Archer Records

Archer Records is an independent record label with notoriety in the classical guitar and Americana genres. The label was founded in 2001 in downtown Memphis by Ward Archer, who founded Cotton Row Recording Studios in 1978 and is a former trustee of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.  It is housed at Music+Arts Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, formerly Sounds Unreel Studio. Located at 1902 Nelson Avenue, the building was converted to a recording studio in 1981 and was purchased by Archer Records owner Ward Archer in 2007. The layout of Music+Arts Studio was designed by George Augsperger and Nashville studio builder David Cherry.

Archer Records' roster of artists includes Amy LaVere, Lily Afshar, Joyce Cobb  and more. The label's first release was "Possession" by Lily Afshar in 2002. Afshar has released a total of four albums on Archer Records. She is the first woman in the world to earn a doctorate in classical guitar performance. Her live performances have been reviewed by the likes of The Washington Post and following the release of her most recent Archer Records project, Bach on Fire, Afshar was invited to perform at the National Museum of Women in the Arts.

Archer Records gained visibility in the Americana genre through its work with Amy LaVere. The label released LaVere's "This World is Not My Home" in 2005. PopMatters called it "one of the best albums of 2006."

In addition to its roster, Archer Records also administers a nonprofit label called Blue Barrel Records that launched in 2014. The label's roster includes Mighty Souls Brass Band and Caleb Sweazy.

References

External links
Official site

Category:American record labels


Dosokohama Station

is a railway station on the Shinetsu Main Line in the city of Jōetsu, Niigata, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Dosokohama Station is served by the Shin'etsu Main Line, and is 9.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Naoetsu Station.

Station layout
The station consists of two opposed side platforms, with no direct connection between them. Passengers wishing to change platforms must leave the station and walk to the nearest road crossing. The station is unattended.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

History
The station opened on 15 March 1960. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

Surrounding area
former Ogata town hall
 Ogata Middle School

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

External links

 JR East station information

Category:Railway stations in Niigata Prefecture
Category:Railway stations opened in 1960
Category:1960 establishments in Japan
Category:Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Category:Shin'etsu Main Line
Category:Jōetsu, Niigata


Sopi, Suharekë

Sopi or Sopijë (, ) is a village in Suharekë municipality, Kosovo.

Notes

References

Category:Villages in Suva Reka


Maurice Cowling

Maurice John Cowling (6 September 1926 – 24 August 2005) was a British historian and a Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge.

Early life
Cowling was born in West Norwood, South London, son of Reginald Frederick Cowling (1901–1962), a patent agent, and his wife May (née Roberts). His family then moved to Streatham, where Cowling attended an LCC elementary school, and from 1937 the Battersea Grammar School. When the Second World War started in 1939 the school moved to Worthing and then from 1940 to Hertford where Cowling attended sixth-form.

In 1943 Cowling won a scholarship to Jesus College, Cambridge, but was called up for military service in September 1944, where he joined the Queen's Royal Regiment. In 1945, after training and serving in a holding battalion, he was sent to Bangalore as an officer cadet.

In 1946 Cowling was attached to the Kumaon Regiment and the next year-and-a-half he travelled to Agra, Razmak on the North-West Frontier and Assam. As independence for India neared in 1947, Cowling was dispatched to Egypt as a camp adjutant to the British HQ there. Cowling was then promoted to captain in Libya. By the end of 1947 Cowling was finally demobilised, and in 1948 he went back to Jesus College to complete his History Tripos, where he received a Double First. Cowling later remembered that he fell in love with Cambridge. He toyed with the idea of being ordained and went to college chapel, possessing "a strong polemical Christianity". Of his religion, Cowling later said:

In 1954 Cowling worked at the British Foreign Office for six months at the Jordan department, and in early 1955, The Times gave him the job of foreign leader-writer, which he held for three years. In 1957 Cowling was invited by the Director of the Conservative Political Centre to write a pamphlet on the Suez Crisis; it was never published however, as the party wanted to move on from Suez as quickly as possible. He stood unsuccessfully for the parliamentary seat of Bassetlaw during the General Election of 1959 for the Conservative Party. Cowling later said that "I enjoyed being a candidate, though it was very hard work and elections are like what I imagine having all your teeth out is like".

Academic career
In 1961 Cowling was elected a Fellow of Jesus College and Director of Studies in Economics, shortly before the History Faculty appointed him to an Assistant Lectureship. Cowling's first book was The Nature and Limits of Political Science. Influenced by Michael Oakeshott, this was an attack on political science and political philosophy as it was then taught. Cowling argued that social science's claim to have discovered how people behaved was false because politics was too complex and fluid to be rationalised by theorists and only fully intelligible to politicians.

During six weeks of the summer of 1962 Cowling wrote Mill and Liberalism, which was published in 1963 and became one of his most contentious books. The book argued Mill was not as libertarian as he was traditionally portrayed, and that Mill resembled a "moral totalitarian". Dr. Roland Hall reviewed the book in Philosophical Quarterly (January 1965) and called it "dangerous and unpleasant", with Cowling later remarking that this "was what it was intended to be".

In 1963 he was elected a Fellow to Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he advised his students to tackle liberals with "irony, geniality and malice". During the 1960s Cowling campaigned against a sociology course to be introduced at Cambridge, regarding it as a "vehicle for liberal dogma". In November 1966 Cowling was elected as a Conservative councillor on the Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely County Council in a by-election, which he held until 1970.

He was appointed the literary editor of The Spectator from 1970 to 1971, and in the early 1970s he wrote articles of a broadly Powellite nature arguing against the UK being a member of the EEC. Cowling resigned in 1971 when the editor acting in George Gale's absence refused to publish Cowling's protest against his publication of an article by Tony Palmer which suggested that the important question about Princess Anne was whether she was a virgin.

It was on Cowling's suggestion that Paul Smith edited a collection of Lord Salisbury's articles from the Quarterly Review, published in 1972.

In 1977 Margaret Thatcher visited the Cambridge Graduate Conservative Association of Peterhouse where she "cut through the compact subtlety and 'rational pessimism' of [Cowling]" and sharply retorted: "We don't want pessimists in our party". In 1978 he ceased to be Director of Studies in Peterhouse, and helped to found the Salisbury Group, a group of conservative thinkers named, on Michael Oakeshott's advice, after Lord Salisbury. In the same year Cowling published Conservative Essays where he said:

Cowling was "instrumental" in getting the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, Lord Dacre of Glanton, from Oxford to become Master of Peterhouse from 1980 to 1987, though in later years he came to regret supporting Dacre's arrival there. In November 1989 Cowling published his essay on "The Sources of the New Right" in Encounter which detailed the ideological roots of Thatcherism in Britain and became the Preface to the second edition of Mill and Liberalism in 1990. In 1990 Cowling described himself as "an intellectual Thatcherite, just as I was an intellectual Powellite, and I think it is important that the Conservative party should be in good hands and that it should win elections...I am a warm supporter [of the Thatcher government]". In Cowling's view "Liberalism is essentially the belief that there can be a reconciliation of all difficulties and differences, and since there can't, it is a misleading way to approach politics". He regarded Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses as "a nasty, sneering, free-thinking book ... I can understand why the book is offensive and it didn't seem to me to be anything but offensive when I read it. Some thinking Moslems take a view of the nature of religion, and the incompatibility between Islam and liberalism, which runs parallel to what I'm saying in Mill and Liberalism".

In 1992 Philip Williamson published his book on British politics from 1926 to 1932 and said Cowling "provided the original inspiration" for it.

Later life and death
Cowling retired from the History Faculty of Cambridge in 1988, and from his Fellowship of Peterhouse in 1993. He rarely returned to the university. In 1996, in Swansea, where he now lived, Cowling married George Gale's ex-wife Patricia, with whom he had long conducted an affair. On 24 August 2005, Cowling died at Singleton Hospital in Swansea after a long illness.

The Politics of British Democracy

Cowling wrote three books on British high politics, the sequence he called The Politics of British Democracy. Cowling wrote that "In the future there will be an introduction bearing the sequence-title which will deal in its widest aspects with the period from 1850 to 1940 and will assess the methods used in the volumes which have now been published". However this never appeared. Cowling wrote a letter to The Times Literary Supplement on 3 June 1977 arguing for the need for "a different emphasis" to that on high politics.

The first of these was his work on the Reform Act 1867, published during its centenary and dedicated to "the Prime Minister", Labour leader Harold Wilson. Cowling challenged the traditional liberal assumptions over the reform crisis of the 1860s by arguing that the Liberal Party was not the straightforward progressive party that wanted to hand political power to the working-class and that the Conservatives did not promote reform in reaction to working-class pressure. Cowling instead placed much more importance on parliamentary manoeuvres. Robert Blake thought that this book "gives the most convincing account of what happened".

In 1971 appeared The Impact of Labour, which dealt with the years between 1920, after Labour won the Spen Valley by-election, and 1924 when the Conservatives won the general election of that year and ended the Liberal Party as a realistic party of government, with the Labour Party emerging as the Opposition.

In 1975 appeared The Impact of Hitler, dealing with 1933 to 1940. Cowling has been described as an "isolationist imperialist" who argued that from Britain's point of view the Second World War was a "liberal war which had been entered into in a condition of moral indignation without the resources to fight it" and that it had been "providential good fortune which had placed the burden of fighting on the Russians and the Americans". He disapproved of the fact that the war was followed by a Labour electoral landslide, a greatly expanded welfare state and the liquidation of the British Empire. The policy making process for Cowling is heavily influenced by party politics. Cowling was well known for his Primat der Innenpolitik ("primacy of domestic politics") explanations for British foreign policy; for example, he argued that the British "guarantee" of Poland issued on 31 March 1939 was advanced to improve the Conservatives' chances against Labour, and had nothing to do with foreign policy considerations. Cowling's approach is the opposite of the Primat der Außenpolitik ("primacy of foreign politics") thesis.

Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England

In 1980, 1985 and 2001 appeared the three volumes of Cowling's Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. The political history books required "tiring archival visits"; Cowling much preferred writing these. In researching for these books "He spent his days in his college rooms, muscularly grappling with books, indeed often physically ripping them apart. Made up of hundreds of essays on the thought of individuals, the work neither engaged with other scholarship nor developed an interpretative model for understanding modern Britain". Cowling placed Christianity squarely at the centre of English culture post-1840 and claimed that anti-Christians more often than not held traditional religious assumptions and prejudices. Secularisation was not so fast or complete as had been previously argued, but "defenders of orthodoxy as well as their assailants were subjected to pithy, provocative irony" by Cowling.

Writings

Books
The Nature and Limits of Political Science (Cambridge University Press, 1963).
Mill and Liberalism (Cambridge University Press, 1963).
1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution. The Passing of the Second Reform Bill (Cambridge University Press, 1967).
Selected Writings of John Stuart Mill (editor) (New American Library, 1968)
The Impact of Labour. 1920–1924. The Beginning of Modern British Politics (Cambridge University Press, 1971).
The Impact of Hitler. British Politics and British Policy. 1933–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 1975).
Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England Volume I (Cambridge University Press, 1980).
Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. Volume II: Assaults (Cambridge University Press, 1985).
A Conservative Future (Politeia, 1997).
Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. Volume III: Accommodations (Cambridge University Press, 2001).

Essays

‘Reflections on Prof. Butterfield: a historian's movement towards theology’ [writing under the pseudonym Stafford Brignell], Varsity Supplement (6 November 1948), p. 5.
'The Language of Miss Himmelfarb', The Cambridge Review (25 October 1952).
'Mr Woodruff's Acton', The Cambridge Journal, vi (1952–53), pp. 181–4, 190.
'Politics, Economics and the Historical Tripos', The Cambridge Review (24 January 1959), pp. 246–8.
'Political Practice & Political Science', The Cambridge Review (6 February 1960).
'The Relevance of Natural Law', The Cambridge Review (4 June 1960).
'Lytton, the Cabinet & the Russians, August–November 1878', English Historical Review, LXXVI (January 1961).
'Mr Raymond Williams', The Cambridge Review (27 May 1961).
'Memoir of Reginald Frederick Cowling', Transactions of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents, LXXXI (1962–63).
'[Review of H. T. Lambrick, John Jacob of Jacobland]', English Historical Review, LXXIX (January 1964).
'The Use of Political Philosophy in Mill, Green, and Bentham', Historical Studies, v (1965).
'Disraeli, Derby and the Fusion, October 1865 – July 1866', Historical Journal, VIII (March 1965).
'The Social & Political Sciences – and How Many More? [with Philip Abrams and Edward Shils]', The Cambridge Review (2 February 1968).
'Mr. Powell, Mr. Heath, and the Future', in John Wood (ed.), Powell and the 1970 Election (Elliot Right Way Books, 1970), pp. 9–18.
Conservative Essays (editor) (Cassell, 1978).
'Preface', p. v.
'The Present Position', pp. 1–24.
'Conclusion', pp. 194–195.
'Herbert Butterfield 1900–1979', Proceedings of the British Academy, 65 (1980).
'Herbert Butterfield', in Lord Blake and C. S. Nicholls (eds.), Dictionary of National biography 1971–80 (Oxford University Press, 1986).
'One-and-a-half Cheers for Matthew Arnold', in Samuel Lipman (ed.), Culture and Anarchy (Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 202–212.

Articles
'War against Russia: a Suppressed Episode of 1876–7’, Manchester Guardian (16 July 1954).
‘Cyprus under Britain’, Manchester Guardian (13 August 1954).
‘The Cambridge Plan’ [re: the Spine-Relief Road], Manchester Guardian (18 August 1954).
'Liberal?', Manchester Guardian (25 August 1954).
'Problems of Orthodoxy' [review of M. Richter, Politics of Conscience and R. S. Downie, Government Action & Morality in the Democratic State], The Spectator (25 September 1964).
'Intellectuals and the Tory Party', The Spectator (8 March 1968).
'A Letter to Humphrey Berkeley', The Spectator (26 April 1968).
'There's been a revolution here, too', The Spectator (24 May 1968).
'Two Tiers for the Universities', The Spectator (30 May 1969).
'The politics of Free-marketeers' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (10 October 1970).
'A Strong Line?' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (17 October 1970).
'Raising the Tone' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (24 October 1970).
'Heath's Assault' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (31 October 1970).
'Conservative Dangers Ahead' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (21 November 1970).
'Europe' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (28 November 1970).
'Moving to the Right?' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (5 December 1970).
'The Intellectual Treason?' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (19 December 970).
'The Rightness of Indecision' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (16 January 1971).
'The Labour Party and its Future' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (13 February 1971).
'Ulster and Mr Powell' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (27 March 1971).
'Replying to the Marketeers' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (5 June 1971).
'The Senior Conservative, the Party and Mr Heath' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (19 June 1971).
'Corn-treading' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (21 August 1971).
'Acid Test of the New Conservatism', The Daily Telegraph (5 October 1976).
'The 'Liberal Mind, The Times Literary Supplement (3 June 1977).
'Sir Stuart Hampshire and the Public Realm', The Times Higher Education Supplement (16 October 1981).
'Place for Women?' [at Peterhouse], The Sunday Times (6 March 1983).
'The Wapping Prof' [Unsigned profile of J. R. Vincent], The Spectator (22 March 1986).
'The Nasty Mind of George Orwell', The Sunday Telegraph (22 November 1987).
'Why we should not have gone to war' [in 1939], The Sunday Telegraph (20 August 1989).
'Raymond Williams in Retrospect', The New Criterion (February 1990).
'A Reply' in 'Discussion. Maurice Cowling's "New Right", Encounter (March 1990), p. 72.
'Ethics of the Iron Liberal' [Mrs. Thatcher], The Guardian (19 November 1990).
'The Mandarin and the Meritocrat' [Hurd and Major], The Sunday Telegraph (25 November 1990).
'What they think of the PM' [symposium], The Sunday Telegraph (3 March 1991).
'How he could be Right', The Sunday Telegraph (17 March 1991).
'The Right Kind of Idealism', The Sunday Telegraph (14 April 1991).
'New tax, old dangers', The Sunday Telegraph (28 April 1991).
'New Life for the universities', The Sunday Telegraph (26 May 1991).
'Way ahead for the Tories' [re: Europe], The Sunday Telegraph (28 July 1991).
'Contribution' [to symposium of advice for Neil Kinnock], The Guardian (24 May 1991).
'Author as mirror to the soul' [Carlyle], The Times Higher Education Supplement (27 March 1992).
'Now the battle begins' [i.e. after the general election], The Sunday Telegraph (12 April 1992).
'Virtuous Machiavellian' [review of Geoffrey Elton, The English], The Times (19 November 1992).
'History and Joseph Needham', The New Criterion (February 1993).
'[Review of C. C. O'Brien, The Great Melody]', The Wall Street Journal (18 April 1993).
'Finding a role for compassion' [review of Michael Portillo, The Ghost of Toryism Past], The Spectator (6 December 1997).
'Rushing to judgment' [review of Hywel Williams, Guilty Men], The Spectator (23 May 1998).
'A liberal icon' [review of Michael Ignatieff, Isaiah Berlin], The Spectator (17 October 1998)
'The intelligent populist' [profile of Niall Ferguson], The Spectator (30 January 1999).
'Trotskyism at bath spa' [George Orwell], The Spectator (20 March 1999).
'The 1980s Tory boys now', The Spectator (26 June 1999).
'Piecemeal social engineering' [review of Karl Popper, All Life is Problem Solving and Ian Jarvie and Sandra Pralong (eds.), Popper's Open Society After Fifty Years], The Spectator (18 September 1999).

Notes

References
Naim Attallah, Singular Encounters (London: Quartet Books, 1990).
Michael Bentley (ed.), Public and Private Doctrine: Essays in British History Presented to Maurice Cowling (Cambridge University Press, 1993). Cowling's Festschrift.
Charles Covell, The Redefinition of Conservatism. Politics and Doctrine (Macmillan, 1986).
Jonathan Parry, 'Cowling,  Maurice John  (1926–2005)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, online edn, May 2009.

Further reading
Richard Brent, 'Butterfield's Tories: "high politics"' and the writing of modern British political history', Historical Journal 30, 4 (1987), 943–54.
Robert Crowcroft, S. J. D. Green, and Richard Whiting (eds.), Philosophy, Politics and Religion in British Democracy: Maurice Cowling and Conservatism (I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2010).
Timothy Fuller, "The Public Doctrine of Maurice Cowling," Standpoint, December 2010.
Simon Heffer, "How the anti-intellectual Tory party has betrayed the legacy of Maurice Cowling," The Spectator, 3 September 2005.
Kenneth Minogue, "Maurice Cowling, 1926–2005," The New Criterion, Vol. 24, November 2005.
Roger Scruton, "Maurice Cowling's achievement," Open Democracy, 25 August 2005.
Matthew Walther, "Tory Nihilist," The American Conservative, 30 January 2014.

External links

 The Case Against Going to War
 Obituary in The Times
 Obituary in The Daily Telegraph
 Obituary in The Independent
 Obituary in The Guardian
 Essays on Maurice Cowling's life and legacy by Prof. Michael Bentley, Prof. Jeremy Black, Prof. Kenneth Minogue, Dr Stephen Davies, Andrew Thornton-Norris and Christopher Montgomery

Category:1926 births
Category:2005 deaths
Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Category:British Indian Army officers
Category:Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Category:Disease-related deaths in Wales
Category:Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge
Category:Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Category:People from West Norwood
Category:Councillors in Cambridgeshire
Category:People educated at Battersea Grammar School
Category:Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of history
Category:20th-century British historians
Category:21st-century British historians


Samuel DeWitt Proctor

Samuel DeWitt Proctor (July 13, 1921 – May 22, 1997) was an African-American minister, educator, and humanitarian.  He was active in the Civil Rights Movement and is perhaps best known as a mentor and friend of Martin Luther King Jr.

Early life

Samuel DeWitt Proctor was born in Norfolk, Virginia on July 13, 1921.  Unusual for an African American born in this era, Proctor's grandparents on both sides had received education at the university level: his paternal grandmother had attended Hampton Institute, and both of his maternal grandparents had attended Norfolk Mission College.  His parents, Herbert Proctor and Velma Hughes met while they were both students at Norfolk Mission College.  Proctor was raised as a Baptist and as a child attended the congregation that had been founded by his great-grandfather, Zechariah Hughes.  Herbert Proctor worked at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, there in Virginia.

Proctor graduated from high school in 1937 and enrolled at Virginia State College, having won a music scholarship to attend.  During his time at Virginia State College, he played saxophone in a jazz band, along with famed jazz pianist Billy Taylor where they both joined Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. In 1939, he left Virginia State College without taking a degree and enrolled in the U.S. Naval Apprentice School to receive training to become a shipfitter.  He abandoned that line of study after only a year, and in 1940 matriculated at Virginia Union University.  He married his classmate Bessie Tate while he was a student at Virginia Union University.  He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1942.

He studied at the University of Pennsylvania for one year before enrolling as the only black student at Crozer Theological Seminary in Upland, Pennsylvania in order to pursue a career in the Christian ministry.  Proctor's professors at Crozer had been highly influenced by higher criticism, and learning from them caused Proctor to question the literal truth of the Bible, leading him to question his faith.

While studying at Crozer, Proctor worshiped at the Calvary Baptist Church and became known as one of the "Sons of Calvary" along with Martin Luther King, Jr. and William Augustus Jones, Jr., all who went on to be well known preachers in the black church.  Proctor received a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Crozer in 1945.

Work
Following graduation, Proctor accepted a call to become pastor of the Pond Street Church in Providence, Rhode Island.  At the same time, he accepted the John Price Crozer Fellowship to study ethics at Yale University.  Proctor found splitting his time between Providence and New Haven, Connecticut onerous, so after a year, he moved to Boston, enrolling at the Boston University School of Theology.  He received a Ph.D. in Theology from Boston University in 1950.  In 1950, Proctor was invited to give a lecture at Crozer Theological Seminary, his alma mater, and it was there that he first met and befriended Martin Luther King, Jr., who was a student at Crozer at the time.  Proctor told King that the works of Reinhold Niebuhr and Harry Emerson Fosdick (especially Fosdick's The Modern Use of the Bible (1924)) had been crucial in helping him reconcile his Christian faith with the brand of liberal Christianity taught at Crozer.

Proctor accepted a position at his other alma mater, Virginia Union University, and there began a meteoric rise from dean to vice-president, before being appointed as president of Virginia Union University in 1955 at the unusually young age of 33.  Shortly after his appointment as university president, in December 1955, King invited Proctor to Montgomery, Alabama to speak; in the middle of Montgomery Bus Boycott, Proctor delivered a "Spring Lecture Series".  Proctor was one of several black leaders invited to the White House by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.  In the wake of Brown v. Board of Education, Eisenhower asked these leaders to "ease off" on their demands for civil rights for African Americans.  Proctor and the other black leaders politely refused Eisenhower's request.  During his time as president of Virginia Union University (1955–60), Proctor traveled extensively abroad for the first time in his life: he lectured in the Soviet Union, toured the Auschwitz concentration camp, attended conferences in Africa and the South Pacific, and visited Africa for the first time.

In 1960, Proctor left Virginia Union University to become president of the Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina (which is today North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University) in Greensboro, North Carolina.  Arriving in the middle of the Greensboro sit-ins, Proctor did not publicly support the student protesters, believing that quiet diplomacy was more effective than confrontation in advancing the civil rights agenda.  However, behind the scenes, he and other school administrators raised money for arrested students, and helped to find them lawyers.  (Jesse Jackson was the college's student body president and quarterback of the college's football team at this time.)

Proctor had strong ties to the Kennedy administration and in 1963-64 he took a leave of absence from the Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina to serve as associate director of the newly established Peace Corps chapter in Africa.  In this capacity, Proctor was living in Washington, D.C. at the time of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.  He and his family moved to Nigeria shortly thereafter, and while there, his children became the first black children at a previously all-white school.

Upon his return to the United States, Proctor resumed his presidential duties as of September 1, 1963 but on March 1, 1964, he announced his resignation to become effective April 10, 1964, citing his desire to devote himself to public service in the wake of the John F. Kennedy assassination.  Proctor spent a year (1964–65) as president of the National Council of Churches.  He was a supporter of President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty, serving as a special adviser to the Office of Economic Opportunity for the northeast region.  He then became president of the Institute for Service to Education.  In 1966, he published a book about the challenges facing young African Americans entitled The Young Negro in America, 1960-1980.  In 1968, he accompanied Hubert Humphrey and Thurgood Marshall to Africa, and, upon his return to the U.S., spoke out against the political corruption that was rife in Africa.  He was also asked to testify to the U.S. Senate's committee on education, chaired by Jacob K. Javits; there he testified in favor of student loans, Head Start, Upward Bound, and work-study programs.

In 1969, Proctor was invited by Rutgers University to give a lecture on the one-year anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.  Many of the college's administrators were there and were impressed by the address, and they soon offered Proctor the newly established position of Martin Luther King Distinguished Professor of Education.  Proctor accepted their offer and held this position until his retirement in 1984.  Upon the death of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. in 1972, Proctor also assumed the pastorate of the 18,000-member Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem.  Under the Carter administration, Proctor served as a special adviser on an ethics committee on recombinant DNA research.  Calvin O. Butts served as Proctor's associate pastor at Abyssinian Baptist Church for a number of years.  Under Proctor's leadership, the congregation joined the American Baptist Churches USA and the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.  With Butts, the Abyssinian Baptist Church founded the Abyssinian Development Corporation and built 50 housing units for needy families.  Proctor resigned his pastorate in 1989 and was replaced by Butts.

Proctor later spent time as an adjunct faculty member and/or visiting professor at Vanderbilt University, United Theological Seminary, Kean University, and Duke University.

Proctor was the recipient of 45 honorary degrees in the course of his life.

Death
In 1997, during a speaking engagement at Cornell College (in Mount Vernon, Iowa), Proctor suffered a heart attack which proved fatal.

The Samuel DeWitt Proctor School of Theology at Virginia Union University was named in his memory, as well as an endowed chair at Rutgers University.

Notes

References
 Sholomo B. Levy, "Samuel DeWitt Proctor," in The African American Biography (Oxford University Press, 2005)

External links
 Review of Proctor's The Substance of Things Hoped For: A Memoir of African-American Faith (1999)
Samuel DeWitt Proctor Conference

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Category:1997 deaths
Category:Crozer Theological Seminary alumni
Category:North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University leaders
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Category:People from Norfolk, Virginia


Kaulsdorf

The following places in Germany are called Kaulsdorf:

 Kaulsdorf (Berlin), a quarter in the borough Marzahn-Hellersdorf of Berlin
 Kaulsdorf station, a railway station
 Kaulsdorf (Saale), a municipality in the district Saalfeld-Rudolstadt, in Thuringia


Lati Kola

Lati Kola (, also Romanized as Latī Kolā) is a village in Harazpey-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 260, in 66 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Amol County


National Democratic Union (Brazil)

The National Democratic Union (, UDN) was a political party that existed in Brazil between 1945 and 1965. It was ideologically aligned with conservatism. During most of its existence, it was the country's second-strongest party. Its symbol was an Olympic torch and its motto was "The price of freedom is eternal vigilance", a quote falsely attributed to Thomas Jefferson.

History
At the end of Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo regime in 1945, political parties were allowed to reorganize themselves and to run in the general elections of that year. UDN grouped the main leaders of the opposition against the populism of the outgoing president. This constant opposition to Vargas was the party's main characteristic. Therefore, its main opponents were the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), formed to give support to Vargas among the elite and the working class, respectively.

UDN was defeated in the presidential elections of 1945, 1950 and 1955, but remained the second largest party in the National Congress, second only to PSD, from 1945 until 1962, when it was surpassed by PTB. The main political figure of UDN was Carlos Lacerda, a staunch enemy of Vargas, whose second presidency (1951–1954) was bitterly opposed by UDN. An assassination attempt against Lacerda led to Vargas' suicide. On 1960, UDN preferred not to launch a presidential candidate, supporting the victorious Jânio Quadros instead. Although Quadros was not a UDN member himself, most of the ministers in the Quadros Cabinet were members of UDN. The party was soon dissatisfied with Quadros, who resigned in a clumsy political maneuver. Without UDN's support, Quadros lost the majority of seats in the Congress, and soon found out it was impossible to govern without the backing of the Parliament. On August 21, 1961, just eight months after his inauguration, he resigned, hoping to return to power via popular acclaim.

Vice President João Goulart from PTB (at that time, Brazilians would vote for President and Vice President separately) then took office. As soon as 1962, UDN began to conspire with military officers to topple him. A political protégé of Vargas, Goulart launched a Basic Reforms plan, predicting education reform, land reform, urban reform, electoral reform and tax reform. That was labelled by UDN as a Soviet influence on Brazilian politics. The plan also made PSD withdraw its support to the Goulart government in the National Congress, leaving him in a complicated situation. On April 1964, Goulart was deposed by a US-backed military coup d'état, which had the support of most UDN members. Lacerda, then governor of the Guanabara State hoped to win the scheduled presidential election of 1965. However, the military regime cancelled this election and suppressed all the political parties, including UDN.  Most of its members subsequently joined the National Renewal Alliance Party (Aliança Renovadora Nacional – Arena), a new party created to endorse the military regime.

Ideology
Even before UDN supported the 1964 Brazilian Coup d'état, opponents of UDN characterized it as a golpista (pro-coups d'état) party. However, the party was not conservative as a whole. Liberal and authoritarian, conservative and progressive theses coexisted in UDN. For instance, it voted in favor of the state monopoly on oil and against the impeachment of Communist members of the Congress. On the other hand, it denounced the "Communist infiltration" in public administration, and strongly opposed government intervention in the economy. As a matter of fact, members of the Democratic Left faction, which defected UDN to form the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB), characterized the party as a free market advocate, citing this as one of the reasons for the defection. Contesting the results whenever losing an election was also a common practice inside UDN.

The party was marked by binding itself with the Brazilian Army and the aspirations of urban middle classes, all of which became unofficially known as "udenismo". An expression of the attitudes of its leaders towards politics, "udenismo" was characterized by defending classical liberalism, clinging to higher education and morality, and repulsing populism (as well as characterizing it as bad).

Electoral performance

Presidents
 1945–1947: Otávio Mangabeira
 1947–1949: José Américo de Almeida
 1949–1951: Prado Kelly
 1951–1953: Odilon Braga
 1953–1955: Arthur Ferreira dos Santos
 1955–1957: Milton Campos
 1957–1959: Juracy Magalhães
 1959–1961: José de Magalhães Pinto
 1961–1963: Herbert Levy
 1963–1965: Olavo Bilac Pinto
 1965: Ernani Sátiro

Secretaries-General
 1945–1947: Virgílio de Melo Franco
 1947–1949: Aliomar Baleeiro
 1949–1951: José Monteiro de Castro
 1951–1953: Rui Santos
 1953–1955: Virgílio Távora
 1955–1957: João Agripino Filho
 1957–1959: Guilherme Machado
 1959–1961: Aluísio Alves
 1961–1963: Ernani Sátiro
 1963–1965: Rui Santos
 1965: Oscar Dias Correia

References

Category:Political history of Brazil
Category:Conservative parties in Brazil
Category:Defunct political parties in Brazil
Category:Political parties established in 1945
Category:1945 establishments in Brazil
Category:Political parties disestablished in 1965
Category:1965 disestablishments in Brazil


Jowett Cars

Jowett was a manufacturer of light cars and light commercial vehicles in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England from 1906 to 1954.

Early history
Jowett was founded in 1901 by brothers Benjamin (1877–1963) and William (1880–1965) Jowett with Arthur V. Lamb. They started in the cycle business and went on to make V-twin engines for driving machinery. Some early engines found their way locally into other makes of cars as replacements. In 1904 they became the Jowett Motor Manufacturing Company based in Back Burlington Street, Bradford. Their first Jowett light car was produced in February 1906 but as their little workshop was fully occupied with general engineering activities, experiments with different engine configurations, and making the first six Scott motorbikes, it did not go into production until 1910, and then after more than 25,000 miles of exhaustive trials.

Their intention was to provide a low weight vehicle at a low price and with low running costs. The prototype could be described as the United Kingdom's first real light car. Engine and gearbox were specifically designed for a light car and made largely of aluminium. Its low speed torque and gear ratios were ideally suited to the hills about Bradford and Yorkshire's terrain where poor roads provided little use for a high top speed or quick acceleration. Construction of the engine and the rest of the car was robust. Benjamin Jowett held that their light car class was suffering from engines either from cyclecars with sufficient power but subject to rapid deterioration because of inadequate bearing surfaces, or engines from larger cars too heavy for the rest of the car's structure leading to a different set of troubles. The Jowett engine was designed and built for a light car.

The production car "quickly became popular". It used an 816 cc flat twin water-cooled engine of 6.4 hp and three-speed gearbox with tiller steering. The body was a lightweight open two-seater. Learning popular opinion was that 10 hp was a minimum Jowett advertised their third car as being 8 hp without changing the specification. Twelve vehicles were made before an improved version with wheel steering was launched in 1913 and a further 36 were made before the outbreak of the First World War when the factory was turned over to munitions manufacture. Two tiller steerers still survive.

Inter-war years
Jowett Cars Limited was a new private company formed in June 1919 to make and sell motorcars and it purchased the car manufacturing portion of the business carried on by the Jowett Motor Manufacturing Company. It became a public company listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1935.

That year, 1919, a new works site was bought at Springfield, Bradford Road, Idle, outside Bradford, the site of a disused quarry. Car making started in the new factory in 1920. The first vehicle was the Jowett Seven using an enlarged version of the pre-war flat twin. First it was enlarged to 831 cc then to 907 cc in 1921 when the claim to 8 hp was dropped from advertising. Thereafter all Jowetts were Sevens until the introduction of the four-cylinder engine in 1936. The engine developed its maximum torque at low revs and was soon famed for its pulling power, reliability and economy.

Commercial vehicles based on the car chassis were also built from 1922 and became an increasingly important part of the company's output. Jowett first exhibited at the London Motor Show in 1921 and gradually broke out of their previous local market. In 1923 coil ignition and electric starting were added and the four-seater "Long Four" was introduced in tourer form priced from £245 followed in 1925 by a closed saloon model, the previous short-chassis two-seater continuing in production. In 1929, the engine received removable cylinder heads to ease maintenance and braking was on all four wheels. Production was briefly suspended in September 1931 when fire swept through the works.

1933 saw the launch of the Jowett Kestrel with four-speed gearbox and in 1935 there was the oddly named Jowett Weasel sports tourer. The first four-cylinder (flat four) car arrived in 1936 with the 1166 cc twin carburettor Jowett Ten which continued until the outbreak of war alongside the traditional twin-cylinder models which grew to 946 cc in 1937. In 1935 the company went public and in 1936 Benjamin Jowett retired. Brother William carried on until 1940.

Second World War
Production of cars stopped in 1940 but engine production for motor-generator sets continued alongside aircraft components and other military hardware. The engine was (besides being used as a generator set) also used in the Jowett engine powered Fire Pump. The company was bought by property developer Charles Clore in 1945 and he sold it in 1947 to the bankers Lazard Brothers.

Post-war
When production restarted after the Second World War, the twin-cylinder engine was dropped from the range of new cars, but continued in 1005 cc form to the end of production in the commercials, now comprising a light lorry, the Bradford van, two versions of an estate car called the Utility, and chassis front-ends and kits for outside coachbuilders, many abroad. The new cars were a complete change from what had gone before with the streamlined Jowett Javelin designed by a team led by Gerald Palmer. This had such advanced features as a flat four push-rod engine, independent front suspension with torsion bars front and rear and unitary body construction. The car was good for  and had excellent handling. In 1950 the Javelin was joined by the Jowett Jupiter sports with a chassis designed by Eberan von Eberhorst who had worked for Auto Union. Javelins were designed for production levels never before attempted by Jowett with Javelin and Bradford body production out-sourced to Briggs Motor Bodies who built a new plant at Doncaster. Briggs supplied the bodies fully trimmed and ready to be applied to the mechanicals. The Jupiters were always built in-house at Idle. The new mechanicals had teething troubles, but Javelin bodies were still being mass-produced to the original schedule, leading to them being stockpiled. Export sales collapsed by 75 per cent in 1952 followed by sluggish domestic sales while the nation waited for the removal of a "temporarily" increased purchase tax, finally eased in April 1953, with disastrous long-term consequences for Jowett.

Poor business strategy and direction, and over-confidence, were the financially sound company's downfall and, even after the engine and gearbox problems were solved, the Idle plant was never able to build, nor – during 1952 – was the distribution network able to sell, the expected volume. Collapse of the arrangements for the supply of bodies led to suspension of Javelin production in 1953, together with the by now outdated Bradford, though tooling had been completed for new models. Jupiters remained in demand and were built up to the end of 1954. The company did not go broke, but sold their factory to International Harvester who made tractors at the site until the early 1980s. The factory was demolished in 1983.

Jowett switched to manufacturing aircraft parts for the Blackburn & General Aircraft Company in a former woollen mill at Howden Clough, Birstall, near Batley. Jowett, just the "shell" of the company, was later taken over by Blackburn in 1956, although spares for the postwar cars were kept available until 1963, when the remainder of the Jowett company was closed due to the rationalisation of the aircraft industry.

Crisis and closure

The purchase tax on new cars was reduced by 25 per cent on 15 April 1953 (from 66⅔ per cent to 50 per cent), which triggered a surge in demand for new cars on the UK market. In the resulting scramble for production facilities, Ford bought Briggs, whose new Doncaster plant built the unitary construction bodies and fully trimmed them for Jowett Javelin cars and Bradford vans. In April 1953, the Ford Motor Company Limited purchased from the US shareholders majority control of Briggs Motor Bodies Limited, whose main factory was adjacent to the Ford plant at Dagenham. Remaining minority shareholders were bought out, and Ford quickly acquired full ownership of the Briggs business. Briggs factory at Doncaster  was surplus to Ford’s requirements and it was sold to Fisher and Ludlow. Fisher and Ludlow itself was quickly swallowed up by the newly created British Motor Corporation.

At the beginning of July, the Chairman of Jowett Cars Limited, A.F. Jopling, who at the time was also a senior employee with Blackburn Aircraft, informed Jowett shareholders at their Annual General Meeting that difficulties had arisen over the future supply of car bodies. Negotiations were proceeding, but an interruption in delivery of completed vehicles appeared likely to occur in the closing months of that year. He also reported that exports for 1952 were almost 75 per cent down on 1951. On the home market, during the six-month run up to tax changes in April 1953, the anticipated success of an organised campaign for a reduction in purchase tax had sharply reduced previously buoyant UK new car demand. Home market sales in the last quarter of 1952 were only 15 per cent of the sales in the three preceding quarters.

In mid-September the board advised shareholders that the forecast break in production was unavoidable, and that it might prove to be of considerable duration. Having regard to this possibility, negotiations extended to suitable alternative work which would keep the factory reasonably employed. It also advised that the difficulty in arranging supplies of new bodies would unfortunately postpone the production of the new range of commercial vehicles, and the estate car, which were fully tooled-up.

The business appeared to be running out of working capital and car production ceased.

In July 1954 it was announced that Jowett Cars Limited would sell its main factory at Idle to International Harvester, excluding plant and equipment needed for the service and spares departments.

A note was added by The Times that Jowett Cars had run into difficulties the previous year (1953), following the acquisition of the motor body suppliers Fisher and Ludlow by BMC, completed in September 1953. "It is now stated that since the company ceased manufacturing Javelin and Bradford vehicles it has not been found possible to keep the main factory operating at an economic level." However Jowett Cars Limited reported a (small) profit for the financial year.

At the 35th Annual General Meeting in August 1954, the chairman advised the profound regret of the board and all associated with the company, including the users of the some 65,000 vehicles which had been made since 1946, for their joint circumstances.

Ultimately shareholders received back rather more than the nominal value of their shares. That process was completed in mid-1955.

Jowett 1930s gallery

Important models

Clubs
There are some eight Jowett club regions in the UK and very robust Australian and New Zealand groups, that exist to support and promote the Jowett. Members gather with their cars for sectional meetings and once a year, for a National Rally. Members and their cars from the USA and Europe have attended.

Famous Jowett Jupiter owners
 John Blashford-Snell – explorer
 Don Cockell – boxer
 Peter Craven – speedway ace
 Ernest Dudley – author of crime fiction
 Martin Fry – lead singer of ABC
 Red Skelton – comedian
 John Surtees – racing driver
 Peter Ustinov – actor and dramatist
 Budge Rogers – Bedford Rugby Captain and England player – 34 caps
 Bill Lock – father of comedian Trevor Lock: the name of Trevor's band, 'Jowett', was influenced by the car

See also
 Bradford Industrial Museum, which has an extensive collection of Jowett vehicles.
 E. D. Abbott Ltd
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Further reading
 Stokoe, Noel: Sporting Jowetts, The History Press 2009
 Stokoe, Noel: Jowett 1901–1954, Tempus Publishing Limited

External links

 Jowett Car Club
 Jowett North West
 JowettTalk Forum
 JowettGallery Members Library
 Jowett Car Club Archive
 All about the Jowett Jupiter
 Harold Radford

Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Category:History of Bradford
Category:Vehicles introduced in 1906
Category:Manufacturing companies based in Bradford
Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1906
Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1954
Category:1906 establishments in England
Category:1954 disestablishments in England
Category:British companies established in 1906
Category:Cars powered by boxer engines


Koreshanity

Koreshanity is the set of religious/pseudo-scientific beliefs put forth by Cyrus Teed (also known as Koresh). Followers of this belief were called "Koreshans", and most of them formed a utopian communal society called the Koreshan Unity.

Main beliefs
The main beliefs of Koreshanity, or Koreshan Universalogy, are put forth in the many writings of Cyrus Teed and his followers. They are:

  Cellular Cosmogony, which is Teed's unique form of Hollow Earth theory which puts forth the idea that the Earth and universe are contained within a concave sphere, or 'cell'.  The Koreshans even conducted several experiments, similar to those conducted by believers in a Flat Earth.  The most well known was conducted on the beach of Naples, Florida (the Koreshan Geodetic Survey of 1897), a town south of the Koreshan Unity commune at Estero, Florida.  Here is the description of the earth from Cellular Cosmogony:

The sun is an invisible electromagnetic battery revolving in the universe's center on a 24-year cycle. Our visible sun is only a reflection, as is the moon, with the stars reflecting off seven mercurial discs that float in the sphere's center. Inside the earth there are three separate atmospheres: the first composed of oxygen and nitrogen and closest to the earth; the second, a hydrogen atmosphere above it; the third, an aboron (sic) atmosphere at the center. The earth's shell is one hundred miles thick and has seventeen layers. The outer seven are metallic with a gold rind on the outermost layer, the middle five are mineral and the five inward are geologic strata. Inside the shell there is life, outside a void.

 Koreshan Premise, A straight line extended at right angles from a perpendicular post will meet the surface of the earth at a distance proportionate to the height of the perpendicular.

Other beliefs
 Reincarnation, the belief that people are reborn.
 Immortality, the belief people will not die.
 Celibacy, the belief of abstaining from any sexual conduct, which they felt was a scientific method to obtain immortality.
 Collectivism, the community lived communally, with everyone sharing in the work without being paid.  This began with the first commune in Chicago, leading to them moving to Estero and building their "New Jerusalem".
 Alchemy, which was an area that Teed had experimented in for years.
 Teed's inspired leadership. Teed claimed to be the 'seventh' messianic leader (Jesus was the sixth).

Koreshan settlement
  Teed proposed the creation of a "New Jerusalem" as an ideal commune for his followers, to be located on the Mississippi river.  In 1894 Teed moved to Florida where he accumulated land for yet another community.  He was influenced, according to historian Robert S. Fogarty, by Emanuel Swedenborg, as was Thomas Lake Harris, and these ideas helped craft his own notion of a "new spiritual heaven…called New Jerusalem.". Teed shows the degree to which the concept of 'New Jerusalem' not only translated into the ideal of creating a heavenly place on earth but the re-labeling of heaven to constitute a New Jerusalem up above.
The day to day affairs of the settlement were governed by a council of women called "The Seven Sisters." The Seven Sisters lived in a common house referred to as The Planetary Court.

Prior to the death of the last Koreshan the settlement was deeded to the state of Florida and is now a state historic site. In addition to the historic buildings of the settlement the state park includes canoeing on the Estero river which flows directly next to the settlement as well as the presence of many gopher tortoises who make their burrows throughout the park.

Major works of Koreshanity

 Cyrus Teed Cellular Cosmogony, or, the Earth a Concave Sphere.  Originally published in 1905, later reprinted in 1975.  Gives the 'scientific' proofs of a concave earth, and details of their Naples experiment.
 Cyrus Teed Immortal Manhood.  Published in 1902, details the relationship of man with God.  The work, along with Cellular Cosmogony, are considered the pivotal works in Koreshan teachings.
 A.W.K. Andrews.  The Identification of Israel. 1882.  Gives the basis for their beliefs in reincarnation and its importance in building their "New Jerusalem".
 Koreshan Foundation.  Koreshanity: the New Age Religion.  1971.  A fairly recent reprint of 4 works by Teed and J. Augustus Weimar.  Covers their beliefs in reincarnation, male-female duality of God, messianic prophecy, and more.
 Ulysses Morrow.  Scientific Experiments on Lake Michigan.  1899.  Details their first experiments to prove a concave sphere.

Further reading
Lyn Millner, "The Allure of Immortality: An American Cult, a Florida Swamp, and a Renegade Prophet," University Press of Florida, 2015.

External links
Koreshan State Historic Site, official web page.
Unofficial Koreshan State Historic Site, unofficial web page.
American Communal Utopias and The Koreshan Unity: A Bibliography Brief overview and great bibliography of works, if slightly dated.
Turning the Universe Inside-Out: Ulysses Grant Morrow's Naples Experiment Examination of the Naples Experiment, and why it failed.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TOgiz19tpI Scientific Examination and Attempted Rebuttal to the above article.
The Startling Testimony of Plumb-Lines Earlier experiments of Ulysses Grant Morrow
Catherine A. Anthony Ohnemus- Dr. Cyrus Teed and the Koreshan Unity Movement
Biography of Cyrus Reed Teed

References

Category:New religious movements
Category:Religion in Florida
Category:1869 introductions


Christopher Peterson (serial killer)

Obadyah Ben-Yisrayl (born Christopher Dwayne Peterson January 20, 1969) is an American man found guilty of committing four murders and acquitted on three other murder charges related to the "Shotgun Killer" spree in Indiana from October 30, 1990 to December 18, 1990.

The murders took place in a number of jurisdictions, and Peterson faced a number of trials in different venues. Peterson had initially confessed and then recanted. He was acquitted in two trials for three of the murders and found guilty of four murders in two subsequent trials. Initially sentenced to death for those murders, his death sentence was commuted  in 2004.  Ronald J. Harris was also charged and found guilty in two of the murders.

The incident is controversial for a number of reasons such as Peterson is African American, while the initial descriptions of the suspect of the murders was described as white; Peterson had been illegally arrested for committing another crime which impacted the use of evidence in the "Shotgun Killer" spree trials because it was deemed improperly collected; Peterson's initial confession was recanted under claims of duress; the trials with all-white juries came to different conclusions than juries which included people of other races; and in the final case to go to trial, the judge over-ruled the jury's decision not to impose the death penalty.

Crime and investigation
Between October 30, 1990 and December 18, 1990, there were a series of murders in northern Indiana in which seven people were killed by assault with a shotgun.

A witness at one of the murders provided a description of the killer to police, who made up a drawing of the suspect and distributed it on flyers. The witness's description was of a "clean-shaven, slender, white man with long stringy brown hair."

Peterson, from Gary, and at the time UA from the Marines, and Antwion McGee, 21, were arrested January 29, 1991, after a robbery and an attempted murder of a restaurant manager at the Southlake Mall near Merrillville.

McGee led police to Ronald J. Harris, 21. Harris told police he was with Peterson during two incidents where he alleged Peterson killed two of the victims. McGee also told police that Peterson admitted the killings.

Trials
The prosecution involved three defendants, seven murders, several attempted murders, with multiple locations which resulted in multiple trials in multiple venues.

Trial of Harris for murder of Dhaliwal
Harris was tried in June 1991 for the 13 December 1990 murder of Harchand Dhaliwal. Harris denied he killed Dhaliwal and said Peterson did it. Harris maintained he was merely an innocent bystander. The  prosecution stated that Harris had accompanied Peterson during another murder, that of Hammersley. Harris  had given a statement to the FBI in which he said he was with Peterson when Hammersley was murdered. But at his trial he denied this was the case. He said he signed the statement  because the FBI said he could go home if he signed it. The witness to the Hammersley murder had also identified Harris as the shooter in the Hammersley murder. Harris was convicted.

Harris was later convicted of Hammersley's murder too.

Trial of Peterson for Mills and Hammersley murders
Peterson's first trial in September and October 1991 was for the murders of Lawrence Mills and Rhonda Hammersley.

In preparation for Peterson's first trial, several evidentiary hearings were held.

In one, it was determined to allow the shotgun recovered from Peterson's apartment to be used as evidence because Peterson's mother had allowed police entry.

The defense also objected to the confessions obtained by police. In examining the issue, it was held that Peterson's arrest for the mall restaurant incident was illegal, but that the confessions obtained some 30 hours after taking him into custody would be admissible, because the delay "tend[ed] to dissipate any taint of illegality."

Peterson had been identified by a witness in a photo-lineup as the man who shot at her while she was standing in her garage. This shooting took place between the time Mills was killed and the time Hammersley was killed. Because this photo lineup was performed after Peterson's illegal arrest for the unrelated robbery and shooting at the mall, it was determined it was “fruit of the poisonous tree” and could not be admitted; however, it was determined that the witness could identify him in open court.

The second witness who saw Hammersley's murder testified that a shooter fired through an open window of her car at her. She ducked. She felt the weapon's muzzle on her neck, and then a voice said, "All right, that's enough, let's go."  The witness had originally identified the shooter as white, and had identified Harris as the shooter. She said that she recalled in January 1991 that the shooter had an accomplice. The prosecution's position was that Peterson was the shooter and Harris was the accomplice.

The shotgun recovered from Peterson's apartment and the cartridge casings recovered from the crime scene were shown to be linked by examination of the marks made by the firing pin.

Police testified that during the course of the interrogation, before he finally confessed, Peterson said, "There is no white guy. I shot them all."

The confession was introduced to prove the facts of the shootings. In addition, drug use and racial hatred became themes from Peterson's confession that the prosecution highlighted during all of Peterson's trials.

The jury consisted of 6 whites, 4 blacks and 2 Hispanics; it included  8 women and 4 men. They acquitted Peterson.

Jurors later stated that they believed the shells came from Peterson's gun, but had no evidence Peterson was ever at the crime scene. However, jurors did not know that Peterson's palm print had been taken from the surface of Mills’ car. This would have established his presence at the crime scene, but it was not allowed as evidence because it was regarded as "poisonous fruit" of Peterson's illegal arrest. Jurors in this case and in succeeding cases were also suspicious of the confessions. The sketch circulated by police didn't look at all like Peterson. And the first witness's identification of Peterson as the shooter had wavered.

Trial of McGee and plea bargain
At the end of 1991 McGee was tried for the January 1991 robbery and shooting of the assistant manager of a restaurant at a mall. Peterson participated in this crime. McGee was arrested and led police to Harris and Peterson. According to McGee, Peterson admitted to him shooting at a man in the mall incident, and admitted to the other crimes as well. McGee faced a 50-year sentence, but as part of a deal requiring him to testify against Peterson in forthcoming trials, prosecutors agreed to charge him with a lesser offense carrying an 8-year term.

Trial of Peterson for Wildermuth and Kotso shootings
Peterson was tried in January for the murder of Wildermuth and the attempted murder of Kotso. The prosecution's evidence included Peterson's confessions, the shotgun and shell identification, McGee's testimony, and Kotso's eyewitness account. Against this, the defense presented an alibi that Peterson had been seen at a party.

Kotso had originally repeatedly identified his attacker as a black man, but he had been badgered by highly aggressive questioning by an officer of the Indiana State Police to the point that he backed off the racial identification to avoid being seen as a racist. It turned out that the motive for the Kotso shooting was to confuse police with the second shooting of the night. Wildermuth had been killed in a rage fueled by drugs and racial antipathy; Kotso would not have been shot if he had been black.

Again Peterson was acquitted. Jurors stated they had come to their decision because (1) Police had not taken fingerprints from the shotgun itself; (2) they didn't seal off the crime scene and the shotgun shells used as evidence were found the next day; (3) only Peterson's confession, about which they had doubts, put him at the scene of the crimes, and (4) the police had conducted a 25-minute interrogation the day before the confession, but hadn't recorded it.

Trial of Peterson for Dhaliwal and Meitzler murders
Statements by the prosecution led to a mistrial at the jury selection stage. However, the process was restarted and evidence presented. The jury heard Peterson's confession in which he said he killed Dhaliwal in a "rage to hurt," and "just snapped" when he killed Meitzler. The defense called Peterson's girlfriend to establish an alibi that he was at a party.

Peterson was convicted. Prosecutors said it made no difference that the jury was all white.

Trial of Peterson for the Balovsky murders
This trial was held in April 1992. Prosecution evidence included Peterson's confession, McGee's testimony, and identification of shotgun shells found at the scene. The defense advanced an alibi defense, and stated that McGee had a key to Peterson's apartment and had access to the shotgun. Again highlighted were racial elements of the confession in which Peterson said, "(They) were white people and at the time I had this vengeance. It just snapped."

Again Peterson was convicted. The jury recommended against the death penalty, but the Judge, James Clement, overturned the jury on this point and sentenced Peterson to death.

Post-trial commutation of death sentence
Peterson maintains his innocence.

Peterson was granted post-conviction relief and re-sentenced to 120 years in prison December 12, 2004. His sentence was later commuted to 120 years in prison. He is scheduled for release on April 16th, 2051 according to the Indiana Department of Corrections.

See also
 List of serial killers in the United States

References

Category:American people convicted of murder
Category:American serial killers
Category:Male serial killers
Category:African-American people
Category:People convicted of murder by Indiana
Category:American prisoners sentenced to death
Category:Living people
Category:1969 births


Museo diocesano di Lanciano

Museo diocesano di Lanciano (Italian for Diocesan Museum of Lanciano)  is a  museum of religious art in Lanciano, Province of Chieti (Abruzzo).

History

Collection

Notes

External links

Category:Lanciano
Category:Museums in Abruzzo
Category:Religious museums in Italy


Pacaás Novos

Pacaás Novos may refer to:

Pacaás Novos National Park
Rio Pacaás Novos Extractive Reserve
Pacaás Novos River
Pacaás Novos language
Wariʼ (Pakaa Nova) people


Château de Gudanes

The Château de Gudanes is an 18th-century neoclassical château in the commune of Château-Verdun, in the southern French department of Ariège. It is built on the site of an older castle destroyed in 1580. The château has been a designated monument historique since 1994, but fell into ruin in the late 20th century. It was purchased in 2013 and is currently being restored.

History

The commune of Château-Verdun takes its name from a medieval fort that once stood on the site. The first documented existence of a structure was in 1213 when it was counted among the fortifications in the County of Foix by Raymond-Roger, Count of Foix in his report to the Counts of Toulouse. At the beginning of the 14th century, Pierre Arnaud de Château-Verdun was recorded as Seneschal of the County of Foix.

Château Verdun came into the possession of the de Sales (or de Salles) de Lordat family,  which came to prominence in the 10th century and amassed considerable wealth and power in Toulouse.

In the 1560s, during the French Wars of Religion, the barony of Gudanes (alternatively spelled Gudannes, Gudanne, Gudaigne and Guadagne) belonged to Fantillon de Sales, a prominent Huguenot. In 1567, the Huguenots of Pamiers fled to the village of Cabannes, where they were massacred by Catholic troops from Castelnau-Durban on 25 May 1567. On 27 September 1568, Fantillon de Sales led a retaliatory attack, slaughtering many Catholics in Tarascon. In 1580, the largely Catholic population of Gudanes launched an uprising against de Sales, plundering and ransacking the Château. Fantillon de Sales was forced to flee but was eventually massacred.

Fantillon's brother Jean-Paul de Sales, a Catholic, inherited the barony. The de Sales received a considerable expanse of land, consisting chiefly of immense forests covering the Pyrenees, in the barony of Gudanes, and were rewarded with a Marquisate de Gudanes. Records from 1671 describe the castle on the site as ruins.

The final Marquis de Gudanes, Louis-Gaspard de Sales, also baron de Château-Verdun, d'Aston, and de Luzenac, was a commandant for the king for the province of Foix. Through his marriage to Marie de Lordat en 1730, he expanded his lands considerably. He was so wealthy he was known as Le Roi des Pyrénées ("The King of the Pyrenees").

Louis-Gaspard de Sales hired noted architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel to design the new Château de Gudanes, which was built from 1741 to 1750. The Marquis hosted lavish parties frequented by the cultural elite, including the Protestant writer Laurent Angliviel de la Beaumelle, the mathematician Charles Marie de La Condamine, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Denis Diderot, Montesquieu and Voltaire.

Louis-Gaspard de Sales died with only a daughter, Marie Thérèse Josephe, and upon his death bequeathed all his assets to his son-in-law, Louis-Guillaume-Antoine de Mengaud, Baron de la Hage. When the French Revolution broke out in 1789, the aristocracy were stripped of their titles and lands. Mengaud was arrested but died before he faced trial.

Property belonging to the aristocracy and the church was auctioned. Pierre Astrié, a wealthy businessman from the neighboring town of Ax-les-Thermes, purchased the Château de Gudanes. In 1811, Pierre's son Jérome-Stanislas d'Astrié was living at Château de Gudanes.  The Astrié family were ennobled in 1824, becoming d'Astrié de Gudanes, during the Bourbon Restoration when the French monarchy was temporarily restored.

New laws stripped the local population of their right to make use of the forest resources, such as collecting firewood and grazing their livestock. This led to a series of uprisings known as the "War of the Maidens", in which masked men, sometimes disguised as women, protested against the wealthy landowners. The protesters targeted Château de Gudanes, pillaging it on 7 and 10 August 1830.

Jérome-Stanislas d'Astrié de Gudanes died in 1843, and the Château de Gudanes passed to his eldest daughter, Charlotte, and her husband, the politician . The Limairacs made several changes, placing their family crest over the front entrance, and installed new wrought iron balconies that included the monogram of Charlotte d'Astrié de Limairac.

Charles de Limairac died in 1860 and Charlotte died in 1871, leaving the château to their eldest son, Adolphe de Limairac. He made more renovations between 1870-75. He died childless in 1884, leaving the château to his sister, Marie Baudon de Mony, who died in 1922. It is believed Marie's sons and grandchildren lived in the château during World War II. In 1963, the castle and surrounding land was purchased by the Tarn-et-Garonne department for use as holiday vacation spot. In the 1960s and 1970s, the château was used to host children's summer camps.

Development plans and restoration

In 1989, the estate was bought by an English consortium, SCI Château de Gudanes, with the purpose of turning it into a luxury hotel. However, the renovation was delayed, and in 1994 the château was designated a national historical monument, causing administrative delays in planning permission and preventing desired renovations. SCI Château de Gudanes continued to fight for the project until 2009, when it abandoned the idea and put the building on the market. The house was in a dire condition by 2010, with the roof in danger of collapse.

In 2011,  an Australian couple, Craig and Karina Waters from Perth, were looking for a vacation home in France, when they came across the Château de Gudanes online. They traveled to see it in person, and after two years of negotiations, they purchased it and decided to begin renovations

By the time their renovations began, the house was in serious decay: several floors had collapsed, the roof had fallen through in four places, trees were growing inside, and the floor was covered in a rubble of dirt, rotten wood, fallen plaster and mushrooms, and green mold covered the walls. The house had never been wired for heat or electricity. Much of the original interior remained, however, including artisan-carved woodwork, stained glass, gilt-framed mirrors and ornamental plaster.

The Waters have documented the restoration of the building online via a blog and social media accounts, sharing their progress and finds, including a fresco painting behind wallpaper, secret tunnels and ancient artifacts. The Waters, who had assumed that nothing remained of the original medieval fort, uncovered two of the fort's towers. They also discovered a hole in the floor  deep, which lead to a previously unknown section of the basement, which they suspect may have been meant for safe passage during World War II.

See also
 List of castles in France

References

Further reading

External links

 Ministry of Culture listing for Château de Gudanes

Category:Châteaux in Ariège (department)
Category:Neoclassical architecture in France
Category:Monuments historiques of Ariège (department)
Category:Houses completed in the 18th century


Sally Benson

Sally Benson (September 3, 1897 – July 19, 1972), née Smith, was an American screenwriter, who was also a prolific short story author, best known for her semi-autobiographical stories collected in Junior Miss and Meet Me in St. Louis.

Early life and career
Benson was born in St. Louis, the youngest of five children of Alonzo Redway and Anna Prophater Smith. She attended the Mary Institute until she moved with her family to New York. She attended the Horace Mann School, studied dance and then started working when she was 17 years old. At age 19, she married Reynolds "Babe" Benson. The couple had a daughter, Barbara, and later divorced.

She began her career writing weekly interview articles and film reviews for the New York Morning Telegraph. Between 1929 and 1941, she published 99 stories in The New Yorker, including nine signed with her pseudonym Esther Evarts.

Her stories "The Overcoat" and "Suite 2049" were selected as O. Henry prize stories for 1935 and 1936. Her collection, People are Fascinating (Covici Friede,1936) includes almost all the stories Benson had then published in The New Yorker, plus four from American Mercury. She followed with another collection, Emily (Covici Friede, 1938). Stories of the Gods and Heroes (Dial Press, 1940) was juvenile fiction adapted from Thomas Bulfinch's Age of Fable. Women and Children First was a collection published by Random House in 1943.

Junior Miss
Junior Miss was published by Doubleday in 1941. This collection of her stories from The New Yorker was adapted by Jerome Chodorov and Joseph Fields into a successful play that same year. Directed by Moss Hart, Junior Miss ran on Broadway from 1941 to 1943. In 1945, the play was adapted as the film Junior Miss with George Seaton directing Peggy Ann Garner in the lead role. The Junior Miss radio series, starring Barbara Whiting, was broadcast weekly on CBS in 1949.

Meet Me in St. Louis
MGM's Meet Me in St. Louis  (1944) was one of the more popular movies made during World War II. The stories in Sally Benson's book Meet Me in St. Louis were first written as short vignettes in a series titled 5135 Kensington, which The New Yorker published from June 14, 1941 to May 23, 1942. Benson took her original eight vignettes and added four more stories for a book compilation with each chapter representing a month of a year (from 1903 to 1904). When the book was published by Random House as Meet Me in St. Louis in 1942, it was titled after the MGM film, then in the very early stages of scripting. At MGM, Benson wrote an early draft of the screenplay, but it was not used.

Screenplays

Her other screen work includes Shadow of a Doubt (1943) for Alfred Hitchcock, Come to the Stable (1949), Summer Magic (1963), Viva Las Vegas (1964) and The Singing Nun (1966). Her screenplay for Anna and the King of Siam (1946) was nominated for an Academy Award.

Her work for television includes episodes of Bus Stop (1961).

Although she has been nominated a number of times, she is not included on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.

She died in Woodland Hills, California at age 74.

Works
 People Are Fascinating (1936, Covici-Friede Publishers)
 Emily (1938, Covici-Friede Publishers), published in England as Love Thy Neighbour (1939)
 Stories of the Gods and Heroes (1940, Dial)
 Junior Miss (1941, Doubleday)
 Meet Me in St. Louis (1942, Random House)
 Women and Children First (1943, Random House)

References

Further reading
Maryellen V. Keefe, Casual Affairs: The Life and Fiction of Sally Benson (SUNY Press, 2014)

External links

 Thomas Bulfinch's Age of Fable
 Sally Benson's Memorial on Find a Grave
 Sally Benson on GoodReads.com

Category:1897 births
Category:1972 deaths
Category:Screenwriters from Missouri
Category:American short story writers
Category:Writers from St. Louis
Category:American women screenwriters
Category:American women short story writers
Category:The New Yorker people
Category:Horace Mann School alumni
Category:Screenwriters from New York (state)


Pauline Lhote

Pauline Lhote is a French female winemaker based in Napa, California, known for sparkling wine. She is the current lead sparkling winemaker at Domaine Chandon.

Lhote grew up on a farm in Champagne and earned a degree at the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne in Reims.  Upon graduation, Lhote worked at Moët & Chandon and Nicolas Feuillate in France.  In those roles, she performed maturity controls, winemaking trials and cellar work. While at Moët & Chandon, she spent time creating red wines used in producing rosé sparkling wines, including Dom Perignon Rosé.

Lhote came to the United States for a three-month internship at Chandon in Napa, California and stayed on as a permanent employee. Lhote now leads the team that creates Chandon's sparkling wines.

References

External links
 Lohte Biography on Chandon.com
 Lhote mentioned on ChandonUSA's Twitter

Category:American winemakers
Category:Living people
Category:American female winemakers
Category:Wine merchants
Category:Viticulturists
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Jan Stoeckart

Jan Stoeckart (3 November 1927, Amsterdam – 13 January 2017) was a Dutch composer, conductor, trombonist and former radio producer, who often worked under various pseudonyms such as Willy Faust, Peter Milray, Julius Steffaro and Jack Trombey. In the UK he is best known for his composition Eye Level, the theme tune to the ITV series Van der Valk, which was a number one on the UK singles chart in 1973. He also composed "Homeward Bound", a theme from the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975), under the pseudonym Jack Trombey.

Life and works
Stoeckart took piano and trombone lessons from the age of 12. After graduating from the Amsterdam Conservatory in 1950, he began his career as a professional musician (trombone and double bass) and conductor in various Dutch orchestras, including orchestras operated by Dutch public broadcaster NOS.

In 1974, he moved on to become a freelance composer for NOS and other Dutch public broadcasters. He also worked as a music producer for various radio shows, with which he popularised brass and choral music. He also continued to compose and arrange music for Dutch films and for brass bands. He worked with the Metropole Orchestra and the Dutch Promenade Orchestra.

In the early 1960s, his conductor Hugo de Groot took him to London music publisher De Wolfe Music Ltd, where he signed a contract to compose stock and library music. He did so under various guises, such as Wily Faust, Jack Trombey and Peter Milray. He composed approximately 1200-1300 works for De Wolfe.

He died on 13 January 2017 at the age of 89.

Theme tunes

Eye Level
His biggest success proved to be Eye Level, the theme tune to the Van der Valk TV series from the early 1970s. ITV had picked the tune, which Stoeckart had written a few years earlier, from the De Wolfe catalogue. The tune, loosely based on a German/Dutch nursery rhyme  called 'Jan Hinnerk' in German, and 'Catootje' in Dutch, from the 18th century, became an instant hit with viewers and record buyers, as the recording - made by the Simon Park Orchestra - climbed to number one on the UK singles chart in 1973. The original title of the melody was 'Amsterdam'. 'Eye Level' refers to the ever-present horizon in the Low Countries, which is always "at eye level to the beholder".

Others
 Girl in the dark (as Jack Trombey for the De Wolfe catalogue) used for the UK TV espionage series Callan
 Floris - the popular Dutch TV series set in medieval times (1969)
 Het Simplisties Verbond ("The Simplistic Association")  - Dutch satirical TV show
 Domino -  the ITV sitcom Never the Twain
 Trombones On Parade - ITV's Junior Showtime.
 Horizontal Hold (as Jack Trombey for the De Wolfe catalogue) used by NFL Films and as the theme for CBS Sports' The NFL Today pre game show from the mid-1970s to the early-1980s. CBS later used alternate arrangements of the song from the mid-1980s to late-1990s.
 Pancho -  used by the Italian network RAI as the theme for "90° Minuto" (90th minute), a show dedicated to Serie A highlights
 Dusk - (as Jack Trombey for the De Wolfe catalogue) Dusk is part of Firaxis Games's Civilization V (2010).
 ‘’Project in Operation’’ used by Australian television Production Company, Crawfords, for the television Series Matlock Police (1971–76), (as Jack Trombey for the De Wolfe catalogue)

Musicals
 Sinterklaas based on the Dutch version of Santa Claus.'''

References

Category:1927 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Dutch trombonists
Category:Dutch composers
Category:Dutch conductors (music)
Category:Male conductors (music)
Category:Conservatorium van Amsterdam alumni
Category:Musicians from Amsterdam


National Register of Historic Places listings in Lyman County, South Dakota

__NOTOC__

This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lyman County, South Dakota.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lyman County, South Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 9 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

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See also
 List of National Historic Landmarks in South Dakota
 National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota

References

Lyman County
*


Mr. Girisham

Mr. Girisham is a comedy film starring with Krishna Bhagavan and Ramya Krishna, directed by Vishwaprasad and produced by Ramesh Babu. The film is based on Popular Telugu Play Kanyasulkam, written by renowned personality Gurazada Apparao.

Cast
 Krishna Bhagavan as Gireesham
 Ramya Krishna as Madhuravani
 Sandesh
 Jaya Prakash Reddy
 Jeeva as Rama Shastri
 M. S. Narayana as K
 Ram Jagan
 Apoorva
 Ramya
 Sindrilla
 Gopala Krishna

External links
 Announcement
 Description

Category:Indian films
Category:2008 films
Category:2000s Telugu-language films
Category:Indian films based on plays


Kaniczki

Kaniczki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sadlinki, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately  west of Sadlinki,  south-west of Kwidzyn, and  south of the regional capital Gdańsk.

Before 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 290.

References

Kaniczki


Noor TV Afghanistan

Noor TV (Persian: تلویزیون نور) is a television network channel in Kabul, Afghanistan.

See also
 Television in Afghanistan
 Media of Afghanistan

References

External links

Category:Television in Afghanistan
Category:Persian-language television stations
Category:Media in Kabul
Category:Asian television stubs


Bethel, Kentucky

Bethel was an unincorporated community in Calloway County, Kentucky, United States.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Calloway County, Kentucky
Category:Unincorporated communities in Kentucky


Headline Country

Headline Country is an American country music news and entertainment show airing on GAC. The show is produced by Surfing Moose Productions.

The show premiered in January 2009 and runs biweekly in 30 minute episodes.

Based in Nashville, TN, "Headline Country" is the only nationally airing television program to cover the world of country music. The show features news, interviews, performances, and various forms of "behind-the-scenes" content.

References

External links
 Headline Country's Official Website

Category:2009 American television series debuts
Category:American music television series


Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) is a multi-governmental organization headquartered in Kuwait which coordinates energy policies among oil-producing Arab nations. OAPEC's primary objective is safeguarding the cooperation of numerous members in various aspects of economic activity within the oil industry as well as maintaining strong relations among themselves; to provide legitimate means to preserve the members' individual and collective efforts within the industry; unite on-going efforts for the procurement of oil; provide access to consumer markets on fair and reasonable terms; and provide conditions, adequate capital, and experience of investors in the oil industry.

History

OAPEC was originally intended to be a conservative Arab political organization which, by restricting membership to countries whose main export was oil, would exclude governments seen as radical — such as those of Egypt and Algeria. This organizational exclusivity was bolstered by an additional rule in the organization's charter requiring the three founders' approval of all new members. The original aim was to control the economic weapon of potential oil embargo and prevent its use caused by popular emotion. Iraq initially declined to join, preferring to work under the umbrella of the Arab League, considering OAPEC too conservative. Equally the three founders considered Iraq too radical to be desirable as a member. However, by early 1972, the criterion for admission had changed to oil being a significant source of revenue (rather than the principal source) of a prospective member nation; and Algeria, Iraq, Syria and Egypt had been admitted. Consequently, OAPEC became a much more activist organization, contrary to the original intention.

In 1979 Egypt was expelled from OAPEC for signing the Camp David Accords, although it was readmitted a decade later.

In 1982 the Arab League's Arab Petroleum Congress (founded in 1959) merged into OAPEC's Arab Energy Conference (founded in 1979), which has continued to meet periodically through at least 2014.

OAPEC is regarded as a regional, specialized international organization focusing on organizing cooperation in oil development, collective projects, and regional integration.

Organizational structure
 The Judicial Tribunal mitigates disputes between member states; interpretations of the OAPEC Agreement; disputes with a petroleum company operating in its member states' territory, and anything else that falls into OAPEC's jurisdiction or that the Council of Ministers submits to the tribunal. The Judicial Tribunal must unevenly consist of at least seven and no more than eleven judges from Arab countries. The tribunal's judgments are final and binding, and will be enforceable within the territories of residing members.

See also
 List of countries by oil production
 Arab lobby in the United States

Footnotes

External links
 OAPECORG.ORG website
 OAPEC information from Saudi Arabia
 OPEC website
 OPEC and OAPEC, from Kuwait
 Will Iraq Be a Global Gas Pump? The (Re)Making of a Petro-State by Michael T. Klare, The Huffington Post, 14 July 2009

Category:Foreign relations of Algeria
Category:Foreign relations of Bahrain
Category:Foreign relations of Egypt
Category:Foreign relations of Iraq
Category:Foreign relations of Kuwait
Category:Foreign relations of Libya
Category:Foreign relations of Qatar
Category:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia
Category:Foreign relations of Syria
Category:Foreign relations of Tunisia
Category:Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates
Category:International energy organizations
Category:Petroleum organizations
Category:Petroleum politics
Category:Intergovernmental organizations


Rostraureum tropicale

Rostraureum tropicale is a species of fungus from genus Rostraureum that is found in Ecuador.

Distribution and habitat
Rostraureum tropicale is a pathogen of Terminalia ivorensis and causes basal stem cankers on dying trees. The fungus is distributed in the lowland tropics of Ecuador. Hosts include Terminalia ivorensis and Terminalia superba (both in family Combretaceae of the Myrtales).

Morphology
Morphologically, Rostraureum tropicale has characteristics similar to those for Cryphonectria, Endothia and Chrysoporthe, but appears to be superficially closest to Cryphonectria longirostris. The fungus displays characteristics typical of diaporthalean fungi, with periphysate ostiolar canals with no paraphyses, and asci are unitunicate with refractive apical rings. Fruiting structures are orange to yellow, and ascospores are one-septate and fusoid to ellipsoid.

Rostraureum tropicale can be distinguished from Endothia, Cryphonectria and Chrysoporthe by the observation that perithecial necks are not embedded in well-developed stromatic tissue. Additionally, it can be distinguished from Chrysoporthe by the presence of orange perithecial necks instead of fuscous-black necks.

Phylogeny
Rostraureum tropicale is phylogenetically most closely related to species of Endothia, based on ribosomal (ITS) and β-tubulin DNA sequences. However, species of Chrysoporthe and Cryphonectria belong to the same superclade and are thus closely related to Rostraureum tropicale.

Pathogenicity
Rostraureum tropicale is pathogenic towards Terminalia ivorensis and a closely related host, Terminalia superba, causing well-developed stem cankers within six weeks of inoculation. It is also more pathogenic than Chrysoporthe cubensis, which causes smaller lesions on Terminalia superba. However, C. cubensis is not usually a pathogen of trees in the Combretaceae.

References

External links

Category:Diaporthales
Category:Fungi described in 2005
Category:Fungi of South America


Right Now (film)

Right Now () is a 2004 French film by director Benoît Jacquot. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
In 1975, a young bourgeois woman falls in love with a bank robber. She follows him and his partner on the run after a bank heist resulted in a death and hostage taking. Using fake IDs, they leave Paris and travel to Spain, Morocco, and Greece.

Cast
 Isild Le Besco as Lili
 Ouassini Embarek as Bada
 Nicolas Duvauchelle as Alain
 Laurence Cordier as Joelle
 Odile Vuillemin
 Emmanuelle Bercot as Laurence

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 70%, based on 44 reviews, and an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A mesmerizing performance by ingenue Isild Le Besco makes this stylish French drama a taut, compelling escapade." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

References

External links

Category:French films
Category:2004 films
Category:Films directed by Benoît Jacquot
Category:2000s crime films
Category:French crime films
Category:French black-and-white films


Israeli 20th Anniversary Cup

The 20th Anniversary Cup (, also known as the 20th Cup, ) was a stand-alone cup competition played to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

The competition was played at the start of the 1968–69 season, while the national football team was involved in the 1968 Summer Olympics football tournament, and was open to Liga Leumit clubs only.  The 16 clubs were divided into four groups of four clubs each, which were played in a double Round-robin tournament. The winner of each group advanced to the semi-finals.

The cup was won by Hapoel Petah Tikva, who had beaten Maccabi Haifa 4–1 in the final.

Group phase

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knock-out Phase

Semi-finals

Final

References
100 Years of Football 1906-2006, Elisha Shohat (Israel), 2006

Anniversary Cup
Predecessors


Konstantin Kozeyev

Konstantin Mirovich Kozeyev () is a retired Russian cosmonaut.

Early life and career
Kozeyev was born in Korolyov, Moscow Oblast, Russian SFSR on December 1, 1967. He is a graduate student from Moscow Aviation Technology Institute and was selected as a cosmonaut on February 9, 1996. He flew as Flight Engineer on Soyuz TM-33 in 2001.

Personal life
Kozeyev is divorced and has no children.

References

Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:Moscow Aviation Institute alumni
Category:People from Korolyov, Moscow Oblast
Category:Russian cosmonauts
Category:Heroes of the Russian Federation


You Are What You Eat (film)

You Are What You Eat is a 1968 American counterculture semi-documentary movie that attempts to capture the essence of the 1960s flower power hippie era and the Haight-Ashbury scene. The film features locally known personalities, including well known and somewhat mythical pot dealer Super Spade (Bill Powell Jr) and musicians of the day, including Tiny Tim, David Crosby and Peter Yarrow, and radio disc jockey, Rosko.

The film soundtrack features music by John Simon and by artists as diverse as Paul Butterfield, The Electric Flag, Eleanor Barooshian, Peter Yarrow, John Herald and Harpers Bizarre, accompanied by several members of The Band.

The film was preserved and restored by Ed Carter at the archive of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences.

Soundtrack
You Are What You Eat – Columbia OS-3240 – 1968
You Are What You Eat – Sony Records, Japan, SRCS-8522 – 1997

1. Rosko - Teenage Fair
Bass – Bill Crow
Drums – Bill Lavorgna
Vocals – Nancy Pliday, Peter Yarrow
Vocals, Organ, Ondiolin – John Simon

2. Peter Yarrow- Moments Of Soft Persuasion
Electric Piano – John Simon
Vocals, Acoustic Guitar – Peter Yarrow

3. Peter Yarrow- Silly Girl
Bass – Bill Crow
Organ – John Simon
Vocals, Acoustic Guitar – Peter Yarrow

4. John Simon - Desert Moog Music
Guitar – Al Gorgoni
Percussion – Peter Yarrow
Percussion, Moog, Ondiolin – John Simon

5. Tiny Tim - Be My Baby
Bass – Rick Danko
Guitar – Robbie Robertson
Organ – Garth Hudson
Piano – Richard Manuel
Vocals – Tiny Tim

6. John Herold - The Family Dog
Backing Vocals – Peter Yarrow
Bass – Bill Crow
Drums – Bill Lavorgna
Piano, Backing Vocals – John Simon
Vocals – John Herald

7. Hamsa El Din - The Nude Dance
Uood – H. El Din

8. John Simon - My Name Is Jack
Bass – Bill Crow
Drums – Bill Lavorgna
Piano – Paul Griffin
Vocals, Piano – John Simon

9. Tiny Tim & Eleanor Baruchian - I Got You Babe
Bass – Rick Danko
Guitar – Robbie Robertson
Organ – Garth Hudson
Piano – Richard Manuel
Vocals – Eleanor Baruchian, Tiny Tim

10. Paul Butterfield - You Are What You Eat
Bass – Bill Crow
Drums – Bill Lavorgna
Harmonica, Vocals – Paul Butterfield
Organ – Paul Griffin

11. John Simon - Beach Music
Bass – Bill Crow
Drums – Bill Lavorgna
Piano – John Simon

12. Peter Yarrow / John Simon - The Wabe
Bass – Bill Crow
Organ – Paul Griffin
Vocals – John Simon, Peter Yarrow

13. Peter Yarrow - Don't Remind Me Now Of Time
Harpsichord – John Simon
Vocals, Acoustic Guitar – Peter Yarrow

14. John Simon	- Painting For Freakout
Bass – Bill Crow
Drums – Bill Lavorgna
Piano – John Simon

15. John Simon / The Electric Flag - Freakout
Bass – Harvey Brooks
Drums – Buddy Miles
Guitar – Mike Bloomfield
Moog, Ondiolin – John Simon
Alto Saxophone – Stemsy Hunter
Tenor Saxophone, Organ – Herbie Rich
Trumpet – Marcus Doubleday

Tracks 1, 2, 3, 10, 12 & 13 Written by John Simon and Peter Yarrow
Tracks 4, 6, 8, 11 & 14 Written by John Simon
Track 5 Written by Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich & Phil Spector
Track 7 Written by Hamsa El Din
Track 9 Written by Sonny Bono
Track 15 Written by John Simon & The Electric Flag

See also
List of American films of 1968

References

External links
You Are What You Eat imdb Combined Details
You Are What You Eat -  The VIDEO BEAT!
WMFU's Beware of the Blog April 29, 2007 You Are What You Eat

Category:1968 films
Category:American films
Category:English-language films
Category:Hippie films
Category:Documentary films about San Francisco


SVIL

Supervillin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SVIL gene.

Function

This gene encodes a bipartite protein with distinct amino- and carboxy-terminal domains. The amino-terminus contains nuclear localization signals and the carboxy-terminus contains numerous consecutive sequences with extensive similarity to proteins in the gelsolin family of actin-binding proteins, which cap, nucleate, and/or sever actin filaments. The gene product is tightly associated with both actin filaments and plasma membranes, suggesting a role as a high-affinity link between the actin cytoskeleton and the membrane. Its function may include recruitment of actin and other cytoskeletal proteins into specialized structures at the plasma membrane and in the nuclei of growing cells. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms of supervillin have been described.

Interactions

SVIL has been shown to interact with Androgen receptor.

References

Further reading