Richard D. Wolff

Richard David Wolff (born April 1, 1942) is an American Marxian economist, known for his work on economic methodology and class analysis. He is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and currently a Visiting Professor in the Graduate Program in International Affairs of the New School University in New York. Wolff has also taught economics at Yale University, City University of New York, University of Utah, University of Paris I (Sorbonne), and The Brecht Forum in New York City.

In 1988 he co-founded the journal Rethinking Marxism. In 2010, Wolff published Capitalism Hits the Fan: The Global Economic Meltdown and What to Do About It, also released as a DVD. He released three new books in 2012: Occupy the Economy: Challenging Capitalism, with David Barsamian (San Francisco: City Lights Books), Contending Economic Theories: Neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian, with Stephen Resnick (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: MIT University Press), and Democracy at Work (Chicago: Haymarket Books). In 2019, he released his book Understanding Marxism (Democracy at Work).

Wolff hosts the weekly 30 minute long program Economic Update, which is produced by the non-profit Democracy at Work, which he co-founded. Economic Update is on Youtube, FreeSpeech TV, WBAI, 99.5 FM, New York City (Pacifica Radio), CUNY TV (Channel 25.3), and available as a podcast. Wolff is featured regularly in television, print, and internet media. The New York Times Magazine has named him "America's most prominent Marxist economist". Wolff lives in Manhattan with his wife and frequent collaborator, Harriet Fraad, a practicing psychotherapist.

Early life and education
In order to escape fascism, Wolff's parents immigrated from Europe to the United States during World War II. His father, a French lawyer working until that point in Cologne, Germany, gained employment as a steelworker in Youngstown, Ohio (in part because his European certification was not recognized in the United States), and the family eventually settled outside New York City. His mother was a German citizen. Wolff's father was acquainted with Max Horkheimer. Wolff states that his European background influenced his world view:
"[E]verything you expect about how the world works probably will be changed in your life, that unexpected things happen, often tragic things happen, and being flexible, being aware of a whole range of different things that happen in the world, is not just a good idea as a thinking person, but it's crucial to your survival. So, for me, I grew up convinced that understanding the political and economic environment I lived in was an urgent matter that had to be done, and made me a little different from many of my fellow kids in school who didn't have that sense of the urgency of understanding how the world worked to be able to navigate an unstable and often dangerous world. That was a very important lesson for me."

Wolff earned a BA magna cum laude in history from Harvard in 1963 and moved on to Stanford—he attained an MA in economics in 1964—to study with Paul A. Baran. Baran died prematurely from a heart attack in 1964 and Wolff transferred to Yale University, where he received an MA in economics in 1966, MA in history in 1967, and a PhD in economics in 1969. As a graduate student at Yale, Wolff worked as an instructor. His dissertation, "Economic Aspects of British Colonialism in Kenya, 1895–1930", was eventually published in book form in 1974.

Career
Wolff taught at the City College of New York from 1969–1973. Here he started his lifelong collaboration with fellow economist Stephen Resnick, who arrived in 1971 after being denied tenure at Yale for signing an anti-war petition. Both would then be part, along with Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis, and Rick Edwards, of the "radical package" that was hired in 1973 by the Economics Department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where Wolff has been full professor since 1981. Wolff retired in 2008 but remains professor emeritus and that year joined The New School as a visiting professor.

The first co-authored academic publication by Wolff and Resnick was "The Theory of Transitional Conjunctures and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism," which laid out the pillars of the framework that they have worked on ever since. They formulated a non-determinist, class-analytical approach for understanding the debates regarding the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Their topics have included Marxian theory and value analysis, overdetermination, radical economics, international trade, business cycles, social formations, the Soviet Union, and comparing and contrasting Marxian and non-Marxian economic theories.

Wolff's work with Resnick took Louis Althusser and Étienne Balibar's Reading Capital as its point of departure and developed a subtle reading of Karl Marx's Capital Volumes II and III in their influential Knowledge and Class. For the authors, Marxian class analysis entails the detailed study of the conditions of existences of concrete forms of performance, appropriation, and distribution of surplus labor. While there could be an infinite number of forms of surplus appropriation, the Marxist canon refers to ancient (independent), slave, feudal, capitalist, and communist class processes.

In 1989, Wolff joined efforts with a group of colleagues, ex- and then current students to launch Rethinking Marxism, an academic journal that aims to create a platform for rethinking and developing Marxian concepts and theories within economics as well as other fields of social inquiry. For more than two decades, he served as a member of the editorial board of the journal. Currently, he continues to serve as a member of the advisory board of the journal.

Wolff was a visiting professor in spring 1994 at University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. Wolff continues to teach graduate seminars and undergraduate courses and direct dissertation research in economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and, most recently, in the graduate program in international affairs (GPIA) at The New School.

A founding member of the Green Party of New Haven, Connecticut, Wolff was the party's mayoral candidate in 1985. In 2011, he called for the establishment of a broad-based left-wing mass party in the United States. Wolff, especially since 2008, gives many public lectures throughout the United States and other countries. He is regular lecturer at the Brecht Forum. Wolff is often a guest on television and radio news programs, and, within the U.S., has appeared on a variety of programs, as well as writing for a number of publications and websites. Wolff hosts a weekly radio/tv show and podcast on economics and society, Economic Update, at WBAI in New York City.

One of his students, George Papandreou, became Prime Minister of Greece serving from 2009 to 2011. Wolff remembers Papandreou as a student who "sought then to become both a sophisticated and a socialist economist." However, CUNY Economics professor Costas Panayotakis observed that "after being elected Greek prime minister in the fall of 2009 on a platform that excoriated austerity as the wrong kind of policy to be adopted at a time of deep economic crisis, George Papandreou has reversed himself and, faced with a debt crisis, called in the International Monetary Fund and imposed the most brutal austerity program the country has ever seen."

Projects
Wolff is a co-founder of Democracy at Work, a non-profit that produces media and live events to expose capitalism's systemic problems and to show how democratizing our workplaces solves them. The organization is based off his 2012 book, Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism. Wolff also hosts the nationally syndicated program Economic Update with Richard D. Wolff, which is produced by Democracy at Work.

Politics

In July 2015, Wolff endorsed Massachusetts physician and Green Party candidate Jill Stein for President.

Personal life
In addition to his native English, Wolff is fluent in French and German. Wolff lives in New York City with his wife, Harriet Fraad, a psychotherapist. They have two children.

Bibliography

Films

See also

 Paul Hirst
 Stephen A. Resnick
 J. K. Gibson-Graham
 Jack Amariglio
 Slavoj Zizek
 Michael Parenti

References

External links

 Richard D. Wolff's website
 Democracy@Work, a YouTube series hosted by Richard Wolff
 Richard D. Wolff's UMASS webpage (with Stephen A Resnick)
 Wolff's faculty profile at The New School
 Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture and Society
 Democracy at Work A social movement "for greater economic democracy" co-founded by Dr. Wolff

Interviews

 Capitalism in Crisis: Richard Wolff Urges End to Austerity, New Jobs Program, Democratizing Work. Democracy Now! March 25, 2013.
 The Empire Files: Understanding Marxism and Socialism with Richard Wolff. The Real News, March 21, 2016.
 Poverty Has Always Accompanied Capitalism. Truthout. July 3, 2016.

Category:1942 births
Category:20th-century American economists
Category:Economists from New York (state)
Category:American people of French descent
Category:American people of German descent
Category:American Marxists
Category:American communists
Category:American socialists
Category:American anti-fascists
Category:Anti-fascists
Category:Anti-capitalists
Category:City College of New York faculty
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Living people
Category:Marxian economists
Category:Marxist theorists
Category:Marxist writers
Category:New York (state) socialists
Category:Stanford University alumni
Category:The New School faculty
Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Category:Writers from Youngstown, Ohio
Category:Yale University alumni
Category:Economists from Ohio
Category:21st-century American economists


Meridian Southern Railway

Meridian Southern Railway , in east Mississippi, USA, is a  short line freight railroad linking Meridian, and Waynesboro, Mississippi and intermediate stations. The railroad is connected to the national rail network by its connection to the Kansas City Southern Railway at Meridian. The MDS utilizes five General Electric built B23-7 locomotives to move over 7,000 carloads of freight annually.

Originally, this line was part of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad mainline connecting Mobile, Alabama with St. Louis, Missouri. The segment between Waynesboro and Mobile has been abandoned.

The MDS is one of four shortlines (the others being the Owego Harford Railway, the Lehigh Railway, and the Luzerne and Susquehanna Railway), all part of a shortline holding company headquartered in Owego, New York. http://www.ohry.net/

External links

http://www.meridiansouthern.com/

Category:Mississippi railroads
Category:Spin-offs of the Kansas City Southern Railway
Category:Companies operating former Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad lines


Zajezierze, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

Zajezierze  (German Seegertswalde) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małdyty, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Małdyty,  north-west of Ostróda, and  west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

References

Zajezierze


Munio Weinraub

Munio Gitai Weinraub (1909–1970) was an Israeli architect. Some 8,000 buildings around the country, including the Holocaust memorial at Yad Vashem and the central synagogue in Haifa are based on his designs.

Biography

Munio Weinraub is an Israeli architect who studied at the Bauhaus school, with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and later worked under him on numerous projects. He later immigrated to Palestine and opened an architecture office despite never completing his formal studies.

Personal life and Books
Weinraub died in 1970. In 1994 Richard Ingersoll published the book titled Munio Gitai Weinraub: Bauhaus architect in Eretz Israel. Centre Pompidou also released a book on Weinraub in 2001.

Weinraub's son is filmmaker Amos Gitai, whose 2012 documentary, Lullaby to My Father, is a tribute to Weinraub.

See also
Architecture of Israel

References

External links
The Munio Weinraub Architecture Museum website. Israeli and international architecture, the relationship between Munio Weinraub and his son Amos Gitai, events. Opened in 2012 in Weinraub's former studio.
Mies van der Rohe letter to Munio, August 1931
Architecture and Film: Munio Weinraub and Amos Gitai, by Jane Czyzselska, Blueprint Magazine, 20 Aug. 2009
Munio Weinraub and Amos Gitai, at artinfo.com

Category:1909 births
Category:1970 deaths
Category:Bauhaus alumni
Category:20th-century Israeli architects
Category:Architects in Mandatory Palestine
Category:Israeli designers
Category:Israeli architects
Category:Industrial designers


FETV (Panama)

FETV is a television network that broadcasts on channel 5 in Panama City, and is headquartered in Panama City, Panama, with repeaters throughout the country. The network and stations broadcast in the NTSC format. The network takes its name from the Television Education Foundation (FETV), its owner.

History
In 1990, the Catholic Church of Panama sought to create an educational television station in the country, and with the leadership of other churches and the commercial broadcasters, the Television Education Foundation (Fundación para la Educación en la Television) was formed.

The next year, the station received its frequencies to operate, and it bought the equipment used to operate FETV's predecessor on channel 5, Panavisión/Telecinco, in bankruptcy from Cofina, a governmental financial entity which had taken the channel 5 facilities as collateral for debts that Telecinco owed to the government.

After broadcasting test signals, FETV signed on April 1, 1992; the station went to air with 4 hours of programming a day.

The station's programming is largely educational and social in nature. In 2009 they signed a 3-way deal, with the nation's major commercial broadcasters, to avoid sale of the station to international broadcasters. FETV was the first station to cover Darien Province.

Programming includes children's shows, nature documentaries, medical and family topics talk shows, and programs from a variety of international broadcasters, such as Rome Reports, the Discovery Channel and National Geographic.

Slogans
 El Canal de lo Bueno(2014-)
 La Buena Television (2010-2013)
 Abriendo Horizontes (1992-2011)

References
FETV History

External links

Category:Television stations in Panama
Category:Television channels and stations established in 1992
Category:Media in Panama City


New Ridley

New Ridley is a hamlet in the county of Northumberland, England. It is in the parish of Stocksfield and the parliamentary constituency of Hexham. It is one of four "Ridleys" in the parish, along with Old Ridley, East Ridley and Ridley Mill.

Services in New Ridley include Stocksfield Golf Club and the Dr. Syntax public house. The pub is named after a racehorse of the same name which was in turn named after a fictional character created by the writer William Combe.

References

External links

Category:Villages in Northumberland


Mel Brieseman

Melvin Athol (Mel) Brieseman is a New Zealand public health official, surgeon, obstetrician and former missionary to India.

Early life and education
Brieseman was born in Stratford, New Zealand on 13 June 1934, and after completing his primary and secondary schooling in Taranaki left for the University of Otago to study medicine.

Career
After graduation, he returned to Taranaki, taking up a house surgeon job in New Plymouth. Brieseman spent four years in this job, before he left for England after being granted a scholarship. He spent a year there before emigrating to India where he worked as a missionary north of Bombay.

Brieseman spent 10 years in India as a practicing surgeon and obstetrician while his wife helped with hospital and outreach programmes in the villages. This “third-world” work inspired in Brieseman an interest in public health, and, when his children began to outgrow the Indian education system he and his family returned to Dunedin where he completed a Diploma in Public Health. After his return Indian authorities became less accepting of foreign doctors, which discouraged Brieseman from plans to go back. He instead took on a government job as the Medical Officer of Health for the Canterbury region in 1977, and has held the position for nearly 30 years. In this time Brieseman has monitored and managed public health response to issues such as water quality, HIV, smoking, measles, influenza, diabetes and Legionnaires' disease.

Personal life
He met his wife, Joan, during medical school.  They had four children.  When they lived in India, their children were schooled 1000 km to the south, returning to their parents for the school holidays.

Melvin Brieseman died at his home in Christchurch on 25 October 2010.

References
 Harvard State Bank Article: Dr. Mel Brieseman, August 8, 2005
 Greater Christchurch Urban Development Strategy

Category:Christian missionaries in India
Category:1934 deaths
Category:2010 deaths
Category:New Zealand Christian missionaries
Category:Christian medical missionaries
Category:New Zealand obstetricians
Category:New Zealand surgeons
Category:University of Otago alumni
Category:People from Stratford, New Zealand
Category:New Zealand expatriates in India
Category:20th-century New Zealand medical doctors
Category:21st-century New Zealand medical doctors


Charles Robert Drysdale

Charles Robert Drysdale (1829 – December 2, 1907) was an English engineer, physician and public health scientist, and the first President of the Malthusian League. He published books on the topics of syphilis, the evils of prostitution and the dangers of tobacco smoking.

Life

He was the son of William Drysdale (1781 – 1847) and Lady Elizabeth Drysdale. The family were close friends of Charles Darwin.

Drysdale was educated at University College London. He obtained his M.R.C.S. in 1858 and took his M.D. in 1859, F.R.C.S. in 1861 and M.R.C.P. in 1862.

Although later remembered only as a doctor he was initially a trained and skilled engineer, working on the SS Great Eastern for Brunel in 1847 and conducting surveys for new railways in both Spain and Switzerland.

His elder brother was Dr John James Drysdale (1816 – 1890) founder of the Liverpool Homeopathic Hospital. His brother-in-law was Dr Edward Wickstead Lane, Darwin's doctor. Edward Wickstead Lane ran a hydropathy spa near Reading.

Together with his wife he founded the Malthusian League and was its first President.

Drysdale died on December 2, 1907 in West Dulwich.

Campaign against tobacco smoking
Drysdale was one of the earliest campaigners against tobacco smoking. In a letter to The Times newspaper in 1878 to say 'I think that the use of tobacco is one of the most evident of all the retrograde influences of our time.' and 'The use of tobacco is one of the most evident of all the retrograde influences of our time. It invades all classes, destroys social life, and is turning, in the words of Mantegazza, the whole of Europe into a cigar divan.'

Criticism of vegetarianism

Drysdale argued that a mixed-diet is best for mankind and was an opponent of vegetarianism. In 1891, Drysdale wrote an article, "Fallacies of Vegetarianism" for The Sanitary Inspector journal. He utilized arguments from anatomy, chemistry and physiology against vegetarianism.
Vegetarians rejected his anatomical argument.

Family

From 1869 he began a life-long relationship with fellow doctor Alice Vickery. Neither believed in marriage. They are buried together in Brookwood Cemetery.

Their son, Charles Vickery Drysdale (1874-1961) opened one of the first family planning clinics at East Street, Walworth, London SE17 in 1921. A Blue plaque marks the site.

Selected publications

Prostitution Medically Considered (1866)
Tobacco and the Diseases it Produces (1875)
Fallacies of Vegetarianism (1891)
The Life and Writings of Thomas R. Malthus (1892)

References

Category:1829 births
Category:1907 deaths
Category:19th-century English medical doctors
Category:Alumni of University College London
Category:Anti-smoking activists
Category:British public health doctors
Category:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
Category:Critics of vegetarianism


2003 Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council election

The 2003 Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 1 May 2003 to elect members of Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council in the West Midlands, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was
Labour 55
Conservative 9
Liberal Democrat 6
British National Party 2

Campaign
Before the election the Labour party held control of the council with 57 seats, while the Conservatives had 8 seats and the Liberal Democrats 6 seats. A further seat was vacant in Great Bridge ward after the death of Labour councillor Jean Marson. 24 seats were being contested in the election by a total of 83 candidates. Labour was defending 20 of the 24 seats, with the mayor and 5 members of the cabinet among those contesting the election. The Conservatives contested every seat, the Socialist Labour Party stood in 15 seats, Liberal Democrats 10, British National Party 5 and there were 2 candidates from the Freedom Party.

The candidates from the British National Party and the Freedom Party caused controversy, with the UNISON trade union calling on its members to vote against them and boycott any councillors from those parties. A local Labour Member of Parliament Tom Watson meanwhile said that property prices would fall if any candidates from the British National Party were elected.

Election result
The results saw the British National Party win 2 seats on the council for the first time. The British National Party's John Salvage gained Princes End by 37 votes and David Watkins took Great Bridge by nearly 100 votes. Meanwhile, Labour held control of the council despite dropping seats. The Conservatives gained 1 seat, while the Liberal Democrats stayed on 6 seats.

The first council meeting following the election on 20 May saw a protest by union members against the presence of a British National Party councillor.

Ward results

References

Category:2003 English local elections
2003
Category:2000s in the West Midlands (county)


Sinornithoides

Sinornithoides (meaning "Chinese bird form") is a genus of troodontid theropod dinosaurs containing the single species Sinornithoides youngi. S. youngi lived during the Early Cretaceous (Aptian/Albian stage, around 113 million years ago). It measured approximately one meter long (3.3 ft). It lived in Inner Mongolia, China, and probably ate invertebrates and other small prey. They live in what is now Mongolia, which was part of Laurasia.

Discovery

In 1988, a Chinese-Canadian expedition discovered the remains of a small theropod near Huamuxiao, in the Ordos Basin of Inner Mongolia. Sinornithoides youngi, the type species, was named and described in 1993/1994 by Dale Russell and Dong Zhiming based on this fossil specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Ejinhoro Formation. The generic name is derived from Latin Sinae, "Chinese", and Greek ὄρνις, ornis, "bird", en ~ειδής, ~eides, a suffix meaning "~like", in reference to the bird-like build. The specific name honours Yang Zhongjian.

It is represented by a holotype, IVPP V9612, an almost complete skeleton with skull, which is articulated and nearly complete except for the roof of the skull, some cervical and many dorsal vertebrae, along with some other referred skeletal elements. The holotype is preserved in much the same roosting position as another troodontid fossil, that of Mei long, with its snout tucked under its left hand. It represents a subadult individual.

Description

Sinornithoides is a troodontid, a group of small, bird-like, gracile maniraptorans. All troodontids have many unique features of the skull, such as closely spaced teeth in the lower jaw, and large numbers of teeth. Troodontids have sickle-claws and raptorial hands, and some of the highest non-avian encephalization quotients, meaning they were behaviourally advanced and had keen senses. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated its body length at 1.1 metres, its weight at 2.5 kilogrammes.

In 1994, Sinornithoides was one of the most completely known troodontids, especially as regarded the palate, but the lack of sufficient fossil material to compare it with induced Russell and Dong not to indicate any diagnostic traits.

The skull of Sinornithoides is elongated and pointed. However, the head is relatively short compared to the body as a whole. The praemaxilla is short. There is a fenestra promaxillaris, a small opening in the front of the maxilla side, which is rare among troodontids. There are four premaxillary and about twenty-three maxillary teeth. The maxillary teeth have no serrations on their front edge; the denticles on the concavely curved rear edge are small. The maxillary teeth are rather recurved. The lacrimal bone lacks a pneumatic channel. In the braincase the subotic recess is large. The tips of the lower jaws do not curve towards each other but touch at their inner sides. The external mandibular fenestra is large. The dentary, lower jaw, teeth are quite pointed and have no front edge denticles; their rear edge is very straight. The holotype preserves a furcula and a basket of fifteen pairs of gastralia. The arms are weakly developed, with a slender humerus and ulna. The front top of the third metatarsal is not fully overgrown by the second and fourth metatarsals. The sickle claw of the second toe is relatively large and long for a troodontid.

Classification
Sinornithoides was in 1994 assigned to the Troodontidae.

A possible position of Sinornithoides in the evolutionary tree of the Paraves is shown by the cladogram below, following a 2012 analysis by Turner, Makovicky and Norell.

See also

 Timeline of troodontid research

References

Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Category:Troodontids
Category:Fossil taxa described in 1993
Category:Taxa named by Dale Russell
Category:Taxa named by Dong Zhiming
Category:Paleontology in Inner Mongolia


Ərkivan

Ərkivan (also, Arkivan, Arkavan, Arkesai, Arkevak, Arkevan, and Arkewan) is a village and the most populous municipality in the Masally Rayon of Azerbaijan. With 15,654 inhabitants, Ərkivan is the largest rural community in Azerbaijan.

References

Category:Populated places in Masally District
Category:Baku Governorate


C6H15O3P

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The molecular formula C6H15O3P (molar mass: 166.157 g/mol) may refer to:

 Diisopropylphosphite
 Triethylphosphite

Category:Molecular formulas


New Town, Edinburgh

The New Town is a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. A masterpiece of city planning, it was built in stages between 1767 and around 1850, and retains much of its original neo-classical and Georgian period architecture. Its best known street is Princes Street, facing  Edinburgh Castle and the Old Town across the geological depression of the former Nor Loch. Together with the Old Town, the New Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.

Proposal and planning

The idea of a New Town was first suggested in the late 17th century when the Duke of Albany and York (later King James VII and II), when resident Royal Commissioner at Holyrood, encouraged the idea of having an extended regality to the north of the city and a North Bridge. He gave the city a grant:That, when they should have occasion to enlarge their city by purchasing ground without the town, or to build bridges or arches for the accomplishing of the same, not only were the proprietors of such lands obliged to part with the same on reasonable terms, but when in possession thereof, they are to be erected into a regality in favour of the citizens.It is possible that, with such patronage, the New Town may have been built many years earlier than it was but, in 1682, the Duke left the city and became King in 1685, only to lose the throne in 1688.

The decision to construct a New Town was taken by the city fathers, after overcrowding inside the Old Town city walls reached breaking point and to prevent an exodus of wealthy citizens from the city to London. The Age of Enlightenment had arrived in Edinburgh, and the outdated city fabric did not suit the professional and merchant classes who lived there. Lord Provost George Drummond succeeded in extending the boundary of the Royal Burgh to encompass the fields to the north of the Nor Loch, the heavily polluted body of water which occupied the valley immediately north of the city. A scheme to drain the Loch was put into action, although the process was not fully completed until 1817. Crossing points were built to access the new land; the North Bridge in 1772, and the Earthen Mound, which began as a tip for material excavated during construction of the New Town. The Mound, as it is known today, reached its present proportions in the 1830s.

As the successive stages of the New Town were developed, the rich moved northwards from cramped tenements in narrow closes into grand Georgian homes on wide roads. However, the poor remained in the Old Town.

The First New Town

A design competition was held in January 1766 to find a suitably modern layout for the new suburb. It was won by 26-year-old James Craig, who, following the natural contours of the land, proposed a simple axial grid, with a principal thoroughfare along the ridge linking two garden squares. Two other main roads were located downhill to the north and south with two minor streets between. Several mews off the minor streets provided stable lanes for the large homes. Completing the grid are three north-south cross streets.

Craig's original plan has not survived but it has been suggested that it is indicated on a map published by John Laurie in 1766. This map shows a diagonal layout with a central square reflecting a new era of civic Hanoverian British patriotism by echoing the design of the Union Flag. Both Princes Street and Queen Street are shown as double sided. A simpler revised design reflected the same spirit in the names of its streets and civic spaces.

Street names

The intended principal street was named George Street, after the king at the time, George III. Queen Street was to be located to the north, named after his wife, and St. Giles Street to the south, after the city's patron saint. St Andrew Square and St. George's Square were the names chosen to represent the union of Scotland and England. The idea was continued with the smaller Thistle Street (for Scotland's national emblem) between George Street and Queen Street, and Rose Street (for England's emblem) between George Street and Princes Street.

King George rejected the name St. Giles Street, St Giles being the patron saint of lepers and also the name of a slum area or 'rookery' on the edge of the City of London. It was therefore renamed Prince's Street after his eldest son, the Prince of Wales. The name of St. George's Square was changed to Charlotte Square, after the Queen, to avoid confusion with the existing George Square on the South Side of the Old Town. The westernmost blocks of Thistle Street were renamed Hill Street and Young Street, making Thistle Street half the length of Rose Street. The three streets completing the grid, Castle, Frederick and Hanover Streets, were named for the view of the castle, King George's second son Prince Frederick, and the House of Hanover respectively.

Development
Craig's proposals hit further problems when development began. Initially the exposed new site was unpopular, leading to a £20 premium being offered to the first builder on site. This was received by John Young who built Thistle Court, the first buildings in the New Town, at the east end of Thistle Street in 1767. Instead of building as a terrace as envisaged, he built a small courtyard. Doubts were overcome soon enough, and further construction started in the east with St. Andrew Square.

Craig had intended that the view along George Street be terminated by two large churches, situated at the outer edge of each square, on axis with George Street. Whilst the western church on Charlotte Square was built, at St Andrew Square the land behind the proposed church site was owned by Sir Lawrence Dundas. He decided to build a town mansion here and commissioned a design from Sir William Chambers. The resulting Palladian mansion, known as Dundas House, was completed in 1774. In 1825 it was acquired by the Royal Bank of Scotland and today is the registered office of the bank.. The forecourt of the building, with the equestrian monument to John Hope, 4th Earl of Hopetoun, occupies the proposed church site. St. Andrew's Church had to be built on a site on George Street. The lack of a visual termination at the end of this street was remedied in 1823 with William Burn's monument to Henry Dundas.

The first New Town was mainly completed by 1820, with the completion of Charlotte Square. This was built to a design by Robert Adam, and was the only architecturally unified section of the New Town. Adam also produced a design for St. George's Church, although his design was superseded by that of Robert Reid. The building, now known as West Register House, now houses part of the National Archives of Scotland. The north side of Charlotte Square features Bute House, formerly the official residence of the Secretary of State for Scotland and, since the introduction of devolution in Scotland, the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland.

A few small sections remained undeveloped at the time. In 1885 an unbuilt section of Queen Street (an open garden until that time), north of St Andrew Square, provided the site for the Scottish National Portrait Gallery. To the north-west, north of Charlotte Square, the land was part of the Earl of Moray's estate and a long-running boundary dispute with the Moray Estate. caused delay in development. A section of Glenfinlas Street at the north-west corner of Charlotte Square was not completed until 1990 while the western end of Queen Street, north of Charlotte Square, has never been developed.

The New Town was envisaged as a mainly residential suburb with a number of professional offices of domestic layout. It had few planned retail ground floors, however it did not take long for the commercial potential of the site to be realised. Shops were soon opened on Princes Street, and during the 19th century the majority of the townhouses on that street were replaced with larger commercial buildings. Occasional piecemeal redevelopment continues to this day, though most of Queen Street and Thistle Street, and large sections of George Street, Hanover, Frederick and Castle Streets, are still lined with their original late 18th century buildings.

Northern, or Second, New Town and extensions

After 1800, the success of the first New Town led to grander schemes. The 'Northern New Town' (now usually called the Second New Town) aimed to extend Edinburgh from the north of Queen Street Gardens towards the Water of Leith, with extensions to the east and west. These developments took place mostly between 1800–1830. Initial designs by William Sibbald followed the original grid orientation of Craig’s First New Town, with entire streets being built as one construction. Building continued on an extended Hanover Street, called Dundas Street and, beyond Great King Street, Pitt Street (later renamed to Dundas Street in the 1960s), almost 1 km north towards the Water of Leith at Canonmills. Streets were laid out either side with Great King Street the central avenue terminated by Drummond Place to the east and Royal Circus to the west. Northumberland Street and Cumberland Street were lesser streets to the south and north respectively. Heriot Row and Abercromby Place, both one-sided streets at the southern limit of the development, enjoyed open aspects to Queen Street Gardens. The builder for large sections of the Second New Town was George Winton.

Very large sections of the Second New Town, built from the early 19th century are also still exactly as built. Townhouses generally occupied the east-west streets, with blocks of flats (called tenements in Scotland) along the north-south streets. Shops were originally generally restricted to the lower floors of the wider north-south streets. The larger houses had service mews running behind and parallel to their terraces.

The Picardy Place extension (including Broughton Street, Union Street and East London Street) was mostly finished by 1809. To the west of the original New Town, Shandwick Place, an extension of Princes Street, was started in 1805. Development of Melville Street and the area north of Shandwick Place followed in 1825. The Gayfield Estate (Gayfield Square) extension was designed in 1807 and from around 1813 the New Town gradually replaced and developed the older village of Stockbridge. The painter Henry Raeburn bought the Deanhough estate in the northwest of the New Town and started development in 1813 with Ann Street named after his wife.

In 1822, the Earl of Moray had plans drawn up by James Gillespie Graham to develop his Drumsheugh estate, between Charlotte Square and the Water of Leith. This was popular amongst the Scots nobility and wealthy lawyers. The bulk of the estate was complete by 1835, but many of the corner blocks were not finally added until the 1850s. The estate is now usually called the Moray Estate. It remains one of the city's most affluent areas and of the most exclusive set of addresses

Eastern, or Third, New Town

In order to extend the New Town eastwards, the Lord Provost, Sir John Marjoribanks, succeeded in getting the elegant Regent Bridge built.  It was completed in 1819. The bridge spanned a deep ravine with narrow inconvenient streets and made access to Calton Hill much easier and agreeable from Princes Street.

Even before the bridge had been built, Edinburgh Town Council were making preparations for building the Eastern New Town, which would stretch from the slopes of Calton Hill, north to Leith, between Leith Walk and Easter Road. The Lord Provost made an agreement with the main landowners in 1811, some initial surveying was done and there was a competition for architectural plans for the development that on 1 January 1813, the results of which were inconclusive. A number of prominent architects were then asked for their opinions: William Stark, James Gillespie, Robert Burn and his son William Burn, John Paterson and Robert Reid and others.

Stark's observations were particularly valued and he went on to expand them in a "Report to the Lord Provost, Magistrates and Council of Edinburgh on the Plans for Laying out the Grounds for Buildings between Edinburgh and Leith". Stark died on 9 October 1813, and his report was published posthumously in 1814.

The commissioners decided to turn to Stark's pupil William Henry Playfair. He was appointed in February 1818, and produced a plan in April 1819, that closely followed Starks's recommendations. Playfair’s designs were intended to create a New Town even more magnificent than Craig's.

Regent Terrace, Carlton Terrace and Royal Terrace on Calton Hill were built, also Hillside Crescent and some adjoining streets, but the development further north in the direction of Leith was never completed. On the south side of Calton Hill various monuments were erected as well as the Royal High School, designed in Greek revival style by Thomas Hamilton.

Other additions

A few modest developments in Canonmills were started in the 1820s but none were completed at that time. For several decades the operations of the tannery at Silvermills inhibited development in the immediate vicinity. From the 1830s onward, development slowed but following the completion in 1831 of Thomas Telford’s Dean Bridge, the Dean Estate had some developments built. These included the Dean Orphanage (now the Dean Gallery), Daniel Stewart's College, streets to the Northeast of Queensferry Street (in the 1850s), Buckingham Terrace (in 1860) and Learmonth Terrace (in 1873).

In the 19th century Edinburgh's second railway, the Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway, built a tunnel under the New Town to link Scotland Street with Canal Street (later absorbed into Waverley Station). After its closure, the tunnel was used to grow mushrooms, and during World War 2 as an air raid shelter.

Principal losses

An attempt to build an elevated walkway along the length of Princes Street involved the planned demolition of the entire street in a radical plan published in the 1960s. The plan was unpopular but before it was abandoned in 1982, seven buildings were removed. The old Boots building at 102 Princes Street, with its series of statues of William Wallace, Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott and Robert the Bruce, was demolished in 1965. The North British & Mercantile Insurance Company building at number 64 followed. The New Club, designed by William Burn and extended by David Bryce), and the adjacent Life Association of Scotland building by David Rhind and Sir Charles Barry also came down.

Lost streets include those in the St James Square area, demolished in the 1960s to make way for the St James Shopping Centre and offices for the Scottish Office. This mainly tenemental area, reported as having a population of 3,763, was demolished largely on the basis of being slums with only 61 of 1,100 dwellings being considered fit for habitation. Also demolished as slums was most of Jamaica Street at the west end of the Second New Town.

Bellevue House by Robert Adam, which became the Excise or Custom House, was built in 1775, before the New Town reached the area, in what is now Drummond Place Gardens. Great King Street and London Street in the Northern or Second New Town were aligned on this building but it was demolished in the 1840s due to the construction of the Scotland Street railway tunnel below.

Culture

The New Town is home to the National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy Building, both designed by Playfair and located next to each other on The Mound. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery is on Queen Street. Other notable buildings include the Assembly Rooms on George Street, the Balmoral Hotel (formerly called the North British Hotel, after a railway company) with its landmark clock tower above Waverley Station, and the Scott Monument.

The Cockburn Association (Edinburgh Civic Trust) is prominent in campaigning to preserve the architectural integrity of the New Town.

Shopping
The New Town contains Edinburgh's main shopping streets. Princes Street is home to many chain shops, as well as Jenners department store, an Edinburgh institution. George Street, once the financial centre, now has numerous modern bars, many occupying former banking halls, while Multrees Walk on St. Andrew Square is home to Harvey Nichols and other designer shops. The St. James Centre, at the east end of the New Town, was an indoor mall completed in 1970. Often considered an unwelcome addition to New Town architecture, it included a large branch of John Lewis. The St. James Centre (excluding John Lewis) closed on Sunday, 16 October 2016 and has been demolished. It is being redeveloped  and is due to reopen in 2020 at a cost of £850,000,000. Also, by the Waverley Station lies the Waverley Mall, which contains many high street stores including: Game, Costa, McDonald's, Sainsbury's, KFC, Subway, Superdry and Greggs.

See also
 Banknotes of Scotland (featured on design)
History of Edinburgh
List of Category A listed buildings in the New Town, Edinburgh
World Heritage Sites in Scotland

References

Further reading
Davey, Andy et al. The Care and Conservation of Georgian Houses: A maintenance manual for Edinburgh New Town. 4th edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Architecture, 1995.

External links

Kincaid map showing the First New Town in 1784
UNESCO World Heritage Site Inscription

Category:Areas of Edinburgh
Category:1767 establishments in Scotland


Jonica

The Jonica is a breed of domestic goat from the province of Taranto, in Puglia in southern Italy. The origins of the breed are uncertain; it is thought to have originated from crossing of local varieties with the Maltese breed. The Jonica is one of the eight autochthonous Italian goat breeds for which a genealogical herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep-breeders.

At the end of 2013 the registered population was 232.

Use

The annual milk yield of the Jonica goat is 350–400 litres.

References

Category:Goat breeds
Category:Dairy goat breeds
Category:Province of Taranto
Category:Goat breeds originating in Italy


Eugene Pennell

Eugene Henry Pennell (16 January 1911 – 31 March 2002) was a Canadian sailor who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1911 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Canadian male sailors (sport)
Category:Olympic sailors of Canada
Category:Sailors at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Star


Peter Walsh (Victorian politician)

Peter Lindsay Walsh (born 9 January 1954) is an Australian politician. He has been a National Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since 2002, representing the electorate of Swan Hill until 2014 and Murray Plains thereafter. Walsh was Minister for Agriculture and Food Security and Minister for Water in the Baillieu and Napthine Coalition governments. He has been state leader of the Nationals since 3 December 2014.

Walsh was born and raised at Boort in Northern Victoria, attending Fernihurst Primary School and Boort Secondary College. He was the president of the Victorian Farmers Federation from 1998 until his election to parliament in 2002. Before entering politics, he operated an irrigated horticulture and cropping enterprise, producing tomatoes, cereals, oilseeds and legumes. He was also a director of SPC Limited, a member of the state Food Industry Advisory Council, and a board member of the National Farmers Federation.

Walsh was awarded a Centenary Medal in 2003 for services to the environment. He is a keen Australian rules football fan, having served as a Boort player, committee man and selector. He was President of the Boort Football Club between 1988 and 1990. Walsh was also a member of the local Apex Club from 1982 to 1992, again including a term as President.

Walsh was elected to the Legislative Assembly at the 2002 election, easily retaining the seat for the National Party after the retirement of long-serving MP Barry Steggall. He was re-elected at the 2006 and 2010 elections, receiving 79.3% of the two-party preferred vote in 2010.

External links
 Official Website
 Parliamentary voting record of Peter Walsh at Victorian Parliament Tracker

Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Category:National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Category:Recipients of the Centenary Medal
Category:21st-century Australian politicians


Relativistic quantum cryptography

Relativistic quantum cryptography is a sub-field of quantum cryptography, in which in addition to exploiting the principles of quantum physics, the no-superluminal signalling principle of relativity theory stating that information cannot travel faster than light is exploited too. Technically speaking, relativistic quantum cryptography is a sub-field of relativistic cryptography, in which cryptographic protocols exploit the no-superluminal signalling principle, independently of whether quantum properties are used or not. However, in practice, the term relativistic quantum cryptography is used for relativistic cryptography too.

History
In 1997 and 1998, some important tasks in mistrustful cryptography were shown to be impossible to achieve with unconditional security. Mayers and Lo and Chau showed that unconditionally secure quantum bit commitment was impossible. Lo showed that oblivious transfer and a broad class of secure computations were also impossible to achieve with unconditional security in quantum cryptography. Moreover, Lo and Chau showed that unconditionally secure ideal quantum coin tossing was impossible too. In this context, Kent provided in 1999 the first relativistic cryptographic protocols, for bit commitment and ideal coin tossing, which overcome the assumptions made by Mayers, Lo and Chau, and achieve unconditional security. Since then, other unconditionally secure relativistic protocols for bit commitment have been found by Kent and others, and other cryptographic tasks have been investigated in the setting of relativistic quantum cryptography.

Basics

No-signalling and no-superluminal signalling
The no-signalling principle of quantum theory states that information cannot be communicated between two distinct locations L0 and L1 without the transmission of any physical systems, despite any quantum entanglement shared between L0 and L1. This implies, in particular, that without the transmission of any physical systems between L0 and L1, quantum correlation between L0 and L1 cannot be used to transmit information between L0 and L1, even if they are non-locally causal and violate Bell inequalities. According to relativity theory, physical systems cannot travel faster than the speed of light. Thus, it follows from the no-signalling principle that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light. This is called the no-superluminal signalling principle.

The principle of no-superluminal signalling is the key physical principle exploited in relativistic cryptography. It guarantees that the outcome x of a random variable X obtained at some spacetime point P cannot influence the probability that a random variable Y takes some value y at a spacelike separated spacetime point Q. Thus, for example, if two parties Alice and Bob have each two agents, with the first agent of Bob sending a secret message x to a first agent of Alice at the spacetime point P, and with the second agent of Alice sending a secret message y to the second agent of Bob at the spacetime point Q, with P and Q spacelike separated, then Bob can be guaranteed that the message y received from Alice was chosen independently of the message x that he gave Alice, and vice versa. This is a useful mathematical property that is exploited to prove the security of cryptographic protocols in relativistic cryptography.

The setting
It is a fundamental requirement in relativistic cryptography that the parties implementing the cryptographic task have a good description of spacetime, at least within the region of spacetime where the task is implemented. For example, in protocols implemented near the Earth surface, it can be assumed that spacetime is close to Minkowski. Importantly, this means that, near the Earth surface, physical systems and information cannot travel faster than the speed of light through vacuum, which is approximately 300,000 km/s. In principle, relativistic cryptography can be applied with more general spacetimes, as long as the parties can guarantee that there are no mechanisms allowing instant communication, like wormholes. Another requirement is that the parties have access to a common reference frame, so that they can guarantee that some communication events are spacelike separated.

In relativistic cryptography, it is assumed that each party participating in the cryptographic task has various trusted agents that collaborate to implement the task. The agents implement the protocol by performing different actions at various points in spacetime. The agents of the same party may communicate via authenticated and secure channels, which can be implemented with previously shared secure keys, for example using one-time pads.

Various tasks investigated by relativistic cryptography consist in tasks of mistrustful cryptography, in which two or more mistrustful parties must collaborate to implement a cryptographic task while at the same time being guaranteed that other parties do not cheat. Examples of tasks in mistrustful cryptography are bit commitment, coin tossing, oblivious transfer and secure computations. Key distribution does not belong to mistrustful cryptography, because in this case the parties distributing the key trust each other. In relativistic cryptography, each participating party has various trusted agents, who collaborate with each other by performing different actions at various spacetime points. For example, Alice and Bob can be two companies with offices and laboratories at various locations in the Earth. Alice’s offices and laboratories work in collaboration and trust each other. Similarly, Bob’s offices and laboratories work in collaboration and trust each other. But Alice and Bob do not trust each other.

Tasks investigated in relativistic cryptography

Bit commitment

Bit commitment is an important cryptographic task that has been widely investigated in relativistic cryptography. In bit commitment, Alice commits to a bit b at some time t, and at some later time t’ > t Alice unveils her committed bit b to Bob. A bit commitment is said to be "hiding" if Bob cannot know b before Alice unveils. It is said to be "binding" if after the commitment time t, Alice cannot choose the value of b and successfully unveil b to Bob. A bit commitment protocol is "secure" if it is hiding and binding. The Mayers-Lo-Chau no go theorem states that unconditionally secure bit commitment is impossible based only on the laws of quantum physics. It was shown by Kent that the Mayers-Lo-Chau theorem is not general enough because it excludes protocols that exploit the principle of no-superluminal signalling. Kent provided the first unconditionally secure bit commitment protocol in the setting of relativistic cryptography. Various protocols for bit commitment have been devised by Kent and others. Experimental demonstrations of relativistic bit commitment have been implemented.

Coin tossing
In strong coin tossing, Alice and Bob are at different locations and they wish to toss a coin in such a way that Alice is guaranteed that Bob cannot bias the outcome, and Bob is guaranteed that Alice cannot bias the outcome either. It was shown by Lo and Chau that ideal strong coin tossing is impossible to achieve with unconditional security based only on the laws of quantum physics. However, Kent overcame this no-go theorem by providing a relativistic protocol for strong coin tossing that is unconditionally secure. This protocol is conceptually very simple and is illustrated here as an example of a protocol in relativistic cryptography.

In Kent’s coin tossing protocol, Alice has two agents A0 and A1, and Bob has two agents B0 and B1. Ai and Bi are at location Li, for . Let L0 and L1 have a distant separation D. Let us assume that spacetime is Minkowski. Thus, the minimum time that light takes to travel between L0 and L1 is t = D/c, where c is the speed of light through vacuum. A0 generates a random bit  in a secure laboratory and gives it to B0 at a time t0. B1 generates a random bit b in a secure laboratory and gives it to A1 at a time t1. B0 and B1 communicate  and b through a secure and authenticated channel. Similarly, A0 and A1 communicate  and b through a secure and authenticated channel. Alice and Bob agree that the output of the toss d is the xor of the bits  and b, . Alice and Bob agree on advance on the values of t0 and t1 in a common reference frame, in such a way that |t0 - t1| < t. Thus, from the principle of no superluminal signalling, at receiving  from A0, B0 cannot send any signal that arrives to B1 before B1 gives b to A1. Therefore, Alice is guaranteed that the bit b is chosen by Bob independently of the bit  chosen by her. Since Alice chooses  randomly, and since b is independent of , Alice is guaranteed that the bit  is random. With similar arguments, Bob is also guaranteed that the bit d is random.

Variations of coin tossing have been investigated in relativistic cryptography by Colbeck and Kent.

Oblivious transfer and secure computations
Lo showed that oblivious transfer and other secure computations cannot be achieved with unconditional security based only on the laws of quantum physics. This impossibility result by Lo extends to the more general setting of relativistic quantum cryptography. Colbeck showed that various secure computations are impossible to achieve with unconditional security in relativistic quantum cryptography.

Position-based quantum cryptography
Position-based quantum cryptography consists in cryptographic tasks whose security exploit the location of a party, the principle of no-superluminal signalling and the laws of quantum physics. For example, in the problem of quantum location authentication, a prover wants to demonstrate his location L to a set of verifiers using quantum systems. A protocol for quantum location authentication works as follows. A set of verifiers at various locations that surround the location L send classical messages and quantum states towards the location L. If the prover is at the location L then he can receive the signals at specific times and reply to the verifiers with requested classical messages and/or quantum states, which must be received by the verifiers at specific times.

Quantum location authentication was first investigated by Kent in 2002, which he called ‘quantum tagging’, resulting in a filed US patent by Kent et. al. in 2007, and a publication in the academic literature in 2010, after a paper on position-based quantum cryptography was published by Buhrman et. al. There is a no-go theorem for quantum location authentication proved by Buhrman et. al. stating that it is impossible for a set of verifiers to authenticate the location of a prover with unconditional security. This is because for any quantum location authentication protocol, a set of dishonest provers sharing a sufficient amount of entanglement and positioned between the verifiers and the location L can intercept all communications from the verifiers, including all transmitted quantum states, and then apply a non-local quantum operation which allows them to reply correctly and at the correct times to the verifiers. Since the dishonest provers do not need to be at the location L to do this, the quantum location authentication protocol is insecure. This no-go theorem assumes that the location L of the honest prover is his only credential. Kent showed that if the prover shares secret keys with the verifiers then location authentication can be implemented securely.

References

Category:Cryptography
Category:Emerging technologies
Category:Quantum information science
Category:Quantum computing
Category:Quantum cryptography


Suomela

Suomela is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Antti Suomela (born 1994), Finnish ice hockey player
Iiris Suomela, Finnish politician
Klaus Suomela (1888–1962), Finnish gymnast
Olavi Suomela (1913–2000), Finnish triple jumper
Pekka Suomela (born 1938), Finnish sport shooter
Pentti Suomela (1917–2016), Finnish diplomat

Category:Finnish-language surnames


Hargnies, Nord

Hargnies is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References
 INSEE commune file

Category:Communes of Nord (French department)


Hoyt-Barnum House

The Hoyt-Barnum House at 1508 High Ridge Road in Stamford, Connecticut, is a Cape Cod cottage style house that was built around 1699, and is the oldest extant house in the city of Stamford. The builder was a descendant of one of the original founders of Stamford. The large central chimney stack is made of field stone, laid up with only clay, animal hair, and straw. The house is braced timber frame construction or post and beam. The foundation is of field stone. The west room of the house is plastered. The east room has an exposed whitewashed frame, the hearth room walls are sheathed with wood paneling, showing the various interior finishing techniques incorporated into the house during its evolution.

The house is now owned and maintained as a museum by the Stamford Historical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.  In 2017, it was moved from its original location at 713 Bedford Street to its new location next to the Stamford Historical Society where it is open for tours. Following the move it is the first structure permitted to remain on the National Register of Historic Places after being dismantled, relocated, and restored.

See also

List of the oldest buildings in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places listings in Stamford, Connecticut

References

External links
Hoyt-Barnum House - Stamford Historical Society

Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Category:Historic house museums in Connecticut
Category:Museums in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Category:Houses completed in 1699
Category:Houses in Stamford, Connecticut
Category:Historical society museums in Connecticut
Category:Tourist attractions in Stamford, Connecticut
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Category:1699 establishments in Connecticut


Renato De Carmine

Renato De Carmine (25 January 1923 – 18 July 2010) was an Italian stage, film and television actor. After graduating at the Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico, De Carmine worked mainly on stage, notably at the Piccolo Teatro in Milan under the direction of Giorgio Strehler. He also appeared in more than seventy films and television series and TV-movies, including Lucio Fulci's The Return of White Fang (1974). He died of acute anemia.

Selected filmography
 Hand of Death (1949)
 William Tell (1949)
 Mistress of the Mountains (1950)
 Captain Demonio (1950)
 Milady and the Musketeers (1952)
 Charge of the Black Lancers (1962)
 Angelique and the Sultan (1968)
 Crimes of the Black Cat (1972)
 The Return of White Fang (1974)
 Allonsanfàn (1974)
 Devils of Monza (1987)
 Romanzo di un giovane povero (1995)

References

External links

Category:1923 births
Category:2010 deaths
Category:Italian male film actors
Category:Italian male television actors
Category:20th-century Italian male actors
Category:Male actors from Rome
Category:Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico alumni
Category:Italian male stage actors


Paguyuban Pasundan

Paguyuban Pasundan (Sundanese language literally means Sundanese Circle of Friends) is a Sundanese cultural organization that was founded on 20 July 1913, to become the oldest organizations in Indonesia that still operates. During its existence, the organization has been moving in the field of education, socio-cultural, politics, economy, youth and women empowerment. Paguyuban Pasundan  works to preserve the Sundanese culture.

Paguyuban Pasundan indirectly affected the establishment of Budi Utomo on Wednesday 20 May 1908. Considered the beginning of the Indonesian nation movement to independence, many Sundanese people who joined the organization. Branches of Budi Utomo also appeared in many places in West Java, such as in Bandung and Bogor. Sundanese membership in the Budi Utomo decreased drastically when the organisation seemed focused upon the population of Central Java and East Java .

Sundanese students in the STOVIA (School Tot Opleiding Voor Indlandsche Artsen) - Dutch East Indies' era medical school in Batavia (Jakarta), attempted to make the Sundanese people's organization. Next, the students aged about 22 years old, visit Daeng Kandoeroean Ardiwinata residence, who regarded as the Sundanese elders. In the visits, they stated purpose of the establishment of the organization at the same time ask D. K. Ardiwinata to become head of the organization.

After D. K. Ardiwinata agreed, in Jakarta, on Sunday 20 July 1913 they held a meeting for the establishment of clubs. In the meeting, the establishment of the organization was agreed and they named the organization "Pagoejoeban Pasoendan." They also set D. K. Ardiwinata as advisors and Dajat Hidajat (STOVIA's student) as chairman.

Between 1931 and 1942, Paguyuban Pasundan had a great reputation under the leadership of Oto Iskandar di Nata, Indonesian national hero.

Today, Paguyuban Pasundan's activities are dominated by activity in the field of education and socio-cultural. One of the milestones in the field of education struggle is the establishment of University of Pasundan in Bandung on Monday 14 November 1960. Paguyuban Pasundan now has 32 branch offices with 492 smaller branches. At least 12,300 people involved in this paguyuban. Sundanese cultural preservation in the era of globalization has become the main priority. Pasundan schools in primary and secondary education scattered in the area of West Java and Banten. In higher education, Paguyuban Pasundan has one university and three "sekolah tinggi" (colleges).

In 2011, Pasundan University has got the solely grant in Art to performe in some universities and cities in China.

References

External links
 Cribb, R. B. 2004. Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press. ,
  Ekajati, E. S. 2004. Kebangkitan Kembali Orang Sunda: Kasus Paguyuban Pasundan, 1913-1918. Bandung: Pusat Studi Sunda in cooperation with Kiblat.
  Suharto. 2002. Pagoejoeban Pasoendan 1927-1942: Profil Pergerakan Etno-Nasionalis. Bandung: Satya Historika.
 Paguyuban Pasundan : A Sundanese Revival (1913-1918)

Category:Cultural organizations based in Indonesia
Category:Indonesian National Awakening
Category:Sundanese culture
Category:Organizations based in West Java


Infrared signature

Infrared signature, as used by defense scientists and the military, is the appearance of objects to infrared sensors. An infrared signature depends on many factors, including the shape and size of the object, temperature, and emissivity, reflection of external sources (earthshine, sunshine, skyshine) from the object's surface, the background against which it is viewed and the waveband of the detecting sensor. As such there is no all-encompassing definition of infrared signature nor any trivial means of measuring it. For example, the infrared signature of a truck viewed against a field will vary significantly with changing weather, time of day and engine loading.

Two fairly successful examples of defining the infrared signature of an object are the apparent temperature difference at the sensor and the contrast radiant intensity (CRI) definitions.

Apparent temperature difference

The apparent temperature difference method of defining infrared signature gives the physical temperature difference (e.g. in kelvins) between the object of interest and the immediate background if the recorded radiance values had been measured from perfect blackbody sources. Problems with this method include differences in radiance across the object or the immediate background and the finite size of the detector's pixels. The value is a complex function of range, time, aspect, etc.

Contrast radiant intensity

The contrast radiant intensity method of defining infrared signature is to take the difference in average radiance of the object and that of the immediate background and multiply this by the projected area of the object. Again the CRI value will depend on many factors.

Commercial software

In the design phase, it is often desirable to employ a computer to predict what the infrared signature will be before fabricating an actual object. Many iterations of this prediction process can be performed in a short time at low cost, whereas use of a measurement range is often time-consuming, expensive and error-prone.

A number of software houses have built infrared signature prediction software packages. These generally require a CAD model of interest plus a large set of parameters to describe a specific thermal environment and the internal temperatures of the platform and thermal properties of the construction materials. The software then solves a set of thermal equations across the boundaries and for electromagnetic propagation in a specified infrared waveband. The primary output is a measure of infrared signature, though usually surface temperatures can be given (since this usually has to be calculated to obtain the infrared signature prediction) and also visual representations of how the scene may appear to various imaging infrared detectors.

Infrared signature prediction models are very difficult to validate except for simple cases because of the difficulty in modelling a complex environment. Both sensitivity analysis of this type of software and experimental measurements has shown that small variations in weather can have a significant impact on the results. As such, there are limitations on what can be achieved from modelling the infrared problem, and sometimes experimentation is necessary to achieve accurate knowledge of the nature of an object's physical existence in the infrared wavebands.

Infrared stealth

Infrared stealth is an area of stealth technology aimed at reducing infrared signatures. This reduces a platform's susceptibility to infrared guided weapons and infrared surveillance sensors, and thus increases the platform's overall survivability. Infrared stealth is particularly applicable to military jets because of the detectable engines and plumes from non-stealth aircraft, but it also applies to military helicopters, warships, land vehicles and dismounted soldiers.

A military aim in studying infrared signatures is to understand the likely infrared signature of threats (and develop the equipment required to detect them) and to reduce the infrared signature of their own assets to threat sensors. In practice this might mean equipping a warship with sensors to detect the exhaust plumes of incoming anti-ship missiles while also having an infrared signature below the detection threshold of the infrared sensor guiding the missile.

An exhaust plume contributes a significant infrared signature. One means to reduce IR signature is to have a non-circular tail pipe (a slit shape) to minimize the exhaust cross-sectional volume and maximize the mixing of hot exhaust with cool ambient air (see Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk). Often, cool air is deliberately injected into the exhaust flow to boost this process (see Ryan AQM-91 Firefly and Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit). Sometimes, the jet exhaust is vented above the wing surface to shield it from observers below, as in the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, and the unstealthy Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II. To achieve infrared stealth, the exhaust gas is cooled to the temperatures where the brightest wavelengths it radiates are absorbed by atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor, dramatically reducing the infrared visibility of the exhaust plume. Another way to reduce the exhaust temperature is to circulate coolant fluids such as fuel inside the exhaust pipe, where the fuel tanks serve as heat sinks cooled by the flow of air along the wings.

Ground combat includes the use of both active and passive infrared sensors and so the USMC ground combat uniform requirements document specifies infrared reflective quality standards.

References

See also
 Infrared
 Electromagnetic modeling
 Radar cross section
 Infrared detector
 Infrared countermeasures
 Survivability

Category:Infrared imaging
Category:Camouflage
Category:Stealth technology

ja:赤外線#静脈認証


Big Five Software

Big Five Software ( Big 5 Software) was an American video game developer of the 1980s founded by Bill Hogue and Jeff Konyu. The company released games for the Tandy TRS-80 and later the Atari 8-bit family. Most of its TRS-80 games are clones of popular arcade games of the time, such as Galaxy Invasion (Galaxian), Super Nova (Asteroids), Defense Command (Missile Command), and Meteor Mission (Lunar Rescue). Their most successful game was original: the 10-stage platformer Miner 2049er, released for the Atari 8-bit family in 1982 and widely ported to other systems.

Big Five also sold an Atari joystick interface called TRISSTICK which was popular with TRS-80 owners.

Games

TRS-80
 Attack Force (1980)
 Cosmic Fighter (1980)
 Galaxy Invasion (1980)
 Meteor Mission (1980)
 Meteor Mission II (1980)
 Galaxy Invasion Plus (1980)
 Super Nova (1980)
 Robot Attack (1981)
 Stellar Escort (1981)
 Defense Command (1982)
 Weerd (1982)

Atari 8-bit
 Miner 2049er (1982)
 Bounty Bob Strikes Back! (1985)

References

Category:Defunct video game companies


2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's hammer throw

The women's hammer throw at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Beijing National Stadium on 26 and 27 August.

The world championships also incorporated the 2015 IAAF Hammer Throw Challenge and Anita Włodarczyk was the series winner and world champion.

Competition
2015 was Anita Włodarczyk's year.  Already the world record holder, she threw the ball out to 81.08 less than four weeks before the championships to become the first woman to throw beyond 80 metres.  Włodarczyk is the returning silver medalist and was the 2009 champion.  The two-time defending champion and Olympic Champion Tatyana Lysenko, the number 3 thrower in history, did not return.  No Russian athletes competed in this event.  Zhang Wenxiu was the home favorite who has finished just behind Włodarczyk at every major championship (except 2011) since the Olympics were here seven years earlier.

The finals began with Włodarczyk throwing 74.40 to take the early lead in the first round.  Alexandra Tavernier was close with a 74.02.  In the second round, Włodarczyk threw 78.52, a distance which only three other women had ever achieved.  One of those three was Betty Heidler but her 72.56 in the second round would prove to be her best effort of the day.  At the end of the round Zhang threw 75.92 to move into second place.  On her third throw, Włodarczyk threw 80.27, a distance only she has achieved.  It was the second best throw in history.  A month earlier it would have been a world record, at this meet it was only her second best throw of the day as her fourth round 80.85 set the  Championship Record with a new second best throw in history.  Moments before, Zhang threw her best of the day, 76.33 to solidify her hold on silver.  Tavernier's first round throw held on for third, though Sophie Hitchon made a run at it with her British National Record 73.86 on her final toss.

Records
Prior to the competition, the records were as follows:

Qualification standards

Schedule

Results

Qualification
Qualification: Qualifying Performance 72.50 (Q) or at least 12 best performers (q) advanced to the final.

Final
The final was started at 19:00

References

Hammer throw
Category:Hammer throw at the World Athletics Championships
Category:2015 in women's athletics


Kangaamiut Kangerluarsuat Fjord

Kangaamiut Kangerluarsuat Fjord (old spelling: Kangâmiut Kangerdluarssuat) is a fjord in the Qeqqata municipality in western Greenland. The fjord is located halfway between the lower runs of the long Kangerlussuaq Fjord in the north, and Kangerlussuatsiaq Fjord in the south, emptying into Davis Strait.

Geography

The head of the fjord at  is formed by the short Illorlersuaq icefjord flowing from the tidewater Sermitsiaq Glacier draining the Maniitsoq ice cap, now separated from the Greenland ice sheet (). The fjord flows southwestward, opening into Davis Strait, with its mouth dotted with several skerries.

Settlement
Kangaamiut is the only settlement in the vicinity, located on a small island to the south of the fjord mouth.

See also
List of fjords of Greenland

References

Category:Davis Strait
Category:Fjords of Greenland


Berrow

Berrow may refer to:

Places
Berrow, Somerset
Berrow, Worcestershire

People with the surname
Capel Berrow (1716–1782), English divine


1940 Republican National Convention

The 1940 Republican National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from June 24 to June 28, 1940. It nominated Wendell Willkie of New York for president and Senator Charles McNary of Oregon for vice president.

The contest for the 1940 Republican presidential nomination was wide-open. Front-runners included Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg of Michigan, Senator Robert Taft of Ohio and Manhattan District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey.

Republican Candidates
Newspaper editor and owner Frank Gannett of New York
Governor Arthur James of Pennsylvania
House Minority Leader Joseph W. Martin of Massachusetts

The race
In the months leading up to the opening of the 1940 Republican National Convention, the three leading candidates for the GOP nomination were considered to be Senators Robert A. Taft of Ohio and Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan, and District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey of New York. Taft was the leader of the GOP's conservative, non-interventionist wing, and his main strength was in his native Midwest and parts of the South. Vandenberg, the senior Republican in the Senate, was the "favorite son" candidate of the Michigan delegation and was considered a possible compromise candidate. Dewey, the District Attorney for Manhattan, had risen to national fame as the "Gangbuster" prosecutor who had sent numerous infamous mafia figures to prison, most notably "Lucky" Luciano, the organized-crime boss of New York City.

All three men had campaigned vigorously during the primary season, but only 300 of the 1,000 convention delegates had been pledged to a candidate by the time the convention opened. Moreover, each of these candidates had weaknesses that could be exploited. Taft's outspoken non-interventionism and opposition to any American involvement in the European war convinced many Republican leaders that he could not win a general election, particularly as the French Third Republic fell to Nazi Germany in May 1940 and Germany threatened the United Kingdom. Dewey's relative youth - he was only 38 in 1940 - and lack of any foreign-policy experience caused his candidacy to weaken as the Nazi military emerged as a fearsome threat. In 1940 Vandenberg was also a non-interventionist (he changed his foreign-policy stance during World War II) and his lackadaisical, lethargic campaign never caught the voter's attention. This left an opening for a dark horse candidate to emerge.

Willkie emerges as a dark horse

A Wall Street-based industrialist named Wendell Willkie, who had never before run for public office, emerged as the unlikely nominee. Willkie, a former Democrat who had been a pro-Roosevelt delegate at the 1932 Democratic National Convention, was considered an improbable choice. Willkie had first come to public attention as an articulate critic of Roosevelt's attempt to break up electrical power monopolies. Willkie was the CEO of the Commonwealth and Southern power company, and he opposed the federal government's attempts to compete with private enterprise, claiming that the government had unfair advantages over private companies. Willkie did not dismiss all of Roosevelt's social welfare programs, and in fact supported those he believed could do better than free enterprise.

Furthermore, unlike the leading Republican candidates, Willkie was a forceful and outspoken advocate of aid to the Allies, especially the United Kingdom. His support of giving all aid to the British "short of declaring war" won him the support of many Republicans on the East Coast, who disagreed with their party's isolationist leaders in Congress. Willkie's persuasive arguments impressed these Republicans, who believed that he would be an attractive presidential candidate. Many of the leading press barons of the era, such as Ogden Reid of the New York Herald Tribune, Roy Howard of the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain and John and Gardner Cowles, Jr., publishers of the Minneapolis Star and the Minneapolis Tribune, as well as the Des Moines Register and Look magazine, supported Willkie in their newspapers and magazines. Even so, Willkie remained a long-shot candidate; the May 8 Gallup Poll showed Dewey at 67% support among Republicans, followed by Vandenberg and Taft, with Willkie at only 3%.

The Nazi Army's rapid blitzkrieg into France in May 1940 shook American public opinion, even as Taft was telling a Kansas audience that America must concentrate on domestic issues to prevent Roosevelt from using the international crisis to extend socialism at home. Both Dewey and Vandenberg also continued to oppose any aid to the United Kingdom that might lead to war with Germany.  Nevertheless, sympathy for the embattled British was mounting daily, and this aided Willkie's candidacy. By mid-June, little over one week before the Republican Convention opened, the Gallup poll reported that Willkie had moved into second place with 17%, and that Dewey was slipping. Fueled by his favorable media attention, Willkie's pro-British statements won over many of the delegates. As the delegates were arriving in Philadelphia, Gallup reported that Willkie had surged to 29%, Dewey had slipped 5 more points to 47%, and Taft, Vandenberg and former President Herbert Hoover trailed at 8%, 8%, and 6% respectively.

Hundreds of thousands, perhaps as many as one million, telegrams urging support for Willkie poured in, many from "Willkie Clubs" that had sprung up across the country. Millions more signed petitions circulating everywhere.

Balloting
At the 1940 Republican National Convention itself, keynote speaker Harold Stassen, the Governor of Minnesota, announced his support for Willkie and became his official floor manager. Hundreds of vocal Willkie supporters packed the upper galleries of the convention hall. Willkie's amateur status and his fresh face appealed to delegates as well as voters. The delegations were selected not by primaries but by party leaders in each state, and they had a keen sense of the fast-changing pulse of public opinion. Gallup found the same thing in polling data not reported until after the convention: Willkie had moved ahead among Republican voters by 44% to only 29% for the collapsing Dewey.

As the pro-Willkie galleries repeatedly chanted "We Want Willkie!", the delegates on the convention floor began their vote. Dewey led on the first ballot but steadily lost strength thereafter. Both Taft and Willkie gained in strength on each ballot, and by the fourth ballot it was obvious that either Willkie or Taft would be the nominee. The key moments came when the delegations of large states such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York left Dewey and Vandenberg and switched to Willkie, giving him the victory on the sixth ballot. The voting went like this:

"On the first ballot, Dewey was ahead followed by Taft and Willkie. Thereafter, Dewey steadily lost strength while Taft and Willkie picked up votes. On the fourth ballot Willkie was ahead but short of the 501 votes needed for nomination. On the sixth roll call — 1 a.m. Friday — Willkie finally went over the top." Willkie's nomination is still considered by most historians to have been one of the most dramatic moments in any political convention.

Willkie also made history too by his personal appearance at the 1940 convention. "WILLKIE BREAKS PARTY TRADITION BY PERSONAL APPEARANCE LIKE ROOSEVELT'S IN '32", The New York Times' headline told its readers. "CROWD GOES WILD GREETING NOMINEE" and "CHEERS MARK HIS EVERY WORD" in The New York Times' headlines convey something of the convention's mood in 1940 with Willkie's appearance. "As your nominee," Willkie told the convention in his brief appearance, "I expect to conduct a crusading, vigorous, fighting campaign."

Vice Presidential nomination
Willkie had given little thought to the vice-presidential nominee. He left the decision to the convention chairman, Representative Joe Martin (R-Massachusetts), the House Minority Leader. Martin suggested Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary of Oregon. Though McNary had spearheaded a "Stop Willkie" campaign late in the balloting, Willkie agreed, and McNary was selected on the first ballot:

Television coverage
The 1940 Republican Convention was the first national party convention shown on live television, and was seen in three cities on "pioneer stations". It was broadcast in New York by NBC on W2XBS (now WNBC), in Philadelphia by W2XE (now KYW-TV), and in Schenectady on W2XB (now WRGB). The convention was also shown on television screens in the exhibition hall of the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia, next door to the Convention Hall, for "overflow" crowds. Local newspapers predicted that two thousand people would view the convention from the museum, and estimates range as high as 6,000 total television viewers in all three cities.

Bomb discoveries
During the convention, two dynamite bombs were discovered outside of the hall; a total of seven bombs were discovered in the greater Philadelphia area during the convention.  The discoveries of the bombs were inadvertently released to the public by an emotional New York City police commissioner Lewis J. Valentine while discussing the New York World's Fair bombing that killed two police officers.

See also
History of the United States Republican Party
List of Republican National Conventions
U.S. presidential nomination convention
Republican Party presidential primaries, 1940
1940 United States presidential election
1940 Democratic National Convention
The Golden Age, historical novel by Gore Vidal, which charges corruption in the management of the convention.

References

Further reading

 Charles Peters (2005), Five Days in Philadelphia:  The Amazing "We Want Willkie" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World, New York:  Public Affairs.

External links
 Republican Party platform of 1940 at The American Presidency Project
 Willkie acceptance speech at The American Presidency Project
 Video of 1940 Republican National Convention

Category:Republican National Conventions
Category:1940 United States presidential election
Category:Political conventions in Philadelphia
Category:1940 in Pennsylvania
Category:1940 conferences
Category:June 1940 events


Hornet's Nest (1923 film)

Hornet's Nest is a 1923 British silent drama film directed by Walter West and starring Florence Turner, Fred Wright and Nora Swinburne.

Cast

   Florence Turner as Mrs. Cobb
 Fred Wright as Captain Anthony Cobb
 Nora Swinburne as Lady Rona
 James Knight as Tony Cobb
 Kathleen Vaughan as Rachael Beach
 Lewis Gilbert as Joe Beach
 Cecil Morton York as Sir Oswald
 Forbes Dawson as Leyster Craig
 Jeff Barlow as Farmer Craig
 Arthur Walcott as Dicky Truslove
 Somers Bellamy as Landlord

References

Bibliography
 Low, Rachael. The History of the British Film 1918-1929. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.

External links

Category:1923 films
Category:1920s drama films
Category:British films
Category:British drama films
Category:British silent feature films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films directed by Walter West
Category:Films set in England
Category:British black-and-white films
Category:Films based on British novels