Olavi Munkki

Olavi Munkki (July 8, 1909 Viipuri – March 4, 1978 Helsinki) was Finnish diplomat

Munkki completed his undergraduate degree in 1929 and completed a degree in law in 1936.

Munkki moved to the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 1937 and served as Assistant at the Finnish Embassy in London from 1937 to 1942, as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1942 to 1945, as Secretary of State at the Embassy of Finland in Washington in 1945–1950, as Foreign Minister in 1950–1952 and Consul in Cologne in 1952–1956. He served as the Head of the Department of Commerce of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1956 to 1962 and then Ambassador and Envoy to several countries, in Switzerland 1962–1965, in the United States1965–1972 and Oslo 1973–1976. He conducted negotiations on Finland's observe membership in the European Free Trade Association 1960–1961.

He was granted a diplomatic title of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in 1959.

References

Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Norway
Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Iceland
Category:Ambassadors of Finland to the United States
Category:1909 births
Category:1978 deaths
Category:People from Vyborg
Category:Finnish lawyers
Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Switzerland
Category:Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


Battle of the Diablo Mountains

The Battle of the Diablo Mountains was an October 1854 engagement between the U.S. Army and the Lipan Apache. A small force of Mounted Rifles attacked a much larger force of Lipan Apaches at the base of the Diablo Mountains in Texas.

Battle
Setting out from Fort Inge in South Texas on October 1, 1854, Captain John G. Walker, in command of around forty men of the Mounted Rifles, headed for the Diablo Mountains region along the Rio Grande border with Mexico. Among the forty enlisted men was the future American general Eugene Asa Carr.

Their mission was to investigate the reports from local settlers of stolen livestock, taken by Apache warriors. On the third day out, in the morning of October 3, 1854, Captain Walker and his men encountered well over 200 Lipan warriors near a herd of captured farm animals. Immediately Walker ordered an attack which surprised the Apaches significantly.

A brief skirmish ensued and the Apaches quickly fled, leaving most of the stolen livestock. Casualties are unknown, except for Second Lieutenant Eugene Asa Carr who was wounded by an arrow and subsequently commended by General Persifor F. Smith for his "gallantry and coolness" and promoted to first lieutenant. This was the future general's first combat action.

See also
American Indian Wars
The Diablo Mountains are located at:

References
 Lowe, Richard G.,Walker's Texas Division, C.S.A: Greyhounds of the Trans-Mississippi, Louisiana State University Press, 2004, .
 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1964, .
Texas History site for Carr

 Kaywaykla, James (edited Eve Ball) "In the Days of Victorio: Recollections of a Warm Springs Apache" Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1970
Lavender, David. The Rockies. Revised Edition. N.Y.: Harper & Row, 1975.
Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 1987.
Smith, Duane A. Rocky Mountain West: Colorado, Wyoming, & Montana, 1859-1915. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992.

Williams, Albert N. Rocky Mountain Country. N.Y.: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1950.

External links
The Davis Mountains of Texas: Sierra Diablo Mountains.

Category:Battles involving the Apache
Category:Battles involving the United States
Category:History of United States expansionism
Category:19th-century military history of the United States
Category:History of Texas
Category:Conflicts in 1854
Category:1854 in Texas
Category:Apache Wars
Category:October 1854 events


Gaius Papirius Carbo (consul 120 BC)

Gaius Papirius Carbo was an Ancient Roman statesman and orator.

Career
He was associated with Gaius Gracchus in carrying out the provision of the agrarian law of Tiberius Gracchus. When tribune of the people (131 BC), Carbo carried out a law extending the secret ballot for the enactment and repeal of laws.  He also proposed that the tribunes should be allowed to become candidates for the same office in successive years. The proposal was defeated by Scipio Aemilianus. Carbo was suspected of having been involved in the sudden death of Scipio Aemilianus in 129 BC.

He subsequently went over to the optimates, and (when consul in 120 BC) successfully defended Lucius Opimius, the murderer of Gaius Gracchus. He was impeached for the murder of a citizen without a trial (Gaius Gracchus). At trial, he said that Gracchus had been justly slain. But the optimates did not trust Carbo. He was impeached by Lucius Crassus on a similar charge, and, feeling that he had nothing to hope for from the optimates and that his condemnation was certain, he committed suicide.

His son, Gaius Papirius Carbo (tribune 90 BC), was remembered for his attempts to avenge his father's fate. He followed his father's prosecutor, L. Crassus, to the latter's province in 94 BC with the aim of finding a reason to prosecute him. Finding this out, L. Crassus decided not only to forgive the son but even granted him a position within his close circle of advisors.

References

Attribution

Carbo, Gaius
Category:Roman Republican consuls
Category:2nd-century BC Romans
Category:120 BC deaths
Category:Ancient Romans who committed suicide
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Male suicides


Great Hurricane of 1780

The Great Hurricane of 1780, also known as Huracán San Calixto, the Great Hurricane of the Antilles, and the 1780 Disaster, is the deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record. Between 22,000 and 27,501 people died throughout the Lesser Antilles when the storm passed through them from October 10–16. Specifics on the hurricane's track and strength are unknown because the official Atlantic hurricane database goes back only to 1851.

The hurricane struck Barbados likely as a Category 5 hurricane, with at least one estimate of wind speeds as high as  (greater than any in recorded Atlantic basin history) before moving past Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Sint Eustatius, and causing thousands of deaths on those islands. Coming in the midst of the American Revolution, the storm caused heavy losses to the British fleet contesting for control of the area, largely weakening British control over the Atlantic. The hurricane later passed near Puerto Rico and over the eastern portion of Hispaniola, causing heavy damage near the coastlines. It ultimately turned to the northeast and was last observed on October 20 southeast of Atlantic Canada.

The death toll from the Great Hurricane alone exceeds that of many entire decades of Atlantic hurricanes. Estimates are marginally higher than for Hurricane Mitch, the second-deadliest Atlantic storm, for which figures are likely more accurate. The hurricane was part of the disastrous 1780 Atlantic hurricane season, with two other deadly storms occurring in October.

Meteorological history
This hurricane was first encountered by a boat in the eastern Caribbean Sea, but it probably developed in early October in the eastern Atlantic Ocean off the Cape Verde Islands. The system strengthened and expanded as it tracked slowly westward and first began affecting Barbados late on October 9. Late on October 10, the worst of the hurricane passed over the island, with at least one estimate of winds as high as  during landfall, which is higher than any other 1-minute sustained wind speed in recorded Atlantic basin history. Early on October 11, the hurricane turned north-northwest about  east of Saint Lucia, and later that night it neared the island of Martinique. The cyclone gradually weakened as it passed to the southwest of Dominica early on October 12 and subsequently struck the island of Guadeloupe.

After hitting Guadeloupe, the hurricane turned west-northwest, passing about  southwest of Saint Kitts. The hurricane steadily neared Puerto Rico as it paralleled the southern coastline, and on October 14 made its closest point of approach, to the southwest portion of the island. It subsequently turned to the northwest, going through the Mona Passage before making landfall near the present-day Dominican Republic province of Samaná. Late on October 15, it reached the Atlantic Ocean and after passing about  east of Grand Turk Island; it is estimated to have recurved to the northeast. The hurricane passed  southeast of Bermuda on October 18, and was last observed two days later about  southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland, Canada.

On October 19, strong winds and high tides were reported in the British province of East Florida (the northeastern portion of present-day Florida). One modern historian suggests the hurricane passed much closer to the province than previously thought. Another possibility considered was an extension to a hurricane in the western Caribbean Sea. Because of lack of data, the exact track of the Great Hurricane is unknown.

Impact

The hurricane killed 22,000 to 27,501 people, making it the deadliest hurricane in the recorded history of the Atlantic hurricane basin.

British islands

About 4,500 people died on Barbados. The hurricane began affecting the island with rain late on October 9. The ships in the bay broke their moorings by 4:00 the afternoon of October 10, and the full impact arrived around 6:00 in the evening. The hurricane produced violent winds "so deafening that people could not hear their own voices."

The hurricane stripped the bark off trees and left none standing on Barbados. Cuban meteorologist José Carlos Millás has estimated that this damage could be caused only by winds exceeding . Every house and fort on Barbados was destroyed. According to British Admiral George Brydges Rodney, the winds carried their heavy cannons aloft .

The wind directions recorded during the hurricane suggest that the eye missed Barbados to the north. Northwesterly winds increased through the day on October 10. The wind gradually backed to westerly through the night of October 10 and peaked at midnight. Wind speed returned to normal by 8:00 the morning of October 11.

Strong winds affected Antigua and Saint Kitts, with many ships in Saint Kitts washed ashore. At Grenada, nineteen Dutch ships were wrecked.

The hurricane later grounded 50 ships near Bermuda.

French islands

The hurricane produced a  storm surge on Martinique, destroying all houses in Saint-Pierre and causing 9,000 deaths. A storm surge also struck the south coast of Guadeloupe and caused considerable damage.

In Saint Vincent, the hurricane destroyed 584 of the 600 houses in Kingstown.

On Saint Lucia, rough waves and a strong storm tide struck the fleet of Admiral Rodney at Port Castries, with one ship destroying the city's hospital after being lifted on top of it. The hurricane destroyed all but two houses in Port Castries, and about 6,000 perished on the island.

High winds, heavy rains, and storm surge caused severe damage at Roseau in Dominica.

Dutch islands

A Dutch sea-officer was on a ship that was blown from Sint Eustatius to Martinique. When he returned to Sint Eustatius, he reported on the damage in Saint-Pierre, Martinique, Saint Vincent, and St. Lucia. He said that on Sint Eustatius, "some houses are destroyed" and merchandise left on the beach was ruined by sea water. He did not mention a dramatic death toll on the island. He also said that the situation there was not as bad as on the French and English islands.

Spanish islands

Heavy damage was reported in southern Puerto Rico, primarily in Cabo Rojo and Lajas. Severe damage also occurred in the eastern region of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo.

Losses by the British Royal Navy

Among the ships lost from Rodney's fleet were the frigates HMS Phoenix, which was wrecked on the Cuban coast, and HMS Blanche, which disappeared without a trace. The sixth rate frigates HMS Andromeda and HMS Laurel were wrecked on Martinique with heavy loss of life. By far the worst losses in the British fleet, however, were under the command of Vice Admiral Peter Parker and Rear-Admiral Joshua Rowley. At the time of the hurricane, Rowley was off the coast of New York with a portion of the fleet, including HMS Sandwich, while Parker was in Port Royal, Jamaica. Many of their ships, however, were in the hurricane's path. HMS Thunderer, HMS Stirling Castle, HMS Scarborough, HMS Barbados, HMS Deal Castle, HMS Victor, and HMS Endeavour were lost, among others, and almost all of their crews died. Seven other ships were dismasted.

Losses by French navy

A fleet of 40 French ships involved in the American Revolutionary War was struck off Martinique during the hurricane. Several hundred soldiers and about 9,000 civilians died; however, the French military's only loss was the frigate Junon.

Name

The storm was named the San Calixto hurricane in Puerto Rico because the eye of the cyclone made landfall there on October 14, the Christian feast day of Pope Callixtus I, venerated by the Roman Catholic Church as Saint Callixtus ("San Calixto" in Spanish). Since European arrival in the Americas in 1492, all storms and hurricanes had been named after the name of the saint of the day the storm hit Puerto Rico; for example, the 1867 San Narciso hurricane, the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, the 1928 San Felipe hurricane, and the 1932 San Ciprian hurricane were named after the feast day on which they struck.

In 1953, the United States Weather Bureau (now the National Weather Service) started naming hurricanes by female human names until 1978, when both gender names began to be used after control over naming was relinquished to the World Meteorological Organization. However, it was only in 1960 that hurricanes stopped being officially named after saints in Puerto Rico; the only two cyclones to ever have both an official woman name and an informal saint name were Hurricane Betsy (Santa Clara, August 12, 1956) and Hurricane Donna (San Lorenzo, September 5, 1960).

See also

List of Bermuda hurricanes
List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes
Lists of Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricane Irma – A powerful Category 5 hurricane that affected similar areas in 2017

Further reading
 Blodgett, L., Climatology of United States, p. 397, "The Great Hurricane of 1780."
 Depradine, C. A., 1989: Pre-1900 severe hurricanes in the Caribbean.  Notes compiled for the Caribbean Meteorological Institute, Saint James, Barbados.
 Dunbar, 1804: Transactions of the American [Philosophical] Society, Philadelphia, vol. 6, second series. Philadelphia.
 Fitzpatrick, Patrick J., 1999: Natural Disasters: Hurricanes.  ABC-CLIO Inc.,
 Ludlum, D. M., 1963: Early American hurricanes, 1492–1870. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, 198 pp.
 Millas, Dr. José Carlos, 1968: Hurricanes of the Caribbean and adjacent regions, 1492–1800. Academy of the Arts and Sciences of the Americas, Miami, Florida, 328 pp.
 Salivia, Dr. Luis A., 1950: Historia de los Temporales de Puerto Rico, 1508–1949.
 Winds and weather of the West Indian region, U.S. Weather Bureau, 1940, 190 pp.

References

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Category:Hurricanes in Martinique
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Category:Hurricanes in the United States Virgin Islands
Category:Natural disasters in the Leeward Islands
Category:Natural disasters in the Windward Islands
Great Hurricane of 1780
Category:1780 in the Caribbean
Category:1780 in the United States
Category:History of British Saint Christopher and Nevis
Category:18th century in Guadeloupe
Category:18th century in Haiti


Citations Drum and Bugle Corps

The Citations Drum and Bugle Corps was an Open Class competitive junior drum and bugle corps from Burlington, Massachusetts. The corps competed in Drum Corps International (DCI) as well as in several regional circuits but ceased operations following the 2009 season.

History
Founded in 1965, the corps persisted for many years, sometimes competing on the field in the Eastern organizations that formerly existed, such as Drum Corps East, E-Mass, and the Garden State Circuit, and in other years, performing only as a parade unit. In its early years, the corps competed in Class A.

Citations had a few years of competitive success, but was mostly an average local corps that barely managed to continue. The 1986 corps finished as the DCI 6th place Class A Finalist, but the following season, the corps disappeared from the national scene for several years.

When DCI created Class A60 for corps with 60 members or less, Citations moved into the new class, usually placing around the middle of the group which was later renamed Division III. After going inactive in 2001, the corps struggled for a few years, although they had a highlight of performing at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston.

In 2007, the corps traveled to DCI's first California Championships in Pasadena, placing 10th of 15 Division III corps.

In 2008, DCI combined Divisions II & III. In the new Open Class, Citations grew in size, and the corps' performance quality improved significantly. The corps finished 6th of 23 Open Class Corps in Michigan City and Bloomington, Indiana.

For the 2009 season, Citations placed third of 19 corps at Michigan City and finished in third place in the Open Class Finals at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis.

Despite the corps' newfound success, the Citations were but one of many North American drum corps that fell victim to the  Great Recession of 2007–09. The corps went inactive after returning home from Indianapolis and folded soon after.

References

External links
 DCI website

Category:DCI defunct corps
Category:DCI Open Class corps
Category:Musical groups established in 1965
Category:1965 establishments in Massachusetts
Category:Drum and bugle corps
Category:2010 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2010


Pterolophia szetschuanica

Pterolophia szetschuanica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1973.

References

Category:Pterolophia
Category:Beetles described in 1973


Sara Ulrik

Sara Brigitte Ulrik née Tscherning (9 July 1855 -22  May 1916) was a Danish flower painter.

Biography
Born in Ørholm north of Copenhagen, she was the daughter of the army officer and politician Anton Frederik Tscherning (1795–1874). Her sister, Anthonore Christensen, (1849–1926) was also a flower painter. She studied and painted wild flowers and weeds, together with other flowers she found, possibly inspired by her mother, Eleonore Christine Lützow (1817–1890), who was also a painter. She taught flower painting until ca. 1879. In 1879, she married the physician Axel Ulrik (1846–1930). After her marriage she continued to paint although she no longer exhibited. She died in Copenhagen.

References

Category:1855 births
Category:1916 deaths
Category:19th-century Danish painters
Category:Danish women painters
Category:Artists from Copenhagen
Category:19th-century women artists


Hedgcoxe War

The Hedgcoxe War of 1852, also known as the Peters colony rebellion, was an armed uprising of Texas colonists protesting what they viewed as an attempt by the Peters Colony land company to invalidate their land claims. From its inception the colony had been embroiled in controversy regarding the terms of agreement between the land company and the settlers. On February 10, 1852, the state legislature, in an attempt to satisfy both the colonists and the land company, passed a compromise law. According to its terms all lawsuits between the land company and the state were to be withdrawn, the colonists were to be given new guidelines and extended time for filing their claims, and the state was to give the land company  of land. But the colonists, concerned over the possible sale of some claims and angered over the legislature's generosity towards the land company, continued their protest and demanded that the law be repealed.

In May 1852 the agent of the land company, Henry Oliver Hedgcoxe, published an explanatory proclamation that stated the colonists had until August 4, 1852, to establish their claims with him. The proclamation, which was viewed by the company's opponents as arrogant and autocratic, contributed to the misinterpretation of the compromise law. The colonists were further aroused when the Texas attorney general, Ebenezer Allen, issued an opinion upholding the law. At a mass meeting of colonists in Dallas on July 15, 1852, Hedgcoxe was accused of fraud and corruption by an investigating committee. On July 16, 1852, John J. Good led about 100 armed men from the mass meeting to Hedgcoxe's office in Collin County. Hedgcoxe's files were seized and removed to the Dallas County Courthouse. No violence was done, but Hedgcoxe was ordered to leave the colony. He fled to Austin the next day. Alarmed by the colonists' actions, the land company adopted a conciliatory tone towards the settlers. On February 7, 1853, an amendment to the compromise law, satisfactory to both sides, was passed. Except for relatively minor adjustments made in the courts and the legislature over the next ten years, the colonists' title difficulties were ended.

Bibliography

Seymour V. Connor, The Peters Colony of Texas: A History and Biographical Sketches of the Early Settlers (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1959).
Vertical Files, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas at Austin (William S. Peters, Peters Colony).

Category:History of Texas
Category:Conflicts in 1852
Category:1852 in Texas


Gibberula elisae

Gibberula elisae is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Cystiscidae.

Description

Distribution

References

External links

Category:Cystiscidae
Category:Gastropods described in 2009


MCC tour of Australia in 1946–47

The Marylebone Cricket Club tour of Australia in 1946-47 under the captaincy of Wally Hammond was its ninth since it took official control of overseas tours in 1903-1904 and the first since the Second World War. The touring team played as England in the 1946–47 Ashes series against Australia, but as the MCC in all other games. In all there were 25 matches; 5 Test matches (which they lost 3-0), 13 other First Class matches (which they won 1-0) and 7 minor matches (which they won 3-0). Australia had been suffering a drought since 1937, but this ended as it rained in every match the MCC played on tour, including tropical thunderstorms twice in Brisbane and again in Sydney. However, this had an adverse effect on the pitches and denied the touring team adequate practice and lead to many draws.

Hammond's ill-equipped army returned to England beaten, yet deserving of the highest honours for their sportsmanship, their ability to smile in the face of certain disaster and also for their success in gaining the objective of their invasion - the spreading of cricket goodwill from the Homeland to a Dominion.
Clif Cary

Traveling to Australia
The Stirling Castle was still under the control of War Transport and was equipped more or less as a troopship - no luxury cabins as the case for the team now. Laurie Fishlock and I shared a cabin so small that we could hardly turn round. The ship was 'dry' and on board were some 700 war brides returning to Australia.
The MCC team left austerity Britain on 31 August 1946 on the SS Stirling Castle and sailed to Australia, arriving in Perth, Western Australia in September 1946, three weeks before their first scheduled match. They used this time to acclimatise and practice in the nets, but also to put on weight. Having arrived from a country that had had seven years of rationing Australia was a 'land flowing with milk and honey' and Hammond promised his men "the happiest six months of their lives". Everyone in the team put on weight, one "consuming more in one day in Perth than his full weekly ration in London" and the big bowlers Bill Voce and Dick Pollard adding up to two stone (28 lbs) in weight.  The team sent home food parcels from each city they visited and in general took an easy time of it. A Saturday Night Club was organised in which the team would don bow-ties in MCC colours and sit down to a full dinner together. Aware that this would affect their mobility in the field physical training was organised, but it was not kept up. In general the atmosphere was that of a holiday, with the feeling that this was a goodwill tour to re-establish cricketing relations ten years after the last tour of Australia, and that a serious cricket would not begin until the 1948 Ashes series. The English and Australian press praised them for their sporting attitude and dwelt on the batting prowess of Wally Hammond, Len Hutton, Denis Compton and the bowling abilities of Alec Bedser and Doug Wright.

Northam and Country Districts vs MCC

A major part of the MCC tour was to fly the flag, promote cricket throughout Australia and earn revenue for the English counties. All these were fulfilled by playing upcountry games against local grade cricket teams and as these sides were roughly the equivalent to Lancashire League they provided the tourists with valuable practice before taking on the state sides and Australia. Northam was a small mining town 60 miles inland from Perth, but the mine was played out and the local economy was geared to sheep-raising. After regaining their land legs from their voyage the team travelled up. It had been 10 years since the MCC had toured Australia in 1936-37, the town was decorated as if for a fête and the players were entertained by the locals. The Northam captain won the toss and batted, but his team was soon out as big left-arm fast bowler Bill Voce of Bodyline fame took 3/11 and Peter Smith 5/55 with his leg-spin. The opener Tetlaw top-scored with 34 and added 44 for the fifth wicket with Lawrence (32). Slater made 26 batting at number 7, but no one else reached double figures and they were out for 123. Len Hutton (51) and Cyril Washbrook (47) added 93 for the first wicket, then Denis Compton hit 84 with 11 fours and Wally Hammond 131 with 19 fours and 4 sixes before he 'retired out' and declared the innings at 409/6 after tea the next day. This proved sufficient to bowl out the Northam team for 71, Tetlaw (29) again top-scored, but Bill Edrich added figures of 6/20 to his three first innings catches and 38 not out. Smith took 4/18 and the MCC won by an innings and 215 runs inside two days.

Western Australia Colts vs MCC

After the game at Northam the MCC preceded to Perth where Yardley led them in a one-day game against the Western Australian Colts, mostly 20-year-olds trying to get into the Western Australian team. The Colts won the toss and put the MCC into bat. Cyril Washbrook made 25 before he was lbw to William Alderman, the father of Terry Alderman. The wicketkeeper Paul Gibb opened with Washbrook as Hammond wanted him to bat at number three in the Tests and made 51, adding 63 for the first wicket. Laurie Fishlock (50) and Norman Yardley (31 not out) added 73 for the fourth wicket and the MCC declared at 197/4. Dick Pollard and Bill Voce had the Colts 7/2, but they recovered, with Wally Langdon making 48 and though wickets fell steadily they survived the day on 138/6.

Western Australia vs MCC

Although they would win the 1947–48 Sheffield Shield Western Australia were its weakest team (Tasmania was not yet included) and isolated from the rest of Australia, so they provided an easy start for the MCC's round of state matches. The WACA Ground would not see a Test match until the 1970-71 Ashes series. George Robinson won the toss for the home side and batted. Herbert Rigg (34) and Allan Edwards (43) made their first class debuts and added 76 for the first wicket. David Watt (85) and Morgan Herbet (53) made 118 for the fifth wicket as Peter Smith (4/132) and Doug Wright (4/55) trundled their way through the batting order. Bill Voce (2/75) picked up a couple of late wickets and Western Australia were out for 366 on the second morning. Gibb and Washbrook opened again, but it was Jack Ikin (66) and Joe Hardstaff (53) who made the early runs, followed by Wally Hammond's 208. This was Hammond's 36th double hundred, overtaking Don Bradman's record and this early indication of good form gave the Australians some worries (Bradman retook the record in 1947-48). He added 71 with Norman Yardley (31) and 149 with Smith (46) as the MCC made 477 in 478 minutes. Due to the rain this only left 46 minutes for the WA second innings and they made a safe 48/1. 19,500 people watched the game with £1,809 in receipts.

Western Australia Combined XI vs MCC

...the captain was sarcastic about Denis's 'capering about' outside his crease and rubbed in the point by turning to Jack Ikin and commending him for sticking in his ground. 'Let the ball come to you, that's the way to play out here.' Denis, from whom I had the story, was much deflated - he was, in fact, stumped for 98...The oracle was listened to with great respect, and his dictum was largely taken up by those who followed him in the England XIs - especially by Hutton, who was a fine enough technician to play slow bowling without coming out to meet it. To the ordinary mortal it is fatal to so surrender the initiative to slow bowling.
E.W. Swanton
To help Western Australia play the MCC on more even terms, and show some Australian talent to the Perth crowd Sid Barnes of New South Wales, Ken Meuleman and Ian Johnson of Victoria and Bruce Dooland of South Australia were sent over to make up a Combined XI. Robinson won the toss again and they made 462 with David Watt making 157. Barnes and Allan Edwards both made 45 and Johnson 87. The MCC bowling looked plain, but Jack Ikin's leg-spin was tested with old fashioned figures of 4/172. From this Hammond concluded that he wasn't a true all-rounder and thereafter used him in the minor games and rarely in the Tests. Every MCC match of the tour was rain-affected and the game finished when the tourists completed their first innings of 308. Cyril Washbrook (80) and Denis Compton (98) added 123 against the spin of Johnson (3/76) and Dooland (4/88) which they were seeing for the first time; "It was amazing to see Compton occasionally run down the pitch, change his mind, and either play the ball like a baseball bunt, or scamper back to ground his bat in time to get the benefit of the doubt on a stumping appeal". Hammond was scathing of Compton's habit of walking down the wicket to the slow bowlers and his instructions to his batsmen to stay within the crease to the spinners made them play as if nailed to the wicket in the Tests with dire consequences. In fairness Hammond had made many runs in Australia that way, but in 1928-29 when Australia had no decent spinners and Australians themselves are brought up to use their feet against the slow men. 24,500 came to watch the match with receipts of £1,832.

South Australia Country vs MCC

With Norman Yardley as captain the MCC were taken by train (complete with cow-catcher) to South Australia and "a town of rudimentary graces (at least in those days) called Port Pirie where the opposition was terribly bad and very few people even came to watch". Len Hutton (164), Laurie Fishlock (98), Denis Compton (100 in 67 minutes) and Joe Hardstaff (67 not out) helped themselves to runs in the MCC's 487/6 declared. The Country openers C.V. Wright (32) and J.A.J. Horsell (27) initially held up the bowlers, but once out the remaining wickets were scooped up by Peter Smith (5/16) and Doug Wright (5/40) as they collapsed to 87 all out. Following on C.V. Wright (25) and G.F. Tuck (30) made another stand after Horsell was out for a duck, but they were all out for 92. Only the spinners were used this time Wright (3/38), Smith (3/27) and James Langridge (4/17) in a victory by an innings and 308 runs.

South Australia vs MCC

The game against South Australia caused much interest as Don Bradman played his first match of the season after almost a year without top flight cricket and speculation about his health. Alec Bedser sat in the stands with Bradman's son John, but Hammond won the toss and chose to bat. After the warning not to caper about the wicket at Perth Len Hutton (136) and Cyril Washbrook (113) spent five hours adding 235 runs for the first wicket with "the eternal pushing of half-volleys and the gentle nudging of longhops from noon to dark". Against a fairly toothless attack in which Bruce Dooland was the best bowler with 3/146 Bill Edrich and Denis Compton both made 71 in a stand of 111 and Norman Yardley (54 not out) and Jack Ikin (35 not out) took the score to 506/5 before the declaration at the close of the second day. Bradman came in at 26/2 and after he was dropped by Godfrey Evans played a careful innings of 76. He added 83 with Phil Ridings (57) and 90 with Ron James (58) before he was caught and bowled by Peter Smith (5/93). The tail collapsed from 199/3 to 262/9 at stumps with James Langridge taking 3/60 and Hammond enforced the follow on when they were dismissed for 266. Reginald Craig made 111 and Bradman only 3, but John Mann helped save the day with 62 not out, adding 92 with Craig and 42 runs with Geff Noblet (25 not out). South Australia avoided an innings defeat with 276/8 and the game was drawn. 42,144 attended with receipts of £3,194.

Victoria vs MCC

Lindsay Hassett's Victoria was a tougher proposition, and they would win the Sheffield Shield for the 17th time that season. Yardley won the toss and batted, but they struggled against an attack of near Test strength; Bill Johnston, Fred Freer, Ian Johnson, George Tribe and Doug Ring. Washbrook was out for a duck, Gibb 22 and Hutton and Hardstaff 15 each, but Denis Compton made 143, added 119 with Norman Yardley (70), then carried on batting with the tail. The Victorian bowlers shared the wickets and the MCC were out for 358 early on the second morning. Before stumps Victoria were out for 189 thanks to Bill Voce (3/48) and Doug Wright (6/48). Hassett top scored with a stonewalling 57 until he went to Jack Ikin (1/18) and Yardley sent in his batsmen at the end of the day rather than enforce the follow on. Nobody made more than 21 except for Len Hutton with 151 not out "He defended superbly against balls which jumped alarmingly or spun viciously across the wicket, and flayed all that was loose". Johnson took 4/38 and Yardley declared on 279/7, leaving Victoria 449 to win on a dusty pitch. Hassett scored 57 again as did Merv Harvey, but Wright took 4/73 to give him 10 wickets in the match, Alec Bedser took 3/40 and Hutton bowled the opener Gordon Tamblyn with his leg-spin. Victoria were out for 204 runs and the MCC won by 224 runs - their only first class victory of the tour. They were helped by the pitch not having fully recovered from the Aussie Rules football season, even though they dropped catches innumerable. 64,322 attended with receipts of £6,176

Australian XI vs MCC

The Australia XI match was used by Australian selectors to see up and coming cricketers in action before choosing a team. It was Sydney's turn to host two Tests this series, so the match was held in Melbourne as a virtual Test match, though losing the first and fourth days of play to rain dampened the game somewhat. Usually the Australian vice-captain took control, but Bradman needed match practice and took command with Hassett alongside. Many potential Test players were also included; Merv Harvey, Arthur Morris, Keith Miller, Colin McCool, Ron Saggers and Fred Freer. Hammond was back in charge and batted after winning the toss. Hutton (71) and Washbrook (57) made an opening stand of 122, but only Hammond (51) passed 30 of the other batsmen and they were out for 314. McCool (7/106) dismissed Hutton, Washbrook, Edrich, Compton, Hammond, Yardley and Voce with his flighted wrist spin and "the English batsmen seemed like rabbits fascinated in the presence of a snake". The Australian XI opened with Harvey and Morris, who added 39 before Bradman came in. The Don made 106, Morris 115, they added 196 together and the Australian XI made 327/5 before rain ruined the final day. 84,336 attended (receipts unknown).

New South Wales vs MCC

Another rain-soaked match was played at Sydney. Hammond and Howard went to visit Sammy Carter, the wicketkeeper of Warwick Armstrong's Australian teams of 1920-21 and 1921 who won 8 Tests in a row, but was now confined to a wheelchair. He had donated £1,000 to the restoration of the Old Trafford cricket ground which had been bombed during the war and they wished to give him their personal thanks. Hammond won the toss and fielded, seeing Arthur Morris make an unbeaten 53 in their 99/4 in the time allowed in between the showers. The second and third days were rained off completely and Morris took his score to 81 not out when Sid Barnes declared. Hutton made a flawless 97 before he was run out after two hours and the MCC ended with 156/2. 22,733 attended with receipts of £2,320

Queensland vs MCC

People who were praying for water were among those to give the tourists a tremendous Brisbane welcome. Rain had fallen in every match in which the Englishmen had played and the record was maintained until the end of the tour...
Clif Cary
In the last match before the First Test the Queensland captain Don Tallon won the toss and batted. Rex Rogers (66) and Geoff Cook (who carried his bat for 169) put on 111 for the first wicket and Allan Young made 53, but no one else made 30 and they were out for 400. Norman Yardley, barely recognised as a change bowler by Yorkshire, took 3/19; "It was always amusing to watch the Englishmen when Yardley took a wicket. The first time he succeeded they seemed faintly amused, but when he was regularly breaking partnerships their enthusiasm knew no bounds..." The MCC made a pedestrian reply with 9 batsmen getting into double figures, but only two passing 50. Hutton (42) and Washbrook (40) made 65 together, Denis Compton 55 and Bill Edrich 64 not out. Ian Johnson opened the bowling with 4/53 and Colin McCool took 6/105 (Hutton, Washbrook, Gibb, Hammond, Yardley and Bedser) and the tourists were out for 310. Queensland batted for a declaration hitting 230/6 in 177 minutes, Ken Mackay sticking in for 33 not out while Len Johnson hit 75 at the other end. Needing 321 to win in 224 minutes the MCC went for a draw. Cyril Washbrook made 124 and helped by Edrich (71) in a stand of 162 for the second wicket this was done with few problems, though McCool (3/73) took three late wickets (Washbrook, Ikin and Compton) to leave them 238/6.

First Test – Brisbane

See Main Article - 1946–47 Ashes series

Queensland Country vs MCC

The team travelled 160 miles north after the disastrous First Test to play at Gympie. The Queensland Country XI Thomas Allen won the toss and batted. Allen himself top-scored with 53, with Len Johnson making 40 and Herbert Zischke 32. Peter Smith proved useful in another minor game and took 5/80 as the home side were dismissed for 208. The reserve openers Paul Gibb (31) and Laurie Fishlock (62) made an opening stand of 82, Joe Hardstaff stroked his way to 64 and the all rounder James Langridge 42. The local fast bowler Tim Ball took 5/69 and Len Johnson 3/51 as the MCC were out for 282, but the leg-breaks of Don Tallon's brother Bill were hit for 0/73. Back in to bat the Queensland XI made a solid 311/9 with James Cockburn (41), Tim Allen (40), Colin Stribe (75) and Keith Gartell (52 not out) seeing out the draw.

Second Test – Sydney

See Main Article - 1946–47 Ashes series

Northern New South Wales vs MCC

After losing their second Test by an innings the MCC went north to the industrial town of Newcastle for the first of four minor games before the Third Test at Melbourne. This one was against the combined grade sides of Northern New South Wales. Wally Hammond was captain, and struck 142 in the MCC's 395, with Laurie Fishlock making 110, Bill Edrich 59 not out and Len Hutton 42 with Hinman taking 5/92. Hinman opened the batting with 46, the top-score in their reply of 202 as Bill Voce took 4/45, with Dick Pollard (2/62), James Langridge (2/46) and even Len Hutton (2/4) helping out. The MCC batted again, but Pickles took 4/29 to dismiss Hutton (5), Washbrook (9), Fishlock (0) and Langridge (0), but Denis Compton made 75 not out and Hammond 30 not out coming in at number 8 as they finished on 146/6 in another draw.

Southern New South Wales vs MCC

The team travelled to the Australian Capital Territory for another two day game in Canberra against the combined grade teams of South New South Wales. Hammond captained again, won the toss and batted. Len Hutton and Cyril Washbrook made hay with 133 and 115 in an opening knock of 254, Hammond made 42 and Compton 76 as the MCC made 465/8 on the first day. The second day was ruined by rain, which was fortunate for Southern NSW as Hammond declared his overnight score and they collapsed to 11/4 to Dick Pollard's 4/2.

Victoria Country vs MCC

The MCC continued south into Victoria for another Country XI game, this time a one-day knockabout. The local team batted first and the off-spinner Peter Smith took another useful 6/43. Smith was ill during much of the tour and proved too slow in the air for first class cricket in Australia, so was used in the minor games to rest other players. Gibb (49) and Fishlock (41) opened again and Bill Edrich made 62 as they passed the Victorian Country XI total of 156 for a four wicket win, but carried on batting to 200/4, when Edrich was out, in order to gather some batting practice.

Third Test – Melbourne

See Main Article - 1946–47 Ashes series

Tasmania Combined XI vs MCC

Social successes are one of the causes of their cricket failure. They are not always going to bed early in the Tests. Some are known to have reached their hotels long after the Australians have been tucked up for the night. There are tourists who do not give the impression that cricket is their main consideration.
Clif Cary, Sunday Express
Like Western Australia Tasmania were a weak side and they were sent some help from the mainland to play the MCC and showcase the talents of some star players; Lindsay Hassett, Keith Miller and Ian Johnson of Victoria and Sid Barnes of New South Wales. Wally Hammond preferred to stay in Melbourne, which was seen as a slight to the state, while his overworked bowlers had to go. Major Howard replied that Hammond was badly in need of a rest and that Wright and Bedser were given to option of resting in Melbourne, but chose to go to Tasmania. When Hammond was unable to play in the Fifth Test it was thought that it was illness that kept him in Melbourne. Norman Yardley won the toss and batted, the MCC making 278 on the first day. Laurie Fishlock held the early innings together with 52 as they crashed to 53/4 with Bill Edrich (82), Alec Bedser (51) - his first first class 50 - and Godfrey Evans (34) hoisting up the lower order. They were asked to restrain themselves from hitting sixes due to the glass shortage, but the Tasmanian captain Ron Morrisby was not asked and the opener Ron Thomas twice lifted Dick Pollard over the ropes in his innings of 16 at the end of the day, though no windows were broken. Morrisby was also out for 16, but Barnes made 57, Hassett 35 and Miller 70 with the wicketkeeper Gardiner hitting 94 batting at number 9. Pollard was hit for 2/124 off 20 overs and the Combined XI hit 374 in 250 minutes. Coming in 96 runs behind on the first innings Fishlock (46) and Hardstaff (60) added 91 for the second wicket, then Denis Compton struck 124, his first innings of note since the start of the tour. Jack Ikin (50) helped him add 168 for the fourth wicket and Yardley declared on 353/9. The task of making 258 runs in under two hours was not seriously attempted, but Ian Johnson came in at number three and hit an unbeaten 80 out of 145/2. 18,700 attended the game with £2,718 in receipts.

Tasmania vs MCC

Some of the oldest grade clubs in Australia are in Tasmania, but it was a weak state side that would not fully complete in the Sheffield Shield for another 25 years. With the Australian Test players returning home the MCC ran up 361/3 on the first day after winning the toss. Hutton gave a sound start with 51, but Joe Hardstaff (155) and Denis Compton (163) stroked their way though a stand of 282. The second day was rain-affected and Yardley declared at 467/5 to give him the chance of dismissing Tasmania twice in a day. Bill Voce (2/7), Bill Edrich (4/26) and Jack Ikin (3/17) ran through their first innings and only Julian Murflett's 46 not out from number 9 brought them up from 49/8 to 103 all out. Following on Tasmania lost regular wickets to Compton (4/51), but ensured a draw with 129/6. 10,290 attended the game with £1,176 in receipts.

South Australia vs MCC

<blockquote>
For Hammond there was one highlight in a season of disasters...he became the seventh man in cricket history to register an aggregate of more than 50,000 runs in first-class games. Hammond reached his goal in his 992nd innings, and for some time afterwards he was kept busy answering congratulatory letters, telegrams, and cables from admirers in all parts of the world.
Clif Cary
</blockquote>
Wally Hammond rejoined the team at Adelaide for the return match against South Australia. He chose to bat on a slow pitch and the MCC batted into the third day for 577. Len Hutton led the way with 88, Laurie Fishlock made 57, but the highlight was the captain's 167th first class century of 188 which made him the seventh man to make 50,000 first class runs after W.G. Grace, Jack Hobbs, Phil Mead, Frank Woolley, Patsy Hendren and Herbert Sutcliffe. before these milestones even loyal England supporters had been calling for him to be dropped from the team because of his poor form, and to allow Norman Yardley to captain England. Hammond added 243 with James Langridge (100) and only Bruce Dooland returned respectable figures with 4/67 off 33.7 overs. Doug Wright (3/90) dismissed Reginald Craig and Don Bradman for 26/2, but South Australia responded well with 443, Paul Ridings making 77, Ron Hamance 145 and Ron James 85. Bill Voce bowled manfully for 4/125, but the surprise was Hardstaff who snapped up 3/24 with his medium-pacers on a wicket which started to break up late on the second day. With only two hours left Hutton put in some batting practice with 77 not out and Hardstaff 40 not out, but Washbrook was out for a duck. It was hoped that a similar wicket in the forthcoming Fourth Test would aid Wright, but the over-prepared Test pitch was "as dead as Mussolini" and it was thought that the MCC pitch had been neglected as a result. 34,068 attended the game with £2,950 in receipts.

Fourth Test – Adelaide

See Main Article - 1946–47 Ashes series

Victoria Country vs MCC

After the drawn Fourth Test Hammond took the MCC to the famous Victorian gold rush town Ballarat, which was at the start of a post-war boom. The Victorian Country XI batted first and made an impressive 268 even though only Douglas Brown (64) exceeded 40. Bill Voce took 3/28 and Peter Smith 3/70. The local fast bowler Robert McArthur (2/70) soon had Fishlock and Edrich out for ducks and the opener-wicketkeeper Paul Gibb had to fight back with 69. Plummer took 4/68 and the MCC only overtook the Country team by 20 runs thanks to Denis Compton (61) and Godfrey Evans (82). Hammond could not bat due to his fibrosis, which made him unfit for the Fifth Test. Dick Pollard (2/7) took two quick wickets and Smith (2/10) another couple, but the match was drawn with the local team 70/5 at the end of the second day.

Victoria vs MCC

He played the ball in the middle of the bat for an over or two. Then he commenced to make strokes. He glanced Pollard for four. He hooked Wright to the fence...All young Harvey's strokes were true. He placed his off and on drives past the fieldsmen...Jack Ryder, was deeply impressed. Trumper, Clem Hill, Macartney, Bradman, Jackson were in their teens when they played their first Test. Neil Harvey has excellent prospects of joining their company.
Clif Cary
With Hammond ill Norman Yardley led the team in the return match against Victoria. He won the toss and batted with the MCC making 355. Laurie Fishlock made 51, Denis Compton 93, Jack Ikin 71 and Godfrey Evans 41, with Keith Miller taking 4/63 and the Chinamen of George Tribe going for 3/142. Victoria were in trouble at 32/3, but captain Lindsay Hassett (126) added 120 runs in 120 minutes with the 18-year-old Neil Harvey (69). Tribe made 60 coming in at number 9 and added 57 for the last wicket with the wicketkeeper Bill Baker to take Victoria to 327. Batting again the tourists floundered to Tribe whose 6/49 cleared them up for 118, leaving the home side 151 to win, but there was no time and the game ended with the MCC innings. 39,011 attended the game with £3,578 in receipts.

New South Wales vs MCC

In their penultimate match of the Australian tour the MCC returned to Sydney. Ginty Lush won the toss and batted. Keith Carmody (65) and Arthur Morris (44) made an opening partnership of 78, Sid Barnes also made 44, Eric Lukeman 70 and Ray Lindwall 45, but the most notable performance was by Peter Smith. Smith had suffered a hand injury en route to Australia, was in hospital for weeks with appendicitis and was considered too slow in the air and flat in trajectory to succeed on Australian wickets, but he took 9/121 by attacking the off stump, the best figures by an English bowler in Australia. New South Wales were out for 342, but had the MCC out for 266. Len Hutton had made 19 of 20 runs when he was caught on the chin by a bumper from Ginty Lush (0/20) and was taken to hospital, but returned at 172/7 and made 40.http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152882.html Denis Compton hit 75 while he was away and the NSW bowlers sharing the honours; Lindwall 2/54, Bill Johnston 3/51, Ernie Toshack 3/88 and John Pettiford 2/48. Leading by 76 runs NSW needed quicks runs and made 262/5 in 226 minutes. Morris struck 47, Lukeman 45 and Ronald Kissell 80 not out. Smith took 3/73 to bring his match total to 12/194. Asked to make 347 runs in just over two hours the MCC could only go for a draw and Hutton (72) and Compton (74 not out) took them to 203/3 without much trouble. 23,228 attended the game with £2,103 in receipts.

Fifth Test – Sydney

See Main Article - 1946–47 Ashes series

First Class Tour Averages
Source As was the convention of the time gentleman amateurs have their initials in front of their surname and professional players have their initials after their name, if used at all.p14 and p97, Fred Titmus, My Life in Cricket, John Blake Publishing Ltd, 2005

References

Bibliography
 Ashley Brown, The Pictorial History of Cricket, Bison, 1988
 Clif Cary, Cricket Controversy, Test matches in Australia 1946-47, T. Werner Laurie Ltd, 1948
 Ray Lindwall, Flying Stumps, Marlin Books, 1954
 Keith Miller, Cricket Crossfire, Oldbourne Press, 1956
 A.G. Moyes, A Century of Cricketers, Angus and Robertson, 1950
 E.W. Swanton, Swanton in Australia with MCC 1946–1975, Fontana/Collins, 1975
 Bob Willis and Patrick Murphy, Starting with Grace, A Pictorial Celebration of Cricket 1864-1986, Stanley Paul, 1986References using Cricinfo or Wisden may require free registration for access.Further reading
 John Arlott, John Arlott's 100 Greatest Batsmen, MacDonald Queen Anne Press, 1986
 Peter Arnold, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket, W. H. Smith, 1985
 Bill Frindall, The Wisden Book of Test Cricket 1877-1978, Wisden, 1979
 Tom Graveney and Norman Miller, The Ten Greatest Test Teams  Sidgewick and Jackson, 1988
 Chris Harte, A History of Australian Cricket, Andre Deutsch, 1993
 Alan Hill, The Bedsers: Twinning Triumphs, Mainstream Publishing, 2002
 Ray Robinson, On Top Down Under, Cassell, 1975
 E.W. Swanton (ed), Barclay's World of Cricket'', Willow, 1986

External links
 CricketArchive tour itinerary

Category:1946 in Australian cricket
Category:1946 in English cricket
Category:1947 in Australian cricket
Category:1947 in English cricket
Category:Australian cricket seasons from 1945–46 to 1969–70
Category:English cricket tours of Australia
Category:International cricket competitions from 1945–46 to 1960
Australia 1946-47


Sive (play)

Sive  is a play by the Irish writer John B. Keane, first performed in Listowel, County Kerry in 1959. Keane chose to use the name "Sive" for the play in honor of his sister, Shiela, using the Irish-Gaelic form of the name.

Plot
The story is centred on an eighteen-year-old girl, Sive, who is illegitimate. She lives with her uncle Mike, his wife Mena, and Nanna, who is Mike’s mother. A local matchmaker, Thomasheen Sean Rua, decides that Sive should marry a man named Seán Dota. Seán is rich but old and haggard. Thomasheen convinces Mena to organise the marriage of Sive to Seán Dota. She and her husband will receive a sum of two hundred pounds as soon as Sive marries him. Mike is originally unwilling to have Sive married to a man so much older than her, but Mena convinces him otherwise.

Sive, however, is in love with a young man by the name of Liam Scuab. But Liam is unsuitable as he is related to the man who got Sive's mother pregnant out of marriage, before going to work in England and drowning. Mike, who believes that Sive's father deliberately abandoned her mother upon discovering her pregnancy, refuses permission for Liam to marry Sive, on account of his being related to her father.

Sive is distraught but is forced to do the will of her uncle and his wife. Nanna does not approve and would prefer her to marry Liam. Two local tinkers — Pats and his son Carthalawn — connive together and decide to help Sive escape from Seán Dota and marry Liam. They plan to do this by giving a letter (written by Liam Scuab) to Nanna, who will pass it on to Sive. The plot fails, however, when Thomasheen discovers the letter and destroys it. On the night before her marriage Sive disappears and shortly afterwards Liam finds her corpse in a bog hole. He carries the body into the house, announcing to Mena that she is responsible for the death. As Liam cries over the dead body, Seán Dota and Thomasheen both leave the room. The play concludes with Pats and his son singing about a maiden who was drowned as she would not be a bride.

Performance history
After being rejected by the Abbey Theatre, The Listowel Drama Group produced the play. Sive first performed in Christy's Ballroom, Listowel, Co. Kerry. The play was an overall success, but John B. Keane noted that some took offense to the melodramatic content of the play, calling it blasphemous and pornographic based on the appearance of Sive as a young girl.

In the first performances of the play, Nora Relihan played Mena Galvin, Margaret Dillon performed as Sive, and John B. Keane himself played Carthalawn.

The play is still widely known throughout Ireland, usually being a piece of theatre taught in Irish school systems.

References

External links
Abbey Theatre site

Category:Plays set in Ireland
Category:1959 plays
Category:Irish plays


Mannheim–Frankfurt railway

Mannheim–Frankfurt railway is a German standard gauge, electrified railway line and runs in southern Hesse and northern Baden-Württemberg between Frankfurt and Mannheim. It is also called the Riedbahn (Ried Railway). The line runs through an area called the Hessische Ried, hence the name. The term Riedbahn was originally used for the Darmstadt–Worms railway and the two lines share the central section between Groß-Gerau and Biblis.

The Mannheim–Frankfurt railway is used by three Intercity-Express routes, connecting South Germany with Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne and Dortmund and regional services of the Rhine-Main transport union and Rhine-Neckar transport union. The line is one of the busiest line in Germany with 650 trains per day, although most freight uses the Main-Neckar Railway, which is further east and gives better access to the Mannheim marshalling yard.

In order to overcome heavy congestion of the line and to accelerate train services, it is proposed to build a new line between Frankfurt and Mannheim. The planning approval process is expected to start in 2017.

History

The Riedbahn was originally built by the Hessian Ludwig Railway (Hessische Ludwigsbahn), to connect Darmstadt, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, with Worms, the second most important city in the province of Rheinhessen of the Grand Duchy. The riparian communities contributed significantly to the financing of the project.

On 29 May 1869, the line from Darmstadt via Riedstadt-Goddelau and Biblis to Rosengarten station, on the opposite side of the Rhine from Worms, was opened by the Prime Minister of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Reinhard Carl Friedrich von Dalwigk. From Rosengarten station, trains crossed the Rhine from 1870 to 1900 using the Worms-Rosengarten train ferry, as there was no bridge across the Rhine at Worms. Between Worms and Hofheim services on the Nibelung Railway run on the same tracks.

The line from Biblis to the Mannheim suburb of Waldhof was opened in October 1879, so that the route to Mannheim ended not at the central station, but at the Riedbahnhof, north of today's Kurpfalz Bridge. In November 1879, the (then) branch line from Goddelau to Frankfurt was opened.

Changes to the line

The opening of the line from Waldhof through Käfertal to the Rhine Valley line south of Mannheim station in 1880, enabled trains to run from the Riedbahn into Mannheim station from the south. In order to continue towards Karlsruhe and Stuttgart trains had to reverse in the station.

In December 1900, a railway bridge was opened over the Rhine to Worms, creating a direct connection to Worms and replacing the existing terminus at Rosengarten and the ferry crossing over the Rhine.

In 1975, the railway between Darmstadt and Goddelau was closed due to lack of traffic and partly dismantled. All that remains of the line is a siding from Darmstadt to Weiterstadt-Riedbahn, where the line ends. However, there is a connection between the Riedbahn and the Rhine-Main Railway to Darmstadt and Mainz at Groß-Gerau.

High-speed traffic

Until the opening of the  long Western Entrance to the Riedbahn (westlichen Einführung der Riedbahn, WER) to Mannheim Hauptbahnhof in 1985, trains from Frankfurt came from the south to reach Mannheim and had to reverse to continue south towards Heidelberg or Karlsruhe on the Rhine Valley line. Some TGV and Intercity-Express (ICE) services continue to use the eastern branch of the Ried Railway to cross the Rhine without reversal. Almost all regional trains run on the new western approach; Mannheim-Käfertal station is currently operated by one Regionalbahn service each day. The eastern Ried Railway has 180 pairs of trains each day, mainly freight traffic.

Already in the Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan (Bundesverkehrswegeplan) of 1973, the Ried Railway was planned as one of eight rail routes to be rebuilt as "upgraded" lines (Ausbaustrecken). In its successor, the Co-ordinated Investment Program for Federal Transport Infrastructure (Koordinierten Investitionsprogramm für die Bundesverkehrswege) of 1977, the track was included as one of six development projects. The development project was also included in the Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan (Koordinierten Investitionsprogramm für die Bundesverkehrswege) of 1980. The Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan of 1985 included the first stage of the route, which was essentially the new approach to Mannheim Hauptbahnhof, as part of the most urgently needed works. The second stage was included in the list of “further needs” in the same document. In the 1970s, a new line from Cologne to Gross-Gerau that would have connected with the Ried Railway in Gross-Gerau was planned; this project was later abandoned.

The second stage should have been completed by the time of the full commissioning of the Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed railway (1991). Due to delays in the project approval process, some measures were implemented later, especially the elimination of level crossings. By the end of 1989, four of the 27 crossings along the line had been removed. By early 1991, the planning approval process for four of the twelve sections had been initiated. In four of the eight sections work had largely been completed. Overall, 46 individual projects had been carried out by the end of 1989.

The line was opened for ICE operations between Stockstadt and Waldhof on 2 June 1991. On the same section of line, capacity was increased from 240 to 280 trains per day. The Bürstadt railway bridge and four other bridge associated with the upgrade were rebuilt.

In the early 1990s, preliminary planning also began for the construction of a connecting curve to connect Frankfurt Airport to the line (later realised as the Frankfurter Kreuz Tunnel, the first section of the Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed line).

At the timetable change in May 1998, the maximum speed limit on a 15 km length of the southern section was raised to 200 km/h. The northern section from Groß-Gerau to Frankfurt was completed in autumn 1999 for high-speed operations. From 5 December 1999, the 3.3-km section from Leeheim to Dornberg could be operated at 200 km/h.

As one of the major lines in Germany and the busiest line in southern Germany, the  long Frankfurt-Mannheim line between Zeppelinheim and Mannheim-Waldhof, the line's Linienzugbeeinflussung train control system is certified for speeds up to 200 km/h; although the maximum speed at the Biblis curve is about . Most freight traffic runs over the parallel Main Neckar line because of its better connection to the Mannheim marshalling yard.

Operations

With 650 trains per day (as of 2007), the corridor between Mannheim and Frankfurt/Mainz is one of the busiest lines in Germany. A further increase to 900 trains in the corridor is expected by 2015.

In addition to the regional services of the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund and the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar, three Intercity-Express lines run on the Ried Railway, connecting southern Germany with Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne/Dortmund.

A Regional-Express service (RE 70) operates between Mannheim and Frankfurt and a Regionalbahn service (RB 62) operates between Worms and Biblis. One Regional Express operates each way between Frankfurt and Worms at night. Services of Rhine-Main S-Bahn line 7 run between Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof and Riedstadt-Goddelau. A Regionalbahn service (RB 2) operates between Biblis, Mannheim and Karlsruhe. This service is planned to be integrated in the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn in the future.

After the opening of the new the Rhine/Main–Rhine/Neckar high-speed line, capacity on the Ried Railway will be sufficient to allow Rhine-Main S-Bahn S-Bahn line to Gross-Gerau 7 to run every quarter of an hour rather than every half hour.

Planning
To ease overloading on the line a new high-speed line from Frankfurt to Mannheim is being planned, cleared for top speeds of up to 300 km/h. The new line would mostly run close to the A5 and the A67 motorways. Deutsche Bahn originally proposed to build a bypass of the Mannheim Hauptbahnhof (the most important rail junction in southwestern Germany, although it is not a Category 1 station like Karlsruhe Hbf), but dropped this plan for the time being in 2006 due to strong community and political opposition. Construction has not started yet due to the difficulty in reaching agreement on the details of the project. Construction is expected to start in 2011 and be completed in 2017.

A connection to the planned Terminal 3 at Frankfurt Airport is being considered. A connecting curve for S 7 and RE 70 services, including an underground S-Bahn station, would cost €120 million. Such a connection would have a Benefit-cost ratio of more than 1.

The second track of the eastern branch of the Ried Railway in Mannheim is to be reactivated in 2015 and the line will be served by S-Bahn services, according to the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Environment and Transport. A new S-Bahn stop is planned at Mannheim-Neuostheim at the crossing of Dürerstraße. From December 2015, S-Bahn trains will run on the line every hour between Biblis and Mannheim Hauptbahnhof.

Lines

The following regional lines use the Mannheim–Frankfurt railway:
  Riedstadt-Goddelau – Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof
  Mannheim – Biblis – Frankfurt (Regional-Express)
  Karlsruhe – Hockenheim – Schwetzingen – Mannheim – Biblis

References

Notes

Footnotes

Sources

Category:Railway lines in Hesse
Category:Railway lines in Baden-Württemberg
Category:Rhine-Main S-Bahn
Category:Railway lines opened in 1869
Category:Buildings and structures in Mannheim
Category:Buildings and structures in Bergstraße (district)
Category:Transport in Frankfurt
Category:Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn
Category:Buildings and structures in Groß-Gerau (district)


Aukum, California

Aukum (also, Aukum Fork and Mount Aukum) is an unincorporated community in El Dorado County, California. It is located 1 mi (1.6 km) northeast of River Pines, 1.2 mi (1.8 km) south of Mount Aukum and 8.5 mi (13.7 km) northeast of Plymouth, at an elevation of 2155 feet (657 m). The ZIP code is 95656.

The Aukum post office operated from 1895 to 1914 and 1920 to 1961, when it was changed to Mount Aukum.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in California
Category:Unincorporated communities in El Dorado County, California
Category:Populated places established in 1895
Category:1895 establishments in California


Finnish minelayer Ruotsinsalmi

Ruotsinsalmi was a minelayer of the Finnish Navy and the namesake of her class. Ruotsinsalmi was commissioned in 1940 and remained in service until 1975. The vessel was named after the battle of Ruotsinsalmi, which was fought between Sweden and Russia in 1790.

New minelayers for the navy
Funding for two new minelayers had been secured as early as in 1937, but instead the money was used to refurbish the garrison at Mäkiluoto.

Ruotsinsalmi and her sister vessel, , were intended as escort minesweepers for the Finnish navy's coastal defence ships  and , and they were therefore designed with a draught of only . Ruotsinsalmi was armed with one  gun, one Bofors 40 mm guns and two Madsen 20 mm anti-aircraft cannons. The vessel had three mine dropping rails, and could carry about 100 mines. The ship could also hunt submarines, and was equipped with sonar, depth charge throwers and rails. The vessel was also strong enough to be able to tow mine sweeping equipment. It was equipped with smoke generators so it could protect itself and other near-by vessels from the enemy.

During the Continuation War
Ruotsinsalmi and Riilahti began mining the Gulf of Finland on 26 June 1941, immediately after the outbreak of the Continuation War. The first minefield, Kipinola, Ruotsinsalmi laid together with Riilahti south-east of Hanko which was intended to block Soviet seaways to Hanko. Same group laid already on 27 June the next minefield, Kuolemajärvi, north-west of Paldiski again to block route to Hanko. Another one, Valkjärvi, was laid on 29–30 June.

Ruotsinsalmi together with Riilahti participated in ferrying the Finnish gunboats past Hanko in August 1941. After two failed attempts by gunboats to rendezvous with minelayers on the nights of 25-26 and 27–28 August the minelayers penetrated the Soviet minefield and met with the gunboats west of Hanko and then escorted them through to Helsinki on 29 August 1941.

Ruotsinsalmi again with Riilahti were sent on 21 November to as minesweeping escorts for convoy of German ships consisting of two tugs and a depot ship headed to west through the Soviet minebarrier south of Hanko. However, in the dark the convoy deviated from the swept route and as the sweeping gear became entangled with mines it had stop. Before the convoy managed to resume its journey, tug Föhn slipped outside the swept area and sank after hitting a mine but the rest of the convoy reached its destination. The voyage back through the minebarrier with a convoy of freighters started at midnight of 3 December after the escort group had been strengthened with German minesweepers M 4 and M 7 and it took place without any incidents.

Ruotsinsalmi was Finland's most active minelayer during the Second World War, laying a total of 3,967 sea mines and 541 sweeping obstacles. She was forced to lay mines against the Germans after the end of the hostilities with the Soviet Union in an attempt to hinder German submarine activity.

She participated in the sinking of two Soviet submarines,  on 15 July 1942 (along with VMV 16) and Shch-408 on 25 May 1943 (along with VMV 6).

After the war
Ruotsinsalmi had proven to be a sound design and well suited for its task. However, it continued to serve a number of different missions after the war. The ship ended its career as a diving support vessel (1973–1975). She was mothballed in Upinniemi, and there were plans to make her into a museum, but she was scrapped at the beginning of the 1990s, after the owners had failed to gather enough funds.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Category:Minelayers of the Finnish Navy
Category:1940 ships


San Antonio shooting

San Antonio shooting may refer to:

 Sam Houston High School shooting, a 1990 school shooting at Sam Houston High School
 Santikos theater shooting, a 2012 shooting at the Santikos Mayan Palace 14 theater
 Shooting of Benjamin Marconi, a 2016 shooting of a detective with the San Antonio Police Department
 Rolling Oaks Mall shooting, a 2017 shooting at Rolling Oaks Mall

See also
List of shootings in Texas


Kakinomoto Shrine (Akashi)

Kakinomoto Shrine (柿本神社 Kakinomoto-jinja) is a Shinto Shrine in Akashi, Hyōgo. It is also referred to as Hitomaru-san.

The shrine's principal deity is Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, a historical figure who is reputed to have passed through the Akashi area during his life, and who was deified in the centuries following his death, as a god of literature, scholarship, fire safety and childbirth.

According to tradition, the shrine was founded in 887 by the monk Kakushō, in the grounds of the Gesshō-ji temple. It moved to its current location to accommodate the construction of Akashi Castle.

Enshrined deities
The shrine's principal deity is Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, a god of waka poetry and, by extension, scholarship and literature, but also, by way of a pair of puns on his name, fire safety (火止まる hi-tomaru = "fire stop") and childbirth (人生る hito-umaru = "person is born")

According to tradition, Hitomaro passed through the Akashi area multiple times while travelling between his home in Yamato Province and his assigned district in Iwami Province, and a poem he wrote on Akashi Strait survives.

History
The history of the shrine is said to begin in 887 (Ninna 3), when Kakushō (覚証), a Buddhist monk of the temple , speculated that Hitomaro's spirit had come to rest in Akashi and constructed a small shrine at the back of his temple. Both the temple and the shrine were moved to their current location to accommodate the construction of Akashi Castle. In 1723 (Kyōhō 8) the shrine was granted the  in Japan's  and the shrine's deity was given the title (ja) Kakinomoto Dai-myōjin (柿本大明神).

Name
The shrine is familiarly referred to by local people with the nickname Hitomaru-san (人丸さん).

Monuments and architecture
In the shrine grounds is a monument constructed on the order of , inscribed with a 1,712-character biography of Hitomaro.

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

 Official website

Category:Shinto shrines
Category:Kakinomoto no Hitomaro
Category:Chinjusha
Category:9th-century religious buildings and structures


Aaron Fish

Aaron Fish may refer to:
 Aaron Fish (producer) (born 1962), entertainment producer, promoter and brand creator
 Aaron Fish (businessman) (born 1930s), Canadian key and lock distributor


District Heights, Maryland

District Heights is an incorporated city in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, located near Maryland Route 4. The population was 5,837 at the 2010 United States Census. For more information, see the separate articles on Forestville and Suitland.

District Heights is located  from central Washington.

Geography
District Heights is located at  (38.859545, −76.889139).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.

History

District Heights was originally farmland owned by Major Leander P. Williams, purchased as four patented Lord Baltimore tracts known as: "Good Luck," "Magruder's Plains Enlarged," "the Levels," and "Offutt's Adventure." Under grants issued to Lord Baltimore by King Charles I of Great Britain, the tracts belonged to Colonel Ninian Beall, Benjamin Berry, and Alexander Magruder. District Heights evolved from one of the four patents. In 1925, land was purchased and formed into District Heights Company by Joseph Tepper, David L. Blanken, Henry Oxenberg, Gilbert Leventhal, Simon Gordon, and Simon Gerber. The land was farmed by Walter and Al Dustin, whose farmhouse stood at 7116 Foster Street. By 1925, streets laid out first three blocks of Halleck Street and Aztec. By 1936, the city had approximately 25 homes built, two businesses, a grocery store and filling station, a pump house and water tower to furnish the water and pressure for the City, a sewage system and a free Model T bus service to 17th and Pennsylvania Avenue, S.E.

Adjacent areas
 Walker Mill (north)
 Forestville (southeast)
 Capitol Heights (northwest)
 Morningside (south)

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 5,837 people, 2,050 households, and 1,505 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,212 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 6.0% White, 90.1% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the population.

There were 2,050 households of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.0% were married couples living together, 32.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.6% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.31.

The median age in the city was 35.8 years. 26.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 28.3% were from 45 to 64; and 10% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.0% male and 54.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,958 people, 2,070 households, and 1,538 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,649.1 people per square mile (2,556.0/km²). There were 2,170 housing units at an average density of 2,421.7 per square mile (930.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 9.20% White, 87.95% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.86% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 1.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.49% of the population.

There were 2,070 households out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 28.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.7% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.36.

In the city, the population was spread out with 30.8% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $52,331, and the median income for a family was $61,220. Males had a median income of $37,129 versus $32,443 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,190. About 4.5% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.0% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people
Lloyd R. Woodson, arrested in 2010 with military-grade illegal weapons he intended to use in  a violent crime, and a detailed map of the Fort Drum military installation.
 NaVorro Bowman, former outside linebacker at Penn State University and current inside linebacker for the Oakland Raiders was born and attended high school in Forestville.
 East Coast Rapist, Aaron H. Thomas, lived in District Heights/Forestville from June 1994 to August 2006.
 LaTonya Swann, winner of BET's Born To Dance, was born and raised in District Heights.

Government
The city is governed by a mayor and city commission elected every 4 years.
The current elected mayor and city commission are:
Mayor Eddie L. Martin;
Commissioner Cynthia Miller (Ward 1);
Commissioner Johnathan Medlock (Ward 1);
Commissioner Harryette Irving (Ward 2);
Commissioner Carol M. Blake (Ward 2)

In June 2019, Mayor Martin was charged with misdemeanor misconduct in office for helping a friend buy $50,000 in fireworks only available to cities and those with a federal explosive license by asserting on city letterhead that they were for the city's Fourth of July celebration rather than for private use.

The U.S. Postal Service operates the District Heights Post Office in an unincorporated area next to the city limits.

Law enforcement
The District Heights Police Department (DHPD) is the primary law enforcement agency for the City of District Heights which is located in Prince George's County, Maryland. An agreement exists with Prince George's County Police Department and the Prince George's County Sheriff's Office that outlines mutual aid assistance. Assistance is also provided by neighboring municipal agencies.

Officers serve the City Commission and the citizens who reside in and around the Municipal Corporation of District Heights. District Heights is located within the 3rd District of the Prince George's County Police Department. The two agencies work closely together responding to calls for service as well as solving crimes. Although the crime rate as reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation is twenty~two percent higher than the national average, this number represents both the non-corporate and corporate portions of District Heights.

The District Heights Police Department began in 1936. Over the years, it has seen many different officers. In 2012, Chief Michael March (Ret) retired, sparking the City Commission to temporarily appoint Chief (Fmr) Yolanda Alexander. Chief Alexander served as acting Chief for more than a year until she was fully sworn in as Chief of Police in October 2013. Her contract as Chief for the District Heights Police Department was not renewed after May 2014 City Mayoral and Commission elections. Several members stated a difference of opinion. Chief Elliott Gibson, was hired in May 2014, as Police Chief.  Chief Gibson had a long history and experience in law enforcement. He was terminated by the City Commission after new Commissioners were elected in May 2019. The current Acting Chief of Police is Troy Harrison. Acting Chief Harrison has been a member of the agency for over ten years. Also in Acting positions are Acting Captain Kinsey Weems and two Police Sergeants.  The current chain of command is made up of one Chief, one Deputy Chief, one Lieutenant, two Sergeants, and four Police Officers.  Permanent positions must be voted on by the Mayor and Commission.

Prince George's County Police Department District 8 Station in Upper Marlboro CDP serves the community.

Education
The city is served by the Prince George's County Public Schools and District 7 of the County's Board of Education.

Elementary schools that serve the city include:
 District Heights Elementary School
 Formerly included District Heights Parkway Elementary, whose building makes up half the current school, and which fed primary grades to District Heights Elementary following 2nd or 3rd grade
 North Forestville Elementary School

Middle schools that serve the city include:
 Drew-Freeman Middle School (7-8)
 Walker Mill Middle School

High schools that serve the city include:
 Dr. Henry A. Wise Jr. High School
 Suitland High School

Francis Scott Key Elementary School is neither in the city, nor serves the city, but has a District Heights postal address. The district previously operated Berkshire Elementary School in what is now Suitland CDP, near District Heights. Berkshire Elementary closed in 2009.

Public libraries
The Prince George's County Memorial Library System operates the Spauldings Branch Library near District Heights.

Transportation

The only highway passing directly through District Heights is Maryland Route 458. MD 458 connects southwest to Maryland Route 5, which provides access to Washington, D.C. and Interstate 95/Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway).

References

External links

 Maryland State Archives District Heights site

Category:Cities in Maryland
Category:Washington metropolitan area
Category:Cities in Prince George's County, Maryland
Category:Populated places established in 1925
Category:1925 establishments in Maryland


Benjamin F. Turley House

The Benjamin F. Turley House, near Sparta, Kentucky, is a Gothic Revival-style house built in 1865.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.  The listing included two contributing buildings and a contributing site.

The house is a two-story brick Gothic Revival building built in 1865, on a fieldstone foundation.  It was extended by a one-story addition in 1938.  It has a distinctive enclosed porch with three Romanesque style arched openings.

References

Category:National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Kentucky
Category:Houses completed in 1865
Category:Gallatin County, Kentucky


List of places in Aberdeen

Map of places in Aberdeen compiled from this list
See the list of places in Scotland for places in other counties.

This List of places in Aberdeen is a list of links for any town, village, hamlet, castle, golf course, historic house, nature reserve, reservoir, river, and other place of interest in the Aberdeen City council area of Scotland.

 __NOTOC__

A
Aberdeen Art Gallery
Aberdeen Arts Centre
Aberdeen Beach and Queens Links
Aberdeen Castle
Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre
Aberdeen International Airport
Aberdeen Maritime Museum
Aberdeen railway station
Altens
Ashgrove
Auchmill Golf Club

B
Balnagask Golf Club
Beach Ballroom
Berryden
Bieldside
Braeside
Bridge of Dee
Bridge of Don
Brig o' Balgownie
Broomhill
Bucksburn

C
Cornhill
Cove Bay
Craibstone Golf Centre
Craigiebuckler
Cults
Cummings Park
Cruickshank Botanic Gardens

D
Danestone
Deeside Golf Club
Deeside Way
Doonies Farm
Duthie Park and Winter Gardens
Dyce, Dyce railway station

F
Ferryhill
Footdee
Foresterhill
Formartine and Buchan Way
Froghall

G
Garthdee
Gordon Highlanders Museum
Gray's School of Art

H
Hanover
Hazlehead, Hazlehead Golf Club, Hazlehead Park
Heathryfold
Hilton
His Majesty's Theatre

J
Johnston Gardens

K
Kaimhill
Kincorth
King's Links Golf Club
Kingswells
Kirk of St Nicholas
Kittybrewster

L
Leggart

M
Mannofield
Marischal College
Mastrick
Middlefield
Midstocket
Milltimber
Murcar Links Golf Club
Music Hall

N
Nigg
Northfield

O
Old Aberdeen

P
Peterculter, Peterculter Golf Club
Pittodrie Stadium
Powis
Provost Ross's House
Provost Skene's House

Q
Queen's Cross

R
River Dee
River Don
Robert Gordon's College
Robert Gordon University
Rosehill
Rosemount
Royal Aberdeen Golf Club
Rubislaw, Rubislaw and Queens Terrace Gardens
Ruthrieston

S
Scotstown Moor
Seafield
Seaton, Seaton Park
Sheddocksley
St Andrew's Cathedral
St Machar's Cathedral
St Mary's Cathedral
Stewart Park
Stockethill
Stoneywood
Summerhill
Sunnybank

T
Tillydrone
Torry
Tullos

U
Union Terrace Gardens
University of Aberdeen

V
Victoria Park

W
Westburn Park
William Wallace Statue
Woodside

See also
List of places in Scotland
List of places in Aberdeenshire

Places
Category:Aberdeen
Category:Geography of Aberdeen
Category:Lists of places in Scotland
Category:Populated places in Scotland
Category:Ports and harbours of Scotland
Category:Tourist attractions in Aberdeen


Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site

Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site is an archaeological site located on the western shore of Lake Milligan in Alexander County, Illinois. The site includes two mounds and a village site stretching northwest of the mounds. The village was inhabited by Middle Mississippian peoples from roughly 900-1600 A.D. It likely served as a trade hub and a social center for residents of the surrounding farmland. Formal archaeological investigation of the site was initiated in 1950 by Irvin Peithman of Southern Illinois University.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 23, 1978.

See also
List of archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois

References

Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Category:Geography of Alexander County, Illinois
Category:Mounds in Illinois
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Alexander County, Illinois


Al-Forat FC

Al-Forat football club (Euphrates FC, ) is an Iraqi football club based in Suq al-Shuyouk, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq. They currently play in the south division of the Iraqi Premier League.

External links
 club's page on Goalzz.com

Category:Football clubs in Iraq
Category:1965 establishments in Iraq


Philipp Wolfrum

Philipp Julius Wolfrum (17 December 1854 – 8 May 1919) was a German conductor, musicologist, composer, organist and academic teacher. He was influential to university education in church music in Heidelberg, and in 1907 became the town's Generalmusikdirektor.

Career
Born in Schwarzenbach am Wald, Philipp Wolfrum was the son of Johann Heinrich Wolfrum, a teacher and church musician (Kantor). He first also worked as a teacher. On a scholarship, he studied from 1876 at the Königliche Musikschule in München organ and composition with Joseph Rheinberger, piano with Karl Bärmann, and choral singing and conducting with Franz Wüllner. From 1878 he was conductor, soloist and composer in Bamberg. In 1884 he was appointed an assistant teacher for music at the theology seminary of Heidelberg University. There, he installed formal education in church music, and initiated public musical events in the town. In 1885 he founded the choirs Akademischer Gesangverein and Bach-Verein (now: ). In 1888 he was appointed Außerordentlicher Professor. In 1890 he published Die Entstehung und erste Entwicklung des deutschen evangelischen Kirchenliedes in musikalischer Beziehung (The origins and initial development of the German Protestant hymn). In 1894 he was awarded the title of , and in 1907 became Generalmusikdirektor.

Wolfrum was a friend of Max Reger, who dedicated his choral work Der Einsiedler, op. 144a, to Wolfrum and his choir: "dem hochverehrlichen 'Bach-Verein Heidelberg' und seinem ausgezeichneten Dirigenten Herrn Geheimrat, Generalmusikdirektor, Professor Dr. Philipp Wolfrum" (to the praise-worthy 'Bach-Verein Heidelberg' and its excellent conductor, Geheimrat Generalmusikdirektor Professor Dr. Philipp Wolfrum). Wolfrum conducted the premiere of this work and of the Hebbel Requiem, op. 144b, in a memorial concert for Reger in Heideberg on 16 July 1916, shortly after the composer's death.

Wolfrum worked for the revival of the works of Johann Sebastian Bach and Franz Liszt. He published in 1910 a monography in two volumes Johann Sebastian Bach and was instrumental in the publishing of Liszt's complete works, publishing four volumes himself.

Wolfrum died in Samedan. An international competition for organists of the Hochschule für Kirchenmusik Heidelberg was established in his name.

Selected works
 Drei Sonaten für Orgel, Op. 1, Op. 10, Op. 14
 Trio in B minor for piano, violin and viola, Op. 24
 Choralvorspiele Op. 25 and Op. 27
 Drei Tondichtungen, Op. 30
 Orgel-Requiem Klage und Trost
 Weihnachtsmysterium Op. 31

References

External links

 Philipp Wolfrum Hochschule für Kirchenmusik Heidelberg
 Philipp Wolfrum (1854–1919) Klassika
 Nachlass von Philipp Wolfrum (1854–1919) Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

Category:German classical composers
Category:German male classical composers
Category:German conductors (music)
Category:German male conductors (music)
Category:German classical organists
Category:Male organists
Category:Heidelberg University faculty
Category:1854 births
Category:1919 deaths


XHAK-FM

XEAK-AM/XHAK-FM is a combo radio station in Mexico, broadcasting at 890 AM and 89.7 FM in Acámbaro, Guanajuato. It is known as La Mejor and is owned by Organización Radiofónica de Acámbaro along with XHVW-FM 90.5.

History

Callsign
XEAK were also the original call letters of a border-blaster radio station licensed to the Tijuana / Rosarito area of the Mexican state of Baja California. Branded as The Mighty 690, the original XEAK was one of the first rock music stations to broadcast to Southern California. The Tijuana station dropped the XEAK call sign in 1961, but continues to broadcast today with the call sign XEWW-AM.

In Acámbaro

The XEAK calls returned when a new XEAK-AM was authorized in 1980, this time in Acámbaro, Guanajuato, to Sergio Fajardo Ortiz. The station initially received authorization to operate on 1600 kHz, soon sliding down to 890.

The FM migration was authorized in 2013. In 2017, XHAK and XHVW picked up MVS Radio formats.

See also
Border blaster

References

External links
Border Radio by Fowler, Gene and Crawford, Bill.  Texas Monthly Press, Austin. 1987
Mass Media Moments in the United Kingdom, the USSR and the USA, by Gilder, Eric. - "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu Press, Romania. 2003
Radio Consentida
Dedication of the Wolfman Jack Memorial in Del Rio, Texas
Radio Consentida Online

Category:Radio stations in Guanajuato
Category:Radio stations established in 1980


Hillcrest Mall

Hillcrest Mall, or Hillcrest, is a  enclosed shopping centre located in the town of Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada, on the northwest corner of Yonge Street and Carrville Road. It has 135 shops, services, and restaurants.

History
Hillcrest Mall was built on a  lot on the northwest corner of Yonge Street and Carrville Road. Architectural drawings were produced by Bregman and Hamann, and the interior design by Robert Meiklejohn. The project was a joint venture of Cadillac Fairview and Greater York Group. Lighting at the mall was designed with input from the David Dunlap Observatory to mitigate light pollution. This included minimal signage, shielded lights in the parking lot, and a light-absorbing parking lot surface.

It opened on August 8, 1974 with four anchor stores Simpsons, Kmart, Sears, and a Loblaws supermarket. It had over 100 stores occupying  at its grand opening, during which the first 10,000 Simpsons patrons received a rose, a symbolic gesture reflecting Richmond Hill's past status as the rose growing capital of Canada. Simpsons also used a rose in its local advertising. Hillcrest Mall also held a draw, the winner of which was given a two-week all expenses paid trip to Mexico.

The central square featured four ficus trees imported from Florida under a vaulted ceiling. The market court was a food court with picnic seating and gaslight lamps. A 250-seat auditorium with stage and kitchen was also part of the design, and was made available for community activities. The auditorium was used for fashion shows.

A five auditorium movie theatre operated by Cineplex Odeon Corporation opened in October 1980, with a total seating capacity of 519; this space is now a GoodLife Fitness.

Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) acquired Simpsons in 1978, and by 1991 had rebranded the anchor store as The Bay. Zellers opened in the mall in 1998, acquiring the anchor retail space when its parent HBC purchased the assets of Kmart Canada in May 1998. HBC also leased the retail space previously occupied by Sears at the southern end of the mall after Sears did not renew its lease, and used it for Hudson Bay's Men's Store and Home.

The mall underwent extensive renovations in 2000. In late 2002, construction of a separate building in the northeast corner of the mall's parking lot was completed; it was the site of the second Krispy Kreme franchise in Canada until 2005, and is now the site of Panera Bread. In 2006, a farmers' market was established on the premises, operating from the mall's parking lot two days a week.

Oxford Properties bought Hillcrest Mall from Cadillac Fairview in April 2011.

In 2011, HBC sold the leases of most of its Zellers stores to Target Corporation; the mall's Zellers closed in early 2013 with Target Canada taking over the anchor space and reopening in its place on November 13, 2013. In January 2015, Target announced the liquidation of all its Canadian stores and closed in mid 2015. The lease was acquired by landlord Oxford Properties. The space was redeveloped and jointly leased to discount retailers Marshalls and HomeSense, which opened in September 2018.

In 2013, an application was made to Richmond Hill Town Council to exempt the mall from the Retail Business Holidays Act so that it may open on six public holidays: New Year's Day, Family Day, Good Friday, Victoria Day, Canada Day, Labour Day, and Thanksgiving. The holiday exemption application was accepted, and the mall now only closes on Easter Sunday and Christmas.

On September 12, 2015, Hudson's Bay expanded anchor store was officially reopened. The $125 million project expanded the store by  of retail space to  total, into which was merged its "Men's Store and Home". The vacated anchor space was reconstructed for other tenants, which by the end of 2016 included Sporting Life, H&M, Aritzia, and Pandora.

On October 24, 2017, Hillcrest announced that they would put Marshalls, HomeSense, Indigo, and Old Navy stores in the former Target space in November 2018 along with a major interior renovation. The mall's interior got a refresh with new floors, lighting, washrooms, ceilings, upgraded food court, and new entrances 1 & 6 which was completed by October 2018.

Several large retailers used to be located at Hillcrest Mall:

Kmart - Closed in 1998 and replaced with Zellers
Zellers - Opened in 1998; liquidated and closed in Spring 2013. Replaced by Target.
Target - Opened in 2013, liquidated and closed in mid-2015. Replaced by North expansion
Sears - Closed in 1986; Moved to the Promenade Mall. Replaced with Hudson's Bay Men's Store and Home
The Bay Men's Store and Home (old location) - closed in 2015, replaced by south expansion

The York Regional Police Community Resource Centre was located in the mall, and has now relocated to the southwest corner of Elgin Mills Road West and Yonge Street.

Notes

References

External links

Hillcrest Mall

Category:Shopping malls in York Region
Category:Shopping malls established in 1974
Category:Buildings and structures in Richmond Hill, Ontario
Category:Oxford Properties
Category:1974 establishments in Ontario


Sandiacre Town F.C.

Sandiacre Town Football Club is a football club based in Sandiacre, England. The club have over 25 teams including junior up to senior. The first team play in the Nottinghamshire Senior League Premier Division.  The Under 19s team play in the Notts Youth League. At junior level the teams play in local leagues, such as The YEL.

History
The club played in the Central Alliance League in the 1970s and 1980s. They were one of the founding members of the Central Midlands League in 1983, but the club lost its place in the league in 1990 after failing ground grading. In 1992, the club merged with Lace Web United. They were promoted to the CML again after finishing runners-up in 1991–92.  They won the CML Premier Division in 1992–93. Their first appearance in the FA Vase was in 1995, and they reached the first round in 1997–98 and 2004–05.

Honours
Central Midlands League Premier Division
Champions 1992–93
Midlands Regional Alliance
Runners-up 1991–92

Records
FA Vase
First Round 1997–98, 2004–05

References

External links

Old website

Category:Football clubs in England
Category:Football clubs in Derbyshire
Category:Midlands Regional Alliance
Category:Central Midlands Football League
Category:1970s establishments in England
Category:Nottinghamshire Senior League