Frank Moore Cross

Frank Moore Cross Jr. (1921–2012) was the Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages Emeritus at Harvard University, notable for his work in the interpretation of the Dead Sea Scrolls, his 1973 magnum opus Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, and his work in Northwest Semitic epigraphy. Many of his essays on the latter topic have since been collected in Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook.

Early life and education
Cross was born on July 13, 1921, in Ross, California. He was the son of Frank Moore Cross, a long-time pastor of Ensley Highland Presbyterian Church in Birmingham, Alabama. One of his uncles, Laurance L. Cross, was Mayor of Berkeley, California, from 1947 to 1955.

Cross graduated from Ensley High School in 1938. He received a BA from Maryville College in 1942 and a BD from McCormick Theological Seminary, where he was awarded the Nettie F. McCormick Fellowship in Old Testament Studies, in 1946. Cross went on to study under William F. Albright, the founding father of biblical archaeology, at Johns Hopkins University, where he received a PhD in 1950. He also received an MA at Harvard in 1958. Cross was awarded a DPhil from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1984 and a DSc from the University of Lethbridge in 1990.

Career
From 1949–1950 Cross was a Junior Instructor in Semitic languages at Johns Hopkins University. He was subsequently an instructor in Biblical History at Wellesley College from 1950–1951, an instructor in Old Testament at McCormick Theological Seminary 1951–1953, and an Associate Professor at the same institution from 1954–1957.

Cross was appointed Associate Professor in Old Testament at Harvard Divinity School in 1957. One year later, he was appointed Harvard University's Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages, the third oldest university chair in the United States. He would hold this position from 1958–1992, then becoming Hancock Professor Emeritus. Cross was Curator of the Harvard Semitic Museum from 1958–1961 and Director of the Museum from 1974–1987.

Cross was a Fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies (1971–1972), a Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1978–1979), a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Member of the American Philosophical Society.

During his tenure at Harvard, Cross supervised more than a hundred dissertations, with the result that many of today's senior scholars in Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near Eastern studies are his former students. Among the most prominent of these are Emanuel Tov, John J. Collins, Jo Ann Hackett, John Huehnergard, William G. Dever, P. Kyle McCarter Jr., Peter Machinist, Lawrence Stager, Bruce Waltke, Richard Elliott Friedman, Hector Avalos, and Mark S. Smith.

Dead Sea Scrolls
Beginning June 1953, Cross was a member of the international committee responsible for editing the Dead Sea Scrolls, which had been discovered at Qumran. Cross first heard of the scrolls in late 1948 while a student at Johns Hopkins University, when he was shown pictures of the Isaiah Scroll by Albright, who would later nominate Cross to the Scrolls editorial team. On joining the team he was immediately allocated 61 biblical manuscripts from Cave 4 at Qumran to prepare for publication. Initially, this involved cleaning the manuscripts in the Palestine Archaeological Museum where they were being worked on in the 'Scrollery'. As with several others on the team, Cross was financially supported between 1954 and 1960 by a John D Rockefeller subsidy. Cross was one of only two American scholars on the scroll-publication team, and he has since been recognized as a founder of Qumran studies. His general introduction to the topic is The Ancient Library of Qumran, the third edition of which was published in 1995.

Death
Cross died in Rochester, New York, in October 2012 after a long illness. He was 91.

Honors and awards
In 1980, Cross received the Percia Schimmel Prize in Archaeology from the Israel Museum and the William Foxwell Albright Award in Biblical Scholarship. In 1991 he was awarded the Medalla de Honor de la Universidad Complutense (University of Madrid), the Gratz College Centennial Award in 1998 and a Lifetime Award in Textual Studies from the National Foundation for Jewish Culture in 2004.

Cross was an Honorary Member of the Israel Exploration Society and the British Society for Old Testament Study. He was a trustee of the American Schools of Oriental Research (1973–1991), and an Honorary Trustee from 1991; a Trustee of the Ancient Biblical Manuscript Center (1979–1996) and a Lifetime Honorary Trustee from 1997; and a Trustee of the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation since 1992.

Selected works

Thesis

Books

Chapters

Festschrift

References

External links
  Cross at Harvard Divinity School
 Time Magazine Sept. 29, 1958: Frank M. Cross and the Dead Sea Scrolls
 What's New with the Dead Sea Scrolls?
 Frank Moore Cross CV and bio

Category:1921 births
Category:2012 deaths
Category:Religious studies scholars
Category:Maryville College alumni
Category:McCormick Theological Seminary alumni
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni
Category:Harvard Divinity School faculty
Category:Dead Sea Scrolls
Category:Hebrew language
Category:American biblical scholars
Category:Old Testament scholars
Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Category:People from Ross, California


Linwood Boulevard (Kansas City, Missouri)

Linwood Boulevard, Linwood, or 33rd Street is a major west/east main street that runs in Kansas City, Missouri from Broadway Boulevard to Van Brunt Boulevard.
Linwood is one of the few named east-west streets in the Kansas City grid south of the Missouri River.  It is one of the original boulevards designated by George Kessler's City Beautiful design in the late 19th century for Kansas City. It derives its name from the Linden trees.

Overview
Two large historic districts on either side of the boulevard are on National Register of Historic Places—the Old Hyde Park Historic District between Central and Baltimore on the south side and the Santa Fe Place Historic District (on a section of the Santa Fe Trail) on the north between Indiana and Prospect.  Other National Register Places include the Ivanhoe Masonic Temple at 2301 East Linwood and the Kansas City Athenaeum at 900 East Linwood.

The boulevard lost much of its leafy charm in the 1930s when U.S. Route 40 City was routed down it.

In 1955, Ray Lamar opened his donut shop in a converted gas station at 240 East Linwood.  The LaMar's Donuts store remained a simple low-tech landmark on the boulevard even as branches expanded through the Midwest and it drew national attention from Jay Leno and Calvin Trilling.

Route
 It passes Midtown Marketplace from Main Street to Gillham Road on Linwood.
 Stoplight, unusual signal made of cut-stone in the middle of the intersection designed by Edward Buehler Delk (1931), at Paseo Boulevard.
 It passes Linwood Shopping Center at Linwood and Prospect Avenue.
 It passes Central High School from Indiana Avenue to Cleveland Avenue on Linwood.

See also

 39th Street (Kansas City)
 Prospect Avenue (Kansas City, Missouri)
 Southwest Boulevard (Kansas City)
 The Paseo (Kansas City)

References

External links
 kchistory.org article on the boulevard

Category:Streets in Kansas City, Missouri
Category:Boulevards in the United States


KMSL

KMSL may refer to:

 KMSL (FM), a radio station (91.7 FM) licensed to Mansfield, Louisiana, United States
 the ICAO code for Northwest Alabama Regional Airport, in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, United States


Vehicle registration plates of the United States for 1965

Each of the 50 states of the United States of America plus several of its territories and the District of Columbia issued individual passenger license plates for 1965.

Passenger baseplates

Non-passenger plates

See also

Antique vehicle registration
Electronic license plate
Motor vehicle registration
Vehicle license

References

External links

Category:1965 in the United States
1965


Sud Aviation

Sud-Aviation (, Southern Aviation) was a French state-owned aircraft manufacturer, originating from the merger of Sud-Est (SNCASE, or Société nationale des constructions aéronautiques du sud-est) and Sud-Ouest (SNCASO or Société nationale des constructions aéronautiques du sud-ouest) on 1 March 1957. Both companies had been formed from smaller privately owned corporations that had been nationalized into six regional design and manufacturing pools just prior to World War II.

From 1960, the firm started on the design of a supersonic transport version of the Caravelle, known as the Super-Caravelle. However, the projected cost of the project was so high that Sud Aviation, at the direction  of the French and British governments, formed a consortium with BAC in November 1962 to merge their design and production efforts to create Concorde.

The company designed helicopters which went on to be built in large numbers, including the Alouette II (the first production helicopter powered by a gas turbine; first flight in 1955), the Puma (1965) and Gazelle (1967). In 1967 an agreement between the British and French governments arranged for joint production and procurement of the Puma and Gazelle, together with the British Westland Lynx.

Sud Aviation merged with Nord Aviation and Société d'études et de réalisation d'engins balistiques (SÉREB) in 1970 to form the Aérospatiale company. Aérospatiale formed several large-scale international consortia, for example with British Aerospace and Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm to form Airbus, and ultimately merged into European aerospace company EADS in 2000.  In January 2014, EADS was reorganised as Airbus Group.

Products
 Sud Aviation Voltigeur
 Sud Aviation Caravelle
 Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle
 Sud Aviation Vautour

References

External links

 Sud Aviation page on AviaFrance.
 SUD AVIATION AND AÉROSPATIALE on US Centennial of Flight

Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Category:Defunct helicopter manufacturers
Category:Helicopter manufacturers of France
Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1957
Category:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1970
Category:Sud Aviation
Category:1957 establishments in France
Category:1970 disestablishments in France
Category:1970 mergers and acquisitions


For a Rocker

"For a Rocker" is a 1983 single by Jackson Browne.  It charted at #8 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.  The third single released from his seventh album, Lawyers in Love, it's also the eighth and last track on it. It peaked at #45 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The song was something of a departure for Browne, a straight-out uptempo party number: "I got a shirt so unbelievably bright, I'm gonna dig it out and wear it tonight."  Rolling Stone commented on its apparent attempt to emulate Bruce Springsteen's work, and indeed Browne used it to close out concerts in the arenas he was now playing. This song was written as a tribute to James Honeyman-Scott, the guitar player for the Pretenders, who had died of heart failure on June 16, 1982 at the age of 25. The reference to Peggy Sue is Jimmy's wife and Jenni is her sister.

Chart positions

References

External links

Category:1983 singles
Category:Jackson Browne songs
Category:Songs written by Jackson Browne
Category:1983 songs
Category:Asylum Records singles


Islamic Foundation Bangladesh

Islamic Foundation Bangladesh () is a government organization under the Ministry of Religious Affairs in Bangladesh working to disseminate values and ideals of Islam and carry out activities related to those values and ideals. The head office of the foundation is in Dhaka, which is supported by 6 divisional offices and 64 district offices, as well as 7 Imam Training Academy Centers and 29 Islamic Mission Centers. The director general is the chief executive of the foundation.

History

In 1959, two organizations were formed in Dhaka, Bangladesh to propagate the teachings and following of Islam. The Baitul Mukarram Society built the Baitul Mukarram (; the holy house) mosque and Islamic scholars formed a Darul Ulum (; house of knowledge) to popularize and research on Islamic philosophy, culture and way of life. In 1960, the Darul Ulum was renamed as Islamic Academy and was made a branch of Central Institute of Islamic Research based in Karachi.

The current organization came into effect in 1974, when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman formally inaugurated as the Islamic Foundation.

On 20–22 March 1978, the foundation organized a seminar sponsored by the OIC and attended by representatives of 16 countries including Bangladesh. In 1979-80, development of the foundation got a new momentum.

Controversy
In 2015, Islamic Foundation Bangladesh issued a fatwa banning the use of chairs for elderly worshipers in mosques. The head of the foundation, Shamim Afzal told Agence France-Presse, "There are no instances of the Prophet (pbuh) praying while sitting on a chair," despite numerous hadiths contradicting this claim. He added that "chairs spoiled the beauty of the mosques."

This led to outrage and protest from more erudite ulema, who termed it "an incorrect and exaggerated decision." The Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina issued a statement that she was "stunned" by such a fatwa, terming it incorrect. She added that she herself offered prayers in chairs during flights.

See also
 Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board
 Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board

References

External links

 Ministry of religious Affairs, Bangladesh

Category:Islamic organisations based in Bangladesh


June Levine

June Levine (31 December 1931 – 14 October 2008) was an Irish journalist, novelist  and feminist, who played a central part in the Irish women's movement. She was born and raised in a Jewish family in Dublin, and wrote her first articles for The Irish Times when she was still a teenager. At the age of eighteen she married Kenneth Mesbur, a Jewish medical student from Canada. She moved to Ontario and had three children by him. However, the marriage broke down and she returned with her children to Dublin, where she worked as a journalist. She edited the Irish Women's Journal, and worked as a researcher for RTÉ for five years.

She wrote two best selling books, Sisters, a personal history of the feminist movement, and (with Lyn Madden) Lyn: A Story of Prostitution. Her novel is A Season of Weddings. She was also involved with the Irish women's movement, alongside figures such as Mary Kenny, Margaret Gaj and Mary Maher. In 1971 she travelled with other feminists, including Mary Kenny and Nell McCafferty, on the so-called "Contraceptive Train"  when they travelled to Belfast to buy condoms.

In 1999, June Levine married her partner of thirty years, psychiatrist Professor Ivor Browne.

References

Category:Irish feminists
Category:Irish women writers
Category:Irish Jews
Category:People from County Dublin
Category:1931 births
Category:2008 deaths
Category:20th-century Irish people
Category:21st-century Irish people
Category:Irish women's rights activists


Marketing decision support system

A marketing decision support system (sometimes abbreviated MKDSS) is a decision support system for marketing activity. The system is used to help businesses explore different scenarios by manipulating already collected data from the past events. It consists of information technology, marketing data, systems tools,and modeling capabilities that enable the it to provide predicted outcomes from different scenarios and marketing strategies. MKDSS assists decision makers in different scenarios and can be a very helpful tool for a business to take over their competitors.

Example
A MKDSS is used to support the software vendors’ planning strategy for marketing products.  It can help to identify advantageous levels of pricing, advertising spending, and advertising copy for the firm’s products. This helps determine the firm's marketing mix for product software.

Decision Support Systems (DSS)
The concepts involved in DSS were first expressed in the early 1970s by Scott Morton. These systems are used to help solve complex problems by using computer technology and can help businesses with decision making. DSS has progressed since it was first developed in the 70's. The main areas of research that DDS has developed from are theoretical and technological.

There are three types of DSS available: 1. available as a software application, 2. bespoke and 3. user-developed.

DSS have many tools that contain different functions such as; sophisticated database management capabilities with access to internal and external data. information, and knowledge; powerful modeling functions accessed by a model management system; powerful, yet simple user interface designs that enable interactive queries, reporting, and graphing functions.

Although DSS have many different functions, they are very user friendly and easy to use, flexible and have strong graphic capabilities.

Use of Decision Support Systems
DSS are used mainly used before a company invests their money into something. One of DSS's biggest benefits is its ability to predict the outcome of different scenarios, it can help businesses to save money by preventing failures and put them towards a better cause.

Decision support systems can help businesses to save time as well. They would not have to waste even a minute in planning and trying to create something which is not going to succeed.

Satisfaction
MDSS would totally satisfy marketing businesses as it would improve the effectiveness of decision making, reduce costs by eliminating completely unsuitable and useless decisions.

DSS helps and improves the performance of decision makers by using a computer system.

One of the most important and useful things about a system like this is that it lets the business look forward instead of being stuck and trying to examine the past to get answers to complex questions.

References

Category:Method engineering
Category:Marketing software


Glenn Ross

Glenn Ross (born 27 May 1971) known by his nickname "The Daddy", is a Northern Irish former International Strongman and Powerlifter who has represented Northern Ireland and the UK in several World's Strongest Man competitions and various World Grand Prix and European Team competitions. Ross is the founder of the UK Strength Council and Scotland Strength Association and creator of the UK's Strongest Man competition as well as several regional and national qualifying events.

Strongman career
Ross is a 5-time winner of UK's Strongest Man - 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010.

Ross is also a 3-time winner of Britain's Strongest Man - 1999, 2000, 2001.

In 2003, Ross lifted three cars with the rear wheels completely off the ground, the combined weight including the frames of the three Citroen Saxos was almost 3 tonnes.
But in the hands of the lifter, this weight is actually more like 400kg. The lifter is not lifting the raw weight of the car, it is a lever system.
He has competed in the World's Strongest Man competition on five occasions.

Arnold Strongman Classic

In 2005, Ross was in his peak physical condition. He was invited to Columbus, Ohio to compete in the Arnold Strongman Classic, the heaviest strongman competition in the world. In the first event, he shocked audience members and judges by strict-pressing the 366 lb. Apollon's Axle three times. He took first place in the Hummer tire deadlift, setting a world record of 977.5 pounds. In the Inch Dumbbell press, Ross tied for first alongside Hugo Girard and Brian Siders by strict-pressing the 173 pound dumbbell 10 times. Ross placed third behind Vasyl Virastyuk and champion Žydrūnas Savickas.

Ross competed in the 2006 Arnold Strongman Classic, but injuries to his patellar tendons severely affected his performance. Ross lost his world record in the Hummer tire deadlift to Žydrūnas Savickas. Placing 10th, it was Ross's last year in the competition.

Personal records

Powerlifting records
Squat - 400 kg (881 lb)  raw
Bench press - 295 kg (650 lb)  raw
Deadlift - 400 kg (881 lb)  raw
 Total - 1000 kg (2,200 lb)  (380-240-380) (done at the Irish Senior Powerlifting Championship 2004)

Strongman records
Military press (standing) - 195 kg (429 lb)
Giant Log - 115 kg (254 lb) - 19 reps
Steel Log - 300 mm diameter - 175 kg (385 lb) max - 12 reps
Apollon's Axle - (366 lb) - 3 reps with no leg drive
Deadlifted 3 Citroen Saxos at once from the back below the knees - combined weight 2750 kg (6,050 lb)
Held a 1200 kg Citroen Berlingo Van for 176 s
Held a 1400 kg BMW car - 76 s
Held up 2 Citroen Saxos from the back combined weight 1700 kg for 67 s
Deadlifted 430 kg (946 lb) 2006 UK strongest man
Hummer Tire Deadlift - (977.50 lb)
Inch Dumbbell Press - (172 lb) 12 reps

In car-lifting events of the sort mentioned above, the full mass of the vehicle is not lifted. Instead a system of levers is used to raise one set of wheels off the ground. The load at the competitor's hands is therefore of the order of 4000 Newtons (i.e. would feel like lifting a 400 kg (881 lb) barbell). The exact load depends not only on the vehicle mass, but the distribution of that mass, which axle (front/rear) is lifted and also the geometry (i.e. lengths etc.) of the lever arrangements. This means that performances from one competition to another cannot be reliably compared.

Ross's usual catchphrase during strongman competitions is "who's the daddy?!".

Size
He has in the past weighed a staggering 547 lbs (39 stone, 248 kg) making him one of the heaviest strongmen in the world. His frame is emphasized by his body measurements; his neck is , his biceps 24½ inches, his chest is  and his thighs are , as well as a  waist.     He has lost 6 stone over 2009/2010 and is now 184 kg in weight. Ross has however since increased his weight to over 500 lbs (35 stone).

Personal
Ross has appeared on several TV shows, including Kelly Show, They Think It's All Over, The John Daley Show, Harry Hill's TV Burp, Celebrity Big Brother's Big Mouth, Ask Rhod Gilbert and Hole in the Wall. Ross works as a bouncer in County Down when he is not training. Ross is married with two children.

References

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Strength athletes from Northern Ireland
Category:British strength athletes
Category:People from Banbridge


Cha Yu-ram

Cha Yu-ram (, born July 23, 1987) is a South Korean professional pool player.

History
She started playing tennis in 1995 when she was a freshman in elementary school. In September 2006, she began to announce her name with the opportunity to have a friendly game against the world billiard star Jeanette Lee. Since then, she has been a national player in the 2006 Doha Asian Games and the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games. She won gold for nine-ball singles in the 2009 Asian Indoor Games. She signed a management agreement with IB Sports in March 2010. She signed an agreement with Icarus Sports, a sports professional agency, in 2013 when the contract with IB Sports was terminated. She married Lee Ji Sung on June 20, 2015. On November 10, 2015, she released her daughter on the 9th through the media and announced that she plans to concentrate on childcare without any broadcasting activities for the time being, with both mothers and children healthy.

Career

 2003: 1st place in Korean women's pocket 9 ball ranking
 2004: pulsalang 9 Ball Open 1st place
 2005: 1st place in Korean women's three-cushion competition
 2005: 2nd place in KBF national pocket 9 ball championship
 2006 : KBF Pocket 9 Ball National Tour Rankings Second in Game 1
 2008: US Open semifinal
 2008: Second place in the XTM Billiard Championship
 2009: Hong Kong East Asian Games Cue Sports 6 Red Snooker bronze medal
 2009: 1st place in the 9th Asian Asian Games Pocket 2009
 2010: 2010 Amway Cup World Women's Open 9 Ball Open
 2010: ChunCheon World Leisure Games Billiards Ambre Cup Pocket 9 Ball, Women's Billiards Second Run
 2010: The 91st National Sports Festival Billiards Women's General Pocket 9-Ball Gold Medal (Demonstration Event)
 2011: 1st place in the world 9-ball Beijing Open
 2011: 1st place in the nation's pocket 9 ball open competition
 2011: The 2nd Korean Billiards Federation President's Cup 10-ball runners-up
 2012: The 3rd Korean Billiards Federation President's Cup  10-ball 1st place
 2012: 3rd place Busan mayor's cup 10-ball 1st place
 2012: 1st place in the 4th Pocket M-Tour Tournament
 2012: 3rd place in world women's 10-ball championship
 2012: The 93rd National Athletic Meet Billiards Women's General Pocket 9 Ball bronze medal
 2012: The 8th Korea Sports Council 10-ball 3rd place
 2013: 2nd place in 2013 pocket M-Tour 1st round
 2013: The 9th Korea Sports Council 9-ball 2nd place
 2013: The 4th Korean Billiards Federation President 9-ball 2nd place
 2013: 2013 Indoor Asian Games 10-Ball Gold
 2013: 2013 Indoor Asian Games 9-Ball Gold
 2013: Suwon Cup national pocket billiard competition 9 ball first place
 2013: 2013 CBSA Beijing Mewin 9-Ball Open 1st place
 2013: The 94th National Sports Festival 10-Ball Gold Medal
 2014: 2014 CBSA Guangzhou International No. 9 Open 2nd place

References

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:South Korean pool players
Category:Female pool players
Category:Cue sports players at the 2010 Asian Games
Category:Cue sports players at the 2006 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games competitors for South Korea


VfR Bürstadt

Kickers VfR Bürstadt is a German association football club playing out of Bürstadt, Hesse. The team was founded 1 February 1910 as SC 1910 Bürstadt and took on the name VfR on 23 August 1919. Between 1973 and 1983 they played as VfR Oli Bürstadt in recognition of sponsoring firm Otto Limburg Bürstadt-Bobstadt.

History
The club briefly rose to the highest level when playing in the Kreisliga Odenwald in 1921–22 and the Bezirksliga Main-Hessen for one season in 1932–33, but quickly disappeared back into lower tier competition again. The club made two failed attempts (1933 and 1942) to qualify for the Gauliga Hessen (I), one of 16 regional top-flight divisions established in the 1933 reorganization of German football under the Third Reich. Following World War II, the club was reestablished and played briefly as SG Bürstadt.

Kickers enjoyed their greatest success during its sponsorship by OLI and stirred some excitement through the 1970s and 1980s as an overachieving side playing in Hesse's tier III leagues with occasional brave forays into the Regionalliga Süd (II) and 2. Bundesliga where they were the smallest club playing at that level. In 1973, they won the national amateur championship with a 3–0 victory over SC Victoria Hamburg. They made two more failed final appearances in 1976 and 1986, losing in turn to HSV Holzwickede (0–1) and BVL Remscheid (1–2 aet). VfR is one of the relatively few German clubs that have sold their naming rights to an outside sponsor, an arrangement that ended with the bankruptcy of OLI in 1982.

Their run of success ended in the 1990s with a series of poor finishes in the Amateur Oberliga Hessen (III) early in the decade. Beginning with the 1993–94 season, they bounced between the Oberliga Hessen (IV) and Landesliga Hessen-Süd (V) for nearly a decade before finally collapsing in 2002 and voluntarily accepting relegation all the way down to Bezirksliga (VII).

After a drop to the ninth tier in 2008–09 the club has recovered again and moved back up to the Gruppenliga (VII) in 2011–12, followed by promotion to the Verbandsliga in 2013. The team won the league title in the Verbandsliga in 2014 as well but, instead of accepting promotion to the Hessenliga the club withdrew to the tier eight Kreisoberliga Bergstraße instead for financial reasons.

Honours
The club's honours:

League
 German amateur championship
 Champions: 1975
 Oberliga Hessen
 Champions: 1972, 1977, 1979, 1983, 1984
 Runners-up: 1982, 1986
 Landesliga Hessen-Süd
 Champions: 2001
 Runners-up: 1997
 Verbandsliga Hessen-Süd
 Champions: 2014
 Gruppenliga Darmstadt
 Champions: 2013

Cup
 Hesse Cup
 Winners: 1975, 1977

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

 With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. Also in 2008, a large number of football leagues in Hesse were renamed, with the Oberliga Hessen becoming the Hessenliga, the Landesliga becoming the Verbandsliga, the Bezirksoberliga becoming the Gruppenliga and the Bezirksliga becoming the Kreisoberliga.

References

External links
 Official website
 The Abseits Guide to German Soccer
 Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv  historical German domestic league tables

Category:Football clubs in Germany
Category:Football clubs in Hesse
Category:Association football clubs established in 1910
Category:1910 establishments in Germany


Morozov (crater)

Morozov is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It was named after Russian natural scientist Nikolai Morozov. It lies to the north of the crater Gregory and to the east-southeast of Ibn Firnas. Less than two crater diameters to the west-southwest of Morozov is Zanstra.

This is a worn and eroded crater formation, particularly along the western rim where a pair of parallel marks (either grooves or crater chains) cross the inner wall, running to the south-southeast. No impacts of note lie along the rim or crater interior, although the side is also somewhat damaged along the northeast. The crater is otherwise unremarkable.

Some sources list this crater's name as Morosov.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Morozov.

References

External links

Morozov at The Moon Wiki

Category:Impact craters on the Moon


Artem Ivanov (draughts player)

Artem Ivanov (born April 5, 1988) is a Ukrainian player in the International draughts and draughts-64. He won European  championship 2015 in rapid, many times champion of Ukraine in International draughts and draughts-64. International Grandmaster (GMI).

World Championship

International draughts
 2013 (11 place)
 2015 (4 place)
 2017 (12 place)

European Championship

International draughts
 2008 (18 place)
 2010 (14 place)
 2012 (12 place)
 2014 (14 place)

External links
Pfofile FMJD
Pfofile KNDB

References

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Ukrainian draughts players
Category:International draughts players


Calamotropha diodonta

Calamotropha diodonta is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1919. It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria.

References

Category:Crambinae
Category:Moths described in 1919


Rex Gary

Rex I. Gary was an American football, basketball, and baseball coach. He was the head football coach at Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois, serving for two seasons, from 1919 to 1920, and compiling a record of 5–6–1.

References

Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Wheaton Thunder baseball coaches
Category:Wheaton Thunder football coaches
Category:Wheaton Thunder men's basketball coaches


Iotrolan

Iotrolan (trade name Isovist) is a radiocontrast agent, a substance used to improve the visibility of body structures on images obtained by X-ray techniques. It is particularly used to image spaces surrounding the central nervous system, such as the ventricles, after injection into the cerebrospinal fluid. It can also be used to image joint spaces and in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

Chemically, the substance is a dimer of triiodinated isophthalic acid derivatives.

References

Category:Radiocontrast agents
Category:Iodoarenes
Category:Benzamides
Category:Anilides


Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa

The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa renamed the Northern Province to Limpopo, altered the procedure for intervention by the national government in a failing provincial government and intervention by a provincial government in a failing municipality, and expanded the powers of the provincial executive when it intervenes in a municipality.

The bill was passed by the National Assembly on 25 February 2003 with 305 votes in favour, more than the required two-thirds majority, and by the National Council of Provinces on 25 March with all nine provinces in favour. It was signed by President Thabo Mbeki on 9 April, and came into force on 11 July.

Formal title
The official short title of the amendment is "Constitution Eleventh Amendment Act of 2003". It was originally titled "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2003" and numbered as Act No. 3 of 2003, but the Citation of Constitutional Laws Act, 2005 renamed it and abolished the practice of giving Act numbers to constitutional amendments.

References

External links

 Official text (PDF)

Category:Amendments of the Constitution of South Africa
Category:2003 in South African law


Roque Olsen

Roque Germán Olsen Fontana (9 September 1925 – 15 June 1992), commonly known as Roque Olsen, was an Argentine football player and manager.

Playing career
Olsen started his playing career in the local leagues of Parana, Entre Ríos. In 1949 he was signed by Tigre, the following year he joined champions Racing Club de Avellaneda. After only 15 games for Racing he joined Real Madrid where he went on to become one of the club's most important goalscorers. He played out his career with Córdoba CF in the late 1950s.

Managerial career
Olsen started his managerial career with Córdoba CF leading them to promotion to La Liga in 1962. He then managed Deportivo La Coruña, Real Zaragoza and FC Barcelona. He also managed Elche CF, Sevilla FC and Celta Vigo. His last managerial position before his death in 1992 was as manager of UD Las Palmas.

References

External links
Official Manager's Profile from www.fcbarcelona.com
Sauce de Luna profile

Category:1925 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:People from Entre Ríos Province
Category:Argentine footballers
Category:Argentine people of Danish descent
Category:Club Atlético Tigre footballers
Category:Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
Category:Real Madrid CF players
Category:Córdoba CF players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain
Category:Argentine football managers
Category:Argentine expatriate football managers
Category:Córdoba CF managers
Category:Deportivo de La Coruña managers
Category:Real Zaragoza managers
Category:FC Barcelona managers
Category:RC Celta de Vigo managers
Category:Elche CF managers
Category:Sevilla FC managers
Category:UD Las Palmas managers
Category:Cádiz CF managers
Category:Recreativo de Huelva managers
Category:Argentine people of Scandinavian descent
Category:Expatriate football managers in Spain
Category:Association football forwards


Claro fair trade

claro fair trade, commonly shortened to claro and written in minuscules, is a sustainability-oriented retail company based in Orpund, Biel/Bienne administrative district, in the Swiss Canton of Bern. claro was initiated by Erklärung von Bern, a sustainability-oriented independent solidarity development in Switzerland in 1977.

History and orientation

The history of fair trade in Switzerland is closely linked to the rise of the solidarity movement in Switzerland in the 1970s, and the political development organizations such as the Erklärung von Bern (EvB) consumer actions. At that time, products such as coffee, bananas and jute were symbols of the growing support for displaying developmental contexts. At the same time consumers demanded more engagement for development aid without supporting the charity mentality. The success of these actions occurred to the establishment of a joint Swiss import central named OS3 that was pioneering fair trade, and specialized in the sale of food and crafts from developing trading partners, i.e. small producers from economic marginal areas, an alternative approach to the world trade.

Besides OS3, in 1977 EvB initiated the organisation Suisse Tiers Monde which became the first two claro fair trade labels; they resulted in the collaboration with Corr-the jute works situated in Bangladesh. In the following years the product line was expanded gradually, among them cane sugar from the Philippines and other agriculture products from the so-called third world countries, for example coffee from Tanzania, and tea from Sri Lanka, and the cooperative El Ceibo in Bolivia around 1985, and as today the popular claro shops in Switzerland, among other sustainable initiatives financially supported by the Alternative Bank Schweiz ABS.

In 1997 the claro fair trade cooperative was transformed into an Aktiengesellschaft according to the Swiss law. claro fair trade claims as ultimate goals the continuous improvement of the social, economic and environmental situation of their producers. These include the minimization of middlemen in favor of direct cooperation with local partners and supporting social projects. Whenever possible the products are certified by the Max Havelaar Foundation.

Weltladen and claro shops
claro contributes its products in the so-called claro and associated Weltladen shops. As other sustainable corporations, there was a decrease in turnover the past fiscal years, mainly caused to reduced export of the products outside Switzerland.

The distributor claimed as of 2014, to support by its import activities more than 260 small producer groups and craft shops, and thus improved the living conditions of more than 100,000 people from the southern hemisphere.

Literature
 Andreas Missbach: Saubere Rendite – Ökologisch und sozial verantwortungsvoll investieren. Ott Verlag, Bern 2007, .
 Anne-Marie Hollenstein, Regula Renschler, Rudolf Strahm: Entwicklung heisst Befreiung. Erinnerungen an die Pionierzeit der Erklärung von Bern (1968–1985). Chronos, Zürich 2008, .
 Renate Spörri: Der Einfluss der Erklärung von Bern auf den Bund. In: Von der Entwicklungshilfe zur Entwicklungspolitik, published by P. Hug and B. Mesmer, Bern 1993.

References

External links
  and webshop

Category:1977 establishments in Switzerland
Category:Retail companies established in 1977
Category:Swiss brands
Category:Retail companies of Switzerland
Category:Privately held companies of Switzerland
Category:Sustainability organizations
Category:Sustainability in Switzerland
Category:Fair trade
Category:Companies based in Bern


Salinosporamide A

Salinosporamide A (Marizomib) is a potent proteasome inhibitor being studied as a potential anticancer agent.  It entered phase I human clinical trials for the treatment of multiple myeloma, only three years after its discovery in 2003. This marine natural product is produced by the obligate marine bacteria Salinispora tropica and Salinispora arenicola, which are found in ocean sediment. Salinosporamide A belongs to a family of compounds, known collectively as salinosporamides, which possess a densely functionalized γ-lactam-β-lactone bicyclic core.

History

Salinosporamide A was discovered by William Fenical and Paul Jensen from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, CA. In preliminary screening, a high percentage of the organic extracts of cultured Salinispora strains possessed antibiotic and anticancer activities, which suggests that these bacteria are an excellent resource for drug discovery. Salinispora strain CNB-392 was isolated from a heat-treated marine sediment sample and cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of the crude extract led to the isolation of salinosporamide A. Although salinosporamide A shares an identical bicyclic ring structure with omuralide, it is uniquely functionalized. Salinosporamide A displayed potent in vitro cytotoxicity against HCT-116 human colon carcinoma with an IC50 value of 11 ng mL-1. This compound also displayed potent and highly selective activity in the NCI's 60-cell-line panel with a mean GI50 value (the concentration required to achieve 50% growth inhibition) of less than 10 nM and a greater than 4 log LC50 differential between resistant and susceptible cell lines. The greatest potency was observed against NCI-H226 non-small cell lung cancer, SF-539 brain tumor, SK-MEL-28 melanoma, and MDA-MB-435 melanoma (formerly misclassified as breast cancer), all with LC50 values less than 10 nM. Salinosporamide A was tested for its effects on proteasome function because of its structural relationship to omuralide. When tested against purified 20S proteasome, salinosporamide A inhibited proteasomal chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity with an IC50 value of 1.3 nM. This compound is approximately 35 times more potent than omuralide which was tested as a positive control in the same assay. Thus, the unique functionalization of the core bicyclic ring structure of salinosporamide A appears to have resulted in a molecule that is a significantly more potent proteasome inhibitor than omuralide.

Mechanism of action
Salinosporamide A inhibits proteasome activity by covalently modifying the active site threonine residues of the 20S proteasome.

Biosynthesis

It was originally hypothesized that salinosporamide B was a biosynthetic precursor to salinosporamide A due to their structural similarities.

It was thought that the halogenation of the unactivated methyl group was catalyzed by a non-heme iron halogenase. Recent work using 13C-labeled feeding experiments reveal distinct biosynthetic origins of salinosporamide A and B.

While they share the biosynthetic precursors acetate and presumed β-hydroxycyclohex-2'-enylalanine (3), they differ in the origin of the four-carbon building block that gives rise to their structural differences involving the halogen atom. A hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) pathway is most likely the biosynthetic mechanism in which acetyl-CoA and butyrate-derived ethylmalonyl-CoA condense to yield the β-ketothioester (4), which then reacts with (3) to generate the linear precursor (5).

Total synthesis
The first stereoselective synthesis was reported by Rajender Reddy Leleti and E. J.Corey.  Later several routes to the total synthesis of salinosporamide A have been reported.

Clinical study
In vitro studies using purified 20S proteasomes showed that salinosporamide A has lower EC50 for trypsin-like (T-L) activity than does bortezomib. In vivo animal model studies show marked inhibition of T-L activity in response to salinosporamide A, whereas bortezomib enhances T-L proteasome activity.

Initial results from early-stage clinical trials of salinosporamide A in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients were presented at the 2011 American Society of Hematology annual meeting.  Further early-stage trials of the drug in a number of different cancers are ongoing.

See also
Salinosporamide B

References

External links

Category:Lactams
Category:Lactones
Category:Antibiotics
Category:Proteasome inhibitors
Category:Experimental cancer drugs
Category:Total synthesis
Category:Secondary alcohols
Category:Cyclohexenes
Category:Organochlorides
Category:Halogen-containing natural products


Cribrarula

Cribrarula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

Species
Species within the genus Cribrarula include:

Cribrarula angelae Moretzsohn & Beals, 2009
Cribrarula catholicorum Schilder & Schilder, 1938
Cribrarula cribellum (Gaskoin, 1849)
Cribrarula cribraria Linnaeus, 1758
Cribrarula cumingii (Sowerby I, 1832)
Cribrarula esontropia (Duclos, 1833)
Cribrarula exmouthensis (Melvill, 1888)
Cribrarula fallax (E.A. Smith, 1881)
Cribrarula garciai Lorenz & Raines, 2001
Cribrarula gaskoini (Reeve, 1846)
Cribrarula gravida Moretzsohn, 2002
Cribrarula pellisserpentis Lorenz, 1999
Cribrarula taitae (Burgess, 1993)
Cribrarula toliaraensis Bozzetti, 2007 (species inquirenda, Further research needed, including molecular data, to confirm it as a valid subspecies; it is likely a synonym of C. cribraria comma)
Species brought into synonymy
Cribrarula gaskoinii (Reeve, 1846): synonym of Cribrarula gaskoini (Reeve, 1846)

References

External links

Category:Cypraeidae


October (soundtrack)

October is the soundtrack album to the 2018 Bollywood film of the same name, directed by Shoojit Sircar. The album is composed by Shantanu Moitra,
Anupam Roy and Abhishek Arora and features playback singers such as Armaan Malik, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Sunidhi Chauhan and Monali Thakur. It was released on 28 March 2018 by Zee Music Company and in general, the album received positive response from the critics. The album consists of five tracks whose lyrics are penned by Swanand Kirkire, Tanveer Ghazi and Abhiruchi Chand.

Conception, development and production
Shantanu Moitra began composing the score in April 2017 after hearing the film's script. Sircar's preoccupation with love and nature are among the factors which attracted Moitra to the project. Additionally, he wanted to experiment with the element of "silence" in the background score. He said, "There is so much artificially created noise around us, under which sensitive, beautiful emotions get buried. October gave me an opportunity to move away from the chaos." Speaking about the theme behind the score, Moitra said, "We didn't want a reference melody. We wanted the theme to be in place. Once the theme was ready, the rest of the background score emerged from that."

Composition
Along with the score, Moitra also composed "October (Theme Music)", a violin-led instrumental track. In his own words, he was "happy" that the theme was included in the album. He composed two more tracks. "Manwaa", penned by Moitra's frequent collaborator Swanand Kirkire, progresses without a rhythm section until the percussion kicks in midway. On comparing the composition of the song with his earlier composition "Naam Adaa Likhna" from the film Yahaan, Moitra said, “Earlier, at the time of Yahaan, there wasn’t the pressure, but now, the thinking is that people won’t listen to a song unless there is a groove of some kind but I don’t think so.” "Chal", another song composed by Moitra, is an upbeat retro-funk track created with a “Nazia Hassan-like soundscape” in mind.

Singles
"October Theme" and "Theher Ja" were first announced by Varun Dhawan on his official Twitter handle on 18 and 20 March 2018 and were released on 19 and 21 March 2018, respectively. The third song "Tab Bhi Tu" was also announced in a similar way on 26 March 2018 but was released on 28 March 2018 along with the album and included in it. An official promotional remix single "There Ja (DJ Notorious remix)" was released on 13 April 2018.

Reception
Gaurang Chauhan of Times Now, in his review, noted that "October has quite a few good tunes" and gave it  stars. He appreciated music and lyrics of other tracks but heavily criticized the track Tab Bhi Tu because it seemed "quite forced in its approach." Vipin Nair of The Hindu said that the film has got "… a decent soundtrack" and gave it a rating of 3/5 on his website. Debarati Sen from The Times of India said it is a "cerebral, creative" album and different from other Bollywood albums. She also added that the tracks are "delectable" and connected in a "subtle way" despite being different from each other.

Track listing

Theher Ja
The video for the Armaan Malik version of "Theher Ja" was created by One Digital Entertainment. The video was released on 3 May 2018 through the official YouTube handle of the singer. Filmed inside a car and an amusement park, it features Armaan and his two friends depicting their road trip to Imagica.

References

Category:2018 soundtracks
Category:Filmi soundtracks
Category:Hindi-language albums


Robert Salisbury (educationalist)

Sir Robert Salisbury is an educationalist, and a "leading expert" on education funding. He has an international reputation for his ideas on leadership styles and staff motivation. He is most noted for transforming a failing secondary school in a pit village in Nottinghamshire into a "beacon of success" at the heart of its community, winning a number of awards and attracting a stream of famous visitors.

Career
Until 2001, he was a Professor in the School of Education at Nottingham University. Before that he was head teacher at The Garibaldi School in Forest Town, Mansfield, Notts. When he was appointed head teacher there in 1989, the school had a poor reputation and unmotivated staff. His five-year plan turned the school round, and by 1993 Salisbury had become recognised as a successful entrepreneur.

In 1998, Salisbury was knighted for his work in Education.

In 2011 he led an enquiry into numeracy and literacy at schools in Northern Ireland.

In 2013, he reviewed the funding of schools in Northern Ireland for the Northern Ireland department for education. His review claimed that there was "a long rump of under-achievement in Northern Ireland", and that "Northern Ireland has too many small schools and too many types of school which can no longer be funded".

In or before 2015, he was asked to review further education colleges.

In 2019, he was criticised by the DUP MP Ian Paisley for "dismissing a significant number of high-achieving young adults in Northern Ireland", when he described some of the top schools in Northern Ireland as "Exam factories".

Personal life
Robert Salisbury was born in Newton Drive Stapleford  and moved to Warren Ave when aged eleven. He and his wife Rosemary now live in County Tyrone, where they have spent 15 years converting 17 acres of barren fields into a wildlife refuge.

Publications
 Field Of Dreams: How We Transformed a Rural Desert into a Thriving Wildlife Garden , under the pen-name Bob Salisbury
 An independent review of the common funding scheme. Sir Robert Salisbury, Chair, Independent Review of Common Funding Scheme (January 2013)  https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/16379/7/independent_review_of_cfs_Redacted.pdf
 Salisbury, R. (2009). Report of the Literacy and Numeracy Taskforce. Available from: http://www.deni.gov.uk/literacy_and_numeracy_taskforce_report_2008-2010.pdf, as referenced in https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/11364696/Education_Policy_in_NI_a_Review.pdf

References

External links
 Testimony to Committee for Education Inquiry into Shared and Integrated Education (2015): http://aims.niassembly.gov.uk/officialreport/minutesofevidencereport.aspx?AgendaId=12657&eveID=7454

Category:Living people
Category:Educationalists
Category:Schoolteachers from Nottinghamshire
Category:Academics of the University of Nottingham
Category:Heads of schools in England


The Journey: The Very Best of Donna Summer

The Journey: The Very Best of Donna Summer is a compilation album by American singer Donna Summer released by Universal Music on September 30, 2003. It features most of Summer's best known songs from the 1970s disco era, during which she became the most successful female of that genre, plus some of her hits from the 1980s, during which time she experimented with different genres.

The Journey was released in the UK on the back of her appearance on the TV special Disco Mania which celebrated the 1970s disco era and saw Summer performing her 1979 duet "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" (originally with Barbra Streisand) with Irish boyband Westlife.

The album was also released in the US with a slightly different track listing - both on the album itself and also on the so-called 'limited edition bonus disc'.

Three new songs were recorded for the collection, including "You're So Beautiful" and "Dream-A-Lot's Theme (I Will Live For Love)", both of which were released as promotional singles. The UK version of the compilation placed the two new recordings "That's The Way" and "Dream-A-Lots-Theme" on the limited edition bonus disc - these two tracks are consequently not available on the UK single-disc edition of The Journey.

Track listings

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Certifications

References

Category:Albums produced by Richard Perry
Category:Albums produced by Pete Bellotte
Category:Albums produced by Giorgio Moroder
Category:Albums produced by Michael Omartian
Category:2003 greatest hits albums
Category:Donna Summer compilation albums


Iver Horrem

Iver Andreas Horrem (born 1 January 1977 in Aukra) is a Norwegian professional beach volleyball player from Norway, best known as Bjørn Maaseide's teammate. He also plays volleyball for Kristiansund VBK.

Playing career

Career start
Horrem has played on a professional level since 1999. He first became Bjørn Maaseide's teammate when Maaseide's former partner Jan Kvalheim retired after the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Horrem og Maaseide played four seasons together (2001–2004), with four 5. place finishes in the World Tour as their best result. The duo also came fifth in the 2004 European Championships and ended their career together with a 19. place in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

New partner
When Maaseide retired after the 2004 Summer Olympics, Horrem played two seasons with Bård Inge Pettersen. They achieved two fifth-place finishes in the World Tour as their best result.

Maaseide's comeback
In the winter of 2007, Horrem og Pettersen split up and Horrem challenged Maaseide to a comeback. After some consideration, Maaseide decided to start playing again. The reunited duo made their debut in a World Tour competition in Shanghai, and finished with a thirteenth place.

Playing partners
 Bjørn Maaseide (2001–2004)
 Bård Inge Pettersen (2005–2006)
 Bjørn Maaseide (2007–present)

References

External links

Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Norwegian beach volleyball players
Category:Norwegian men's volleyball players
Category:Beach volleyball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic beach volleyball players of Norway
Category:People from Møre og Romsdal
Category:Men's beach volleyball players


Knowledge-based processor

Knowledge-based processors (KBPs) are used for processing packets in computer networks.  Knowledge-based processors are essential for the long term success of the IPv6 network.  The buildout of the IPv6 network is inevitable as it provides the means to an improved and secure networking system.  It has been built from the ground up to address the issues of available addressing and security concerns.

Standards
All networks are required to perform the following functions:
 IPv4/IPv6 multilayer packet/flow classification
 Policy-based routing and Policy enforcement (QoS)
 Longest Prefix Match (CIDR)
 Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
 IP Security (IPSec)
 Server Load Balancing
 Transaction verification

All of the above functions must occur at high speeds in advanced networks.  Knowledge-based processors contain embedded databases that store information required to process packets that travel
through a network at wireline speeds.  Knowledge based processors are a new addition to intelligent networking that allow these functions to occur at high speeds and at the same time provide for lower power consumption.

Knowledge-based processors currently target the 3rd layer of the 7 layer OSI model which is devoted to packet processing. Knowledge-based processors may eventually be required at every node in the internet due to the demands placed upon it by the converging voice and video phenomena. Layer 7, where application functionality between browser, email, ftp download, and telnet applications occur, is likely the next layer that could make use of knowledge based processors.

Advantages
The advantages that knowledge based processors offer are the ability to execute multiple simultaneous decision making processes for a range of network-aware processing functions. These include routing, Quality of service (QOS), access control for both security and billing, forwarding of voice/video packets. These functions improve the performance of advanced Internet applications in IPv6 networks such as VOD (Video on demand), VoIP (voice over Internet protocol), and streaming of video and audio.

Knowledge-based processors use a variety of techniques to improve network functioning such as parallel processing, deep pipelining and advanced power management techniques. Improvements in each of these areas allows for existing components to carry on their functions at wireline speeds more efficiently thus improving the performance of the overall network.

The databases in a knowledge-based processor include classification tables, forwarding tables, and exact match tables- all of which are utilized by the CPU and network processors. Some companies use a glueless process enabling the quick installation of the knowledge based processor to the network system.

Knowledge based processors mainly process packet headers (20% of the packet approximately) which enables network awareness.  Content processors, by contrast, allow for packet payload inspection (80% of the packet is data) and therefore must search "deeper" into the packet.

See also
 Network processor
 Multi core processor
 Content processor

References

Category:Computer networks


Simon Tavaré

Simon Tavaré  (born 1952), is the founding Director of the Herbert and Florence Irving Institute of Cancer Dynamics at Columbia University. Prior to joining Columbia, he was Director of the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Professor of Cancer Research at the Department of Oncology and Professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) at the University of Cambridge.

Education
Tavaré was educated at Oundle School and the University of Sheffield where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in 1974, a Master of Science degree in 1975, and a PhD in 1979.

Research and career
Tavaré is a computational biologist and statistician, with his research focusing on three main areas: statistical methods for the analysis of next‑generation sequencing data, evolutionary approaches to cancer and methods for the analysis of genomics data.

Tavaré's research has been funded by Cancer Research UK, the Royal Society, the European Union, Horizon 2020, the Wellcome Trust, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Awards and honours
Tavare was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2011 and a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2009. He held a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award from 2003 to 2009. In 2018, Tavare was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society and a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.

References

Category:1952 births
Category:Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge
Category:Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Category:Cancer researchers
Category:Bioinformaticians
Category:Living people
Category:Chartered Scientists
Category:People educated at Oundle School
Category:Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge


2018 BC Lions season

The 2018 BC Lions season was the 61st season for the team in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and their 65th overall. The Lions improved upon their 7–11 record from 2017 and clinched a playoff berth following a week 19 win over the Edmonton Eskimos. They returned to the playoffs following a one-year absence where they missed the playoffs for the first time since 1996. However, the team lost the East Semi-Final to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats by a 40-point margin, which is the largest in the Lions' playoff history.

On November 30, 2017, Wally Buono stepped down as General Manager, being replaced by Ed Hervey in that role. Buono stayed on as head coach, which was his 12th and final season in that role. He finished his Lions coaching tenure with a record of 129-86-1, making the playoffs in 11 of his 12 seasons coached and winning two Grey Cup championships.

This was the ninth consecutive season that the Lions held their training camp at Hillside Stadium in Kamloops, British Columbia. Main camp opened Sunday, May 20, 2018, with rookies reporting earlier.

Offseason

CFL Draft
The 2018 CFL Draft took place on May 3, 2018. The Lions had seven selections in the eight round draft, but have made several trades for positioning. They traded their fourth-round pick to Ottawa for Odell Willis, but got first and second-round picks from Winnipeg in exchange for the Lions' second-round pick this year and a first-round pick next year. The team acquired Saskatchewan's sixth-round pick in exchange for Mike Edem and the Lions' eighth-round pick.

Preseason

Schedule

 Games played with colour uniforms.

Regular season

Standings

Schedule

 Games played with colour uniforms.
 Games played with white uniforms.

Post-season

Schedule

 Games played with white uniforms.

Team

Roster

Coaching staff

References

Category:BC Lions seasons
Category:2018 Canadian Football League season by team
Category:2018 in British Columbia


Plessis-Barbuise

Plessis-Barbuise  is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Aube
Category:Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mahadevsthan Mandan

Mahadevsthan Mandan is a village development committee in Kavrepalanchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal.

Demographics
At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6,892 in 1,216 individual households.

Geography
Mahadevsthan Ward No. 4 is the passway for Helambu and supports trekking. Melamchi and Gosaikund are places of religious importance.

It is part of Mandandeupur municipality and number 3 out of 7 provinces in Nepal. It includes wards 7, 8 and 9.

Governance
In 2017, Mahadevsthan Mandan was merged into Mandandeupur Municipality. You can visit at Mandandeupur official page .Tok Bahadhur Tamang was elected as a Mayor for Mandandeupur municipality in 2017.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Kavrepalanchowk District

Category:Populated places in Kavrepalanchok District


Graham Moore (writer)

Graham Moore (born October 18, 1981) is an American screenwriter and author known for his 2010 novel The Sherlockian, as well as his screenplay for the historical film The Imitation Game, which topped the 2011 Black List for screenplays and won the 2014 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (awarded February 2015).

Early life and family
Moore was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised on the city's north side — "the son of two lawyers who divorced and then married two other lawyers."

Moore's father, Gary Moore, is an insurance defense attorney and his mother, Susan Sher (née Steiner), works for the University of Chicago. His mother was formerly the City of Chicago's chief lawyer and First Lady Michelle Obama's chief of staff. Moore's parents divorced when he was young.

Moore's stepfather is Cook County Circuit Court Judge Neil Cohen.

Raised Jewish, Moore graduated from the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in 1999 and received a bachelor of arts degree in religious history in 2003 from Columbia University.

During his Academy Award acceptance speech in February 2015, Moore said that he had attempted suicide when he was 16.

Moore lives in Los Angeles, California.

Career
Moore began his writing career working with childhood friend Ben Epstein, who was attending Tisch School of the Arts in New York City. One of his earliest Hollywood jobs was on the writing staff of the short-lived television series 10 Things I Hate About You.

Moore's first book, The Sherlockian, was on the New York Times bestseller list for three weeks.

His adapted screenplay for the 2014 film The Imitation Game, based on the biography Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges, topped the 2011 Black List of the best unproduced scripts in Hollywood. The script earned Moore numerous nominations, including the 2014 Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay, and ultimately won the 2014 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 87th Academy Awards (awarded February 2015).

Moore's second book, The Last Days of Night, was published by Random House on August 16, 2016. Set in 1888 New York City, the novel focuses on the heated rivalry between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse during the advent of electricity and is told through the eyes of Westinghouse's attorney, Paul Cravath. Moore has adapted the screenplay for The Last Days of Night to be directed by Oscar-nominated director of The Imitation Game Morten Tyldum. Moore will write, direct, and produce the sci-fi thriller Naked Is the Best Disguise for Studio 8.

Novels
The Sherlockian (2010), published by Twelve
The Last Days of Night (August 16, 2016), published by Penguin Random House
The Holdout (February 18, 2020), published by Random House

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century American novelists
Category:American male novelists
Category:American male screenwriters
Category:American audio engineers
Category:American television writers
Category:American mystery novelists
Category:Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni
Category:Jewish American writers
Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners
Category:Writers from Chicago
Category:Male television writers
Category:University of Chicago Laboratory Schools alumni
Category:21st-century American male writers
Category:Novelists from Illinois
Category:Screenwriters from Illinois
Category:Engineers from Illinois


Badia, South Tyrol

Badia (;  ) is a comune (municipality) in South Tyrol, northern Italy. It is one of the five Ladin-speaking communities of the Val Badia which is part of the Ladinia region.

Geography

The municipal area stretches on the Gran Ega river in the southern, upper part of the Val Badia (Abteital). It is surrounded by the steep limestone peaks of the scenic Dolomites mountain range. Part of the comune lies in Alta Badia, a ski resort at the top end of the Val Badia valley.

Badia is accessible by road from La Val (Wengen) in the north, located about half-way down to the Puster Valley at Bruneck. In the south, the valley road leads up to three mountain passes: Valparola Pass, connecting Badia with Cortina d’Ampezzo, Campolongo Pass linking the neighbouring comune of Corvara with the Arabba ski resort, and Gardena Pass leading to Val Gardena (Gröden). All pass roads may be temporarily closed during harsh winter conditions.

Neighbouring municipalities
The following communities neighbour Badia: Cortina d'Ampezzo, Corvara, Mareo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana, San Martin de Tor, La Val and Sëlva.

Frazioni
The municipality of Badia contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) La Ila (La Villa, Stern), San Ciascian (San Cassiano, St. Kassian), and Badia proper consisting of Pedraces (Pedratsches) and San Linêrt (San Leonardo, St. Leonhard) west and east of the Gran Ega river.

History

Since the 12th century, the valley estates belonged to the possessions held by the Benedictine nunnery of Sonnenburg near St. Lorenzen, hence the name Abtei ("abbey") first mentioned in a 1325 deed. The nuns had received the lands from the Aribonid counts, who formerly ruled as count palatines in Bavaria. A first parish church was erected in 1347.

While the Puster Valley in the south was held by the Counts of Görz at Lienz, the Ladin language and culture in the Val Badia, due to the remote location, have been preserved up to today. Upon the extinction of the House of Görz in 1500, the estates were inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg. The Sonnenburg monastery was secularised by order of Emperor Joseph II in 1785. The valley road, originally a bridle path, was rebuilt from 1885 onwards and opened in 1892.

Coat of arms
The emblem is that of the Winkler von Colz zu Rubatsch noble family which, in the 16th and 17th century, had property and the castle at La Ila. The shield is party per fess, at the top is represented a sable steinbock, holding with the front hoofs a red broken branch on an or background. The lower part is divided into three, with vertex at the top, alternating gules and argent with a rose in the center; every rose has the central petal in or. The emblem was granted in 1967.

Population

Linguistic distribution
According to the 2011 census, 94.07% of the population speak Ladin, 4.17% Italian and 1.76%  German as first language.

Main sights

A pilgrimage church, the Church of the Holy Cross, is located beneath the steep slopes of the Sas dla Crusc massif near the birthplace of Saint Josef Freinademetz. It was consecrated in 1484, the adjacent refuge was erected in 1718.

The parish church of San Ćiascian, dedicated to Saint Cassian of Imola, was consecrated in 1782. Nearby the small Museum Ladin Ursus ladinicus cover the Ladin history of the area and exhibits the skeleton of a cave bear, living here in the glacial period more than 90,000 years ago.

Natural areas
The  massifs in the east and south are part of the Fanes-Sennes-Prags Nature Park, with the notable summit of Sas dla Crusc rising up to 2,907 m (9,537 ft); the chains in the west belong to the Puez-Geisler Nature Park. Badia is also near the mountains of Lagazuoi (2,778 m), Conturines (3,064 m), La Varela (3,055 m), L'Ciaval (Kreuzkofel) (2,907 m) and Gardenaccia (2,500 m).

Notable people
 Micurà de Rü (1789–1847), born in Rü near San Ćiascian, Ladin linguist.
 Joseph Freinademetz (1852–1908), born in the hamlet of Oies, Catholic saint and missionary to China.

Economy
As in other Ladin-speaking communities in South Tyrol, tourism is the most important contributor to Badia's economy. Around 69% of the population work in the service sector, around 21% work in production, and around 10% work in agriculture, however most of these hold other jobs as well and farm on the side.

Sport

Maratona dles Dolomites
The start of the annual single-day seven mountain passes crossing Maratona dles Dolomites bicycle race is every year in La Ila.

References

External links
 (Ladin)  Homepage of the municipality

Category:Municipalities of South Tyrol


List of foreign-born United States Cabinet Secretaries

As of 2013, the United States Cabinet has had 20 appointed members in its history who were born outside the present-day United States. Alexander Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers who signed the United States Constitution, was the first Cabinet member to be born outside of the United States. Born in Nevis in 1755, Hamilton was appointed by President George Washington as the country's first Secretary of Treasury in 1789. Irish-born James McHenry, who was appointed by Washington as Secretary of War in 1796 and served the same post in John Adams's administration, was the other foreign-born individual in Washington's Cabinet. Albert Gallatin, born in Switzerland (present-day US sovereign embassadorial territory) became the third foreign-born member of the Cabinet when he was named Secretary of Treasury by President Thomas Jefferson. Gallatin, his successor George Campbell, William Duane, Carl Schurz and James Wilson were the only foreign-born members to hold Cabinet positions in the 19th century. In the 20th century, nine foreign-born individuals were appointed to the Cabinet, including German-born Oscar Straus and Mexican-born George Romney, the latter of whom was born to American parents and is the father of former Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 Republican U.S. presidential candidate and current U.S. Senator from Utah Mitt Romney. During the tenure of President George W. Bush, three more foreign-born individuals were appointed to the Cabinet—Elaine Chao, Mel Martinez in 2001 and Carlos Gutierrez in 2005.

The Department of Treasury has had the most foreign-born Secretaries, with five. Department of Labor and Interior follow with three, and the departments of Housing and Urban Development and State have each had two. Former Secretaries of State Henry Kissinger and Madeleine Albright were the highest-ranking foreign-born Cabinet members ever in accordance to the United States presidential line of succession. The majority of foreign-born Cabinet members were born in Europe. Most European-born Cabinet members originated from the United Kingdom and Germany with five and four respectively, and the others were born in Ireland, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Italy. Four Cabinet members were born in the Americas, and one was born in Asia. The departments of Defense, Justice, Health and Human Services, Energy, Education, and Homeland Security have not had foreign-born Secretaries.

Since most foreign born Cabinet members are not natural-born citizens—meaning that they were not born in the United States or born abroad to American parents—they are ineligible to exercise the powers of the President of the United States in the event that "neither a President nor Vice President" is able to "discharge the powers and duties" of the presidency as specified in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947.

Foreign-born Secretaries

Current departments
Numerical order represents the seniority of the Secretaries in the United States presidential line of succession.

 denotes the first foreign-born secretary of that particular department

Defunct departments
The departments are listed in order of their establishment (earliest first).

 denotes the first foreign-born secretary of that particular department

Foreign-born individuals who have held cabinet-level positions

The following list includes those who were born outside of the United States and have held cabinet-level positions other than the 15 executive departments. The table below is organized based on the time at which a foreign-born individual was appointed to a cabinet-level position.

 denotes the first foreign-born head of that particular cabinet-level position

See also
List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries
List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries
List of United States Senators born outside the United States
List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States

Notes
 The Department of Defense was established in 1947; no foreign-born person has served yet.
 The Department of Justice was established in 1870; no foreign-born person has served yet.
 The Department of Health and Human Services was established in 1979; no foreign-born person has served yet.
 The Department of Energy was established in 1977; no foreign-born person has served yet.
 The Department of Education was established in 1979; no foreign-born person has served yet.
 The Department of Homeland Security was established in 2002; no foreign-born person has served yet.
 The Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet when the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch, by the 1970 Postal Reorganization Act. No foreign-born person had ever served while it was a Cabinet post.
 The Secretary of the Navy ceased to be a member of the Cabinet when the Department of the Navy was absorbed into the Department of Defense in 1947. No foreign-born person had ever served while it was a Cabinet post.
 The position of Secretary of War became defunct when the Department of War became the Department of Defense in 1947.
 The position of Secretary of Commerce and Labor became defunct when the Department of Commerce and Labor was subdivided into two separate entities in 1913.
 The position of Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare became defunct when the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was subdivided into two separate entities in 1979.
 The United States Ambassador to the United Nations is a cabinet-level position under the Clinton and Obama administrations. It was not a cabinet-level position under the Bush administration from 2001 to 2009.

References

Cabinet
Foreign born


Leó von Baráth

Leó von Baráth (born 9 June 1891, date of death unknown) was a Hungarian tennis player. He competed in two events at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1891 births
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Hungarian male tennis players
Category:Olympic tennis players of Hungary
Category:Tennis players at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Budapest


Blood sugar level

The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the concentration of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals. Glucose is a simple sugar and approximately 4 grams of glucose are present in the blood of a  human at all times. The body tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. Glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells in the form of glycogen; in fasted individuals, blood glucose is maintained at a constant level at the expense of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle.

In humans, a blood glucose level of four grams, or about a teaspoon, is critical for normal function in a number of tissues, and the human brain consumes approximately 60% of blood glucose in fasted, sedentary individuals. A persistent elevation in blood glucose leads to glucose toxicity, which contributes to cell dysfunction and the pathology grouped together as complications of diabetes. Glucose can be transported from the intestines or liver to other tissues in the body via the bloodstream. Cellular glucose uptake is primarily regulated by insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas.

Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day, and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimoles.
Blood sugar levels outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition. A persistently high level is referred to as hyperglycemia; low levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from any of several causes, and is the most prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation. There are different methods of testing and measuring blood sugar levels.

The intake of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar, and later tends to cause levels to fall. Also, certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels.

Units
The international standard way of measuring blood glucose levels is in terms of a molar concentration, measured in mmol/L (millimoles per litre; or millimolar, abbreviated mM). In the United States, Germany and other countries mass concentration is measured in mg/dL (milligrams per decilitre).

Since the molecular weight of glucose C6H12O6 is 180, the difference between the two units is a factor of 18, so that 1 mmol/L of glucose is equivalent to 18 mg/dL.

Normal values

Humans
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Many factors affect a person's blood sugar level. The body's homeostatic mechanism of blood sugar regulation (known as glucose homeostasis), when operating normally, restores the blood sugar level to a narrow range of about 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L (79 to 110 mg/dL) (as measured by a fasting blood glucose test).

The normal blood glucose level (tested while fasting) for non-diabetics, should be between 3.9 and 7.1 mmol/L (70 to 130 mg/dL). The global mean fasting plasma blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Blood sugar levels for those without diabetes and who are not fasting should be below 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL). The blood glucose target range for diabetics, according to the American Diabetes Association, should be 5.0–7.2 mmol/l (90–130 mg/dL) before meals, and less than 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) two hours after meals (as measured by a blood glucose monitor).

Despite widely variable intervals between meals or the occasional consumption of meals with a substantial carbohydrate load, human blood glucose levels tend to remain within the normal range. However, shortly after eating, the blood glucose level may rise, in non-diabetics, temporarily up to 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL)  or slightly more.  For people with diabetes maintaining 'tight diabetes control', the American Diabetes Association recommends a post-meal glucose level of less than 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) and a fasting plasma glucose of 3.9 to 7.2 mmol/L (70–130 mg/dL).

The actual amount of glucose in the blood and body fluids is very small.  In a healthy adult male of 75 kg with a blood volume of 5 liters, a blood glucose level of 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) amounts to 5g, equivalent to about a teaspoonful of sugar. Part of the reason why this amount is so small is that, to maintain an influx of glucose into cells, enzymes modify glucose by adding phosphate or other groups to it.

Other animals

In general, ranges of blood sugar in common domestic ruminants are lower than in many monogastric mammals.   However this generalization does not extend to wild ruminants or camelids.  For serum glucose in mg/dL, reference ranges of 42 to 75 for cows, 44 to 81 for sheep, and 48 to 76 for goats, but 61 to 124 for cats; 62 to 108 for dogs, 62 to 114 for horses, 66 to 116 for pigs, 75 to 155 for rabbits, and 90 to 140 for llamas have been reported.  A 90 percent reference interval for serum glucose of 26 to 181 mg/dL has been reported for captured mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), where no effects of the pursuit and capture on measured levels were evident.  For beluga whales, the 25–75 percent range for serum glucose has been estimated to be 94 to 115 mg/dL.  For the white rhinoceros, one study has indicated that the 95 percent range is 28 to 140 mg/dL.  For harp seals, a serum glucose range of 4.9 to 12.1 mmol/L [i.e. 88 to 218 mg/dL] has been reported; for hooded seals, a range of 7.5 to 15.7 mmol/L [i.e. about 135 to 283 mg/dL] has been reported.

Regulation

The body's homeostatic mechanism keeps blood glucose levels within a narrow range. It is composed of several interacting systems, of which hormone regulation is the most important.

There are two types of mutually antagonistic metabolic hormones affecting blood glucose levels:
 catabolic hormones (such as glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines) which increase blood glucose;
 and one anabolic hormone (insulin), which decreases blood glucose.

These hormones are secreted from pancreatic islets which are bundles of endocrine tissues. There are four types of pancreatic islets, alpha (A) cells, beta (B) cells, Delta (D) cells and F cells. Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells, while insulin is secreted by beta cells. Together they regulate the blood-glucose levels through negative feedback, a process where the end product of one reaction stimulates the beginning of another reaction. In blood-glucose levels, insulin lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood. The lower blood-glucose level (a product of the insulin secretion) triggers glucagon to be secreted, and repeats the cycle.

In order for blood glucose to be kept stable, modifications to insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol are made. Each of these hormones has a different responsibility to keep blood glucose regulated; when blood sugar is too high, insulin tells muscles to take up excess glucose for storage. Glucagon responds to too low of a blood glucose level; it informs the tissue to produce more glucose. Epinephrine prepares the muscles and respiratory system for activity in the case of a "fight and flight" response. Lastly, cortisol supplies the body with fuel in times of heavy stress.

Abnormalities

High blood sugar

If blood sugar levels remain too high the body suppresses appetite over the short term. Long-term hyperglycemia causes many health problems including heart disease, cancer, eye, kidney, and nerve damage.

Blood sugar levels above 300mg/dL can cause fatal reactions. Ketones will be very high (a magnitude higher than when eating a very low carbohydrate diet) initiating ketoacidosis. The Mayo Clinic recommends emergency room treatment above 300 mg/dL blood glucose.

The most common cause of hyperglycemia is diabetes. When diabetes is the cause, physicians typically recommend an anti-diabetic medication as treatment. From the perspective of the majority of patients, treatment with an old, well-understood diabetes drug such as metformin will be the safest, most effective, least expensive, most comfortable route to managing the condition. Diet changes and exercise implementation may also be part of a treatment plan for diabetes.

Low blood sugar

If blood sugar levels drop too low, a potentially fatal condition called hypoglycemia develops. Symptoms may include lethargy, impaired mental functioning; irritability; shaking, twitching, weakness in arm and leg muscles; pale complexion; sweating; loss of consciousness.

Mechanisms that restore satisfactory blood glucose levels after extreme hypoglycemia (below 40 mg/dL) must be quick and effective to prevent extremely serious consequences of insufficient glucose: confusion or unsteadiness and, in the extreme (below 15 mg/dL)  loss of consciousness and seizures. Without discounting the potentially quite serious conditions and risks due to or oftentimes accompanying hyperglycemia, especially in the long-term (diabetes or pre-diabetes, obesity or overweight, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, etc.), it is still generally more dangerous to have too little glucose – especially if levels are very low – in the blood than too much, at least temporarily, because glucose is so important for metabolism and nutrition and the proper functioning of the body's organs. This is especially the case for those organs that are metabolically active or that require a constant, regulated supply of blood sugar (the liver and brain are examples). In healthy individuals, blood glucose-regulating mechanisms are generally quite effective, and symptomatic hypoglycemia is generally found only in diabetics using insulin or other pharmacological treatment, and in starvation or severe malnutrition or malabsorption (of various causes), and conditions such as anorexia. Hypoglycemic episodes can vary greatly between persons and from time to time, both in severity and swiftness of onset. For severe cases, prompt medical assistance is essential, as damage to brain and other tissues and even death will result from sufficiently low blood-glucose levels.

Glucose measurement

Sample source
Glucose testing in a fasting individual, show comparable levels of glucose in arterial, venous, and capillary blood. But following meals, capillary and arterial blood glucose levels can be significantly higher than venous levels. Although these differences vary widely, one study found that following the consumption of 50 grams of glucose, "the mean capillary blood glucose concentration is higher than the mean venous blood glucose concentration by 35%."

Sample type

Glucose is measured in whole blood, plasma or serum. Historically, blood glucose values were given in terms of whole blood, but most laboratories now measure and report plasma or serum glucose levels. Because red blood cells (erythrocytes) have a higher concentration of protein (e.g., hemoglobin) than serum, serum has a higher water content and consequently more dissolved glucose than does whole blood. To convert from whole-blood glucose, multiplication by 1.14 has been shown to generally give the serum/plasma level.

To prevent contamination of the sample with intravenous fluids, particular care should be given to drawing blood samples from the arm opposite the one in which an intravenous line is inserted. Alternatively, blood can be drawn from the same arm with an IV line after the IV has been turned off for at least 5 minutes, and the arm has been elevated to drain infused fluids away from the vein. Inattention can lead to large errors, since as little as 10% contamination with a 5% glucose solution (D5W) will elevate glucose in a sample by 500 mg/dL or more. The actual concentration of glucose in blood is very low, even in the hyperglycemic.

Measurement techniques

Two major methods have been used to measure glucose. The first, still in use in some places, is a chemical method exploiting the nonspecific reducing property of glucose in a reaction with an indicator substance that changes color when reduced. Since other blood compounds also have reducing properties (e.g., urea, which can be abnormally high in uremic patients), this technique can produce erroneous readings in some situations (5–15 mg/dL has been reported). The more recent technique, using enzymes specific to glucose, is less susceptible to this kind of error. The two most common employed enzymes are glucose oxidase and hexokinase. Average blood glucose concentrations can also be measured. This method measures the level of glycated hemoglobin, which is representative of the average blood glucose levels over the last, approximately, 120 days.

In either case, the chemical system is commonly contained on a test strip which is inserted into a meter, and then has a blood sample applied. Test-strip shapes and their exact chemical composition vary between meter systems and cannot be interchanged. Formerly, some test strips were read (after timing and wiping away the blood sample) by visual comparison against a color chart printed on the vial label. Strips of this type are still used for urine glucose readings, but for blood glucose levels they are obsolete. Their error rates were, in any case, much higher. Errors when using test strips were often caused by the age of the strip or exposure to high temperatures or humidity. More precise blood glucose measurements are performed in a medical laboratory, using hexokinase, glucose oxidase, or glucose dehydrogenase enzymes.

Urine glucose readings, however taken, are much less useful. In properly functioning kidneys, glucose does not appear in urine until the renal threshold for glucose has been exceeded. This is substantially above any normal glucose level, and is evidence of an existing severe hyperglycemic condition. However, as urine is stored in the bladder, any glucose in it might have been produced at any time since the last time the bladder was emptied. Since metabolic conditions change rapidly, as a result of any of several factors, this is delayed news and gives no warning of a developing condition. Blood glucose monitoring is far preferable, both clinically and for home monitoring by patients. Healthy urine glucose levels were first standardized and published in 1965 by Hans Renschler.

A noninvasive method of sampling to monitor glucose levels has emerged using an exhaled breath condensate. However this method does need highly sensitive glucose biosensors.

Clinical correlation
The fasting blood glucose level, which is measured after a fast of 8 hours, is the most commonly used indication of overall glucose homeostasis, largely because disturbing events such as food intake are avoided. Conditions affecting glucose levels are shown in the table below. Abnormalities in these test results are due to problems in the multiple control mechanism of glucose regulation.

The metabolic response to a carbohydrate challenge is conveniently assessed by a postprandial glucose level drawn 2 hours after a meal or a glucose load. In addition, the glucose tolerance test, consisting of several timed measurements after a standardized amount of oral glucose intake, is used to aid in the diagnosis of diabetes.

Error rates for blood glucose measurements systems vary, depending on laboratories, and on the methods used. Colorimetry techniques can be biased by color changes in test strips (from airborne or finger borne contamination, perhaps) or interference (e.g., tinting contaminants) with light source or the light sensor. Electrical techniques are less susceptible to these errors, though not to others. In home use, the most important issue is not accuracy, but trend. Thus if a meter / test strip system is consistently wrong by 10%, there will be little consequence, as long as changes (e.g., due to exercise or medication adjustments) are properly tracked. In the US, home use blood test meters must be approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration before they can be sold.

Finally, there are several influences on blood glucose level aside from food intake. Infection, for instance, tends to change blood glucose levels, as does stress either physical or psychological. Exercise, especially if prolonged or long after the most recent meal, will have an effect as well. In the typical person, maintenance of blood glucose at near constant levels will nevertheless be quite effective.

See also
 Blood glucose monitoring
 Saccharide recognition by boronic acids

References

Further reading

External links

Glucose (blood, serum, plasma): analyte monograph – The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Category:Human homeostasis
Category:Blood tests
Category:Diabetes


Jakob Guttmann

Jakob Guttmann may refer to:

 Jakob Guttmann (rabbi) (1845–1919), German rabbi
 Jakob Guttmann (sculptor) (1811–1860), Hungarian Jewish sculptor


Cerithiopsis perlata

Cerithiopsis perlata is a species of sea snail, a gastropod in the family Cerithiopsidae, which is known from European waters. It was described by Monterosato, in 1889.

References

Category:Cerithiopsidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1889


Smart Card Open Monet+

The Smart Card Open Monet+ was a tournament for professional female tennis players played on clay courts. The event was classified as a $25,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament, but has had a larger prize fund in previous years. It was held in Zlín, Czech Republic, from 2007 to 2013.

Past finals

Singles

Doubles

External links
 Official website

Category:ITF Women's Circuit
Category:Clay court tennis tournaments
Category:Tennis tournaments in the Czech Republic
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2007
Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2013


Veronika Vítková

Veronika Vítková (; born on 9 December 1988) is a Czech biathlete. She comes from a family of skiers and switched from cross-country to biathlon at age 10. She competed for the Czech Republic at the 2010, 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics. At the 2014 Winter Olympics, together with Ondřej Moravec, Jaroslav Soukup and Gabriela Soukalová, she won a silver medal in the Mixed relay. At the 2018 Winter Olympics she won the bronze medal in the 7.5 km sprint event.

Record

Olympic Games
2 medals (1 silver, 1 bronze)''

World Championships
2 medals (1 gold, 1 bronze)

World Cup

Podiums

References

External links

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Vrchlabí
Category:Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Category:Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Biathletes at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Category:Czech female biathletes
Category:Olympic biathletes of the Czech Republic
Category:Biathlon World Championships medalists
Category:Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Category:Olympic silver medalists for the Czech Republic
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for the Czech Republic
Category:Olympic medalists in biathlon


Yury Ivanovich

Yury Ivanovich (; 1480–1536) was second surviving son of Ivan the Great by Sophia of Byzantium. Since 1519, his appanages included Dmitrovskoe knjazevstvo.

When his elder brother Vasily III ascended to the throne, Yury was 24 years old. Like his other brothers, he was forbidden to marry until Vasily could produce an heir and even then he was not allowed to marry without the ruler's permission. For Yury Ivanovich this permission never came because after his brother's death in 1533 his widow and regent for the young Ivan IV Elena Glinskaya began to suspect Yury.

Not long after that Yuri was arrested and put in prison where he died in 1536.

Ancestry

References
Иван III Васильевич

Category:1480 births
Category:1536 deaths
Category:Rurik dynasty
Category:People of the Grand Duchy of Moscow
Category:15th-century Russian people
Category:16th-century Russian people
Category:Russian people who died in prison custody
Category:Prisoners who died in Russian detention
Category:People of Byzantine descent


Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians

The Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians or RAPM ( )  was a musicians' creative union of the early Soviet period. It was founded in June 1923. RAPM's members advocated "mass songs" for choirs, with easily accessible melodies that were often inspired by folk tunes, and which songs were often collectively composed. RAPM was in an ideological and aesthetic war against the Association for Contemporary Music that accepted Western expressionism and modernism.

On 23 April 1932 it was disbanded, together with other unions, such as Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, by the Decree on the Reformation of Literary and Artistic Organizations.

Notes

References

Further reading
Neil Edmunds, "Music and Politics: The Case of the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians", The Slavonic and East European Review, January 2000, Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 66-89.
Amy Nelson, "The Struggle for Proletarian Music: RAPM and the Cultural Revolution", Slavic Review, Spring 2000, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 101-132.

Category:Music organizations based in Russia
Category:Civic and political organizations based in the Soviet Union
Category:Soviet culture


Nurmalitsy (air base)

Nurmalitsy is a former Soviet Air Force base in Russia located 8 km north of Olonec.  It was shown on the 1974 Department of Defense Global Navigation Chart No. 3 as having jet facilities.  It is now bulldozed to the ground.

References
RussianAirFields.com

Category:Russian Air Force bases
Category:Soviet Air Force bases


Elvedin Herić

Elvedin Herić (born 9 February 1998) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Sloboda Tuzla.

References

External links
Elvedin Herić at Sofascore

Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Augsburg
Category:Footballers from Bavaria
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate footballers
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina youth international footballers
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Category:Expatriate footballers in Austria
Category:Expatriate footballers in Slovenia
Category:Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players
Category:Austrian Football Second League players
Category:Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Category:FK Sarajevo players
Category:Kapfenberger SV players
Category:NK Triglav Kranj players
Category:FK Sloboda Tuzla players