Guegoolithus

Guegoolithus is an oogenus of fossil egg from the early Cretaceous of Spain. It is classified in the oofamily Spheroolithidae, and was probably laid by an ornithopod dinosaur.

Distribution
Guegoolithus is known from the Early Cretaceous of Spain. It is common in the Maestrazgo Basin, dating to the lower Barremian. Fossils have been found in the Blesa, El Castellar, Camarillas, and Mirambel Formations. It has also been found at the slightly older El Hocajo, a part of the Cameros Basin which dates to the Valanginian or Hauterivian ages, up to 7 million years older than the Maestrazgo specimens.

Description
Guegoolithus is known from over 400 fossil eggshell fragments, but no complete eggs have been found. They are very thin for spheroolithids, ranging from 0.42 to 1.5 mm in thickness. The wide range of eggshell thickness is partially due to erosion on the inner and outer surfaces of the fragments. The size and shape of the complete egg is unknown.

Like other types of dinosaur eggs, the shell of Guegoolithus is made up of tightly packed crystalline units. The shell is single-layered, but the shell units appear to be have two distinct layers because they exhibit a radiating acicular crystal structure near the base (the inner edge of the eggshell), but form a tabular ultrastructure on the upper third of the eggshell. The surface of the eggshell exhibits sagenotuberculate ornamentation (nodes and ridges forming a net-like pattern, with pits and grooves in between). It has a prolatocanaliculate pore system, similar to Spheroolithus, which means that the pores are irregularly shaped and vary in width along their length. Also like Spheroolithus, it has a prolatospherulitic morphotype, with eggshell units fused together and horizontal growth lines on the lower portion of the eggshell. Guegoolithus has much more prominent ornamentation that Spheroolithus, and a thinner eggshell than most Spheroolithus species.

History
Guegoolithus was first discovered in 2000 by Spanish paleontologists Olga Amo-Sanjuán, José Ignacio Canudo, and Gloria Cuenca-Bescós, though it was described as an oospecies of Macroolithus. In 2008, a paper suggested that "M." turolensis be used as an index fossil for fossil sites in the Sistema Ibérico, because they are easily identifiable and always found in rocks of Hauterivian-Barremian age. An analysis in 2014 by Miguel Moreno-Azanza, José Ignacio Canudo, and José Manuel Gasca found that in fact, "M." turolensis is not an elongatoolithid, but instead belongs in Spheroolithidae, and named a new oogenus for it: Guegoolithus. In 2016, Moreno-Azanza and several of his colleagues reported the discovery of a new fossil site in La Rioja, Spain, which included eggs assigned to Guegoolithus. Since this site is somewhat older than the Barremian age of the previously reported Guegoolithus fossils, Moreno et. al rejected the idea of using them as index fossils.

Classification
While it was previously considered an oospecies of Macroolithus in the oofamily Elongatoolithidae, Guegoolithus is now considered a spheroolithid because of the similarities of microstructure, ultrastructure, and ornamentation. It contains a single oospecies: G. turolensis. Unfortunately, relationships within Speroolithidae are not well known because of the unclear definitions of Spheroolithus and Speroolithidae.

Paleobiology

Guegoolithus is classified as a spheroolithid, which would indicate it was laid by an ornithopod dinosaur. It is very similar to the eggs of Maiasaura peeblesorum and other hadrosaurs, but these were not common in Europe during the Early Cretaceous. G. turolensis is most likely laid by a closely related ornithopods. Styracosterns (a clade of ornithopods that includes hadrosaurs and their close relatives) are, like G. turolensis, incredibly common in the lower Cretaceous of Spain. Given that fossils of Guegoolithus span a larger time period than is likely for a single species, the fossils probably represent many different styracostern species with structurally indistinguishable eggshells. Because Guegoolithus remained unchanged for upwards of 5 million years and it is very similar to the late Cretaceous spheroolithids, Moreno-Azanza et al. (2017) concluded that the nesting behavior of hadrosaurs and their close relatives remained unchanged for 80 million years. The eggshell structure is apparently designed to be easily broken from the inside, indicating that these dinosaurs were altricial.

Its reclassification outside of Elongatoolithidae implies that no elongatoolithids are known from the early Cretaceous of Europe. However, elongatoolithids have been reported from the Late Cretaceous of France.

References

Category:Egg fossils
Category:Dinosaur reproduction
Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Category:Ornithopods
Category:Cretaceous Spain
Category:Fossils of Spain
Category:Fossil parataxa described in 2014


Madeleine-Angélique de Gomez

Madeleine-Angélique de Gomez née Poisson (22 November 1684 – 28 December 1770) was a French author and playwright.

Biography
Madeleine-Angelique was born in Paris on 22 November 1684 to the actor Paul Poisson.

Madeleine-Angélique married a Spanish nobleman, Don Gabriel de Gomez, thinking he was rich. When she discovered her husband was burdened with debt, she turned to writing as a hope to escape poverty. Her first a tragedy, Habis, was released in 1714 to much critical appeal, being played at the Comédie-Française with a revival in 1732.

Between 1722 and 1772, Gomez published eight editions of Les Journées amusantes, with the work being translated into English by Eliza Haywood.

While most of her work was published under the name Madame de Gomez (M de Gomez), some of her works have been published under the pseudonym M.P.V.D.G.

She died in Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 28 December 1770 at the age of 86.

Published works

Plays
Habis, tragédie (1714)
Cléarque, tyran d'Héraclée, tragédie (1733 - English translation: Cléarchus, Tyrant of Heraclea, a tragedy)
Marsidie reine des Cimbres, tragédie  (1735 - English translation: Marsidie, Queen of the Cimbri)
Semiramis, tragédie (1737 - English translation: Semiramis, tragedy)

Novels
Anecdotes persanes, dédiées au roy (1727 - English translation: Persian Anecdotes, dedicated to the king)
Anecdotes, ou Histoire secrette de la maison ottomane (1722 - English translation: Anecdotes, or Secret History of the Ottoman House)
Crémentine, reine de Sanga ; histoire indienne (1727 - English translation: Creatine, Queen of Sanga: Indian History)
Entretiens nocturnes de Mercure et de La Renommée, au jardin des Thuilleries (1714 - English translation: Nocturnal interviews of Mercury and La Renommée in the Tuileries Garden.)
Histoire de Jean de Calais, roi de Portugal, ou, La vertu recompensee (1731 - English translation: The History of Jean de Calais, King of Portugal, or Virtue Rewarded)
Histoire d'Osman premier du nom, XIXe empereur des Turcs, et de l'impératrice Aphendina Ashada (1734 - English translation: History of Osman, first of the name, XIXth emperor of the Turks, and of the empress Aphendina Ashada)
Histoire du comte d’Oxfort, de Miledy d’Herby, d’Eustache de Saint-Pierre et de Beatrix de Guines au siège de la ville de Calais, sous le règne de Philippe de Valois, roi de France & de Navarré, en 1346 & 1347(1765 - English translation: History of the Count of Oxford, of Miledy of Herby, of Eustace of St. Peter and of Beatrix of Guines at the siege of the city of Calais, under the reign of Philip of Valois, King of France and of Navarre, in 1346 and 1347)
Histoire secrette de la conqueste de Grenade (1723 - English translation: The secret history of the conquest of Granada)
Histoires du comte d'Oxfort, de Miledy d'Herby, d'Eustache de S. Pierre, et de Beatrix de Guine (1738 - English translation:Stories of the Earl of Oxford, of Milady of Herby, of Eustace of St. Peter, and of Beatrix of Guinea)
La jeune Alcidiane (1733 - English translation: The Young Alcidiane)
Les journées amusantes, dédiées au roi (1722 - English translation: La Belle Assemblée published 1754)

Collections and editions
Œuvres mêlées de Madame de Gomez:contenant ses tragedies & differens ouvrages en vers et en prose (1724 - English translation: Collected Works of Madame de Gomez: Containing her Tragedies and Various Works in Verse and Prose)
Cent nouvelles nouvelles (published in multiple parts between 1732-1739 - English translation:The Hundred News)

Notes

References

Further reading

Category:1684 births
Category:1770 deaths
Category:18th-century French women writers
Category:French fiction writers
Category:18th-century French writers
Category:French women short story writers
Category:French short story writers
Category:French women dramatists and playwrights
Category:18th-century French dramatists and playwrights


Solar eclipse of July 11, 2010

The total solar eclipse of July 11, 2010, occurred over the southern Pacific Ocean. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

Visibility

The eclipse on this day was one of the most remote in recorded history. It was visible over much of the southern Pacific Ocean, touching several atolls in French Polynesia, the Cook Islands, Easter Island, and Argentina's Patagonian plains.

Fred Espenak, a NASA astrophysicist, said:

In French Polynesia, the eclipse was seen with 98 percent totality. During that time, the diamond ring effect and the Baily's beads occurred.

It ended at sunset over the southern tips of Argentina and Chile in South America, including the town of El Calafate. The Sun's altitude was only 1° during the 2 minute 47 second total phase, but Argentino Lake offered an adequate line-of-sight to the eclipse hanging just above the rugged Andes skyline.

A 58% partiality occurred at sunset in Santiago, Chile, but it was not visible due to adverse weather conditions. In other cities such as Valparaíso and Coquimbo, clearer skies permitted the event to be witnessed in continental Chile.

Observations

Total eclipse began  southeast of Tonga at approximately 18:15 UTC and reached Easter Island by 20:11 UTC. The global sky photography project The World At Night stationed photographers throughout the eclipse's visibility track. Eclipse chasers photographed the event on board a chartered airplane, cruise ships, numerous Pacific islands, and in Argentina's Patagonia region. Totality was observed for four minutes and 41 seconds (4:41) on Easter Island, where it was observed for the first time in 1,400 years. Approximately 4,000 observers visited Easter Island for this eclipse, including tourists, scientists, photographers, filmmakers and journalists, prompting an increase in security at its important moai archeological sites. The eclipse occurred at the same time that the final game of the 2010 FIFA World Cup was being played in South Africa, and many soccer fans in Tahiti watched the match instead of observing the partial eclipse with a high percentage of obscuring the sun by about 98 percent. The path of totality of this eclipse barely missed some significant inhabited islands, including passing just about 20 km north of the northern end of Tahiti.

This eclipse was the first one to happen over French Polynesia in 350 years. An estimated 5,000 tourists visited various islands in the archipelago to observe the event. Nearly 120,000 pairs of special glasses were distributed for observers. Eclipse chasers were also able to observe the eclipse at El Calafate, near the southern tip of Argentina, before the sun set just two minutes later.

Several hours after the eclipse was observed in continental Chile, a magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck in the Antofagasta Region. There were no major injuries or damage in the nearby cities of Calama, Chile and San Pedro de Atacama.

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 2010
 An annular solar eclipse on January 15.
 A partial lunar eclipse on June 26.
 A total solar eclipse on July 11.
 A total lunar eclipse on December 21.

Eclipses cycles
 It was preceded two weeks earlier by the partial lunar eclipse on June 26, 2010.
 In Saros cycle 146, this eclipse repeats every 18 years 11 days, previously on total solar eclipse of June 30, 1992 and next on total solar eclipse of July 22, 2028.
 In a tzolkinex cycle, it repeats every 7 years 1 month 1 days, previous as the annular solar eclipse of May 31, 2003 and followed by the total solar eclipse of August 21, 2017.
 In a tritos cycle, it repeats every 10 years 11 months, previous as the total solar eclipse of August 11, 1999 and followed by the annular solar eclipse of June 10, 2021.
 In a inex cycle, it repeats every 29 years minus 20 days, previous as the total solar eclipse of July 31, 1981 and followed by the annular solar eclipse of June 21, 2039.
 The next total solar eclipse will occur on  November 13, 2012. The path of totality ends about  west of Chile but the eclipse will be partial on sundown from the coast, and  east of New Zealand.

Solar eclipses 2008–2011

Saros 146

It is a part of Saros cycle 146, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 76 events. The series started with partial solar eclipse on September 19, 1541. It contains total eclipses from May 29, 1938 through October 7, 2154, hybrid eclipses from October 17, 2172 through November 20, 2226, and annular eclipses from December 1, 2244 through August 10, 2659. The series ends at member 76 as a partial eclipse on December 29, 2893. The longest duration of totality was 5 minutes, 21 seconds on June 30, 1992.
<noinclude>

Metonic series

Notes

References

NASA pdf map
NASA homepage for July 11 2010 total solar eclipse
NASA: Eclipses During 2010: Total Solar Eclipse of July 11
Eclipser: 2010 July 11 Total Solar Eclipse
Eclipse.org.uk: Total Eclipse of the Sun: 2010 July 11
 www.spaceweather.com
 Easter Island Eclipse, APOD 7/14/2010
 Andes Sunset Eclipse, APOD 7/15/2010, totality from 400 meters above Argentino Lake
 The Crown of the Sun, APOD 7/21/2010, totality from Easter Island
 Diamond Ring and Shadow Bands, APOD 7/24/2010, totality from Hao, French Polynesia
 Eclipse on the Beach, APOD 7/30/2010, totality from Anakena Beach, Easter Island
 Eclipse Shadow Cone Over Patagonia, APOD 8/4/2010, totality from Patagonia, Argentina

2010 07 11
Category:2010 in science
2010 07 11
Category:History of the Pacific Ocean
Category:July 2010 events
Category:2010 in Argentina
Category:2010 in Chile


Capital Area School for the Arts

The Capital Area School for the Arts (CASA) is a 9th to 12th grade, public charter school located in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, USA. The School began as an arts magnet school, which was founded in 2001 as a partnership between the Capital Area Intermediate Unit and Open Stage of Harrisburg (a regional professional theater group). After first moving through several sites in downtown Harrisburg, the school now resides in its permanent location in the first floor of Strawberry Square. Capital Area School for the Arts Charter School utilizes a 21st-century, hybrid model of teaching and learning. The curriculum is designed to meet all of the Pennsylvania Core State Standards. In 2013, the School received charter status and converted to an intensive, all-day academic and arts high school. CASA Charter School was approved in May 2013 for five years.

The school is funded by: grants, tuition and donations. Tuition is paid by the public school district where the student resides. The amount of the tuition varies by school district and is set annually by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. By state law, transportation must be provided to CASA if the student's home school district provides transportation to its pupils. Students apply to attend the school, with an audition required. If more applications are made than the slots available, the school is required by law to conduct a lottery for admission. Students from public schools in Dauphin County, Cumberland County and Perry County have attended the school in the past.

CASA is located in the downtown area of the City of Harrisburg. The students have the opportunity to use the city as the "classroom", including the numerous resources the offered (such as the nearby Susquehanna Art Museum and the Whitaker Center for Science and the Arts. Students must attend 1 of 2 sessions daily and choose one of five artistic areas such as; visual arts, film, music, dance, or theater. Beginning in the 2010-2011 school year, a creative writing discipline was added for PM classes. Morning classes are studio-based while afternoon classes focus on collaborative interdisciplinary work. The culmination of the afternoon classes' work is a one-night student-produced performance at the nearby Whitaker Center for Science and the Arts.

In 2015, enrollment grew to 178 pupils in 9th through 12th grades, with 17% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 8% of pupils received special education services, while none of pupils were identified as gifted. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education 7.5% of the teachers were rated "Non‐Highly Qualified" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act.

In 2014, Capital Area School for the Arts enrollment was 133 pupils in grades 9th through 12th, with 20% of pupils receiving a free or reduced price lunch due to family poverty. None of the pupils received special education services and none of pupils were identified as gifted. The School employs 13 teachers. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 89.66% of the teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act.  In 2013, enrollment was 100 pupils. In 2010, the total enrollment of the magnet school was 150 students from 5 counties and 25 school districts in 2010.

Capital Area School for the Arts is one of 4 public charter schools operating in Dauphin County in 2013. (Infinity Charter School, Sylvan Heights Science Charter School, and Pennsylvania Distance and Electronic Learning Charter School)

Governance
Capital Area School for the Arts is governed by an 11-member individually selected Board of Trustees, the local public school board, the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The federal government controls programs it funds like: Title I funding for low income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act  and the No Child Left Behind Act, which mandates the school focus resources on student success in acquiring adequate reading and mathematics skills.

In Pennsylvania, charter schools are initially approved and subsequently overseen by the local school board, In this case, Harrisburg School District (Pennsylvania) school board oversees the school. They make in depth, annual reports to the Pennsylvania Department of Education. In Pennsylvania, charter schools are a public school alternative the local public schools. Pennsylvania charter schools have the same academic accountability as traditional public schools and must give the PSSAs and/or Keystone Exams to their pupils each year.

2015 School Performance Profile
Capital Area School for the Arts achieved 86 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. This was the second highest achieving high school in Dauphin County. The PDE reported that 90% of the Capital Area School for the Arts students were on grade level in reading/literature. In Algebra 1, 76% of students showed on grade level skills at the end of the course. In Biology I, 76% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course. Statewide, 53 percent of schools with an eleventh grade achieved an academic score of 70 or better. Five percent of the 2,033 schools with 11th grade were scored at 90 and above; 20 percent were scored between 80 and 89; 28 percent between 70 and 79; 25 percent between 60 and 69 and 22 percent below 60. The Keystone Exam results showed: 73 percent of students statewide scored at grade-level in English, 64 percent in Algebra I and 59 percent in biology.

In 2015, the graduation rate was 90%.

2014 School Performance Profile
Capital Area School for the Arts achieved 68.4 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature - 80.5% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 54% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, 56.76% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course.  Statewide, the percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in Algebra I increased to  39.7% to 40.1%. The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced  in reading/literature declined to 52.5%. The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced  in biology improved from 39.7% to 41.4%.

SAT scores
In 2014, Capital Area School for the Arts students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 680. The Math average score was 505. The Writing average score was 515. Statewide in Pennsylvania, Verbal Average Score was 497. The Math average score was 504. The Writing average score was 480. The College Board also reported that nationwide scores were: 497 in reading, 513 in math and 487 in writing.

AP courses
In 2014, Capital Area School for the Arts offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on  the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some higher education institutions also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Capital Area School for the Arts, 22.32% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam.

Graduation requirements
Students of Capital Area School for the Arts Charter School must complete a minimum of 25 credits to graduate, including: English – 4 credits; Mathematics – 3 credits; Science – 3 credits; Social Studies – 3 credits; CASA Art – 2 credits per year while enrolled at CASA; Health – 1 credit; Physical Education – 1 credit and Electives – 6 credits.

Students must also demonstrate proficiency via their Keystone Exam results or the resultant proficiency project experiences by the end of their senior year. During the 2014-2015 school year, three (3) Keystone Exams are given: Algebra 1, Literature, and Biology. Beginning with the class of 2017, students must demonstrate proficiency on all Keystone Exams as a graduation requirement. Remediation classes are mandatory for non-proficient students.

The charter school's first graduating class had 19 students.

Tuition
Students who live in any local public school district's attendance area may choose to attend one of Pennsylvania's 157 public charter schools. A student living in a neighboring public school district or a foreign exchange student may seek admission to any other public school district. For these cases, the Pennsylvania Department of Education sets an annual tuition rate for each school district. It is the amount the public school district pays to a charter school for each resident student that attends the charter and it is the amount a nonresident student's parents must pay to attend the district's schools. The 2013 tuition rate for Harrisburg City School District for High School students was $10,160.93. For Steelton-Highspire School District - $9,216; for Central Dauphin School District tuition was set at $10,375.68. For Middleton Area School District the tuition was $10,399.93. For Susquehanna Township School District the tuition was $10,440.29. Where the student receives special education services, the home district pays more tuition to cover the costs to the charter school.

School bullying
The Board has provided the school's antibully policy online. All Pennsylvania schools are required to have an anti-bullying policy incorporated into their Code of Student Conduct. The policy must identify disciplinary actions for bullying and designate a school staff person to receive complaints of bullying. The policy must be available on the school's website and posted in every classroom. All Pennsylvania public schools must provide a copy of its anti-bullying policy to the Office for Safe Schools every year, and must review their policy every three years. Additionally, the School must conduct an annual review of that policy with students. The Center for Schools and Communities works in partnership with the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime & Delinquency and the Pennsylvania Department of Education to assist schools and communities as they research, select and implement bullying prevention programs and initiatives.

Education standards relating to student safety and anti harassment programs are described in the 10.3. Safety and Injury Prevention in the Pennsylvania Academic Standards for Health, Safety and Physical Education.

References

External links

 CASA on MySpace
  VIDEOS FROM Capital Area School for the Arts

Category:Education in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Category:Art schools in Pennsylvania
Category:Educational institutions established in 2001
Category:Schools in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
Category:Public high schools in Pennsylvania
Category:Magnet schools in Pennsylvania
Category:2001 establishments in Pennsylvania
Category:Susquehanna Valley


1982 (Miss Kittin & The Hacker song)

"1982" is a song by French recording duo Miss Kittin & The Hacker. It is the first single from the EP Champagne (1998), and their debut album as a duo First Album (2001). The track was one of the first songs of the electroclash scene, and was remixed by Vitalic and Anthony Rother.

Composition
"1982" is credited as an electroclash and tech house song.  The lyrics reference Visage's "Fade to Gray", New Order’s "Blue Monday", Kraftwerk's "The Robots" and "The Man-Machine", Depeche Mode’s "Just Can't Get Enough", Soft Cell’s "Tainted Love", and Telex’s "Moskow Diskow."

Critical reception
Richard Moroder Juzwiak of Stylus Magazine described the song as one of the first songs of the electroclash genre,  further noting, "Kittin lampoons the scene as she creates it, and shows love for those without whom, electroclash wouldn’t be possible."

Cultural impact
In 1998, the song was featured on the compilation album Just the Best 3/98 by Ariola Records, which charted at number two on both the Austrian Albums Chart and the Swiss Albums Chart. Later that year, the song was also featured on the compilation album Love Parade 1998 - One World One Future by Low Spirit, which charted at number nine on the Austrian Albums Chart and at number four on the Swiss Albums Chart. In 2002, the song was included on compilation album Ultra.80's vs Electro by Ultra Records.

Live performances
Miss Kittin performed "1982" live at the Sónar festival. She also included it on her album Live at Sónar.

Track listings
German EP
 "1982 (Radio Edit)" - 3:05
 "Gigolo Intro" - 1:53
 "Frank Sinatra" - 4:00
 "1982 (Club Mix)" - 5:17
 "Dirty Talk" - 2:03

German (Anthony Rother) Vinyl, 12-inch single
A1. "1982 (Anthony Rother 2005 Remix)"-

Italian Vinyl, 12-inch single
A1. "1982 (Club Mix)" - 5:17
A2. "1982 (Radio Edit)" - 3:05
B1. "Frank Sinatra" - 4:00
B2. "Gigolo Intro" - 1:53

References

Category:1998 debut singles
Category:Miss Kittin songs
Category:Electroclash songs
Category:Songs about music
Category:1998 songs
Category:Songs written by Miss Kittin
Category:Songs written by The Hacker
Category:Fiction set in 1982


A Book to Burn

A Book to Burn () is a philosophical work by the late-Ming Dynasty thinker and historian Li Zhi. A critique of the social, philosophical and cultural norms of his time, the book was highly controversial and cemented Li Zhi's reputation as a heretic at the time.

History
Li Zhi began compiling the book in 1588, while living in a Buddhist monastery. It was first published in 1590 in Macheng, with a foreword by Mei Guozhen.

The title was chosen by Li Zhi, who was aware that the book would be highly controversial, and that calls for its burning would be inevitable. Indeed, soon after its publication, it incited a vitriolic response from the exponents of Cheng-Zhu orthodoxy, accusing Li of heresy and poisoning minds; this controversy, however, only served to heighten Li Zhi's reputation.

In 1602, after the imprisonment and suicide of Li Zhi, the book was proscribed and all copies were burned; this ban proceeded even into the Qing Dynasty. Yet, while officially banned, it continued to be printed and distributed in private.

Contents
The book is divided into six chapters; chapters one and two are responses to other books and philosophical works, while chapters three and four are essays on assorted topics. Chapter five deals with the study of history, and the last chapter contains poetic works.

The book contains Li's defences of the School of Mind, influenced by the teachings of the earlier scholar Wang Yangming, against the Cheng-Zhu school. Among other arguments, it derided the ritual worship of Confucius as superstition, as well as the study of the classics in pursuit of understanding an 'absolute morality'. Instead, Li argued for a more intuitive understanding of virtue and morality, and of giving greater space for individualism, instead of 'taking Confucius' (idea of) right or wrong as the only idea of right or wrong'.

References

Further reading
Phillip Grimberg, Dem Feuer geweiht: Das Lishi Fenshu des Li Zhi (1527-1602). Uebersetzung, Analyse, Kommentar. Marburg: 2014, 442pp.

Category:Neo-Confucianism
Category:Chinese philosophy
Category:Ming dynasty literature
Category:Modern philosophical literature
Category:Social philosophy literature
Category:1590 books


Anwar Hussain (cricketer)

Anwar Hussain Khokhar (16 July 1920 – 9 October 2002) (Urdu':انور حسین کھوکھر)' was a member of Pakistan's first Test team in 1952.

Born in Lahore, Hussain was an all-rounder. He played first-class cricket in Indian competitions from 1941 to 1947, and in Pakistan from 1947 to 1955. He faced the first ball bowled in first-class cricket in Pakistan when he opened the batting for Sind against West Punjab in December 1947.

His best first-class performances came when he captained Sind against the touring West Indians in 1948-49, and he scored 12 and 81 and took 4 for 66 and 1 for 19 in the drawn match. He was selected to play in Pakistan's first representative match a week later against the West Indians, but with little success. He was a member of Pakistan's first touring team later that season, playing in both matches against Ceylon in Colombo. He also played one of the representative matches when Ceylon toured Pakistan in 1949-50.

When the English team toured in 1951-52 he made 48 in Pakistan's second innings, adding a valuable 83 for the sixth wicket with the captain, Abdul Hafeez Kardar, in Pakistan's four-wicket victory that secured the nation's Test status. He played in four of the five Test matches in Pakistan's inaugural series against India in 1952-53 when he was Kardar's vice-captain, but had little personal success. He played no further Test cricket after that series.

Hussain died in Lahore on 9 October 2002 after suffering from liver cancer.

References

External links

Category:1920 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Pakistan Test cricketers
Category:Pakistani cricketers
Category:Cricketers from Lahore
Category:Northern India cricketers
Category:North Zone cricketers
Category:Karachi cricketers
Category:Sindh cricketers
Category:Mumbai cricketers
Category:Muslims cricketers


1990 British League season

The 1990 British League season was the 26th season of the British League, the top tier of speedway in the UK since 1965.

Summary
Reading Racers won the league.

Final table
M = Matches; W = Wins; D = Draws; L = Losses; Pts = Total Points

Leading averages

British League Knockout Cup
The 1990 British League Knockout Cup was the 52nd edition of the Knockout Cup for tier one teams. Reading Racers were the winners.

First Round

Quarter Finals

Semi Finals

Final

See also
List of United Kingdom Speedway League Champions

References

Category:British League
Category:1990 in British motorsport


Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a federal research facility in Livermore, California, United States, founded by the University of California, Berkeley in 1952. Originally a branch of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Lawrence Livermore laboratory became autonomous in 1971 and was designated a national laboratory in 1981.

A Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC), Lawrence Livermore lab is primarily funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and managed and operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS), a partnership of the University of California, Bechtel, BWX Technologies, AECOM, and Battelle Memorial Institute in affiliation with the Texas A&M University System.  In 2012, the laboratory had the synthetic chemical element livermorium named after it.

Overview

LLNL is self-described as "a premier research and development institution for science and technology applied to national security." Its principal responsibility is ensuring the safety, security and reliability of the nation's nuclear weapons through the application of advanced science, engineering and technology. The Laboratory also applies its special expertise and multidisciplinary capabilities to preventing the proliferation and use of weapons of mass destruction, bolstering homeland security and solving other nationally important problems, including energy and environmental security, basic science and economic competitiveness.

The Laboratory is located on a one-square-mile (2.6 km2) site at the eastern edge of Livermore. It also operates a  remote experimental test site, called Site 300, situated about  southeast of the main lab site. LLNL has an annual budget of about $1.5 billion and a staff of roughly 8,000 employees.

History

Origins
LLNL was established in 1952 as the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore, an offshoot of the existing UC Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley.  It was intended to spur innovation and provide competition to the nuclear weapon design laboratory at Los Alamos in New Mexico, home of the Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic weapons. Edward Teller and Ernest Lawrence, director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley, are regarded as the co-founders of the Livermore facility.

The new laboratory was sited at a former naval air station of World War II.  It  was already home to several UC Radiation Laboratory projects that were too large for its location in the Berkeley Hills above the UC campus, including one of the first experiments in the magnetic approach to confined thermonuclear reactions (i.e. fusion). About half an hour southeast of Berkeley, the Livermore site provided much greater security for classified projects than an urban university campus.

Lawrence tapped his former graduate student Herbert York, age 32, to run Livermore. Under York, the Lab had four main programs: Project Sherwood (the magnetic-fusion program), Project Whitney (the weapons-design program), diagnostic weapon experiments (both for the Los Alamos and Livermore laboratories), and a basic physics program. York and the new lab embraced the Lawrence "big science" approach, tackling challenging projects with physicists, chemists, engineers, and computational scientists working together in multidisciplinary teams. Lawrence died in August 1958 and shortly after, the university's board of regents named both laboratories for him, as the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.

Historically, the Berkeley and Livermore laboratories have had very close relationships on research projects, business operations, and staff. The Livermore Lab was established initially as a branch of the Berkeley laboratory. The Livermore lab was not officially severed administratively from the Berkeley lab until 1971. To this day, in official planning documents and records, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is designated as Site 100, Lawrence Livermore National Lab as Site 200, and LLNL's remote test location as Site 300.

Renaming
The laboratory was renamed Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) in 1971. On October 1, 2007 LLNS assumed management of LLNL from the University of California, which had exclusively managed and operated the Laboratory since its inception 55 years before. The laboratory was honored in 2012 by having the synthetic chemical element livermorium named after it. The LLNS takeover of the laboratory has been controversial.  In May 2013, an Alameda County jury awarded over $2.7 million to five former laboratory employees who were among 430 employees LLNS laid off during 2008.  The jury found that LLNS breached a contractual obligation to terminate the employees only for "reasonable cause."  The five plaintiffs also have pending age discrimination claims against LLNS, which will be heard by a different jury in a separate trial.  There are 125 co-plaintiffs awaiting trial on similar claims against LLNS.  The May 2008 layoff was the first layoff at the laboratory in nearly 40 years.

On March 14, 2011, the City of Livermore officially expanded the city's boundaries to annex LLNL and move it within the city limits. The unanimous vote by the Livermore city council expanded Livermore's southeastern boundaries to cover 15 land parcels covering  that comprise the LLNL site. The site was formerly an unincorporated area of Alameda County. The LLNL campus continues to be owned by the federal government.

Major projects

Nuclear weapons
From its inception, Livermore focused on new weapon design concepts; as a result, its first three nuclear tests were unsuccessful. The lab persevered and its subsequent designs proved increasingly successful. In 1957, the Livermore Lab was selected to develop the warhead for the Navy's Polaris missile. This warhead required numerous innovations to fit a nuclear warhead into the relatively small confines of the missile nosecone.

During the Cold War, many Livermore-designed warheads entered service. These were used in missiles ranging in size from the Lance surface-to-surface tactical missile to the megaton-class Spartan antiballistic missile. Over the years, LLNL designed the following warheads: W27 (Regulus cruise missile; 1955; joint with Los Alamos), W38 (Atlas/Titan ICBM; 1959), B41 (B52 bomb; 1957), W45 (Little John/Terrier missiles; 1956), W47 (Polaris SLBM; 1957), W48 (155-mm howitzer; 1957), W55 (submarine rocket; 1959), W56 (Minuteman ICBM; 1960), W58 (Polaris SLBM; 1960), W62 (Minuteman ICBM; 1964), W68 (Poseidon SLBM; 1966), W70 (Lance missile; 1969), W71 (Spartan missile; 1968), W79 (8-in. artillery gun; 1975), W82 (155-mm howitzer; 1978), B83 (modern strategic bomb; 1979), and W87 (Peacekeeper/MX ICBM; 1982). The W87 and the B83 are the only LLNL designs still in the U.S. nuclear stockpile.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of the Cold War, the United States began a moratorium on nuclear testing and development of new nuclear weapon designs. To sustain existing warheads for the indefinite future, a science-based Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) was defined that emphasized the development and application of greatly improved technical capabilities to assess the safety, security, and reliability of existing nuclear warheads without the use of nuclear testing. Confidence in the performance of weapons, without nuclear testing, is maintained through an ongoing process of stockpile surveillance, assessment and certification, and refurbishment or weapon replacement.

With no new designs of nuclear weapons, the warheads in the U.S. stockpile must continue to function far past their original expected lifetimes. As components and materials age, problems can arise. Stockpile Life Extension Programs can extend system lifetimes, but they also can introduce performance uncertainties and require maintenance of outdated technologies and materials. Because there is concern that it will become increasingly difficult to maintain high confidence in the current warheads for the long term, the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration initiated the Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) Program. RRW designs could reduce uncertainties, ease maintenance demands, and enhance safety and security. In March 2007, the LLNL design was chosen for the Reliable Replacement Warhead. Since that time, Congress has not allocated funding for any further development of the RRW.

Plutonium research
LLNL conducts research into the properties and behavior of plutonium to learn how plutonium performs as it ages and how it behaves under high pressure (e.g., with the impact of high explosives). Plutonium has seven temperature-dependent solid allotropes. Each possesses a different density and crystal structure. Alloys of plutonium are even more complex; multiple phases can be present in a sample at any given time. Experiments are being conducted at LLNL and elsewhere to measure the structural, electrical and chemical properties of plutonium and its alloys and to determine how these materials change over time. Such measurements will enable scientists to better model and predict plutonium's long-term behavior in the aging stockpile.

The Lab's plutonium research is conducted in a specially designed facility called the SuperBlock, with emphasis on safety and security. Work with highly enriched uranium is also conducted here. In March 2008, the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) presented its preferred alternative for the transformation of the nation's nuclear weapons complex. Under this plan, LLNL would be a center of excellence for nuclear design and engineering, a center of excellence for high explosive research and development, and a science magnet in high-energy-density (i.e., laser) physics. In addition, most of its special nuclear material would be removed and consolidated at a more central, yet-to-be-named site.

On September 30, 2009, the NNSA announced that about two thirds of the special nuclear material (e.g., plutonium) at LLNL requiring the highest level of security protection had been removed from LLNL. The move was part of NNSA's efforts initiated in October 2006 to consolidate special nuclear material at five sites by 2012, with significantly reduced square footage at those sites by 2017. The federally mandated project intends to improve security and reduce security costs, and is part of NNSA's overall effort to transform the Cold War era "nuclear weapons" enterprise into a 21st-century "nuclear security" enterprise. The original date to remove all high-security nuclear material from LLNL, based on equipment capability and capacity, was 2014. NNSA and LLNL developed a timeline to remove this material as early as possible, accelerating the target completion date to 2012.

Global security program
The Lab's work in global security aims to reduce and mitigate the dangers posed by the spread or use of weapons of mass destruction and by threats to energy and environmental security. Livermore has been working on global security and homeland security for decades, predating both the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. LLNL staff have been heavily involved in the cooperative nonproliferation programs with Russia to secure at-risk weapons materials and assist former weapons workers in developing peaceful applications and self-sustaining job opportunities for their expertise and technologies. In the mid-1990s, Lab scientists began efforts to devise improved biodetection capabilities, leading to miniaturized and autonomous instruments that can detect biothreat agents in a few minutes instead of the days to weeks previously required for DNA analysis.

Today, Livermore researchers address a spectrum of threats – radiological/nuclear, chemical, biological, explosives, and cyber. They combine physical and life sciences, engineering, computations, and analysis to develop technologies that solve real-world problems. Activities are grouped into five programs:

Nonproliferation. Preventing the spread of materials, technology and expertise related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and detecting WMD proliferation activities worldwide.
Domestic security: Anticipating, innovating and delivering technological solutions to prevent and mitigate devastating high-leverage attacks on U.S. soil.
Defense: Developing and demonstrating new concepts and capabilities to help the Department of Defense prevent and deter harm to the nation, its citizens and its military forces.
Intelligence: Working at the intersection of science, technology and analysis to provide insight into the threats to national security posed by foreign entities.
Energy and environmental security: Furnishing scientific understanding and technological expertise to devise energy and environmental solutions at global, regional and local scales.

Other programs
LLNL supports capabilities in a broad range of scientific and technical disciplines, applying current capabilities to existing programs and developing new science and technologies to meet future national needs.

The LLNL chemistry, materials, and life science research focuses on chemical engineering, nuclear chemistry, materials science, and biology and bio-nanotechnology.
Physics thrust areas include condensed matter and high-pressure physics, optical science and high energy density physics, medical physics and biophysics, and nuclear, particle and accelerator physics.
In the area of energy and environmental science, Livermore's emphasis is on carbon and climate, energy, water and the environment, and the national nuclear waste repository.
The LLNL engineering activities include micro- and nanotechnology, lasers and optics, biotechnology, precision engineering, nondestructive characterization, modeling and simulation, systems and decision science, and sensors, imaging and communications.
The LLNL is very strong in computer science, with thrust areas in computing applications and research, integrated computing and communications systems, and cyber security.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has worked out several energy technologies in the field of coal gasification, shale oil extraction, geothermal energy, advanced battery research, solar energy, and fusion energy. Main oil shale processing technologies worked out by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are LLNL HRS (hot-recycled-solid), LLNL RISE (in situ extraction technology) and LLNL radiofrequency technologies.

Key accomplishments
Over its 60-year history, Lawrence Livermore has made many scientific and technological achievements, including:

Critical contributions to the U.S. nuclear deterrence effort through the design of nuclear weapons to meet military requirements and, since the mid-1990s, through the Stockpile Stewardship Program, by which the safety and reliability of the enduring stockpile is ensured without underground nuclear testing.
Design, construction, and operation of a series of ever larger, more powerful, and more capable laser systems, culminating in the 192-beam National Ignition Facility (NIF), completed in 2009.
Advances in particle accelerator and fusion technology, including magnetic fusion, free-electron lasers, accelerator mass spectrometry, and inertial confinement fusion.
Breakthroughs in high-performance computing, including the development of novel concepts for massively parallel computing and the design and application of computers that can carry out hundreds of trillions of operations per second.
Development of technologies and systems for detecting nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, and explosive threats to prevent and mitigate WMD proliferation and terrorism.
Development of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) for fabricating next-generation computer chips.
First-ever detection of massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), a suspected but previously undetected component of dark matter.
Advances in genomics, biotechnology, and biodetection, including major contributions to the complete sequencing of the human genome though the Joint Genome Institute and the development of rapid PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology that lies at the heart of today's most advanced DNA detection instruments.
Development and operation of the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC), which provides real-time, multi-scale (global, regional, local, urban) modeling of hazardous materials released into the atmosphere.
Development of highest resolution global climate models and contributions to the International Panel on Climate Change which, together with former vice president Al Gore, was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.
Co-discoverers of new superheavy elements 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, and 118.
Invention of new healthcare technologies, including a microelectrode array for construction of an artificial retina, a miniature glucose sensor for the treatment of diabetes, and a compact proton therapy system for radiation therapy.

On July 17, 2009 LLNL announced that the Laboratory had received eight R&D 100 Awards – more than it had ever received in the annual competition. The previous LLNL record of seven awards was reached five times – in 1987, 1988, 1997, 1998 and 2006.

Also known as the "Oscars of invention", the awards are given each year for the development of cutting-edge scientific and engineering technologies with commercial potential. The awards raise LLNL's total number of awards since 1978 to 129.

On October 12, 2016, LLNL released the results of computerized modeling of Mars' moon Phobos, finding that it has a connection with keeping the Earth safe from asteroids.

Key facilities

 Biosecurity and Nanoscience Laboratory. Researchers apply advances in nanoscience to develop novel technologies for the detection, identification, and characterization of harmful biological pathogens (viruses, spores, and bacteria) and chemical toxins.
 Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: LLNL's Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) develops and applies a wide range of isotopic  and ion-beam analytical tools used in basic research and technology development, addressing a spectrum of scientific needs important to the Laboratory, the university community, and the nation. CAMS is the world's most versatile and productive accelerator mass spectrometry facility, performing more than 25,000 AMS measurement operations per year.
 High Explosives Applications Facility and Energetic Materials Center: At HEAF, teams of scientists, engineers, and technicians address nearly all aspects of high explosives: research, development and testing, material characterization, and performance and safety tests. HEAF activities support the Laboratory's Energetic Materials Center, a national resource for research and development of explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants.
 National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center: NARAC is a national support and resource center for planning, real-time assessment, emergency response, and detailed studies of incidents involving a wide variety of hazards, including nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, and natural atmospheric emissions.
 National Ignition Facility: This 192-beam, stadium-size laser system is used to compress fusion targets to conditions required for thermonuclear burn. Experiments at NIF study physical processes at conditions that exist only in the interior of stars and in exploding nuclear weapons (see National Ignition Facility and photon science).
 Superblock: This unique high-security facility houses modern equipment for research and engineering testing of nuclear materials and is the place where plutonium expertise is developed, nurtured, and applied. Research on highly enriched uranium also is performed here.
 Livermore Computing Complex: LLNL's Livermore Computing Complex houses some of the world's most powerful computers, including the 20 petaflop Sequoia, the 5-petaflop Vulcan system; Jade and Quartz systems at 3 petaflops each; the 970-teraflop Zin system; 431-teraflop Cab system; and additional large multi-core, multi-socket Linux clusters with various processor types. The newest machine, Sierra, occupied the No. 3 position on the TOP500 list in June 2018. The complex has nearly 10,000 square feet of machine floor space, supporting both classified and unclassified national security programs.
 Titan Laser: Titan is a combined nanosecond-long pulse and ultrashort-pulse (subpicosecond) laser, with hundreds of joules of energy in each beam. This petawatt-class laser is used for a range of high-energy density physics experiments, including the science of fast ignition for inertial confinement fusion energy.

Largest computers
Throughout its history, LLNL has been a leader in computers and scientific computing. Even before the Livermore Lab opened its doors, E.O. Lawrence and Edward Teller recognized the importance of computing and the potential of computational simulation. Their purchase of one of the first UNIVAC computers set the precedent for LLNL's history of acquiring and exploiting the fastest and most capable supercomputers in the world. A succession of increasingly powerful and fast computers have been used at the Lab over the years. LLNL researchers use supercomputers to answer questions about subjects such as materials science simulations, global warming, and reactions to natural disasters.

LLNL has a long history of developing computing software and systems. Initially, there was no commercially available software, and computer manufacturers considered it the customer's responsibility to develop their own. Users of the early computers had to write not only the codes to solve their technical problems, but also the routines to run the machines themselves. Today, LLNL computer scientists focus on creating the highly complex physics models, visualization codes, and other unique applications tailored to specific research requirements. A great deal of software also has been written by LLNL personnel to optimize the operation and management of the computer systems, including operating system extensions such as CHAOS (Linux Clustering) and resource management packages such as SLURM. LLNL also initiated and continues leading the development of ZFS on Linux, the official port of ZFS to the Linux operating system.

Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)
In August 2009 a joint venture was announced between Sandia National Laboratories/California campus and LLNL to create an open, unclassified research and development space called the Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC). The motivation for the LVOC stems from current and future national security challenges that require increased coupling to the private sector to understand threats and deploy solutions in areas such as high performance computing, energy and environmental security, cyber security, economic security, and non-proliferation.

The LVOC is modeled after research and development campuses found at major industrial research parks and other U.S. Department of Energy laboratories with campus-like security, a set of business and operating rules devised to enhance and accelerate international scientific collaboration and partnerships with U.S. government agencies, industry and academia. Ultimately, the LVOC will consist of an approximately 110-acre parcel along the eastern edge of the Livermore Laboratory and Sandia sites, and will house additional conference space, collaboration facilities and a visitor's center to support educational and research activities.

Objectives of LVOC

Enhance the two laboratories' national security missions by substantially increasing engagement with the private sector and academic community.
Stay at the forefront of the science, technology and engineering fields.
Ensure a quality future workforce by expanding opportunities for open engagement of the broader scientific community.

Sponsors
LLNL's  principal sponsor is the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) Office of Defense Programs, which supports its stockpile stewardship and advanced scientific computing programs. Funding to support LLNL's global security and homeland security work comes from the DOE/NNSA Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, as well as the Department of Homeland Security. LLNL also receives funding from DOE's Office of Science, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, and Office of Nuclear Energy. In addition, LLNL conducts work-for-others research and development for various Defense Department sponsors, other federal agencies, including NASA, Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), National Institutes of Health, and Environmental Protection Agency, a number of California State agencies, and private industry.

Budget
For Fiscal Year 2009 LLNL spent $1.497 billion on research and laboratory operations activities:

Research/Science Budget:
National Ignition Facility – $301.1 million
Nuclear Weapon Deterrent (Safety/Security/Reliability) – $227.2 million
Advance Simulation and Computing – $221.9 million
Nonproliferation – $152.2 million
Department of Defense – $125.9 million
Basic and Applied Science – $86.6 million
Homeland Security – $83.9 million
Energy – $22.4 million

Site Management/Operations Budget:
Safeguards/Security – $126.5 million
Facility Operations – $118.2 million
Environmental Restoration – $27.3 million

Directors
The LLNL Director is appointed by the board of governors of Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) and reports to the board. The laboratory director also serves as the president of LLNS. Over the course of its history, the following scientists have served as LLNL director:

1952–1958   Herbert York
1958–1960   Edward Teller
1960–1961   Harold Brown
1961–1965   John S. Foster, Jr.
1965–1971   Michael M. May
1971–1988   Roger E. Batzel
1988–1994   John H. Nuckolls
1994–2002   C. Bruce Tarter
2002–2006   Michael R. Anastasio
2006–2011   George H. Miller
2011–2013   Penrose C. Albright
2013–2014   Bret Knapp, acting director
2014–present William H. Goldstein

Organization

The LLNL Director is supported by a senior executive team consisting of the Deputy Director, the Deputy Director for Science and Technology, Principal Associate Directors, and other senior executives who manage areas/functions directly reporting to the Laboratory Director.

The Directors Office is organized into these functional areas/offices:
 Chief Information Office
 Contractor Assurance and Continuous Improvement
 Environment, Safety and Health
 Government and External Relations
 Independent Audit and Oversight
 Office of General Counsel
 Prime Contract Management Office
 Quality Assurance Office
 Security Organization
 LLNS, LLC Parent Oversight Office

The Laboratory is organized into four principal directorates, each headed by a Principal Associate Director:

 Global Security
 Weapons and Complex Integration
 National Ignition Facility and Photon Science
 Operations and Business
 Business
 Facilities & Infrastructure
 Institutional Facilities Management
 Integrated Safety Management System Project Office
 Nuclear Operations
 Planning and Financial Management
 Staff Relations
 Strategic Human Resources Management

Three other directorates are each headed by an Associate Director who reports to the LLNL Director:

 Computation
 Engineering
 Physical & Life Sciences

Corporate management
The LLNL Director reports to the Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) Board of Governors, a group of key scientific, academic, national security and business leaders from the LLNS partner companies that jointly own and control LLNS. The LLNS Board of Governors has a total of 16 positions, with six of these Governors constituting an Executive Committee. All decisions of the Board are made by the Governors on the Executive Committee. The other Governors are advisory to the Executive Committee and do not have voting rights.

The University of California is entitled to appoint three Governors to the Executive Committee, including the Chair. Bechtel is also entitled to appoint three Governors to the Executive Committee, including the Vice Chair. One of the Bechtel Governors must be a representative of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) or the Washington Division of URS Corporation (URS), who is nominated jointly by B&W and URS each year, and who must be approved and appointed by Bechtel. The Executive Committee has a seventh Governor who is appointed by Battelle; they are non-voting and advisory to the Executive Committee. The remaining Board positions are known as Independent Governors (also referred to as Outside Governors), and are selected from among individuals, preferably of national stature, and can not be employees or officers of the partner companies.

The University of California-appointed Chair has tie-breaking authority over most decisions of the Executive Committee. The Board of Governors is the ultimate governing body of LLNS and is charged with overseeing the affairs of LLNS in its operations and management of LLNL.

LLNS managers and employees who work at LLNL, up to and including the President/Laboratory Director, are generally referred to as Laboratory Employees. All Laboratory Employees report directly or indirectly to the LLNS President. While most of the work performed by LLNL is funded by the federal government, Laboratory employees are paid by LLNS which is responsible for all aspects of their employment including providing health care benefits and retirement programs.

Within the Board of Governors, authority resides in the Executive Committee to exercise all rights, powers, and authorities of LLNS, excepting only certain decisions that are reserved to the parent companies. The LLNS Executive Committee is free to appoint officers or other managers of LLNS and LLNL, and may delegate its authorities as it deems appropriate to such officers, employees, or other representatives of LLNS/LLNL. The Executive Committee may also retain auditors, attorneys, or other professionals as necessary. For the most part the Executive Committee has appointed senior managers at LLNL as the primary officers of LLNS. As a practical matter most operational decisions are delegated to the President of LLNS, who is also the Laboratory Director.  The positions of President/Laboratory Director and Deputy Laboratory Director are filled by joint action of the Chair and Vice Chair of the Executive Committee, with the University of California nominating the President/Laboratory Director and Bechtel nominating the Deputy Laboratory Director.

The current LLNS Chairman is Norman J. Pattiz, founder and chairman of Westwood One, America's largest radio network, who also currently serves on the Board of Regents of the University of California. The Vice Chairman is J. Scott Ogilvie, president of Bechtel Systems & Infrastructure, Inc., who also serves on the Board of Directors of Bechtel Group, Inc. (BGI) and on the BGI Audit Committee.

Public protests
The Livermore Action Group organized many mass protests, from 1981 to 1984, against nuclear weapons which were being produced by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Peace activists Ken Nightingale and Eldred Schneider were involved. On June 22, 1982, more than 1,300 anti-nuclear protesters were arrested in a nonviolent demonstration. More recently, there has been an annual protest against nuclear weapons research at Lawrence Livermore. In August 2003, 1,000 people protested at Livermore Labs against "new-generation nuclear warheads". In the 2007 protest, 64 people were arrested.  More than 80 people were arrested in March 2008 while protesting at the gates.

See also

 Center for the Advancement of Science in Space—operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS
 Dielectric wall accelerator
 Top 100 US Federal Contractors
 List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California

Footnotes

References

External links and sources

 Lawrence Livermore National Security, a Limited Liability Corporation (official website)

 LLNL Industrial Partnerships and Commercialization (IPAC) (official website)
 University of California Office of Laboratory Management (official website)
 Society of Professionals, Scientists and Engineers (Union representing UC Scientists and Engineers at LLNL)
 University of California LLNL Retiree Group (Legal Defense Fund for UC Retirees from LLNL)
 Annotated bibliography for Livermore from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

Category:Laboratories in California
Category:United States Department of Energy national laboratories
Category:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
Category:Livermore, California
Category:Livermore Valley
Category:Research institutes in the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Nuclear research institutes
Category:Nuclear weapons infrastructure of the United States
Category:Supercomputer sites
Category:University of California
Category:Buildings and structures in Alameda County, California
Category:1952 establishments in California
Category:Superfund sites in California
Category:Battelle Memorial Institute
Category:HSA Foundation members
Category:Ernest Lawrence
Category:Military in the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Military research of the United States
Category:Plasma physics facilities


Thomas H. Thompson House

Thomas H. Thompson House, also known as Wayside Manor, is a historic home located at Brownsville, Fayette County, Pennsylvania.  It was  built in 1906, and is a 3 1/2-story brick dwelling with Spanish Colonial Revival style design details.  It has a hipped roof clad with red Spanish tile, dormers on three sides of the roof, a full width front porch, and carved stone detailing.  Also on the property is a two-story, hipped roof carriage house built in 1917-1918.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

References

Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Category:Houses completed in 1906
Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in the United States
Category:Houses in Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Fayette County, Pennsylvania


Sho Lee

{{Infobox song
| name       = Sho Lee
| cover      = Sean Tizzle Sho Lee.jpg
| alt        =
| type       = single
| artist     = Sean Tizzle
| album      =
| released   =
| format     = Digital download
| recorded   = 2013
| studio     =
| venue      =
| genre      = Afro pop
| length     =
| label      = Difference Entertainment
| writer     = Morihanfen Oluwaseun Oluwabamidele
| producer   = D'Tunes
| chronology = Sean Tizzle
| prev_title =
| prev_year  =
| next_title = ''Boogie Down| next_year  = 2013
}}

"Sho Lee'''" is a song by Nigerian recording artist Sean Tizzle. The song was produced by Nigeria producer D'Tunes and it was nominated for Producer of the Year at The Headies 2013 which eventually it won

Live performances
Sean Tizzle performed "Sho Lee" on stage at the Indigo2 during the Cokobar Music Festival.

Accolades
"Sho Lee" won the Producer of the Year at The Headies 2013 which.

Press releases
There has been some issues surrounding “Sho lee” singer Sean Tizzle and Sound Sultan, these issues arose as a result of Sean Tizzle‘s switch from Sound Sultan‘s music label Naija Ninjas to D’tunes‘ label Difference Entertainment.

Release history

Covers and remixes

Digital download
"Sho Lee" (Yemi Sax) - 3:56
"Sho Lee" (Giftty) - 4:02
"Fever" (Foster) - 4:03
"Show Me" (MK60) - 3:13
"Ishi Olee" (H2O) - 4:08
"Skodo" (LMG) - 3:45

References

External links

Category:2013 singles
Category:2013 songs
Category:Sean Tizzle songs
Category:Song recordings produced by D'Tunes


Bergheim, Texas

Bergheim is an unincorporated community in eastern Kendall County, Texas, United States.  It lies along State Highway 46 east of the city of Boerne, the county seat of Kendall County.  Its elevation is 1,437 feet (438 m). Although Bergheim is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 78004; the ZCTA for ZIP Code 78004, consisting mostly of rural land, had a population of 1,183 at the 2010 census. The community is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Bergheim, meaning "Mountain Home" in German, was founded by Austrian immigrant Andreas Engel, who moved to the area and established a store before 1900. The community's post office was established in 1901. Ranching has long been the mainstay of Bergheim's economy, although the harvesting of cedar lumber has been important at certain times in its history.

Major Highways
 State Highway 46
 Farm to Market Road 3351

References

External links
Profile of Bergheim from the Handbook of Texas Online

Category:Austrian-American culture in Texas
Category:Unincorporated communities in Kendall County, Texas
Category:Unincorporated communities in Texas
Category:Greater San Antonio


Robert P. Alexander

Robert P. Alexander (November 26, 1904 – August 24, 1985) of Washington, D.C., was a collector and expert on Japanese classic postage stamps.

Collecting interests
Although his collecting interests covered the entire scope of stamps and postal history of Japan, he studied and became expert in certain issues, such as the Dragon issues.

Philatelic activity
Alexander wrote articles on specific aspects and postal issues of Japanese philately. He was a founder of the International Society for Japanese Philately in 1946 and once served as its president during his forty years with the society. He was also editor and contributor to Japanese Philately from 1950 to 1955.

Honors and awards
Robert Alexander was inducted into the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1986.

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature

References
 Robert P. Alexander at APS Hall of Fame

Category:1904 births
Category:1985 deaths
Category:Philatelic literature
Category:American philatelists
Category:People from Washington, D.C.
Category:American Philatelic Society


Highway 75 (Israel)

Highway 75 is an east-west highway in northern Israel. It runs from Haifa in the west to Nazareth and Nazareth Illit in the east. It is 40 km long, and runs concurrently with Highway 70 for 4 km between Yagur Junction and Ha'amakim Junction.

highway
Highway 75 begins in its confluence with Highway 22 just east of Downtown Haifa, from where it stretches as an elevated carriageway through the industrial area of East Haifa Bay just above sea level, where it crosses Road 4. It then runs south-eastward for about ten kilometers passing below the steep northeast slopes of the Carmel Range. At Amakim Junction, the road turns east, rising to about 160 meters above sea level. as it passes through Kiryat Tiv'on. It then descends crossing the northern edge of the Jezreel Valley. It ascends to 265 m. passing just north of Migdal HaEmek, and to over 300 m. as it enters Yafia and the natural bowl of the Nazareth Range of the Lower Galilee.

In Yafia and continuing into Nazareth, the road becomes a local thoroufare with frequent controlled intersections. At Nazareth South Junction, it detours around the southern edge of the Hirbat al-Dir neighborhood reaching HaMusachim Junction with the northern terminus of Highway 60 south of the Old City. It then makes a half circle around Nazareth, turning east, then north and then west along the border of Nazareth and Nazareth Illit, reaching an altitude of 460 m. just before terminating at Nazareth North Junction with Route 754 at 430 m.

Development
As part of the western extension of the road, a series of viaducts are being constructed in order to connect it with the newly built Carmel Tunnels and Highway 22 towards downtown Haifa. The completion of this project is expected in 2013.

Junctions & Interchanges (west to east)

References

See also
List of highways in Israel
Mount Carmel
Jezreel Valley
Zevulun Valley

75


Zorkeshish

Zorkeshish (also, Zorkeshysh and Zorkishiga) is a village in the Lachin Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Category:Populated places in Lachin District


Just the Way You Are (Billy Joel song)

"Just the Way You Are" is a song by Billy Joel from his fifth studio album The Stranger (1977). It was released in September 1977 as the album's lead single. It became both Joel's first US Top 10 and UK Top 20 single (reaching #3 and #19 respectively), as well as Joel's first gold single in the US.  The song also topped the Billboard Easy Listening Chart for the entire month of January 1978.

"Just the Way You Are" garnered two Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year in 1979.

Background
Joel shared that the melody and chord progression for this song came to him while he was dreaming. In an interview on the Howard Stern Radio Show on November 16, 2010, Joel revealed that the inspiration for writing the name of the song and how it sounds in the chorus was directly taken from the last line in the Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons song "Rag Doll"; which incidentally was also a larger inspiration for Joel's later song, "Uptown Girl". The song, which Joel had written for his first wife (and also his business manager at the time) Elizabeth Weber, was not liked by either Joel or his band, and Joel had originally decided against making the track a part of The Stranger, but at the request of both Linda Ronstadt and Phoebe Snow (both were recording in other studios in the same building at the time), he agreed to put the song on the final mix. However, the album's producer, Phil Ramone, later contradicted Joel's claim, stating in an interview that they could not afford to exclude the song because Joel did not have that much material from which to choose for the album. The song also shares some similarities to "I'm Not in Love" by 10cc, due to the keyboard and background vocal tape loops Joel and Ramone used.

After Joel and Weber split in 1982, Joel rarely performed the song live after 1986 until the 2000s, and Joel has publicly stated that he disliked playing the song live in the wake of his divorce from his first wife. He noted that during performances of the song around the time of his first divorce, his drummer Liberty DeVitto would jokingly parody the lyrics in the chorus as "She got the house. She got the car."

When "Just the Way You Are" was released as a single, it was shortened by over a minute. The differences are the removal of the second verse and an earlier fade. A live performance of the song was also used as a music video.  On February 18, 1978, the song peaked at #3, and Joel performed a shorter version of the song as the musical guest that day on Saturday Night Live (along with "Only the Good Die Young").  The single version (fading 8 seconds later) was included in the first release of Greatest Hits Volume I & Volume II, but the full album version was restored for the remastered release of that compilation.

The saxophone solo was played by Phil Woods, a well-known jazz performer and Grammy award winner. Woods was criticized by some purists in the jazz community for playing on a rock session, but in fact he had already played previously on such sessions both for Steely Dan and for Paul Simon. The performance here on a hit record undoubtedly exposed him to a wider audience and introduced his music to rock fans.

Cover versions
 Harry Connick Jr. on The CD Your Songs from 2009.
 Saxophonist Houston Person on his 2010 album Moment to Moment.
 Diana Krall on her CD Live In Paris from 2002.
 José José on his album Lo Pasado, Pasado ("Te quiero tal como eres" in Spanish).
 Barry White on his album The Man on 20th Century Records in 1978.
 Les McCann on his album The Man (1978 A&M Records)
 Frank Sinatra on his album Trilogy: Past Present Future (1980)
 Some Yamaha electronic keyboards from the 1980s used the song as a demonstration track.
 Yuji Ohno on his album Lupin The Third Jazz: Plays The Standards & Others.
 Willie Nelson on his album Ride Me Back Home from 2019.

Chart performance

Weekly charts
Billy Joel

Barry White cover

Year-end charts

Track listing
7" U.S. and UK single (1977)
 "Just the Way You Are" – 3:27
 "Get It Right the First Time" – 3:54

See also
 List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1978 (U.S.)

References

External links

  (Billy Joel)
  (Barry White)

Category:1970s ballads
Category:1977 singles
Category:1978 singles
Category:Billy Joel songs
Category:Songs written by Billy Joel
Category:Grammy Award for Record of the Year
Category:Grammy Award for Song of the Year
Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Category:RPM Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Category:Song recordings produced by Phil Ramone
Category:Columbia Records singles
Category:1977 songs


Evant Independent School District

Evant Independent School District is a public school district based in Evant, Texas (USA).  It is located in western Coryell County and extends into a southern Hamilton and northern Lampasas counties.  The district operates one school, Evant School serving grades PK-12.  Of note, Evants ISD's rock gym is the largest man made rock wall in  the area.

Academic achievement
In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.

Special programs

Athletics
Evant High School plays six-man football.

See also

List of school districts in Texas

References

External links
 Evant ISD

Category:School districts in Texas
Category:School districts in Coryell County, Texas
Category:School districts in Hamilton County, Texas
Category:School districts in Lampasas County, Texas


Horia Creangă

Horia Creangă (20 July 1892 – 1 August 1943) was an architect and key figure of the modernist movement in Romania. Described as "the true founder of the modernist age" in his native county, he is best known as the designer of the first large scale modernist building in Romania, the ARO building on Magheru Blvd., Bucharest, completed in 1931.

Early life
Born in Bucharest on 20 July 1892, the grandson of the famous Romanian writer Ion Creangă, he studied at the Bucharest School of Architecture in 1916 before attending the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, graduating in 1925.  His mentor Gustav Umbdenstock then secured a position for him in the Romanian Nord Railway company, and in late 1926, he returned to Romania with his wife Lucia.

Career
Creanga was one of the first architects in Romania to adopt the basic elements of modernist design, in designs which progressed rapidly from complex stepped forms in his first projects of the late 1920s to simple unadorned volumes, or dominant horizontal and vertical massing by 1930.

In 1929 Creangă, in collaboration with his brother, Ion, and his wife, won the competition to design the ARO building for the Asigurarea Romaneasca  Insurance company, a multi-use building including shops, offices and apartments, and eventually a cinema. Completed in 1931, after the design was simplified into simple bold horizontal and vertical masses, it is the first important large scale modernist building completed in Romania., and established Creangă's career.

In 1935, he opened an office with architects Haralamb Georgescu and Nicolae Nedelescu, working primarily for three clients: ARO assurance, Malaxa industries, and Bucharest City Hall. For these clients Creangă designed industrial, office and residential buildings, notably including the Malaxa Industries factories (1930–1940), becoming one of the most respected modernists in industrial architecture.  The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Architecture states that "..despite the austerity of Creanga's modernist vocabulary, he reached a remarkable expressive force that remained unequaled in the production of the industrial architecture."

Throughout the 1930s he designed numerous villas and small apartment buildings, as well as public buildings like the Republic Stadium Bucharest. His Malaxa Factories and the Malaxa-Burileanu Building, with bold horizontal lines, unadorned surfaces and large areas of glass, are the most clearly Bauhaus influenced buildings in Romania. His work of the later 1930s however showed an influence of the stylised classical of Italian architecture of the 1930s, such as the formal facades, with fine vertical ribs of the ARO Palace Hotel in Brasov and the Chernivtsi Cultural Palace.

His work was not uncontroversial. The ARO building which made his reputation and influenced the embrace of Modernism in Romania was fiercely criticized as well. His works were not published by mainstream Romanian industrial publications until the late 1930s.

His career was cut short by his death when he was only 51.

Selected projects
Drawn from the article on Horia Creanga from the Century of Romanian Architecture website , and Romanian Modernism 1920-1940
 Dr. Petru Groza Villa, Deva (1927-1929)
 ARO Building, 12-14 Magheru Blvd., Bucharest (1930-1931); Patria Cinema added 1934-35
 Villa Ion Miclescu, 56 Paris Street, Bucharest (1930)
 Villa Thomas, 15 Iatropol str., Bucharest (1931)
 Villa Alexandru Bunescu, 12 Alexandru Aleea, Bucharest (1932)
 Anton Davidoglu apartments, Dacia Blvd. cnr Piata Spania, Bucharest (1932)
 Republic Stadium, Bucharest (with Haralamb Georgescu) (1933-1939), demolished 1988
 Elena Ottulescu apartments, 12 General Gheorghe Manu Street, Bucharest (1934-1935)
 Vila Elizabeta Cantacuzino, Aleea Alexandru nr. 15, Bucharest (1936)
 ARO Apartment Building, 91-93 Calea Victoriei, Bucharest (1936-1938)
 Malaxa (later FAUR) Factory, Auto factory, pipe factory, administration and entrance, Bucharest (1930-1939)
 Malaxa-Burileanu Building, 35 Magheru Blvd., Bucharest (1935-1937)
 Low cost housing complex, 52-58 Șoseaua Iancului, 4-24 Victor Manu Street, Bucharest (1937)
 National-Cultural Palace, Teatral'na Ploshcha (Theatre Square), Cernăuți, (now Chernivtsi, Ukraine) (1937-40).
 ARO Palace Hotel, Brasov, (with Haralamb Georgescu) (1937-1939)

References

Category:Romanian architects
Category:Modernist architects
Category:1892 births
Category:1943 deaths
Category:Romanian industrial designers


2009 Trophée des Alpilles

The 2009 Trophée des Alpilles was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France between 7 and 13 September 2009.

Singles main draw entrants

Seeds

 Rankings are as of August 31, 2009.

Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
  Jonathan Eysseric
  Jonathan Hilaire
  Mathieu Rodrigues
  Cyril Saulnier

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
  Dorian Descloix
  Colin Fleming
  Thomas Oger
  Thomas Paire

Champions

Singles

 Marcos Baghdatis def.  Xavier Malisse, 6–4, 6–1

Doubles

 Jiří Krkoška /  Lukáš Lacko def.  Ruben Bemelmans /  Niels Desein, 6–1, 3–6, [10–3]

External links
Official site
ITF Search

Trophee des Alpilles
Category:Trophée des Alpilles


Precipitous Bluff

Precipitous Bluff or PB is a mountain in the South West Wilderness of Tasmania located north east of New River lagoon.

Geology and Geography
It is visible from the South Coast Track and the Moonlight Ridge walk with a prominence of over 400m consisting of columnar Jurassic dolerite rock. It is rich in Ordovician Carbonates and limestone in the area was briefly under threat by mining in the 1970s.  There were also logging threats until it became part of the Southwest National Park.

Archaeological and cave features in the vicinity were investigated during the Franklin Dam controversy but were criticised for being politically influenced.

Access
PB can be accessed from either the South Coast track to the south, or the Moonlight ridge track to the north east. It is a 2-day walk from the coast track including a lengthy wade through New River Lagoon, or a multi-day hike across the more inland ridges.

Notes

Category:South West Tasmania


Amikwa people

The Amikwa (Ojibwe: Amikwaa, "Beaver People"; from amik, "beaver"), also as Amicouës, Amikouet, etc., were a Native American clan, one of the first recognized by Europeans in the 17th century. The Amikwa were Anishinaabeg peoples, and spoke an Ojibwe language. In the Jesuit Relations, the Amikwa were referred to as the Nez Perce (not to be confused with the Pacific Northwest Nez Perce people). They inhabited the north shore of Lake Huron, opposite the island of Manitoulin, along the shores between Missisagi and French Rivers, and along Spanish River. In September 1753, Bacqueville de la Potherie claimed that they inhabited the shores of Lake Nipissing. They were a large, powerful group allied with the Nipissings and related to the Outchougai, Mandua, and Atchiligouan peoples. The Amikwa were nearly wiped out by disease and wars with the  Iroquois and the last of the tribe appear to have merged with the Nipissings or the Ojibwe.

References

Category:Great Lakes tribes
Category:First Nations in Ontario
Category:Native American tribes in Michigan
Category:Anishinaabe groups


I Kill My Heart

I Kill My Heart is the third studio album by Tommy heavenly6. It was released on April 29, 2009, and was Kawase's final album with DefSTAR Records. "I Kill My Heart" is a concept album in which Tommy heavenly6 uses a less energetic and darker sound than on previous albums, and each track was played by the same backing band.

Track listing

Music videos

Although no singles were released for the album, two music videos were released for I Kill My Heart: "Wait for Me There", and "Leaving You". Two versions of each video were released: one featuring Tommy heavenly6 and one featuring Tommy february6. All four of the videos used the same set and similar themes, although the February6 versions feature a more upbeat attitude.
The "Wait for Me There" video uses a tea party setting inspired by Alice in Wonderland, as well as a "pumpkin graveyard" and fashion runway. The "Leaving You" video is inspired by the androgyny of 1970's Glam Rock.

Reception

"I Kill My Heart" received mixed reviews from critics. Adam Greenberg of Allmusic stated "The songs aren't landmarks of grunge writing by any measure, but within the context of normally bubbly Japanese pop (including the happier alter ego Tommy february6), an album like "I Kill My Heart" holds secrets that haven't been spread into the territory before". The album reached number 9 on the Oricon charts in the first week of its release.

Personnel
 Tomoko Kawase – Vocals
 Chiffon Brownie – Guitar
 Satoshi 'Anthony' Yamada – Bass
 Yasuo Sano – Drums

Notes
 Credits adapted from album's liner notes.

References

Category:2009 albums
Category:Tomoko Kawase albums


MasterChef (Brazilian season 3)

The third season of the Brazilian competitive reality television series MasterChef premiered on March 15, 2016 at 10:30 p.m. on Band.

Contestants

Top 21
Source:

Elimination table

: Bruna won the Mystery Box challenge and advanced directly to the Top 4, while Leonardo was selected the bottom entry and was not eligible to compete in the first round of the Elimination Test. Raquel won the first round and also advanced to the Top 4, leaving Fabio, Leonardo and Luriana in the bottom three. Leornado won the second and final round, while Fabio was eliminated over Luriana.

Key

Ratings and reception

Brazilian ratings
All numbers are in points and provided by IBOPE.

Note: Episode 3 aired against the Paraguay  vs. Brazil football match for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification.
Note: Episode 4 aired against the season finale of Big Brother Brasil 16.
Note: Episode 15 aired against the season finale of Power Couple Brasil.
Note: Episode 23 aired against the South Africa vs. Brazil group match for the Women's football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Note: Episode 24 aired against the Brazil vs. China quarterfinal match for the Women's volleyball tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

References

External links
 MasterChef on Band.com

Category:2016 Brazilian television seasons
Category:MasterChef (Brazilian TV series)


Carrega Ligure

Carrega Ligure is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about  southeast of Turin and about  southeast of Alessandria, in the upper Ligurian Apennines in the Val Borbera.

Carrega Ligure borders the following municipalities: Cabella Ligure, Fascia, Gorreto, Mongiardino Ligure, Ottone, Propata, Valbrevenna, and Vobbia.

References

Category:Cities and towns in Piedmont


Phantom of the Movies' Videoscope

Phantom of the Movies' Videoscope is an American cult movie magazine that is released four times a year.

History and profile
It was started as a newsletter in January 1993. The publication was founded and is edited by Joe Kane and has spawned a reference book entitled The Phantom of the Movies' Videoscope: The Ultimate Guide to the Latest, Greatest, and Weirdest Genre Videos.

Recent issues have included interviews with such well known B-movie directors as John Waters, James Gunn, Roger Corman, George A. Romero, Walter Hill and Brian Yuzna and such famed cult actors as Crispin Glover, Adrienne Barbeau, L. Q. Jones, Tobin Bell, and Clint Howard.

Works
Books
The Phantom of the Movies' Videoscope: The Ultimate Guide to the Latest, Greatest, and Weirdest Genre Videos, By Joe Kane. Three Rivers Press, New York, September 2000, 592 pp.
The Phantom's Ultimate Video Guide, by Joe Kane. Dell Books, New York, October 1989, 756 pp.
"Night of the Living Dead: Behind the Scenes of the Most Terrifying Zombie Movie Ever", by Joe Kane. Citadel Press,New York, August 2010, 272 pp. .

Staff
Videoscope's most frequent writers include Debbie Rochon, Terry and Tiffany DuFoe, Tom Weaver, Don Kaye, Calum Waddell, Tim Ferrante, Robert Freese, Dwight Kemper, Dan Cziraky, Nancy Naglin, Kevin G. Shinnick and Kane himself.

References

External links
Magazine homepage

Category:American film magazines
Category:American quarterly magazines
Category:Magazines established in 1993


A priori estimate

In the theory of partial differential equations, an a priori estimate (also called an apriori estimate or a priori bound) is an estimate for the size of a solution or its derivatives of a partial differential equation. A priori is Latin for "from before" and refers to the fact that the estimate for the solution is derived before the solution is known to exist. One reason for their importance is that if one can prove an a priori estimate for solutions of a differential equation, then it is often possible to prove that solutions exist using the continuity method or a fixed point theorem.

A priori estimates were introduced and named by , who used them to prove existence of solutions to  second order nonlinear elliptic equations in the plane. Some other early influential examples of a priori estimates include the Schauder estimates given by , and the estimates given by De Giorgi and Nash for second order elliptic or parabolic equations in many variables in their solution to Hilbert's nineteenth problem.

References

Category:Partial differential equations
Category:A priori


Baron de Sigognac

Baron de Sigognac is an Armagnac brand produced by the Domaine de Bordeneuve company.

Awards
 Beverage Testing Institute of Chicago
 International Spirits Challenge of London
 International Wine & Spirit Competition of London
 Bruxelles Competition

External links
 Armagnac Baron de Sigognac
 Eaux-de-vie from France

Category:Brandies
Category:Armagnac


Tam David-West

Tamunoemi Sokari David-West (August 26, 1936 – November 11, 2019) was a Nigerian academic, social critic, and federal minister.

Academia
David-West was born in Buguma, Kalabari, in what is now Rivers State. He received his higher education at the University of Ibadan (1956–1958) and earned a BSc degree at Michigan State University (1958–1960), an MSc degree at Yale University (1960–1962), and a PhD degree at McGill University (1964–1966). David-West was consultant virologist and senior lecturer at the University of Ibadan in 1969 and was subsequently promoted to professor of virology in 1975.

Government
David-West served in Nigerian government as commissioner of education and a member of the Executive Council of Rivers State (1975–1979), as a member of the fifty-person Constitution Drafting Committee for the Federal Military Government of General Murtala Muhammed (1979), as federal minister of petroleum and energy under General Muhammadu Buhari (1984–1985), and as minister of mines, power, and steel under General Ibrahim Babangida (1986). He was eventually removed as minister and arrested by the Babangida regime for allegedly contributing to the economic adversity of the country; He was discharged and acquitted of these charges by Nigeria's Special Appeal Court on 8 August 1991.

Politics
David-West was an outspoken and controversial critic of Nigerian government policy since his purge and arrest under the military regime of General Babangida. David-West criticized the unconstitutionality of the advisory council established by President Goodluck Jonathan in 2010, and he voiced caution against government unreservedly opening its doors to United States intelligence.  Although he was not affiliated with any political party, David-West supported Chibuike Amaechi of the right-wing-leaning People's Democratic Party for reelection as governor of Rivers State.

Personal life

David-West died on 11 November 2019.  His death was mourned by President Muhammadu Buhari.

Publications
David-West is the author of academic papers in virology that have appeared in scholarly journals such as Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology (1966), Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (1973), Intervirology (1974), and Journal of Hygiene (1974).  He also wrote the book Philosophical Essays: Reflections on the Good Life (1980), in which he describes himself as a follower of British analytic philosopher and social critic Bertrand Russell. David-West's lecture in philosophy “God, Nature and the Universe” (1981) was delivered at the University of Ibadan.

References

Category:1936 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Rivers State Commissioners of Education
Category:Petroleum ministers of Nigeria
Category:McGill University alumni
Category:Michigan State University alumni
Category:Yale University alumni
Category:University of Ibadan alumni
Category:University of Ibadan faculty
Category:Social critics
Category:Educators from Rivers State
Category:People from Buguma


Dickens, Maryland

Dickens is an unincorporated community in Allegany County, Maryland, United States.  Three sites are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Big Bottom Farm, Phoenix Mill Farm, and Union Grove Schoolhouse.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Allegany County, Maryland
Category:Unincorporated communities in Maryland


1977 Family Circle Cup

The 1977 Family Circle Cup was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Sea Pines Plantation on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina in the United States. The event was part of the AAA category of the 1977 Colgate Series.  It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from March 28 through April 3, 1977. First-seeded Chris Evert won the singles title, her fourth consecutive title at the event, and earned $25,000 first-prize money.

Finals

Singles

 Chris Evert defeated  Billie Jean King 6–0, 6–1
 It was Evert's 7th title of the year and the 74th of her career.

Doubles
 Rosemary Casals /  Chris Evert defeated  Françoise Dürr /  Virginia Wade 1–6, 6–2, 6–3

Prize money

Notes

References

External links
 Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tournament details
 International Tennis Federation (ITF) tournament edition details

Family Circle Cup
Category:1977 in sports in South Carolina
Category:Charleston Open
Category:March 1977 sports events in the United States
Category:April 1977 sports events in the United States
Category:1977 in American tennis


Canton of Les Corbières

The canton of Les Corbières is an administrative division of the Aude department, southern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Fabrezan.

It consists of the following communes:

Albas
Albières
Auriac
Bouisse
Boutenac
Camplong-d'Aude
Cascastel-des-Corbières
Coustouge
Cucugnan
Davejean
Dernacueillette
Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse
Durban-Corbières
Embres-et-Castelmaure
Fabrezan
Félines-Termenès
Ferrals-les-Corbières
Fontcouverte
Fontjoncouse
Fraissé-des-Corbières
Jonquières
Lagrasse
Lairière
Lanet
Laroque-de-Fa
Luc-sur-Orbieu
Maisons
Massac
Montgaillard
Montjoi
Montséret
Mouthoumet
Padern
Palairac
Paziols
Quintillan
Ribaute
Rouffiac-des-Corbières
Saint-André-de-Roquelongue
Saint-Jean-de-Barrou
Saint-Laurent-de-la-Cabrerisse
Saint-Martin-des-Puits
Saint-Pierre-des-Champs
Salza
Soulatgé
Talairan
Termes
Thézan-des-Corbières
Tournissan
Tuchan
Vignevieille
Villeneuve-les-Corbières
Villerouge-Termenès
Villesèque-des-Corbières

References

Category:Cantons of Aude


Stade de l'Unité Africaine

Stade de l'Unité Africaine (, ) is a multi-use stadium in Mascara, Algeria.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of GC Mascara.  The stadium holds 22,000 people.

Algeria national football team matches

The Stade de l'Unité Africaine has hosted two games of the Algeria national football team, against Ivory Coast in 1986 and USSR in 1987.

External links
 Stade de l'Unité Africaine - elmoudjahid.com

References

Unite
Category:Buildings and structures in Mascara Province


Koistinen

Koistinen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Hannu Koistinen (born 1966), Finnish kantele maker
 Katri Helena Kalaoja (née Koistinen, born 1945), Finnish singer known by her stage name Katri Helena
 Matti Koistinen (born 1986), Finnish ice hockey player
 Otto Koistinen (born 1925), Finnish kantele maker
 Petteri "Kode" Koistinen, Finnish guitarist, member of the Finnish rock band Neljä Ruusua
 Ritva Koistinen (born 1956), Finnish kantele player
 Ville Koistinen (born 1982), Finnish ice hockey player

Category:Finnish-language surnames