Fitzgerald's

Fitzgerald's was one of the oldest and widely recognized live music venues in the Greater Houston area. The club has been at the top of the live music scene in Houston since it opened in 1977. Fitzgerald's is commonly referred to as "Fitz.” Fitzgerald’s closed and the 100 year old building was demolished in 2019. A parking lot will be built in its place.

History
Fitzgerald's was built in 1918, and for over half a century it was home to the Dom Polski, a Polish center and dance hall. In 1977, G.B. FitzGerald took over the property and opened one of Houston's oldest and best known live music venues.  Shake Russell and Dana Cooper were regular performers at the venue in the late 70s. Sara FitzGerald took over operation of the venue after his death on September 15, 1980.  The building and business was leased from September 2010 until Jan 2016. Sara Fitzgerald took over the reins again in early 2016. The final show was December 31, 2018.

Artist

Fitzgerald's boasts two fully equipped event rooms — one upstairs and one downstairs (often referred to by locals as "Zelda's") — both complete with stage, professional sound and lights, and two premium stocked bars.
The stages at Fitzgerald's have seen thousands of up-and-coming acts, regionally successful artists, and national tours come across them over the years. Kayote, ZZ Top, David Allan Coe, James Brown, Etta James, Dennis Miller and many more helped get things off the ground in the late 70s and early 80s. R.E.M., The Ramones, Cross Canadian Ragweed, Mr. Bungle, Sonic Youth, Godsmack, Soundgarden, Weezer, Tina Turner, Mudvayne, Blues Traveler, Butthole Surfers, Keith Urban, L7, Nonpoint, Devin the Dude, Iron & Wine, Dillinger Escape Plan, EOTO, Aesop Rock, The Books, Staind, AFI, Sleater-Kinney, KRS-One, The Black Lips, The Donnas, DRI, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Bun B, Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!, Os Mutantes, Foals, Tomahawk, Big Boi, Dresden Dolls, Warpaint, Del the Funky Homosapien, Man Man, Uh Huh Her, The Raveonettes, Pansy Division, Fantômas, Yelle, Prince Paul, OK Go, The Walkmen, Andy Dick, The Misfits, UK Subs, Death, Lucero, Man or Astroman?, Theophilus London, The Jesus Lizard, Daniel Johnston, Cracker, The Sword, MC Chris, Voodoo Glow Skulls, Peelander-Z, Toro y Moi, CocoRosie, Clara C, Omar Rodriguez Lopez, The Oh Sees, Yann Tiersen, Anamanaguchi, The Drums, 30 Foot Fall, Strife, Murder City Devils, Mindscape, and hundreds of other now nationally recognized rock, country, hip-hop, and blues artists have all had their turn on the stages of Fitzgerald's.  Several successful Texas bands such as Blue October, Canvas, Ian Moore, Johnny Goudie, Nothing Sacred, and Vallejo played their early shows at Fitzgerald's.

External links
Aftermath of a Fitzgerald's riot in 1990
The Jesus Lizard at Fitzgerald's
When We Ruled H-Town News Spot

References

Category:Music venues in Texas
Category:Culture of Houston
Category:Music venues in Houston


List of Nigerien politicians

The following is a list of Nigerien politicians, both past and present.

__NOTOC__

A
Abdoulaye, Souley
Adji, Boukary
Algabid, Hamid
Amadou, Hama

B
Bakary, Djibo
Bako, Mahamane Sani
Bazoum, Mohamed
Barkire Alidou

C
Cheiffou, Amadou
Cissé, Amadou
Courmo, Barcourgné

D
Diallo, Daouda
Diori, Hamani
Djermakoye, Moumouni Adamou
Djibo, Amadou Ali

H
Habibou, Allele Elhadj
Hama, Abdourahmane
Hamidou, Hassan
Hima, Mariama

I
Issoufou, Mahamadou
Issoufou, Oumarou Garba

K
Kané, Illa
Kountché, Seyni

M
Mahamidou, Aliou
Maidah, Mamadou
Maïnassara, Ibrahim Baré
Mayaki, Adamou
Mayaki, Ibrahim Hassane
Mindaoudou, Aïchatou

O
Oumarou, Ide
Oumarou, Mamane
Ousmane, Mahamane
Moussa Hassane Abdou

S
Sabo, Boukary
Sabo, Nassirou
Saibou, Ali
Salifou, Amadou
Salifou, André
Sidikou, Abdou
Sidikou, Maman Sambo
Sidikou, Oumarou

T
Tandja, Mamadou
Taya, Omar Katzelma

W
Wanké, Daouda Malam


Somery

Somery is a compilation album by the American punk rock band the Descendents, released in 1991 through SST Records. It compiles songs from their Fat EP (1981) and the albums Milo Goes to College (1982), I Don't Want to Grow Up (1985), Enjoy! (1986), and All (1987).

Background
In 1987 SST Records had purchased the Descendents' previous label New Alliance Records, releasing their 1987 album All and re-releasing all of their previous material. Following the Descendents' final tours in spring and summer 1987, singer Milo Aukerman had left the band to pursue a career in biochemistry. The remaining members—bassist Karl Alvarez, guitarist Stephen Egerton, and drummer Bill Stevenson—relaunched the band under the name All, releasing three albums on the SST subsidiary Cruz Records between 1988 and 1991 with singers Dave Smalley and Scott Reynolds. SST also released the Descendents live albums Liveage! (1987) and Hallraker: Live! (1989), both recorded during the final two Descendents tours. Somery was released in 1991, compiling tracks from the Descendents' past studio releases. Stevenson created the cover art for the compilation while Egerton did the graphics. The Descendents would later reunite with Aukerman in 1995 to record Everything Sucks.

Stevenson remarked in 1993 that "Somery sold more than any of the Descendents albums put together. All the kids are just now getting into it, so that way they can buy one record and kind of get into it and see what it's all about, and then if they really like it they can buy all the other records. See, back when we were touring, nobody came to see us. It's only now [that] the Descendents have become popular."

Reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave Somery four and a half stars out of five, saying that although "a handful of great songs from their best albums are missing, Somery nevertheless selects the highlights from their occasionally uneven records, making it a useful and comprehensive retrospective." Erlewine's colleague Mike DaRonco called it a felony that "Pep Talk" from All was not included on the compilation. Rock critic Robert Christgau gave the album an A- rating, opining that the 1988 compilation Two Things at Once contained the band's best material, "But anyone beguiled, enthralled, or smacked between the eyes by how nakedly these guys don't quite understand their class rage and love-hungry sexual anxiety will hear through their bouts of misogyny and sophomoric humor for the 19 more tuneful if less inspired selections from three later and lesser albums, as in the tortured breakup song/metaphor 'Clean Sheets' and the fuckup/square's confession 'Coolidge'." Jenny Eliscu of Rolling Stone called Somery "the only Descendents record to qualify as must-have. It's got virtually all of the winning songs, from the goofy hardcore tunes [...] to the more commercial-sounding rockers".

Track listing

Personnel
Band
Karl Alvarez – bass guitar on tracks from All
Milo Aukerman – vocals
Doug Carrion – bass guitar on tracks from Enjoy!
Ray Cooper – guitar on tracks from I Don't Want to Grow Up and Enjoy!
Stephen Egerton – guitar on tracks from All, graphics
Frank Navetta – guitar on tracks from the Fat EP and Milo Goes to College
Tony Lombardo – bass guitar on tracks from the Fat EP, Milo Goes to College, and I Don't Want to Grow Up
Bill Stevenson – drums, cover art, producer of tracks from I Don't Want to Grow Up, Enjoy!, and All

Production
Richard Andrews – engineer of tracks from Enjoy! and All
Ethan James – engineer of tracks from Enjoy!
Spot – producer and engineer of tracks from the Fat EP and Milo Goes to College
David Tarling – producer and engineer of tracks from I Don't Want to Grow Up

References

External links

Somery at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)

Category:Descendents albums
Category:1991 compilation albums
Category:SST Records compilation albums
Category:Albums produced by Bill Stevenson (musician)


Dominique II Berger

Dominique II Berger (Bruges, 1 January 1780 – 23 March 1845) was a Flemish organist and the official city carillonneur of Bruges between 1807 and 1838.

Levensloop
Dominique or Dominiek II Berger was the eldest son of Dominique I Berger (1747–1797), who was an organ builder, and of Francisca van de Voorde. The Bergers were a family from Bruges that were part of a long dynasty of organ builders.

During the French Revolutionary era, Dominique II travelled to Paris where he received music lessons from Luigi Boccherini. At his return to Bruges in 1807, he was appointed as organist at the Saint-Salvatore church and succeeded Henderyck Fromont as the official carillonneur of Bruges. In December 1808, he married Maria Hubené. The marriage remained childless. The couple took care of Louis Hubené instead, an orphaned nephew who ended up succeeding Berger as the city carillonneur of Bruges in 1838.

Berger gained some renown as a composer. His oeuvre, which mostly consisted of church music, was never published and has therefore disappeared.

Sources
 A. MAELFAIT, Het Muziekconservatorium te Brugge, Bruges, 1922.
 Luc LANNOO, De Brugse orgelmakers Berger en hun familie, Brussels – Bruges, 1982.
 Noël GEIRNAERT, De beiaardiers te Brugge in het verleden, in: H. Daquin & M. Formesyn (ed.), Brugge, Belfort en Beiaard, Bruges, 1984.
 Antoon DEFOORT, Lexicon van de muziek in West-Vlaanderen, Part 2, Bruges, 2001.

Category:1780 births
Category:1845 deaths
Category:Flemish composers


Ananda Thuriya of Kanba Myint

Ananda Thuriya (, ) was the first governor of Kanba Myint, the region that would later become the Principality of Toungoo (Taungoo), the predecessor state of the Toungoo dynasty. The governor started out his career in the military service of King Sithu II of Pagan (Bagan), rising to commander-in-chief of the royal army. He later became a chief minister at the royal court, and married a daughter of the king. In 1191, he was appointed governor of Kanba Myint, (modern Taungoo District), then a frontier region. He was the paternal great grandfather of Thawun Gyi and Thawun Nge, who founded Toungoo in 1279.

Brief
The royal chronicles say nothing about his early life except for his personal name, Yanman Nga Htwe (). Based on his honorific, Yanman, he was likely an ethnic Mon. The first mention of him the chronicles is as a member of the security detail of King Sithu II (r. 1174–1211). Chronicles say that Htwe made his name one day when the king was sailing upriver from Pagan (Bagan), and the royal barge was attacked by a large crocodile. Htwe jumped into the river, and wrestled the crocodile and killed it with the royal sceptre.

The grateful king appointed him an officer in his army. There, Htwe served with distinction. He started out leading small expeditions to put down minor rebellions, and later became a commander leading major expeditions to more remote regions. Chronicles say that he proved to be a successful commander, and usually brought home the rebel leader. Legends grew about his bravery: He supposedly wrestled and killed a tiger, and an elephant on separate occasions. For his battlefield successes, the king rewarded him by granting a senior court title, Ananda Thuriya (Pali: Ananta Suriya), and his teenage daughter Saw Min Hla in marriage. The minister-general built the Laymyethna Temple in Pagan, inscribing a curse on all those who should injure his dedication.

According to the Toungoo region's chronicle Toungoo Yazawin, in 1191, Ananda Thuriya was given in fief a frontier region called Kanba Myint (ကမ်းပါးမြင့်), a small settlement on the Swa, a tributary to the Paunglaung river. The king made the appointment while travelling through the region on his return trip from Pegu (Bago) in the south. He observed that the hitherto frontier region, about 250 km from the Mon-speaking Pegu, was now populated with Mon and Burmese speakers, and decided to closely administer the region. According to historian Sein Lwin Lay, the king likely considered his son-in-law Ananda Thuriya, a proven military commander and probably an ethnic Mon (based on his name), a perfect fit for the region.

Except for a couple of pagoda renovations, not much is known about his years as governor at Kanba Myint. He died in an unknown year, and was succeeded by his son Min Hla Saw. In 1279, two of his great grandsons Thawun Gyi and Thawun Nge founded Toungoo (Taungoo), about 40 km south of Kanba Myint. Toungoo became the principal city of the region by the early 14th century.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Category:Ministers of Pagan dynasty
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Year of death unknown
Category:12th-century births
Category:Burmese generals
Category:Burmese people of Mon descent


Mehraban, Gilan

Mehraban (; also known as Mehrbun) is a village in Tutaki Rural District, in the Central District of Siahkal County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 315, in 83 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Siahkal County


Jeff Abbott

Jeff Abbott (born 1963) is a U.S. suspense novelist. He has degrees in History and English from Rice University. He lives in Austin, Texas. Before writing full-time, he was a creative director at an advertising agency. His early novels were traditional detective fiction, but in recent years he has turned to writing thriller fiction. A theme of his work is the idea of ordinary people caught up in extraordinary danger and fighting to return to their normal lives. His novels are published in several countries and have also been bestsellers in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, Germany, France and Portugal.

Bibliography

The Jordan Poteet mysteries
These novels are more traditional mysteries, centering on Poteet's eccentric family in a small Texas town.

 Do Unto Others (Oct 1994) winner of the Agatha Award (given by Malice Domestic) and the Macavity Award (given by Mystery Readers International) for Best First Novel, nominated for the Dilys Award given by the Independent Mystery Booksellers Associations.
The Only Good Yankee (Apr 1995)–nominated for the Writers' League of Texas Violet Crown Award
Promises of Home (Jan 1996)
Distant Blood (Sep 1996)

The Whit Mosley series
Mosley is a Texas judge and coroner who partners with investigator Claudia Salazar in a Gulf Coast county. These books are darker and more thriller-oriented than the Poteet novels.

A Kiss Gone Bad (Oct 2001)–nominated for the Anthony Award at Bouchercon XXXIII in the "Best paperback original" category.
Black Jack Point (Sep 2002)—nominated for the Edgar Award (given by Mystery Writers of America),; the Anthony Award for "Best paperback original"; and also for the Barry Award.
Cut and Run (Nov 2003)—nominated for the Edgar Award),

The Sam Capra Series
Capra is a brilliant CIA agent who is set up and loses everything that matters to him. He then uses his skills to help the helpless, protect the innocent and track down those who took his family from him.

Stand Alone Novels

Panic (Aug 2005)—nominated for the Thriller Award (given by the International Thriller Writers). Panic, has been optioned for film by The Weinstein Company and is in development.
 Fear (Aug 2006)
 Collision (Jul 2008)—known as Run in the United Kingdom Collision, has been optioned for film by Twentieth Century Fox.
 Trust Me (Jul 2009)
Blame (Jul 2017)
The Three Beths (October 2018)

Anthologies and Collections

References

External links

 Jeff Abbott's Blog at http://blog.jeffabbott.com

Category:1963 births
Category:Living people
Category:Rice University alumni
Category:American mystery novelists
Category:American thriller writers
Category:Agatha Award winners
Category:Macavity Award winners
Category:American male novelists
Category:20th-century American novelists
Category:20th-century American male writers
Category:21st-century American novelists
Category:21st-century American male writers


Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine

Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine (IJLP) was a Lebanese Shia group that  claimed credit for the January 24, 1987 abduction of three American and one Indian professors – Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill, Mithal Eshwar Singh – from Beirut University College in West Beirut.  They were eventually released.

References

Category:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
Category:Islamist insurgent groups
Category:Islamist groups
Category:Jihadist groups
Category:Islamic organizations
Category:Hezbollah


Tsuriel Raphael

Tsuriel Raphael (Hebrew: צוריאל רפאל, born in 1952 in the United States) is an Israeli diplomat. He was recalled from the post of ambassador to El Salvador and non-resident ambassador to Belize following an incident in early 2007. It was his first ambassadorial posting as a career Israeli foreign service officer.

Early life and education
Raphael was born in Los Angeles, California in 1952 and moved to Israel with his parents and brother in 1971. He studied at Tel Aviv University and in 1976 he received his B.A. in political science. Afterwards he served in the Israel Defense Forces.

Career

In November 1981, Raphael started working at the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Jerusalem. Two years later, in 1983, he was part of the Israeli delegation to the 38th session of the General Assembly at the United Nations; afterwards, he was posted to the Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.. In July 1990, Raphael was named to serve as Consul for Public Affairs for Israel's Consulate General to the Southwestern United States, based in Los Angeles, and later served as Deputy Consul General in the mid 1990s at Israel's Consulate General in New York City.

From 1998 to 2002 Raphael served as Deputy Chief of Mission at the Embassy of Israel in Madrid. He returned to Jerusalem in 2002, working as the director of the Israel Information Center, a department of the Foreign Ministry. His main responsibility included the preparation, editing and distribution of informational policy papers.

2007 incident
In 2006 Raphael was appointed ambassador to El Salvador and non resident ambassador to Belize. On 12 March 2007, it was announced that Raphael would be recalled after being found outside the embassy in San Salvador, drunk, hands tied, and mostly naked wearing only bondage gear. Police were able to determine his identity after removing a rubber ball gag from his mouth. Israel recalled him for "behavior that is unbecoming of a diplomat."

References

Category:Ambassadors of Israel to El Salvador
Category:Ambassadors of Israel to Belize
Category:American Jews
Category:American emigrants to Israel
Category:Tel Aviv University alumni
Category:1952 births
Category:Living people


Wrecking (shipwreck)

Wrecking is the practice of taking valuables from a shipwreck which has foundered or run aground close to shore. Often an unregulated activity of opportunity in coastal communities, wrecking has been subjected to increasing regulation and evolved into what is now known as marine salvage.

Wrecking is no longer economically significant. However, as recently as the 19th century in some parts of the world, it was the mainstay of otherwise economically marginal coastal communities.

A traditional legendary trope is that wreckers deliberately decoying ships on to coasts use tricks, especially false lights, so that they run ashore for easy plundering. While this has been depicted in many stories and legends, there is no clear evidence that this has ever happened.

Luring ships to wreck with false lights
There are legends that some ships were deliberately lured into danger by a display of false lights. John Viele, retired U. S. Navy officer and author of a history of wrecking in the Florida Keys, states that such tricks simply would not work. He points out that mariners interpret a light as indicating land, and so avoid them if they cannot identify them. Moreover, oil lanterns cannot be seen very far over water at night, unless they are large, fitted with mirrors or lenses, and mounted at a great height (i.e., in a lighthouse). In hundreds of admiralty court cases heard in Key West, Florida, no captain of a wrecked ship ever charged that he had been led astray by a false light.

A Bahamian wrecker, when asked if he and his crewmates made beacons on shore or showed their lights to warn ships away from the land at night, is reported to have said, "No, no [laughing]; we always put them out for a better chance by night".

Legend maintains that the town of Nags Head, North Carolina takes its name from wreckers or "bankers" deploying false lights. The toponymic legend states that in the 18th century, wreckers would hang lanterns from the necks of mules (colloquially called "nags" at the time) and walk the animals very slowly up and down the beach. The alleged intent was to fool mariners into believing that the slow-moving lights were ships drifting at rest or at anchor, prompting the ships to change course and subsequently run aground.

In 1860, a writer for Harper’s New Monthly Magazine corroborated the story of the "bankers" who gave Nags Head its name.

Wrecking in the Americas

Spanish America
As soon as the Spanish began sending home the treasures they found in the New World, some of the treasure was lost in shipwrecks. By the 1540s Indians along the coast of Florida, where many of the Spanish treasure ships wrecked, were diving on the wrecks and recovering significant amounts of gold and silver. By that time the Spanish had been using first Indians (the Lucayans from the Bahamas were particularly prized for the task) and then Africans to dive for pearls around the islands near present-day Venezuela. The Spanish began using these divers to recover treasure from shipwrecks. The Spanish kept salvage ships with crews of African divers on-call in major ports around the Caribbean, ready to sail as soon as word of a wreck was received. In the course of the 16th through the 18th centuries the Spanish recovered more than 100,000,000 pesos worth of treasure by such means. Spanish salvage efforts had varying success. Although the Spanish carried out salvage operations on the wrecks of the 1715 Treasure Fleet for four years, they recovered less than half of the treasure recorded as sent on the fleet. On the other hand, the Spanish recovered more treasure from the 1733 treasure fleet than had been officially registered on it.

Bermuda and Jamaica
In the 16th and 17th centuries Spanish ships returning to Spain from the Caribbean rode the Gulf Stream to Cape Canaveral and then aimed for Bermuda. Raising Bermuda was essential to Spanish ships for verifying their position before setting course for the Azores. As a result, some Spanish ships wrecked on Bermuda. After the English settled on Bermuda in the early 17th century, they quickly took up "wracking" on Bermuda, and then extended their search for wrecks to all of the Caribbean. Later in the 17th century the center for English "wracking" in the Caribbean shifted to Port Royal in Jamaica. William Phips went there to recruit the divers he used to salvage treasure from a Spanish wreck on the north shore of Hispaniola, where he recovered the largest amount of treasure from a single wreck before the 20th century.

The Bahamas
Wrecking (or "wracking") was an important activity in the Bahamas from its first settlement in 1648. A company of religious dissidents from Bermuda, the Eleutheran Adventurers, established a colony on Eleutheria. Their governing document, the Articles and Orders, included regulations of wrecking, providing that any salvaged ordnance would be held in common for the defense of the colony, and all other salvaged goods would be delivered to designated agents, "made fit for sale" and then sold, with one-third of the proceeds going to the wreckers.

While the Eleutheran Adventurers were primarily farmers, seamen from Bermuda began settling on New Providence in the 1660s, attracted by ambergris, wrecks and salt. There were vessels dedicated to wrecking from this time, but wrecking was a secondary occupation for most men. These seamen, who called themselves "wrackers" or "wreckers", pursued wrecking aggressively, regarding all salvage as their property. They were rumored to have killed people who had inconveniently survived a shipwreck. They drove Spanish salvors away from Spanish wrecks, and even took goods that the Spanish had already salvaged. Spain regarded the Bahamian wreckers as pirates, and retaliated by attacking the wreckers' ships, kidnapping farmers from New Providence, and burning the capital, Charles Town.

The Bahamian government eventually exerted control over the wreckers. The wreckers were required to carry salvaged goods to Nassau, where they were auctioned. However, goods useful on a ship or in a wrecker's home were often diverted with a blind eye turned by government officials. Increased shipping after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 led to more wrecks. Vessels specifically designed for wrecking were built in the Bahamas. A U.S law of 1825 required that all goods salvaged from wrecks in U.S. waters be taken to an American port of entry (which, for the Bahamians, meant Key West, Florida). Many Bahamian wreckers eventually moved to Key West and became U.S. citizens.

Wrecking was a mainstay of the Bahamian economy through most of the 19th century. In 1856 there were 302 ships and 2,679 men (out of a total population of 27,000) licensed as wreckers in the Bahamas. In that year salvaged wreck cargo brought to Nassau was valued at £96,304, more than half of all imports to the Bahamas. More than two-thirds of exports from the Bahamas were salvaged goods. The government normally took 15% customs duty on salvaged goods. If the salvaged cargo was not claimed, the Vice Admiralty Court took 30%, and the Governor took another 10%. Shore workers (warehouse workers, agents and laborers) usually received around 14% of the value. The wreckers themselves usually received 40% to 60% of the value of the salvaged goods. Even so, the average annual income of an ordinary seaman on a wrecker was about £20.

The American Civil War sharply cut the volume of shipping around the Bahamas, and the wreckers suffered with far fewer wrecks to salvage. The end of the Civil War brought back increased shipping and wrecks. In 1865, the last year of the Civil War, £28,000 worth of salvaged goods were taken to Nassau. In 1866 that rose to £108,000, and peaked at £154,000 in 1870. Wrecking then entered a decline, and was nearly gone by the end of the 19th century. More lighthouses (eventually numbering 37 in the Bahamas), better charts, more ships powered by steam, better qualified ship's officers, and more seaworthy ships all contributed to fewer wrecks.

The Florida Keys
For several centuries wrecking was an important economic activity in the Florida Keys. During the 19th century wrecking in the Keys became a highly organized and regulated industry, with dozens of vessels and hundreds of men active in the trade at any given time. The Florida Keys form a long arc of islands extending from the southern end of the east coast of Florida to the Dry Tortugas. A line of shallow coral reefs, the Florida Reef, runs parallel to the Keys from east of Cape Florida to southwest of Key West, with dangerous shoals stretching west from Key West to the Dry Tortugas. This chain of reefs and shoals is approximately  long, separated from the Keys by the narrow and relatively shallow Hawk Channel. The Gulf Stream passes close to the Florida Reef through the Straits of Florida, which is the major route for shipping between the eastern coast of the United States and ports in the Gulf of Mexico and the western Caribbean Sea. The combination of heavy shipping and a powerful current flowing close to dangerous reefs made the Florida Keys the site of a great many wrecks, especially during the 19th century. Ships were wrecking on the Florida Reef at the rate of almost once a week in the middle of the 19th century (the collector of customs in Key West reported a rate of 48 wrecks a year in 1848). For a period of almost 100 years, wrecking captains and wrecking vessels in the Keys had to hold a license issued by the Federal court. In 1858 there were 47 boats and ships licensed as wreckers.

Early history
Ships began wrecking along the Florida Reef almost as soon as Europeans reached the New World. From early in the 16th century, Spanish ships returning from the New World to Spain sailed from Havana to catch the Gulf Stream, which meant they passed close to the Florida Reef, with some wrecking. The first wreckers in the Keys were Indians; when Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda's ship was wrecked in 1549, he was taken prisoner by Indians who were experienced in plundering wrecked ships. In 1622, six ships of the Spanish treasure fleet wrecked during a hurricane in the lower Keys. Spanish operations to recover the gold and silver from the lost ships continued intermittently for 21 years, but the Spanish lost track of the Nuestra Señora de Atocha, which was finally found and excavated in the 20th century. In 1733, 19 ships of the Spanish treasure fleet wrecked during a hurricane in the middle and upper keys, and salvage operations lasted four years. The Spanish used dragged chains, grapnels, free divers and even an early diving bell to find and recover goods from the wrecked ships.

Starting in the 18th century ships from The Bahamas began frequenting the Florida Keys. The Bahamians were opportunists, fishing, turtling, logging tropical hardwoods on the Keys, and salvaging wrecks as the opportunity arose. When the Spanish were salvaging the wrecks of the 1733 treasure fleet, the Spanish commander of the operation expressed concern that the Bahamians would try to salvage some of the treasure on their own. By 1775, George Gauld, who produced a chart of the Keys that was still being used 75 years later, advised mariners to stay with their ships if they wrecked, so that the Bahamian wreckers could assist them. Although the Keys were at various times part of Spanish Florida, the British colony of East Florida and the U.S. Florida Territory, the Bahamians took goods salvaged from ships wrecked in the Keys to Nassau for adjudication, rather than to the Florida port of entry, St. Augustine. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812 in 1815, increased shipping through the Straights of Florida resulted in an increase in wrecks on the Keys, and the Crown's share from the auction of salvaged goods became the major support of the economy of Nassau.

Under United States jurisdiction
After 1815, fishing boats from New England began visiting the Florida Keys in the winter to fish for the Havana market. These fishermen engaged in wrecking when the opportunity arose. With the acquisition of Florida by the United States in 1821 and the settlement of Key West in 1822, the New England fishermen-wreckers began moving their homes to Key West. Conflicts quickly developed with the Bahamian wreckers. U.S. Navy ships stopped and boarded Bahamian wreckers to check papers, and arrested two Bahamian captains on suspicion of smuggling slaves. American wreckers became increasingly hostile to Bahamian wreckers, and in 1825 the U.S. Congress passed a law requiring all goods salvaged in U.S. waters to be taken to an American port of entry. This measure created a great inconvenience for the Bahamian wreckers, as they had to take salvaged goods and ships to Key West before they could return home to the Bahamas. Some of them soon moved to Key West and acquired U.S. citizenship.

Key West had become a port of entry in 1822. In the same year the U.S. Navy chose Key West as its base for suppressing piracy in the West Indies. The city quickly developed into Florida's most important port. By the 1830s Key West accounted for 60% to 90% of imports and exports for the Territory. Most of this traffic was due to the activities of the wreckers. Warehouses for storing salvaged goods, shipyards for repairing damaged ships that had been removed from the reefs and for building vessels to be used in wrecking, and ship chandlers for refitting ships all contributed to the city's prosperity.

In the 1820s and 1830s Indian Key functioned as a secondary center for the wrecking industry in the Keys. Closer to most of the reefs off the keys than Key West, Indian Key enjoyed a brief prosperity before being destroyed in a raid by Seminoles in 1840.

Wrecking operations
Wrecking in the Florida Keys was conducted from sailing vessels. Numerous vessels would patrol along the Florida Reef looking for wrecks. The wreckers would normally anchor at night in protected anchorages along the Keys, and then sail out in the morning to see if any ships had wrecked during the night. As a result, a ship that ran on the reef during the night might attract a dozen wreckers by the afternoon of the next day. The first wrecking captain to reach a stranded ship became the wreck master, determining how many wreckers he needed to help salvage the ship, and directing the operation. Wreckers had an obligation to save passengers and crew of the wrecked ship (for which they received no compensation), and to salvage as much of the cargo as possible, and the ship, as well. If the judge in Federal court decided that a wrecking crew had not done everything possible to salvage cargo and ship, he would reduce the award.

The salvaged cargo and the ship, if it could be saved, were taken to Key West where they were appraised or auctioned. The wrecking vessels and crews that participated in the operations would then be awarded a share of the salvage value. Half of the salvage award went to the owners of the wrecking vessels, divided among the boats on a tonnage basis. The other half went to the wrecker crews, proportional to the number of crewmen on each vessel. Ordinary crewmen received one share, "boys" a half-share, cooks, one-and-a-quarter shares, and captains one to three shares, depending on the size of the vessel. Divers, who dove into the flooded holds of ships to retrieve cargo, received extra shares. By the time a salvage award was divided this way, individual shares were often quite small. Contemporary observers estimated that wrecking crews on average made no more than an ordinary seaman.

In the first few years after Florida was acquired by the United States, salvage awards were determined either by prior agreement between the wreck master and the captain of the wrecked ship, or by arbitration. As the persons available to serve as arbitrators usually had ties to the wrecking industry, if not a direct business relationship with the wreck master and/or the owners of the wrecking vessels, the process was often abused, with awards as high as 90% of the salvaged value. In 1829 a United States District Court was established in Key West with admiralty jurisdiction, after which most salvage cases were decided in court. Court awards for a wrecking operation averaged about 25% of the salvage value. Private agreements and arbitration remained an option, however, particularly when the judge was not available. A visitor to Key West in the 1880s reported that the United States District Court was in session almost every week, and had heard more than 700 Admiralty law cases during the preceding year.

Wreckers were required by the Federal law to carry equipment that might be needed to save cargo and ships. Such equipment included heavy anchors for kedging (hauling) ships off reefs, heavy hawsers and chain, fenders and blocks and tackle. Wreckers also had to be prepared to make emergency repairs to ships to refloat them or keep them afloat while they were sailed or towed back to Key West. By the middle of the 19th century windmill-powered pumps, and later a steam-powered pump, were kept in Key West. If the wreckers were not able to pump out a ship fast enough to float it using the ship's own pumps, they could rent one of the large pumps from Key West. As the wrecking vessels could not always directly approach wrecked ships, they had to carry sturdy boats.

Cargoes saved by wreckers varied tremendously. Cotton was perhaps the most valuable bulk cargo. A bale of cotton might be worth US$50 or $60 in Charleston, South Carolina, but a bale pulled from a flooded hold would be saturated with water, and weigh as much as half a ton. Unusual cargoes salvaged by wreckers included the fossilized "Hydrarchos" skeleton collected in Alabama by Albert Koch, and a locomotive. In 1827 Guerrero, a Spanish slave-runner carrying 500 African captives, and the Royal Navy warship HMS Nimble ran onto the Florida Reef during a running gun battle. Wreckers went to the aid of both ships. After most of the Africans and the Spanish crewmen had been transferred to wrecker vessels, the Spanish crewmen commandeered two of the ships and sailed to Cuba with most of the Africans. The remaining 120 Africans were taken to Key West, and then to St. Augustine. After Congress passed a special law the next year, 96 surviving Africans were sent to Liberia.

Decline
In an effort to reduce the number of wrecks along the Florida Reef, the United States government funded the construction of lighthouses. Lighthouses were built in the 1820s at Cape Florida, Key West (both on the island itself and on nearby Sand Key), and on Garden Key in the Dry Tortugas. A lightship was stationed at Carysfort Reef. Mariners complained that the lights were not visible enough. There were also long interruptions. The Cape Florida lighthouse was burned by Seminoles in 1836 and remained dark for ten years. It was also dark while the tower was made higher in 1855. It was put out of commission again in 1860 by Confederate sympathizers and remained dark until the end of the American Civil War in 1865. The Key West and Sand Key lighthouses were destroyed by a hurricane in 1846. A lightship was placed at Sand Key until the lighthouses could be rebuilt. Beginning in 1852 lighthouses were built directly on the Florida Reef, but it was 1880 before mariners could rely on having a lighthouse in sight at all times while sailing along the Florida Reef.

The wreckers were unhappy about the lights, expecting them to reduce the number of wrecks and their livelihood. Initially, however, the lights did not greatly reduce the number of wrecks. Some ships wrecked when their captains became confused about which lights they were seeing, mistaking lights on the Florida Reef for lights on the Bahama Banks. Some wrecks may have been deliberate, as well. On a few occasions wreckers trying to refloat flooded ships discovered that holes had been bored through the hull below the water line. The captain of a ship that had wrecked stated that the wreck was not to be greatly regretted, as there were too many ships in the freight business. Judge Marvin of the Federal court in Key West told a navy officer in 1860 there was "a great deal of wrecking by design."

Shipping through the Straits of Florida, and therefore the number of wrecks on the Florida Reef, declined sharply during the Civil War. Following the Civil War, the number of wrecks did not increase as fast as the ship traffic through the Straits. More lighthouses were in place, better charts were available, and more ships were powered by steam and thus less vulnerable to being pushed onto reefs by unfavorable winds. Steam-powered vessels began to enter the wrecking trade. Eventually ocean-going tugboats took over what became known as marine salvage operations. By the end of the 19th century wrecks were infrequent. The last major wrecking operation was in 1905, when 77 small vessels and 500 men salvaged cargo from the steamer Alicia. Salvage work was abandoned when divers refused to continue, as contaminated water in the hold was causing them to become blind for 24 hours after a dive. The salvage award was US$17,690. The last local wrecker was bought out by a New York company in 1920. The Federal court closed the book of wrecking licenses the next year.

British North America and Canada
Residents of the isolated communities along the outer banks of North Carolina and the Islands of Hatteras, Ocracoke, and Portsmouth and in Newfoundland and the islands and coastline of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and engaged in wrecking for many years. In Nova Scotia, Seal Island and especially Sable Island were known for wrecking. Reports of violent wreckers on Sable helped spur efforts by the colony of Nova Scotia to establish a rescue station in Sable Island in 1801.

Wrecking in Europe

Britain

Wrecking was well known in Devon and Cornwall where the rocky coastline, and strong prevailing onshore winds helped wreck many merchant ships and warships. It is rumoured that ships were sometimes deliberately attracted: false lights on the shore were said to be used sometimes to lead ships into disaster. However, there is no evidence to support these ideas.

In 1735 a law was passed to make it an offence to make false lights, but no one was prosecuted as a result. In 1769 William Pearse was hanged at Launceston in Cornwall for stealing from a wreck. It was not until after a case in the Court of Appeal in 1870 that rewards were made for rescuing people.

Wrecking was a major industry in the 19th century, and as far back as the 16th century, especially of ships returning from the New World using the Gulf Stream, which passes by the south west of England. This would help to speed these ships on their way to France and Spain and put them out of position. Wreckers would attempt to frighten off the curious, suspicious or unwanted visitors, by spreading wild rumours concerning supernatural activity, ghosts and cannibals (as occurred in Clovelly) near their wrecking sites.

Wrecking was a major activity of the inhabitants of Stroma Island in the Pentland Firth off the north of Scotland. It was also well known on the Goodwin Sands off the south east of England where over 2000 wrecks have occurred. The boatmen of Deal, who took supplies to ships at anchor off the coast, would plunder any wrecked vessel. Another area where wrecking was prevalent was the Wirral Peninsula, near Liverpool, where wrecking continued to be reported into the early twentieth century.

A 2005 BBC documentary, Coast, successfully replicated the conditions of false light wrecking in an experiment which suggested that a single-candle lantern onshore would be sufficient to lure a boat into dangerous water on a dark night. The boat crew did not see the light until they got within 150m of it.

In 2007 the container ship MSC Napoli went aground off Branscombe beach in Devon. Some of its cargo was washed ashore and many wreckers plundered the cargo in spite of attempts to prevent this. People came long distances to retrieve such things as BMW motorcycles. Goods from wrecks are supposed by law to be reported to the "Receiver of Wreck" and finders will then be given a reward.

Denmark
Wrecking has been practised a long way back in Denmark. The long shorelines, the heavy international marine traffic in combination with some difficult and often harsh waters, has produced many wrecks here. It was only recently, that the light signalling was fully developed and deep sea-bed canals were dug in the often very shallow waters here, making seafaring relatively safe. Skagen's Vippefyr was constructed in 1627, along with several other rudimentary lighting signals in the following years, after complaints. Sea floor canals came centuries later. It was and still is common practice to hire skilled Danish pilots to help navigate in and out of the Baltic Sea.

So-called wreck masters used to be employed in the Danish coastal communities, in order to oversee, report on and collect valuables from new wrecks. A former wreck masters home can be experienced at the Wreck Master's Farm near Rubjerg Knude on the North Atlantic coast for example. The last wreck master here left in 1992. A few wreck masters are still appointed in Denmark, but nowadays the job also includes observations and reporting on oil spills, pollutions, vandalism, etc., and they work in close cooperation with the police.

Fictional accounts
Wreckers have been featured in a number of works of fiction, including a references in The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx, Jamaica Inn by Daphne du Maurier, Shipwrecks by  Akira Yoshimura, the film The Light at the Edge of the World based on the novel Le Phare du bout du monde by Jules Verne, and also in the opening chapter of Verne's The Archipelago on Fire.

The plot of Compton Mackenzie's novel Whisky Galore revolves around the inhabitants of a small Scottish island recovering as-yet-untaxed whisky from a shipwreck and their subsequent efforts at evading government officials.

Dame Ethel Smyth's opera, The Wreckers, is set in Cornwall—the plot revolves around deliberate wrecking.

In 1942, the Technicolor Movie Reap The Wild Wind  by Cecil B. DeMille depicted life in the wrecking business in the Nineteenth Century around Key West, Florida. It garnered an Academy Award for underwater Special Effects.

In 1962, the Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color TV series aired a two-episode live action adventure film entitled The Mooncussers about the investigation and exposure of a gang of wreckers.

Enid Blyton, specifically in the Famous Five books, writes often about the treasures of the wreckers.

The Wreckers, by Iain Lawrence, is a book for younger readers about The Isle of Skye (a London vessel) being shipwrecked along the shores of Pendennis, Cornwall.

Canadian progressive rock band Rush included a song on their 2012 album Clockwork Angels titled "The Wreckers", the lyrics of which were inspired by historical tales of wreckers luring ships to their demise.

Crimson Shore is part of the Agent Pendergast series by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child.  The main story involves a ship, the Pembroke Castle, being purposefully wrecked on the rocks off the coast of Massachusetts.

Coot Club, the fifth of Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of books, features wreckers on the Norfolk Broads.

The Wreck of the Zanzibar is a Whitbread Award-winning children's novel by Michael Morpurgo, set on the Isles of Scilly.

H.M.S. Dolores is a 2016 board game whose plot centers around rival crews of wreckers.

See also
 Shipwreck
 Ship breaking
 Jus naufragii
 Beachcombing

Notes

References
Albury, Paul. (1975) The Story of the Bahamas. Macmillan Caribbean
Craton, Michael. (1986) A History of the Bahamas. Waterloo, Ontario: San Salvador Press

Marx, Robert F. (1985) Shipwrecks in Florida Waters. Chuluota, Florida: The Mickler House.
Viele, John. (2001) The Florida Keys: The Wreckers. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc.

Further reading
Bathurst, Bella. (2005)The Wreckers: A Story of Killing Seas, False Lights, and Plundered Shipwrecks. Houghton Mifflin.
Pearce, Cathryn. (2010) Cornish Wrecking, 1700–1860; Reality and Popular Myth. Boydell & Brewer.

External links
 Audio from a talk about Cornish Wreckers by Dr. David Cullum
 Neglectful or Worse: A Lurid Tale of Lighthouse Keeper and Wrecking in the Isles of Scilly  by Dr. Cathryn Pearce

Category:Lighthouses
Category:Water transport
Category:Looting
Category:Shipwreck law
Category:Shipwrecks
Category:Marine salvage


Oxymorphazone

Oxymorphazone is an opioid analgesic drug related to oxymorphone. Oxymorphazone is a potent and long acting μ-opioid agonist which binds irreversibly to the receptor, forming a covalent bond which prevents it from detaching once bound. This gives it an unusual pharmacological profile, and while oxymorphazone is only around half the potency of oxymorphone, with higher doses the analgesic effect becomes extremely long lasting, with a duration of up to 48 hours. However, tolerance to analgesia develops rapidly with repeated doses, as chronically activated opioid receptors are rapidly internalised by β-arrestins, similar to the results of non-covalent binding by repeated doses of agonists with extremely high binding affinity such as lofentanil.

See also
 Chlornaltrexamine, an irreversible mixed μ-opioid agonist-antagonist
 Chloroxymorphamine, another irreversible μ-opioid full agonist
 Naloxazone, an irreversible μ-opioid antagonist

References

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Category:Tertiary alcohols
Category:Cyclohexanols
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Category:Semisynthetic opioids
Category:Hydrazones
Category:Alkylating agents
Category:Irreversible receptor agonists


Cyrus Arnold

Cyrus Arnold (born January 2, 2003) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Derek Zoolander Jr. in Zoolander 2 and BJ Malloy in Sam & Cat.

Early life
Arnold was born in Burbank, California, the son of Lea Anne Wolfe and Blake Arnold. He has a younger brother.

Career
Arnold began acting at the age of eight, and has since appeared in numerous commercials and television shows. He made his big screen debut as Derek Zoolander Jr. in Zoolander 2. He has stated that he would like to pursue an additional career as a screenwriter.

Filmography

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:2003 births
Category:Male actors from Burbank, California
Category:American male child actors
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Category:21st-century American male actors


Jarilinus

Jarilinus is an extinct genus of chroniosuchid reptiliomorph from upper Permian (upper Tatarian age) deposits of Novgorod and Orenburg Region, Russia. It was first named by V. K. Golubev in 1998, from skull fragments and trunk scutes. The type species is Jarilinus mirabilis.

References

Category:Permian tetrapods
Category:Fossil taxa described in 1998
Category:Chroniosuchians
Category:Permian animals of Europe
Category:Permian animals of Asia


Daniel Miljanović

Daniel Miljanović (born 11 April 2001) is a Swedish footballer who plays for AFC Eskilstuna.

Personal life
Miljanović was born in Spain, where his Bosnian father was a coach. Miljanović moved to Sweden with his family at a young age.

References

External links
Svenskfotboll NT Profile

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Category:2001 births
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Category:Swedish footballers
Category:Sweden youth international footballers
Category:Swedish futsal players
Category:Spanish footballers
Category:Swedish people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Category:Spanish people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Category:Spanish emigrants to Sweden
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Category:Allsvenskan players


Akane Konishi

is a Japanese ice hockey goaltender for the Seibu Rabbits.

International career
Konishi was selected for the Japan women's national ice hockey team in the 2014 Winter Olympics. She played in one game, not allowing a goal in relief of Nana Fujimoto. She also competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Konishi made two appearances for the Japan women's national under-18 ice hockey team at the IIHF World Women's U18 Championships, with the first in 2012.

Career statistics

International career
Through 2014–15 season

References

External links

Category:1995 births
Category:Living people
Category:Japanese women's ice hockey goaltenders
Category:Olympic ice hockey players of Japan
Category:Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics
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Category:Asian Games medalists in ice hockey
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Category:People from Kushiro, Hokkaido


High Country News

High Country News is an independent non-profit news media source that publishes a magazine, website and other works. The staff covers issues facing the  Western United States, and includes a tribal affairs desk. Located in Paonia, Colorado, High Country News is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation.

Tom Bell, a Wyoming conservationist, rancher and decorated World War II bombardier, started a newspaper in 1970 that would become the High Country News. He died at the age of 92 in 2016 in Lander, Wyoming, where he had founded High Country News.

Funding
High Country News has more than 35,000 subscribers. In 2017, it received approximately 43% of its income from donations, 29% from subscriptions, 5% from advertising, and the balance from syndication and other sources.

Recognition
According to a review in The Christian Science Monitor, the paper "is closely read in congressional offices and state houses, as well as in the government agencies that control most of the rural West. It has broken important stories subsequently picked up by the New York Times and other national media."  Former Arizona Governor Bruce Babbitt described the paper as "the only place where you can really know what's happening in the rest of the West."

High Country News has received numerous journalism and environmental awards, including (but not limited to):
 Utne Reader magazine's 2013 Utne Media Award for Best Environmental Coverage
 2013 National Association of Science Writers' 2013 Science in Society Award
 2012 Knight-Risser Prize for Western Environmental Journalism
 The 2012 Science in Society Award from the National Association of Science Writers
 The 2012 Society of Environmental Journalists Awards, Outstanding Beat Reporting, Small Market
 2011 Excellence in Journalism Awards from the Native American Journalists Association
 The Native American Journalists Association Best Environmental Story of 2010 (monthly/bimonthly category)
 Utne Reader magazine's 2010 Utne Independent Press Award for Environmental Coverage
 The 2010 Hillman Prize for Magazine Journalism
 The 2009 Society of Environmental Journalists Awards, Outstanding Small Market Reporting, Print category
 The 2008 Hillman Prize for Magazine Journalism
 The 2006 George Polk Award for Political Reporting

References

External links

 Utne Media Award Winners

Category:1970 establishments in Colorado
Category:Biweekly magazines
Category:Environmental magazines
Category:Environment of the United States
Category:Magazines established in 1970
Category:Magazines published in Colorado
Category:Delta County, Colorado
Category:Magazines published in Wyoming


Çetenli, Doğubayazıt

Çetenli, Doğubayazıt is a town in Dogubayazit district of central Agri Province eastern Turkey.

The town population is 3000
and its postal ZIP code is  04400.

The name of the village comes from the çeten plant, of which the village has a large number of fields.
Located in Agri Province, the town is located 18km from the town of Dogubayazit, and is in the shadow of the biblical Mount Ararat.
The climate is mountainous and cold to temperate.

The village population has fluctuated greatly. In 2007 it was 3000 while in 2000, it was 1076 and in 1997, 1674.
The village economy is based on agriculture and animal husbandry and has a school, medical center and a potable drinking water supply, but there is no sewerage nor post office.
The village has asphalt roads connecting it, electricity and landline telephone.

References

Category:Iran–Turkey border crossings


Jason Pridie

Jason Orville Pridie (born October 9, 1983) is an American professional baseball outfielder who is currently a free agent. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Tampa Bay Rays, Minnesota Twins, New York Mets, Philadelphia Phillies, Baltimore Orioles, Colorado Rockies, and Oakland Athletics .

Baseball career

Tampa Bay Rays
Pridie was drafted out of Prescott High School, where he hit a record-setting 13 triples, by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the second round (43rd overall) of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft. After signing with the Devil Rays, Pridie was assigned to play with the Rookie League Princeton Devil Rays. In 67 games, he batted .368 with 7 home runs. Pridie was promoted on August 28, , to the Hudson Valley Renegades, the Devil Rays' Single-A team. He finished the season there and batted .344 with 1 home run in 8 games. Baseball America named Pridie to the Rookie League All-Star team and also rated him as the best hitter and the best tools player in the Devil Rays' organization.

In  and , Pridie played the entire two seasons with the Single-A Charleston RiverDogs. Playing in 128 games during both seasons, Pridie hit .260 with seven home runs in 2003 and .276 with 17 home runs in 2004. Pridie was also rated by Baseball America as the best defensive outfielder in the Rays' organization. In , he began the season with the Single-A Visalia Oaks. He played just one game before being on the disabled list for three and a half months from April 9 to July 26. Immediately upon being activated from the disabled list, he was promoted to the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits. He finished the season for the Biscuits and played in 28 games for them, batting .213 with 3 home runs.

On December 8, , the Minnesota Twins selected Pridie in the Rule 5 Draft. Without enough roster room for Pridie, the Twins sent him back to the Rays on March 29, . In the  season, Pridie played in 132 games and batted .230 with 5 home runs with the Biscuits. He also began the  season in Double-A, playing in 71 games and batted .290 with 4 home runs. After Dustan Mohr's promotion to the Devil Rays on June 27, Pridie was sent to the Triple-A Durham Bulls to take his roster spot. He finished the season with the Bulls, posting a .318 batting average with 10 home runs. While in Durham, Pridie was the focal point of an unofficial Bulls fanclub named "Pridie's Pack."

Minnesota Twins
On November 20, 2007, the Rays purchased Pridie's contract, protecting him from the Rule 5 draft. Eight days later, the Rays traded Pridie along with Delmon Young and Brendan Harris to the Minnesota Twins for Matt Garza, Jason Bartlett, and Eduardo Morlan.

Pridie began the  season with the Twins' Triple-A Rochester Red Wings. On July 12, he hit a go-ahead grand slam in the top of the ninth, and another go- ahead solo home run in the top of the 13th inning to give the Red Wings a 9–8 win at Durham.

He received a September call-up, and made his major league debut on September 3 against the Toronto Blue Jays as a pinch runner for Delmon Young, and scored on a Joe Mauer double. He remained in the game in right field, and committed a game-tying error with two outs in the ninth inning, allowing the game (eventually won by the Jays) to go into extra innings. He remained with the club for the rest of the season, but did not have a hit in six plate appearances.

Pridie batted .265 with nine home runs and 53 RBIs for the Red Wings in . His only major league appearance in 2009 was as a pinch runner against the Houston Astros on June 20.

New York Mets
On February 9, , Pridie was claimed off waivers by the New York Mets.  The Mets purchased his contract on April 22, , when starting center fielder Angel Pagan was placed on the 15-day Disabled List.  On April 23, Pridie collected his first major league hit off Diamondbacks pitcher Barry Enright. The very next day, he hit a 3-run home run, the first of his career, off Armando Gallaraga. He hit .241 for the Mets with 4 home runs in 101 games.  After the season, he was out-righted to Triple-A Buffalo, but elected free agency.

Oakland Athletics
The Oakland Athletics signed Pridie to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training on November 15. On March 9, , Pridie was suspended for 50 games for violating the minor league drug-testing policy.  He was granted free agency on June 4.

Philadelphia Phillies
On June 15, the Philadelphia Phillies signed Pridie to a minor league contract, and assigned him to the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs.  After batting .370 in 13 games with Lehigh Valley, Pridie was called up to Philadelphia to fill the roster spot vacated by Jim Thome on June 30.  He hit his first home run with the Phillies on July 8 against the Atlanta Braves. Pridie was designated for assignment by the Phillies on July 22. On October 6, he elected free agency.

Baltimore Orioles
In October 2012, Pridie signed a Minor League deal with the Baltimore Orioles for the 2013 season. The Orioles purchased Pridie's contract from the Triple-A Norfolk Tides on September 25 when Manny Machado was placed on the 60-day disabled list. After the season, Pridie was non-tendered by Baltimore, becoming a free agent.

Colorado Rockies
Pridie signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies in December 2013. He was designated for assignment on August 6, 2014. Pridie elected free agency on October 12, 2014.

Oakland Athletics

Pridie signed a minor league deal with the Oakland Athletics on January 10, 2015. He played the majority of the 2015 season with the Triple-A Nashville Sounds, but played six games for Oakland after being called up to the major league club on September 1. He was released after the season.

Arizona Diamondbacks
Pridie signed a minor league deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks on December 9, 2016. He was released on March 29, 2017.

Pericos de Puebla
On May 7, 2017, Pridie signed with the Pericos de Puebla of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on May 15.

References

External links

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Prescott, Arizona
Category:Baseball players from Arizona
Category:Major League Baseball outfielders
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Category:Minnesota Twins players
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Chelae (Bosphorus)

Chelae or Chelai () was a coastal town of ancient Bithynia located on the Bosphorus.

Its site is located near Keçili Liman in Asiatic Turkey.

References

Category:Populated places in Bithynia
Category:Former populated places in Turkey
Category:History of Istanbul Province


Japan National Route 410

National Route 410 is a national highway of Japan connecting Tateyama, Chiba and Kisarazu, Chiba in Japan, with a total length of 100.8 km (62.63 mi).

References

Category:National highways in Japan
Category:Roads in Chiba Prefecture


Mortagne-sur-Sèvre

Mortagne-sur-Sèvre is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France. The commune was formed by the consolidation Mortagne-sur-Sèvre, Évrunes and Saint-Hilaire-de-Mortagne in 1964.

See also
Communes of the Vendée department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Vendée


Nepean Raiders

The Nepean Raiders are a Junior ice hockey team from Nepean, Ontario, Canada.  They are a part of the Central Canada Hockey League.  The town of Nepean was granted expansion after the Cornwall Royals and the Hull Hawks left the CJHL for the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The Raiders started their operations in the Valley division of the Junior "B" League in 1966, switching over to the Central Junior Hockey League in 1972.

History
Nepean made the finals multiple times between 1972 and 1981. In the 1980s. Steve Yzerman and Darren Pang are still known for being the most-outstanding Raiders in the early era. The Raiders struggled in the 1980s and 1990s missing the playoffs multiple times, and set a season-record for the most-penalized CJHL team in 1995-96.

The Nepean Raiders came under new ownership with Gord Black in 1998. Black had previously attempted to purchase the Ottawa 67's. Black introduced a new logo, similar to the one used by the Prince Albert Raiders of the Western Hockey League, that was discontinued in 2014, with minor alterations. This logo was discontinued in 2009 when new ownership took over the Raiders organization, but still used as an alternate logo as the previous logo was revived.

In 2002-03, the Nepean Raiders broke a 22-year old championship appearance drought by winning the semi-finals against the Gloucester Rangers in 7 games. The Art Bogart Cup final was an easy task for the Raiders winning the series in 5 games against the Ottawa Junior Senators. At the Fred Page Cup in Cornwall, the Raiders finished 3rd and knocked off the hosts Cornwall Colts in the semi-finals, and lost the final to the Lennoxville Cougars.

The 2003-04 season saw 13 returning players poised to defend their championship season from before. The Raiders won a hard-fought series with the Gloucester Rangers, where game 7 was a nervous showdown where Nepean held on for a 1-0 win sending them to the Fred Page Cup in Valleyfield, Quebec. Nepean dropped the first 2 games to the Valleyfield Braves (4-0) and the Saint-Eustache Gladiateurs (6-4). Nepean and the Campbellton Tigers went into the final game winless, and Nepean won 3-1 to go to the semi-finals where they defeated Saint-Eustache 3-2 in double overtime. Nepean won the finals 4-0 against Valleyfield to earn a trip to the Royal Bank Cup in Grande Prairie, Alberta. Nepean won their first game 5-4 against the Nanaimo Clippers of the BCHL, where they rallied back from a 4-0 deficit to win in overtime. Nepean improved their record to 2-0 after winning 2-0 against the Kindersley Klippers of the SJHL. However, the Raiders dropped to 2-1 after losing to the hosts Grande Prairie Storm 4-2. Their final round robin contest came against the top-ranked Aurora Tigers of the OPJHL, losing 3-1. The same teams met in the semi-final, and Aurora won 7-2 thus making the Raiders the 5th different CCHL team to fail to make the national championship.

The 2004-05 season saw the Nepean Raiders finish strong, but the Art Bogart Cup finals saw an intense series against the Hawkesbury Hawks, who finished three spots behind the Raiders. Game 7 was played in a neutral venue, because the ice was removed from the Nepean Sportsplex, so game 7 was held at the Kanata Recreation Centre instead. A record was broke in this game for the fastest five goals in a playoff game as Hawkesbury won 6-1.

Nepean returned from a devastating finish from the 2004-05 season and used the 2005-06 season to rebuild. Although, the Raiders finished 3rd overall, they had to deal with the Brockville Braves, who were up 3-1 in the series and Nepean came back to force game 7. With the game tied 2-2, Raiders forward Matt Valois scored the winner with 5 seconds left in regulation to avoid sudden death overtime. The Pembroke Lumber Kings, who were ranked #1 nationally awaited to the Raiders, and this series saw the Lumber Kings up 3-1, and Nepean coming back to win in seven games. However, the Raiders re-matched against the Hawkesbury Hawks, but lost the series in 6 games.

The summer of 2006 saw head coach and general manager Chris Byrne leave the team to accept a coaching position with the Ottawa 67's. Afterwards, this led to Gord Black putting the team up for sale. A replacement was found with Archie Mulligan, who was once the coach for the Kanata Valley Lasers, who had an impressive resume with a 15-year stint with the Valley Lasers, and an appearance in two national championships. In the end, Nepean finished 4th overall and lose to the Pembroke Lumber Kings in the finals.

The 2007-08 season started off strangely, as Archie Mulligan left the team early in the season and scrambling for a replacement. The Raiders went through three coaches and lost the first quarter-finals series for the first time since 2000. Nepean came under new ownership over the summer with Arnie Vered and Brian Altshuller. CBC commentator Garry Galley was hired as head coach. Nepean finished 1st overall, and lost the finals to Pembroke in 5 games.

In December 2009, Garry Galley left the team abruptly over disagreements with upper management, leaving players demanding trades and wanting to be released.

The 2011-12 was a breakthrough for Nepean, as they finished 1st overall (second time under new ownership). However, they almost let the semi-final series slip out of their hands against the Pembroke Lumber Kings, who were up 3-1 and Nepean ultimately won the series in 7 games.

Nepean ended its nearly 20-year playoff streak in 2016 when the Raiders failed to make the playoffs since 1994-95. Goaltender Francois Marotte broke a league record for the most minutes played (3220) in one season.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

Fred Page Cup
Eastern Canada Championships
MHL - QAAAJHL - CCHL - Host
Round robin play with 2nd vs 3rd in semi-final to advance against 1st in the finals.

Royal Bank Cup
CANADIAN NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS
Dudley Hewitt Champions - Central, Fred Page Champions - Eastern, Western Canada Cup Champions - Western, Western Canada Cup - Runners Up and Host
Round robin play with top 4 in semi-final and winners to finals.

Championships
CJHL Bogart Cup Championships: 2003, 2004
Eastern Canadian Fred Page Cup Championships: 2004
CJAHL Royal Bank Cup Championships: None

Notable alumni
Adrian Aucoin
Jamie Baker
Andrew Calof
Jeff Chychrun
Grant Clitsome
Rob Dopson
Mike Eastwood
Mike Eaves
Stew Gavin
Ben Hutton
Andrew Mather
Mike Meeker
Tyler Moss
Darren Pang
Mark Paterson
Dan Ratushny
Keith Redmond
Joe Reekie
Travis Scott
Larry Skinner
Doug Smith
David Volpato
Aaron Ward
Jason York
Steve Yzerman
Jonathan Zion

External links
Nepean Raiders Webpage

Category:Central Canada Hockey League teams
Category:Ice hockey teams in Ottawa
Category:Ice hockey clubs established in 1966


Abacops

Abacops is a genus of beetle in the family Carabidae; its only species is Abacops rugipennis.

References

Category:Pterostichinae
Category:Monotypic Adephaga genera


Univalent

Univalent may refer to:

 Univalent function – an injective holomorphic function on an open subset of the complex plane
 Univalent foundations – a type-based approach to foundation of mathematics
 Univalent relation – a binary relation R that satisfies xRy ∧ xRz ⇒ y = z.
 Valence (chemistry).


John Francis Holme

John Francis Holme (June 29, 1868–July 28, 1904), known professionally as Frank Holme, was an American newspaper artist and book printer. He is best known for his news illustrations, beginning with his work for the Pittsburgh Press when he covered the 1889 Johnstown flood.

Born in Corinth, West Virginia, he married Ida Van Dyke in 1893, around the same time he moved to Chicago. He made a name for himself as the illustrator at the Chicago Post, the Chicago Chronicle and the Chicago Daily News in part because of the speed at which he completed illustrations at the scene of news events. He founded the School of Illustration in Chicago which trained journalists to represent current events through chalk-plate, pen-and-ink and greased crayon illustrations. His illustrations were displayed in three different exhibitions at the Art Institute of Chicago.

Holme created the Bandar Log Press in 1895, which published books such as Just For Fun, Swanson, Able Seaman, and Strenuous Lad’s Library. He briefly lived in Phoenix, Arizona, in an effort to treat tuberculosis, but after a relapse, attempted to relocate to Denver, where he died in 1904.

References

External links
 John Francis Holme drawings at Newberry Library

Category:American illustrators
Category:Artists from Chicago
Category:1904 deaths
Category:1868 births


Frank Richter Sr.

Franz Xavier Richter, commonly known as Frank Richter (1837 –1910), was a pioneer settler, miner and rancher in 19th century Washington and British Columbia.

Biography
Born in Friedland, Bohemia, then part of Austria-Hungary, Richter was the son weaver and farmer at Mildenau.   At the age of 16 he emigrated to Galveston, Texas, and after a misadventure where he was wounded and captured by Indians, following the lure of the gold rushes westward, he came to Rich Bar, Washington and with the take from his placer claim opened a small store and operated a small riverboat.  Hearing of good grazing land northwards in British Columbia, he sold out his mine holdings in Washington and bought 42 head of cattle with a man by the name of King, and they drove them to the Cawston  area south of the Keremeos, which is located in the Similkameen Valley of British Columbia's Southern Interior in October 1864.

He pre-empted land six miles (10 km) down the Similkameen Valley from Keremeos and founded the "R" Ranch.  He also worked for a while for the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Similkameen (Fort Keremeos).   With his cattle business thriving he sold the "R" ranch and started a new ranch on what is now known as the Richter Pass.  In 1898 he purchased another property at Keremeos Centre, where he also operated a thriving store.  In addition to an opulent new residence, Richter planted  of fruit trees on the new property, which was to become the foundation of the Similkameen's still-thriving orchard industry and, alongside the Oblate priests of Okanagan Mission, is reckoned to be the founder of BC's fruit industry.  The house and the Richter household became social pillars of British Columbia society and important guests were common at the Richter ranch.  Among those hosted by Richter was Earl Grey in 1908.

Eventually the Richter holdings comprised 10,000 acres (40 km²) of land and 1,500 head of cattle.

FX Richter's relationship with Lucy Simla (Sʔímlaʔxʷ) (1846-1903) was a 'marriage of the land'.  She was a member of the Okanagan First Nation in Vernon BC. Lucy Simla and Franz Xavier Richter had 5 sons together: Charles 1869-1949, William 1872-1922, Joseph 1874-1971, Edward 1876-1966, Hans 1877-1961. For schooling the boys had to ride on horseback to Okanagan Mission, known as Father Pandosy's Mission, and board there while attending.

Richter married Florence Elizabeth Loudon in 1894 prior to the death of his first partner Lucy Simla.

In 1910, Richter was to return to his native Austria but fell ill at a Christmas Dinner at St. Joseph's Hospital in Victoria and died within moments, of "a stroke of apoplexy". He is buried in the Keremeos cemetery.

Richter had six sons and five daughters.

Richter's youngest son, Frank Richter, Jr., was a Member of the Legislative Assembly and Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Mines in the Social Credit government of W.A.C. Bennett, representing the Similkameen riding from 1953 to 1966 and its successor riding Boundary-Similkameen from 1966 to 1975.

Legacy
Richter Pass, Richter Mountain, Richter Creek and Richter Lake, all in the small mountain range at the southeast end of the Thompson Plateau between the lower Similkameen and South Okanagan, are named for him.  The Richter Ranch in the same area continues in operation to this day.

See also
List of historic ranches in British Columbia

References

Encyclopedia of Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of British Columbia: Volume 2, The Similkameen, Boundary and Okanagan, T.W. Paterson, Sunfire Publications, Langley B.C. (1981)
Strangers Entertained: A History of the Ethnic Groups of British Columbia, John Norris, British Columbia Centenenial '71 Committee, Evergreen Press, Vancouver (1971) (no ISBN)

External links

Category:1837 births
Category:1910 deaths
Category:Canadian people of Austrian descent
Category:Pre-Confederation British Columbia people
Category:Canadian ranchers
Category:Similkameen Country
Category:Captives of Native Americans
Category:German emigrants to pre-Confederation British Columbia


Crossing Knob

Crossing Knob is a mountain in the North Carolina High Country, west from the community of Sugar Grove.  The mountain is within the Pisgah National Forest and its elevation reaches .  The mountain is flanked by the Watauga River on three sides and US 321 along its south.

References

Category:Mountains of North Carolina
Category:Mountains of Watauga County, North Carolina


Mark Gerard

Mark Gerard (6 October 1934 – 21 June 2011) was an American equine veterinarian. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and graduated from Cornell University.

As a student, he worked as an exercise rider for, among others, Hall of Fame trainer James E. Fitzsimmons.

Gerard started practice as a veterinarian for racehorses, some highly successful ones, such as Canonero II, who won the Kentucky Derby. In 1977, he masterminded a highly publicized scandal involving horse switching. He had imported two horses from Uruguay, a champion named Cinzano, and the much cheaper Lebon. After Lebon had under-performed in his earlier races, Gerard ran Cinzano in its name. Cinzano subsequently won, as a 57-1 outsider, at New York's Belmont Park, and Gerard collected a $77,920 winning on a bet.

Later, a Uruguayan journalist recognized the horse as Cinzano from a newspaper photo, and an investigation was started. The story was broken in the States on Oct. 21, 1977 by News World's racing editor, Daniel Keating in New York. When John Piesen of the New York Post told Keating that he had broken a story on Oct. 23rd, Keating told him he broke it two days ago. Keating also asked Rupert Murdoch to cease claiming the Post had broken the story. Nothing happened.In September 1978, Gerard, represented by attorney F. Lee Bailey, testified that Lebon had "died in an accident at Gerard's Ne

w York farm the day he and Cinzano arrived from Uruguay", and his wife testified that she had switched horses without his knowledge. Gerard was convicted of fraud, then fined $1,000 and sentenced to one year in prison, which was shortened on appeal, otherwise retaining his ill-gotten gains.

References

Category:1934 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:American veterinarians
Category:People from Brooklyn
Category:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine alumni


Andrew Malekoff

Andrew Malekoff (born May 14, 1951) is the Executive Director and CEO, North Shore Child and Family Guidance Center and Editor-in-Chief, Social Work with Groups.

Education
Andrew Malekoff holds a BA degree in Economics from  Rutgers University (1973). He also holds an MSW degree from Adelphi University (1978).

Career
Andrew Malekoff has worked in the human services field since 1974 when he joined VISTA - Volunteers in Service to America. When he left VISTA, he was employed as Drug-Counselor Coordinator by the Mid-Nebraska Community Mental Health Center in Grand Island.

In August 1976, Malekoff attended Adelphi University School of Social Work. His second year internship was with North Shore Child & Family Guidance Center where he was then employed and has remained, now in his 41st year with the 65-year-old organization.

Malekoff has served in a number of roles with renowned children's mental health agency; ranging from outreach worker to director of program development to associate executive director. In January 2007,  Malekoff was appointed the  Executive Director/CEO North Shore Child and Family Guidance Center.

Aside from his work at North Shore Child and Family Guidance Center, Malekoff has taught at Adelphi and New York Universities and lectured across the United States and Canada. He is a prolific writer and has been Editor of Social Work with Groups, a journal of community and clinical practice since 1990. Among his hundreds of publications is the internationally acclaimed Group Work with Adolescents: Principles and Practice (Guilford Press), now available in its 3rd Edition.

Malekoff has received two Folio Awards, in 2018 & 2019, from the Fair Media Council for his written commentary that was published in Long Island, NY newspapers. His most recent book, Group Work Stories Celebrating Diversity, an edited collection was published in 2018 by Routledge.

His commentary has appeared in a number of mainstream media outlets including Long Island Newsday, Long Island Business News, Times Union (Albany, NY), Long Island Weekly (an Anton Media publication), the Island Now (a Blank Slate Media publication) and Long Island Herald. His commentary has also appeared in the Huffington Post, The Hill and New York Times.

In 2018, Malekoff appeared on MetroFocus, a PBS television news journal, to address the challenges of providing timely affordable mental health treatment and addiction care.

Malekoff is a long time member of the board of directors of the International Association for Social Work with Groups. He has served as chairman of the Civil Service Commission for the City of Long Beach, NY from 2004-2005.

Awards
 2019 - International Association for Social Work with Groups (IASWG), 41st Annual Symposium Honoree in recognition of contributions made to the mission of IASWG in education, furthering practice knowledge and infusing others with the desire to embrace social work with groups.
 2019 - Hispanic Brotherhood of Rockville Center, NY, Annual Scholarship Dinner Honoree.
 2019 - Folio Award by Fair Media Council, Best Commentary – “Kids in Caves and Kids in Cages.”
 2019 - Rutgers University Delta Upsilon Distinguished Alumni Award, for excellence in one’s field or profession, New Brunswick New Jersey.
 2018 - Leader of Awareness Award by the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) – New York State, October 26, 2018, for helping to ensure that people with mental illness and substance use disorder receive equal access to health services.
 2018 -  Folio Award from the Fair Media Council - Best Column: Looking for a Path Back to Civility
 2017 - City & State’s 2nd annual 50 Over Fifty Awards: Honoring New York’s most prominent leaders in government, business and media, January 30, 2017.
 2017 -  Long Island Business Executive Circle Award
 2016 -  David Award by Networking Magazine
 2014 - Nassau County Department of Human Services, Office of Mental Health, Chemical Dependency and Developmental Disabilities Services, “2014 Outstanding Provider of the Year in Delivering Integrated Care to Families, 2014, Presented on December 12, 2014 at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
 2014 -  Lorraine Danser Award, STRONG YOUTH INC., 2014, “for tireless effort and dedication for the betterment of the community and youth,”
2007 - Social Work Practitioner of the Year, New York State Education Association; presented in Saratoga Springs, NY.
 1997 - Distinguished Service Award by  North Shore Child and Family Guidance Center; presented in Garden City, NY.

Personal life
Malekoff  is married to Dale Malekoff, a high school art teacher. They live in Long Beach, New York and have two adult sons.

References

External links
 North Shore Child and Family Guidance Center Official website

Category:1951 births
Category:American chief executives
Category:Living people
Category:Rutgers University alumni


Irano-Afghan race

The Irano-Afghan race (also known as the Iranid race) is an obsolete term for a physical type most common among populations native to the Iranian plateau. The Irano-Afghan type was classified as belonging to the greater Caucasian race. It was usually associated with the Mediterranean subtype, depending on the authority consulted.

Physiognomy
Carleton S. Coon in his The Races of Europe classifies the Indo-Afghans and Irano-Afghans as Nordic, describing them as being long-faced, high-headed and leptorrhine (having long and narrow noses). Bertil Lundman by contrast postulates an "Iranid" subtype of his "Eastern Mediterranean" race. Earnest Hooton in 1946 describes the "Iranian Plateau type" as distinct from the Atlanto-Mediterranean one:

According to Renato Biasutti the type was defined by:

John Lawrence Angel following Coon in 1971 discusses a "Nordic-Iranian type" in the following terms:

See also
Caspian race
Iranian peoples
Historical definitions of race

References

Literature
 Coon, Carleton S., The Races of Europe. Macmillan, New York 1939.

Category:Historical definitions of race


1942 Ince by-election

The Ince by-election of 1942 was held on 20 October 1942.  The by-election was held due to the appointment as north-west regional fuel controller of the incumbent Labour MP, Gordon Macdonald.  It was won by the unopposed Labour candidate Tom Brown.

References

Category:1942 elections in the United Kingdom
Category:1942 in England
Category:1940s in Lancashire
Category:Elections in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Category:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Greater Manchester constituencies
Category:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Lancashire constituencies
Category:Unopposed by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom (need citation)


Tom Buchan

Thomas Murray Buchan  (September 1889 – 1952) was an English professional footballer. A left half who was also capable of playing as a right half or inside right, he played for nine clubs in his career. He was the older brother of Charlie Buchan.

Career
Buchan began his career with non-League clubs Woodhall Thistle and Northfleet United. In 1911 he signed for Leyton and then Sunderland, but did not make any Football League appearances for the Black Cats.

He signed for Blackpool in 1913. He made 24 League appearances for the Seasiders, scoring two goals. In 1914 he joined nearby Bolton Wanderers, for whom he made 116 League appearances and scored fourteen goals in eight years.

He spent a season with Tranmere Rovers in 1923–24, before finishing his career with Runcorn and Atherton.

References

Category:1889 births
Category:1952 deaths
Category:Footballers from Plumstead
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football wing halves
Category:Sunderland A.F.C. players
Category:Leyton F.C. players
Category:Sunderland Rovers F.C. players
Category:Blackpool F.C. players
Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Category:Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Category:Runcorn F.C. Halton players
Category:Atherton Collieries A.F.C. players
Category:English Football League players


1921 Wiley Wildcats football team

The 1921 Wiley Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented Wiley College during the 1921 college football season. The Wiley team met Talladega in a post-season game on December 9 to determine the black college football national championship; the game ended in a 7–7 tie and both teams are recognized as co-champions.  The Wiley team played its home games at the 1,000-seat Wiley Athletic Park in Marshall, Texas.

Schedule

References

Wiley
Category:Wiley Wildcats football seasons
Category:Black college football national champions
Category:Southwestern Athletic Conference football champion seasons
Wiley football


Live 93

Live 93 is a live album released in 1993 by The Orb on Island Records. Live 93 is a collection of highlights from The Orb's 1993 performances in Europe and Asia.  It features The Orb's live performance crew of Alex Paterson, Kris Weston, producers Nick Burton and Simon Phillips, as well as audio engineer Andy Hughes, who had stepped in when Weston decided to stop touring.  The album cover of a sheep over a power station is a parody of the cover of Pink Floyd's Animals, an album cover they had previously parodied on the cover of Aubrey Mixes: The Ultraworld Excursions.  The album reached #23 on the UK Album Chart.

Track listing
Island – 5300703:

References

External links

Category:The Orb albums
Category:1993 live albums
Category:Island Records live albums


List of Nicholls Colonels in the NFL Draft

The Nicholls Colonels football team, representing Nicholls State University, has had 16 American football players drafted into the National Football League (NFL). The highest that a Colonel has ever been drafted is the 3rd round/57th overall, which happened in 1987 with the selection of wide receiver Mark Carrier by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The most Colonels selected in a single NFL Draft are two. In the 1987 NFL Draft, Carrier was selected by the Buccaneers and quarterback Doug Hudson by the Kansas City Chiefs.

The Washington Redskins have drafted the most Colonels with a total of three. The Chiefs, Buccaneers and Tennessee Titans/Houston Oilers are next, drafting two players each.

Selections

Key

National Football League

References

Nicholls
*


Hard for Measy for You

Hard For Measy For You is an album by the American indie band Guv'ner. It was released by Ecstatic Peace! in the US and Wiiija Records in the UK in 1994. Drumming duties on the album were shared by Brian Logan (plays on "No Big Deal", "Bridge Under Water" and "Making Headlines") and Jamie Lawrence ("Red Velvet Chair", "Go To Sleep" and "Wild Couple").

Track listing
 "Drummer Want-Ad"
 "No Big Deal"
 "Red Velvet Chair"
 "Little Bitch on the Phone"
 "Bridge Under Water"
 "Almond Roca"
 "Making Headlines"
 "Go to Sleep"
 "Wild Couple"
 "Touch Wood"
 "Amplituden"
 "And also..."
 "I Will Get You"
 "Thespian Girl"
 "She Dog Stop"

Personnel
Charles Gansa (guitar, vocals)
Pumpkin Wentzel (bass, vocals)
Brian Logan (drums)
Jamie Lawrence (drums)

External links
Hard For Measy For You on Ecstatic Peace!

Category:1994 albums


Veterstrikdiploma

A veterstrikdiploma, also known as veterdiploma () is a diploma which children between 5 and 6 years can get in the Netherlands and Belgium after they manage to tie their shoelaces by themselves. It is often the first diploma a child achieves and thus has an important pedagogic meaning, giving the child their first encounter with learning and the associated rituals.

Veterstrikdiploma is sometimes used as a derogatory term for a diploma or degree which is deemed worthless.

References

External links
Example of a veterstrikdiploma
Another example

Category:Early childhood education in the Netherlands
Category:Dutch culture
Category:Belgian culture


Yenish

Yenish, also spelled Yeniche or Jenische, may refer to:
Yenish people
Yenish language

Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages


Old Rip Van Winkle

Old Rip Van Winkle Bourbon Whiskey is a Kentucky Straight Bourbon whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company at its Buffalo Trace Distillery in Frankfort, Kentucky. It is sold in 750ml glass bottles. The primary brand expression is aged 10 years.

It is sometimes confused with its sister brand, Pappy Van Winkle's Family Reserve, and misleadingly so, as "Pappy" is much more expensive.

The arrangement for production of Old Rip Van Winkle at the Buffalo Trace Distillery was the result of a joint venture arrangement with the Van Winkle family that was established in June 2002.

See also
 Pappy Van Winkle's Family Reserve
 Rip Van Winkle

References

Further reading

 Rip Van Winkle Lawrenceburg Warehouse

External links
 Official site for Old Rip Van Winkle
 Official site for Buffalo Trace

Category:Bourbon whiskey
Category:Sazerac Company brands


Auto-incorrect

REDIRECT Cupertino effect


1998 Greater London Authority referendum

The Greater London Authority referendum of 1998 was a referendum held in Greater London on 7 May 1998, asking whether there was support for the creation of a Greater London Authority, composed of a directly elected Mayor of London and a London Assembly to scrutinise the Mayor's actions. Voter turnout was low, at just 34.1%. The referendum was held under the provisions of the Greater London Authority (Referendum) Act 1998.

Referendum question
The question that appeared on ballot papers in the referendum before the electorate was:

permitting a simple YES / NO answer.

Result

Results by borough

The 'Yes' vote won in every London Borough, though support generally was larger in Inner London than in Outer London. The lowest support figures were 60.5% in Havering and 57.1% in Bromley; the greatest were 83.8% in Haringey and 81.8% in Lambeth.

Aftermath

The government passed the Greater London Authority Act 1999, creating the Greater London Authority. Elections for the Mayor of London and the London Assembly were held in May 2000.

References

External links
MayorWatch London Elections Guide

Devolution referendum
Category:1998 referendums
Devolution referendum
Category:Referendums in England
Category:Devolution in the United Kingdom
Category:May 1998 events in the United Kingdom


Gael Linn Cup 1990

The 1990 Gael Linn Cup, the most important representative competition for elite level participants in the women's team field sport of camogie, was won by Munster, who defeated Ulster in the final, played at Ballyholland.

Arrangements
Patricia O'Grady from Clare was the star of the competition, scoring a last minute to defeat eight-in-a-row seeking Leinster, who were without Angela Downey, at Farranlea Road. She then scored 9–1 in Ulster's 10–10 to 1–2 victory in the final at Ballyholland.
Munster's Paula Carey, Jean Paula Kent and Mary Lenihan scored the goals for Munster as they defeated Leinster by 5–12 to 3–6 in the Gael Linn trophy semi-final at Farranlea Road. Ulster defeated Munster 5–11 to 5–3 in the final at Ballyholland.

Final stages

|}

Junior Final

|}

References

External links
 Camogie Association

Category:1990 in camogie
1990
Cam


Two Men and Two Women Amongst Them

Two Men and Two Women Amongst Them (Spanish:Dos hombres y, en medio, dos mujeres) is a 1977 Spanish drama film directed by Rafael Gil and starring Nadiuska, Alberto Closas and Gemma Cuervo.

Cast
   Nadiuska  as María
 Alberto Closas  as Martín
 Gemma Cuervo  as Carmen
 Alfredo Alba  as Ramón
 Mary Begoña
 Susana Mayo
 Juan Santamaría
 Eva Robin
 José Luis Barceló
 Herminia Tejela
 Anastasio de la Fuente

References

Bibliography
 de España, Rafael. Directory of Spanish and Portuguese film-makers and films. Greenwood Press, 1994.

External links

Category:1977 films
Category:Spanish films
Category:1970s drama films
Category:Spanish drama films
Category:Spanish-language films
Category:Films directed by Rafael Gil