Shanly, Ontario

Shanly is an unincorporated place and Compact Rural Community in the township of Edwardsburgh/Cardinal in the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville in eastern Ontario, Canada. The village is about one hour south of Ottawa and around 7 miles north-west of Cardinal. Shanly is centred around the intersection of County Road 22, also known as Shanly Road,  and County Road 21. Formerly these roads were the Nine Mile Road and the Seventh Concession, respectively. The community was settled during the 1800s, primarily as an agricultural community, and was at its height during the latter half of the 19th century, when many farms and a few businesses and factories were in operation. As of the 2000s, the rural area surrounding the main intersection consists of mostly residential properties and a few family farms. The village is also home to a few businesses and two churches.

In the 1840s, the village that would later become Shanly was called Moore's Settlement, however the meaning of this name is allegedly lost to time. From the 1800s until the 1970s, County Road 22 ran north from Cardinal and ended at the intersection of County Road 21, continuing north again to the west of this junction; early into settlement, the junction was commonly referred to as simply "the Corner" by locals. By the 1860s the community was renamed to Wallace's Corner, Wallace being the surname of a large local family who were one of the first to settle here in 1827. The village was renamed Shanly in 1885 after Walter Shanly, a prominent local political figure who was responsible for establishing the community's post office.

History
The land which currently makes up the village changed hands many times during the beginning of the 19th century before being settled. Some families, including the Wallace family, first established permanent homesteads here during the 1820s. For the first half of the 1800s the community consisted primarily of family farms and homes, and residents sustained themselves almost entirely through agricultural means. By the 1830s, the settlement had grown large enough in population to require its own schoolhouse. Shanly continued to grow in population, and by mid-century had established a post office and a Wesleyan-Methodist church. The post office was established on February 1, 1865, with a man named William Clark as the first postmaster.

In the mid-1800s the Loyal Orange Institution, a Protestant fraternal organization, had a group based in Shanly known collectively as the Loyal Orange Lodge No. 1227. The Orange Lodge constructed a hall in 1869, calling the building Dufferin Lodge. The two-storey frame structure consisted of an upper-level meeting hall and a lower-level drive shed. This hall was replaced in 1889, when new hall was constructed for their meetings in a new location. In 1949, the Orange Lodge tore down the hall after purchasing the Workman's Hall from the Shanly United Church (formerly the Wesleyan-Methodist), which was used for meeting into the 1990s.

By the mid-to-late 1800s, the population of Shanly had reached around 160 individuals. By the 1880s, the village was home to numerous pioneer industries and businesses including a blacksmith, a harness shop, a cooperage, a carpentry and woodworking shop, a tin shop, a hay and grain dealer, and a grocery store which adjoined the post office. Additionally, the village was home to a second church by the late-1800s, which was of Anglican denomination. Most of the residents during the end of the century still sought an income through agriculture, with some residents being listed in business directories as employed as builders.

During the late-1800s, Shanly was home to two cheese factories. The first factory was constructed on the east-side of County Road 22 around forty rods north from the village's main intersection, and was operated by two local men. The cheese from the first factory was shipped to Brockville for sale. It is unclear when exactly the first cheese factory was constructed or closed. The structure was demolished sometime after its closure. The second cheese factory was constructed east of the intersection, and was built around 1890. The second factory was called the Shanly Cheese Factory and operated for over 50 years. According to a statement from 1910, the factory had produced 21,337 pounds of cheese in the month of September. In 1901, the Shanly Cheese Factory received recognition at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York for its quality product. The second factory was originally owned by multiple shareholders before being sold off to an individual named Thomas Johnston at an unknown date. Johnston owned the cheese factory until its closure. In August 1952, the Shanly Cheese Factory was destroyed by fire and was not rebuilt.

As with most of the other communities in Edwardsburgh/Cardinal, organized team sports were a crucial part of the community's social scene in the late-1800s and into the early 20th century. Shanly was home to a rugby team during this time, with their own designated and maintained rugby field located on a local family's property. Tournaments or matches were played against teams from neighbouring communities or townships which drew crowds from throughout the area, and were considered significant community events. The results of the matches were widely reported in newspapers from Edwardsburgh/Cardinal and the nearby townships.

At the start of the 1900s Shanly remained a stable community in terms of its population and active businesses, however the post office closed in 1913 and the Anglican church closed in 1921. The last wave of immigration occurred immediately following World War II, when several Dutch families came to the area. By the mid-twentieth century the village began to experience a decline in prosperity. Around this time the pioneer industries, such as the cooperage, harness shop and blacksmith, became obsolete and ceased operation along with the cheese factories. For half a century, from around 1920 until 1972, absolutely no new houses were constructed in Shanly. In 1964, a modern public elementary school was built to amalgamate the schoolhouses of the surrounding area which were being phased out.

The general store, located at the main intersection, remained open until the 1970s. During the later years of its operation, around the 1930s onward, the store was damaged and then repaired several times when cars failing to stop at the intersection drove into the building. In 1973, the general store and former post office were demolished when County Road 22 was rerouted, creating a four-way intersection with County Road 21 at the former junction.

Education and schools
The first common school in the village of Shanly was built in 1836 and was known as Moore's School. This school was a one-room schoolhouse serving elementary aged students. The building was an 18 by 20 foot long log structure. When Shanly was designated a school section it became section number thirteen. In 1865, the log building was replaced by a newer stone schoolhouse, which was called S.S. #13 Wallace's Corners School. The school was replaced a third time in 1900 with a frame structure. The school closed around the 1960s when one-room common schools were phased out in favour of larger, modern public elementary schools.

In 1964 a modern, brick school was built in Shanly called North Edwardsburgh Public School. The rectangular building contained six classrooms as well as a gymnasium. The school was built to accommodate around 134 pupils. Originally operating as an elementary level school, by the 2000s North Edwardsburgh Public School only served primary students, junior and senior kindergarten through to grade three. In 2008, the decision was made by the Upper Canada District School Board to close North Edwardsburgh Public School. Ultimately, closing the school would cut costs and enrolment had declined in numerous public schools in the area, which led to area schools amalgamating. Pupils from North Edwardsburgh were moved to Centennial ’67 Public School in nearby Spencerville. The building which was once North Edwardsburgh Public School still stands, having been converted after its closure into a retirement home.

Churches and cemetery
Shanly is currently home to two churches, the Shanly United Church and the Shanliwood Community Church. Historically, Shanly was home to both an Anglican and Wesleyan-Methodist church, with the Wesleyan-Methodist church later becoming the Shanly United Church.

Prior to 1860, the first log schoolhouse served as a meeting place for the Methodist congregation. The first Wesleyan-Methodist church was a white frame building, measuring 26 by 36 feet, built on land belonging to Walter Shanly. Opening ceremonies for the first Wesleyan-Methodist church occurred on December 30, 1860. By the 1890s, the frame structure had deteriorated and the congregation decided to replace the church at a new location, more central to the village. The new Methodist church was constructed of red brick and stone in 1893 with a 100-foot long shed accompanying it. After a church union, the Wesleyan-Methodist church became the Shanly United Church. In 1993, the church celebrated its centennial. Since 1976, there has been an annual Christmas party held in the village on the Friday before December 25 in the basement of the Shanly United Church.

The Anglican church in Shanly was located on a triangular piece of land, locally referred to as the Flat Iron, east of the village intersection. It is unclear when the church was established, however business directories from the late 1800s mention its existence. The Anglican church closed in 1921 and the land was deeded back to family who owned it previously. It was used as a private dwelling for a period of time before being dismantled. The brick from the Anglican church was used in the 1930s to modernize and repair the village's general store.

Shanly has a graveyard as well, with graves dating nearly 200 years old. The Shanly Cemetery was erected in 1876, on land purchased from the Wallace family for $100 by a trio of village residents. The cemetery was established as a multi-denominational cemetery. The first burial was that of Prudence Pitt, the infant daughter of a local couple. In 1962, the stone gateposts at the entrance of the cemetery were erected in memory of T. Carl Reilly. As of the 1990s, the cemetery was still in use, and is maintained by the Shanly Cemetery Board.

The Shanliwood Community Church is a Baptist church located along County Road 21. The church opened in 1996. The building used to be a small restaurant, but it was bought and converted into a church, by an unknown man who built his house beside it.

Modern day
The current borders of Shanly are indefinite, although historically the western limit of Shanly's school district extended to lot 12 of County Road 21, with lots west of this belonging to Garryowen. Shanly is located in a rural area, and the main area of it is hardly more populous then the surrounding country side. Some believe Shanly is only a road, and the inhabitants of this road make up its population, while others believe Shanly includes the sprawling fields and forests that surround it.

By the mid-1900s all of Shanly's businesses and services from the previous century, aside from the Shanly United Church, had ceased operations. In the 1990s a church was constructed for the area's Baptists. Some years after Shanly's initial decline, a few new businesses were established during the late 1900s which are all reportedly still in operation as of the 2010s. During the 1970s, William Hooper Woodworking Inc. was established as a custom woodworking business and at an unknown date, Magnum Performance Canada, an automotive repair shop was opened. When North Edwardsburgh Public School was closed around 2009, the building became a retirement home called BonLen Place. The building was converted from classrooms into one and two-bedroom apartments. The facility houses retired individuals who are able to live independently, without constant care or supervision.

The agricultural industry of Shanly steadily declined throughout the 1900s as family farm operations became increasingly inactive or unprofitable due to improving infrastructure. As of the 2000s, the community consisted mostly of residential properties and very few farms. Despite this a few farms are still active, some of which have maintained operations for over a century. The most notable farming operation still operating in the village is possibly the Holmestead Farm, a family farm operated by the seventh generation of the Holmes family. The Holmes' moved to Shanly around the 1850s and established the farm on their land shortly after. The farm is known for selling locally grown products to the area, grown without pesticides or chemicals. Holmestead Farm sells its commodities on location, which include grass-fed beef, pork, eggs, fresh produce and preserves.

As of 2016, Shanly remains home to a maple sugar bush and restaurant called Hunter's Maple Products & Pancake House. The business is owned and operated by the seventh generation of the Hunter family, who immigrated from Scotland to Shanly in 1821. Although the Hunter's have produced maple sugar and syrup from the property since around the time of their settlement, the sugar bush didn't become a fully operational business until the 1970s. Hunter's Maple Products sells a variety of maple products including maple syrup, candy, fudge and butter. The restaurant serves typical breakfast foods to pair with their maple products.

Overall, little development or immigration has occurred in Shanly since the turn of the 20th century apart from the few aforementioned businesses established from 1970 onwards. Some new, modern homes have been constructed in the surrounding area since the 1970s. These homes were built sporadically over a course of decades, during which time other homes were demolished, meaning the village remains sparsely occupied.

References

Category:Communities in Leeds and Grenville United Counties


Bengt Holbek

Bengt Holbek (April 1, 1933 – August 27, 1992)  was a Danish folklorist who wrote one of the definitive works of fairy tale scholarship entitled Interpretation of Fairy Tales (1987).

This 660 page book details a method for use in the analysis of fairy tales and applies it to the tales found in the repertoires of five Danish peasants collected by Evald Tang Kristensen in the mid 19th century.

In brief, Holbek posits that fairy tales can be broken down into five "moves" which work to reconcile the three main tensions which are addressed by the fairy tale. These tensions are those between "youths" and "adults", those of "low status" and those of "high status", and "male" and "female". The relationships between these are frequently represented on a cube. Imagine a cube, place youth on the left, adulthood on the right, low status on the bottom, high status on the top, male on the front and female on the back. It is Holbek's estimation that one of the most important things that distinguish the fairy tale from the more general category of folktale is the fact that the tale ends with a marriage. By his definition, if the tale one is considering does not involve a marriage, it is not a fairy tale.

At the beginning of a fairy tale, the protagonist, who can be either male or female, generally starts out as an unmarried youth of low status. This person generally becomes involved with an unmarried youth of high status and must undergo trials in order to prove their worth, thereby attaining high status so as to be worthy of their lover. Here the characters move from the bottom of the cube to the top of it. Over the course of the tale, the characters also cease to act as children and pass from the sphere of youth to the sphere of adulthood. The characters move from the left half of the cube to the right. The tension between male and female is negotiated at the end by the marriage between the protagonist and their lover, rendering the space between the front and back of the cube irrelevant.

Holbek's moves can be described as follows:
In move two, the Low Young for the purposes of this example let us say Male (LYM) leaves home in order to make his way in the world, thereby becoming a Low Adult Male (LAM).
In move three, the LAM meets the High Young Female (HYF) and they share some sort of illicit love.
Move one, if it occurs, tends to occur in flashback form during move three. Move one generally involves the HYF explaining how she came to be imprisoned in whatever situation the LAM saved her from. Move one occurs first in the chronology of the tale, even if it does not occur first in the sequence of events as they are narrated. Holbek acknowledged the awkwardness of this, but decided against doing anything about it.
Move four, if it occurs, is generally an intensification of move three. For example, the lovers are separated again and must undergo trials in order to reunite and regain the status they enjoyed at the end of move three.
Move five involves the LAM being compensated for what he has done, allowing him to become a High Adult Male (HAM) and the couple is married, allowing the HYF to attain adult status and become a HAF, and also allowing negotiation of the tension between the genders.

References

Holbeck, Bengt
Category:Danish folklorists
Category:1933 births
Category:1992 deaths


Louis Binot

Louis François Binot (7 April 1771 – 8 February 1807) was a French Brigade General and Governor General of Pondicherry in 1802.

Binot was "Colonel / Chief of Brigade" in 121st Regiment of infantry of line which is made under the French Revolution. On 22 November 1806, he was made as "General of Brigade". He was given the order of Legion of Honour on 25 December 1805. He was killed at the Battle of Eylau.

Honours

 Name inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe

Titles
Chief of Brigade on 19 August 1801.
General of Brigade on 22 November 1806.
Légion d'honneur on 25 December 1805.

References

Category:1771 births
Category:1807 deaths
Category:French soldiers
Category:French colonial governors and administrators
Category:Governors of French India
Category:French military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars
Category:French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars


Cinnamon-bellied flowerpiercer

The cinnamon-bellied flowerpiercer (Diglossa baritula) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It is found in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest. It is a species known to be a nectar robber, apparently taking nectar while not pollinating the plant.

References

cinnamon-bellied flowerpiercer
Category:Native birds of Southern Mexico
Category:Birds of Mexico
Category:Birds of Guatemala
Category:Birds of Honduras
cinnamon-bellied flowerpiercer
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Rackety Rax

Rackety Rax is a 1932 American pre-Code comedy action film directed by Alfred L. Werker and starring Victor McLaglen, Greta Nissen and Nell O'Day.

Plot
Always looking for an angle, "Knucks" McGloin purchases the mortgage on Canarsie College and then turns its football team's fortunes around by hiring thugs and hooligans as players and nightclub dancers as cheerleaders.

For the biggest game of the season, almost everything goes wrong. Canarsie's quarterback double-crosses his teammates and coach Brick Gilligan (a former Sing Sing inmate) by revealing the team's plays to the opponents. Guns are drawn on both sides, a bomb is tossed into the middle of a huddle and explosions destroy the cars belonging to both of the teams' owners as soon as the game ends.

Cast
 Victor McLaglen as 'Knucks' McGloin
 Greta Nissen as Voine
 Nell O'Day as Doris
 Alan Dinehart as Counsellor Sultsfeldt
 Stanley Fields as Gilatti
 Marjorie Beebe as Mrs. McGloin
 Vince Barnett as 'Dutch'
 Ward Bond as 'Brick' Gilligan
 Allen Jenkins as Mike Dumphy
 Esther Howard as 'Sister' Carrie
 Ivan Linow as Tossilitis
 Eric Mayne as Dr. Vanderveer
 John Keyes as McGloin's Bodyguard
 Joe Brown as McGloin's Bodyguard
 Arthur Pierson as 'Speed' Bennett

References

Bibliography
 Aubrey Solomon. The Fox Film Corporation, 1915-1935: A History and Filmography. McFarland, 2011.

External links

Category:1932 films
Category:English-language films
Category:American films
Category:American action comedy films
Category:Films directed by Alfred L. Werker
Category:Fox Film films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Films made before the MPAA Production Code
Category:1930s action comedy films
Category:Films scored by Arthur Lange


Bo Fowler

Bo Fowler (born 1971) is a British novelist. Fowler is the author of Scepticism, Inc and The Astrological Diary of God.

Biography
Fowler received his degree studying philosophy at the University of Bristol. He went on to attend the University of East Anglia, where he studied for his PhD in Creative Writing under Malcolm Bradbury. In 1998 he was given £140,000 by Jonathan Cape for two books. He has since written The Philosophy of the Stars and Notes From the Autopsy of God. Fowler's influences include Friedrich Nietzsche, Kurt Vonnegut and Richard Brautigan.

Bibliography
Scepticism Inc. (1998)
The Astrological Diary of God (1999)
The Philosophy of Stars (2011)
Notes From the Autopsy of God (2011)

External links
Official website

References

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol
Category:Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Category:20th-century British novelists
Category:21st-century British novelists
Category:Philosophy writers
Category:British male novelists
Category:20th-century British male writers
Category:21st-century British male writers


Frank N. Mitchell

Frank Nicias Mitchell (August 18, 1921 – November 26, 1950) was an American combat Marine and first lieutenant who served in World War II and the Korean War. He posthumously received the United States' highest military decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor, for his actions on November 26, 1950, during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.

Biography
Frank Mitchell was born on August 18, 1921, in Indian Gap, Texas, and was a 1938 graduate of Roaring Springs High School. He enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1939, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1945, following World War II service aboard the aircraft carrier  at Wake Island, additional service in the Marshall Islands, and occupation duty in China. He was also attached to Fleet Marine Force Pacific as a member of its rifle and pistol team.

He attended Colorado College under the Navy V-12 program, and also attended Southwestern University and North Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College. He played varsity football in college for two years.

During the Korean War, First Lieutenant Mitchell was a member of Company A, 1st Battalion, 7th Marines when he displayed extraordinary heroism in waging a single-handed battle against the enemy on November 26, 1950, near Hansan-ni, to cover the withdrawal of wounded Marines, despite multiple wounds to himself. For this action in which he sacrificed his own life to save the lives of his fellow wounded, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. His body was never recovered.

The Medal of Honor was presented August 6, 1952 to Mitchell's widow and daughter by Lieutenant Colonel Henry D. Strunk, the acting director of the 6th Marine Corps Reserve District, at their home in Atlanta, Georgia.

Military decorations and awards
Lt. Mitchell's military awards include:

Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
FIRST LIEUTENANT FRANK N. MITCHELL
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
for service as set forth in the following

CITATION:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Leader of a Rifle Platoon of Company A, First Battalion, Seventh Marines, First Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea on 26 November 1950. Leading his platoon in point position during a patrol by his company through a thickly wooded and snow-covered area in the vicinity of Hasan-ni, First Lieutenant MITCHELL acted immediately when the enemy suddenly opened fire at point-blank range, pinning down his forward elements and inflicting numerous casualties in his ranks. Boldly dashing to the front under blistering fire from automatic weapons and small arms, he seized an automatic rifle from one of the wounded men and effectively trained it against the attackers and, when his ammunition was expended, picked up and hurled grenades with deadly accuracy, at the same time directing and encouraging his men in driving the outnumbering enemy from his position. Maneuvering to set up a defense when the enemy furiously counterattacked to the front and left flank, First Lieutenant MITCHELL, despite wounds sustained early in the action, reorganized his platoon under devastating fire and spearheaded a fierce hand-to-hand struggle to repulse the onslaught. Asking for volunteers to assist in searching for and evacuating the wounded, he personally led a party of litter bearers through the hostile lines in growing darkness and, although suffering intense pain from multiple wounds stormed ahead and waged a singlehanded battle against the enemy, successfully covering the withdrawal of his men before he was fatally struck down by a burst of small-arms fire. Stouthearted and indomitable in the face of tremendous odds. First Lieutenant MITCHELL by his fortitude, great personal valor and extraordinary heroism, saved the lives of several Marines and inflicted heavy casualties among the aggressors. His unyielding courage throughout reflects the highest credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

/S/ HARRY S. TRUMAN

Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pride in presenting the Silver Star (Army Award) (Posthumously) to First Lieutenant Frank Nicias Mitchell (MCSN: 0-48132), United States Marine Corps, for gallantry in action while serving with Company A, First Battalion, Seventh Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against the enemy near Hamhung, North Korea, on 3 November 1950, as a Rifle Platoon Leader occupying a position in his company's defensive sector. While making a short reconnaissance to improve his position, his platoon was suddenly and viciously attacked by the enemy. Immediately returning to his platoon, which was on the verge of being overrun, he rallied his men to repel the attack and he, although painfully wounded in the ensuing action, refused to be evacuated until the danger of a serious break-through was averted. First Lieutenant Mitchell's actions were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

Bronze Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" to First Lieutenant Frank Nicias Mitchell (MCSN: 0-48132), United States Marine Corps, for heroic achievement in connection with operations against the enemy while serving with Company A, First Battalion, Seventh Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), during the period 24 September 1950 to 4 October 1950. First Lieutenant Mitchell, acting as a Rifle Platoon Commander, continuously displayed outstanding leadership and professional skill against the enemy. On 26 September 1950, while assigned the mission of assaulting a well defended hill, he fearlessly led the men up the hill. As the enemy fire increased, his platoon became pinned down and forced to take cover. Heedless of his own personal safety, he repeatedly exposed himself to the enemy fire and moved among his men to inspire and rally them to continue the assault. His actions materially aided his platoon in successfully seizing and occupying the objective. First Lieutenant Mitchell's courageous actions were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. (First Lieutenant Mitchell is authorized to wear the Combat "V".)

Legacy
The following have been named in honor of 1stLt Mitchell:
Roaring Spring, Texas has renamed the highway bypass surrounding the town, and built a town park in his honor.
The Marine Archives building in Washington D.C. is named in his honor.
The Infantry Officers Course building at The Basic School in Quantico, Virginia is named in his honor.

See also

List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients

References
Inline

General

Category:1921 births
Category:1950 deaths
Category:American Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Category:United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
Category:Recipients of the Silver Star
Category:United States Marines
Category:American military personnel killed in the Korean War
Category:People from Hamilton County, Texas
Category:Korean War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Category:V-12 Navy College Training Program


Susanna Braund

Susanna Braund, occasionally cited as Susanna Morton Braund, is a professor of Latin poetry and its reception at the University of British Columbia.

Education
Braund received her BA in Classics from the University of Cambridge in 1978, followed by a PhD in 1984 from the same institution.

Career
Braund held appointments at the University of Exeter, the University of Bristol, Royal Holloway, University of London, Yale University and Stanford University before taking up her current professorship.

Since 2007, Braund has held a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair position in Latin Poetry and its Reception, which was renewed in 2014. Her research is on the translation history of Latin poetry.

Braund was elected as a Scholar in Residence at the Collège de France for June 2014.

In 2016, Braund was awarded a Killam Research Fellowship for the years 2016-2018, for a project on translations of Virgil's Aeneid, Georgics and Eclogues.

In 2018, Braund was elected as Corresponding Fellow to the Australian Academy of the Humanities.

Selected bibliography

Translations and editions
Seneca, De Clementia: Edited with Text, Translation and Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009) .
Juvenal and Persius (Loeb Classical Library vol. 91) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2004) Parallel text Latin edition and English translation of both authors' works, with an introduction. .
Juvenal, Satires Book I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996). Text with an introduction and commentary. .
Lucan, Civil War: Translated with introduction and notes (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992) Reissued as part of Oxford World's Classics.

Books and edited volumes
Virgil and his Translators, ed. with Zara Martirosova Torlone (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2018), .
Latin Literature (London and New York: Routledge 2002) . Second edition: Understanding Latin Literature (London and New York: Routledge 2017) ).
The Roman Satirists and their Masks (London: Bristol Classical Press/Duckworth 1996) .
Satire and Society in Ancient Rome (Exeter Studies in History 23), (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 1989) .
Beyond Anger: A Study of Juvenal’s Third Book of Satires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1988) .

Podcast appearances
Entitled Opinions: 'Susanna Braund on Virgil's Aeneid'. 25 October 2005.

References

External links
Faculty page, University of British Columbia

Category:Living people
Category:Women classical scholars
Category:Classical scholars
Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Category:University of British Columbia faculty
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


William Palin Elderton

Sir William Palin Elderton KBE PhD (Oslo) (1877–1962) was a British actuary who served as president of the Institute of Actuaries (1932–1934). Elderton also had a very long association with the statistical journal Biometrika. In its early days he published several articles, and in 1935 he became chairman of the Biometrika Trust.

In 1900 when he was training to be an actuary Elderton met Karl Pearson and was drawn into the University College statistical group. In 1902 Elderton computed the first tables of Pearson's chi-squared and in 1907 he published an exposition of the Pearson curves for actuaries. His sister Ethel M. Elderton worked for Pearson, and together the Eldertons wrote an introduction to the new ideas in statistics. She  provided financial backing for Pearson's Anthropometric Laboratory, "his fourth laboratory".

Elderton was an invited speaker in the International Congress of Mathematicians 1908, Rome.

Books

 W. Palin Elderton (1906) Frequency-Curves and Correlation. London: Charles and Edwin Layton, 172 pages.
 W. Palin Elderton and Ethel M. Elderton (1909) Primer of Statistics. London: A&C Black Ltd.
 W. Palin Elderton and Richard C. Fippard (1914)The Construction of Mortality and Sickness Tables : a Primer. London : A. & C. Black.

Papers

 William Palin Elderton (1949): A few statistics on the length of English words. In: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (General), Vol. CXII, Part IV, p. 436-445.

Elderton's work
 Karl-Heinz Best (2009): Wortlängen im Englischen. In: Glottometrics 19, p. 1-10. (PDF ram-verlag.) Review of Elderton's model of word length distributions proposing alternative models.)
 Peter Grzybek (2006): History and Methodology of Word Length Studies. The State of the Art. In: Peter Grzybek (ed.): Contributions to the Science of Text and Language: Word length studies and related issues. Dordrecht: Springer, S. 15-90. . (Grzybek discusses Elderton's model of word length distributions p. 19-26.)

References

Obituaries
 William P. Elderton FIA; CBE; KBE. TFA, 28 (1962-1964) p. 193-195.
 William P. Elderton FIA; CBE; KBE. JIA, 88 (1962) p. 245-252.

 Best, Karl-Heinz (2009): William Palin Elderton (1877-1962). In: Glottometrics'' 19, p. 99-101. (PDF ram-verlag.) (In German)
 F. A. A. Menzler Sir William Palin Elderton, 1877–1962, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), Vol. 125, No. 4 (1962), pp. 669–672

Category:British actuaries
Category:1877 births
Category:1962 deaths
Category:Quantitative linguistics
Category:British statisticians


Evil clown

The evil clown is a subversion of the traditional comic clown character, in which the playful trope is instead rendered as disturbing through the use of horror elements and dark humor. The modern archetype of the evil clown was popularized by DC Comics character the Joker starting in 1940 and again by Pennywise in Stephen King's 1986 novel It. The character can be seen as playing off the sense of unease felt by sufferers of coulrophobia, the fear of clowns.

Origins

The modern archetype of the evil clown has unclear origins; the stock character appeared infrequently during the 19th century, in such works as Edgar Allan Poe's "Hop-Frog", which is believed by Jack Morgan, of the University of Missouri-Rolla, to draw upon an earlier incident "at a masquerade ball", in the 14th century, during which "the King and his frivolous party, costumed—in highly flammable materials—as simian creatures, were ignited by a flambeau and incinerated, the King narrowly escaping in the actual case." Evil clowns also occupied a small niche in drama, appearing in the 1874 work La femme de Tabarin by Catulle Mendès and in Ruggero Leoncavallo's Pagliacci (accused of being a plagiarism of Mendès' piece), both works featuring murderous clowns as central characters.

During the 1970s the National Lampoon published a series of mock comic books in the pages of the magazine, entitled "Evil Clown", which featured a malevolent titular character named Frenchy the Clown. During that decade, American serial killer and rapist John Wayne Gacy became known as the Killer Clown when arrested in 1978, after it was discovered he had performed as Pogo the Clown at children's parties and other events; however, Gacy did not actually commit his crimes while wearing his clown costume.

The modern stock character of the evil clown was popularized by Stephen King's novel It, published in 1986, which introduced the fear of an evil clown to a modern audience. In the novel, the eponymous character is a pan-dimensional monster which feeds mainly on children by luring them in the form of Pennywise the Dancing Clown and then assuming the shape of whatever the victim fears the most.

The evil clown archetype plays strongly off the sense of dislike it caused to inherent elements of coulrophobia; however, it has been suggested by Joseph Durwin that the concept of evil clowns has an independent position in popular culture, arguing that "the concept of evil clowns and the widespread hostility it induces is a cultural phenomenon which transcends just the phobia alone". A study by the University of Sheffield concluded "that clowns are universally disliked by children. Some found them quite frightening and unknowable." This may be because of the nature of clowns' makeup hiding their faces, making them potential threats in disguise; as a psychology professor at California State University, Northridge stated, young children are "very reactive to a familiar body type with an unfamiliar face". This natural dislike of clowns makes them effective in a literary or fictional context, as the antagonistic threat perceived in clowns is desirable in a villainous character.

Researcher Ben Radford, who published Bad Clowns in 2016 and is regarded as an expert on the phenomenon, writes that looking throughout history clowns are seen as tricksters, fools, and more; however, they always are in control, speak their minds, and can get away with doing so. When writing the book Bad Clowns, Radford found that professional clowns are not generally fond of the bad-clown (or evil-clown) persona. They see them as "the rotten apple in the barrel, whose ugly sight and smell casts suspicion on the rest of them," and do not wish to encourage or propagate coulrophobia. Yet, as Radford discovered, bad clowns have existed throughout history: Harlequin, the King's fool, and Mr. Punch. Radford argues that bad clowns have the "ability to change with the times" and that modern bad clowns have evolved into Internet trolls. They may not wear clown costume but, nevertheless, engage with people for their own amusement, abuse, tease and speak what they think of as the "truth" much like the court jester and "dip clowns" do using "human foibles" against their victims. Radford states that, although bad clowns permeate the media in movies, TV, music, comics, and more, the "good clowns" outnumber the bad ones. Research shows that most people do not fear clowns but actually love them and that bad clowns are "the exception, not the rule."

Interpretations

The concept of the evil clown is related to the irrational fear of clowns, known as coulrophobia, a neologism coined in the context of informal "-phobia lists".

The cultural critic Mark Dery has theorized the postmodern archetype of the evil clown in "Cotton Candy Autopsy: Deconstructing Psycho-Killer Clowns" (a chapter in his cultural critique The Pyrotechnic Insanitarium: American Culture on the Brink).

Tracking the image of the demented or deviant clown across popular culture, Dery analyzes the "Pogo the Clown" persona of the serial killer John Wayne Gacy; the obscene clowns of the neo-situationist Cacophony Society; the Joker (of Batman fame); the grotesque art of R.K. Sloane; the sick-funny Bobcat Goldthwait comedy Shakes the Clown; Scooby-Doo 's Ghost Clown from the episode "Bedlam in the Big Top"; and Pennywise the Dancing Clown from Stephen King's It.

Using Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of the carnivalesque, Jungian and historical writings on the images of the fool in myth and history, and ruminations on the mingling of ecstasy and dread in the Information Age, Dery asserts the evil clown is an icon of our times. Clowns are often depicted as murderous psychopaths at many American haunted houses.

Wolfgang M. Zucker points out the similarities between a clown's appearance and the cultural depictions of demons and other infernal creatures, noting "[the clown's] chalk-white face in which the eyes almost disappear, while the mouth is enlarged
to a ghoulish bigness, looks like the mask of death".

According to psychology professor Joseph Durwin at California State University, Northridge, young children are "very reactive to a familiar body type with an unfamiliar face". Researchers who have studied the phobia believe there is some correlation to the uncanny valley effect. Additionally, clown behavior is often "transgressive" (anti-social behavior) which can create feelings of unease.

Urban legends and incidents

Clown sightings
The related urban legend of evil clown sightings in real life is known as "phantom clowns". First reported in 1981 in Brookline, Massachusetts, children said that men dressed up as clowns had attempted to lure them into a van. The panic spread throughout the US in the Midwest and Northeast.  It resurfaced in 1985 in Phoenix, Arizona; in 1991 in West Orange, New Jersey; and 1995 in Honduras. Later sightings included Chicago, Illinois, in 2008. Explanations for the phenomenon have ranged from Stephen King's book It and the crimes of serial killer John Wayne Gacy, to a moral panic influenced by contemporaneous fears of Satanic ritual abuse. It also shows similarities to the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. In most cases the reports were made by children, and no adults or police officers were able to confirm the sightings.

In 2013, a character who became known as "the Northampton Clown" was repeatedly sighted standing silently around the English town. The work of three local filmmakers, Alex Powell, Elliot Simpson and Luke Ubanski, the Northampton clown was similar in appearance to Pennywise the Dancing Clown from the Stephen King novel It. Although rumors said that the clown may have a knife, the clown himself denied these rumors through social media. In March 2014, Matteo Moroni from Perugia, Italy, owner of YouTube channel DM Pranks, began dressing up as a killer clown and terrifying unsuspecting passers-by, with his videos racking up hundreds of millions of views. In 2014, further complaints of evil clown pranksters were reported in France, the United States and Germany, possibly inspired by American Horror Story: Freak Show.

In 2014, "the Wasco clown" attracted social media attention in California. Again this clown shared a similar resemblance to Pennywise, and it was revealed that the social media postings were part of a year-long photography project conducted by the artist's wife. In Bakersfield, California "menacing" clowns were reported, some with weapons. In July 2015, a "creepy" clown was seen around a local cemetery in Chicago and terrorizing anyone in the graveyard.

There was another burst of such sightings in 2016, including in Greenville, South Carolina and New York.

Response to evil clowns in media
In 2014, Clowns of America International responded to the depiction of Twisty on American Horror Story, and evil clowns in media generally. President Glenn Kohlberger said, "Hollywood makes money sensationalizing the norm. They can take any situation no matter how good or pure and turn it into a nightmare. ... We do not support in any way, shape or form any medium that sensationalizes or adds to coulrophobia or 'clown fear.'"

Depictions

The contemporary "evil clown" archetype developed in the 1980s, notably popularized by Stephen King's It, and perhaps influenced by John Wayne Gacy, a serial killer dubbed the Killer Clown in 1978. Killer Klowns from Outer Space is a 1988 horror comedy dedicated to the topic. The Joker character in the Batman franchise was introduced in 1940 and has developed into one of the most recognizable and iconic fictional characters in popular culture, leading Wizard magazine's "100 Greatest Villains of All Time" ranking in 2006. Although Krusty the Clown, a cartoon character introduced 1989 in the animated sitcom The Simpsons, is a comical, non-scary clown, the character reveals darker aspects in his personality. In The Simpsons episode "Lisa's First Word" (1992), children's fear of clowns features in the form of a very young Bart being traumatized by an inexpertly-built Krusty the Clown themed bed, repeatedly uttering the phrase "can't sleep, clown will eat me...." The phrase inspired an Alice Cooper song in the album   Dragontown (2001) and became a popular catchphrase.

The American rap duo Insane Clown Posse have exploited this theme since 1989 and have inspired Twiztid and similar acts, many on Psychopathic Records, to do likewise. Websites dedicated to evil clowns and the fear of clowns appeared in the late 1990s.

The British arts and music festival Bestival cancelled its planned clown theme in 2006 after many adult ticket-holders contacted the organizers, expressing a fear of clowns.

 The Joker, the nemesis of Batman, whose key features are chalk-white skin, emerald-green hair, ruby-red lips and (in some iterations) a perpetual smile, usually a permanent sardonic grin or a Glasgow smile, depending on the adaption of the character. He is commonly depicted as a criminal mastermind, as well as a sadistic and murderous psychopath. The character is also known by several nicknames, including "the Clown Prince of Crime".
 Insane Clown Posse, Twiztid
 The 2014 film Theatre of Fear, directed by Andrew Jones featured a murderous clown character played by Nathan Head.
 The 1982 film Poltergeist, directed by Tobe Hooper and produced by Steven Spielberg, along with the 2015 remake of the same name directed by Gil Kenan, feature a possessed clown doll.
 Pennywise the Dancing Clown, the main antagonist in Stephen King's 1986 horror novel It and it adaptations. Pennywise was portrayed in the 1990 television miniseries by Tim Curry and by Bill Skarsgård in the 2017 film adaptation and its 2019 sequel.
 The 1987 film The Brave Little Toaster, directed by Jerry Rees, the nightmare Toaster has is about an evil clown chasing Toaster, tortures Rob and toaster loses his grip on the shower curtain rod and falls in the bathtub.
 The 1988 film Killer Klowns from Outer Space, directed by the Chiodo Brothers, features extraterrestrial evil clowns as the story's antagonists.
 The Texas-based Glam Metal/Hard Rock band Dangerous Toys, founded in 1987, included an evil clown-type figure in its iconography, and album art.
 The 2009 comedy horror film Zombieland features a zombie clown.
 The 1989 film Clownhouse, written and directed by Victor Salva, concerns brothers who are attacked in their own home by escaped mental patients dressed as clowns.
 The most famous professional wrestling depiction of an evil clown was Doink the Clown, a persona originated in 1992 by professional wrestler Matt Osborne in the World Wrestling Federation. Originally, the gimmick was that of a sadistic, evil clown, playing cruel tricks on fans and wrestlers to amuse himself and put them off guard; to help gain heat for the character, he was placed in a storyline feud with Crush, wherein Doink, after faking an injury, sneak-attacked Crush with a loaded prosthetic arm. The evil clown gimmick would be dropped later in 1993 as he turned face.
 Violator, a supervillain demon appearing in the Spawn comic books published by Image Comics, is commonly depicted in the form of "Clown", a balding, overweight man with blue facepaint.
 Malcolm, the evil jester, featured as the main antagonist in The Legend of Kyrandia video games series.
Gamzee Makara, a homicidal alien juggalo and major antagonist from the webcomic Homestuck. Gamzee suffers an existential crisis in the second part of the fifth act after being exposed to the music video for the Insane Clown Posse song Miracles, and begins going on a frenzied rampage.
 The 2010 interactive drama-thriller videogame Heavy Rain features the Clown, a seemingly benevolent, yet mysterious and, somewhat, disturbing clown which appears briefly during the game.
 Sweet Tooth, a character in the Twisted Metal video game series.
 Bad Clown, also called Psycho Clown, an enemy in the NARC video game
 Jack the Clown, an icon of the Halloween Horror Nights event celebrated at Universal Studios Florida, Universal Studios Hollywood, Universal Studios Singapore, and Universal Studios Japan.
 Carnival of Souls (1998)
 The Clown at Midnight (1999)
 The horror film series Camp Blood, beginning with Camp Blood (1999), stars a killer clown as the main antagonist in each film.
 Fear of Clowns (2004)
 100 Tears (2007)
 Drive-Thru (2007)
 The Last Circus (2010)
 Klown Kamp Massacre (2010)
 Gingerclown (2012)
 Sloppy the Psychotic (2012)
 The Last Circus (2010) by Álex de la Iglesia
 The horror film series Killjoy features a demonic killer clown as its main antagonist.
 Captain Spaulding, a vulgar clown and serial killer portrayed by Sid Haig in the 2003 Rob Zombie film House of 1000 Corpses and its 2005 sequel The Devil's Rejects.
 The 2007 film 100 Tears features a circus clown named Gurdy (Jack Amos) going on a murderous rampage after being wrongfully accused of rape.
 In the 2012 anthology horror film Scary or Die, a drug dealer is bitten by a clown at a birthday party, and he begins to transform into a cannibalistic clown himself.
 The 2012 film Stitches features a murderous birthday clown, portrayed by Ross Noble, who is resurrected from the dead in order to enact revenge upon the children who contributed to his death.
 The 2013 horror film All Hallows' Eve and the 2018 film Terrifier features a homicidal clown named Art the Clown.
 The FX horror anthology series American Horror Story used two instances of evil clowns: The first being Twisty the Clown from the fourth season Freak Show, who made a cameo appearance in Cult where the season's antagonist created a murderous clown cult to orchestrate his rise to political power.
 Zeebo the clown from the Nickelodeon horror series, Are You Afraid of the Dark?.
 The 2014 horror film Clown, directed by Jon Watts and produced by Eli Roth, follows a man who, upon finding and wearing a clown suit, becomes trapped in the cursed skin of an ancient Nordic demon known as the "Clöyne".
 The 2017 film Behind the Sightings was inspired by the viral clown sightings of 2016.
 Sweet Tooth the Clown from Twisted Metal 2012 is a man wearing a psychotic clown mask with a flaming head and carries a large machete. He drives a weaponised Ice-Cream van with the same clown face on the roof.

See also
Shawn Crahan

References

Category:Clowns
Category:Stock characters
Category:Black comedy
Category:Postmodernism
Category:Phobias


CSDA (gene)

DNA-binding protein A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSDA gene.

References

Further reading

External links

Category:Transcription factors


Rajkamal Prakashan

Rajkamal Prakashan is a noted publishing house of Hindi literature as well as English book publication. Established in 1947, the publishing house is headquartered in New Delhi, with branches in Patna, Ranchi, Allahabad, Kolkata and some other locations.

Currently the publication has three other imprints besides Rajkamal Prakashan, Radhakrishna Prakashan, Lokbharti Prakashan and Banyan Tree Books, which publishes books in English.

Rajkamal is also a publisher for the Indian Council of Historical Research based in Delhi.

References

External links
 Rajkamal Prakashan, website

Category:Book publishing companies of India
Category:Companies based in Delhi
Category:Publishing companies established in 1947
Category:1947 establishments in India
Category:Hindi


Apollinare Osadca

Apollinare Osadca, AIA (born Apolonary Osadca; November 12, 1916 – September 15, 1997) was a Ukrainian-American architect active in New York City.

Early life and education
Osadca was born in Woloshchyna, Austria-Hungary, now Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. He earned a diploma in engineering and architecture at the Polytechnic of Lviv in occupied USSR in 1942. He emigrated to the United States in 1949 after staying in a displaced persons camp after the war.

Architectural practice
Osadca founded his firm practicing under his own name in 1955 and was registered as an architect in Connecticut, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. In 1970, his offices were located in Forest Hills, Queens. His primary clients were Ukrainian groups in the Northeast United States, and his principal works included Sacred Heart Convent (Astoria, New York; 1962), the Ukrainian National Home (Hartford, Connecticut; 1965), Holy Cross Ukrainian Cathedral Church (Astoria, New York; 1966), St. Nicholas Ukrainian Cathedral Church (Passaic, New Jersey; 1969), and St. Volodymyr Ukrainian Cathedral Church (Glen Spey, New York; 1969).

Osadca's most prominent work in New York City is St. George's Church (1977). The AIA Guide to NYC described it as "A Greek Revival temple in stucco, with a mini-onion dome",  regretting  the "domed symbol of the parish's wealth and burgeoning membership: Miami Beach on 7th Street replaces the real Greek Revival thing."

References

Category:1916 births
Category:1997 deaths
Category:American people of Ukrainian descent
Category:People from Berezhany Raion
Category:American ecclesiastical architects
Category:Architects of Roman Catholic churches
Category:Lviv Polytechnic alumni
Category:Soviet emigrants to the United States
Category:20th-century American architects


Wentworth station

Wentworth was a station on the Englewood Branch of the Chicago 'L'. The station opened on December 10, 1905, and closed on February 9, 1992. and demolished during the Green Line reconstruction of 1994–1996.

References

Category:Defunct Chicago "L" stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 1905
Category:Railway stations closed in 1992
Category:1905 establishments in Illinois
Category:1992 disestablishments in Illinois


Mickaël Meira

Mickaël Meira (born 25 January 1994) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.

Club career
Meira was born in Ajaccio, France to a Portuguese father, and emigrated to Portugal at the age of 9. He started playing football in the latter country with Grupo Recreativo Amigos da Paz, finishing his development at Sporting CP after signing in 2009.

On 16 December 2013, Meira made his professional debut with the latter club's B-team, appearing in a 2–0 home win against S.C. Braga B for the Segunda Liga championship. The following 31 August he signed with AEL Limassol from Cyprus, showing resentment towards his former employer for treatment he received in a farewell message; in the following transfer window, however, he returned to Portugal and joined Atlético Clube de Portugal, going on to spend one and a half seasons in the second level with the team.

On 2 June 2016, Meira moved to Boavista F.C. on a three-year contract. His first Primeira Liga appearance took place on 18 September of the same year, in a 1–2 home loss to C.D. Feirense.

After one year out of football, Meira competed in the Moldovan National Division with FC Zimbru Chișinău

References

External links

National team data

Category:1994 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Ajaccio
Category:French people of Portuguese descent
Category:Footballers from Corsica
Category:Portuguese footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Primeira Liga players
Category:LigaPro players
Category:C.D. Fátima players
Category:Sporting CP B players
Category:Atlético Clube de Portugal players
Category:Boavista F.C. players
Category:AEL Limassol players
Category:Moldovan National Division players
Category:FC Zimbru Chișinău players
Category:Liga II players
Category:SCM Gloria Buzău players
Category:Portugal youth international footballers
Category:Portuguese expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Category:Expatriate footballers in Moldova
Category:Expatriate footballers in Romania
Category:Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Category:Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Romania


Dummy tank

A dummy tank, usually inflatable or wooden, is a type of decoy that either is intended to be mistaken by an enemy for a real tank or used for training purposes. Dummy tanks emerged soon after the introduction of real tanks in World War I, but were not widely used until World War II.
__TOC__

World War I
During World War I, Allied forces made use of dummy versions of the British heavy tanks. These were constructed from a wooden framework and covered with painted Hessian cloth. The tracks were non-functional so some were fitted with concealed wheels underneath and were towed from place to place by a pair of horses. Dummy tanks, representing Allied models, were also found to have been constructed by the Germans, even though they deployed only a small number of real tanks. It is possible they were used in training, rather than for military deception.

World War II

Dummy tanks saw significantly more use during World War II by both the Allies and the Axis. German forces utilized mock tanks prior to the start of the war for practice and training exercises. Their use in military deception was pioneered by British forces, who termed them "spoofs."

One of the first uses of dummy tanks during the Second World War was in the North African Campaign. The Royal Engineers stationed there constructed two per day; between April and June 1941, they were able to build three dummy Royal Tank Regiments, and another in November that same year. These were foldable, and thus portable; and the Royal Engineers improved them further. Jeeps were used to make the "spoofs" more mobile: a steel frame covered with canvas was placed on them, making a self-propelled dummy tank. The Jeep did not realistically simulate the noise or movement of a tank, but allowed the dummy to be deployed quickly. Meanwhile, the reverse was also done, to make tanks look like trucks. A further device was put into use that both created simulated tank tracks and erased real ones.

Inflatable dummies consisted of a fabric covering supported by a network of pressurized rubber tubes that formed a kind of "pneumatic skeleton". These were generally preferred in the field, despite their tendency to rapidly deflate if punctured by accident or shellfire. In one operation in September 1944, the British deployed 148 inflatable tanks close to the front line and around half were "destroyed" by fragments from German mortar and artillery fire, and by Allied bombs falling short.

Dummy tanks were used in Operation Fortitude prior to the landings at the Normandy Beaches. During this operation, they were used to confuse German intelligence in two ways: first, by making it seem that the Allies had more tanks than they did; and second, to hide and downplay the importance of the location of their real tanks in order to make it seem that the invasion would occur at the Pas-de-Calais rather than at Normandy. However, dummy vehicles played only a small part of the overall deception plan as, at that stage of the war, the Germans were unable to fly reconnaissance planes over England and such effort would have been wasted. Dummy landing craft were stationed at ports in eastern and southeastern England where they might be observed by the Germans but the Fortitude deception was largely carried out using double agents and false radio traffic.

During Operation Shingle at Anzio, Italy, inflatable Sherman tanks were deployed when the real tanks were elsewhere. In the Pacific Theater of Operations, the Japanese also utilized decoys; one recorded instance was during the Battle of Iwo Jima. A "tank" was surrounded by American infantry, which had been under artillery bombardment: they found it was not real, but merely a sculpture carved out of volcanic ash.

The Red Army employed dummy tanks to increase their apparent numbers and mask their true movements.

Modern era

During the Kosovo War, the Yugoslav Army regularly placed dummy tanks in Kosovo which misled NATO forces into thinking that they were destroying far more real tanks than actually occurred.

The United States Army has developed a modern dummy tank. It imitates the M1 Abrams tank not only in appearance, but also in its heat signature, in order to appear real to infrared detectors. One of these decoys can take fire from the enemy and still appear to be operational, thus delaying the enemy by as much as an hour, as they are forced to destroy the decoy. These M1 decoys cost only $3,300, compared to $4.35 million for a real M1. The decoy is also practical: when disassembled, it weighs only fifty pounds, and is roughly the same size as a duffel bag. Its generator—about the size of a 12 inch television—facilitates inflation, so that two people can erect the decoy in a few minutes. Occasionally, real tanks carry a dummy on board, to deploy when needed.

During the assault on Mosul, the Islamic state constructed and deployed wooden mockups of various vehicles in order to distract Coalition airstrikes.

See also

 Military dummy
 Quaker Gun

Notes

Category:Tanks by type
Category:Decoys


Ako Denot Mi E Nokj

Ako Denot Mi E Nokj (in Macedonian: Ако Денот Ми Е Ноќ, ) is the second solo album by the Macedonian singer Kaliopi.

Background and production history
In January 2001 Kaliopi officially announced that for her next album she will cooperate with  Darko Dimitrov, with the release of the single and music video for the song "Ako Denot Mi E Nokj".

Production history
All songs are written and composed by Kaliopi and the album is arranged and produced by Darko Dimitrov.
Guests on this album are Stojan Dimov - sax ('Ako denot mi e nok' and 'Imam - nemam') and clarinet ('Za samo eden den'); Goce Dimitrovski - trumpet ('Dali me sakas' and 'Imam - nemam'); Edin Karamazov - guitar ('Mesecina'), altaj, kanon ('Za samo eden den'); Darko, Aleksandra, Ema and Ana - vocals ('Mesecina')

Track listings
"Ako denot mi e nok" (3:34)
music: Kaliopi Buklearrangement: D.Dimitrovlyrics: Kaliopi
"Dali me sakas" (3:21)
music: Kaliopiarrangement: D.Dimitrovlyrics: Kaliopi
"Kraj" (3:16)
music: Kaliopiarrangement: D.Dimitrovlyrics: Kaliopi
"Mesecina" (4:27)
music: Kaliopiarrangement: D.Dimitrovlyrics: Kaliopi
"Kako solza" (3:16)
music: Kaliopiarrangement: D.Dimitrovlyrics: Kaliopi
"Za samo eden den" (3:23)
music: Kaliopiarrangement: D.Dimitrovlyrics: Kaliopi
"Na pat do Makedonija" (3:46)
music: Kaliopiarrangement: D.Dimitrovlyrics: Kaliopi
"Imam - nemam"  (3:16)
music: Kaliopiarrangement: D.Dimitrovlyrics: Kaliopi
"Ovoj cuden svet" (3:21)
music: Kaliopiarrangement: D.Dimitrovlyrics: Kaliopi
"Jas znam" (4:17)
music: Kaliopiarrangement: D.Dimitrovlyrics: Kaliopi

Category:2001 albums
Category:Kaliopi albums


Daughters of Eve

Daughters of Eve is a UK-based non profit organisation that works to protect girls and young women who are at risk from female genital mutilation (FGM).

The organisation raises awareness of the practice of FGM, provides support and resources for women who have experienced FGM, and campaigns to eliminate FGM.

They have launched a successful e-petition to get the subject of FGM on the UK Government’s agenda. The petition calls for the Home Office to draw up and implement a national strategy and action plan to eliminate FGM in the UK.

In February 2019, the Observer reported that the UK government was to change the National Curriculum to include relationship education for primary age pupils and health education for pupils of all ages. Secondary aged pupils would be taught about grooming, forced marriage and domestic abuse. It requires
secondary schools to address the physical and emotional damage caused by FGM, teach about the support available , and ensure that pupils know FGM is illegal.

Daughters of Eve founders Leyla Hussein and Nimco Ali were named as two of Britain's most influential women in the BBC Woman's Hour power list 2014.

References

Category:Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom


Mu Sigma

Mu Sigma is an Indian management consulting firm that primarily offers data analytics services. The firm's name is derived from the statistical terms "Mu (μ)" and "Sigma (σ)" which symbolize the mean and the standard deviation, respectively, of a probability distribution. Mu Sigma is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois and has a global delivery center in Bangalore.

History
Mu Sigma was founded by Dhiraj Rajaram, a former strategy consultant at Booz Allen Hamilton and PricewaterhouseCoopers, in 2004.
In 2008, Mu Sigma raised its first institutional investment round of $30 million from FTVentures (now FTV Capital). In April 2011, the company raised an additional $25 million from Sequoia Capital. In December 2011, the company announced a $108 million round of financing from Sequoia and growth equity investor General Atlantic. In February 2013, Mu Sigma received an investment of $45 million from MasterCard, which placed the company over the $1 billion (Rs. 5,400 crore) milestone.

In early 2016, the company was sued by Aon Corp founder Pat Ryan, who discussed that Mu Sigma lowballed its own growth prospects in order to buy back Ryan's stake in the company. Ryan won the court case.

In October 2016 Dhiraj Rajaram took over the role of CEO from his estranged wife, Ambiga Subramanian, who was currently serving as CEO at the time. The couple split in 2016, post which Dhiraj became the CEO.

Recognition

Mu Sigma was ranked #907 on the 2012 Inc. 5000 list of America's fastest-growing private companies. In 2011 the company ranked #386, and in 2010, it ranked #204.

Visa fraud
Mu-Sigma agreed to pay $2.5 million as settlement for alleged visa fraud after it was investigated by multiple U.S. authorities. Mu Sigma allegedly induced aliens to enter and remain in the U.S. The company has not admitted to any wrongdoing.

References

Notes

External links

 Official Twitter Page

Category:Analytics companies
Category:Technology companies established in 2004


222 Sansome Street

REDIRECT 345 California Center


Arrondissement of Charolles

The arrondissement of Charolles is an arrondissement of France in the Saône-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It has 126 communes. Its population is 87,416 (2016), and its area is .

Composition

The communes of the arrondissement of Charolles, and their INSEE codes, are:

 Amanzé (71006)
 Anglure-sous-Dun (71008)
 Anzy-le-Duc (71011)
 Artaix (71012)
 Ballore (71017)
 Baron (71021)
 Baudemont (71022)
 Baugy (71024)
 Beaubery (71025)
 Bois-Sainte-Marie (71041)
 Bourbon-Lancy (71047)
 Bourg-le-Comte (71048)
 Briant (71060)
 Céron (71071)
 Chalmoux (71075)
 Chambilly (71077)
 Champlecy (71082)
 Changy (71086)
 La Chapelle-au-Mans (71088)
 La Chapelle-sous-Dun (71095)
 Charolles (71106)
 Chassigny-sous-Dun (71110)
 Chassy (71111)
 Châteauneuf (71113)
 Châtenay (71116)
 Chauffailles (71120)
 Chenay-le-Châtel (71123)
 La Clayette (71133)
 Clessy (71136)
 Colombier-en-Brionnais (71141)
 Coublanc (71148)
 Cressy-sur-Somme (71152)
 Cronat (71155)
 Curbigny (71160)
 Curdin (71161)
 Cuzy (71166)
 Digoin (71176)
 Dompierre-sous-Sanvignes (71179)
 Dyo (71185)
 Fleury-la-Montagne (71200)
 Fontenay (71203)
 Gibles (71218)
 Gilly-sur-Loire (71220)
 Grandvaux (71224)
 Grury (71227)
 Les Guerreaux (71229)
 Gueugnon (71230)
 Hautefond (71232)
 L'Hôpital-le-Mercier (71233)
 Iguerande (71238)
 Issy-l'Évêque (71239)
 Lesme (71255)
 Ligny-en-Brionnais (71259)
 Lugny-lès-Charolles (71268)
 Mailly (71271)
 Maltat (71273)
 Marcigny (71275)
 Marcilly-la-Gueurce (71276)
 Marly-sous-Issy (71280)
 Marly-sur-Arroux (71281)
 Martigny-le-Comte (71285)
 Melay (71291)
 Mont (71301)
 Montceaux-l'Étoile (71307)
 Montmort (71317)
 Mornay (71323)
 La Motte-Saint-Jean (71325)
 Mussy-sous-Dun (71327)
 Neuvy-Grandchamp (71330)
 Nochize (71331)
 Oudry (71334)
 Ouroux-sous-le-Bois-Sainte-Marie (71335)
 Oyé (71337)
 Ozolles (71339)
 Palinges (71340)
 Paray-le-Monial (71342)
 Perrigny-sur-Loire (71348)
 Poisson (71354)
 Prizy (71361)
 Rigny-sur-Arroux (71370)
 Le Rousset-Marizy (71279)
 Saint-Agnan (71382)
 Saint-Aubin-en-Charollais (71388)
 Saint-Aubin-sur-Loire (71389)
 Saint-Bonnet-de-Cray (71393)
 Saint-Bonnet-de-Joux (71394)
 Saint-Bonnet-de-Vieille-Vigne (71395)
 Saint-Christophe-en-Brionnais (71399)
 Saint-Didier-en-Brionnais (71406)
 Saint-Edmond (71408)
 Sainte-Foy (71415)
 Sainte-Radegonde (71474)
 Saint-Germain-en-Brionnais (71421)
 Saint-Igny-de-Roche (71428)
 Saint-Julien-de-Civry (71433)
 Saint-Julien-de-Jonzy (71434)
 Saint-Laurent-en-Brionnais (71437)
 Saint-Léger-lès-Paray (71439)
 Saint-Martin-de-Lixy (71451)
 Saint-Martin-du-Lac (71453)
 Saint-Maurice-lès-Châteauneuf (71463)
 Saint-Racho (71473)
 Saint-Romain-sous-Versigny (71478)
 Saint-Symphorien-des-Bois (71483)
 Saint-Vincent-Bragny (71490)
 Saint-Yan (71491)
 Sarry (71500)
 Semur-en-Brionnais (71510)
 Suin (71529)
 Tancon (71533)
 Toulon-sur-Arroux (71542)
 Uxeau (71552)
 Vareilles (71553)
 Varenne-Saint-Germain (71557)
 Varenne-l'Arconce (71554)
 Varennes-sous-Dun (71559)
 Vauban (71561)
 Vaudebarrier (71562)
 Vendenesse-lès-Charolles (71564)
 Vendenesse-sur-Arroux (71565)
 Versaugues (71573)
 Vindecy (71581)
 Viry (71586)
 Vitry-en-Charollais (71588)
 Vitry-sur-Loire (71589)
 Volesvres (71590)

History

The arrondissement of Charolles was created in 1800. In January 2017 it gained seven communes from the arrondissement of Autun, and it lost five communes to the arrondissement of Autun, one commune to the arrondissement of Chalon-sur-Saône and 10 communes to the arrondissement of Mâcon.

As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Charolles were, as of January 2015:

 Bourbon-Lancy
 Charolles
 Chauffailles
 La Clayette
 Digoin
 Gueugnon
 La Guiche
 Marcigny
 Palinges
 Paray-le-Monial
 Saint-Bonnet-de-Joux
 Semur-en-Brionnais
 Toulon-sur-Arroux

References

Charolles


Irina Yevdokimova

Irina Yevdokimova (born 14 August 1978) is a Kazakhstani gymnast. She competed in five events at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:Kazakhstani female artistic gymnasts
Category:Olympic gymnasts of Kazakhstan
Category:Gymnasts at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Almaty
Category:Asian Games medalists in gymnastics
Category:Gymnasts at the 1994 Asian Games
Category:Gymnasts at the 1998 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan
Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan
Category:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Category:Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games


Antlers (band)

Antlers, sometimes NTLRS, is a German black metal band based in Leipzig, Saxony. The band’s songs are noted for being "relentlessly aggressive" but marked especially by attention to melody. Their first album, A Gaze into the Abyss, was released in May 2015. The second album, Beneath. Below. Behold, was released in March 2018.

References

Category:German black metal musical groups


Benedict Stilling

Benedikt Stilling (11 February 1810 – 28 January 1879) was a German anatomist and surgeon who was a native of Kirchhain. He was the father of German ophthalmologist Jakob Stilling (1842–1915).

In 1832 he received his doctorate from the University of Marburg. Later he had a private practice in Kassel, and travelled extensively throughout Europe, particularly Paris, where he collaborated with physicians that included Claude Bernard (1813–1873), Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) and Jean Zuléma Amussat (1796–1856).

Stilling made important contributions in the field of neurology. He performed research involving the structure of the cerebellum, as well as histological studies of the pons. In 1840 he made first mention of vasomotor nerves in a treatise titled Physiologisch-pathologische und medicinisch-praktische Untersuchungen über die Spinal-Irritation. Also, he is remembered for introducing a procedure of serial-section portrayal (thin slicing) of spinal cord specimens for histological study.

Stilling performed the first ovariotomy in Germany, using an extraperitoneal technique that minimized excessive internal bleeding. This procedure is explained in his paper, Geschichte einer Exstirpation eines krankhaft vergrösserten Ovariums.

Eponyms associated with Benedict Stilling
 Stilling's canal: a small channel that runs through the vitreous humor between the optic disk nerve and the lens in the eye.
 Fleece of Stilling: a mesh of myelinated fibers surrounding the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum.

References
 Benedict Stilling @ Who Named It

External links

Category:1810 births
Category:1879 deaths
Category:People from Kirchhain
Category:German neurologists
Category:German surgeons


John Wetzel (basketball)

John Francis Wetzel (born October 22, 1944) is an American former professional basketball player and coach.  A 6'5" guard, he played collegiately at Virginia Tech and was selected by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 8th round of the 1966 NBA draft.  Over a seven-year career, Wetzel played for three teams: the Lakers, the Phoenix Suns, and the Atlanta Hawks.  He later coached the Suns during the 1987-88 NBA season.  He served as an assistant for several other teams, retiring from basketball in 2004.  Wetzel currently splits time in Tucson, Arizona and Maui, Hawaii.

References

External links
 BasketballReference.com: John Wetzel (as player)
 BasketballReference.com: John Wetzel (as coach)

Category:1944 births
Category:Living people
Category:American men's basketball coaches
Category:American men's basketball players
Category:Atlanta Hawks players
Category:Basketball players from Virginia
Category:Los Angeles Lakers draft picks
Category:Los Angeles Lakers players
Category:People from Waynesboro, Virginia
Category:Phoenix Suns expansion draft picks
Category:Phoenix Suns assistant coaches
Category:Phoenix Suns head coaches
Category:Phoenix Suns players
Category:Virginia Tech Hokies men's basketball players
Category:Western Basketball Association coaches
Category:Guards (basketball)
Category:Small forwards


James Lawrence Isherwood

James Lawrence Isherwood (7 April 1917 – 9 June 1989) was an English artist, born in Wigan, Lancashire.

Life
Isherwood was a prolific impressionist/expressionist painter.

He is known for his Wigan Style and Wigan figure paintings. These together with his London scenes, Wigan street scenes, are his most sought after works.

Isherwood was a friend of the artist L. S. Lowry, who purchased his Woman with Black Cat and displayed it at his home. Lowry paid £5 for the picture from Isherwood's Av Guard exhibition in Manchester.

Other known collectors include Prince Charles, who bought one of Isherwood's seascapes from a sale held at Cambridge University. The former Director General of the BBC Hugh Greene commissioned a portrait of Mary Whitehouse, his vociferous critic, from Isherwood; the artist depicted her with five breasts. Isherwood gave the painting a punning title - "Sanctity" - and Hugh Greene allegedly hung it in his office so that he could throw things at it.

Always short of money, Isherwood traveled the country in his old estate car, usually accompanied by his mother Lily. He liked to pitch up at art colleges and give impromptu tutorials, and usually paid for his hotel room with a painting. He also offered magistrates a painting in lieu of a fine when prosecuted for driving with no tax or insurance.

A BBC documentary, I am Isherwood was made in 1974 about the artist and his work. This was transmitted twice by the BBC once in 1974 and again in 1975.

Isherwood died on 9 June 1989 of cancer.

References

External links
 http://www.isherwoodart.co.uk/ James Lawrence Isherwood art and Works for sale
 http://www.artbyisherwood.co.uk The official Isherwood website

Category:1917 births
Category:1989 deaths
Category:20th-century English painters
Category:English male painters
Category:Landscape artists
Category:Modern painters
Category:Naïve painters
Category:People from Wigan


Northern Radio of Michigan

Northern Radio of Michigan is a radio broadcasting company which owns eight radio stations in northern Michigan, with offices in Traverse City.

Radio Stations

Music Radio - The Fox FM
 94.3 WFCX  Leland, MI
 92.5 WFDX  Atlanta, MI
 100.5 W263CD Boyne City, MI

ESPN Radio - Northern Michigan
 106.7 WSRT Gaylord, MI
 105.5 WSRJ Honor, MI
 98.3  W252DA Boyne City, MI

KLT - The Rock Station
 97.5 WKLT Kalkaska, MI
 98.9 WKLZ Petoskey, MI

Station Timeline

References

Michiguide.com - Northern Radio

Category:Radio broadcasting companies of the United States
Category:Companies based in Michigan


Alternanthera helleri

Alternanthera helleri is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.  It is believed to be green in color anywhere from 90 to 100% of the year depending on altitude.  The leaves are considered to be highly toxic to humans and should not be consumed under any circumstances.

Alternanthera helleri is a fall-blooming species, it can be planted at any time of year, but the best time is early/middle fall, as this provides it with an optimum blooming window when it will be in season. It is very rare to find growing in the wild, and recent national park's and forest's efforts to remove hazardous plants such as this one have drastically reduced the numbers in the wild. It is still grown, however, in laboratory settings, where scientists try to analyze just exactly what makes it so toxic to humans. It is theorized that the plant produces a powerful hemotoxin, perhaps similar to oleander in nature.

References

helleri
Category:Endemic flora of Ecuador
Category:Garden plants of South America
Category:Vulnerable plants
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Lobosphaera incisa

Lobosphaera incisa, formerly Parietochloris incisa, is a fresh-water green algae. It is the richest plant source of the PUFA arachidonic acid.

References

Category:Trebouxiales


The Sport of the Gods

The Sport of the Gods is a novel by Paul Laurence Dunbar, first published in 1902, centered on American urban black life. Forced to leave the South, a family falls apart amid the harsh realities of Northern inner city life in this 1902 examination of the forces that extinguish the dreams of African Americans.

Plot
Berry Hamilton, an emancipated black man, works as a butler for a wealthy white man Maurice Oakley. Berry lives in a small cottage a short distance away from the Oakley's place of residence. Berry lives with his wife, Fannie, and two children, Joe and Kitty. During a farewell dinner for Maurice's younger brother, Francis Oakley, it becomes known that a large sum of money has disappeared from Oakley residence due to Francis apparently being careless and leaving the key in the safe. Maurice soon convinces himself that Berry must have stolen the money. A court finds Berry guilty of the theft and sentences him to ten years of hard labor.

Maurice and his wife expel Fannie, Joe, and Kitty from the cottage. Unable to find work, Fannie and her children decide to move to New York. Once in New York, Joe begins work and starts regularly visiting the Banner Club. He begins dating an entertainer from the club named Hattie Sterling. To Fannie's disapproval, Hattie helps Kitty to find employment as a singer and actress. Joe's situation quickly declines and he becomes an alcoholic. Hattie breaks the relationship. Completely degraded, Joe strangles Hattie. Later, he confesses to the murder and finds himself in prison. With her husband and son in prison, Fannie is distraught. Kitty convinces Fannie to marry a man named Mr. Gibson.

Francis Oakley, who left for Paris to become an artist, sends a message to Maurice Oakley. When Maurice receives the letter, he postulates that it could be a message informing him of the artistic successes of Francis. To his dismay, it describes how Francis stole the money and he wishes for Berry Hamilton to be released from prison. Maurice decides that he will not announce Berry's innocence in hopes of preserving the honor of his brother and himself.

Mr. Skaggs, an acquaintance of Joe at the Banner Club, overhears the story of Berry Hamilton's conviction for theft. As a writer for New York's Universe, Mr. Skaggs postulates that if he can prove Berry's innocence, he will have a popular article for the publisher. He travels to the hometown of the Hamilton's to converse with Maurice Oakley. He first meets with a man named Colonel Saunders who tells him that he believes Berry is innocent, the money was simply lost, and to protect the secret, Maurice Oakley carries the money in his "secret" pocket at all times. To gain entry into the Oakley residence, Skaggs lies about having a letter from Francis. Mr. Skaggs forcibly removes Francis's letter from Maurice's secret pocket.

With Francis's letter, Mr. Skaggs is able to have Berry pardoned after five years in prison. Mr. Skaggs brings Berry to New York. Soon, Berry finds out about his son, daughter, and wife's new husband. Hopeless, Berry plans to murder his wife's suitor. To Berry's fortune, he finds that Mr. Gibson has been killed in a fight at a racetrack. Broken down by the hardships of the city, Fannie and Berry decide to move back to the cottage near the Oakley residence when the apologetic Mrs. Oakley begs them to return.

Influence

Robert Levy, a prolific producer of race films in the 1920s, earned the rights to adapt The Sport of the Gods; his film version of the novel debuted in Chicago in 1921. While the most prominent roles went to black actors, Levy also selected whites for small parts, marking a breakthrough in desegregation in the entertainment industry.  Billboard magazine carried a notice for the opening on its main motion picture page, making it the first time this level of recognition had ever been paid to a race film.

In 2008, the United States Postal Service chose to feature the promotional poster for The Sport of Gods movie on a commemorative stamp as part of its "Vintage Black Cinema" release. Although no copies of the film are known to survive, some theater bills, production stills, and film reviews do exist.

Literary critic Rebecca Ruth Gold argues that The Sport of the Gods culminates as an object lesson in the power of shame – a key component of the scapegoat mentality – to limit the law’s capacity to deliver justice.

References

External links

Category:1902 American novels
Category:African-American novels
Category:Works by Paul Laurence Dunbar
Category:Dodd, Mead and Company books