Battle of Palikao

The Battle of Palikao (, ) was fought at the bridge of Palikao by Anglo-French forces against the Qing Empire during the Second Opium War on the morning of 21 September 1860. It allowed Western forces to take the capital Beijing and eventually defeat the Qing Empire.

Background
The Anglo-French force had been trying for two years to get to Peking (modern-day Beijing). In 1858, the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin stopped the potential visit after capturing the Taku Forts that defended the Peiho River, which were returned to the Qing army. In 1859, an armed attempt to enter the river was stopped by barriers across the river that resulted in a dramatic defeat of the Anglo French forces when they tried to recapture the forts from the river direction.

Sailing from Hong Kong in July, the capture of the Taku Forts on 21 August 1860 had opened up the river route to Peking. The Chinese authorities at the fort had capitulated all 22 forts along the river as far as Tientsin, including that town.

The aim of the Anglo-French expedition was to compel the Chinese government at Peking to observe the trade treaties signed between their governments at Tianjin in 1858, which included allowing the British to continue the opium trade in China. Lieutenant General Sir Hope Grant was the British commander with Charles Cousin-Montauban in charge of the French.

Battle
The combined Anglo-French force marched in a leisurely manner from the Taku Forts, with the French on one side of the river, the British on the other. Tianjin was reached on 1 September 1860 and negotiations were opened with Peking.

The negotiators, led by Grant under a flag of truce, were captured by the Qing forces which led to an immediate cessation of negotiations.

The army advanced from Tianjin with a cavalry screen and when they reached Chang-Kia-Wan they met a large Chinese army with a five-mile front. There was a skirmish between cavalry, then with the allied artillery silencing the Chinese artillery. The Chinese army scattered and retired.

Two days later, on 20 September the cavalry discovered the Chinese army in a strong position in front of a canal connecting Peking with the Peiho River, with two bridges at Palikao. The allied army attacked frontally and the cavalry attacked from the left forcing the Chinese back over the two bridges. The Anglo-French force inflicted massive losses on the Qing army trapped by the canal. Beijing was invaded thereafter.

On the Qing side, Sengge Rinchen's troops, including elite Mongolian cavalry, were completely annihilated after several doomed frontal charges against concentrated firepower from the allied forces.

Aftermath
With the Qing army devastated, the Xianfeng Emperor fled the capital, leaving his brother, Prince Gong, to be in charge of negotiations.

Negotiations centered around the release of the prisoners, The talks failed and on 11 October engineers threw up works and batteries to break through the walls of Peking. Everything was ready that evening when at 11.30 pm the gate opened and the city surrendered.

The prisoners had been taken to the Ministry of Justice (or Board of Punishments) in Beijing, where they were confined and tortured. Parkes and Loch were returned with 14 other survivors. Twenty British, French and Indian captives died. Their bodies were barely recognisable.

The Anglo-French forces entered Beijing and looted the Summer Palace and Old Summer Palace. Harry Smith Parkes and the surviving diplomatic prisoners had been freed, Lord Elgin ordered the Summer Palaces be burnt down, starting on 18 October. The destruction of the Forbidden City was even discussed, as proposed by Elgin to discourage the Qing Empire from using kidnapping as a bargaining tool, and to exact revenge for the mistreatment of their prisoners.

The French commander Cousin-Montauban was later awarded the title of "Count of Palikao" and a decade later, was made the 31st Prime Minister of France by Napoléon III.

In the Treaty of Tianjin, the Qing court agreed to all Western demands, including the payment of indemnities and the acceptance of foreign diplomats at the imperial court in Beijing. Because neither Qing nor Western diplomats discussed the opium trade, the treaty effectively liberalized it.

Notes

References
Boulger, Demetrius Charles (1893). China. Kessinger Publishing. .
de Saint-Amand, Imbert; Martin, Elizabeth Gilbert (1912). Napoleon III at the Height of His Power. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Mourre, Michel (1968). Dictionnaire d'histoire universelle. Paris : Éditions universitaires.

Further reading
Luxembourg, Rosa The Accumulation of Capital Chapter 28: The introduction of the commodity economy

Category:Conflicts in 1860
Category:1860 in China
Category:Battles involving France
Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom
Category:Battles of the Second Opium War
Category:History of Beijing
Category:September 1860 events


The Talking Parcel

The Talking Parcel (also published as The Battle for Castle Cockatrice) is a 1974 book by Gerald Durrell in which children are transported to the fantasy land of Mythologia to save it from cockatrices.  They are aided by a talking parrot and encounter many other magical creatures, including a mooncalf.

The book has been translated into a number of languages, including Czech, Estonian, Italian, Russian, Spanish and Ukrainian.

Film adaptation

It was made into an animated feature for television by Cosgrove Hall Films in 1978, debuting on ITV. However, the film differs from the book mainly by introducing only one human protagonist, the girl Penelope.

Voice cast
Lisa Norris ...  Penelope
Freddie Jones ...  Parrot
Mollie Sugden ...  Hortense, the Flying Train
Roy Kinnear ...  Ethelred
Edward Kelsey ...  H.H. Junketbury
Windsor Davies ...  Chief Cockatrice
Michael Hordern ...  Oswald, the Sea Serpent
Peter Woodthorpe ...  Werewolf
Harvey Ashby ...  Duke Wensleydale
Raymond Mason
Daphne Oxenford

References

External links
 ''The Talking Parcel (1978) at IMDb.
 The Talking Parcel on Youtube Part 1

Category:1974 British novels
Category:1978 films
Category:1978 animated films
Category:Children's fantasy novels
Category:British children's novels
Category:Books by Gerald Durrell
Category:British animated films
Category:British novels adapted into films
Category:1974 children's books
Category:Films directed by Brian Cosgrove
Category:Cosgrove Hall Films films


Blue River virus

Blue River virus (BRV) is a single-stranded, negative sense RNA virus of New World hantavirus isolated from a white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) near the Blue River in Jackson County, Missouri in 1995. Its genome is similar to Sin Nombre orthohantavirus (SNV) but varies in the S1 and S2 segments. Like Sin Nombre orthohantavirus, Blue River virus causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in humans.

Natural reservoir
As with all hantavirus species and their reservoirs, Blue River virus is unique to the white-footed mouse.

Transmission
As has been shown with other hantaviruses, transmission is through droplet respiration when rodent excreta becomes aerosolized. Blue River virus has not been shown to transfer via person-to-person.

See also
1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak

References

External links
"Hantaviruses, with emphasis on Four Corners Hantavirus" by Brian Hjelle, M.D., Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico
 CDC's Hantavirus Technical Information Index page
 Viralzone: Hantavirus
 Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Bunyaviridae
 Occurrences and deaths in North and South America
 Blue River virus genome

Category:Hantaviridae
Category:Zoonoses
Category:Infraspecific virus taxa


George Bowers (priest)

The Very Rev  George Hull Bowers, DD, was Dean of Manchester in the mid part of the 19th century.

Born in Staffordshire in  1794, he was educated at Clare College, Cambridge and ordained in 1819. He began his ecclesiastical career at Elstow after which he was  Rector of St Paul's, Covent Garden followed by a 25-year spell in Manchester. He died on 27 December 1872.

Notes

Category:1794 births
Category:Clergy from Staffordshire
Category:Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Category:Anglican deans
Category:Deans of Manchester
Category:1872 deaths


Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis

The Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis is a street in the 10th arrondissement of Paris. It crosses the arrondissement from north to south, linking the Porte Saint-Denis to the Métro station of La Chapelle and passing the Gare du Nord.

History
The rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis owes its name to the fact that it is an extension of the rue Saint-Denis to the faubourg or area outside Paris's walls (as marked today by the Porte Saint-Denis).  It also marked the eastern boundary of the enclos (later prison) Saint-Lazare.

Historically, this street was an extremely upper-class area, occupied by jewellers and textile merchants, since it was part of the king's processional route to the Basilica of Saint Denis.  After the French Revolution the street briefly bore the name rue du Faubourg Franciade in 1793 (with the portion between rue Saint-Laurent and place de la Chapelle being renamed rue du faubourg Saint-Lazare and rue du faubourg de Gloire).

Length
 from the boulevard de Bonne-Nouvelle to boulevard de Magenta : 850 m
 between boulevard de Magenta and rue Cail : 520m
 from rue Cail to boulevard de la Chapelle : 300 m

Points of interest
 On 19 August 1848 the street was the birthplace of painter Gustave Caillebotte
 half of the population that accommodates here are Sri Lankan Tamil.
 Mistinguett, who made this street famous by singing "je suis née dans le faubourg saint-Denis", was actually born in Enghien-les-bains.
 The "marchandes de quatre saisons" (The merchants [street vendors] of the Four Seasons) were typical of this street.  They can be seen in the 1961 Jean-Luc Godard film Une femme est une femme, but have since been removed because they were causing traffic congestion.
 An old Bouillon snackbar has become a fashionable brasserie, Bouillon Julien, well-known across Paris for its profiteroles (a pastry).
 A fashionable 'traiteur', Julhès (formerly Royal-Cabello, founded by Henri Lacour, then by M. Mauduit), known for its mille-feuilles (also a pastry).
 The training gymnasium of Marcel Cerdan is at number 23, and the "Central sporting club  de Boxe", featured in a scene from the 1954 film, L'Air de Paris, is at number 57.
 The Reggiani family hairdressers' shop was at number 83; Serge Reggiani evoked the spirit of this street in an autobiographical song.

Connecting streets
 Passage Prado, known for its Art déco decoration ;
 Passage Brady, known for its Indian and Pakistani restaurants ;
 Passage de l'Industrie

External links


Sultan Choudhury

Sultan Ahmed Choudhury, OBE () is an English banker, chartered accountant and was the Chief Executive Officer of Al Rayan Bank (formerly Islamic Bank of Britain).

Early life
In 1994, Choudhury graduated with a BA (Hons) in Economics and Econometrics from the University of Nottingham. His interest in Islamic finance began at this time. In 2001, he graduated with distinction in MBA from Aston Business School.

After qualifying as a chartered accountant, his desire to enter the field of Islamic finance became clear when he went on Hajj (the largest Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia) in 2002.

Career
From July 1994, Choudhury worked in Assurance and Advisory Practice at Deloitte & Touche. From September 1998 to December 2003, he was Director of brokerage operations at Charles Schwab Europe and Barclays Private Bank.

In January 2004, Choudhury joined the founding management team of the Islamic Bank of Britain (IBB), the first dedicated Islamic bank in the West. He was appointed Commercial Director in June 2007. He set up the Islamic Bank of Britain's Head Office Operations and Branch Network and has led the development and implementation of the bank's product range and service delivery channels. In 2014, he was appointed CEO. He left the bank in April 2019.

Choudhury is a member of various Community and Government advisory groups and has contributed to the development of Islamic Financial Services in the United Kingdom. He  is a Chartered Member of the Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment (for whom he sits on the Employer Panel for the Islamic Finance Qualification).

Choudhury is a Trustee of the National Zakat Foundation, a British charity which distributes zakat to those living in poverty as well as granting funding to community organisations and initiatives.

Honours
Choudhury was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to the UK market for Islamic finance.

References

External links
 Sultan Ahmed Choudhury on Bloomberg Businessweek
 An Interview with Sultan Choudhury, Islamic Bank of Britain. New Horizon. 19 May 2012

Category:1972 births
Category:Living people
Category:English Muslims
Category:English people of Bangladeshi descent
Category:English bankers
Category:English accountants
Category:People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Category:Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Category:Alumni of Aston University
Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire

bn:সুলতান লতিফ


Henry Walton (English painter)

Henry Walton (1746–1813) was an English painter and art dealer.

Little is known of Walton's early life. In 1770, he began studying art at the St. Martin's Lane Academy, in London. Walton primarily worked as a portraitist, painting in oil and producing miniatures. Later he painted some genre works. Records show he later worked as a picture dealer and adviser to some major private collectors.

References

External links

 A Girl Buying a Ballad  exhibited 1778 from Tate Collection

Category:18th-century English painters
Category:English male painters
Category:19th-century English painters
Category:English portrait painters
Category:1746 births
Category:1813 deaths
Category:People from Dickleburgh


1978 Pacific Southwest Open

The 1978 Pacific Southwest Open, also known under its sponsorship name 1978 ARCO Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles, California in the United States. The event was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the 52nd edition of the tournament and was held from September 18 through September 25, 1978. Seventh-seeded Arthur Ashe won the singles title as well as 200 ranking points.

Finals

Singles
 Arthur Ashe defeated  Brian Gottfried 6–2, 6–4

Doubles
 John Alexander /  Phil Dent defeated  Fred McNair /  Raúl Ramírez 7–6, 6–3

References

External links
 Official website
 ITF tournament edition details

Category:Los Angeles Open (tennis)
Category:1978 Grand Prix (tennis)
Category:1978 in American tennis


Wolfdietrich Schnurre

Wolfdietrich Schnurre (22 August 1920 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany – 9 June 1989 in Kiel, West Germany) was a German writer.

Schnurre was an important literary figure of post-war West Germany. Apart from numerous short stories he also wrote novels, tales, diaries, poems, radio plays and (beginning in the 1960s) children's books which he partly illustrated himself.

Life and work

Schnurre grew up in Frankfurt before his father, a librarian, moved to Berlin in 1928. Here Schnurre attended a socialist elementary school and grammar school. Between 1939 and 1945 he involuntarily became a Wehrmacht soldier. In April 1945 he fled to Westphalia and returned to Berlin after the end of war. In the beginning he lived in the Eastern part of the city, but in 1946 he moved to West Berlin. In the following years he worked as theatre and movie reviewer for Deutsche Rundschau and other Berlin newspapers.

From 1950 Schnurre was an independent writer. He was a founding member of the literary association Gruppe 47 and his short story Das Begräbnis (The Funeral) was the first piece of literature read at the group's initial meeting. He was also member of PEN in the Federal republic of Germany which he left in 1961 to protest against PEN's silence after the construction of the Berlin Wall. Since 1959 Schnurre was member of the German Academy for Language and Literature in Darmstadt. In 1964 he came down with severe polyneuritis.

Schurre received several awards for his works including the Prize Young Generation of the Fontane Award of the City of Berlin (1958), the Immermann Award (1959), the Georg Marckensen Literature Award (1962), the Federal Cross of Merit (Bundesverdienstkreuz, 1981), the Literature Award of the City of Cologne (1982), the ''Georg Büchner Prize (1983) and the Culture Award of the City of Kiel (1989).

Literary works

 Das Begräbnis, 1947
 An die Harfner, 1948
 Rettung des deutschen Films, 1950
 Die Rohrdommel ruft jeden Tag, 1950
 Sternstaub und Sänfte,  1953
 Die Blumen des Herrn Albin, 1955
 Kassiber, 1956
 Abendländler, 1957
 Protest im Parterre, 1957
 Als Vaters Bart noch rot war, 1958
 Barfußgeschöpfe, 1958
 Eine Rechnung, die nicht aufgeht, 1958
 Anaximanders Ende, 1958
 Der Verrat, 1958
 Steppenkopp,  1958
 Jenö war mein Freund, 1958
 Das Los unserer Stadt, 1959
 Man sollte dagegen sein, 1960
 Berlin - eine Stadt wird geteilt, 1962
 Die Mauer des 13. August, 1962
 Funke im Reisig, 1963
 Die Gläsernen, 1963
 Ohne Einsatz kein Spiel, 1964
 Schreibtisch unter freiem Himmel, 1964
 Die Tat, 1964
 Kalünz ist keine Insel, 1965
 Die Erzählungen, 1966
 Das Schwein, das zurückkam, 1967
 Spreezimmer möbliert, 1967
 Was ich für mein Leben gern tue, 1967
 Die Zwengel, 1967
 Rapport des Verschonten, 1968
 Ein Schneemann für den großen Bruder, 1969 (with Marina Schnurre)
 Gocko, 1970 (with Marina Schnurre)
 Richard kehrt zurück, 1970
 Die Sache mit den Meerschweinchen, 1970 (with Marina Schnurre)
 Schnurre heiter, 1970
 Die Wandlung des Hippipotamos, 1970
 Immer mehr Meerschweinchen, 1971 (with Marina Schnurre)
 Der Spatz in der Hand, 1971
 Wie der Koala-Bär wieder lachen lernte, 1971 (with Marina Schnurre)
 Der Meerschweinchendieb,  1972
 Ich frag ja bloß, 1973
 Schnurren und Murren, 1974
 Der wahre Noah, 1974
 Eine schwierige Reparatur, 1976
 Ich brauch dich, 1976
 Klopfzeichen, 1978
 Der Schattenfotograf, 1978
 Erfülltes Dasein, 1979
 Kassiber und neue Gedichte, 1979
 Ein Unglücksfall, 1981
 Gelernt ist gelernt, 1984
 Emil und die Direktiven, 1985
 Mein Leben als Zeitgenosse, 1987
 Zigeunerballade, 1988
 Weihnachts-Schnurren, 1988
 Verkehrszeichen, 1991 (with Werner Kohn)
 Als Vater sich den Bart abnahm, 1995
 Die Prinzessin kommt um vier, 2000 (with Rotraut Susanne Berner)
 Kasimir hat einen Vogel, 2000 (with Manfred Bofinger)
 Doddlmoddl, 2003 (with Egbert Herfurth)

Category:1920 births
Category:1989 deaths
Category:People from Frankfurt
Category:People from Hesse-Nassau
Category:German military personnel of World War II
Category:German-language writers
Category:Trümmerliteratur
Category:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Category:Georg Büchner Prize winners
Category:20th-century German novelists
Category:20th-century German poets
Category:German male poets
Category:German male novelists
Category:20th-century German male writers


St. Croix River Access Site

The St. Croix River Access Site (Smithsonian trinomial 21WA49) is a prehistoric Native American archaeological site on the St. Croix River in Stillwater Township, Minnesota, United States.  It consists of a habitation site with a large quantity of stone tool artifacts, occupied from roughly 800 to 1700 CE.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for having local significance in the theme of archaeology.  It was nominated for its scientific potential to illuminate Late Woodland period cultural relationships, lithic technology, and resource use.

The St. Croix River Access Site was discovered during an archaeological field survey for the Minnesota Department of Transportation in 1983.  21 excavation units were dug, which showed that the center of the site had been destroyed by industrial activity in the 1930s but that archaeological deposits to either side remained intact.  100 ceramic sherds were found.  These were identified with four different cultural complexes—the Kathio–Clam River, St. Croix, Sandy Lake, and Madison—indicating that the site had been occupied by different cultures over the span of the Late Woodland Period.  Fire-cracked rocks suggested a hearth.  Most significant, though, were pieces of animal bone and 886 stone tool fragments and lithic flakes.  The lopsided ratio of lithic artifacts to ceramics suggests that groups utilized the site temporarily for a specific purpose, such as for bone or hide processing.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Minnesota

References

Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Category:Geography of Washington County, Minnesota
Category:Native American history of Minnesota
Category:Woodland period
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Minnesota


The Interpretive Theory of Translation

The Interpretive Theory of Translation (ITT) is a concept from the field of Translation Studies. It was established in the 1970s by Danica Seleskovitch, a French translation scholar and former Head of the Paris School of Interpreters and Translators (Ecole Supérieure d’Interprètes et de Traducteurs (ESIT), Université Paris 3 - Sorbonne Nouvelle). A conference interpreter herself, Seleskovitch challenged the view prevailing at the time that translation was no more than a linguistic activity, one language being merely transcoded into another. She described translation as a triangular process: from one language to sense and from sense to the other language. She coined the name Interpretive Theory of Translation and, even before Translation Studies became a field in its own right, introduced the process of translation into the vast area of cognitive research. In order to verify the first observations made as a practitioner, Seleskovitch went on to write a doctoral thesis. Soon, a handful of conference interpreters interested in research joined her at ESIT.

Basic Principles
According to ITT, the process of translation is divided into three stages: comprehension, deverbalization, and  reformulation; furthermore, deverbalization assumes a vital role between both comprehension and reformulation. ITT first developed on the basis of empirical practice and observation of interpreting. Oral translation lends itself better than written translation to a detailed examination of the cognitive process of translation. Oral speech is evanescent, its sounds disappear instantly, but sense remains. Interpreters’ formulations in another language show clearly that sense is the consequence of comprehension, itself made up of two elements: contextualized language meanings and cognitive complements.
So ITT started with the study of oral translation, focusing on comprehension. Soon, however, practicing translators and translation scholars recognized the validity of the theory for written translation and went on to extend it to the study of pragmatic, technical, but also literary texts.
ITT found an explanation of comprehension in Piaget’s assimilation/accommodation principle, according to which to understand, we integrate new information to prior knowledge and this prior knowledge adjusts to the new situation. Comprehension means adding extra linguistic knowledge to linguistic signs, new information constantly enriching extra linguistic knowledge. Later, language philosophers and psychologists documented this fact in their studies of comprehension. ITT recognized that sense is not contained in any language or text as such but arises from cues given by the language of the written text or oral discourse plus cognitive inputs from the target reader or listener. Here again, various researchers later corroborated this view.

Because the emergence of sense depends on the cognitive inputs of individual readers, listeners or translators, it is to some degree an individual matter; its depth will vary according to the knowledge, world experience and ideology of each individual. However, there is a vast area of overlap between the sense understood by each of the communication partners, so that communication is usually established. Speaking of translation (but the same is true for interpretation) translators, acting as mediators between authors who want to communicate and readers who want to understand them, operate in this area of overlap. Readers of the translation will bring their own cognitive complements to the translated text. The translator’s rendering enables them to discover the text superficially or deeply, in the same way as readers of the original. They may give the text personal interpretations (just as the original readers may do), but these interpretations come as an additional layer to sense; they should not be confused with sense.

Polysemy, ambiguity, so often mentioned in Translation Studies, do not appear in oral or written discourse unless consciously engineered by the author. ITT always insisted that, although most words are polysemic in language systems, they lose their polysemy in a given context; the same is true of ambiguity in discourse as long as readers bring to the text the necessary relevant extra-linguistic knowledge. Of all the various possible meanings of a word, only one is apparent when used in a text. At the same time, any ambiguity is ruled out when relevant knowledge combines with contextualized word meanings, resulting in an ad hoc sense. Again, this assertion has been corroborated by various researchers.

ITT adds one further element, deverbalization, to comprehension and reformulation, the two translation stages usually described:  Most of the sounds or graphic signs disappear as soon as comprehension sets in. We all experience deverbalization in everyday communication: we keep in mind facts, notions, events conveyed by words, but we do not retain these words in our memory. The ITT found support for this postulate in neuropsychology, which suggests that language and thought are located in different areas in the brain. Anticipation of sense, which often occurs in oral communication and oral translation,  is one more proof that, in context and situation, a full verbal support is not always necessary for comprehension to take place.

Clearly visible in oral translation, deverbalization is more difficult to observe in written translation because the original text does not disappear, as do the sounds of oral speech. The graphic signs remain on the page and seem to call for direct correspondences in the other language. Deverbalization, a natural feature of oral communication, would therefore seem to require an extra effort by translators. However, when graphic signs are immersed in context, translators interpret them directly into sense. This sense remains present as awareness while the signs fall into oblivion. This enables translators to discover in the target language modes of expression bearing little or no relation to the signs of the original language.

Regarding the reformulation phase, a strict distinction was made, in former translation studies, between literal and free translation, or literality and recreation. ITT based research, however, showed that translation is always a combination of word correspondences and sense equivalences.  Initially, Seleskovitch noted the existence in interpretation (later also demonstrated for written translation) of two translating strategies: a translation by carefully controlled  correspondences of a few linguistic elements between one language and the other, but also the creation  in context of equivalences between segments of speeches or texts. No fully literal translation of a text will ever be possible, be it only due to the dissimilarity of languages. Nevertheless, correspondences are often necessary and the fact that correspondences and equivalences coexist in all translation products, whatever the type of discourse may be regarded as one of the universal laws of translational behavior.

Taking into account the ‘underdeterminacy of language’ ITT refers to the ‘synecdochic nature’ of language and discourse (a part for a whole). Explicit wording seldom makes sense unless supplemented by an implicit part consciously left unsaid by authors or speakers but understood by readers or listeners. The explicit layer of texts is a series of synecdoches. Linguistic formulation alone does not unlock the whole of sense, it only points to the whole. Since languages differ not only in their lexicon and grammar but also in the way natives speakers express their thoughts, the combination of explicit and implicit parts is not the same in any two languages even though they may designate the same whole. The very fact that language is underdetermined is one more element in support of deverbalization. It gives oral and written translators a large measure of freedom and creativity in their reformulation of authors’ or speakers’ intended meanings.

ITT is not therefore a mere abstract construct. It is rooted in practice. Practice enriches theory, which in turn enlightens professional translators, both oral and written, who know what they are doing and why. Explaining the process of oral and written translation in simple terms, ITT appeals to practitioners and is particularly well suited as a pedagogical tool. Since its inception, ITT is the basis of instruction at ESIT, which has trained innumerable interpreters and translators who go on to apply its principles in their everyday work. ITT also attracts doctoral students from all over the world, whose research demonstrate its validity for all language pairs and all types of texts.

ITT’s main objective is to study translation, but by doing so, it sheds light on the workings of language and communication. As a holistic model of translation, ITT covers the various stages of the translation process, including readers’ expectations and needs.  A number of other models study the process from specific angles and add a few details to the theory. However, none of them invalidates the ITT model that, over time, has extended to literary and poetical texts, to sign language interpretation  and is open to further development.

Publications
DELISLE, J., Translation: an Interpretive Approach, University of Ottawa Press (first published in French 1980) translation by Logan, E. & M. Creery, 1988.

DEJEAN le FEAL, K., “Simultaneous Interpretation with Training Wheels”, META, Vol.42.4, 1997: 616-21.

DROZDALE-AMMOUR, E., “The Theory and practice of Training Translators”, Hommage à E.A. Nida, Presses de l’Université de Nijni-Novgorod, 1998.

DURIEUX C., Fondement didactique de la traduction technique, Paris : Didier Erudition, 1988.

HENRY, J., La Traduction des jeux de mots. Paris : PSN, 2003.

HURTADO A., La notion de fidélité en traduction, Paris : Didier Erudition, 1990.

ISRAEL, F., “ Traduction littéraire et théorie du sens ”, in LEDERER, M. (ed) : Etudes traductologiques, Paris : Minard Lettres Modernes, 1990 :29-44.

ISRAEL, F., “ La créativité en traduction, ou le texte réinventé ”, Raders, M. y Martin-Gaitero, R. (eds), IV Encuentros Complutenses en torno a la traduccion, Madrid : Editorial Complutense, 1991 :105-117.

ISRAEL, F., « Principes pour une pédagogie raisonnée de la traduction : le modèle interprétatif », Folia Translatologica, Vol. 6, ‘Issues of Translation Pedagogy’,  1999 : 21-32.

LAPLACE C., Théorie du langage et théorie de la traduction : les concepts clefs de trois auteurs, Kade (Leipzig), Coseriu (Tübingen), Seleskovitch (Paris), Paris : Didier Erudition, 1994.

LAVAULT E., Fonctions de la traduction en didactique des langues, Paris : Didier Erudition, 1985, 2° éd. 1998.

LEDERER, M. “Simultaneous Interpretation – Units of Meaning and Other Features”, Gerver, D. & H. W. Sinaiko (eds) Language Interpretation and Communication, New York: Plenum Press, 1978: 323-332.

LEDERER, M., La traduction simultanée, expérience et théorie, Paris ; Minard Lettres Modernes, 1981.

LEDERER, M.,  “ The role of Cognitive Complements in Interpreting ”,  BOWEN D. & M. (eds), Interpreting - Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, ATA Scholarly Monograph Series, Vol. IV, SUNY, 1990: 53-60.

LEDERER, M., Translation – The Interpretive Model, Manchester: St. Jerome (first published in French as La Traduction aujourd’hui – Le modèle interprétatif, 1994), translation by N. Larché, 2003. Also translated in Korean 2001, Hungarian 2006, Russian 2010, Arabic 2012, Georgian 2013.

LEDERER, M. ,”Can Theory Help Interpreter and Translator Trainers and Trainees?”, The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, Vol.1.1., 2007:15-36.

PELAGE J., La traduction juridique : problématique et solutions appliquées au passage des langues   romanes au français, autoédition, 2001.

PLASSARD, F. Lire pour Traduire, Paris : PSN, 2007.

ROUX-FAUCARD, G. Poétique du récit traduit, Caen : Minard Lettres Modernes, 2008.

SALAMA-CARR M., La traduction à l’époque abbasside -L'école de Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Paris : Didier Erudition, 1990.

SELESKOVITCH, D., Langage, langues et mémoire, Introduction de Jean Monnet, Paris : Minard Lettres Modernes, 1975.

SELESKOVITCH, D., Interpreting for International Conferences – Problems of Language and Communication, Washington DC, Pen and Booth (first published in French as L’Interprète dans les conférences internationales –Problèmes de langage et de communication, 1968). Translation by Dailey, S. & E.N. McMillan, 1978. Also translated in Chinese 1979, German 1988, Serbian 1988, Korean 2002, Japanese 2009.

SELESKOVITCH, D. et LEDERER, M., Interpréter pour traduire, Paris : Didier Erudition, 1984. Fifth edition, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2014.Translated in Chinese 1990, Arabic 2009, Georgian 2009.

SELESKOVITCH, D. and LEDERER, M., A Systematic Approach to Teaching Interpretation, RID, Washington DC, (first published in French as Pédagogie raisonnée de l’interprétation, 1989. 2nd. augmented   edition 2002). Translation by J. Harmer, 1995. Also translated in Chinese 2005, Serbian 2007.

External links
 AIIC International Association of Conference Interpreters
 Association Danica Seleskovitch
 Ecole Supérieure d'Interprètes et de Traducteurs

References

Category:Translation studies


Revolutionary Left Movement (Bolivia)

The Revolutionary Left Movement - New Majority (; MIR-NM) is a social democratic political party in Bolivia. It was a member of the Socialist International.

History

The MIR was founded in 1971 by a merger of a left-wing faction of Bolivia's Christian Democratic Party and the radical student wing of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR). It has been led from the beginning by Jaime Paz Zamora. The MIR was becoming influential in the labor movement and politics during the early 1970s, but it was repressed by the government of Hugo Banzer later in the 1970s.

In 1978, the MIR joined the left-of-center UDP alliance of former president Hernán Siles Zuazo. After a few years of unstable military rule, Siles Zuazo was proclaimed Constitutional President in 1982, based on the results of the 1980 elections, which had been annulled by general Luis García Meza. The MIR's Jaime Paz Zamora accompanied Dr. Siles as his Vice-President. During the dire economic crisis that coincided with the coming to power of the UDP, Siles became considerably unpopular. At this point (1984), the MIR—led by Vice-President Paz Zamora—left the governing alliance and moved into the opposition. Prior to the 1985 elections, a faction of the party led by Antonio Araníbar left the party on ideological grounds and formed the rival Free Bolivia Movement. The faction of the MIR that remained loyal to Paz Zamora referred to itself as the MIR-New Majority, and espoused a much more moderate program than before, having disassociated itself from Marxist dogmas and any notion of class struggle.

Presidency

The MIR was revitalized when it became one of the most vocal critics of the austerity and neoliberal measures of the president that followed Siles, Víctor Paz Estenssoro of the MNR. After the 1989 elections, the MIR at long last attained the presidency of Bolivia, despite having finished third in the popular vote. Since no party had obtained the 50% majority needed for direct election, Congress was called upon to decide who should be Chief Executive; Paz Zamora got the nod, thanks to a most unlikely alliance with a former enemy, the right-wing candidate General Hugo Banzer. Perhaps limited by this co-governing pact with Banzer (called the Patriotic Accord), President Jaime Paz Zamora followed much of the course set by the MNR, disappointing many former adherents.

Like the other traditionally dominant parties in Bolivia (such as the MNR and Banzer's Nationalist Democratic Action, or ADN), the MIR has lost ground in recent years. One of its most important leaders, Oscar Eid, even went to jail for links to narcotics trafficking, further tarnishing the party. Indeed, the MIR lost so much support that it chose not to run candidates for the 2005 presidential elections. Instead, it chose to focus its efforts in local and provincial contests. They are not doing particularly well in that sphere either.

The current leader of the MIR continues to be former President Jaime Paz Zamora, but the party's future is uncertain.

References

Category:1971 establishments in Bolivia
Category:Democratic socialist parties in South America
Category:Former member parties of the Socialist International
Category:Political parties established in 1971
Category:Political parties in Bolivia
Category:Social democratic parties in South America
Category:Socialist parties in Bolivia


Arron Sears

Arron Eugene Sears (born October 25, 1984) is a former American football guard. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the second round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Tennessee. He is now a resident at Florida State Hospital.

Early years
Sears attended Russellville High School in Russellville, Alabama.  He was considered a top high school prospect and was invited to participate in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl.  Sears was also named the 5A lineman of the year in Alabama by High School Sports Magazine.

College career
Sears was a starter at Tennessee since taking over at the end of his freshman year against Mississippi State.  He started at several positions on the offensive line but mostly at tackle.  During his career, Sears received All-America and All-SEC honors.  He was a team captain on the 2006 Tennessee Volunteers football team. He has an older brother (Kevin Sears) who played linebacker for Auburn University, and they faced each other twice in the 2004 season.

Professional career

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Sears was named the Buccaneers' starter at left guard from Week 1 and did not disappoint, garnering a 2007 NFL All-Rookie award for his efforts.

Arron Sears has started all 31 of his career games in his first two seasons and has showed promise.

On June 2, 2009, it was reported that Sears has a neurological condition sustained from a concussion. It is unknown as to the extent of the injury, but early reports are saying that it is possibly severe enough to be career-threatening.

Sears was waived by the Buccaneers on April 26, 2010.

Honors
 2006 Jacobs Award (SEC's top Blocker)
 2006 All-America - AFCA(1st team), Rivals.com (3rd team)
 2005 All-SEC - Coaches and Associated Press (1st team)
 SEC Offensive Lineman of the Week (October 3, 2005)
 2003 Freshman All-SEC - Coaches and Knoxville News Sentinel (1st team)

External links
 Tennessee Volunteers bio

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Russellville, Alabama
Category:Players of American football from Alabama
Category:American football offensive guards
Category:Tennessee Volunteers football players
Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players


Nicholas Medforth-Mills

Nicholas Michael de Roumanie Medforth-Mills, formerly Prince Nicholas of Romania, (born 1 April 1985) is the eldest child and only son of Princess Elena of Romania and Robin Medforth-Mills. As a grandson of Michael I, the former king of Romania, he was third in line to the defunct throne of Romania according to a new family statute enacted in 2007, that also conferred the title of a "prince of Romania" on him which was abrogated in 2015. The statute and the titles it confers have no standing in present Romanian law.

Early life

Birth
Nicholas Medforth-Mills was born on 1 April 1985 at La Tour Hospital in Meyrin, a commuter town near Geneva, Switzerland, the first child and son of Princess Elena of Romania and her first husband Robin Medforth-Mills and the second grandchild of King Michael I of Romania and his wife Queen Anne.

He was baptised in the Orthodox faith, his godparents being Queen Anne (his maternal grandmother) and Crown Princess Margareta of Romania (his maternal aunt).

He was followed by a sister, Elisabeta-Karina (born 1989).

Childhood
Nicholas born at private hospital in. Meyrin, Geneva , Until the age of 4, Medforth-Mills lived with his sister and parents at the Romanian royal family's residence in Versoix, Switzerland. The family moved to England in 1989 where they took up residence at Flass Hall, Esh Winning in County Durham.

Medforth-Mills joined the Beaver Scouts at age 5. During his childhood, he developed an interest in cars, an interest shared with King Michael I. During holidays in Versoix, Switzerland with his maternal grandparents, Nicholas spent hours in his grandfather's garage, watching him maintain his jeep collection. In an interview with historian Filip-Lucian Iorga, Nicholas recalled the time spent with King Michael, and how he had been allowed to drive one of his cars, a Ford which once belonged to General George S. Patton; the vehicle was given to his grandfather by Queen Anne's paternal uncle Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma as a gift. He also recalled spending time with Queen Anne at Versoix where they used to fish and play golf together.

As a descendant of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and King Christian IX of Denmark, he regularly met with many of his extended relatives.

Education
Medforth-Mills attended Argyle House School, Sunderland, England which he left in 1999 with 8 GCSEs - English Language, English Literature, Mathematics, Science (Chemistry, Biology and Physics), French, German, Information Technology, and Geography.

In 1999, he enrolled with Shiplake College, Henley-on-Thames, England where he left with 3 A-levels of French, Business Sciences and Physical Education. During this time he also took part in the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.

Before enrolling for university he took a 5-year "Gap year", where:
 In 2004, before enrolling for university, Nicholas was assistant leader of an expedition to South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe.
 In 2005, he lived in Kenya for four months and joined an expedition to Madagascar.
 In 2006, he was employed in Kenya as a rafting trainer for the British Armies.

Activities in Romania
Medforth-Mills' first major appearance in Romania was on 19 April 1992 on Easter Day along with his grandparents King Michael I and Queen Anne and with his mother and her second husband Alexander Nixon.

Medforth-Mills came again for the second time on Christmas Day 1997, when the entire royal family set foot in Romania for the first time after nearly five decades of exile. In 2002, he visited Romania for the third time; he stayed at Elisabeta Palace. During this visit he started to consider his role as a member of the royal family, which required a fundamental transformation for him.

Since the beginning of 2008, Medforth-Mills has become more involved in the public life of Romania, taking part, for instance, at the 2008 UNITER theatre gala and in visits throughout the country with his aunt, Crown Princess Margareta, and his maternal uncle, Radu Duda.

Royal status

Prince of Romania

In 1997, Romanian monarchists intended to ask Michael to designate a male heir-presumptive from the House of Hohenzollern in keeping with the rules of the last royal constitution which were based on agnatic primogeniture and "Salic law"; The monarchists eventually agreed on a compromise and requested him to designate a male rather than female heir-presumptive, in the person of Nicholas. However, under the influence of Queen Anne, Michael rejected the monarchists' request, and at the end of 1997, he designated Princess Margareta as heir presumptive in keeping with the European Convention on Human Rights, which meant Nicholas would only succeed to the headship of the royal family after the deaths of King Michael, Crown Princess Margareta and his mother.

In 2005, Michael told Medforth-Mills that he could choose to have the chance of becoming a "prince of Romania" which would mean assuming responsibility in a conscious manner by starting to work for the country.

On 30 December 2007, the press office of King Michael announced that Nicholas Medforth-Mills would receive the title "prince of Romania" with the style of "royal highness", coming into effect on Nicholas's 25th birthday. On 1 April 2010, by virtue of his new title, he became a member of the Romanian royal family and was decorated with the Nihil Sine Deo, the highest of royal decorations at the time.

In February 2008, Nicholas stated in an interview with the Romanian daily newspaper Cotidianul that if the Romanian people asked him to become king, he would not refuse.

In September 2012, after his university studies, he moved to Romania to undertake more of the royal family's public activities.

Removal of succession rights and princely title
On 1 August 2015, former King Michael of Romania signed a document removing the title prince of Romania and the qualification of royal highness from his grandson. Medforth-Mills also has been removed from the line of succession. The former king took the decision after considering that Romania needed a ruler marked by modesty and moral principles, respect and thought for others after the "reign and life" of his eldest daughter, Crown Princess Margareta, will have finished. In issuing the declaration, the former king expressed the hope that "Nicholas will find in future years a suitable way to serve the ideals and use the qualities that God gave him". Nicholas's mother, Princess Elena, received notification of the former king's decision in a personal letter.

The move "stunned Romanians" and "sparked speculation that a jealous relative had sought to edge Nicholas out of the succession." Marlene Eilers Koenig speculated that the exclusion of Nicholas from the royal succession was due to the birth of an illegitimate daughter, born from a short relationship with Nicoleta Cîrjan. The child, born 9 February 2016 and named Iris Anna, was not recognized by the former prince.

Nicholas released a press statement on 18 November 2017 from London about the child. Point 2 of the Press release stated, "I returned to Romania in November 2015 to resolve the situation with my alleged child. Due to the constant lack of co-operation from the mother of my alleged child, this situation has remained unclear. So far, there is no medical evidence to support the mother's accusations. Therefore, any accusations that are related to this subject are unfounded."  On 27 May 2019, Nicholas confirmed via a Facebook post that paternity tests had confirmed the illegitimate child is his, and that he had assumed legal responsibility for the child.

Marriage
Nicholas became engaged to Alina Maria Binder, on 29 July 2017 in Cornwall. They married civilly in Henley-on-Thames on 6 October 2017.

On 30 September 2018 the couple married religiously at Saint Elijah Church in Sinaia, and the wedding reception took place at Sinaia Casino.

Allegation of assault
On 8 November 2017, during Michael I's final illness, the Romanian Royal House filed a complaint with Swiss police alleging that Nicholas tried to force his way into his grandfather's home. It alleged that Nicholas "physically and verbally assaulted" three staff members, while he accused his relatives of trying to stop him seeing his grandfather and discrediting his name. The former king died on 5 December 2017.

Honours
  House of Romania: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
  House of Romania: Knight of the Decoration of the Custodian of the Romanian Crown, 1st Class
  House of Romania: Knight of the Decoration of Nihil Sine Deo

Ancestry

References

Bibliography
 Mosley, Charles. Blood Royal – From the time of Alexander the Great to Queen Elizabeth II (Ruvigny Ltd, London, 2002) () (page 288)

External links

 Royal House of Romania
  The Peerage
 Sykes, Tom.  "Meet the Romanian Prince Who Will Never Be King," The Daily Beast, 19 August 2015.

Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Geneva
Category:Romanian princes
Category:House of Romania
Category:Romanian people of English descent
Category:People educated at Shiplake College
Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)


2-Aminophenol

2-Aminophenol is an organic compound with the formula C6H7NO. Along with its isomer 4-aminophenol, it is an amphoteric molecule and a reducing agent. It is a useful reagent for the synthesis of dyes and heterocyclic compounds. Reflecting its slight hydrophilic character, white powder is moderately soluble in alcohols and can be recrystallized  from hot water.

Synthesis and structure
2-Aminophenol (and its isomer, 4-aminophenol) is industrially synthesized by reducing the corresponding nitrophenol by hydrogen in the presence of various catalysts. The nitrophenols can also be reduced with iron.

The compound exhibits intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the neighbouring amine and hydroxyl groups. As a result, 2-aminophenol has a relatively high melting point (174 °C) compared to other compounds with a similar molecular mass; for example, 2-methylphenol melts at 31 °C.

Applications
2-Aminophenol has a variety of uses.  As a reducing agent, it is marketed under the names of Atomal and Ortol to develop black-and-white photographs. 2-Aminophenol is an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes. It is particularly useful in yielding metal-complex dyes when diazotized and coupled to a phenol, naphthol, or other aromatic or resonant dye species. Metal complex dyes using copper or chromium are commonly used for producing dull colors. Tridentate ligand dyes are useful because they are more stable than their bi- or mono-dentate counterparts.

Due to the adjacency of the amino and hydroxyl groups, 2-aminophenol readily forms heterocycles. These heterocycles, such as benzoxazoles, can be biologically active and useful in the pharmaceutical industry:

References

Category:Phenols
Category:Anilines


List of museums in Ghana

This is a list of museums, including botanical collections and gardens, in Ghana.

References

External links
 ICOM - Ghana Partner Museums and Parks in Ghana
 Museums in Africa: Ghana

Ghana

Museums
Museums
Museums
Ghana


Lionel Cabral

Lionel Cabral (born 13 January 1994) is currently a member of the Belize national beach soccer team; he also plays for the Paradise Freedom Fighters football team in the Premier League of Belize, the highest competitive football league in Belize. Cabral has also represented the Placencia Assassins FC in the premier league competition. In the 2015 CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship, Cabral scored two goals for Belize.

References

Category:1994 births
Category:Living people
Category:Beach soccer players
Category:Premier League of Belize
Category:Belizean sportsmen
Category:Altitude FC players
Category:Belizean footballers
Category:Freedom Fighters FC players
Category:Association football defenders


Justicia spicigera

Justicia spicigera (Mexican honeysuckle, firecracker bush, moyotle, moyotli, mohintli,  muicle, trompetilla, yaxan, or ych-kaan in Mayan) is an evergreen shrub with tubular orange flowers. The species is native to Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua.

Description
Muicle shrubs grow perennially in full sun or partial shade, and typically reach heights of between 2–5 feet. Their leaves are around 2 inches long, and their bright orange flowers attract hummingbirds. They prefer warm weather, but can tolerate temperatures down to about -3 °C (26 °F).

Phytochemicals
The leaves and flowers contain various phytochemicals, including carbohydrates, pectins, flavonoids, tannins, essential oils, and minerals.

Uses
Muicle can be made into a tea by boiling the leaves in water. As the leaves boil, they dye the water deep blue or indigo, explaining why the plant has also been traditionally used to make dye. Muicle has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Muicle is often used a brightening agent in laundry.

References

External links

USDA Plants Database: Justicia spicigera Schltdl.

spicigera
Category:Flora of Belize
Category:Flora of Costa Rica
Category:Flora of El Salvador
Category:Flora of Guatemala
Category:Flora of Honduras
Category:Flora of Mexico
Category:Flora of Nicaragua


Havelock, New Zealand

__NOTOC__

Havelock is a small town (in British English: village) in the  Marlborough region of New Zealand.  It sits at the head of Pelorus Sound, one of the Marlborough Sounds, and at the mouth of the Pelorus and Kaituna Rivers. The  2013 census recorded its population as 486, a decrease of 3 since 2006.

 State Highway 6 from Nelson to Blenheim passes through the town. Queen Charlotte Drive, which provides a shorter but very winding road to Picton proceeds east along the edge of the Sounds. Canvastown lies  to the west. Renwick is  to the south. Picton lies 35 km to the east.

Havelock serves as the centre for much of the New Zealand green-lipped mussel industry, and is called the greenshell mussel capital of the world. It also functions as the base for a  mail boat servicing the remote communities in the Marlborough Sounds, as well as for many fishing and recreational boats.

The name "Havelock" commemorates Sir Henry Havelock (1795-1857), known from the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The streets were laid out in 1858, with Lucknow Street as the main thoroughfare.
The gold rush to the  Wakamarina Valley in 1864 boosted the growth of the township, with sawmilling becoming the main activity until the 1910s, later joined by dairying. The valleys around Havelock contain many pine plantations.

Across the Kaituna River estuary, the Cullen Point Scenic Reserve
and the Mahakipawa Hill Scenic Reserve
offer a coastal walking-track to a lookout at Cullen Point.

Notable people
William Pickering, space scientist and former director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Ernest Rutherford, Nobel Prize-winning physicist

Education
Havelock School is a coeducational full primary school (years 1-8), with a decile rating of 7 and a roll of 86. The school was founded in 1861.

See also
Moenui

References

External links

 Havelock School website
 Havelock Community and Information Website
 Havelock Info Centre

Category:Populated places in the Marlborough Region


Queen of Nigeria

From 1960 to 1963, Elizabeth II was Queen of Nigeria: Nigeria was an independent constitutional monarchy. She was also the monarch of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom.

Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960 under the Parliament of the United Kingdom's Nigeria Independence Act. The Queen was head of state, though her constitutional roles in Nigeria were mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Nigeria.

The retention of the monarchy was unpopular with Nigerians, and all political parties in Nigeria agreed that the country should be a republic. Nigeria severed its relationship with the British monarchy, and adopted the President of Nigeria as head of state, on 1 October 1963.

The Queen visited Nigeria twice: 28 January–16 February 1956 and 3–6 December 2003, the latter time to attend the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2003.

References

Category:Government of Nigeria
Category:Politics of Nigeria
Nigeria
Monarchy
Nigeria
Category:Nigeria and the Commonwealth of Nations


Once in a Blue Moon (song)

"Once in a Blue Moon" is a song written by Robert Byrne and Tom Brasfield, and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley.  It was released in January 1986 as the second and final single from his Greatest Hits compilation album.  The song was Conley's eleventh number one on the country chart.  The single went to number one for one week and spent fourteen weeks on the country chart.

Music video
A music video for the song was released and has been seen on GAC. During the video's prologue, "Silent Treatment" (Conley's first top 10 hit) can be heard in the background.

Chart performance

References

External links

Category:1986 singles
Category:Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
Category:1986 songs
Category:Earl Thomas Conley songs
Category:RPM Country Tracks number-one singles
Category:Songs written by Robert Byrne (songwriter)
Category:RCA Records singles
Category:Songs written by Tom Brasfield


Penn State Nittany Lions women's lacrosse

The Penn State Nittany Lions women's lacrosse team is a NCAA Division I college lacrosse team representing Pennsylvania State University as part of the Big Ten Conference. They play their home games at Panzer Stadium in State College, Pennsylvania.

Coach

The Nittany Lions have been coached by Missy Doherty since 2011. Doherty was a 1997 graduate of the University of Maryland, where she won 3 national titles and amassed a 68-2 record playing lacrosse there. She spent time as an assistant coach at Vanderbilt, Brown, and Princeton from 1998-2003, playing an important part of Princeton's back-to-back national titles in 2002 and 2003. In 2004 she became head coach at Towson, and the next year led the Tigers to their first NCAA tournament appearance in school history, which resulted in a one-goal loss to #5 Georgetown in the first round. Doherty's Tigers made three more appearances in 2008, 2009, and 2010 before she moved to State College in 2011 to coach the Nittany Lions. While at Towson she amassed a 79-46 record.

After a rebuilding 2011 season, Doherty led Penn State to the NCAA Tournament for the first time in seven years in 2012, and the quarterfinal for the first time in thirteen years as well. Penn State has made seven straight NCAA Tournament appearances under her watch from 2012-18, including five quarterfinals and back-to-back Final Fours in 2016 and 2017.

Historical statistics
*Statistics through 2018 season

Individual career records

Reference:

Individual single-season records

Seasons

Postseason Results

The Nittany Lions have appeared in 24 NCAA tournaments. Their postseason record, not counting third place games, is 23-22.

References

External links
Official website


Sphingobacterium chuzhouense

Sphingobacterium chuzhouense is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from farmland soil from Chuzhouin China.

References

External links
Type strain of Sphingobacterium chuzhouense at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Category:Sphingobacteriia
Category:Bacteria described in 2016


Graciella circulum

Graciella circulum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Báguena in 1952.

References

Category:Tragocephalini
Category:Beetles described in 1952


Tronoša Monastery

The Tronoša Monastery () is a Serbian Orthodox monastery between the villages of Tršić and Korenita, in the administrative town of Loznica, in western Serbia. It is ecclesiastically part of the Eparchy of Šabac. According to tradition, the monastery was built by King Stefan Dragutin.

Location

The monastery is located  southeast of Loznica. It is situated in the forested area of the Korenita village. However, being also close to the village of Tršić and as the first school of a linguist and language reformer Vuk Stefanović Karadžić who was also from Tršić, the monastery is popularly connected to this village.

History

Old monastery

There are no proper historical records which confirm the origin of the monastery and everything known about it is according to the various traditional writings. The monastery was an endowment of King Stefan Dragutin, however, he died in 1316 and the construction was finished by his widow, Queen Catherine in 1317. It was named after three rivers which confluence into one at the monastery (tri reke koje vodu nose, "three water bearing rivers"). The original edifice was looted and razed by the Ottoman Empire several times in the 14th and 15th centuries. It ended up being completely demolished and it is not known what the original monastery looked like.

Reconstruction
It was rebuilt on the foundations of the old monastery in 1559. The enterprise was headed by the hegumen Pajsije and monks Arsenije and Genadije. That same year, the Church of the Presentation of Mary was built. Just few years later, a school which transcribed and rewrote the old manuscripts was operational. As an act of retaliation for the attacks of the hajduks in the region, the Ottomans burned it in the early 1800s. It was renovated in 1834 and was painted by Mihailo Konstantinović from Bitola and Nikola Janković from Ohrid.

In 1791, a hieromonk Josif Tronošac transcribed the 1526 Tronoša Chronicle, the most important Serbian literary memorial in the first half of the 18th century. The copy of the chronicle is kept in the monastery, while the original is in Vienna.

World wars

Tronoša was badly damaged during the World War I. During the Battle of Cer in 1914, Serbian wounded soldiers were transported to the monastery for medical treatments. After Austria-Hungary occupied Serbia, their army burned the church books. The also destroyed or removed all doors in the complex, which were repaired only in 1923. In August 1941, a local Chetnik rebellion liberated Loznica ("the first town liberated from Germans in the occupied Europe") in the Battle of Loznica, and Tronoša's hegumen Georgije Bojić was active in the planning and conducting of the operation. as an aide to Veselin Misita, in charge of the attack. When German reoccupied the area in October 1941 they burned the monastery books and punched through one of the walls with the cannonball.

Today

In the vicinity of the monastery is the Chapel of the Saint Holy Martyr Pantaleon. Below the chapel is the ten-pipe concrete drinking fountain with cold, spring water. Both the chapel and the fountain were also destroyed several times through history. Traditionally, the original fountain is attributed to the mythological Jug Bogdan (based on the historical Vratko Nemanjić, though) and his nine sons, the Jugović brothers, hence the ten pipes. They built the chapel and the fountain in 1388 prior to the Battle of Kosovo. Modern chapel and the fountain were restored in 1968 when the fresco "Leaving to the Battle of Kosovo" was painted on the fountain. The fountain is called "The Fountain of the Nine Jugović".

One of the best known traditions in the monastery is the making of large "plowmen candles". Two are cast each year out of  of wax and are  tall. On the Maundy Thursday people gather in front of the monastery, bring the candles inside the church and light them in front of the icons of Jesus Christ and the Holy Mother of God. They are thought to help to preserve and enhance the harvest, hence the name. The custom of casting the candles and the ceremony of bringing them into the church and lighting them has been placed on the Serbian list of the intangible cultural heritage.

As Vuk Stefanović Karadžić learned to write in the monastery, "coming to school from the nearby Tršić through the forest", a section of the monastery is adapted into the "Museum of the Vuk's early schooling". Today, Tronoša is a female monastery. In 2017 it officially celebrated 700th anniversary.

The monastery has been protected since 22 December 1948 and was declared a cultural monument of great importance in 1979.

Architecture

The monastery was built in the Raška architectural school.  In terms of architectural and spatial traits, there is resemblance between the Uvac Monastery, Church of the Annunciation Monastery in Ovčar Banja, Pustinja Monastery, Dobrilovina Monastery, Majstorovina Monastery, Tronoša Monastery and others.

Saint Stefan of Tronoša

Archimandrite Stefan Jovanović was born in the nearby village of Tekeriš, on the Cer. He was a noted spiritual leader, patriot, rebel and the first teacher of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. He was especially active against the Turkification ("thanks to him, none of the Serbs east of the Drina river were Turkified"). When the famine struck the regions of Jadar and Rađevina, he came to the local Turks to ask for the help for the hungry people, but the Turks poisoned him. In 2017 Serbian Orthodox Church canonized him as the Venerable Stefan of Tronoša. Its day is 17 September and it is the official slava of the Eparchy of Šabac.

References

External links

Манастир Троноша, City of Loznica

Category:1317 establishments in Europe
Category:14th-century Serbian Orthodox church buildings
Category:Religious organizations established in the 1310s
Category:Christian monasteries established in the 14th century
Category:Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Serbia
Category:Loznica
Category:Nemanjić dynasty endowments


Guy Fanshawe

Captain Guy Dalrymple Fanshawe (30 March 1882 – 19 June 1962) was a Royal Navy officer who also served as Unionist Party (Scotland) MP for Stirling and Clackmannan Western from 1924 to 1929.

Naval career
Fanshawe was born in Falmouth to Captain (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) Arthur Dalrymple Fanshawe (1847–1936) by his wife Sarah Frances Fox. He came from a family with a long tradition of naval service, his grandfather Sir Edward Gennys Fanshawe had also been an Admiral.

He passed out of Britannia Naval College in December, 1897 sixty-first out of the sixty-four cadets who passed out, with 1178 marks. After joining the Royal Navy, he was promoted to acting sub-lieutenant on 15 November 1901 and subsequently confirmed in that rank from the same date. In November 1902 he was posted to the destroyer HMS Syren, serving in the instructional flotilla at Portsmouth.

Fanshawe was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant (Royal Navy) on 15 August 1903.

Political career

References

External links

Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Category:1882 births
Category:1962 deaths
Category:UK MPs 1924–1929
Category:Unionist Party (Scotland) MPs
Category:Royal Navy officers of World War I


Udea bipunctalis

Udea bipunctalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in France, Portugal and Spain, on Sicily and Crete and in Syria, Turkey and Russia.

References

Category:Moths described in 1851
bipunctalis
Category:Moths of Europe
Category:Insects of Europe
Category:Insects of Turkey


Air Caledonian

Air Caledonian was an airline based in Prestwick, Scotland. It was a short-lived airline operating services from Prestwick to the Scottish islands. Its main base was Glasgow Prestwick International Airport. It ceased operations in 2005.

Code data
ICAO Code: CSF

History
The airline was established in 2003 and started operations on 6 December 2004. It ceased operations in January 2005. It was wholly owned by Clasair.

Fleet
The Air Caledonian fleet consisted of 1 Embraer EMB-110P1 Bandeirante aircraft.

External links

Category:Airlines established in 2003
Category:Airlines disestablished in 2005
Category:Defunct airlines of Scotland
Category:Companies based in South Ayrshire
Category:2003 establishments in Scotland
Category:2005 disestablishments in Scotland
Category:Defunct airlines of the United Kingdom


James H. Charlesworth

James Hamilton Charlesworth (born May 30, 1940) was the George L. Collord Professor of New Testament Language and Literature until January 17, 2019 and Director of the Dead Sea Scrolls Project at the Princeton Theological Seminary. His research interests include the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Josephus, the Historical Jesus, the Gospel of John, and the Revelation of John.

Works

Books

Charlesworth, James H., (1983). Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Vol.1 - Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments, New York, Double Day & Company

Articles and chapters

See also
 Henoch (journal)

References

External links
 Faculty profile
 Tour & Conference Schedule
 Journalist's Interview
 Journal Henoch website
 Enoch Seminar website
 4 Enoch: The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism
 Foundation on Judaism and Christian Origins

Category:1940 births
Category:American biblical scholars
Category:Critics of the Christ myth theory
Category:Pseudepigraphy
Category:American academics
Category:Living people
Category:Princeton Theological Seminary faculty


Veljko Milatović

Veljko Milatović (Serbo-Croat Cyrillic: Вељко Милатовић; 5 December 1921 – 19 October 2004) was a Montenegrin Communist partisan, politician, statesman serving once as the Speaker and the other time as President.

Biography
Milatović was born on 5 December 1921 in Nikšić, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia). He got the surname Milatović from his mother's side, rather than the surname from his father's side, which was Čakmak. This was due to the fact that Veljko's father (who moved to the village of Vinići near Danilovgrad after getting married) took his wife's surname for aesthetic reasons.

In 1941 when the Axis forces invaded his country, 20-year-old Veljko joined the Communist Partisans during the Anti-Fascist Struggle. He was appointed in fighting and rooting out the Nazi collaborators in the Civil War. He was a fierce opponent of the Chetniks. In 1947 he ambushed with his unit Krsto Zrnov Popović in his hideout and killed him.

In 1967  he was introduced into major political life by getting elected President of the People's Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, with the significant structural changes in Montenegrin leadership of the pro-Serbian elements. In 1968 he headed the 25th anniversary of the Montenegrin partisan parliament, in Kolašin. A special guest on the celebration was his acquiesce Jakov Blažević, the Speaker of the Croatian Socialist Parliament. In the speech that Veljko held, he claimed that Montenegro "capitulated twice in its history - in 1916 and in 1918", causing quite a quarrel in the festivity, as the war-time MPs spoke against considering the 1918 unification with Serbia as occupation. Milatović was personally for favoring the Latin script, rather than the Cyrillic, the dominant script in Montenegro. He held his post until 1969.

Veljko Milatović terminated the close cooperation of the Montenegrin national television with TV Belgrade and established close links with the Zagreb TV. He appointed Momir Šljukić to take over the new TV station's directive. A noticeable thing was the applied Croaticization of the speech, and the commercials for the Montenegrin world were originally made in Croatia.

In 1974 he was appointed Chairman of the Montenegrin Presidency. The same year he became one of the key people within the Commission for Njegoš's Monument, designated to design a Museum for Petar II Petrović-Njegoš which was about to be built in the place of his Chapel raised by Danilo that was to be destroyed, despite his personal promises to the Serbian Orthodox Church's Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral that no such move shall be taken as long as he's alive. This move was found particularly controversial by the pro-Serbian elements in Montenegro, as Njegoš's Chapel was a great symbol to the Serbdom of Montenegro: it signified Serbian-Montenegrin friendship and common ethnic origins and was the supreme national symbol of Montenegro and the Montenegrins, actually depicted on the official Emblem (Coat of Arms) of Communist Montenegro. However, Milatović made an arrangement with the SOC that it can hold memorial service in the new museum.

On 31 January 1981 on a special session of the Commission of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Montenegro, he held his long work, a "strategic initiative". Unlike his predecessor that led Communism in Montenegro, Blažo Jovanović, Veljko did not consider the Montenegrins as Serbs. In his thesis, he explained that there was a constant indoctrination of the Montenegrins in the past 100 years that they were Serbs, but that that pro-Serbian ideology was defeated with the demise of the Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland during and after the Second World War. He defined that that Montenegrin history is full of false beliefs and that a mass critic correction is required. He supposed searching for non-Serbian assistance to conduct such purification of the historical science and defined that the actions to de-Serbify the Montenegrins must be taken in three points: historiography, ethnology and linguistics. The critical reception of his proposal was somewhat harshly criticized, since the Partisans actually considered the Montenegrins as Serbs during World War II.

The same year Veljko Milatović was a participant in the discussion about Špiro Kulišić's controversial work "On the Ethnogenesis of the Montenegrins", which defined the uniqueness of the Montenegrin people, in the Montenegrin Communist League's Marxist Center. He defended the work and attacked the Center's head Nenad Bućin for organizing a discussion in the first place, stating that it immediately questions the validity of the work. In the actual discussion Veljko refused to comment Špiro's work itself, but highly criticized its critics, calling them intolerant.

On 12 June 1981, Veljko Milatović opened his report in the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the 13 July Uprising, defining the growing special links between Montenegro and Albania and how they are becoming closer. Upon the discussions regarding the terror over the Montenegrins and the growth of anti-Yugoslav irredentist rhetoric, Veljko responded that a calm attitude must be pertained above all else, as he is planning to open the question of the status of the Montenegrin national minority in the Socialist People's Republic of Albania.

He died on 19 October 2004 in Herceg Novi, Serbia and Montenegro.

References

Category:1921 births
Category:2004 deaths
Category:Anti-fascists
Category:Yugoslav Partisans members
Category:Presidents of Montenegro
Category:League of Communists of Montenegro politicians
Category:Montenegrin communists


The AB Chrysalis

"The AB Chrysalis" is the twelfth episode of the second series of Space: 1999 (and the thirty-sixth overall episode of the programme).  The screenplay was written by Tony Barwick; the director was Val Guest.

Story
It is 1,288 days after leaving Earth orbit, and in Command Centre, Koenig and the other Alphans nervously listen to a countdown from Fraser, followed by an explosion on the view screen. A shock wave is headed for Alpha, so Koenig declares red alert and orders all the Eagles to take shelter, in space, on the opposite side of the moon. After the shockwave hits, Alan Carter loses contact with Command Centre, and returns with all Eagles to find some fires, damage, and minor injuries, but an otherwise intact Moonbase Alpha.

Helena Russell, dictating her log, explains that Alpha has been repeatedly subjected to explosions that recur every twelve hours. "As we move closer, each succeeding shock wave is more violent." The eye of the explosion is a planet, but the shock waves are traveling only toward the moon, and not damaging the planet. The theory: an intelligence is warning the Alphans to stay away. Koenig, Alan, and Maya launch Eagle 1 to investigate.

As they approach the planet, they determine it has a chlorine-gas atmosphere and that it is surrounded by several moons that form a near-perfect circle around the planet. Landing on the nearest moon, they discover no evidence of life via the sensors, but do discover a collection of balloon-shaped buildings, the source of an unnaturally high level of energy. Koenig suits up to attempt to enter one of the buildings, and soon finds himself in an elevator that deposits him in a rock-walled cavern housing several globes perched atop stands. The globes and stands resemble the exterior buildings on the moons surface. Koenig is knocked unconscious by some sort of energy ray when he approaches one of the globes.

Koenig recovers, and he and Alan watch as one of the globes dislodges itself from its perch and bounces to another of the stands in the room, then another. Koenig realizes it is "some kind of probe" and eventually, is proven correct when the ball begins to communicate. Geometric figures display on a view screen, and Koenig draws a triangle to demonstrate he understands the method of communication. After the view screen prompts them to diagram their place or origin, text appears on the screen indicating that they are from Earth, and the cavern is filled with air. Koenig and Alan remove their helmets as a voice, speaking English, apologizes for the delay in recognizing their environmental needs and language.

Koenig explains that Moonbase Alpha is headed for their planet, and destruction, but the voice, a machine, cannot help them. It is waiting for its masters, the intelligent life of the planet, to be born. Until this occurs, it cannot do anything to help. The voice advises Koenig to leave, but he refuses. He wants answers. Maya buzzes in and warns of a great increase in energy, followed by the chamber filling with electrical explosions. Koenig and Alan return hurriedly to the Eagle and attempt to lift off. The Eagle is surrounded by an energy barrier, but with some struggle, Alan is able to escape the trap. They make their way toward the planet and touch down.

Immediately the ground beneath the Eagle lowers, and it is revealed they have landed on an elevator that brings them deep beneath the planet surface. Another voice informs them they may leave the Eagle, the atmosphere has been prepared for them. Maya, Koenig and Alan disembark and find themselves in another chamber with pedestals and globes. A globe bounces from one pedestal to another, and the voice they heard, emanating from a white globe, informs them it is Voice Probe 748. Koenig asks if the masters have physical form. "Of course, but the atmosphere they breathe is chlorine."

The voice explains that the living creatures on this planet "exist for an allotted span, and then grow old as you humans do. But instead of dying, they enter a chrysalis stage, to emerge rejuvenated, physically perfect, mentally clean. While they are sleeping they are defenseless." The globes serve as their protectors. But there is one of the living creatures, The Guardian, who keeps watch. Koenig asks to speak with The Guardian, and follows the new bouncing sphere toward another chamber. In it they find an oblong container in one of the "Centers of Rejuvenation." Koenig pleads with the creature inside the container to save Alpha, but his responses, translated by the globe, make no sense. The Guardian has gone senile, and must enter the rejuvenation chamber. Alan demands that the Guardian help them, and in struggling to keep the container from entering the chamber, tips it over and cracks the glass. Chlorine gas escapes as Maya and Koenig scramble from the room. Alan is left behind.

Maya transforms into a chlorine breathing creature to re-enter the room and save Alan, and then they both return Alan to the Eagle Koenig formulates plan, asking Maya if she can operate the ship's lasers. "Of course," she replies. Koenig returns to the chamber of spheres and threatens to destroy the dome if they do not help save Moonbase Alpha. Maya has been ordered to fire upon voice command, and after a battle between Koenig and the globe, she almost does, but then one of the inhabitants of the planet intervenes, She has emerged from the chrysalis state. "Wait, two of have been reborn." Koenig orders the laser disarmed, and the voice apologizes for the necessity of harming Koenig.

Koenig follows the globe into yet another chamber, this one with a window on a room awash in chlorine gas. Inside are two women, beautiful and unclothed. They explain that it was difficult to learn the human language: it took them nearly an hour. They want to discuss several matter of interest. Koenig's language has no way to express their names, so he can call them "A" and "B." As they explain their life cycle, Koenig repeatedly tries to get impress upon them the need to save Alpha. Finally, "A" gives her vote to saving Alpha, as long as Koenig agrees to her conditions. "B" points out that her yes vote was swayed by attraction, that "A" wants to be lovers with Koenig. "B" votes no, and because they are a society trying to achieve perfection, they are democratic. They must wait for the third member of their group to arise from the chrysalis state. The rub? He is the Guardian's brother, who was injured by Alan in the Center of Rejuvenation room. "It is very unlikely he will decide in your favor," states "B."

Back on Moonbase Alpha, Helena calls for yellow alert. Alpha is not moving away from the planet fast enough to save it. meanwhile, in the Eagle, Maya has calculated that if Koenig can delay the Chrysalis people from setting off another explosion for 4 hours, Alpha will have moved far enough away to withstand the resulting shock wave. But then, it will have moved too far away for the Eagle to return. Back at Command Centre, the next explosion is due in 20 minutes.

A new voice comes from the chlorine shrouded room, a male voice. "Commander Koenig." The third chrysalis has emerged. Koenig explains they meant no harm, but were simply motivated by desperation. The male chrysalis explains that, logically, his answer must be no, they cannot save Alpha. The Alphans have clearly demonstrated that they are a threat to the chrysalis people's survival. But he does offer the chance for Koenig, maya and Alan to survive. They may remain on the planet. Koenig explains that "loyalty is better than logic, hope is better than despair, and creation is better than destruction." Despite not having enough fuel to reach their moon, the three agree to leave, as "A" looks on forlornly. She discusses Koenig's parting words with her two companions, and appears to have understood the importance.

Alan carefully maneuvers the Eagle through the long upward passage they passed through upon landing, and they head away from the planet. The buildup of energy appears on the moon's surface again, and Helena calls for red alert in preparation for the next explosion. Koenig is patched into Alpha's comm system, and he makes a speech to its inhabitants: he commends them for their courage and devotion to duty. As the countdown to the explosion runs, Helens puts on a brave face for the staff in Command Centre. The blast occurs, and the shock wave quickly catches up with the Eagle. The crew are tumbled and shaken roughly, but the Eagle and crew survive the shock. Maya explains they limited the damaging effects of the explosion, giving them just enough of a speed boost so they could reach home.

In Command Centre, Maya explains that Psychons math is different than humans base 10 math, and that's why she can make calculations so much simpler than the computer. Koeing notes that, while that may be true, she still needs to convert her answers into Earth math, and with a dismissive look, brings up the conversion formula on the screen for Koenig to read. It is hopelessly complex. Koenig begins to follow Maya out of command centre to question her further, but is confronted by a smiling Helena. "You know, Alan's been telling me about this women on the planet. Beautiful and naked I understand." Koenig could hardly see them, he explains, though Helena is dubious. "Beautiful, naked... and green?" she says. "Green, were they?" he replies, "I didn't really notice that."

Cast

Starring
 Martin Landau — Commander John Koenig
 Barbara Bain — Doctor Helena Russell

Also starring
 Catherine Schell — Maya

Featuring
 Nick Tate — Captain Alan Carter

Guest stars
 Ina Skriver — A
 Sarah Douglas — B

Also featuring
 Robert Rietti — Sphere (voice)
 John Hug — Fraser
 David Sebastian Bach — Guardian's brother
 Sarah Bullen — Kate
 Albin Pahernik — Creature
 Yasuko Nagazumi — Yasko

References

External links
Space: 1999 - "The AB Chrysalis" - The Catacombs episode guide
Space: 1999 - "The AB Chrysalis" - Moonbase Alpha's Space: 1999 page

Category:1976 British television episodes
Category:Space: 1999 episodes


Delimiter-separated values

Formats that use delimiter-separated values (also DSV) store two-dimensional arrays of data by separating the values in each row with specific delimiter characters. Most database and spreadsheet programs are able to read or save data in a delimited format. Due to their wide support, DSV files can be used in data exchange among many applications.

A delimited text file is a text file used to store data, in which each line represents a single book, company, or other thing, and each line has fields separated by the delimiter.
Compared to  the kind of flat file that uses spaces to force every field to the same width, a delimited file has the advantage of allowing field values of any length.

Delimited formats

Any character may be used to separate the values, but the most common delimiters are the comma, tab, and colon. The vertical bar (also referred to as pipe) and space are also sometimes used. In a comma-separated values (CSV) file the data items are separated using commas as a delimiter, while in a tab-separated values (TSV) file, the data items are separated using tabs as a delimiter. Column headers are sometimes included as the first line, and each subsequent line is a row of data. The lines are separated by newlines.

For example, the following fields in each record are delimited by commas, and each record by newlines:
 "Date","Pupil","Grade"
 "25 May","Bloggs, Fred","C"
 "25 May","Doe, Jane","B"
 "15 July","Bloggs, Fred","A"
 "15 April","Muniz, Alvin ""Hank""","A"

Note the use of the double quote to enclose each field.  This prevents the comma in the actual field value (Bloggs, Fred; Doe, Jane, etc.) from being interpreted as a field separator.  This necessitates a way to "escape" the field wrapper itself, in this case the double quote; it is customary to double the double quotes actually contained in a field as with those surrounding "Hank".  In this way, any ASCII text including newlines can be contained in a field.

ASCII includes several control characters that are intended to be used as delimiters. They are: 28 for File Separator, 29 for Group Separator, 30 for Record Separator, and 31 for Unit Separator. Use of these characters has not achieved widespread adoption; some systems have replaced their control properties with more accepted controls such as CR/LF and TAB.

Uses and applications

Due to their widespread use, comma- and tab-delimited text files can be opened by several kinds of applications, including most spreadsheet programs and statistical packages, sometimes even without the user designating which delimiter has been used. Despite that each of those applications has its own database design and its own file format (for example, accdb or xlsx), they can all map the fields in a DSV file to their own data model and format.

Typically a delimited file format is indicated by a specification. Some specifications provide conventions for avoiding delimiter collision, others do not. Delimiter collision is a problem that occurs when a character that is intended as part of the data gets interpreted as a delimiter instead. Comma- and space-separated formats often suffer from this problem, since in many contexts those characters are legitimate parts of a data field.

Most such files avoid delimiter collision either by surrounding all data fields in double quotes, or only quoting those data fields that contain the delimiter character. One problem with tab-delimited text files is that tabs are difficult to distinguish from spaces; therefore, there are sometimes problems with the files being corrupted when people try to edit them by hand. Another set of problems occur due to errors in the file structure, usually during import of file into a database (in the example above, such error may be a pupil's first name missing).

Depending on the data itself, it may be beneficial to use non-standard characters such as the tilde (~) as delimiters.  With rising prevalence of web sites and other applications that store snippets of code in databases, simply using a " which occurs in every hyperlink and image source tag simply is not sufficient to avoid this type of collision.  Since colons (:), semi-colons (;), pipes (|), and many other characters are also used, it can be quite challenging to find a character that is not being used elsewhere.

See also
 Comma-separated values
 Delimiter
 Tab-separated values

Notes and references

Further reading
 (Has file descriptions of delimited ASCII (.DEL) and non-delimited ASCII (.ASC) files for data transfer.)

Category:Delimiter-separated format


Illuminations Candles

Illuminations Candles is an American-based candle brand.

History
Illuminations was founded by Wally Arnold, who launched the first retail store in 1996. In 2006, the brand was acquired by Yankee Candle. Faced with recession pressures, Yankee shuttered the Illuminations  stores, and in 2009, the final Illuminations candles were sold. In 2019, one of Illumination's former customers, Mitch Davis, acquired rights to the Illuminations trademark and liaised with product expert Pamela Donnellan to re-launch the brand with "Illuminations Candles, Inc." as its new registered name.

References

Category:Candles
Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1996
Category:American brands


Cytaeum

Cytaeum or Kytaion () was a town on the north coast of ancient Crete. It is mentioned by Ptolemy, Pliny the Elder, Nonnus, and Stephanus of Byzantium. Cytaeum minted coins dated to  with the inscription «ΚΥ».

The site of Cytaeum is tentatively located near modern Almyrida.

References

Category:Populated places in ancient Crete
Category:Former populated places in Greece


Sinatra and Strings

Sinatra and Strings is a 1962 album by Frank Sinatra consisting of standard ballads.

Track listing
"I Hadn't Anyone Till You" (Ray Noble) – 3:44
"Night and Day" (Cole Porter) – 3:37
"Misty" (Erroll Garner, Johnny Burke) – 2:41
"Stardust" (Hoagy Carmichael, Mitchell Parish) – 2:48
"Come Rain or Come Shine" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) – 4:06
"It Might as Well Be Spring" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 3:15
"Prisoner of Love" (Russ Columbo, Leo Robin, Clarence Gaskill) – 3:50
"That's All" (Bob Haymes, Alan Brandt) – 3:21
"All or Nothing at All" (Jack Lawrence, Arthur Altman) – 3:43
"Yesterdays" (Otto Harbach, Jerome Kern) – 3:45
 Bonus tracks included on the 1991 CD release:
"As You Desire Me" (Allie Wrubel) – 2:53
"Don't Take Your Love from Me" (Henry Nemo) – 4:05

Personnel
 Frank Sinatra - vocals
 Don Costa - arranger, conductor

References

Category:1962 albums
Category:Frank Sinatra albums
Category:Reprise Records albums
Category:Albums arranged by Don Costa
Category:Albums conducted by Don Costa


Trade Act of 1974

The Trade Act of 1974 (, codified at ) was passed to help industry in the United States become more competitive or phase workers into other industries or occupations.

Fast track authority

The Trade Act of 1974 created fast track authority for the President to negotiate trade agreements that Congress can approve or disapprove but cannot amend or filibuster. The Act provided the President with tariff and non-tariff trade barrier negotiating authority for the Tokyo Round of multilateral trade negotiations.  Gerald Ford was the President at the time. The fast track authority created under the Act was set to expire in 1980, was extended for 8 years in 1979, was renewed again in 1988 until 1993 to allow for the negotiation of the Uruguay Round within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and was again extended to 16 April 1994, a day after the Uruguay Round concluded in the Marrakech Agreement transforming the GATT into the World Trade Organization (WTO). It was restored in 2002 by the Trade Act of 2002. The Obama Administration sought renewal for fast track authority in 2012.

Power to counteract unfair foreign trade practices

It also gave the President broad authority to counteract injurious and unfair foreign trade practices.
Section 135 of the Act provides for the establishment of the Labor Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations and Trade Policy (LAC) whose duty is to provide advice and information to the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) and the Secretary of Labor regarding the U.S.'s negotiating objectives and bargaining positions before the nation enters into trade agreements with foreign countries. LAC is to meet on any trade agreement and provide a report to the President, the Congress, and the Office of the USTR at the conclusion of negotiations.
Section 201 of the Act requires the International Trade Commission to investigate petitions filed by domestic industries or workers claiming injury or threat of injury due to expanding imports. Investigations must be completed within 6 months. If such injury is found, restrictive measures may be implemented. Action under Section 201 is allowed under the GATT escape clause, GATT Article XIX.
Section 301 was designed to eliminate unfair foreign trade practices that adversely affect U.S. trade and investment in both goods and services. Under Section 301, the President must determine whether the alleged practices are unjustifiable, unreasonable, or discriminatory and burden or restrict U.S. commerce. If the President determines that action is necessary, the law directs that all appropriate and feasible action within the President’s power should be taken to secure the elimination of the practice. A Special 301 Report is prepared annually by the Office of the USTR which must identify a list of "Priority Foreign Countries", those countries judged to have inadequate intellectual property laws; these countries may be subject to sanctions. This has been issued every year beginning in 1989 since the enactment of the Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 and the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (enacted in 1994). (See also China–United States trade war.)

See also
 Trade Expansion Act
 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

References

Category:United States federal trade legislation
Category:1974 in law
Category:1974 in the United States
Category:1974 in international relations
Category:Foreign trade of the United States
Category:January 1975 events in North America


Lissodendoryx collinsi

Lissodendoryx collinsi is a species of demosponge first found on the coast of South Georgia island, in the south west Southern Ocean.

References

External links
WORMS

Category:Poecilosclerida


Mahmoud Alavi

Mahmoud Alavi (; born 4 May 1954) is an Iranian cleric, conservative politician, and the minister of intelligence in Hassan Rouhani's government.

Early life
Alavi was born in Lamerd, Fars province, in 1954. He holds a PhD in Islamic jurisprudence and law from Ferdowsi University in Mashad.

Career
Alavi is a cleric and a scholar of Islamic jurisprudence. He holds the religious rank of Hojjatoleslam.  He is the former head of the political and ideological body of the Iranian Army to which he was appointed by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. Alavi served in the post from 2000 to August 2009. In addition, Alavi was Khamenei's special representative in the army until August 2009. He also assumed the post of deputy defense minister.

He served at the Majlis as Tehran representative for four terms during the terms of former presidents Rafsanjani and Khatami. He ran for office in the list of Resistance Front of the Islamic Revolution led by Mohsen Rezaee in the 2012 election. However, Alavi's nomination was rejected by the Guardian Council on the grounds that he did not have "practical commitment to Islam and the regime."

He is a member of the Assembly of Experts. He served as Hassan Rouhani’s liaison officer for the city of Qom and the institutions there in the 2013 presidential elections. Alavi was designated as intelligence minister by Rouhani on 4 August 2013. He was approved for the post on 15 August by the Majlis with 227 Yes votes.

Views
Ali Reza Eshraghi of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill argues that Alavi is a principalist politician in the Iranian political arena. He is, therefore, a conservative figure and close to Mohsen Rezaee. Alavi publicly criticized the Ali Akbar Rafsanjani's disqualification for the 2013 presidential election soon after the election.

References

External links

Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Fars Province
Category:Ferdowsi University of Mashad alumni
Category:Iranian clerics
Category:Iranian scholars
Category:Ministers of Intelligence of Iran
Category:Members of the 1st Islamic Consultative Assembly
Category:Members of the 2nd Islamic Consultative Assembly
Category:Members of the 4th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Category:People from Lamerd
Category:Members of the 5th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Category:Resistance Front of Islamic Iran politicians


Anton the Terrible

Anton the Terrible is a 1916 American drama silent film directed by William C. deMille and written by Marion Fairfax, Jules Eckert Goodman and Charles Sarver. The film stars Theodore Roberts, Anita King, Horace B. Carpenter, Harrison Ford, Edythe Chapman and Hugo B. Koch. The film was released on September 28, 1916, by Paramount Pictures.

A fragmentary print (footage unknown) is preserved at the British Film Institute/National Film and Television Archive (London).

Plot

Cast
Theodore Roberts as Anton Kazoff
Anita King as Vera Stanovitch
Horace B. Carpenter as General Stanovitch
Harrison Ford as David Burkin
Edythe Chapman as Babushka
Hugo B. Koch as Grand Duke Ivanovitch
Delia Trombly as Olga Kazoff

References

External links

Category:1916 films
Category:American films
Category:English-language films
Category:American drama films
Category:1910s drama films
Category:Paramount Pictures films
Category:Films directed by William C. deMille
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:American silent feature films


1986–87 Ranji Trophy

The 1986–87 Ranji Trophy was the 53rd season of the Ranji Trophy. Hyderabad won their second title defeating Delhi on first innings lead.

Final

Scorecards and averages
Cricketarchive

References

External links

Category:1987 in Indian cricket
Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1986–87
Category:Ranji Trophy seasons