Mario's Tennis

known in development as Mario's Dream Tennis, is a 1995 sports game developed by Nintendo for the Virtual Boy video game console. The game was released at the launch of the Virtual Boy, and even as a pack-in game in North America.

Gameplay

Mario's Tennis is a sports game in which the player controls one of seven different Mario characters and engages in tennis matches. The action on the court is viewed from directly behind the player character from a third person perspective. The Virtual Boy's stereoscopic 3D graphics allow the player to perceive depth within the tennis court, allowing for better perception in the distance between a tennis ball and the respective character. Unlike later entries in the Mario Tennis series, which added gameplay elements not present in tradition tennis, such as "power up items", special "power shots", or external obstacles interfering with the game, Mario's Tennis simply focuses on tennis fundamentals.

Mario's Tennis supports a number of different game modes and customization options. The player may choose one of seven Mario characters, including Mario, Luigi, Princess Toadstool, Yoshi, Toad, and Donkey Kong Jr., all with differing attributes in regards to "speed", "power" or "racket area". Either a single game, or a three-game tournament mode may be chosen, both having the option to play either singles or doubles matches on easy, normal, or hard difficulties. Although a two-player function was announced, it was not implemented since the cable required to link two Virtual Boy units was never released.

Development
The game initially had a working title of  Mario's Dream Tennis upon its announcement. The game was developed by Nintendo R&D1, with director Gunpei Yokoi, the same team that was responsible for the development of the Virtual Boy itself. His success with the Game Boy line of systems, coupled with the public's general belief that it was too early for the next generation of systems, due to the failure of systems such as the 3DO and the Atari Jaguar, lead the team to brainstorm on different approaches that could be taken. The team came up with a system that used stereoscopic 3D images to display conventional 2D graphics, the Virtual Boy being the end result of the hardware end, and Mario's Tennis and Mario Clash the end results of the software end. It was one of the four launch games that were released alongside the console and the console's pack-in game in North America. Like all other Virtual Boy games, Mario's Tennis uses a red-and-black color scheme and uses parallax, an optical trick that is used to simulate a 3D effect.

Reception
The game received generally mixed reviews from critics. A common complaint cited by reviewers was the fact that it was a tennis/sports game that lacked a multiplayer mode. Famicom Tsūshin scored the game a 26 out of 40. Next Generation awarded the game three out of five stars. A writer for the magazine commented, "[I]f you're looking for an addictive title to play on your Virtual Boy, this is one of the best choices you can make." GamePro remarked that "Mario's Tennis commits a fault only with its simplistic music and effects", applauding the impressive 3D visuals, exceptionally large variety of moves for a tennis game, and challenging opponents. They later awarded it Best Virtual Boy Game of 1995.

In a retrospective review 1UP.com praised the game's 3D effects, but criticized the game's lack of a multiplayer mode, or much to actually accomplish in the single player mode. NintendoLife gave the game a 7 out of 10, calling it a "solid, if simple, tennis game" that possessed "Good music and graphics combined with...excellent 3D effect", though they too felt the game was held back by a lack of multiplayer mode, and a lack of characters, which led to the tournaments being too short.  IGN's Patrick Kolan compared the game to Wii Sports, another one of Nintendo's pack-in games for one of its consoles, the Wii, in that it showed off the system's unique strengths, but suffered in regards to non-impressive graphics and a lack of long-term game content. GamesRadar echoed these sentiments, stating "Gameplay was rudimentary, and lacked all the flash and silliness that came to define the Mario Sports series, but as a 3D showpiece it worked fairly well". The Rome News-Tribune referred to Mario's Tennis as "the only...decent stab at tennis" prior to the release of Sega's 2000 Dreamcast game Virtua Tennis.

Legacy
Mario's Tennis not only started the Mario Tennis series of video games, but has also been credited as being the game that started up the sports-related sub-series of Mario video games in general as well.

See also

List of Virtual Boy games
Mario Clash - another Mario game for the Virtual Boy by the same development team

Notes

References

External links
Official Nintendo Japan Mario's Tennis site

Category:1995 video games
Category:Mario Tennis
Category:Nintendo Research & Development 1 games
Category:Pack-in video games
Category:Tennis video games
Category:Video games developed in Japan
Category:Virtual Boy games
Category:Single-player video games


Faliscan language

The Faliscan language is the extinct Italic language of the ancient Falisci who lived in Southern Etruria. Together with Latin, it formed the Latino-Faliscan languages group of the Italic languages. It seems probable that the language persisted, being gradually permeated with Latin, until at least 150 BC.

Corpus
An estimated 355 inscriptions survive, mostly short and dating from the 7th to the 2nd centuries BC. Some are written from right to left in a variety of the Old Italic alphabet, derived from the Etruscan alphabet, but they show some traces of the influence of the Latin alphabet. An inscription to Ceres of c. 600 BC, found in Falerii, usually taken to be the oldest example, is written left to right.

A specimen of the language appears written round the edge of a picture on a patera, the genuineness of which is established by the fact that the words were written before the glaze was put on: "foied vino pipafo, cra carefo", in Latin hodie vinum bibam, cras carebo 'today I will drink wine; tomorrow I will not have any.' That sample indicates that Faliscan was less conservative in some respects than Latin, with the wearing down of final case endings and the obscuring of the etymology of foied "today", which is more obvious in Latin hodie (from hoc die).

There are remains found in graves, which belong mainly to the period of Etruscan domination and give ample evidence of material prosperity and refinement. Earlier strata have yielded more primitive remains from the Italic epoch. Many inscriptions with mainly proper names may be regarded as Etruscan rather than Faliscan; they have been disregarded in the account of the dialect just given.

The town of Feronia, in Sardinia, was named probably after their native goddess by Faliscan settlers. A votive inscription from some of them is found at S. Maria di Falleri.

Phonology
Here are some of the phonetic characteristics of the Faliscan language:

The retention of medial f, which Latin changed to b (FHEFHAKED /fefaked/ in the Praeneste fibula may be Proto-Latino-Faliscan);
The palatalization of d followed by consonantal i into some sound, denoted merely by i-, the central sound of foied, from fo-died;
The loss of final s, at least before certain following sounds (cra = Latin cras);
The retention with Latin of the labiovelars (cuando = Latin quando, compare Umbrian pan(n)u);
The assimilation of some final consonants to the initial sound of the next word: pretod de zenatuo sententiad (Conway, lib. cit. 321) = Latin praetor de senatus sententia (zenatuo for senatuos, an archaic genitive).

Problem of f and h
The question of irregular, unexpected developments of the Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates in Faliscan, as opposed to the normal Latin rendering, is the appearance of both h and f as reflexes of  *bh/*dh and *gh: filea 'daughter' and hileo 'son' = Latin filius < Proto-Indo-European *dheh₁-lyo- and fe 'here' and hec = Latin hic < Proto-Indo-European *ghey-ke.

In 1991, Rex E. Wallace and B. D. Joseph offered an explanation. They suggested that while it is documented also in Latin, it is the Faliscan material that provides a clearer picture of the supposed developments.

They remark that the unexpected outcomes are absent from the archaic Faliscan inscriptions and that the regular outcomes largely outnumber the irregular ones in the Faliscan epigraphic corpus. The unexpected outcomes show up only in middle and late Faliscan. The following are the only instances:

h for expected f:
hileo (son) Middle Faliscan
hirmia (gentilicium) Middle Faliscan (firmio is also attested)
hirmio (gentilicium) Late Faliscan
holcosio (gentilicium) Late Faliscan
haba 'a kind of bean' < *bhabo- (cited by grammarian Quintus Terentius Scaurus as Faliscan)
f for expected h:
foied 'today' Middle Faliscan < *gho:d d(i)ed
fe 'here' Late Faliscan < *ghey-ke

Wallace and Joseph suppose that the first change is a natural sound change that can be seen in many languages (Spanish) hijo 'son' from Latin filium 'son' [accusative]), which in Faliscan affected only a few possible candidate words. The second outcome cannot be explained as a sound change and so they argue it is a hypercorrect form caused by the other development. While the change from f to h was taking place and awareness of the correct forms was being lost, some speakers started restoring f even when it was not etymologically appropriate.

References

Sources

Further reading

Adams, Douglas Q., and James P. Mallory. 1997. "Italic languages." In The encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Edited by James P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams, 314–19. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
Bakkum, Gabriël C. L. M. 2009. The Latin Dialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 Years of Scholarship. Part 1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Baldi, Philip. 2002. The foundations of Latin. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Clackson, James, and Geoffrey Horrocks. 2007. The Blackwell history of the Latin language. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Coleman, Robert. 1986. "The central Italic languages in the period of Roman expansion." Transactions of the Philological Society 84, no. 1: 100–131.
Mercado, Angelo. 2012. Italic Verse: A Study of the Poetic Remains of Old Latin, Faliscan, and Sabellic. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.
Pulgram, Ernst. 1968. The tongues of Italy: Prehistory and history. New York: Greenwood.
--. 1978. Italic, Latin, Italian, 600 B.C. to A.D. 1260: Texts and commentaries. Heidelberg, West Germany: Winter.

Category:Languages attested from the 7th century BC
Category:Languages extinct in the 2nd century BC
Category:Latino-Faliscan languages
Category:Falisci


MemoQ

memoQ is a proprietary computer-assisted translation software suite which runs on Microsoft Windows operating systems. It is developed by the Hungarian software company memoQ Fordítástechnológiai Zrt. (memoQ Translation Technologies), formerly Kilgray, a provider of translation management software established in 2004 and cited as one of the fastest growing companies in the translation technology sector in 2012 and 2013. memoQ provides translation memory, terminology, machine translation integration and reference information management in desktop, client/server and web application environments.

History

memoQ, a translation environment tool first released in 2006, was the first product created by memoQ Translation Technologies, a company founded in Hungary by the three language technologists Balázs Kis, István Lengyel and Gábor Ugray. In the years since the software was first presented, it has grown in popularity and is now among the most frequent TEnT applications used for translation (it was rated as the third most used CAT tool in a Proz.com study in 2013 and as the second most widely used tool in a June 2010 survey of 458 working translators), after SDL Trados, Wordfast, Déjà Vu, OmegaT and others. Today it is available in desktop versions for translators (Translator Pro edition) and project managers (Project Manager edition) as well as site-installed and hosted server applications offering integration with the desktop versions and a web browser interface. There are currently several active online forums in which users provide each other with independent advice and support on the software's functions as well as many online tutorials created by professional trainers and active users.
Before its commercial debut, a version of memoQ (2.0) was distributed as postcardware.

Configuration

As of 2018, all supported memoQ editions contained these principal modules:
File statistics Word counts and comparisons with translation memory databases, internal content similarities and format tag frequency. memoQ was the first translation environment tool to enable the weighting of format tags in its count statistics to enable the effort involved with their correct placement in translated documents to be considered in planning. Another innovation introduced for file statistics was the analysis of file homogeneity for identifying internal similarities in a file or a group of files which might affect work efforts. Previously such similarities had only been identified in the form of exact text segment repetitions or in comparisons with translation unit databases (translation memories) from previous work.
File translation and editing grid A columnar grid arrangement of the source and target languages for translating text, supported by other information panes such as a preview, difference highlighting with similar information in reference sources and matches with various information sources such as translation memories, stored reference files, terminology databases, machine translation suggestions and external sources.
Translation memory management Creation and basic management of databases for multilingual (in the case of memoQ, bilingual) translation information in units known as "segments". This information is often exchanged between translation management and assistance systems using the file format TMX. memoQ is also able to import translation memory data in delimited text format.
Terminology managementStorage and management of terminology and meta information about the terminology to assist in translation or quality assurance. memoQ is able to import terminology data in TMX and delimited text formats and export it in delimited text and an XML format. memoQ also includes an integrated facility for statistical terminology extraction from a chosen combination of documents to translate, translation memory databases and reference corpora. The stopword implementation in the terminology extraction module includes special position indicators to enable blocked terms to be included at the beginning, in the body or at the end of multi-word phrases, which distinguishes this terminology extraction approach from most others available in this type of application.
Reference corpus management Also known by the trademarked name "LiveDocs", this is a diverse collection of information types, including aligned translations, bitext files from various sources, monolingual reference information in many formats and various types of media files as well as any other file types users choose to save for reference purposes. File types not known by the memoQ application are opened using external applications intended to use them. A distinguishing characteristic of bilingual text alignments in memoQ is automated alignment which need not be finalized and transferred to translation memory databases before it can be used as a basis for comparison with new texts to translate, and alignments can be improved as needed in the course of translation work. In practice this often results in much less effort to maintain legacy reference materials.
Quality assurance This is for verifying the adherence to quality criteria specified by the user. Profiles can be created to focus on specific workflow tasks, such as format tag verification or adherence to specified terminology.

There are also other supporting features integrated in the environment such as spelling dictionaries, lists of nontranslatable terms, autocorrection rules and "auto-translation" rules which enable matching and insertion of expressions based on regular expressions.

Supported source document formats

memoQ 2015 supports dozens of different file types, including: various markup and tagged formats such as XML, HTML, XLIFF, SDLXLIFF (SDL Trados Studio's native format for translation), OpenDocument files; plain text files; Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint; and some Adobe file formats, such as PSD, PDF and InDesign. To know more about supported formats and languages in memoQ, see this link: Languages and file formats.

Handling of translation memories and glossaries

The translation memory (TM) format of memoQ is proprietary and stored as a group of files in a folder bearing the name of the translation memory. External data can be imported in delimited text formats and Translation Memory eXchange format (TMX), and translation memory data can be exported as TMX. memoQ can also work with server-based translation memories on the memoQ Server or, using a plug-in, other external translation memory sources. memoQ Translation memories are bilingual.

In translation work, translation segments are compared with translation units stored in the translation memory, and exact or fuzzy matches can be shown and inserted in the translated text.

Glossaries are handled by the integrated terminology module. Glossaries can be imported in TMX or delimited text formats and exported as delimited text or MultiTerm XML. Glossaries can include two or more languages or language variants. Term matching with glossary entries can be based on many different parameters, taking into consideration capitalization, partial or fuzzy matches and other factors. Terms to be avoided can be marked as "forbidden" in the properties of a particular glossary entry.

Integration of machine translation and postediting

memoQ has integrated machine translation and postediting into its translation workflow. With the selection of appropriate conditions and a plug-in for machine translation, machine-generated translation units (TUs) will be inserted if no match is found in an active translation memory. The translator can then post-edit the machine translation in the attempt to make sense of it. memoQ currently includes plug-ins which support the following MT systems: Omniscien Technologies (formerly Asia Online),
Globalese, iTranslate4.eu, KantanMT, Let's MT!, Systran MT, Google Translate, Microsoft Translator and a pseudotranslation engine. Other MT systems can be integrated via the application programming interface (API).

Interoperability with other CAT tools
The designers of memoQ have followed a fairly consistent policy of interoperability or functional compatibility with similar software tools or processes involving translation by other means through both the implementation of standards such as XLIFF and TMX, handling proprietary formats of other translation-support tools and providing exchange formats easily handled in other environments.

Implementation of standards
Like many other translation environment tools, memoQ implements some standards, both official and de facto, for sharing translation files and reference information.
These include: XLIFF, XLIFF:doc and TMX for translation files; TMX and delimited text (not a standard, but a common format) for translation memory data import, TMX for export; and TBX, TMX, XML and delimited text for terminology import, XML and delimited text for export.

Proprietary format support
Proprietary formats for other environments which are supported to various extents include Star Transit project packages (PXF, PPF), SDL Trados Studio (SDLPPX, SDLXLIFF), older Trados formats (TTX, bilingual DOC/RTF) and Wordfast Pro (TXML). In the case of project package formats, translation file and translation memory exchange generally work well, but other package information such as terminology or settings data may not be transferable. With translation file formats there are also some limitations associated with particular elements, such as footnote structures in bilingual DOC/RTF files from Wordfast or Trados Workbench.
Terminology export also supports a configuration of the proprietary XML definition used by SDL MultiTerm.

Exchange formats
memoQ supports a number of bilingual exchange formats for review and translation:
 XLIFF for work in other environments, with proprietary (optional) extensions to provide additional information to users of the same software
 a simplified "bilingual DOC" format substantially compatible with the old Trados Workbench and Wordfast Classic formatting. However, these files are sensitive to corruption if strict limits on using them are not observed.
 a robust bilingual RTF table format, which is used in many ways for review, translation or providing feedback by filtering comments made by translators or reviewers. This format simplifies the involvement of those who do not work with computer-assisted translation tools, as translation or review of a text or comments can be performed in any word processor capable of reading an RTF file. This approach was introduced originally by Atril's Déjà Vu and has been adopted in various ways by many other environments over the years.

References

External links
 Web site of memoQ software

Category:Translation software
Category:Machine translation
Category:Natural language processing software


Vazhichal

Vazhichal  is a village in Thiruvananthapuram district in the state of Kerala, India.

Demographics
 India census, Vazhichal had a population of 10606 with 5189 males and 5417 females.

References

Category:Villages in Thiruvananthapuram district


Patrick Shey

Patrick S. Shey (born January 22, 1959) is an American politician in the state of Iowa.

Shey was born in Algona, Iowa and attended the University of Iowa and DePaul University. A Republican, he served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1999 to 2003 (52nd district), from Clinton County, Iowa.

References

Category:1959 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Kossuth County, Iowa
Category:University of Iowa alumni
Category:Iowa lawyers
Category:Iowa Republicans
Category:Members of the Iowa House of Representatives


Jadamwola

Jadamwola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łukowica, within Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  south of Łukowica,  south of Limanowa, and  south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

The village has a population of 500.

References

Jadamwola


Fairview, Fayette County, Ohio

Fairview is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

History
Fairview was laid out on a farm. It became a railroad station and local shipping point of grain.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Fayette County, Ohio
Category:Unincorporated communities in Ohio


List of Kerala cities by area

The article lists major cities in Kerala based on the total area coming under the jurisdiction of city corporations/municipalities. This list is based on the 2011 Census of India.

**Note:-
 The figures mentioned in the article are only based on the area coming under the jurisdiction of corporations & municipalities. It has no relation with the metro areas.

See also

 List of cities in India by area
 List of states and union territories of India by area

References

Category:Kerala geography-related lists
Category:Cities and towns in Kerala
Category:Lists by area
Category:Indian superlatives


Brett Bailey

Brett Bailey (born 1967) is a playwright, artist, designer, play director, festival curator and the artistic director of the group Third World Bun Fight. He was the curator of South Africa's only public arts festival, Infecting the City, in Cape Town, South Africa, from 2008 until 2011. His works have played across Europe, Australia and Africa, and have won several awards, including a gold medal for design at the Prague Quadrennial (2007).

History
Brett Bailey was born in 1967 and completed a postgraduate diploma in performance studies at the Dasarts Master of Theatre in Amsterdam. He has worked throughout South Africa, and in Zimbabwe, Uganda, Haiti, the UK and across Europe. His acclaimed iconoclastic dramas, which interrogate the dynamics of the post-colonial world, include Big Dada, Ipi Zombi, iMumbo Jumbo and Orfeus. His performance installations include Blood Diamonds: Terminal and Exhibit A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika. He directed the opening show at the 4th World Summit on Arts and Culture (2009), and from 2006 until 2011 has directed the opening shows for the Harare International Festival of the Arts. He has been the curator of Africa Centre's Infecting the City since 2008.

Works
The work of Bailey investigates the many layers and intricacies of colonial and post-colonial Africa.

Bailey's earlier works – Ipi Zombi, iMumbo Jumbo and The Prophet – are grouped together under the title Plays of Miracle and Wonder (which is the title of a book on Bailey's plays) and incorporate ceremony and sacrament. These works are aggressive with Bailey using drums, screams, knives and broken glass to break down the audiences' defences.

In Ipi Zombi, Bailiey evoked a 1996 witch-hunt in which several women were blamed and killed for the death of twelve boys in a minivan accident. It combined Xhosa and Christian ritual. Author Zakes Mda claimed Ipi Zombi to be a "A work of genius that maps out a path to a new South African theatre ..."

In other works, such as Orfeus, Bailey takes a softer approach, and looks to highlight the blind, forgotten, the broken and the voiceless. In Orfeus, specifically, the audience is drawn down into an African underworld that is governed by a seedy businessman. Orfeus, and other works, look at a post-colonial, showing a "decaying globalised world in which not only shamanic rituals but also moving music create an entirely unique African atmosphere".

First staged in 2004 in Bern, Switzerland, House of The Holy Afro has been repeatedly staged in Europe and Australia with its last iteration at the Market Theatre Laboratory, Johannesburg, in June 2010. Performer and drag diva, Odidi Mfenyana plays the high priest of the holy house, and leads the performance through an urban funk cabaret that borders on spiritual ritual.

In the site-specific work medEia, the audience walked in silence for at least ten-minutes before the production. The audience's emotional and intellectual journey through works were physically manifest in the installations Blood Diamonds: Terminal and Exhibit A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika.

Exhibit A: Deutsch-Südwestafrika, staged in the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna's Hofburg Palace, is a "meditation on the dark history of European Racism in relation to Africa".

For the 4th World Summit on Arts and Culture, Bailey presented 3 Colours – a one-off mixed media performance piece. Bailey collaborated with award-winning choreographer Gregory Maqoma and Congalese musician Mapumba Cilombo. The piece represented the complexities of inter-culturalism, in which Bailey "chose to portray different societies or cultures symbolically as shrines. Indefinable as they are, our cultures are sacred to us. At the heart of each glows a unique cluster of precious jewels; our myths and histories, our heritage, our values and social structure, our cosmology, and relationship to the ultimate."

Bailey's curated the Infecting the City Festival from 2008 until 2011. It is currently Africa's biggest public arts festival that takes place in the public spaces of Cape Town during February or March of every year. During Bailey's tenure, the Festival chose a theme that had social relevance: "In a society that has as many complex issues as ours, if one is commandeering the communal spaces of the city, it is not enough merely to provide entertainment for the public. There is a moral imperative to tackle the pressing issues of our day, and to ask artists to apply themselves to these."

Productions
 Jury of Prague Quadrennial – the International Exhibit of Scenography & Theatre Architecture: 2011
 Curator of Infecting the City: the Spier Public Arts Festival in inner-city Cape Town: February 2008 – February 2011
 Creator of opening concert of Harare International Festival of the Arts (HIFA): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2011
 Director of opening performance at the World Summit on Arts & Culture in Johannesburg: 2009
 Wrote and directed biographical performance on Nelson Mandela for his 90th birthday party in Qunu, Eastern Cape, 2008.

Performances
Exhibit A: made with Namibian Performers and Musicians, writer/director/designer
 2010 – Vienna Festival and Theaterformen Festival in Braunschweig

Orfeus: writer/director/designer
 2011 – Theaterformen Festival, Hannover
 2009 – Vienna Festival and Holland Festivals
 2007 – National Festival of the Arts (main program)
 2006 – Cape Town

macbEth: the opera: director/designer (written by Verdi)
 2007 – Cape Town
 2002 – Pretoria
 2001 – Cape Town

House of the Holy Afro: director/designer
 2010 – Market Theatre Johannesburg
 2009 – Perth and Adelaide Festivals, Australia. Linz European Capital of Culture programme and Rich Mix in London
 2008 – Sydney Festival; Zurich Spektakel
 2007 – Edinburgh Fringe Festival; Harare; Umea, Sweden
 2006 – Melbourne, Commonwealth Games
 2005 – Vienna Festival; Berlin; Brussels; Reunion Island
 2004 – Bern

Talking Heads: developed concept
 2008 – 2011, Infecting the City festival

medEia: director/designer (written by Oscar van Woensel)
 2005 – Cape Town
 2003 – Johannesburg

Big Dada: the rise and fall of Idi Amin: director/designer/writer
 2005 – Vienna Festival; Brussels; Berlin; Johannesburg; Cape Town
 2001 – Barbican Centre, London; Amsterdam; National Festival of the Arts (main program); Cape Town

Vodou Nation: made in Haiti, director/designer/writer
 2004 – London and 17 other UK cities

iMumbo Jumbo: writer/director/designer
 2003 – Barbican Centre, London; Cape Town
 1997 – National Festival of the Arts (main program); Johannesburg

Safari: C. G. Jung in Africa: made in Uganda, director/writer/designer
 2003: Kampala, Uganda; Amsterdam, Rotterdam and 13 other Dutch cities

The Prophet: director/writer/designer
 1999: National Festival of the Arts (main program)

Ipi Zombi: writer/director/designer
 1998: National Festival of the Arts (main program); Cape Town; Harare

Awards
 2007: medEia won a gold medal for design at the Prague Quadrennial;
 2004: Honourable Mention for Brett Bailey's book The Plays of Miracle and Wonder at the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa
 2002: Fleur du Cap Awards/FNB Vita (Cape) award for Best Script of a New South African Play, and Best Costume Design for Big Dada;
 2001: Standard Bank Young Artist of the Year for drama; Big Dada presented at the National Arts Festival: Fleur Du Cap's Rosalie van der Gught Award for Best Young Director;
 1998: iMUMBO JUMBO: FNB Vita Awards for best director, original script and design.

Installations
 Blood Diamonds: Terminal at National Festival of the Arts
 Exhibit A: Deutsch SudwestAfrika

Publications
 The Plays of Miracle and Wonder – the texts of Third World Bunfight: 2001
 Published articles in The Theatre Review (TDR) and the South African Theatre Journal (SATJ)
 Feature on Brett Bailey by Daniel Larlham in the Yale Theatre Quarterly, 2009

References

External links
 Third World Bunfight
 Infecting The City
 Africa Centre

Category:South African artists
Category:Living people
Category:1967 births


Max Wyndham, 2nd Baron Egremont

John Max Henry Scawen Wyndham, 7th Baron Leconfield, 2nd Baron Egremont FRSL DL (born 21 April 1948) generally known simply as Max Egremont, is a British biographer and novelist.  Egremont is the eldest son of John Edward Reginald Wyndham, 6th Baron Leconfield and 1st Baron Egremont, and Pamela Wyndham-Quin, and succeeded his father in 1972. He is a direct descendant of Sir John Wyndham. He married Caroline Nelson, the garden designer, in 1978 and they have four children, three daughters and a son.  He lives at the family seat of Petworth House in Sussex, which his family gave to the National Trust in 1947.

Early life
Egremont grew up in Petworth in West Sussex.  He was educated first at Heatherdown School near Ascot, then at Eton College and at Christ Church, Oxford where he read modern history.

Career
He has worked for the American publishing firm Crowell Collier Macmillan and on the staff of U.S. Senator Hugh Scott in Washington.  After his father's death in 1972, Egremont moved to Petworth and became the 2nd Baron Egremont and 7th Baron Leconfield.

Writing
Egremont’s first book The Cousins, the Friendship, Opinions and Activities of  Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and George Wyndham was published in 1977 and won the Yorkshire Post Prize for the best first book of that year.  His next work was Balfour, A Life of Arthur James Balfour, published in 1980.  He then wrote four novels, The Ladies’ Man (1983), Dear Shadows (1986), Painted Lives (1989) and Second Spring (1993).  His biography of Major General Sir Edward Spears, Under Two Flags, was published in 1997 and was short listed for the Westminster Medal for Military History.  He was appointed to be the official biographer of Siegfried Sassoon by Sassoon’s son George.  Egremont’s Siegfried Sassoon came out in 2005 and was short listed for the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. In 2011 he published Forgotten Land, Journeys Among the Ghosts of East Prussia.  In 2014, he published Some Desperate Glory, the First World War the Poets Knew. In 2017 Egremont was joint author with Frances Carey of Käthe Kollwitz, Portrait of the Artist, the catalogue that accompanied a travelling exhibition of Kollwitz’s work.  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2001.  Egremont’s short book The Connel Guide to World War 1 was published in 2017.

Other Interests
He was a trustee of the Wallace Collection from 1988 to 2000, of the British Museum from 1990 to 2000, and a member of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts from 1989 to 2001.  He has been chairman of the Friends of the National Libraries since 1985 and of the National Manuscripts Conservation Trust since 1995.  He is President of the Sussex Heritage Trust and of the Sussex branch of the Council for the Protection of Rural England.

Books

 The Cousins (William Collins 1977)
 Balfour (William Collins1980)
 The Ladies’ Man (Secker & Warburg 1983)
 Dear Shadows (Secker & Warburg 1986)
 Painted Lives (Hamish Hamilton 1989)
 Second Spring (Hamish Hamilton 1993)
 Under Two Flags (Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1997)
 Siegfried Sassoon: A Poet and His Library (Grolier Club 2002)
 Siegfried Sassoon (Picador 2005)
 Forgotten Land (Picador 2011)
 Some Desperate Glory (Picador 2014)
 Käthe Kollwitz, with Frances Carey (British Museum 2018)
 All You Need to Know About World War 1 (Connel 2018)

References

External links
Google book search list of books by Max Egremont Retrieved 2009-07-03

Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:People educated at Eton College
Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Category:English biographers
Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Category:Deputy Lieutenants of West Sussex
Max


Navia intermedia

Navia intermedia is a species in the genus Navia. This species is endemic to Venezuela.

References
Checklist of Venezuelan Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution by State and Levels of Endemism retrieved 3 November 2009

intermedia
Category:Flora of Venezuela


Water (EP)

Water is the second release from Traverse City/Chicago based band, Salem. The EP was pressed on clear red 7" vinyl. The release was limited to 500 copies, like the bands' previous EP, Yes I Smoke Crack. A video for the song, "Skullcrush", was presented to promote the EP, nearly 9 months after the release, however. Unlike Yes I Smoke Crack, the EP was available for digital download on popular music websites such as iTunes and Rhapsody. The EP also gathered attention because the lead track was once again Redlights, just like the previous EP. The track also appears on the band's album (although remixed), King Night.

Track list
"Redlights" – 3:42
"Water" – 2:57
"Skullcrush" – 4:42
"Whenusleep" – 2:25

References

Category:2008 EPs
Category:Witch house (music genre) albums
Category:Electronic EPs


Digital Journal

Digital Journal is a Canadian Internet news service that blends professional contributions with user-submitted content.

Digital Journal began as a technology and gadget magazine in 1998 and evolved into a global citizen journalist news hub in 2006. The company is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and shares advertising revenue with citizen journalists who report for the site and it has control mechanisms to ensure content is accurate and well written. Contributors submit a sample of writing and are asked to demonstrate expertise to Digital Journal's editorial board. The company has an assignment desk where contributing journalists are informed of news items ripe for press coverage. The Board of Advisors includes journalist Jack Kapica, business executive Andrew Waitman, law professor Michael Geist, business executive Kerry Munro and business executive Jennifer Evans.

See also

Blog
Citizen journalism
Collaborative journalism
Democratic Journalism
Local news
Media democracy
Open source journalism
Participatory Media
Social news
Wiki journalism
Wikinews
National Observer (Canada)

References

External links

Category:Canadian news websites
Category:Citizen journalism
Category:Internet properties established in 1998


Paul Magers

Paul Magers (born May 15, 1954) is a former American news anchor and reporter, most recently at KCBS-TV in Los Angeles, California.

Magers was born in Santa Maria, California and spent the majority of his childhood in Ellensburg, Washington. He earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Washington in 1977. In 1979, he earned his juris doctorate degree from the Hamline University School of Law in St. Paul, Minnesota.

The recipient of numerous industry awards, including several Emmys and a Golden Mic Award, Magers began his broadcasting career at KSTP-TV in Minneapolis-St. Paul, then moved in 1979 to KATU-TV in Portland, where he began working as an on-air reporter. In 1981, he moved down the West Coast to KGTV-TV in San Diego, where he spent two years as a reporter and anchor before he returned to the Twin Cities and began his 20-year career with KARE-TV.  Magers moved to KCBS-TV in Los Angeles in 2004.

In addition to anchoring the evening newscasts, he hosted numerous specials and moderated political debates and participated in a wide variety of community events, including a 1997 telethon to raise money for flood relief in Minnesota.

Magers announced his retirement from television broadcasting in March 2017, revealing his long struggle with alcoholism.

References

Category:American broadcast news analysts
Category:CBS News people
Category:American television news anchors
Category:Television anchors from Los Angeles
Category:People from Santa Maria, California
Category:People from Ellensburg, Washington
Category:University of Washington alumni
Category:Hamline University School of Law alumni


Vinton Building

The Vinton Building is a residential high-rise located at 600 Woodward Avenue (at the northeast corner of Woodward and Congress Street) in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It stands next to the First National Building, across Woodward Avenue from Chase Tower (currently known as The Qube) and the Guardian Building, and across Congress Street from One Detroit Center. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1982 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Description

The building, designed by Albert Kahn and completed in 1917, stands 12 stories tall, 172 ft. (52 m), with 2 basement levels for a total of 14 floors. Its primary uses are for offices and retail. The building was constructed in the neo-classical architectural style, and contains mainly terra cotta as its main material. It features a peaked parapet wall on the front façade, reminiscent of classical temples.

Renovation
The Vinton underwent a reconstruction in 2006, turning the building into a loft building. The renovation included commercial space on the first two floors, and one loft on each of the additional ten floors. The renovation began in December 2005, and included a conversion of the basement into a parking level, ground floor retail, second floor commercial space, with the top ten floors being converted into multiple condominium units, one  or two per floor. As of 2010, renovation has stalled and the building has yet to open.

 Architect: Albert Kahn
 Architect (renovation): Archive D.S.
 Owner:  Vinton Building, LLC
 General Contractor (renovation): The Garrison Company

Dan Gilbert, owner of dozens of Downtown Detroit properties, purchased the building in 2013.

References

Further reading

External links

Google Maps location of the Vinton Building

Historic Detroit — Vinton Building

Category:Residential skyscrapers in Detroit
Category:Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Category:Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Category:Office buildings in Detroit
Category:Historic district contributing properties in Michigan
Category:Rock Ventures
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
Category:Albert Kahn (architect) buildings
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1917
Category:Woodward Avenue


Pawukon calendar

The Pawukon is a 210-day calendar that has its origins in the Hindu religion in Bali, Indonesia.  The calendar consists of 10 different concurrent weeks of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days.  On the first day of the year it is the first day of all the ten weeks.  Because 210 is not divisible by 4, 8, or 9 - extra days must be added to the 4, 8, and 9 day weeks.

The days
The days of the Dasawara (ten-day week) are Sri, Pati, Raja, Manuh, Duka, Manusa, Raksasa, Suka, Dewa, and Pandita.
The days of the Sangawara (nine-day week) are Dangu, Jangur, Gigis, Nohan, Ogan, Erangan, Urungan, Tulus, Dadi.
The days of the Astawara (eight-day week) are Sri, Indra, Guru, Yama, Ludra, Brahma, Kala, Uma.
The days of the Saptawara (seven-day week) are Redite, Soma, Anggara, Buda, Wraspati, Sukra, Saniscara.
The days of the Sadwara (six-day week) are Tungleh, Aryang, Urukung, Paniron, Was, Maulu.
The days of the Pancawara (five-day week) are Paing, Pon, Wage, Keliwon, Umanis.
The days of the Caturwara (four-day week) are Sri, Laba, Jaya, Menala.
The days of the Triwara (three-day week) are Pasah, Beteng, and Kajeng.
The days of the Dwiwara (two-day week) are Menga, Pepet.
The day of the Ekawara (one-day week) is Luang.

Order of the days
The days of the 3, 5, 6, and 7 day weeks are arranged in simple recurring cycles - much like the seven days of the week in the Gregorian calendar. Because 210 is not divisible by 4, 8, or 9, extra days must be added to the 4-, 8-, and 9-day weeks. For both the 4- and 8-day weeks, the penultimate day of the week is repeated twice in the week that would have otherwise ended on the 72nd day. For the 9-day week, the first day of the week is repeated 3 times in the first week of the 210-day Pawukon.  The complexity of the calendar is increased by the calculations required to determine the arrangement of the days of the 1-, 2-, and 10-day weeks, which are not ordered in simple recurring 1, 2 and 10-day cycles.

Calculation
Each of the days of the five, seven, and ten day weeks has a urip, or ritual value. For the ten-day week, the urip of the days are - from the first day to the tenth day -  5, 2, 8, 6, 4, 7, 10, 3, 9, 1. For the seven-day week, the urip of the days are - from first day to seventh day - 5, 4, 3, 7, 8, 6, and 9. For the five-day week, the urip of the days are - from the first day to the fifth day - 9, 7, 4, 8, 5.

For any particular day of the Pawukon, add the urip of the day of the 5-day week to the day of the seven-day week and then add one - if the sum is more than ten, then ten must be subtracted from it. This calculated value determines which day of the week it is in the 1-, 2-, and 10-day weeks.  If the calculated value is even, then the day is Pept in the two-day week and Luang in the one-day week. But, if the calculated value is odd then the day is Menga in the two-day week and is not a day of the one-day week.  The day in the ten-day week is the one for which the calculated value matches its urip.

Calendar completion
Using the rules given above, the table of the days of Pawukon was constructed below. Since the days of the Pawukon, as given in the table below, do not change from one Pawukon to the next, a durable representation of the Pawukon can be used over and over again.  With a few more details, the Pawukon is complete.

The saptawara (seven-day week) is special in that each of its thirty weeks is named. When certain days of the pancawara and saptawara coincide, it is a special day.  These days of conjunction are Buda-Keliwon, Saniscara-Keliwon, Buda-Wage, Anggara-Keliwon, and Redite-Keliwon.

Correspondence with the Gregorian Calendar
Pawukon cycles are unnumbered, so the calendar has no epoch, and the choice of date on which to base a correspondence is arbitrary. Dershowitz and Reingold chose the first Pawukon that began on a positive Julian Day Number, which was specifically JDN 146 (May 26, 4713 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar; April 18 of that year in the proleptic Gregorian). The most recent Pawukon as of this writing began on Gregorian date August 20, 2017, making the date of this edit (Sunday, October 15, 2017) the 57th day of the current cycle. Consulting the table below, we find that it is Menga-Kajeng-Sri-Pon-Urukung-Redite-Sri-Dadi-Dewa. The Saptawara maps to the Gregorian weekday cycle one-to-one, with Redite as Sunday, which provides a simple double-check mechanism: since we have a Redite on Sunday, we have not made an obvious error in the counting.

See also
 Balinese saka calendar
 Javanese calendar

References

Category:Specific calendars
Category:Balinese calendar

id:Wuku
jv:Wuku
pl:Kalendarz balijski
sh:Pawukon


Streamripper

Streamripper is a stand-alone client, or Winamp plugin, that records Internet radio streams in the MP3 or Vorbis formats, programmed by Jon Clegg and maintained by Gregory Sharp.

Streamripper was started in early 2000 as a way to separate tracks via SHOUTcast's title-streaming feature. This has now been expanded into a much more generic feature, where part of the program only tries to "hint" at where one track starts and another ends, thus allowing an MP3 decoding engine to scan for a silent mark, which is used to find an exact track separation.

Streamripper is now part of the FreeBSD standard distribution, mentioned in the Linux MP3 HOWTO, and can be compiled on many platforms, including Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, BeOS and OS/2. This is consistent with the fact that portability was a constant consideration during development.

Unlike Peer-to-peer file sharing networks which require the user to know in advance what they wish to download, Streamripper records entire batches of audio files in the sequence of play.

Streamripper can also host a local relay server on a user specified port so that  a user can listen to the stream while the recording is in progress

Other applications

Several applications use streamripper, either extending it, embedding it, or using it in some way.  These include:
xstreamripper
streamtuner
KStreamRipper (formerly KRadioRipper)
Streamtastic
StreamRipStar

External links

StreamRipper Homepage

Category:Audio recording software
Category:Free audio software
Category:Free software programmed in C
Category:Internet radio software


Harry Waller (MP)

Harry Waller  (c. 1701–1772) was a British lawyer and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1726 to 1747.

Waller was the second son of Dr. Stephen Waller and his wife Judith Vernon, daughter of Sir Thomas Vernon MP of Farnham, Surrey. He was the younger brother of  Edmund Waller. He was admitted at Inner Temple in 1716 and was called to the bar in 1725. He also entered Lincoln’s Inn in 1721.

At the 1722, Waller stood for Parliament at Wycombe, where his family had a major interest and also at St Ives but was unsuccessful at both. He stood for Wycombe at a by-election  on 1 February 1726, which was declared void after irregularities. After a second by-election on 3 March 1726, he was returned on petition as Member of Parliament for Wycombe on 17 March. The mayor responsible for the management of the elections was committed to Newgate as a result.  Waller was returned unopposed at the 1727, 1734 and   1741 general elections, and was returned with his brother Edmund in 1734 and after.

After the fall of Walpole in 1742, Waller followed his elder brother Edmund into opposition and voted consistently against the ministry. However, Edmund took office under the Government as Cofferer of the Household in 1744, whereupon Harry  was considered a  ‘New Ally’ for the Government.  Harry retained his seat until the 1747 general election, when he stood down in favour of his nephew, Edmund Waller junior.

Waller married Elizabeth Stapylton, daughter of Sir John Stapylton, 3rd Baronet on 4 August  1744, His nephew
Edmund was appointed Master of  St. Katharine's Hospital and Waller himself was appointed  as deputy master under him in February 1747, a position he held for the rest of his life.

Waller died on 29 July 1772.

References

Category:1700 births
Category:1772 deaths
Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Category:British MPs 1722–1727
Category:British MPs 1727–1734
Category:British MPs 1734–1741
Category:British MPs 1741–1747


Evans Soligo

Evans Soligo (born 14 January 1979) is a retired Italian footballer who played his entire career for clubs in Italy's Serie B and Lega Pro.

Career
Born in Marghera, the inland part of Venice, Soligo started his career at hometown club A.C. Venezia. Since 1998–99 season he was loaned to Serie C1 and Serie C2 clubs Sandonà, SPAL and Lumezzane, which also located in northern Italy. After Venezia owner Maurizio Zamparini took over Palermo from by–then A.S. Roma President Franco Sensi in July, Zamparini bought most of the player of Venezia to Palermo in August and planned to sell Venezia to uncredited person (AC Venezia then fold in 2005). Players namely Stefano Morrone, Daniel Andersson, Bilica, Igor Budan, Francesco Ciullo, Kewullay Conteh, Arturo Di Napoli, Valentino Lai, Filippo Maniero, Antonio Marasco, Francesco Modesto, Frank Ongfiang, Generoso Rossi, Mario Santana, Ighli Vannucchi and William Viali all left for the Sicily side. But at the start of season he was loaned back to Venezia from Palermo along with Budan and Andrea Guerra. Soligo made his Serie B debut with Venezia, on 19 October 2002 (round 8 but the 6th match as first two postponed) He was in the starting XI and replaced by Anderson in 77th minute, 1 minute after Daniele Amerini scored the equalizing goal. The match eventually ended in 1–1 with Ternana. Soligo then remained in starting XI until round 21 (31 January), which he appeared as sub. He played his next match on round 35 and played all last 4 matches as one of the starting XI (round 35 to 38).

In 2003–04 season Soligo returned to Palermo but just made 9 league appearances for the Serie B champion.

Soligo was not in Palermo's Serie A plan, on 21 July 2004, he was loaned back to Serie B for Triestina, 3 days before the pre–season camp. On 31 January 2005 he was loaned to fellow Serie B team Verona which aimed to promotion. But he just made 11 league appearances and the team missed the chance to enter the promotion playoffs by finished 1 point less than Ascoli, which Ascoli eventually promoted to Serie A due to Caso Genoa and bankrupt of Torino Calcio (and a new club Torino F.C. re–admitted to Serie B). That season also saw the bankrupt of Salernitana Sport and Salernitana Calcio 1919 re–admitted to Serie C1, which Soligo left for the re–found Salerno club.

With the southern Italy side for 5 seasons, he won Serie C1 Group B champion with the team in 2008 and spent the last 2 seasons at Serie B. The team avoided relegated in 2009 by finished 1 point more than Cittadella and Rimini, which the latter relegated after losing the playoffs. But after the team relegated again to Lega Pro Prima Divisione (ex–Serie C1 and later expelled), he joined Serie B side Vicenza on free transfer, returned to Veneto region after 5 years at Campania.

In summer 2012 he moved to Paganese; in november 2013 accords with the Delta Rovigo. After the signing season for the San Marino; summer of 2015 plays in Venezia.

Honours
Palermo
Serie B: 2004

Salernitana
Serie C1: 2008

References

External links
 Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport (2009–10)
 Profile at Lega–Calcio.it
 Profile at Football.it

 Profile at Palermo (2003–04)

Category:Italian footballers
Category:Serie B players
Category:Serie C players
Category:Serie D players
Category:Venezia F.C. players
Category:S.P.A.L. players
Category:F.C. Lumezzane V.G.Z. A.S.D. players
Category:S.S.D. Palermo players
Category:U.S. Triestina Calcio 1918 players
Category:Hellas Verona F.C. players
Category:U.S. Salernitana 1919 players
Category:L.R. Vicenza Virtus players
Category:Paganese Calcio 1926 players
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Sportspeople from Venice
Category:1979 births
Category:Living people


Democratic Party (Costa Rica)

The Democratic Party was a liberal political party in Costa Rica.

The first time the name was used was during the 1919 elections following the coup that overturned the two-years long dictatorship of Federico Tinoco and was used by Tinoco’s followers, losing the election. Later it’ll endorsed the candidacy of León Cortés Castro in 1944 losing again. The party endorsed Otilio Ulate as part of one unified opposition candidacy in 1948 that was claim as successful but the denial of the results by the government will cause that year's civil war. Following the civil war the party contested with wealthy industrialist Fernando Cervantes as candidate against socialist (and former member of the party's left-wing) José Figueres of the newly founded National Liberation Party, resulting in a defeat for Cervantes. After that the party would disappear and many of its members (including Otto Cortés, León Cortés’ son) became members of National Liberation.

References

Category:Liberal parties in Costa Rica
Category:Defunct liberal political parties
Category:Defunct political parties in Costa Rica


Loyola (surname)

Loyola is a Basque surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ángel Custodio Loyola (1926–1985), Venezuelan singer and composer
Carlos Díaz Loyola (1894–1968), Chilean poet, known as Pablo de Rokha
Ignacio Loyola Vera (born 1954), Mexican politician
Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556), Catholic saint and founder of the Society of Jesus
Juan Loyola (1952–1999), Venezuelan artist
Margot Loyola (1918-2015), Chilean musician
Martín Ignacio de Loyola (1550–1616), Franciscan friar and circumnavigator

Category:Basque-language surnames


Willie Connors

Willie Connors (born 10 August 1996) is an Irish hurler who plays for Tipperary Senior Championship club Kiladangan and at inter-county level with the Tipperary senior hurling team. He usually lines out as a right corner-forward.

Career statistics

Honours

Tipperary
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2019
Munster Under-21 Football Championship (1): 2015

References

External link

Willie Connors profile at the Tipperary GAA website

Category:1996 births
Category:Living people
Category:Kildangan hurlers (Tipperary)
Category:Tipperary inter-county hurlers


Louis-Simon le Poupet de la Boularderie

Louis-Simon le Poupet de la Boularderie (c. 1674 – 6 June 1738) was a French-born naval officer who was important in Canadian history for various roles he took on in the New World.

Louis-Simon's family came to Canada and he entered the regular colonial troops in 1693. He served as an ensign and, subsequently, as a lieutenant to Governor Pastour de Costebelle at Plaisance, Newfoundland. He was involved in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign in 1696–97 under the command of Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville.

La Boularderie is most often remembered for his colonization and development efforts, most particularly at his concession along La Petite Brador.

La Boularderie was designated a Canadian National Historic Person by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada in October 1964.

Legacy

namesake of  Boularderie, Nova Scotia, Boularderie Island and many of the communities on the island: South Side of Boularderie, Boularderie East, Boulardierie Centre, Hillside Boularderie in  Nova Scotia, Canada

References

External links

Category:1738 deaths
Category:People of New France
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:Year of birth unknown


2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres hurdles

The women's 400 metres hurdles at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics was held at the London Olympic Stadium on  and 10 August.

Summary
Olympic champion Dalilah Muhammad (USA) duplicated her strategy by running aggressively from the start of the final, making up the stagger on Léa Sprunger (SUI) to her outside during the first turn and passing two time defending champion Zuzana Hejnová (CZE) another lane over by the third hurdle. The closest to keep pace with Muhammad was Kori Carter (USA) almost unnoticed out in lane 9. By the time they arrived on the home stretch, Muhammad had a step on Carter, with Hejnová another two steps back. But Carter closed quickly, passing Muhammad before the final hurdle and running powerfully to the finish for the win. Also closing fast from two steps behind, Ristananna Tracey (JAM) caught Hejnová over the tenth hurdle and widened the gap for a clear bronze.

Records
Before the competition, the records were as follows:

No records were set at the competition.

Qualification standard
The standard to qualify automatically for entry was 56.10.

Schedule
The event schedule, in local time (UTC+1), is as follows:

Results

Heats
The first round took place on 7 August in five heats as follows:

The first four in each heat ( Q ) and the next four fastest ( q ) qualified for the semifinals. The overall results were as follows:

Semifinals
The semifinals took place on 8 August in three heats as follows:

The first two in each heat ( Q ) and the next two fastest ( q ) qualified for the final. The overall results were as follows:

Final
The final took place on 10 August at 21:38. The results were as follows (photo finish):

References

400
Category:400 metres hurdles at the World Athletics Championships


Piano Bridges International Competition for Amateur Pianists

The Piano Bridges International Сompetition for Amateur Pianists is a piano competition for amateur pianists, held in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It has been held annually since 2011.

Concept

The Piano Bridges Competition was founded in July 2011 by Natalia Dobrovolskaya. It keeps with the best traditions of amateur piano playing in Europe and around the world. Over the years of its existence, the competition has welcomed participants from more than 30 countries.

The competition aims to draw attention to amateur piano performances, maintain interest in performing among piano amateurs and promote their further creative development. It is one of the few competitions in the world that provides its contestants with a unique opportunity to perform not only a solo repertoire but also in a piano duo – four hands or two pianos. The other significant feature is the monthly concerts with the participation of the finalists and winners of the competition that are held throughout the year at different venues in St. Petersburg and other cities (Pavlovsk, Veliky Novgorod, Moscow and others). The educational part of the competition includes free  masterclasses held by the jury members.

Jury

Each year, the jury panel consists of well-known pianists: Grigory Korchmar, Oleg Vainstein, Pavel Eliashevich, Luc Ponet, Galina Minsker, Sergei Uryvaev and others.

See also

 International Piano Competition for Outstanding Amateurs in Paris
 International Chopin Piano Competition for Amateurs

References

Category:Piano competitions


Lyclene weidenhofferi

Lyclene weidenhofferi is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Karel Černý in 2012 and is endemic to Thailand.

References

Category:Nudariina
Category:Moths described in 2012
Category:Endemic fauna of Thailand
Category:Moths of Asia


Panos Karnezis

Panagiotis Karnezis (; born 1967), known as Panos Karnezis, is a Greek writer. Born in Greece, he moved to England in 1992 to study Engineering. He was later awarded a M.A. in Creative Writing by the University of East Anglia.

His first collection of stories, Little Infamies, was published in 2002. In 2004 he published The Maze (to some critical acclaim), a novel set during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922.  His latest novel is The Convent, published by W.W. Norton in 2010, and he is also the author of The Birthday Party (2007).

Karnezis originally comes from the western part of Greece Elis (regional unit) part of the Peloponnese peninsula. He lives in London.

Bibliography

Little Infamies (London, 2002)
The Maze (London, 2004)
The Birthday Party (2007)
The Convent (2010)
The Fugitives (2015)
We Are Made of Earth (2019)

References

Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Category:Greek emigrants to England
Category:British writers


Alfred Charles Auguste Foucher

Alfred Charles Auguste Foucher (1865–1952),  a French scholar, identified the Buddha image as having Greek origins. He has been called the "father of Gandhara studies", and is a much cited scholar on ancient Buddhism in northwest Indian subcontinent and the Hindu Kush region.

He made his first trip to northeastern India in 1895. In 1922 he was asked by the governments of France and Afghanistan to organize an archeological co-operative which became the Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan.

Foucher's most famous work was L'Art Gréco-Bouddhique du Gandhara in which he described how Buddhist art prior to Pan-Hellenism was principally aniconic, representing the Buddha by depicting elements of the Buddha's life instead of depicting the Buddha himself. Foucher argued that the first sculpted images of the Buddha were heavily influenced by Greek artists. He coined the term "Greco-Buddhist art".

Foucher especially considered Hellenistic free-standing Buddhas as "the most beautiful, and probably the most ancient of the Buddhas", assigning them to the 1st century BCE, and making them the starting point of the anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha ("The Buddhist art of Gandhara", Marshall, p101).

Following the mid-20th century discovery of Roman trading posts in Southern India, Foucher's argument was revised in favour of Roman influence, as opposed to Greek.

New archeological discoveries in Central Asia however (such as the Hellenistic city of Ai-Khanoum and the excavation of Sirkap in modern Pakistan), have been pointing to rich Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek civilizations in these areas, reviving the Hellenistic thesis.

Nonetheless, his central thesis that the Buddha was of Classical origin has become established.

For a compelling counter-argument to Foucher's essay, see Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, "The Origin of the Buddha Image".

Works

 « Ksemendra. Le Buddhâvatâra », JA 20/8e série, p. 167-175; 1892
 Étude sur l'iconographie bouddhique de l'Inde d'après les documents nouveaux, Paris, 1900,
 Étude sur l'iconographie bouddhique de l'Inde d'après des textes inédits, Paris, E. Leroux, 1905.
 L'art gréco-bouddhique du Gandhâra. Étude sur les origines de l'influence classique dans l'art bouddhique de l'Inde et de l'Extrême-Orient, 2 t. [t. 1 : 1905 ; t. 2 en trois fasc. : 1918, 1922, 1951], Paris, Imprimerie nationale (PEFEO, 5 et 6).
 « Notes d'archéologie bouddhique : I, Le stupa de Boro-Budur ; II, Les bas-reliefs de Boro-Budur ; III, Iconographie bouddhique à Java », BEFEO 9, p. 1-50; 1909
 « Notes sur l'itinéraire de Hiuan-tsang en Afghanistan », dans Études asiatiques publiées à l'occasion du 25e anniversaire de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, Paris, G. van Oest (PEFEO, 19), p. 257-284; 1926
 The monuments of Sâñchî, (avec John Marshall), 3 vol., [Delhi, Government Press]; 1939
 La vieille route de l'Inde de Bactres à Taxila, (avec E. Bazin-Foucher),2 vol., Paris, Éd. d'Art et d'Histoire; 1942–47 La Vieille Route de l'Inde de Bactres à Taxila : vol.1 La Vieille Route de l'Inde de Bactres à Taxila : vol.2
 Éléments de systématique et de logique indiennes : Le Compendium des topiques (Tarka-samgraha) d'Annam-Bhatta, Paris, Adrien-Maisonneuve; 1949
 La vie du Bouddha, d'après les textes et les monuments de l'Inde, Paris, Payot; 1949
 Les vies antérieures du Bouddha, d'après les textes et les monuments de l'Inde, Paris, PUF; 1955

References

 "The Buddhist art of Gandhara", Sir John Marshall, Cambridge University Press, 1960
 P.-S. Filliozat, J. Leclant (ed.), Bouddhismes d'Asie. Monuments et littératures. Journée d'étude en hommage à Alfred Foucher (1865–1952) réunie le 14 décembre 2007 à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (palais de l'Institut de France), Paris, 2009, 314 p. (with new bibliography of Foucher' works).
 A. Fenet, Documents d’archéologie militante. La mission Foucher en Afghanistan (1922–1925), Paris, 2010, 695 p. (Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 42), .
 A. Fenet, « Les archives Alfred Foucher (1865-1952) de la Société asiatique (Paris) », Anabases VII, 2008, p. 163-192.

External links

Category:1865 births
Category:1952 deaths
Category:French archaeologists
Category:French Buddhist scholars
Category:French scholars of Pakistan studies


Pokrzywna, Opole Voivodeship

Pokrzywna  (German Wildgrund) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głuchołazy, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately  south-east of Głuchołazy,  south of Nysa, and  south-west of the regional capital Opole.

Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).

The village has a population of 210.

References

Pokrzywna


Nordwestblock

The Nordwestblock ("Northwest Block") is a hypothetical Northwestern European cultural region that several scholars propose as a prehistoric culture in the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, northern France, and northwestern Germany, in an area approximately bounded by the Somme, Oise, Meuse and Elbe Rivers, possibly extending to the eastern part of what is now England, during the Bronze and Iron Ages from the 3rd to the 1st millennia BCE, up to the onset of historical sources, in the 1st century BCE.

The theory was first proposed by two authors working independently: Hans Kuhn and Maurits Gysseling,  whose proposal included research indicating that another language may have existed somewhere in between Germanic and Celtic in the Belgian region.

The term Nordwestblock itself was coined by Hans Kuhn, who considered the inhabitants of the area neither Germanic nor Celtic and so attributed it to the people a distinct ethnicity or culture up to the Iron Age.

Language hypotheses

Concerning the language spoken by the Iron Age Nordwestblock population, Kuhn speculated on linguistic affinity to the Venetic language, other hypotheses connect the Northwestblock with the Raetic ("Tyrsenian") or generic Centum Indo-European (Illyrian, "Old European"). Gysseling suspected an intermediate Belgian language between Germanic and Celtic, that might have been affiliated to Italic. According to Luc van Durme, a Belgian linguist, toponymic evidence to a former Celtic presence in the Low Countries is nearly utterly absent. Kuhn noted that since Proto-Indo-European (PIE), /b/ was very rare, and since that PIE /b/, via Grimm's law, is the main source of regularly inherited /p/ in words in Germanic languages (except after fricatives such as *sp-), the many words with /p/ occurring must have some other language as source. Similarly, in Celtic, PIE /p/ disappeared and in regularly-inherited words did not reappear in p-Celtic languages except as a result of proto-Celtic *kʷ becoming *p. All that taken together means that any word starting with a /p/ in a Germanic language that is not evidently borrowed from either Latin or a p-Celtic language, such as Gaulish,  must be a loan from another language. Kuhn ascribes those words to the Nordwestblock language.

Linguist Peter Schrijver speculates on the reminiscent lexical and typological features of the region from an unknown substrate whose linguistic influences may have influenced the historical development of the (Romance and Germanic) languages of the region. He assumes the pre-existence of pre-Indo-European languages linked to the archeological Linear Pottery culture and to a family of languages featuring complex verbs, of which the Northwest Caucasian languages might have been the sole survivors. Although assumed to have left traces within all other Indo-European languages as well, its influence would have been especially strong on Celtic languages originating north of the Alps and on the region including Belgium and the Rhineland.

It is uncertain when Germanic began to gain a foothold in the area. The Nordwestblock region north of the Rhine is traditionally conceived as belonging to the realms of the Northern Bronze Age, with the Harpstedt Iron Age generally assumed to represent the Germanic precedents west of the Jastorf culture. The general development converged with the emergence of Germanic within other previously Northern Bronze Age regions to the east, maybe also involving a certain degree of Germanic cultural diffusion. The local continuity of the Frisian areas was not substantially affected by pre-Roman or Celtic immigration. From about the 1st century CE, that region saw the development of the "Weser-Rhine" group of West Germanic dialects which gave rise to Old Frankish from the 4th century.

The issue still remains unresolved and so far no conclusive evidence has been forwarded to support any alternative. Mallory considers the issue a salutary reminder that some anonymous linguistic groups that do not fully obey the current classification may have survived to the beginning of historical records.

Prehistoric composition

The archaeological case for the Nordwestgroup hypothesis makes reference to a time as early as 3000 BCE. The following prehistoric cultures have been attributed to the region and are compatible with but do not necessarily prove the Nordwestblock hypothesis.

The Bell Beaker culture (2700–2100 BCE) is thought to originate from the same geographic area, as early stages of the culture apparently derived from early Corded Ware culture elements, with the Netherlands/Rhineland region as probably the most widely accepted site of origin (J. P. Mallory, EIEC p. 53).
The Bell Beaker culture locally developed into the Bronze Age Barbed Wire Beaker culture (2100–1800 BCE). In the 2nd millennium BCE, the region was at the boundary between the Atlantic and Nordic horizons, split up in a northern and a southern region, roughly divided by the course of the Rhine. To the north emerged the Elp culture (1800-800 BCE), featuring an initial tumulus phase showing a close relationship to other Northern European tumulus groups (sharing pottery of low quality: Kümmerkeramik) and a subsequent smooth local transformation to the Urnfield culture (1200–800 BCE). The southern region became dominated by the Hilversum culture (1800–800 BCE), which apparently inherited the previous Barbed Wire Beaker cultural ties with Britain.

From 800 BCE onward, the area was influenced by the Celtic Hallstatt culture. The current view in the Netherlands holds that subsequent Iron Age innovations did not involve substantial Celtic intrusions but featured a local development from Bronze Age culture.

In the final centuries BCE, areas formerly occupied by the Elp culture emerge as the probably-Germanic Harpstedt culture west of the Germanic Jastorf culture, and the southern parts become assimilated to the Celtic La Tène culture, as is consistent with Julius Caesar's account of the Rhine forming the boundary between Celtic and Germanic tribes.

Later, the Roman retreat resulted in the disappearance of imported products like ceramics and coins and a return to virtually-unchanged local Iron Age production methods. To the north, people continued to live in the same three-aisled farmhouse, and to the east, completely-new types of buildings arose. More to the south, in Belgium, archaeological results of the period point to immigration from the north.

Roman era
With the onset of historical records (Tacitus, 1st century), the area was generally called the border region between Celtic (Gaulish) and Germanic influence.

Tribes located in the area include the Batavians, Belgae, Chatti, Hermunduri, Cheruscii, Salii, Sicambri, Tencteri and Usipetes or Usipii. Caesar took the course of the Rhine to be the boundary between Gauls and Germans (Germanic people) but also mentioned that a large part of the Belgae had ancestry from east of the Rhine and that one part were even known collectively as "Germani" (the so-called "Germani cisrhenani"). The Belgae were therefore considered Gaulish (the Usipetes Germanic etc.) because of their position with respect to the Rhine, and not in the modern linguistic sense of the terms.

Some of those tribes would later join the Frankish confederation.

See also
 Ambrones
 Archaeology of Northern Europe
 Dutch mythology
 Germanic substrate hypothesis
 Old Europe (archaeology)

References

 Hans Kuhn, Vor- und frühgermanische Ortsnamen in Nord-Deutschland und in den Niederlanden, Westfälische Forschungen 12, pp. 5 – 44, 1959. (German). Translation: "Pre- and early Germanic Place Names in Northern Germany and the Netherlands".
 Wolfgang Meid, Hans Kuhns 'Nordwestblock' Hypothese: zur Problematik der Völker zwischen Germanen und Kelten", in Germanenproblemen in heutiger Sicht, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1986. (German; translation: 'Hans Kuhn's "Northwest Block" Hypothesis: The Problem of the Peoples between Germani and Celts'.

Category:Bronze Age Europe
Category:Iron Age Europe
Category:Archaeological terminology (Germanic)
Category:Archaeology of the Netherlands
Category:Pre-Roman Gaul
Category:Archaeology of Belgium
Category:Archaeology of France
Category:Archaeology of Germany
Category:Archaeology of England


Agnès Gruda

Agnès Gruda is a Polish-born Canadian journalist and fiction writer. A foreign correspondent for La Presse, she won a National Newspaper Award in 2014 for her reporting on the Salafi movement.

Her debut short story collection Onze petites trahisons was a shortlisted finalist for the Governor General's Award for French-language fiction at the 2010 Governor General's Awards, and won Quebec's Prix Adrienne-Choquette. Her second short fiction collection, Mourir, mais pas trop, was published in 2016.

She is the sister of writer Joanna Gruda and journalist Alexandra Szacka.

References

Category:21st-century Canadian journalists
Category:21st-century Canadian short story writers
Category:Canadian newspaper journalists
Category:Canadian women journalists
Category:Canadian women short story writers
Category:Canadian short story writers in French
Category:Polish emigrants to Canada
Category:Writers from Quebec
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian women non-fiction writers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Edgar J. Anzola

Edgar Jaín Anzola (27 March 1893, Villa de Cura — 14 December 1981, Caracas) was a Venezuelan pioneering engineer, filmmaker, radio broadcaster, writer, journalist and cartoonist. He is credited with several firsts: bringing the first automobile to Venezuela; engineering Venezuela's first aeroplane flight; starring in Venezuela's first feature film; starting Venezuela's first commercial radio station; and producing Venezuela's first scientific documentary. His son, filmmaker Alfredo Anzola, created the 1993 film El misterio de los ojos escarlata about his father's life.

For services to Venezuela, he was made a Commander of the Order of Francisco de Miranda at the age of 70.

Early life
Anzola was the son of lawyer and writer Juvenal Anzola, and was registered in Chacao Municipality for much of his life. He had one brother, César Virgilio, who did not become a writer like his family and was instead a successful dentist. After working in the United States, Edgar Anzola returned to Venezuela in 1911.

Engineering

Anzola was sent to Detroit, in the United States, by William Henry Phelps at the age of sixteen to train as a car mechanic, specializing in Ford Model T automobiles. From his work, he introduced Ford cars to Venezuela: he brought the first automobiles to the country, and then toured various cities in his own Ford to market them.

In 1912, he helped with the first airplane flight in Venezuela, of the plane "Sin Cola" flown by Frank Boland, an opportunity he says was only given him because of his engineering background and English skills. During the first flight, on 6 October 1912, he followed the path of the plane on motorcycle. The route was from El Paraíso to Antímano. He worked as an engineer and translator for all three plane builds for Boland in Venezuela, one of which was a hydroplane; for this, he is considered Venezuela's first aeronautical engineer.

Cinema
In 1913 he participated in the production of the silent film La dama de las cayenas by Lucas Manzano and Enrique Zimmerman. In 1924 he founded the production company Triunfo Films with Jacobo Capriles, the pair producing the feature films La trepadora and Amor, tú eres la vida. Triunfo Films was dissolved in 1928, but Anzola would go on to found two other production companies: Anzola Film (1929-1935) and Estudios Ávila (1938-1942). In 1932 he worked on the feature film Corazón de mujer, with director José Fernández and cinematographer Juanito Martínez Pozueta.

After working in the US again in the late 1930s, he returned to Venezuela to work in the Laboratorios Nacionales with other film pioneers in the development of sound and color film.

The Centro Nacional Autónomo de Cinematografía have published a book about Anzola.

Radio
When studying and working in the United States, Anzola acquired a knowledge of electronics, which allowed him to start the radio station One Broadcasting Caracas (later Radio Caracas), first broadcasting in 1930.  He brought one of the first phonographs to Venezuela. In addition, he was active on the radio as an actor, as well as writing many scripted shows. In 1937 he traveled back to the US, where he was Deputy Managing Director of RCA Victor and appeared as an anchor on Spanish-language radio.

A documentary about his life was compiled by his son, Alfredo Anzola, in 1993, called El misterio de los ojos escarlata. The documentary is titled after a lost "radionovela" of the same name written by Alfredo Cortina and produced by Edgar Anzola.

Anzola has also helped write music, included on a record released in 1966.

Other work
A lot of Anzola's work was writing stories and plays. He was also a contributor to the magazines and newspapers Élite, Billiken, Ahora, El Nacional and La Esfera, and occasionally publishing cartoons in the weekly magazine Fantoches. In 1924 he had a stint as a field camera man for Fox News. He had also been on the Board of Directors of a golf association in Vargas in 1951.

Anzola was a member of Rotary International, serving on the Vocational Services committee in 1961-62:55 and 1964–65,:59 the Service to Youth committee in 1963-64,:54 and the Interact committee in 1965-66.:62 He was once the District Governor of Rotary International in Caracas.:21

He was on the Foreign Advisory Committee of the World Calendar Association.

Personal life
Anzola's son, Alfredo Anzola, was born to Margot Golding.

In a Rotary International writing competition, about the "book that changed me most", Anzola wrote on William H. Prescott's History of the Conquest of Mexico and Conquest of Peru, earning an honorable mention.

Anzola travelled around the Americas and Europe, and spoke Spanish, French, and English fluently, having some competency in Portuguese and Italian.

List of works

Notes

References

External links

Category:1893 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:20th-century Venezuelan writers
Category:People from Aragua
Category:Venezuelan directors
Category:Venezuelan engineers
Category:Venezuelan entertainers
Category:Venezuelan film producers
Category:Venezuelan radio personalities
Category:Venezuelan screenwriters
Category:Venezuelan translators


Hail Mary (Mark Owen song)

"Hail Mary" is the third and final single from Take That band member Mark Owen's third solo studio album, How the Mighty Fall. The single was released on 2 December 2005. The song was recorded at Sunset Studios in Los Angeles between August 2004 and January 2005. The single received little to no promotion due to the reunion of Take That.  The video for the track involves Owen playing a grand piano in a mansion hall, as well as lying on a bed while performing the song. Marta Kierblewska was cast as "Mary".

Track listing
 UK CD single
 "Hail Mary" (Radio Edit) - 3:58
 "The Greatest Love Song" - 4:21

 German CD single
 "Hail Mary" (Radio Edit) - 3:58
 "The Greatest Love Song" - 4:21
 "Hail Mary" (Full Length Version) - 5:21
 "Hail Mary" (Acoustic Version) - 3:37
 "Believe In The Boogie" (Video) - 3:41
 "Hail Mary" (Video) - 3:58

References

Category:2005 singles
Category:Mark Owen songs
Category:Songs written by Mark Owen


St. Joseph and Grand Island Railway

The St. Joseph and Grand Island Railroad (SJ&GI) was created in about 1879 when the St. Joseph and Western Railroad (SJ&W) built a line from Hastings to Grand Island, Nebraska.  Upon completion of the line, the SJ&W was reorganized into the SJ&GI. Doniphan, Nebraska, was plotted in 1879 at about the halfway point between Hastings and Grand Island and was named for John Doniphan, an attorney for the railroad. The SJ&GI was essentially part of the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) for most of its existence. When the UP built a shorter cutoff between Hastings and Gibbon in 1914, use of the SJ&GI tracks north of Hastings gradually declined. The line mostly was abandoned by 1989. The only remaining segment of the line between Hastings and Grand Island (the SJ&GI continued to St. Joseph, Missouri) is a few miles between the Union Pacific mainline through Grand Island and the coal-fired power plant south of Grand Island. The power plant receives two to three unit coal trains per week.

References

Nebraska State Historical Society
St. Joseph and Grand Island Railway

Category:Predecessors of the Union Pacific Railroad
Category:Defunct Nebraska railroads
Category:Former Class I railroads in the United States
Category:Railway companies established in 1897
Category:Defunct Missouri railroads
Category:Defunct Kansas railroads


Allied Military Currency

Allied Military Currency ("AMC") was a form of currency issued by the Allied powers during World War II, to be issued to troops entering liberated or newly occupied countries, as a form of currency control.

Background

Historically, soldiers serving overseas had been paid in local currency rather than in their "home" currency; most cash drawn by soldiers would go directly into the local economy, and in a damaged economy the effects of a hard currency such as the dollar circulating freely alongside weaker local currencies could be severely problematic, risking severe inflation. There were other problems as well; once dollars were circulating in a combat region, the opposing side could freely use its own stocks of dollars as currency, or acquire stocks for use elsewhere. The high purchasing power of the dollar, and its easy transference back to the United States, also posed a significant incentive to black-marketeering.

However, whilst the use of local currencies was effective where they were provided in cooperation with the local authorities, it was impractical in combat zones where the government might be either hostile, deliberately ambivalent, or simply non-existent. In these cases, the military authorities issued special "military currency", which was paid out to soldiers at a fixed rate of exchange and simply declared legal tender in occupied areas by local commanders.

Implementation

Five types of currency were issued:

 German Allied Military Currency (Mark)
 Austrian Allied Military Currency (Schilling)
 French Allied Military Currency (Franc)
 Italian Allied Military Currency (Lira)
 Japanese Allied Military Currency (Yen)

The majority of the notes were printed by the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and some were printed by Russia, and the Japanese Ministry of Finance.

Collectors

Notes today are fairly common, and can be valued anywhere from one dollar (for a common bill) to a couple thousand dollars for a rare series, low printing, or replacement bill.

Notes

See also

 Military Payment Certificate
 Japanese invasion money

References

External links
 Allied Military Currency - reenactment website

Category:Modern obsolete currencies
Category:Banknotes of military authorities


2015–16 LEN Euro Cup

The 2015–16 LEN Euro Cup is the second tier of European competition in water polo. It ran from 30 September 2015 to 30 April 2016.

Overview

Team allocation

Round and draw dates
The schedule of the competition was as follows.

Qualifying rounds

Qualification round I
Thirteen teams took part in the first qualifying round. They were drawn into one group of six and one group of seven teams, who played on 30 September−4 October 2015. The top four teams of each group advanced to the next round.

Group A
Tournament played in Budapest, Hungary.

Group B
Tournament played in Split, Croatia.

Qualification round II
Eight teams took part in the second qualifying round. They were drawn into two groups of four teams, which played on 16−18 October 2015. The top two teams of each group advanced to the quarterfinals.

Group C
Tournament was played in Naples, Italy.

Group D
Tournament was played in Split, Croatia.

Knockout stage

Quarter Finals

These teams played against each other over two legs on a home-and-away basis. The mechanism of the draws for each round was as follow:
In the draw for the quarter finals, the four group winners were seeded, and the four group runners-up were unseeded. The seeded teams were drawn against the unseeded teams, with the seeded teams hosting the second leg. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other.
The first legs were played on 11 November, and the second legs were played on 16 December 2015.

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Semi Finals
The first legs were played on 3 February, and the second legs were played on 10 February 2016.

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Final
The first leg were played on 16 April, and the second leg were played on 30 April 2016.

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See also
2015–16 LEN Champions League

References

Category:LEN Euro Cup seasons
Euro Cup
Category:2015 in water polo
Category:2016 in water polo


STS-57

STS-57 was a Shuttle-Spacehab mission of  that launched 21 June 1993 from Kennedy Space Center, Florida.

Crew

Spacewalks
 Low and Wisoff  – EVA 1
EVA 1 Start: 25 June 1993
EVA 1 End: 25 June 1993
Duration: 5 hours, 50 minutes

Mission highlights
During the course of the ten-day flight, the astronauts successfully conducted scores of biomedical and materials sciences experiments inside the pressurized SPACEHAB module. Two astronauts participated in a spacewalk and EURECA (European Retrievable Carrier) was retrieved by the crew and stowed inside Endeavour’s payload bay. EURECA had been deployed from the Space Shuttle Atlantis in the summer of 1992 and contained several experiments to study the long-term effects of exposure to microgravity.

An improperly installed electrical connector on Endeavour’s Remote Manipulator System (RMS) arm (installed 180 degrees off its correct position) prevented EURECA from recharging its batteries with orbiter power. A flight rule requiring antenna stowage was waived and EURECA was lowered into the payload bay without latching its antenna. Mission Specialists G. David Low and Peter Wisoff safely secured EURECA's dual antennas against the science satellite during the spacewalk. David Low was mounted on a foot restraint on the end of Endeavour'''s robotic arm while Mission Specialist Nancy J. Sherlock positioned the arm so Low could gently push the arms against EURECA's latch mechanisms. Payload controllers then drove the latches to secure each antenna. The five-hour, 50 minute spacewalk completed STS-57 mission's primary goal of retrieving the EURECA science satellite. Afterwards, Low and Wisoff completed maneuvers for an abbreviated extravehicular activity (EVA) Detailed Test Objective using the robot arm. Activities associated with each of the areas of investigation—mass handling, mass fine alignment and high torque—were completed with both EVA crewmen taking turns on the robot arm. Low and Wisoff wrapped up their spacewalk and returned to Endeavour's airlock shortly before 3 pm Central.

During the rest of the mission, the crew worked on experiments in the Spacehab module in the Shuttle's lower deck. These experiments included studying body posture, the spacecraft environment, crystal growth, metal alloys, wastewater recycling and the behavior of fluids. Among the experiments was an evaluation of maintenance equipment that may be used on Space Station Freedom. The diagnostic equipment portion of the Tools and Diagnostics System experiment was performed by Nancy Sherlock. Using electronics test instruments including an oscilloscope and electrical test meter, Sherlock conducted tests on a mock printed circuit board and communicated with ground controllers via computer messages on suggested repair procedures and their results.

In addition, Brian Duffy and Jeff Wisoff ran experiments in transferring fluids in weightlessness without creating bubbles in the fluid. The experiment, called the Fluid Acquisition and Resupply Experiment, or FARE, studied filters and processes that could improve methods of refueling spacecraft in orbit. By transferring water between two foot-diameter transparent tanks on Endeavour''’s middeck, engineers evaluated how the fluids behaved while the shuttle's steering jets fired for small maneuvers. Janice Voss worked on the Liquid Encapsulated Melt Zone, or LEMZ, experiment, which used a process called floating zone crystal growth. The low-gravity conditions of space flight permit large crystals to be grown in space.

Ron Grabe, Brian Duffy and Janice Voss participated in the Neutral Body Position study. Flight surgeons had noted on previous flights that the body's basic posture changes while in microgravity. This postural change, sometimes called the "zero-g crouch," is in addition to the one- to two-inch lengthening of the spine during space missions. To better document this phenomenon over the duration of a space mission, still and video photography of crew members in a relaxed position were taken early and late in the mission. Researchers will include these findings in the design specifications of future spacecraft to make work stations and living areas more efficient and comfortable for astronauts.

Nancy Sherlock conducted the electronics procedures portion of the Human Factors Assessment. She set up a work platform, then hooked up a notebook computer and went through a simulated computer procedure for a space station propulsion system.

On 28 June 1993, Sherlock performed an impromptu plumbing job on the Environmental Control Systems Flight Experiment, a study of wastewater purification equipment that may be used aboard future spacecraft. The EFE used a solution of water and potassium iodide to simulate wastewater, which was then pumped through a series of filters to purify it. During the flight, experimenters observed a reduced flow of water through the device and opted to perform maintenance. Sherlock loosened a fitting on one water line inside the experiment, wrapped the loose fitting with an absorbent diaper, and, using a laptop computer on board, reversed a pump on the experiment for about 20 minutes in an attempt to flush out the clog. She then retightened the fitting and resumed normal operation of the experiment. Ground experimenters proceeded to monitor the EFE for about an hour and a half to ensure the clog had been cleared.

Mission insignia
The five stars and shape of the robotic arm of the insignia symbolize the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence. The SpaceHab overall contours are represented as the inner red lining of the patch. Also visible is the EURECA, with 3 yellow contrails, that are representative of the astronaut insignia (EURECA replacing the traditional star atop), with the orbiter circling the Earth.

See also

List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science
Space Shuttle

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-57 Video Highlights

Category:Space Shuttle missions
Category:Spacecraft launched in 1993


Giuseppe Bozzalla

Giuseppe Bozzalla (1874 – 14 February 1958) was an Italian painter.

Biography
He was born in Biella in the Piedmont, son of a factory owner. He finished his education when he was sent to France to learn the nature of the wool industry. Instead he returned to Italy and enrolled in the Albertina Academy in Turin, where he won prizes as a landscape painter and studied figure painting with Giacomo Grosso. His grand-aunt, Carolina Sella was a painter. He was a pupil of Lorenzo Delleani. Among his works is the Sull'Altipiano. In 1903, he exhibited at the Promotrice of Turin the painting Poesia invernale. In 1904, he exhibited Fra colori e vapori inspired by the factories around Biella. He continued to exhibit until at least 1947.

References

Category:20th-century Italian painters
Category:Italian male painters
Category:Italian landscape painters
Category:Accademia Albertina alumni
Category:Piedmontese painters
Category:1874 births
Category:1958 deaths


Blastobasis desertarum

Blastobasis desertarum is a moth in the  family Blastobasidae. It is found on Madeira and the Azores. The species was recorded from greenhouses in Berlin in 2005, where it was incidentally  introduced.

It is regarded a pest on ornamental plants. The larvae feed on Aeonium and other Crassulaceae species. They feed within the stem and tunnel in the roots of their host plant.

References

Category:Moths described in 1858
Category:Blastobasis


John Dalton (American football)

John Patrick Dalton (April 1, 1889 – March 10, 1919) was an American college football player and captain for the Navy Midshipmen football team of the United States Naval Academy.  He was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 1911, and elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1970. In 1919, he died due to a "bronchial ailment".

References

External links

Category:1889 births
Category:1919 deaths
Category:American football halfbacks
Category:Navy Midshipmen football players
Category:All-American college football players
Category:College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Sportspeople from St. Louis
Category:Players of American football from Missouri


Xixi River (Xiamen)

Xixi () is a river in Tong'an District of Xiamen City, in Fujian Province of China. Said to be "Xiamen's largest river", it is  long and has a drainage basin of .

The Xixi starts in the Zhaijianwei Mountains (寨尖尾山 Zhàijiānwěishān) in the northwestern part of Tong'an District, and flows in the general south-eastern direction. After receiving a number of tributaries - Lianhuaxi (莲花溪, Lotus Stream), Aoxi (澳溪), Dingxi (汀溪), it merges with the Dongxi (东溪, Eastern Stream) at the place called Shuangxikou (双溪口, "The confluence of two streams), near Tong'an District's central urban area. It then continues to the south, forming an estuary as it discharges into Dongzui Harbour (东咀港), which is a bay of Taiwan Strait mostly enclosed by Tong'an District and  Xiang'an District on the mainland and the Xiamen Island.

References

Category:Rivers of Fujian
Category:Geography of Xiamen