubipoda to 1400 m (4500 ft).

Ecology
In a field study in Taiwan, ants were found to inhabit cavities within internodes of young branches of Ficus subpisocarpa. They feed on wasps, more commonly on non-pollinating rather than the pollinating species necessary for the fig to reproduce. It is possible that the fig developed the cavities to accommodate the ants. 75% of ants recorded in the study belonged to the genus Crematogaster, with the remainder belonging to the genera Technomyrmex, Myrmica and Prenolepis. Sometimes two ant species shared the cavities. The cavities mostly ranged between 2 and 14 cm (0.8–5.5 in) in length. The ants appear to tend aphids and scale insects that are present on the fig plant.
Ficus subpisocarpa is the second Ficus species observed with ants inhabiting branch cavities, the first observation was done in Borneo on Ficus obscura var. borneensis.

References

subpisocarpa
Category:Trees of China
Category:Trees of Indo-China
Category:Trees of Japan
Category:Trees of the Maluku Islands
Category:Trees of Peninsular Malaysia
Category:Trees of Taiwan


Nord Drum

The Clavia Nord Drum is a virtual analog drum synthesizer, that Clavia claims is capable of 'retro-futuristic' percussion sounds. It was unveiled by Clavia at NAMM 2012, and released in March 2012.

Features

The Nord Drum has four channels, in other words it is capable of creating four different drum sounds at once. Each channel can be triggered either from MIDI or from drum triggers, and the Nord Drum can therefore both be used to add electronic sounds to a drum kit, or be controlled from sequencers or MIDI keyboards. Each sound can be made up of a tone, a click and noise.

References

Further reading

Category:Drum machines
Category:Clavia synthesizers


USS McKean

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS McKean, in honor of William McKean.

, was a , converted to APD-5 for service in World War II.
, was a  during World War II.

Category:United States Navy ship names


Sattoke

Sattoke is a town in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 31°14'26N 74°19'59E with an altitude of 195 metres (643 feet).

References

Category:Villages in Punjab, Pakistan


Nerima Station

is a railway station in Nerima, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Seibu Railway and the Tokyo subway operator Toei Subway.

Lines
Nerima Station is served by the Seibu Ikebukuro Line, Seibu Yurakucho Line, and Seibu Toshima Line, and also by the Toei Oedo Line subway. It is located 6.0 km from the terminus of the Ikebukuro Line at .

Station layout

Nerima is an elevated station with two island platforms serving four tracks, with an additional outer track on either side used by passing trains. Elevators and escalators connect the platforms to the ticket entrances, and the station contains a waiting room as well.

The Toei station consists of an underground island platform serving two tracks.

Platforms

Seibu

Toei

Adjacent stations

History
The Seibu station opened on 15 April 1915. The Toei station opened on 10 December 1991.

The original ground-level station was rebuilt as an elevated station in 1997, and at the same time, the number of tracks was increased to six to allow non-stop trains to pass.

From 1998, inter-running of some services commenced to and from the Seibu Yurakucho Line.

Station numbering was introduced on all Seibu Railway lines during fiscal 2012, with Nerima Station becoming "SI06".

Through-running to and from  and  via the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Line commenced on 16 March 2013.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2013, the station was the fourth busiest on the Seibu network with an average of 118,601 passengers daily. In fiscal 2012, the Toei station was used by an average of 35,765 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). The passenger figures for the Seibu station in previous years are as shown below.

Cultural references
The station and other parts of the Toei Ōedo Line are referenced in the Digimon Adventure franchise.

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 Nerima Station information (Seibu Railway)
 Nerima Station information (Toei)

Category:Seibu Ikebukuro Line
Category:Seibu Yūrakuchō Line
Category:Stations of Seibu Railway
Category:Railway stations opened in 1915
Category:Railway stations in Tokyo
Category:1915 establishments in Japan


Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi

Ahmed al-Gaddatfi al-Qahsi (; born 15 July 1970. Was the cousin of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. |Qaddafi’s children as controversial as father |work=Alarabiya|date=23 February 2011|accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> According to the Gaddafi family, Qahsi, who was a Colonel in the Libyan Army, was killed in the 26 July 2011 bombing of the Gaddafi compound during the Libyan Civil War. The couple had three children before the conflict started. His fourth child, a girl, was born in Algeria as Ayesha fled there with her brothers Hannibal and Muhammad after the Battle of Tripoli.

References

Category:20th-century births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:Libyan colonels
Category:People of the Libyan Civil War (2011)
Category:Gaddafi family
Category:Libyan military personnel killed in action


Transplanting

In agriculture and gardening transplanting or replanting is the technique of moving a plant from one location to another. Most often this takes the form of starting a plant from seed in optimal conditions, such as in a greenhouse or protected nursery bed, then replanting it in another, usually outdoor, growing location. This is common in market gardening and truck farming, where setting out or planting out are synonymous with transplanting. In the horticulture of some ornamental plants, transplants are used infrequently and carefully because they carry with them a significant risk of killing the plant.

Transplanting has a variety of applications, including:
 Extending the growing season by starting plants indoors, before outdoor conditions are favorable;
 Protecting young plants from diseases and pests until they are sufficiently established;
 Avoiding germination problems by setting out seedlings instead of direct seeding.

Different species and varieties react differently to transplanting; for some, it is not recommended. In all cases, avoiding transplant shock—the stress or damage received in the process—is the principal concern. Plants raised in protected conditions usually need a period of acclimatization, known as hardening off (see also frost hardiness). Also, root disturbance should be minimized. The stage of growth at which transplanting takes place, the weather conditions during transplanting, and treatment immediately after transplanting are other important factors.

Transplant production systems

Commercial growers employ what are called containerized and non-containerized transplant production.

Containerized transplants or plugs allow separately grown plants to be transplanted with the roots and soil intact. Typically grown in peat pots (a pot made of compressed peat), soil blocks (compressed blocks of soil), or multiple-cell containers such as plastic packs (four to twelve cells) or larger plug trays made of plastic or styrofoam.

Non-containerized transplants are typically grown in greenhouse ground beds or benches, outdoors in-ground with row covers and hotbeds, and in-ground in the open field. The plants are pulled with bare roots for transplanting, which are less-expensive than containerized transplants, but with lower yields due to poorer plant reestablishment.

Containerized stock

Containerized planting stock is classified by the type and size of container used. A great variety of containers has been used, with various degrees of success. Some containers are designed to be planted with the tree e.g., the tar paper pot, the Alberta peat sausage, the Walters square bullet, and paper pot systems, are filled with rooting medium and planted with the tree (Tinus and McDonald 1979). Also planted with the tree are other containers that are not filled with rooting medium, but in which the container is a molded block of growing medium, as with Polyloam®, Tree Start®, and BR-8 Blocks®.

Designs of containers for raising planting stock have been many and various. Containerized white spruce stock is now the norm. Most containers are tube-like; both diameter and volume affect white spruce growth (Hocking and Mitchell 1975, Carlson and Endean 1976). White spruce grown in a container having a 1:1 height:diameter produced significantly greater dry weight than those in containers of 3:1 and 6:1 height:diameter configurations. Total dry weight and shoot length increased with increasing container volume.

The larger the container, the fewer deployed per unit area. However, the biological advantage of size has been enough to influence a pronounced swing towards larger containers in British Columbia (Coates et al. 1994). The number of PSB211 (2 cm top diameter, 11 cm long) styroblock plugs ordered in British Columbia decreased from 14,246,000 in 1981 to zero in 1990, while orders for PSB415 (4 cm top diameter, 15 cm long) styroblock plugs increased in the same period from 257 000 to 41 008 000, although large stock is more expensive than small to raise, distribute, and plant.

Other containers are not planted with the tree, e.g., Styroblock®, Superblock®, Copperblock®, and Miniblock® container systems, produce Styroplug® seedlings with roots in a cohesive plug of growing medium. The plug cavities vary in volume by various combinations of top diameter and depth, from 39 to 3260 mL, but those most commonly used, at least in British Columbia, are in the range 39 mL to 133 mL (Van Eerden and Gates 1990). The BC-CFS Styroblock® plug, developed in 1969/70, has become the dominant stock type for interior spruce in British Columbia (Van Eerden and Gates 1990, Coates et al. 1994). Plug sizes are indicated by a 3-figure designation, the 1st figure of which gives the top diameter and the other 2 figures the depth of the plug cavity, both dimensions approximations in centimetres. The demand for larger plugs has been increasing strongly (Table 6.24; Coates et al. 1994). Stock raised in some sizes of plug can vary in age class. In British Columbia, for example, PSB 415 and PSB 313 plugs are raised as 1+0 or 2+0. PSB 615 plugs are seldom raised other than as 2+0.

Initially, the intention was to leave the plugs in situ in the Styroblocks until immediately before planting. But this led to logistic problems and reduced the efficiency of planting operations. Studies to compare the performance of extracted, packaged stock versus in situ stock seem not to have been carried out, but packaged stock has performed well and given no indication of distress.

Forestry

Field storage

As advocated by Coates et al. (1994), thawed planting stock taken to the field should optimally be kept cool at 1°C to 2°C in relative humidities over 90% (Ronco 1972a). For a few days, storage temperatures around 4.5°C and humidities about 50% can be tolerated. Binder and Fielder (1988) recommended that boxed seedlings retrieved from cold storage should not be exposed to temperatures above 10°C. Refrigerator vans commonly used for transportation and on-site storage normally ‘maintain seedlings at 2°C to 4°C (Mitchell et al. 1980). Ronco (1972a, b) cautioned against using dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) to cool seedlings; he claimed that respiration and water transport in seedlings are disrupted by high concentrations of gaseous carbon dioxide.

Coniferous planting stock is often held in frozen storage, mostly at -2°C, for extended periods and then cool-stored (+2°C) to thaw the root plug prior to outplanting. Thawing is necessary if frozen seedlings cannot be separated from one another and has been advocated by some in order to avoid possible loss of contact between plug and soil with shrinkage of the plug with melting of ice in the plug. Physiological activity is also greater under cool rather than frozen storage, but seedlings of interior spruce and Engelmann spruce that were planted while still frozen had only brief and transient physiological effects, including xylem water potential, (Camm et al. 1995, Silem and Guy 1998). After 1 growing season, growth parameters did not differ between seedlings planted frozen and those planted thawed.

Studies of storage and planting practices have generally focussed on the effects of duration of frozen storage and the effects of subsequent cool storage (e.g., Ritchie et al. 1985, Chomba et al. 1993, Harper and Camm 1993). Reviews of colds storage techniques have paid little attention to the thawing process (Camm et al. 1994), or have merely noted that the rate of thawing is unlikely to cause damage (McKay 1997).

Kooistra and Bakker (2002) noted several lines of evidence suggesting that cool storage can have negative effects on seedling health. The rate of respiration is faster during cool storage than in frozen storage, so depleting carbohydrate reserves more rapidly. Certainly in the absence of light during cool storage, and to an indeterminate extent if seedlings are exposed to light (unusual), carbohydrate reserves are depleted (Wang and Zwiacek 1999). As well, Silem and Guy (1998), for instance, found that interior spruce seedlings had significantly lower total carbohydrate reserves if stored for 2 weeks at 2°C than if thawed rapidly for 24 hours at 15°C. Seedlings can rapidly lose cold hardiness in cool storage through increased respiration and consumption of intracellular sugars that function as cryoprotectants (Ogren 1997). Also, depletion of carbohydrate reserves impairs the ability of seedlings to make root growth. Finally, storage moulds are much more of a problem during cool than frozen storage.

Kooistra and Bakker (2002), therefore, tested the hypothesis that such thawing is unnecessary. Seedlings of 3 species including interior spruce were planted with frozen root plugs (frozen seedlings) and with thawed root plugs (thawed seedlings). Thawed root plugs warmed to soil temperature in about 20 minutes; frozen root plugs took about 2 hours, ice in the plug having to melt before the temperature could rise above zero. Size of root plug influenced thawing time. These outplantings were into warm soil by boreal standards, and seedlings with frozen plugs might fare differently if outplanted into soil at temperatures more typical of planting sites in spring and at high elevations. Variable fluorescence did not differ between thawed and frozen seedlings. Bud break was no faster among thawed interior spruce seedlings than among frozen. Field performance did not differ between thawed and frozen seedlings.

Gallery

See also

 Transplant experiment

References

External links
 Transplanting to improve the landscape of your Garden

Category:Horticulture and gardening

ar:تطعيم (نبات)


GLIMPSE

GLIMPSE is a text indexing and retrieval software program originally developed at the University of Arizona by Udi Manber, Sun Wu, and Burra Gopal.  It was released under the ISC license in September 2014.

GLIMPSE stands for GLobal IMPlicit SEarch. While many text indexing schemes create quite large indexes (usually around 50% of the size of the original text), a GLIMPSE-created index is only 2-4% of the size of the original text.

GLIMPSE uses and takes a great deal of inspiration from Agrep, which was also developed at the University of Arizona, but GLIMPSE uses a high level index whereas Agrep parses all the text each time.

The basic algorithm is similar to other text indexing and retrieval engines, except that the text records in the index are huge, consisting of multiple files each. This index is searched using a boolean matching algorithm like most other text indexing and retrieval engines. After one or more of these large text records is matched, Agrep is used to actually scan for the exact text desired. While this is slower than traditional totally indexed approaches, the advantage of the smaller index is seen to be advantageous to the individual user. This approach would not work particularly well across websites, but it would work reasonably well for a single site, or a single workstation. In addition, the smaller index can be created more quickly than a full index.

References

External links
Glimpse and WebGlimpse home page
Original Glimpse paper (PDF)

As of January 2020, the above links seem to be dead. GLIMPSE itself can no longer be found on the U Arizona site. Only Webglimpse appears to be living on GitHub, deeply buried in the projects, though not updated since 2015.

Category:Free search engine software
Category:Software using the ISC license


HMS Guadeloupe

Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Guadeloupe, after the island group of Guadeloupe:

 was a sloop in service in 1760 to October 1762. Condemned in Antigua.
 was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1763 and sunk to avoid capture in 1781. She was subsequently salvaged and recommissioned by the French.
HMS Guadeloupe (1809) was a 16-gun sloop, formerly the French Nisus, which the Royal Navy captured in 1809 and sold in 1814.

References

Category:Royal Navy ship names


United Counties of Northumberland and Durham, Ontario

The United Counties of Northumberland and Durham was a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario.  The two counties were originally combined in the District of Newcastle formed in 1802, and continued as united counties from 1850 until January 1, 1974 when portions of Durham County were amalgamated with adjacent Ontario County to form the Regional Municipality of Durham. Manvers Township went to Victoria County and what is now Cavan-Monaghan went to Peterborough County. What is now Port Hope remained in the area which was continued as Northumberland County, while Durham County was dissolved.

Category:Former counties in Ontario
Category:Populated places disestablished in 1974


Vero Beach, Florida

Vero Beach is a city in and the seat of Indian River County, Florida, United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2010 data, the city had a population of 15,220.

History

Pre-Columbian

Parts of a human skeleton were found north of Vero in association with the remains of Pleistocene animals in 1915. The find was controversial, and the view that the human remains dated from much later than the Pleistocene prevailed for many years. In 2006, an image of a mastodon or mammoth carved on a bone was found in vicinity of the Vero man discovery. A scientific forensic examination of the bone found the carving had probably been done in the Pleistocene. Archaeologists from Mercyhurst University, in conjunction with the Old Vero Ice Age Sites Committee (OVIASC), conducted excavations at the Old Vero Man site in Vero Beach in 2014–15. Starting in 2016, archaeologists from Florida Atlantic University joined the Old Vero Man site excavations.

Post-Columbian
In 1715, a Spanish treasure fleet wrecked off the coast of Vero. Eleven out of twelve Spanish ships carrying tonnes of silver foundered in a hurricane. The remains of the silver attracted pirates. A group of 300 unemployed English privateers led by Henry Jennings stole about £87,500 in gold and silver in their first acts of piracy.

In 1872 Captain Allen W. Estes officially established the first land patent between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian River Lagoon, after settling in the area in 1870.

In 1893 Henry Flagler’s Florida East Coast Railway began operation through the area.

The town of Vero was chartered on June 13, 1919.

Vero was officially renamed "Vero Beach" and was switched from being part of St. Lucie County to become the county seat of Indian River County when it was formed in June, 1925. There are many theories on possible origin of the city name, but there's no consensus.

During the war year of 1942 the U.S. Navy selected  surrounding the Vero Beach Municipal Airport as the site of Fort Pierce Naval Amphibious Training Base, a Naval Air Station. Due to the bombing practices conducted during the WWII, there are many buried explosives and the Army Corps officials have conducted ongoing search & clearing exercises for the potentially dangerous items since 2014.

In 1951 Barber Bridge was built from mainland to barrier islands. It was later demolished and replaced in 1995 with the Merrill P. Barber Bridge. It is named after Merrill P. Barber who was the mayor of Vero beach in 1947.

In 1957 Piper Aircraft began research and development in Vero Beach. In 1961 Piper Aircraft moved administrative and manufacturing operations to Vero after completing building additions.

In 1965 the A1A bridge over the Sebastian Inlet connected the two barrier islands. In 1979, the 17th Street Bridge was completed, allowing a second point of access from Vero Beach mainland to the barrier islands.

Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there were 15,220 people, 7,505 households, and 3,946 families residing in the city. There were 10,258 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 87.5% White, 4.8% Black, 0.30% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 3.7% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.7% of the population.

There were 7,505 households out of which 16.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.4% were non-families. 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older with 4.8% being 85 years and older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.65.

In the city the population was spread out with 14.1% under the age of 16, 84.1% over 18, 4.3% from 15 to 19, 4.9% from 20 to 24, 5.5% from 20 to 25 and 29.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.9 years.

For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. The population consists of 51.3% female and 48.7% male.

Geography

Climate
Vero Beach has a humid subtropical climate, with hot and humid summers and warm, sunny, and dry winters. The average annual temperature is 72.7 °F, with an annual high temperature of 81.4 °F and an annual low temperature of 64 °F. On average Vero Beach is frost free.

Economy

Industry
Vero Beach is home to general aviation manufacturer Piper Aircraft, which is the largest private employer in Indian River County. As of July 2015, Piper employed approximately 750 people. Aside from Piper, the bulk of commercial activity in Vero Beach centers around tourism, the citrus industry and service activities.

Retail
There are two large shopping malls the Indian River Mall and the Vero Beach Outlets just west of I-95 on State Road 60.
There are small specialty shops along Ocean Drive on the barrier island and in what is called the "Miracle Mile." The Historic Downtown is a newly revitalized area of shopping, dining, antique stores and art galleries.

Tourism
A large part of tourism in Vero Beach is taken in part by The Disney Resort in Vero (Disney's Vero Beach Resort)

Points of interest

Beaches
The beaches in Vero Beach are part of Florida's Treasure Coast. Vero's three main public beaches are South Beach, accessible at the eastern end of State Road 656 at the eastern end of 17th Street; Humiston Park, in Vero's Central Beach Business District on Ocean Drive and Jaycee Park which is adjacent to Conn Beach. These beaches are lifeguard protected from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm.
There are 26 miles of oceanfront shore in Indian River County.
Vero Beach also has other free public access trails and walkways with beach access, such as Riomar Beach, Sea Cove, Sea Grape Trail, Sexton Plaza, and Turtle Trail.

Water recreation in the Indian River Lagoon
The Indian River Lagoon, passing through Vero Beach, forms a significant portion of the Intracoastal Waterway, and is a hub for boating, fishing, water skiing, diving, kayaking and other small-craft waterborne activities.

Resorts
Disney's Vero Beach Resort is officially located in Wabasso, a small town north of Vero Beach.

Historic Dodgertown
Vero Beach is home to Historic Dodgertown, the former Spring Training facility of the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team. Since the team's departure for a new Spring home in Arizona in 2008, it now serves as a year-round multi-purpose facility for athletes of all ages. As of January 2, 2019, MLB has assumed control of the historic facilities with plans to expand the complex and rename it The Jackie Robinson Training Complex. This is to honor both the late Jackie Robinson and the site's history as the first racially integrated spring-training center in the American South. The path from operating as a U.S. Naval Air Station to hosting spring-training for major league baseball for 60 years, then finding a place on the U.S Civil Rights Trail makes this an extraordinary place to see.

National Register of Historic Places

 Driftwood Inn
 Hallstrom House
 Old Indian River County Courthouse
 Judge Henry F. Gregory House
 Maher Building
 McKee Jungle Gardens
 Old Palmetto Hotel
 Pueblo Arcade
 Royal Park Arcade
 Theodore Hausmann Estate
 Old Vero Beach Community Building
 Vero Beach Diesel Power Plant
 Vero Beach Woman's Club
 Vero Railroad Station
 Vero Theatre

Infrastructure

Transportation

Air
Vero Beach Regional Airport is a public airport one mile northwest of Vero Beach, offering commercial jet service by Elite Airways.

Bus
Vero Beach is served by GoLine Bus routes.

Rail
The Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) mainline bisects Vero Beach, with an active team track in town serving a lumber/building products customer.

Education

Public schools
The Indian River County School District operates the following public schools serving Vero Beach:

 Vero Beach High School
 Gifford Middle School
 Oslo Middle School
 Storm Grove Middle School
 Beachland Elementary School
 Citrus Elementary School
 Dodgertown Elementary School
 Glendale Elementary School
 Indian River Academy (elementary school)
 Liberty Magnet School (elementary)
 Osceola Magnet School (elementary)
 Rosewood Magnet School (elementary)
 Vero Beach Elementary School
 Alternative Center for Education

Charter schools
 Indian River Charter High School
 Imagine South Vero
 North County Charter Elementary
 St. Peter's Academy

Private schools

Saint Edward's School. Independent College Preparatory in Episcopal School Tradition; grades pre-K–12
 St. Helen Catholic School
Anderson Academy. grades 8–12
 Masters Academy. grades pre-K–12
Tabernacle Christian School. grades K-8
 SunCoast School. grades pre-K–8

Colleges
 Indian River State College – Mueller Campus
 Treasure Coast Technical College

Notable people

Fred Barnes, journalist, editor of The Weekly Standard and Fox News contributor
Lake Bell, actress, attended school in Vero Beach and her film I Do... Until I Don't is set there
Alex Cobb, pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles, attended Vero Beach High School
Gloria Estefan, singer, has a house and owns a hotel in Vero Beach
Tom Fadden, actor
Prince Fielder, professional baseball player
Calvin Souther Fuller, inventor of the solar cell, died 1994
Carl Hiaasen, journalist, novelist, and author
Sandy Koufax, former professional baseball player
Ivan Lendl, former professional tennis player
Richard Littlejohn, columnist for the Daily Mail, lives in Vero Beach
Debbie Mayfield, Florida state senator
F. James McDonald, former president and chief operating officer of General Motors
Alison Mosshart, lead singer of The Kills and The Dead Weather
Jake Owen, country music singer-songwriter, graduate of Vero Beach High School, 1999
Peter George Peterson, co-founder, Blackstone Group
Albert Reed, model, 2007 Dancing with the Stars competitor, actor, graduate of Vero Beach High School, 2003
Priscilla Renea, singer-songwriter signed to Capitol Records, debut album entitled "Jukebox" released in 2009
Norman Sas, inventor of Electric football
Parvati Shallow, winner of Survivor: Micronesia, runner-up in Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains
Bryan Stork, professional football player for the Washington Redskins of the NFL
Roscoe Tanner, former professional tennis player
Mardy Fish, former professional tennis player and Olympic Silver medalist
Rick Wiles, Christian Broadcaster and antisemitic conspiracy theorist

References

External links

Category:Vero Beach, Florida
Category:Cities in Florida
Category:Cities in Indian River County, Florida
Category:Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Category:County seats in Florida
Helen Blazes
Category:1919 establishments in Florida


Antaeotricha carabodes

Antaeotricha carabodes is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Guyana.

The wingspan is about 23 mm. The forewings are deep greyish-purple and the hindwings are blackish-grey.

References

Category:Moths described in 1915
Category:Antaeotricha
Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Category:Moths of South America


Jones reductor

A Jones reductor is a device which can be used to reduce a metal ion in aqueous solution to a very low oxidation state. The active component is a zinc amalgam. It can be used to prepare solutions of ions, such as chromium(II), Cr2+, and uranium(III), U3+, which are immediately oxidized on contact with air.

Preparation and use
Amalgamated zinc is first prepared by treating zinc metal with a 2% solution of mercury(II) chloride, in a beaker. The metal may be in the granulated form or as shavings, wool, or 20-30 mesh powder. The mercury ions are able to penetrate the passive layer and are reduced to elemental mercury, forming the amalgam, which is a kind of alloy of both metals, on the metal surface. The amalgam is thoroughly washed by decantation and placed in a long glass tube, similar to a chromatography column, equipped with a stopcock and a means to support the amalgam, such as a sintered-glass disk. The outlet of the tube is connected to a collection flask by an air-tight seal and the collection flask is connected with a vacuum source.

To use the reductor, the solution to be reduced is placed at the top of the tube, and then is drawn through it. If the column is loosely packed, the solution may pass through without assistance, but if the tube is tightly packed, the pressure in the collecting flask may need to be reduced. In effect this configuration is similar to that used for column chromatography as the extent of reduction increases to 100% as the solution passes down the tube and the product is completely separated from the starting material.

Applications
Amalgamated zinc is a powerful reducing agent, with a standard redox potential of −0.76 V. The amalgam does not have a passive layer so it is a more effective reducing agent than zinc metal. The Jones reductor is useful for preparing solutions of titanium(III), vanadium(II), chromium(II), molybdenum(III), niobium(III) and uranium(III). All these ions are extremely susceptible to oxidation. For example, the reductor can be used in the preparation of crystalline chromous acetate. This solid is moderately stable in air and is a good starting material for the preparation of other chromium(II) compounds.

See also
 Walden reductor

References

Category:Inorganic chemistry
Category:Reducing agents
Category:Zinc compounds


Easter Pogrom

The Easter Pogrom was a series of assaults on the Jewish populations of Warsaw and Kraków, Poland, between 22 and 30 March 1940, while Poland was occupied by the Germans in World War II.

The incident was provoked by an allegation of a murder of a child who had stolen from Jews. The story caused violence against Jews despite appeals from Polish underground organizations for calm. The worst excesses took place in Warsaw's Powiśle and Praga districts. About 500 persons participated in the riots, including activists and sympathizers of the Polish collaborationist, pro-Nazi National Radical Organization (NOR). NOR's activists used the slogan, “Long live Poland without Jews."

References

Category:1940 in Poland
Category:Conflicts in 1940
Category:March 1940 events
Category:Holocaust massacres and pogroms in Poland


Giovanni Felice Sances

Giovanni Felice Sances (also Sancies, Sanci, Sanes, Sanchez, ca. 160024 November 1679) was an Italian singer and a Baroque composer. He was renowned in Europe during his time.

Sances studied at the Collegio Germanico in Rome from 1609 to 1614. He appeared in the opera Amor pudico in Rome in 1614. His career then took him to Bologna and Venice. His first opera Ermiona was staged in Padua in 1636, in which he also sang.

In 1636 he moved to Vienna, where he was initially employed at the imperial court chapel as a tenor. In 1649, during the reign of Ferdinand III he was appointed vice-Kapellmeister under Antonio Bertali. He collaborated with Bertali to stage regular performances of Italian opera. He also composed sepolcri, sacred works and chamber music.

In 1669 he succeeded to the post of Imperial Kapellmeister upon Bertali's death. From 1673, due to poor health, many of his duties were undertaken by his deputy Johann Heinrich Schmelzer. He died in Vienna in 1679.

Works

Sacred works

Published motet collections
Motetti a una, due, tre, e quattro voci (1638)
Motetti a 2, 3, 4, a cinque voci con Litania della BVM (1642) dedicated to Guglielmo Slavata chancellor
Salmi a 8 voci (1643) dedicated to Archduke Leopold Wilhelm
Salmi brevi a 4 v. concertate (1647, Cardano) dedicated to Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans
Antiphonae sacrae una voce decantandae (1648, Cardano) dedicated to Antonio Spindler abbot of the Schottenkirche
 Motetti a quattro voci ; Venice, 1658

Various works
60 Mass settings including
 Missa Sanctae Maria Magdalenae (for 6 wind instruments, 6 string instruments, 7 voices, and organ)
Missa Solicita
 Stabat Mater  (1670)
 O Domine Jesu
 O Deus Meus
 O Maria Dei genetrix
 Caro Mea
 Improperium expectavit cor meum
 Vulnerasti cor meum
 Domine quid multiplicati sunt
 Plagae tuae Domine
 Iste confessor

Secular works
Six operas, of which three lost
 Opera: L’Ermiona (1636) - lost - libretto by Pio Enea degli Obizzi (1592–1674) on the story of Cadmus and Hermione, performed as an introduction to a tournament.
 Oratorios: Lachrime di San Pietro (1666) La morte de bellata (1669), Sette consolazioni a Maria Vergine per la morte di Cristo (1670), Il trionfo della Croce (1671), Il Paradiso aperto per la morte di Cristo (1672), L' ingiustitia della sentenza di Pilato (1676)

Published secular music
Cantatas book I - lost (date unknown)
Cantatas for one voice (Venice 1633)
Cantatas for two voices (Venice 1633)
Il Quarto Libro, cantatas for one voice, with two duets and one for three voices. (Venice 1636)
Capricci Poetici, 23 works (Venice 1649)
Trattenimenti musicali per camera, (Venice, 1657), 16 works

Various
 Mi fai peccato (for 2 voices & basso continuo)
 Si fera s'uccida, (for 2 voices, strings & basso continuo)
 Misera, hor si ch'il pianto
 Chi sa amare e tracer mercede aspetti (canzonetta for 2 voices)
 Presso l'onde tranquille (for voice & basso continuo)
 Traditorella che credi (for voice & basso continuo)
 Perché Vechia gli dissi (for voice & basso continuo)
 Che sperasti ò mio cor (for voice & basso continuo)
 Cantata: Lagrimosa beltà (ciaccona) (for 2 voices)
 Cantata: Non sia chi mi riprende (1636)
Dialogo a due. Pastor e Ninfa (1649)
 Pianto della Madonna  cantata  per alto e organo

References
 Giovanni Felice Sances, Missa Sancta Maria Magdalenae, for Seven Voices, Twelve Instruments, and Organ, ed. by David Hauser and Steven Saunders (Introduction), page i.
 Il quarto libro delle cantate et arie a voce sola, Venetia, Vincetini, 1636
 Capricci poetici di Gioan Felice Sances, Venetia, Gardano, 1649
 Carter, Stewart, "Trombone Obbligatos in Viennese Oratorios of the Baroque", Historic Brass Society Journal, p55, July 1, 1990.
 Sadie, Julie Anne, ed., "Companion to Baroque Music", University of California Press, 1998. . Pages 257–8
 Weaver, Andrew H., "Music in the Service of Counter-Reformation Politics: The Immaculate Conception at the Habsburg Court of Ferdinand III (1637–1657)", Oxford University Press, 2006.
 Rosand, Ellen, "The Descending Tetrachord: An Emblem of Lament", The Musical Quarterly, 1979 LXV(3):346–359; , Oxford University Press, 1979

Specific

Recordings
 Tirsi Morir Volea, Sacro & Profano, Marco Mencoboni E lucevan le stelle records
Dulcis amor Iesu. Scherzi Musicali with Nicolas Achten, conductor. 2010, Ricercar RIC 292
''Stabat Mater & Motets to the virgin Mary - Philippe Jaroussky - Warner Classics - Aout 2009

External links

Category:Italian Baroque composers
Category:Italian composers
Category:Italian Baroque
Category:1600 births
Category:1679 deaths
Category:Italian male classical composers
Category:Italian opera composers
Category:Male opera composers
Category:Seicento composers


Digallane

Digallane (systematically named digallane(6) and di-μ-hydrido-bis(dihydridogallium)) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula  (also written  or ). It is the dimer of the monomeric compound gallane. The eventual preparation of the pure compound, reported in 1989,
was hailed as a "tour de force." Digallane had been reported as early as 1941 by Wiberg; however, this claim could not be verified by later work by Greenwood and others.

Preparation
A two-stage approach proved to be the key to successful synthesis of pure digallane. Firstly the dimeric monochlorogallane, (H2GaCl)2 (containing bridging chlorine atoms and thus formulated as (H2Ga(μ-Cl))2) was prepared via the hydrogenation of gallium trichloride, GaCl3, with Me3SiH. This step was followed by a further reduction with LiGaH4, solvent free, at −23 °C, to produce digallane, Ga2H6 in low yield.

Ga2Cl6 + 4 Me3SiH  → (H2GaCl)2 + 4 Me3SiCl
1/2 (H2GaCl)2 + LiGaH4 → Ga2H6 + LiCl

Digallane is volatile and condenses at −50 °C into a white solid.

Structure and bonding
Electron diffraction measurements of the vapour at 255 K established that digallane is structurally similar to diborane with 2 bridging hydrogen atoms (so-called three-center two-electron bonds).  The terminal Ga—H bond length is 152 pm, the Ga—H bridging is 171 pm and the Ga—H—Ga angle is 98°. The Ga—Ga distance is 258 pm. The 1H NMR spectrum of a solution of digallane in toluene shows two peaks attributable to terminal and bridging hydrogen atoms.

In the solid state, digallane appears to adopt a polymeric or oligomeric structure. The vibrational spectrum is consistent with tetramer (i.e. (GaH3)4). The vibrational data indicate the presence of terminal hydride ligands. In contrast, the hydrogen atoms are all bridging in α-alane, a high-melting, relatively stable polymeric form of aluminium hydride wherein the aluminium centers are 6-coordinated. Digallane decomposes at ambient temperatures:
 Ga2H6 → 2 Ga + 3 H2

References

Category:Inorganic compounds
Category:Gallium compounds
Category:Metal hydrides
Category:Reducing agents


24th Intelligence Squadron

The 24th Intelligence Squadron, headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, was activated in January 2003.

Mission
The 24th Intelligence Squadron plans, directs and conducts multi-source ISR tasking, processing, exploitation and dissemination (TPED) operations in support of USAFE, USEUCOM, USAFRICOM, USCENTCOM, NATO, and Joint/Combined Force Air Component Commanders.  The squadron operates two primary mission systems:  Distributed Ground System (DGS-4) and Eagle Vision One.

DGS-4 is a part of the greater Distributed Common Ground System (AF DCGS), which is the Air Force's "Sentinel" weapon system (AN/GSQ-272).  DGS-4 is one of five core sites executing collection, processing, exploitation and dissemination of intelligence data derived from Air Force ISR platforms including U-2 and PREDATOR UAV.  DGS-4 has the unique distinction to be the only DGS involved in operations across three different commands on a recurring basis (USEUCOM, USCENTCOM and USAFRICOM).

Eagle Vision One executes collection, processing, exploitation and dissemination of Commercial Satellite Imagery (CSI). The 24th Intelligence Squadron’s Eagle Vision One is one of only five Eagle Vision systems worldwide.  It is the only active duty Eagle Vision unit with its own pool of Eagle Vision imagery analysts.  Eagle Vision is a deployable ground station with the capability to produce CSI and geospatial products.

History
The 24th Intelligence Squadron (IS) traces its roots back to World War II.  It was constituted as the 24th Observation Squadron (Light) on 5 February 1942 and activated on 27 February 1942 under the 76th Observation (later 76th Reconnaissance) Group at Wilmington, NC.  The unit was redesignated, inactivated and reactivated numerous times over the years, finally activating in its current form on 8 June 2003 as the 24 IS.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 24th Observation Squadron (Light) on 5 February 1942
 Activated on 6 March 1942
 Redesignated 24th Observation Squadron on 4 July 1942
 Redesignated 24th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment) on 2 April 1943
 Redesignated 33d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron on 11 August 1943
 Inactivated on 4 October 1945
 Redesignated 24th Air Intelligence Squadron on 1 February 1992
 Activated on 11 February 1992
 Inactivated on 1 December 1995
 Redesignated 24th Intelligence Squadron on 17 December 2002
 Activated on 8 January 2003

Assignments
 76th Observation Group (later 76th Reconnaissance Group), 27 February 1942
 III Reconnaissance Command (later III Tactical Air Command), 11 August 1943
 10th Photographic Group, 1 May 1944
 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 13 June 1944 (attached to 10th Photographic Group until 11 August 1944)
 XXIX Tactical Air Command (Provisional), 7 October 1944 (attached to 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group until 2 November 1944)
 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 30 October 1944
 67th Tactical Reconnaissance (later 67 Reconnaissance Group), 17 May 1945
 363d Reconnaissance Group, c. 5 July 1945
 Unknown (probably Boston Port of Embarkation), c. 20 August–4 October 1945
 24th Operations Group, 11 February 1992 – 1 December 1995
 United States Air Forces in Europe Air and Space Operations Center, 8 January 2003
 616th Support Group, 1 November 2005
 603d Support Group, 1 December 2006
 693d Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group, 1 April 2008 – present

Stations
 Army Air Base, Wilmington, North Carolina, 27 February 1942
 Pope Field, North Carolina, 28 March 1942
 Vichy Army Air Field, Missouri, 14 December 1942
 Morris Field, North Carolina, 8 May 1943
 Gainesville Army Air Field, Texas, 30 October 1943
 Will Rogers Field, Oklahoma, 16 January–12 April 1944
 RAF Chalgrove, England, 27 April 1944
 Le Molay Airfield, France, 15 August 1944
 Toussus le Noble Airfield, France, 30 August 1944
 Gosselies Airfield, Belgium, 21 September 1944
 Le Culot Airfield, Belgium, 5 November 1944
 Venlo Airfield, Netherlands, 10 March 1945
 Gutersloh Airfield, Germany, 16 April 1945
 Braunschweig Airfield, Germany, 25 April 1945
 Eschwege Airfield, Germany, 17 May–23 August 1945
 Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts, 3–4 Oct 1945
 Howard Air Force Base, Panama, 11 February 1992 – 1 December 1995
 Ramstein Air Base, Germany, 8 January 2003 – present

Awards and campaigns

References
 Notes

Bibliography

External links
 http://www.afisr.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=11982

024


Khufu and Khafre

In cryptography, Khufu and Khafre are two block ciphers designed by Ralph Merkle in 1989 while working at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. Along with Snefru, a cryptographic hash function, the ciphers were named after the Egyptian Pharaohs Khufu, Khafre and Sneferu.

Under a voluntary scheme, Xerox submitted Khufu and Khafre to the US National Security Agency (NSA) prior to publication. NSA requested that Xerox not publish the algorithms, citing concerns about national security. Xerox, a large contractor to the US government, complied. However, a reviewer of the paper passed a copy to John Gilmore, who made it available via the sci.crypt newsgroup. It would appear this was against Merkle's wishes. The scheme was subsequently published at the 1990 CRYPTO conference (Merkle, 1990).

Khufu and Khafre were patented by Xerox; issued on March 26, 1991.

Khufu

Khufu is a 64-bit block cipher which, unusually, uses keys of size 512 bits; block ciphers typically have much smaller keys, rarely exceeding 256 bits. Most of the key material is used to construct the cipher's S-boxes. Because the key-setup time is quite time consuming, Khufu is not well suited to situations in which many small messages are handled. It is better suited to bulk encryption of large amounts of data.

Khufu is a Feistel cipher with 16 rounds by default (other multiples of eight between 8 and 64 are allowed). Each set of eight rounds is termed an octet; a different S-box is used in each octet. In a round, the least significant byte of half of the block is passed into the 8×32-bit S-box. The S-box output is then combined (using XOR) with the other 32-bit half. The left half is rotated to bring a new byte into position, and the halves are swapped. At the start and end of the algorithm, extra key material is XORed with the block (key whitening). Other than this, all the key is contained in the S-boxes.

There is a differential attack on 16 rounds of Khufu which can recover the secret key. It requires 243 chosen plaintexts and has a 243 time complexity (Gilbert and Chauvaud, 1994). 232 plaintexts and complexity are required merely to distinguish the cipher from random. A boomerang attack (Wagner, 1999) can be used in an adaptive chosen plaintext / chosen ciphertext scenario with 218 queries and a similar time complexity. Khufu is also susceptible to an impossible differential attack, which can break up to 18 rounds of the cipher (Biham et al., 1999).

Schneier and Kelsey (1996) categorise Khafre and Khufu as "even incomplete heterogeneous target-heavy Unbalanced Feistel Networks".

Khafre

Khafre is similar to Khufu, but uses a standard set of S-boxes, and does not compute them from the key. (Rather, they are generated from the RAND tables, used as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".) An advantage is that Khafre can encrypt a small amount of data very rapidly — it has good key agility. However, Khafre probably requires a greater number of rounds to achieve a similar level of security as Khufu, making it slower at bulk encryption. Khafre uses a key whose size is a multiple of 64 bits. Because the S-boxes are not key-dependent, Khafre XORs subkeys every eight rounds.

Differential cryptanalysis is effective against Khafre: 16 rounds can be broken using either 1500 chosen plaintexts or 238 known plaintexts. Similarly, 24 rounds can be attacked using 253 chosen plaintexts or 259 known plaintexts.

References

General

Citations

Category:Broken block ciphers
Category:Feistel ciphers
Category:Khafra


Andy Thompson (footballer, born in Sunderland)

Andrew Thompson was an English professional footballer who played as a winger for Sunderland.

References

Category:Sportspeople from Sunderland, Tyne and Wear
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football wingers
Category:Sunderland West End F.C. players
Category:Sunderland A.F.C. players
Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Category:English Football League players

Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Year of death missing


Charles Trochu

Charles Trochu (1898-1961) was a French businessman, architect and right-wing politician.
He was Secretary General of the National Front and president of the Municipal Council of Paris.

Biography

Early years

Charles Trochu was born in Chile in 1898 of a Breton father and a Basque mother.
He was a descendant of the Napoleonic General Jean Baptiste Kléber.
His grandfather was General Louis Jules Trochu, who had been President of the Government of National Defense during the Franco-Prussian War.
World War I began in July 1914.
Trochu joined the army when he was seventeen, and was wounded and decorated.
He was taken prisoner by the Germans.

Inter-war years

After the war Trochu became a wholesale cod merchant.
He was also involved in architecture.
He was a member of the editorial board of the avant-guarde urban planning journal Plans (1930-1932), which became Prelude (1932-1936), with Albert Laprade, François de Pierrefeu (1891-1959), Hubert Lagardelle and Pierre Winter.

Bonapartist in background, Trochu was close to the Action Française of Charles Maurras, and participated in all the squabbles of the extreme right in the 1930s.
In 1932 he was the Jeunesses Patriotes candidate for the Paris municipal council.
Violently antisemitic, he called Jews the "scum of the orient."
In March 1934 he was director of journal La Révolution nationale and an executive committee member of the Democratic Republican Alliance.
On 7 May 1934 he was chosen as the first secretary-general of the National Front. The Croix-de-Feu did not join.
However, it was indirectly associated.

In 1935 he was elected municipal councilor for the Auteuil quarter of Paris, a position he continued to hold until being made president of the council in 1941.
In 1936 Trochu and 29 other councilors proposed building underground highways so the population could be evacuated safely in case of an air attack with chemical weapons.
Trochu was president of the National Association of Returned Officers, a veterans' organization.
When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, he used this position to recruit Frenchmen willing to fight for the right-wing forces led by General Francisco Franco.
He and his private secretary, Jacques Pecheron, arranged for these men to travel to Bordeaux to join the Jeanne d'Arc Battalion being assembled by Henri Bonneville de Marsagny.

In October 1938 he called for Jewish refugees from Austria who had recently arrived in Paris to be expelled from the city.
In 1938, Trochu attacked the pacifists and anti-militarists such as Jean Zay and Léon Blum who refuse to take the rearmament of Germany seriously.
Thus, during the municipal council meeting of 21 December 1938, he spoke out against "ignoble Jews" such as Bernard Lecache and his friends of the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism, which, among other infamies, trample on military honor."
On 4 March 1939 in the Salle Wagram he gave Charles Maurras his sword as an academician, funded by national subscription and designed by Maxime Real del Sarte.

Later career

World War II broke out in September 1939.
Trochu volunteered in 1940, and was mentioned in dispatches.
He was taken prisoner, but was released after a short captivity.

A law of 16 October 1941 gave a new administrative organization to the City of Paris and the Department of the Seine under the traditional name of the Municipal Council, but with appointed rather than elected members.
The PUP members remained in office, but new councilors were selected from the syndicalist workers' movement to replace the communists, an illegal party since 1940, and socialists who had been excluded because they were Jews or Freemasons.
On 3 October 1941 Trochu was named president of the new assembly, before the law officially came into effect.
In 1942 Trochu and Le Corbusier published a special issue of Architecture et urbanisme devoted to Le Corbusier's work.

Truchu was not considered to be conformist with the Vichy regime, and continued to push for the independence of France.
The assembly was given little scope for political action.
In 1943 Trochu was removed from office as president.
A new administration was named on 30 April 1943 headed by Pierre Taittinger.
Taittinger said later that Trochu combined the most stunning imagination with the most rigorous punctuality,
and that the Municipal Council of Paris owed much to him.

After leaving office, Trochu no longer attended council meetings.
Trochu managed to leave France, and arrived in allied-occupied Algiers on 12 January 1944.
He was dropped from the council on 10 June 1944, shortly before the liberation of Paris.
Presented as a veteran and a former member of the resistance, he testified in favor of Pétain during his trial in 1945.
During the trial Trochu also said that he had "nothing but admiration" for the communists, whom he had bitterly opposed in the 1930s.

Charles Trochu died in 1961.

Publications

 Architecture et urbanisme, with Le Corbusier, Paul Boulard, Pierre Winter, Paris, Les Publications techniques & librairie Charpentier, 1942.
 Hommage rendu à Charles Maurras, 2 July 1937, Paris, Front national, 1937.
 La Commune, rempart de la famille, 1942.

References
Citations

Sources

Category:1898 births
Category:1961 deaths
Category:20th-century French politicians


Genowefa Błaszak

Genowefa Nowaczyk-Błaszak (born July 22, 1957 in Książ Wielkopolski) is a former female track and field hurdler from Poland, who represented her native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. She set her personal best (54.27) in the women's 400m hurdles event in 1985.

References

Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:Polish female hurdlers
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic athletes of Poland
Category:People from Książ Wielkopolski
Category:European Athletics Championships medalists
Category:Sportspeople from Greater Poland Voivodeship


Susy Blake

Susan Blake is an American politician from the state of South Dakota.

Blake served in the South Dakota House of Representatives for District 13 from 2009 to 2012. She was the Democratic Party's nominee for Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota in the 2014 gubernatorial election.

Blake lives in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:Politicians from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Category:South Dakota Democrats
Category:Members of the South Dakota House of Representatives
Category:Women state legislators in South Dakota
Category:21st-century American politicians
Category:21st-century American women politicians
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Conakrya

Conakrya is a monotypic genus of Guinean nursery web spiders containing the single species, Conakrya wolffi. It was first described by Günter E. W. Schmidt in 1956, and is only found in Guinea.

See also
 List of Pisauridae species

References

Category:Monotypic Araneomorphae genera
Category:Pisauridae
Category:Spiders described in 1956
Category:Spiders of Africa


List of people executed in Kansas

This is a list of people executed in Kansas.

No one has been executed by the state of Kansas since 1965, although capital punishment is available there. Historically, 58 people have been executed in the area now occupied by the state. Many of these were federal executions of soldiers and POWs, often at the United States Disciplinary Barracks in Leavenworth.  Fourteen German POWs were executed at Leavenworth in 1945.

The last executions in Kansas were at the Kansas State Penitentiary, when serial killers James Latham and George York were executed for murder in 1965. Except for John Coon, executed in 1853 by firing squad, all federal and state executions in Kansas have been by hanging.  The current method of execution is by lethal injection.

List of people executed in Kansas

 Notes

See also

 Capital punishment in Kansas
 Capital punishment in the United States
 Crime in Kansas
 List of death row inmates in Kansas
 Lists of people from Kansas

People executed
People executed
People executed
Kansas


Fairview Lift Bridge

The Fairview Lift Bridge, also known as Great Northern Railway Bridge 3.2, was built in 1913.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.  It was built by Gerrick & Gerrick of Steele, North Dakota. It is one of two almost identical bridges the Montana Eastern Railway built within ten miles of each other which cross different rivers in different states.  Its near twin is the Snowden Bridge which crosses the Missouri River in Montana.

The railway has not been used since the mid-1980s.  In 1996 the bridge was owned by Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway Company.

It is located in McKenzie County, North Dakota, and is a few hundred feet south of a 1955-built truss bridge of North Dakota State Highway 200.  About 300 feet east of the lift bridge along the rail line is the timber-lined Cartwright tunnel, which is "the only completed railroad tunnel" in the state.

References

External links

Category:Railroad bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota
Category:Bridges completed in 1913
Category:Buildings and structures in McKenzie County, North Dakota
Category:Drawbridges on the National Register of Historic Places
Category:Railroad bridges in North Dakota
Category:Vertical lift bridges in the United States
Category:1913 establishments in North Dakota
Category:National Register of Historic Places in McKenzie County, North Dakota
Category:Towers in North Dakota
Category:Steel bridges in the United States


Meadowridge

Meadowridge is a suburb in Cape Town, South Africa. It is the second garden city in Cape Town and was officially opened on 23 March 1955.

Local shopping centres are Meadowridge Park 'n Shop and Meadowridge Shopping Centre (the first shopping centre). Nearby schools are Bergvliet Primary School, Sweet Valley Primary School and Bergvliet High School. Close by is the local football club, Meadowridge AFC.

Meadowridge is home to the Meadowridge Library, one of Cape Town's top circulating libraries, which serves Meadowridge and surrounding neighborhoods.

In years gone by the horse riding fraternity, notably Judge Blackwell's daughter used to bring her riding classes to the meadow just above the Ladies
Mile circle, and have them gallop all the way to the council depot at the top before crossing over to Kreuplebosch to gallop through the vineyards.

The Meadowridge Sports Association, chaired for many years by Guy Taylor is the custodian of the football fields, the forest and the building currently occupied by the Sunny Skies nursery school.

References

Category:Suburbs of Cape Town
Category:Meadowridge


Tinoasa

The Tinoasa is a right tributary of the Pârâul Câinelui in Romania. It discharges into the Pârâul Câinelui in Mavrodin. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References
 Trasee turistice - județul Teleorman

Category:Rivers of Romania
Category:Rivers of Teleorman County


Eirini Kavarnou

Eirini Kavarnou (, born July 5, 1980) is a Greek swimmer.  She competed in the 100 meter Butterfly at both the 2004 and 2008 Olympics

References

Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Greek female swimmers
Category:Female butterfly swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Greece
Category:Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Greece
Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
Category:Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games


Saint Mark (disambiguation)

Saint Mark, or Mark the Evangelist, is the traditional author of the Gospel of Mark.

Saint Mark may also refer to:
Pope Mark (died 336), Pope from 18 January to 7 October 336
Mark and Marcellian (died c.286), martyrs venerated as saints
Saint Mark Ji Tianxiang (died 1900), one of the Martyr Saints of China
St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church (Jersey City, New Jersey), U.S.
St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church (Los Angeles), California, U.S.
Saint Mark, a statue by Donatello
Saint Mark Parish, Dominica
Saint Mark Parish, Grenada

See also
St. Mark's (disambiguation)
Saint-Marc (disambiguation)
San Marco (disambiguation)
Sveti Marko (disambiguation)

Mark


Pontia edusa

Pontia edusa, the eastern Bath white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae.

Description
Pontia edusa is a small to medium-sized migrant butterfly, with a wingspan reaching about 45 mm. The upperside of the wings is white, with black stains on the top of the forewing and hindwing. The hindwing undersides have greenish-grey spots. The butterfly is nearly identical to Pontia daplidice. Investigations of the genitals are the only way to distinguish between these two types.

The adults fly from March to October with two to four generations depending on the latitude. The eggs are laid singly and have an incubation period of seven days. The caterpillars are present from May. They are greyish-greenish, with black dots and broad yellow stripes, quite similar to the larva of the cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae). The larvae feed on Resedaceae species. Pontia edusa hibernates in the chrysalis stage.

Distribution
It is found from the south east of Europe (southern France, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia) up to central Europe and the Middle East in Iran and Iraq. It is a migrant which can also be encountered in Belgium, Holland, northern Germany and Poland, in the Baltic states and in southern Sweden and Norway.

Habitat
This species can be found in any open grassy or flowery areas, in stony or rocky places and in roadsides, especially where the host plants grow, at an altitude of .

Subspecies
 P. e. edusa (Fabricius, 1777) (Finland and north east and south east Central Europe, Italy, Turkey, the Caucasus, Ukraine, Russia)
 P. e. persica (Bienert, 1869) (Iran, Afghanistan)
 P. e. nubicola (Fruhstorfer, 1908) (Turkestan)
 P. e. amphimara (Fruhstorfer, 1908) (China (Szetschwan), Yunnan)
 P. e. praeclara Fruhstorfer, 1910 (south west China)
 P. e. moorei (Röber, 1907) (Kashmir, Baluchistan, Tibet, Yunnan, south east China, Thailand)
 P. e. avidia (Fruhstorfer, 1908) (southern China, ? Korea)
 P. e. davendra Hemming, 1934 (Siberia (Ussuri))

References

 M.Chinery et P.Leraut Photoguide des papillons d'Europe Delachaux et Niestlé
 Guide des papillons d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord de Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington, éditions Delachaux et Niestlé, 1998

External links
 Moths and butterflies in Europe and North Africa
 Video
 Lepiforum.de

edusa
Category:Butterflies of Asia
Category:Butterflies of Europe
Category:Butterflies of Iran
Category:Butterflies of Indochina
Category:Fauna of Western Asia
Category:Butterflies described in 1777


Fort Montgomery

Fort Montgomery may refer to:

 Fort Montgomery (Hudson River), American Revolutionary War fort near West Point, New York
 Fort Montgomery, New York, hamlet named after the Hudson River fort
 Fort Montgomery (Lake Champlain), 1844 fort in Clinton County, New York
 Fort Montgomery (Eureka), 1861 fort in Greenwood County, Kansas
 Fort Montgomery (Linn County), 1855 fortified home in Kansas


Henri Arends

Henri Arends (1921 – 1993) was a Dutch conductor.

Arends was born in Maastricht, and belongs to the generation of conductors who paid as much attention to modern music as to that of the classic and romantic periods.

Originally a violinist, he attended the courses for conductors at the Mozarteum of Salzburg under Carlo Zecchi and at the Accademia Chigiana in Siena under Paul van Kempen.

Already in that time he achieved notice for his mature interpretations and for his exceptional musical memory. Wilhelm Furtwängler, the great German conductor, who saw him working with the Mozarteum Orchestra predicted him a brilliant career.

From 1953 until 1957, he was assistant and later second conductor of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, under first conductor Eduard van Beinum, in Amsterdam and choirmaster of the Toonkunst-choir.

It was at first conductor and musical director of the North Holland Philharmonic that he attracted attention for his completely fresh approach to a vast repertoire and for his highly original efforts to attract new audiences to the concert hall. among these successful enterprises was the formation of the famous "Heart's Desires Festivals", which were aimed at young people.

As guest conductor, Arends was applauded at many concerts in his country and abroad, where the audience, the orchestra-musicians and the press received him with sympathy, praise and admiration.

He conducted a.o. the radio-orchestras of Hilversum, Paris, Helsinki, Nice and Geneva; the FOK-orchestra of Prag, the Philharmonics of Brno, Ostrawa, Kraków, Lodz, Katowice, Danzig, Budapest, Innsbruck, Osnabrück, Aachen and the Salzburg Mozarteum orchestra. He also appeared with orchestras in South-Africa (Cape Town and Johannesburg) and with orchestras in the United States (New York and Baton rouge). He died in Lanaken.

Category:1921 births
Category:1993 deaths
Category:Dutch conductors (music)
Category:Male conductors (music)
Category:Musicians from Maastricht
Category:Mozarteum University Salzburg alumni
Category:20th-century conductors (music)
Category:20th-century male musicians


SP-421

SP-421  is a state highway in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.

Category:Highways in São Paulo (state)

pt:SP-421


Vectocleidus

Vectocleidus is an extinct genus of leptocleidid plesiosaurian known from the Early Cretaceous Vectis Formation (late Barremian stage) of Isle of Wight, in the United Kingdom. It contains a single species, Vectocleidus pastorum.

See also

 List of plesiosaur genera
 Timeline of plesiosaur research

References

Category:Early Cretaceous plesiosaurs of Europe
Category:Fossil taxa described in 2012
Category:Taxa named by Darren Naish


Portuguese Chess Championship

The Portuguese Chess Championship is a yearly national chess championship of Portugal. It was established in 1911, but only from the 1950s it was played yearly, with a few exceptions.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Nr !! Year !! !! Champion !! !! Women's Ch.
|-
| 1||1911||||António Maria Pires
|-
| 2||1926||||Mário Machado
|-
| 3||1940||||João Moura
|-
| 4||1942||||Carlos Pires
|-
| 5||1944||||Carlos Pires
|-
| 6||1946||||Mário Machado
|-
| 7||1947||||Leonel Pias
|-
| 8||1948||||Mário Machado
|-
| 9||1951||||João Moura
|-
| 10||1952||||João Moura
|-
| 11||1953||||Daniel Oliveira
|-
| 12||1954||||João Mário Ribeiro
|-
| 13||1955||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 14||1956||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 15||1958||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 16||1959||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 17||1960||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 18||1961||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 19||1962||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 20||1963||||João Mário Ribeiro
|-
| 21||1964||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 22||1965||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 23||1966||||João Cordovil
|-
| 24||1967||||João Cordovil
|-
| 25||1968||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 26||1969||||João Cordovil
|-
| 27||1970||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 28||1971||||João Mário Ribeiro
|-
| 29||1972||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 30||1973||||Joaquim Durão
|-
| 31||1975||||Fernando Silva
|-
| 32||1976||||Fernando Silva
|-
| 33||1977||||Fernando Silva
|-
| 34||1978||||Luís Santos
|-
| 35||1979||||Luís Santos
|-
| 36||1980||||António Fernandes
|-
| 37||1981||||Fernando Silva
|-
| 38||1982||Mangualde||Luís Santos
|-
| 39||1983||||António Fernandes
|-
| 40||1984||Lisbon||António Fernandes
|-
| 41||1985||||António Fernandes
|-
| 42||1986||||Rui Dâmaso
|-
| 43||1987||||Fernando Silva
|-
| 44||1988||||António Antunes
|-
| 45||1989||||António Fernandes
|-
| 46||1990||||António Fernandes
|-
| 47||1991||||António Fernandes
|-
| 48||1992||||António Fernandes
|-
| 49||1993||||IM Rui Dâmaso
|-
| 50||1994||||Luís Galego||Marinha Grande||Tania Saraiva
|-
| 51||1995||||IM Rui Dâmaso||Faro||Aida Ferreira
|-
| 52||1996||||António Fernandes||Matosinhos|| Alda Carvalho
|-
| 53||1997||||Fernando Silva||||Tânia Saraiva
|-
| 54||1998||||Carlos Pereira dos Santos|||| Alda Carvalho
|-
| 55||1999||||IM Rui Dâmaso||||Catarina Leite
|-
| 56||2000||||Carlos Pereira dos Santos||||Catarina Leite
|-
| 57||2001||||António Fernandes||||Catarina Leite
|-
| 58||2002||||Luís Galego||||Catarina Leite
|-
| 59||2003||||Diogo Fernando||||Catarina Leite

|-
| 60||2004||||Luís Galego||||Catarina Leite

|-
| 61||2005||Vila Real||Luís Galego||||Catarina Leite

|-
| 62||2006||||GM António Fernandes||||Catarina Leite

|-
| 63||2007||||IM Rui Dâmaso||Beja||Margarida Coimbra

|-
| 64||2008||Amadora||GM António Fernandes||||WFM Ana Baptista

|-
| 64||2009||Amadora||IM Rúben Pereira||||Ana Baptista
|-
| 64||2010||Amadora||FM Paulo Dias||Espinho||Ana Ferreira
|-
| 65||2011||Amadora||IM Paulo Dias||Vila Nova de Foz Coa||Margarida Coimbra

|-
| 66||2012||Pampilhosa da Serra||GM Luís Galego||Lisbon||Catarina Leite

|-
| 67||2013||Lisbon||IM Rui Dâmaso||Aveiro||Maria Inês Oliveira

|-
| 68||2014||Lisbon||GM António Fernandes||Lisbon||Maria Inês Oliveira

|-
| 69||2015||Lisbon||GM António Fernandes||Pedras Salgadas||Ana Inês Silva

|-
| 70||2016||Barcelos||GM António Fernandes||Matosinhos||WFM Ana Baptista

|-
| 71||2017||Gaia||IM André Ventura Sousa||Gaia||WFM Ana Baptista
|-
| 72||2018||Braga||GM António Fernandes||Braga||WFM Ariana Pintor
|-
| 73||2019||Portimão||IM André Ventura Sousa||Portimão||WCM Mariana Silva

|}

The 2011 championship was decided in a match between IM Paulo Dias and FM José Padeiro, held 21–24 October 2011 in Coimbra.

The 2013 championship was decided in a match between IM Sérgio Rocha and IM Rui Dâmaso held 2-4 October 2013 in Barreiro.

References
 Complete list of winners: Historial dos Vencedores dos Campeonatos Nacionais Individuais de Xadrez
 Details of the 1999 edition: TWIC
 Details of the 2000 edition: TWIC
 Details of the 2007 edition: chess-results.com
 Bio on Catarina Leite:

Category:Chess national championships
Category:Women's chess national championships
Championship
Category:1911 in chess


Glen Orchy

Glen Orchy (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Urchaidh) is a glen in Argyll and Bute in Scotland. It runs from Bridge of Orchy to Dalmally.

Geography

Glen Orchy is about 17 km or 11 miles long, and runs south-west from Bridge of Orchy () to Dalmally () following the River Orchy through the Caledonian Forest. There are no settlements in the glen: just a few isolated buildings. The Eas Urchaidh and Eas a’ Chathaidh are waterfalls within the glen. The continuation westward past Dalmally to Loch Awe is known as the Strath of Orchy. The B8074 road runs the length of Glen Orchy.

Name
Glen Orchy was known by the by-name of Gleann Urchaidh nam badan (Glen Orchy of the copses), and the parish of Glen Orchy was An Dìseart (the hermitage), a name appearing in Clachan an Dìseirt (the village of the hermitage), the local Gaelic name of the village of Dalmally.

History
Glen Orchy was one of the major homes of Clan Gregor until the clan was outlawed in 1603 by King James VI.

Notable people
One of the better known inhabitants of the glen was Duncan Ban MacIntyre.

Sport
Glenorchy Camanachd is a shinty team from Dalmally in the Strath of Orchy.

In popular culture
"The Bridge at Glen Orchy" was referenced in the film "Rob Roy" as the place where Robert Roy MacGregor was to be hanged at the behest of the Duke of Montrose.

See also
Map of places in Glen Orchy compiled from this article

References

Category:Valleys of Argyll and Bute
Category:Glens of Scotland


Marybank, New Zealand

Marybank is a small township lying to the north of Nelson, New Zealand. It lies on State Highway 6 close to the northern end of Nelson Haven, between Atawhai and Wakapuaka.

References

Category:Suburbs of Nelson, New Zealand
Category:Populated places in the Nelson Region


In a Million Years

In a Million Years is the debut studio album by Australian indie rock band, Last Dinosaurs. The album was released on 2 March 2012 by Dew Process. It serves as the follow-up of their debut EP, Back from the Dead (2010). The album's title was announced after the release of their second single, "Zoom". The album debuted at number 8 in the Australian Albums Chart.

Reception

The album garnered very positive reviews from music critics. Davey Boy from Sputnikmusic summarize his review, "Aussie indie-pop that uses influences from practically every continent." Andrew Wade of the AU review said "The album is a surprisingly mature and cohesive collection of songs. With incredibly slick production and the catchiest songs you’ll hear this side of 2000, In A Million Years is a strong contender for the best Australian album of the past twenty years." The album also received an average 5/5 user rating on both Triple J's User Review and iTunes User Ratings. "Andy" was also placed at No. 95 in the Triple J Hottest 100 in 2012.

Track listing

Credits
Band
 Sean Caskey - vocals, guitar
 Lachlan Caskey - lead guitar
 Sam Gethin-Jones - bass guitar, backing vocals
 Dan Koyama - drums, percussion
 A. Julca - maracas

Production
 Jean-Paul Fung – producer, engineer, musician, mix engineer*
 Eliot James – mix engineer
 Stu McCullough – management
 Dan Koyama – art director

References

Category:2012 debut albums
Category:Last Dinosaurs albums
Category:Dew Process albums


Eadwold of Cerne

Eadwold of Cerne was a 9th-century hermit, Anglian Prince and patron saint of Cerne, Dorset, who lived as a hermit on a hill about four miles from Cerne. His feast day is 29 August.

Life
St. Eadwold was born about 835 AD, the son of Æthelweard of East Anglia and reputed brother of  Edmund, king of East Anglia. He left his homeland possibly due to Viking Invasion, to live as a hermit on a hill about four miles from Cerne, Dorset. William of Malmesbury said he lived on bread and water, and worked many miracles. He is known from the writing of William of Malmesbury and the Hagiographies of St Eadwold of Cerne, by Goscelin of Saint-Bertin and also Secgan.

Veneration

Eadwold died, Aug 29, c900 at Cerne and is said to have been buried in his cell, and was later translated to a nearby monastery, dedicated to St Peter. His veneration is credited with making Cerne Abbey the third richest in England during the 11th Century.

References

External links

Category:Medieval English saints
Category:9th-century Christian saints
Category:East Anglian saints
Category:English Christian monks
Category:English hermits
Category:9th-century Christian monks
Category:9th-century English people


Ouvrage Billig

Ouvrage Billig, a gros ouvrage or large fortification of the Maginot Line, was located in the Fortified Sector of Thionville, Moselle in northern France.  It is located between the gros ouvrages Metrich and Hackenberg, facing Germany. It saw relatively little action during World War II and after a period of reserve duty in the 1950s, was abandoned in the 1970s.

Design and construction
Billig was approved for construction by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in June 1930 and became operational by 1935, at a cost of 65 million francs. The contractor was Ossude of Paris.

Description
This gros ouvrage is unusual in having one entrance for both ammunition and personnel. It lacks the large "M1" magazine of other gros ouvrages. The dogleg-shaped layout is relatively short for a gros ouvrage, with less than  of underground gallery at an average depth of  from the entrance to the farthest combat block.  Like all gros ouvrages, Billig was provided with a 60 cm railway running through the gallery system to provide materiel.  The railway continued out the single entrance and connected to the railway system paralleling the front in the rear zones.
Mixed entry: Inclined ramp, two automatic rifle/anti-tank gun embrasures (JM/AC47). The mixed entry combines ammunition and personnel access, which is usually separated in a gros ouvrage.
Block 1: Infantry block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one machine gun embrasure (JM) and two automatic rifle cloches (GFM).
Block 2: Infantry block with one machine gun turret and one GFM cloche.
Block 3: Infantry block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one JM embrasure and two GFM cloches.
Block 4: Artillery block with two 75mm gun embrasures, one 75mm gun turret, one grenade launcher cloche (LG) and one GFM cloche.
Block 5: Artillery block with two 75mm gun embrasures and one GFM cloche.
Block 6: Artillery block with 81mm mortar turret and one GFM cloche.
Block 7: Observatory block with one GFM cloche, one grenade launcher cloche and one periscope cloche (VDP).

Casemates and shelters
Several small blockhouses with machine guns and anti-tank guns were located around Billig. The Casernement d'Elzange provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Billig and other ouvrages in the area.

Manning
The manning of the ouvrage in 1940 comprised 521 men and 16 officers of the 167th Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 151st Position Artillery Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.

History
See Fortified Sector of Thionville for a broader discussion of the events of 1940 in the Thionville sector of the Maginot Line.
Billig was not subjected to significant attack by the Wehrmacht in 1940, although an aerial bomb penetrated the 81mm mortar turret in Block 6 on 15 June, killing two. The area around Billig did not become active until late June 1940, but German infiltration persisted until the June 25 armistice. Billig fired 2030 75mm shots in support of Hackenberg on the 24th. After the armistice Billig was used for explosive effects testing by the Germans. Blocks 1 and 2 and the magazine of Block 5 were subjected to projectile penetration tests and gas explosions. Block 2's turret was blasted into the air, falling back into its opening.

Billig was assaulted by the U.S. 90th Infantry Division in September 1944 and captured after two days of fighting, using close-assault tactics. Following capture, Billig was used for ordnance testing by the U.S. Army.  Following the war, the Maginot Line was viewed as a means of slowing an advance by Warsaw Pact forces and most of the northeastern positions were renovated and rearmed.  Replacement of 75mm guns with 105mm guns was proposed for Billig. However, the program was abandoned, and after a period of routine maintenance, Billig's status was lowered to inactive reserve, and finally abandoned.

Billig is abandoned and vandalized, with openings closed off to prevent access. The above ground installations remain visible.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 La Ligne Maginot - Billig
 Billig at fortiff.be
 Ouvrage du Billig at wikimaginot.eu
 |L'ouvrage du Billig at alsacemaginot.com
 Ouvrage du Billig at lignemaginot.com

BILL
Category:Maginot Line
Category:Môle de Thionville


Ripe (Ben Lee album)

Ripe is the sixth album by Australian musician Ben Lee, released on 18 September 2007. The first single from the album was "Love Me Like the World Is Ending".

Produced by John Alagia, the album features guest appearances from Mandy Moore, Benji Madden, Benmont Tench, Rachael Yamagata, Rooney, Sara Watkins and Charlotte Martin.

It entered the ARIA Albums Chart at No. 11 on 24 September.

Reception

Track listing

"Love Me Like the World Is Ending" (featuring Rachael Yamagata) – 3:46
"American Television" (featuring Rooney) – 3:40
"Birds and Bees" (featuring Mandy Moore) – 3:09
"Is This How Love's Supposed to Feel?" (featuring Charlotte Martin) – 4:17
"Blush" – 3:55
"Numb" – 2:57
"What Would Jay-Z Do?" – 2:54
"Sex Without Love" (featuring Benji Madden) – 3:31
"Home" – 2:39
"So Hungry" – 3:34
"Just Say Yes" – 5:24
"Ripe" – 3:05

Personnel
 John Alagia - guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, tack piano, organ, shaker, tambourine, background vocals
 Matt Chamberlain - drums, tambourine, percussion
 Mark Goldenberg - electric guitar, slide guitar
 Nic Jones - piano, Fender Rhodes piano, harmonium, Wurlitzer organ, Mellotron, ARP synthesizer, Moog synthesizer, vibraphone
 Charlotte Martin - piano, background vocals
 Mandy Moore - vocals, background vocals
 Todd M. Simon - trumpet
 Sara Watkins - background vocals
 Ben Lee - vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar

Singles
"Love Me Like the World is Ending" (2007)
"Numb" (2007)
"American Television" (2008)

Charts

References

Category:Ben Lee albums
Category:2007 albums
Category:Albums produced by John Alagía
Category:New West Records albums


Unbound 01

Unbound 01 is the debut extended play (EP) by Canadian singer Keshia Chanté. It was released on March 24, 2017 independently.

The EP has garnered positive reviews upon its release from Apple Music, Noisey and AUX.

Background
Chante was quoted by VICE saying the following about "RedLight", "Pain can lead people into different directions in life and different places at night" and paints "a picture into [her] world of escapism."
Chante was quoted by AUX about "Harmless", “What is perceived as harmless, generally is what hurts us the most. Like, ‘have another shot, it’s no big deal!’ or ‘He’s a good guy, what’s the worst that can happen?’ But ultimately, too much of anything can be harmful."

Critical reception
Ebro Darden from Beats 1 Apple Music cited "Bryson Tiller" a song as an ode to Bryson Tiller as a gritty R&B song.

AUX said Unbound 01 ignites Chante's signature sound. When speaking of "Harmless", "The slow-burning piano chords, pounding percussion and sweeping atmospherics of “Harmless” hearken back to the crowning moments of late-90’s/early-aughts R&B, but the lurking synth bass and Chanté’s soaring vocals lend the track a distinctly modern edge: think Teairra Marí in a zero-gravity chamber."

VICE 's NOISEY reviewed the EP calling it "considerably matured and more decidedly self-aware R&B". In particular, "RedLight"s maturity was compared to Beyonce, citing its new found maturity, saying "Chanté on "Redlight" sounds like someone who is very aware of the uncomfortable realities that emerge when you're in your 20s and beyond; weaving through the unpredictabilities and emotions that come with it. To that end, her sound and the mood she creates on the track is much darker. "Redlight" is the sonic equivalent of a cool, still night: beautiful but there is something eerie in its midst, hidden in the dark."

References

Category:2017 debut EPs
Category:Keshia Chanté albums


Vishnyovogorsk

Vishnyovogorsk () is an urban-type settlement in Kaslinsky District of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Population:

References

Notes

Sources

Category:Urban-type settlements in Chelyabinsk Oblast


Gulbara Kalieva

Gulbara Kalieva is the deputy head of the Supreme Court of Kyrgyzstan.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Kyrgyzstani lawyers
Category:Judiciary of Kyrgyzstan


Hamad Al-Sagoor

Hamad Al-Sagoor is a defender at Al-Raed Club in Saudi Arabia. He joined Al-Nassr in 2005 from Najran SC.

External links

Category:Living people
Category:Saudi Arabian footballers
Category:Al-Nassr FC players
Category:1979 births
Category:Al-Raed FC players
Category:Najran SC players
Category:Al Akhdoud Club players
Category:Saudi Professional League players
Category:Association football defenders


Hugleikur Dagsson

Þórarinn Hugleikur Dagsson (), nicknamed Hulli, born 5 October 1977 is an Icelandic artist. He received a B.A. degree from the Iceland Academy of the Arts in 2002.

He was a film critic in a popular Icelandic radio program on Radíó X and hosted another program called Hugleikur on the same station. Hugleikur is known for all kinds of visual and video art. He is most famous for his satirical comics filled with black humor, which have been published as books and in The Reykjavik Grapevine Magazine.

Hugleikur has written three stage plays. The first Forðist okkur (Avoid us), is based on one of his books. It is a story about three dysfunctional families. The second, Leg (Uterus), is a musical about teenage pregnancy in the near future of Iceland. "Baðstofan" (Living Room) his third play, is a dark vision of Iceland in the 18th century. All plays received rave reviews and Hugleikur received "the playwright of the year" award for Forðist okkur.

In 2006 Penguin Books published Should You Be Laughing at This?, which is a collection of cartoons previously published as Forðist okkur (Avoid us) by JPV books in Iceland. Is This Supposed to be Funny?, the second cartoon book, was published by Penguin Books in October 2007. Third book, Is This Some Kind of joke?, was published in 2008.

Bibliography

Stage plays
 Forðist okkur (English: Avoid Us), 2006
 Leg (English: Uterus, the musical), 2007
 Baðstofan (English: Living room), 2008

Comic books
 Elskið okkur (English: Love us) 2002
 Drepið okkur (English: Kill us) 2003
 Ríðið okkur (English: Fuck us) 2004
 Forðist okkur (English: Avoid us). A collection containing, Love, Kill and Fuck Us 2005
 Bjargið okkur (English: Save us) 2005
 Fermið okkur (English: Confirm us) 2006
 Should You Be Laughing at This? The English translation of Forðist okkur, published by Penguin Books 2006
 Fylgið okkur (English: Follow us) 2006
 Eineygði kötturinn Kisi og hnakkarnir (English: Kisi, the one-eyed cat, and the douchebags) 2006
 Ókei bæ! (English: Okay bye!) 2007
 Is This Supposed to Be Funny? The English translation of Bjargið okkur, published by Penguin Books 2007
 Eineygði kötturinn Kisi og Leyndarmálið (English: Kisi, the one-eyed cat, and the Secret) 2007
 Kaupið okkur (English: Buy us) 2007
 Garðarshólmi 2008 (a comic story printed on every page in the Icelandic Telephone Registry)
 Eineygði kötturinn Kisi og Ástandið, fyrri hluti: Annus Horribilis (English: Kisi, the one-eyed cat, and the Situation, part I: Annus Horribilis) 2008
 Ókei bæ tvö (English: Okay bye two) 2008
 Jarðið okkur (English: Bury us) 2008 Is This Some Kind of Joke?, published by Penguin books 2008
 Garðarshólmi, önnur skorpa 2009 (a comic story printed on every page in the Icelandic Telephone Registry)
 Eineygði kötturinn Kisi og Ástandið, seinni hluti: Flóttinn frá Reykjavík (English: Kisi, the one-eyed cat, and the Situation, part II: Escape from Reykjavík) 2009
 Eineygði kötturinn Kisi og leyndardómar Eyjafjallajökuls (English: Kisi, the one-eyed cat, and the mysteries of the Eyjafjallajökull) 2010 (with Pétur Atli Antonsson)

References

External links
Official website

Category:1977 births
Hugleikur Dagsson
Category:Living people