Phantasy Star Online 2

is a free-to-play online action role-playing game in the Phantasy Star series developed and published by Sega. Created as a successor to Phantasy Star Online and Phantasy Star Universe, Phantasy Star Online 2 features gameplay elements and aesthetics reminiscent of previous Phantasy Star games while incorporating unique twists on the formula. The initial version was released for Windows in Japan in July 2012.

A PlayStation Vita version was released in February 2013, while a PlayStation 4 version was released in April 2016. A spin-off/companion game, Phantasy Star Online 2es, was released for Android and iOS in 2014. A Nintendo Switch cloud version, entitled Phantasy Star Online 2 Cloud was released in April 2018. At E3 2019, it was announced that the game would be releasing outside of Asia for the first time exclusively on the Xbox One and Microsoft Windows in early 2020.

Gameplay

Characters
Upon starting the game, the player can select one of several servers, known as "Ships," to play. Players create and customize their characters to be used in the game. The name, gender, race, character class, body and facial features are available for customization during the character creation process, and later, the player can acquire a number of accessories and aesthetic goods to further customize their characters. There are various races available to the players in the game, which include Human, Newman (bio-engineered humanoid elves), CAST (manmade androids), and Deuman (species that contains recessive Darker genes in them).

At the start of the game, players may select from one of nine starting classes, each with unique stat spreads and weapon specialties. Three more "Successor Classes" can also be unlocked when the player meets certain requirements. Classes can be changed at will in the game's lobby; levels and statistics earned with a specific Class are independent of progress made with other Classes on the same character. Classes can also be customized with Skill Points earned from leveling up, which can be spent on a Skill Tree to learn Skills unique to the Class; Skill abilities can range from passive effects such as boosting stats to toggle abilities that power up your character temporarily. After a certain level, players can also assign a Subclass, a secondary Class that augments the player's Main Class by granting access to most of its Skills, Photon Arts, and Techniques.

Interface
The user interface and controls are similar between the PC and the PS Vita. By default, players can play the PC version using a mouse and a keyboard, but may also play the game using an Xbox 360 Controller, which the game supports natively. The player's Character ID, Health (HP) and Photon Points (PP) are displayed at the bottom left corner of the screen. At the bottom of the screen, the sub-palette may contain consumable items, class active skills, Techniques and Photon Blast skills. The mini-map is located at the top-right corner of the screen. When a target is acquired, the top-left corner of the screen displays the information and status of the target.

The chat log displays messages left by players and NPCs, as well as system messages. Chat commands can customize text in many ways, such as changing the colors of the text or using special speech bubbles and animations. The player can also create and display Symbol Arts, images made within the game out of various symbolic objects. Autowords can also be created for a character to react to certain events in battle automatically, such as dying or successfully completing a mission.

Gameplay
Gameplay in Phantasy Star Online 2 is action-oriented, and features a diverse selection of weapon types and playstyles for the player to choose from.

In combat, players engage enemies in real-time with various attacks; attacks can be chained for additional damage. In addition to standard attacks, combos can be augmented with powerful attacks called Photon Arts that use a resource called Photon Points (PP). Certain Classes have the ability to use Techniques, attacks similar to magic, that also use PP. PP is consumed whenever the player uses these attacks; the player cannot attack with Photon Arts or Techniques if they do not have sufficient PP, but PP naturally restores on its own or can be recovered manually by attacking enemies with standard attacks.

In some areas of the game, Photons can be generated by defeating enemies to fill up the Photon level in the environment. In return, Photon-sensitive effects (PSE) can provide bonuses to the players in that area. When one of these effects reaches the maximum level of 8, an event known as PSE Burst can occur where many enemies will rapidly spawn for a limited time. This can be further extended by causing a different PSE Burst to form a Cross Burst.

Upon reaching a certain level, each player will be granted a Mag, a small droid that hovers around the owner. Mags can be fed a variety of items in order to strengthen and eventually evolve them. In addition to enhancing the player's stats, a mag will support the player with abilities such as healing or buffing under certain circumstances. Mags also enable the Photon Blast ability, in which the player and mag summon a Photon-based avatar for a brief time to attack enemies or support party members, depending on the type of mag. Photon Blasts can only be used after defeating a certain number of enemies and generating enough Photon energy to fill up its gauge.

Plot

Setting
The game's story primarily focuses on the exploits of the space-faring organization known as Oracle, who uses Photons to traverse the universe and seek new planets for potential colonization while simultaneously suppressing the threat of the Darkers, alien beings created by evil entities known as Dark Falz that only exist to destroy the universe. Oracle is split between a Mothership, housing the fleet's central core, and a massive fleet of spaceships that contains all civilian entities and the fleet's prime military and exploration department known as ARKS (Artificial Relicit to Keep Species).

Initially, ARKS is sent to investigate activity on three planets: Naberius, a planet whose ecosystem was primarily forest before much of the planet became locked in eternal winter, Lillipa, a desert planet inhabited by rabbit-like natives known as "Lillipans", and Amduscia, a bifurcated planet with a volcanic core surrounded by a mass of floating islands inhabited by humanoid dragonfolk. Later story arcs feature the planet Wopal, an ocean planet, and Harkotan, a planet in the shape of a taijitu inhabited by two opposing races. In EPISODE 4, exploration expands to encompass a fictional counterpart of Earth located in an alternate dimension, and in EPISODE 5, an alternate dimension known as "Omega" located within a black hole becomes the focal point of the story.

Story

EPISODE 1
The story follows the player character, a graduating member of the ARKS Cadet program. During their graduation exercise on Naberius, the Cadets are attacked by Darkers, forcing ARKS veterans Zeno and Echo to arrive and rescue the player. Upon arriving on the ARKS Ship, the player encounters a woman named Xion, who grants the player a Matter Board. With the power of the Matter Board, the player discovers a girl named Matoi who appears in the Forest; the player rescues Matoi and sends her to the ARKS Ship. During an expedition to Naberius' Tundra area, the player obtains a fragment of a mysterious weapon, and is urged by Xion to find the remaining pieces hidden on Amduscia and Lillipa. Upon doing so, the player takes the pieces to master weaponsmith Jig, who agrees to repair the weapon, but during a Darker assault on Jig's ship, Themis 128, the completed weapon is stolen by ARKS members Gettemhult and Melfonseana.

Zeno, Echo, and the player are accompanied by Council of Six members Casra and Maria to pursue the two rogue members to a shrine within Naberius' Ruins area. Gettemhult gravely wounds Melfonseana and uses the weapon to break the seal on Dark Falz [Elder], a Dark Falz fought by ARKS 40 years in the past. After [Elder] manages to possess Gettemhult, the player and Echo escape with Melphonsina while Zeno, Casra, and Maria lure [Elder] away. Zeno is presumed dead after the incident. ARKS proceeds to wage war on [Elder] once more, and are successful in defeating him. During a post-battle scene, [Elder] meets other Dark Falzes: [Apprentice], [Double], and [Persona].

After the battle, the player discovers that a mysterious girl that they have repeatedly encountered over the course of the story is actually a famous pop idol named Quna who lives a double life as an assassin. Quna reveals to the player that she is chasing a dragon named Haddred, her childhood friend who was created by ARKS to be used as a living weapon but escaped from captivity. Quna and the player corner Haddred at Amduscia, where they ultimately decide to kill him as an act of mercy. Haddred shares parting words with Quna prior to his death.

EPISODE 2
The player and Xion are approached by Luther, the founder of ARKS and the last remaining Photoner, who desires to gain omniscience by absorbing Xion. Following a preliminary expedition to the planet Wopal, the player is approached by Sara, Maria's apprentice, who leads the player to Xiao, a version of Xion from an alternate universe. Xiao bestows the power of time travel to the player and sends them back in time to rescue Zeno and ARKS operative Ulc to thwart Luther's plans.

Xion is revealed to be the Mothership's core and sends the player and Matoi to rescue her from Luther. During the expedition, Xion reveals that Matoi is the true wielder of the mysterious weapon, the Clarissa. Luther successfully absorbs Xion and gains omniscience, but is defeated by the heroes. Luther's anger over his defeat causes him to transform into Dark Falz [Loser] and take over the Mothership, but Xiao intervenes and summons a Mothership from an alternate timeline, saving ARKS from imminent peril. Xion dies helping the heroes escape.

Xiao sends the player ten years into the past to meet Klariskrays II, a member of the Council of Six and Matoi's former identity. Luther helps an older version of Dark Falz [Apprentice] attack an ARKS Ship. Klariskrays II confronts [Apprentice], but is defeated. However, [Persona] (disguised as the player) defeats [Apprentice] and saves Klariskrays II, only to impale her, causing Klariskrays II to transform into a Dark Falz. The player arrives to discover that [Persona] is the player from an alternate timeline, and defeats [Persona]. The player uses the Clarissa to purify Klariskrays II while sending her ten years into the future as Matoi.

EPISODE 3
Xiao sends the player and Matoi to the planet Harkotan to stop the efforts of Dark Falz [Double], who are consuming planets for an unknown reason. They meet the Ash Shrine Maiden, Sukunahime, a physical goddess investigating the war brewing on the planet. [Double] attacks the heroes and reveals that the true purpose of the Dark Falzes is to revive the [Profound Darkness], a failed clone of Xion corrupted by the Photoners that had to be sealed away; the fight between the Photoners and the [Profound Darkness] caused the Photoners to lose their ability to use Photons, prompting them to create ARKS in their place.

After escaping a trap meant for Sukunahime from [Double], the player and Matoi confront them in the Black Territory's throne room at Harkotan and defeat them, but [Double] fires a payload of corrupted Photons in a last ditch effort. The player takes the hit to save Matoi, but Matoi, unwilling to see the player become the [Profound Darkness], absorbs the corrupted Photons, becoming the [Profound Darkness]. [Persona] appears and steals the Clarissa that Matoi had left behind.

The player travels to Naberius at [Persona]'s request, where [Persona] offers to ally with the player to kill Matoi. The player agrees to help [Persona], and they travel to the Corrupted Area within Naberius to confront Matoi. [Persona] sacrifices itself to allow the player to kill Matoi, but the action causes the player to transform into a new [Persona].

With the help of the Matter Board, the player discovers a new fate, and declines the offer to help [Persona]. Confronting Matoi alone, the player defeats her, but Matoi attempts to kill herself with a massive payload of corrupted Photons. The player takes the hit for Matoi, but [Persona] uses the Clarissa to transfer the attack to itself, causing them to become the [Profound Darkness] in Matoi's place. ARKS proceeds to wage war on the [Profound Darkness] and manages to defeat it.

EPISODE 4
Four years after the events of EPISODE 3, which is set 1 year after the events of Phantasy Star Online 2 The Animation and 6 years after the events of Phantasy Star Online 2 On Stage, the player is revived from stasis by the operator Xiera to accompany a new recruit named Hitsugi, a young boy, who is suspected to have ties to an internal invasion of fake ARKS. During the mission, Hitsugi is attacked by a mysterious black mass; the player attempts to purify Hitsugi, but Hitsugi disappears prematurely. "Hitsugi" is revealed to be a high school girl from planet Earth playing the video game Phantasy Star Online 2. She finds a strange boy in her room with the appearance of her in-game avatar, and names him Aru.

The player is subsequently sent to investigate Earth. Through trans-dimensional video feeds, it is discovered that Earth uses a parallel mutation of Photons called Ether that is primarily used as a method of high-speed data transmission, but also resonates with the emotions and fears of the general public to create monsters called Phantoms. The company ESC-A, who created Phantasy Star Online 2, is actually a front for a mysterious organization of Ether-sensitives known as Mother Cluster. Opposing them is the Earth Guides, Ether-sensitives lead by Ardem S. Sacred who fight back against Mother Cluster's Phantoms.

The player, Hitsugi, and Hitsugi's brother Enga travel around the world to suppress Mother Cluster's efforts. During an attack on Las Vegas, Hitsgui is killed; this triggers Aru's Dark Falz powers to awaken, and he revives Hitsugi, who is captured and taken to Mother Cluster's home base on the Moon. Enga and the player rescue Hitsugi, but realize they were tricked into leaving the ARKS Ship unguarded, and Mother Cluster attacks it. The player uses Ether to return to the Ship with Hitsugi to defend it. Hitsugi awakens her full Ether potential and gains her Embodied Weapon "Ame-no-Murakumo"; she attempts to protect Aru from Mother Cluster's leader, Mother, but Mother absorbs Aru and escapes.

The heroes chase Mother back to the Moon base, where she reveals that she is a failed Xion clone discarded by the Photoners and seeks vengeance against them. The heroes defeat Mother, causing her and Aru to separate, and she is redeemed by the heroes. However, Ardem suddenly appears and kills Mother, absorbing her power. Ardem reveals that he intends to usher in the next stage of humanity's evolution with Ether, and summons the World Tree Yggdrasil while assuming a god-like form called Deus ESC-A. The heroes confront Deus ESC-A, who banishes the player back to the Oracle dimension and strips the heroes of their Ether powers. Aru is revealed to have Mother's essence left within him, which she uses to take control of Aru and return to Yggdrasil with the player, restoring the heroes' Ether powers. The heroes defeat Deus ESC-A, who reverts to Ardem and realizes the error of his ways before his death.

EPISODE 5
The player and Matoi are recruited by Xiao to defeat the [Profound Darkness] by destroying its host, [Persona]. During the attempt, the player uses a copy of the Ame-no-Murakumo against it, causing it to grab the player and transport them to an alternate dimension, where they meet a young girl. After rescuing her, the player is sent home and approached by Alma, the human host for the first Klariskrays, who informs them of a strange black hole containing an alternate dimension known as "Omega". Alma uses her ability to stop time to send the player back to Omega.

In Omega, the player reunites with the girl, who introduces herself as Harriet. Omega has become overrun with a substance called Ephemera, which is discovered to be a form of the [Profound Darkness]'s corruption. The player, assumed to be the chosen one from a prophecy, agrees to help Harriet free Omega from the power of Ephemera.

The player and Harriet travel across Omega, putting a stop to Ephemera-based schemes. In each of Omega's four countries, the heroes encounter a host of a Dark Falz and defeat them, with the player absorbing the host's consciousness and some of their powers. They are also repeatedly accosted by Elmir, who appears to be forcing the hosts to become Dark Falz. After all four Falzes are defeated, Elmir is revealed to be the successor of [Persona] and tricked the heroes into defeating the Falzes so their essences could be absorbed by Omega, revealed to be an incarnation of the [Profound Darkness]. Elmir kidnaps Harriet and intends to use her to destroy the outside dimensions, sealing her in a giant flower. The player advances to the flower's interior, where they confront and defeat Elmir once and for all. Harriet is saved and is deemed the new goddess of Omega.

After the black hole closes, Xiao sends the player to get a medical checkup, but they are intercepted by Shiva, a Photoner who used the black hole's power to return to life. Shiva defeats the player and other powerful ARKS members in battle, but is interrupted by Harriet, who has been reincarnated in the form of a weapon. Shiva vows to return and escapes.

EPISODE 6
Shiva and her cohorts, Valna and Mithra, attack Oracle's Mothership and take it over, gravely wounding Xiao. Xiao leaves a fragment of himself with Sara and sends her to Amduscia, where they revive him by combining his fragment with a dormant failed Xion clone named Kashina. While searching for ways to defeat Shiva, the heroes travel to Harkotan and enlist Sukunahime's help. They are successful in trapping Shiva, but it is revealed that Mithra took Shiva's place in the trap and dies in the ensuing fight.

Development

According to Sega COO Naoya Tsurumi, Phantasy Star Online 2 took over five years to develop. Sega "pulled out all the stops", believing the game to be a crucial entry point into the growing free-to-play market on multiple devices. A cross-platform strategy involving PC, handhelds, and smartphones was made possible by the sharing of cloud data. Moreover, Tsurumi stated that the game would serve as a model for other intellectual properties as part of Sega's broader strategy "to further develop the whole of Asia as a single market."

On February 5, 2011, at the Phantasy Star Portable 2 Infinity Nationwide Fan Thanks Festival 2011 in Japan, Sega announced that the alpha test for Phantasy Star Online 2 would begin in the summer. They stated "Entry into the test will not be open; instead, all participants will be selected by lottery. And your first chance at putting your name into the drawing will be by purchasing Phantasy Star Portable 2 Infinity." On February 7, Sega listed alternate ways for users to enter into the lottery on the PSO2 website. On March 9, 2012, Sony announced that Phantasy Star Online 2 would also be released on the PS Vita. On March 26, it was announced that the game would also appear on iOS and Android.

Open beta began on June 21, 2012, as free-to-play. Open beta ended on July 2, 2012, in preparation for release on July 4, 2012. Characters created by players during open beta were carried over to the live servers.

EPISODE2 of Phantasy Star Online 2 launched on July 17, 2013, which introduced the new Dewman race and the Braver class. EPISODE3 launched on August 27, 2014, which introduced the new Bouncer class and Casino, new skills for every class, new items, a new planet, and new quests. Reborn:EPISODE4 was released on January 27, 2016, and the main theme was revealed to be 'new experience'. It introduced even more advanced customization features, a new planet (Earth), and the brand-new Summoner class.

Release

The game was launched in Japan on July 3, 2012. The game was free to download and free-to-play, with an optional real money to in-game currency feature known as the "ARKS Cash" system. Sega also has released a retail version of the game on September 13, 2012 along with an installation disc bundled with extra bonuses and in-game items.

Southeast Asia release
Asiasoft, an MMORPG publisher released Phantasy Star Online 2 in Southeast Asia. The game was fully translated to English with huge changes to its menu, items and classes name. This is mainly to make the game much easier to understand for newcomers to the series. They also released a Thai language version of the game for Thailand players only. The closed beta for it began on April 10, 2014, with the official launch on May 29, 2014. Asiasoft announced they would also distribute Episode 2, which was released on March 5, 2015.

However On April 5, 2017, Asiasoft announced they would end servicing Phantasy Star Online 2 to Southeast Asia countries on May 26, 2017.

There's also a Chinese version released in Taiwan, which also lasted 3 years before the server closed in early 2017.

Western release
On July 9, 2012 SEGA announced plans to release the game in the west as early as 2013, and English players were given a teaser of an English version of the game during the Penny Arcade Expo in Seattle, Washington on August 31, 2012. However, the game was delayed until further notice.

The western release may have been cancelled in the later half of 2013. In November 2017, the English website for the game was taken down.

On June 9th 2019, a North American release was announced at Microsoft's E3 press conference, launching in the Spring of 2020, with no current plans for a release in Europe, Middle East and Africa. The game will feature cross-play between Xbox One and PC.. In February of 2020, a closed BETA test was performed for the game available only to Xbox One players.

The Western release will feature dual audio support with English and Japanese voiceovers, along with brand new English versions of the tracks that are sung by Quna (voiced in Japanese by Eri Kitamura and in English by Kayli Mills). The western version also supports Japanese UI text.

Anime adaptation

An anime television series adaptation based on the game aired on TBS from January to March 2016. The adaptation was directed by Keiichiro Kawaguchi at Telecom Animation Film, with scripts written by Mitsutaka Hirota and music composed by Takashi Ōmama. The story is set one year prior to the events of EPISODE 4 and five years after the events of Phantasy Star Online 2 On Stage.

The opening theme is "Zessei Stargate" (絶世スターゲイト; Matchless Stargate) by Shouta Aoi, and the ending theme is performed by Rina Izumi (Ayaka Suwa) and Aika Suzuki (M.A.O).

The anime was licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America, and was simulcast by Crunchyroll.

A new anime television series titled Phantasy Star Online 2: Episode Oracle has been announced and premiered on October 7, 2019 on Tokyo MX and BS11.  The new series will recompile the story of "Episodes 1-3" of the original game, and will also include an original story.  The 25-episode television series is directed by Masaki Tachibana at Gonzo, with scripts written by Hiroshi Ōnogi, Shigeru Morita, and Bunsei Asanuma, and characters designed by Shinpei Koikawa.

The new series' opening theme is "Destiny" by Aimee Blackschleger, and the new series' ending theme is "Timeless Fortune" by Mika Arisaka.

Phantasy Star Online 2 The Animation (2016)

Reception

Registered users for the game exceeded 2.5 million in March 2013. By August 2015, the game had over 3.5 million registered users. As of September 2016, the game has over 4.5 million users. Sega confirmed in 2018 that the PlayStation Vita version had 1.5 million downloads.

Famitsu gave the game a score of 33 out of 40. The game won the Rookie of the Year 2012 WebMoney Award.

Sega released Phantasy Star Nova in 2014. The game shares similar elements to and is set in the same world as Phantasy Star Online 2, and is also part of the Online series. A novelisation, Phantasy Star Online 2 Side Story, began on June 15, 2014.

References

External links

Category:2012 video games
Category:Android (operating system) games
Category:Free-to-play video games
Category:Gonzo (company)
Category:IOS games
Category:Japan-exclusive video games
Category:Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Category:Nintendo Switch eShop games
Category:Phantasy Star video games
Category:PlayStation 4 games
Category:PlayStation Vita games
Category:Science-fiction MMORPGs
Category:Sega video games
Category:Sentai Filmworks
Category:Third-person shooters
Category:TMS Entertainment
Category:Video games developed in Japan
Category:Video games with cross-platform play
Category:Windows games


Chandrakant Sakure

Chandrakant Sakure (born 9 July 1990) is an Indian cricketer who played for Madhya Pradesh. On 3 February 2016 he made his first-class debut in the 2015–16 Ranji Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut for Madhya Pradesh in the 2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament on 3 February 2017.

He was the leading wicket-taker for Madhya Pradesh in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy, with twelve dismissals in five matches.

Ahead of the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy, he transferred from Madhya Pradesh to Railways.

References

External links

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian cricketers
Category:Madhya Pradesh cricketers
Category:Railways cricketers
Category:People from Seoni district


Biotin—(methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase) ligase

In enzymology, a biotin-[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase] ligase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + biotin + apo-[methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase]  AMP + diphosphate + [methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase]

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, biotin, and [[apo-[methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase]]], whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase.

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming generic carbon-nitrogen bonds.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is biotin:apo[methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase] ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include biotin-[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase] synthetase, biotin-methylmalonyl coenzyme A carboxyltransferase synthetase, biotin-transcarboxylase synthetase, methylmalonyl coenzyme A holotranscarboxylase synthetase, biotin-[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase] ligase, biotin:apo[methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxyltransferase] ligase, and (AMP-forming).  This enzyme participates in biotin metabolism.

References

Category:EC 6.3.4
Category:Enzymes of unknown structure


Raed

Raed (; Arabic: , ) is an Arabic male name, meaning leader or pioneer.

Given name
 Raed Arafat (born 1964), Syrian-born physician of Palestinian descent and Romanian citizenship
 Raed Elhamali, Libyan-American basketball player
 Raed Jarrar, Iraqi-born architect, blogger, and political advocate
 Ra'ed Al-Nawateer, Jordanian footballer
 Raed Salah, Israeli politician
 Raed Zidan, first Palestinian man to Summit Mount Everest, first Palestinian man to complete the Seven Summits

Category:Arabic masculine given names


Lacistema robustum

Lacistema robustum is a species of plant in the Lacistemataceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.

References

External links
 Lacistemataceae Holistic Database @ www.lacistemataceae.org

Category:Endemic flora of Brazil
Category:Lacistemataceae
Category:Least concern plants
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


N8 road (Ireland)

The N8 road is a national primary road in Ireland, connecting Cork with Dublin via the M7. The road is motorway standard from junction 19 on the M7 to the Dunkettle interchange outside Cork City and is designated as the M8 motorway. From here the route continues into Cork city and terminates at the N22 road at St. Patrick's Street. The M8 motorway was completed in May 2010, replacing the single carriageway sections of the old N8 and bypassing towns on the main Cork to Dublin road. It is now possible to travel from Cork to Dublin on the M/N8 in about 2 hours 30 minutes. The route commences just south of Portlaoise, and reaches Cork via the midlands and the Golden Vale of Ireland, through Counties Laois, Kilkenny, Tipperary, Limerick and Cork. The N8 is further classified by the United Nations as the entirety of the (partially signed) European route E 201 (formerly E200).

Route from County Laois to Cork City

Junction 19 on the N7 route (M7 motorway from Naas to past Portlaoise) at Aghaboe marks the start of the N8 (see thumbnails). From here it proceeds southwards, passing under the R434 and R433 roads until it runs parallel to the single-carriageway R639 road, bypassing Abbeyleix, Durrow, Cullahill, Johnstown, Urlingford, Littleton, Horse and Jockey, Cashel, New Inn, Cahir, Skeheenarinky, Kilbeheny, Mitchelstown, Kilworth Mountain, Fermoy, Rathcormac, Watergrasshill and Glanmire. Originally the N8 route passed through all of these towns as a single carriageway however a series of projects as part of the transport 21 road infrastructural project saw all of these towns bypassed and the route replaced with motorway. The M8 motorway ends at the Dunkettle interchange however the N8 route continues into Cork city as the Lower Glanmire Road, Water Street, Horgan's Quay, Penrose Quay, Brian Boru Bridge and Merchant's Quay (and the route returns via St. Patrick's Bridge, Bridge Street and McCurtain Street). The N8 ends where it meets the N22 at St. Patrick's Street. Following completion of the M8 the old N8 has been redesignated as the N77 from Durrow to Portlaoise.

Map of Route
 Route of N8 overlaid on Google Maps

History of the Dublin to Cork road

18th and 19th centuries
In the 17th, 18th, and early- to mid-19th centuries, and probably earlier still, horse-drawn Dublin-Cork traffic travelled via Kilcullen, Carlow, Kilkenny, Clonmel, Ardfinnan, Clogheen, Ballyporeen, Kilworth, Fermoy and Rathcormac. Much of the N8/R639 route was built to connect the midlands to southern Tipperary and north County Cork as part of the Irish turnpike road-building drive of the mid-18th century. However, some sections are much older, such as the segments between Cork and Fermoy, Cashel and Cahir and Durrow to Abbeyleix; the construction of these particular stretches cannot as yet be dated, though they were in place prior to 1714. The N8/R639 between Fermoy and Cahir via Mitchelstown was built sometime after 1811, while the R639/former N8 between Cashel and Urlingford was built around 1739. At the same time, the route from Urlingford to Maryboro (modern-day Portlaoise) was substantially improved. In 1782 an unnamed English tourist in Ireland, known to historians as "X.Z.", gave a brief description of the route between Cashel and Urlingford: "From Cashel we rode fifteen miles of a bad road, through a bleak country to Urlingford, when we enter Leinster province. The country now becomes more populous, better improved, and the roads much more agreeable for travelling."

20th and 21st centuries

Some time after 1811 the gaps in the R639 between Fermoy and Cahir were filled, but the traditional route, known for much of the 20th century as the T6, continued to run from Cahir to Dublin via Clonmel, Kilkenny and Carlow. The R639/N8 corridor did not become the official Dublin to Cork road until 1974 when it was designated as the N8, though several Esso road atlases considered it to be the preferred route for motorists travelling between the two cities from at least the early 1960s.

The N8 was improved at various times during the 1970s through to the early years of the 21st century. Improvement projects carried out on the road during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s involved periodic widening, resurfacing and the replacement of signposts. The first major improvement work carried out on the N8, post designation, involved the construction of a 4 km single carriageway bypass south-west of Cahir in County Tipperary. This opened to traffic in 1991, and remained the N8 until the M8 motorway was completed through South Tipperary on 25 July 2008.

The 1991 N8 Cahir Bypass was then renumbered as part of the N24, and was simultaneously designated as the R639. (The original route of the N8 through Cahir town was redesignated a regional road in 1991, and was renumbered as part of the R670).

The next major improvement entailed a realignment of the road so that it bypassed the village of Glanmire for 6 km to the east. This dual carriageway bypass, referred to in official documentation as the "Glanmire Bypass", cost £35 million and opened on 3 April 1992 after a construction period of almost seven years. In spring 2001, attention was turned to Watergrasshill in County Cork. For many years regarded as a serious bottleneck on the N8, a wide median 7 km dual carriageway bypass was constructed and opened to traffic in September 2003 as the N8, with the former road through Watergrasshill becoming the R639.
In 2004, the N8 through Cashel in County Tipperary was realigned with a narrow-median dual carriageway bypass to the east of that town. Again, the former N8 through Cashel was redesignated a regional road, and renumbered the R639. In July 2006, a circuitous and oft-criticized single carriageway relief road for Mitchelstown was opened to traffic around the west of the town.
Ultimately, the N8 Cashel bypass was itself reclassified as part of the M8 motorway in July 2008. The changes took effect on 24 September 2008. Shortly prior to this, in October 2007, the section of N8 between Cashel and Cahir was bypassed by an early-opening segment of the now M8 motorway between junctions 9 and 10 and, for a 10-month period, this 13 km section of high-quality dual carriageway was designated a section of the N8 (the former single carriageway became the R639). On 25 July 2008 the section of single carriageway N8 between Cahir and Kilbehenny was also superseded by the new motorway, and this too was renumbered as the R639. This, in turn, was followed on 8 December 2008 by the length of road from Cashel to 2 km south of Cullahill in County Laois. In the meantime, the Watergrasshill to Fermoy section of the M8 had opened in October 2006.

The Fermoy to Mitchelstown section of the M8 opened on 25 May 2009. The former single carriageway N8 that ran between these towns was then reclassified, for the most part, as the R639 except for a section of the Mitchelstown Relief Road which became a part of the N73 national secondary route.

Summary of Major Route Improvements

See also
 M8 motorway (Ireland)
 Roads in Ireland
 Motorways in Ireland
 National secondary road
 Regional road
 History of Roads in Ireland
 Trunk Roads in Ireland
 Jack Lynch Tunnel
 Transport Infrastructure Ireland

References

External links
 Roads Act 1993 (Classification of National Roads) Order 2006 – Department of Transport
 Cullahill to Portlaoise Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
 Mitchelstown to Fermoy EIS
 SABRE E201 Wiki article

08
Category:Roads in County Laois
Category:Roads in County Cork


Haken

Haken may refer to:

 Haken (band), an English progressive metal band
 Haken (employment), a type of labor contract in Japan
 Haken manifold, a type of 3-manifold named after Wolfgang Haken
 Eduard Haken (1910–1996), Czech operatic bass
 Hermann Haken (born 1927), physicist known for his contributions to laser theory and Synergetics
 Rianne ten Haken (born 1986), Dutch model
 Wolfgang Haken (born 1928), German mathematician
 Shiluach haken, a mitzvah in the Torah


When the Angels Sing

"When the Angels Sing" is a song recorded by German pop group No Angels. It was written by Peter Ries and Charlemaine Thomas-Schmidtner and produced by the former for the band's debut studio album, Elle'ments (2001). A midtempo pop ballad, "When the Angels Sind" features a cascading piano arrangement and dominant drum pattern. Lyrically, it finds the group, as the protagonists, thinking deeply over their relationship with their love interests from whom they parted, still pining for them.

A slightly remixed version of the song was picked as the album's fourth and final single on a double A-side with a cover version of Donovan's 1968 song "Atlantis", the theme song for Walt Disney's animated feature Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001). Released on November 19, 2001 in German-speaking Europe, the single peaked at number five on the Austrian and German Singles Chart, also reaching number 16 in Switzerland. The music video for "When the Angels Sing" features one of the group's live performances of the song during their Rivers of Joy Tour in fall 2001, intercut by backstage footage of the band.

Background
"When the Angels Sing" was written by frequent No Angels collaborator, German musician Peter Ries, and singer-songwriter Charlemaine Thomas-Schmidtner. Ries also oversaw production for Cheyenne Media. All music was recorded and mixed by Ries at D-2-P Studios in New York City, New York. Mike "Spike" Streefkerk, Trevor Hurst and their assistant recording engineer Stuart Jones assisted him with the recording of the vocals at the Park Studios in Tutzing at Lake Starnberg, while Popstars coach Robert Bicknell served as the vocal coach during recording. Ossi Schaller played the guitar, with Ulf Zwerger assisting in its audio engineering, while Dirk Kurock and Trevor Hurst served as Pro Tools editors.

Release and reception
"When the Angels Sing" was one tracks the group performed at their first official press conference at the Parkcafé in Munich on January 9, 2001. It was eventually selected as the album's fourth and final single along with group's collaboration with Scottish singer Donovan on their rendition of his 1968 song "Atlantis", the theme song for Walt Disney's animated feature Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001). Physical CD singles of the double-A single were released on November 19, 2001 by Cheyenne Records. The maxi single includes three new remixes of the song, including a remixed single version, and two versions of the "Atlantis" song.

Upon its release, "When the Angels Sing"/"Atlantis" debuted at number five on the German Singles Chart in the week of December 3, 2001. It spent six weeks within the top ten and fell out of the chart in the 14th weeks, becoming the 79th highest-selling single of 2001 in Germany. In Austria, the double-A single debuted at number ten on the Ö3 Austria Top 40. It peaked at number five in its third week and spent four more weeks within the top ten, leaving the top 75 after 14 weeks. In Switzerland, "When the Angels Sing"/"Atlantis" entered the Swiss Hitparade at number 56 in the week of December 2. It reached its peak, number 16, in its second week, becoming the band's first single to miss the top ten. It fell out of the top 100 after twelve weeks on the chart.

Music video
The accompanying music video for "When the Angels Sing" was directed by Stefan Klotz for DoRo Productions. It features one of the group's live performances of the song during their Rivers of Joy Tour in fall 2001, intercut by backstage footage of the band.

Track listings

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Elle'ments.

Nadja Benaissa – vocals
Lucy Diakovska – vocals
Sandy Mölling – vocals

Vanessa Petruo – vocals
Leslie Mándoki – production, drums, percussion
Jessica Wahls – vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

Category:2001 singles
Category:No Angels songs
Category:2001 songs
Category:Polydor Records singles
Category:Songs written by Peter Ries


Jangal, Khash

Jangal (; also known as Jangalak) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 25, in 6 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Khash County


Gaby Papenburg

Gaby Papenburg (born 27 February 1960 in Walsrode) is a German sport television reporter and television presenter.

Life
Papenburg studied in Bonn and in Hamburg Comparative literature. In Germany, Papenburg works as a television presenter on broadcaster SAT1. Papenburg is married and has two sons.

External links
 Gaby Papenburg on sat1.de
 Management by Gaby Papenburg: H&S Medienservice, Hamburg

References

Category:German television presenters
Category:German sports journalists
Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sat.1 people


Birgit Fladager

Birgit Fladager is the current incumbent District Attorney of Stanislaus County, California. She was elected in June, 2006 and re-elected in 2010 and 2014. In each of those years, she got more than 50% of the vote in the primary election. She did not in 2018 and is running against Deputy District Attorney John R. Mayne in the general election.

Early life

Career
Birgit Fladager is the first elected female district attorney of Stanislaus County, California. One of Fladager's earliest national appearances was on an episode of Forensic Files about the murder of a teenage girl by her stepfather Douglas Mouser. Fladager was the deputy district attorney on the Douglas Mouser case and helped convict him.

Fladager made national headlines as one of the attorneys on prosecution team for Scott Peterson, who was convicted in 2004 for murdering his pregnant wife, Laci Peterson. Fladager was later in the news again for not retrying corruption charages against the Modesto mayor Carmen Sabatino (in 2006) and saying she would retry George Souliotes for murder in 2013, before settling the case for involuntary manslaughter.

Fladager was found to have not committed retaliation against former prosecutor Douglas Maner (Fladager's former employee).
During depositions in that case, Fladager admitted reducing a prosecutor's suspension for driving under the influence from 45 days to 10 days and said the public was unlikely to ever find out about the change in discipline. In 2018, there was controversy about an admission that Fladager made when saying that she did not want senior attorneys to tell rookie attorneys that the defendants they were prosecuting were innocent, even when true.

Frank Carson Case
Prominent Modesto attorney Frank Carson and many others were arrested in August 2015 for the murder of Korey Kaufman, believed to be a petty thief who stole from Carson.

Carson ran against Fladager for District Attorney in 2014. A preliminary hearing went 18 months, breaking the record for preliminary hearing length. The record was formerly held by the McMartin Preschool case.

Charged Defendants and outcomes as of October 18, 2018:

Frank Carson: Charged with first degree murder with special circumstance of lying in wait, conspiracy to commit obstruction of justice, . Released on own recognizance due to evidence handling failures. Currently on trial for murder.

Georgia DeFelippo, Carson's wife: Charged with first degree murder with special circumstance of lying in wait. Case was thrown out by court for lack of probable cause in 2017. Has made a claim for vindictive prosecution.

Christina DeFelippo, Carson's wife's daughter: Charged with first degree murder with special circumstances of lying in wait. Case was thrown out by court for lack of probable cause in 2017. She has made a claim for vindictive prosecution against Stanislaus County.

CHP Officer Walter Wells: Charged with first degree murder with special circumstances of lying in wait and conspiracy to obstruct justice. Murder charge was thrown out by court for lack of probable cause in 2017. Currently set for October 19, 2018 to set trial

Daljit Atwal: Charged with first degree murder with special circumstance of lying in wait, conspiracy to commit obstruction of justice. Released on own recognizance due to evidence handling failures. Currently on trial.

Baljit Atwal: Charged with first degree murder with special circumstances of lying in wait, as well as conspiracy to commit obstruction of justice. Released on own recognizance due to evidence handling failures. Currently on trial.

Robert Lee Woody: Confessed killer of Kauffman. He was initially the only person charged with murder. He made a plea agreement with prosecutors that he would receive seven years four months in prison to testify against the others.

Charged with lesser crimes:

Eduardo Quintanar, CHP officer: Charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice and accessory to murder. Case thrown out by judge for lack of probable cause.

Scott McFarlane, CHP officer: Charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice and accessory to murder. Case was thrown out by judge for lack of probable cause, prosecution refiled case. Case is still pending.

Most recent results:

Georgia DeFilippo not held to answer in preliminary hearing had paid $450,000 cash in bail money to get out of jail.

Christine DeFilippo not held to answer in the preliminary hearing.

Eduardo Quntanar not held to answer in preliminary hearing.

Frank Carson acquitted of all charges after an 18 month trial and the jury deliberated less than two days.

Bobby Atwal acquitted of all charges after an 18 month trial and the jury deliberated less two days.

Daljit Atwal acquitted after an 18 month trial and the jury deliberated less than two days.

Scott McFarlane had his charges dropped for the second time thus ending any of his cases.

Walter Wells still facing charges of conspiracy in a crime that the jury acquitted above.

Charges dismissed against Walter Wells on 12/27/2019. No remaining defendants and no convictions. (Source dawgonnit.com)

Electoral history

Stanislaus County, California District Attorney

In 2018, Fladager was challenged by Mayne, Patrick Kolasinski, and Stephen O'Connor in the District Attorney race. Fladager and Mayne are in a runoff.

References

External links
Official District Attorney biography
Official campaign web site

Category:District attorneys in California
Category:Living people
Category:California local politicians
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Autistica

Autistica is a UK charity engaged in funding and campaigning for research on autism and related conditions. Their research strategy for 2017–18 is focused on research to improve understanding and support for mental health, physical health, language and epilepsy in autism.

Autistica was founded in 2004 by entrepreneur and philanthropist Dame Stephanie Shirley. They initially operated as a UK partner to the US charity Autism Speaks. The link with the US parent was severed from 1 January 2010. Autistica is registered in and operates throughout England and Wales.

The mission and goals of Autistica are distinct from those of the UK-based National Autistic Society (NAS). While Autistica concentrates its efforts on research into the causes and treatments of autism, with a view to reduce the age of diagnosis, provide effective, evidence-based treatments for people with ASD, particularly co-occurring problems, including epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and severe maladaptive behaviours (SMB) and researching autism and ageing, the NAS focuses on the service needs of autistic individuals.

About Autistica
Autistica funds medical research to understand the causes of autism, improve diagnosis, and develop new treatments and interventions. They are the UK’s leading autism medical research charity.

Their current scientific priorities are to:

 Bring down the average age of diagnosis and develop early interventions that can improve the outlook for individuals with autism.
 Improve the quality of life for young people and adults with autism by understanding the additional physical and mental health issues that many individuals experience and ensure the development of effective treatments.
 Support adults with autism through improving our understanding of how autism changes over the lifespan and making sure that adult specific needs are addressed.

Funding policy
Autistica uses a peer review process to make sure that the science they fund is of the highest quality. They are members of the Association of Medical Research Charities (AMRC) which reflects the rigour of their funding process. Final funding decisions are made with the guidance of Autistica’s Scientific Review Panel made up of top UK and international researchers.

Fundraising
In 2009, Autistica provided a total of £940,000 to its beneficiaries in autism research.

Notable members and participants
 Professor Sir Michael Rutter
 Stephanie Shirley
 Michael Fitzpatrick
 Bridget Ogilvie

References

External links
 Autistica web site

Category:Autism-related organisations in the United Kingdom
Category:2004 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:Organizations established in 2004
Category:Charities for disabled people based in the United Kingdom


Marko Pyykönen

Marko Pyykönen (born 30 September 1989) is a Finnish male badminton player.

Achievements

BWF International Challenge/Series
Men's Doubles

Mixed Doubles

 BWF International Challenge tournament
 BWF International Series tournament
 BWF Future Series tournament

References

External links

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Finnish male badminton players


Monastery of Serra do Pilar

The Monastery of Serra do Pilar is a former monastery located in Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal, on the opposite side of the Douro River from Porto.  The monastery is situated on an outcrop overlooking the Dom Luís I Bridge and the historic centre of Porto.  Together with these locations, the monastery was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.  The monastery is notable for its church and cloister, both of which are circular.

Site
The Monastery of Serra do Pilar is located in the parish of Santa Marinha e São Pedro da Afurada in the historic centre of Vila Nova de Gaia.  The monastery is prominently situated high above the Doura and can be accessed by Jardim do Morro Station on the Porto Metro's D Line.

History

Construction of the first monastery at the site began in 1538 by the Order of St. Augustine.  The initiative dates back to 1527 under the orders of João III to serve as a larger monastic residence for monks from the , in Grijó, which had been in a state of deterioration.  The original monastery was completed in 1564 and the cloisters were finished in 1583.  The first monastery was quickly rendered obsolete as the facilities were too small for the number of monks in residence.  In 1597, work began on the new church and the monastery was slowly updated in phases over the next several decades.  The new circular church was inaugurated on July 17, 1672 and the final phases of the monastery were completed by the end of the 17th century.

Serra do Pilar's military importance first became evidenced during the Peninsular War when it was used by General Arthur Wellesley to launch a surprise attack on the French across the Douro and retake Porto.  The monastery's prominent location acted as the only Liberal stronghold on the south side of the Douro during the Siege of Porto.  The monastery was fortified over the course of the 19th century to take advantage of its strategic location.  In 1910 the site was declared a National Monument of Portugal.  Reconstruction of portions of the monastery that had been destroyed by successive wars began in 1927.  In 1947 some of the monastery grounds were converted into a military barracks which remains on the site to this day.  Since the late 20th century the monastery and grounds have been open to the public and the church continues to hold Sunday Mass.  The monastery was included in the 1996 UNESCO World Heritage Site designation of Porto's historic centre.

Architecture
The Monastery of Serra do Pilar's unique design is influenced by Renaissance and Mannerist elements.  The church and cloister are both circular with identical diameters.  The church in the west and the cloister in the east are separated by a rectangular choir and chapel.  The north wing of the monastery houses the bell tower and dormitories and the south wing houses the sacristy and refectory.

The -tall church is the most visible structure of the monastery, dominating the skyline on the south side of the Douro and towering over the -tall bell tower.  The Church of Serra do Pilar is one of a number of round churches in Western Europe.

Gallery

References

Category:Christian monasteries in Portugal
Category:Vila Nova de Gaia
Category:Round churches
Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1672
Category:World Heritage Sites in Portugal
Category:Former Christian monasteries
Category:Roman Catholic monasteries in Portugal
Category:National monuments in Portugal


Caroline Ruhnau

Caroline Ruhnau (born 16 October 1984) is a German swimmer. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 100 m breaststroke, but failed to reach the final. She won this event at the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2009. She also won two bronze medals at European long-course championships in 2010 and 2012.

Her younger sister Alice is also a breaststroke swimmer. She swam on the next lane to Caroline at the Olympic trials in 2012.

References

External links

 Caroline Ruhnau. schwimmen.dsv.de
 Caroline Ruhnau. deutsche-olympiamannschaft.de

Category:German female swimmers
Category:Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic swimmers of Germany
Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming


Roshven

Roshven () is a township located on the eastern shoreline of Loch Ailort, in Lochaber, in the council area of Highland, Scotland. Towering above it is Rois-bheinn, the highest hill in the area.

History

Historically, the hamlet was named Irin. Ranald Macdonald, younger brother of Donald Macdonald 4th of Kinlochmoidart, was granted the tack of Irin from Clanranald in 1749. According to the 1841 census, the main house by the burn was occupied by a Mary Anderson, originally from Kinlochailort. In 1854, Jemima Blackburn, an artist, and her husband, Hugh Blackburn, Professor of mathematics at Glasgow University, bought the Roshven Estate, presumably from Anderson. Blackburn was noted for capturing the area's scenery, flora and fauna in her nationally famous illustrations. She was particularly adept at painting birds and flowers. Roshven Estate covered some 4500 acres. They subsequently renovated the Georgian house in the hamlet. Their homes in Glasgow and at Roshven became a focus for visits from some of the most celebrated figures of the century including John Ruskin, Sir John Everet Millais, Anthony Trollope, the Duke of Argyll, Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Lister, Professor Helmholtz, Lord Kelvin and James Clerk-Maxwell, Jemima's first cousin.

On 12 January 1894, around 11.50 pm, the aftershock of an earthquake measuring 4 on the Richter scale was experienced at Roshven and the settlements of Arisaig and Glenmoidart.

Geography and climate

Roshven is situated in the Highlands of Scotland, in the area of Lochaber. It lies on the southeastern bank of Loch Ailort along the A861 road, southwest of the settlement of Inverailort and east of Glenuig. Boats can be moored in shallow water on the Loch near Roshven House. At one time there were plans to build a terminal and a pier at Roshven. The area is mountainous, Rois-Bheinn being the highest and most dominant mountain, although Roshven is surrounded by other mountains such as An Stac, Sgurr Na Ba Glaise and Sgurr Dhomhuill Mor. The largest burn that comes through Roshven is the Irin Burn which originates in Lochan na Craoihhe and runs down past Roshven Farm.  Its estuary is located on the shore in front of the farm.

Roshven has quite a varied and unpredictable climate. Fort William which is located around 30 miles away experiences on average 3500-4500mm of rainfall every year. It experiences warm and wet summers and mild and wet winters. Snow is not very frequent because Roshven, like much of Lochaber, is subject to warm, moist air from the Gulf Stream.
According to the Royal Meteorological Society, one of the descendants of Hugh and Jemima Blackburn, Vera Philippa Blackburn (widow of William) who died in 1932, was keen on meteorology and had kept a rain gauge at Roshven in which she recorded the climate and rainfall for many years.

Wildlife

Fauna
Like many Highland areas, many forms of wildlife are found at Roshven, both aquatic and land-based. In Loch Ailort there are many varieties of fish found such as mackerel, sea trout and salmon. Brown trout are also found in the burns and streams which run down off the surrounding hills. There have been occasional sitings of dolphins and whales in the loch, and once a whale died after being washed up onto the beach. Deer, foxes, wild cats, squirrels and pine martens are regularly seen in the area. The birds however are the major attraction of Roshven and this is what inspired Blackburn in her paintings. Golden eagles are often seen either flying over the loch or, more frequently, in front of the mountains and trees.

Flora

The vegetation growing at Roshven is lush, due to plentiful rainfall, but somewhat varied. One of the main plants is rhododendron, and trees such as Scots pine, oak, birch and ash are common. Despite the rainfall, however, the land is not good for growing crops because the soil is thin, lacks fertility and can often be too inundated with water.

Economic and business
Tourism is important to the local economy. The Roshven Farm contains five chalets which are let out to visitors. Deer stalking is carried out on the hills as well as hillwalking, fishing, sailing and rock climbing. Hill sheep farming is also practised and hay and silage are also grown on the lower, shore-bordering fields as these have thicker soils and can be used to produce food for cattle and sheep to feed on in the winter.

References

Category:Highland Estates
Category:Lochaber


Paul Christian

Paul Christian may refer to:

 A pen name of the nineteenth century occult author Jean-Baptiste Pitois
 Paul Hubschmid, used this screen name
 Pablo Christiani a Jewish convert to Roman Catholicism

See also


She Must and Shall Go Free

She Must and Shall Go Free is the first solo studio album from singer-songwriter Derek Webb following his 2003 departure from Caedmon's Call. Named for the last line of a 175-year-old hymn written by William Gadsby, according to Webb, She Must and Shall Go Free "is an emphatic statement about the liberation and ultimate security of the people of god -- the church." A result of Webb's questioning his role in the "church" and its role in culture, She Must and Shall Go Free is a poignant and challenging look at what it means to pursue faith in today's church-laden culture.

Background
After touring with Caedmon's Call for ten years, Webb's first solo record was an effort to ask and answer questions about the church, our role in it and its role in culture. Derek further elaborates:

Reception

She Must and Shall Go Free has received universal acclaim from the six critics to judge the album to date. The album got four five-star and/or ten-star perfect ratings from Christianity Today, Cross Rhythms, New Release Tuesday and The Phantom Tollbooth. Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today cautioned that "It should be mentioned that She Must and Shall Go Free is worded so passionately, some might initially react negatively to it." However, Breimeier noted that "Perhaps most admirable is Derek's tone, which despite his strong criticisms of religion, is very humble. Derek tempers his points nicely with perspective, often pointing the finger at himself and allowing the listeners to convict themselves if the shoe fits – just don't be surprised to find that one size fits all. There's an urgent need for the Christian church to hear the bold and convicting songs of Derek Webb. With a message you need to hear and an album you'll want to hear, She Must and Shall Go Free is already a surefire contender for one of the best albums of 2003." Mike Rimmer of Cross Rhythms noted that "It’s a shame that one of the most important albums of 2003 will probably go largely unnoticed in the general Christian music scene. Why so? Because rather than penning a pile of soft songs about love and grace, Derek Webb has chosen to write songs of such powerful prophetic intention that it’s impossible not to be challenged. The former Caedmon’s Call member tackles head on the state of the Church, its corruption and God’s unchanging sacrificial love. Lyrically a lot of these songs are speaking to the listener from God’s perspective and it’s not always a comfortable listen and yet it’s essential that we are creating music that speaks honestly and creatively about realities." Kevin Davis of New Release Tuesday evoked how the album contents "are all can't miss songs and this is one of my favorite albums ever." Brian A. Smith of The Phantom Tollbooth proclaimed that "With many quality guests (Jars of Clay, Sandra McCracken) and outstanding songwriting, She Shall and Must Go Free is my early nominee for album of the year.  Webb achieves a rarity in music by producing a superior solo effort to that of his former group's recordings."

The album got a half-star deduction from five by Steve Losey of AllMusic, and he wrote noted that "What Webb has accomplished with the opus is a grand statement about love, the church, and life through the eyes of a man that humbly serves Christ." In addition, Losey highlighted that "[t]he tune is sung from Christ's perspective, relaying the need for believers to uplift the church body. The tune is a fitting end to the opus as a piano melody is bolstered by swelling harmonies between Webb and his wife, Sandra McCracken. She Must and Shall Go Free is easily one of the best-written releases of the year. It's richness and worshipful tone could win Webb Artist of the Year honors." Lastly, Ron of Jesus Freak Hideout gave it just a four-star-out-of-five, and he alluded to how he's "...seen this album bring people to tears because of its sheer beauty and brutal honesty rolled into one. Thank you, Derek for pushing Christian Music into this realm." Ron did cautioned that "Don't be turned off by the album's country finger-picking style in the beginning seconds of the album. While at first the musical tone of the album might seem hokey or mellow, the lyrics are far from that. Webb takes a bold step lyrically in calling the church out of its comfort zone".

It is additionally notable for causing controversy in Contemporary Christian Music circles; some Christian retailers refused to stock the album for its use of "strong" language. One of the songs that was the basis for controversy was "Wedding Dress", where Webb describes himself as a "whore" who puts Christ "on like a wedding dress", in an effort portray how often it is difficult to remain faithful to the indelible, but trustworthy God when there are so many tangible and fleeting pleasures available in the present. "Saint and Sinner" also served as a point of contention due to the original line, "I used to be a damned mess but now I look just fine, 'Cause you dressed me up and we drank the finest wine". The word 'damned' was removed from the final version of the album, at the request of two major Christian retailers.

Track listing

Personnel

Band
Derek Webb – vocals, acoustic and electric guitars, banjo (tracks 1, 8, 9)
Kenny Meeks – acoustic and electric guitars, vocals, mandolin (tracks 1, 7), National guitar (tracks 9, 11)
Matt Pierson – bass guitar, organ (track 5)
Garett Buell – drums, percussion

Guest musicians
Sara Groves – vocals (track 11)
Dan Haseltine – vocals (track 3)
Matt Odmark – 12-string acoustic guitar (track 3)
Charlie Lowell – B-3 organ (tracks 3 & 8), accordion (track 7)
Stephen Mason – electric guitars (tracks 1 & 3), lap steel
John Catchings - cello (track 11)
Sandra McCracken - vocals (tracks 2, 5, 7, 9, 10)

Technical
 Derek Webb – producer
 Kenny Meeks – producer
 Matt Pierson – additional production
 Garett Buell – additional production

Charts

Notes
 See this article concerning the controversy.

References

Category:2003 albums
Category:Derek Webb albums
Category:Albums produced by Matt Pierson


Megachile butonensis

Megachile butonensis is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Friese in 1909.

References

Butonensis
Category:Insects described in 1909


Balochistan forest dormouse

The Balochistan forest dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri) is a species of rodent in the family Gliridae. It is endemic to Pakistan. It is an endangered animal.

References
 Gippoliti, S. 2002.  Dryomys niethammeri.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. pp. 819–841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Category:Mammals of Pakistan
Category:Dryomys
Category:Mammals described in 1996
Category:Endemic fauna of Pakistan
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Rani Maharani

Rani Maharani is a 1990 Indian Kannada language film directed by B. Ramamurthy, starring  Malashri, Ambarish and Shashikumar in lead roles. The supporting cast features Jaggesh, Umashree, Doddanna, Mysore Lokesh, Umesh, Tennis Krishna. The film is a remake of 1989 ChaalBaaz (1989). It was remade in 2010 by B. Ramamurthy, titled Na Rani Nee Maharani.

Cast
 Malashri
 Ambarish
 Shashikumar
 Umashree
 Doddanna
 Jaggesh
 Mysore Lokesh
 M. S. Umesh
 Tennis Krishna

Soundtrack

Hamsalekha composed the background score the film and the soundtracks and penning the lyrics for the soundtracks. The album has five soundtracks.

References

Category:1990 films
Category:1990s Kannada-language films
Category:Twins in Indian films
Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha
Category:Indian films
Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films