Thomas Eaton (general)

Thomas Eaton (c. 1739 – June 1809) was a military officer in the North Carolina militia during the War of the Regulation in 1771 and American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1784. He was a member of the North Carolina Provincial Congress and North Carolina House of Commons for several terms simultaneously with his military service. Eaton was a member of the North Carolina Council of State under Governor Richard Caswell.   Eaton commanded soldiers in the battles of Brier Creek and Guilford Courthouse.  At the time of the 1790 census, Eaton was one of the largest slaveholders in North Carolina.

Early life and War of the Regulation
Eaton was born to William Eaton and Mary Rives, who had moved to North Carolina from Prince George County, Virginia.  Eaton was married three times, marrying his first wife, Anna Bland, in 1761.  That marriage bore one daughter, Anna, in 1763.  After purchasing land in Bute County, North Carolina, Eaton represented that county in the colonial North Carolina Assembly from 1769 to 1771.  In 1771, Governor William Tryon named Eaton a colonel in the Bute County militia during the War of the Regulation. The militia organization supported the governor against the agrarian uprising in the piedmont region of North Carolina.

Eaton served as Bute County's representative in the Provincial Council, which became the Council of Safety, between 1775 and 1776.  That body exercised executive powers in the state prior to the election of the state's first governor after the start of the American Revolution. Eaton served as President pro tempore of the Council of Safety.  Also beginning in 1775, Eaton was a delegate to the Second, Third, and Fifth North Carolina Provincial Congresses.   The Fourth Provincial Congress, of which Eaton was not a delegate, appointed him a colonel in the state's militia.

American Revolutionary War
Service record:
Halifax District Brigade of militia: 1779 to 1781
Colonel over the Bute County Regiment of militia and the Warren County Regiment of militia
Appointed 11/4/1779 as Brigadier Pro Tempore, to replace Allen Jones, away on business.
Re-appointed as Brigadier Pro Tempore in early 1781.
Returned to being Colonel over the Warren County Regiment of Militia.
Engaged at the Battle of Guilford Court House

After his appointment as a colonel in 1776, Eaton was elected to the North Carolina Council of State, an executive body elected by the North Carolina General Assembly which assisted the governor in managing the state's affairs.  Eaton served under Richard Caswell in that governor's terms as first and fifth governor of the post-Revolution state, and was re-elected to the Council in 1779 and 1784.  In between his terms as a councillor, Eaton served with the militia in the southern theater against the British Army and its local Loyalist tributaries, but was primarily a politician, and had less military experience than many of his colleagues.

On March 3, 1779, Eaton was in command of a regiment of militia at the Patriot defeat at the Battle of Brier Creek in Georgia.  At Brier Creek, the Patriot forces were forced to retreat, and Eaton lost a pair of distinctive riding boots, which were retrieved by Loyalist Colonel John Hamilton, who had commanded the Royal North Carolina Regiment.  During a dinner party after the revolution, Hamilton reportedly attempted to return the boots to their owner, only to be rebuffed violently.  In November 1779, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general by the North Carolina Assembly.  On March 15, 1781, Eaton commanded the Halifax District Brigade of the North Carolina militia at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, where he was positioned beside the Hillsborough District Brigade of militia under Brigadier General John Butler.  Commanding General Nathanael Greene considered the 1,000 North Carolina militiamen under Butler and Eaton's command to be his least-reliable troops.  Eaton, as well as Butler, attempted to stop the men under their command from fleeing the field early during that battle, but could not prevent a large number of North Carolina militia from routing.

Later life and death
After the death of Anna in 1781, Eaton married his second wife, Anne Stith, with whom he had two sons.  Eaton would find occasion to remarry for a final time with Elizabeth Jones, a cousin of Continental Congress delegates Willie and Allen Jones.  According to the 1790 census, Eaton was one of the largest slaveholders in North Carolina, and his substantial landholdings in Bute County were a part of Warren County after Bute was divided in 1779.  Eaton died in June 1809.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Category:1739 births
Category:1809 deaths
Category:Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Category:North Carolina militiamen in the American Revolution
Category:Militia generals in the American Revolution
Category:Members of the North Carolina Provincial Congresses
Category:North Carolina Council of State


Howard Fast

Howard Melvin Fast (November 11, 1914 – March 12, 2003) was an American novelist and television writer. Fast also wrote under the pen names E. V. Cunningham and Walter Ericson.

Biography

Early life
Fast was born in New York City. His mother, Ida (née Miller), was a British Jewish immigrant, and his father, Barney Fast, was a Ukrainian Jewish immigrant who shortened his name from Fastovsky upon arrival in America. When his mother died in 1923 and his father became unemployed, Howard's youngest brother, Julius, went to live with relatives, while he and his older brother, Jerome, sold newspapers. Howard credited his early voracious reading to a part-time job in the New York Public Library.

Fast began writing at an early age. While hitchhiking and riding railroads around the country to find odd jobs, he wrote his first novel, Two Valleys, published in 1933 when he was 18. His first popular work was Citizen Tom Paine, a fictional account of the life of Thomas Paine. Always interested in American history, Fast also wrote The Last Frontier (about the Cheyenne Indians' attempt to return to their native land, and which inspired the 1964 movie Cheyenne Autumn) and Freedom Road (about the lives of former slaves during Reconstruction).

The novel Freedom Road is based on a true story and was made into a miniseries of the same name starring Muhammad Ali, who, in a rare acting role, played Gideon Jackson, an ex-slave in 1870s South Carolina who is elected to the U.S. House and battles the Ku Klux Klan and other racist organizations to keep the land that they had tended all their lives.

Contribution to constitutionalism
Fast is the author of the prominent "Why the Fifth Amendment?" essay. This essay explains in detail the purpose of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America. Fast effectively uses the context of the Red Scare to illustrate the purpose of the "Fifth."

Career
Fast spent World War II working with the United States Office of War Information, writing for Voice of America. In 1943, he joined the Communist Party USA and in 1950, he was called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities; in his testimony, he refused to disclose the names of contributors to a fund for a home for orphans of American veterans of the Spanish Civil War (one of the contributors was Eleanor Roosevelt), and he was given a three-month prison sentence for contempt of Congress.

While he was at Mill Point Federal Prison, Fast began writing his most famous work, Spartacus, a novel about an uprising among Roman slaves.  Blacklisted by major publishing houses following his release from prison, Fast was forced to publish the novel himself. It was a success, going through seven printings in the first four months of publication. (According to Fast in his memoir, 50,000 copies were printed, of which 48,000 were sold.)

He subsequently established the Blue Heron Press, which allowed him to continue publishing under his own name throughout the period of his blacklisting. Just as the production of the film version of Spartacus (released in 1960) is considered a milestone in the breaking of the Hollywood blacklist, the reissue of Fast's novel by Crown Publishers in 1958 effectively ended his own blacklisting within the American publishing industry.

In 1952, Fast ran for Congress on the American Labor Party ticket. During the 1950s he also worked for the Communist newspaper, the Daily Worker. In 1953, he was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize. Later that decade, Fast broke with the Party over issues of conditions in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

In the mid-1950s, Fast moved with his family to Teaneck, New Jersey. In 1974, Fast and his family moved to California, where he wrote television scripts, including such television programs as How the West Was Won. In 1977, he published The Immigrants, the first of a six-part series of novels.

Death
Fast died in Old Greenwich, Connecticut.

Personal life
Fast married his first wife, Bette Cohen, on June 6, 1937. Their children were Jonathan and Rachel. Bette died in 1994. In 1999, he married Mercedes O'Connor, who already had three sons.

Fast's son Jonathan Fast, himself a novelist, was married to novelist Erica Jong; their daughter is the novelist Molly Jong-Fast.

The writer Julius Fast was his younger brother.

Works

Novels
 Two Valleys (1933)
 Strange Yesterday (1934)
 Place in the City (1937)
 Conceived in Liberty (1939)
 The Last Frontier (1941)
 Haym Solomon: Son of Liberty (1941)
 Lord Baden-Powell of the Boy Scouts (1941)
 The Romance of a People (1941)
 Goethals and the Panama Canal (1942)
 The Picture-book History of the Jews (1942)
 The Tall Hunter (1942)
 The Unvanquished (1942)
 Citizen Tom Paine (1943)
 Freedom Road (1944)
 The American: a Middle Western legend (1946)
 Clarkton (1947)
 The Children (1947)
 My Glorious Brothers (1948)
 The Proud and the Free (1950)
 Spartacus (1951)
 Fallen Angel (1952). Under the pseudonym Walter Ericson
 Tony and the Wonderful Door (1952)
 The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (1953)
 Silas Timberman (1954)
 The Story of Lola Gregg (1956)
 Moses, Prince of Egypt (1958)
 The Winston Affair (1959)
 The Golden River (1960)
 April Morning (1961)
 Power (1962)
 Agrippa's Daughter (1964)
 Torquemada (1966)
 The Crossing Series:
 The Crossing (1971)
 Bunker Hill (2001). Prequel
 The Hessian (1972)
 Lavette Family Series:
 The Immigrants (1977)
 Second Generation (1978)
 The Establishment (1979)
 The Legacy (1981)
 The Immigrant's Daughter (1985)
 An Independent Woman (1997)
 Max (1982)
 The Outsider (1984)
 The Dinner Party (1987)
 The Pledge (1988)
 The Confession of Joe Cullen (1989)
 The Trial of Abigail Goodman (1993)
 Seven Days in June (1994)
 The Bridge Builder's Story (1995)
 Redemption (1999)
 Greenwich (2000)

Novels under the pseudonym Behn Boruch
 In the Beginning: The Story of Abraham (1958)
 The Patriarchs: The Story of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (1959)
 The Coat of Many Colors: The Story of Joseph (1959)

Novels under the pseudonym E. V. Cunningham
 Sylvia (1960)
 Phyllis (1962)
 Alice (1963)
 Shirley (1964)
 Helen (1966)
 Harvey Krim:
 Lydia (1964)
 Cyntia (1967)
 John Gomaday and Larry Cohen:
 Penelope (1965), adapted from Penelope (film)
 Margie (1966)
 The Masao Masuto Mysteries:
 Samantha, AKA The Case of the Angry Actress (1967)
 The Case of the One-Penny Orange (1977)
 The Case of the Russian Diplomat (1978)
 The Case of the Poisoned Eclairs (1979)
 The Case of the Sliding Pool (1981)
 The Case of the Kidnapped Angel (1982)
 The Case of the Murdered Mackenzie (1984)
 Sally (1967)
 The Assassin Who Gave Up His Gun (1967)
 Millie  (1973)
 The Wabash Factor (1986)

Short story collections
 Patrick Henry and the Frigate's Keel, and other stories of a young nation (1945). Contains 12 short stories:
 "Patrick Henry and the Frigate's Keel"
 "Rachel" (1941)
 "The Pirate and the General"
 "Neighbor Sam" (1942)
 "Conyngham"
 "The Brood" (1939)
 "The Day of Victory" (1943)
 "Amos Todd's Vinegar" (1943)
 "Sun in the West" (1938)
 "The Bookman" (1936)
 "The Price of Liberty"
 "Not Too Hard" (1939)
 Departure, and Other Stories (1949). Contains 19 short stories:
 "Departure" (1947)
 "The Old Wagon" (1945)
 "The Shore Route"
 "Onion Soup"
 "An Epitaph for Sidney"
 "Where Are Your Guns?" (1944)
 "Spoil the Child" (1938)
 "The Little Folk from the Hills" (1948)
 "Who Is He?
 "The Suckling Pig"
 "The Rickshaw" (1947)
 "The Gentle Virtue"
 "Dumb Swede"
 "The Gray Ship" (1946)
 "Three Beautiful Things"
 "The First Rose of Summer"
 "Wake Up Glad"
 "The Police Spy"
 "Thirty Pieces of Silver" (1949)
 The Last Supper and Other Stories (1955). Contains 16 short stories:
 "The Last Supper"
 "The Ancestor"
 "The Vision of Henry J. Baxter"
 "A Walk Home"
 "Coca Cola"
 "Christ in Cuernavaca", AKA "The Man Who Looked Like Jesus"
 "The Power of Positive Thinking"
 "Dignity"
 "Gentleman from Mississippi"
 "Journey to Boston" (1949)
 "The Child and the Ship" (1950)
 "Sunday Morning"
 "The Upraised Pinion"
 "The Holy Child"
 "My Father"
 "Coda: The Poet in Philadelphia"
 The Howard Fast Reader; a collection of stories and novels (1960). Contains 3 novels and 21 short stories:
 "Christ in Cuernavaca", AKA "The Man Who Looked Like Jesus" (1955). Already compiled before
 "Rachel" (1941). Already compiled before
 "Onion Soup" (1949). Already compiled before
 "Three Beautiful Things" (1949). Already compiled before
 "The First Rose of Summer" (1949). Already compiled before
 "Where Are Your Guns?" (1944). Already compiled before
 "The Gentle Virtue" (1949). Already compiled before
 The Golden River (1960). Novel already published before
 "Neighbor Sam" (1942). Already compiled before
 "Departure" (1947). Already compiled before
 "The Gray Ship" (1946). Already compiled before
 "The Suckling Pig" (1949). Already compiled before
 "Old Sam Adams (Three Tales)"
 "Journey to Boston" (1949). Already compiled before
 "The Ancestor" (1955). Already compiled before
 "The Child and the Ship" (1950). Already compiled before
 "The Vision of Henry J. Baxter" (1955). Already compiled before
 The Children (1947). Novel already published before
 "The Little Folk from the Hills" (1948). Already compiled before
 "Coca Cola" (1955). Already compiled before
 "The Cold, Cold Box" (1959)
 "The Large Ant"
 Freedom Road (1944). Novel already published before
 "Spoil the Child" (1938). Already compiled before
 The Edge of Tomorrow (1961). Contains 1 novella and 6 short stories:
 The First Men, AKA The Trap (1960). Novella
 "The Large Ant" (1960). Already compiled before
 "Of Time and Cats" (1959)
 "Cato the Martian" (1960)
 "The Cold, Cold Box" (1959). Already compiled before
 "The Martian Shop" (1959)
 "The Sight of Eden" (1960)
 The Hunter and The Trap (1967). Contains 1 novella and 1 short story:
 "The Hunter"
 The First Men, AKA The Trap (1960). Novella already published before
 The General Zapped an Angel (1970). Contains 9 short stories:
 "The General Zapped an Angel"
 "The Mouse" (1969)
 "The Vision of Milty Boil"
 "The Mohawk"
 "The Wound"
 "Tomorrow's Wall Street Journal"
 "The Interval"
 "The Movie House"
 "The Insects
 A Touch of Infinity (1973). Contains 13 short stories:
 "The Hoop" (1972)
 "The Price"
 "A Matter of Size"
 "The Hole in the Floor"
 "General Hardy's Profession"
 "Show Cause"
 "Not with a Bang"
 "The Talent of Harvey"
 "The Mind of God"
 "UFO"
 "Cephes 5"
 "The Pragmatic Seed"
 "The Egg"
 Time and the Riddle: thirty-one Zen stories (1975). Contains 1 novella and 30 short stories:
 "UFO" (1973). Already compiled before
 "The Hole in the Floor" (1973). Already compiled before
 "General Hardy's Profession" (1973). Already compiled before
 "Echinomastus Contentii"
 "Tomorrow's Wall Street Journal" (1970). Already compiled before
 "A Matter of Size" (1973). Already compiled before
 "Show Cause" (1973). Already compiled before
 "The Martian Shop" (1959). Already compiled before
 "The Pragmatic Seed" (1973). Already compiled before
 The First Men, AKA The Trap (1960). Novella already published before
 "The Hoop" (1972). Already compiled before
 "The Cold, Cold Box" (1959). Already compiled before
 "The Talent of Harvey" (1973). Already compiled before
 "The Wound" (1970). Already compiled before
 "The General Zapped an Angel" (1970). Already compiled before
 "The Price" (1973). Already compiled before
 "The Vision of Milty Boil" (1970). Already compiled before
 "Cato the Martian" (1960). Already compiled before
 "Not with a Bang" (1973). Already compiled before
 "The Movie House" (1970). Already compiled before
 "Cephes 5" (1973). Already compiled before
 "Of Time and Cats" (1959). Already compiled before
 "The Interval" (1970). Already compiled before
 "The Egg" (1973). Already compiled before
 "The Insects" (1970). Already compiled before
 "The Sight of Eden" (1960). Already compiled before
 "The Mind of God" (1973). Already compiled before
 "The Mohawk" (1970). Already compiled before
 "The Mouse" (1969). Already compiled before
 "The Large Ant" (1960). Already compiled before
 "The Hunter" (1967). Already compiled before
 The Call of Fife and Drum: Three Novels of the Revolution (1987). Contains 3 novels already published before:
 The Unvanquished (1942)
 Conceived in Liberty (1939)
 The Proud and the Free (1950)

Short stories

Uncollected short stories.
 "Wrath of the Purple" (1932)
 "Stockade" (1936)
 "While They Dance" (1937)
 "Ransom of the Rose" (1937)
 "Beyond the War" (1937)
 "Men Must Fight" (1938)
 "Girl and the General" (1938)
 "Girl With Yellow Hair" (1938)
 "A Child Is Born" (1938)
 "Merry Gentlemen" (1938)
 "Schoolmaster's Empire" (1939)
 "A Man's Wife" (1939)
 "For Always" (1939)
 "A President's Wife" (1939)
 "The Last Night" (1939)
 "Love Marches at Midnight" (1940)
 "Because He Trusted Me" (1940)
 "To Marry With A Stranger" (1940)
 "New Guinea Commandos" (1942)
 "Air Base" (1942)
 "American Seaman" (1942)
 "Nurse on Bataan" (1942)
 "Story of Slim" (1942)
 "Before Dawn" (1942)
 "How Yuang Died for China" (1943)
 "Front-Line Newsman" (1943)
 "Sunk by Jap Bombs!" (1943)
 "Rescue in Singapore" (1943)
 "Stand by for Dive!" (1943)
 "Something had to be told" (1943)
 "Marine on Guadalcanal" (1943)
 "Airbase in the Jungle" (1943)
 "Gray Ship's Captain" (1943)
 "Gnats Against Elephants" (1943)
 ""Ceiling Zero" over Kiska" (1943)
 "A Friendly Hand to Help Him..." (1943)
 "One Ship Was Lost" (1943)
 "Port in the Arctic" (1943)
 "New Hope – From the Sky!" (1943)
 "Detroit in the Desert" (1943)
 "The 'Eggshell' Escapes" (1943)
 "Private Scott and the Axis" (1943)
 "The "Tommies" Got Special Delivery" (1943)
 "One-Man Navy" (1944)
 "Who Is Jesus Christ?" (1944)
 "The Pirate and the General" (1945)
 "The Gallant Ship" (1946)
 "The Gray Ship's Crew" (1946)
 "By Broken Pike, Iron Chain" (1946)
 "Mr. Lincoln" (1947)
 "Memories of Sidney" (1950)
 "A Child is Lost" (1950)
 "Spartacus [from a Novel by Howard Fast]" (1951)
 "The Protest" (1954)
 "Lola Gregg" (1956)

Poems
 Never to Forget: The Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto (1946, with William Gropper), New York?, Book League of Jewish Peoples Fraternal Order, I.W.O.
 To Nazim Hikmet (1950)
 October Revolution (1950)
 Korean Lullaby (1951-1952)
 Poet in Philadelphia (1954)

Plays
 Four Bachelor Brothers (1936?, with Ray Barr)
 Minette (1936, with Ray Barr). Unpublished
 Farewell Dimitrios (1950). Unpublished
 The Hammer (1950)
 Thirty Pieces of Silver (1954)
 General Washington and the Water Witch (1956)
 Naked God (1958–1959). Unpublished
 Annabelle (1960). Unpublished
 The Crossing (1962). Unpublished
 The Hill (1964)
 The Adventures of Nat Love (197?). Unpublished
 Lion's Cub (1978)
 David and Paula (1982)
 Citizen Tom Paine (1986)
 Second Coming (1991)
 The Novelist (1992)

Nonfiction

Articles
 Story of an American. Vito Marcantonio (1946)
 May Day 1947 (1947), New York, United May Day Committee
 Three Names for Fascists (1947)
 Crisis No. 1 (1951)
 Crisis No. 2 (1951)
 Crisis No. 3 (1951)
 May Day 1951 (1951)
 Spain and peace (1951), New York, Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee
 Open Letter to Soviet Writers (1957)

Autobiographies
 The Naked God: The Writer and the Communist Party (1957)
 Being Red (1990), Boston, Houghton Mifflin

Biographies
 The Incredible Tito: Man of the Hour (1944), New York, Magazine House

Essays
 Literature and Reality (1951)
 War and Peace: Observations on Our Times (1990)

Guides
 The Art of Zen Meditation (1977)

History
 The Story of the Jews in the United States (1942)
 Tito and His People (1944)
 Ben Davis Walks on Freedom Road (1945)
 Intellectuals in the fight for peace (1949), New York : Masses & Mainstream
 Peekskill USA (1951), New York, Civil Rights Congress
 The Jews: Story of a People (1968)

Filmography
 Rachel and the Stranger (1948), based on the 1941 short story "Rachel"
 Spartacus (1960), based on the 1951 novel Spartacus.
 Man in the Middle (1963), based on the 1959 novel The Winston Affair.
 Cheyenne Autumn (1964), inspired by the 1941 novel "The Last Frontier" (as well as Mari Sandoz's "Cheyenne Autumn")
 Mirage (1965), based on the 1952 novel Fallen Angel, originally published under the pseudonym Walter Ericson.
 Freedom Road (1979) (miniseries), based on the 1944 novel Freedom Road
 April Morning (1987), based on the 1961 novel April Morning
 The Crossing (2000) based on the 1971 novel The Crossing
 Spartacus (2004) (miniseries), based on the 1951 novel Spartacus

References

External links

  Howard Fast: Comprehensive Bibliography & Texts, Steve Trussel, Trussel.com
 Howard Fast: a critical companion

Category:1914 births
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Category:20th-century American novelists
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Category:Stalin Peace Prize recipients
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Category:Writers from New York City
Category:Novelists from Connecticut
Category:Jewish American novelists
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Category:Screenwriters from New York (state)
Category:American historical novelists
Category:Writers of historical fiction set in Antiquity
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Yidcore

Yidcore are an Australian Jewish punk rock band from Melbourne, formed in 1998. Known primarily for playing punk covers of Jewish and Israeli songs, the band started writing more of its own material in later albums.

The band's logo is a variation of the Ramones logo (which, in its turn, is based on the Seal of the President of the United States), with the names of the band members in Hebrew. The eagle is replaced by a chicken with a menora above its head, the apple tree branch replaced by a shofar, the arrows replaced by the Magen David and the writing "Oy Vey, Let's Eat" instead of "Hey Ho, Let's Go". The logo can be seen on the album cover of Yidcore's compilation Rocket to Rechovoth. The band's mascot is a rubber chicken called Scrambles, which was usually taped to lead singer Bram Presser's microphone on concerts. The chicken has since fallen apart, which was the reason for Yidcore's breakup.

History
Yidcore's first self-titled album was released in 2000. In 2002, the band released the Great Chicken Soup Caper EP, which contained a song, "Why Won't Adam Sandler Let Us Do His Song?", in which Presser laments about Adam Sandler not giving him permission to cover The Chanukah Song.

In 2003 the band arrived in Israel for its first tour of the country, and released the live/rare tracks album Scrambles: New, Live, Rare and Classic Shtick to celebrate the tour. New, Live, Rare and Classic Shtick included a version of Skrewdriver's "White Power" titled "(Song Formerly Known As) White Power", with anti-racist lyrics.

In 2004, when Yidcore returned to Australia, they put out the Adam Slander EP, in which they cover the Chanukah Song as "The Punk Rock Chanukah Song". The following year, the band released a double album, titled Eighth Day Slice/Fiddlin on Ya Roof, via Rubber Records. The band again arrived in Israel for a second tour, and this time released the compilation Rocket to Rechovoth to celebrate the event, in reference to Ramones album Rocket to Russia, using the Israeli city of Rechovot.

The band's third and final album, titled They Tried to Kill Us. They Failed. Let's Eat! was released in 2007, again via Rubber Records. The 16-track album contained only 2 covers of Israeli songs, plus a cover of the World War II anti-fascist song "Zog nit keyn mol". In April 2008 Yidcore went on their third and final Israeli tour, and released a new EP, titled The Hummusexual E.P., given away for free with every band merchandise purchased at the tour.

Yidcore played their final show on 17 December 2009 at the Esplanade Hotel in St Kilda, Melbourne. The final show resulted in the decapitation of Scrambles the rubber chicken. Yidcore's final show was supported by Madonna, The Duvtons & The Disables.

In 2011, Yidcore reunited for a show at The Arthouse in Melbourne on April 7. The chicken was taped back together. It is now part of the Jewish Museum of Australia's collection. In 2013, Yidcore opened up a Blogspot website, ostensibly run by Scrambles the Rubber Chicken, offering free downloads of all their albums except Scrambles: Live, Rare and Classic Shtick, on the grounds that Scrambles found it too poor sounding even in 320kbit/s mp3.

In 2019, Yidcore announced a performance to take place on 8 September at the Melbourne Recital Centre.

Discography

Studio albums
 2000 - Yidcore (Swell Records/Big Daddy Distro)
 2005 - Eighth Day Slice/Fiddlin on Ya Roof (Rubber Records)
 2007 - They Tried to Kill Us. They Failed. Let's Eat! (Rubber Records/EMI)

EPs/Splits
 2002 - The Great Chicken Soup Caper EP (Swell Records/Big Daddy Distro)
 2003 - The Adam Slander E.P. (Little Big Music/MRA)
 2004 - Attack of the B-Killers - split with Useless ID, Man Alive, Atom and His Package (Boomtown/MGM)
 2008 - The Hummusexual EP (Speck Records)

Compilations
 2003 - Scrambles: New, Live, Rare and Classic Shtick (released independently)
 2005 - Rocket to Rechovoth (Speck Records)

DVDs
 2005 - Wind Beneath my Wings (Rubber Records/Boomtown)

Notes

References

External links
 Official homepage
 Yidcore's blog, offering free downloads of most of their discography
 TheAge.com.au article about Yidcore (22 December 2005)

Category:Jewish musical groups
Category:Australian punk rock groups
Category:Victoria (Australia) musical groups
Category:Jews in punk rock
Category:Musical groups established in 1998
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Category:Musical groups reestablished in 2011
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Category:Musical groups reestablished in 2019


Katharine Church

Katharine "Kitty" Duff Church (4 July 1910 – 20 July 1999) was a British neo-romantic painter.

The daughter of barrister Harold Church, who was killed in World War I whilst serving as a Captain in the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, and Elsie Neilson (née Lyle), she was born in Highgate in north London. She studied art at the Brighton School of Art, at the Royal Academy Schools between 1930 and 1933, and then at the Slade School of Fine Art in 1933 and 1934. During the early phase of her career, she exhibited regularly with the Royal Academy. In 1933, she had her first solo exhibition at the Wertheim Gallery in London. She exhibited with the New English Art Club and showed regularly with The London Group. From 1937 to 1947, she exhibited her work at the Lefevre Gallery. In 1954, she was invited to take part in the exhibition Figures in their Setting at the Tate Gallery. She was invited to exhibit at the National Museum of Wales in 1982. In 1988, a retrospective of her work was held at the Duncalfe Galleries in Harrogate.

Church operated the Hambledon Gallery at Blandford for a number of years.

In 1933, she met the painter Ivon Hitchens. She painted with him at a cottage on the Suffolk coast. Church invited John Piper and Myfanwy Evans on one such visit. During the late 1940s, she met the painter Frances Hodgkins; Hodgkins painted a portrait of Church, Portrait of Kitty West, in 1939, which is now held by the Tate.

Church married Anthony West in 1937; the couple had one son ( Edmund West) and one daughter ( Caroline Frances West). Among the couple's friends were the painter Julian Trevelyan and the writer Frances Partridge. The Wests divorced in 1952.

Her sister Margaret became an architect.

In 1964, she moved to Sutton House in Dorset. Church died in Wimborne Minster at the age of 89 after suffering a fall in her garden.

In 2015, John Duncalfe published Katharine Church (1910-1999): A Life in Colour. The Later Years.

References

External links

Category:1910 births
Category:1999 deaths
Category:20th-century British painters
Category:20th-century British women artists
Category:Alumni of the University of Brighton
Category:Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy Schools
Category:English women painters
Category:Painters from London
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Theft of electricity

Theft of electricity is the criminal practice of stealing electrical power. It is a crime and is punishable by fines and/or incarceration. It belongs to the non-technical losses.

According to the annual Emerging Markets Smart Grid: Outlook 2015 study by the Northeast Group, LLC, the world loses US$89.3 billion annually to electricity theft. The highest losses were in India ($16.2 billion), followed by Brazil ($10.5 billion) and Russia ($5.1 billion).

President of Northeast Group Ben Gardner stated : "India loses more money to theft than any other country in the world. The state of Maharashtra—which includes Mumbai—alone loses $2.8 billion per year, more than all but eight countries in the world. Nationally, total transmission and distribution losses approach 23% and some states' losses exceed 50%."

Types

There are various types of electrical power theft, including Tapping a line or bypassing the energy meter. According to a study , 80% of worldwide theft occurs in private dwellings and 20% on commercial and industrial premises. The various types of electrical power theft include:

Direct hooking from line
What's known as "cable hooking" is the most used method. 80% of global power theft is by direct tapping from the line. The consumer taps into a power line from a point ahead of the energy meter. This energy consumption is unmeasured and procured with or without switches.

Bypassing the energy meter
In this method, the input terminal and output terminal of the energy meter is short-circuited, preventing the energy from registration in the energy meter.

Injecting foreign element in the energy meter

Meters are manipulated via a remote by installing a circuit inside the meter so that the meter can be slowed down at any time. This kind of modification can evade external inspection attempts because the meter is always correct unless the remote is turned on.

Physical obstruction

This type of tampering is done to electromechanical meters with a rotating element. Foreign material is placed inside the meter to obstruct the free movement of the disc. A slower rotating disk signals less energy consumption.

ESD attack on electronic meter

This type of tampering is done on electronic meter to make it either latent damage or permanent damage. Detection can be done correctly in high end meters only.

Detection

A number of approaches to detect electricity theft have been proposed. The predominant direction in research and development is employing artificial intelligence, and in particular machine learning methods, to detect customers that steal electricity.

In popular culture

Katiyabaaz (Powerless), a 2014 Indian documentary film, dealt with issue of power theft in the city of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

History

On March 27, 1886 it was reported that electricity espionage was accomplished by unscrupulous persons tapping into Edison Electricity in New York.  The Superintendent of the power station sent a power surge into the line to burn out or destroy foreign objects trespassing on the line.

References

External links

 Gas Link Company punished for kundi
 40% households in Haryana use kundi

Category:Electric power distribution
Electricity


Epipristis oxycyma

Epipristis oxycyma is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1888. It is found in Queensland, Australia.

References

Category:Moths described in 1888
Category:Pseudoterpnini


2008 CONCACAF Champions' Cup

The 2008 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was the 43rd edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CONCACAF region (North America, Central America and the Caribbean), the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. It was the final edition under this name and format, being replaced by the CONCACAF Champions League starting from the 2008–09 season.

It determined that year's club champion of association football in the CONCACAF region.  The tournament was also a qualifying event for the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup.

CONCACAF held the draw on December 18, 2007 to establish the matchups and bracket.

Qualified teams

North American zone
 C.F. Pachuca – 2007 Clausura champion
 Atlante F.C. – 2007 Apertura champion
 Houston Dynamo – 2007 MLS Cup champion
 D.C. United – 2007 MLS Supporters' Shield winner

Central American zone
 Motagua – 2007 UNCAF Interclub Cup winners
 Saprissa – 2007 UNCAF Interclub Cup runner-up
 Municipal – 2007 UNCAF Interclub Cup third place

Caribbean zone
 Harbour View – 2007 CFU Club Championship winner

Bracket
(Complete Bracket)

Quarterfinals

Houston Dynamo advance 3–1 on aggregate.

Deportivo Saprissa advance 4–2 on aggregate.

Pachuca advances 1–0 on aggregate.

D.C. United advance 6–1 on aggregate.

Semifinals

Deportivo Saprissa advances 3–0 on aggregate.

Pachuca advances 3–2 on aggregate.

Final

First leg

Second leg

''C.F. Pachuca wins 2008 CONCACAF Champions' Cup 3–2 on aggregate,advance to 2008 FIFA Club World Cup.

Champion

Top scorers

Notes

1
Category:CONCACAF Champions' Cup


Özvatan

Özvatan (formerly Çukur) is a town and district of Kayseri Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. This is a tiny district of Kayseri. It is located in the north east of the province and it is almost 70 km from Kayseri. It is connected to the town 'Felahiye'. It has a harsh climate being too cold in winter and too hot in summer. It has a population of approximately 9,500. The mayor is Nihat Çiftçi (AKP).

References

Category:Populated places in Kayseri Province
Category:Districts of Kayseri Province
Category:Towns in Turkey


2015 IPC Swimming World Championships – Men's 50 metre butterfly

The men's 50 metre butterfly at the 2015 IPC Swimming World Championships was held at the Tollcross International Swimming Centre in Glasgow, United Kingdom from 13-17 July.

Medalists

Legend
WR: World record, CR: Championship record, AF: Africa record, AM: Americas record, AS: Asian record, EU: European record, OS: Oceania record

See also
List of IPC world records in swimming

References

butterfly 50 m men


Till Death Do Us Party

Till Death Do Us Party is the debut studio album from American singer-songwriter and drag queen, Adore Delano. The album was released through Sidecar Records in association with Producer Entertainment Group on June 3, 2014. The album was available to pre-order on May 29, 2014, and was officially released on June 3, 2014. In November 2014, Delano announced that she was working on a follow-up to Till Death Do Us Party.

Promotion
In conjunction with the album, Adore appeared in an 11-episode web series, Let the Music Play, produced by World of Wonder. Each webisode details a track off of the album.

Delano has been on her worldwide "Till Death Do Us Party Tour" since shortly after the release of the album and also joined other Drag Race alum on the Battle of the Seasons Tour.

Critical reception

The album received generally positive reviews from select critics. David Lim, writing for So So Gay, praised the album: "Till Death Do Us Party is not only an affirmation of Adore’s vocal and songwriting prowess – it also puts her forward as a strong candidate for the platinum-selling American pop sorority of Katy, Kesha, Miley and Gaga." Luis Gonzalez of AlbumConfessions wrote, "Till Death Do Us Party is a project which easily exceeds initial expectations. While most former contestant's from RuPaul's Drag Race tend to release generic material void of any vocal merit, Adore Delano proves her time on American Idol was well deserved" in his four-star review.

Chart performance
In the US, the album debuted at number 59 on the Billboard 200, number 3 on the Dance/Electronic Albums chart, and number 11 on the Independent Albums chart. It became the highest charting album amongst her peers in the Rupaul's Drag race (including Rupaul's efforts)

Track listing

Charts

References

Category:2014 albums
Category:Adore Delano albums
Category:Dance music albums by American artists


James T. McCalman

James Thomas McCalman, Sr. (February 15, 1914 – June 18, 1977), was a Democratic member of the Louisiana State Senate, who represented Claiborne and Bienville parishes in North Louisiana from 1960 to 1964.

McCalman was the older of two sons of Arkansas natives Herbert Carl McCalman, Sr., and the former Nobie Guice. A brother was Herbert McCalman, Jr. (1915-1961).
McCalman previously lived in Athens, also in Claiborne Parish. He attended Homer High School, at which he played football on the 1929-1930 team.

A businessman who resided in Homer, McCalman won the seat vacated by segregationist William M. Rainach, who ran unsuccessfully for governor of Louisiana in the 1959 Democratic primary election, having placed third in the contest won in a runoff by Jimmie Davis. After a single term, McCalman was unseated by Danny Roy Moore, another Democrat then from Claiborne Parish, who resides in Arcadia in Bienville Parish.

Mrs. McCalman was the former Gladys Reavie Bennett (February 1, 1916 – April 12, 2015), the daughter of Ada and Barton Duvalle Bennett of rural Liddieville in Franklin Parish. She became a beautician after high school. She died at the age of ninety-nine in Madison, Mississippi.

Five McCalman children were born between 1940 and 1952:
Herbert Duvalle McCalman, George Lawson McCalman, and Joan McCalman Miller, all deceased, and
James Thomas McCalman, Jr., of Kenner in Jefferson Parish; Lynda Ann McCalman-Tabor of Madison Mississippi; Donald Gene McCalman of Homer, and David Allen McCalman of Omaha, Nebraska.

Like his Senate predecessor Rainach, McCalman is interred beside his wife at Arlington Cemetery in Homer. He was a Southern Baptist.

References

Category:1914 births
Category:1977 deaths
Category:Louisiana Democrats
Category:Louisiana state senators
Category:People from Homer, Louisiana
Category:Businesspeople from Louisiana
Category:Baptists from Louisiana
Category:20th-century American businesspeople
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:People from Athens, Louisiana


Vamba

Luigi Bertelli (19 March 1858 - 27 November 1920), best known as Vamba, was an Italian author, illustrator and journalist.

Born in Florence, having completed his studies Bertelli became a railway employer, working first in Rimini and later in Foggia. He later started collaborating with the Roman newspaper Capitan Fracassa and in 1884 he was officially employed as a  journalist and caricaturist. He soon adopted the pseudonym "Vamba", named after the clown of Walter Scott's Ivanhoe. After collaborating with several newspapers, in 1890 he founded and directed L'O di Giotto, a newspaper close to the radical political positions of Felice Cavallotti, and in 1901 he co-founded  the regional newspaper Il Bruscolo. Best known as a children's author, in 1893 Vamba wrote his first pedagogical  novel, Ciondolino, and in 1906 he founded and directed until 1911 the nonconformist children magazine Il giornalino della Domenica. Here, he released in sequential installments his best known novel, Il Giornalino di Gian Burrasca, the pedagogical and humorous story of a lively 9 year old. In the summer of 1920 he fell ill, dying on 27 November 1920.

A funerary monument made by the sculptor Libero Andreotti was inaugurated in Florence on 14 January 1923.

References

Further reading
 Lea Nissim Rossi. Vamba: Luigi Bertelli. Le Monnier, 1954.
 Armando Michieli. Vamba. La Scuola, 1965.
 Lea Nissim Rossi. Luigi Bertelli (Vamba). Mondadori Education, 1967. .
 Anna Ascenzi, Maila Di Felice, Raffaele Tumino. Santa giovinezza!: lettere di Luigi Bertelli e dei suoi corrispondenti, 1883-1920. Alfabetica Edizioni, 2008. .
 Roberta Anau. Gian Burrasca. Ragazzi di marzapane e cervello di crema. La cucina di Vamba. Il leone verde edizioni, 2010. .

Category:1858 births
Category:People from Florence
Category:1920 deaths
Category:Italian journalists
Category:Italian male journalists
Category:19th-century Italian novelists
Category:20th-century Italian novelists
Category:Italian male novelists
Category:Italian caricaturists
Category:Italian children's book illustrators
Category:Italian children's writers
Category:19th-century male writers
Category:20th-century Italian male writers


Woodland Street Firehouse

The Woodland Street Firehouse is an historic fire station at 36 Woodland Street in Worcester, Massachusetts.  It is one of the finest of Worcester Victorian-era firehouses.  The two story brick building was built in 1886 in a Queen Anne style, with some Romanesque details.  It is nearly identical to Worcester's Cambridge Street Firehouse; both were designed by Fuller & Delano and built the same year.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.  It is no longer used as a firehouse. Engine 10 ran out of this station until 1979 when it moved to Park Ave until the company was eliminated in 2009.

See also
Woodland Street Historic District
National Register of Historic Places listings in southwestern Worcester, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts

References

Category:Fire stations completed in 1886
Category:Towers completed in 1886
Category:Buildings and structures in Worcester, Massachusetts
Category:Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Category:Fire stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Worcester, Massachusetts
Category:Defunct fire stations in Massachusetts
Category:1886 establishments in Massachusetts


Koo Jun-hoe

Koo Jun-hoe,  (, born March 31, 1997), also known by the stage name Ju-ne, is a South Korean singer and member of boy group iKon under YG Entertainment. He has made appearances on survival programs WIN: Who Is Next and Mix & Match in 2013 and 2014 respectively.

Biography

Early life
Koo Jun-hoe was born on March 31, 1997 in Seoul, South Korea. In March 2009, he made his first television appearance on SBS' Star King as "13 year old Michael Jackson".  In 2011, Jun-hoe appeared on the first season of SBS' K-pop Star. Following elimination from the show, in April 2012 he was scouted by YG Entertainment and joined the company as a trainee.

2013–present: WIN: Who Is Next, Mix & Match and iKon

In 2013 Jun-hoe joined Mnet reality survival program WIN: Who Is Next as a member of Team B. The show ended with Team A winning and going on to debut as Winner, and Team B returning to train under the YG label. Soon after, in 2014, YG Entertainment announced the members of Team B would be competing again in a second reality survival show, Mix & Match. The show resulted in the debut of all Team B members alongside Jung Chan-woo under the name iKon.

On September 15, 2015 iKon debuted the pre-release single "My Type", following soon after with the lead singles "Rhythm Ta" and "Airplane", with Jun-hoe participating in the production for "Rhythm Ta". On October 4, 2015 iKon made their first music show appearance on SBS' Inkigayo, simultaneously receiving their third win for single "My Type".

Discography

Charted songs

Writing credits

Filmography

Television appearances

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:South Korean male singers
Category:South Korean pop singers
Category:South Korean male idols
Category:K-pop singers
Category:K-pop Star participants
Category:YG Entertainment artists
Category:IKon (South Korean band) members
Category:21st-century South Korean singers
Category:King of Mask Singer contestants
Category:Singers from Seoul


List of South Africa national rugby union team records

South Africa (known as the Springboks) are a rugby union national team that played their first international match in 1891.

The records listed below only include performances in Test matches. The top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).

Team records

Individual records

References

South Africa
Category:South Africa national rugby union team lists


Fillingham

Fillingham is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated   north from the city and county town of Lincoln, and just over  west from the A15 road.

Fillingham Grade II* listed Anglican church is dedicated to St Andrew. Originally a building in Early English and Decorated style, it was largely rebuilt in 1777 with a new chancel and tower. It was further restored in 1866. The earliest element is a c.1200 round-headed doorway in the west transept. In the churchyard is a cross,  high, dedicated to Major Thomas N. Dalton, killed in the Battle of Inkerman in 1854. John Wycliffe was rector of the village from 1361 to 1368.

There is evidence of a Roman camp in the village and Anglo Saxon pottery has also been found. Archaeological excavations have also found evidence of an Anglo Saxon cemetery which may have been associated with a second church in the village.

Fillingham Castle is a castellated mansion built in 1760 by Sir Cecil Wray. A nearby stone manor house was built about a century before.

Fillingham Lake is one of the sources of the River Till, a small river whose lower reaches form the Fossdyke Navigation.

References

External links

"Fillingham", Genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 28 July 2011

Category:Villages in Lincolnshire
Category:Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
Category:West Lindsey District


Lilliu

Lilliu may refer to:

Giovanni Lilliu (1914–2012), Italian archeologist, academician, publicist and politician
Nyco Lilliu (born 1987), French singer
Pierrick Lilliu (born 1986), French singer


Richard Gurney

Richard Gurney (1790–1843) was an English judge in the Stannary Courts of Devon. His corrupt practices were exposed during the trial of Mary Ann Tocker in 1818. Following the trial, he wrote a pamphlet expounding the Law of Libel at the time and attempting to defend his actions.

Early life
Gurney grew up in Tregony, Cornwall. He was the youngest of three children by Rev. Richard Gurney and Bridget Oban. He aspired to be a writer and a poet.  After his father failed to obtain a naval commission for him, he went to London to study law. He was admitted to the Inner Temple on 14 January 1812.

Career

Vice-warden of the Stannaries of Devon 1812 – 1817
In December 1812, when Gurney was 22 years old, he was appointed Vice-Warden of the Stannaries of Devon. He tried cases concerning mining disputes under Stannary Law. This post was obtained for him by his father, Rev. Gurney, as a reward for helping to return Lord Yarmouth's candidates as representative for the Borough of Tregony in the 1812 elections. Rev. Gurney was also instrumental in obtaining bribes for the voters. When questioned by the Select Committee of Parliament looking into corrupt electoral practices in the Borough, he denied all knowledge of the bribes and was tried for perjury.

When Gurney heard Robert Gifford (later 1st Baron Gifford) question his father's honesty, he challenged him to a duel. Refused satisfaction, he struck Robert Gifford with his horse whip and was charged with assault. When the case came to trial in 1814, Gurney was sentenced to six months imprisonment in Marshalsea prison.

In 1816 and 1818, Gurney was outlawed in Plymouth and Dock for debt and fled the country. He spent months at the gaming tables of Paris in the company of Major John Richardson, a Canadian gambler and author. Richardson's biographer writes of Gurney as a "poet, solicitor, and former Vice-Warden of the Stannaries of Devon, who owing to a predilection for the gaming table, neglected to attend court, took higher fees than allowed and, obliged to leave England, took refuge in Paris in 1818." As Vice -Warden of the Stannaries, he received an income of £50 a year, yet heard only two cases.

He lost his position after his corrupt behaviour was exposed by the publication of an anonymous letter in the West Briton newspaper in 1817. When Gurney discovered that the writer of the letter was Mary Ann Tocker, his former secretary's sister, he had her tried for libel.

Politics
Richard Gurney stood for parliament in the Borough of Tregony three times and failed each time. In 1830, he claimed to be elected member of parliament for Tregony, but did not succeed in obtaining the seat. He petitioned Parliament, claiming to have been returned by the legal returning-officer and accusing his opponents of bribery. The petition was found frivolous and vexatious and Gurney was awarded costs.

Travels on the Continent
In 1834, Gurney again fled to the continent to escape debt. Gurney traveled on the Continent with his wife and children for ten years. Having attended  a few court levées in England, Gurney had a court suit. Dressed as a courtier, he was able to pose as a member of the Royal Court. He thus gained entry to the minor courts of Europe. Gurney traveled through Germany, Austria, Italy and France meeting other English expatriates such Sir Sidney Smith. He and his sons became acquainted with the poets, Karl Joseph Simrock, Franz Grillparzer, and Betty Paoli. His son, Archer Thompson Gurney, translated works by German poets into English. Gurney died in Bonn, Germany, in 1843. His wife, Catherine Harriet, died in 1876.

He was the author of:

 Fables on Men and Manners, 1809.
 Romeo and Juliet Travesty, 1812.
 Observations on a libel; for which an indictment was instituted by Richard Gurney, Jun. of the Inner Temple, Special Pleader, Vice-Warden of the  Stannaries of Devon, against Mary Ann Tocker; of which the Defendant was found not guilty, 1818.
 The Battle of Salamanca, a Poem, 1820.
 The Maid of Prague, 1841.

References

Attribution

Category:1790 births
Category:1843 deaths
Category:People from Tregony
Category:Members of the Inner Temple


1962 in French television

This is a list of French television related events from 1962.

Events
18 March - France wins the 7th Eurovision Song Contest in Luxembourg, Luxembourg. The winning song is "Un premier amour" performed by Isabelle Aubret.

Debuts
December 10 - Bonne Nuit les Petits

Television shows

1940s
Le Jour du Seigneur (1949–present)

1950s
Magazine féminin (1952-1970)
Lectures pour tous (1953-1968)
La Piste aux étoiles (1956-1978)

1960s
La Tête et les Jambes (1960-1978)
Les Coulisses de l'exploit (1961-1972)
Voyage sans passeport (1957-1969)

Ending this year

Births
30 November - Gérard Vivès, actor, humorist & TV presenter

See also
1962 in France
List of French films of 1962

Deaths


Ivica

Ivica is a Slavic masculine given name, a diminutive form of Ivan. The direct English equivalent of the name is Johnny, while the equivalent of its augmentative Ivan is John. It is one of the most frequent male given names in Croatia, and is also present in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ivica is also a common character in Croatian jokes, like Perica.

In Czech and Slovak, Ivica is a feminine given name.

Notable people named Ivica
 Ivica Avramović, Serbian footballer
 Ivica Dačić, Serbian politician, Prime Minister of Serbia
 Ivica Dragutinović, Serbian footballer
 Ivica Džidić, Croatian footballer
 Ivica Grlić, Bosnian Croat footballer
 Ivica Kostelić, Croatian alpine skier
 Ivica Kralj, Montenegrin footballer
 Ivica Matković (Ustaša) (1913–1945), Ustaša concentration camp commandant
 Ivica Mornar, Croatian footballer
 Ivica Olić, Croatian footballer
 Ivica Osim, Bosnian  Croat footballer and coach
 Ivica Račan, Croatian politician
 Ivica Rajić, Croatian soldier
 Ivica Šerfezi, Croatian singer

See also

Category:Given names
Category:Masculine given names
Category:Bosnian masculine given names
Category:Croatian masculine given names
Category:Serbian masculine given names
Category:Slovene feminine given names
Category:Unisex given names


Vanier Cup

The Vanier Cup () is the championship of Canadian university football. It is organized by U Sports football and is currently played between the winners of the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl. It is named after Georges Vanier, the former Governor General of Canada and was first awarded in 1965 to the winner of an invitational event contested between two teams that were selected by a panel. In 1967, the trophy was declared the official "CIAU National Football Championship" and a playoff system was instituted. From its creation until 1982, it was known as the Canadian College Bowl. The game typically occurs in late November, although it is occasionally played in December.

The Laval Rouge et Or have won the most Vanier Cups (10), while the Western Ontario Mustangs have the most appearances (14). Seventeen teams have won the Vanier Cup, while three others have played for the championship but never won. There are seven active teams that have never appeared in the championship game. The 55th Vanier Cup was played on November 23, 2019 at Stade Telus in Quebec City. The Calgary Dinos defeated the Montreal Carabins 27-13 to win their fifth championship.

History
The Vanier Cup was created in 1965 as the championship trophy of the Canadian College Bowl. For the first two years of competition, the Canadian College Bowl was an invitational event, with a national panel selecting two teams to play, similar to other U.S. collegiate bowl games. In 1967, the Canadian College Bowl was declared the national football championship of the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union, later Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) and now U Sports, with a playoff system determining the two participants.

The Vanier Cup was played in Toronto, Ontario, from its inception in 1965 through 2003. However, after the CIS opened the game to host conference bids in 2001, the possibility arose to have games held outside Toronto. As of 2016, 41 of the 52 Vanier Cups have been played in Toronto, five in Québec City, four in Hamilton, one in Saskatoon, one in Vancouver and one in Montréal. No games have been staged in the Atlantic region.  Four times, the game has been played in the same city and during the same weekend as the Grey Cup: 1973, 2007 and 2012 in Toronto  and in 2011 in Vancouver at BC Place Stadium.

The Vanier Cup is played between the winners of the Uteck Bowl (formerly Atlantic Bowl) and the Mitchell Bowl (formerly the Churchill Bowl). The Uteck and Mitchell Bowls, in turn, are contested by the Loney Bowl (AUS), Hardy Cup (Canada West), Dunsmore Cup (RSEQ), and Yates Cup (OUA) champions.

The Vanier Cup's most valuable player is awarded the Ted Morris Memorial Trophy. It was first awarded at the first championship in 1965 and named in honour of Teddy Morris, who died the same year. Morris, a Hall of Fame former Toronto Argonauts player and coach, was an organizer of the first bowl and champion for developing Canadian players.

The Bruce Coulter Award was first awarded in 1992 and is dependent on what position the winner of the Ted Morris Trophy played. If the winner is from the offence, then the Bruce Coulter Award winner will be the most outstanding defensive player or vice versa. It was named after Bruce Coulter, long-time Head Coach at Bishop's University and former offensive and defensive player with the Montreal Alouettes in the 1950s. Coulter was inducted as a builder in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1997.

The Vanier Cup final game is regularly broadcast nationally. From 1965 though 1976 it was broadcast on CBC Television, from 1977 through 1988 it was broadcast on the CTV Television Network. In 1989, TSN acquired rights to the game, lasting through to 2012 (besides a one-year stint on The Score in 2008).

In November 2010, the rights to the Vanier Cup were purchased by sports marketing company MRX. The 2011 game was held in Vancouver, on the same weekend as the 99th Grey Cup and for the first time it was fully integrated into the Grey Cup Festival as a festival event.

In 2012, the 48th Vanier Cup, played between Laval and McMaster at Rogers Centre in Toronto became both the most attended and most watched Vanier Cup ever. Held the same weekend and in the same city as the 100th Grey Cup, the game was attended by 37,098. The previous record was set in 1989 at the 25th Vanier Cup, when 32,847 watched the game between Western and Saskatchewan that was also played at SkyDome (now Rogers Centre). The game, broadcast on TSN and RDS was watched by 910,000.

In February 2013, the CIS terminated the option years on their agreement with MRX opting for an open bid process for the hosting of the game. Laval University, in Quebec City, was the only bidder for the game and won the right to host the 49th Vanier Cup. In May, CIS terminated its agreement with TSN, and entered into a six-year deal with Sportsnet to broadcast its championships, including the Vanier Cup.

The switch in venues, the decoupling of the Vanier Cup from Grey Cup week, and the change in broadcaster, led to a precipitous drop in attendance and viewership. A total of 301,000 viewers watched Laval defeat the Calgary Dinos 25-14 Saturday, November 23, which was a decline of 64 per cent from the previous year. A standing room crowd of 18,543 were on hand at the Telus Stadium which was a decline of 50 per cent from the previous year in Toronto. In 2019, after several more years of declines, the Vanier Cup returned to CBC.

Championships

Key
  Number of times that team has won the Vanier Cup.
Note: All Ted Morris Trophy and Bruce Coulter Award winners played for the winning team, unless otherwise noted.

A. Bob McGregor, Ted Morris Trophy winner in 1971, played for the runner-up team.
B. In the 1972 game, the Vanier Cup Committee and Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union officials decided to crown co-winners from the same school.
C. Rob Schrauth, Bruce Coulter Award winner in 1993, played for the runner-up team.
D. Brent Schneider, Ted Morris Trophy winner in 1994, played for the runner-up team.

Vanier Cup appearances

E. The Wilfrid Laurier record includes three games played as Waterloo Lutheran.

Six active teams have never played for the Vanier Cup: Bishop's Gaiters (AUS/RSEQ/OQIFC), Carleton Ravens (OUA), Sherbrooke Vert-et-Or (RSEQ), Waterloo Warriors (OUA), Windsor Lancers (OUA), and York Lions/Yeomen (OUA).

See also

 List of awards presented by the Governor General of Canada
 List of awards named after Governors General of Canada

References

General

Specific

External links

 Official Vanier Cup website
 2009 Vanier Cup Media Kit

Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1965
Category:1965 establishments in Canada
Category:U Sports trophies


Akitsugu Konno

was a Japanese ski jumper who competed in the early 1970s. His best finish was a Silver Medal in the Individual Normal Hill at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo.

References

External links

Category:1944 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Japanese male ski jumpers
Category:Ski jumpers at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Category:Ski jumpers at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Category:Olympic ski jumpers of Japan
Category:Sportspeople from Sapporo
Category:Olympic medalists in ski jumping
Category:Medalists at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Category:Olympic silver medalists for Japan


Dieida ahngeri

Dieida ahngeri is a moth in the family Cossidae. It was described by Grigory Grum-Grshimailo in 1902. It is found in Transcaspia, where it has been recorded from Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

References

Category:Cossinae
Category:Moths described in 1902
Category:Moths of Asia


Galal Touny

Galal Touny (born 26 April 1950) is an Egyptian water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1950 births
Category:Living people
Category:Egyptian male water polo players
Category:Olympic water polo players of Egypt
Category:Water polo players at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Cairo


Scherezade García

Scherezade García (sometimes Scherezade García Vasquez) (born 1966) is a painter, printmaker and installation artist from the Dominican Republic based in New York City.

Early life and education
Born in Santo Domingo, García was active in visual arts from the time she was a girl. In 1986 she received a full merit scholarship to study at Parsons, the New School for Design in New York City and has been based there ever since. She had received her AAS from the Altos de Chavón School of Design, a Parsons affiliate, in La Romana, in her home country. After receiving her BFA from Parsons, she received an MFA from the City College of New York.

Career
She has since served on the faculty of Parsons. In 2015 she received a career grant from the Joan Mitchell Foundation. A co-founder of the Dominican York ProyectoGráfica, García is a member of the advisory board of No Longer Empty.

Much of García's work deals with themes relating to immigration and the desire to belong in a new country; she has stated that her interest lies in the Caribbean, especially the Hispanic diaspora, and her art is informed by aspects of her black and European heritage. Four of her mixed-media works are in the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Other works may be found in the collections of El Museo del Barrio, the Housatonic Museum of Art, and the  Museo de Arte Moderno Santo Domingo.

Selected Works

 Paradise Redefined: at the Lehman College Art Gallery, December 2006, a sculptural installation of tent like structures covered with images of Dominican tenant buildings and bodegas, with light, street sounds and fragments of Spanish language emanating from within. Intermittently breaking wave sounds add to the mix coming from a mural size beach scene. "The installation is concerned with issues of identity and homeland, and the expectations of a better life, which often characterize stories of migration to the United States." said Benjamin Gennochio critic for the New York Times.

 Hurricane Sandy Altar: 2013, is a painting featured in an essay by Abigail Lapin Dardashti titled El Dorado: the Neobaroque in Dominican American Art, focusing the use of gold by Dominican artists who subvert myths and dreams constructed by imperialist and neocolonialist economic and political systems

 Transit/Liquid Highway: September 2015, exhibited in the lobby of Columbia University's Wallach Art Gallery Miller Theatre, is a site-specific mural explores the relationship between the Dominican Republic and immigrants new homeland. Large images of waves and found objects both intermix losses and gains of migration

 Bordering the Imaginary: Art from the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and their Diasporas, 2018. Garcia's work was included in this group exhibition curated by Abigail Lapin Dardashti at BRIC Gallery. It explored the dynamic of the Haitian/Dominican diaspora. Garcia's painting, Acariciando el chivo (Caressing the Goat), hearkens to the 19th century after the island's separation and re-colonization by Spain. Depicted as an androgynous, Black child holding a goat, Ulises Heureaux - known as Lili and born illegitimately to a Haitian father and a mother from St.Thomas - is shown in Garcia's beautifully abstracted painting as a ghostly image existing between two swirling universes. As the man who led the country of Santo Domingo during the years 1882 until Lili's assassination in 1899 he was considered heroic, and very much a contradiction of the 20th century myth of racial whiteness that the dictator Trujillo later projected.

 Memories of a Utopian Island: Also at the BRIC exhibition Garcia presented a video animation Conversation Thread in collaboration with Vladimir Cybil Charlier. Two projected silhouettes of the artists tackle contemporary issues related to their island of origin that includes both Haiti and Dominican Republic. Speaking in a mixture of French, English and Spanish and Haitian Creole the silhouettes talk back and forth about an environment of equality and collaboration rather than one of friction. On another wall Borlette (Lottery) combines the sculptural inner tubes made of rice paper beaded to resemble Voodou flags, signature elements respectively of Garcia and Chavelier's individual practices.

References

Category:1966 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Dominican Republic painters
Category:Dominican Republic expatriates in the United States
Category:People from Santo Domingo
Category:Dominican Republic women painters
Category:Dominican Republic printmakers
Category:21st-century painters
Category:20th-century printmakers
Category:21st-century printmakers
Category:Women printmakers
Category:20th-century women artists
Category:21st-century women artists
Category:Parsons School of Design alumni
Category:City College of New York alumni
Category:Parsons School of Design faculty


The Book Lady

The Book Lady is a documentary about country music legend and pop-culture icon Dolly Parton’s campaign for children’s literacy.

Dolly Parton, Miley Ray Cyrus, Keith Urban, Canadian singer–songwriters Sarah Harmer and Justin Rutledge, fiddler Natalie MacMaster and children's author Robert Munsch are featured in the documentary, which chronicles the launch of Parton’s “Imagination Library” in Canada.

The Book Lady was directed by Natasha Ryan, produced by Brad Horvath and executive-produced by filmmaker Thom Fitzgerald and Doug Pettigrew. It will air on CBC Television, Bravo! and BookTelevision in Canada.

It had its international premiere at the 28th Atlantic Film Festival in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on September 20, 2008.

References

External links

Category:2008 films
Category:Canadian documentary films
Category:Canadian films
Category:English-language films
Category:Documentary films about women
Category:Documentary films about entertainers
Category:2000s documentary films


Carface

Carface () is a 2015 National Film Board of Canada animated short film by Claude Cloutier in which cars sing and dance while the Earth slides toward environmental ruin.

The film's central character is a 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air that sings "Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)."

The film received the Prix Guy-L.-Coté Best Canadian Animation Film at the Sommets du cinéma d'animation in Montreal, and was selected as one of Canada's submissions for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. The film was a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Animated Short Film at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards, and won the Québec Cinéma Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 18th Quebec Cinema Awards.

References

External links

Category:2015 in the environment
Category:Canadian films
Category:National Film Board of Canada animated short films
Category:Films directed by Claude Cloutier
Category:Environmental films
Category:Films about automobiles
Category:Animated musical films
Category:Films produced by Julie Roy
Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters
Category:2015 animated films
Category:2015 films
Category:Canadian animated short films


Tully Church

Tully Church is an ancient church in County Dublin, Ireland.

Location

Tully Church lies in Laughanstown (; variously spelled Lehaunestown, Lehaunstown); it is located in South Dublin, 500 m south-southeast of Laughanston Luas stop (Green Line).

The building

The original church structure dates to the 6th–9th centuries AD. One ancient name is Telach-na-nun ecspop (Tullow of the bishops) and it must have been an important venue if bishops met there. There is a legend that seven bishops started out from there to visit St Brigid at Kildare. Elsewhere these bishops are mentioned as the "Seven Bishops of Cabinteely" (Alice Curtayne, Saint Brigid of Ireland)

In 1179 the Church was granted to the Priory of The Holy Spirit.

The chancel, which is wider than the nave, was added in the late 12th or early 13th century by the Normans. The unusually larger chancel was added to the nave during the early 13th century and has a rounded arch and two rounded headed east windows. The nave dates to the 13th century.

The church was in use up to about 1615. It came under the authority of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin who supplied clergy to keep it going. It was reported to be in good condition when inspected in 1615, but according to a report in 1630 had been badly damaged in recent storms. After that it was abandoned and fell into ruin.

Crosses

The cross by the roadside is set upon a plinth and is dedicated to James Crehan (Grehan) who apparently saved the Cross from being discarded when the level of the road was being adjusted in the late 1800s. The plinth replicates the soil removed leaving the Cross standing at its original height. There are a set of worn steps on one side of the plinth which allows one to climb up and view the Cross closely.

There is a second cross in the field opposite Tully Church and this can be accessed via a low wooden fence. This cross dates from the 12th century and is also reputed to be dedicated to St Brigit.

References

Category:Religion in County Dublin
Category:Archaeological sites in County Dublin
Category:National Monuments in County Dublin


Wednesday, May 9

Wednesday, May 9  () is a 2015 Iranian drama film directed by Vahid Jalilvand in his feature debut. It was shown in the Horizons section of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival where it won the FIPRESCI Award.

Cast
 Niki Karimi
 Amir Aghaei
 Shahrokh Forootanian

Reception

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 7 reviews, and an average rating of 7.8/10.

References

External links

Category:2015 films
Category:2010s drama films
Category:Iranian films
Category:Iranian drama films
Category:Persian-language films
Category:Directorial debut films


Mats Ronander

Mats Ronander (born 1 April 1954 in Sundsvall, Sweden) is a Swedish rock musician, guitar player, producer and composer.

Biography
Ronander was born in Sundsvall, but grew up in Örebro. At the age of sixteen he succeeded Peps Persson as singer in the band Blues Quality. He was  a member of the band Nature. The band backed up Ulf Lundell on a tour and three of Lundell's studio album as well as released a few records of their own. Mats Ronander has played live with ABBA on several occasions, as one of their guitarists, such as on their 1979 world tour.

The 1992 single "Gör mig lycklig nu" (written and performed with Dane Kim Larsen) and the album Himlen gråter för Elmore James produced by Mats Ronander, Mats Lindfors and Max Lorentz were Ronander's most successful solo projects. Ronander was also a member of Low budget blues band that released three albums. He was also a member of Grymlings.

Ronander produced Py Bäckman's breakthrough record Sista föreställningen, toured with ABBA in United States, and starred in the screen adaption of Ulf Lundell's novel Sömnen.

Discography

Albums
Hård kärlek 1981
God bok 1982
50/50 1984
Tokig 1985
Reality 1987
Rock'n'roll Biznis 1989
Himlen gråter för Elmore James 1992
Svenska popfavoriter Mats Ronander (Best of-album) 1995
Innanför staden 1996
Mats 2001
Bästa (Best of-album) 2003
Ronander Live 2006

Soundtracks
Dödlig drift 1999

Singles
"Gör mig lycklig nu" (performed with Kim Larsen) 1992

References

External links

Official website

Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:Swedish male musicians
Category:Swedish male singers
Category:Swedish film score composers
Category:Male film score composers


Parc Montmorency

Parc Montmorency is a park located in Quebec City and home to Parliaments of Lower Canada, Canada East and Quebec from 1791 to 1883. It is named for Duke of Montmorency.

The site sits above the St. Lawrence River and bounded by Côte de la Montagne and Rue Port Dauphin. The last building was demolished in 1883 and in 1894 city opened it as Parc Frontenac.

The park is partially covered by trees with walkways and signs describing the historical importance of the site.

There are a number of cannons and several statues:

 George-Étienne Cartier- Prime Minister of United Provinces of Canada and Father of Confederation
 Monument for Louis Hébert, Guillaume Couillard and Marie Rollet - first farmers of New France c. 1617

In 1949 the park was recognized as a national historic site.

See also

 The Battlefields Park

References

Category:Parks in Quebec City
Category:National Historic Sites in Quebec


Eois plumbacea

Eois plumbacea is a moth in the  family Geometridae. It is found on Borneo and the Mentawi Islands. The habitat consists of lowland areas, including dipterocarp forests.

The wings are warm dove grey with slightly darker fasciation.

References

Category:Moths described in 1894
Category:Eois
Category:Moths of Asia


Flabellobasis montana

Flabellobasis montana is a species of snout moth. It was described by Boris Balinsky in 1991 and is known from South Africa.

References

Category:Moths described in 1991
Category:Phycitinae


Radio Humsafar

Radio Humsafar is a radio network providing South Asian programming to over 2 million listeners in several major cities around the world. Radio Humsafar's programming is broadcast in the United States, Canada, India, Australia and over the internet worldwide. It was launched in Montreal in July 2000 and is currently heard on radio stations across Canada, India,  Australia and the United States.  The station broadcasts family oriented programming with a mix of news, music, current issues, comedy shows, kids programs and talk shows 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The evening talk show hosted by Jasvir Sandhu is currently its most popular program.

Radio Humsafar can also be heard via satellite in North America using a DVB receiver via Telesat Anik F1 satellite.

Radio stations

Radio Humsafar owns Laval, Quebec-based radio station CJLV 1570 AM; that station carries a French-language full-service format, including oldies music, talk programs and news updates throughout the day.

On March 16, 2011, Radio Humsafar would pursue a second radio station in the Montreal area when it applied with the CRTC to operate a terrestrial ethnic radio station in Montreal, which would have operated at 1400 kHz with a universal transmitter power of 1,000 watts. On May 10, 2011, the application was withdrawn, for unknown reasons.   Radio Humsafar would reapply again, this time at 1610 kHz, also broadcasting at 1,000 watts at all times; this application was approved by the CRTC on May 16, 2014. This station, whose call letters will be CHRN, will serve as a flagship for the Radio Humsafar network.

On October 21, 2015, Radio Humsafar received a license for a new radio station in the Toronto suburb of Brampton, Ontario, CIRF, which will broadcast on 1350 kHz.

References

External links
 Radio Humsafar website

Category:Canadian radio networks
Category:American radio networks
Category:Radio stations in Montreal
Category:Multicultural and ethnic radio stations in Canada
Category:Media of Indian diaspora
Category:South Asian Canadian culture
Category:Asian-Canadian culture in Montreal


Landhe Ke

Landhe ke is a village in the Moga district in Punjab in India. It is near to Moga.. It is part of municipal council of Moga city as ward no 49,50. There is one big gurdwara in the village made in the memories of two Saints who live here. Sant Nagar is situated near this Village.

References

Category:Villages in Moga district


Eulepidotis penumbra

Eulepidotis penumbra is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. It is found in the Neotropics, including French Guiana and Guyana.

References

Category:Moths described in 1914
Category:Calpinae


Sun Bin's Art of War

Sun Bin's Art of War is an ancient Chinese classic work on military strategy written by Sun Bin, a supposed descendant of Sun Tzu who served as a military strategist in the Qi state during the Warring States period. According to historical records from the Han Dynasty, Sun Bin's Art of War contained an extensive 89 chapters, with four volumes of pictures attached, but was lost by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. As a consequence, Sun Bin's Art of War is sometimes conflated with Sun Tzu's The Art of War.

Rediscovery of the lost works

In April 1972, bamboo slips of both Sun Tzu's and Sun Bin's works were unearthed in the Yinque Hills (Linyi city, Shandong province). Due to natural erosion, some of the bamboo slips were damaged and difficult to reinterpret. After the initial collection and study by experts, the Cultural Relic Press published a new edition of Sun Bin's Art of War, divided into two volumes, each containing 15 chapters, from the 364 bamboo slips, with a total of 11,000 words.

After a decade of textual research and study, the Cultural Relic Press made a major adjustment to the book: the second volume was no longer considered to be Sun Bin's writings; the first volume was edited and one chapter detailing five types of training was added. The current edition of Sun Bin's Art of War contains 16 chapters from 222 bamboo slips, with a total of 4891 words.

Contents

Chapter 1 : Capturing Pang Juan
Describes the four stratagems employed in the Battle of Guiling:
A southward march at the initial stage of the war, to avoid a decisive battle with Pang Juan
Launching a false attack and feigning retreat and defeat in Pingling, which reinforced Pang Juan's determination to attack Handan
Direct advance on Kaifeng (capital city of the Wei state) to force Pang Juan to turn back to rescue Wei
Ambush at Guiling to destroy the enemy in one move

Chapter 2: Meeting King Wei
Sun Bin discusses with King Wei of Qi about war and states: "Only victory in war can bring about authority and prosperity". Sun believes that the historically progressive unification accomplished in war had been an important means of facilitating the submission of feudal lords. To start a war, one must have "a storage of materials, a just cause for war" and must "be well-prepared before launching an attack". Sun also pointed out that "Warmongers will inevitably lose and those who expect to make a fortune out of war will also suffer defeat and disgrace".

Chapter 3: King Wei asks for advice
Sun Bin advises King Wei and Tian Ji, engaging them in a comprehensive discussion on his basic thoughts about strategy and tactics. The chapter focuses on resolute attacks on weakly defended key enemy positions and on the military philosophy of using Tao and flexible principles to attain victory.

Chapter 4: Tian Ji asks how to construct a defence
Set in the Battle of Maling, Sun Bin and Tian Ji discuss the problems of battlefield positions in field operations. The combination of terrain, weapons and the types of soldiers is emphasized.

Chapter 5: Selection of the best soldiers
Comments on the basic principles of building and training an army, and on the factors of field command that will determine victory or defeat. On the topic of building an army, Sun Bin focuses on the employment of the best soldiers in terms of field command.
He stresses 'five factors that will lead to constant victory':
The commander who has won the sovereign's trust and has an independent command will win.
The one who knows the art of war will win.
The one who gets uniform support from his soldiers will win.
The one whose subordinates work in concert with each other will win.
The one who is good at analysing and utilising terrain will win.

There are also five corollaries that will lead to constant defeat:
The one whose command is constrained by the sovereign will be defeated.
The one who does not know the art of war will be defeated.
The one who does not have the support of his soldiers will be defeated.
The one whose subordinates do not work in harmony will be defeated.
The one who does not know to use spies will be defeated.

Chapter 7: Eight formations
Discusses the methods of a commander and the principles of battle formation.

It emphasises that a commander must "be well versed in both meteorology and geography. He also must get the support of his people at home, while understanding the actual situation of his enemy. In a direct battle, he knows well the basic points of the eight formations. If one is sure of victory he will fight; if unsure he should not fight." Sun Bin also emphasises "that in laying a formation, the army can be divided into three divisions. In each, the best soldiers should be placed as a vanguard and every team should be followed with a sustainable reserve."
He emphasises "dividing the army into three teams" and "engaging one team in battle in while leaving the other two strictly in defence."
Sun Bin says that an army must take an advantageous geographical position to attack enemy in a less defensible position. "When land is flat there should be more armed chariots; when terrain is difficult, more cavalry should be sent: and when is narrow and blocked, there should be more archers sent."

Chapter 14: Organisation of military posts
Chapter 14 is similar to military rules and regulations of the later ages.
It may be divided into three parts:
Regulations for army organization and command, emphasising that all types of organizations, units and systems must complete and appropriately meet the requirements for battle.
Regulations for military operations under different enemy situations, different terrain, and different climates. Its focus is to emphasize flexibility in command and in the employment of soldiers, and on the need to make decisions according to the situation.
Specific rules on marching, camping, patrolling, guarding, war preparations and logistics.

References
C.C. Low & associates (1997) Two Military Sages: Sun Zi and Sun Bin. Singapore. Canfonian Pte Ltd.

External links

Sun Bin: The Art of Warfare

Category:Chinese classic texts
Category:Chinese military texts
Category:Martial arts manuals
Category:Military strategy books
Category:Zhou dynasty texts
Category:Warrior code
Category:4th-century BC books
Category:Sun Tzu


Wootz steel

Wootz steel is a crucible steel characterized by a pattern of bands. These bands are formed by sheets of microscopic carbides within a tempered martensite or pearlite matrix in higher carbon steel, or by ferrite and pearlite banding in lower carbon steels. It was a pioneering steel alloy developed in Southern India (Tamilakam present day Tamil Nadu and Kerala) and Sri Lanka in the 6th century BC and exported globally. It was also known in the ancient world by many different names including ukku, Hindvi steel, Hinduwani steel, Teling steel and seric iron.

History

Wootz steel originated in South India, in Tamilakam present day Tamil Nadu and Kerala, and ancient Sri Lanka.  There are several ancient Tamil, Greek, Chinese and Roman literary references to high carbon Tamil steel. The crucible steel production process started in the 6th century BC, at production sites of Kodumanal in Tamil Nadu, Golconda in Telangana, Karnataka and Sri Lanka and exported globally; the Tamils of the Chola Dynasty producing what was termed the finest steel in the world, i.e., Seric Iron to the Romans, Egyptians, Chinese and Arabs by 500 BC. The steel was exported as cakes of steely iron that came to be known as "Wootz". Wootz steel in India had high amounts of carbon in it.

The Tamilakam method was to heat black magnetite ore in the presence of carbon in a sealed clay crucible inside a charcoal furnace to completely remove slag. An alternative was to smelt the ore first to give wrought iron, then heat and hammer it to remove slag. The carbon source was bamboo and leaves from plants such as Avārai. The Chinese and locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating wootz steel from the Chera Tamils by the 5th century BC. In Sri Lanka, this early steel-making method employed a unique wind furnace, driven by the monsoon winds. Production sites from antiquity have emerged, in places such as Anuradhapura, Tissamaharama and Samanalawewa, as well as imported artifacts of ancient iron and steel from Kodumanal. A 200 BC Tamil trade guild in Tissamaharama, in the South East of Sri Lanka, brought with them some of the oldest iron and steel artifacts and production processes to the island from the classical period.

The Arabs introduced the South Indian/Sri Lankan wootz steel to Damascus, where an industry developed for making weapons of this steel. The 12th century Arab traveler Edrisi mentioned the "Hinduwani" or Indian steel as the best in the world. Arab accounts also point to the fame of ‘Teling’ steel, which can be taken to refer to the region of Telangana. The Golconda region of Telangana clearly being the nodal centre for the export of wootz steel to West Asia.

Another sign of its reputation is seen in a Persian phraseto give an "Indian answer", meaning "a cut with an Indian sword". Wootz steel was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe and the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the Middle East.

Development of modern metallurgy

From the 17th century onwards, several European travelers observed the steel manufacturing in South India, at Mysore, Malabar and Golconda. The word "wootz" appears to have originated as a mistranscription of wook, The Tamil language root word for the alloy is urukku. Another theory says that the word is a variation of uchcha or ucha ("superior"). According to one theory, the word ukku is based on the meaning "melt, dissolve"; other Dravidian languages have similar-sounding words for steel. ukku, the word for steel in the Kannada and Telugu languages. When Benjamin Heyne inspected the Indian steel in Ceded Districts and other Kannada-speaking areas, he was informed that the steel was ucha kabbina ("superior iron"), also known as ukku tundu in Mysore.

Legends of wootz steel and Damascus swords aroused the curiosity of the European scientific community from the 17th to the 19th century. The use of high-carbon alloys was not known in Europe previously and thus the research into wootz steel played an important role in the development of modern English, French and Russian metallurgy.

In 1790, samples of wootz steel were received by Sir Joseph Banks, president of the British Royal Society, sent by Helenus Scott. These samples were subjected to scientific examination and analysis by several experts.

Specimens of daggers and other weapons were sent by the Rajahs of India to the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 and 1862 International Exhibition. Though the arms of the swords were beautifully decorated and jeweled, they were most highly prized for the quality of their steel. The swords of the Sikhs were said to bear bending and crumpling, and yet be fine and sharp.

Characteristics
Wootz is characterized by a pattern caused by bands of clustered  particles made by microsegregation of low levels of carbide-forming elements. The presence of cementite nanowires, and carbon nanotubes has been identified by Peter Paufler of TU Dresden in the microstructure of wootz steel. There is a possibility of an abundance of ultrahard metallic carbides in the steel matrix precipitating out in bands. Wootz swords, especially Damascus blades, were renowned for their sharpness and toughness.

Steel manufactured in Kutch particularly enjoyed a widespread reputation, similar to those manufactured at Glasgow and Sheffield.

The techniques for its making died out around 1700. According to Sir Richard Burton, the British prohibited the trade in 1866.

Reproduction research

Russian metallurgist Pavel Petrovich Anosov (see Bulat steel) was almost able to reproduce ancient Wootz steel with nearly all of its properties and the steel he created was very similar to traditional Wootz. He documented four different methods of producing Wootz steel that exhibited traditional patterns. He died before he could fully document and publish his research. Oleg Sherby and Jeff Wadsworth and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have all done research, attempting to create steels with characteristics similar to Wootz, but without success. J.D Verhoeven and Alfred Pendray reconstructed methods of production, proved the role of impurities of ore in the pattern creation, and reproduced Wootz steel with patterns microscopically and visually identical to one of the ancient blade patterns. Reibold et al.'s analyses spoke of the presence of carbon nanotubes enclosing nanowires of cementite, with the trace elements/impurities of vanadium, molybdenum, chromium etc. contributing to their creation, in cycles of heating/cooling/forging. This resulted in a hard high carbon steel that remained malleable

There are other smiths who are now consistently producing Wootz steel blades visually identical to the old patterns.

Wootz was made over nearly a 2,000-year period (the oldest sword samples date to around 200 AD) and the methods of production of ingots, the ingredients, and the methods of forging varied from one area to the next. Some Wootz blades displayed a pattern, while some did not. Heat treating was quite different from forging, and there were many different patterns which were created by the various smiths who spanned from China to Scandinavia.

See also
 Damascus steel
 Iron pillar of Delhi
 Pattern welding
 Ferrous metallurgy

References

Further reading

 urukku - from the Tamil Lexicon, University of Madras

External links

 Wootz Militaria

Category:Steels
Category:History of India
Category:Indian inventions
Category:History of metallurgy
Category:Economic history of Tamil Nadu
Category:Chera kingdom
Category:Tamilakam

nl:Wootz


Scoparia nephelitis

Scoparia nephelitis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Meyrick in 1887. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales.

It is a member of the grass moth genus, which has species on every continent except Antarctica.

References

Category:Moths described in 1887
Category:Scopariinae


Julio Díaz

Julio Díaz may refer to:
Julio Díaz (footballer) (born 1948), Spanish footballer
Julio Diaz (actor) (born 1958), Filipino actor
Julio Díaz (boxer) (born 1979), Mexican boxer


Isaac Pursell

Isaac Pursell (June 1853 – August 9, 1910) was a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based architect.

He was born at Trenton, New Jersey in 1853 and attended public schools.  He received architectural training in the Philadelphia offices of Samuel Sloan.  He was a prolific designer of churches located in the eastern United States. Many of his church designs reflect the English Gothic Revival style.  In Philadelphia, he designed the Christ Reformed Church at Chester and 43rd Street; St. Matthews' Lutheran; St.
Paul's Reformed Episcopal; The Calvary Methodist in Germantown (1892); St. Paul's Presbyterian; Moravian Church
of the Holy Trinity (1879); Bethany Tabernacle, and Christ Protestant Episcopal.

He died at his home in Wenonah, New Jersey on August 9, 1910, and is buried in Wenonah Cemetery.

Selected works
 1883: Tygarts Valley Church, Huttonsville, West Virginia, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
 1887: Makemie Memorial Presbyterian Church, Snow Hill, Maryland, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.
 1890: St. John's Episcopal Church (Charleston, West Virginia), Charleston, West Virginia, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
 1896: Third Presbyterian Church, Chester, Pennsylvania
 1911: Hill Crest Community Center, Clinton, Indiana, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
Also designed Christ Memorial Church (1887) at 4233-4257 Chestnut Street in the West Philadelphia Streetcar Suburb Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

Gallery

References

External links
Seventh Annual Endangered Properties List, Preservation Matters: The Newsletter of The Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, Winter 2010
CHRIST CHURCH COMPLEX, 76 Franklin Avenue, Staten Island, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, August 10, 2010

Category:1853 births
Category:1910 deaths
Category:Artists from Trenton, New Jersey
Category:19th-century American architects
Category:Architects from Pennsylvania
Category:Burials in New Jersey
Category:People from Wenonah, New Jersey


Geoffrey Coe

Geoffrey Coe (born 29 March 1943) is a former English cricketer.  Coe was a right-handed batsman who bowled left-arm medium pace.  He was born at Earl Shilton, Leicestershire.

Coe made a single first-class appearance for Leicestershire against Cambridge University at Fenner's in 1963.  Coe wasn't called upon to bat in either of Leicestershire's innings, while with the ball he took the wickets of Edward Antrobus in Cambridge University's first-innings, and Richard Hutton in their second, bowling a total of 26 overs and conceding 77 runs for his two wickets.  Leicestershire won the match by 9 wickets.  This was his only major appearance for Leicestershire.

References

External links
Geoffrey Coe at ESPNcricinfo
Geoffrey Coe at CricketArchive

Category:1943 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Earl Shilton
Category:English cricketers
Category:Leicestershire cricketers


Paddy Lillis

Paddy Lillis is a trade union leader from Northern Ireland.

Early life
Worked as a heavy goods vehicle driver at Abbey Meat Packers in Newtownabbey in the early 1980s, when he joined the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW).  In 1989, he became a full-time area organiser for the union, then in 1999 was appointed as its divisional officer for South Wales and Western England.

Elected deputy general secretary of Usdaw in 2004.  He serves on the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party and was Chair of the Labour Party in 2015/2016.

Elected unopposed as general secretary of Usdaw in November 2017 and took up the position in July 2018

References

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Chairs of the Labour Party (UK)
Category:General Secretaries of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers
Category:Leaders of British trade unions
Category:People from Newtownabbey
Category:Trade unionists from Northern Ireland


Nugapitiya

Nugapitiya is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.

See also
List of towns in Central Province, Sri Lanka

External links
Department of Census and Statistics -Sri Lanka

Category:Populated places in Central Province, Sri Lanka


Guzmania polycephala

Guzmania polycephala is a plant species in the genus Guzmania. This species is native to Panama and Costa Rica.

References

polycephala
Category:Flora of Costa Rica
Category:Flora of Panama
Category:Plants described in 1916


Helladius, Crescentius, Paul and Dioscorides

Saints Helladius, Crescentius, Paul and Dioscorides or the Holy Martyrs Helladius, Crescentius, Paul and Dioscorides are a group of martyr saints in Christianity, killed in Rome in 326 and commemorated by the Orthodox Church on 28 May. They should not be confused with Crescentius of Rome, killed in 303.

External links
https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/los/May/28-07.htm

Helladius, Crescentius, Paul and Dioscorides
Helladius, Crescentius, Paul and Dioscorides
Category:Groups of Christian martyrs of the Roman era


2007 Pattaya Women's Open – Doubles

Li Ting and Sun Tiantian were the defending champions, but Li did not compete that year.

Sun partnering Ji Chunmei lost in the semifinals.

Seeds

 Chan Yung-jan Chuang Chia-jung (Final)
 Nicole Pratt Mara Santangelo (Champions)
 Yuliana Fedak Anastassia Rodionova (Quarterfinals)
 Jarmila Gajdošová Jelena Kostanić Tošić (Semifinals)

Draw

Draw

Notes
The winners will receive $6,960 and 115 ranking points.
The runners-up will receive $3,740 and 80 ranking points.
The last direct acceptance team was Vasilisa Bardina and Romina Oprandi (combined ranking of 390st).
The player representative was Aiko Nakamura.

External links
Pattaya Women's Open website

Pattaya
Doubles 2007


John Galvin (Gaelic footballer)

John Galvin is a former Gaelic footballer who played as a midfielder for Limerick in a career spanning 15 years from 1999 to 2014. He played his club football with Croom before transferring to Cratloe in Clare where he had been living for some years.

He was captain of the Limerick team that won the Munster Under-21 Football Championship in 2000. He played in 4 Munster Senior Football Championship finals but lost all 4 to Kerry in 2003, 2004 and 2010 and to Cork in 2009. In April 2003, he was named Vodafone GAA All-Stars Player of the Month for his part in helping Limerick win the Division 4 final of the National Football League.  He was Man of the Match in the 2010 final scoring 1-02. He was picked on the 2010 GPA awards team at midfield. He also plays hurling with Croom. He has been an all star nominees 3 times 2004, 2009, 2010. In 2008 he was part of the Munster team that won the Railway Cup.

In 2014, Galvin switched clubs to play for Cratloe in county Clare after living in the area for four years. He won the Clare Senior Football Championship with Cratloe in 2014

Galvin announced his retirement from inter-county football on 8 January 2015 after spending 15 years with Limerick and became what some people said "Limerick's greatest ever player"

Honours
Limerick
Munster Under-21 Football Championship (1): 2000
National Football League, Division 4 (1): 2010
Munster Final Man of The Match (1): 2010
GPA Team Of The Year (1): 2010

Cratloe
Clare Senior Football Championship (1): 2014

Munster
Railway Cup (1): 2008

References

Category:Croom hurlers
Category:Dual players
Category:Croom Gaelic footballers
Category:Limerick inter-county Gaelic footballers
Category:Living people
Category:1980 births
Category:People educated at Ardscoil Rís, Limerick