V. Geetha

V. Geetha is an Indian feminist activist who writes on issues related to caste, gender, education and civil rights. She operates from Madras (now known as Chennai) and has carried out research on the nature and proliferation of NGOs operating in Tamil Nadu. She has set up the federation of women's groups in the state and is also the editorial director at Tara Books. Other than this, she has translated two of Perumal Murugan's novels into English. Based on her research, she has observed that "Violence as an experience seemed to me to represent a point of intersection of trajectories of hurt, touch, love, fear, hunger and shame. It seemed to inhere as much in the grime of every day life, in habitual tone, gesture and touch, as it did in the particular and determined act of violence."

Education
V. Geetha is a feminist activist, writer and historian from Chennai, Tamil Nadu. She studied at Madras Christian College and University of Iowa and was involved in political activism during her college days. Among various notable literary stalwarts, works by Shakespeare inspired her the most. 19th century fiction writers like George Eliot, Leo Tolstoy and Joseph Conrad has also influenced her intellectual understanding. Among Indian writers, she is fond of Medieval Vaishnavaite Bhakti Poetry and the modernists including A. Madavaihah and Subramania Bharati. Apart from this, Bangla writer Sabitri Ray, historian Sheila Rowbotham and critic Marina Warner are few among many women writers who have influenced her literary inclination. As far as her political ideology is concerned, teachings of Ambedkar, Perriyar, Fanon and K.Balagopal has had an immense influence on her.

Career
After completing her studies in 1988, she was active in the women's movement for over two decades, even as she worked at giving extra-mural lectures to women workers, activists and students. Working in the Indian women's movement, she and several others were instrumental in setting up an independent feminist initiative in Tamil Nadu - the Tamil Nadu Women's Coordination Committee (1990). Among other things, the Committee held state-level conferences of importance, including on Violence against Women (1992), on Women, Politics and Autonomy (1997), and Remembering Gujarat (2002). Geetha was also an active member of Snehidi, a women's group that worked with those who faced abuse in the family. This work was carried on for over 8 years and in association with the Tamil Nadu State Legal-Aid Board.
Along with S. V. Rajadurai, she published a series of pioneering Tamil texts that introduced key western Marxist thinkers. Starting from 1991, Rajadurai and Geetha have published in Tamil and English on the Tamil Non-Brahmin movement, including the radical Self-respect movement of E V Ramasamy Periyar.
and is now engaged in writing, teaching and research on subjects related to women. In 1998, she joined Tara books as an editorial director and has been associated with various kinds of art and literary projects on mythology and indigenous tribal and folk traditions since then.

Notable Publications
She has been consistently engaged in writing and translation work and has been actively contributing to various magazines and news portals. Some of her notable publications are: Translation of two novels of Perumal Murugan in Tamil into English; Towards a Non-Brahmin Millennium: from Iyothee Thass to Periyar co-authored with S.V. Rajadurai; Undoing Impunity- Speech after sexual violence;Religious Faith, Ideology, Citizenship: The View from Below co-authored with Nalini Rajan Kita in which several essays deal with varied topics of history and thoughts starting from the Gandhian era of civil disobedience during the British Raj, on freedom movement which involved suppression of freedom and resulted in humiliation of people, and on the Islamic dogmas of universal brotherhood. She has discussed issues of secularism as it has evolved in the 21st century in  many parts of South East Asian region and  when communal issues have dominated in India; and the book titled Fingerprint in which she has  noted that fingerprinting has been opposed by people on the grounds that it violates fundamental rights of people as it tends to "foreclose their identities". Currently, she is engaged in researching the works of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

In Undoing Impunity- Speech after sexual violence, she unravels the idea of impunity with respect to sexual violence in South Asian context. She further highlights the idea of social recognition to describe how state not just misuses laws to disregard the victims of sexual violence but also denies their existence to further delineate them. The author argues that this can only be resolved through the collective effort from both the state as well as the citizens. Towards a non-brahmin Millenium is another book co-authored by V. Geetha which revisits the various transformations of Dravidian movements and highlights the radical and social content embedded within the non-brahminism. Keeping in mind the contemporary dravidian politics, the authors also throw light on the relevance of non-brahmin movements.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu
Category:Indian feminist writers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


ArnoCorps

ArnoCorps is a rock band based in San Francisco, CA which exclusively performs songs based on the films of Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Career

After releasing two self-produced EPs in 2000 and 2001, ArnoCorps built a fan following in the San Francisco Bay Area. The band's full length concept album was announced for release in 2005, titled The Greatest Band Of All Time. British metal label Anticulture Records released the album in the UK and Europe in February 2006. After receiving critical praise in British magazines such as Metal Hammer and Total Guitar, along with mainstream radio airplay on BBC Radio 1, ArnoCorps headlined tours of the UK and Ireland.

The first tour earned the band a 10 out of 10 rating from the BBC for a performance in Manchester, England, an appearance on commercial radio station Kerrang! 105.2 and a rave review of their London show in the October 2006 issue of Bizarre. In 2008, ArnoCorps was voted "Best San Francisco (local) Rock Band" by the readers of SF Weekly.

The band started a Kickstarter campaign to fund their latest project, The Fantastic EP, which covers the Conan films among other new tracks.

Musical style

The lyrics of ArnoCorps songs have a particular emphasis on Schwarzenegger's action roles from the 1980s such as The Terminator, Predator and Total Recall, with many of the lyrics retelling movie dialogue and plots, similar to The Misfits' lyrical focus on horror films and B-movies.

As a further part of their concept, ArnoCorps make tongue-in-cheek claims of being inspired by ancient folklore and mythology originating from the alps of their "native" Austria, suggesting that there are actually sociological and philosophical topics being addressed in their lyrics. As part of a publicity stunt, the band accused several Hollywood movie studios with "stealing" the mythology of Austria for plot material. In 2004, the band attempted to launch a class-action lawsuit against the studios on behalf of the Austrian people, although the case failed to go to court.

Live performances

The band combines a militaristic appearance with a musical style rooted in skate punk and heavy metal. Describing their music as "Action Adventure Hardcore Rock and Roll", the focus of the band is on energetic live performances which feature interaction with the audience. Attendees and fans are referred to by the band as "Goddamn Heroes and Sheroes."

The band's stage show sees all six members dressed in combat fatigues and camouflage paint (inspired by Predator and Commando) and address the audience in "ballsy" accents. Each band member uses a pseudonym and have heroic backstories. ArnoCorps often performs with two bass players in their line-up (an arrangement they refer to as "heroic symmetry").

Discography
 ArnoCorps EP01 (2000)
 ArnoCorps EP02 (2001)
 The Greatest Band Of All Time (2005 US, 2006 UK)
 The Ballsy EP (2009)
 The 2001 EP (2011 Re-release of remastered and remixed select tracks from EP01 and EP02)
 Two More! (2012 Limited Edition CD of the songs Pumping Iron and Stay Hungry)
 The Fantastic EP (2013)
 The Unbelievable (2017)
 Welcome to the Gym! (2019)

Current Line-up
 Holzfeuer - Vocals
 Erich Nagelbett - Guitar
 Vielmehr Klampfe - Guitar
 Inzo Der Barrakuda - Lead Bass
 Karl Dichtschnur - Low Bass
 Baron Von Trotz - Drums

Past Members
 Der Wölf
 Schlagbolzen
 Halstucha
 Toten Adler
 Gellend Adler

References

External links

 Label Website
 ArnoCorps on MySpace
 Feature Story in East Bay Express
 ArnoCorps on Schwarzenegger.com
 Interview by Sound Scene Revolution (Podcast)
 Interview with ArnoCorps on Deviant Nation

Category:Musical groups from San Francisco
Category:Bands with fictional stage personas
Category:Musical groups established in 2000


Kuleh Jaz

Kuleh Jaz (, also Romanized as Kūleh Jāz; also known as Kooljaz, Kūleh Jār, and Kūlī Jāz) is a village in Sardarabad Rural District, in the Central District of Shushtar County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,121, in 200 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Shushtar County


2004 Oklahoma Democratic primary

The Oklahoma Democratic primary, 2004, part of the process of selecting that party's nominee for President of the United States, took place on February 3, one of the seven nominating contests of 2004's "Mini-Tuesday".  The primary election chose 40 pledged delegates to represent Oklahoma at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. The remainder of Oklahoma's 47 delegates consisted of unpledged superdelegates not bound by the results of the primary. The election was a closed primary, meaning that only registered Democrats could vote in this election. Wesley Clark won the primary by a razor-thin margin over John Edwards.

Candidates
General Wesley Clark of Arkansas
Former Governor Howard Dean of Vermont
Senator John Edwards of North Carolina
Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts
Representative Dennis Kucinich of Ohio
Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut, 2000 Democratic Party vice-presidential candidate
Reverend Al Sharpton of New York

Withdrawn
Representative Dick Gephardt of Missouri, former House Minority Leader
Former Senator and Ambassador Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois

Results

References

Category:2004 United States Democratic presidential primaries
Category:2004 Oklahoma elections
2004


Woodstock Diary

Woodstock Diary is the third live album released of the 1969 Woodstock Festival concert. It was released at the same time as the 4-CD box set titled Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music, but contains some tracks not available on the box set.

Track listing
 "Let's Go Get Stoned" – 5:30
Performed by Joe Cocker.
 "The Weight" – 4:30
Performed by The Band.
 "Mean Town Blues" – 4:20
Performed by Johnny Winter.
 "Blackbird" – 2:35
Performed by Crosby, Stills, & Nash.
 "Try (Just a Little Bit Harder)" – 4:15
 "Ball and Chain" – 6:14
Tracks 5-6 performed by Janis Joplin.
 "I Can't Make It Anymore" – 3:50
Performed by Richie Havens.
 "Somebody to Love" – 4:00
 "White Rabbit" – 2:25
Tracks 8-9 performed by Jefferson Airplane.
 "If I Were a Carpenter" – 2:35
Performed by Tim Hardin.
 "Southbound Train" – 3:30
Performed by Mountain.
 "Love City" – 6:21
Performed by Sly & the Family Stone.
 "I Shall Be Released" – 5:50
Performed by Joe Cocker..
 "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" – 12:10
Performed by Jimi Hendrix..

Category:1994 live albums
Category:1994 compilation albums
Category:Live rock albums
Category:Rock compilation albums
Category:Atlantic Records compilation albums
Category:Atlantic Records live albums
Category:Woodstock Festival


Mieszkowo, Lubusz Voivodeship

Mieszkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzebiechów, within Zielona Góra County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

References

Mieszkowo


Hittitology

Hittitology is the study of the Hittites, an ancient Anatolian people that established an empire around Hattusa in the 2nd millennium BCE. It combines aspects of the archaeology, history, philology, and art history of the Hittite civilisation.

List of Hittitologists
A partial list of notable Hittite scholars includes:

 Selim Adalı
 Metin Alparslan
 Trevor R. Bryce (born 1940)
 Gary Beckman
 Jeanny Vorys Canby
 Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate (1930–2013)
 Birgit Christiansen
 Billie Jean Collins
 Halet Çambel
 Petra Goedegebuure
 Albrecht Goetze (1897–1971)
 Oliver Gurney (1911–2001)
 Hans G. Güterbock (1908–2000)
 Harry A. Hoffner (1934–2015)
 Theo van den Hout
 Bedřich Hrozný (1879–1952)
 Sara Kimball
 Alwin Kloekhorst
 Gregory McMahon
 Craig Melchert
 Jared L. Miller
 Alice Mouton
 Andreas Schachner
 Daniel Schwemer
 Itamar Singer (1946–2012)
 Edgar H. Sturtevant (1875–1952)
 Piotr Taracha
 Willemijn Waal
 Kazuhiko Yoshida

See also

History of the Hittites
Hittite language
Hittite grammar
Hittite phonology
Assyriology
Egyptology

References

*
Category:Archaeological sub-disciplines


8th Reconnaissance Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars)

The 8th Reconnaissance Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars), commonly abbreviated to 8 Recce, VIII Recce or (within the British Army) 8 Canadian Recce, was the reconnaissance arm of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division during World War II.

Formation and structure

8 Recce was formed at Guillemont Barracks, near Aldershot in southern England, on March 11, 1941, by merging three existing squadrons within the division.  Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Churchill C. Mann.  Mann was succeeded as commanding officer on September 26, 1941, by Lieutenant Colonel P. A. Vokes, who was in turn followed on February 18, 1944, by Lieutenant Colonel M. A. Alway.  The last commanding officer was Major "Butch" J. F. Merner, appointed to replace Alway a couple of months before the end of the fighting in Europe.

8 Recce had its roots in the 14th Canadian Light Horse, a militia unit formed in 1920. One source claims the unit was the union of the 27th Light Horse and the 14th Canadian Mounted Rifles, but the official lineage shows no amalgamation in 1920, just a renaming of the 27th Light Horse. Authoritative lists of units in the Active Militia and the Canadian Expeditionary Force show no record of a "14th Canadian Mounted Rifles" – there were only 13 regiments of mounted rifles organized in the CEF.  In any event, the 14th Canadian Light Horse in the 1920s was headquartered in Swift Current, Saskatchewan.  It comprised 'A', 'B' and 'C' Squadrons based at Swift Current, Swift Current and Shuanavon, respectively.  In 1937 the regiment was designated a mechanized unit, and in 1940 the regiment was renamed the 14th Canadian Hussars.  In 1941 an Active Service regiment was mobilized, and its members joined with other reconnaissance personnel in England to form 8 Recce.

Following the pattern used in the Reconnaissance Corps of the British Army, 8 Recce was composed of a regimental headquarters (officially 26 men of all ranks at full strength), one headquarters squadron (222 men of all ranks) and three reconnaissance squadrons identified by the letters 'A', 'B' and 'C' (191 men each of all ranks).  The Headquarters Squadron contained a squadron headquarters (6 men), an administrative troop (44 men), a signal troop (40 men), an anti-aircraft troop (9 men), an anti-tank troop (79 men) and a mortar troop (44 men).

Each of the three reconnaissance squadrons was composed of a squadron headquarters (36 men), three scout troops (38 men each) and one assault troop (41 men).  The 12 troops in the reconnaissance squadrons were numbered, with Troops 1 to 4 in 'A' Squadron, Troops 5 to 8 in 'B' Squadron, and Troops 9 to 12 in 'C' Squadron.  Troops 4, 8 and 12 were the assault troops.  A reconnaissance squadron was commanded by a major assisted by a captain.

A scout troop comprised one reconnaissance section and two carrier sections.   Each scout troop (38 men of all ranks) would usually be commanded by a lieutenant assisted by a second lieutenant. An assault troop (about 41 men of all ranks) contained four assault sections (8 men each).  Each assault troop was commanded by a lieutenant assisted by a sergeant.

The nominal strength of the regiment was 42 officers, 71 non-commissioned officers and 708 other ranks for a total of 821 men of all ranks.

Primary mission, weapons and equipment

The primary mission of 8 Recce was to provide reconnaissance capabilities for the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division.  Reconnaissance involves determining the location and capabilities of enemy units, and providing current information concerning the state of the theatre of operations (e.g., road and bridge conditions, alternative lines of advance).  Weak enemy positions might be attacked if the opportunity arose, but strong-points are generally bypassed and left for assault units to tackle.  Nevertheless, determining the position and strength of the rear guard of a retreating enemy, or the location and strength of newly established defence lines, will frequently draw fire and provoke combat situations.  Unless the enemy is retreating in especially disorganized fashion, a lightly armoured reconnaissance unit is vulnerable to land mines and ambushes. Consequently 8 Recce, along with other reconnaissance battalions, had significant assault capabilities to allow it to rescue pinned down scout units.

After its formation in England, 8 Recce was equipped initially with BSA M20 motorcycles, 15-cwt and 3-ton Canadian Military Pattern trucks, the light Fox Armoured Car, automatic weapons and radio communication equipment.  The equipment was upgraded progressively during the three years of training in England to include more heavily armed armoured cars and a variety of weapons systems in response to the combat experience of other reconnaissance regiments in the Reconnaissance Corps.  During the campaign to liberate northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands, the primary scouting vehicles of 8 Recce were the Mark IIIA Humber Armoured Car as well as the (from October 1944 onward) Daimler Armoured Cars.  Although the ruggedness and speed of these lightly armoured wheeled vehicles was ideal for the reconnaissance role during the campaign across Northwest Europe, they were vulnerable to German antitank weapons, such as the 75-mm and 88-mm guns. Other major weapons deployed by 8 Recce included the Universal Gun Carrier, the M5 half-track, 2-inch light mortars, 3-inch mortars, 6-pounder anti-tank guns, PIAT portable anti-tank weapons, and heavy machine guns.

Toward the end of the war each scout troop was equipped with five armoured cars (three Daimlers and two Humbers) and seven Universal Gun Carriers (each mounted with one American 0.5 inch (12.7mm) M2 Browning machine gun heavy machine gun, replacing the original 0.303 (7.7mm) Bren light machine gun). Each assault troop was equipped with five half-tracks, each carrying one .50-calibre heavy machine gun.

In accordance with the system of vehicle markings used by the British Army, the vehicles of 8 Recce were identified as belonging to a reconnaissance unit by the presence of a square "unit mark" containing the number 41 in white on top of a two-tone, green above blue background.

Action during World War II

8 Recce spent the first three years of its existence involved in training and coastal defence duties in southern England.  It was not involved in the ill-fated Dieppe Raid on August 19, 1942, and thus avoided the heavy losses suffered that day by many other units of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division.  The regiment landed with its division in Normandy on July 6, 1944, one month after D-Day, and first entered combat as infantry in the ongoing Battle of Normandy.  The regiment's first three combat deaths occurred on July 13, two of which when a shell struck a slit trench sheltering two men near Le Mesnil. Another Trooper was killed during the Battle of Caen the same day from a mortar shell.

Following the near-destruction of the German Seventh Army and Fifth Panzer Army in the Falaise Pocket in August 1944, the remaining German forces were compelled into a rapid fighting retreat out of Northern France and much of Belgium.  8 Recce provided the reconnaissance function for its division during the advance of the First Canadian Army eastward out of Normandy, up to and across the Seine River, and then along the coastal regions of northern France and Belgium.  The regiment was involved in spearheading the liberation of the port cities of Dieppe and Antwerp; it was also involved in the investment of Dunkirk, which was then left under German occupation until the end of war.  8 Recce saw heavy action through to the end of the war including the costly Battle of the Scheldt, the liberation of the Netherlands and the invasion of Germany.

An early demonstration of the mobility and power of the armoured cars of 8 Recce occurred during the liberation of Orbec in Normandy.  Over August 21 to 23, the infantry of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division had succeeded in pushing eastward up to the west bank of the River Tourques, but they were unable to expand an initial bridgehead across the river because of the presence of enemy positions in Orbec on the east bank.  Humbers of 8 Recce had meanwhile scouted out possible river crossings northwest of the town.  They succeeded in crossing the Tourques, then circled back to Orbec and attacked the German defenders unexpectedly from the north and east.  Enemy resistance in the town was rapidly overcome and the division's advance towards the Seine could resume.

The reconnaissance role of 8 Recce often put its members well ahead of the main body of the division, especially during the pursuit of the retreating German army across northern France and Belgium in late August and September 1944.  For example, elements of 8 Recce entered Dieppe on the morning of September 1, 1944, scene of the disastrous Dieppe Raid of 1942, a full 12 hours before the arrival of truck-borne Canadian infantry.  The liberation of Dieppe was facilitated by the withdrawal of the German occupying forces on the previous day. The unexpectedly early liberation allowed a planned and likely devastating Allied bombing raid on the city to be called off.  8 Recce was responsible for liberating many other towns in the campaign across Northwest Europe.

During the Battle of the Scheldt, 8 Recce advanced westwards and cleared the southern bank of the West Scheldt river. In one notable action, armoured cars of 'A' Squadron were ferried across the river; on the other side the cars then proceeded to liberate the island of North Beveland by November 2, 1944. Bluff played an important role in this operation. The German defenders had been warned that they would be attacked by ground support aircraft on their second low-level pass if they did not surrender immediately. Shortly thereafter 450 Germans surrendered after their positions were buzzed by 18 Typhoons.  Unbeknownst to the Germans, the Typhoons would not have been able to fire on their positions since the aircraft's munitions were already committed to another operation.

Shortly after midnight on the night 6–7 February 1945 (Haps, Holland), when 11 and 12 troops of C Sqn. patrolled and contacted each other and started back - 11 troop patrol was challenged with halt from, the ditch. L/Cpl. Bjarne Tangen fired a sten magazine into the area from which the challenge came and then he and the others quickly took-up positions in the ditch, while the 3rd member of their patrol ran back and collected the 12 troop patrol, together with reinforcements from 12 troop and returned to the scene of firing. The evening ended with the patrol taking one German prisoner and one deceased. The German prisoner, Lt. Gunte Finke, was interrogated and he disclosed that he gave himself up after seeing the response of an estimated 30 men from the skirmish. The German intention was to verify information that armoured cars were in the area; not to bother with foot patrol or prisoners, but to attempt to "Bazooka one of our vehicles with the 2 Panzerfaust that their patrols carried". L/Cpl.Tangen was awarded the Dutch Bronze Cross, and Mentioned in dispatches, for this event.

On April 12, 1945, No. 7 Troop of 'B' Squadron liberated Camp Westerbork, a transit camp built to accommodate Jews, Romani people and other people arrested by the Nazi authorities prior to their being sent into the concentration camp system. Bedum, entered on April 17, 1945, was just one of many Dutch towns liberated by elements of 8 Recce in the final month of the war.

8 Recce's last two major engagements were the Battle of Groningen over April 13–16 and the Battle of Oldenburg, in Germany, over April 27 to May 4.  Three members of 8 Recce were killed on May 4, just four days before VE Day, when their armoured car was struck by a shell.

During the war 79 men were killed outright in action while serving in 8 Recce, and a further 27 men died of wounds.

Battle honours

The battle honours of 8 Recce are as follows. The battle honours in small capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. Battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the regimental guidon.
 (July 6–18, 1944)
 (August 7–22, 1944)
Falaise Road (August 7–9, 1944)
Clair Tizon (August 11 and 13, 1944)
The Laison (August 14–17, 1944)
The Seine, 1944 (August 25–28, 1944)
Antwerp–Turnhout Canal (September 24–29, 1944)
 (October 1 – November 8, 1944)
Woensdrecht (October 1–27, 1944)
South Beveland (October 24–31, 1944)
 (February 8 – March 10, 1945)
Twente Canal (April 2–4, 1945)
Groningen (April 13–16, 1945)
Oldenburg (April 27 – May 4, 1945)

Postwar history

8 Recce was deactivated in Swift Current on December 15, 1945, but after the war it continued to function as a militia regiment. The regiment was redesignated the 8th Armoured Car Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars) in 1947, and renamed again the 14th Canadian Hussars in 1958. In 1968 the militia regiment was essentially disbanded when it was moved to the Supplementary Order of Battle as part of a major reorganization of the Canadian Forces.

Lineage of the 14th Canadian Hussars:

Chris LaBossiere, the grandson of an 8th Recce Lance-Corporal, Bjarne Tangen, has secured and distributes a copy of the Official War Diary to family members who request it by emailing him.

See also

 4th Reconnaissance Regiment (4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards)
 7th Reconnaissance Regiment (17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars)
 3rd Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (The Governor General's Horse Guards)
 29th Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (The South Alberta Regiment)
 The Reconnaissance Corps of the British Army

Notes

References

Official War Diary: Government of Canada War Archives. Copy available from Chris LaBossiere.
Alway, B. M.: "Battle History of the Regiment: 14 Cdn Hussars", 8th Cdn Recce Association, Victoria, BC, 1993.
Copp, Terry: "Cindarella Army: The Canadians in Northwest Europe, 1944–1945", University of Toronto Press, 2006, .
Bell, Kenneth: "The Way We Were", University of Toronto Press, 1988, .
Doherty, Richard: "Only the Enemy in Front (Every Other Beggar Behind...) The Recce Corps at War 1940–1946", Tom Donovan Publishing Ltd., London, England, 1994, .
Doherty, Richard: "The British Reconnaissance Corps in World War II", Osprey Publishing Ltd., Oxford, England, 2007, .
Gooderson, Ian: "Air Power at the Battlefront", Routledge, Oxford, England, 1998, .
Green, R. F.: "A Short History of the 8th Canadian Reconnaissance Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars).  Privately published.
Law, Cecil E.: "Kamp Westerbork: Transit Camp to Eternity: The Liberation Story": The Canadian Peacekeeping Press, 2000.
Marteinson, John K. et al.: "The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps: An Illustrated History", Robin Brass Studio, 2000, .
Mason, Tom: 8 Recce veteran and Past President of the 8 Recce Association, personal communication concerning the structure and equipment.
Williams, C.D. (ed.): Sabertache: The Memorial Journal of the VIII Recce Association, March 1966.
Zuehlke, Mark: "Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army and the Scheldt Estuary Campaign: September 13 – November 6, 1944", Douglas & McIntyre, 2009, .

External links
8 Recce History
The 14th Canadian Hussars
Royal Canadian Armoured Corps Association webpage for 8 Recce

Category:Armoured regiments of Canada
Category:Hussars
Category:Military units and formations of Canada in World War II
Category:Military units and formations established in 1941
Category:Swift Current


Felix Klaus

Felix Klaus (born 13 September 1992) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for VfL Wolfsburg.

Club career

Greuther Fürth
Klaus started his professional career with SpVgg Greuther Fürth, making his debut in the 2010–11 2. Bundesliga season. At the end of the season, he was voted by the fans as "Player of the Season", with his side being promoted to Bundesliga. On 31 August 2012, he scored the first ever Bundesliga goal of Greuther Fürth in a victory against 1. FSV Mainz 05.

SC Freiburg
On 20 May 2013, Klaus switched to SC Freiburg. Upon his arrival at the club, the club's sports director commented "With Felix Klaus we win a variably deployable offensive player who has already proven his talent in the Bundesliga". On 3 October, he made his debut for the club in a 2–0 defeat against Sevilla FC in the UEFA Europa League. On 25 January 2014, he scored a goal in the dying minutes of a 3–2 league victory against Bayer 04 Leverkusen; as a result of which the club came out of the relegation zone. He went on to collect more than 50 caps during his stay at the club.

Hannover 96
On 30 June 2015, Klaus joined Hannover 96 from freshly relegated SC Freiburg and signed a four-year contract. On 9 August, he made his debut for the club in a 2–0 victory against KSV Hessen Kassel in the DFB Pokal; and provided an assist to Salif Sané. On 24 October, he scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat against Eintracht Frankfurt.

VfL Wolfsburg
On 31 January 2018, it was announced that Klaus would join VfL Wolfsburg in the summer transfer window. However, at the pre-season, he suffered a stomach muscle injury, and in August it was announced that he would undergo an operation. On 12 August, he underwent an operation in Berlin and later wrote on Instagram that everything was fine with him.

International career
Klaus has been capped at the youth international level. He went on to represent the Germany under-21 team at the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.

Career statistics

Club

Personal life
Although Klaus was born in Osnabrück, he moved to Franconia at the age of five. His father Fred Klaus is a retired footballer and a current coach.

References

External links

Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Osnabrück
Category:Footballers from Lower Saxony
Category:German footballers
Category:Germany youth international footballers
Category:Germany under-21 international footballers
Category:SpVgg Greuther Fürth players
Category:SC Freiburg players
Category:Hannover 96 players
Category:VfL Wolfsburg players
Category:Bundesliga players
Category:2. Bundesliga players
Category:Association football midfielders


Auzata superba

Auzata superba is a moth of the family Drepanidae first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1878. It is found in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima), the Korean Peninsula, Siberia and China.

The wingspan is about 40 mm.

The larvae feed on Cornus controversa and Cornus macrophylla.

Subspecies
Auzata superba superba
Auzata superba cristata Watson, 1959 (China)

References

Category:Drepaninae
Category:Moths of Asia
Category:Moths described in 1878


Markham Arms, Chelsea

The Markham Arms is a former pub at 138 King's Road, London SW3. It closed as a pub in the early 1990s, and is now a branch of the Santander bank.

It is a Grade II listed building, built in the mid-19th century.

References

Category:Grade II listed pubs in London
Category:Former pubs


Rosa Graham Thomas

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Graham Thomas is a rose bred by David C.H. Austin released in 1983, and named for the horticulturalist and populariser of old roses, Graham Thomas.

Graham Thomas has been described as "the most popular" of Austin's creations and the one that fixed his popularity with the public; it was the first Austin rose to win the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit at the Chelsea Flower show ten years after its introduction in 1993.

A cross between the white floribunda, 'Iceberg', and another "English" rose, 'Charles Austin', the double flowers are cupped and of a quartered old rose style formation, and described variously as "rich deep yellow', "golden yellow", "amber" and "ochre yellow", that fades paler as the bloom ages. In 1988, Modern Garden Roses noted "Its importance and novelty value lie in its colour. Never before has such a positive yellow colour appeared among roses of this type of growth."

It has a strong "tea" scent.

A small shrub of  in its native England, it can grow up to  into a small climber in warmer areas.

Austin used it extensively in further breeding; some cultivars created were 'Evelyn' and 'The Pilgrim' in 1991, 'Charlotte' and 'Molineaux' in 1994, and 'Pegasus' in 1995. Other breeders have also used 'Graham Thomas' in their breeding programs, most notably Massad in 1992 with 'Versigny' and Meilland in 2006 for 'Elbflorenz'.

It was named The World's Favourite Rose, entering the Rose Society hall of fame in 2009.

References

External links
 Graham Thomas on HelpMeFind Roses

Graham Thomas
Category:1983 introductions
Category:Garden plants


Gmina Osiek, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

__NOTOC__
Gmina Osiek is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Brodnica County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Osiek, which lies approximately  south of Brodnica and  east of Toruń.

The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 4,079 (4,096 in 2011).

Villages
Gmina Osiek contains the villages and settlements of Dębowo, Jeziorki, Kretki Duże, Kretki Małe, Kujawa, Łapinóż, Obórki, Osiek, Osiek-Kolonia, Strzygi, Sumin, Sumówko, Szynkowizna, Tadajewo, Tomaszewo, Warpalice and Wrzeszewo.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Osiek is bordered by the gminas of Nowe, Rypin, Świedziebnia and Wąpielsk.

References

Polish official population figures 2006

Osiek
Gmina Osiek


Herb Pinder (ice hockey)

Herbert Charles Pinder (born 24 December 1946) is a Canadian former ice hockey player who competed in the 1968 Winter Olympics. After his playing career he earned an Master of Business Administration from Harvard University and became a player agent.

Pinder was raised in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. During his junior career he attended the University of Saskatchewan.

UofS Salute to Herb

References

External links

Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:American men's ice hockey centers
Category:Canadian ice hockey centres
Category:Canadian sports agents
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Category:Ice hockey players at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Category:Olympic ice hockey players of Canada
Category:Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Category:Saskatoon Blades players
Category:Sportspeople from Boston
Category:Sportspeople from Saskatoon
Category:University of Saskatchewan alumni
Category:Vancouver Canucks (WHL) players


Monroe Canyon Formation

The Monroe Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in Idaho. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Idaho
 Paleontology in Idaho

References

Category:Carboniferous Idaho


Terence Dudley

Terence Dudley (28 September 1919 – 25 December 1988) was a television director and producer who directed many programs for the BBC over a number of years.

In the early 1970s, Dudley produced the BBC science fiction series Doomwatch. Between 1975 and 1977 he produced the series Survivors, directing many episodes. He also wrote the script for the season 3 premiere episode, entitled Manhunt. His son, Stephen Dudley, had a regular part in the program.

In 1980 he began an association with Doctor Who when he directed Meglos for John Nathan-Turner. That same year, he was asked to become producer of Blake's 7 after David Maloney was reassigned before it was known that a fourth season would be made. Dudley turned the offer down, as he no longer wished to work as a producer. The following year he embarked on a brief career as a screenwriter for Doctor Who. He wrote three scripts for the programme—Four to Doomsday, Black Orchid and The King's Demons. He novelised the latter two stories for Target Books. He also wrote the script of K-9 and Company, the unsuccessful pilot for a spin-off involving Sarah-Jane and K9.

Terence Dudley died after a long period of cancer on Christmas Day 1988.

References

External links

Category:1919 births
Category:1988 deaths
Category:British television directors
Category:British television producers
Category:British television writers
Category:British children's writers
Category:People from West Ham


BraSCII

BraSCII is an encoded repertoire of characters that was used in Brazil. It was used in the 1980s on several printers, in applications like  , in video boards and it was the standard character set in the Brazilian line of MSX computers.

History
This character set was devised in 1986 by the Brazilian National Standards Organization (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT)) through the standard NBR-9614:1986 and later revised in 1991 in the standard NBR-9611:1991.

The code is based on the ISO/IEC 4873 standards, and it was nicknamed “BraSCII” (Brazilian Standard Code for Information Interchange) in analogy to “American Standard Code for Information Interchange” (ASCII). While ASCII is a 7-bit code, BraSCII is an 8-bit code, where the characters from 160 to 255 were configured to support extended characters. It is nearly identical to ECMA-94 (1985) and ISO 8859-1 (1987) except that the characters × and ÷ are replaced by Œ and œ, as they still were in the Multinational Character Set (MCS, 1983) and Lotus International Character Set (LICS, 1985), whereas these code points were empty in the earliest versions of ECMA-94 (1985) and ISO 8859-1. However, it is completely identical for the first draft of ECMA-94 and ISO 8859-1. In some other devices, this character set is simply referred as “ABNT”.

This character set was different from the other Brazilian character set, ABICOMP.

The goal of this character set was to eliminate the “Babel’s Tower” of the existing coding systems for the Portuguese language (ISO IR-16, ISO IR-84, IBM 256 , IBM 275, IBM 850, DEC Multinational, HP Roman-8, Mac OS Roman, etc.). In spite of that, this code set had troubles in imposing itself, mainly due to the pressure of big multinational corporations and finished by being less and less used because of the ubiquity of other character sets (ISO 8859-1 and later Unicode).

Coverage

Each character is encoded as a single eight-bit code value. These code values can be used in almost any data interchange system to communicate in the following languages (with a few exceptions due to missing characters, as noted):

Modern languages with complete coverage

Afrikaans
Albanian
Basque
Breton
Corsican
Danish
English

Faroese
Galician
German
Icelandic
Irish
Indonesian
Italian

Kurdish
Leonese
Luxembourgish
Malay
Manx
Norwegian
Occitan

Portuguese
Rhaeto-Romanic
Scottish Gaelic
Scots
Spanish
Swahili
Swedish
Tagalog
Walloon

Notes

The letter ÿ, which appears in French only very rarely, and never at the beginning of words, is included only in lowercase form.  The slot corresponding to its uppercase form is occupied by the lowercase letter ß from the German language, which itself is rarely used in its uppercase form.

Boxes indicate differences from ISO 8859-1.

References

Category:Character sets
Category:History of Brazil
Category:Information technology in Brazil


Belleville-sur-Loire

Belleville-sur-Loire is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

Geography
A farming village with a nuclear power station situated by the banks of the river Loire, some  northeast of Bourges at the junction of the D82, D951 and the D751 roads. The canal lateral a la Loire flows through the centre of the commune.

Population

Sights

 The church, dating from the twelfth century.
 Two chateaux, dating from the 15th and seventeenth century.
 Vestiges of Roman occupation.
 The nuclear power plant.

See also
Belleville Nuclear Power Plant
Communes of the Cher department

References
INSEE

External links

Official website of Belleville sur Loire
Val de Jazz Festival website
Belleville-sur-Loire on the Quid website

Category:Communes of Cher (department)


BPT

BPT may refer to:
BPT Diagram
Bachelor of Physiotherapy
 BP Prudhoe Bay Royalty Trust, NYSE symbol
 Nickname of Bridgeport, Connecticut, US
 Broken Picture Telephone, a collaborative game
 Business process transformation
 Jack Brooks Regional Airport (formerly Southeast Texas Regional Airport), IATA airport code
 Battle physical training for Royal Marines and Royal Marines Reserve
 A variant of the Mazda B engine


Capillaster

Capillaster is a genus of crinoids. It contains the following species:

 Capillaster asterias AH Clark, 1931
 Capillaster gracilicirra AH Clark, 1912
 Capillaster macrobrachius (Hartlaub, 1890)
 Capillaster mariae (AH Clark, 1907)
 Capillaster multiradiatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Capillaster sentosus (Carpenter, 1888)
 Capillaster squarrosus Messing, 2003
 Capillaster tenuicirrus AH Clark, 1912

References

Category:Crinoid genera
Category:Comasteridae


Conan (talk show)

Conan is a late-night talk show airing each Monday through Thursday at 11:00 p.m. eastern time on TBS in the United States. The show premiered on November 8, 2010, and is hosted by writer, comedian and performer Conan O'Brien, accompanied by his long-time "sidekick" Andy Richter. Describing itself as a traditional late-night talk show, Conan draws its comedy from recent news stories, political figures and prominent celebrities, as well as aspects of the show itself. For eight years, Conan aired as an hour-long show akin to O'Brien's previous NBC late-night shows. The show was reformatted to a half-hour length starting January 22, 2019. On May 17, 2017, TBS renewed the series to 2022.

Episode format

2010-2018: Hour-long format

Structure
Conan initially followed the established six-piece late-night format popularized by evening talk show hosts such as Ed Sullivan, Johnny Carson and David Letterman, and previously executed during O'Brien's tenures as host of NBC's Late Night and The Tonight Show. Each episode of Conan from its first eight years runs 60 minutes in length, including commercials, and typically consists of:
 Act 1: Monologue
 Act 2: Comedy Bit(s)
 Act 3: Celebrity Interview 1
 Act 4: Celebrity Interview 1 continued
 Act 5: Celebrity Interview 2
 Act 6: Musical or Stand-Up Comedy Guest, Signoff
Guests come from a wide range of cultural sources, and include actors, musicians, authors, athletes and political figures.

Opening titles
The original hour-long show opened with Richter proclaiming "Coming to you from Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, it's Conan!", and introducing O'Brien, The Basic Cable Band, as well as the episode's guests. For the first several seasons, each episode had a title, which Richter would announce at the end of the opening sequence. The titles were in the style of old fashioned murder-mystery radio shows, television sitcoms, or other assorted jokes. The episode titles were dropped in early 2014.

The original title sequence was designed by Rob Ashe, Dan Dome and Eric McGilloway. There were several different variations of the opening credits, with the final product being inspired by graphic designer Saul Bass. The opening design process was described by Ashe as utilizing "organic-looking textures made of construction paper, soak them in soda, and light them in Photoshop."

Monologue
O'Brien opens each episode with a monologue drawing from current news stories and issues. The monologue is sometimes accompanied by clips and brief comedy skits, in addition to occasional interactions between O'Brien and Richter, and the audience.

Sketches and comedy bits

One or more comedy bits followed the monologue. Following the monologue, some comedy bits (such as those based on video clips) were presented from the monologue stage. Following the first commercial break, additional comedy sketches were typically presented from the desk area. Some sketches were original and appeared only once. Occasionally an additional sketch would air between the first and second guest.

2019: Half-hour format

In May 2018, O'Brien and TBS announced the show would be reformatted into a 30-minute show, with a looser structure starting 2019.

In January 2019, O'Brien gave a more detailed description of the new format of his show. It would not feature a band or a desk area, and for the first time as host of a talk show O'Brien would not be wearing a suit. He commented, "I really don’t miss the desk. It started to feel like I’m doing someone’s taxes." The last hour-long regular episode aired on October 4, 2018. The new reformatted version premiered on Tuesday January 22, 2019 on TBS. O'Brien's first guest for the new-look show was Tom Hanks.

Episodes on location

In the United States
October 31–November 3, 2011: taped at the Beacon Theatre in New York City. Guests included Jimmy Fallon, Hugh Jackman, Matthew Broderick and Louis C.K..
June 11–14, 2012: taped at the Chicago Theatre in Chicago, Illinois, as part of the TBS Just for Laughs Festival. Guests included Jack McBrayer, Andy Samberg, Johnny Galecki and Adam Sandler.
April 1–4, 2013: taped at The Tabernacle in Atlanta, Georgia, to coincide with the NCAA Final Four being held a few blocks away at the Georgia Dome. Guests included Seth Rogen, Paul Rudd, Steven Yeun and Charles Barkley.
March 31–April 3, 2014: taped at the Majestic Theatre in Dallas, Texas, to coincide with the NCAA Final Four. Guests included Dirk Nowitzki, Adam Sandler, Seth Rogen, Simon Helberg and Charles Barkley.
July 8–11, 2015: taped at the Spreckels Theatre in San Diego, California to coincide with Comic-Con. Guests included Elijah Wood, Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson and Peter Capaldi.
July 20–24, 2016: returned to the Spreckels Theatre in San Diego to coincide with Comic-Con. Guests included the cast of Arrowverse shows, Will Arnett and the cast of Game of Thrones.
October 31–November 3, 2016: taped at the Apollo Theater in Harlem.
July 19–23, 2017: had live shows from the Spreckels Theatre in San Diego to coincide with Comic-Con for the third year in a row. Guests included the casts of Bright, Supernatural, Kingsman: The Golden Circle, The Lego Ninjago Movie and Game of Thrones.
November 6–9, 2017: taped at the Apollo Theater in Harlem.
July 18–22, 2018: had live shows from the Spreckels Theatre in San Diego to coincide with Comic-Con for the fourth year in a row. Guests included the casts of Breaking Bad, The Predator, Glass, and Aquaman.
July 17–20, 2019: returned to the Spreckels Theatre in San Diego to coincide with Comic-Con for the fifth year in a row. Guests included the cast of It: Chapter Two, Tom Cruise, the cast of Veronica Mars and Orlando Bloom and Cara Delevingne from Carnival Row. Mark Hamill, Thomas Middleditch, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Norman Reedus, Kristen Schaal, Ben Schwartz and Isaac Hempstead Wright appeared in sketches. The Basic Cable Band also returned for these episodes.

International
O'Brien has filmed several specials abroad. These episodes do not follow the traditional talk-show format, instead following O'Brien as he attempts to engage the locals and experience the unique cultural aspects of the area.

March 4, 2015: Conan in Cuba, taped in Havana. With relations between the United States and Cuba improving, O'Brien and a film crew went to Havana for four days around the weekend of February 14–15 to tape segments for an episode. Conan visited a cigar factory and learning the rumba. The episode marks the first time an American late-night talk show has filmed in Cuba since Jack Paar interviewed Fidel Castro on The Tonight Show in 1959.
November 17, 2015: Conan in Armenia: The episode centered around taking his long-time assistant Sona Movsesian back to her homeland of Armenia to connect with her heritage.
January 25, 2016: Conan in Qatar: Conan travelled to the Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar with First Lady Michelle Obama. The episode's alternative title was Mission Conan.
April 9, 2016: Conan Does Korea: Conan traveled to South Korea along with Steven Yeun, the visit also included a trip to the Korean DMZ, technically resulting in an additional trip by crossing the border into North Korea.
December 7, 2016: Conan in Berlin: Conan traveled to Berlin, Germany along with Flula Borg.
March 1, 2017: Conan Without Borders: Made in Mexico: Visit was made in response to actions and effort made by President Donald Trump to build a wall across the southern border. Guests included Diego Luna and Vicente Fox, and stand-up performance from Sofia Niño De Rivera.
September 19, 2017: Conan Without Borders: Israel: Visit was made in response to Trump associate Jared Kushner’s attempts to further the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Guests included Lior Raz and Gal Gadot.
January 27, 2018: Conan Without Borders: Haiti: Conan visited the island nation in response to President Donald Trump's alleged description of the country and parts of Africa as "shitholes".
April 11, 2018: Conan In Italy: Conan and producer Jordan Schlansky visit Italy, with Conan hoping to expose Schlansky as a fraud.
November 28, 2018: Conan In Japan: After finding out that the Japanese town of Hokuei, Tottori is also well known as “Conan-Town” (named for the popular anime/manga character Detective Conan), Conan makes a visit to the country.
April 17, 2019: Conan Without Borders: Australia.
June 17, 2019: Conan Without Borders: Ghana along with Sam Richardson. The special aired on November 7, 2019.
September 3, 2019: Conan In Greenland: When President Donald Trump announced his plans to buy Greenland, Conan decided to travel to the country to secure the purchase.

History

TBS announcement

Following the 2010 Tonight Show conflict, O'Brien announced on the first day of The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour that he had signed a deal with cable network TBS to host a talk show on their late-night lineup, beginning in November 2010. Before the deal was announced, O'Brien initially had reservations about the move, as it would place comedian George Lopez's show, Lopez Tonight, one hour later to midnight, effectively doing to Lopez what NBC had wanted to do with O'Brien. However, Lopez reportedly called O'Brien and expressed his excitement about the move. Lopez went on to state, "I can't think of anything better than doing my show with Conan as my lead-in  It's the beginning of a new era in late-night comedy." Lopez Tonight would be cancelled less than nine months later. In an official press release by Turner Broadcasting, it stated that O'Brien had only begun negotiations a week prior to the official announcement of the show. Steve Koonin, President of Turner Entertainment Networks, went on to comment of the announcement, "Conan has been the comedic voice for a generation. TBS already has a huge audience of young comedy lovers, and Conan's show will give these fans even more reasons to watch our network."

In his own statement about the deal, O'Brien stated, "In three months I've gone from network television to Twitter to performing live in theaters, and now I'm headed to basic cable. My plan is working perfectly." O'Brien's production company, Conaco, reportedly owns all rights to the show. In addition to the announcement of the television series, TBS also announced a one-hour TBS Special, featuring several writers for Conan, as well as comedian Reggie Watts, who participated in O'Brien's Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour. The show was broadcast on June 27, 2010, leading up to the beginning of Conan in early-November. Additionally, in preparation for the show, a 24-hour "Live-Coco Cam" was set up on October 20, 2010, and featured various characters and staff members of Conan, including Richie Rosenberg, otherwise known as "LaBamba," as well as a short online broadcast from O'Brien's office entitled "Show Zero" on November 1, 2010. The show featured O'Brien as host, and was accompanied by Andy Richter, as well as Jerry Vivino, a member of the Basic Cable Band. The broadcast hosted several guests, including actor Jim Parsons and indie rock band Steel Train, and lasted a total of four minutes, and 51 seconds.

Weeks before the premiere, an orange Conan blimp was introduced to further promote the show. Designed by Blue Sky, an Atlanta firm, the dirigible provided aerial footage for 2010 Major League Baseball postseason games airing on TBS. It has since been incorporated into sketches on Conan, including a running gag where the blimp would follow actor Gary Busey around southern California, much to his chagrin.

Series premiere
The first episode of Conan, titled "Baa Baa Blackmail", premiered on Monday, November 8, 2010 at 11 p.m. EST on TBS. The episode's first guest was Arlene Wagner, the curator of Leavenworth, Washington's Nutcracker Museum. Wagner's position as Conans debut guest was chosen by fans through a "rigged" poll at Conan O'Brien's official website, TeamCoco.com. The poll also consisted of Pope Benedict XVI, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, performers Justin Bieber and Lady Gaga, and actor Jack Nicholson, among others. Wagner's brief appearance was followed by actor and comedian Seth Rogen and actress Lea Michele, along with musical guest Jack White, who performed "Twenty Flight Rock", along with O'Brien himself. Actor Jon Hamm, appearing as his character Don Draper from the AMC series Mad Men, and talk show host Larry King, of CNN's Larry King Live, made cameo appearances in the show's cold open, with actor and comedian Ricky Gervais sending Conan a pre-taped message expressing his well wishes on the new series, then going on to express condolences for future job losses.

Reviews of the premiere episode by television critics were positive, calling it "a looser, quirkier take on a late-night talk show, but still a late-night talk show." James Poniewozik of Time found the episode to be enjoyable, and compared it to O'Brien's tenure during Late Night. Itzkoff went on to state, "The message, overall  is that Conan the show is not so much about a reinvention of the talk show form as a restoration of Conan. He was doing something he wanted to do, a late-night talk show, and NBC made him stop doing it." He also praised the opening monologue, and Conan's performance with Jack White during the episode's conclusion. Frazier Moore of Associated Press went on to call the episode "a stylishly back-to-basics hour that radiated hard-won lessons from his brief stay hosting The Tonight Show," in addition to admiring O'Brien's "appealingly stoked yet comfortable" appearance on the show. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly also appreciated the Masturbating Bear cameo, and went on to call the show "pleasant, if a bit underwhelming." Less positive assessments of the show included Tom Gliatto of People, who accused the show of being a "modest, lowkey and slightly awkward affair."

Ratings

In overnight Nielsen Ratings, the series premiere of Conan drew 4,100,000 viewers, leading all late-night talk shows, more than tripling the audience of its direct competition, The Daily Show and The Colbert Report on Comedy Central. In the 18–49 demographic, Conan drew a 2.5 rating and 3,285,000 viewers. It was also watched by 2,451,000 adults in the 18-34 demographic. Ratings throughout the rest of the week fell, and ended with over 2.02 million viewers on Thursday, November 11, 2010. The fourth episode still led every talk show in the 18–34 and 18–49 demographics, however, delivering 980,000 adults and 1,361,000 adults respectively. The median viewer age for the first week of shows was projected to be at 32, significantly younger than that of The Tonight Show and CBS's Late Show . The show also premiered in Canada, on The Comedy Network at midnight, drawing 171,000 viewers, and the repeat broadcast at 1 AM on CTV drew 302,000 viewers.

During O'Brien's second week, ratings remained somewhat consistent, and peaked on November 16, 2010, with 1.84 million viewers, according to Nielsen ratings. The week would go on to average 1.7 million viewers, and earn an average rating of 1.0 in the 18–49 demographic. During the week of December 13–17, 2010, Conan has fallen behind in the weekly overnight Nielsen Ratings, averaging only 1.3 million viewers, compared to NBC's The Tonight Show (4.2 million), CBS's Late Show (3.6 million), ABC's Jimmy Kimmel Live! (1.6 million), and Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart (1.6 million).

In January 2011, Michael Wright, head of programming of TBS, said the show was "landing right about where we expected it to. At this number, Conan will run as long as he wants it to."

For the month of June 2011, Conan fell for the first time to fourth among U.S. late-night cable talk shows, behind The Daily Show, The Colbert Report, and Chelsea Handler's Chelsea Lately; Conan attracted an average of 743,000 total viewers, compared with 808,000 viewers for Chelsea Lately. Among viewers 18-to-49, O'Brien averaged 503,000 viewers vs. Handler's 559,000.

Following the cancellation of Lopez Tonight, Steve Koonin of Turner Entertainment stated he "could not be happier with Conan as a show or Conan O'Brien and Team Coco as people and an organization," going on to say that "what Conan has already won is the absolute [embrace] of young people."

In August 2011, TBS secured the cable syndication rights to The Big Bang Theory at a reported $4 million per episode to serve as a lead-in to Conan three nights a week. "[O'Brien's] program is the signature show of our line-up and the centerpiece of our network," Koonin said in an interview with The Wall Street Journal.

In March 2012, it was revealed that Conan draws more Hispanic viewers than any other late night program.

On May 14, 2014, TBS renewed the show through 2018.

For January–October 2013, Conan attracted $67.4 million in advertising for an audience that is the youngest compared with seven late-night shows on CBS, NBC, ABC, Comedy Central, and E!. Viewership in 2013 was 808,000, down from 914,000 in 2012. Conan does well in ratings among low income inner city viewers. As a result, many of the show's advertisers often use Conan as a bridge to reach them.

By fall 2015, in the face of new competition from The Late Show with Stephen Colbert and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Conans live audience had fallen to 299,000 viewers in the demographic of persons 18 to 49, the lowest of all of the major national late-night talk shows.  In contrast to its live audience, Conan boasts strong online revenues with a particularly young viewership that TBS has leveraged into lucrative advertiser relationships targeting digital and social media.  TBS has also cited O'Brien's role as executive producer on shows such as People of Earth, Final Space and a Clueless Gamer spin-off series as evidence of the host's value to the network as a brand and partner beyond the talk show, further stating, "We're going to be in business with him for a long time."

On May 17, 2017, TBS renewed the show through 2022.

Production

On May 16, 2010, it was announced that O'Brien would launch his new show at Stage 15 on the Warner Bros. lot in Burbank, California, the soundstage where films such as Calamity Jane, The Music Man, Blazing Saddles, Ghostbusters and the Ocean's Trilogy were shot.

Taping of each episode begins at 4:30 p.m. PST, which usually follows a rehearsal, lasting from 1 p.m. until 3 p.m.

O'Brien has made explicit that the staff has made an effort thus far to not to reuse any of the previous Late Night or Tonight Show sketches although noted this was sometimes difficult, and they were unsure if some sketches were going to work. However he stated in the past, such as in an interview with Larry King during his last week on CNN, that he possibly would bring back certain bits in time. Indeed, O'Brien has brought back several skits and characters he and his writers created on NBC, even if used less frequently than in the past. These characters and bits include The Masturbating Bear, Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog, Celebrity Survey, The Audiency Awards, Clutch Cargo interviews, and an update on the "Late Night" sketch If They Mated called If They Melded.  The final day of longtime writer/performer Brian Stack also saw the one-time return of one of his characters, The Interrupter.

Prior to the show's airing, interviews with O'Brien and Richter indicated that the show would more closely represent Late Night than Tonight in regard to content and material, meaning that edgier or questionable content excised as a result of the move to the earlier time slot will no longer be an issue at TBS. On the July 12, 2010 episode of Marc Maron's WTF podcast, Andy Richter said that they no longer have to "worry about living up to a respected franchise", and that on The Tonight Show certain sketches "that just felt too 12:30" would be cut and how "it'll be nice to not have to worry about that anymore".  During an appearance at the 2010 San Francisco Sketch Comedy Festival, O'Brien told the audience he was "no longer interested in 'broadening' the audience or trying to reach everybody of all ages," further implying the content will not be toned-down. As the show is on cable, fewer restrictions will apply to the show in regards to explicit content, such as swearing and racier material.

On September 1, 2010, O'Brien officially announced via a YouTube video that the new show's title was simply Conan. Conan as the title could run into a consent issue with Conan Properties International, the owners of the Conan the Barbarian franchise, including a "Conan" trademark covering certain types of TV series.

Prior to the show's broadcast, it was stated that the set for the show, designed by the same designers of Conan's previous sets, John Shaffner and Joe Stewart, would be inspired by The Legally Prohibited Tour, adopting more of a "theatre" appearance than the previous shows. Shaffner commented on the choice of the show's chair, stating, "You find one that you like and then you build it yourself to make it a little shallower and a little more upright and the cushion a little firmer  But not too firm or every time the guest sits down they’ll say, 'Oooh this is a hard chair.'" The rest of the set has been described as being "filled with warm wood tones and electric blue screens," and has been compared to the set of his most recent stint on The Tonight Show. The new set features several differences, however, including a remote-controlled moon, and the backdrop being transformed into a giant blue ocean.  In keeping with a change made during The Tonight Show, Andy Richter joins O'Brien during celebrity interviews on the main set rather than remaining behind a lectern after the monologue.

The first show of 2018 saw the debut of a new set design by production designer Christopher Goumas, which replaced the ocean backdrop with one depicting a studio backlot highly reminiscent of the Warner Bros. lot where the program shoots.  O'Brien now enters through a doorway on the left of the stage rather than a curtain on the right.  The host explained that the space is also deliberately tighter to promote a more "intimate" atmosphere, and humorously demonstrated the ability for the set to be moved even closer to the audience on demand.

With the new half-hour format, another new set was introduced with an even more compact design than before (which Richter jokingly compared to looking like "a strip club from Grand Theft Auto"), and replacing the desk area with a series of armchairs around a coffee table.

Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band

Conan O'Brien's longtime band, originally known as The Max Weinberg 7, then The Tonight Show Band, and later as the Legally Prohibited Band, serve as the Conan house band, and are fronted by longtime guitarist Jimmy Vivino. The band also consists of Richie "LaBamba" Rosenberg on trombone, Scott Healy on keyboard, Mike Merritt on bass guitar, Mark Pender on trumpet and Jerry Vivino on woodwinds. When the group moved to Los Angeles to play for The Tonight Show, they added an eighth member, James Wormworth, on percussion. Max Weinberg, who had served as O'Brien's bandleader and drummer since 1993, does not appear on the new program. Weinberg was not a part of the Legally Prohibited Tour, and remained vague throughout most of 2010 about the possibility of his participation in the new TBS show. Weinberg's decision was influenced by a combination of a major heart surgery he had in February 2010, and the fact that his family never left their native New Jersey, even during the Tonight Show period, both issues that he kept private until an October 2010 interview. Percussionist James Wormworth, who often acted as Weinberg's on-air substitute, serves as the band's permanent drummer.

Following Weinberg's exit, O'Brien sought to revamp the show's title theme song. In an interview with New York Magazine, O'Brien expressed his desire to create a new introduction from the previous Late Night and Tonight compositions, which were used for O'Brien's entire 17-year relationship with NBC, and ultimately unveil a new signature sound for the show. The new theme song was co-written by bandleader Jimmy Vivino, and O'Brien himself. Despite no obvious copyright issues to continue using the previous theme, which was written by Howard Shore and John Lurie, O'Brien stated of the transition to a new composition, "it just felt like the right thing to do  There's this feeling of, 'Let's try and build something new.' I came out to that theme for seventeen years and it does feel like, you know what? Let's try some new stuff. Let's try and change it up."  However, the closing theme from his previous NBC shows was retained in a slightly altered form.

On October 4, 2018, it was announced that with the format change, Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band would not be returning in 2019.

Awards and nominations

International syndication

In Australia, the program was aired on GO!, a multichannel of the Nine Network from August 2012 following the 2012 Olympic Games but  eventually dropped by GO! mid-2014. Originally it was intended to screen within 12 hours after its original U.S. broadcast at 11:30pm weeknights,. The Comedy Channel which aired the previous versions of Conan's shows announced it would not air the program as the Nine Network had exclusive rights to Time Warner programs. Between November 2010 to July 2012, Conan was aired on GEM.

In Israel, the program began airing in early 2011 on the newly launched Comedy Central Israel channel. episodes were aired 4–5 days after their original TBS broadcasts. However, the channel has discontinued airing Conan in October 2011.

From November 8, 2010 to August 30, 2013, the program aired in Canada on cable channel The Comedy Network on Monday to Thursday nights (Tuesday to Friday mornings) at midnight ET/PT, with a repeat on broadcast network CTV at 1:07 a.m. local time. The program was only initially announced for CTV, leading to some concern about the unusually late time slot, two hours after its airing in the United States for viewers in the Eastern Time Zone (the program airs on CTV Atlantic at 1:05 a.m. AT / 12:05 a.m. ET). This is due to local and national newscasts in the 11:00 p.m. hour, and CTV's commitments to The Daily Show with Jon Stewart at 12:05 a.m. and The Colbert Report at 12:35 a.m. CTV executives later said the program would likely air earlier on The Comedy Network, which is owned by CTV. However, that channel also had a conflict, since it has long aired  both Daily and Colbert during the 11:00 p.m. ET hour, simulcasting the Comedy Central feed.
The Comedy Network then attempted to move up both programs to 10:00 p.m. ET beginning in September 2010, presumably to make room for Conan at 11:00; however, there were intermittent "technical difficulties" with getting the shows in time for the earlier airing, particularly for a series of special live Daily episodes in late October, which meant re-runs were aired in their place. After viewer complaints about the missed episodes, Comedy elected to move both shows back to their previous timeslots, meaning that Conan was rescheduled on that channel to midnight, on a one-hour delay from TBS. On September 3, 2013, Much Music began broadcasting the program every Monday to Thursday at 11 p.m. ET (8 p.m. Pacific), though it was moved back to its time-delayed midnight airing the following month. The repeat on CTV was moved to 1:37 a.m. On September 3, 2014, the program began airing on Much at 12:30 a.m. after @midnight. On January 9, 2017, Conan began airing at 11 p.m. ET again, only to again be moved back an hour to midnight in April of that same year. Conan aired on Much until September 1, 2017 and now solely airs on CTV.

Selling rights to a Canadian channel was necessary, since TBS ceased being available in Canada in October 2007. The local Atlanta station through which Canadian cable subscribers had previously received TBS programming then adopted a distinct schedule as WPCH-TV. Some speculated that WPCH might pick up the program anyway, since the revamped station continues to air some of the same syndicated series as TBS, but WPCH later indicated explicitly that it had no plans to broadcast the new O'Brien program.

In the UK and Ireland, the show aired on the channel truTV since its launch in August 2014, though it has been absent from the schedules as of August 2017.

In Portugal, Conan is retitled Conan O'Brien. The show is aired on SIC Radical, in the same timeslot as his previous NBC shows, with daily broadcasts beginning in October 5, 2009. The show airs Monday to Friday beginning around 20h45 to 21h30, following The Daily Show, with occasional reruns interspersed among new shows. New episodes air about two weeks after US broadcast. Although since January 2016, SIC Radical stopped airing the show because of the show's international distributor has ceased shipping the show outside USA (answer from the Distributor Sic Radical).

The show is aired in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong on FX.

See also
 Television in the United States

References

External links

Category:2010 American television series debuts
Category:2010s American late-night television series
Category:2010s American television talk shows
Category:2010s American variety television series
Category:2020s American late-night television series
Category:2020s American television talk shows
Category:2020s American variety television series
Category:Conan O'Brien
Category:English-language television programs
Category:TBS (American TV channel) original programming
Category:Television series by Conaco
Category:Television shows filmed in California


Soul for Real

Soul for Real (also known as Soul 4 Real and Soul IV Real) is an R&B group from Wheatley Heights, New York, currently living in Atlanta, Georgia made up of brothers Christopher Sherman Dalyrimple a.k.a. Choc (born April 30, 1971), Andre "Dre" Lamont Dalyrimple a.k.a. KD now (born April 4, 1974), Brian "Bri" Augustus Dalyrimple (born December 14, 1975), and Jason "Jase" Oliver Dalyrimple a.k.a. Jase4Real (born May 10, 1980).

The group were best known in the mid-1990s for their gold-certified singles "Candy Rain" and "Every Little Thing I Do" and minor R&B hit "If You Want It" from their platinum-selling debut album Candy Rain.

Career
Formed in 1992, Soul for Real signed with Uptown Records and released their debut album Candy Rain on March 28, 1995. Produced by Heavy D, Candy Rain'''s first single was the album's title track. The song hit #1 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and peaked at #2 on the Hot 100 chart. Their second single, "Every Little Thing I Do", reached #11 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and #17 on the Hot 100 chart. A third single, "If You Want It" reached #53 on the R&B charts.

After touring and the success of their debut album, the group quickly began working on their sophomore album. Soul for Real's second album, For Life, was produced by Sean Combs and released on September 24, 1996. The album peaked at #29 on the Billboard R&B chart and #119 on the Billboard 200. It was led by the single "Never Felt This Way" which did not gain much airplay. However, the album's second single "Love You So" did much better, peaking at #64 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs in 1997.

Staying under Heavy D's tutelage, the group moved to independent label Chrome Dome Records for their third album, Heat.  After a distribution deal with Tommy Boy Music fell through, Warlock Records took over distribution and released the album on May 18, 1999. The album failed to chart and produced one single, "Can't Wait."

In 2003, the group formed the label Aljoba Music Group (AMG).

In 2007, Soul For Real began to work on their fourth studio album tentatively entitled The Unknown. The first single "One Man" (featuring Jadakiss) was released later that year.

In 2009, Brian Dalyrimple was indicted on 145 counts of aggravated identity (mortgage) fraud, none of his brothers were involved. Following Brian's arrest, the other three brothers, KD (Andre), Jason "Jase" Oliver and Choc (Chris) remained as members of the group and continued on as Soul For Real.

In 2012, they announced that they were in the studio working on their fourth studio album, and have revealed the album title to be The Evolution: Journey. They released a new single titled "Can't Leave U Alone." That same year, the youngest member Jase, went by the name of Jase4Real as a solo artist.

In 2016, Soul For Real released a new single "Love Again" and Jase released a solo single titled "If You Feelin' Like Me (IYFLM)" with a video available on his YouTube channel. The following year, the group released the official video for "Love Again" and premiered it on their VEVO channel. In that same year, Jase4Real also released his third solo effort If You Feel Like Me: The Mixtape.Solo ventures

Jason "Jase"
Jason, better known as Jase is the lead singer of Soul for Real. He is best known for singing lead on "Candy Rain"; the group's biggest hit to date off the album of the same name.

Now all grown up, he went on to pursue a solo career, releasing three solo albums. Jase's albums are described as having a clever, hood-sexy sound with lyrics that are ultimately about love and life; it's a true display of mature urban music with crossover appeal.

Other than music, Jase established his own independent production company, Jasemakermusic LLC.,  based in Atlanta, Ga. In addition, he also started his own label: BEA Music Ent., on which he will release his future projects and collaborate with other upcoming artists.

Chris "Choc"
Choc is best known for singing lead on "Every Little Thing I Do" the group's second hit off their "Candy Rain''" album.

In 2001, Choc pursued a solo career and released a debut single "Crazy" which failed to achieve any level of success. Later in 2001, he released yet another single, "Make My Move" which had the same result as the debut single of the unreleased album "Choc A Lot". This disappointment made Choc delayed music and he began to focus on his personal life.

Now in 2017, in an effort to make a comeback,  Choc-boy released a new single entitled "Want U2 Know", later in the year, Choc4Real released "American Girl" as a second single.

Brian "Bri"
Brian is quietly residing in Atlanta, Georgia. He is now proud owner of Naomi's Caribbean Cuisine.

Andre "Dre"
In the early 2000s Andre ('Dre) ran an independent production company: Uncle Dre Day Embroideries LLC. On his MySpace, he released some solo music with his alter ego Uncle Dre.

Now Andre "Dre" is known as KD.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Awards and nominations

References

External links
 Official Website
 Jase's Official Website

Category:American boy bands
Category:Family musical groups
Category:MCA Records artists
Category:Musical groups established in 1992
Category:Musical groups from Long Island
Category:American soul musical groups
Category:American contemporary R&B musical groups


Ślepie

Ślepie  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olecko, within Olecko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

It lies approximately  south of Olecko and  east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

References

Category:Villages in Olecko County


Pedro de Mena

Pedro de Mena y Medrano (August 1628 - 13 October 1688) was a Spanish sculptor.

Biography
He was born at Granada, in Andalusia. He was a pupil of his father Alonso de Mena as well as of Alonzo Cano. His first conspicuous success was achieved in work for the convent of St. Anthony Granada, including figures of St Joseph, St Antony of Padua, St Diego, St Pedro Mentara, St Franciscus and Santa Clara.

In 1658 he signed a contract for sculptural, work on the choir stalls of the cathedral of Málaga, this work extending over four years. Other works are, statues of the Madonna and child and of St Joseph in Madrid, the polychromatic figures in the church of St Isodoro, the Magdalena and the Gertrudlis in the church of St Martin (Madrid), the crucifixion in the Nuestra Señora de Gracia (Madrid), the statuette of St Francis of Assisi in Toledo, and of St Joseph in the St Nicholas church in Murcia. Mena traveled to Madrid in 1662.

Between 1673 and 1679 Mena worked at Córdoba. About 1680 he was in Granada, where he executed a half-length Madonna and child (seated) for the church of St. Dominic.

Mena died in Málaga, city where he spent most of his life, and where he had a sculpture studio for thirty years until his death in 1688.

He and José Mora may be regarded as artistic descendants of Juan Martínez Montañés and Cano, but in technical skill and the expression of religious motive his statues are unsurpassed in the sculpture of Spain. His feeling for the nude was remarkable. Like his immediate predecessors he excelled in the portrayal of contemplative figures and scenes; Mena's drawing of Santiago leaping upon his charger is good, and the carving admirable, but the necessary movement for so spirited an action is lacking.

References

Category:1628 births
Category:1693 deaths
Category:People from Granada
Category:Spanish Baroque sculptors
Category:17th-century Spanish sculptors


Beatrice Lennie

Edith Beatrice Catharine Lennie  (June 16, 1905 – June 1, 1987) was a Canadian painter and sculptor. She is primarily known for her public sculptures in Vancouver, British Columbia, many of which remain in Vancouver today. She is considered to be one of the first abstractionist artists in Vancouver.

In 1930, as a member of the original graduating class of the Vancouver School of Decorative and Applied Arts, Lennie was active in student affairs including founding the Pasovas Club "that aimed for the furtherance of art education". She served as its first president. The Pasovas Club met regularly at Bea Lennie's studio where they held life drawing sessions. In addition, they held regular exhibitions at the BC Art League Gallery at 649 Seymour Street and later at the Vancouver Art Gallery on Georgia Street.

In 1933, after her studies in California, she was invited by Varley and Macdonald to teach sculpture and modeling at the newly founded, and short-lived, BC Institute of the Arts.

Lennie has a long exhibition history, including shows at the Vancouver Art Gallery, the Royal Academy of Arts, the British Columbia Society of Fine Arts and the Art Institute of Seattle.

Lennie stated with regards to her public commission for the Vancouver Labour Temple (1949) that "So many people have this Victorian idea of a woman sculptor. ...They think of women 'tiddling' with pretty little figurines and vases when actually sculptoring for a living is a hard and demanding life. I spent six months on the labor mural in the workshops of a big construction company and the union men were shocked."

References

Category:1905 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:Canadian sculptors
Category:Canadian women sculptors
Category:Artists from Vancouver
Category:20th-century women artists


Owzrud Rural District

Owzrud Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in Baladeh District, Nur County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,811, in 598 families. The rural district has 16 villages.

References

Category:Rural Districts of Mazandaran Province
Category:Nur County


Mount Karthala

Mount Karthala or Karthola ( Al Qirtālah) is an active volcano and the highest point of the Comoros at  above sea level. It is the southernmost and larger of the two shield volcanoes forming Grande Comore island, the largest island in the nation of Comoros. The Karthala volcano is very active, having erupted more than 20 times since the 19th century. Frequent eruptions have shaped the volcano's 3 km by 4 km summit caldera, but the island has largely escaped broad destruction. Eruptions on April 17, 2005 and May 29, 2006 ended a period of quiet.

April 2005 eruption

The eruption, which carried a risk of lava flows and deadly volcanic gas, caused the evacuation of 30,000 residents.

The crater was clearly changed by the April 2005 eruption. A grey field of ash surrounds the crater and the caldera itself seems larger and deeper. The crater lake, which formed after Karthala's last eruption in 1991 and once dominated the caldera, is now gone completely. In its place were rough, dark grey rocks, possibly cooling lava or rubble from the collapsed crater.

May 2006 activity
On May 29, Reuters reported that residents of Moroni could see lava at the top of the volcano. Within a few days the volcanic activity subsided.

Flora and fauna
The mountain is covered by moist evergreen forest up to about 1800 metres above sea-level. Higher up the vegetation consists of stunted trees and heathland where the giant heather Erica comorensis grows.

Many of the species found on the mountain are unique to the Comoros and four bird species are found only on the slopes of Mount Karthala: Humblot's flycatcher, Comoro white-eye, Comoro drongo and Karthala scops owl.

The mountain's forest is threatened by logging and the spread of agriculture. A nature reserve has been proposed to cover the mountain; it has not yet been created.

References

  Downloaded 27/02/07.

See also
 List of Ultras of Africa

Category:Volcanoes of the Comoros
Category:Mountains of the Comoros
Category:Polygenetic shield volcanoes
Category:Active volcanoes
Category:Volcanic crater lakes
Category:Ramsar sites in the Comoros
Category:Highest points of countries


Pierre Charron

Pierre Charron (; 1541 – 16 November 1603) was a French 16th-century Catholic theologian and philosopher, and a disciple and contemporary of Michel de Montaigne.

Biography

Pierre Charron was born in Paris, one of the twenty-five children of a bookseller.  After studying law at Orléans and Bourges he practiced as an advocate, for a few years. He then entered the church and soon became a popular priest, rising to become a canon.

He moved to the southwest of France, invited by Arnaud de Pontac, Bishop of Bazas. He was appointed priest in ordinary to Marguerite de Valois, wife of Henry IV of Navarre. In about 1588, Charron decided to become a monk, but being rejected by both the Carthusians and the Celestines, he returned to his old profession. He delivered a course of sermons at Angers, and in the next year moved to Bordeaux, where he formed a famous friendship with Michel de Montaigne.  On Montaigne's death, in 1592, Charron was requested in the will to bear the Montaigne arms.

From 1594, he used his own name; he spent from 1594 to 1600 under the protection of Antoine Hérbrard de Saint-Sulpice, Bishop of Cahors, who appointed him grand vicar and theological canon. His first book led to his being chosen deputy to the general assembly of the clergy, for which he became chief secretary.

Charron retired to Condom in 1600; he died suddenly of a stroke; his works were then receiving attention.

Works
Charron first published his works anonymously. Later he wrote under the name of "Benoit Vaillant, Advocate of the Holy Faith." While Charron's reading of Montaigne is now considered dogmatic and indeed something of a distortion, it was important in its time and during the 17th century as a whole.

Les Trois Vérités
In 1594, he published a long work, Les Trois Vérités, in which Charron sought to prove that there is a God and a true religion, that the true religion is Christianity, and that the true church is Roman Catholicism. It was a response to the Protestant work Le Traité de l'Eglise, by Philippe de Mornay. In the second edition (1595), there is an elaborate reply to criticisms of the third Vérité by a Protestant writer. Les Trois Vérités ran through several editions.

Discours chretiens
Then followed, in 1600, Discours chretiens, a book of sermons with a similar tone, half of which is about the Eucharist .

De la sagesse

In 1601, Charron published in Bordeaux his third work, De la sagesse, a system of moral philosophy that develops ideas of Montaigne. Charron also connected Montaigne's scepticism with the anti-rational strand in Christianity.  It received the support of Henry IV and of magistrate Pierre Jeannin. A second revised edition appeared in 1603, supported by Claude Dormy, the second Bishop of Boulogne.

De la sagesse also was attacked, in particular by the Jesuit François Garasse (1585–1631), who described Charron as an atheist.

A summary and defence of the book, written shortly before his death, appeared in 1606. In 1604, Charron's friend Michel de la Roche prefixed a "Life" to an edition of De la sagesse, which depicts Charron as an amiable man of good character. His complete works, with this contribution by de la Roche, were published in 1635. An abridgment of the Sagesse is given in Wilhelm Gottlieb Tennemann's Philosophie, vol. ix. An edition with notes by A. Duval appeared in 1820. It was translated into English as Of Wisdome (1612) by Samson Lennard; and again by George Stanhope (1697).

Views
Influences
Apart from the major influence of Montaigne, Charron took from Raymond of Sabunde (Sibiuda). Another influence was neostoicism, as handled by Justus Lipsius.

Psychology
According to Charron, the soul, located in the ventricles of the brain, is affected by the temperament of the individual; the dry temperament produces acute intelligence; the moist, memory; the hot, imagination. Dividing the intelligent soul into these three faculties, he writes the branches of science corresponding with each. On the nature of the soul, he quotes opinions. The belief in its immortality, he says, is the most universal of beliefs, but the most feebly supported by reason. As to a human's power of attaining truth, he declares that none of our faculties enable us to distinguish truth from error. In comparing humans with animals, Charron insists that there are no breaks in nature. Though inferior in some respects, in others, animals are superior. Namely, humanity's essential qualities are vanity, weakness, inconstancy, and presumption.

Theology
Charron writes that all religions teach that God is to be appeased by prayers, presents, vows, but especially, and, most irrationally, by human suffering . Each religion is said by its devotees to have commenced by divine inspiration. A human is a Christian, Jew, or Muslim, before he or she knows that they are persons. Furthermore, he writes that one religion is built upon another.

While Charron declares religion to be "strange to common sense," the practical result at which he arrives is that one is not to sit in judgment on his or her faith, but to be "simple and obedient," and to submit to public authority. He writes that this is one rule of wisdom with regard to religion. Another equally important is to avoid superstition, which he defines as the belief that God is like a hard judge who, eager to find fault, narrowly examines our slightest act, that he is vengeful and hard to appease, and that, therefore, he must be flattered and won over by pain and sacrifice.

Charron states that true piety, which is the first of duties, is the knowledge of God and of one's self; the latter knowledge being necessary to the former. The belief that what God sends is all good, and that all the bad is from ourselves is the abasing of humanity and the exalting of God. It leads to spiritual worship, for external ceremony is merely for our advantage, not for his glory.

Politics
Charron is a founder of modern secularism. He declares the sovereign to be the source of law, and asserts that popular freedom is dangerous.

Bibliography

Works
 De la Sagesse Livres Trois; par M. Pierre le Charron, Parisien, Chanoine Theologal & Chantre en l'Eglise Cathedrale de Comdom Bourdeaus, S. Millanges, 1604.
 Toutes les Oeuvres de Pierre Charron; Parisien, Docteur es Droiets, Chantre et Chanoine Theologal de Condom derniere edition. Reveues, corrigees & augmentees. 2 vols. Paris Jacques Villery, 1635.
 Discours chrétiens (Bordeaux, 1600).

Secondary sources
 Michel Adam, Etudes sur Pierre Charron. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 1991.
 Henry Thomas Buckle, Introduction to History of Civilization in England, vol. ii. 19.
 Claudiu Gaiu, La prudence de l’homme d’esprit. L’éthique de Pierre Charron. Préface de Denis Kambouchner, Bucharest: Zeta Books, 2010.
 Tullio Gregory, "Pierre Charron's Scandalous Book", p. 87-110 in: Michael Hunter & David Wootton (eds.), Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992. .
 Francoise Kaye, Charron et Montaigne; du plagiat a l'originalite, Ottawa: Editions de l'Universite d'Ottawa, 1982.
 William Edward Hartpole Lecky, Rationalism in Europe (1865).
 Adrien Lezat, De la predication sous Henri IV. c. vi.
 Hugo Liebscher, Charron u. sein Werk, De la sagesse (Leipzig, 1890).
 John Mackinnon Robertson, Short History of Free Thought (London, 1906), vol. ii.
 John Owen, Skeptics of the French Renaissance (1893).
 Jeffrey Zuniga, Toward a Life of Wisdom, Pierre Charron in the Light of Modern and Postmodern skepticism Manila: University of St. Thomas Press, 2000.

References

Further reading
Maryanne Cline Horowitz, Natural Law as the Foundation for an Autonomous Ethic: Pierre Charron's De la Sagesse, Studies in the Renaissance Vol. 21, (1974), pp. 204–227; https://www.jstor.org/stable/2857155

External links
 Claudiu Gaiu, Le concept de discrétion chez Pierre Charron

   Of Wisdom; in three books by Pierre Charron

Attribution

Category:1541 births
Category:1603 deaths
Category:Catholic philosophers
Category:French Roman Catholic priests
Category:French philosophers
Category:16th-century French Catholic theologians
Category:Writers from Paris
Category:French male writers


Toyoda

Toyoda may refer to:

Locations and buildings

Toyoda, Shizuoka, a town located in Iwata District, Shizuoka, Japan

People
Akio Toyoda (born 1956), President of the Toyota Motor Corporation
Eiji Toyoda (1913–2013), Japanese industrialist, and largely responsible for the success of the Toyota Motor Corporation
Fumio Toyoda (1947–2001), Japanese aikido shihan and founder of Aikido Association of America
Kiichiro Toyoda (1894–1952), creator of what was to become the Toyota Motor Corporation
Noriyo Toyoda, a Japanese professional wrestler
Sakichi Toyoda (1867–1930), Japanese inventor and the founder of Toyota Industries Corporation Co., Ltd.
Shoichiro Toyoda (born 1925), Chairman of the Toyota Motor Corporation 1992–1999
Soemu Toyoda (1885–1957), Japanese admiral of World War II
Teijirō Toyoda (1885–1961), Japanese admiral and cabinet minister in World War II
Toshiaki Toyoda (born 1969), Japanese film director
Toshihisa Toyoda 1940- ), Japanese economist
Toyoda Toru, one of the perpetrators of the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway
Yohei Toyoda (born 1985), Japanese footballer
Yasumitsu Toyoda (born 1935), Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame shortstop

Companies
 Toyoda Machine Works

See also
Toyota (disambiguation)

Category:Japanese-language surnames


The Standard Time Daily

The Standard Time Daily () is a newspaper published in Burma. Due to law changes, the paper began freely publishing from 1 April 2013.

References

Category:Daily newspapers published in Myanmar
Category:Publications established in 2013