Khalid bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

Khalid bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (born 1988) is a son of King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and a younger full brother of the crown prince Mohammad bin Salman, and prince Turki. On 23 February 2019, he was appointed as Saudi Arabia's deputy defense minister while his elder brother Prince Mohammad remained the Defense Minister and Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia.

Education
Prince Khalid earned a bachelor's degree in Aviation Sciences from King Faisal Air Academy, and continued his education in the United States. He obtained a certificate from Harvard University in their Senior Executives in National and International Security program.  He also studied Advanced Electronic Warfare in Paris, France. Prince Khalid was enrolled in Georgetown University to pursue his higher education in the University's Master of Arts in Security Studies program. Due to various official duties and tasks, his studies were postponed prior to his appointment as ambassador to the United States.

Military career
After graduating from the King Faisal Air Academy, prince Khalid joined the Royal Saudi Air Force. He commenced his aviation career by flying T-6 Texan and T-38 aircraft at Columbus Air Force Base in Mississippi. He then started flying F-15 S and was also appointed as a Tactical Intelligence Officer in addition to his duties as an F-15 S pilot with the 92nd Squadron of the RSAF 3rd Wing at King Abdulaziz Air Base in Dhahran.

Prince Khalid has accumulated nearly 1,000 flying hours and carried out air missions against the Salafi jihadist militant group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant within the International Coalition's efforts. He also participated in Operation Decisive Storm and Operation Restoring Hope by flying missions over Yemen. Prince Khalid was awarded  medals including: South Shield Medal, the Battle Medal, the Excellence Medal, and the Abdullah's Sword Medal.

Prince Khalid has trained extensively with the American Armed Forces both in the United States and in Saudi Arabia, including his training at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada. A back injury prohibited prince Khalid from flying, and he worked as an officer at the office of the Minister of Defense.

Upon completion of his military career, he was appointed as a Senior Civilian Advisor at the Ministry of Defense. By late 2016, prince Khalid moved to the United States where he worked as an Advisor at the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington. In April, 2017 prince Khalid became the tenth Saudi Ambassador to the United States since 1945.

Diplomatic career

Following his appointment as Ambassador to the United States in April 2017, prince Khalid has focused on strengthening Saudi–U.S. bilateral relations.

In August and September 2017, prince Khalid undertook his first multi-state tour of the United States, visiting Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada, Silicon Valley, Dallas, Houston, and St. Louis to underline his commitment to reaching out beyond the beltway and strengthening the Saudi–U.S. relationship in all areas.

In March 2018, prince Khalid appeared on CNN in discussion with Wolf Blitzer to preview crown prince Mohammed bin Salman's trip to the United States. In the interview, he asserted: "We will continue to work with our allies in the United States and in the world to increase our economic cooperation, to increase our security cooperation and to serve our mutual interests and face our mutual threats."

Prince Khalid authored a column in the Washington Post, published on 19 March 2018, that outlined the ways in which the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is embracing change, and how the Saudi–U.S. relationship can be strengthened as a result of this transformation.

As part of the seven-city tour around the United States, prince Khalid joined crown prince Mohammed bin Salman to meet with a number of American political, economic and social leaders in Washington, Boston, New York, Seattle, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Houston. Prince Khalid attended meetings with President Donald Trump, members of the administration and congressional leaders on both sides of the aisle.

Prince Khalid participated in meetings with former leaders – including President George H. W. Bush, President Bill Clinton, Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, along with current representatives of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, including U.S. Ambassador Nikki Haley.

On the economic side, prince Khalid joined the crown prince in meeting with entertainment and development leaders, discussing potential collaboration with executives from Warner Bros., Disney and Magic Leap. The Ambassador also joined a tour of Apple headquarters in Silicon Valley, exploring different avenues of cooperation between both sides.

Jamal Khashoggi

Jamal Khashoggi, a journalist, visited the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul on Tuesday, 2 October 2018, and was murdered within minutes. The following Monday, 8 October, Khalid bin Salman denied that the Saudis had detained or killed Khashoggi.

According to a leaked CIA assessment, whose details were reported by several news outlets, including the Washington Post, Prince Khalid had instructed Khashoggi to go to the Saudi consulate in Istanbul to pick up the papers he needed, assuring him that it would be safe to do so.

According to Hürriyet columnist Abdulkadir Selvi, the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Gina Haspel had possession of the "smoking gun phone call" in which crown prince Mohammad was recorded giving orders to his brother Khaled, Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the US, "to Silence Jamal Khashoggi as Soon as Possible". The subsequent murder is the ultimate confirmation of this instruction."

In February 2019, Khalid was appointed Deputy Defense Minister of Saudi Arabia and Princess Reema bint Bandar Al Saud was named the new ambassador to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia.

Personal life
Prince Khalid is married to Princess Nora bint Mohammed bin Mishal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, and has two children: Prince Abdulaziz bin Khalid bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and Princess Dana bint Khalid bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.

Ancestry

References

External links

Salman bin Abdulaziz al Saud, Khalid bin
Category:Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States
Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:School of Foreign Service alumni


Solís Uprising

The Solís Uprising () was an unsuccessful military uprising in Galicia (Spain) in 1846. The soldiers executed after the defeat became known as the Martyrs of Carral ().

Context
The Moderate Decade (, 1844-1854) during the reign of Isabel II of Spain, was a period in which the leading party, the Partido Moderado, developed a version liberal conservatism, "liberal" only in the economic sense and in the rejection of absolute monarchy. General Ramón María Narváez was the strong man of the period, which was characterized by the curtailment of liberties and rights, and by administrative centralization.

Uprising
On 2 April 1846 the Zamora Regiment stationed in the provincial capital of Lugo rebelled, led by Colonel Miguel Solís y Cuetos. Solís declared the dissolution of the Provincial Council and Deputation. Having gained the upper hand in Lugo, Solís addressed his troops. The final words of his speech make clear the intention of his uprising:

Galicians: all Spaniards: Long live the free Queen! Long live the Constitution! Out with the foreigners! Down with the Dictator Narváez! Down with the system of tribute!

In the following days, the uprising spread to other Galician cities, uniting the so-called "provincialists". On 15 April in Santiago de Compostela the Junta Superior del Reino de Galicia was declared. The Reino de Galicia—the Kingdom of Galicia, dating back to the Middle Ages——had been formally abolished thirteen years earlier under the 1833 territorial division of Spain, as were the other Iberian "kingdoms" that had fallen under the domination of the Kingdom of Castile and had been incorporated into a single Spanish Monarchy.

Solís and his collaborators sought to reclaim the liberties and rights abolished by Narváez and sought a more just treatment for Galicia; the University of Santiago de Compostela reconstituted the Batallón Literario, the student battalion that had last confronted the forces of Napoleonic France in the Peninsular War, viewed in Galicia as throughout Spain as a war of Spanish independence.

Defeat
General Narváez, president of the Spanish Royal Council, minister of both State and War, sent troops under General Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha, Captain General of Old Castile to put down the uprising. On 23 April, the Battle of Cacheiras began on the outskirts of Santiago de Compostela; the rebels were defeated by a vastly superior force.

Solís first took refuge in the San Martín Pinario Monastery, but surrendered himself later in the day. Three days later, a summary trial in Carral (A Coruña province) condemned him to death. The trial was held in this small town because of fear of Solís's sympathizers in Santiago and in A Coruña.

At dawn, Colonel Solís was brought to the churchyard of the parish church of Paleo near Carral, where he was executed by a firing squad. Commander Víctor Velasco and ten more officials were executed in the Forest of Rin, halfway between Carral and Paleo; they were buried the following day in the Paleo cemetery. Their tomb remains there; it has no inscription. The parish priest was present at the execution and called it a "Horrible spectacle. Sad memory."

Posthumous honors
The twelve executed soldiers became known as the "Martyrs of Carral" ("Mártires de Carral"). Ten years later during the Progressive Biennium (Bienio Progresista, July 1854 – July 1856), the government declared them "Beneméritos de la Patria" (an honorific title; "Beneméritos" means "meritorious" and functions here as an adjectival noun). The Cortes granted them the Cruz del Valor y la Constancia ("Cross of Valor and Constancy") and decreed the erection of a monument.

That monument was not to be erected until 1904, when a monument was raised at the initiative of the Galician League of A Coruña. Designed by architect Juan Álvarez Mendoza of Lugo, it was built of granite quarried in Illó (Pontevedra province). It features the coat of arms of Galicia and an inscription in Galician reading: "To the martyrs of liberty killed 26 April 1846. Galician League of A Coruña" The monument is reminiscent of a Calvary, and prominently features a cross. This monument has been the scene of various memorial tributes, such as one on 26 April 1931 just after the founding of the Second Spanish Republic; a photograph of that event shows  Manuel Lugrís Freire leading the attendees.

Manuel Murguía viewed Solís Uprising as a brief spring of 24 days in which illusion and progressivism confronted the government of Narváez that, despite defining itself as liberal and moderate, was opposed by the middle and lower bourgeoisie, many students and professors, and no small number of professionals who preferred republicanism. These were the first generation of Galician nationalism and regionalism—called at the time provincialismo or galleguismo—seeking a status for Galicia better than that of a "colony of the Court", in the words of Antolín Faraldo.

Notes

Category:History of Galicia (Spain)
Category:1846 in Spain
Category:Conflicts in 1846


Hoya bicolensis

Hoya bicolensis is an endemic species of porcelainflower or wax plant found in the Philippines, an Asclepiad species of flowering plant in the dogbane family Apocynaceae described in 2012 by Kloppenburg, Siar & Cajano. Hoya bicolensis belongs to the genus Hoya.

Etymology
The specific epithet in the scientific name, bicolensis was named after the Bicol region, a region at the southernmost tip of Luzon island, the place where the species was collected.

References

bicolensis
Category:Endemic flora of the Philippines
bicolensis


The Phantom of the Operetta

The Phantom of the Operetta may refer to:

 The Phantom of the Operetta (1955 film), an Argentine film
 The Phantom of the Operetta (1960 film), a Mexican film


Volovăț

Volovăț is a commune located in Suceava County, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Volovăț, and also included Burla village until 2004, when it was split off to form a separate commune.

At the 2011 census, 98.7% of inhabitants were Romanians and 1% Roma. 54.8% were Romanian Orthodox and 44.8% Pentecostal.

References

Category:Communes in Suceava County
Category:Localities in Southern Bukovina


Briarwood Banks

__NOTOC__

Briarwood Banks is the name given to a woodland Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in north Northumberland, North East England. Composed mainly of elm, oak and ash, the site is semi-natural and now recovering from the removal of planted conifers.

Location and natural features
Briarwood Banks is situated in the south-west of the county of Northumberland, some  south-south-east Bardon Mill and  west south-west of Haydon Bridge. The site occupies the banks of a fan of north-east running tributaries of the north-running River Allen including Farnalees Burn, Black Sike and Kingswood Burn, and its north-east boundary is formed by the Allen. The designated woodland area is  in length and up to  wide, covering  and falling from  above sea level in the south-west to  at the Allen confluence.

It is one of a number of SSSIs on the River Allen; to the south are Stewardpeel Woods starting  upstream and the Allen Confluence Gravels some  upstream.

Vegetation
A number of distinct assemblages of flora are observed at Briarwood Banks. Dominant on lower slopes is wych elm (Ulmus glabra), beneath which are found dog’s mercury (Mercurialis perennis), woodruff (Galium odoratum), wood melick (Melica uniflora), giant bellflower (Campanula latifolia), enchanter’s nightshade (Circaea lutetiana) and wood avens (Geum urbanum). Oak (Quercus petraea) predominates the higher slopes with creeping soft-grass (Holcus mollis), false brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum), wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) and broad buckler-fern (Dryopteris dilatata); and on very acid soil beneath oaks, great wood-rush (Luzula sylvatica), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and common cow-wheat (Melampyrum pratense) are found.

Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is found site-wide, together with occurrences of downy birch (Betula pubescens), bird cherry (Prunus padus), yew (Taxus baccata) and alder (Alnus glutinosa). Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) in the woods are thought to survive from a historic management regime. Shrubs found in the woods include hazel (Corylus avellana), holly (Ilex aquifolium) and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna).

Rocky outcrops on the site support hard shield-fern (Polystichum aculeatum) and hart’s-tongue (Phyllitis scolopendrium). By contrast, wet flushes on the site support giant fescue (Festuca gigantea), tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa), bugle (Ajuga reptans), yellow pimpernel (Lysimachia nemorum) and meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria). Dark and damp areas of the woodland give rise to rare lichens such as (Biatorella monasteriensis), (Lobaria laetevirens) and (Leptogium teretiusculum), as well as mosses and ferns including epiphytic polypody (Polypodium vulgare) and oak fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris).

Other plant species noted are rare wood fescue (Festuca altissima) found amongst moss on screes, mountain pansy (Viola lutea) on alluvial deposits on the bank of the Allen; and reflecting the influence of heavy metals leachate from the Northern Pennine Orefield, alpine penny-cress (Thlaspi alpestre) is found.

The condition of Briarwood Banks was judged to be 'unfavourable-recovering' in 2010 & 2012 inspections, as actions to remove non-native species and exclude grazing take effect.

Fauna
Northumberland Wildlife Trust asserts that the woods are one of the most northerly habitats for dormice. Other species associated with the woods include roe deer and red squirrel. Bird species include the pied wagtail and the greater spotted woodpecker.

Access
Northumberland Wildlife Trust manages  of the site as a nature reserve with full public access, including provision for wheelchair users.

See also
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Northumberland

References

External links
Natural England SSSI record for Briarwood Banks
Briarwood Banks Nature reserve - Northumberland Wildlife Trust
Briarwood Banks - access guide - Northumberland Wildlife Trust
Briarwood Banks - map and walking guide  - Natural England

Category:Forests and woodlands of Northumberland
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Northumberland
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1955


Krasnoyarsk Reservoir

Krasnoyarsk Reservoir, known also as the Krasnoyarsk Sea, is an artificial lake which was created by the construction of the Krasnoyarsk Dam. It is one of the largest artificial reservoirs in the world. In Russia, it now ranks second (after the Bratsk Reservoir).

The top point of the reservoir is located near the town of Abakan, at the confluence of the Yenisei river Abakan. Lower spot - Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station dam. The distance from the top point to the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station on the line - about 250 kilometers, but the total length of the reservoir is much more - 388 kilometers. Width at widest points is 15 kilometers. Height of the water's edge - 243 meters above sea level.

In the reservoir flow some pretty major rivers, including the right bank - Tuba, Sisim, Syda, on the left - Biryusa. At the confluence of the rivers flow directly into the previously Yenisei, creating reservoirs formed bays. The most significant of them - Tubin, Syda, Karasug, Sisim, Durbin, Biryusinsk.

The largest settlements located on the shore of the reservoir are regional centers Abakan, Krasnoturansk (located on the Bay Syda) and Novoselovo. Bridges over the reservoir absent nearest bridge across the Yenisei located a few kilometers above and below the reservoir. However, through the reservoir ferry connections, particularly from the villages and Novoselovo Bellyk. Until the early 1990s, there was a passenger-carrying hydrofoil in the reservoir.

When creating the reservoir, the location of one of the first Russian settlements in Siberia was flooded. It had been populated by Khakassky tribes - Abakan fort (near modern Krasnoturansk).

See also
 Ship lift of Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station

Category:Reservoirs built in the Soviet Union
Category:Reservoirs in Russia
Category:Reservoirs in Krasnoyarsk Krai


Convent of San Domenico, Fiesole

The Convent of San Domenico () is a Dominican convent in Fiesole, Italy, situated between the hill of Fiesole and the suburbs of Florence. It was founded in 1406 and completed in 1435 on the initiative of Giovanni Dominici and the bishop of Fiesole, Jacopo Altoviti, both of them friars at the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella in Florence.

Fra Angelico was a friar here, and painted several artworks for the convent, including the Fiesole Altarpiece and the Coronation of the Virgin (now in the Louvre of Paris).  Pietro Perugino's Madonna with Child between Saints John the Baptist and Sebastian, painted here in 1493, is now at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Also here is the 'Baptism' of Lorenzo di Credi, a free rendering of the Baptism in the Uffizi, the panel attributed to master Verrocchio and to Leonardo himself.

Since the 2016 Convent of San Domenico hosts Language Centre,the Human Resources Service and a part of the Budget and Financial Affairs Service of the European University Institute.

References

Category:1406 establishments in Europe
Category:15th-century establishments in the Republic of Florence
Category:Dominican convents
Category:Monasteries in Tuscany
Category:Fiesole


Jocara hospitia

Jocara hospitia is a species of snout moth in the genus Jocara. It is found in South America.

References

Category:Moths described in 1925
Category:Jocara


M. K. Prasad

Professor M K Prasad (Malayalam: പ്രൊഫസര് എം.കെ. പ്രസാദ്) is one of India’s best known evangelists for sane environmental management and the harnessing of technology for empowering those on the wrong side of the so-called ‘digital divide’.

Biography

A biologist by qualification (with a master's degree in Botany), Prasad spend over 30 years in the academic arena holding various positions in the Kerala higher education system including Principal of the Maharaja’s College Ernakulam, Kochi and Pro Vice Chancellor of Calicut University. During these years, he also won recognition as the guiding spirit behind what is possibly India’s most respected grassroots environment voluntary group, the Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP) in its landmark struggle to save the Silent Valley tropical rain forest in Southern India. He had helped strengthening the KSSP’s Integrated Rural technology Centre in Mundur, Palakkad district, Kerala and as the Director for three years, oversaw the institute’s many innovations in the area of non-conventional energy device for rural house holds. Prof Prasad has been a member of the United Nations’ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board throughout its five-year-long tenure and remains a life member and active participant in the activities of the World Wide Fund of Nature (WWF) – India and of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN-CEC).
In India, Prof Prasad Chairs the Programme Advisory Committee of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation’s (MSSRF) Agro Biodiversity Centre, in Wayanad, Kerala and serves as a member of the Governing Council of the Centre for Environment Education (CEE) and of the Kerala State Biodiversity Board.
Prof. Prasad has authored numerous books and monographs in Malayalam on environmental issues and popular science and co-authored a techno-economic and socio-political assessment of the Silent Valley Hydro Electric project (1979). Prof Prasad makes his home in Kochi, 62 Giri Nagar, Kochi 682020, Kerala, India

See also
 Save Silent Valley
 Sugathakumari
 S

References

External links

 India Water Portal
 Salim Ali Foundation
 CCDC Committee 2010
 Information Kerala Mission
 MS Swaminathan Research Foundation Community Agrobiodiversity Centre
 Services at Click of Mouse - Interview with Prof. M K Prasad on egovonline.net

Category:Living people
Category:People from Kerala
Category:Indian environmentalists
Category:Indian conservationists
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008

The FISA Amendments Act of 2008, also called the FAA and Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, is an Act of Congress that amended the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. It has been used as the legal basis for surveillance programs disclosed by Edward Snowden in 2013, including PRISM.

Background
Warrantless wiretapping by the National Security Agency (NSA) was revealed publicly in late 2005 by The New York Times and then reportedly discontinued in January 2007. See Letter from Attorney-General Alberto Gonzales to Senators Patrick Leahy and Arlen Specter, CONG. REC. S646-S647 (January 17, 2007). Approximately forty lawsuits have been filed against telecommunications companies by groups and individuals alleging that the Bush administration illegally monitored their phone calls or e-mails. Whistleblower evidence suggests that AT&T was complicit in the NSA's warrantless surveillance, which could have involved the private communications of millions of Americans.

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act makes it illegal to intentionally engage in electronic surveillance under appearance of an official act or to disclose or use information obtained by electronic surveillance under appearance of an official act knowing that it was not authorized by statute; this is punishable with a fine of up to $10,000 or up to five years in prison, or both. In addition, the Wiretap Act prohibits any person from illegally intercepting, disclosing, using, or divulging phone calls or electronic communications; this is punishable with a fine or up to five years in prison, or both.

Foreign surveillance
The FISA Amendments Act also added a new Title VII to FISA which contained provisions similar, but not identical, to provisions in the Protect America Act of 2007 which had expired earlier in 2008. The new provisions in Title VII of FISA were scheduled to expire on December 31, 2012, but two days before the U.S. Senate extended the FISA Amendments Act for five years (until December 31, 2017) which renews the U.S. government's authority to monitor electronic communications of foreigners abroad.

Section 702 permits the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence to jointly authorize targeting of persons reasonably believed to be located outside the United States, but is limited to targeting non-U.S. persons. Once authorized, such acquisitions may last for periods of up to one year.

Under subsection 702(b) of the FISA Amendments Act, such an acquisition is also subject to several limitations. Specifically, an acquisition:
 May not intentionally target any person known at the time of acquisition to be located in the United States;
 May not intentionally target a person reasonably believed to be located outside the United States if the purpose of such acquisition is to target a particular, known person reasonably believed to be in the United States;
 May not intentionally target a U.S. person reasonably believed to be located outside the United States;
 May not intentionally acquire any communication as to which the sender and all intended recipients are known at the time of the acquisition to be located in the United States;
 Must be conducted in a manner consistent with the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Section 702 authorizes foreign surveillance programs by the National Security Agency (NSA), like PRISM and some earlier data collection activities which were previously authorized under the President's Surveillance Program from 2001.

Legislative history
 June 20, 2008: Passed the U.S. House of Representatives, by a 293 to 129 vote.
 June 26, 2008: A Senate vote was delayed by a filibuster spearheaded by Senators Russ Feingold and Chris Dodd. Feingold said the bill threatened civil liberties in the United States; Dodd has said granting retroactive immunity would undermine the rule of law.
 July 9, 2008: Dodd's amendment calling for a striking of Title II (the immunity provisions) was rejected 66 to 32. The bill itself was then put to a vote and passed 69 to 28.
 July 10, 2008: President George W. Bush signed the bill into law.
 September 12, 2012: The House of Representatives voted, 301 to 118, to extend the FISA Amendments Act for five years, after the act was to expire at the end of 2012.
 December 28, 2012: By a vote of 73 to 23, the U.S. Senate voted to extend the FISA Amendments Act for five years until December 31, 2017
 December 30, 2012: President Barack Obama signed the bill into law.
 January 18, 2018: The Senate approved a six-year extension of Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.
 January 19, 2018: President Donald Trump signed S. 139, FISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 2017, into law.

Netroots opposition to the bill
A group of netroots bloggers and Representative Ron Paul supporters joined together to form a bipartisan political action committee called Accountability Now to raise money during a one-day money bomb, which, according to The Wall Street Journal, would be used to fund advertisements against Democratic and Republican lawmakers who supported the retroactive immunity of the telecommunications company.

Provisions
Specifically, the Act:
 Prohibits the individual states from investigating, sanctioning of, or requiring disclosure by complicit telecoms or other persons.
 Permits the government not to keep records of searches, and destroy existing records (it requires them to keep the records for a period of 10 years).
 Grants telecommunications companies immunity for cooperation with authorities –
"Release from liability.—No cause of action shall lie in any court against any electronic communication service provider for providing any information, facilities, or assistance in accordance with [an order/request/directive issued by the Attorney General or the Director of National Intelligence]"
 Removes requirements for detailed descriptions of the nature of information or property targeted by the surveillance if the target is reasonably believed to be outside the country.
 Increased the time for warrantless surveillance from 48 hours to 7 days, if the FISA court is notified and receives an application, specific officials sign the emergency notification, and relates to an American located outside of the United States with probable cause they are an agent of a foreign power. After 7 days, if the court denies or does not review the application, the information obtained cannot be offered as evidence. If the United States Attorney General believes the information shows threat of death or bodily harm, they can try to offer the information as evidence in future proceedings.
 Permits the Director of National Intelligence and the Attorney General to jointly authorize warrantless electronic surveillance, for one-year periods, targeted at a foreigner who is abroad. This provision was set to sunset on December 31, 2012; however, on December 30, 2012, President Obama signed a bill to extend this provision until December 31, 2017.
 Requires FISA court permission to target wiretaps at Americans who are overseas.
 Requires government agencies to cease warranted surveillance of a targeted American who is abroad if said person enters the United States. (However, said surveillance may resume if it is reasonably believed that the person has left the States.)
 Prohibits targeting a foreigner to eavesdrop on an American's calls or e-mails without court approval.
 Allows the FISA court 30 days to review existing but expiring surveillance orders before renewing them.
 Allows eavesdropping in emergencies without court approval, provided the government files required papers within a week.
 Prohibits the government from invoking war powers or other authorities to supersede surveillance rules in the future.
 Requires the Inspectors General of all intelligence agencies involved in the President's Surveillance Program to "complete a comprehensive review" and report within one year

Effects
 The provisions of the Act granting immunity to the complicit telecoms companies create a roadblock for a number of lawsuits intended to expose and thwart the alleged abuses of power and illegal activities of the federal government since and before the September 11 attacks.
 Allows the government to conduct surveillance of "a U.S. person located outside of the U.S. with probable cause they are an agent of a foreign power" for up to one week (168 hours) without a warrant, increased from the previous 48 hours, as long as the FISA court is notified at the time such surveillance begins, and an application as usually required for surveillance authorization is submitted by the government to FISA within those 168 hours

ACLU lawsuit

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed a lawsuit challenging the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 on the day it was enacted. The case was filed on behalf of a broad coalition of attorneys and human rights, labor, legal, and media organizations whose ability to perform their work—which relies on confidential communications—could be compromised by the new law. The complaint, captioned Amnesty et al. v McConnell and filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, argued that the eavesdropping law violated people's rights to free speech and privacy under the First and Fourth Amendments to the Constitution. The case was dismissed from the district court on the grounds that the plaintiffs could not prove their claims, but was revived in March 2011 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which disagreed. The subsequent citation was Amnesty v. Blair.

Comparisons
In an internet broadcast interview with Timothy Ferriss, Daniel Ellsberg compared the current incarnation of FISA to the East German Stasi. Ellsberg stated that the powers which were currently being given to the federal government through this and other recent amendments to FISA since the September 11 attacks opened the door to abuses of power and unwarranted surveillance.

See also
 NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)
 Defense of Democracies
 Protect America Act of 2007

References

External links
 , via Politico.com
 FBI course Introduction to FISA section 702, via ACLU
 FISA Amendments Act of 2008
 FISA Amendments Wall Street Journal

Category:American intelligence gathering law
Category:United States foreign relations legislation
Category:United States federal defense and national security legislation
Category:United States federal criminal legislation
Category:Privacy of telecommunications
Category:Privacy law in the United States
Category:Signals intelligence
Category:2008 in law
Category:110th United States Congress
Category:2008 in international relations


New Orleans (Rotterdam)

New Orleans is a 44-storey,  residential skyscraper in Rotterdam, Netherlands, designed by Álvaro Siza Vieira. It is currently the tallest residential building (and second tallest building overall) in the Netherlands. Consist of residential area with swimming pool, saunas and gym for residents as well as commercial area with cinema LantarenVenster

References

External links

Category:Residential buildings completed in 2009
Category:Residential skyscrapers in the Netherlands
Category:Buildings and structures in Rotterdam
Category:Álvaro Siza Vieira buildings


The Seed (organisation)

The Seed was a controversial drug rehabilitation program in the United States that operated between 1970 and 2001. Aimed at youths, the program was modeled after adult treatment programs, with its techniques having been compared to those of the cult, Synanon. In a 1974 U.S Senate report, it's techniques were also compared to the North Korean brainwashing technique used on Prisoners of War during the Korean War. At its height in the 1970s The Seed had locations in Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Dale County, and St. Petersburg. The organisation widely marketed itself as "spectacularly successful", and "teaching love", and received wide press coverage.

Following the release of the Senate report, along with criticisms from experts about the techniques and high suicide rate of the attendees, The Seed began to decline over the next two decades. By 2001, only the original Fort Lauderdale location remained, and the founder, Arthur Baker, retired and dissolved the organisation. Several other similar drug rehabilitation programs were founded in its image after The Seed's decline, most notably Straight, Incorporated.

References

Category:Drug and alcohol rehabilitation centers
Category:Behavior modification
Category:Alcohol abuse
Category:Drugs


Sergey Stepanov (musician)

Sergey Igorevich Stepanov (, ,  (commonly known as Epic Sax Guy or Ultra Sax Guy); born 3 September 1984 in Tiraspol) is a Moldovan musician and composer from Transnistria and a member of the SunStroke Project. He is ethnic Russian.

Biography
Stepanov graduated in 2005 from Transnistrian State Arts Institute of Tiraspol. After graduation he served in Transnistria's army, where he met Anton Ragoza. Later they formed Sunstroke band, now known as SunStroke Project. Stepanov is dubbed 'Epic Sax Guy' by many on the internet.

SunStroke Project
As a member of SunStroke Project, Sergey participated at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo, where SunStroke Project finished 22nd, with their song "Run Away". After the contest, Stepanov, thanks to his extravagant look and dancing style, quickly became an Internet meme named "Epic Sax Guy" through a YouTube video with Sergey's instrumental solo performance during the group's Eurovision performance.  It quickly went viral and spawned a number of remix videos, including a ten-hour long remixed version.

In 2014, Stepanov's 2010 performance was included in the Eurovision Book of Records, a collection of the most memorable moments in the history of the contest. In 2017, SunStroke Project returned to Eurovision with the song "Hey, Mamma!", and this time finished 3rd. Many notable publications around the world wrote about the comeback of the "Epic Sax Guy", and on the Internet new videos and remixes with Stepanov's performance appeared, this time known as "Ultra Sax Guy". On returning to Moldova, SunStroke Project were awarded the Order of Honour by the President of Moldova Igor Dodon.

Personal life
Sergey is married to Olga Deleu, and they have a son, Mikhail.

Honours
 Order of Honour

References

External links

 Биография на сайте группы

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Tiraspol
Category:Moldovan musicians
Category:Moldovan composers
Category:Russian composers
Category:Russian male composers
Category:Saxophonists
Category:Internet memes
Category:21st-century saxophonists
Category:Moldovan people of Russian descent


Prakasha

Prakasha, popularly known as Dakshin Kashiis a village situated on the bank of Tapi River in taluka Shahada in Nandurbar district, Maharashtra, India.

Demographics
Prakasha has a population of around 20,000, of which 90% is in agriculture and 10% in small business.
Prakasha is a spiritually bounded village and a holy place to visit. It has 108 shiv temples and more another temples around the village. Among which the most visited temple is Kedareshwar and sangameshwar temple (triveni sangam) .

Prakasha is also known for its Dhawaj Parvani, which comes after every 12 years and held on the banks of the Gomai river. This event is visited by lakhs of devotees.

Economy
Most of the population in the village is dependent upon agriculture and allied fields. The crops cultivated here include Wheat, Cotton, Sugarcane, Sunflower, Jowar, Bajra, Toor dal, Chickpea, Amaranth, Banana, Water melon, Musk melon, Sesame, Castor Oil Plant etc.

Places of interest

Prakasha is a famous religious place and is popularly known as Dakshin Kashi. Prakasha is one of the fastest developing place in nandurbar district because of its location on state highway and has all facilities around the village including petrol station, civil hospital, junior college and school, and also some small scale industries.
The village is frequently flooded during the rainy season but the temple suffers from no damage despite its proximity to the river. The village turns into an island during floods as it is located at the junction of 2 rivers which cutoff the roads leading to village from both the sides.

Prakasha Barrage Dam
On 10 Jan 2008 Soma Enterprise completed Prakasha Barrage Project at Prakasha Tal. Shahada, Dist.  Nandurbar, Maharashtra, awarded to it by the TIDC (Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation). The scope of work for the Rs. 1.65 billion project included construction of barrage of total length of 1443 m, providing & erecting 27 Vertical Lift Type Mild Steel Gates of size 15m x 9m, having steel component of 5700 MT. The Reservoir Capacity is 2.24TMC and would provide irrigation to 8856 Ha of land.

History
In 1955, an excavation was carried out at this site by an Archaeological Survey of India team under the direction of B.K. Thapar. The excavation revealed a more than 17 m deep occupational deposit, belonging to four periods with a break between the earlier two and a continuous sequence thereafter. The periods of occupation are:

On the confluence of the rivers Tapti and Gomai in Shahada Taluka, the site located to the s.-e. of the present village, with its longer axis running along the Gomai. An excavation was undertaken at this site by B.K. Thapar on behalf of the ASI in 1955. (AI, 20 and 21, 1964 and 1965,pp. 5–167).

Period I (c. 1700-1300 B.C.) is Chalcolithic in its cultural content and is further divided into Sub-Periods IA and IB, the former being characterized by the occurrence of blades and microliths, hammer-stones, a restricted use of copper or low-grade bronze, and four ceramic industries.

Sub-Period I B is distinguished by the intrusion of two more ceramic industries, viz. the black-painted red pottery of the Jorwe fabric and the Lustrous Red Ware. The other industries and crafts of the previous Sub-Period continue throughout the occupation. Period II (c. 700-100 B.C. with a margin on the earlier side), following after a time-gap, heralds the Iron Age, Stone implements like blades and microliths are replaced by tools of iron. The use of copper also becomes more common, though remaining subordinate to that of iron.

Period III (Middle of the 2nd century B.C. to the end of the 6th century A.D.), which in its earlier levels overlaps with Period II and in the later levels with Period IV, does not introduce any revolutionary change. The characteristic ceramic industries of the preceding Period go into disuse and are replaced by a nondescript poorly made red ware.

From a comparative study of the past flora and the present vegetation it may be concluded that the cover was forest, if the region on the whole has remained more or less of the same type. Taking these factors into consideration, it would be reasonable to infer that the climate and rainfall in the Khandesh region have not changed to any appreciable extent during the past 3500 years or so.

References

Category:Villages in Nandurbar district
Category:Archaeological sites in Maharashtra
Category:Tourist attractions in Nandurbar district


Nationalliga A (women's football)

The Women's Nationalliga A is the highest-level league competition for women's football clubs in Switzerland. It was established in 1970.

League winners qualify for the UEFA Women's Champions League. The teams that end as number 11 and 12 relegate to the Nationalliga B.

Nationalliga A teams 2019–20

Format
Starting with the 2010–11 season, a play-off system was adopted. After the regular season, where the teams play each other twice, the top 8 teams play a final round which decides the champion. The two last placed teams and the winners of both Nationalliga B play each other twice. The top 2 teams of that group will stay in the Nationalliga A with the bottom 2 playing in next season's Nationalliga B. Tiebreakers in the playoffs are points and then better regular season standings.

For the 2017–18 season the league is reduced from 10 to 8 teams to increase competitiveness. The eight teams play each other four times. The leading team then is champion.

League Champions
The list of all champions:

1971: DFC Aarau
1972: DFC Aarau
1973: DFC Aarau
1974: DFC Aarau
1975: DFC Alpnach
1976: DFC Sion
1977: DFC Sion
1978: DFC Bern
1979: DFC Bern
1980: SV Seebach Zürich
1981: SV Seebach Zürich
1982: SV Seebach Zürich
1983: SV Seebach Zürich
1984: DFC Bern
1985: SV Seebach Zürich
1986: DFC Bern
1987: SV Seebach Zürich
1988: SV Seebach Zürich
1989: FC Rapid Lugano
1990: SV Seebach Zürich
1991: SV Seebach Zürich
1992: DFC Bern
1993: SV Seebach Zürich
1994: SV Seebach Zürich
1995. FFC Bern
1996: FFC Bern
1997: FFC Bern
1998: SV Seebach Zürich
1999: FC Schwerzenbach
2000: FFC Bern
2001: FFC Bern
2002: FC Sursee
2003: FC Sursee
2004: FC Sursee
2005: SC LUwin.ch Luzern
2006: SC LUwin.ch Luzern
2007: FFC Zuchwil 05
2008: FFC Zürich Seebach
2009: FC Zürich Frauen
2010: FC Zürich Frauen
2011: YB Frauen
2012: FC Zürich Frauen
2013: FC Zürich Frauen
2014: FC Zürich Frauen
2015: FC Zürich Frauen
2016: FC Zürich Frauen
2017: FC Neunkirch
2018: FC Zürich Frauen
2019: FC Zürich Frauen

Performance by club
22 Titles: FC Zürich Frauen (incl. FFC Zürich Seebach and SV Seebach Zürich)
11 Titles: YB Frauen  (incl. FFC Bern and DFC Bern)
5 Titles: SC LUwin.ch Luzern (incl. FC Sursee)
4 Titles: DFC Aarau
2 Titles: DFC Sion
1 Title: DFC Alpnach, FC Rapid Lugano, FC Schwerzenbach, FFC Zuchwil 05, FC Neunkirch

Top scorers
The record for most goals in a season was set by German Inka Grings in 2012/13. She surpassed the previous record of Vanessa Bürki with 28 in 2003/04.

The latest topscorers were:

References

External links
Official Site
Swiss League at women.soccerway.com

1
Switzerland
Category:Sports leagues established in 1970
Category:1970 establishments in Switzerland
Women


Pietro Balan

Pietro Balan (September 3, 1840 – 1893) was an Italian Catholic journalist and historian.  He used newly opened Vatican archive material to write about the Reformation.

Life
He was born at Este, Veneto on 3 September 1840, and was educated in the seminary at Padua, where he was appointed professor in 1862. He was director of the Venetian journal La Libertà Cattolica in 1865, and of the Modena journal Diritto Cattolico in 1867. In 1879 he became subarchivist of the Vatican, but retired (or was dismissed) on a pretext of poor health four years later, moving to Pragatto in the province of Bologna. He was nominated chamberlain by Pope Leo XIII in 1881, and domestic prelate in the following year; in 1883 he was appointed referendary of the Papal segnatura, and was also created a commander of the Order of Franz Joseph.

Works (incomplete list)
 Monumenta reformationis Lutheranæ (Ratisbon, 1883–4).
 Fra Paolo Sarpi (Venice, 1887)

References

Attribution

External links

Category:1841 births
Category:1893 deaths
Category:People from the Province of Padua
Category:Italian historians of religion
Category:Italian Roman Catholic priests
Category:19th-century historians
Category:19th-century Roman Catholic priests


Shirahama

Shirahama (written: 白濱 or 白浜) may refer to:

Places
Shirahama, Chiba, a town in Chiba Prefecture, Japan
Shirahama, Wakayama, a town in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
Shirahama Station, a railway station in Shirahama, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan

People with the surname
, Japanese performer, actor, and DJ
Ikuo Shirahama (born 1958), Japanese professional golfer
, Japanese fashion model and television personality known professionally as Loveli
, Japanese politician
, Japanese pirate of the late 16th and early 17th centuries
, Japanese professional basketball player

Category:Japanese-language surnames


Waterfront Dance Club

"Waterfront Dance Club" / "Beneath The Burning Tree" is the first single from Funeral for a Friend's 2008 album Memory and Humanity. It was released on 4 July 2008 as both a special edition double A-side 7" along with the track "Beneath the Burning Tree", and a free download from the band's website. Prior to this, the song made its debut on BBC Radio 1's Rock Show on 3 June 2008. It also marked Funeral for a Friend's first release on their own record label, Join Us.

Music video

On 11 May 2008, it was announced via a MySpace bulletin that the band would be shooting a video for "Waterfront Dance Club" on 17 May. It was subsequently released on MySpace on 7 June 2008.

References

External links
 Waterfront Dance Club music video

Category:Funeral for a Friend songs
Category:2008 singles
Category:Song articles missing an audio sample
category:Post-hardcore songs
Category:2008 songs


Pandemic H1N1/09 virus

The Pandemic H1N1/09 virus is a swine origin Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 virus strain that was responsible for the 2009 flu pandemic. This strain is often called swine flu by the public media. For other names see the Nomenclature section below.

Virus characteristics
The virus is a novel strain of influenza, for which existing vaccines against seasonal flu provided no protection. A study at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting immunity to the new strain but that adults, particularly those over 60, had some degree of immunity. Children showed no cross-reactive antibody reaction to the then-new strain, while adults aged 18 to 64 had 6–9%, and older adults 34%. Much reporting of early analysis repeated that the strain contained genes from five different flu viruses: North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and two swine influenza viruses typically found in Asia and Europe. Further analysis showed that several of the proteins of the virus are most similar to strains that caused mild symptoms in humans, leading virologist Wendy Barclay to suggest that the virus was unlikely to cause severe symptoms for most people. Other leading researchers indicated that all segments of the virus were in fact swine in origin, despite it being a multiple reassortment. The first complete genome sequence of the pandemic strain was deposited in public databases on April 27, 2009, by scientists from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. Scientists in Winnipeg later completed the full genetic sequencing of viruses from Mexico and Canada on May 6, 2009.

Virus origins
On April 17, 2009, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) determined that two cases of febrile respiratory illness occurring in children who resided in adjacent counties in Southern California were caused by infection with a swine influenza A (H1N1) virus. The viruses from the two cases were closely related genetically, resistant to amantadine and rimantadine, and contain a unique combination of gene segments that previously had not been reported among swine or human influenza viruses in the United States or elsewhere. After the emergence of the novel virus in the spring of 2009, it spread quickly across the United States, Mexico and the world.

In late April the World Health Organization (WHO) declared its first ever "public health emergency of international concern," or PHEIC, and in June, the WHO and the U.S. CDC stopped counting cases and declared the outbreak a pandemic.

On June 23, 2009, The New York Times reported a new "theory” from U.S. federal agriculture officials, "contrary to the popular assumption that the new swine flu pandemic arose on factory farms in Mexico” now believe that it "most likely emerged from pigs in Asia, but then traveled to North America in a human." They emphasized that there was no way to prove their theory and only sketchy data underpinning it.

In early June 2009, using computational methods developed over the previous ten years, an international team of researchers attempted to reconstruct the origins and timescale of the 2009 flu pandemic. Oliver Pybus of Oxford University's Department of Zoology, and part of the research team, claims "Our results show that this strain has been circulating among pigs, possibly among multiple continents, for many years prior to its transmission to humans." The research team that worked on this case also believed that it was "derived from several viruses circulating in swine," and that the initial transmission to humans occurred several months before recognition of the outbreak. The team concluded that "despite widespread influenza surveillance in humans, the lack of systematic swine surveillance allowed for the undetected persistence and evolution of this potentially pandemic strain for many years."

According to the researchers, movement of live pigs between Eurasia and North America "seemed to have facilitated the mixing of diverse swine influenza viruses, leading to the multiple reassortment events associated with the genesis of the (new H1N1) strain." They also stated that this new pandemic "provides further evidence of the role of domestic pigs in the ecosystem of influenza A."

In November 2009, a study was published in Virology Journal in which it was suggested that the virus may be the product of three strains from three continents that swapped genes in a lab or a vaccine-making plant, and subsequently "escaped". The study followed debate among researchers in May 2009, when the authors asked the World Health Organization (WHO) to consider the hypothesis. After reviewing the initial paper, WHO and other organizations concluded the pandemic strain was a naturally occurring virus and not laboratory-derived.

Contagiousness
The virus is contagious and spreads from human to human in much the same way as seasonal flu. The most common mechanisms by which it spreads are by droplets from coughs and sneezes of infected people, and also potentially touching a surface or the hand of a person contaminated with the virus and then touching one's eyes, nose or mouth. In 2009, the WHO reported that H1N1/09 seemed to be more contagious than seasonal flu. However, a New England Journal of Medicine report stated that the transmissibility of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus in households was lower than that seen in past pandemics. The US CDC recommended that people should wait at least a day after their fever subsides (usually 3–4 days after the onset of symptoms) before resuming normal activities, but it has been found that they can continue to shed virus for several days after that.

Virulence
The virulence of swine flu virus is mild and the mortality rates are very low.

In mid-2009, the US CDC noted that most infections were mild, similar to seasonal flu, and that recovery tended to be fairly quick. The number of deaths  was said to be a tiny fraction of the annual number of deaths from seasonal flu. However, comparisons of human fatality figures with seasonal influenza are prone to underestimate impact of the pandemic, and the pandemic H1N1/09 virus was in fact the dominant strain of influenza causing illness in the 2009/10 flu season.

Research carried out at Imperial College London has shown that, unlike seasonal flu, H1N1/09 can infect cells deep in the lungs. Seasonal flu can only infect cells with receptor type a2-6 which are typically located in the nose and throat but H1N1/09 can also infect cells with receptor type a2-3. This may explain why some patients experience severe respiratory symptoms. (The H5N1 virus is also able to infect cells deep in the lungs with receptor type a2-3 but cannot infect cells with receptor type a2-6 making it less contagious than H1N1/09.)

, most people infected by this flu suffered a mild illness, but the small minority hospitalized were often severely ill. Arand Kumar, an intensive care expert at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, said "this pandemic is like two diseases; either you're off work for a few days or you go to hospital, often to the intensive-care unit (ICU). There's no middle ground." In the southern hemisphere 15 to 33% of hospitalized cases went to the ICU in July and August 2009. Unlike H5N1 avian flu and SARS which provoke a runaway body-wide immune response, H1N1/09 destroys the lungs' alveoli, often causing acute respiratory distress syndrome, which kills in half of all cases. Preliminary research suggests that severity is linked to a genetic variation in immune systems.

From April 2009 to November 2009, 3,900 people died of the H1N1 pandemic virus in the US. This is sometimes compared to the 36,000 people per year who die from the "common flu", mostly in winter, although this number is an estimate.  The death rate of H1N1 in the US was calculated as less than 0.02% from November 2009 figures from the CDC, and has been explicitly calculated as 0.026% in England.

Vaccine

Existing vaccines against seasonal flu provided no protection. Vaccines were released in North America in late October. Production may be 3 billion doses per year rather than the earlier estimate of 5 billion.

Evolutionary potential
On May 22, 2009, World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General Margaret Chan said that the virus must be closely monitored in the southern hemisphere, as it could mix with ordinary seasonal influenza and change in unpredictable ways. Experts writing in the July issue of The New England Journal of Medicine noted that historically, pandemic viruses have evolved between seasons, and the current strain may become more severe or transmissible in the coming months. They therefore stressed the importance of international cooperation to engage in proper surveillance to help monitor changes in the virus's behavior, which will aid in both "vaccine targeting" and interpreting illness patterns in the fall of 2009.

Other experts in 2009 were also concerned that the new virus strain could have mutated over the coming months. Guan Yi, a leading virologist from the University of Hong Kong, for instance, described the new H1N1 influenza virus as "very unstable", meaning it could mix and swap genetic material (reassortment) when exposed to other viruses. During an interview he said "Both H1N1 and H5N1 are unstable so the chances of them exchanging genetic material are higher, whereas a stable (seasonal flu) virus is less likely to take on genetic material." The H5N1 virus is mostly limited to birds, but in rare cases when it infects humans it has a mortality rate of between 60% to 70%. Experts worry about the emergence of a hybrid of the more virulent Asian-lineage HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza) A/H5N1 strain (media labeled "bird flu") with more human-transmissible influenza A strains such as this novel 2009 swine-origin A/H1N1 strain (media labeled "swine flu"), especially since the H5N1 strain is endemic among birds in countries like China, Indonesia, Vietnam and Egypt. (See the suite of H5N1 articles for details.)

Other studies concluded that the virus is likely well adapted to humans, has a clear biological advantage over seasonal flu strains and that reassortment is unlikely at this time due to its currently at ease in replication and transmission. However, Federal health officials in the U.S. noted that the horrific 1918 flu epidemic, which killed hundreds of thousands in the United States alone, was preceded by a mild "herald" wave of cases in the spring, followed by devastating waves of illness in the autumn. As of late July 2009, U.S. health officials said that the swine flu wasn't yet mutating to become more dangerous, but they were closely tracking that as the virus continued to circle the globe.

As of October 2009, research done by Taubenberger showed that the evolution of A (H1N1) is relatively slow since the structure of the 2009 H1N1 virus is similar to the strain of H1N1 implicated in the 1918 flu pandemic. A study from Hokkaido University found a sequence homology between the Hemagglutinin antigen amino acid residues found in the earlier 1918 strain and the 2009 H1N1 strain. This may have played a role in individuals who had been infected with the 1918 strain and its early descendants in showing stronger specific immunity to the 2009 H1N1 virus. This finding provided insight into future monitoring of the H1N1 virus and its evolution within the human population.

Mutation
On November 20, 2013, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health released a statement saying that they had discovered a potentially significant mutation in the H1N1 influenza strain that could be responsible for causing the severest symptoms among those infected. In the statement they said "The mutation could be affecting the virus' ability to go deeper into the respiratory system, thus causing more serious illness".

The World Health Organization said that the mutation did not appear to be widespread in Norway and the virus in its mutated form remained sensitive to antivirals and pandemic vaccines.
A similar mutation had been detected in H1N1 viruses circulating in several other countries, including China and the United States, in severe as well as in some mild cases.
"Although further investigation is under way, no evidence currently suggests that these mutations are leading to an unusual increase in the number of H1N1 infections or a greater number of severe or fatal cases."

On December 2, 2009 the WHO announced that they have been informed of two recent clusters of patients infected with oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 viruses. Both clusters, detected in the UK (including Wales) and North Carolina, US, occurred in a single ward in a hospital, and both involved patients whose immune systems were severely compromised or suppressed. Transmission of resistant virus from one patient to another is suspected in both outbreaks.

Resistance
, the WHO reported 314 samples of 2009 pandemic H1N1 flu tested worldwide have shown resistance to oseltamivir (Tamiflu). This was not totally unexpected as 99.6% of the seasonal H1N1 flu strains tested have developed resistance to amantadine and rimantadine.  no circulating flu had yet shown any resistance to zanamivir (Relenza), the other available anti-viral.

Species affected
Swine
Before being transmitted to humans, an H1N1 type virus is known to have circulated in swine. In August 2007, about 25 people and 160 pigs developed flu at a county fair in Ohio. Analysis showed they were infected with the same strain – an H1N1 type containing genes of human, bird and swine origin. A 2004 study found that in Iowa, 20 percent of swine veterinarians and 3 percent of meatpackers, but no university workers, had antibodies in their blood indicating they had been infected with swine flu. Another study, of 804 rural Iowans, found that pig farmers were 50 times more likely, and their spouses about 30 times more likely, than university workers to carry swine flu antibodies. Pigs are also known to have been infected by humans.

Humans
Humans have been affected since early 2009. The November 27, 2009 worldwide update by the U.N.'s World Health Organization (WHO) states that "more than 207 countries and overseas territories or communities have reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including over 7,820 deaths". The WHO has also tracked more than 622,482 laboratory-confirmed cases of H1N1. The symptoms of this virus were identical to that of seasonal influenza.

Birds
In late August 2009, the government of Chile discovered that the human H1N1/09 virus had jumped, unmutated, to birds, "opening a new chapter in the global epidemic." Top flu and animal-health experts with the WHO and the CDC were monitoring the situation closely. They said the infected turkeys had suffered only mild effects, easing concern about a potentially dangerous development. Chile's turkey meat remained safe to eat, they said, and so far there had been no signs of a potentially dangerous mutation. Virus experts were concerned that a more dangerous and easily transmitted strain could emerge if H1N1/09 combines again with avian flu, which is far more virulent but much less contagious to humans. By October 2009, another outbreak was identified at a turkey breeder in Ontario, Canada.

Other animals
In October 2009, a ferret exhibiting flu symptoms was confirmed to have contracted the H1N1 virus from its owner in Oregon, USA. In November 2009, a case of novel H1N1 was confirmed in a household cat. Although the earliest cat fatality from the H1N1 virus in the U.S. occurred in Pennsylvania, the Oregon Veterinary Medical Association was the first to confirm a cat fatality in the U.S. The association recommended that cat owners with flu symptoms avoid touching cat's eyes, nose, and mouth while sick. They recommended thoroughly washing hands after handling a sick pet as it might be possible for cats to transmit the virus to humans. This was the third confirmed case of H1N1 in a cat in the U.S.; other cases have occurred in Utah and Iowa. The first case of a dog with H1N1 was reported in December 2009. On July 22, 2011 the Norwegian Veterinary Institute reported the first occurrence of 2009-H1N1 influenza virus in minks.

Nomenclature
The initial outbreak of a novel swine-origin H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009 and the virus strain that caused it were called by many names. In July 2009, WHO experts named the virus "pandemic H1N1/09 virus" to distinguish it from both various seasonal H1N1 virus strains and the 1918 flu pandemic H1N1 strain.

Some authorities objected to calling the flu outbreak "swine flu". U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack expressed concerns that this would lead to the misconception that pork is unsafe for consumption. The CDC began referring to it as "novel influenza A (H1N1)"; "A/H1N1" is sometimes used. The CDC stopped using the nomenclature "novel H1N1" and updated various web pages to reflect the change to "2009 H1N1 Flu". In the Netherlands it was originally called "pig flu" but, later called "Mexican flu" by the National Health Institute and in the media. South Korea and Israel briefly considered calling it the "Mexican virus". Later the South Korean press used "SI", short for "swine influenza". Taiwan suggested the names "H1N1 flu" or "new flu", which most local media adopted. The World Organization for Animal Health proposed the name "North American influenza". The European Commission adopted the term "novel flu virus".

The name A(H1N1)pdm09 later came into widespread use, sometimes qualified as A/California/7/2009(H1N1)pdm, etc.

The pdm09 in the above nomenclature refers to Pandemic Disease Mexico 2009.

Genetics

On April 24, 2009, the U.S. CDC determined that seven samples from suspected cases in Mexico matched the strain that had infected patients in Texas and California with no known linkages to animals or one another; the strain appeared to be spreading from human to human. The CDC determined that the strain contained genes from four different flu viruses – North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe – "an unusually mongrelised mix of genetic sequences." A CDC investigative team arrived in Mexico City on April 25, 2009 to work with Mexican counterparts to study the virus.

Pigs are susceptible to influenza viruses that can also infect both humans and birds, so they may act as a "mixing vessel" in which reassortment can occur between flu viruses of several species. Reassortment is a process that happens if two different types of influenza virus infect a single cell and it can produce a new strain of influenza. This is because the virus genome is split between eight independent pieces of RNA, which allows pieces of RNA from different viruses to mix and form a novel type of virus as new virus particles are being assembled. This new strain appears to be a result of the reassortment of two swine influenza viruses, one from North America and one from Europe. But the North American pig strain was itself the product of previous reassortments, and has carried an avian PB2 gene for at least ten years and a human PB1 gene since 1993. These genes were passed on to the new virus.

Gene sequences for every viral gene were made available through the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID). A preliminary analysis found that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene was similar to that of swine flu viruses present in U.S. pigs since 1999, but the neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein (M) genes resembled versions present in European swine flu isolates. While viruses with this genetic makeup had not previously been found to be circulating in humans or pigs, there is no formal national surveillance system to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs in the U.S. So far, little is known about the spread of the virus in any pig population. A preliminary analysis has also shown that several of the proteins involved in the pathophysiology of the virus are most similar to strains that cause mild symptoms in humans. This suggests that the virus is unlikely to cause severe infections similar to those caused by the 1918 pandemic flu virus or the H5N1 avian influenza.

Late on May 6, 2009, Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory first completed the sequencing of Mexican samples of the virus, publishing the result to GenBank as A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009(H1N1). This was later shown to be nearly identical to A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), the strain from California sequenced and published by the CDC on 27 April. Samples from Mexico, Nova Scotia and Ontario had the same sequence, ruling out genetic explanations for the greater severity of the Mexican cases.

The genetic divergence of the virus in samples from different cases has been analysed by an international collaboration who found that the virus jumped to humans in 2008 probably after June, and not later than the end of November. The research also indicated the virus had been latent in pigs for several months prior to the outbreak, suggesting a need to increase agricultural surveillance to prevent future outbreaks.

See also
 2009 flu pandemic
 2009 flu pandemic in Mexico
 Swine influenza
 Public health

References

External links
 Gene sequence information from Influenza Research Database
 Graphical Image of the viral makeup of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus – NEJM
 Health-EU portal EU response to influenza
 European Commission - Public Health EU coordination on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
 Microscopic image of the H1N1 virus
 Microscopic image of the H1N1 virus

Category:2009 flu pandemic
Category:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
Category:Infraspecific virus taxa


Beringin Airport

Beringin Airport  () is an airport in Muara Teweh, the capital city of the North Barito Regency in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of  above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 13/31 with an asphalt surface measuring  so it becomes 13/31 size  with asphalt surface and a height of 39 meters above ground. Next year at the airport runway will be extended to .

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines offer direct passenger flights from this airport.

References

External links
Beringin Airport - Indonesia Airport Global Website

Category:Airports in Central Kalimantan


Goutam Halder

Goutam Halder is an Indian theatre actor and director from Kolkata. He has a graduate degree from Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary (V.C.) College, Rahara.

Theater career
Goutam Halder was a member of the theatre group Nandikar and performed in plays like Sesh Sakkhatkar, Football, Pheriwalar Mrityu, Meghnadbadh Kabyo and Borda. Among many of his successful undertakings, Sojon Badyiar Ghaat must be named. Meghnad badh kabya is a completely different genre of theater where Goutam Halder's solo performance is based on music, poetry, movements and dance.
Then he started another group, Naye Natua, and staged Meghnadbadh Kabyo, Borda Borda (A story by Munshi Premchand) , Jaal (written by Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay),Thakurmar Jhuli, Haoai, Othello and Moimonsingha Geetika. He has acted in the title role of the play Sakharam produced by Prachyo.

Filmography
Being a brilliant theater actor he has also played some memorable character in Bengali movies directed by some of the celebrated Bengali directors like Anjan Dutta , Raja Sen , Nitish Roy.

Maya mridanga (2014) by Raja Sen (co actors - Rituparna Sengupta, Paoli Dam, Debshankar Halder)

Tadanto (2015–16) by Nitish Roy (co actors - Rahul Banerjee, Priyanka Sarkar, Rituparna Sengupta, Debshankar Halder, Kaushik Sen)

References

Category:Male actors from Kolkata
Category:Living people
Category:Bengali theatre personalities
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


UFC 7

UFC 7: The Brawl in Buffalo was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on September 8, 1995, at the Memorial Auditorium in Buffalo, New York.  The event was seen live on pay per view in the United States, and later released on home video.

History

UFC 7 featured an eight-man tournament, a UFC Superfight Championship match between reigning UFC champion Ken Shamrock and UFC 6 tournament winner Oleg Taktarov, and three alternate fights, which were not shown on the live pay-per-view broadcast. The tournament had no weight classes, or weight limits. Each match had no rounds, but a 20-minute time limit was imposed for the quarterfinal and semi-final round matches in the tournament. The finals of the tournament and the Superfight had a 30-minute time limit and, if necessary, a five-minute overtime.

Consistent with early UFC events, the time limit was not followed as the Superfight only featured a three-minute overtime, perhaps due to pay-per-view time constraints. Regardless of this, the show ran over its three-hour pay-per-view slot, cutting off some viewers from seeing the final match. The referee for the main card was 'Big' John McCarthy. Michael Buffer served as the guest ring announcer for the night.

Michael Buffer mistakenly announced that Buffalo Memorial Auditorium was the home of the Buffalo Bills.  In fact, it was the home of the Buffalo Sabres.  (As of 2014, both team are owned by Pegula Sports and Entertainment, the Sabres in 2011 and Bills in 2014.)

Marco Ruas won the tournament by defeating Paul Varelans.

This was the first UFC event to be held in the state of New York. After the event, mixed martial arts were illegal in New York, which prohibited UFC or any other promotion from holding any further MMA events in the state; it would take two decades, and significant lobbying, to pass legislation allowing the sport. UFC would not hold another event in the state until UFC 205 in New York City 21 years later; the promotion later returned to Buffalo with UFC 210 in April 2017.

Results

UFC 7 bracket

See also
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 List of UFC champions
 List of UFC events
 1995 in UFC
 Mixed martial arts in New York

External links
UFC 7 results at Sherdog.com
Official UFC website

References

Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship events
Category:1995 in mixed martial arts
Category:Mixed martial arts in New York (state)
Category:Sports competitions in Buffalo, New York
Category:1995 in sports in New York (state)
Category:Sports competitions in New York (state)


Vāsanā

Vāsanā (Sanskrit; Devanagari: वासना) is a behavioural tendency or karmic imprint which influences the present behaviour of a person. It is a technical term in Indian philosophy, particularly Yoga, as well as Buddhist philosophy and Advaita Vedanta.

Nomenclature, orthography and etymology
Vāsanā (Devanagari: वासना, ) and its near homonym vasana (Devanagari: वसन) are from the same Indo-European linguistic root, sharing a common theme of 'dwelling' or 'abiding'.

 Vāsanā (Devanagari: वासना):
 Past impressions, impressions formed, the present consciousness of past (life) perceptions;
 The impression of anything in the mind, the present consciousness formed from past perceptions, knowledge derived from memory, the impressions remaining in the mind;
 Thinking of, longing for, expectation, desire, inclination.
 Vasana (Devanagari: वसन): cloth, clothes, dress, garment, apparel, attire, dwelling or abiding.

Buddhism

Keown (2004) defines the term generally within Buddhism as follows:
"vāsanā (Skt.). Habitual tendencies or dispositions, a term, often used synonymously with bīja (‘seed’). It is found in Pāli and early Sanskrit sources but comes to prominence with the Yogācāra, for whom it denotes the latent energy resulting from actions which are thought to become ‘imprinted’ in the subject's storehouse-consciousness (ālaya-vijñāna). The accumulation of these habitual tendencies is believed to predispose one to particular patterns of behaviour in the future."

Sandvik (2007: unpaginated) states that:

Cheng Weishi Lun
Lusthaus states that the Cheng Weishi Lun (Chinese: 成唯識論), a commentary on Vasubandhu's Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā, lists three types of vāsanā, which are synonymous with 'bija' or 'seeds':
 Vāsanā of 'names and words' or 'terms and words (Chinese: ming-yen hsi-chi'i) which equates to 'latent linguistic conditioning'. These seeds, planted in the 'root consciousness' (Sanskrit: alaya-vijnana) by 'terms and words' are the 'causes' (Sanskrit: hetu) and 'conditions' (Sanskrit: pratyaya) of each 'conditioned or caused element or phenomena' (Sanskrit: samskrita dharma). There are two forms:
 'Terms and words indicating a referent' (Chinese: piao-yi ming yen) through which a mindstream is able to express (Chinese: ch'uan) meanings (yi, artha, referent) by differentiation of vocal sounds (Chinese: yin-sheng ch'a-pieh); and
 'Terms and words revealing perceptual-fields' (Chinese: hsien-ching ming wen), through which a mindstream discerns (Sanskrit: vijnapti, upalabdhi) perceptual-fields (Sanskrit: visaya) as ' phenomena of mind' (Sanskrit: citta dharma; caitta dharmas).
 Vasanas of self-attachment (Sanskrit: atma-graha-vasana; Chinese: wo-chih hsi-ch'i) denoting the false attachment to the seeds of 'me' and 'mine'.
 Vasanas which link streams-of-being (Sanskrit: bhavanga-vasana; Chinese: yu-chih hsi-ch'i) denoting the karmic seeds, 'differently maturing (Sanskrit: vipaka) that carry over (Chinese: chao) from one stream-of-being to another in the Three Worlds (Sanskrit: Triloka). The bhavanga (linkage from one stream-of-being to the next) is of two types:
 Contaminated yet advantageous (Sanskrit: sasrava-kusala; Chinese: yu-lou shan) that is actions (Sanskrit: karma) which produce desirable (Chinese: k'e-ai) fruits; and
 Disadvantageous, that is actions which produce undesirable fruits.

Bon & Dzogchen

Bag chags are important in Bonpo soteriology, especially the view of the Bonpo Dzogchenpa, where it is fundamentally related to the key doctrines of 'Primordial Purity' (

As Karmay  relates in his English rendering of the Bonpo text 'Kunzi Zalshay Selwai Gronma' () from the Tibetan:

Hinduism

Vaishanavism

Śrīmad Bhāgavatam (5.11.5) (also known as the Bhagavata Purana), a principal text for the Vaishnava tradition of Sanatana Dharma employs the term 'vasana':

A satisfactory English rendering has not yet been sourced, but the import is that the 'imprinted-volitions-of-mind' (vāsanātmā), whether pious or impious, are conditioned by the Gunas. The gunas propel the mind into different 'formations' (rūpa-bhedam). The 'mind' (atma) is the master of the sixteen material elements. Its 'refined or coarse quality' (antaḥ-bahiṣṭvam) determines the mind-formations of manifestation (tanoti).

Advaita Vedanta

A vasana literally means 'wishing' or 'desiring',  but is used in Advaita in the sense of the sub-conscious or latent tendencies in one’s nature.

Writing from an Advaita Vedanta perspective, Waite refers to a model offered by Edward de Bono:

Notes

References

Category:Theravada Buddhist terminology


Long Pond, Pennsylvania

Long Pond is an unincorporated community in Monroe County in the Pocono Mountains region of Pennsylvania, a part of the Appalachian Mountains. Its ZIP code is 18334.

It is a sparsely populated, rural area. The population is racially diverse, and mostly married couples. At $180,000 the average home value here is a bit higher than average.  The median age is 39. There are 2,097 men and 2,059 women. The median age for men is 38 while for women the median age is 40.

Long Pond is located in the Eastern Time Zone at . It has an average elevation of 1,970 feet above sea level.

It is primarily known as the location of Pocono Raceway, a track which hosts two annual NASCAR Cup Series races, the Pocono 400 in early June and the Gander Outdoors 400 in late July, the IndyCar Series event ABC Supply 500 in August, and other events.

In July 1972 the Concert 10 rock festival brought thousands to Long Pond. Edgar Winter, Three Dog Night, the Faces featuring Rod Stewart, and others performed during the two day festival.

Notable people
 Rob Ramos, actor and equality activist

References

Category:The Poconos
Category:Unincorporated communities in Monroe County, Pennsylvania
Category:Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania


Calx-beta motif

In molecular biology, the calx-beta motif is a protein motif which is present as a tandem repeat in the cytoplasmic domains of Calx sodium-calcium exchangers, which are used to expel calcium from cells. This motif overlaps domains used for calcium binding and regulation. The calx-beta motif is also present in the cytoplasmic tail of mammalian integrin-beta4, which mediates the bi-directional transfer of signals across the plasma membrane, as well as in some cyanobacterial proteins. This motif contains a series of beta-strands and turns that form a self-contained beta-sheet.

References

Category:Protein domains


Brachymesia herbida

Brachymesia herbida, the tawny pennant, is a species of skimmer in the dragonfly family Libellulidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America.

The IUCN conservation status of Brachymesia herbida is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.

References

Further reading

Category:Libellulidae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Insects described in 1889


Old Mill Road Bridge

The Old Mill Road Bridge is a historic bridge near Rocky Ridge, Frederick County, Maryland, United States. The bridge spans Owens Creek southwest of Rocky Ridge on Old Mill Road. It is a Pratt half-hip through truss structure in a single span  long and . It was built in 1882 by the Pittsburgh Bridge Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The Old Mill Road Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Maryland
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland

References

External links

, including photo in 1977, at Maryland Historical Trust

Category:Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Category:Bridges in Frederick County, Maryland
Category:Road bridges in Maryland
Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Maryland
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Frederick County, Maryland
Category:Pratt truss bridges in the United States
Category:Metal bridges in the United States


2013 Players Championship

The 2013 Players Championship was a golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour, held  at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach, southeast of Jacksonville. It was the 40th Players Championship.

Tiger Woods won his second Players Championship, two strokes ahead of runners-up David Lingmerth, Jeff Maggert, and Kevin Streelman. Woods previously won twelve years earlier in 2001, after winning the previous three majors and the next for his Tiger Slam.

Defending champion Matt Kuchar finished thirteen strokes back at even par, tied for 48th place.

Venue

This was the 32nd Players Championship held at the TPC at Sawgrass Stadium Course and it remained at .

Course layout

Field
The field consisted of 144 players meeting criteria 1–12, plus the winner of the 2012 Senior Players Championship.

1. Winners of PGA Tour events since last Players
Charlie Beljan (3), Jonas Blixt (3), Keegan Bradley (2,3,5,7,9), Scott Brown, Jason Dufner (2,3,9), Ernie Els (2,3,5,9), Derek Ernst, Tommy Gainey (3), Sergio García (2,3,6,9), Brian Gay (3), Russell Henley, J. J. Henry (3), Billy Horschel (9,11), Dustin Johnson (2,3,9,11), Zach Johnson (2,3,9), Matt Kuchar (2,3,6,7,9,11), Martin Laird (3), Marc Leishman (3), Graeme McDowell (3,5,9,11), Rory McIlroy (2,3,5,9), John Merrick (3), Phil Mickelson (2,3,5,9,11), Ryan Moore (2,3,9), Scott Piercy (2,3,9), D. A. Points (3,9,11), Ted Potter, Jr. (3), Adam Scott (2,3,5,7,9,11), Webb Simpson (2,3,5,9), Brandt Snedeker (2,3,8,9,11), Scott Stallings (3), Kevin Streelman (3,11), Michael Thompson (3,9), Nick Watney (2,3,7,9), Tiger Woods (2,3,5,7,9,11)

2. Top 30 from previous season's FedEx Cup points list
Luke Donald (3,7,9), Rickie Fowler (3,9), Jim Furyk (3,8,9), Robert Garrigus (3,9), John Huh (3), Hunter Mahan (3,7,9), Louis Oosthuizen (3,5,9), Carl Pettersson (3,9), Justin Rose (3,7,9), John Senden (3), Steve Stricker (3,9), Bo Van Pelt (3,9), Bubba Watson (3,5,9), Lee Westwood (3,9)

3. Top 125 from previous season's PGA Tour money list
Robert Allenby, Aaron Baddeley, Bae Sang-moon, Ricky Barnes, Jason Bohn, Jonathan Byrd, Chad Campbell, Roberto Castro, Bud Cauley, Greg Chalmers, Kevin Chappell, K. J. Choi (6), Tim Clark (6,9), Will Claxton, Ben Crane, Ben Curtis, Brian Davis, Jason Day (9), Brendon de Jonge, Graham DeLaet, James Driscoll, Ken Duke, Harris English, Matt Every, Martin Flores, Tom Gillis, Bill Haas (8,9), Brian Harman, Pádraig Harrington (5), David Hearn, Tim Herron, Charley Hoffman, Charles Howell III, Fredrik Jacobson (9), Chris Kirk, Colt Knost, Jason Kokrak, Davis Love III, Jeff Maggert, David Mathis, Troy Matteson, William McGirt, George McNeill, Bryce Molder, Noh Seung-yul, Geoff Ogilvy, Sean O'Hair, Jeff Overton, Greg Owen, Ryan Palmer, Pat Perez, Ian Poulter (7,9), Dicky Pride, John Rollins, Andrés Romero, Rory Sabbatini, Charl Schwartzel (5,9), Vijay Singh, Kevin Stadler, Kyle Stanley, Brendan Steele, Henrik Stenson (6,9), Chris Stroud, Daniel Summerhays, Josh Teater, David Toms, Cameron Tringale, Johnson Wagner, Jimmy Walker, Boo Weekley, Charlie Wi, Mark Wilson
Blake Adams, Bob Estes, Harrison Frazar, J. B. Holmes, Troy Kelly, Spencer Levin, John Mallinger, Kevin Na, and Jhonattan Vegas did not play.

4. Top 125 from current season - Medical Extension
Retief Goosen

5. Major champions from the past five years
Ángel Cabrera, Stewart Cink, Lucas Glover, Martin Kaymer (9), Yang Yong-eun
Darren Clarke did not play.

6. Players Championship winners from the past five years

7. WGC winners from the past three years (WGC-HSBC Champions winners only if PGA Tour members)

8. The Tour Championship winners from the past three years

9. Top 50 from the Official World Golf Ranking as of April 28
Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño, Branden Grace, Peter Hanson, Francesco Molinari, Thorbjørn Olesen
George Coetzee, Nicolas Colsaerts, Jamie Donaldson, Paul Lawrie, and Richard Sterne did not play.

10. Web.com Tour money leader from prior season
Casey Wittenberg

11. Top 10 current year FedEx Cup points leaders as of April 28

12. Field filled to 144 through current year FedEx Cup standings as of April 28
Erik Compton, Luke Guthrie, James Hahn, Matt Jones, Jerry Kelly, Scott Langley, Richard H. Lee, Justin Leonard, David Lingmerth, David Lynn, Brian Stuard, Nicholas Thompson

13. Senior Players champion from prior year (did not count against field of 144)
Joe Daley

Past champions in the field

Made the cut

Missed the cut

Round summaries

First round
Thursday, May 9, 2013

Playing in his first Players Championship, Roberto Castro tied the course record at 63 (−9) in relatively benign morning conditions. His round, which consisted of seven birdies, one eagle, and no bogeys, tied the record set by Fred Couples (third round) in 1992 and matched by Greg Norman (first round) in 1994. Zach Johnson and Rory McIlroy were three shots back, with six other players, including Tiger Woods, four shots back.

Second round
Friday, May 10, 2013

Unheralded first-round leader Castro fell far back into the pack after a second round 78. The halfway leader was 2008 winner Sergio García after some impressive putting saw him to a 65 and 133 (−11). A stroke back was 2001 winner and world number one Woods, who shot a second straight 67 for a 134, his best 36-hole score at TPC Sawgrass by six strokes. Notables to miss the cut included former winners Phil Mickelson and Tim Clark, and world number four Justin Rose.

Third round
Saturday, May 11, 2013

A rain delay on Saturday afternoon left eight players unable to complete their third rounds, with play to be completed Sunday morning. With one hole to play, unheralded rookie David Lingmerth, who had missed five straight cuts since a playoff loss in the early season, led by two from three former winners. 49-year-old Jeff Maggert had earlier shot the round of the day with a 66.

Sunday, May 12, 2013

A late bogey for Lingmerth, and strong play from the final group, left a three-way tie for the lead on a congested leaderboard at the conclusion of the third round. Lingmerth would play the final round with García, who finished birdie-birdie-par, while co-leader Tiger Woods was one group back, alongside another outsider in former U.S. Amateur runner-up Casey Wittenberg. Ryan Palmer, who had lost a close friend in a traffic accident at the start of the week, was also amongst those one stroke back.

Final round
Sunday, May 12, 2013

García and Lingmerth were in the last group, with Woods in the group just ahead. Leading by several shots, Woods double-bogeyed No. 14 with a pulled hook into the water, which brought the field back in play. Woods came back into the lead by making a birdie on No. 16, after a bunker shot ended just a couple feet from the hole. García hit his ball to the center of the No. 16 green and made a two-putt for a birdie, tying Woods for the lead going into No. 17. Lingmerth hit his second shot into the left green side bunker at No. 16, and hit a sand shot to just a few feet; he then converted on his birdie attempt to get one behind the leaders heading into No. 17.

The 17th hole was pivotal, as Woods hit his tee shot to  and two-putted to make par. Lingmerth hit his tee shot to seven feet but did not make the birdie putt, leaving him with a par. García, with a pitching wedge, hit the first tee shot in the water, a few feet short of the island green. On his next attempt, his ball hit the island green surface but bounded back into the water. His third shot hit the center of the green; he ended up with a quadruple-bogey seven that took him out of contention. He took a double-bogey on the final hole to finish six strokes back.

Woods' tee shot at the 18th was a slight draw, to the center of the fairway and the approach shot was within ; he two-putted for par and a 70. Lingmerth could have tied Woods with a birdie, but his tee shot with a driver went too long and into the right rough. His approach shot ended up  from the pin and his birdie attempt missed the hole by several inches, ending off the green and he bogeyed. Woods won by two shots, his second win at the event, in his 300th career PGA Tour start.

Scorecard
Final round

Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par
{|class="wikitable" span = 50 style="font-size:85%;
|-
|  style="background:Pink; width:10px;"|
|Birdie
|  style="background:PaleGreen; width:10px;"|
|Bogey
|  style="background:Green; width:10px;"|
|Double bogey
|  style="background:Olive; width:10px;"|
|Triple bogey+
|}
Source:

Spectators
The attendance of 173,946 set a single-week record and the single-day record was broken with 45,281 on Saturday. TV ratings were up 68 percent from 2012; the final-round ratings were the highest for the tournament since 2001.

References

External links
The Players Championship website

2013
Category:2013 in golf
Category:2013 in American sports
Category:2013 in sports in Florida
Category:May 2013 sports events in the United States


Panagiotis Karatzas

Panagiotis Karatzas (; 17th century – 1824) was a Greek revolutionary leader in Patras during the Greek Revolution of 1821.  During his childhood years he showed his bravery and defiance against the Turkish and often fighting with Turkish peers.  He fled for the Ionian Islands, which were then under English rule, and moved to Zakynthos and enrolled into the British Army in the 3rd Greek Legion. He returned to Patras in 1809.

He was one of the main commanders during the Siege of Patras (1821). He was against the Ottoman era local kodjabashis of the area. He was murdered by Greek rivals in 1824.

References
History of the Greek Revolution (Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Επανάστασης = Istoria tis Ellinikis Epanastasis), Volumes I and II, Spyridon Trikoupis, Nea Synora Publishers - A.A. Livani, Athens 1993 SET , Page 84
Istoria tis poleos Patron apo ton arheotaton hronon mehri tou 1921 (Ιστορία της Πόλεως Πατρών απο των αρχαιοτάτων χρόνων μέχρι του 1921 = History Of The City Of Patras From The Ancient Period Until 1921), Volume II, Stefanos Thomopoulos, Achaikes Publishers, Patras 1999, , Page 349Peloponisii agonistes tou 1821, Nikitara apomnimonevmata (Πελοποννήσιοι αγωνιστές του 1821, Νικηταρά απομνημονεύματα = Peloponnesian Revolutionary Leaders of 1821, Nikitaras Remembered), Fotakou, Vergina Publishers, Athens 1996This article is translated and is based from the article at the Greek Wikipedia (el:Main Page)

Category:1821 deaths
Category:People of the Greek War of Independence
Category:People from Patras
Category:People murdered in Greece
Category:Year of birth unknown


1983 in art

The year 1983 in art involved some significant events and new works.

Events
 Galería OMR commercial contemporary art gallery founded in Mexico City.
 High Museum of Art, designed by Richard Meier, opened in Atlanta, Georgia.

Awards
 Archibald Prize: Nigel Thomson – Chandler Coventry

Works

 Richard Beyer's Charles Frederic Swigert Jr. Memorial Fountain installed in Oregon Zoo, Portland.
 Completion of the Christo and Jeanne-Claude environmental artwork, Surrounded Islands,  involving eleven islands in Biscayne Bay off Miami being surrounded by 6,500,000 square feet (600,000 m²) of pink fabric.
 Completion of Richard Hamilton's diptych The Citizen.
 Cast of John Seward Johnson II's painted bronze Allow Me installed in Portland, Oregon.
 Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint Phalle's kinetic artwork, the Stravinsky Fountain near the Centre Pompidou, Paris.

Exhibitions

Births
Milo Moiré, Swiss performance artist
Jérémie Iordanoff, French abstract artist

Deaths

January to June
 24 February – Roy Krenkel, American illustrator (b.1918).
 3 March – Hergé, Belgian comics writer and artist (b.1907).
 21 May – Kenneth Clark, English author, museum director, broadcaster and art historians (b.1903).
 8 June –  Rachel Baes, Belgian painter  (b.1912).

July to December
 14 July – Philip Zec, British editorial cartoonist (b. 1909).
 18 August – Nikolaus Pevsner, German-born British art historian (b.1902).
 28 October – Otto Messmer, American animator (b.1892).
 5 November – Jean-Marc Reiser, French comics creator (b.1941).
 17 November – John Russell Harper, Canadian art historian (b.1914).
 2 December – Aart van den IJssel, Dutch sculptor (b.1922).
 20 December – Bill Brandt, German-born British photographer and photojournalist (b.1904).
 23 December – Colin Middleton, Irish artist (b.1910).
 25 December – Joan Miró, Spanish painter, sculptor and ceramicist (b.1893).

Full date unknown
 Michael Cardew, English studio potter (b.1901).
 Bernard Lamotte, French illustrator, painter and muralist (b.1903).
 Edward Wesson, English watercolour artist (b.1910).

See also
 1982 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
 1983 in fine arts of the Soviet Union

References

Category:Years of the 20th century in art
Category:1980s in art


Tetrahydropalmatine

Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in several different plant species, mainly in the genus Corydalis (Yan Hu Suo), but also in other plants such as Stephania rotunda. These plants have traditional uses in Chinese herbal medicine. The pharmaceutical industry has synthetically produced the more potent enantiomer Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (Levo-THP), which has been marketed worldwide under different brand names as an alternative to anxiolytic and sedative drugs of the benzodiazepine group and analgesics such as opiates. It is also sold as a dietary supplement.

In 1940, a Vietnamese scientist Sang Dinh Bui extracted an alkaloid from the root of Stephania rotunda with the yield of 1.2 - 1.5% and he named this compound rotundine. From 1950 to 1952, two Indian scientists studied and extracted from Stephania glabra another alkaloid named hyndanrine.  In 1965, the structure of rotundine and hyndarin was proved to be the same as tetrahydropalmatine.

Effects

Tetrahydropalmatine has been demonstrated to possess analgesic effects and may be beneficial in the treatment of heart disease and liver damage. It is a blocker of voltage-activated L-type calcium channel active potassium channels. It is a potent muscle relaxant. It has also shown potential in the treatment of drug addiction to both cocaine and opiates, and preliminary human studies have shown promising results.

The pharmacological profile of l-THP includes antagonism of dopamine D1, and D2 receptors as well as actions at dopamine D3, alpha adrenergic and serotonin receptors. The Ki values for l-THP at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are approximately 124 nM (D1) and 388 nM (D2). In addition to the antagonism of post-synaptic dopamine receptors, the blockade of pre-synaptic autoreceptors by l-THP results in increased dopamine release, and it has been suggested that lower affinity of l-THP for D2 receptors may confer some degree of autoreceptor selectivity. Along with dopamine receptors, l-THP has been reported to interact with a number of other receptor types, including alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, at which it functions as an antagonist, and GABA-A receptors, through positive allosteric modulation. Additionally, l-THP displays significant binding to 5-HT1A and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. In the case of 5-HT1A receptors, l-THP binds with a Ki of approximately 340 nM.

Animal experiments have shown that the sedative effect of THP results from blocking dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system where it occurs in several important signaling systems that regulate muscular activity and attention, as well as feelings of joy, enthusiasm, and creativity. Therefore, THP causes no feelings of euphoria, and has been seen as an alternative to addictive drugs for people suffering from anxiety and pain, and as a possibility for relief for people not helped by existing drugs.

Cases of poisoning
Several cases of poisoning related to THP have been reported. These cases involved negative effects on respiration, cardiac activity, and the nervous system. In addition, chronic hepatitis has been reported, caused by THP production in East Asia under conditions that were insufficiently sterile. Fatalities started to be reported in 1999 in cases where THP had been used in combination with other drugs having analgesic and anti-anxiety effects. All 1999 deaths could be tied to a single THP-based supplement, sold under the name "Jin Bu Huan Anodyne Tablets". This product was therefore blacklisted by US and European health authorities. In some other countries, such as Singapore, THP is treated as a controlled substance, and license is required to sell it.

See also

References

Category:Alkaloids
Category:Phenol ethers