Grand Challenges

Grand Challenges are difficult but important problems set by various institutions or professions to encourage solutions or advocate for the application of government or philanthropic funds especially in the most highly developed economies  and

Grand challenges are more than ordinary research questions or priorities, they are end results or outcomes that are global in scale; very difficult to accomplish, yet offer hope of being ultimately tractable; demand an extensive number of research projects across many technical and non-technical disciplines and accompanied by well-defined metrics.   Lastly, Grand challenges must capture "the popular imagination, and thus political support."

In engineering
 Grand Challenges: A Strategic Plan for Bridge Engineering, initiative sponsored by the Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures (HSCOBS) of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) started in 2000.
 Grand Challenges for Engineering, initiative sponsored by the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) for engineering problems in the next century.
 Global Grand Challenges, summit meetings sponsored by The National Academy of Engineering of the United States, The Royal Academy of Engineering of the United Kingdom, and the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
 ASCE Grand Challenge for Civil Engineering, initiative by the American Society of Civil Engineering's (ASCE) to enhance significantly the performance and life-cycle value of infrastructure by 2025.
 Grand Challenges for Disaster Reduction, initiative sponsored by the National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources.

In government and military
 DARPA Grand Challenge, initiative to develop technologies needed to create fully autonomous ground vehicles, capable of completing a substantial off-road course within a limited time.
 DARPA Urban Challenge, part of DARPA's Grand Challenge but for urban areas.
 H-Prize, initiative sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE) to promote use of hydrogen as an energy carrier.
 High-performance computing initiative sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology Policy in the United States in the 1980s.

In mathematics
 Grand Challenges and Opportunities in Mathematics Education Research, initiative sponsored by National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Research Conference in 2014.

In medicine and health
  NSF Report on Grand Challenges of Mind and Brain (2006)
 BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies), supporting the development and application of technologies to understand human brain function.
 Grand Challenges in Global Health, research initiative launched by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
 Grand Challenges Canada, initiative supported by the Canadian government based upon the Grand Challenges in Global Health to develop solutions to critical health and development challenges in the developing world.
 Grand Challenges in Continued Vector Research by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health combatting mosquito-borne disease.

In science and technology
 Grand Challenges and Great Opportunities initiative sponsored by American Association for the Advancement of Science for the special 125th anniversary issue of Science on “What Don’t We Know?” (2006).
 Grand challenges for GIScience, initiative sponsored by Association of American Geographers (AAG) in conjunction with the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS).
 Centennial Challenges, initiative sponsored by NASA for technology achievements by American teams.
 Elevator:2010, initiative sponsored in part by NASA for the purpose of developing space elevator and space elevator-related technologies.
 Environmental Grand Challenges, initiative by the National Research Council (NRC) about the most important and challenging scientific questions in the environmental sciences.
 XChallenge, non-profit organization that designs and manages public competitions intended to encourage technological developments.

In other subjects
 Grand Challenges for Social Work, initiative spearheaded by the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare.
 Grand Challenges, Global Health, Sustainable Cities, Intercultural Interaction and Human Well-being, initiative by University College London to develop cross-disciplinary collaborations related to matters of pressing societal concern.

U.S. national computing research

1980s
The presidential Office of Science and Technology Policy in the United States set a first list of grand challenges in the late 1980s, to direct research funding for high-performance computing. A grand challenge is a fundamental problem in science or engineering, with broad applications, whose solution would be enabled by the application of high performance computing resources that could become available in the near future. Examples of these grand challenges were said to be:
 Computational fluid dynamics for
the design of hypersonic aircraft, efficient automobile bodies, and extremely quiet submarines
weather forecasting for short- and long-term effects
efficient recovery of oil, and for many other applications
 Electronic structure calculations for the design of new materials such as
chemical catalysts
immunological agents
superconductors
 Plasma dynamics for fusion energy technology and for safe and efficient military technology
 Calculations to understand the fundamental nature of matter, including quantum chromodynamics and condensed matter theory
 Symbolic computations including
speech recognition
computer vision
natural language understanding
automated reasoning
tools for design, manufacturing, and simulation of complex systems
This was partially in response to the Japanese 5th Generation (or Next Generation) 10-year project.

The list envisioned using high-performance computing to improve understanding and solve problems in:

 Prediction of weather, climate, and global change
 Challenges in materials sciences
 Semiconductor design
 Superconductivity
 Structural biology
 Design of pharmaceutical drugs
 Human genome
 Quantum chromodynamics
 Astronomy
 Challenges in Transportation

 Vehicle Signature
 Turbulence
 Vehicle dynamics
 Nuclear fusion
 Efficiency of combustion systems
 Enhanced oil and gas recovery
 Computational ocean sciences
 Speech
 Vision
 Undersea surveillance for anti-submarine warfare

2000s
The National Science Foundation updated its list of grand challenges, removing largely completed challenges such as the Human Genome Project, and adding new challenges such as better prediction of climate change, carbon dioxide sequestration, tree of life genetics, understanding biological systems, virtual product design, cancer detection and therapy, and modeling of hazards (such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, wildfires, and chemical accidents), and gamma ray bursts.  In addition to funding high-performance computing hardware, the NSF proposed to fund research on computational algorithms and methods, software development methods, data visualization, education, and workforce development.

See also
 Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, a series of research programmes in the EU
 Inducement prize contest

References

External links
 National Academy of Engineering

*Grand Challenge


Rayyan Baniya

Rayyan Baniya (born 18 February 1999) is an Italian football player. He plays for Renate on loan from Verona.

Club career

Verona
He joined the Under-19 squad of Verona before the 2016–17 season. He did not receive any call-ups to the senior squad in 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons. He spent the 2018–19 season on loan at Serie D side Mantova. On 29 June 2019 he signed his first professional contract with Verona for a 3-year term.

Loan to Renate
On 17 July 2019 he joined Serie C club Renate on loan.

He made his professional Serie C debut for Renate on 25 August 2019 in a game against Giana Erminio. He started the game and played the whole match.

Personal life
Born in Italy, Baniya was born to a Beninese father and Turkish mother. He holds Italian and Turkish passports.

References

External links

Category:1999 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Bologna
Category:Italian footballers
Category:Italian people of Beninese descent
Category:Italian people of Turkish descent
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Mantova 1911 S.S.D. players
Category:A.C. Renate players
Category:Serie C players
Category:Serie D players


Tyrande Whisperwind

Tyrande Whisperwind is a fictional character who appears in the Warcraft series of video games by Blizzard Entertainment. First appearing in Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, within the games, she is the chosen High Priestess of the goddess Elune, and along with her husband Malfurion Stormrage, the leader of the night elves. The character has received mostly positive critical reception from gamers, and is a popular character in Warcraft lore. She is voiced by Elisa Gabrielli.

Development
In an interview with World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria designer Dave Kosak, Kosak stated that "To speak about Tyrande specifically, we wanted to get back to her Warcraft III roots, in which she was very much gung-ho. So when we wanted to show Varian's development, we thought she'd be an interesting foil", referring to her appearance as a foil for Varian Wrynn in the "A Little Patience" scenario. In an interview with Christie Golden, writer of the Warcraft novel War Crimes, she mentioned that the book contains "a lot of" Tyrande, and "I can say we will see a lot of her and we will get inside her head for sure."

Appearances

Warcraft franchise

In the series, Tyrande Whisperwind, the High Priestess of Elune, is the current co-leader of the night elves (kaldorei), along with her husband Archdruid Malfurion Stormrage. Tyrande was born thousands of years ago and grew up in the company of Malfurion and Illidan Stormrage. She answered the call of the Sisters of Elune, followers of the night elves' Goddess of the Moon, and became a novice priestess, while the Stormrage brothers followed different paths. Their destinies merged anew when the Burning Legion arrived on Azeroth.

Tyrande and Malfurion grew close and battled against the invading demons together, but Illidan pursued a darker path, feigning allegiance to the Burning Legion and succumbing to the temptations of power. After the defeat of the Legion and the Sundering, Tyrande and Malfurion helped rebuild elven society; Illidan was imprisoned beneath Mount Hyjal. The couple could not remain together for long; soon after the night elves settled near Mount Hyjal, Malfurion and the other night elf druids were needed in the Emerald Dream. While Malfurion slept in the Dream, Tyrande commanded her people, forming the Sentinels—the night elven army—to guard their lands and allies.

During the Third War, Tyrande sent her Sentinels to deter the advances of the Horde in Kalimdor, but ultimately ended up working with them to battle the armies of the Burning Legion, an effort that also forced her to awaken the druids, including Malfurion, from the Emerald Dream. Their time together was cut short when the elder Stormrage suffered from the corruption of the Dream, but Tyrande joined her lover to defeat the menace, and they both returned to Azeroth, where they protected their people (and the other races of the Alliance) from the destruction caused by Deathwing and the advances of Garrosh Hellscream in Kalimdor.

Heroes of the Storm
Tyrande appears as a playable character in the crossover video game Heroes of the Storm. She is a ranged healer who helps her allies lockdown and finish off enemies. Her basic abilities include marking enemy targets, healing allies which can become more frequent with attacking enemies, as well as summoning owls to scout out enemy positions. "Starfall" is one of the two heroic abilities, which damages and slow enemies in an area. Second heroic ability is "Shadowstalk", which grants all allied heroes stealth for several seconds and heal them over time.

Other appearances
She also appears in the World of Warcraft Trading Card Game as a collectible card. In Hearthstone, Tyrande Whisperwind is an alternate hero for the Priest class, who is optionally unlockable as a visual alteration for the default priest hero.

Reception

The character has received mostly positive reception. Anne Stickney of Engadget found that "in the end, Tyrande Whisperwind is a bit of an enigma. Despite thousands of years leading her people, she's still prone to moments of uncertainty and seems to lean on the mostly absent Malfurion more often than entirely necessary. For a leader who has spent so long standing on her own, Tyrande wavers back and forth between standing on her own two feet and depending on others. It makes her a confusing character, to say the very least—but she isn't without strength. She has the kind of strength to lead her people through three different wars, the wisdom to call upon the help of others when necessary, and above all, the patience to deal with life's little annoyances with tranquil rationality." This dependency on Malfurion was further criticised by Stickney while reviewing the "lamentable state" of female characters in Warcraft by labelling her as a "barnacle character", since "because given everything we've been told about Tyrande, it certainly couldn't have been her. The Tyrande we've been shown hasn't appeared to be the type of person who could lead an entire race. What has been implied here is that Tyrande is not a leader unless Malfurion is there at her side", and that this relegates her to "a character whose entire existence is dependent on and wrapped around the existence of another."

Engadget's Alex Ziebart wrote that "Tyrande Whisperwind has been a central part of the Alliance since way back in vanilla WoW. She was one of the key figures in the events of Warcraft III, and she's had a substantial role in the course of Azeroth as a whole." However, her relationship with Malfurion was still criticised, as "Tyrande, a powerful and dangerous woman, is instantly backseated the moment her beloved beau [Malfurion] shows up on the scene", and "the display of strength she pulls off [...] is immediately forgotten about [...] everything she does occurs in the background." Yannick Lejacq of Kotaku listed the references to the relationship between Tyrande and Illidan as one of the positive aspects of Heroes of the Storm, saying "Tyrande Whisperwind and Illidan Stormrage have a tenuous romantic past from their days together in World of Warcraft [...] It's a little nod to the World of Warcraft fans playing Heroes." 2p.com, while writing about the character of Malfurion Stormrage, also mentioned his relationship with Tyrande.

Tyrande has become a popular character in Warcraft lore, and is featured in various merchandise related to the franchise. She featured on a custom Warcraft version of Monopoly as a $20 note, with Mike Fahey of Kotaku writing "High Priestess of the Goddess Elune and the highest authority of the Night Elves, Tyrande Whisperwind is no run-of-the-mill pointy ear. She's the main squeeze of Archdruid Malfurion Stormrage, for crying out loud. She's one of the most powerful living females in Azeroth." The character is also a popular subject to cosplay as.

References

External links

Tyrande Whisperwind at WoWWiki
Tyrande Whisperwind at Wowpedia

Category:Female characters in video games
Category:Fictional archers
Category:Fictional elves
Category:Fictional female religious workers
Category:Fictional heads of state
Category:Fictional hunters in video games
Category:Fictional murderers
Category:Fictional priests and priestesses
Category:Fictional war veterans
Category:Heroes of the Storm characters
Category:Religious worker characters in video games
Category:Video game characters introduced in 2002
Category:Video game characters who can turn invisible
Category:Woman soldier and warrior characters in video games
Category:Warcraft characters


List of listed buildings in Cults, Fife

This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Cults in Fife, Scotland.

List

|}

Key

See also
 List of listed buildings in Fife

Notes

References
 All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence

Cults


Melecio Figueroa

Melecio Figueroa is a Filipino sculptor and engraver whose design was featured in previous coin series of the Philippine peso.

Early life and education
Melecio Figueroa was born in May 24, 1842 in Arevalo, Iloilo to Gabriela Magbanua and Rufo Figueroa. At an early age his mother died, and both he and his sister were sent to live with relatives in Sorsogon. who were cake vendors. As a child, he carved wooden boats and dolls which he gave away to his friends.

The Ayuntamiento of Manila selected him at age 16 as one of the two Filipino artists to be sent to Spain on a scholarship sponsored by Francisco Ahujas, a consul based in the Philippines.

He arrived to Madrid in 1866 where he got himself enrolled at the Escuela de Artes y Officios though he later transferred to the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. When Ahujas, his benefactor died, Figueroa made watch repairing in Madrid as his source of livelihood.  While studying in Spain he won various prizes and recognition for his engravings.

Career
In 1892, he returned to the Philippines to teach engraving at the Escuela de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado in Manila as a professor. He was later appointed engraver in 1893 at the Casa Moneda or colonial mint. Figueroa also continued to repair watches as a side business and opened a silversmith shop in Manila as well. He also attended the Malolos Congress as a delegate and taught at the Liceo de Manila until his death in 1903.

Works

At the Exposicion de Bellas Artes in 1875, Figueroa created a bust of Alfonso XII. His work was recognized and he was given pension. While in Rome he created a bust of Prinsipe d’Odellaski. At the Exposicion de Filipinas in 1887 held in Madrid, he served as a judge and also designed the medals awarded at the event. In 1903, he joined a competition for the Philippine peso coinage system in 1903 and his design was selected as the winner. The coinage system was known as the Conant series, which was named after Charles A. Conant.Figueroa's designs feature in Philippine peso coins until the 1960s.

Figueroa's design was later used for the Great Seal of the U.S. administered Insular Government of the Philippine Islands which was used from 1903 to 1905.

Death
Figueroa died of tuberculosis on July 30, 1903 and was buried in Paco, Manila.

References

Category:Filipino sculptors
Category:1842 births
Category:1903 deaths
Category:People from Iloilo City
Category:People from Sorsogon


Frank Taberski

Frank Taberski (1889–1941) was a professional pocket billiards player from Schenectady, New York. Nicknamed "The Gray Fox," he won 10 world title challenge matches in a row. He was ranked number 7 on the Billiards Digest 50 Greatest Players of the Century.

Biography
Taberski was born in 1889, and first made a living by selling milk door to door. He began practicing pool at 13 years of age, playing 30 minutes a day when his working hours were over.

In 1915, at age 26, he turned pro after attending the New York City pocket billiards championship.

In 1916 he became world champion by defeating Johnny Layton.

Also in 1916 he retained his title by defeating Ralph Greenleaf.

In 1917 he retained his title again by defeating James Maturo.

By 1918 he had won 10 consecutive challenge matches. Following those victories, Taberski temporarily retired that same year.

He returned to pocket billiards in 1925 and regained the world title from Greenleaf who held it over 10 challenge matches in a row.

His highest straight pool run is 238.

Taberski died in 1941. He was 52.

His son Harold Taberski was also a pool player.

Taberski was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame in 1975.

World Pocket Billiards Championship titles
He won 10 consecutive challenge matches. There can be multiples matches in a single year.
1916 defeating Ralph Greenleaf.
1917 defeating James Maturo.

References

Category:American pool players
Category:World champions in pool
Category:1889 births
Category:1941 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from Schenectady, New York


Barry Jones, Baron Jones

Stephen Barry Jones, Baron Jones,  (born 26 June 1938), is a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom.

Early life
Jones was educated at Hawarden Grammar School and Bangor College of Education. A teacher, he was president of the Flint County National Union of Teachers. He also served for two years in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers.

Political career
Jones first stood for Parliament in Northwich in 1966 without success, although he reduced the Conservative majority from 4,385 to 703,  and was the Member of Parliament (MP) for East Flintshire from 1970 to 1983.

He was a parliamentary under-secretary of state for Wales from 1974 to 1979 and became MP for Alyn and Deeside in 1983.

In 1994 Jones was appointed by the Prime Minister as a member of the then new Intelligence and Security Committee, on which he served until 2001; when the Committee was dissolved at that year's general election, Jones retired from the House of Commons and was made a life peer with the title Baron Jones, of Deeside in the County of Clwyd, as was Dale Campbell-Savours, who had served on the Committee since 1997. Jones was replaced as Alyn and Deeside MP by Mark Tami.

In the 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours, Jones was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.

Other positions
In 2007 he was elected as President of NEWI (Glyndŵr University). He was installed as Chancellor of the university in 2009.

Lord Jones was elected Vice President of the charity Attend in 2013 and currently holds this position.

He was also appointed and currently holds the title of President of the Deeside Business Forum, a business advocacy forum for companies based on Deeside Industrial Park.

Lord Jones currently holds the title of President of the Army Cadet Force Association Wales, and is an avid supporter of the Army Cadet Force

Personal life
Jones is a lifelong fan of Everton Football Club.

References

Category:1939 births
Category:Living people
Category:Welsh Labour Party MPs
Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Category:Labour Party (UK) life peers
Category:Transport and General Workers' Union-sponsored MPs
Category:UK MPs 1970–1974
Category:UK MPs 1974
Category:UK MPs 1974–1979
Category:UK MPs 1979–1983
Category:UK MPs 1983–1987
Category:UK MPs 1987–1992
Category:UK MPs 1992–1997
Category:UK MPs 1997–2001
Category:People from Hawarden


The Roar of the Greasepaint

The Roar of the Greasepaint is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances of tunes from the musical, The Roar of the Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd recorded in 1965 and released on the Argo label.

Critical reception
AllMusic awarded the album 2 stars.

Track listing
All compositions by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley
 "Look at That Face"  2:56
 "Where Would You Be Without Me?" – 2:52
 "It Isn't Enough" – 3:25
 "Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me)" – 2:58
 "Sweet Beginning" – 3:11
 "The Dream" – 2:25
 "Feeling Good" – 2:56
 "My First Love Song" – 4:21
 "A Wonderful Day Like Today" – 2:39
 "That's What It Is To Be Young"  3:31
 "That Beautiful Land" – 3:02

Personnel
Ahmad Jamal – piano
Jamil Nasser – bass
Chuck Lampkin – drums

References

Category:Argo Records albums
Category:Ahmad Jamal albums
Category:1965 albums
Category:Albums produced by Esmond Edwards


Danny Garcia (soccer)

Daniel Garcia (born October 14, 1993) is an American soccer player.

Career

Youth and College
Garcia began his career with the FC Dallas Academy. In 2012, he led Dallas to their first U17/U18 Development Academy title.

On February 8, 2012, it was announced that Garcia was one of nine players who signed a letter of intent to play college soccer at the University of North Carolina.  In his freshman year, Garcia made 23 appearances and tallied four goals and six assists on his way to being named ACC Freshman of the Year.  It would turn out to be his only season with the Tar Heels.

Professional
On June 18, 2013, Garcia signed a homegrown contract with MLS club FC Dallas, making him the 11th homegrown signing in club history.  However, he wasn't eligible for player for Dallas in MLS competition until the 2014 season. He made his professional debut on May 4, 2014 in a 1-0 defeat to New York Red Bulls.

Garcia was loaned by FC Dallas to their United Soccer League (USL) affiliate Arizona United SC on April 27, 2015.

After his release from Dallas at the end of the season, Garcia signed with United Soccer League side San Antonio FC on February 11, 2016.

International
Garcia represented the United States in the under-18 and under-20 level, including the 2013 CONCACAF U-20 Championship and the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

References

External links

North Carolina Tar Heels bio
USSF Development Academy bio
U.S. soccer bio

Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:American soccer players
Category:North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer players
Category:FC Dallas players
Category:Phoenix Rising FC players
Category:San Antonio FC players
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Soccer players from Texas
Category:Major League Soccer players
Category:USL Championship players
Category:United States men's youth international soccer players
Category:United States men's under-20 international soccer players


Tilen Bartol

Tilen Bartol (born 17 April 1997) is a Slovenian ski jumper.

Career

He made his World Cup debut on 29 December 2015 at Four Hills Tournament in Oberstdorf where he took 47th place.

On 16 March 2016, he fell at Planica ski flying hill test event at 252 metres (827 ft) as a fore ski jumper in his only second ski fly try ever. The distance would be a world record if he stood on his feet. In his first jump he set personal best with 207 metres (679 ft).

World Cup

Standings

Individual starts (36)

References

External links

Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Kranj
Category:Slovenian male ski jumpers
Category:Olympic ski jumpers of Slovenia
Category:Ski jumpers at the 2018 Winter Olympics


Brave Margot

"Brave Margot" ("Simple-minded Margot") is a 1953 song by Georges Brassens. It is one of his best known and most controversial songs.

Lyrics

The lyrics describe a young, well-meaning but naïve shepherdess, Margot, who finds a lost kitten and adopts it. When the little cat is hungry she gives it the breast. This attracts a lot of male onlookers and brings all life in the village to a standstill. The women of the village get jealous and therefore take the kitten to put it down. Margot is sad, but gets a husband and never shows her breasts to anyone else again.

Cover versions

The song has been covered by Patachou  in the 1953 film Women of Paris. Renaud covered it too on his 1996 album Renaud chante Brassens.

In popular culture

When Brassens died in 1981, French cartoonist Jean-Marc Reiser made a graphic homage in which a man sits in a train talking about his disgust with Brassens' filthy lyrics. While he talks a young woman sitting in front of him breastfeeds her cat in the manner of Brave Margot. This sight touches him as he recognizes the image from the song, causing him to reconsider his opinion about Brassens' music.

Sources

External links
 Lyrics.
 {http://www.analysebrassens.com/?page=texte&id=14&%23 An analysis of the song (in French).}
 {https://www.dialogus2.org/BRA/margot.html }

Category:French songs
Category:1953 songs
Category:Songs about cats
Category:Breastfeeding in art
Category:Fictional shepherds
Category:Fictional French people
Category:Songs written by Georges Brassens
Category:Georges Brassens songs


2010 Sporting Challenger – Doubles

Daniele Bracciali and Potito Starace were the defending champions, but lost in the final to Frederico Gil and Carlos Berlocq by 6–3, 7–6(7–5).

Seeds

Main draw

Draw

Note: Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo / Jiří Vaněk and Paul Capdeville / Diego Junqueira, which were supposed to play with Daniele Bracciali / Potito Starace in the semifinals, chose to not compete. Italian pair received "bye" into the final.

References
Main Draw

Sporting Challenger - Doubles
Category:Sporting Challenger


Molasses sugar

Molasses sugar is a dark brown, almost black, moist granular sugar. It can be used interchangeably with muscovado sugar, but molasses sugar has a stronger taste as compared to muscovado. Its distinctive molasses taste is due to its high content of molasses. Nutritively, it has high iron content. Molasses sugar is often used in chutneys, pickles, and marinades, as well as in Christmas cakes.

See also

 Brown sugar
 Sucrose

Sources

Waitrose Sugar Glossary

External links

Category:Sugar substitutes


Horus Heresy (fictional event)

The Horus Heresy is a cornerstone event in the far future fictional universe created by Games Workshop as the campaign setting for its Warhammer 40,000 miniatures wargame. It is a relatively short but devastating galaxy-spanning civil war that engulfs the nascent galactic empire of the  early in the 31st millennium of the universe timeline; the war is a major cause of the science fantasy universe's dystopian environment. Initially described in wargame supplements published in 1988, and used as the setting for a 1989 Epic-branded tabletop miniatures wargame, it has been utilised since as background for several of Game Workshop's products.

The Horus Heresy has expanded in scope and standing beyond its original wargame-background role. Since the concept's introduction there has been an increasing number of related releases in several product categories and media. It is an ongoing project that has developed into a major, definitive component of the shared universe, and it has come into its own as a successful brand and product line for Games Workshop and its affiliates. In 2012, it was repositioned as a foreground element in the Warhammer  gaming system, thanks to the introduction of the stand-alone Horus Heresy miniatures wargame expansion.

Fictional

Setting
In the  Warhammer 40,000 backstory, by  (or ) the Emperor of Mankind, founder and head of state of the newly constituted Imperium of Man, had become a major proponent of  in the Milky Way galaxy, and one of the most formidable enemies of , its forces, and the various hostile aliens that inhabit the galaxy. In the past, mankind had colonized the stars and had reached an intellectual and technological golden age. However, after being exhausted by a large scale rebellion by artificial intelligences, and when warp storms cut off interstellar travel, humanity's previous civilization collapsed and left its colonies vulnerable to attacks by daemons and aliens during a millennia long era known as the Age of Strife. After consolidating his rule on Terra (Earth) and genetically engineering Legions of superhuman warriors (the Space Marines), he embarked, in late–, on a  once the warp storms receded. The objective was to reunite the millions of human space colonies scattered throughout the galaxy under the Imperium's banner. The Imperium proclaimed an  of science and reason, and against religion and superstition by extension, weakening the influence of Chaos on the human race and its evolution. Promoting the notions of Order and Truth from a strictly human perspective as put forth by the Emperor, the Imperium had declared the Milky Way the exclusive, rightful domain of Humankind; it maintained that ruling the galaxy is the species' "Manifest Destiny".

While the Emperor was the Supreme Commander of the Crusade's many Expeditions, the Space Marine Legions and the rest of the Imperial military forces were eventually led by his genetically engineered progeny, a group of twenty one Primarchs, who were in every aspect even mightier than Space Marines, as well as their progenitors.

Outline

Causes

In early–, two standard (Terran) centuries into the Great Crusade, in the final phases of the crusade, the Emperor promotes Horus Lupercal, his most trusted and versatile Primarch, to the position of Warmaster ( of Imperial armed forces), and overall leader of the Crusade. The Emperor then leaves the Crusade and returns to Terra, where he remains in relative isolation. He relegates administration of the Imperium to a civilian authority the  and in an undertaking kept secret even from Horus, oversees efforts on his secretive . These actions, along with his father's refusal to reveal the nature of the Warp, test Horus' personal and mission-related resources, and exacerbate existing tensions among some of the Primarchs, especially those who feel slighted by other decisions of the Emperor or have grievances against their brothers.

Soon after his promotion, Horus becomes the target of a conspiracy planned by the Gods of Chaos and executed by their allies and minions. It involves his near-fatal injury by an alien weapon called Anathame and supposed healing by the Serpent Lodge of the Moon of Davin; both events are designed to make Horus susceptible to the influence of Chaos and lead to his eventual corruption. While the exact cause has been retconned repeatedly, the current state is that during a ceremony designed to heal Horus of a mortal wound, he is shown a vision of the far future, in which the Emperor is worshiped as a god, and Horus and the other Primarchs are forgotten (The irony being the Heresy is what leads to this future). As the Emperor's primary edict is to stamp out religion in all forms, Horus sees this as the ultimate betrayal. Though another Primarch, his brother Magnus, tries to reach the Emperor by psychic projection and warn him of Horus' treachery during his trance like state, the corruption spreads and prevents Horus from accepting his brother's guidance. He then turns against the Emperor, becoming  Traitor from the perspective of the Imperium. He plans a coup d'etat on a galactic scale, and ultimately leads eight other Primarchs, as well as their Legions and other forces, in war against the Emperor and all who stand with him. The betrayal and campaign are eventually labeled the . Most of those who turn against the Emperor become, or already are, corrupted by Chaos.

Conflict and resolution

Horus, outwardly still loyal, engages in subterfuge and secretly contravenes Imperial orders. He also issues orders designed to weaken and disperse forces deemed Loyalist, while simultaneously building covert alliances. Then, in the first open move of the Heresy, he succeeds in culling from the ranks of the rebels those persons and units still loyal to the Emperor. During the opening stages of the campaign, the Loyalist side is shown to be beset by inadequate communication security and poor intelligence, its leaders stunned or in denial when faced with the enormity of events.

A subsequent operation, expertly directed by Horus and co-conspirators, involves the massacre of three Loyalist Legions that are sent by the Imperial authorities (along with four other Legions that have secretly turned Traitor), to crush the rebellion. Horus, continuing to assume the initiative following tactical and strategic successes, orders the bulk of rebel forces to the Sol (Solar) System and the heart of the Imperium. After a brutal in‑system space battle, they manage to make planetfall on Terra and lay siege to the Imperial Palace, the seat of the Emperor. Meanwhile, a mass slaughter and ritual on the Ultramarine world of Calth by the Primarch Lorgar summons massive warpstorms over the galaxy; hindering all communication and travel for the Loyalists.

While the siege is a strategic stalemate, Horus is aware that massive Loyalist reinforcements are on the way. Lowering the shields of his flagship as a lure (or out of momentary regret), the Emperor, Rogal Dorn, Sanguinius, and a force of Imperial Fists teleport aboard the flagship to confront him. Horus initially kills Sanguinius, and then is finally killed in single combat with his father, while the Emperor is grievously wounded in the same action. The death of Horus leads to disarray among the invading Traitors, whose campaign is by this time also threatened by the imminent Loyalist reinforcements, and they hastily retreat. The  and the whole Horus Heresy campaign is effectively over.

Aftermath

Horus' campaign lasts less than a standard decade, yet it is devastating in its scale, and the Loyalist victory comes at great cost. The losses in talent, knowledge, manpower, and territory result in a prolonged period of cultural, political, and technological stagnation and regression for the Imperium.

The barely-alive Emperor is interred at the end of the Battle for Terra in a complex life support device, a technological marvel known as the . The Throne also powers the Astronomicon, the navigation aid responsible for holding the Imperium together, as well as keeping the destroyed Webway entrance sealed, lest Daemons overrun the Earth. Entombed in the device, his decaying physical form is kept alive in a moribund state, and he is said to be able to express himself only psychically.

A long and often violent period of "cleansing" the Imperium from Traitors, and rebuilding its institutions, takes place following the end of the Heresy that is known as the Great Scouring. The majority of surviving Traitor forces flee to a Chaos anomaly in realspace known as the . There, they create their own empires (albeit more ramshackle and resource starved, resulting in constant infighting and betrayal known collectively as 'the legion wars') and continue to harry the Imperium for resources (slaves and equipment) and vengeance (known as the long war) .

Relevance
The Horus Heresy is a significant component of the Warhammer 40,000 canon, and since 2012 has been repositioned as a distinct foreground gaming element. Over the years, the concept evolved into the major reason behind the dystopian environment of the shared universe (in addition to the Old ones, Eldar and Krork vs Necrons and C'tan conflict known as 'the war in heaven') ; in the current backstory of the universe's approximate real-time setting ten millennia after the end of the Heresy the event is presented as shrouded in myth and distorted by disinformation. The future history detailed in Horus Heresy-branded material is depicted as lost, forgotten, or censored; yet situations caused by or related to the Heresy form the basis for much of the present context.

Publication history

Introduction
The Horus Heresy was first referred to in a 1988 rulebook supplement to Rogue Trader (1987), the first edition of the Warhammer 40,000 wargame.It was expanded later in the same year in another supplement, the first volume of the rulebook Realm of Chaos, subtitled "Slaves to Darkness".

The concept was also elaborated in the rulebook for Adeptus Titanicus (1988), the first Games Workshop Epic-branded tabletop miniatures wargame.  may involve campaign- or theater‑level play that employs large forces, and provides for a correspondingly wider-scale background. This campaign setting included the establishment of the Horus Heresy as an important canon-based element.

Space Marine [1st Edition]
Finally in 1989 the Epic-series wargame Space Marine was introduced. Designed and developed by veteran Games Workshop associates Jervis Johnson and Graeme Davis, the game used model design and sculpting by Games Workshop division Citadel Miniatures. Subtitled "Epic Battles in the Age of Heresy", it was the first Games Workshop product to directly involve the Horus Heresy concept, which was its sole campaign setting; by providing a justification for intra-Imperial warfare, the publisher was spared the effort and cost of different armies in the basic game boxes. The boxed game contained army and scenery miniatures, accessories, and guides, while the rulebook included a multipage "Background" section, and annotated the rules with related storytext.

Expansion and continuity
In the years following its introduction as background for other products and as campaign setting for Space Marine, the Horus Heresy came into its own as a project; the transition mainly took place early in  The concept was refined and further defined with expansions in areas such as art, gaming, literature, and multimedia. The continuing additions are set in the Heresy period of the universe,  30000 (""), as opposed to the  41st millennium ("") era of most Warhammer 40,000 material. The additions may be released as stand-alone products or as parts of Horus Heresy series.

A significant development was  initial release of the Horus Heresy miniatures wargame expansion. This in effect repositioned the concept as a foreground element within the main Warhammer 40,000 gaming system, thereby extending the related universe's active setting to the Horus Heresy era. In February 2013 the first Heresy-specific event, the 2-day Horus Heresy Weekender, was announced.

In addition to regular edition products, releases include special editions such as anniversary editions, collector's editions, web exclusives, and bundle offers. However some components, including the majority of pre-Horus Heresy book series products or works, may be out of print, discontinued, or obsolete, and generally hard to find .

Additions to the Heresy storyline are not necessarily in chronological sequence, and the overall narrative across all areas is nonlinear; it may include events presented from different perspectives, and gaps that may presumably be filled in the future.

The expansions provide new or additional detail about the Horus Heresy, and their scope covers the entire Warhammer 40,000 universe  ; in some cases the newer material has led to continuity conflicts with older canon and other material. Overall, the information provided in the book series is generally assumed to be authoritative and superseding the older material. Among other authoritative sources are the Horus Heresy wargame environment (especially the associated rulebooks), and other expansions.

"The Horus Heresy" is marketed as a sub-brand by Games Workshop, the Black Library (a Games Workshop publishing division), and Forge World, a modelling subsidiary. The associated product lines and related logos, places, names, devices and other components are copyrighted or trademarked. Games Workshop and affiliates have also released products that though not branded or classified as Horus Heresy items, are directly related to the fictional conflict or to specific facets of it.

Art
Illustrations and images from a variety of artists, about the conflict and the related background, have been published in art books. The book series cover art has been separately released, as A2-size posters and in other formats.

Art book series
This series consists of four "Horus Heresy: Visions" volumes, published between May 2004 and July 2006. They contain original art as well as images derived from the Horus Heresy card game. The volumes also collect edited, previously published Heresy-related magazine articles, and select rulebook information; in addition, original annotations, information, and short stories. The text, along with the art, greatly expanded the Heresy material. The series outlines the entire Heresy history, while providing additional background on it and the wider Warhammer 40,000 universe. The work was the result of contributions by numerous associates and staff of Games Workshop and its subsidiaries; select contributors are listed.

 Visions of War Allan Merrett (writer), John Blanche (conceptual art), Matt Ralphs (editor) May 2004
 Visions of Darkness Allan Merrett (writer), John Blanche (conceptual art). Includes short story by Graham McNeill December 2004
 Visions of Treachery Allan Merrett (writer), John Blanche (conceptual art). Includes short story by Graham McNeill July 2005
 Visions of Death Allan Merrett (writer), John Blanche (conceptual art) July 2006

Posters (selections)
 The Outcast Dead (cover art) Neil Roberts. Cover art poster of Book 17 in the book series November 2011
 The Primarchs (cover art) Neil Roberts. Cover art poster of Book 20 in the book series May 2012
 The Scripts: Volume 1 (cover art) Neil Roberts. Cover art poster of the first book in the Horus Heresy scriptbook series March 2013

Special editions (selections)
 Collected Visions: Iconic images of the Imperium, Betrayal and War Omnibus edition of the four volumes of the Art book series. Nick Kyme and Matt Ralphs (editors) June 2007
 Horus Heresy Poster Bundle #1 Neil Roberts, Philip Sibbering. The cover art posters of the first three titles of the book series. One of several poster bundles offered, it had been discontinued  October 2006

Events
 the following had been officially announced:
 The Horus Heresy Weekender Black Library and Forge World (organizers). Two-day limited-attendance event to be held in Nottingham. Horus Heresy creators and associates present seminars, workshops, demonstrations, exclusive products etc. May 2013

Gaming
The war has been the focus of board and card games; they provided additional relevant information. The Horus Heresy miniatures wargame, which brought the concept to the gaming foreground, was introduced in 2012.

Board games
 Horus Heresy  Designed by Jervis Johnson, this wargame centers on the Heresy's endgame, the "Battle for Earth"
 The companion mini board game Warmaster, a free promotion, was simultaneously offered through a Games Workshop publication; it was also designed by Jervis Johnson
 Horus Heresy  Designed by John Goodenough and Jeff Tidball, this is a reworking of the 1993 original, subtitled "The Legendary Battle for Holy Terra". Released by Games Workshop licensee Fantasy Flight Games

Card games
Horus Heresy Collectible card game designed by Ryan Miller and Luke Peterschmidt. It was introduced in 2003 by Games Workshop affiliate Sabertooth Games, whose art department illustrated the cards. The game was expanded (2003–05) with the release of several booster packs and other products, and covered major battles of the Heresy campaign. The detailed card illustrations, which were reproduced in the Art book series and elsewhere, provided comprehensive imagery of the Heresy, while the accompanying text and rulesets included new information. The game was discontinued in 2008.
 Base Set Starter pack, includes separate Loyalist and Traitor decks, "story cards" that describe the background, original rulesets, and other components. The setting may be one of two significant early battles of the Heresy

Miniatures games
 Horus Heresy Stand-alone expansion for the main Warhammer 40,000 gaming system, produced by Games Workshop modelling subsidiary Forge World. The expansion consists of a series of wargaming supplements including rulebooks, miniatures, and accessories; the first installment was introduced during  This series is reputedly developed in coordination with the book series, includes new material and information about the Horus Heresy and the overall Warhammer 40,000 background, and is an authoritative source for both.
 Betrayal First installment of the Horus Heresy expansion, and the first volume of the Horus Heresy Rulebook Series. This supplement is centered on the culling of Loyalists from the Traitor ranks (see § Conflict and resolution), an operation that culminated at the  Ruleset and background text by Alan Bligh; models by Simon Egan and Forge World artists and designers September 2012
 Massacre second installment of the Horus Heresy expansion, and the second volume of the Horus Heresy Rulebook Series. This supplement is centered on the drop site massacre Ruleset and background text by Alan Bligh; models by Simon Egan and Forge World artists and designers September 2012
 Extermination fourth installment of the Horus Heresy expansion. This supplement is centered around the aftermath of the drop site massacre.
 Conquest fifth installment of the Horus Heresy expansion. This supplement is centered around traitor invasion of the northern Imperium.
 Retribution sixth installment of the Horus Heresy expansion. This supplement is centered around the shattered legions (survivors of the dropsite massacres) and blackshields (renegades from loyalist and traitor legions) and deals with the shadow wars.
 Inferno seventh installment of the Horus Heresy expansion. This supplement is centered around the burning of Prospero and focuses on the forces of the Thousand sons, Space Wolves and Custodes and Silent sisterhood.
 Malevolence eighth installment of the Horus Heresy expansion. This supplement is centered around the battle of Signus prime and involves the blood angels and the daemons of the ruinstorm. Also contains rules for the White Scars and Custodes.

Literature
Literature directly related to the Horus Heresy consists of works in several formats and media, created by various authors; the majority are published by the Black Library, a Games Workshop imprint.  it included magazine articles, novels, novellas, and short stories. In the 2010s, some Heresy-branded literature appeared in other-language special editions before release in English.

Spoiler Free Reading/listening order
The graphic below shows the reading order to avoid spoiler and compiles almost all literature work of Horus Heresy.

Book series

The Black Library started publishing the Horus Heresy book series in 2006, a derived brand that consists of titles with stories by a variety of authors. They provide detailed, multifaceted descriptions of the Heresy; the entire Warhammer 40,000 universe ( 31000) is represented and taken advantage of.  the series consisted of 27 volumes, including full-length novels and novel-length compilations of novellas or short stories; the publisher had been adding several books per year since the start of the series' publication.

An opening scene-setting trilogy (Books 1–3) features the Luna Wolves Space Marine Legion, and portrays the fall of their Primarch (the Warmaster Horus) and the beginning of the Heresy. The series narrative was subsequently expanded to include the actions of other Legions and of various organisations and individuals. In the timeline of the Heresy,  (originally published December 2012) this series was at about the half-way mark of Horus' campaign.

Most titles are published in multiple media and formats: as mass-market and trade paperbacks, in hardcover "premium" edition, as regular or "enhanced" e-books, and as abridged or unabridged audiobooks and e‑audiobooks. A number of stories have appeared in other official publications, sometimes before the release of the relevant book series titles; compilation stories have also been pre- or re‑published in stand-alone editions.

Magazine articles
Horus Heresy-related articles that appeared originally or solely in publisher-affiliated magazines.

"The Emperor and Horus" William (Bill) King. Story article originally in the Games Workshop magazine White Dwarf. This and the following articles by King were reproduced, re-edited, or sourced in the Art books (series) November 1990
"The Assault on Earth" and "Aboard Horus' Battle Barge" William King. Two story articles published in White Dwarf issue 161 (UK edition) upon release of the first version of the Horus Heresy board game. They provide details and background related to the game's setting, the campaign's deciding battle May 1993
 "Assault on Holy Terra" William King. Another story article in White Dwarf, that expands the articles listed above April 2002
 "Iron Within" Rob Sanders. Short story in Hammer and Bolter, a downloadable magazine (e‑magazine) published by the Black Library between 2010 and 2012 February 2011
"The Lion" Gav Thorpe. Novella serialized in Hammer and Bolter. In 3 parts February to April 2012
 "The Horus Heresy" Cover story of White Dwarf issue 394. Informational article with description of the Horus Heresy concept and product line, and details about the related Horus Heresy miniatures wargame expansion; it concentrates on Betrayal, the expansion's first installment. Includes interviews with Forge World game designer Alan Bligh and artist Simon Egan, and double-sided poster insert of Betrayal artwork October 2012

Novellas
Horus Heresy novellas that were not originally included in the Horus Heresy book series compilations; the following were first released in special or limited editions.

 Promethean Sun Nick Kyme. Subtitled "Into the fires of war". Specially priced "Collectors Edition" novella in 3,000 copies only, hardcover. Initially offered as a "web exclusive", the general-availability release is expected in 2013 May 2011
 Aurelian Aaron Dembski‑Bowden. Subtitled "The Eye stares back", this novella is part of a story arc along with The First Heretic, Book 14 of the book series. Originally offered as another of the publisher's web exclusives, it was simultaneously released in two "Collectors Edition" versions (Silver and Gold) October 2011
 Brotherhood of the Storm Chris Wraight. Subtitled "The Khan rides to war". Signed, time-limited web exclusive print on demand "Collectors Edition", available  only September 2012
 Corax: Soulforge Gav Thorpe. Subtitled "Victory is vengeance". A time-limited, print on demand collector's edition novella, with expanded artwork and other material. Available  only April 2013

Short stories
Horus Heresy short stories that were not originally included in the Horus Heresy book series compilations; several were first released or included in special or limited editions.

 "The Kaban Project" Graham McNeill. Originally in the Art books (series) volume Visions of Darkness December 2004
 "The Battle of Prospero" Graham McNeill. Originally in the Art books (series) volume Visions of Treachery July 2005
"The Dark King" Graham McNeill. Included in a limited edition Horus Heresy chapbook for Games Day 2007 October 2007
 "The Lightning Tower" Dan Abnett. Included in the aforementioned chapbook compilation October 2007
 "Death of a Silversmith" Graham McNeill. Included in the limited edition compilation , edited by Nick Kyme September 2011
 "Army of One" Rob Sanders. A story in "e‑short" (short e‑book) format, one of several such works released in celebration of the Black Library's 15‑year publishing history April 2012
 "" Graham McNeill. Subtitled "The voice of Chaos". An "e‑short" release June 2012
 "Distant Echoes of Old Night" Rob Sanders. Included in the limited edition compilation  September 2012
 "Lost Sons" James Swallow. Included in the first volume of the two‑volume limited edition compilation Black Library Weekender November 2012
 "The Divine Word" Gav Thorpe. Included in the second volume of the two‑volume limited edition compilation Black Library Weekender November 2012
 "Dark Heart" Anthony Reynolds. E‑short. The story was republished in the Mark of Calth compilation, Book 25 of the book series January 2013
"The Gates of Terra" Nick Kyme. Another e‑short, this one first appeared in a 2012 French language limited edition chapbook March 2013
 "Lord of the Red Sands" Aaron Dembski‑Bowden. A 1500-word story originally available in the e‑book-format collection Angron March 2013

Special editions (selections)
 Horus Rising Dan Abnett. "5th anniversary edition" of Book 1 in the Horus Heresy book series April 2011
 Limited Edition Horus Heresy Audio Boxset Dan Abnett, Ben Counter, Graham McNeill. CD-audio compilation of the opening trilogy in the book series, narrated by Martyn Ellis. Includes an "exclusive bonus CD" with the short story "Little Horus" by Abnett, also read by Ellis; this "audio short" was originally published in Book 16, Age of Darkness November 2011
 Xmas 2011 Horus Heresy eBundle Book series authors. The first 17 Horus Heresy book series titles in an e‑book edition bundle, one of several bundle editions offered (bundle was retired 2012) November 2011
Angel Exterminatus Graham McNeil. "Premium Hardback Edition" of Book 23 in the book series, the first title published in this format, with additional material and artwork. Offered exclusively through the publisher and affiliates October 2012
Angron Aaron Dembski‑Bowden, Matthew Farrer. Character-based mini-compilation of short stories released in e‑book format. The collection's spotlight is on Angron, doomed Primarch of the "World Eaters" Legion of Space Marines. It contains Farrer's "After De'shea", a short story previously published in the book series title Tales of Heresy (Book 10). Additionally, two stories by Dembski‑Bowden: the prose adaptation of the audio drama Butcher's Nails, and "Lord of the Red Sands", an original short March 2013

Multimedia
 this category included audio dramas of various durations, and published collections of their scripts.

Audio dramas
Below are original audio dramas, and also dramatisations of stories previously published in text media. Released in disc or audio file format, their durations range from over one hour to over two hours. They employ a number of scriptwriters, narrators, voice actors, and directors. Audio production is provided by specialist UK companies Big Finish Productions or Heavy Entertainment (which is also involved in audiobook editions of the Horus Heresy book series). Select contributors listed below.

 The Dark King and The Lightning Tower Scripted by Graham McNeill and Dan Abnett respectively, Danny Webb performs both; audio drama versions of the chapbook originals June 2008
 Raven’s Flight Gav Thorpe (scriptwriter), Toby Longworth (performer). Prequel to Deliverance Lost, Book 18 in the book series February 2010
Butcher's Nails Aaron Dembski‑Bowden (scriptwriter), Sean Barrett and others (performers) May 2012
 The Sigillite Chris Wraight (scriptwriter), Toby Longworth, Ramon Tikaram and Tim Treloar (performers) March 2013
Honour to the Dead Gav Thorpe (scriptwriter), Gareth Armstrong, Jane Collingwood, Jonathan Keeble and Luke Thompson (performers). Adapted from a novella by Thorpe, originally published in German. May 2013
Wolf Hunts - Scripted by Graham McNeil, this was released in May 2013 in a limited edition sleeve.
Prince of Crows
Crimson Fists

Drama "shorts"
The following audio dramas range in duration from under ten minutes to about half an hour, and are released in downloadable MP3 file format only.
 "Grey Angel" John French (scriptwriter), John Banks, Toby Longworth and Ramon Tikaram (performers). A Garro series short August 2012
 "Burden of Duty" James Swallow (scriptwriter), John Banks, Toby Longworth and Ramon Tikaram (performers). Another Garro short October 2012
 "Warmaster" John French (scriptwriter), Ramon Tikaram (performer). In a nine‑minute audio drama, Horus lays out his plans for the remainder of the Heresy campaign. One of Black Library's "Advent Calendar" special releases for the 2012 holiday season, this was the "Advent Day Seven" installment December 2012
 "Strike and Fade" Guy Haley (scriptwriter), Toby Longworth (performer). Another ten‑minute audio drama, the "Advent Day Fourteen" entry in Black Library's "Advent Calendar 2012" releases December 2012
 "Veritas Ferrum" David Annandale (scriptwriter), Toby Longworth, Ramon Tikaram and Tim Treloar (performers). "Advent [2012] Day Twenty Four" e‑audio short December 2012

Garro series
Audio drama‑only series based on Horus Heresy character Nathaniel Garro. The series is a sequel to The Flight of the Eisenstein, Book 4 in the book series.
 Oath of Moment James Swallow (scriptwriter), Toby Longworth (performer) December 2010
 Legion of One James Swallow (scriptwriter), Toby Longworth (performer) April 2011
 Sword of Truth James Swallow (scriptwriter), John Banks, Toby Longworth and Ramon Tikaram (performers) November 2012
 Burden of Duty/Grey Angel John French and James Swallow (scriptwriters); John Banks, Toby Longworth and Ramon Tikaram (performers). Compilation reissue of two Garro Series audio shorts (listed above) April 2013

Scriptbook series
Series of books containing the complete production scripts of Horus Heresy audio dramas, including soundtrack direction and character notes.
 The Scripts: Volume 1 Christian Dunn (editor). Contains the scripts of six works, including the first two volumes of the Garro series. Published in "Premium Hardback" edition December 2012

See also
List of Horus Heresy characters

Notes

Citations

References
 Where "originally published" appears in entries for standalone or self-contained works (including compilations), it refers to the work's first release in the indicated media type.Audio sources are listed by author(s) or scriptwriter(s).

External links
  Official website of the Games Workshop imprint, link points to section devoted to Horus Heresy publications
  Section of the Forge World website devoted to the Horus Heresy miniatures wargame
  Website published by Games Workshop, it is mainly about the book series but includes some other material

Category:Fictional wars
Category:Warhammer 40,000


Cheney Ames

Cheney Ames (June 19, 1808 – September 14, 1892) was an American businessman and politician from New York.

Life
He was born on June 19, 1808, in Mexico, New York, the son of Leonard Ames (1775–1843) and Minerva (Peck) Ames (d. 1852). He became a hatter, first in Delphi, then in Cortlandville. On October 23, 1834, he married Emily North (1817–1848), and they had six children. In 1837, he removed to Oswego, and at first set up shop as a hatter, but then became engaged in other business, like grain and flour trade; the manufacture of limewater and plaster; a knitting factory; and the construction of the New York and Oswego Midland and other railroads.

He was Postmaster of Oswego, New York, from 1849 to 1853. In 1854, he married Catherine "Kate" Brown (1832–1910), and they had four children.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (21st D.) in 1858, 1859, 1864 and 1865.

He was again Postmaster of Oswego from 1877 to 1881.

He died on September 14, 1892, in Chicago, Illinois; and was buried at the Riverside Cemetery in Oswego.

Assemblyman Leonard Ames (b. 1818) was his brother.

Sources
 The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1867; pg. 442f)
 Biographical Sketches of the State Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1859 by William D. Murray (pg. 32ff)
 Bio transcribed from History of Oswego County, New York, 1789 to 1877 (1878); at RootsWeb
 Obit transcribed from the Oswego Palladium, of September 15, 1892 (with portrait)
 Ames genealogy at RootsWeb

External links

Category:1808 births
Category:1892 deaths
Category:New York state senators
Category:People from Mexico, New York
Category:New York (state) Republicans
Category:New York (state) postmasters
Category:19th-century American railroad executives
Category:Politicians from Oswego, New York
Category:19th-century American politicians


New Castle, Delaware

New Castle is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States, six miles (10 km) south of Wilmington, and situated on the Delaware River. According to the 2010 Census, the population of the city is 5,285.

History

New Castle was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651, under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant, on the site of a former aboriginal village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"), to assert their claim to the area based on a prior agreement with the aboriginal inhabitants of the area.  The Dutch originally named the settlement Fort Casimir, but this was changed to Fort Trinity (Swedish: Trefaldighet) following its seizure by the colony of New Sweden on Trinity Sunday, 1654. The Dutch conquered the entire colony of New Sweden the following year and rechristened the fort Nieuw-Amstel ("New Amstel"). This marked the end of the Swedish colony in Delaware as an official entity, but it remained a semi-autonomous unit within the New Netherland colony and the cultural, social, and religious influence of the Swedish settlers remained strong. As the settlement grew, Dutch authorities laid out a grid of streets and established the town common (The "Green"), which continue to this day.

In 1664, the English seized the entire New Netherland colony in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. They changed the name of the town to "New Castle" and made it the capital of their Delaware Colony. The Dutch regained the town in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680, New Castle was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York by livery of seisin and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil on October 27, 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason–Dixon line.

The spire on top of the Court House, Delaware's colonial capitol and first state house, was used as the center of the Twelve-Mile Circle forming the northern boundary of Delaware. The Delaware River within this radius to the low water mark on the opposite shore is part of Delaware. Thus the Delaware Memorial Bridge was built as an intrastate span by Delaware, without financial participation by neighboring New Jersey.

Prior to the establishment of Penn's Philadelphia, New Castle was a center of government. After being transferred to Penn, Delaware's Swedish, Dutch, and English residents used to the relaxed culture of the Restoration monarchy grew uncomfortable with the more conservative Quaker influence, so Delaware petitioned for a separate legislature, which was finally granted in 1702.  Delaware formally broke from Pennsylvania in 1704. New Castle again became the seat of the colonial government, thriving with the various judges and lawyers that fueled the economy.  Many smaller houses were torn down and replaced in this era.  In February 1777, John McKinly was elected the first President of Delaware (a title later renamed "Governor"). During the Revolution, when New Castle was besieged by William Howe, the government elected to move its functions south to Dover in May 1777.  McKinley was captured by the British and held prisoner for several months. New Castle remained the county seat until after the Civil War, when that status was transferred to Wilmington. Three signers of the Declaration of Independence were from New Castle—Thomas McKean, George Read, and George Ross.

The  portage between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay saved a  trip around the Delmarva Peninsula, so this brought passengers, goods, and business to New Castle's port.  In the years following the Revolution, a turnpike was built to facilitate travel between the two major waterways.  Later, New Castle became the eastern terminus of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, the second-oldest rail line in the country, launched in 1828 with horse-drawn rail cars, then converting to steam power when an engine was purchased from Great Britain in 1832. The line traversed the Delmarva Peninsula, running to the Elk River, Maryland, from where passengers changed to packet boats for further travel to Baltimore and points south.  This helped the New Castle economy to further boom; however, by 1840, rail lines were in place between Philadelphia and Baltimore, which had a stop in Wilmington, thus leaving New Castle to deal with a substantial decline in traffic and revenue.

The decline in New Castle's economy had the long-range fortunate effect of preventing most residents from making any significant structural changes to their homes.  So, the many buildings of historic New Castle look much as they did in the colonial and Federal periods.

New Castle has a tradition, dating back to 1927, of tours of historical homes, churches, and gardens. These tours, called "A Day in Olde New Castle", are usually held on the third Saturday of May. Householders dress in colonial costumes and an admittance fee is collected which is used toward the maintenance of the town's many historic buildings.  In June the town holds its annual Separation Day celebration.

On April 28, 1961, an F3 tornado hit the north side. Although no fatalities or injuries occurred, it was the only tornado of this magnitude ever recorded in Delaware.

Neighborhoods
In the City of New Castle, many small and historical neighborhoods are within the city limits. However, many larger neighborhoods are surrounding the city limits and are labeled as New Castle within the general consensus.
The New Castle area ranges from the southern city limits of Wilmington to the north, the Delaware River to the East, Wrangle Hill Road to the South, and Bear and Christiana to the West.

City of New Castle
 Shawtown
 Dobbinsville
 Washington Park
 Battery Park
 6th & Delaware

Outside neighborhoods
 Chelsea Estates
 Penn Acres
 Collins Park
 Minquadale
 Wilmington Manor
 Commons Boulevard
 Midvale
 Jefferson Farms
 Castle Hills
 Balton

Historic sites

The  New Castle Historic District is an area approximately 4 by 5 blocks square in the center of town with about 500 historic buildings that date from c. 1700 to 1940.  This area contains one of the highest concentrations of well-preserved buildings dating from the 17th to early 19th centuries.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.

The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967 and it was relisted, with enlarged boundaries and expanded period of significance, in 1984. The historic district then covered  of area and includes Amstel House and Old Courthouse which are separately listed on the NRHP.  The area includes 461 contributing buildings, one other contributing structure, and one contributing object.

The New Castle Court House, the Green, and the Sheriff's House are parts of First State National Historical Park, a unit of the National Park System.  The national park interprets Delaware's settlement and role in the founding of the United States.

Among the structures located in the Historic District are:

 Amstel House, 2 E. Fourth St.  (~1738) Home of New Castle Historical Society (admission charged)
 Stonum, the house of George Read.
 Read House and Gardens at 42 the Strand, former home of George Read, Jr.  The house, built between 1801 and 1804, is owned and operated by the Delaware Historical Society. It is one of finest examples of transitional Georgian/Federal architecture in America. (admission charged).
 Booth House, 212 Delaware St.  (1713 but with many renovations since). Birthplace of Judge James Booth, Jr.
 Gilpin House, 210 Delaware St. (One of town's oldest buildings, but three renovations over time have obscured original facade). It was built as the town's hotel/tavern and served as such until Prohibition in 1920. (In 1820 it was called "Arms of the United States"). Today it houses a bank and five apartments.
 Immanuel Episcopal Church on the Green. (1703)
 Old New Castle Court House, opposite Gilpin House on Delaware St. Original colonial capitol; first state house of Delaware. Served as Court House until 1882, when county seat was moved to Wilmington.
Old "Dutch" House, (ca. 1700). Typical of small early dwellings in town. (admission charged)
 New Castle Academy, On the Green. (1789)
 The Arsenal, On the Green. (1809) Built in anticipation of the War of 1812 and has had numerous public uses since.
 Thomas McKean House, 22 The Strand
 Archibald Alexander House, 26–28 The Green, (~1800)
 Van Leuvenigh House, S.E. corner Delaware St. & The Strand. (~1730),
 Kensey Johns House, 1 Third St., (1789)
 Town Hall & Market Place, Corner 2nd St. & Delaware St. (1826)
 Gunning-Bedford House, 6 The Strand, (~1730)
 New Castle-Frenchtown RR Ticket House, Foot of Delaware St. (1832)
 New Castle Presbyterian Church, 25 East 2nd Street (1707)
 Janvier House, 208 Delaware St., (~1800)
 William Penn Guest House (ca. 1680) the oldest building in town, legend says when Penn first stepped foot on American soil, he walked to this house, where his friend and local magistrate lived, and spent the night.
 Lesley Manor, 123 W 7th St. (1855/1870)  Built in 1855 for Dr. Allen Voorhees Lesley.  Designed by Thomas and James Dixon of Baltimore, MD, who also designed the Wilmington Opera House.  Lesley had a large wing added in 1870 to allow the kitchens to be relocated from the basement. The now private residence features gothic bargeboards, large cast bronze gas chandeliers, and a 5-story tower.

The Bellanca Airfield, located outside of the Historic District, is the site of the former Bellanca Aircraft Corporation factory (1928–1960) which built over 3,000 airplanes.  Delaware Aviation Hall of Fame Museum is located in hangar.  Also nearby are Buena Vista, Glebe House, The Hermitage, New Castle Ice Piers, Penn Farm of the Trustees of the New Castle Common, and Swanwyck, all listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography

New Castle is located at  (39.6620572, −75.5663132)GR1.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km²), of which 3.0 square miles (7.9 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km²) of it (3.79%) is water.

The city is the home of Broad Dyke, the first dyke built in the United States.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,862 people, 2,012 households, and 1,339 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,594.6 people per square mile (615.5/km²). There were 2,199 housing units at an average density of 721.2 per square mile (278.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 77.48% White, 20.20% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.84% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.41% of the population.

There were 2,012 households out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out with 21.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $52,449, and the median income for a family was $56,368. Males had a median income of $40,153 versus $31,571 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,052. About 3.9% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education

New Castle is served by the Colonial School District and the New Castle Public Library. Private schools located in New Castle include: Serviam Girls Academy, St. Peter's Catholic School and Delaware Valley Classical School.

Infrastructure

Transportation
Delaware Route 9 runs southwest-to-northeast through New Castle, passing through the city along 7th Street, Washington Street, Delaware Street, and Ferry Cut Off Street; the route bypasses the historic area. DE 9 heads north to Wilmington and south to Delaware City. Delaware Route 141 heads north from New Castle on Basin Road and provides a bypass to the west of Wilmington. Delaware Route 273 heads west from New Castle on Frenchtown Road and provides access to Christiana and Newark. Several important roads are located just outside the city limits. U.S. Route 13 and U.S. Route 40 pass northwest of New Castle along Dupont Highway, with access to the city via DE 141 and DE 273. Interstate 295 passes north of New Castle and crosses the Delaware River on the Delaware Memorial Bridge to New Jersey, with DE 9 providing access to New Castle from I-295.

The Wilmington Airport (formerly New Castle Airport) is located northwest of New Castle along US 13/US 40. The airport offers general aviation and formerly had commercial air service. The nearest airport to New Castle with commercial air service is the Philadelphia International Airport in Philadelphia.

A freight line operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway passes through New Castle. The nearest passenger rail station to New Castle is Wilmington station in Wilmington, which is served by Amtrak and SEPTA Regional Rail's Wilmington/Newark Line.

DART First State provides bus service to New Castle along Route 15 and Route 51, which both run between downtown Wilmington and the Christiana Mall and offer connections to multiple bus routes serving points across northern New Castle County.

Utilities
The Municipal Services Commission of the City of New Castle provides electricity and water to the city. The electric department is a member of the Delaware Municipal Electric Corporation. Natural gas service in New Castle is provided by Delmarva Power, a subsidiary of Exelon. The city's Public Works department provides trash and recycling collection to New Castle.

Notable people

 Charles Thomas (governor), 25th Governor of Delaware
 Dave May, former MLB player
 Devin Smith, professional basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv
 George Read I, signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, second Governor of Delaware
 George Ross, signer of the Declaration of Independence
 Jeff Otah, NFL player
 John Walter Bratton, songwriter
 Nicholas Van Dyke I, President of Delaware
 Nicholas Van Dyke II, son of Nicholas Van Dyke I, U.S. Senator
 Ryan Phillippe, actor
 Thomas Holcomb, Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, diplomat
 Thomas McKean, lawyer, politician and a signer of the Declaration of Independence
 Vinnie Moore, guitarist
 Walter W. Bacon, 60th Governor of Delaware
 William C. Frazer, United States territorial judge

In film

New Castle has served as the filming location for numerous films and television series, including Dead Poets Society, Beloved, and River Ridge.

References

External links

 Virtual tour of New Castle's historic sites
 City of New Castle
 New Castle Historical Society
 Out of the Hurly-Burly A book about life in New castle about 1870

Category:Federal architecture in Delaware

Category:Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States
Category:Populated places established in 1651
Category:Cities in New Castle County, Delaware
Category:Cities in Delaware
Category:Former county seats in Delaware
Category:1651 establishments in the Dutch Empire
Category:National Historic Landmarks in Delaware
Category:National Register of Historic Places in New Castle County, Delaware
Category:Historic districts in Delaware
Category:Populated places on the Delaware River


Dabethuwa

Dabethuwa is a village in Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is about 294 kilometers from the state capital Lucknow and 776 kilometers from the national capital Delhi.

Demography
Dabethuwa has a total population of 757 people amongst 106 families. Sex ratio of Dabethuwa is 897 and child sex ratio is 1,034. Uttar Pradesh state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively.

Transportation
Dabethuwa can be accessed by road only as it does not have a railway station. Closest railway station to this village is Bhadohi (23 km).  Nearest operational airports are Varanasi airport (38 kilometers) and Allahabad Airports (114 kilometers).

See also

Varanasi district

Notes

  All demographic data is based on 2011 Census of India.

References

Category:Villages in Varanasi district


Shin Kwang-hoon

Shin Kwang-hoon (; born 18 March 1987) is a South Korean football defender who plays for Gangwon FC.

Club career
He started his professional football career in Pohang Steelers since 2006. Kwang-hoon made 11 appearances for Pohang Steelers. Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors agreed a player swap loaned with Stevica Ristić going in the opposite direction for two and a half years in 2008.

On 3 January 2017, Shin joined FC Seoul.

International career
He played for South Korea at the 2006 AFC Youth Championship and at the subsequent 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, 2008 Summer Olympics.

Club career statistics

References

External links

 Shin Kwang-hoon  – National Team stats at KFA

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football fullbacks
Category:South Korean footballers
Category:Pohang Steelers players
Category:Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC players
Category:Ansan Mugunghwa FC players
Category:FC Seoul players
Category:Gangwon FC players
Category:K League 1 players
Category:K League 2 players
Category:Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic footballers of South Korea
Category:Sportspeople from North Gyeongsang Province
Category:Asian Games medalists in football
Category:Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea
Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games


Flag of Nova Scotia

Created in 1858, the flag of Nova Scotia is a banner of the coat of arms of Nova Scotia, which were granted to the Scottish colony by King Charles I in 1625.

The flag of the modern Canadian province, a blue saltire on a white field (background), is a simple figure-ground reversal of the flag of Scotland (a white saltire, Saint Andrew's cross, on a blue field), charged with an inescutcheon bearing the royal arms of Scotland, a gold shield with a red lion rampant surrounded by a loyal double tressure (a double border decorated with fleurs de lis).

The similarity to the Scottish flag reflects the province's name, which is Latin for "New Scotland". Nova Scotia was one of the few British colonies to be granted its own coat of arms, and the flag is the only one of the original Canadian provinces dating back to before confederation.

Despite continuous usage of the flag to represent Nova Scotia since 1858, the flag was recognized by the provincial government of Nova Scotia as the official provincial flag only in May 2013, by the Provincial Flag Act, after an eleven-year-old girl researching a project realized that no one had recognized the flag officially in 155 years of usage.

The flag is ranked #12 in the North American Vexillological Association's survey of North American state and provincial flags.

See also
Symbols of Nova Scotia
Coat of arms of Nova Scotia

References

External links
 Arms and flag of Nova Scotia in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges

Flag
Category:Flags of Canada

Category:Saltire flags
Category:1858 introductions


Moroto Town

Moroto is a town in Moroto District in the Northern Region of Uganda. It is the location of the district headquarters.

Location
Moroto is approximately , by road, northeast of Mbale, the nearest large city. This is approximately , by road, northeast of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. The coordinates of the town are 2°31'48.0"N, 34°40'12.0"E (Latitude:2.5300; Longitude:34.6700).

Population
The 2002 national census estimated the population of Moroto at 7,380. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the population at 11,600. In 2011, UBOS estimated the mid-year population at 12,300. In 2014, the national population census put the population at 14,818.

Points of interest
The additional points of interest lie within the town limits or near the edges of town: (1) the offices of Moroto Town Council (2) Mount Moroto, rising to an elevation of  about  east of town (3) Moroto central market (4) Moroto Airport, a public airport located about  west of town (4) a branch of the National Social Security Fund (5) Moroto Regional Referral Hospital, a 200-bed regional referral hospital administered by the Uganda Ministry of Health (6) Moroto–Nakapiripirit Road, passing through the middle of town (7) a branch of Centenary Bank and (8) a branch of Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited.   (9) the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Moroto, headed by Bishop Damiano Giulio Guzzetti.

See also
 Karamoja sub-region
 List of cities and towns in Uganda

References

External links
Unwinding From Moroto Town

Category:Populated places in Uganda
Category:Moroto District
Category:Northern Region, Uganda


RWTH International Academy

RWTH International Academy gGmbH is RWTH Aachen University’s official academy for continuing education. It was founded in the year 2000 and is a subsidiary of the RWTH Aachen University.

History
The RWTH International Academy was first founded as the Aachen Global Academy in 1999 as a GmbH by RWTH Aachen University and the Freunden und Förderern der RWTH Aachen e.V. (proRWTH) - a foundation of alumni and donors of RWTH Aachen University. In 2006 the institution was renamed as RWTH International Academy gGmbH. RWTH Aachen University and proRWTH each own half of the now non-profit entity or gGmbH.

Structure
The RWTH International Academy consists of a scientific advisory board made up of the deans of the faculties of RWTH Aachen University. Atop the organizational structure are two directors - an academic director and a managing director. The organization is divided into 6 business units:
Engineering & Natural Sciences
Medicine & Health
Development, Accreditation & Quality Assurance
Conference Office
Corporate Services

Educational services
As the RWTH International Academy is not a university as such, its different educational formats are always offered in cooperation with RWTH Aachen University proper. Rather, the International Academy is a service provider working together with the university as well as the Maastricht School of Management and a number of other partner institutions.  As of 2018 they offer courses in the following formats:

Summer and winter schools
Master's programs (M.Sc.)
Certificate courses for professionals
Preparatory courses
Career Service

The International Academy offers programs in the academic disciplines of mechanical engineering, civil engineering, laboratory sciences, and management studies.

RWTH Aachen Business School
Although the RWTH International Academy started offering business programs as early as 2001, due to the high number of students, in 2016 the Academy founded the RWTH Business School under the auspices of the RWTH Aachen University School of Business and Economics. Initially, the Business School was an integral part of the nonprofit RWTH International Academy gGmbH, however in late 2017 the Business School was spun off and became the for-profit RWTH Aachen Business School GmbH.

See also
RWTH Aachen University

References

Category:RWTH Aachen University
Category:Private schools in Germany
Category:Education in Aachen
Category:Educational institutions established in 2000


Kanti Baa

Kanti Baa (born November 15, 1979) is a member of the Indian women's hockey team and played with the team when it won the Gold at the 2002 Commonwealth Games.

Kaanti Baa was born in Simdega district, Jharkhand. Kaanti means beauty coming from the Hindu Goddess Lakshmi. She attended school at Bariyatu Government Girls High. She works for the Central Railway in Mumbai. In her hockey career, she has competed in both domestic and international circuits. She made her first appearance in 1999 at Australia 4 Nation Tournament. Kaanti most recent game played was the common wealth in 2002.

External links
Biography
Commonwealth Games Biography

Category:1979 births
Category:Indian female field hockey players
Category:Field hockey players from Jharkhand
Category:Living people
Category:Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Category:Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India
Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India
Category:Field hockey players at the 2002 Asian Games
Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey
Category:21st-century Indian women
Category:Asian Games competitors for India


I Feel Like Buddy Holly

"I Feel Like Buddy Holly" is a song recorded by Alvin Stardust in 1984, written and produced by Mike Batt. The song spent 11 weeks on the UK Singles Chart, reaching number 7 in 1984. The single was released on Chrysalis Records, and included the song "Luxury" on the B-side, which was written and produced by Alvin Stardust.

The song appears on numerous compilation albums, including The Very Best of Alvin Stardust (1996), Alvin Stardust: New Recordings of His Greatest Hits (2001), Best of Alvin Stardust (2006), The Alvin Stardust Story (2007), and My Coo Ca Choo (2007).

Tracks
 "I Feel Like Buddy Holly" - 4:04 (written and produced by Mike Batt)
 "Luxury" - 3:15 (written and produced by Alvin Stardust)

References

External links
 I Feel Like Buddy Holly at discogs.com

Category:1984 singles
Category:Alvin Stardust songs
Category:Songs written by Mike Batt
Category:Song recordings produced by Mike Batt
Category:1984 songs
Category:Chrysalis Records singles
Category:Pop ballads


Doctrine of cash equivalence

The Doctrine of Cash Equivalence states that the U.S. Federal income tax law treats certain non-cash payment transactions like cash payment transactions for federal income tax purposes. The doctrine is used most often for deciding when cash method (as opposed to accrual method) taxpayers are to include certain non-cash income items.  Another doctrine often used when trying to determine the timing of the inclusion of income is the constructive receipt doctrine.

Most individuals begin as cash method taxpayers because their first form of bookkeeping is a checkbook. In contrast, some businesses start as accrual method taxpayers because businesses use different rules for recording income and expenditures. The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) § 446(a) states, however, that  "[t]axable income shall be computed under the method of accounting on the basis which the taxpayer regularly computes his income in keeping his books."

One of the major advantages to the cash method of accounting is the ability to defer taxation because the recognition of income applicable to amounts in accounts receivable can be deferred to a later year. The Doctrine of Cash Equivalence is important because many people are cash method taxpayers and would be subject to this rule.

Elements
Cash method taxpayers include income items (cash and cash equivalents) in the year the items are received. See also Treasury Regulations   Certain payment transactions involve cash equivalents, such as receipts of checks and credit card payments. The cash equivalence doctrine arose out of a need to determine whether certain items that were either actually or constructively received must be accrued as income. A dispute over timing of income recognition for tax purposes may arise when the thing received is really not much more than a promise of payment, such as a promissory note or a bond. If mere promises to pay were considered cash equivalents, then there would be little difference between the cash and accrual methods for tax purposes.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit established the standard for applying the cash equivalence doctrine to promises of payment. The court first noted that the principle that "[a] promissory note, negotiable in form, is not necessarily the equivalent of cash" remains true. But that principle also has a true inverse—that a non-negotiable instrument can be a cash equivalent if the following factors are met. A promise to pay will be considered a cash equivalent for cash method taxpayers if:

 the promise to pay is unconditional;
 the promise is made by a solvent person;
 the promise is assignable;
 the promise is not subject to set-offs; and
 the promise is marketable.

Since taxpayers generally prefer to defer recognition of income to subsequent tax years (due to the time value of money), a finding of cash equivalence will typically be to the disadvantage of the individual taxpayer.

Mechanics
To use the doctrine of cash equivalence, a taxpayer must have either actually received an item, or constructively received an item. If either of these situations exist, a taxpayer must determine whether the item received is cash equivalence, using the six factors described in Cowden v. Commissioner. If the item is deemed cash equivalent, then the taxpayer has income. If it is not cash equivalent, the taxpayer does not have income.

References

Category:Taxation in the United States
Category:Legal doctrines and principles


Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Ass'n

Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Association, 505 U.S. 88 (1992), is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court. The Court determined that federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations preempted various Illinois provisions for licensing workers who handled hazardous waste materials.

Facts
The National Solid Wastes Management Association, a business group, sought an injunction against two Illinois statutes requiring workers get training and pass exams to handle hazardous waste. It argued these statutes were preempted by the Occupational Safety and Health Act and Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations implementing a requirement of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 which also standards to train workers who handle hazardous wastes. The claim was brought against petitioner Gade's predecessor as director of the state environmental protection agency.

The District Court held that the state acts were not preempted because they protected public safety and promoted job safety, but it invalidated some provisions of the acts.

The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed in part and reversed in part, holding that the OSH Act preempts any state law that "constitutes, in a direct, clear and substantial way, regulation of worker health and safety," unless the Secretary of Labor has explicitly approved the law pursuant to § 18 of the OSH Act. In remanding, the court did not consider which, if any, of the provisions would be pre-empted.

Judgment
O'Connor J, writing for the majority, reiterated the ways in which federal law can preempt state law.

O'Connor, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice White and Justice Scalia, concluded in Part II that the OSH Act impliedly pre-empts any state regulation of an occupational safety or health issue with respect to which a federal standard has been established, unless a state plan has been submitted and approved pursuant to § 18(b) of the Act. The Act as a whole demonstrates that Congress intended to promote occupational safety and health while avoiding subjecting workers and employers to duplicative regulation. Thus, it established a system of uniform federal standards, but gave States the option of pre-empting the federal regulations entirely pursuant to an approved state plan that displaces the federal standards. This intent is indicated principally in § 18(b)'s statement that a State "shall" submit a plan if it wishes to "assume responsibility" for developing and enforcing health and safety standards. Gade's interpretation of § 18(b)—that the Secretary's approval is required only if a State wishes to replace, not merely supplement, the federal regulations would be inconsistent with the federal scheme and is untenable in light of the surrounding provisions. The language and purposes of §§ 18(a), (c), (f), and (h) all confirm the view that the States cannot assume an enforcement role without the Secretary's approval, unless no federal standard is in effect. Also unacceptable is Gade's argument that the OSH Act does not pre-empt nonconflicting state laws because those laws, like the Act, are designed to promote worker safety. Even where such laws share a common goal, a state law will be pre-empted if it interferes with the methods by which a federal statute was intended to reach that goal. International Paper Co. v. Ouellette, 479 U.S. 481, 494, 107 S.Ct. 805, 812, 93 L.Ed.2d 883. Here, the Act does not foreclose a State from enacting its own laws, but it does restrict the ways in which it can do so. pp. 96–104.

Concurrence
Justice Kennedy concurred but thought that Congress had expressly preempted this area and that the application of implicit preemption in this case expanded the doctrine too far. Kennedy, agreeing that the state laws are pre-empted, concluded that the result is mandated by the express terms of § 18(b) of the OSH Act and that the scope of pre-emption is also defined by the statutory text. Such a finding is not contrary to the longstanding rule that this Court will not infer pre-emption of the States' historic police powers absent a clear statement of intent by Congress. Unartful though § 18(b)'s language may be, its structure and language, in conjunction with subsections (a), (c), and (f), leave little doubt that in the OSH Act Congress intended to pre-empt supplementary state regulation of an occupational safety and health issue with respect to which a federal standard exists. Pp. 109, 111-113.

Dissent
Justice Souter, writing for a four Justice minority, felt state law was not preempted. Though he agreed with Justice O'Connor that there were three categories of preemption (express, field, and conflict) he believed that congress must "unmistakably ordain" to preempt state law. He felt that state law would not interfere enough with the federal regulatory scheme to qualify as an obstacle to the full purpose and effect of federal law.

He felt the majority's strongest argument was that the regulations contained a "saving clause" which stated that any issues not spoken on were not preempted. The majority interpreted this clause to mean that Congress had assumed that issues that were spoken on were preempted. In Souter's opinion, this inference was not necessary. Finally, he stated that the requirement that state regulatory plans be submitted for approval does not indicate that an area is preempted. All that this requirement meant is that in areas which are preempted, the state must submit a plan to overcome that preemption.

See also
US labor law
 National Solid Wastes Management Association

References

Further reading

External links

Category:United States Supreme Court cases
Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
Category:United States federal preemption law
Category:1992 in United States case law
Category:Waste in the United States