Jonathan Bennett (philosopher)

Jonathan Francis Bennett (born 17 February 1930) is a British philosopher of language and metaphysics, and a historian of early modern philosophy.

Life and education
Jonathan Bennett was born in Greymouth, New Zealand to Francis Oswald Bennett and Pearl Allan Brash Bennett. His father was doctor and his mother a homemaker. He read philosophy at the University of Canterbury (formerly Canterbury University College) and was awarded his MA there in 1953. He then went to the University of Oxford where he was a member of Magdalen College, Oxford. He obtained his BPhil in 1955.

Career
Bennett's first academic post was as a Junior Lecturer at the University of Auckland, New Zealand (then Auckland University College) (1952). He was an instructor in Philosophy at Haverford College (Pennsylvania) (1955-56), then a lecturer in Moral Science (Philosophy) at the University of Cambridge (1956–68), then at Simon Fraser University (1968–70), the University of British Columbia (1970–79), and in 1979 he went to Syracuse University as Professor of Philosophy. He remained in this position until his retirement in 1997.

In 1980, he was the Tanner Lecturer at Brasenose College of Oxford University. His lectures were refined and published in his 1995 book The Act Itself. In this work he argues that letting someone die is as immoral as killing someone. This also applies to other harms that one commits or fails to prevent. This view has been widely discussed for example by Judith Jarvis Thomson

In 1992, he was the John Locke Lecturer at the University of Oxford giving lectures on 'Judging Behaviour: Analysis in Moral Theory'.

In 1985, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The British Academy extended him the same honour in 1991. In the same year he was awarded a LittD from the University of Cambridge.
Bennett has written extensively on philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, events, conditionals, and consequentialist ethics. He is particularly renowned for his interpretations of major early modern philosophers and he has written five books in this area.. A Festschrift to commemorate his 60th birthday was published in 1990.

Bennett's website is devoted to making the texts of early modern philosophers more accessible to today's students.

Works

Books
 1989 (1964). Rationality. Hackett.
 1966. Kant's Analytic. Cambridge University Press.
 1971. Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Central Themes. Oxford University Press.
 1974. Kant’s Dialectic. Cambridge University Press.
 1990 (1976). Linguistic Behaviour. Hackett.
 1984. A Study of Spinoza’s Ethics. Hackett.
 1988. Events and their Names. Hackett.
 1995. The Act Itself. Oxford University Press.
 2001. Learning from Six Philosophers. Oxford University Press.
 2003. A Philosophical Guide to Conditionals. Oxford University Press.

Selected journal articles

 1954. 'Meaning and Implication', Mind, 63, pp. 451–63.
 1965. 'Substance, Reality and Primary Qualities', American Philosophical Quarterly, 2, pp. 1–17.
 1988. 'Thoughtful Brutes', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association, 62 pp. 197–210.
 1993. 'Negation and Abstention: Two theories of Allowing', Ethics, 104, pp. 75–96.

References

External links
 – "Translations" by Bennett of philosophical classics of the English language into contemporary English. Also works in Latin, French and German.

Category:1930 births
Category:20th-century British philosophers
Category:21st-century philosophers
Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge
Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Category:British historians of philosophy
Category:British philosophers
Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Category:Living people
Category:People from Greymouth
Category:Philosophers of language
Category:Simon Fraser University faculty
Category:Syracuse University faculty
Category:University of British Columbia faculty
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:Spinoza scholars


Swimming at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle S5

The men's 50 metre freestyle S5 event at the 2012 Paralympic Games took place on 30 August, at the London Aquatics Centre.

Two heats were held, each with eight swimmers. The swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final.

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

Final

References

Category:Swimming at the 2012 Summer Paralympics


Vamp

Vamp or vamps may refer to:
 Vamp (shoe), the upper part of a shoe
 Vamp (woman), a seductress or femme fatale; derived from "vampire"
 Vamp (music), a repeating musical figure or accompaniment
 Vamp (firefighter),  a slang term for a volunteer firefighter in the USA

Science and technology
 VAMP Research Databank, former name of the General Practice Research Database
 Vesicle-associated membrane protein, a family of proteins
 The VAMP regimen, a chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of low-risk childhood Hodgkin lymphoma
 Project Vamp, a U.S. Navy hydrologic survey
 V.A.M.P. (G.I. Joe), a toy vehicle

Vehicles
 Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform (VAMP), an inflatable robotic aircraft for Venus
 VaMP, the first autonomous car that drove long distances in traffic
 "Vamps", short for De Havilland Vampire plane in Rhodesia

Music
 Vamp (band), a Norwegian folk music band
 Vamps (band), a Japanese rock band formed in 2008
 The Vamps (Australian band), formed in 1965
 The Vamps (British band), a band formed in 2012
 Vamps (album), the 2009 self-titled debut album of the Japanese band Vamps

Characters
 Vamp (comics)
 Vamp, a character in the Metal Gear series
 Vamp (Gobots), a character from Gobots

Film, television and theatre
 Vamp (film), 1986 vampire film
 Vamps (film), 2012 horror-comedy film
 Vamp (TV series), a Brazilian telenovela
 The Vamp, a 1955 musical comedy
 The Vamp (film), a lost 1918 silent film wartime comedy-drama
 Theda Bara (1885–1955), American silent film actress nicknamed "The Vamp"

Other
 Vamp Creek, a river in Manitoba, Canada
 Vamp Building, a building in Lynn, Massachusetts, USA
 Seattle Vamps, a women's ice hockey team
 Vamp!, a light novel series by Ryōgo Narita

See also

 Vampire (disambiguation)
 Vampirella, a fictional character


John Turner (cricketer, born 1863)

John Alfred Turner (10 April 1863 – 23 July 1924) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and other amateur sides between 1883 and 1890. He was born at Leicester and died at Roehampton in London.

Turner was the son of Luke Turner, a manufacturer of elastic webbing in Leicester whose factory is now a listed building. He was educated at Uppingham School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. At both Uppingham and Cambridge, Turner played cricket as a right-handed middle-order batsman – occasionally used as an opener – and a right-arm fast bowler, rarely used as one of the main bowlers by his teams. Without ever achieving much in the matches themselves, he was picked for the University Match against Oxford University in each of his four seasons at Cambridge. His best performances came in 1885 and 1886. Against a scratch side raised by A. J. Webbe in 1885, he scored an unbeaten 109. The following year, against another scratch side, this time raised by C. I. Thornton, he made a second innings 174 which was instrumental in enabling Cambridge to win the match after being made to follow on. The innings made Turner's reputation, and he was selected for the Gentlemen v Players match at The Oval after the university term was over, though he had no success. At the end of both the 1885 and 1886 English cricket seasons, Turner joined in a tour of North America organised by the Devonian amateur Ned Sanders, and on each of these tours there were two first-class matches; Turner's best bowling figures of four wickets for 46 runs (in 50 four-ball overs) came in a game against a "Gentlemen of Philadelphia" side on the 1885 tour. After leaving Cambridge University in 1886, Turner played only a couple of further first-class matches, though he appeared in minor matches for Leicestershire (not then a first-class team) through to 1892 and for the I Zingari amateur side to 1894.

Turner graduated from Cambridge University with a Bachelor of Laws (LlB) degree, and joined the Inner Temple. He was called to the bar and practised as a barrister on the Midland Circuit. His address at the time of his death in 1924 was in Knightsbridge, London, though he died in The Priory, Roehampton.

References

Category:1863 births
Category:1924 deaths
Category:English cricketers
Category:Cambridge University cricketers
Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Category:Gentlemen cricketers
Category:People educated at Uppingham School
Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Category:Gentlemen of England cricketers
Category:E. J. Sanders' XI cricketers


The Astronauts (band)

The Astronauts were an American rock and roll band, who had a minor hit in 1963 with "Baja" and remained successful for several years, especially in Japan.  They have been described as being, "along with...(the) Trashmen, the premier landlocked Midwestern surf group of the '60s."  For most of their career, the band members were Rich Fifield, Jon "Storm" Patterson, Bob Demmon, Dennis Lindsey, and Jim Gallagher.

Career
The Astronauts developed out of a group, The Stormtroupers, which was originally formed at Boulder High School, Boulder, Colorado in 1956 by Jon "Storm" Patterson (vocals, guitar), Robert Graham "Bob" Demmon (guitar; born February 11, 1939), and Brad Leach (drums).  In 1961, they became The Astronauts after adding Richard Otis "Rich" Fifield (vocals, guitar) and Dick Sellars (guitar), the change of band name recognising the fascist connotations of the previous name (despite the different spelling) and to pay tribute to local hero, astronaut Scott Carpenter. Patterson switched to bass, Leech was replaced on drums by Jim Gallagher, and soon afterwards Sellars left to join the US Navy, being replaced by Dennis Lindsey.  With a line-up of Demmon, Patterson, Fifield, Lindsey and Gallagher, the band gained a strong local reputation, toured as far as Chicago and Dallas, Texas, and released their first single, "Come Along Baby", in 1962, on the small Palladium label. They were signed to RCA Records after a record company executive was impressed by their performance at a local night club, the Tulagi.

Their first single on RCA was "Baja", an instrumental written by Lee Hazlewood originally for his friend, guitarist Al Casey.  Released by The Astronauts in early 1963, the track was described as "a typical surf instrumental with a reverberation-heavy twangy guitar and driving drumbeat", and reached # 94 on the Billboard Hot 100 for just one week, the pinnacle of their US chart career.  However, they released a succession of further singles on RCA, in an attempt by the record company to emulate the success of the Beach Boys and other surf music-related groups in the charts at the time.  According to reviewer Richie Unterberger, "the group shone brightest on their instrumentals, which used mounds of Fender reverb and two rhythm guitars; when they sang, the results were much less successful." Patterson and Fifield shared lead vocals, and the band recorded songs by Roger Christian, Gary Usher, Dick Dale and Henry Mancini, among others. Fifield, the lead guitarist, used a Fender Jazzmaster on the recordings, with an early prototype reverb unit personally loaned to the group by Leo Fender. Their 1965 song "Tomorrow's Gonna Be Another Day was covered by The Monkees in 1966.

As well as a succession of singles and EPs, the band released four LPs over nine months, starting in May 1963: Surfin' with The Astronauts – which reached # 61 on the Billboard 200 album chart – Everything Is A-OK! (recorded live at the Club Baja in Denver, Colorado), Competition Coupe, and The Astronauts Orbit Campus (recorded live in Boulder).

They appeared several times on the Hullabaloo TV show, and have the distinction of appearing in more beach party movies than any other surf band: Surf Party, Wild on the Beach, Wild Wild Winter and Out of Sight. Regarding the band's performance in 1964's Surf Party, the book Pop Surf Culture states “The Astronauts bang out a thick, reverb-laden instrumental called ‘Firewater,’ and their theme song ‘Surf Party’ happens to be one of the best surf instrumentals ever recorded.” (See Filmography, below)

In 1964, their record company discovered that they had a growing fan base in Japan, where they outsold The Beach Boys and toured with The Ventures.  Five albums and three singles made the top 10 there, with "Movin'" – retitled as "Over The Sun" – reaching number one in the country.

In all, they recorded nine albums. Gallagher and Lindsey were drafted for Vietnam before the last album, Travelin' Men in 1967, and were replaced by Mark Bretz and Rod Jenkins respectively.  Demmon also left, being replaced by Robert Carl McLerran, before Fifield and Patterson finally decided to end the band name after a tour of Asia in 1968.

Associated acts
For a while, the same band – Fifield, Patterson, McLerran, Bretz and Jenkins – performed in the US under the name SunshineWard, who released one single, "Sally Go Around The Roses", in 1967.  Patterson then left the band and music business, and Fifield and McLerran formed a new band, Hardwater, with Tony Murillo and Peter M. Wyant.  In 1968, the band released two singles and an album, Hardwater, on Capitol Records, produced by David Axelrod.   Fifield also had a role in assisting Axelrod and record engineer David Hassinger, who owned the rights to the group name of The Electric Prunes, to find a new group of musicians to take on that group's name for their record, Mass in F Minor.  Fifield contacted fellow Colorado musicians, Richard Whetstone, John Herron and Mark Kincaid, who then agreed to form one of the final line-ups of The Electric Prunes.

Reunion
The Astronauts reunited temporarily to perform in Boulder, Colorado, in 1974, 1988 and 1989.

Later years
A four-CD box set of the group's recordings, The Complete Astronauts Collection, was issued on the Collectables label in 1997.

Dennis Lindsey died in 1991.

Mark Bretz died August 15, 1999, aged 54.

Robert "Bob" Demmon worked as a teacher in Coronado, California, whose students included George Sanger. He died of cardiac arrest on December 18, 2010, at the age of 71.

Discography

Singles (US releases)

The Astronauts
 "Come Along Baby" / "Tryin' To Get To You" (Palladium, 1962)
 "Baja" / "Kuk" (RCA Victor, 1963)
 "Hot-Doggin'" / "Every One But Me"  (RCA Victor, 1963)
 "Competition Coupe" / "Surf Party"  (RCA Victor, 1963)
 "Swim, Little Mermaid" / "Go Fight For Her"  (RCA Victor, 1964)
 "Main Title From 'Ride The Wild Surf'" / "Around And Around"  (RCA Victor, 1964)
 "I'm A Fool" / "Can't You See I Do?"  (RCA Victor, 1964)
 "Almost Grown" / "My Sin Is Pride"  (RCA Victor, 1965)
 "Tomorrow's Gonna Be Another Day" / "Razzamatazz"  (RCA Victor, 1965)
 "It Doesn't Matter Anymore" / "The La La Song"  (RCA Victor, 1965)
 "Main Street" / "In My Car"  (RCA Victor, 1966)
 "I Know You, Rider" / "Better Things" (RCA Victor, 1967)

SunshineWard
 "Sally Go Around The Roses" / "Pay The Price" (RCA Victor, 1968)

Hardwater
 "City Sidewalks" / "Not So Hard" (Capitol, 1968)
 "Plate Of My Fare" / "Good Old Friends" (Capitol, 1969)

EPs (US Releases)
 The Astronauts (Wurlitzer Disco EP Vol I  WLP-9-100) 33 Stereo Jukebox EP
 The Astronauts (Wurlitzer Disco EP Vol II  WLP-10-100) 33 Stereo Jukebox EP

Singles (Japan releases)
 "Che Che Che" (RCA Victor, 45 RPM)
 "Unchain My Heart" /Twist and Shout (Victor SS-1568
 "Movin'"/"Unchain My Heart" (Victor spv-12)
 "Koi O Suranana"/"Che Che Che"  (Victor 1254)
 "James Bond Theme"/"Goldfinger" (Victor 1526)
 "Taste of Honey"/"Thunderball" (Victor 1647)
 "Pipeline"/"Movin'" (VictorSS-3310)
 "Heartbreak Hotel"/"A Big Hunk of Love" (Victor SS-1640)
 "Swim Little Mermaid"/"Go Fight Fight for Her" (Victor Ss-1547)
 "Main Title Theme 'Ride The Wild Surf'" /"Around and Around" (Victor SS-1503)
 "El Aguila (The Eagle)"/"Happy Ho-Daddy" (Victor SS-1467)
 "Surf Party"/"Kuk" (Written by the Astronauts)  Victor SS-1444
 "Let's Play House"/"Movin'"  Victor SS1428
 "Pipeline"/"Movin'"(Gold Standard Series)  Victor SS-2563
 "What'd I Say"/"Money" Victor SS-1483
 "Movin'"/"Pipeline"  RCA SS-3316
 "My Sin Is My Pride"/"Almost Grown Victor" SS1538
 "Pyramid Stomp"/"Little Speedy Gonzales" Victor SS-1697

EPs (Japan releases)
 Hit Parade Victor SCP-1209  33 Stereo EP
 Movin''' (Victor SRS-13) 33 Stereo EP with gatefold cover
 The Astronauts (Victor SCP-1111)  33 Stereo EP
 Surfin' (Victor CP-1128) 33 Stereo EP
 Go Fight!! (Victor SCP 1191) Stereo EP

Albums (US releases)

The Astronauts
 Surfin' With The Astronauts (1963)
Mono LPM-2760/Stereo LSP-2760
Producer - Al Schmitt, Recording Engineer - Dave Hassinger
Side 1
"Baja" (BMI 2:24)
"Surfin' USA" (BMI2:10)
"Misirlou" (BMI 2:08)
"Surfer's Stomp" (ASCAP 2:34)
"Suzie-Q" (BMI 2:02)
"Pipeline" (BMI 2:01)
Side 2
"Kuk" (ASCAP 2:09)
"Banzai Pipeline" (ASCAP 2:00)
"Movin'" (BMI 1:56)
"Baby Let's Play House" (BMI 2:26)
"Let's Go Trippin'" (ASCAP 1:58)
"Batman" (BMI 1:50)
Rating:  Week of August 25-31,1963 album reached # 61 on the Billboard 200 album chart
 Everything Is A-OK! (1963)
"Wine, Wine, Wine"
 Competition Coupe (1963)
 Astronauts Orbit Kampus (1964)
"Linda Lou"
 The Astronauts Orbit Campus - Live (1964) recorded live at The Tulagi in Boulder, CO, February 27 - March 1, 1964) - both US and UK release.
 Rockin' With The Astronauts (1965) – limited edition promo LP available with Lipton's Iced Tea
 Go...Go...Go!! (1965)
 (Favorites) For You, (Our Fans), From Us (1965)
 Down The Line (1966)
 Travelin' Men (1967)

Hardwater
 Hardwater (1968)

CD albums
The Astronauts
 Rarities (1991, Germany release)
 The Complete Astronauts Collection (1997. US release)

Filmography

Appearing as themselves and as soundtrack artists

1964Surf Party (performing "Fire Water," and "Surf Party")

1965Wild on the Beach (performing "Rock This World," "Little Speedy Gonzalez," "Pyramid Stomp," and "Snap It," also shown as performing back-up for Sonny & Cher on "It's Gonna Rain")

1966Wild Wild Winter (performing "A Change of Heart," also shown as performing back-up for Jay and the Americans' performance of "Two of a Kind," and Dick and Dee Dee's "Heartbeats")Out of Sight (performing "Baby, Please Don't Go")

References

Chidester, Brian & Priore, Domenic (2008). Pop Surf Culture: Music, Design, Film, and Fashion from the Bohemian Surf Boom'' US: Santa Monica Press pg 171-172.

Category:American pop music groups
Category:RCA Victor artists
Category:Musical groups established in 1961
Category:Rock music groups from Colorado
Category:Surf music groups


Nowe Niestępowo

Nowe Niestępowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pokrzywnica, within Pułtusk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  northeast of Pokrzywnica,  southwest of Pułtusk, and  north of Warsaw.

The village has a population of 170.

References

Category:Villages in Pułtusk County


1981 IAAF World Cup

The 3rd IAAF World Cup in Athletics was an international track and field sporting event sponsored by the International Association of Athletics Federations, held on September 4–6, 1981, at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy.

Overall results

Medal summary

Men

Women

External links
World Cup Results
Full Results by IAAF

Category:IAAF Continental Cup
World Cup
IAAF World Cup
World Cup


Gig (boat)

The gig  (commonly captain's gig) is a boat used on naval ships as the captain's taxi.  It is a catch-all phrase for this type of craft and over the years it has gradually increased in size, changed with the advent of new technologies for locomotion, and been crafted from increasingly more durable materials.

History

Wooden gigs

In general, during the era of wooden ships, it was smaller and lighter than the longboat, barge or pinnace. It was usually crewed by four oarsmen and a coxswain. Generally the oarsmen sat one to a seat, but each only rowed a single oar on alternating sides. The gig was not as sea kindly as the longboat, but was used mostly in harbors.

The gigs generally had a high wineglass transom, full skeg, full keel, straight stem and somewhat rounded sides. There was in general very little rocker in the keel. The gunwales on many were nearly straight from bow to stern. It appears to be the precursor to the Whitehall Rowboat.  Some wooden captain's gigs were quite large and were powered by sail.

Modern gigs

With the coming of metal ships and combustion engines the size of the captain's gig increased and the boats could transport more sailors swiftly. Some modern built craft with sails have been named captain's gig as well.

In the U.S. Navy, the Captain's Gig varied by the size of the ship, with aircraft carriers and, until the mid-1990s when they were decommissioned, battleships, typically assigned a double cabin cruiser that was 33 to 35 feet in length.  These boats were typically painted with a white superstructure and gray hull with a red waterline stripe and black hull below the waterline.  They would also frequently have the parent ship's hull identifier and hull number marked on the port and starboard bows with chromed metal letters & digits with two half of an arrow in front and back of the hull identifier.  The front half of an arrow, with the arrowhead pointed toward the bow was forward of  and the back half of the arrow was aft of the hull identifiers. The name of the parent vessel was emblazoned on the transom with chrome letters.   Because these capital ships also held a dual function as flagships for an embarked admiral, an identical vessel, albeit painted with a black hull and green waterline stripe functioned as an Admiral's Barge. Chromed metal star(s) adorned the port & starboard bow, the number of stars corresponding to the flag officer's rank.  The flag officer's standardized abbreviated command name was mounted in chromed metal letters directly on transom or on wood board mounted on the transom.  In early 2008, in an economy move, Captain's Gigs were eliminated from all U.S. Navy ships.

In popular culture
 In science fiction, the term is often used to refer to a small auxiliary spacecraft. In Star Trek, the craft is referred to as a "captain's yacht".
In the song "The Flowers of Bermuda" by Stan Rogers, using the captain's gig saves the crew from drowning in a ship wreck that destroys the life boats.

See also
Cornish pilot gig, a larger boat (crewed by 6 plus a cox) which used to be used to transport pilots out to ships.

References

Category:Boat types
Category:Ship's boats
Category:Military boats


Mavi, East Azerbaijan

Mavi (, also Romanized as Māvī and Movi) is a village in Kaghazkonan-e Shomali Rural District, Kaghazkonan District, Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 91, in 32 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Meyaneh County


Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement

The Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA) was set up on 19 September 1957 to provide a security umbrella for the newly independent Malaya. AMDA was a bilateral defence agreement between the United Kingdom and the Federation of Malaya, which also committed Australia and New Zealand to assist Britain in the defence of Malaysia. This agreement was used to justify Australian and New Zealand involvement in the Malayan Emergency and the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation. The agreement was formally signed by the British and Malayan Governments on 12 October 1957.

When Malaysia was created in 1963, AMDA was renamed the Anglo-Malaysian Defence Agreement and continued to provide some measure of security to the new federation. AMDA was later replaced with the FPDA.

Notes and references

Category:Military history of Malaysia
Category:1957 in Malaya
Category:Treaties of the Federation of Malaya
Category:Bilateral treaties of the United Kingdom
Category:Treaties concluded in 1957
Category:Malaysia–United Kingdom relations
Category:Cold War treaties


Jim Wayne Miller

Jim Wayne Miller (October 21, 1936 – August 18, 1996) was an American poet and educator. He was a major influence on literature in the Appalachian region.

Biography

Early years
Jim Wayne Miller was born on October 21, 1936, in Leicester, North Carolina, to James Woodward Miller and Edith (Smith) Miller. He was raised with five brothers and sisters on a seventy-acre farm in North Turkey Creek, in Buncombe County, about fifteen miles west of Asheville. His father was a service manager at a Firestone Complete Auto Care in Asheville.

Education and career
Jim Wayne Miller graduated from Berea College in Kentucky in 1958 with a bachelor's degree in English. He had studied abroad in Minden, Westphalia, Germany, the summer before his junior year on a homestay scholarship awarded by the Experiment in International Living. Upon graduation, he found work as a teacher of German and English in Fort Knox, Kentucky. In 1960 Miller received an NDEA Fellowship, making it possible for him to pursue graduate studies at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. He earned his Ph.D. in German literature there in 1965, completing a dissertation on the German poet Annette von Droste-Hülshoff. From 1960 to 1963, he published regularly in Vanderbilt's literary magazine, Vagabond. By 1963, he had already joined the faculty at Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green, sixty miles north of Nashville. While at Vanderbilt he studied under Fugitive poet Donald Davidson and Hawthorne Scholar Randall Stewart. He was a Professor of German language and literature at Western Kentucky University for 33 years, in the faculty of the Department of Modern Languages and Intercultural Studies. He served as consultant to Appalachian Studies programs in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio and was Visiting Professor in Appalachian Studies at the Berea College Appalachian Center.

Miller was promoted to associate professor of German at Western Kentucky University in 1966 and to full professor in 1970. In 1969 Sigma Tau Delta honored him for excellence in teaching, and in 1976 Western Kentucky University presented him with the University Faculty Award for scholarship and creativity. Berea College awarded him with the honorary degree of Doctor of Literature in 1981.

While on sabbatical in Germany in 1972, Miller met Austrian poet Emil Lerperger. Miller would later translate a volume of his poetry and also become his literary executor.

In 1977, Miller began his affiliation with the Poet-in-the-Schools Program in Virginia Public Schools. The following year, he began his long association with the Hindman Settlement School Appalachian Writers' Workshop. In 2015, following the publication of A Jim Wayne Miller Reader, the Appalachian Writers' Workshop honored the memory of Jim Wayne Miller by highlighting his work through lectures and book promotions. In his brief biography of Jim Wayne Miller for Appalachian Heritage, George Brosi writes that Miller "is quite simply an icon in the field of Appalachian Literature--one of its earliest and most ardent supporters." Among his many projects for the advancement of Appalachian literature was his editing of ten books by Jesse Stuart for re-issue by the Jesse Stuart Foundation.

Miller was elected chair of the Appalachian Studies Association in 1982. The same year, he received the Western Kentucky University Award for public service. For two years, beginning in 1984, he was visiting professor at the James R. Stokely Institute for Liberal Arts Education at the University of Tennessee. He also served as poet-in-residence at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky.

Personal life
Miller married Mary Ellen Yates, a classmate at Berea College, on August 17, 1958. After graduation, they moved to Fort Knox, Kentucky, where Miller taught English and German at a school on the military base. In 1960, they moved to Nashville, Tennessee. They settled in Bowling Green, Kentucky, where they raised three children. Mary pursued graduate work at the University of Kentucky, where she earned a master's degree in English, and then her Ph.D. work at Vanderbilt University, supported by Miller's faculty position at Western Kentucky University. Eventually, she also landed a tenure-track job at Western Kentucky University, in the Department of English. She is now Professor of English and has taught at the university for 51 years. Mary Ellen Miller is the author of a book of poems, The Poet's Wife Speaks (2011). Jim Wayne Miller was diagnosed with lung cancer in June 1996. He died at home on August 18.

Writing
Miller is best known as a poet. In his work, he is centrally concerned with the preservation of the Appalachian cultural heritage in the modern world. His writing reflects his own experiences in the mountain South. He invents the figure of the Brier as an Appalachian Everyman, a voice for those voiceless people who are struggling to maintain their connection to a meaningful past. As Joyce Dyer writes, "In his poetry he explores the meaning of his own Appalachian experience, but always places it within a broader regional and national consciousness." Miller wrote satirical essays, articles about Appalachian history and culture, translations, reviews, editions of work by Jesse Stuart, anthologies, and fiction. In his satire, Miller attacks destructive social forces such as American consumerism. He also strives to show that the American South is a diverse place—and specifically that the mountain South is distinct from the lowland South. Miller made the following observation about his aim as a poet, according to Annette Hadley and Matthew Farrell of The Southern Highlands Research Center: "Growing up in North Carolina, I was often amused, along with other natives, at tourists who fished the trout streams. The pools, so perfectly clear, had a deceptive depth. Fishermen unacquainted with them were forever stepping into what they thought was knee-deep water and going in up to their waists or even their armpits, sometimes being floated right off their feet. I try to make poems like those pools, so simple and clear their depth is deceiving. I want the writing to be so transparent that the reader forgets he is reading and is aware only that he is having an experience. He is suddenly plunged deeper than he expected and comes up shivering."

Poet Robert Morgan praised Miller's first book of poetry, Copperhead Cane (1964), in these terms: "These poems shine as brightly as if they were written this morning. They do not reflect the fashions of 1965, but have a timeless, crafted quality. They have the authority of form and the authority of felt experience. They are authentic in detail and natural in speech."

Miller was one of the editors of Appalachia Inside Out, a two-volume anthology of Appalachian literature that demonstrates the richness of the culture and imaginative worlds of writers from the mountain South.

He received several awards for his novel Newfound (1989), including the Best Book of the Year citation from Learning Magazine and Best Book of the Year from Booklist.

Documentary film
In 1985 Western Kentucky University produced a thirty-minute documentary film on the life and poetry of Jim Wayne Miller. Called "I Have a Place: The Poetry of Jim Wayne Miller." It is directed by Michael Lasater, a new media artist now on the Arts faculty at Indiana University South Bend. The film won a Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival. It was broadcast on PBS stations.

Bibliography

Poetry
 Copperhead Cane (Robert Moore Allen 1964)
 The More Things Change the More They Stay the Same (Whippoorwill Press 1971)
 Dialogue with a Dead Man (University of Georgia Press 1974)
 The Mountains Have Come Closer (The Appalachian Consortium Press 1980)
 Vein of Words (Seven Buffaloes Press undated, but known to be 1984)
 Nostalgia for 70 (Seven Buffaloes Press 1986)
 Brier, His Book (Gnomon Press 1988)
 Brier Traveling (Chapbook; White Fields Press 1993)
 The Brier Poems. Edited by Jonathan Greene. (Gnomon Press 1997)
 Every Leaf a Mirror: A Jim Wayne Miller Reader, Morris Grubbs and Mary Miller, editors (University Press of Kentucky 2014)

Fiction
 Newfound (Orchard Press, 1989); reprint (Gnomon Press 1996)
 His First, Best Country (Gnomon Press 1993)

Essays and studies
 Sideswipes (Seven Buffaloes Press 1986)
 Introduction to James Still, The Wolfpen Poems (Berea College Press 1986)
 The Wisdom of Folk Metaphor: The Brier Conducts A Laboratory Experiment (Seven Buffaloes Press 1988)
 Round and Round with Kahlil Gibran (Rowan Mountain Press 1989)
 Southern Mountain Speech, with Cratis D. Williams and Loyal Jones (Berea College Press 1992)

Translations and anthologies
 Emil Lerperger, The Figure of Fulfillment, Translator (Green River Press 1975)
 I Have a Place, Editor (Alice Lloyd College 1981)
 The Examined Life: Family-Community-Work in American Literature, Editor (with Karen Lohr) (Appalachian Consortium Press 1989)
 Appalachia Inside Out, Volume 1: Conflict and Change, Editor (with Robert J. Higgs) (University of Tennessee Press 1995)
 Appalachia Inside Out, Volume 2: Culture and Custom, Editor (with Robert J. Higgs) (University of Tennessee Press 1995)

Selected articles by Miller
 "A Mirror for Appalachia." In Higgs, Robert J., and Ambrose N. Manning, editors. Voices from the Hills: Selected Readings of Southern Appalachia. (Frederick Ungar 1975)
 "More on Appalachian Literature," Appalachian Journal 4 (Autumn 1976)
 "Appalachian Education: A Critique and Suggestions for Reform," Appalachian Journal 5 (Autumn 1977)
 "Appalachian Literature: A Guide to Appalachian Studies," Appalachian Journal 5 (Autumn 1977)
 "Appalachia's Literary Renaissance: An Essay-Review of Recent Publications," Appalachian Notes 5 (1977)
 "Appalachian Values/American Values," Appalachian Heritage 5 (Fall 1977); 6 (Winter 1978); 6 (Spring 1978); 6 (Summer 1978); 6 (Fall 1978); 7 (Winter 1979)
 "An Exchange of Letters: Frank Steele and Jim Wayne Miller," Plainsong 2 (Spring 1980)
 "Appalachian Literature." In Stokely, Jim and Johnson, Jeff D, editors. An Encyclopedia of East Tennessee (Children's Museum of Oak Ridge 1981)
 "Appalachian Studies Hard and Soft: The Action People and the Creative Folk," Appalachian Journal 9 (Winter/Spring 1982)
 "A Letter on Poetry from Jim Wayne Miller," Kentucky Poetry Review 18, 19 (Fall/Spring 1983)
 "Appalachian Culture and History: Part of America's Past and Present and Indicative of Its Future," Focus: Teaching English Language Arts 10 (Winter 1984)
 "Accepting Things Near," Appalachian Heritage 13 (Winter/Spring 1984)
 "A Life of Fiction (Katherine Anne Porter)," Louisville Courier-Journal (May 13, 1984)
 "Appalachian Literature: At Home in This World," The Iron Mountain Review 2 (Summer 1984)
 "Daring to Look in the Well: A Conversation," James Still and Jim Wayne Miller. Iron Mountain Review 2 (Summer 1984)
 "Katherine Anne Porter," High Roads Folio 11 (Spring 1986)
 "Jim Dandy: James Still at Eighty," Appalachian Heritage 14 (Fall 1986)
 "All the Daughters of Her Father's House," High Roads Folio 12 (1987)
 "Anytime the Ground is Uneven: The Outlook for Regional Studies--And What to Look Out for." In Mallory, William E. and Paul Simpson-Housley, editors. Geography and Literature: A Meeting of the Disciplines (Syracuse University Press 1987)
 "Jesse Stuart: The Life of the Poet, the Poetic Life," Appalachian Heritage 15 (Winter 1987)
 "Making a Whole Out of Parts," Southern Highlands Institute for Educators Newsletter (Fall 1988)
 "New Generation of Savages Sighted in West Virginia," Appalachian Heritage 16/4 (Fall 1988)
 "Names, Names, Names, " The Uncommon Reader (Winter 1989)

Selected criticism
 Ahrens, Sylvia. "Jim Wayne Miller: Universal Regionalist." Kentucky English Bulletin 47.2 (Winter 1998): 75-84.
 Dyer, Joyce. "Dialogue with a Dead Man." Appalachian Journal 26.1 (Fall 1998): 32-43.
 Edwards, Grace Toney. "Jim Wayne Miller: Holding the Mirror for Appalachia." Iron Mountain Review 4.2 (Spring 1988): 24-28.
 Hall, Wade. "Jim Wayne Miller's Brier Poems: The Appalachian in Exile." Iron Mountain Review 4.2 (Spring 1988): 29-33.
 Lang, John. "Jim Wayne Miller and the Brier's Cosmopolitan Regionalism." In Lang, Six Poets from the Mountain South. Louisiana State University Press, 2010. 9-37.
 Miller, Mary Ellen. "The Literary Influences of Jim Wayne Miller." Appalachian Heritage 25.4 (Fall 1997): 19-24.
 Morgan, Robert. "Clearing Newground." Appalachian Heritage 25.4 (Fall 1997): 24-30.
 Pendarvis, Edwina. "Sanctifying the Profane: Jim Wayne Miller's 'Dialogue with a Dead Man'." Journal of Kentucky Studies 22 (2005): 139-43.

Selected interviews
 "An Interview with Jim Wayne Miller, " Appalachian Journal 6 (Spring 1979)
 Kelly, Patricia P. "An Interview with Jim Wayne Miller." Journal of Reading 34.8 (May 1991): 666-69.
 Beattie, L. Elisabeth. "Jim Wayne Miller." In Conversations with Kentucky Writers. Edited by L. Elisabeth Beattie. University Press of Kentucky, 1996. 242-61.

Awards
 1967 Alice Lloyd Memorial Prize for Appalachian Poetry
 1980 Thomas Wolfe Memorial Literary Award for The Mountains Have Come Closer 1983-1984 Yaddo Fellowship
 1985 Appalachian Writers Association Book of the Year Award
 1989 Zoe Kincaid Brockman Memorial Award for Poetry
 1991 Appalachian Consortium Laurel Leaves Award
 2015 Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame
 2015 Special Weatherford Award (Best Appalachian Books) for Every Leaf a Mirror''

References

External links
 Miller's home page
 Chronological bibliography in Appalachian Heritage 25:4
 Chapter 16 biography
 Berea College biographical note
 UNC Asheville Special Collections
 "I Have a Place" 30-minute documentary film by Michael Lasater
 Brief biography by George Brosi in Appalachian Heritage 37:3

Category:20th-century American poets
Category:Poets from North Carolina
Category:Vanderbilt University alumni
Category:Berea College alumni
Category:Western Kentucky University faculty
Category:American male poets
Category:1936 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:Writers of American Southern literature
Category:People from Buncombe County, North Carolina
Category:20th-century American male writers


Zonotylus

Zonotylus interruptus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus Zonotylus.

References

Category:Trachyderini
Category:Monotypic beetle genera


Taxila, Pakistan

Taxila (), is a city in Rawalpindi District of the Punjab, Pakistan. Taxila is situated about  north-west of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along the historic Grand Trunk Road, near the important Sikh pilgrimage centre of Hasan Abdal, and the Mughal-era Wah Gardens.

Ancient Taxila was historically referred to as Takshashila in Sanskrit, and Takkasila in  Pali. The earliest settlement at Taxila was founded around 1000 BCE at the Hathial site. The Hindu epic poem Mahābhārata is believed to have been first recited at Taxila, by the sage Vaiśampāyana. By some accounts, Taxila was home to one of the earliest, if not the first, universities in the world.

Taxila's ruins are internationally renowned, and function as a series of interrelated sites, including: a mesolithic cave, the remains of 4 ancient cities, and Buddhist monasteries and stupas. The ancient ruins of Taxila were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.

Etymology
Taxila was in ancient times known in Pali as Takkasila, and in Sanskrit as Takshashila (). The city's Sanskrit name means "City of Cut Stone". The city's ancient Sanskrit name alternately means "Rock of Taksha" – in reference to the Ramayana story that states the city was founded by Bharata, younger brother of the central Hindu deity Rama, and named in honour of Bharata's son, Taksha.

The city's modern name, however, is derived from the ancient Greek recording of the ancient city's name, noted in Ptolemy’s Geography. The Greek transcription of Taxila became universally favoured over time, while the Pali and Sanskrit versions fell out of use.

History

Early settlement

The region around Taxila was settled by the neolithic era, with some ruins at Taxila dating to 3360 BCE. Ruins dating from the Early Harappan period around 2900 BCE have also been discovered in the Taxila area, though the area was eventually abandoned after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation.

The first major settlement at Taxila was established around 1000 BCE. By 900 BCE, the city was already involved in regional commerce, as discovered pottery shards reveal trading ties between the city and Puṣkalāvatī.

Taxila was founded in a strategic location along the ancient "Royal Highway" that connected the capital at Pataliputra in Bihar, with ancient Peshawar, Puṣkalāvatī, and onwards towards Central Asia via Kashmir, Bactria, and Kāpiśa. Taxila thus changed hands many times over the centuries, with many empires vying for its control.

Achaemenid
Archaeological excavations show that the city may have grown significantly during the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE. In 516 BCE, Darius I embarked on a campaign to conquer Central Asia, Ariana and Bactria, before marching onto what is now Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. Emperor Darius spent the winter of 516–515 BCE in the Gandhara region surrounding Taxila, and prepared to conquer the Indus Valley, which he did in 515 BCE, after which he appointed Scylax of Caryanda to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to the Suez. Darius then returned to Persia via the Bolan Pass. The region continued under Achaemenid suzerainty under the reign of Xerxes I, and continued under Achaemenid rule for over a century.

Hellenistic and Mauryan

Alexander the Great invaded Taxila in 326 BCE, after the city was surrendered by its ruler, king Omphis. Greek historians accompanying Alexander described Taxila as “wealthy, prosperous, and well governed.” His troops were said to have found a university in Taxila, the like of which had not been seen in Greece.

After Alexander's departure, Taxila came under the influence of Chandragupta Maurya, who turned Taxila into a regional capital. His advisor, Chanakya, was said to have taught at Taxila's university. Under the reign of Ashoka, the city was made a great seat of Buddhist learning, though the city was home to a minor rebellion during this time.

Indo-Greek
In the 2nd century BCE, Taxila was annexed by the Indo-Greek kingdom of Bactria. Indo-Greeks build new capital, Sirkap, on the opposite bank of the river from Taxila. During this new period of Bactrian Greek rule, several dynasties (like Antialcidas) likely ruled from the city as their capital. During lulls in Greek rule, the city managed profitably on its own, to independently control several local trade guilds, who also minted most of the city's autonomous coinage. In about the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE, an Indo-Scythian king named Azilises had three mints, one of which was at Taxila, and struck coins with obverse legends in Greek and Kharoṣṭhī.
The last Greek king of Taxila was overthrown by the Indo-Scythian chief Maues around 90 BCE. Gondophares, founder of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, conquered Taxila around 20 BCE, and made Taxila his capital. According to early Christian legend, Thomas the Apostle visits king Gondophares IV around 46 CE, possibly at Taxila given that that city was Gondophares' capital city.

Kushan
In the first century CE, the Greek Neopythagorean philosopher Apollonius of Tyana visited Taxila, which his team described as a fortified city laid out on a symmetrical plan, similar in size to Nineveh. Inscriptions dating to 76 CE demonstrate that the city had come under Kushan rule by this time, after the city was captured from the Parthians by Kujula Kadphises, founder of the Kushan Empire. The great Kushan ruler Kanishka later founded Sirsukh, the most recent of the ancient settlement at Taxila.

Decline

By the 300s CE, the Sasanian king Shapur II seems to have conquered Taxila, as evidenced by the numerous Sasanian copper coins found there. Taxila's ancient university remained in existence during the travels of Chinese pilgrim Faxian, who visited Taxila around 400 CE. He wrote that ancient Taxila's name translated as "the Severed Head", and was the site of a story in the life of Buddha "where he gave his head to a man".

The White Huns swept over Gandhāra and Punjab around 470 CE, causing widespread devastation and destruction of Taxila's famous Buddhist monasteries and stupas, a blow from which the city would never recover. Xuanzang visited Taxila in 630 and 643 CE, and wrote that the city had already fallen into ruin by the time of his arrival.

Modern
The renowned archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham rediscovered the ruins of Taxila in the mid-19th century.
by identifying a local site known as Sarai kala (or Sarai Khola) with ancient Taxila. Prior to that, the location of the ancient city of Taxila, known from literary texts, was uncertain.

Geography
Taxila is located  north-west of the Pakistani capital Islamabad. The city is located approximately  above sea level.

Climate
Taxila features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa)

Economy

Tourism

Taxila is one of northern Pakistan's most important tourist destinations, and is home to the Taxila Museum which holds a large number of artifacts from Taxila's excavations. Though the number of foreign visitors to the site drastically declined following the start of an Islamist insurgency in Pakistan in 2007, visitor numbers began to noticeably improve by 2017, after the law and order situation in the region had greatly improved following the start of the 2014 Zarb-e-Azb campaign launched by the Pakistani Army against radical Islamist militants.

In 2017, the Pakistani government announced its intention to develop Taxila into a site for Buddhist religious pilgrimage. As part of the efforts, it announced that an exhibition on the Buddhist heritage of the region would be held in Thailand, and that the Thai government would assist in conservation efforts at the site. Relics from Taxila were also sent to Sri Lanka for the 2017 Vesak holiday as part of an effort to showcase the region's Buddhist heritage. The Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation also announced in 2017 that a tour bus service would be launched between the Taxila Museum and Islamabad.

In addition to the ruins of ancient Taxila, relics of Mughal gardens and vestiges of historical Grand Trunk Road are also found in Taxila. Nicholson's Obelisk, named in honour of Brigadier John Nicholson who died in during the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, is a monument from the British era that welcomes travelers arriving from Rawalpindi/Islamabad.

Industry
Taxila is home to Heavy Industries Taxila, a major Pakistani defence, military contractor, engineering conglomerate. The city's economy is also closely linked to the large Pakistan Ordnance Factories at nearby Wah Cantt, which employs 27,000 people.  Cottage and household industries include stoneware, pottery and footwear.

Transportation

Rail
Taxila is served by the Taxila Cantonment Junction railway station. Taxila Junction is served by the Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line, and is the southern terminus of the Khunjerab Railway, which connects Taxila to the Havelian railway station. A planned extension of the railway will eventually connect Taxila to China's Southern Xinjiang Railway in Kashgar, as part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor.

Road

The ancient Grand Trunk Road is designated as N-5 National Highway, and connects the city to the Afghan border, and northern Punjab. The Karakoram Highway's southern terminus is in nearby Hasan Abdal, and connects Taxila to the Chinese border near theHunza Valley.

The city is linked to Peshawar and Islamabad by the M-1 Motorway, which in turn offers wider motorway access to Lahore via the M-2 Motorway, and Faisalabad via the M-4 Motorway.

Air
The nearest airport to Taxila is Islamabad's Benazir Bhutto International Airport, located 36.5 kilometres away. Peshawar's Bacha Khan International Airport is 155 kilometres away.

Education

Taxila is home to many secondary educational institutes including CIIT Wah Campus, and HITEC University. The University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila was established in 1975 as a campus of the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore,
and offers bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees in engineering.

Ancient ruins

The Ruins of Taxila include four major cities, each belonging to a distinct time period, at three different sites. The earliest settlement at Taxila is found in the Hathial section, which yielded pottery shards that date from as early as the late 2nd millennium BCE to the 6th century BCE. The Bhir Mound ruins at the site date from the 6th century BCE, and are adjacent to Hathial. The ruins of Sirkap date to the 2nd century BCE, and were built by the region's Greco-Bactrian kings who ruled in the region following Alexander the Great's invasion of the region in 326 BCE. The third and most recent settlement is that of Sirsukh, which was built by rulers of the Kushan empire, who ruled from nearby Purushapura (modern Peshawar).

Culture
Modern Taxila is a mix of relatively wealthy urban, and poorer rural environs. Urban residential areas are general in the form of planned housing colonies populated by workers of the heavy mechanical complex & heavy industries, educational institutes and hospitals that are located in the area.

Museums
Taxila Museum has one of the most significant and comprehensive collections of stone Buddhist sculpture from the first to the seventh centuries in Pakistan (known as Gandharan art. The core of the collection comes from excavated sites in the Taxila Valley, particularly the excavations of Sir John Marshall. Other objects come from excavated sites elsewhere in Gandhara, from donations such as the Ram Das Collection, or from material confiscated by the police and custom authorities.

See also
 List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
 Harappa
 Mohenjo-daro
 Gandhara

References

External links

 Taxila: An Ancient Indian University by S. Srikanta Sastri
 Explore Taxila with Google Earth on Global Heritage Network
 Guide to Historic Taxila by Professor Dr. Ahmad Hasan Dani in 10 chapters
 "Taxila", by Jona Lendering
 [ Some photos by Umayr Sahlan Masud]
 Taxila page from punjab-info
 Travel With Young – Taxila 한글
Map of Gandhara archaeological sites, from the Huntington Collection, Ohio State University (large file)
 "Taxila Museum and Jaulian Monastery", by Saadullah Bashir
 John Marshall, A guide to Taxila (1918) on Archive.org

Category:Taxila Tehsil
Category:Populated places in Taxila Tehsil
Category:Cities in Rawalpindi District


George Hedford Dunn

George Hedford Dunn (November 15, 1794 – January 12, 1854) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana. He was born in New York City and moved to Lawrenceburg, Indiana in 1817 to study law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1822 and commenced practice in Lawrenceburg, serving as member of the State house of representatives in 1828, 1832, and 1833. He was a promoter of the first railway in Indiana and was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Twenty-fourth Congress.

From March 4, 1837 to March 3, 1839, Dunn served on the Twenty-fifth Congress, but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection. He resumed the practice of law and later became state treasurer from 1841-1844. He also served as judge of Dearborn County, Indiana and was president of the Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad at the time of his death in Lawrenceburg, Indiana on January 12, 1854. He was interred in New Town Cemetery.

References

Category:1794 births
Category:1854 deaths
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana
Category:State treasurers of Indiana
Category:Indiana Whigs
Category:Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:People from Lawrenceburg, Indiana


THB

THB may refer to:

Tetrahydrobiopterin, a chemical
Thai baht, the currency of Thailand (ISO 4217 code: THB)
THB (comics), and its eponymous character Tri-Hydro Bi-Oxygenate
The Holy Bible
The Hydra Bay, a piracy site
Thomas Hart Benton (painter) (1889–1975), American painter and muralist
Thomas Hart Benton (senator) (1782–1858), American politician from Missouri and great uncle of the painter
Three Horses Beer, a beer made in Madagascar
Too Hard Basket
Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway


Wapley

Wapley is a rural village in South Gloucestershire, England.

See also
 Do not stand at my grave and weep

References

External links

Category:Villages in South Gloucestershire District


Kathy Vivas

Anna Katherina Vivas (1972) is a Venezuelan astrophysicist recognized for her investigations of and finding up to 100 new and very distant RR Lyrae stars. They are between 13,000 and 220,000 light years from the Sun, and are considered some of the oldest in the Milky Way. Her research has enabled some of the first studies of the structure and properties of the whole halo of the Milky Way and not only its innermost parts. The observation was made possible by combining a telescope with a large format camera, allowing astronomers to cover large portions of the sky in a short amount of time.

Vivas is a physics graduate from the University of the Andes and astrophysics doctor from Yale University.

From 2002 to 2013 she served as researcher of the Francisco J. Duarte Astronomy Investigation Center (Llano del Hato National Astronomical Observatory), in the village of Llano del Hato in the Venezuelan Andes, near Apartaderos, about 50 kilometers north-east of Mérida, Mérida State.

In 2009 she received the Empresas Polar Lorenzo Mendoza Fleury Science Prize.

See also
 Timeline of women in science

References

Category:1972 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Tovar, Mérida
Category:Venezuelan women scientists
Category:Astrophysicists


David Thomas (field hockey)

David Thomas (born 27 June 1927) was a British field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1927 births
Category:Living people
Category:British male field hockey players
Category:Olympic field hockey players of Great Britain
Category:Field hockey players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Pontypridd


Katrina Wolf Murat

Katrina Wolf Murat (Countess Murat; August 20, 1824 - March 13, 1910) was a German-born American pioneer. She was the first European woman in Denver, and the maker of the first United States flag in Colorado.

Early years
Katrina Wolf was born in Heidelsheim, Baden, August 20, 1824. Her father was either a Prussian vintner, or German innkeeper.

There are various descriptions of her marriage(s) and how she reached the United States.
 An account by the Daughters of the American Revolution (1917) states that she married a wealthy German and came to the United States with him in 1848. After his death, she married Count Henry Murat, of a distinguished French family.
 Fetter (2004) gives two versions of events. In one version, Katrina first married Mr. Stolsenberger, crossed the Great Plains with him, and inherited  upon his death. She subsequently met Henri, a dentist, in San Francisco in 1854 and after marriage, they spent her inheritance on a European honeymoon. A second version describes Henri claiming that his uncle was Joachim Murat. Forced to leave France by the Bourbon kings, Henri escaped to Germany, and found employment at Katrina's father's estate. After Henri and Katrina married, they sailed for the U.S. in 1848.
 Talbot (1896) states that "Catherine" married Hienrich, Count Murat in 1846.
 Summers (2011) recounts from a 1901 New York Times article that she married Count Henri Murat in 1848, that he was a great nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and that they came to the U.S. in 1852.

Countess Murat
Shortly after their marriage, Count and Countess Murat honeymooned in Europe, and while there, purchased a red merino petticoat. Joining the Pike's Peak Gold Rush, the Murats settled in Montana City, Colorado (or Aurora, Colorado) in 1848. The mining camps of California, Montana, and Nevada were visited by the party of which she and her husband were members during those days when the gold fever was an epidemic, and when the vaguest rumors sufficed to draw the entire population of one camp to another, however distant. The journeys were usually made in "prairie schooners" drawn by oxen.

During an interval of two years, the Murats visited Europe, the trip being made overland from Colorado to New Orleans, thence to Le Havre via New York City. In 1858, they returned to Colorado, and the following year, with a partner named David Smoke, they became proprietors of the Eldorado Hotel in Auraria, Denver, selling the business after three months. They then moved to the Denver side of Cherry Creek where they made a living operating a bakery, a barbershop, and a laundry. His occupations were barber, dentist, gambler, and innkeeper.

Murat received a commission to make the first American flag for Colorado, which flew from the Eldorado's 50-foot flagpole on May 1, 1859, and was stolen after four days. The Murats left for California on horseback, but returned to Denver with more than  in a stagecoach. They bought a saloon, Criterion Hall, but left Colorado again in 1863 for Virginia City, Nevada, where they established the Continental Restaurant. There were other trips to Europe and California before, in later years, settling in Palmer Lake, Colorado. Their financial resources declined after 1876, and she divorced Henri in 1881. Drinking heavily, he died broke, in the County Hospital in Denver.

Later years, death, legacy
Countess Murat, as she was known in the pioneer days of Colorado, dependent upon herself, became a washerwoman and took in summer boarders. With her own earnings, she built a little, white frame cottage at Palmer Lake's Glen Park, which was her last home. She received a pension of  per month from the Pioneer Ladies Aid Society, in her last nineteen years. By 1900, he was known to have developed rheumatism and erysipelas. Her water supply was piped to her free of charge by the town of Palmer Lake.

Murat was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. She died in March 13, 1910, and was buried near Henri in Riverside Cemetery. To commemorate her services, a boulder of silver plume granite was placed on her grave, bearing the inscription:— "In memory of the maker of the first United States Flag in Colorado, Katrina Wolf Murat 1824-1910, Erected by Denver Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution."

First United States flag in Colorado
In the winter of 1858-1859, Murat, assisted by Wapolah, a Sioux, sewed the seams of the first U.S. flag in Colorado. Murat purchased blue and white muslin (), but, lacking red material, cut up a red merino petticoat, which she had brought from France. Wapolah aided in sewing the stripes, while Murat arranged the placing of the stars. The significance of the flag was grasped only partially by Wapolah. She thought it applied more to the President than to the country, for she often said, while regarding it: "for the great Father at Washington." Later, Wapolah heeded the call of her own people, returned to the Dakotahs, and was lost sight of. A pole was brought from the foothills and the flag raised by means of rope and pulley, amidst a throng of spectators. Three hearty cheers ended the ceremony.

Nicknamed the "Betsy Ross of Colorado", when asked, in her old age, how she made the flag without a pattern, she answered:— "How could anyone who has seen that flag and loves liberty and freedom forget what it is like? I knew there must be a star for every State and I counted the States at that time. When you love America, you love the American flag."

Notes

References

Attribution

Bibliography

External links

Category:1824 births
Category:1910 deaths
Category:People from Bruchsal
Category:People from Denver
Category:Flags of the United States
Category:German emigrants to the United States


James Dahl

American businessman and philanthropist James Herbert Dahl (born August 16, 1953) is the founder and former chairman of Rock Creek Capital, a Jacksonville, Florida-based firm that provides investment services centered on acquiring and managing land in an environmentally responsible manner. He served two four-year terms as a member of the Investment Advisory Council for the State of Florida's Pension Fund - the nation's fourth-largest pension fund—beginning in 2001.  He was chairman of the council from 2005-06.  He previously managed the Convertible Bond Department of investment bank Drexel Burnham Lambert, where he provided testimony against Michael Milken.  Dahl was never charged with any wrongdoing.

Biography
Dahl was born in Minneapolis but raised primarily in Miami and Naples, Florida.  He received his bachelor's degree in finance and real estate from Florida State University (with honors) and earned an MBA from Florida State’s Graduate School of Business in 1975.

From 1981 to 1989, he served as Executive Vice President of investment bank Drexel Burnham Lambert, where he held the post of Senior Vice President  and managed the Convertible Bond Department, under the direction of Michael Milken. He was described by the New York Times as a " Classic 1980's mover and shaker... Once a star salesman for Michael R. Milken's junk-bond operations, he later received immunity for testifying against him."   Dahl was granted criminal immunity, in exchange for his testimony before a Grand Jury in October, 1988.   Milken was indicted for stock manipulation in March, 1989. He was eventually convicted, and served a 22-month prison sentence; the company declared bankruptcy on February 14, 1990.

After Drexel, Dahl  founded Rock Creek Capital and its affiliated entities in 1989, serving as chairman until 2009, when he was succeeded by real estate magnate John C. Cushman, III.  In 1994, Dahl co-founded Timbervest, LLC, a timberland investment organization that managed over $500 million in assets prior to its sale in 2004.

He is married to the former Kathleen Mary Rainey and has five children.

Philanthropy
A longtime philanthropist, Dahl created The Dahl Family Foundation in 2003 as a vehicle for his contributions to support higher education and   opportunities for children, in particular The Emily Krzyzewski Center (The Emily K Center) and has given to Wolfson’s Children’s Hospital, Duke University, Florida State University, The Bolles School, Maclay School, The Guardian of Dreams Foundation, United Way and the American Cancer Society.

He is also actively involved in environmental conservation and preservation.  He is a supporter of Tall Timbers and other land conservation groups, and has donated conservation easements on many of his properties.

References

External links
  Rock Creek Capital Website, James H. Dahl, Partner, Biography
  The Emily Krzyzewski Center

Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:American real estate businesspeople
Category:American philanthropists
Category:Florida State University alumni
Category:Businesspeople from Miami
Category:Businesspeople from Minneapolis
Category:People from Naples, Florida


List of airports in Israel

This is a list of airports in Israel, sorted by types of airport.

Airports

International airports

Currently there are three international airports operational in Israel, all managed by the Israel Airports Authority. Ben Gurion Airport serves as the main entrance and exit airport in and out of Israel. Ramon Airport being the second largest airport serves as the primary diversion airport for Ben Gurion Airport, while Haifa Airport also has a military base alongside its civilian terminal.

Unscheduled domestic airports

There are two other airports managed by the Israel Airports Authority, but have no scheduled flights.

Private airstrips

There are about 14 other airstrips across Israel, which are mostly used privately or for flight trainings.

Military airbases

All military airbases are owned by the Israeli Air Force.

Spaceport

Israel's only spaceport, also has a military airbase alongside the spaceport. Traffic is restricted by the Israeli Air Force. It is also managed partially by the Israel Space Agency.

Closed airports

By passenger numbers

Gallery

See also
 Transportation in Israel
 List of airports by ICAO code: L#LL – Israel
 Wikipedia: Airline destination lists: Asia#Israel

References

 Israeli Airports Authority (I.A.A.)
 Official map of military airbases

  - includes IATA codes
 Great Circle Mapper: Airports in Israel - IATA and ICAO codes
 World Aero Data: Israel - ICAO codes

Israel
Airports
Airports
Israel


Moorthorpe railway station

Moorthorpe railway station serves Moorthorpe and South Kirkby, near Pontefract, in the City of Wakefield district of West Yorkshire, England. It lies on the Wakefield Line and the Dearne Valley Line,  north of Sheffield and is served by Northern.

The station was opened in May 1879, jointly by the Midland Railway and North Eastern Railway, as part of their Swinton and Knottingley Joint Railway scheme. A short chord was also built at the same time to link the S&K Joint line with the main Doncaster to Leeds line at South Kirkby Junction. Upon opening, Moorthorpe marked the northern limit of the part of the line maintained by the Midland Railway; the southern end of the intersection bridge over the Doncaster to Leeds line, marked the actual boundary. North of that point, the North Eastern Railway undertook the maintenance. Moorthorpe station is of North Eastern Railway design, as is Pontefract Baghill.

This latter connection is now part of the main line between Sheffield and Leeds, and is used by CrossCountry services between Edinburgh Waverley and Birmingham New Street, and beyond. In addition, local trains on the Leeds – Rotherham Central – Sheffield route (Wakefield Line) use the spur and call at the station. This connecting line is now effectively the main line, and it splits from the S & K route immediately north of the station, with the track to York then bridging the GNR main line on its way northwards.  This junction (and the adjacent loops to the south of the station) was controlled from the nearby Midland Railway signal box until May 2011, but following signalling equipment renewal work the area is now under the control of the ROC at York.

After the station was reduced to the status of an unstaffed halt in the 1980s, the station building was converted into a pub. This closed in the early 1990s and the building became derelict. However it has recently been restored by the town council, with funding from the Railway Heritage Trust, to include office space and a cafe.

A footbridge was opened at the station at the end of May 2010; previously passengers had to cross the tracks at a flat crossing.

Services

Monday to Saturdays, an hourly service operates from Moorthorpe to Leeds via Wakefield Westgate and to Sheffield. Sundays the service is two-hourly in both directions.

Three trains each way operate on the Dearne Valley line to York and Sheffield.

The station is less than  away from South Elmsall railway station which means the South Kirkby/South Elmsall area has a half-hourly service (hourly Sundays) to Leeds.

The station is less than  away from Frickley Athletic F.C.

Tickets
The station is in West Yorkshire but South Yorkshire PTE tickets are valid to and from this station on services into South Yorkshire.

References

External links

Category:Railway stations in Wakefield
Category:Former Swinton and Knottingley Joint Railway stations
Category:Railway stations served by Northern (train operating company)
Category:Railway stations opened in 1879


Creek Agency

The Creek Agency was an organ of the U.S. Government authorized to interact and negotiate with the Muscogee Indians of Georgia and the Mississippi Territory (commonly called Creeks by whites). It was set up in 1796 on the Flint River in what is today Crawford County, Georgia by Indian Agent Col. Benjamin Hawkins. He established there a trading post and a plantation. Hawkins, regarded both at the time and now as relatively successful in his interactions with the Creeks, died in 1816. He was succeeded by David B. Mitchell (1817–1821), formerly Governor of Georgia. His tenure was much less successful. The Treaty of the Creek Agency (1818) was signed there. It is not known whether his successor, John Crowell, resided at the Creek Agency.

Category:Crawford County, Georgia
Category:Muscogee
Category:Trading posts in the United States
Category:Plantations in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:1796 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Buildings and structures in Crawford County, Georgia


Mpondo people

The Mpondo people, also called amaMpondo, are a Southern African Nguni/Mbo ethnic group. Their traditional homeland has been in the contemporary era Eastern Cape province of South Africa, more specifically what used to be the Transkei region. They speak a Nguni / Mbo language called isiMpondo' which is similar to other Mbo languages like Siswati, IsiHlubi and isiNdebele. The amaMpondo are currently calling for their language to be recognized as the 12th official language of South Africa.

Having started establishing themselves as a nation from around 500AD, and by 1800 being one of 2 lands under King Faku (the last head of the Faku family) who inherited it from King Faku (the man who fathered the last King) before him, emaMpondweni was fully institutionalized society for hundreds of years before encounter with Europeans or Zulu. During the colonial and Apartheid era, the Mpondo people lived in emaMpondweni in the Transkei along with a minority of free Europeans and Xhosas.

Origins
To cloud the fact that it was a nation with lands shaped like a horn (counting Mpondomise) and to make it easier for telling Intsomi, meaning educative stories, the story of the origin of emaMpondweni was personified. Taking Mpondo as the son since it was used for defending and Mpondomise as the daughter since it was used for attacking and negotiation. Thus according to the Mpondo oral tradition, they are the legendary descendants of Mpondo, the grandson of Sibiside who was the leader of the once-powerful Mbo nation (AbaMbo or MaMbo). Mpondo people are part of AbaMbo group who are thought to have migrated from the Great Lakes into modern-day South Africa or the race of people coming from Ethiopia and along Zambia down past Swaziland, believed to be under the Great Kingdom Kush. This is evident when you look at the ruling plant in the coast south east of Africa and north west of Madagascar, the marijuana plant. It grows in abundance from emaMpondweni up the coast and the coast of Madagascar. It is through king Sibiside that Mpondo the forefather of the nation emerges together with other well known nations. Mpondo people share a common lineage with AmaMpondomise, AmaXesibe, AbakwaMkhize, AmaBomvu and AmaBomvana.

Sibiside's offspring:
 Mavovo (Sibiside's heir and father of the Mkhize clan)
 Gubhela (his descendants also call themselves abakwaMkhize)
 Nomafu (AmaBomvu and AmaBomvana)
 Njanya (AmaMpondo, AmaMpondomise, AmaXesibe)

Mpondo and Mpondomise were twins. There is an ongoing argument about the twin who was the eldest, the most commonly held view is that Mpondo is the senior twin. It is said that while out hunting, Mpondo killed a Lion and refused to hand over the skin to Mpondomise as was the custom (the senior was entitled to skins of certain animals). The tension between the two started from that day and Mpondo and his followers were the first ones to leave and settle elsewhere away from their father's land.

Language

The Mpondo people are currently seeking for their language to be recognised as the 12th official language of the Republic of South Africa. Other Mbo languages include isiSwati, isiNdebele and the various "tekela" languages of nations such as AmaHlubi and AmaZizi. However, since isiXhosa was introduced in schools around Mpondoland most Mpondo people are also fluent in isiXhosa. AmaMpondo also interbred with the San people at an earlier stage and this can be picked up in their language that has various clicks.

Kingdom
The great house of Mpondo is called Qawukeni and is situated in Lusikisiki, Eastern Cape. The right-hand house is called Nyandeni and is situated in Libode, Eastern Cape. The Nyandeni house enjoyed autonomy for decades and was often referred to as Western Mpondoland, while the Qawukeni house was referred to as Eastern Mpondoland.

The towns in the Mpondo kingdom include Lusikisiki, Siphaqeni (known as Flagstaff), Mbizana (erroneously called Bizana), Ntabankulu, Port St John's, Libode and Ngqeleni.

Mzintlava (now known as Kokstad) was allotted to Adam Kok of the Griquas.

Genealogy of kings
The most prominent of all kings of the Mpondo nation is Faku (1780–1867); he resided in Qawukeni as it's still the tradition today. The Nyandeni house was established by Ndamase, Faku's right-hand son and a prominent general of the Mpondo army during the Mfecane wars.

The genealogy of Mpondo kings in order:

Mpondo kaNyanya
Sihula kaMpondo
Mthwa kaSihula
Santsabe kaMthwa
Mkhondwane kaSantsabe
Sukude kaMkhondwane
Hlambangobubende kaSukude
Ziqelekazi kaHlambangobubende
Hlamandana kaZiqelekazi
Thobe kaHlamandana
Msiza kaThobe
Ncindisi kaMsiza
Cabe kaNcindisi
Gangatha kaCiya
Bhala kaGangatha
Chithwayo kaBhala
Ndayeni kaChithwayo
Thahla kaNdayeni
Nyawuza kaThahle
Ngqungqushe kaNyawuza
Faku kaNqgungqushe
Mqikela kaFaku
Sigcau kaMqikela
Marelane kaSigcau
Mandlonke kaMarelane
Botha Manzolwandle Jongilizwe Sigcau kaMarelane
Mpondombinini Thandizulu Sigcau kaBotha Manzolwandle Jongilizwe Sigcau
Zanozuko Tyelovuyo Sigcau

King Cabe was the first king of the Mpondo nation to cross Mthamvuna river and settled in Siphaqeni. King Ngqungqushe's mother was the first woman whose "ikhazi" (dowry) was paid for by the kingdom, which makes King Ngqungqushe the first "kumkani" in the modern sense.

King Sigcau is known for his militancy in his fight against colonial rule and imposition of colonial policies, notably the hut taxes in the Mpondo Kingdom. He was later arrested for these actions and incarcerated in Robben Island. He remains a hero to the Mpondo people and admired for his bravery. King Sigcau Bravery Award was launched in his honour. His son King Marelane would become one of the founding Kings of the oldest political party in Africa the African National Congress in 1912 in support of the fight against colonial rule in South Africa. His grandson Nkosi Ntsikayezwe Sigcau would follow in the footsteps of his forefathers and become an ANC liberation activist, contributing in the struggle for liberation in South Africa. This also saw him arrested and harassed for his political activities.

Mpondo Clans and tributary clans
There are three types of clans you find in Mpondoland (kwa-Mpondo/emaMpondweni) today. First, there clans that arise out of the many houses of the Kings listed in the section above (Mpondo's descendants). Secondly, there are clans of the older AbaMbo/MaMbo tribe from which Mpondo himself was born out, therefore these are people of his ancestors. Thirdly, there are clans/tribes who have immigrated to Mpondoland and now pay tribute to the Mpondo kingdom.

In more detail:

 From Sihula we have ImiQwane, AmaNtusi
 From Mthwa we have ImiThwa, AmaWoshe, AmaNgcwangule, AmaGingqi, AmaKhwalo
 From Mkhondwane we have AmaNtlane, AmaValela, AmaGcuda
 From Sukude we have AmaSame, AmaNcenjane
 From Cabe we have AmaCabe, AmaTshomane, AmaDwera, AmaQhiya, AmaNjilo, AmaGqwaru, AmaNqanda
 From Gangatha we have AmaGangatha, ImiCapathi
 From Bhala we have AmaBhala, AmaChithwayo, AmaKhonjwayo, AmaHeleni, AmaNgcoya, AmaNyathi, AmaJola
 From Ndayini we have AmaNdayini
 From Thahle we have AmaThahle
 From Nyawuza we have AmaNyawuza

Some of the following clans were followers of Mpondo kings from the beginning, some only came later during the reign of Faku:

AmaYalo
AmaMpisi
AmaNgcikwa
AmaKhanyayo
ImiZizi
AmaNtshangase
AmaKhwetshube
AmaNgutyana
Izilangwe (lineage of the silangwe clan according to the oral history) SILANGWE is /was the head and the founder of abakwaSilangwe clan, here are his descendants /offsprings that took over from him,
CHUSHELA kaSILANGWE,
SOTHONGOTHI kaCHUSHELA,
MBHABHAMA kaSOTHONGOTHI,
NTOBELA kaMBHABHAMA,
NDUKUDE kaNTOBELA,
NTAMONDE kaNDUKUDE,
MSUTHU ka NTAMONDE,
SIWISA ka MSUTHU,
Silangwe was also known by isikhahlelo/salute or praise name VALANGOMKHONTW'MNYANGO which translate (Block the entry by a spear).He was one of the great warriors of abambo/abasembo tribe where one had to lead and guide his clan against imminent intruders......

AmaXolo
AmaDiba
AmaNci
AmaCwera
AmaMpinge
Omaduna
AmaXhosa
AmaZulu
AmaSwati
AbeSotho

Tributary clans
These tribes/ clans are not unique to Mpondoland, they usually are small groups in Mpondoland who left their tribes/kingdoms having been given land by Mpondo Kings and thus recognised as forming part of AmaMpondo Kingdom and paying tribute to Mpondo Kings.

 AmaTolo
 AmaZizi
 Bakwena (Sotho)
 Amahlabe
 Other small groups from other kingdoms

Apartheid
The Mpondo Revolt (1960–1962) was the result of the resistance of the Mpondo people against the implementation of the Bantu Authorities Act, part of the Apartheid legislation. Under the Apartheid ideology, separate development of the various ethnic groups of South Africa was proposed and part of that was to segregate black Africans into 'homelands' that were granted independence from South Africa.

Pondo Revolts
The revolts were related sporadic events that took place in different areas of the Eastern Cape in what was referred to as Pondoland then, under the “rule of King Botha Sigcau. There are various reasons that have been accredited to having been the cause of the revolts in Pondoland, which are mainly centred on the people of Pondoland resisting the colonial government’s rule in Pondoland.

Causes

There were varying reasons that lead to the revolts notably the land rehabilitation programme, the Bantu Authorities System and the increase in taxes.

The land rehabilitation programme
The land rehabilitation programme was a system that entailed the colonisers keeping the fertile soils to themselves and allocating the less fertile lands to the local people. The Mpondo people revolted against this.

The Bantu Authorities System
This system brought about tension between the people of Pondoland and their chiefs.
The Bantu Authorities System created a pseudo sense of power as colonial authorities gave chiefs limited power, ensuring that administrative duties were still being assigned to the colonial government. This disrupted the system as people were used to being consulted at the Inkundla before decisions were made. Inkundla was when members of a community met together to discuss issues affecting the district/area and made decisions.

Series of events leading to the 1960 revolts
The first signs of revolt were apparent through local vigilante groups such as the Makhuluspani. The Makhuluspani was a group that was created in a bid to combat stock theft in the districts of Tsolo and Qumbu in the 1950s. It is reported that these groups targeted headmen and chiefs who were cooperating or suspected to be cooperating with the colonial government. There were also conflicts around the Bizana area during that same year as the government intended to fence off a certain area on the coastal area to reserve the forests and coastal zones without having consulted the people of Pondoland. People were evicted out of their land, and at one stage during evictions police were attacked.

In 1959, in the Bizana district, Saul Mabude who was the chairman of the district authority and advocate for the Bantu Authorities system was asked to meet with the people of that community. He was tasked with explaining the Bantu Authorities system to them, however he did not show up as he feared for his life. The consequence to his actions resulted in him having his house burnt and the police terrorizing the people in that area. This did not deter the Pondo people from mobilising against the government, who made it clear to Chief Sigcau, who was the King at the time that the Bantu system was not going to be enforced on their watch.

In June 1960 a meeting was called at Ngquza Hill. These meetings had become the norm during the apartheid era around that area as people used them to educate each other on the events that were taking place, thus the meetings on the hill were not held secretly. The police were tipped about the meeting, who in turn upon their arrival fired on the people at the hill. This resulted in the arrest of 23 people and the death of 11 people. In retaliation, there was an ambush on a police patrol in Flagstaff. These people were shot at by the police, resulting in the injury of two policemen and the arrest of one headman.

In November 1960 in Flagstaff, a mass meeting was called at Ngqanduli. Chief Vukayibambe called the police and helped disperse the meeting. One of the protesters was killed, this resulting in Vukayibambe’s kraal being set on fire and his death. All those who had an affiliation with the chief and supported him were killed, injured and their kraals set alight. The police were sent to defuse the situation.

Stabilisation of the revolts
A commission of inquiry was held right after the massacre. The demands from the people of Pondoland entailed the Bantu Authorities, Bantu Education Acts being withdrawn, the relief from taxes. Their demands were not met, and in retaliation the Pondo boycotted all white owned stores in Pondoland.

By the end of November 1960, a state of emergency was declared in Pondoland, in Flagstaff, Bizana, Tabankulu, Lusikisiki and Mount Ayliff. No one could access those areas without a permit, and the west of Umtata was closed off. The revolts were shut down through heavy policing and raiding tax evaders. The Bantu Home Guard was also established by the chiefs in a bid to shut down the revolts, with the aid of the military force that was sent by the state in a bid to subjugate the areas in Pondoland where the revolts had occurred till 1963.

In 1960, a total of 4769 had been imprisoned during this period of the revolts form 1950–1960, and 2067 brought to trial and it is reported that 30 people were sentenced to death during August and October in 1961.

Arts and entertainment
The Mpondo people are one of the major tribes that produce and consumes the genre of music called Maskandi but the Mpondo people are unique in a performance of ukusina(Nguni dance) and their own traditional dance called "imfene" (baboon dance). This dance(imfene) is performed by young ones and adults of both sexes to the sounds of Maskandi music.

Mpondo culture and heritage festival

Mpondo Culture and Heritage Festival is celebrated annually by Mpondo to celebrate their culture and heritage. It is the biggest cultural event celebrated in the Kingdom attended by approximately over 20 000 people preceded by the Annual Mpondo Reed Dance. It is held in September of every year at Lwandlolubomvu Great Place, Ntabankulu; palace of the customary head Jongilanga Sigcau. Ntabankulu is the mountainous part of the Mpondo Kingdom surrounded by the great Mzimvubu River. Ntabankulu in Mpondo language means Big Mountains. September is important in the Mpondo history as it was originally the Mpondo new year in the ancient Mpondo calendars and also two of the Mpondo Kings King Mqikela and King Sigcau were born on this month.  The Mpondo Culture and Heritage Festival also celebrates the roles played by these icons, including the legendary Kings Faku, Mqikela, Sigcau, Marhelane amongst others. This events also seeks to promote cultural diversity through sharing of Mpondo Culture and heritage with other cultures from South Africa, broader African continent and beyond the Oceans. It attracts a lot of tourists both local and international tourists and is one of the biggest events in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

Beliefs and cosmology
The supreme being according to Mpondo people is known as "Umdali" (The creator). Mpondo people also practice the appeasement of ancestors like all other Bantu tribes.

Mpondo people still practice the old tradition of rain-making. Rain-makers usually come from the AmaYalo clan and some from AmaKhwetshube. Mpondo people also perform facial scarification known as "ukuchaza" which is normally necessitated by the sickness of the person to be scarified, which is interpreted as a patient needing the ritual of its ancestors.

In Mpondoland there are people are said to have a calling to be diviners, healers and medicine experts.

Mpondo lunar calendar
According to the ancient AbaMbo people, including Mpondo September is the first month of the year. There are some Mpondo people who recognise the appearance of the Pleiades ("isilimela") to signal the beginning of the year, but it is most likely that this interpretation was adopted from the Xhosa people. Mpondo calendar is as follows commencing with uMphanda the first month of the year according to the ancient Mpondo Calendar.

uMphanda (September)
uZibandlela (October)
uLwezi (November)
uNtsinga (December)
uNtlolanja (January)
uNdazosela (February)
um'Basa (March)
uMgudlula (April)
uNtlangula (May)
uNtulikazi (June)
uNcwabakazi (July)
uMfumfu (August)

Notable Mpondo Leaders
 Winnie Madikizela-Mandela - South African politician
 Nobantu Bubbles Mpondo- Super Model of the 70's who defied the immorality act and was killed for her defiance.
 Botha Sigcau - the King of Mpondo and father of Stella Sigcau Ntsikayezwe Sigcau and mpondombini sigcau
 Mpondombini Sigcau - the king of mpondo after his father king Botha sigcau
 Gquma, alias Bessie, a white woman who served as queen of the Tshomane Mpondo after her marriage to King Sango.
 Nkosi Ntsikayezwe Sigcau - son of Botha Sigcau and ANC liberation activist.
 Stella Sigcau - former ANC MP
 Oliver Tambo - former and longest serving president of the ANC
 Dali Tambo - the son of Oliver Tambo
 Rev. Makhenkesi Stofile - the second Premier of the Eastern Cape
 Lulu Dikana - Musician
 Zonke Dikana - Musician
 Simphiwe Dana - Musician
 Miriam Makeba - Musician
Ami Faku - Musician
Inkunzi Emdaka - Maskandi Artist
 Wandisile Ndiyamthanda Nqeketho= a social entrepreneur/cultural activist
King Tyelovuyo Zanozuko Sigcau
 Princess Stella Sigcau II, founder of the Mpondo Culture and Heritage Festival, founder of the Mpondo Reed Dance, SA diplomat, cultural activist
 Wandile Mana, farmer and prominent business man

See also
Botha Sigcau
Faku kaNgqungqhuse
Isinuka Mud Caves and Sulphur Pools
List of current constituent African monarchs
Pondoland
Mpondo Revolt (1950-1962)
Eastern Cape
Xhosa clan names

References

Category:Ethnic groups in South Africa


Rhinectomy

A Rhinectomy is the surgical removal of a nose. If only part of the nose is removed it is called a partial rhinectomy, while  entire nose removal is called a total rhinectomy.  Often, a nose prosthesis is required for rehabilitation.

History
Rhinectomy has traditionally been a form of disfiguring judicial corporal punishment. The ancient Egyptians removed the noses of some criminals and exiled them to the Sinai towns of Tjaru or Rhinocorura, whose own name was Greek for "nose removal". The Byzantine Empire, believing that their emperor should represent a human ideal, removed the noses of both criminals and rival emperors, with the idea that such disfigurement disqualified its recipients from office. The notable exception was the second reign of , who gained the epithet Rhinotmetus or  "the Slit-Nose".

See also
 List of surgeries by type

References

Category:Surgical removal procedures
Category:Nose surgery


Uchko‘prik District

Uchko‘prik District () is a raion (district) of Fergana Region in Uzbekistan. The capital lies at Uchko‘prik.

Population

164 400 people.

Category:Districts of Uzbekistan
Category:Fergana Region


Phil Egan

Phillip Egan (born 9 February 1963) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club and Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Egan played 125 games for Richmond from 1982 to 1990, and one game for Melbourne in 1991.

References
 Hogan P: The Tigers Of Old, Richmond FC, Melbourne 1996

External links

Category:Richmond Football Club players
Category:Melbourne Football Club players
Category:Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Category:1963 births
Category:Living people


Neville Taylor

Neville Taylor (born 22 June 1953) is  a former Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Notes

External links

Category:Living people
Category:1953 births

Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Category:Fitzroy Football Club players
Category:Warrnambool Football Club players


Angelos Akotantos

Angelos Akotantos (Greek: Άγγελος Ακοτάντος) was a 15th-century Byzantine-Cretan Icon-painter and hagiographer who lived and worked at Heraklion, Crete, then part of the Republic of Venice. He was the first hagiographer to sign his name on his icons by writing in Greek: "Χειρ Αγγέλου" which, translated in English, means "By hand of Angelos".

Most of the information about Akotantos is derived from his will, written in 1436 and now kept at the State Archives of Venice. Angelos Akotantos' known works consist of about 50 pieces, 30 of which are signed icons and an additional 20 which have been reliably attributed to the artist. Akotantos had a workshop in Candia, the capital of Crete, from which he supplied icons to Greek churches and monasteries on Crete, Patmos, Rhodes and elsewhere.

Akotantos was the most important Greek painter of the first half of the 15th century when the center of Byzantine art was transferred from the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantinople, to Heraklion the capital of Crete, as a result of the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Akotantos painted icons of Saint Phanourios in the act of killing a dragon, similar to Saint George, a local tradition found in icons of the 15th century in Crete.

See also
 Hagiography
 Iconography
 Michael Damaskenos

References

External links

 List of works of art shown in the exhibition "Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261–1557)", The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, March 23-July 4, 2004.
 Article in the newspaper Kathimerini
Byzantium: faith and power (1261-1557), an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Akotantos

Category:15th-century Greek people
Category:1450 deaths
Category:People from Heraklion
Category:Cretan Renaissance painters
Category:Christian hagiographers
Category:Icon painters
Category:Year of birth unknown


Bushū-Nakagawa Station

is a railway station in Chichibu, Saitama, Japan, operated by the Chichibu Railway.

Lines
Bushū-Nakagawa Station is served by the Chichibu Main Line from  to , and is located 66.2 km from Hanyū. It is also served by through services to and from the Seibu Chichibu Line.

Station layout
The station is staffed and consists of an island platform serving two tracks. A bidirectional loop for freight trains lies adjacent to track 2 on the south side, and another siding is provided adjacent to track 1 on the north side.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

History
Bushū-Nakagawa Station opened on 15 March 1930.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2000, the station was used by an average of 463 passengers daily.

Surrounding area
 Arakawa River
 National Route 140
 Chichibu Arakawa Higashi Elementary School

References

External links

 Bushū-Nakagawa Station information (Saitama Prefectural Government)
 Bushū-Nakagawa Station timetable

Category:Railway stations opened in 1930
Category:Railway stations in Saitama Prefecture