SP1900 EMU

The SP1900 EMU / SP1950 EMU or IKK Train (formerly KCR EMU SP1900 / SP1950 EMU; , also known as the Millennium Train during the public promotion) is a model of train that runs on Hong Kong's East Rail Line, West Rail Line and Tuen Ma Line (Phase 1). It was the second model of electric multiple unit rolling stock of the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) (after the Metro Cammell EMU, introduced in the 1980s).

The trains were delivered in several phases. The phases have different model numbers but an identical appearance. The models numbers include: SP1900, SP1950, KRS991 and 1151. Unless specified, the name SP1900 would apply to describe all the model numbers in this article. Another model, 1141A (MTR CRRC Changchun EMU), is similar in design to the SP1900, but was built by a different manufacturer and has a slightly different appearance. After the rail merger, the KCR logos on the SP1900 EMU were replaced with those of MTR, and a revised route map was introduced in the train interiors.

History
On 8 March 1999, a Japanese consortium comprising Itochu, Kinki Sharyo and Kawasaki Heavy Industries (collectively named IKK) won a HK$3.1-billion contract to build a new model of commuter train for the Kowloon-Canton Railway (KCR). The contract code of these trains is SP1900, based on the technology of JR East E231 series. KCRC has arranged ninety-six cars of 250, in twelve-car configuration, 8 sets of train joining the train fleet of East Rail Line with the existing Metro Cammell EMU. The SP1900 trains started service on the East Rail Line in 2001. It is known for its quiet design compared to former EMUs.

The remaining 154 cars were reserved until the inauguration of West Rail Line in December 2003. They had been arranged in seven-car configuration, with 22 sets of trains running on the system.

In December 2000, KCRC reordered 72 cars of the same model, with different contract code, SP1950, prepared for the inauguration of Ma On Shan Line in December 2004, totalling 18 sets of train in four-car configuration.

In January 2006, another contract KRS991 was signed by the KCRC, ordering an additional 34 compartments of the same model, in preparation for the Kowloon Southern Link, which was opened in 2009. Twenty-eight of them were formed into four seven-car trains, and the remaining six compartments joined eight existing ones from two trains on Ma On Shan Line to form another two seven-car trains. The new trains arrived from October 2007 and now serve the West Rail Line.

Design and capacity
The SP1900 trains feature a completely difference appearance from the older Metro-Cammell EMU on the East Rail Line. Most notably, the "head" car, D car, presents a slight bullet train-shaped head for better acceleration against air drag at high speeds. Its exterior livery is almost identical to the older trains following refurbishment, with five sliding doors on each side of the standard compartment and two on each side of the first class compartment, of which one is normally unused.

The interior of SP1900 is yellowish with blue flooring, with fully longitudinal seating akin to the M-Trains on the urban lines and a wider gangway connection than the refurbished Metro Cammell EMUs. Each car has six 15-inch LCD monitors mounted on stanchions and broadcasting looping daily TV news provided by Cable TV Hong Kong (Newsline Express), advertisements and safety guidelines when announcements are being broadcast. Two small video cameras are mounted in opposite positions on each car for driver to keep the train under surveillance.

Whereas manufacturer Kinki Sharyo listed capacity (standing and seating) upward of 430 for D-cars and 452 for others, as well as 72 seats for first-class carriages, MTR's corporate publications specifies that car capacities in the three lines as "52 seated and up to 286 standing", with first-class compartment allowing "72 seated and up to 144 standing".

In 2007, KCRC introduced customized "Art Unlimited" exterior wraps on one East Rail set and one West Rail set, featuring pro-modern plane art exhibitions dedicated by public volunteers on both the exterior and interior of the train compartments. The wraps were removed right before the operator's merger with MTRC by the end of that year.

Signalling variance on the individual lines resulted in trains on the East Rail Line being installed with TBL (enhanced with ATP). Trains on the other two routes has been installed the SelTrac (ATO / ATP). The control and monitor panel inside the driver cab is different between the two controlling systems, in spite of the fact that they're mounted on the same model of train.

Conversion

In 24 January 2014, the MTRC, now operating the West Rail Line on KCRC's behalf, ordered another 36 new cars (under contract number 1151) to convert the SP1900 sets on all three lines to 8-car configurations for the future East West Corridor. The newly converted SP1900 trains are also retrofitted with dynamic route map displays that replace the existing plastic maps above the doorways, and will receive larger 22-inch LCD TVs in the near future. They retain the KCR livery with blue bodies and red doors, and will operate solely on the East West Corridor. Until the opening of the East West Corridor in 2019, the converted trains continue to serve separately on the West Rail and Ma On Shan Lines, but will be withdrawn from the East Rail Line and be replaced with new Hyundai Rotem EMUs.

A separate order was also made for 136 carriages from Changchun Railway Vehicles to form several new 8-car sets for the East West Corridor, operating alongside the SP1900 sets. Unlike the IKK trains, these new trains (under contract number 1141A) have the same livery as the SIL C-Trains and R-Trains on the North South Corridor, and are essentially facelifted versions of the SP1900 design, with major differences being the cab ends and electrical equipment. These trains are called the EWL C-Train and entered service on the Ma On Shan Line in 12 March 2017.

Major incidents
At 09:15 on February 14, 2007, a passenger train of West Rail SP1900 (D305/306) broke down when one of the transformers (numbered P306) mounted on the train roof exploded. It is suspected that the overheated transformer caused its insulating oil to vaporise, thus causing the explosion. In addition, the circuit breaker of the transformer apparently failed to cut the power supply to the transformer.

The scene was in the Tai Lam Tunnel southbound track, about 2 km from Tsuen Wan West Station. Around 650 passengers had to evacuate through the dark tunnel to the station, and around 340 people returned to the ground through a ventilation shaft at Chai Wan Kok. 11 passengers were sent to the hospital. Train services returned to normal after four hours.

As a gesture of apology, Mr Michael Tien, the KCRC chairman, announced that the West Rail would be opened for free rides on 9am to 1pm at February 21, 2007, the first working day after the Chinese New Year holiday.

Train configurations

The configuration of a SP1900 train on East Rail Line in revenue service is (southbound) D-P-M-H-C-H-M-P-F-M-P-D (northbound). For West Rail Line, 7-car trains have revenue service of (southbound) D-P-M-C-M-P-D (northbound) and 8-car trains have revenue service of (southbound) D-P-M-H-C-M-P-D (northbound). On Ma On Shan Line, 4-car SP1950 trains have revenue service of (southbound) D-P-M-D (northbound) and 8-car SP1900/SP1950/C1151 trains have revenue service of (southbound) D-P-M-H-C-M-P-D (northbound). Quiet cars on East Rail Line are cars 1, 4, 11 (southbound) and cars 2, 9, 12 (northbound). For West Rail Line, quiet cars are in cars 1, 4 (southbound, 7-car only), cars 4, 7 (northbound, 7-car only), all D cars (cars 1 and 8, 8-car trains only). For 4-car trains on Ma On Shan Line, all M cars (car 2, northbound or car 3, southbound) are quiet cars while 8-car trains have quiet cars on cars 1 and 8 respectively. The English letter prefix indicates the type of car.

Gallery

References

Category:MTR rolling stock
Category:Kawasaki rolling stock
Category:Kawasaki multiple units


Bermudez (surname)

Bermudez or the accented Bermúdez is a Spanish patronymic surname meaning "son of Bermudo". It may refer to:

 Adolfo Bermudez, American professional wrestler
 Alejandro Bermúdez (born 1975), Colombian swimmer
 Angel Bermudez, Aruban politician
 Carolina Bermudez, radio personality
 Claudio Bermúdez, Mexican singer and composer
 Dennis Bermudez, American mixed martial artist
 Enrique Bermúdez (1932–1991), commander of the Nicaraguan Contras
 Francisco Morales Bermúdez (born 1921), Peruvian Army general
 Gustavo Bermúdez (born 1964), Argentine actor
 Jerónimo Bermúdez (1530–1599), Spanish poet
 Jorge Bermúdez (born 1971), Colombian football player
 José Armando Bermúdez (1871–1941), Dominican Republic businessman
 José Francisco Bermúdez, involved in Independence of Venezuela
 Juan de Bermúdez (died 1570), Spanish explorer
 Juan Agustín Ceán Bermúdez  (1749–1829) Spanish writer on art
 Lía Bermúdez (born 1930), Venezuelan sculptor
 Manuel Octavio Bermúdez (born 1961), Colombian serial killer
 Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel Bermúdez, President of Cuba
 Obie Bermúdez (born 1977), a Puerto Rican salsa singer and composer
 Poppy Bermúdez (1928–2014), Dominican Republic businessman

Category:Spanish-language surnames
Category:Patronymic surnames


The Heart Punch

The Heart Punch is a 1932 American melodrama film directed by B. Reeves Eason, and starring Lloyd Hughes and Marion Shilling. It was one of the first films from Mayfair Pictures.

Plot
A prizefighter named Jimmy Milligan (aka the Cyclone Kid) meets his sweetheart's brother in the ring and accidentally kills him. She forgives him after he promises not to fight again. After his sweetheart goes to jail, however, he is compelled to set up one more fight in order to raise funds for her trial.

Cast

 Lloyd Hughes as Jimmy Milligan
 Marion Shilling as Kitty Doyle
 George J. Lewis as Lefty Doyle
 Mae Busch as Goldie Zenius
 Wheeler Oakman as Spike Patterson

Reception
Critics called the film "swell entertainment," lauding the picture for its "two realistic fights."

References

Category:Film stubs
Category:Melodramas
Category:1932 films
Category:American boxing films


Lake Montauk

Lake Montauk is a 900-acre (360 ha) artificial embayment in Montauk, New York that is home to the largest commercial and sporting fish fleets in the state of New York.

History
The lake was originally referred to on maps as Lake Wyandanch and commonly referred to as the "Great Lake". It was the largest body of freshwater on Long Island, more than double the size of Lake Ronkonkoma. In 1927, real estate developer Carl Fisher blasted a gap on the northern shoreline to connect the lake to Block Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.

Fisher intended to develop the new port of Montauk into the "Miami Beach of the North."  On Star Island, a small island in the lake, he built the Montauk Yacht Club and Star Island Casino.  His other projects included the hotel Montauk Manor, Montauk Playhouse, the golf course Montauk Downs, and the six-story Montauk tower.  Fisher renamed the lake Lake Montauk.

After Fisher opened and dredged the lake, the lake replaced Fort Pond Bay as Montauk's main port (Fort Pond Bay is notoriously shallow and rocky with one of its more famous groundings being  during the American Revolution).

Fisher's enterprises became bankrupt after the Crash of 1929.  The United States Navy assumed control of the lake during World War II along with other Fisher businesses including Montauk Manor.

Development
After World War II, the lake became a well-known commercial and sports fishing area, and became New York's largest fishing port.

In the 1970s, a proposal was made to dam the sound and build a canal through the former Montaukett Indian Field and Big Reed Pond for a new outlet. The plan included a proposal for constructing more than 1,000 houses along the new waterway. Intense local opposition organized by Hilda Lindley stopped the plan.  Suffolk County assumed ownership of the property and it is now Theodore Roosevelt County Park (formerly Montauk County Park).

Among the businesses on the lake is the only ferry service in East Hampton town. It offers service during summers to Block Island, Martha's Vineyard and New London, Connecticut.

The United States Coast Guard also operates a station on Star Island. Montauk Airport is on the east side of the lake, on East Lake Drive.

Fishing

Montauk is noted as one of the leading centers for sport fishing on the Atlantic Coast. By 1986, it claimed 39 world-record catches.
 including a  striped bass.

Montauk hosts several annual shark tournaments. The craze for shark fishing off Montauk was encouraged in the 1970s by local boat operator Frank Mundus who often was reported in stories as the source for the character Quint in the movie Jaws.  Mundus caught a  great white shark by harpoon and a  great white shark by rod and reel.

References

Category:Bays of New York (state)
Category:East Hampton (town), New York
Category:Bays of Suffolk County, New York


Occella iburia

Occella iburia is a fish in the family Agonidae (poachers). It was described by David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin Starks in 1904, originally in the genus Occa.

It is a marine, temperate water-dwelling fish which is known from the coast of Japan, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

References

Category:Agonidae
Category:Fish described in 1904
Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Category:Fish of Japan


Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude

Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude is a poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley, written from 10 September to 14 December in 1815 in Bishopsgate, London and first published in 1816. The poem was without a title when Shelley passed it along to his contemporary and friend, Thomas Love Peacock. The poem is 720 lines long. It is considered to be one of the first of Shelley's major poems.

Peacock suggested the name Alastor, which comes from Roman mythology. Peacock has defined Alastor as "evil genius". The name does not refer to the hero or Poet of the poem, however, but instead to the spirit who divinely animates the Poet's imagination.

Summary
In Alastor the speaker ostensibly recounts the life of a Poet who zealously pursues the most obscure part of nature in search of "strange truths in undiscovered lands", journeying to the Caucasus Mountains ("the ethereal cliffs of Caucasus"), Persia, "Arabie", Cashmire, and "the wild Carmanian waste". The Poet rejects an "Arab maiden" in his search for an idealised embodiment of a woman. As the Poet wanders one night, he dreams of a "veiled maid". This veiled vision brings with her an intimation of the supernatural world that lies beyond nature. This dream vision serves as a mediator between the natural and supernatural domains by being both spirit and an element of human love. As the Poet attempts to unite with the spirit, night's blackness swallows the vision and severs his dreamy link to the supernatural.

Once touched by the maddening hand of the supernatural, the Poet restlessly searches for a reconciliation with his lost vision. Though his imagination craves a reunion with the infinite, it too is ultimately anchored to the perceptions of the natural world.

Ruminating on thoughts of death as the possible next step beyond dream to the supernatural world he tasted, the Poet notices a small boat ("little shallop") floating down a nearby river. Passively, he sits in the boat furiously being driven down the river by a smooth wave. Deeper and deeper into the very source of the natural world he rushes. Like the water's surface supports the boat, the supernatural world "cradles" the mutability both of nature and of man.

As his senses are literally dulled, his imagination helps him sense the spirit's supernatural presence. Instead of perceiving the vision through the senses, the Poet imaginatively observes her in the dying images of the passing objects of nature. The boat flows onward to an "immeasurable void" and the Poet finds himself ready to sink into the supernatural world and break through the threshold into death.

When the Poet reaches the "obscurest chasm," his last sight is of the moon. As that image fades from the Poet's mind, he has finally attained transcendence to the supernatural world. The journey to the very source of nature led, finally, to an immanence within nature's very structure and to a world free of decay and change.

1816 publication
The work was first published in London in 1816 (see 1816 in poetry) under the title Alastor; or, The Spirit of Solitude: And Other Poems, printed for Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, Pater-Noster Row; and Carpenter and Son, Old Bond-Street: by S. Hamilton, Weybridge, Surrey, consisting of the title poem and the following additional poems:

 "O! There Are Spirits Of The Air"
 Stanzas.—April 1814
 Mutability
 "The Pale, The Cold, And The Moony Smile"
 A Summer-evening Church-yard
 To Wordsworth
 Feelings Of A Republican On The Fall Of Bonaparte
 Superstition
 Sonnet From The Italian Of Dante
 Translated From The Greek Of Moschus
 The Daemon Of The World

The epigraph to the poem is from St. Augustine's Confessions, III, i, written between 397 and 398 AD:

The English translation of the Latin is: "I was not yet in love, and I loved to be in love, I sought what I might love, in love with loving."

Shelley also quotes from William Wordsworth's The Excursion (1814) the lines, "The good die first,/ And they whose hearts are dry as summer dust / Burn to the socket!" The line "It is a woe 'too deep for tears'" is a quote from Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality".

Eight lines from the poem "Mutability" are quoted in Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818) in the scene when Victor Frankenstein climbs Montanvert in the Swiss Alps:

Critical reception
Reviews were initially negative when Alastor was published in 1816. John Gibson Lockhart of Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine wrote the first major positive review in the November 1819 issue. Lockhart wrote that Shelley is "a man of genius... Mr. Shelley is a poet, almost in the very highest sense of that mysterious word."

Leigh Hunt praised Alastor in the December 1816 issue of The Examiner.

The poem was attacked by contemporary critics for its "obscurity". In a review in The Monthly Review for April 1816, the critic wrote: "We must candidly own that these poems are beyond our comprehension; and we did not obtain a clue to their sublime obscurity, till an address to Mr. Wordsworth explained in what school the author had formed his taste." In the Eclectic Review for October 1816, Josiah Condor wrote:

"We fear that not even this commentary [Shelley's Preface], will enable ordinary readers to decipher the import of the greater part of Mr. Shelley's allegory. All is wild and specious,intangible and incoherent as a dream. We should be utterly at a loss to convey any distinct idea of the plan or purpose of the poem."

In The British Critic for May 1816, the reviewer dismissed the work as "the madness of a poetic mind."

Mary Shelley, in her note on the work, wrote: "None of Shelley's poems is more characteristic than this." In the spring of 1815, Shelley had been erroneously diagnosed as suffering from consumption. Shelley suffered from spasms and there were abscesses in his lungs. He made a full recovery but the shock of imminent death is reflected in the work. Mary Shelley noted that the work "was the outpouring of his own emotions, embodied in the purest form he could conceive, painted in the ideal hues which his brilliant imagination inspired, and softened by the recent anticipation of death."

In his biography of John Keats, Sidney Colvin wrote on the influence of Alastor on Keats' Endymion: "It is certain that Keats read and was impressed by Alastor."

Alastor influenced the poetry of William Butler Yeats, whose own work The Wanderings of Oisin was influenced by the Shelley poem.

Critical review
Critics have spent a great deal of effort attempting to identify the Poet. One possibility is William Wordsworth, since the poem is framed with direct quotations from Wordsworth's poetry, and Shelley had a deeply ambivalent reaction to Wordsworth's poetry, as witnessed in his sonnet "To Wordsworth".

Another is Robert Southey, whom Shelley had much admired and whose Thalaba the Destroyer, a favourite poem of Shelley's, prefigures Alastor in imagery and quest-narrative. Shelley sent a copy of the book to Southey.

Similarities in imagery to Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Kubla Khan have been noted but Shelley is unlikely to have read that poem, still unpublished at the time of Alastors composition. The similarities might be explained by those between Thalaba and Kubla Khan, each of which was partly composed while Southey and Coleridge were in close contact.

In 1912, Russian composer Nikolai Myaskovsky wrote his symphonic poem Alastor, Poème d'après Shelley (Op. 14) based on Shelley's work.

Sources
 Ackermann, Richard. Quellen Vorbilder, Stoffe zu Shelley's Poetischen Werken. 1. Alastor. Romanischen und Englischen Philologie (Erlangen & Leipzig, 1899), pp. 1–16.
 Alvey, Nahoko. Strange Truths in Undiscovered Lands: Shelley's Poetic Development and Romantic Geography. University of Toronto Press, 2009.
 Arditi, Neil Lucien.  "The Uses of Shelley: 'Alastor' to 'The Triumph of Life' (Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Wordsworth, Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude)."  Ph.D. diss., U of Virginia, 1998, DAI, 60-01A (1999): 138, 213 pages.
 Bean, John C. (1974). "The Poet Borne Darkly: The Dream-Voyage Allegory in Shelley's Alastor." Keats-Shelley Journal, 23, pp. 60–76.
 Behrendt, Stephen C. "Two Voices: Narrator and Poet in Alastor." Hall, Spencer (ed.). Approaches to Teaching Shelley's Poetry. New York: MLA, 1990. 54–58.
 Bennett, Betty T. "Love and Egocentricity: Teaching Alastor and Prometheus Unbound with Mary Shelley's Frankenstein." Hall, Spencer (ed.). Approaches to Teaching Shelley's Poetry. New York: MLA, 1990. 76–78.
 Birns, Nicholas. (1993). "Secrets of the Birth of Time: The Rhetoric of Cultural Origins in Alastor and 'Mont Blanc'." Studies in Romanticism, 32, no. 3, pp. 339–66.
 Blank, G. Kim. (1988). Wordsworth's Influence on Shelley: A Study of Poetic Authority. London: Macmillan.
 Brigham, Linda. "Irony and Clerisy: Alastor, Apostasy, and the Ecology of Criticism".
 Brooks, Richard. "Frankenstein lives – thanks to the poet: Percy Shelley helped his wife Mary create the monster, a new book claims." The Sunday Times, 24 August 2008.
 Carothers, Yvonne M. "Alastor: Shelley Corrects Wordsworth." (1981). Modern Language Quarterly, 42(1): 21–47.
 Carson, Robert N. "The Solipsism in Shelley's 'Alastor'."
 Colvin, Sidney. John Keats. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1917.
 Crucefix, Martyn. (1983). "Wordsworth, Superstition, and Shelley's Alastor." Essays in Criticism, XXXIII, pp. 126–47.
 Fraistat, Neil. (1984). "Poetic Quests and Questionings in Shelley's Alastor Collection." Keats-Shelley Journal, 33, pp. 161–181.
 Gibson, Evan K. "Alastor: A Reinterpretation." PMLA, 62, (1947), 1022–42.
 Havens, R.D. "Shelley's Alastor." PMLA, xlv, December 1930, 1098–1115.
 Hoffman, Harold Leroy. An Odyssey of the Soul, Shelley's Alastor. NY: Columbia University Press, 1933. Online version.
 Imelmann, R. (1909). "Shelley's Alastor und Goethe." Zeitschrift für vergl. Litteraturgesch, Vol. XVII.
 Jones, Frederick L. (December 1946). The Inconsistency of Shelley's Alastor. English Literary History, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 291–98.
 Jones, Frederick L. (1947). "The Vision Theme in Shelley's 'Alastor" and Other Poems." The Years Work in English Studies, Vol. XXVIII.
 Mueschke, Paul and Earl L. Griggs. (1934). "Wordsworth as the Prototype of the Poet in Shelley's Alastor." PMLA, 49, pp. 229–45.
 Murray, Christopher John, ed. Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850. NY: Routledge, 2004.
 O'Malley, Glenn. (1958). "Shelley's 'Air-Prism': The Synesthetic Scheme of Alastor." Modern Philology, 55, pp. 178–187.
 Peterfreund, Stuart. (1985). "Between desire and nostalgia: Intertextuality in Shelley's Alastor and two shorter poems from the Alastor volume." Nineteenth-Century Contexts, 9, 1, pp. 47–66.
 Raben, Joseph. (1966). "Coleridge as the Prototype of the Poet in Shelley's Alastor." Review of English Studies, XVII, 67, pp. 278–292.
 Rajan, Tilottama. "The Web of Human Things: Narrative and Identity in Alastor." The New Shelley: Later Twentieth-Century Views, pp. 85–107. Ed. G. Kim Blank. London: Macmillan, 1991.
 Ramadier, Bernard.  "Shelley et l'encombrante enveloppe: Le Passage de l'etre a l'ombre dans Alastor." In Images fantastiques du corps, ed. Jean Marigny (Grenoble: Universite Stendhal-Grenoble, 1998), 31–42.
 Ristic, Ratomir. (2000). "Shelley's First Major Lyrics and Prometheus Unbound." Facta Universitatis, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 69–86.
 Roberts, Charles G.D. Shelley's Adonais and Alastor. NY: Silver, Burdett, 1902.
 Sandy, Mark. Poetics of Self and Form in Keats and Shelley: Nietzschean Subjectivity and Genre. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005.
 Schapiro, Barbara. (1979). "Shelley's 'Alastor' and Whitman's 'Out of the Cradle': The Ambivalent Mother." American Imago, XXXVI, pp. 245–259.
 Starner, Jacqueline M. (2008). "Shelley and Plato: Metaphysical Formulations." Online link.
 Steinman, Lisa M. (2008). "From 'Alastor' to 'The Triumph of Life': Shelley on the Nature and Source of Linguistic Pleasure." Nineteenth-Century Contexts, 7, 1, Winter, 1983, 23–36.
 Wier, M.C. "Shelley's 'Alastor' Again." PMLA, xlvi, September 1931, 947–950.
 Winstanley, L. "Shelley as a Nature Poet." Englische Studien, 1904, 17–51.

External links

Audiobook recording of Alastor at Internet Archive
Complete works of Shelley, including Alastor at Archive.org
Project Gutenberg: complete works of Shelley, including Alastor

Category:Poetry by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Category:1815 poems
Category:1816 books
Category:Romanticism
Category:Works by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Category:English poetry collections
Category:Roman mythology


Luo Qi (engineer)

Luo Qi (; born October 1967) is a Chinese engineer, nuclear physicist, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), and currently president of Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC). He is a member of the China Nuclear Energy Association (CNEA).

Biography
Luo was born in Fushun County, Sichuan, in October 1967. He attended Fushun No.2 High School. He matricalated at Xi'an Jiaotong University in 1984, where he earned a master's degree in thermodynamics. He is a senior engineer, doctoral supervisor and the current president of Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC).

He was a member of the 12th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and is a member of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

Honours and awards
 November 22, 2019 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

References

Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Fushun County, Sichuan
Category:Engineers from Sichuan
Category:Xi'an Jiaotong University alumni
Category:Chinese nuclear physicists
Category:Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering


2004 Brabantse Pijl

The 2004 Brabantse Pijl was the 44th edition of the Brabantse Pijl cycle race and was held on 28 March 2004. The race started in Zaventem and finished in Alsemberg. The race was won by Luca Paolini.

General classification

References

2004
Brabantse Pijl


Elizabeth Harvey (historian)

Elizabeth Harvey is a British historian of 20th-century Germany.

Harvey  received her PhD in 1987 from the University of Oxford. Since 1987 she has held positions at the Universities of Salford, Dundee, Liverpool, and, more recently, Nottingham.

Books

 Harvey, Elizabeth, and Johannes Hürter., eds.  Hitler - New Research. 2018. German yearbook of contemporary history, volume 3. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, [2018] ISBN 9783110553222
 Harvey, Elizabeth. Women and the Nazi East: Agents and Witnesses of Germanization. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2003.
 Harvey, Elizabeth. Youth and the Welfare State in the Weimar Republic. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993.
 Harvey, Elizabeth, Johannes Hürter, Maiken Umbach, and Andreas Wirsching, eds. . Private Life and Privacy in Nazi Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
 Harvey, Elizabeth, and Lynn Abrams. Gender Relations in German History: Power, Agency, and Experience from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997.

References
Category:British historians
Category:British academics
Category:British women historians
Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford


Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec

In September 1775, early in the American Revolutionary War, Colonel Benedict Arnold led a force of 1,100 Continental Army troops on an expedition from Cambridge in the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the gates of Quebec City.  The expedition was part of a two-pronged invasion of the British Province of Quebec, and passed through the wilderness of what is now Maine.  The other expedition invaded Quebec from Lake Champlain, led by Richard Montgomery.

Unanticipated problems beset the expedition as soon as it left the last significant colonial outposts in Maine.  The portages up the Kennebec River proved grueling, and the boats frequently leaked, ruining gunpowder and spoiling food supplies.  More than a third of the men turned back before reaching the height of land between the Kennebec and Chaudière rivers.  The areas on either side of the height of land were swampy tangles of lakes and streams, and the traversal was made more difficult by bad weather and inaccurate maps.  Many of the troops lacked experience handling boats in white water, which led to the destruction of more boats and supplies in the descent to the Saint Lawrence River via the fast-flowing Chaudière.

By the time that Arnold reached the settlements above the Saint Lawrence River in November, his force was reduced to 600 starving men.  They had traveled about  through poorly charted wilderness, twice the distance that they had expected to cover.  Arnold's troops crossed the Saint Lawrence on November 13 and 14, assisted by the local French-speaking Canadiens, and attempted to put Quebec City under siege.  Failing in this, they withdrew to Point-aux-Trembles until Montgomery arrived to lead an unsuccessful attack on the city.  Arnold was rewarded for his effort in leading the expedition with a promotion to brigadier general.

Arnold's route through northern Maine has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Arnold Trail to Quebec, and some geographic features in the area bear names of expedition participants.

Background
On May 10, 1775, shortly after the American Revolutionary War began, Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen led an expedition that captured Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain in the British Province of New York.  Allen and Arnold were aware that Quebec was lightly defended; there were only about 600 regular troops in the entire province.  Arnold, who had done business in the province before the war, also had intelligence that the French-speaking Canadiens would be favorably disposed toward a colonial force.

Arnold and Allen each made arguments to the Second Continental Congress that Quebec could and should be taken from the British, pointing out that the British could use Quebec as a staging area for attacks down Lake Champlain and into the Hudson River valley.  Congress did not want to alarm the people of Quebec, and rejected these arguments.  In July 1775, amid concerns that the British might use Quebec as a base for military movements into New York, they changed their position, and authorized an invasion of Quebec via Lake Champlain, assigning the task to Major General Philip Schuyler of New York.

Planning

Arnold, who had hoped to lead the invasion, decided to pursue a different approach to Quebec.  He went to Cambridge, Massachusetts in early August 1775, and approached George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, with the idea of a second eastern invasion force aimed at Quebec City.  Washington approved of the idea in principle, but sent a message to General Schuyler on August 20 to ensure his support of the endeavor, since the two forces would need to coordinate their efforts.

Arnold's plan called for the expedition to sail from Newburyport, Massachusetts along the coast and then up the Kennebec River to Fort Western (now Augusta, Maine).  From there, they would use shallow-draft river boats called bateaux to continue up the Kennebec River, cross the height of land to Lake Mégantic, and descend the Chaudière River to Quebec.  Arnold expected to cover the 180 miles (290 km) from Fort Western to Quebec in 20 days, despite the fact that little was known about the route.  Arnold had acquired a map (copy pictured at right) and journal made by British military engineer John Montresor in 1760 and 1761, but Montresor's descriptions of the route were not very detailed, and Arnold did not know that the map contained some inaccuracies or that some details had been deliberately removed or obscured.

Washington introduced Arnold to Reuben Colburn, a boat builder from Gardinerstown, Maine, who was in Cambridge at the time.  Colburn offered his services, and Arnold requested detailed information about the route, including potential British naval threats, Indian sentiment, useful supply opportunities, and an estimate of how long it would take to construct bateaux sufficient for the contemplated force.  Colburn left for Maine on August 21 to fulfill these requests.  Colburn asked Samuel Goodwin, the local surveyor in Gardinerston, to provide maps for Arnold.  Goodwin, who was known to have Loyalist sympathies, provided maps that were inaccurate in the routes, distances and other important features they described.

On September 2, Washington received a letter from General Schuyler in reply to his August 20 message.  Schuyler agreed with the suggested plan, and Washington and Arnold immediately began to raise troops and place orders for supplies.

Recruitment and preparations for departure
Because there had been little direct action at Boston after the Battle of Bunker Hill in June, many units stationed in the American camps besieging the town were bored with garrison life and eager for action.  Arnold selected a force of 750 men from the large number who expressed interest in the proposed expedition.  Most of these were divided into two battalions: one commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Roger Enos and the other by Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Greene.  The rest were placed in a third battalion under Daniel Morgan that included three companies—250 men—of Continental riflemen from Virginia and the Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment.  These frontiersmen, from the Virginia and Pennsylvania wilderness, were better suited to wilderness combat than to a siege, and had been causing trouble since arriving outside Boston.  The entire force numbered about 1,100.  Among the volunteers were other men who rose to later prominence during and after the war, including Aaron Burr, Return J. Meigs, Henry Dearborn, and John Joseph Henry.

Washington and Arnold were concerned about Indian support for (or opposition to) the effort, as well as the reception Arnold's forces might receive from the Canadians once they arrived near the Saint Lawrence River.  On August 30, Washington wrote to General Schuyler of a meeting he held with an Abenaki chief, "[The chief] says the Indians of Canada in general, and also the French, are greatly in our favor, and determined not to act against us."  Four Abenakis accompanied the expedition as scouts and guides.

Cambridge to Fort Western

On September 2, as soon as General Schuyler's agreement with the expedition was known, Arnold wrote a letter to Nathaniel Tracy, a merchant of his acquaintance in Newburyport.  He asked Tracy to acquire sufficient shipping to transport the expedition to Maine without drawing the attention of Royal Navy ships patrolling the area.  The sea voyage was viewed by both Arnold and Washington as the most dangerous part of the expedition, because British patrols were highly effective at interfering with colonial shipping at the time.

The expedition began its departure from Cambridge on September 11, marching to Newburyport.  The first units to leave were composed largely of men from that area, to whom Arnold had given extra time so that they would be able to see their families once more before the expedition left Newburyport.  The last troops marched off on September 13; Arnold rode from Cambridge to Newburyport on September 15 after making final purchases of supplies.

Headwinds and fog delayed the departure of the expedition from Newburyport until September 19.  In twelve hours, they reached the mouth of the Kennebec River.  They spent the next two days negotiating the island channels near its mouth and sailing up the river.  Arriving in Gardinerston on the 22nd, they spent the next few days at Reuben Colburn's house, organizing supplies and preparing the boats they would use for the rest of the expedition.  Arnold inspected Colburn's hastily constructed bateaux, finding them, in a portent of troubles to come, to be "very badly built", and "smaller than the directions given".  Colburn and his crew spent the next three days building additional bateaux.

Arnold's troop movements did not escape British notice.  General Thomas Gage in Boston was aware that Arnold's troops were "gone to Canada and by way of Newburyport", but he believed the target to be Nova Scotia, which was at the time virtually undefended.  Francis Legge, the governor of Nova Scotia declared martial law, and on October 17 sent a message to England laden with rumors about American actions that turned out to be false.  Admiral Samuel Graves eventually received intelligence about Arnold's activities, reporting on October 18 that the American troops "went up the Kennebec River, and 'tis generally believed are for Quebec".

Scouting
As the troop transports arrived, Arnold dispatched some of the men in the already-constructed bateaux up the Kennebec River 10 miles (16 km) to Fort Western, and the others by foot on a track leading to Fort Halifax, 45 miles (72 km) up the Kennebec.  While waiting for the bateaux to be completed, Arnold received word from scouts Colburn had sent out to reconnoiter the proposed route.  Their reports included rumors of a large Mohawk force near the southernmost French settlements on the Chaudière River.  The source of these rumors was Natanis, a Norridgewock Indian believed to be spying for Quebec's governor, General Guy Carleton; Arnold discounted the reports.

Arnold and most of the force had reached Fort Western by September 23.  The next day, Arnold sent two small parties up the Kennebec.  One, under Pennsylvania Lieutenant Archibald Steele, was ordered to scout as far as Lake Mégantic to gather intelligence.  The second, under Lieutenant Church, was to survey the route as far as the Dead River, at a place known to the local Indians as the Great Carrying Place, so that Arnold might better estimate how far the column would need to travel each day.

Early troubles
The full expedition set out from Fort Western on September 25.  Morgan's riflemen led the way, blazing trails when necessary.  Colburn and a crew of boatwrights came in the rear, to repair bateaux as needed.  Morgan's group traveled relatively lightly, as they would be working to make the trail, while the last group, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Enos, carried the bulk of the supplies.  The expedition arrived at its first target, Fort Halifax, a decaying relic of the French and Indian War, on the second day.  There was a rough track from Fort Western, so some of the men and supplies had moved overland rather than in the bateaux that had to be portaged around the falls above Fort Western to begin the trip.  Arnold, rather than traveling in a heavy bateau, traveled in a lighter canoe so that he might move more rapidly among the troops along the travel route.

Arnold reached Norridgewock Falls, location of the last settlements on the Kennebec, on October 2.  Even at this early date, problems were apparent.  The bateaux were leaking, resulting in spoiled food and a continual need for repairs.  The men were constantly wet, due not only to the leakage but also the frequent need to pull the heavy boats upstream.  As temperatures began to drop below freezing, colds and dysentery set in, reducing the effectiveness of the force.

The portage around Norridgewock Falls, a distance of about one mile (1.6 km), was accomplished with the assistance of oxen provided by the local settlers, but it took almost a week to complete; Arnold did not depart from there until October 9.  Colburn's crew devoted some of this time to making repairs on the bateaux.  Most of the expedition reached the Great Carrying Place on October 11, and Arnold arrived the next day.  This stretch of the trek was complicated by heavy rains, rendering the portages difficult due to extremely muddy conditions.

The Great Carrying Place

The Great Carrying Place was a portage of roughly 12  miles (19  km), bypassing an unnavigable section of the Dead River, the tributary of the Kennebec that the expedition was to follow.  The portage included a rise in elevation of about 1,000  feet (305 m) to the high points of the carry, with three ponds along the way.  Lieutenant Church, the leader of the survey team, described the route as a "bad road but capable of being made good", an assessment that turned out to be somewhat optimistic.

The vanguard of the main body, led by Daniel Morgan, met Lieutenant Steele's scouting party en route to the first pond.  This party had successfully scouted the route to the height of land above the Dead River, but the men were near starvation.  Their supplies had been depleted, and they were largely subsisting on a protein-rich diet of fish, moose, and duck.  Most of the men continued to supplement their meager supplies with the local wildlife as the expedition continued.

Church, in his description of the route, had failed to account for the heavy rains and the boggy conditions between the first and second ponds.  Rain and snow slowed the long portage, and the expedition had its first casualty when a falling tree killed one of the party.  Some of the men who drank the stagnant waters along the way became violently ill, forcing Arnold to order construction of a shelter at the second pond as cover for the sick, and to send some men back to Fort Halifax for supplies that had been cached there.

The first two battalions finally reached the Dead River on October 13, and Arnold arrived three days later.  At this point, Arnold wrote a number of letters informing Washington and Montgomery of his progress.  Several letters intended for Montgomery were intercepted and turned over to Quebec's Lieutenant Governor Hector Theophilus de Cramahé, giving Quebec its first notice that the expedition was on its way.  Arnold also dispatched the survey team again, this time to mark the trail all the way to Lake Mégantic.

Ascending the Dead River
Progress up the Dead River was extremely slow.  Contrary to its name, which supposedly described the speed of its currents, the river was flowing rapidly enough that the men had trouble rowing and poling against the current.  The leaky boats spoiled more of the food, forcing Arnold to put everyone on half rations.  Then, on October 19, the skies opened, and the river began to rise in the pouring rain.  Early on October 22, the men awoke to discover that the river had risen to the level of their camp, and they had to scramble to even higher ground for safety.  When the sun rose they were surrounded by water.

After spending most of that day drying out, the expedition set off on October 23. Precious time was lost when some of the men mistakenly left the Dead River and ascended one of its branches, having been fooled by the high water.  Soon after, seven bateaux overturned, spoiling the remaining food stores.  This accident compelled Arnold to consider turning back.  He called together his nearby officers for a council of war.  Arnold explained that although the situation was grim, he thought that the expedition should continue.  The officers agreed, and decided to pick an advance party that would proceed as rapidly as possible to French settlements on the Chaudière, and work to bring supplies back.  The sick and infirm were to retreat to American settlements in Maine.

Further back on the route, Lieutenant Colonel Greene and his men were starving.  They had little flour, and were consuming candle tallow and shoe leather to supplement their minimal rations.  On October 24, Greene attempted to catch up with Arnold, but was unable to do so because Arnold had moved too far ahead.  When he returned to camp, Lieutenant Colonel Enos had arrived, and they held their own council.  Enos's captains were united in wanting to turn back despite Arnold's most recent orders, which were to press ahead.  In the council, Enos cast a tie-breaking vote in favor of continuing, but in a meeting with his captains after the council, announced that because they were insistent on returning, he was acceding to their decision, and would return.  After giving Greene's men some of his supplies, Enos and 450 men turned back.

Lake Mégantic

The impact of the inaccurate maps was felt when the expedition reached the height of land.  Portions of the advance party became lost in swampy bogs (the area surrounding Spider Lake on the topographic map shown above) that were not on those maps, resulting in delays reaching Lake Mégantic.  Although this part of the party crossed the height of land on October 25, it was not until two days later that they reached the lake.  On October 28, the advance party descended the upper Chaudière, destroying three of their bateaux when they turned over and crashed into rocks above some falls on the river.  The next day they encountered several Penobscot Indians, who confirmed that they were not far from Sartigan, the southernmost French settlement on the Chaudière.

Arnold, when he reached Lake Mégantic, sent a man back to the two remaining battalions with instructions on how to navigate the swampy lands above the lake.  However, the way Arnold described the route included information from the incorrect maps that he had not seen on the route.  As a result, some elements of the expedition spent two days lost in swamps before the majority finally reached the falls on the upper Chaudière on October 31.  Along the way, Captain Henry Dearborn's dog was eaten, an event recorded in his diary: "[They ate] every part of him, not excepting his entrails; and after finishing their meal, they collected the bones and carried them to be pounded up, and to make broth for another meal."

Arrival at Quebec

Arnold first made contact with the local population on October 30.  Sympathetic to his plight, they supplied provisions and cared for the sick; some were well paid for their aid, while others refused payment.  Arnold distributed copies of a letter written by Washington asking the habitants to assist the expedition, and Arnold added promises to respect the persons, property, and religion of the locals.  Jacques Parent, a Canadien from Pointe-Levi, notified Arnold that Lieutenant Governor Cramahé had ordered the destruction of all boats on the southern banks of the Saint Lawrence after receiving the intercepted communications.

On November 9 the expedition finally reached the Saint Lawrence at Pointe-Levi, across the river from Quebec.  Arnold had about 600 of his original 1,100 men, and the journey had turned out to be 350 miles (560 km), not the 180 that Arnold and Washington had thought it would be.  From John Halstead, a New Jersey-born businessman who operated a mill near Pointe-Levi, Arnold learned of the arrest of his courier and the interception of some of his letters.  Halstead's mill became the organizing point for the crossing of the Saint Lawrence.  Some of Arnold's men purchased canoes from the habitants and the local Saint Francis Indians, and then transported them from the Chaudière to the mill site.  The forces crossed the Saint Lawrence on the night of November 13–14 after three days of bad weather, likely crossing the mile-wide river between the positions of HMS Hunter and HMS Lizard, two Royal Navy ships that were guarding the river against such a crossing.

The city of Quebec was then defended by about 150 men of the Royal Highland Emigrants under Lieutenant Colonel Allen Maclean, supported by about 500 poorly organized local militia and 400 marines from the two warships.  When Arnold and his troops finally reached the Plains of Abraham on November 14, Arnold sent a negotiator with a white flag to demand their surrender, to no avail. The Americans, with no cannons or other field artillery, and barely fit for action, faced a fortified city.  After hearing rumors of a planned sortie from the city, Arnold decided on November 19 to withdraw to Pointe-aux-Trembles to wait for Montgomery, who had recently captured Montreal.

Aftermath

When Montgomery arrived at Pointe-aux-Trembles on December 3, the combined force returned to the city and began a siege, finally assaulting it on December 31.  The battle was a devastating loss for the Americans; Montgomery was killed, Arnold was wounded, and Daniel Morgan was captured along with more than 350 men.  Arnold did not learn until after the battle that he had been promoted to brigadier general for his role in leading the expedition.

The invasion ended with a retreat back to Fort Ticonderoga, Montgomery's starting point, during the spring and summer of 1776.  Arnold, who commanded the army's rear guard in the later stages of the retreat, was able to delay the British advance sufficiently to prevent them from attempting to reach the Hudson River in 1776.

Enos and his detachment arrived back in Cambridge late in November.  Enos was court-martialed, charged with "quitting his commanding officer without leave".  He was acquitted, and returned to service as Lieutenant Colonel of the 16th Connecticut Regiment.

John Sullivan, the court-martial President, made public a written statement in support of Enos' conduct, and other officers also issued a public circular to support Enos, including William Heath, John Stark, Joseph Reed, and James Reed.

Enos subsequently moved to Vermont, where he served in the militia as Colonel, Brigadier General and Major General, including commanding troops on the Vermont side of Lake Champlain during the Saratoga campaign to deter John Burgoyne from foraying into Vermont.

Reuben Colburn was never paid for his work, despite promises made by Arnold and Washington; the expedition ruined him financially.

Henry Dearborn settled on the Kennebec River after the war, and represented the area in the U.S. Congress before President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Secretary of War in 1801.  Private Simon Fobes, who kept one of the many journals of the expedition, was captured in the Battle of Quebec.  He and two others escaped captivity in August 1776 and retraced the trek in the opposite direction, once again with meager resources.  They benefited from better weather and equipment the expedition had abandoned along the way.  Fobes reached his home near Worcester, Massachusetts at the end of September, and eventually rejoined the army.  Captain Simeon Thayer kept a journal which was published by the Rhode Island Historical Society in 1867 as The invasion of Canada in 1775.  After being captured at Quebec, Thayer was exchanged on July 1, 1777 and returned to the Continental Army with the rank of major.  He distinguished himself during the Siege of Fort Mifflin in November 1777 and briefly assumed command after the post's commandant was wounded.

Legacy

A number of geographic features along the route of the expedition bear names related to the expedition.  East Carry Pond, Middle Carry Pond, and West Carry Pond are all on the route of the portage at the Great Carrying Place, which is in the Carrying Place  of Maine.  Arnold Pond is the last pond on the Dead River before crossing the height of land.  Mount Bigelow in Maine was named for Major Timothy Bigelow, one of Arnold's officers.

The wilderness portion of the route through Maine, roughly from Augusta to the Quebec border, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 as the "Arnold Trail to Quebec".  The Major Reuben Colburn House, which served as Arnold's headquarters, is now a state historic site administered by the non-profit Arnold Expedition Historical Society, and is also listed on the National Register.  Both Fort Western and Fort Halifax are National Historic Landmarks, primarily for their age and their role in earlier conflicts.

A historical marker in Danvers, Massachusetts commemorates Arnold's expedition, placed by the Massachusetts Society, Sons of the American Revolution. There is also a historical marker in Moscow, Maine placed in 1916 by the Kennebec chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and two at Skowhegan Island in Maine placed in 1912 and 2000 by the Eunice Farnsworth Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.  In Eustis, Maine, on the western shore of Flagstaff Lake, stands a marker commemorating the expedition.  The lake was created in the 20th century by damming the Dead River, inundating part of the expedition route.  Mount Bigelow, whose first recorded ascent was by Timothy Bigelow, stands just south of the lake.

In the fall of 1975, there was a reenactment of this expedition as part of the United States Bicentennial celebrations.

Notes

References

  This book includes a reprint of Arnold's diary of his march.

Further reading

External links
KMZ file containing geographic pointers to expedition route points of interest in Maine

Category:1775 in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
Category:1775 in the Thirteen Colonies
Category:Benedict Arnold
Category:Canadian campaign
Category:Canada–United States relations
Category:Maine in the American Revolution
Category:Military expeditions of the United States
Category:Military history of Quebec
Category:Massachusetts in the American Revolution


John Costanza

John Costanza (born August 14, 1943, in Dover, New Jersey) is an artist and letterer who has worked in the American comic book industry. He has worked for both DC Comics and Marvel Comics. He was the letterer during Alan Moore's acclaimed run on Swamp Thing. The bulk of Costanza's art assignments have been for funny animal comics and children's oriented material.

Biography
Costanza began his career in 1965, working as Joe Kubert's assistant on the syndicated newspaper strip Tales of the Green Berets. Costanza soon started to work for comic books, both as an artist and a letterer. He started out with contributing to DC titles like G.I. Combat and House of Mystery in the period 1968-1971. He began freelancing for Marvel (exclusively as a letterer) in 1972, at first under the alias Jon Costa. He would soon become one of the company's premier letterers, working on flagship titles such as Fantastic Four and Spider-man, and lettering special projects such as the Stan Lee/Jack Kirby Silver Surfer novel (Silver Surfer: The Ultimate Cosmic Experience) published by Fireside Books in 1978.

Then, during the 1970s, he produced comics with Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies characters for Western Publishing.

For Marvel in 1980s, Costanza drew comics with Heathcliff, the Get Along Gang, and Hugga Bunch.

In the 1990s, he returned to Warner Bros. comics, this time for DC's Looney Tunes and Animaniacs titles. He also did stories with Roger Rabbit and Mickey Mouse for Walt Disney Studios. Costanza has also drawn issues of Matt Groening's The Simpsons comics.

Bibliography (selected)

Lettering
Green Lantern/Green Arrow (with writer Denny O'Neil and artists Neal Adams and Dick Giordano, DC, 1970-1972)
The New Gods (with writer/artist Jack Kirby, DC, 1971)
Mister Miracle (with writer/artist Jack Kirby, DC, 1971)
The Forever People (with writer/artist Jack Kirby, DC, 1971)
Conan the Barbarian (with writer Roy Thomas and artists Barry Smith and John Buscema, Marvel, 1972–1978)
Tomb of Dracula (with writer Marv Wolfman, penciller Gene Colan, and inker Tom Palmer Marvel, 1972–1979)
Doctor Strange (with writers Steve Englehart, Marv Wolfman, Jim Starlin, and Roger Stern and artists Frank Brunner, Gene Colan, Rudy Nebres, Al Milgrom, Tom Sutton, and Tom Palmer, Marvel, 1974–1979)
The Invaders (with writer Roy Thomas, penciller Frank Robbins, and inker Frank Springer, Marvel, 1975–1978)
Legion of Super-Heroes (with writer Paul Levitz and penciller Keith Giffen, DC, 1982–1984)
Camelot 3000 (with writer Mike W. Barr and penciller Brian Bolland, DC, 1982–1985
Ronin (with writer/artist Frank Miller, 6-issue limited series, DC, 1983–1984)
Crisis on Infinite Earths (with writer Marv Wolfman and penciller George Pérez, DC, 1985–1986)
Swamp Thing (with writer Alan Moore, DC/Vertigo, 1985–1994)
The Dark Knight Returns (with writer/penciler Frank Miller and inks by Klaus Janson, 4-issue limited series, DC, 1986)
Wonder Woman (with writer/artist George Pérez, DC, 1987–1989)
Batman: The Cult (with writer Jim Starlin and penciller Bernie Wrightson, 4-issue limited series, DC, 1988)
Batman: A Death in the Family (with writer Jim Starlin and penciller Jim Aparo, 4-issue storyline, DC, 1988–1989)
Batman: A Lonely Place of Dying (with writers Marv Wolfman and George Perez and pencillers Jim Aparo and Tom Grummett, 5-issue storyline, DC, 1989)
Sandman Mystery Theatre (with writers Matt Wagner and Steven T. Seagle, Vertigo, 1993–1999)
Captain America (with writer Mark Waid and penciller Ron Garney, Marvel, 1995–1996)
Scene of the Crime (with writer Ed Brubaker and penciller Michael Lark, Vertigo, 2000)

Awards
Costanza's lettering has been recognized by both peers and fans. The Academy of Comic Book Arts named him Best Letterer of 1974 (the Shazam Award), and in 1986 and 1987 he won the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Letterer for his work on Swamp Thing.

References

 John Costanza at Lambiek' Comiclopedia

Category:1943 births
Category:Living people
Category:American comics artists
Category:Comic book letterers
Category:People from Dover, New Jersey


Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson

Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson is a 1983 American made-for-television drama film produced for HBO starring Laurence Olivier and Jackie Gleason and was directed by Alvin Rakoff.

Plot
The film is a two-person drama featuring Olivier as Mr. Joseph Halpern, an elderly working class British Jewish widower and Gleason as Mr. Ernest Johnson, a dapper American retired accountant. At the funeral of his wife, Florence, Mr. Halpern meets Mr. Johnson, who surprises him with the disclosure that he and Florence had maintained a close friendship for the last 40 years. Six weeks later, Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson meet for a drink at a hotel. A long conversation ensues that reveals aspects of himself and one has been in love with the other's wife for 30 years. At the end, Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson agree to meet again.

There are two locations in the movie: a New York hotel and a New Jersey cemetery. The hotel scene was filmed at the HTV West Studio on Bath Road in Bristol, England and the cemetery scenes were filmed outside Bristol.

Cast
Laurence Olivier as Joseph "Joe" Halpern
Jackie Gleason as Ernest Johnson

References
TV View; Miscast or Not, Olivier Rises Above the Role, Corry, John. at The New York Times, retrieved October 30, 2018.
Picks and Pans Review: Mr. Halpern & Mr. Johnson at People magazine, retrieved October 30, 2018.
Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson (TV) at The Paley Center for Media

External links

Category:1983 television films
Category:1980s drama films
Category:English-language films
Category:American films
Category:American television films
Category:American drama films
Category:Films directed by Alvin Rakoff
Category:Films produced by Ely Landau
Category:HBO network specials


Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015

The Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which made a number of changes to the criminal justice system. It was introduced to the House of Commons on 5 February 2014 by Lord Chancellor Chris Grayling and received Royal Assent on 12 February 2015.

Provisions
The act's provisions include the following:
 Imposing the payment of a charge of up to £600 on those convicted of a criminal offence at the point of conviction.
 Making jury misconduct a specific criminal offence with a penalty of up to two years in prison. Four new misconduct laws were included to prevent jurors conducting any research into details of a case, sharing details of the research with other jurors, disclosing details of juror deliberation, and "engaging in other prohibited conduct" such as using evidence not put before the court to decide a case. These are already offences under the Contempt of Court Act 1981.
 Raising the maximum age of jurors to 75 (from 70).
 Amending the extreme pornography law to ban the possession of pornographic images depicting acts of rape.
 Introducing a new offence of being "unlawfully at large" with a punishment of up to two years in prison for criminals who go on the run while serving the non-custodial element of their sentence.
 Abolishing automatic early release for those convicted of serious terrorism charges or child rape.
 Ending police cautions for child pornography offences or supplying class A drugs as well as in those cases where an offender has been cautioned or convicted for a similar offence in the previous two years.
 Allowing single magistrates (rather than a bench of two or three) to preside over "low-level regulatory cases". This provision also allows certain offences to be dealt with by a single magistrate outside the courtroom.
 Creating "secure colleges", a new form of secure educational establishment for young offenders. The first "pathfinder secure college" is expected to open in the East Midlands in 2017.
 Restricting the judicial review process to specialist courts working to fixed timetables where only individuals or groups with a financial interest in a case can bring a challenge rather than general issue-based campaigning groups.
 Making a whole life order the starting point for murder in the case of the murder of a police or prison officer in the course of their duties.

Amendments

 The March 2014 amendment modified the Malicious Communications Act 1988 and Section 127 of the Communications Act 2003. The maximum length of custodial sentencing for online harassment was increased from six months to two years, and magistrates gained the power to pass cases on to the Crown Court.
 The October 2014 amendment created a specific offence of distributing a private sexual image of someone without their consent and with the intention of causing them distress (commonly called "revenge porn"). The maximum custodial sentence is two years.

In committee
In April 2014 the assistant director of the British Board of Film Classification told a Parliamentary Bill Committee that the Clause 16 proposal to criminalise rape pornography would not result in the blocking of scenes of sexual imagery that bear no relation to reality.

In June 2014 the parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights claimed that the bill's proposals to allow staff in "secure colleges" to use "reasonable force where necessary to ensure good order and discipline" would contravene the European Convention on Human Rights.

See also
 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
 Backlash (pressure group)

References

Category:Criminal law of the United Kingdom
Category:Pornography law
Category:2015 in British law
Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2015


Josephine Crease

Josephine Crease (August 7, 1864 – December 24, 1947) was a Canadian artist.

Life
She was the daughter of Sir Henry Pering Pellew Crease and Lady Sarah Lindley Crease. She was born in New Westminster and moved to Victoria with her family in 1869. She attended art classes at King's College in London with her sister Susan.

Crease took sketching trips around Vancouver Island and painted watercolours of local landscapes. She was a founding member of the Island Arts and Crafts Society, serving as its honorary president in 1939, and a member of the Victoria Sketch Club, serving as its president in 1903. She was included in exhibitions by the British Columbia Society of Fine Arts, at the Vancouver Art Gallery, which exhibited hers work in 1978, and at the Victoria Fair.

She died in Victoria at the age of 83.

Her work is held in the collections of the Provincial Archives of British Columbia and the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria.

Further reading
 For more on the Crease's participation in the arts, see Christina B Johnson-Dean, The Crease family and the arts in Victoria, British Columbia, Ottawa : National Library of Canada, 1983.

References

External links

Category:1864 births
Category:1947 deaths
Category:Artists from British Columbia
Category:Canadian watercolourists
Category:Canadian landscape painters
Category:Canadian women artists
Category:Alumni of King's College London
Category:People from New Westminster


4Q107

4Q107 ( or 4QCantb) is a fragment of the Song of Songs (2:9‑17; 3:1‑2, 5, 9‑11; 4:1‑3, 8‑11, 14‑16; 5:1) in Hebrew found in Cave 4 at Qumran in the West Bank and which comprises part of the Dead Sea Scrolls.  From the palaeography (script) on the fragment it has been identified as being early-Herodian,  i.e. c.30 BCE-30 CE. The scribe responsible for 4Q107 did not write 4Q108 as there are differences in writing style. Also, the lacuna in the second column of 4Q107 does not provide enough space to accommodate 4Q108.

The fragments which make up the Song of Songs found at Qumran are called 4Q106, 4Q107, 4Q108, and 6Q6. The scroll 4Q240 is possibly a commentary on the Song of Songs.

See also
 List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
Dead Sea Scrolls
4Q106
4Q108
4Q240
6Q6
Tanakh at Qumran

References

External links
4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library

Category:Dead Sea Scrolls
Q4,107
Category:1st-century BC biblical manuscripts


Aage Bendixen

Aage Bendixen (16 June 1887 – 30 December 1973) was a Danish actor. He is best known for his work in short comedy films of the 1920s and 1930s in the Cinema of Denmark.

Career
He began acting in film in 1919 at the age of 32 in Væddeløberen.

Filmography
Prisoner Number One (1935) - Regissør
 Københavnere (1933)
Han, hun og Hamlet (1932) - Short sailor
Pas paa pigerne (1930)
 The Joker (1928)
Don Quixote (1926)
Fra Piazza del Popolo (1925)
Landsvägsriddare (1921) - Släpvagnen
Kärlek och björnjakt (1920) - Mr. Pålsson
Flickorna i Åre (1920) - Porter
Gudernes yndling (1920) - Jack Pudding
Et Sommereventyr eller De keder sig på Landet (1919)
Væddeløberen (1919)

External links

Category:Danish male stage actors
Category:Danish male film actors
Category:Danish male silent film actors
Category:20th-century Danish male actors
Category:1887 births
Category:1973 deaths


Shakhir Hossain

Shakhir Hossain (born 20 October 1997) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Uttara Sporting Club in the 2018–19 Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League on 26 February 2019.

References

External links

Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:Bangladeshi cricketers
Category:Uttara Sporting Club cricketers
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


George E. Kimball

George Elbert Kimball (July 12, 1906 – December 6, 1967) was an American professor of quantum chemistry, and a pioneer of operations research algorithms during World War II.

Biography
George E. Kimball was born in Chicago in 1906 and he grew up in New Britain, Connecticut. He was the oldest of three children in a middle-class family; his younger brother, Penn Kimball, also became a professor at Columbia, in journalism."George Elbert Kimball: Operations Research Innovator, 1906-1967", by Philip M. Morse, 1973 His interest in chemistry was due to his high school chemistry teacher. He spent a year at Phillips Exeter Academy and in 1924 he enrolled at Princeton University. Apparently his father was of the opinion that there were already too many graduates of Yale University in Connecticut. Kimball later claimed that he chose the chemistry program at Princeton because it allowed him to study not only chemistry, but also an equal amount of physics and mathematics, which were also of interest to him. Kimball received his bachelor's degree in 1928, and at that time his main interest was quantum chemistry, which at that time was a field that was still in its infancy, following significant theoretical breakthroughs in quantum mechanics in 1925.

He returned to Princeton's chemistry department to be a graduate student on a graduate fellowship and worked under Hugh Taylor. Kimball's doctoral thesis was on quantum mechanics of the recombination of hydrogen atoms, and he received his Ph.D. in 1932.

During his last years, Kimball suffered from cardiac illness which became more severe, and he died on December 6, 1967 while in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on business.

George E. Kimball was married to chemist Alice Hunter, whom he met at MIT, and they had four children together.

Work

Early work (1932–1942)
After having missed out on a National Research Fellowship in physics in 1932, he stayed at Princeton as instructor. In 1933, he was awarded a National Research Fellowship in chemistry and went to Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for two years (1933–1935). While a fellow in MIT's chemistry department, he spent much of his time working in the physics department where his collaborators included the trio John C. Slater, Philip M. Morse (who had been a graduate student at Princeton simultaneously with Kimball, but in physics) and Julius Stratton.

During the summer of 1935, Kimball returned to Princeton, to work with Henry Eyring. After a year when Kimball taught physics at Hunter College, he became assistant professor at the Chemistry Department of Columbia University. One of his students during his early time at Columbia was Isaac Asimov, who remembered getting a zero from him in physical chemistry. During the years 1936–1941, Kimball published nine papers on reaction rates and electrochemical surface effects. He also developed and taught courses in quantum chemistry, and supervised graduate student research. In 1941 he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society. The book Quantum Chemistry written by Kimball, Henry Eyring and John Walter, was begun around 1934 and published in 1944. Although periodically occupied with other tasks from 1942, he became a full professor of chemistry at Columbia in 1947 and remained there until 1956.

World War II work (1942–1945)
In 1942, after the US had entered World War II and was faced with the problem of Nazi German U-boat attacks on transatlantic shipping, Philip M. Morse was tasked with organizing a scientific group in the US Navy to analyze anti-submarine warfare tactics. Kimball was one of the first persons recruited by Morse, and within the year he became Morse's Deputy Director. During the war, the group was called the Operations Research Group (ORG), and was later known as the Operations Evaluation Group, US Navy, and had grown to number some seventy analysts when the war ended in 1945. The ORG's work has become known as the pioneering application of OR in the US, after OR originated in the United Kingdom a few years earlier through pioneering efforts by Patrick Blackett and other scientists. During the war, there was liaison between US and UK analysts in service of RAF Coastal Command.

The ORG's work also extended into the South Atlantic and into the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II, where the US Navy was carrying out a submarine offensive against Japan's supply lines and where defenses against Kamikaze attacks was high on the agenda. At the end of the war some of the ORG members stayed on to document the lessons of the Group's work. Morse and Kimball wrote Methods of Operations Research, which was initially a classified report, but which was later released for general publication and published by MIT Press in 1951, and this book received a lot of attention. Kimball received the Presidential Citation of Merit for his work during World War II, and in 1954 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

Post-war work(1945–1967)
After World War II and Methods of Operations Research, Kimball returned to Columbia and resumed his research and teaching in theoretical chemistry. He did however continue to be involved in OR activities, including civilian OR applications in industry and the public sector. He continued as a consultant to the Operations Evaluation Group, and when OR expanded into other services and countries he participated in the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), formed in 1949 to carry out OR work for the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense, as well in the organizing of the NATO Advisory Panel on Operations Research. He participated in the founding of the Operations Research Society of America (ORSA) in 1952 and was a member of ORSA's first council. He was elected ORSA's president in 1964.

In the 1950s, Kimball started to work part-time for the management consulting firm Arthur D. Little and its OR division. In 1956, he left his professorship at Columbia and became a full-time employee of Arthur D. Little, initially as Science Advisor and from 1961 as Vice President.

Kimball was a Unitarian Universalist and he did service as trustee and president of the Unitarian congregation in Hackensack, New Jersey.

The George E. Kimball Medal
Following the death of George E. Kimball, ORSA instituted a medal in his honor, which is awarded annually. It was first awarded in 1974, when Thomas E. Caywood, Philip M. Morse and George Shortley were awarded.

After ORSA merged with The Institute for Management Science (TIMS) to form the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), the George E. Kimball Medal has been awarded by INFORMS.

References

External links
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
 Biography of George Kimball from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

Category:1906 births
Category:1967 deaths
Category:20th-century American chemists
Category:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Category:Columbia University faculty
Category:Princeton University alumni
Category:American operations researchers
Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology staff
Category:Hunter College faculty
Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society
Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences


Humor about Catholicism

The Catholic Church has been a subject for humor, from the time of the Reformation to the present day. Such humor ranges from mild burlesque to derisive attacks. Catholic clergy and lay organizations such as the Catholic League monitor for particularly offensive and derogatory incidents and voice their objections and protests.

Examples of fairly mild burlesque of the Church in the twentieth century include material by humourists such as the Irish comedian Dave Allen and the comedy show Father Ted.

Television

Monty Python
Traditional fears about the Roman Catholic Church were burlesqued by Monty Python in their Spanish Inquisition sketch (first aired September 22, 1970) in which hapless victims of the Spanish Inquisition are threatened with the 'comfy chair' and other such innocuous implements of torture.

Another sketch by Monty Python featured a song "Every Sperm Is Sacred" (1983) which is a satire of Catholic teachings on reproduction which forbid masturbation and contraception by artificial means. The sketch is about a Catholic Dad (played by Michael Palin), his wife (Mum, played by Terry Jones) and their 63 children, who are about to be sold for medical experimentation purposes because their parents can no longer afford to care for such a large family. When their children ask why they don't use contraception or sterilization, Dad explains that this is against God's wishes, and breaks into the song "Every Sperm is Sacred". The real punchline comes a bit later, as a scoffing Protestant Husband (played by Graham Chapman), after observing the large family's song and dance, briefly describes this "typical catholic" situation to his wife (Eric Idle). He goes on to remark how, as a Protestant, he could down to the store and unashamedly buy a condom, and that way, "because I'm a Protestant", intercourse is not bound to pregnancy, and therefore, available to them any time they wish. Protestant Wife's quietly excited reaction reveals, however, that they've never availed themselves of this option, turning the joke back round on the scoffing Protestants.

Dave Allen
Irishman Dave Allen (1936–2005) was the host of several comedy series broadcast on UK TV from the 1960s to the 1990s. The most controversial was called Dave Allen at Large, which broadcast 1971–79 on UK TV. The programmes consisted of an introductory standup routine by Allen leading to handsomely mounted sketches that continued on the themes touched on in the opening monologue. The comedian's trademark debunking of religious, especially Catholic, ritual throughout each episode made for minor controversy which, coupled with some quite frank material, earned the show a somewhat risqué reputation. His later comedy series continued in the same vein and included sketches showing the Pope (played by Allen) and his Cardinals doing a striptease on the steps of St Peter's; aggressive priests beating up their parishioners and other priests; priests who spoke like Daleks though electronic confessionals; and an extremely excitable Pope who spoke in a Chico Marx type accent as he ordered Allen to "getta your bum outta Rome!"

Father Ted
The Father Ted series, broadcast on UK television 1993–98, follows the exploits of three Roman Catholic priests who preside over a parish on Craggy Island off the Irish coast.  The reasons for their exile, which are hinted at across several episodes, appear to stem from a mixture of incompetence and embarrassing conduct: Father Dougal McGuire due to his stupidity and incompetence (with particular regard to the "Blackrock Incident", which is never further elaborated on, although Bishop Brennan mentions "the strings I had to pull to stop the Vatican getting involved"); Father Jack because of his alcoholism and implied womanising, which caused severe embarrassment to the Catholic Church (a "wedding in Athlone" is mentioned); and Father Ted Crilly for alleged financial impropriety. Ted insists he was innocent, regularly claiming that "the money was just resting in my account", and that it was "a perfectly legitimate monetary transfer". The senile Father Jack is notorious for the economy of expression and intent revealed in his catchphrase "Drink! Feck! Arse! Girls!" Their superior Bishop Brennan also has skeletons in his closet. In one episode it is revealed that he has a mistress and a son. This satirical shaft seems to refer to the real-life scandal surrounding Eamon Casey, former Bishop of Galway, whose domestic circumstances were similar to Bishop Brennan's.

South Park
The Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights condemned the Bloody Mary episode of South Park for its treatment of the Virgin Mary. They demanded an apology to Roman Catholics and that the episode "be permanently retired and not be made available on DVD." In particular, they also demanded that Joseph A. Califano, Jr., a member of Viacom's (the parent of Comedy Central) board of directors and a practicing Catholic, issue his own statement of condemnation. Califano did later release a statement calling the episode an "appalling and disgusting portrayal of the Virgin Mary", and pledged to have it reviewed by Viacom's president and CEO, Tom Freston. Bishop William Skylstad, president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, sent a letter to Freston saying the network showed "extreme insensitivity" when it aired the episode. When Comedy Central re-aired all the episodes from South Park's Fall 2005 season on December 28, 2005, "Bloody Mary" was noticeably absent from the broadcast. Comedy Central responded to e-mail inquiries about the fate of the episode with the assurance that "Bloody Mary" has not been retired and would not be pulled from the DVD release. However, screen captures from the episode are still missing on Comedy Central's press site and the South Park section of comedycentral.com.

In a 2006 interview with Nightline, South Park co-creator Matt Stone said when asked if he felt more sympathy (if any) for Catholics (for Bloody Mary) or Scientologists (for the episode Trapped in the Closet, another Season 9 episode regarding religion that had been temporarily pulled from re-runs for insensitivity), he said his sympathy lay with the Catholics.

Film

Buñuel
Luis Buñuel who was a fierce critic of the perceived pretension and hypocrisy of the Roman Catholic Church. Many of his most famous films demonstrate this:

Un chien andalou (1929): A man drags pianos, upon which are piled several priests, among other things.
L'Âge d'Or (1930): A bishop is thrown out a window, and in the final scene one of the culprits of the 120 days of Sodom by Marquis de Sade is portrayed by an actor dressed in a way that he would be recognized as Jesus.
Ensayo de un crimen (1955): A man dreams of murdering his wife while she's praying in bed dressed all in white.
Simon of the Desert (1965): The devil tempts the saint by taking the form of a naughty, bare-breasted little girl singing and showing off her legs. At the end of the film, the saint abandons his ascetic life to hang out in a jazz club.
Nazarin (1959): The pious lead character wreaks ruin through his attempts at charity.
Viridiana (1961): A well-meaning young nun tries unsuccessfully to help the poor.
The Milky Way (1969): Two men travel the ancient pilgrimage road to Santiago de Compostela and meet embodiments of various heresies along the way. One dreams of anarchists shooting the Pope.

Robbie Coltrane
Robbie Coltrane portrays a naive priest who is made Pope in a corrupt mafia-controlled Vatican in the comedy film The Pope Must Die (1991). The plot alludes to the Roberto Calvi scandal and the Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories. Coltrane had previously donned clerical vestments in Nuns on the Run (1990).  Earlier in his career Coltrane had also created a television comedy character known as 'Mason Boyne' - a spoof Scottish Presbyterian Orangeman - who was rabidly anti-Catholic to the point of painting over the leaves on plants with orange paint.

Other

Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence

The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, an international group of mostly gay men who frequently mock Catholicism and promote safe sex and AIDS awareness, hold anniversary parties and parades on Easter Sunday. Their use of Catholic symbolism is considered offensive by some.

See also
 The Bible and humor
 Religion in The Simpsons

 Microsoft acquisition hoax, an Internet joke suggesting that the information technology company Microsoft had acquired the Catholic Church.

References

Category:Religious parodies and satires


Cole Sprouse

Cole Mitchell Sprouse (born August 4, 1992) is an American actor. He is the twin brother of Dylan Sprouse and is known for his role as Cody Martin on the Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and its spinoff The Suite Life on Deck. In 2017, Sprouse began starring as Jughead Jones on The CW television series Riverdale.

Early life and education
Cole Mitchell Sprouse was born in Arezzo, Italy, to American parents Matthew Sprouse and Melanie Wright, while they were teaching at an English language school in Tuscany. Cole was born 15 minutes after his older twin brother Dylan Sprouse. Cole was named after jazz singer and pianist Nat King Cole. Four months after his birth, the family moved back to their parents' native Long Beach, California.

Career
Cole and his brother, Dylan, began acting at the age of eight months following a suggestion from their grandmother, Jonine Booth Wright, who was a drama teacher and actress. Much of Sprouse's early career was shared with his brother—some of their earliest roles were shared roles as one baby or child in commercials, television shows, and films. Due to child labor laws in California restricting the amount of time children can be filmed in a day, casting twins in a single role allows more time for one character to be filmed. Some notable roles he shared with his brother include the characters of Patrick Kelly in the sitcom Grace Under Fire from 1993 to 1998, Julian in the 1999 film, Big Daddy, and young Pistachio Disguisey in 2002's The Master of Disguise. In 2001, Cole began appearing in episodes of NBC's television sitcom Friends, as Ross Geller's son, Ben; this role was his first role in which he did not appear with his brother. As he and his brother grew older, they began taking on more roles as separate characters but often still worked on the same projects. Their first role as separate characters in the same production was as kids in a MADtv sketch. Sprouse portrayed Cody Martin in the 2005 Disney Channel original series, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody alongside his brother; he reprised the role in the show's 2008 spinoff, The Suite Life on Deck and its related film.

On February 9, 2016, Sprouse was cast as Jughead Jones in The CW's teen drama series Riverdale, based on the characters of Archie Comics. The series premiered on January 26, 2017.

In 2019, Sprouse starred in Five Feet Apart, a romantic drama which was released in March and performed well at the box office. He plays a cystic fibrosis patient who falls in love with a girl (played by Haley Lu Richardson) with the same disease. It was his second lead role in a major theatrical film, 20 years after his first, Big Daddy.

Sprouse will produce and star in the eight-episode podcast Borrasca, which is scheduled to debut in April 2020.

Personal life
Sprouse is a fan of comics and worked at the Los Angeles comic store Meltdown.

Sprouse began attending New York University in 2011, after deferring one year. Initially interested in studying film and television production, he decided to enroll instead in the Gallatin School of Individualized Study, pursuing the humanities and in particular archaeology. He graduated alongside his brother in May 2015. Sprouse worked briefly in the field of archaeology, participating in excavations and performing lab work. He specialized in geographical information systems and satellite imaging. During his studies he performed summer digs in both Europe and Asia. While engaged in his undergraduate work, he unearthed a mask of Dionysus on a dig in Bulgaria.

Sprouse has an avid interest in photography. In 2011, he launched a personal photography website and took classes at NYU. He has  had shoot assignments for major fashion publications including Teen Vogue, L'Uomo Vogue, The Sunday Times Style, and W Magazine, among others.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

Discography
 "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes", Disneymania 4, 2005
 "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes", Princess Disneymania, 2008

References

External links

Category:1992 births
Category:20th-century American male actors
Category:21st-century American male actors
Category:American male child actors
Category:American male film actors
Category:American male television actors
Category:Identical twin male actors
Category:Living people
Category:People from Arezzo
Category:Male actors from Long Beach, California
Category:Twin people from the United States
Category:People from Calabasas, California
Category:New York University Gallatin School of Individualized Study alumni


Évreux Cathedral

Évreux Cathedral, otherwise the Cathedral of Our Lady of Évreux (), is a Catholic church located in Évreux, Normandy, France. The cathedral is a national monument and is the seat of the Bishop of Évreux.

Building description

Built in the 10th century, the nave retains the semi-circular arcades from the Romanesque period. Part of the lower portion of the nave dates from the 11th century. A fire in 1119 destroyed much of the earlier building. Master of the work in 1253 was Gautier de Varinfroy, who also worked on Saint-Étienne de Meaux. Varinfroy worked on the upper levels of the nave.

The west façade with its two ungainly towers is mostly from the late 16th century. The north tower is the bell tower. Its foundation is said to have been laid in 1392, and to have been finished in 1417. Various styles of the intervening period are represented in the rest of the church.

The elaborate north transept and portal are in the late Gothic flamboyant style; the choir, the finest part of the interior, is in an earlier Gothic architectural style. Jean Balue, bishop of Évreux in the second half of the 15th century, constructed the octagonal central tower, with its elegant spire. In August 1465, King Louis XI granted Bishop Balue a subsidy from the gabelle to allow him to resume work on the restoration of the Cathedral, which had begun under the patronage of Charles VII but which had ceased from lack of funds. To Balue is also due the Lady chapel, which is remarkable for its finely preserved stained glass. Two rose windows in the transepts and the carved wooden screens of the side chapels are masterpieces of 16th-century workmanship.

The bishop's palace, a building of the 15th century, adjoins the south side of the cathedral.

A thorough restoration was completed in 1896.

The stained glass windows were destroyed during World War II but were restored by Jean-Jacques Grüber in 1953. The spire, called "Clocher d’Argent", rises to a height of 75m after its reconstruction after being bombed during the Second World War.

The organ
The new organ was built in 2006 by the Atelier Quoirin of Saint-Didier, organ builders, and contains around 4000 pipes. The inaugural concerts have been given by famous organists, such as Thierry Escaich, Pierre Pincemaille or André Isoir.

Gallery

References

Sources
 Catholic Hierarchy: Evreux
 Photos of Evreux Cathedral

External links
 High-resolution 360° Panorama and Images of Évreux Cathedral | Art Atlas

Category:Churches in Eure
Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in France


Central District (Falavarjan County)

The Central District of Falvarjan County () is a district (bakhsh) in Falavarjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 181,602, in 46,926 families.  The District has six cities: Falavarjan, Kelishad va Sudarjan, Qahderijan, Abrisham, Zazeran, and Imanshahr. The District has four rural districts (dehestan): Abrisham Rural District, Golestan Rural District, Oshtorjan Rural District, and Zazeran Rural District.

References

Category:Falavarjan County
Category:Districts of Isfahan Province


Fantasy No. 1 with Fugue (Mozart)

Fantasy No. 1 with fugue in C major, K. 394 (Fantasie in German) is a piece of music for solo piano composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1782. The fantasy begins with an adagio tempo indication. The opening bars feature strong dynamic contrasts. (Forte in bar 1  suddenly changes to Piano in bar 2). The opening adagio changes to andante 8 bars later; at this point the right hand starts playing triplet semiquavers, whilst the left hand moves above the right hand for rising quaver arpeggios and then back down to play a descending dotted semiquaver in its normal position alternately.  The tempo marking changes again, this time to piu adagio before a final tempo primo 8 bars later. The fantasy ends in G major, the dominant of C major.

The Fugue is marked andante maestoso, which changes to adagio for the final 2 bars. The fugue ends in the tonic key, C major.

External links

Category:Compositions for solo piano
Category:Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Category:1782 compositions


Ampeg Portaflex

The Portaflex is a line of amplifiers for electric guitars and bass guitars created by Ampeg and originally designed by Jess Oliver. Portaflex referred to the amps’ portable reflex baffle system. The innovative ‘flip-top’ amplifier head design helped dissipate heat and reduce chassis and tube vibration during use, and inverted to store inside the cabinet for portability. The speaker cabinets were carefully tuned with ports and baffling. The introduction of the Portaflex series established a new standard for bass amplification and completely replaced Ampeg’s previous amplifier lineup. The Portaflex line has many different configurations.

B-15
The first amp in Ampeg’s Portaflex series was the B-15, a 2-channel tube amplifier with per-channel volume controls and shared Baxandall-type tone control, housed within a ’flip-top’ tuned-port cabinet design mounted to a dolly.

Shortly after the B-15’s introduction in 1960, it became the most popular bass amp in the world. Thanks to the Manhattan Bass Club, there were B-15s in every professional recording studio in New York, and the B-15 was embraced by the most prolific session bass players of the time, such as James Jamerson and Bob Babbitt at Motown in Detroit, Donald “Duck” Dunn at Stax Records in Memphis, and Chuck Rainey in New York and Los Angeles. In subsequent decades, popularity of the B-15 endured, used by bassists like Darryl Jones, Justin Meldal-Johnsen, and Owen Biddle.

SB-12

Ampeg manufactured the Portaflex SB-12 model amplifier from 1965-1971.  This lightweight (67 pound) cabinet incorporated the flip-top design of other larger Portaflex amplifiers of the time.  Although the SB-12 isn't as well known as the more powerful B-15, it is still highly sought after by musicians who use it mainly for studio recording.

The 'SB' in SB-12 stood for string bass; the '12' indicates the diameter of the speaker in inches.  It contained a single-channel, 25-watt tube amplifier and a single Jensen speaker.  Unlike bulk of the Portaflex line of bass amplifiers, the SB-12 was designed as a universal amplifier.  It incorporated two separate inputs, one labeled "Bass" and the other "Instruments".

Gallery

Notes

References

media

Further reading
 Pagán, Eduardo Obregón, "Motown Amp", History Detectives, PBS. July 25, 2012
 "Ampeg Portaflex Wiki"
Category:Instrument amplifiers


Ruth Gowdy McKinley

Ruth Gowdy McKinley (1931 – December 8, 1981) was a Canadian ceramic artist noted for her skill in designing functional ceramic ware. She specialised in making teapots, cups and vases.

In 1976, she became the first potter elected into the Royal Canadian Academy of Art.

Early life
Born in Brooklyn, New York, McKinley originally studied classical piano from the age of 4 and was eventually offered admission to study at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City. At this stage in life, McKinley made the decision to work with her deep interest in clay by enrolling, instead, to study in the Department of Industrial Design at the New York State College of Ceramics in Alfred. McKinley earned her MFA from Alfred in 1955.

Sources
https://studioceramicscanada.com/home/about-barry-morrison/consolidation/ruth-gowdy-mckinley/
http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/feu_terre-fire_earth/Artists/GowdyMcKinley/GowdyMcKinleyBioEn.html

References

Category:1931 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:Canadian ceramists
Category:Canadian women ceramists
Category:20th-century ceramists
Category:New York State College of Ceramics alumni


Senter-Rooks House

The Senter-Rooks House, also known as Twin Oaks, is a historic house in Humboldt, Tennessee, U.S.. It was the residence of a former mayor of Humboldt. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The house was built in 1860-1866 for J. N. Lanom. A year after the end of the American Civil War of 1861-1865, in 1866, the house was purchased by Moses E. Senter, who served as Humboldt's mayor from 1866 to 1869. Senter was also the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Humbold until he became a Freemason in 1873.

The house was purchased by Charles Wesley Rooks, a newspaper publisher and state senator, in 1917. He served as the president of the Savings and Loan Association of Humboldt from 1938 to 1946. He lived in the house with his wife, Kate Senter, who was Moses E. Senter's granddaughter. It was owned by their daughter, Bessie Rooks Fitzgerald, from 1946 to 1976, when it was purchased by their grandson, Dr. Charles Couch.

Architectural significance
The house was designed in the Neo-Classical architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 9, 1980.

References

Category:National Register of Historic Places in Gibson County, Tennessee
Category:Neoclassical architecture in Tennessee
Category:Houses completed in 1866


Żdżary, Września County

Żdżary  is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Pyzdry, within Września County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Pyzdry,  south-east of Września, and  south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

References

Category:Villages in Września County


2019–20 SK Rapid Wien season

The 2019–20 SK Rapid Wien season is the 122nd season in club history.

Pre-season and friendlies

Bundesliga

Bundesliga fixtures and results

League table

Regular season

Results summary

Austrian Cup

Austrian Cup fixtures and results

Team record

Squad

Squad statistics

Goal scorers

Disciplinary record

Transfers

In

Out

References

Rapid Wien
Category:SK Rapid Wien seasons


Tribia

Tribia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

Species
Species within the genus Tribia include:
 Tribia angasi (Crosse, 1863)
 Tribia coronata (Scacchi, 1835)
Species brought into synonymy
 Tribia epomis Woodring, 1928 : synonym of Agatrix epomis (Woodring, 1928)

References

 Verhecken A. (2007). Revision of the Cancellariidae (Mollusca, Neogastropoda, Cancellarioidea) of the eastern Atlantic (40°N-40°S) and the Mediterranean. Zoosystema : 29(2): 281-364
 Hemmen J. (2007). Recent Cancellariidae. Wiesbaden, 428pp

External links

Category:Cancellariidae
Category:Gastropod genera
Category:Taxa named by Félix Pierre Jousseaume