Battle of Chalgrove Field

The Battle of Chalgrove 18 June 1643 of the English Civil War was a meeting engagement, or in 17th century English Civil War terminology a fight, that occurred when a Royalist body of horse (cavalry) commanded by Prince Rupert met a similar sized Parliamentarian mounted force under the command of Major John Gunter. Colonel John Hampden put himself in Captain Richard Crosse's troop and fought as a trooper. Rupert commanded three regiments of his Lifeguard (with a combined strength of about 1,000), while the Parliamentarians fielded three of the Earl of Essex’s troops of horse, over 150 dragoons and 700 – 800 of Essex’s most senior officers (in all about 1,100 mounted men).

It took place around 09:00 hours on the morning of 18 June 1643 in Chalgrove Field, northeast of Chalgrove in Oxfordshire. It was a Royalist (Cavaliers) victory of such magnitude the Parliamentarian army (Roundheads) was forced to leave Oxfordshire. Among the many senior officers killed at Chalgrove Colonel John Hampden, Essex's second in command, member of the Committee of Safetie and Member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire was the most notable. Hampden's name became synonymous with Chalgrove because 100 years after death his name and reputation for truth and honesty was used as a political exemplar. The supposed exhumation of John Hampden by Lord Nugent in July 1828 ensured that his name endured.

Prelude
Prior to the battle Prince Rupert’s forces had attacked the village of Chinnor,  killing and capturing the new levies and leaving fire and destruction behind them on their retreat to Oxford.  (See Page 4) Survivors took the alarm to Sir Philip Stapleton in Thame. Sanders and Buller’s Dragoons were sent to Chinnor and Dundasse’s Dragoons were sent out towards Chalgrove. Sanders sent a detachment back to Thame to report to Stapleton. These dragoons followed the Royalists' retreat who were by 7.30am near the village of Aston Rowant two miles from Chinnor.

The Royalists reported that a body of Parliamentarians were discovered in Aston Rowant, referred to as "in the village hard upon the left hand of us", (See Page 5) which Essex confirmed was Major John Gunter, Captain James Sheffield and Captain Richard Crosse’s troops. These 200 troopers were soon joined by Sanders and Buller’s Dragoons and together these 300 men engaged the Royalists in a skirmish around South Weston. (The skirmish that Earl of Essex, by accident or design, confused with the Battle of Chalgrove.) The skirmishers were joined by Colonel John Hampden, Sir Samuel Luke and Col John Dalbier along with Dundasse’s Dragoons. Captain Dundasse sent a detachment back to Stapleton in Thame to report on the number of Royalists and that he had met with the 300 troops under Major John Gunter's command. This detachment would not report to Sir Philip Stapleton until at after 9.30am. NB. Stapleton rounded up those fleeing from the battle. Leaving Thame after 9.30am and riding hard the six miles across country to Chalgrove with the best of horses would take 35 to 40 minutes. This timing marks the duration of the battle and confirms why the casualties on Parliament’s side were so high.

Parliament's men "kept still upon the rear for almost five miles" following the Royalists up to Clare Crossroads to where the road from Thame meets the Highway to Weston. The skirmishers could see a large body of Parliaments’ men riding with all speed to Clare Crossroads. These 700–800 men were Essex's most senior officers who had been receiving their regiments' pay when the alarm came from Chinnor.

'Prelude to Hyde’s footnote : Manuscript written in June 1643'

Edward Hyde a Member of Parliament in the Short and Long Parliaments was a prolific writer who kept a journal of historic events. Edward Hyde became an advisor to King Charles 1 then followed him to York in May 1642 to become a Privy Counsellor. Civil War was declared 22 August 1642 and after the Battle of Edgehill in October Oxford became the Royalists’ headquarter. April 1643 the Earl of Essex took Reading and in June moved his headquarter to Thame which Edward Hyde recorded.
He was in Oxford attending the King when Prince Rupert, on Col. John Hurry’s advice, decided on an expedition to Chinnor. Edward Hyde would have witnessed 2,000 Royalists marching out over Magdalen Bridge as they set out into the Oxfordshire countryside. He was there on their triumphal return to count the captured Standards and Ensigns being paraded through the streets. There followed 200 prisoners many of note with near 500 horses with all their tack, laden with bounty taken from Chinnor and Chalgrove. Edward Hyde’s account of how Parliament’s most senior officers came to be at Chalgrove without their regiments and then taken prisoner was told by those ‘best officers’, who earlier had been attending the Earl of Essex collecting their Regiment’s pay. Records show that a pay convoy had arrived in Thame in the early hours of 18 June 1643.

Edmund Ludlow’s Parliamentarian account of their Civil War ‘Memoirs’, published in 1698, was countered with ‘The History of the Rebellion and Civil War’ published in 1717. The source material for the History of the Rebellion was taken from Edward Hyde’s manuscripts but clumsily edited to become Tory propaganda. The title page states, ‘Written by the Right Honourable Edward, Earl of Clarendon’, which gave authority to the publication. The Earl of Clarendon died 1674 but later historians quote ‘Clarendon’ as ‘the’ reference when referring to events of the English Civil War.

The manuscript ‘Bodl MS Clar 112 Fol 366’ is precisely transcribed in the footnote found in the later 1888 publication of ‘The History of the Rebellion’. The writers of the 1717 edition reinterpreted the manuscripts adulterated their account with stories for propaganda purposes. They wrote of troops engaging in three encounters marching 60 miles and being back in Oxford twenty two hours later.  This and other fanciful stories held sway for over a hundred years.

Edward Hyde’s 1643 account of events that describes the battle of Chalgrove concurs with the interpretation found in Oxoniensia Vol 80 pub Dec 2015, pp 27 – 39 ‘The Military and Political Importance of the Battle of Chalgrove (1643)’.

‘The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England’, Vol. III (Pub 1888) edited by W. Dunn Macray, footnote 3 pp 53 – 55 is a faithful transcription of Clarendon’s manuscript. Dunn’s account pp 53 – 61 ѯѯ 74 – 81 acknowledges on page 56, footnote 1, that the encounter at West Wickham was on 25 June not 18 June as implied in the 1717 first edition.

Clarendon State Papers – The History of the Rebellion
Bodl. MS.Clar.112 Fol.366 - 367 was accurately transcribed into footnote 3 under

The Life is here resumed at p.224, for §§ 75 – 79 ; while the MS. of the Hist. continues as follows :-

‘At the same time when the earl of Essex began his march from Reading, (Early June 1643)  colonel Hurry, a Scotchman, who had served in that army from the beginning with great reputation, (as he was an excellent commander of horse,) till the difference that is before spoken of between the English and Scotch officers, (after which he laid down his commission, though, out of respect to the earl of Essex, he stayed some time after with him as a volunteer, and now,) came to the King to Oxford, having before given notice to the earl of Brainford that he meant to do so. He came no sooner thither, than, to give proof that he brought his whole heart with him, he proposed to prince Rupert to wait on him to visit the enemy’s quarters, and being well acquainted with their manner of lying and keeping their guards, undertook to be his guide to a quarter where they least expected : and the prince, willingly consenting to the proposition, drew out a strong party of one thousand horse and dragoons, (350 dragoons commanded by Lord Wentworth & 50 Lieu-Colonel Lisle),  (See Page 3) which he commanded himself, (4/500 musketeers Commanded by Col. Lunsford)  (See Page 2) and marched with colonel Hurry to a town four or five miles beyond the head quarter, (The attack on Postcombe at 3am came before the raid on Chinnor)  (See Page 3) where were a regiment of horse and a regiment of dragoons, and about daybreak fell upon them, and with little resistance, and no loss of his own men, he killed and took the whole party, except some few, who hid themselves in holes or escaped by dark and untrodden paths. (These survivors took the alarm to Thame)  From thence, in his way back, according to purpose, he fell upon another village, where some horse and a regiment of foot were quartered, where he had the same success, and killed and took and dispersed them all. (This is the attack on Postcombe)  (See Page 3) So he having fortunately performed all he had hoped, his highness hastened his retreat as fast as he could to Oxford, having appointed, a regiment of foot to attend him at a pass in the way of security. (This refers to Chiselhampton Bridge)  (See Page 6) But the alarum had passed throughout all the enemy’s quarters ; (Reference to Gunter, Crosse, Sheffield, Sanders and Buller, 300 men, skirmishing at South Western is not mentioned)  (See Page 5) so that before the prince could reach the pass where his foot expected him, he found the enemy’s whole army was drawn out, and a strong party of their horse, almost equal to his own number, so hard pressed him that, being then to enter a lane, they would disorder his rear before he could join with his foot, which were a mile before. He had very little time to deliberate, being even at the entrance into the lane.  (The Prince had entered Upper Marsh Lane at Chalgrove)  If he could have hoped to have retired in safety, he had no reason to venture to fight with a fresh party, excellently armed, and in number equal, his own being harassed and tired with near twenty miles’ march and laden with spoil and prisoners, scarce a soldier without a led horse : (The New Bedfordshire levies dragoons in Chinnor may have lost 3/400 horse.)Note: Essex was desperately short of horse and provisions. His army was diseased, hungry and dressed in rags. Chinnor had that week been reinforced with fresh troops and supplies. Essex lost a complete dragoon regiment including 3/400 horses and these on the retreat to Oxford had 120 prisoners tied to them and were laden with the bounty.  At Chalgrove eighty of Essex’s most senior officers were led away as prisoners on their horses. The gallant and unequal fight left over a 100 dead, it was reported. These overwhelming losses left Essex unable to defend himself and his army from being exposed to total annihilation. To save his army Essex retreated to London. Essex’s army was saved because the King demanded the arsenal of supplies laying in Newark Castle be brought to Oxford.  Queen Henrietta Maria, on receiving the news of Essex defeat at Chalgrove, left Newark Castle to join her King in Oxford to present him with a huge arsenal of arms. Newcastle went north and at Adwalton moor 30th June 1643 wiped out the Fairfax’s Army of the North. The military and political ramifications of Essex’s loss at Chalgrove include the disbanding of the Committee of Safetie in favour of the Committee of Both Kingdoms and the rise of Oliver Cromwell’s power. but the necessity obliged him to stay ; and after a short consideration of the manner of doing it, directing as a convoy as was possible to guard the prisoners, and to hasten with all the unnecessary baggage and led horses, he resolved to keep the ground he had in the plain field, and after a short pause, to charge the party that advanced, lest the body might come up to them. (This scenario can be read in the Late Beat Up) (See Pages 7 - 8) And they came on amain, leaving it only in his election, by meeting them to have the reputation of charging them, or by standing still to be charged by them. Hereupon they quickly engaged in a sharp encounter, the best, fiercest, and longest maintained that hath been by the horse during the war ; (The timing of the battle is found by locating Sir Philip Stapleton)  (See Pages 8 - 9) for the party of Parliament consisted not of the bare regiments and troops which usually marched together , but of prime gentlemen and officers of all their regiments, horse and foot, who being met at the head quarter, upon the alarum, and conceiving it easy to get between prince Rupert and Oxford, and not having their own charges ready to move, joined themselves as volunteers to those who were ready, till their regiment should come up ; (The pay convoy had arrived in the early hours 18 June and officers were with Essex when the alarm came from Chinnor)  and so, the first ranks of horse consisting of such men, the conflict was maintained some time with confidence. In the end, many falling and being hurt on both sides, the prince prevailed, the rebels being totally routed, and pursued till the gross of the army was discovered ; (The battle raged for over an hour)  and then his highness, with the new prisoners he had taken, retired orderly to the pass where his foot and former purchase expected him ; and thence sending colonel Hurry to acquaint the King with the success, who knighted the messenger for his good service, returned, with near 200 prisoners, seven cornets of horse and four ensigns of foot, to Oxford. (By deduction 80 prisoners of quality with their horses were taken from Chalgrove as 120 men were captured at Chinnor.) On the King’s part in this action were lost, besides few common men, no officers of note, but some hurt : on the enemy’s side, many of their best officers, more than in any battle they fought, and amongst them (Mercurius Aulicus reports, ‘he slew above an hundred dead in the place)''  (which made the names of the rest less inquired after by the one and less lamented by the other) colonel Hambden (sic), who was shot into the shoulder with a brace of pistol bullets, of which wound, with very sharp pain, he died within ten days, to as great a consternation of all that party as if  their whole army had been defeated and cut off.’

Battle
The Royalist vanguard with the foot, dragoons and prisoners were making their way down the ancient bridleway from Golder Hill through Easington. (1612 Map) into the parish of Chalgrove, quoted in the Late Beating Up as, "His Highness was now making halt in Chalgrove cornfeild:" (sic) The Royalists were beyond an impenetrable great hedge watching several great Bodyes of Rebels coming from the directions of Easington and Thame, a sweeping arc of 90 degrees, that gave evidence to the Parliamentarian's disorder. Besides this sweeping arc of troopers Prince Rupert noted those who had before skirmished with their rear. (See Pages 5 - 6)

Parliament’s men were in turmoil. Officers who were obeyed without question and whose honour was paramount were being ordered into Troops. (viz a fighting unit of around 70 men) Prince Rupert’s Foot with the prisoners were safe his Dragoons guarding their rear as they retreated towards Chiselhampton Bridge. The impenetrable great hedge between the armies ensured that when the Royalists turned from line into column to follow the Foot their flank was safe from attack as they marched away. (See Page 6) The Royalist's retreat took them a 1,000 yards westwards along a track that was bounded by the famous hedge which Prince Rupert jumped.

Parliament’s men organised themselves into thirteen troops who "advanc’t cheerfully: doubling their march for eagerness, and coming up close to us." Eight Cornets faced the Royalists with three troops in reserve by Warpsgrove House and two more troops higher up the hill. (See Pages 6 - 7) The eight Cornets had passed through the gap in the great hedge made by the lane that served Warpsgrove. Early into the battle this gap was closed by a troop out of Gen. Percy's regiment trapping those on the Chalgrove side of the great hedge forcing them into an unequal fight of nearly two against one. (See Page 8)

Colonel John Dalbier, who brought up Dragoons who lined the hedge, is recorded by the Royalists to have "called out to his People 'to retreat, least they were hemb’d in by us'." (See page 8) Prince Rupert jumped the hedge that parted them and his Lifeguard and his Regiment jumbled over after him and the Rebels’ dragoons that lined the hedge fled. To make his front even with the enemy Rupert called out two troops from the Prince of Wales’ Regiment. Captains Martin and Gardiner's troops of the Prince's own regiment led the charge and endured pistol shot at a distance then again at close range. Prince Rupert with his Lifeguard and those drawn out from the Prince of Wales’ regiment charged swords drawn into the melee. (See pages 7 - 8) At very close range the Royalists picked their targets with Colonel John Urrie reportedly saying, "that's Hampden, that's Gunter et al" as each were shot. Hampden may have been the last to escape through the gap in the great hedge before a troop from Percy’s regiment closed the only exit from the Battlefield.

Parliament’s eight cornets were routed, a term meaning that the unit was not fighting under the Commander’s orders, it was every man for himself. Parliament’s reserve were blocked from joining their colleagues and watched in horror as the Royalist's reserves, pistols loaded, came in at close range. (See Pages 7 - 8) Those Royalists that had been fighting were taking prisoners of quality and leading them away to Oxford. Eighty such officers from Chalgrove were paraded through the streets of Oxford. It was reported that Rupert "slew above an hundred dead in the place" and the number of wounded could have been equally dramatic. Clarendon reported in a footnote, 'If he (Prince Rupert before the Battle) could have hoped to have retired in safety, he had no reason to venture to fight with a fresh party, excellently armed, and in number equal, his being harassed and tired with near twenty miles' march and laden with spoil and prisoners, scarce a soldier without a led horse'  The 80 prisoners with their horse and other loose horses taken after the battle added to the Royalist's bounty taken from Chinnor.

Prince Rupert’s men and horses desperately tired after being in the saddle for 18 hours wanted to finish the action. Parliament’s men were hemmed in, as Dulbiere stated, and were unable to flee the battlefield. The 350-strong Parliamentary reserve added to the battle’s survivors were still a dangerous force should the Royalists decide to walk away. Parliament’s men, "wholly rowted", were forced or maybe agreed to be rounded up and chased through the gap in the great hedge. (See page 8) The Reserves in the Close by Warpsgrove House were pursued with the others back again over Golder Hill to Easington, the place of the first encounter. Sir Philip Stapleton who had come from Thame drew the retreaters up into a body. Prince Rupert master of the Battlefield left Chalgrove for Oxford. (See Pages 8 - 9, 13) Prince Rupert received a heroes welcome parading 200 prisoners and booty that included three of Essex’s Colours and another three of Sir Samuel Luke’s and one Colonel Melves’ Dragoons in addition to four foot regiments’ colours.

Aftermath
The Battle of Chalgrove was not a battle on such a grand scale as Naseby or Marston Moor although the outcome of Chalgrove was as equally profound. Essex’s diseased army after Chalgrove was leaderless, poorly supplied and unable to defend itself. Essex removed his army from Oxfordshire to London not to return to battle order until September. Queen Henrietta Maria was waiting in Newark Castle with a large shipment of arms and supplies for the King in Oxford. On receiving the news of Essex’s defeat the convoy made ready and left Newark on 27 June 1643. The Earl of Newcastle relieved of his duty to protect the Queen went north to find Lord Fairfax’s Army of the North. On 30 June 1643 at the Battle of Adwalton Moor Fairfax’s army was destroyed.  (See Page 225)Before the Queen got to Oxford the Royalists won the Battle of Lansdown on 5 July and Devizes on 13 July. The port and town of Bristol were taken by the Royalists 26 July. (See pages 259 - 261)The politics following Chalgrove became extremely bitter with accusations against Essex’s competence. (See page 235) It has been conjectured that Oliver Cromwell’s star began to rise because of Essex’s disastrous defeat at Chalgrove, and that this was when the Self-Denying Ordinance and the New Model Army were conceived.

Hampden retired to Thame where he died six days later.

After Chalgrove, Colonel Hurry led another raid a week later which swept around Essex's army and plundered Wycombe. (See Page 15) This led to sharp criticism of Essex in London, and he offered his resignation, which was refused.

Myths and legends

Death of John Hampden
There was disagreement over the manner of Hampden's death between Lord Denman who favoured the exploding pistol theory and Dr. Grace who attended 22 July 1828 an examination of the exhumed body with Mr Norris a local surgeon. On 28 July 1828 'The Times'   printed Lord Nugent's account of the exhumation. On 9 August 1828 Dr Grace wrote to Richard Cumberland at the Exchequer with a full account of this examination. Prof. John Adair wrote in his 1976 biography of Hampden, (Page 236) 'The two balls bit deep into the flesh behind the shoulder blade.' dismissing unequivocally the myth of the exploding pistol that was expounded after Hampden's supposed exhumation 21 July 1828.  John Adair wrote in History Today, October 1979, 'The Death of John Hampden', in which he which favoured the exploding pistol theory. D Lester and G Blackshaw's book, 'The Controversy of John Hampden's Death' (2000) has on the rear cover Prof John Adair's review in which he states, 'Now at Last.... we have a really thorough and satisfactory account...'. The book reveals who wrote the story of the exploding pistol and why 107 years later the Earl of Buckinghamshire gave permission to exhume John Hampden. Detractors stated that the authors of 'The Controversy dismissed the evidence of an exhumation that took place in July 1828, partly on the grounds that there was no conclusive proof that the body exhumed was that of Hampden, and even if it were that of Hampden, the development of forensic science was in its infancy and misinterpretation of the evidence was all too likely (indeed the authors accuse some of those involved in the exhumation of lying about what they found). The lead lined coffin had remained airtight for 231 years and had it not been so the body would have completely decomposed. Quote from Nugent's account in 'The Times', 'Here a singular scene presented itself. The worm of corruption was busily employed, ..... upon which we discovered a number of maggots and small red worms on the feed with great activity...'; really after 231 years! "The lines, '.....Colonel Hampden put himself in Captain Cross his troop, where he charged with much courage, and was unfortunately shot through the shoulder'; [were] written by the Earl of Essex to Parliament while Hampden was not only still alive, but expected to live".  There were too many witnesses to the event of Hampden's wounding and had it been that Hampden's pistol had exploded and Essex had given a false account even while John Hampden was alive the truth would have been promptly published.

A description of the church and tombs entitled 'Hampden Magna' was written between 1663 and 1675, while Mr. John Yates was rector, this recorded the names and location of the graves and monuments, and indirectly refers to the location of John Hampden's tomb. (See pages 20 & 21) Comparing 'The Times' narrative to 'Hampden Magna' reveals that it was William Hampden who was exhumed, not Col. John Hampden. (See location of graves Pages 24 & 25)

Siting of Battlefield and Monument
George Nugent-Grenville, 2nd Baron Nugent commonly known as Lord Nugent erected John Hampden’s Monument said to be close to the battlefield. The explanation of why the Monument was erected a mile away from where Nugent thought the battle site was located is explained in "The Military and Political Importance of the Battle of Chalgrove". Nugent’s economy with the truth has led others to locate the Battle of Chalgrove incorrectly. The argument of whether Chalgrove hosted a skirmish or battle began in 1881. Ordnance Survey’s cartographers came to Chalgrove for the first time in 1880. Reading the legend engraved on John Hampden’s Monument, ‘Within a few paces of this spot he received the wound of which he died’, placed their crossed swords in the nearest cornfield. Renn Dickson Hampden had donated the plot on which the Monument was erected. Lord Nugent believed the battlefield was over a mile away and having promised his subscribers to erect the Monument where Hampden met his fate had to be economical with the truth. The Aylesbury News, Saturday, 27 May 1843 carried Nugent’s advert ‘Hampden Celebration on Chalgrove Field'. Later when the OS cartographers came along, in 1880, they believed from the words on the Monument "within a few places of this spot...." that the battle took place in the field next to the monument and therefore placed the site of the battle here and called it "Chalgrove Field", the name coming from the published articles in the press at the time of the unveiling of the monument. In subsequent revisions of the maps the site of the battle and name "Chalgrove Field" have been moved 400 yards northwards into the next field. The latest research as published in Oxoniensia places the battle a further 300 yards north at SU648978.

Legacy of Robert Parslow
A legend circulated in Watlington of a military chest being left at the Hare and Hounds prior to the Battle and never called for after which allowed one Robert Parslow the landlord to leave a legacy. A plausible explanation is found at Parslow's Military Chest.

Today
The area is legally protected being a registered battlefield with English Heritage. It is marked by the Hampden Monument, a stone obelisk erected for the battle's bicentenary in 1843. However, the main focus of the battle was 770 yards north of the monument.

Notes

References

Further reading

Category:1643 in England
Category:17th century in Oxfordshire
Category:Battles of the English Civil Wars
Category:Conflicts in 1643
Category:Military history of Oxfordshire
Category:Registered historic battlefields in England


Margarita (disambiguation)

A margarita is a cocktail.

Margarita may also refer to:

Places
 Margarita, Piedmont, Italy, a comune in the Province of Cuneo
 Margarita, Panama, a neighbourhood in Colón District
 Margarita, Bolívar, a town in Bolívar Department, Colombia
 Margarita (Álava), a village in Álava, Basque Country, Spain
 Isla Margarita, Venezuela, an island in the state of Nueva Esparta
 Margarita Province, Venezuela, one of the provinces of Gran Colombia
 310 Margarita, an asteroid

Songs
 "Margarita" (Sleepy Brown song)
 "Margarita" (Traveling Wilburys song)
 "Margarita", 1988 song by Wilkins
 "Margarita", 1962 song by Jack Ross

People
 Margarita (given name)

Other uses
 Margarita (gastropod), a genus of sea snails in the family Turbinidae
 Felis margarita, a scientific name for the Sand Cat
 Margarita (TV series), a Filipino TV series
 Margarita (Zee TV), an Indian TV series
 Margarita (vegetable), a cultivar of sweet potato
 Margaritas (restaurant), an American restaurant chain

See also
 Las Margaritas (disambiguation)
 Margaret (disambiguation)
 Margaritaville (disambiguation)
 Margarite
 Margherita (disambiguation)
 Marguerite (disambiguation)
 Santa Margarita (disambiguation)
 Infanta Margarita, a painting by Spanish painter Diego Velázquez
 Pizza Margherita, a pizza made with tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil


SPECOM

SPECOM was the English acronym for Special Commando or Commando Speciale in French, the elite military unit and Special Operations force of the Royal Lao Armed Forces (commonly known by its French acronym FAR), which operated during the final phase of the Laotian Civil War from 1972 to 1975.

Origins
In late 1971 construction began on a training centre at Seno, near Savannakhet, to provide Commando instruction for the Royal Lao Army (RLA) newly formed 2nd Strike Division (French: 2éme Division d'Intervention).  The training cadre, consisting of several Laotian graduates of the U.S. Special Forces (USSF) course at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, in the United States, were converted into the core of an elite Special Commando Company (French: Compagnie Commando Speciale – CCS) or SPECOM for short, directly under the commanding officer of the 2nd Strike Division, Brigadier-General Thao Ty. Initial progress was rapid and by mid-1972 SPECOM had expanded from a single understrength company to two airborne reconnaissance (recon) companies; a third was raised in mid-1973 when 140 former para-commandos were transferred from the Savannakhet-based irregular Commando Raider Teams (CRTs) and a heavy weapons company was added, bringing the unit to battalion strength.

Structure and organization
By early 1974, SPECOM strength reached 412 Officers and enlisted men, all airborne-qualified volunteers, organized into a reinforced battalion comprising one headquarters (HQ), four company HQ sections, three recon companies – 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, each broken into 12-men teams – and a heavy weapons company (4th). The unit was headquartered in Seno, near Savannakhet and was subordinated to the 2nd Strike Division until the latter formation's disbandment in April of that same year, when the former was transferred to the RLA Airborne Forces command.

Operational history 1972–75

The missions performed by SPECOM during its brief existence were varied, ranging from long-range strategic and tactical reconnaissance to deep-penetration raids, pathfinding, crash-site recovery, reinforcement and riot control duties.
The first true combat assignment of the SPECOM occurred in late 1972, when they were used to secure a H-34 helicopter crash site north-east of Seno.  In the opening months of 1973, SPECOM recon teams were sent to Thakhek to bolster its defences when North Vietnamese Army (NVA) units began pressuring the city.  By mid-year elements of the unit were heli-lifted again north-east of Seno to place a listening station near the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the main NVA supply route extended through Laos. A planned SPECOM assault into the national capital Vientiane after renegade Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF) officers led by former Brigadier-General Thao Ma captured Wattay Airbase in August was cancelled when their coup attempt quickly fell apart. In April 1974 SPECOM's 2nd recon company was moved to Vientiane to provide VIP security to rightist members of the new coalition government.

Disbandement
In May 1974 the FAR High Command dissolved the ineffective 2nd Strike Division and elements of its three understrength brigades were re-organized into three new parachute battalions (French: Bataillons de Parachutistes – BP), the 711er, 712e, and 713e BPs grouped into the RLA's 7th Para Brigade raised at Seno. SPECOM was then converted into the brigade's fourth parachute battalion, 714e BP.
Elements of 714e BP were deployed in early 1975 to Thakhek to reinforce local Royal Lao Police (PRL) and RLA infantry units in an unsuccessful attempt to quell pro-communist demonstrations.  By May 1975 the 7th Para Brigade was disbanded after Pathet Lao guerrilla forces took control of Vientiane.

Weapons and equipment
The SPECOM used the standard weaponry and equipment of US origin issued to FAR units, complemented by captured Soviet or Chinese small-arms such as AK-47 assault rifles that allowed its personnel to use ammunition retrieved from enemy caches while on operations. The unit also fielded crew-served heavy weapons, such as mortars and recoilless rifles.

 Smith & Wesson Model 10 Revolver
 Colt.45 M1911A1 Pistol
 Smith & Wesson Model 39 Pistol
 TT-33 Pistol
 Type 56 assault rifle
 Type 56-1 Assault rifle
 AKM Assault rifle
 M16A1 Assault rifle
 CAR-15 Assault carbine
 RPD Light machine gun
 Type 56 Light machine gun
 M1918A2 BAR Light machine gun
 M60 Light machine gun
 M72 LAW Anti-tank rocket launcher
 M79 grenade launcher
 XM148 grenade launcher
 M203 grenade launcher
 Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal Medium machine gun
 Browning M2HB .50 Cal Heavy machine gun
 M2 4.2 inch mortar 107 mm
 M67 recoilless rifle 90 mm
 M18 Claymore anti-personnel mines

See also
 Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces (LLDB)
 Air America (airline)
 Commando Raider Teams
 Directorate of National Coordination
 Laotian Civil War
 Lao People's Armed Forces
 Khmer Special Forces
 Military Region 5 Commandos
 Pathet Lao
 Royal Lao Armed Forces
 Royal Lao Army Airborne
 Royal Lao Police
 Special Guerrilla Units (SGU)
 Vietnam War
 Weapons of the Laotian Civil War

Endnotes

References
Kenneth Conboy and Don Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975, Carrolton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1994.
Kenneth Conboy and Simon McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960–75, Men-at-arms series 217, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1989.
Kenneth Conboy and Simon McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces, Elite series 33, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1991.
 Kenneth Conboy with James Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos, Boulder CO: Paladin Press, 1995. , 1581605358

Further reading
Gordon L. Rottman and Ron Volstad, US Army Special Forces 1952–84, Elite series 4, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985.
Gordon L. Rottman and Kevin Lyles, Green Beret in Vietnam 1957–73, Warrior series 28, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2002.
Khambang Sibounheuang (edited by Edward Y. Hall), White Dragon Two: A Royal Laotian Commando's Escape from Laos, Spartanburg, SC: Honoribus Press, 2002.

Category:Military units and formations of Laos
Category:Military units and formations established in 1972
Category:Special Forces of Laos
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1975
Category:1975 disestablishments


Bhikkhu Bodhi

Bhikkhu Bodhi (born December 10, 1944), born Jeffrey Block, is an American Theravada Buddhist monk, ordained in Sri Lanka and currently teaching in the New York and New Jersey area. He was appointed the second president of the Buddhist Publication Society and has edited and authored several publications grounded in the Theravada Buddhist tradition.

Life
In 1944, Block was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish parents. He grew up in Borough Park, where he attended elementary school P.S. 160. In 1966, he obtained a B.A. in philosophy from Brooklyn College. In 1972, he obtained a PhD in philosophy from Claremont Graduate University.

In 1967, while still a graduate student, Bodhi was ordained as a śrāmaṇera (novitiate) in the Vietnamese Mahayana order. In 1972, after graduation, Bodhi traveled to Sri Lanka where, under Balangoda Ananda Maitreya Thero, he received sāmaṇera ordination in the Theravada school and, in 1973, he received full ordination as a Theravada bhikkhu or monk.

In 1984, succeeding co-founder Nyanaponika Thera,  Bodhi was appointed English-language editor of the Buddhist Publication Society (BPS, Sri Lanka) and, in 1988, became its president.  In 2002, he retired from the society's editorship while still remaining its president.

In 2000, at the United Nations' first official Vesak celebration, Bodhi gave the keynote address.

In 2002, after retiring as editor of BPS, Bodhi returned to the United States. After living at Bodhi Monastery (Lafayette Township, New Jersey), he now lives and teaches at Chuang Yen Monastery (Carmel, New York), and is the president of the Buddhist Association of the United States.

Bhikkhu Bodhi is founder of the organization Buddhist Global Relief, which funds projects to fight hunger and to empower women across the world.

Bibliography

References

External links
Profile at Bodhi Monastery

Category:1944 births
Category:Living people
Category:Converts to Buddhism from Judaism
Category:Buddhist translators
Category:Translators from Pali
Category:Buddhist writers
Category:Jewish American writers
Category:Theravada Buddhist monks
Category:Pali
Category:American Theravada Buddhists
Category:American Buddhist monks
Category:American Buddhist scholars
Category:Brooklyn College alumni
Category:Claremont Graduate University alumni
Category:Writers from Brooklyn
Category:People from Lafayette Township, New Jersey
Category:People from Borough Park, Brooklyn


Pipeline (software)

In software engineering, a pipeline consists of a chain of processing elements (processes, threads, coroutines, functions, etc.), arranged so that the output of each element is the input of the next; the name is by analogy to a physical pipeline. Usually some amount of buffering is provided between consecutive elements. The information that flows in these pipelines is often a stream of records, bytes, or bits, and the elements of a pipeline may be called filters; this is also called the pipes and filters design pattern. Connecting elements into a pipeline is analogous to function composition.

Narrowly speaking, a pipeline is linear and one-directional, though sometimes the term is applied to more general flows. For example, a primarily one-directional pipeline may have some communication in the other direction, known as a return channel or backchannel, as in the lexer hack, or a pipeline may be fully bi-directional. Flows with one-directional tree and directed acyclic graph topologies behave similarly to (linear) pipelines – the lack of cycles makes them simple – and thus may be loosely referred to as "pipelines".

Implementation
Pipelines are often implemented in a multitasking OS, by launching all elements at the same time as processes, and automatically servicing the data read requests by each process with the data written by the upstream process – this can be called a multiprocessed pipeline. In this way, the CPU will be naturally switched among the processes by the scheduler so as to minimize its idle time. In other common models, elements are implemented as lightweight threads or as coroutines to reduce the OS overhead often involved with processes. Depending upon the OS, threads may be scheduled directly by the OS or by a thread manager. Coroutines are always scheduled by a coroutine manager of some form.

Usually, read and write requests are blocking operations, which means that the execution of the source process, upon writing, is suspended until all data could be written to the destination process, and, likewise, the execution of the destination process, upon reading, is suspended until at least some of the requested data could be obtained from the source process. This cannot lead to a deadlock, where both processes would wait indefinitely for each other to respond, since at least one of the two processes will soon thereafter have its request serviced by the operating system, and continue to run.

For performance, most operating systems implementing pipes use pipe buffers, which allow the source process to provide more data than the destination process is currently able or willing to receive. Under most Unices and Unix-like operating systems, a special command is also available which implements a pipe buffer of potentially much larger and configurable size, typically called "buffer". This command can be useful if the destination process is significantly slower than the source process, but it is anyway desired that the source process can complete its task as soon as possible. E.g., if the source process consists of a command which reads an audio track from a CD and the destination process consists of a command which compresses the waveform audio data to a format like MP3. In this case, buffering the entire track in a pipe buffer would allow the CD drive to spin down more quickly, and enable the user to remove the CD from the drive before the encoding process has finished.

Such a buffer command can be implemented using system calls for reading and writing data. Wasteful busy waiting can be avoided by using facilities such as poll or select or multithreading.

Some notable examples of pipeline software systems include:
 RaftLib – C/C++ Apache 2.0 License

VM/CMS and z/OS

CMS Pipelines is a port of the pipeline idea to VM/CMS and z/OS systems. It supports much more complex pipeline structures than Unix shells, with steps taking multiple input streams and producing multiple output streams. (Such functionality is supported by the Unix kernel, but few programs use it as it makes for complicated syntax and blocking modes, although some shells do support it via arbitrary file descriptor assignment).

Traditional application programs on IBM mainframe operating systems have no standard input and output streams to allow redirection or piping. Instead of spawning processes with external programs, CMS Pipelines features a lightweight dispatcher to concurrently execute instances of built-in programs to run the pipeline. More than 200 built-in programs that implement typical UNIX utilities and interface to devices and operating system services. In addition to the built-in programs, CMS Pipelines defines a framework to allow user-written REXX programs with input and output streams that can be used in the pipeline.

Data on IBM mainframes typically resides in a Record-oriented filesystem and connected I/O devices operate in record mode rather than stream mode. As a consequence, data in CMS Pipelines is handled in record mode. For text files, a record holds one line of text. In general, CMS Pipelines does not buffer the data but passes records of data in a lock-step fashion from one program to the next. This ensures a deterministic flow of data through a network of interconnected pipelines.

Object pipelines
Beside byte stream-based pipelines, there are also object pipelines. In an object pipeline, processing elements output objects instead of text. Windows PowerShell includes an internal object pipeline that transfers .NET objects between functions within the PowerShell runtime. Channels, found in the Limbo programming language are other examples of this metaphor.

Pipelines in GUIs
Graphical environments such as RISC OS and ROX Desktop also make use of pipelines. Rather than providing a save dialog box containing a file manager to let the user specify where a program should write data, RISC OS and ROX provide a save dialog box containing an icon (and a field to specify the name). The destination is specified by dragging and dropping the icon. The user can drop the icon anywhere an already-saved file could be dropped, including onto icons of other programs. If the icon is dropped onto a program's icon, it's loaded and the contents that would otherwise have been saved are passed in on the new program's standard input stream.

For instance, a user browsing the world-wide web might come across a .gz compressed image which they want to edit and re-upload. Using GUI pipelines, they could drag the link to their de-archiving program, drag the icon representing the extracted contents to their image editor, edit it, open the save as dialog, and drag its icon to their uploading software.

Conceptually, this method could be used with a conventional save dialog box, but this would require the user's programs to have an obvious and easily accessible location in the filesystem that can be navigated to. In practice, this is often not the case, so GUI pipelines are rare.

Other considerations
The name 'pipeline' comes from a rough analogy with physical plumbing in that a pipeline usually allows information to flow in only one direction, like water often flows in a pipe.

Pipes and filters can be viewed as a form of functional programming, using byte streams as data objects; more specifically, they can be seen as a particular form of monad for I/O.

The concept of pipeline is also central to the Cocoon web development framework or to any XProc (the W3C Standards) implementations, where it allows a source stream to be modified before eventual display.

This pattern encourages the use of text streams as the input and output of programs. This reliance on text has to be accounted when creating graphic shells to text programs.

See also
 Anonymous pipe
 Component-based software engineering
 Flow-based programming
 GStreamer for a multimedia framework built on plugin pipelines
 Graphics pipeline
 Iteratees
 Named pipe, an operating system construct intermediate to anonymous pipe and file.
 Pipeline (computing) for other computer-related versions of the concept.
 Kahn process networks to extend the pipeline concept to a more generic directed graph structure
 Pipeline (Unix) for details specific to Unix
 Plumber – "intelligent pipes" developed as part of Plan 9
 Producer-consumer problem for implementation aspects of software pipelines
 Software design pattern
 Stream processing
 XML pipeline for processing of XML files

Notes

External links
 Pipeline Processing.
 Parallel Programming: Do you know Pipeline Parallelism?

Category:Software design patterns
Category:Programming paradigms
Category:Inter-process communication

sv:Vertikalstreck#Datavetenskap


Mohaupt

Mohaupt is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

  (1854–1916), Bohemian composer, pedagogue and author (Ernst Schelmerding)
 Richard Mohaupt (1904–1957), German-U.S. composer and Kapellmeister
 Henry Mohaupt (1915–2001), Swiss American inventor
  (born 1942), German Lutheran theologian and politician (CDU)
 Tino Mohaupt (born 1983), German athlete
 Johannes Mohaupt (1898-1973), inventor of the Johannes Mohaupt Theory

See also
 Mohnhaupt
 Monhaupt

Category:German-language surnames


Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck Cartoon Collections

The Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck Cartoon Collections was a series of Disney videos compiling cartoon shorts produced between 1936 and 1954. It was a Disney attempt at releasing its stable of cartoon shorts to video under their own label, after their DiscoVision experiment. The discs were released in 1981 and 1982, two years before Disney unveiled The Disney Channel and two years also before they released Walt Disney Cartoon Classics.

There were three videos released in all, each with six shorts. Each of the six shorts presented included two cartoons each starring Mickey Mouse, two each starring Pluto and two each starring Donald Duck. There were no cartoons that starred Goofy (the only time Goofy appeared in a cartoon was if he costarred alongside Mickey and/or Donald). Other patterns seemed to include at least one 1930s Mickey short each and one short each placing Donald opposite Chip 'n' Dale. Many of the presented shorts were reissued on later Disney releases on video and DVD.

Featured videos

Volume One

The Laserdisc version of Volume 1 also includes the shorts that were on the VHS and Beta version of Volume 2.
Thru the Mirror (1936)
The Sleepwalker (1942)
Donald's Golf Game (1938) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: The Goofy World of Sports" in 1992)
The Whalers (1938)
Pluto and the Gopher (1950)
Dragon Around (1954) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Chip 'n' Dale" in 1987)

Volume Two (VHS and Beta)
Society Dog Show (1939) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Pluto and Fifi" in 1987)
Pluto's Sweater (1949)
Donald Applecore (1952) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Chip 'n' Dale" in 1987)
The Little Whirlwind (1941) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Mickey and Minnie" in 1987)
Pluto's Blue Note (1947) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Pluto and Fifi" in 1987)
Donald's Diary (1954) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Donald and Daisy" in 1987)

Volume Two (Laserdisc)
Canine Caddy (1941)
Bumble Bee (1949)
Goofy and Wilbur (1939)
Dude Duck (1951)
Mickey's Trailer (1938)
Hawaiian Holiday (1937)
Donald's Happy Birthday (1949)
Good Scouts (1938)
Donald's Fountain of Youth (1953)
Soup's On (1948)
Luck Number (1951)

Volume Three
Boat Builders (1938) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Mickey and the Gang" in 1989)
Pluto's Quin-puplets (1937) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Pluto and Fifi" in 1987)
Chef Donald (1941)
Moose Hunters (1937) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Mickey and the Gang" in 1989)
Lend a Paw (1941)
Working For Peanuts (1953) (Reissued on "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: Starring Chip 'n' Dale" in 1987)

See also

References

External links

Category:Disney animated films
Category:Mickey Mouse
Category:Donald Duck
Category:Short film compilations
Category:Home video lines
Category:Disney home video releases


Carbondale, Pennsylvania

Carbondale is a city in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. Carbondale is located approximately 15 miles due northeast of the city of Scranton in Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 8,891 at the 2010 census.

The land area that became Carbondale was developed by William and Maurice Wurts, the founders of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, during the rise of the anthracite coal mining industry in the early 19th century. Carbondale was the site of the first deep vein anthracite coal mine in the United States. It was also a major terminal of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.

Like many other cities and towns in the region, Carbondale has struggled with the demise of the once-prominent coal mining industry that had once made the region a haven for immigrants seeking work so many decades ago. Immigrants from Wales, England, Scotland, Ireland, Italy and from throughout continental Europe came to Carbondale in the course of the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries to work in the anthracite and railroading industries.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Carbondale has a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 8,891 people, 3,734 households, and 2,234 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,778.4 people per square mile (1,072.7/km²). There were 4,144 housing units at an average density of 1,295 per square mile (505.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.2% White, 1% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.

There were 3,734 households, out of which 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.2% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 57.3% from 18 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,574, and the median income for a family was $35,351. Males had a median income of $30,362 versus $21,922 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,914. About 9.2% of families and 14.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.6% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.

History
Today, the Carbondale Historical Society and Museum records and maintains that history.  The Carbondale City Hall and Courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The Delaware and Hudson Canal Gravity Railroad Shops have been demolished, but were once listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Carbondale mine fire began in Carbondale in 1946.

Notable "firsts"
 1829: the Delaware and Hudson Gravity Railroad from Carbondale to Honesdale began operations on October 9, 1829. This was the first commercially successful railroad to operate in America.
 1833: the first Saint Patrick's Day parade in what is now Lackawanna County is held in Carbondale, as stated in the Scranton Times-Tribune: “It comes as no surprise that the Irish people of Carbondale would want to celebrate the patron saint of their homeland. [. . .] The Feb. 28, 1833, issue of the Northern Pennsylvanian, the first newspaper published in Carbondale, contained a notice to “Hibernians” of a public meeting to be held [. . .] ‘for the purpose of taking measures to celebrate St. Patrick’s Day.’ [. . .] The Carbondale parade is the first one mentioned in any history of the region that is now Lackawanna County.”
 1850: the first eisteddfod (a Welsh musical and literary festival) in America was held in Carbondale on Christmas Day, 1850. Among the literarians and musicians who attended were Daniel Davies, Rev. John Moses, Thomas Eynon, Rev. Thomas J. Phillips, and Edward Jones. These were the pioneer eisteddofdwyr of America.
 1851: Carbondale was incorporated as a city in Luzerne County on March 15, 1851, making it the oldest city (the "Pioneer" city) in what later became Lackawanna County, and the fourth oldest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
 1853: the first lodge in America of the ancient Welsh fraternal order of Ivorites was opened in Carbondale in the fall of 1853; the first public Ivorite celebration in America took place in Carbondale in August 1855, when a procession and other public exercises took place, under the direction of Thomas Voyle, Esquire, chief marshal, and Edward Roberts, Esquire.

Notable people
James Archbald, born 1793, Little Cumbrae island, Ayrshire Coast, Scotland, first mayor of Carbondale
Patrick De Lacey, born 1835, won Medal of Honor during American Civil War Battle of the Wilderness
William J. Goebel, Democratic politician and 34th Governor of Kentucky serving for three days in 1900 before his death; he was the only sitting Governor to have been assassinated
Robert Wood Johnson I, entrepreneur and industrialist who founded the company Johnson & Johnson
John F. Malone, born in 1911, head of the regional F.B.I. office in New York from 1962 to 1975, graduated from St. Thomas's College, now the University of Scranton.
General Jerome F. O'Malley, U.S. Air Force 4-star general
Terry Pegula, owner of the Buffalo Bills NFL team, Buffalo Sabres NHL team and Rochester Americans AHL team; also a natural gas businessman
Terence V. Powderly, a well-known national figure as leader of the Knights of Labor from 1879 to 1893; twice elected Mayor of Scranton, PA.
Joseph R. Sarnoski, Medal of Honor recipient (World War II)
Andy Seigle, professional basketball player for the Philippine Basketball Association; though born in Scranton, is a Carbondale native and the all-time leading scorer at Carbondale Area High School; played for the University of New Orleans
Danny Seigle, professional basketball player for the San Miguel Beermen of the Philippine Basketball Association; a standout at Wagner College, he led Carbondale Area High School Chargers to 108–5 record in four years and Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association Class AA Championship in 1993
William Henry Stanton (1843-1900), U.S. Congressman for Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district
George D. Stoddard, born in 1897, president of the University of Illinois and University of the State of New York; chancellor of New York University and Long Island University
Ed Wade, born 1956, Major League Baseball executive who served as Vice President and General Manager of the Philadelphia Phillies, 1998–2005 and Houston Astros, 2008–2011;   credited with putting together Phillies' core nucleus that led to 2008 World Series championship

Schools

There are two public schools located within the City of Carbondale. They are operated by the Carbondale Area School District.  The district has a low enrollment of 1,660 pupils in 2016, due to adding free preschool classes. The district encompasses a small area of . The district operates two schools: Carbondale Area Elementary School (Preschool-6) and Carbondale Area Junior Senior High School (7th–12th).

In 2016, the Pittsburgh Business Times ranked Carbondale Area School District declined to 417th out of 493 public school districts for academic achievement of its pupils. In 2012, Carbondale Area School District declined to Warning Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status, due to lagging student academic achievement. In October 2015, Pennsylvania Auditor General Eugene DePasquale reported that Carbondale Elementary School was among the 561 academically challenged schools that have been overlooked by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. He also reported the Pennsylvania Department of Education failed to take any action to remediate the poorly performing schools to raise student academic achievement or to provide them with targeted professional assistance.

Carbondale Area School District's graduation rate in 2016 declined to 87%. In 2014 and 2015 it had been 89% High school aged students can attend the taxpayer funded Career Technology Center of Lackawanna County, for training in the building trades, auto mechanics, culinary arts, allied health careers and other areas.

Carbondale residents may also apply to attend any of the Commonwealth's 13 public cyber charter schools (in 2015) at no additional cost to the parents. The resident's public school district is required to pay the charter school and cyber charter school tuition for residents who attend these public schools. The tuition rate that Carbondale Area School District must pay was $8,999 in 2015. In 2014–15, Carbondale Area School District reported spending $13,401.58 per pupil. By Commonwealth law, if the district provides transportation for its own students, then the district must provide transportation to any school that lies within 10 miles of its borders. Residents may also seek admission for their school aged child to any other public school district. When accepted for admission, the student's parents are responsible for paying an annual tuition fee set by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.

Northeastern Educational Intermediate Unit IU#19 provides a wide variety of services to children living in its region, which includes  Carbondale. Early screening, special education services, speech and hearing therapy, autistic support, preschool classes and many other services like driver education are available. Services for children during the preschool years are provided without cost to their families when the child is determined to meet eligibility requirements. Intermediate units receive taxpayer funding: through subsidies paid by member school districts; through direct charges to users for some services; through the successful application for state and federal competitive grants and through private grants.

Enrollment
The demographic and economic decline beginning in the 1950s with the end of the coal mining industry has left its mark on education. At one time, the City of Carbondale had one public high school, ten public elementary schools, one private Catholic high school, and two private Catholic elementary schools which served a city of just over 23,000 citizens. Over the decades, changes to education, the dramatic population decline down to 8,800 in the 2010 Census, and the disappearance of religious orders have reduced the number of schools to the two mentioned above. Sacred Heart Elementary, formed as a result of the merger between the parochial Mt. Carmel and St. Rose Elementary Schools for the 1998–1999 school year, closed at the end of the 2010–2011 school year and integrated into LaSalle Academy Catholic School in Dickson City. From a peak enrollment in the 1960s of nearly 650 in a K-12 system served in three schools, the school's enrollment has declined to 186.

Fell Charter Elementary School
Fell Charter Elementary School provides a free, public education to children in Carbondale since 2002. In 2016 enrollment was 175 pupils kindergarten through 8th grade. The school had an enrollment of 157 for the 2011–12 school year. The school offers full-day kindergarten through 8th grade. It employs 24 teachers, including art, music and physical education. Fell Charter Elementary School has a longer school day; class begins at 7:45 am and ends at 3:15 pm. It moved into the former elementary school building in August 2011. Six area school districts provide bussing to the school, including Carbondale Area School District. The school made AYP in 2009 and 2010. The attendance rate in 2010 was 94%. The U.S. Department of Agriculture approved the charter school's grant and loan application in January 2010. The school received a $5 million loan to build a new school facility.

Academic achievement (reading, math, science 3rd – 8th) at Fell Charter School has exceeded the performance of Carbondale Elementary School on PSSA tests. The School Performance Profile of Fell Charter School was 72 out of 100 points in 2016. Carbondale Elementary School School Performance Profile was just 56.6 points out of 100.

2015 – SPPs for all PA public schools withheld by PDE
2014 – Fell – 79.6, Carbondale ES – 62.5
2013 – Fell CS – 73.4, Carbondale ES – 58.5
2012 – Fell CS – Warning AYP status, Carbondale ES Warning AYP status

The opening of the charter school was aggressively opposed by the Carbondale Area School Board. When the application to open the Fell Charter Elementary School was denied by the Board in 2002, an appeal was made to the State Charter Appeals Board (CAB). The CAB approved the charter school. The Carbondale Area School Board unsuccessfully sued against the opening. Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania affirmed the order of the Charter Appeals Board.

Transportation

Highway
U.S. Business Route 6 runs down Main Street, Carbondale, as the main highway through the city. Recently completed after years of highly visible construction, the four-lane Robert P. Casey Memorial Highway U.S. Route 6 runs from Interstate 81 near Scranton north past Carbondale with interchanges outside, but close to, the city limits.

Rail
As the city responsible for the importation of America's first steam locomotive, the Stourbridge Lion in 1829, Carbondale was once a main terminus of the Delaware and Hudson Railway. It was also served by the Erie Railroad and the New York, Ontario and Western Railway.

Today Carbondale is served by the Pennsylvania Northeast Regional Rail Authority and its designated-operator Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad on a single remaining D&H mainline track running to Scranton.

Steamtown National Historic Site on occasion provides excursion trains originating from the Scranton Yard to the Carbondale Station for special events.

Bus
Carbondale is served by the County of Lackawanna Transit System (COLTS).

Local transportation
Carbondale is served by the #52 and #82 lines, run by COLTS bus.

In popular culture
Carbondale holds an annual festival every summer called Pioneer Days, in honor of Carbondale's nickname, The Pioneer City.  The festival features local bands, arts and crafts, carnival games, festival food, and a fireworks display.
Carbondale was mentioned in "The Injury", an episode of NBC's television series The Office. "I got your pudding cups at a gas station in Carbondale", says the character Ryan Howard (played by actor B.J. Novak). It was also mentioned in the episode "Niagara", when Dwight Schrute, played by Rainn Wilson, mentions that Pam's best friend Isabel is "a dental hygienist from Carbondale and makes love like one." In the episode "Goodbye, Michael" Michael is initially unable to say goodbye to Pam because she is supposedly away pricing shredders in Carbondale.
Carbondale was mentioned in "Chapter 9", an episode of Netflix's television series House of Cards (U.S. TV series). "We were supposed to leave for Carbondale 10 minutes ago."
 Annual Saint David's Day Dinner, March 1: hosted by the Historical Society to commemorate the Welsh roots of the City of Carbondale and to celebrate the Welsh heritage of a great many residents of the Lackawanna and Wyoming Valleys in Pennsylvania.
 Annual Crystal Band Christmas Concert takes place on the first Sunday in December, hosted by the Historical Society and the Berean Baptist Church. The Crystal Band, founded in the Petersburg section of Scranton in 1887, is an all-volunteer concert band that is made up of residents from throughout northeastern Pennsylvania.
The independent film Wanda was filmed in Carbondale and the surrounding region.
The song “Duquesne Whistle” on the album Tempest by Bob Dylan mentions Carbondale in the song’s first verse. “I’m gonna stop in Carbondale and keep on going.”

See also
Hendrick Manufacturing Company

References

Category:Cities in Pennsylvania
Category:Populated places established in 1824
Category:Municipalities of the Anthracite Coal Region of Pennsylvania
Category:Cities in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
Category:Lackawanna Heritage Valley
Category:Coal towns in Pennsylvania


Planetrees (Hadrian's Wall section)

Planetrees is an extant section of Hadrian's Wall named after the farm located around  to the west.  The surviving section is  in length.

William Hutton intervention
It is said that this section was saved by the intervention of William Hutton in 1801. During his visit to Hadrian's Wall, he encountered a workman robbing stone from this stretch for use in the construction of a nearby farmhouse, and persuaded the workman to desist:

At the twentieth-mile stone, I should have seen a piece of Severus's Wall seven feet and a half high, and two hundred and twenty-four yards long: a sight not to be found in the whole line. But the proprietor, Henry Tulip, Esq. is now taking it down, to erect a farm-house with the materials. Ninety-five yards are already destroyed, and the stones, fit for building removed. . . . I desired the servant with whom I conversed, "to give my compliments to Mr. Tulip, and request him to desist, or he would wound the whole body of Antiquaries. As he was putting an end to the most noble monument of Antiquity in the whole Island, they would feel every stroke. If the Wall was of no estimation, he must have a mean opinion of me, who would travel six hundred miles to see it; and if it was, he could never merit my thanks for destroying it."

Construction

The eastern part of the surviving section (approximately  in length) is built as Broad Wall, 10 Roman Feet wide.  The eastern section (approximately  in length is built as Narrow Wall, 8 Roman Feet wide, yet still on foundations clearly installed for a Broad Wall.  The join is archeologically interesting, as it suggests a change in plan during construction.

Also present on the narrow wall stretch is a culvert.  The stones forming the culvert cross the whole width of the foundation (built for the broad wall), suggesting that the culverts were constructed at the same time as the foundations, rather than along with the curtain wall.

Excavations and investigations
1989 - English Heritage Field Investigation on 7 September, under the Hadrian's Wall Project.  It was noted that this stretch demonstrates a change from Narrow Wall,  wide [west part], to Broad Wall,  wide [east end].

Monument Records

Public Access
Access is on foot from the Hadrian's Wall National Trail.

References

Bibliography

Category:Hadrian's Wall


Sam Fischer

Sam Fischer is an Australian Pop-rock singer-songwriter and musician. Fischer released music independently before signing with Sony in 2019. Sony re-released his debut EP Not a Hobby in January 2020.

Life and career
Fischer was born outside of Sydney in 1991. By age 12, he was writing songs. He is classically trainer on saxophone and violin and studied at the Berklee College of Music in the early 2010s. After graduating, he moved to Los Angeles and began working on a solo music career and performing as a backup vocalist with the band Holychild. Fischer's debut release was as a featured artist on Alex Preston's single "Heartbeats" in July 2012.

In 2016, Fischer released his debut solo single "Lean" which was followed in 2017 with "Same Friends" and "Getting Older" as well as being featured on Opia's "Secrets". In January 2018, Fischer released his debut extended play, Not a Hobby . In May 2018, Fischer released a second EP titled Sam Fischer (Our Vinyl Sessions), featuring acoustic recordings of "Getting Older", "Same Friends" and "Lean".

In January 2019, Fischer collaboration with London's Black Saint on "Everybody Wants You" which became a dance in mid-2019. In 2019, Fischer was signed by Sony who released "This City" in December 2019 and re-released Not a Hobby EP in January 2020. Not a Hobby debuted at number 19 on the Australian Artist Singles Chart on 2 March 2020.

Discography

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Notes

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:21st-century Australian singers
Category:21st-century male singers
Category:Australian pop singers
Category:Australian male singer-songwriters
Category:Musicians from Sydney


Satu Salonen

Satu Maarit Anneli Salonen (born February 27, 1973 in Vahto) is a Finnish former cross-country skier who competed from 1993 to 2005. She won a bronze medal at the 4 × 5 km relay in the 1997 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and had her best finish of 12th in the 5 km event at those same championships.

Salonen's best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was seventh in the 10 km at Salt Lake City in 2002. Her best individual finishes was second twice in Finland (2001, 2005).

Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

Olympic Games

World Championships
 1 medal – (1 bronze)

World Cup

Season standings

Team podiums
 4 podiums

Note:   Until the 1999 World Championships, World Championship races were included in the World Cup scoring system.

References

External links

Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Rusko
Category:Finnish female cross-country skiers
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Category:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing


Bitzen

Bitzen is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

References

Category:Altenkirchen (district)


John Goodner

John David Goodner (February 26, 1944 – December 5, 2005) was an American football coach.

John Goodner hailed from Frederick, Oklahoma.  He played football at his alma mater, nearby Southwestern Oklahoma State University, graduating in 1967.  Goodner coached high school football in Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico for fifteen years before moving to the college ranks.

Goodner was the linebackers coach at Baylor University from 1982 through 1991, becoming Baylor's defensive coordinator in 1992.

In 1993 Goodner left Baylor for Texas Tech University where he served as linebackers coach through 1994, becoming defensive coordinator there in 1995 under head coach Spike Dykes.  Goodner was Texas Tech's defensive coordinator through the 1999 season, becoming the university's highest-paid assistant coach before his departure.

In 2000 Goodner was hired as defensive coordinator at the University of Kentucky by head coach Hal Mumme.  He was retained by new head coach Guy Morriss for the 2001–2002 seasons, and joined Morriss as defensive coordinator at Baylor in 2003.

Goodner coached his teams to ten bowl games during his two decades of college coaching.  He developed future NFL players Zach Thomas, Marcus Coleman, Montae Reagor, Santana Dotson and Daryl Gardener.  Goodner was noted for his unusual hybrid 4–2–5/4–4–3 defensive scheme.

Goodner and his wife Karen had one daughter, Katherine.  Goodner was diagnosed with the brain cancer blioglastoma in December 2004, and died in 2005.  He was named to the Southwestern Oklahoma State Athletic Hall of Fame in 2007.

References

External links

Category:1944 births
Category:2005 deaths
Category:Baylor Bears football coaches
Category:Kentucky Wildcats football coaches
Category:Southwestern Oklahoma State Bulldogs football players
Category:Texas Tech Red Raiders football coaches
Category:High school football coaches in New Mexico
Category:High school football coaches in Oklahoma
Category:High school football coaches in Texas
Category:People from Frederick, Oklahoma
Category:Deaths from brain tumor


Carbine Club Stakes (VRC)

The Carbine Club Stakes is a Victoria Racing Club Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds, at set weights with penalties, over a distance of 1600 metres. It is held annually at Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne, Australia during the VRC Spring Racing Carnival.  The total prize money for the race is A$500,000.

History
The race is named in honour of Carbine, a champion in the 19th century, winner of the Victoria Derby who made also a prolific impact in breeding of thoroughbreds in Australia and England.

The race is run on the first day of the VRC Spring Carnival, Victoria Derby day.

Grade
 1983–1997 - Listed Race
 1998 onwards - Group 3

Winners

 2019 - Dalasan
 2018 - Ranier
 2017 - Levendi
 2016 - Comin' Through
 2015 - Mahuta
 2014 - Kermadec
 2013 - Paximadia
 2012 - Lunar Rise
 2011 - Galah
 2010 - Mr Chard
 2009 - Kidnapped
 2008 - Dr Doutes
 2007 - Zacroona
 2006 - Permaiscuous
 2005 - Testifiable
 2004 - Al Maher
 2003 - Sir Dex
 2002 - Delago Brom
 2001 - All Courage
 2000 - Inspire
 1999 - Over
 1998 - Toy Carousel
 1997 - Antiquity
 1996 - Kailey Choice
 1995 - Saintly
 1994 - Perfect Harmony
 1993 - Voting
 1992 - Baskerville
 1991 - Rapan Boy
 1990 - Pre Record
 1989 - Submariner
 1988 - Wonder Dancer
 1987 - Top Innings
 1986 - Warned
 1985 - Shankhill Lass
 1984 - Brave Salute
 1983 - Wage Freeze
 1982 - Emancipation

See also
 List of Australian Group races
 Group races

References

Category:Horse races in Australia


The President's Plane Is Missing (film)

The President's Plane Is Missing is a 1973 American television film directed by Daryl Duke with a screenplay by Ernest Kinoy and Mark Carliner based upon the Robert J. Serling novel of the same name.  It aired on the ABC Movie of the Week.

Plot
With diplomatic tensions building and the United States facing a possible military confrontation with China, Air Force One mysteriously crashes in the desert while heading to California, with U.S. President, Jeremy Haines, on board.  While the crash is being investigated and the President's fate is yet uncertain, Vice-President, Kermit Madigan, becomes Acting President.  Unfortunately, Haines had left him uninformed of current foreign policies. Madigan must now rely on the late President's aides to fill him in on information he lacks, while the aides attempt to further their own agendas.

National Security Advisor, George Oldenburg, claims that Haines was preparing to go to war if the Chinese did not back down, while career diplomat Secretary of state, Freeman Sharkey, asserts that Haines was pursuing a peaceful solution to the problem with China. Madigan's wife, Hester, sees this as an opportunity to advance his career, but the Washington political community doubts his competence. In dealing with growing tensions and conflicting advice, Madigan struggles to avoid a nuclear war with China. Meanwhile, it turns out that President Haines was not aboard the crashed plane after all.

Cast

 Buddy Ebsen as Vice President Kermit Madigan
 Peter Graves as Mark Jones
 Arthur Kennedy as Gunther Damon
 Raymond Massey as Secretary of State Freeman Sharkey
 Mercedes McCambridge as Hester Madigan
 Rip Torn as National Security Advisor George Oldenburg
 Louise Sorel as Joanna Spencer
 Dabney Coleman as Senator Bert Haines
 Joseph Campanella as Colonel Doug Henderson
 Richard Eastham as General Colton
 Byron Morrow as Admiral Phillips
 Bill Walker as Thomas
 Richard Bull as First Controller
 Richard Stahl as Dentist
 Gil Peterson as Tower Controller
 Barry Cahill as Ground Crew Chief
 Lillian Lehman as Genesse
 James Sikking as Aide to Dunbar
 Barbara Leigh as WAF
 George Barrows as Mr. Meyers
 John Amos as Marine Corporal
 John Ward as Major D'Andrea
 Tod Andrews as President Jeremy Haines
 James Wainwright as General Ben Dunbar
 James B. Smith as Major Earl Foster

Novel

Robert J. Serling's 1967 novel spent multiple weeks on The New York Times Bestseller List and its success enabled Serling to become a full-time writer. Serling later penned a sequel to the novel entitled Air Force One Is Haunted, which centered around former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt haunting the current President whenever he boards Air Force One.

Production
The President's Plane Is Missing was completed for release in 1971, but due to then-President Richard Nixon's ongoing diplomatic relationship with and planned visit to China it was decided to postpone release of a film which painted China in a negative light until after Nixon's return from his visit to China.

The President's Plane Is Missing was released on October 23, 1973, as a period piece.

Reception
In Cinema and Nation, when comparing The President's Plane Is Missing  to such films as JFK (1991) and The Manchurian Candidate (1962) reviewers noted that while many films use a premise that actual democracy is an illusion, this one was rare in that it turned the President into an action hero.  In 1988, the reviewer for the Sydney Morning Herald wrote that it was a "dull film despite an excellent cast."

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Hjort, Mette and Scott  Mackenzie. Cinema and Nation. London: Routledge, 2005..
 McKenna, Michael. The ABC Movie of the Week: Big Movies for the Small Screen. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2013. .

External links

 The President's Plane Is Missing at the Internet Movie Database

Category:1973 films
Category:1973 television films
Category:1970s action thriller films
Category:1970s action films
Category:American films
Category:American aviation films
Category:American television films
Category:Action television films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films about fictional Presidents of the United States
Category:Films based on American novels
Category:Films directed by Daryl Duke
Category:Films set in California
Category:Films set in Washington, D.C.
Category:Films set on airplanes
Category:Films shot in Los Angeles
Category: Films scored by Gil Mellé
Category:Political thriller films
Category:Films about the United States Air Force
Category:United States presidential succession in fiction


Ørestad

Ørestad () is a developing city area in Copenhagen, Denmark, on the island of Amager. When the area was planned it was expected that 20,000 people would live in Ørestad, 20,000 would study, and 80,000 people would be employed in the area. However, so far the area has failed to attract even half of those numbers. The area is being developed using the new town concept with the Copenhagen Metro as the primary public transport grid, connecting the area with the rest of Metropolitan Copenhagen.

Ørestad is noted for its attractive location and excellent infrastructure, which apart from the metro includes the Øresund Railway and Copenhagen Airport, as well as the nearby Øresund Bridge. The regional Oresundtrains reach Copenhagen Airport in six minutes, Copenhagen Central Station in seven, and 29 minutes to Central Station in Malmö, Sweden's third largest  city. Ørestad has once been referred to as "the largest crossroad in Scandinavia". However, Ørestad has also been criticized heavily for its modernist planning approach, focusing exclusively on real estate development and infrastructure connections. This has resulted in wide, open spaces that are void of any human life. The plans for the area have been remade several times to account for such mistakes, but so far without much success.

Ørestad is divided into four districts: Ørestad Nord, Amager Fælled kvarteret, Ørestad City and Ørestad Syd. Among the most notable institutions located in Ørestad are the DR Village, the headquarters of the national Danish broadcaster DR, Copenhagen Concert Hall designed by Jean Nouvel, Field's, the largest shopping mall in Denmark, and Bella Center, the largest exhibition and conference center in Scandinavia, with Bella Sky Hotel, the largest hotel in Scandinavia.

Geography
The area of Ørestad is , being about  wide and  long. The central part of Ørestad, Ørestad City, is located  west of Copenhagen Airport Kastrup and  south of Copenhagen city centre.

Ørestad borders Islands Brygge to the north, Tårnby to the east, and the extensive Kalvebod Commons to the west.

History

The legislation regarding Ørestad was enacted in 1992 because the unused areas were regarded as being too valuable. Ørestad Development Corporation (Ørestadsselskabet I/S) was founded March 11, 1993 to manage the growth of the city district. The corporation is owned 55% by Copenhagen municipality and 45% by the Ministry of Finance. The development is expected to take 20 to 30 years at a cost of about €175 million, and it is expected that 20,000 people will live in Ørestad, 20,000 will study, and 80,000 people will be employed in the area.

At the beginning of 2008, 53% of the area had been sold.

The winning project of an international architectural competition held in 1994 revealed an overall masterplan for Ørestad, dividing the area into four districts. The Finnish design office APRT and Danish KHR Arkitekter established a joint-venture and presented a final plan in 1997.

The first office building was completed in 2001. The first residential buildings were completed three years later. Currently, there are more than 3000 flats as well as  of office space in Ørestad. In addition, a total of 13 buildings are under construction.

Areas in Ørestad
Since the turn of the millennium, a total of 65 buildings have been built, including more than 3000 flats,  for educational use and  of retail stores in the whole of Ørestad.

Ørestad North

Ørestad North is the most developed of the four areas of Ørestad. It is developed according to a masterplan by KHR Arkitekter from 1997 around a central "village green", the Landscape Canal and the north-south-oriented University Canal.

Major institutions in the area include the DR Byen, which includes the Copenhagen Concert Hall, and several educational facilities such as the IT University of Copenhagen and University of Copenhagen's Southern Campus.There are around 1,000 residential units in Ørestad North, half which are student housing in Tietgenkollegiet and Bikuben Kollegiet.

Amager Fælled
The protected Amager Fælled district remains largely undeveloped.

Ørestad City

Ørestad City is the area in Ørestad which has seen the most new construction since 2001 when the Ferring Tower was completed as the first building. The dominating features in the area include the Field's shopping mall and the Bella Center convention and exhibition center. In 2006, Daniel Libeskind created a master plan for the remaining area of Ørestad City, referred to as Ørestad Down Town, located between Field's and Center Boulevard. In 2009, the 709-room Cab Inn Metro Hotel was completed to the design of Libeskind as the first building in this project.

Ørestad City has seen considerable construction of residential buildings since 2003, most of which are centered around Byparken. The most distinctive residential buildings in the area are the VM Houses and Mountain Dwellings by Bjarke Ingels and Julien De Smedt, while another noteworthy building is Ørestad College by 3XN.

Ørestad South
Ørestad South will be dominated by large-scale commercial buildings in the northern part and residential developments in the southern part. A new headquarters for international consulting firm Ramboll and the Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers hotel, part of the Copenhagen Towers development, are located just south of the Øresund highway. Both are designed by Dissing + Weitling. In the southernmost part of Ørestad South the  mixed-use building 8 House by Bjarke Ingels Group and the residential building Stævnen by Wilhelm Lauritzen Arkitekter are located.

Future development

Within the next 5 years the remaining three building sites in Ørestad Nord are expected to go under construction.

Only eight building sites remain to be built in Ørestad City apart from the so-called Libeskind site situated west and south of Field's. The masterplan for this  area was revealed in 2006 and suggests a significant all-curved complex consisting of some 11 office buildings including a 704-room Cab Inn Metro hotel and two 20-storey office/hotel buildings. There will be a central square and a partly glass-roofed arcade. Construction began late 2007 and will go on for the next 5–10 years.

The district plan for Ørestad South was approved in 2005.
The overall master plan follows the initial design as seen in the winning proposal of 1997.
Apart from the Copenhagen Towers complex adjacent to the motorway, two other master plans for two other complexes have been presented: One by Niels Torp for Ørestad Business Center and one by KHR arkitekter for The Hannemannsparken complex. All together these three complexes, situated just south of the motorway, will consist of some  of office space.
Construction of the Copenhagen Towers started late 2007.

Copenhagen Arena, a multi-use indoor arena, is under construction in Ørestad Syd, planned to be opened in 2016. A new school is also planned to open in 2015 as the Ørestad school reaches projected capacity.

Transport
The main arterial road from the north to the south is Ørestads Boulevard which runs along the southern part of the Copenhagen Metro line M1. The Øresund motorway E20 and the Øresund railway cuts through Ørestad, separating the two districts Ørestad City and Ørestad Syd. To the east the airport and the fixed railway and motorway link to Malmö can be reached within few minutes.

Ørestad Station is the main railway station in the area and is served by regional as well as inter-city trains on the Øresund Line. Copenhagen Airport can be reached in five minutes and Copenhagen Central Station can be reached in seven minutes. It offers interchange with the Copenhagen Metro line M1, serving the rest of Ørestad as well as an alternative link to Copenhagen City Centre. The metro has six stops in Ørestad: Islands Brygge and DR Byen in the Ørestad Nord district, Sundby in the Amager Fælled district, Bella Center and Ørestad in the Ørestad City district and Vestamager in the Ørestad Syd district.

In addition, bus lines serve the Faculty of Humanities of the University, Bella Center, Ørestad City and Ørestad Syd. Bus stops in Ørestad City are along Ørestads Boulevard.

References

External links

 Official website

Category:Geography of Copenhagen
Category:Transit-oriented developments
Category:Urban planning in Denmark
Category:Amager