List of USAF Strategic Wings assigned to the Strategic Air Command

During the tremendous U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC) expansion of the early and mid-fifties, bases become overcrowded, with some of them supporting as many as 90 B-47s and 40 KC-97s. The first B-52 wings were also extremely large - composed of 45 bombers and 15 or 20 KC-135s, all situated on one base. As the Soviet missile threat became more pronounced and warning time became less, SAC bases presented increasingly attractive targets. It was necessary to break up these large concentrations of aircraft and scatter them throughout more bases. Several KC-97 squadrons were separated from their parent B-47 wings and relocated to northern bases. The B-47 dispersal program was a long range one and would be affected primarily through the phase out of wings in the late fifties and early sixties.

With the B-52 force, which was still growing, dispersal became an active program in 1958. Basically the B-52 dispersal program called for larger B-52 wings already in existence to be broken up into three equal-sized wings of 15 aircraft each, with two of them being relocated, normally to bases of other commands. In essence, each dispersed B-52 squadron became a strategic wing. This principle would also be followed in organizing and equipping the remained of the B-52 force. Headquarters USAF established the entire force at 42 squadrons in 1958. Ideally, each B-52 wing would have an air refueling squadron of 10 or 15 aircraft.

By the end of 1958, SAC had activated 14 strategic wings, but only three had aircraft assigned. The others were in various stages of development, with some having only a headquarters and one officer and one airman authorized.”.

Redesignation to AFCON status
When the B-52 dispersal began in the fifties, the new units created to support this program were named strategic wings and given four-digit designations, for example, the 4137th Strategic Wing. Under the USAF organization and lineage system, these four-digit units fell into the MAJCOM (major air command controlled) category and their lineage (histories, awards, and battle honors) ended with their discontinuance and could never be revived. In sharp contrast, AFCON (Headquarters USAF controlled) units, which were readily distinguished by having one, two or three digit designations, could go through a series of inactivations and activations and still retain their lineage.

Headquarters SAC was well aware of the historical significance of records and accomplishments of the strategic wings and the need to perpetuate this lineage as well as the lineage of many illustrious unit that were no longer active.

In order to retain the lineage of the combat units and to perpetuate the lineage of many currently inactive units with illustrious World War II records, Headquarters SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its strategic wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activated AFCON units, most of which were inactive at the time.

The reorganization process, which extended from 1 January through 1 September, was applied to 22 B-52 strategic wings, three air-refueling wings, and the 4321st Strategic Wing at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. These units were discontinued and two and three-digit AFCON units were activated. In most cases, the bombardment squadron that had been assigned to the strategic wings were inactivated and bombardment squadrons that had previously been assigned to the newly activated wings were activated. While these actions were almost tantamount to redesignation, they were not official redesignation. Therefore, the records, awards and achievements of the strategic wing could not be inherited by the bomb wings.”

6th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 25 March 1967.
At: Eielson AFB, AK.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Strategic Aerospace Division.
Equipment: KC-135A/Q's, RC-135D's, RC-135E, & RC135S's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 12th Strategic Aerospace Division on  2 July 1968.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Strategic Aerospace Division on 30 June 1971.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 47th Air Division on 1 October 1976.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division on 1 October 1985.
Changed equipment  in: 1985 to KC-135s, RC-135s, TC-135s.
Redesignated as: 6th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing on 1 April 1988.
 Detachment 1  Designated on 25 March 1967.
 Located at:   Shemya Air Force Base

43d Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 4 February 1970.
Activated on: 1 April 1970.
At: Andersen AFB, Guam.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.  (Attached to the Air Division, Provisional, 57  from 1 June 1972 to  1 November 1973).
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135s
Reassigned to: Strategic Air Command,  3rd Air Division on 1 January 1975.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force,  3rd Air Division on 31 January 1982.
Redesignated on: 4 November 1986 as 43rd Bombardment Wing.

It activated again in Apr 1970, replacing the 3960 Strategic Wing at Andersen AFB, Guam. On 1 July 1970, the 43d also assumed tasks formerly handled by the Bombardment Wing, Provisional, 4133, including a combat mission. Employed attached aircraft and aircrews of other Strategic Air Command units to participate in "Arc Light" combat missions in Southeast Asia from 1 July to mid-Aug 1970, and again from Feb 1972 to Aug 1973. Following the end of combat operations, provided routing training and ground alert with B-52 and KC-135 aircraft, the latter provided by other Strategic Air Command units on loan. During 1975, provided logistical and medical support to thousands of Vietnamese refugees evacuated from their homeland and located temporarily at Guam awaiting resettlement in the United States. Trained to remain proficient in strategic and conventional warfare capabilities. Beginning in 1974, controlled TDY tankers and crews participating in the Pacific (formerly Andersen) Tanker Task Force that supported Strategic Air Command operations in the western Pacific. In Jul 1986, activated the 65 Strategic Squadron to control the TDY air refueling forces.

Strategic Wing, Provisional, 72
 Established: Late 1972
 At: Andersen AFB, Guam
 Discontinued: 15 November 1973
Activated on paper on 16 June 1952, but not operational until it absorbed the residual resources of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing in October 1952. Designated as the 72nd Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Ramey AFB, PR. Conducted global strategic reconnaissance, Mar. 1953-1955, with RB-36 Peacemaker aircraft, gradually shifting to a bombardment-training mission beginning in 1954. Redesignated as the 72nd Bombardment Wing (Heavy)in 1955 Converted to B-52Gs and added refueling to its global mission in 1958. It was inactivated on 30 June 1971. Established as the Strategic Wing (Provisional), 72 in late 1972 at Andersen AFB, Guam, with approximately 100 B-52Gs. The Strategic Wing (Provisional), 72 flew 8,010 sorties over South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and Cambodia and flew the last sorties of the Vietnam War on 15 August 1973. The wing lost 6 B-52Gs (one aircraft lost skirting around a typhoon en route to target, and five shot down over Hanoi during combat operations in December 1972.

95th Strategic Wing

Activated on: 2 October 1966.
At: Goose AB, Canada.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: KC-135s (attached).
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 2 October 1966.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 45th Air Division on 31 March 1970.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 1 January 1975.
Inactivated on: 30 September 1976.

98th Strategic Wing

Activated on: 25 June 1966.
At: Torrejon AB, Spain.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: KC-135s (attached)/ Spanish Tanker Task Force.
Inactivated on: 31 December 1976.
Detachment 1
Activated on: 25 June 1966.
Located at:    RAF Upper Heyford, UK
Relocated to:  RAF Mildenhall, UK  1 April 1970
Equipment:     RC-135s  KC-135s
Inactivated on: 31 December 1976.

306th Strategic Wing

Redesignated on: 14 August 1976.
At: Ramstein AB, Germany.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: KC-135s, RC-135s.
Moved to: RAF Mildenhall, UK in 1978.
Reassigned to: Strategic Air Command, 7th Air Division on 1 July 1978.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 7th Air Division on 1 January 1982.
Inactivated on: 1 March 1992.

307th Strategic Wing

Redesignated on: 21 January 1970
Activated on: 1 April 1970.
At: U-Tapao, Thailand.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.  (Attached to Air Division, Provisional, 17 from 1 June 1972 to 31 December 1974).
Equipment: B-52Ds, KC-135A's.
Changed equipment in: 1973 to B-52s.
Changed equipment in: 1974 to B-52s, KC-135s.
Changed equipment in: 1975 to B-52s, KC-135s,
Reassigned on: Strategic Air Command,  3rd Air Division on 1 January 1975.
Inactivated on: 30 September 1975.

Strategic Wing, Provisional, 310

Established: 1 June 1972
At: U-Tapao RTNAF, Thailand.
Attached to:  Air Division, Provisional, 17
Equipment:  KC-135A's  (Young Tiger Tanker Task Force)
Assigned Squadron's:    Air Refueling Squadron, Provisional, 901
                        Air Refueling Squadron, Provisional, 902
Discontinued on: 1 July 1974

376th Strategic Wing (1970-1991)

Replaced  4252nd Strategic Wing
Established: 1 April 1970
At: Kadena AB, Okinawa (Island returned to Japan on 15 April 1972)
Assigned to:  Eighth Air Force  1 April 1970
3rd Air Division  1 January 1975*Equipment:  B-52D's (to Mid 1970)   KC-135A/Q's    RC-135's
Assigned Squadron's:   909th Air Refueling Squadron
                       82nd Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
Inactivated: O/A 1991

3918th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964.
At: RAF Upper Heyford, England
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command,  7th Air Division.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1965.

3920th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964.
At: RAF Brize Norton, England
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 7th Air Division.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1965.

3960th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 1 November 1965.
At: Andersen AFB, Guam.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 3rd Air Division.
Inactivated on: 1 April 1970.

Resources absorbed by 43rd Strategic Wing in 1970.

3970th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964
At: Torrejon AB, Spain.
Assigned to: Sixteenth Air Force, 65th Air Division.
Reassigned to: Strategic Air Command on 15 April 1966.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966.

Replaced by 98th Strategic Wing in 1966

3973d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 February 1964.
At: Moron AB, Spain.
Assigned to: Sixteenth Air Force, 65TH Air Division..
Reassigned to: USAFE on 15 April 1966.

4026th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 August 1958.
At: Wurtsmith AFB, MI.
Equipment: KC-135's. (B-52H's were delivered to the 379th BW Spring/Summer 1961)
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force on 1 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Inactivated on: 9 January 1961

Replaced by 379th Bombardment Wing in 1961.

4038th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 August 1958.
At: Dow AFB, ME.
Equipment: B-52G's KC-135's.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 820th Air Division on 1 January 1959
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 6th Air Division on 1 April 1961.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963

Replaced by 397th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4039th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 8 August 1958.
At: Griffiss AFB, NY.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force.  820th Air Division on 5 January 1959
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force,  6th Air Division on 1 April 1961.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Resources absorbed by 416th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4042d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 August 1958.
At: K. I. Sawyer AFB, MI.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force on 9 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by 410th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4043d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1959.
At: Wright-Patterson AFB, OH.
Assigned to: Second Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Resources absorbed by 17th Bombardment Wing in 1959.

4047th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1961
At McCoy AFB, FL.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force, 823rd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s.
Inactivated on: 1 April 1963.

Aircraft and crews reassigned to the 306th Bombardment Wing 1 April 1963 from the 99th Bombardment Wing / 347th Bombardment Squadron at Westover AFB Massachusetts.

4062nd Strategic Wing (Missile)
Activated on: 1 December 1960.
At: Hill AFB, UT.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 22nd Air Division.
Equipment: Minuteman I  (RAILROAD BASED UNIT).
Inactivated on: 20 February 1962.

The Unit Never Became OPERATIONAL

4080th Strategic Wing
Redesignated on: 15 June 1960.
At: Laughlin AFB, TX.
Reassigned to Second Air Force.
Moved to: Davis Monthan AFB, AZ on 1 July 1963.
Equipment: CH-3, AQM-34, U-2, DC-130.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 12th Strategic Aerospace Division on 12 July 1963.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966 and resources absorbed by the 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing.

4081st Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1957.
At:  Ernest Harmon AFB, Newfoundland.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: KC-97's.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966.

4082d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1957.
At: Goose Bay AB, Newfoundland.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 45th Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 2 October 1966.

4083d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 April 1957.
At: Thule AB, Greenland.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force.
Inactivated on: 1 July 1959.

4123d Strategic Wing “Strength through Unity”
+Activated on: 10 December 1957.
At: Carswell AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 19th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Moved to: Clinton - Sherman AFB, OK, on 1 March 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Air Division on 1 March 1959.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 April 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by 70th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (redesignated 70th Bombardment Wing on Activation at Clinton-Sherman AFB) in 1963.

4126th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 3 February 1959
At: Beale AFB, CA.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s,  KC-135's.
Changed equipment in: 1961 to B-52s,  KC-135's, Titan Is.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 March 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by 456th Strategic Aerospace Wing in 1962.

4128th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 5 January 1959.
At: Amarillo AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 47th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s,  KC-135's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 November 1962
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Resources absorbed by 461st Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4130th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 October 1958.
At: Bergstrom AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 19th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s and KC-135s.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 4th Air Division on 1 July 1963.
Inactivated on: 1 September 1963.

Resources absorbed by 340th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4133d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 September 1958.
At: Grand Forks AFB, ND.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Strategic Air Division on 1 February 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by 319th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4134th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 May 1958.
At: Mather AFB, CA.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by 320th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4135th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 December 1958.
At: Eglin AFB, FL.
Assigned to: Second Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by 39th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4136th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 September 1958.
At: Minot AFB, ND.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 821st Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Air Division on 1 July 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 810th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 November 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by 450th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4137th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1959.
At: Robins AFB, GA.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by 465th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4138th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 January 1959.
At: Turner AFB, GA.
Assigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by the 484th Bombardment Wing.

4141st Strategic Wing “Peace Through Power”
Activated on: 1 September 1958.
At: Glasgow AFB, MT.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s KC-135A's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force,  821st Air Division on 1 July 1959.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force,  821st Strategic Aerospace Division on 15 February 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force,  810th Air Division on 1 July 1962.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force,  810th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 April 1962.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by the 91st Bombardment Wing.

4157th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1962.
At: Eielson AFB, AK
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-47's, B-52s, KC-97's, KC-135A's, RC-135E, RC-135S (with J-57 Engines), RC-135D's.
Reassigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 July 1965.
Inactivated on: 25 March 1967.
 Detachment 1
 Located at: Shemya Air Force Base

Resources absorbed by 6th Strategic Wing on 25 March 1967.

4158th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 November 1963.
At: Elmendorf AFB, AK
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force.
Equipment: B-47's, KC-97's.
Reassigned in: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Strategic Aerospace Division on 1 July 1965.
Inactivated on: 25 June 1966.

4170th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1959.
At: Larson AFB, WA.
Assigned to: Fifteenth Air Force, 18th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's,  Titan I's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by the 462nd Strategic Aerospace Wing.

4228th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 July 1958.
At: Columbus AFB, MS.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 4th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by the 454th Bombardment Wing.

4238th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 March 1958
At: Barksdale AFB, LA.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 4th Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 April 1963

Replaced by 2nd Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4239th Strategic Wing “First Always"
Activated on: 1 July 1956.
At: Kincheloe AFB, MI.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 40th Air Division
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Replaced by 449th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4241st Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 October 1958.
At: Seymour Johnson AFB, NC.
Assigned to: Second Air Force.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Reassigned to: Eighth Air Force, 822nd Air Division on 1 January 1959.
Inactivated on: 15 April 1963.

Resources absorbed by 68th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4245th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 5 January 1959.
At: Sheppard AFB, TX.
Assigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Air Division.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 816th Strategic Aerospace Division on  1 April 1962.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 1 February 1963.

Resources absorbed by 494th Bombardment Wing in 1963.

4252d Strategic Wing
Activated on: 12 January 1965.
At: Kadena AFB, Okinawa.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 3rd Air Division.
Equipment: B-52s, KC-135A's.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1970.

Resources absorbed by 376th Strategic Wing in 1970.

4258th Strategic Wing
Activated on: 2 June 1966.
At: U-Tapao, Thailand.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command.
Equipment: B-52, KC-135s.
Inactivated on: 31 March 1970.

Replaced by the 307th Strategic Wing in 1970

4320th Strategic Wing (Missile)
Organized on: 1 February 1958.
At: Francis E. Warren AFB, WY.
Assigned to: Strategic Air Command, 1st Missile Division.
Discontinued on: 12 February 1958.
 Replaced Strategic Missile Wing (Provisional) of Air Research and Development Command.  Replaced by 706th Strategic Missile Wing

4321st Strategic Wing
Activated on: 1 October 1959.
At: Offutt AFB, NE.
Assigned to: Second Air Force,  17th Air Division.
Reassigned to: Second Air Force, 818th Strategic Aerospace Division on 15 August 1962
Inactivated on: 1 January 1963

Replaced by 385th Strategic Aerospace Wing on  15 November 1962.

References

See also
Strategic Air Command wings

Category:Strategic Air Command


Lemuria-Seascape

Lemuria-Seascape is an album by pianist Kenny Barron which was recorded in early 1991 and released on the Candid label.

Reception

In his review on Allmusic, Ron Wynn stated "The Barron/Drummond/Riley trio step forward into the '90s and churn out another impressive collection, this one containing mostly either Barron or group originals rather than tons of standards. Exacting, carefully constructed, and consistently brilliant playing all around".

Track listing
All compositions by Kenny Barron except where noted.

 "Lemuria" - 4:36
 "Ask Me Now" (Thelonious Monk) – 5:31
 "Sweet Lorraine" (Cliff Burwell, Mitchell Parish) – 7:19
 "Fungii Mama" (Blue Mitchell) – 5:44
 "Slow Grind" - 5:19
 "Have You Met Miss Jones?" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 5:11
 "Maria Isabel" (Christina Blalock) – 6:36
 "You Go to My Head" (J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie) – 9:01
 "The Magical Look in Your Eyes" (Rufus Reid) – 7:40
 "Seascape" - 5:31

Personnel
Kenny Barron – piano
Ray Drummond – bass
Ben Riley – drums

References

Category:Kenny Barron albums
Category:1991 albums
Category:Candid Records albums
Category:Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio


Rise of a Merchant Prince

Rise of a Merchant Prince is a fantasy novel by American writer Raymond E. Feist. It is the second book of The Serpentwar Saga, preceded by Shadow of a Dark Queen and followed by Rage of a Demon King.

Plot summary
Erik von Darkmoor and Rupert Avery (Roo), have returned to Krondor after serving in Calis special unit that was sent down to the continent of Novindus.

Erik plans on staying in the army as a corporal in the coming war, and Roo states that he plans on becoming a rich trader.  After being pardoned of their crimes by Borric, King of the Kingdom of the Isles, Erik and Roo begin a journey to visit their family in the town of Ravensburg.  In an inn along the way, they meet one of Roo's cousins, Duncan, who decides to travel with Roo on the promise of becoming rich.

Once in Ravensburg, Erik visits his mother, who faints on the sight of him, as they were told that Erik and Roo were hanged.  After a quick explanation, Erik learns from his childhood friend, Rosalyn, that Stefan von Darkmoor, who raped her, is the father of her young child.  Roo meets up with his father while buying a wagon, and it is quickly apparent that Roo's father cannot bully him around anymore, and rents out his services as a teamster to Roo.

The plot centers primarily on the rise of Roo as an important merchant in Krondor.  In the background we see a little of the progression of the war: Erik leaves with a group of special forces to re-infiltrate the den of the Pantathian Serpent Priests, Duke James follows Roo's rise from the sidelines, and steps in from time to time to help.

Erik invested his share of the bounty with Roo who tried to parallel import wine from his native Ravensburg into Krondor.  Running afoul of the underworld guild of the Mockers, Roo lost everything and had to start from scratch again by working in Barret’s Coffee House, an establishment similar to the real-world Lloyd's Coffee House.  The job gave him an opportunity to have another go at business and Roo eventually becomes possibly the richest man in the Western Realm by exploiting a shortage of grain in the free cities and through it forming the Bitter Sea Trading Company.

Roo marries the daughter of his first business partner Karli and has a number of children but at the same time starts an affair with Sylvia Esterbrook, a callous but beautiful woman who seduces Roo under the orders of her father and Roo's Principal business rival Jacob Esterbrook.

Near the end of the book, we follow the war more closely, as Miranda, Calis, Erik, and their squad find that there is a "third player" at work—someone is already slaughtering the Pantathians.  It turns out to be a demon.  This greatly aids their quest, as it is a tremendous distraction to the Serpents.  As they delve deeper into the mountain they find that the Pantathians have used thousands of human sacrifices to infuse life force into a gem as a "key" to open the Lifestone.  But Calis discovers something unexpected—the Key is not what it appears.  Nor are the Dragon Lord artifacts they find.  Something has contaminated them.  Miranda brings the Key and a Dragon Lord helmet to Elvandar, where Pug, Tomas, and the Spellweavers attempt to discern its use.  Erik tosses the rest of the artifacts into lava, which releases tremendous energy.  He, Calis, and a small squad escape the mountains, but their way home is lost.  They are eventually rescued by Nakor and Roo, who decided to sail to Novindus to save them.

The book ends with many unanswered questions: who is the "third party" at work?  how were the artifacts corrupted and why?  is another force after the Lifestone? are demons somehow involved, fooling the Pantathians?

Reception
Dean Evans reviewed Rise of a Merchant Prince for Arcane magazine, rating it a 7 out of 10 overall. Evans comments that "the book is excellently written but, like an old car on a winter's morn, it takes a while to get going. But when Feist does eventually get into his narrative stride, he writes with a colourful verbosity. I'm a sucker for his sagas and this one is far from the expected gap-filling potboiler. All in all, it's a great read."

References

Category:1995 novels
Category:1995 fantasy novels
Category:American fantasy novels
Category:HarperCollins books
Category:Novels by Raymond E. Feist


Bridge of Spies (book)

Bridge of Spies: A True Story of the Cold War is a 2010 nonfiction book by Giles Whittell. The book documents prisoner exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union of their spies during the Cold War. The book was first published by Broadway Books. An audiobook version was subsequently published by ISIS Publishing, being read by Jonathan Keeble.

Reception

Andrew Stuttaford, reviewing the book in The Wall Street Journal, said while Whittell was not comparable to Tom Wolfe, Bridge of Spies was like Wolfe's The Right Stuff "with a peculiarly lethal twist". Stuttaford said, "The true stars of Mr. Whittell's narrative are an extraordinary airplane and the men who flew it," though he felt that the author drew "somewhat heavy-handed parallels" in the lead-up to the Iraq War in writing about the Cold War period's contrasting intelligence and politics.

Robert Legvold, reviewing for Foreign Policy, said, "Whittell is a master storyteller, and the story here—of three men seized during the Cold War—is better than Hollywood's best." Legvold said Whittell recounted the story's "utterly fascinating elements... in meticulous detail". The reviewer said, "The stakes in both instances may not have been as dramatic as he claims, but the events were emblematic of the Cold War's more shadowy and adventurous aspects."

Michael S. Goodman, writing in History Extra, said Bridge of Spies was comparable to the works of Ben Macintyre and found that while it was "not a new story", it had enough unique detail to make it novel. Goodman said, "The book is well researched, enthusiastically and dramatically written, and a joy to read."

The Guardians Sue Arnold reviewed the audiobook, "Whittell's account of the real-life characters involved in the first cold war spy swap is as gripping and entertaining as any thriller." Arnold said, "Cold war politics are a Machiavellian minefield, but Whittell manages to untangle and elucidate it without losing any of the drama of the narrative."

Related film

While the book shares the same name as the 2015 film that stars Tom Hanks, the film is not based on Whittell's book. The film is actually based in part on the book Strangers on a Bridge by James B. Donovan, a lawyer involved with the prisoner exchanges and played by Hanks in the film. Both the Whittell book and the film are based on the same events, though the book focuses on three prisoners that are part of the exchange process, where the film focuses on Donovan himself.

References

Category:Books about the Cold War
Category:2010 non-fiction books
Category:Non-fiction books about espionage


Mark H. Sibley

Mark Hopkins Sibley (1796 -– September 8, 1852) was an American politician from New York.

Life
Sibley was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1796.  He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Canandaigua, New York in 1814.

Sibley served in the New York Militia as judge advocate of the 24th Infantry Brigade, and also served as deputy sheriff of Ontario County.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Ontario Co.) in 1835 and 1836. On March 4, 1837, he was elected, as a Whig, to the 25th United States Congress, where he served until March 3, 1839.

Sibley was a member of the New York State Senate (7th D.) in 1840 and 1841. He resigned his seat on May 28, 1841. From 1847 to 1851, he served as the First Judge and Surrogate of Ontario County.

He died in Canandaigua on September 8, 1852, and was buried at the West Avenue Cemetery in Canandaigua.

Sources

External links

Category:1796 births
Category:1852 deaths
Category:People from Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Category:New York (state) Whigs
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Category:Politicians from Canandaigua, New York
Category:Members of the New York State Assembly
Category:New York state senators
Category:New York (state) state court judges
Category:Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians


Francesco Granacci

Francesco Granacci (1469 – 30 November 1543) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance movement.

Granacci was born in 1469 in Villamagna, and was trained in Florence in the studio of Domenico Ghirlandaio. He was subsequently employed painting frescoes for San Marco, on commission of Lorenzo de'Medici. He is featured in Giorgio Vasari's Vite.

His early works, such as the Enthroned Madonna between Saint Michael and John the Baptist (Staatliche Museen, Berlin), Adoration of the Child (Honolulu Museum of Art) and four histories of Saint John the Baptist, were influenced by the style of Filippino Lippi.

In 1508, Granacci went to Rome, where he and other artists helped his lifelong friend Michelangelo to transfer cartoons (two-dimensional drawings) to the Sistine chapel ceiling. Returning to Florence, Granacci painted a Madonna with Child with Saints Francesco and Jerome for the Augustinian convent of San Gallo (now in the Gallery of the Academy), a Madonna della Cintola for the Company of San Benedetto Bigi, and in 1515 participated in creating the decorations to celebrate the visit to Florence of Pope Leo X.

In 1519, he painted a Madonna with Child and Saint John. Granacci's works of the years 1520–1525 show a direct influence of Fra Bartolomeo, including a Madonna Enthroned between Saints Sebastiano and Francesco for Castelfiorentino and a Sacred Conversation for Montemurlo. An altarpiece of the Assumption is influenced by Pietro Perugino. In 1527, Granacci painted the Entry of Charles VIII into Florence and a canvas of the Ten thousand martyrs for the Church of San Simone e Giuda in Florence.

Granacci died in 1543 and is buried in the church of Sant'Ambrogio in Florence.

Sources
Holst, Christian von, Francesco Granacci, Bruckmann, München, 1974

Gallery

External links

Italian Paintings: Florentine School, a collection catalog containing information about Granacci and his works (see pages: 180-186).

Category:1469 births
Category:1543 deaths
Category:People from Bagno a Ripoli
Category:15th-century Italian painters
Category:Italian male painters
Category:16th-century Italian painters
Category:Tuscan painters
Category:Italian Renaissance painters


2017 PGA Tour Latinoamérica

The 2017 PGA Tour Latinoamérica was the sixth season of PGA Tour Latinoamérica, having converted from the Tour de las Américas which ceased to operate in 2012. PGA Tour Latinoamérica is operated and run by the PGA Tour.

Schedule
The table below shows the 2017 schedule. "Date" is the ending date of each event. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on tour up to and including that event. OWGR is the number of Official World Golf Ranking points awarded for that tournament. All tournaments had a purse of US$175,000.

† Weather-shortened to 18 holes, unofficial win.
* Event shortened to 54 holes due to the national census on Sunday.

Order of Merit
As in previous seasons, the top five players on the tour, known as 'Los Cinco', earned status to play on the 2018 Web.com Tour. This was based on the leaders on the Order of Merit after the conclusion of the season.

References

Category:PGA Tour Latinoamérica
PGA Tour Latinoamerica


Compound of two great snub icosidodecahedra

This uniform polyhedron compound is a composition of the 2 enantiomers of the great snub icosidodecahedron.

References
.

Category:Polyhedral compounds


Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunde

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunde/Shunteh/Xingtai (, ) is a diocese located in the city of Xingtai in the Ecclesiastical province of Beijing in China.

History
 1933: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Shundefu 順得府 from the Apostolic Vicariate of Zhengdingfu 正定府
 1944.01.13: Promoted as Apostolic Vicariate of Shundefu 順得府
 1946.04.11: Promoted as Diocese of Shunde 順得

Leadership
 Bishops of Shunde 順得 (Roman rite)
 Bishop Inácio Krause, C.M. (April 11, 1946 – 1950)
 Vicars Apostolic of Shundefu 順得府 (Roman Rite)
 Bishop Inácio Krause, C.M. (January 13, 1944 – April 11, 1946)
 Prefects Apostolic of Shundefu 順得府 (Roman Rite)
 Fr. Inácio Krause, C.M. (later Bishop) (October 26, 1933 – January 13, 1944)

References

 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
 Diocese website (Chinese)

Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in China
Category:Christian organizations established in 1933
Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
Category:1933 establishments in China


Amb, India

Amb is a town situated in the district of Una in Himachal Pradesh state of India. It is situated in the Punjab region of Indian Subcontinent. It is a sub-division and tehsil of Una district. The town was named Amb after the name of the goddess Amba, deity situated in nearby Chintpurni.

Geography and Demographics
Amb is located in the Soan valley surrounded by mountains of the Shivalik ranges.
It has a population of around 15000 people. Some localities of Amb are Heera Nagar, Pratap Nagar, Adarsh Nagar, Sham Nagar.

Language
The local language is Punjabi. Pahari is also widely accepted but Hindi and English languages are used for official purpose.

Education
Amb has various education institutions including a government senior secondary school,  Indian Public School, Shivalik Hill Pub Sr. Sec. School, Sudha Model School, Swami Vivekananda school, Sh. Guru Nanak Dev Sr. Sec. School  and Maharana Pratap College being one of them.
Maharana Pratap Govt. College, Amb came into being on 18 June 1997 when the Himachal Pradesh Government took over the erstwhile National College, Amb, established in 1970. The College is situated in the center of the Amb town on the National Highway(NH 70), 32 km from Una, the District headquarters, on the way to the famous shrine of the  goddess Chintpurni.

History
Amb has some ancient historical ruins of royal palaces and gardens.
In the year 1877, at the request of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, the British government restored to Raja Ran Singh the Jagir in Jaswan, originally held by Raja Ummed Singh consisting of 21 villages in Jaswan Dun valley and the family garden at Amb, as well as palace buildings of Raja Ummed Singh at Rajpura. Raja Ran Singh died in 1892 and was succeeded by his son Raja Raghunath Singh who died in 1918. Thereafter, Raja Laxman Singh succeeded him and was in turn succeeded by his son Raja Chain Singh. After his death in 2009, Raja Vijaindra Singhji succeeded him and is now residing at Amb along with His Son Rajkumar Raghavendra Singh Jaswal and wife Kunwrani Aditi Gudda D/O  LT. Raja Kishan Singhji of Gudha Chanderji in Rajasthan.

Communication and Transport
●By Road:
Amb has a small bus stand. Buses are available for all major towns of Himachal and North India including Delhi, Chandigarh, Shimla, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Amritsar and Dharmshala.

●By Railway:
The Amb railway station (Station Code-AADR) is situated 1.8 km from the bus stand. The station consists of 2 platforms. The station lies on the under-construction track from Una to Talwara. Track construction has been completed up to Daultpur Chowk, a town in district Una.

The following trains are best suited:

■Himachal Express (14553): Daily, Delhi to Amb Andaura, Himachal Pradesh. Leaves Old Delhi railway station at 11.30 pm and reaches Amb Andaura station at 8 am.

■Jan Shatabadi (12057): Daily, Delhi to Una Himachal. Leaves New Delhi railway station at 3 pm and reaches Una at 10 pm.

■DMU Shuttle Train Service (74992): Daily, Ambala to Amb Andaura via Nangal Dam and Una.

●By Air:
The nearest domestic airport to the Amb is the Gaggal airport, situated at a distance of 82 km followed by Ludhiana airport, located at a distance of 122 km. The Chandigarh airport which is 156 km away from the Amb is the nearest international airport.

Industries

Amb Town is also an industrial zone of Himachal Pradesh. Many units including Sonalika (car manufacturer), Kamdhenu(kamakshi) Saria Factory and Him cylinders are located in this town.
Jindal group also established here its new textile plants i.e. Jindal Medicot, JSTL and HTPL. Another textile fabric unit named Paragon knits limited started in 2014, manufacturing fabric for brands like Reebok Adidas etc. Paragon have zero discharge ETP plant.

Nearby places
1. Bompay picnic spot is situated 7 km from the Amb.Other picnic spots like Ambay picnic spot is situated in between 2–3 km from Amb.

2. Some other places of interest Chintpurni Temple, Kamakhaya Devi Temple, Pollia Purohitan Una district, Thaneek Pura, Nehri, Daulatpur, Dera Baba Bhadbhag Singh Ji Mairi, Lohara, Gagret, Hoshiarpur, Pragpur, Jawalamukhi, Pong Dam, Chalet.

3. There is also a Haveli situated in outskirts of Amb (about 9 km from Amb).

References

Category:Cities and towns in Una district
Category:Tehsils of Himachal Pradesh


Er Roseires

Er Roseires  () is a town in eastern Sudan 60 km from the border with Ethiopia.

Lord Prudhoe mentions this town in the 1829 diary he kept while travelling in the Sennar. At the time it was the residence of one Sheikh Suliman, ruler of the lower reach of the Blue Nile (Baḥr al-Azraq), for which he paid 1500 ounces of gold to the Egyptians out of his revenues.

The Roseires Dam is located just upstream of the town.

Climate
El Roseires features a Tropical Savanna Climate ( Aw )

References

Category:Populated places in Blue Nile (state)


Robert Brewis

Robert Brewis was an English professional footballer who played as a centre forward. He was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne and played in the Football League with Lincoln City and Burnley, scoring 11 goals in 24 matches.

References

Category:English footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Lincoln City F.C. players
Category:Burnley F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Year of birth missing


Hoosier Schoolboy

Hoosier Schoolboy is a 1937 American film directed by William Nigh.

Plot
Mary Evans (Anne Nagel) moves to a small town in Indiana to take a teaching job in the local school. She checks in at the Noble Hotel when a young bellhop named Shockey Carter (Mickey Rooney) brings her suitcase upstairs to her room. When Shockey comes back downstairs, he encounters some classmates coming out of a dance. One of them, Roger Townsend, drops a quarter on the floor and tells Shockey to "Buy your old man another quart." Miss Evans, meanwhile, is shocked to find a drunk man (Frank Shields) in her hotel room, whom the hotel manager introduces as John 'Jack' Matthews Jr., the dairy owner's son.

The next morning, Shockey waits on the school grounds for Roger to arrive. When he does, he grabs Roger's shirt and confronts him about what he said Saturday night at the hotel. With Roger not wanting to fight, Shockey punches him anyway and heads inside the school, late for Miss Evans' first class. She recognizes Shockey from that night at the hotel. Roger arrives soon after and sits beside Shockey. In the middle of History class, Roger makes nasty remarks about Shockey's background. When Roger's remarks get worse, Shockey punches Roger again, starting a  classroom fight. Miss Evans breaks it up the fight and takes both boys to Principal Miss Hodges' office to explain. Miss Hodges explains to Mary that while Roger comes from a fine family and could not be blamed for any coarse behavior (Shockey does not mention what Roger had said), Shockey is a "bad boy" and such behavior is expected from him.

After class, Miss Evans tries to find out from Shockey his side of the story, but the boy is reluctant to talk, accepting his lot in life. She gets him to take her to his house, across the train tracks into the woods. Shockey enters the house first to wake up his father (Edward Pawley) (whom he calls "Cap") and get him out of bed. Shockey invites Miss Evans in the house and shows her pictures of his father when he fought in the War to much acclaim for his bravery. Miss Evans and Captain Fred Carter talk about Shockey's fight. Mary offers to help Shockey and his father clean their home. Though Shockey says the house will just get messy again, he accepts her help.

Later, Mis Evans and Shockey walk to school from his house on the day of a school board meeting about his behavior. At the meeting, Mr. Townsend says they should expel Shockey and send him to the state school of corrections. Shocked, Mary counters that he needs kindness and understanding. As the meeting continues, Shockey is outside leaning against a tree when classmate Elvira comes over. She asks if the school board is going to expel him, and he replies Miss Evans is speaking for him. Elvira teases Shockey, calling him Miss Evans' "pet". Very offended, Shockey knocks Elvira's school books out of her hands. When she says that a gentleman would pick up the books and apologize, Shockey does, and Elvira thanks him. "I think you're the strongest boy in the class," she says. "Think so?", Shockey asks, "how would you like me to take a whack at some guy for you?" Mary comes out and announces that Shockey won't be expelled. As Mary walks off, Shockey tries to ask Elvira out on a date, but had a hard time putting the words together because he is so in love with her.

A big benefit party takes place at the school, with food sold in combination boxes. Again Roger teases Shockey about his father. Just as Shockey is about to punch Roger again, Elvira restrains his fist. Shockey comes up with a slightly less violent way to react to Roger, grabbing a handful of ice cubes by a punch bowl and stuffing it down the back of his shirt.

In a dare by Elvira insinuating that he doesn't know how to dance, Shockey suddenly starts tap-dancing and turns to the applause of the crowd, clamoring for another round, one of whom is Miss Hodges who acknowledges that he might've been too hard on the boy.  Shockey's dancing is interrupted by Captain Carter's barging in uninvited and drunk, shattering some cups and making everyone uncomfortable. He is escorted out by Jack, followed by Miss Evans and Shockey.

Back to the Cap's house, Jack, in an effort to help curtail the Captain's drinking habit, gives Shockey's father a job under his father's company as a driver. Because of the rising tensions between townsfolk and Mr. Matthews Sr, the Captain crashes his delivery truck in a re-enactment of his shell-shocked memories of the war, resulting in his death. The Captain's death solved the tension, and Shockey observes that the Cap died a hero after all. Shockey is offered a room by Mr. Matthews Sr. and the final shot consists of him, Shockey, Miss Evans, and Jack riding off in a car.

Cast
Mickey Rooney as Shockey Carter
Anne Nagel as Mary Evans
Frank Shields as John 'Jack' Matthew, Jr.
Edward Pawley as Captain Fred Carter
William Gould as John Matthew, Sr.
Dorothy Vaughan as Miss Hodges the School Principal
Anita Deniston as Elvira
Harry Hayden as Mr. Townsend
Bradley Metcalfe as Roger Townsend
Doris Rankin as School Girl
Walter Long as Riley
Helena Grant as School Girl
Cecil Weston as Teacher
Mary Field as School Board Secretary
Zita Moulton as School Girl
Fred Kelsey as Mr. Crowder

External links

Category:1937 films
Category:American films
Category:1930s drama films
Category:English-language films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Monogram Pictures films
Category:American drama films


Timeline of Buffalo, New York

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Buffalo, New York, United States.

Prior to 18th century

 1620 - Erie Nation occupies area
 1651 - Seneca Nation destroys Erie Nation
 1679 - Le Griffon is launched

18th century

 1793 - Holland Land Purchase is completed

19th century

1800s-1860s

 1810 - Population: 1,508.
 1811 - Buffalo Gazette newspaper begins publication.
 1813 - December 30: Battle of Buffalo fought during the War of 1812.
 1816 - Village incorporated in Niagara County.
 1818 - Walk-in-the-Water Great Lakes passenger steamboat begins operating.
 1821 - Buffalo designated seat of newly created Erie County.
 1825 - Erie Canal opens.
 1830 - Population: 8,668.
 1832 - City of Buffalo incorporated.
 1835 - November 11: "Cyclone" occurs.
 1836
 Young Men's Association active.
 Buffalo Library (social library) organized.
 1840 - Population: 18,213.
 1846 - University of Buffalo and its Medical School established.
 1847 - Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo established.
 1848 - June: 1848 Free Soil Party national convention held in Buffalo; Martin Van Buren nominated as U.S. presidential candidate.
 1849 - Forest Lawn Cemetery established.
 1850 - Population: 42,261.
 1853 - New York Central Railroad in operation.
 1854 - YMCA U.S. branch organized in Buffalo.
 1856
 Chippewa Market opens.
 Manufacturers and Traders Bank in business.
 1860 - Population: 81,129.
 1861 - Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences founded.
 1862 - Buffalo Historical Society formed.

1870s-1890s

 1870
 Catholic Canisius College founded.
 Population: 117,714.
 1873
 International Railway Bridge to Canada opens.
 Buffalo Sunday Morning News begins publication.
 1880 - Population: 155,134.
 1881 - Architect Louise Blanchard Bethune in business.
 1882 - Grover Cleveland becomes mayor.
 1886
 Westinghouse AC electrical power station begins operating.
 University of Buffalo School of Pharmacy established.
 1887 - University at Buffalo Law School established.
 1890 - Population: 255,664.
 1892 - University of Buffalo School of Dental Medicine established.
 1893
 Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad in operation.
 Former mayor Grover Cleveland becomes U.S. president.
 1899 - Labor strike of grain workers.
 1900
 Manufacture of Thomas Auto-Bi motorcycle begins.
 Population: 352,387.

20th century

 1901
 May 1: Pan-American Exposition opens.
 September 6: Assassination of William McKinley, U.S. president.
 September 14: Inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt as U.S. president.
 September 23–24: Trial of assassin Leon Czolgosz held.
 1905 - Albright Art Gallery (of modern art) opens.
 1908 - Hotel Statler in business (first in chain).
 1910 - Population: 423,715.
 1914 - Art Theater in business.
 1917 - December 9: Snowstorm.
 1919 - Rivoli Theatre in business.
 1920 - Population: 506,775.
 1921 - Loew’s State Theatre in business.
 1922 - WGR radio begins broadcasting.
 1924
 DuPont cellophane manufactory begins operating.
 WEBR radio begins broadcasting.
 1926 - Buffalo Courier-Express newspaper in publication.
 1927 - Peace Bridge to Canada opens.
 1929 - Buffalo Museum of Science opens.
 1932 - Buffalo City Hall built.
 1936 - Coin-operated Launder-Ur-Own laundromat in business.
 1948 - WBEN-TV (television) begins broadcasting.
 1950 - Population: 580,132.
 1954 - WGR-TV (television) begins broadcasting.
 1966
 January: Blizzard.
 Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site established.
 1971
 February 22: Blizzard.
 Erie Community College Buffalo campus established.
 1977 - January: Blizzard of '77.
 1979 - Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park established.
 1989 - Western New York Documentary Heritage Program headquartered in Buffalo.
 1990 - Population: 328,123.
 1996 - City website online (approximate date).

21st century

 2001 - December: Snowstorm.
 2005
 Byron Brown becomes mayor.
 Brian Higgins becomes U.S. representative for New York's 27th congressional district.
 2006 - October 13: Snowstorm.
 2010 - Population: 261,310.
 2014 - November 17–20: Snowstorm.

See also
 History of Buffalo, New York
 List of mayors of Buffalo, New York
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo, New York
 Timelines of other cities in New York state: New York City (also Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens); Saratoga Springs

References

Bibliography

External links

  (Includes atlases, city directories, etc.)

 Items related to Buffalo, New York, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)

*
Buffalo
Category:Years in New York (state)


Erythrodiplax minuscula

Erythrodiplax minuscula, the little blue dragonlet, is a species of skimmer in the dragonfly family Libellulidae. It is found in North America.

The IUCN conservation status of Erythrodiplax minuscula is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.

References

Further reading

External links

Category:Libellulidae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Insects described in 1842


Madonna with Child and Saints (Pontormo)

The Madonna with Child and Saints, also known as Pala Pucci, is a painting by the Italian late Renaissance painter Jacopo Pontormo, executed in 1516. It is housed in the church of San Michele Visdomini in Florence.

It portrays numerous figures. Saint Joseph, on the left, is holding Jesus (a role usually fulfilled by the Madonna). The presence of Saint Joseph is explained by the fact that the Gospel of James deals with Christ's childhood and praises Joseph's paternal cares. Saint Francis is connected to name of the committant and the devotion of his order towards Jesus.

History
The work was commissioned by Francesco Pucci, a collaborator of the House of Medici and a justice gonfaloniere. The date can be seen in the painting on the book held by Saint John the Evangelist, on the left. The largest oil on canvas by Pontormo, it is also one of the few works by him which is still in its original location.

Sources

Category:1516 paintings
Category:Paintings by Pontormo
Category:Paintings of the Madonna and Child
Category:Paintings of Francis of Assisi
Pontormo


Gutach im Breisgau

Gutach (Low Alemannic: Guetich im Brisgau) is a town in the district of Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

Gutach includes six villages:
 Gutach
 Bleibach
 Siegelau
 Stollen
 Kregelbach
 Oberspitzenbach

Twin towns
 Worthing, United Kingdom

References

Category:Emmendingen (district)


Warrap (state)

Warrap, sometimes spelled Warab, is a state in South Sudan.

Location
The state is located in the Bahr el Ghazal region. It was bordered by the disputed region of Abyei to the north, by Unity State in Greater Upper Nile Region to the east, by Lakes State to the south, and by Western Equatoria State in Equatoria Region to the south west. The states of Western Bahr el Ghazal and Northern Bahr el Ghazal lay to the west.

Overview
Warrap State had an area of 31,027 km². Kuajok was the capital of Warrap state, replacing Warrap. All states in Southern Sudan are divided in counties, each headed by a County Commissioner appointed by the President of the Government of Southern Sudan.

The state belongs to South Sudan after a successful secession from Sudan on 9 July 2011.

People
The state was home to the Luanyjang, Twic, Jur-Man Anger, Bongo and Rek subtribes of Nilotic ethnicity. The Twic and Rek are Dinka tribes. The main cities in the state were Gogrial, Kuajok,Warrap town, Alek, Tonj, Romich, Thiet, Turalei, Akon, and Panliet. Other villages included Abi, Abiet, Abyor, Ador, Again, Agum, Agurton, Aidu, Ajako, Ajung Shol, Akiar, Akop, Alek, Amett, Ayen, Bir Di, Bir' Qurub, Bop, Dan Ageir, Duqduq, Faier, Faiwal, Fan Ashir, Fing Dit, Gwurra, Jangyang, Kwoit, Liet, Lut, Madeir, Mading, Majon Yom, Maiwai, Majok, Makwoich, Malual, Marial Bai, Maryal, Mashraar Ragg, Meding, Meshra Ashol, Moing Jang, Molau, Nyang Fing, Pankier, Piny Dit, Powang, Rumbel, Urao, Waratit, Wun Liet, Wun Rog, Wunrock, and Zungumbia. (Ajak-kuai)' ( Aweng)' (Tuaralei)' (Wun-rock)' (Mayen-Abun), ( Akoc ) (Pan-Nyok), Consisted: Aruet, Goi one and Goi two, Akak, You, Alueth, Luit, Liang Arol, Panbai, Leilei, Pabiny, Arieu, Kuang-agok, Makuen-cetuer, Gony, Cawieu, Manyang, Mading-Luit, Payieweng, Agunyo, Pan-Arieu, Bodor, MIT-Piny, Lac-Akak, Anab-riang, Pan-abii, Tumakon, Thak-ayen, Adol-you, Malual-Kiir, Panameth, Pagai, Bar-Malual chan, Athiim were villages of Twic county and the rest were reserved.

Upon his death in 2010, NBA basketball star Manute Bol was buried in the Warrap state in his hometown of Turalei.

The president of the Republic of South Sudan, Salva Kiir Mayardit, was a native of Warrap State. Alek Wek, a prominent International model of South Sudanese and British citizenship, also hailed from the state.

Government
The state constitution was adopted in 2008.
Akech Tong Aleu was the last Governor of  Warrap state.
Madot Dut Deng was the last Speaker of the State Assembly.

Religion

The main religion in Warrap State was Christianity, (Catholicism, Protestantism and other forms of Christianity). A sizable proportion of the population practiced African traditional religions.

References

Category:States of South Sudan
Category:Bahr el Ghazal


Bujinkan

The Bujinkan (武神館) is an international martial arts organization  based in Japan and headed by Masaaki Hatsumi. The combat system taught by this organization comprises nine separate ryūha, or schools, which are collectively referred to as Bujinkan Budō Taijutsu. The Bujinkan is most commonly associated with ninjutsu. However, Masaaki Hatsumi uses the term Budo (meaning martial way) as he says the ryūha are descended from historical samurai schools that teach samurai martial tactics and ninjutsu schools that teach ninja tactics. However, none of the ryūha have been verified by either the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai or the Nihon Kobudo Shinkokai (the two jutsu organisations that bona fide Japanese classical martial arts lineages can be authenticated by).

Training
The Bujinkan organization incorporates the teachings of the martial arts lineages (ryūha) that Masaaki Hatsumi learned  from Takamatsu Toshitsugu under the banner of Bujinkan Budo Taijutsu.
These are:

Togakure-ryū Ninpō Taijutsu (戸隠流忍法体術)
Gyokushin-ryū Ryū Ninpō (玉心流忍法)
Kumogakure Ryū Ninpō (雲隠流忍法)
Koto Ryū Koppō jutsu (虎倒流骨法術)
Gyokko-ryū Kosshi jutsu (玉虎流骨指術)
Kuki Shinden Happō Bikenjutsu (九鬼神伝流八法秘剣術)
Shinden Fudo Ryū Dakentai jutsu (神伝不動流打拳体術)
Takagi Yoshin Ryū Jūtai jutsu (高木揚心流柔体術)
Gikan Ryū Koppō jutsu (義鑑流骨法術)

At around the time of Hatsumi's 88th birthday (Beiju: :ja:米寿) on 2 December 2019, he announced  his successors for most of the above schools:

Togakure-ryū: Tsutsui Takumi
Gyokushin-ryū: Kan Jun'ichi
Kumogakure-ryū: Furuta Kōji
Kotō-ryū: Noguchi Yukio
Gyokko-ryū: Ishizuka Tetsuji
Kukishin-ryū: TBC
Shinden Fudō-ryū: Nagato Toshirō
Takagi Yōshin-ryū: Sakasai Norio
Gikan-ryū: Sakasai Norio

Bujinkan Budō Taijutsu training does not include participation in competitions or contests,  as the school's training aims to develop the ability to protect oneself and others using techniques that focus on disabling an attacker (&/or removing their desire/ability to continue) as efficiently as possible.

This training is conducted in a manner in which there are predefined "attackers" (tori) and "receivers" (uke) similar to drills in judo (gokyo) or traditional Japanese martial arts. However, the Bujinkan differs from many traditional martial arts in that the training progresses through the following stages:
Predefined sets of movements (kata) and physical conditioning
Variations to the fixed drills (henka), responding to changes in the attacker's movements or situation
Free form training (randori) consisting mostly of spur-of-the-moment, dynamic techniques during which the defender hits, locks, chokes or throws the attacker in a controlled and safe manner
More advanced training consists of controlling the attacker's mind using various techniques such as pain compliance and deception
Training is done in a manner that entails little risk of permanent injury.

The Bujinkan does not adhere to any official guideline or set of rules to limit actions or techniques used during training. The approach used in the Bujinkan includes gaining compliance through pain and utilising potentially damaging techniques in order to survive dangerous situations rather than focusing on winning a competition or evenly matched duel.
As a result, many of the staple responses of a Bujinkan student would be inappropriate in most competitions. Also of note is that, unlike competition martial arts, Bujinkan training does not involve testing techniques (locks, throws, chokes, strikes, etc.) against a fully resisting opponent. This being the case, Bujinkan as a means of self defence is a purely theoretical concept.

The Bujinkan largely focuses on “taijutsu” (body movement / skills) as well as other skills of ninjutsu (ninpo tactics and strategies) and happo biken jutsu (various modern and traditional weapons) - this is The Bujinkan's branch of Kukishin-ryū

Taijutsu
Taijutsu (body combat art) is the Bujinkan system of unarmed defence using strikes, throws, holds, chokes and joint locks. It encompasses skill such as: koppo jutsu is the "way of attacking and/or using the skeletal structure"; “koshi jutsu” is the way of attacking muscles and weak points on the body; jutai jutsu is the "relaxed body method" teaching throwing, grappling and choking techniques and dakentai jutsu which emphasises strikes, kicks and blocks

The first levels of training, such as leaping, tumbling, break fall techniques and body conditioning, form the basis for taijutsu. They are needed to progress into other techniques such as unarmed combat and the use of tools and weapons. Once learned, Taijutsu techniques can be applied to any situation, armed or unarmed.

Tori and Uke
Training begins with two partners practicing pre-arranged forms (waza or kata) and then advancing to unlimited variations of those forms (henka). The basic pattern is for the Tori (Tori, or the person applying the technique) to initiate a technique against the person who receives the technique (Uke).

Ukemi and balance
Bujinkan taijutsu seeks to use body movement and positioning rather than strength to defeat the opponent. All techniques in Bujinkan taijutsu involve unbalancing the opponent while maintaining one's own balance. This is achieved by moving the opponent into inferior positions and manipulating their body along weak lines where it is difficult for the opponent to resist. The attacker continuously seeks to regain balance and cover vulnerabilities (such as an exposed side), while the defender uses position and timing to keep the attacker off balance and vulnerable. In more advanced training, the attacker will sometimes apply  to regain balance and disable the defender.

 refers to the act of receiving a technique. Good ukemi involves a roll or breakfall to avoid pain or injury such as dislocation of a joint. Thus, learning to roll and breakfall effectively is key to safe training in taijutsu. Before receiving the 9th kyu (the lowest rank), a student must demonstrate the ability to roll smoothly in a variety of directions without exposing the neck to injury.

Physical conditioning
Junan taiso (junan meaning flexible) is a yogic method of stretching and breathing by means of which the Bujinkan practitioner may develop and maintain good physical condition and wellbeing. The exercises promote relaxation, blood circulation, muscle toning and flexibility,<ref>[Davey, H.E. (2006). Japanese Yoga: The Way of Dynamic Meditation] Berkeley, USA. . pp. 216.</ref> and form a core part of all training sessions. Junan taiso is a form of conditioning and preparation for the body. All major joints are rotated and stretched in a proper manner while healthy breathing and concentration are practiced.

Origins
Almost all of the martial arts/ryuha in the Bujinkan are listed with their historical lineages in the Bugei Ryuha Daijiten (Encyclopedia of Martial Art Schools, researched by Watatani Kiyoshi and Yamada Tadashi and first published in 1963). From 1968 on (4 years before Takamatsu's death), the Bugei Ryuha Daijiten has had entries for Hatsumi below Takamatsu.

Several Bujinkan ryūha were mentioned in the Kakutogi no Rekishi (History of Fighting Arts). Although details are omitted, it states, "there are several schools that are well-known for being 'effective arts' (jitsuryoku ha)". Among the schools listed in this section are Gyokko Ryū, Gikan-ryū Koppō jutsu, Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō, Kukishin-ryū, Takagi Yōshin-ryū Jūtai jutsu and Asayama Ichiden-ryū (which is not part of the Bujinkan's nine schools but was studied by Hatsumi via Takashi Ueno).

Several of the samurai systems taught by Hatsumi such as Kuki Shinden Ryū Happō Bikenjutsu and Takagi Yoshin Ryū Jūtai jutsu have well documented lineages with different branches of these arts surviving under their own Sōke. However, whilst the ninja's activities are well documented, the nature of ninjutsu & the historical context means that there are no surviving written records of ninjutsu teachings prior to 1676. As a result, some researchers assert that there is no way to independently verify the oral lineage included in the Togakure Ryu tradition.

In the Bugei Ryuha Daijiten the researchers list the full lineage for Togakure-ryū stating the following: "The succession is an oral tradition from Toda Shinryūken. Toda Shinryūken Masamitsu died in 1908 at the age of 90 years. According to the lineage, Ikai originated the school, and in the Yōwa period (1181-1182), it separated from Hakuun Dōshi of Hakuun-ryū and became the Kōga and Iga schools of ninjutsu. The lineage passed through Momochi Sandayū and entered into the Natori-ryū of Kishū domain. From the time of Toda Nobutsuna, the tradition was passed on to the Toda family. This genealogy refers to dates and kuden (orally transmitted stories/lessons) about people implying that these people were older than written records would suggest"

The entry regarding Gyokko Ryu is as follows: "Receiving the tradition of Gyokko ryu Shitojutsu from Sakagami Taro Kunishige of the Tenbun era, Toda Sakyo Ishinsai established Gyokko ryu Koshijutsu as well as Koto ryu Koppojutsu, passing them on to Momochi Sandayu, bringing them within the traditions of Iga ryu Ninjutsu of Toda Shinryuken who lived during the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate (ended 1868). It is said that Toda Shinryuken died in the 14th year of the Meiji Emperor (1881) at the age of 90 years."

The entry regarding Koto Ryu is as follows: "The genesis of koppoujutsu is said to have been in ancient China. Koto ryu was brought to our country by a Chan Bushou* of Korea, after this it was brought within the traditions of Iga ryu Ninjutsu, and it’s revitalization in the Tenbun era is said to have been from Momochi Sandayu inheriting the tradition from Toda Sakyo Ishinsai (oral tradition from Toda Shinryuken)." “Bugei Ryuha Daijiten” page 296

Recent history
Since 1988, Hatsumi's teaching has focused on a particular theme, or focus, each year. This typically means that a specific ryū, or a certain set of techniques from specific ryū, will be taught. Hatsumi announces the year's theme each year at the Daikomyosai.

Depending on what years a student has studied in Japan, they may find that their focus reflects the themes or schools taught during their time. This is one reason why there are often noticeable differences in the techniques of different teachers in the Bujinkan. Although Ninpo Taijutsu is an overall theme of the Bujinkan, 2008 marked the first time that a Ninpo Taijutsu Ryū was the focus of the year. Prior to founding the Bujinkan organization and teaching the nine Ryū collectively (with particular yearly focus), Hatsumi awarded his students rank certificates in individual Ryū. The themes so far have been:

 2018 - Muto Dori Continued
 2017 - Muto Dori
 2015 - Nagamaki
 2014 – 神韻武導 Shin In Bu Dou / 神 SHIN, JIN god, deity; mind, soul / 韻 IN rhyme; elegance; tone / 武 BU, MU martial, military arts, chivalry. Bu or Mu refers to the warrior, Bushi or Musha / 導 DŌ leading, guiding.
 2013 – Ken Engetsu no Kagami ("mirror of the fullmoon sword")/ Tachi Hôken ("divine treasure sword")— Ken, Tachi, and Katana/ Naginata and Yari
 2012 – Jin Ryo Yo Go - Kaname, Sword and Rokushakubo, separately and with one in each hand
 2011 – Kihon Happo
 2010 – Rokkon Shoujou
 2009 – 才能 魂 器 ”saino konki”/ Talent, Heart, Capacity / Talent, Soul, Capacity
 2008 – Togakure-ryū Ninpō Taijutsu
 2007 – Kukishin Ryu
 2006 – Shinden Fudo Ryu
 2005 – Gyokko-ryū Kosshi jutsu (Bo and Tachi)
 2004 – Daishou Juutai jutsu (Roppo-Kuji-no Biken)
 2003 – Juppo Sessho
 2002 – Jutai jutsu (Takagi Yoshin Ryu)
 2001 – Kosshi jutsu (Gyokko Ryu)
 2000 – Koppo jutsu (Koto Ryu)
 1999 – Kukishinden Ryu
 1998 – Shinden Fudo Ryu
 1997 – Jojutsu
 1996 – Bokken
 1995 – Naginata
 1994 – Yari
 1993 – Rokushakubojutsu
 1992 – Taijutsu Power
 1991 – Sword and Jutte
 1990 – Hanbo
 1989 – Taijutsu and Weapons
 1988 – Taijutsu

No focus was announced for 2009, though Hatsumi talked about three things that are important for a martial artist, which may be loosely considered to be the yearly theme. He said that these things would become a bit of a theme for next year.Sainou (Ability/talent)Kokoro (Heart)Utsuwa (Capacity)

Soon after this theme as was announced, Hatsumi proposed that the second aspect, Kokoro (Heart), be replaced by Tamashii (Soul), reasoning that the heart is constantly changing, whereas the soul is permanent and unchanging and therefore "essential to the person".

Ninpo

Gyokushin-ryū NinpōGyokushin-ryū Ninpō ("The Jeweled Heart School") is taught by the Bujinkan martial arts organization. According to the Bujinkan, Gyokushin Ryu has sutemi waza techniques and is focused more on the art and techniques of espionage than on fighting. Its most prominent weapon is the lasso (nagenawa). The Bugei Ryuha Daijiten states that Takamatsu Toshitsugu transferred the Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō to Hatsumi in the middle of the 20th century, making Hatsumi its lineage holder. Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō is taught today in the Bujinkan organization.Alex Esteve: Exploring the essence of the Martial Arts, Footprints of the Bujinkan dojo soke; primary source, Bujinkan organization According to the Bujinkan martial arts organization, Gyokushin-ryū was founded in the mid-16th century by Sasaki Goeman Teruyoshi, who was also sōke of Gyokko-ryū, which explains the similarities between the two styles. Gyokushin-ryū is considered a style of koshi jutsu. Hatsumi is the 21st sōke.

Togakure-ryū

According to Bujinkan members, Ninja Jūhakkei (the eighteen disciplines) were first identified in the scrolls of , or "School of the Hidden Door", founded during the Oho period  by one Daisuke Nishina (Togakure), who learned a life view and techniques (ninjutsu) from Kagakure Doshi. Togakure ryu Ninjutsu Hidensho is a manuscript in Hatsumi's possession that is said to document Togakure-ryū. It is the purported origin of the "18 skills of Ninjutsu."Ninja jūhakkei was often studied along with Bugei jūhappan (the 18 samurai fighting art skills). Though some techniques were used in the same way by both samurai and ninja, others were used differently by the two groups. The 18 disciplines are:Seishinteki kyōyō (spiritual refinement)Taijutsu (unarmed combat)Kenjutsu (sword techniques including Tojutsu)Bōjutsu (stick and staff techniques)Sōjutsu (spear techniques)Naginatajutsu (naginata techniques)Kusarigamajutsu (kusarigama techniques)Shurikenjutsu (throwing weapons techniques)Kayakujutsu (pyrotechnics)Hensōjutsu (disguise and impersonation)Shinobi-iri (stealth and entering methods)Bajutsu (horsemanship)Sui-ren (water training)Bōryaku (tactics)Chōhō (espionage)Intonjutsu (escaping and concealment)Tenmon (meteorology)Chi-mon (geography)

The name of the discipline of , literally means "body skill". Historically in Japan, the word is often used interchangeably with jujutsu and many others to refer to a range of grappling skills. It is also used in the martial art of aikido to distinguish unarmed fighting techniques from others, such as those of stick fighting. In ninjutsu, especially since the emergence of the Ninja movie genre, it was used to avoid referring explicitly to "ninja" combat techniques.

Uniforms and rankings

Kyu levels
The Bujinkan Dōjō has a series of kyū (grades) below the level of shodan. The new student starts at mukyu ("without grade") and progresses from kukyu (9-kyu), the lowest rank, to ikkyu (1-kyu), the highest. Unranked (mukyū) practitioners wear white belts, kyu grade practitioners wear green belts (men) or red belts (women), and those with ranks of shōdan and above wear black belts.  In some dojos kyu-level practitioners – especially in children's classes – wear colored belts, though the actual color of the belt varies from place to place. In Japan it was once customary for kyu-level men to wear green belts over a black ninjutsugi and women to wear red belts over a purple ninjutsugi, but this practice has largely been abandoned. Currently, both male and female Bujinkan practitioners now wear green belts over a black ninjutsugi and on the feet they wear tabi (soft-sole tabi for indoor training and jika-tabi for outdoor training) at most dojos.

Dan levels
There are fifteen dan grades in the Bujinkan, although only ten are formally recognised (10th dan has five levels within it). With the exception of fifth dan (see below) there are no fixed criteria for attaining each grade. Different dojos have their own approaches based on the cultural environment and the instructor's preference.

Typically the study of tenchijin ryaku no maki (scrolls of heaven, earth and man) guides progression from 9-kyu to shodan (1st dan) and comprises all the fundamental techniques required for advanced study thereafter. Until 4th dan the student is expected to focus on developing strong foundations and to perfect their form. At 5th dan the training focus changes to becoming more responsive and responding naturally in dynamic & increasingly challenging situations.

In order to attain fifth dan (godan), fourth dan practitioners must submit to a sakki (or godan) test before the sōke to establish that they are able to sense the presence of danger and evade it, which is considered a fundamental survival skill.  After passing this test, a practitioner is considered to be under the protection of the Bujin, or Guiding Spirits, and is entitled to apply for a teaching license (shidōshi menkyo). A shidōshi (士道師) is entitled to open their own Bujinkan dōjō and grade students up to fourth dan. A practitioner between first dan and fourth dan may become a licensed assistant teacher (shidōshi-ho) if backed by and acting under the supervision of a shidōshi. In the Bujinkan, a person ranked tenth dan or higher is often referred to as a shihan.

The practitioner's level is displayed by the color of the art's emblem, called wappen (ワッペン) inscribed with the  kanji "bu"(武) and "jin" (神). There are four kinds of wappen (9 to 1 kyū, 1 to 4 dan, 5 to 9 dan, and 10 to 15 dan), sometimes augmented with up to four silver, gold or white stars (called hoshi) above or around the emblem, representing the individual ranks.

In addition to the kyu/dan system, a few practitioners have earned menkyo kaiden "licenses of complete transmission" in individual schools. These establish that the master practitioner has learned all that there is to learn about the particular lineage. Whereas the kyu/dan ranks are often made public, those who have earned menkyo kaiden'' rarely divulge their status, sometimes even being reluctant to recognize their actual dan ranking to outsiders.

References

Category:Samurai
Category:Ninjutsu organizations


Woodgrove

Woodgrove is a historic home located near Round Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia.  The original section of the house was built around 1785, with a rear ell added around 1840, and an addition with a new main entrance in about 1910.  All sections are  stories in height and constructed of native fieldstone.  The oldest section of the house is in the Federal style and the 1910 addition is in the Classical Revival style.  Also on the property is a contributing fieldstone meat house, built around 1840.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

References

Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Category:Federal architecture in Virginia
Category:Neoclassical architecture in Virginia
Category:Houses completed in 1785
Category:Houses in Loudoun County, Virginia
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Loudoun County, Virginia


Anand Veeravagu

Anand Veeravagu is an American neurosurgeon at Stanford University Hospital and Clinics. In 2012, he was selected to serve as a White House Fellow and is focused on innovation in healthcare delivery, traumatic brain injury, mental health and suicide prevention initiatives.

Education
Veeravagu graduated from Grapevine High School in 2001 where he played varsity tennis and competed nationally in policy debate. He subsequently obtained a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering with a concentration in electrical engineering and a minor in Multicultural and Regional Studies from Johns Hopkins University. He received his Doctor of Medicine from Stanford University, graduating with a concentration in bioengineering. During his senior year of medical school, Veeravagu completed neurosurgical rotations at Stanford University, Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and the Barrow Neurological Institute.

Surgical practice
After medical school Veeravagu completed his neurosurgical training at Stanford University, where he practices. Veeravagu has served as Chief Resident at the Palo Alto Veterans Hospital, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital and Santa Clara Valley Medical Center. At the Palo Alto Veterans Hospital, he cared for United States service members returning from Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) with traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries.

In 2011, Veeravagu traveled to Uganda where he staffed the CURE Pediatric Neurosurgical Hospital helping care for children with birth-defects, hydrocephalus, spina bifida, and malignant brain tumors. Veeravagu has received over 30 awards for his leadership, research and promotion of healthcare access to underserved populations. In 2012 Veeravagu received the Gold Foundation's Humanism and Excellence in Teaching Award for his commitment to mentorship, training, and physician development.

Veeravagu's surgical interests include brain tumors, vascular malformations, and severe spine deformities.

Clinical and basic science research

Glioblastoma Multiforme is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor in adults, and the focus of Veeravagu's research. He has written extensively on the treatment, management and diagnosis of brain tumors -   including the development of a novel treatment in 2008.

Veeravagu's clinical research employs national databases to evaluate trends in health resource utilization to provide guidelines for policy reform. This extends to understanding the distribution, access, deployment and utilization of high-value healthcare resources. Veeravagu's recent dedication to opioid use and tolerance after spine surgery makes use of national databases to quantify trends and help identify dependence characteristics. Veeravagu has over 50 peer-reviewed manuscripts, book chapters, and articles. Anand has also written for media outlets such as the Huffington Post and The Daily Beast. Anand has also appear on multiple news networks, including CNN, to discuss issues surrounding America's health.

White House Fellowship

Starting in 2012, Veeravagu is a White House Fellow serving as a Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense.

Books

Books that profile Anand, his colleagues, and their work include:

 Controversies in Neuro-Oncology: Best Evidence for Brain Tumor Surgery by Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa and Shaan M. Raza.
 Atlas of Emergency Neurosurgery. Thieme Medical Publishers 2012.
 Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques 2-Volume Set: Indications, Methods and Results by Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa.
 Radiosurgery in the Management of Central Nervous System Disease Editors Kleinberg, Rigamonti, Hsu, and Lim.
 Tumors of the Central Nervous System by M.A. Hayat

References

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni


Tukutuku

For the monotypic genus of gecko called Tukutuku, see Harlequin gecko

Tukutuku panelling is a distinctive art form of the Māori people of New Zealand, a traditional latticework  used to decorate meeting houses.

A wide range of named patterns have developed, and these now are used in a wide variety of modern contexts and act as a form of inspiration to New Zealand creative artists.

References

Examples
 http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-ao-marama-the-natural-world/2/2/1
 http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Photos/Libraries/Central/TukutukuPanels/panel-04.asp

Category:Māori art


Bohalis

Bohalis (alternatively Bohalas ) is a small townland in County Roscommon. It is located on the N5 road in Ireland between Ballaghaderreen, County Roscommon and Carracastle, County Mayo.

References

Category:Townlands of County Mayo
Category:Townlands of County Roscommon


List of places named after Josip Broz Tito

During Josip Broz Tito's presidency and in the years following his death in 1980, several places in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and across the world were named or renamed in honor of him as part of his cult of personality. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, several towns and squares in the former nation have reverted their names. Numerous streets were also named after Tito, both in former Yugoslavia as well as elsewhere as an honour to a foreign dignitary.

Cities formerly named after Tito
A total of eight towns and cities were named after Tito. Right after World War II, four municipalities whose role in the partisan resistance movement was perceived as significant gained the adjective "Tito's" (locally Titov/Titova/Titovo), while the capital of the smallest federal republic of Montenegro was renamed Titograd (Tito's grad). After Tito's death in 1980, four more cities were added, for a total of one in each of the Yugoslav six federal republics and two autonomous provinces. These were:

Titograd, July 13, 1946 – April 2, 1992 – Podgorica

Titov Drvar, 1981–1991 – Drvar, Canton 10, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Titova Korenica, December 5, 1945 – February 7, 1997 – Korenica

Titovo Užice, 1946–1992 – Užice
 Titova Mitrovica, 1981–1992 – Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo
 Titov Vrbas, 1983–1992 – Vrbas, Vojvodina

Titovo Velenje, October 10, 1981 – July 17, 1990 – Velenje

Titov Veles, 1946–1996 – Veles

With the dissolution of Yugoslavia, each city was renamed.

Streets and squares

Many towns in the countries of former Yugoslavia and in other countries have streets and squares named after him.

Ilirska Bistrica: Trg Maršala Tita (main square)
 Jesenice: Cesta Maršala Tita
 Koper: Titov trg (main square)
 Logatec: Titova ulica
 Ljubljana: Titova cesta (renamed to Slovenska cesta (Slovenian Avenue) in 1991); Titova cesta, a section of Štajerska cesca named after Tito in 2009. After Tito street decision in Slovenia renamed to Štajerska cesta.
 Maribor: Titova cesta (main street), Titov most (Tito's Bridge)
 Postojna: Titov trg (main square), Titova cesta
 Radeče: Titova ulica
 Radenci: Titova cesta
 Senovo: Titova cesta
 Tolmin: Trg Maršala Tita (main square)
 Velenje: Titov trg (main square with highest Tito's statue in the world)

In 2011 the Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that naming of a new street after Josip Broz Tito was unconstitutional. The court unanimously ruled that Tito symbolizes severe human rights violations, and that naming the street after him glorifies totalitarian regime and violates human dignity.  The decision is highly important, because it was the first time that the highest national court legally evaluated Tito, his work, and his image.

Banovci: Ulica maršala Tita
 Buje: Trg J.B. Tita
 Buzet: Titov trg
 Celine Goričke (Marija Gorica): Ulica maršala Tita
 Fažana: Titova riva
 Kumrovec: Ulica Josipa Broza
 Labin: Titov trg (main square)
 Lovran: Šetalište maršala Tita
 Matulji: Trg maršala Tita
 Nedelišće: Ulica Maršala Tita
 Novigrad: Ulica Josipa Broza Tita
 Novo Selo Rok (Čakovec): Ulica Maršala Tita
 Opatija: Ulica Maršala Tita
 Poreč: Obala maršala Tita
 Pula: Titov park
 Rabac: Obala maršala Tita
 Rijeka: Titov trg
 Rovinj: Trg maršala Tita
 Selce (Crikvenica): Ulica maršala Tita (suggested to be renamed to Jean-Michel Nicolier Street)
 Šenkovec: Ulica maršala Tita
 Starogradacki Marof (Stari Gradac): Maršala Tita
 Turopolje: Ulica maršala Tita
 Umag: Obala maršala Tita
 Veli Lošinj: Obala maršala Tita
 Velika Gorica: Trg maršala Tita
 Vinkovački Banovci: Ulica maršala Tita
 Vrsar: Obala maršala Tita
 Zabok: Ulica Josipa Broza Tita
 Zmajevac, Suza : Ulica maršala Tita

Name changes are announced in Selce, Varaždinske Toplice and Velika Gorica.

Former
 Karlovac: Trg Josipa Broza Tita (now Trg hrvatskih branitelja)
 Šibenik: Poljana maršala Tita (now Poljana)
 Mursko Središće: Ulica Josipa Broza Tita (now Ulica Republike Hrvatske)
 Zadar: Obala Maršala Tita (now Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV)
 Zagreb: Trg maršala Tita (now Trg Republike Hrvatske). In February 2008, 2,000 protestors gathered on Zagreb's Josip Broz square, which is the site of the Croatian National Theatre, to demand it be renamed to Theatre Square. However, hundreds of anti-fascists accused this crowd to be revisionist and neo-Ustaše and the attempt to rename it failed. Croatian President Stjepan Mesić publicly opposed the renaming. However, the square was renamed to Republic of Croatia Square by mayor Milan Bandić in 2017.
Zaprešić: Ulica maršala Tita (now Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac Street)
 Varaždinske Toplice: Ulica Maršala Tita (now dr. Franjo Tuđman Street)

The only towns in Republika Srpska that names a street after Tito are Kozarac and Srebrenica; all other towns are in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bihać: Trg maršala Tita
 Bosanska Krupa: Ulica maršala Tita
 Bratunac: Ulica maršala Tita
 Breza: Titova ulica
 Drvar: Titova ili Put Oficirske Škole
 Foča: Titov Most
 Goražde: Ulica maršala Tita
 Gradačac: Titova ulica
 Jajce: Ulica maršala Tita
 Jelah: Titova ulica
 Konjic: Ulica maršala Tita
 Kozarac:Ulica maršala Tita
 Lukavac: Titova ulica
 Mostar: Ulica maršala Tita
 Novi Travnik: Ulica maršala Tita (former?)
 Odžak: Titova ulica
 Sarajevo: Ulica Maršala Tita (main street)
 Srebrenica: Ulica Maršala Tita
 Tešanj: Ulica maršala Tita
 Tuzla: Titova ulica
 Zavidovići: Ulica Maršala Tita
 Zenica: Titova ulica
 Živinice: Titova ulica

Former
 Bugojno: Ulica maršala Tita (now Sultan Ahmedova)

Banja Koviljača: Maršala Tita
 Boleč: Maršala Tita
 Čokot: Maršala Tita
 Jakovo, Beograd: Maršala Tita
 Krepoljin: Maršala Tita
 Kraljevo: Titogradska
 Krupanj: Maršala Tita
 Kumane: Maršala Tita
 Lešnica: Maršala Tita
 Leštane: Maršala Tita
 Medoševac: Maršala Tita
 Meljak: Maršala Tita
 Mezgraja: Maršala Tita
 Niš: Naselje Marsala Tita (Durlan)
 Pajkovac: Maršala Tita
 Palilula, Belgrade: Maršala Tita
 Petrovac na Mlavi: Titov gaj
 Požarevac: Titogradska
 Požeženo: Maršala Tita
 Preševo: Maršala Tita
 Slanci: Maršala Tita
 Tabanović: Maršala Tita
 Umčari: Maršala Tita
 Vranje: Titogradska
 Žagubica: Maršala Tita
 Zaklopača: Maršala Tita
 Železnik, Beograd: Titova
 Zvezdara, Beograd: Titov gaj

 Vojvodina
 Ada: Maršala Tita
 Adorjan: Maršala Tita
 Bač: Maršala Tita
 Bačka Topola: Maršala Tita; Pobeda: Maršala Tita
 Bački Brestovac:Maršala Tita
 Bački Gračac: Maršala Tita
 Bački Petrovac: Ulica maršala Tita
 Banatska Dubica: Maršala Tita
 Bajša: Maršala Tita
 Banatsko Novo Selo: Maršala Tita
 Bočar: Maršala Tita
 Čantavir: Maršala Tita
 Čestereg: Maršala Tita
 Čoka: Maršala Tita
 Čortanovci: Maršala Tita
 Crepaja: Maršala Tita
 Crvenka: ulica Maršala Tita
 Deliblato: Maršala Tita
 Ečka: Maršala Tita
 Erdevik: Maršala Tita
 Feketić: Maršala Tita
 Glozan: Maršala Tita
 Kačarevo: Maršala Tita
 Klenak: Maršala Tita
 Konak: Maršala Tita
 Kovačica: Maršala Tita
 Padina: Elementary school Maršala Tita, Ulica maršala Tita
Kruščić: Maršala Tita
 Kula: ulica Maršala Tita
 Kulpin: Ulica maršala Tita
 Kucura: Maršala Tita
 Kupinovo: Maršala Tita
 Lovćenac: Maršala Tita
 Maglić: Maršala Tita
 Majdan: Tito Marsal
 Mošorin: Maršala Tita
 Nova Gajdobra: Maršala Tita
 Novi Bečej: Maršala Tita
 Novi Žednik: Titogradska
 Obrež: Maršala Tita
 Padej: Maršala Tita
 Panonija: trg Maršala Tita
 Ratkovo: Maršala Tita
 Ravno Selo: Maršala Tita
 Ruski Krstur: Maršala Tita
 Samoš: Maršala Tita
 Sanad: Maršala Tita
 Selenča: Maršala Tita
 Seleuš: Maršala Tita
 Sivac: ulica Maršala Tita
 Skorenovac: Maršala Tita
 Stari Banovci: Titov Park Kosarkasko Igraliste
 Subotica: Aleja Maršala Tita (one of the main streets)
 Taraš: Maršala Tita
 Tomaševac: Maršala Tita
 Trešnjevac: Maršala Tita
 Vajska: Maršala Tita
 Veliki Radinci: Maršala Tita
 Vrbas: Ulica maršala Tita, Titova Vila

Former
 Beograd: Maršala Tita (the main street, renamed back to Srpskih vladara in 1992, now Kralja Milana)
 Zemun: Ulica maršala Tita (the main street, renamed back to Glavna ulica, meaning "main street")
 Šabac: Maršala Tita (the main street, renamed to Gospodar Jevremova in 2005.)
 Ruma: Maršala Tita (the main street, renamed back to Glavna ulica, meaning "main street")
 Užice: Maršala Tita (the main street, renamed to Dimitrija Tucovića street)
 Jagodina (Svetozarevo 1946–1992): Maršala Tita (the main street, renamed to Kneginje Milice in 1992)
 Zrenjanin: Maršala Tita (the main street, renamed back to Kralja Aleksandra in 1992)
 Novi Sad: Bulevar maršala Tita (renamed to Bulevar Mihajla Pupina in 1992)
 Batajnica: Josipa Broza-Tita (the main street, renamed to Majora Zorana Radosavljevica in 2004)
 Temerin: Maršala Tita (the main street, renamed to Novosadska during 1990s)

Herceg Novi: Trg maršala Tita
 Bar: Ulica maršala Tita
 Podgorica: Josipa Broza Tita; Titove Korenice
 Rožaje: Maršala Tita
 Tivat: Obala maršala Tita

Former
 Cetinje: Titov trg (now Dvorski trg)
 Ulcinj: Bulevard maršala Tita (now Bulevard Gjergj Kastrioti - Skënderbeu)

Balandovo: Maršal Tito
 Berovo: Maršal Tito
 Bitola: Титово Ужице
 Delčevo: Maršal Tito
 Demir Hisar: Maršal Tito
 Demir Kapija: Maršal Tito
 Gevgelija: Maršal Tito
 Josifovo: Maršal Tito
 Kičevo: Maršal Tito
 Kočani: Maršal Tito
 Kriva Palanka: Maršal Tito
 Kumanovo: Титова Митровачка
 Makedonska Kamenica: Maršal Tito
 Makedonski Brod, Marsal Tito
 Radovis: Maršal Tito
 Skopje: Maršal Tito, Титовелешка
 Stari Dojran: Maršal Tito
 Stip: Kej Maršal Tito
 Struga: Maršal Tito
 Strumica: ulica Maršal Tito
 Sveti Nikole: Marsal Tito
 Veles: Maršal Tito
 Vinica: bul. Tito

Former
 Bitola: Maršal Tito (now Širok Sokak)
 Ohrid: Kej Maršal Tito (now Kej Makedonija)
 Tetovo: Square Maršal Tito (former name)

Parc Tito in Bab Ezzouar

Luanda: Rua Marechal Tito Presidente

São Paulo: Avenida Marechal Tito

Phnom Penh: Josep Broz Tito Street

Limassol: Josip Broz Tito street
 Dali: Marshal Tito street

Cairo: Josip Broz Tito Street, Huckstep, Qism El-Nozha (by the Cairo International Airport)

Addis Ababa: Josif (Broz) Tito's street

Châlons-en-Champagne: Rue du Maréchal Tito

Accra: Josif Broz Tito Avenue

New Delhi: J B Tito Marg
 Jodhpur: Shri Tito Chauraha

Campegine: via Josip Broz
 Nuoro: via Tito
 Palma di Montechiaro: via Tito
 Parma: via Josip Broz Tito
 Quattro Castella: via Maresciallo Tito
 Reggio Emilia: via Josip Broz Tito

Titova, oblast Qostanaj 110000, near Arkalyk

Agadir: Tito Street

Abuja: Tito Broz street

Moscow: Ploshchad Iosipa Broza Tito (Josip Broz Tito Square) above the Profsoyuznaya metro station.
 Titov, near Litvinovka, oblast Rostov

Sousse: Marshal Tito Avenue

Lusaka: Tito Road

Mountain peaks

Titov Vrv (meaning Tito's peak), Šar Mountains

Asteroid
 1550 Tito (discovered by Milorad B. Protić)

Gallery

Notes

References

Places
Tito
Tito place names
Category:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Tito Places


Pennal

Pennal is a village and community on the A493 road in southern Gwynedd, Wales, on the north bank of the Afon Dyfi/River Dovey, near Machynlleth.

It lies in the historic county of Merionethshire/Sir Feirionnydd and is within the Snowdonia National Park.

Roman Fort

It was the site of a small Roman fort, known as Cefn Caer in Welsh, probably guarding a ford or ferry crossing of the Dyfi on the Sarn Helen Roman road. The remains of the fort lie under the 14th-century house of Cefn Caer, overlooking the village.

Price Family of Esgair Weddan

Just outside Pennal is the farmstead of 'Esgair Weddan' which from the 14th century until the mid 18th was the home of the Price (ap Rhys) family of Esgair Weddan, patrilineal descendants of Dafydd ap Llywelyn, son of Llywelyn fawr (the great) Prince of Wales (1240–1246). Their home was called Plas yn y Rofft in Elizabethan times and was located in a field behind the present farmhouse above the village of Cwrt, (originally Pont y Cwrt), meaning "court", near to Mynydd Esgairweddan.

Owain Glyndŵr

Pennal is known for its historical association with Owain Glyndŵr. In Pennal Owain composed the famous Pennal Letter of 1406, a letter to the King of France setting out his plans for an independent Wales – the only document which stands as a policy document for an independent Wales in the Middle Ages.  The letter was briefly returned to Wales from France for an exhibition at the National Library of Wales in 2000, and a campaign has started for it to be returned permanently to Wales and be put on show at the National Assembly building in Cardiff.

Anwyl Family of Llugwy

Just outside Pennal, on the banks of the Dyfi opposite the hamlet of Morben, is "Llugwy", the home of the Anwyl family since 1682.  This family have patrilinear descent from Rhodri Mawr through Anarawd, his eldest son, and Owain Gwynedd (king of Gwynedd c.1137 – 1170) to the present day.

Recent history

In the early 19th century there were quays on the Dyfi where slate from the quarries around Corris, Aberllefenni and Abergynolwyn was brought by packhorse for loading onto seagoing vessels. This trade died out when the Corris Railway to Machynlleth and the Talyllyn Railway to Tywyn were built. The Cwm Ebol quarry operated a mile north west of the village between 1868 and around 1906. A  gauge tramway (later converted to  gauge) operated between the quarry and the village. Between 1918 and 1920 part of the tramway was reused in another  gauge railway, serving timber felling operations at Cwm Dwr, two miles north of the village.

The village also has a place in music history, as it was at nearby Bron-Yr-Aur cottage that Robert Plant was living when he wrote the Led Zeppelin classic, "Stairway to Heaven".

References

External links

Description and photos of the Church
Cefn Caer website – occasional residence of Owain Glyndŵr
Owain Glyndŵr Society's page about the Pennal letter
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Pennal and surrounding area

 Pennal


Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Men's individual pursuit B

The Men's Individual Pursuit B track cycling event at the 2016 Summer Paralympics took place on September 8. This class is for blind and visually impaired cyclists riding with a sighted pilot. Sixteen pairs from 11 different nations compete.

The competition will begin with eight head to head races between the 16 riders. These races were held over a 4000m course and each rider is given a time for their race. The fastest two riders are advanced to the gold medal final whilst the third and fourth fastest times race it out for the bronze. The medal finals are held on the same day as the heats.

Records

Preliminaries
Q = Qualifier for gold final
Qb = Qualifier for bronze final
PR = Paralympic Record
WR = World Record

Finals
Gold medal match

Bronze medal match

References

Men's pursuit B


Enrolled actuary

An enrolled actuary is an actuary enrolled by the Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Enrolled actuaries, under regulations of the Department of the Treasury and the Department of Labor, perform a variety of tasks with respect to pension plans in the United States under ERISA. As of August 2016, there were approximately 4,200 enrolled actuaries.

Qualifications

The Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries administers two examinations to prospective enrolled actuaries. Once the two examinations have been passed, and an individual has also obtained sufficient relevant professional experience, that individual becomes an enrolled actuary.

The first exam (EA-1) tests basic knowledge of the mathematics of compound interest, the mathematics of life contingencies, and practical demographic analysis.

The second (EA-2) examination consists of two segments, which are offered during separate exam sittings in either the fall or the spring. Segment F covers the selection of actuarial assumptions, actuarial cost methods, and the calculation of minimum (required) and maximum (tax-deductible) contributions to pension plans. Segment L tests knowledge of relevant federal pension laws (in particular, the provisions of ERISA) as they affect pension actuarial practice.

Employers

Enrolled actuaries generally work for human resource consulting firms, investment and insurance brokers, accounting firms, government organizations, and law firms.  Some firms that employ enrolled actuaries combine two or more of these practice specialties.

Organizations

Many enrolled actuaries belong to one or more of the following organizations:  the Society of Actuaries, the American Academy of Actuaries. the Conference of Consulting Actuaries or the American Society of Pension Professionals & Actuaries.

Notes and references

External links
 Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries

Actuary
Actuary
Category:Employee Retirement Income Security Act


Anil Rai Gupta

Anil Rai Gupta (born 20 April 1969) is an Indian businessman. He is the chairman and managing director of Havells India.

Early life and education
Gupta was born on 20 April 1969 in Delhi. His father Qimat Rai Gupta was the founder of Havells.

Gupta attended St. Xavier's School in Delhi. He obtained a bachelor's degree in economics from Sriram College of Commerce, and an MBA from Wake Forest University, North Carolina.

Business career
Gupta joined his father's company in 1992 as a non-executive director. He led Havells' acquisition of the European lighting company Sylvania and its restructuring as Havells Sylvania.

After his father's death in November 2014, Gupta succeeded him the chairman and managing director of Havells. He has focused on expanding the company's range of electrical consumer durables and improving its brand recognition.

Other activities and recognition
Gupta is one of the founders of Ashoka University, a private liberal arts college in Haryana. He wrote a biography of his father, Havells: The Untold Story of Qimat Rai Gupta (2016), which was well received.

Gupta was awarded an honorary doctorate by his alma mater Wake Forest University in 2017. and the All India Management Association's Emerging Business Leader (2017). In FY 17-18 Anil Rai Gupta has also been honoured with ET Family Business of the year.

Personal life
Gupta is married to Sangeeta Gupta. They have two children.

References

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:Businesspeople from Delhi
Category:Indian chairmen of corporations
Category:Indian chief executives
Category:University of Delhi alumni
Category:Wake Forest University alumni