Enrique Meza

Enrique Meza Enríquez (born March 3, 1948 in Mexico City) is a Mexican football manager who most recently coached Veracruz. Prior to pursuing a career in coaching, he was a goalkeeper for Cruz Azul during their dynasty of the 1970s, albeit a backup to legendary goalkeeper Miguel Marín. He retired in 1976 and is one of the most successful managers of the professional era of the Liga MX.

Coaching career

Beginnings
Notably, Meza has been the coach of several professional soccer teams in the Mexico premier league and the Mexico national football team#Selección de fútbol de México (Mexico national team). His career has been filled with impressive successes and disappointments. Meza started his coaching career in the first division Mexico league by coaching Cruz Azul from 1982 to 1983 and from 1992 to 1995. He led Cruz Azul to the Mexico league final in 1994, but lost. The next year he switched to coach Monarcas Morelia.  Crucially, it was not until 1996 that his coaching truly started showing its capturing potential. His new team, Toros Neza, had a distinct style of football offensive play, resulting in their scoring numerous goals. During 1996, his Toros Neza team made it to the final, but lost to Chivas de Guadalajara by a high score.

Three times league Champion
Soon after losing the final, he announced that he was leaving to coach Club Toluca. His coaching proved to be very successful and spectacular. Meza was what Toluca needed, and the club became champion on three occasions: Verano 1998, Verano 1999 and Verano 2000, in just two years. In 2000 Meza left Club Toluca to coach the Mexico national team. The performance of the team was below expectations, and he resigned after only few months of accepting the appointment. In 2006 Meza took the coaching position at Pachuca Football Club.

South American and CONCACAF Titles
After a very bad start, Meza slowly transformed the team, leading Pachuca Football Club to its first Copa Sudamericana championship. This made C.F. Pachuca the first time Mexico won a CONMEBOL title. In 2007 Meza took C.F. Pachuca to their second CONCACAF: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football title, which entitled the team to participate in the World Club Cup, and lead C.F. Pachuca to its fifth league title. On 29 August 2007, his team won its first Superliga title, after defeating the Los Angeles Galaxy at the Home Depot Center.

FIFA Club World Cup
In April, 2008, Pachuca reclaimed the CONCACAF Champions Cup and secured a berth for the Japanese hosted 2008 FIFA Club World Cup held in December 2008. Pachuca finished fourth after winning 1 match with 2 losses. Meza managed Pachuca to a second final in Clausura 2009, but he lost his second final against Ricardo Ferretti of Pumas UNAM (first loss against Guadalajara while coaching Toros Neza) by aggregate score 2-3.

On June 1, 2009 Meza finished his contract with Pachuca; and some members of the media linked Meza to Cruz Azul. Meza's results have made him one of the greatest coaches in the Mexico League, making him the fourth most successful coach in the league's history. Cruz Azul's president, Guillermo Alvarez, Confirmed that Enrique Meza and Cruz Azul had reached an agreement - for what would be his fourth time as coach of Cruz Azul five years later. Enrique Meza returned to Cruz Azul with a new challenge and determination of giving Cruz Azul a title. Since the 1997 Mexico League Winter Tournament Cruz Azul have not won a title.

Mexico coach vs World Champions: Spain
On July 28, 2010 he was selected as interim coach of the Mexico national team, after Javier Aguirre left the position. He gained new, endearing wide appeal for his only game as interim coach on 11 August 2010 at Mexico's hallowed home of football - Azteca Stadium - because he tactically got a 1-1 draw against the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship and 2010 FIFA World Cup winners Spain.

2012 Mexico Apertura league
With the Mexico Clausura - closing - first half of the year football league ending in May 2012, Meza finished his term as head coach and technical director of Cruz Azul on Tuesday 15 May 2012. And on Friday 18 May 2012, Toluca Football Club hired Enrique Meza as their new coach and technical director for the 2012 Apertura  - opening - second half of the year Mexico League.

Subsequently, Meza led Toluca to come first in the 2012 Liga MX by points, but lost out to Tijuana in the final championship match of the playoffs involving the premier 8 ranked teams of the League.

Return to Pachuca
On Tuesday 3 September 2013, in a strategic move, the management of Pachuca Football Club held a press conference and announced that Meza was coming in as new technical director, coach and manager of the distinguished Hidalgo club. Meza took over from Gabriel Caballero who served as coach of Pachuca Football Club from November 2012 to 2 September 2013.

Puebla FC
Meza was brought in on October 2017 to try and turn around a Puebla FC team that had hit rock bottom of the relegation table. By March 2018, Meza had received praise by the media in regards to his ability to turn around a modest roster into a playoff team.

Personal life
Meza is popularly called "Ojitos" because of his sharp eyes. His son Enrique Maximiliano Meza is also a football manager.

Managerial statistics

Managerial statistics

Titles and Honours
League Championships:
 Verano 1998 Toluca Football Club
 Verano 1999 Toluca Football Club
 Verano 2000 Toluca Football Club
 Clausura 2007 Pachuca Football Club
CONCACAF Team of the Year:
 2007: Pachuca Football Club
CONCACAF Champions' Cup:
 2007 Pachuca Football Club
 2008 Pachuca Football Club
FIFA Club World Cup:
 Fourth Place: 2008 Pachuca Football Club
Copa Sudamericana:
 2006 Pachuca Football Club

Picture gallery

Notes

External links

FIFA on Enrique Meza

Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:Mexico national football team managers
Category:2001 FIFA Confederations Cup managers
Category:Cruz Azul managers
Category:Monarcas Morelia managers
Category:Deportivo Toluca F.C. managers
Category:Atlas F.C. managers
Category:C.F. Pachuca managers
Category:Mexican football managers
Category:Tigres UANL footballers
Category:Footballers from Mexico City
Category:Mexican footballers
Category:Toros Neza footballers
Category:Liga MX managers
Category:Association football goalkeepers


Popular Congress Party (Sudan)

Popular Congress Party is a political party in Sudan. The party was founded by Hassan al-Turabi.

The party emerged from a split within the ruling National Congress Party in 1999, due to differences between Turabi and President Omar al-Bashir. The party is one of the most outspoken against the National Congress, advocating a popular uprising to overthrow the government. The party relies heavily on displaced Western Sudanese living in Khartoum's shanty towns for support.

The party is a member of the National Consensus Forces opposition alliance.

The party newspaper, Ray al-Shaab, has been banned since 2012.

External links
Party website
Facebook page

References

Category:Political parties in Sudan
Category:Sunni Islam in Sudan


Spycat

Spycat: An Interactive Exposé of M.I.4 is an action-adventure game for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron, written by Peter Scott (under the pseudonym Dylan) and published by Superior Software in 1988. The game is a parody of the scandal surrounding the Spycatcher book.

Gameplay

Spycat is loosely based on the then current scandal surrounding the release of Spycatcher, the memoirs of former MI5 officer and Assistant Director Peter Wright. The player takes the role of the Spycat, Peter Correct, who has worked for M.I.4 for fifty years but finds out he is to be forced to retire with a low pension. The player must collect classified research documents (among other items), then flee to Greenland to write his memoirs. Other characters found in the game include Sir Clive Amstrad (an amalgamation of Clive Sinclair and Alan Sugar) as technical expert "Q" and the Prime Minister Margo Thatch (Margaret Thatcher).

The game takes the form of an arcade adventure with the player moving through a series of locations and rooms, collecting and using items to progress. The player must avoid CCTV cameras and "Q"'s electronic devices that will drain Spycat's energy. The actions in the game (e.g. picking up and using items, opening doors) are controlled using an icon panel at the top of the screen.

Development and release
Author Peter Scott completed the game while still under exclusive contract to Audiogenic. Unhappy with their promotion of his games, he offered Spycat to Superior Software who wanted to publish it. Scott needed to give twelve months notice to get out of the deal with Audiogenic so Spycat (and other games he released in 1988) had to be credited only to the pseudonym Dylan. It became the first of ten full price games Scott created for Superior between 1988 and 1990.

The game was released in 1988 by Superior Software on cassette for the Acorn Electron and BBC Micro as well as 5.25" floppy disk for the BBC Micro and 3.5" disk for the Master Compact.

Reception
Electron User gave the game an overall score of 7/10 with reviewer Chris Nixon finding the icon control panel "tiresome" and "unwieldy" but this is his "only complaint in an otherwise excellent game". He concludes "Spycat is an excellent arcade adventure with a strong vein of humour underlying all the action".

Legacy
Spycat was included on the Play It Again Sam 9 compilation in 1989 and was reissued as part of the Superior / Blue Ribbon budget range in 1990.

References

Category:1988 video games
Category:Action-adventure games
Category:BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Category:BBC Micro and Acorn Electron-only games
Category:Superior Software games
Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom


Butler English

Butler English, also known as Bearer English or Kitchen English, is a dialect of English that first developed as an occupational dialect in the years of the Madras Presidency in India, but that has developed over time and is now associated mainly with social class rather than occupation. It is still spoken in major metropolitan cities.

The name derives from its origins with butlers, the head servants of British colonial households, and is the English that they used to communicate with their masters.

Butler English persisted into the second half of the 20th century, beyond the independence of India, and was subject to Dravidian influence in its phonology, in particular the substitution of  for  and  for , leading to distinctive pronunciations of words such as "exit" and "only".

Here is an example of Butler English (a butler reporting his being invited to England):

Another example, now famous amongst Indian English linguists, is the one given by Schuchardt (see Further reading), which is a nurse, an ayah, describing the butler's practice of secretly taking for himself small amounts of milk from his master's household:

Features
Structurally, Butler English is akin to a pidgin, with a subject–verb–object word order, deletion of verb inflections, and deletion of prepositions. It has been called a "marginal pidgin" and a "rudimentary pidgin", although Hosali and Aitchinson, listed in Further reading, point out several problems with these classifications. Its major syntactic characteristics are the deletion of auxiliary verbs, the frequent use of "-ing" forms for things other than participles, and the reporting of indirect speech directly. For examples:
the use of the present participle for the future tense: I telling rather than the Standard English "I will tell"
the use of "done" as an auxiliary instead of "have": I done come rather than "I have come", and I done tell rather than "I have told"

The lexical characteristics of Butler English are that its vocabulary is limited and employs specialised jargon. family substitutes for "wife", for example.

Mesthrie notes several "striking similarities" between Butler English and South African Indian English, raising for him the question of whether there was a historical relationship between the two. These include:
 use of "-ing" forms for things other than participles
 the omission of "be"
 the use of "got" as an auxiliary verb instead of "have" (Mesthrie questions the accuracy of the reports by Yule and Burnell that were the original source of the information that "done" was an auxiliary verb, observing that the 20th century reports by Hosali and others state that this is not a characteristic of 20th century Butler English.)
 various lexical similarities including "died" being used instead of "dead"

He notes various dissimilarities, however:
 Butler English uses "been" as an auxiliary verb whereas SAIE does not.
 Because of pronoun deletion, "is" can begin a sentence in Butler English, whereas such pronoun deletion is less common in SAIE.
 Butler English has no clear examples of "-s" as a possessive, whereas in SAIE that have a 15/17 occurrence rate.
 Butler English does not share SAIE's use of "only" as a focus marker
 Butler English does not share SAIE's use of "got" as an existential
 Butler English does not share SAIE's occasional subject–object–verb word order (e.g. four children got for "I have four children.", after pronoun deletion), although he observes that the famous quotation reported by Schuchardt contains one object–verb example: little milk give it
 Butler English does have various lexical forms found in SAIE, such as look-attering, no fadder, hawa, and dawa

Further reading
 , which can be found translated and edited in:

  (reprinted in 1903 by W. Crooke)
 , also published as:

References

Category:English-based pidgins and creoles
Category:Indian English
Category:Languages attested from the 2nd millennium
Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century


Orinoco Belt

The Orinoco Belt is a territory in the southern strip of the eastern Orinoco River Basin in Venezuela which overlies the world's largest deposits of petroleum. Its local Spanish name is Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco (Orinoco Petroleum Belt).

The Orinoco Belt is located in Guárico and south of the Anzoátegui, Monagas, and Delta Amacuro states, and it follows the line of the river. It is approximately  from east to west, and  from north to south, with an area about .

Oil reserves

The Orinoco Belt consists of large deposits of extra heavy crude. Venezuela's heavy oil deposits of about , found primarily in the Orinoco Petroleum Belt, are estimated to approximately equal the world's reserves of lighter oil.  Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. has estimated that the producible reserves of the Orinoco Belt are up to  which would make it the largest petroleum reserve in the world, slightly ahead of the similar unconventional oil source in the Athabasca oil sands, and before Saudi Arabia. In 2009, the US Geological Survey increased the estimated reserves to  of oil which is "technically recoverable (producible using currently available technology and industry practices)." No estimate of how much of the oil is economically recoverable was made.

The Orinoco Belt is currently divided into four exploration and production areas. These are: Boyacá (before Machete), Junín (before Zuata), Ayacucho (before Hamaca), and Carabobo (before Cerro Negro). The current exploration area is about .

Development

Oil Sowing Plan 2005–2030
Source:The data in this section are taken directly from the official PDVSA web page.

Venezuela power policy guidelines until the year 2030 are drawn up in the "Oil Sowing Plan” ("Plan Siembra Petrolera"), which includes six development projects and consists of two stages: one to be executed in the period 2005–2012, and another, to be developed in the second stage, 2012 and 2030.

For the first period of this Plan, an overall investment of around US $56 billion  has been estimated between 2005 and 2012. 70% of that amount will be financed by Venezuela — state operator — and the rest by the private sector.

Oil Sowing Plan 2005–2012 includes six fundamental axes:

Magna Reserve Project: Destined toward the quantifying and certifying of oil reserves in the Orinoco Oil Belt. In a presentation given by PDVSA (held by Director Ignacio Layrisse) at the VII LAPEC conference in Buenos Aires, March 2001, the proven Venezuelan reserves were given as . Of this amount  were heavy or extra heavy oil, including 37 billion reserves of extra heavy in the Orinoco Belt (1 in Machete, 15 in Zuata, 6 in Hamaca and 15 in Cerro Negro). This indicates that Venezuela’s reserves, according to PDVSA, in 2001 were  excluding the Orinoco Belt.
 Orinoco Project: In charge of developing the Orinoco Belt. Twenty-seven blocks have been selected for development under this project with the cooperation of selected companies. Because of the strategic location of this hydrocarbon reservoir, it is considered of vital importance in reducing levels of overcrowding in some parts of the country and providing local employment. Services and housing will be developed to guarantee adequate oil exploitation.
Delta-Caribbean Project: Gas will be incorporated to the country energy supply. This project pursues offshore gas development in the Deltana Platform off the coast of eastern Venezuela. Further developments are located in the Paraguaná Peninsula, to the north-west of the country.
Refinement:  To increase refinement capacity in Venezuela is one of PDVSA’s strategic goals. Oil Sowing Plan undertakes the creation of new refineries: Cabruta (with capacity for 400,000 extra-heavy crude barrels per day), Batalla de Santa Ines () and Caripito ( destined to asphalt production).  With these three new refineries and the improvement of the existing ones, PDVSA’s processing capacity on Venezuelan soil will be increased to .
Infrastructure: More filling centers and pipelines will be set up to guarantee fuel supplies to the whole nation. The agreement for the construction of the Transguajiro gas pipeline between Venezuela and Colombia has been signed in 2005.
Integration: According to Hugo Chávez's aims, oil is to be used as a geopolitical resource helping the integration of the peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean. Venezuela thus created Petrocaribe and signed the Petrosur agreement. A refinery was also to be built close to Petrobras in Brazil.

Production blocks
Production blocks will be developed by PDVSA in cooperation with foreign partners. In all partnership PDVSA owns 60%.

Junin
Junin block 2 is under development in cooperation with Petrovietnam. SNC-Lavalin was awarded the engineering contract on March 10, 2010. It is expected to produce  by 2011. The development will include also a heavy crude upgrader; however, its commissioning date is not specified. Junin block 4 is developed in cooperation with CNPC (40%). It is expected to produce ; however, the commissioning date is not announced. Junin block 5 is developed in cooperation with Eni (40%).  It is expected to produce  by 2013 with late production of . The development will include an oil refinery for production of motor fuels. Junin block 6 is developed in cooperation with a consortium of Russian oil companies, including Rosneft, Gazprom Neft, Lukoil, TNK-BP and Surgutneftegaz. It is expected to produce ; however, the commissioning date is not announced.

There is no foreign partner yet for Junin 1, 10, and 11 blocks — all with expected production capacity of .

Carabobo
Carabobo 1 is developed in cooperation with Repsol YPF (11%), Petronas (11%), ONGC (11%), Indian Oil Corporation (3.5%), and Oil India (3.5%). It consists of Carabobo block 1 North and block 1 Central. The expected production output will be  by 2013. The upgrader is expected to be ready by 2017.

Carabobo 3 is developed in cooperation with Chevron Corporation (34%), Suelopetrol (1%) pct,  and Mitsubishi Corporation and Inpex (5%).  It consists of Carabobo block 2 South, block 3, and block 5.  The expected production output will be  by 2013. The upgrader is expected to be ready by 2017.

Carabobo 2 will be developed in cooperation with Rosneft and Corporation Venezolana del Petroleo (CVP) - a subsidiary of Venezuela’s state oil and gas company PDVSA. The agreement, signed by Rosneft CEO Igor Sechin and Venezuelan Oil Minister, PDVSA chief Rafael Ramirez in the presence of President Hugo Chávez, establishes a joint venture to develop the Carabobo 2 bloc in the southern Orinoco extra-heavy crude belt in Venezuela.

The signed memorandum established Rosneft's share will be 40 percent. Rosneft will pay CVP a bonus of $1.1 billion, paid out in two installments: $440 million within ten days after the establishment of the joint venture, and the rest after Rosneft makes the final decision on the project. In addition, Rosneft will issue a $1.5 billion loan to CVP for five years. The loan will be provided in tranches of not more than $300 million annually at the annual interest rate of LIBOR+5.5 percent.
To develop the Carabobo 2 bloc Rosneft will invest a total of $16 billion, according to CEO Igor Sechin. The Carabobo 2 bloc’s reserves total 6.5 billion metric tons of crude. Commercial oil production at the bloc is expected to hit 400,000 barrels per day.
Rosneft, along with several Russian oil companies  (Gazprom Neft, Lukoil, TNK-BP and Surgutneftegaz), have formed a consortium to develop the Junin bloc 6 of the Orinoco belt in Venezuela.

The formation waters from the boreholes show a main Na-Cl level (TDS up to 30g/l) with a dilution trend toward Na-HCO3 composition (down to 1g/l). The isotope results of this study reveal that the seawater mother water was modified during a high-temperature thrusting event (120–125°C), forming 18O-enriched diagenetic water (up to +4‰), which was diluted in recent times by glacial meltwater and presentday meteoric water. The hypothetical presence of flood by a meteoric paleo-water also offers new hints to explain the low API gravity (<10°API biodegraded, extra heavy oil) and composition of the local crude.

See also

List of oil fields
San Tomé, Venezuela
Hollis Dow Hedberg

References

External links
Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco.
Department of Earth Science, Rice University, The Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt In Venezuela (or Heavy Oil to the Rescue?).

Category:Eastern Venezuela Basin
Category:Geography of Venezuela
Category:Oil fields of Venezuela
Category:Bituminous sands


Blue & Lonesome (Rolling Stones album)

Blue & Lonesome is a cover album by the Rolling Stones—their 23rd British and 25th American studio album—released on 2 December 2016. It is the band's first album to feature only cover songs, and their first studio release since 2005's A Bigger Bang, with its eleven-year gap being the longest between two albums from the band. Despite the short time length of just around 43 minutes, the album was released as a double LP. "Just Your Fool", a Buddy Johnson cover (though the Rolling Stones version is based on Little Walter's arrangement) was released as the first single from the album on 6 October. The name of the album is from a song which Little Walter wrote, "Blue and Lonesome".

Though there had been an eleven-year gap between albums, the Rolling Stones kept the same basic production and musician team as A Bigger Bang. Joining vocalist Mick Jagger and guitarist Keith Richards as producers was Don Was, who had been working with the group for most of the prior two decades.  In the studio were band members Ronnie Wood (guitar) and Charlie Watts (drums), alongside contract players Darryl Jones (bass), Chuck Leavell (keyboards) and Matt Clifford (multi-instrumentalist).  Eric Clapton contributed guitar on two tracks and drummer Jim Keltner plays percussion on another.

Recorded over a marathon three-day session in December, 2015 the album was released a year later to robust sales; reaching number one on the album charts in the UK and over a dozen other countries, and number four in the US.  It was certified gold or platinum in several countries.  The first Stones album of the streaming media age, many of the songs from the album charted on several top-40 digital music charts, and the lead single "Just Your Fool" was a top-40 hit on several airplay and genre-specific charts.  The album received high critical praise, receiving 4- and 5- star ratings from many top music journalism outlets, and accolades from jazz and blues publications.  The album was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album in 2018, the band's first Grammy in 23 years.

Background
Blue & Lonesome was recorded in just three days in December 2015. In April 2016, at the launch of the Rolling Stones career retrospective Exhibitionism, the band confirmed that their new album was due to be released "some time in the autumn". Richards said the album would feature "a lot of Chicago blues". Eric Clapton plays guitar on two tracks; he was recording his own album in the same studio as the Stones were and was asked to play on a few tracks. The album is entirely blues-based, consisting of covers of artists such as Howlin' Wolf and Little Walter.

This is the first album since Dirty Work (1986) to not feature any guitar playing from Jagger (who instead concentrates completely on vocals and harmonica), although he is pictured in the album's booklet playing guitar during the album's sessions. It is also the first album since It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974) to not feature a lead vocal from Richards. Likewise, it is also the first album since Dirty Work to release a lead single that was not a Jagger/Richards composition with "Just Your Fool".

Promotion
On 6 October 2016, the Rolling Stones changed their "tongue and lips" logo, which first appeared on their Sticky Fingers album, from red to blue.

On 8 November 2016, the Rolling Stones released a video for "Hate to See You Go".

On 25 November 2016, the Stones released a one-track limited edition electric blue 10" vinyl record of "Ride 'Em on Down" (on the UMC label) on the occasion of the Record Store Day Black Friday 2016. The track is a cover of Eddie Taylor's "Ride 'Em on Down" originally recorded by Taylor in Chicago on 5 December 1955 for the Vee-Jay Label (and released as VJ 185).

On 1 December 2016, they released a video for "Ride 'Em on Down". The video features actress Kristen Stewart driving through Los Angeles in a blue 1968 Ford Mustang Fastback.

Release and reception

During its first week the album moved 106,000 sales to debut at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart, the second-highest opening sales week for an album in the UK in 2016. On 3 February 2017 it was certified Platinum there, for sales over 300,000 copies. It also debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 with 123,000 album-equivalent units, of which 120,000 were pure album sales. It was also the No. 2 best selling album of the week in the US. Despite strong initial sales, the album remains to this day the only Stones' studio album without a certification in the USA. By 17 February 2017 the album had reached global sales of 2,000,000.

Critically, the album was well received. Kitty Empire from The Observer called it "a labour of love", while Alexis Petridis of The Guardian said the Stones here are "more alive than they've sounded for years". Robert Christgau was less impressed in Vice, saying the album is "a sodden thing – many old rockers have recorded sharper, spunkier, wiser music".

Accolades
The album won Album of the Year at the 2017 Jazz FM Awards. The Rolling Stones also won the Blues Artist of the Year Award at the event, held in April 2017.

On January 28, 2018, Blue & Lonesome received a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album of the Year at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards. The award was the Stones' third Grammy of their career and their first win since the 1995 show.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from AllMusic.

The Rolling Stones
 Mick Jagger – lead vocals, harmonica
 Keith Richards – guitar
 Charlie Watts – drums
 Ronnie Wood – guitar

Additional musicians
 Darryl Jones – bass
 Chuck Leavell – keyboards
 Eric Clapton – slide guitar , lead electric guitar
 Matt Clifford – Wurlitzer piano, electric keyboards, Hammond B3
 Jim Keltner – percussion

Production and design
 Andy Cook – assistant engineer
 Jason Elliott – assistant engineer
 The Glimmer Twins – producer
 Richard Havers – liner notes
 Stephen Marcussen – mastering
 Ron McMaster – mastering
 Krish Sharma – engineer, mixer
 Pierre de Beauport – crew chief
 Don McAulay – drum technician
 Derrick Stockwell – assistant engineer
 Don Was – producer

Charts

Weekly charts

Singles

Other charted songs

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

Category:2016 albums
Category:Albums produced by Don Was
Category:Albums produced by The Glimmer Twins
Category:Blues albums by English artists
Category:Covers albums
Category:Polydor Records albums
Category:The Rolling Stones albums


Chasing Christmas

Chasing Christmas is a 2005 contemporary re-telling of the 1843 Charles Dickens classic novella A Christmas Carol. This ABC Family film, written by Todd Berger and directed by Ron Oliver, stars Tom Arnold as Jack Cameron, who is a man with a Scrooge-type personality. He is stuck with his wife, whom he caught with another man at their daughter's Christmas play. The sad events of his life, including his wife's infidelity, led him to hate Christmas.

This prompted the Ghost of Christmas Past (Leslie Jordan) and Ghost of Christmas Present (Andrea Roth) to show Jack what Christmas is all about. However, Christmas Past wanted to stay in the past, and Jack and Christmas Present ended up on an adventure to put Christmas Past back on track.

See also
List of ghost films
Adaptations of A Christmas Carol

References

External links
 ABC Family: Chasing Christmas

Category:ABC Family original films
Category:American films
Category:2005 television films
Category:Films based on A Christmas Carol
Category:American Christmas films
Category:English-language films
Category:Christmas television films
Category:Films with screenplays by Todd Berger
Category:2000s Christmas films


Sarthalla

Sarthalla is a village located in Khadamabad, Tehsil Dadyal, Mirpur District, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

sarthalla is a Mouzia of tehsil Dadyal and is a part of Union council Ankar.

Category:Populated places in Mirpur District


Perrine Simon-Nahum

Perrine Simon-Nahum (born in 1960) is a contemporary French historian.

Biography
Holder of a doctorate in history (1989), Simon-Nahum is responsible for research at the CNRS (Centre de recherches historiques of the EHESS,Centre d'Approches Historiques du Monde contemporain) and associate member of the CRIA-EHESS. Specializing in contemporary history, her research focuses on Judaism and the history of Jews in France.

In 1989, she published a compilation of texts by Raymond Aron entitled Essais sur la condition juive contemporaine (reissued in 2007). She codirected a Dictionnaire critique de la République in 2002. At the same time, she is director of series at Éditions Grasset.

Publications
 (éd.), Choice of texts and annotation of Raymond Aron, Essais sur la condition juive contemporaine, Paris, Éditions de Fallois, 1989. ; reissued 2007.
 La cité investie. La science du judaïsme français et la République, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, "Bibliothèque franco-allemande", 1992.
 (dir.), Les ombres de l'histoire. Crime et châtiment au XIXe siècle, texts collected by Michelle Perrot, Paris, Flammarion, 2001.  ; reissued 2003.
 (dir.) with Vincent Duclert and Christophe Prochasson, Dictionnaire critique de la République, Paris, Flammarion, 2002.
 (dir.) with Vincent Duclert and Christophe Prochasson, Il s'est passé quelque chose le 21 avril 2002, Paris, Éditions Denoël, « Médiations », 2003.
 André Malraux: L'engagement politique au XXe siècle,  Paris, Armand Colin, 2010.

References

External links
 Perrine Simon-Nahum on Cespra
 Perrine Simon-Nahum on ITEM
 Perrine Simon-Nahum on France Culture
 Perrine Simon-Nahum on Akadem

Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century French historians
Category:French historiographers
Category:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences faculty


Tolmiea diplomenziesii

The plant Tolmiea diplomenziesii is a member of the genus Tolmiea. It is found mainly in Oregon and California, but it is endemic to the United States. The plant was formerly considered to be part of T. menziesii but was split off as a separate species because while T. menziesii is tetraploid, T. diplomenziesii is diploid.

References

Category:Saxifragaceae
Category:Flora of the West Coast of the United States


Ghuzak-e Rudbar

Ghuzak-e Rudbar (, also Romanized as  Ghūzak-e Rūdbār) is a village in Lafur Rural District, Shirgah District, Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 11 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Savadkuh County


Basimba people

The people who currently identify themselves as  Basimba   or  BaShimba for many and Musimba  or MuShimba for singular are Bantu speaking, Community  that exist in Uganda. Before the 13th Century they did maintain a shared identity as Basimba also defined in Swahili Language, as (a big lion), associated with either these people or the place which they came from.

The name Basimba or BaShimba (also known as the big Lion) was applied to the whole group by the early Ovambo people as a nickname for the leopard totem Clan people also known as bena Ngo in Zambia and in Uganda as abe Ngo.

The founder of Buganda, Kato Kintu  in the 14th Century was the first Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda the father of Chwa I of Buganda in his immigration to Buganda (by then known as Muwaawa), went with thirteen clans known as (Abalasangeye) under the Kintu dynasty, and among these thirteen Clans was the Basimba Leopard (Ngo) Clan. King Kateregga of Buganda, between 1674-1680 C. at the current Butambala District, persecuted the Leopard (Ngo) Clan people killing four hundred of its members and causing others to conceal their Cultural identity. Given the pre-eminent role of the Leopard (Ngo) Clan in the Cult of Kintu, these people expected that in the event they were discovered to be briefly related to the Leopard (Ngo) Clan would have far reaching consequences and the same happened during Kabaka Jjunju of Buganda.

Royal Links
The Bashimba (Big Lion) of the Leopard totem Clan is a ruling Clan
among the Royal Clans  that moved from the Kingdom of Luba to Luapula Valley in Northern Rhodesia.

The leopard (Ngo) totem Clan is a Kingship group among the Basimba (Big Lion) people  which was persecuted so much in Buganda because of its royal links. Among the many Leopard Clan branches, one of it was eligible for the throne. Reigning kings of Buganda would always capture this group and execute most of its men to reduce the risk of being overthrown.Clans give a sense of shared identity and descent to members.

After the death of Kabaka Nakibinge of Buganda, his wife Nannono of the Leopard (Ngo) Clan  between 1554 and 1556 AD, presided over as Kabaka  for eighteen (18) month and the name Nabulya which literally means ‘I ate it’ insinuating I once took royal power was introduced in the Leopard (Ngo)Clan to remind other Clans in Buganda that a woman from the Leopard totem Clan once had power in Buganda Kingdom.

Migration and Settlement
Although little history has been known about the Basimba (Big Lion) people, more needs to be said because of their very close historical connection with the BaShimba  who all belong to the Leopard (Ngo) Clan. Most Basimba people claim their origin lies in the Congo, among the Luba people of  the  Kingdom of Luba. Little is actually known about these immigrants, but traces of their history are found in the legend of the Tabwa ancestor.

Kyomba the ancestor of the Tabwa, a legendary man existed and lived on the Eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika. Faced with Hamitic pressures in the North and the people from the South to South, Kyomba and his companions crossed Lake Tanganyika by migrating to the Western shores of the Lake. Then Kyomba and his companions emigrated after the conspiracy mounted and hatched against him to the West and reached the shores of Lake Kivu. Then they crossed the Ruzizi and arrived Maniema and on the banks of river Lualaba to the second half of the 16th Century. Fanger son of Kyomba and his companions continued their migration up the river while others went elsewhere. The name Tumanya means “those that have followed the route by water’’ and Bena Kilunga means “those who followed the path on land in their migration”. The Bena Kilunga group migrated to the eastern banks of the Lualaba River and Lukunga River, together with Buanza, Mumba and the Basimba people.

The Tumanya group migrated to Ankori or the Nkole people  and eastwards following the Luvua (Lualaba) while their companions Lualaba River to back the lagoons in Upemba Depression. It was around the 17th Century when the gradual arrival of people in the mountains from the plains of Lualaba Kamalondo and named these "Kundelungu" Mountains. Finally, Tanga and his father Kyomba further migrated across the Luapula at the current location of the position of Kasenga and settled in southern Tanganyika where they were joined by members of Zimba Clan.

, avoiding quarrels will Movwe who migrated to the Marungu highlands.

The Basimba or BaShimba immigrants seem to have come in ethnic groups under the leadership of Mambwe, Mauwe, Katunku, Ngulya, Mwati, Kaabya, Ntembe, Namuyonjo, Kabolesa, Kitembwa and Kooli among others. When these people reached Luapula Valley the current Luapula Province  in Zambia, Mwanza Region, Northern Tanzania and at Butambala in Uganda, they decided to settle and the leader became the family or the Clan head. As the Basimba or BaShimba settlement grew the original leader, after several generation, became to his descendants as mythical.

Basimba or BaShimba people are recognized to be indigenous peoples, because they were the first comers among the immigrants in Zambia or Northern Rhodesia  by then and in Tanzania, According to local tradition the original inhabitants were a Clan called the Basimba who lived in the area of Busere on Ukara Island, in the South-East corner of Lake Victoria, but it is not known what language they spoke and there are none of their descendants surviving. Tradition makes no mention of fighting between the Basimba immigrants and the people whom they found in Uhaya in Tanzania and at Butambala in Uganda. The Bashimba of the (Leopard clan) successfully resisted Nkuba  in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia).

Original homeland
The original homeland of the Basimba  or BaShimba  people or their ancestry is shrouded in myths and legends. Whereas they seem to have lost contact with their original ancestors in Congo among the Luba people,leading to a cluster of Basimba (Big Lion) people migrate Northwards from Mweru – Luapula to Mwanza Region eventually erecting Human settlement's among the Haya people in Tanzania, then at Butambala District in the central region of Uganda, Buddu  in Masaka District, Ntakaiwolu in Busoga, Mpogo in Sironko District, Butaleja District and at Lupada, Naboa, Budaka District, among the Gwere people, in the Eastern parts of Uganda. Other Bashimba people settled in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)  which was part of Zimbabwe.

Culture
The Basimba practice the culture of performing rituals and ceremonies of the Chishimba spirit similar to the, Loa or kongo loa culture practiced by the Basimba people of Haiti who were sold in slavery in Haiti from Congo.

The Basimba (Big Lion) people in Uganda maintain the Basimba Spiritual stone, this stone represents the Chishimba spirit and is related to the institution of kingship. Its absence constitutes the absence of political power. According to Traditional African religions, the Chishimba spirit is synonymous to kingship and similar to the Kintu cult practiced by the leopard (Ngo) Clan people in Buganda. The Chishimba is kept in a specially prepared basket called ichipe ca calo—the basket of the nation or land. It is wrapped with bark cloth and kept in a specifically prepared shrine (ing'anda yaba Ba Chishimba or esawo lye ejjembe lya Basimba) dedicated to the spirit.

Basimba people worked with Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom's Priest in charge of the sacred pool of Muntebere. Each year the Bunyoro King sent a young slave-woman, two cows and a white sheep to the Priest. The slave-woman was given as a wife to one of the Abasimba Clan who was a servant of the Priest.

The Abasimba Dance

The abasimba dance of the Basimba people is a hunting dance performed by the Wajita or Jita people of Ukerewe Island.

The Basimba people Clan names of Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia are named after their lineal ancestors.

Beliefs
Nowadays, between 40% to 50% of the Basimba people are Christians and 50% are Muslim. Besides that, traditional beliefs are very widespread among them. The most important features are ancestor-worship (the term is called inappropriate by some authors) and totemism.

The Basimba of Kisangani who martyred Dr. Paul Carison of the Christ Church during the Congo Crisis  of 1964 to 1965 participated in the Simba Rebellion that was later defeated.

Ancestors
According to Basimba tradition, an afterlife does take place in another world, it is another form of existence in another world. The Basimba attitude towards dead ancestors is very similar to that towards living parents and grandparents.
There is a famous ritual to contact the dead ancestors that is practiced by the Basimba people. It is similar to Haitian Vodou art related to Loa a Haitian vodou  religion practiced by the Basimba people of Haiti an Island that was proclaimed by Napoleon  as an independent republic in 1804 and often lasts all night.

Totems
Basimba totems (muziro) have been in use among the Basimba people since the initial development of their culture. Totems identify the different clans among the Basimba people that historically made up the dynasties of their ancient civilization. There are seven different totems that have been identified among the Basimba (Big Lion) people in Zimbabwe, Congo, Zambia and Uganda , such as the Basimba among the Haya Tribe in Tanzania,.
People of the same Clan use a common set of totems usually animals or birds.

Examples of animal totems include Ngo/mbwili (Leopard), Leopard Cat, Genet Cat which in the Lega language is known as Musimba and also known as Kasimba in luganda language and known as Zimba in the Luba language and Nshimba in the Bemba language, Lion  (Mpologoma), Mbwa (Dog), Kikere (Frog) and Nkoko (Rooster). People of the same totem are the descendants of one common ancestor (the founder of that totem) and thus are not allowed to marry or have an intimate relationship. The totems cross regional groupings and therefore provide a wall for development of ethnic group among the Basimba.

Basimba chiefs are required to be able to recite the history of their totem group right from the initial founder before they can be sworn in as chiefs.

Orphans
The totem system is a severe problem for many orphan, especially for Basimba or BaShimba women married to other Clans. The Basimba people are afraid of being punished by ghosts, if they violate rules connected with the unknown totem of a foundling. Therefore, it is very difficult to find adoptive parents for such children. And if the foundlings have grown up, they have problems getting married and on their death they are not buried on the Basimba ancestral grounds.

Burials
The identification by totem has very important ramifications at traditional ceremonies such as the Basimba burial ceremony. A person with a different totem cannot initiate burial of the deceased. A person of the same totem, even when coming from a different tribe, can initiate burial of the deceased. For example, a Muganda of the Ngo (Leopard) totem can initiate burial of a Musimba of the Leopard totem and that is perfectly acceptable in Basimba tradition. But a Musimba of a different totem cannot perform the ritual functions required to initiate burial of the deceased.

If a person initiates the burial of a person of a different totem, he runs the risk of being asked to pay a fine to the family of the deceased. Such fines traditionally were paid with cattle or goats but nowadays substantial amounts of money can be asked for. If they bury their dead family members, they would come back at some point to cleanse the stone of the burial.

Basimba Clan groups
The Basimba people consider themselves subjects of the Chishimba, the Basimba's single paramount Chief. These Basimba people lived in villages of 50 to 100 people and are now numbering to 100,000 in number by 2016.
There are seven Basimba (Big Lion) people Clan groups named after animals and these are:-
 The Leopard, (Ngo) Clan.
 The Leopard Cat Clan.
 The Genet Cat (Kasimba) Clan.
 The Lion,(Mpologoma) Clan.
 The Frog Clan.
 The Dog Clan.
 The Rooster Clan.
Some of the Basimba people migrated northwards from Luapula valley after the disintegration of the Shila states and others remained in Northern Rhodesia currently known as BaShimba or abeena Ngo (Leopard) totem Clan. The BaShimba Leopard totem Clan is a ruling clan among the Lungu and Bemba.

Countries Basimba People Exist
Basimba or BaShimba people exist in Zambia formerly known as Northern Rhodesia, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Haiti,DR Congo  and Tanzania. For example, the omugurusi of the Basimba clan is Mauwe who on the day of his birth a dog had puppies. This dog often washed Mauwe as a child by licking him. Mauwe later out of gratitude, ordered his descendants to consider the dog as their friend, the word "Basimba" or "BaShimba" actually has several meanings. It may designate people of Basimba people origin regardless of where they live e.g. whether they live in urban areas or in the original rural Basimba areas of Mpogo, Sironko , Lupada, Naboa in Budaka District or Butambala District, Mooni,Mbale District in Uganda, Luapula Valley in Zambia or Northern Rhodesia and  Kagera Region among the Haya tribe in Bugorora Ward or County of  Missenyi District in  Tanzania. The original language of the Basimba people is unknown.

The BaShimba people living in Zambia's Northern province, among the Lungu and Bemba tribes speak the language which is most closely related to the Bantu languages the Lungu and ChiBemba (in Zambia and the DRC), Haya (in Tanzania) and Luganda of the Baganda and Lugwere of the Gwere people (in Uganda). In Uganda, Luganda is mainly spoken in the central and eastern parts of Uganda, and has become the most widely spoken language in the Country, although not always as a first language.

Genealogy
The History or Genealogy of the Basimba (Big Lion) people has given rise to numerous debates among historians to whether the Basimba people of the Leopard (Ngo)  Clan in Uganda come with Kabaka, Kato Kintu in the 14th Century or migrated either direct from Congo or Luapula valley to Uganda.

Some historians, anthropologists and sociologists like David William Cohen, Ian George Cunnison,Hans Cory, Mwelwa Chambika Musambachine, Gideon Were,Stephen Kyeyune, Tausir Niane, Mary Douglas, M. Hartnoll, Dr. Schinz and Fisher A. B among others have written books about Basimba people but have not stated the names of the Basimba ancestors who left the Luba people in Congo and migrated to places like Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Uganda. Some historians who have written History of Africa  books, use imprecise narrative documents to make estimates which must be treated with caution.
Societies like Anthropological Society of London and Ethnological Society of London have also not yet published a full physical or cultural aspects of the Basimba people or due to the pronunciation of the name Basimba as Vazimba who migrated from East Africa and settled in Madagascar. The Vazimba are kinsmen of the Ba-Simba.

References

External links
Genealogy of the Kabakas of Buganda
List of the Kings of Buganda
Ngo-Buganda Home Page
The Mpologoma (Lion) Clan - Buganda Home Page
› Africa › Zambia (Lusaka) › North-western.htm Bashimba Map, Weather and Photos - Zambia: stream - Lat:-11.9333 ...
Migration Bibliography: Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC ...
 Tabwa, Encyclopedia Britannica
 University of Iowa article
 Orville Jenkins article

Category:Bantu peoples
Category:History of Africa


Angela (The Lumineers song)

"Angela" is a song recorded by American folk rock band The Lumineers for their second studio album, Cleopatra, and released as the album's third single on April 1, 2016.

Background
The Lumineers have said that the song "Angela," is about "a small town beauty struggling to escape her past." During an interview, The Lumineers also mentioned how the name "Angela" comes from lead singer Wesley Schultz's ex-girlfriend Angela Henard; noting:
 Through Facebook, The Lumineers premiered a twenty-one second long snippet of a live performance of the song on April 1, 2016.

Music Video
The official music video was  released via the Lumineers' YouTube and Vevo accounts on September 13, 2016. As of November, 2019, it has gained over 44 million views.

The Ballad of Cleopatra
The Ballad of Cleopatra is a compilation of the story in the music videos for Ophelia, Cleopatra, Sleep on the Floor, Angela and My Eyes, all songs from the album Cleopatra. The video was released on the Lumineers YouTube channel on April 27, 2017.

Live performances
On April 1, 2016, The Lumineers premiered the song "Angela," with a live performance at the iHeartRadio music theater in LA. The performance was aired on Audience Network, at 9pm on April 8, 2016. The Lumineers also performed the song for KEXP at the Columbia City Theater; and on April 16, 2016, they performed the song for The Saturday Sessions, a weekly music slot featured on the daily morning news program, CBS This Morning. They also performed the song at the 2016 Americana Music Honors & Awards.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

Category:The Lumineers songs
Category:2016 songs
Category:2016 singles
Category:Dualtone Records singles


Periodic boundary conditions

Periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are a set of boundary conditions which are often chosen for approximating a large (infinite) system by using a small part called a unit cell. PBCs are often used in computer simulations and mathematical models. The topology of two-dimensional PBC is equal to that of a world map of some video games; the geometry of the unit cell satisfies perfect two-dimensional tiling, and when an object passes through one side of the unit cell, it re-appears on the opposite side with the same velocity. In topological terms, the space made by two-dimensional PBCs can be thought of as being mapped onto a torus (compactification). The large systems approximated by PBCs consist of an infinite number of unit cells. In computer simulations, one of these is the original simulation box, and others are copies called images. During the simulation, only the properties of the original simulation box need to be recorded and propagated. The minimum-image convention is a common form of PBC particle bookkeeping in which each individual particle in the simulation interacts with the closest image of the remaining particles in the system.

One example of periodic boundary conditions can be defined according to smooth real functions  by

for all m = 0, 1, 2, ... and for constants  and .

In molecular dynamics simulation, PBC are usually applied to calculate bulk gasses, liquids, crystals or mixtures. A common application uses PBC to simulate solvated macromolecules in a bath of explicit solvent. Born–von Karman boundary conditions are periodic boundary conditions for a special system.

In electromagnetics, PBC can be applied for different mesh types to analyze the electromagnetic properties of periodical structures.

Requirements and artifacts
Three-dimensional PBCs are useful for approximating the behavior of macro-scale systems of gases, liquids, and solids. Three-dimensional PBCs can also be used to simulate planar surfaces, in which case two-dimensional PBCs are often more suitable. Two-dimensional PBCs for planar surfaces are also called slab boundary conditions; in this case, PBCs are used for two Cartesian coordinates (e.g., x and y), and the third coordinate (z) extends to infinity.

PBCs can be used in conjunction with Ewald summation methods (e.g., the particle mesh Ewald method) to calculate electrostatic forces in the system. However, PBCs also introduce correlational artifacts that do not respect the translational invariance of the system, and requires constraints on the composition and size of the simulation box.

In simulations of solid systems, the strain field arising from any inhomogeneity in the system will be artificially truncated and modified by the periodic boundary. Similarly, the wavelength of sound or shock waves and phonons in the system is limited by the box size.

In simulations containing ionic (Coulomb) interactions, the net electrostatic charge of the system must be zero to avoid summing to an infinite charge when PBCs are applied.  In some applications it is appropriate to obtain neutrality by adding ions such as sodium or chloride (as counterions) in appropriate numbers if the molecules of interest are charged.  Sometimes ions are even added to a system in which the molecules of interest are neutral, to approximate the ionic strength of the solution in which the molecules naturally appear. Maintenance of the minimum-image convention also generally requires that a spherical cutoff radius for nonbonded forces be at most half the length of one side of a cubic box. Even in electrostatically neutral systems, a net dipole moment of the unit cell can introduce a spurious bulk-surface energy, equivalent to pyroelectricity in polar crystals.

The size of the simulation box must also be large enough to prevent periodic artifacts from occurring due to the unphysical topology of the simulation. In a box that is too small, a macromolecule may interact with its own image in a neighboring box, which is functionally equivalent to a molecule's "head" interacting with its own "tail". This produces highly unphysical dynamics in most macromolecules, although the magnitude of the consequences and thus the appropriate box size relative to the size of the macromolecules depends on the intended length of the simulation, the desired accuracy, and the anticipated dynamics. For example, simulations of protein folding that begin from the native state may undergo smaller fluctuations, and therefore may not require as large a box, as simulations that begin from a random coil conformation. However, the effects of solvation shells on the observed dynamics – in simulation or in experiment – are not well understood. A common recommendation based on simulations of DNA is to require at least 1 nm of solvent around the molecules of interest in every dimension.

Practical implementation: continuity and the minimum image convention
An object which has passed through one face of the simulation box should re-enter through the opposite face—or its image should do it.  Evidently, a strategic decision must be made: Do we (A) “fold back” particles into the simulation box when they leave it, or do we (B) let them go on (but compute interactions with the nearest images)?  The decision has no effect on the course of the simulation, but if the user is interested in mean displacements, diffusion lengths, etc., the second option is preferable.

(A) Restrict particle coordinates to the simulation box

To implement a PBC algorithm, at least two steps are needed.

Restricting the coordinates is a simple operation which can be described with the following code, where x_size is the length of the box in one direction (assuming an orthogonal unit cell centered on the origin) and x is the position of the particle in the same direction:

if (periodic_x) then
  if (x <  -x_size * 0.5) x = x + x_size
  if (x >=  x_size * 0.5) x = x - x_size
end if

Distance and vector between objects should obey the minimum image criterion.
This can be implemented according to the following code (in the case of a one-dimensional system where dx is the distance direction vector from object i to object j):

if (periodic_x) then
  dx = x(j) - x(i)
  if (dx >   x_size * 0.5) dx = dx - x_size
  if (dx <= -x_size * 0.5) dx = dx + x_size
end if

For three-dimensional PBCs, both operations should be repeated in all 3 dimensions.

These operations can be written in a much more compact form for orthorhombic cells if the origin is shifted to a corner of the box.  Then we have, in one dimension, for positions and distances respectively:

! After x(i) update without regard to PBC:
x(i) = x(i) - floor(x(i) / x_size) * x_size  ! For a box with the origin at the lower left vertex
! Works for x's lying in any image.
dx = x(j) - x(i)
dx = dx - nint(dx / x_size) * x_size

(B) Do not restrict the particle coordinates

Assuming an orthorhombic simulation box with the origin at the lower left forward corner, the minimum image convention for the calculation of effective particle distances can be calculated with the “nearest integer“ function as shown above, here as C/C++ code:
x_rsize = 1.0 / x_size; // compute only when box size is set or changed

dx = x[j] - x[i];
dx -= x_size * nearbyint(dx * x_rsize);

The fastest way of carrying out this operation depends on the processor architecture. If the sign of dx is not relevant, the method
dx = fabs(dx);
dx -= static_cast<int>(dx * x_rsize +  0.5) * x_size;
was found to be fastest on x86-64 processors in 2013.

For non-orthorhombic cells the situation is more complicated.

In simulations of ionic systems more complicated operations
may be needed to handle the long-range Coulomb interactions spanning several box images, for instance Ewald summation.

Unit cell geometries

PBC requires the unit cell to be a shape that will tile perfectly into a three-dimensional crystal. Thus, a spherical or elliptical droplet cannot be used. A cube or rectangular prism is the most intuitive and common choice, but can be computationally expensive due to unnecessary amounts of solvent molecules in the corners, distant from the central macromolecules. A common alternative that requires less volume is the truncated octahedron.

Conserved properties
Under periodic boundary conditions, the linear momentum of the system is conserved, but Angular momentum is not. Conventional explanation of this fact is based on Noether's theorem, which states that conservation of angular momentum follows from rotational invariance of Lagrangian. However, this approach was shown to not be consistent: it fails to explain the absence of conservation of angular momentum of a single particle moving in a periodic cell. Lagrangian of the particle is constant and therefore rotationally invariant, while angular momentum of the particle is not conserved. This contradiction is caused by the fact that Noether's theorem is usually formulated for closed systems. The periodic cell exchanges mass momentum, angular momentum, and energy with the neighboring cells.

When applied to the microcanonical ensemble (constant particle number, volume, and energy, abbreviated NVE), using PBC rather than reflecting walls slightly alters the sampling of the simulation due to the conservation of total linear momentum and the position of the center of mass; this ensemble has been termed the "molecular dynamics ensemble" or the NVEPG ensemble. These additional conserved quantities introduce minor artifacts related to the statistical mechanical definition of temperature, the departure of the velocity distributions from a Boltzmann distribution, and violations of equipartition for systems containing particles with heterogeneous masses. The simplest of these effects is that a system of N particles will behave, in the molecular dynamics ensemble, as a system of N-1 particles. These artifacts have quantifiable consequences for small toy systems containing only perfectly hard particles; they have not been studied in depth for standard biomolecular simulations, but given the size of such systems, the effects will be largely negligible.

See also
 Helical boundary conditions
 Molecular modeling
 Software for molecular mechanics modeling

Notes

References
 See esp. pp15–20.
 See esp. pp272–6.

Category:Molecular dynamics
Category:Boundary conditions


Janet Woollard

Janet May Woollard (born 13 February 1955) was a member for the seat of Alfred Cove in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 2001 to 2013.

Woollard successfully contested the seat in the February 2001 state election as an Independent candidate (representing the Liberals for Forests party). She was re-elected at the 2005 election and again at the 2008 election.

In 2007 Woollard's son, Luke, crashed his family's boat whilst drink driving, seriously injuring a passenger. The injured passenger successfully sued Luke, who said he was unable to pay the 230,000 compensation and indicated he faced bankruptcy.  Woollard and her husband initially refused to pay the compensation on behalf of their son. However, they settled the case following intense media scrutiny.

Woollard was defeated in the 2013 state election, attracting only about 10% of the primary vote. The seat was won by the Liberal Party candidate, Dean Nalder.

See also
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 2001-2005
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 2005-2009

References

Parliamentary biographical entry
ABC 2005 election guide

Category:1955 births
Category:Living people
Category:Independent members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Category:Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Category:21st-century Australian politicians
Category:21st-century Australian women politicians
Category:Women members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly


If I Had A Son For Each Star In Old Glory (Uncle Sam, I'd Give Them All To You!)

"If I Had A Son For Each Star In Old Glory (Uncle Sam, I'd Give Them All To You!)" is a World War I song written by James E. Dempsey and composed by Joseph A. Burke. This song was published in 1917 by Leo. Feist, Inc., in New York, NY.
The sheet music cover, illustrated by Rosenbaum Studios, features a mother looking at a picture of her son with an inset photo of Monte Austin. Other editions feature Brice and King; Buddy Clark; Ben Davis; and Florence Timponi.

This song depicts the wartime sentiment of mothers expressing little concern for the lives of their sons, only the desire that they should conform to the role of protector and be the man the mother expects.

The sheet music can be found at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

References

Bibliography
Kingsbury, Celia Malone. 2010. For home and country: World War I propaganda on the home front. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. .
Parker, Bernard S. World War I Sheet Music 1. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2007. .
Paas, John Roger. 2014. America sings of war: American sheet music from World War I. .
Vogel, Frederick G. World War I Songs: A History and Dictionary of Popular American Patriotic Tunes, with Over 300 Complete Lyrics. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., 1995. .

Category:1917 songs
Category:Songs of World War I
Category:Songs with music by Joe Burke (composer)


Val'd Agri oil field

The Val d'Agri oil field is an oil field located in the region of the Southern Apennines. It was discovered in 1991 and developed by Eni. It began production in 1996 and  produces oil. The total proven reserves of the Val'd Agri oil field are around 500 million barrels (68×106tonnes), and production is centered on .

Eni is the operator in Basilicata of the Val d’Agri permit (60.77% owned by Eni), which in 2008 produced  equivalent ( equivalent net to Eni).

References

Category:Oil fields in Italy


Governador Edison Lobão

Governador Edison Lobão is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.

See also
List of municipalities in Maranhão

References

Category:Municipalities in Maranhão


Alexander duality

In mathematics, Alexander duality refers to a duality theory presaged by a result of 1915 by J. W. Alexander, and subsequently further developed, particularly by Pavel Alexandrov and Lev Pontryagin. It applies to the homology theory properties of the complement of a subspace X in Euclidean space, a sphere, or other manifold. It is generalized by Spanier–Whitehead duality.

Modern statement
Let  be a compact, locally contractible subspace of the sphere  of dimension n. Let  be the complement of  in . Then if  stands for reduced homology or reduced cohomology, with coefficients in a given abelian group, there is an isomorphism

for all .  Note that we can drop local contractibility as part of the hypothesis, if we use Čech cohomology, which is designed to deal with local pathologies.

Alexander's 1915 result
To go back to Alexander's original work, it is assumed that X is a simplicial complex.

Alexander had little of the modern apparatus, and his result was only for the Betti numbers, with coefficients taken modulo 2. What to expect comes from examples. For example the Clifford torus construction in the 3-sphere shows that the complement of a solid torus is another solid torus; which will be open if the other is closed, but this does not affect its homology. Each of the solid tori is from the homotopy point of view a circle. If we just write down the Betti numbers

1, 1, 0, 0

of the circle (up to , since we are in the 3-sphere), then reverse as

0, 0, 1, 1

and then shift one to the left to get

0, 1, 1, 0

there is a difficulty, since we are not getting what we started with. On the other hand the same procedure applied to the reduced Betti numbers, for which the initial Betti number is decremented by 1, starts with

0, 1, 0, 0

and gives

0, 0, 1, 0

whence

0, 1, 0, 0.

This does work out, predicting the complement's reduced Betti numbers.

The prototype here is the Jordan curve theorem, which topologically concerns the complement of a circle in the Riemann sphere. It also tells the same story. We have the honest Betti numbers

1, 1, 0

of the circle, and therefore

0, 1, 1

by flipping over and

1, 1, 0

by shifting to the left. This gives back something different from what the Jordan theorem states, which is that there are two components, each contractible (Schoenflies theorem, to be accurate about what is used here). That is, the correct answer in honest Betti numbers is

2, 0, 0.

Once more, it is the reduced Betti numbers that work out. With those, we begin with

0, 1, 0

to finish with

1, 0, 0.

From these two examples, therefore, Alexander's formulation can be inferred: reduced Betti numbers  are related in complements by

.

References

Further reading

Category:Algebraic topology
Category:Duality theories


Williamson Evers

Williamson M. "Bill" Evers (born October 18, 1948) is an American political activist and education researcher. In 1988, he became a resident scholar at Stanford University's Hoover Institution—first as a national fellow, then a visiting scholar, and most recently a research fellow there and at The Independent Institute. He went on leave from Hoover to serve as Assistant Secretary for the Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development in the United States Department of Education during 2007-2009. At the beginning of September 2016, he was selected to lead the "agency action team" for the Department of Education in the Trump-Pence transition.

Political activism
During the 1970s and '80s, Evers was involved in the libertarian movement in the United States and the Libertarian Party specifically. In 1980, he was the Libertarian Party candidate for Congress in the 12th Congressional District of California. For several years he edited the libertarian magazine Inquiry. "Evers was the first editor of Inquiry which was initially published by the Cato Institute. He was abruptly fired in a nasty internal power dispute with Cato president Ed Crane." At the time, he was considered a radical (he was a prominent member of the party's Radical Caucus) and an ally of Murray Rothbard against Crane and his supporters. In 1984, Evers was campaign director for Libertarian Party presidential candidate David Bergland. In 1993, he helped defeat an effort to eliminate the LP membership Pledge and moderate the LP Platform. He was still a member of the Libertarian National Committee as of March 1996.

In the late 1990s, Evers began to work in the Republican Party, serving on George W. Bush's transition team after the 2000 election and acting as a Bush adviser in the 2000 and 2004 campaigns and as a McCain adviser in 2008 and a Romney adviser in the 2012 presidential elections. In California, Evers has also served on the Republican State Central Committee and acted as an adviser to several Republican gubernatorial campaigns.

Education activism
In 1995, while one of his children was a third-grader at Escondido Elementary School in the Palo Alto Unified School District in California, Evers became an outspoken participant in the Math Wars over the teaching of mathematics. He became a leading member of the steering committee of a group called HOLD (Honest Open Logical Debate) on Math Reform and organized a publicity stunt in which a toilet was mounted on the back of a pick-up truck and driven to a protest outside the school district headquarters. There Evers ceremonially flushed the new curriculum.

Evers was a commissioner on the California State Academic Standards Commission from 1996 to 1998 and again in 2010. At the Hoover Institution, he joined its Koret Task Force on K-12 Education, which was formed in 1999 and wound up its operations in 2014.

In 2001, he was appointed by President George W. Bush to the White House Commission on Presidential Scholars and was appointed by Education Secretary Rod Paige to the National Educational Research Policy and Priorities Board. From July to December 2003, he served as a senior education adviser to the Coalition Provisional Authority during the U.S. occupation of Iraq. In 2004 he was elected to the Santa Clara County Board of Education in California , on which he served until 2007.

On February 8, 2007, Bush nominated Evers to be an assistant secretary of education. His confirmation by the Senate was announced on October 17, 2007. The eight-month delay was largely attributed to enemies he made during the Math Wars.

Evers has written several opinion columns for well-known publications such as The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Los Angeles Times, and The Christian Science Monitor.

Bibliography

References

External links
 Biography from the Hoover Institution

Category:1948 births
Category:American political consultants
Category:California Libertarians
Category:California Republicans
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Libertarian Party (United States)
Category:United States Department of Education officials


Kieran O'Reilly (performer)

Kieran O'Reilly (born 3 September 1979) is an actor, musician and producer. He is also the songwriter and lead vocalist with the Irish alternative rock band, Hail The Ghost. He is best known for his controversial role as Detective Garda Ciarán Madden in RTÉ's hit crime drama, Love/Hate, and his role as 'White Hair' in the Emmy Award-winning television show, Vikings.

Background

O'Reilly was born Kieran Mark O'Reilly and is a twin. He grew up in Dublin, Ireland, and was educated at St. Kilians National School in Tallaght and Synge Street CBS in Dublin's City Centre. On leaving school, he worked as a clerk in the Special Detective Unit in Dublin and in 2000, he enrolled in An Garda Síochána (Ireland's National Police Force). He was stationed at Pearse Street Garda Station in the city centre where he worked in the District Drug Unit. He was then promoted to Detective to the National Drug Unit based in Dublin Castle, where he worked undercover for many years, infiltrating drug gangs on a national and international level, reportedly working on over 500 investigations.

Acting

In 2013, O'Reilly auditioned for a part in the RTÉ crime drama, Love/Hate, securing the role of Detective Ciarán Madden. He first appeared on Irish television screens on 12 October 2013 as part of the opening sequence to Episode 2 (Love/Hate Season 4) playing the part of an undercover cop posing as a drug addict ("Heggo"). This role caused some controversy amongst top ranking officers, in particular, the then Commissioner, Martin Callinan. He ordered an inquiry into O'Reilly's appearance in the show, despite the fact that O'Reilly had not infringed any regulations of the Police Code of Conduct. O'Reilly featured in Irish newspapers for several months and despite being transferred to The National Immigration Bureau, was cleared of all matters in 2014.

O'Reilly's acting debut was well received by the Irish public and he was credited as a natural talent. His Love/Hate co-star, Hollywood actor, Brían F. O'Byrne, praised O'Reilly's acting, stating, "He has a rare natural talent. As an actor, Kieran possesses an ease, a fluency and creativity on set that belies his novice status". He was also described by Love/Hate creator, Stuart Carolan, as "a pretty amazing actor". The Sunday Times journalist Liam Fay wrote: "...but its initial believability has been enhanced by a strikingly rough-edged performance from Kieran O'Reilly, a real-life undercover Garda". O'Reilly filmed Love/Hate Season 5 in 2014. He is currently a member of the Bow Street Academy for Screen Acting.

O'Reilly joined the cast of Vikings in 2017 playing the role of 'White Hair' across Seasons 5 and 6. O'Reilly's character met his demise in what has been described as the best one-on-one fight in the history of the show, when 'White Hair' took on lead actress Katheryn Winnick who played 'Lagertha', in what would be 'Lagertha's' last battle before being killed herself by 'Hvitserk'. The fight sequence was shot on location in Ireland over several days with both actors reportedly doing all the stunts themselves.

Music

Doris

Kieran O'Reilly began playing music in 2003, teaching himself how to play the drums. That same year, he joined Dublin pop/rock band, Doris. O'Reilly was a central figure in the band's development and assisted in the releasing of the band's first two singles, "Will I Ever Learn" and "Stop". During O'Reilly's time in the band, they were selected by Hot Press Magazine to have a music video shot for "Will I Ever Learn" in conjunction with the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University. O'Reilly left the band in 2007.

White McKenzie

O'Reilly formed White McKenzie in 2010 with a group of friends. He was the sole vocalist and songwriter for the band. In 2011, in only the band's third live performance, they played in the final of the Shercock Battle of the Bands competition, competing for a place to play in the Glastonbury Festival in the UK; however they missed out on the top prize to Irish blues band, Crow Black Chicken. O'Reilly and friends later released a 7 track Mini Album/E.P. entitled Absence. The sleeve image for this E.P. was provided by Rob Hann (New York City). In November 2011, Jackie Hayden of Hot Press Magazine chose Absence as his "Pick of the Fortnight". White McKenzie also opened the Kildare leg of the First Music Contact Tour on 9 November 2012, sharing the stage with Squarehead, We Cut Corners and The Lost Brothers. White McKenzie released their single, 'Heatseeker' in late 2012, shortly before the band broke up. Sensing band members were moving in different directions, O'Reilly decided to leave the band. "I just felt that I didn't really want to pursue it any longer, and I wanted to preserve the friendships that were there. Which we did, we're all still great friends. I just felt that we didn't know what we were doing, and I think the lads felt the same". The band were described by Today FM presenter, Ian Dempsey, as "really top quality". In 2016, several White McKenzie tracks were featured in the Irish film, "Coming Home" by Cathal Kenna.

Hail The Ghost

In 2014 O'Reilly formed Hail The Ghost which includes two former White McKenzie members, Ian Corr (piano/keys) and Eamon Young (guitars). O'Reilly spent 2014 writing and producing the band's debut album Forsaken with Corr, Young and Martin Quinn of JAM Studios who co-produced and engineered the album. The album  features O'Reilly playing drums, guitar and vocals. He credits The National, The Antlers and Elbow as influences when he was composing the album's songs which would be: "a piece that would have that cohesive feel to it, we would have that thematic thing and we would also have a story, beginning to end. Though it's not necessarily a story [in a book] sense, but like an actual journey." The band's song, 'LAZISE' was used by the G.A.A. in their advertising campaign for the 'GAA NOW' initiative throughout the 2017 All-Ireland Championships. The online video was played 700,000 times in four weeks."

Hail The Ghost released their second studio album, 'Arrhythmia' on 6 December 2019 with The Irish Times referring to the album as a "smart collection of intelligent and sensitive rock... [that will] do the heart and soul good". Hot Press Magazine reported: "Last time round, we described them as "atmospheric indie", but 'Arrhythmia' is composed of bleaker soundscapes, more reminiscent of Joy Division".

Kieran O'Reilly & Ragga Ragnars
On 5 February 2020, Kieran O'Reilly released "Broken Wings" with his on-screen Vikings co-star and former double Olympian, Ragga Ragnars. The pair co-wrote the track before recording the song in JAM Studios in Ireland with Martin Quinn recording, mixing and mastering. The track was produced by Kieran O'Reilly and Martin Quinn. Hot Press Magazine described the song as "an absolute pearler". The music video for the track was filmed on location in Iceland by Ragnars' brother and filmmaker, Gudjon Ragnarsson.

Writing
O'Reilly wrote the screenplay for the Irish feature film, 'For Molly', which premiered on October 4th, 2018. He wrote the film in just four months and when asked about how he began writing, O'Reilly credited Love/Hate writer, Stuart Carolan with being the primary inspiration - stating, "I have been writing ever since I picked up Stuart Carolan’s script [for Love/Hate] because when I picked up that script, I thought: I want to be a writer." O'Reilly is reported to have written numerous screenplays since starting to write in 2013.

Sport
O’Reilly was a member of the Sportsworld A.C. in Dublin. He competed in both track and cross-country. In 1999, at just 19 years of age, O’Reilly finished 7th in the National Under 23 Irish Championships in the 400m, with Olympians Paul Oppermann taking gold and James Nolan taking bronze.

O’Reilly joined Mount Tallant Boxing Club in 1996 where he was trained by former double Olympian, Mick Dowling. In 1998 O’Reilly won the Dublin and Leinster Novice Middleweight Boxing Titles. In 1999 he won the Dublin and Leinster Intermediate Light-Heavyweight Boxing Titles, defeating Martin Sweeney of Phoenix Boxing Club in the Leinster final. In 2002, O’Reilly was defeated by Jamie Power of St. Francis Boxing Club in the quarter-finals of the National Irish Junior Championships. In 2003, O’Reilly won gold at the World Police and Fire Games in Barcelona in the Intermediate Light-Heavyweight division.

Filmography

Film/Television

Discography

Albums

Singles

Awards and nominations

External links

 Hail The Ghost's official website

References

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Irish songwriters
Category:Musicians from Dublin (city)
Category:Irish male singers
Category:Irish male television actors
Category:Irish baritones
Category:21st-century Irish male actors
Category:People educated at Synge Street CBS
Category:21st-century Irish singers
Category:21st-century male singers
Category:People from Tallaght


Transfusion medicine

Transfusion medicine (or transfusiology) is the branch of medicine that encompasses all aspects of the transfusion of blood and blood components including aspects related to hemovigilance. It includes issues of blood donation, immunohematology and other laboratory testing for transfusion-transmitted diseases, management and monitoring of clinical transfusion practices, patient blood management, therapeutic apheresis, stem cell collections, cellular therapy, and coagulation. Laboratory management and understanding of state and federal regulations related to blood products are also a large part of the field.

In most countries, Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine specialists provide expert opinion on massive transfusions, difficult/incompatible transfusions and rational use of specialised blood product therapy like irradiated blood/ leukodepleted/washed blood products.

The blood donor center is the facility that collects blood components from screened blood donors, either whole blood or separate components such as plasma or platelets only via apheresis. These blood components are then transported to a central location for processing such as fractionation, testing and redistribution. The testing includes determining blood type and testing for infectious diseases. Whole blood is fractionated into red blood cells, platelets and plasma whilst plasma can be further refined into separate components such as albumin, clotting factor concentrates and immunoglobulin.

The blood bank is the section of the clinical laboratory where laboratory scientists store and distribute blood components. Both areas are typically overseen by a specialist in transfusion medicine. Transfusion medicine was earlier a branch of clinical pathology, however the field has now expanded into a clinical, hospital-based specialty. The practice of transfusion medicine involves both laboratory and clinical aspects of transfusion as communication between blood bank and patients, treating specialists and other medical staff is vital in situations such as massive transfusions or transfusion reactions.

To ensure the safety of blood components, regimented procedures and quality assurance systems must be in place covering all aspects of the transfusion chain, from donation to transfusion outcomes. Within hospitals, transfusion committees are established to ensure safe hospital transfusion practice such as compliance with standards and guidelines, reviewing transfusion reactions and management of blood supply. These multidisciplinary committees are composed of transfusion medicine specialists, transfusion nurses, laboratory scientists, clinicians and staff from hospital management and the quality team.

History
In 1628, English physician William Harvey discovered that blood circulates around the body. Soon thereafter, the first blood transfusion was attempted. In 1665 another English doctor Richard Lower successfully used blood transfusion between dogs to keep them alive.

Karl Landsteiner is recognized as the father of transfusion medicine. Karl Landsteiner is credited with the first classification of human blood into the four types (A, B, AB, O) of the ABO blood group system.

National differences and how to specialise

Denmark

In Denmark, the subject is covered by the specialty, "Clinical Immunology".

Germany
In Germany, transfusion medicine is an independent specialty. Physicians absolve a 3-year residency in transfusion medicine and 2 years in relevant clinical settings like internal medicine or surgery.

Norway

In Norway, the subject is covered by the specialty, "Immunology and Transfusion medicine"

United States of America

Physicians from a wide range of backgrounds, including pathology, internal medicine, anesthesiology and pediatrics, are eligible for board certification in Transfusion Medicine following a 1–2 year fellowship.  It is a board-certified subspecialty recognized by the American Board of Pathology.  These specialists are often considered consultants for physicians who require expert advice on the subjects listed above. Transfusiology is not a recognized term in the US.

India

In India, Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine is a medical post graduate specialty (MD) recognized by Medical Council of India since 2009.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, transfusion medicine is a sub-speciality of hematology.

Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) collects and analyses reports of adverse events related to transfusion, aiming to improve patient safety. Its reports have led to wider training for medical staff in the UK and a central reporting scheme to allow errors to be reported.

There is the Better Blood Continuing Education Programme, which is organised by the  EUB which is part of the  SNBTS. The EUB consists of many specialist healthcare professionals. The programme's aim is to improve transfusion medicine practise. The programme is reviewed each annually in January.

In the UK, there are restrictions in place to decrease the risk of the transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

Australia

In Australia, transfusion medicine is a sub-specialty of haematology. Training in transfusion medicine is covered by the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA).

Australia has national blood services operated by the Australian Red Cross Blood Service. There are a series of guidelines and standards relevant to the laboratory released by the National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia (NATA), Australian and New Zealand Society of Blood Transfusion (ANZSBT) and RCPA. Similarly, there are a series of clinical practice, patient blood management guidelines by the National Blood Authority.

In Australia, the Serious Transfusion Incident Reporting (STIR) system is in place to capture serious transfusion incidents and near-miss incidents.

See also

 Blood transfusion

External links
  Professional Organization: International Society of Blood Transfusion
  Professional Organization: AABB

Notes and references

*


Centennial Park (Champaign, Illinois)

Located in the western part of Champaign, Illinois, Centennial Park is the second largest park operated by the Champaign Park District. Land for the park was acquired in 1959 for an estimated cost of $161,800. Since its acquisition of the land, the park district exchanged  of Centennial Park to Champaign Unit 4 School District in return for the land of Morrisey Park. Currently, Champaign Centennial High School and Jefferson Middle School sit within the park. The campus was designed by Professor Karl Lohmann.

Facilities
The park features eight lighted tennis courts, one lighted baseball field, five additional unlit baseball fields, one soccer field, and one basketball court. Additionally, the park contains a playground and Centennial Hill, which is used as a sledding hill during the winter months.

Leonhard Recreation Center
In 1976, the center was dedicated as the Bicentennial Center in honor of the United States' Bicentennial anniversary. However, the center was rededicated as its current namesake in 1984 to honor former park district commissioner Patricia H. Leonhard.

The Rec Center includes a full-size gymnasium, an air-conditioned activity space, locker rooms, and offices.

The park district announced in 2012 that the 35-year-old building will be replaced with a $5 million complex in the spring of 2014. Ground was broken on the project on July 3, 2013. The new complex will feature a geothermal heating and cooling system, a key feature that the current recreation center is lacking. Furthermore, the new rec center will feature the following:

 Indoor playground
 Walking track
 Basketball courts
 Volleyball courts
 Activity rooms

The new building will also host special interest classes, and sport and fitness programs. It will also continue to host the park district's summer programs for children.

Bresnan Meeting Center
Originally dedicated as "The Meeting Center" when the facility opened on May 2, 1968, the Besnan Center houses the administrative offices for the Champaign Park District. The center was rededicated on May 9, 1984 after park commissioner Donald F. Bresnan for its current namesake. Additionally the Board of Directors' meetings are held at 7pm on the second Wednesday of every month.

Sholem Aquatic Center

Opening in 2006, the family water park serves the Champaign-Urbana metropolitan area each year from Memorial Day until Labor Day. Operating hours are typically reduced when Unit 4 schools are still in session. Staffed by award-winning Lifeguards, the Sholem Aquatic Center contains many different water features, pools a concession stand, and grassy areas for shade. Each feature is divided among the park in different areas:
 The Beach (8000sq-ft pool and waterplay area)
 The Puddle (a wading area for small children)
 The Sea (an 8-lane, 25 yard lap pool)
 The Falls (170 ft tube slide)
 The Plunge, and Blue Rush (both are 197 ft water slides enclosed in darkness)
 The Rapids (660 ft inner-tube river)
 The Oasis (concession stand with seating)

The aquatic center also offers swimming lessons, teen swim hours, and adult swim hours. Additionally, the complex is available for private rental after hours.

Prairie Farm
Centennial Park also features Prairie Farm, which serves as a full-size, replica farm. Dedicated in 1966, the farm features barns, farmhouse, pond, pasture, & flower garden. The farm is open Memorial Day weekend through the middle of August and also hosts several children activities and programs throughout the season. Additionally, the farm houses traditional farm animals like sheep, pigs, goats, horses, cows, chickens, and geese. Admission is free, but donations are encouraged to help sustain the facility.

References

External links

Category:Champaign, Illinois
Category:Parks in Illinois
Category:Protected areas of Champaign County, Illinois
Category:1959 establishments in Illinois
Category:Protected areas established in 1959


Carlyle Township, Allen County, Kansas

Carlyle Township is one of twelve townships in Allen County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 285.

Geography
Carlyle Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Old Carlyle and Pioneer.

Boyers Lake is within this township. The streams of Carlyle Creek, Cottonwood Creek and Little Deer Creek run through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Category:Townships in Allen County, Kansas
Category:Townships in Kansas


Eddie Carmel

Eddie Carmel (March 16, 1936 – August 14, 1972) was an entertainer with gigantism and subsequent acromegaly resulting from a pituitary adenoma. Popularly known as "The Jewish Giant", Carmel was billed at the height of 8 ft 9 in (268 cm) and 9 ft 0.625 (276 cm) inches tall, though he may have more realistically been around 7 ft 3 tall. At the time of his death at age 36, he had shrunk several inches, due to kyphoscoliosis (curvature of the spine, a mixture of scoliosis, and kyphosis).

Early life
Oded Ha-Carmeili (Hebrew: עודד הכרמלי) was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, to American-Jewish immigrants. An only child, he was raised in the Bronx, New York, after his parents Itzhak and Miriam (née Pines) Ha-Carmeili relocated back to the United States when he was a young boy. "Eddie" was his nickname from his youth, and Carmel was a stage surname. He was made famous by photographer Diane Arbus' picture Jewish Giant, taken at Home with His Parents in the Bronx, N.Y. in 1970.

Career
Due to his condition, his primary work was in carnival sideshows, including appearances at Hubert's Museum in Times Square and a few films such as 50,000 B.C. (Before Clothing) (1963), and The Brain That Wouldn't Die (1962). He died at age 36, in Montefiore Hospital in the Bronx, New York.

References

External links
The Jewish Giant A radio segment presented by SoundPortraits.org

Eddie Carmel at Find A Grave.

Category:People with acromegaly
Category:People with gigantism
Category:1936 births
Category:1972 deaths
Category:Israeli emigrants to the United States
Category:Israeli Jews
Category:People from Tel Aviv
Category:People from the Bronx


Special Protection Group (Amendment) Act, 2019

Special Protection Group (Amendment) Act, 2019 is an act passed by Indian parliament in 2019 which reduces Special Protection Group cover to only Prime Minister, former Prime Minister and their immediate family members up to 5 years after ceasing post if they are residing at the residence allotted. The bill amends Special Protection Group Act 1988 which was in application.

Enactment
Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha, lower house of parliament, on 25 November 2018 by minister of state for home affairs--G. Kishan Reddy. It was passed in Lok Sabha on 27 November 2019. On 3rd December 2019, bill was inroduced to Rajya Sabha by Home minister Amit Shah and was subsequently passed on the same day.

It was assented by the President on 9 December, 2019 and became an act.

Reaction

Lok Sabha
While introducing the bill in Lok Sabha, Reddy said that there was no cut off period in existing act for providing SPG protection to former prime ministers or members of their immediate families.

Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, leader of opposition in Lok Sabha, called the bill and move to amend the Special Protection Group Act 1988 as 'Political Vendetta' and alleged that government was trying to target the family which lost two lives for nation. RJD leader Manoj Jha and CPI leader Binoy Viswam also supported the claim.

Amit Shah, Home minister of India, alleged that previous amendments in Special Protection Group Act 1988 were attempts to ensure continued protection for a family. In addition, he alleged that amendments to the act were effected in 1991, 1994, 1999 and 2003 and one more amendment was being brought to revert the original spirit of the act.

Rajya Sabha
B. K. Hariprasad, leader of Indian National Congress, demanded that bill should be withdrawn as it was 'politically motivated'.

Subramanian Swamy, nominated member in Rajya Sabha, said that all are equal before law and 'Gandhis' can't be given special treatment and added that the assassination of Indira Gandhi had nothing to do with lack of security. Naresh Gujral, Shiromani Akali Dal politician and Rajya Sabha member, called that security has over time became a status symbol.

External links

 Official Act

References

Category:Special forces of India
Category:2019 in Indian law


Stormyrbassenget

Stormyrbassenget, also known as Stormyraven or Avan, is a lake in the municipality of Hemnes in Nordland county, Norway.  It lies about  south of the municipal center of Korgen and about  north of the village of Bleikvasslia.  The lake lies along the river Røssåga as it flows north to the Ranfjord.

See also
 List of lakes in Norway
 Geography of Norway

References

Category:Hemnes
Category:Lakes of Nordland


Ugandaltica

Ugandaltica wagneri, is a species of flea beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae. It was discovered in 2018 from canopies in the Budongo Forest, Uganda. The species was placed in the monotypic genus Ugandaltica.

Etymology
The generic name is due to the country if found first. Specific name wagneri is in honor of collector Thomas Wagner, a specialist Afrotropical entomologist.

Description
A very small beetle with a convex body. Short antennae. Smooth frons and vertex. Frontal tubercles absent. Three-segmented labial palpi. Pronotum sub-trapezoidal. Elytra indistinctly elongate and covers pygidium. Metathoracic wings are macropterous. Dorsum brownish and shiny.

References

Category:Galerucinae
Category:Beetles described in 2018
Category:Monotypic beetle genera


Marcelo Araujo

Marcelo Araujo stage name and professional pseudonym of Lázaro Jaime Zilberman (born June 12, 1947), an Argentine sports journalist. He worked from 1989 to 2004 on Fútbol de Primera. In 2008 he was against Julio Grondona, the president of the AFA; in 2011 he supported him. Is a Play by Play narrator of Gillette Prestobarba Excel Open Tournament vía TyC Max (live broadcast matches) and TyC Sports (tape-delay matches)

References

Category:Argentine sports journalists
Category:Argentine Jews
Category:People from Buenos Aires
Category:1947 births
Category:Living people
Category:Argentine people of Polish-Jewish descent