Sylvania Electric Products

Sylvania Electric Products was a U.S. manufacturer of diverse electrical equipment, including at various times radio transceivers, vacuum tubes, semiconductors, and mainframe computers such as MOBIDIC. They were one of the companies involved in the development of the COBOL programming language.

History

The Hygrade Sylvania Corporation was formed when NILCO, Sylvania and Hygrade Lamp Company merged into one company in 1931.

In 1939, Hygrade Sylvania started preliminary research on fluorescent technology, and later that year, demonstrated the first linear, or tubular, fluorescent lamp. It was featured at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Sylvania was also a manufacturer of both vacuum tubes and transistors. In 1942, the company changed its name to Sylvania Electric Products Inc.

During World War II, Sylvania was chosen from among several competing companies to manufacture the miniature vacuum tubes used in proximity fuze shells due to its quality standards and mass production capabilities.

In 1959, Sylvania Electronics merged with General Telephone to form General Telephone and Electronics (GTE). Through merger and acquisitions, the company became a significant, but never dominating supplier of electrical distribution equipment, including transformers and switchgear, residential and commercial load centers and breakers, pushbuttons, indicator lights and other hard-wired devices. All were manufactured and distributed under the brand name GTE Sylvania, with the name Challenger used for its light commercial and residential product lines.

In June 1964, Sylvania unveiled a color TV picture tube in which europium-bearing phosphor was used for a much brighter, truer red than was possible before.

GTE Sylvania contributed to the technological advancement of electrical distribution products in the late 1970s with several interesting product features.  At the time, they were the leading supplier of vacuum cast coil transformers, manufactured in their Hampton, Virginia plant. Their transformers featured aluminum primary winding and were cast using relatively inexpensive molds, allowing them to produce cast coil transformers in a variety of KVA capacities, primary and secondary voltages and physical coil sizes, including low profile coils for mining and other specialty applications. They also developed the first medium voltage 3 phase panel that could survive a dead short across two phases. Their patented design used bus bar encapsulated in a thin coating of epoxy and then bolted together across all three phases, using special non-conductive fittings.

By 1981 GTE had made the decision to exit the electrical distribution equipment market and began selling off its product lines and manufacturing facilities. The Challenger line, mostly manufactured at the time in Jackson, Mississippi, was sold to a former officer of GTE, who used the Challenger name as the name of his new company. Challenger flourished, and was eventually sold to Westinghouse, and later Eaton Corporation. By the mid-1980s, the GTE Sylvania electrical equipment product line and name was no more.

In 1993 GTE exited the lighting business to concentrate on its core telecomms operations. The European, Asian and Latin American operations are now under the ownership of Havells Sylvania.
With the acquisition of the North American division by Osram GmbH in January 1993 Osram Sylvania Inc. was established.

Brand name

In the early 1980s, GTE Sylvania sold the rights to the name Sylvania and Philco for use on consumer electronics equipment only, to the Netherlands' NV Philips. This marked the end of Sylvania's TV production in Batavia, New York, USA, and Smithfield, North Carolina, USA. The Sylvania Smithfield plant later became Channel Master.
The rights to the Sylvania name in many countries are held by the U.S. subsidiary of the German company Osram.
The Sylvania brand name is owned worldwide, apart from Australia, Canada, Mexico, Thailand, New Zealand, Puerto Rico and the USA, by Havells Sylvania, headquartered in London.

Osram Sylvania

Osram Sylvania manufactures and markets a wide range of lighting products for homes, business, and vehicles and holds a leading share of the North American lighting market [2].
In fiscal year 2008, the company achieved sales of about 1.75 billion euros, which comprised about 38% of Osram's total sales at the time.
Osram's worldwide lighting businesses employed about 9,000 people at the time. In 2016, Osram spun off the general lighting business which included the North American Osram Sylvania unit into an independent company called LEDVANCE headquartered in Garching, Germany. In 2017, LEDVANCE was merged into a consortium of Chinese investment companies and the Chinese lighting manufacturer MLS under the LEDVANCE name. The North American headquarters of LEDVANCE, previously referred to as Osram Sylvania, and located in Danvers, Massachusetts, was relocated to Wilmington, Massachusetts in 2015, a town north of Boston, MA. LEDVANCE continues to use the well known Osram and Sylvania brand names in their corresponding and representative markets throughout the world.

Advertising

 From 1951 until 1956, Sylvania sponsored the game show Beat the Clock. The grand prizes on the show would be Sylvania television sets, and some consolation prizes would be Sylvania radios. Sylvania "Blue Dot (tm) for sure shot" flashbulbs would be used to take a photograph of the contestants in awkward outfits or messy stunts.
 One of Sylvania's heavily advertised TV features was a lighted perimeter mask of adjustable brightness called "HALOLIGHT", which was purported to ease the optical transition if a viewer glanced from a dark background to the bright TV screen. Today Philips markets an Ambilight feature, lighting the wall behind a flat display to soften the viewing experience. HALOLIGHT could not be adapted for color TV, because color TV white balance (aka tracking from low to high brightness) was unpredictable. Since the white color temperature of the HALOLIGHT and the illuminated color screen could not be made equivalent, HALOLIGHT was withdrawn.
 Sylvania sponsored the it's a small world ride at Disneyland in California with a twelve-year agreement starting in 2009. In 2014, the sponsor logo at the attraction's entrance changed to that of Siemens, the parent company of Sylvania.

Accidents
The Sylvania Electric Products explosion is a well-known industrial accident which occurred 1956 at their Bayside, New York City, facility.

References

External links
 Osram Sylvania web site
 Havells Sylvania Lighting International web site

Category:Defunct manufacturing companies of the United States
Category:Siemens
Category:Vacuum tubes
Category:Guitar amplification tubes


Squint Lake

Squint Lake is a small lake in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. It is located southwest of Burnaby Mountain. Squint Lake is surrounded by Burnaby Mountain Golf Course. Squint Lake Park is a park to the north of the lake.

Eagle Creek flows into Squint Lake from the north and continues south eventually flowing into Burnaby Lake. There are two tiny ponds on either side of Squint Lake.  Prehistoric fossils have been found in the surrounding mud. At the south end of the lake, there is an underground chute, approximately 4 feet in diameter, that has still never been traced.

According to a map and materials by Heritage Advisory Committee and Environment and Waste Management Committee of the City of Burnaby (1993), Eagle Creek is fed by a large watershed which drains the slopes of Burnaby Mountain and at one time included a large marsh and beaver pond located in the old Lochdale district. In 1910 when the Vancouver real-estate firm of Ross and Shaw tried to sell their new subdivision on the mountain they printed ads in the Vancouver Daily Province which announced: "Adjoining this desirable property is the beautiful Quinte Lake, where it is proposed to erect a tourist hotel." Apparently local residents thought the name was hilarious and much too grandiose a description for a beaver pond. Instead, Lochdale residents joked that "...you had to squint to see it" and the name Squint Lake stuck.

Residents enjoyed swimming in the pond and in the winter people came from miles around to skate. Unfortunately later developments drained the swamp and the pond slowly disappeared from the landscape. Its memory is commemorated in Squint Lake Park.
Look for the largest sedimentary rock in Burnaby,a remnant from the ice age.
in 1920, the largest skeletal remains of a duck were found, and are still in storage at the Royal BC Museum.

Access: Phillips Ave at Woodbrook Pl, across from Greystone Shopping Mall.

References

Category:Lakes and waterways of Burnaby
Category:Lakes of the Lower Mainland


Děčín Zoo

Děčín Zoo, is a Czech zoo, located in Děčín in Czech Republic.

Děčín Zoo was founded in 1948, when only four zoological parks existed in Czechoslovakia.

The zoo in opened its gates in 1949, through Ludvík Grác, a local Podmokly businessperson and zoological specialist and a group of animal enthusiasts. Ludvík Grác became the first director, a title he kept until 1966. The present director is  Kateřina Majerová.

In 2014 the zoo kept some 400 animals of over 150 species, among them rare species not encountered elsewhere in Czech Republic.

References

External links

Category:Zoos in the Czech Republic
Zoo


Louis de Deyster

Louis de Deyster (1656 – 18 December 1711), also known as Lodewyk Deyster, was a Flemish artist and maker of musical instruments. His baroque paintings show a clear influence of Italian masters like Giordano, Maratta, Barocci and southern Dutch painters like Rubens, Van Dyck and Boekhorst. His daughter, Anne de Deyster, born in 1696, also became a painter and maker of musical instruments.

Biography
Deyster was born in 1656 in Bruges. He was a scholar of Jan Maes, a respectable artist of that city. From 1682-1688, he lived and worked in Italy, and when he returned to his native Bruges, he brought with him a flamboyant Roman Baroque style. He was of a deeply religious temper and his character was reflected in his choice of subjects.

He painted many pictures for the churches of his native city. His prints, all religious subjects, share with his paintings high drama and energy, with protagonists arranged in complex poses. Just as de Deyster applied his paint with freedom and spontaneity, so did he etch the plate. In the Church of St James at Bruges, there are three fine paintings by Deyster representing the Crucifixion, the Resurrection, and the death of the Virgin. In the Church of St Anne, also in Bruges, there is a work on the Martydom of St Sebastian.

References

Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical By Michael Bryan, pp. 209–210

External links
Works of Lodewyk Deyster at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Recent Acquisitions at the New York Public Library

Category:People from Bruges
Category:Flemish painters
Category:Flemish artists (before 1830)
Category:1656 births
Category:1711 deaths


Simona Castricum

Simona Castricum (born c. 1975) is an Australian musician, performer, DJ and architecture academic. Since the late 1990s she has performed as Fluorescent, Simona Kapitolina and Simona and has been a member of a band, Ana Nicole. As from 2017 she was a PhD candidate and tutor in architecture at the University of Melbourne School of Design.

Early years

Simona Castricum was born in about 1975 and grew up in the Mornington Peninsula area to attend local primary and secondary schools. She later recalled, "there was such a reverence for masculinity and toxic masculinity", and cited her music role models as Sylvester, Boy George, Grace Jones, Annie Lennox and Laurie Anderson. Castricum started her music career as a DJ in the late 1990s playing in queer clubs.

Architecture

As a PhD candidate in architecture at the University of Melbourne, Castricum's creative and intellectual research practise explores how gender nonconforming, transgender and queer experiences and identity exist in architectural space and professional design practises. She has presented her work 'When Program is The Enemy of Function…' at the 13th International AHRA Conference 'Architecture & Feminisms' at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden and at 'Queering Architecture' for 2017's Melbourne Design Week at the National Gallery of Victoria International. Graduating from RMIT University with a Bachelor of Architecture (Hons) in 2001, Castricum worked as an exhibition designer at the Jewish Museum of Australia and a graphic designer for Melbourne design firms Tom Kovac and ARM Architecture.

Music

In 2002, under the name Fluorescent, Castricum began recording her debut album, Post Nuclear, which was released in October 2005 via the Refectory5 label. She performed, produced and wrote (or co-wrote) its eight tracks and was joined in the studio by Fiona di Lanzo on bass guitar and Naomi. Also in 2005 Castricum and di Lanzo created a poster depicting a design for a $1000 note, with an image of Kylie Minogue on one side and Nick Cave on the other. In the following year Fluorescent issued a remix album, Cattle Brand, with Simona joined by Askew, Naomi, Greg Dickinson, Peter Finger and Harris Robtois.

Castricum has stated her biographical song writing is influenced by her life and identity as a gender nonconforming transgender woman, both openly and closeted. Musically, her sound was described in July 2016 by Clem Wetherall of Amateur Hour as, "reverb drenched vocals and industrial strength percussion."

Castricum identified her influences as interactions between electronic and shoe gaze styles and cites the artists, Depeche Mode, New Order, My Bloody Valentine, Curve (band) and both Detroit techno and Belgian New Beat genres.

Live, Harry Hughes of The Music, says she, "commands... attention with her pseudo-militaristic movements and bold style". Sara Savage of i-D has written Castricum presents "a kind of cathartic club music that's reflective of her live show—which often induces audiences into a pulsating dancefloor".

Simona Castricum has previously recorded as Simona Kapitolina and Fluorescent and was a member of bands Ana Nicole and Trans Pixies. She was the founder of the Melbourne queer record label, Girls Who Smoke Poke, which ran a club night, The Shock of the New.

Writing and advocacy

Simona Castricum, has contributed articles to publications Vice Magazine, i-D and Thump, writing on visibility and access for queer and transgender performers. She had personal memoirs published in The Guardian, The Huffington Post and Archer Magazine.

Her short non-fiction and critique writing on sexuality, gender and architecture have appeared in print in The Lifted Brow, Mongrel Rapture: The Architecture of Ashton Raggatt McDougall From the Heart: Women Of Letters and Doing It: Women Tell the Truth About Great Sex.

Simona is an advocate for safer spaces and inclusivity of queer and gender diverse artists. She has appeared at Australian music conferences BIGSOUND and LISTEN as a moderator and panellist advocating for greater representation and equity in music and performance for gender nonconforming artists.

Discography

Fluorescent

 Post Nuclear (26 October 2005): – Refectory5 (r5cd 002)
 Cattle Brand – Remix (2006)
 Winter (2008)
 Unfamiliar – Single (2009)

Ana Nicole

 Twinkie (2010)
 Mainlining – Single (2011)

Simona Castricum

 Trouble in Utopia (2013)
 Still – Single (2014)
 Exotic Ladies of Birobidzahn (2014)
 Own – Single (2015)
 No Allegiance (2015)
 Ennis House Pool – Single (2015)
 #TriggerWarning40 (2016)
 Nights Don't Breathe – Single (2016)
 Triumph (2017)

References

Category:Australian electronic musicians
Category:Transgender and transsexual musicians
Category:Transgender and transsexual women
Category:Transgender and transsexual DJs
Category:Living people
Category:LGBT musicians from Australia
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Australian women architects
Category:21st-century Australian architects
Category:Musicians from Melbourne


Stratos Boats

Stratos Boats, Inc. is a manufacturer of fishing boats and is located in Flippin, Arkansas.  Formerly owned by Platinum Equity, which also owned Triton and Ranger Boats as Fishing Holdings LLS, Stratos was acquired by Bass Pro Group in December 2014. They produce a line of fiberglass boats, primarily for the U.S. bass and panfishing markets.  Most of their boats are 16 ft. to 21 ft. in length.

Stratos began building boats in 1984, and sells throughout a network of dealers throughout the United States, Australia, France, Japan, Mexico, Portugal, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Italy and Venezuela.

Stratos is partnered with high-profile professional anglers such as Skeet Reese, Larry Nixon, Shawn Battersby and Mike McClelland to help promote enthusiasm, excitement and overall benefits of time spent on the water.

From the Stratos web site: "After more than 30 years in the market and several changes in ownership, production of new Stratos boats has been halted as White River Marine Group focuses its resources on a consolidated group of high-demand performance fishing boat brands. White River Marine Group stands behind Stratos boats in operation with warranty, parts and service support."

References

External links
 Stratos Boats official website

Category:Fishing vessels


Richard Peters (Atlanta)

Richard Peters (November 10, 1810 – February 6, 1889) was an American railroad man and a founder of Atlanta, Georgia, in the 1840s.

Early life
Peters was born on November 10, 1810 near Philadelphia at Germantown, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Ralph Peters (1777–1842) and Catherine (Conyngham) Peters (1786–1839).  His paternal grandfather was Judge Richard Peters Jr. (an associate of George Washington).

Career
The young Peters was educated in Philadelphia. He worked with the architect William Strickland and as a rodman (surveyor) with John Edgar Thomson for $1.50 a day. Thomson liked the 26-year-old's work and in late 1834 offered him a job as chief engineer for $1,000 a year to help with construction of the new Georgia Railroad.

Peters paid $100 for a rough paddlewheeler trip into camp near Charleston, South Carolina, in the brutally cold February 1835. He worked on the state railroad for the eight years it took to complete it from Augusta, to the new town of Marthasville, Georgia. During this period, he developed what became a lifelong friendship with Lemuel Grant; they both bought land in the new town.

When the railroad was completed, Peters was hired as superintendent. In that position he heard many complaints about the name Marthasville, which people thought took too long to write in log books, freight records, etc. He traded letters with Thomson on the subject and, when the latter suggested Atlanta, Peters began printing up thousands of circulars to distribute from Augusta to Tennessee advertising the new name. It was officially changed in December 1845.

Atlanta years
Peters founded the first Atlanta steam factory, a flour mill at the Georgia RR between Butler and Calhoun streets (the location of today's Sloppy Floyd office building). Lacking a water power source, the mill had to be powered by wood. Peters purchased , the land lots 80 and 47, for $2,000 to serve as a lumber lot for pine wood. This area later developed as Midtown, between North Avenue and 8th Street. Later development of this land in the city proved to be the key to Peters' future wealth.

Always interested in transportation, Peters had operated a stage coach line between Atlanta and Montgomery, Alabama. After completion of the Atlanta & West Point Railroad, he moved the northern end to West Point, Georgia, and extended it to Montgomery.

Also an avid livestock breeder and horticulturist, in 1854 he established a nursery in Atlanta.

Civil War
In early 1861, he sold the steam engine from his mill for $12,000 to be used in the Confederate Powderworks at Augusta. He was the civilian transportation agent for all Atlanta railroads, which were critical to supplying the Confederacy. He contracted with the blockade running Crenshaw Company, supplying cotton by rail in exchange for foodstuffs. During the American Civil War, Peters remained in Atlanta until a few days before the invasion of Union General Sherman's army.

By the time of the Battle of Atlanta, he and his family had moved to Augusta, where they stayed until April 1865. After Sherman left Georgia in December 1864, Peters hired James R. Crew to repair the  of destroyed Atlanta and West Point Rail Road; Lemuel Grant worked to repair the nearly  of wrecked Georgia Railroad. By April, the war was over, and rail service was restored to Atlanta.

Postbellum years

In 1871 Peters built Atlanta's first street railway, Atlanta Street Railway Company, with the real estate developer George Adair.

After the Kimball House was destroyed by fire, Peters helped lead the efforts to have that center of Atlanta life rebuilt. He invited Hanniball Kimball back to town to help raise money.

With new migrants flocking to the boomtown of Atlanta, Peters began to subdivide his north Atlanta land, first by laying out roads: north/south streets were named by trees (myrtle, juniper, apple, etc.) to match the naming of Peachtree Street. He threw in Penn to harken back to his Pennsylvania roots. The east/west streets were numbered, starting with 3rd Street (since North Avenue and Ponce de León were long-since named) and ending with the northernmost extent of his property, 8th Street.

He built his final home on the highest part of his land: the block bounded by Peachtree, 4th, Cypress and 5th streets. In 1884 Peters sold  surrounding West Peachtree to Kimball for $1,000 an acre to create Peters Park, a development that eventually failed for lack of sales. In 1887 he sold  of his remaining holdings to the state for $10,000 and donated another four acres to help found the Georgia School of Technology.

Personal life
In 1848, Peters built a home in Atlanta and was married to Mary Jane Thompson, the daughter of the early settler and doctor, Joseph Thompson, and his wife.  Together, Richard and Mary Jane had several children together, including: Richard, Edward, Ralph, Nellie, who all became prominent.

Peters died on February 6, 1889 and was buried in Oakland Cemetery in Atlanta.

Legacy
He left a million-dollar estate. Of his two sons, Edward stayed on the estate and built Ivy Hall, now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Ralph moved to New York, where he became president of the Long Island Rail Road.

Notes

External links

Category:1810 births
Category:1889 deaths
Category:Businesspeople from Atlanta
Category:Pioneers of Atlanta
Category:Georgia Tech people
Category:American railroad executives
Category:Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Category:Burials at Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta)


Pains, Minas Gerais

Pains (pronounced: pah-EENS) is a Brazilian municipality located in the center of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2007 was 8,122 people living in a total area of 418 km². The city belongs to the meso-region of Oeste de Minas and to the micro-region of Formiga.  It became a municipality in 1943.

Location
The city center of Pains is located at an elevation of 693 meters a short distance west of Formiga.  It is connected to Formiga, Divinópolis, and Belo Horizonte by highway MG-050.  Neighboring  municipalities are:  Iguatama (N), Arcos (NE),  Córrego Fundo (E), Formiga (S), Pimenta (SE), and Piumhi and Doresópolis (W).

Distances to other cities
Belo Horizonte/MG - 217 km
Formiga/MG - 31 km
Pimenta/MG - 19 km
Arcos/MG - 9 km

Economic activities
Services, mining, and industry are the most important economic activities.  There are large deposits of limestone in the region, which is used in cement and fertilizer. In 2005 there were 39 extractive industries (mining) and 65 transformation industries.  Transformation industries employed 818 workers.  The GDP in 2005 was approximately R$89 million, 8 million reais from taxes, 31 million reais from services, 35 million reais from industry, and 14 million reais from agriculture.  There were 403 rural producers on 24,000 hectares of land (2006).  85 farms had tractors (2006).  Approximately 950 persons were involved in agriculture.  The main crops are rice, beans, and corn.  There were 28,000 head of cattle (2006).

There was one bank (2007).  The motor vehicle fleet had 1,107 automobiles, 191 trucks, 151 pickup trucks, and 349 motorcycles (2007).

Health and education
In the health sector there were 3 public health clinics and 1 hospital with 22 beds (2005).  Patients with more serious health conditions are transported to Formiga or Divinópolis.  Educational needs of 1,700 students were met by 2 primary schools, 1 middle school, and 1 pre-primary school.

Municipal Human Development Index: 0.782 (2000)
State ranking: 107 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000
National ranking: 997 out of 5,138 municipalities as of 2000
Literacy rate: 89%
Life expectancy: 74 (average of males and females)

In 2000 the per capita monthly income of R$231.00 was well below the state and national average of R$276.00 and R$297.00 respectively.  Poços de Caldas had the highest per capita monthly income in 2000 with R$435.00.  The lowest was Setubinha with R$73.00.

The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568.  Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha.  In more recent statistics (considering 5,507 municipalities) Manari in the state of Pernambuco has the lowest rating in the country—0,467—putting it in last place.

References

See also
 List of municipalities in Minas Gerais

Category:Municipalities in Minas Gerais


Military doctrine of Russia

The military doctrine of the Russian Federation is a strategic planning document of the Russian Federation and represents a system of officially state adopted views of preparation for the armed protection of Russia. The most recent revision of the military doctrine was approved in 2014.

Numerous successive revisions of military doctrine have been promulgated since 1990. These have included the military doctrines of May 1992 (in draft form), November 1993, and January 2000, as well as the two National Security Concepts of December 1997 and October 1999. Military doctrine in the Russian sense, however, extends beyond discussion of potential threats. In Christopher Donnelly's words, it forms part of "a set of views, accepted in a country at a given time, which cover the aims and character of possible war, the preparations of the country and its armed forces for such war, and the methods of waging it."

1992 draft
The 1992 draft doctrine showed that first Russian thoughts on external threats were little more than a replica of Soviet thinking. The document stated that while the threat of a world war had declined significantly, the 'sources of military danger' in international relations remained the same as under the USSR.

The first of those "sources of military danger" was given as:
"the eagerness of single States or coalitions of states to dominate in the world community or in individual regions, and their predilection for settling matters in dispute by military means".

There could be little doubt that the General Staff, who produced the paper, had the United States and NATO in mind when they wrote this. As slightly further down, it was stated that Russia did not regard any state or coalition as an enemy, a contraction had been introduced between the old and the new, evolving security environment. 'Powerful groupings of armed forces' near Russia's borders, the military build-up of 'certain states', international terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction were also mentioned. Russia also subtlety rescinded its nuclear no first use commitment by indicating that conventional attacks on nuclear weapons, power plants, 'and other potentially dangerous facilities' (presumably chemical or biological sites) would be regarded as the first use of weapons of mass destruction.

1993 Military Doctrine
The Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR (as it was then) refused to approve the 1992 draft. A new military doctrine only entered into force in November 1993, and was not made fully public; the summary released covered 21 of the 23 pages of the document.
No reason was given for the only-partial release of the text, and this gave rise to fears that the Russian Government and/or its military wished to conceal controversial or discreditable intentions.

The summary released showed major differences from the external threats thinking of the 1992 draft. Two main threads showed
through the list. Firstly was the remaining threat from the West, exemplified by worries over expansion of military blocs and violation of arms accords, as well as with interference with Russians abroad. The no-first-use commitment of nuclear weapons was dropped. Secondly, newer dangers were acknowledged; nearby internal wars, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and
terrorism.

In keeping with its emphasis on the threat of regional conflicts, the doctrine called for Russian armed forces that were smaller, lighter, and more mobile, with a higher degree of professionalism and with greater rapid deployment capability. Such change proved extremely difficult to achieve.

2000 Military Doctrine
Both in the 1992 draft and in the 1993 official document, a distinction had been drawn between sources of external military danger and immediate military threats. This distinction disappeared in the most recent doctrinal statement, which was first publicised in draft form in October 1999, and then finally approved by Presidential decree in late April 2000.

While numerous changes were made to the document between its draft stage and final form, the section on external military threats remained virtually the same. The first threat is seen as territorial claims upon the Russian Federation and interference in Russian domestic affairs, language drawn directly from the 1993 external dangers section. Secondly mentioned was disregard for Russian concerns in international conflict resolution, and opposition to strengthening Russia as one centre of a multipolar world. The multipolarity reference echos deleted sections from the 1999 draft, where two contradictory tendencies were set out: at one end, a trend toward a unipolar world based on the domination of one superpower - clearly the United States - and the military resolution of key problems, and at the other, a tendency toward the formation of a multipolar world, based on the rule of international law and the equal rights of people and nations.

2010 Military Doctrine

Russia's 2010 military doctrine defines itself as strictly defensive.

The doctrine points out 11 actions seen as constituting "external dangers" (, , dangers) to the Russian Federation which include:
 striving to give NATO forces global functions, moving NATO infrastructure closer to Russia's borders
 attempt to destabilize the situation in various states and regions and undermine strategic stability
 deployment of foreign military contingents in countries and waters adjacent to Russia and its allies
 deployment of strategic anti-missile defense systems, undermining global stability, and violating the established nuclear balance of forces, the militarization of space, and deployment of non-nuclear precision weapons;
 territorial claims against Russia and its allies and interference in internal affairs
 spread of weapons of mass destruction, missiles and missile technology, increase in the number of nuclear states
 violation by some states of international agreements and non-compliance with previously concluded arms limitation and reduction treaties
 use of military force in adjacent states in violation of the UN Charter and other international legal norms
 presence of sources and escalation of military conflict in territories adjacent to Russia and its allies
 spread of international terrorism
 occurrence of sources of inter-ethnic (inter-faith) tensions, activity of international armed radical groups in areas adjacent to Russia and its allies, growth of separatism and forcible extremism in various regions of the world

It also lists five actions seen as constituting military threats:
 a sharpening of the military-political situation and creation of conditions for the use of military force
 hindrance of the working of the state and military command and control system, interference in the functioning of its strategic nuclear forces, missile attack warning systems, space monitoring systems, nuclear warhead storage facilities, nuclear power and other potentially dangerous facilities
 creation and training of illegal armed formations and their activity on Russian territory or that of its allies
 demonstration of force in the course of conducting exercises in states adjacent to Russia or its allies with provocative intent
 activation of military forces in various states with the conduct of partial or full mobilization and transition to wartime footing

Under the new doctrine, Russia continues to develop and modernize its nuclear capability. "Russia reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to the use of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction against it or its allies, and also in case of aggression against Russia with the use of conventional weapons when the very existence of the state is threatened." Most military analysts believe that, in this case, Russia would pursue an 'escalate to de-escalate’ strategy, initiating limited nuclear exchange to bring adversaries to the negotiating table. Russia will also threaten nuclear conflict to discourage initial escalation of any major conventional conflict.

2014 military doctrine

A more recent revision of the military doctrine was promulgated on 26 December 2014.

See also
 New physical principles weapons
Military history of the Soviet Union

Notes

References

External links
 Military doctrine of the Russian Federation text (Russian)
 Military doctrine of the Russian Federation - English translation
 General Gareyev: Russia changing its military doctrine accessed January 18, 2007.
 Conflict Studies Research Centre, Document listings on Russia, includes several reports on Russian military doctrine

Category:Military of Russia
Category:Military doctrines


James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) is a submillimetre-wavelength telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, US. The telescope is near the summit of Mauna Kea at . Its primary mirror is 15 metres (16.4 yards) across: it is the largest single-dish telescope that operates in submillimetre wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum (far-infrared to microwave). Scientists use it to study the Solar System, interstellar dust and gas, and distant galaxies.

The JCMT started operations in 1987, and was funded until February 2015 by a partnership between the United Kingdom and Canada, and the Netherlands. It was operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre and was named in honour of mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell. In March 2015 the operation of the JCMT was taken over by the East Asian Observatory.

The telescope was combined with the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory next to it, to form the first submillimetre interferometer. This success was important in pushing ahead the construction of the later Submillimeter Array and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array interferometers. In recent years it has also taken part in Event Horizon Telescope observations, which produced the first direct image of a black hole.

History
In the late 1960s, the Astronomy Committee of the UK's Science Research Council (SRC, the forerunner of STFC) considered the importance of astronomical observations at submillimetre and millimetre wavelengths. After a series of proposals and debates, in 1975, the SRC millimetre steering committee concluded that it would be possible to construct a 15-metre diameter telescope capable of observing at wavelengths down to 750 µm. The project, then called the National New Technology Telescope (NNTT), was to be an 80/20 per cent collaboration with the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Science. Site tests were made at Mauna Kea in Hawaii, the Pinaleno Mountains in Arizona, and a site in Chile; and Mauna Kea was chosen. The NNTT was to be larger and with more instruments than competing telescopes such as the CSO and SMT.

The final specifications called for the "world's largest telescope optimised for submillimetre wavelengths". It was to be a parabolic 15-metre antenna composed of 276 individually adjustable panels with a surface accuracy of better than 50 µm. It would be an altitude-azimuth mounted Cassegrain telescope with a tertiary mirror to direct the incoming radiation onto a number of different receivers. The antenna and mountings were to be protected from the elements by a co-rotating carousel with a transparent membrane stretched across the carousel aperture. Building work started in 1983 and went well apart from a small delay caused by the hijacking of the ship carrying the telescope across the Pacific by pirates. The telescope saw first light in 1987. The name for the final facility was changed to the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope.

The telescope itself was operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre (JAC), from Hilo, Hawaii.
From 1987 until March 2013 this the telescope was funded by a partnership of the United Kingdom (55 per cent), Canada (25 per cent), and the Netherlands (20 per cent). In 2013 the Netherlands withdrew, and until 2015 the shares became UK 75 per cent, Canada 25 per cent.
In March 2015, the UK and Canada handed over ownership of the JCMT to the East Asian Observatory, which is funded by Japan, China, Taiwan and South-Korea, together with a consortium of Universities from the United Kingdom and Canada.

Instrumentation

The JCMT has two kinds of instruments—broadband continuum receivers and heterodyne detection spectral line receivers.

Continuum emission is a tracer of star formation in other galaxies and gives astronomers clues to the presence, distance, and evolution history of galaxies other than our own. Within our own galaxy dust emission is associated with stellar nurseries and planet forming star systems.

Spectral-line observations can be used to identify particular molecules in molecular clouds, study their distribution and chemistry and determine gas velocity gradients across astronomical objects (because of the doppler effect).

SCUBA

The older continuum single pixel UKT14 bolometer receiver was replaced around 1995 by the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA). This instrument operated simultaneously at wavelengths of 450 and 850 micron (with 91 and 37 pixels, respectively), and was sensitive to the thermal emission from interstellar dust. SCUBA was a ground-breaking instrument, among the most high-impact astronomy instruments from 1997-2003; it was retired from service in 2005, and is now in the National Museum of Scotland.

SCUBA-2
SCUBA was succeeded by SCUBA-2, which was commissioned in 2011. This ground-breaking camera consists of large arrays of superconducting transition edge sensors with a mapping speed hundreds of times larger than SCUBA. It has 5120 array elements at both 450 and 850 micron wavelength (10,240 total pixels). It has been conducting the JCMT legacy surveys since November, 2011, including the SCUBA-2 All Sky Survey, and was made available for general astronomical observations in February, 2012. Two ancillary instruments, FTS-2 and POL-2, add spectroscopic and polarimetric capabilities to SCUBA-2.

Spectral line detectors
The JCMT is also equipped with two heterodyne receivers, which allow submillimetre spectral line observations to be made. The spectral-line mapping capabilities of the JCMT have been greatly enhanced by the commissioning in 2006 of HARP, a 350 GHz, 16 element heterodyne array receiver. Both instruments can be used in conjunction with the JCMT's new digital autocorrelation spectrometer, ACSIS. One of the heterodyne receivers is named Namakanui ("Big-Eyes"), referring to big-eyed fish that swim in Hawaiian waters at night. This receiver can operate at 86, 230, and 345 GHz.

See also
 Far infrared astronomy
 Radio astronomy
 SCUBA-2 All Sky Survey
 Submillimetre astronomy

External links

 JCMT homepage (new)
 Slicing the Universe with HARP/ACSIS - A New Look at Orion

References

Category:Astronomical observatories in Hawaii
Category:Submillimetre telescopes
Category:Radio telescopes
Category:James Clerk Maxwell
Category:Buildings and structures in Hawaii County, Hawaii
Category:Astronomy in the United Kingdom


County of Anglesey, Victoria

The County of Anglesey is one of the 37 counties of Victoria which are part of the cadastral divisions of Australia, used for land titles. It is located to the east of Seymour, on both sides of the Goulburn River. The county was proclaimed in 1849.

Parishes
Parishes include:
 Acheron, Victoria
 Alexandra, Victoria
 Banyarmbite, Victoria
 Billian, Victoria
 Buxton, Victoria
 Derril, Victoria
 Dropmore, Victoria (also in Delatite)
 Eildon, Victoria
 Flowerdale, Victoria
 Ghin Ghin, Victoria
 Glendale, Victoria
 Gobur, Victoria
 Granton, Victoria
 Kerrisdale, Victoria
 Killingworth, Victoria
 Kobyboyn, Victoria
 Maintongoon, Victoria
 Mangalore, Victoria
 Merton, Victoria (also in Delatite)
 Mohican, Victoria
 Molesworth, Victoria
 Murrindindi, Victoria
 Nar-be-thong, Victoria (also in Evelyn)
 Niagaroon, Victoria
 Steavenson, Victoria
 Switzerland, Victoria
 Taggerty, Victoria
 Tallarook, Victoria
 Thornton, Victoria
 Traawool, Victoria
 Whanregarwen, Victoria
 Windham, Victoria
 Woodbourne, Victoria
 Worrough, Victoria
 Yarck, Victoria
 Yea, Victoria

References
Vicnames, place name details
Research aids, Victoria 1910
Cadastral map of Anglesey showing county and parish boundaries, 1880s, National Library of Australia

Category:Counties of Victoria (Australia)


Dongshankou station

Dongshankou Station is a station on Line 1 of the Guangzhou Metro that started operations on 28June 1999. It is situated underground Zhongshan Road (), Nonglinxia Road (), Donghua Road South () and Shuqian Road () in the Dongshankou area of Yuexiu District. The station takes its name from the former business district of Dongshan.

References

External links
A Guangzhou Metro train departing Dong Shan Kou Station

Category:Railway stations opened in 1999
Category:Guangzhou Metro stations in Yuexiu District


William Whiteway (MP)

William Whiteway (1570–1640) was an English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1624 and 1625.

Whiteway was born at Denbury, Devon and left his home town to become an apprentice merchant. He made his first visit to  Dorchester in 1585. In 1590 he was imprisoned as a Protestant in Honfleur, France. He settled permanently in Dorchester in 1600 as a merchant and was successful in trade, especially with France. He was active in public office. In 1610 he was listed as a capital burgess under the charter. In 1624, he was elected Member of Parliament for Dorchester. He was re-elected MP for Dorchester in 1625 and was bailiff in 1626. In 1629 he was an Alderman under the new charter and was elected mayor in 1631. He was bailiff for the fourth time in 1635.

Whiteway died at the age of about 70.

Whiteway married Married Mary Mounsell who was  from a trading family in 1598. They had sons William and John.

References

Category:1570 births
Category:1640 deaths
Category:Members of the Parliament of England for Dorchester
Category:English MPs 1624–1625
Category:English MPs 1625
Category:Mayors of places in Dorset


Ronald Shimek

Ronald L. Shimek (born March 28, 1948) is an American marine biologist specializing in the study of scaphopods and turrid gastropods.  His current work is on marine reef aquaria and is targeted at the reef keeping hobbyist community.

Academic history
Shimek received his doctorate from the University of Washington in 1977, becoming Assistant Professor of Biology at the University of Alaska, Anchorage the same year.  In 1979 he served as the Department Chair.  In 1983 he became Assistant Director of the Bamfield Marine Station on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, and in 1988 became a senior postdoctoral fellow at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution in Florida.  In 2000 he was voted president of the Western Society of Malacologists, and between 1996 and 2003 he was an Affiliate Associate Professor of Ecology at Montana State University, retiring from there in 2003.

Research
Shimek's knowledge of marine invertebrates resulted in his publication of a pocket guide in 2001 and a follow-up in 2005 which was favorably reviewed.

References

Category:American marine biologists
Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:University of Washington alumni


Sir Philip Hales, 5th Baronet

Sir Philip Hales, 5th Baronet (c. 1735-12 April 1824), of Beakesbourne in Kent, was an English courtier and Member of Parliament.

Hales was the sixth son of Sir Thomas Hales, 3rd Baronet, a long-serving Member of Parliament who held a series of lucrative posts in the Royal Household. He also held a household post, as Groom of the Bedchamber from 1771 until 1812.

In 1774 he stood for election in two constituencies, Canterbury and Downton. At Canterbury he was badly defeated, but Downton was a pocket borough where his brother-in-law Lord Feversham was influential, and he was successful there, though only after petitioning against the original result; he took his seat in February 1775. He later also served as MP for Marlborough. He is not recorded as having spoken in the House in either of his two periods as an MP.

His father's baronetcy had passed to his elder brother, Thomas Pym Hales, in 1762. However, when his brother died on 18 March 1773, his only children were daughters, so Philip as the oldest surviving brother inherited the title. He married Elizabeth Smith, pre 1784, but their only child was also a daughter, Elizabeth. On Philip's death in 1824 he had no male heirs, and the baronetcy became extinct.

References

 Hales genealogy
 Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)
 Lewis Namier & John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1754-1790 (London: HMSO, 1964)

|-

Hales, Philip
Hales, Philip, 5th Baronet
Hales, Philip
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:British MPs 1774–1780
Category:British MPs 1784–1790


Arts Club of Chicago

Arts Club of Chicago is a private club and public exhibition space located in the Near North Side community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States, a block east of the Magnificent Mile, that exhibits international contemporary art.  It was founded in 1916, inspired by the success of the Art Institute of Chicago's handling of the Armory Show. Its founding was viewed as a statement that art had become an important component of civilized urban life. The Arts Club is said to have been pro-Modernist from its founding. The Club strove to break new ground with its shows, rather than collect the works of established artists as the Art Institute does.

The club presented Pablo Picasso's first United States showing. In addition, the 1951 exhibition by Jean Dubuffet and his "Anticultural Positions" lecture at the Arts Club were tremendous influences on what would become the mid-1960s Imagist movement. Another important presentation in the history of the Arts Club was the Fernand Léger showing of Le Ballet Mecanique.

The Club's move in 1997 to its current location at 201 E. Ontario Street was not without controversy because the club demolished its former interior space designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and moved only the central staircase to the new gallery space. However, the new space is , which is  larger than the old space.

Mission and purpose
The inaugural mission of the club was "to encourage higher standards of art, maintain galleries for that purpose, and to promote the mutual acquaintance of art lovers and art workers." The Arts Club of Chicago was founded by artists and patrons in the wake of The Armory Show, which was on view at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1913. The Club's founders–made aware of the exhibition's negative reception by the many Chicagoans who did not understand or accept what they saw–aimed to expose the city to new images, sounds and ideas.

Conceived as an exhibition and social space that would cultivate sophisticated conversations around a range of media, The Arts Club has maintained its core interest in presenting culture "in the making," serving as a key venue in Chicago for the presentation of work by the national and international avant-garde.

The club does not generally show traveling exhibitions curated by others.  Instead, it curates its own exhibits, often with very original works.  This places emphasis on cutting edge and avant-garde art.

History

The club was founded in 1916 and experienced its first coverage in the Chicago Tribune on March 16, 1916. It had office space in the Fine Arts Building that became too limiting to serve the club's mission.  In 1918, the club elected Rue Winterbotham Carpenter to replace Mrs. Robert McGann as president.  She moved the club to 610 South Michigan Avenue . The first exhibition included portraits by Whistler, Renoir, Cassatt, Augustus John and others.  By 1922, the club had outgrown its quarters and sponsored supplementary space at the Art Institute of Chicago until 1927 when the cost of doing so became prohibitive.  In 1924, the club moved to the north tower of the Wrigley Building. Among its first exhibitions at the Wrigley building was the first major United States show (seventeen sculptures, nineteen drawings and a painting) of Brâncuși.  The show was installed by Marcel Duchamp. Rue Carpenter died on December 7, 1931, and Mrs. Charles Goodspeed was elected president in 1932. The club moved to more spacious accommodations at the Wrigley Building in 1936.  "Bobsy" Goodspeed served as president until 1940.  Then, Rue Winterbotham Carpenter's niece Rue Winterbotham Shaw was elected President. In 1947, the club scaled down its operations for four years after losing its Wrigley Building lease.  In 1951, it moved to 109 East Ontario in quarters built to specification that were designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Using Arts Club furniture, he designed a gallery, dining room, and lecture hall in a pre-existing building.  The gallery was built around Constantin Brâncuși's The Golden Bird and the stairway was renowned for its simple elegance. Shaw died in January 1979 and James Phinney Baxter was elected to serve until 1981 when Stanley Freehling was elected. The club struggled financially in the 1980s.

1990s: new building
In the 1990s, the club was located west of Michigan Avenue and behind the 620 building which was home to many of Chicago's finest art dealers including Richard Gray and Richard L. Feigen & Co. The Arts club did not own the land upon which their famous Mies clubhouse was built; instead, the club held the land in a longterm leasehold. In 1990, the owner of 620 N. Michigan and the Arts Club land decided to sell. At first the Arts Club hoped to raise the money to purchase its land along with the 620 N. Michigan Avenue property in an effort spearheaded by Richard Gray, but it quickly became apparent that the club would lose a bidding war over this valuable land. A developer bought the property and demolished the entire block to make way for a movie complex and shopping center.

With the prospect of losing its home, the Arts Club opted to sell one of the most valuable items in its collection to finance the purchase of new land. The club decided to sell Brâncuși's Bird to the Art Institute of Chicago. To finance the purchase, the Art Institute sold several second tier works from its famous Impressionist collection at Sotheby's in guaranteed lots which was a new concept in the auction world in 1990. While without permanent home, the club continued to meet regularly in space loaned by the Casino, another famous Near North Side club.

The  John Vinci designed building is a two-story structure that cost $9 million for the land, building, landscaping, and interior design. The exterior facade is buff brick with black granite windowsills and thresholds and white-painted steel windows. The building features furniture dating back to the club's founding as well as Mies van der Rohe designs. Several elements of the new building's design are considered homages to Mies. The fact that the building was so Miesian thirty years after his death while the club focused on avant-gard art was a bit of a controversy. The building's atrium that allows filtered light into the central galleries and dining areas is its primary feature. Another focal point of the building is the restored Mies van der Rohe steel staircase that provides access to the second floor. The design includes white-painted steel, travertine marble, floor-to-ceiling curtains, dark-stained wood floors, and large areas of glass. The color palette of saffron, black, gray, scarlet, and white is consistent with the former building. Also notable are the veil of north side metal screens. The building also has a  outdoor landscaped garden. The building accommodates a 200-person audience seating.

Collection
The Arts Club's collection is a combination of acquisitions from its exhibitions and donations from both members and artists.  It includes works by Georges Braque, Alexander Calder, Natalia Goncharova, Paul Klee, Henri Matisse, Joan Miró, Henry Moore, Isamu Noguchi, Francis Picabia, and Pablo Picasso.  The club has made recent acquisitions of contemporary works by Malcolm Morley, Alex Katz, and Peter Doig. The Club maintains a document collection, mostly of correspondence with its artists, at the Newberry Library. Further information on the club collection can be found in The Arts Club of Chicago: The Collection 1916–1996 by Sophia Shaw, granddaughter of the Club's dynamic past president Rue Winterbotham Shaw.

Highlights
Notable works in the club's private collection include:

 Red Petals, plate steel, steel wire, sheet aluminum, soft-iron bolts, and aluminum paint, 1942, by Alexander Calder
 Main Staircase for The Arts Club of Chicago, steel, travertine marble, 1948—1951, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
 Untitled, charcoal on ivory laid paper, 1922, by Henri Matisse
 Personage and Birds in Front of the Sun (), ink and gouache on paper, 1942, by Joan Miró
 This Thing is Made to Perpetuate My Memory (Cette Chose est faite pour perpetuer mon souvenir), ink, gouache or watercolor, and silver and bronze paint on board, 1915, by Francis Picabia
 Head of a Woman (Tete de femme), red and black chalk with chalk wash on tan laid paper, laid down on lightweight Japanese paper, 1922, by Pablo Picasso

Exhibitions, performances and lectures
Until the Museum of Modern Art was founded in 1929, Chicago and The Arts Club in particular was the most receptive exhibitor of modern art in the United States.  At that time, no institution in the United States, especially none in Manhattan, would exhibit European modernism.  By renting space at the Art Institute of Chicago's Building the Arts Club was able to arrange showings in Chicago's most prestigious museum.

The club has exhibited an impressive number of well-known 20th century visual artists.  Many of the century's most controversial artists made their United States or midwest solo exhibition debuts at the club including: Alexander Calder, Marc Chagall, Salvador Dalí, Jean Dubuffet, Pablo Picasso, Jackson Pollock, Auguste Rodin, Georges Seurat, and Henri Toulouse-Lautrec. In addition, many artists have given lectures at the Club, including Martha Graham, Kathleen Battle, Leonard Bernstein, Kenneth Branagh and Robert Altman. Aside from visual artists, the Club also has hosted lectures and performances from such prominent musicians as John Cage, Philip Glass, Ramsey Lewis and Igor Stravinsky, and poets W. H. Auden, Gertrude Stein and William Butler Yeats. Most notable among these exhibitions was Picasso's first United States solo exhibition, Original Drawings by Pablo Picasso from March 20 to April 22, 1923, by the Arts Club at its installation at the Art Institute of Chicago. (Picasso's work had first been shown the US in a group show in New York curated by Edward Steichen in 1911.) In the 1930s, when Isamu Noguchi was still known as a sculptor, they hosted him. In 1970 when Varujan Boghosian was a timely sculptor known for depicting the legend of orpheus, The Arts Club hosted a showing.

Locations
The current location is the club's seventh location.  However, this is the first building owned by the club.  The location history is listed below.

The first home at the Fine Arts Building had no exhibition space.  The club was not able to put on its first exhibition until December 18 when it moved to a location with exhibition space. The club's early gallery spaces were not sufficient to achieve the club's goals and it agreed to assume cost and selection responsibilities for works in a series of shows at The Arts Club Exhibition Room at the Art Institute of Chicago from 1922 to 1927.

Leadership
The club has had eleven presidents:

Membership
To become a member of the Arts Club of Chicago, a currently established member of the club must request an application for membership on their behalf. The membership application packet is only made available to current members. Within the packet are details describing the application process for potential inductees.

Non-members
The gallery is open to the public Tuesday – Friday 11 a.m. – 6 p.m. and Saturdays 11 a.m. – 3 p.m. when there is an exhibition on view. The Arts Club is closed between the last week of December and the first week of January. Admission is free.

Dues
A two-tiered dues system, established at The Arts Club's inception, is maintained to this day: professional members pay lower dues than patrons, ensuring that fine and performing artists remain a vital component of The Arts Club membership.

References

Citations

Sources

 Fitzgerald, Michael C. (1984). Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth Century Art. Farrar Straus & Giroux. .
 Shaw, Sophia (ed.) (1997). The Arts Club of Chicago: The Collection 1916–1996. The Arts Club of Chicago. .
 Wells, James M. (1992). The Arts Club of Chicago: Seventy-Fifth Anniversary.

External links
 The Arts Club of Chicago official website
 Arts Club Records online inventory, Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois

Category:1916 establishments in Illinois
Category:Museums in Chicago
Category:Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Category:Art museums in Illinois
Category:Tourist attractions in Chicago


Aspach

Aspach is the name or part of the name of several places:

 Aspach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 Aspach, Thuringia, Germany
 Aspach, Upper Austria, Austria
 Aspach, Moselle, in the Moselle département, France
 Aspach, Haut-Rhin, in the Haut-Rhin département, France
 Aspach-le-Bas, in the Haut-Rhin département
 Aspach-le-Haut, in the Haut-Rhin département

See also
 Asbach