United Nations Security Council Resolution 715

United Nations Security Council resolution 715, adopted unanimously on 11 October 1991, after recalling resolutions 687 (1991) and 707 (1991), the Council, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, approved plans from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar regarding the long-term monitoring of Iraq's weapons programme, requiring it to submit "on-going monitoring and verification" of the country's dual-use facilities.

The Council also decided that the United Nations Special Commission, as a subsidiary of the Security Council, would continue to have the right to designate locations to inspect, co-operate with the IAEA and perform other functions in order to allow the full implementation of the current resolution. It also demanded Iraq comply with the resolution and unconditionally meet its obligations, co-operating with the IAEA and Special Commission throughout the inspection process.

The resolution also called for "maximum assistance" financially and otherwise, from Member States in order to support the Special Commission and Director-General of the IAEA in carrying out their activities. It requested the Security Council Committee, established in Resolution 661 (1990), in conjunction with the Special Commission and IAEA develop a mechanism for monitoring future sales of weapons (arms, biological, chemical, nuclear weapons or military equipment). The Council also required the Secretary-General and IAEA Director-General report on the implementation of the new plans at least every six months after the adoption of the current resolution.

Iraq, which had rejected such resolutions previously or agreed only in principle, fully accepted the provisions of Resolution 715 on 26 November 1993.

See also
 Gulf War
 Invasion of Kuwait
 Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
 Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003
 Iraq sanctions
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 701 to 800 (1991–1993)

References

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

 0715
 0715
Category:1991 in Iraq
Category:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
 0715
Category:October 1991 events


Lamay Monastery

Lamay Monastery or Lamay Gonpa is a Buddhist monastery in Bumthang, Bhutan. It is located four kilometers (two and a half miles) above the Jakar Dzong and was built by the Trongsa Penlop, Sonam Drugel, the great-grandfather of King Ugyen Wangchuck in the 19th century. Wangchuck restored the building and it was used as the residence of his two daughters. The palace’s main tower was destroyed due to structural problems. Today the building houses the Forestry Institute.

References

Category:Palaces in Bhutan
Category:Buddhist monasteries in Bhutan
Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries
Category:Tibetan Buddhism in Bhutan


Birch, Essex

Birch is a village and civil parish in Essex, England.  It is located approximately   south-west of Colchester and  north-east of the county town of Chelmsford.  The village is in the borough of Colchester and in the parliamentary constituency of North Essex.  There is a Parish Council.

The parish incorporates the hamlet of Heckfordbridge.

It is only  from Abberton Reservoir.

The parish church of St Peter and St Paul is a Grade II listed building, but has been derelict since it closed in the late 20th century.

According to the 2001 census, Birch had a population of 817, increasing to 873 at the 2011 Census.

Governance
Birch forms part of the electoral ward called Birch and Winstree. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 5,651.

References

External links

 Birch Parish Council Web Site
 Birch C of E Aided Primary School, Home Page
 Mainly about the villages of Birch, Layer Breton and Layer Marney near Colchester, Essex
 Birch History and pictures from Mersea Museum

Category:Villages in Essex


Homoeoid

A homoeoid is a shell (a bounded region) bounded by two concentric, similar ellipses (in 2D) or ellipsoids (in 3D).
When the thickness of the shell becomes negligible, it is called a thin homoeoid. The name homoeoid was coined by Lord Kelvin and Peter Tait.

Mathematical definition
If the outer shell is given by

with semiaxes  the inner shell is given for  by

.

The thin homoeoid is then given by the limit

Physical meaning
A homoeoid can be used as a construction element of a matter or charge distribution. The gravitational or electromagnetic potential of a homoeoid homogeneously filled with matter or charge is constant inside the shell. This means that a test mass or charge will not feel any force inside the shell.

See also
Focaloid

References

External links

Category:Surfaces
Category:Mathematical physics
Category:Potentials


Coleophora parthenogenella

Coleophora parthenogenella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Denmark and Sweden.

It is a parthenogenic species.

The larvae feed on Cytisus scoparius. They create a very untidy, bivalved lobe case. The mouth angle is about 90°. Oviposition takes place in July and the larvae are full-grown in June of the following year.

References

parthenogenella
Category:Moths of Europe


Oliver Njego

Oliver Njego (Serbian Cyrillic: Оливер Њего, ) is a Serbian operatic baritone, who also crossed over into popular music.

Biography
He graduated in 1990, at the Faculty of Music Art in Belgrade in the class of Professor Radmila Bakočević. In 1991 becomes the member of National Theatre in Belgrade opera department, where he performed in Gioachino Rossini's The Barber of Seville, Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore, and many other famous operas. He has won three major awards at the competition Belgrade Spring, and won many prizes in various cultural events throughout the country and the world. Until now, he has performed in China, United Arab Emirates, France, Italy, Korea, Great Britain, Hungary, Republic of Macedonia, and many other countries. With his godfather Predrag Miletić, actor of the National Theater, he has traveled for several years in a row with a bike to the monastery Hilandar on Mount Athos in Greece. Their journey was published in the book Biciklom do Hilandara by Predrag Miletić.

He is married to Jasna, with whom he has three children.

References

 Jasna i Oliver Njego: Rupice na njenim obrazima, Politika, 26.11.2006.
 Biciklom do Hilandara ("By bicycle to Hilandar") by Predrag Miletić.

External links
 Photographs of Jadranka Jovanović and Olivera Njego in Smederevo

Category:1959 births
Category:Living people
Category:Operatic baritones
Category:People from Niš
Category:Serbian opera singers


Marvin Greenberg

Marvin Jay Greenberg (December 22, 1935 – December 12, 2017) was an American mathematician.

Education
Greenberg studied at Columbia University where he received his bachelor's degree in 1955 (he was a Ford Scholar as an undergraduate) and received his doctorate 1959 from Princeton University under Serge Lang with the thesis Pro-Algebraic Structure on the Rational Subgroup of a P-Adic Abelian Variety.

Career
From 1955 Greenberg was an assistant at Princeton, from 1958 an assistant at the University of Chicago and in 1958 and 1959, an instructor at Rutgers University. From 1959 to 1964 he was an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, two years of which time he spent on National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellowships at Harvard University and the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques in Paris.

From 1965 to 1967 he was an associate professor at Northeastern University and from 1967 he worked as an associate professor, and later full professor, at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He retired early in 1992 and moved back to Berkeley.

He was known for his books on non-Euclidean geometry and Algebraic topology.

Greenberg was also a passionate golfer and a founding member of the Shivas Irons Society.

References

External links
 Marvin Greenberg's faculty page at the University of California, Santa Cruz

Category:1935 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Mathematicians from New York (state)
Category:Princeton University alumni
Category:University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Category:Columbia University alumni
Category:Northeastern University faculty
Category:Scientists from New York City
Category:Topologists
Category:University of Chicago faculty
Category:Rutgers University faculty
Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty
Category:20th-century American mathematicians
Category:French–English translators
Category:21st-century American mathematicians
Category:American translators


FC Cartagena

Fútbol Club Cartagena, S.A.D. is a Spanish football team based in Cartagena, in the autonomous community of Murcia. Founded in 1995 it currently plays in Segunda División B, holding home games at Estadio Cartagonova, with a capacity of 15,105 spectators.

The club is considered to be a continuation of Cartagena CF, founded in 1919.

History
Fútbol Club Cartagena was founded on 25 July 1995 due to serious economic problems of the first team of the city, Cartagena FC, the first president Florentino Manzano was the founder. In the first eight years it was known as Cartagonova Fútbol Club, and first played in the third division in the 1998–99 season.

The club then changed its name to Fútbol Club Cartagena and Luis Oliver took over as president, starting his tenure with the club immerse in economic problems and close to relegation. Being saved from folding by local entrepreneur Francisco Gómez after the 2002–03 campaign, it consolidated itself in the third level and achieved another promotion, now to division two, in 2009.

Historic side Cartagena FC, which was founded much earlier, acted as reserve team between 2003 and 2009, eventually re-gaining its independence. In 2009–10's second division season Efesé nearly achieved another promotion, finishing eventually in fifth position; all promotion hopes were dashed in the 41st and penultimate matchday, with a 0–1 away loss against Recreativo de Huelva.

Cartagena was relegated from the second tier at the end of 2011–12. In May 2015, a late goal from Carlos Martínez saved the club from a further drop by winning a play-off on the away goals rule against Las Palmas Atlético. Three years later, the team fell at the final promotion hurdle to Extremadura UD by a single goal.

Season to season

3 seasons in Segunda División
19 seasons in Segunda División B
2 seasons in Tercera División
1 season in Categorías Regionales

Players

Current squad

Reserves

Reserve team
FC Cartagena B is FC Cartagena's reserve team since 2015. It was founded in that year and plays in Tercera División.

In the past, other sides such as Cartagena Promesas, FC Cartagena-La Unión, Cartagena FC and CD Algar were the club's B-team.

Stadium
Cartagena holds home matches at Estadio Cartagonova. Inaugurated on 7 February 1988, it has a capacity of 14,532 spectators, measuring 105 x 68 meters; it underwent renovation in January 2000.

The ground's biggest attendance was recorded 30 June 1999 in a second division promotion playoff match against Córdoba CF, with 20,000 spectators in the stands. On 26 January of the following year, the first Spanish national team game ever hosted in the Region of Murcia took place, a friendly with Poland.

Kit evolution

Famous players
Note: this list includes players that have played at least 100 league games and/or have reached international status.

Famous coaches
 Víctor Manuel Fernández
 Juan Ignacio Martínez
 Francisco Jémez
 José Murcia

References

External links

Official website
Futbolme team profile
Peña Goto Cartago, fansite

Category:Football clubs in the Region of Murcia
Category:Association football clubs established in 1995

Category:1995 establishments in Spain
Category:Sport in Cartagena, Spain


Malia, Crete

Malia or Mallia () is a coastal town and a former municipality in the northeast corner of the Heraklion regional unit in Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Hersonissos, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies  east of Heraklion, the Cretan capital city. The town (pop. 3,224 in 2011) was the seat of the municipality of Mália (pop. 5,433). The municipal unit also includes the villages of Mochos (Greek: Μοχός) (825), Krasi (Greek: Κράσι) (147), and Stalida (Greek: Σταλίδα) (1,237), and has a total land area of . The town is a tourist attraction, primarily for its significant archaeological site and nightlife. The Minoan town ruins lie three km east of the site and cover an area of approximately . The original name for the town is not known.

History
The palace of Malia, dating from the Middle Bronze Age, was destroyed by an earthquake during the Late Bronze Age; Knossos and other sites were also destroyed at that time. The palace was later rebuilt toward the end of the Late Bronze Age. Most of the ruins visible today date from this second period of construction. The palace features a giant central courtyard, 48m x 23m in size. On the south side are two sets of steps leading upwards and a maze of tiny rooms. Also here is a strange carved stone called a kernos stone, which looks like a millstone with a cup attached to the side of it. On the north side of the courtyard were storage rooms with giant earthenware pithos jars, up to two metres tall. These were used for holding grain, olive oil and other liquids; the floor of these rooms has a complex drainage system for carrying away spilled liquids.

The palace of Malia was discovered in 1915 by Joseph Hadzidakis, a Greek archaeologist. It was fully excavated from 1922 onwards by the French School at Athens in collaboration with Greek scholars. In 1921 the French School of Athens was invited to continue its work, where under the direction of Jean Charbonneaux 1930 Central Court was exposed.
After the First World War, the excavations were continued under the direction of Fernand Chapouthier and Pierre Demargne and they uncovered the palace, and dug the surrounding residential neighborhood. Only after the 2nd World War in the 50s Micheline and Henri van Effenterre made the excavations at the "Crypt" and "Agora", Andre Dessene and Olivier Pelon on Quartier E, and Jean-Claude PourSat (from 1965) on important "Quartier Mu ". 1981, Pascal and Claude Darcque Bourrain further investigated the NO corner of the palace. The  soundings in the years 1981 and 1982, conducted by Olivier Pelon have brought new insights into the precursors of the palace. Since 1988, the excavations of Alexandre Farnoux and Jan Driessen have been continued.

The Palace of Malia has a floor area of 7,500 m2 and is oriented as all Minoan palaces to NS. With regard to design and equipment, it is smaller and more modest (rustic) compared to Knossos and Phaestos.

Several features stand out but immediately catches the eye, which distinguishes the "Palace of Malia" from all the others and identifies it: the 8 kouloures or silos in the SW corner, the oblique building in the north court  and the altar in the Central Court.

Around this Central Court the district or ensembles are arranged, whose communication was made possible through corridors and routes.
Each of these quarters has been assigned a specific function, but each of these chamber ensembles should be considered on its own, before it is placed in the overall plan.
Olivier Pelon differentiated 4 functional areas: representative, residential, cultic-religious and economic (Magazine)

From the Central Court, the rooms were centrifugally arranged. Thereby the typical projections and recesses of the Minoan Palace façades arise.
The façade was given a different meaning:

(>) Undoubtedly, the west façade is the most important in Malia.
In the center, it consists of carefully hewn cuboid blocks of sandstone, which are built on a base along the entire width. (Ashlar masonry) At edges with limestone blocks. They represent more than anything else the typical characteristics of Minoan façades, a series of pre- and recessed walls.

(>) The west façade is preceded by a large courtyard, the West Court. (100 m long and 20 m wide). Pelon constitutes a transition zone of settlement and palace, between civil and political, between the profane and the religious areas. Originally, the whole West Court was created as Kalderim, moreover, it is traversed by 1.05 m wide limestone plates
This way, the "raised walks" are often used as processional paths, dubbed, but generally seem to lead to the main points of the building.
The West Court is bounded on the north and south of interesting complexes:
in the north by the much discussed ensemble, "Hypostyle Crypt" an escape to space, which is connected underground with a number of magazine spaces whose floors are stuccoed, provided with gutter and sump. The excavator Henri van Effenterre supposed therein a gathering of 2 councils, the elderly and the young, who reigned over the city at the time of the first palaces.
In the south, large storage rooms were partially exposed that were not architecturally connected to the palace, but apparently had a close relationship in the Protopalatial time. Some of these rooms still contain numerous Pithoi.

→1) Date:
By soundings following dating has revealed:
1. There is a core of EMIII-MMIA (mid 3rd millennium/ 2300–1900 BCE), i.e. there is a period prepalatiale taken along the west façade (Quarter I) but also in the north of the Central Court (Quartier IX)
2. The construction of the first palace building in the Old Palaces MMIB-MMII (1900–1700) has an area of analog New Palaces Period.
3. In the New Palace Period there is a succession of two major phases (in MMIII and LMIA 1700–1450 BCE.
The first palace was in MMIB – MMII c. 1900 BCE built, which was probably destroyed by an earthquake in 1700 BCE.
During this time, we will find an urban center with settlements, the palace, villas, workshops and cemeteries. From this stage – by the soundings lately – unfortunately, very little is visible in the palace (Schedule I).
But the northwest surrounding the palace building complexes as "Hypostyle Crypt", "Agora" and the "Quartier Mu" demonstrate the "political center" at this time.
The New Palace, whose ruins are still visible today, was built in MMIII about 1650 BCE. And at about 1450 BCE in LMIA, finally destroyed as Phaestos, Zakros. Most likely, the volcanic eruption of Thera is to be regarded as the cause or the subsequent earthquake or a parallel invasion of Mycenaeans from mainland.
Importantly, the palace was surrounded by a Minoan town which has only recently been uncovered. Excavation is ongoing. Important parts of the old and new excavations are covered by a series of large semi-transparent roofs, which protect them from the elements. In places tourists are allowed to wander among the ruins; in others, walkways allow passage above. There are rooms which have been identified as metal workshops, ceramic workshops and meeting rooms; there is also a large residential dwelling with en-suite bath, which is similar to a design at Phaistos, both taking advantage of expansive views.

Malia resort
Modern day Malia is a holiday resort, tourism and commerce are the main economic activities in the town, with plenty of hotels, restaurants, gift shops, bars and nightclubs. Malia has become one of the most popular tourist locations of Crete, and one of the most popular in Europe, rivalling Ibiza and Magaluf. It is mainly visited by young people from the United Kingdom and Northern Europe. The prominence of Malia as one of the leading spots for nightlife in Europe is cemented by the attraction of big name DJs and events.  The Main Strip is home to many bars, clubs, taverns and restaurants. This is supported by the many close by hotels and apartments in Malia and the immediate area.
Malia has a fine sandy beach which starts from the bottom of the strip and continues towards the East near to the Minoan palace of Malia.

In the past, Malia town was well known for its agricultural products and its windmills. Today it is known for its crystal clear waters and its sandy beaches as well as its Minoan Palace of king Sarpidon, one of the three greatest Minoan palaces of Crete. The town of Malia is a well-known tourist destination that combines tradition with modern. These two different aspects of the town are separated by the main road, south of it is the old town with the picturesque alleyways built based on the traditional way and south of it, the new part of the town, full of countless bars and clubs where every visitor will enjoy the nightlife. The visitor, wandering in the alleyways of the old town, will admire traditional buildings (newly renovated with the help of locals and sarpidonistas volunteers), churches (some of them is dated back at Venetian age) and can also visit the traditional taverns and restaurants. In the new part of the town, visitors during the day can shop, but also can enjoy the nightlife, either on one of the numerous cafes or at the restaurants with traditional cuisine.

Malia was also the setting for 2011 British comedy film The Inbetweeners Movie, in which the four main characters went on a lads' holiday. Through the years Malia has become increasingly popular, outgrowing other holiday resorts such as Ayia Napa and Zante. An independent review of booking numbers from many travel agents discovered that the resort of Malia looks to be the most popular among young adults of 2013.

Villages in Municipal Unit of Malia

Krasi village
Krasi village is located 46.3 km southeast of Heraklion city and just 6 km south of Malia town, in the inland of Hersonissos Municipality at an altitude of 600 m. Its villagers are involved in agricultural production, in particular in olive growing and livestock, producing high quality olive oil and dairy products that every visitor can taste and purchase from local shops. A remarkable point of interest of the village is the square, with its three ancient plane trees that decorate the square and during the summer time offer plenty of shade for the traditional cafes, taverns and shops. On the south side of the village you can see the ‘‘Megalh Vrish- Ydragogio’’ fountain, that to this day provides endless water to the local agricultural irrigation system and for the wider area. The church of Metamorphosis Sotiros, in the village, is an ideal point to visit and admire the enviable frescoes and wooden carved temple inside. In conclusion, the archaeological site of the area is the ‘‘Protominoikos Tafos’’, a tomb that was discovered in 1929 by Spiridon Marinatos, and is dated before the Minoan era. Krasi has a long and magnificent tradition in music and dancers, which is maintained to this day, and this is the guarantee for every visitor to live an experience full of tradition, celebration with local delights and drinks.

Mochos village
Mochos village is located 12 km south of Stalis village, on the mountain side 45 km southeast of Heraklion city, in the inland of Hersonissos Municipality at an altitude of 400 m. A traditional village; which preserves its 16th century architecture, with a magnificent village square. In the square, traditional cafes, taverns and a local grocery shop offer local dishes, drinks and agricultural products. Every year on the 15th of August, the celebration of Virgin Mary take place, and a vast number of people gather in her honour, to feast on traditional delights and drink to the sound of Cretan traditional music and dance till the early morning hours. A worthwhile visit to the Folklore Museum of Mochos, where a traditional Cretan house is presented as well as a number of tools and objects from old traditional occupations. A walk around the picturesque alleyways is a must, and will definitely make visitors feel the warm atmosphere of the village and the characteristic hospitality of locals well known for their music and multicultural heritage.

Stalis village
Stalis village is located 31 km east of Heraklion city and 3 km east and of Hersonissos village and 3 km from Malia town. It is a resort by the sea with accommodation facilities, shops, and sightseeing not only on its coastline but also on the south hillside of its area. It is an ideal destination for families, due to its relaxing atmosphere satisfying number of fully organized and beautiful beaches as well as taverns, cafes and restaurants. It is a breath away from, the more intense, nightlife of Malia and Hersonissos that visitors may seek. Easy and fast access is one of the advantages of Stalis, to its accommodation facilities and beaches, with the characteristic example of Foinikas beach an outstanding crystal clear water beach, fully organized with courts and areas for tennis, volley and water sports. The picture of this particular beach closes with the Cretan palm trees that spread across its area. In conclusion, a must see experience is the Xwrodeion event that take place on the 12th of August in the courtyard of Agios Ioannis church, where visitors will see and admire Cretan traditional costumes, dances, music and the making of local traditional delights. The entrance is free for this event.

Points of interest in Malia

Minoan Palace of Malia
This Minoan Palace is situated 3 km east of Malia town and is the third most significant known Minoan Palace after Knossos and Phaistos. It is known for its strategic port, nearby and moreover for its characteristic large central courtyard, the centerpiece of the complex, the stairwells, the skylights, polythira, monumental façades and on each side rooms for specific functions.

Platanos and Fountains in Krasi
Krasi village is located in the mountains and it is distanced of about 10 km from the main town of Malia. Its square is naturally decorated with three enormous plane trees; the one in the middle is the biggest of them all and is considered to be one of the oldest plane trees in the Mediterranean. Opposite the majestic trees, two spectacular fountains stand to impress the visitors, giving a spectacular picture for everyone.

References

External links

 Malia palaceHellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports
 Malia Palace   Well illustrated account of the Palace and the nearby Minoan town

Category:Cities in ancient Crete
Category:Aegean palaces of the Bronze Age
Category:Minoan sites in Crete
Category:Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit)


2006 Australian Open – Men's Singles Qualifying

This article displays the qualifying draw for the Men's singles at the 2006 Australian Open.

Seeds

Qualifiers

Lucky Loser

  Federico Luzzi

Qualifying draw

First qualifier

Second qualifier

Third qualifier

Fourth qualifier

Fifth qualifier

Sixth qualifier

Seventh Qualifier

Eighth Qualifier

Ninth Qualifier

Tenth Qualifier

Eleventh Qualifier

Twelfth Qualifier

Thirteenth Qualifier

Fourteenth Qualifier

Fifteenth Qualifier

Sixteenth Qualifier

References
Qualifying Draw
Australian Open 2006 - Qualifying Draw

Men's Singles Qualifying
Category:Australian Open (tennis) by year – Qualifying


Mumps vaccine (disambiguation)

Mumps vaccine may refer to

generally, a vaccine against mumps
Mumpsvax, Merck's brand of the Jeryl Lynn strain vaccine

External links
See this page for discussion of previous and other Mumps vaccines including the abandoned Urabe strain.


Vai Lung Thlan

Vai Lung Thlan is a variety of the board game mancala variant played by the Mizo people of eastern India. The game is played on a board with 12 holes in two rows. Initially each hole contains five beads.

Sources
 Russ L. The Complete Mancala Games Book: How to play the World’s oldest Board Games. Marlowe & Company, New York 2000.
 http://www.manqala.org/wiki/index.php/MancalaGames/VaiLungThlan

Category:Traditional mancala games


Milagro (Jaci Velasquez album)

Milagro (2003) is the third Latin album by Christian singer Jaci Velasquez. This record won a Billboard Latin Music Award in the category "Best Christian Album". Although lyrically considered the most secular of all her works, the album was not as successful as her previous Spanish works due to Sony Discos changing hands in management that same year and a lack of promotion. The album was nominated for "Best Female Pop Vocal Album" at the Latin Grammy Awards in 2004.

Track listing
"En El Centro De Mi Corazón" (In the Center of My Heart)
"No Hace Falta Un Hombre" (English version: I Don't Need a Man)
"Milagro" (Miracle)
"Un Trocito De Cielo" (A Little Piece of Heaven)
"Perdida Sin Ti" (Lost Without You)
"Eres Tan Grande" (You're So Great)
"A Un Paso De Mi Amor" (At One Step of My Love) (English version: Just a Prayer Away)
"Me Valga Dios" (Help Me God)
"Es Amor" (It's Love)
"A Tu Lado Es Mi Lugar" (My Place Is By Your Side) (English version: Where I Belong)
"Mi Vida No Es Nada Sin Ti" (My Life Is Nothing Without You)

Single
"No Hace Falta Un Hombre" (a video clip was made for this song)

"A Un Paso De Mi Amor", the Spanish version of "Just a Prayer Away", is only based musically but not lyrically.
"Mi Vida No Es Nada Sin Ti" is the Spanish version of "Can't Stay Away From You" by Gloria Estefan.
"No Hace Falta Un Hombre" was the theme song in the film Chasing Papi.

Personnel
 Diego Acosta - assistant engineer
 N. Amador - assistant engineer
 Tommy Anthony - background vocals
 Randall Barlow - composer, producer
 Bridget Benenate - composer
 Kurt Berge - technical support
 Andres Bermudez - engineer, mixing
 Scott Canto - engineer
 Alban Christ - photography
 Hunter Davis - composer
 Kevin Dillon - production coordination
 Vicky Echeverri - choir, chorus, background vocals
 Emilio Estefan, Jr. - composer, producer
 Gloria Estefan - composer
 Estéfano - producer
 Mike Fuller - mastering
 Javier Garza - mixing engineer
 Mauricio Gasca - programming, background vocals
 Matthew Gerrard - arranger, composer, engineer, instrumentation, mixing, producer
 Julio Hernandez - bass
 David J. Holman - mixing
 Alejandro Jaén - producer, background vocals
 Amado Jaen - composer
 Leyla Leeming - production coordination
 Oscar Llord - executive producer
 Alejandro López - art direction, graphic design
 Dionicio R. Lopez - A&R
 Manny López - composer, guitar
 Steve Menezes - studio coordinator
 Bart Migal - engineer
 Mario Patiño - general assistance, text
 Andy Pechenik - technical support
 Wendy Pederson - choir, chorus
 Archie Pena - percussion
 Betsy Perez - production coordination
 Lena Pérez - background vocals
 Rudy Pérez - arranger, choir, chorus, composer, engineer, producer, string arrangements
 Clay Perry - arranger, keyboards, programming
 Jorge Luís piloto - composer
 Daniel Ponce - assistant engineer
 Mark Portmann - composer
 Julio C. Reyes - arranger, composer, piano, programming
 Jon Secada - composer
 Ron Taylor - engineer
 Ramiro Teran - choir, chorus
 Ken Theis - assistant engineer
 E. Thomas - background vocals
 Michael Hart thompson - guitar
 Nicolás Tovar - composer
 Gisa Vatcky - background vocals
 Jaci Velasquez - composer
 Dan Warner - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Bruce Weeden - mixing engineer
 Betty Wright - choir, chorus

Charts

References

Category:2003 albums
Category:Jaci Velasquez albums


Caratinga

Caratinga is a municipality in eastern Minas Gerais state, Brazil.  The population in 2009 was 85,472 inhabitants and the total area of the municipality was 1251 km2.  The altitude is 578 meters above sea level, with maximum altitude of 1,516 m in the Serra do Rio Preto and  330 m at the mouth of the Córrego Boachá.

Location
The municipality is located at 19° 37’ 30’’ latitude south and at 42° 09’ 00’’ longitude west.  It is part of Region VIII, denominated Rio Doce, and part of the microregion of Mata de Caratinga, in the eastern part of Minas Gerais.

It lies on the important Rio-Bahia interstate highway (BR 116) and is connected to the state capital of Belo Horizonte by BR–381 to the city of  João Monlevade. After João Monlevade there is a federal highway, BR 262, which leads into the capital.  The state capital lies at a distance of 320 km.  The nearest airport is in Ubaporanga
15 km from downtown, tarmacked runway 1200 m long and 20 m wide.

The main rivers that cross the municipality are the Caratinga River and its tributary Laje, the Manhuaçu and the Preto.

Etymology
"Caratinga" is the synonym of cará,  and comes from the Tupi term aka'ratin'ga, which means "white cará". The city's name refers to the abundance of this particular tuber in the area since it was inhabited by the Aimoré people.

Climate
The climate is tropical sub-hot, with mild summer temperatures and winter temperatures between 15 and 18 °C.   The average temperature is around  23 °C, while the maximum and the minimum are 28 °C and 17 °C respectively.  In the summer season the concentration of rains is over 70% of the total annual rainfall, which is about 1.140 mm.

Economy
Caratinga is essentially agricultural.  A large part of the landholdings (77%) are minifundios—small properties.  The main crops are fruits and vegetables (1000 producers) but especially coffee. With an area planted with 66 million trees in more than 320 square kilometres, coffee growing provides about 8 thousand direct jobs and 35 thousand indirect.  The harvest is from April to September.

Education and Culture
There are two institutions of higher education:   UNEC - Centro Universitário de Caratinga  and  FIC - Faculdades Integradas de Caratinga .

There are three local newspapers: O Jornal de Caratinga (weekly), A Semana (weekly), and  Diário de Caratinga (daily).

Tourism
Declared a national historical monument, Pedra Itaúna, with its 1,012 meters elevation, attracts participants in rappel, paragliding, and mountain climbing.

Some 150 northern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoids) live today at the Fazenda Montes Claros, near Caratinga. It is one of their last refuges. The muriqui is the largest monkey of the Americas and one of the most endangered primates of the world.  Specialists cite the biological importance of the Fazenda Montes Claros, where three other primate species live along with the muriqui: the buffy headed marmoset, the black-capped capuchin and the brown howler monkey.

References

External links

Official site (in Portuguese)
Current photos of Caratinga (in Portuguese)
Old photos of Caratinga (in Portuguese)
Song official symbols

Category:Municipalities in Minas Gerais


Orchha

Orchha (or Urchha) is a town in Niwari district of Madhya Pradesh state, India. The town was established by Rudra Pratap Singh some time after 1501, as the seat of an eponymous former princely state of covering parts of central & north India, in the Bundelkhand region. Orchha lies on the Betwa River, 80 km from Tikamgarh & 15 km from Jhansi in Uttar Pradesh.

History

Orchha was founded in 1531 (the 16th century AD) by the Bundela Rajput chief, Rudra Pratap Singh, who became the first King of Orchha, (r. 1501-1531) and also built the Fort of Orchha. The Chaturbhuj Temple was built during the reign of Emperor Akbar, by the Queen of Orchha Ganesh Kunwar (गणेश कुँवर), while Raj Mandir was built by  'Raja Madhukar Shah' during his reign, 1554 to 1591.

Places of tourist interest

On a seasonal island on the bank of the Betwa River, which has been surrounded by a battlement wall, stands a huge palace-fort. The fort consists of several connected buildings erected at different times, the most noteworthy of which is the Raja Mahal.

The Ram Raja Temple is built on a square base and has an almost entirely plain exterior, relieved by projecting windows and a line of delicate domes along the summit. The Jahangir Mahal is built on a rectangular base and is relieved by a circular tower at each corner surmounted by a dome, while two lines of graceful balconies supported on brackets mark the central storeys. The roof is crowned by eight large fluted domes, with smaller domes between them, connected by an ornamental balustrade. The Jahangir Mahal is considered to be a singularly beautiful specimen of Mughal architecture. A point worth mentioning here is that the mother for Jahangir was also a Rajput, Jodha. It is with this in mind that the Rajput king of Orchha had built the Jahangir Mahal. There is a spectacular light and sound show in the evening hours in the Jahangir Mahal. The show displays the history of the city of Orchha and the Jahangir Mahal. Chaturbhuj Temple is an old temple from the 9th century, and is noted for having one of the tallest Vimana among Hindu temples standing at 344 feet.

The Uth Khana (Camel Shelter) where the King's camels were stationed is right next to the fort and is a must-see. Tourists can also climb on the roof of the Uth Khana and get a fantastic view of Orchha town. The ruins behind the fort complex are an even greater sight. It makes a tourist travel back in time and is an integral part of a visit to Orchha. It houses the residences of various military officers, ministers (housing, roads), gunpowder factory, etc.

Numerous cenotaphs or chhatris dot the vicinity of the fort and the Betwa river. Elsewhere about the town there is an unusual variety of temples and tombs, including the Chaturbhuj temple, which is built on a vast platform of stone. The more unguarded and neglected of these buildings are popular hangouts for tropical bees, wasps, and other such excitable stinging creatures.

In 2006, Orchha's buildings were being documented by the LIK Team of IIT Roorkee, India.

A community radio station, Radio Bundelkhand was launched in Orchha on 23 October 2008. It is an initiative of the Development Alternatives Group. The radio station broadcasts daily programs in the Bundeli dialect and devotes significant amount of its broadcast time to local issues, culture, education and the rich tradition of Bundeli folk music. The station is available on 90.4 MHz.

Demographics
 India census, Orchha had a population of 8501. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Orchha has an average literacy rate of 54%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 64%, and female literacy is 42%, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Accessibility
Nearest Airport to Orchha is Gwalior Airport.

Orchha is 250 km and 4 hours drive from Kanpur Airport which is well connected with other metropolitan cities in India.

Orchha Railway station is Jhansi-Manikpur section of the North Central Railways. 15 km from Jhansi in Uttar Pradesh, Orchha also lies close to another popular tourist destination, Khajuraho.

Tourists who wish to visit Orchha from Khajuraho can catch the morning express which leaves at around 8 or 9 AM. Alternatively, they could also avail the afternoon express which leaves at around 12 or 1 PM. The train journey from Khajuraho is 5 hours and they will ideally have to get off at Jhansi and grab an autorickshaw or Tuk Tuk for Orchha (costs INR 400). However, if the train halts at Orchha, they can also get off at the Orchha station and grab an autorickshaw to the temple complex.

See also
Orchha Fort complex

References

External links

Documentation of orchha buildings by IIT Roorkee
Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Orchha

Travelogue and photos of Orchha
Orchha: the erstwhile capital of Bundelkhand
Pictures
Orchha Photo Gallery
Orchha Photo Gallery with over 50 Pictures 2009
Orchha pictures on OrientalQuest

Category:Populated places established in 1531
Category:Cities and towns in Niwari district
Category:Bundelkhand
Category:Tourism in Madhya Pradesh
Category:Orchha
Category:1531 establishments in India


Evy Berggren

Evy Margareta Berggren (later Westerberg; 16 June 1934 – 5 December 2018) was a Swedish gymnast. She competed at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics and won a gold and a silver medal in team exercise with portable apparatus, respectively; her teams finished fourth all-around in 1952. Her best individual result was a bronze medal on the vault at the 1954 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.

References

External links

Category:1934 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Swedish female artistic gymnasts
Category:Gymnasts at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Category:Gymnasts at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic gymnasts of Sweden
Category:Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Category:Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Category:Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Category:Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships


Dhanbad–Ranchi Intercity Express

The 13303 / 04 Dhanbad Junction - Ranchi Junction Intercity Express is an Express  train belonging to Indian Railways East Central Railway zone that runs between  and  in India.

It operates as train number 13303 from  to  and as train number 13304 in the reverse direction serving the states of Jharkhand & West Bengal.

Coaches
The 13303 / 04 Dhanbad Junction - Ranchi Junction Intercity Express has ten general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a pantry car coach.

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

Service
The 13303  -  Intercity Express covers the distance of  in 6 hours 40 mins (41 km/hr) & in 7 hours 00 mins as the 13304  -  Intercity Express (43 km/hr).

As the average speed of the train is lower than , as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

Routing
The 13303 / 04 Intercity Express runs from  via ,  to .

Traction
As the route is electrified, a  based WAP-4 electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

References

External links
13303 Intercity Express at India Rail Info
13304 Intercity Express at India Rail Info

Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains
Category:Transport in Ranchi
Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand
Category:Rail transport in West Bengal
Category:Transport in Dhanbad


Wollaston (Quincy, Massachusetts)

Wollaston, Massachusetts, is a neighborhood in the city of Quincy, Massachusetts. Divided by Hancock Street/Route 3A, the Wollaston Beach side is called Wollaston Park, while the Wollaston Hill side is called Wollaston Heights.

It is bordered by the North Quincy neighborhood to the north, Quincy Bay to the east, the Merrymount neighborhood and Quincy Center to the southeast and south, and Milton, Massachusetts to the west. Wollaston is served by the Wollaston Station on the B branch of the MBTA Red Line, which runs north-south from Cambridge, Massachusetts to Braintree, Massachusetts.

Mount Wollaston, a similar-sounding 17th century designation for Quincy, is now given to a cemetery in the current neighborhood of Merrymount in Quincy.

Early history
In 1624, Thomas Morton emigrated from England to the Plymouth Colony, in the company of Captain Richard Wollaston. Unable to get along with the Pilgrim authorities in Plymouth Colony, Wollaston and Morton left the colony in 1625 with a company of 30 or 40 colonists. They cleared the land and built log-huts on the seaward slopes of the hills in what is now Merrymount. The present day Wollaston neighborhood is located west and northwest of the original location of the early colonial settlement.

Wollaston was the home of William and Anne Hutchinson following their emigration from England in 1636. It was in Wollaston where Anne began her career as a pioneering female preacher in colonial America. William and Eunice Cole first settled in Mount Wollaston upon their arrival from England and were granted  of land on February 20, 1637, though they left for Exeter, New Hampshire before the year was out. Today Eunice Cole is better known as Goody Cole and was convicted of witchcraft in Hampton, New Hampshire in 1656, the only woman to ever have been convicted of such charges in New Hampshire.

The Quincy family
Edmund Quincy, progenitor of the illustrious Quincy family after whom Quincy Market in Boston and the city of Quincy are named, emigrated to Massachusetts in 1633. On December 14, 1635, he received a grant of land, approximately , where his son established the Quincy Homestead. Four generations later, Josiah Quincy I built a mansion, the Josiah Quincy House, on a  site known as the "Lower Farm." The house still stands on Muirhead Street in Wollaston. In 1848, the fourth Josiah Quincy built another, the "Josiah Quincy Mansion," as his summer home. The Quincy family land in Wollaston, which bordered on Adams family land, was passed from the Quincys to the Adams via Abigail Smith's marriage to John Adams.

19th century

The Quincy land was later developed in the 1870s and 1880s as a fine residential neighborhood: one of the area's first commuter neighborhoods. Residents were given a one year free pass on the Old Colony Railroad from Wollaston Station to downtown Boston. Wollaston MBTA station occupies the same site as the old station. In 1896, the Quincy estate was subdivided into "prestigious building lots" called Wollaston Park, and the Josiah Quincy Mansion became part of the  campus of the Quincy Mansion School for Girls.

Wollaston Yacht Club was incorporated in 1897 to promote boating and community in Quincy bay and is still active along with its sister organization, Squantum Yacht Club.

20th century
In 1919, Wollaston became home to the Eastern Nazarene College, which moved onto the old Quincy Mansion School property. The Mansion stood as part of the college until 1969. Angell Hall is now in the spot on campus where the Mansion once stood.

The first Howard Johnson's restaurant was established in Wollaston in 1925. The city of Quincy has placed a stone marker next to the Wollaston MBTA station parking lot designating that location as the original site of the first Howard Johnson's. This building was torn down before the opening of the new Wollaston station in 1971. The original Howard Johnson offices were located a short distance up the street, on the corner of Beale Street and Newport Avenue. The initials "HJ" can be seen in tiles on the walkway in front of the Beale Street entrance. Eastern Nazarene bought the old candy factory and executive offices on Old Colony Avenue in the late 1990s and developed them into its Old Colony Campus.

The basement of what is now a Japanese restaurant at the corner of Hancock Street and Bass Street is rumored to have served as the original rehearsal room for the Dropkick Murphys when the popular Irish-influenced punk band was starting out in the mid-'90s. However, the band quickly developed a following and the original practice space was abandoned when too many teenagers began hanging around in front of the building while the band was rehearsing. Another rumor maintains that the Dropkick Murphy's practice space was in the basement of Sean's Barbershop on Hancock Street which is now a mobile phone store across the street from Papa Gino's restaurant.

Both actress Ruth Gordon and author John Cheever were born on Winthrop Avenue on Wollaston Hill, and American character actor Billy De Wolfe was also born in Wollaston.

Most young people in Quincy refer to it as "Wolly Beach". It has several restaurants including "The Clam Box" and "Tony`s" that serve seafood and are generally open in the summer and closed in the winter.

See also
Eastern Nazarene College
Quincy, Massachusetts
Wollaston (MBTA Station)
Wollaston Beach
Wollaston Theatre

References

Category:Quincy, Massachusetts
Category:Eastern Nazarene College locations


1970–71 Mansfield Town F.C. season

The 1970–71 season was Mansfield Town's 34th season in the Football League and 10th in the Third Division, they finished in 7th position with 51 points.

Final league table

Results

Football League Third Division

FA Cup

League Cup

Squad statistics
 Squad list sourced from

References
General
 Mansfield Town 1970–71 at soccerbase.com (use drop down list to select relevant season)

Specific

Category:Mansfield Town F.C. seasons
Mansfield Town


2016 Scottish Cup Final

The 2016 Scottish Cup Final was the 131st final of the Scottish Cup and the final of the 2015–16 Scottish Cup, the most prestigious knockout football competition in Scotland. The match took place at Hampden Park on 21 May 2016 and was contested by Scottish Championship teams Rangers and Hibernian. It was the first final to be contested by two teams from outside the top tier of the Scottish football league system. Hibernian ended a run of 114 years from last winning the competition, beating Rangers 3-2 with a stoppage time goal from club captain David Gray.

The winners, Hibernian, entered the second qualifying round of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League.

Route to the final

Hibernian
Hibernian started the Scottish Cup in the fourth round as one of the top four placed teams in the 2014–15 Scottish Championship. They were drawn away at fellow Championship team Raith Rovers. At Stark's Park, Hibernian won 2–0 with goals from Darren McGregor and Dominique Malonga. In the fifth round, they were drawn away against their Edinburgh derby rivals and Premiership club, Heart of Midlothian. Following a 2–2 draw at Tynecastle Stadium, Hibernian won the replay at their Easter Road 1–0 via a Jason Cummings goal. In the quarter finals they were drawn at home against the Scottish Cup holders, Premiership side Inverness Caledonian Thistle. Following a 1–1 draw, Hibernian won the replay at Caledonian Stadium 2–1 due to two goals from Anthony Stokes. In the semi-final at neutral Hampden Park, they were drawn against Premiership Dundee United and progressed to the final after winning 4–2 in a penalty shoot out.

Rangers
Rangers also started the Scottish Cup in the fourth round as one of the top four placed teams in the previous years Scottish Championship. In the fourth round they were drawn against Scottish League One team Cowdenbeath at home. At their Ibrox Stadium, Rangers won 5–1 with goals from Lee Wallace, Barrie McKay and a hat-trick from Martyn Waghorn. In the next round they were drawn with Premiership team Kilmarnock. After a 0–0 draw at Ibrox Stadium, Rangers won 2–1 in the replay at Rugby Park with goals from Waghorn and Nicky Clark. In the quarter finals, Rangers were drawn at home against Premiership Dundee, which they won 4–0 with goals from Harry Forrester, Jason Holt, Andy Halliday and Wallace. In the semi-finals, Rangers were drawn against their Old Firm rivals Celtic in only their second derby since 2015.  Rangers progressed to the final winning 5–4 on penalties. Rangers entered the final as Scottish Championship league champions and Scottish Challenge Cup winners.

Pre-match
This was Hibernian's 1st victory in the Scottish Cup Final in 114 years, having previously won two Scottish Cups (in 1887 and 1902) and lost in ten finals since their last victory. The 2016 final marked their third appearance in the final in the space of five years, having lost to Hearts in 2012 and Celtic in 2013. Rangers appeared in the Scottish Cup final after winning the competition 33 times. The most recent appearance and victory for the club was in 2009, when they defeated Falkirk 1–0. This was the first meeting of the clubs in the Scottish Cup since 2008, when Rangers won 1–0 at Ibrox in a replay after a goalless draw at Easter Road. Hibernian and Rangers had previously met in one Scottish Cup Final, in 1979. Rangers won the cup that year by winning a second replay by 3–2, after the first two matches both finished goalless.

Match

Details

Match rules
 90 minutes
 30 minutes of extra time if necessary
 Penalty shoot-out if scores still level
 Seven named substitutes
 Maximum of three substitutions

Post-match
At the end of the match, thousands of Hibernian fans spilled out onto the pitch and were met by groups of Rangers fans leading to fights occurring. Rangers claimed that some of their players and staff had been assaulted by the Hibernian fans as they tried to leave the pitch, however no evidence was shown to suggest this was the case.  The Rangers team received their runners-up medals in the dressing room. The SFA conducted a full investigation into the crowd trouble. The report was published in August and found that neither club was to blame but that the invasion was caused by the Hibs supporters' exuberance at winning the cup. It was pointed out that Rangers supporters had let off fireworks and sung sectarian songs during the match. The report suggested the possibility of making pitch invasions illegal as they are in England. The aftermath of the final is also notable for the five-minute rendition by Hibs' fans, having returned to the stands, of the club's  anthem, the Proclaimers' "Sunshine on Leith".

References

Category:Scottish Cup Finals
Scottish Cup Final 2016
Scottish Cup Final 2016
Scottish Cup Final
Category:Sports competitions in Glasgow
Scottish Cup Final
Category:2010s in Glasgow


Oreodytes scitulus

Oreodytes scitulus is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It is found in North America.

Subspecies
 Oreodytes scitulus bisulcatus (Fall, 1923)
 Oreodytes scitulus scitulus (LeConte, 1855)

References

 D.J. Larson, Y. Alarie, and R.E. Roughley. (2001). Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) of the Nearctic Region, with emphasis on the fauna of Canada and Alaska. NRC 43253.
 Nilsson, Anders N. (2001). World Catalogue of Insects, volume 3: Dytiscidae (Coleoptera), 395.
 Webster, Reginald P. (2008). "New predaceous diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) records for New Brunswick and Canada with new distribution information on some rarely collected species". Journal of the Acadian Entomological Society, vol. 4, 38-45.

Further reading

 Arnett, R. H. Jr., and M. C. Thomas. (eds.). (21 December 2000) American Beetles, Volume I: Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida.
 Arnett, Ross H. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press.
 Richard E. White. (1983). Peterson Field Guides: Beetles. Houghton Mifflin Company.

Category:Dytiscidae
Category:Beetles described in 1855


East China Normal University

East China Normal University (ECNU) is a comprehensive public research university in Shanghai. It was formed in 1951 by the merger of the Great China University founded in 1924 and Kwang Hua University (est. 1925) which had its ultimate origins in the St. John's College established in the city in 1879. Its original role was to train teachers for secondary and higher education, as suggested in the name "Normal", but very soon housed top-class researchers and evolved into an elite research-intensive university.

ECNU is now organized into more than 22 schools, colleges, and institutes, located in two campuses throughout Minhang and Putuo. The university comprises 2 affiliated schools across the Shanghai metropolitan area: NYU Shanghai in Pudong, Asia-Europe Business School in Zizhu International Education Park. ECNU also maintains a National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station in Tiantong National Forest Park, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province.

ECNU is a Chinese Ministry of Education Class A Double First Class University.
It is often considered to be one of the most prestigious universities in China and is internationally recognized, as evidenced by its partnerships with institutions around the world. Sponsored by the national program "Project 211" and "Project 985", the university is a frontrunner in the nation's research and innovation, and has been dubbed as the "Columbia of the East". The university also has strong ties with the China Meteorological Administration, State Oceanic Administration and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

History

Origins

East China Normal University traces its roots to the formation of the St. John's College (later to become St. John's University) in 1879, and its heritage has had a deep influence in the development of Chinese modern higher education.

In 1879, St. John's College was founded by William Jones Boone and Joseph Schereschewsky, Bishop of Shanghai, by combining two pre-existing Anglican colleges in Shanghai. In 1905, the College became St. John's University and was registered in Washington D.C. in the United States. It was the first institution to grant bachelor's degrees in China, starting in 1907.

After the May Thirtieth Movement in 1925, some academics and students left the St. John's University, later forming the private Kwang Hua University to support the labor and anti-imperialist movement during the middle period of the Republic of China era.

In 1924, after a student protest at the Xiamen University in Fujian Province some academics fled north to Shanghai, where they established what became the Great China University (also known as Daxia University).

Establishment of the university

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, East China Normal University was officially formed in 1951 by the merger of the Great China University and the Kwang Hua University, and was joined at the same time by a number of faculty members from Fudan University, Tongji University, University of Shanghai and East China PE Academy, making it the first national teacher training university of the People's Republic of China. This was done in part due to the government's desire to pool these institutions' resources into a single, stronger entity, cultivate talents with professional knowledge and promote the development of education in the country.

In the 1950s, the Chinese government regrouped the country's higher education institutions in an attempt to build a Soviet-style system. Under this policy, most of faculties from Saint John's University, Zhejiang University, University of Shanghai, Utopia University, Aurora University were incorporated into ECNU to form a comprehensive multi-disciplinary university. Some of the academics at the Tongji University and Jiaotong University were also transferred to ECNU.

In March 1959, ECNU was authenticated as one of the first 16 National Key Universities in China, and this status was reaffirmed in 1978. From 1972 to 1980 (during the Cultural Revolution in mainland China), it was known as Shanghai Normal University, and in 1980 its original name was resumed.

1980 to present

In June 1986, ECNU was selected to be one of the first 33 higher education institutions authorized, by the State Council, to establish their graduate schools. In 1996, ECNU passed the prerequisites appraisal and became one of universities sponsored by the major national program "Project 211". In 2006, the Ministry of Education and Shanghai Municipality signed into a partnership for co-sponsoring the development of the university, qualifying ECNU as a member of the "Project 985" and facilitating ECNU's efforts and progress toward a comprehensive, research-oriented and internationalized world-class university.

ECNU is now a nationally renowned university under the direct auspices of the Ministry of Education, boasting one of the most beautiful university campuses in China, the university is reputed as the "garden university". The University sponsors or supervises publication of more than 20 academic journals and periodicals. The library collection exceeds 4,000,000 volumes. 25 primary or secondary schools are affiliated to the university.

The development and transformation of China and the modernized international metropolis of Shanghai brings huge opportunities to the university for its progress. ECNU is working its way up steadfastly toward the goal of establishing itself as "an internationally renowned high-level research university".

International partnerships
ECNU attaches great importance to the internationalization in its development and enjoys a wide influence and reputation in the world. The university has established strategic cooperative partnership with many world-renowned universities, such as École Normale Supérieure and its group in France, the University of Pennsylvania and Cornell University in USA, Tokyo University and Kobe University in Japan, and the University of Melbourne in Australia, the University of Warwick in the UK, etc. It has been carrying out academic exchanges with over 150 universities and institutions of Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, the United States, Canada, Australia, Korea, and Russia, etc. ECNU plays host to a CIEE satellite campus, where 100 American college students study each semester. The university also runs an Online College of the Chinese language in collaboration with the National Office for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (NOCFL), which is the first of its kind to be established in the country with over 5,800 students in 137 countries and regions. In 2008, it set up the NOCFL Study and Training Base for International Chinese Teachers.

 In 2002 the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris, the École normale supérieure de Cachan, and the École normale supérieure de Lyon set up a Master's-PhD programme at East China Normal University in Shanghai. An ENS campus is housed in the ECNU at the Aspiring Researchers Institute and at the Franco-Chinese Advanced Studies Institute.
 In 2007, the EMLYON Business School opened the official EMLYON Asia Campus in the heart of the ECNU campus.
 In 2008, the Cornell-ECNU Center for Comparative Culture was jointly funded by Cornell University and ECNU.
 China's first Sino-American university – New York University Shanghai (NYU Shanghai) – was co-established by New York University and ECNU and was approved by the Ministry of Education in early 2011.

Study China Programme

Along with several other Chinese universities, East China Normal University has hosted the United Kingdom (UK) government-funded Study China Programme for a number of years. In this programme, students from UK institutions spend one to two summer months studying Mandarin Chinese and Chinese culture at a university in China. The programme is organised by the University of Manchester and is fully funded by UK government bodies, such as the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills. Its purpose is to strengthen ties between UK university students and China, in particular as relatively few British students enroll in degrees in China. The programme has increased relations between ECNU and numerous leading UK universities.

Diplomats' Program

Sponsored by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Foreign Affairs Office, the Diplomats' Program has been organized by ECNU since 2011. In this program, consular officials from over 20 countries spend two months during summer studying at East China Normal University.

Academics

At present the university is made up of 24 full-time schools and colleges, 2 unconventional colleges and 5 advanced research institutes, with 58 departments offering 79 undergraduate programs. The University also comprises 3 affiliated schools: NYU Shanghai, Asia-Europe Business School and ECNU-UNC School of Sino-American Innovative Education.

Full-time schools and colleges
 Faculty of Education
 Faculty of Economics and Management
 School of Humanities and Social Science
 School of Social Development
 School of Foreign Languages
 International College of Chinese Studies
 School of Psychology and Cognitive Science
 Preschool and Special Education School
 School of Sports and Health
 School of Communication
 School of Art
 School of Design
 School of Urban and Regional Science
 School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences
 School of Geographic Sciences
 School of Life Sciences
 School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
 School of Science and Engineering
 School of Information Science and Technology
 School of Computer Science and Software Engineering
 International Teachers College of Chinese Language and Culture
 Meng Xiancheng College (Teachers College)
 School of Data Science and Engineering

Unconventional colleges
 College of Continuing Education
 College of Distance Education

Advanced research institutes
 Institute of Estuary and Coastal Research
 Institute for Advanced International and Regional Studies
 Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
 Institute of Arts
 Si-mian Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities

Among them, the School of Computer Science and Software Engineering is the amalgamation between the Department of Computer Science and Technology and the former Software Engineering Institute which is one of the 35 statewide pilot schools of software engineering granted by Ministry of Education in 2001; the International College of Chinese Studies is among the eight State Bases for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language, certified by the Ministry of Education. ECNU is designated as one of the National Liberal Arts and Basic Sciences Training and Research Bases in its disciplines of Chinese, History, Mathematics, Geography, Psychology and Physics.

ECNU's Business School was founded by the pioneer of China's Economics and Financing studies, Prof. Chen Biao Ru. Hence, the Business School of ECNU inherited the good tradition and enjoys top reputation in the economic and financial circle in China.

The Ministry of Education's Training Center for Secondary School Principals at ECNU is a state base for the training of secondary school principals in Mainland China and advanced studies of those in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. ECNU is the only university in China designated as a national training center for elite secondary school principals and enjoys the reputation as the "Whampoa Military Academy" for secondary school principals.

Research

The university is officially authorized to offer programs:

 in two of the Primary Disciplines and five of the Sub-Disciplines, which are enlisted as National Key Disciplines;
 in five of the disciplines, which are enlisted as Preparatory National Key Disciplines,
 in 12 disciplines enlisted as Shanghai Key Disciplines.

Key laboratories
It has two State Key Laboratories, one National Field Observation and Research Station, six Key Labs or Engineering Centers, and six Key Research Bases for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education. ECNU is authorized to offer 112 doctoral programs covering 14 Primary Disciplines, 178 master's programs in six specialties, i.e., Education, Public Administration, Engineering, Physical Education and Business Administration, and to set up 14 post-doctoral mobile research stations.

State key laboratories
State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research
State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy

Key laboratories of provincial level and ministerial level
Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education
Key Laboratory of Geography-Information Science, Ministry of Education
Shanghai Insititute of Brain Functional Genomics
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Green Chemical Process
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing

Key research bases in humanities and social science
Institute of Curriculum and Instruction
Institute of Modern Chinese Thought and Culture
Center for Russian Studies
Center for the Study of Chinese Characters and Their Applications
Institute of Schooling Reform and Development
Center for Modern Chinese City Studies

Joint Research Centre
Cornell-ECNU Center for Comparative Culture
KUL-ECNU Sino-Euro Culture Research Center
ECNU-UBC Joint Research Core Group on China in Modern World
Intercultural Education and Communication Research Center (with Humboldt University of Berlin)

Faculty and staff
ECNU has a faculty body of over 4,000, among whom there are 2000 full-time teachers (including over 1,200 professors or associate professors), 14 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences or Chinese Academy of Engineering (six of them are academicians of both academies), 11 members of the State Council Academic Appraisal Committee, eight specially hired professors or lecture professors for the Yangtze Scholar Award Program sponsored by the Ministry of Education, nine "state-level talents" chosen by the New-Century Talents Project, ten National Outstanding Youth Fund award winner, 80 specially hired professors or lecture professors for ECNU's Zijiang Scholar Award Program, and 105 tenured professors.

Campus

With campuses in Minhang and Putuo District totalling an area of over 220 hectares, East China Normal University has long been reputed as a "Garden University" for its beautiful campus scenery.

North Zhongshan Road Campus (Putuo Campus)
The previous main campus was located in the Putuo District of Shanghai, formerly a campus of the Great China University. The campus is an enclosed campus of gardens, lawns, and historic buildings interspersed with modern facilities, in a convenient location in downtown Shanghai. The University also provides frequent transportation by shuttle bus to its new Minhang Campus.

The campus still houses a variety of scientific research institutions, such as State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research and State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy.

The university's athletic facilities include an outdoor track, outdoor basketball courts, indoor basketball courts, and indoor tennis and badminton courts. The university lacks a traditional indoor gymnasium with running/biking machines, free weights, and weight machines.

Minhang Campus

The Minhang new campus is located in the Minhang District on the outskirts of metropolitan Shanghai. Most administrative and academic framework of the university and the majority of undergraduate and graduate students are situated at this campus, which is accompanied by the Minhang Campus of Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

Notable people

Alumni

Writer
Chen Danyan (陈丹燕): Writer.
Dai Houying (戴厚英): Writer.
Ge Fei (格非): Writer. Professor of literature at Tsinghua University.

Academics
Yu Lizhong: Chancellor of New York University Shanghai.
Wang Xingyu (王行愚): President of East China University of Science and Technology (1994.03–2004.07).
Lu Shanzhen (陆善镇): President of Beijing Normal University (1995–1999).
Wu Haishun (武海顺): President of Shanxi Normal University (2005.11-),
Jia Suotang (贾锁堂): President of Shanxi University (2012.08-).
Zhu Min (朱民): Chair of the University Council of Donghua University (2012.11-).
Yuan Zihuang (袁自煌): Chair of the University Council of Hefei University of Technology (2014.05-).
Ma Qinrong (马钦荣): Chair of the University Council of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics (2004.07–2012.07).
Chen Dubin (陈笃彬): Chair of the University Council of Fuzhou University (2007.03–2011.12).
Xi Nanhua (席南华): Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Vice-President of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Song Daxiang (宋大祥): Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Xue Yongqi (薛永祺): Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Zhu Shiyao (朱诗尧): Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Liu Boli: Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
Stephen Cheng (程正迪): Academician of the National Academy of Engineering, United States.
Lu Bai (鲁白): Senior Investigator of National Institutes of Health.
Joe Z. Tsien: Neuroscientist, Georgia Health Sciences University.
He Jifeng: Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and academic at ECNU.
Yuan Zhongyi: Archaeologist, praised as "the father of the Terracotta Warriors".
Mitchell Ho (何苗壮): Senior Investigator, National Institutes of Health.

In politics
He Xian (何宪): Vice Minister of the Ministry of Personnel of the P.R.China.
Han Zheng (韩正): Chinese politician, and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, serving as First Vice Premier of the State Council since March 2018.
Chen Hao (陈豪): Governor of Yunnan province, China.
Yin Yicui(殷一璀): Chairwoman of the Shanghai People's Congress.

In business and media
Xue Peijian (薛沛建): President of Shanghai Media and Entertainment Group.
Jason Jiang (江南春): Founder of Focus Media.
Dong Qing (董卿): Television host.

In sport
Liu Xiang (刘翔): Gold medalist of 110-meter hurdles in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Study abroad
 Glenn Duffie Shriver: From Grand Valley State University, he did a study abroad program at ECNU. He was later convicted in the U.S. of attempting to commit espionage.

Notable faculty members
 Meng Xiancheng: Educator, the first president of East China Normal University.
 Li Linsi: Educator and diplomat who has been recognized as one of the key figures in modern Chinese cultural and diplomatic history.
 Shen Zhihua: Professor of history at ECNU, expert in the history of the Soviet Union, Sino-Soviet relations, and the Cold War.
 Lü Simian: Chinese historian, former professor of history at ECNU.
 Shi Zhecun: Author, former professor of Chinese Language and Literature.
 Hu Huanyong: Demographer, forefather of modern Chinese demography and the founder of China's population geography.
 He Jifeng: Computer scientist, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
 Ghil'ad Zuckermann: Linguist, revivalist.

Alumni associations
East China Normal University Alumni Association
East China Normal University Alumni Association in US
East China Normal University Alumni Association in North California

Addresses
 North Zhongshan Road (Putuo) Campus: 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China.
 Minhang Campus: 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.

See also
 No. 1 High School Affiliated to East China Normal University
 No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University
 East China Normal University Press

References

External links
Official website
Official Facebook page
Campus Tour
Global Education Center/International Students Office, ECNU
NYU Shanghai（上海纽约大学）

Category:1951 establishments in China

Category:Educational institutions established in 1951
Category:Universities and colleges in Shanghai
Category:Project 985
Category:Project 211
Category:Plan 111


DZMC (Tarlac)

DZMC (91.1 MHz) is an FM station owned and operated by TNC Promotions & Advertising. Its studios and transmitter are located at Luisita Industrial Park, Brgy. San Miguel, Tarlac City.

History
1998 - Started as MRS under Nation Broadcasting Corporation with an AC format.
2002 - Acquired by Southern Broadcasting Network & rebranded as Mom's Radio with an AC & Talk format.
2008 - Acquired by TNC & rebranded as DZMC 91.1 with a Classic Hits & Talk format.

References

Category:Radio stations established in 1998
Category:Radio stations in Tarlac


171st Tunnelling Company

The 171st Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services.

Background

By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.

Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others. The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.  The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.

Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.

Unit history

Formation
171st Tunnelling Company was formed between February and March 1915 of a small number of specially enlisted miners, with troops selected from the Monmouthshire Siege Company of Royal Engineers. 171st Tunnelling Company thus included a significant number of miners from South Wales, as did the 184th, 170th, 172nd, 253rd and 254th Tunnelling Company.

From its formation until the end of the war the company served under Second Army in the Ypres Salient.

Hill 60/Messines

171st Tunnelling Company was first employed in March 1915 in the Hill 60/Bluff areas at Ypres. The Germans held the top of Hill 60 from 16 December 1914 to 17 April 1915, when it was captured briefly by the British 5th Division after the explosion of five mines under the German lines by the Royal Engineers. The early underground war in the area had involved both the 171st and 172nd Tunnelling Company.

In July 1915, 171st Tunnelling Company moved to Ploegsteert and commenced mining operations near St Yves at the southern end of the Messines ridge. The four deep mines at St Yves, charged with a combined load of  of ammonal, formed part of the mine galleries that were dug by the British 171st, 175th, 250th, 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st Australian Tunnelling companies as part of the prelude to the Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917), while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built underground shelters in the Second Army area.

In December 1915, 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Trench 127 at St Yves. The mine consisted of two chambers (Trench 127 Left, Right) with a shared gallery. The name indicates the British lines where the initial shaft was dug, not where the mine was placed under the German positions. The shaft was completed to a depth of  within four weeks, however after driving a  gallery the Royal Engineers faced a sudden inrush of quicksand and a concrete dam had to be constructed. A new attempt was made, and by April 1916 the Trench 127 mine was ready, with the ammonal charges over  away from the initial shaft.

At the end of January 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company began mining operations at La Petite Douve Farm. The farm, located next to the road from Messines to Ploegsteert Wood, was enclosed by a German trench system known as ULNA. Also at this point was a junction on the narrow gauge railway system which ran from the forward areas of Messines to the rear areas around Nieuwkerke. This operation was characterized by setbacks. Difficult geology lead to two mines being abandoned before completion, and after a charge of  of ammonal had been put in place beneath the farm, the gallery was discovered by a German counter-mining operation on 24 August 1916. Three days later the German miners blew a heavy charge, which shattered about  of the main gallery and killed four men engaged in repairs. This camouflet wrecked the British gallery completely and forced the Royal Engineers to abandon the tunnel, which then quickly flooded.

At the end of February 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Trench 122 at St Yves. The mine consisted of two chambers (Trench 122 Left, Right) with a shared gallery. The name indicates the British lines where the initial shaft was dug, due west of where the crater is today. The area was dominated by a complex of German trenches and by mid-May first charge of  of ammonal was in place at Trench 122 Left. Another shaft (Trench 122 Right) was started part way along the original tunnel and after another , a charge of 40,000 lbs of ammonal was placed by the Royal Engineers beneath the ruins of Factory Farm which sat on the German front line.

In April 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company moved to the Spanbroekmolen/Douve sector facing the Messines ridge. At Spanbroekmolen, 171st Tunnelling Company took over from 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company and extended the work to the German lines, driving the tunnel forward by  in seven months until it was beneath the powerful German position. At the end of June 1916 the charge of  of ammonal in 1,820 waterproof tins was complete, the largest yet laid by the British. With the mine complete, the British selected two additional objectives to be attacked near Spanbroekmolen, Rag Point and Hop Point, which were  and  from the main tunnel. A branch was started and inclined down to  depth. By mid-February 1917 the branch had been driven  and passed the German lines. At that point, the German counter mining activities damaged  of the branch gallery and some of the main tunnel. The British decided to abandon the branch gallery because aggressive counter-mining would alert the Germans to the presence of a deep-mining scheme. On 3 March the Germans blew the main tunnel with a heavy charge laid from their Ewald shaft, leaving it beyond repair and resulting in it being cut off for three months. The British started a new gallery alongside the old main tunnel which after  cut into the original workings. Mining was greatly hampered by the influx of gas, several miners being overcome by the fumes, but eventually – and only a few hours before the appointed time of detonation at 03:10 a.m. on 7 June 1917 – the ammonal charge was ready again and secured by  of tamping with sandbags and a primer charge of  of dynamite. The Spanbroekmolen mine exploded 15 seconds late, killing a number of British soldiers from the 36th (Ulster) Division, some of whom are buried at  Lone Tree Cemetery nearby.

While employed at Spanbroekmolen, 171st Tunnelling Company also took over work on the nearby deep mines at Kruisstraat. Work there was begun by 250th Tunnelling Company in December 1915, passed to 182nd Tunnelling Company, then to 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company and 175th Tunnelling Company, which took charge in April 1916. When the gallery reached  it was handed over to 171st Tunnelling Company. At  a charge of  of ammonal was laid and at the end of a small branch of  to the right a second charge of  was placed under the German front line. This completed the original plan, but it was decided to extend the mining to a position under the German third line. Despite meeting clay and being inundated with water underground which necessitated the digging of a sump, they managed to complete a gallery stretching almost half a mile from the shaft in just two months, and a further charge of  of ammonal was placed. This tunnel was the longest of any of the Messines mines. In February 1917, German countermeasures necessitated some repair to one of the chambers and the opportunity was taken to place a further charge of  marking a total of four mines, all of which were ready by 9 May 1917.

At the end of January 1917, the 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Ontario Farm. The ground at the site selected for this mine proved very difficult as much of it was sandy clay. The miners began to dig at Boyle's Farm which is just on the southern side of the main road (Mesenstraat/Nieuwkerkestraat) passing by. The shaft went down  and pumps were installed to bring air down and water out of the mine. After tunnelling forward, the miners broke into blue clay, extending the depth to some . After driving the gallery almost  forward, the flooding was so bad that a dam had to be constructed and a new gallery started. Despite these obstacles, the tunnellers arrived under Ontario Farm at the end of May 1917 and installed the  ammonal charge with a day to spare. When it was detonated on 7 June 1915, the mine did not produce a crater but left a shallow indentation in the soft clay; the shock wave did great damage to the German position. The explosion caught two battalions of the 17th Bavarian Infantry Regiment during a relief, half of which were "as good as annihilated".

The mines at Messines were detonated on 7 June 1917, creating  craters.

Vampire dugout

The 171st Tunnelling Company stayed in the Ypres Salient and moved near the village of Zonnebeke, where it constructed the Vampire dugout (known locally as the Vampyr dugout). Vampire was built to house a brigade headquarters of up to 50 men and one senior commanding officer. Located close to Polygon Wood, it was named after the supply soldiers whose mission was to come out at night to re-supply troops in the front line.

At the end of the Third Battle of Ypres/Battle of Passchendaele (31 July–10 November 1917), having retaken Passchendaele ridge, the British were left with little natural shelter from the former woods and farms. The artillery of both sides had literally flattened the landscape. Needing shelter for their troops, the Allied High Command in January 1918 moved 25,000 specialist tunnellers and 50,000 attached infantry who had been preparing and taking part in the Battle of Messines north in the Ypres Salient. There they dug almost 200 independent and connected structures at depths of  into the blue clay, which could accommodate from 50 men, to the largest at Wieltje and Hill 63 which could house 2,000. The level of the activity can be gauged by the fact that by March 1918, more people lived underground in the Ypres area than reside above ground in the town today. Connected by corridors measuring  high by  wide, they were fitted with water pumps to deal with the high groundwater table.

Created  below Flanders by the 171st Tunnelling Company, and dug over a period of four months, the engineers used I beams and reclaimed railway line in a D-type sett structure. This was then further reinforced, using stepped wooden horizontal beams. The Vampire dugout became operational from early April 1918, first housing the 100th Brigade of the British 33rd Division, then the 16th King's Royal Rifle Corps and then the 9th Battalion Highland Light Infantry Regiment. After only a few weeks, the dugout was lost when the Germans undertook the Battle of the Lys in April 1918. It was recaptured in September 1918, when its last occupants became the 2nd Battalion of the Worcestershire Regiment.

Zonnebeke church dugout

In March 1918, the 171st Tunnelling Company constructed a deep dugout in the centre of Zonnebeke, located directly beneath the ruins of the parish church. This dugout was only discovered after the Second World War during archaeological excavations of the Augustinian abbey. Today the outline of this dugout is marked in an archaeological garden within the church grounds, and a model of the church dugout can be seen at the "Memorial Museum Passchendaele 1917" in Zonnebeke.

Spring Offensive

Shortly after the completion of the Vampire dugout, 171st and several other tunnelling companies (173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th and 3rd Australian) were forced to move from their camps at Boeschepe in April 1918, when the enemy broke through the Lys positions during the Spring Offensive. These units were then put on duties that included digging and wiring trenches over a long distance from Reningelst to near Saint-Omer. The operation to construct these fortifications between Reningelst and Saint-Omer was carried out jointly by the British 171st, 173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th, 3rd Canadian and 3rd Australian Tunnelling Companies.

See also
 Mine warfare

References
An overview of the history of 171st Tunnelling Company is also available in Robert K. Johns, Battle Beneath the Trenches: The Cornish Miners of 251 Tunnelling Company RE, Pen & Sword Military 2015 (), p. 214 see online

Further reading

 Arthur Stockwin (ed.), Thirty-odd Feet Below Belgium: An Affair of Letters in the Great War 1915-1916, Parapress (2005),  (online).
 Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018, .

External links
 List of tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers, with short unit histories
 'Born Fighters: Who were the Tunnellers?' Conference paper by Simon Jones.

Category:Tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers
Category:Tunnel warfare


Gyabut

Gyabut (also, Gyabur) is a town in the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia.

See also
 Vayots Dzor Province

References

Category:Populated places in Vayots Dzor Province


First Alcibiades

The First Alcibiades or Alcibiades I () is a dialogue featuring Alcibiades in conversation with Socrates.  It is ascribed to Plato, although scholars are divided on the question of its authenticity.

Content
In the preface Alcibiades is described as an ambitious young man who is eager to enter public life. He is extremely proud of his good looks, noble birth, many friends, possessions and his connection to Pericles, the leader of the Athenian state. Alcibiades has many admirers but they have all run away, afraid of his coldness. Socrates was the first of his admirers but he has not spoken to him for many years. Now the older man tries to help the youth with his questions before Alcibiades presents himself in front of the Athenian assembly. For the rest of the dialogue Socrates explains the many reasons why Alcibiades needs him. By the end of Alcibiades I, the youth is much persuaded by Socrates' reasoning, and accepts him as his mentor.

The first topic they enter is the essence of politics – war and peace. Socrates claims that people should fight on just grounds, but he doubts that Alcibiades has any knowledge about justice. Prodded by Socrates’ questioning, Alcibiades admits that he has never learned the nature of justice from a master nor has discovered it by himself.

Alcibiades suggests that politics is not about justice but expediency and the two principles could be opposed. Socrates persuades him that he is mistaken, and there is no expediency without justice. The humiliated youth concedes that he knows nothing about politics.

Later Alcibiades says that he is not concerned about his ignorance because all the other Athenian politicians are ignorant. Socrates reminds him that his true rivals are the kings of Sparta and Persia. He delivers a long lecture about the careful education, glorious might and unparalleled richness of these foreign rulers. Alcibiades gets cold feet which was exactly the purpose of Socrates’ speech.

After this interlude the dialogue proceeds with further questioning about the rules of society. Socrates points to the many contradictions in Alcibiades’ thoughts. Later they agree that man has to follow the advice of the famous Delphic phrase: gnōthi seautón meaning know thyself. They discuss that the "ruling principle" of man is not the body but the soul. Somebody's true lover loves his soul, while the lover of the body flies as soon as the youth fades. With this Socrates proves that he is the only true lover of Alcibiades. "From this day forward, I must and will follow you as you have followed me; I will be the disciple, and you shall be my master", proclaims the youth. Together they will work on to improve Alcibiades' character because only the virtuous has the right to govern. Tyrannical power should not be the aim of individuals but people accept to be commanded by a superior.

In the last sentence Socrates expresses his hope that Alcibiades will persist, but he has fears because the power of the state "may be too much" for both of them.

Authenticity

In antiquity Alcibiades I was regarded as the best text to introduce one to Platonic philosophy, which may be why it has continued to be included in the Platonic corpus since then. The authenticity of the dialogue was never doubted in antiquity. It was not until 1836 that the German scholar Friedrich Schleiermacher argued against the ascription to Plato. Subsequently its popularity declined. However, stylometric research supports Plato's authorship, and some scholars have recently defended its authenticity.

Dating

Traditionally, the First Alcibiades has been considered an early dialogue. Gerard Ledger's stylometric analysis supported this tradition, dating the work to the 390s.  Julia Annas, in supporting the authenticity of Rival Lovers, saw both dialogues as laying the foundation for ideas Plato would later develop in Charmides.

A later dating has also been defended.  Nicholas Denyer suggests that it was written in the 350s BC, when Plato, back in Athens, could reflect on the similarities between Dionysius II of Syracuse (as we know him from the Seventh Letter) and Alcibiades—two young men interested in philosophy but compromised by their ambition and faulty early education.  This hypothesis requires skepticism about what is usually regarded as the only fairly certain result of Platonic stylometry, Plato's marked tendency to avoid hiatus in the six dialogues widely believed to have been composed in the period to which Denyer assigns First Alcibiades (Timaeus, Critias, Sophist, Statesman, Philebus, and Laws).

A compromise solution to the difficult issues of dating attending the linguistic features of First Alcibiades has also been sought in the hypothesis that the first two-thirds of the dialogue was written by some other member of the Platonic Academy, whose efforts were completed by Plato himself in his late-middle period.

R.S. Bluck, although unimpressed by previous arguments against the dialogue's authenticity, tentatively suggests a date after the end of Plato's life, approximately 343/2 BC, based especially on "a striking parallelism between the Alcibiades and early works of Aristotle, as well as certain other compositions that probably belong to the same period as the latter."

References

Bibliography
Denyer, Nicholas, "introduction", in Plato, Alcibiades, Nicholas Denyer (ed.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001): 1-26.
Foucault, Michel, The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1981–1982 (New York: Picador, 2005).
Young, Charles M., "Plato and Computer Dating", in Nicholas D. Smith (ed.), Plato: Critical Assessments volume 1: General Issues of Interpretation (London: Routledge, 1998): 29-49.

External links

 Greek text: Greek Wikisource, HODOI (with French translation and concordance)
 First Alcibiades, trans. Benjamin Jowett (Project Gutenberg)
  Alcibiade de Platon, French adaptation directed by Frédéric Laville (2014).

Category:Dialogues of Plato
Category:Socratic dialogues


Ornsby Hill

Ornsby Hill is a village in County Durham, in England.

Ornsby Hill is situated immediately to the north of Lanchester at the junction of the A691 and A6076 roads. Administratively it forms part of the civil parish of Lanchester.

External links

Category:Villages in County Durham