Eclipse (breath freshener)

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Eclipse is a brand of chewing gum and breath mint, first introduced in the U.S. by the Wrigley Company in 1999 as its first entrant into the pellet gum segment. However, it was modeled after Excel in Canada, which was launched in 1991, eight years before Eclipse was launched.

Eclipse is a brand that promises to give users "powerful fresh breath". It comes in blister packs of 12, the Big-E-Pak - 60 count plastic container of candy-coated pellets, and the recently added split packs that include 18 pellets. Eclipse gum is available in the U.S, Australia and Latvia, but are also sold in Canada under the name Excel.

Mints, in metal and paper (Europe) containers, are also sold by Wrigley under the Eclipse brand, as is Eclipse Ice gum.

In late 2007, the American Dental Association awarded its seal of approval to Eclipse sugarfree gum. Orbit and Extra, two other chewing gum products from the same company, also bear the ADA seal.

Mints
 An Eclipse mint is an oval prism rounded at top and bottom, with the top and bottom halves varying in colour, depending on the flavor. Spearmint (green), peppermint and Black Chill (blue), and Winterfrost (dark blue) are available, as well as cinnamon (all pink), orange (light orange) and blackcurrant (purple).

The ingredients in the Australian and New Zealand cinnamon product are sorbitol, flavor, anticaking agent (470), sweeteners (955, 950) and colours (129, 133); while the orange product contains food acid (330), sweetener (951) (instead of 950), and colours (102, 129) (instead of 129, 133). The orange product advises that it contains Phenylalanine.

Though classified as breath mints, it is unknown if the mints contain active antibacterial ingredients. The new packaging now claims to have a 'natural ingredient' that is scientifically proven to help kill the germs that cause bad breath. Such ingredient is not specified but the label points to a pending patent for this ingredient. Wrigley's product website for Eclipse describes the ingredient as Magnolia bark extract (MBE), which has its origins in traditional Chinese medicine. In lab tests, MBE is said to have killed almost all oral bacteria, including the types that cause bad breath and cavities. Eclipse is the first product in the US to contain MBE.

Eclipse mints are packaged in a recyclable steel box. The top of the box (narrow end) is attached with metal hinge (a true hinge, not a living hinge like many boxed mints). The top may be opened and pushed back on the hinge to gain access to the mints. On opening the box the tagline "powerful fresh breath" is revealed, printed on a raised metal plate on the inner surface of the lid.

50 mints are contained in each package, with a net weight of 1.2 oz (34 g). The Canadian version only has 49 mints. In Australia the packaging has changed [ March 2019] to 17 g, but the price has remained at $2 that the original packaging was at when on special at Woolworths.

Availability
Eclipse mints are sold in Canada under the name Excel. They are sold in the United States, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Latvia, Taiwan, South Korea and Hong Kong under the name Eclipse mints; in Australia, they were previously sold under the name Airwaves. In Bulgaria they are still sold as Airwaves.

The Australian and New Zealand products contains a French translation on the outer wrapper, even though it is not an official language of either country.

The winterfrost variety is not sold in Australia. Cinnamon has been discontinued due to very low sales, but are still available in many stores. In early 2009, the "Black Chill" variety was introduced. This variety comes in a black tin, and the mints are the same colour as the Peppermint variety. The taste is comparable to Wintergreen Tic Tacs. In late 2009 a new flavor was introduced, Cool Breeze. They are a less intense peppermint flavor and appear in a silver tin.

In Canada, Excel Mints are sold with both French and English on the box, as required by law.

In Taiwan, Eclipse mints are sold with Chinese name "Yi Koh Shu" (易口舒) printed on the tin box. Two collections, Original Mint and Fruity Mint, with three flavors each are available in the market. These flavors are Spearmint, Peppermint, Winterfrost, Peach Mint, Apple Mint and Lemon Mint.

In Hong Kong, Eclipse mints are sold in tin with Spearmint (Green), Peppermint (Light Blue), Winterfrost (Blue), Orange (Orange), Blackcurrant (Purple) Flavor and Lime (Silver and Green) Flavor, and Eclipse sugarfree gum are sold in resealable  bag with Spearmint (Green), Peppermint (Blue), Polar Ice (Silver), and Lemon Ice (Yellow) Flavors.

See also
Eclipse Ice
List of breath mints
List of chewing gum brands

References

External links

Wrigley's page on Eclipse
ADA seal search page for Wrigley

Category:Products introduced in 1999
Category:Breath mints
Category:Chewing gum
Category:Wrigley Company brands
Category:American confectionery
Category:Brand name confectionery

zh:易極薄荷糖


Award Software

Award Software International Inc. was a BIOS manufacturer founded in 1983,  by Rene Vishney and Bob Stillman in San Jose, California. In 1984 the company moved its international headquarters to Los Gatos, California, United States.

History
In 1988, Bob Stillmen left the company. The company was privately held by Rene Vishney (Chairman of the Board) and his wife Deborah Lee (Marlow) Vishney (Chief Executive Officer).

In 1995, it was sold to Chinese company GCH Systems Ltd. (now defunct).

On , Award Software International Inc. announced its initial public offering.

On , Award Software International Inc. announced the acquisition of BIOS upgrades provider Unicore Software, Inc. making it a subsidiary of Award.

On , Phoenix Technologies Ltd. and Award Software International Inc. announced the completion of a definitive merger agreement, where Phoenix Technologies Ltd. would become the surviving corporate entity following the merger completion on . The merger was completed on .

After merger
After the Phoenix–Award merger, later revisions of Award BIOS still attribute copyright to Award Software Inc instead of Phoenix Technologies Ltd., including the UEFI firmware.

Subsidiaries
Award Software Europe
Award Software Hong Kong, Ltd
Award Software Japan, KK: Established in 1997-06-03.
Award Software International, Inc.
Unicore Software, Inc.

Products

AwardBIOS: It is a BIOS developed by Award Software, and later Phoenix Technologies.
CardWare: It is a PC Card software product.
EliteBIOS: It is the system management software product that Award Software designs, develops and markets to the manufacturers of desktop, server, mobile and embedded systems.
PC DIAG: Diagnostic software
CheckIt POSTcard: Power On Self Test system diagnostic board
ISA POSTcard: ISA Diagnostic hardware
PCI POSTcard: PCI Diagnostic hardware
Preboot Manager
SMSAccess: System management software suite
DMIAccess: Desktop Management Interface utilities
LMAccess: Microsoft Windows NT and Windows 95-based hardware status monitoring and alarm application
MPCAccess
RPBAccess: Remote, preboot diagnostic and repair software
USBAccess: It is a USB-host software targeted for consumer electronics and embedded device manufacturers.
WWWAccess: Product suite for Internet appliance applications using Intel x86 embedded design.
APIAccess: Integrates Win32 applications into real-time systems. Formerly Willows Toolkit for UNIX and Willows RT for Embedded Systems from Willows Software.

See also

 BIOS features comparison
 Phoenix Technologies

References

External links
Award website (archive)
Award Software has merged with Phoenix Technologies (archive)
Unicore Software, Inc. (archive)
Archives of Award Taiwan website (English)
Taiwan Venutures Capital Corp · SC 13G · Award Software International Inc · On 2/14/97
Archives of AwardBIOS motherboard download page

Category:BIOS
Category:Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Defunct software companies of the United States
Category:Companies based in Mountain View, California
Category:Software companies established in 1983
Category:Software companies disestablished in 1998
Category:1998 mergers and acquisitions


Herman Reitman

Herman Reitman (1870–1941) was a Romanian-Canadian businessman and co-founder in 1926 of Reitmans, a retailer, with his wife Sarah Reitman.

References

Category:Canadian businesspeople in retailing
Category:1870 births
Category:1941 deaths
Category:Romanian expatriates in Canada


Nello Santi

Nello Santi (22 September 1931 – 6 February 2020) was an Italian conductor. He was associated with the Opernhaus Zürich for six decades, and was a regular conductor at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. He was focused on Italian repertoire, especially operas by Verdi and Puccini, in a style following the tradition of Toscanini. He made sound and video recordings of Italian operas, including in 1971 Leoncavallo's Pagliacci with Plácido Domingo, Montserrat Caballé and Sherrill Milnes, in 1976 Montemezzi's L'amore dei tre re with Anna Moffo, Domingo and Pablo Elvira, in 2000 Verdi's I due Foscari, and in 2006 Donizetti's Don Pasquale in a Zürich production. Santi conducted from memory, and said "I love all of Verdi, but when he composed Rigoletto, Il Trovatore and La traviata he was in a profound state of grace."

Life

Santi was born on 22 September 1931 in Adria (Veneto), Kingdom of Italy, to Giovanni and Alfonsina () Santi. His mother took him to an open-air performance of Verdi's Rigoletto at age four, which made a lasting impression. He learned to play several instruments as a child, and studied them further at the Liceo musicale of Padua.

In 1951, he made his debut as a conductor at the Teatro Verdi in Padua, conducting Rigoletto. At the theatre, he also occasionally worked as a prompter, conductor of the chorus, accompanist of singers in concerts, substitute orchestra player and actor on stage.

Santi was appointed music director of the Opernhaus Zürich in 1958, where he had first conducted Verdi's La forza del destino, sung in German. He married there in 1959. He remained until 1969, and returned to conduct for decades, including rarities such as Verdi's Ernani, I Lombardi and I due Foscari, Rossini's Semiramide, Bellini's Il Pirata and Donizetti's Poliuto.

As a guest, he conducted in 1960 at the Royal Opera House, at the Vienna State Opera and the Salzburg Festival. He had a contract with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1962 when he made his debut with Verdi's Un ballo in maschera. He conducted more than 400 performances at the house. He conducted at many more opera houses all over the world including the Verona Arena.

Santi followed the tradition of Arturo Toscanini, to stay close to the score, accompanying the singers without overpowering them, but restraining "excessive liberties" in embellishments and drawn out notes. Santi was able to sing "any Italian opera vocal role from memory while conducting".

Santi retired to Riehen (canton Basel-Stadt), but still occasionally gave much-appreciated concerts in Basel and Zürich. He was often called "Papa Santi" by his fellow musicians to show their high respect for his work. In 2017, he was invited to conduct La traviata at La Scala in Milan, with Anna Netrebko in the title role, and Verdi's Nabucco, with Leo Nucci performing the title role.

Santi died in Zurich on 6 February 2020 at the age of 88 while undergoing treatment for a blood infection.

Recordings
 1971: Leoncavallo's Pagliacci with Plácido Domingo, Montserrat Caballé, Sherrill Milnes; London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus; Audio CD:  RCA Red Seal
 1976: Montemezzi's L'amore dei tre re with Plácido Domingo, Anna Moffo, Cesare Siepi, Pablo Elvira; London Symphony Orchestra; Audio CD: RCA Red Seal
 1981: Umberto Giordano's Andrea Chénier with Plácido Domingo, Gabriela Beňačková,  Piero Cappuccilli; Vienna State Opera orchestra and chorus; DVD: Deutsche Grammophon
 1982: Puccini's La fanciulla del West with Carol Neblett, Plácido Domingo, Silvano Carroli; Royal Opera House Orchestra and Chorus; DVD: Kultur Video
 1987: Rossini's Guglielmo Tell with , Maria Chiara, Salvatore Fisichella; Condor, Opernhaus-Zurich; TV/DVD
 2000: Verdi's I due Foscari with Leo Nucci, Vincenzo La Scola, Alexandrina Pendatchanska; Teatro San Carlo Orchestra and Chorus; DVD: TDK
 2006: Donizetti's Don Pasquale with Juan Diego Florez, Isabel Rey, Ruggero Raimondi; Zurich Opera Orchestra; DVD; DECCA

References

External links
 Nello Santi biography

Category:1931 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:People from the Province of Rovigo
Category:Italian conductors (music)
Category:Italian male conductors (music)
Category:20th-century conductors (music)
Category:20th-century Italian musicians
Category:21st-century conductors (music)
Category:21st-century Italian musicians
Category:20th-century Italian male musicians
Category:21st-century Italian male musicians


Morganucodon

Morganucodon ("Glamorgan tooth") is an early mammaliaform genus that lived during the late Triassic period. It first appeared about 205 million years ago. Unlike many other early mammals, Morganucodon is well represented by abundant and well preserved (though in the vast majority of cases disarticulated) material. Most of this comes from Glamorgan in Wales (Morganucodon watsoni), but fossils have also been found in Yunnan Province in China (Morganucodon oehleri) and various parts of Europe and North America. Some closely related animals (Megazostrodon) are known from exquisite fossils from South Africa.

The name comes from a Latinization of Morganuc, "South Glamorgan in the Domesday Book", the county where it was discovered by Walter Georg Kühne, so it means "Glamorgan tooth". It has acquired the nickname Morgie in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Biology

Morganucodon was a small, plantigrade animal. The tail was moderately long. According to Kemp (2005), "the skull was 2–3 cm in length and a presacral body length of about 10 cm [4 inches]. In general appearance, it would have looked like a shrew or mouse". There is evidence that it had specialized glands used for grooming, which may indicate that, like present day mammals, it had fur.

Like present day mammals of similar size and presumed habit, Morganucodon was likely nocturnal and spent the day in a burrow. There is no direct fossil evidence, but several lines of evidence point to a nocturnal bottleneck in the evolution of the mammal class, and almost all modern mammals of similar size to Morganucodon are still nocturnal. Likewise, burrowing was widespread both in the cynodonts and in primitive mammals. The logics of phylogenetic bracketing would make Morgunacodon nocturnal and burrowing too. Plant material from the conifer Hirmeriella was also found in the fissure fills, indicating Morganucudon lived in, or near, a forested area.

The diet appears to have been insects and other small animals, with a preference for hard prey such as beetles. Like most modern mammal insectivores, it grew fairly quickly to adult size. Unlike its therapsid ancestors, Morganucodon likely lived a rather short life, similar to those of most small mammals today. Its eggs were probably small and leathery, a condition still found in monotremes.

The teeth grew in mammalian fashion, with deciduous teeth being replaced by permanent teeth that were retained throughout the rest of the animal's life. The combination of rapid growth in juveniles and a toothless stage at infancy strongly suggests that Morganucodon raised its young by lactation; indeed, it may have been among the very first animals to do so. The molars in the adult had a series of raised humps and edges that fit into each other, allowing for efficient chewing. However, unlike the situation in most later mammals, the upper and lower molars did not occlude properly when they first met; as they wore against each other, however, their shapes were modified by wear to produce a precise fit.

Classification

Morganucodon is the type genus for the order Morganucodonta, a group of generally similar mammals or pre-mammals from Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic time of the close relatives. All were small and mainly insectivores. Of the small bodied relatives, Morganucodon is the best preserved and best understood find.

There is currently controversy about whether or not to classify Morganucodon as a mammal or as a non-mammalian mammaliaform. Some researchers limit the term "mammal" to the crown group mammals, which would not include Morganucodon and its relatives. Others, however, define "mammals", as a group, by the possession of a special, secondarily evolved jaw joint between the dentary and the squamosal bones, which has replaced the primitive one between the articular and quadrate bones in all modern mammalian groups. Under this definition, Morganucodon would be a mammal. Nevertheless, its lower jaw retains some of the bones found in its non-mammalian ancestors in a very reduced form rather than being composed solely of the dentary. Furthermore, the primitive reptile-like jaw joint between the articular and quadrate bones, which in modern mammals has moved into the middle ear and become part of the ear ossicles as malleus and incus, is still to be found in Morganucodon. Morganucodon also suckled (it may have been the earliest animal to do so), had only two sets of teeth and grew rapidly to adult size and stopped growing thereafter, all typical mammalian traits.

Phylogeny

See also

 Evolution of mammals

References

Category:Morganucodonts
Category:Triassic mammals
Category:Jurassic mammals
Category:Transitional fossils
Category:Rhaetian first appearances
Category:Early Jurassic extinctions
Category:Mesozoic mammals of Europe
Category:Fossil taxa described in 1949


Trayon Bobb

Trayon Denzil Bobb (born 5 November 1993) is a Guyanese professional footballer who plays as a left-winger for Uitvlugt Warriors FC of the GFF Elite League. He also represents the Guyana national team.

Bobb began his professional football career with Caledonia AIA of the TT Pro League in Trinidad and Tobago in 2011. During his time with the Stallions, Bobb won the FA Trophy in 2011–12 and the CFU Club Championship in 2012. In the middle of his second season with Caledonia AIA, in 2013, Bobb moved to Finland to join TP-47 before moving to RoPS Rovaniemi on a joint-loan agreement. In August 2013, Bobb was loaned to Lithuanian club FK Kruoja for the 2013 and 2014 A Lyga seasons.

He is a Guyana international having made his debut in August 2011.

Early life
Bobb was born in nearby village Uitvlugt of Georgetown, Guyana, which is located on west bank of the Demerara River. Trayon is the younger brother of former Guyana national team defender Orville Bobb Carroll. Bobb began his competitive football career, at the age of 16, for West Demerara during the Guyana Football Federation under-17 inter-association tournament. On 27 March 2010, Bobb dominated a match against East Bank netting four goals, which included a first-half hat-trick. Two months later, West Demerara defeated Georgetown 2–1 in the final of the tournament to claim the title. After scoring seven goals in the competition and finishing as the joint-top goal scorer, Bobb was named the most valuable player of the tournament.

Club career

Caledonia AIA
Following a series of impressive performances during the Kashif & Shanghai knockout competition in 2010, Trayon followed Guyana national team manager Jamaal Shabazz to Trinidad and Tobago to begin his professional football career for Caledonia AIA of the TT Pro League. Bobb made his debut for the Stallions of Morvant/Laventille during the club's early elimination from the 2011 CFU Club Championship after just four matches. In his first professional season with Caledonia AIA, Bobb made seven league appearances for the club. However, he featured brightly during the club's First Citizens Cup, Lucozade Sport Goal Shield, FA Trophy, Kashif & Shanghai, and CFU Club Championship successes.

Bobb opened the 2012–13 season for Caledonia AIA as a starter in the Stallions''' midfield. During the 2012–13 CONCACAF Champions League, he made two appearances for Caledonia during the group stage, including a start against Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer on 2 August. In October 2012, Bobb was named the most valuable player of the First Citizens Cup after having set-up and scoring the winning goal to lead Caledonia AIA to a 2–1 win over Defence Force in the final. The following months, Bobb scored in consecutive rounds during the TOYOTA Classic and provided an additional two goals in an 8–0 win over Petit Valley United in the FA Trophy. On 8 January 2013, Trayon was one of five TT Pro League players invited for a two-week trial with a touring team in Turkey to play practice matches against several European clubs on their winter breaks. Before departing for Turkey, Bobb had made ten league appearances for Caledonia AIA in his two years with the club.

Tornion Pallo-47
On 21 February 2013, Bobb agreed to personal terms with TP-47 of Kakkonen, the third-level of association football in Finland. On 13 March, Bobb recorded his first career hat-trick in his debut for TP-47 during the third round of the 2013 Suomen Cup. He went on to make starting appearances the following two rounds before a defeat to TPV ended the Tornio club's run in the fifth round. Bobb recorded his first league goal in his debut for TP-47, on 28 April, to level the match against PK-37 at 2–2 in the 85th minute after scoring from a cross. A week later, Trayon scored his second goal in as many matches in a 2–0 win over Vasa IFK. He scored two more goals over the next five league matches against Tervarit on 19 May and a week later against KPV on 26 May.

Loans to RoPS and FK Kruoja (2013–2014)
On 1 June, after scoring four goals in seven league appearances for TP-47, Bobb joined Veikkausliiga side RoPS on loan with the agreement to permit Trayon to compete for both clubs during the loan. The following day, Bobb became the first Guyanese to play in a Veikkausliiga match when he made his debut against FF Jaro coming on as a substitute for former Caledonia AIA teammate Ataullah Guerra in the 59th minute. Before returning to TP-47, Bobb made three Veikkausliiga appearances for RoPS. He made his return on 16 June and scored a goal for the Tornio club in a win over GBK Kokkola. Bobb scored again on 21 July with the opening goal during the return match against KPV, which marked his sixth goal in 12 league appearances with TP-47.

On 23 July 2013, Bobb traveled to Lithuania for a one-week trial with FK Kruoja of A Lyga. After a strong performance in an exhibition match and a medical examination, he secured a loan until the end of the 2013 season. Although Bobb had not made an appearance for the club, TP-47 and Kruoja agreed to extend his loan until the end of the 2014 A Lyga season.

Bobb opened the following season with an ankle injury suffered during preseason training that kept him sidelined for FK Kruoja's first eleven league matches. On 8 May 2014, Bobb scored an 84th-minute goal in his debut for Kruoja during a league match against FK Dainava Alytus after coming as a substitute in the 66th minute.

International career
Bobb has represented Guyana on various levels of international competition, having been capped for the under-20 and the Guyana national teams. Considered to be the future of Guyanese football, Bobb has quickly improved since his national team debut and has become a permanent fixture in the senior team.

Youth teams
He began his international career for the under-20 team during qualification for the 2011 CONCACAF U-20 Championship, where Bobb made three appearances playing as a winger in wins over United States Virgin Islands and Grenada; and a loss to Jamaica. In the second qualification round, Bobb scored his first goal for Guyana in the 81st minute against Netherlands Antilles, which resulted in the Golden Jaguars lone win in the group on 23 January 2011. Prior to elimination, Bobb made six consecutive starts for Guyana during the team's qualification attempt.

In August 2012, Bobb made two additional appearances for the under-20 team during its qualification attempt for the 2013 CONCACAF U-20 Championship. Guyana finished a disappointing third in its group behind neighbors Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, which eliminated the Golden Jaguars from the competition. However, in the team's first match against Trinidad and Tobago, Bobb scored Guyana's lone goal in an eventual 2–1 loss.

Senior team

Bobb made his full international debut for the national team on 25 August 2011, at the age of 18, in a friendly match against India. After impressing in the match, Trayon earned his second cap against Barbados a week later in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier. Bobb continued his solid performances in a series of seven international matches in preparation for the third round of World Cup qualification. On 7 September 2013, Bobb scored a pair of goals on either side of half-time to earn the Golden Jaguars a 2–2 draw against El Salvador in Estadio Cuscatlán. However, the draw would prove to be the lone point for Guyana during the third round. Before elimination, Bobb recorded a total of five caps and scored two goals during Guyana's qualification campaign. Bobb concluded an active year for the Golden Jaguars with six consecutive starts during Guyana's  qualification attempt for the 2012 Caribbean Cup in October and November.

Career statistics

ClubAs of 22 June 2014InternationalAs of 18 November 2019International appearances

International goalsScores and results list Guyana's goal tally first.''

Honours

Club
 Caledonia AIA
 CFU Club Championship (1): 2012
 FA Trophy (1): 2011–12
 First Citizens Cup (2): 2011, 2012
 Lucozade Sport Goal Shield (1): 2012

Individual

Awards
 Man of the Match (1): 2012 First Citizens Cup

References

External links

Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Guyanese footballers
Category:Guyana international footballers
Category:TT Pro League players
Category:Morvant Caledonia United players
Category:Veikkausliiga players
Category:Kakkonen players
Category:A Lyga players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Trinidad and Tobago
Category:Expatriate footballers in Finland
Category:Expatriate footballers in Lithuania
Category:People from Essequibo Islands-West Demerara
Category:TP-47 players


St Swithun's Church, East Retford

St Swithun’s Church is a Grade II* listed Church of England parish in the Diocese of Southwell and Nottingham in East Retford.

History

St Swithun's is a Grade II* listed church in Retford that is dedicated to St Swithun and which was founded in 1258. The church is located in the centre of town between Churchgate and Chapelgate.

The current building is of cruciform shape, now mainly of perpendicular architecture, but still preserving in its south and west doorways, and in the tracery of some of its windows, marks of earlier styles. The church has a square, battlemented tower, containing a clock and 10 bells. The oldest, virtually untouched, part is the north transept, although it has now been transformed into a chapel as a war memorial. The tower is supported by four massive arches and the nave and aisles are separated by arcades of five bays. There is a stone pulpit, an eagle lectern in oak, and a large organ erected in 1841. In the north transept is an incised slab to Henry Smyth (d 1496) and Sir Whatton Amcotts (d 1807) by William Kinnard, architect. The Victorian stained glass includes work by Clayton and Bell, Charles Eamer Kempe, Michael O’Connor, Hardman & Co, William Wailes and George Shaw.

The figure over the southern door is locally said to be of St Swithun, but according to Kidson is of a bishop. He says the figure was brought from a dissolved monastery in Portugal and was given to the Church, and placed in its present position, in about 1895.

The British Museum contains several architectural drawings of East Retford Church by Samuel Hieronymous Grimm. These include a general view of the exterior, and a drawing of the tracery of the east window. There are also drawings by Thomas Kerrich (1748-1828) including a drawing of a window which used to be in the Chancel, but which no longer exists.
John Buckler (1770-1851) made several drawings of the church, including one of the figure in the vesica piscis, at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

While the church dates from the 13th century, in 1528 there was a great fire in Retford which damaged the church. In 1535, we learn that: "Where sumtyme were iiii chauntries which now er in decaye by reason they er consumed wt. fyer." The tower and chancel collapsed in 1651 and were rebuilt in 1658. The current building is therefore largely the work of restorers. The pinnacles were added to the tower in 1810. G.G. Place undertook further restorations between 1852 and 1855. The Chantry Chapel was rebuilt by George Frederick Bodley in 1873. There was a further restoration in 1905.

Organ

The church has had organs since at least the late eighteenth century. The organ has been rebuilt many times by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd, Brindley & Foster, Henry Willis & Sons and Cousans.

Bells
There are ten bells all cast by John Taylor & Co, dated 1968.
The tenor weighs 23 cwt and is in the note of Eb.

Parish
St Swithun's is in a joint parish with:

St. Nicholas' Church, Askham
All Saints' Church, Babworth
St Martin's Church, Bole
Our Lady and St Peter's Church, Bothamsall
St John the Baptist Church, Clarborough
All Saints' Church, Eaton
St Giles' Church, Elkesley
St Peter's Church, Gamston
St. Helen's Church, Grove
St Peter's Church, Hayton
St Martin's Church, North Leverton
St Peter and St Paul's Church, North Wheatley
All Hallows' Church, Ordsall
St Martin's Church, Ranby
St Saviour's Church, Retford
St Michael the Archangel's Church, Retford
All Saints' Church, South Leverton
St Peter and St Paul's Church, Sturton-le-Steeple
St Bartholomew's Church, Sutton-cum-Lound
St Paul's Church, West Drayton

References

Retford
Retford
Category:Retford


Alex Whittle

Alex Whittle (born 15 March 1993) is an English semi-professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Boston United. He has played for Dunfermline Athletic, AFC Fylde, Southport, York City, Forest Green Rovers and Southport.

Club career
Whittle was born in Liverpool, Merseyside and attended Maricourt Catholic School in Maghull, Merseyside. He started his career at Liverpool where he joined as a six-year-old, and spent 11 years at the club before being released in early 2011. He then joined the Glenn Hoddle Academy in Spain in February 2011 and the Nike Academy for the 2011–12 season, where he went on trial to Brighton & Hove Albion, Heart of Midlothian and Dunfermline Athletic.

He joined Dunfermline Athletic on a pre-contract in April 2012 ahead of signing a three-year contract. He made his debut on 28 July in a Scottish Challenge Cup match against Forfar Athletic and his Scottish Football League debut on 11 August in a 4–0 victory against Cowdenbeath. Whittle was signed as a winger and made sporadic appearances, often as a substitute, but got his break in the first team at left-back following the redundancy of Stephen Jordan amid Dunfermline's administration. He scored his first goal for Dunfermline against Ayr United on 28 September 2013. After being released by Dunfermline at the end of 2014–15, Whittle appeared as a trialist for Hartlepool United in a friendly match against Spennymoor Town. Hartlepool manager Ronnie Moore commented that he was "pleased" with Whittle's performance, adding that he had asked Whittle to stay with the club for an extra week in order to assess him.

In September 2015, Whittle signed for National League North club AFC Fylde, making his debut as a substitute in a 2–2 draw with Tamworth. On 23 March 2016, Whittle signed for National League club Southport, debuting three days later as a 33rd-minute substitute in a 2–0 home win over Guiseley. He made seven appearances for Southport over the remainder of 2015–16.

On 23 May 2016, Whittle signed for newly relegated National League club York City on a one-year contract, with the option of a further year.

On 29 December 2017, Whittle agreed to sign for League Two club Forest Green Rovers on a free transfer on 1 January 2018. He joined National League North club Southport on 15 March 2018 on a one-month loan, having struggled with a hamstring injury after joining Forest Green. He was released by Forest Green at the end of 2017–18.

Whittle signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division club Warrington Town in September 2018 and made his debut in a 3–0 home win over South Shields on 29 September in the league.

In June 2019, Whittle joined Boston United.

International career
Whittle was capped by the England schools team over 2008–09.

Career statistics

References

External links

Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Liverpool
Category:English footballers
Category:England schools international footballers
Category:Association football defenders
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Ralph Moss

Ralph Moss may refer to:
 Ralph W. Moss (writer) (Ralph Walter Moss, born 1943), writer on alternative cancer treatments
 Ralph W. Moss (politician) (Ralph Wilbur Moss, 1862–1919), U.S. Representative from Indiana


Velcro (disambiguation)

Velcro Industries, a multinational corporation
"Velcro", the trademarked name for the fabric brand hook-and-loop fastener
Velcro dog, a form of separation anxiety exhibited in dogs
"Velcro Fly", a song by the rock group ZZ Top
Mr Velcro Fastener, a Finnish electro music duo


Metopocoilus maculicollis

Metopocoilus maculicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Audinet-Serville in 1832.

References

Category:Trachyderini
Category:Beetles described in 1832


Ngozi Onwumere

Ngozi Onwumere (born January 23, 1992) is an American sprinter and bobsledder who competes internationally for Nigeria. In track, Onwumere specializes in the 100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres and 4 x 100 metres relay. Ngozi claimed gold alongside Blessing Okagbare, Lawretta Ozoh and Cecilia Francis in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2015 All-Africa Games in Brazzaville, Congo. She also represented Nigeria at the 2015 IAAF World Relays in Nassau, Bahamas. She represented Nigeria at the 2018 Winter Olympics in 2-women bobsled.

Onwumere was born and raised in Mesquite, Texas, where she graduated from Mesquite High School. She attended the University of Houston.

References

External links

 Ngozi Onwumere at All-Athletics

Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:Nigerian female sprinters
Category:Nigerian female bobsledders
Category:African Games gold medalists for Nigeria
Category:African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:African Games silver medalists for Nigeria
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 African Games
Category:Olympic bobsledders of Nigeria
Category:Bobsledders at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Lagos State
Category:Mesquite High School (Texas) alumni


Morgans Landing, West Virginia

Morgans Landing is an unincorporated community in Putnam County, West Virginia, United States. The community is located at the mouth of Bills Creek on the Kanawha River along U.S. Route 35.

The town is home to American Electric Power's John E. Amos Power Plant.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Putnam County, West Virginia
Category:Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Category:Charleston, West Virginia metropolitan area


Burns Cottage

Burns Cottage, the first home of Robert Burns is located in Alloway, South Ayrshire, Scotland. It was built by his father, William Burness in 1757. Burns, Scotland's national poet, was born there on 25 January 1759. It is a simple two-roomed clay and thatch cottage and has been fully restored to become part of Robert Burns Birthplace Museum.

The museum has a bust of Burns by Patric Park.

History
The cottage has had a number of uses, including a spell as a pub, run by a Mr Goudie from Riccarton who saw the opportunity to exploit Burns's developing reputation. At first therefore the cottage was not greatly valued. The Suffragettes recognised its importance, having once endeavoured to set the cottage alight

In 1818, the English poet John Keats took a trip to Scotland to visit the home, years after Burns' death in 1796. Before Keats arrived, he wrote to a friend that "one of the pleasantest means of annulling self is approaching such a shrine as the cottage of Burns — we need not think of his misery — that is all gone — bad luck to it — I shall look upon it all with unmixed pleasure."

Pictures

See also
Burns Cottage (Atlanta), a reproduction of Burns' birthplace, built in 1911

References

External links
 Burns Cottage
 Pictures of Burns Cottage, Alloway

B
Category:Literary museums in Scotland
Category:Biographical museums in Scotland
Burns, Robert


Sean Healey

Sean Michael Healey (born 1961) is the chairman and chief executive officer of Affiliated Managers Group, Inc. (NYSE: AMG), a global asset management firm whose affiliates in aggregate managed approximately $736 billion as of December 31, 2018.

Early life and education
Healey was born in San Rafael, California.  Healey attended high school in Oceanside, California, followed by Harvard College, where he was a member of the varsity wrestling squad. In 1983, he received an A.B. in history and literature, magna cum laude, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

After graduating from Harvard, Healey was awarded a Rotary Scholarship to study philosophy at University College in Dublin, Ireland, and was awarded a master's degree in philosophy with first-class honors in 1984.  In 1987, he earned a J.D. from Harvard Law School, and he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review.

Early career
Upon graduation from law school, Healey joined Goldman Sachs as an associate in the Mergers and Acquisitions Department, then transferred to a group that provided investment-banking services to financial institutions, where he worked under J. Christopher Flowers.

Affiliated Managers Group
In April 1995, Healey was recruited to join Affiliated Managers Group (AMG), then a three-person start-up firm seeking to invest in boutique money managers. AMG was founded in 1993 with private equity backing from TA Associates and made its first investment in 1994. When Healey joined AMG as Executive Vice President, the firm had a single investment in a manager with under $1 billion of assets under management.

With Healey on board, AMG received its second round of capital and subsequently invested in several U.S.-based investment firms. By October 1996, AMG had approximately $18 billion under management. In October 1997, AMG closed its investment for a 70% stake in Tweedy, Browne Company LLC, a well-known value-oriented investment management firm.

In November 1997, Healey led AMG’s initial public offering in which the company raised $176 million, priced at $23.50 per share. With proceeds from the offering, AMG continued to expand, and named Healey president and chief operating officer in October 1999. In 2001, AMG was named in Fortune magazine’s list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies and had approximately $81 billion in assets under management. Healey became president and chief executive officer in 2005, and chairman and chief executive officer in 2011.

AMG’s business model of leaving a portion of equity with each firm’s management as motivation for continuing to produce good performance and growth has been highly successful under Healey's leadership.  AMG also uses employment contracts to ensure that asset management firms retain talented managers, and establishes long-term succession plans with managers.  Healey has also been noted for being extraordinarily selective of his affiliate partners, stating in a recent interview that the company ultimately backs away from many more potential investments than it pursues.

Healey has also helped AMG to expand globally.  AMG opened the firm’s first distribution office in Australia in 2007, and thereafter expanded into Europe, Asia and the Middle East, to help its affiliates develop relationships in overseas markets. AMG furthered its expansion with the formation of AMG Wealth Partners in 2011.

After AMG posted three-year average earnings growth of 40%, Fortune magazine again named AMG to its list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies in 2012.

In May 2018, Healey was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a motor neuron disease otherwise known as ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease) and AMG announced that Healey was stepping back to become Executive Chairman while Nate Dalton, AMG's long-time President and Chief Operating Officer, was named CEO.

The Healey Center for ALS

In November 2018, Healey, with support from AMG and a group of friends and colleagues, established the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital with an initial donation of $40 million. The Healey Center is led by Dr. Merit Cudkowicz, a world-renowned ALS researcher and Chair of the Neurology Department at MGH. The Healey Center is the largest hospital-based ALS research program in the world and supports a broad range of early stage trials of promising ALS treatments.

Personal life
Healey has held a number of nonprofit board positions, including serving as co-chairman of the board of trustees of the Peabody Essex Museum; as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations; the Visiting Committee of the Harvard Law School; and the board of trustees of the International Game Fish Association.

In 2006, Healey was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve on the President’s Export Council, the U.S.’s principal advisory committee on international trade.

Healey is an avid big-game hunter and sport fisherman, having boated a 93.5 pound white marlin, which was the winning fish in the 2010 White Marlin Open, the world’s largest billfish tournament.

He was previously married to Kerry M. Healey, the former lieutenant governor of Massachusetts. They have two young adult children.

Healey remarried in 2018 to Amy Broch. The couple has one daughter.

References

External links
 Profile at Affiliated Managers Group

Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:Harvard College alumni
Category:American chief executives of financial services companies
Category:Harvard Law School alumni
Category:Spouses of Massachusetts politicians


Vacacaí-Mirim River

The Vacacaí-Mirim River is a river of Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil.

See also
List of rivers of Rio Grande do Sul

References
Brazilian Ministry of Transport

Category:Rivers of Rio Grande do Sul


Douglas West (constituency)

Douglas West was a House of Keys constituency in Douglas, Isle of Man.  It elected 2 MHKs.

MHKs & Elections

External links
Constituency maps and general election results

Category:Constituencies of the Isle of Man


Christiane Koren

Christiane Koren (27 July 1764 – 28 January 1815) was a Danish-Norwegian writer. She wrote both poems and plays, but today she is primarily known for her diaries, which are regarded to be important historical documents of contemporary Norway.

Biography
Christiane Birgitte Diederichsen was born at Kastrup in Amager, Denmark. She was the daughter of Jess Didrichsen, owner of Kastrup Værk on the Danish island of Amager. In Copenhagen, she socialized within Det Norske Selskab and formed an attachment with Swedish professor Carl Frederik Dichmann. .

She published a collection of poems in 1803. Her personal diaries, including periods from 1808 to 1810 and 1813 to 1815, (Moer Korens dagbøge) were published  in 1915. Her description of her travel to Denmark in 1802 (Dagbog for Kristiane Koren paa en Reyse fra Norge til Dannemark begyndt den 6. September 1802) was published in 1945.

Personal life
In 1787, she married Norwegian justice Johan Randulf Clausen Koren (1758-1825). The couple left Denmark for Eidsberg in Østfold, Norway where her husband had been appointed judge. She became the mother of eight children, only three of whom reached adulthood. Her daughter Caroline Mathilde Koren (1801-1840) married Ahlert Hysing (1793–1879), who served in the Norwegian Parliament.

References

Related reading
Sofie Aubert Lindbæk, ed. (1915)  Moer Korens dagbøger (Oslo: Aschehoug)
Gudrun Høibo, ed. (1945) Dagbog for Kristiane Koren paa en Reyse fra Norge til Dannemark begyndt den 6. September 1802 (Oslo: Cammermeyer)

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Category:People from Østfold


Elizabeth Sabine

Elizabeth Sabine (born October 1923 in London – died December 7 2015 in Los Angeles) was a voice strengthening specialist, whose work to the field of voice was acknowledged when she became the  recipient of the coveted Lifetime Achievement Award at the Los Angeles Music Awards in 2003. The award celebrates her many years of dedication and commitment to the entertainment industry.

Biography
Sabine was raised in Australia and spent much of her early years in the field of entertainment, and frequently appeared as a vocalist on the live variety TV show In Melbourne Tonight.

In 1974, she moved to Los Angeles where she soon befriended Robert Mazzarella, a local singing teacher and operatic tenor. She was intrigued by his approach to voice strengthening and began to adopt the technique. At the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth found she was able to refine the technique and successfully strengthen the voices of hard rock and heavy metal music vocalists who often sung with vigorous screams and yells. Her technique also enabled the singer to master their voice faster in comparison to the older methods available. Famous people like Axl Rose, singer of Guns_N'_Roses and front man Dave Mustaine, founding member of Megadeth have been tutored by Elizabeth who has also been named the Heavy Metal Grandma.

Lee Strasberg of the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute of Los Angeles, enlisted Elizabeth in 1981 to strengthen the voices of his acting and singing students which she has done for many years.

In 2008, Christian Rock band Barren Cross returned to the music world with new vocalist Dean Kohn who spent two years under Elizabeth Sabine.

Her website contains images of herself with a small sample of former students  including Cypress Hill's B-Real, Seinfeld's Cosmo Kramer, Keel vocalist Ron Keel, Australian music export Men at Work's Colin Hay and actor Christopher Reeve.

References

External links
Official Elizabeth Sabine Website
Official site. Jon Paget with Elizabeth Sabine picture

Category:1923 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:Voice coaches


Joel Glucksman

Joel Arthur Glucksman (born February 14, 1949) is an American Olympic saber  fencer.

Early and personal life
Glucksman was born in New York City, and is Jewish. He later lived on the Upper West Side in Manhattan, New York.

Fencing career
Glucksman attended Columbia University, where he fenced for the Columbia Lions fencing team.  He graduated in 1970.

He fenced with the New York Fencers Club. Glucksman won a silver medal in individual saber at the 1977 Maccabiah Games.

In May 1982, his article "In Fencing you Get in Touch with Yourself as well as Your Opponent" was published by Sports Illustrated.

Glucksman competed on  behalf of the United States in the team sabre event at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the age of 35.

Glucksman worked as an assistant fencing coach, physical education teacher, and administrator at Columbia University, and as fencing coach for the Brooklyn College men's fencing team and at The Browning School. He also became a documentary filmmaker.

References

Category:1949 births
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Category:American male fencers
Category:Olympic fencers of the United States
Category:Fencers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from New York City
Category:Columbia University alumni
Category:Jewish American sportspeople
Category:Jewish fencers
Category:Maccabiah Games medalists in fencing
Category:Maccabiah Games silver medalists for the United States
Category:Competitors at the 1977 Maccabiah Games
Category:Film directors from New York City
Category:People from the Upper West Side
Category:Brooklyn College faculty


Callipogon

Callipogon is a genus of beetle belonging to the family Cerambycidae. Its closest relatives are the genera Enoplocerus, Ergates and Trichocnemis, with divergence from these lineages estimated to the Cretaceous about 80 million years ago. Most species are found in the Neotropics, with Callipogon relictus being the only paleartic species.

List of species
 Callipogon armillatus (Linnaeus, 1867)
 Callipogon barbatus (Fabricius, 1781)
 Callipogon barbiflavus Chevrolat, 1864
 Callipogon beckeri Lameere, 1904
 Callipogon lemoinei Reiche, 1840
 Callipogon proletarius Lameere, 1904
 Callipogon senex Dupont, 1832
 Callipogon sericeus (Olivier, 1795)
 Callipogon relictus (Semenov, 1898)

References

 Biolib

Category:Prioninae


Georges de Beauregard

Georges de Beauregard (23 December 1920 Marseille – 10 September 1984 Paris) was a French film producer who produced works by many of the French New Wave directors. In 1968, he was a member of the jury at the 18th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1983 he was awarded a Special César Award, the French national film prize.

Selected filmography
 Ramuntcho (1959)

References

External links

Category:1920 births
Category:1984 deaths
Category:People from Marseille
Category:French film producers
Category:César Honorary Award recipients


Pauleo jubatus

Pauleo jubatus is a species of sea slug, specifically an aeolid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae. It is the only species in the genus Pauleo.

Distribution
The holotype of this species was found at Taino Beach, Grand Bahama, Bahamas, . Additional localities mentioned in the description include Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Jamaica, Eleuthera, Belize and Honduras.

Ecology
This species feeds on the gorgonian coral Plexaurella dichotoma. Feeding on soft corals instead of hydroids is typical of the genus Phyllodesmium but in Phyllodesmium there are no functional cnidosacs, possibly because the cnidae of soft corals are not useful in defence of the nudibranchs. Pauleo differs from Phyllodesmium in having functional cnidosacs.

References

Category:Facelinidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1992


Relativistic Doppler effect

The relativistic Doppler effect is the change in frequency (and wavelength) of light, caused by the relative motion of the source and the observer (as in the classical Doppler effect), when taking into account effects described by the special theory of relativity.

The relativistic Doppler effect is different from the non-relativistic Doppler effect as the equations include the time dilation effect of special relativity and do not involve the medium of propagation as a reference point. They describe the total difference in observed frequencies and possess the required Lorentz symmetry.

Astronomers know of three sources of redshift/blueshift: Doppler shifts; gravitational redshifts (due to light exiting a gravitational field); and cosmological expansion (where space itself stretches). This article concerns itself only with Doppler shifts.

Summary of major results
In the following table it is assumed that for  the receiver and the source are moving away from each other.

Derivation

Relativistic longitudinal Doppler effect

Relativistic Doppler shift for the longitudinal case, with source and receiver moving directly towards or away from each other, is often derived as if it were the classical phenomenon, but modified by the addition of a time dilation term. This is the approach employed in first-year physics or mechanics textbooks such as those by Feynman or Morin.

Following this approach towards deriving the relativistic longitudinal Doppler effect, assume the receiver and the source are moving away from each other with a relative speed  as measured by an observer on the receiver or the source (The sign convention adopted here is that  is negative if the receiver and the source are moving towards each other).

Consider the problem in the reference frame of the source.

Suppose one wavefront arrives at the receiver. The next wavefront is then at a distance  away from the receiver (where  is the wavelength,  is the frequency of the waves that the source emits, and  is the speed of light).

The wavefront moves with speed , but at the same time the receiver moves away with speed  during a time , sowhere  is the speed of the receiver in terms of the speed of light, and where  is the period of light waves impinging on the receiver, as observed in the frame of the source. The corresponding frequency is:

Thus far, the equations have been identical to those of the classical Doppler effect with a stationary source and a moving receiver.

However, due to relativistic effects, clocks on the receiver are time dilated relative to clocks at the source: , where  is the Lorentz factor. In order to know which time is dilated, we recall that  is the time in the frame in which the source is at rest. The receiver will measure the received frequency to be

The ratio

is called the Doppler factor of the source relative to the receiver. (This terminology is particularly prevalent in the subject of astrophysics: see relativistic beaming.)

The corresponding wavelengths are related by

Identical expressions for relativistic Doppler shift are obtained when performing the analysis in the reference frame of the receiver with a moving source. This matches up with the expectations of the principle of relativity, which dictates that the result can not depend on which object is considered to be the one at rest. In contrast, the classic nonrelativistic Doppler effect is dependent on whether it is the source or the receiver that is stationary with respect to the medium.

Transverse Doppler effect
Suppose that a source and a receiver are both approaching each other in uniform inertial motion along paths that do not collide. The transverse Doppler effect (TDE) may refer to (a) the nominal blueshift predicted by special relativity that occurs when the emitter and receiver are at their points of closest approach; or (b) the nominal redshift predicted by special relativity when the receiver sees the emitter as being at its closest approach. The transverse Doppler effect is one of the main novel predictions of the special theory of relativity.

Whether a scientific report describes TDE as being a redshift or blueshift depends on the particulars of the experimental arrangement being related. For example, Einstein's original description of the TDE in 1907 described an experimenter looking at the center (nearest point) of a beam of "canal rays" (a beam of positive ions that is created by certain types of gas-discharge tubes). According to special relativity, the moving ions' emitted frequency would be reduced by the Lorentz factor, so that the received frequency would be reduced (redshifted) by the same factor.

On the other hand, Kündig (1963) described an experiment where a Mössbauer absorber was spun in a rapid circular path around a central Mössbauer emitter. As explained below, this experimental arrangement resulted in Kündig's measurement of a blueshift.

Source and receiver are at their points of closest approach

In this scenario, the point of closest approach is frame-independent and represents the moment where there is no change in distance versus time. Figure 2 demonstrates that the ease of analyzing this scenario depends on the frame in which it is analyzed.
 Fig. 2a. If we analyze the scenario in the frame of the receiver, we find that the analysis is more complicated than it should be. The apparent position of a celestial object is displaced from its true position (or geometric position) because of the object's motion during the time it takes its light to reach an observer. The source would be time-dilated relative to the receiver, but the redshift implied by this time dilation would be offset by a blueshift due to the longitudinal component of the relative motion between the receiver and the apparent position of the source.
 Fig. 2b. It is much easier if, instead, we analyze the scenario from the frame of the source. An observer situated at the source knows, from the problem statement, that the receiver is at its closest point to him. That means that the receiver has no longitudinal component of motion to complicate the analysis. (i.e. dr/dt = 0 where r is the distance between receiver and source) Since the receiver's clocks are time-dilated relative to the source, the light that the receiver receives is blue-shifted by a factor of gamma. In other words,

Receiver sees the source as being at its closest point

This scenario is equivalent to the receiver looking at a direct right angle to the path of the source. The analysis of this scenario is best conducted from the frame of the receiver. Figure 3 shows the receiver being illuminated by light from when the source was closest to the receiver, even though the source has moved on. Because the source's clock is time dilated as measured in the frame of the receiver, and because there is no longitudinal component of its motion, the light from the source, emitted from this closest point, is redshifted with frequency

In the literature, most reports of transverse Doppler shift analyze the effect in terms of the receiver pointed at direct right angles to the path of the source, thus seeing the source as being at its closest point and observing a redshift.

Point of null frequency shift

Given that, in the case where the inertially moving source and receiver are geometrically at their nearest approach to each other, the receiver observes a blueshift, whereas in the case where the receiver sees the source as being at its closest point, the receiver observes a redshift, there obviously must exist a point where blueshift changes to a redshift. In Fig. 2, the signal travels perpendicularly to the receiver path and is blueshifted. In Fig. 3, the signal travels perpendicularly to the source path and is redshifted.

As seen in Fig. 4, null frequency shift occurs for a pulse that travels the shortest distance from source to receiver. When viewed in the frame where source and receiver have the same speed, this pulse is emitted perpendicularly to the source's path and is received perpendicularly to the receiver's path. The pulse is emitted slightly before the point of closest approach, and it is received slightly after.

One object in circular motion around the other

Fig. 5 illustrates two variants of this scenario. Both variants can be analyzed using simple time dilation arguments. Figure 5a is essentially equivalent to the scenario described in Figure 2b, and the receiver observes light from the source as being blueshifted by a factor of . Figure 5b is essentially equivalent to the scenario described in Figure 3, and the light is redshifted.

The only seeming complication is that the orbiting objects are in accelerated motion. An accelerated particle does not have an inertial frame in which it is always at rest. However, an inertial frame can always be found which is momentarily comoving with the particle. This frame, the momentarily comoving reference frame (MCRF), enables application of special relativity to the analysis of accelerated particles. If an inertial observer looks at an accelerating clock, only the clock's instantaneous speed is important when computing time dilation.

The converse, however, is not true. The analysis of scenarios where both objects are in accelerated motion requires a somewhat more sophisticated analysis. Not understanding this point has led to confusion and misunderstanding.

Source and receiver both in circular motion around a common center

Suppose source and receiver are located on opposite ends of a spinning rotor, as illustrated in Fig. 6. Kinematic arguments (special relativity) and arguments based on noting that there is no difference in potential between source and receiver in the pseudogravitational field of the rotor (general relativity) both lead to the conclusion that there should be no Doppler shift between source and receiver.

In 1961, Champeney and Moon conducted a Mössbauer rotor experiment  testing exactly this scenario, and found that the Mössbauer absorption process was unaffected by rotation. They concluded that their findings supported special relativity.

This conclusion generated some controversy. A certain persistent critic of relativity maintained that, although the experiment was consistent with general relativity, it refuted special relativity, his point being that since the emitter and absorber were in uniform relative motion, special relativity demanded that a Doppler shift be observed. The fallacy with this critic's argument was, as demonstrated in section Point of null frequency shift, that it is simply not true that a Doppler shift must always be observed between two frames in uniform relative motion. Furthermore, as demonstrated in section Source and receiver are at their points of closest approach, the difficulty of analyzing a relativistic scenario often depends on the choice of reference frame. Attempting to analyze the scenario in the frame of the receiver involves much tedious algebra. It is much easier, almost trivial, to establish the lack of Doppler shift between emitter and absorber in the laboratory frame.

As a matter of fact, however, Champeney and Moon's experiment said nothing either pro or con about special relativity. Because of the symmetry of the setup, it turns out that virtually any conceivable theory of the Doppler shift between frames in uniform inertial motion must yield a null result in this experiment.

Rather than being equidistant from the center, suppose the emitter and absorber were at differing distances from the rotor's center. For an emitter at radius  and the absorber at radius  anywhere on the rotor, the ratio of the emitter frequency,  and the absorber frequency,  is given by

where  is the angular velocity of the rotor. The source and emitter do not have to be 180° apart, but can be at any angle with respect to the center.

Motion in an arbitrary direction

The analysis used in section Relativistic longitudinal Doppler effect can be extended in a straightforward fashion to calculate the Doppler shift for the case where the inertial motions of the source and receiver are at any specified angle.
Fig. 7 presents the scenario from the frame of the receiver, with the source moving at speed  at an angle  measured in the frame of the receiver. The radial component of the source's motion along the line of sight is equal to

The equation below can be interpreted as the classical Doppler shift for a stationary and moving source modified by the Lorentz factor

In the case when  and  one obtains the transverse Doppler effect:

In his 1905 paper on special relativity, Einstein obtained a somewhat different looking equation for the Doppler shift equation. After changing the variable names in Einstein's equation to be consistent with those used here, his equation reads

The differences stem from the fact that Einstein evaluated the angle  with respect to the source rest frame rather than the receiver rest frame.  is not equal to  because of the effect of relativistic aberration. The relativistic aberration equation is:

Substituting the relativistic aberration equation  into   yields  , demonstrating the consistency of these alternate equations for the Doppler shift.

Setting  in  or  in  yields , the expression for relativistic longitudinal Doppler shift.

A four-vector approach to deriving these results may be found in Landau and Lifshitz (2005).

Visualization

Fig. 8 helps us understand, in a rough qualitative sense, how the relativistic Doppler effect and relativistic aberration differ from the non-relativistic Doppler effect and non-relativistic aberration of light. Assume that the observer is uniformly surrounded in all directions by yellow stars emitting monochromatic light of 570 nm. The arrows in each diagram represent the observer's velocity vector relative to its surroundings, with a magnitude of 0.89 c.
 In the non-relativistic case, the light ahead of the observer is blueshifted to a wavelength of 300 nm in the medium ultraviolet, while light behind the observer is redshifted to 5200 nm in the intermediate infrared. Because of the aberration of light, objects formerly at right angles to the observer appear shifted forwards by 42°.
 In the relativistic case, the light ahead of the observer is blueshifted to a wavelength of 137 nm in the far ultraviolet, while light behind the observer is redshifted to 2400 nm in the short wavelength infrared. Because of the relativistic aberration of light, objects formerly at right angles to the observer appear shifted forwards by 63°.
 In both cases, the monochromatic stars ahead of and behind the observer are Doppler-shifted towards invisible wavelengths. If, however, the observer had eyes that could see into the ultraviolet and infrared, he would see the stars ahead of him as brighter and more closely clustered together than the stars behind, but the stars would be far brighter and far more concentrated in the relativistic case.

Real stars are not monochromatic, but emit a range of wavelengths approximating a black body distribution. It is not necessarily true that stars ahead of the observer would show a bluer color. This is because the whole spectral energy distribution is shifted. At the same time that visible light is blueshifted into invisible ultraviolet wavelengths, infrared light is blueshifted into the visible range. Precisely what changes in the colors one sees depends on the physiology of the human eye and on the spectral characteristics of the light sources being observed.

Doppler effect on intensity

The Doppler effect (with arbitrary direction) also modifies the perceived source intensity: this can be expressed concisely by the fact that source strength divided by the cube of the frequency is a Lorentz invariant  This implies that the total radiant intensity (summing over all frequencies) is multiplied by the fourth power of the Doppler factor for frequency.

As a consequence, since Planck's law describes the black-body radiation as having a spectral intensity in frequency proportional to  (where T is the source temperature and ν the frequency), we can draw the conclusion that a black body spectrum seen through a Doppler shift (with arbitrary direction) is still a black body spectrum with a temperature multiplied by the same Doppler factor as frequency.

This result provides one of the pieces of evidence that serves to distinguish the Big Bang theory from alternative theories proposed to explain the cosmological redshift.

Experimental verification

Since the transverse Doppler effect is one of the main novel predictions of the special theory of relativity, the detection and precise quantification of this effect has been an important goal of experiments attempting to validate special relativity.

Ives and Stilwell-type measurements

Einstein (1907) had initially suggested that the TDE might be measured by observing a beam of "canal rays" at right angles to the beam. Attempts to measure TDE following this scheme proved it to be impractical, since the maximum speed of particle beam available at the time was only a few thousandths of the speed of light.

Fig. 9 shows the results of attempting to measure the 4861 Angstrom line emitted by a beam of canal rays (a mixture of H1+, H2+, and H3+ ions) as they recombine with electrons stripped from the dilute hydrogen gas used to fill the Canal ray tube. Here, the predicted result of the TDE is a 4861.06 Angstrom line. On the left, longitudinal Doppler shift results in broadening the emission line to such an extent that the TDE cannot be observed. The middle figures illustrate that even if one narrows one's view to the exact center of the beam, very small deviations of the beam from an exact right angle introduce shifts comparable to the predicted effect.

Rather than attempt direct measurement of the TDE, Ives and Stilwell (1938) used a concave mirror that allowed them to simultaneously observe a nearly longitudinal direct beam (blue) and its reflected image (red). Spectroscopically, three lines would be observed: An undisplaced emission line, and blueshifted and redshifted lines. The average of the redshifted and blueshifted lines would be compared with the wavelength of the undisplaced emission line. The difference that Ives and Stilwell measured corresponded, within experimental limits, to the effect predicted by special relativity.

Various of the subsequent repetitions of the Ives and Stilwell experiment have adopted other strategies for measuring the mean of blueshifted and redshifted particle beam emissions. In some recent repetitions of the experiment, modern accelerator technology has been used to arrange for the observation of two counter-rotating particle beams. In other repetitions, the energies of gamma rays emitted by a rapidly moving particle beam have been measured at opposite angles relative to the direction of the particle beam. Since these experiments do not actually measure the wavelength of the particle beam at right angles to the beam, some authors have preferred to refer to the effect they are measuring as the "quadratic Doppler shift" rather than TDE.

Direct measurement of transverse Doppler effect
The advent of particle accelerator technology has made possible the production of particle beams of considerably higher energy than was available to Ives and Stilwell. This has enabled the design of tests of the transverse Doppler effect directly along the lines of how Einstein originally envisioned them, i.e. by directly viewing a particle beam at a 90° angle. For example, Hasselkamp et al. (1979) observed the Hα line emitted by hydrogen atoms moving at speeds ranging from 2.53×108 cm/s to 9.28×108 cm/s, finding the coefficient of the second order term in the relativistic approximation to be 0.52±0.03, in excellent agreement with the theoretical value of 1/2.

Other direct tests of the TDE on rotating platforms were made possible by the discovery of the Mössbauer effect, which enables the production of exceedingly narrow resonance lines for nuclear gamma ray emission and absorption. Mössbauer effect experiments have proven themselves easily capable of detecting TDE using emitter-absorber relative velocities on the order of 2×104 cm/s. These experiments include ones performed by Hay et al. (1960), Champeney et al. (1965), and Kündig (1963).

Time dilation measurements
The transverse Doppler effect and the kinematic time dilation of special relativity are closely related. All validations of TDE represent validations of kinematic time dilation, and most validations of kinematic time dilation have also represented validations of TDE. An online resource, "What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity?" has documented, with brief commentary, many of the tests that, over the years, have been used to validate various aspects of special relativity. Kaivola et al. (1985) and McGowan et al. (1993) are examples of experiments classified in this resource as time dilation experiments. These two also represent tests of TDE. These experiments compared the frequency of two lasers, one locked to the frequency of a  neon atom transition in a fast beam, the other locked to the same transition in thermal neon. The 1993 version of the experiment verified time dilation, and hence TDE, to an accuracy of 2.3×10−6.

Relativistic Doppler effect for sound and light

First-year physics textbooks almost invariably analyze Doppler shift for sound in terms of Newtonian kinematics, while analyzing Doppler shift for light and electromagnetic phenomena in terms of relativistic kinematics. This gives the false impression that acoustic phenomena requires a different analysis than light and radio waves.

The traditional analysis of the Doppler effect for sound represents a low speed approximation to the exact, relativistic analysis. The fully relativistic analysis for sound is, in fact, equally applicable to both sound and electromagnetic phenomena.

Consider the spacetime diagram in Fig. 10. Worldlines for a tuning fork (the source) and a receiver are both illustrated on this diagram. Events O and A represent two vibrations of the tuning fork. The period of the fork is the magnitude of OA, and the inverse slope of AB represents the speed of signal propagation (i.e. the speed of sound) to event B. We can therefore write:

  (speed of sound)
               (speeds of source and receiver)

 and  are assumed to be less than  since otherwise their passage through the medium will set up shock waves, invalidating the calculation. Some routine algebra gives the ratio of frequencies:

If  and  are small compared with , the above equation reduces to the classical Doppler formula for sound.

If the speed of signal propagation  approaches , it can be shown that the absolute speeds  and  of the source and receiver merge into a single relative speed independent of any reference to a fixed medium. Indeed, we obtain , the formula for relativistic longitudinal Doppler shift.

Analysis of the spacetime diagram in Fig. 10 gave a general formula for source and receiver moving directly along their line of sight, i.e. in collinear motion.

Fig. 11 illustrates a scenario in two dimensions. The source moves with velocity  (at the time of emission). It emits a signal which travels at velocity  towards the receiver, which is traveling at velocity  at the time of reception. The analysis is performed in a coordinate system in which the signal's speed  is independent of direction.

The ratio between the proper frequencies for the source and receiver is

The leading ratio has the form of the classical Doppler effect, while the square root term represents the relativistic correction. If we consider the angles relative to the frame of the source, then  and the equation reduces to , Einstein's 1905 formula for the Doppler effect. If we consider the angles relative to the frame of the receiver, then  and the equation reduces to , the alternative form of the Doppler shift equation discussed previously.

See also
Doppler effect
Doppler beaming
Redshift
Blueshift
Time dilation
Gravitational time dilation
Special relativity

Notes

Primary sources

References

Further reading

External links
Warp Special Relativity Simulator Computer program demonstrating the relativistic Doppler effect.

Category:Special relativity
Category:Doppler effects


Thomas Stuart

Thomas Stuart or Tom Stuart may refer to:

Lord Thomas Stuart, a ballad
Thomas Peter Anderson Stuart (1856–1920), professor of physiology
Thomas Stuart (rugby), see Westport Rugby Football Club
 Tom Stuart (EastEnders), a character on the British soap opera EastEnders
 Tom Stuart (footballer) (1893–1957), English footballer
 Tom Stuart (1936–2001), mayor of Meridian, Mississippi, from 1973 to 1977

See also

Thomas Stewart (disambiguation)


Thembi Majola

Thembisile "Thembi" Majola is the current Deputy Minister of Energy of South Africa in the cabinet of President Cyril Ramaphosa.

See also

African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
Constitution of South Africa
History of the African National Congress
Politics in South Africa
Provincial governments of South Africa

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:African National Congress politicians
Category:People from Soweto
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Rupee sign

The rupee sign “₨” is a currency sign used to represent the monetary unit of account in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, Seychelles, and formerly in India. It resembles, and is often written as, the Latin character sequence “Rs” or “Rs.”.

It is common to find a prefix before the digits denoting the rupee currency value written as “Re: 1” (for one unit), or “Rs. 140” (for more than one rupee).

On 15 July 2010, India introduced a new currency symbol, the Indian rupee sign, ₹. This sign is a combination of the Devanagari letter र (ra) and the Latin capital letter R without its vertical bar (similar to the R rotunda).

Rupee code points in Unicode

Rp
Rp is the standard abbreviation for the Indonesian rupiah.

Legacy encoding
This symbol is not present as a separate code point in ISCII or PASCII.

Notes

References

Sign
Category:Currency symbols


Kappa Volantis

Kappa Volantis, Latinized from κ Volantis, is a quadruple star system in the southern constellation of Volans. The primary component has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.37, while the secondary companion is magnitude 5.65; individually, both a bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, the stars appear to be around 420−430 light years. from the Sun.

The brightest component, κ1 Volantis, is a blue-white B-type star with a stellar classification showing characteristics of a both a subgiant and giant star. It has an unseen companion, and the pair form a single-lined spectroscopic binary. Separated from κ1 Volantis by 65 arcseconds, κ2 Volantis is a white subgiant star that falls between a B-type and A-type classification. The system's fourth component, κ Volantis C, is a magnitude +8.5 star 37.7 arcseconds away from κ2 Volantis.

References

Category:B-type giants
Category:A-type subgiants
Category:Multiple star systems
Category:Volans (constellation)
Volantis, Kappa
Category:Durchmusterung objects
040817
071046
3301


Deva (river)

The Deva is a river in Northern Spain, flowing through the Autonomous Communities of Cantabria and Asturias until it joins the Cares River and flows into the Atlantic Ocean, in the Bay of Biscay, where they form the Tina Mayor estuary which is the natural border between Asturias and Cantabria.

See also
 List of rivers of Spain

Category:Rivers of Spain
Category:Rivers of Cantabria
Category:Rivers of Asturias
Category:Picos de Europa


Simon Fletcher

Simon Fletcher may refer to:

Simon Fletcher (American football) (born 1962), American football linebacker
Simon Fletcher (artist), English artist
Simon Fletcher (Australian footballer) (born 1978), Australian rules footballer
Simon Fletcher (music manager) (born 1964), British music manager
Simon Fletcher (political advisor), London based


Korean spelling alphabet

The Korean spelling alphabet (한국어 표준 음성 기호, hangugeo pyojun eumseong giho; or 한글 통화표, hangeul tonghwapyo) is a spelling alphabet for the Korean language, similar to the NATO phonetic alphabet.

The alphabet

Source

Category:Spelling alphabets
Category:Hangul jamo


Operation Speedy Express

Operation Speedy Express was a controversial U.S. Army 9th U.S. Infantry Division operation of the Vietnam War conducted in the Mekong Delta provinces Kiến Hòa and Vĩnh Bình. The operation, led by Major General Julian J. Ewell, was part of US military "pacification" efforts against the Viet Cong (VC). The US military sought to interdict lines of VC communication and deny them the use of base areas. At least 5,000 to 7,000 killed were reported to have been civilians.

Operation
In 1969 the 1st Brigade, 9th U.S. Infantry Division operated in Định Tường Province, using night ambush tactics; the 2nd Brigade continued its mission with the Mobile Riverine Force. Although engagements in the operation were typically small, the 9th Infantry Division fought several sizeable engagements. The objective was summarized by a U.S. Army publication to take the "war to the enemy in the Delta and sever his supply lines from Cambodia".

The U.S. military used 8,000 infantrymen, 50 artillery pieces, 50 helicopters and extensive aerial bombardment. The United States Air Force used fighter bombers to carry out 3,381 tactical air strikes. The military also employed "people-sniffer" devices that detected traces of carbon and ammonia. The policy under this operation in a densely populated area was to target "people running, people in black pajamas, civilians past night-time" . Furthermore commanders and infantry units were forced into the field, and they were told they were not to leave until an acceptable number of "kills" were made. According to guerrilla leader Le Quan Cong, a Viet Cong platoon commander operating in the Delta during this operation, "most of the people killed were civilians, because civilians would run, we soldiers held our fighting position so they could not get us, they had wiped out whole villages" while failing to actually interdict the Viet Cong in the region. The Viet Cong claimed a strategic victory, claiming that their fighters and bases were left mostly intact and their presence in the region was not removed by the operation.

Controversies
The combined ground and air operation resulted in thousands of deaths. The U.S. military claimed that 10,889 of these deaths were VC soldiers, but this claim was undermined both by on-the-ground reports and by the much smaller number of weapons seized than enemy soldiers reported killed. The US Army Inspector General estimated that there were 5,000 to 7,000 civilian casualties from the operation.

The U.S. military claimed 10,899 enemy dead, with only 242 soldiers killed in this operation from the period of December 1968 to 31 May 1969 (a kill ratio of 45:1), but only 748 weapons were recovered (a ratio of enemy killed to weapons seized of 14.6:1). The U.S. Army after-action report attributed this to the fact the high percentage of kills made during night hours (estimated at 40%), and by air cavalry and other aerial units, as well as asserting that "many of the guerilla units were not armed with weapons". The commander of the 9th Division, MG Ewell, was allegedly known to be obsessed with body counts and favorable kill ratios and said "the hearts and minds approach can be overdone....in the delta the only way to overcome VC control and terror is with brute force applied against the VC". Robert G. Gard Jr., who served as artillery commander under Ewell and commenting on his superior officer stated "the idea that we killed only enemy combatants is about as gross an exaggeration as I could imagine, but to talk about ratios of forty-five to one simply defies my imagination.”

Controversy over the operation arose in June 1972, when Newsweeks Saigon Bureau Chief, Kevin Buckley (working with Alexander Shimkin), wrote an article titled "Pacification's Deadly Price" that questioned the spectacular ratio of U.S. dead to purported VC, as well the small number of weapons recovered, and suggested that perhaps more than 5,000 of the dead were innocent civilians (quoting an unnamed U.S. official). Buckley's statements were based on extensive interviews conducted by him and his associate Alexander D. Shimkin, who was fluent in Vietnamese. Although Buckley acknowledged that VC infrastructure and control in the region was extensive, he wrote that local hospitals had treated more wounds caused by U.S. firepower than by the VC. Col. David Hackworth was a battalion commander during Speedy Express; according to him, "a lot of innocent Vietnamese civilians got slaughtered because of the Ewell-Hunt drive to have the highest count in the land." Hackworth added that "the 9th Division had the lowest weapons-captured-to-enemy-killed ratio in Vietnam." The book Kill Anything That Moves by Nick Turse devotes a chapter to Speedy Express. It reports that "free fire zones" were designated in the Mekong Delta where any human present could be killed. These zones helped the 9th Division achieve an unlikely enemy-to-GI kill ratio of 134:1 in April 1969. According to Hackworth, Ewell's policies would later earn him the nickname the "Butcher of the Delta" from members of the 9th Division.

More recently, former Senator (and eventual Secretary of Defense) Charles Hagel of Nebraska, a veteran of the 9th Infantry, alleged that some U.S. commanders on the ground inflated the body count during the operation since this was how their success was judged."You used that body count, commanding officers did, as the metric and measurement of how successful you were...."

See also
 Human Rights Record of the United States
 My Lai Massacre
 Phoenix Program
 Pentagon Papers
 Russell Tribunal
 Tiger Force
 Vietnam War Crimes Working Group
 United States war crimes
 Winter Soldier Investigation

References

Further reading
 John Pilger: Heroes, Jonathan Cape, Australia, 1986.

Category:1968 in Vietnam
Category:1969 in Vietnam
Speedy Express
Speedy Express
Speedy Express
Category:Vietnam War casualties
Category:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1968
Category:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1969
Category:Vietnam War crimes
Category:United States military war crimes


Fabienne Peter (ice hockey)

Fabienne Peter is a Swiss ice hockey player playing for EHC Basel KLH Ladies as of 2018.

In autumn 2018, Peter became the first transgender woman to play in a Swiss ice hockey league. In response to her application to join EHC Basel's women's team, the Swiss Ice Hockey association unanimously adopted a policy that allowed transgender players to take part in the sport, based on the guidelines of the International Olympic Committee.

References

Category:Swiss ice hockey players
Category:Transgender and transsexual women
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:LGBT ice hockey players
Category:LGBT people from Switzerland


Church of St Mary the Virgin, Masham

The Church of St Mary the Virgin, Masham (also known as the Church of St Mary or St Mary's Church), is the parish church in the town of Masham, North Yorkshire, England. The church stands on the site of an Anglo-Saxon place of worship with some the original Saxon stones incorporated into the current church. Archaeology has determined that the site has been used as a place of Christian worship for over 1,400 years.

The Ecclesiastical Court in the town was previously known as a Peculiar after it was given to the Diocese of York, but was deemed too dangerous and far away for the bishop or his tax collectors to travel to. All court affairs were presided over by the Peculier of Masham consisting of 24 men, known historically as the Four and Twenty. As it did not forward taxes to York, the court became quite rich, this led to some labelling it as the richest plum in Christendom.

The church sits at the south east corner of the market square in the town.

History
The church stands on the site of a former Anglo-Saxon place of worship. A church is mentioned in the entry for the settlement in the Domesday Book when the lord of the manor was Gospatric, but it is not known exactly where it was sited and many have doubted that any part of the original church survives as part of the current architecture save for the odd stone in the church's walls. However, archaeological discoveries, most notably 57 Saxon bodies, have led to estimations that the site has been the place of Christian worship for over 1,400 years. The church itself was started in the 12th century with additions in the 14th, 16th and 19th centuries. The restoration of the church between 1855 and 1863 was down to Octavius Vernon Harcourt who had married the widow of William Danby in 1823. The church was restored after lightning struck the tower in July 1855. During the 19th century renovations, several carved stones of Anglo-Saxon origin were found to be embedded within the church walls with more being unearthed when the foundations were maintained. It was grade II* listed in 1966.

The presence of the church is reflected in the name of the town; according to some sources Masham derives from Mass-Town as the presence of a church meant that that is where people travelled to worship. It was made a prebend of the Church of St Peter in York (York Minster) between 1154 and 1181 and its considerable distance meant that clergy from York could not travel to the town easily. It was therefore granted the right to be a Peculier, which has also influenced the name of a beer that is brewed in the town.

The church consists of a vaulted south porch, nave, chapel and chancel, with two aisles (north and south) and a tower. The length of the church is roughly  with  in width at its widest point.

The chancel contains a monument to Sir Marmaduke Wyvil (of Burton-on-Ure) and the south aisle contains many memorials to the Danby family from nearby Swinton. During the reformation, the rood-screen, decorations on the altar-rails and some off the stained glass was removed due to the puritanical considerations of the time. Most of the church is to be found in the Perpendicular style, however, some of the stained glass windows on the south side are in the Decorated style. In comparison to the rest of the church, the font is relatively new having been gifted to the church by the reverend Morton in 1862. The font is constructed of Caen stone with various religious symbols and people carved into the eight panels that flank the font.

The tower, which stands at the west side of the church, is Norman in its lower three stages and is believed to have been erected in the 12th century. This three tiered structure had bell openings in them. In either the 14th or 15th century, an octagonal section was added and a spire placed on the top of that. A clock was affixed to the outer wall of the spire (previously it had been inside the bell tower) in 1732. The Four and Twenty from the Peculiar of Masham dictated that the face should be there as it would be "commodious and of great use to the inhabitants of the town and the people resorting to the market and fair, but also the country generally". The nave is separated from the north aisle by six bays and the south aisle has five. At the same time that the tower was amended in the 15th century, the clerestory was added.

Whilst the church itself is Norman and medieval, the stone cross that is just outside the porch is of Anglo-Saxon origin. It is believed to have been carved in the 8th or 9th centuries and to have been dedicated to St Wilfrid, who was Bishop of Ripon between 667 and 669. The cross, which is  tall and  in diameter, used to be known as the Paulinus Cross and is decorated with early Christian carvings. Many of the carvings and representations have weathered over time, though Fisher argues that some were probably removed by those with Puritanical leanings during the Reformation. It is similar to the types of crosses found in churchyards in Wolverhampton and Dewsbury. The cross was grade II listed in 1966. The church is located on the south eastern corner of the market square in Masham town centre, though the entrance faces south with views of the countryside in that direction.

Simon Jenkins in his book, England's Thousand Best Churches, awards the church and its churchyard one star out of five and describes the Anglo-Saxon cross as being

In January 2017, the church was used as the setting for an episode of the BBC TV series Strike. One of the main characters hails from Masham and is seen getting married in the church.

The Peculier of Masham
Roger de Mowbray, the lord of the manor, was held captive during the Crusades and released after being ransomed by the Knights Templar. In gratitude, he donated the church to the Church of St Peter in York. However, because of its distance from York, the threat of the church's tax collectors being mugged on the long route between the two places and the extra burden of having to govern it, the Archbishop declared that the town of Masham, through its church, was granted the right to govern its own affairs. The term Peculier, which derives from a Norman word, in this aspect actually means Particular not odd as in the term Peculiar.

As a result of this, the Peculier Court of Masham, consisted of 24 men (known historically as the Four and Twenty) which also gave rise to a name of one of the Theakstons' beers. The court is presided over by the incumbent of the church, and still has the right to rule on matters such as  Between the 12th and 19th centuries, the court ruled on matters mostly pertaining to the church and adherence to Christian rituals not only in Masham, but also in the surrounding areas. People were fined for having non-Christian customs in burials, for not paying money into the collection plate, for wearing hats during communion and for setting up a school without permission. One man from nearby Ellington was excommunicated for not providing bread and water for a village walk. Others were punished for being Catholics or Recusants. Through not having to pay taxes to York, the court became quite rich and the power of its earning potential and endowments was renowned across the north of England. This gave rise to a saying the Peculier of Masham was the richest plum in Christendom.

When the Theakston Brewery was formed in the town, their first beer, brewed in 1827, was called Old Peculier. In 1999, the brewery paid for a new stained glass window in the church that showed the seal of the Peculier of Masham (believed to be the figure of Roger de Mowbray) which Theakstons had borrowed for the design of their beer.

A contract is signed between the incumbent of the church and Theakston Brewery to allow the use of the Peculier seal on their products. It was re-signed most recently in 1989 between the Reverend Brian Abell and Michael Theakston. Theakston also commissioned a new portrait of the Virgin Mary and the Baby Jesus as part of the deal that extends the licence of the seal until 2040.

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Image of the Paulinus Cross from 1907, via Historic England
Masham parishes webpage

Category:Anglican Diocese of Leeds
Category:Church of England church buildings in North Yorkshire
Category:Grade II* listed churches in North Yorkshire
St Mary the Virgin