BIFF

BIFF, later  sometimes B1FF, was a pseudonym on, and the prototypical newbie of, Usenet. BIFF was created as and taken up as a satire of a partly amusing, partly annoying, mostly unwelcome intrusion into a then fairly rarefied community. BIFF had a Commodore Vic-20 at first and a Commodore 64 later. BIFF posts were limited to 40 character lines to look like they'd come from those machines.

Origin
BIFF was created by Joe Talmadge, who abandoned the character after just two postings. From then on, Richard Sexton took over and was credited by Talmadge as popularising BIFF.

Richard Sexton: I make no claim to inventing BIFF. Blame Joe Talmadge. Joe wasn't too busy one year at HP and invented a whole cast of characters such as SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATOR MAN, Bobby Joe (Dedicated Wobegon listener), Joe Supportive (soc.singles reader for 1.5 years) and of course the big bad BIFFSTER.

Joe Talmadge: Oh. Hey. Don't blame me. It's Webber's fault. Anyway, I may have invented BIFF, but Richard made him famous. Richard is the Roy Crock of BIFF; meanwhile, I fade quietly into obscurity.

Versions have since been posted for the amusement of the Internet at large.

Richard Sexton: I posted a few BIFF articles from my account at gryphon, but now there are about 20 people, well connected, posting BIFF forgeries.  You probably don't want to hear that the people doing them had to find something to occupy themselves after they dissolved the backbone cabal.

Cultural significance and later decline
BIFF served as a satire of an exceptional behaviour in a fairly homogeneous environment.

The explosive growth of the web led to the rapid decline of BIFF, as Biffisms became no longer exceptional and the Internet rapidly became a much larger and much more heterogeneous environment, leading both to newcomers not being aware of BIFF's existence and to BIFF becoming less contrasting as an exception in the increasingly "noisy" Internet.

An example Biffism
This was posted on the Usenet Oracle mailing list digest 775-06:

The Usenet Oracle has pondered your question deeply. Your question was:

> Oh great oracle,
>
> what do you do with a supplicant who leaves his .sig at
> the end of his questions?
> --
> --
And in response, thus spake the Oracle:

} WHAT R U TALK1N' ABOUT MAN?  SIGZ ROOL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
}
} LATER MAN.
}
} BIFF.
}
} --
}     BBBBBBBBBBBBB          IIIIIIIII            FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
}     BBBBBBBBBBBBBB         IIIIIIIII           FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
}      BBB        BBB           III             FFF         FFF
}       BBB        BBB          III            FFF         FFF
}        BBB        BBB         III           FFF         FFF
}         BBBBBBBBBBBBB         III          FFFFFFFFF   FFFFFFFFF
}          BBBBBBBBBBBBBB       III         FFFFFFFFF   FFFFFFFFF
}           BBB        BBB      III        FFF         FFF
}            BBB        BBB     III       FFF         FFF
}             BBB        BBB    III      FFF         FFF
}              BBBBBBBBBBBBB IIIIIIIII  FFF         FFF
} BIFF@BIT.NET  BBBBBBBBBBBB IIIIIIIII FFF         FFF  BIFF@PSUVM.PSU.EDU
} BIFF@BIFFVM.BIT.NET                                 BIFF+@ANDREW.CMU.EDU
}   B1FF@AOL.COM  B1FF@DELPHI.COM  B1FF@PRODIGY.COM  B1FF@COMU$ERVE.COM
}          B1FF@NETCOM.COM  B1FF@WORLD.STD.COM  B1FF@MCS.COM
}            B1FF@B1FFNET.FIDONET.ORG  B1FF@WELL.SF.CA.US
}              B1FF@ATHENA.MIT.EDU  B1FF@CYBER.SELL.COM
}                             BIFF@MSN.COM
}
}   MY SIG         /^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\          WAITING
}  CAN BEAT        !@@@@@@NUKULAR@@@@@@@@!                 4
}   UP YOUR       -------------------------            ARMAGEDIN
}    SIG           !@@@@@@@@BIFF@@@@@@@@@!          IT"LL B
}    !!!           \--------!   !--------/            AWESOME!!!!
}                           !   !
}                         ---------         THIS SPACE 4 RENT CALL BIFF
}      /\\\                 !   !               HA HA FOOLED YOU!!!
}       |||                /     \
}       /-\
}  /----/-\------------------------------------------------------------\
} | BIFF|@|AOL.DELPHI.PRODIGY.COMPU$ERVE.NETCOM.WORLD.MSN.B1FF.EDU DUDE!>
}  \----\-/------------------------------------------------------------/
}       \-/
}       |-|     BANG THE FALSE METAL HEAD THAT DUZZN"T DRINK BEER!!!
}      \///          HOT METAL TUBS RULE IN A MAJOR WAY DUDEZ!!!
}
}   __________      __________       ___________     ___________        __
}  /         /\    /         /|     /          /|   /          /|      / /
} /         /  \  /         //     /          //   /          //      / /|
} **********   /  **********/      ***********/    ***********/       ** |
} **  |____** /       **           **  |______     **  |______        ** |
} ** /      **        **           **  /     /|    **  /     /|       ** |
} **/      **/ \      **           ** /     //     ** /     //        ** |
} **********/  /      **           *********/      *********/         ** /
} **  |____** //    __**______     **  |           **  |              **/
} ** /      **/    /  **     /|    **  |           **  |              / /|
} **/      **/    /   **    //     ** /            ** /               ** /
} **********/     **********/      **/             **/                **/
}
} BIFF@BIT.NET BIFF@PSUVM.PSU.EDU BIFF@BIFFVM.BIT.NET BIFF+@ANDREW.CMU.EDU
}   B1FF@AOL.COM  B1FF@DELPHI.COM  B1FF@PRODIGY.COM  B1FF@COMU$ERVE.COM
}          B1FF@NETCOM.COM  B1FF@WORLD.STD.COM  B1FF@MCS.COM
}            B1FF@B1FFNET.FIDONET.ORG  B1FF@WELL.SF.CA.US
}              B1FF@ATHENA.MIT.EDU  B1FF@CYBER.SELL.COM
}                           BIFF@MSN.COM
}
}                     K0M1NG S00N T0 THEATREZ NEER U!!!!!!
}      _______ _______*_______ _______   _______  _______   _______ __  __
}  +. /____  //______//______//______/  /______/ /____  /  /______//_/ /_/
} `  _____/ /   __    _____ . _____   ,   __    _____/ /  ______  ____
} , / ___ _/.  / / . / ___/ '/ ___/  +.  / /   / _  __/  /  ___/ /   /
}  / /__/ | __/ /__ / / . , / /   ,  .  / /   / / \ \   /  /___ / /\ \
} /______/ /______//_/ * + /_/   *, ` ,/_/   /_/   \_\ /______//_/  \_\
}
}              FEETUR1NG THE GRATE B1FF1NSK1 AS C4PTA1N B1FF!!!!!!
}
}                    B1FF 4RUOND TH4 W3RLD!!!!!
}                                   .
}                               _--_|\
}                     P3RTH--> /      \<--SIND3Y
}                              \_.--._/
}                                    v<---B1FFSM4NIA!!!!!!!
}
}                ___                          (_)
}              _/XXX\
}             /XXXXXX\_ <-- MT. B1FF1NGT0N                 __
} __    __   /X XXXX XX\     MT. K1BO (SHORT3R    _       /XX\__      ___
}   \__/  \_/__       \ \    TH4N B1FF'Z) ----> _/X\__   /XX XXX\____/XXX\
} \  ___   \/  \_      \ \               __   _/      \_/  _/  -   __  -
} __/   \__/   \ \__     \\__           /  \_//  _ _ \  \     __  /  \____
}  __    \  /     \ \_   _//_\___     _/    //           \___/  \/     __/
} /_______\________\__\_/________\_ _/_____/_____________/_______\____/___
}                                    /|\
}                                   / | \       _____ _____
}                                  /  |  \      \    V    /
}     THE RO4D T0 B1FFN3SS!!!!    /   |   \      | R00T  |
}                                /    |    \     |  666  |     +---------+
}     ALL MUST TR4V3L 1T        /     |     \    \___ ___/     | B1FF    |
}                              /      |      \       V         | R00LZ!! |
}     SUMD4Y!!!!!!!!          /       |       \      |       o +---------+
}                            /        |        \     |      o
}                           /         |         \    |   |\__/|  .~    ~.
}                          /          |          \   |   /o=o'`./      .'
}                         /           |              |  {o__,   \    {
}                        /            |                   / .  . )    \
}                       /             |                   `-` '-' \    }
}                                     |                  .(   _(   )_.'
}                                     |                 '---.~_ _ _|

B1ff the slang typography as precursor of 1337 (Leet)
B1ff also became the name of a type of internet slang that was created in the early days of the Internet by groups who felt they were being watched by government officials or corporations. This was a major step towards full 1337 (Leet); however, they originally had different purposes. B1ff changes words only enough so a program looking for certain words doesn't find them, whereas 1337 was created to prevent non-1337 humans from reading text.

During the early days of internet gaming, a new side of b1ff took a significant rise, when scripts edited the content of instant chat conversations. Today, however, most censoring scripts can compensate for letter-number replacement. Thus, b1ff has mainly evolved into 1337, a more complex language that, although it does include letter-number replacement, also features letter mixing (e.g. "pr0n"), similar-sound substitution (e.g. "h4xx" for "hack"), 'building' a letter from multiple characters (e.g. x from ><), and inventing new words as a substitute for common words.

Continued existence
In the sense of caricaturing the prototypical pre-adolescent or over-self-confident noob on the Internet, b1ff's legacy lives on, in practice if not in name.

Beyond apparently inspiring the naming and style of the precursor to leet, b1ffisms continue to be seen today in many Internet forums and comment threads, both in direct posts and in deliberate ironic imitation. Every Internet user who has used leetspeek ironically ("the ph34r!") or mocked pre-teen gamers or IRCers ("OMG WTF!!!1eleven11 kthxbye") is essentially using a modernised b1ff. b1ff, like Eliza Doolittle, appears to be a specifically created yet immediately classic shibboleth of some fundamental human behaviour, on the part of both the parodied and the parodying.

See also
 leet
 Kibo, another famous Internet pseudonym

References

 The Jargon File — a reference for early internet esoterica, latterly maintained and preserved by Eric S. Raymond

External links
 USENET record of the creators of BIFF musing on the creation of BIFF: Richard Sexton and Joe Talmadge
 BIFF's web page
 An authoritative history of BIFF and no, there never, ever was a "BIFF filter"

Category:Internet culture
Category:Usenet people
Category:Internet memes
Category:Internet slang
Category:Obfuscation


House at 1 Bay Street

The House at 1 Bay Street is an historic house at 1 Bay Street in the Bay Village neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.  Dubbed the "tiniest house in Boston", it is a small 2-1/2 story brick structure, with a side gable roof and a brick foundation, occupying a lot of just .  Its front facade is two bays (and about ) wide, with the entrance recessed under an arch in the left bay, and sash windows in the other bays.  The house was built in 1830 by Benjamin Bosworth, and is a well-preserved example of Federal style.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts

References

Category:Houses completed in 1830
Category:Houses in Boston
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Boston
Category:1830 establishments in Massachusetts
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County, Massachusetts

Category:Federal architecture in Massachusetts


XII Corps (Union Army)

The XII Corps (Twelfth Army Corps) was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War.

The corps was formed by U.S. War Department General Order of March 13, 1862, under which the corps organization of the Army of the Potomac was first created. By that order, five different corps were constituted: one of which, composed of the divisions of Alpheus S. Williams and James Shields and commanded by Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, was designated as the V Corps. These divisions were then operating in the Shenandoah Valley. On June 26, President Abraham Lincoln ordered that "the troops of the Shenandoah Department, now under General Banks, shall constitute the Second Army Corps" of the Army of Virginia. On September 12, General Order 129, it was ordered that its designation be changed to that of the XII Corps, and that Maj. Gen. Joseph K. Mansfield be placed in command.

The XII Corps was small—only two divisions instead of the customary three—but was composed of excellent material. Among its regiments were the 2nd Massachusetts, 7th Ohio, 5th Connecticut, 13th New Jersey, 107th New York, 28th Pennsylvania, 46th Pennsylvania, 3rd Wisconsin, and others equally famous as crack regiments; all of them with household names in the communities from which they were recruited.

The Valley and Antietam
The corps had done considerable hard fighting under its former title. Shields's Division won a victory over Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson at Kernstown on March 23, and Williams' Division fought well at Winchester, May 25, while on Banks' retreat. The Battle of Cedar Mountain was also fought by this corps, alone and unassisted; and, although defeated by the overwhelming force of the enemy, the record shows that the two divisions did some of the best fighting of the war there. In that battle the divisions were commanded by Generals Williams and Christopher C. Augur; loss, 302 killed, 1,320 wounded, and 594 missing; total, 2,216, out of less than 6,000 engaged. This loss fell on four brigades, Samuel W. Crawford's Brigade losing 867 men out of 1679, reported by Crawford as "present in engagement". The corps spent the Second Battle of Bull Run at Bristoe Station and did not participate in that engagement.

During the Maryland Campaign, the corps was formally added to the Army of the Potomac and renamed the XII Corps. Nathaniel Banks was relieved of command and replaced by Joseph K. Mansfield, an old Regular Army veteran with 40 years of service. Its division and brigade organization were the same as at Cedar Mountain; Brig. Gen. George S. Greene had succeeded Augur in the command of the 2nd Division. Its depleted columns had been strengthened by the accession of five new regiments of volunteers fresh from the North, three of which were composed of Pennsylvanians enlisted for nine months only. The corps now numbered 12,300 present for duty, including the non-combatants; it contained 22 regiments of infantry and three batteries of light artillery. It was the smallest corps in the army.

It was not engaged at South Mountain, although it marched in plain view of the battle that was raging on the mountain's side, ahead of its dusty columns. At the Battle of Antietam, it entered the fight early in the morning, and carried a position near, and in front of, the Dunker Church. General Mansfield fell, mortally wounded, while deploying his columns, and the command of the corps during the battle devolved on General Williams. The two divisions lost in this battle, 275 killed, 1,386 wounded, and 85 missing; total, 1,746, out of about 8,000 present in action.

The vacancy caused by the death of General Mansfield was filled by the appointment of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, a division commander of the VI Corps, who had already achieved a brilliant reputation by his services on in the Peninsula Campaign, and at the successful storming of Crampton's Gap. The XII Corps spent the Battle of Fredericksburg at Harper's Ferry and was not involved in that battle. The corps went into winter quarters at Stafford Court House.

Chancellorsville and Gettysburg
The brunt of the Battle of Chancellorsville fell on the XI and XII Corps; and yet amid all the rout and confusion of that disastrous battle the regiments of the XII Corps moved steadily with unbroken fronts, retiring at the close of the battle without the loss of a color, while the corps artillery, after having been engaged in the close fighting at the Chancellor House, withdrew in good order, taking every gun with them. In this campaign Slocum's troops were the first to cross the Rapidan River, and the last to re-cross the Rappahannock River. The corps at this time contained 30 regiments of infantry, with five batteries of light artillery, numbering in all 19,929 present for duty. Its losses at Chancellorsville amounted to 260 killed, 1,436  wounded, and 1,118 missing; total, 2,814. The hardest fighting and heaviest losses fell on the brigades of Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger and Col. Charles Candy. The divisions were commanded by Generals Williams and John W. Geary.

At the Battle of Gettysburg, the XII Corps distinguished itself by its gallant defense of Culp's Hill on July 2–3, 1863. General Slocum was in command of the right wing at Gettysburg, which left Alpheus S. Williams, of the 1st Division, in command of the corps; Thomas H. Ruger of the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, took Williams's place as commander of the division; Geary commanded the 2nd Division.

On the afternoon of July 2 the corps was ordered by army commander George G. Meade to disengage from Culp's Hill and reinforce the Union line on its extreme left flank, near Little Round Top. Slocum persuaded Meade to leave one brigade behind to hold the critical position: Greene's Brigade, of Geary's Division. While occupying this position on Culp's Hill, with an excessively long line to defend and no other troops in support, Greene was attacked by Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's Division, but the attack was successfully repulsed by his brigade. Greene, a civil engineer, had insisted that his men prepare impressive defensive works on the hill. Still, some of Johnson's troops effected, without opposition, a lodgment in the vacated breastworks of the XII Corps, and upon the return of those troops a desperate battle ensued to drive the Confederates out. After a long, hard fight the corps succeeded in re-occupying its works. On no part of the field did the Confederate dead lie thicker than in front of the XII Corps position. Johnson's Division, containing 22 regiments, lost in this particular action, 229 killed, 1,269 wounded, and 375 missing; total, 1,873. To this must be added the losses suffered in the 14 regiments from the brigades of William Smith, Junius Daniel, and Edward A. O'Neal, which were sent to Johnson's support. The XII Corps, containing 28 regiments, lost 204 killed, 810 wounded, and 67 missing; total, 1,081.

Tennessee
At the conclusion of the Gettysburg Campaign, the Army of the Potomac pursued Robert E. Lee into Virginia, the XII Corps joining in the pursuit, and pushing forward until it reached the Rappahannock. While encamped there, on September 23, 1863, the XI and XII corps were detached from the army and ordered to Tennessee as a reinforcement for William Rosecrans, besieged in Chattanooga. The two corps were placed under the command of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker. Arriving in Tennessee, Geary's Division moved to the front, while Williams's Division was stationed along the railroad from Murfreesboro to Bridgeport. Geary pushed on in order to effect a junction with the beleaguered army at Chattanooga. On the night of October 27, his division bivouacked in Lookout Valley, in an advanced and isolated position, where he was attacked at midnight by a part of James Longstreet's command. But Geary had taken proper precautions against surprise, and Longstreet was repulsed, Geary receiving in this affair a prompt and gallant support from part of the XI Corps. General George H. Thomas, commanding the Army of the Cumberland, stated in his official report that "the repulse by Geary's Division of greatly superior numbers who attempted to surprise him, will rank among the most distinguished feats of arms of this war."

The midnight Battle of Wauhatchie was followed in the next month by the brilliant victory at Lookout Mountain, where the 2nd Division fought its famous "battle above the clouds". Geary was assisted in this engagement by Walter C. Whitaker's Brigade of the IV Corps. One of Whitaker's regiments, the 8th Kentucky, was the first to plant its flag on the summit of the mountain.

Redesignation

In April 1864, the designation of the corps was changed to that of the XX Corps. Generals Williams and Geary still retained command of their divisions and the men still wore their XII Corps badge. This badge (a five-pointed star, or pentagram) was adopted by the reorganized corps. The new organization was formed by the consolidation of the XI and XII corps, to which was added some minor commands. This action of the War Department was based on the small sizes of the two corps: the XI had been extremely damaged at Gettysburg and the XII had always been the smallest in the army. Nonetheless, the soldiers of the XII Corps were very upset at the loss of their original corps identity.

Upon the discontinuance of the XII Corps, General Slocum was assigned to the command of the District of Vicksburg, but resumed the corps command—of the XX Corps—during the Atlanta Campaign, General Hooker having been relieved. Slocum afterwards commanded the Army of Georgia while on the March to the Sea and in the Carolinas Campaign.

Command history
As V Corps

As Department of the Shenandoah

As II Corps Army of Virginia

As XII Corps

 * Corps assigned to the Army of the Cumberland; other entries assigned to the Army of the Potomac

After April 18, 1864, the divisions of the XII Corps became part of the XX Corps.

References
 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 Fox, William F., Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, reprinted by Morningside Bookshop, Dayton, Ohio, 1993, .

12
Category:Military units and formations established in 1862
Category:1862 establishments in the United States
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1864


Times of Northeast Benton County

Claimed by Gtea16

The Times of Northeast Benton County is a weekly newspaper with a 1,300–1,400 circulation located in Pea Ridge, Arkansas, located in the northeast corner of Benton County. In addition to the city of Pea Ridge, the newspaper covers the communities of Little Flock to the south, Avoca and Brightwater to the southeast, Garfield, Lost Bridge and Gateway to the east, and historically — though intermittently in recent years — Jacket and Mountain to the north in Missouri.
Annette Beard, a resident of the area for more than 30 years, is the current managing editor of the newspaper.

History
The Times of Northeast Benton County is not the first newspaper to serve the Pea Ridge area, though it is the most successful and only existing one. The first recorded newspaper in Pea Ridge was The Advertiser, which was started by I.H. Baxter in 1905 and stayed in business nearly one year. The next newspaper was The Pea Ridge Pod, which was founded by an English immigrant named William Beck (1877–1948) in 1913. This newspaper was noted for its name and excerpts from it were used for the "Pickled Pods" column in the New York Times. For the first two years this paper operated out of Pea Ridge, but was moved to Siloam Springs in its third year and then folded.

The newspaper that would become the Times was first published on January 6, 1966 by James (Jim) and Margie Edgmon as the Pea Ridge Graphic out of their home in Springdale, Arkansas. The newspaper was purchased from the Edgmons in 1967 by Earle and Billie Jines. In 1972, the Jines merged the newspaper with the Cave Springs Scene, which they had started in nearby Cave Springs, Arkansas in 1970, and created the Pea Ridge Graphic-Scene, with the first issue carrying the new name appearing on December 7, 1972. By 1980, the Jines had sold the newspaper to Jack and Mary-Lou Beisner, who renamed it the Pea Ridge Country Times, to better reflect the coverage the newspaper gave to surrounding communities. The Beisners again changed the name of the newspaper, starting with the February 3, 1982 issue, to the Times of Pea Ridge Country.  Even after divesting her ownership in the newspaper, Billie Jines continued to contribute articles and columns to it and was largely seen as the preeminent local historian until her death in 2003.

By the late 1980s, Mike and Barbara Freeman had purchased the newspaper and operated it through most of the 1990s before selling it to Stephens Media LLC, which in 2009 merged its northwest Arkansas papers with those of Arkansas Democrat-Gazette Inc. to form Northwest Arkansas Newspapers LLC, the current owner of the Times of Northeast Benton County. It was under the ownership of Stephens Media LLC that the paper acquired its current name.

Rural Correspondents
For the first 30 years of its existence the newspaper depended heavily on rural correspondents from the local communities to fill its pages. Typically not having any formal journalistic training, these correspondents provided folksy weekly columns on the events and people of their communities. Because of these slice-of-life essays, it was often common knowledge who had bought a new vehicle, moved, went on vacation or had a baby. For years, former Pea Ridge Mayor Mary Rogers Durand wrote on the comings and goings of Pea Ridge proper, while Pearl Patterson covered the details of country living in the Mountain and Jacket community and others did the same for the Little Flock, Garfield and Brightwater communities. By the late 1990s these columns had started to become scarcer and scarcer in the newspaper, dwindling to just a few in its current incarnation.

References

External links
Times of Northeast Benton County

Category:Newspapers published in Arkansas
Category:Publications established in 1966
Category:1966 establishments in Arkansas


Mehdi Rahimi (footballer)

Mehdi Rahimi (born 2 May 1999) is an Iranian footballer who plays as a defender for Nassaji in the Persian Gulf Pro League.

He made his Iran Pro League debut on 13 October 2017 against Siah Jamegan

Club career statistics

Last Update:21 November 2017

References

Category:Sepahan players
Category:Nassaji Mazandaran players
Category:1999 births
Category:Living people
Category:Iranian footballers
Category:Association football central defenders
Category:Association football fullbacks
Category:Footballers at the 2018 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games competitors for Iran


1977 Turkish general election

General elections were held in Turkey on 5 June 1977. Elections took place in the middle of a political race between the right-wing AP and the left-wing CHP. With the charismatic leadership of Bülent Ecevit, the CHP managed to beat one of the symbolic figures of conservative politics in Turkey, Süleyman Demirel. Voter turnout was 72.4%.

The CHP's victory was the zenith of left-wing votes in the history of the Republic of Turkey, but there were still no capable partners for the CHP to join forces to form government with since the remainder of parliament consisted of right-wing parties not eager to form a coalition with Bülent Ecevit. Finally, the CHP could not gain a vote of confidence. They would need to wait until 1978 to gain support from some smaller parties and independents to govern. The CHP could not retain power for long and soon government control passed on to the AP even as the rumblings of the 1980 military coup were beginning to be felt.

Results

References

1977
Category:1977 elections in Turkey
Category:1977 in Turkey
Category:1977 elections in Europe


Sebastián Méndez Plaza

Sebastián Méndez Plaza (born June 6, 1986 in Villa Alemana, Chile) is a Chilean footballer currently playing for San Luis of the Primera B in Chile.

Teams
  Santiago Wanderers 2005–2015
  San Marcos de Arica 2015–2018
  San Luis 2019–present

External links
 Profile at BDFA

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chilean footballers
Category:Santiago Wanderers footballers
Category:San Marcos de Arica footballers
Category:San Luis de Quillota footballers
Category:Chilean Primera División players
Category:Primera B de Chile players

Category:Association footballers not categorized by position


Calasanctius College

Calasanctius College, Oranmore is a co-educational secondary school catering for students between the ages of 12-19 around the County Galway village of Oranmore, and the surrounding areas, such as Carnmore, Claregalway, Clarenbridge, Kilcolgan and the south side of Galway City.

Academic
Calasanctius College operates Junior Certificate, Transition Year and Leaving Certificate courses.

History
On 23 May 1861, four Presentation Sisters from the convent in Galway established a new convent in Oranmore, at the request of the Bishop John McEvilly. Their initial convent was known to the locals of Oranmore as 'the Hotel'. Not long after its establishment, an out-building of the convent was converted into an educational facility.  In July 1869, the Sisters moved into the parochial house of the then-Parish Priest, Fr. R. Quinn, which was purchased by the Presentation Order for the sum of £600. The building of the old National College began in October 1886, and three years later, a new convent was built adjoining the old parochial house.

In 1916, a hall was built on the convent grounds to provide for home economics classes for girls in the locality. This became the first secondary college, and was blessed by Rev. Michael Browne on 27 August 1946, on the feast day of St. Joseph Calasanctius.

In 1947, a boarding school for girls was opened, which continued to draw students from the surrounding areas, until the increased demand for places led to the building of a major extension in 1963.

In 1973, the college became co-educational, with the college enrolling boys for the first time. This led to the building of a new wing, incorporating a Woodwork room. From 1987 onwards the college no longer catered for boarding students, and the dormitories and refectories were converted into science laboratories and further classrooms.

In 1994, the Presentation Sisters decided to withdraw from the teaching staff, the convent was vacated and a lay college principal appointed. The college remains under the trusteeship of the Presentation Order, while being managed by secular administrators.

External links
 Calasanctius College

Category:Buildings and structures in Galway (city)
Category:Education in Galway (city)
Category:Secondary schools in County Galway
Category:1861 establishments in Ireland
Category:Educational institutions established in 1861


Robert Gruffydd

Robert Gruffydd (c. 1515-75) was the member of Parliament for the constituency of Caernarfon in the parliaments of 1545 and 1585.

References

Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:Year of death uncertain
Category:1510s births
Category:1570s deaths
Category:English MPs 1545–1547
Category:Members of Parliament for Caernarfon
Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales


2014 IIHF World U18 Championships

The 2014 IIHF U18 World Championship was the 16th IIHF World U18 Championship, and was hosted by Lappeenranta and Imatra, Finland. The tournament began on 17 April 2014, with the gold medal game played on 27 April 2014.

Top Division

Officials
The IIHF selected 12 referees and 10 linesmen to work the 2014 IIHF U18 World Championship.
They were the following:

Referees
  Andris Ansons
  Michael Hicks
  Pavel Hodek
  Mikko Kaukokari
  Daniel Konc
  Geoffrey Miller
  Kendrick Nicholson
  Linus Öhlund
  Anssi Salonen
  Gordon Schukies
  Alexander Sergeyev
  Tobias Wehrli

Linesmen
  Jordan Browne
  René Jensen
  Gleb Lazarev
  Miroslav Lhotský
  Andreas Malmqvist
  Dana Penkivech
  Jani Pesonen
  Nikolaj Ponomarjow
  Alexander Waldejer
  Sotaro Yamaguchi

Preliminary round

Group A

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All times are local. (Eastern European Summer Time – UTC+03)

Group B

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All times are local. (Eastern European Summer Time – UTC+03)

Relegation round
The last-placed teams played a best-of-three series.

Denmark is relegated to next year's Division I A; the third game was not played because the result of the relegation series had been decided.

Knockout stage

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Bronze medal game

Final

Scoring leaders
List shows the top ten skaters sorted by points, then goals.

GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus-minus; PIM = Penalties In Minutes
Source: IIHF.com

Leading goaltenders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played 40% of their team's minutes are included in this list.
TOI = Time On Ice (minutes:seconds); SA = Shots Against; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; Sv% = Save Percentage; SO = Shutouts
Source: IIHF.com

Tournament Awards
Best players selected by the directorate:
Best Goalkeeper:
Best Defenseman:
Best Forward:
Source: IIHF.com</small>

Final standings

Division I

Division I A
The Division I A tournament was played in Nice, France, from 13 to 19 April 2014.

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Division I B
The Division I B tournament was played in Székesfehérvár, Hungary, from 13 to 19 April 2014.

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Division II

Division II A
The Division II A tournament was played in Dumfries, Great Britain, from 24 to 30 March 2014.

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Division II B
The Division II B tournament was played in Tallinn, Estonia, from 14 to 20 April 2014.

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Division III

Division III A
The Division III A tournament was played in Sofia, Bulgaria, from 24 to 30 March 2014.

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Division III B
The Division III B tournament was played in İzmit, Turkey, from 13 to 15 February 2014.

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References

External links
Website

Category:IIHF World U18 Championships
IIHF World U18 Championships
World
2014

Category:Sport in Lappeenranta
Category:Imatra
Category:April 2014 sports events in Europe


Arianna Fontana

Arianna Fontana OMRI (born April 14, 1990) is an Italian short track speed skater, who has won eight Olympic medals, among these a gold in the 500m short track at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. Her medal haul following the 2018 Games made her the female short track skater with the most Olympic medals, and tied her with male skaters Apolo Ohno and Viktor An. It also made her the Italian sportswoman with the second highest number of Winter Olympic medals, behind Stefania Belmondo. She specialises in the 500 m event. She is nicknamed La Freccia Bionda (The Blonde Arrow).

Biography
Fontana started skating at the age of four, following in the footsteps of her brother Alessandro, initially on roller skates before switching to ice skating. She first trained in Lanzada until the rink there closed, when she switched her training base to Bormio.

Fontana made her international championship debut at the 2006 European Short Track Speed Skating Championships in Krynica-Zdrój, where she took the overall silver medal. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, she won bronze in the 3000 m relay. She placed 11th in the 500m and 6th in the 1000 m. The relay medal was the first for Italy in short track speed skating: at 15 years of age, Fontana became the youngest Italian to win a Winter Olympic medal. Following the 2006 Games, Fontana and her relay team-mates were appointed Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.

At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, she won a bronze medal in the 500 metre event, was eliminated in the semifinals of the 1500 metre event, and was eliminated in the quarterfinals of the 1000 metre event. Her 500m bronze made her the first Italian to take an individual Olympic medal in short track.

Fontano began dating Italian-American skater Anthony Lobello Jr. in 2012: the couple were engaged the following year and married in May 2014 in Colico. The couple split their time between homes in Valtellina, Courmayeur and Tallahassee, Florida.

At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, she was upgraded from a bronze to a silver medal in the 500 m event after colliding with British skater Elise Christie. Christie was disqualified after causing a crash in the final. She won a bronze medal in the 1500 m event and in the Team-event, and was disqualified in the 1000 m event. Following the Games, Lobello began coaching Fontana following his retirement from competition. The following year Fontana took her first title at the World Short Track Speed Skating Championships, winning the gold in the 1500m and taking the overall silver.

In October 2017, Fontana was named as Italy's flag bearer for the opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea. She was the first short track skater to be selected as flag bearer for the Italian Olympic team and the second flag bearer from the Italian Ice Sports Federation, after Carolina Kostner. She won her first Olympic gold medal there, in the 500 m event. She was the first European to win a 500 m Olympic gold. She also won silver in the team event and bronze in the 1000 m event, becoming the woman with most medals in the sport. It also meant that she had won Olympic medals at every contested distance.

Achievements

World Cup results

See also
List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists
Italian sportswomen multiple medalists at Olympics and World Championships

References

External links

 Arianna Fontana at the Italian Olympic Committee

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian female short track speed skaters
Category:Olympic short track speed skaters of Italy
Category:Olympic gold medalists for Italy
Category:Olympic silver medalists for Italy
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Category:Olympic medalists in short track speed skating
Category:Short track speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Category:Short track speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Category:Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Short track speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Category:Italian female speed skaters
Category:People from Sondrio
Category:Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic


Ma Zhi

Ma Zhi (馬植) (? - 857), courtesy name Cunzhi (存之), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong.

Background and early career
It is not known when Ma Zhi was born.  It is known that his family was from Fufeng, but nothing else was known about his ancestry other than that his father's name was Ma Xun — with the Old Book of Tang rendering his father's personal name as 曛 and the New Book of Tang rendering it as 勛 — with no connections to the families of the two other Tang chancellors surnamed Ma, Ma Sui and Ma Zhou.

Ma Zhi passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi class in 819, during the reign of Emperor Xianzong, and further passed a special imperial examinations for those who were capable in planning.  He was thereafter made the deputy military prefect (團練副使, Tuanlian Fushi) of Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an, Anhui).  He thereafter served as Xiaoshu Lang (校書郎), a copyeditor at the Palace Library, and yet later served as the prefect of Rao Prefecture (饒州, in modern Shangrao, Jiangxi).

During Emperor Wenzong's reign
Early in the Kaicheng era (836-840) of Emperor Xianzong's grandson Emperor Wenzong, Ma Zhi was made the protector general of Annan (安南, modern northern Vietnam).  It was said that Ma, in addition to his literary abilities, was a capable administrator.  In 838, he submitted a report in which he claimed that the nominal magistrate of Wulu County (武陸) — under Tang's system of commissioning local tribal leaders with official titles — was faithful to Tang and was often giving good suggestions, and requested that Wulu County be upgraded to be a prefecture; Emperor Wenzong approved the request.  It was also said that because of Ma's good governance, the tribal chiefs all sent their sons to serve as hostages and offered to pay tributes.  Further, a pool at Wulu Prefecture that had previously produced pearls but were no longer doing so by Ma's time again began to produce pearls, which was viewed as a sign of divine approval.  Ma was thereafter promoted to be the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Qianzhong Circuit (黔中, headquartered in modern Chongqing).

During Emperor Wuzong's reign
During the middle of the Huichang era (841-846) of Emperor Wenzong's brother Emperor Wuzong, Ma Zhi was recalled to the capital Chang'an to serve as the minister of palace supplies (光祿卿, Guanglu Qing), and later became Dali Qing (大理卿), the chief judge at the supreme court (大理寺, Dali Si).  However, neither of these posts carried great power, as Ma, despite a reputation for being capable, was not well regarded by then-leading chancellor Li Deyu.  It was said that Ma thus bore resentment toward Li Deyu.

During Emperor Xuānzong's reign
In 846, Emperor Wuzong died and was succeeded by his uncle Emperor Xuānzong.  Because Emperor Xuānzong despised Li Deyu for his hold on power, Li Deyu was almost immediately thereafter demoted and sent out of the capital, and Bai Minzhong became the leading chancellor.  In 847, during a drought, which were often viewed as signs of divine displeasure over overly severe punishment, Emperor Xuānzong had the chancellor Lu Shang and the deputy chief imperial censor Feng Ao (封敖) review the cases of the prisoners held at Chang'an. Lu and Feng apparently advocated for commutation of many death sentences.  Ma objected and submitted a petition to Emperor Xuānzong arguing that that leniency would have the opposite effect of drawing further divine displeasure.  It was said that because of efforts by Bai, who often promoted those people he felt slighted by Li Deyu, Ma's petition was accepted, and Lu was subsequently demoted.  Ma was then made the deputy minister of justice (刑部侍郎, Xingbu Shilang) as well the director of the salt and iron monopolies.

In 848, Ma was made a chancellor de facto with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事).  While serving as chancellor, Ma and Emperor Xuānzong's trusted eunuch Ma Yuanzhi (馬元贄), one of the two commanders of the Shence Armies (神策軍), became close associates, as Ma Zhi endeared himself to Ma Yuanzhi based on their common surname.  On one occasion in 850, Emperor Xuānzong gave Ma Yuanzhi a jewel-studded belt as an award, and Ma Yuanzhi in turn gave it to Ma Zhi.  When Ma Zhi wore it to an imperial meeting, Emperor Xuānzong recognized it and immediately interrogated Ma Zhi about it.  Ma Zhi did not dare to lie to the emperor, and Emperor Xuānzong, after learning what happened, was displeased about Ma Zhi's close association with Ma Yuanzhi.  The next day, Emperor Xuānzong removed Ma Zhi from his chancellor post and made him the military governor (Jiedushi) of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong).  After Ma's demotion, Emperor Xuānzong further had his assistant Dong Mou (董侔) detained and interrogated.  When Dong gave more details about the close association between Ma Zhi and Ma Yuanzhi, Emperor Xuānzong further demoted Ma Zhi to be the prefect of Chang Prefecture (常州, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu).

Ma Zhi was later made an advisor to the Crown Prince, with his office at the eastern capital Luoyang.  Several years later, he was made the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan) and the prefect of its capital Xu Prefecture (許州).  Toward the end of Emperor Xuānzong's Dazhong era (847-860), he was made the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) and the prefect of its capital Bian Prefecture (汴州), and he died while serving there.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 176.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 184.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 248, 249.

Category:857 deaths
Category:Chancellors under Emperor Xuānzong of Tang
Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Tianping Circuit
Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhongwu Circuit
Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xuanwu Circuit
Category:Chinese judges
Category:Politicians from Baoji
Category:Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi


1985 in music

This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1985.

Specific locations
1985 in British music
1985 in Norwegian music

Specific genres
1985 in country music
1985 in heavy metal music
1985 in hip hop music
1985 in jazz

Events

January–March
January 1 – The newest music video channel, VH-1, begins broadcasting on American cable. It is aimed at an older demographic than its sister station, MTV. The first video played is Marvin Gaye's rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner".
January 11
One of the biggest music festivals in the world begins in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the Rock in Rio, had a public of 1.5 million people at all, including Iron Maiden, Nina Hagen, The B52's, Go Go's, Queen, Rod Stewart, James Taylor, AC/DC, and many more. National artists such as Gilberto Gil, Elba Ramalho, Barão Vermelho and Paralamas do Sucesso also perform.
Willie Dixon sues Led Zeppelin over the song "Whole Lotta Love", on the grounds that it contains too many similarities to his own song "You Need Love". The lawsuit is settled out of court.
January 28 – Various artists, under the group name USA For Africa, including Ray Charles, Bob Dylan, Michael Jackson, Billy Joel, Cyndi Lauper, Steve Perry, Kenny Loggins, Willie Nelson, Lionel Richie, Smokey Robinson, Kenny Rogers, Diana Ross, Paul Simon, Bruce Springsteen, Huey Lewis, Tina Turner, Sheila E., Harry Belafonte, Amy "Sunflower" Johnson, Lindsey Buckingham, Kim Carnes, Dionne Warwick, Waylon Jennings, Bob Geldof and Stevie Wonder, record the song "We Are the World", written by Jackson and Ritchie.
February – Just months after the compact disc release of his sixteenth and most recent studio album, Tonight, and nearly two years after the initial CD release of its predecessor, Let's Dance, RCA Records reissues David Bowie's previous fourteen studio albums plus four greatest hits albums on the format. Consequently, Bowie becomes the first major artist to have his entire catalog converted to CD.
February 22
Whitney Houston releases her debut album.
The "One Night with Blue Note" concert, celebrating the relaunch of Blue Note Records and featuring over 30 jazz greats, is held at The Town Hall in New York. Freddie Hubbard, Herbie Hancock, Jack DeJohnette, McCoy Tyner and Grover Washington, Jr. are just a few of the performers.
March 27 – The South African Broadcasting Corporation bans Stevie Wonder's music in response to Wonder dedicating the Oscar he had won the night before to Nelson Mandela.
March 28 – A wax likeness of Michael Jackson is unveiled at Madame Tussaud's in London, UK.

April–June
April 1 – After months of squabbling, David Lee Roth leaves Van Halen to begin a solo career.
April 7 – Wham! becomes the first Western pop group to perform in China when they play a concert in Beijing's Workers Stadium during an historic 10-day visit.
April 10 – Madonna begins her very first tour, The Virgin Tour (named after her Like a Virgin album) in Seattle, Washington, USA.
May – Russian singer Valery Leontiev starts his 10-date tour "Alone with all" and it becomes an instant hit. Queues for tickets blocked the traffic on a few central streets of Leningrad.
May 4 – With "La det swinge" by Bobbysocks!, Norway scores its first win at the Eurovision Song Contest, in Gothenburg, Sweden.
May 13 – Dire Straits release their fifth studio album, Brothers in Arms. The album becomes highly successful in part because of its unusually high sound quality, the result of it being recorded entirely digitally as opposed to with standard analog magnetic tape. The album additionally serves as a killer app for the compact disc format, becoming the first album to sell more copies on CD than on phonograph record, and goes on to become the highest selling album of the 1980s in the UK.
June 11 – Madonna ends The Virgin Tour at Madison Square Garden in New York, USA.

July–September
July 13 – The Live Aid concert takes place in Wembley Stadium, London, UK, and JFK Stadium in Philadelphia, USA. The headlining acts at the latter venue included a Led Zeppelin reunion, the first since their 1980 disbandment. The former venue, however, becomes the more notable of the two over the years, in part due to the high acclaim of Queen's performance of "Radio Ga Ga", which serves as the band's comeback in the United Kingdom (Queen would still remain a pariah in the United States in the wake of Hot Space until after Freddie Mercury's death six years later). With a little help from the British Concorde jet, singer Phil Collins manages to perform at both venues.
September 6 – Michael Jackson purchases the publishing rights for most of the Beatles' music for $47 million, much to the dismay of Paul McCartney, against whom he is bidding.
September 19 – The Parents Music Resource Center's (P.M.R.C.) United States Senate hearing on rock censorship begin in Washington, D.C. Heavy metal singer Dee Snider of Twisted Sister, rock star Frank Zappa and country singer John Denver testify against the P.M.R.C.
September 22
The Farm Aid concert is held in Champaign, Illinois, USA.
Massimo Bogianckino, general manager of the Paris Opera and former head of both the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino and La Scala, is elected mayor of Florence.

October–December
December 5 – The first fully digital reggae single, Wayne Smith's "(Under Me) Sleng Teng", is recorded at Prince Jammy's studio; it is the beginning of ragga style reggae.
December 23 – Two young fans of Judas Priest in Sparks, Nevada shoot themselves, one fatally, after listening to the band's records. A lawsuit is brought against the group in 1986 claiming that they were compelled by backwards subliminal messages hidden in their music.
December 31 – The fourteenth annual New Year's Rockin' Eve special is aired on ABC television, with appearances by Four Tops, The Judds, Barry Manilow, The Motels, Tears for Fears and The Temptations.

Also in 1985
Several hundreds of thousands of US dollars in publishing royalties are released to the surviving members, and families of the deceased members, of the British music group, Badfinger. Two band members, Pete Ham and Tom Evans, previously committed suicide due to financial problems.
Metal Edge magazine is launched.
Roger Waters announces his intention to leave Pink Floyd; describing the band as "a spent force creatively," he would spend the next two years in a legal battle with his now-former bandmates over the rights to the "Pink Floyd" name and other associated assets.

Bands formed
See Musical groups established in 1985

Bands disbanded
See Musical groups disestablished in 1985

Albums released

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Release date unknown

7 Day Weekend – The Comsat Angels
Alan Merrill – Alan Merrill
Alternating Currents – Spyro GyraAncient Artifacts – D.I.Another Place – HiroshimaAnother World – The RochesBaggariddim – UB40 Beat Happening – Beat HappeningBehaviour – Saga Begegnungen II – Eno Moebius Roedelius PlankThe Best of Elvy Sukaeish – Elvy SukaesihThe Big Prize – Honeymoon SuiteBites – Skinny PuppyBo Diddley & Co. – Live – Bo DiddleyBranded and Exiled – Running WildChange No Change – Elliot EastonChristmas Time – Chris StameyColor of Success – Morris DayCopacabana: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Album – Barry ManilowCompany of Justice – Play DeadCuori agitati – Eros RamazzottiA Diamond Hidden in the Mouth of a Corpse – Giorno Poetry SystemsDinosaur – Dinosaur Jr. Do You – Sheena Easton Downtown – Marshall CrenshawDream Come True – A Flock of SeagullsEvery Turn of the World – Christopher CrossFalse Accusations – The Robert Cray BandFantastic Something – Fantastic SomethingThe Fat Boys Are Back – The Fat BoysFear and Whiskey – MekonsFlaunt the Imperfection – China CrisisFeargal Sharkey – Feargal Sharkey (solo debut)For the Working Class Man – Jimmy BarnesForever Running – B-MovieFutile Combat – Skeletal FamilyGo West – Go West The Goonies: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – Various Artists The Heart of the Matter – Kenny Rogers Hero – Clarence ClemonsThe History Mix Volume 1 – Godley & CremeI Am the Night – Pantera I Don't Want to Grow Up – DescendentsInto the Fire Live – Play DeadKingdom in the Streets – Dion DiMucciLittle Baggariddim EP  – UB40Live in Carré – The DublinersLooking at You – Chaz JankelLove Hurts – Elaine PaigeMachine Age Voodoo – SPKManilow – Barry ManilowMental Notes – Bad MannersMayhem – Toyah (compilation)Minx – Toyah Willcox (solo debut)Mistral gagnant – Renaud Mud Will Be Flung Tonight – Bette Midler Mystery – RAH BandThe Night We Flew Out The Window – Fantastic Something
No Muss...No Fuss – Donnie Iris
Now – The Christmas Album – Various Artists
Off the Board – Ludichrist
Oil & Gold – Shriekback
Old Flame – Juice Newton
Old Land – Cluster & Brian Eno
One for the Road – April Wine
Only Four You – Mary Jane Girls
Open Fire – Y&T
Promesas – José José
Rescue You – Joe Lynn Turner
Romance – David Cassidy
Say You Love Me – Jennifer Holliday
A Sense of Wonder – Van Morrison
Shamrock Diaries – Chris Rea
Skin Dive – Michael FranksSo Many Rivers – Bobby WomackSome of My Best Jokes Are Friends – George Clinton Stages – TriumphStay Hard – Raven Steady Nerves – Graham Parker and The ShotSyirin Farthat – Elvy SukaesihTalk about the Weather – Red Lorry Yellow LorryTelephone Free Landslide Victory – Camper Van BeethovenThrough a Window – Patrick SkyThursday Afternoon – Brian EnoThe UB40 File – UB40Under Lock and Key – DokkenU.T.F.O. – UTFOVoices Carry – 'Til Tuesday What a Life! – DivinylsWhatever Happened to Jugula? – Roy Harper
Without Love – Black N' Blue
Wonderful – Circle Jerks
Zaman – Ebiet G. Ade

Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest in the charts of 1985.

Top hits

Classical music
John Adams – The Chairman Dances
Kalevi Aho
Oboe Sonata
Solo II, for piano
Pierre Boulez – Dialogue de l'ombre double
Mario Davidovsky – Capriccio for two pianos
Peter Maxwell Davies – An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise
Henri Dutilleux – L'arbre des Songes (violin concerto)
Morton Feldman
For Bunita Marcus, for piano
Violin and String Quartet
Piano and String Quartet
Lorenzo Ferrero
Canzoni d'amore (song cycle)
Empty Stage
My Rock
Karel Goeyvaerts
Pas à pas, for solo piano
Les Voix de Verseau, for soprano, flute, clarinet, violin, cello, and piano
Jacques Hétu – Missa pro trecentisimo anno
Nicholas Jackson – Organ Sonata
Tristan Keuris
String Quartet No. 2
Variations for StringsAria for flute and piano
Witold Lutosławski – Chain 2 for violin and orchestra
Andrew Lloyd Webber – Requiem
John Rutter – Requiem
Alfred Schnittke – String Trio
Salvatore SciarrinoAllegoria della notte, symphonic workCanzona di ringraziamento Lo spazio inverso
Isabel Soveral – FragmentosKarlheinz Stockhausen – Ave, for basset horn and alto flute
Joan Tower – Piano Concerto
Manfred Trojahn
Requiem
Symphony No. 3
Robert Ward – Raleigh DivertimentoOpera
Dominick Argento – Casanova's HomecomingLorenzo FerreroMare nostroNightPhilip Glass and Robert Moran – The Juniper TreeHans Werner Henze – The English Cat (first English language production)
Dorothy Rudd Moore – Frederick DouglassSalvatore Sciarrino – La perfezione di uno spirito sottileBallet
Lorenzo FerreroLotus Eaters The MiracleJazz

Musical theater
 Big River – Broadway production opened at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre and ran for 1005 performances
 Dames at Sea – off Broadway revival
 The King and I (Rodgers & Hammerstein) – Broadway revival
 Leader of the Pack – Broadway production opened at the Ambassador Theatre and ran for 120 performances
 Me and My Girl (Noel Gay) – London revival
 Les Misérables – London production
 The Mystery of Edwin Drood – Broadway production opened at the Imperial Theatre and ran for 108 performances
 Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (Saul Chaplin, Gene de Paul and Johnny Mercer) – London production
 Singin' in the Rain – Broadway production (based on 1952 film of the same name)
 Song and Dance – Broadway production opened at the Royale Theatre and ran for 474 performances

Musical films
 A Chorus Line Donga Kathodu Kathoram Krush Groove Rappin' That's Dancing!Births
January 2 – Luis Beza, American trumpet player (Suburban Legends)
January 3 – Justin Paul, American singer, composer and lyricist (Pasek and Paul )
January 6 – Amalie Bruun, Danish multi instrumentalist, singer and actress.
January 8 – Rachael Lampa,  American contemporary Christian singer, songwriter and record producer.
January 16 – Gintaras Janusevicius, Lithuanian classical pianist
January 18 – Simone Simons, Dutch symphonic metal singer/songwriter
 January 22 – Orianthi, Australian musician, singer and songwriter
January 28 – J. Cole, German-American hip hop recording artist and record producer
January 29 – Mikey Hachey, American bass player
 Giovanna Fletcher, British author, stage actress, singer, and internet personality  (wife of Tom Fletcher of Mcfly, sister in law of Carrie Hope Fletcher)
January 31 – Kalomira, American-Greek singer
February 5 – Lindsey Cardinale, American singer
February 8 – Jeremy Davis, American bass player and songwriter (Paramore)
February 11 – William Beckett, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Academy Is...)
February 14 – Havana Brown (musician),  Australian DJ, recording artist, record producer and dancer
February 19 – Haylie Duff, American actress, singer-songwriter, television host, writer and fashion designer (sister of Hilary Duff)
February 20 – Yulia Volkova, Russian singer, (t.A.T.u.)
February 28 – Fefe Dobson, Canadian songwriter
March 4 – Scott Michael Foster, American actor and singer (Crazy Ex Girlfriend)
March 12 – Stromae,  Belgian musician, rapper, singer and songwriter
March 29
 Mirusia Louwerse, Dutch-Australian lyric soprano
 Emil Nava, British music video director
April 3 – Leona Lewis, British singer/songwriter
April 13 – Ty Dolla Sign, American singer, songwriter, rapper and record producer.
April 20 – Jadyn Douglas, Puerto Rican-American singer-songwriter and actress
May 2 – Lily Allen, English singer-songwriter
May 4 – Jidenna, Nigerian-American rapper, singer-songwriter and record producer
May 7 – J Balvin,  Colombian reggaeton singer.
May 10 – Ashley Poole, American singer (Dream)
May 11 – Matt Giraud, American singer-songwriter and pianist
May 17 – Derek Hough, American Latin and ballroom dancer, choreographer, actor and singer
May 18 – Francesca Battistelli, American singer, CCM
May 22 – Vangie Tang, Hong Kong singer
 May 28
 Colbie Caillat, American singer/songwriter/musician
 Carey Mulligan, English actress and singer
May 30 – Katie Stelmanis, Canadian musician and producer
June 2 – Ana Cristina, American singer-songwriter, dancer and actress
June 9 – Benj Pasek, American singer-songwriter and composer (Pasek and Paul)
June 15 – Nadine Coyle, Irish pop singer-songwriter, actress and model (Girls Aloud)
June 20 – Caroline Polachek, American musician, singer-songwriter, activist and record producer known as the vocalist for Chairlift
June 21 – Lana Del Rey, American singer-songwriter, director, model, poet and activist
June 22 – Scott MacIntyre, American singer-songwriter and pianist
June 30
 K.Flay, born Kristine Flaherty, American singer-songwriter and rapper
 Hugh Sheridan, Australian actor, singer, musician and television presenter
July 2 – Ashley Tisdale, American singer, actress, producer, songwriter and youtuber (High School Musical, Vanessa Hudgens)
July 5 – Alle Farben, German DJ and producer
July 6
Diamond Rings, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer (Matters)
D. Woods, American singer, dancer and actress (Danity Kane)
July 9 – Hee Ah Lee, South Korean handicapped pianist
July 11 – Tobias Jesso Jr., Canadian musician
July 15 – Nathaniel Willemse, South African-born Australian singer and songwriter
July 17
 Tom Fletcher British singer/songwriter/musician (McFLY)
 Taylor Goldsmith,  American singer-songwriter and guitarist, (lead singer and chief songwriter of the American folk rock band Dawes) (Mandy Moore)
July 18 – Hopsin, American rapper, producer and actor
July 19 – Amy Pearson, English singer-songwriter
July 31
 Alissa White-Gluz, Canadian singer-songwriter (The Agonist, Arch Enemy)
 Allie X, Canadian singer-songwriter
August 1 – Dina, Norwegian singer
August 2 – Britt Nicole,  American vocalist, songwriter and recording artist.
August 3
Holly Blake-Arnstein, American singer (Dream)
Brent Kutzle (OneRepublic) American Musician
August 4 – Kina Grannis, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and YouTuber.
August 5 – Annalisa, Italian singer-songwriter and musician
August 9 – Anna Kendrick, American actress/singer
August 11 – Asher Roth, American Rapper
August 13 – Lacey Brown, American singer-songwriter
August 15 – Nipsey Hussle, American rapper, singer and businessman (d. 2019)
August 16 – Cristin Milioti, American actress, singer and musician
August 19 – Christina Perri, American singer/songwriter/musician
August 29 – Achilles Liarmakopoulos, Greek trombonist (Canadian Brass)
September 23 – Diana Ortiz, American singer (Dream)
September 28 – Alina Ibragimova, Russian British violinist
October 1  – Porcelain Black, American industrial indie pop singer-songwriter
October 2 – Vogue Williams, Irish DJ, radio host, model and dancer
October 5 – Nicola Roberts, English recording artist, fashion designer and songwriter
October 8
 Bruno Mars, American singer-songwriter and dancer
 Elliphant, Swedish singer-songwriter and rapper
October 10 – Marina and the Diamonds, Welsh singer/songwriter
October 15 – Nicola Roberts, British pop singer (Girls Aloud)
October 22 – Zac Hanson. American singer-songwriter (Hanson)
October 23 – Miguel, American singer-songwriter, producer
October 25 – Ciara, American singer, actress and dancer
October 26 – Soko (singer), French singer-songwriter, musician and actress.
October 28 – Tina Guo, Chinese-American cellist and erhuist
November 4 – Vanessa Struhler,  German singer-songwriter
November 5 – Kate DeAraugo, Australian singer-songwriter, Australian Idol 3 winner
November 15 – Nick Fradiani, American singer
November 19 – Ricki-Lee Coulter, New Zealand-born Australian singer-songwriter, Australian Idol'' contestant
November 21 –
 Carly Rae Jepsen, Canadian singer, songwriter and musician
 Ruelle, American EDM pop singer/songwriter
November 22 – Austin Brown, American producer, singer, songwriter and musician
November 23 – Troy Ave, American rapper
December 1 – Janelle Monae, American recording artist, record producer, singer-songwriter, model, actor, businesswomen and activist
 December 3 – Amanda Seyfried, American singer, musical star, actor
December 10 – Raven-Symoné, American actress and singer
Grace Chatto, English musician and singer, member of Clean Bandit
December 12 – Erika Van Pelt, American singer
December 22 – Kate Tempest, English poet, spoken-word artist, rapper and playwright
December 23 – Dev Hynes, British singer, songwriter, composer, producer and author
December 23 – Harry Judd, British pop drummer (McFly)
December 29 – Alexa Ray Joel, American singer-songwriter and pianist

Deaths
January 3 – Lucien Cailliet, clarinetist, conductor, arranger and composer, 87
January 4 – Lovro von Matačić, Croatian conductor, 85
January 10 – Anton Karas, Austrian zither player and composer, 78
January 25 – Paul Smith, American film and television composer, 78
January 30 – Ivar Haglund, folk singer and restaurateur, 79 (heart attack)
February 7 – Matt Monro, English singer, 54 (liver cancer)
February 11 – Heinz Eric Roemheld, American composer, 83
February 12 – Leslie Sarony, English singer, comedian and songwriter, 87
February 18
Willy Alberti, Dutch singer, 58 (liver cancer)
Gábor Darvas, composer and musicologist, 74
February 22 – Delores Marie "D'Marie" Warren, founding member of Alton McClain & Destiny, 32 (car crash)
Efrem Zimbalist, violinist, 94
February 28 – David Byron, vocalist of Uriah Heep, 38 (alcohol-related)
March 1 – Eugene List, American classical pianist, 66
March 16 – Roger Sessions, American composer, 88
March 23 – Zoot Sims, jazz saxophonist, 59
March 31 – Jeanine Deckers, known as The Singing Nun, 51 (suicide)
May 2
Bridget D'Oyly Carte, opera impresario, 77
Leonard Falcone, baritone/eupohonium virtuosos and director of bands at Michigan State, 86
May 8 – Karl Marx, composer and conductor, 87
May 12 – Rodolfo Arizaga, Argentinian composer
May 19 – Hilding Rosenberg, composer, 92
July 23 – Kay Kyser, US bandleader, 80
July 30 – Peter Knight, conductor, arranger and composer, 68
August 11 – Nick Ceroli, jazz drummer, 45
August 12 – Kyu Sakamoto, Japanese singer, 43 (plane crash)
August 24 – Paul Creston, American composer, 78
September 6 – Little Brother Montgomery, jazz and blues pianist and singer, 79
September 8 – Frederick May, Irish composer, 74
September 11 – William Alwyn, English composer, 79
September 18 – Ed Lewis, jazz trumpeter, 76
September 19 – Rockdrigo González, folk & rock singer-songwriter, 34 (1985 Mexico City earthquake)
October 6
Lola Gjoka, Albanian pianist, 75
Nelson Riddle, US conductor, composer and arranger, 64
October 11 – Tex Williams, US country singer, 68
October 12 – Ricky Wilson, guitarist (The B-52's), 32
October 14 – Emil Gilels, pianist, 68
October 18 – Stefan Askenase, pianist, 94
October 20 – Boris Lisanevich, dancer, 80
October 22 – Viorica Ursuleac, operatic soprano, 91
November 15 – Seán Ryan, Irish fiddler and whistler
November 18 – Stephan Henrik Barratt-Due, Norwegian violinist and music teacher, 66
November 24 – Big Joe Turner, blues singer, 74
December 12 – Ian Stewart (The Rolling Stones), 42 (heart attack)
December 22 – D. Boon, lead singer of Minutemen, 27 (car accident)
December 31 – Ricky Nelson, singer, former teen idol, 45 (plane crash)

Awards
Eurovision Song Contest 1985
27th Japan Record Awards

Charts

Billboard (USA)

US Top 100 Hits of 1985

See also
 Record labels established in 1985

References

Category:20th century in music
Category:Music by year


Gumley House Convent School

Gumley House Convent School is a Roman Catholic secondary school for girls ages 11 to 18 in Isleworth, Hounslow, West London. The school has specialisms in Business & Enterprise and Languages. On 1 March 2012 it became an academy.

The school has a joint sixth form with two other Catholic secondary schools in the borough: Gunnersbury Boys' School and the mixed St Mark's Catholic School. It also has links with the local parish church Our Lady of Sorrows and St Bridget of Sweden Church down the street.

History
Gumley House Convent School traces its history to a parochial charity school, the first of its kind in Isleworth, founded by Sisters of the Faithful Companions of Jesus (FCJ). The Sisters had arrived from France and bought Gumley House in 1841. The Catholic Directory, Ecclesiastical Register, and Almanac described the school as offering a "continental education". French was primarily spoken as the Sisters were from France but Italian, German and English were also taught.

The convent originally had two sections: a boarding school for upper class girls and a charity school for younger poor children of the local parish. These nuns also played a role in the founding or development of other Catholic schools in Isleworth and the present-day borough. Due to the pressing need for a secondary school, St Mary's High School for older girls was opened in 1890. In 1922 it became St Mary's College, the first Catholic school in Middlesex to be recognised by the Board of Education. When Poles Convent (merged with St Edmund's College, Ware during the 1970s) in Hertfordshire was founded the following year, boarders from Gumley House and St Mary's High moved there. Pupils and staff at Gumley House were evacuated during World War II and returned after the war ended.

The post-war period was a time of rapid change and development. Gumley House became a grammar school in 1959 and then solely a secondary school when its primary section moved out in the late sixties.  The primary school became part of the current St Mary's Catholic Primary School. In 1968 boarders were no longer accepted. During the 1970s, a host of new buildings were added and the campus expanded. It turned comprehensive in 1976 after the tripartite system was abolished. The school is under the trusteeship of the order and the headteachers have been Sisters up until 2012.

Gumley House
The original house was built by John Gumley, cabinet maker by appointment to Kings George I and George II. The name Gumley is thought to have originated from a French word (Gommele, or Gautchmondley). After Gumley's death in 1728, the house passed to his second son John as decreed in his will. John Gumley Senior's eldest daughter Anna Maria and her husband William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath lived at the house for a period, during which it played host to famous figures of the time including poet Alexander Pope, writer and politician Joseph Addison and future Prime Minister William Pitt ("the Elder"). After the death of their mother, the house's ownership eventually went to Anna Maria's younger sister Laetitia, wife of the general Lord Lake. It changed hands a number of times before it was bought by Marie-Madeleine d'Houët, founder of the FCJ. The house is now a Grade II* listed building.

Uniform
Students in Years 7- 11 at Gumley House wear a brown jumper with blue and gold trim and a pleated skirt (also brown), with either a cream long- sleeved blouse underneath and a tie in their house colour or a cream short sleeved blouse without a tie depending on the term. Ties represent the house colours and are either Orange (C) St Clare, Red (F) St Francis, Blue- St. Joan of Arc (J), Yellow (M) Mary Magdelaine, Green (T) St THeresa, or Purple - St. Richard Reynolds (R).
From 2015 onward all students entering the school are required to wear a brown, blue and gold striped blazer which was formerly elective.
As of 2011, the sixth-form are required to wear business-style clothing to school, in order to maintain a focused and studious environment while allowing some freedom of dress.

Academics
Gumley House has a strong academic record for a comprehensive school and is among the top performing state schools in the borough. It was awarded the Special Recognition Award by the SSAT in recognition of pupils' achievement in the 2011 GCSEs.

Notable former pupils
Ellie Beaven, actress
Princess Marguerite Adélaïde of Orléans, daughter of Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours
Princess Blanche d'Orléans, Princess Marguerite's younger sister
Ellen Willmott, horticulturalist

References

External links
School Website
Profile on the Good Schools Guide
FCJ Sisters in Britain and the Channel Isles

Category:Academies in the London Borough of Hounslow
Category:Educational institutions established in 1841
Category:Girls' schools in London
Category:Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Hounslow
Category:Grade II* listed educational buildings
Category:Catholic secondary schools in the Archdiocese of Westminster
Category:1841 establishments in England
Category:Secondary schools in the London Borough of Hounslow
Category:Isleworth


Gan Yetao

Gan Yetao () (1907–2002) was a Chinese diplomat. He was born in Wuhu, Anhui. He was Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to Finland (1959–1962), Afghanistan (1973–1976) and Madagascar (1979–1982).

Category:1907 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Ambassadors of China to Finland
Category:Ambassadors of China to Afghanistan
Category:Ambassadors of China to Madagascar
Category:People from Wuhu


Andelaroche

Andelaroche is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Andelarochois or Andelarochoises.

Geography
Andelaroche is located some  east of Lapalisse and some  west of Marcigny. The D990/D994 road passes through the west of the commune from south-west to north-east. Access to the village is by the minor D424 road from Barrais-Bussolles in the north through the commune and the village then continuing south-east to Saint-Martin-d'Estreaux. The minor D470 road also goes from the village south-west to Droiturier. The commune is mostly farmland with a large forest in the south-east, the Bois de Saint Pierre in the centre, and a few isolated patches of forest towards the north.

The Andan river forms the south-western border of the commune, the Ruisseau de Maupes forms the north-western border, and the Ruisseau de l'Etang Civette forms part of the eastern border. Numerous other streams criss-cross the commune with many small lakes.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

(Not all data is known)

Population

Politics

Presidential Elections 2nd Round

Sites and monuments

There is a church of Romanesque origin but much altered in the 19th century. It is now a composite structure that has lost its original appearance.

Andelaroche Picture Gallery

See also
Communes of the Allier department

External links
Andelaroche on the National Geographic Institute website
Andelaroche on Lion1906
Andelaroche on Google Maps
Andelaroche on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Ande la Roche on the 1750 Cassini Map
Andelaroche on the INSEE website
INSEE

Notes and references

Notes

References

Category:Communes of Allier


Sornfelli

Sornfelli is a mountain plateau on the island of Streymoy in the Faroe Islands about 12 km from the capital Tórshavn (20 km by road). It is the site of a  military station at 725 m asl. The Sornfelli Meteorological Station installed in 1999 is located in the middle of the 40000 m2 Sornfelli Mountain top plateau at 725 m asl.

Temperatures at the meteorological station in 2000 were:
Mean annual air temperature: +1.7 °C
Mean coldest month (April): -2.2 °C
Mean warmest month (August): 6.5 °C

From Tórshavn you can drive over the mountain road "Oyggjarvegin" to the Sornfelli Mountain plateau. There is a public road up to the Sornfelli Mountain plateau, but not the last 200 m to the radar base.
The mountain Sornfelli has a height of 749 m.

References

Category:Mountains of the Faroe Islands
Category:Meteorological stations


San Juan de Tarucani District

San Juan de Tarucani District (Aymara Tarujani, taruja deer, -ni a suffix, "the one with deer") is one of 29 districts of the province Arequipa in Peru.

Geography
The highest elevation of the district is the Misti volcano at . Other mountains are listed below:

See also
 Chinaqucha
 Lake Salinas
 Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reservation
 Urququcha

References

Category:1962 establishments in Peru
Category:Districts of the Arequipa Province
Category:Districts of the Arequipa Region


Kongō-Ikoma-Kisen Quasi-National Park

is a Quasi-National Park in Nara, Ōsaka, and Wakayama Prefectures, Japan. It was established in 1958.

Places of interest
 Mount Ikoma, Mount Kongō, , , Hōzan-ji, Taima-dera, , the burial place of Shōtoku Taishi, the ruins of , Chihaya Castle

Related municipalities
 Nara: Gojō, Gose, Heguri, Ikoma, Kashiba, Katsuragi, Sangō
 Ōsaka: Izumi, Izumisano, Kaizuka, Kishiwada, Sennan (incomplete)
 Wakayama: Hashimoto, Katsuragi, Kinokawa

See also
 List of national parks of Japan

References

External links

  Map of the parks of Nara Prefecture
  Map of the parks of Wakayama Prefecture

Category:National parks of Japan
Category:Parks and gardens in Osaka Prefecture
Category:Parks and gardens in Nara Prefecture
Category:Protected areas established in 1958


Online segregation

Online segregation is the unintentional segregation of people on the Internet, which is often believed to be a democratizing tool used to bring equality among people. For example, popular social network services such as MySpace and Facebook have been argued to magnify social, political, and class divides that already exist in the real world.

Danah Boyd, who wrote a paper on segregation among social networks, stated, "MySpace has become the ghetto of the digital landscape", and that users were leaving MySpace for Facebook, akin to the white flight that took place during the 1950s and 1960s in the United States. During her research, Boyd also found that the people she surveyed often noted that MySpace was seen as "black" and Facebook as "white". She also observed that people of a certain race would typically befriend people of the same race, thereby mimicking the self-segregation that also exists in real life.

See also
 Segregation (at Wiktionary)
 Racial segregation
 Age segregation
 Occupational segregation

References

Category:Racial segregation
Category:Internet culture


Kieselstein Castle

Kieselstein Castle, also known as Khislstein, () is a 13th-century castle in the city of Kranj, in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

The castle stands at what was once a defensible point, guarding the city pier and crossing over the river Sava, and was predated on the site by a round 11th-century keep. The current structure was built in 1256 by the counts of Ortenburg, by an arrangement with the lord of Kranj, Ulrich III, Duke of Carinthia. Until 1420, the tower was managed by their ministeriales or vassals, the knights von Chreinburch; in that year, it passed to Count Hermann II of Celje. During the period of Turkish incursions, the tower was incorporated into the city walls. After the extinction of the Counts of Celje in 1456, it was inherited by the Habsburgs, who sold it in the mid 16th century to Baron Hans Khiessl. Khiessl successfully petitioned Emperor Ferdinand I for the right to rename the castle after himself, and also expanded the tower into an L-shaped castle, giving it its present appearance.

The Khiessls soon sold the castle to Franz von Moscon; later owners included the Ravbar, Apfaltrer, Auersperg and finally Natalis Pagliaruzzi noble families. In 1913 the castle was purchased by the state. Between the world wars, it housed government offices; after World War II it was (somewhat redundantly) nationalized. In 1952, the building was renovated according to plans drawn up by the architect Jože Plečnik.

Today the renovated building houses the Kranj Municipal Agency for the Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage, as well as the Upper Carniola Museum.

Sources

 https://web.archive.org/web/20110722221626/http://www.kranj.si/podrocje.aspx?id=713 Kranj municipal site
 http://www.slosi.info/01gradovi/02podrobnejse/gorenjska/k-2/kiselstajn.php
 http://www.geopedia.si/Geopedia_en.html#b2-3_x450560_y121793_s19 Satellite photo of castle

Category:Castles in Upper Carniola
Category:Museums in Slovenia
Category:Buildings and structures in Kranj


Sebastiano Vassalli

Sebastiano Vassalli (24 October 1941 – 26 July 2015) was an Italian author. He wrote the 2007 novel The Italian (L'italiano).

Vassalli was born in Genoa, Italy in 1941. His mother are from Tuscany and father were from Lombardy. At a very young age, he was abandoned to relatives in Novara for some flour and oil. He went on to complete his Bachelor of arts degree in Milan. Soon after, Vassalli partnered with Casare Musatti and wrote a book on Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Art which ultimately began his career as a notable author.

Vassalli devoted himself to teaching and researching artistic Neoavanguardia and was also involved with the Gruppo 63. He was a very dedicated man especially when it came to writing. He wrote for La Repubblica, La Stampa and Corriere della Sera.

Vassalli's works are established based on historical research relating to the evolution of religion, politics, and gender differences. His novels are normally set in a certain historical context (Italy in the sixties, the middle ages, and times of counter-fascism). He devotes his works around realistic representations of characters.

Vassalli's works are known for their ability to represent the extremely simple yet effective nature of the characters of the novels in a sort of fictional manner. This aspect, together with historical accuracy gives Vassalli’s works valuable qualities in terms of teaching them.

Literary works

References

•"Italian Literature : Fiction at the Turn of the 21st Century." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, n.d. Web. 29 May 2013.

Category:Italian male novelists
Category:People from Genoa
Category:1941 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:20th-century Italian novelists
Category:20th-century Italian male writers
Category:21st-century Italian novelists
Category:21st-century male writers
Category:Gruppo 63


NASE (disambiguation)

NASE may refer to:

Organisations
National Academy of Scuba Educators-NASE Worldwide
Network for Astronomy School Education - NASE

Biology
Neretvan nase (Chondrostoma knerii)
Minnow-nase (Chondrostoma phoxinus)
Common nase (Chondrostoma nasus)
Iberian nase (Pseudochondrostoma polylepis)
South-west European nase (Parachondrostoma toxostoma)
Kuban nase (Chondrostoma kubanicum)
Terek nase (Chondrostoma oxyrhynchum)
Colchic nase (Chondrostoma colchicum)
Kura nase (Chondrostoma cyri)
South European nase (Protochondrostoma genei)

Magazine
Naše novine- magazine from Subotica in Bačka

Music
Balkansko a naše-the fourth solo, studio album by Bosnian rapper Edo Maajka
Sanjala sam naše venčanje - the first studio album by Serbian singer Dragana Mirković.
Naše Věc - Czech hip hop band

See also

NASA (disambiguation)
NESA (disambiguation)


Rogers Milk Plant Building

The Rogers Milk Plant Building is a historic commercial building at 216 West Birch in Rogers, Arkansas.  It is an industrial three-story building, built out of concrete and steel.  The floors are stepped, decreasing in size at each level.  The exterior is painted concrete, with regularly spaced sash windows separated by pilaster-like projections.  A metal-sided warehouse was appended to the building at a later date.  The main structure was built in 1928, and was operated first by Barnes Dairy Products and then by the Carnation Company.  In the 1960s it was taken over by a seed company business, which operated on the site until 2006.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Benton County, Arkansas

References

Category:Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1928
Category:Buildings and structures in Rogers, Arkansas
Category:1928 establishments in Arkansas
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Benton County, Arkansas


Michael Poghosyan

Michael Movsesi Poghosyan (sometimes credited as Mikael Pogosyan, Michael Poghosian, Mikael Poghosyan, , born 31 May 1954, Yerevan, Armenian SSR) is an Armenian film and theatre actor, as well as a judge on the Armenian version of Pop Idol.

Professional practice
In 1978, he graduated from the Acting Department of Yerevan Fine Arts and Theatre Institute. He had worked in the Yerevan Chamber Theatre from 1976 to 91 and in the Hamazgayin Yerevan Drama Theatre from 1992 to 94. Poghosyan was actor of Armenfilm Studio between 1978-92

Selected filmography
Earthquake (2016)
Lost & Found in Armenia (2012) as Grandpa Matsak
If Only Everyone (2012) as Gurgen
Symphony of Silence (2001) as Kondi Gzho
The Merry Bus (2001) as Uncle Khoren
Yerevan Blues (1998) as Hapetik/Policeman/Sparapet/Indian Ambassador/Theatre Fireman
Khatabalada (1997) as Hamazasp
Yerevan Jan (1999)
The Voice in the Wilderness (1991) as Tomazo
Deadline in Seven Days (1991) as Mikael Poghosyan
Wind of Oblivion (1990) as Mikael Poghosyan
Taynyy sovetnik (1989) as Mikael Poghosyan
Three of Us (1988)
The Last Sunday (1986) as Armen
Snowdrops and Edelweiss (1982) as Zhikharev

References

External links
 Official site (English, requires Flash)

Category:Armenian male film actors
Category:Male actors from Yerevan
Category:Living people
Category:1954 births


Ronald Top

Ronald Top (born 1964) is a theatre, TV, and film-actor as well as presenter, voice-over artist and writer. Hollywood writer/producer Vivian Leigh wrote about his work: “Ronald’s performances have a depth and believability that are only seen within the work of the very best actors (-) His sensitivity to the needs of production and nobility allows greater performances from everyone with whom he appears.”

Career
After finishing his four-year study at the Drama Academy in Maastricht, Ronald worked as a stage-actor in Antwerp, Belgium, at the National Theatre in the Hague and several other Dutch theatre groups. A leading Dutch critic wrote: “Ronald’s performance is so life-like, it’s frightening.”

On television he performs in drama as well as comedy series and both short and feature length films. Ronald has always been passionate about acting and presenting. “Can History be fun to watch? Absolutely! Just watch Ronald Top presenting Industrial Revelations Europe,” a Dutch critic wrote about Ronald’s history/engineering programmes for Discovery Channel.

The hit series “Industrial Revelations” and “Inventing History” show Ronald driving steam trains, flying hot air balloons, riding horses, lighting dynamite and climbing into the dark depths of a Polish flint mine. On “Legend Detectives” he marshalled a team of experts and travelled through Europe to the birthplaces of famous legends. “His unique blend of humour, intelligence and non-stop enthusiasm” is viewed by millions of people in more than 140 countries in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the US. According to Bafta winning director Richard Nash "Ronald is the most engaging, entertaining and low maintenance presenter I’ve come across in over fifteen years of directing documentaries,”

Ronald played a leading role in the award winning feature film “The Flowing” (Danyael Sugawara 2009). This year he will star in the film “Dad’s last journey” from Golden Bear winning director Hanro Smitsman and in the Dutch drama series “A’dam and Eve” (Norbert ter Hall).

Ronald participated in the award winning Dutch/German production of “A letter for the king” (Pieter Verhoeff) and in the award winning film “The Roymann Closure” (David Grifhorst). He appeared in the music video clip “Utopia” from the Dutch band Within Temptation and on the internet in the British comedy series “Semitasking”.

Ronald has written and presented several corporate films. “Space Transportation: an ATV perspective” for the European Space Agency (ESA) won him the Best Documentary Award at the 2009 Scientific Filmfestival in Milan, Italy. The extremely successful and award winning ad-campaign for Grolsch beer – ‘Schtop!’ – made him a household name in the UK.

This year Ronald will work with New Earth Films in the Netherlands on the production of documentaries for the National Geographic Channel. He’ll work as an actor on several productions in his home country the Netherlands as well as the UK and Germany.
Ronald is developing his first script for a feature film.

Skills
Horse riding, scuba diving and sailing are among his favorite sports. He’s learning to play the cello. His native language is Dutch. Ronald is fluent in English and German.

 2017-Hunter Street
 2013 Flikken Maastricht
 2011-2013 Spangas (TV series)
 The Last Cop (TV series)
 Wim van der Weck
 Camping für Anfänger (2011) … Wim van der Weck
 2010 De laatste reis van meneer van Leeuwen (TV movie)
 2010 We gaan nog niet naar huis (TV series)
 Pokeren en hartenjagen (2010) … Peter
 2010 13 in de oorlog (TV series)
 Na de oorlog (2010) … Veenstra
 2009 Upstream
 2009 Juliana II (TV mini-series)
 Koude oorlog (2009) … Minister Beyen
 2008 Kinderen geen bezwaar (TV series)
 Roze wereld (2008) … Ben
 2008 The Roymann Closure (short)
 2008 De Brief voor de Koning
 2008 Keyzer & de Boer advocaten (TV series)
 Fatale fout (2008) … Kees Kamp
 2008 Summer Heat
 2007 Voetbalvrouwen (TV series)
 Tot de dood ons scheidt (2007) … Ronnie
 2006 Gooische vrouwen (TV series)
Episode #2.8 (2006)
 2006 Juliana, prinses van oranje (TV mini-series)
De ondergang nabij … Minister Beyen
 2005 Johan
 2004 The First Day (short)
 2003 Kramers Crisis (short)
 2003 15.35: spoor 1
 2002 Echt waar (TV series)
 De Moeder (2002) … Anthony
 2002 Serious Crimes (TV series)
 Latrodectus Hesperus (2002) … Hotelmanager
 2001 Dok 12 (TV series)
 Dodelijke damesacht (2001) … Jack van de Made
 2000 Tattoo (TV short)
 1996-2000 Baantjer (TV series)
Dr. Bram de Graaf / Gerard Kroeze / Wim Hensveld
De Cock en de moord met een tic (2000) … Dr. Bram de Graaf
De Cock en de raadselmoord (1999) … Gerard Kroeze
De Cock en de moord op de wallen (1996) … Wim Hensveld
 2000 Westenwind (TV series)
 De zee geeft en de zee neemt (2000) … Robert ten Dam
 Een grote stap (2000) … Robert ten Dam
 2000 De Stilte van het Naderen (TV movie)
 1999 In de clinch (TV series)
 Oude liefde roest (1999) … Marc
 1999 Maten (TV movie)
 1998 Coronation Street (TV series)
 Episode #1.4429 (1998) … Johan
 1998 Combat (TV series)
 De laatste test (1998) … Wilco de Kuiper
 1998 De keerzijde (TV series)
 Aan je brood ligt het niet (1998) … De Wolff
 1997 Unit 13 (TV series)
Een valse start (1997) … Hoekstra
 1996 Naar de klote!
 1996 Zoë
 1995 Achter het scherm (TV series)
 Live (1995)

References

External links

Category:1964 births
Category:Living people


Carolyn Walker

Carolyn Walker (born ) is an American former politician. She served in the Arizona Senate from 1982 to 1991, and as Senate Majority Whip. She was indicted in the AzScam sting operation in 1991, and consequently expelled from the Senate. She previously served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 1983 to 1986.

References

Category:Arizona Republicans
Category:1940s births
Category:Living people


Gordon County

Gordon County may refer to:

 Gordon County, Georgia, United States
 Gordon County, New South Wales, Australia


Završje (Goražde)

Završje (Goražde)  is a village in the municipality of Goražde, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References

Category:Populated places in Goražde


Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh

Hamirpur is a town and the headquarters of Hamirpur district in the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh, India. Hamirpur is located in the Lower West Central Outer Himalayas at an average elevation of 790 M above sea level . Far northern High Altitude Dhauladhar Ranges overlook the city. Hamirpur is a rapidly developing City in Himachal Pradesh with New Entrepreneurship and Modern Construction. It is also a major junction on National Highway 3 While National Highway 103 starts at Here . Hamirpur is Famous for its High literacy rate, Educational Institutions and Traditional Festival Of Hamir Utsav . Hamirpur City is spread from Jhaniari to Bhota along NH 3 and NH 103 and is a prominent commercial centre for the district. It is Connected to the National Capital with regular HRTC Volvo and ordinary Buses. The nearest Airport is Kangra Airport and  Mohali International Airport While the nearest Railway is in Una at 79 km. Hamirpur City is surrounded by Pine tree forests and has a good city infrastructure ranging from Quality Educational Institutions, NIT, State Universities and Skill Learning centres.

Geography
The exact geographical co-ordinates of Hamirpur is , and the average elevation is 799 M . The highest point in Hamirpur is 989 M in Western Hills Off the city . It experiences Short Warm summers from late April to June when temperature may go up to 40 °C, and cool winters from mid October to April having as low as -2 °C . Monsoon season starts in late June and lasts till early September with fair amount of rainfall. It snowed in some parts of the district in January 2012 and February 2019 respectively. It lies beneath the irregular pattern hills Of Lower Western Himalayas and southern Shivalik Ranges. It has a fair amount of pine forests.

Demographics of Hamirpur town
These statistics are from the 2011 census of India; "growth" is the change since 2001 census data as a percentage of the 2001 data:

Politics and Leaders

This segment of Himachal Pradesh is also known as politically hot segment in state politics. BJP had a greater influence on this particular region. In 1967, Kanshiram Thakur elected as first non congress MLA from this segment, Ramesh Verma of congress remain MLA from 1972 to 1977. Later in 1977,  an advocate by profession 'Thakur Jagdev Chand (Nephew of Kanshiram Thakur) became the MLA of Hamirpur Vidhan Sabha seat by defeating Ramesh Verma.

Thakur Jagdev Chand was a stalwart political figure of Himachal Pradesh, represented this constituency till December his death on 6 December 1993 just a week after his 5th victory in a row. Thakur was the only minister in Shanta Kumar's cabinet who managed the victory whereas Shanta Kumar himself and rest of his cabinet were defeated in 1993 assembly elections. BJP only won 7 seats. Narinder Thakur (son of Jagdev Chand) contested unsuccessfully the bi-election in 1994, whom BJP had selected after his father's sudden demise. Anita Verma of Congress remained MLA till 1998. In 1998, BJP offered ticket to Mrs. Urmil Thakur, elder daughter in law of Thakur, and she successfully contested the election and remained on the post till 2003. Family dispute lead to the defeat of Urmil Thakur as Mr. Narinder Thakur contested election as an independent candidate an attracted over 10000 votes (a huge number where total number of votes were around 50000). Anita Verma of Congress became MLA of Hamirpur for the second time and remained on the post till December 2007.

Urmil Thakur (MLA 1998-2003 and 2007-2012) managed her victory on the BJP ticket and won December 2007 election along with full support of her brother in law Narinder Thakur this time, with a margin of 6901 votes. The sitting Chief Minister of Hiamchal Pradesh, Prem Kumar Dhumal managed to be on the post of Chief Minister in 1998 because of the strong ground prepared under leadership of Jagdev Chand, who was considered as a strongest contender of the post of chief minister after 1993 victory. As a tribute to a well respected leader among masses, state government opened a Government Degree College at Sujanpur and Town Hall at Hamirpur which were named after Thakur Jagdev Chand. A senior RSS member Thakur Ram Singh opened a history research institute at Neri, also named after the late Thakur Jagdev. Almost two decades have passed since Thakur died but his legacy and name still have considerable vote bank. Narinder Thakur openly revolted against the sitting P.K Dhumal. Anurag Thakur who won parliament bi-election for Hamirpur Lok Sabha seat with a huge margin 1.75 lack Aug 2008, his record margin was dropped by 1 lack votes in just 8 months. In the May 2009 elections he won by 73000 votes when he contested against new Congress candidate Narinder Thakur, in spite of the fact on remaining 3 parliament seats in Himachal BJP actually gained.

In 2012 assembly election a new assembly segment was created after delimitation named Sujanpur, Urmil Thakur(BJP) and Anita Verma(Congress) contested unsuccessful election against an independent candidate. Prem Kumar Dhumal decided to contest from Hamirpur and won by 9300 votes against Congress candidate Narinder Thakur. Narender Thakur successfully contested Sujanpur Bi-election in May 2014 on BJP ticket. Narender defeated Anita Rana, wife of Rajender Singh Rana who contested as Congress candidate by 538 votes. In 2017 elections Narinder Thakur contested from Hamirpur on BJP ticket and won by 5394 defeating the congress candidate Kuldeep Singh Pathania. Chief Minister candidate of BJP, Prem Kumar Dhumal was defeated by INC candidate Rajinder Singh Rana on Sujanpur constituency.

Media & Publication

Print Media:
Hamirpur town hosts bureau offices for national newspapers like Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Amar Ujala, Devbhumi Mirror, Punjab Kesri, Uttam Hindu and Ajit Samachar. Regional newspapers like Himachal Dustak, Divya Himachal, Dainik Sawera and Aapka Faisla also have their offices in town.
English News papers circulated in hamirpur are Indian Express, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, Times Of India and The Tribune.
Electronic Media:
Head Office and Studio of Popular News channel Devbhumi Mirror is also situated in Hamirpur. Other local cable Tv channels are S Tv, Pole Star, PL Tv, Sun Tv, H Today, HP24*7 which are broadcast on local cable tv in hamirpur. Devbhumi Mirror and HP 24*7 are State level Channels While local Cable Channels like PL Tv, Sun Tv and H Today are operating from hamirpur and S Tv and Pole Star are Mandi based channels.
Radio:
AIR All India Radio has a broadcast and recording studio in hamirpur which has coverage in all areas of district hamirpur
Events:
Hamirpur's Hamir Utsav 3 Days mostly in early winters is main event here.
Sujanpur's Holi Mahotsav is a grand 3 Days event on Holi Festival.
Samtana Dushehra is 1 day event on Dushehra Festival Eve.

Temples
Shri Siddh Baba Balak Nath Temple, Deotsidh, is the biggest holy shrine in Barsar tehsil of the district. It is situated on the Deotsidh Dhar Range in Sivalik Hills. It stretches across 44 kilometers from Hamirpur, 185 kilometers from Chandigarh, 93 kilometers from Nangal Dam railway station, 64 kilometers from Una, 16 kilometers from Barsar and about 5 kilometers from Shah Talai.
The ancient Gasoteshwar Mahadev Temple built by Pandavas is situated at Gasota which is 7 km away from the district headquarter.

References

External links

Politics and leaders
RSS History Rewriting Institute
Temples

Category:Cities and towns in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh