Fantastic Novels

Fantastic Novels was an American science fiction and fantasy pulp magazine published by the Munsey Company of New York from 1940 to 1941, and again by Popular Publications, also of New York, from 1948 to 1951.  It was a companion to Famous Fantastic Mysteries.  Like that magazine, it mostly reprinted science fiction and fantasy classics from earlier decades, such as novels by A. Merritt, George Allan England, and Victor Rousseau, though it occasionally published reprints of more recent work, such as Earth's Last Citadel, by Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore.

The magazine lasted for 5 issues in its first incarnation, and for another 20 in the revived version from Popular Publications. Mary Gnaedinger edited both series; her interest in reprinting Merritt's work helped make him one of the better-known fantasy writers of the era. A Canadian edition from 1948 to 1951 reprinted 17 issues of the second series; two others were reprinted in Great Britain in 1950 and 1951.

Publication history

In the early 20th century, science fiction  stories were frequently published in popular magazines, with the Munsey Company, a major pulp magazine publisher, printing a great deal of science fiction. In 1926 Amazing Stories became the first specialist pulp magazine publisher of science fiction.  Munsey continued to print sf in Argosy during the 1930s, and in 1939 took advantage of the new genre's growing popularity by launching Famous Fantastic Mysteries, a vehicle to reprint the most popular fantasy and sf stories from the Munsey magazines.

The new title immediately became successful, and demand for reprints of old favorites was such that Munsey decided to launch an additional magazine, Fantastic Novels, in July 1940, edited, like Famous Fantastic Mysteries, by Mary Gnaedinger. The two magazines were placed on bimonthly schedules, arranged to alternate with each other, though the schedule slipped slightly with the fifth issue of Fantastic Novels, dated April 1941 but following the January 1941 issue.  Fantastic Novels was suspended after that issue and merged with Famous Fantastic Mysteries.  The stated reason was that Famous Fantastic Mysteries "is apparently the favorite title", but it seems likely that production difficulties caused by World War II played a part.  The June 1941 and August 1941 issues of Famous Fantastic Mysteries both carried the slogan "Combined with Fantastic Novels Magazine" on the cover.

Fantastic Novels reappeared in 1948 through Popular Publications, which had acquired Famous Fantastic Mysteries from Munsey at the end of 1942. Gnaedinger remained editor of Famous Fantastic Mysteries when Popular took over, and was  editor of the second incarnation of Fantastic Novels.  The March 1948 issue, the first of the new series, was catalogued volume 1, number 6, as if there had been no break in publication.  This version lasted for a further 20 issues, ending without notice with the June 1951 issue. It was apparently a sudden decision; the final issue had announced plans to reprint Otis Adelbert Kline's Maza of the Moon.

Contents

Fantastic Novels came into existence because of the demand from readers of Famous Fantastic Mysteries for book-length reprints.  Gnaedinger observed that "Everyone seems to have realized that although [the] set-up of five to seven stories with two serials running, was highly satisfactory, that the long list of novels would have to be speeded up somehow".  When the new magazine was launched, Famous Fantastic Mysteries was partway through serialization of Austin Hall and Homer Eon Flint's The Blind Spot, with the third episode appearing in the May/June 1940 issue.  Rather than complete the serialization, Gnaedinger printed the novel in its entirety in the first issue of Fantastic Novels, ensuring that readers of Famous Fantastic Mysteries would also acquire the new magazine.  Over the next four issues she printed Ray Cummings' People of the Golden Atom, Ralph Milne Farley's The Radio Beasts, and two novels by A. Merritt: The Snake Mother and The Dwellers in the Mirage.  Gnaedinger's interest in reprinting Merritt's work helped make him one of the better-known fantasy writers of the era.

In the second series, from 1948 to 1951, Gnaedinger continued to reprint work by Merritt, along with other reader favorites from the Munsey years.  Works by George Allan England, Victor Rousseau, Ray Cummings, and Francis Stevens (the pen name of Gertrude Barrows Bennett) appeared, as well as (occasionally) reprints of more recent work, such as Earth's Last Citadel, by Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore, which had been serialized in Argosy in 1943.  In the early 1950s, when first Fantastic Novels and two years later Famous Fantastic Mysteries ceased publication, it is likely that the audience for science fiction was growing too sophisticated for these early works.

Each issue, except the last one, featured a lead novel with additional short fiction.  The cover artwork was mostly by Virgil Finlay, Lawrence Stevens, Peter Stevens, and Norman Saunders, with one early cover contributed by Frank R. Paul.

Bibliographic details

Mary Gnaedinger edited Fantastic Novels for both the Munsey and Popular Publication series. Five issues appeared between July 1940 and April 1941, and an additional twenty from March 1948 to June 1951.  The schedule was bimonthly, with only two irregularities: the issues that would have been dated March 1941 and March 1951 were each delayed by a month.  The volume numbering was regular throughout, with four volumes of six numbers, and a final fifth volume of one number.  The magazine was printed in pulp format throughout both series, and was priced at 20 cents for the first two issues; then 10 cents for the remainder of the first series and 25 cents for issues in the second series.  Fantastic Novels was 144 pages for the first two issues, 128 pages for two issues, and 112 pages for the last issue of the first series; it was 132 pages from the start of the second series until the November 1950 issue, and then 128 pages for January 1951, and 112 pages for the last two issues.

A Canadian reprint edition ran from September 1948 to June 1951; these were published by the Toronto-based New Publications. They were half an inch taller than the U.S. editions and used different back-cover advertisements, but were otherwise identical to the U.S. issues of the same date.  Two issues were released in Britain: a single issue was released in March 1950; it was a copy of the November 1949 U.S. issue but was neither numbered nor dated.  The other British issue was a copy of the May 1949 issue, cut to only 64 pages; it was released in June 1951 and was undated but numbered 1.  Both these issues were published by Pemberton's and distributed by Thorpe & Porter.

Notes

References

Sources

Davin, Erik Leif (2006).  Partners in Wonder.  Lanham MD: Lexington Books.  .

External links

Category:American bimonthly magazines
Category:Defunct science fiction magazines of the United States
Category:Fantasy fiction magazines
Category:Magazines disestablished in 1951
Category:Magazines established in 1940
Category:Magazines published in New York City
Category:Pulp magazines
Category:Science fiction magazines established in the 1940s


Leisure Time

Awqat Faragh ()  is a 2006 Egyptian film about a group of Middle Class youths and their experiences growing up and dealing with drugs and sex. The film was the first appearance for actors Ahmed Hatem, Karim Kassem and Amr Abed.

Synopsis
A group of Middle Class youths some of whom are liberal and some conservative all live lives filled with troubles. They make decisions that will impact their futures. The film starts and ends in an amusement park and in between the group tries to achieve their dreams but learn the harsh reality of life and many other things.

Cast
 Randa El-Behairy as Menna
 Ahmed Hatem as Hazem
 Karim Kassem as Amr
 Amr Abed as Ahmed
 Ahmed Hadad as Tarek
 Safaa Tag El-Din as Mai
 Hanan Youssef as Ahmed's Mother
 Mohammed Abu Dawud as Menna's Father
 Tarek El-Telmissany as Hazem's Father
 Khalil Morsy Ahmed's Father
 Muhammad Mamdouh as Hazem's brother

References

External links

Category:Egyptian films
Category:Arabic-language films
Category:2006 films


K. Tamil Azhagan

K. Tamil Azhagan is an Indian politician and incumbent Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the Tittakudi constituency. He represents the Desiya Murpokku Dravidar Kazhagam party.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
Category:Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam politicians
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Plesiocathartes

Plesiocathartes is an extinct genus of birds that lived during the Eocene to Oligocene period. It currently presents 5 species from Europe and North America. It was originally described related to New World vultures, but however recent studies has uncovered that the genus was more closely related to the cuckoo roller from Madagascar.

References
 The first New World occurrence of the Eocene bird Plesiocathartes (Aves: ?Leptosomidae) Researchgate.net Retrieved June 2018.

Category:Coraciiformes
Category:Eocene birds
Category:Oligocene birds
Category:Prehistoric birds of Europe
Category:Fossil taxa described in 1908
Category:Prehistoric bird genera


C20H24N2OS

The molecular formula C20H24N2OS may refer to:

 Cinanserin
 Lucanthone
 Propiomazine


1980 Winter Olympics medal table

The 1980 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIII Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event held in Lake Placid, New York, United States, from February 13 to February 24. A total of 1,072 athletes from 37 nations participated in 38 events from 10 different sports.

Athletes from 19 countries won at least one medal, and athletes from 11 secured at least one gold medal. After winning a then-record 13 gold medals in the 1976 Winter Olympics, the Soviet Union led with 10 gold medals in 1980, and had the second most total medals with 22. East Germany led the overall medal count with 23.  The host United States were third in both gold and overall medals, with 6 and 12, respectively. Having won her country's first Olympic medal in Innsbruck, four years before, alpine skier Hanni Wenzel won Liechtenstein's only two gold medals in the country's history, at Lake Placid. Liechtenstein is the smallest nation to ever win a gold medal at the Olympics. Bulgaria won its first Winter Olympic medal at these Games, a bronze medal in cross-country skiing.  The People's Republic of China made their first appearance at a Winter Olympics at these Games, but failed to win any medals.

American Eric Heiden led all athletes with five medals, all gold, in speed skating.  Heiden was the first athlete to win five gold medals in individual events in a single Olympics, Summer or Winter.  Five other athletes won three medals each at these Games.
__TOC__

Medal table

The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals won by a National Olympic Committee. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically.  Medals won in team competitions—such as ice hockey—are counted only once, no matter how many athletes won medals as part of the team.

In the normal hill event in ski jumping, two silver medals were awarded for a second place tie.  No bronze medal was awarded for that event.  In the men's 1000 meters speed skating event, two bronze medals were awarded for a third place tie.

See also
 1980 Winter Paralympics medal table
 1980 Summer Olympics medal table
 Miracle on Ice

References
General

Specific

Medal count
Category:Winter Olympics medal tables
Category:New York (state) sports-related lists


Tut, Lorestan

Tut (, also Romanized as Tūt; also known as Tūt-e Gūrkash) is a village in Dorud Rural District, in the Central District of Dorud County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 288, in 59 families.

References

Category:Towns and villages in Dorud County


Ernő Gschwindt

Ernő Gschwindt de Győr (Budapest, Hungary, September 27, 1881 - Budapest, Hungary, August 29, 1932) was a Hungarian industrialist, conservative politician, entrepreneur, business magnate, philanthropist and investor. Under his leadership the family's spirit manufacturing company, the Gschwindt Factory of Spirit, Yeast, Liqueur and Rum (Gschwindt-féle Szesz-, Élesztő-, Likőr- és Rumgyár) became the market leader in its segment of the economy. He was a patron, and between 1923 and 1931, the president of the Ferencvárosi TC. According to Forbes he was the 7th richest person in Hungary on the turn of the 19th century with a net worth of 18-20 million Hungarian pengő.

Life

Early life
He was born on September 27, 1881 in Budapest, Hungary to a rich, Roman Catholic noble family of German ancestry. His paternal grandfather, Mihály Gschwindt de Győr (1817-1897), deserved his family the noble title in 1872, after that the descendants used their family name as győri Gschwindt (). The grandfather started to trade with tobacco until it became a national monopoly. Than he turned to distillery which under the leading of the father, György became profitable. The family bought shares in a coalmine, a bank, a leather manufacture and a railway company. The factory was established in 1856 and stood on the corner of the Üllői út and Grand Boulevard. Mihály bought the factory from Pál Günther and expanded it with the production of vinegar and liquer.

Ernő Gschwindt studied at the Budapesti Egyetemi Katolikus Gimnázium (Academicum et Universitatis Collegium) than at the Faculty of Arts at the University of Budapest. Then he spent longer time at the University of Heidelberg, Germany where he doctorated. He also visited courses in chemistry and economics.

Business career
In 1907 at the age of 26 he became the CEO of the family company, the Gschwindt-féle Szesz- és Élesztőgyár.

For town planning purposes the factory was removed in 1908. The distillery was moved to Budafok and Nagykőrös. The production facilities for yeast and spirit was relocated in Ferencváros.

During his life he expanded the company with plants across Hungary. Under his management facilities were built in Szombathely, Komlódtótfalu, Fülesd, Fehérgyarmat and Zalaszentgrót.

During the First World War he spent four years at the front, he achieved the rank of hussar captain for his valiant behaviour.

Politics and public life
He was in his later years active in public life and became a well-known conservative political figure. He was twice (1922, 1927) elected into the National Assembly with the program of the Unity Party representing the Törökbálint constituency. Beside his job as MP (1922-1931) he did not neglect his own business and the work at his company.

Until his death he was a member of the National Alliance of Industrialists (Gyáriparosok Országos Szövetsége (GYOSZ)), the National Alliance of Chemical Industrialists (Vegyészeti Gyárosok Országos Egyesülete (VGYOE)) and the Hungarian Trading Bank of Pest (Pesti Magyar Kereskedelmi Bank).

On December 7, 1923 he got the title of Royal High Councilor from Franz Joseph.

Patron of football
Today his name is known as the former head of the Ferencvárosi TC which position he held between 1923 and 1931. He supported the club from his fortune. The club experienced huge successes in Hungary and also abroad. He spent during his presidency 250,000 Hungarian pengő on the club.

Death
He died on August 29, 1932 at midnight in Budapest, Hungary at the age of 51 and was buried on August 31 at 4 pm in the Kerepesi Cemetery in the Roman Catholic department in the family's crypt.

Personal life

He married on June 17, 1910 in Budapest. His wife was Edit Thőry. They were both Roman Catholic. They had together three children - two daughters, Edit and Edina and one son, György. Edit became a professional tennis player for the Ferencvárosi TC and was later married to the Hungarian Prime Minister, János Hadik.

References

Category:Roman Catholics
Category:1881 births
Category:1932 deaths
Category:People from Budapest
Category:Austro-Hungarian people
Category:Hungarian nobility
Category:Hungarian investors
Category:Hungarian industrialists
Category:Hungarian chief executives
Category:Hungarian bankers
Category:19th-century Hungarian businesspeople
Category:Hungarian people of German descent


Jacques Kossowski

Jacques Kossowski (born October 11, 1940 in Paris) was a member of the National Assembly of France.  He represented the 3rd constituency of the Hauts-de-Seine department,  and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. He is also the Mayor of Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine.

References

Category:1940 births
Category:Living people
Category:Politicians from Paris
Category:French people of Polish descent
Category:Rally for the Republic politicians
Category:Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Category:The Social Right
Category:Mayors of places in France
Category:Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Category:Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Category:Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic


Shanjapur

Shanjapur is a village in Parner taluka in Ahmednagar district of state of Maharashtra, India.

Religion
The majority of the population in the village is Hindu.

Economy
The majority of the population has farming as their primary occupation.

Shahajapur is close to Supa, which is famous for Windmills. Shahajapur village itself has 50-60 windmills, all over the mountains. This place is an energy center of the Parner taluka.

See also
 Parner taluka
 Villages in Parner taluka

References

Category:Villages in Parner taluka
Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district


Radzhab Butaev

Radzhab Yusupovich Butaev (; born 15 December 1993) is a Russian professional boxer of Avar descent who challenged once for the WBA (Regular) welterweight title in 2019. At regional level he held the WBC-NABF super-welterweight title in 2016

Amateur career
As an amateur, Butaev is a winner of the Kazan Summer Universiade in 2013, fighting at light-welterweight.

In 2015 he is a winner in six bouts of the World Series of Boxing.

Professional career
19 november 2016 he is a winner of the NABF belt.

Professional boxing record

References

External links

Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:Light-middleweight boxers
Category:Russian male boxers
Category:Universiade medalists in boxing
Category:Universiade gold medalists for Russia


Kidwell v The Master

In Kidwell v The Master, an important case in the South African law of succession, the testator had signed right at the bottom of the will; there was about  between the end of the will (which included the witnesses’ signatures) and the testator’s signature. The question before the court was where the end of the will was. The court held that the will was invalid as it did not comply with section 2(1)(a)(i) of the Wills Act. The decision has been criticised as overly formalistic by some commentators, who believe the overriding criteria for the courts should be to give effect to the wishes of the testator, and this case did not do this over something seemingly insignificant.

See also
 South African law of succession

Notes
 Kidwell v The Master 1983 (1) SA. 509 (E).

References

Category:Inheritance
Category:South African case law
Category:1983 in case law
Category:1983 in South African law


Charles Coote (priest, died 1796)

Charles Coote (died 1796) was an 18th-century Anglican priest in Ireland.

Coote was educated at Trinity College, Dublin.  He was Precentor of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin from 1772; and Dean of Kilfenora  from 1781, where he succeeded his uncle (also called Charles Coote): he held both posts until his death in 1796.

References

Category:Deans of Kilfenora
Category:18th-century Anglican priests
Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Category:1796 deaths
Category:Year of birth missing
Category:18th-century Irish clergy


She Wore a Yellow Ribbon

She Wore a Yellow Ribbon is a 1949 Technicolor Western film directed by John Ford and starring John Wayne. The Oscar-winning film was the second of Ford's Cavalry trilogy films, along with Fort Apache (1948) and Rio Grande (1950). With a budget of $1.6 million, the film was one of the most expensive Westerns made up to that time. It was a major hit for RKO. The film takes its name from "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon", a popular US military song that is used to keep marching cadence.

The film was shot on location in Monument Valley utilizing large areas of the Navajo reservation along the Arizona-Utah state border. Ford and cinematographer Winton Hoch based much of the film's imagery on the paintings and sculptures of Frederic Remington. The film won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Color in 1950. It was also nominated as 1950's Best Written American Western (which the Writers Guild of America awarded  to Yellow Sky).

Plot

On the verge of his retirement at Fort Starke, a one-troop cavalry post, aging US Cavalry Captain Nathan Cutting Brittles (John Wayne) is given one last mission: to take his troop and deal with a breakout from the reservation by the Cheyenne and Arapaho following the defeat of George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of the Little Big Horn.

Brittles' task is complicated by being forced at the same time to deliver his commanding officer's wife and niece, Abby Allshard (Mildred Natwick) and Olivia Dandridge (Joanne Dru), to an eastbound stage and by the need to avoid a new Indian war. His troop officers, 1st Lt. Flint Cohill (John Agar) and 2nd Lt. Ross Pennell (Harry Carey, Jr.), meanwhile vie for the affections of Miss Dandridge while uneasily anticipating the retirement of their captain and mentor.

Assisting him with his mission is Capt. Brittles' chief scout, Sgt. Tyree (Ben Johnson), a one-time Confederate captain of cavalry; his first sergeant, Quincannon (Victor McLaglen); and Maj. Allshard (George O'Brien), Brittles' long-time friend and commanding officer.

After apparently failing in both missions, Brittles returns with the troop to Fort Starke to retire. His lieutenants continue the mission in the field, joined by Brittles after "quitting the post and the Army". Unwilling to see more lives needlessly taken, Brittles takes it upon himself to try to make peace with his old friend Chief Pony That Walks (Chief John Big Tree). When that too fails, he devises a risky stratagem to avoid a bloody war by stampeding the Indians' horses out of their camp, forcing the renegades to return to their reservation.

The film ends with Brittles being recalled to duty as Chief of Scouts with the rank of Lt. Colonel (a U.S. War Department order endorsed, he is pleased to see, by Gens. Phil Sheridan and William Tecumseh Sherman, and by President Ulysses S. Grant).  Miss Dandridge and Lt. Cohill become engaged. The film ends with the troop of cavalry trotting down the road on patrol.

Cast

 John Wayne as Captain Nathan Brittles
 Joanne Dru as Olivia Dandridge
 John Agar as Lieutenant Flint Cohill
 Ben Johnson as Sergeant Tyree
 Harry Carey Jr. as Lieutenant Ross Pennell

 Victor McLaglen as Sergeant Quincannon
 Mildred Natwick as Mrs. Abbey Allshard
 George O'Brien as Major Mack Allshard
 Arthur Shields as Dr. O'Laughlin
 Michael Dugan as Sergeant Hochbauer
 Chief John Big Tree as Pony-That-Walks
 Fred Graham as Sergeant Hench
 Chief White Eagle as Chief Sky Eagle
 Tom Tyler as Corporal Quayne
 Noble Johnson as Red Shirt

Director John Ford's older brother Francis appears in only one scene as Connolly, the barman. Ford kept Francis on wages "for eight weeks even through Francis could have completed his scenes in less than a week." Other uncredited cast members include: Harry Woods as Karl Rynders, the sutler; Cliff Lyons as Trooper Cliff; Mickey Simpson as Wagner, the blacksmith; Fred Libby as Corporal Kumrein; and Rudy Bowman as Private Smith. Among Rynders' associates is veteran character actor Paul Fix (Harry Carey, Jr.'s father-in-law) in a small uncredited role.

Production

Casting
Director Ford initially was uncertain whom to cast in the lead role. However, he knew that he did not want John Wayne for the part—considering, among other factors, that Wayne would be playing a character over twenty years older than he was at the time. Reportedly, Wayne's 1948 performance in Red River changed Ford's mind, causing him to exclaim, "I didn’t know the big son of a bitch could act!" Ford realized Wayne had grown considerably as an actor, and was now capable of playing the character he envisaged for this film. When shooting was completed, Ford presented Wayne with a cake with the message, "You're an actor now." The role also became one of Wayne's favorite performances. Wayne, himself, felt that his Academy Award nomination for Best Actor of 1949 should have been for She Wore a Yellow Ribbon instead of Sands of Iwo Jima.

Filming
The cast and crew lived in relatively primitive conditions in Monument Valley. Most slept in dirt-floor cabins that only had communal cold-water drum showers. The film was completed ahead of schedule and under budget.

Although the film's cinematographer, Winton Hoch, won an Academy Award for his work, filming was not a smooth creative process because of conflicts with Ford. Ironically one of the most iconic scenes from the film was created during a dispute. As a line of cavalry rode through the desert, a real thunderstorm grew on the horizon. Hoch began to pack up the cameras as the weather worsened only for Ford to order him to keep shooting. Hoch argued that there was not enough natural light for the scene and, more importantly, the cameras could become potential lightning rods if the storm swept over them. Ford ignored Hoch's complaints; completing the scene as the thunderstorm rolled in, soaking the cast and crew. Hoch later had filed a letter of complaint against Ford with the American Society of Cinematographers over the filming of this scene.

The story of Hoch's refusal to shoot in this thunderstorm has often been repeated, but actor Harry Carey, Jr., who was on the set, contests it. He says Ford had finished shooting for the day, but when the picturesque storm brewed he asked Hoch if they could shoot in the declining light. Hoch answered, "It's awfully dark, Jack. I'll shoot it. I just can't promise anything." Ford then instructed, "Winnie, open her up [the camera lens] and let's go for it. If it doesn't turn out, I'll take the rap." Winnie complied, saying, "Fair enough, Jack."

Publicity
A theater poster featured the male lead wearing a yellow neckerchief with his uniform and a yellow banner (with proportions and shape evocative of a stylish ribbon) him behind him, that also looped some 270 degrees around the female lead's shoulders.

1958 television pilot
A 1958 unsuccessful television pilot written by James Warner Bellah titled Command starred Everett Sloane as Captain Brittles and Ben Cooper as Lt Cohill.

References

External links

Category:1949 films
Category:1940s Western (genre) films
Category:American Western (genre) films
Category:Cavalry Western films
Category:English-language films
Category:American films
Category:Films directed by John Ford
Category:Films set in the 1870s
Category:Films shot in Utah
Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Category:RKO Pictures films


Robert Blanthorne

Robert Blanthorne (8 January 1884 - 1965) was an English footballer who played as a centre forward.

Career
Blanthorne began his career at his local side, Rock Ferry, and was there from 1900 to 1904. He then joined Birkenhead, where he attracted the interest of Liverpool. He was a regular scorer for their reserves scoring 22 goals in the 1905/06 season, and then 17 goals in the following season. He made two first team appearances against Bristol City on 13 April 1907, and Middlesbrough on 17 April 1907, scoring once. Blanthorne was criticised at Anfield because he lacked 'speed and dash'. He was transferred to Grimsby Town the following October.

Blanthorne was involved in a 'giant-killing' in the FA Cup as Grimsby beat Bristol City 2-1 in a first round replay, with the Merseysider getting on the scoresheet. In the second round, Grimsby faced Carlisle United, and beat them 6-2, with Blanthorne netting five of the six goals. After dispatching Crystal Palace in the third round, the Mariners travelled up to Tyneside to face Blanthorne's future employers Newcastle United. However, Grimsby's cup run came to an end at St. James' Park, as they were thrashed 5-1.

Blanthorne turned down the chance to sign for Hull City, before joining Newcastle United in May 1908, for a £350 fee. However, his competitive club debut in the season opener against Bradford City, the following September ended in disaster. Blanthorne was on the ball, and Fred Farren, the opposing left back, rushed in to tackle him. The players had a severe collision, and Blanthorne fell to the ground with a broken leg. This was to be Blanthorne's only appearance for the Magpies.

Returning to fitness and making a comeback for the reserves in January 1910, Blanthorne moved to Hartlepools United and scored on his debut against Carlisle United in January 1911. However, he managed just five more games, and scoring two more times, before retiring due to injury. He later returned to the Birkenhead area, and his death was recorded there during 1965.

References

External links
 LFC History profile

Category:1884 births
Category:1965 deaths
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Liverpool F.C. players
Category:Grimsby Town F.C. players
Category:Newcastle United F.C. players
Category:Hartlepool United F.C. players
Category:English Football League players


Ribagorçan dialect

Ribagorçan (autonym: ribagorsano,  or ribagorzano, ; , ; , ) is a number of Romance dialects spoken in the modern territories of the medieval County of Ribagorza, in northern Spain.

The area corresponds to the modern administrative units of Ribagorza/Ribagorça and La Litera/La Llitera, in the province of Huesca, Aragon, and Alta Ribagorça in the province of Lleida, Catalonia. Today, depending on provincial and regional perspectives, Ribagorçan may be described in Aragon as transitional to Catalan, or in Catalonia as transitional to Aragonese.  Eastern dialects in the area tend to be classified as Catalan, and western dialects as Aragonese, with a small central area of more difficult classification.

Historically, the county and its dialect was influenced by its political alliances, conquerors and rulers—ranging from the Romans to the Goths, Navarrese, the Franks, Moors, Castilians and Catalans.  As such, the spoken language evolved from a variant of Vulgar Latin and was influenced along the way by its geo-linguistic neighbors—Basque, Gascon (Occitan), Castilian, French, Aragonese and Catalan.

Written language
Being predominantly a spoken language, written documents are scarce, but they do exist—most notably, the Pastoradas of Benabarre compiled by Ricardo del Arco as well the writings of Tonón de Baldomera and poetry of Cleto Torrodellas; and more recently works by Ana Tena Puy, Carmen Castán and Bienvenido Mascaray Sin.

With the recognition of Aragonese as a language in 2003, intra-regional identities, among them Ribagorçan, have gained strength, and there is renewed interest in preserving, teaching and developing the local dialects commonly referred to as "fabla".

Linguistic characteristics
In Aragon, the dialect in Ribagorza can be clustered into 2 main groups: Upper and Lower Ribagorçan defined by an isogloss line running east–west from the Turbón mountain. However locals prefer to demarcate 3 subdialects:
 Upper, or altorribagorzano (also called Benasquese in Benasque; transitional Catalan, Aragonese and Gascon dialect)
 Middle, or meyorribagorzano (transitional to Upper and Lower), as exemplified by the language spoken in Campo;
 Lower, or baxorribagorzano, spoken in and south of Graus, and more influenced by Castilian.

In Catalonia the Ribagorçan dialect spoken in the county of Alta Ribagorça, is also clustered. A dialectal variant exemplified by the Ribagorçan speakers of Pont de Suert, is Catalan dominant transitional to Aragonese with some traits of Aranese Gascon.

Phonology
Some features include:
 Palatalization of  in consonant clusters (i.e. ); e.g., pllou  ('it rains'), cllau  ('key')
 General loss of Latin final unstressed vowels except for , as in Catalan. Moving westward preserved final  is more frequent.
 Occasional diphthongization of Romance short vowels:  → ;  → , becoming more generalized moving westward; e.g., Latin  → tierra ; Latin  → puent
 Occasional interdental fricative as reflex of to Latin  before front vowels; e.g., cinc  ('five'). This feature gets more general moving westward (cf. Eastern Ribagorçan and Catalan cinc ).
 Different results for 2nd person plural endings of verbs (Latin -), from west to east: -z  (as in some western variants of Aragonese), -tz  (as in Occitan) or -u  (as in modern Catalan).
 Different results from the Romance voiced prepalatal affricate ( from i-, dj- and gj-), from west to east:  (as in some occidental variants of Aragonese and apitxat Valencian),  (as in medieval Catalan and most of contemporary Valencian and Occitan),  (as in most of contemporary Catalan). E.g., óvens (Western Ribagorza), óvens (Eastern Ribagorçan) ('young ones').
 Loss of final  of infinitives and polysyllabic words, a feature shared with most of contemporary Catalan (except Valencian variants). E.g., Latin  → muller  ('woman'), Vulgar Latin  → treballar  ('to work')

Morphology and Syntax
 Preterite formed with auxiliary forms derived from Latin  + infinitive, e.g., va fer  ('he/she did'), a feature shared with Catalan that is characteristic of Western Aragonese dialects westward from Gistaín valley.

References

Bibliography
 Arnal Purroy, María Luisa & Naval López, Maria Ángeles. Lengua y literatura de unos poemas en ribagorzano (1861–1888). Archivo de Filología Aragonesa XLII-XLIII. 1989.

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20101008230040/http://www.elenachazal.com/aragones.html
http://www.labullanga.com/dicxionario.htm#arriba
Ribagorzano en la Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa On Line
 Óscar Latas Alegre.  Os bocables recullitos por Jean J. Saroïhandy en Zanui, Revista ROLDE 114, (December 2005),  pp. 44–49.

Category:Aragonese dialects
Category:Catalan dialects

an:Aragonés ribagorzano
ca:Català ribagorçà


Vladislav Rudenko

Vladislav Igorevich Rudenko (; born 15 March 1996) is a Russian football player. He plays for FC Luch Vladivostok.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Professional Football League for FC Taganrog on 28 March 2015 in a game against FC Alania Vladikavkaz.

On 30 May 2016, he came on as a substitute with 19 minutes left in the game of his FC SKA Rostov-on-Don against FC Astrakhan and scored a hat-trick in the next 12 minutes.

He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Avangard Kursk on 24 July 2018 in a game against FC Spartak-2 Moscow.

References

External links
 Profile by Russian Professional Football League

Category:1996 births
Category:Living people
Category:Russian footballers
Category:FC SKA Rostov-on-Don players
Category:Association football forwards
Category:FC Avangard Kursk players
Category:FC Luch Vladivostok players


Kalle Kaakko-oja

Kalle Kaakko-oja (1 February 1875, Kuru - 7 May 1942) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1910 to 1913, representing the Finnish Party.

References

Category:1875 births
Category:1942 deaths
Category:People from Ylöjärvi
Category:People from Häme Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Category:Finnish Party politicians
Category:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1910–11)
Category:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1911–13)


William P. Warnock House

The William P. Warnock House, at 501 S. 5th St. in Enterprise, Oregon, is a -story historic house was built in 1910 and has been the largest house in Enterprise.  It includes elements of Colonial Revival, Bungalow/craftsman, and Queen Anne architecture.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.  It was deemed significant for its architecture and its good preservation, as well as for its association with W. P. Warnock, a pioneer of Wallowa County, who had the house built for his children to attend school in Enterprise.

References

Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Category:Queen Anne architecture in Oregon
Category:Colonial Revival architecture in Oregon
Category:Houses completed in 1910
Category:Houses in Wallowa County, Oregon
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Wallowa County, Oregon
Category:Buildings and structures in Enterprise, Oregon


Sphaerodactylus caicosensis

Sphaerodactylus caicosensis,  also known as the Caicos banded sphaero or Caicos least gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae . It is endemic to the Caicos Islands.

References

Category:Sphaerodactylus
Category:Lizards of the Caribbean
Category:Fauna of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Category:Reptiles described in 1934
Category:Taxa named by Doris Mable Cochran


Nemophora albiciliellus

Nemophora albiciliellus is a moth of the family Adelidae. It is found in Spain.

The wingspan is 14-16.5 mm.

Taxonomy
This species was previously considered a synonym of Nemophora barbatellus.

References

External links
lepiforum.de

Category:Moths described in 1859
Category:Adelidae
Category:Moths of Europe


Gemmula kieneri

Gemmula kieneri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

Its mineralized tissue is made up of calcium carbonate. One may find it in a water depth of 50m (min) to 346m (max).

References

 Cernohorsky, Walter O. "Taxonomic notes on some deep-water Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Malagasy Republic." Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum (1987): 123-134.

Category:Turridae
Category:Gastropods described in 1840


Test of Submission

Test of Submission is an album by the band Dysrhythmia. It is their first album with Profound Lore Records.

Track listing
 "In Secrecy" - 5:11
 "Test of Submission" - 4:54
 "The Line Always Snaps" - 6:06
 "Running Towards the End" - 5:41
 "In the Spirit of Catastrophe" - 7:02
 "The Madness of Three" - 4:34
 "Like Chameleons" - 4:03
 "In Consequence" - 7:45

Personnel
 Kevin Hufnagel – guitar
 Colin Marston – bass
 Jeff Eber – drums

References

Category:Dysrhythmia (band) albums


Escuadrón Fénix

The Phoenix Squadron () was a special unit of the Argentine Air Force formed during the 1982 Falklands War.

History

The Argentine Air Force reconnaissance force at that time was formed around the Grupo 1 Aerofotográfico () part of the 2nd Air Brigade equipped with two Learjet 35As and based at Parana province of Entre Rios.

In April 1982, the unit was deployed to Comodoro Rivadavia and was reinforced with several civilian planes and their civilian pilots who volunteered to fly them.

During the war, the Learjets performed 52 missions including search and reconnaissance flights, communications retransmission flights, and pathfinder flights to guide combat jets with the Learjets’ superior navigation systems.

The unit's most difficult missions were 126 sorties in which the Learjets acted as decoys, flying day and night to simulate strike aircraft preparing to attack the fleet. Many believe that most of the Argentine A-4 Skyhawks and Daggers successes were achieved because the British Sea Harriers had been drawn away from more important targets :

On one of these flights, on June 7, an Air Force Learjet was shot down over Pebble Island by a surface-to-air Sea Dart missile fired by HMS Exeter, killing the squadron commander, Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina, and the other four members of the crew. De La Colina became the highest ranking Argentine officer to die in the War.

Civilian helicopters were also added to the unit for use in the search and rescue role in the continent. Most notably, Sikorsky S-61N LV-OCN and Sikorsky S-58T LV-OCM.

Casualties

Argentine Air Force Learjet 35 T-24 crew:

Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina (pilot)
Major Juan Falconier (co-pilot)
Captain Marcelo Lotufo (photographer)
Staff Sub-Officer Francisco Luna (mechanic)
Assistant Sub-Officer Guido Marizza (mechanic).

References

Notes

External links
Escuadron Fenix (Spanish)

Category:Argentine Air Force
Category:Military units and formations of Argentina in the Falklands War


Andriy Pogrebnyak

Andriy Pogrebnyak (; born 11 February 1988) is a Ukrainian foil fencer, bronze medallist in the 2008 European Fencing Championships.

Pogrebnyak won the Ukraine national championship in 2013 and 2014.

References

External links

  (archive)

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Ukrainian male fencers
Category:Ukrainian foil fencers
Category:Sportspeople from Kiev


Elmira Jackals

The Elmira Jackals were a professional minor league ice hockey team based in Elmira, New York. They were members of the United Hockey League from 2000 to 2007 and the ECHL from 2007 to 2017. The Jackals played their home games at the First Arena.

On March 10, 2017, after unsuccessfully trying to the sell the team and the arena, the Chemung County Industrial Development Agency made an agreement to sell the arena to Brian Barrett but not the Jackals. The Jackals would fold after the end of the season.

History

United Hockey League (2000–2007)
The Jackals were founded as a member of the United Hockey League before the 2000–01 season and were affiliated with the National Hockey League's Columbus Blue Jackets. Eventually, they severed ties with the Blue Jackets and were unaffiliated for the rest of their years in the UHL. During this time, their average attendance was 3,080 per game and they had 31 sellouts. Their largest crowd was a standing-room of 4,000, on October 13, 2006.

Prior to their first season, their home arena was still not complete and the Jackals spent the first 10 games of their inaugural season on the road. The Jackals returned to their unfinished arena in Elmira for their first home game, on November 11, 2000. The arena still had a crowd of 3,378 in the Jackals' 5–2 win. Overall, the Jackals finished that season 32–33–9 for second place in the Northeast Division and a berth in the UHL playoffs. Elmira was named franchise of the year for the UHL. The Jackals lost in the first round.

In their second season, the Jackals earned a 45–21–8 record with 98 points for first in the East in the regular season. In the playoffs, they won Eastern Conference Championship before falling to the Muskegon Fury in the Colonial Cup finals four-games-to-two. The Jackals returned the Colonial Cup finals again two years later in 2004. They once again lost to the Fury in a four-game sweep.

In 2004–05, the Jackals fired head coach Todd Brost mid-season after posting a 19–35–5 record. Brost was replaced by former Philadelphia Flyers' tough guy Dave Schultz but then posted a 5–16–0 record. The Jackals did not qualify for the playoffs for the first time. Shultz was then replaced by Perry Florio for the 2005–06 season. After another unsuccessful season, the Jackals hired a new general manager, Robbie Nichols, and a new coach, Kris Waltze. At the beginning of the 2006–07 season, Waltze posted a 13–13–0 record before being demoted to assistant coach and Nichols taking over as head coach. Nichols led the team to a 9–12–1 before he suffered a minor stroke during an away game. Paul Gillis then filled in as head coach for the remainder of the season where the Jackals would finish last in the division.

ECHL (2007–2017)
During the 2007 offseason, the Jackals joined the ECHL with a new logo, jerseys and coach Steve Martinson. They became affiliates of the National Hockey League's Columbus Blue Jackets and American Hockey League's Syracuse Crunch. Returning from a loss in Cincinnati, the team bus was involved in crash on Interstate 90 in Pennsylvania early in the morning of November 29, 2007, where several players sustained minor injuries. After three seasons of being out of playoff contention in the United Hockey League, the Jackals qualified for the 2008 Kelly Cup playoffs. The Jackals completed the season with a 41–24–0–7 with 89 points to finish second in the North Division. However, their success was short lived as they lost in the conference quarterfinals to the Reading Royals, 4-games-to-2.

The Jackals severed ties with the Blue Jackets and Crunch at the conclusion of the 2007–08 season and became the affiliates of the NHL's Ottawa Senators and AHL's Binghamton Senators. During the 2008–09 regular season, the Jackals went 39–26–2–5 for 85 points to finish third in the North Division. The Jackals were able to clinch a playoff berth but fell in the second round to the Cincinnati Cyclones, 4-games-to-0. The team further improved under Martinson during the 2009–10 regular season when the Jackals finished first in the East Division and made the ECHL playoffs for the third straight season. However, the Jackals fell in the first round to the Florida Everblades, 4-games-to-1.

In 2010, the Jackals affiliated with the NHL's Anaheim Ducks and their AHL affiliate, the Syracuse Crunch, giving the Jackals a dual NHL affiliation for the first time (as they were still affiliated the Senators). Head coach Steve Martinson, who had been with the franchise since its inaugural year in the ECHL, signed with the Chicago Express, a new expansion team of the ECHL, leaving Elmira with a 117–76–23 record. Malcolm Cameron succeeded Martinson as head coach before the 2010–11 season but was replaced mid-season by former coach and general manager Robbie Nichols. The Jackals finished the season with a third-place finish in the North Division and their fourth consecutive ECHL playoff berth but fell in the first round to the Greenville Road Warriors, 3-games-to-1.

Ownership issues (2012–2017)
Pat Bingham was then hired as head coach for the 2011–12 season. On February 21, 2012, the Jackals season was threatened after the Arena owner failed to pay $136,234 in taxes for three years and being hit with a foreclosure order by Chemung County. The Jackals continued to play not knowing if or when they would be locked out by the County. Jackals and First Arena's general manager, Robbie Nichols, and assistant general manager, Don Lewis, were fired in January 2012 and replaced by Matt Hufnagel. The operator of First Arena filed two lawsuits, one against Nichols and Lewis and the other against Chemung County, the County Executive, County Treasurer and Southern Tier Economic Development. This statement by the owner's lawyers was released: "The truth will come out. Fact of the matter is the money was here to pay the taxes. And the fact is Robbie Nichols told the Afrs it was paid." Afr, the Jackals and First Arena owner requested that the Legislature hold off their vote until June 30, 2012, to continue the foreclosure proceedings. On the ice, the Jackals had their best ECHL season and Bingham led the Jackals to a 45–22–5 record and captured the Eastern Conference regular season title. The Jackals advanced to the 2012 Kelly Cup playoffs for their fifth straight season, falling in the second round to the Florida Everblades, 4-games-to-1.

On May 30, 2012, the County entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with Elmira Downtown Arena and Southern Tier Economic Development to allow Elmira Downtown Arena to continue operating the First Arena for the 2012–13 season. The Legislature ratified the agreement on July 9, 2012. On July 24, 2012, the County announced that First Arena would be sold to local businessman Tom Freeman, at the completion of the 2012–13 season. On September 8, 2012, Jackals head coach Pat Bingham resigned one month before the season started. The Jackals were able to find a quick replacement by announcing Dwight Mullens as the team's new coach.

On April 10, 2013, the Jackals held a press conference to name Tom Freeman and Nathan Cook the new owners of the First Arena and the Jackals. Now under the new ownership, the Jackals completed the 2013–14 season with a 24–40–3–5 record and third place in the Atlantic Division but missed the playoffs for the first time since joining the ECHL in 2007.

The Devils decided to not renew their affiliation with the Jackals for the 2014–15 season  and the Jackals would also not renew their affiliation agreement with the NHL's Ottawa Senators. Instead, they signed a multi-year agreement to be the ECHL affiliate of the NHL's Buffalo Sabres and the AHL's Rochester Americans. The Jackals would also hire Jamie Russell as head coach. At the start of the season, the Jackals announced that they were now "community owned." Any profit above operating cost would be turned over to a local board of directors who would decide how the money should be invested in the community. However, despite an increase in average attendance from 2,200 in 2013–14 to 2,557 in 2014–15, the team still lost money. The owner indicated that an attendance of 3,200 would have been  the break-even point for a profit. In 2015–16, the Jackals set a team record of 21 road wins, missed the playoffs for the third straight year, and the average attendance was still only 2,500 per game.

On April 28, 2016, the Chemung County Executive announced that the Chemung County Industrial Development Agency (IDA) would assume temporary ownership of First Arena and the Jackals until a new owner can be found. The move was made due to the ongoing team losses and the ability to pay rent to the Arena combined with the County's interest in maintaining the viability of the arena and the team. The IDA announced they would use $1 million to pay off team debts so any new owner can have a nearly clean financial slate.

After the 2015–16 season, head coach Jamie Russell left the organization after two seasons and no playoff appearances. On July 25, 2016, the Jackals announced David Leger as the new head coach for the 2016–17 season. Under Leger, the team struggled and was in last place in the league, leading management to release him on January 13, 2017. He was replaced by assistant coach Mike Duco on an interim basis.

On March 10, 2017, the IDA announced that it had an agreement to sell First Arena to local businessman Brian Barrett. As part of the agreement, it was announced that the Elmira Jackals would cease operations at the end of the season. The Jackals played their final game on April 8, a 5–0 loss at home to the Adirondack Thunder.

By June 2017, Barrett backed out of the negotiations with the county and First Arena remained operated by the IDA. One year later, the Federal Hockey League expanded to Elmira with the Elmira Enforcers in 2018, owned by Elmira Pioneers co-owner Robbie Nichols.

Season-by-season record

Affiliates

National Hockey League
Columbus Blue Jackets (2000–03; 2007–08)
Ottawa Senators (2008–14)
Anaheim Ducks (2010–12)
New Jersey Devils (2013–14)
Buffalo Sabres (2014–17)

American Hockey League
Syracuse Crunch (2000–03; 2007–08; 2010–12)
Binghamton Senators (2008–14)
Albany Devils (2013–14)
Rochester Americans (2014–17)

Federal Hockey League
Danbury Whalers (2011–14)
Williamsport Outlaws (2012–13)

References

External links

 Elmira Jackals official website
 Local Newspaper – Jackals articles

Category:ECHL teams
Category:Defunct ECHL teams
Category:Ice hockey clubs established in 2000
Category:Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 2017
Category:Buffalo Sabres minor league affiliates
Category:Rochester Americans
Category:Ice hockey teams in New York (state)


Pars descendens

Pars descendens may refer to:

 Descending aorta, also known by the Latin term pars descendens aortae
 Descending limb of loop of Henle, also known by the Latin term pars descendens ansa nephrica''


Kalima Amankulova

Kalima Amankulova (born 1915) was a Soviet Kyrgyzstanian politician. She was Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic in 1938.  Her office as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet nominally made her "Head of the Republic".

See also
Politics of Kyrgyzstan

References

Category:1915 births
Category:Possibly living people
Category:Soviet politicians
Category:Kyrgyzstani politicians
Category:Kyrgyzstani women in politics
Category:Soviet women in politics
Category:20th-century women politicians


Qiangba Puncog

Qiangba Puncog, also spelled Champa Phuntsok (; ; born in May 1947) was the chairman of the government of Tibet Autonomous Region of China from 2003 until January 2010. He is of Tibetan ethnicity. He was most visible in public during the 2008 Tibetan unrest, receiving diplomats and journalists. Qiangba Puncog resigned as chairman on January 12, 2010, and subsequently began serving as chairman of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

Biography
Qiangba Puncog was born in Chamdo, Tibet in May 1947. He graduated from Chongqing University, and he joined in the Communist Party of China in 1974.

References

Category:1947 births
Category:Living people
Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Tibet
Category:Tibetan politicians
Category:Communist Party of China politicians from Tibet
Category:People from Chamdo
Category:Political office-holders in Tibet


Pasarela

Pasarela may refer to:

"Pasarela" (Dalmata song), a song by Dalmata
"Pasarela" (Daddy Yankee song), a song by Daddy Yankee


Ilana Kurshan

Ilana Kurshan is an American-Israeli author who lives in Jerusalem.  She is best known for her memoir of Talmud study amidst life as a single woman, a married woman, and a mother, If All the Seas Were Ink.

Personal life
Kurshan was raised on Long Island as the daughter of a Conservative rabbi and an executive at UJA-Federation of New York.  She graduated from Huntington High School, Harvard College, and Cambridge University, where she studied the History of Science and English Literature.  She worked as an editor and literary agent in New York before moving to Jerusalem with her first husband for his rabbinic studies.  Although her first marriage quickly crumbled, Kurshan stayed in Jerusalem, working as a translator and foreign-rights agent.  In her memoir, she describes how she found a lifeline in the Daf Yomi, the daily study of the Babylonian Talmud, applying its richness to her life as first a single woman, and then as a remarried wife and mother.

Professional career
In addition to her own books, Kurshan has translated books by Ruth Calderon and Binyamin Lau from Hebrew to English. She is the Book Review Editor for Lilith Magazine, and her writings have appeared in Lilith, The Forward, The World Jewish Digest, Hadassah, Nashim, Zeek, Kveller, and Tablet.

Selected works
 If All the Seas Were Ink, 2017
 Why is This Night Different from All Other Nights?: The Four Questions Around the World,2008

References

External links
 Ilana Kurshan's web site.

Category:Living people
Category:People from Huntington, New York
Category:American women writers
Category:Israeli women writers
Category:Jewish women writers
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:American emigrants to Israel


Pioneer Springs Community School

Pioneer Springs Community School is a charter school in Charlotte metropolitan area, South Carolina, Unite States.

The school was founded in 2012 as a small, low-tuition private school. The school was converted to a public charter school in 2014.

References

External links

 North Carolina Report Card

Category:Schools in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
Category:Public elementary schools in North Carolina
Category:Educational institutions established in 2006
Category:2006 establishments in North Carolina


Left realism

Left realism emerged in criminology from critical criminology as a reaction against what was perceived to be the left's failure to take a practical interest in everyday crime, allowing right realism to monopolize the political agenda on law and order. Left realism argues that crime disproportionately affects working-class people, but that solutions that only increase repression serve to make the crime problem worse. Instead they argue that the root causes of crime lie in relative deprivation, although preventive measures and policing are necessary, but these should be democratically controlled.

Pat Carlen (1992) suggests that the main tenets of left realism are theoretical and political:

 Theoretical
 'The basic triangle of relations which is the proper subject-matter of criminology [is] - the offender, the state and the victim' (Young, 1986) (since altered to include society at large, see The Square of Crime)
 Theoretical explanations must be symmetrical - there must be the same explanation for social action and reaction.
 'Man is a creator of human nature' (Young, 1987), and therefore explanations of crime should not be deterministic and people should be seen as being responsible for their actions.

 Political
 Crime is a real problem and especially to working-class people who suffer disproportionately from personal crime, such as robbery, assault, burglary and rape.
 The 'left' should attempt to develop a credible (populist?) approach to crime control in order to prevent the 'right' from having a monopoly of the 'crime problem'.
 The purpose of theorizing should be to make practical interventions into law and order issues.
 In order to reduce crime there is a need to achieve a higher level of cooperation between police and public, and this will be best achieved by a democratization of local control of the police."

Break with left idealism
Left Realism emerged from critical criminology taking issue with "the two major socialist currents in criminology since the war: reformism and left idealism", criticising 'the moral panics of the mass media or the blatant denial of left idealism'

Critique of establishment criminology
Writing years later, Jock Young summed up Critical criminology's criticism of establishment criminology by saying

The essential flaw of establishment criminology is, of course, the attempt to explain crime without touching upon reality, constantly to distance explanation from basic social and economic problems of a divided society.

Establishment of left realism
Left Realism set down a marker in the United Kingdom with the work of Lea and Young (1984) as representative of a group of academics: Richard Kinsey, John Lea, Roger Matthews, Geoff Pearson, and Jock Young. The group saw themselves as facing up to the challenge thrown down by Ian Taylor in Law and Order: Arguments for Socialism for the left to take crime seriously.

In What is to be Done About Law and Order? (1986), Young and Lea set out three main policies of left realism:

 Demarginalisation
"Realists would argue for alternatives to prison", they would advocate "measures such as community service orders, victim restitution schemes, and widespread release from prison" which would stop "the severance of the moral bond with the community. The institutions that are involved in controlling crime and criminals must epitomise justice"

 Pre-emptive deterrence
"Environmental and public precautions against crime are always dismissed by left idealists and reformers as not relating to the heart of the matter. Environmental and public precautions against crime distract us from the real concerns... On the contrary, the organisation of communities in an attempt to pre-empt crime is of the utmost importance"

 Minimal use of prison
"Prisons should only be used in those circumstances where there is extreme danger to the community... Life inside should be as free and as 'normal' as possible. Such a demand is not humanitarian idealism - it is based on the simple fact that the result of prison experience is to produce pitiful inadequates or hardened criminals"

Left realism however, did not isolate itself completely from Critical Criminology. John Lea, for example, took issue with Stan Cohen's characterisation of retreating from previous theoretical gains

Theoretical contributions

Crime statistics and local victimization surveys
According to Young, "For Left Realism, the social survey is a democratic instrument: it gives a picture of consumer demand and satisfaction."

Left realists argue that the national victimization research, such as the British Crime Survey, can be used to give an average risk rate that ignores the variations in crime between areas. Such studies can be used to view people's fear of crime as 'irrational'. According to Young, "The (local) victimization survey accurately provides a map of the problems of an area. Although based on public input, it delivers what any individual member of the public is ignorant of: that is how private problems are publicly distributed."

Further more "at certain parts of the social structure, we have a compounding of social problems. If we were to draw up a map of the city outlining areas of high infant mortality, bad housing, unemployment, poor nutrition, etc., we would find that these maps would coincide and that further, the outline traced would correspond to those areas of high criminal victimization... Further, this compounding of social problems occurs against those who are more or less vulnerable because of their position in the social structure. That is, people who have the least power socially suffer most from crime."

Left realists conducted local victimisation surveys in Islington, Hammersmith and Fulham, Broadwater Farm and Merseyside.

Square of crime
One of left realism's most substantial contributions to criminology is the square of crime. Expanding on "The basic triangle of relations which is the proper subject-matter of criminology [is] - the offender, the state and the victim" (Young, 1986), Young proceeded to add the public (civil society) to this to create the four corners of a square, with the offender and victim at one side (the actors) and the state and civil society at the other (the reactors).

According to Young, "Any changes in one of these factors will affect the crime rate... The point here is that crime cannot be simply explained in terms of crime control agencies, and that the agencies involved in crime control are much wider than in the criminal justice system."

Young continues, "The police-public relationship is central the interaction between all the parts is also important. For example, the police and agency response to victims greatly affects the actual impact of victimisation and in certain instances, such as rape and sexual assault, can even involve what has been termed 'secondary victimisation'. That is where the victim herself becomes further stigmatised by police and courts. All of this, particularly in terms of willingness (and wariness) to report to the police, affects the official crime rate and the possibilities of clear-up."

Relative deprivation
Young (1994) argues that there is an aetiological crisis, i.e. there is a lack of explanation for the fact that reported crime rises during both economic good times and bad times. Aetiology assumes fundamental importance. If the cause of crime is injustice, then its solution must lie in this direction. If poor conditions cause crime, it must be impossible to prevent crime without changing these circumstances. Furthermore, it follows that it must be wrong to punish the offender for conditions beyond his or her control. This would be punishing the criminal and
blaming the victim. The social democratic brand of positivism, although sensing that injustice was the root cause of crime, either deflected its attentions to purely individual deprivation (e.g. maternal deprivation, broken homes, etc.) or made the fundamental mistake of believing that
ameliorating deprivation quantitatively in an absolute sense (e.g. raising standards of education, housing, etc.) would solve the problem of relative deprivation. Young distinguishes the structural approach of other Left-wing theorists, and posits that most crime is minor, amateurish, sporadic, and intra-class, i.e. committed by working class offenders on working class victims. He rejects the positivist view that unemployment or poverty causes crime, but prefers Merton's theory of anomie and Subcultural Theory which focus on the lack of opportunity to achieve social status and economic expectations: a lack most commonly felt by the most disadvantaged sections of the community. He believes that the majority of criminals hold conventional social values, reflecting the need to achieve material success or social status in a competitive society where sexism, racism, machismo and other ideological forms affect outcomes. Indeed, criminal behaviour could be characterised as the operation of capitalist principles, i.e. the investment of labour for a return, but in an illegitimate form.

For left realism, "Discontent is a product of relative, not absolute, deprivation... Sheer poverty, for example, does not necessarily lead to a subculture of discontent; it may, just as easily, lead to quiescence and fatalism. Discontent occurs when comparisons between comparable groups are made which suggest that unnecessary injustices are occurring... Exploitative cultures have existed for generations without extinction: it is the perception of injustice - relative deprivation - which counts."

Young argues that relative deprivation is the most probable cause of criminality because people whose progress towards fulfilling expectations has stalled grow more aware of the injustice and unfairness in a society that allows inequality to arise, and this in turn breeds political disenchantment. At a societal level, this disenchantment may lead to rioting. At an individual level, theft and burglary may seem an appropriate means to redress the balance. This may be seen as an appropriate means of furthering the "just cause" to throw off oppression. Realists tend to not see crime as some form of revolutionary challenge to the ruling class. Rather, they say, crime is a reactionary form of behaviour which demonstrates the absence of real political solutions to the experience of degradation and exploitation suffered by the working class, thus making individual crime devoid of political agenda. The majority fear crime regardless of social class and wish to find ways of eliminating it so as to create a secure environment. This creates a "problem of order" for a government which has the political responsibility to maintain an orderly society, and is accountable to an electorate likely to find disorder and chaos high on their political agenda.

After the 1997 Labour Party victory
Criminologists such as Roger Hopkins Burke see left realism as 'very influential with the 'New' Labour Government elected in 1997' suggesting that acts such as the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act which combined measures that ensured offenders had to take responsibility for their actions and policies to tackle social and economic exclusion. However, whilst noting that social exclusion was "...a key term in the policies of New Labour", Jock Young commented that they used the 'weak thesis' of social exclusion where such exclusion is self-imposed by a lazy and idle underclass, a value shared with the previous Conservative administration.

External links
John Lea's website.
Jock Young's articles.

Key articles
Kinsey, Richard; Lea, John & Young, Jock. (1986). Losing the Fight Against Crime. London: Blackwell.
Lea, John. (1987). Left Realism: A Defence. Contemporary Crises.
Lea, John & Young, Jock. (1984). What Is To Be Done About Law and Order — Crisis in the Eighties. Harmondsworth: Penguin. (Pluto Press revised edition: 1993).
Matthews, Roger & Young, Jock. (2003). The New Politics of Crime and Punishment. Willan Publishing.
Matthews, Roger & Young, Jock. (eds.). (1992) Rethinking Criminology: The Realist Debate. (Sage Contemporary Criminology). London: Sage.
Matthews, Roger & Young, Jock (eds.). (1992) Issues in Realist Criminology. Sage Contemporary Criminology Series. London: Sage.
Taylor, Ian. (1982). Law and Order: Arguments for Socialism.
Young, Jock. (ed.). (1994). The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. London; Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

References

DeKeseredy, W; MacLean, B & Schwartz, M. (1997). "Thinking Critically About Left Realism" in Thinking Critically About Crime. MacLean, B & Milovanovic, D. (eds.). Vancouver: Collective Press.
Lea. John. (1993). Criminology and Postmodernity.
Lea, John. (2002). Crime and Modernity: Continuities in Left Realist Criminology. London: Sage.
Lowman, J & MacLean, J (eds.). (1992). Realist Criminology: Crime Control and Policing in the 1990s. Toronto: University of Toronto.
Merton, Robert K. (1938). "Social Structure and Anomie". American Sociological Review 3, 672-682.
Taylor, Ian. (1999). Crime in Context. A Critical Criminology of Market Societies.
Young, Jock. (1987). The increase in crime in England and Wales during the present government 1979-1986 with comparisons with the 1975-1978. Middlesex Polytechnic Centre for Criminology.
Young, Jock. (1997), "Left Realism: The Basics" in Thinking Critically About Crime. MacLean, B & Milovanovic, D. (eds.). Vancouver: Collective Press.

Category:Criminology
Category:Political realism


Nic Curry

Nic Curry is a Canadian provincial politician, who was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the riding of Kildonan in the 2016 election. He is a member of the Manitoba Progressive Conservative Party.

He did not stand for reelection in the 2019 Manitoba general election.

References

Category:Living people
Category:21st-century Canadian politicians
Category:Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba MLAs
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Gilbert Allen McKenzie

Gilbert Allen McKenzie (27 May 1915–26 May 1941) was a New Zealand disabled artist and entertainer. He was born in Invercargill, Southland, New Zealand on 27 May 1915.

References

Category:1915 births
Category:1941 deaths
Category:New Zealand artists
Category:People from Invercargill
Category:Artists with disabilities


European Universities Handball Championships

European Universities Handball Championships were included on the EUSA Sports Program in 2006 and have been organised annually since.

The European Universities Handball Championships are coordinated by the European University Sports Association along with the 18 other sports on the program of the European universities championships.

Overview

External links

References

handball
Category:Handball competitions in Europe
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2006
Category:2006 establishments in Europe


Kardi, Iran

Kardi (, also Romanized as Kardī) is a village in Mah Neshan Rural District, in the Central District of Mahneshan County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 298, in 63 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Mahneshan County


Neurulation

Neurulation refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube. The embryo at this stage is termed the neurula.

The process begins when the notochord induces the formation of the central nervous system (CNS) by signaling the ectoderm germ layer above it to form the thick and flat neural plate. The neural plate folds in upon itself to form the neural tube, which will later differentiate into the spinal cord and the brain, eventually forming the central nervous system.

Different portions of the neural tube form by two different processes, called primary and secondary neurulation, in different species.
 In primary neurulation, the neural plate creases inward until the edges come in contact and fuse.
 In secondary neurulation, the tube forms by hollowing out of the interior of a solid precursor.

Primary neurulation

Primary neural induction
The concept of induction originated in work by Pandor in the 1817. The first experiments proving induction were attributed by Viktor Hamburger to independent discoveries of both Hans Spemann of Germany in 1901 and Warren Lewis of the USA in 1904. It was Hans Spemann who first popularized the term “primary neural induction” in reference to the first differentiation of ectoderm into neural tissue during neurulation. It was called "primary" because it was thought to be the first induction event in embryogenesis. The Nobel prize winning experiment was done by his student Hilda Mangold. Ectoderm from the region of the dorsal lip of the blastopore of a developing salamander embryo was transplanted into another embryo and this "organizer" tissue “induced” the formation of a full secondary axis changing surrounding tissue in the original embryo from ectodermal to neural tissue. The tissue from the donor embryo was therefore referred to as the inducer because it induced the change. It is important to note that while the organizer is the dorsal lip the blastopore, this is not one set of cells but rather is a constantly changing group of cells that are migrating over the dorsal lip of the blastopore by forming apically constricted bottle cells. At any given time during gastrulation there will be different cells at the organizer.

Subsequent work on inducers by scientists over the 20th Century demonstrated that not only could the dorsal lip of the blastopore act as an inducer but so could a huge number of other seemingly unrelated items. This began when boiled ectoderm was found to still be able induce by Johannes Holtfreter. Items as diverse as low pH, cyclic AMP, even floor dust could act as inducers leading to considerable consternation. Even tissue which could not induce when living could induce when boiled. Other items such as lard, wax, banana peels and coagulated frog’s blood did not induce. The hunt for a chemically based inducer molecule was taken up by developmental molecular biologists and a vast literature of items shown to have inducer abilities continued to grow. More recently the inducer molecule has been attributed to genes and in 1995 there was a call for all the genes involved in primary neural induction and all their interactions to be catalogued in an effort to determine “the molecular nature of Spemann’s organizer”. Several other proteins and growth factors have also been invoked as inducers including soluble growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein, and a requirement for “inhibitory signals” such as noggin and follistatin.

Even before the term induction was popularized several authors, beginning with Hans Driesch in 1894, suggested that primary neural induction might be mechanical in nature. A mechanochemical based model for primary neural induction was proposed in 1985 by Brodland &Gordon.  An actual physical wave of contraction has been shown to originate from the precise location of the Spemann organizer which then traverses the presumptive neural epithelium and a full working model of how primary neural inductions was proposed in 2006. There has long been a general reluctance in the field to consider the possibility that primary neural induction might be initiated by mechanical effects. A full explanation for primary neural induction remains to be found.

Shape change
As neurulation proceeds after induction the cells of the neural plate become high-columnar and can be identified through microscopy as different from the surrounding presumptive epithelial ectoderm (epiblastic endoderm in amniotes). The cells move laterally and away from the central axis and change into a truncated pyramid shape. This pyramid shape is achieved through tubulin and actin in the apical portion of the cell which constricts as they move. The variation in cell shapes is partially determined by the location of the nucleus within the cell, causing bulging in areas of the cells forcing the height and shape of the cell to change. This process is known as apical constriction. The result is a flattening of the differentiating neural plate which is particularly obvious in salamanders when the previously round gastrula becomes a rounded ball with a flat top. See Neural plate

Folding
The process of the flat neural plate folding into the cylindrical neural tube is termed primary neurulation. As a result of the cellular shape changes, the neural plate forms the medial hinge point (MHP) . The expanding epidermis puts pressure on the MHP and causes the neural plate to fold resulting in neural folds and the creation of the neural groove. The neural folds form dorsolateral hinge points (DLHP) and pressure on this hinge causes the neural folds to meet and fuse at the midline. The fusion requires the regulation of cell adhesion molecules. The neural plate switches from E-cadherin expression to N-cadherin and N-CAM expression to recognize each other as the same tissue and close the tube. This change in expression stops the binding of the neural tube to the epidermis. Neural plate folding is a complicated step.

The notochord plays an integral role in the development of the neural tube. Prior to neurulation, during the migration of epiblastic endoderm cells towards the hypoblastic endoderm, the notochordal process opens into an arch termed the notochordal plate and attaches overlying neuroepithelium of the neural plate. The notochordal plate then serves as an anchor for the neural plate and pushes the two edges of the plate upwards while keeping the middle section anchored. Some of the notochodral cells become incorporated into the center section neural plate to later form the floor plate of the neural tube. The notochord plate separates and forms the solid notochord.

The folding of the neural tube to form an actual tube does not occur all at once. Instead, it begins approximately at the level of the fourth somite at Carnegie stage 9 (around Embryonic day 20 in humans). The lateral edges of the neural plate touch in the midline and join together. This continues both cranially (toward the head) and caudally (toward the tail). The openings that are formed at the cranial and caudal regions are termed the cranial and caudal neuropores.  In human embryos, the cranial neuropore closes approximately on day 24 and the caudal neuropore on day 28. Failure of the cranial (superior) and caudal (inferior) neuropore closure results in conditions called anencephaly and spina bifida, respectively. Additionally, failure of the neural tube to close throughout the length of the body results in a condition called rachischisis.

Patterning

According to the French Flag model where stages of development are directed by gene product gradients, several genes are considered important for inducing patterns in the open neural plate especially for the development of neurogenic placodes. These placodes first become evident histologically in the open neural plate. After sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling from the notochord induces its formation, the floor plate of the incipient neural tube also secretes SHH.  After closure, the neural tube forms a basal or floor plate and a roof or alar plate in response to the combined effects of SHH and factors including BMP4 secreted by the roof plate. The basal plate forms most of the ventral portion of the nervous system, including the motor portion of the spinal cord and brain stem; the alar plate forms the dorsal portions, devoted mostly to sensory processing.

The dorsal epidermis expresses BMP4 and BMP7. The roof plate of the neural tube responds to those signals by expressing more BMP4 and other transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signals to form a dorsal/ventral gradient among the neural tube. The notochord expresses SHH. The floor plate responds to SHH by producing its own SHH and forming a gradient. These gradients allow for the differential expression of transcription factors.

Complexities of the model
 Neural tube closure is not entirely understood. Closure of the neural tube varies by species. In mammals closure occurs by meeting at multiple points which then close up and down. In birds neural tube closure begins at one point of the midbrain and moves anteriorly and posteriorly.

Secondary neurulation
In secondary neurulation, the neural ectoderm and some cells from the endoderm form the medullary cord. The medullary cord condenses, separates and then forms cavities. These cavities then merge to form a single tube. Secondary neurulation occurs in the posterior section of most animals but it is better expressed in birds. Tubes from both primary and secondary neurulation eventually connect at around the sixth week of development.

Early brain development
The anterior portion of the neural tube forms the three main parts of the brain: the forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and the hindbrain (rhombencephalon). These structures initially appear just after neural tube closure as bulges called brain vesicles in a pattern specified by anterior-posterior patterning genes, including Hox genes, other transcription factors such as Emx, Otx, and Pax genes, and secreted signaling factors such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and Wnts.  These brain vesicles further divide into subregions. The prosencephalon gives rise to the telencephalon and diencephalon, and the rhombencephalon generates the metencephalon and myelencephalon.  The hindbrain, which is the evolutionarily most ancient part of the chordate brain, also divides into different segments called rhombomeres.  The rhombomeres generate many of the most essential neural circuits needed for life, including those that control respiration and heart rate, and produce most of the cranial nerves.  Neural crest cells form ganglia above each rhombomere.  The early neural tube is primarily composed of the germinal neuroepithelium, later called the ventricular zone, which contains primary neural stem cells called radial glial cells and serves as the main source of neurons produced during brain development through the process of neurogenesis.

Non-neural ectoderm tissue

Paraxial mesoderm surrounding the notochord at the sides will develop into the somites (future muscles, bones, and contributes to the formation of limbs of the vertebrate ).

Neural crest cells

Masses of tissue called the neural crest that are located at the very edges of the lateral plates of the folding neural tube separate from the neural tube and migrate to become a variety of different but important cells.

Neural crest cells will migrate through the embryo and will give rise to several cell populations, including pigment cells and the cells of the peripheral nervous system.

Neural tube defects

Failure of neurulation, especially failure of closure of the neural tube are among the most common and disabling birth defects in humans, occurring in roughly 1 in every 500 live births.

See also

 Embryonic differentiation waves
 Neural fold
 Neural plate
 Neural crest

References

Further reading

External links
 Overview at uvm.edu
 Neurulation Animation

Category:Neurulation
Category:Embryology of nervous system


Dugo Polje (Sokobanja)

Dugo Polje is a village in the municipality of Sokobanja, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 690 people.

References

Category:Populated places in Zaječar District


Kanhadade Prabandha

Kānhaḍade Prabandha is a book by Indian poet Padmanābha  written in 1455, in a western Apabhramsha dialect. The book tells the story of Raval Kanhadade (Kanhadadeva), the Chahamana ruler of Jalore.

Textual history

Padmanabha wrote Kanhadade Prabandha in 1455, in a western Apabhramsha dialect. The author was a court-poet of Akhairaja, the Chauhan Rajput king of Visalnagar. Akahiraja is said to be a descendant of the poem's hero Raval Kanhadade, through Viramade, Megalde, Ambaraja, and Khetsi.

The German Indologist Georg Bühler was the first modern scholar to write about this treatise. He noticed its manuscript in a Jain library at Tharad.

Kanhadade Prabandha has been praised as the finest work in old Gujarati or old Rajasthani, and one of the greatest Indian works written during the medieval period by eminent scholars like Muni Jinavijaya, K. M. Munshi, Dasharatha Sharma and K.B. Vyas.

The work was translated into English by V. S. Bhatnagar, a professor of History at the University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

Plot

At the beginning of the text, Padmanabha invokes Ganesha and Sarasvati to grant him the ability to recount Kanhadade's story. He extolls the Sonagiri Chauhan lineage and their capital city of Jalore.

Ulugh Khan's raid of Gujarat

The author then describes the conquest of Gujarat by the Alauddin Khalji, the Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate: Gujarat was ruled by the Baghela king Rao Karnade. One day, Rao Karande humiliated his favorite minister Madhava, killed his brother Keshava, and abducted his wife. Madhava swore revenge and instigated Alauddin Khalji to invade Gujarat.

Alauddin agreed to Madhava's plan and started planning an invasion of Gujarat. He sent envoys to all the kingdoms lying on the route connecting Delhi and Gujarat, requesting a safe passage for his army. Kanhadade of Jalore was the only king who refused to oblige to this request. He declared that allowing the Delhi army to pass through his kingdom would be against dharma because it would result in devastation of villages, enslavement of women, looting, and torture of cows and Brahmanas.

Nevertheless, Alauddin's general Ulugh Khan marched to Gujarat with a huge army. The only Rajput who offered him any resistance in Gujarat was the Modasa chief Batada, who was defeated. Karnade, the king of Gujarat, fled his capital, following which the Muslim invaders destroyed the city's temples and converted them into mosques. Ulugh Khan then sacked Somnath, where all the priests died trying to prevent him from desecrating the city's Shiva temple. Ulugh Khan returned to Delhi with the Somnath lingam, which was to be smashed in Delhi in order to prove the superiority of Islam.

Kanhadade's victory over Ulugh Khan

Next, the poet describes how Kanhadade recovered the Somnath lingam: The goddess Parvati appeared in Kanhadade's dream, urging him to rescue the lingam, as Ulugh Khan's army passed through his kingdom. Kanhadade sent his spies to Gujarat, and learned that Ulugh Khan's army was one of the grandest armies ever, and had taken hundreds of thousands of Hindus as slaves. Kanhadade gathered all the chiefs from the neighbouring principalities, and attacked the invaders (who are described as asuras or demons). With the blessings of the goddess Ashapuri, Kanhadade and his brother Maladeo defeated the Muslims, recovered the Somnath lingam, and captured Ulugh Khan's nobles Sadullah Khan and Sih Malik.

Kanhadade venerated the rescued lingam, and installed its five pieces at Soratha, Lohasing in Vagada, Abu hill, Saivadi, and a newly-built temple at Jalore. This act made the god Shiva present throughout Kanahadade's kingdom.

Invasion of Sivana

Padmanabha next describes the Siege of Siwana (Sivana): When Ulugh Khan's defeated army reached Delhi, Alauddin sent an army led by his generals Nahar Malik and Bhoja to invade Kanhadade's kingdom. The army besieged the fort of Sivana, which was held by Satala. Satala defeated the invaders, killing Nahar Malik and Bhoja.

Alauddin then personally led an army that besieged Sivana. One day, the goddess Ashapuri appeared in Kanhadade's dream, and showed him the invaders' camp. There, Satala saw Alauddin in form of the god Rudra-Shiva, and therefore, decided not to strike a blow against him. Facing a certain defeat, the women of Sivana committed suicide by self-immolation (jauhar), while the men fought to their death.

Furuzan's love for Viramade

The narrative of the poem now moves from war to love: After a skirmish between the armies of Delhi and Jalore, Alauddin decided to march to Jalore. His daughter Furuzan (also called Piroja or Sitai) told him that Kanhadade was the tenth incarnation of the god Vishnu, and would kill him if he tried to invade Jalore.

Furuzan then expressed her desire to be married to Kanhadade's son Viramade. Alauddin tried to dissuade her, offering to marry her to any Muslim prince of Khan of Yogininagar (Delhi). But Piroza declared that she would either marry Viramade or die. Alauddin yielded to her demand, and sent his envoy to Jalore with a marriage proposal and a huge dowry that included the wealthy Gujarat province and 560 million of gold and silver coins. However, Viramade mocked Alauddin for trying to subjugate Jalore through a marital alliance rather than military might. He refused Alauddin's offer, declaring that his marriage to a Turkic woman would shame all the 36 Rajput clans and disgrace his ancestor Chachigadeva.

Upon receiving Viramade's reply, Alauddin launched an invasion of Jalore. Kanhadade ordered the city of Jalore to be decorated so that Alauddin could see the grandeur and the might of his kingdom. The bastions of Jalore were decorated with silk sheets, the canopies were studded with jewels and pearls, the towers were adorned with golden spires, and the city was lighted with earthen lamps. The royal palaces and temples were whitewashed and decorated with beautiful wall paintings. Music, dance and theatre events were organized in the city. When Alauddin reached Jalore, he marveled at the heavenly city.

Alaudin's first attack on Jalore was unsuccessful: Kanhadade's army captured the invading general Shams Khan and his wife, who was a sister of Furuzan. Princess Furuzan then told Alauddin that Viramade was her husband in her previous births, and insisted that she could secure the release of the captives by telling Viramade about their relationship in their previous births. Furuzan then described their five previous births, in which she had committed sati after her husband's death. She stated that in the sixth previous birth, Viramade had been born as Prithviraja, while she had been born as Padmavati. In this particular birth, she had committed two sins. First, she had killed a cow and conjured magical incantations to usurp power from her husband, which made him deranged. Second, she had usurped the power after ordering killings of all the ministers. After Prithviraja's death at the hands of Shihab al-din, Padmavati had committed sati in Ayodhya. Because of this act of punya (good deed), she had been born in Alauddin's royal family. However, because of her two sins, she had been born in a Turkic family.

Furuzan then visited Kanhadade's kingdom, where she was received with great respect, courtesy and hospitality. However, Viramade even refused to look at her, and she accepted this as her fate because of the sins she had committed in her sixth previous birth. She managed to secure the release of Shams Khan and her sister.

Defeat of Kanhadade

Padmanabha then describes Alauddin's final invasion of Jalore: Alauddin conquered Jalore using treachery in 1311. Kanhade died in the battle, and women of the fort commit suicide by jauhar. Princess Furuzan had sent her nurse Dada Sanavar to save Viramade, if possible, or alternatively, to bring his head as a relic.  Dada Sanavar found Viramade's body, put his head in a basket of flowers, and brought it to Delhi.

When Viramade's head was presented before Furuzan in a plate, she remarked that earlier, Viramade had vowed not to even look at her face, but today, he would have to break his vow. However, the moment she came in front of Viramade's face, the head turned away. A sad Furuzan wept, and finally committed sati on the banks of the Yamuna River, holding Viramade's head in her hand.

The poem concludes with a genealogy of Viramade's descendants.

Historical value

The poem contains authentic descriptions of the contemporary groups (such as Rajputs, Brahmins and Muslims), beliefs, festivals, social life, weapons and war strategies. This makes it a work of great historical value. However, its narrative about Piroja's love for Viramade is purely imaginary.

References

Bibliography

External links

Kanhadade Prabandha in Sanskrit

Category:History of Gujarat
Category:History of Rajasthan
Category:Hindu texts
Category:History books about India
Category:1455 books
Category:15th-century Indian books
Category:Gujarati literature
Category:Rajasthani literature


Counties of Liberia

The Republic of Liberia is divided into fifteen counties.  Each is administered by a superintendent appointed by the President.

Counties

See also
List of Liberian counties by Human Development Index
Administrative divisions of Liberia
ISO 3166-2:LR

References

External links

Official Liberian Census Final Results 2008

Category:Subdivisions of Liberia
Liberia, Counties
Liberia 1
Counties, Liberia
Counties
Liberia


Ælfthryth of Mercia

Ælfthryth (, fl. AD 810s) was the wife of the Mercian King Coenwulf, and had his two children, Cynehelm and Cwoenthryth.

Ælfthryth is established as Coenwulf's wife from charter evidence, being recorded on charters dated between 804 and 817.  It is possible that Ælfthryth was Coenwulf's second wife as a charter of 799 records a different wife of Coenwulf.  Although the charter is forged, this detail is possibly accurate.

Notes

External links

Category:Anglo-Saxon royal consorts
Category:8th-century English women
Category:9th-century English women


Mount Pinchot (Oklahoma)

Mount Pinchot is the highest peak in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge of Southwest Oklahoma at 2,476 feet (755 m) above sea level. It is located toward the western edge of the WMWR. The US Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for the maintenance of the area. Mount Pinchot is located within the Wildlife Refuge's Special Use Area and is closed to the public. Special wildlife viewing tours are offered by the Refuge which take participants very near the base of the mountain.

The highest peak in the Wichita Mountains (including areas outside the Refuge) is Haley Peak, at 2,481 ft (756 m). Haley Peak (officially unnamed) is located on private property just outside the NW corner of the Refuge. [Haley Peak Elevation information from records stored at USGS/NSDI Standards Team/NGTOC III/Mid-Continent Mapping Center/Rolla MO.]

Mount Pinchot was named in honor of Gifford Pinchot who served as the first Chief of the United States Forest Service.

References

Category:Landforms of Comanche County, Oklahoma
Pinchot