Siege of Delhi

The Siege of Delhi was one of the decisive conflicts of the Indian rebellion of 1857.

The rebellion against the authority of the East India Company was widespread through much of Northern India, but essentially it was sparked by the mass uprising by the sepoys of the units of the Army which the company had itself raised in its Bengal Presidency (which actually covered a vast area from Assam to Peshawar). Seeking a symbol around which to rally, the first sepoys to rebel sought to reinstate the power of the Mughal Empire, which had ruled the entire Indian subcontinent during the previous centuries. Lacking overall direction, many who subsequently rebelled also flocked to Delhi.

This made the siege decisive for two reasons. Firstly, large numbers of rebels were committed to the defence of a single fixed point, perhaps to the detriment of their prospects elsewhere, and their defeat at Delhi was thus a very major military setback. Secondly, the British recapture of Delhi and the refusal of the aged Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II to continue the struggle, deprived the rebellion of much of its national character. Although the rebels still held large areas, there was little co-ordination between them and the British were inevitably able to overcome them separately.

Outbreak of the rebellion
After several years of increasing tension among the sepoys (Indian soldiers) of the British East India Company's Bengal Army, the sepoys at Meerut,  northeast of Delhi, openly rebelled against their British officers. The flashpoint was the introduction of the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle. The cartridges for this were widely believed to be greased with a mixture of cow and pig fat, and to bite them open when loading the rifle (as required by the drill books) would defile both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.

Eighty-five men of the 3rd Bengal Cavalry stationed at Meerut refused to accept their cartridges. They were hastily court martialled, and on 9 May 1857 they were sentenced to long periods of imprisonment and were paraded in irons before the British and Bengal regiments in the garrison. On the evening of the following day, soldiers of the Bengal regiments (3rd Light Cavalry, 11th and 20th Infantry) rebelled, releasing the imprisoned troopers and killing their British officers and many British civilians in their cantonment.

The senior Company officers at Meerut were taken by surprise. Although they had ample warning of disaffection among the Bengal Army after earlier outbreaks of unrest at Berhampur, Barrackpur and Ambala, they had assumed that at Meerut, where the proportion of European to Indian troops was higher than anywhere else in India, the Bengal units would not risk open revolt. They were fortunate that they did not suffer disaster. The Bengal regiments broke into rebellion on Sunday, when European troops customarily attended evening Church parade without arms. Due to the increasingly hot summer weather, the Church services on 10 May took place half an hour later than on previous weeks, and when the outbreak occurred, the British troops had not yet left their barracks and could quickly be mustered and armed.

Other than defending their own barracks and armouries, the Company's commanders at Meerut took little action, not even notifying nearby garrisons or stations. (The telegraph had been cut, but dispatch riders could easily have reached Delhi before the sepoys, had they been sent immediately.) When they had rallied the British troops in the cantonment and prepared to disperse the sepoys on 11 May, they found that Meerut was quiet and the sepoys had marched off to Delhi.

Capture of Delhi by the rebels

Delhi was the capital of the Mughal Empire, which had been reduced to insignificance over the preceding century. The Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, who was eighty-two, had been informed by the East India Company that the title would die with him. At the time, Delhi was not a major centre of Company administration although Company officials controlled the city's finances and courts. They and their families lived in the "Civil Lines" to the north of the city.

There were no units of the British Army or "European" units of the East India Company forces at Delhi. Three Bengal Native Infantry regiments (the 38th, 54th and 74th) were stationed in barracks  north-west of the city. They provided guards, working parties and other details to a "Main Guard" building just inside the walls near the Kashmiri Gate on the northern circuit of walls, the arsenal in the city and other buildings. By coincidence, when the regiments paraded early in the morning of 11 May, their officers read out to them the General Order announcing the execution of sepoy Mangal Pandey, who had attempted to start a rebellion near Barrackpur earlier in the year, and the disbandment of his regiment (the 34th Bengal Native Infantry). This produced much muttering in the ranks.

Later in the morning, the rebels from Meerut arrived quite unexpectedly, crossing the bridge of boats over the Jumna River. The leading sowars (troopers) of the 3rd Light Cavalry halted under the windows of the Palace and called on the Emperor to lead them. Bahadur Shah called for them to go to another palace outside the city, where their case would be heard later. Company officials then tried to close all the city gates but were too late to prevent the sowars gaining entry through the Rajghat Gate to the south. Once inside, the sowars were quickly joined by mobs which began attacking Company officials and looting bazaars.

Some Company officers and civilians tried to take refuge in the Main Guard, but the sepoys there joined the revolt, and they were slaughtered. Other officers arrived from the barracks, accompanied by two field guns and several companies of sepoys who had not yet joined the rebellion, and recaptured the Main Guard, sending the bodies of the dead officers to the cantonments in a cart. In the city meanwhile nine British officers from the Ordnance Corps, led by George Willoughby were conducting the Defence of the Magazine (containing artillery, stocks of firearms and ammunition). They found that their troops and labourers were deserting, using ladders provided from the palace to climb over the walls. The officers opened fire on their own troops and the mobs, to prevent the arsenal falling intact into the rebels' hands. After five hours, they had run out of ammunition and blew up their magazine, killing many rioters and onlookers, and badly damaging nearby buildings. Only three of them escaped and received the Victoria Cross.

Shortly after this, the troops at the Main Guard were ordered to withdraw. The sepoys there who had hitherto remained aloof from the revolt turned on their officers, a few of whom escaped after the sepoys left to join the looting.

About half the European civilians in Delhi and in the cantonments and Civil Lines were able to escape and fled as best they could, first to the Flagstaff Tower on the ridge to the north-west of Delhi where telegraph operators were trying to warn other British stations of the uprising. After it became clear that no help could arrive from Meerut or elsewhere, and the cart carrying the bodies of the officers killed at the Main Guard in the morning arrived at the tower by mistake, most of the Europeans fled to Karnal, several miles west. Some were helped by villagers on the way, others fell prey to plunderers.

Mughal restoration
On 12 May, Bahadur Shah held his first formal audience for several years. It was attended by several excited sepoys who treated him familiarly or even disrespectfully. Although Bahadur Shah was dismayed by the looting and disorder, he gave his public support to the rebellion. On 16 May, sepoys and palace servants killed 52 British who had been held prisoner within the palace or who had been discovered hiding in the city. The killings took place under a peepul tree in front of the palace, despite Bahadur Shah's protests. The avowed aim of the killers was to implicate Bahadur Shah in the killings, making it impossible for him to seek any compromise with the Company.

The administration of the city and its new occupying army was chaotic, although it continued to function haphazardly. The Emperor nominated his eldest surviving son, Mirza Mughal, to be commander in chief of his forces, but Mirza Mughal had little military experience and was treated with little respect by the sepoys. Nor did the sepoys agree on any overall commander, with each regiment refusing to accept orders from any but their own officers. Although Mirza Mughal made efforts to put the civil administration in order, his writ extended no further than the city. Outside, Gujjar herders began levying their own tolls on traffic, and it became increasingly difficult to feed the city.

News of the rebellion at Meerut and the capture of Delhi spread rapidly throughout India. Rumours and envoys from the rebels spread the tidings fast, and precipitated widespread rebellions and uprisings, but the Company learned of the events at Delhi even more quickly, thanks to the telegraph. Where the commanders of stations were energetic and distrustful of their sepoys, they were able to forestall some of the most dangerous revolts.

Company moves

Although there were several Company units available in the cool "hill stations" in the foothills of the Himalayas, it took time before any action could be taken to recapture Delhi. This was partly due to lack of transport and supplies. After the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Bengal Army's transport units had been disbanded as an economy measure, and transport had to be improvised from scratch. Also, many of the senior British officers were widely regarded as dotards, far too senile to act decisively or sensibly.

Nevertheless, a Company force was able to move from Ambala to Karnal starting on 17 May. On 7 June, they were joined at Alipur by a force from Meerut, which had fought several skirmishes en route. The Meerut force was led by Brigadier Archdale Wilson, who had conspicuously failed to prevent the rebel sepoys' move to Delhi on 11 May. The British commander-in-chief, General George Anson died of cholera at Karnal on 27 May. Under his successor, Major General Henry Barnard, the combined force advanced on Delhi.

On 8 June, they found the mutineers had entrenched themselves outside the city. They drove the large but disorganised rebel force from the field at the Battle of Badli-ki-Serai  west of Delhi, and captured Delhi ridge  north of the city and the Bengal infantry units' barracks to the west of it. As a gesture of defiance and contempt, they set fire to the barracks. This was a senseless act, as it condemned the besiegers (and all their sick and wounded and noncombatants) to live in tents through the hot weather and monsoon rain seasons.

The ridge was of hard rock, about  high, and ran from a point only  east of the Kabul Gate on the city walls to the Yamuna River  north of the city. Fortunately for the besiegers, a canal ran from the Yamuna west of their encampments, protecting the rear of their camp and also providing drinking water. The besiegers occupied various fortified posts along the top of the Ridge. The nearest to the city and the most exposed was known as "Hindu Rao's house", defended by the 60th Rifles and Gurkhas of the 8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion. South of it was a maze of villages and walled gardens, called the Subzi Mundi, in which the rebel forces could gather before launching attacks on the British right.

The siege: June through July

It was quickly apparent that Delhi was too well-fortified and strongly held to fall to a coup de main. Barnard ordered a dawn assault on 13 June, but the orders were confused and failed to reach most of his subordinates in time. The attack had to be called off, amidst much recrimination. After this, it was accepted that the odds were too great for any assault to be successful until the besiegers were reinforced.

Large contingents of rebellious sepoys and volunteers continued to arrive in Delhi. The majority of no less than ten regiments of cavalry and fifteen of infantry of the Bengal army rebelled and made their way to Delhi during June and July, along with large numbers of irregulars, mainly Muslim mujahaddin. As each new contingent arrived, the rebels made attacks on Hindu Rao's house and other outposts on several successive days. A major attack was mounted from three directions on 19 June, and nearly forced the exhausted besiegers to retreat, but the rebels did not know how close they came to success. Another major attack was made on 23 June, the centenary of the Battle of Plassey. (It was believed that British presence in India would end one hundred years after this famous battle).

Although all these attacks were beaten off, the besiegers were ground down through exhaustion and disease. Conditions on the ridge and in the encampment were extremely unhealthy and unpleasant. General Barnard died of cholera on 5 July. His successor (Reed) was also stricken with cholera and forced to hand over command to Archdale Wilson, who was promoted to Major General. Although Wilson made efforts to clear the unburied corpses and other refuse from the ridge and encampment and reorganise the outposts and reliefs, he himself was scarcely capable of exercising command, and in every letter he wrote, he complained of his exhaustion and prostration. Brigadier Neville Chamberlain, a much younger officer who might have provided better leadership, was severely wounded repelling a sortie on 14 July.

Meanwhile, in Delhi, there had been some loss of morale due to the failures of Mirza Moghul and Bahadur Shah's equally unmilitary grandson, Mirza Abu Bakr. A large party of reinforcements arrived from Bareilly under Bakht Khan, a veteran artillery officer of the Company's army. Pleased with the loot they brought with them, Bahadur Shah made Bakht Khan the new commander in chief. Bakht Khan was able to replenish the city's finances and inspire the rebel soldiers to renewed efforts. Bahadur Shah however, was growing discouraged, and turned away offers of assistance from other rebel leaders.

The siege: August to September
In one vital area of India, the Punjab (which had been annexed by the East India Company only eight years before), the Bengal Native units were quickly disarmed to prevent them rebelling, or were defeated when they did rebel. Most of the available Company units were stationed there, along with units of the Punjab Irregular Force which were formed from Sikhs and Pakhtuns who had little in common with the high caste Hindus of the Bengal Native Infantry units.

As the situation in the Punjab stabilised, units could be dispatched to reinforce the besiegers at Delhi. The first to arrive, the Corps of Guides, made an epic forced march of several hundred miles through the hottest season of the year, which also coincided with the month of Ramadan during which their Muslim soldiers could neither eat nor drink during the day, and yet they went into action almost immediately when they arrived at the Ridge.

The major force dispatched from the Punjab to Delhi were a "Flying Column" of 4,200 men under Brigadier John Nicholson and a siege train. The Flying Column arrived on 14 August. The rebels had heard of the imminent arrival of the siege train, and sent a force out of the city to intercept it. On 25 August, Nicholson led a force against their position at the Battle of Najafgarh. Although the monsoon had broken, and the roads and fields were flooded, Nicholson drove his force to make a rapid march and gained an easy victory, raising European morale and lowering that of the rebels.

The siege train arrived at the beginning of September, comprising six 24-pounders, eight 18-pounder long guns, six 8 inch howitzers and four 10 inch mortars, with almost 600 ammunition carts. On 8 September a further 4 guns arrived. With the guns already present, the besiegers had a total of fifteen 24-pounder guns, twenty 18-pounder guns and twenty-five mortars and howitzers.

The capture of Delhi

The bombardment

Wilson's chief Engineer Officer, Richard Baird Smith, had drawn up a plan to breach the city walls and make an assault. Wilson was unwilling to risk any attack, but was urged by Nicholson to agree to Baird Smith's plan. There were moves among the British officers, in which Nicholson was prominent, to replace Wilson as commander if he failed to agree to make the attack.

As a preliminary step, on 6 September the Company forces constructed "Reid's Battery", or the "Sammy House Battery", of two 24-pounder and four 9-pounder guns, near the southern end of the ridge, to silence the guns on the Mori Bastion. Under cover of Reid's Battery, on 7 September the first siege battery proper was established,  from the Mori Bastion. Opening fire on 8 September, four of its guns engaged the artillery on the Kashmir Bastion, while six guns and a heavy mortar silenced the rebels' guns on the Mori Bastion after a long duel. The direction of this attack also deceived the rebels that the storming attempt would be made from the east, rather than the north.

A second battery, consisting of nine 24-pounder guns, two 18-pounder guns and seven 8-inch howitzers, was set up near a flamboyantly-designed house known as "Ludlow Castle" in the Civil Lines, and opened fire against the Kashmir Bastion on 10 September. A third battery of six 18-pounder guns and 12 Coehorn mortars was set up near the old Custom House less than  from the city walls, and opened fire against the Water Bastion near the Yamuna next day. A fourth battery of ten heavy mortars was set up in cover near the Khudsia Bagh, opening fire on 11 September. Because the element of surprise had been lost and these batteries were being enfiladed from across the river, the Indian sappers and pioneers who carried out much of the work of constructing the second and third batteries and moving the guns into position suffered over 300 casualties, but the batteries quickly made breaches in the bastions and walls. 50 guns continued to fire day and night and the walls began to crumble away.

The opening of this phase of the siege seems to have coincided with the exhaustion of the ammunition the rebels had captured from the magazine, as the rebel fire became suddenly much less effective. By this time also, the rebels had become depressed through lack of supplies and money, and by defeatist rumours which were spread by agents and spies organised by William Hodson.

Preparation for the assault
The attack was scheduled for 3 a.m. on 14 September. The storming columns moved into position during the night of 13 September. The future Field Marshal Lord Roberts, then a junior staff officer, recorded their composition:

1st Column – Brigadier General Nicholson
75th Foot – 300
1st Bengal Fusiliers – 250
2nd Punjab Infantry (Greene's Rifles) – 450
Total – 1000

2nd Column – Brigadier Jones
8th Foot – 250
2nd Bengal Fusiliers – 250
4th Sikhs – 350
Total – 850

3rd Column – Colonel Campbell
52nd Foot – 200
Kumaon Battalion (Gurkhas) – 250
1st Punjab Infantry (Coke's Rifles) – 500
Total – 950

4th Column – Major Reid
Sirmur Battalion (Gurkhas)
Guides Infantry
Collected picquets
Total – 850
Plus Kashmir contingent in reserve – 1000

5th Column – Brigadier Longfield
61st Foot – 250
4th Punjab Infantry (Wilde's Rifles) – 450
Baluch Battalion (one "wing" only) – 300
Total – 1000

Detachments (totalling 200) of the 60th Rifles preceded all the columns, as skirmishers.
Engineers and sappers were attached to lead each column.

There was also a cavalry brigade in reserve, under James Hope Grant, which probably consisted of:
6th Carbineers (one "wing" only)
9th Lancers
Guides Cavalry
1st Punjab Cavalry (one squadron)
2nd Punjab Cavalry (one squadron)
5th Punjab Cavalry (one squadron)
Hodson's Horse (irregular levies)

The assault

The first three columns, under Nicholson's overall command, gathered in and behind a building known as the Khudsia Bagh, a former summer residence of the Mughal Kings, about a quarter of a mile from the north walls. The fourth column was intended to attack only when the Kabul Gate on the west of the city walls was opened from behind by the other columns. The fifth column and the cavalry were in reserve.

The attack was supposed to be launched at dawn, but the defenders had repaired some of the breaches overnight with sandbags, and further bombardment was required. Eventually, Nicholson gave the signal and the attackers charged. The first column stormed through the breach in the Kashmir Bastion and the second through that in the Water Bastion, by the Jumna River, but this was not without difficulty as most of the scaling ladders were broken before they could be emplaced.

The third column attacked the Kashmiri Gate on the north wall. Two sapper officers, Lieutenants Home and Salkeld (both of whom subsequently won the Victoria Cross), led a suicidal mission, a small party of British and Indian sappers which placed four gunpowder charges and sandbags against the gate, under fire from just  away. Several of them were wounded and killed trying to light the fuse. The explosion demolished part of the gate, a bugler with the party signalled success and the third column charged in.

Meanwhile, the fourth column encountered a rebel force in the suburb of Kishangunj outside the Kabul Gate before the other columns attacked, and was thrown into disorder. Major Reid, its commander, was seriously injured and the column retired. The rebels followed up, capturing four guns from the Kashmiri troops, and threatened to attack the British camp, which had been emptied of its guards to form the assault force. The artillery batteries at Hindu Rao's House (directed by Chamberlain from a doolie) stopped them until Hope Grant's cavalry and horse artillery could move up to replace Reid's column. The cavalry remained in position under fire from guns on the Kabul Gate and suffered heavy casualties, until relieved by infantry.

In spite of this reverse, Nicholson was keen to press on into the city. He led a detachment down a narrow lane to try to capture the Burn Bastion, on the walls north of the Kabul Gate. Rebel soldiers held most of the flat rooftops and walled compounds, and guns mounted on the bastion fired grapeshot down the lanes between the houses. After two rushes were stopped with heavy casualties, Nicholson led a third charge and was mortally wounded.

Temporarily repulsed, the British now withdrew to the Church of Saint James, just inside the walls of the Kashmir Bastion. They had suffered 1,170 casualties in the attack. Archdale Wilson moved to the Church, and faced with the setback, he wished to order a withdrawal. When he heard of Wilson's indecision, the dying Nicholson threatened to shoot him. Eventually, Baird Smith, Chamberlain and other officers persuaded Wilson to hold on to the British gains.

The capture of the city

The British and Company forces were disordered. Many British officers had been killed or wounded, and their units were now in confusion. The British foothold included many of the liquor stores and over the next two days, many British soldiers became drunk and incapacitated on looted spirits. However, the rebel sepoy regiments had become discouraged by their defeats and lack of food, while the irregular mujahhadin defended their fortified compounds with great determination but could not be organised to make a coordinated counter-attack.

Wilson eventually ordered all liquor to be destroyed, and discipline was restored. Slowly, the attackers began to clear the rebels from the city. They captured the magazine on 16 September. Another Victoria Cross was earned here, by Lieutenant Thackerey for extinguishing a fire in the magazine, whilst under musket fire. Bahadur Shah and his entourage abandoned the palace on 18 September, and a British force captured the great mosque, the Jama Masjid, and the abandoned palace the next day. They also captured the Selimgarh Fort, attached to the palace and dominating the bridge of boats over the River Yamuna. Most rebels who had not already left the city now did so before the Company forces captured all the gates and trapped them.

The city was finally declared to be captured on 21 September. John Nicholson died the next day.

Aftermath

The cost to the British, Company, and loyal Indian armies in besieging Delhi from the start of the siege to the capture of the city was 1,254 killed, and 4,493 wounded, of which 992 were killed, 2,795 were wounded and 30 missing in action during the last six days of brutal fighting in the city during the final assault. Of that total of 3,817 casualties during the capture of the city, 1,677 were loyalist Indian soldiers. It is almost impossible to say how many rebels and their supporters were killed during the siege, but the number was far greater. Unofficial sources place the rebel casualties at over 5,000.

It is also impossible to estimate how many civilians died during the fighting in Delhi which included those killed by the rebels, those killed by the British, or those killed randomly and accidentally in the cross-fire. After the siege, many civilians were subsequently expelled from the city to makeshift camps in the nearby countryside, as there was no way of feeding them until order was restored to the entire area. The British, Sikh and Pakhtun soldiers were all fairly callous with regard to life. For four days, after the fall of the city, there was extensive looting, although many British soldiers were more interested in drink than material possessions. Prize agents later moved into the city behind the troops, and organised the search for concealed treasure on a more systematic basis.

But the British, eager to avenge the killing of several of their countryfolk in Delhi, Cawnpore, and elsewhere in India, were in no mood to take prisoners. Several hundred rebel prisoners as well as suspected rebels and sympathisers were subsequently hanged without a trial or much legal process. In many cases, the officers of the "Queen's" Army were inclined to be lenient, but East India Company officials such as Theophilus Metcalfe were vengeful.

Bahadur Shah and three of his sons had taken refuge at Humayun's Tomb,  south of Delhi. Although he was urged to accompany Bakht Khan and rally more troops, the aged King was persuaded that the British were seeking vengeance only against the sepoys they regarded as mutineers, and he would be spared. On 20 September, a party under William Hodson took him into custody on promise of clemency, and brought him back to the city. The next day, Hodson also took prisoner three of Bahadur Shah's sons, but with no guarantee of any sort. On the pretext that a mob was about to release them, Hodson executed the three princes at Khooni Darwaza (Bloody gate). Their heads were later presented to Bahadur Shah.

By recapturing the Indian capital city, the British and Company forces dealt the Indian Army mutineers a major military and psychological blow, while releasing troops to assist in the relief of Lucknow, thus contributing to another British victory.

A total of 29 Victoria Crosses were awarded to recipients for bravery in the Siege of Delhi. A Delhi clasp was authorised for the Indian Mutiny Medal.

Footnotes

References

External links
 Part of Lord Roberts's memoirs
 Memoirs of an Indian translator for the East India Company

Category:Battles of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Category:Sieges involving the United Kingdom
Category:1857 in India
Category:Military history of Delhi
Category:19th century in Delhi
Category:1857 in the Mughal Empire


Porin Lyseo

Porin Lyseo (Pori Lyceum) is a school in Pori, Finland, consisting of the upper part of primary school and gymnasium. The school was founded in 1879 as the successor of 1640 established Pori Trivial School. The main building was originally constructed 1857 by the design of architect Georg Theodor von Chiewitz. It was expanded in 1895, the wing with art classes and gym was built 1995.

Notable alumni
Anne Holmlund
Kullervo Manner
Selim Palmgren
Risto Ryti
Alpo Suhonen
Antti Sumiala
Tauno Tiusanen

Pori Trivial School partbooks
1725 copied Pori Trivial School partbooks were found in the Pori Lyceum's library in 1908. They include polyphonic church music of the 16th and 17th century by composers like Melchior Vulpius, Gallus Dressler, Jacobus Gallus, Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi, Hans Leo Hassler and Daniel Friderici. Music of the books was recorded in 2008 by early music group Sonus Borealis.

1918 massacre
During the 1918 Finnish Civil War 11 members of White Guards were shot at the Pori Lyceum schoolyard by Red Guard soldiers. The execution was led by Jan Tuckman who was an Estonian seaman in the Imperial Russian Navy.

Images

References

Category:Secondary schools in Finland
Category:Buildings and structures in Pori
Category:Educational institutions established in 1879


County Bridge No. 148

County Bridge No. 148 is a historic stone arch bridge located in Westtown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. It spans a branch of Chester Creek.  It has a single span measuring 36 feet long.  The bridge was constructed in 1911, of coursed roughly square stone in a camelback shape.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

References

Category:Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Category:Bridges completed in 1911
Category:Bridges in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Category:Road bridges in Pennsylvania
Category:1911 establishments in Pennsylvania
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Category:Stone arch bridges in the United States


Brachinus crepitans

{{Taxobox
|image= Carabidae - Brachinus crepitans.JPG
|image_caption=Brachinus crepitans, Museum specimen
|regnum=Animalia
|phylum=Arthropoda
|classis=Insecta|ordo=Coleoptera|familia=Carabidae
|genus=Brachinus|subgenus=Brachinus (Brachinus)
|species=B. crepitans|binomial=Brachinus crepitans
|binomial_authority=(Linnaeus, 1758)|synonyms=
Brachinus abdominaly Dallatorre, 1877 [unav.]
Brachinus altaicus Motschulsky, 1864
Brachinus annulatus Reitter, 1919 [unav.]
Brachinus atripennis Motschulsky, 1864: 215 [suppressed]
Brachinus coerulescens Dallatorre, 1877 [unav.]
Brachinus costatus G.Muller, 1911</small>
Brachinus fallax Apfelbeck, 1904 [nec Peringuey, 1896]
Brachinus femoratus Letzner, 1851 [unav.]
Brachinus fimbriolatus Lucas, 1846
Brachinus flavosuturatus Eichler, 1924
Brachinus gracilis Motschulsky, 1844
Brachinus jeanneli Razet, 1951
Brachinus joenius Patti, 1844Brachinus immaculatus Letzner, 1851 [unav.]Brachinus kirghis Iljin, 1925Brachinus morio Gagliardi, 1941Brachinus nigripennis Letzner, 1851 [unav.]Brachinus obscuricornis Brulle, 1834 [nec Menetries, 1832]Brachinus obscurus Heer, 1837Brachinus rufothoracicus Marcu, 1929Brachinus siculus Patti, 1844Brachinus scoteinus Kolenati,1845Brachinus strepitans Duftschmid, 1812Brachinus sulcatulus Motschulsky, 1850Brachinus tibialis Letzner, 1851 [unav.]Brachinus virescens Letzner, 1851 [unav.]Brachinus virescens Dallatorre, 1877 [unav.]Carabus crepitans Linnaeus, 1758|synonyms_ref=}}Brachinus crepitans is a species of ground beetle in the Brachininae subfamily that can be found everywhere in Europe, except for Monaco, Norway, San Marino, Vatican City, and some islands such as Cyclades, Gibraltar, Iceland, Madeira, Malta, North Aegean, Novaya Zemlya, and Savage Islands.
 It can also be found in every Central Asian and Middle Eastern country except for Afghanistan. North African countries have them too.

Etymology
The name of the species derived from a Latin word which means crackle because it makes crackling noise.

DescriptionBrachinus crepitans can reach a length of , with an average of . Head and protum are brown, while elytrae are greenish. The species is very similar to Brachinus efflans.

Distribution

Ukrainian distribution
In Ukraine the species was found in steppes of Lviv, near Osovitsa village of Podolian Province in Western Ukraine. It was also found in Zolochiv, Kharkiv Oblast.

UK Distribution
Most of the time the species can be found in southern England and southern Wales where its abundant in coastal areas. The inland locations have been sited as well through, the most recent of which are Cotswolds and Northamptonshire where it was discovered in limestones. It was also found in boulder clay in Huntingdonshire, and in Brotheridge Green, an old railway line and wildlife reserve that was located near Malvern, Worcestershire. The species were found in the 1970s by Ian L. Crombie.

Ecology

The species fly from May to June. The lifecycle is not known but the larvae are thought to be external parasites that feed on the pupae of other beetle species including Amara convexiuscula and a staphylinid beetle, Tasgius ater'' (Gravenhorst, 1802).

When disturbed, the species shoot liquid from two glands through their anus. Since one of the glands contains hydrogen peroxide and the other hydroquinone, when two the contents mix with enzymes in a "firing chamber", the liquid explodes, and harms the attackers.

Habitat
The species can be found in dry and sunny areas, and usually under stones. It can also be found in calcareous grasslands, arable land, and chalk quarries.

References

External links
Brachinus crepitans
Brachinus crepitans on Flickr

Category:Beetles described in 1758
Category:Beetles of Asia
Category:Beetles of Europe
Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Miriam Malone

Miriam Malone is a former camogie player, winner of the AIB Gaelic Star Junior Player of the Year award in 1987.

Career
Having played for Broadford since the formation of the camogie club and for Kildare county team since 1966, she scored 1-7 for Kildare in their breakthrough 1987 All Ireland Junior championship winning final against Armagh. She was selected on the Kildare camogie team of the century in 2004. She won Leinster junior championship medals in 1967, 1969, 1981, 1986 and 1987 and captained Kildare in their first, unsuccessful All Ireland final appearance in 1986. She won Gael Linn Cup medals at senior and junior level with Leinster.

References

External links
 Camogie.ie Official Camogie Association Website
 Wikipedia List of Camogie players

Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Kildare camogie players


Congressional Bronze Medal

The United States Congress awarded its first Gold Medal to George Washington. Silver and Bronze medals have sometimes been awarded in conjunction with the higher award. A Bronze medal should not be confused with a bronze duplicate of a gold medal. Bronze duplicates of gold medals are sometimes offered for sale by the U.S. Mint.

Bronze medals are rarely awarded:

In 1900, Congress directed that a gold medal be made for First Lieutenant Frank H. Newcomb, and to each of his officers a silver medal, and to each member of his crew a bronze medal. (31 Stat. 716)
In 1914, Congress directed that gold medals be made for steamship captain Paul H. Kreibohm and four additional officers, with silver and bronze medals awarded to other members of his crew. (38 Stat. 769)
In 1930, Congress directed that gold, silver, and bronze medals be made for the officers and men of the Byrd Antarctic expedition.
In 1945, Congress directed that gold, silver, and bronze medals be made for the members of the United States Antarctic Expedition of 1939-1941 (Public Law 79-185, 59 Stat. 536).

Congress may also authorize the U.S. Mint to strike commemorative bronze medals, such as the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal.

References

Category:American awards


Man in the Street

Man in the Street may refer to:

Music
"Man in the Street", a 1964 song written and performed by The Skatalites
"Man in the Street", song performed by The Hooters in the 1980s
"Man in the Street", song on the 1998 album Hell of a Tester by The Rasmus
"Man in the Street", song on the 1979 Rockers (soundtrack) album

Other uses
 A Man on the street interview
"Man in the Street", an episode of All in the Family 1970s TV series
L'Homme dans la rue, a 1939 Maigret short story by Georges Simenon

See also
T.C. Mits, acronym for "the celebrated man in the street"
Everyman
Vox populi (disambiguation)
"I'll Tell the Man in the Street", song in 1938 stage musical I Married An Angel


Nzo (disambiguation)

Nzo is a town and sub-prefecture in the Lola Prefecture in the Nzérékoré Region of south-eastern Guinea.

Nzo or NZO may also refer to:

 Nzo Ekangaki (1934–2005), a Cameroonian political figure
 the New Zionist Organization, an organization founded by Ze'ev Jabotinsky and Benjamin Akzin
 NZO objects, in Ward doubles
 Nondiabetic Zealand Obese, a kind of mouse strain involved in experimentation in Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids
 New Zealand Opera, a professional opera company
 Enzo Amore, an American rapper and professional wrestler also known professionally as nZo


Pipe Pacific Cable

PIPE Pacific Cable (PPC-1) is a  submarine cable laid by PIPE Networks. It runs from Cromer, New South Wales, in Australia, to Piti, Guam.

It resulted in huge international backhaul cost savings to Australian customers, for access to the US internet backbone, quoting up to "50% savings" versus existing cable operators.

Capacity
Quoting directly from PIPE International's PPC-1's Blog, substantial capacity will be available on the submarine cable network:

"PPC-1 will be configured primarily as a two optic-fibre pair system however it will include up to an additional 4 optic fibre pairs providing the potential to install spurs extending to a number of strategic locations within and outside of Australia. The main backbone will be laid in deep water with landings in Sydney, Australia and Piti, Guam. The main segment of the network will cover approximately 6,500km. It will use the latest submarine wave division multiplexing to provide up to 96x10Gbps wavelengths on each fibre pair, producing a total of 1.92 Terabits of capacity."

During the official launch, PIPE Network's CEO Bevan Slattery said the new cable would now deliver speeds at an even greater capacity than originally planned, 2.56 terabits per second in total.

In September 2012, an upgrade was announced that would take the capacity available on the cable past the original design capacity of 2.56 terabits per second, to around 3 terabits per second.

Construction
Submarine cable laying commenced at the end of April 2009. The Guam to Papua New Guinea segment of the cable was completed in May 2009, with the ship Tyco Durable commencing on the 4 segments from Sydney to Papua New Guinea.

In June 2009, most cabling work south of Brisbane was completed, leaving two cable segments—from BU2 (Branching Unit) near Brisbane up to BU4 near Madang – to be laid before commissioning.

On 23 August 2009 the first light signal was transmitted over the completed cable from Sydney to Guam. This marked the completion of the submarine cabling work, and testing of the system began.

On 22 September 2009, Internode released a press release claiming successful transmission of IP packets across the cable, making it the first commercial entity to make use of the cable.

The project was formally completed on 8 October 2009.

Cable landing points
The cable runs from Sydney to Guam. The cable landing points are:

Collaroy Beach, Cromer, New South Wales, Australia
Madang, Papua New Guinea
Piti, Guam

Financial Realignment
On 19 December 2008, it was reported that a "realignment of payments" was organised between PIPE, its PPC-1 customers, and Tyco Telecom, the primary contractor on the project.  Some saw this as PPC-1 striking financial difficulties, however the timing of payments were realigned to allow Tyco to continue the work with respect to meeting the construction deadline of July 2009. PIPE delivered a media release confirming this realignment, and the signing of a memorandum of understanding with Tyco Telecom, and a key customer, to secure the financial go-ahead for the project. It confirmed that:

"On 1 December 2008 PIPE Networks announced that given the unacceptable delays in the credit approval process, the Board of PPC-1 (Bermuda) Ltd had decided to withdraw from proposed arrangements with those financiers."

Mr Roger Clarke, Chairman of PIPE Networks said "It is a testament to the commercial potential and importance of the project that an alternative agreement could be reached that sidestepped the debt markets for primary project financing. I congratulate the team who have been working tirelessly over the past three weeks to bring about this outstanding outcome."

See also
 PIPE Networks
 Other Australian international submarine cables (and year of first service):
 Telstra Endeavour (2008)
 Australia–Japan Cable (2001)
 Southern Cross Cable (2000)
 SEA-ME-WE 3 (2000, Australian portion in service earlier)
 JASURAUS (1997) - now retired
 PacRimWest (1995) - now retired

References

External links
 Pipe International
 Overview
 Geography of Cable Route (inc. Map)
 Progress Report
 Pipe Networks

Category:Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Category:Telecommunications in Australia
Category:Australia–Papua New Guinea relations
Category:Australia–United States relations
Category:Papua New Guinea–United States relations


Max Emerson

Max Emerson (born September 7, 1988) is an American actor, model, author, director and YouTuber. He is known for his modelling and social media profile, particularly on Instagram, and he wrote and directed the movie Hooked. He has appeared on TV in small roles, including the season 5 finale of Glee.

Early life and education
Emerson was born in Vero Beach, Florida and studied for a BFA in performance and directing at the University of Miami, from where he graduated in 2009.

Career

Modeling
Emerson began modeling while he was a student, when he signed up with the agency Wilhelmina Models. He works with agencies including Q Management (New York), Established Models (London), Heffner Management (Seattle), Next Management (Miami) and Factor Chosen (Chicago).

Filmmaking
He wrote, produced, co-directed and acted in two short films, DipSpit and Earwig, which were shown for the first time at the Miami Gay and Lesbian Film Festival on April 26, 2011. Earwig is a drama about a closeted gay college student, while DipSpit is a comedy about two straight male models who get kicked out and move in with a gay college student.

In October 2015, Emerson announced his intention to produce an independent film called "Hooked" for which he had written the story, telling the story of a homeless gay prostitute called Jack and addressing the problems faced by homeless LGBT youth. He aimed to raise $150,000 for the project via Indiegogo and give half of any profits made to charities benefiting LGBT people. The launch video for the Indiegogo campaign featured Todrick Hall and musician Tom Goss. As part of it he released a single with Goss called "Not Enough". The campaign was supported by Out magazine.

Hooked had its world premiere at NewFest: The New York LGBT Film Festival on June 26, 2017, and its European premiere at the 7th Homochron film festival in Cologne on October 20 the same year. The Los Angeles Times gave it a negative review.

Acting
As well as acting in Earwig and DipSpit, Emerson has appeared in single episodes of the TV series Glee (the season 5 finale The Untitled Rachel Berry Project), Hit the Floor, The Real O'Neals and Eastsiders, and of the web series Coffee House Chronicles and the movie made from it.

From September 7 to September 24, 2017, he starred as Mitchell in Douglas Carter Beane's comedy play The Little Dog Laughed at the Red House Arts Center in Syracuse, New York. A local reviewer said each of the four actors in the play "brings a memorable, engaging performance", and that Emerson "delivers the role of a sweet, confused, and occasionally thoughtless young star with sensitivity and kindness".

Writing
Emerson wrote an autobiography, Hot Sissy – Life Before Flashbulbs, describing his teenage years growing up in a "redneck" area of Florida. Hot Sissy was released as an e-book and in a limited print run of 500 hardcover copies in December 2014. The limited editions were each signed and came with an original Polaroid picture.

Personal life
In June 2016, he publicly introduced his boyfriend, Andrés Camilo, an officer in the US Army, in a YouTube video.
Emerson has an active social media presence and posts regularly on YouTube where his username is "TheMaxVicious". As of December 2018, he has 1 million followers on Instagram (@maxisms) and 19,500 on Twitter (@TheMaxisms). On YouTube and on social media, Emerson is known for his humor and for showing off his body.

In May 2017, French comic TV presenter Cyril Hanouna used one of Emerson's torso pictures to set up a catfishing profile on a gay dating site, and tricked the men who responded to the profile into revealing sexual fantasies to him while he was live on his show Touche pas à mon poste !. The segment triggered nearly 20,000 complaints to regulators and condemnation from LGBT groups.

Filmography

References

External links

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Male models from Florida
Category:People from Vero Beach, Florida
Category:Gay actors
Category:Male actors from Miami
Category:Gay models
Category:LGBT YouTubers
Category:LGBT entertainers from the United States
Category:LGBT people from Florida
Category:Male YouTubers


Jakob Gauermann

Jakob Gauermann (1773,  bei Stuttgart – 1843, Miesenbach) was a German landscape and genre painter and engraver born in Oeffingen, near Stuttgart.

He at first worked as a stonemason at Hohenheim, but his strong inclination for drawing brought him to the knowledge of Duke Charles I of Württemberg, who enabled him to receive an education in art. After this he travelled for six years in Switzerland, but in 1798 he went to Vienna. After this he visited in succession the Tyrol and Styria, making sketches, which he worked up into water-colour drawings and oil pictures. He also executed several etchings of landscapes. He died in Vienna in 1843.

See also
 list of German painters

References

External links

Category:1773 births
Category:1843 deaths
Category:18th-century German painters
Category:German male painters
Category:Austrian male painters
Category:19th-century German painters
Category:19th-century Austrian painters
Category:German engravers
Category:Austrian engravers
Category:German emigrants to Austria
Category:People from Rems-Murr-Kreis
Category:People from Vienna
Category:People from Wiener Neustadt-Land District


Sham Wedding / Hoax Funeral

Sham Wedding/Hoax Funeral is a split CD featuring Austin, Texas "brother bands" Okkervil River and Shearwater. It was first available only at North American tour dates in the spring and summer of 2004, but fans later were able to purchase it online. The tracks include demos, unreleased songs and old standards. Mark Pedini, former drummer of Okkervil River, provided the artwork for the album cover.

The song "Murderess" was later released in different form as "Piratess" on Okkervil River's 2011 album I Am Very Far.

Track listing
Sham Wedding by Okkervil River
"See See Rider" – 4:56
"Murderess" – 5:02
"Moonshiner" – 1:59
"Willow Tree" – 3:53
"Unravel" (Björk / Guy Sigsworth) – 4:42

Hoax Funeral by Shearwater
"All the Pretty Horses" (traditional) – 4:26
"Happy Song for My Friends" – 2:47
"Cool My Blood" – 4:46
"Mountain Laurel" – 2:22
"Trouble in Mind" (Richard M. Jones) – 3:47
"Never Come Again" – 3:44

External links
Album Summary from Okkervil River

Category:Split albums
Category:2004 albums
Category:Okkervil River albums
Category:Shearwater (band) albums


Stanisław Wielgus

Stanisław Wojciech Wielgus (born 23 April 1939) is a former Roman Catholic archbishop of Warsaw. After his appointment to the position of archbishop by Pope Benedict XVI on 6 December 2006, he assumed the office in a private installation ceremony on 5 January 2007, only to resign one day later, less than an hour before his public installation ceremony, because of scandals connected with his cooperation with the Służba Bezpieczeństwa, the Polish communist secret police

Biography

Stanisław Wielgus was born in Wierzchowiska, in what is today Lublin Region. At the age of 23 he was ordained a priest on 10 June 1962 by Bishop Piotr Kałwa. An expert in Polish philosophy and medieval philosophy, he spent thirty years teaching in the faculty of philosophy of the Catholic University of Lublin, serving three terms as rector. He taught at the University of Munich, from 1973 to 1975 and again in 1978, where Professor Joseph Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI, was teaching as an associate. From 1990 to 1993 he was the vice-chairman of the Conference of Rectors of Polish Universities. He served as a member and consultant on the Sacred Congregation for Catholic Education, and a member of the Humanities section of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Wielgus was appointed Bishop of Płock on 24 May 1999 by Pope John Paul II, and was consecrated by Cardinal Józef Glemp on 1 August of that year. He was Bishop of Płock from 1 August 1999 until 2006, when he was named Archbishop of Warsaw by Benedict XVI on 6 December 2006.

On 29 December 2006 Wielgus was given the special title of Honorary Resident of Płock. During his last religious ceremony in Płock the congregation exclaimed "Thank you".

Archbishop Wielgus took the "oath of fidelity" to the Holy See on 5 January 2007, and in the same evening, he took canonical possession of the archdiocese in a private ceremony in which his bull of appointment was formally read before the chapter of Canons of the Cathedral of Warsaw. From that point, according to Canon Law, he was Archbishop of Warsaw. His public installation was scheduled for 7 January 2007; however, he resigned from the position the day of the scheduled installation as the result of a scandal connected to his cooperation with the Służba Bezpieczeństwa under the dictatorship.

Cooperation with the secret police

On 20 December 2006, journalists found documents from the dictatorship's archives according to which Archbishop Wielgus collaborated—or at least conversed—with the secret police during communist rule in Poland. This development was considered to be particularly significant in the context of post-communist Polish politics, because public figures, particularly politicians, can be officially censured and barred from holding public office if found to have collaborated with the Security Services (Polish: Służba Bezpieczeństwa) of the People's Republic of Poland (Polish: PRL, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa). The process of review of the Security Service's files, known in Poland as lustration (Pol: Lustracja) has been the source of many political scandals in recent years. The Polish human rights ombudsman, Janusz Kochanowski, said on 4 January 2007 that there was evidence in the secret police archives that Archbishop Wielgus knowingly cooperated with the dictatorship.

Archbishop Wielgus acknowledged that he signed a cooperation statement in 1978, but insisted that he did so only under coercion and disputed the length and characterization of his contact as described in the published reports. He made a public statement on 4 January 2007 indicating that he only provided information concerning his own academic work, and that the reports seriously distorted the truth. However, according to the Polish national newspaper Rzeczpospolita, Wielgus had a more extensive role than he admitted, and alleged that he provided information about student activities as far back as 1967, when he was a philosophy student at the Catholic University of Lublin. Archbishop Wielgus only acknowledged a relationship beginning in 1978. Wielgus asked the Polish Bishops' Conference to examine the files pertaining to him.

The day after the discovery of the incriminating documents on 20 December 2006, the Catholic News Service announced that the Vatican Press Office had issued a statement of support regarding Wielgus: "The Holy See, in deciding the nomination of the new archbishop of Warsaw, took into consideration all the circumstances of his life, including those regarding his past .... (Pope Benedict XVI) has every confidence in Monsignor Stanisław Wielgus and in full conscience entrusted him the mission of pastor of the Archdiocese of Warsaw."

Resignation

Wielgus took formal canonical possession of the See of Warsaw as Archbishop in a private ceremony on 5 January 2007, and was due to be publicly installed on 7 January at a Solemn Mass in St. John's Cathedral in Warsaw. However, less than an hour before the ceremony, he resigned. Some reports indicate that his resignation followed consultations within the Vatican and with the Polish government involving Pope Benedict and Polish president Lech Kaczyński. Giovanni Battista Re, Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, explained to the Italian daily Corriere della Sera that Pope Benedict himself decided on the dismissal of the Archbishop, adding that "...when Monsignor Wielgus was nominated, we did not know anything about his collaboration with the secret services," The Vatican spokesman, Jesuit Father Federico Lombardi, stated that "The behaviour of (Archbishop) Wielgus during the years of the communist regime in Poland seriously compromised his authority, even with the faithful."

Prior to the disclosure of his involvement with the Communist-era secret police, Wielgus, like most archbishops of Warsaw, had been widely expected to be appointed a Cardinal after the death of his predecessor.

Aftermath
Archbishop Wielgus was one of the successors to the legendary Cardinal and Archbishop of Warsaw, Stefan Wyszyński, who was jailed by the Communist government for years during the 1950s. He was also designated to serve in the city whose clergy were symbolised by Father Jerzy Popiełuszko, who was murdered by the same communist secret police with whom Wielgus collaborated; thus the revelations concerning Wielgus were particularly shocking in Polish religious and political contexts.

A day after the Wielgus resignation, Father Janusz Bielanski resigned as rector of Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. According to a local church spokesman, Bielanski's resignation was "in connection with repeated allegations about his cooperation with the secret services" of the Communist era. He added that Krakow's archbishop, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, accepted the resignation.

Archbishop Emeritus

In early 2007 Wielgus' relevant awareness that several priests in his former diocese of Płock were sexually abusing minors came to light.

In February 2007 it emerged that Archbishop Wielgus was preparing a court case to at least partially clear his name and was to be defended by "Marek Małecki, the same lawyer who was recently successful in getting a clearing verdict for Małgorzata Niezabitowska, press aide for Poland’s first government after 1989 round table compromise agreement with the communists. The verdict for Niezabitowska said that while she had been a registered spy for the communists, there is no evidence to prove that she was fully aware of the fact. Now the vetting court will examine the case of Archbishop Wielgus, whose guilt was pronounced as beyond doubt by two independent historical committees".

On 12 February 2007 Stanisław Wielgus received a letter from Pope Benedict XVI, in which the Pope wrote:
I hope you will be working again for the Church in Poland.

Sources

External links

 Arcybiskup Wielgus złożył dymisję  – Dziennik
 Profile: Stanislaw Wielgus – BBC News

Category:Archbishops of Warsaw
Category:Christianity in Warsaw
Category:1939 births
Category:Living people
Category:Bishops of Płock
Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops


Peptide sequence tag

A peptide sequence tag is a piece of information about a peptide obtained by tandem mass spectrometry that can be used to identify this peptide in a protein database.

Mass spectrometry
In general, peptides can be identified by fragmenting them in a mass spectrometer. For example, during collision-induced dissociation peptides collide with a gas within the mass spectrometer and break into pieces at their peptide bonds. The resulting fragment ions (called b-ions and y-ions) have mass differences corresponding to the residue masses of the respective amino acids. Thus, a tandem mass spectrum contains partial information about the amino acid sequence of the peptide. The peptide sequence tag approach, developed by Matthias Wilm and Matthias Mann at the EMBL, uses this information to identify the peptide in a database. Briefly, a couple of masses are extracted from the spectrum in order to obtain the peptide sequence tag. This peptide sequence tag is a unique identifier of a specific peptide and can be used to find it in a database containing all possible peptide sequences.

Peptide fragment notation

A notation has been developed for indicating peptide fragments that arise from a tandem mass spectrum. Peptide fragment ions are indicated by a, b, or c if the charge is retained on the N-terminus and by x, y or z if the charge is maintained on the C-terminus. The subscript indicates the number of amino acid residues in the fragment. Prime symbols indicate the number of protons or hydrogens added to the fragment to form the observed ion. For example, y'' denotes the singly charged ion analogous to a protonated peptide, (y''')2+ is a doubly charged ion analogous to a doubly protonated peptide.

See also
Protein sequence
Protein mass spectrometry

References

External links
 PeptideSearch Program
 SPIDER: Sequence Tag Based Search Tool
 Peptide sequence tag tutorial

Category:Mass spectrometry
Category:Proteomics


Venus, Florida

Venus is an unincorporated community in southeastern Highlands County, Florida, United States.

Geography
Lake Placid is the nearest town to the north. Palmdale, another unincorporated community, is to the south. Hunting and fishing are popular recreations.

Demographics

Population
The total City Population for Venus is about 854 with about 4 people per square mile, and the larger Metro Area Population is about N/A.

Real Estate
The Average Home Value is $114,800.00, which is roughly 30% lower than the Average Home Value of $164,388.00 for the state of Florida, and roughly 30% lower than the National Average of $164,240.00.

Household Income
The Median Income Per Household is about $24,205.00, which is roughly 49% lower than the Average Median Income Per Household of $47,289.00 for the state of Florida, and roughly 52% lower than the National Average of $50,818.00.

Tropical Storm Debby
On June 24, 2012, Venus was struck by an EF0 tornado spawned by Tropical Storm Debby, resulting in one death and property damage.

Businesses
Costa Delray Co., an indoor foliage plant greenhouse, is located here.
Consolidated Citrus LP is located here.
The Venus Project has its research center located here, and is derived from the name of the community.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Highlands County, Florida
Category:Unincorporated communities in Florida


Pwintbyu Township

Pwintbyu Township () is a township of Minbu District in the Magway Division of Myanmar.  The principal town is Pwintbyu.

Kyeeohn Kyeewa multipurpose Dam Project implementation was started in 2002-2003. The first 37 megawatt-generator was operated in January 2012.

References

Category:Townships of Magway Region


MS Cruise Barcelona

MS Cruise Barcelona is a cruiseferry owned and operated by Grimaldi Lines. It was built at Fincantieri in Castellammare di Stabia, Italy.

She was the second of a series of four sister ships, the others being Cruise Roma (also operated by Grimaldi Lines), Cruise Europa and Cruise Olympia (operated by Minoan Lines). They are the largest ferries under Italian flag.

The ship can carry 2794 passengers and about 215 cars.

Cruise Barcelona, together with sister Cruise Roma, is operated on the Civitavecchia-Porto Torres-Barcelona route, sailing twice a week in winter and five times per week in summer.

On 13–14 January 2012 Cruise Barcelona was involved in the rescue operation following the Costa Concordia disaster.

See also
Largest ferries of Europe

References

External links

Category:Ferries of Italy
Category:Cruiseferries
Category:Ships built in Castellammare di Stabia
Category:2008 ships
Category:Ships built by Fincantieri

it:Cruise Barcelona


Snowball bush

Snowball bush is a common name for several ornamental plants which produce large clusters of white flowers and may refer to:

Species of Hydrangea, which tend to flower in the summer:
 Hydrangea arborescens
 Hydrangea paniculata
Species of Viburnum, which tend to flower in the spring:
 Viburnum macrocephalum (Chinese snowball bush)
 Viburnum opulus  (European snowball bush)
 Viburnum plicatum (Japanese snowball bush)


Długie

Długie may refer to:

Długie, Włocławek County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Długie, Rypin County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Długie, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Długie, Łódź East County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Długie, Radomsko County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Długie, Lublin County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Długie, Tomaszów Lubelski County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Długie, Krosno County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
Długie, Sanok County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
Długie, Ostrołęka County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Długie, Przysucha County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Długie, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Długie, Strzelce-Drezdenko County in Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
Długie, Żagań County in Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
Długie, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Długie, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Długie, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Fazal

Fazal also spelled Fazl, () is a given name meaning bounty. It  may refer to:

Abul Fazal Muhammad Ahsanuddin Chowdhury or A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury, the ninth President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
Abul Fazal (writer) (1903–1983), modern Bangladeshi author and novelist
Abul fazal in muhgal empire or Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak (1551–1602), the vizier of the great Mughal emperor Akbar
Ali Fazal (born 1986), Indian actor in movies and on stage
Anwar Fazal (born 1941), grassroots environmental activist
Azra Fazal Peechoho or Azra Peechoho (born 1953), politician and physician in Sindh, Pakistan
Faiz Fazal, full name Faiz Yakub Fazal, (born 1985), Indian cricketer
Fazal Akbar (born 1903), became the sixth Chief Justice of Pakistan
Fazal Ali (1886–1959), governor of Assam and Orissa and a judge
Fazal Ali Qureshi, Islamic scholar and the leading Naqshbandi shaikh of colonial India in the early twentieth century
Fazal Dad Khan (1929–1999), Pakistani politician born in Dagai
Fazal Dad Khan Dagai (1929–1999), activist of the Pakistan freedom movement
Fazal Din VC (1921–1945), Punjabi Muslim recipient of the Victoria Cross
Fazal Haq Khaliqyar (1934–2004), Afghan politician, briefly Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Fazal Haq Mujahid (born 1954), Mujahideen commander during the Soviet war in Afghanistan
Fazal Hayat (1974-2018), leader of a banned Pakistani militant group
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry (1904–1982), the fifth President of Pakistan
Fazal Inayat-Khan (1942–1990), also known as Frank Kevlin, son of Hidayat Inayat Khan, grandson of Hazrat Inayat Khan
Fazal Mahmood (1927–2005), Pakistani cricketer
Fazal Mohammad, citizen of Afghanistan and formerly a Taliban militia commander
Fazal Mohammad (Kandahar Provincial Council 2005), elected to the Kandahar Provincial Council
Fazal Nawaz Jung (1894–1964), Hyderabadi politician and financier
Fazal Niyazai, Afghan cricketer
Fazl ur Rahman, several people
Fazal Shah, member of National Assembly from Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan
Fazal Shah Sayyad (1827–1890), Punjabi poet known for his qissas (long poems) on tragic romances
Fazal Sheikh (born 1965), American photographer
Fazal-e-Haq or Fazle Haq, high-raking general in the Pakistan Army
Mohammed Fazal (born 1922), the Governor of Maharashtra 2002–2004
Muhammad Fazal Khan Changwi (1868–1938), writer of numerous books on Islam
Said Fazal Akbar, the first Governor of Kunar province in Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban in 2001
Sohail Fazal (born 1967), former Pakistani cricketer who played two ODIs in 1989
Zahid Fazal (born 1973), former Pakistani cricketer.

See also
Fazal Ali Commission
Fazal Katchh
Fazal Mosque
Fazal-e-amal
Tando Fazal
Faisal
Fazuul


Calyptoproctus elegans

Calyptoproctus elegans is a species of bugs in the family Fulgoridae. It is found in  Surinam, Brazil, French Guiana, Honduras.

References

 Fick, W. 1985. Zur Morphologie und histologie des Darmtraktes von Hyalodictyon truncatum, Calyptoproctus elegans und Fulgora laternaria (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 4(4-6): 180-183.

External links

 Calyptoproctus at canr.udel.edu/planthoppers/north-america

Category:Insects described in 1791
Category:Insects of Brazil
Category:Arthropods of South America
Category:Fauna of French Guiana
Category:Insects of Honduras
Category:Fauna of Suriname
Category:Poiocerinae


Pierre Brunet (musician)

Pierre Brunet  was a French musician who lived in Paris during the middle of the sixteenth century, a teacher of the mandola in that city. He is the author of a Tablature de Mandore, which was published by Adrien le Roy, Paris, in 1578. Mandore is the ancient name of an instrument similar to the mandola — the tenor instrument of the mandolin family — the mandore or mandola being of earlier origin than the mandolin. His was the first book published for the mandore, but is now lost.

References

Category:French classical mandolinists
Category:16th-century French people


Colby Chandler (All My Children)

Colby Chandler is a fictional character from the original ABC Daytime soap opera, All My Children. Born on-screen in 1999, the character was rapidly aged in 2006. The role has been recast several times, but most recently the role was portrayed by Natalie Hall from 2009 until the show's cancellation in 2011. When the show was relaunched as a web series to air on The Online Network owned and operated by production company, Prospect Park, Brooke Newton stepped into the role of Colby.

Colby is the daughter of Adam Chandler and Liza Colby, and heiress to the Chandler family fortune.

Casting and creation
The role was originated first by Carson Weaver and Jordan Petruziello in May 1999 and later by Carson Grace Levine in January, 2000. Later in 2000, Levine was replaced by twins Brianne and Morgan Mullan. Kathryn Newton appeared in the role from 2002 to 2004. Abby Wathen also appeared as a teenage Colby in a dream sequence in 2002. In May 2006, it was reported that Ambyr Childers had been cast in the role of a teenage Colby. Childers first appeared on July 3, 2006. Childers revealed that she auditioned for the role about month before her high school graduation. At time, she was taking finals, so she flew out to New York City for a screen test. She returned home for her graduation and them came returned to New York for several fittings and eventually started work. In the spring of 2008, rumors began to circulate that Childers the role of Colby was about to recast. An audition script for the role of "Edie" fed into the rumors. However, a spokesperson initially denied that Childers was departing from the series. In April 2008 it was officially announced that Childers had been released from her contract. Though Childers claimed that she had chosen to leave, other sources hinted that Childers was forced out. Childers made her last appearance on May 6, 2008, and was replaced by Brianne Moncrief on May 7. With the decision to move production of All My Children, several actors chose not to relocate to California. Though initial reports said that all contract cast members were offered a chance to relocate, another source said that ABC had misled the actors. Apparently Moncrief was one of the actors who never got the offer to go to California and she was fired from the role. Just days later, ABC announced that Natalie Hall had been cast in the role of Colby. Meanwhile, Moncrief made her last appearance on November 12, 2009 and Hall made her debut on November 25, 2009. Hall filmed her first scenes in mid October just before the show relocated to Los Angeles. Hall made her last appearance in the final network broadcast of All My Children on September 23, 2011. In April 2013, The Online Network launched a Tumblr page and posted a picture of a call sheet. Viewers could vaguely make out the name Brooke Newton in the role of Colby Chandler, but nothing was confirmed. Newton even attended the series premiere in late April and was photographed with Ryan Bittle who had recast the role of Colby's big brother JR Chandler. On May 6, the network officially confirmed through a mass press release that Newton had been cast in the role of Colby. Newton's first airdate was June 5, 2013.

Development
In February 2006, rumors began to circulate that the 7-year-old Colby would be aged significantly. According to reports, Colby would be aged to 16 upon her return. However, the character's return would be anything but subtle. A "rebellious" Colby would cause trouble for her father Adam. Colby re-introduction mirrored that of her half-sister Hayley Vaughan (Kelly Ripa)'s debut in November 1990. In the summer of 2007, Colby develops a crush on the much older Josh Madden (Colin Egglesfield), despite his interest in her ex sister-in-law, Babe Carey (Alexa Havins). At the time when Babe interferes with Colby their "relationship," Colby is very emotional; "[Her] emotions are really being played with, and she has a lot on her plate right now with her family, with everything," Childers said in an interview. Colby is being pulled in so many different directions and it is "a lot for a young girl of the age of 16 to handle." Despite her own issues, Colby must act as a parent to her chaotic family. "I'm giving my own parents advice on what to do" the actress explained of Colby maturity while the adults in her life seemed to be acting like children. Upon Childers's departure, an executive was quoted in saying that "storyline dictated the change." Another source implied that age played a factor in the casting decision. Other sources revealed that Moncrief was hired so that the writers could age Colby making her the appropriate age for a romantic pairing with the 25-year-old Frankie Hubbard portrayed by Cornelius Smith, Jr. Colby had recently developed a crush on Frankie, and the two even shared a kiss. The potential pairing would also create drama based due to Adam's history as a schemer and Frankie's father Jesse Hubbard as the new chief of police.
The writers' plans to capitalize on the chemistry between the two characters is abandoned as Moncrief's Colby does not share the same chemistry with Smith's Frankie. In the summer of 2008, Colby and her friends mistakenly believe that they are behind the death of Richie Novak (Billy Miller). Colby turns to alcohol prompting her brother, JR Chandler (Jacob Young) to point out that she may have a problem like many others in their family. However, the storyline fails to progress any further. When Natalie Hall stepped into the role, Hall said she believed that the writers wanted Colby to be more like her mother. Colby is meant to be "a person who is sweet, who is kind, and who will fight for what she wants." Colby is far from "weak" and according to Hall, "very complex." With Hall's debut, Colby becomes very manipulative. However, Hall stated that Colby would start to show a sweeter side when she starts to grow closer to bad boy, Damon Miller (Finn Wittrock). The character of Damon is the illegitimate son of Liza's high school boyfriend, Tad Martin (Michael E. Knight). In 2013, a press release described Newton's Colby as Adam's "spoiled and entitled." Jillian Bowe wondered if Newton's Colby would cause problems for Rob Wilson's Pete Cortlandt and his new love Celia Fitzgerald (Jordan Lane Price) due to Pete's past crush on Colby.

Storylines

1999–2004
Colby was born to Liza Colby, who had decided to have a child via artificial insemination. Liza chose Dr. Jake Martin to be the sperm donor/father of her child; however, Liza's ex-husband, Adam Chandler, was jealous of this arrangement and secretly purchased the sperm bank and substituted his own sperm donation for Jake's, thus making him Colby's biological father. At the time of Colby's birth, both Liza and Jake believed that Jake was her father and, thus, the child was originally named "Colby Marian Martin." In 2000, when Jake sued for custody of the child, it was revealed that Adam was actually Colby's biological father.

2006–11

In 2006, a rebellious Colby Chandler, then incognito, shows up in Pine Valley. She steals a car and gets arrested, refusing to give the authorities her name. She makes a phone call and is revealed to be Adam Chandler's long-lost daughter (aged by several years). She ran away from her mother, Liza Colby after years in hiding.

Several years before, Liza had divorced Adam. Determined to save her daughter from Adam's nefarious ways that have "poisoned" the lives of his other children, she took Colby and went on the run. Colby has missed her father terribly and is now angry at Liza for banishing him from her life. Colby is now a spoiled brat who plays on her father's guilt by demanding extravagant luxuries, such as a lavish Sweet Sixteen party, putting her at odds with Adam's then wife Krystal Carey.

During this lavish party, she crashed her father's yacht and began a relationship with Sean Montgomery. Soon after the party, she had a pregnancy scare. Her dad and brother found out and asked who the father was. Though she knew Sean was the only possible father, she claimed that it could be Josh Madden to get back at Babe, whom she assumed was having an affair with him.

On April 11, 2007, Colby helped deliver Krystal's baby girl at the Chandler Mansion. On April 12, Krystal honored Colby by naming her daughter Jenny Colby Carey. On July 12, Krystal also named Colby, Jenny's godmother. After Colby learned that Adam paid Ava Benton to plant drugs on Sean, she moved out of her father's mansion, and moved in with her goddaughter Jenny, Krystal, and Tad Martin.

Colby was spoiled, selfish, and hostile towards Krystal and Babe at first, but her time in Pine Valley changed her and she put the bulk of her bad behavior behind her and emerged a much kinder and generous person. In 2008, Sean and Colby broke up because Sean cheated on Colby with Zach Slater's ex-lover Hannah Nichols, who was much older than Sean. After the breakup, Sean moved out of Pine Valley and is now very seldomly mentioned.

Colby  became fast friends with Cassandra Foster, who recently moved to town from Paris to live with her mother Angela Hubbard. Colby originally planned college to attend Wellesley College, but she turned down her acceptance there in favor of Pine Valley University, hoping to stay close to her family. Around this time Colby and Dre liked each other slightly but it never blossomed into anything.

Colby developed a requisite crush on the older Frankie Hubbard, upon meeting him. At first Frankie was annoyed by Colby but came to love her as a little sister during the time they were kidnapped together and almost killed. Frankie sees her as a "kid," and nixed a possible relationship between the two. Colby become quite intoxicated at her 18th birthday party. Dre was driving Colby's car when he and Cassandra decided to bring her home. He ran over someone in the road, but was unable to determine what the object was, since it was nighttime.

The next day—upon learning that Richie Novak had been struck by a car on the same road at approximately the same time—the three teenagers feared that they had inadvertently killed him. Unaware that Richie had actually been murdered earlier that evening by his sister Annie Lavery, the teens vowed to keep the entire incident a secret. It has since been public knowledge that Annie was the one who killed Richie.

During the whole Richie incident, Pete Cortlandt started to hang around Colby and developed a crush on her. At first, Colby wanted nothing to so with him, but after he was struck by lightning, she realized she did like him as a friend. They remained friends for a while, though they kissed on occasion and Pete made it clear, he still had a crush on her.

Then after Petey's house burned down they began to date. Though she can act spoiled from time to time, Colby's mostly a sweet loyal girl who is incredibly defensive of her friends and family. Though Dre and Cassandra have both moved away, she is still friends with Ren and Corinna.

During the Richie storyline, Colby had a slight drinking problem that fizzled out around the time of the tornado that killed Babe. Colby now lives with her dad, brother, and nephew. In May 2009, Colby's uncle Stuart Chandler is shot accidentally. Although they end up finding out in the finale episode that Stuart Chandler was alive and being held captive and taken care of by Dr. David Hayward.

Adam and Stuart are identical twins so it is believed that someone assumed they were shooting Adam. It is later revealed that Adam accidentally shot Stuart because David Hayward is switching up his heart medications. Adam also marries Annie after she saves his life. Colby and her brother JR constantly find ways to annoy her and get her out of the mansion.

In May 2009, Liza (Jamie Luner) returns to town with the news that she is pregnant and supposedly give birth a son that she names after Colby's late uncle Stuart. Colby later finds out that Liza was never really pregnant and that Liza was supposed to adopt the son of Amanda Dillon to keep him away from David Hayward who was believed to be the father. Amanda's husband, Jake switches Amanda's baby with the newborn son of Bailey Wells and Damon Miller.

Colby later decides that she wants to work things out with her parents. Damon begins acting out and is accused of breaking into houses around town, while Colby assumes he is innocent. Damon is proven guilty and Colby is furious with him. Meanwhile, JR is diagnosed with leukemia. He falls into a short coma and Damon assures Colby that JR is aware of everything that is going on around him. Liza notices a closeness between Damon and Colby and tries to keep them apart.

Damon takes Colby's car and she follows him which leads to them getting into a car accident with Brooke English. Colby is okay, but Brooke and Damon need surgery. Liza overhears Damon admitting to Colby that he wants to be more than just friends and tries to sabotage his chance of staying out of prison. But Damon is later diagnosed with ADHD and sent to therapy instead.

The new boy in town Asher Pike saves her from falling from a railing at Chandler Enterprises. In 2011, she finds out that her ex-boyfriend Damon and her mother slept together and after finding out she posted a video of herself ranting about what happened between Damon and her mom Liza and the video went viral. She does not want anything to do with her mother after she found this out. Colby started to embrace the video after people appreciated her story and has made more videos for a vlog on the internet. On August 31, 2011, Colby packs her stuff and leaves the Chandler mansion, and goes back to live with Liza due to JR blackmailing his ex-wife and AJ's legal mother/biological aunt Marissa Tasker into giving him full custody and Colby is furious, so she packs and leaves.

2013
Colby returns to Pine Valley reverting to her old scheming manipulative ways. she tries to get some money from her father and when he refuses she sets her sights on Pete Cortlandt, which causes some tension between Pete and Celia. The two eventually break up and although Colby manages to get the loan from David Hayward she is able to seduce Pete and the two end up sleeping together.

Reception
Childers's Colby was not immediately accepted by fans who grew tired of her "teen angst." However, once the writers toned down the writing, Childers was able to win over viewers and critics. TV Guide's Nelson Branco listed Childers as #6 on the list of Most Improved Actors in 2008. Branco applauded Childers for being able to hold her own with the show's veteran actors. Daytime Confidential also disapproved Childers's exit and applauded her for her performance. In a poll questioning fans about whether the recast was needed, 91% of voters also said Childers should have stayed in the role. When the writing began hinting at Colby developing an alcohol problem, some disapproved of the potential plot as it was not was they envision for the character of Colby. A Daytime Confidential article hoped that Colby would follow in the footsteps of her mother and grandmother, Liza Colby and Marian Chandler (Jennifer Bassey) and become a schemer to get what she wants. Upon Moncrief's ousting, Daytime Confidential recommended Marcy Rylan, known for her role as Lizzie Spaulding on Guiding Light for the a Colby recast. "Rylan was BORN to play Kelly Ripa's baby sister," said Jamey Giddens referencing Colby's connection to Ripa's Hayley Vaughan Santos.

References

External links
Colby Chandler's Character Bio from ABC.com
 Colby Chandler from soapcentral.com

Category:Television characters introduced in 1999
Category:All My Children characters
Category:Female characters in television


Crayon Shin-chan: Saikyou Kazoku Kasukabe King Wii

is a videogame developed and published for the Nintendo Wii based upon the manga and anime series Crayon Shin-chan. The game was released in Spain on April 25, 2008 by 505 Games as Shin Chan: Las Nuevas Aventuras para Wii. This game was a launch title for the Wii in Japan and Spain only.

The game consists of a series of mini-games integrated into the world of Shin-chan.

External links
Official site

References

Category:2006 video games
Category:Banpresto games
Category:Japan-exclusive video games
Category:Video games developed in Japan
Category:Wii-only games
Category:Wii games
Category:Video games based on anime and manga
Category:Crayon Shin-chan


Mordella cuneiformis

Mordella cuneiformis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1968.

References

Category:Beetles described in 1968
cuneiformis


Goodnight, Missouri

Goodnight is a village in southern Polk County, Missouri, United States.  Located on Route 215, the community is part of the Springfield, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 18 at the 2010 census.

History
A post office called Goodnight was established in 1883, and remained in operation until 1906. The community has the name of J. H. Goodnight, the proprietor of a local mill.  The village incorporated in 2003.

Geography
Goodnight is located at  (37.445833, -93.226667).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 18 people, 8 households, and 5 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 11 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.

There were 8 households of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.80.

The median age in the village was 40.5 years. 27.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 0.0% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.8% were from 25 to 44; 33.3% were from 45 to 64; and 11.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 61.1% male and 38.9% female.

References

Category:Villages in Polk County, Missouri
Category:Springfield metropolitan area, Missouri
Category:Villages in Missouri


AANAT (gene)

AANAT is a gene that encodes an enzyme aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase. It is the key regulator of day-night cycle (circadian rhythm). It is found in all animals. In humans it is present on chromosome 17, in chimpanzees chromosome 17, in mouse and sheep chromosome 11, in rat chromosome 10, and in chicken chromosome 18.

Function

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the acetyltransferase superfamily. It is the penultimate enzyme in melatonin synthesis and controls the night/day rhythm in melatonin production in the vertebrate pineal gland. Melatonin is essential for the function of the circadian clock that influences activity and sleep. This enzyme is regulated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation that promotes its interaction with 14-3-3 proteins and thus protects the enzyme against proteasomal degradation.

Clinical significance

This gene may contribute to numerous genetic diseases such as delayed sleep phase syndrome.

References

Category:Circadian rhythm

External links


Raw & Refined

Raw & Refined is the twentieth studio album by American soul musician Isaac Hayes. The album was released on May 23, 1995, by Virgin Records.

Track listing
All tracks composed and arranged by Isaac Hayes

References

Category:1995 albums
Category:Isaac Hayes albums
Category:Virgin Records albums


Current (fluid)

A current in a fluid is the magnitude and direction of flow within that fluid. An air current presents the same properties specifically for a gaseous medium.

Types of fluid currents include

 Boundary current
 Current (stream), a current in a river or stream
 Longshore current
 Ocean current
 Rip current
 Rip tide
 Subsurface currents
 Turbidity current

Category:Fluid dynamics


Defence Synergia

Defence Synergia (DS) is an independent self funding 'British Defence and Strategy Think Tank' and was formed by several former directors and policy board members of the United Kingdom National Defence Association (UKNDA) prior to the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR). They research and investigate UK strategy and defence policy and engage with Government and defence analysts on an apolitical, not-for-profit, tri-service basis.

DS engages with the House of Commons Defence Committee (HCDC) Defence Select Committee, Public Administration Select Committee (PASC), Trident Commission Public Accounts Committee (PAC), the Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy (JCNSS), the National Audit Office (NAO), Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) Implementation Team, Government Ministers, former service chiefs, academics, members of parliament across the political spectrum. DS members meet or provide written inputs to inform and influence many of the above on the DS position that without an articulated national strategic narrative (Grand Strategy) the why, when, where and how questions in respect of UK defence capability, capacity, funding and rationale can never be adequately addressed by Her Majesty's Government.

DS also contributes to defence periodicals and with the British media to highlight these issues.

References

http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmdfence/761/761vw10.htm
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmdfence/761/76113.htm
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmdfence/772/772vw14.htm
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmdfence/197/197vw03.htm

External links
DS website http://www.defencesynergia.co.uk
https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101905/http://fromoverhere.net/2014/03/moral-disarmament-a-defencesynergia-opinion-piece/
https://web.archive.org/web/20150720201555/https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2012/06/on-strategy-an-input-from-defence-synergia/
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/new-us-fighter-jet-on-course-to-becoming-one-of-historys-biggest-white-elephants-10238761.html

Category:Foreign policy and strategy think tanks based in the United Kingdom


1995 Tour of the Basque Country

The 1995 Tour of the Basque Country was the 35th edition of the Tour of the Basque Country cycle race and was held from 3 April to 7 April 1995. The race started in Zegama and finished at Jaizkibel. The race was won by Alex Zülle of the ONCE team.

General classification

References

1995
Bas


Luděk Beneš

Luděk Beneš is a retired Czechoslovak slalom canoeist who competed from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. He won six medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with three golds (C-1 team: 1955, 1959, 1965), two silvers (C-1: 1955, 1965) and a bronze (C-1 team: 1957).

References

Category:Czechoslovak male canoeists
Category:Czech male canoeists
Category:Possibly living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships


Jossie Nikita Marques Spear

Jossie Nikita is a Venezuelan model and aspiring actress, born in Maracaibo, Edo. Zulia and titleholder of the Miss Mundo Latina, who will compete in the Miss Venezuela. Her heritage is mixed from Venezuelan, Portuguese, American, and French. She speaks English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Jossie is currently pursuing her Bachelors in Fine Arts for Theater at the University of Central Florida. She is 174 cm tall. Her hobbies include playing guitar, reading, and traveling.

Jossie is cousin of Monica Spear, who also won the Miss Venezuela 2004 and placed 4th runner up in the Miss Universe in 2005.

References

External links

 Miss Venezuela La Nueva Era MB

Category:1994 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Maracaibo
Category:Venezuelan female models
Category:Venezuelan beauty pageant winners


Saint-Julien-en-Quint

Saint-Julien-en-Quint  is a commune in the Drôme department located in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Drôme


Arrow Creek (Fresno County, California)

Arrow Creek is a stream in Kings Canyon National Park in Fresno County, California, United States. It is a tributary of the South Fork Kings River.

References

Category:Rivers of Fresno County, California
Category:Rivers of Northern California