Béarnese dialect

Béarnese is a dialect of Gascon spoken in Béarn (in the French department of the Pyrénées Atlantiques, in southwestern France). As a written language, it benefited from the fact that Béarn was an independent state from the mid-14th century to 1620. Béarnese was used in legal and administrative documents long after most other Gascon provinces were incorporated into France. (French definitively replaced Béarnese for legal documents only in 1789, during the French Revolution).

Sociolinguistics
Béarnese is currently the most prominent variety of Gascon. It is widely used in the normativization attempts to reach a standard Gascon and is the most likely dialect to succeed, due to the stronger cultural identity and output of this area.

A 1982 survey of the inhabitants of Béarn indicated that 51% of the population spoke Béarnese, 70% understood it, and 85% were in favor of preserving the language. However, use of the language has declined over recent years as Béarnese is rarely transmitted to younger generations within the family. There is a revival of focus on the language which has improved the situation, though, leading children to be taught the language in school (comparable to the way Irish students are taught a standardized form of Irish).

Currently, the majority of the cultural associations consider Gascon (including Béarnese) an Occitan dialect. However, other authorities consider them to be distinct languages, including Jean Lafitte, publisher of Ligam-DiGam, a linguistic and lexicography review of Gascon.

A detailed sociolinguistic study presenting the current status of the language (practice and different locutors' perceptions) has been made in 2004 by B. Moreux (see Sources): the majority of native speakers have learned it orally, and tend to be older. On the other hand, the proponents for its maintenance and revival are classified into three groups: Béarnists, Gasconists and Occitanists, terms which summarize the regional focus they give respectively to their language(s) of interest: Béarn, Gascony or Occitania.

Literature
Concerning literature and poems, the first important book was a Béarnese translation of the Psalms of David by Arnaud de Salette, at the end of the 16th century, contemporary with the Gascon (Armagnac dialect) translation of these Psalms by Pey de Garros. Both translations were ordered by Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre and mother of Henry IV of France, to be used at Protestant churches. Henri IV was first Enric III de Navarra, the king of this independent Calvinist and Occitan-speaking state. The Béarnese dialect was his native language that he also used in letters to his subjects.

During the 17th century, the Béarnese writer Jean-Henri Fondeville (among others) composed plays such as La Pastorala deu Paisan and also his anti-Calvinist Eglògas. Cyprien Despourrins is certainly one of the main 18th-century Béarnese poets; many of his poems are still Béarn's  folk songs. From the 19th century we can mention poet Xavier Navarrot and also Alexis Peyret, who emigrated to Argentina for political reasons where he edited his Béarnese poetry.

After the creation of the Felibrige, the Escole Gastoû Fèbus (which would become Escòla Gaston Fèbus) was created as the Béarnese part of Frédéric Mistral's and Joseph Roumanille's academy. Simin Palay, one of its most prominent members, published a dictionary.

References

Sources
 Anatole, Cristian - Lafont, Robert. Nouvelle histoire de la littérature occitane. París :  P.U.F., 1970.

 Moreux, B. (2004). Bearnais and Gascon today: language behavior and perception. The International Journal of the Sociology of Language,169:25-62.

External links
 The Ostau Bearnés

Category:Occitan language
Category:Pyrénées-Atlantiques


Clay City Township, Clay County, Illinois

Clay City Township is one of twelve townships in Clay County, Illinois, USA.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,287 and it contained 649 housing units.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township (T2&3N R8E) has a total area of , of which  (or 98.65%) is land and  (or 1.35%) is water.

Cities, towns, villages
 Clay City (vast majority)

Unincorporated towns
 Camp Travis
 Maysville
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

Cemeteries
The township contains these three cemeteries: Barnes, Clay City and Travis.

Major highways
  US Route 50

Lakes
 Gaskin Lake

Demographics

School districts
 Clay City Community Unit District 10
 West Richland Community Unit School District 2

Political districts
 Illinois' 19th congressional district
 State House District 108
 State Senate District 54

References

 United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
 United States National Atlas

External links
 City-Data.com
 Illinois State Archives

Category:Townships in Clay County, Illinois
Category:Townships in Illinois


Amauris Samartino Flores

Amauris Samartino Flores is a Cuban physician who escaped from his native country in 1999 in a makeshift raft. He was given asylum in Bolivia, but after becoming politically active in that country, protesting the governments of both Fidel Castro and Evo Morales, was deported. He now lives in Norway.

On January 9, 2007, Samartino, a Cuban refugee who had been a resident of Bolivia since 2000, was expelled from that country after having been held for seventeen days for criticizing the Bolivian and Cuban governments. According to a report by the Human Rights Foundation (HFR), "Samartino was subjected to numerous human rights violations, including wrongful imprisonment, arbitrary detainment, forced exile, due process abuse, and undue restriction of free speech."  He arrived in Colombia on the night of January 8. Thor Halvorssen, president of HRF, said: "Amauris Samartino’s case is a scandal and it reveals that the government of Bolivia will stop at nothing to silence dissent."

History
Samartino left Cuba in 1999 in a homemade raft along with eleven other dissidents. A U.S. Coast Guard patrol boat picked him up and took him to the Guantanamo military base. He remained there for some months until the International Organization for Migration arranged asylum for him in Bolivia. He arrived in Bolivia on October 24, 2000. According to a Catholic priest, Fernando Rojas Silva, Samartino and the other dissidents were “brought to Santa Cruz by the U.S. Embassy, given a few dollars for their survival and a paper certifying that the Bolivian government would provide the paperwork necessary to remain in the country. Months passed and nothing happened. They ran out of dollars and moved to the capital,” where they began “knocking on doors of official institutions and the Embassy.”  Finally, in desperation, they held “a hunger strike...outside the U.S. Embassy,” whereupon “the representative of UNHCR requested the intervention of mediators.”

Eventually Samartino was certified as a political refugee in Bolivia, and later he became a permanent legal resident. It was in Santa Cruz that he met his wife, Normina Chávez, and, according to the British medical journal The Lancet, “worked as a supervisor in natural gas operations.”

Samartino became politically active “after Evo Morales, a socialist and a close ideological ally of both Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez and Cuba's President Fidel Castro, was elected Bolivia's president in 2005 and Cuban doctors began arriving. Samartino said he feared Bolivia was going to be turned into a second Cuba so he began speaking out in the media about the Communist island's human rights violations and helping Cuban medics who wanted to defect.”

The Lancet paraphrased Samartino as saying that “Cuba's overseas medical programme is more political than humanitarian,” and as noting that “Cuba has sent many more medical personnel to oil-rich Venezuela, ruled by a close ally, than to Haiti, the hemisphere's poorest nation, and which is wracked by an AIDS epidemic.”

In 2006, Samartino spoke out in the Bolivian media against violations of human rights by the Cuban regime and lamented Castro's influence on Morales. In July of that year, according to HRF, Samartino “announced that he had assisted thirty dissident Cuban doctors, who were visiting Bolivia in a cooperative exchange program, in defecting to Brazil and to the United States.”

Arrest
On December 23, 2006, Samartino, while walking with his wife on a street in Santa Cruz, was stopped by five armed men who, although dressed in civilian clothes, said that they were police, though they did not produce identification. They handcuffed Samartino, put him in a car, and drove him away without explanation. Samartino's wife and family friends then sought to find out where he was and why he had been arrested. It turned out that he had been placed in a cell at the La Paz headquarters of the Special Crime Fighting Forces, where he was told that he was about to be sent back to Cuba for having criticized both the Cuban and Bolivian governments. On December 26 of that year, the Partido Republicano de Cuba declared its solidarity with Samartino.

Samartino's arrest was ordered by Bolivian cabinet member Alicia Muñoz on the grounds that he had violated a 1996 immigration law prohibiting the involvement of foreigners in Bolivia’s internal political affairs – a law that had been declared unconstitutional in 2001 on the grounds that it violated free-speech rights. On December 27, the Bolivian office of the Defender of the People maintained that there were no legal grounds on which Bolivia could return Samartino to Cuba. Samartino stated that deportation to Cuba would mean execution for him. His lawyer, Rodolfo Téllez, expressed the same concern.

During this time, Cuba's ambassador to Bolivia, Rafael Dauza, who wanted Samartino returned to Cuba, met with Bolivian officials; on December 27, Dauza called Samartino a criminal, accused him of fraud, and described him as “anti-Castro, an alcoholic, a fraudster, and thief.”  A Bolivian senator accused   Samartino of planning violent protests, while a spokesman for Evo Morales said Samartino had “denigrated” Castro.

On December 28, it was reported that Judge Rene Delgado had ordered Samartino's return to the place from which he had arrived in Bolivia – namely, the U.S. base at Guantánamo Bay.

On February 2, 2007, the Bolivian Constitutional Court ruled that the detention and expulsion of Samartino was arbitrary and illegal. HRF had filed an amicus curiae brief explaining delineating that Samartino's arrest and detention violated Bolivian law as well as four international treaties of which Bolivia was a signatory. Bolivian Vice President Álvaro García Linera refused, however, to obey the court's ruling.

After Samartino’s case drew the attention of the Bolivian media, the Bolivian government apparently changed its plan, announcing that it would attempt to deport Samartino to some country other than Cuba. Although the Constitutional Court had clearly found the laws unconstitutional under which Bolivia was attempting to expel Samartino, Judge René Delgado said that those laws remained in effect.

Aftermath
On January 9, 2007, after being held illegally for 17 days, Samartino was expelled from Bolivia without due process of law. He was taken into custody by UN refugee officials, who flew him to Bogotá, Colombia. He was later granted asylum in Norway. “Although my home is Bolivia,” said Samartino, “I am overjoyed that Norway is willing to be a safe harbor for those with the temerity to express themselves freely. Bolivia is no longer a safe place for those who disagree, no matter how peacefully, with the government of Evo Morales.”

On November 24, 2009, Samartino sent an open letter to then U.S. Congressman Lincoln Diaz-Balart, asking him to help Cuban doctors in Bolivia who were being denied asylum and travel visas.

In January 2011, the website of the Norwegian state media organization, NRK, featured a major article about the Cuban medical system based largely on Samartino's testimony. Entitled “Behind the facade, there is only misery,” the article quoted Samartino as saying that Cuba's “low infant-mortality rate is a lie,” that patients in many Cuban hospitals have to supply their own food and bedsheets, and that it health personnel routinely falsify statistics.

References

Category:Cuban refugees
Category:Living people
Category:Cuban physicians
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Rise at Orangeville

Orangeville Rise is the second largest spring in the U.S. state of Indiana, in Orange County near Orangeville. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in June 1972.  It is owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy and the Indiana Karst Conservancy.

Geology
Contrary to popular belief, the spring is not a rise of the Lost River which surfaces approximately  south of Orangeville.  Water emerging at Orangeville Rise comes from approximately  of the highly karstified Mitchell Plain to the northeast.  The spring fluctuates wildly in response to drought and rain events, with storm discharge appearing less than 24 hours following an event.

See also
Lost River (Indiana)

References

External links
 The Nature Conservancy: Rise at Orangeville
 Rise at Orangeville, National Park Service
Indiana Department of Natural Resources

Category:National Natural Landmarks in Indiana
Category:Geography of Orange County, Indiana
Category:Protected areas established in 1972
Category:Nature Conservancy preserves


Montacute

Montacute is a small village and civil parish in Somerset, England,  west of Yeovil. The village has a population of 831 (2011 census). The name Montacute is thought by some to derive from the Latin "Mons Acutus", referring to the conically acute St Michael's Hill dominating the village to the west. An alternative view is that it is named after Drogo de Montagu, whose family originated from Montaigu-les-Bois, in the arrondissement of Coutances. Mortain held Montacute after 1066, Drogo was a close associate.

The village is built almost entirely of the local hamstone. From the 15th century until the beginning of the 20th century it formed the heart of the estate of the Phelips family of Montacute House. The village has a fine medieval church, and was the site of a Cluniac priory, the gatehouse of which is now a private house.

At the centre of the village is a large square known as the 'Borough' around which are grouped picturesque cottages and a pub, the Phelips Arms; there is a second public house and hotel situated in the village, called the King's Arms.

History
To the west of the village is the Iron Age hill fort of Ham Hill, a large tribal fort of the Durotriges. The fort was conquered by the Roman Legio II Augusta sometime around 45 AD. The Romans briefly occupied the fort, then moved to a more permanent garrison at nearby Ilchester (Lindinis), and constructed the Fosse Way Roman road a few miles west of the village. A Roman villa was excavated near Batemoor Barn early in the 20th century and an extensive mosaic documented. Never adequately protected, this has probably been damaged by deep ploughing in the last 20 years.

Variously called Logaresburgh by the Saxons, later Bishopstone or Biscepstone, the estate was owned by Tofig, a staller (placeman or court office-holder) to Danish King Canute. Local tradition remembers Tofig as "Cnut's standard bearer". In 1030 (1035 in some records) following a series of dreams in which the Devil told him where to dig, a local blacksmith found buried on St Michael's Hill a black flint crucifix or Holy Rood. (Some early versions state two black flint crosses were found, one large, one small. Another variant is that the second cross was wooden, and accompanied by a bell and a book/copy of the gospels.) Tofig loaded the life-sized cross (or crosses) onto a cart, and then named a series of possible destinations owned by him. The oxen pulling the wagon (six red and six white in one version of the tale) refused to move until he said Waltham in Essex, where Tofig already had a hunting lodge. They then started, and continued non-stop until they reached Waltham, and where they stopped Tofig decided to build an abbey at the site – this became Waltham Abbey. In the meantime, Tofig rebuilt the church at Waltham to house the cross, on which he bestowed his own sword, and his second wife Gytha (or Glitha), the daughter of Osgod Clapa, adorned the figure with a crown, bands of gold and precious stones.

The cross became the object of pilgrimage, notably by Harold Godwinson. It was at Tofig's wedding at Lambeth on 8 June 1042 that King Harthacnut suddenly died of a convulsion "while standing at his drink". "Holy Cross" became the battle-cry of Harold's armies at the battles of Stamford Bridge and Hastings. The Holy Rood is said to have foretold Harold's defeat at Hastings: on the way there from the Battle of Stamford Bridge he stopped off at Waltham Abbey to pray, and the legend is that the cross "bowed down" off the wall as he did so, taken as a portent of doom. There have been suggestions that the smaller cross became the "Holy Rood" which was carried to Scotland from Waltham Abbey by St Margaret. There has been further speculation that the site the relics were excavated from was the burial site of Joseph of Arimathea.

On Tofig's death in circa 1043, his estates passed to his son Athelstan (or Æthelstan) and then to his grandson Asgar. Following  the invasion of 1066 it was held by Robert, Count of Mortain, who built the motte-and-bailey Montacute Castle at his English seat in 1068. The site of the castle was a deliberate affront to the defeated English, because it was the site where Tofig had discovered the "Holy Rood" crucifix. Robert later founded the Cluniac priory on an adjacent site. The parish of Montacute was part of the Tintinhull Hundred.

Montacute Castle was besieged by English rebels from Somerset, Dorset and neighbouring areas in 1069 and its relief required the assembly of a considerable force, drawn chiefly from the Norman garrisons of London, Winchester and Salisbury. This army was led by the Norman bishop, Geoffrey of Coutances, whose large landholdings were also threatened. The rebels were taken by surprise and bloodily defeated, putting an end to the revolt. Joseph Bettey has suggested that "the devastation in the surrounding area which followed the English defeat may explain why so many manors in south Somerset are recorded in the Domesday Survey as having decreased in value". The English dead were buried in a mass grave to the west of the village in a sloping field now known as "Under Warren". Village tradition has it that two hilltop fortifications were built: first a wooden clamshell fort with motte & bailey, later replaced by a stone castle. However little evidence to prove the existence of the stone structure exists, except a note in the parish records that two loads of stone were taken from the site by the neighbouring parish of Martock. A church or chapel dedicated to St Michael later replaced the castle. Excavations of the hilltop have been limited and inconclusive.

A folly tower, built in 1760 by Edward Phelips V now occupies the hill-top. Known as St Michael's Tower it stands on Mons Acutus which was the site of the former castle. The Hamstone tower is about  in diameter, and rises  before curving inwards to a viewing platform which reached via a 52 step spiral staircase. It has been designated as a Grade II listed building and scheduled monument. Local tradition has it that a tunnel runs between the tower and Montacute House. This has never been found, and the tradition of its existence may be due to folk memories of the old castle keep.

Considerable earthworks are built into St Michael's Hill, and the common belief is that these are the remains of an extensive motte & bailey, however a report by the Somerset County Archeologist unit suggests that these are in fact wine-growing terraces.

Montacute is visited by tourists who come to the area, attracted by the nearby Ham Hill Country Park, and Montacute House (now owned by the National Trust) which is one of the finest examples of an Elizabethan house in England, and several other mansions open to the public in the immediate vicinity.

In 2009 Montacute was identified as having England's longest life expectancy in a report compiled by Watson Wyatt Worldwide.

In November 2014 Montacute featured in the programme 'Hidden Villages' presented by Penelope Keith.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Yeovil Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks and tourism. Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

The village falls within 'St Michel's' electoral ward. Although Martock is the most populous area the ward stretches to the River Yeo beyond Tintinhull in the north. The total population of this ward at the 2011 census was 2,307. It is also part of a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election.

Geography
An area of grass parkland lies to the east of the village; this formed the eastern approach to Montacute House though the drive through the park is now unused. Although associated with the Montacute estate, the park lies mainly within the neighbouring village of Odcombe. To the south of the village, bounded by Woodhouse Lane, and the Roman roads of Park Lane and Hollow Lane lies the older Deer Park: this is divided into High Park and Low Park by the woodland path known as Ladies Walk. The oldest extant known road in the village is a track leading from the front of the Abbey Gatehouse to Ham Hill, via the defensive ramparts of Ham Hill. This track crosses another presumed Roman Road which runs on the line of Stanchester (site of a Roman villa and the Stanchester Hoard found there) - Under Warren (abandoned settlement) Batemore (Roman villa) - Witcombe (abandoned settlement) - Norton Lane — High Wood. Another ancient track struck northeast from The Borough toward Ilchester, and is revealed by the housing layout but the route across the park has been lost. This and the track to Ham Hill may possibly mark a Roman route between the fortifications of Ilchester and Ham Hill, but are probably older.

In addition to being a scheduled monument, Iron Age hill fort and Roman site, Ham Hill itself is a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), local nature reserve and country park. The geology supports a wide range of fauna including mammals, birds, invertebrates, reptiles and amphibians living on lichens, fungi, ferns and flowering plants.

Climate
Typical for South West England, Montacute has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately . Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the temperatures of the nearby sea. The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately . Winter mean minimum temperatures of  or  are common. In summer high pressure in the Azores often affects the south-west, however convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at nearby Yeovilton. Most of the south-west's rainfall is caused by either Atlantic depressions or convection. Most of the autumn and winter rainfall is caused by Atlantic low pressure systems, their period most frequent activity. In summer, a significant proportion of the rainfall is caused by convection, where the sun warms the ground causing showers or thunderstorms. Average summer rainfall is . About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. The highest mean wind speeds occur from November to March, whilst June to August sees the lowest. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.

Religious sites

The Church of St Catherine has 12th century origins, and is a Grade II* listed building. The church was altered in the 13th and 15th centuries and was extensively restored in 1870 by Henry Hall. The church contains monuments to the Phelips family including David and Ann, who died in 1484, and Bridget, who died 1508. There are canopied effigies of Thomas, died 1588, and Elizabeth, died 1598. On the west wall is a marble monument to Edward, who died in 1690. An Anglo-Saxon Hamstone font lay unidentified in the churchyard for many years, but has now been reinstated replacing its Tudor successor.

Little now remains of the Cluniac Montacute Priory, which fell during the Reformation, except the inaccurately named "Abbey Gatehouse" (a private dwelling) and its attached stew pond and pigeon cote. The former infirmary for the Priory — the Grade II thatched "Monk's House" dating from the 15th century — is also a private dwelling.

St Michael's Hill is named for a similarly dedicated chapel which stood at its summit. No remains of the chapel are now visible, presumably it was demolished prior to the building of the tower in 1760.

Village tradition had it that the current St Catherine's Church was predated by an older building which was destroyed by fire. There is little evidence of this, except for the occasional burnt stonework included in more recent buildings. One such example was burnt ancient stonework re-used at the back of the old village school. (This is now a private residence and not visible).

Notable residents
The dissolved Priory of Montacute was obtained from King Henry VIII by the poet Thomas Wyatt in 1542 and after his death was passed in 1544 by his son, Thomas Wyatt the Younger, to Elizabeth Darrell, the poet's mistress, and their young son Francis, and they soon took up residence there.

The vicar of Montacute between 1885 and 1918 was the Reverend Charles Francis Powys (1843–1923), father of the writers John Cowper Powys, Llewelyn Powys and Theodore Francis Powys. Philippa Powys, their sister and another author, was born in Montacute. Llewelyn Powys, in his "Somerset Essays", devoted a chapter to Thomas Shoel (1759-1823), a native of the village who wrote poetry and composed music including many hymn tunes, some of them still well known In John Cowper Powys's novel first Wood and Stone (1915) the fictional village of Nevilton is based on Montacute.

Richard Foister (or Foster) was reputedly the last highwayman to be gibbeted alive in England. In reality he seems to have been a local footpad who attacked travellers along the old coach route across Ham Hill. He was found guilty of murder and bound into a metal cage at what is now known as Foister's Gully - a hollow-way which passes along the route of the Roman road through Batemore Barn, close to the abandoned medieval hamlet. Village tradition has it that his screams of hunger could be heard in the village. On his death his wrists were found to be eaten to the bone. A local girl who offered him (tallow) candles to eat was nearly lynched for feeding him.

References

External links

Category:Villages in South Somerset
Category:Civil parishes in Somerset


Trigonoptera pseudomaculata

Trigonoptera pseudomaculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.

References

Category:Tmesisternini
Category:Beetles described in 1939


Elmina (disambiguation)

Elmina is a town and the capital of the Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem District in the Central Region of Ghana.

Elmina may also refer to:
 El Mina, Lebanon
 Elmina, Malaysia
 El Mina, Mauritania
 Elmina Castle, in Elmina, Ghana
 Elmina Estate, an oil palm plantation in Malaysia
 Elmina Shepard Taylor (1830–1904), American women's rights activist
 Battle of Elmina (disambiguation)
Elmina (film), a 2010 Ghanaian movie


Debbie Phillips

Debbie Phillips (born October 12, 1969) is a former Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives, representing the 92nd District until 2009, then the 94th District from 2012 onward after the districts were redrawn. She also served as assistant minority whip. She is currently the Development Director for Rural Action.

Career
A graduate of Ohio University, Phillips sat on Athens City Council where she chaired the Planning and Development Committee. She was also the executive director of the Ohio Fair Schools Campaign.

Ohio House of Representatives
Phillips initially ran for the Ohio House in 2006, when incumbent Jimmy Stewart was vying for a third term. In a contested race which proved to be undecided on election night, Stewart narrowly defeated Phillips with 51.08% of the vote.

In 2008, Phillips opted to run again. However, with Stewart now running for the Ohio Senate, Phillips quickly became the favorite to win the seat. Instead, she faced Athens County Auditor Jill Thompson in the general election, who proved to be a viable candidate. In the end, Phillips won with her second try, securing 50.47% of the vote.

In 2010, Phillips was a top target for House Republicans, who saw her as vulnerable in the Republican leaning district. Fielded was Mike Hunter, a retired lieutenant colonel with the State Highway Patrol. However, she won reelection with 52.59% of the vote. After the election and with Democrats now in the minority, House colleagues chose Phillips to serve as assistant minority whip. She also is serving on the committees of Rules and Reference, Finance and Appropriations and its Primary and Secondary Education Subcommittee, Education, and Agriculture and Natural Resources.

Phillips won re-election to a 4th term in November 2014, narrowly defeating Republican Yolan Dennis 50.68% to 49.32%. Phillips was barred from running for another term in 2016 due to Ohio term-limit laws.

Policies, positions and initiatives
Education
With Republicans gaining the House majority in 2011, Phillips had remained critical on the majority's plan to eliminate former Governor Ted Strickland's model for school funding, stating, "If we back away from our responsibility, it's going to be local taxpayers or the mom who now has to pay tuition for her child to attend kindergarten." She also has brought forth concerns that changes to the all-day kindergarten provision would conflict with the state's Race to the Top plan, which has garnered $400 million in federal funding for Ohio schools.

Phillips has been critical of state schools Superintendent Stan Heffner, stating that he influenced state contract awards to benefit a business that later offered him employment.

She has also threatened legal action if Governor John Kasich does not offer actual budget numbers regarding his education funding in the biennium budget.

Collective bargaining
Phillips is a staunch supporter of continuing collective bargaining for public employees. She has stated that she's "amazed" at how enthusiastic residents have been about repealing SB5.

References

External links
The Ohio Ladies' Gallery: Rep. Debbie Phillips (D-Athens)

Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Category:Women state legislators in Ohio
Category:1969 births
Category:Ohio University alumni
Category:21st-century American politicians
Category:21st-century American women politicians


Margaret Fordyce Dalrymple Hay

Margaret Fordyce Dalyrymple Hay (1889–1975) was a librarian and administrator central to the operations of the University of Sydney Law School.

Early life
Born Christmas Eve 1889, Hay was the eldest of six children born to Richard Dalrymple Hay, surveyor and his wife Bessie, née Cheesbrough, then living in Rushcutters Bay, Sydney.

Career
In June 1919, Margaret was employed as a typist in the Law School at the University of Sydney. By 1923, she was a clerk and the following year a Law Librarian, having taken on additional duties. As the majority of staff were part-time, Margaret assumed a central role in the faculty's administration, providing a vital link between students and academics. She proposed The Jubilee book of the Law School of the University of Sydney, 1890-1940 (1940) which records the first fifty years of the law school and during World War II was secretary for the Law School Comforts Fund, sending monthly parcels of books to law students serving in the forces. She also compiled the Legal Digest, a quarterly newsletter intertwining gossip about members of the profession with information on legislative changes. Keen to assist servicemen studying law by correspondence, she forwarded teaching materials and textbooks, and arranged tutoring and examinations.

Hay's career spanned the development of the Law School into a large postwar faculty, covering the changeover from John Peden's deanship to that of Kenneth Shatwell. During this period, she became an associate-member of the National Council of Women of New South Wales and joined the National (late United Australia) Party. She had several articles published in The Sydney Morning Herald and left behind several unpublished works including a biography of Sir Thomas Bavin and a history of T. J. Thompson's family and stockbroking firm, revealing both her dedication to the legal profession and her political conservatism. Hay retired in December 1953 with a holiday in England and spent the following 60's working part-time in the law library. She died on 10 December 1975 in the Scottish Hospital, Paddington and was cremated.

Recognition
Her work was officially acknowledged in 1946 by a group of ex-service law graduates and undergraduates, with part of their gift of 100 pounds forming the foundation of the annual Margaret Dalrymple Hay Prize for Law, Lawyers and Justice.

References

Category:1889 births
Category:1975 deaths
Category:Australian librarians


Aristotelia clavata

Aristotelia clavata is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Meyrick in 1914. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Victoria.

The wingspan is about 11 mm. The forewings are light greyish-ochreous, with some scattered fuscous and dark fuscous scales, more numerous along the costa and termen. There is a small blackish subbasal spot on the costa and the plical and first discal stigmata are confluent to form a transverse blackish spot. The second discal is represented by a small yellow-ochreous spot edged with blackish. The hindwings are grey.

References

Category:Moths described in 1914
Category:Aristotelia
Category:Moths of Australia


Johann Adam Klein

Johann Adam Klein (24 November 1792 – 21 May 1875) was a German painter and engraver.

Born in Nuremberg, Germany on 24 November 1792, Klein received lessons in drawing from Georg Christoph von Bemmel.  In 1805 he was apprenticed to the studio of Ambroise Gabler and afterward studied at the Art Academy in Vienna from 1811 until 1818. His study was interrupted in 1815 for a study tour to the Main, the Rhine and Hungary.

In 1819 he received a grant by Prince Louis of Bavaria to visit Italy.  He remained in that country until 1821 and then returned to Germany.  He painted a number of battle scenes which made him celebrated throughout Germany. Klein excelled as a painter of horses and portraits. He was also an engraver of great ability and he reproduced many of his own works and also the pictures of other artists. He died in Munich in 1875.

References
 The New York Times, May 30, 1875

External links
 Works by Johann Klein at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

Category:1792 births
Category:1875 deaths
Category:People from Nuremberg
Category:German engravers
Category:19th-century German painters
Category:German male painters


Erica Larson

Erica Larson Baron (born August 11, 1971) is a chemist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and a champion mountain runner. She has won the Pikes Peak marathon on five occasions, more than any other woman since the event's inception in 1959.

She was raised in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, the daughter of two music teachers, before enrolling at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. After graduating with a Bachelor's degree in chemistry, she earned her doctorate at the University of Kansas aged 27, before moving to Los Alamos, New Mexico. The city, at over 7,000 ft above sea level, offers an extensive network of nearby trails which Larson frequents while training. On August 28, 2005, she married fellow scientist and runner Miles Baron, who won the Bandelier marathon in New Mexico for three straight years until the race was cancelled in 2005.

After participating in the Pikes Peak ascent in 1994 and 1998, Larson won the "up and down" marathon at her first attempt in 1999, and repeated this result in each of the following three years. She was runner-up to Angela Mudge in 2003, but regained the top step on the podium with her fifth win overall in 2004, when the Scottish runner did not return to defend her title. Her preparations for the 50th-anniversary marathon in 2005 were curtailed by a calf muscle injury and strep throat, but she reversed her earlier decision to withdraw, saying "I'd be really bummed out if I didn't run it this year". Despite her health issues she still managed to finish third.

She is also a two-time winner of the Leadville Marathon, and finished 34th at the U.S. Women's Olympic Marathon Trials in 2004, which she describes as her proudest achievement.

References

External links

 "The Pros Exposed", Scott Drum, Trailrunner, November 2005
 Pikes Peak marathon, official site

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:American female long-distance runners
Category:University of Kansas alumni
Category:Marquette University alumni
Category:American mountain runners
Category:Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel


Traitor's Gate (Spooks)

"Traitor's Gate" is the fourth episode in the first series of the British television series Spooks. It first aired on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 4 June 2002, on a Tuesday; the other first series episodes aired on Mondays. The episode was written by Howard Brenton, and directed by Rob Bailey. The episode focuses on MI5 and 6's efforts in taking down a terrorist cell before they can succeed in attacking 43rd President of the United States George W. Bush. The episode guest stars Anthony Head and Hugh Laurie, who play their respective characters Peter Salter and Jools Siviter. After its first broadcast, "Traitor's Gate" was seen by 6 million viewers, the lowest ratings in the first series.

Plot
After getting shot during the Turkish consulate raid in the previous episode, Tom Quinn (Matthew Macfadyen) is on sick leave until he recovers. When Ellie (Esther Hall) notices Tom's wound, he feels compelled to tell her that he is a spy. Over the course of the episode, Ellie threatens to leave Tom unless he also explains his job to her daughter, Maisie (Heather Cave). After he does, Ellie begins to forgive him for having lied to her ever since they met.

Danny (David Oyelowo) and Zoe (Keeley Hawes) observe an anti-globalisation rally before Bush's visit, where a riot ensues led by a man in a flaming helmet, who spots the two and flees with a young woman, Andrea Chambers. When they are surrounded by riot police, the man reveals himself as Peter Salter (Anthony Head), a legendary MI5 officer who recruited Tom. They contact Tom after they weren't briefed about the situation. Harry Pearce (Peter Firth) admits that Salter is working with Harry and Jools Siviter (Hugh Laurie) at MI6 in a joint operation to take down a European anarchist terror group led by Istvan Vogel. In order to get into the cell, Salter has been sleeping with Andrea. Upon meeting him, Tom questions Salter's allegiance after learning he is in love with Andrea; Tom reluctantly allows the operation to continue, but displays his concern to Harry.

Tom's concerns are revealed to be correct, as Salter and Andrea evade Danny and Zoe. Zoe is sent to meet up with one of Tessa's (Jenny Agutter) contacts, who may have information on where Salter is. However, upon waiting, Tessa arrives; Zoe works out that Tessa is running several phantom agents and pockets their money. In order to keep Zoe quiet, Tessa bribes her £10,000. Salter meets with Vogel in Wales. There, Salter offers his plan to take down the President; they break into a University researching Geographic Topology. There, Salter breaks into the database and manipulates the flightpath of Bush's plane, and the nearby topography to cause the plane to crash. By the time all but Salter leave, Armed Police arrive and arrest Salter, who is brought to Thames House.

After reluctantly telling Tom where Vogel's group are hiding, Salter hangs himself before revealing what he did in the campus. Harry learns about Danny hacking his way into improving his credit rating, and destroys his credit cards. As punishment, Danny is to train new staff. There, he learns of Salter's intentions; the plane is diverted to Paris. In the end when Ellie asks Tom about his day, he replies; "a man, who believed in a cause, killed himself for love, totally pointless."

Production

"Traitor's Gate" was written by Howard Brenton. He was pleased to be chosen to write the episode, as he got to write the pivotal part of the episode when Tom reveals to Ellie that he is a spy. During the writing, Brenton was simply told in a note that "he tells her", and had to work out how. Brenton chose to adopt the same writing style based on the early episodes of Taggart; Brenton was impressed by the way the episodes seemed to have more to the plot half way through. The location where Tom and Salter meet in the middle of the episode was to be set in the Millennium Dome; this would later change to North Greenwich tube station. The scene had to be rewritten several times to reflect Tom questioning Salter's allegiance. Much of the scene was actually automated dialogue replacement. Later on, Brenton wanted to figure out how Salter would evade Danny and Zoe; when he couldn't figure it out, he asked a source for help, who simply suggested him to have Salter call the Police about Zoe and Danny having sex in their car and there are children about. The introduction of Tessa being corrupt by running phantom agents was allegedly based in real life situations. In the series, the idea was made on the concept that MI5 officers have temptations to make money. The written scenes where Salter confesses to Tom was somewhat inspired by Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy. The scene was for the two to act as friends rather than interrogator and suspect.

The character of Peter Salter was written in a way that for most of the episode, the viewing audience would guess which side Salter was really on. Anthony Head, who was well known for his role as Rupert Giles in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, was cast as Peter Salter; during the audition, producer Simon Crawford Collins noted that Head performed it so well, that he would be perfect for the role, and was hired. Hugh Laurie was cast as Jools Siviter; the character was created because of bringing in a lighter element to a generally serious series. The character was also created this way as, according to David Wolstencroft, some people in intelligence and military are generally "funny people", although they have been through "some pretty heinous things". It also became the first episode to feature MI6; the service was depicted as more "old school" compared with MI5, which the series sources confirmed.

The episode was filmed before the third episode, "One Last Dance". The first day of filming involved the scenes between Head and Brownen Davies (Andrea), which was filmed in an art house. Due to timing constraints, part of the sequence had to be cut down. A few of the scenes where Tom reveals to Ellie were filmed with a hand-held camera; this is the first time such a technique was used in Spooks. The anti-globalisation riots in the teaser of the episode were originally going to be staged, but due to budget constraints most of the riot was edited from several pieces of real-life news footage - although part of the riot, particularly involving Salter, was staged. The scene was filmed by two separate units. The building Danny and Zoe used to observe overlooked the filmed riot.

The scene where Tessa explains her treachery to Zoe was filmed at the women's public swimming baths of Hampstead Heath. The scene called for the baths to be empty; every time anyone would want a swim, the filming crew would have to halt. But because it was filmed in a cold winter's day, nobody from the public went. The setting for the terror group in the abandoned Ministry of Defence base in Wales was based on one of Brenton's friends, who lived in Mid Wales near a vast training base. The forest was filmed in an army training base in Surrey, south of London.

Reception
After its original airing on BBC One, "Traitor's Gate" was seen by 5.99 million viewers in the UK, making Spooks the seventeenth most viewed broadcast on BBC One, and the thirty-second most viewed broadcast in total during the week; the episode became the lowest rated episode in the entire first series. As of April 2010, members of the user-contributed television review sites the Internet Movie Database and TV.com rated the episode at 7.9 and 9.1 (rated "Superb") out of 10 respectively.

References

External links
 Series 1, Episode 4 at bbc.co.uk

 Episode 4 at TV.com

Category:2002 British television episodes
1.04
Category:Cultural depictions of George W. Bush


Tosches

Tosches is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Nick Tosches (born 1949), American journalist, writer and poet
Steve Tosches (born c. 1956), American football player and coach


Haucourt, Pas-de-Calais

Haucourt is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
A small farming village situated  southeast of Arras, at the junction of the D939 and the D9 roads.

Population

Places of interest
 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery, which contains 97  known burials of the First World War, roughly 25 unknown burials and a memorial to 4 men who are believed to be buried in the cemetery.
 The church of St.Michel, rebuilt, as was the entire village, after World War I.

See also
Vis-En-Artois British Cemetery, Haucourt
Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department

References
 INSEE commune file

External links

 The CWGC website about the cemetery at Haucourt
 Haucourt on the Quid website

Category:Communes of Pas-de-Calais


Charles Clay (surgeon)

Charles Clay (27 December 1801 – 18 September 1893) was an English surgeon, called the "Father of Ovariotomy".

Life
Clay was born in Bredbury, near Stockport, Cheshire, and died in Poulton-le-Fylde, near Blackpool, Lancashire.

He began his medical education as a pupil of Kinder Wood in Manchester (where he used to attend John Dalton's lectures on chemistry), and in 1821 went to Edinburgh to continue his studies there. Qualifying in 1823, he began a general practice in Ashton-under-Lyne, where he also taught Chemistry at the Mechanics Institute. At this point he was a pledged teetotaller and supporter of the Abstinence Movement. In 1839 he removed to Manchester to practise as an operative and consulting surgeon. It was there that, in 1842, he first performed the operation of ovariotomy with which his name is associated. On this occasion it was perfectly successful, and when in 1865 he published an analysis of the cases he was able to show a mortality only slightly above 30%.

Ovariotomy
Although his merits in this matter have sometimes been denied, his claim to the title Father of Ovariotomy is now generally conceded, and it is admitted that he deserves the credit not only of having shown how that operation could be made a success, but also of having played an important part in the advance of abdominal surgery for which the 19th century was conspicuous. A number of manuscripts previously owned by Clay are held by Special Collections at the University of Manchester and include a record of some of the ovariotomy (oophorectomy) operations he performed between 1855 and 1869, further details can be found here.

Geology, archaeology, numismatics
In spite of the claims of a heavy practice, Clay found time for the pursuit of geology and archaeology. Among the books of which he was the author were a volume of Geological Sketches of Manchester (1839) and a History of the Currency of the Isle of Man (1849), and his collections included over a thousand editions of the Old and New Testaments and a remarkably complete series of the silver and copper coins of the United States.

References

Sources
Brockbank, E. M. (1929) "The Hospitals of Manchester and Salford." In: Book of Manchester and Salford. Manchester: Falkner & Co. Includes portrait of Dr Clay
Dyson, Reverend Simeon "The Unfinished Biography of The Reverend Simeon Dyson"

Category:1801 births
Category:1893 deaths
Category:English surgeons
Category:People from Bredbury
Category:People from Poulton-le-Fylde


421st Air Refueling Squadron

The 421st Air Refueling Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 41st Air Division at Yokota Air Base, Japan, where it was inactivated on 18 February 1965.

In 1985 the squadron was consolidated with the 421st Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy, a World War II very heavy bombardment squadron that participated in the air offensive against Japan with Twentieth Air Force before moving to Clark Field, Philippines, where it was inactivated in 1946.  Since consolidation the squadron has not been active.

History

World War II
The 421st Bombardment Squadron was activated on paper in March 1944 at Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress very heavy bombardment squadron. It moved to Fairmont Army Air Field, Nebraska the day after activation, where it received its initial cadre from the 9th Bombardment Group. Because of aircraft availability, initial training missions were flown with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress aircraft. Once the squadron competed training, it moved to North Field, Tinian in the Mariana Islands of the central Pacific area in January 1945 and became part of the XXI Bomber Command of Twentieth Air Force. Its mission was the strategic bombardment of the Japanese Home Islands and the destruction of Japan's war-making capability.

The 421st flew "shakedown" missions against Japanese targets on Moen Island, Truk, and other points in the Carolines and Marianas. The squadron began combat missions over Japan on 25 February 1945, with a firebombing mission over northeast Tokyo. The 421st continued to participate in wide area firebombing attack, but the first ten-day blitz resulted in the command running out of incendiary bombs. After that, the squadron flew conventional bombing missions using high explosive bombs. The squadron earned two Distinguished Unit Citations for its attack on the industrial center of Yokohama in May 1945, and mining shipping lanes in the Shimonoseki Strait between Korea and Japan in July and August.

The squadron continued attacking urban areas of major Japanese cities with incendiary ordnance until the end of the war in August 1945, causing massive destruction of urbanized areas. It also conducted raids against strategic objectives, bombing aircraft factories, chemical plants, oil refineries, and other targets in Japan. The squadron flew its last combat missions on 14 August, when hostilities ended. Afterwards, its B-29s carried relief supplies to Allied prisoner of war camps in Japan and Manchuria.

The squadron was largely demobilized on Tinian during the fall of 1945. It remained in the western Pacific. The 421st moved to Clark Field in the Philippines in March 1946. It was inactivated at Clark Field on 15 June 1946. The squadron's low-hour aircraft were flown to storage depots in the United States.

Cold War

The 421st Air Refueling Squadron's origins were in an advanced detachment of tankers assigned to the 98th Bombardment Wing, which moved to Yokota Air Base, Japan from Spokane AFB, Washington. Shortly after arrival at Yokota, the Detachment was replaced by the 421st Air Refueling Squadron, which assumed its mission, equipment, and personnel. The mission of the squadron was to provide dedicated air refueling for in-flight refueling capable Far East Air Force (later Pacific Air Forces) bombers, fighters, and fighter bombers. The squadron was initially equipped with transferred Strategic Air Command (SAC) KB-29M Stratofortress bombers that were converted to tankers using a British-developed hose refueling system.

In 1958, the squadron upgraded to Boeing B-50 Superfortress tankers, which provided greater speed to refuel jet aircraft. KB-50s were modified about 1959 to KB-50J configuration which added a J-47 turbojet engine underneath each wing in place of the auxiliary fuel tanks to increase the speed of the aircraft.

Some aircraft and crews deployed to Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand in 1961 to support USAF advisory tactical jet aircraft. Some of these aircraft ran low on fuel while still over South Vietnam. Some of the refuelings were carried out at such low altitudes that they came under hostile ground fire.

By 1964, the unit possessed almost all of the KB-50s remaining in the Air Force inventory, but its aircraft began to show signs of corrosion and structural fatigue. They were taken out of service in 1965, but it was considered too risky to fly them across the Pacific to storage at the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center at Davis–Monthan AFB, Arizona. The squadron's aircraft were scrapped on their hardstands at Yokota. The squadron inactivated and its mission was assumed by SAC Boeing KC-97 Stratotankers and Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers.

Lineage
421st Bombardment Squadron
 Constituted as 421st Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 28 February 1944
 Activated on 11 March 1944
 Inactivated on 15 June 1946
 Consolidated on 19 September 1985 with 421st Air Refueling Squadron as the 421st Air Refueling Squadron (remained inactive)

421st Air Refueling Squadron
 Constituted ca. 1 July 1953 as 421st Air Refueling Squadron, Medium
 Activated on 8 July 1953
 Redesignated as 421st Air Refueling Squadron, Fighter-Bomber
 Redesignated as 421st Air Refueling Squadron, Tactical on 1 July 1958
 Inactivated on 18 February 1965
 Consolidated on 19 September 1985 with 421st Bombardment Squadron as the 421st Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy (remained inactive)
 Redesignated 421st Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron and converted to provisional status on 12 June 2002

Assignments
 504th Bombardment Group, 11 March 1944 – 15 June 1946
 Japan Air Defense Force, 8 July 1953
 49th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 15 January 1954 (attached to 49th Fighter-Bomber Group to 17 September 1957, then to 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing)
 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 1 October 1957 (attached to 41st Air Division after 21 November 1960)
 41st Air Division, 8 December 1960 – 18 February 1965
 Air Mobility Command to activate or inactivate as needed, 12 June 2002
 Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate as needed, 19 March 2003

Stations
 Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas, 11 March 1944
 Fairmont Army Airfield, Nebraska, 12 March-5 November 1944
 North Field, Tinian, Mariana Islands, 23 December 1944
 Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 13 March 1946 – 15 June 1946
 Yokota Air Base, Japan, 8 July 1953 – 18 February 1965

Aircraft
 Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1944–1946
 Boeing KB-29M Superfortress, 1954–1955
 Boeing KB-50/KB-50J Superfortress, 1955–1965

Awards and campaigns

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 TacTankers.com – 421st Air Refueling Squadron

Category:Military units and formations established in 1953
Category:Air refueling squadrons of the United States Air Force


1979 in heavy metal music

This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1979.

Newly formed bands
 220 Volt
 A II Z
 Ángeles del Infierno
 Atomkraft
 Axe
 Bengal Tigers
 Black Death
 Boss
 Cloven Hoof
 Crimson Glory
 Deep Machine
 Demon
 Dokken
 Europe
 Exodus
 Faith No More (as Sharp Young Men)
 Fallout
 Girl
 Grim Reaper
 Hanoi Rocks
 Headpins
 Hollow Ground
 Holocaust
 Iron Maiden
 Jaguar
 Kat
 Kick Axe
 Kix
 London
 Manilla Road
 Mentors
 Misfits
 Nightwing
 The Obsessed
 Oz
 Pagan Altar
 Persian Risk
 Picture
 Praying Mantis
 Ratt
 Raven
 Rock Goddess
 Running Wild
 Satan
 Savage
 Savatage
 Michael Schenker Group
 Shark Island
 Spider
 Spinal Tap
 Stormwitch
 Sweet Savage
 The Rods
 Trouble
 TSA
 Tygers of Pan Tang
 Twisted Sister
 V8
 Venom
 Vicious Rumors
 White Wolf
 White Spirit
 Wild Horses
 Witchfinder General
 Wrathchild America
 Zoetrope

Albums & EPs

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

Events
 Ozzy Osbourne is kicked out of  Black Sabbath due to his ongoing problems with drugs and alcohol. His place is taken by Ronnie James Dio

References

Category:1970s in heavy metal music
Metal


Pleurota pyropella

Pleurota pyropella is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is found in Portugal, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Albania, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, North Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, as well as on Corsica, Sicily, Cyprus and Crete. Outside of the Europe, the range extends to the eastern Palearctic. The species is also present in the Near East and North Africa.

Subspecies
Pleurota pyropella pyropella
Pleurota pyropella candia Back, 1973
Pleurota pyropella siciliana Back, 1973 (Sicily)
Pleurota pyropella idalia Meyrick, 1923 (Cyprus)
Pleurota pyropella semicanella Constant, 1885 (Corsica)

References

Category:Moths described in 1775
Category:Oecophoridae


Rutan VariEze

The Rutan VariEze is a composite, canard aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. It is a high-performance homebuilt aircraft, hundreds of which have been constructed.  The design later evolved into the Long-EZ and other, larger cabin canard aircraft.  The VariEze is notable for popularizing the canard configuration and moldless composite construction for homebuilt aircraft.

Overview
Work on the VariEze design, which grew out of Rutan's experience designing and building the VariViggen, began in 1974.  The first prototype, designated Model 31 and registered N7EZ, first flew on May 21, 1975 after four months of construction. This aircraft used a Volkswagen engine conversion.  Three months later it was shown at Oshkosh where Dick Rutan piloted it to an under 500 kg class distance record of .  Rutan believed that by engaging in a program of breaking class records he could further fine-tune the design.

The aircraft was so popular at Oshkosh that Rutan redesigned the aircraft so that it could be sold as a set of plans.  A second prototype, the Model 33, N4EZ, built using a larger wing, a Continental O-200 engine, and many other detail changes, was shown at Oshkosh in July 1976 and plans were offered for sale.  Approximately 2000 aircraft were under construction by 1980, with about 300 flying by late 1980.  Ultimately more VariEzes and Long-EZs (a derivative, slightly larger design) were constructed than any other homebuilt type of the time.  The sale of plans ceased in 1985.

Rutan's stated goals for the design included reduced susceptibility to departure/spin and efficient long range cruise; these goals were achieved.  The use of a canard configuration allowed a stall-resistant design, at the price of somewhat increased takeoff and landing speeds and distances relative to a similar conventional design with effective flaps.  The holder of the CAFE Challenge aircraft efficiency prize briefly was Gary Hertzler, set using a VariEze.

The prototypes flew originally with elevons on the canard for both pitch and roll control but the design was changed to pitch control with the canard elevators and roll control with mid span wing ailerons after a few aircraft were built.

While the airplane was resistant to pitch departures, a few builders discovered a potential for a novel lateral departure mode resulting from one winglet stalling at large sideslip angles.  An outer wing leading edge droop (and later vortilons on some examples) was added to alleviate this problem and rudder travel was reduced.

The design's stall resistance did not appear to translate to a lower accident rate than for other homebuilts; a review of the NTSB database from 1976 to 2005 shows 130 total accidents and 46 fatal accidents out of a fleet of about 800 (691 registered in 2005). Precise comparisons are difficult, however, because of the haphazard nature of data collection and analysis for accidents involving homebuilt airplanes.

The VariEze is subject to a 2.5g positive, 1.5g negative, maximum load factor limit applied after the discovery of problems with some VariEze wings.

In lieu of a parking brake, the nosewheel retracts and the nose rests on the ground. Referred to as kneeling, this eases access to the cockpit. Resting the nose on the ground also prevents the plane from tipping onto its rear when the pilot's seat is unoccupied.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References
 "Flying the VariEze", Air Progress, April 1978.
 National Air and Space Museum VariEze history
 National Air and Space Museum VariEze Kit Components
 December 2004 EZ of the Month
 Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. .
 Getting 45 MPG at 207 MPH
Rutan Technology in Europe Flight International 1976

External links

Category:1970s United States sport aircraft
Category:Canard aircraft
Category:Homebuilt aircraft
VariEze
Category:Mid-wing aircraft
Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1975


List of UK top-ten albums in 1992

The UK Albums Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling albums of the week in the United Kingdom. Before 2004, the chart was only based on the sales of physical albums. This list shows albums that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart during 1992, as well as albums which peaked in 1991 and 1993 but were in the top 10 in 1992. The entry date is when the album appeared in the top ten for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced).

The first new number-one album of the year was High on the Happy Side by Wet Wet Wet. Overall, twenty-five different albums peaked at number-one in 1992, with twenty-five unique artists hitting that position.

Top-ten albums
Key

See also
1992 in British music
List of number-one albums from the 1990s (UK)

References
General

Specific

External links
1992 album chart archive at the Official Charts Company (click on relevant week)

United Kingdom top 10 albums
Top 10 albums
1992


Colonial Bank

Colonial Bank may refer to:

 Colonial Bank (West Indies)
 Colonial Bank (United States)


Southern Star (Brisbane)

The Southern Star is a local newspaper for Brisbane in Australia. It is owned and run by the Quest Community Newspapers group.

External links

Quest Community Newspapers

Category:Newspapers published in Brisbane
Category:Publications with year of establishment missing


October Palace

The October Palace () is a performing arts center in Kiev, Ukraine. It is officially known as the International Center of Culture and Arts () of the Trade Union Federation of Ukraine, while October Palace is used for its brevity.

History
The building was built between 1838 and 1842 upon the design of architect Vikentiy Beretti as the Russian "Institute for Noble Maidens" (), hence the street where it was located was called Instytutska Street. After the revolution, the building was used by the government, including housing for Kyiv's Cheka (later known as the KGB).

Almost completely destroyed in the Second World War, the building was renovated between 1952 and 1959, and named the October Palace of Culture, used primarily as a concert stage. The street was also renamed October Revolution Street.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, it was renamed to its present-day name. Today, it continues to be used as a concert hall. A movie theater wing was recently added. Even now, the Centre remains a real centre of Ukraine's spiritual capital. The library's unique holding amounting to more than 70,000 items. Various events featuring famous writers, composers, diplomats, politicians, members of parliament and other public figures contribute to the spiritual renaissance of Ukraine, inspire people and endow them with ardent creativity. The well-lit and spacious rooms of the Centre's foyer are always capable of hosting exhibitions spectacularly, emphasising their strong points; the Centre hosts various exhibitions: those of painting, photography, consumer goods, technology and so on. The Centre's capabilities range from intimate family celebrations or somewhat larger anniversary celebrations to large international conferences, symposiums, seminars and congresses.

The building is also the main training centre for prominent rhythmic gymnastics training center, the Deriugins School.

During the 2013-2014 Euromaidan protest in Kyiv the October Palace became occupied by protesters. According to Deriugins School pupil Ganna Rizatdinova, after Euromaidan her school discovered that some of their equipment "like a TV set and a kettle, balls and clubs" had disappeared; "it was a strange kind of robbery. We don't know who did it."

In 2018 the British rock band Bring Me The Horizon shoot their music video for the song "Mantra" here.

NKVD execution prison

During the years 1920-30 in the building about 120,000 people were killed (shot down or by other means). Among them - famous Soviet Ukrainian artists, painters, writers, politicians, professors, teachers, scientists, priests and so on.

Ensembles
 National orchestra of folks instruments
 Jazz orchestra "Muzychna laboratoria" (Music laboratory)
 National ensemble of folk dance "Horlytsia"
 National opera studios
 National ensemble of classic ballet "Prosvit"
 Children ensemble of classic ballet "Etyud"
 Children ensemble of folk songs "Spivanochka"

References

External links
 Official website
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110723173738/http://memorial.kiev.ua/content/view/166/70/
 History
 http://www.umoloda.kiev.ua/number/548/222/19809/
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbLrohHjAf0

Category:Performing arts centers in Ukraine
Category:Buildings and structures in Kiev
Category:Culture in Kiev
Category:Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine
Category:NKVD
Category:Maidan Nezalezhnosti
Category:Pecherskyi District


Dusan Stevanovic

Dusan Stevanović (, born 21 April 1992) is a Serbian-American football player who plays for California United FC II in the United Premier Soccer League.

Career
Stevanović was born in Serbia, but grew up in the United States. He began his career with FK Sinđelić Beograd, spending time on loan with both FK Sopot and FK BASK. Stevanović made the move back to the United States, signing with third-tier side Orange County Blues in and has now joined California United FC II in 2018.

References

External links

Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Belgrade
Category:Serbian footballers
Category:FK Sinđelić Beograd players
Category:FK BASK players
Category:Serbian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Category:Serbian expatriates in the United States
Category:Orange County SC players
Category:USL Championship players
Category:Soccer players from California
Category:Association football midfielders


Eilidh MacQueen

Eilidh MacQueen (born 20 May 1986 in Troon, Scotland) is a Thailand-based Scottish actress.

Early career

Eilidh Kate MacQueen was born in Scotland and lived in New Zealand, Australia, Scotland, Dubai and Thailand, before settling in Bangkok, Thailand with her partner, actor and Thai pop star Louis Scott. Her early career involved a litany of modelling jobs, including FHM Thailand in which she was voted 25th sexiest female in the world, catwalk for La Perla, Yves Saint Lauren, Lanvin and Chanel, catalogue work for Motorola, Samsung, Christian Dior, commercials for Panasonic and Toyota and videos for Thai music acts Joey Boy and 'Jiwa'.

Film

MacQueen has been involved in four feature films to date, playing supporting roles, notably in Belly of the Beast, a film starring Steven Seagal.

External links

Category:1986 births
Category:Scottish film actresses
Category:Scottish female models
Category:Living people
Category:Scottish expatriates in the United Arab Emirates


Stăuceni, Chișinău

Stăuceni is a Moldovan commune, located  in the north-east of Chişinău, the capital of Moldova.

Stăuceni commune is part of the Chişinău Municipality. It is composed of two villages, Goianul Nou and Stăuceni.

Wines from Stăuceni
Grape varieties grown in Stăuceni include Aligote, Fetească, Rkatsiteli, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinot noir as well as a number of varieties used for table grapes. Indigenous varieties include Plavay, also known as Belan and Plakun.

References

External links
 Informatii despre Stauceni
 Stauceni on OpenStreetMap

Category:Communes of Chișinău Municipality


Nehemiah D. Sperry

Nehemiah Day Sperry (July 10, 1827 – November 13, 1911) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut.

Biography
Born in Woodbridge, Connecticut, Sperry attended the common schools and a private school in New Haven. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and worked in a mill. He taught school for several years, and then became a partner in a building and contracting firm.

He served as a member of the New Haven common council in 1853, and an Alderman in 1854. He served as Secretary of the State of Connecticut in 1855 and 1856.

He served as delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1856, 1864, and 1888. He served as member and secretary of the national and executive committees. He served as chairman of the Republican State committee for a number of years.

He served as chairman of the recruiting committee of New Haven during the Civil War. He was appointed in 1861 as postmaster of New Haven, and served until removed by President Cleveland in 1886. He was again postmaster from 1890 to 1894.

Sperry was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth and to the seven succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1911). He served as chairman of the Committee on Alcohol Liquor Traffic (Fifty-sixth through Sixty-first Congresses). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1910.

Death and burial
He died in New Haven, Connecticut, on November 13, 1911. He was interred in Evergreen Cemetery.

References

External links

Category:1827 births
Category:1911 deaths
Category:Connecticut city council members
Category:Connecticut Republicans
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
Category:Secretaries of the State of Connecticut
Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians


United States v. Pohlot

United States v. Pohlot, 827 F.2d 889 (3d Cir. 1987), is a criminal case that summarized diverse uses of the expression "diminished capacity".

References

External links

Category:1987 in United States case law
Category:United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit cases


List of songs about animal rights

Animal rights has been a subject of both popular and independent music since the 1970s. Associated with the environmentalist musical counterculture of the previous decade, animal rights songs of the 1970s were influenced by the passage of animal protection laws and the 1975 book Animal Liberation. Paul McCartney has cited John Lennon's Bungalow Bill, released in 1968, as among the first animal rights songs.

Popular themes include anti-whaling (prompted by the Save the Whales movement), opposition to hunting, animal testing and vegetarianism. Bullfighting has been a prominent theme in Spain and some Latin American countries; while folk and pop music have traditionally identified with bullfighting traditions, several ska, rock and punk groups have emerged which oppose them.

Anarcho-punk and veganism have a long association dating back to the 1980s. During this period, American hardcore punk and straight edge scenes became increasingly concerned with animal rights, spawning the vegan straight edge and hardline punk ideologies. An increase in Animal Liberation Front activism in the 1990s corresponded with the rise of vegan straight edge and hardline bands. The more peaceful Krishnacore subgenre, which also advocates vegetarianism and animal rights, developed around this time too. The association between punk subculture and animal rights has continued in the 21st century, with vegan punk festivals including Fluff Fest in the Czech Republic and Verdurada in Brazil.

List of songs about animal rights

 {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Song
! Artist
! Album
! Themes
! Year
! Language
! class=unsortable|
|-
|"40-year old Vegan"
|Chokeules
|Stay Up
|Veganism
|2014
|English
|
|-
|"A Life Embossed"
|Protest the Hero
|Volition
|Opposition to legislations against specific dog breeds
|2013
|English
|
|-
|"Acà toro"
|Punkreas
|Paranoia e potere
|Anti-bullfighting
|1995
|Italian
|
|-
|"Animal Grace"
|Laura Nyro
|Angel in the Dark
|Animal rights
|2001
|English
|
|-
|"Animal Kingdom"
|Prince
|The Truth
|Veganism
|1998
|English
|
|-
|"Animal Liberation"
|Los Fastidios
|Guardo avanti
|Anti-animal testing, direct action
|2001
|Italian and English
|
|-
|"Beat the Meat"
|Good Clean Fun
|On the Streets Saving the Scene From the Forces of Evil
|Vegetarianism
|2000
|English
|
|-
|"Behind the Mask"
|Goldfinger
|Disconnection Notice
|Animal rights activism, veganism
|2005
|English
|
|-
|"Blood Sports"
|The Style Council
|"Walls Come Tumbling Down!"
|Anti-hunting, anti-animal blood sports
|1985
|English
|
|-
|"Cats and Dogs"
|Gorilla Biscuits
|Start Today
|Speciesism
|1989
|English
|
|-
|"Civilized Man"
|Shelter
|Mantra
|Vegetarianism
|1995
|English
|
|-
|"Clams Have Feelings Too (Actually They Don't)"
|NOFX
|Pump Up the Valuum
|Vegetarianism, ethics of eating seafood
|2000
|English
|
|-
|"Consume & Kill"
|Manliftingbanner
|Ten Inches That Shook the World
|Vegetarianism
|1992
|English and French
|
|-
|"Cow"
|Linda McCartney and Carla Lane
|Wide Prairie
|Vegetarianism
|1998
|English
|
|-
|"Cruel Circus"
|The Colourfield
|Virgins and Philistines
|Opposition to animal acts in circuses, anti-trophy hunting, anti-animal testing
|1985
|English
|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=30 June 2018|url=http://thequietus.com/articles/04378-25-years-on-terry-hall-remembering-the-colourfield-s-virgins-philistines|title=25 Years On: Remembering The Colourfield's Virgins & Philistines |first=Wyndham |last=Wallace |date=June 3, 2010|website=The Quietus|quote=[...] At times, however, [Virgins and Philistines] broadens its reach to address social affairs: 'Cruel Circus refers to "fur coats on ugly people expensively dressed up to kill / In a sport that's legal within the minds of the mentally ill", [...]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20180630120622/http://thequietus.com/articles/04378-25-years-on-terry-hall-remembering-the-colourfield-s-virgins-philistines|archivedate=30 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|"Cruelty Free"
|Los Fastidios
|Siempre contra|Anti-animal testing
|2004
|Italian and English
|
|-
|"Death Camps"
|Cro-Mags
|Best Wishes|Vegetarianism
|1989
|English
|
|-
|"Don't Kill the Whale"
|Yes
|Tormato|Anti-whaling
|1978
|English
|
|-
|"FTN"
|Goldfinger
|Open Your Eyes|Criticism of celebrities promoting the killing of animals
|2002
|English
|
|-
|"Human(e) Meat (The Flensing of Sandor Katz)"
|Propagandhi
|Supporting Caste|Hypocrisy of ethical meat eating
|2009
|English
|
|-
|"I Don't Eat Animals"
|Melanie Safka
|Leftover Wine|Vegetarianism
|1970
|English
|
|-
|"Liberación Animal"
|Chucho Merchán
|El poder sagrado de la vida
|Animal Rights, Animal Liberation
|2017
|Spanish
|
|-
|"Looking for Changes"
|Paul McCartney
|Off the Ground|Anti-animal testing
|1993
|English
|
|-
|"Long Leather Coat"
|Paul McCartney
|"Hope of Deliverance"
|Anti-fur/leather
|1992
|English
|
|-
|"Lower Order (A Good Laugh)"
|Propagandhi
|Victory Lap|Speciesism, Ethics of animal consumption
|2017
|English
|
|-
|"Meat Is Murder"
|The Smiths
|Meat Is Murder
|Against all types of meat eating.
|1985
|English
|
|-
|"No Longer Human"
|Fall of Efrafa
|Owsla|Veganism
|2006
|English
|
|-
|"Now You've Put Your Foot In It"
|Conflict
|Now You've Put Your Foot In It EP
|Criticism of the cattle culls following the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
|2001
|English
|
|-
|"Pig in a Blanket"
|Rudimentary Peni
|Death Church|Vegetarianism
|1983
|English
|
|-
|"Potemkin City Limits"
|Propagandhi
|Supporting Caste|Anti-animal husbandry, animal consciousness
|2009
|English
|
|-
|"Puppies and Friends"
|Atrophy
|Violent by Nature|Animal rights
|1990
|English
|
|-
|"Real Food"
|MDC
|Shades of Brown|Vegetarianism
|1993
|English
|
|-
|"San Fermín"
|Attaque 77
|Amén!|Anti-bullfighting
|1995
|Spanish
|
|-
|"Save the Whales!"
|Country Joe McDonald
|Paradise With an Ocean View|Anti-modern whaling
|1975
|English
|
|-
|"Show Us You Care"
|Icons of Filth
|Onward Christian Soldiers|Anti-animal testing
|1984
|English
|
|-
|"Shut Up Already"
|NOFX
|Liberal Animation|Anti-animal rights activism
|1988
|English
|
|-
|"Skin"
|Siouxsie and the Banshees
|Kaleidoscope|Anti-fur/leather
|1980
|English
|
|-
|"Small Black Flowers That Grow in the Sky"
|Manic Street Preachers
|Everything Must Go|Anti-zoos
|1996
|English
|
|-
|"Song of the World's Last Whale"
|Pete Seeger
|At 89|Anti-whaling
|1970
|English
|
|-
|"The Bullfighter Dies"
|Morrisey
|World Peace Is None of Your Business|Anti-bullfighting
|2014
|English
|
|-
|"The Last Leviathan"
|Sheena Wellington
|Kerelaw|Anti-whaling
|1986
|English
|
|-
|"This Is It"
|Vegan Reich
|Hardline|Hardline
|1990
|English
|
|-
|"To the Last Whale..."
|Crosby & Nash
|Wind on the Water|Anti-whaling
|1975
|English
|
|-
|"Unjustified Murder"
|Dropdead
|Dropdead|Anti-animal testing, direct action
|1993
|English
|
|-
|"Vergüenza"
|Ska-P
|Planeta Eskoria|Anti-bullfighting
|2000
|Spanish
|
|-
|"Waste"
|Good Riddance
|Ballads from the Revolution|Ethics of eating meat
|1998
|English
|
|-
|"Wild Life"
|Paul McCartney and Wings
|Wild Life''
|Opposition to anthropization that affects wildlife
|1971
|English
|
|}

See also
List of political punk songs#On environmentalism and animal rights
 List of vegan media

Notes

References

Animal Rights Songs


Chagyr

Chagyr is a mountain village in Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan, near highway M41.

Nearby towns and villages include Ak-Bosogo () and Chong-Karakol ().

References

External links
 Satellite map at Maplandia.com

Category:Populated places in Osh Region


Saoussen Boudiaf

Saoussen Boudiaf (born 31 December 1993) is a French sabre fencer.

References

Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:French female fencers
Category:Fencers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic fencers of France


Rocky Point, Jamaica

Rocky Point is a settlement in Jamaica. It has a population of 3,183 as of 2009.

Rocky Point is a small community located on the southern coast of Clarendon.

Category:Populated places in Jamaica
Category:Populated places in Clarendon Parish, Jamaica


MTC

MTC may refer to:

Organizations

Education
 Mandarin Training Center, in Taiwan
 Marion Technical College, in Marion, Ohio
 Missionary Training Center
 Mississippi Teacher Corps

Entertainment
 Manhattan Theatre Club
 Manitoba Theatre Centre
 Melbourne Theatre Company, in Australia

Telecommunications
 Mobile Telecommunications Company
 Mobile Telecommunications Limited, Namibia
 Mongolia Telecom Company

Transportation
 Mechanised Transport Corps, a British women's civilian organization that provided drivers for government departments
 Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai), operates the public bus service in Chennai, India
 Metropolitan Transportation Commission (San Francisco Bay Area)
 Ministry of Transport and Communications (Venezuela)
 Montreal Transit Corporation
 Metropolitan Transit Commission, in Minneapolis-Saint Paul known as Metro Transit
Mackay Transit Coaches, operates Public Transport in the city of Mackay, Queensland

Other organizations
 Management and Training Corporation, manages private prisons and U.S. Job Corps centers
 Morgan Technical Ceramics
 Multistate Tax Commission, a U.S. intergovernmental state tax agency

Other uses
 Coordinated Mars Time, a proposed Mars analog to Universal Time
 MIDI timecode
 Mill test report (metals industry)
 Medullary thyroid cancer
 Meerut City railway station, by station code
 Metropolitan Transition Center, a prison in Baltimore, Maryland

See also
 Metropolitan Transit Commission (disambiguation)


Azalais de Porcairagues

Azalais de Porcairagues (also Azalaïs) or Alasais de Porcaragues was a trobairitz (woman troubadour), composing in Occitan in the late 12th century.

The sole source for her life is her vida, which tells us that she came from the country round Montpellier; she was educated and a gentlewoman; she loved Gui Guerrejat, the brother of William VII of Montpellier, and made many good songs about him; meaning, probably, that the one poem of hers known to the compiler had been addressed to Gui.

Gui was perhaps born around 1135; he fell ill early in 1178, became a monk, and died later in that year. Nothing is known of the dates of Azalais's birth and death. From her name, and from the statement in the Biographies cited above, it can be concluded that she came from the village of Portiragnes, just east of Béziers and about 10 kilometers south of Montpellier, close to the territories that belonged to Gui and to his brothers. Aimo Sakari argues that she is the mysterious joglar ("jongleur") addressed in several poems by Raimbaut of Orange (a neighbour, and a cousin of Gui Guerrejat).

One poem attributed to Azalais, classically simple and emotional, survives today. As usually printed it has 52 lines, but the text varies considerably between manuscripts, suggesting that it was not written down immediately on its composition. No music is attached to it. The poem alludes to the death in 1173 of Raimbaut of Orange; it was possibly first composed before that date and emended afterwards. The poem's envoi seems to mention Ermengarde of Narbonne (1143–1197), a well known patroness of troubadour poetry.

As observed by Sakari, the third strophe of the poem seems to contribute to a poetical debate begun by Guilhem de Saint-Leidier as to whether a lady is dishonoured by taking a lover who is richer than herself. Raimbaut of Orange also comments in his poem A mon vers dirai chanso. Soon afterwards there follows a partimen on the topic between Dalfi d'Alvernha and Perdigon, and then a tensó between Guiraut de Bornelh and king Alfonso II of Aragon.

Excerpt

Sources and bibliography
 Pierre Bec, Chants d'amour des femmes-troubadours: trobairitz et chansons de femme (Paris: Stock, 1995) pp. 65–70: complete poem in Occitan and French.
 Biographies des troubadours ed. J. Boutière, A.-H. Schutz (Paris: Nizet, 1964) pp. 341–2.
 A. Sakari, 'Azalais de Porcairagues, le "Joglar" de Raimbaut d'Orange' in Neuphilologische Mitteilungen vol. 50 (1949) pp. 23–43, 56-87, 174-198.

Notes

Category:French women poets
Category:12th-century French writers
Category:12th-century French women writers
Category:People from Hérault
Category:Female composers
Category:Trobairitz
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Year of death unknown
Category:Medieval female composers


Stanley–Reisner ring

In mathematics, a Stanley–Reisner ring, or face ring, is a quotient of a polynomial algebra over a field by a square-free monomial  ideal. Such ideals are described more geometrically in terms of finite simplicial complexes. The Stanley–Reisner ring construction is a basic tool within algebraic combinatorics and combinatorial commutative algebra.  Its properties were investigated by Richard Stanley, Melvin Hochster, and Gerald Reisner in the early 1970s.

Definition and properties

Given an abstract simplicial complex Δ on the vertex set {x1,...,xn} and a field k, the corresponding Stanley–Reisner ring, or face ring, denoted k[Δ], is obtained from the polynomial ring k[x1,...,xn] by quotienting out the ideal IΔ generated by the square-free monomials corresponding to the non-faces of Δ:

The ideal IΔ is called the Stanley–Reisner ideal or the face ideal of Δ.

Properties

 The Stanley–Reisner ring k[Δ] is multigraded by Zn, where the degree of the variable xi is the ith standard basis vector ei of Zn.
 As a vector space over k, the Stanley–Reisner ring of Δ admits a direct sum decomposition

 whose summands k[Δ]σ have a basis of the monomials (not necessarily square-free) supported on the faces σ of Δ.

 The Krull dimension of k[Δ] is one larger than the dimension of the simplicial complex Δ.
 The multigraded, or fine, Hilbert series of k[Δ] is given by the formula

 The ordinary, or coarse, Hilbert series of k[Δ] is obtained from its multigraded Hilbert series by setting the degree of every variable xi equal to 1:

 where d = dim(Δ) + 1 is the Krull dimension of k[Δ] and fi is the number of i-faces of Δ. If it is written in the form

then the coefficients (h0, ..., hd) of the numerator form the h-vector of the simplicial complex Δ.

Examples

It is common to assume that every vertex {xi} is a simplex in Δ. Thus none of the variables belongs to the Stanley–Reisner ideal IΔ.

 Δ is a simplex {x1,...,xn}. Then IΔ is the zero ideal and

is the polynomial algebra in n variables over k.

 The simplicial complex Δ consists of n isolated vertices {x1}, ..., {xn}. Then

and the Stanley–Reisner ring is the following truncation of the polynomial ring in n variables over k:

 Generalizing the previous two examples, let Δ be the d-skeleton of the simplex {x1,...,xn}, thus it consists of all (d + 1)-element subsets of {x1,...,xn}. Then the Stanley–Reisner ring is following truncation of the polynomial ring in n variables over k:

 Suppose that the abstract simplicial complex Δ is a simplicial join of abstract simplicial complexes Δ′ on x1,...,xm and Δ′′  on xm+1,...,xn. Then the Stanley–Reisner ring of Δ is the tensor product over k of the Stanley–Reisner rings of Δ′ and Δ′′:

Cohen–Macaulay condition and the upper bound conjecture

The face ring k[Δ] is a multigraded algebra over k all of whose components with respect to the fine grading have dimension at most 1. Consequently, its homology can be studied by combinatorial and geometric methods. An abstract simplicial complex Δ is called Cohen–Macaulay over k if its face ring is a Cohen–Macaulay ring.  In his 1974 thesis, Gerald Reisner gave a complete characterization of such complexes. This was soon followed up by more precise homological results about face rings due to Melvin Hochster. Then Richard Stanley found a way to prove the Upper Bound Conjecture for simplicial spheres, which was open at the time, using the face ring construction and Reisner's criterion of Cohen–Macaulayness. Stanley's idea of translating difficult conjectures in algebraic combinatorics into statements from commutative algebra and proving them by means of homological techniques was the origin of the rapidly developing field of combinatorial commutative algebra.

Reisner's criterion

A simplicial complex Δ is Cohen–Macaulay over k if and only if for all simplices σ ∈ Δ, all reduced simplicial homology groups of the link of σ in Δ with coefficients in k are zero, except the top dimensional one:

A result due to Munkres then shows that the Cohen–Macaulayness of Δ over k is a topological property: it depends only on the homeomorphism class of the simplicial complex Δ. Namely, let |Δ| be the geometric realization of Δ. Then the vanishing of the simplicial homology groups in Reisner's criterion is equivalent to the following statement about the reduced and relative singular homology groups of |Δ|:

In particular, if the complex Δ is a simplicial sphere, that is, |Δ| is homeomorphic to a sphere, then it is Cohen–Macaulay over any field. This is a key step in Stanley's proof of the Upper Bound Conjecture. By contrast, there are examples of simplicial complexes whose Cohen–Macaulayness depends on the characteristic of the field k.

References

 Melvin Hochster, Cohen-Macaulay rings, combinatorics, and simplicial complexes. Ring theory, II (Proc. Second Conf., Univ. Oklahoma, Norman, Okla., 1975), pp. 171–223. Lecture Notes in Pure and Appl. Math., Vol. 26, Dekker, New York, 1977

Further reading

External links

Category:Algebraic combinatorics
Category:Commutative algebra


Sagapenum

Sagapenum (Greek σᾰγάπηνον, σικβινίτζα (Du Cange), σεραπίων; Arabic sakbīnadj; Latin sagapenum, sagapium, seraphinum (Pharm. Witenbergica)) is a historical plant from Media, identified with Ferula persica L., Ferula scuntziana (Umbelliferae), or Ferula scowitziana, also denoting its yellow translucent balsam, which causes irritation of the skin and whose smell resembles that of asafoetida.

History
Pliny (Historia Naturalis 12.126, 19.167, 20.197) holds that sagapenum is similar to ammoniacum, and mentions its use in adultering laser.

According to Dioscorides (De materia medica 3.85, 95), sagapenum smells like silphium and galbanum, and has expectorant, topical, anti-convulsant, and abortifacient properties.

References

Category:Resins
Category:Traditional medicine


Pury End

Pury End is a hamlet of approximately 100 houses in the civil parish of Paulerspury, near Towcester in South Northamptonshire, England. The Grafton Way footpath crosses through the village and runs down Carey's Road. The population of the parish, including Pury End, Plumpton and Paulerspury, was 1,018 in the 2011 census.

Historically, the village is significant as the birthplace of the missionary William Carey (1761). The cottage of his birth no longer exists, but its site is marked by a stone memorial on Carey's Road, named after him.

During World War II, the small hamlet was hit by a stray bomb. Several houses were damaged – the Manor Farm, "Little Farm", the Bricklayers' Arms pub and the Primitive Methodist Chapel (now known as "Old Chapel Cottage").

References

External links

Pury End municipal web site
Paulerspury parish website

Category:Hamlets in Northamptonshire
Category:South Northamptonshire District


1993 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby

The  1993 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby   was won by selection of Tucumàn that beat in the final the selection of Unión de Rugby de Rosario.

Rugby Union in Argentina in 1993

National
 Was played the first edition of National Championship for clubs, won by San Isidro Club that beat Tucumán Rugby Club in the final
 The "Campeonato Argentino Menores de 21" (Under 21 championship) was won by Cordoba
 The "Campeonato Juvenil" (Under 19 championship) was won by Buenos Aires
 The "Torneo de la URBA" (Buenos Aires) was won by San Isidro Club
 The "Cordoba Province Championship" was won by Jockey Club Córdoba
 The North-East Championship was won by Tucumán Rugby Club

International
 Argentina won the South American Rugby Championship, winning, as usual, all the matches. Winning that tournament, the "Pumas" obtain to play in 1994 the final of American zone of 1995 Rugby World Cup qualifying against United States.
 Argentina won both the test matches against Japan during the 1993 Japan rugby union tour of Argentina.
 Argentina lost (26-29) (23-52) both match against "Springbkos" during the 1993 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina, the first after the end of apartheid, winning also a match against, the South African "Development" team

Torneo "campeonato"
The better eight teams played for title. They were divided in two pools of four, the first two each pools admitted to semifinals, the last relegated in secondo division

Pool "A"

Pool "B"

Semifinals

Third place final

Final

"Ascenso" tournament

Pool C

Pool D

Promoted: Salta
Relegated:Misiones

"Classificacion" Tournament

Pool "A"

Promoted: Austral

Pool "B"

Promoted: Cuenca del Salado

External links
 Memorias de la UAR 1993
  Francesco Volpe, Paolo Pacitti (Author), Rugby 2000, GTE Gruppo Editorale (1999)

Category:Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
Argentina
Campeonato


Jessica M. Feldmark

Jessica M. Feldmark is a Democratic member of the Maryland House of Delegates.

References

External links

Category:Goucher College alumni
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:1974 births
Category:Maryland Democrats


Labeobarbus versluysii

Labeobarbus versluysii is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Cameroon in the Wouri, Sanaga and Nyong river basins.

References

Category:Cyprinid fish of Africa
Category:Endemic fauna of Cameroon
versluysii
Category:Fish described in 1929


Armand Gatti

Armand Gatti (; 26 January 1924 – 6 April 2017) was a French playwright, poet, journalist, screenwriter, filmmaker and World War II resistance fighter. His debut film Enclosure was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver Prize for Best Director. Two years later, his film El Otro Cristóbal was entered into the 1963 Cannes Film Festival.

In 2013 he was awarded the Grand prix du théâtre de l'Académie française.

Biography
One of the most acclaimed theater writer/directors of the 20th century, Gatti was originally a member of the informal Left Bank group of filmmakers that included Alain Resnais, Chris Marker, Agnès Varda, Henri Colpi and Jean Cayrol, but because none of his films have been released on video in the US, he remains an elusive figure for many cinephiles. He appears in Resnais' Toute la mémoire du monde (1956) and in Marker's Immemory CD-Rom; he wrote China (1956) for Marker's Petite Planète collection and traveled with Marker in the making of Letter from Siberia (1957), which inspired his book Siberia — Zero + Infinity the following year.

According to his 1989 biographer, Dorothy Knowles, Gatti was born in 1924 in a shantytown in Monaco to Auguste Rainier an Italian anarchist from Piedmont, who escaped murder in a Chicago slaughterhouse because of his political activities and fled Benito Mussolini's regime and to Letizia Lusona a maid. During World War II, Gatti joined a small French resistance maquis. Captured, tortured, and sentenced to a concentration camp in Hamburg where he was forced to work in a diving bell at the bottom of the Baltic Sea, Gatti eventually escaped and joined a British Special Air Service special forces team. After the war, he worked as an award-winning journalist for many years until he traveled with Marker, published his first plays, and directed his first film, Enclosure (L'Enclos, 1961).

L'Enclos was screened out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival but it was hailed by Truffaut, Resnais, Cocteau and others.

He was awarded the French Legion of Honour in 1999, the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2004 and the Grand prix du théâtre from the Académie française in 2013.

He died on 6 April 2017.

Theatrical works
1957 Le Poisson noir (awarded Fénéon Prize)

Filmography
1960 Moranbong, une aventure coréenne (writer only)
1961 Enclosure
1963 El Otro Cristóbal
1968 Das imaginäre Leben des Straßenkehrers Auguste G.  (writer only)
1970 Der Übergang über den Ebro
1983 Nous étions tous des noms d'arbres

References

Sources
 Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. .

External links
 Official site

[Biography (in French) http://www.armand-gatti.org/index.php?cat=biographie]
[DVD http://www.editionsmontparnasse.fr/p1364/Le-Lion-sa-cage-et-ses-ailes-DVD]
Gatti passed away at the Begin Hospital in Vincennes on Thursday, April 6th.

Category:1924 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
Category:20th-century French poets
Category:French journalists
Category:French film directors
Category:Albert Londres Prize recipients
Category:French Resistance members
Category:Nazi concentration camp survivors
Category:Special Air Service soldiers
Category:French people of Italian descent
Category:People of Piedmontese descent
Category:Prix Fénéon winners


Við Stórá

Við Stórá is a stadium located in Trongisvágur, Faroe Islands. It is mostly used for football matches and is the home ground of Tvøroyrar Bóltfelag.

History

The stadium replaced TB's old field Sevmýri as their home stadium. The first game played there was a 6th round first division match against ÍF, which TB won 1–0 with the goal scored by Serbian defender Dmitrije Janković.

References

External links
Við Stórá at Nordic Stadiums

Category:Football venues in the Faroe Islands


Yalkut

There are several rabbinical works that bear the title "Yalkut" (Anthology):
Yalkut may refer to:

Yalkut Yosef, an authoritative, contemporary work of Halakha
Yalkut Shimoni, an aggadic compilation on the books of the Hebrew Bible
Yalkut Makiri
Yalkut Reuveni
Jud Yalkut (1938–2013), experimental film and video maker
Yalqut Reubeni, a 17th-century collection of midrashim by Rabbi Reuben Hoschke Kohen


KTM 50 SX Mini

The KTM 50 SX Mini is a youth Motorcycle made by KTM from 2008 to present.

Model Progression

2010
New ignition cover for improved sealing
New inner clutch hub for improved reliability
New gearbox shaft for improved reliability
New water pump impeller for improved cooling and engine efficiency

2008
First model year for the 50 SX Mini

References

KTM

External links
Official KTM model information
Full About KTM 50 SX

50 SX Mini
Category:Motorcycles introduced in 2008


Mōri Okimoto

was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period, who ruled the Mōri clan.  He was known for a distinctive green cape he wore over his armor, a gift from a Chinese envoy who had been shipwrecked in Tosa Province in 1509.

Family
Father: Mōri Hiromoto (d. 1506)
Brother: Mōri Motonari (1497–1571)

References

Category:1492 births
Category:1516 deaths
Category:Mōri clan
Category:Daimyo