Magic Pocket

Magic Pocket (established 2002 in Trondheim, Norway) is a Norwegian jazz band initiated by students on the Jazz program at Trondheim Musikkonsevatorium.

Career
Magic Pocket is a Brass Band in miniature, performing music in the open area between jazz, rock, world and contemporary music. The quartet was included in the launch contest «JazzIntro» 2004, and contributed on the festivals Nattjazz, Dølajazz and Moldejazz. Magic Pocket was awarded «JazZtipendiat» in 2009/2010. This scholarship, which is awarded by «Midtnorsk Jazzsenter», Moldejazz and Sparebank 1, amounts  Norwegian kroner and gives the recipient the opportunity to write a piece commissioned to Trondheim Jazz Orchestra performed at Moldejazz the year after. The album The Katabatic Wind (2011), where they are reinforced by the guest keyboardist Morten Qvenild (known from bands like «In the Country», «Susanna and the Magical Orchestra»), is the quartet's first and so far (2013) only release beside the recording of the commissioned work Kinetic Music (2011).

Personnel
Hayden Powell - trumpet
Erik Johannessen - trombone
Daniel Herskedal - tuba
Erik Nylander - drums

Honors
2004: «JazzIntro» finalist
2009: «JazZtipendiat»

Discography
2011: The Katabatic Wind (Bolage Records), feat. Morten Qvenild
2011: Kinetic Music (MNJ Records), feat. Trondheim Jazz Orchestra

References

Category:Norwegian jazz ensembles
Category:Norwegian experimental musical groups
Category:Musical groups established in 2002
Category:2002 establishments in Norway
Category:Musical groups from Trondheim


Ctenophila salaziensis

Ctenophila salaziensis is a species of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Euconulidae, the hive snails. This species is endemic to Réunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean.

References

 Mollusc Specialist Group 1996.  Ctenophila salaziensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 6 August 2007.

Category:Molluscs of Réunion
Category:Endemic fauna of Réunion
Category:Ctenophila
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Plateau State University

Plateau State University is a university in Bokkos, Plateau State Nigeria. It was established in 2005. In March 2016, the National Universities Commission gave full accreditation to the first 17 programmes in the university. This gave the university a "full university" status.

References

External links
Plateau State University Official Website

Category:Universities and colleges in Nigeria
Category:Plateau State
Category:Educational institutions established in 2005


Rafael Gonzáles

Rafael Gonzales (1789–1857) was a Tejano military leader and Governor of Coahuila and Texas from 1824 to 1826.

Early life
Gonzales was born in San Antonio de Béxar in 1789. He joined the military as a cadet in the presidial company of Nuestra Señora de Loreto. In October 1810, at age 20, Gonzales was made Second Alferez, and two years later he earned the title of First Alferez.

Career

On June 3, 1814, Gonzales was promoted to second lieutenant, and established a presidio in Monclova (Coahuila, in modern Mexico). One year later, on July 14, 1815, he was promoted to first lieutenant of the Royalist company of Presidio de Rio Grande, and on May 18, 1818 he reached the rank of captain.

On July 3, 1821, Gonzales participated in the Mexican Independence movement. On December 12, 1821 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. On August 15, 1824, he was named governor of Coahuila and Texas.  In that year, Gonzales granted each Shawnee family who settled in Texas a square mile of land in the south bank of Red River.

He was governor of Coahuila and Texas until March 15, 1826, when he was replaced by Victor Blanco. In 1834 Gonzales was named secretary of Coahuila and Texas. He died in 1857.

Legacy
The town of Gonzales, Texas was named to honor his bravery.

References

External links

 Texas State Historical Association
 Texas State Library and Archives Commission

Category:Governors of Mexican Texas
Category:People from San Antonio
Category:1789 births
Category:1857 deaths
Category:19th-century American politicians


Andreas Mölzer

Andreas Mölzer (born 2 December 1952 in Leoben, Styria) is an Austrian politician and former Member of the European Parliament for the Freedom Party of Austria.

Biography
Andreas Mölzer is of Styrian origin and attended grammar school in Knittelfeld. After serving in the Austrian Army, he studied Law, History and Sociology at the Graz University. He became a member of a Student Corps. From 1979 to 1981 he was assistant at law departments. He left university in 1982 without graduating and became editor-in-chief of the Kärntner Nachrichten newspaper. From 1991 until 1994 he was an elected member of the Bundesrat and president of the Freedom Party's Academy.

From 1999 until 2002, Mölzer was cultural advisor of Jörg Haider, governor of Carinthia. In 2004, Mölzer was elected as the only MEP for the Freedom Party. In 2005, he was expelled from the Freedom Party for being a harsh critic of Jörg Haider and his faction, but was readmitted after Heinz-Christian Strache took over the party.
Andreas Mölzer is married and has six children. He lives in Carinthia.

Politics
Mölzer is a leading figure of the pan-German wing of the Freedom Party. He defines himself as a "cultural German" and often publishes articles in the Junge Freiheit.

In the European Parliament, Mölzer is known for trying to create a network of right-wing-MEPs, including the French Front National, the Italian Fiamma Tricolore and others. The formation of the Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty group was an effect of his efforts. he was Deputy Leader of the group. He sat on its Committee on Constitutional Affairs, and was a substitute for the Committee on Culture and Education and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee.

In April 2014, Mölzer pulled out of the European elections  over controversy sparked by remarks he made at a party meeting.

Media
Mölzer has been publishing in the Die Presse and the Kronen Zeitung, Austria's leading tabloid, since 1998. Since 1997, he is editor-in-chief of the right-wing-weekly Zur Zeit, which is seen as Austrian pendant to Germany's Junge Freiheit, for which Mölzer contributes an article on European Affairs every week. He has also been writing and editing several books on political or history topics.

Mölzer has published several lyrical and prosaical works. His lyrics („Earth-brown tides / roll crowding / mightily through the country“) is interpreted in a political context. However, it is said that the situation depicted in the poem could have been avoided. His novel „Der Graue“ was criticized as it became subject of a public debate in 2014. This novel tells the tale of a survivor of a nuclear war who wanders and rapes through an apocalyptic landscape. The daily newspaper Kurier called the novel as "crazed fantasy of violence" and summarised its ending as follows: ''„From a folkish perspective, everything in the gray finds its happy ending: the aryan finds his female, saves the species - and is allowed to die.“

See also
2004 European Parliament election in Austria

References

External links

Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Leoben
Category:Freedom Party of Austria MEPs
Category:MEPs for Austria 2004–2009
Category:MEPs for Austria 2009–2014
Category:German nationalism in Austria
Category:German nationalists


Brazil men's national volleyball team

The Brazil men's national volleyball team is governed by the Confederação Brasileira de Voleibol (Brazilian Volleyball Confederation) and takes part in international volleyball competitions. Brazil has three gold medals at the Olympic Games, won three times the World Championship and nine times the World League. Brazil is the #1 team on the FIVB World Rankings. The team is often referred to as volleyball's "Dream Team" due to its success under coach Bernardo Rezende.

Performance History

2000-until now
After the sixth place in the Sydney Olympic Games, the Brazilian men’s national team underwent some important changes ahead of the 2001 season. Mr. Bernardo Rezende, nicknamed Bernardinho, who had spent six years coaching the women's national team, was chosen to be the head coach of the Brazilian men's national team. In the first season with Bernardinho, the team conquered three gold medals (World League, America's Cup and South American Championship) and one silver medal (World Grand Champions Cup). In 2002, Brazil finished second in the World League after losing the title at home in the match against Russia. But in that same season, they conquered the World Championship for the first time ever.

The beginning of the 2003 season was very special for the World Champions. In an exciting final match against Serbia and Montenegro, Brazil won the World League gold medal for the third time, beating its opponent 3–2 in Madrid. After that, the team was defeated by Venezuela in the semifinal of the Pan American Games in Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) and ended up with the bronze in the competition. However, the Brazilian squad beat Venezuela by 3–0 in the South American Championship final only one month later. That year ended with Brazil conquering the last title it had not won yet: the World Cup, in Japan.

In 2004, Bernardinho led the Brazilian team to a fourth title of the World League. In August, the Brazilian men's team won the second Olympic gold medal of its history, which happened in Athens in 2004 (the first one was conquered in Barcelona in 1992). In the final, Brazil beat Italy 3–1.

In the 2005 season, the Olympic Champion won four medals. In the final match against Serbia and Montenegro, Brazil won another gold medal in the World League, beating its opponent 3–1. After that, the team became second in the America's Cup, defeated by the United States in the final. Then in the South American Championship, Brazil conquered its 25th title, winning all matches and losing just one set. To end this great season, Bernardo Rezende’s team secured the gold medal in the World Grand Champions Cup in Japan. During the year 2006, the Brazilian team won a sixth title in the World League and a second title in the World Championship.
This team was considered by many the best and most consistent men's volleyball team of all time.

Medals

Tournament record

Olympic Games
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

World Championship
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

World Cup
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

World Grand Champions Cup
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

World League
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

Nations League

 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

Pan American Games
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

Pan-American Cup
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

South American Championship
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

America's Cup
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

U23 team

World Championship
  Gold: 1 time: 2013

U21 team

World Championship
  Gold: 4 times: 1993, 2001, 2007, 2009
  Silver: 6 times: 1981, 1995, 1997, 2003, 2005, 2013
  Bronze: 3 times: 1977, 1989, 1999

South American Championship
  Gold: 18 times: 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2012, 2014
  Silver: 4 times: 1980, 1982, 2000, 2008

U19 team

World Championship
  Gold: 6 times: 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2001, 2003
  Silver: 1 time: 2005

South American Championship
  Gold: 16 times: 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2012
  Silver: 3 times: 2008, 2010, 2014

U17 team

South American Championship
  Gold: 1 time: 2011
  Silver: 1 time: 2013

Team

Current squad

The following is the Brazilian roster in the 2019 World Cup.

Head coach: Renan Dal Zotto

Coaches history
  Bebeto de Freitas (1984–1988)
  José Roberto Guimarães (1991–1996)
  Bernardo Rezende (2001–2016)
  Renan Dal Zotto (2017–)

Gallery

Fans

Records
Incidentally, the Maracana Stadium holds the all-time volleyball attendance record from when 95,000 turned out to watch Brazil beat the USSR in an open-air friendly game in 1983.

Stadium
Ginásio do Maracanãzinho and Ginásio Municipal Tancredo Neves Brazil national team training and hosting venues.

Kit providers
The table below shows the history of kit providers for the Brazil national volleyball team.

Sponsorship
Primary sponsors include: main sponsors like Banco do Brasil, Nivea, other sponsors: Globoesporte, Gatorade, Gol Transportes Aereos, Delta Air Lines, Mikasa, Ernst & Young and Asics.

Media
Brazil's matches and friendlies are currently televised by SporTV and Globo.

See also
Brazil women's national volleyball team
Brazil men's national under-23 volleyball team
Brazil men's national under-21 volleyball team
Brazil men's national under-19 volleyball team

References

External links
Official website
FIVB profile

Category:National men's volleyball teams
Category:Volleyball in Brazil
V
Category:Men's sport in Brazil


Stomatium

Stomatium is a genus of succulent plants in the ice plant family, Aizoaceae. Members of the genus are native to southern Africa.

Species
Stomatium acutifolium L.Bolus
Stomatium agninum Schwantes
Stomatium alboroseum L.Bolus
Stomatium angustifolium L.Bolus
Stomatium beaufortense L.Bolus
Stomatium bolusiae Schwantes
Stomatium braunsii L.Bolus
Stomatium bryantii L.Bolus
Stomatium deficiens L.Bolus
Stomatium difforme L.Bolus
Stomatium duthieae L.Bolus
Stomatium ermininum Schwantes
Stomatium fulleri L.Bolus
Stomatium geoffreyi L.Bolus
Stomatium gerstneri L.Bolus
Stomatium grandidens L.Bolus
Stomatium integrum L.Bolus
Stomatium jamesii L.Bolus
Stomatium latifolium L.Bolus
Stomatium lesliei (Schwantes) Volk
Stomatium leve L.Bolus
Stomatium loganii L.Bolus
Stomatium meyeri L.Bolus
Stomatium middelburgense L.Bolus
Stomatium murinum (Haw.) Schwantes ex Jacobsen
Stomatium mustelinum Schwantes
Stomatium patulum L.Bolus ex Jacobsen
Stomatium paucidens L.Bolus
Stomatium peersii L.Bolus
Stomatium pluridens L.Bolus
Stomatium resedolens L.Bolus
Stomatium ronaldii L.Bolus
Stomatium rouxii L.Bolus
Stomatium ryderae L.Bolus
Stomatium suaveolens Schwantes
Stomatium suricatinum L.Bolus
Stomatium trifarium L.Bolus
Stomatium villetii L.Bolus
Stomatium viride L.Bolus

References

Category:Aizoaceae genera


Corigliano d'Otranto

Corigliano d'Otranto (; ) is a small town and comune of 5,632 inhabitants in the province of Lecce in Apulia, Italy. It is one of the nine towns of Grecìa Salentina.

Sister cities
 Ilion, Greece

Category:Cities and towns in Apulia
Category:Grecìa Salentina
Category:Localities of Salento


California County Routes in zone R

In the California Route Marker Program, which designates county routes in California, only two highways exist in the "R" zone: CR R2 and CR R3. Both of these routes are in Riverside County.

__TOC__

R1

County Route R1 was converted into SR 243 in 1970. Its southern end was at SR 74 in Mountain Center and its north end was in Banning.

R2

County Route R2 is also known as Kaiser Road. Its southern end is SR 177 and its north end is at Eagle Mountain, a modern day ghost town.

The route was defined in 1964, and has not been altered since then.

R3

County Route R3 is also known by several other names along its route. Portions of the highway are called Sage Road, Cactus Valley Road, and State Street. Its southern end is SR 79 at Radec and its north end is SR 74.

At its north end in Hemet, it provides a major transportation route.

Historic information conflicts as to the date the route was defined. Some information indicates the highway was created in 1966, although other sources give a commissioning date of 1973. This is a former routing of SR 79.

Major intersections

See also

References

R*
Category:Roads in Riverside County, California


Stagflation

In economics, stagflation, or recession-inflation, is a situation in which the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows, and unemployment remains steadily high. It presents a dilemma for economic policy, since actions intended to lower inflation may exacerbate unemployment.

The term, a portmanteau of stagnation and inflation, is generally attributed to Iain Macleod, a British Conservative Party politician who became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1970. Macleod used the word in a 1965 speech to Parliament during a period of simultaneously high inflation and unemployment in the United Kingdom.
Warning the House of Commons of the gravity of the situation, he said: Macleod used the term again on 7 July 1970, and the media began also to use it, for example in The Economist on 15 August 1970, and Newsweek on 19 March 1973.

John Maynard Keynes did not use the term, but some of his work refers to the conditions that most would recognise as stagflation. In the version of Keynesian macroeconomic theory that was dominant between the end of World War II and the late 1970s, inflation and recession were regarded as mutually exclusive, the relationship between the two being described by the Phillips curve. Stagflation is very costly and difficult to eradicate once it starts, both in social terms and in budget deficits.

The Great Inflation
The term stagflation, a portmanteau of stagnation and inflation,  was first coined during a period of inflation and unemployment in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom experienced an outbreak of inflation in the 1960s and 1970s.
inflation rose in the 1960s and 1970s, UK policy makers failed to recognize the primary role of monetary policy in controlling inflation. Instead, they attempted to use non-monetary policies and devices to respond to the economic crisis. Policy makers also made "inaccurate estimates of the degree of excess demand in the economy, [which] contributed significantly to the outbreak of inflation in the United Kingdom in the 1960s and 1970s.

Stagflation was not limited to the United Kingdom, however. Economists have shown that stagflation was prevalent among seven major market economies from 1973 to 1982. After inflation rates began to fall in 1982, economists' focus shifted from the causes of stagflation to the "determinants of productivity growth and the effects of real wages on the demand for labor".

Causes
Economists offer two principal explanations for why stagflation occurs. First, stagflation can result when the economy faces a supply shock, such as a rapid increase in the price of oil. An unfavorable situation like that tends to raise prices at the same time as it slows economic growth by making production more costly and less profitable.

Second, the government can cause stagflation if it creates policies that harm industry while growing the money supply too quickly. These two things would probably have to occur simultaneously because policies that slow economic growth do not usually cause inflation, and policies that cause inflation do not usually slow economic growth.

Both explanations are offered in analyses of the global stagflation of the 1970s. It began with a huge rise in oil prices, but then continued as central banks used excessively stimulative monetary policy to counteract the resulting recession, causing a price/wage spiral.

Postwar Keynesian and monetarist views

Early Keynesianism and monetarism
Up to the 1960s, many Keynesian economists ignored the possibility of stagflation, because historical experience suggested that high unemployment was typically associated with low inflation, and vice versa (this relationship is called the Phillips curve). The idea was that high demand for goods drives up prices, and also encourages firms to hire more; and likewise high employment raises demand. However, in the 1970s and 1980s, when stagflation occurred, it became obvious that the relationship between inflation and employment levels was not necessarily stable: that is, the Phillips relationship could shift. Macroeconomists became more skeptical of Keynesian theories, and  Keynesians themselves reconsidered their ideas in search of an explanation for stagflation.

The explanation for the shift of the Phillips curve was initially provided by the monetarist economist Milton Friedman, and also by Edmund Phelps. Both argued that when workers and firms begin to expect more inflation, the Phillips curve shifts up (meaning that more inflation occurs at any given level of unemployment). In particular, they suggested that if inflation lasted for several years, workers and firms would start to take it into account during wage negotiations, causing workers' wages and firms' costs to rise more quickly, thus further increasing inflation. While this idea was a severe criticism of early Keynesian theories, it was gradually accepted by most Keynesians, and has been incorporated into New Keynesian economic models.

Neo-Keynesianism

Neo-Keynesian theory distinguished two distinct kinds of inflation: demand-pull (caused by shifts of the aggregate demand curve) and cost-push (caused by shifts of the aggregate supply curve). Stagflation, in this view, is caused by cost-push inflation. Cost-push inflation occurs when some force or condition increases the costs of production. This could be caused by government policies (such as taxes) or from purely external factors such as a shortage of natural resources or an act of war.

Contemporary Keynesian analyses argue that stagflation can be understood by distinguishing factors that affect aggregate demand from those that affect aggregate supply. While monetary and fiscal policy can be used to stabilise the economy in the face of aggregate demand fluctuations, they are not very useful in confronting aggregate supply fluctuations. In particular, an adverse shock to aggregate supply, such as an increase in oil prices, can give rise to stagflation.

Supply theory

Fundamentals
Supply theories are based on the neo-Keynesian cost-push model and attribute stagflation to significant disruptions to the supply side of the supply-demand market equation, such as when there is a sudden real or relative scarcity of key commodities, natural resources, or natural capital needed to produce goods and services. Other factors may also cause supply problems, for example, social and political conditions such as policy changes, acts of war, extremely restrictive government control of production. In this view, stagflation is thought to occur when there is an adverse supply shock (for example, a sudden increase in the price of oil or a new tax) that causes a subsequent jump in the "cost" of goods and services (often at the wholesale level).  In technical terms, this results in contraction or negative shift in an economy's aggregate supply curve.

In the resource scarcity scenario (Zinam 1982), stagflation results when economic growth is inhibited by a restricted supply of raw materials.  That is, when the actual or relative supply of basic materials (fossil fuels (energy), minerals, agricultural land in production, timber, etc.) decreases and/or cannot be increased fast enough in response to rising or continuing demand. The resource shortage may be a real physical shortage, or a relative scarcity due to factors such as taxes or bad monetary policy influencing the "cost" or availability of raw materials.  This is consistent with the cost-push inflation factors in neo-Keynesian theory (above). The way this plays out is that after supply shock occurs, the economy first tries to maintain momentum. That is, consumers and businesses begin paying higher prices to maintain their level of demand. The central bank may exacerbate this by increasing the money supply, by lowering interest rates for example, in an effort to combat a recession. The increased money supply props up the demand for goods and services, though demand would normally drop during a recession.

In the Keynesian model, higher prices prompt increases in the supply of goods and services. However, during a supply shock (i.e., scarcity, "bottleneck" in resources, etc.), supplies do not respond as they normally would to these price pressures.  So, inflation jumps and output drops, producing stagflation.

Explaining the 1970s stagflation

Following Richard Nixon's imposition of wage and price controls on 15 August 1971, an initial wave of cost-push shocks in commodities were blamed for causing spiraling prices. The second major shock was the 1973 oil crisis, when the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) constrained the worldwide supply of oil. Both events, combined with the overall energy shortage that characterized the 1970s, resulted in actual or relative scarcity of raw materials. The price controls resulted in shortages at the point of purchase, causing, for example, queues of consumers at fuelling stations and increased production costs for industry.

Recent views

Through the mid-1970s, it was alleged that none of the major macroeconomic models (Keynesian, New Classical, and monetarist) were able to explain stagflation.

Later, an explanation was provided based on the effects of adverse supply shocks on both inflation and output. According to Blanchard (2009), these adverse events were one of two components of stagflation; the other was "ideas"—which Robert Lucas, Thomas Sargent, and Robert Barro were cited as expressing as "wildly incorrect" and "fundamentally flawed" predictions (of Keynesian economics) which, they said, left stagflation to be explained by "contemporary students of the business cycle". In this discussion, Blanchard hypothesizes that the recent oil price increases could trigger another period of stagflation, although this has not yet happened (pg. 152).

Neoclassical views

A purely neoclassical view of the macroeconomy rejects the idea that monetary policy can have real effects. Neoclassical macroeconomists argue that real economic quantities, like real output, employment, and unemployment, are determined by real factors only. Nominal factors like changes in the money supply only affect nominal variables like inflation. The neoclassical idea that nominal factors cannot have real effects is often called monetary neutrality or also the classical dichotomy.

Since the neoclassical viewpoint says that real phenomena like unemployment are essentially unrelated to nominal phenomena like inflation, a neoclassical economist would offer two separate explanations for 'stagnation' and 'inflation'. Neoclassical explanations of stagnation (low growth and high unemployment) include inefficient government regulations or high benefits for the unemployed that give people less incentive to look for jobs.  Another neoclassical explanation of stagnation is given by real business cycle theory, in which any decrease in labour productivity makes it efficient to work less.  The main neoclassical explanation of inflation is very simple: it happens when the monetary authorities increase the money supply too much.

In the neoclassical viewpoint, the real factors that determine output and unemployment affect the aggregate supply curve only. The nominal factors that determine inflation affect the aggregate demand curve only. When some adverse changes in real factors are shifting the aggregate supply curve left at the same time that unwise monetary policies are shifting the aggregate demand curve right, the result is stagflation.

Thus the main explanation for stagflation under a classical view of the economy is simply policy errors that affect both inflation and the labour market. Ironically, a very clear argument in favour of the classical explanation of stagflation was provided by Keynes himself. In 1919, John Maynard Keynes described the inflation and economic stagnation gripping Europe in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace.  Keynes wrote:

"Lenin is said to have declared that the best way to destroy the Capitalist System was to debauch the currency. By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens. By this method they not only confiscate, but they confiscate arbitrarily; and, while the process impoverishes many, it actually enriches some." [...]

"Lenin was certainly right. There is no subtler, no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency. The process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction, and does it in a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose."

Keynes explicitly pointed out the relationship between governments printing money and inflation.

"The inflationism of the currency systems of Europe has proceeded to extraordinary lengths. The various belligerent Governments, unable, or too timid or too short-sighted to secure from loans or taxes the resources they required, have printed notes for the balance."

Keynes also pointed out how government price controls discourage production.

"The presumption of a spurious value for the currency, by the force of law expressed in the regulation of prices, contains in itself, however, the seeds of final economic decay, and soon dries up the sources of ultimate supply. If a man is compelled to exchange the fruits of his labours for paper which, as experience soon teaches him, he cannot use to purchase what he requires at a price comparable to that which he has received for his own products, he will keep his produce for himself, dispose of it to his friends and neighbours as a favour, or relax his efforts in producing it. A system of compelling the exchange of commodities at what is not their real relative value not only relaxes production, but leads finally to the waste and inefficiency of barter."

Keynes detailed the relationship between German government deficits and inflation.

"In Germany the total expenditure of the Empire, the Federal States, and the Communes in 1919–20 is estimated at 25 milliards of marks, of which not above 10 milliards are covered by previously existing taxation. This is without allowing anything for the payment of the indemnity. In Russia, Poland, Hungary, or Austria such a thing as a budget cannot be seriously considered to exist at all."

"Thus the menace of inflationism described above is not merely a product of the war, of which peace begins the cure. It is a continuing phenomenon of which the end is not yet in sight."

Keynesian in the short run, classical in the long run
While most economists believe that changes in money supply can have some real effects in the short run, neoclassical and neo-Keynesian economists tend to agree that there are no long-run effects from changing the money supply. Therefore, even economists who consider themselves neo-Keynesians usually believe that in the long run, money is neutral. In other words, while neoclassical and neo-Keynesian models are often seen as competing points of view, they can also be seen as two descriptions appropriate for different time horizons. Many mainstream textbooks today treat the neo-Keynesian model as a more appropriate description of the economy in the short run, when prices are 'sticky', and treat the neoclassical model as a more appropriate description of the economy in the long run, when prices have sufficient time to adjust fully.

Therefore, while mainstream economists today might often attribute short periods of stagflation (not more than a few years) to adverse changes in supply, they would not accept this as an explanation of very prolonged stagflation. More prolonged stagflation would be explained as the effect of inappropriate government policies: excessive regulation of product markets and labor markets leading to long-run stagnation, and excessive growth of the money supply leading to long-run inflation.

Alternative views

As differential accumulation

Political economists Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler have proposed an explanation of stagflation as part of a theory they call differential accumulation, which says firms seek to beat the average profit and capitalisation rather than maximise. According to this theory, periods of mergers and acquisitions oscillate with periods of stagflation. When mergers and acquisitions are no longer politically feasible (governments clamp down with anti-monopoly rules), stagflation is used as an alternative to have higher relative profit than the competition. With increasing mergers and acquisitions, the power to implement stagflation increases.

Stagflation appears as a societal crisis, such as during the period of the oil crisis in the 70s and in 2007 to 2010. Inflation in stagflation, however, does not affect all firms equally. Dominant firms are able to increase their own prices at a faster rate than competitors. While in the aggregate no one appears to profit, differentially dominant firms improve their positions with higher relative profits and higher relative capitalisation. Stagflation is not due to any actual supply shock, but because of the societal crisis that hints at a supply crisis. It is mostly a 20th and 21st century phenomenon that has been mainly used by the "weapondollar-petrodollar coalition" creating or using Middle East crises for the benefit of pecuniary interests.

Demand-pull stagflation theory
Demand-pull stagflation theory explores the idea that stagflation can result exclusively from monetary shocks without any concurrent supply shocks or negative shifts in economic output potential.  Demand-pull theory describes a scenario where stagflation can occur following a period of monetary policy implementations that cause inflation.  This theory was first proposed in 1999 by Eduardo Loyo of Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

Supply-side theory
Supply-side economics emerged as a response to US stagflation in the 1970s. It largely attributed inflation to the ending of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 and the lack of a specific price reference in the subsequent monetary policies (Keynesian and Monetarism).  Supply-side economists asserted that the contraction component of stagflation resulted from an inflation-induced rise in real tax rates (see bracket creep)

Austrian School of economics
Adherents to the Austrian School maintain that creation of new money ex nihilo benefits the creators and early recipients of the new money relative to late recipients.  Money creation is not wealth creation; it merely allows early money recipients to outbid late recipients for resources, goods, and services.
Since the actual producers of wealth are typically late recipients, increases in the money supply weakens wealth formation and undermines the rate of economic growth. Says Austrian economist Frank Shostak:

"The increase in the money supply rate of growth coupled with the slowdown in the rate of growth of goods produced is what the increase in the rate of price inflation is all about. (Note that a price is the amount of money paid for a unit of a good.) What we have here is a faster increase in price inflation and a decline in the rate of growth in the production of goods. But this is exactly what stagflation is all about, i.e., an increase in price inflation and a fall in real economic growth.  Popular opinion is that stagflation is totally made up. It seems therefore that the phenomenon of stagflation is the normal outcome of loose monetary policy. This is in agreement with [Phelps and Friedman (PF)]. Contrary to PF, however, we maintain that stagflation is not caused by the fact that in the short run people are fooled by the central bank. Stagflation is the natural result of monetary pumping which weakens the pace of economic growth and at the same time raises the rate of increase of the prices of goods and services."

Jane Jacobs and the influence of cities on stagflation

In 1984, journalist and activist Jane Jacobs proposed the failure of major macroeconomic theories to explain stagflation was due to their focus on the nation as the salient unit of economic analysis, rather than the city. She proposed that the key to avoiding stagflation was for a nation to focus on the development of "import-replacing cities" that would experience economic ups and downs at different times, providing overall national stability and avoiding widespread stagflation. According to Jacobs, import-replacing cities are those with developed economies that balance their own production with domestic imports—so they can respond with flexibility as economic supply and demand cycles change. While lauding her originality, clarity, and consistency, urban planning scholars have criticized Jacobs for not comparing her own ideas to those of major theorists (e.g., Adam Smith, Karl Marx) with the same depth and breadth they developed, as well as a lack of scholarly documentation. Despite these issues, Jacobs' work is notable for having widespread public readership and influence on decision-makers.

Responses
Stagflation undermined support for the Keynesian consensus.

Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker very sharply increased interest rates from 1979–1983 in what was called a "disinflationary scenario". After U.S. prime interest rates had soared into the double-digits, inflation did come down; these interest rates were the highest long-term prime interest rates that had ever existed in modern capital markets. Volcker is often credited with having stopped at least the inflationary side of stagflation, although the American economy also dipped into recession. Starting in approximately 1983, growth began a recovery. Both fiscal stimulus and money supply growth were policy at this time. A five- to six-year jump in unemployment during the Volcker disinflation suggests Volcker may have trusted unemployment to self-correct and return to its natural rate within a reasonable period.

See also

Agflation
Biflation
Chronic inflation
Deflation
Economic stagnation
Hyperinflation
Inflationism
Shrinkflation
Stagflation in the United States
Zero interest-rate policy

Notes

References

Further reading

Category:Inflation
Category:Political economy
Category:1970s economic history
Category:Unemployment
Category:20th-century neologisms


South Lake, California

South Lake, California may refer to:
 South Lake, Kern County, California
 South Lake, Tulare County, California
 South Lake Tahoe, California


Lieuwe Steiger

Lieuwe Steiger (born in Haarlem, 15 April 1924 – died in Eindhoven, 17 October 2006) was a Dutch football goalkeeper.

He played 383 Eredivisie matches with PSV Eindhoven (1942-1957, 1959), playing also for the Netherlands national football team in 1953-54. In the European Cup 1955–56 he played PSV first round matches against SK Rapid Wien. He died aged 82 years old.

External links
Profile at Voetbal International

Category:1924 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:Dutch footballers
Category:Netherlands international footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:PSV Eindhoven players
Category:Footballers from Haarlem


Tha Eastsidaz (album)

Tha Eastsidaz is the eponymous debut studio album by American Gangsta rap group Tha Eastsidaz. It was released February 1, 2000 on Dogghouse Records and TVT Records. The album was recorded at Dogghouse Studio, Music Grinder & Skip Saylor Recording, Hollywood, California.

Most of the songs were performed live on Hustler's rap-porn compilation Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle XXX DVD. The album was executive produced by Snoop Dogg.

Critical reception

The album overall received generally positive reviews from music critics.

Commercial performance
Tha Eastsidaz debuted at number 8 on the US Billboard 200, selling 100,000 copies in its first week. It was certificated Platinum on October 11, 2000.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

External links
 Chart Data
 Music.com
 Top40 charts

References

Category:2000 debut albums
Category:Snoop Dogg albums
Category:Tray Deee albums
Category:Albums produced by Battlecat (producer)
Category:Albums produced by JellyRoll
Category:Albums produced by L.T. Hutton
Category:Albums produced by Soopafly
Category:Albums produced by Warren G
Category:Albums produced by Keith Clizark
Category:Tha Eastsidaz albums
Category:Collaborative albums


Pennon

A pennon or pennant is a flag that is larger at the hoist than at the fly. It can have several shapes, such as triangular, tapering or triangular swallowtail.

It was one of the principal three varieties of flags carried during the Middle Ages (the other two were the banner and the standard). Pennoncells and streamers or pendants are minor varieties of this style of flag. The pennon is a flag resembling the guidon in shape, but only half the size. It does not contain any coat of arms, but only crests, mottos and heraldic and ornamental devices.

Etymology
Pennon comes from the Latin penna meaning "a wing" or "a feather".

Description
The pennon was sometimes pointed, but more generally forked or swallow-tailed at the end. In the 11th century, the pennon was generally square, the fly end being decorated with the addition of pointed tongues or streamers, somewhat similar to the oriflamme. During the reign of Henry III, the pennon acquired the distinctive swallow-tail, or the single-pointed shape. Another version of the single-pointed pennon was introduced in the 13th century. In shape this was a scalene triangle, obtained by cutting diagonally the vertically oblong banner.

Usage

The pennon was a purely personal ensign. It was essentially the flag of the knight bachelor, as apart from the knight banneret, carried by him on his lance, displaying his personal armorial bearings, and set out so that they stood in correct position when he couched his lance for charging. A manuscript of the 16th century (Harl. 2358, "A paper Heraldical book in small Quarto") in the British Museum, which gives detailed particulars as to the size, shape and bearings of the standards, banners, pennons and pennoncells, says "a pennon must be two yards and a half long, made round at the end, and contain the arms of the owner," and warns that "from a standard or streamer a man may flee but not from his banner or pennon bearing his arms." A pennoncell (or penselle) was a diminutive pennon carried by the esquires.

Pennons were also used for any special ceremonial occasion, and more particularly at state funerals. For instance, there were "XII doz. penselles" among the items that figured at the funeral of the Duke of Norfolk in 1554, and in the description of the lord mayor's procession in 1555, it reads "two goodly pennes (state barges) decked with flags and streamers, and a 1000 penselles."  Among the items that ran the total cost of the funeral of Oliver Cromwell up to an enormous sum of money, there is the mention of 30 dozen of pennoncells a foot long and costing 20 shillings a dozen, and 20 dozen of the same kind of flags at 12 shillings a dozen.

Variant types
The streamer, so called in Tudor days but now better known as the pennant or pendant, was a long, tapering flag, which it was directed "shall stand in the top of a ship or in the forecastle, and therein be put no arms, but the man's cognisance or device, and may be of length 20, 30, 40 or , and is slit as well as a guidon or standard". Among the fittings of the ship that took Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, to France in the reign of Henry VII was a "great streamer for the ship  in length [and]  in breadth".

Besides the white ensign, ships commissioned in the Royal Navy fly a long streamer from the maintopgallant masthead. This, which is called a pennant, is the sign of command, and is first hoisted when a captain commissions his ship. The pennant, which was really the old "pennoncell", was of three colours for the whole of its length, and towards the end left separate in two or three tails, and so continued until the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Now, however the pennant is a long white streamer with the St George's cross in the inner portion close to the mast. Pennants have been carried by men-of-war from the earliest times, prior to 1653 at the yard-arm, but since that date at the maintopgallant masthead. There are other navies that also fly pennant in a similar manner (see pennant (commissioning)).

The commissioning pennant in ships may end in a point, but they can also be forked, in which case it is also called a banderole.

Pennants are also associated with American sports teams, such as Major League Baseball and college sports teams. In Australian rules football, a pennant is awarded to the winner of major competitions. For many years, this was the only prize given. As a result, a League Championship is often referred to as a "pennant", as in, "The Giants win the Pennant!" And in Australian football, a premiership can also be referred to as a "flag".

The Dutch Pennon

In the Netherlands, an orange pennon is always used on the King's Day. It is flown alongside the standard Dutch flag. The Dutch provinces each have a pennon as well.

See also
 Campaign streamer
 Heraldic standard
 Household pennants of Finland
 Pennant (church)
 Pennant (commissioning)
 Burgee

Notes

References
  Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1885.

 Attribution

Category:Types of flags
Category:Heraldry


Faliszówka

Faliszówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chorkówka, within Krosno County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately  west of Chorkówka,  south-west of Krosno, and  south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

The village has a population of 825.

References

Category:Villages in Krosno County


Cylindrarctus crinifer

Cylindrarctus crinifer is a species of ant-loving beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is found in North America.

References

Further reading

Category:Pselaphinae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Beetles described in 1894


1978 French Open – Mixed Doubles

John McEnroe and Mary Carillo were the defending champions but both players chose not to participate.

Virginia Ruzici, the winner of the women's singles and the women's doubles titles, reached the mixed doubles final, which she lost to Pavel Složil and Renáta Tomanová when her partner Patrice Dominguez, had to retire injured.

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Bottom Half

References

Mixed Doubles
Category:French Open by year – Mixed Doubles


Aaron Yoo

Aaron Yoo (born May 12, 1979) is a Korean American actor. He is best known for appearing in the films Disturbia (2007), 21 (2008) and Friday the 13th (2009) as well as playing Russell Kwon in the sci-fi series The Tomorrow People (2013–14).

Career
He starred in the 2007 films Disturbia and American Pastime, the 2008 film 21, Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist, The Wackness, and Labor Pains, and had a role in the 2009 version of Friday the 13th.

Yoo had his appendix removed shortly before filming of Friday the 13 began, and could not film his scenes right away. As soon as he was ready for filming, the director Marcus Nispel immediately hung him upside down in some rafters, exposing the staples over his surgical wound, for the character's post-death shot.

He co-starred in HBO's Rocket Science, as the protagonist's best friend, Heston.  Critic Rory Liston described Heston as "one of the best characters of the decade" and "an awe inspiring display of emotion that reflected the Asian community in America", in 2009, writer and director Jeffrey Blitz was quoted in saying that Heston was based on the critic Liston.

His stage credits include the premiere of Christopher Shinn's Where Do We Live, the anthology production Savage Acts (both 2004), Mac Wellman's Cellophane (2003) and a 2002 revival of Lope de Vega' Fuente Ovejuna.

Personal life
Aaron Yoo was born in Dallas, Texas to Korean parents. He moved from Edison to East Brunswick, New Jersey at the age of 8. He has an older sister. He attended East Brunswick High School where he played cello in the orchestra and ran track until he graduated in 1997. Afterwards, he studied at the University of Pennsylvania where he graduated in 2001 with a degree in theatre, he was a member of Sigma Nu fraternity there.

He is married to Fara Homidi, who works in the fashion industry as a make-up artist. In his spare time, he practices DJ-ing, pole-vaulting and playing the cello. He is fully bilingual in Korean and English.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Category:1979 births
Category:American male actors of Korean descent
Category:Male actors from New Jersey
Category:21st-century American male actors
Category:American male film actors
Category:American male stage actors
Category:American male television actors
Category:East Brunswick High School alumni
Category:Living people
Category:People from East Brunswick, New Jersey
Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni


Kahama United

Kahama United is a Tanzanian football club based in Shinyanga. Their home games are played at Kambarage Stadium.

Category:Football clubs in Tanzania


Nsundi

Nsundi was a province of the old Kingdom of Kongo whose capital lay on the Inkisi River in modern-day Democratic Republic of Congo near the village of Mbanza Nsundi.

History
According to traditions retold by Duarte Lopes, Kongo's ambassador to Rome, and published by Filippo Pigafetta in 1591, Nsundi was formerly an independent small kingdom which was incorporated into Kongo's domains probably in the early to mid-fifteenth century. The province was expanded by its earlier holders east and west along the south bank of the Congo River, and in the late fifteenth century also on the other bank of the river. Portuguese military forces, sent to assist the kings of Kongo in 1491 were deployed to put down a rebellion from sections on both banks of the river.

Later tradition suggested that it was often given to the king's chosen successor to rule, and in fact, the earliest known ruler of Nsundi, Afonso Mvemba a Nzinga, son of Nzinga a Nkuwu, who reigned in the late fifteenth century did become king in 1509. However, the subsequent history of the country does not support the idea that the heir apparent always held this post, and in fact kings came from many different provinces.

Nsundi was a royal province, meaning that it was governed, at the king's pleasure, by an appointed official on a limited term, often three years. When King Álvaro II renamed the provincial nobility along European lines in the late sixteenth century, Nsundi was declared a Duchy.  One of the more powerful of its Dukes, Manuel Jordão, served as something of a king-maker in the period 1624-28, before he was humiliated and removed by King Ambrósio I in 1628.

During the civil wars that followed the Battle of Mbwila in 1665, Nsundi gradually became more or less independent under a line of Dukes from the Kimpanzu branch of the royal family.

Category:Former monarchies of Africa
Category:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Category:Former countries in Africa


List of fantasy story collections

Some notable fantasy short story collections, in alphabetical order by title
(some of these collections may also include some science-fiction stories):

A
The Adventures of Doctor Eszterhazy by Avram Davidson
And Walk Now Gently Through the Fire by R. A. Lafferty et al.
 Apocalypses (two novellas) by R. A. Lafferty
The Avram Davidson Treasury by Avram Davidson

B
The Back Door of History by R. A. Lafferty
The Barnum Museum by Steven Millhauser
Best Ghost Stories of J. S. Lefanu by Sheridan Le Fanu
The Best of Avram Davidson by Avram Davidson
The Best Tales of Hoffmann by E. T. A. Hoffmann
The Bible Repairman by Tim Powers
The Bloody Chamber by Angela Carter
The Book of Fritz Leiber by Fritz Leiber
The Book of Wonder by Lord Dunsany

C
Carnacki the Ghost-Finder by William Hope Hodgson
The Castle of Crossed Destinies (two novellas) by Italo Calvino
Changing Planes by Ursula K. Le Guin
Collected Fantasies by Avram Davidson
Collected Fictions by Jorge Luis Borges
 an omnibus of all eight volumes of Borges' fiction (which is entirely short stories)
The Compass Rose by Ursula K. Le Guin
The Compleat Traveller in Black  The Compleat Traveller in Black by John Brunner
Complete Fairy Tales by George MacDonald
Complete Fairy Tales by Oscar Wilde
The Compleat Traveller in Black a.k.a. The Compleat Traveller in Black by John Brunner
Cinderella

D
Dark Carnival a.k.a. The Small Assassin by Ray Bradbury
The Darrell Schweitzer Megapack by Darrell Schweitzer
The Day It Rained Forever a.k.a. A Medicine for Melancholy by Ray Bradbury
The Devils in the Details by James Blaylock and Tim Powers
Does Anyone Else Have Something Further to Add? by R. A. Lafferty
A Dreamer's Tales by Lord Dunsany
Dreams of Distant Shores by Patricia A. McKillip
Driving Blind by Ray Bradbury
The Dying Earth a.k.a. Mazirian the Magician by Jack Vance

E
The Early Lafferty by R. A. Lafferty
The Early Lafferty II by R. A. Lafferty
Echoes of the Goddess by Darrell Schweitzer
Eight Fantasms and Magics by Jack Vance
Elementals by A. S. Byatt
The Emperor of the Ancient Word and Other Fantastic Stories by Darrell Schweitzer
The Enquiries of Doctor Eszterhazy by Avram Davidson

F
Fancies and Goodnights by John Collier
Fantasy Pieces in Callot's Manner by E. T. A. Hoffmann
Femmes fantastiques by Paul Laurendeau
Fifty-One Tales a.k.a. The Food of Death by Lord Dunsany
Fireworks by Angela Carter
The Food of Death a.k.a. Fifty-One Tales by Lord Dunsany
The Fortunes of Brak by John Jakes
Four Stories by R. A. Lafferty
Fragile Things by Neil Gaiman
From the Realm of Morpheus by Steven Millhauser

G
Ghost Trouble by Richard Parks
The Ghosts of Manacle by Charles G. Finney
The Ghosts of the Heaviside Layer, and Other Fantasms by Lord Dunsany
Giant Bones a.k.a. The Magician of Karakosk by Peter S. Beagle
The Gods of Pegana by Lord Dunsany
The Golden Apples of the Sun by Ray Bradbury
Golden Gate and Other Stories by R. A. Lafferty
The Golden Pot and Other Tales by E. T. A. Hoffmann
Golden Wings and Other Stories by William Morris
The Great World and the Small: More Tales of the Ominous and Magical by Darrell Schweitzer
Green Magic by Jack Vance

H
The Harold Shea Tales by L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt
 collected in The Incomplete Enchanter, Wall of Serpents, The Compleat Enchanter, The Complete Compleat Enchanter, The Enchanter Reborn, The Exotic Enchanter, and The Mathematics of Magic: The Enchanter Stories of L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt
Harrowing the Dragon by Patricia A. McKillip
Heart of Stone, Dear and Other Stories by R. A. Lafferty
Heroes and Horrors by Fritz Leiber
Heroes in the Wind by Robert E. Howard

I
I Sing the Body Electric by Ray Bradbury
The Illustrated Man by Ray Bradbury
In a Glass Darkly by Sheridan Le Fanu
In For a Penny by James Blaylock
In the Penny Arcade by Steven Millhauser
Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino
Irish Fairy Tales by James Stephens
Iron Tears by R. A. Lafferty

J
John the Balladeer by Manly Wade Wellman
The Jorkens Tales by Lord Dunsany (many but not all are fantasies)
 collected in The Travel Tales of Mr. Joseph Jorkens, Jorkens Remembers Africa, Jorkens Has a Large Whiskey, The Fourth Book of Jorkens, Jorkens Borrows Another Whiskey, and The Last Book of Jorkens

K
Kai Lung Beneath the Mulberry Tree by Ernest Bramah
Kai Lung: Six by Ernest Bramah
The King in the Tree (three novellas) by Steven Millhauser
The Knight and Knave of Swords by Fritz Leiber
The Knife Thrower and Other Stories by Steven Millhauser

L
The Ladies of Grace Adieu and Other Stories by Susanna Clarke
Lafferty in Orbit by R. A. Lafferty
The Last Book of Wonder a.k.a. Tales of Wonder by Lord Dunsany
¡Limekiller! by Avram Davidson
Lin Carter's Simrana Cycle by Lin Carter
The Line Between by Peter S. Beagle
Little Black Book of Stories by A. S. Byatt
Little Kingdoms (three novellas) by Steven Millhauser
Little Wizard Stories of Oz by L. Frank Baum
Living With the Dead (The Tale of Old Corpsenberg) by Darrell Schweitzer
Long After Midnight by Ray Bradbury

M
The Machineries of Joy by Ray Bradbury
Madame Crowl's Ghost and Other Tales of Mystery by Sheridan LeFanu
The Magician of Karakosk a.k.a. Giant Bones by Peter S. Beagle
The Man Who Ate the Phoenix by Lord Dunsany
The Man Who Made Models and Other Stories by R. A. Lafferty
The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury
Mazirian the Magician a.k.a. The Dying Earth by Jack Vance
The Meaning of Life and Other Awesome Cosmic Revelations by Darrell Schweitzer
A Medicine for Melancholy a.k.a. The Day It Rained Forever by Ray Bradbury
Mischief Malicious (And Murder Most Strange) by R. A. Lafferty

N
Necromancies and Netherworlds: Uncanny Stories by Darrell Schweitzer and Jason Van Hollander
Night Moves and Other Stories by Tim Powers
Nightscapes: Tales of the Ominous and Magical by Darrell Schweitzer
Nine Hundred Grandmothers by R. A. Lafferty
Novelties & Souvenirs by John Crowley
Numbers in the Dark by Italo Calvino

O
The October Country by Ray Bradbury
The Ogre's Wife by Richard Parks
On the Banks of the River of Heaven by Richard Parks
One More for the Road by Ray Bradbury
Or All the Seas with Oysters by Avram Davidson
The Other Nineteenth Century by Avram Davidson

P
The Panic Hand by Jonathan Carroll
Poems and Stories by J. R. R. Tolkien
Poems in Prose by Oscar Wilde
Promontory Goats by R. A. Lafferty
The Purple Pterodactyls by L. Sprague de Camp

Q
Quicker Than the Eye by Ray Bradbury
Qfwfq short-story series by Italo Calvino
 collected in Cosmicomics and t zero (but Numbers in the Dark also contains some Qfwfq stories)

R
R is for Rocket by Ray Bradbury
The Redward Edward Papers by Avram Davidson
Refugees from an Imaginary Country by Darrell Schweitzer
The Reluctant Shaman and Other Fantastic Tales by L. Sprague de Camp
The Rhinoceros Who Quoted Nietzsche by Peter S. Beagle
Ringing Changes by R. A. Lafferty

S
The Serpent Bride by K.V. Johansen
S is for Space by Ray Bradbury
The Second Book of Fritz Leiber by Fritz Leiber
Sekenre: The Book of the Sorcerer by Darrell Schweitzer
Shadows & Light: Tales of Lost Kingdoms Edited by Alva J. Roberts
Slightly Off Center by Neal Barrett
Slippery and Other Stories by R. A. Lafferty
The Small Assassin a.k.a. Dark Carnival by Ray Bradbury
Smoke and Mirrors by Neil Gaiman
Snake in His Bosom and Other Stories by R. A. Lafferty
Stories of Your Life and Others by Ted Chiang
Strange Doings by R. A. Lafferty
Strange Itineraries by Tim Powers
Strange Seas and Shores by Avram Davidson
Sugar and Other Stories by A. S. Byatt
The Sword of Welleran and Other Stories by Lord Dunsany
Swords Against Death by Fritz Leiber
Swords Against Wizardry by Fritz Leiber
Swords and Deviltry by Fritz Leiber
Swords and Ice Magic by Fritz Leiber
Swords in the Mist by Fritz Leiber

T
Tales from Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin
Tales from Gavagan's Bar by L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt
Tales from the Perilous Realm by J. R. R. Tolkien
Tales of E. T. A. Hoffmann by E. T. A. Hoffmann
Tales of God and Men cycle by Lord Dunsany
comprises The Gods of Pegana, Time and the Gods, The Sword of Welleran, A Dreamer's Tales, The Book of Wonder, Fifty-One Tales (a.k.a. The Food of Death), The Last Book of Wonder, and Tales of Three Hemispheres
Tales of Hoffmann by E. T. A. Hoffmann
The Tales of the Genii by James Ridley
Tales of Three Hemispheres by Lord Dunsany
Tales of Wonder a.k.a. The Last Book of Wonder by Lord Dunsany
Thirteen Phantasms by James Blaylock
Through Elegant Eyes: Stories of Austro and the Men Who Know Everything by R. A. Lafferty
Time and the Gods by Lord Dunsany
Tom O'Bedlam's Night Out and Other Strange Excursions by Darrell Schweitzer
The Toynbee Convector by Ray Bradbury
Transients and Other Disquieting Stories by Darrell Schweitzer
The Tritonian Ring and Other Pusadian Tales by L. Sprague de Camp

U
Unfinished Tales by J. R. R. Tolkien

V
Viriconium Nights by M. John Harrison

W
The Wallet of Kai Lung by Ernest Bramah
The Watcher and Other Stories by Italo Calvino
We Are All Legends by Darrell Schweitzer
What Strange Stars and Skies by Avram Davidson
Whimsical Tales of Douglas Jerrold by Douglas Jerrold
Wonders of the Invisible World by Patricia A. McKillip
Worshipping Small Gods by Richard Parks

X

Y
Yamada Monogatari: Demon Hunter by Richard Parks
Young Thongor by Lin Carter

Z

Novels and science-fiction short-story collections should not be included here: they have their own lists.

Story collections

Category:Lists of stories


Al-Thawra

Al-Thawra (, means "The Revolution") is an experimental metal punk band with rhythms and modes that draw heavily on Middle Eastern influences. Band member Marwan Kemal describes a
"third identity" between the "false dichotomy of East and West", pointing out that "in the Middle East, I'm still always 'the American kid'". Kemal grew up in Chicago — the band's bassist Mario Salazar is Mexican, and Sahar Salameh joined the band as a vocalist when she was 16 years old. Kamel's father is Syrian, but his mother was raised Catholic — he says he is "more influenced by the mystical paths in Islam. Like Sufism." The Islamic Monthly describes the band as challenging "mainstream Arab and Muslim 'Americaness'" Their musical genre has various been described as taqwacore and raïcore. (Raïcore is a genre that blends traditional Algerian folk music with punk rock.)

The band's name Al Thawra means "revolution" in Arabic.

References

External links
 Photostory by Kim Badawi
 Mid East Youth Article on Al-Thawra by Daniela Kantorova

 Rolling Stone Magazine
 BBC Newsnight

Category:Punk rock groups from Illinois
Category:Indie rock musical groups from Illinois
Category:Taqwacore
Category:Musical groups from Chicago
Category:Crust and d-beat groups

de:Ath-Thaura


Basque conflict

The Basque conflict, also known as the Spain–ETA conflict, was an armed and political conflict from 1959 to 2011 between Spain and the Basque National Liberation Movement, a group of social and political Basque organizations which sought independence from Spain and France. The movement was built around the separatist organization ETA, which had launched a campaign of attacks against Spanish administrations since 1959. ETA had been proscribed as a terrorist organization by the Spanish, British, French and American authorities at different moments. The conflict took place mostly on Spanish soil, although to a smaller degree it was also present in France, which was primarily used as a safe haven by ETA members. It was the longest running violent conflict in modern Western Europe. It has been sometimes referred to as "Europe's longest war".

The terminology is controversial. "Basque conflict" is preferred by Basque nationalist groups, including those opposed to ETA violence. Others, such as a number of Basque academics and historians commissioned to draft a report on the subject by the Basque government, reject the term, seeing it as legitimate state agencies fighting a terrorist group which had been responsible for the vast majority of deaths.

The conflict had both political and military dimensions. Its participants included politicians and political activists on both sides, the abertzale left (Basque nationalist left) and the Spanish government, and the security forces of Spain and France fighting against ETA and other small organizations, usually involved in the kale borroka (Basque youth guerrilla violence). Far-right paramilitary groups fighting against ETA were also active in the 1970s and 1980s.

Although the debate on Basque independence started in the 19th century, the armed conflict did not start until ETA was created in 1959. Since then, the conflict resulted in the deaths of more than 1,000 people, including police and security officers, members of the armed forces, Spanish politicians, journalists and civilians and some ETA members. There also were thousands of people injured, dozens kidnapped and a disputed number going into exile, either to flee from the violence or to avoid capture by Spanish or French police or by Europol/Interpol.

On 20 October 2011, ETA announced a "definitive cessation of its armed activity". Spanish premier Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero described the move as "a victory for democracy, law and reason".

Definition of the conflict
The term "Basque conflict" is used either to define:

1 the broad political conflict between a part of Basque society and the initially Francoist and later Constitutional model of the Spanish decentralized state

2 exclusively describe the armed confrontation between the separatist group ETA and the Spanish state

3 a mixture of both perspectives.

France was not initially involved in the conflict with ETA nor was it ever targeted by the organization, and the French only slowly began to cooperate with Spanish law enforcement, beginning in 1987, regarding the conflict. Unlike the British participation in the conflict in Northern Ireland, the Spanish armed forces were never deployed or involved in the Basque conflict, although they represented one of ETA's major targets outside the Basque Country.

José Luis de la Granja, Santiago de Pablo and Ludger Mees argue that the term Basque conflict, while technically correct in several languages as equivalent of 'question' or 'problem', should not give the impression of a war between Euskal Herria and the states of Spain and France, preferring the terms problema or cuestión (problem or question), that would encompass both the problems in the integration of the Basque territories in the contemporary Spanish state and also the secular problems of cohabitation among the Basques themselves.

According to Paddy Woodworth in a 2009 article in the New York Times,

According to Gaizka Fernández Soldevilla, the narrative of the existence of a secular conflict between Basques and Spaniards has been one of the most used tropes by ETA and the abertzale left as pretext for the activity of the former. José Antonio Pérez Pérez points out that the perception of a war between an occupying Spain and a basque people defender of the basque liberties and victim of genocide would have served as justifying framework of the ETA armed activity. According to Luis Castells and Fernando Molina the formulation of the existence of two symmetric violences, that would allow for a split of responsibilities between ETA and the states of Spain and France, carrying therefore a dilution of the responsibility of ETA, is a narrative heavily espoused by the Abertzale left, that also would present ETA as an inevitable historic response to the secular conflict. According to Fernández Soldevilla, in spite of the end of the armed activity, the narrative of the basque conflict, fixed and divulgated by abertzale organic intellectuals such as historians Francisco Letamendia and Jose Mari Lorenzo, publicists such as Iñaki Egaña or Eduardo Renobales or journalists such as Luis Núñez Astrain, would be still useful as suggestive message in order to delegitimize the current democratic system, mixing victims with victimaries and equating the Basque case to real conflicts such as those of South Africa and Northern Ireland.

This idea has been rejected, for example, by José Maria Ruiz Soroa and by the main constitutionalist Spanish parties. Some politicians have gone as far as rejecting the existence of even a political conflict and refer only to the action of a terrorist organisation against the rule of law. A group of Basque historians argued that, rather than a Basque Conflict, the situation in the Basque Country was one of "ETA totalitarianism." In 2012, Antonio Basagoiti, the head of the Basque branch of the People's Party admitted the existence of a Basque conflict, but stated that it was a political one between different entities in the Basque country. Joseba Louzao and Fernando Molina argue that the idea of pluralism used by a part of Basque historiography relates more to a particular state of the public sphere ('plurality') rather than to a positive engagement of the several political and social actors ('pluralism'); according to them, the appeal to pluralism finally led to its conceptual voidment and banalization, allowing for it to be subsumed within the metanarrative of the basque conflict.

Amaiur Senator Urko Aiartza and Dr Julen Zabalo have written that

Background

The Basque Country () is the name given to the geographical area located on the shores of the Bay of Biscay and on the two sides of the western Pyrenees that spans the border between France and Spain. Nowadays, this area roughly belongs to three different political structures: the Basque autonomous community, also known as Euskadi, and Navarre in Spain, and the three Northern Basque historical provinces (Labourd, Lower Navarre and Soule), administratively part of the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques. Approximately 3,000,000 people live in the Basque Country.

Basque people have managed to preserve their own identifying characteristics such as their own culture and language throughout the centuries and today a large part of the population shares a collective consciousness and a desire to be self-governed, either with further political autonomy or full independence. For instance, the football club Athletic Bilbao, maintains a signing policy of only recruiting Basque born or raised players. Over the centuries, the Basque Country has maintained various levels of political self-governance under different Spanish political frameworks. Nowadays, Euskadi enjoys the highest level of self-governance of any nonstate entity within the European Union. However, tensions about the type of relationship the Basque territories should maintain with the Spanish authorities have existed since the origins of the Spanish state and in many cases have fuelled military confrontation, such as the Carlist Wars and the Spanish Civil War.

Following the 1936 coup d'état that overthrew the Spanish republican government, a civil war between Spanish nationalist and republican forces broke out. Nearly all Basque nationalist forces, led by the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) sided with the Republic, even though Basque nationalists in Álava and Navarre fought along Basque Carlists on the side of Spanish nationalists. The war ended with the victory of the nationalist forces, with General Francisco Franco establishing a dictatorship that lasted for almost four decades. During Franco's dictatorship, Basque language and culture were banned, institutions and political organisations abolished (to a lesser degree in Alava and Navarre), and people killed, tortured and imprisoned for their political beliefs. Although repression in the Basque Country was considerably less violent than in other parts of Spain, thousands of Basques were forced to go into exile, usually to Latin America or France.

Influenced by wars of national liberation such as the Algerian War or by conflicts such as the Cuban Revolution, and disappointed with the weak opposition of the PNV against Franco's regime, a young group of students formed ETA in 1959. It first started as an organization demanding the independence of the Basque Country, from a socialist position, and it soon started its armed campaign. According to Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas, ETA became a socialist and revolutionary organization using violence after inner struggles related both to the difficulties found in applying a Third World model of national liberation in an already industrialized territory and the division between purely nationalist stances (such as the Branka splinter group) and the revolutionary ones.

ETA has instructed their militants to systematically denounce torture by the Spanish Forces.

Timeline

1959–1979
ETA's first attacks were sometimes approved of by a part of the Spanish and Basque societies, who saw ETA and the fight for independence as a fight against the Franco administration. In 1970, several members of the organization were condemned to death in the Proceso de Burgos (Burgos Trial), although international pressure resulted in commutation of the death sentences. ETA slowly became more active and powerful, and in 1973 the organisation was able to kill the president of the Government and possible successor of Franco, Luis Carrero Blanco. From that moment on, the regime became tougher in their struggle against ETA: many members died in shootouts with security forces and police carried out big raids, such as the arrest of hundreds of members of ETA in 1975, after the infiltration of a double agent inside the organisation.

In mid-1975, a political bloc known as Koordinadora Abertzale Sozialista (KAS) was created by Basque nationalist organisations. Away from the PNV, the bloc comprised several organisations formed by people contrary to the right-wing Franco's regime and most of them had their origins in several factions of ETA, which was part of the bloc as well. They also adopted the same ideology as the armed organisation, socialism. The creation of KAS would mean the beginning of the Basque National Liberation Movement.

In November 1975, Franco died and Spain started its transition to democracy. Many Basque activists and politicians returned from exile, although some Basque organizations were not legalized as had happened with other Spanish organizations. On the other side, the death of Franco elevated Juan Carlos I to the throne, who chose Adolfo Suárez as Prime Minister of Spain. Following the approval of the Spanish constitution in 1978, a Statute of Autonomy was promulgated and approved in referendum. The Basque Country was organized as an Autonomous Community.

The new Spanish constitution had overwhelming support around Spain, with 88.5% voting in favour on a turnout of 67.1%. In the three provinces of the Basque Country, these figures were lower, with 70.2% voting in favour on a turnout of 44.7%. This was due to the call to abstention by EAJ-PNV and the creation of a coalition of Abertzale left organisations brought together to advocate for "no" in the referendum, as they felt that the constitution did not meet their demands for independence. The coalition was the beginning of the political party Herri Batasuna, which would become the main political front of the Basque National Liberation Movement. The coalition had its origins in another one made two years before, named Mesa de Alsasua. ETA also felt that the constitution was unsatisfactory and intensified their armed campaign: 1978 to 1981 were ETA's bloodiest years with more than 230 people killed. Around 1975, the first far right paramilitary organizations (to which former OAS members joined) that fought against ETA and its supporters had been created, such as the Triple A (Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista), Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey, Batallón Vasco-español (BVE) and Antiterrorismo ETA (ATE); 41 deaths and 36 wounded have been reported in attacks blamed on paramilitary far-right organisations in the 1977–1982 period.

Also in the late 1970s, several Basque nationalist organizations, such as Iparretarrak, Hordago or Euskal Zuzentasuna, started to operate in the French Basque Country. An anarchist breakaway of ETA, Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas, also started carrying out attacks around the Basque Country. A similar but smaller organization to ETA, Terra Lliure, appeared demanding independence for the Catalan Countries. The Basque conflict had always had an influence on the Catalan society and politics, due to the similarities between Catalonia and the Basque Country.

1980–1999
During the process of electing Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo as Spain's new president in February 1981, Civil Guards and army members broke into the Congress of Deputies and held all deputies at gunpoint. One of the reasons that led to the coup d'état was the increase of ETA's violence. The coup failed after the King called for the military powers to obey the Constitution. Days after the coup, ETA's faction politiko-militarra started its disbanding, with most of its members joining Euskadiko Ezkerra, a leftist nationalist party away from the Abertzale left. General elections were held in 1982, and Felipe González, from the Socialist Workers' Party became the new president, while Herri Batasuna won two seats. In the Basque Country, Carlos Garaikoetxea from the PNV became lehendakari in 1979. During those years, hundreds of members of Herri Batasuna were arrested, especially after some of them sang the Eusko Gudariak in front of Juan Carlos I.

After Felipe González's victory, the Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación (GAL), death squads established by officials belonging to the Spanish government, were created. Using state terrorism, the GAL carried out dozens of attacks around the Basque Country, killing 27 people. It targeted ETA and Herri Batasuna members, although sometimes civilians were also killed. The GAL were active from 1983 until 1987, a period referred to as the Spanish Dirty War. ETA responded to the dirty war by intensifying its attacks: the organisations started carrying out massive car bomb attacks in Madrid and Barcelona, such as the Hipercor bombing, which killed 21 civilians. After the attack, most of the Spanish and Basque political parties signed many pacts against ETA, such as the Madrid pact or the Ajuria-Enea pact. It was during this time that Herri Batasuna got its best results: it was the most voted party in the Basque autonomous community for the European Parliament elections.

While talks between the Spanish government and ETA had already taken place in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which had led to the dissolution of ETA (pm), it was not until 1989 that both sides held formal peace talks. In January, ETA announced a 60-day ceasefire, while negotiations between ETA and the government were taking place in Algiers. No successful conclusion was reached, and ETA resumed violence.

After the end of the dirty war period, France agreed to cooperate with the Spanish authorities in the arrest and extradition of ETA members. These would often travel to and from between the two countries using France as a base for attacks and training. This cooperation reached its peak in 1992, with the arrest of all ETA leaders in the town of Bidart. The raid came months before the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, with which ETA tried to gather worldwide attention with massive attacks around Catalonia. After that, ETA announced a two-months ceasefire, while they restructured the whole organisation and created the kale borroka groups.

In 1995, ETA tried to kill José María Aznar, who would become prime minister of Spain one year later, and Juan Carlos I. That same year, the organisation launched a peace proposal, which was refused by the government. On the following year, ETA announced a one-week ceasefire and tried to engage peace talks with the government, a proposal that was once again rejected by the new conservative government. In 1997, young councillor Miguel Ángel Blanco was kidnapped and killed by the organisation. The killing produced a widespread rejection by Spanish and Basque societies, massive demonstrations and a loss of sympathisers, with even some ETA prisoners and members of Herri Batasuna condemning the killing. That same year, the Spanish government arrested 23 leaders of Herri Batasuna for allegedly collaborating with ETA. After the arrest, the government started to investigate Herri Batasuna's ties with ETA, and the coalition changed its name to Euskal Herritarrok, with Arnaldo Otegi as their leader.

In the 1998 Basque elections, the Abertzale left got its best results since the 1980s, and Euskal Herritarrok became the third main force in the Basque Country. This increase of support was due to the declaration of a ceasefire by ETA one month before the elections. The ceasefire came after Herri Batasuna and several Basque organisations, such as the PNV, which at that time was part of the PP's government, reached a pact, named Lizarra pact, aimed at putting pressure on the Spanish government to make further concessions towards the independence. The Basque nationalist forces agreed in defining the Basque conflict as of political nature and in presenting ETA and the Spanish State as the two conflicting parties. Influenced by the Northern Ireland peace process, ETA and the Spanish government engaged in peace talks, which ended in late 1999, after ETA announced the end of the ceasefire.

2000–2009
In 2000, ETA resumed violence and intensified its attacks, especially against senior politicians, such as Ernest Lluch. At the same time, dozens of ETA members were arrested and the Abertzale left lost some of the support it had obtained in the 1998 elections. The breaking of the truce provoked Herri Batasuna's dissolution and its reformation into a new party called Batasuna. Following disagreements over the internal organization of the Batasuna, a group of people broke away to form a separate political party, Aralar, present mainly in Navarre. In 2002, the Spanish government passed a law, named Ley de Partidos (Law of Parties), which allows the banning of any party that directly or indirectly condones terrorism or sympathises with a terrorist organisation. As ETA was considered a terrorist organisation and Batasuna did not condemn its actions, the government banned Batasuna in 2003. It was the first time since Franco's dictatorship that a political party had been banned in Spain. That same year, Spanish authorities closed the only newspaper written fully in Basque, Egunkaria, and journalist were arrested, due to allegations of links with ETA which were dismissed by Spanish justice seven years later. In 1998, another newspaper, Egin, had already been closed on similar grounds that were also dismissed by Spanish justice eleven years later.

After the government falsely accused ETA of carrying out the 2004 Madrid train bombings, the conservative government lost the elections in favour of the Socialist Workers' Party, and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero became the new president of Spain. One of Zapatero's first actions was to engage in new peace talks with ETA. In mid-2006, the organisation declared a ceasefire, and conversations between Batasuna, ETA and the Basque and Spanish governments started. Despite the claims of peace talks ending in December, when ETA broke the truce with a massive car bomb at the Madrid-Barajas Airport, a new round of conversations took place on May 2007. ETA officially ended the ceasefire in 2007, and resumed its attacks around Spain. From that moment on, the Spanish government and police intensified their struggle both against ETA and the Abertzale left. Hundreds of members of the armed organisation were arrested since the end of the truce, with four of its leaders being arrested in less than one year. Meanwhile, the Spanish authorities banned more political parties such as Basque Nationalist Action, Communist Party of the Basque Homelands or Demokrazia Hiru Milioi. Youth organisations such as Segi were banned, while members of trade unions, such as Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak were arrested. In 2008, Falange y Tradición, a new Spanish far-right nationalist group appeared, carrying out dozens of attacks in the Basque Country. The organisation was dismantled in 2009.

2010
In 2009 and 2010, ETA suffered even more blows to its organization and capacity, with more than 50 members arrested in the first half of 2010. At the same time, the banned Abertzale left started to develop documents and meetings, where they committed to a "democratic process" that "must be developed in a complete absence of violence". Due to these demands, ETA announced in September that they were stopping their armed actions.

2011

On 17 October, an international peace conference was held in Donostia-San Sebastián, aimed at promoting a resolution to the Basque conflict. It was organized by the Basque citizens' group Lokarri, and included leaders of Basque parties, as well as six international personalities known for their work in the field of politics and pacification: Kofi Annan (former UN Secretary-General), Bertie Ahern (former Prime Minister of Ireland), Gro Harlem Brundtland (international leader in sustainable development and public health, former Prime Minister of Norway), Pierre Joxe (former Interior Minister of France), Gerry Adams (president of Sinn Féinn, member of the Irish Parliament) and Jonathan Powell (British diplomat who served as the first Downing Street Chief of Staff). Tony Blair – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom – could not be present due to commitments in the Middle East, but he supported the final declaration. The former US President Jimmy Carter (2002 Nobel Peace Prize) and the former US senator George J. Mitchell (former United States Special Envoy for Middle East Peace) also backed this declaration.

The conference resulted in a five-point statement that included a plea for ETA to renounce any armed activities and to demand instead negotiations with the Spanish and French authorities to end the conflict. It was seen as a possible prelude to the end of ETA's violent campaign for an independent Basque homeland.

Three days later – on 20 October – ETA announced "definitive cessation of its armed activity". They said they were ending their 43-year armed campaign for independence and called on Spain and France to open talks. Spanish premier Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero described the move as "a victory for democracy, law and reason".

Aftermath

2012
On 28 May 2012, ETA members Oroitz Gurruchaga and Xabier Aramburu were arrested in southern France.

2016
Though the group declared a permanent ceasefire, the French police made a declaration warning that ETA had made no steps towards dissolution. It is also known that ETA was still hoarding weaponry and explosives, several members guarding explosives have been detained since their permanent ceasefire declaration.

2017
In March 2017 ETA declared that it would disarm completely by 8 April.  On that date, civilian 'go-betweens' (Artisans of Peace) handed a list of 8 coordinates to the authorities which showed the locations of weapons caches in southwestern France used by the group. The caches were reported to have contained 120 firearms, about 3 tonnes of explosives and several thousand rounds of ammunition, which were seized by the Spanish and French authorities. The Spanish government stated that ETA will gain no impunity for their disarmament, and urged the group to dissolve formally.

2018
On May 3, 2018, during a ceremony held at the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue's (HD) in Geneva, Switzerland, it was confirmed by the center's Director that the ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna) had disbanded forever was officially sent and verified. Following this announcement, a ceremony was organized in Northern Basque Country, in Kanbo (Cambo-les-Bains) where the "declaration of Arnaga" was pronounced.

Casualties
Estimates of the total number of conflict-related deaths vary and are highly disputed. The number of deaths caused by ETA is consistent among different sources, such as the Spanish Interior Ministry, the Basque government, and most major news agencies. According to these sources, the number of deaths caused by ETA are 829. This list does not include Begoña Urroz, killed in 1960 when she was 22 months old. Although this killing was attributed by Ernest Lluch to ETA in 2000, as revealed in El País, the attack was committed by the DRIL (Directorio Revolucionario Ibérico de Liberación).

Some organizations such as the Colectivo de Víctimas del Terrorismo en el País Vasco raise the death toll of ETA's victims to 952. This is due to the inclusion to the list of several unresolved attacks such as the Hotel Corona de Aragón fire. The Asociación de Víctimas del Terrorismo also includes the victims of the Corona de Aragón fire on its list of ETA's deaths. Sources have suggested ETA responsibility in the crash of Iberia Airlines Flight 610 at Monte Oiz (Bilbao) on 19 February 1985 with 148 killed

Regarding the Basque National Liberation Movement side the Euskal Memoria foundation, linked to the abertzale left, and born in 2009 with the proclaimed purpose of having a database in order to "counter the lies from the State", list the number of deaths on their side as 474 in the period between 1960 and 2010. News agency Eusko News states that at least 368 people died on the Basque nationalist side. Most of the lists also include an undefined number of suicides caused by the conflict, coming from former ETA members, tortured people or policemen. Additional death causes in the Euskal Memoria list such as deaths to natural illnesses, a death of an ETA member due to a stroke suffered while having sexual relations, deaths due to the accidental activation of ETA bombs by ETA members, deaths in car and plane accidents, the death of common criminals, the death of a football fan killed by rivals, and deaths abroad such as a death in a mine in Nicaragua, a missionary killed by guerrilla in Colombia, two Uruguayans in Uruguay, two guerrilla collaborators in El Salvador and a protester in Rome have been claimed.

Responsibility

Status

Prisoners

The Spanish and French law enforcement agencies have convicted a number of people for terrorist activities (primarily murder or attempted murder), or for belonging to ETA or organizations subservient to this organization. A small minority have been imprisoned for "enaltecimiento del terrorismo" which literally translates as "glorification of terrorism".  The number of people incarcerated reached a peak of 762 in 2008. These prisoners are jailed in prisons all over France and Spain "to make it difficult for ETA to communicate with them," according to non-revealed sources. There have been 5,500 claims or complaints of torture or mistreating in police custody.

For the Abertzale left this is one of the most emotive issues relating to Basque Nationalism. Demonstrations calling for their return to the Basque region often involve thousands of people. Currently there is a highly publicised campaign calling for the return of these dispersed prisoners to the Basque Country. Its slogan is "Euskal presoak- Euskal Herrira" ("Basque prisoners- to the Basque Country").

Some groups such as Etxerat have been calling for a general amnesty, similar to that which took place in Northern Ireland in 2000. The Spanish government has so far rejected moves to treat all prisoners in the same way.  Instead they opened the 'Via Nanclares' in 2009 which is a way for individual prisoners to get better conditions, and eventually gain limited release.  It involves the individual asking for forgiveness, distancing themselves from ETA and paying compensation.

See also
Politics in the Basque Country
List of conflicts in Europe
International Contact Group (Basque politics)
History of the Basque people
The Troubles – Conflict in Northern Ireland
War In Donbass – Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, Ukraine

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading
ETA. Historia política de una lucha armada by Luigi Bruni, Txalaparta, 1998,

External links

El Mundo's special page about the conflict
Spanish Interior Ministry page about ETA
Abertzale left official page

Category:Guerrilla wars
Category:Politics of Spain
Category:Wars involving France
Category:Wars involving Spain
Category:Proxy wars
Category:Articles containing video clips


Elizabeth-Irene Baitie

Elizabeth-Irene Baitie (born 1970) is an award-winning Ghanaian writer of fiction for young adults.

Biography
After attending Achimota School, Baitie studied biochemistry and chemistry at the University of Ghana, Legon, then received a postgraduate degree in clinical biochemistry from the University of Surrey and now runs a medical laboratory in Adabraka. She  wanted to write stories since she was seven years old and fits her writing around her day job and family life in Accra with three children and a husband. She writes after work, at weekends and also during commuting time.

Awards
She has twice won First Prize in the Burt Award  for African Literature given by the Canadian Organisation for Development through Education with support from the International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY): in 2009 for her novel The Twelfth Heart and in 2012 for The Dorm Challenge. The Twelfth Heart went on to sell 35,000 copies in the couple of years following the prize. In 2006 Baitie won the Macmillan Prize for Africa (Junior Readers) for her story "A Saint in Brown Sandals", and four years earlier her novel Lea's Christmas was shortlisted for the 2002 Macmillan Writers' Prize for Africa (Senior Readers). It has been suggested that there are more women writers in Ghana than a couple of decades ago, and that prizes for their work contribute to their success and encourage publishers to sign them up.

Writing
Baitie writes for preteens as well as older teenagers. She visits schools and has worked with organisations like the Young Educators Foundation to promote reading and books. She likes to offer her readers excitement and a chance to escape into a different world, choosing not to emphasise themes of poverty and disadvantage in her books, unlike some other young people's literature in Ghana. In both The Twelfth Heart and The Dorm Challenge the theme of friendship is explored through the central character of Mercy, a girl who leaves her small village behind and meets new people at boarding school.

References

Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Ghanaian women novelists
Category:Writers of young adult literature
Category:University of Ghana alumni
Category:Alumni of the University of Surrey
Category:Ghanaian women short story writers
Category:21st-century Ghanaian women writers
Category:21st-century Ghanaian writers
Category:Ghanaian novelists


Resurrection (Common album)

Resurrection is the second studio album by American rapper Common, then known as Common Sense, released on October 4, 1994 by Relativity Records. It was entirely produced by No I.D., who also produced most of Common's 1992 debut Can I Borrow A Dollar?.

The album received critical acclaim, but not a significant amount of mainstream attention. Originally, it was rated 3.5 mics in The Source; however, in 1998, it was selected as one of The Source's 100 Best Rap Albums .

Songs
The album is divided into two sections; the "East Side of Stony" (tracks 1-7) and "West Side of Stony" (tracks 8-15). Stony Island Avenue is a street that runs through the South Side of Chicago, where Common was raised. The closing track, "Pop's Rap" was the first of a series of tracks featuring spoken word and poetry by Common's father, Lonnie "Pops" Lynn, which Common has used to close several of his albums since. Interlaced throughout the album are short interludes which form a loose narrative concerning day-to-day life on the South Side.

Songs such as "Thisisme", are full of self-assessing raps that reflect the rapper's personal growth since 1992's Can I Borrow A Dollar?.  Likewise the crasser moments found on that LP, such as the misogynistic "Heidi Hoe" are greatly toned down for Resurrection, and replaced by thought-provoking narratives such as "Chapter 13 (Rich Man Vs. Poor Man)", and "I Used to Love H.E.R." - a song that re-imagines Hip hop as a formerly unadulterated woman, led astray after being enticed by materialistic elements of life. The use of a conflicted woman as an allegory for Hip hop allowed Common to covertly express his disdain at the genre's turn towards gangsta rap inspired content, and what he saw as the resulting reorientation of rap artists.

This song, which brought Common to the attention of fans and music critics alike, would also become the cause of a rift between the rapper and West Coast emcee Ice Cube, who took exception to the insinuation that the West Coast pioneered style of gangsta rap was detrimental to Hip hop - even going as far as to claim that Hip hop altogether "started in the West".  Together with his Westside Connection compatriots, Cube hurled insults Common's way on the song "Westside Slaughterhouse" and throughout their album Bow Down, to which the rapper replied with the equally venomous "The Bitch in Yoo". In the aftermath of the murders of both Tupac Shakur and the Notorious B.I.G., the rivalry would be settled out of public view at a peacemaking function held by Louis Farrakhan at his home.

The album is broken down track-by-track by Common in Brian Coleman's book Check the Technique.

Lyricism
The lyricism of Resurrection is acclaimed. Using a combination of irony and double entendre, the rapper related on "Book of Life":

In The Source, Chairman Mao wrote that "Common Sense presents a thinking man's perspective on rhyming that's admirably down to earth and free of gimmicks". Common's style of delivery, speedy and somewhat erratic on Can I Borrow, is here smoother and more evenly paced. As before he occasionally ventures into a faux-singing mode, albeit less frequently (for example, he quotes the refrain of "Get Up, Stand Up" in "Book of Life"). Many of the songs hooks are provided by scratches and samples.

Production
For Resurrection, producer No I.D. polished up on the production techniques from
Can I Borrow, providing for Common, a canvas full of lush jazz samples, deep, throbbing basslines, dusty, thumping drums, and crackling snares. With the majority of tracks handled by one producer (the exceptions being "Chapter 13" and "Sum Shit I Wrote" by Ynot), the album maintains a cohesive feel and fluid sequencing.

The sounds range from the upbeat ("Communism") to the downbeat (""Nuthin' To Do""), and from the smooth and sleek ("I Used to Love H.E.R."), to the rugged ("Sum Shit I Wrote").  Similar to other Hip hop productions of the time, the sources for many of the samples are from less obvious choices such as The New Apocalypse, and their cover of "Get Out Of My Life, Woman", which is used for the song "Watermelon".

Reception and aftermath

Resurrection is frequently held to be a classic album by rap critics. This album signified both the arrival of a level of maturity in Common's work, and yet the end of his first phase, which was characterized by a more straightforward, and underground based sound. Subsequent albums by the rapper would see him delving into experimentation and themes such as love, which perhaps marks his second phase.

In the Rolling Stone review, Touré wrote of the album: "Resurrection belongs among the best recent hardcore albums: Illmatic, by Nas, Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers), by Wu-Tang Clan, and Ready to Die, by the Notorious B.I.G.." Despite critical acclaim, the album sold poorly, peaking at #179 on the Billboard 200 with 2,000 copies sold, before dropping out of the charts the following week.

Track listing
All tracks produced by No I.D., except tracks 12 and 14 produced by Ynot.

Chart positions

Album chart positions

Singles chart positions

Name
The album was originally released under Common's original stage name, "Common Sense." However, the "Sense" has since been dropped from the album's listings because of a legal case between Common and a ska band named Common Sense.
The song "Thisisme" is used as the name for Common's greatest hits compilation, Thisisme Then: The Best of Common.

See also
 List of hip hop albums considered to be influential

References

Category:1994 albums
Category:Common (rapper) albums
Category:Relativity Records albums
Category:Albums produced by No I.D.