Richard Dean Anderson

Richard Dean Anderson (born January 23, 1950) is an American actor and producer. He began his television career in 1976, playing Jeff Webber in the American soap-opera series General Hospital, then rose to prominence as the lead actor in the television series MacGyver (1985–1992). He later appeared in films such as Through the Eyes of a Killer (1992), Pandora's Clock (1996), and Firehouse (1997).

In 1997, Anderson returned to television as the lead actor of the series Stargate SG-1, a spin-off of the 1994 film Stargate. He played the lead from 1997 to 2005 and had a recurring role from 2005 to 2007. Since 1997, he has starred in only one film: Stargate: Continuum, released in 2008, as a spin-off film after the Stargate SG-1 series finale in 2007. He appeared in the follow-up Stargate series Stargate: Atlantis and Stargate: Universe (as Major General and later Lieutenant General Jack O'Neill).

Early life
Anderson was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the oldest of four sons born to Stuart Jay Anderson, a teacher and Jocelyn Rhae Carter, an artist. He is of Mohawk, Norwegian, Scottish, Finland-Swedish and Swedish descent. His last name, Anderson, derives from his Finland-Swedish paternal grandfather.

He grew up in Roseville, Minnesota, where he attended Alexander Ramsey High School. As a child, his dream of becoming a professional hockey player ended when he broke both of his arms. He developed an early interest in music, art, and acting. For a short time, he tried to become a jazz musician.

Anderson studied to become an actor at St. Cloud State University and then at Ohio University but dropped out before he received his degree because he felt "listless". Right after his junior year in college, he participated with friends in a cross-country bicycle ride from Minnesota to Alaska. He then moved to North Hollywood along with his friend and girlfriend before moving to New York City, finally settling in Los Angeles. He worked as a whale handler in a marine mammal show, a musician in medieval dinner theater, and as a street mime and juggler. He has stated that this period was "the happiest of [his] life" and has expressed an interest in teaching juggling, clowning, and other circus arts to disadvantaged youths.

Career

Early career
Anderson's first role was in the American soap opera, General Hospital as Dr. Jeff Webber from 1976 to 1981. Afterwards, Anderson guest-starred as one half of an interracial couple in an episode of The Facts of Life that also served as a backdoor pilot. In 1982–1983 He starred as Adam in the CBS television series Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (based very loosely on the movie of the same name). In the 1983–1984 season, he played Lieutenant Simon Adams on the 22-week Dennis Weaver series Emerald Point N.A.S. on CBS, stealing away Celia Warren (Susan Dey), the wife of naval lawyer Jack Warren (Charles Frank). Anderson then played Tony Kaiser in the acclaimed TV movie Ordinary Heroes, which aired in 1986.

MacGyver

Anderson came to fame in the lead role of Angus MacGyver in the hit television series MacGyver, which lasted from 1985 to 1992 and was highly successful throughout its seven-year run. The character Angus MacGyver, also known as just MacGyver or Mac, was an optimistic action hero who was notable for using a Swiss Army knife instead of a firearm as his tool of choice.

Anderson would go on to produce two follow-up movies to MacGyver in 1994. After MacGyver ended, Anderson stated "MacGyver was seven years of being in virtually every frame that was shot and having absolutely no life at all."

Later career

Stargate

From 1997 to 2005, Anderson starred as Jack O'Neill in Stargate SG-1, based on the movie Stargate starring Kurt Russell and James Spader. John Symes, president of Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer (MGM), called Anderson himself and asked him if he wanted a part in the series. Anderson watched the Stargate film over and over again and came to the conclusion that the film had "great potential" and signed a contract with the Stargate producers. Anderson agreed to become involved with the project if his character was allowed significantly more comedic leeway than Kurt Russell's character in the feature film. He also requested Stargate SG-1 be more of an ensemble show so that he would not be carrying the plot alone as he did on MacGyver. In season eight, he chose to have his character "promoted" to base commander on Don S. Davis's advice. This enabled Davis to retire from acting due to his ailing health and Anderson to take over the smaller role which involved far less on-location shooting so that he could spend more time with his young daughter. The following season, Anderson terminated his status as star and producer of Stargate SG-1 opting to make several guest appearances per season instead, allowing his sizable role to be filled by veteran actors Ben Browder (replacing Anderson as field commander), Claudia Black (replacing Anderson as the comic relief) and Emmy nominee Beau Bridges (replacing Anderson as Base commander).

At the Air Force Association's 57th Annual Air Force Anniversary Dinner in Washington, D.C., on September 14, 2004, then-Air Force Chief-of-Staff General John P. Jumper presented Anderson with an award for his role as star and executive producer of Stargate SG-1, a series which portrayed the Air Force in a positive light from its premiere. Anderson was also made an honorary Air Force brigadier general.

Other work
In 1995, he co-starred with John de Lancie in Legend, a comic series of only twelve episodes about a dime novel writer in the Wild West who, against his will, has to play the role of his own fictional character. Originally written as a TV movie, with the decision to make Legend a series, the original teleplay became the two-hour pilot episode. Anderson was applauded for his roles as Ernest Pratt and Nicodemus Legend by many critics, most notably John O'Connor from The New York Times.

A great fan of the television show The Simpsons, which he repeatedly referenced during his time on SG-1, Anderson was invited in 2005 to guest star on the show. He voiced himself in the episode "Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore", in which the actor was kidnapped by Selma and Patty Bouvier, Marge Simpson's sisters, his MacGyver character having been their longstanding heartthrob. Dan Castellaneta, the voice actor who portrays Homer Simpson (among other characters), made a guest appearance on Stargate SG-1 ("Citizen Joe") and, in describing his unnatural ability to see the life events of Jack O'Neill, made reference to O'Neill's fondness for The Simpsons.

Anderson briefly reprised his role as Angus MacGyver in 2006 when he appeared in a MasterCard commercial during Super Bowl XL. While the plot follows the "MacGyver Formula", it is somewhat satirical of the series, showing unlikely if not impossible solutions to the obstacles faced by Anderson's character (in one shot, he cuts through a thick rope with a pine-scented air freshener). The official MasterCard website for the commercial refers to it as "the Return of MacGyver".

Lee David Zlotoff, the creator of MacGyver, announced on May 3, 2008, that a MacGyver film was in production. Anderson has expressed interest in revisiting his role; however, there is no word on who will be playing the role of MacGyver in the film.

Anderson cameoed as MacGyver in what seemed to be a Saturday Night Live advertisement parody featuring the show's recurring character MacGruber (portrayed by Will Forte), but was rather a real commercial for both Saturday Night Live and Pepsi, in which the titular character becomes obsessed with the soft drink. This aired three times during the January 31, 2009, SNL broadcast, and the second part aired again during Super Bowl XLIII on the following day.

Anderson has also played the role of General Jack O'Neill in Stargate Atlantis and Stargate Universe, which first aired in October 2009.

Anderson joined the cast of Fairly Legal on USA Network in Fall 2010 in the recurring role of David Smith, appearing in three episodes.

Other creative works
Anderson has served as an executive producer in six shows in which he has acted himself: MacGyver: Lost Treasure of Atlantis, MacGyver: Trail to Doomsday, Legend, Stargate SG-1, Firehouse and From Stargate to Atlantis: Sci Fi Lowdown.

Anderson composed the song "Eau d'Leo" for the MacGyver episode "The Negotiator".

Together with Michael Greenburg, Anderson created the Gekko Film Corporation. The company was involved with Stargate SG-1, producing every episode from 1997–2007 with the exception of 2006. The company itself has served as Anderson's backing agency.

Charity work
Anderson has supported Waterkeeper Alliance, an organization trying to stop water pollution.

Anderson is a member of the Board of Trustees for Challengers Boys and Girls Club, a youth organization established in 1968 with the help of MacGyver producer Stephen Downing, and featured in an episode from season 4 of the show.

Anderson received the 1995 Celebrity Award from the Make-a-Wish Foundation because of his commitment to the foundation. He is also a supporter for various Sclerosis Society non-profit organizations and has done several public service announcements to show his support for the various organizations.

Anderson is an avid supporter of the Special Olympics and was one of many speakers at the 1991 opening ceremonies.

In recent years, Anderson has helped several environmental organizations around the world. He is a member of Board of Advisors of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and has worked with the members of the Earth Rivers Expeditions to Produce River Project.

Personal life
Anderson divides his time among Vancouver, British Columbia; Los Angeles, California; and northern Minnesota.

Anderson left Stargate SG-1 because he wanted to spend more time with his daughter, Wylie Quinn Annarose Anderson (born on August 2, 1998), stating, "Being a father, well, I don't know if this is a change, but it makes me want to get out of here faster. Get off the clock. Just 'cause the baby is my reason for living, my reason for coming to work."

Filmography

Television

Films

Video Games

Producer

Composer

Awards

References

External links

 Richard Dean Anderson Official Twitter
 Richard Dean Anderson Website (Richard Dean Anderson approved)

Category:American male film actors
Category:American male soap opera actors
Category:American male television actors
Category:American male voice actors
Category:American people of Norwegian descent
Category:American people of Scottish descent
Category:American people of Swedish descent
Category:American people of Mohawk descent
Category:Male actors from Minneapolis
Category:Ohio University alumni
Category:Male actors from Minnesota
Category:1950 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Roseville, Minnesota
Category:20th-century American male actors
Category:21st-century American male actors
Category:St. Cloud State University alumni
Category:American expatriates in Canada


Hajime Isayama

is a Japanese manga artist. His first and currently ongoing series, Attack on Titan, has become one of the best selling manga series of all time with 100 million copies in circulation as of December 2019.

Biography
Isayama was born in Ōyama, Ōita Prefecture, Japan, which is now part of Hita. It was in high school, Hita Rinko Senior High School, that he began submitting manga works to contests. After graduating, he matriculated in the manga design program of the arts department at Kyushu Designer Gakuen. In 2006, he applied for the Magazine Grand Prix known as MGP promoted by Kodansha Ltd. and a short version of Attack on Titan (Shingeki no Kyojin) was given the "Fine Work" award. At age twenty, he moved to Tokyo and worked at an Internet café in order to pursue a career in manga. This one-shot would later be included in the series' guidebook and included with the first Blu-ray of the anime adaptation.

Originally, he also offered his work to the Weekly Shōnen Jump department at Shueisha, where he was advised to modify his style and story to be more suitable for Weekly Shōnen Jump. He declined and decided instead to take it to the Weekly Shōnen Magazine department at Kodansha Ltd.

In 2008, he applied for the 80th Weekly Shōnen Magazine Freshman Manga Award, where his work Heart Break One was given the Special Encouragement Award. His other work, Orz, was chosen as a selected work in the same contest the following year.

In 2009, his first serial work, Attack on Titan, started in the monthly Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine. It won the Shōnen category of the 35th Kodansha Manga Award in 2011, and was nominated for both the 4th annual Manga Taishō award and the 16th annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. Attack on Titan is released in English by Kodansha USA and has inspired five spin-off manga series, three light novel series, a televised anime adaptation, several visual novels and video games, and a two part live-action film. The resort Bungo Oyama Hibiki no Sato in his hometown of Ōyama, ran a free exhibit displaying copies of Isayama's manuscripts for the manga in 2013. A special Attack on Titan event was held in Hita on November 1, 2014, with Isayama and approximately 2,500 spectators attending. The following day, Isayama gave a speech at the Patria Hita cultural hall and was officially named the Tourism Ambassador of Hita by the city's mayor Keisuke Harada.
In December 2018, he announced in his blog that he had gotten married earlier that year.

Works

Awards

References

External links
 Hajime Isayama official blog

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Manga artists
Category:Manga artists from Ōita Prefecture
Category:People from Ōita Prefecture


Ananda Thandavam (film)

Ananda Thandavam (English: Happy Dance) is a 2009 Tamil-language romantic drama film, which was an adaptation of the Sujatha Rangarajan serialized novel Pirivom Santhippom. The film was directed by A. R. Gandhi Krishna and produced by Oscar V. Ravichandran of Aascar Films. The music was composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar with editing by V. T. Vijayan and cinematography by Jeeva Shankar.

The film stars Siddharth Venugopal, Tamannaah, Rukmini Vijayakumar, and Rishi. The characters Raghu (Siddharth) and Madhu (Tamannaah): their love story captured so many hearts that Sujatha, who had initially finished the first novel, started the second part due to high demand from readers.

The film was released on 10 April 2009 and had unfortunately failed at the box office collection.

Plot
The film deals with the life of Raghupathi (Siddharth Venugopal), whose mother died in childbirth. He grows up with plenty of affection from his father (Kitty) and grows into a quiet, sensible, and a bit of a serious person. His father is the deputy-chief dam engineer in the Ambasamudram dam, Tirunelveli, while Raghu is a mechanical engineer. However, he is frustrated because he is unemployed. One day, after returning after an interview in Pune, he meets Madhumitha (Tamannaah). A native character, she plays childish pranks and brings energy into his life. Madhu is the elder daughter of the dam's new chief engineer and his arrogant wife, who want a very comfortable life for the family.

Madhu's parents also bring joy in Raghu's life as they accept who he is, and eventually, he finds employment in Pune. He suddenly gets engaged to Madhu, even without pre-informing his father. Raghu leaves for Pune. When he returns a month later, trouble comes in the form of Radhakrishnan (Rishi), a spoilt NRI businessman from the United States, and worst of all, Madhu, being immature herself, agrees with her parents' opinion and decides to marry Radha. The reason given by Madhu's family is that Raghu's father has an illicit relationship with their maid Jayanthi, who is a year older than Raghu. Circumstances make Raghu believe so. Raghu, heartbroken, attempts to commit suicide by jumping down a waterfall. He survives it with major temporary injuries. His father berates him and says that Jayanthi's mother breast-fed him, and she is like his own daughter. Also, Madhu had visited him and had already left to the US with Radha. Six months later, with further encouragement from his father and friends, Raghu leaves for the US to get his MBA at NYU. He has to stay in the mansion of Mohanram (Rama Natarajan), his father's friend. Mohan is a divorcee and rich share-trader.

Raghu meets Mohan's niece Ratnakumari (Rukmini Vijayakumar) at the airport, and she drops him home. Ratna, though being brought up in the USA since the age of seven, wants to marry an Indian and return to India. She is extremely intelligent, beautiful, social, and cultured. Raghu starts his MBA course and befriends another Tamil guy named Natraj. However, at the end of the day, Raghu's benchmate, a Korean, kills his ex-girlfriend and then himself before Raghu's eyes. Then, a mob tries to mug Raghu, but Ratna saves him. Raghu then asks Mohan to put him back on the next flight home. Mohan says that he cut his own leg to escape from the Twin Towers on 9/11. His company fired him with a compensation, and that was taken away by his wife as divorce compensation. Still, he did online share trading and has earned around $30,000,000 in 10 years. He shows his hidden prosthetic leg and then drinks too much. This motivates Raghu to stay in New York.

One day, Raghu sees Madhu in a Tamil association function. Madhu gifts Raghu with an iPhone 4. Also, both go on a trio-trip to Atlantic City after Radha cancels on the last minute. Raghu is shocked to find that Radha has been cheating on Madhu. He resolves to tell her the truth, but Madhu is blinded against Radha's faults because of respect for him. She accuses him of still having feelings for her, insulting him and causing another argument between them. As time progresses, Madhu discovers that her husband has been cheating on her, which had let her to be on constant abuse by him, leading her to live life with misery. Raghu and Ratna become close, and their families decide to get them engaged. One day, Madhu escapes from Radha and goes to meet Raghu. Unfortunately for her, Raghu gets engaged to Ratna the very same day. Unable to bear any more sadness, Madhu ends up cutting her veins and begging Raghu to take her back. Ratna intervenes, and Madhu asks for Raghu. Ratna is disgusted and complains to her family. They come and take Raghu away, leaving Madhu devastated, drunk, and bleeding through her veins. Madhu then kills herself through careless driving.

At the airport, everyone is gathered, and Madhu's parents are collecting the coffin with Madhu's body. Radha tries to lie to Madhu's parents that he was perfect to her in every way and cannot understand why this happened. In the meantime, Raghu, who had also come to see Madhu's body, arrives. He gets enraged and charges at Radha with a revolver, but he then finds out that it is locked. He is later soothed by Ratna as she tells him that she loves his relationship commitment more than him.

Cast

 Siddharth Venugopal as Raghupathi
 Tamannaah as Madhumitha
 Rukmini Vijayakumar as Ratnakumari
 Rishi as Radhakrishnan
 Kitty as Raghu's father
 Tirlok Malik as Hindu Priest
 Rama Natarajan as Mohanram
 Madan Bob
 Charle
 Kalairani
 Srinath
 Bala Singh
 Five Star Krishna
 Ann Marie Seall as Jennifer
 Kaveh as Police Officer

Production notes
A. R. Gandhi Krishna, a former assistant to Shankar in Sivaji made his directorial debut with the film Chellamae. Sujatha Rangarajan wrote the dialogue for the screenplay before his death. Filming began on location in Ooty, then moved to Tenkasi, Kuttralam, Ambasamudram, Papanasam and Malaysia. G. V. Prakash scored the music for the movie, while award-winning lyricist Vairamuthu penned the lyrics. Vairamuthu said that one of his best recent works was the song he wrote for this film. Vairamuthu said, "On reading the lines, Gandhi Krishna was floored totally and was in fail of words". Ananda Thandavam was produced by Aascar Films'Suresh Shanmugam. Shankar, who worked as associate to the late cinematographer Jeeva, was "cranking the camera".

Soundtrack
The songs were composed by G. V. Prakash.

Critical reception
Sify.com says that the actor "can do little to save the film". Rediff.com felt that Siddharth's performance was one of the weaker aspects of the film noting "though he does his best when he's romancing his beloved, and there are sparks during emotional scenes, he seems to miss his cue a few times, making you wonder if someone with acting chops might not have done a better job."

References

External links
 Prasad Kovilkar,
 S.R. Ashok Kumar,Hindu.com, 10 May 2008, "Sujatha’s novel on the big screen"

Category:Indian films
Category:Tamil-language films
Category:2009 films
Category:2000s Tamil-language films
Category:Indian romance films
Category:Indian romantic drama films
Category:Tamil film scores by G. V. Prakash Kumar
Category:Films based on Indian novels


Alan Castell

Alan Terry Castell (born 6 August 1943) is a former English cricketer who played for Hampshire between 1961 and 1971. He was a right-handed lower-order batsman who began as a leg-break and googly bowler but later switched to medium-pace.

Castell shared in a Hampshire record 9th wicket stand of 230 with Danny Livingstone against Surrey in 1962. During the partnership Castell contributed 76 runs, which was also his highest first-class score.

References

External links
Alan Castell on ESPNcricinfo
Alan Castell on CricketArchive

Further reading
Stephen Chalke, Caught in the Memory, Fairfield Books, Bath, 1999, pp. 44–62

Category:1943 births
Category:Living people
Category:English cricketers
Category:Hampshire cricketers
Category:International Cavaliers cricketers
Category:Sportspeople from Oxford


Hatten

Hatten is a municipality in Oldenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated  southeast of Oldenburg, on the North-West edge of the Wildeshausen Geest Nature Park. Apart from the aesthetically and ecologically attractive countryside it exhibits, the municipality is modern and future-oriented. The cornerstone of the local economy is agriculture, with several other sectors playing an increasingly important role.

Activities
Tourism endeavours emphasise the recreational and sporting opportunities available in the area. This includes, adjoining Kirchhatten, a large recreational centre, with swimming pool, exhibition and other facilities. Many visitors enjoy canoeing on the region's major river, the Hunte. The Hatten Airfield, Flugplatz Oldenburg-Hatten, is suitable for small aircraft. It also comprises a flight training school, and sightseeing flights can be booked there as well.

The region is serviced through an extensive public transport system, connecting with regional centres, with regular bus and train (NordWestBahn) schedules. These provide access to prominent tourist attractions, which in Sandkrug includes Blacksmith and Printing Museums. Moreover, Sandhatten features the workshop of well-known European artist Martin McWilliam, as well as ca. 6000-year-old stone graves.

Hatter Sprudel (Spring Water)
The name given to water attained from around the Osenberge, know to be one of the purest sources of spring water in all of Germany. It is entirely free of substantial bacteriological impurities, thus requiring the addition of no chlorine. Water from this source is sufficient to supply the needs of approximately 60 per cent of the greater Oldenburg area.

Municipal divisions
Hatten consists of the following divisions:
 Bümmerstede-Ost
 Dingstede
 Hatterwüsting 1 and 2
 Kirchhatten 1, 2 and 3
 Munderloh
 Sandhatten
 Sandkrug 1, 2 and 3
 Sandtange
 Schmede
 Streekermoor 1 and 2
 Tweelbäke-Ost

Neighbouring municipalities
 North-West: Oldenburg
 North-East: Hude
 East: Ganderkesee
 South: Dötlingen
 North-North-West: Großenkneten
 West: Wardenburg

Geography
 Overall land mass: 10,344 ha
 Economically utilised land mass: 6,946 ha
 Economically utilised land mass pertaining to agriculture: 6,115 ha
 Forested area: 2,550 ha
 Water bodies: 14 ha
 Residential and Farm buildings: 201 ha
 Moorland: 113 ha
 Miscellaneous remaining: 8 ha

History and heritage
Hatten, or its internal division of Kirchhatten, was first attributed the name of "Hatho" in 860 AD. Derived from the Germanic dialects of Hathus or Hadu, the word may be loosely interpreted to relate to "War", "God of War" or "Fortunate Warrior".

Tacks from hunters exist from the stone age, as well as those of later Germanic tribes and saxons. Settlements are known to have developed in the region partially as a result of abundance of fruitful agricultural lands.

Coat of arms
a) The dual fir trees may be regarded as an entrance; also, as a representation of the abundantly forested land
b) The centrally located shield is used to represent the historically-connected ownership of the area to the Oldenburger count
c) The stylised rose located in the upper portion is indicative of attributes of the land itself. Moreover, it may be traced to the oldest coat of arms of Oldenburg-Wildeshausen.

References

External links
 Hatten Gemeinde Website
 Bundesstaat Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony)

Category:Oldenburg (district)


Eugen-Helmlé-Übersetzerpreis

Eugen-Helmlé-Übersetzerpreis is a literary and translation prize of Germany. It was established in 2004 and first awarded in 2005. It is awarded annually and alternates between a French and German winner. The prize winner is awarded with €10,000.

Award winners
 2005: Tobias Scheffel
 2006: Claude Riehl (posthumous)
 2007: Andrea Spingler
 2008: Nicole Bary
 2009: Lis Künzli
 2010: Olivier le Lay
 2011: Sabine Müller and Holger Fock
 2012: Alain Lance and Renate Lance-Otterbein
 2013: Jürgen Ritte
 2014: Cécile Wajsbrot
 2015: Hinrich Schmidt-Henkel
 2016: Anne Weber
 2017: Simon Werle
 2018: Olivier Mannoni
 2019: Sonja Finck

References

Category:Saarländischer Rundfunk
Category:German literary awards
Category:Translation awards
Category:Awards established in 2005
Category:2005 establishments in Germany


Gratzen Mountains

The Gratzen Mountains ( or, more rarely, Gratzener Gebirge; ) are part of the Bohemian Massif and run along either side of the border between the Czech Republic and the Austrian states of Upper and Lower Austria.

Geography
The low mountain range covers an area of about 20 x 30 km and lies roughly within the triangle formed by the towns of Budweis, Freistadt and Gmünd.
 The Bohemian part of the range, known locally as the Novohradské hory, runs from Nové Hrady () – via Benešov nad Černou (German: Beneschau) to Horní Dvořiště (Oberhaid) on the Upper Austrian border.
 The Austrian part, the Freiwald, runs from Unterhaid/Leopoldschlag eastwards and crosses near Sandl – south of the tripoints – the border between Mühlviertel and Waldviertel districts. There, the Weinsberg Forest branches off, while the main chain swings north to the Tischstein and Nebelstein. In all the summit region approximates the shape of an ellipse and forms the northern boundary of the Granite and Gneiss Highland.

Its highest mountain is the Viehberg near Sandl which reaches 1,112 metres, but another  16 mountains exceed 1,000 metres in height. Of these, 13 lie on Austrian soil and 3 in Bohemia.

The area of the mountains on the Czech side of the border is 162 km². Their highest point is the Kamenec (Steinberg, ) in the Pohorská foothills and in the municipality of Pohorská Ves.

The Freiwald is a major part of the natural region of the Freiwald and Weinsberg Forest.

The Lower Austrian part of the Freiwald is defined as a rural subregion (Teilraum) according to the conservation concept of the state.

After die Wende, a nature park was established called the Novohradské hory with many natural attractions like the Terčino údolí, Žofínský prales (Sophien-Urwald) and Hojná Voda (Heilbrunn). The region has remained largely unspoilt. As a result of its
location on the Iron Curtain, the German Bohemians were forced out of the area after the Second World War and it remained inaccessible to tourists. After the border re-opened the trails were waymarked again and tourist infrastructure built.

About three quarters of the region is covered in coniferous and deciduous forest. An almost unabating wind builds up in the autumn often into strong gales.

In the Gratzen Mountains rise the Lainsitz, Maltsch, Bucherser Bach, Strobnitz and Schwarzau rivers.

Mountains over 1,000 m
 Viehberg, 1,112 m
 Kamenec (Steinberg), 1,072 m
 Schwarze Mauer, 1,071 m
 Tischberg, 1,063 m
 Taufelberg, c. 1042 m
 Myslivna (Farrenberg), 1,040 m
 Haubenberg, 1,036 m
 Vysoká (Hochwald), 1,034 m
 Hundsberg, 1,030 m
 Ahornstein, 1,019 m
 Nebelstein, 1,017 m
 Gattringerberg, 1,016 m
 Vorderer Schanzer Berg, c. 1,013 m
 Hinterer Schanzer Berg, 1,010 m
 Sepplberg, 1,004 m
 Bärenstein, 1,003 m
 Höllberg, 1,000 m

References

External links

 www.novohradky.info

Category:Bohemian Massif
Category:Nature parks
Category:Mountain ranges of the Czech Republic
Category:Mountain ranges of Lower Austria
Category:Mountain ranges of Upper Austria


Jim Baen's Universe

Jim Baen's Universe (JBU) was a bimonthly online fantasy and science fiction magazine created by Jim Baen (founder and long-time publisher of Baen Books).  It is  recognized by the SFWA as a Qualifying Short Fiction Venue. JBU began soliciting materials in January 2006 and launched in June 2006. The magazine contained around 120,000 to 150,000 words per issue.  It closed in 2010.

Jim Baen died of a stroke on June 11, 2006 and did not see the magazine's full success.  The first and only editor-in-chief was Eric Flint, an author and anthologist. The executive editor was Mike Resnick, a science fiction author, editor and anthologist.

JBU had featured stories from a number of notable authors, including Alan Dean Foster, Gregory Benford, Esther Friesner, and Cory Doctorow.  Regular columnists included Eric Flint, Mike Resnick, Barry Malzberg, and Stephen Euin Cobb.

Part of the magazine's philosophy was to nurture new authors, slots were reserved in each issue for new writers. Amateur writers were encouraged to submit their work via an online forum, referred to as "e-slush."  Stories submitted to e-slush were reviewed by peers and associate editors. The theory was that this process may turn stories that were not quite publishable into publishable ones.

Editor Eric Flint announced in August 2009 that the magazine would close after its April 2010 issue due to insufficient subscriber income.

The magazine still exists as the "Universe Annex" section of The Grantville Gazettes.

Awards and recognition
 Cory Doctorow's "When Sysadmins Ruled the Earth" won the Locus Award for best novelette of 2006.
 Locus cites four novelettes from Baen's Universe in its 2006 Recommended Reading List.
 Hugo Award winning editor Gardner Dozois selected three stories from Universe to include in his 2007 anthology.
 Mike Resnick's "All the Things You Are" was nominated for (but did not win) the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Novelette

Reviews
Magazine reviewer Debbie Moorhouse, in Greatest Uncommon Denominator, says:

Electronic distribution
JBU is electronic only, and is not available in print (although a hardcover "Best of" collection has been published). It is distributed without digital rights management (DRM). The first half of each story can be read for free, but only subscribers can read the second half. Individual issues can be purchased via Baen Ebooks. Subsequent to the announcement of the closing, subscriptions were modified to provide one year of access to all back issues.

References
The Editor's Page @JBU and the "Salvo's Against Big Brother Columns (Baen's/Flints column dedicated to fighting DRM)
News and announcements from the editor-in-chief's home page. Q&A pages and information hold much about genesis of this e-zine.

External links
 Archive image of Jim Baen's Universe (in 2007)
 JBU Columns—many JBU columns are available to non-subscribers, those that are not can be read in part (about half)

Category:American bimonthly magazines
Category:American online magazines
Category:Defunct science fiction magazines of the United States
Category:Magazines established in 2006
Category:Magazines disestablished in 2010
Category:Science fiction webzines


Ann Carver's Profession

Ann Carver's Profession is an American pre-Code 1933 film directed by Edward Buzzell. It focuses on the relationship of a lady lawyer and her husband, and on the strain that her financial success places on their marriage. The film stars actress Fay Wray and this film was made during the year she cemented her fame in King Kong. Although the writing credits differ, the film bears a striking resemblance in plot to Columbia's 1938 production The Lady Objects starring Lanny Ross and Gloria Stuart.

Plot
Ann Carver (Fay Wray) and Bill Graham (Gene Raymond) are college sweethearts who graduate, marry, and go to work. There are major differences in their career success. Ann has a lawyer's degree, and goes to work at the law firm of retired Judge Bingham. On the other hand, Bill, who in college was a campus football star and voted "Most Popular Man on Campus", lands a low-level job in an architectural firm. She scores a sensational success with her first case (see below) and receives a check for $5000 from her rich client, Harrison. This sets the stage for marital problems, because the very same day that she gets the check for $5000, her husband receives notice of a big raise at work — $10.

Ann quickly becomes a famous and wealthy lawyer, while husband Bill continues to slog along as a low-level wage slave. The two realize, and discuss, the strain that the disparity in their incomes is placing on the marriage.  They resolve to work harder at their marriage, but it immediately becomes clear that the demands of her job will make it difficult for Ann to tear herself from work. There is also a scene in which Ann resents the fact that Bill will not accompany her to a dinner party because he has to go to work. Eventually, disgusted with the paltriness of his income as compared to his wife's success, Bill quits his job as an architect and—in hopes of hitting the big time as a singer—becomes a "crooner" at the Mirador, a friend's nightclub.

While working at the club, Bill begins to drink heavily and becomes involved with alcoholic female singer Carole Rodgers (Claire Dodd). In a scene at the Mirador, Ann and a group of friends observe Carole giving Bill a kiss. In fury, Ann throws a handful of change at Bill and stalks out. That seals the rupture in their marriage. Ann misses Bill deeply, and becomes distracted and starts to perform badly at work, but when she tries to contact Bill, Bill refuses to talk to her.

Carole loses her job as a result of her drinking and apparently begins spending a lot of time with Bill in his apartment. One evening, while alone in Bill's apartment, Carole gets drunk, passes out, and falls and hits her head on the arm of a couch, which renders her even more unconscious. Her necklace (a sturdy affair, designed to look like a snake) gets caught on the arm of the couch and she strangles as she is slumped over the side of the couch. Eventually, the necklace slips loose and Carole's body falls to the floor. Much later, Bill comes in, drunk, after work. He sees Carole on the floor, thinks that she is merely drunk and passed-out on the floor, and himself falls into bed.

In the next scene we discover that Bill is on trial, accused of killing Rogers. Ann knows that Bill must be innocent, and wants desperately to defend him. Judge Bingham warns Bill that his case looks very bad, but if he will allow Ann to defend him he will at least have the advantage of a passionately motivated defense attorney. Bingham persuades Bill to allow Ann to act as his defense attorney.

The prosecuting attorney's case is built on circumstantial evidence and his depiction of Bill's character. Key to the prosecution's case is its portrayal of Ann as a saintly (beautiful, talented, loving) and wronged wife, and of Bill as a playboy, drunk, and loafer who left his loving wife for a floozie, quit his job to live off of his wife's money, and gave up hard work to live a life of ease as a nightclub crooner.

In her speech to the jury, Ann first points out that it is highly unlikely that Bill killed Carole—he had no motive for killing her. Then, from personal knowledge, she contests the prosecution's depictions of her as the saintly wronged party. Instead, she says, Bill was the wronged party. She had been obsessed with money and fame and drove him away. She deeply regrets it, she says, and hopes that in this—the last trial of her career—she can convince the jury of Bill's innocence. In the last scene of the movie, we see Ann and Bill at home together, a happily married couple living in a nice house. We see that Bill has been acquitted, Ann has given up her career, and Bill has become a successful architect with projects showcased in Vanity Fair and House and Garden.

Cast
 Fay Wray as Ann Carver Graham
 Gene Raymond as William 'Bill' 'Lightning' Graham
 Claire Dodd as Carole Rodgers
 Arthur Pierson as Ken Bingham
 Claude Gillingwater as Judge Bingham
 Frank Albertson as Jim Thompson
 Frank Conroy as Baker
 Jessie Ralph as Terry - Graham's Maid
 Robert Barrat as Attorney Andrew Simmons

References

External links

Category:1933 films
Category:1930s crime drama films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by Edward Buzzell
Category:Columbia Pictures films
Category:American courtroom films
Category:American crime drama films
Category:American films
Category:Films with screenplays by Robert Riskin
Category:Films made before the MPAA Production Code


Lauvøya, Flatanger

Lauvøya (sometimes Løvøya) is an island in the municipality of Flatanger in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The island sits just off the mainland coast, across from the village of Lauvsnes.  The main church for northern Flatanger, Løvøy Church, is located on the island.  The  island has been connected to the mainland by a bridge since 1990.  The island has several homes on it and has become an important recreational area for the municipality.

See also
List of islands of Norway

References

Category:Islands of Trøndelag
Category:Flatanger


Vilhena Palace

Vilhena Palace (; ), also known as the Magisterial Palace () and Palazzo Pretorio, is a French Baroque palace in Mdina, Malta. It is named after António Manoel de Vilhena, the Grand Master who commissioned it. It was built between 1726 and 1728 to designs of the French architect Charles François de Mondion, on the site of the meeting place of the Università. The palace was used a hospital in the 19th and 20th centuries, and it became known as Connaught Hospital after 1909. Since 1973, it has been open to the public as Malta's National Museum of Natural History.

History

Background and construction
The site of Vilhena Palace has been inhabited since ancient times, and post-Punic remains have been found in the area. In around the 8th century, a Byzantine fort was probably built on the site, and in the Middle Ages it developed into a castle known as the Castellu di la Chitati. The castle's inner walls were demolished in the 15th century, and the remaining part was built up as a palace by Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam in the 1530s. The palace was called the Palazzo Giuratale, and it housed the civil administrative council known as the Università. The structure was damaged in the 1693 Sicily earthquake.

On 3 November 1722, the newly elected Grand Master, António Manoel de Vilhena, issued orders for the restoration and renovation of Mdina. The city entrance was completely rebuilt, and the seat of the Università was demolished to make way for a summer palace for the Grand Master. A new Banca Giuratale was built to house the Università following the demolition of its meeting place.

Construction of Vilhena's new palace began in 1726, and it was completed two years later in 1728. The building was designed by Charles François de Mondion in the French Baroque style that was popular in Parisian hôtel palaces, and it was constructed under the supervision of the Maltese capomastro Petruzzo Debono.

Hospital
The palace served as a temporary hospital during a cholera outbreak in 1837.

On 12 June 1860, the palace was converted into a sanatorium by the British military. The palace was leased for £160 a year, and conversion of the building into a hospital cost less than £1000. The hospital was temporarily closed down in 1890, and it briefly served as a barracks. It reopened soon afterwards, and was finally closed down in 1907.

The palace was reopened by King Edward VII on 22 April 1909, as a hospital for patients suffering from tuberculosis. It was known as Connaught Hospital after Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, who donated £800 to buy new equipment for the hospital. The hospital was closed down in 1956.

Museum

The palace was inaugurated as the National Museum of Natural History on 22 June 1973. Its collections include samples of flora and fauna, fossils, rocks, minerals and dioramas of Maltese habitats.

The palace's forecourt was restored in the early 2000s at a cost of around Lm46,000. It was inaugurated by the President of Malta, Guido de Marco, in July 2002.

The building was included on the Antiquities List of 1925. It is now a Grade 1 national monument, and it is listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.

Architecture

Vilhena Palace is a large building which is considered to be "an excellent example of French Baroque." It has a U-shaped forecourt surrounded with loggias, which follows the plan of the original castle, and it possibly contains some remnants of the 16th century palace incorporated into the structure. The forecourt is approached through a gate decorated with Vilhena's coat of arms. The central façade of the palace contains the ornate main doorway, which is flanked by Corinthian columns and is surmounted by a bronze relief of De Vilhena and another coat of arms.

The palace's interior is irregularly planned, contrasting sharply with the regularity and balance of the exterior. The building also contains an inner courtyard.

Vilhena Palace is linked to the Corte Capitanale, which was built at the same time as the palace and was also designed by Mondion. This building served as Mdina's law courts, and its linking to the palace was a symbolic gesture to convey that the courts were under the jurisdiction of the Order of St. John. The Corte Capitanale now serves as the seat of Mdina's local council.

Further reading
p. 100

See also
List of Baroque residences
Casa Leoni, another palace built by Vilhena

References

External links

Heritage Malta

Vilhena
Category:Mdina
Category:Baroque architecture in Malta
Category:Houses completed in 1728
Category:Defunct hospitals in Malta
Category:National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
Category:Limestone buildings in Malta
Category:1726 establishments in Malta
Category:Baroque palaces


Miryalaguda railway station

Miryalaguda railway station (station code: MRGA) is a major railway station in the Nalgonda district of the southern state of Telangana, India.

History
Miryalaguda Railway station was opened in 1989, after the completion of Nadikudi-Pagidipalli section.

Passenger amenities
It is one of the stations in the division to be equipped with Automaatic Ticket Vending Machines (ATVM's).

New lines
A new railway line is being constructed from Vishnupuram to Janpahad-Mellacheruvu-Motumarri, where it will join the Kazipet-Vijayawada mail line. This route will reduce the distance from Miryalaguda to Vijayawada by 40 km when compared to existing route through Guntur.

Freight
It serves the FCI godown and Paradigm Logistics.

References

Category:Railway stations in Nalgonda district


Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)

According to the Hebrew Bible, the Kingdom of Israel () was one of two successor states to the former United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. Historians often refer to the Kingdom of Israel as the "Northern Kingdom" or as the "Kingdom of Samaria" to differentiate it from the Southern Kingdom of Judah.

Some researchers in modern scholarship, incorporating textual criticism and archaeology, have challenged the biblical account that the northern kingdom of Israel broke off from a united monarchy with the southern kingdom of Judah, suggesting instead that the northern Kingdom of Israel developed independently of Judah (a comparatively small and rural area), and that it first reached the political, economic, military and architectural sophistication of a kingdom under the Omride dynasty around 884 BCE.

The Kingdom of Israel existed roughly from 930 BCE until 720 BCE, when it was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The major cities of the kingdom were Shechem, Tirzah, Samaria (Shomron), Bethel and Dan.

Biblical narrative
In the Hebrew Bible, the Kingdom of Israel has been referred to as the "House of Joseph". It is also frequently referenced (particularly in poetry) as Ephraim, the tribe whose territory housed the capital cities and the royal families. It has also been referred to as "Israel in Samaria".

According to the Hebrew Bible, the territory of the Kingdom of Israel comprised the territories of the tribes of Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan, Manasseh, Ephraim, Reuben and Gad. Its capital was Samaria according to the Book of Isaiah.

Biblical background

United Monarchy

The United Kingdom of Israel and Judah is said to have existed from about 1030 to about 930 BCE. It was a union of all the twelve Israelite tribes living in the area that presently approximates modern Israel and the other Levantine territories including much of western Jordan, and western Syria.

Division

After the death of Solomon in about 931 BCE, most of the Israelite tribes (ten Northern tribes) except for Judah and Benjamin refused to accept Rehoboam, the son and successor of Solomon, as their king. The rebellion against Rehoboam arose after he refused to lighten the burden of taxation and services that his father had imposed on his subjects.

Jeroboam, who was not of the Davidic line, was sent forth from Egypt by the malcontents. The Tribe of Ephraim and all Israel raised the old cry, "Every man to his tents, O Israel". Rehoboam fled to Jerusalem, and in 930 BCE (some date it in 920 BCE), Jeroboam was proclaimed king over all Israel at Shechem. After the revolt at Shechem at first only the tribe of Judah remained loyal to the house of David. But very soon after the tribe of Benjamin joined Judah. The northern kingdom continued to be called the Kingdom of Israel or Israel, while the southern kingdom was called the Kingdom of Judah  also says that members of the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh and Simeon fled to Judah during the reign of Asa of Judah.

Both Eusebius and Josephus place the division in 997 BCE.

History

Early kings and Omride dynasty

Shechem was the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel. Afterwards it was Tirzah. King Omri built his capital in Samaria (1 Kings 16:24), which continued as such until the destruction of the Kingdom by the Assyrians ().

Today, among archaeologists, Samaria is one of the most universally accepted archaeological sites from the biblical period At around 850 BCE, the Mesha Stele, written in Old Hebrew alphabet, records a victory of King Mesha of Moab against king Omri of Israel and his son Ahab.

Relations between the kingdoms of Israel and Judah
According to the Bible, for the first sixty years, the kings of Judah tried to re-establish their authority over the northern kingdom, and there was perpetual war between them. For the following eighty years, there was no open war between them, and, for the most part, they were in friendly alliance, co-operating against their common enemies, especially against Damascus.

The conflict between Israel and Judah was resolved when Jehoshaphat, King of Judah, allied himself with the house of Ahab through marriage. Later, Jehosophat's son and successor, Jehoram of Judah, married Ahab's daughter Athaliah, cementing the alliance. However, the sons of Ahab were slaughtered by Jehu following his coup d'état around 840 BCE.

Destruction of the kingdom

In c. 732 BCE, Pekah of Israel, while allied with Rezin, king of Aram, threatened Jerusalem. Ahaz, king of Judah, appealed to Tiglath-Pileser III, the king of Assyria, for help. After Ahaz paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and Israel, annexing Aram and territory of the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh in Gilead including the desert outposts of Jetur, Naphish and Nodab. People from these tribes including the Reubenite leader, were taken captive and resettled in the region of the Khabur River system. Tiglath-Pilesar also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of Janoah in Ephraim and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali. According to  and , the population of Aram and the annexed part of Israel was deported to Assyria.

The remainder of the northern kingdom of Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom until around 720 BCE, when it was again invaded by Assyria and the rest of the population deported. During the three-year siege of Samaria in the territory of Ephraim by the Assyrians, Shalmaneser V died and was succeeded by Sargon II, who himself records the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. Thus, around 720 BCE, after two centuries, the kingdom of the ten tribes came to an end. Some of the Israelite captives were resettled in the Khabur region, and the rest in the land of the Medes, thus establishing Hebrew communities in Ecbatana and Rages. The Book of Tobit additionally records that Sargon had taken other captives from the northern kingdom to the Assyrian capital of Nineveh, in particular Tobit from the town of Thisbe in Naphtali.

The Hebrew Bible relates that the population of the Kingdom of Israel was exiled, becoming known as the Ten Lost Tribes. To the south, the Tribe of Judah, the Tribe of Simeon (that was "absorbed" into Judah), the Tribe of Benjamin and the people of the Tribe of Levi, who lived among them of the original Israelite nation, remained in the southern Kingdom of Judah. The Kingdom of Judah continued to exist as an independent state until 586 BCE, when it was conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

Samaritan version
The Samaritan version to the events claims that actually much of the population of the Northern Kingdom of Israel remained in place upon the Exile, including the Tribes of Naphtali, Menasseh, Benjamin and Levi - being the progenitors of the Samaritans. In their book The Bible Unearthed, authors Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman estimate that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II. Many of the Northern Tribes also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size five-fold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of water Siloam to be provided by King Hezekiah.

Medieval Rabbinic fable
In medieval Rabbinic fable, the concept of the ten tribes who were taken away from the House of David (who continued the rule of the southern kingdom of Judah), becomes confounded with accounts of the Assyrian deportations leading to the myth of the "Ten Lost Tribes".

Recorded history
The recorded history differs from the Rabbinic fable: No record exists of the Assyrians having exiled people from Dan, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun or western Manasseh. Descriptions of the deportation of people from Reuben, Gad, Manasseh in Gilead, Ephraim and Naphtali indicate that only a portion of these tribes were deported and the places to which they were deported are known locations given in the accounts. The deported communities are mentioned as still existing at the time of the composition of the Books of Kings and Chronicles and did not disappear by assimilation.  explicitly mentions northern Israelites who had been spared by the Assyrians, in particular people of Ephraim, Manasseh, Asher, Issachar and Zebulun, and how members of the latter three returned to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem during the reign of Hezekiah.

Royal houses

Religion

The religious climate of the Kingdom of Israel appears to have followed two major trends. The first, that of worship of Yahweh, and the second that of worship of Baal as detailed in the Hebrew Bible () and in the Baal cycle discovered at Ugarit.

According to the Hebrew Bible Jeroboam built two places of worship, one at Bethel and one at far northern Dan, as alternatives to the Temple in Jerusalem.() He did not want the people of his kingdom to have religious ties to Jerusalem, the capital city of the rival Kingdom of Judah. He erected golden bulls at the entrance to the Temples to represent the national god. The Hebrew Bible, written from the perspective of scribes in Jerusalem, referred to these acts as the way of Jeroboam or the errors of Jeroboam. ()

The Bible states that Ahab allowed the cult worship of Baal to become an acceptable religion of the kingdom. His wife Jezebel was a devotee to Baal worship. ()

List of proposed Assyrian references to Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)

The table below lists all the historical references to the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) in Assyrian records. King Omri's name takes the Assyrian shape of "Humri", his kingdom or dynasty that of Bit Humri or alike - the "House of Humri/Omri".

See also

 Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) (the unified kingdom before the split)
 Kingdom of Judah (the southern kingdom)
 Israel (the modern country)
 List of Jewish states and dynasties

References

External links
About Israel - The Information Center About Israel
link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Biblical History The Jewish History Resource Center - Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Complete Bible Genealogy A synchronized chart of the kings of Israel and Judah

Category:8th-century BC disestablishments
Category:10th-century BC establishments

Category:Books of Kings
Israel, Kingdom of
Category:Political entities in the Land of Israel
Category:States and territories established in the 10th century BC
Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century BC
Israel


Delaware Student Testing Program

The Delaware Student Testing Program (DSTP) is a test designed to measure progress towards the Delaware Content Standards. Students are tested in grades 2–10 in reading and mathematics, grades 5, 8, and 10 in writing, and grades 4, 6, 8, and 11 in science and social studies.

References

Category:Education in Delaware
Category:Standardized tests in the United States


Southern Hills Formation

The Southern Hills Formation is a formation cropping out in Newfoundland.

References

Category:Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador


Mayor of Pune

The Mayor of Pune is the first citizen of the Indian city of Pune. The  person is the chief of the Pune Municipal Corporation, but his/her role is largely ceremonial as the real powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner.  He/She is elected from within the ranks of the council in a quinquennial election. The elections are conducted in all 76 regions in the city to elect corporators. The Mayor is generally the leader of a party (or coalition of parties) that has a majority. Murlidhar Mohol (belonging to the Bhartiya Janata Party) is the current Mayor of Pune. Murlidhar Mohol is corporator from Kothrud Vidhansabha Constituency of Pune city.

Category:Government of Pune


Davyd-Haradok

Davyd-Haradok (, ; , ) is a city in the southwestern Belarusian voblast (province) of Brest. It has 7,681 inhabitants (2006 estimate).

History
Within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Davyd-Haradok was part of Brest Litovsk Voivodeship. In 1793, Davyd-Haradok was acquired by the Russian Empire in the course of the Second Partition of Poland.

As a result of the 18 March 1921 Peace of Riga between Poland on the one side and Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine on the other side defined Davyd-Haradok (Dawidgródek) was part of Poland in the interwar period. The USSR retook the town in 1939.

In 1940,  more than a third of the total population was Jewish, 4,350 Jews.

During World War II, Davyd-Haradok was under German occupation from 7 July 1941 until 9 July 1944. On August 10, 1941, 3,000 Jews older than 14 years old were murdered in a mass execution perpetrated by an Einsatzgruppen unit consisting of Germans and their collaborators.

Survivors were imprisoned in a ghetto where they were forced to perform forced labour and suffered harsh living conditions, many deaths.
On 10 September 1942, 1,263 remaining inhabitants of the ghetto, the vast majority women and children, were murdered. About a hundred of them managed to escape to the forest.

References

External links
 Photos on Radzima.org
 Memorial for the Jewish population murdered during World War 2

Category:Cities in Belarus
Category:Shtetls
Category:Populated places in Brest Region
Category:Stolin District
Category:Brest Litovsk Voivodeship
Category:Mozyrsky Uyezd
Category:Polesie Voivodeship
Category:Holocaust locations in Belarus


Lupus (journal)

Lupus is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of rheumatology. The journal's editor is Graham R. V. Hughes (King's College London). It has been in publication since 1991 and is currently published by SAGE Publishing.

Scope
Lupus is devoted exclusively to Lupus and related disease research. The journal includes new, clinical and laboratory-based studies from specialists in lupus-related disciplines such as rheumatology, dermatology and immunology.

Abstracting and indexing
Lupus is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: Scopus, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2010 impact factor is 2.600, ranking it 14 out of 29 journals in the category ‘Rheumatology’.

References

External links

Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals
Category:English-language journals
Category:Rheumatology journals
Category:Publications established in 1991
Category:Monthly journals


Aymée Martínez

Aymée Martínez Viart (; born 17 November 1988) is a Cuban sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres.

Her personal best time is 51.74 seconds, achieved during the heats at the 2007 World Championships in Osaka.

Personal best
100 m: 11.79 s (wind: +0.0 m/s) –  La Habana, 17 June 2011
200 m: 22.99 s (wind: +0.7 m/s) –  Marrakech, 17 July 2005
400 m: 51.74 s –  Osaka, 26 August 2007

Competition record

References

External links

Tilastopaja biography

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cuban female sprinters
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2007 Pan American Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2011 Pan American Games
Category:Pan American Games competitors for Cuba
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic athletes of Cuba
Category:Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba


De Profundis (letter)

De Profundis (Latin: "from the depths") is a letter written by Oscar Wilde during his imprisonment in Reading Gaol, to "Bosie" (Lord Alfred Douglas).

In its first half Wilde recounts their previous relationship and extravagant lifestyle which eventually led to Wilde's conviction and imprisonment for gross indecency. He indicts both Lord Alfred's vanity and his own weakness in acceding to those wishes. In the second half, Wilde charts his spiritual development in prison and identification with Jesus Christ, whom he characterises as a romantic, individualist artist. The letter began "Dear Bosie" and ended "Your Affectionate Friend".

Wilde wrote the letter between January and March 1897, close to the end of his imprisonment. Contact had lapsed between Douglas and Wilde and the latter had suffered from his close supervision, physical labour, and emotional isolation. Nelson, the new prison governor, thought that writing might be more cathartic than prison labour. He was not allowed to send the long letter which he was allowed to write "for medicinal purposes"; each page was taken away when completed, and only at the end could he read it over and make revisions. Nelson gave the long letter to him on his release on 18 May 1897.

Wilde entrusted the manuscript to the journalist Robert Ross (another former lover, loyal friend, and rival to "Bosie"). Ross published the letter in 1905, five years after Wilde's death, giving it the title "De Profundis" from Psalm 130. It was an incomplete version, excised of its autobiographical elements and references to the Queensberry family; various editions gave more text until in 1962 the complete and correct version appeared in a volume of Wilde's letters.

Background

Trials

In 1891 Wilde began an intimate friendship with Lord Alfred Douglas, a young, vain aristocrat. As the two grew closer, family and friends on both sides urged Wilde and Douglas to lessen their contact. Lord Alfred's father, the Marquess of Queensberry, often feuded with his son over the topic. Especially after the suicide death of his eldest son, the Viscount Drumlanrig, Queensberry privately accused them of improper acts and threatened to cut off Lord Alfred's allowance. When they refused, he began publicly harassing Wilde. In early 1895 Wilde had reached the height of his fame and success with his plays An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest on stage in London.  When Wilde returned from holidays after the premieres, he found Queensberry's card at his club with the inscription: "For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite".

Unable to bear further insults and encouraged by Lord Alfred (who wanted to attack his father in every possible way), Wilde sued Queensberry for criminal libel. Wilde withdrew his claim as the defence began, but the Judge deemed that Queensberry's accusation was justified. The Crown promptly issued a warrant for his arrest and he was charged with gross indecency with other men under the Labouchere Amendment in April 1895. The trial was the centre of public discussion as details of Wilde's consorts from the working class became known. Wilde refused to admit wrongdoing and the jury were unable to reach a verdict. At the retrial Wilde was sentenced to two years' imprisonment, to be held to hard labour.

Imprisonment
He was imprisoned in Pentonville, Wandsworth, and Reading Prisons, where the poor food, manual labour, and harsh conditions greatly weakened his health. He quickly began suffering from hunger, insomnia, and disease. He was visited in Pentonville by R. B. S. Haldane, a liberal, reforming MP whom he had known before. Haldane championed his case and arranged for access to religious, educational, and historical books. Whilst in Wandsworth, Wilde collapsed in the Chapel and burst his right ear drum, an injury that would later contribute to his death. He spent two months recovering in the infirmary. Friends arranged for him to be transferred to Reading Prison, where he was prescribed lighter duties and allowed to spend some time reading but not writing. Depressed, he was unable to complete even these duties, and under Colonel Isaacson, the strict Warden of Reading Prison, Wilde became trapped in a series of harsh punishments for trivial offences. The failure to complete them led to renewed sanction.

Wilde, who still loved Lord Alfred, became upset as contact from him became rare, then annoyed when he learned that the latter planned to publish Wilde's letters without permission and dedicate poems to him unasked. He wrote to friends immediately, forbidding the former and refusing the latter. Wilde still maintained his belief that the Queensberrys owed him a debt of honour arising from his bankruptcy trial.

Composition

Wilde's friends continued pressing for better conditions and, in 1897, Major Nelson, a man of a more progressive mind, replaced Col. Isaacson as Warden. He quickly visited Wilde and offered him a book from his personal library, the sympathy bringing Wilde to tears. Soon Wilde requested lists of books, returning to Ancient Greek poets and Christian theology, and studying modern Italian and German, though it was Dante's Inferno that held his attention.

Wilde was granted official permission to have writing materials in early 1897, but even then under strict control: he could write to his friends and his solicitor, but only one page at a time. Wilde decided to write a letter to Douglas, and in it discuss the last five years they had spent together, creating an autobiography of sorts. Wilde spent January, February, and March 1897 writing his letter. Textual analysis of the manuscript shows that Nelson probably relaxed the stringent rules, allowing Wilde to see the papers together: three of the sheets are of relatively fair copy, suggesting they were entirely re-written, and most do not end with a full-stop. Wilde requested that he might send the letter to Lord Alfred Douglas or Robert Ross, which the Home Office denied, but he was permitted to take it with him on release. Wilde never revised the work after he left prison.

Structure and content

First part: Wilde's account of time with Douglas
Wilde's work was written as a prose letter on twenty sheets of prison paper. It contains no formal divisions (save paragraphs) and is addressed and signed off as a letter. Scholars have distinguished a noticeable change in style, tone and content in the latter half of the letter, when Wilde addresses his spiritual journey in prison. In the first part, Wilde examines the time he and Lord Alfred had spent together, from 1892 until Wilde's trials in the spring of 1895. He examines Lord Alfred's behaviour and its detrimental effect on Wilde's work, and recounts Lord Alfred's constant demands on his attention and hospitality. Poignancy builds throughout this section as Wilde details the expenses of their sumptuous dinners and hotel-stays, many costing over £1,000; it culminates in an account of Douglas's rage in Brighton whilst Wilde was ill. Though he was a constant presence at Wilde's side, their relationship was intellectually sterile. Throughout Wilde's self-accusation is that he acceded to these demands instead of placing himself within quiet, intellectual company dedicated to the contemplation of beauty and ideas, but instead succumbed to an "imperfect world of coarse uncompleted passions, of appetite without distinction, desire without limit, and formless greed". This passage concludes with Wilde offering his forgiveness to Douglas. He repudiates him for what Wilde finally sees as his arrogance and vanity; he had not forgotten Douglas's remark, when he was ill, "When you are not on your pedestal you are not interesting."

Second part: Christ as a romantic artist
The second part of the letter traces Wilde's spiritual growth through the physical and emotional hardships of his imprisonment. Wilde introduces the greater context, making a typically grandiose claim: "I was one who stood in symbolic relations to the art and culture of my age", though he later writes, in a more humble vein, "I have said of myself that I was one who stood in symbolic relations to the art and culture of my age. There is not a single wretched man in this wretched place along with me who does not stand in symbolic relation to the very secret of life. For the secret of life is suffering." Briefly sketching his ascendancy and dominance of the literary and social scenes in London, he contrasts his past position and the attendant pleasure with his current position and the pain it brings. Pleasure and success are an artifice, he says, while pain wears no mask. He turns to humility as a remedy, and identifies with the other prisoners.

Wilde uses Isaiah 53:3 to introduce his Christian theme: "He is despised and rejected of men, a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief and we hid our faces from him." Though Peter Raby acknowledges the "obvious relevance" of this quotation to Wilde's situation, he argues that the line does not necessitate the comparison with Christ implicit in his description of Robert Ross doffing his hat to Wilde after his conviction. Wilde adopts Jesus of Nazareth as a symbol of western kindness and eastern serenity and as a rebel-hero of mind, body and soul. Though other romantics had discussed Jesus in artistic terms, Wilde's conception is the most radical. He moves methodically toward this conclusion: his earlier antinomian attitude is re-iterated and he finds no recompense in traditional morality. Though Wilde loved the beauty of religion, he dismissed it now as a source of solace, saying "My Gods dwell in temples made with hands". Reason was similarly lacking: Wilde felt that the law had convicted him unjustly. Instead Wilde reworked his earlier doctrine of the appreciation of experience: all of it must be accepted and transformed, whatever its origin. Wilde declared he would actively accept sorrow and discover humility, be happy and appreciate developments in art and life.

He also felt redemption and fulfilment in his ordeal, realising that his hardship had filled the soul with the fruit of experience, however bitter it tasted at the time:

Simon Critchley argues that the major element of De Profundis is self-realisation. Wilde, having lost everything dear to him, does not accuse external forces, justified as this might have been, but rather absorbs his hardships through the artistic process into a spiritual experience.

Style and themes
Though a letter, at 50,000 words long De Profundis becomes a sort of dramatic monologue which considers Douglas's supposed responses. Wilde's previous prose writing had assumed a flippant, chatty style, which he again employed in his comic plays. In prison Wilde was disconnected from his audiences, which Declan Kiberd suggested was possibly his harshest punishment. He characterises Wilde as an Irish critic of English social mores ultimately silenced for his polemics, and reports that while convalescing in the sick-bay, Wilde entertained his fellow-patients and carers with stories and wit until the authorities placed a warder beside his bed.

In a preface to the 1905 (and, later, 1912) edition,  published as a popular edition by Methuen, Robert Ross, Wilde's literary executor, published an extract from Wilde's instructions to him which included the author's own summation of the work:

According to Kiberd, Wilde follows Christ's individualist theme of self-perfection into a testing new zone: prison. Wilde, who had always looked to test English society's hypocrisies, declined the opportunity to flee to France. Kiberd places Wilde within the long tradition of prison writing by Irish Republican prisoners; when Wilde wanted to criticise the penal system after release, he contacted Michael Davitt, an Irish political reformer who had himself been imprisoned in England.

Publication history

On his release, Wilde unburdened himself of the manuscript by giving it to Robbie Ross, with the putative title Epistola: In Carcere et Vinculis ("Letter: In Prison and in Chains"), Ross and Reggie Turner met the exiled Wilde on the ferry from England at Dieppe on 20 May 1897. The manuscript comprised eighty close-written pages on twenty folio sheets of thin blue prison paper. Ross was instructed to make two typed copies, one for Wilde himself, and to send the original to Lord Alfred. However, fearing that Douglas would destroy the original, Ross sent him a copy instead (Douglas said at the 1913 Ransome libel trial that he burnt the copy he was sent without reading it). Due to its length, Ross could not have it fully typed until August.

In 1905, Wilde's contemporary translator to German, Max Meyerfeld, published the first book edition with Samuel Fischer in Berlin which was preceded by a publication in Fischer's monthly magazine Neue Rundschau (Vol. 16, Nos. 1–2 [Jan.–Febr. 1905]). The book appeared on 11 February 1905 and hence preceded the English edition by Ross by about two weeks. Ross published the letter with the title "De Profundis", expurgating all references to the Queensberry family. This edition would go through eight printings in the next three years, including de luxe editions. The title, meaning "from the depths", comes from Psalm 130, "From the depths, I have cried out to you, O Lord". In 1924, when Lord Alfred served six months in prison for libel against Winston Churchill, he wrote a sonnet sequence entitled In Excelsis ("from the heights"), intentionally mirroring Wilde's letter.

A second, slightly expanded, version of De Profundis appeared in the edition of Collected Works of Wilde published by Ross between 1908 and 1922. Also included were three other letters Wilde wrote from Reading Prison and his two letters to the editor of the Daily Chronicle written after his release. Ross then donated the manuscript to the British Museum on the understanding that it would not be made public until 1960. The manuscript is now in the British Library.

In 1913 the unabridged text was read in court. In 1912 Arthur Ransome had published Oscar Wilde: a critical study. Douglas sued Ransome for libel, and the case went to the High Court in April 1913. Ransome's counsel (Campbell) had the unabridged De Profundis read to the High Court. While the full text "was so inconsistent as to be quite unreliable as evidence of anything except Wilde's fluctuating state of mind while in prison .... the endless text, read out by Campbell's junior, bored the jury and further irritated the judge. They rebelled, and the reading was broken off; but the unalterable impression that it left in everybody’s mind was that Bosie was, in Labouchere's words, a young scoundrel and that he had ruined his great friend." Douglas testified that he had received the letter from Ross, but after reading Ross's cover note threw it in the fire unread. He later said that he had never received the package at all. Observers reported that Douglas could not bear it when he learned that the letter was addressed to him and heard its full contents. Once during the reading he simply disappeared, and was roundly rebuked by the judge. Parts of the text were published subsequently in the London papers. Ross quickly brought out another edition: The Suppressed Portion of "De Profundis", to claim the copyright on Wilde's work. It contained about half of the complete text.

In 1949, Wilde's son Vyvyan Holland published the full text, but used a faulty typescript bequeathed to him by Ross. Ross's typescripts had contained several hundred errors, including typist's mistakes, his own emendations, and other omissions.

In 1960, Rupert Hart-Davis examined the manuscript in the library of the British Museum, and produced a new, corrected text from it, which was published in The Letters of Oscar Wilde in 1962. He wrote that:

The 1962 Hart-Davis edition is currently still in print in the expanded version of the book titled The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde, which was published in New York and London in 2000. The British Library (formerly British Museum) published a facsimile of the original manuscript in 2000. The copyright to the text expired in the United Kingdom in 2013; the facsimile has since been in the public domain and is reproduced on the website of the British Library.

In 2005, Oxford University Press published Volume 2 of The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde. In this volume, entitled De Profundis; 'Epistola: In Carcere et Vinculis''', editor Ian Small tried "to establish an authoritative (and perhaps definitive) text" of Wilde's prison letter. The volume also aimed to "present the complete textual history of one of the most famous love letters ever written". According to Thefreelibrary.com, Ian Small "creates an 'eclectic text' based on Vyvyan Holland's 1949 text into which he has collated and interpolated material from the manuscript. There has been some reordering and the omission of 1000 words, here included in square brackets".

German academic Horst Schroeder has, however, compared the previously published typescripts of the De Profundis text to German-language translations that were published in the first quarter of the 20th century and were prepared by Max Meyerfeld from typescripts he had received from Robert Ross. Based on his findings, Schroeder argues that, due to the large amount of typing errors and unauthorised changes, no previously published typescript of the text (including the 1949 Holland edition) is suitable as a base text and that only the British Museum manuscript (i.e. the 1962 Hart-Davis edition) is "what really matters."

 Copyright
Because of its posthumous publication in 1962 and the many changes to copyright law since then, the copyright of the full original text of De Profundis (the 1962 Hart-Davis edition) has had a very different history in different countries. Substantially, the text is in the public domain in the European Union (at the very least in the UK, Ireland, France and Germany), but is in copyright in the United States and Australia.
 The text has been in the public domain in the United Kingdom since 1 January 2013 (rule: published before the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; publication date [1962] plus 50 years after the end of the year).
 The text has been in the public domain in the Republic of Ireland since 1 January 2013 (Section 8(5)(a)(i) of the Copyright Act, 1963: publication date [1962] plus 50 years after the end of the year).
 The text has been in the public domain in the rest of the European Union since 1 January 2013 (Designs and Patents Act 1988; publication date [1962] plus 50 years after the end of the year).
 The text will be in copyright in Australia until 1 January 2033 (rule: published after 1955, therefore publication date [1962] plus 70 years after the end of the year).
 The text will be in copyright in the United States until 2057 (rule: published with notice between 1923 and 1963, and the copyright was renewed [in 1990 by the Estate of Oscar Wilde], therefore 95 years after the publication date [of 1962]).
 The text has been in the public domain in Germany since 1 January 1973 (rule: the copyright had expired upon publication in 1962 [rule: 50 years after the death of the author], no "posthumous works" rule existed in 1962; 10 years copyright for edited work from publication date [1962] according to Section 70 German Copyright Act of 1965).

Reception

G. S. Street, who had earlier been an intellectual opponent of the decadents, had two impressions of De Profundis: one, "that it was poignantly touching, the other it was extraordinarily and profoundly interesting". Street dismissed contemporary complaints that the letter lacked sincerity, saying this was just a manifestation of those who opposed Wilde's graceful writing style.

Max Beerbohm, an old friend of Wilde's, wrote a signed review, "A Lord of Language," for Vanity Fair. He described the writing in De Profundis as having achieved the perfect grace of Wilde's earlier work, and said that Wilde had remained a detached artist of words, concluding: "We see him here as the spectator of his own tragedy. His tragedy was great. It is one of the tragedies that will always live on in romantic history."

T. W. H. Crosland, a journalist and friend of Douglas after Wilde's death, negatively reviewed De Profundis in 1912. He strongly criticised Ross's editing, but claimed the entire document was even more morally bankrupt than the published version: "A blacker, fiercer, falser, craftier, more grovelling or more abominable piece of writing never fell from a mortal pen", he wrote.

Dramatic adaptations

A version abridged by Merlin Holland was performed by Corin Redgrave in 2000 at the Royal National Theatre in London. It was revived in 2008.

An abridged version was set for speaking pianist by composer Frederic Rzewski.

Extracts were set to music for chorus and orchestra in 2012 by the British composer Matthew King. They were later developed into an immersive nightclub drag musical at Harvard in 2015 and later in New York City in 2019, OSCAR at The Crown and the love that dare not speak its name.

Editions
 Holland, Merlin & Rupert Hart-Davis: The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde (2000). US edition: Henry Holt and Company LLC, New York. . UK edition: Fourth Estate, London. . Pages 683–780. (This is an expanded version of the 1962 book The Letters of Oscar Wilde edited by Rupert Hart-Davis; both versions contain the text of the British Museum manuscript).
 Ian Small (editor): The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde. Volume II: De Profundis; Epistola: In Carcere et Vinculis (2005). Oxford University Press, Oxford. . (This volume contains the text of the British Museum manuscript as well as the versions published by Vyvyan Holland and Robert Ross).

Bibliography

 (British edition: London: Fourth Estate. ).
Kiberd, D. (2000) Irish Classics Granata
Raby, Peter (1988) Oscar Wilde: A Critical StudyMason, Stuart (1914; new ed. 1972)  Bibliography of Oscar Wilde''.  Rota pub; Haskell House Pub

References

Endnotes

Bibliographical notes

External links

 Manuscript of 'De Profundis' by Oscar Wilde (full reproduction of the original manuscript from the British Library (formerly the British Museum).
 De Profundis (1905, expurgated version) from Project Gutenberg.
  (transcribed from the 1913 Methuen & Co. edition).
 To R. R.: On Rereading the "De Profundis" of Oscar Wilde (1912), a poem by Florence Earle Coates.

Category:Works by Oscar Wilde
Category:1897 documents
Category:Prison writings
Category:Letters (message)


Oskar Hoffmann (author)

Oskar Hoffmann (October 29, 1866 in Gotha - December 21, 1928 in Wiesbaden) was a German author of science fiction novels.

Der Luftpirat und sein Lenkbares Luftschiff has been attributed to him.

References

Category:German science fiction writers
Category:1866 births
Category:1928 deaths
Category:German male writers


Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine

Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine (23 April 1809 - 20 March 1877) was the second surviving son of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and Wilhelmine of Baden.

Marriage
In 1836, Charles married Princess Elisabeth of Prussia (1815 - 1885), daughter of Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (brother of Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia) and Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg. They were unhappy together as Charles preferred life in the military to spending time with his family.

On 19 March 1877, Queen Victoria received a telegram from her daughter Alice, wife of Charles' son Louis, saying that they "feared the worst". The following evening, news reached the Queen from Alice that Charles had "passed away quite peacefully after 6." The Queen appears to have been affected by Charles' death, referring to him in her journal upon his death as "dear excellent Prince Charles of Hesse", later repeating, "So grieved and feel deeply for poor Prince Charles."

Charles's eldest son, Louis, would become Grand Duke of Hesse and by the Rhine upon the death of Charles's childless brother, Louis III, three months later in 1877.

Issue
 Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse (12 September 1837 - 13 March 1892); Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (13 June 1877 – 13 March 1892); married, firstly, Princess Alice of the United Kingdom and had an issue. Married, secondly, Alexandrina Hutten-Czapska; annulled.
 Prince Heinrich of Hesse and by Rhine (1838-1900); married, firstly, Baroness Caroline of Nidda and had an issue. Married, secondly, Baroness Emilie of Dornberg and had issue.
 Princess Anna of Hesse and by the Rhine (1843-1865); married Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and had an issue.
 Prince Wilhelm of Hesse and by Rhine (1845 - 1900); married Baroness Josephine of Lichtenberg and had an issue.

Ancestry

References

 Royal Family at Binternet
 Royal Genealogies Part 10

Category:1809 births
Category:1877 deaths
Category:House of Hesse-Darmstadt
Category:People from Darmstadt
Category:Members of the First Chamber of the Estates of the Grand Duchy of Hesse


Petar Krsmanović

Petar Krsmanovic (born ) is a Serbian male volleyball player. He is part of the Serbia men's national volleyball team and played at the 2015 European Games in Baku. He plays on club level for Gazprom-Ugra Surgut.

Sporting achievements

National team
 2019  CEV European Championship

References

External links
 profile at FIVB.org

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Serbian men's volleyball players
Category:Sportspeople from Čačak
Category:Volleyball players at the 2015 European Games
Category:European Games competitors for Serbia
Category:Serbian expatriates in Montenegro
Category:Serbian expatriates in Argentina
Category:Serbian expatriates in Russia


Cambridge Central Mosque

The Cambridge Central Mosque is Europe's first eco-friendly mosque and the first purpose-built mosque within the city of Cambridge, England. Its mandate is to meet the needs of the Muslim community in the UK and beyond by facilitating good practice in faith, community development, social cohesion & interfaith dialogue. The Cambridge Central Mosque was opened to the public on 24 April 2019.

Background

The Muslim Academic Trust (MAT) proposed the site location to be situated in the Romsey area of Mill Road in Cambridge. Thereafter, the Cambridge Mosque Project was established in 2008 by Dr Timothy Winter, a lecturer in Islamic studies at the University of Cambridge, to raise funds for the project.

After the £4m purchase of a one-acre site in 2009 on Mill Road, Marks Barfield Architects was appointed to design the new mosque in association with Professor Keith Critchlow, a world leading expert in sacred architecture and Islamic geometry along with the UK's leading Islamic garden designer Emma Clark. Marks Barfield Architects are known for innovative designs such as the London Eye and Kew Gardens Treetop Walk, to name a few. Plans for the mosque were submitted to the Cambridge City Council by the MAT and it was approved by the council in 2012.  The project however was controversial and it was met with objections.

With its emphasis on sustainability and high reliance on green energy, the mosque will be Europe's first eco-mosque. In addition to the mosque's dedicated areas (ablution, teaching, children's area, morgue) there will be a café, teaching area and meeting rooms for use by the local Muslim and non-Muslim communities and will accommodate up to 1000 worshippers.

Donors from Europe, Middle East, Asia and the Americas have supported the project, but most of the donations, around two-third of the total, have come from Turkey. Construction started in September 2016, was completed in March 2019, and the mosque opened to the public on 24 April 2019.

Gallery

See also
 Cambridge Muslim College

References

External links
Cambridge Central Mosque
Cambridge Islamic Art - A sister project in aid of Europe's 1st eco-mosque!
 Cambridge Muslim College

Videos
 Cambridge Mosque Project - YouTube.com
 Shaykh Hamza Yusuf on the Cambridge Mosque Project - YouTube.com
 First Look Video The Cambridge Mosque Experience - YouTube.com
 Cambridge Mosque 2011 Summer Stroll Trailer - YouTube.com

Category:Mosques in England
Category:Buildings and structures in Cambridge
Category:Religion in Cambridge