Oldsmobile Cutlass

The Oldsmobile Cutlass was a range of automobiles produced by General Motors' Oldsmobile division between 1961 and 1999. At its introduction, the Cutlass was Oldsmobile's smallest model; it began as a unibody compact car, but saw its greatest success as a body-on-frame intermediate.

Introduced as the top trim level in Oldsmobile's compact F-85 line, the Cutlass evolved into a distinct series of its own, spawning numerous variants, including the formidable 4-4-2 muscle car in 1964, premium  Cutlass Supreme in 1966, and outright performance Hurst/Olds in 1968, as well as the Vista Cruiser station wagon.

By the 1980s, Oldsmobile was using the Cutlass as a sub-marque, with numerous vehicle lines bearing the name simultaneously. These included the Cutlass Calais compact, the midsize Cutlass Ciera, the Cutlass Cruiser station wagon, and top of the line midsize Cutlass Supreme.

Origins

Oldsmobile first used the Cutlass name on an experimental sports coupe designed in 1954. It rode a  wheelbase, and featured a dramatic fastback roofline and stock V8. Its platform was similar to the compact F-85 introduced seven years later.

First-generation (compact) 1961–1963

General Motors began developing its first compact cars in 1956, beginning with initial planning on what would become the Chevrolet Corvair in 1960. The following year a second series of somewhat larger cars was planned for Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac; what would be termed "senior compacts". They would share the same body shell and lightweight engine. Oldsmobile designer Irvin Rybicki began work on the Olds model in 1957. It finally went on sale in 1960 as a 1961 model.

The Oldsmobile F-85 shared a new Y-body platform with the Buick Special and Pontiac Tempest, using a 112-inch (2845 mm) wheelbase and still-novel unibody construction. It was Oldsmobile's smallest, cheapest model—some two feet (60 cm) shorter and $451 less  than the next-smallest Olds, the full-sized Dynamic 88. The F-85 had double wishbone front suspension and a four-link live axle in the rear, suspended with coil springs all around; the drum brakes had a diameter of . Unlike its platform mates, the first-generation F-85 was only ever offered with a V8 engine. Standard engine was the new Rockette  all-aluminum V8, Oldsmobile's version of the Buick aluminum V8 which later became famous as the Rover V8. With a two-barrel carburetor and an 8.75:1 compression ratio, it was rated  at 4,800 rpm and  at 3,200 rpm. Specifications for the base engine remained the same throughout the 1961–1963 production run.

1961
The first-year F-85 was offered in two body styles, a four-door sedan or a four-door station wagon with either two or three seats,  and in a choice of two trim levels, base or De Luxe. Transmission options were initially a 3-speed manual (with synchromesh on the top two gears) and the newly introduced 3-speed Roto Hydramatic. Overall length was , and curb weight was around . A few months after the model introduction, Oldsmobile added a "power pack option", which included a four-barrel carbureted, high-compression (10.25:1), dual exhaust version of the 215 cu in aluminum V8, and a shorter 3.36:1 final drive ratio with either manual and automatic transmissions. This premium fuel-only engine was rated at  at 4,800 rpm and  at 3,200 rpm. Initial sales were somewhat disappointing, but were soon picked up by the May 1961 introduction of a pair of pillared two-door coupes, each with a different roofline and market placement: the F-85 Club Coupe, which became the lowest-priced Oldsmobile model, and the sporty F-85 Cutlass. The Cutlass came equipped with the 185 hp "power pack" drivetrain, and featured De Luxe-type exterior trim with , a more upscale interior with standard bucket seats, upholstered in two-tone vertically pleated vinyl, and an optional center console. 80,347 F-85s were built in total for the 1961 model year.

Car Life magazine tested an F-85 with the standard engine and automatic transmission, and recorded a 0-60 (0–96 km/h) time of 14.5 seconds, with a top speed just over . They praised its construction, but found its steering too slow and its suspension too soft for enthusiastic driving.

1962
For 1962 styling changes were minor, and included a new grille, different chrome ornamentation on the bodysides and new interior trim. The existing F-85 models returned, and a convertible was added to the line-up in September, available in both standard and Cutlass versions. The automatic transmission was replaced with an upgraded 4 speed Roto 5 Hydro-Matic transmission, and an all-synchromesh four-speed manual became optional. Overall F-85 sales rose to 97,382, with the Cutlass displacing the four-door De Luxe sedan as the top-selling model.

The Oldsmobile Jetfire

The bigger news was the arrival of the Oldsmobile Jetfire, a Cutlass pillarless hardtop with a turbocharged version of the 215 V8, dubbed Turbo-Rocket. This made the 1962 Jetfire the first ever turbocharged production car, an honor it shares with the 1962 Chevrolet Corvair Monza Spyder. Equipped with a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger and a sidedraft, one-barrel, blow-through carburetor, the Turbo-Rocket engine was rated at  at 4,600 rpm and  at 3,200 rpm.
The Jetfire came with bucket seats and console, unique trim—two chrome fins on the hood and full-length contrast stripes on the bodysides—and a pressure/vacuum gauge mounted in the console (where it was almost hidden). Although much faster than a standard F-85, the Jetfire was criticized for having the same soft suspension as its less-powerful brothers, for its lack of a tachometer and other instruments, and for the poor shift quality of both the automatic transmission and the optional four-speed. Car and Driver tested an automatic Jetfire and obtained a 0–60 time of 9.2 seconds, with a top speed of 110 mph (176 km/h). The Jetfire's high cost (nearly $300 over a standard Cutlass hardtop) and reliability problems with its turbocharged engines limited sales to 3,765.

Ultimately the Jetfire engine was far ahead of its time. With forced induction and an already high compression ratio the Jetfire was capable of producing more torque than a naturally aspirated engine that was twice its size, significantly improving the engine's efficiency and usability in real-life driving conditions, turbo lag not being an issue at motorway speeds. But since turbo and supercharging the engine essentially means forcing the compression in the combustion chamber even higher, the Jetfire was prone to 'spark-knock' and without modern engine management systems the only way to mitigate this was to use a 50/50 mixture of methanol and distilled water.

1963
The F-85 was restyled for the 1963 model year, to a crisper, more squared off design than the one of the 1961–62 models. While the wheelbase was unchanged at 112 inches, the new sheetmetal added  to the F-85's rear overhang, increasing overall length to . The Jetfire and its turbocharged V8 returned, for what would be its final year. Three-row seating was dropped on station wagons. On automatic transmission models only, the compression ratio of the "Cutlass" engine was raised to 10.75:1, pushing output to  at 4800 rpm and  at 3200 rpm. A Delcotron alternator became standard on all models, as well as on the rest of the Oldsmobile car line. Overall sales climbed again to 121,639, of which 53,492 were Cutlasses.

Second generation (intermediate) 1964–1967

Disappointing sales of the compact F-85, along with the introduction of Ford Motor Company's intermediate Fairlane in 1962, prompted GM to enlarge the senior compacts for the 1964 model year.

1964
The new intermediate F-85 now rode a conventional body-on-frame chassis with a perimeter frame which it shared with the newly-introduced "A-body" Chevrolet Chevelle, and upgraded Buick Special and Pontiac Tempest. Wheelbase grew to , overall length to , and weight by more than . Both the aluminum V8 and the Roto Hydramatic were discontinued in favor of a new cast-iron small-block V8 of  displacement and an optional two-speed Jetaway automatic transmission with variable-pitch stator. Buick's  V6 was the standard engine.

The body styles of the previous model returned, and a new Vista Cruiser, a stretched-wheelbase () version of the standard station wagon featuring a raised rear roof with tinted skylights and a fold-down, forward-facing third seat, debuted on February 4, 1964. The 4-4-2 model, derived from the BO-9 police package, was also introduced in March 1964 (costing $285.14 in 1964), as an answer to the new intermediate muscle car market created by the Pontiac GTO that same year.

Sales increased to 167,002 for 1964, not counting Vista Cruisers.

1965

For 1965 a modest facelift increased overall length to  while the front end received a "dumbbell-style" grille similar to full-sized Olds models. A bigger 400 cu in (6.6 L) engine was included with the 4-4-2 option, based on the newly introduced 425 cu in (6.9 L) engine from the full-sized Oldsmobiles while the Buick 225 V6 and Olds 330 Jetfire Rocket V8 were carried over from the previous year, with increased power ratings for the V8 options. Sales increased again to 187,097. The year 1965 was the first for Oldsmobile's "Rocket" logo that would last, with minor variations, until the 1990s.

1966

The 1966 models were slightly restyled again, with body lines similar to the full-sized 88, and semi-fastback rooflines with extended sail panels and tunneled rear windows on Sport (pillared) and Holiday (hardtop) coupes. The Buick V6 was replaced on base models by an Oldsmobile-badged "Action-Line 6" version of Chevrolet's  "Turbo-Thrift" straight-6 engine, while the  Jetfire Rocket V8 continued with power ratings of . New that year was the Cutlass Supreme four-door hardtop sedan also dubbed the Holiday Sedan by Oldsmobile, the first such body style for Olds' intermediate line.

1967

Changes for 1967 included the availability of optional disc brakes and the three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic to supplement the two-speed Jetaway. A new option was the Turnpike Cruiser package on Cutlass Supreme coupes and convertibles, which used a two-barrel carburetor and mild camshaft with the 400 cu in (6.6 L) engine and a (numerically) low axle ratio for efficient and relatively economical freeway cruising. The Turnpike Cruiser used the heavy-duty suspension of the 4-4-2, and was available only with a Turbo-Hydramatic.

Third generation (intermediate) 1968–1972

1968
The F-85/Cutlass underwent a major body restyle in 1968, as did all other GM A-body cars. Oldsmobile's was penned by the styling studio headed by Stan Wilen. Two-door and four-door models now rode different wheelbases:  for two-doors and  for four-doors. Ostensibly, this change was to allow more individual styling, although several engineers were quoted off the record as saying the  wheelbase had created problems with uncomfortable "freeway hop" owing to its resonance frequency. Overall length shrunk about , but curb weight rose approximately  to  for the hardtop coupe. Two-door F-85 and Cutlass models adopted a semi-fastback roofline.

Base model remained the F-85, with mid-level Cutlass S, and upscale Cutlass Supreme, as well as the 4-4-2, which became a distinct model instead of an option package. A limited-production model was the Hurst/Olds, a special 4-4-2 marketed by Oldsmobile and Hurst Performance. The H/O combined the 4-4-2 suspension package with a  Rocket V8, not ordinarily offered in Cutlasses because of a GM policy limiting intermediates to engines of  or less. Cutlass and Vista Cruiser station wagons were likewise redesigned; the F-85 wagon was discontinued.

Engine options were similar to the previous year, although the Cutlass's V8 option was expanded to , still with both two- and four-barrel carburetion. The variable-pitch stator feature of both optional two-speed Jetaway and three-speed Turbo Hydra-matic automatic transmissions was discontinued.

1969

The 1969 F-85/Cutlass models received only minor trim changes from their '68 counterparts such as a now-Olds trademark split grille with vertical bars and vertical taillights. Per federal safety regulations, headrests were now standard equipment and the ignition switch moved from the instrument panel to the steering column to lock the steering wheel when not in use, in common with all other 1969-model GM cars, one year before the locking steering columns were federally mandated.

Engine offerings were unchanged from 1968, but a new three-speed Turbo Hydra-matic 350 transmission was added to the option list and available with all versions of the  Rocket V8, including the standard two-barrel  version, four-barrel "Ultra High Compression"  option and the W-31 option, conservatively rated at . The two-speed Jetaway automatic was still available with the Chevy-built  "Action-Line" six or the two-barrel  V8. The Turnpike Cruiser two-barrel  Rocket V8 was dropped and the four-barrel 400 engine from the 4-4-2 was available only in the Vista Cruiser wagons.

1970

The 1970 F-85 and Cutlass was available in seven body styles, three of which were coupes: a pillared fastback Sports Coupe (in F-85, Cutlass S or 4-4-2 trims), an hardtop fastback Holiday Coupe (Cutlass S and 4-4-2 only), and finally a more formal notchback Holiday Coupe, only offered in Cutlass Supreme trim. This practice was similar to that followed at the time by Ford and Mercury for theirintermediates, which were offered in both notchback and fastback coupes starting in 1968. Also available were a four-door hardtop Holiday Sedan, a four-door Town Sedan, a convertible, a flat-top station wagon called the Custom Cruiser, as well as the fancier Vista-Cruiser station wagon. Counting all trim level and body style permutations, Oldsmobile's 1970 lineup included 15 different intermediate models.

With GM tossing out the 400 cubic-inch limit for intermediates and the 4-4-2 now coming standard with the larger 455 cubic-inch Rocket V8 from the big Oldsmobiles and previously used in the 1968-69 Hurst/Olds, Olds discontinued the 400 engine entirely and also offered the 455 as an option in the Cutlass S models and the Vista Cruiser wagons. There was an SX option that became available in 1970 and was available only on the Cutlass Supreme hardtop and convertible.  The SX cars all had the 455 engine and TH-400 automatic transmission.

The same assortment of three- and four-speed manual transmissions were carried over from previous years with Hurst shifters used on floor-mounted three-speeds and all four-speeds. The two-speed Jetaway automatic transmission was discontinued entirely with the three-speed Turbo Hydra-matic now the sole offering for shiftless driving. Cutlass S coupes with the optional Strato bucket seats and Turbo Hydra-matic could be equipped with the Hurst Dual-Gate shifter (also known as the "His and Her-Shifter") in conjunction with the extra-cost center console. The Hurst Dual-Gate made it possible to either put the transmission in Drive, and let the transmission decide when to shift. Or it could be placed in a manual mode, much like today's computer-controlled automatics.

A 1970-only offering was the Oldsmobile Rallye 350, a value-priced high-performance model using the 350 engine. It was intended for younger buyers that wanted the performance and looks of a supercar, but might have trouble with the rising insurance premiums associated with 455-engined cars like the 4-4-2. In essence the Rallye 350 was an appearance package (coded W45) tied to mandatory options, and could be ordered on the Cutlass S Holiday or Sports Coupe as well as on the F-85 Sports Coupe. All Rallye 350s were painted in Sebring Yellow with matching urethane-coated bumpers front and rear. The package also included special black and orange decals, blacked out grille and yellow-painted 7" wide Super Stock II rally wheels without trim rings, wearing G70×14" bias-belted Wide Oval blackwall tires. The engine was the L74 air-inducted high-compression 350 cu.in. Rocket V8 engine, fitted with a Quadrajet carburetor and producing . Required options were the associated "Force-Air" fiberglass vented hood, dual exhaust with 4-4-2-style megaphone outlets, 3.23:1 axle ratio, heavy-duty "Rallye-Sport Suspension" with front and rear stabilizers, sports mirrors and sports steering wheel.

1971

The 1971 model shared much of the same exterior sheetmetal as the 1970, but with a new hood, grille, and headlight assemblies, as well as new bumpers and taillights. Four new exterior body colors were offered, Viking Blue, Lime Green, Bittersweet, and Saturn Gold.

The famous "Rocket" V8 continued in several different sizes and power options, with both the large 455 and 'small-block' 350 available with either 2- or 4-barrel carburetors. This was the last year for the 250 cubic-inch six-cylinder engine, as it had not been a popular offering in Olds intermediates. All engines were now fitted with hardened valve seats, preparing for the upcoming mandate for unleaded gasoline that took effect with the introduction of catalytic converters on 1975 models. The 1971 Olds engines also featured lowered compression ratios and designed to run on regular leaded, low-lead or unleaded gasoline with a research octane rating of 91 or higher (equivalent to 87 octane by today's octane measurements).

1972

For 1972, there were minor style changes to the Cutlass, and the 4-4-2 reverted to being a trim line (W-29 option) on the Cutlass instead of an individual model, as it was in 1971.

The primary changes to the 1972 Cutlass were the front grilles and the tail lights. The straight six engine was dropped, but would return to the lineup in 1975.

The Hurst/Olds used the Cutlass Supreme notchback hardtop and convertible bodies. A 1972 Hurst/Olds paced the Indianapolis 500, and Olds built about 630 replicas, some 25% of them convertibles.

The entry-level F-85 series was reduced to a single four-door sedan, and then discontinued mid-year due to low sales. This ended the use of the F-85 nameplate, although it would later resurface on an entry-level version of the compact Omega.

Fourth generation (intermediate) 1973–1977

1973
The Cutlass line was redesigned for 1973 using GM's new "Colonnade" A-body platform. While rooflines were shared with other GM divisions, Cutlass bodies now sported convex bulges aft of the front wheel and fore of the rear wheel on all body styles. The model lineup consisted of the base Cutlass, Cutlass "S", Cutlass Supreme, Cutlass Salon, Vista Cruiser station wagon, and the 4-4-2 appearance package on the Cutlass "S" colonnade coupe. The Cutlass "S" and 4-4-2 offered, as an extra-cost option, unique Strato bucket seats with high seatbacks and built-in head restraints that could be swiveled 90 degrees to permit easier entry and exit for the driver and front-seat passenger.

The new Cutlass Salon was an upscale Euro-style luxury/sports sedan similar in concept to the Pontiac Grand Am of the era. The Salon, which included items such as upgraded suspension, radial tires, reclining bucket seats and hand-operated headlamp dimmer switch (integral to the turn signal lever) was based on the Cutlass Supreme series, first as a 4-door Colonnade sedan, joined by a 2-door Colonnade hardtop coupe in 1974. The Cutlass Salon was the first Oldsmobile with the international-flags emblem, later carried on the Cutlass Ciera. Front disc brakes were standard.

All Cutlass models came standard with a  350 Rocket V8 (K code). Optionally available was a  350 Rocket V8 with dual exhaust (M code), a  455 Rocket V8 (U code, or L75). The top engine option was a  455 V8, with a hotter cam and W30-style heads. This engine was called the L77 (V code), and was used primarily in four-speed cars and automatics without  air conditioning in the Hurst/Olds. Transmissions included a standard column-shift three-speed manual, optional four-speed Muncie M20 manual with Hurst shifter, and three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic automatic. Upgraded gauges were optional.

1974
Only minor styling changes were made on this year's Cutlass models. These included flush taillight lenses and new grilles up front, including a fascia with bumper mounted turn signals on the base model not shared with any of the other trim levels. There were newly mandated  rear bumpers (joining the  front bumpers mandated in '73), with a new hydraulic energy absorpotion system.  Both the 350 and 455 Rocket V8s were carried over unchanged from 1973 aside from revisions required to meet 1974 emission regulations. The Turbo Hydra-matic transmission became standard equipment on all Cutlass models.

1975

For 1975, Oldsmobile added two smaller engines to attract economy-minded buyers in the aftermath of the 1973–74 energy crisis. These were the Chevrolet-built  inline six (previously offered from 1966–71) and a new 260 V8 based on the Olds 350 Rocket V8, which continued as an option. Also continuing was the 455 Rocket V8, rated at . All engines had catalytic converters and required unleaded gasoline in the United States; Canadian buyers could opt to delete the converter. The three-speed manual transmission returned as standard equipment in conjunction with the six-cylinder engine on all Cutlass models except Salons and station wagons. However, only 0.2% of Cutlasses were built with a manual transmission as most customers overwhelmingly preferred the 350 V8 and Turbo Hydra-matic as in previous years.

The '75 grilles were somewhat more angular and separated into eight pieces on each side. The parking lights were now incorporated into the grille. At the rear, new two-piece taillights were divided vertically. The S and Supreme both have a chrome strip atop the bonnet, while the Supreme also has the Oldsmobile logo mounted atop the grille. A fuel economy gauge was optional.

The Cutlass line overtook the full-sized Delta 88 as the best-selling Oldsmobile line for the first time ever in 1975 with the Cutlass Supreme coupe accounting for the majority of those sales, becoming the best-selling intermediate-sized car in America by surpassing the Chevrolet Chevelle and Ford Torino for the top spot. The Cutlass was also the second-best selling car line in the U.S. in 1975, with only the full-sized Chevrolet Impala/Caprice outpacing it.

1976
The Cutlass became America's best selling car this year and would hold this title for most years into the 1980s. A restyled front end with waterfall-type split grilles and new rectangular headlights was introduced that would become an Olds Cutlass trademark in coming years, lasting into the late 1980s. Coupe bodies were reshaped for a smoother, less contoured look than the 1973-75 design, a design change shared with Buick's A-body coupes. Cutlass sedans and wagons kept their bulges through the end of model year 1977. Taillights were revised and the license plate/fuel filler was moved above the bumper. The base Cutlass line was dropped, with the Cutlass S nameplate now applied to the entry-level coupe and sedan this year - both of which featured an aerodynamic slanted front nose in contrast to the upright front ends of other Cutlass models including the Cutlass Supreme coupe, sedan and wagon, Vista Cruiser wagon, Cutlass Salon coupe and sedan, and the new Cutlass Supreme Brougham coupe. The 4-4-2 option was still offered on Cutlass S coupes as an appearance/handling package.

Engine offerings were carried over from 1975 including the Chevy-built 250 cubic-inch inline six and Olds-built Rocket V8s of 260, 350 or 455 cubic inches. A three-speed manual transmission was standard with the six-cylinder engine but Turbo Hydra-matic was optional with this engine and the 260, and required with the 350 and 455 V8s. A new option this year was the T-50 Borg-Warner five-speed manual transmission, which was available only with the 260 V8.

1977

New grilles highlighted all 1977 Cutlass models with Cutlass S sedans and coupes reverting to an upright grille/front end while the more aerodynamic slanted front end was only offered with the 4-4-2 option. "Oldsmobile" nameplates in a new sans-serif typeface replaced the former script ones.

Inside was a slightly revised instrument panel with the clock relocated to the right side of the dash above the glovebox. This also marked the introduction of Oldsmobile's new mechanical digital clock. The Chevrolet inline six was replaced by Buick's 231 V6 (standard on all models except Salon and Vista Cruiser), while the 260 and 350 Rocket V8s were carried over. The big-block 455 Rocket V8 was discontinued and replaced by a new small-block 403 cubic inch Rocket V8. Transmissions included a three-speed manual (standard and only available with the V6 engine), five-speed manual (coupes with 260 V8 only) or three-speed Turbo Hydra-matic - optional on V6 models, included with the 260 V8 in sedans and 350 and 403 V8s on all models, and standard on station wagons. A sedan was added to the Supreme Brougham line, while the Salon lost its sedan version. The base wagon dropped the Cutlass Cruiser nameplate and became part of the Vista Cruiser line.

632,742 Cutlasses were built in 1977, the highest production for the model.

Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988

1978
The 1978 Cutlass was downsized to the new version of GM's A-body with a shorter,  wheelbase. This Cutlass was lighter than earlier versions at around , and it could be ordered with any of several engines built by GM's different divisions; a Buick 231 V6, Oldsmobile 260 V8, Pontiac 301 V8 or Chevrolet 305 V8s with either two- or four-barrel carburetors. This generation could still be ordered with the T-50 Borg-Warner five-speed manual transmission for several model years.

The '78 Cutlass lineup included the Salon and Salon Brougham fastback coupes and sedans and the formal roof Supreme, Supreme Brougham and Calais coupes. The Salons quickly proved to be far less popular than the notchback Supreme and Calais coupes. There were also "two-seat" (6 passengers in two rows) Cutlass Cruiser and Cutlass Cruiser Brougham station wagons; both being smaller, more conventional replacements of the three-seat (8 passenger) Vista Cruiser.

Broughams featured softer, quieter rides, and fancier trim and upholstery. A factory T-top was optional on notchback coupes only. The 4-4-2 appearance and handling package, available on Salon coupes, featured large lower body stripes and 4-4-2 decals outside but not always shown with decals, unique 4-4-2 seats and badges inside, and a taut performance suspension featuring quicker-ratio steering, heavier springs, stiffer shocks, a stiffer front stabilizer bar, a rear stabilizer bar, and bigger tires. The Cutlass Calais used essentially the same suspension as the 4-4-2, but it also came standard with several other performance and touring options, including full instrumentation, an aluminum spoked sport steering wheel, reclining front bucket seats and a center console with floor shifter.

Cosmetically, the 1978 line continued through 1979 with only slight changes front and rear. A bewildering array of grilles were used on the different equipment levels for 1978 and 1979, including two sets each of slotted (Salon), waterfall (Supreme incl. Brougham), and eggcrate (Calais) style designs.

1979

The same model lineup continued, with a revision of both the front grille and taillight lenses. A diesel version of the Oldsmobile 260 (based on the Olds 350 diesel) was optional; diesel Cutlasses had the "Oldsmobile Diesel" badges on the decklids, where gasoline-powered Cutlasses had the "Rocket" logo.

Only 2499 Cutlass Calais coupes were equipped with the Hurst/Olds W-30 package, featuring unique aluminum wheels trimmed with gold paint, an exclusive console-mounted Hurst Dual Gate floor shifter, special gold over black or white two-tone paint and an otherwise unavailable Oldsmobile 350 V8 with a four-barrel carb and dual outlet exhausts. It is estimated that only 537 cars with the H/O package had T-Tops.

1980
Cutlass Supreme and Calais coupes received new header panels incorporating four headlights, mimicking the 1977 model. The four-door Salon was dropped due to poor sales. Taking its place was a conventional notchback sedan known simply as "Cutlass," with base, LS, and Brougham trim levels available. Sister division Buick did the same with their Buick Century sedan (the 1978 to 1980 Centuries shared the bodyshell with the Cutlass Salon). The 4-4-2 package was moved to the Cutlass Calais, and while it lacked the Dual Gate shifter, it was essentially a carryover of the 1979 Hurst/Olds, even having the Oldsmobile 350 V8 886 80 442's were produced for 1980. The 260 diesel engine was dropped, as it was considerably slower yet no more economic than the 5.7-litre diesel.

1981

The fastback Salon coupe was dropped, and the Supreme and Calais got a restyle that included a more aerodynamic nose and smoother body lines. Sedans got quad headlamps and a new grille. The 4-4-2 was dropped. Most of this range continued to be marketed as the Cutlass Supreme until 1986, although the Cutlass Cruiser was replaced for 1984.

Cutlass family 1982–1997
In 1982, Oldsmobile began using the Cutlass nameplate as a sub-marque, with numerous distinct vehicle lines bearing the name simultaneously.

Cutlass Ciera (1982–1996)

The more space-efficient Cutlass Ciera was introduced on GM's new front-wheel drive mid-sized A platform in 1982. The Cutlass Cruiser station wagon nameplate followed the Ciera to its new platform in 1984. Coupes were produced until 1992, sedans and wagons until 1996. For the final year in production, this model was renamed simply Oldsmobile Ciera.

During its run, the Cutlass Ciera was consistently Oldsmobile's best-selling model.

Cutlass Supreme (1982–1997)

1980–1988

Meanwhile, the previous-generation Cutlass Supreme continued on the (now renamed) rear-wheel-drive G-body platform for six more years. The Hurst/Olds edition reappeared for two years in 1983 and 1984.  From 1985 through 1987 the 4-4-2 replaced the Hurst/Olds as the high performance model.

Until 1984, the deluxe Cutlass Supreme model was known as the Cutlass Calais. When the Calais nameplate moved to its own platform in 1985, the top Supreme was renamed to Cutlass Salon. As the new front-wheel drive Cutlass Supreme model was being launched in 1988, the rear-drive G-special coupe remained in production for one final model year as the Cutlass Supreme Classic.

1988–1997

The premium Cutlass Supreme nameplate was moved to the new front-wheel-drive mid-sized GM W platform in 1988. Originally a coupe, a 4-door sedan model was added in 1990. Convertibles were also produced from 1990 to 1995.

In 1998, the Cutlass Supreme was replaced by the Oldsmobile Intrigue.

Cutlass Calais (1985–1991)

The third Cutlass nameplate introduced was the compact Cutlass Calais (originally just Oldsmobile Calais) on the front-wheel-drive N-body in 1985. The famed 4-4-2 nameplate was revived for the Cutlass Calais in 1990 and 1991.

The Cutlass Calais was replaced by the Oldsmobile Achieva in 1992.

Sixth generation (midsize) 1997–1999

The Oldsmobile Cutlass name was revived for the 1997 model year as a slightly upscale version of the mechanically identical fifth generation Chevrolet Malibu. The Cutlass did have a few minor differences. Visually, it had a split grille front fascia like other Oldsmobiles at the time and all red rear tail lamps. Mechanically, the 3.1L V6 engine was the only engine offered.  The Cutlass was available in GL and GLS trim.  Available options on the base GL model included power windows, power driver's seat, power mirrors, CD player, and alloy wheels.  The GLS included most of the GL's options as standard equipment plus added leather interior and was available with a power astroroof.  This generation of Cutlass was intended as a placeholder model to fill the gap left by the discontinuation of the Ciera, before the all-new Alero arrived. Production of this generation of Cutlass ended July 2, 1999, making it the final vehicle to bear the Cutlass name.

References

External links

 The Oldsmobile Connection - The Site For Oldsmobile Enthusiasts
Photos of Cutlass being built at Lansing Assembly
Oldsmobile Club of America
Outrightolds.com - Oldsmobile Cutlass Model Guide

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Harry Hosier

Harry Hosier (–May 1806), better known during his life as "Black Harry", was an African American Methodist preacher during the Second Great Awakening in the early United States. Dr. Benjamin Rush said that, "making allowances for his illiteracy, he was the greatest orator in America". His style was widely influential but he was never formally ordained by the Methodist Episcopal Church or the Rev. Richard Allen's separate African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia.

Name
Better known as "Black Harry" during his lifetime, Harry Hosier was illiterate and his name is also recorded variously as Hoosier, Hoshur, and Hossier. Hosier is an occupational surname referring to a maker or seller of hosiery, still commonly worn by men as well as women in the 18th century. It may have been adopted as a slave name from one of Harry's masters or referred to his livelihood in Baltimore before meeting Bishop Asbury.

The spelling "Hoosier" caused William Piersen, a history professor at Fisk University, to argue for a connection to the Indiana demonym "Hoosier". Horton suggests that, if the uncommon surname Hoosier is correct, it would represent a parallel development: the application to Harry of the same epithet  referring to "low-born" and "fundamentalist" hillbillies of the kind Harry ministered to in his circuit riding  that was later applied to the early settlers on the Indiana shore of the Ohio River.

Life
Hosier's early life is not well-documented but most sources agree he was a freedman. He was probably born to two African slaves near Fayetteville, North Carolina, but nothing else is known about his parents. He seems to have been sold north to Baltimore, Maryland, (possibly to the plantation of Harry Gough, a prominent Methodist there) and to have gained his freedom around the end of the American Revolution.

He met Bishop Francis Asbury, the "Father of the American Methodist Church", , a meeting Asbury considered "providentially arranged". This meeting may have occurred during Asbury's trip to Todd, North Carolina. Hosier worked as Asbury's carriage driver and servant. Finding that his illiterate guide could memorize long passages verbatim and warm up the crowds for his sermons, Asbury began to read the Bible aloud during their travel from county to county and to train Hosier as a preacher in his own right. The first reference to Hosier in Asbury's journals observes, "If I had Harry to go with me and meet the colored people, it would be attended with a blessing".

Speaking after Asbury, Hosier delivered his first sermon  "The Barren Fig Tree", concerning Luke 13:6–9  to the black Methodist congregation at Adams's Chapel in Fairfax County, Virginia, in 1781. "The white people looked on with attention" even at the first performance; subsequently, they would often be moved to tears. Dr. Rush, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, declared it to be the greatest sermon he'd ever heard. Although Asbury had originally intended to use Hosier to minister among blacks and they "came a great distance to hear him", his delivery was so effective and affecting that his primary audience seems to have been white. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black to a white congregation. His sermons called on Methodists to reject slavery and champion the common working man. At the same time, he told his black audiences "that they must be holy", which criticism displeased no small number of them.

As with most early Methodist preachers, he was a circuit-rider and traveled from Cainhoy, South Carolina, to Boston, Massachusetts, usually in attendance with Asbury. Having grown used to the relative freedom of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he was at first unwilling to return south to Virginia and the Carolinas. Asbury was generally anxious to have him come, though, as Hosier's reputation preceded him and news of his coming would draw larger crowds than the bishop alone.

John Wesley's representative Thomas Coke was hosted by Asbury in 1784 and 1786. Touring Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, Coke wrote in his journal that Hosier was "one of the best preachers in the world" and yet "one of the humblest creatures I ever saw". Hosier was present at the Christmas Conference from December 24, 1784, to January 2, 1785, at Lovely Lane Chapel in Baltimore, Maryland, where the Methodist Episcopal Church of America was formally founded. Along with Richard Allen, he was permitted to observe but not vote on any of the items before the conference.

He made a sensation in New York accompanying Asbury there in September 1786. Touring Connecticut and Massachusetts with Freeborn Garrettson, Hosier stayed with Prince Hall, "master mason for the Africans", and preached in Boston before a crowd of a thousand.

An erroneous charge against him in 1791 led to Hosier's exclusion within the church. The Rev. Henry Boehm credited his "fall" to Hosier's pride in his work: "poor Harry was so petted and made so much of that he became lifted up". The Carolinian elder Rev. Jenkins was less circumspect: he described "some difficulties" with "an influential colored man, who desired further promotion within the church". Jenkins proclaimed he "generally found that these people cannot bear promotion: like too many white people, they become proud". Hosier was not included in the group of black Methodist preachers who were ordained in 1799. At the end of his life, Hosier was found drunk and scavenging garbage looking for cloth to sell as rags. He subsequently preached that he wrestled with God and screamed Psalm 51 repeatedly before recovering and carrying on his ministry.

See also
 Hoosier
 Bishop Francis Asbury
 Bishop Richard Allen
 St. Absalom Jones
 Jarena Lee

References

External links
 "Harry Hosier" from Flashbacks by Patrick M. Reynolds
 The Asbury Triptych Series: book series on Francis Asbury. Numerous articles on Asbury's traveling preachers including an article on Harry Hosier.

Category:1750s births
Category:1806 deaths
Category:History of Methodism in the United States
Category:American Methodist clergy
Category:African-American Methodist clergy
Category:People from Fayetteville, North Carolina
Category:19th-century Methodist ministers


Rayyan Air

Rayyan Air was a Pakistani airline based in Pakistan and the UAE. Rayyan Air hold Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority air operator certificate alongside charter licence for passenger, cargo and charter operations.

The company ended Cargo operations in 2015.

Services
Passenger Air Services
Cargo Air Services
Ground Handling
Aircraft Management

Fleet
Rayyan Air fleet consisted of Boeing 747-200F:

References

External links

http://www.rayyanair.com/index.php
https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Rayyan-Air

Category:Defunct airlines of Pakistan
Category:Airlines established in 2009
Category:Companies based in Karachi


Fredrik Balkåsen

Fredrik Balkåsen (born 13 May 1989) is a Swedish ski jumper.

He made his Continental Cup debut in March 2006 in Vikersund, and his best result is a ninth place from Iron Mountain in January 2010. He participated in the FIS Junior World Ski Championships in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009. He made his World Cup debut in January 2011 in Harrachov, finishing 37th, and collected his first World Cup points on the next day with a 30th place.

References

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Swedish male ski jumpers


Jodie Mudd

Joseph Martin "Jodie" Mudd (born April 23, 1960) is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour.

Mudd was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He attended Georgia Southern University in Statesboro, Georgia, where he developed into an honored amateur golfer.

Mudd won four PGA Tour events during his career. His top year was 1990, when he finished 5th on the final money list, and won two of the Tour's most prestigious non-majors: the Nabisco Championship and The Players Championship. His best finish in a major championship was T-4 at both The Masters in 1987 and the 1990 Open Championship.

Mudd would then become burned out from the grind of Tour play, and would reduce his schedule before leaving the PGA Tour in 1996.  He made his Champions Tour debut on April 30, 2010 at the Mississippi Gulf Resort Classic, and played in a limited number of Champions Tour events that year. His best finish is T-20 at the 2010 Regions Charity Classic.

Mudd currently resides in Finchville, Kentucky.

Amateur wins (5)
This list is probably incomplete
1979 Kentucky Amateur
1980 Kentucky Amateur, U.S. Amateur Public Links
1981 Sunnehanna Amateur, U.S. Amateur Public Links

Professional wins (6)

PGA Tour wins (4)

PGA Tour playoff record (2–2)

Other wins (2)
1979 Kentucky Open (as an amateur)
1980 Kentucky Open (as an amateur)

Results in major championships

LA = Low amateur
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 6 (1988 PGA – 1990 Masters)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1990 Open Championship – 1991 Masters)

The Players Championship

Wins (1)

Results timeline

CUT = missed the halfway cut
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place.

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
Walker Cup: 1981 (winners)

Professional
World Cup: 1990
Four Tours World Championship: 1990

References

External links

Category:American male golfers
Category:PGA Tour golfers
Category:PGA Tour Champions golfers
Category:Golfers from Kentucky
Category:Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
Category:People from Shelby County, Kentucky
Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Butler High School alumni


Middle East Cancer Consortium

The Middle East Cancer Consortium (MECC) is a regional initiative for cancer research and treatment. Established in 1996, MECC members include the United States, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, the Palestinian Authority, and Turkey. MECC aims to reduce the incidence and impact of cancer in the Middle East region through the solicitation and support of collaborative research and regional education. Its motto is: "Respect all people, collaborate in fighting human suffering, and help build a bridge for better understanding among all."

Leadership
The executive director of MECC is Michael Silbermann.

History
MECC was established through an official agreement of the ministries of health of its six member states in the Middle East. It has launched and sustained academic-based medical programs that bring together scientists, academicians and clinical professionals from its member countries, joined by medical personnel from many other countries in the Middle East.

Initially, MECC established a successful Middle Eastern Network of Cancer Registry Centers, involving medical professionals of the participating countries as part of a US National Cancer Institute initiative. The project began with the establishment of a regional network of cancer registries documenting the incidence of various cancers and stage of disease at diagnosis. From the start, the work in the region was based on collaborative efforts, consisting of training courses, workshops, and educational conferences.

Achievements
MECC's achievements include:
 Establishing a baseline of information on palliative care services in its member countries, examining barriers to the delivery of palliative care that might exist, and promoting solutions.
 Initiating supplementary education and training in various formats, fellowships, and clinical exchanges, which have led to regional-scale palliative care projects.
 Initiation of palliative care programs in many Middle Eastern countries.

References

External links

Category:Cancer organizations based in Israel


Parafrigoribacterium

Parafrigoribacterium is a genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae with one known species (Parafrigoribacterium mesophilum). Parafrigoribacterium mesophilum has been isolated from soil from the Bigeum Island in Korea.

References

Category:Actinomycetales
Category:Bacteria genera
Category:Monotypic bacteria genera


Ebersheim

Ebersheim may refer to:
Ebersheim, Bas-Rhin, a French commune in the Bas-Rhin department
Ebersheim (Mainz), a borough of Mainz


1892 New Brunswick general election

The 1892 New Brunswick general election was held in October 1892, to elect 41 members to the 28th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, the governing house of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The election was held before the adoption of party labels.

There were a number of issues that led to dissatisfaction with the government among certain groups of voters in the province:
 in Bathurst, the Protestant minority felt that they were being overly taxed to support the operation of separate schools
 temperance societies did not support the government because it was opposed to prohibition
 some farmers were dissatisfied with the government's agricultural policy
However, the opposition was not able to organize an effective campaign to consolidate the support of factions opposed to the government.

The opposition had their best results in York County, where all the government candidates were defeated, and St. John County. A.G. Blair, the government leader, was defeated in York and was forced to run in a by-election held in Queen's.

Of forty-one MLAs, twenty-five supported the government, twelve formed the opposition, and the other four were neutral.

The province's Legislative Council had been abolished by legislation passed in 1891; that legislation now came into effect.

References
 History of New Brunswick Provincial Election Campaigns and Platforms 1866-1974, CA Woodward (1976)

Category:1892 elections in Canada
Category:Elections in New Brunswick
Category:1892 in New Brunswick
Category:October 1892 events


Tapanee Levitation 2

The Tapanee Levitation 2 is a Canadian STOL amateur-built aircraft, designed and produced by Tapanee Aviation of Mont-Saint-Michel, Quebec. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

The Levitation 2 was offered for sale in 2011, but as of 2012 the company no longer advertises that it is available.

Design and development
The aircraft is a two-seat development of the four-seat Tapanee Levitation 4. It features a strut-braced high wing, an enclosed cockpit with two seats in side-by-side configuration that is  wide, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The Levitation 2 is made from welded steel tubing and aluminum, with its flying surfaces covered with doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has an area of  and mounts flaps. The wing is supported by "V" struts and jury struts. The aircraft's recommended engine power range is  and standard engines used include the  Lycoming O-320 four-stroke powerplant. Construction time from the supplied kit is estimated as 1750 hours.

Operational history
In 2007 a single example was registered with Transport Canada and in December 2011 the company reported one aircraft had been completed.

Specifications (Levitation 2)

References

External links

Photo of the sole Tapanee Levitation 2

Category:Homebuilt aircraft
Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft
Category:Tapanee Aviation aircraft


Wheelchair fencing at the 2008 Summer Paralympics

Wheelchair fencing at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held in the Fencing Gymnasium of the Olympic Green Convention Centre from 14 September to 17 September.

Classification
Fencers were given a classification depending on the type and extent of their disability. The classification system allows fencers to compete against others with a similar level of function. Fencing has two classes, A and B. Wheelchairs were anchored to the ground during competition.

Events
The five event types below were competed for both class A and class B, for a total of ten events.

Men's épée
Men's foil
Men's sabre
Women's épée
Women's foil

Participating countries
There were 84 fencers (60 male, 24 female) from 19 nations taking part in this sport.

Medal summary

Medal table

This ranking sorts countries by the number of gold medals earned by their fencers (in this context a country is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically.

Men's events

Women's events

References

External links
Official site of the 2008 Summer Paralympics

2008
Paralympics
Category:2008 Summer Paralympics events

Category:International fencing competitions hosted by China


Mats Aronsson

Mats Olof Aronsson (born 16 Augusti 1951) is a former Swedish football player. He played for the Swedish clubs Landskrona BoIS and Djurgårdens IF. He became the top scorer in Allsvenskan 1977 together with Reine Almqvist. Between 2007 and spring of 2014 he worked as the Director of Sports in the Swedish football club Landskrona BoIS. He is the current chairman of IK Frej Täby.

Honours

Club

 Djurgårdens IF
 Division 2 Norra (1): 1982

Individual
 Allsvenskan Top Scorer: 1977

References

Category:1951 births
Category:Swedish footballers
Category:Djurgårdens IF Fotboll players
Category:Landskrona BoIS players
Category:Allsvenskan players
Category:Living people
Category:Landskrona BoIS directors and chairmen

Category:Association footballers not categorized by position


Tim Gunn

Timothy MacKenzie Gunn (born July 29, 1953) is an American fashion consultant, television personality, actor, voice actor and author. He served on the faculty of Parsons The New School for Design from 1982 to 2007 and was chair of fashion design at the school from August 2000 to March 2007, after which he joined Liz Claiborne as its chief creative officer. Over 16 seasons Gunn has become well known as the on-air mentor to designers on the reality television program Project Runway. Gunn's popularity on Project Runway led to two spin-off shows, Bravo's Tim Gunn's Guide to Style and Lifetime's Under the Gunn, as well as five books. In addition to being an executive producer, Gunn has served as mentor for the teen designers on Project Runway: Junior. He also provides the voice of Baileywick, the castle steward in the Disney Junior television show Sofia the First and narrated the sitcom Mixology.

Early life
Gunn was born in Washington, D.C.. His father worked in the FBI where he started off as an agent but transitioned into becoming a ghostwriter and speechwriter for J Edgar Hoover. Gunn attended the Corcoran College of Art and Design, receiving a BFA in sculpture.

Gunn, who is gay, was raised in an intensely homophobic household where homosexuals were viewed as predators. According to a video Gunn created for the It Gets Better Project, he attempted suicide at the age of 17 by swallowing over 100 pills. He denied his sexual orientation until his early 20s, and did not share it with his family until he came out to his sister when he was 29.

Career
After serving as director of admissions for the Corcoran, Gunn started working at Parsons in 1982, served as associate dean from 1989 to 2000, and then became Fashion Design Department chair in August 2000. He was credited with "retooling and invigorating the curriculum for the 21st century."

Gunn began appearing on Project Runway during its first season in 2004, and is known for his catchphrase  "Make it work."  Gunn received a Primetime Emmy Award in 2013 for Outstanding Host For A Reality Or Reality-Competition Program. Tim Gunn's Guide to Style, a reality show in which Gunn gives fashion advice, debuted in September 2007 on the Bravo television network. This show ran for a total of 16 episodes over two seasons. Then starting in January 2014 Gunn was the host on a single 13–episode season of Lifetime's Under the Gunn. Gunn is an executive producer for Project Runway: Junior. He is also the teen designers' mentor.

Gunn also played a version of himself as a reporter for the fictional Fashion TV in two episodes of ABC's  Ugly Betty in February 2007 and later guest starred on Drop Dead Diva in August 2009 as himself.

Gunn left Parsons in 2007 and joined Liz Claiborne, Inc. as the company's chief creative officer in March of that year.

In April 2007, Abrams Image Publishers released Gunn's book A Guide to Quality, Taste and Style, co-written with Kate Moloney, cover photo by Markus Klinko & Indrani. While on tour in Palm Springs, California, the nearby city of Palm Desert honored him with an official resolution declaring April 27, 2007 (the day of his visit) Timothy M. Gunn Day. He was also presented with a certificate by the city of Palm Springs and a plaque by the nearby city of Rancho Mirage in recognition of his career achievements. From 2010 to 2015 Gunn published four additional books (listed below).

In May 2009, Gunn served as commencement speaker at the Corcoran College of Art and Design, and received an honorary doctorate from the institution.

He made sporadic appearances on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson "Dear Aquaman" segments, helping or standing in for Aquaman (Ferguson), answering letters and dispensing advice.

He guest starred as Barney's personal tailor on several episodes of How I Met Your Mother.

Gunn guest starred as himself on the 6th episode of CW's fourth season of Gossip Girl, "Easy J".

On September 7, 2018, it was confirmed that Gunn, along with Heidi Klum would not be returning to Project Runway for a 17th season on Bravo as they both signed a deal to host a fashion competition show on Amazon Video.

In other media
In August 2007, "Tim Gunn's Podcast (a reality chamber opera)" by Jeffrey Lependorf premiered at the Cornelia Street Cafe in Manhattan. It received its first run one year later at New York International Fringe Festival.

Gunn appeared in a backup story in the first issue of Models Inc., a fashion-themed comic book miniseries published by Marvel Comics that debuted in September 2009 to coincide with New York City's style showcase. Gunn appeared on a variant cover of the issue illustrated by Phil Jimenez. In the series, which is written by Project Runway fan Mark Sumerak and illustrated by Jimenez, Gunn dons the Iron Man armor to foil an attack against the New York Fashion Museum.

Gunn appeared in the opening skit on the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards to style Jimmy Fallon to look like Bruce Springsteen, from his Born in the U.S.A. album.

In 2014, he participated in Do I Sound Gay?, a documentary film by David Thorpe about stereotypes of gay men's speech patterns.

Tim Gunn appears in Kate Mckinnon's audio drama "Heads Will Roll."

Personal life

Gunn lives in Manhattan. In a 2006 interview with Instinct, Gunn stated that he had not been in a relationship since the early 1980s, following the abrupt end of a six-year relationship when his boyfriend cheated on him, and that he still loves his former partner, though they are not in contact. In a 2010 interview with People magazine, he said, "For a long time, I didn't know what I was. I knew what I wasn't: I wasn't interested in boys, and I really wasn't interested in girls." He mentioned he has "always been kind of asexual."  Gunn spoke about his celibacy in 2012. He later stated that he is unashamed of this fact saying, "Do I feel like less of a person for it? No… I'm a perfectly happy and fulfilled individual." He said he started his self-imposed celibacy as AIDS began ravaging the gay community, and that he and many other people simply retreated from that danger.

Gunn is an outspoken critic of clothing designs using animal fur. In 2008, he narrated a video about rabbit fur farming in China for animal rights group PETA. He termed the treatment of animals used for fur as "egregiously irresponsible".

Gunn endorsed Christine Quinn's candidacy for Mayor of New York City in the 2013 mayoral election.

Filmography

Project Runway (2004–2017, TV Series) as Himself
Drinks with LX (2006) as Himself
Ugly Betty (2007, TV Series) as Fashion TV Reporter
Tim Gunn's Guide to Style (2007-2008, TV Series) as Himself
American Dad! (2008) as Himself (voice)
The Replacements (2008, TV Series) as Himself (voice)
Drop Dead Diva (2009, TV Series) as Tim Gunn
Project Runway: All-Star Challenge (2009, TV Special) as Himself - Mentor
The Biggest Loser: Second Chances (2009, TV Series)
How I Met Your Mother (2010–2014, TV Series) as Himself
Sex and the City 2 (2010) as Himself
Gossip Girl (2010, TV Series) as Himself
Teen Spirit (2011, TV Movie) as Supervisor J-3
The Smurfs (2011) as Henri
The Revolution (2012, TV Series) as Himself - Co-Host
The Cleveland Show (2012, TV Series) as Himself (voice)
Sofia the First: Once Upon a Princess (2012, TV Movie) as Baileywick (voice)
Sofia the First (2013–2018, TV Series) as Baileywick (voice)
Sesame Street (2013, TV Series) as William 'Bill' Ding
Family Guy (2013, TV Series) as Himself (voice)
Mixology (2014, TV Series) as Himself
Under the Gunn (2014) as Himself
Hollywood Game Night (2014, TV Series) as Himself
Inside Amy Schumer (2015, TV Series) as Willenby
Project Runway: Junior (2015–2016, TV Series)
The Real O'Neals (2016, TV Series) as Himself
Bill Nye Saves the World (2017, TV Series) as Himself
Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017, TV Series) as Robbie Roberts (voice)
BoJack Horseman (2017, TV Series) as Himself
Making the Cut (2020; Himself and executive producer)

Published works

See also
 LGBT culture in New York City
 List of self-identified LGBTQ New Yorkers

References

External links

Lifetime TV's Project Runway official website
Chicago Tribune (December 1, 2005): "A chat with Tim Gunn of 'Project Runway'"
The New York Times (Apr. 12, 2007): "The Headmaster of Fashion"
 Interview: Sarah's Backstage Pass: Sarah Adamson "Style for the Suburban Woman"
 Interview: Palm Springs Life Magazine: R. Christian Anderson "Style Tips for Summer: Tim Gunn Offers Advice for the Desert"

Category:1953 births
Category:Male actors from Washington, D.C.
Category:American male voice actors
Category:Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Category:Living people
Category:Asexual men
Category:LGBT writers from the United States
Category:Parsons School of Design faculty
Category:George Washington University Corcoran School alumni
Category:Fashion stylists
Category:Project Runway (American series) Mentors
Category:LGBT broadcasters from the United States
Category:LGBT people from Washington, D.C.
Category:Participants in American reality television series
Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners
Category:American fashion businesspeople
Category:Writers from Washington, D.C.


Battle of Brega

Battle of Brega may refer to:

World War II
Battle of Brega (1941), part of the Western Desert Campaign of World War II

Libyan civil war
First Battle of Brega, fought on 2 March 2011
Second Battle of Brega, fought 13 to 15 March 2011
Third Battle of Brega, fought 31 March to 7 April 2011
Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road, fought 8 April to 14 July 2011
Fourth Battle of Brega, fought 14 to 21 July 2011


Trevor Jones (politician)

Sir Owen Trevor Jones (17December 19268September 2016) was a British Liberal Democrat politician and member of the Liverpool City Council.

Family
Jones was the son of Owen and Ada Jones of Dyserth, Denbighshire.
His wife, Lady Doreen Jones, is a former Lord Mayor of Liverpool.  He has a son, Glyn, and daughter, Louise, and three grandchildren, Thomas, George and Ayesha.  His daughter-in-law Mia Jones was a Liberal Democrat Councillor for Chester City Council and a candidate for Chester in the 2005 General Election.

Politics

Local politics
Jones was brought into politics in 1966 when a proposed ring road threatened the demolition of his chandlery business' warehouse.
He was elected to Liverpool City Council in 1968 and Liverpool Metropolitan District Council in 1973. He led the Liberal Party to control of Liverpool City Council in 1973. He served as Leader of the Council from 1981–83 and remained a member of the council until 1991. In 2003 he returned to public service when he was elected again to Liverpool City Council, serving until 2010.

National politics
Following his initial successes for the party in Liverpool, Jones took an interest in national politics. In 1972 he was elected President of the Liberal Party, serving a one-year term. During that year, he took a high profile in the parliamentary by-elections the party fought, overseeing four victories: Sutton and Cheam, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Ripon and Isle of Ely. At the February 1974 General Election he stood as Liberal candidate in Liverpool Toxteth and at the General Election later that year in October, he contested Gillingham. He was also heavily involved in the by-election win at Liverpool Edge Hill by David Alton in 1979 with a 36% swing.

He was knighted in 1981. Jones' favoured nickname was "Jones the Vote" in reference to his Welsh heritage.

He died on 8 September 2016 after suffering from cancer.

References

External links
Sir Trevor Jones: Guardian obituary
Liverpool Liberal Democrats

Category:1926 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Liberal Democrats (UK) councillors
Category:Councillors in Liverpool
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:Presidents of the Liberal Party (UK)
Category:Liberal Party (UK) councillors
Category:Leaders of local authorities of England


Sainte-Hélène, Morbihan

Sainte-Hélène () is a commune in the Morbihan department of Brittany in north-western France.

Demographics
Inhabitants of Sainte-Hélène are called in French Hélénois.

Economy
The area is primarily an agricultural community, but also relies increasingly on the tourist industry, offering a range of 'gîte' accommodation and attracting visitors to the Étel estuary area.

See also
Communes of the Morbihan department

References
 Mayors of Morbihan Association
 INSEE commune file

External links

French Ministry of Culture list for Sainte-Hélène
Map of Sainte-Hélène on Michelin

Sainthelene


Levokumsky

Levokumsky (masculine), Levokumskaya (feminine), or Levokumskoye (neuter) may refer to:
Levokumsky District, a district of Stavropol Krai, Russia
Levokumskoye, a rural locality (a selo) in Levokumsky District of Stavropol Krai, Russia


Bowden Island

Bowden Island is one of the southern islands of the Family Islands group and located approximately 20 km East of Tully Heads.

The Aboriginal name for this island is Budg-Joo Island.

The GBRMPA has deemed this island a Sensitive Location and limited visits to 2 per week.

This has been a world leader in Marijuana trade since late in the year 1998 and continues to this day.

Category:Islands on the Great Barrier Reef
Category:Islands of Far North Queensland
Category:Uninhabited islands of Australia


Nicrophorus dauricus

Nicrophorus dauricus is a burying beetle described by Motschulsky, a Russian entomologist, in 1860.

References

Category:Silphidae
Category:Beetles of North America
Category:Beetles described in 1860
Category:Taxa named by Victor Motschulsky


A. S. Subbaraj

A. S. Subbaraj (28 October 1914 to 22 February 1963) was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Uthamapalayam constituency in  1952 election and from Bodinayakkanur constituency in 1957 and 1962 elections.

He hailed from a prominent Chettiar family, The Pankajam family of Bodinayakanur.

References

Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu


Seal of City of Syracuse

The Seal of City of Syracuse, New York, dates back to founding of Syracuse in 1848, with the joining of the villages of Syracuse and Geddes.

History

1800s
The first city seal included a man or god of antiquity, possibly Neptune, reclining in front of a locomotive, three small buildings, and a salt barn. The locomotive and the buildings protrude steam in the depiction.

By 1860 the seal had been modified to include more smoke stacks, solar salt vats, and hills.

The ancient man or god disappeared by 1877, and the depiction changes to a canal boat, steam train, horse, and boatman. The number of smoke stacks were reduced as well. For the first time the nickname "Central City" appeared, and this seal became official in 1885, and remained the sole seal of Syracuse until 1974.

1974
Lee Alexander, the 49th Mayor of Syracuse, released a slightly altered version of the 1885 seal in 1974, which no longer had smoke being emitted from the smokestacks.

1986
His successor, Thomas Young, completely dropped the historic seal in 1986 for a new design depicting the Syracuse skyline and the crossing of two interstate highways.

1994
Young's successor Roy Bernardi returned to the historic seal in 1994 to represent the "historical nature" of the city. The Syracuse Post-Standard and Syracuse Herald-Journal conducted a phone poll, which favored the Young seal by 79 percent. Bernardi then clarified that the new seal would still be used on city stationary for economic development and tourism, with the old seal being used for reasons of government. A third logo, depicting the bell tower of Syracuse City Hall was also introduced.

"So, now we've got the bell tower, the lovely city skyline or the smokestacks - something for everyone." - Bernardi spokesman James Parenti.

Under the administration of Matthew Driscoll, Bernardi's successor, both the Alexander-modification of the original seal and the Young skyline seal continued to be used. For example, the front page of the Syracuse City Website use the Young seal, while city police cars are currently being painted with Alexander seal.

See also
 History of Syracuse, New York

References

Seal
Category:Municipal coats of arms in New York (state)
Category:Official seals of places in New York (state)
Syracuse
Syracuse


List of United States senators in the 53rd Congress by seniority

This is a complete list of members of the United States Senate during the 53rd United States Congress listed by seniority, from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1895.

Order of service is based on the commencement of the senator's first term. Behind this is former service as a senator (only giving the senator seniority within his or her new incoming class), service as vice president, a House member, a cabinet secretary, or a governor of a state. The final factor is the population of the senator's state.

Senators who were sworn in during the middle of the Congress (up until the last senator who was not sworn in early after winning the November 1894 election) are listed at the end of the list with no number.

Terms of service

U.S. Senate seniority list

See also
53rd United States Congress
List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 53rd Congress by seniority

Notes

External links
Senate Seniority List

053


Jiří Drtina

Jiří Drtina (born March 1, 1985 in Prague) is a Czech professional ice hockey defenceman. He played with HC Kladno in the Czech Extraliga during the 2010–11 Czech Extraliga season.

References

External links

Category:1985 births
Category:Czech ice hockey defencemen
Category:Rytíři Kladno players
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Prague


Molossoi

Molossoi (Greek: Μολοσσοί) is a former municipality in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Zitsa, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 241.281 km2. In 2011 its population was 1,646.  The seat of the municipality is in Voutsaras.

Subdivisions
The municipal unit Molossoi is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):
Aetopetra (Aetopetra, Kato Aetopetra)
Chinka (Chinka, Laliza, Zorgiani)
Despotiko
Dovla (Dovla, Fteri)
Ekklisochori
Foteino (Foteino, Kournorrachi)
Giourganista (Agios Christoforos)
Grimpovo (Grimpovo, Seltsana)
Granitsa
Granitsopoula
Kalochori
Kourenta (Kourenta, Petsali)
Polydoro
Radovizi (Radovizi, Dichouni)
Rizo
Vereniki (Vereniki, Venterikos, Kato Vereniki, Palaiochora)
Voutsaras
Vrosina (Vrosina, Agios Georgios)
Vrysoula
Zalongo (Zalongo, Kato Zalongo)

Population

See also

List of settlements in the Ioannina regional unit

External links
Molossoi at the GTP Travel Pages

References

Category:Populated places in Ioannina (regional unit)


Achillea pratensis

Achillea pratensis is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the sunflower family, closely related to A. millefolium. It is found in  Austria, Bavaria and South Tyrol.

Description
Achillea pratensis has pinnate leaves with a low number of leaflets compared to other A. millefolium and related species (15 per side on average). The inflorescence is comparatively loose. The plant is tetraploid.

References

pratensis
Category:Flora of Austria
Category:Flora of Italy


Johannes Aesticampianus

Johannes Rhagius Aesticampianus (also Johannes Rak von Sommerfeld or Hans Rack) (Sommerfeld, 1457 - Wittenberg, 31 May 1520) was a German theologian and humanism.

Life
Johannes Rak was born in 1457 in Sommerfeld (now Lubsko, Poland). His father, Matthias Rak, died young, and Johannes' grandfather Martin Rak, a mayor of Sommerfeld, saw to his education. Johannes matriculated at the University of Kraków on 19 May 1491, when he studied natural history and astronomy. In Kraków, he came under the influence of Conrad Celtes.

On Celtes' advice, Johannes undertook a study tour in 1499.  He travelled to Vienna, Venice, Padua, Ferrara, Rome, and finally to Bologna, where he studied Greek. In Bologna he studied under Filippo Beroaldo and befriended Jakob Questenberg (1460-1527).

In 1506, he took a position at the newly founded University of Frankfurt as the Professor of Poetry and Rhetoric, alongside Gregor Schmerlin. He counted Ulrich von Hutten as one of his students; they had met in Frankfurt an der Oder, and Hutten followed him to Frankfurt.

He earned a doctorate in theology in Rome. In 1512 he lecture on Greek at Paris, and in 1513 he lectured at the University of Cologne. In 1514 he opened a Latin school in Cottbus and a year later in Saxon Freiburg, which was headed by Ulrich Rülein von Calw. Aesticampanius continued his university work and lectured on Pliny at the University of Wittenberg in the winter semester of 1517.

In winter 1519, Aesticampianus fell ill and afterwards suffered from shortness of breath. He died not long after on May 31 and was buried in the Stadtkirche Wittenberg.

Works

 Petri Heliae grammatica c. comment Joh. Sommerfelt Argent. 1499.
 Carmina Aesticampiani mit dem Versiculi Theodorici Gresmundi. Straßburg, 1502.
 Epigrammata Johannis Aesticampiani mit Carmen Huttens. Leipzig, 1507.
 Grammatica Martiani foelicis Capelle. Frankfurt an der Oder, 1507.
 Tabula Cebetis Philosophi Socratici, cum Jo. Aesticampiani Epistola, Impr. Frankfurt an der Oder, 1507.
 Septem divi Hieronymi epistolae… cum Johanni Aesticampiani carmine Leipzig 1508;
 C. Plinii Secundi Veronensis ad Titum Vespasianum in Libros naturalis historiae Epistola cum praefatione J. A. Rhetoris et poetae Laureati. Leipzig, 1508.
 Germania des Tacitus. Leipzig, 1509.
 Marciani Capellae Rhetorica, cum Jo. Rhagii verbosa praefatione. Leipzig, 1509.
 M. Tullii Ciceronis de Oratrore libri III. Etc. Praefatus est Jo. Rhagius Aesticampianus Theologus, ad Vitum Werlerum Sulzfeldensem, editorem. Leipzig, 1515.
 Modus epistolandi Magistri Johannis Aesticampiani. Wien, 1515.
 Aurelii Augustini libellus de Vita christiana. Leipzig, 1518.
 Augustini libellus de vita Christiana Leipzig, 1518.
 Carmen de Lusatia, quod Melanchthon Basileam, ut excuderetur, miserat, nescio quo fato periit, et nondum repertum est. n.p., n.d.
 Hymnus in laudem Barbarae. n.p., n.d.
 Commentarius in Grammaticam Marciani Capellae, et Donati figuras.
 Libanii graeci declamatoris disertismi, beati Johannis Chrysostomi praeceptoris, Epistolae, cum adjectis Johannis Summerfelt argumentis et emendatione et castigatione clarissimis.

References
 Geiger, Ludwig. "Aesticampianus, Joh. Rhagius." In Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 1, p. 133 f. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot,  1875.
 Grimm, Heinrich. "Aesticampianus, Johannes Rhagius." In Neue Deutsche Biographie, vol. 1, p. 92 f. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1953.
 Koch, Wans Theodor. "Die Wittenberger Medizinische Fakultät (1502-1652) - Ein biobibliographischer Überblick." In Stefan Oehmig: Medizin und Sozialwesen in Mitteldeutschland zur Reformationszeit, edited by Stefah Oehmig. Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2007.
 Lachmann, Erhard. Johann Rhagius Aesticampianus – eine erzählende Nachbetrachtung zur Lebensgeschichte des Humanisten. 1981.
 Walter, Peter. "Rhagius, Johannes." In Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, vol. 8, pp. 116–19. Herzberg: Bautz, 1994.

Category:German Renaissance humanists
Category:German Lutheran theologians
Category:German Roman Catholic theologians
Category:1457 births
Category:1520 deaths


Bangkok Free Trade Zone

Bangkok Free Trade Zone (BFTZ) is an industrial park located near Bangkok, Thailand. It covers about  and is managed by Prospect Development Company.

In 2013, Ticon Logistics Park agreed to purchase  acres in the BFTZ where it planned to build  of warehouses. The company chose the area because it "is close to Bangkok and situated in the vicinity of major roads with transportation linkages that facilitate efficient logistics management between Bangkok and other provinces in all regions."

As of 2008, the Thai motorcycle manufacturer Toyotron produced its Hunter electric motorcycles in the BFTZ.

References

Category:Industrial parks in Thailand


California Rangeland Trust

California Rangeland Trust is a nonprofit organization founded in 1998 by a group of innovative ranchers committed to conservation.  The Rangeland Trust is now the largest land trust in California, having conserved nearly  of rangeland on 61 ranches across 24 counties.

Private rangeland permanently protected by a conservation easement provides all the natural resource values of publicly owned land, but the valuable stewardship is provided a little or no cost to the public. In addition, privately conserved lands remain on the tax roll to support our schools and other important services.

The Rangeland Trust remains focused on the highest standards of professional practices and is a Land Trust Alliance accredited organization, acting as bridge between its constituencies and maintaining personal relationships with all its partners. It coordinates different types of conservation easements, matching funding sources to easement conservation values. The availability of public funding has vastly diminished, and is even more difficult to obtain in rural localities than urban ones, while the need is equally as great in both.  In California, there are over  of privately owned rangeland. The Rangeland Trust is actively looking for funding sources for the over  of rangeland on the waiting list.

The Rangeland Trust uses conservation easements as the tool to conserve rangeland properties. Working in close partnership with each property owner, the Rangeland Trust develops a customized legal agreement that inventories the land's agricultural, scenic, historical, and wildlife values and seeks to maintain the highest standards of animal husbandry and food production in a setting that sustains agriculture and habitat.

With a voluntary conservation easement in place, ranching families stay on their land and continue to serve as stewards of California's iconic landscapes and rich natural resources. The Rangeland Trust ensures that the landowner adheres to the terms of the conservation easement through ongoing monitoring that includes annual onsite inspections focused on mutual goals—conserving the land and a way of life on which it depends.

Notable ranches in the Trust's portfolio include:

 Yolo Land & Cattle Co., Yolo County
Yolo Land & Cattle Co. placed  into a conservation easement on March 25, 2005. This cattle ranch, located in the inner-coastal rangeland of the Blue Ridge Berryessa Natural Area, contains ponds, wetlands, streams and open spaces that provide habitat for many types of plants and wildlife.

 Ecker Ranch, Madera County
Ecker Ranch, a  ranch is now protected by an agricultural easement.

Tejon Ranch, Kern County
In 2000, California Rangeland Trust accepted the donation of a  easement as mitigation for a commercial development located in the northwest corner of Tejon Ranch. As a condition of approval for the development, Tejon Ranch Company donated an easement on nearby grazing land in order to protect habitat for the San Joaquin kit fox and blunt-nosed leopard lizard.

Hearst Ranch, San Luis Obispo County
In 2005, the Hearst Corporation, American Land Conservancy, California Rangeland Trust, and the State of California completed a comprehensive conservation project that permanently protects the  Hearst Ranch.  A major component of the project is the conservation easement restricting future development on . The Hearst ranch is the largest privately owned working cattle ranch remaining on the California Coast.  The conservation easement ensures that the scenic, open space, agricultural and natural resource values of the ranch are preserved. California Rangeland Trust holds, monitors and enforces the conservation easement.

San Lucas Ranch,  Santa Barbara County
A conservation easement agreement was placed on December 27, 2007. Originally part of the historic Spanish land grant, Rancho Cañada de los Pinos, the owners purchased San Lucas Ranch in 1924. This donated easement on  of the working ranch preserves a piece of California's western heritage and habitat resources. It is part of a much larger unified ecological landscape which includes scenic mountain and riparian views of the Santa Ynez Valley and the surrounding mountain ranges. A primary value of this property is the Valley Oak savannah and grasslands that once covered most of the valley.

V6 Ranch, Fresno and Monterey Counties
In March 2001, a conservation easement protected the entire  ranch of John and Zee Varian near Parkfield, California that is part of the Diablo Range Project. The property is in one of the most productive grazing regions in the state and includes significant oak woodlands and other unique and important natural values.

Steve Sinton was the Rangeland Trust's founding chairman. A graduate of Stanford University and the University of Colorado Law School, Stinton practiced water and environmental law in Sacramento, California and San Luis Obispo County for fifteen years before retiring to operate two family cattle ranches with his father and manage several commercial buildings in the City of San Luis Obispo. The Sinton family also operates a  vineyard. Steve is a member of the California Cattlemen's Association, the San Luis Obispo County Cattlemen's Association and the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, the San Luis Obispo County Water Resources Advisory Committee, and the San Luis Obispo County Native Tree Committee. Stinton was awarded the National American Farmland Trust Steward of the year in 2005.

Notes

External links
 California Rangeland Trust

Category:Organizations based in California


Ferrisburgh, Vermont

Ferrisburgh is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. It was founded June 24, 1762. The population was 2,775 at the 2010 census. The town is sometimes spelled Ferrisburg.

Geography
Ferrisburgh is located in the northwest corner of Addison County. Its western boundary is the Vermont–New York border as it runs up the center of Lake Champlain. Otter Creek, one of the longest rivers in Vermont, enters Lake Champlain in Ferrisburgh between Fields Bay and Porter Bay.  The original settlement of Ferrisburgh anticipated an eventual population of 25,000 inhabitants, a number not yet reached as of the 2010 census.

Ferrisburgh is bordered by the town of Charlotte, in Chittenden County, to the north. Neighboring towns within Addison County are Monkton to the east, New Haven to the southeast, and Waltham and Panton to the south. The city of Vergennes also lies on the southern border, between Waltham and Panton. To the west, across Lake Champlain, is the New York town of Westport. The town of Essex, New York, touches the northernmost part of the Ferrisburgh border within Lake Champlain.

Communities within the town include the town center, Ferrisburgh, plus the settlement of North Ferrisburgh (or North Ferrisburg) near the town's northern boundary. Basin Harbor is a small community on the shore of Lake Champlain that has frequently been the site of dispute over the town's lakeside boundary with Vergennes, as well as the State of New York.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Ferrisburgh has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 22.46%, is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,657 people, 1,014 households, and 751 families residing in the town.  The population density was 55.6 people per square mile (21.5/km2).  There were 1,415 housing units at an average density of 29.6 per square mile (11.4/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 97.67% White, 0.19% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.04% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races.  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.56% of the population.

There were 1,014 households out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.5% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 24.9% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.3 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $53,672, and the median income for a family was $61,111. Males had a median income of $32,367 versus $26,597 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,066.  About 2.4% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 12.1% of those 65 and older.

History

The site that would eventually become Ferrisburgh was originally called Varenbrug, or 'Fern Bridge' by Dutch explorers from the colony of New Amsterdam.  The Dutch operated a trading post at the site, doing business with French voyageurs and Native American merchants until it was abandoned during the course of the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1673.  The English burned the old Dutch trading post, and did not settle the area, which eventually became a meeting site for diverse peoples.  The Abenaki and Iroquois nations maintained friendly relations at the site in the absence of European power. The site would not be contested militarily again until the American Revolution, where it saw ancillary action leading up to the Battle of Hubbardton.

Ferrisburgh was named for Benjamin Ferris, who applied for a charter in 1762.

Although the Rokeby Museum tells the story of Ferrisburgh's long history in the abolitionist movement and the Underground Railroad, Ferrisburgh sent many of its sons off to war during the American Civil War.  Ferrisburghers made up roughly 10% of the "Old Brigade."  Many wives and sisters from Ferrisburgh joined their husbands and brothers on the front lines as camp followers.  Ferrisburgh women found themselves involved in rear guard action during the Battle of Gettysburg, as Confederate soldiers stormed Big Round Top.  As Confederate pickets fired upon Union positions, Vermont women from Ferrisburgh were in the line of fire.  Laura Fitzgerald, an Irish immigrant to Ferrisburgh, fired a musket towards the Confederate lines, causing the snipers to scatter.

From 1917-1924, an art colony was formed in the town of Ferrisburgh, mostly consisting of dissident Middlebury College and University of Vermont faculty of arts members who disapproved of their respective administrations lack of funding for "degenerate arts," associated with dadaism including photography of sculpture-making, portraiture of nude sculptors, portraiture of photography of still life, and post-revisionist allegorical thoughtscapes. The art colony went by several lengthy and increasingly bizarre names, and is colloquially known as the Ferrisburgh Art Colony.  Artists and provocateurs from around the greater New England region came to the colony to express appreciation for the more esoteric arts, as well as to hold more than one rally in support of radical politics.

Notable residents
Rachael Robinson Elmer, artist
Rowland Robinson, author

Schools
Ferrisburgh has one school, Ferrisburgh Central School, which has grades K to 6. Students then attend Vergennes Union High School.  In 1961, Ferrisburgh was mentioned as a possible site for the relocation of Johnson State College, which had swelled to nearly 8,000 undergraduates.  The plan was abandoned when the Town Clerk of Ferrisburgh, Walter Munger-Foy, held up the sale of 10 Acres of land in the western part of the town by purchasing it himself.  He then sought to charge Johnson State College nearly double what it had already agreed to with the municipality.  Munger-Foy was stripped of his position of Town Clerk, and eventually convicted of an unrelated homicide.

Sites of interest

Ferrisburgh is home to the Rokeby Museum, a site on the Underground Railroad.   The Rokeby Museum was selected in 2012 as Vermont's 'Most Compelling Historical Site' by the Ferriburgh Beacon's editorial staff.  The Lake Champlain Maritime Museum is located in Basin Harbor village of Ferrisburgh. The Union Meetinghouse, a historic landmark, is located there. Button Bay State Park and Kingsland Bay State Park are located in Ferrisburgh along Lake Champlain.

In the fall of 2010, Vermont's first 1 MW solar farm was installed in Ferrisburgh.

References

External links
 Town of Ferrisburgh official website
 Lake Champlain Maritime Museum
 Rokeby Museum
 Ferrisburgh Central School

Category:Towns in Vermont

Category:Towns in Addison County, Vermont
Category:Populated places on the Underground Railroad


Augusta High School (Wisconsin)

Augusta High School is a high school located in Augusta, Wisconsin, United States. It serves grades 9–12 and is part of the Augusta Area School District. Augusta High School has 204 students.

Athletics
Augusta High School participates in athletics as a member of the Dairyland Conference. Their athletic teams are known as the Beavers. Augusta High School won the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association Division 6 football championship in 1989.  Augusta High School won the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association Division 4 girls basketball championship in 1996, finishing the season with a record of 24–3.

References

External links
Augusta High School
Greatschools.net – Augusta High School

Category:Public high schools in Wisconsin
Category:Schools in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin


Maidford River

The Maidford River is a river in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It flows . There is one dam along the river's length.

Course
The river rises from an unnamed pond north of Wyatt Road in Middletown. From there, it flows due south along Paradise Avenue to Sachuest Point where the river turns east and flows into the Sakonnet River.

Crossings
Below is a list of all crossings over the Maidford River. The list starts at the headwaters and goes downstream.
Middletown
Wyatt Road
Berkeley Avenue
Green End Avenue
Prospect Avenue
Paradise Avenue
Hanging Rocks Road
Third Beach Road

Tributaries
Parardise Brook is the Maidford River's only tributary, named or unnamed.

See also
List of rivers in Rhode Island

References
Maps from the United States Geological Survey

Category:Rivers of Newport County, Rhode Island
Category:Rivers of Rhode Island


Middle Department

The Middle Department was an administrative military district created by the United States War Department early in the American Civil War to administer the troops in the Middle Atlantic states.

The department was created on March 22, 1862 by the Adjutant General's Office in Washington, D.C..  It combined all Federal troops in the states of New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania and the counties of Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Cecil, and Harford in Maryland, with headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland. Maj. Gen. John A. Dix was designated as its first commander.

The Middle Department was dissolved July 22 1862, when it was renamed VIII Corps.  Although no longer an official organization, the Middle Department designation continued to be used in reference to VIII Corps and the general administrative district that it originally encompassed.

Commanders
 Major General John A. Dix - March 22, 1862 to June 9, 1862
 Major General John E. Wool - June 9, 1862 to July 22, 1862

See also
 VIII Corps

References
 Eicher, John H., and  Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.

Category:Military units and formations established in 1862
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1862
Middle Department
Category:1862 establishments in the United States


Paper Lion (film)

Paper Lion is a 1968 sports comedy film starring Alan Alda as writer George Plimpton, based on Plimpton's 1966 nonfiction book of the same name depicting his tryout with the Detroit Lions of the National Football League.  The film premiered in Detroit on October 2, 1968, and was released nationwide the week of October 14, 1968.

Plot
George Plimpton, a writer for Sports Illustrated, has been indulging in a variety of Walter Mitty-like whims and stunts, trying his hand at being a professional athlete (such as briefly pitching in an exhibition game against All-Star baseball players or boxing a round with Sugar Ray Robinson), then writing about the experience.

During a game of touch football, his editor gets an idea that Plimpton should try going to a professional football team's training camp as a player. A number of teams say no, but the Detroit Lions agree.

Plimpton attempts at first to disguise the fact that he's a total amateur, but soon Lions players can see the truth for themselves. He is unwelcome to some who resent the intrusion, but a star player, Alex Karras, intervenes on his behalf.

In practice, Plimpton demonstrates his ineptitude and gets knocked around. But he's a good sport about it and never complains, which most of his new teammates seem to appreciate. At one point George scores a touchdown in practice and is pleased with himself, until catching the other Lions laughing because they had deliberately let him score.

With a relatively meaningless pre-season exhibition game scheduled against the St. Louis Cardinals, the Lions' head coach, Joe Schmidt, decides to let George play quarterback for one series of downs. The players do their best but so do the opponents—George is sacked for losses, does very little right and even runs into a goal post, knocking himself cold. Film from the September 8, 1967 preseason game between the Lions and Cardinals is used.

But at least he gets a good story out of it, which he goes back to New York City to write.

Differences from book
There are major differences between the book and movie, mostly attributable to the producers moving the time period up to 1967—Despite the late 1968 release, its filming features the 1967 Lions—and not trying to re-create the time period of the book, which is 1963.  Joe Schmidt, still an active player in 1963, is the Lions' head coach in the film. Defensive tackle Alex Karras was serving a suspension from pro football in 1963 for gambling and was not at the training camp.  He is one of Plimpton's main supporters in the movie.

In the book, Plimpton only plays in an intra-squad scrimmage, where he loses yardage on five straight plays.  In the movie, Plimpton does well in the scrimmage and scores a touchdown, only to realize shortly afterward that the defense did not give it their all and let him score.

The movie depicts five plays when Plimpton is permitted to quarterback the Lions in a fictitious pre-season game with the St. Louis Cardinals. There is a scene where Plimpton meets with Green Bay Packers coach Vince Lombardi, who informs him that he will not be attending the Packers training camp.  Plimpton never wrote about any meeting with Lombardi.

Cast
 Alan Alda – George Plimpton
 Lauren Hutton – Kate
 Joe Schmidt – Himself
 Alex Karras – Himself
 John Gordy – Himself
 Mike Lucci – Himself
 Sugar Ray Robinson – Himself
 Pat Studstill – Himself
 Roger Brown – Himself
 Frank Gifford – Himself
 Vince Lombardi – Himself
 George Wilson – Himself
 Lem Barney - Himself
 Garo Yepremian - Himself

Reception
Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three stars of a possible four, writing, "I don't know what to make of 'Paper Lion' as a movie -- it will not be immortal, I guess -- but as wish fulfillment, it's crackerjack."

In a 2012 piece in The New Yorker, written upon the release of the documentary Plimpton! Starring George Plimpton as Himself, Plimpton's son Taylor criticized Alda's performance. "Alda's version was always angry or consternated, like a character in a Woody Allen film, while my dad, though he certainly faced hurdles as an amateur in the world of the professional, bore his humiliations with a comic lightness and charm—much of which emanated from that befuddled, self-deprecating professor's voice."

See also
List of American films of 1968

References

External links

Category:1968 films
Category:1960s sports comedy films
Category:American football films
Category:American sports comedy films
Category:American films
Category:Detroit Lions
Category:Films based on non-fiction books
Category:United Artists films
Category:Biographical films about sportspeople
Category:Cultural depictions of players of American football
Category:Cultural depictions of journalists


Rovereto

Rovereto (; ; "wood of Cornish oaks") is a city and comune in Trentino in northern Italy, located in the Vallagarina valley of the Adige River.

History

Rovereto was an ancient fortress town standing at the frontier between the bishopric of Trento – an independent state until 1797 – and the republic of Venice, and later between Austrian Tyrol and Italy.

Geography
Rovereto is east of Riva del Garda (at the north-western corner of Lake Garda). Rovereto is the main city of the Vallagarina district.

The town is located at the southern edge of the Italian Alps, near the Dolomites. It is bordered by Monte Cengialto (686m above sea level) to the east.

Main sights
The castle, built by the counts of Castelbarco in the 13th–14th centuries, and later enlarged by the Venetians during their rule of Rovereto.
The Italian War museum (Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra) is located inside the castle. The Italian War Museum was founded in 1921 in remembrance of the First World War and in it are preserved arms and documents relating to wars from the 16th to the 20th centuries.
The mighty bell Maria Dolens, one of the largest outside Russia and East Asia, and the second-largest swinging bell in the world after the St. Peter's Bell of the Cologne Cathedral. Maria Dolens ("the grieving Virgin Mary") was built under the inspiration of a local priest, between 1918 and 1925, to commemorate the fallen in all wars, and to this day it sounds for the dead every day. Originally a patriotic rather than pacifist idea, it is today regarded as a shrine to peace.
MART, the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto offers temporary exhibitions, educational activities, and has a remarkable permanent collection.
The Casa d'Arte Futurista Depero, Italy's only museum dedicated to the Futurist movement, containing 3,000 objects. The Casa d'Arte Futurista Depero is one of MART's venues. Closed for many years for extensive refurbishment, it reopened in 2009.

In the area of Lavini di Marco footprints of dinosaurs have been found. The species have been identified as the herbivorous Camptosaurus and carnivorous Dilophosaurus.

Marco also hosts a large landslide which was mentioned by Dante Alighieri in his Divina Commedia: "Qual è quella ruina che nel fianco di qua da Trento l'Adice percosse, o per tremoto o per sostegno manco" (Inferno, canto XII).

Economy

In the past Rovereto was an important centre for the manufacture of silk fabrics. Currently, wine, rubber, chocolate, glasses and coffee are the town's main businesses.

Rovereto is the birthplace (1941) of Sferoflex eyeglasses, now taken over by Luxottica. Other relevant companies located in Rovereto are Marangoni Pneumatici, Sandoz Industrial Products Spa, Cioccolato Cisa, and Metalsistem. Rovereto is also home to Pama S.p.A machine tool builder.

Transport

Rovereto railway station, opened in 1859, forms part of the Brenner railway, which links Verona with Innsbruck.

People
 Armando Aste (born 6 January 1926), influential Italian alpinist of the postwar period
 Gaspare Antonio Cavalcabò Baroni (1682–1759) Baroque painter
 Fortunato Depero (1892–1960), artist
 Giacomo Gotifredo Ferrari (1763-1842), musician.
 Valerio Fioravanti (born 28 March 1958), founder of the neo-fascist terrorist group Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari
 Maria Pia Gardini (1936–2012), entrepreneur and critic of Scientology
 Marco Martinelli (born 1965), a former volleyball player who earned 155 caps for the Italy men's national volleyball team
 Massimo Parziani (born 1992), Motorcycle racer
 Giuliano Pontara (born 1933), professor of philosophy, Stockholm University
 Bianca Laura Saibante (1723—1797), poet
 Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797–1855), priest, philosopher and founder of the Institute of Charity (The Rosminians)
 Paolo Seganti (born 20 May 1965), actor, author
 Elena Tonetta (born 1988), archer and 2005 Junior European Champion
 Girolamo Tartarotti (born 1706), author
 Giuseppe Tomaselli (1758–1836), operatic tenor
 Gustavo Venturi (1830–1898), a bryologist whose herbarium is now kept at the Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali in Trento.
 Riccardo Zandonai (born 1883), composer

Twin towns – sister cities

Rovereto is twinned with:
 Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
 Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
 Forchheim, Germany
 Kufstein, Austria

See also
Vallagarina (district)

References

External links

Official website
Mart, Museo di Arte Moderna di Trento e Rovereto
Blog OcchioDiRovereto
Massa Critica Rovereto
Italian War Museum in Rovereto
ViaggiaRovereto(Android Application) -- Implemented as part of SmartCampus project, the research project founded by  TrentoRise, UNITN, and FBK

Category:Cities and towns in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol