Positioning (marketing)

Positioning refers to the place that a brand occupies in the minds of the customers and how it is distinguished from the products of the competitors. In order to position products or brands, companies may emphasize the distinguishing features of their brand (what it is, what it does and how, etc.) or they may try to create a suitable image (inexpensive or premium, utilitarian or luxurious, entry-level or high-end, etc.) through the marketing mix. Once a brand has achieved a strong position, it can become difficult to reposition it.

Positioning is one of the most powerful marketing concepts. Originally, positioning focused on the product and with Ries and Trout grew to include building a product's reputation and ranking among competitor's products. Schaefer and Kuehlwein extend the concept beyond material and rational aspects to include 'meaning' carried by a brand's mission or myth. Primarily, positioning is about "the place a brand occupies in the mind of its target audience". Positioning is now a regular marketing activity or strategy. A national positioning strategy can often be used, or modified slightly, as a tool to accommodate entering into foreign markets.

The origins of the positioning concept are unclear. Scholars suggest that it may have emerged from the burgeoning advertising industry in the period following World War I, only to be codified and popularised in the 1950s and 60s. The positioning concept became very influential and continues to evolve in ways that ensure it remains current and relevant to practising marketers.

Definitions

David Ogilvy noted that while there was no real consensus as to the meaning of positioning among marketing experts, his definition is "what a product does, and who it is for". For instance, Dove has been successfully positioned  as bars of soap for women with dry hands, vs. a product for men with dirty hands.

Ries and Trout advanced several definitions of positioning. In an article, Industrial Marketing, published in 1969, Jack Trout stated that positioning is a mental device used by consumers to simplify information inputs and store new information in a logical place. He said this is important because the typical consumer is overwhelmed with unwanted advertising, and has a natural tendency to discard all information that does not immediately find a comfortable (and empty) slot in their mind. In Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind, the duo expanded the definition as "an organized system for finding a window in the mind. It is based on the concept that communication can only take place at the right time and under the right circumstances".

Positioning is closely related to the concept of perceived value. In marketing, value is defined as the difference between a prospective customer's evaluation of the benefits and costs of one product when compared with others. Value can be expressed in numerous forms including product benefits, features, style, value for money.

Origins

The precise origins of the positioning concept are unclear. Cano (2003), Schwartzkopf (2008) and others have argued that the concepts of market segmentation and positioning were central to the tacit knowledge that informed brand advertising from the 1920s, but did not become codified in marketing textbooks and journal articles until the 1950s and 60s.<ref>Cano, C., "The Recent Evolution of Market Segmentation Concepts and Thoughts Primarily by Marketing Academics," in E. Shaw (ed) The Romance of Marketing History,Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Historical Analysis and Research in Marketing (CHARM), Boca Ranton, FL, AHRIM, 2003</ref>

Al Ries and Jack Trout are often credited with developing the concept of product or brand positioning in the late-1960s with the publication of a series of articles, followed by a book. Ries and Trout, both former advertising executives, published articles about positioning in Industrial Marketing in 1969 and Advertising Age in 1972. By the early 1970s, positioning became a popular word with marketers, especially those in advertising and promotion. In 1981, Ries and Trout published their now classic book, Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind. However, the claim that Ries and Trout devised the concept has been challenged by marketing scholars. According to Stephen A. Fox, Al Ries and Jack Trout "resurrected the concept and made it their trademark."

Some scholars credit advertising guru, David Ogilvy, with developing the positioning concept in the mid-1950s, at least a decade before Ries and Trout published their now classic series of articles. In their early writing, Ries and Trout suggest that the positioning concept was widely used in the advertising industry prior to the 1950s. Ogilvy's own writings indicate that he was well aware of the concept and drilled his creative team with this idea from at least the 1950s. Among other things, Ogilvy wrote that "the most important decision is how to position your product" and, "Everyone in the organization should understand the brand positioning and use it as context for making decisions" and "Every advertisement is part of the long-term investment in the personality of the brand." Ogilvy is on record as having used the positioning concept in several campaigns in the mid 1950s and early 1960s, well before Ries and Trout published their articles on positioning. In relation to a Dove campaign launched in 1957, Ogilvy explained, "I could have positioned Dove as a detergent bar for men with dirty hands, but chose instead to position it as a toilet bar for women with dry skin. This is still working 25 years later." In relation to a SAAB campaign launched in 1961, Ogilvy later recalled that "In Norway, the SAAB car had no measurable profile. We positioned it as a car for winter. Three years later it was voted the best car for Norwegian winters."

Yet other scholars have suggested that the positioning concept may have much earlier heritage, attributing the concept to the work of advertising agencies in both the US and the UK in the first decades of the twentieth century. Cano, for example, has argued that marketing practitioners followed competitor-based approaches to both market segmentation and product positioning in the first decades of the twentieth century; long before these concepts were introduced into the marketing literature in the 1950s and 60s. From around 1920, American agency, J. Walter Thompson (JWT), began to focus on developing brand personality, brand image and brand identity—concepts that are very closely related to positioning. Across the Atlantic, the English agency, W. S. Crawford's Ltd, began to use the concept of 'product personality' and the 'advertising idea' arguing that in order to stimulate sales and create a 'buying habit' advertising had to 'build a definitive association of ideas round the goods'. For example, in 1915 JWT acquired the advertising account for Lux soap. The agency suggested that the traditional positioning as a product for woolen garments should be broadened so that consumers would see it as a soap for use on all fine fabrics in the household. To implement, Lux was repositioned with a more up-market posture, and began a long association with expensive clothing and high fashion. Cano has argued that the positioning strategy JWT used for Lux exhibited an insightful understanding of the way that consumers mentally construct brand images. JWT recognised that advertising effectively manipulated socially shared symbols. In the case of Lux, the brand disconnected from images of household drudgery, and connected with images of leisure and fashion.

As advertising executives in their early careers, both Ries and Trout were exposed to the positioning concept via their work. Ries and Trout codified the tacit knowledge that was available in the advertising industry; popularising the positioning concept with the publication their articles and books. Ries and Trout were influential in diffusing the concept of positioning from the advertising community through to the broader marketing community. Their articles were to become highly influential. By the early 1970s, positioning became a popular word with marketers, especially those that were working in the area of advertising and promotion. In 1981 Ries and Trout published their classic book, Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind (McGraw-Hill 1981). The concept enjoys ongoing currency among both advertisers and marketers as suggested by Maggard who notes that positioning provides planners with a valuable conceptual vehicle, which is effectively used to make various strategy techniques more meaningful and more productive.

Several large brands – Lipton, Kraft, and Tide – developed "precisely worded" positioning statements that guided how products would be packaged, promoted and advertised in the 1950s and 1960s. The article, "How Brands Were Born: A Brief History of Modern Marketing," states, "This marked the start of almost 50 years of marketing where 'winning' was determined by understanding the consumer better than competitors and getting the total 'brand mix' right. This early positioning tactic was focused on the product itself – its "form, package size, and price", according to Al Ries and Jack Trout

The positioning concept continues to evolve. Traditionally called product positioning, the concept was limited due to its focus on the product alone. In addition to the previous focus on the product, positioning now includes building a brand's reputation and competitive standing. John P. Maggard notes that positioning provides planners with a valuable conceptual vehicle for implementation of more meaningful and productive marketing strategies. Many branding practitioners make positioning a part of brand strategy and even label it as "brand positioning". However, in the book Get to Aha! Discover Your Positioning DNA and Dominate Your Competition, Andy Cunningham proposes that branding is actually "derived from positioning; it is the emotional expression of positioning. Branding is the yang to positioning's yin, and when both pieces come together, you have a sense of the company's identity as a whole".

Developing the positioning statement

Positioning is part of the broader marketing strategy which includes three basic decision levels, namely segmentation, targeting and positioning, sometimes known as the S-T-P approach:

Segmentation: refers to the process of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers (known as segments)

Targeting: refers to the selection of a segment or segments that will become the focus of special attention (known as target markets).

Positioning:  refers to an overall strategy that "aims to make a brand occupy a distinct position, relative to competing brands, in the mind of the customer".

In general terms, there are three broad types of positioning: functional, symbolic, and experiential position. Functional positions resolve problems, provide benefits to customers, or get  favorable perception by investors (stock profile) and lenders. Symbolic positions address self-image enhancement, ego identification, belongingness and social meaningfulness, and affective fulfillment. Experiential positions provide sensory and cognitive stimulation.

Positioning statement
Both theorists and practitioners argue that the positioning statement should be written in a format that includes an identification of the target market, the market need, the product name and category, the key benefit delivered and the basis of the product's differentiation from any competing alternatives. A basic template for writing positioning statements is as follows: "For (target customer) who (statement of the need or opportunity), the (product name) is a (product category) that (statement of key benefit – that is, compelling reason to buy). Unlike (primary competitive alternative), our product (statement of primary differentiation)." An annotated example of how this positioning statement might be translated for a specific application appears in the text-box that follows.

Notes: Annotations, added in square brackets, were not in the original positioning statement, but are included here to show how the general format and elements of positioning statements described in the preceding discussion, have been applied to the specific example, which in this case is Volvo.Differentiation vs positioning
Differentiation is closely related to the concept of positioning. Differentiation is how a company's product is unique, by being the first, least expensive, or some other distinguishing factor. A product or brand may have many points of difference, but they may not all be meaningful or relevant to the target market. Positioning is something (a perception) that happens in the minds of the target market whereas differentiation is something that marketers do, whether through product design, pricing or promotional activity.

Strategies

To be successful in a particular market a product must occupy an "explicit, distinct and proper place in the minds of all potential and existing consumers". It has to also be relative to other rival products with which the brand competes. This may require considerable research of customer perceptions and competitor activity in order to ensure that the points of difference are meaningful in the minds of customers. Perceptual mapping (discussed below) is often used for this type of research.

Visibility and recognition is what product positioning is all about as the positioning of a product is what the product represents for a buyer the business is targeting. As markets become increasingly competitive, buyer have more purchase choices, and the process of setting one brand apart from rival brands is critical success factor. It is vital that a product or service needs to have a clear identity and placement to the needs of the consumers targeted as they will not only purchase the product, but can warrant a larger margin for the company through increased added value.

A number of different positioning strategies have been cited in the marketing literature:

Perceptual mapping

To identify suitable positions that a company or brand might occupy in a given market, analysts often turn to techniques such as perceptual mapping or correspondence analysis. Perceptual maps are a diagrammatic representation of consumers' mental perceptions of the relative place various brands occupy within a category. Traditionally perceptual mapping selects two variables that are relevant to consumers (often, but not necessarily, price and quality) and then asks a sample of the market to explain where they would place various brands in terms of the two variables. Results are averaged across all respondents, and results are plotted on a graph to indicate how the average'' member of the population views the brand that make up a category and how each of the brands relates to other brands within the same category. While perceptual maps with two dimensions are common, multi-dimensional maps are also used. A key advantage of perceptual mapping is that it can identify gaps in the market which the firm may choose to 'own.'

Algorithms used in positioning analysis

The following statistical procedures have been found to be useful in carrying out positioning analysis:

 Cluster analysis including overlapping clustering
 Correspondence analysis
 Conjoint analysis
 Multidimensional scaling especially non-metric scaling (NMS)
 Multivariate analysis

Repositioning

The right positioning strategy at the right time can help a brand build a powerful image in the mind of consumer(s). From time to time, the current positioning strategy fails to resonate. This could be due to new market entrants, changed customer preferences, structural change within the target market (such as ageing, segment creep) or simply that customers have forgotten about a brand and its position. When this happens, the company may need to consider a number of options:

 * Strengthen current positioning: reinforce the concepts of features that led to customers adopting a favourable view in the first instance
 * Establish a new position: look for suitable niches where customers are underserviced and occupy that space
 * Reposition (or de-position):  change the way customers think about the product or brand, usually through comparative advertising

Repositioning involves a deliberate attempt to alter the way that consumers view a product or brand. Repositioning can be a high risk strategy, but sometimes there are few alternatives.

Fishbein and Rosenberg's attitude models indicate that it is possible for a business to influence and change the positioning of the brand by manipulating various factors that will affect a consumer's attitude. Research on persons' attitudes suggests that a brand's position in a prospective consumer's mind is likely to be determined by the "combined total of a number of product characteristics such as the price, quality, durability, reliability, colour, and flavour". The consumer places important weights on each of these product characteristics and it can be possible by using things such as promotional efforts to realign the weights of price, quality, durability, reliability, colour and flavour of which can then help adjust the position of a brand in the mind of the prospective consumer. Companies engaging in repositioning can choose to downplay some points of difference and emphasise others.

Repositioning a company

In volatile markets, it can be necessary – even urgent  – to reposition an entire company, rather than just a product line or brand. When Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley suddenly shifted from investment to commercial banks, for example, the expectations of investors, employees, clients and regulators all needed to shift, and each company needed to influence how these perceptions changed. Doing so involves repositioning the entire firm. This is especially true of small and medium-sized firms, many of which often lack strong brands for individual product lines. In a prolonged recession, business approaches that were effective during healthy economies often become ineffective and it becomes necessary to change a firm's positioning. Upscale restaurants, for example, which previously flourished on expense account dinners and corporate events, may for the first time need to stress value as a sale tool.

Repositioning a company involves more than a marketing challenge. It involves making hard decisions about how a market is shifting and how a firm's competitors will react. Often these decisions must be made without the benefit of sufficient information, simply because the definition of "volatility" is that change becomes
difficult or impossible to predict.

See also

 Advertising management
 Brand management
 Brand community
 Competitive advantage
 Consumer behaviour
 Customer engagement
 Marketing management
 Marketing strategy
 Point of difference
 Product management
 Renamed products list
 Right-time marketing
 Strategic management

Advertising models

References

Category:Brand management
Category:Marketing research
Category:Marketing strategy
Category:Market segmentation
Category:Product management


Stovepipe No. 1

Stovepipe No. 1, born Samuel Jones was an American blues musician and songster, active in the Cincinnati area of the United States. He made his first recordings in 1924.

Biography

Jones was born in Paducah, Kentucky on August 7, 1890. By the early 1910s, he had relocated to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was known as a street singer and one-man band who played in many different styles and for black and white audiences. Jones became known for playing a stovepipe in the same manner as a jug, as well as wearing a stovepipe hat; contributing to his later nickname.

In 1924, Jones made his recording debut for Gennett Records. While playing in the streets of Cincinnati, Jones had adopted the nickname "Daddy Stovepipe", in reference to his stovepipe playing. Jones wished to be billed as "Daddy Stovepipe" on his records, however, Chicago based blues musician Johnny Watson had coincidentally recorded under that name six days prior. Jones then chose to adopt the name Stovepipe No. 1, perhaps as a way to brand himself as the 'original'. Jones also recorded under the name "Stovepipe Jones", "Stovepipe Jazz Band", and "Sam Jones". None of Jones' Gennett recordings were issued.

A few months later, Jones recorded for Columbia Records in New York City. He recorded 20 sides in these sessions, only six of which were issued, on both the Columbia and Harmony labels. The issued songs show a variety of music styles, from gospel to folk music.

Jones returned to the studio in 1927, being accompanied by blues guitarist and singer David Crockett. Crockett was a more sophisticated guitar player than Jones, who became a regular recording partner throughout the remainder of his recording career. In these sessions, they recorded 6 sides, four of them being issued by Okeh Records. This was Jones' last session where he was given leading credit.

Jones may have also recorded with Bob Coleman's Cincinnati Jug Band during the 1920s

In 1930, Jones and Crockett, along with a group of unidentified musicians, entered the studio under the name "King David's Jug Band". The band recorded 6 sides for Okeh, all of which were issued. This was the last time Jones recorded.

It is not known when Jones died. He is remembered as being alive in the 1960s.

Recordings

1924
Recorded May 16, 1924 in Richmond, Indiana for Gennett Records:
 Six Street Blues - Unissued
 Them Pitiful Blues - Unissued
 Dixie Barn Dance - Unissued
 Spanish Rag - Unissued
 Hummin' Blues - Unissued
 In Dey Go - Unissued

Recorded August 18, 1924 in New York City for Columbia Records:
 Stovepipe Blues - Unissued
 Spanish Rag - Unissued
 Sixth Street Blues - Unissued
 Loveland Blues - Unissued

Recorded August 19, 1924 in New York City for Columbia Records:
 Lord Don't You Know I Don't Have No Friend Like You - Columbia 210-D
 When The Saints Go Marching Through - Unissued
 I've Got Salvation In My Heart - Columbia 210-D
 Soon One Morning Death Came Creeping In The Room - Unissued
 I'm Going To Wait On The Lord - Unissued
 Bye And Bye When The Morning Came - Unissued
 Pitiful Blues - Unissued
 Sundown Blues - Unissued
 Dan Tucker - Unissued

Recorded August 20, 1924 in New York City for Columbia Records:
 John Henry - Unissued
 Lonesome John - Columbia 15011-D
 Cripple Creed and Sourwood Mountain - Columbia 201-D
 Turkey In The Straw - Columbia 201-D
 Arkansas Traveler - Unissued
 Fisher's Hornpipe - Unissued
 Fisher's Hornpipe - Columbia 15011-D

1927
Recorded April 25, 1927 for Okeh Records:
 Court Street Blues - Okeh 8514
 Sundown Blues - Unissued

Recorded April 26, 1927 for Okeh Records:
 Untitled Song - unissued
 A Woman Gets Tired Of The Same Man All The Time - Okeh 8514
 A Chicken Can Waltz The Gravy Around - Okeh 8543
 Bed Slats - Okeh 8543

1930
With King David's Jug Band

Recorded December 11, 1930 for Okeh Records:
 What's That Tastes Like Gravy - Okeh 8913
 Rising Sun Blues - Okeh 8913
 Sweet Potato Blues - Okeh 8901
 Tear It Down - Okeh 8961
 I Can Deal Worry - Okeh 8901
 Georgia Bo Bo - Okeh 8961

References

Category:American blues guitarists
Category:American male guitarists
Category:American blues harmonica players
Category:American blues singers
Category:American male singers
Category:Songwriters from Kentucky
Category:Songwriters from Ohio
Category:Country blues musicians
Category:Gennett Records artists
Category:Harmonica blues musicians
Category:Jug band musicians
Category:1890 births
Category:People from Paducah, Kentucky
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Guitarists from Ohio


Order of the Crown of Tonga

The Royal Order of the Crown of Tonga (Tongan: Fakalangilangi 'o Kalauni 'o Tonga) is an Order of Merit awarded for exceptional services to Tonga and the Crown of Tonga.

History
It was established 16 April 1913 by George Tupou II to reward those who distinguished themselves by exceptional services to the State and the Crown. It was reorganized on 31 July 2008 by King George Tupou V, in particular relatively to all the classes of merit. It can be awarded to militaries and civilians, native of Tonga or foreigner, without distinction of religion.

Classes
The order is presented in four classes:
 Knight Grand Cross with Collar - Collar, Star, Sash, Miniature & Ribbon bar
Knight/Dame Grand Cross - Star, Sash, Miniature & Ribbon bar
Knight/Dame Commander - Necklet, Miniature & Ribbon bar
Member - Breast Badge, Miniature & Ribbon bar

Insignia
The Sash for the two upper classes is a red moiré sash with a white stripe near each edge. Men's sash is 102mm wide  (proportions : 2.5/14.5/68/14.5/2.5mm). Women's sash is 75mm wide (proportions : 1.5/10./51/10.5/1.5mm).

Knight Grand Cross
The Collar is a double gold chain, set with a 6-pointed white enamel gold edged star (centre-piece), with on either side moving upwards; a golden dove in flight,  three gold crossed swords, a 6-pointed white enamel gold edged star. Hanging from it, a white enamel Maltese cross with a narrow gold edge, pendant from a gold Tongan crown. The red central medallion has a raised gold Tongan crown, the red riband has a gold legend in capital letters : KO'E  'OTUA MO TONGA KO HOKU TOFI'A. ("God and Tonga Are My Inheritance").

The Knight Grand Cross' Star / Plaque is a silver, silver-gilt & enamel 8-pointed faceted star with the collar-badge (minus the crown), placed in the centre.

Recipients include:
Australia
 Dame Quentin Bryce (Former Governor-General of Australia)
 General Sir Peter Cosgrove (Former Governor-General of Australia)

Bhutan
 The Princess Ashi Sonam Dechen Wangchuck of Bhutan

Japan
 Empress Kōjun
 Emperor Naruhito

New Zealand
 Tuheitia Paki, The King of the Maori

Thailand
 The Princess Sirindhorn of Thailand, The Princess Debaratanarajasuda, The Princess Royal

Tonga
 Halaevalu Mataʻaho, The Late Queen Mother of Tonga
 Prince Sione Ngū Manumataongo, The 5th Prince Fatafehi Tuʻipelehake
 The Princess Salote Mafileʻo Pilolevu Tukuʻaho of Tonga, The Princess Royal, The Lady Tuita of ʻUtungake
 The Late Queen Sālote Tupou III
 The Prince Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala, The Crown Prince of Tonga
 The Princess Sinaitakala Fakafanua, The Crown Princess of Tonga
 The Prince Viliami Tukuʻaho, The 15th Prince ʻAta of Tonga

United Kingdom
 Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
 Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester

Grand Cross
The Grand Cross' Star is a silver 8-pointed faceted star, with the collar-badge (minus the crown), placed in the centre.

Commander
The Commander’s Necklet Badge is a white badge with a gold crown worn from the neck on a ribbon,  approx. 41mm wide, red with two white stripes near the edge (approximative proportions 1/5.5/28/5.5/1 mm). Recipients include:
 Stephen Brady
 Elizabeth Wood-Ellem

Member
The Member’s Badge is a breast badge (smaller than Commander's) worn from a similar 36mm ribbon (approximative proportions 6/6/12/6/6mm).

References

Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Tonga

Category:Awards established in 1913
Category:1913 establishments in Tonga


HR 4887

HR 4887 (HD 111904) is a suspected variable star in the open cluster NGC 4755, which is also known as the Kappa Crucis Cluster or Jewel Box Cluster.

Location

HR 4887 is one of the brightest members of the NGC 4775 open cluster, better known as the Jewel Box Cluster.  It forms the apex of the prominent letter "A" asterism at the centre of the cluster.  The cluster is part of the larger Centaurus OB1 association and lies about 8,500 light years away.

The cluster, and HR 4887 itself, is just to the south-east of β Crucis, the lefthand star of the famous Southern Cross.

Properties
HR 4887 is a B9 bright supergiant (luminosity class Ia).  It is over 100,000 times the luminosity of the sun, partly due to its higher temperature over 12,680 K, and partly to being seventy times larger than the sun.  The κ Crucis cluster has a calculated age of 11.2 million years, and HR 4887 itself eight million years.

In 1958, HR 4887 was reported to be at visual magnitude 6.80 and on this basis is included in the New Catalogue of Suspected Variable Stars with a range of variation of 5.70 - 6.80.  No other observer has measured it far from magnitude 5.75, but measurements of known variable class B stars found that HR 4887 is variable by about a tenth of a magnitude.  It is thought likely to be an α Cygni-type variable.

References

External links

Category:Crux (constellation)
111904
Category:B-type supergiants
062894
4887
Category:Durchmusterung objects
Category:2MASS objects
Category:Suspected variables
Category:Alpha Cygni variables


Dodson, Texas

Dodson is a town in Collingsworth County, Texas, United States. The population was 109 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Dodson is located near the southeastern corner of Collingsworth County at  (34.765054, -100.021259). Dodson is  west of the 100th meridian west (the Texas-Oklahoma border), one mile (1.6 km) north of the Childress County line,  southeast of Wellington, Texas, and  northwest of Hollis, Oklahoma.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Dodson has a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 115 people, 53 households, and 34 families residing in the town. The population density was 189.8 people per square mile (72.8/km²). There were 65 housing units at an average density of 107.3 per square mile (41.1/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 84.35% White, 2.61% Native American, 0.87% Asian, 9.57% from other races, and 2.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.04% of the population.

There were 53 households out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.69.

In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 19.1% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 18.3% from 25 to 44, 38.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 121.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 121.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $15,625, and the median income for a family was $21,250. Males had a median income of $19,063 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,213. There were 31.0% of families and 32.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including 18.2% of under eighteens and 48.3% of those over 64.

History
The city of Dodsonville was founded on July 1, 1910, by Frank Kell of Wichita Falls. The wealthy entrepreneur Kell was an important figure in promotion of the Wichita Falls and Northwestern Railway, and the city was established as a stop on the Wellington Branch of the railroad. Elmore Dodson, a local pioneer and rancher, donated the  town site to ensure the railroad's passing through the southeastern part of the county. Other town sites had been proposed, including the community of Arlie located  southwest of Dodson, but the grant given by Mr. Dodson sealed the railroad's passage through southeastern Collingsworth County. In return, the new city was named for Dodson. A celebration was held on August 29, 1910, to commemorate the town's establishment. The gala celebration, complete with a picnic, marked the town's formal opening, and was attended by a trainload of people from Oklahoma.

N. L. Jones built the first residence and opened a cotton gin. The first store was operated by William T. McDowell, who was also the first postmaster. R. H. Miller established a hotel, and the town added a bank, a telephone exchange, and two churches. Three newspapers, all called the Dodsonville News, were published intermittently by three different men between January 1911 and December 1915. A fourth paper, the Dodsonville Messenger, was printed from 1928 until 1930. School was sometimes held in the churches until a permanent schoolhouse was completed in the fall of 1912; the previous school was located  northwest of town.

Dodson was incorporated in the 1920s and by 1930 had 25 businesses and a population of 426. Public Works Administration appropriations enabled the town to install a $52,000 water system during the 1930s, and a volunteer fire department was organized. In 1947 a new consolidated high school served neighboring communities in Oklahoma as well as Dodson. The population dropped to 357 in 1940; this decline, attributed to decreased agricultural activity and a renewed interest in cattle raising, continued into the 1990s. In 1984 Dodson remained the county's second largest town, with a population of 185, one business, and four churches. In 1990 the population was 113, and in 2000 it was 115.

The city's name was officially changed from "Dodsonville" to "Dodson" on July 1, 1937.

Dodson's first permanent school building was completed in 1912. This school was used until 1947 when a new school was constructed. Dodson High School continued to educated students until 1969 when the school board voted to consolidate the Dodson School District with that of Wellington. The elementary and junior high schools continued to operate until 1972. The Dodson School was destroyed in the late 1980s or early 1990s.

Economy
Dodson serves as an agricultural center for southeastern Collingsworth County, northeastern Childress County, Texas, and western Harmon County, Oklahoma.

Cotton, wheat, sorghum, and peanuts are the primary crops of the region. There are also a large number of small ranching operations in the surrounding area.

Tri-County Co-Op operates a cotton gin located in Dodson that serves the surrounding tri-county area. It is one of the town's few businesses.

Education
Public education in Dodson is provided by the Wellington Independent School District.

Notable people
Major League Baseball players Lindy McDaniel and his brother Von McDaniel were raised one mile (1.6 km) east of Dodson, across the Oklahoma state line.

References

Category:Towns in Collingsworth County, Texas
Category:Towns in Texas


Chortiatis

Chortiatis () is a suburb and a former municipality in the Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 Kallikratis local government reform it is part of the municipality Pylaia-Chortiatis, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies at 600 metres altitude on the slopes of the Mount Chortiatis, from which it takes its name. The municipal unit Chortiatis has an area of 109.934 km2, and the community Chortiatis has an area of 57.315 km2.

History of the area
In the antiquity, mountain and town were known as Cissus and Homer tells us that Cisseus was the king of this town. The town and its people are mentioned as members of the Delian League in the 5th century BC.

The modern name and town Chortiatis can be traced back to the 12th century, when a Byzantine monastery under the name Chortaites, on the northern slopes of the mountain, provided Thessaloniki with fresh water by an aqueduct whose remains have been partly preserved. By the 15th century the settlement with the monastery was called Kastron Chortiatis (Castle Chortiatis) and it fell in 1423 under Ottoman rule. In 1912 the Greek town was liberated.

The Massacre of Chortiatis
The Chortiatis massacre was a World War II mass murder of 146 civilians by the Wehrmacht, at the end of the occupation of Greece by the Axis powers on 2 September 1944.

After an attack on two german soldiers, one german chemist and two greek collaborators by the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) on mount Chortiatis, were the two Collaborators and the Chemist was killed, the German occupation authorities decided to react immediately with a reprisal operation against the civilian population of the village Chortiatis. About twenty trucks with German soldiers and the paramilitary force Jagdkommando Schubert, named after the Wehrmacht sergeant Friedrich Schubert who was in command, surrounded the village. They gathered all the people they found in the town square. One group of the civilians was led into the house of villager Evangelos Ntinoudis. They were locked inside and burnt alive. The other group was locked in the bakery. Schubert's men set up machine guns to make sure that no one can flee out of the bakery. But one 6 year old girl managed to flee with help of the others outside a window which was unprotected. They others were burnt alive. Apart from the people who were killed in the two groups, others were raped and  killed outside their homes or even the village, while trying to escape. A total of 146 civilians residents of Chortiatis were killed that day. 109 of them were women and girls. One week later the Germans came back and set the whole village on fire. 300 homes were burned down.

References

Category:Populated places in Thessaloniki (regional unit)
Category:Nazi war crimes in Greece


Campodea apennina

Campodea apennina is a species of two-pronged bristletail in the family Campodeidae.

References

Further reading

Category:Diplura
Category:Animals described in 1998


Saint Philip Neri: I Prefer Heaven

Saint Philip Neri: I Prefer Heaven () is a 2010 Italian television movie written and directed by Michele Soavi. The film is based on real life events of Roman Catholic priest and then Saint Philip Neri.

Plot
This movie follows the sharp-witted and caring Philip Neri-on a quest for heaven.

Cast

 Gigi Proietti as Philip Neri
 Adriano Braidotti as Alessandro
 Francesco Salvi as  Persiano Rosa
 Roberto Citran as  Cardinal Capurso
 Sebastiano Lo Monaco as  Prince Nerano
 Francesca Chillemi as  Ippolita
 Antonio Silvestre as  Michele
 Josafat Vagni as  Mezzapagnotta
 Francesca Antonelli as  Zaira
  Niccolò Senni as  Pierotto
  Emiliano Coltorti as  Camillo
 Sergio Fiorentini as Pope Sixtus V
  Paolo Paoloni as  Pope Gregory XIII

References

External links

Category:2010 television films
Category:Italian television films
Category:2010s biographical drama films
Category:Films set in Italy
Category:Italian biographical drama films
Category:Films about Catholic priests
Category:Films about religion
Category:Films directed by Giacomo Campiotti
Category:Philip Neri
Category:Italian films


Gwynfor Davies

Gwynfor Davies (12 August 1908 - 10 March 1972) was a Welsh cricketer.  Davies was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace.  He was born at Sandy, Carmarthenshire.

Davies made his first-class debut for Glamorgan in the 1932 County Championship against Lancashire.  He played a further 6 first-class matches in the 1932 season, with his final first-class appearance for the county coming against Leicestershire.  In his 7 first-class matches, he scored 77 runs at a batting average of 9.62, with a top score of 44.  With the ball he took 3 wickets at a bowling average of 44.66, with best figures 2/18.

Davies died at Llanelli, Carmarthenshire on 10 March 1972.

Family
Davies' brother Emrys played 621 first-class matches for Glamorgan and holds a number of the club's records.

References

External links
Gwynfor Davies at Cricinfo
Gwynfor Davies at CricketArchive

Category:1908 births
Category:1972 deaths
Category:People from Carmarthenshire
Category:Welsh cricketers
Category:Glamorgan cricketers


Johann Gottfried Hoche

Johann Gottfried Hoche (25 September 1762 in Gratzungen – 2 May 1836 in Gröningen) was a German Protestant theologian and historian. He was the father of writer Louise Aston (1814–1871).

He studied history and theology at the University of Halle, where his instructors included Johann Salomo Semler and Johann August Nösselt. In 1800 he was named second clergyman in the town of Gröningen, near Halberstadt. In 1805 he attained the positions of senior minister and superintendent, and soon afterwards, was appointed to the consistory in Halberstadt. Following the dissolution of Halberstadt consistory in 1816, he was offered a position in Magdeburg, but chose to remain in Gröningen, where he died in 1836.

Published works
He is largely known for his historical works on the Netherlands and northwestern Germany, however, among his better writings was a book associated with central Germany, titled Vollständige Geschichte der Grafschaft Hohenstein, der Herrschaften Lohra und Klettenberg, Heeringen, Kelbra, Scharzfeld, Lutterberg, etc. ("Complete history of the county Hohenstein, the dominions of Lohra and Klettenberg, Heeringen, Kelbra, Scharzfeld, Lutterberg", etc. 1790). Other noted works by Hoche are:
 Historische Untersuchung Uber Die Niederlandischen Kolonien in Niederdeutschland, 1791 – Historical study of the Dutch colonies in Lower Germany.
 Geschichte der Statthalterschaft in den Niederlanden, 1796 – History of the governorship in the Netherlands.
 Des Amtmanns-Tochter von Lüde, Eine Wertheriade fur Aeltern, Jünglinge und Mädchen, 1797 – The bailiff's daughter of Lüde (a novel).
 Ruhestunden für Frohsinn und häusliches Glück, with Johann Karl Christoph Nachtigal (4 parts, 1798–1800).
 Reise durch Osnabrück und Niedermünster in das Saterland, Ostfriesland und Gröningen, 1800 (Google Books: 1, 2; SLUB: 1 = 2) – Journey through Osnabrück and Niedermünster into Saterland, East Frisia and Gröningen.
 Geschichte des päpstlichen Jubeljahres, 1825 – History of the Papal Jubilee; a book that was placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.

Further reading
 Johann Gottfried Hoche: Reise durch Osnabrück und Niedermünster in das Saterland, Ostfriesland und Gröningen. Von J. G. Hoche, Doktor der Philosophie und Prediger in Rödinghausen in der Grafschaft Ravensberg, und Mitglied der Königl. litterarischen Gesellschaft in Halberstadt, Bremen, bei Friedrich Wilmans, 1800, 526 S. - Repr. Schuster, Leer, 1977, 1978, 526 S. .

References

Category:1762 births
Category:1836 deaths
Category:People from Nordhausen
Category:University of Halle alumni
Category:18th-century German Protestant theologians
Category:19th-century German Protestant theologians
Category:19th-century German historians
Category:19th-century German male writers
Category:German male non-fiction writers
Category:18th-century male writers


History of the Jews in Verpelét

Jews lived in the northern Hungarian town of Verpelét and the surrounding Heves county from the 15th century or earlier up to the late 17th century, after which they were excluded from the area. During the 19th century the Jewish population increased in the area, with 174 living in the town itself in 1880. Hungary's only wooden synagogue was in Verpelét. Jewish students also travelled in to study at the yeshiva established there in the early 20th century, which was closed down by the government in 1942. In 1944 under the German occupation the Jews of the area were sent for forced labour or killed at Auschwitz; only eleven returned to the town, and the synagogue has been converted for other use.

Location
Verpelét (Yiddish: ווערפעלעט) is a small town in Heves county, Northern Hungary, east of the Mátra Mountains,  southwest of Miskolc, and  west-southwest of Eger.

Early history
The first indication of the settlement of Jews in Heves county is from written documents, dating back to the 15th century. The Verpelét Jewish cemetery, which has been preserved, contains some 40 graves, the oldest of which dates back to 1628.

In the 16th–17th century, under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Hungarian Jews lived under relatively safe conditions enjoying religious tolerance, though there is no record of Jews living in Verpelét during that time. After the Battle of Mohács (1687), Jews were generally driven out of Hungary and presumably the same was the case with the Jews of Verpelét.

Under the Habsburg Monarchy, Jews were discriminated against, and amongst many restrictions, were not allowed to live near mining towns or in Heves county.

19th century
Starting in 1816, the seat district of Eger published bulletins from which one learns of the dramatic increase of Jewish presence in the Heves and Külső-Szolnok counties.

Accordingly, the census of Jews in the counties of Heves and Külső-Szolnok:
 In 1816 1,592 Jews lived in 46 villages.
 In 1851, 6,879 Jews lived in 145 villages.
 In 1869 11,533 Jews lived in 166 villages.

In 1840, the Jews of Verpelét numbered 139 persons, Rabbi Zev Wolf Tannenbaum (1787–1873) was Rabbi of Verpelet at this time (as seen in his authored book Kirya N’emana printed in 1850). This indicates that the Jews had formed a formal community and framework.  His grandson Rabbi Moshe Tannenbaum (1850–1916) succeeded him there as rabbi.

The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 facilitated the Jewish emancipation by the new Hungarian Parliament and heralded a golden era for Hungarian Jewry, politically, economically and culturally. This lasted until World War I.

In 1880, 174 Jews lived in Verpelét.

From documented records, it may be noted that Jews in the Heves area were an accepted and respected part of the population and engaged in labor, commerce and education as equal and prominent citizens.

20th century
The beginning of World War I broke this peaceful period for the Jewish communities. In 1918 Jewish properties were looted and the archives destroyed, and the looting continued during the  White Terror from 1919-1921. The pogroms against the Jews during these revolutionary times made their situation harsh.

More than a hundred Jewish soldiers from Heves county took part in the battles of World War I. Many died in action and countless returned crippled.

Seemingly, the years thereafter were peaceful, and Jews continued to live there, freely participating in commerce and religious practice.

In 1931, 146 Jews lived in Verpelét. They maintained a synagogue, a school, and a Yeshiva or religious study centre founded by Rabbi Yosef Asher Pollack (1888–1944) (author of She'eris Yosef Asher). In 1935, the Yeshiva students numbered over 100 boys, most of whom had come from nearby towns. These boys ate their meals at the homes of the local Jews. Samuel Feuerstein (1894–1983) of Massachusetts, United States, donated funds for a new building which housed the Beth Midrash and a dormitory. Each dormitory room had been built with a sink and shower, though the town still did not have a plumbing system and water was drawn from pumps.

The laying of the cornerstone ceremony for this yeshiva took place with the participation of scores of leading area chief rabbis, as well as hundreds of former yeshiva students, and thousands of Jews from cities in the immediate area. Notable amongst attendees was Rabbi Moshe Sofer (II) of Eger, whose two sons learned at the yeshiva.

Holocaust of Verpelét Jewry
The German occupation brought a radical turning point to the Jews of Verpelét. The yeshiva was closed by governmental decree in 1942, and many of the students were conscripted into forced labor battalions.

On 26 April 1944, the Nazis confined some 6,601 persons from the Heves County to various ghettos in the area. Between 8 and 13 May, the Jews of Verpelét were moved to the deserted Bagólyuk mining area, near Szúcs. They were housed there in the abandoned workers' quarters.

At the end of May, all men in the ghettos fit to work were selected and transported for labour service. The remaining people, mostly women, children and elderly, were taken to the brickyard at Kerecsend for a few days and then to the Maklár Railway Station. From there, they were transported to the Auschwitz concentration camp.

Jewish records cite the date 21 Sivan, 5704 (12 June 1944) as the date Rabbi Yosef Asher Pollack and his wife were killed at Auschwitz. This is the same date recorded for the deaths of Eger residents, Rabbi Shimon Sofer, Rabbi Moshe Sofer (II) and their family.

In 1956 only one Jewish family remained.

According to the Verpelét town council website, eleven Jews returned after the Holocaust. The former synagogue is now the fire department's storage room. Hungary's only wooden synagogue, which was in Verpelét, was torn down in 1961.

References

Jewish
Verpelet
Verpelet
Verpelet
Verpelet
Verpelet
Verpelet
Verpelet
Category:Holocaust locations in Hungary


Pseudomiza aurata

Pseudomiza aurata is a species of moth of the family Geometridae first described by Alfred Ernest Wileman in 1915. It is found in Taiwan and China.

The wingspan is .

References

Category:Moths described in 1915
Category:Ennominae


William Reynolds

William Reynolds is the name of:

William Reynolds (actor) (born 1931), American movie and television actor
William Reynolds (footballer, born 1870) (1870–?), English football defender of the 1890s
William Reynolds (footballer, born 1879) (1879–?), English football forward of the 1900s
William Reynolds (industrialist) (1758–1803), English ironmaster, built Ketley Canal, 1787–1788
William Reynolds (naval officer) (1815–1879), U.S. Navy rear admiral in the American Civil War
William Reynolds (theologian) (1544–1594), or Reginaldus, English Catholic biblical translator and scholar
William Morton Reynolds (1812–1876), American minister, college president, and translator
William Reynolds (VC) (1827–1869), Scottish Victoria Cross recipient
William A. Reynolds (1872–1928), American football player and coach
William Bainbridge Reynolds (1855-1935), British metalworker
William Bradford Reynolds, United States Assistant Attorney General
William C. Reynolds (1933–2004), American engineer and physicist
William D. Reynolds (1867–1951), American Southern Presbyterian missionary and Bible translator in Korea
William E. Reynolds (1860–1944), Commandant of the United States Coast Guard
William George Waterhouse Reynolds, British Member of Parliament for Leicester South, 1922–1923
William H. Reynolds, real estate developer and former New York Senator; developed several prominent New York neighborhoods, including Coney Island's Dreamland and Long Beach
William H. Reynolds (1910–1997), American award-winning film editor
William Hayden Reynolds (1847–1935), Mayor of Orlando, Florida 1910–1913
William Hunter Reynolds (1822–1899), New Zealand politician and businessman
William James Reynolds (1856–1934), Member of Parliament for East Tyrone, 1885–1895
William Neal Reynolds (1863–1951), American tobacco manufacturer

See also
Bill Reynolds (disambiguation)
Billy Reynolds (disambiguation)
Will Reynolds (?–1902), American mass murderer


Bambui

Bambui is an emerging township in Ambazonia region of northwestern Cameroon. With a population of about 17,000 people, it is located at an elevation of about 1350 metres above sea level. Administratively, Bambui is the headquarters of Tubah Sub-Division in the North West Region of Cameroon. Popularly known to its inhabitants as “abeh-mbeuh,” Bambui is one of the Bamenda grassfield communities of Cameroon, and is known for its mix of modern and indigenous African life. With its lush, rolling, and fertile plains, a mild tropical climate, and an extremely industrious farming community, Bambui is the bread basket of the North West Region in particular and of Cameroon in general. Lying snug in the immense arms of the Sabga hill, Bambui is situated between Sabga and the undulating foothills that separate it with its neighbors, virtually in the shape of a bowl. Bambui is located at the cross-roads that lead to some of the North West Region’s major towns of Bamenda, Ndop, Kumbo, Fundong and Nkambé.

With its strategic location, excellent road infrastructure, and a galaxy of educational and religious institutions such as the government owned Institute of Agricultural Research and Development (IRAD), the School of Agriculture of the University of Dschang, a National Polytechnic and catholic institutions such as the Saint Thomas Aquinas Major Seminary (STAM), a Nunnery called Capuchin Friars, two communities or Convents of Reverend Sisters, as well as the hospitality of the people, Bambui is metamorphosing into a metropolis, but without compromising its culture and cultural identity.

Culturally and administratively, Bambui has been a fondom in its own right for nearly 400 years. Ruled by a Paramount Chief and made up of the sub-chiefdoms of Manju, Mallam, Matulaah, Fingeh, and Alaakubeh, the people of Bambui trace their ancestry to the Tikar tribe, which originated from the Adamawa, North and Far North Regions of present day Cameroon. Like most Bamenda grassfield fondoms, the people of Bambui migrated to their present location in waves, and led by princes or family heads who had the desire of setting up their own dynasties. The first arrivals were the people of Manju, Matulaah and Mallam who as descendants of the same family were led by their own family heads or princes. The people of Alaakubeh and Fingeh sub-chiefdoms on the other hand, migrated to Bambui much later in the 20th century from Santa sub-Division and Kom in Boyo Division following chieftaincy and/or land disputes between them and their ancestral homes. In fact, the people of Alaakubeh and Fingeh were offered residence in Bambui by the late Fon Amungwafor II who ruled the fondom from 1947-1995.

External links
Bambui Fondom
National Polytechnic
Saint Thomas Aquinas Major Seminary
University of Dschang

References

Category:Populated places in Cameroon


Nathaniel Martey

Nathaniel Martey (born 22 February 1976) is a Ghanaian sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Category:Ghanaian male sprinters
Category:Olympic athletes of Ghana
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Shalimar railway station

Shalimar railway station is one of five intercity railway stations serving Howrah and Kolkata, India. The other stations are Sealdah in Kolkata, Kolkata station in Kolkata, Howrah Station in Howrah and Santragachi in Howrah. Shalimar station is situated at Shalimar, in Shibpur area of Howrah. It is one of the cleanest, most well-maintained and non-congested railway terminals in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area.

History
The place where now the station is situated was formerly a very small rail station, and served by some diesel loco hauled trains. The present platforms were occupied by some goods lines. Those lines were a part of large Shalimar rail yard.

In 2000, the first plan was conceived to use this area as a bigger rail station. The rapidly growing long distance passengers were gradually overcrowding the Howrah station. Due to the limitation of space, new platform construction is restricted at Howrah. Although 3 new platforms (17, 22 & 23) were constructed at Howrah during 2006 – 2008, those were not sufficient. Side by side, due to its almost central position in Howrah, Howrah station is too busy for both suburban and long distance rail traffic. Unlike Sealdah Station, Howrah Station has less suburban trains than long-distance trains. Due to increasing of Eastern Railway trains, many platforms, which were previously built for South Eastern Railway trains, now often occupied by Eastern Railway trains. But many people of Howrah feel that it is much easy to catch a long distance train from Howrah than Sealdah, particularly in early morning and late night. But due to platform limitation, increasing the number of long distance trains was not possible from Howrah for South Eastern Railway.

To overcome this problem, South Eastern Railway suggested to Indian Railway officers to construct another bigger rail station at Howrah, mostly for long distance trains. The many underused tracks of Shalimar yard was the first choice of the authority.

Construction started from 2000. The construction of platforms, station buildings,. and car parking area were started. After the completion, other tracks were re-aligned. The tracks around platform were completely electrified for passenger coaches shunting. At first, only one express train started. This train stopped later and then other long distance trains started. From this time, diesel loco hauled trains were replaced by EMU trains, which started suburban services.

Services
The station is served by the South Eastern Railway trains to Mecheda, Panskura, Kharagpur, Medinipur, Baripada, and other places. The number of trains on suburban routes is lesser than those on long-distance trains. There are two platforms - Platform 1, which is used by only suburban trains and Platform 2, which is used by long-distance trains. The station is operated by the South Eastern Railway.

Facilities
There is a taxi stand and a toto (e-rickshaw) stand outside the station. The nearest tram terminus was formerly Shibpur, but it was closed in 1971. There are small eateries serving snacks on the platform and eateries serving lunch outside the station.

Criticism
As a new rail station, this station is not well connected by public transport. The most direct service to the station is taxi, which is not preferable by poor. All buses run along College Road, which is almost 1 km away from the station. It is often impossible to walk this 1 km with heavy luggage for a commuter. Due to the lack of transport link, many people avoid this station. An irregular steamer service from Garden Reach is also present.

There is a plan to transfer part of the Howrah Station bus terminus to the front of the station, mainly for Kolkata bound routes, but nothing materialised.

See also
 Howrah station
 Sealdah Station
 Kolkata station
 Kolkata Suburban Railway
 Kolkata Metro
 Trams in Kolkata

References

External links
 Shalimar Train Station

Category:Transport in Howrah
Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal
Category:Kharagpur railway division
Category:Railway stations opened in 2000
Category:Railway stations in Howrah district
Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway


Montgaillard-sur-Save

Montgaillard-sur-Save is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department of southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Haute-Garonne


2014 Challenger La Manche – Singles

Jesse Huta Galung was the defending champion, but chose to compete at the 2014 Dubai Tennis Championships instead.
Kenny de Schepper won the title, defeating Norbert Gomboš in the final, 3–6, 6–2, 6–3.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Bottom Half

References
 Main Draw
 Qualifying Draw

Challenger La Manche - Singles
2014 Singles


Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego

The Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (ABW; English: Internal Security Agency, ISA) is Poland's domestic counter-intelligence agency. The ABW is responsible for analyzing, reporting and preventing threats to Poland's internal security, including terrorism, foreign espionage, arms smuggling, drug trafficking, organized crime, corruption and economic coercion. Its powers include arresting individuals, conducting searches and investigations, and combating terrorism with a specialized armed anti-terrorist force.

The ABW is headquartered on ul. Rakowiecka in the Mokotów district of Warsaw. As part of its institutional hierarchy, the Head of the ABW reports directly to the Prime Minister of Poland, who in turn provides oversight of the ABW, or can appoint a special minister to coordinate intelligence and security activities for oversight. The ABW is considered by the government of Poland to be one of the nation's special services.

History
The ABW was created under the premiership of Leszek Miller on 24 May 2002, following the Council of Ministers' submission of its legislation on the Internal Security Agency and Foreign Intelligence Agency bill to the Sejm for approval.  The legislation effectively split the previous national intelligence service, the Urząd Ochrony Państwa (UOP), into two separate components: the Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (ABW), responsible for domestic intelligence operations, and the Agencja Wywiadu (AW), dedicated to gathering and analyzing foreign intelligence outside of Poland.

Mission and operations
In accordance to Article 5 of the 2002 Internal Security Agency and Foreign Intelligence Agency Law, the ABW is tasked to protect Polish citizens, property and the state in a number of fields. These operations include domestic counter-intelligence activities, ensuring economic security, counter-terrorism and weapons proliferation, combating organized crime, securing state classified information, and protecting Polish cyberspace operations. According to law, ABW investigations must be preceded by a warrant issued from a regional court after a submitted request from the ABW's Head. The ABW works closely with other security apparatuses in counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism operations to pool data, including the Agencja Wywiadu, the Policja, the Straż Graniczna and the Biuro Ochrony Rządu.

The ABW also monitors corruption among state agencies and officials. According to its 2009 report, the ABW monitored 82 state enterprises undergoing privatization, as well as monitored the flow of European Union funds to Polish coffers. Ministries of state have been subject to investigations from the ABW for financial irregularities, including the ministries for Finance, National Defence, Environment, Justice, Interior and Administration, and GDDKiA.

Among the agency's powers, the ABW reserves the right to arrest individuals, search individuals and premises, inspect cargo from land, water and air transport, and request assistance from other Polish security services and government bodies.

The ABW's central operations center is located in the Mokotów borough of Warsaw along ul. Rakowiecka, standing in close proximity to Mokotów Prison and the Ministry of Interior and Administration. The agency's training center is located in the village of Emów,  east of Warsaw in Masovian Voivodeship. The ABW maintains offices in nearly all of Poland's major cities, including Białystok, Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Katowice, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Olsztyn, Opole, Poznań, Radom, Rzeszów, Szczecin, Warsaw, Wrocław and Zielona Góra. Additionally, the ABW maintains international liaison offices within Polish diplomatic missions in Berlin, Brussels, Kiev, London, Moscow and Prague.

Internationally, the ABW works closely with the intelligence and security agencies of fellow NATO and European Union member states, as well as outside states including Afghanistan, Israel, Kazakhstan and Montenegro. The ABW also worked closely with the Security Service of Ukraine in preparation for the UEFA Euro 2012 over the coordination of security plans.

Oversight
The activities of the ABW, along with the other special services (including the AW and the CBA) are provided oversight by the Prime Minister of Poland directly, or through a specially appointed minister working within the Chancellery. The Head of the ABW reports to the prime minister regarding security matters of concern. The prime minister also retains the right to propose candidates to lead the ABW; nominated individuals are then subject to the opinion of the President of Poland. The president also reserves the right to receive information from the ABW Head regarding security concerns.

A Committee of Special Services under the Council of Ministers within the Chancellery retains responsibility of planning, coordinating and overseeing the activities of the ABW and all other special services. The agency's legal activities are tied to the Public Prosecutor General, who is regularly informed by the ABW's Head of the agency's course of actions. Additionally, the Special Services Committee within the Sejm evaluates the performance of the agency, giving opinion to budgetary concerns, investigations and cooperation among the special services.

Controversies
In the aftermath of the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash, killing President Lech Kaczyński and other senior members of the armed forces and government, members of the Law and Justice party alleged that leaked memos showed the agency had spied on the late president and First Lady Maria Kaczyńska during a state visit to Georgia in 2008.

In May 2011, the ABW conducted a dawn raid on the home of the owner of AntyKomor.pl, a satirical website critical of Polish president Bronisław Komorowski, citing that the website was in breach of Article 135 of the Polish Penal Code for insulting the president. In response to opposition allegations of stifling free speech, Prime Minister Donald Tusk stated afterwards that the agency was a victim of the penal code's legal vagueness. Later, Prime Minister Tusk criticized the agency for acting "overzealous."

In June 2014, the ABW conducted a raid on editorial office of "Wprost" newspaper, after "Wprost" published stenographic records of private conversations between country officials implicating them in many unconstitutional acts and bribery. The ABW used physical force on newspapers editor-in-chief Sylwester Latkowski in an attempt to illegally seize his laptop computer, after he refused to give it away without court warrant.

See also
History of Polish intelligence services - 1989–present

References

External links

 Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (official site)

Category:Polish intelligence agencies
Category:Mokotów


2016 Munich shooting

On 22 July 2016, there was a mass shooting in the vicinity of the Olympia shopping mall in the Moosach district of Munich, Germany. An 18-year-old Iranian-German, David Ali Sonboly, opened fire on fellow teenagers at a McDonald's restaurant before shooting at bystanders in the street outside and then in the mall itself. Nine people were killed and thirty-six others were injured, four of them by gunfire. Sonboly then hid nearby for more than two hours, and killed himself by a self-inflicted gunshot wound after he was stopped by police.

Two reports by the Bavarian State Office of Criminal Investigation and public prosecutor's office concluded that the shooting was not political, saying Sonboly's main motive was "revenge".  Police later opened an investigation into his contact with the perpetrator of the Aztec High School shooting. In 2019, the Bavarian Police declared that the shooting was now being classified as a "politically motivated crime" and that "the radical right-wing and racist views of the perpetrator should not be ignored."

Shooting
On the evening of 22 July 2016, David Ali Sonboly opened fire at a McDonald's restaurant near the Olympia shopping mall in the Moosach district of Munich, Germany. Despite initial reports of multiple attack sites, police could not confirm attacks in any locations other than the shopping area.

Sonboly had made a fake Facebook account and sent four invitations to people, asking them to come to the restaurant, but none answered. He stayed in the restaurant from about 5pm. At about 5:50pm, he went to the toilets on the first floor and took a handgun from his backpack. He then opened fire on a group of six teenagers sitting at a table, killing five and wounding another. Eighteen bullets were fired. He immediately left the restaurant, turned to the right and began shooting at people fleeing towards an electronics shop and at two vehicles parked there. He fired sixteen bullets in this area, killing three people and wounding three others. Sonboly then crossed Hanauer Strasse and slowly walked into the shopping mall, where he fatally shot another teenager near the lifts.

At about 6pm, Sonboly walked from the shopping mall, over a covered footbridge to the adjoining multistorey car park. While on this bridge, he fired shots towards the parking deck and a passer-by, but hurt no one. He fired thirteen rounds at two unoccupied parked vehicles and walked onto the top parking deck. There, Sonboly had an argument with a man who shouted at him from the balcony of his flat. During this argument, Sonboly fired two shots at the man. Another man, who was also on his balcony, was wounded by a rebounding bullet. Sonboly fired three more times towards the mall and towards an employee, without hurting anyone. Police officers spotted the gunman from an outdoor balcony of the mall, and one officer fired a shot from a submachine gun at him, but missed.

Sonboly ran across Riesstraße and hid in a residential area. He tried to get into a house, and lingered in a stairwell, where he had contact with residents. He then hid in a bicycle storage room. At 8:26pm he went outside and was confronted by police officers, whereupon he shot himself in the head.

Early reports and videos

An early witness, identified only by her first name Lauretta, in talking to CNN correspondent Doug McConnell on the phone claimed that the gunman had shouted "Allahu Akbar!"
The woman's account has not been verified by other witnesses or the police, though it was widely disseminated in the media.

A video distributed online showed a gunman firing at pedestrians outside McDonald's. He then moved on to the shopping mall itself. Another video showed the gunman walking alone on the roof of a nearby car park before opening fire again. He was heard shouting "I am German" () and "I was born here" () after an onlooker shouted anti-Turkish statements and other abuse at him. According to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the gunman also shouted back "Shit Turks". However, it is still not clear who started the anti-Turkish insults.

Authorities' response
An urgent warning was issued to avoid the Karlsplatz ("Stachus"), due to reports of multiple shootings occurring there. Munich police had received information about an attack at Karlsplatz, but after arriving there, announced that the information was false. Drivers were advised not to pick up any passengers. People in Munich were warned by the police to stay at home and avoid crowds and public squares.

Following initial reports of shots being fired, some 2,300 officers were deployed throughout Munich from the greater area and surrounding states. A manhunt was soon initiated. Munich police urged residents not to leave their homes until further notice. The special operations police unit GSG 9 was deployed. Other regions of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland were asked to assist in the investigation. A backpack was found apparently matching the one carried by the gunman at McDonald's. Police reportedly used a robot to examine it, and a total of 300 rounds of ammunition were found inside. Police officials warned of "an acute terror situation" and initially thought that there were up to three attackers, but later confirmed that there was only one gunman.

The Munich U-Bahn, tram service, bus service, and services on the central portion of the S-Bahn in Munich were stopped. Munich main station was evacuated and all trains were cancelled in and out of Munich. Regional and inter-city trains ceased their service to and from the region of the shooting. Deutsche Bahn provided accommodation trains for stranded commuters and tourists where they could seek refuge. These were located at Mammendorf, Starnberg, Geltendorf, Dachau, and Freising.

Casualties
Nine victims and the perpetrator died in the incident; 16 others were injured, four by gunshot. Three of the dead were female, and six were male. Seven of the dead were Muslims. Two of the victims were of Turkish origin, one was Greek, two victims were from German Sinti families and one was from a Kosovan Roma family.

 Sevda Dağ, 45, Turkish
 Hüseyin Dayıcık, 19, Greek
 Selçuk Kiliç, 15, Turkish
 Giuliano Kollmann, 18, German of Romanian origin
 Can Leyla, 14, Turkish
 Roberto Rafael, 15, Hungarian
 Armela Segashi, 14, Kosovan
 Sabina Sulaj, 14, Kosovan
 Dijamant Zabergja, 21, German of Kosovan descent

There have been claims that Sonboly deliberately targeted people of Turkish or Arab origin, groups he apparently felt had picked on him at school. The state government said that the victims were not chosen in any particular way and that Sonboly did not know any of them. Police consider it a coincidence that all of the fatalities were of immigrant backgrounds; they suggest that this may be because the McDonald's near the shopping mall was frequently patronised by the children of migrants.

In preparation for admitting the injured, multiple hospitals called their medical staff in to work outside normal working hours. A state of emergency was declared at the Rechts der Isar Hospital, where one of the injured victims died.

Investigation
Munich police chief Hubertus Andrä said that the shooting appeared to be a "classic shooting rampage" and not terrorism. Police said that the gunman was obsessed with mass shootings and that written material on such attacks was found in his room. Prosecutor Steinkraus Koch said that the gunman had a book about school shootings called Why Kids Kill: Inside the Minds of School Shooters by Peter Langman. No references to religion were found in documents in his home. Andrä said that there was an "obvious" link between the shooting and the fifth anniversary of the 2011 Norway attacks committed by Anders Behring Breivik. However, a police search of the shooter's residence did not find the manifesto written and distributed by Breivik. According to Abendzeitung, the shooter's own manifesto was found on his computer's hard disk.

Police investigator Robert Heimberger said that the shooter appeared to have hacked a girl's Facebook account in an attempt to lure people to McDonald's with an offer of free food.

Authorities said that the gunman had been planning the shooting for a year and probably purchased his gun illegally on the darknet. It was said to be a "reactivated" Glock 17 9mm semi-automatic pistol that previously had been used as a theatre prop. German police believe that the gun may have originated in Slovakia, and said that its serial number had been removed.

On 25 July 2016, Munich police announced the arrest of a 16-year-old Afghan friend of the perpetrator who was being investigated on suspicion of failing to report the gunman's plans.

Nearly two years after the shooting, police opened an investigation into Sonboly's contact with William Atchison, perpetrator of the 2017 Aztec High School shooting, and with a boy in Gerlingen who planned a school shooting there. Shortly after the Munich shooting, Atchison wrote an epitaph to Sonboly on Encyclopedia Dramatica, calling him a "true Aryan" and "true German".

Perpetrator

David Sonboly (born Ali Sonboly; 20 April 1998 – 22 July 2016) was an 18-year-old Iranian-German with dual nationality. The Munich Police Department said Sonboly was born and raised in Munich and had no criminal record. He lived in an apartment in the neighbourhood of Maxvorstadt with his parents and younger brother. He grew up in a secular household, according to his neighbours. He had a part-time job distributing a local free newspaper. Neighbours described him as a "polite boy".

German Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière said that he was the son of Shiite Muslims from Iran who came to Germany as asylum seekers in the 1990s. Sonboly's parents told police that their son had possibly converted to Christianity, but that he was not religious. In May 2016, Sonboly had his first name changed in all official documents from Ali to David.

Possible motives
The report by the Bavarian State Office of Criminal Investigation and public prosecutor's office in March 2017 concluded that the shooting was not political, saying that Sonboly's main motive was "revenge" for bullying, and that his mental illness and obsession with other shooting rampages were also a factor. The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Germany's security agency, also believe he was a "psychologically ill avenger" rather than a terrorist.

Sonboly had undergone psychiatric treatment for depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. In 2015, he had been treated for two months as an inpatient in a mental care facility. He was largely isolated from his peers and suffered years of bullying by classmates, which included physical abuse. A former classmate recalled, "We always  him in school, and he always told us that he would kill us". He developed a hatred for those of a similar age and background as those who bullied him, mainly Turks and Albanians. He developed an "irrational worldview" in which he believed that the people he hated were infected with a virus and must be exterminated. On the day of the shooting, Sonboly saved a document on his computer in which he wrote "The bullying will be paid back today". During the shooting itself, he shouted that he had been bullied for seven years.

Sonboly had an obsession with mass shootings and rampage killers; he compiled a scrapbook of news clippings on mass shootings and owned several books on the matter. During his psychiatric treatment he repeatedly told fellow patients to refer to him as the 'Spree Killer'. One incident that fascinated him was the Winnenden school shooting, and he visited Winnenden and took pictures there. Sonboly was also fascinated by the 2011 Norway attacks perpetrated by Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik, and Sonboly's shooting was on its fifth anniversary.

Sonboly also voiced xenophobic views and support for the far-right. Der Spiegel reported that fellow online video gamers said that Sonboly wrote anti-Turkish messages, admired Germany's right-wing AfD party, and was "very nationalistic". According to media reports, some of those who knew him said he considered himself part of the Aryan race, and boasted about sharing the same birthday as Adolf Hitler. In light of this, several politicians urged the police to focus on his possible political motives. In October 2017, a panel of three political scientists commissioned by Munich City Council concluded that Sonboly's shooting was also driven by xenophobia and far-right ideology. Investigators, however, argued that his xenophobia stemmed from being bullied by other immigrants. The Bavarian State Office of Criminal Investigation commissioned another report into Sonboly's motives. In 2018 it concluded that the incident was a non-political shooting rampage driven by bullying, romantic rejection, and obsession with other mass shootings.

As of October 2019, it was announced by the Bavarian Police that the shooting was now classified as a "politically motivated crime" that "was at least partly motivated by the right-wing extremist views of the perpetrator.".

Reactions

Domestic

Bavarian State Police urged the public not to publish online any photos or videos of the shooting. They provided a special upload platform which allowed witnesses to upload photos, audio, or video recordings directly in order to assist the investigation. Munich residents also used the Twitter hashtag #offeneTür (open door) to tell people in need of shelter where they could go.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel addressed the victims' families in a press conference on 23 July by saying, "We suffer with you." She thanked the Munich residents who opened their doors for stranded people. The Minister-President of Bavaria, Horst Seehofer, urged extreme caution against drawing premature conclusions and noted that optimisation of the security forces had to be considered. He said that he had spent more than four hours in the operations centre on 22 July, and thanked the forces for acting with professionalism and calm. The Interior Minister of Bavaria, Joachim Herrmann, announced an investigation into why there had been numerous false alarms.

The German Depression-Help Trust (Stiftung Deutsche Depressionshilfe) warned of stigmatizing mentally ill people in reaction to the shooting. Ulrich Hegerl, chairman of the trust and director of Leipzig University Psychiatry, said the school was sure that depression was not the cause for the perpetrator's actions, as such a diagnosis would not have necessarily played a role.

After the shooter was revealed to have been born in Germany, the right-wing politician André Poggenburg was condemned and mocked in German media for having previously blamed Merkel's open refugee policy for the shooting.

International
The U.S. Department of State warned Americans in Munich to "shelter in place". President Barack Obama said in a statement that he pledged support for those affected by the shooting.

Czech Interior Minister Milan Chovanec said his country would reinforce its borders to prevent the perpetrator(s) from fleeing into that country, according to German television station n-tv. The Czech Foreign Ministry set up an emergency hotline and urged Czechs to avoid public places.

The Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the attack. The Ministry's spokesperson, Bahram Ghassemi, expressed condolences to the German government and nation, saying, "The killing of innocent and defenseless civilians has marked another blot on the human history".

Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras said that having a Greek citizen among the dead "binds us even more to the fight to eradicate hatred and terrorism in Europe".

See also

 Emsdetten school shooting
 Erfurt school massacre
 Winnenden school shooting

References

External links

 [https://medienupload-portal01.polizei.bayern.de/?locale=en Media upload form for Bavarian State Police

Category:2016 mass shootings
Category:2016 murders in Germany
2016
Category:2016 mass shootings in Europe
Category:Attacks on restaurants in Europe
Category:July 2016 crimes in Europe
Category:July 2016 events in Germany
Category:Mass murder in 2016
Category:Mass shootings in Germany
Category:Massacres in Germany
Category:Terrorist incidents in Germany
2016
Category:Murder–suicides in Germany
Category:Shopping mall attacks
Category:Suicides by firearm in Germany


Manoba postpuncta

Manoba postpuncta is a moth in the  family Nolidae. It was described by Rothschild in 1913. It is found in New Guinea.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Category:Moths described in 1913
Category:Nolinae


Thirty Years War (disambiguation)

The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars in Europe lasting from 1618 to 1648.

Thirty Years War may also refer to:

Art, entertainment, and media
The Fall of Troy, an American rock band originally known as "The 30 Years War"
The Thirty Years War (1938), a history book by C.V. Wedgwood
Thirty Years War (2001), a wargame from GMT Games

Wars
Char Bouba war or The Mauritanian Thirty Years' War, 1644–74
Second Thirty Years' War, a term used by some historians to refer to warfare in Europe between 1914 and 1945


Patriot Athletic Conference (Ohio)

The Patriot Athletic Conference (PAC-12) was an Ohio high school athletic league made up of 12 schools from around the Cleveland area that went around from 2005-2006 to the 2018-2019 school year.  All schools are members of the Ohio High School Athletic Association.

Members
The following were members over the league's tenure:

League history
The league was formed in 2005 from members of the Mohican Area Conference (Black River and Buckeye), the Lorain County Conference (Brookside, Clearview, Keystone, Oberlin, and Wellington), and the Metropolitan Area Conference (Brooklyn, Columbia, and Lutheran West).  Firelands and Fairview joined in 2011.

In 2017, the eight primarily Lorain County schools (Brookside, Clearview, Columbia, Firelands, Keystone, Oberlin, and Wellington, as well as Black River) announced they would leave the PAC in 2020 to form their own league.

In response to the league's imminent dissolution, Brooklyn and Lutheran West were accepted by a league-wide vote in April 2018 to join the Chagrin Valley Conference in 2019-20.

In May 2018, Buckeye and Fairview were approved to join the Great Lakes Conference for the 2019-20 school year as their eighth and ninth members.

The new league with the eight predominantly Lorain County schools would choose the name of Lorain County League and began league play with the 2019-20 school year.

See also
Ohio high school athletic conferences
Ohio High School Athletic Association

References

External links
Patriot Athletic Conference - Official Site
Fit for a Pirate?

Category:Ohio high school sports conferences