Body Armour (film)

Body Armour is a 2007 action film directed by Gerry Lively with Chazz Palminteri and Til Schweiger. It is about a killer and a bodyguard who against all odds eventually become friends.

Plot
During her election campaign governor Londsdale (Sue Flack) is shot at by a sniper as she speaks in public. John Ridley (Til Schweiger) confounds the first attack but when he is running for cover with his client in tow, they are still under fire and his colleague is hit in the open. Lonsdale urges Ridley to save his friend, although this means to turn his back on her for a moment. He complies eventually and hereby makes it possible for a killer (Chazz Palminteri) to approach Lonsdale and to kill her for Ridley to see. Ridley consequently retires as a body guard, henceforth being haunted by nightmares and left by his wife who couldn't cope with him any longer. Only years later he reluctantly agrees when his former boss persuades him to take on a last mission in Barcelona. Ridley is gobsmacked when he meets the chief witness he is supposed to protect for it is the very man who has ruined his life. However, the former killer Lee Maxwell (Chazz Palminteri) is about to die of cancer and is desperate to make it up with his daughter Catherine (Cristina Brondo). Seeking redemption by being a witness against the villain Victor Tolkin (Nick Brimble) the former killer has made himself a target. Ridley tries to fight them off but in the end it is revealed that his boss has doublecrossed him and that he has hired Ridley solely because he expected him to fail again. Supported by his old brother in arms Mark Graver ( Lluís Homar) and the increasingly weakened Maxwell, Ridley stands up to Tolkin's henchmen.

Reception

See also
 Far Cry (film)

References

External links

Category:2007 films


Kaniyakurichi

Kaniyakurichi is a village in the Pattukkottai taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Kaniyakurichi had a total population of 1060 with 534 males and 526 females. The sex ratio was 985. The literacy rate was 82.35.

References

Category:Villages in Thanjavur district


Christer Boucht

Christer Boucht, born 4 March 1911 in Vaasa, Finland, and died 21 May 2009, in the same city. He was a Finnish-Swedish lawyer, adventure traveler and writer. Christer Boucht served as a young reserve officer in both the Winter War and the Continuation War. In 1966 he was the first man from Finland to cross the Greenland ice on skis and by dog team. He has written several books on his polar expeditions in northern Canada and the journey across Greenland. In some of his books, he has also described the experiences from Finlands wars during the second world war.

Christer Boucht was for many years an active member in the Finnish Arctic Society and in 2002 he became honorary member of the Society.

Category:Finnish writers
Category:1911 births
Category:2009 deaths


Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)

Abhishek Sharma (born 4 September 2000) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Punjab in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 25 February 2017. He made his first-class debut for Punjab in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy on 6 October 2017.

In December 2017, he was named in India's squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup which was held in New Zealand. In January 2018, he was bought by the Delhi Daredevils in the 2018 IPL auction for Rs 55 Lakh. On May 12, 2018, he made his Twenty20 debut, playing for the Delhi Daredevils in the 2018 Indian Premier League and went on to score 46 runs off just 19 balls..

References

External links

Category:2000 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian cricketers
Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers
Category:Punjab, India cricketers
Category:Cricketers from Amritsar
Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers


Mauro Bergamasco

Mauro Bergamasco (born 1 May 1979) is a former Italian rugby union footballer who last played for Zebre. He predominantly played as an open-side flanker, although his versatility means that he had also played a number of international games on the wing, and started at scrum-half in an infamously error-prone performance. He was considered to be one of Italy's best players in his preferred position.

His younger brother Mirco is also a professional rugby player. Both brothers are featured on the cover of the Italian version of the EA Sports game Rugby 08.

Early life
Mauro Bergamasco was born in Padua into a rugby family; his father Arturo gained four caps for the Italian national side between 1973 and 1978, whilst his brother, Mirco, has also won caps for the Italian national team. Bergamasco cites his father as the main reason for his interest in rugby: as a young boy, he would accompany his father to the training sessions of rugby club Selvazzano, the team Arturo coached.

Playing career
Bergamasco began his playing career with Petrarca Padova, before moving to Treviso.

In 2003, he moved to France with his younger brother to play for Stade Français, reportedly negotiating a contract for his brother Mirco without telling him. The brothers went on to win two French championships. John boy

Mauro joined RaboDirect Pro12 side, Aironi Rugby on 5 December 2011.

International career
He made his international debut at the age of 19 against the Netherlands and soon became a key member of the Italian squad.

In 2003, Italy's coach John Kirwan deployed him as a winger, comparing his speed and physical stature with Jonah Lomu. Bergamasco continued to insist that his best position was on the flank, and later re-established himself in that position.

Bergamasco was banned for four weeks in 2007 for hitting Wales fly half Stephen Jones in a Six Nations match and again for 13 weeks after gouging the eyes of Lee Byrne in the corresponding fixture the following year.

For the 2009 Six Nations match against England, he was chosen to play at scrum-half thanks to three alternatives being injured, but was substituted at half time after a shocking performance, regarded as one of the worst by a player in international rugby, in which his mistakes directly led to three England tries. He was returned to his normal starting position at flanker for the following week's fixture against Ireland.

He missed the 2011 Six Nations Championship due to an injury, but was called for the 2011 Churchill Cup to the experienced Italy A, as a preparation for the upcoming 2011 Rugby World Cup. Italy A would finish in 3rd place.

Although not in the original Italian squad for the 2013 Six Nations Championship, he was called up by coach Jacques Brunel after Sergio Parisse was sent-off, facing the possibility of at least a six-week ban for insulting a match official during a club game mid-6 Nations Championship.

For the 2015 Rugby World Cup, he became the second player in history to have played five World Cups, reaching the Samoan Brian Lima. He announced his retirement from professional rugby after Italy's final game of the tournament.

References

External links
RBS 6 Nations profile
 "IRB RWC 2003" Mauro Bergamasco profile
 "Mauro the Jewel" The Observer 9 March 2003
 "Welsh Rugby Union: Meet The Italians"
 "Stade Français website" Mauro Bergamasco Club Profile – in French
 "Ireland.com" Italian Team Profile
ESPN Scrum Profile

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Padua
Category:Italian rugby union players
Category:Rugby union flankers
Category:Stade Français rugby players
Category:Italy international rugby union players
Category:Aironi players
Category:Zebre Rugby players


Peter Mueller (Canadian football)

Peter Muller is a former professional Canadian football player. He played as a tight end for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League from 1973 to 1981.

One of the great Argo tight ends, he played 9 years and 126 regular season games (and two playoff games!)  He led the team in receiving in 1974, '77 and '78. Muller was also an innovator as he was one of the first openly Christian athletes. After his football days he was Vice-Principal at Queensway Christian College in Mississauga, and currently works in Calgary, Alberta as the Principal at Master's College.

In 1978, he won the Tom Pate Memorial Award for outstanding sportsmanship and dedication to his community.

References

Category:Toronto Argonauts players
Category:Living people
Category:1951 births
Category:Western Illinois Leathernecks football players


Bergen Bank

Bergen Bank was a Norwegian commercial bank in existence between 1975 and 1990. It was created as a merger between Bergens Privatbank (founded in 1855) and Bergens Kreditbank (founded in 1928) while the bank Kvam Privatbank was acquired in 1979. In 1988 it bought Nevi. Bergen Bank, which was based in Bergen, Norway, merged with Den norske Creditbank in 1990 to form Den norske Bank. It is now part of DnB NOR.

Criticism
The bank was the target of massive demonstrations in 1976 after three female employees at Per Hestvik & Co in Mo i Rana were fired with the reason that they were members of Kvinnefronten, a women's rights movement. The reason for the firing was that Bergen Bank denied the bank credit if they did not fire the employees.

References

Category:Defunct banks of Norway
Category:Companies formerly listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange
Category:Companies based in Bergen
Category:Banks established in 1975
Category:Banks disestablished in 1990
Category:1975 establishments in Norway
Category:1990 disestablishments in Norway


Asian Film Archive

Based in Singapore, the Asian Film Archive (AFA) is a non-governmental organisation that preserves the film heritage of Asian Cinema.

Organization
Founded in 2005, AFA preserves Asian films to encourage scholarly research on film, and to promote a wider critical appreciation of this art form. The archive has collected more than 2,000 titles, with a focus on classic Asian films and contemporary independent works from Southeast Asia. The Archive's outreach programmes encourage film literacy and find new audiences for films in its collection.

The Asian Film Archive is an affiliate of the International Federation of Film Archives (FIAF) and the Southeast Asia-Pacific Audiovisual Archive Association (SEAPAVAA). Amongst its international advisors are Ray Edmondson, David Bordwell and Apichatpong Weerasethakul.

Renowned scholar, Patricia Zimmermann described the work of the Asian Film Archive in Afterimage: The Journal of Media Art & Cultural Criticism and on the Open Spaces blog.

In 2014, AFA became a subsidiary of the National Library Board.

In 2015, the archive commissioned Fragment, a film anthology by Lav Diaz, U-Wei Haji Saari, Sherman Ong and others. It premiered on 30 October at Singapore's The Projector.

Programmes

Asian Restored Classics
Asian Restored Classics is an annual film festival that celebrates the best of Asian cinema. It provides a platform for the iconic classics that different institutions have restored to be appreciated by modern audiences.

Its first edition in 2016 featured Akira Kurosawa's Ran (1985) , King Hu's Dragon Inn (1967), Mike de Leon's Kakabakaba Ka Ba? (1980), John Woo's A Better Tomorrow (1986), Satyajit Ray's Charulata (1964) and Park Sang-Ho's Tosuni: The Birth of Happiness (1963).

State of Motion

State of Motion is an annual multi-disciplinary event that revisits Singapore's cinematic history, exploring film as a document of time through exhibitions, screenings, tours and artistic responses.

Singapore Shorts

Singapore Shorts is an annual showcase celebrating the best and the most promising local short films in Singapore. Alongside screenings of the selected cinematic works, the programme also features post-screening discussions with the filmmakers, dedicated reviews from critics and a special section of older titles from the Asian Film Archive's collection.

Thirteen short films were selected for its inaugural edition in 2018.

Reframe
Reframe is a salon series that constructs critical frameworks and examines topics surrounding cinema and the moving image through film showcases, panel discussions and presentations.

Alt Screen
Alt Screen is a film series, co-organised with the National Library Board, Singapore, to showcase Asian documentaries and offering interpretations of global issues and critical perspectives of humanity.

co:lab
Co-organised with library@esplanade, co:lab is a platform where new live works are experimented and presented through cross disciplinary encounters between film and performing arts.

Collection
Notable films in the collection include the Cathay-Keris Malay Classics Collection: Hang Jebat by Hussain Haniff (1961), Mat Bond by Mat Sentul and M. Amin (1967) and Sumpah Pontianak by B.N. Rao (1958); Evolution of a Filipino Family by Lav Diaz (2004); Blink of an Eye by Mike de Leon (1981); Manila in the Claws of Neon by Lino Brocka (1975); The Arsonist by U-Wei Haji Saari (1995); The Big Durian by Amir Muhammad (2003); Da Huang Pictures Collection and the Woo Ming Jin Collection that document the works of the Malaysian New Wave filmmakers.

In 2014, The Cathay-Keris Malay Classics was inscribed into the UNESCO Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register.

In keeping with its efforts to encourage an appreciation of Asian films, the AFA makes its collection available for public access through a reference collection at the library@esplande and through the Lee Kong Chian Reference Library at the National Library Building.

Cinema
AFA runs regular film programs at the Oldham Theatre, located at the National Archives of Singapore building along Canning Rise. The 132-seat cinema is equipped to exhibit films from 4K digital projection to traditional 35mm.

The cinema launched in April 2019 with a slate of 8 Asian horror films, including the classic Orang Minyak (1958) starring P. Ramlee, and its Hong Kong riff, Oily Maniac (1976).

Restorations
To make more films available for viewing and research, the AFA restores films that have been preserved but are in deteriorating condition.

The restoration of Batch '81 (1983) was presented in the Venice Classics section during the 74th Venice International Film Festival in 2017.

Location
The archive is located at the National Library Building along Victoria Street, a five-minute walk from Bugis MRT station (East-West Line). It is also 10-minute walk from City Hall MRT station (North-South Line).

Controversy
In June 2010, a group of Singapore filmmakers, including Tan Pin Pin, Royston Tan and Kelvin Tong, protested AFA's head Tan Bee Thiam's supposed conflict of interest. Their letter led to Tan's resignation as executive director in September.

See also
 List of film institutes

References

Asian Film Archive at 5

External links
Asian Film Archive official website

Category:Film archives
Category:Film organisations in Singapore


Amy Berrington de González

Amy Berrington de González is a scientist. She is a senior investigator and radiation epidemiology branch chief at the National Cancer Institute.

Education
Berrington de González received a D.Phil. in Cancer Epidemiology from the University of Oxford. Her 2001 dissertation was titled Epidemiological evidence for the risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays. Her university supervisors were Sarah Darby and David Cox.

Career
Berrington de González was on the faculty at the University of Oxford and then Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health before moving to the Radiation Epidemiology Branch at NCI in 2008. She was awarded NIH scientific tenure in 2012, and was promoted to Branch Chief in 2014. She is a senior investigator in the Radiation Epidemiology Branch. Berrington de González serves on two radiation risk committees for the National Academy of Science and previously served on the UK Health Protection Agency's Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation, and the UK Breast Screening Programme's Advisory Group. Berrington de González is currently a member of the NAS Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board and has participated in many national and international radiation committees. She served on the editorial board for the American Journal of Epidemiology.

Berrington de González is co-PI of the UK Pediatric CT scans cohort, which was the first epidemiological study to suggest a direct link between CT scans and subsequent cancer risk. She also leads studies on the risk of second cancer after proton therapy and other emerging radiotherapy techniques.

Research
The overarching goal of Berrington de González's research is to quantify the potential cancer risks from this important source of radiation exposure in order to provide information for public health and clinical purposes. Her interdisciplinary training in epidemiology and biostatistics allow her to pursue this goal using both theoretical risk projection modeling and also by conducting epidemiological studies of medically exposed populations. The studies vary across the dose-spectrum from low-dose diagnostic and screening procedures to high-dose radiotherapy, with distinct opportunities and challenges in each area.

Diagnostic and screening tests
Berrington de González has conducted a series of risk projection studies to estimate the potential cancer risks from both diagnostic and screening examinations, including: cardiac stress tests, CT colonography and lung CT screening. To perform these studies she and other collaborators developed the NCI Radiation Risk Assessment Tool (RadRAT), which is interactive computer software that uses state of the art risk projection models to estimate lifetime cancer risks and incorporates Monte Carlo simulation methods to assess the impact of uncertainties in the assumptions and data. She recently became the NCI Principal Investigator for the UK Pediatric CT scans study, which is a retrospective cohort study of 250,000 children who had one or more CT scans as children or adolescents.

Therapeutic radiation exposure
Berrington de González has conducted a number of studies using the SEER cancer registries to evaluate patterns of second cancers and the second cancer risks related to radiotherapy treatment. She is currently developing a cohort of breast cancer survivors using the electronic medical records from Kaiser Permanente Health Plans to study the late effects of various breast cancer treatments. She is also developing methods to project risks from high-doses of radiation exposure and conducting a pilot study to assess the feasibility of performing the first multi-center study of the second cancer risks from proton therapy and IMRT.

Awards and honors
Berrington de González is an elected member of the American Epidemiological Society.

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Academics of the University of Oxford
Category:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health faculty
Category:National Institutes of Health people
Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford
Category:21st-century women scientists
Category:Women epidemiologists


I Don't Believe You

"I Don't Believe You" is a song by American recording artist Pink. It was released as the sixth single from her fifth studio album, Funhouse.

Background
"I Don't Believe You" is set in common time and played in the key of A-flat major. The guitar and piano are used for the background music, while Pink's voice follows the A♭ —Fm7—Cm—D♭—A♭  chord progression. Pink explained on her website that, lyrically, the song is about pleading for reconciliation, and is her favourite song from Funhouse "because it's just so naked. It's like taking a deep breathe and saying, 'Here I am. Take me. Take your best shot'." She went on to explain that:"The first thing that comes to my mind with I Don't Believe You is me standing in the vocal booth listening... Actually in the control room listening to this song, tears running down my face, just like 'fuck, really?' It's the vulnerable weak side of me that I don't let out very often. And it's [sighs], yeah it's that song. And I love it, I love it. I just love it, it's very near and dear to me."

Reception

Critical reception

Jonathan Keefe from Slant Magazine praised the song, notably its sparse electric guitar riff and Pink's "phenomenal vocal turn that is both vulnerable and accusatory", while New York Times reporter Jon Caramanica claimed "I Don't Believe You" swells like a classic soul ballad, as Pink pleads for a lover to reconsider walking away. On another side, Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone magazine gave a negative review, claiming the song is a "goopy ballad", which makes the singer sound like "just another big-voiced chart-buster", and that she has shown more personality on previous singles.

Chart performance
"I Don't Believe You" is Pink's single with the lowest peak in the United Kingdom. It failed to reach the top forty due to physical single was cancelled. In the U.S. & Canada, the track has sold around 115,000+ in digital downloads, but failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, making I Don't Believe You her only single from Funhouse not to have higher charting. In Australia, the song reached number twenty-three on the sales chart and was the number-one most added track to the radio on its debut week of release. In the Europe, "I Don't Believe You" reached top forty in most countries with its highest peak in Portugal, where the song reached number one.

Music video
The music video for "I Don't Believe You", directed by Sophie Muller, was shot in September 2009 in Los Angeles, California. The music video premiered on October 2009. The video is in black and white, it features Pink in the wedding dress she wore to her actual wedding to Carey Hart in 2006, and a diamond encrusted wedding gown as she searches for her lover, to no avail. Scenes include her lying down in the dress, rollerblading around what appears to be the inside of a church (The Los Angeles Theater), singing to an empty wedding dining room, crying over an empty wedding album and singing to herself in front of the mirror.

Live performances
On September 16, 2009 Pink performed "I Don't Believe You" along with "Funhouse" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! She also performed the song on February 5, 2010 on The Oprah Winfrey Show. The song was also performed on the Funhouse Tour.

Track listing
CD single
 "I Don't Believe You" (Main) — 4:35
 "I Don't Believe You" — 4:23

Charts

Weekly charts

Certifications

Release history

References

Category:2009 singles
Category:Music videos directed by Sophie Muller
Category:Pink (singer) songs
Category:Songs written by Pink (singer)
Category:Songs written by Max Martin
Category:Rock ballads
Category:Black-and-white music videos
Category:2008 songs
Category:LaFace Records singles
Category:Sony Music singles
Category:Torch songs
Category:2000s ballads


Mix FM

Mix FM may refer to:

Radio stations

Latvia
Mix 102.7, Riga

Australia
92.7 Mix FM, Maroochydore, Queensland
Mix 94.5, Perth, Western Australia
Mix 101.1, a defunct adult contemporary radio station in Melbourne, now KIIS 101.1
Mix 102.3, Adelaide
Mix 104.9, Darwin, Northern Territory
Mix 106.3, Canberra
Mix 106.5, a defunct adult contemporary radio station in Sydney, now KIIS 106.5
Mix FM Townsville (106.3 FM), a defunct radio station in Townsville, now Star 106.3

Armenia
Mix FM (Stepanakert) (105.0), Stepanakert, Karabakh

Canada
Mix FM (Ottawa) (91.9), Ottawa, Ontario
CJPG-FM (Mix 96.5), Portage la Prairie, Manitoba
CILT-FM (Mix 96.7), Steinbach, Manitoba

Cyprus
Mix FM Cyprus (102.3 & 90.8), Limassol

Fiji
 Mix FM (Fiji) (93.8 & 93.6)

Lebanon
Mix FM Lebanon (104.1 & 104.4 FM), Beirut

Malaysia
Mix (Malaysian radio station)

Philippines
DXMX (105.9 Mix FM), Davao City
DYOT (MiX FM Oton), a Manila Broadcasting Company station

United Kingdom
Mix 96 (Aylesbury), Buckinghamshire, England
Mix 107, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England

United States
WHLK (formerly branded Mix 106.5) in Cleveland, Ohio
KAMX (Mix 94.7) in Austin, Texas
KMGE (formerly Magic 94.5, now Mix FM 94.5) in Eugene, Oregon
KHIX (Mix 96.7) in Carlin, Nevada
KDMX (Mix 102.9) in Dallas, Texas
KHMX (Mix 96.5) in Houston, Texas
KMXB (Mix 94.1) in Las Vegas, Nevada
KMXG (Mix 96 in the Quad Cities
KMXP (Mix 96.9) in Phoenix, Arizona
KMXZ-FM (Mix 94.9) in Tucson, Arizona
KRAV-FM (Mix 96) in Tulsa, Oklahoma
KXXM (Mix 96.1) in San Antonio, Texas
KYMX (Mix 96) in Sacramento, California
WBVI (Mix 96.7) in Findlay, Ohio
WWBX (Mix 104.1) in Boston, Massachusetts
WEIU (FM) (Hit Mix 88.9) in Charleston, Illinois
WFMX (Mix 107.9) in Skowhegan, Maine
WFTN-FM (Mix 94.1) in Franklin, New Hampshire
WKJX (Mix 96) in Elizabeth City, North Carolina
WWKL (FM) (formerly branded Mix 106.7) in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania
WMXA (Mix 96.7) in Auburn, Alabama
WMXD (Mix 92.3) in Detroit, Michigan
WMXW (Mix 103.3) in Binghamton, New York
WXYM (Mix 96.1) in Tomah, Wisconsin
Mix (XM), XM satellite radio channel
WMGI (100.7 MIX FM) in Terre Haute, Indiana
WMNP (99.3 FM MIXX 993) in Newport, Rhode Island

See also
 Mixx FM (disambiguation)


Melissa Sweet

Melissa Sweet is an Australian freelance journalist and nonfiction writer. Formerly employed by The Sydney Morning Herald, The Bulletin magazine and Australian Associated Press, she specialises in writing about human health and medicine.

Early life and career

Sweet grew up in central Queensland, and on completing school, enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts degree with majors in journalism and agriculture at Western Australian Institute of Technology (WAIT, now Curtin University of Technology) in Perth. Sweet was awarded the WAIT Academic Staff Association Medal as top graduating student when she completed the course in 1984.

From 1987 she spent six years as medical writer for press agency Australian Associated Press, then took a position with PR firm Hill and Knowlton from 1993 to 1994 as a Senior account manager (healthcare). She moved back into news journalism in 1994, working as the medical writer for the Sydney Morning Herald and a columnist for Good Weekend magazine until 1998, when she was employed by The Bulletin magazine as a columnist and feature writer until 2003.

In 2002, Sweet was invited to join the Advisory Committee to an Australian Law Reform Commission and Australian Health Ethics Committee joint inquiry into the protection of human genetic information.

Sweet was awarded the National Press Club John Douglas Pringle Award in 2003, involving a travelling fellowship to the UK to research quality and safety in health care in England.

Since then she has been a freelance journalist, with a regular column in the Adelaide Independent Weekly until 2005, and adjunct senior lecturer positions at the University of Sydney and University of Notre Dame.

Sweet currently runs Croakey, a social journalism in health initiative, and contributes to Australian Rural Doctor, Australian Doctor, Australian Worker, the British Medical Journal, The Medical Journal of Australia, Australian Prescriber,  Australian Nursing Journal and other professional publications.

In 2008, Sweet was awarded the Obesity Society Media Award.

Sweet is one of the founders of YouComm News, an Australian open-source community journalism project which began in 2010.

On completion of her PhD, Sweet was awarded the Parker Medal for most outstanding thesis for 2017 at Canberra University.

Articles
 Intensive glare, 16 February 2010, Australian Broadcasting Corporation

Books
 Smart health choices : how to make informed health decisions, (with Judy Irwig and Les Irwig) Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, 1999
 Inside madness : how one woman's passionate drive to reform the mental health system ended in tragedy, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, 2006
 Improving population health : the uses of systematic reviews (with Ray Moynihan), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 2007
 The big fat conspiracy, ABC Books, Sydney, 2007
 Ten Questions You Must Ask Your Doctor (with Ray Moynihan), Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2008

References

External links

 Melissa Sweet at LinkedIn

 Melissa Sweet at AUSTLIT
 Melissa Sweet at National Library of Australia (2015-04-09, not yet identified by NLA id number)

Category:Living people
Category:Australian freelance journalists
Category:Medical journalists
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Conlig

Conlig () is a village and townland about halfway between Bangor and Newtownards in County Down, Northern Ireland.

Mining

The area includes extant ancient copper mines. Weapons forged with the copper from this mine have been found across Europe, and was traded for tin from Cornwall during the Bronze Age. Copper mining in the area declined, though the site at Whitespots in the village subsequently became one of the most important sources for minerals in the United Kingdom during the 19th century. At this time, the mines were the largest such complex in Ireland, and produced around 13,500 tonnes of lead between the late 17th century until the end of the 19th century. Production stopped in 1900, after a decline from 1854.

The area contains the only known occurrence of the mineral harmotome in Northern Ireland.

Much of the area has been developed by the Department of Environment (DoE) as a country park, and the site can be accessed via the Somme Heritage Centre's car park.

Whitespots has been designated an Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI) by the DoE in 1998.

Places of interest
Somme Heritage Centre
 Clandeboye Golf Club
 Assisi Animal Sanctuary
 Ark Farm (near the town of Conlig)

Notable people
 Ex-Formula One racing driver Eddie Irvine was raised on the Green Road, which lies on the outskirts of Conlig Village.
 Viscount Pirrie, who replaced Edward Harland as Chairman of Harland and Wolff, was also raised in Conlig. Had he not become ill, he would have been on the Titanic's doomed maiden voyage.
 Former Lord Mayor of Belfast, Cllr Ian Adamson OBE (born 1944) also grew up in Conlig, his family owned the village shop.

References

Category:Areas of Special Scientific Interest in Ards Borough
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1998
Category:Villages in County Down
Category:Civil parish of Bangor
Category:Townlands of County Down


HMS Puncher

Several ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Puncher.

  - an escort carrier of the Second World War, crewed by the Royal Canadian Navy
  - tank landing ship launched 1946 as LST 3036 and renamed Puncher 1947; sold and scrapped 1961
  - a fast patrol boat

Category:Royal Navy ship names


Seekogel (Ötztal Alps)

The Seekogel is a mountain in the Kaunergrat group of the Ötztal Alps.

See also
 List of mountains in Austria

Category:Mountains of Tyrol (state)
Category:Mountains of the Alps
Category:Alpine three-thousanders
Category:Ötztal Alps


Daniel Manohar

Daniel Manohar (born 13 March 1974) is an Indian former cricketer. He played 73 first-class matches for Hyderabad between 1997 and 2007.

See also
 List of Hyderabad cricketers

References

External links

Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian cricketers
Category:Hyderabad cricketers
Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India


PrivacyStar

PrivacyStar is a service that identifies who is calling and why, and provides for call complaint filing which reports to the Federal Trade Commission. The PrivacyStar service is available on the web and on mobile applications for Android  and iOS. On several applications powered by PrivacyStar, call and text blocking is available. The applications, along with PrivacyStar’s iPhone Lookup+ application, enable users to file potential debt collector and telemarketer violations directly to the FTC. The application captures detailed information about possible Fair Debt Collection Practices Act violations including date, time, number, and identity and allows users to easily provide this information to regulatory agencies so they may take action. PrivacyStar has over 1.2 million users who have blocked over 120 million calls and filed over 300,000 complaints directly with the Federal Trade Commission as of September 2012. In fact, PrivacyStar is the leading source of all call complaint data reported to the FTC. In 2015, its users filed 31% of all call complaints. On February 13, 2013, PrivacyStar launched a free SMS spam complaint filing feature for Android smartphones. The application allows users to file text message spam complaints in addition to the existing ability to file call complaints directly to the Federal Trade Commission from their Android phones.

History

Founded in 2008 by Jeff Stalnaker and Josh Smith, PrivacyStar is based in Little Rock, Arkansas. Jeff Stalnaker is the president and CEO of the company. Prior to PrivacyStar, Stalnaker held the position of Division President of the financial services division at Acxiom, a marketing company. Josh Smith is the COO of PrivacyStar. Charles Morgan is the executive chairman of the board of First Orion Corp., a private company that developed and markets PrivacyStar.

See also

 First Orion
 Call blocking
 National Do Not Call Registry
 Consumer privacy

References

External links
 PrivacyStar, PrivacyStar home page
 First Orion, First Orion home page

Category:Mobile software
Category:Privacy software


Port of Call

A port of call is an intermediate stop for a ship on its sailing itinerary; see also Port § Port of call.

Port of Call or Ports of Call may refer to:
 Ports of Call (film), a 1925 American silent film
 Port of Call (1948 film), a Swedish film
 Port of Call (2015 film), a Hong Kong film
 Ports of Call (Maalouf novel), a 1991 novel by Amin Maalouf
 Ports of Call (Vance novel), a 1998 novel by Jack Vance
 The Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans, a 2009 American crime drama film directed by Werner Herzog
 "Port of Call", a track by Porter Ricks from the album Biokinetics


Lizbeth Salazar

Lizbeth Yareli Salazar Vázquez (born 8 December 1996 in Culiacán, Sinaloa) is a Mexican road and track cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's Continental Team .

She won at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games the points race and won silver in the team pursuit and scratch. She represented her nation at the 2015 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

Major results
2014
Central American and Caribbean Games
1st  Points Race
2nd  Scratch Race
2nd  Team Pursuit (with Jessica Bonilla, Ingrid Drexel and Mayra del Rocio Rocha)
2nd  Scratch Race, Pan American Track Championships
2nd Scratch Race, Copa Internacional de Pista (U23)
3rd Scratch Race, Copa Internacional de Pista
2015
3rd  Team Pursuit, Pan American Games (with Sofía Arreola, Mayra del Rocio Rocha and Ingrid Drexel)
2016
Pan American Track Championships
1st  Scratch Race
2nd  Omnium
2nd  Team Pursuit (with Sofia Arreola, Jessica Bonilla and Mayra Del Rocio Rocha)
Copa Guatemala de Ciclismo de Pista
1st Points Race
1st Omnium
2nd Scratch Race
3rd 500m Time Trial
2018
2nd Omnium, International Belgian Track Meeting

References

External links

Category:1996 births
Category:Mexican female cyclists
Category:Living people
Category:Cyclists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Category:Sportspeople from Culiacán
Category:Pan American Games medalists in cycling
Category:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico


U.S. Route 285 in Texas

U.S. Highway 285 (US 285) travels from Sanderson, Texas to Denver, Colorado. In Texas, US 285 begins at an intersection with US 90 in Sanderson, traveling through Fort Stockton and Pecos before exiting the state into New Mexico between Pecos and Carlsbad.

Route description
US 285 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 90 in Sanderson, just west of the downtown area. The highway travels through highly rural areas of Terrell and Pecos County before entering Fort Stockton. In Fort Stockton, US 285 shares a short overlap with U.S. Route 385 and meets Interstate 10 before leaving the town. US 285 has an interchange with Farm to Market Road 1776, which serves the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company test track. After FM 1776, US 285 takes on a highly rural route until entering Pecos, where the highway meets with Interstate 20. US 285 briefly runs through Culberson County before crossing the state line into New Mexico.

Junction list

References

Category:Transportation in Terrell County, Texas
Category:Transportation in Pecos County, Texas
Category:Transportation in Reeves County, Texas
Category:Transportation in Culberson County, Texas
 Texas
85-2


Suicide Commandos (film)

Suicide Commandos/Commando suicida is a 1968 Italian war movie starring Aldo Ray. It was directed by Camillo Bazzoni and based on the 1966 novel Commando 44 by Piet Lay.

Cast
Aldo Ray	... 	Sergeant Cloadec
Tano Cimarosa 	... 	Calleya
Ugo Fangareggi 	... 	Harper (as Hugh Fangar-Smith)
Luis Dávila 	... 	Sam
Manuel Zarzo 	... 	Sorrel
Pamela Tudor 	... 	Calleya's Wife
Vira Silenti 	... 	Frau Vonberg

External links

Suicide Commandos at Grindhouse Database

Category:1968 films
Category:1960s war films
Category:Macaroni Combat films
Category:Italian films
Category:Italian war films


List of equations in nuclear and particle physics

This article summarizes equations in the theory of nuclear physics and particle physics.

Definitions

Equations

Nuclear structure

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" width="100" | Physical situation
! scope="col" width="250" | Nomenclature
! scope="col" width="10" | Equations
|-
!Mass number
|A = (Relative) atomic mass = Mass number = Sum of protons and neutrons
N = Number of neutrons
Z = Atomic number = Number of protons = Number of electrons
|
|-
!Mass in nuclei
|

''Mnuc = Mass of nucleus, bound nucleons
MΣ = Sum of masses for isolated nucleons
mp = proton rest mass
mn = neutron rest mass

|
|-
!Nuclear radius
|r0 ≈ 1.2 fm
|
hence (approximately) nuclear volume ∝ A
nuclear surface ∝ A2/3
|-
!Nuclear binding energy, empirical curve
|Dimensionless parameters to fit experiment:

EB = binding energy,
av = nuclear volume coefficient,
as = nuclear surface coefficient,
ac = electrostatic interaction coefficient,
aa = symmetry/asymmetry extent coefficient for the numbers of neutrons/protons,
|
where (due to pairing of nuclei)

δ(N, Z) = +1 even N, even Z,
δ(N, Z) = −1 odd N, odd Z,
δ(N, Z) = 0 odd A

|-
|}

Nuclear decay

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" width="100" | Physical situation
! scope="col" width="250" | Nomenclature
! scope="col" width="10" | Equations
|-
!Radioactive decay
|N0 = Initial number of atoms
N = Number of atoms at time t
λ = Decay constant
t = Time
|Statistical decay of a radionuclide:

|-
! Bateman's equations
|
|
|-
!Radiation flux
|I0 = Initial intensity/Flux of radiation
I = Number of atoms at time t
μ = Linear absorption coefficient
x = Thickness of substance
|
|-
|}

Nuclear scattering theory

The following apply for the nuclear reaction:

a + b ↔ R → c

in the centre of mass frame, where a and b are the initial species about to collide, c is the final species, and R is the resonant state.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" width="100" | Physical situation
! scope="col" width="250" | Nomenclature
! scope="col" width="10" | Equations
|-
!Breit-Wigner formula
|E0 = Resonant energy
 Γ, Γab, Γc are widths of R, a + b, c respectively
k = incoming wavenumber
s = spin angular momenta of a and b
J = total angular momentum of R
|Cross-section:

Spin factor:

Total width:

Resonance lifetime:

|-
!Born scattering
|r = radial distance
μ = Scattering angle
 A = 2 (spin-0), −1 (spin-half particles)
Δk = change in wavevector due to scattering
V = total interaction potential
V = total interaction potential
|Differential cross-section:

|-
!Mott scattering
|χ = reduced mass of a and b
v = incoming velocity

|Differential cross-section (for identical particles in a coulomb potential, in centre of mass frame):

Scattering potential energy (α = constant):

|-
!Rutherford scattering
|
|Differential cross-section (non-identical particles in a coulomb potential):

|-
|}

Fundamental forcesThese equations need to be refined such that the notation is defined as has been done for the previous sets of equations.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Equations
|-
!Strong force
||
|-
!Electroweak interaction
||:

|-
!Quantum electrodynamics
||
|}

See also

Defining equation (physical chemistry)
Defining equation (physics)
List of electromagnetism equations
List of equations in classical mechanics
List of equations in quantum mechanics
List of equations in wave theory
List of photonics equations
List of relativistic equations
Relativistic wave equations

Footnotes

Sources

Further reading

Category:Physical quantities
Category:SI units
Category:Equations of physics
Category:Nuclear physics
Category:Particle physics


Quercus uxoris

Quercus uxoris is an uncommon Mexican species of oak tree in the beech family.

The tree is endemic to Mexico.  It has been found in the states of Jalisco, Colima, Guerrero, Michoacán, and Oaxaca in southern Mexico.

Description
Quercus uxoris is a large deciduous tree up to 25 meters tall with a trunk often more than 100 cm in diameter.

Leaves can be as much as 26 cm long, thick and leathery, broadly lance-shaped with numerous tapering teeth along the edges.

References

uxoris
Category:Endemic flora of Mexico
Category:Trees of Colima
Category:Trees of Guerrero
Category:Trees of Jalisco
Category:Trees of Michoacán
Category:Trees of Oaxaca
Category:Plants described in 1972
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Chrysotypus dawsoni

Chrysotypus dawsoni is a species of moth of the family Thyrididae.

It is found in Togo, Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Tanzania and South Africa.

The body of this species is red brown, and the underside of the thorax is whitish. The wings are yellow brown with irregular dark brown lines with a wingspan of 34–48 mm.

References

Category:Thyrididae
Category:Moths described in 1897
Category:Moths of Africa
Category:Insects of Uganda
Category:Insects of Tanzania


Jeffrey Berger

Jeffrey Berger may refer to:

 Jeffrey J. Berger (born 1955), American Democratic politician in the state of Connecticut
 Jeffrey W. Berger (1963–2001), American vitreoretinal surgeon and engineer
Geoffrey Berger of Piper Aircraft


Vermont Ski and Snowboard Museum

The Vermont Ski and Snowboard Museum was established in Brandon, Vermont, United States, in 1988 as The Vermont Ski Museum, but was moved to Stowe in 2000 and opened to the public in its current location in 2002. In 2011 the word snowboarding was added to the museum's name. Currently the museum changes exhibits annually, with the exception of the Hall of Fame.

The museum's main objective is to "collect, preserve, and celebrate Vermont's skiing and snowboarding history", and its mission is

Location
The museum building was originally located in the 1818 Old Town Hall, but was moved during the 1860s. The museum is now located in the Perkins Building at 1 South Main Street, Stowe, Vermont. A complete renovation took place in 2002.

Collection
 the museum offers a broad programming schedule, which comes in support of its collection containing 7,500 items, divided into seven different areas, together with comprehensive historical descriptions.
 Ski and snowboard equipment.
 Ski and snowboard clothing.
 Mechanical equipment.
 Vermont Ski Area – specific location items.
 The 10th Mountain Division area.
 The Fine art area.
 The Related Library and Archival materials section includes over 800 items.

The museum is participating in the digitization of historical films and collection of interviews. These resources might be made available to the general public.

To maintain the collections, the museum undertakes preservation activities, rotates exhibits, and makes them accessible to the general public.

Events
In addition to the exhibits, the museum hosts several annual events including the Stowe Mountain Film Festival, the VT Antique Alpine Race, the VT Antique Nordic Race, the Epic Summer Event, and the presentation of the Paul Robbins Ski Journalism Award.

Hall of Fame
The museum awards the Vermont Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame.

Hall of Fame inductees

Paul Robbins Journalism Award

Gallery

References

External links

Category:1988 establishments in Vermont
Category:Museums established in 1988
Category:Ski museums and halls of fame
Category:Sports museums in Vermont
Category:Museums in Lamoille County, Vermont
Category:Libraries in Vermont
Category:Buildings and structures in Stowe, Vermont
Category:Skiing in Vermont
Category:Skiing in the United States
Category:Snowboarding


2008 in Iraq

Events in the year 2008 in Iraq.

Incumbents
 President: Jalal Talabani
 Prime Minister: Nouri al-Maliki
 Vice President: Tariq al-Hashimi, Adil Abdul-Mahdi
 Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government (autonomous region)
 President: Massoud Barzani
 Prime Minister: Barham Salih
 Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government
 President: Massoud Barzani
 Prime Minister: Nechervan Barzani

Events

January

 1 January – A suicide bomber kills more than 30 people and injures 32 in an attack in Baghdad. The blast is targeted at mourners at the funeral of a Shia army officer, Nabil Hussein Jassim, who had himself been killed by a car bombing in central Baghdad three days earlier.
 7 January – A double bombing in Baghdad kills at least 14 people, including Riyadh Samarrai, leader of the US-backed Adhamiya Awakening group, which fights al-Qaeda in Sunni areas of the city.
 8 January – Operation Phantom Phoenix begins in an attempt to hunt down the remaining 200 al-Qaeda extremists in the province of Diyala following the end of the previous offensive. The operation also includes targeting insurgent elements in Salah ad-Din province. Nine Americans and up to 30 insurgents are killed in the first two days of fighting.
 9 January – One of the largest surveys to date of Iraqi casualties of violence since the US-led invasion in 2003 is released and reports that around 151,000 Iraqis have died. The study by the Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group involved a survey of Iraqi homes and estimated the number of violent deaths at 151,000 (with a 95% uncertainty range of 104,000 to 223,000) for the period March 2003 through June 2006.
 10 January – Continuing offensives as part of Operation Phantom Phoenix saw over 18,000 kg (40,000 lb) of explosives dropped by two USAF B-1 Lancers and four F-16 fighter aircraft on al-Qaeda positions in the Arab Jabour area of Baghdad.
 11 January – Snow fell in Baghdad for the first time in over 50 years. Thawing on contact with the ground, the snow failed to settle, although residents gathered in the streets to watch the flurries. Anecdotal evidence suggests snow may have fallen in northern parts of the city 40 years ago however the 2008 snowfall is thought to be the first in living memory.
 13 January – The Federal government of Iraq announces the passing of a law which will allow former members of the Baath Party to take up military and civil service positions. Following the cessation of formal hostilities in 2003 the US-led administration under Paul Bremer had prohibited former Baath members from holding positions. The new law, aimed at reconciliation, offers an amnesty in respect of Baath party members whose re-appointment is not resisted following a three-month review period. Pensions may also be offered to former officials regardless of whether they take up new positions.
 14 January – A senior Iraq Appeals Court judge is assassinated in the Mansour district of Baghdad. Jawdat Naeib was shot (along with his driver) when his car was ambushed. He was also a member of the Supreme Judicial Council, the body which supervises and nominates members of the judiciary in Iraq.
 15 January – United States Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice visits Baghdad meeting with Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and Minister of Foreign Affairs Hoshyar Zebari.
 16 January – A female suicide bomber blows herself up near a Shia mosque in Khan Bani Saad, a town south of Baqubah, the capital of Diyala Governorate. 11 people were killed and eighteen others wounded in the attack.
 17 January – The International Monetary Fund and the United Nations release reports suggesting Iraq is facing a period of economic growth and a stabilising political process. The IMF's Middle East and Central Asia department, said GDP growth may exceed 7% in 2008 and hold at between 7% and 8% in 2009 (in each case dependent on continuing oil production). Meanwhile, the UN praised political reconciliation efforts exemplified by the new laws regarding former Baathists returning to public employment.
 22 January – The parliament of Iraq approves a new flag for the country. The new design no longer has the three green stars of the old flag, which represented the ideals of the Baath Party.
 24 January – A suicide bomber kills a high-ranking police chief and two other police officers in Mosul at the site of an explosion that had killed at least 34 people and wounded at least 217 the day before. Brigadier General Salah Mohammed al-Jubouri, the director of police for Ninawa Governorate, was inspecting the scene of Wednesday's blast when gunmen ambushed his convoy.
 25 January – After successive suicide attacks in Mosul in recent days, killing over 40 people including the city's police chief, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki announces that Iraqi security forces and American troops were gathering for what he described as a "decisive" offensive against al-Qaeda in Iraq and its allies.

February
 1 February – Two bombs explode in Baghdad animal markets killing 99 people and wounding 200. The Iraqi government claims that the bombs were carried by women and detonated remotely.
 9 February – Two children in Baghdad die after eating cake poisoned with thallium and at least nine others are affected. The cake was given to people at an Iraqi sports club near the capital. The Secretary of the Iraqi Air Force and his daughter were among the victims.
 13 February – The Iraqi parliament passes provincial powers law setting out relationship between the provinces and the central Iraqi government. It also demands that provincial elections be held before the end of 2008. These elections are scheduled for 1 October
 Also, the Iraqi parliament passes 2008 budget and an amnesty law.
 19 February – The Iraq war has strained U.S. forces to the point where they could not fight another large-scale war, according to a survey of military officers.
 Tours of duty for U.S. soldiers in Iraq may be cut from 15 months to 12 if current improvements in security hold up.
 22 February –
 Approximately 10,000 Turkish Armed Forces cross the border into northern Iraq in an operation against Kurdish rebels from the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). The move followed an aerial bombing campaign which began on 21 February.
 Moqtada Sadr orders a renewal of the ceasefire which the Mahdi Army has observed for the previous six months.
 24 February –
 Iraq's government has urged Turkey to rethink its military incursion against Kurdish rebels operating from bases in northern Iraq amid fears the escalating fighting could destabilize the region.
 A leader of a Sunni Awakening Council group, Sheikh Ibrahim Mutayri al-Mohammedi, is killed in a suicide bombing in Falluja.
 25 February –
 The White House said it is in "constant dialogue" with Iraq and Turkey about the Turkish military operation against Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq.
 A man in a wheelchair blew himself up in a northern Iraqi police station, killing three National Police officers, including a commander.
 About 8,000 of the 30,000 "surge" troops sent to Iraq in 2007 will not go home as planned summer 2008, the Pentagon told.
 26 February – One of five Britons believed to have been kidnapped 29 May 2007 in Baghdad pleaded with the British government to release prisoners sought by his captors so "we can go home."
 29 February –
 The cousin of Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid, known by the nickname "Chemical Ali" for his role in a chemical weapons attack on Iraqi Kurds in the 1980s, will be executed, Iraqi officials told.
 According to reports given by the Catholic News Service, Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho was kidnapped from his car in the Al-Nur district of the city; his bodyguards and driver were killed. The kidnappers demanded that the Assyrian Christians contribute to the jihad, through jizya. The captors are also believed to have demanded the release of Arab (Non-Iraqi) detainees and that they be paid a ransom for Rahho's release.

March
 1 March – Twenty-nine U.S. troops died in Iraq during February 2008, the third-lowest total of the nearly five-year-old war.
 3 March – A pair of car bombings targeting Iraqi security forces killed at least 18 people and wounded dozens in Baghdad.
 6 March – Fifty-three people were killed and 125 were wounded in two bomb attacks in a Baghdad commercial district.
 8 March – A mass grave holding an estimated 100 bodies was found in an orchard in Iraq's Diyala Governorate, just north of Baqubah.
 10 March –
 In 2008, its fifth year, the war will cost approximately $12 billion a month, triple the "burn" rate of its earliest years, Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph E. Stiglitz reported.
 Two bombings, in Baghdad and Diyala Governorate, killed eight U.S. troops.
 12 March – Eleven militants were killed by Iraqi police raids against the Mahdi Army, after radical Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr declared that members of the Mahdi Army could defend themselves if attacked by U.S. troops.
 13 March –
 It was reported that Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho's body had been found buried in a shallow grave near Mosul. Officials of the Chaldean Church in Iraq said they had received a call telling them where the body was buried. Reports over the cause of death were somewhat contradictory. An official of the morgue in Mosul said the archbishop, who had health problems, including high blood pressure and diabetes, might have died of natural causes. Police at the Mosul morgue said the Archbishop appeared to have been dead a week and his body bore no bullet wounds. He is believed to be the highest-ranking Chaldean Catholic Church official killed since the 2003 conflict began.
 After a bomb blast, which occurred in October 2007, a wife is left "to be her husband's legs", it was reported.
 17 March –
 A report by the International Committee of the Red Cross suggested that Iraq was on the brink of a full-scale humanitarian crisis some 5 years after US-led military operations began. The report indicated that millions of Iraqis continue to have little or no access to clean water, sanitation or healthcare.
 A female suicide bomber apparently targeting Shiite worshippers killed at least 33 people and wounded at least 50 in Karbala.
 18 March – The smuggling of stolen antiquities from Iraq's rich cultural heritage is helping finance Iraqi extremist groups, said the U.S. investigator who led the initial investigation into the looting of Baghdad's National Museum.
 19 March –
 The top U.S. commander in Iraq, Gen. David Petraeus, said Iran continues to support Iraqi insurgents and Syria is allowing foreign fighters passage into Iraq.
 The war in Iraq is widely unpopular among U.S.-citizens: A CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll found only 32 percent of Americans support the conflict. And 61 percent said they want the next president to remove most U.S. troops within a few months of taking office.
 20 March –
 The International Rescue Committee issued a report detailing the plight of Iraqi refugees on the five-year anniversary of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq.
 In a videotape, broadcast by Al Jazeera, the voice identified as Osama bin Laden declares "Iraq is the perfect base to set up the jihad to liberate Palestine."
 On the fifth anniversary of the launch of Operation Iraqi Freedom, President Bush noted that the war in Iraq had been "longer and harder and more costly than we anticipated" and that there was "still hard work to be done" to maintain gains that were "fragile and reversible".  But he said that the surge was "working" and had "opened the door to a major strategic victory in the broader war on terror". He ended by telling American soldiers that "with your courage, the battle in Iraq will end in victory."
 21 March –
 A U.S. soldier is killed and four others wounded by indirect fire south of Baghdad.
 A suicide bomber detonated a small truck rigged with explosives outside a local Awakening Council leader's house just east of Samarra, killing at least five people and wounding 13 others. Awakening Councils are largely Sunni security groups that have been recruited by the U.S. military.
 22 March –
 Three U.S. soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb that struck their vehicle while they were on patrol in northwestern Baghdad. Two Iraqi civilians were also killed in the attack. The deaths bring to 3,996 the number of U.S. service members who have died since the Iraq war began in 2003.
 Another roadside bomb blast struck an Iraqi police patrol in Kirkuk, killing a civilian and wounding nine people.
 23 March –
 Four U.S. soldiers died in a roadside bombing in southern Baghdad, bringing the American toll since the beginning of the war on 19 March 2003 to the grim milestone of 4,000 deaths. Of the 4,000 U.S. military personnel killed in the war, 3,263 have been killed in attacks and fighting and 737 in non-hostile incidents, such as traffic accidents and suicides. Meanwhile, estimates of the Iraqi death toll range from about 80,000 to the hundreds of thousands, with another 2 million forced to leave the country and 2.5 million people displaced within Iraq. Mowaffak al-Rubaie, Iraqi National Security Advisor, told the war in Iraq is part of "a global terrorism hitting everywhere, and they have chosen Iraq to be a battlefield". Nearly 160,000 U.S. troops remain in Iraq, and the war has cost U.S. taxpayers about $600 billion.
 Sen. Bob Menendez of New Jersey said President George W. Bush "took us to war on the wings of a lie."
 U.S. troops raided a suspected suicide bomber cell in Diyala province, killing a dozen militants, half of whom had shaved their bodies—which the U.S. military says indicates they were in the final stage of preparation for a suicide attack.*At least four Al-Qaeda in Iraq members were killed in volatile Diyala province.
 A suicide car bomb exploded at a fuel station in a predominantly Shiite neighborhood in northwest Baghdad, killing seven people and wounding 12 others.
 The military also reported a roadside bombing that killed two children and wounded two civilians. It occurred in Khatoon, north of the Diyala provincial capital of Baqubah.
 A suicide bomber detonated a truck full of explosives outside the main gate of an Iraqi military base in Mosul, killing at least 10 Iraqi soldiers and wounding 35 people, including 20 soldiers.
 A mortar round landed in a Shiite neighborhood in eastern Baghdad, killing seven people and injuring nine others. Six more mortar rounds landed in other Baghdad neighborhoods, killing three people.
 In southeastern Baghdad, gunmen riding in at least two cars opened fire on a crowded outdoor market, killing at least three people and wounding 17 others.
 25 March – The political movement of powerful Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across Iraq to protest raids and detentions against the Mahdi Army. The Battle of Basra (2008) between Iraqi security forces and al-Sadr's Mahdi Army militia left 50 dead and spread to several Baghdad districts. The discord also threatens to unravel a much-praised suspension of Mahdi Army militia activity since August 2007, and its collapse could spark renewed sectarian violence and prompt the United States to delay any troop withdrawals.
 26 March –
 Clashes between Iraqi security forces and Mahdi Army fighters spread from the key oil city of Basra and parts of Baghdad to the Shiite heartland of Al Diwaniyah and Kut, with the death toll rising past 100 after the start of fighting on 24 March 2008. At least 35 people have died in Kut and one person was killed and four were wounded in Diwaniya.
 At least nine people were killed and 23 wounded during clashes between militants and Iraqi police in neighborhoods around the city of Hilla and in a U.S. air strike that killed four.
 President George W. Bush discussed war with the chiefs of the armed services. The military was expected to recommend delaying further withdrawals of U.S. troops once the surge troops are withdrawn.
 Indirect fire attacks on the American seat of power in Baghdad continued, with three Americans seriously injured and another dying of wounds he received a few days ago.
 Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq briefed city and provincial officials about the Battle of Basra (2008) and vowed to finish the job, even if it takes a month.
 27 March –
 The British military admitted that it breached the human rights of an Iraqi man, named Baha Mousa, who died in custody, and that its soldiers also violated the rights of eight other detained Iraqis.
 Forty-two people were killed in Kut, the latest casualties since the start of the clashes between the Mahdi Army and Iraqi security forces on 24 March 2008. There was also fighting in Jamhouriya, one of five neighborhoods the Mehdi Army controls, and Muqal.
 A U.S. government official was killed when militants fired rockets into the Green Zone.
 Dozens of gunmen kidnapped the spokesman of the Baghdad security plan, Tahseen Sheikhly. Three of his guards were killed and his house burned in the attack.
 A car bomb explosion killed three people and wounded five others near a police patrol in central Baghdad.
 President George W. Bush on 27 March 2008 called the Iraqi government's move to launch the Battle of Basra (2008) against the Mahdi Army a "bold decision." He will carefully weigh recommendations from his commanders Gen. David Petraeus and U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker about how the United States should proceed in Iraq after the 2007-military buildup ends in the summer of 2008.
 Iraq's government imposed a curfew, which took effect at 11 p.m. 27 March 2008 (4 p.m. ET), bans pedestrian, motorcycle and vehicle traffic through 5 p.m. 30 March 2008 in Baghdad and U.S. Embassy workers in Iraq were told to remain in secure buildings and wear protective clothing as rockets continued to rain down on Baghdad's Green Zone.
 28 March –
 Baghdad was on virtual lockdown as a tough new curfew ordered everyone off the streets of the Iraqi capital and five other cities until 5 p.m. 30 March 2008.
 At least 14 people were killed and 61 wounded during clashes between Iraqi security forces and the insurgents of the Mahdi Army in Sadr City of Baghdad. Some of the deaths resulted from U.S. airstrikes, which have been supporting Iraqi ground fighting.
 A special session of the 275-seat Council of Representatives of Iraq convened to discuss ways to stem the violence but fell far short of a quorum, blocking lawmakers from taking action.
 The Iraqi government offered cash to people who surrender medium and heavy weapons by 8 April 2008.
 President George W. Bush praised the Battle of Basra (2008) as "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq".
 One U.S. soldier was killed by a roadside bomb south of the city Baghdad.
.
 A U.S. military analysis of the Battle of Basra (2008) indicated the government push was not going as well as American officials had hoped.
 29 March –
 U.S. warplanes and British artillery struck targets in Basra. Another Basra airstrike killed 10 fighters, and a joint U.S.-Iraqi patrol killed 7 more fighters in southeastern Baghdad's Suwayrah district.
 Two U.S. soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb in eastern Baghdad.
 A curfew that was imposed on Basra was lifted.
 30 March –
 A strict curfew was extended indefinitely in Baghdad as the death toll mounted from the Battle of Basra (2008) between Iraqi security forces and the Mahdi Army to more than 280 people. Death tolls are difficult to obtain, but reports from Iraqi and coalition authorities suggest more than 400 people have died since fighting began 25 March 2008.
 The U.S. military death toll in Iraq now stands at 4,007.
 Turkey's military told it killed at least 15 rebels in operations in northern Iraq in the week of 24 March 2008, but a spokesman for the Iraqi Kurdish Regional Security Forces denied the report, saying Turkey has not conducted any military operation or air assault there in the weeks of 24 March 2008 and 17 March 2008.
 Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr called on the Mahdi Army to stop shooting and cooperate with Iraqi security forces, a move Iraq's government praised as a step toward ending six days of fighting, including Battle of Basra (2008), that has left hundreds dead. Witnesses reported continued clashes throughout the day in Basra even after the announcements. But Iraqi authorities said after al-Sadr's announcement they would lift an indefinite curfew that had been imposed on Baghdad since 27 March 2008.
 In northern Iraq, five Iraqi police officers were killed and two bystanders were wounded when gunmen attacked a police patrol in the town of Dhuluiyah.
 The U.S. military said it found a mass grave with 14 bodies near Muqdadiya. The bodies, which showed signs of torture, appeared to have been in the grave for two to six months. They were found 100 yards from where 37 bodies were found buried 28 March 2008.
 Ten people were killed when a suicide car bomb struck a checkpoint manned by members of the Awakening Council. Four members of the council were among the dead. Also in Baiji, a child was killed and seven civilians were wounded when a mortar landed in a residential area 29 March 2008.
 In Samarra, gunmen stormed the home of an Awakening Council member, killing him and his son. His wife and daughter were wounded in the 29 March 2008 morning attack, Samarra police said.
 31 March – The curfew imposed on Baghdad is scheduled to be lifted 6 a.m.

April

 1 April – The British defense minister, Des Browne, said that the number of British troops in Iraq will remain at the current level of around 4,000 for the time being, particularly in light of the Battle of Basra (2008) in the week of 24 March 2008.
 2 April – Al-Sadr's Sadrist Movement called for millions of Iraqis to demonstrate against the U.S. presence in Iraq, a protest that would coincide with scheduled testimony in Washington D C from top U.S. officials in Iraq and the anniversary of the toppling of the Saddam Hussein-regime.
 3 April –
 Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr offered to help purge Iraqi security forces of Mahdi Army-members. But he also criticized the Iraqi government for denying that it sent envoys to him to discuss the Battle of Basra (2008) in the week of 24 March 2008. The Iraqi government said the operation that began 25 March targeted criminals who had been carrying out indiscriminate attacks, burglaries and oil smuggling. Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki called the Battle of Basra (2008) but said it exposed weaknesses in the security forces, including operational snafus and troop desertions that he said will be addressed and reviewed. He brushed off criticism that the widespread action was poorly planned, was politically motivated and failed to dislodge the renegade militias from their strongholds across Basra. Al-Maliki promised a major offensive targeting Al-Qaeda in Iraq in the northern city of Mosul.
 A Sadr City resident said mosque loudspeakers blared the call to protest.
 4 April – Saleh al-Ageili, a spokesman for the Sadrist Movement, reported that Muqtada al-Sadr had called for peaceful demonstrations in Sadr City after prayers "to protest the campaign of raids carried out by the occupier."
 7 April –
 The Pentagon said it does not expect Gen. David Petraeus to recommend or predict additional U.S. troop cuts in Iraq, beyond the 20,000 U.S. troops returning home as the troop "surge" ends in July 2008, when he testifies before his "State of Iraq" report to the United States Congress on 8 April 2008 and 9 April 2008. After the surge ends in July 2008, there will be 15 U.S. combat brigade teams in Iraq, and roughly 140,000 American troops.
 White House spokesman Tony Fratto admitted the Battle of Basra (2008)-operation was not "an overall success" for Iraqi government forces.
 8 April –
 Gen. David Petraeus, the commander of multinational forces in Iraq, and Ambassador Ryan Crocker answered questions from key member of the United States Senate. All three leading presidential candidates—Democratic Sens. Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, and Republican Sen. John McCain –  questioned Petraeus and Crocker.
 Gen. David Petraeus, the commander of multinational forces in Iraq, and Ambassador Ryan Crocker, told the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services and the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations that Iranian agents and weapons are fueling the ongoing strife there and that further U.S. troop withdrawals will have to wait. Although the last of the additional U.S. combat brigades dispatched in 2007 is scheduled to leave in June 2008, Petraeus said he would recommend against further withdrawals for at least 45 days. Future troop levels be based on conditions on the ground. In the seven months since their last appearance before Congress, U.S. and Iraqi forces made progress toward tamping down the violence but the progress was "fragile" and "reversible."
 Petraeus told senators the Iraqi government's operation Battle of Basra (2008) "could have been better planned, and the preparation could have been better." He said that once the forces got into Basra, "they ended up going into action more quickly than anticipated" and Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki didn't follow his advice to move at a more careful pace.
 Opening the Senate hearings, the Armed Services Committee chairman, Carl Levin, said the United States must come up with a timeline for ending its involvement in Iraq.
 When asked by Republican Senator John Warner whether the Iraq War is making the U.S. safer, Petraeus stated that it would ultimately be up to history.
 Republican Senator Chuck Hagel asked about Ambassador Ryan Crocker's "diplomatic surge," and its apparent lack of results in the region.
 Senator George Voinovich, a Republican, broke with his party line, saying the country is, "kind of bankrupted ... in a recession."
 Republican Senator Bob Corker asked for an articulated exit strategy.
 John McCain, the top Republican on the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services and a leading advocate of the 2007-troop increase, said the United States is no longer "staring into the abyss of defeat" as a result.
 Hillary Clinton said it would be "irresponsible" to continue a failed policy in Iraq. She said it is "time to begin an orderly process of withdrawing our troops" from Iraq in order to focus on Afghanistan and other U.S. interests.
 Barack Obama, a member of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, questioned whether the conditions set by U.S. commanders for withdrawal would lead to a war that could last until 2028 or 2038. He called the invasion of Iraq a "massive strategic blunder" that allowed Al-Qaeda and Iran to spread their influence into Iraq, and said the United States should pressure Iraqi officials to settle the war by threatening to leave. Senator Barack Obama remarked, "if the definition of success is so high:  no traces of Al Qaida and no possibility of reconstitution, a highly-effective Iraqi government, a democratic multi-ethnic, multi-sectarian functioning democracy with no Iranian influence, at least not of the kind that we don't like, then that portends the possibility of us staying for 20 or 30 years. If, on the other hand, our criteria is a messy, sloppy status quo but there's not huge outbreaks of violence, there's still corruption, but the country is struggling along, but it's not a threat to its neighbors and it's not an Al Qaida base, that seems to me an achievable goal within a measurable timeframe."
 America's ambassador to Iraq, Ryan Crocker, said that the United States has to keep its forces in Iraq unless it wants Iran to have a free hand in Iraq.
 9 April – Gen. David Petraeus, the commander of multinational forces in Iraq, and Ambassador Ryan Crocker answered questions from United States House of Representatives members.
 10 April –
 President George W. Bush is expected to announce the shortening of the Army combat-zone tours from 15 months to 12 months as of the summer of 2008.
 Unmanned aerial vehicles targeted and killed six "heavily armed criminals" in northeastern Baghdad.
 11 April –
 Muqtada al-Sadr accused Iraqi and U.S. forces of attacking Sadr City, just hours after the Shiite cleric called for calm in the wake of the assassination of Sayyed Riyadh al-Nuri, one of his top aides in the southern city of Najaf. Sheikh Fowzi Saad al-Obeidi called the killing an "act of provocation" after the "siege of Sadr City." He was referring to the battles since 6 April 2008 involving members of al-Sadr's Mahdi Army militia and Iraqi security forces dominated by a rival Shiite political movement, the Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council. That fighting started with the Battle of Basra (2008) and spread to other Shiite regions, including Sadr City and the Babil provincial capital of Hilla. The intra-Shiite fighting in Iraq that has killed hundreds of people in the past two weeks involved two main movements: members of the Mahdi Army militia loyal to Muqtada al-Sadr, and Iraqi security forces dominated by the chief political rival of the Sadrists, the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq. The al-Nuri assassination prompted officials to expand the daily curfew in Hilla. 17 people killed over 24 hours in airstrikes, fighting and attacks in areas wracked in recent weeks by fighting among Shiites. Witnesses and media reported heavy fighting between U.S.-backed Iraqi troops and al-Sadr's Mahdi Army militia. U.S. troops working in support of Iraqi soldiers killed two snipers. At the same time at least six roadside bombs damaged vehicles in a U.S. Army convoy that was transporting barriers for a group of Iraqi Army soldiers establishing a checkpoint.
 Unmanned aerial vehicles targeted and killed six suspected insurgents in Basra.
 Suicide bombings killed at least four people—three of them police. The first bombing was in Ramadi, the provincial capital of the predominantly Sunni Anbar province. At least three national police officers were killed. The second attack took place at a checkpoint about 20 km north of Baiji, the bomber and one other person a local Awakening Council were killed. Also, at least three people were killed in a mortar attack on Baghdad's Palestine Hotel.
 14 April – Three people died in the nearby city of Tal Afar when a suicide attacker blew himself up at an Iraqi soldier's funeral.
 15 April – A wave of bombings blamed on Al-Qaeda in Iraq-jihadists shook Baghdad, Baquba, Ramadi and Mosul, killing at least 60 people. Nonetheless, the overall violence in Baquba has decreased by 80 percent since June 2007.
 17 April – A suicide bomber killed at least 15 people and wounded many others in a suicide attack on a crowd of mourners in Baquba, during the funerall of two members of a local group who had died fighting al-Qaeda in Iraq militants.
 22 April – A female suicide bomber killed six people and wounded a dozen others when she blew herself up north of Baghdad according to Iraqi police.
 29 April – In April 2008, the United States government accused an alleged Iranian-backed insurgency of launching attacks on Iraqi civilians and US-led multinational forces and claimed that approximately 90 percent of foreign militants entered Iraq through Syria, but again, provided no proof. "Iran and Syria must stop the flow of weapons and foreign fighters into Iraq, and their malign interference in Iraq," U.S. Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad said Monday in a report to the U.N. Security Council on behalf of the multinational force in Iraq. The Iranian and Syrian governments, however, have repeatedly denied trying to destabilize Iraq and insist there is no proof.

May
 2 May – an Iraqi delegation in Iran gave Iranian security officials evidence purporting to show that Tehran was providing support for Shi'ite militias battling Iraqi government forces. According to Haidar al-Ibadi, a member of Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki's Islamic Dawa Party, list of names, training camps and cells linked to Iran were presented to the Iranian officials. The Iranian officials denied the accusations and the Iraqi government has since announced that there is no hard evidence against Iran.
 8 May – A man originally thought to be the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, Abu Ayyub al-Masri, is arrested in Mosul.
 31 May – May 2008 ends in Iraq, the U.S. Department of Defense reports 19 deaths in the month, the lowest total since the invasion.

June
 10 June – Iraqi police launch an operation in Dhi Qar, capturing 55 suspected Mahdi Army members.
 14 June – Iraqi troops begin an offensive in the southern governorate of Maysan. The operation began when helicopters dropped leaflets over the provincial capital Amarah urging residents to cooperate with security forces. Iraqi security forces closed down the border with Iran and began patrols in Amarah. There were no reports of major clashes, as many militia leaders are believed to have fled into Iran following operations in Sadr City in April and May.

July

 23 July – Admiral Mike Mullen, Staff Chairman the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said that while the situation in Afghanistan is "precarious and urgent," the 10,000 additional troops needed there would be unavailable "in any significant manner" unless withdrawals from Iraq were made. Mullen stated that "my priorities ... given to me by the commander in chief are: Focus on Iraq first. It's been that way for some time. Focus on Afghanistan second."
 26 July – In a report published by the AP, Robert Burns, the AP's chief military reporter, and Robert Reid, the AP bureau chief in Baghdad, say the tide of war in Iraq had turned dramatically, with formerly violent neighborhoods rid of extremists and Iraqi civilians filling public parks, confident in their newfound, albeit fragile peace.
 29 July – 50,000 Iraqi soldiers and police, supported by U.S. troops, launch Operation Augurs of Prosperity in Diyala Governorate, north-east of Baghdad. Iraqi forces faced little resistance, since insurgents were believed to have fled the area before the offensive.

August
 14 August – A female suicide bomber strikes Shia pilgrims south of Baghdad, killing at least 18 people and wounding dozens more.
 16 August – Task Force 34 enters Iraq.
 21 August – US negotiators and Iraq negotiators agree on a withdrawal of all US troops in Iraq by 2011.

September
 1 September – The US military transferred control of Anbar province to the Iraqi government. Anbar is the largest of Iraq's 18 provinces, and is the eleventh province to be handed over to Iraq by coalition forces.
 17 September – A U.S. Soldier from 610 ESC 14th Engineer Battalion, 555 Engineer Brigade is killed in a tragic Humvee accident just south of Baghdad.
 20 September – At least three people were killed by a suicide car bomb near a soccer field where young men were playing in Tal Afar.
 21 September – At least 35 people were wounded and one killed in seven violent incidents in Baghdad, including seven bombings and two gun attacks.
 28 September – At least 27 people were killed and 84 wounded in five separate bombings in Baghdad coming close to the end of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.

October
 4 October – Polish troops in Iraq hold a ceremony at Camp Echo in Qadasiyah Province to mark the end of their mission in Iraq. U.S. troops from the 2nd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division took over responsibilities for the area of operations vacated by the Poles.
 26 October – A Syrian government source claimed four US helicopters coming from Iraq violated the Syrian airspace.
 28 October – U.S. officials said the US helicopter raid that took place two days earlier, into Syria killed Abu Ghadiyah, a key figure involved in the smuggling of foreign fighters into Iraq.
 29 October –
 Iraqi authorities take over responsibility for security of Wasit province from US military forces making it the 13th of Iraq's 18 provinces to be transferred.
 The last contingent of Polish troops land in Polish city of Szczecin, marking the end of their country's mission in Iraq.

November
 17 November – The US and the Iraqi Government sign the US-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement providing for the withdrawal of US troops from Iraqi cities by 30 June 2009 and a complete withdrawal of US forces from Iraq by the end of 2011.

December
 4 December – The Czech Republic mission to Iraq ends.
 5 December – The South Korean mission to Iraq ends.
 9 December – The Ukrainian mission to Iraq ends.
 14 December – On 14 December 2008 then-U.S. President George W. Bush signed the security pact with Iraq. In his fourth and final trip to Iraq, the president appeared with Iraq's prime minister and said more work is to be done. During the press conference discussing the signing of the pact with Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki in his palace in the heavily fortified Green Zone, President Bush dodged two shoes thrown at him from the audience. The man who threw the shoes, Muntadhar al-Zaidi, an Iraqi journalist with Egypt-based al-Baghdadia television network, could be heard yelling in Arabic: "This is a farewell ... you dog!" When throwing the second shoe, he could be heard yelling "This is for the widows, the orphans and those who were killed in Iraq!" While pinned on the ground by security personnel, he screamed: "You killed the Iraqis!" As the man's screaming could be heard outside, Bush said "That's what people do in a free society, draw attention to themselves."
 17 December – The Moldovan, Bulgarian, and Albanian missions to Iraq end.

Notable deaths

 3 January – Andrew J. Olmsted, 37, American army blogger in Iraq, shot.
 27 January – Alan G. Rogers, 40, American Army major, improvised explosive device.
 10 February – Alaa Abdulkareem Fartusi, 29, Iraqi journalist and cameraman, bomb blast.
 11 February – Fouad al-Tikerly, 81, Iraqi novelist and judge, pancreatic cancer.
 15 February – Naziha Salim, 81, Iraqi painter, complications from a stroke.
 27 February – Shihab al-Tamimi, 74, Iraqi head of the Journalists Syndicate, heart attack following shooting.
 3 October – Mahir al-Zubaydi, Iraqi al-Qaeda leader, shot.
 5 October – Mohamed Moumou, 43, Iraqi al-Qaida second-in-command, shot.
 18 December – Nahla Hussain al-Shaly, 37, Iraqi women's rights activist, shot and decapitated.

See also

 Iraq War

References

External links

Category:Years of the 21st century in Iraq


Krug Park

Krug Park may refer to:

 Krug Park (St. Joseph, Missouri), public park
 Krug Park (amusement park), former amusement park


Andreas Scheu

Andreas Scheu (27 January 1844 – 29 August 1927) was an Austrian socialist and anarchist activist.

Born in Vienna, Scheu completed an apprenticeship as a gilder and furniture maker.  He worked in Vienna as a journeyman, then in 1861 moved to Prague for a year.  On returning to Vienna, he found work with the leading furniture maker, Benedikt Kölbl.

Scheu had become interested in pacifism, and when he was called up for military service in 1864, he planned to become a conscientious objector.  However, he was rejected for service on the grounds of poor eyesight.

In 1867, Scheu represented Kölbl's firm at the Exposition Universelle in Paris, and while there he met Thérèse Arocker, the two marrying in May.  Despite Arocker's opposition, on returning to Austria, Scheu became increasingly involved in the workers' movement, joining the Workers' Educational Association, organising a workers' exhibition in the city in 1868, co-founding the Volkswille newspaper, and speaking publicly on socialism.

Scheu joined the International Workingmen's Association in 1869, and attended the Eisenach Congress which saw the foundation of the German Social Democratic Workers' Party.  In 1870, he was one of seventeen leaders of the Austrian workers' movement convicted of treason and sentenced to five years penal servitude.  He was released after just one year, as part of an amnesty, and became increasingly outspoken in his political views, arguing against any co-operation with the middle and upper classes.  He fell out with Heinrich Oberwinder, who lost a lengthy court case to Scheu, but Scheu promised that he would not stand in the way of attempts to reunify the Austrian socialist movement.  Also facing harassment from the government and financial problems, Scheu moved to London in June 1874, where his brother Heinrich worked for the Daily Graphic.

In London, Scheu initially became involved with two groups of socialist immigrants, but became convinced that he could achieve more by focusing on British workers.  He moved to Glasgow and then Edinburgh, working for furniture designers, and spoke regularly on socialism, convincing John Burns and Robert Banner of his ideas.  He returned to London in 1881, where his friend Johann Most was now living, helping him with editing Freiheit, and also struck up a friendship with Bernard Shaw.  He joined the Democratic Federation and served on its executive from at least 1883, working with Joseph Lane and William Morris to oppose H. M. Hyndman's nationalism and authoritarianism.  They appeared to succeed at the organisations 1884 conference, at which it declared itself to be a socialist organisation, renamed itself as the "Social Democratic Federation" (SDF), and Scheu won election as president.

After the 1884 conference, Scheu returned to work in Edinburgh.  There, John Lincoln Mahon persuaded Scheu that the SDF would not succeed unless it linked up with the crofters' movement, and so the pair formed the Scottish Land and Labour League, intending that it would affiliate to the SDF.  Hyndman disagreed with this policy, and urged the local SDF to refuse the league permission to affiliate.  On Morris' urging, Scheu visited London in December, to defend his actions, against Hyndman.  Scheu had already been urging his supporters to split from the SDF, and this proved the trigger for this, launching Commonweal at the end of the year, then forming the Socialist League, with Scheu sitting on its provisional council and drafting its manifesto.  Despite claims to the contrary by Hyndman and his supporters, Scheu was not an anarchist, and when anarchists came to run the Socialist League, he resigned from the party.

Scheu was one of the first employees of Jaeger, from 1884, serving until 1891, when he began representing the Löwenbräu Brewery.  He reduced his activism, but wrote for Justice under the pseudonym "Andrew Joy", and lectured occasionally for the Hammersmith Socialist Society.  He retired in 1911, moving to Weimar, but opposed World War I and so in 1915 relocated to Switzerland.  He enthusiastically supported the October Revolution and ensuing uprisings in Germany and Austria, and wrote an autobiography, Umsturzkeime, published in 1923.  His heath declined, and in 1927 he died in Rapperswil.

References

Category:1844 births
Category:1927 deaths
Category:Austrian anarchists
Category:Austrian socialists
Category:Social Democratic Federation members
Category:Socialist League (UK, 1885) members


Mother's Last Word to Her Son

"Mother's Last Word to Her Son" is a gospel blues song written by Washington Phillips (18801954) and recorded by him (vocals and zither) in 1927.

The song is in strophic form, and consists of five quatrains in rhyming couplets. The mother advises her son as he leaves home to always remember Jesus. The fourth verse contains the line, "And you have a burden, He'll make them light", alluding to Christ's words in the Gospel of Matthew at 11:30:

The same Biblical verse is alluded to in Phillips' song "Take Your Burden to the Lord and Leave It There", recorded on the same day; that song is a Christian hymn written in 1916 by Charles Albert Tindley.

In 1929, Phillips recorded a companion song, "A Mother's Last Word to Her Daughter".

Recordings

 1927Washington Phillips, Columbia Records single

References

Category:Songs about parenthood
Category:Blues songs
Category:Gospel songs
Category:Washington Phillips songs
Category:1927 songs
Category:Columbia Records singles


Zangian, Kerman

Zangian (, also Romanized as Zangīān, Zangeyān, and Zangiyan) is a village in Khatunabad Rural District, in the Central District of Jiroft County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 627, in 134 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Jiroft County


Old Washington County Courthouse (Utah)

The Old Washington County Courthouse was the courthouse for Washington County, Utah from its completion in 1876 to 1960. Located in St. George, Utah, the courthouse is a two-story red brick structure with unusually thick walls. The  by  structure rests on a high basalt rock foundation that comprises the ground floor, and is capped by a pyramidal hipped roof with a prominent wood cupola.

The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 22, 1970. The building is used for Chamber of Commerce offices and storage. The third-floor courtroom is used for lectures. The building may have been designed by William H. Folsom, who designed the similar but larger Salt Lake City Council Hall.

References

External links

Old County Courthouse at the Washington County Historical Society

Category:Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Category:Government buildings completed in 1876
Category:Buildings and structures in St. George, Utah
Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in Utah
Category:County courthouses in Utah
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Utah


Zeiller & Fournier

Zeiller & Fournier was a short-lived French automobile producer.

Car production began in 1920 at premises in Levallois-Perret, and ended in 1924.   The cars were designed by racing driver Charles Fournier.   There is no connection established between Charles Fournier and the Fournier brothers who established an automobile manufacturing business under the name Établissements Fournier in the same part of north-central Paris.

Less than a year after the outbreak of peace, Zeiller et Fournier took a stand at the 15th Paris Motor Show and exhibited 1 6/8HP car which sat on a  wheelbase and was powered by a Ballot 4-cylinder engine of 1131cc.   The car featured an interesting 5-speed friction transmission and a chain final drive.   There was also a smaller car produced with a 904cc 4-cylinder engine from Ruby.

Reading list
 Harald Linz, Halwart Schrader: Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie. United Soft Media Verlag, München 2008, . (German)
 George Nick Georgano (Chefredakteur): The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Volume 3: P–Z. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, . (English)
 George Nick Georgano: Autos. Encyclopédie complète. 1885 à nos jours. Courtille, Paris 1975. (French)

Sources and notes

Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1920
Category:1920 establishments in France
Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1924
Category:1924 disestablishments in France


Superpower steam

"Superpower steam" was a term coined by Lima Locomotive Works in the mid-1920s. It referred to steam locomotives with booster-equipped four-wheel trailing trucks supporting large fireboxes, as well as enlarged superheaters. The wheel arrangements introduced in the 1920s for these locomotives: the 4-6-4's, 2-8-4's, 4-8-4's and 2-10-4's, and in the 1930s, the 2-6-6-4's. The term "superpower" was often applied to all locomotives with 4 wheel trailing truck arrangements afterward, though many did not have boosters and almost all steam of any wheel arrangement built after that time had large superheaters.
The design was invented by Lima for the New York Central's Boston and Albany Railroad. The design was invented by Lima's Vice President of Engineering, William Woodard. The first "superpowered" steam locomotive was a 2-8-4 steam locomotive that essentially an expanded 2-8-2 Mikado. The new design called for double the firebox size than the earlier Mikados, thus giving it more grate area. The larger grate area meant that the locomotive could achieve greater steaming capacity, higher speeds, more horsepower, and greater tractive effort. To accommodate the larger firebox, Woodard gave the new locomotive a two axle trailing truck instead of the common single axle trailing trucks previously used. The design was a smashing success and soon both the Baldwin Locomotive Works, the American Locomotive Company followed suit.

References

Category:Steam locomotive technologies


Types of radio emissions

The International Telecommunication Union uses an internationally agreed system for classifying radio frequency signals.  Each type of radio emission is classified according to its bandwidth, method of modulation, nature of the modulating signal, and type of information transmitted on the carrier signal. It is based on characteristics of the signal, not on the transmitter used.

An emission designation is of the form BBBB 123 45, where BBBB is the bandwidth of the signal, 1 is a letter indicating the type of modulation used of the main carrier (not including any subcarriers which is why FM stereo is F8E and not D8E), 2 is a digit representing the type of modulating signal again of the main carrier, 3 is a letter corresponding to the type of information transmitted, 4 is a letter indicating the practical details of the transmitted information, and 5 is a letter that represents the method of multiplexing.  The 4 and 5 fields are optional.

This designation system was agreed at the 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC 79), and gave rise to the Radio Regulations that came into force on 1 January 1982.  A similar designation system had been in use under prior Radio Regulations.

Designation details

Bandwidth
The bandwidth (BBBB above) is expressed as four characters: three digits and one letter. The letter occupies the position normally used for a decimal point, and indicates what unit of frequency is used to express the bandwidth. The letter H indicates Hertz, K indicates kiloHertz, M indicates megaHertz, and G indicates gigaHertz. For instance, "500H" means 500 Hz, and "2M50" means 2.5 MHz. The first character must be a digit between 1 and 9; it may not be the digit 0 or a letter.

Type of modulation

Type of modulating signal

Types 4 and 5 were removed from use with the 1982 Radio Regulations.  In previous editions, they had indicated facsimile and video, respectively.

Type of transmitted information

Details of information

Multiplexing

Common examples
There is some overlap in signal types, so a transmission might legitimately be described by two or more designators. In such cases, there is usually a preferred conventional designator.

Broadcasting
A3E or A3E G  Ordinary amplitude modulation used for low frequency and medium frequency AM broadcasting

A8E, A8E H AM stereo broadcasting.

F8E, F8E H  FM broadcasting for radio transmissions on VHF, and as the audio component of analogue television transmissions. Since there are generally pilot tones (subcarriers) for stereo and RDS the designator '8' is used, to indicate multiple signals.

C3F, C3F N  Analogue PAL, SÉCAM, or NTSC television video signals (formerly type A5C, until 1982)

C7W  ATSC digital television, commonly on VHF or UHF

G7W  DVB-T, ISDB-T, or DTMB digital television, commonly on VHF or UHF

Two-way radio
A3E  AM speech communication – used for aeronautical  communications

F3E  FM speech communication – often used for marine radio and many other VHF communications

20K0 F3E  Wide FM, 20.0 kHz width, ±5 kHz deviation, still widely used for Ham Radio, NOAA weather radio, marine, and aviation users and land mobile users below 50 MHz

11K2 F3E  Narrow FM, 11.25 kHz bandwidth, ±2.5 kHz deviation  – In the United States, all Part 90 Land Mobile Radio Service (LMRS) users operating above 50 MHz were required to upgrade to narrowband equipment by 1 January 2013.

6K00 F3E  Even narrower FM, future roadmap for Land Mobile Radio Service (LMRS), already required on 700 MHz public safety band

J3E  SSB speech communication, used on HF bands by marine, aeronautical and amateur users

R3E  SSB with reduced carrier (AME) speech communication, primarily used on HF bands by the military (a.k.a. compatible sideband)

Low-speed data
N0N  Continuous, unmodulated carrier, formerly common for radio direction finding (RDF) in marine and aeronautical navigation.

A1A  Signalling by keying the carrier directly, a.k.a. Continuous Wave (CW) or On-Off Keying (OOK), currently used in amateur radio. This is often but not necessarily Morse code.

A2A  Signalling by transmitting a modulated tone with a carrier, so that it can easily be heard using an ordinary AM receiver. It was formerly widely used for station identification of non-directional beacons, usually but not exclusively Morse code (an example of a modulated continuous wave, as opposed to A1A, above).

F1B  Frequency-shift keying (FSK) telegraphy, such as RTTY.

F1C  High frequency Radiofax

F2D  Data transmission by frequency modulation of a radio frequency carrier with an audio frequency FSK subcarrier. Often called AFSK/FM.

J2B  Phase-shift keying such as PSK31 (BPSK31)

Notes

References

Further reading

 Radio Regulations, ITU, Geneva, 1982
 Radio Regulations, 2004, ITU Geneva, 2004, c.f. Volume 2 - Appendices, Appendix 1
 Radiocommunications Vocabulary, Recommendation ITU-R V.573-4, ITU-R, Geneva, 2000
 Determination of Necessary Bandwidths Including Examples for their Calculation, Recommendation ITU-R SM.1138, Geneva, 1995
 Emission characteristics of radio transmissions, Australian Communications Authority, Canberra
 Notes Regarding Designation of Emission, Industry Canada, 1982
 Eckersley, R.J. Amateur Radio Operating Manual, 3rd edition, Radio Society of Great Britain, 1985,
 TRC-43 — Designation of Emissions, Class of Station and Nature of Service - Industry Canada

Category:Radio modulation modes
Category:Radio communications


Beatriz Cienfuegos

Beatriz Cienfuegos (1701-1786) was a Spanish editor and journalist. She was the founder and publisher of the La Pensadora Gaditana (1763), the first paper edited by a woman in Spain, and has been referred to as the first Spanish journalist.

References

Category:18th-century Spanish women
Category:18th-century Spanish writers
Category:18th-century printers
Category:18th-century publishers (people)
Category:1701 births
Category:1786 deaths
Category:18th-century journalists
Category:18th-century Spanish businesspeople


1992 European Figure Skating Championships

The 1992 European Figure Skating Championships were held in Lausanne, Switzerland from January 21–26, 1992. Senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

Results

Men

Ladies

Pairs

Ice dancing

External links
 Results
 Results
 Mens results
 Majors

European Figure Skating Championships, 1992
European Figure Skating Championships, 1992
Category:European Figure Skating Championships
Category:International figure skating competitions hosted by Switzerland
Category:Sports competitions in Lausanne
Category:20th century in Lausanne
Category:January 1992 sports events in Europe