Republic of Guria

The Republic of Guria or the Gurian Peasant Republic was the name used by an insurrection that took place in the western Georgian region of Guria (known at the time as the Ozurget Uyezd) against the Russian Empire. Formed out of a revolt over land grazing rights in 1902, the roots of the movement dated back decades and were the culmination of several issues facing the largely peasant population, including taxation, land ownership, and economic factors. It gained further traction through the efforts of Georgian social democrats, and grew further during the 1905 Russian Revolution. The Russian imperial authorities were not able to re-assert control until 1906, when they used overwhelming military force to do so.

During its existence the Gurian Republic was effectively an autonomous region. It had its own system of government, which consisted of assemblies of villagers meeting and discussing issues. A unique form of justice was introduced, which saw attendees vote on sentences. Despite breaking away from imperial administration, the movement was not anti-Russian, and indeed expressed a desire to remain within the Empire. Many of the main leaders of the movement would later play prominent roles in the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which existed from 1918 until 1921.

Background

Guria within the Russian Empire
Guria had been incorporated into the Russian Empire in the early nineteenth century. Formerly the Principality of Guria, it was made a protectorate in 1810 and was autonomous until 1829 when it was formally annexed. The region was re-organised in 1840 into an uyezd (уезд; a secondary administrative division) and renamed the Ozurget Uyezd, after Ozurgeti, the main city in the region; it was added to the Kutais Governorate in 1846. Until the Russo-Turkish War and the annexation of Adjara in 1878, Guria bordered the Ottoman Empire, and the legacy as a borderland was slow to dissipate: many residents retained their arms, and bands of robbers frequented the region.

The 1897 Russian Imperial Census, the only one conducted in the Russian Empire, saw Guria have a population of just under 100,000, while the Kutais Governorate had the second-highest population density in the Caucasus (after the Erivan Governorate). The population of Guria had increased greatly in this era, and by 1913 it had grown a further 35%. Guria was overwhelmingly rural, with Ozurgeti being the largest city with a population of 4,694, with only 26 other villages listed. There were few factories, though some smaller distilleries did exist, with most of the population working in agriculture. In contrast to other parts of Georgia, especially the capital Tiflis, Guria was ethnically homogeneous, with most of the population being ethnic Georgians.

Despite being overwhelmingly a poor peasant region, Guria had high levels of education. There were an estimated 63 schools, with 2,833 students, throughout Guria by 1905. Ozurgeti alone had four schools, including one for girls, and 681 total students. As a result, literacy rates were high throughout the region, and with one student per 20 people, the Ozurget Uyezd had by far the highest proportion of students in Georgia (next was the Zugdidi Uyezd, with 1 per 153 people). This contributed to a reputation of being an educated and literate region. However, there was no real opportunities for further development in Guria, which frustrated the rural intelligentsia.

The development of the Transcaucasus Railway in 1872 had a major effect on Guria. Connecting Tiflis with the port cities of Batumi and Poti, passengers could easily travel across Georgia, and it was possible to go from Ozurgeti to Batumi in 40 minutes. With many Gurians unable to make a living from farming land, they instead became seasonal workers, travelling to Batumi and Poti, or other developing regions across Georgia. Indeed, by 1900 most of the 12,000 workers in Batumi, which was the third-largest industrial centre in the Transcaucasus, were from Guria.

The advent of socialist ideas was also an important factor in Guria. The region was noted by contemporary Bolshevik Grigory Aleksinsky as "a citadel of Menshevism." Indeed, many of the leading Georgian Mensheviks, a faction within the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) came from Guria, with nearly 30% of the Georgian delegates at the Fifth Party Congress in 1907 being from the region. Several leading Georgian Bolsheviks, the other main faction within the RSDLP, were also Gurian, though the region was overwhelmingly in support of the Mensheviks. Many of the labourers who went to Batumi and Poti were exposed to socialist ideals, and participated in strikes and other labour actions led by the RSDLP; on their return to Guria they would expose the peasants to these ideas.

Land issues
Underdeveloped and a rather poor part of the Kutais Governorate, Guria had serious land shortages, which were made worse by a drastic increase in population as well as the emancipation of the serfs. Though nominally freed from serfdom, they were not freed from their economic obligations, and thus many peasants in Georgia remained "temporarily obligated" to their former masters and saw no real improvement in their life.

The average peasant household had no more than 1.5 desyatina (one desyatina was roughly one hectare), with half of that land rented. In European Russia this figure was closer to 10 or 11 desyatina per household, while the authorities in Kutaisi estimated at least 4 desyatina were required for a poor family to survive. Estimates by government officials suggested that 70% of Gurian households could not meet these land requirements. Peasants thus farmed their own plots, but as this was not enough to survive on they rented from nobles or worked on the land as labourers. Roughly 60% of the peasants thus rented land, paying anywhere from one-sixth to one-half of the harvest in rent. Thus by the 1880s, Guria had the highest average rent of anywhere in the Transcaucasus.

This was compounded due to the high proportion of nobles in Georgia, where approximately 5.6% of the population were landowning nobles, compared to 1.4% in European Russia. While larger landowners were required to make land available for rent, those who owned less than 11.25 desyatina did not have to do so, which meant some 80% of landowners were exempt, greatly limiting the amount of land available. The nobles were reluctant to sell their land, further increasing tensions.

Compounding the land issue was Guria's high dependence on maize as a cash crop. While other products, notably silk and wine, were major sources of income in the Kutais Governorate, maize was by far the most important. In the 1880s over one-quarter of all Russian maize exports came from the Kutais Governorate, and by 1901 90% of all maize from the Transcaucasus was from there. However 1891 saw a bad harvest in the rest of Russia, so exports were severely curtailed to help alleviate the shortages, which did not recover until 1895. By that time grain from the United States had become popular, and the prices for maize dropped considerably. More recently the years 1902–1903 had seen a poor harvest, which further agitated the peasants in Guria.

History

Formation of the Republic
The incident that led to the creation of the Republic occurred in May 1902 in the village of Nigoiti. A dispute over grazing rights between peasants and the local noble, Prince Machutadze, led to a meeting of peasants, who agreed to stop working on the Prince's land and stop paying rent. Led by former workers from Batumi, approximately 700 peasants met, organised by Grigol Uratadze, a member of the RSDLP. Uradadze sought the support of the RSDLP for the boycott, but they refused due to the inclusion of overt religious overtones of the meeting, including swearing oaths on icons, which went against the ideals of social democracy. They were reluctant to help a peasant movement, seeing social democracy as a worker-led movement, with Nikolay Chkheidze, a Georgian Menshevik active in Batumi at the time saying that they "cannot have a peasant movement under our banners." However two local Mensheviks, Noe Zhordania and Silibistro Jibladze, agreed to help. The peasants' demands varied, and included things like free grazing rights, rent reduction, and an end to the payments made to the clergy.

The movement gained momentum, with meetings occurring on a frequent basis, and by the spring of 1903 half of Guria was involved, and by 1904 20 of the 25 rural societies (analogous to municipal governments) were participating in boycotts of landowners. The boycott was extended in January 1904 to include government institutions and the church, with further calls to seize these lands. The authorities responded by arresting over 300 people, and several, including Zhordania and fellow Menshevik leader Noe Khomeriki were exiled to Siberia, though this only encouraged further participation in the movement. Initially terrorism and acts of violence were used, but this was banned by mid-1903, seen as an "improper evaluation of the revolutionary activity of men." By that time the Georgian Social Democrats decided to support the Gurian Republic, agreeing to at a meeting in May 1903. They established a separate committee for "agricultural workers" that would focus on Guria, with the phrase an attempt to rectify Marxism with the peasant movement. Tsarist officials remained in Guria, though they were boycotted, with Luigi Villari, an Italian traveler who visited Guria in 1905, stating that "no Gurian would think of applying to a Government official for anything."

Organization

System of government

The government for the Gurian Republic was organised form the village level up and was based on the legislation that came from the emancipation of the serfs. Village meetings were vested with supreme authority, and also served as a court. These meetings initially met on an infrequent basis, but by 1905 were assembling weekly. They were forums for a variety of topics, from banning expensive funerals and weddings to setting the curriculum for schools. They became increasingly political and could last for hours, even days, at a time. Linguist Nikolai Marr, who was from Guria, described that while the peasants took an active role in the meetings, though noted that the workers from the cities were largely directing them.

Within a village a "circle" was made, and there were on average 10 circles for 90 households. Each circle would elect a "tensman" (Georgian: ათისთავი, atistavi) who then would select among themselves a "hundredsman" (ასისთავი, asistavi). They would then elect representatives for the rural society, who selected regional their own representatives. All people were expected to contribute money or labour, and Villari reported that "one sometimes saw nobles, priests, peasants, and shopkeepers all manfully doing their turn of work."

These regional representatives would be the ones directly in contact with the Gurian Social Democratic Committee, which was established as a parallel governmental structure by the Social Democrats, who were initially reluctant to have the peasants join their movement. Guria was further divided into five regions, each led by a Committee member, though the village assembly still held ultimate authority. Commissions were further formed to set rent and establish grazing rights on confiscated land. In charge of the committee was Benia Chkhikvishvili, who was variously referred to as the "Gurian President" or the "Gurian King." According to historian Stephen F. Jones, "in all the meetings there was no sign of nationalism or anti-Russian feeling," as Russia was seen as a protector against a possible invasion from the neighbouring Ottoman Empire.

The decision to have two systems like this caused tension between both groups: the Social Democrats did not want to lose focus of their class struggles, while the peasants were angry at being excluded from joining the party. This was endemic of a larger issue in the RSDLP, which would eventually lead to a split of the party into the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions at their Second Congress in August 1903. This would lead to further division within the Georgian Social Democrats, and would not be fully resolved during the existence of the Gurian Republic. Indeed, divisions would lead to a split between Georgian socialists in 1905, with the social democrats declaring themselves Mensheviks and aligning with the RSDLP. Despite this division, factional differences had little impact on the Gurian Republic, with both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks at times being asked to participate in debates.

Starting in 1903 there had been a slow expansion of the ideals of the Gurian Republic outside its borders, and by August 1904 it had firmly taken hold in neighbouring Imereti, which had 600 "circles" of its own by the end of 1905; Mingrelia, another bordering region, also saw similar movements start up. Near the end of 1904 a two-ruble tax was instituted in Guria to purchase arms, leading to fears by the tsarist authorities of an armed peasant uprising. Groups were organised into so-called "Red Detachments," and while nearly every Gurian was armed, they were not a serious force that could have deterred a real military invasion. A contemporary report noted that at most there was 2,000 rifles in the entire region, with not all of them in working order and a shortage of ammunition.

Justice

Justice was conducted in a popular fashion and was held in the village assemblies. As Villari noted, the "corruption and inefficiency of the Russian courts of justice in Georgia was a byword among the people and constituted one of the chief grievances of the inhabitants, who constantly but fruitlessly demanded that they should be reformed." Thus when the movement first began, locals immediately established their own system of justice, ignoring the Russian courts. Set up as they were, the courts were prone to make grave mistakes, with many individuals going for entertainment or to pursue grudges against others. Decisions were made by a majority vote, and women were allowed to participate. Villari witnessed one such trial, writing that about 200 people gathered for the case, an appeal of a merchant who had been convicted of adultery. He had been sentenced to a boycott, and after several weeks was seeking a redress. After making his case there was commentary both for and against him by various individuals, until a motion was put forth to withdraw the boycott, which passed with a simple majority vote.

In terms of punishment, the death penalty was retained, but not used; instead, the most severe form of punishment was a boycott of an individual. This was considered a terrible sentence: one contemporary said that "everyone feared the boycott" as it meant "expulsion from social life, isolation from one's neighbourhood, [and] the people's enmity." In even more extreme cases, the courts could have individuals expelled from their village or town. Other methods were employed as well: Villari notes that one case saw two peasants convicted of adultery forced to ride a donkey naked through the town while proclaiming their guilt and swearing to live a better life. The tsarist police, effectively powerless, were unable to carry out any arrests.

1905 Revolution
On 9 January 1905 soldiers fired upon a crowd of demonstrators in Saint Petersburg, an event that became known as Bloody Sunday, and set off the 1905 Russian Revolution, exacerbated by consistent defeats during the Russo-Japanese War then ongoing. Protests against Tsarist rule broke out across the Russian Empire, and the situation in Guria became much more violent. Terrorist activities became common, with arson a favourite option, with police stations and local administrative offices (which held land records) being the main targets. The few police still stationed in Guria were attacked: of the eight police stationed in Guria at the start of 1905, one was murdered, one wounded, two ran away, and four resigned their post.

At this time the Tsarist authorities responded to the Gurian Republic. The acting governor-general of the Caucasus, Yakov Malama (ru), notified the authorities in Saint Petersburg that "The situation in the Ozurgeti district and surrounding areas is assuming the character of a rebellion" and requested military assistance to handle it. Before a reply was sent Malama ordered Maksud Alikhanov-Avarsky west, with full military authority to handle the situation. Alikhanov-Avarsky, known as a brutal military commander, declared emergency rule in Guria on 18 February and was named the governor of the Kutais Governorate on 27 February; however before he moved west a petition of leading Georgians convinced Malama to call it off and instead use diplomacy to resolve the troubles in Guria.

Tsarist response

On 28 February a new Viceroy of the Caucasus, Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov, was appointed and given sweeping powers in order to end the rebellions, particularly in Guria. The position of viceroy had been replaced with a governor-general, who held reduced authority, in the 1880s as the imperial government tried to centralise control over the Caucasus. Vorontsov-Dashkov was seen as a moderate and less reactionary than Alikhanov-Avarsky, and rather than use military force sent a sole representative, Sultan Krym-Girei, to tour Guria and hear their grievances. Krym-Girei spent a few weeks in the region attending meetings where he told the Gurians that Vorontsov-Dashkov was willing to make broad concessions and agree to any reasonable request, but as rebellions broke out closer to Tiflis he was recalled on 8 March. Even so, Krym-Girei was able to take in several of the main issues facing the Gurian Republic, which were mainly a mix of political and economic demands, and were clear they wished to remain part of the Russian Empire; as historian David Marshall Lang wrote, the Gurians "merely desired to emerge from their colonial status and enjoy the same rights and privileges as the citizens of European Russia." Krym-Girei later said that the demands of the Gurians were too extreme to seriously consider, and that the Constitution of France would not have been enough to satisfy them. Even so, he did give four recommendations to Vorontsov-Dashkov: replacement of appointed elders by elected individuals; the restoration of libraries; allow the return of those in administrative exile; and the removal of soldiers stationed in Guria, but not from there. The first two recommendations were eventually implemented.

In May Vorontsov-Dashkov appointed Vladimir Staroselski governor of the Kutais Governorate, and tasked him with devising a policy of land reform. An agronomist, Staroselski had previously worked in Georgia to help combat the spread of phylloxera, and was well known to the Georgian intelligentsia as a liberal. He accepted the position with conditions, namely that martial law be ended and the end of "arbitrary behaviour" of officials, including questionable arrests; these demands were met, and within ten days of Staroselski's appointment martial law was lifted and the detainments stopped. Staroselski further enabled the Gurian Republic by attending meetings, reportedly released prisoners, and used trains controlled by the committees. Uratadze later wrote that he was an unusual administrator, "a real nihilist member of the intelligentsia, more of an idealist than an administrator.

End of the Republic
The rebellions continued throughout 1905, and with no end in sight the military was dispatched in August to restore order in eastern Georgia. This only furthered issues across Georgia, and Guria armed itself and cut off all transit between it and the rest of the Caucasus. Things were calmed though with the announcement of the October Manifesto by Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 October: a precursor to the Russian Empire's first Constitution, it would grant freedom of speech, assembly, and the establishment of an elected legislative body, the Duma. The Manifesto was seen by the Caucasus administration as an endorsement of its liberal policies, and a confirmation that using force to re-integrate Guria would only lead to further destabilisation across the Empire. Staroselski went to Guria and met with the leadership there to discuss terms of ending the rebellion; after some debate the Gurian Republic determined that they would only agree to ending the boycott if the provisions of the Manifesto were properly implemented; until that point they would continue their efforts.

Despite these assurances, clashes continued between the peasants and the government. Vorontsov-Dashkov again attempted a military solution, sending a detachment of 100 Cossacks to Guria. They were repulsed in battle by a number of armed Gurians (between 1,000 and 4,000; sources differ) on 20 October at Nasakirali, with fourteen Cossacks being killed. Before further expeditions could be sent, Staroselski and intelligentsia from Tiflis dissuaded Vorontso-Dashkov, who hoped negotiations could continue.

In late November and early December tsarist forces began to re-assert control in both Saint Petersburg and Moscow. With the end of the war with Japan Nicholas felt comfortable enough to use military force to end the uprisings, more so as promises of reform had failed to have any real effect. In response a general strike was called for Tiflis to begin in December, while the railway and telegraph lines were captured in Kutaisi. On 5 December Votontsov-Dashkov named Malama military governor of Tiflis, but quickly replaced him on 26 December with Alikhanov-Avarsky, and tasked him with restoring order to the city by whatever means necessary.  In response the Surami Pass, which had the lone railway link between western and eastern Georgia, was blocked by the Gurians, who prepared for a military invasion. No train was allowed to cross without the permission of the Gurians, effectively cutting western Georgia off from the rest of the Empire.

With the uprisings in Russia ended, orders came in late December to resolve the situation militarily, and have all the revolutionaries arrested. On 6 January 1906, on orders of the Tsar, Staroselski was removed from his position as governor of the Kutais Governorate, and replaced by Alikhanov-Avarsky. Immediately Alikhanov-Avarsky had his predecessor arrested and sent to Tiflis, and began harsh reprisals in an attempt to restore order. An attempted stand at the Surami Pass by the Gurians failed to stop Alikhanov-Avarsky, who reached Kutaisi by the middle of January. He issued a proclamation stating that if order was not restored he would use force to do so, and was willing to kill any who opposed. By mid-February twenty battalions of soldiers, a squadron of Cossacks, and twenty-six cannons were sent to restore government control over Guria. People were forced to publicly swear allegiance to the Tsar, and those who refused were either exiled to Siberia or shot.

By mid-March, the Gurian Republic was effectively abolished, and Guria was once again integrated into the Empire. This came at a terrible cost: hundreds of buildings were destroyed, some 300 people were deported to Siberia, and an unknown number were killed. A report by a Social Democratic newspaper that March said that "It is terrible in Guria today. The town of Ozurgeti no longer exists" and that "in the villages, hundreds of houses are in ashes." The occupation would last several more months, and did not let up: in a speech to the Duma in 1909, Evgeni Gegechkori, who represented Kutaisi, noted that in eight months of occupation in Guria, 80,000 rubles in fines were issued, 381 houses and 400 shops were burnt down. Military courts were established in August 1906, which saw 73 people sentenced to death, 62 for hard labour, and 4 exiled, though these figures do not include court-martial sentences.

Aftermath
Though protests continued sporadically until 1907, the Gurian Republic was over by 1906. The organisers of the movement knew that their ideas could be successful; labour organizer Eric Lee has written that "it turned out to be a harbinger for a much larger experiment in 'revolutionary self-government,'" a reference to the Democratic Republic of Georgia that would be established in 1918 and led by many of the Social Democrats associated with the Gurian Republic.

The repressive measures of Vorontsov-Dashkov and Alikhanov-Avarsky were not forgotten: both were the subject of multiple assassination attempts in the aftermath of the uprisings. Vorontsov-Dashkov was wounded several times but survived all threats on his life; he continued to pursue tolerant policies in the Caucasus in an attempt to pacify the population. He was finally replaced in 1916 by the Tsar's cousin Grand Duke Nicholas in order to lead the Caucasus Campaign of the First World War. Alikhanov-Avarsky was killed on 3 July 1907 in Alexandropol, the target of an Armenian terrorist group.

Legacy
The Gurian Republic has been called "the most effective and organized peasant movement in the [Russian] empire" by Jones. Due to its location on the fringes of the Empire, both geographically and politically, which is why the authorities were slow to respond, Guria was able to sustain its republic for several years. Jones has noted that the "social, economic, and ethnic homogeneity of the region" were important factors in its success, as it was unique across Georgia for being an overwhelmingly peasant, ethnically Georgian region.

Socialism, particularly the social democratic views of the local Georgian intelligentsia, played a major role in the Gurian Republic. Jones has cautioned that the success of the movement "was not due to the strength of Marx’s ideas," noting that they were "religious believers who swore oaths on icons" and peasants who simply wanted to own their own land. However Lee has argued that it should be seen as a serious "test  of Marxism in theory and practice," and that "it can be argued that it was even more important than the Paris Commune."

Lee noted that many of the leading figures of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which existed from 1918 until 1921 and was led by Georgian Mensheviks, first participated in the movement in Guria, where many of them were from. This is a point that was recognised by the Mensheviks themselves: Akaki Chkhenkeli, who later served in the Georgian government, said in 1908 that the "Gurian movement was the most important stage on the path of Georgian social democracy’s independent self-development ... it forced social democracy to pay attention to the peasantry." It also forced the Georgian Social Democrats to realise the importance of incorporating the peasants into the movement, an idea previously downplayed by leading Social Democrats. This would help solve the dilemma of utilising Marxism (which was traditionally oriented towards the working class) into a rural society (which encompassed much of the Russian Empire). While not fully implemented by the Bolsheviks or Mensheviks, the ideas of the Gurian Republic were a clear indication of how such an issue could be resolved, and was indeed used by the government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia when it was formed in 1918.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Category:1904 in Georgia (country)
Category:1905 in Georgia (country)
Category:1905 Russian Revolution
Category:1906 in Georgia (country)
Category:Former republics
Category:Guria
Category:Kutais Governorate
Category:National liberation movements
Category:Peasant revolts
Category:States and territories established in 1905
Category:States and territories disestablished in 1906


Abraham Baer

Abraham Baer (born in Filehne, Prussia, Germany, December 26, 1834; died at Gothenburg, Sweden, March 7, 1894) was a German cantor, musician, and composer. His father destined him for the rabbinate; but his love for music and the song of the synagogue caused him to choose to become a Cantor (Hazzan). At an early age he emigrated to Germany, and there under the tutelage of eminent ḥazanim prepared himself for his sacred calling. He officiated for a time at Pakosh and Schwetz in West Prussia, and at the age of twenty-three (in 1857) was called to Gothenburg. Well equipped with Hebrew and Talmudic learning, he applied himself to the acquisition of secular knowledge and the science and art of music.

His researches were especially directed to the field of Jewish traditional melodies, then but little explored.  In 1871, after fifteen years of hard work, he published his work, Bā'al Tefillah, oder der Practische Vorbeter — an almost complete collection of Jewish traditional melodies, of which a second revised and enlarged edition (358 pp. folio) appeared in 1883. The work contains fifteen hundred and five melodies, in German, Polish, and Portuguese (Sephardic) versions, and is divided into four parts: (1) for the services on week-days; (2) for Shabbat; (3) for the three festivals Pesaḥ, Shabu'ot, and Sukkot; (4) for the two great holidays, Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur; together with an appendix containing notes on the liturgy, the reading of the Torah, and directions and formulas for writing betrothal and marriage contracts.

The collection is more complete in German and Polish melodies than in Portuguese. Occasionally a fourth version is appended, called by the compiler Neue Weise, but this seems to be his own composition or that of other contemporaneous cantors. Cantors can find therein all traditional tunes of the synagogue — most of which were theretofore to be acquired orally from older ḥazanim alone. Many of the more familiar melodies had been collected and published before Baer by Solomon Sulzer and Hirsch Weintraub; and melody No. 714, p. 160, is found even in a work published in the eighteenth century by Benedetto Marcello, called Estro Poetico Armonico, in which it appears under the head of Intonazione degli Ebrei Spagnuoli.

Sources

Category:1834 births
Category:1894 deaths
Category:People from Czarnków-Trzcianka County
Category:People from the Grand Duchy of Posen
Category:German Jews
Category:19th-century German composers
Category:German male composers
Category:Hazzans
Category:19th-century German singers
Category:19th-century male musicians
Category:German emigrants to Sweden


Tuy

Tuy may refer to:

Places

Burkina Faso
Tuy Province, in The Hauts-Bassins Region

Iran
Tuy, Iran, a village in North Khorasan Province

Philippines
Tuy, Batangas, a municipality in the Province of Batangas

Spain
Tui, Pontevedra, a municipality in Galicia, spelled "Tuy" in Spanish

Venezuela
 Ocumare del Tuy, a city in the state of Miranda
 Santa Teresa del Tuy, a city in the state of Miranda
 Tuy River

Vietnam
 Tuy Đức District, Đắk Nông Province
 Tuy An District, Phú Yên Province
 Tuy Hòa, the capital city of Phú Yên Province
 Tuy Hoa Air Base, used by the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War
 Tuy Hòa Railway Station, a railway station on the North–South Railway
 Tuy Phong District, Bình Thuận Province
 Tuy Phước District, Bình Định Province

People
Hoàng Tụy (born 1927), Vietnamese mathematician
Lucas de Tuy (died 1249), Leonese cleric and historian

See also
 Tui (disambiguation)


SillaJen

SillaJen, Inc. is a South Korea-based biotechnology company, with offices in Busan, Yangsan and Seoul, South Korea, and San Francisco, California.

Technology
Pexa-Vec (JX-594) was developed using the SOLVE (Selective Oncolytic Vaccinia Engineering) platform. This platform may be used to optimize virus targeting to specific cancer types, to select transgenes to include into the viral genome, and to optimize viral infection and/or replication selectively through targeted mutations.

JX-900 (VVDD): VVDD Platform: Next-gen enhanced oncolytic immunotherapy.

Clinical trials

Pexa-Vec (JX-594)
As of June 2018, these are the clinical trials investigating Pexa-Vec.

Partnerships
SillaJen has partnered with Transgene, Green Cross, and Lee's Pharmaceuticals and clinical collaboration agreements with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and the US National Cancer Institute for JX-594.

History
2003. Jennerex, Inc. (San Francisco, USA) was established.

2014. SillaJen acquires Jennerex, Inc.

2015. In April 2015. SillaJen began a Phase 3 clinical trial of Pexa-Vec in advanced liver cancer.

2015. In October 2015, SillaJen is selected as the major developer for the Government project of “Global State-of-the-art technology development for biomedical products."

2016. In January 2016, SillaJen announces first patient randomized in its global Phase 3 trial for Pexa-Vec in Advanced Liver Cancer. In December 2016. SillaJen is listed on KOSDAQ market in South Korea.

2017. In May 2017, SillaJen signs a clinical collaborative agreement with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals to conduct a combination study with Pexa-Vec and Regeneron's immune checkpoint inhibitor cemiplimab for renal cell carcinoma.

In July 2017, SillaJen received approval from the China CFDA to commence phase 3 clinical trial for Pexa-Vec in liver cancer.

In Aug 2017, SillaJen signs a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA or CRDA) with the National Cancer Institute to conduct a clinical study in combination with Pexa-Vec and AstraZeneca's checkpoint inhibitors durvalumab and tremelimumab.

References

External links
 Homepage

Category:Biotechnology companies of South Korea


Athletics at the 1999 All-Africa Games – Women's 100 metres hurdles

The women's 100 metres hurdles event at the 1999 All-Africa Games was held on 18 September 1999 at the Johannesburg Stadium.

Results

References

100


Triplicate

Triplicate typically refers to a document created three times simultaneously, as with carbonless copy paper.

'''Triplicate may also refer to:

Del Norte Triplicate, a newspaper in Crescent City, California
Triplicate (horse), a race horse owned by dancer, singer, actor Fred Astaire
Triplicate (Dave Holland album), by jazz musician Dave Holland
Triplicate (Bob Dylan album), a triple album
Luornu Durgo aka "Triplicate Girl", a DC Comics super hero
Triple deity aka "Triplicate deity", three deities worshipped as one


Nieuwesluis, North Holland

Nieuwesluis is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and lies about  southeast of Den Helder.

The statistical area "Nieuwesluis", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 120.

References

Category:Populated places in North Holland
Category:Hollands Kroon


Peril's Gate

Peril's Gate is volume six of the Wars of Light and Shadow by Janny Wurts. It is also volume three of the Alliance of Light, the third story arc in the Wars of Light and Shadow.

External links
Peril's Gate Webpage
Peril's Gate Excerpt

Category:2001 novels
Category:Fantasy novels
Category:Wars of Light and Shadow
Category:Alliance of Light
Category:HarperCollins books


Thomas McKenna (trade unionist)

Thomas McKenna (4 April 1876 – 13 October 1939) was a British trade unionist.

McKenna was born in Felling, Tyne and Wear, to an Irish father. By 1885, McKenna was employed at an ironworks in Stockton-on-Tees, and he joined the National Association of Blastfurnacemen in 1889, becoming an official of the renamed National Federation of Blastfurnacemen around 1899.  He was elected as secretary of the Cleveland and Durham Blastfurnacemen and Cokemen's Association in 1912, then in 1914, he was elected as the federation's president, and as its general secretary in 1917.

Under McKenna's leadership, the federation became a more centralised union, the National Union of Blastfurnacemen, Ore Miners, Coke Workers and Kindred Trades.  He also took part in the International Metalworkers' Federation, becoming secretary of its British section in 1930.

In 1939, McKenna was appointed to the iron and steel control committee of the Ministry of Supply, but he died later in the year.

References

Category:1876 births
Category:1939 deaths
Category:Trade unionists from Tyne and Wear
Category:People from Stockton-on-Tees
Category:British people of Irish descent
Category:People from Felling


John Lavelle

John Lavelle may refer to:

 John W. Lavelle (1949–2007), member of the New York State Assembly
 John Lavelle (actor) (born 1981), American actor
 John D. Lavelle (1916–1979), U.S. Air Force general


Sébastien Pan

Sébastien Pan (born 9 July 1984) is a French composer and musician, best known for his work on motion picture and animated TV series.

Biography
Born in Montbéliard, France, Sébastien Pan gained experience writing music for motion pictures, animated TV series and TV commercials at Imaginex Studios, an international award winning audio post-production house.

Besides writing for live action movies and TV series, Sebastien began his collaboration with the director Wang YunFei in scoring the animation movie "Yugo & Lala" (aka Ava & Lala) in 2012, followed by "Yugo & Lala 2" in 2014 and "Kwai Boo, Crazy space adventure" in 2015. "Kwai Boo" marks the first time a Chinese animation project has received investment from a Hollywood giant, in this case 20th Century Fox.

Filmography

Film

Television

TV Commercials
Pan also scored more than 30 international TV commercials and worked with renowned advertising agencies such as Saatchi and Saatchi, Leo Burnett Worldwide, DDB, the Agency…

Book Soundtrack
In 2013, he wrote a 52-minute symphonic piece based on the fantasy novel "Autre Monde – L'Alliance des Trois" written by the best selling French author Maxime Chattam.

References

External links

 Official website

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Montbéliard
Category:French composers


Ntare Mwine

Ntare Guma Mbaho Mwine (born 1967) is an American stage and film actor, playwright, photographer, documentarian and activist.

Background
Mwine was born in Hanover, New Hampshire to Ugandan parents in 1967, according to Africa's senior Repertoire guru Bryan Morel Muhumuza. His father was a Harvard Law School-educated attorney. His parents separated when Ntare was 7, with Ntare spending time with his father (who was then working in finance in the United States, including a period at the World Bank in Washington D.C.) and his mother (who went to Kenya to teach psychology at the University of Nairobi).

Mwine earned a master's degree in Fine Arts from New York University's Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts, graduating in 1992. He also studied at the University of Virginia, the Moscow Arts Theatre, and the Royal National Theatre in London. Basing himself in Los Angeles, Mwine's first professional job was the role of Paul in the 1992 U.S. National Tour of Six Degrees of Separation, for which he received an NAACP Image Award nomination for Best Actor.

Television and film
Mwine has appeared in movies including Blood Diamond, where he made his film debut. His first appearance in television was in New York Undercover, in 1995. Recent appearances include a recurring role as the mysterious Usutu in Heroes. Mwine originally had the role of "Joseph" in the unaired pilot episode of the show; this part was removed when NBC took on the show full-time, due to the character's plot revolving around terrorist activity. Mwine also appeared as Tom Adler in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and as Maurice Devereaux in The Riches.

Mwine played a minor, yet recurring, character in HBO and David Simon's television series Treme. The series deals with life in the Tremé district of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.

In 2018, Mwine featured as Ronnie in the Showtime television series The Chi, which follows residents of the Chicago South Side.

Photography
Mwine's photographic work has been displayed at the United Nations, The Latino Art Museum in Pomona, California, UCLA's Fowler Museum of Cultural History, and other museums worldwide. It was a central focus of Biro, and prominently featured on Six Feet Under. His photography has also appeared in Vanity Fair.

Stage
Mwine began appearing in stage productions in 1992, appearing as the con man posing as Sidney Poitier's son in Six Degrees of Separation, and in The Riddles Of Race, Circa '68 in 1994, In 1992 and 1997, Mwine was nominated for a Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Non-Resident Production, for his role in Six Degrees of Separation at the National Theatre and Nomathemba at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.. He played Julius Van George in Scent of the Roses at the Seattle Contemporary Theatre in 1998.

Mwine's first effort as a playwright, a barestage one-man show entitled Biro, about a HIV-positive Ugandan former rebel soldier who enters the United States illegally for treatment. The play, depicting a 90-minute explanation from the eponymous character to his lawyer about how he came to be in a Texas jail, premiered in early 2003 at Uganda's National Theatre. It later showed at the Joseph Papp Public Theater in New York, as well as in Los Angeles, Seattle, London, and throughout Africa. Mwine performed the work for multiple African heads of state and then-UN General Secretary Kofi Annan in 2004. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer described his performance as "radiant", particularly so given the dark subject matter.

Documentary work
Mwine's inaugural documentary, Beware of Time, screened at the 2004 Pan African Film Festival in Los Angeles and the Black International Cinema in Berlin. Describing the lives of HIV-positive Ugandans, it was named the Best Film on Matters Relating to Marginalized People, and features a rare interview with Amule Amin, brother of former Ugandan dictator Idi Amin.

Selected filmography

References

External links

 www.bewareoftime.com — Beware of Time official site
 www.gumadesign.com — Photography work

Category:American people of Ugandan descent
Category:American dramatists and playwrights
Category:Male actors from New Hampshire
Category:Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Category:HIV/AIDS activists
Category:Living people
Category:1967 births
Category:American male stage actors


Raigam Tele'es Best Television Documentary Award

The Raigam Tele'es Best Television Documentary Award is a Raigam Tele'es award presented annually in Sri Lanka by the Kingdom of Raigam companies for the best Sri Lankan television documentary of the year.

The award was first given in 2005.

Award list in each year

References

Category:Raigam Tele'es


Fireball (novel)

Fireball is the first book in a trilogy by John Christopher, published in 1981, exploring the adventures of two cousins when they are suddenly transported into an alternative history Earth through a mysterious fireball.

Plot synopsis

In the year AD 1981, British boy Simon meets his visiting American cousin Brad, but they do not get along, Simon finding Brad to be conceited, but knowledgeable enough to justify his conceit.

The two boys are drawn towards a mysterious glowing ball instantly transports them to what appears to be more than a thousand years back in history. After some time they realise that they have travelled not to the past but to an alternative Earth also in the year 1981, but one with a different history - the Roman Empire under Flavius Claudius Julianus Augustus, aka Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher, was successful in his AD 363 Persian Campaign.  The victory led stability under Pax Romana, and in turn led to general stagnation of the civilised world, a subsequent absence of major technological development, as there was no motivation for change.

The boys are separated to be sold as slaves.  Brad is able to make use of his knowledge of Latin to persuade a Roman Christian to purchase his freedom.  It is revealed that the Emperor Julian survived instead of dying on the Persian Campaign, Christianity never became the state religion. The religion was allowed, but it is still a small minority religion. By evidence of his modern wrist-watch, Brad convinces the Bishop that the boys come from a different and more technologically advanced world. The opportunistic Brad offers to help the Pope raise an army to overthrow the Roman authorities, ostensibly to cease oppression of the Christians, but mainly, in return for power, status and wealth for the cousins to rise in the new realms. Simon goes along with the plan because he wants to free the slaves and promote equal status for non-Romans, and because he has fallen in love with a high-born girl.

Brad introduces to the Christian armed forces the stirrup and the longbow, which were never invented in that world.  The Christian forces are victorious and the Bishop enters Rome riding on a donkey.

However, Simon is quickly disillusioned when the new Church authorities begin forcing all people to convert to Christianity, or face death by the pendulum. Together with Bos, a gladiator, and the staunch pagan, Curtius, both formerly on the side of the rebellion, the boys sail off on a ship towards the New World.

Later volumes
The novel was followed by two volumes in the trilogy, New Found Land (1983) and Dragon Dance (1986)

Category:1981 British novels
Category:1981 science fiction novels
Category:British young adult novels
Category:British alternative history novels
Category:Works published under a pseudonym
Category:Novels by John Christopher
Category:Alternate history novels set in ancient Rome
Category:Victor Gollancz Ltd books
Category:Cultural depictions of Julian (emperor)


Alypia (daughter of Anthemius)

Alypia (fl. 467–472 AD) was a noblewoman of the Western Roman Empire, daughter of the Western Roman Emperor Anthemius.

Life

Alypia was the only daughter of Anthemius and Aelia Marcia Euphemia, and granddaughter of the Eastern Roman Emperor Marcian.

The Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I appointed Anthemius Western Emperor in 467, and so Alypia's marriage became an important moment in Anthemius' rule. Anthemius married his daughter to Ricimer, the magister militum of the West and power-behind-the-throne; the aim of this bond was to strengthen the relationship between Anthemius and his magister militum, who had already deposed three Western Emperors.

However Alypia's marriage did not bring peace between the Emperor and his general, possibly because the two of them had no children. In April 472, Ricimer appointed Olybrius as Emperor, in opposition to Anthemius, who, together with his family, was besieged in Rome. Around middle-July, Anthemius and his family were captured by Ricimer: Anthemius was beheaded, while Alypia's subsequent history is unknown.

In the numismatic collection of Dumbarton Oaks there is a coin, a solidus on which Euphemia and Alypia are depicted. Here Alypia's figure is smaller than her mother's, as a sign of respect, but the two women dress using the same vestments, those typical of the Augusta; it is therefore possible that both Euphemia and Alypia were appointed Augustae.

Sources
 David L. Vagi, Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, Taylor & Francis, 1999, , p. 573.

Category:5th-century Romans
Category:5th-century women
Category:Theodosian dynasty
Category:5th-century Roman women


Kymina

Kymina () is a village and a community of the Delta municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Axios, of which it was a municipal district. The 2011 census recorded 3,652 inhabitants in the village. The community of Kymina covers an area of 29.276 km2.

See also
 List of settlements in the Thessaloniki regional unit

References

Category:Populated places in Thessaloniki (regional unit)


Minnesota Lake

Minnesota Lake or Lake Minnesota may refer to a location in the United States:

Cities, towns, townships etc.
Minnesota Lake, Minnesota, a town in Faribault County
Minnesota Lake Township, Faribault County, Minnesota

Lakes
Minnesota Lake (Faribault County, Minnesota)
Glacial Lake Minnesota


Deskford

Deskford (Scottish Gaelic: Deasgard) is a parish and a small settlement in Moray, Scotland, formerly in Banffshire.

A number of significant historical and archaeological remains have been found in the area, notably the remains of a carnyx.

See also
 List of listed buildings in Deskford, Moray

References

Category:Places in Moray
Category:Parishes of Scotland


Labour Party South Sudan

The Labour Party South Sudan-LPSS (Arabic: حزب العمل جنوب السودان) is a political party which is based in South Sudan and is led by Federico Awi Vuni.

References

External links
Laboursouthsudan.org

Category:Political parties in South Sudan
Category:Organisations based in Juba


Mateusz Żytko

Mateusz Żytko (born November 27, 1982 in Wrocław) is a Polish footballer who currently plays for KKS Włókniarz 1925 Kalisz.

Career

Club
In July 2010, he joined Polonia Bytom on a two-year contract deal.

In July 2011, he signed a two-year contract with Cracovia.

References

External links

Category:Polish footballers
Category:Polonia Bytom players
Category:Polonia Warsaw players
Category:Zagłębie Lubin players
Category:Wisła Płock players
Category:Śląsk Wrocław players
Category:KS Cracovia players
Category:MKP Pogoń Siedlce players
Category:Ekstraklasa players
Category:I liga players
Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Wrocław
Category:Association football defenders


Adapting Minds

Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology and the Persistent Quest for Human Nature is a book published by MIT Press written by philosopher of science David Buller, piecing together his criticism of evolutionary psychology. A large portion of the book is dedicated to a critique of empirical findings from three research groups in the field: that of David Buss, that of Cosmides and Tooby, and that of Daly and Wilson. Buller argues that the evolutionary psychology paradigms are "mistaken in almost every detail."
The book got a strongly negative review from anthropologist Clark Barrett in the American Journal of Human Biology who wrote: "Buller’s book has many useful elements, but it is based on simplistic assumptions and fallacious arguments that lead to faulty conclusions. If taken seriously, Buller’s denial of human nature would invalidate not only evolutionary psychology but also any field that attempts to produce generalizable knowledge about humans, including behavioral ecology, biological anthropology, and most branches of psychology, not to mention medicine."

In a book review for The American Journal of Psychology, Gregory Bryant wrote, "If this is the best critique to date of evolutionary psychology (as many have mused), then evolutionary psychology is in pretty good shape." Edouard Machery gave similar negative reviews, arguing that Buller had failed to mount a successful challenge to evolutionary psychology. Harmon Holcomb observes that Buller criticises evolutionary psychology's reliance on reverse engineering due to the limited information available to researchers. However, Holcomb argues that it is common practice in science for researchers to have work with only limited available, rather than perfect, information. Furthermore, Holcomb argues that if Buller really believes that it is impossible to make plausible assumptions about adaptive problems faced by humanity's ancestors, then his own alternative hypotheses to the empirical hypotheses he rejects would, by his own principles, have to be rejected as well. Thus Buller's efforts to construct simpler, alternate hypotheses to criticise existing evolutionary hypotheses falls afoul of his rejection of reverse engineering.

References

External links

 Book page at Buller's university website

Category:Philosophy books
Category:Anthropology books
Category:2005 non-fiction books
Category:MIT Press books


Paul Tang (politician)

Paul Johannes George Tang (born 23 April 1967) is a Dutch politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Netherlands. He is a member of the Labour Party, part of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. Between 2007 and 2010 Tang was member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands.

He has been a Member of the European Parliament since July 2014.

Early life
Paul Johannes George Tang was born on 23 April 1967 in Haarlem in the Netherlands.

Tang studied economics at the University of Amsterdam between 1985 and 1991, graduating cum laude. Afterwards he worked as assistant at Tilburg University and as trainee researcher at the University of Amsterdam. Between 1995 and 2005 he was employee at the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. In 2001 he earned a doctorate in economic sciences from the University of Amsterdam. He moved on to the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs where he was deputy director of General Economic Policies between September 2005 and March 2007.

Political career

House of Representatives
In the Netherlands general election of 2006 he was on the candidate list of the Labour Party. He was not directly elected, but after some Labour members of the House of Representatives moved towards the cabinet, Tang took up membership of the House. In the House he dealt with fiscal and financial policies. Among them was the Icesave dispute and the role of the De Nederlandsche Bank in it. In 2008 Tang was verbally reprimanded by President of the House of Representatives, Gerdi Verbeet, after speaking publicly about the then still secret  (Dutch government financial prospects). In 2009 he leaked some of the financial prospect papers to RTL Nieuws. The Labour Party took away his speaking rights on his topics in the House for one month. In 2010 Tang chose not to be reelectable in the next elections.

European Parliament

In the internal Labour Party elections Tang was chosen to be lijsttrekker (top party candidate) in the European Parliament elections of 2014, he won 52% of the votes. In the May 2014 elections Tang was elected to the European Parliament.

In Parliament, Tang has been serving of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs since 2014. He was also a member of the Committee on Budgets (2014-2019) and the Special Committee on Tax Rulings and Other Measures Similar in Nature or Effect (2015-2016). He has been particularly active on policies files related to the Common Consolidated Corporation Tax Base (CCCTB), sustainable finance and Digital Services Tax.

In May 2019, after the failure of drafting EU-legislation to tax tech companies, Paul Tang presented together with Henk Nijboer, MP of the Dutch House of Representatives, an own-initiative bill for a Dutch Digital services tax. The proposal hasn't yet been discussed in Parliament.

In addition to his committee assignments, Tang has served as vice-chair on the EU-Serbia Stabilisation and Association Parliamentary Committee (2014-2019) and as member of the delegation for relations with the United States (since 2019).

In May 2019 Tang was re-elected to the European Parliament. The Labour Party obtained, with Frans Timmermans as top party candidate, six of the 26 Dutch seats in Parliament. Tang became again a member of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, but also substitute member of the European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. Since his re-election, he also became a member of the European Internet Forum.

After being re-elected, Tang told a Dutch newspaper he wants to focus this mandate on taxation, sustainable finance and data (protection).

In the first months of the news mandate, Tang became shadow rapporteur on behalf of the S&D on the EU Taxonomy-proposal, which is part of the EU Action Plan on Sustainable Finance.

Political positions
Prior to being elected, in March 2014, Tang argued that top EU officials should not earn more than ten times the wage of the lowest paid EU employees. He also argued that the EU was impeding the economic growth of Europe, and argued for stricter supervision on banks in the EU and for reforms in the sector.

Private life
Paul Tang is married and is father of two children. He lives in Amsterdam and is a big fan of football club AZ. In his spare time, Tang is interim chairman of the local football club SDZ.

References

External links

  Paul Tang at the website of the Labour Party
 Paul Tang at the website of the European Parliament

Category:1967 births
Category:Dutch academics
Category:Labour Party (Netherlands) MEPs
Category:Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Category:MEPs for the Netherlands 2014–2019
Category:People from Haarlem
Category:University of Amsterdam alumni
Category:MEPs for the Netherlands 2019–2024


András Székely

András Székely (5 March 1909 – 25 January 1943) was a Hungarian swimmer who won a bronze medal in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay at the 1932 Summer Olympics. He won a European title in this event in 1931.

Székely was Jewish. He was killed by the Nazis in 1943 at a forced labor camp in Chernihiv, Ukraine.

See also
List of select Jewish swimmers

References

External links

András Székely's profile at the Hungarian Olympic Committee

Category:1909 births
Category:1943 deaths
Category:Hungarian male swimmers
Category:Jewish swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Hungary
Category:Jewish Hungarian sportspeople
Category:Hungarian Jews who died in the Holocaust
Category:Swimmers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary
Category:Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Category:Male freestyle swimmers
Category:European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Category:Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics


Wanstead and Woodford (UK Parliament constituency)

Wanstead and Woodford was a constituency in north-east London, represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It existed between 1964 and 1997.

History
Wanstead and Woodford was a safe Conservative seat for the entire period of its existence.

Boundaries
1964–1974: The Borough of Wanstead and Woodford.

1974–1983: The London Borough of Redbridge wards of Bridge, Clayhall, Snaresbrook, Wanstead, and Woodford.

1983–1997: The London Borough of Redbridge wards of Bridge, Church End, Clayhall, Monkhams, Roding, Snaresbrook, and Wanstead.

The constituency was created by the Parliamentary Constituencies (Ilford and Woodford) Order 1960 to come into existence on the calling of the next general election, which occurred in 1964. The Order adjusted the boundaries of the existing constituencies of Ilford North, Ilford South and Woodford (renamed Wanstead and Woodford), reflecting local government boundary changes made in 1956. The constituency was initially identical in area to the Municipal Borough of Wanstead and Woodford, and almost identical to the previous seat of Woodford, with only very minor boundary changes.

In 1965 the constituency became part of the London Borough of Redbridge in Greater London. This did not affect the parliamentary boundaries until the February 1974 general election.

The constituency was abolished in 1997, with its area being distributed between the new seats of Chingford and Woodford Green (Church End and Monkhams) and Leyton and Wanstead (Snaresbrook and Wanstead), or added to enlarge the existing seat of Ilford North (Bridge, Clayhall and Roding).

Proposals to resurrect the constituency were revealed in the Boundary Commission review published on 13 September 2011. The proposed new seat would broadly mirror the original Wanstead and Woodford seat, including the wards of Monkhams, Bridge, Church End, Roding, Snaresbrook and Wanstead with the return of Clayhall and the addition of the new wards of Cranbrook and Valentines in Redbridge to the east of the A406.

Members of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in the 1970s

Elections in the 1980s

Elections in the 1990s

See also
List of Parliamentary constituencies in Greater London

Notes and references

Category:Parliamentary constituencies in London (historic)
Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1964
Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies disestablished in 1997


FC Karelia-Discovery Petrozavodsk

FC Karelia-Discovery () is a Russian football team from Petrozavodsk. As of 2009, it plays in the Amateur Football League.

Team name history

 1935 — 1941, 1944 — 1991 — «Spartak»
 1992 — «Karelia»
 1992 — «Karelia-Asmaral»
 1993 — 1994 — «EDCI»
 1996 — «Karelia-EDCI»
 2001 — 2002 — «Karelia»
 2003 — «United Russia — Karelia»
 2003, 2006 — 2009 — «Karelia»
 2009 — «Discovery-Karelia»
 2009 — «Discovery»
 2009–present — «Karelia-Discovery»

See also
FC Karelia Petrozavodsk

External links
  Team history at KLISF

Category:Association football clubs established in 1935
Category:Football clubs in Russia
Category:Sport in Petrozavodsk
Category:1935 establishments in Russia


Kahvecioğlu, Çaycuma

Kahvecioğlu  is a village in Çaycuma District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey.

References

Category:Populated places in Zonguldak Province


2007 Carlton Football Club season

Match results and information for the Carlton Football Club in 2007.

2007
Carlton Football Club Season, 2007


Athiradi Padai

Athiradi Padai in Tamil / Samaram in Telugu () is a 1994 bilingual action film directed by R. K. Selvamani. The film features Rahman and Roja in lead roles whilst Suman, Lakshmi, Vijayakumar and Silk Smitha play supporting roles.

Plot
The film is loosely based on acid attack on Chandralekha IAS.

IAS officer chitra (Lakshmi) refuses to clear public land at low price to Adhiseshan (Puneet Issar). Adiseshan gave 30 crores to CM Ramachandra Moorthy (Kota srinivasa Rao/Vinu Chakravarthy) Adiseshan tries to halt investigation by throwing acid on chitra's face, sending goons to attack her daughter bharathi (Roja), giving sedated chocolate to chitra's younger daughter and humiliating her in public. When the IAS officer refuse to back down, Adiseshan kills her by hanging and make it look like suicide.

Bharathi (Roja) receives a courier containing evidences of Adiseshan and politicians scam. She plans to expose this to public through press meet. But another politician (Mansoor Ali Khan) who promised to help her betrays and her younger sister is raped and killed by Adiseshan. She kills Mansoor Ali Khan in rage and sentenced to prison. She also finds her father (Vijayakumar) is in prison on false case.

In prison, she suffers unnecessary torture at hands of police and finally she joins rahman's gang and uncovers the truth. Finally she kills Adiseshan (Puneet Issar).

Cast
Rahman
Suman
Roja as Bharathi
Vinu Chakravarthy / Kota Srinivasa Rao
Vijayakumar as Roja's father
Silk Smitha
Puneet Issar as Adiseshan
Lakshmi as Chitralekha IAS

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.
Tamil

Telugu

Reception
Malini Mannath of The Indian Express wrote that film "has more of imagination gone astray and less of reality" and "unlike the smooth transition from scene to scene in his earlier films, here the narration is jerky".

References

External links

Category:1994 films
Category:Indian films
Category:Indian action films
Category:Indian films about revenge
Category:Indian multilingual films
Category:Tamil film scores by Ilaiyaraaja
Category:1990s Tamil-language films
Category:1990s multilingual films
Category:1990s action films


Powerful woodpecker

The powerful woodpecker (Campephilus pollens) is a species of bird in the family Picidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. This little-known species is a large woodpecker, 33–38 cm (13–15 in) long, and is a close relative to the North American ivory-billed woodpecker.

Not much is known about Campephilus pollens' breeding habits, however it has been concluded that hatching is asynchronous for this species.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist forests in the Andes. It is generally found at higher elevations than any other large woodpecker.

References

powerful woodpecker
Category:Birds of the Colombian Andes
Category:Birds of the Ecuadorian Andes
Category:Birds of the Peruvian Andes
powerful woodpecker
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Big Rock Creek (Minnesota)

Big Rock Creek is a stream in Beltrami and Clearwater counties, Minnesota, in the United States.

Big Rock was named from two large boulders near its mouth.

See also
List of rivers of Minnesota

References

Category:Rivers of Beltrami County, Minnesota
Category:Rivers of Clearwater County, Minnesota
Category:Rivers of Minnesota


David Foulis

David Foulis may refer to:

Sir David Foulis, 1st Baronet (died 1642), Scottish politician
Sir David Foulis, 3rd Baronet (1633–1695), MP for Northallerton (UK Parliament constituency)
David Foulis (golfer) (1868–1950), born in Scotland
David J. Foulis (1930–2018), American mathematician


Tre' Newton

Nathaniel "Tre'" Newton III (born October 15, 1989) is a former American football running back. He graduated from the University of Texas at Austin and is a former starting running back for the Texas Longhorns.

High school career
Newton attended Carroll High School in Southlake, Texas, where he was a four-year starter under coaches Todd Dodge and Hal Wasson. Newton helped lead the Dragons to a 59–2 record and three 5A state titles by rushing for 4,728 yards and 49 touchdowns on 610 carries (7.8 average). He also caught 56 passes for 784 yards (14.0 avg) and six touchdowns. Newton was a three-time all-state selection. In his four years at Southlake Carroll, Newton lined up next to three different quarterbacks, all of whom went on to play FBS college football: Chase Daniel, Greg McElroy, and Riley Dodge.

Considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, Newton was listed as the No. 18 running back prospect in the nation in the class of 2008. He chose Texas over offers from Kansas and Nebraska.

College career
After redshirting his initial year at Texas, Newton became a key reserve in 2009 and appeared in 13 games. By the week 10 game versus Texas A&M, he had won the starting job at running back over Cody Johnson. For the season, Newton finished with 552 yards rushing on 116 carries and six touchdowns.

Newton's football career ended in 2010 after a series of head injuries that culminated with a concussion against the Kansas State Wildcats on November 6, 2010.

Personal
Tre' Newton is the son of former Dallas Cowboys offensive lineman Nate Newton, and nephew of former Minnesota Vikings defensive tackle Tim Newton. His mother, Dorothy Newton (née Johnson), played volleyball at Louisiana-Lafayette, and his uncle Mike Johnson played linebacker for the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions. Tre' currently works as a networking specialist at Dell Technologies in Round Rock, TX. Tre' married his college sweetheart Jacklyn Barrera June 30, 2018.

References

External links
Texas Longhorns bio

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Dallas
Category:American football running backs
Category:Texas Longhorns football players


Jesse Bruton

Jesse Bruton (born 1933) is a British artist, and a founder of the Ikon Gallery in Birmingham. He gave up painting in 1972, to become a picture conservator.

Bruton was born in 1933 and was educated at Birmingham College of Art, where he later lectured.

He painted landscapes, and later abstract works.

He exhibited at the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists, and held solo exhibitions at Ikon in 1965 and 1967. A retrospective exhibition of his work was held at Ikon from July to September 2016. His painting Winding (1967–1968) is in the collection of Birmingham Museums Trust.

Publications

References

External links

  Artist's Talk - Jesse Bruton and Pamela Scott Wilkie in conversation

Category:1933 births
Category:20th-century British painters
Category:Living people
Category:Conservator-restorers
Category:British landscape painters
Category:British abstract artists


Aegialia blanchardi

Aegialia blanchardi is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.

References

Further reading

Category:Scarabaeidae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Beetles described in 1887


Convent of Jesus & Mary High School & Jr. College, Kharghar

Convent of Jesus & Mary High School was founded in 2002. A Junior College was added in 2012 for the Commerce stream of education. Located in Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, the school is run by the Congregation of the Religious of Jesus and Mary.
It is a school as well as a junior college in commerce stream. The school has got a large football ground, basketball court and children play area. Various competitions are held regularly to improve academic as well as sport skills.

References

Category:Catholic secondary schools in India
Category:Junior colleges in Maharashtra
Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra
Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai
Category:Educational institutions established in 2002
Category:2002 establishments in India


Theater am Dom

Theater am Dom  is a theatre in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Category:Theatres in Cologne


Nanxiang railway station

Nanhsiang () is a railway station on the Taiwan Railways Administration Linkou line located in Guishan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.

History
The station was opened on 28 November 2005 but was then closed on 28 December 2012.

Nearby stations
Taiwan Railways Administration
  <-- Linkou line -->

See also
List of railway stations in Taiwan

References

Category:2005 establishments in Taiwan
Category:2012 disestablishments in Taiwan
Category:Defunct railway stations in Taiwan
Category:Railway stations opened in 2005
Category:Railway stations closed in 2012


Tadepalligudem bus station

Tadepalligudem bus station is a bus station located in the city of Tadepalligudem of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is owned and operated by Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation. The station is also equipped with a bus depot for storage and maintenance of buses. It operates buses to all parts of the district and also to the nearby cities like Eluru, Vijayawada, Rajahmundry and Tanuku.

References

Category:Bus stations in Andhra Pradesh
Category:Buildings and structures in West Godavari district
Category:Transport in West Godavari district


Mulobezi District

Mulobezi District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province.

References

Category:Districts of Zambia
Category:Districts of Western Province, Zambia


Turkish Riviera

The Turkish Riviera (), also known popularly as the Turquoise Coast, is an area of southwest Turkey encompassing the provinces of Antalya and Muğla, and to a lesser extent Aydın, southern İzmir and western Mersin. The combination of a favorable climate, warm sea, mountainous scenery, fine beaches along more than a thousand kilometers of shoreline along the Aegean and Mediterranean waters, and abundant natural and archaeological points of interest makes this stretch of Turkey's coastline a popular national and international tourist destination.

Among the archaeological points of interest are two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: The ruins of the Mausoleum of Maussollos in Halicarnassus; and the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus.

The Turkish Riviera is also the home of the internationally known Blue Voyage (a.k.a. Carian Cruise), which allows participants to take a week-long trip aboard the local gulet schooners to ancient cities, harbors, tombs, mausolea, and beaches in the small coves, forests, and streams that are on the Turquoise Coast.

The coastline is further regarded as a cultural trove that provides background on a fascinating mixture of factual and mythological individuals, conflicts and events, and has frequently been referred to in the folklore of various cultures throughout history. As such, it is regarded as the home of scholars, saints, warriors, kings, and heroes, as well as the site of numerous well-known myths. Mark Antony of the Roman Empire is said to have picked the Turkish Riviera as the most beautiful wedding gift for his beloved Cleopatra of Egypt. St. Nicholas, who later became the basis of the Santa Claus legend, was born in Patara, a small town close to present-day Demre. Herodotus, regarded as the "father of History", was born in Bodrum (ancient Halicarnassus) in c. 484 BC. The volcanic mountains to the west of Antalya, near Dalyan, are believed to have been the inspiration for the mythical Chimera — the fire-breathing monster that Bellerophon slew.

Communities and settlements
Many cities, towns and villages in the area are internationally known, such as Alanya, Antalya, Bodrum, Çeşme, Fethiye, Kalkan, Kaş, Kemer, Kuşadası, Marmaris, and Side.

Notable places on the Turkish Riviera include:

 Akbük
 Akyaka
 Alaçatı
 Alanya
 Antalya
 Armutalan
 Beldibi
 Belek
 Beycik
 Bitez
 Bodrum
 Bozburun

 Çamyuva
 Çeşme
 Çıralı
 Dalaman
 Dalyan
 Datça
 Demre
 Didim
 Fethiye
 Finike
 Gazipaşa
 Göcek

 Gökova
 Gümüşlük
 Güzelçamlı
 Hisarönü
 Ilıca
 İçmeler
 Kalkan
 Kaş
 Kekova
 Kemer
 Kızkumu
 Kumluca

 Kuşadası
 Konyaaltı
 Köyceğiz
 Lara
 Manavgat
 Marmaris
 Milas
 Muğla
 Olympos
 Ortaca
 Ovacık
 Ölüdeniz

 Ören
 Özdere
 Patara
 Selimiye
 Side
 Simena
 Torba
 Turgutreis
 Turunç
 Türkbükü
 Ulupınar
 Yalıkavak

Image gallery

See also
 The Blue Voyage
 Marinas in Turkey
 Tourism in Turkey
 Foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey
 Riviera (disambiguation)

Notes

Category:Coasts of Turkey
Category:Seaside resorts in Turkey
Category:Landforms of Ankara Province
Category:Landforms of Muğla Province
Category:Landforms of Aydın Province
Category:Landforms of İzmir Province


Naparay

Naparay, in African anthropological study, is non-linear conception of human life held by some West African peoples such as the Yoruba. Similar to reincarnation, naparay holds that lives are cyclic and that attributes of previous lives may carry over to a new life.

Its followers may invoke ritual practices to determine if a young child is in fact an "elder" - including rituals undertaken while the future mother is pregnant. In naparay, all people are considered to have had previous lives.  However, the extent to which they carry their past lives with them into the present is determined by these ritual practices. A newborn with the capability, or "life force", of an elder may be deferred to as an elder, for example being called "Baba" (father, elder) and be trained to lead ceremonies at a young age. Naparay is seen as the method by which ancient knowledge is passed on to present society. Rituals and prayer are performed during early pregnancy to guide the vital force of the recently deceased toward the new child.

Western anthropologists believe than naparay limits the accumulation of power among a small group within a community. Attributing wisdom and experience to the young allows new and competing leaders to emerge. Anthropologists also note that nothing in the mythology of naparay prevents females from being considered to possess a strong "life force" in equality with males, yet the culture almost always attributes strong naparay to males only.

References

 Hans Abrahamsson. The origin of death: studies in African mythology. New York: Arno Press, 1977.
 V Y Mudimbe. The invention of Africa: gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988. .

Category:African culture


Lomoviejo

Lomoviejo is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 240 inhabitants.

Category:Municipalities in the Province of Valladolid
Category:Populated places in the Province of Valladolid


Antoine Robidoux

Antoine Robidoux (September 24, 1794 – November 13, 1837) was a fur trapper and trader of French-Canadian descent best known for his exploits in the American Southwest in the first half of the 19th century.

Early life
Robidoux was born in 1794 in Saint Louis, the fourth of six sons of Joseph Robidoux III, the owner of a Saint Louis-based fur trading company, and his wife Catherine Marie Rollet dit Laderoute. The Robidoux family is strongly connected to the history of the North American fur trade, with all of Joseph Robidoux's sons having participated to one degree or another in the family business. One of Antoine's five brothers, Joseph Robidoux IV, established the Blacksnake Hills Trading Post that eventually became the town of St. Joseph, Missouri.

Antoine spoke English, French, and Spanish. In his early years he helped his father extend his business westward, and by the 1820s was focused on developing trade routes in the intermountain corridors of what was at the time the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. In the summer of 1824, Antoine may have joined a party led by Etienne Provost that traveled to the Uinta Basin to trade for pelts. He eventually established a permanent residence in the capital city of Santa Fe, and in 1828, he took for his common-law wife Carmel Benevides (1812–1888), the daughter of a Spanish captain who was killed fighting the Comanche and subsequently the adopted daughter of the provincial governor. The couple adopted a girl, Carmelete, who married Isador Barada. Barada and his brother Edmund were arrested in 1849 for illegally operating a gaming house and fined $50 each. Their subsequent appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court resulted in a reversal of their conviction.

In 1829, Antoine and his younger brother Louis Robidoux petitioned for and were granted Mexican citizenship, which freed them to trade and settle in Mexican territory without having to worry about expensive tariffs and other international restrictions, as well as near-exclusive license to trap and trade in the Ute country of what is now western Colorado and eastern Utah. By 1830, Antoine had become a prominent citizen of Santa Fe in social and economic circles. He was even elected the first non-Mexican alcalde of the ayuntamiento (the municipal council), though his political career was short-lived.

Around the same time, and possibly in partnership with Louis, Antoine established Fort Uncompahgre near the confluence of the Gunnison River (then known as the Río San Xavier) and the Uncompahgre River in west-central Colorado. Though the exact date of its completion is unknown, Robidoux's post was arguably the first permanent trading operation west of the continental divide. In 1832, Robidoux purchased the Reed Trading Post, a single cabin built by William Reed and Denis Julien four years earlier at the confluence of the Uinta and Whiterocks rivers in northeastern Utah, and rebuilt it much larger as Fort Robidoux, also called Fort Uintah and Fort Winty. The fort was visited by many well-known pioneers and mountain men during its years of operation, including Marcus Whitman, Miles Goodyear, and Kit Carson.

Westwater Canyon inscription
Robidoux spent more than a decade managing both trading posts and exploring the Western interior. He is especially well known for having carved a famous rock inscription on a wall of Utah's Westwater Canyon during this time. Likely ascending a trapper's trail from the canyon's mouth on the Colorado River, Robidoux left the following record of his presence engraved on a sandstone bluff:

The inscription was not again brought to public attention until 1933, when Charles Kelly first photographed it. It has since yielded many interpretations in attempts to more accurately pinpoint the precise dates of Robidoux's operations in the area. The most direct translation from the French reads "Antoine Robidoux passed here 13 November 1837 to establish a trading post at the Green or Wiyté River", but the accuracy of this translation has been a matter of controversy among historians.

Specifically, it has been suggested that the word "Wiyté" was actually intended to read "Winté", and that deterioration has made the appearance of the third letter ambiguous; though the Green and the White are both names for rivers in Utah, "Winté" may instead be a reference to the Uinta River, which was at the time commonly called the "Winty". If this alternative translation is correct, then the inscription appears to suggest that Robidoux had not yet established a trading post on the Uinta River by 1837. This contradicts evidence that he purchased and rebuilt the Reed Trading Post on the Uinta River in 1832, five years earlier.

A simple solution is that the year engraved in the inscription has also been misinterpreted, and that the original message reads "1831" instead of "1837"; this would be a logical fit with the notion that Robidoux may have been searching for a place to establish a new trading post in late 1831, shortly before he eventually did so when he bought the Reed Trading Post. Yet there is evidence that Antoine Robidoux was actually in Missouri selling furs and procuring supplies in November 1831, making it impossible for him to have carved the inscription at that time.

A third solution is that 1837 is actually correct and that Robidoux was, in fact, planning to build a third, unidentified trading post in a new location at the time, which either never materialized or was built and subsequently lost to history.

Later life
Both Fort Uncompahgre and Fort Robidoux were evidently attacked and destroyed by Utes in 1844, just as the fur trade was declining with changes in the European market. These circumstances prompted Robidoux to quickly abandon his fur enterprise and return east to St. Joseph. Over the next decade, he worked in various capacities as an emigrant guide and a U.S. Army interpreter. In June 1846, Robidoux enlisted as an interpreter with General Stephen W. Kearny's expedition to California during the Mexican–American War. He was severely wounded at the Battle of San Pasqual in December and later applied for a government pension.

Robidoux died in 1860 in St. Joseph, Missouri, at the age of 65.

References

Category:American fur traders
Category:People from St. Louis
Category:1794 births
Category:1860 deaths


Interactive specialization

Interactive Specialization is a theory of brain development proposed by the British developmental cognitive neuroscientist Mark Johnson, formerly head of the  Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development at Birkbeck, University of London, London and who is now Head of Psychology at the University of Cambridge.

In his book Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
, Johnson contrasts two views of development. According to the first, the maturational hypothesis, the relationship between structure and function (i.e. which parts of the brain perform a particular task) is static, and specific cognitive skills come “on-line” as the cortical circuitry intrinsic to a particular task matures. Johnson likens this to a "mosaic" view of development.

According to the second, the Interactive Specialization (IS)
 hypothesis, development is
not a unidirectional maturational process, but rather a set of complex, dynamic and back-propagated interactions between genetics, brain, body and environment. Development is not a simple question of a brain being built according to a pre-specified genetic blueprint - rather, the components of the brain are interacting with each other constantly - even prenatally, when patterns of spontaneous firing of cells in the eyes (before they have opened) transmit signals that appear to help develop the layered structure of the lateral geniculate nucleus
.

The hypothesis has attracted increasing attention in recent years as a number of neuroimaging studies on younger children have provided data that appears to fit specific predictions made by Johnson's model

.

Influences
In 1996, Johnson co-authored (with Jeffrey Elman, Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Elizabeth Bates, Domenico Parisi, and Kim Plunkett), the book Rethinking Innateness

, which argues against a strong nativist (innate) view on development. Other key influences include Gilbert Gottlieb's theory of Probabilistic Epigenesis
, a framework that emphasizes the reciprocity and ubiquity of gene-environment interaction in the realization of all phenotypes, and work on developmental disorders by Annette Karmiloff-Smith.

References

Category:Neuroscience
Category:Brain


Takoradi Old Accra Station

The Takoradi-Old Accra Bus Station, in Ghana, was initially called Accra station. It was once very popular for its routes, taxis, and private car operations to Accra. The Old Accra station was moved to a larger facility to accommodate an increase in demand, hence the name change.

Category:Buildings and structures in Accra


Islam in Panama

According to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, there are 24,000 Muslims in Panama who constitute 0.7 percent of the population.

Early history

The first Muslims in Panama were Mandinka slaves, brought by the Spaniards to work the gold mines in 1552. The Mandinka were mainly animist and Muslims at that time, and their importation was prohibited by Spanish Laws but was violated nonetheless. A group of about 500 that arrived on the Atlantic coast of Panama in 1552, escaped from a sinking ship. They elected a man called Bayano (Vaino) as their leader in the fight against the colonizers. They formed councils, and mosques in the areas now known as Darién Province, Bay of San Miguel, San Blas Islands and the area along the Bayano River, named after Bayano. Bayano gained truces with Panama's colonial governor, but the well known Commander Pedro de Ursúa successfully captured the guerrilla leader, who was sent to Peru and then Spain where he died. After Bayano's death, efforts were made to destroy any trace of Islam during that period in Panama. There is no history as what happened to the Muslims who remained in Panama.

Modern Period
The second wave of Muslims were single-male immigrants from the Indian subcontinent and Lebanon who arrived from 1904 to 1913 and later married local women. The first mosque was built by the Ahmadiyya Muslim movement, in 1930. In 1929 another group came from Bombay, India who went on to form the Sunni Indo-Pakistani Muslim Society. From 1929-1948 this organization (renamed Panama Muslim Mission) initiated construction on a mosque in Panama City. The location was half completed and was used for Eid prayers and classes for new Muslims, who numbered about twenty-five blacks of West Indian descent. There was also another group practicing Islam in Colón led by a Jamaican named Basil Austkan, who rented a place for salat on 6th Street and Broadway. In 1932 there was a group of Muslim in San Miguel, Calidonia in Panama City who resided in Short Street where they held meetings and prayers. The Muslims in Panama City of Indo-Pakistan origins had no family structure until 1951 when the first families arrived. In 1963, they purchased a plot in the local cemetery called Jardin de Paz; in 1991, property was purchased in an area called Arraijan, which is now used solely as a Muslim cemetery.

Community Development: 1970s to Present
In the mid-1970s some native Panamanians influenced by the Nation of Islam and led by Abdul Wahab Johnson and Suleyman Johnson, began propagating Islam in Panama City and Colón. After meeting with Dr. Abdulkhabeer Muhammad they began to study orthodox Sunni Islam. In 1977 they received financing from Arab merchants in Colon to rent a place on 7th Street and Central Avenue, Colón. This group, due to lack of knowledge and assistance, eventually disintegrated. The Indo-Pakistani Muslims began teaching their children at home in 1965 until 1973, when a small teaching program began in a room above Bazar Hindustan on Central Avenue, Panama City. In 1978, they began to use a place in the area of Perejil, Panama City, where prayers and meetings took place until the completion of the El Centro Cultural Islámico de Colón on January 15, 1982. This masjid was built jointly by the Islamic Call Society (based in Libya) and Salomon Bhikhu a local merchant from India. Since its inauguration, classes have been held in the evenings and Sundays for new Muslims and people interested in Islam, given by Dr. Abdulkhaber Muhammad and in his absence Hamza Beard. In 1991 the Muslim community purchased in Arraiján, which is now used solely as a Muslim cemetery. As of March 1997, there were four mosques  Panama.

See also
Religion in Panama
KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMERICA LATINA Tomo I: La expansión del Islam y su llegada a América Latina (Spanish Edition)"
KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMÉRICA LATINA Tomo II: Migración Árabe a América Latina y el caso de México (Spanish Edition)"
KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMÉRICA LATINA Tomo III: El Islam hoy desde América Latina (Spanish Edition)"

Sources
Dr. Fernando Romero el Rey Bayano y Los Negros Panameños en los mediados del siglo xvi
The Message: Canada Islamic Magazine August 1997

References

Pan
Panama


2005 Islamic Solidarity Games

The 1st Islamic Solidarity Games held in the Islamic holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia from 8–20 April 2005 with an Olympic-style tournament aimed at showing Muslim sports prowess and featuring 6,000 athletes. Only men's events were included on the programme.

Fifty five nations participated in the said "Islamic Olympic Games", hosted by the Saudi cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah and Ta’if.

Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the prince of Mecca, opened the games in a ceremony in which more than 2,600 students participated at King Abdul Aziz Stadium.

Sports

 Aquatic sports
 Swimming (19)
 Diving (2)
 Water polo (1)
 Athletics (23)
 Basketball (1)
 Equestrian (4)
 Fencing (6)
 Football (1)
 Handball (1)
 Karate (11)
 Table tennis (3)
 Taekwondo (8)
 Tennis (3)
 Volleyball (1)
 Weightlifting (24)
 Paralympic sports
 ID Futsal (1)
 Goalball (1)

Medal table

References

1st Islamic Solidarity Games
Medal table

Islamic Games
Category:Islamic Solidarity Games
Islamic Solidarity Games, 2005
Solidarity Games
Category:International sports competitions hosted by Saudi Arabia
Category:Multi-sport events in Saudi Arabia
Category:Sport in Mecca
Category:21st century in Mecca


Dun-bar

The dun-bar (Cosmia trapezina) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is a common Palearctic species.

Distribution
The species occurs throughout almost the whole of Europe. In the north, the range extends to Middle Fennoscandia, in the east to the Urals. The species occurs in North Africa, Asia minor, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Caucasus, Central Asia to China, Korea and Japan (subspecies C. t. exigua (Butler, 1881)). It rises in the Alps up to 1600 m.

Description

This is a very variable species, both in size (wingspan 28–38 mm) and colour. The ground colour of the forewings varies from pale buff to dark or reddish brown with three narrow fascia. The area between the inner two fascia is sometimes much darker than the surrounding ground colour and is marked with stigmata, often quite indistinct. Melanic forms occasionally occur. The hindwings vary from pale cream to dingy brown. This moth flies at night from July to September  and is attracted to light and sugar and sometimes to nectar-rich flowers.

The larva is green with yellow lines and black and white spots. It feeds on a variety of plants, chiefly trees and shrubs (see list below) and also on the larvae of other Lepidoptera species, even occasionally its own species. The species overwinters as an egg.

  The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

Recorded food plants

Acer – maple
Betula – birch
Corylus – hazel
Crataegus – hawthorn
Hippophae – sea-buckthorn
Lilium – lily
Malus – apple
Prunus
Pyrus – pear
Quercus – oak
Rhamnus – buckthorn
Rhododendron
Ribes – currant
Rubus – bramble
Salix – willow
Sorbus – rowan
Tilia – lime
Ulmus – wych elm

See.

References

 Chinery, Michael Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe 1986 (Reprinted 1991)
 Skinner, Bernard Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles 1984

External links

 Dun-bar on UKmohs
 Fauna Europaea
 Funet Taxonomy
 Lepiforum.de

Category:Cosmia
Category:Moths described in 1758
Category:Moths of Africa
Category:Moths of Asia
Category:Moths of Europe
Category:Moths of Japan
Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Tanganyicia michelae

{{Taxobox
| name = Tanganyicia michelae
| image =
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN 2010">Nicayenzi F. (2004). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/184657/0 Tanganyicia michelae]. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 10 May 2011.</ref>
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Mollusca
| classis = Gastropoda
| unranked_superfamilia = clade Caenogastropodaclade Sorbeoconcha
| superfamilia = Cerithioidea
| familia = Paludomidae
| subfamilia = Hauttecoeuriinae
| tribus = Hauttecoeuriini
| genus = Tanganyicia| species = T. michelae| binomial = Tanganyicia michelae| binomial_authority = (West, 1999)
| synonyms = }}Tanganyicia michelae is a species of tropical freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Paludomidae.

 Distribution Tanganyicia michelae is endemic to Lake Tanganyika. It is found in only in Kala Bay, Zambia.

 Ecology
The natural habitat of this snail is freshwater lakes. Tanganyicia rufofilosa'' lives in depths of 2–7 m on mud and sand bottoms.

It is threatened mainly by water pollution and sedimentation.

References

Category:Paludomidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1999
Category:Snails of Lake Tanganyika


James Lucas (hermit)

James Lucas (1813 –  21 April 1874) was a celebrated English Victorian eccentric and hermit who gained international renown by his strange way of life. He was known as the Hermit of Hertfordshire and Mad Lucas.

Life
Lucas was an amiable, eccentric landowner who was well-educated, had studied medicine and was a good conversationalist. However  his mother's death, in 1849, greatly accentuated his eccentricities. He became a complete recluse, and barricaded himself into his home.

He refused to administer his mother's will, in which he inherited the family estate at Elmwood House near Redcoats Green, Hertfordshire, and deferred burial of her for three months. He developed a paranoid fear of his relatives. He locked himself in his mansion and allowed nothing in the building to be touched. It sank into a dilapidated and decaying condition. He lived solely in the kitchen, sleeping on a bed of ashes and soot. He went naked except for a blanket, enveloped in which he used to appear at his windows. He never washed and his hair grew to waist length. He lived on bread, cheese, eggs, red herrings and gin. His house became infested with rats and he kept his food in baskets hung from the ceiling to protect it from them. He always kept a gun at his side.

Lucas communicated with the world only through an iron grille and employed two armed watchmen who lived in a nearby hut. He was, however, quite willing to receive visitors, mostly tramps and children but increasingly the well-to-do who came to engage him in conversation.

Lucas died of apoplexy in 1874, having hoarded a considerable sum of money in his living room.
He is buried in the family grave in Hackney churchyard, London.

After his death 17 cartloads of dirt and ashes were removed from the house.

Lucas is the subject of the song Mad Lucas by The Breeders on their 1993 album, Last Splash.

Notes

References
 From: 'Parishes: Great or Much Wymondley', A History of the County of Hertford: volume 3 (1912), pp. 181–185. URL:  Date accessed: 10 February 2008.
NY Times obituary

External links

James Lucas - Dictionary of National Biography

Category:1813 births
Category:1874 deaths
Category:English hermits
Category:People from Hitchin