Waterfront (1944 film)

Waterfront is a 1944 American film from PRC Pictures directed by Steve Sekely.

Plot
In San Francisco during World War II, Dr. Carl Decker (J. Carrol Naish) is a local Nazi spy leader undercover as an optometrist. While he is walking on the San Francisco waterfront at night, his decoder book and list of West Coast spies are stolen by the waterfront thug, Adolph Mertz. Victor Marlow comes to town, contacts Decker for his next assignment but the message he has is undecipherable without the book.
It is a race to recover the book by two opposing teams: Decker and Marlow, and Zimmerman and Kramer; and a race to find a serial murderer.

Cast
John Carradine as Victor Marlow
J. Carrol Naish as Dr. Carl Decker
Maris Wrixon as Freda Hauser, daughter
Edwin Maxwell as Max Kramer
Terry Frost as Jerry Donovan, Freda's boyfriend)
John Bleifer as Oscar Zimmerman, owner—Anchor Cafe
Marten Lamont as Mike Gorman
Olga Fabian as Mrs Emma Hauser as rooming house operator
Claire Rochelle as Maisie
Billy Nelson as Butch
 as Adolph Mertz, waterfront thug

References

External links

Category:1944 films
Category:1940s romantic drama films
Category:American films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:American romantic drama films
Category:American spy films
Category:American war drama films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films directed by Steve Sekely
Category:Films set in San Francisco
Category:Producers Releasing Corporation films
Category:War romance films
Category:World War II spy films


Child custody laws in the United States

Child custody, conservatorship and guardianship are legal terms that are sometimes used to describe the legal and practical relationship between a parent and the parent's child, such as the right of the parent to make decisions for the child, and the parent's duty to care for the child.

Custody issues typically arise in proceedings involving dissolution of marriage, as well as in paternity, annulment, and other legal proceedings in which children are involved. In most jurisdictions the issue of with which parent the child will reside is determined in accordance the best interests of the child standard. In rare cases custody may be awarded to somebody other than a parent, but only after the fundamental right afforded to biological parent's has been overcome or where the third party has an established role that is in the manner of a parent. When a child's parents are not married it is necessary to establish paternity before issues of child custody or support may be determined by a court.

In the decades leading up to the 1970s child custody battles were rare, and in most cases the mother of minor children would receive custody. Since the 1970s, as custody laws have been made gender-neutral, contested custody cases have increased as have cases in which the children are placed in the primary custody of the father.

Family law proceedings that involve issues of residence and contact often generate the most acrimonious disputes. In extreme cases, one parent may accuse the other of trying to "turn" the child(ren) against him or her, allege some form of emotional, physical, or even sexual abuse by the other parent, the "residential" parent may disrupt the other parent's contact or communication with the child(ren), or a parent may remove the child from the jurisdiction in violation of court orders, so as to frustrate the other parent's contact with the children.

Following ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in most countries other than the United States (which has not ratified the convention), terms such as "custody" and "access" (known as "visitation" in the United States) have been superseded in many countries by the concepts of "residence" and "contact". Instead of a parent having "custody" of or "access" to a child, a child is now said to "reside" or have "contact" with a parent. For a discussion of the new international standards, see parental responsibility.

Courts and legal professionals within the U.S. may use terms such as "parenting time" instead of custody and visitation. The goal of the newer, alternative terminology is to eliminate the distinction between custodial and noncustodial parents, and to better focus on the best interests of the children by crafting schedules that meet the developmental needs of the children. For example, small children may need shorter, more frequent time with parents, whereas older children and teenagers can tolerate and may demand less frequent shifts, but longer blocks of time with each parent.

State law

New York
Where there are children of the marriage residing in New York State and under the age of 18, a demand for custody is mandatory in divorce actions. Whether the parents are divorced or just separated one parent cannot demand the child stays between the parents. Where the children reside outside New York State custody may not be determined, except in some instances by stipulation. Custody may not be awarded to a person other than the father or mother, except under unusual circumstances that require a hearing. In unusual circumstances, children may be placed with a third party such as a grandparent or a sibling. Children under the age of 18 must be supported by both parents to the extent that they are able to support the children under the provisions of the Child Support Standards Act.

New Jersey

New Jersey courts require all divorcing parents with minor children to complete a mandatory Parents' Education Program before granting a divorce per the Parent's Education Act. The law, , enacted in 1999, was established to promote cooperation between the parties and to assist in resolving issues that arrive during the divorce process that may impact a child. However, courts will not refer a party to the program if a restraining order has been issued pursuant to the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act or if either party is restrained from contact under the criminal or civil laws of New Jersey or any other state.

Oregon

In the case of In re O'Donnell-Lamont (2004), the Oregon Supreme Court affirmed an Oregon statute requiring a presumption the parent acts in the child's best interests to be met prior to applying the best interests of the child standard, placing both parties on equal footing. Likewise, the court upheld the requirement set forth mandating that either a child-parent relationship or a long-term personal relationship existed between the child and non-blood related intervenor under the concept of the fundamental right of the parent. The court noted that the issue in itself allowed for an intervenor with a legitimate purpose to come forth, and through the statute's requirement of first showing the relationship, second showing the rebuttal of the presumption, and finally judging the choice on the best interest of the child standard, the fundamental right of the parent was being given proper Due Process Requirements under the 14th Amendment Due Process Clause.

Texas

In the State of Texas, rather than using the term custody, a parent who is granted custody of a child by a court is deemed a "conservator". Conservatorship is divided into two categories, a "managing conservator" and a "possessory conservator."
The first time a court must make a decision about conservatorship, a court may presume that both parents should be Joint Managing Conservators.  When joint managing conservatorship is awarded, the parties or the judge must decide on how to divide the rights and duties, which is written into the decree.
However, the court may alternatively appoint a "Sole Managing Conservator" with one or more "Possessory Conservators".  In doing so, the Judge can weigh a history of domestic violence, or whether the parent has had little prior contact or relationship with the child when considering restrictions on rights and possession. The possessory conservator may be virtually eliminated from the process of making decisions concerning health, education and welfare. The sole managing conservator takes sole responsibility for a child, making all the important decisions regarding health (both mental and physical), education, and moral or religious upbringing alone.

Conservatorship orders divide various parental rights and duties, including

(1) the right to make major decisions regarding the children;

(2) the right to have physical possession of the children; and

(3) the duty to financially support the children among the parents after the divorce.

Statutory authority

The following statutes define possessory and managing conservators:

Family Code § 153.005. Appointment of Sole or Joint Managing Conservator:

Family Code § 153.006. Appointment of Possessory Conservator:

Federal law
In Troxel v. Granville (2000), the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that a biological parent holds a fundamental right in choosing how to raise one's children as they see fit.

Military parents and child custody
In the 21st century, a new body of case law for custody of children in military families is developing due to more frequent deployments of both mothers and fathers in active duty, as well as dual-career military couples.

See also
Bergeron v. Bergeron
Child abduction
Child advocacy
Child support
Divorce
Family law
Fathers' rights
Men's rights
Parenting plan
Parental Alienation Syndrome
Paternity
Shared parenting

References

External links
MassLegalHelp.org Explains Massachusetts civil law in plain language.
Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction
LII - US legal sources on Child Custody

Category:United States law


Public holidays in Malta

Malta is the country with the most holidays in the European Union.  Since 2005, any holidays falling on Saturdays or Sundays do not add an extra day to the workers' leave pool.

National holidays

 31 March: Freedom Day ('Jum il-Ħelsien')
 7 June: Sette Giugno
 8 September: Victory Day ('Jum il-Vitorja')
 21 September: Independence Day ('Jum l-Indipendenza')
 13 December: Republic Day ('Jum ir-Repubblika')

Public holidays

 1 January: New Year's Day ('L-Ewwel tas-Sena')
 10 February: Feast of Saint Paul's Shipwreck in Malta ('Nawfraġju ta' San Pawl') - the apostle is the patron saint of Malta
 19 March: Feast of Saint Joseph ('San Ġużepp')
 Friday before Easter: Good Friday ('Il-Ġimgħa l-Kbira')
 1 May: Worker's Day ('Jum il-Ħaddiem')
 29 June: Feast of Saint Peter; Saint Paul, patron saints ('L-Imnarja')
 15 August: Feast of the Assumption of Our Lady ('Santa Marija')
 8 December: Feast of the Immaculate Conception ('Il-Kunċizzjoni')
 25 December: Christmas Day ('Il-Milied')

Traditional Feasts
The following is a list of feasts or special days celebrated in Malta. Note that, with the exception of the dates mentioned in the previous section, these feasts are not public holidays and on these days, business runs as usual across the Maltese islands. As Malta is largely Roman Catholic, most of these feasts celebrate Saints or events from the Holy Bible.

January

January by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar tal-bard' ('the coldest month')
1 January: New Year's Day ('L-Ewwel tas-Sena' or 'L-Istrina')
First Sunday after 1 January: Epiphany ('Epifanija' or 'It-Tre Re')
13 January: St Anthony the Abbot ('San Anton Abbati') in Rabat
27 January: Conversion of Saint Paul ('Konverżjoni ta' San Pawl') in Mdina

February

February by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar ta' San Pawl' ('Saint Paul's month')

2 February: Candlemas ('Gandlora')
3 February: Saint Blase ('San Blas')
10 February: Saint Paul Shipwreck ('San Pawl Nawfragu') in Valletta, Marsalforn and Munxar
14 February: Saint Valentine ('San Valentinu')

March

March by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar ta' San Ġużepp, tal-Lunzjata u tar-roħs' ('Saint Joseph, the Annunciation and Sales' month')

27 March: Jesus of Nazareth ('Ġesù Nazzarenu') in Sliema
19 March: Staint Joseph ('San Ġużepp') in Rabat
25 March: Annunciation ('Il-Lunzjata')
31 March: Freedom Day ('Jum il-Helsien')

April

April is known by the Maltese as 'ix-xahar tan-nwhar u ta' San Girgor' ('the month of blossoms and Saint Gregory').

1 April: April Fool's Day ('Il-Ġifa')
First Wednesday after Easter Sunday: Saint Gregory ('San Girgor')
6 April: Saint Publius ('San Publju') in Floriana
23 April: Saint George ('San Ġorġ') in Qormi and Rabat (Victoria)

The following feasts are moveable, as they can occur either in March or in April.

Friday before Palm Sunday – Our Lady of Sorrows ('Id-Duluri')
Palm Sunday ('Ħadd il-Palm')
Good Friday ('Il-Ġimgħa l-Kbira')
Easter ('L-Għid' or 'L-Irxoxt')

May

May by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar tal-ħsad, tal-Madonna ta' Pompej' ('the month of harvest, Our Lady of Pompeii')

1 May: Saint Joseph the Worker (www.sanguzepphaddiem.com  'San Ġużepp Ħaddiem' or 'Jum il-Ħaddiem') with a feast at Ħamrun and Birkirkara
2 May: Our Lady of Liesse ('Il-Madonna ta' Liesse') in Valletta
3 May: Feast of the Cross ('Santu Kruċ') in Birkirkara
3 May: St. Augustine ('Santu Wistin') in Valletta
9 May: Liturgical Feast of Saint George Preca ('San Ġorġ Preca')
31 May: Holy Trinity ('Trinità Mqaddsa') in Marsa
22 May: Saint Rita ('Santa Rita') in Valletta
24 May: The Annunciation ('Il-Lunzjata')in Tarxien
24 May: Saint Paul ('San Pawl') in Munxar, Gozo
2 June: Our Lady of Fatima ('Il-Madonna ta' Fatima') in Pietà, Malta
24 May: Saint Joseph ('San Ġużepp') in Għaxaq
31 May: Saint Anthony of Padua ('Sant' Antnin ta' Padova') in Birkirkara
Second Sunday of May: Mother's Day ('Jum l-Omm')

June

June by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar tad-dris, tal-ħġejjeġ, tal-Imnarja, u tal-Qalb ta' Ġesù' ('the month of reaping, bonfires, Saint Peter and Saint Paul, and Sacred Heart').

First Sunday of June: Saint Joseph ('San Ġużepp')in Għaxaq
21 June: Christ the Redeemer ('Kristu Redentur') in Senglea
14 June: Saint Philip ('San Filep') in Żebbuġ, Malta
14 June: Corpus Christi in Għasri; Sacred Heart of Jesus ('Il-Qalb ta' Ġesù') in Fontana, Gozo
21 June: Our Lady of Lily ('Il-Madonna tal-Ġilju') in Mqabba; Saint Catherine ('Santa Katarina') in Żejtun; Saint John the Baptist ('San Ġwann Battista') in Xewkija
22 June: Our Lady of Lourdes ('Il-Madonna ta' Lourdes') in Qrendi
Third Sunday of June: Father's Day ('Jum il-Missier')
29 June: Saint Nicholas ('San Nikola') in Siġġiewi; Saint George ('San Ġorġ') in Qormi, Our Lady of Sacred Heart ('Il-Qalb Bla Tebgħa ta' Marija') in Burmarrad; Saint Peter and Saint Paul ('San Pietru u San Pawl: L-Imnarja') in Mdina and Nadur
Fourth Sunday of June: Saint John ('San Ġwann')

July

July by the Maltese is known as 'tal-Karmnu' ('Our Lady of Mount Carmel').

5 July: The Visitation ('Il-Viżitazzjoni') in Għarb, Gozo; Saint Paul ('San Pawl') in Rabat, Malta; Our Lady of Sacred Heart ('Sacro Cuor') in Sliema; Saint Andrew ('Sant' Andrija'): in Luqa; Our Lady of Lourdes ('Il-Madonna ta' Lourdes') in Qrendi; Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Fleur-de-Lys
12 July: Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Fgura
13 July: Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Gżira
16 July: Our Lady of Mount Carmel ('Il-Madonna tal-Karmnu') in Valletta
19 July: Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Mdina and Birkirkara
20 July: Our Lady of Sorrows ('Marija Sultana Tal-Martri') in San Pawl Il-Bahar
26 July: Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Balluta Bay (San Ġiljan)
Second Sunday of July: Saint Joseph ('San Ġużepp') in Ħal Kirkop; the Annunciation ('Marija Annunzjata') in Hal Balzan
Third Sunday of July: Saint George (San Gorg) in Victoria ; Saint Sebastian ('San Bastjan') in Hal Qormi ; Sacred Family ('Sagra Familja') in Bidnija
26 July: Saint Anne ('Sant' Anna') in Marsaskala
27 July: Saint Venera ('Santa Venera') in Santa Venera; Mount Carmel* ('Madonna Tal-Karmnu') in Żurrieq
Last Sunday of July: Christ the King ('Kristu Re') in Paola, Malta

August

August by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar tal-frott, ta' Santa Marija u ta' San Lawrenz' ('the month of fruit, Saint Mary and Saint Lawrence').

3 August: Saint Peter in Chains ('San Pietru fil-Ktajjen') in Birżebbuġa
10 August: Saint Lawrence ('San Lawrenz') in Birgu and San Lawrenz
11 August: Saint Gaetan ('San Gejtanu') in Ħamrun
15 August: The Seven Saint Marys ('Is-Seba' Santa Marijiet') in Għaxaq, Mqabba, Qrendi, Gudja, Mosta, Attard, Victoria (Rabat,Gozo)
16 August: Saint Roque ('Santu Rokku')
Nearest Sunday to 18 August: Saint Helen (Santa Elena): in Birkirkara: Feast celebrated on a Sunday morning
Third Sunday of August: Stella Maris (Our Lady Star of the Sea) in Sliema
29 August: The Martyrdom of Saint John the Baptist ('Il-Martirju ta' San Ġwann')
Last Sunday of August: Saint Dominic of Guzman ('San Duminku ta' Guzman') in Birgu
Last Sunday of August: Saint Julian ('San Ġiljan') in San Ġiljan

September

September by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar tal-Vitorja, tal-Bambina, u tal-Grazzja' ('the month of Victory, the Nativity of Our Lady, and Our Lady of Graces').

8 September: The Nativity of Our Lady (Il-Bambina) in Mellieħa, Naxxar, Senglea and Xagħra
First Sunday after 8 September: Our Lady of Graces (Il-Madonna tal-Grazzja)
12 September: The Name of Mary (L-Isem ta' Marija)
21 September: Independence Day (Jum L-Indipendenza)

October

October by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar tar-Rużarju' ('the month of the Rosary').

Our Lady of Rosary ('Il-Madonna tar-Rużarju') different villages in Malta and Gozo celebrate Our Lady of Rosary on different days in October

November

By the Maltese, November is known as 'ix-xahar tal-inżigħ tal-weraq, tal-erwieħ, u tal-imwiet' ('the month of fallen leaves, of souls, and of deaths').

2 November: All Souls Day ('L-Għid tal-Erwieħ')
11 November: Saint Martin of Tours ('San Martin')
22 November: Saint Cecilia ('Santa Ċeċilja')
25 November: Saint Catherine of Alexandria ('Santa Katarina ta' Lixandra')
First Sunday after 25 November: Christ the King ('Kristu Re')

December

December by the Maltese is known as 'ix-xahar tal-Milied u tal-Kunċizzjoni' ('the Christmas and Conception month')
8 December: Immaculate conception, with the Traditional Festa in Cospicua
13 December: Republic Day ('Jum ir-Repubblika'), Saint Lucy ('Santa Luċija') in Imtarfa
25 December: Christmas ('Il-Milied'), with its traditional procession with the statue of Infant Jesus
26 December: Saint Stephen ('San Stiefnu')
28 December: Innocent Saints ('L-Innoċenti Martri')
31 December: Saint Silvester ('San Silvestru')

Distinction between National and Public Holidays

Article 3 of the National Holidays and Other Public Holidays Act (chapter 252) provides the distinction between National and Public Holidays.

The National Holidays shall be public holidays and on those occasions there shall be flown on public buildings the National Flag of Malta.

References

*
Malta


Jack Branfield

Jack Branfield (born 25 October 1891) was an English footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played professionally for Gillingham, making over 50 appearances, and was in goal for the club's first ever match in the Football League in 1920.

References

Category:1891 births
Category:Year of death missing
Category:English footballers
Category:Gillingham F.C. players
Category:People from Gillingham, Kent
Category:Association football goalkeepers


Chris Coletta

Christopher Michael Coletta (born August 2, 1944, in Brooklyn, New York) is a retired professional baseball player (corner outfielder) who played one season for the California Angels of Major League Baseball. Coletta was also with the Boston Red Sox organization and had an impressive career in the International League. He played for the now defunct Louisville Colonels—the AAA farm club for Boston at that time. He was teammates with (among others) Carlton Fisk and Jim Lonborg during that period of his career.

In fact, Coletta was in the Red Sox minor-league system for ten seasons (1963–72)--- from age 18 to age 28. In 1963, he hit .312 for Waterloo (Class A). In 1964, he hit .326 for Winston-Salem (Class A). Promoted to Class AA in 1965, he hit .318 for Pittsfield --- then in 1966, he hit .311 for Pittsfield. During these four seasons, his on-base percentage was around .400, and his slugging percentage always over .435—all healthy numbers given the low offensive output of the era. After a poor season in 1967, he hit .314 for Savannah (Class AA) in 1968, at which point he was finally promoted to the Class AAA Louisville team. Coletta then was stuck in AAA Louisville for four seasons despite some superb statistics—he hit .294 in 1969, .332 in 1970, .311 in 1971, and .319 in 1972 (with on-base percentages around .400, and slugging percentages around .450).

In mid-August 1972, about a week after turning 28 years old, Coletta was finally liberated from the (at the time) dysfunctional Red Sox organization --- he was traded to the Angels for Andy Kosco --- so that the Red Sox could employ a journeyman (Kosco) in their (failed) attempt to win the AL East that year.

In his month-and-a-half stint with the Angels, Colleta hit .300. His OPS+ (on-base percentage plus slugging percentage normalized to the league average) was 130, meaning his performance was 30% better than the league average. Because 1972 was such a poor season for batting in general – the DH was instituted in the AL the next year because scoring was down so much – translating Coletta's batting average to an "average" season (average ballpark, average runs scored, etc.), Coletta would have hit .353 under those circumstances.

On August 20, in a game at Tiger Stadium in Detroit, Coletta managed a rare feat by banging out two hits in the same inning (top of the fourth).

On September 24, his 8th-inning homer off Jim Perry broke a 1-1 tie and provided the winning margin in the Angels 2-1 win over the Twins (in what turned out to be his second-to-last Major League at bat). For the month and a half, Coletta got 31 plate appearances and hit that one homer and had 7 RBI. Pro-rated over a full season (600 plate appearances), this would equate to 19 HRs and 135 RBIs.

Despite this rather impressive showing, the Angels sent him back to the minors in 1973. Given that he was turning 29 that year (which was old for a player at that time), they thought he was too old to invest much time on. He was traded to the Phillies organization later that season, and then after being released, played for the Red Sox organization again. In his final four minor league seasons (1973–76), Coletta hit .284, .306, .271, and .273.

References

Category:1944 births
Category:Living people
Category:Major League Baseball outfielders
Category:California Angels players
Category:Hawaii Islanders players
Category:Winston-Salem Red Sox players
Category:Rhode Island Red Sox players
Category:Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Category:Toledo Mud Hens players
Category:Pittsfield Red Sox players
Category:Salt Lake City Angels players
Category:Savannah Senators players
Category:Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Category:Pawtucket Red Sox players
Category:Waterloo Hawks (baseball) players
Category:Baseball players from New York (state)
Category:Sportspeople from Brooklyn


Dorcoeax ovalis

Dorcoeax ovalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1946.

References

Category:Ancylonotini
Category:Beetles described in 1946


Bożena Bąk

Bożena Bąk (born 28 January 1966) is a Polish badminton player. She competed in women's singles and women's doubles at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

References

External links

Category:1966 births
Category:Living people
Category:Polish female badminton players
Category:Olympic badminton players of Poland
Category:Badminton players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Głubczyce


United States Army Military Government in Korea

The United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula from September 8, 1945 to August 15, 1948.

The country during this period was plagued with political and economic chaos, which arose from a variety of causes. The after-effects of the Japanese occupation were still being felt in the occupation zone, as well as in the Soviet zone in the North. Popular discontent stemmed from the U.S. Military Government's support of the Japanese colonial government; then once removed, keeping the former Japanese governors on as advisors; by ignoring, censoring and forcibly disbanding the functional and popular People's Republic of Korea (PRK); and finally by supporting United Nations elections that divided the country.

In addition, the U.S. military was largely unprepared for the challenge of administering the country, arriving with no knowledge of the language or political situation. Thus, many of their policies had unintended destabilizing effects. Waves of refugees from North Korea (estimated at 400,000) and returnees from abroad also helped to keep the country in turmoil.

Background

The short-lived People's Republic of Korea had been established in August, in consultation with Japanese authorities, and quickly spread throughout the country. The U.S. Military Government outlawed it in the South shortly after their arrival. The leader of the People's Republic, Yeo Un-hyeong, stepped down and formed the Working People's Party. The U.S. administration also refused to recognize the members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, led by Kim Ku, who were obliged to enter the country as private citizens.

Key events
After the surrender of the Empire of Japan to the Allies, division at the 38th parallel marked the beginning of Soviet and American command over the North and South, respectively. U.S. forces landed at Incheon on September 8, 1945, and established a military government shortly thereafter. The forces landing at Incheon were of the XXIV Corps of the U.S. Tenth Army. They were commanded by Lt. General John R. Hodge, who then took charge of the government. Four days before he arrived in Korea, Hodge told his officers that Korea "was an enemy of the United States".

On September 9, at a surrender ceremony, Hodge announced that the Japanese colonial government would remain intact, including its personnel and its governor-general. After a major outcry, Hodge replaced the governor-general with an American and removed all the Japanese bureau chiefs, though he, in turn, enlisted the former Japanese bureaucrats as advisors.

Faced with mounting popular discontent, in October 1945 Hodge established the Korean Advisory Council. The majority of the Council seats were given to members of the Korean Democratic Party which had been formed at the encouragement of the U.S. and was primarily made up of large landowners, wealthy businesspeople, and former officials in the colonial government. A few members of the PRK were offered to join, but they refused and instead criticized the Council appointees for their collaboration with the Japanese.

A proposal was made in 1945 for a long-term trusteeship arrangement. In December 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to administer the country under the U.S.–Soviet Joint Commission, as termed by the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers. It was agreed that Korea would govern independently after four years of international oversight. However, both the United States and the USSR approved Korean-led governments in their respective halves, each of which was favorable to the occupying power's political ideology. From a number of perspectives, it may be argued that not all Koreans necessarily favoured these arrangements. In the south the interim legislature and the interim government were headed by Kim Kyu-shik and Syngman Rhee, respectively, and the elections for which were met with a large uprising.

The USAMGIK tried to contain civil violence in the south by banning strikes on December 8 and outlawing the revolutionary government and the people's committees on December 12. Things spiraled quickly out of control however, with a massive strike on September 23, 1946 by 8,000 railway workers in Busan which quickly spread to other cities in the South. On October 1, police attempts to control rioters in Daegu caused the death of three student demonstrators and injuries to many others, sparking a mass counter-attack killing 38 policemen. In Yeongcheon, a police station came under attack by a 10,000-strong crowd on October 3, killing over 40 policemen and the county chief. Other attacks killed about 20 landlords and pro-Japanese officials. The U.S. administration responded by declaring martial law, firing into crowds of demonstrators and killing a publicly unknown number of people.

Education
Among the earliest edicts promulgated by USAMGIK was one reopening all schools, issued in November 1945. No immediate changes were made in the educational system, which was simply carried over from the Japanese colonial period. In this area, as in others, the military government sought to maintain the forms of the Japanese occupation system.

Although it did not implement sweeping educational reforms, the military government did lay the foundations for reforms which were implemented early in the First Republic. In 1946, a council of about 100 Korean educators was convened to map out the future path of Korean education.

Politics
Although the military government was hostile to leftism from the beginning, it did initially tolerate the activities of left-wing political groups, including the Korean Communist Party. They had attempted to strike a balance between hard-left and hard-right groups, encouraging moderation. However, these overtures frequently had the adverse effect of angering powerful leaders such as Syngman Rhee.

This period of reconciliation did not last long. Within a short time, the military government actively disempowered and eventually banned popular organizations that were gaining support within the general public, including the People's Republic of Korea. The justification given by the USAMGIK was its suspicion that they were aligned with the communist bloc, despite professing a relatively moderate stance compared to the actual Korean Communist Party, which had also been banned at this time.

Inter-Korean relations
At the time of division, the overwhelming majority of Korean industry was concentrated in the North, while most of the agricultural land was in the South. Power lines and shipping connections were maintained during this period, but were frequently and unpredictably cut off. The North, controlled during this period by the Soviet Union, had the ability to wreak havoc in the South by cutting off the supply of electricity or fertilizer, and frequently did so.

Economy
The economy of South Korea did not fare well during this period, although the foundations of recovery were laid. Counterfeiting was reportedly a serious problem during this period.

Dissolution
Following the constitutional assembly and presidential elections held in May and July 1948 respectively, the Republic of Korea was officially proclaimed on August 15, 1948. American troops finally withdrew in 1949.

See also
 Operation Blacklist Forty
 List of Korea-related topics
 History of South Korea
 Provisional People's Committee for North Korea
 Soviet Civil Administration – Soviet counterpart in North Korea

Notes

  Allan R. Millet, The War for Korea: 1945–1950 (2005) P. 59
  Lee (1984, p. 374); Cumings (1997, p. 189).
  Cumings, 1997, p. 189.  Nahm (1996, p. 340) gives "Eighth Army", reflecting the Corps' later affiliation.
  Nahm, Cumings, loc. cit.
  Nahm (1996, p. 351); Lee (1984, p. 375).
  Nahm (1996, p. 340).
  Lee (1984, p. 375).
  Nahm (1996, pp. 330–332); Lee (1984, p. 374).
  Nahm (1996, p. 340).
  Nahm (1996, p. 340).

References

External links
 Unofficial list of US National Archives documents concerning USAMGIK
 Paramilitary politics under the USAMGIK and the establishment of the ROK, Kim Bong-jin, Korea Journal 43 (2), pp. 289–322 (2003).

Category:American military occupations
Category:History of the United States Army
Category:History of South Korea
Category:1945 in South Korea
Category:1946 in South Korea
Category:1947 in South Korea
Category:1948 in South Korea
Category:History of United States expansionism
Category:South Korea–United States relations
Category:Allied occupation of Korea
Category:Former polities of the Cold War


Church of St Michael and All Angels, Gwernesney

The Church of St St Michael and All Angels, is the former parish church of Gwernesney, Monmouthshire, Wales.  It is a Grade I listed building. In 2017, the church was vested in the care of The Friends of Friendless Churches.

History and architecture

The church is thirteenth century in origin but with much fifteenth century work.  The double bell gable, and more, was restored in 1853–4 by John Pollard Seddon.  It is of Old Red Sandstone.

The interior contains a late medieval screen, "of particular interest."  The church register of baptisms and burials dates from the year 1758 and that of marriages from 1757.

Services are held on the second Sunday of the month at 10.30am.

Notes

References
Newman, John (2002). Gwent/Monmouthshire. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. p. 305. .

Gwernesney
Category:Church in Wales church buildings


Konstantin Kvashnin

Konstantin Pavlovich Kvashnin (; 27 December 1898 – 2 November 1982) was a Soviet Russian football player and manager who managed FC Dynamo Moscow to a championship in the first ever Soviet Top League competition in 1936.

Honours as a manager
 Soviet Top League champion: 1936 (spring), 1938.
 Soviet Top League runner-up: 1936 (autumn), 1937.
 Soviet Top League bronze: 1948.
 Soviet Cup winner: 1938, 1949.

External links

Category:1898 births
Category:Sportspeople from Moscow
Category:1982 deaths
Category:Russian footballers
Category:Soviet footballers
Category:Soviet Top League players
Category:FC Spartak Moscow players
Category:FC Dynamo Moscow players
Category:Soviet football managers
Category:FC Dynamo Moscow managers
Category:FC Spartak Moscow managers
Category:FC Torpedo Moscow managers
Category:FC Shakhtar Donetsk managers
Category:Association football midfielders


Kasson Public Library

The Kasson Public Library serves the residents of Kasson, Mantorville and surrounding areas in the U.S. state of Minnesota with a service area of approximately 12,000 people. The library is a member of the SELCO regional library system.

In 2016, the library moved to a new  building at 607 First St. NW, Kasson.

References

External links
Google Map to Library
City page for Library

Category:Public libraries in Minnesota
Category:Education in Dodge County, Minnesota
Category:Buildings and structures in Dodge County, Minnesota


Kjeld Nuis

Kjeld Nuis (; born in Leiden 10 November 1989) is a Dutch speed skater.

Nuis specializes over the middle distances of 1000 and 1500 meters. At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, he won the gold medal at the 1500 m and 1000 m events. He is the current holder of the world record over 1500 meters.

Career
Nuis is a two-time Olympic champion, having won Olympic gold in both 1000 and 1500 meters at the 2018 Winter Olympics and a two-time world single distance champion over 1000 and 1500 meters.
He is a multi-time world single distance medalist over 1000 and 1500 meters and is also a four-time season overall World Cup winner of the 1000 meters distance and a two-time winner over 1500 meters.

In Sweden in May 2018 he set a new world speed skating record of 93 kilometers per hour.

Personal life
From 2014 until the end of 2018, Nuis was in a relationship with Miss Nederland World 2011 Jill Lauren de Robles. They have a son.

On 19 December 2018 Nuis was named Dutch Sportsman of the Year 2018 at the NOC NSF Sport Gala.

He lives in Emmen.

Speed skating

Personal records

World records established

Tournament overview

World Cup overview

– = Did not participate
(b) = Division B
DQ = Disqualified
NC = No classification

Medals won

References

External links

Category:1989 births
Category:Dutch male speed skaters
Category:Sportspeople from Leiden
Category:Living people
Category:Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Category:Olympic speed skaters of the Netherlands
Category:Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Category:Olympic medalists in speed skating
Category:Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Category:World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists
Category:World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists


Sulfur production in the United States

Sulfur production in the United States was 9.04 million metric tons of sulfur content in 2014, all of it recovered as a byproduct, from oil refineries (83 percent), natural gas processing plants (10 percent), and metal smelters (7 percent). The United States was second in the world in sulfur production in 2014, behind China. The sulfur recovered was marketed in the forms of native (elemental) sulfur (93 percent), and sulfuric acid (7 percent). Total value was US$927 million in 2014.

Byproduct sulfur from oil refineries, gas processing plants, and metal smelters is a "nondiscretionary byproduct," meaning that the sulfur recovery is mandated by environmental regulations put in place to prevent air pollution. Because the sulfur must be removed as a cost of producing the primary product, the sulfur byproduct will be sold, even at a price lower than the cost of recovery. This has enabled byproduct sulfur to drive other forms of sulfur production, notably Frasch sulfur, out of the market in the United States.

Markets
The largest market in the US is in the manufacture of fertilizers, which makes up about two-thirds of consumption.

History

Pyrite
Pyrite, which is made up of iron sulfide, made up more than 10 percent of the sulfur production in the 1920s, but declined slowly, until the last pyrite mining in the US stopped in 2001.

Frasch sulfur mining
The Frasch process was first used in 1894 in Louisiana, and in the early 1900s came into wide use in mining native sulfur deposits, especially deposits in the caprock of salt domes along the Gulf Coast of the United States. Frasch mining dominated sulfur mining in the U.S. for most of the 20th century, for many years providing more than 80 percent of the sulfur production. The last U.S. Frasch mine shut down in 2000, although the process is still used in other countries.

Recovery from smelters
In many ores of copper, zinc, lead, and molybdenum, the metals are in the form of sulfide minerals. These include the principal ore minerals of copper (chalcocite, chalcopyrite), zinc (sphalerite), lead (galena), and molybdenum (molybdenite). In addition, pyrite (an iron sulfide) is often present. Most sulfur is driven out of the solid phase in the roasting process. The sulfur is recovered in the form of sulfuric acid.

Sulfur recovery from smelters rose from 544,000 metric tons in 1970 to 1,403,000 tons in 1980, due to tightened air emissions standards. Sulfur recovery peaked in 1988 at 1,610,000 tons, then declined to 730,000 tons in 2014, coinciding with a decline in the U.S. metal smelting industry.

Recovery from petroleum refineries
Some oil, called sour oil, is naturally high in sulfur. The sulfur is largely incorporated into the organic molecules in the petroleum. Some sulfur has always been recovered from sour oil, but a series of tightened federal standards for air pollution led to restrictions on sulfur content in petroleum fuels, which resulted in a great increase in recovered sulfur, starting in the 1970s.

Recovery from natural gas processing
Like sour oil, there is some natural gas naturally high in sulfur, called sour gas (natural gas with little or no sulfur is called sweet gas). The sulfur is present in the form of hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas that must be removed for safety reasons. Most natural gas has less than 1 percent hydrogen sulfide, but deposits have been discovered with more than 80 percent hydrogen sulfide. Sour gas is most often associated with carbonate rocks, and especially with anhydrite. Hydrogen sulfide is also corrosive, so that gas high in hydrogen sulfide requires special corrosion-resistant production equipment,as well as extra safety precautions. The requirement that gas processors remove the sulfur causes sour gas to receive a lower producer price than sweet gas.

International trade
The U.S. imports about 11 percent of the sulfur it uses. Principal sources of sulfur imported into the U.S. are Canada and Mexico.

References

United States
Category:Sulfur mines in the United States
Category:Industry in the United States


Henderson State Reddies football

For information on all Henderson State University sports, see Henderson State Reddies

The Henderson State Reddies football program is a college football team that represents Henderson State University. The team is a member of the Great American Conference which is in the Division II of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Reddies are currently coached by Scott Maxfield, who is in his seventh year at the university. Home games are played at Carpenter-Haygood Stadium in Arkadelphia, Arkansas. Henderson State shares the longest rivalry in Division II football with Ouachita Baptist University Tigers, the Battle of the Ravine, which began in 1895. Head Coach Of Auburn, Gus Malzahn is one of their most famous alumni by playing Wide Receiver for the  Reddies.

Rivalries

Ouachita Baptist Tigers

References

External links

*
Category:Sports clubs established in 1905


Liang Jingkui

Liang Jingkui (; 28 April 1931 – 19 January 2019), also known as Jing-Kui Liang, was a Chinese physical chemist and materials scientist. He was a professor at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He served as President of the CAS Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter from 1983 to 1987, and was elected an academician of the CAS in 1993. He was awarded the Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize in Technological Sciences in 1999 for his contributions to crystallography, solid-state physics, and materials science.

Biography
Liang was born in Fuzhou, Fujian, Republic of China, on 28 April 1931, the son of a power plant worker at the Fuzhou Electric Company. He was able to receive an education thanks to a scholarship offered by his father's employer.

He entered Fuzhou University in 1951, and two years later transferred to Xiamen University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in physical chemistry in July 1955. He joined the Communist Party of China in June 1954. After studying Russian for a year, in September 1956 he was sent by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) to study in the Soviet Union at the A. A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he earned an associate doctor degree (equivalent to a Ph.D.) in February 1960.

He returned to China in February 1960 and became an assistant professor (researcher) at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was promoted to associate professor in March 1978 and professor in February 1983. From March 1984 to June 1987 he served as President of the Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter in his hometown Fuzhou. He returned to the Institute of Physics afterwards and was elected an academician of the CAS in November 1993.

On 19 January 2019, Liang died in Beijing at the age of 87.

Scientific contributions
Liang made important contributions to crystallography, solid-state physics, and materials science. He designed an instrument for measuring the temperature in the instantaneous process of nuclear tests. He discovered that it is barium borate (BBO), not barium-sodium borate as previously thought, that produces the second-harmonic generation (SHG) effect. His discovery paved the way for the successful growth of BBO single crystals. He also made discoveries in technetium- and thallium-based superconductors.

Liang published over 280 scientific papers and two monographs. His works have been highly cited. He served as an editor for multiple scientific journals and trained more than 40 doctoral students and eight postdoctoral researchers.

He won multiple national scientific prizes including the State Natural Science Award and the State Science and Technology Progress Award. In 1999, he was awarded the Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize in Technological Sciences.

See also
Chen Chuangtian, discoverer of BBO

References

Category:1931 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Academic journal editors
Category:Chemists from Fujian
Category:Chinese editors
Category:Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union
Category:Chinese materials scientists
Category:Chinese physical chemists
Category:Fuzhou University alumni
Category:Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Category:People from Fuzhou
Category:Physicists from Fujian
Category:Xiamen University alumni


Battlefields Forever

Battlefields Forever is the fourth studio album by American band Big Business. It was recorded at Entourage Studios in North Hollywood, CA.

Track listing
 "Chump Chance" - 2:20
 “No Vowels” - 3:48
 “Battlefields” - 4:35
 “Trees” - 6:11
 “Aurum” - 1:33
 “Doomsday, Today!” - 4:09
 “Heavy Shoes” - 3:30
 “Our Mutant” - 2:05
 “Lonely Lyle” - 9:18

Personnel
Big Business
 Jared Warren - bass, vocals
 Coady Willis - drums, vocals
 Scott Martin - guitar, vocals

Technical personnel
 Dave Curran and Big Business – Producing
 Dave Curran - recording
 Andrew Schneider and Dave Curran - Mixing
 Scott Martin - Mixing on Aurum
 Carl Saff - Mastering

References

Category:2013 albums
Category:Big Business (band) albums


Maria-Anna Erismann

Maria-Anna Erismann is a Swiss former swimmer. She competed in the women's 100 metre freestyle at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Possibly living people
Category:Swiss female swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Switzerland
Category:Swimmers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Na fir bolg

Na Fir Bolg is a  folk music festival, held annually in Vorselaar, Belgium. The festival always takes place on the first weekend of July.

The festival started in 1995 and has grown from a single evening to a three-day festival. It is now the biggest festival in Antwerp (6,000 visitors in 2009).

A few known groups who have played at Na Fir Bolg are:
The Albion Band, John Kirkpatrick, Robb Johnson, Yevgueni, Bram Vermeulen, Mira, De Mens, The Popes and Anam.

The round men

"Na Fir Bolg", which means "The round men" or "The bag men" in Gaelic, were a Gaelic tribe. This was mentioned by one of the crew of Na Fir Bolg in a pub in '95. Because of the fact that all persons who thought of organising the festival were a bit fat, they called them self "the round men".
"Na Fir Bolg" quickly became the name for the folk festival.

Non-profit festival

Na Fir Bolg is a non-profit festival, every year a good purpose is chosen to support. In 2009 and 2010 they supported Catapa, an emerging volunteer movement in Belgium who are active in the fields of globalization (and how to change it) and sustainable development in Latin America.

References

External links
 festival website (Dutch)

Category:Music festivals established in 1995
Category:Festivals in Belgium
Category:Music festivals in Belgium
Category:Folk festivals in Belgium
Category:Summer events in Belgium


Hogebrug

Hogebrug is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the former municipality of Reeuwijk, and lies about 6 km east of Gouda.

The statistical area "Hogebrug", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 120.

References

Category:Populated places in South Holland


Nam June Paik Art Center

Nam June Paik Art Center is an art gallery in Giheung-gu, Yongin, in the Seoul Capital Area, South Korea. It opened in 2008 and hosts both permanent and temporary exhibitions. It is named after the Korean American artist Nam June Paik, whose work is included in its permanent collection.

The gallery awards the Nam June Paik Art Center Prize.

Nam June Paik Art Center Prize
The Nam June Paik Art Center Prize was established in 2009. It is "awarded to artists and theorists whose works are . . . amalgamating art and technology, pursuing new ways of communication, interacting with audiences, and fusing and conflating music, performance and visual art." The prize includes a solo exhibition at the Center.

Recipients
2009: Lee Seung-taek, Eun-Me Ahn, Ceal Floyer, and Robert Adrian
2010: Bruno Latour
2012: Doug Aitken
2014: Haroon Mirza
2016: Blast Theory
2018: Trevor Paglen

References

Category:2008 establishments in South Korea
Category:Art galleries established in 2008
Category:Art museums and galleries in Seoul
Category:Contemporary art galleries in Asia
Category:Museums devoted to one artist
Category:Biographical museums in South Korea


St. John's Burying Ground

St. John's Burying Ground was a cemetery bounded by Varick Street, Leroy Street, Hudson Street and Clarkson Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan.  The ground was connected with St. John's Chapel of Trinity Parish from 1834 to 1898, although many of the burials predate the cemetery's acquisition by the church.  The last burials were in about 1860. It is estimated that about 10,000 people were buried there.

In 1897, the cemetery was made into a public park by the city of New York.  Only about 250 bodies were removed.  The new park was called St. John's Park, but later became known as Hudson Park, and is now called James J. Walker Park.

The only remnant that remains of the park's time as a cemetery is the firemen's monument, which was erected by Engine Company 13 to Eugene Underhill and Frederick A. Ward, who were killed at a fire in 1834.  The monument used to be at their grave site, but it was moved in 1898.

Notable burials
 Theodosia Bartow Burr First wife of Aaron Burr
 William Evans Burton English actor, playwright, theater manager and publisher
 Thomas S. Hamblin English actor and theatre manager
 Frances Hodgkinson, actress, wife of actor John Hodgkinson
Helen Jewett Murder victim

Gallery

See also
 James J. Walker Park

References

External links
 St. John's Burying Ground at Find a Grave
 St. John's Old Burying Ground according to the New York Public Library Blog
 St John's Cemetery Research on New York City Cemetery Project Webpage

 New York Parks & Recreation History of James J Walker Park, formerly St. John's Burying Ground
 NY Post Article on Hidden Cemeteries of NYC
 6sqft Hidden Graveyards Blog Post Referencing Plot Image of St John's Burying Ground
 Dayton in Manhattan Independent Research on Burying Ground Below Ballfield
 Ephemeral New York Research on Old St. John's Burying Ground

Category:Cemeteries in Manhattan
Category:Greenwich Village
Category:Anglican cemeteries in the United States
Category:1897 disestablishments in New York (state)
Category:Former cemeteries


Historical fires of Stockholm

Stockholm has largely escaped looting and natural disasters, but the city's major scourges have been fires, which in the worst cases have wiped out entire neighborhoods. The population of Stockholm has historically lived in constant fear of the outbreak of fire, because the risk of fires in the 16th- and 17th-century Swedish cities was great. The question was not whether it would burn, but when.

Each citizen remained on night watch well into the 19th century. The worst fire in the history of Stockholm was the fire of Clara in 1751, which evolved into a firestorm spreading from Riddarfjärden to Södermalm.

Only through fire retardant buildings, organized fire services, better fire fighting equipment, and running water from fire hydrants (after 1861), could fires be reduced and maintained. However, aside from the misery and damage that large fires caused in Stockholm, there were also benefits, such as the planning of new districts, neighborhoods, and streets.

Fire protection, fire alarms and fire fighting
Even during the medieval period, the city laws had regulations to prevent the occurrence of fires. In 1661, Stockholm produced its first fire regime. Householders were required to shout in order to alert people to the outbreak of fire. The city was divided into districts headed by fire chiefs, and building owners were required to have some fire equipment, such as filling the house with water barrels during the summer.

When a fire broke out, church bells would ring and the care tower (watch tower) on Brunk Hill would hoist different signals. In one case in Skeppsholmen, there was a fire on salute batteries, and a certain number of cannon shots alerted the people in the town that it was burning. A decree of December 18, 1728, established a series of measures to provide a warning in the event of a fire. The sighting of unusual smoke was to be immediately reported to the master or mistress (under penalty of a fine), who would then pass it on to the churches to see if they agreed with the tower watch. This system would alert the watchmen in the towers in every neighborhood in which there was a fire at night. Later, they used particular church bells, flags, and cannon shots to warn of a fire. A fire on Södermalm required two signals. In Norrmalm, on Kungsholmen, and on the peninsula of Blasieholmen, three signals were used. The Old Town had four, and on the island of Djurgården, five rings were sounded.

In 1731, a solid brandvaktskår was established, the precursor to the Stockholm fire brigade. The Fire Union was funded by the city treasury and also patrolled at night, but the "care" or night watch that every citizen was required to keep extended well into the 19th century.

In 1746, the Swedish insurance company Brandcontoiret was established in Stockholm. It supported the city's fire safety through grants to include water and better insurance policies for stone buildings. In 1828, the city's public Stood Fire Company was founded. The seat of the company's board was in the Ship's Bridge 20.

In 1875, a new fire regime appeared in Stockholm, which for the first time possessed a professional fire department. Stockholm would have seven fire stations and two main stations, one in Norrmalm and one in Södermalm. Previously, there had been eldsläckningsmanskap, but it was male volunteers who put out the fires.

Fires before the 1600s

Throughout its history, Stockholm has been struck by many large fires, one of the oldest documented fires ravaging the city on April 14, 1297. The years 1330, 1344, 1407, 1411, 1419, 1445, 1458, and 1495 saw the city ravaged by major fires. The fire of 1407 was caused by a lightning strike and was alleged by some sources to have claimed up to 1,600 casualties. This fire destroyed many areas, including the Black Friars' Monastery of Stockholm.

After the year 1501, the building of wooden houses was banned inside the city walls. In 1552, the ban against fire hazards within the city was tightened so that the wooden houses in the town center were to be demolished and replaced with stone. However, there were still flammable wooden buildings, such as outhouses and sheds, left in the yard.

In 1555, there was a fire on Stadsholmen's west side outside the new city wall, and all the houses from the Great Gråmunkegränd to Kornhamnstorg burned to the ground. They caught fire in pitch at the newly built fort along the shore. In order to fight the fire, individuals had to run to the east side of Stadsholmen to collect water to extinguish the fire.

Fires in the 1600s

Among the first fires that broke out on a large scale prior to the city plan changes was the Great Fire in 1625 that devastated the southwestern parts of Stadsholmen. The fire began in the evening of September 1, 1625, in a house along the bottom at Kåkbrinken and extended all the way up to the West Long Street stone house, and for some time the German church was under threat. The fire lasted three days and destroyed a fifth of the infrastructure of Stockholm at the time.

The fire resulted in the building of a new city over the burnt areas.  Here was built the city's first main street, called Great King Street (now Stora Nygatan). The transformation is considered to be Stockholm's first settlement. Another consequence of the fire disaster was a tightening of the fire prevention measures, in which the fire chief and master of rotation would inspect chimneys and brädtak, and ensure that the houses had the mandatory fire fighting equipment.

After a fire in 1642 that devastated the eastern part of Brunkebergsåsen and destroyed 247 houses, the city planned part of Government Street to become the main street. It was the beginning of street regulation during Clas Larsson Fleming in the neighborhood that is now called Östermalm. To help prevent the spread of fire, stringent rules were created to put pressure on landowners to build stone houses, rather than the more flammable wooden ones.

Another major fire during the 1600s was the Tre Kronor fire on May 7, 1697, during which the castle was completely destroyed, except for the newly constructed north wing. Most of Sweden's former national archives and the royal library were destroyed. Afterwards, the palace architect Nicodemus Tessin the Younger designed a brand new Royal Palace.

Fires in the 1700s

Despite all precautions and new regulations, large fires continued to break out in Stockholm. Approximately 200 houses burned down in Norrmalm in 1719, while the Catherine fire in 1723 destroyed 500 houses, as well as other buildings and Catherine's Church on Södermalm. On the night of May 1, 1723, a fire began in a mill in the Maria Church and spread eastward, resulting in the collapse of the Catherine Church dome and the tower.

The fire of the Catherine Church in 1723 was not the only church which caught fire in that year. During a night between May 14 and 15, a violent storm raged over Stockholm. Lightning struck St. Jacob's Church (today the King's Garden) and Clara Church. Jacob's Church tower was burned and destroyed, while Clara Church received minor damage.

The worst fire that Stockholm survived occurred in 1751. It broke out in Norrmalm, developed into a firestorm, and spread from Riddarfjärden (an arm of the lake Mälaren) to Södermalm. Klara Church was badly damaged and 221 houses were completely destroyed. Brandcontoiret in Stockholm intended to pay about 784,000 dollars in insurance money, but it lacked the funds to cover the full amount. Only some of the affected homeowners had insured their houses, so the total cost of the fire was significantly higher than that sum. One person who was hit hard by the fire was geologist and mineralogist Daniel Tilas, whose house was completely destroyed. The fire demolished not only his home, but also the materials that he had gathered during 20 years of work and that would have been a Swedish and a global mineral history collection. His life's work had gone up in smoke. There was panic in the population that the fire was deliberately set, namely by one suspected arsonist.

In 1759, the city was hit again by a disastrous fire to the same extent as the Clara Church fire eight years earlier. In Sweden, this fire is named Mariabranden (Swedish brand= fire). The Mary fire in 1759 in the Maria parish in Södermalm destroyed 300 houses and the Maria Magdalena church. About 2,000 people were left homeless. The fire broke out on Thursday, July 19, 1759, in a bakery at a fishmonger in the appellate Hill (currently Brännkyrkagatan) at Mary Hill. At the time, there was a severe drought no water with which to fight the fire. Fire officers were advised to act logically, and it was decided not to extinguish the house that burned down, but rather to "counter-fire with a vengeance" further away.

Outside Sweden, this fire is most famous due to an occult anecdote that claims that the Swedish scientist and mystician Emanuel Swedenborg, through a sort of clairvoyance, "saw" the fire from Gothenburg. According to Swedenborg's biographer Lars Bergquist, however, this event took place on Sunday, July 29 — 10 days after the fire.

Fires in the 1800s

Due to factors including more and more houses were built in stone, fire was no longer used for heating, lighting, and cooking, and a professional fire department had been created, large urban fires ceased in the late 19th century. However, fires in individual buildings such as palaces, factories, and churches were still common.

The 19th century began with a fierce fire, the Riddarholm fire, which ravaged Riddarholmen on November 15, 1802. The fire started early in the morning in the Administrative Court's old house (Cruuska palace) and was caused by a guard master's negligent use of fuel. The fire quickly spread to the southern side of the house and lit the roof of the old King's House (Wrangel Palace), destroying many antiques, including the nearly 300-year-old woodcut Blood Carlsbad painting that was stored in the Administrative Services Archives of Wrangel palace.

Another palace destroyed in a major fire was De la Gardie Palace at Norrström, south of King's Garden.  In 1793, the theater was rebuilt. During a show on November 24, 1825, someone detected the smell of smoke on stage. Actor Lars Hjortsberg urged the audience to evacuate the hall. All spectators escaped unharmed, despite the theater only having one narrow exit. However, the fire still caused three casualties amongst the staff. The damage was extensive, but the remains of the buildings were salvaged.

Lightning striking church towers and tall buildings, which then acted as lighting conductors, were a common cause of fires. On July 28, 1835, Riddarholmskyrkan was hit by lightning and, at the same time, lightning struck the bottom of the Katarina Church and Kungsholms church tower. The Riddarholmskyrkan towers could not be saved.  The church roof and the vault collapsed the following day after having caught fire, although the church hall survived. The new tower at Riddarholmskyrkan was built in 1841, and was made of cast iron to better withstand fire.

Factory buildings were also victims of flames. On January 22, 1842, fires burned down A. Bergman's cotton spinning mill at Stadsgården. The building and 1,000 fathoms of wood burned up. The fire was so strong that onlookers across the Salt Lake on Skeppsbron were showered with soot and sparks. The fire that had started in the factory's gas works caused more casualties, and led to 200 people losing their jobs when the factory abandoned the flammable gas and moved operations to Harg at Nyköping, where they could use water power instead.

Late in the evening of November 11, 1873, a fire broke out in the Palinska house, resulting in the deaths of several people. The city realized that this could have been prevented with a time and purpose under fire. The fire led to the acceleration of the ongoing work with Fire Guard, and the formation of the Stockholm fire in the 1875-year fire regime.

The nights of June 19  December 20, 1875, saw a fire sweep through the central printer. This fire killed four people, and Heinrich Neuhaus' unique panorama of Stockholm was destroyed. The panorama, which was in the process of printing, as well as the lithographic stones, were rendered useless.

The most famous factory fire was Eldkvarn in eastern Kungsholmen, which burned on October 31, 1878. The event gave rise to the phrase "not since Eldkvarn burned" in the sense of "a very long time ago". Eldkvarn was a steam-powered mill, hence the name. The fire, believed to have been caused by flour dust falling onto a gaslamp which ignited, started just before 17:01 two floors up in the northeast corner of the house no. 1 at Hantverkargatan. The mill could continue to grind after the fire and was used up to 1906. On the Eldkvarn plot, with the block name of Eldkvarn, the Stockholm City Hall was later built.

The same year that Eldkvarn burnt, a fire broke out in the German Church in the Old Town. Such a church fire in the middle of Old Town could have been disastrous, but the new fire department quickly responded and prevented the fire from spreading. The fire started early on the morning of October 7, 1878. This time, Stockholm's church bells were tolled, reminiscent of the old methods of warning of a fire. The church's 16th century spire collapsed with its bells on the church vault, but the interior survived. In 1886, the church received its current tower.

Fires since 1900

The Djurgården Theatre at Skansen on Djurgården Southern was twice ravaged by fire. Fire broke out at the old Djurgården Theatre on May 19, 1865, destroying the building just when the theatre was beginning its second season.  It was rebuilt and re-inaugurated on 20 June 1867. On 21 June, 1929, the building went up in flames again and the wooden building disappeared in a few hours. The fire had begun in the kitchen area and spread quickly. Although the people who were in the building managed to save themselves, some firefighters had minor injuries. How the fire started could not be clarified.

One of the worst fires the Stockholm Fire Brigade experienced since its formation in 1875 was a fire in 1937 in the central dairy at Torsgatan. The fire broke out on February 8, 1937, caused by a welder working in the attic above the fourth floor. He first attempted to extinguish the fire himself, but failed. The fire brigade was alerted and quickly arrived on the site. The men not only had to fight the fire, but also work under difficult conditions, including heavy ice (the temperature was 10 degrees below zero) and a wax layer of 3,500 kg, which began to melt and burn, and hindered the firefighters considerably. Two firefighters were cut off by the fire. One hung outside a window and fell, later dying of his injuries. The other was rescued at the last minute. Some acetylene cylinders exploded, injuring another firefighter. A stairwell threatened to collapse and officers had to withdraw the men. In the end, all of Stockholm's firefighters engaged in fire extinguishing, and all the firefighters were called to duty. In total, there were 70 people on the site, including managers, the fire chief, firefighters, and teachers from officers' school. Only after seven hours was the fire considered to be under control. The damage cost over a million dollars and Stockholm's milk supply was threatened.

On September 5, 1970, IKEA's furniture warehouse at King's Curve burned. The cause of the fire was a short circuit in the large billboard. Codan paid an indemnity of 23 million; it was at that time the largest insurance loss in Sweden.

During the night of May 17, 1990, Catherine's Church burned for the second time. The church tower collapsed and went through the church vault. All that was left was the church walls, but a few valuable textiles and church silver were saved. An investigation into the cause of the fire was inconclusive.

Another notable fire hit Stockholm in 1990. On 28 September 1990, there was a large fire in the iron trade, John Wall's premises at the corner of Drottninggatan and Slöjdgatan. The fire destroyed the historic hardware store and a large part of the settlement in the district of Adam and Eve.

At two o'clock on the night of June 5, 2008, a fire broke out on the third floor of Town Hall's west wing. It took up to 70 firefighters about three hours to control. The fire in the Town Hall was dramatic and, when emergency services arrived at the building, it was a fully developed fire, five- to 10-foot-high flames reached out of the windows. The fire department estimated that the entire third floor of the south wing was destroyed by fire.  Since renovation work was being carried out, the building was empty and no people were hurt.

References

External links

 The Greater Stockholm Fire Brigade
 Unofficial website of the Stockholm County and Greater Stockholm fire

Category:History of Stockholm
Category:Fires in Sweden


BRST algorithm

Boender-Rinnooy-Stougie-Timmer algorithm (BRST) is an optimization algorithm suitable for finding global optimum of black box functions. In their paper Boender et al.  describe their method as a stochastic method involving a combination of sampling, clustering and local search, terminating with a range of confidence intervals on the value of the global minimum.

The algorithm of Boender et al. has been modified by Timmer. Timmer considered several clustering methods. Based on experiments a method named "multi level single linkage" was deemed most accurate.

Csendes' algorithms  are implementations of the algorithm of [Boender et al.] and originated the public domain software product GLOBAL. The local algorithms used are a random direction, linear search algorithm also used by Törn, and a quasi—Newton algorithm not using the derivative of the function. The results show the dependence of the result on the auxiliary local algorithm used.

Background
Extending the class of functions to include multimodal functions makes the global optimization problem unsolvable in general. In order to be solvable some smoothness condition on the function in addition to continuity must be known.

The existence of several local minima and unsolvability in general are important characteristics of global optimization. Unsolvability here means that a solution cannot be guaranteed in a finite number of steps.
There are two ways to deal with the unsolvability problem. First, "a priori" conditions on f and A are posed which turns the problem into a solvable one or at least makes it possible to tell for sure that a solution has been found. This restricts the function class that is considered.
The second approach which allows a larger class of objective functions to be considered is to give up the solvability requirement and only try to obtain an estimate of the global minimum. In this "probabilistic" approach it would be desirable also to obtain some results on the goodness of an obtained estimate. Some of the solvable problems may fall in this class because the number of steps required for a guaranteed solution might be prohibitively large.

When relaxing the requirement on solvability it seems rational to require that the probability that a solution is obtained approaches 1 if the procedure is allowed to continue forever. An obvious probabilistic global search procedure is to use a local algorithm starting from several points distributed over the whole optimization region. This procedure is named "Multistart". Multistart is certainly one of the earliest global procedures used. It has even been used in local optimization for increasing the confidence in the obtained solution. One drawback of Multistart is that when many starting points are used the same minimum will eventually be determined several times. In order to improve the efficiency of Multistart this should be avoided.

Clustering methods are used to avoid this repeated determination of local minima. This is realized in three steps which may be iteratively used. The three steps are:

 (a) Sample points in the region of interest.
 (b) Transform the sample to obtain points grouped around the local minima.
 (c) Use a clustering technique to recognize these groups (i.e. neighbourhoods of the local minima).

If the procedure employing these steps is successful then starting a single local optimization from each cluster would determine the local minima and thus also the global minimum. The advantage in using this approach is that the work spared by computing each minimum just once can be spent on computations in (a) and (b), which will increase the probability that the global minimum will be found.

Being a clustering method, their effectiveness is higher for low-dimensional problems and become less effective for problems having a few hundred variables.

References

External links
http://www.abo.fi/~atorn/Globopt.html With the author's permission, text has been verbatim copied.
Janka Compares various global optimization algorithms, of which BRST shows superior performance.
Janka Presents the number of function-evaluations performed on the testset of Dixon-Szegö. Along with the MCS algorithm, the BRST requires the lowest number of evaluations.

Category:Stochastic optimization


Kori Carter

Kori Carter (born June 3, 1992) is an American  track and field athlete, specializing in hurdle races, the World Champion in the 400 metres hurdles event in 2017. Kori Carter was a nine-time All-American at Stanford University sponsored by Jordan Brand.

Prep
While at Claremont High School, in Claremont, California, Carter won the CIF California State Meet in both hurdle races her junior and senior years (2009–10) while winning the 300 hurdles in 2008.  She made the final in both races all four years, the first of those as a freshman in 2007 was the race where Vashti Thomas set the current National record in the 100 metres hurdles.

NCAA
Kori Carter was a nine-time All-American at Stanford University sponsored by Nike.

As a Junior, on June 8, 2013, Carter won the NCAA Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championship in the 400 metres hurdles in collegiate record time of 53.21.  That mark tied triple Olympic gold medalist Marie-José Pérec for number 20 on the all-time list. Carter was a 2013 Bowerman finalist.

Professional
Kori ran 55.69 in 400 meters at 2013 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships on June 21, 2013.

Carter won the 400 meter hurdles at the 2014 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

At the 2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Eugene, Oregon Kori placed 3rd in the 400m hurdles in 54.41, to go on to represent the U.S. for the 400m hurdles in the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China in August.

At the 2016 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) in Eugene, Oregon Kori placed 4th in the 400m  hurdles in 54.47 but failed to qualify for the 2016 Olympics in Rio.

At the 2017 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Sacramento Kori placed 3rd in the 400m hurdles in 52.95, to represent the U.S. for the 400m hurdles in the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, where she won the world championship at 53.08.

At the 2018 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Kori Carter placed 9th in the 60m hurdles in 8.03.

At the 2018 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Des Moines, Iowa Kori Carter placed 6th in the 100m hurdles in 13.11.

International competitions

References

Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:American female hurdlers
Category:Stanford Cardinal women's track and field athletes
Category:Track and field athletes from California
Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Category:American female sprinters
Category:African-American female track and field athletes
Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
Category:World Athletics Championships medalists
Category:World Athletics Championships winners


David Caygill

David Francis Caygill  (born 15 November 1948) is a former New Zealand politician. Caygill was born and raised in Christchurch. He entered politics in 1971 as Christchurch's youngest city councillor at the age of 22. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1978 to 1996, representing the Labour Party. A support of Rogernomics, he served as Minister of Finance between 1988 and 1990.

Early life and family
Caygill was born in Christchurch on 15 November 1948, the son of Gwyneth Mary Caygill (née Harris) and Bruce Allot Caygill. He was educated at Christchurch Boys' High School, and then studied at the University of Canterbury, graduating Bachelor of Arts in 1971 and Bachelor of Laws in 1974. In 1974, he married Eileen Ellen Boyd, and the couple went on to have four children.

Political career
Caygill's early political philosophies were aligned with the National Party and he chaired the St Albans branch of the Young Nationals as a schoolboy. His allegiance switched to Labour in part due to the Vietnam War, which Labour opposed.

Christchurch City Council
Caygill was a councillor of Christchurch City Council from 1971 to 1980. On 29 April 1974, he became the city's youngest ever acting Mayor for a period of five days.

Member of Parliament

Caygill was first elected to Parliament in the 1978 elections as MP for the Christchurch electorate of St Albans. He served for six terms.

Lange Ministry (1984–1989)
When the Fourth Labour Government was formed after the 1984 elections, Caygill aligned himself with Roger Douglas, the controversial Minister of Finance. Douglas, Caygill, and Richard Prebble were together dubbed "the Treasury Troika", and were responsible for most of the economic reform undertaken by the Labour government. The "Rogernomics" reforms, which were based on free market economic theory, were unpopular with many traditional Labour supporters, but Caygill managed to avoid the worst of the condemnation directed towards Douglas and Prebble. When the two became founding members of the ACT New Zealand political party in 1994, Caygill chose not to join them.

Caygill was appointed Minister of Trade and Industry, and Minister of National Development, on 26 July 1984. The Prime Minister at that time was David Lange.

Minister of Finance (1988–1990)
When Douglas was fired by Prime Minister Lange, Caygill was appointed Minister of Finance in his place. After Lange himself had resigned, Caygill retained his position under both Geoffrey Palmer and Mike Moore, Lange's short-lived successors as Prime Minister.

In his last budget as Minister of Finance, Caygill lifted the quarantining of rental losses on investment property, allowing an investor to offset losses on their investment property against their other taxable income.

Opposition (1990–1996)
In 1991, a year after the Labour Party had lost office, Caygill was replaced as finance spokesperson by Michael Cullen, who was more moderate in his economic policies. Caygill continued to hold a senior position in the Labour Party, however, and when Helen Clark became leader in 1993, Caygill replaced her as deputy leader. At the 1996 elections, Caygill retired from Parliament. He was replaced as deputy leader by Michael Cullen.

Life after politics
After leaving politics, Caygill returned to his original occupation, law. For some time, he was a partner at Buddle Findlay, a prominent law firm. He also worked for a number of government bodies, and was chair of the Accident Compensation Corporation. He chaired a ministerial inquiry into the New Zealand electricity market in 2000, and was appointed chairman of the Electricity Commission in 2007. He is a board member of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority. He is the chair of the Education New Zealand Trust.

In 2010, Caygill was appointed by the National Government as one of the commissioners at Environment Canterbury. He holds the role of deputy chair. Caygill was appointed, in December 2010, as the Chair of the 2011 NZ ETS Review Panel.

Honours and awards
In 1990, Caygill was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. In the 1997 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for public services. He was conferred an honorary Doctor of Commerce degree by Victoria University of Wellington in 2004.

References

|-

|-

|-

|-

Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Category:New Zealand finance ministers
Category:New Zealand Labour Party MPs
Category:New Zealand lawyers
Category:Christchurch City Councillors
Category:Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
Category:New Zealand MPs for Christchurch electorates
Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Category:Canterbury regional councillors


Gunawan Maryanto

Gunawan Maryanto (born Yogyakarta April 10, 1976) is an Indonesian author and theatre director. Aside from managing Teater Garasi, he also organises the yearly Indonesian Dramatic Reading Festival with Joned Suryatmoko. His poetry, prose, and literary criticism have featured in a variety of Indonesian mass media.

Maryanto has staged his works in several countries, received arts grants from the Manage Institute, and won a number of competitions. In 2017, Maryanto won the Best Lead Actor award at the Umar Ismail Awards for his performance as poet Widji Thukul in the film Istirahatlah Kata-kata.

References

Category:1976 births
Category:Living people


2009 Botswana local elections

Local elections in Botswana were held on 16 October 2009 for the district councils of the Districts of Botswana.

Overall Results

Results By District

Central District

Francistown City

Gaborone City

Ghanzi District

Jwaneng

Kgalagadi District

Kgatleng District

There was a tie in one constituency and a by-election was on 5 December 2009. The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) candidate won, increasing their total seats from 7 to 8.

Kweneng District

Lobatse

North-East District

North-West District

Selibe Phikwe

South-East District

Southern District

Category:2009 in Botswana
Botswana
Category:Local elections in Botswana
Category:October 2009 events in Africa


Timrå

Timrå () is a locality and the seat of Timrå Municipality in Västernorrland County, Sweden with 10,443 inhabitants in 2010.

It is located about 13 km north of Sundsvall (a town with a metropolitan area of some 100,000 inhabitants), and could arguably be considered a satellite to that town.

The two closest cities (Sundsvall and Härnösand) share one airport, Midlanda, that is geographically located in Timrå.

Indalsälven, one of Sweden's largest rivers with a length of 430 km, meets the Gulf of Botnia in Timrå.

In Sweden, Timrå is mainly known for its ice hockey club Timrå IK, which, as of season 2018/19 plays in the Swedish top division SHL.

In 1995, Swedish artist Bengt Lindström constructed the Y, a 30 meter high sculpture located in Timrå.

Local legend says that Sörberge, on the north side of the town, is haunted by a tall man wearing a very large coat called 'Stor Bubbas'.

Climate
Timrå has historically had a subarctic climate, but it has in recent decades more resembled a cool-summer humid continental climate.

Notable citizens
Lennart "Lillstrimma" Svedberg (1944–1972), ice hockey player
Magdalena Forsberg (1967), cross country skier, biathlon
Henrik Flyman, guitarist, composer, producer
Henrik Forsberg (1967), cross country skier
Mats Näslund (1959), ice hockey player

Gallery

References

Category:Populated places in Timrå Municipality
Category:Medelpad
Category:Municipal seats of Västernorrland County
Category:Swedish municipal seats

fi:Timrån kunta


Dowlatabad-e Olya

Dowlatabad-e Olya (, also Romanized as Dowlatābād-e ‘Olyā; also known as Daulatābād and Dowlatābād) is a village in Mahidasht Rural District, Mahidasht District, Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 139, in 26 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Kermanshah County