SN2 reaction

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The SN2 reaction is a type of reaction mechanism that is common in organic chemistry.  In this mechanism, one bond is broken and one bond is formed synchronously, i.e., in one step. SN2 is a kind of nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism. Since two reacting species are involved in the slow (rate-determining) step, this leads to the term substitution nucleophilic (bi-molecular) or SN2; the other major kind is SN1.  Many other more specialized mechanisms describe substitution reactions.

The reaction type is so common that it has other names, e.g. "bimolecular nucleophilic substitution", or, among inorganic chemists, "associative substitution" or "interchange mechanism".

Reaction mechanism
The reaction most often occurs at an aliphatic sp3 carbon center with an electronegative, stable leaving group attached to it (often denoted X), which is frequently a halide atom. The breaking of the C–X bond and the formation of the new bond (often denoted C–Y or C–Nu) occur simultaneously through a transition state in which a carbon under nucleophilic attack is pentacoordinate, and approximately sp2 hybridised. The nucleophile attacks the carbon at 180° to the leaving group, since this provides the best overlap between the nucleophile's lone pair and the C–X σ* antibonding orbital. The leaving group is then pushed off the opposite side and the product is formed with inversion of the tetrahedral geometry at the central atom.

If the substrate under nucleophilic attack is chiral, then this often leads to inversion of configuration (stereochemistry), called a Walden inversion.

In an example of the SN2 reaction, the attack of Br− (the nucleophile) on an ethyl chloride (the electrophile) results in ethyl bromide, with chloride ejected as the leaving group.:

SN2 attack occurs if the backside route of attack is not sterically hindered by substituents on the substrate. Therefore, this mechanism usually occurs at unhindered primary and secondary carbon centres. If there is steric crowding on the substrate near the leaving group, such as at a tertiary carbon centre, the substitution will involve an SN1 rather than an SN2 mechanism, (an SN1 would also be more likely in this case because a sufficiently stable carbocation intermediary could be formed).

Factors affecting the rate of the reaction
Four factors affect the rate of the reaction:

Substrate
The substrate plays the most important part in determining the rate of the reaction. This is because the nucleophile attacks from the back of the substrate, thus breaking the carbon-leaving group bond and forming the carbon-nucleophile bond. Therefore, to maximise the rate of the SN2 reaction, the back of the substrate must be as unhindered as possible. Overall, this means that methyl and primary substrates react the fastest, followed by secondary substrates. Tertiary substrates do not participate in SN2 reactions, because of steric hindrance. Structures that can form highly stable cations by simple loss of the leaving group, for example, as a resonance-stabilized carbocation, are especially likely to react via an SN1 pathway in competition with SN2.

Nucleophile
Like the substrate, steric hindrance affects the nucleophile's strength. The methoxide anion, for example, is both a strong base and nucleophile because it is a methyl nucleophile, and is thus very much unhindered. tert-Butoxide, on the other hand, is a strong base, but a poor nucleophile, because of its three methyl groups hindering its approach to the carbon. Nucleophile strength is also affected by charge and electronegativity: nucleophilicity increases with increasing negative charge and decreasing electronegativity. For example, OH− is a better nucleophile than water, and I− is a better nucleophile than Br− (in polar protic solvents). In a polar aprotic solvent, nucleophilicity increases up a column of the periodic table as there is no hydrogen bonding between the solvent and nucleophile; in this case nucleophilicity mirrors basicity. I− would therefore be a weaker nucleophile than Br− because it is a weaker base. Verdict - A strong/anionic nucleophile always favours SN2 manner of nucleophillic substitution.

Solvent
The solvent affects the rate of reaction because solvents may or may not surround a nucleophile, thus hindering or not hindering its approach to the carbon atom. Polar aprotic solvents, like tetrahydrofuran, are better solvents for this reaction than polar protic solvents because polar protic solvents will hydrogen bond to the nucleophile, hindering it from attacking the carbon with the leaving group. A polar aprotic solvent with low dielectric constant or a hindered dipole end will favour SN2 manner of nucleophilic substitution reaction. Examples: DMSO, DMF, acetone etc. In polar aprotic solvent, nucleophilicity parallels basicity.

Leaving group
The stability of the leaving group as an anion and the strength of its bond to the carbon atom both affect the rate of reaction. The more stable the conjugate base of the leaving group is, the more likely that it will take the two electrons of its bond to carbon during the reaction. Therefore, the weaker the leaving group is as a conjugate base, and thus the stronger its corresponding acid, the better the leaving group. Examples of good leaving groups are therefore the halides (except fluoride, due to its strong bond to the carbon atom) and tosylate, whereas HO− and H2N− are not.

Reaction kinetics
The rate of an SN2 reaction is second order, as the rate-determining step depends on the nucleophile concentration, [Nu−] as well as the concentration of substrate, [RX].

r = k[RX][Nu−]

This is a key difference between the SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. In the SN1 reaction the nucleophile attacks after the rate-limiting step is over, whereas in SN2 the nucleophile forces off the leaving group in the limiting step. In other words, the rate of SN1 reactions depend only on the concentration of the substrate while the SN2 reaction rate depends on the concentration of both the substrate and nucleophile.

It has been shown that except in uncommon (but predictable cases) primary and secondary substrates go exclusively by the SN2 mechanism while tertiary substrates go via the SN1 reaction.  There are two factors which complicate determining the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions at secondary carbons:

1)	Many reactions studied are solvolysis reactions where a solvent molecule–often an alcohol, is the nucleophile.  While still a second order reaction mechanistically, the reaction is kinetically first order as the concentration of the nucleophile–the solvent molecule, is effectively constant during the reaction. This type of reaction is often called a pseudo first order reaction.

2)	In reactions where the leaving group is also a good nucleophile–bromide for instance, the leaving group can perform an SN2 reaction on a substrate molecule.  If the substrate is chiral, this inverts the configuration of the substrate before solvolysis, leading to a racemized product–the product that would be expected from an SN1 mechanism. In the case of a bromide leaving group in alcoholic solvent Cowdrey et al. have shown that bromide can have an SN2 rate constant 100-250 times higher than the rate constant for ethanol.  Thus, after only a few percent solvolysis of an enantiospecific substrate, it becomes racemic.

The examples in textbooks of secondary substrates going by the SN1 mechanism invariably involve the use of bromide (or other good nucleophile) as the leaving group have confused the understanding of alkyl nucleophilic substitution reactions at secondary carbons for 80 years[3].  Work with the 2-adamantyl system (SN2 not possible) by Schleyer and co-workers, the use of azide (an excellent nucleophile but very poor leaving group) by Weiner and Sneen, the development of sulfonate leaving groups (non-nucleophilic good leaving groups), and the demonstration of significant experimental problems in the initial claim of an SN1 mechanism in the solvolysis of optically active 2-bromooctane by Hughes et al.[3] have demonstrated conclusively that secondary substrates go exclusively (except in unusual but predictable cases) by the SN2 mechanism.

E2 competition
A common side reaction taking place with SN2 reactions is E2 elimination: the incoming anion can act as a base rather than as a nucleophile, abstracting a proton and leading to formation of the alkene. This pathway is favored with sterically hindered nucleophiles. Elimination reactions are usually favoured at elevated temperatures because of increased entropy. This effect can be demonstrated in the gas-phase reaction between a sulfonate and a simple alkyl bromide taking place inside a mass spectrometer:

With ethyl bromide, the reaction product is predominantly the substitution product. As steric hindrance around the electrophilic center increases, as with isobutyl bromide, substitution is disfavored and elimination is the predominant reaction.  Other factors favoring elimination are the strength of the base. With the less basic benzoate substrate, isopropyl bromide reacts with 55% substitution. In general, gas phase reactions and solution phase reactions of this type follow the same trends, even though in the first, solvent effects are eliminated.

Roundabout mechanism
A development attracting attention in 2008 concerns a SN2 roundabout mechanism observed in a gas-phase reaction between chloride ions and methyl iodide with a special technique called  crossed molecular beam imaging. When the chloride ions have sufficient velocity, the initial collosion of it with the methyl iodide molecule causes the methyl iodide to spin around once before the actual SN2 displacement mechanism takes place.

See also
 Substitution reaction
 SN1 reaction
 SNi
 Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
 Nucleophilic acyl substitution
 Neighbouring group participation
 Finkelstein reaction
 Christopher Kelk Ingold
 Arrow pushing

References

Category:Substitution reactions
Category:Reaction mechanisms


San Francisco International Film Festival

San Francisco International Film Festival (abbreviated as SFIFF) is among the longest-running film festivals in the Americas. Organized by the San Francisco Film Society, the International is held each spring for two weeks, presenting around 200 films from over 50 countries annually. The Festival highlights current trends in international film and video production with an emphasis on work that has not yet secured U.S. distribution. Since its inception, the International has grown to serve over 70,000 patrons, with screenings held in San Francisco and Berkeley.

In March 2014, Noah Cowan, former executive director of the Toronto International Film Festival, became executive director of the SFFS and SFIFF, replacing Ted Hope. Prior to Hope, the festival was briefly headed by Bingham Ray, who served as SFFS executive director until his death after only ten weeks on the job in January 2012. Graham Leggat became the executive director of the San Francisco Film Society on October 17, 2005. The Scottish-born Leggat died on August 25, 2011 from cancer, aged 51.

SFIFF is currently programmed by SFFS Director of Programming Rachel Rosen, Programmer Rod Armstrong, Golden Gate Awards Manager Audrey Chang, and Programming Coordinator Joseph Flores.

The 59th San Francisco International Film Festival took place from April 21 to May 5, 2016, at venues throughout the Bay Area.

History
Founded in 1957 by film exhibitor Irving "Bud" Levin, the SFIFF began as a philanthropic effort to secure San Francisco's place in the international arts scene as well as expose locals to cinema as an art form. The Festival played a major role in introducing foreign films to American audiences. Akira Kurosawa's Throne of Blood and Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali were among the films that screened at the first festival.

One obstacle in the early years was the lack of support from the major Hollywood studios, suggested reasons being the growing threat of international films' appeal and a fear that the festival would draw commercial attention away from the Oscars. It was not until 1959 that a major American film, Henry King's Beloved Infidel, starring Gregory Peck and Deborah Kerr, played at SFIFF.

Honors and Tributes

Irving M. Levin Directing Award
The Festival's directing award is given each year to one of the masters of world cinema, in memory of SFIFF's founder, Irving Levin. From 2003–2014, the award was known as the Founder's Directing Award. Prior to 2003, the award was known as the Akira Kurosawa Award. Recipients include:
Mira Nair, 2016
Guillermo del Toro, 2015
Richard Linklater, 2014
Philip Kaufman, 2013
Kenneth Branagh, 2012
Oliver Stone, 2011
Walter Salles, 2010
Francis Ford Coppola, 2009
Mike Leigh, 2008
Spike Lee, 2007
Werner Herzog, 2006
Taylor Hackford, 2005
Miloš Forman, 2004
Robert Altman, 2003
Warren Beatty, 2002
Clint Eastwood, 2001
Abbas Kiarostami, 2000
Arturo Ripstein, 1999
Im Kwon-taek, 1998
Francesco Rosi, 1997
Arthur Penn, 1996
Stanley Donen, 1995
Manoel de Oliveira, 1994
Ousmane Sembène, 1993
Satyajit Ray, 1992
Marcel Carné, 1991
Jirí Menzel, 1990
Joseph L. Mankiewicz, 1989
Robert Bresson, 1988
Michael Powell, 1987
Akira Kurosawa, 1986

Peter J. Owens Award
Named for the longtime San Francisco benefactor of arts and charitable organizations Peter J. Owens (1936–91), this award honors an actor whose work exemplifies brilliance, independence and integrity. Recent recipients include:
Ellen Burstyn, 2016
Richard Gere, 2015
Jeremy Irons, 2014
Harrison Ford, 2013
Judy Davis, 2012
Terence Stamp, 2011
Robert Duvall, 2010
Robert Redford, 2009
Maria Bello, 2008
Robin Williams, 2007
Ed Harris, 2006
Joan Allen, 2005
Chris Cooper, 2004
Dustin Hoffman, 2003
Kevin Spacey, 2002
Stockard Channing, 2001
Winona Ryder, 2000
Sean Penn, 1999
Nicolas Cage, 1998
Annette Bening, 1997
Harvey Keitel, 1996

Kanbar Award
The Kanbar Award for excellence in screenwriting acknowledges the crucial role that strong screenwriting plays in the creation of great films. Recent recipients include:
Tom McCarthy, 2016
Paul Schrader, 2015
Stephen Gaghan, 2014
Eric Roth, 2013
David Webb Peoples, 2012
Frank Pierson, 2011
James Schamus, 2010
James Toback, 2009
Peter Morgan, 2008
Robert Towne, 2007
Jean-Claude Carrière, 2006
Paul Haggis, 2005

Mel Novikoff Award
Named in honor of legendary San Francisco film exhibitor Mel Novikoff (1922–87), this award is given to an individual or organization notable for making significant contributions to the Bay Area's richly diverse film community. Recent recipients include:
Janus Films and The Criterion Collection, 2016
Lenny Borger, 2015
David Thomson, 2014
Peter von Bagh, 2013
Pierre Rissient, 2012
Serge Bromberg, 2011
Roger Ebert, 2010
Bruce Goldstein, 2009
James Lewis Hoberman, 2008
Kevin Brownlow, 2007
Anita Monga, 2005
Paolo Cherchi Usai, 2004
Manny Farber, 2003
David Francis, 2002
Cahiers du cinéma, 2001
San Francisco Cinematheque, 2001
Donald Krim, 2000
David Shepard, 2000

Golden Gate Persistence of Vision Award
The POV Award honors the lifetime achievement of a filmmaker whose work is crafting documentaries, short films, animation or work for television. Recent recipients include:
Aardman Animations, 2016
 Kim Longinotto, 2015
 Isaac Julien, 2014
 Jem Cohen, 2013
Barbara Kopple, 2012
Matthew Barney, 2011
Don Hertzfeldt, 2010
Lourdes Portillo, 2009
Errol Morris, 2008
Heddy Honigmann, 2007
Guy Maddin, 2006
Adam Curtis, 2005
Jon Else, 2004
Pat O'Neill, 2003
 Fernando Birri, 2002
 Kenneth Anger, 2001
 Faith Hubley, 2000
 Johan van der Keuken, 1999
 Robert Frank, 1998
 Jan Švankmajer, 1997

George Gund III Craft of Cinema Award
The George Gund III Craft of Cinema Award, given in tribute to the longstanding Film Society chairman of the board who died in 2013, honors a worthy member of the filmmaking community for outstanding and unique contributions to the art of cinema. Recent recipients include:
Peter Coyote, 2016
Maurice Kanbar, 2015
John Lasseter, 2014
Ray Dolby, 2013

Midnight Awards
The Film Festival's Midnight Awards were given from 2007–2011 to honor a dynamic young American actor and actress who have made outstanding contributions to independent and Hollywood cinema, and who bring striking intelligence, talent and depth of character to their roles. Recent recipients include:
 Clifton Collins, Jr. and Zoe Saldana, 2011
Evan Rachel Wood and Elijah Wood, 2009
Rose McGowan and Jason Lee, 2008
Rosario Dawson and Sam Rockwell, 2007

60th Anniversary Gala Changes
In 2017, the San Francisco Film Society made a "strategic move" to set its 60th anniversary SF Film Awards Night closer to awards season in early December.

Awards and Prizes

New Directors Award
This $15,000 cash award supports innovative thinking by independent filmmakers and shines the spotlight on an emerging director. Films in this juried competition must be the director's first narrative feature and are selected for their unique artistic sensibility or vision.

Golden Gate Awards

The Golden Gate Awards is the competitive section for documentaries, animation, shorts, experimental film, and video, youth works and works for television. Eligibility requires that entries have a San Francisco Bay Area premiere and be exempt from a previous multiday commercial theatrical run or media broadcast of any kind. The festival currently awards cash prizes in the following categories:

Documentary Feature - prize: $20,000
Bay Area Documentary Feature - prize: $15,000
Documentary Short - prize: $5,000
Narrative Short - prize: $5,000
Animated Short - prize:  $2,000
Bay Area Short, First Prize - prize: $2,000
Bay Area Short, Second Prize - prize: $1,500
New Visions Short - prize: $1,500
Youth Work - prize: $1,500
Family Film - prize: $1,500

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognizes the San Francisco International Film Festival as a qualifying festival for the short films (live action and animated) competitions of the 81st annual Academy Awards.

FIPRESCI Prize
Selected by the International Federation of Film Critics, the FIPRESCI Prize aims to promote film art, to encourage new and young cinema and to help films get better distribution and win greater public attention.

State of Cinema Address
Each year, the festival invites a prominent thinker to discuss the intersecting worlds of contemporary cinema, culture and society. Recent speakers include:
Wesley Morris, 2016
Douglas Trumbull, 2015
Steven Soderbergh, 2013
Jonathan Lethem, 2012
Christine Vachon, 2011
Walter Murch, 2010
Mary Ellen Mark, 2009
Kevin Kelly, 2008
Peter Sellars, 2007
Tilda Swinton, 2006
Brad Bird, 2005
B. Ruby Rich, 2004
Michel Ciment, 2003

Live Music & Film
The San Francisco International Film Festival is known for its innovative live music and film events, which usually feature contemporary musicians performing original scores to classic silent films. Many of the scores were commissioned by the San Francisco Film Society as world premieres. Music/film pairings at SFIFF have included:
Scott Amendola, Matthias Bossi, Mike Patton, and William Winant accompanying Waxworks (1924 Film), Directed Paul Leni,  2013
Merrill Garbus (tUnE-yArDs) with Buster Keaton short films, 2012
Tindersticks with the films of Claire Denis, 2011
Stephin Merritt with 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), 2010
Dengue Fever (band) with The Lost World (1925 film), 2009
Black Francis with The Golem (1915 film), 2008
Jonathan Richman with The Phantom Carriage, 2007
Deerhoof with Heaven and Earth Magic, 2006
American Music Club with Street Angel (1928 film), 2005
Lambchop (band) with Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans, 2003
Superchunk with A Page of Madness, 2002
Yo La Tengo with Jean Painlevé short films, 2001
Tom Verlaine with classic silent short films, 2000

See also

 San Francisco Film Society

Notes

External links
San Francisco Film Society website
SFIFF Website
SFIFF Information
SFIFF First to Fifty History Site
A Music Nerd's Guide To The San Francisco International Film Festival

Category:Film festivals in the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Film festivals established in 1957
Category:1957 establishments in California


Economy of Mizoram

Mizoram is one of the fastest growing economies among the states of India with a per capital income of Rs 50,021. Mizoram had the second highest GSDP growth during the 11th Five Year Plan (2007–2012) in Northeast India at 11% exceeding the target of 7.8% which is also much higher than the national average of 7.9%. During the 10th Five Year Plan (2002–2007), the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) was expected to grow at around 5.3% but grew at 5.7%. The biggest contributors to GSDP growth are Agriculture, Public Administration and Construction work. Tertiary sector of service sector continued to have the contribution to the GSDP with its share hovering between 58% and 60% during the past half a decade.

History
The Mizo's had long been open to the outside world before the advent of the British in the 1870's. In former times the Mizo's used to collected rubber and barter that with salt. During the Lushai expedition of 1871, a rupee would have given a fowl. The initial traders after British invasion of 1872  were Bengali Traders in Bepari Bazar  near Sairang. in 1922 there were only 91 shops in all of Mizoram. There were only 2 shops in Lunglei in 1914. The Colonial state encouraged people to stop barter and encouraged monetary exchange so that it would be easier to collect household tax. The cash economy encouraged the Mizo's to explore new trade routes in Kachin. The practisce of shifting cultivation or jhumming started in Mizoram after they learned that their crops could earn them money, earlier agriculture was practiced purely for sustenance. Wet rice cultivation was started only in 1809 at Champhai by the British Colonial rulers to boost agriculture so that they could supply rice to their soldiers without having to import them. Chief Khamliana was among the first to plan oranges, pineapples, rubber, jackfruit and guava in Mizoram.

Mizoram's cash economy also quickly expanded to labor. Mizo's have a practice of voluntary labor which they do to help those in distress and people in need, the British relied on forced labor and the missionaries on child labor. Later the authorities introduced labor from 1900's onward and wage was initially paid in the form of salt and later in terms of money. Wage labour catalyzed Mizoram's economy and encouraged many to join a career in the army.

Agriculture
Around 65% of the population of the state depended on agriculture, the sector's contribution to the GSDP was only 19.84% during the same period and that of the industry was 20.20%. The Economic Survey indicated that 32% of the cultivated area was under jhum and only 20%t of the demand for rice could be met within the state while a total of 1,428,600 tonnes of rice was lifted by the state government from outside. More than 70% of the total population is engaged in some form of agriculture. The age-old practice of Jhum is being discouraged by the state government with schemes like the New Land Use Policy a Policy to help farmers move away from the traditional slash-and-burn method of cultivation. Recently, Mizoram Government has entered into a new venture wherein Oil Palm and Jatropha cultivation, for biofuels is being promoted.

Education
Education is an important industry for Mizoram. It boast of a large number of schools in the state which employ a number of people. Mizoram has one Central University, Mizoram University and NIT Mizoram which is still functioning out of a rented place. The investment in Education sector other than Government in the state  are ICFAI University, Mizoram and Church institutions like St. Xavier's College, Lengpui, Higher and Technical Institute of Mizoram, Helen Lowry College of Arts & Commerce. These quality Education investment not only help in producing quality education but also provide education and save tution fees which would otherwise be remitted outside the state.

Energy
Mizoram has 2 Hydr Power Plants, the 60 MW Tuirial Dam and 12 MW Serlui B Dam. Mizoram’s current power demand is now only 115 MW. With other power Projects like 24 MW Tuirini Hydel Project, 210 Tuivai Hydel Project in the pipeline, Mizoram is soon expected to be not only power surplus but exporter of power. There is also plan for a 20 MW solar park in Mizoram. It is estimated that Mizoram still spends 25–28 crores for buying power from outside the state every month

Tourism
Mizoram is yet to establish itself as a tourist destination for both Indians and non-Indians alike. Tourists mostly visit such attractions as the hill stations of Lalsavunga Park, Reiek and Hmuifang. National parks and wildlife sanctuaries such as Phawngpui National Park, Murlen National Park and Dampa Tiger Reserve. Vantawng Falls and Tuirihiau falls in Thenzawl. Growth in tourism is abysmal due to lack of policy and incompetence of Government officials. The tourism industry is mainly concentrated in building tourist Lodges and highway restaurants without invitation of foreign or outside of the state investment in building up the Tourism infrastructure. During 2009–14 against only Rs 266.85 lakh was collected as revenue from these Lodges and highway restaurants.

Alcohol
The Mizoram Liquor (Prohibition and Control) or MLPC Act of 2014 allowed opening of liquor shops and bars in the State and replaced the Mizoram Liquor Total Prohibition (MLTP) Act of 1995, As of  March 2017, the State of 1.1 million people had 71,158 liquor card holders. A card holder is entitled to six 750ml bottles of IMFL and 10 bottles each of wine and beer a month from 51 operational outlets. Mizoram collected Rs 19.44 crore tax revenue from the sale of liquor in 8 months after the MLPC Act 2014 came into force in the state from January 16, 2015.

Industry
Mizoram is facing a number of difficulties in the advancement of industries. Lack of means of dependable surface transport and poor accessibility is one of the major drawbacks. Other problems faced by the state were the poor mineral resources, non-availability of good infrastructure and communication facilities, shortage of capital and lack of modern skills. A Software Technology Park is however being established in Mizoram University campus. A Steel Plant is also being established in Mizoram.

Macro-economic trend
Below is not a chart of trends in gross state product of Mizoram at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian rupees.

References

Category:Economy of Mizoram


WindEEE Dome

The Wind Engineering, Energy and Environment (WindEEE) Dome is a hexagonal-shaped vertical wind tunnel proposed for the University of Western Ontario. It is designed to simulate localized, high-intensity wind patterns such as downbursts and tornadoes that have never been studied before.

Building Features
The hexagonal wind tunnel has 106 fans to simulate a tornado. The force created is so weak that a person can simply stand inside but still feel the effects of the wind.

In the Media
The facility appeared in Wild Weather with Richard Hammond where Richard Hammond tried to track the speed of a tornado near the ground.

References
 Official WindEEE web site

Category:University of Western Ontario


Robert Sternberg

Robert J. Sternberg (born December 8, 1949) is an American psychologist and psychometrician. He is Professor of Human Development at Cornell University. Prior to joining Cornell, Sternberg was president of the University of Wyoming for 5 months. He has been Provost and Professor at Oklahoma State University, Dean of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University, IBM Professor of Psychology and Education at Yale University. He is a member of the editorial boards of numerous journals, including American Psychologist. He was the past President for the American Psychological Association.

Sternberg has a BA from Yale University and a PhD from Stanford University, under advisor Gordon Bower. He holds thirteen honorary doctorates from two North American, one South American, one Asian, and nine European universities, and additionally holds an honorary professorship at the University of Heidelberg, in Germany. He is a Distinguished Associate of the Psychometrics Centre at the University of Cambridge.

Among his major contributions to psychology are the triarchic theory of intelligence and several influential theories related to creativity, wisdom, thinking styles, love, and hate. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Sternberg as the 60th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Sternberg has acquired over $20 million in grants and contracts for his research and has conducted research on five continents. The central focus of his research is on intelligence, creativity, and wisdom.  He has also studied close relationships, love, and hatred. He has authored or co-authored over 1,500 publications, including articles, book chapters, and books. His work has been critiqued due to excessive self-citation and plagiarism. In 2018 he resigned as the editor of Perspectives on Psychological Science in response to these claims.

Robert Sternberg is married to Karin Sternberg, a German psychologist, with whom he has a set of triplets, consisting of a boy and two girls. Sternberg and his first wife had a son and a daughter.

Early life
Sternberg was born on December 8, 1949, to a Jewish family, in New Jersey. Sternberg suffered from test anxiety as a child. As a result, he became an inadequate test taker. This upset him and he reasoned that a test was not an adequate measurement of his true knowledge and academic abilities. When he later retook a test in a room that consisted of younger students, he felt more comfortable and his scores increased dramatically. Sternberg later constructed the Test of Mental Ability (STOMA), his first intelligence test. This problem of test taking is what sparked Sternberg's interest in psychology.

Academic career

Sternberg was an undergraduate student at Yale University. Neither of Sternberg's parents finished high school, and he was only able to attend Yale by achieving a National Merit Scholarship and receiving financial aid. He did so poorly in his introductory psychology class that his professor insisted that he pursue another major. Determined to succeed, Sternberg earned a BA summa cum laude, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, gaining honors and exceptional distinction in psychology. Sternberg continued his academic career at Stanford University, where he earned his PhD, in 1975.

Sternberg returned to Yale as an assistant professor of Psychology in 1975, and would work at Yale for three decades, eventually becoming the IBM Professor of Psychology and Education, as well as the founder and director of the Center for the Psychology of Abilities, Competencies and Expertise.

He left Yale in 2005 to assume the position of Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University, where he quickly began his job search for a promotion to a Provost position. After multiple unsuccessful high-profile attempts to gain other academic leadership positions within a few years of arriving at Tufts, including at the University of Colorado and the University of Iowa, Sternberg was offered a position at Oklahoma State University in 2010, where he remained as provost for three years. In early 2013, Sternberg was named the new president of the University of Wyoming. After resigning from the University of Wyoming in late 2013, Sternberg joined the faculty of Cornell University.

University of Wyoming presidency

Sternberg took office in July 2013 as the University of Wyoming’s 24th president. His major aim was to push the “development of ethical leadership in students, faculty and staff". Therefore, Sternberg wanted to change the University of Wyoming’s test-based selection process of applicants towards an ethics-based admission process: “The set of analytical skills evaluated in the ACT [American College Testing] is only a small sliver of what you need to be an ethical leader.”

After arriving at the University of Wyoming, President Sternberg's term was marked by tumult in the faculty. Three weeks after taking in office as Wyoming’s new president, the provost and vice president for academic affairs was asked to resign and stepped down. In the next four months, three associate provosts and four deans were asked to resign or resigned voluntarily—many explicitly citing disagreements with President Sternberg's approach. In the Chronicle of Higher Education, November 15, 2013 ("President of U of Wyoming Abruptly Resigns" by Lindsay Ellis), Sternberg's tenure was described as "a period that saw rapid turnover among senior administrators and unsettled the campus."

The last dean who stepped down, the Dean of the College of Law, Stephen Easton, accused Sternberg at a university meeting of unethical treatment of staff, professors and schools. “You have not treated this law school ethically.” Sternberg refused to discuss the case at the meeting. The Casper Star Tribune portrayed the situation at the university as “chaos in the college”. Additionally, other provosts blamed a lack of respect for and interest in human capital. According to Peter Shive, a professor emeritus, Sternberg asked everyone to wear the school colors, brown and gold, on Fridays. Shive said the farther away from the administrative building he went, the fewer people were wearing brown and gold.

Ray Hunkins, a UW Law College graduate, former counsel to the UW trustees, a member of the board of directors of the UW Foundation, and the Republican nominee for governor of Wyoming in 2006, questioned Sternberg's policies which led to the dismissal or resignation of the administrators. "I think there's chaos in the university," Hunkins said.

On November 14, 2013, 137 days after Sternberg took the helm of UW, it was announced at a press conference following a trustees meeting in William Robertson Coe Library that Sternberg had tendered his resignation to the board. In a public statement read by trustee President David Bostrom, Sternberg said that despite his care for the university, "It may not be the best fit for me as president." Laughter arose immediately upon the reading of Sternberg's statement. In accordance to university regulations, vice president for academic affairs Dr. Dick McGinity took the office as interim president. His resignation was neither asked for, nor forced by the Board of Trustees.
According to the Wyoming News, Sternberg’s four-month presidency produced more than $1.25 million in administration-related costs equivalent to the costs of 31 faculty staff positions for one year. This includes: $377,000 for Sternberg’s severance pay, including $325,000 that he will be paid 2014; $37,500 in deferred compensation Sternberg is due by December 31; about $89,000 for the next presidential search; $330,000 for search firms to find replacements for administrators and deans who resigned; $265,000 for renovations to the house and garage that Sternberg was allowed to continue to rent at a price of $1,100 a month until May 31.

Honorary degrees

Sternberg holds thirteen honorary doctorates, including some from universities outside the United States.  The list of foreign universities that awarded the degrees includes Complutense University of Madrid (Spain), University of Durham (UK),  University of Leuven (Belgium), University of Cyprus, University of Paris V (France), and St. Petersburg State University (Russia).

Publication ethics
Sternberg began serving as editor of the prestigious Perspectives on Psychological Science in 2015. As editor he published eight commentaries in his own journal between 2016 and 2018 with apparently little or no external peer review. In response to one of these pieces, a letter of concern was drafted, which over 100 psychologists endorsed. In addition to the concerns about the lack of peer review, the letter of concern also mentioned that these articles feature extreme levels of self-citation, ranging from 42% to 65%. In response to the letter and from pressure on social media, Sternberg resigned in late April 2018 from his position of editor of Perspectives on Psychological Science, over a year and a half before his term was scheduled to end.

Several of Sternberg's published articles contain "self-plagiarism" in what appears, based on a small sample, to be a significant portion of his publications. The extent of this is still unknown. A report in Inside Higher Ed reports that he cited himself as much as up to 65% of the time

Awards and recognition

Sternberg’s awards include the Cattell Award from the American Psychological Society, Sir Francis Galton Award from the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics, the Arthur W. Staats Award from the American Psychological Foundation and the Society for General Psychology, the E. L. Thorndike Award for Career Achievement in Educational Psychology Award from the Society for Educational Psychology of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Grawemeyer Award for Psychology in 2018. In the APA Monitor on Psychology, Sternberg has been rated as one of the top 100 psychologists of the twentieth century.  The ISI has rated Sternberg as one of the most highly cited authors in psychology and psychiatry (top .5 percent). Sternberg is a fellow of the National Academy of Education, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and other organizations. He is past-president of the American Psychological Association and the Eastern Psychological Association, and currently is President of the Federation of Associations in the Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

Research interests
Sternberg's main research include the following interests:
Higher mental functions, including intelligence and creativity and wisdom
Styles of thinking
Cognitive modifiability
Leadership
Love and hate

Sternberg has proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence and a triangular theory of love. He is the creator (with Todd Lubart) of the investment theory of creativity, which states that creative people buy low and sell high in the world of ideas, and a propulsion theory of creative contributions, which states that creativity is a form of leadership.

He spearheaded an experimental admissions process at Tufts to quantify and test the creativity, practical skills, and wisdom-based skills of an applicant. He used similar techniques when he was provost at Oklahoma State.

Sternberg has criticized IQ tests, saying they are "convenient partial operationalizations of the construct of intelligence, and nothing more. They do not provide the kind of measurement of intelligence that tape measures provide of height."

In 1995, he was on an American Psychological Association task force writing a consensus statement on the state of intelligence research in response to the claims being advanced amid the Bell Curve controversy, titled "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns."

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Many descriptions of intelligence focus on mental abilities such as vocabulary, comprehension, memory and problem-solving that can be measured through intelligence tests. This reflects the tendency of psychologists to develop their understanding of intelligence by observing behavior believed to be associated with intelligence.

Sternberg believes that this focus on specific types of measurable mental abilities is too narrow. He believes that studying intelligence in this way leads to an understanding of only one part of intelligence and that this part is only seen in people who are "school smart" or "book smart".

There are, for example, many individuals who score poorly on intelligence tests, but are creative or are "street smart" and therefore have a very good ability to adapt and shape their environment. According to Sternberg (2003), giftedness should be examined in a broader way incorporating other parts of intelligence.

The triarchic model

Sternberg (2003) categorizes intelligence into three parts, which are central in his theory:

Analytical intelligence, the ability to complete academic, problem-solving tasks, such as those used in traditional intelligence tests. These types of tasks usually present well-defined problems that have only a single correct answer.
Creative or synthetic intelligence, the ability to successfully deal with new and unusual situations by drawing on existing knowledge and skills. Individuals high in creative intelligence may give 'wrong' answers because they see things from a different perspective.
Practical intelligence, the ability to adapt to everyday life by drawing on existing knowledge and skills. Practical intelligence enables an individual to understand what needs to be done in a specific setting and then do it.

Sternberg (2003) discusses experience and its role in intelligence. Creative or synthetic intelligence helps individuals to transfer information from one problem to another.  Sternberg calls the application of ideas from one problem to a new type of problem relative novelty. In contrast to the skills of relative novelty there is relative familiarity which enables an individual to become so familiar with a process that it becomes automatized. This can free up brain resources for coping with new ideas.

Context, or how one adapts, selects and shapes their environment is another area that is not represented by traditional measures of giftedness. Practically intelligent people are good at picking up tacit information and utilizing that information. They tend to shape their environment around them.  (Sternberg, 2003)

Sternberg (2003) developed a testing instrument to identify people who are gifted in ways that other tests don't identify. The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test measures not only traditional intelligence abilities but analytic, synthetic, automatization and practical abilities as well. There are four ways in which this test is different from conventional intelligence tests.
This test is broader, measuring synthetic and practical skills in addition to analytic skills. The test provides scores on analytic, synthetic, automatization, and practical abilities, as well as verbal, quantitative, and figural processing abilities.
The test measures the ability to understand unknown words in context rather than vocabulary skills which are dependent on an individual's background.
The automatization subtest is the only part of the test that measures mental speed.
The test is based on a theory of intelligence.

Practical application

Sternberg added experimental criteria to the application process for undergraduates to Tufts University, where he was Dean of Arts and Sciences, to test "creativity and other non-academic factors." Calling it the "first major university to try such a departure from the norm," Inside Higher Ed noted that Tufts continues to consider the SAT and other traditional criteria.

Theory in cognitive styles
Sternberg proposed a theory of cognitive styles in 1988.

Sternberg's basic idea is that the forms of government we have in the world are external reflections of the way different people view and act in the world, that is, different ways of organizing and thinking. Cognitive styles should not be confused with abilities, they are the way we prefer to use these abilities. Indeed, a good fit between a person's preferred cognitive profile and his abilities can create a powerful synergy that outweighs the sum of its parts.

The main three branches of government are the executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch. People also need to perform these functions in their own thinking and working. Legislative people like to build new structures, creating their own rules along the way. Executive people are rule followers, they like to be given a predetermined structure in which to work. Judicial people like to evaluate rules and procedures, to analyze a given structure.

The four forms of mental self-government are hierarchical, monarchic, oligarchic, and anarchic. The hierarchic style holds multiple goals simultaneously and prioritizes them. The oligarchic style is similar but differs in involving difficulty prioritizing. The monarchic style, in comparison, focuses on a single activity until completion. The anarchic style resists conformity to "systems, rules, or particular approaches to problems."

The two levels of mental self-government are local and global. The local style focuses on more specific and concrete problems, in extreme case they "can't see the forest for the trees". The global style, in comparison, focuses on more abstract and global problems, in extreme cases they "can't see the trees for the forest".

The two scopes of mental self-government are internal and external. The internal style focuses inwards and prefers to work independently. The external style focuses outwards and prefers to work in collaboration.

The two leanings of mental self-government are the liberal and conservative. These styles have nothing to do with politics. The liberal individual likes change, to go beyond existing rules and procedures. The conservative individual dislikes change and ambiguity, he will be happiest in a familiar and predictable environment.

We all have different profiles of thinking styles which can change over situations and time of life. Moreover, a person can, and often does, have a secondary preferred thinking style.

Bibliography (selection)

On human intelligence

Sternberg, R. J. (1977): Intelligence, information processing, and analogical reasoning: The componential analysis of human abilities.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sternberg, R. J. (1985): Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence. New York City: Cambridge University Press.

Sternberg, R. J. (1990): Metaphors of mind: Conceptions of the nature of intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sternberg, R. J. (1997): Successful intelligence. New York: Plume.

Sternberg, R. J. et al. (2000): Practical intelligence in everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2000): Teaching for successful intelligence. Arlington Heights, IL: Skylight.

Sternberg, R.J. (2007): Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sternberg, R. J. (2010): "College admissions for the 21st century.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

On creativity and intellectual giftedness

Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995): Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. New York: Free Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Williams, W. M. (1996): How to develop student creativity. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Sternberg, R. J., James C Kaufman, & Pretz, J. E. (2002): The creativity conundrum: A propulsion model of creative contributions. Philadelphia, PA.

On leadership

On cognitive styles

Other works, including edited volumes

.

References

External links

Robert J. Sternberg. A page dedicated to his life's work.
Biographical sketch, The Psychometrics Centre
, University of Cambridge
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence - uwsp.edu
Video (with mp3 available) of discussion about intelligence and creativity with Sternberg on Bloggingheads.tv

Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:American psychologists
Category:Cognitive scientists
Sternberg, Robert J.
Category:Educational psychologists
Category:Intelligence researchers
Category:Jewish American scientists
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Category:Oklahoma State University faculty
Category:People from Newark, New Jersey
Category:Presidents of the American Psychological Association
Category:Presidents of the University of Wyoming
Category:Stanford University alumni
Category:Tufts University faculty
Category:Yale University alumni
Category:Yale University faculty


Freddie Fox (jockey)

Frederick "Freddie" Sidney Fox (1888–1945), referred to in his retirement as "The Mayor of Wantage" was a British horse racing jockey. He was a British Classic winner in his early twenties, but it was not until the last quarter of his thirty-year career that he had his greatest successes. He became the British flat racing Champion Jockey in 1930, making him one of only three jockeys to interrupt Gordon Richards' three decade run as champion and won two Derbies on Cameronian in 1931 and Bahram in 1935. He narrowly missed out on the British Triple Crown. He was ranked the 20th best jockey of the 20th century by Britain's industry paper, the Racing Post.

Career
Fox was born in Berrington, Shropshire, England, became an apprentice at the age of eighteen, and had his first winner a year later. In 1911, he had his first Classic winner, taking the 1,000 Guineas on James de Rothschild's filly Atmah. He then took some time out to go to Germany where he spent two seasons riding for the von Weinberg stable, but returned to England prior to World War I.

He spent the next decade or more as a journeyman jockey. He was not to win another classic until he was in his forties, and his career at this time was punctuated by only the occasional big race success, such as Irish Elegance in the 1918 July Cup.

Things began to change by the end of the 1920s, and in 1930 he was involved in a neck-and-neck battle with reigning champion Gordon Richards for the Jockeys' Championship. The battle went down to the last day of the season, when Fox rode two winners to Richards' one to win the title 129 winners to 128.

In 1934, now towards the end of his career, he formed his most famous partnership with Bahram, owned by the Aga Khan, and trained by Frank Butters. On Bahram, he won the 2,000 Guineas and the Derby "comfortably" and then, at odds of 1/8, he won the St. James's Palace Stakes at Royal Ascot.  With the 2,000 Guineas and Derby won, and Bahram in form, an attempt on the Triple Crown in the St. Leger was a clear possibility. Bahram was set to go off a strong favourite for the race. However, the day before the race, Fox was seriously injured in a fall and the ride taken by Charlie Smirke. In the event, Bahram won "an easy victory" by 3 lengths, meaning Fox had narrowly been denied one of the rarest achievements in racing. Fox retired to Letcombe Regis, near Wantage in 1936, having given up on an initial plan to train.

Personality and riding style

Fox was a naturally lightweight jockey. On his retirement in 1936 he was still able to meet a riding weight of 7 stone 7 lbs (47.6 kg). In appearance, he is said to have "resembled his vulpine namesake."

He was a lot more measured than some of his contemporaries and was a popular figure in the weighing room. Maxims attributed to him include, "Be quiet, respect your elders, don't get cocky" and "Remember, however good you are, there's always someone better."

Later life
In later life, Fox was known in racing circles as "the Mayor of Wantage", due to the "country gentleman" lifestyle he adopted.

On 12 December 1945 Fox was killed in a road accident at Frilford near Abingdon, his wife Norah Kathleen was injured. Their only son Michael was a pilot in the Royal Air Force who was killed 15 July 1940 on active service during World War II in Egypt aged 21.

Major Wins
 Great Britain

Classic Races
 1,000 Guineas - Atmah (1911)
 2,000 Guineas - (2) - Diolite (1930), Bahram (1935)
 Derby - (2) - Cameronian (1931), Bahram (1935)
 St. Leger - Firdaussi (1932)

Other selected races
 Cesarewitch Handicap - Noble Star (1931)
 Champion Stakes - Umidwar (1934)
 Jockey Club Cup - Noble Star (1931)
 Jockey Club Stakes - Umidwar (1934)
 July Cup - (2) - Irish Elegance (1918), Tiffin (1929)
 Middle Park Stakes - Press Gang (1929)

References

Bibliography

Category:British jockeys
Category:1888 births
Category:1945 deaths
Category:People from Shropshire
Category:English jockeys
Category:Road incident deaths in England
Category:British Champion flat jockeys


Gillian Galan

Gillian Galan (born 7 August 1991) is a French rugby union player. His position is Number 8 and he currently plays for Stade Toulousain in the Top 14.

References

External links
 Stade Toulousain profile

Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:French rugby union players
Category:People from Montauban
Category:Stade Toulousain players
Category:Rugby union number eights


Errill GAA

Errill GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association gaelic football club in Errill in County Laois, Ireland.

The club colours are green and white. The club grounds on the Roscrea Road are called Pairc Eireil.

The club currently amalgamates at all levels of hurling with neighbouring club Rathdowney and in 2006 the Rathdowney-Errill team won the Laois Senior Hurling Championship for the first time ever.

The Errill club has twice won the Laois Senior Hurling Championship, (1938 and 1952) and won the Laois Intermediate Hurling Championship in 1981. It also won the Laois U-21 B Hurling Championship in 1997.

Although football would be very much a secondary sport in the area, there has been some success with wins in the Laois Junior C Football Championship in 2000 and 2016 and the Laois Junior B Football Championship in 2017 and 2019. Laois All-County Football League Division 5 title was also won in 1998.

History

Achievements
 Laois Senior Hurling Championship: (2) 1938, 1952
 Laois Intermediate Hurling Championship (1) 1981
 Laois Under-21 B Hurling Championship (1) 1997
 Laois Junior C Football Championship (2) 2000, 2016
 Laois Junior B Football Championship (2) 2017, 2019
 Laois All-County Football League Div. 5: (1) 1988

Notable players

References

External Sources
 Club History

Category:Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in County Laois


Pattae' language

Pattae' (self-designation Basa Pattae' or Mattula' Pattae') is the language spoken by the Pattae', an ethnic group living along the coast in the eastern part of Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Based on lexical similarity and mutual intelligibility, Pattae' has been classified as a dialect of the Mamasa language, but native speakers consider it a separate language.

References

External links
 Media Pelopor Kemajuan Masyarakat Pattae | Pattae
 Scoop It Pattae

Category:Tribes
Category:Indonesian-language culture
Category:Indonesia-related lists


Pseudophoxinus elizavetae

Pseudophoxinus elizavetae, also known as the Sultan Sazlığı minnow, is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is found in several springs and streams in Kayseri Province in Turkey.

References

Category:Pseudophoxinus
Category:Endemic fauna of Turkey
Category:Fish described in 2006


2019–20 Albanian Women's National Championship

The 2019–20 Albanian Women's National Championship is the 11th season of the Albanian Women's National Championship, the top Albanian women's league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 2009. The season started on 12 October 2018 and will end on June 2019.

League table

Results

References

External links
Official website

Category:Albanian Women's National Championship seasons
Alb
Women's National Championship


2018 Waterford Senior Football Championship

The 2018 Waterford Senior Football Championship is the 131st edition of the Waterford GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded clubs in County Waterford, Ireland. The tournament consists of 12 teams, with the winner going on to represent Waterford in the Munster Senior Club Football Championship. The championship starts with a stage and then progresses to a knock out stage.

Stradbally were the defending champions after they defeated The Nire in the previous years final. However the defence of their title came undone at the Quarter-Final stage when losing to neighbours Kilrossanty.

This was Dungarvan's return to the senior grade after claiming the 2017 Waterford I.F.C. title. This was their first year back in the top-flight of Waterford club football in 5 years since relegation at the end of the 2012 season.

On 28 October 2018, The Nire claimed their 9th Waterford S.F.C. crown when defeating Kilrossanty by 0-9 to 0-7 in the final at Fraher Field.

Dungarvan were relegated to the 2019 I.F.C. after losing their Relegation Final to Ardmore St. Declan's. This ended their one year stay in the senior ranks.

Team Changes

The following teams have changed division since the 2017 championship season.

To S.F.C.
Promoted from 2017 Waterford I.F.C.
 Dungarvan -  (Intermediate Champions)

From S.F.C.
Relegated to 2018 Waterford I.F.C.
 Ballinameela

Group stage
All 12 teams enter the competition at this stage. Groups are organised into three groups of four teams. The previous year's champions must enter Group 1, the previous year's runners-up must enter Group 2 while the two beaten semi-finalists will both enter Group 3.

The top placed team in each group will qualify directly for the Quarter-Finals joined by the 2nd placed team with the best group record. The best 2nd placed team shall be decided on following criteria:
1. Total points won in the group;
2. Best scoring difference;
3. Total scores for;
4. Total goals scored;
5. Where teams still cannot be separated,  a draw shall take place. No play-offs shall be used.

The remaining eight teams shall then be divided into two pots. Pot A is to consist of the remaining 2nd placed teams plus the two 3rd placed teams with the best group record. The best 3rd placed teams shall be decided on the same criteria as outlined above. Pot B shall consist of the remaining 4 teams.

A draw will take place to give four matches with no repeat of group matches allowed. The four winners will advance to Quarter-Finals to oppose the four teams already qualified in a seeded draw. The four losers are to contest the Relegation Play-Offs.

Group 1

Round 1
 Portlaw 0-9, 0-6 Dungarvan, 14/4/2018,
 Stradbally 1-12, 0-7 Ardmore, 14/4/2018,

Round 2
 Stradbally 1-17, 1-10 Portlaw, 21/4/2018,
 Dungarvan 2-18, 2-10 Ardmore, 21/4/2018,

Round 3
 Portlaw 1-8, 1-7 Ardmore, 12/7/2018,
 Stradbally 3-12, 2-11 Dungarvan, 14/7/2018,

Group 2

Round 1
 The Nire 6-5, 1-10 Clashmore, 15/4/2018,
 Ballinacourty 2-14, 0-4 Brickey Rangers, 15/4/2018,

Round 2
 Clashmore 1-13, 2-9 Ballinacourty, 21/4/2018,
 The Nire 4-15, 4-9 Brickey Rangers, 21/4/2018,

Round 3
 Clashmore 1-16, 3-7 Brickey Rangers, 12/7/2018,
 Ballinacourty 1-10, 0-10 The Nire, 15/7/2018,

Group 3

Round 1
 Rathgormack 2-11, 1-6 Gaultier, 14/4/2018,
 Kilrossanty 0-7, 0-7 An Rinn, 15/4/2018,

Round 2
 An Rinn 0-11, 0-11 Gaultier, 21/4/2018,
 Rathgormack 3-11, 2-9 Kilrossanty, 21/4/2018,

Round 3
 Kilrossanty 2-16, 1-9 Gaultier, 13/7/2018,
 Rathgormack 4-9, 0-11 An Rinn, 14/7/2018,

Finals

Preliminary Quarter-Finals
All eight teams who failed to finish top of their group (except for the 2nd placed team with the best group record) shall enter the Preliminary Quarter-Finals. Teams are divided into two pots. Pot A is to consist of the remaining 2nd placed teams plus the two 3rd placed teams with the best group record. The best 3rd placed teams shall be decided on the same criteria as outlined above. Pot B shall consist of the remaining 4 teams.

A draw will took place to give four matches with no repeat of group matches allowed. The four winners will advance to Quarter-Finals to oppose the four teams already qualified in a seeded draw. The four losers are to contest the Relegation Play-Offs.

 Clashmore/Kinsalebeg 0-20, 0-18 Dungarvan, Fraher Field, 28/7/2018,
 Kilrossanty 4-14, 1-7 Brickey Rangers, Fraher Field, 29/7/2018,
 Rathgormack 1-16, 0-8 Ardmore, Fraher Field, 31/7/2018,
 Gaultier 2-13, 2-7 Portlaw, Leamybrien, 2/8/2018,

Quarter-Finals
The three teams who topped their groups along with the best ranked 2nd placed team will face the four Preliminary Quarter-Final winners in the Quarter-Finals.

Semi-Finals

Final

Relegation Play-Offs
The four losers from the Preliminary Quarter-Finals enter the Relegation Semi-Finals. The two winners of these Semi-Finals will secure their senior status for 2019 while the two losers will face each other in the Relegation Final. The winner of this match will secure their senior status for 2019 while the loser will be relegated to next year's I.F.C.

Relegation Semi-Finals:
 Brickey Rangers 3-9, 0-15 Dungarvan, Fraher Field, 9/9/2018,
 Portlaw 1-18, 0-14 Ardmore, Fraher Field, 29/9/2018,

Relegation Final:
 Ardmore 2-14, 1-6 Dungarvan, Fraher Field, 12/10/2018.

Munster Senior Club Football Championship

References

External links

:Category:2018 in Gaelic football
Waterford Senior Football Championship
Category:Waterford Senior Football Championship
:Category:Waterford Senior Football Championship
Waterford SFC


Lebanon at the 2000 Summer Paralympics

There were 0 female and 2 male athletes representing the country at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. Both of them competed in athletics.

See also
2000 Summer Paralympics

References

Bibliography

External links
International Paralympic Committee

Category:Nations at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympics
2000


Darlaston Town F.C.

Darlaston Town F.C. was a football club based in Darlaston, West Midlands, England.

History

Formed in 1874, Darlaston was one of the oldest non league clubs in the country.

The team played their early football locally in the Wednesbury Junior League and Walsall & District League.  In 1897–98 the Birmingham County Junior Cup was won 1–0 beating Hoobrook Olympic in the final. In the 1907–08 season Darlaston were members of the Birmingham Junior League which they won. The 1908–09 season saw Darlaston one of the founder members of the Birmingham Combination, winning it in season 1910–11. In the 1911–12 season Darlaston were promoted to the senior Birmingham & District League.  Darlaston remained members of the District League until the end of the 1927–28 season when they returned to the Birmingham Combination.

During the Second World War the Combination ceased to run but on the return to normal Combination Football in season 1945–46, Darlaston were Champions. Darlaston remained in the Birmingham Combination until the end of the 1953–54 season when the league folded.  With other clubs they then moved to the reorganised Birmingham & District League playing in Division One North.

The Birmingham & District League became the West Midlands (Regional) League in the 1962–63 season and Darlaston played in the Premier Division until 1981–82 when they were demoted. From the 1982–83 season they were members of Division One winning the division and promotion in 1989–90. The following season 1990–91 they finished 4th in the Premier Division. They also became the first side to win the Birmingham County FA Vase back to back in seasons 1990–91 and 1991–92.

Darlaston FC added Town to its name at the beginning of the 1996–97 season.

At the end of the 2001–02 season Darlaston were relegated to Division One after finishing 19th out of 24 clubs.  In 2007 Darlaston gained promotion back to the Premier Division.

The club folded in 2013. A 'phoenix' club, named Darlaston Town (1874) now play in the West Midlands (Regional) League Division One.

Stadium
A grandstand was built at the club’s City Ground in 1903 and this marked the beginning of a fine run of form for the team. In March 2009 Darlaston's home stadium, the City Ground, was attacked by vandals, who damaged the pitch and floodlights.

Honours
Birmingham County F.A Senior Cup
Winners – 1972–73
Runners-up – 1938–39, 1973–74
Birmingham County F.A Vase
Winners – 1990–91, 1991–92
Birmingham County F.A Junior Cup
Winners – 1897–98
Walsall & District League
Champions – 1903–04, 1905–06
Runners-up – 1904–05, 1906–07
Birmingham Combination
Champions – 1907–08, 1910–11, 1945–46
West Midlands Regional League Division 1 North'
Champions – 1989–90, 2006–07
Walsall Senior Cup
Winners – 1907–08
Wednesbury Charity Cup
Record 18 wins and 3 shared in 32 finals

References

Category:Defunct football clubs in England
Category:Sport in Walsall
Category:Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Category:1874 establishments in England
Category:Association football clubs established in 1874
Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 2013
Category:Birmingham Combination
Category:Staffordshire County League (South)
Category:2013 disestablishments in England


Just a Matter of Time (novel)

Just a Matter of Time is a 1973 thriller novella by British writer James Hadley Chase.

Plot summary
Alice Morely-Johnson is an old lady worth several million dollars. She had been a popular pianist, and now has retired to live in a penthouse with a chauffeur named Bromhead, who serves her impeccably. Her financial matters are handled by a banker named Chris Patterson, who does because he knows that Miss Morely-Johnson is fond of him and gives him costly gifts. When Miss Morely-Johnson’s companion-help goes away, she asks Patterson to search for one. Patterson falls for an applicant named Sheila, and Miss Morely-Johnson seems to like her because allegedly Sheila had played on stage with her father.

Patterson is excited about Sheila getting the job because he can meet her. What Patterson does not know is that Sheila has been fixed beforehand by Bromhead, who plans to execute the perfect crime of killing Miss Morely-Johnson and making it appear like an accident. That way, her insurance money goes to a nephew of hers, Harry, who is in love with Sheila as well. The plan was that, after Morely-Johnson's death, they would divide the money in three equal parts and move on. The plan begins to go awry, though, when the detective on duty in the penthouse senses something fishy about Sheila dressing up as someone else when leaving the flat.

References

Category:1973 British novels
Category:Thriller novels
Category:British novellas
Category:Novels by James Hadley Chase


Rick Crawford (racing driver)

Richard Hoyt Crawford Jr. (born July 26, 1958) is an American former professional stock car racing driver. Crawford competed in the Craftsman Truck Series full-time from 1997 to 2009, He is the former promoter and manager of Mobile International Speedway.

Early career
Crawford began his racing career as a short-track racer in the southeastern United States. He won the 1989 running of the prestigious annual short track Snowball Derby race. He also won the track championship at Five Flags Speedway in 1981 and 1984, and won the championship at Mobile International Speedway in 1981, 1982, and 1984. After that, he moved to the Slim Jim All Pro Series, where he collected sixty-one top tens, and earned five victories. In 1993 and 1994, he attempted four Winston Cup Series races in the No. 84, but did not qualify for any of them.

Truck Series
In 1997, Crawford moved to the Craftsman Truck Series with his Circle Bar team. He qualified for every race, had ten top-tens, a top 5 at Texas Motor Speedway and finished 12th in the points. He was also runner-up to Kenny Irwin, Jr. for the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series Rookie of the Year. The next season, he picked up his first career win at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Unfortunately, the team struggled to find consistency, with only five top-ten finishes and he dropped to eighteenth in the standings. Crawford started 1999 with two consecutive top-tens, but only wound up fourteenth in the points, scoring ten top-tens and four top fives.

In 2001, Crawford finished 8th in points, his first top-ten points finish, he would earn sixteen top tens and ten top fives. The 2002 season would prove to be Crawford's most successful to date, although winless for the season he had 17 top-ten finishes, a career high 12 top five finishes, two poles (at Dover and Phoenix), and finished second in the standings only 46 points behind champion Mike Bliss. 2003 saw him grab his second victory, at the Florida Dodge Dealers 250, in a memorable three-wide race to finish line at Daytona International Speedway. He finished the season seventh in points with 16 top tens and 10 top fives.

In 2004 in his first race after a massive crash at Atlanta Motor Speedway, in which Tina Gordon and Hank Parker, Jr. were also involved, he picked up a win at Martinsville Speedway. He would finish the season with 9 top tens and 4 top fives, and fell to 12th in points. Despite a win at Loudon in 2005, Crawford finished seventeenth in points, mainly due to missing the first race of his Truck career after suffering injuries, ironically while practicing for the Built Ford Tough 225. Boris Said, who was scheduled to be a guest on the Speed Channel's race coverage, was hired to drive the truck. While he wrecked later in the race, he returned to the booth to cover the rest of the race, as the late Neil Bonnett once did at Talladega Superspeedway in 1993 after taking a wild ride into the tri-oval. He did score two poles at Atlanta and Martinsville and had 11 top tens and 3 top fives.

For the 2006 season Crawford had five top-fives and thirteen top-ten finishes including a win on August 4 at O'Reilly Raceway Park, finishing 9th in the final standings, the win at O’Reilly was his final career victory. Rick had a consistent year in 2007 racking up 11 top 5 finishes, 18 top 10s and a near win at Mansfield Motorsports Park en route to a 5th place standing in the points championship. The eighteen top ten finishes would be a career high to date. In 2008 Crawford put together another solid season with thirteen top tens and seven top fives and a pole at Texas. He would end the season seventh in points. In 2009, now age 50, Crawford would again finish in the top ten in points at 10th.  He scored seven top tens and three top fives and would win the pole at Martinsville for the second time in his career.

Crawford would start the 2010 season with a great deal of uncertainty. Longtime sponsor Circle Bar Motel and RV Park would cut back their sponsorship of the team dramatically and Crawford stated that he was unsure how many races they would be able to run without a new sponsor.  He would run the first four races of the season with Circle Bar, scoring two top tens. However, prior to Kansas Crawford announced that he would not race for Circle Bar in the #14 truck and would instead race in the Ray Hackett Racing #76 truck with sponsorship from SUPERSEAL Construction Products. This would be the first race in his record 327 Camping World Truck Series starts that he would not be in the #14 and would not be racing under Circle Bar Racing. Crawford would qualify for that race 15th and finish 31st after an accident going for the lead. In August, Crawford would take yet another unfamiliar step in his career as he would join forces with Tagsby Racing to race in the EnjoyIllinois.com 225 at Chicagoland Speedway. This would be the first race in his career that he would race in a Chevrolet truck.  Crawford would earn his 3rd top ten finish in 6 races with an 8th-place finish in the race. He ran in two more races with Tagsby to close out the season.

Crawford attempted to race with Tagsby Racing and make his 12th consecutive start in the season opening race at Daytona in 2011, but failed to qualify. Before 2011, Crawford was one of only 3 drivers to compete in all Camping World Truck Series races at Daytona.

Crawford is a former manager and promoter of Mobile International Raceway, and attempted the 2012 season-opening race at Daytona with Tagsby Racing.

Legacy
Crawford holds the current record for most starts in the Camping World Truck Series.  He raced in 210 consecutive races before missing the 2005 Built Ford Tough 225 race at Kentucky due to injuries sustained from a hard crash in practice.  He had not missed a race since that date until failing to qualify at Daytona in February 2011.  Prior to 2011, Crawford was one of the few drivers in the history of the sport with more than 50 starts who has never raced in any major series in NASCAR other than the Truck Series. However, that statistic was ended in 2011, when Crawford made his Nationwide Series debut driving for Jennifer Jo Cobb Racing at Chicagoland Speedway.

Post-racing career
On March 2011 Crawford entered a multi-year contract to be the promoter and manager at Mobile International Speedway, his home track, in Irvington (Mobile), Alabama.

In March 2014 it was announced that Crawford would serve as crew chief for Team Stange Racing and driver Maryeve Dufault in the ARCA Racing Series.

On March 1, 2018, Crawford was arrested in Florida; he was charged for "attempted enticement of a minor." He plans on pleading his innocence and was released into the custody of his family until his trial. Crawford was convicted by a jury on August 30, 2018.  On November 26, 2018, Crawford was sentenced to 130 months in a federal prison. He was given BOP number 70138-018 and is serving time in FCI Beaumont.

Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

Winston Cup Series

Daytona 500

Nationwide Series

Camping World Truck Series

Whelen Euro Series - Elite 1

References

External links

 Rick Crawford at NASCAR.com

Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Mobile, Alabama
Category:Racing drivers from Alabama
Category:NASCAR drivers
Category:American Speed Association drivers
Category:American sportspeople convicted of crimes
Category:20th-century American racing drivers
Category:21st-century American racing drivers
Category:American people convicted of child sexual abuse
Category:Child sexual abuse in the United States


Jim Krekorian

James E. Krekorian (born 1952) is a professional American bridge player from New York City. He is an options trader and a graduate from Duke University, where he lettered in track.

Bridge accomplishments

Awards

 Herman Trophy (1) 2006

Wins

 North American Bridge Championships (6)
 Blue Ribbon Pairs (1) 1996
 Nail Life Master Open Pairs (1) 1986
 North American Pairs (2) 1992, 2009
 Senior Knockout Teams (1) 2010
 Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams (1) 1997

Runners-up

 North American Bridge Championships
 Blue Ribbon Pairs (1) 2006
 Jacoby Open Swiss Teams (2) 1986, 1990
 Vanderbilt (2) 1987, 2005
 Senior Knockout Teams (1) 2011
 Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams (1) 2006

Notes

External links

Category:Living people
Category:1952 births
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Date of birth missing (living people)
Category:American contract bridge players
Category:Duke University alumni
Category:Businesspeople from New York City


Authaeretis

Authaeretis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Authaeretis eridora Meyrick, 1886
Authaeretis exaereta Tams, 1935

References

Category:Pyraustinae
Category:Crambidae genera
Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Jang-e Sar

Jang-e Sar () may refer to:
 Jang-e Sar, Khoy
 Jang-e Sar, Salmas


Haplaner

Haplaner is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:

 Haplaner australis (Blackburn, 1888)
 Haplaner insulicola Blackburn, 1901
 Haplaner velox (Castelnau, 1867)

References

Category:Harpalinae


Narew

The Narew (;  Naraŭ; Lithuanian: Narevas), in western Belarus and north-eastern Poland, is a right tributary of the Vistula River.  The Narew is one of Europe's few braided rivers, the term relating to the twisted channels resembling braided hair.

Etymology
The name of the river comes from a Proto-Indo-European root *nr primarily associated with water (compare Narva, Neretva, Neris, Ner and Nur) or from a Lithuanian language verb nerti primarily associated with dive and flood.

Name of the lower portion
The portion of the river between the junctions with the Western Bug and the Vistula is also known as the Bugonarew, Narwio-Bug, Narwo-Bug, Bugo-Narew, Narwiobug or Narwobug. At the confluence near Zegrze the Bug is 1.6x longer, drains a 1.4x larger basin, and has a slightly higher average discharge (158 m³/s at Wyszków vs 146 m³/s at Pułtusk for the Narew, both ~25 km above the junction). Thus the Bugonarew was often considered part of the Bug river and the Narew a right tributary.

On December 27, 1962, Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz abolished the name Bugonarew soon after the Zegrze Reservoir had been constructed. Since then the river is officially part of the Narew, and the Bug became a left tributary. The name Bugonarew however is continued to be used, especially by the inhabitants of local towns, such as Pułtusk.

Geography
The Narew flows through the geographical region of Europe known as the Wysoczyzny Podlasko – Bialoruskie (English: Podlasie and Belarus Plateau) located within the Podlaskie Voivodeship and Masovian Voivodeship of Poland and the Hrodna Voblast of Belarus.

The Narew is the fifth longest Polish river.

Cities and towns

Tributaries

History
On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, agreeing to divide Poland along the Narew, Vistula (Wisła), and San rivers.

On September 6, 1939, Polish military forces attempted to use the Narew as a defense line against German attack during the German invasion of Poland. This was abandoned the next day in favor of the Bug as German forces had already penetrated the defenses.

The Battle of Wizna was fought along the banks of the river between September 7 and September 10, 1939, between the forces of Poland and Germany during the initial stages of Invasion of Poland. Because it consisted of a small force holding a piece of fortified territory against a vastly larger invasion for three days at great cost before being annihilated with no known survivors, Wizna is sometimes referred to as a Polish Thermopylae in Polish culture.

On September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland.  By 28 September, the Soviet Army had reached the line of the rivers Narew, Bug River, Vistula and San – completing the division of Poland as negotiated in advance.

See also

 Narew National Park
 Narew Landscape Park
 Rivers of Poland
 Geography of Poland

References

External links
 Natural tourism (birdwatching) in Narew National Park

Category:Rivers of Poland

Category:Rivers of Grodno Region
Category:Rivers of Podlaskie Voivodeship
Category:Rivers of Masovian Voivodeship
Category:International rivers of Europe
Category:Rivers of Belarus


Stadtwiki Karlsruhe

The Stadtwiki Karlsruhe is a city wiki of the German town Karlsruhe and its surroundings, which is the largest in the world.

History
It was founded by the former pupil Hauke Löffler on 22 July 2004. The first version was running PmWiki; later the wiki was moved to MediaWiki.
It was mentioned by DPA and on German television (ZDF).

It is hosted by the voluntary association "Bildungsverein Region Karlsruhe e.V." (e.V. = Eingetragener Verein).

Content
The Stadtwiki Karlsruhe contains information on all topics that are related to Karlsruhe, it provides detailed information and links to geography, nature, history, politics, religion, education, culture, social affairs, sports, business and transport.

It also provides information on the subject of tourism and leisure destinations, gastronomy guide, clubs and venues, and acts specifically as a calendar of events.

The only relevant criterion is the reference to Karlsruhe.

In October 2008 the Stadtwiki for an English and a French edition was expanded, in September 2009 at a Russian edition.

There are over 22.000 articles and 15.000 pictures by over 3000 authors.

License
Content is availably under a Non-commercial Creative Commons license (by-nc-sa).

Notes

External links
  German version
  English version

Category:German online encyclopedias
Category:Internet properties established in 2004
Category:MediaWiki websites
Category:Karlsruhe


Jeremy Shinewald

Jeremy Shinewald is the founder of the MBA Admissions Consulting firm mbaMission (formerly M7 Financial). The firm helps applicants gain admission to Masters of Business Administration programs.

Speechwriter
Before founding mbaMission, Jeremy was the sole speechwriter for Israel's Ambassador to the United States. His speeches were published in the Washington Post, Washington Times and other media outlets.

mbaMission
Shinewald earned his MBA from the University of Virginia's Darden Graduate School of Business Administration in 2003. While at Darden, Jeremy was an admissions interviewer, published a Business Ethics case and a Small Business Acquisitions case and was chosen by his peers as Graduation Speaker. He was also laying the groundwork for his first entrepreneurial venture, mbaMission, an MBA admissions consulting firm, which developed exclusive relationships with ManhattanGMAT and Kaplan, Inc., the two largest GMAT prep firms in the world.

Shinewald is a former member of the Board of Directors of the Association of International Graduate Admissions Consultants (AIGAC) and was co-chair of the 2009 AIGAC Conference at Columbia Business School.

Shinewald speaks on MBA and Executive MBA admissions. He has run workshops at Goldman Sachs, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte, Cisco Systems, and for many other firms and organizations. Jeremy has been featured as an expert in the business school application process in publications such as Canadian Business, Crain's New York Business, BusinessWeek, U.S. News & World Report, The Wall Street Journal, and The New York Times.

Jeremy authored the book The Complete Start-to-Finish MBA Admissions Guide, published in 2010 and a latter edition published in 2014. mbaMission also produces a series of Insider's Guides to the world's top MBA programs.

jdMission
In February 2011, Jeremy helped launch jdMission, a professional law school admissions consulting firm, where he leads a team to help law school aspirants grab the attention of admissions officers at elite law schools.

MBA Career Coaches
In 2014, Jeremy co-founded MBA Career Coaches, a firm dedicated to helping pre-MBAs define their careers on the road to business school and helping MBA students find fulfilling careers during and after business school. MBA Career Coaches has presented career workshops at Northwestern-Kellogg and Michigan Ross as well as for the Forte Foundation, in addition to its own online events.

MBA Career Coaches produced a free Career Primer series, to help business professionals to understand the dynamics of the typical post-MBA Careers: private equity, venture capital, investment banking, marketing/brand management and consulting.

M7 Financial
In 2014, Jeremy Co-founded M7 Financial, providing students and professionals with access to student loans and student loan refinancing. M7 Financial published its Graduate School Credit Ratings, resulting in significant press exposure via Business Insider, Above the Law, Poets and Quants, Quartz and more. The Graduate Program Credit Ratings turned conventional rankings wisdom on its head by ranking outputs – namely a student's ability to manage program related debt upon graduation. M7 Financial also published the Student Loan (Reduction) Primer, a guide for students seeking to reduce their dependence on debt while studying for graduate degrees.

Venture for America
Jeremy was a founding board member of Venture for America (VFA) and has been chair of the New York-based VFA Entrepreneurial Board. Jeremy is also  the host of “Smart People Should Build Things: The VFA Podcast,” a podcast showcasing gritty entrepreneurs.

References

External links
 mbaMission Official Web Site
 jdMission Official Web Site
 MBA Career Coaches Official Web Site
 M7 Financial Official Web Site

Category:University of Virginia Darden School of Business alumni
Category:American consultants
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Juan Rodolfo Marín

Juan Rodolfo Marín (1909 – 10 April 1967) was a Chilean journalist and politician.

Career
Juan Rodolfo Marín started in journalism when he joined the Coquimban newspaper . On 2 June 1942, he founded the newspaper , of which he remained the director until 1952 when he was succeeded by .

He served in the Agrarian Labor Party, and was elected councillor of the Municipality of Coquimbo by said party in the . He resigned this position in 1952 when he was appointed Governor of  by the newly elected President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. Marín served in that position throughout his presidency, until 4 November 1958.

In 1963 he was awarded the National Prize for Journalism, with mention in the Feature category. The following year the Municipality of Coquimbo named him an Illustrious Son, and that September he published the text Historia de la Pampilla that recounts the history of the Coquimban Pampilla Festival.

Personal life
Juan Rodolfo Marín was married to Ilda Arqueros Espinoza, with whom he had one son, Juan Gutenberg.

Marín died at the  in Santiago on 10 April 1967.

References

Category:1909 births
Category:1967 deaths
Category:Governors of provinces of Chile
Category:Chilean journalists
Category:City councillors
Category:People from Coquimbo


Mitooma

Mitooma is a town in the Western Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative, and commercial center of Mitooma District.

Location
Mitooma is approximately , by road, southwest of Bushenyi, the nearest large town. This is approximately , by road, west of Mbarara, the largest city in the Ankole sub-region. The coordinates of the town are 0°36'54.0"S, 30°02'42.0"E (Latitude:-0.6150; Longitude:30.0450).

Population
In November 2013, the population of Mitooma Municipality was estimated at 22,000.

Points of interest
 headquarters of Mitooma District Administration
 offices of Mitooma Town Council
 Ishaka-Rukungiri road, a heavily pot-holed  dirt road, going through the middle of town
 Mitooma central market

See also
Ankole sub-region
List of cities and towns in Uganda
Kahinda Otafiire

References

External links
  Why Politicians Fought to Stop Bushenyi Split
 Housing Divides Mitooma Leaders

Category:Populated places in Uganda
Category:Mitooma District
Category:Western Region, Uganda


Gari Moka

Gari Moka (born 16 November 1983) in Papua New Guinea is a footballer.

References

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Papua New Guinean footballers
Category:Papua New Guinea international footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Papua New Guinean expatriate footballers
Category:Eastern Stars FC players
Category:Papua New Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Category:Expatriate soccer players in Australia


1964 Women's South American Volleyball Championship

The 1964 Women's South American Volleyball Championship was the 6th edition of the Women's South American Volleyball Championship, organised by South America's governing volleyball body, the Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV). It was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 30 March to 8 April.

Notes
Due to a political turmoil in Brazil, the Brazil national team did not participate in this tournament, this is the only edition of the competition so far not featuring the Green and Golds in the final.

Final standing

References

External links
 todor66.com

Category:Women's South American Volleyball Championships
South American Volleyball Championships
Volleyball
1964 Volleyball
Category:1964 in South American sport
Category:International volleyball competitions hosted by Argentina
 30-31
 01-08


Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Saint-Jean-le-Vieux () is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

History
The town of Saint-Jean-le-Vieux was razed to the ground in 1177 by the troops of Richard the Lionheart after a siege. The Kings of Navarre refounded the town at nearby Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port as the regional capital shortly afterwards. Saint-Jean-le-Vieux was also resettled.

See also
Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

References
 INSEE commune file

External links

 DONAZAHARRE in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa) (in Spanish)
 Public school (in French)
 Lake of Harrieta (in French)

Category:Nafarroa Beherea
Category:Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Category:Pyrénées-Atlantiques communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Tom's Gang

Tom's Gang is a 1927 American silent western film directed by Robert De Lacey and starring Tom Tyler, Sharon Lynn and Frankie Darro.

Cast
 Tom Tyler as Dave Collins
 Sharon Lynn as Lucille Rogers
 Frankie Darro as Spuds
 Harry Woods as Bart Haywood
 Frank Rice as Andy Barker
 Barney Furey as Ray Foster
 Thomas G. Lingham as George Daggett
 Jack Anthony as Bill Grimshaw

References

Bibliography
 Langman, Larry. A Guide to Silent Westerns. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992.

External links

Category:1927 films
Category:1920s Western (genre) films
Category:American films
Category:American Western (genre) films
Category:Films directed by Robert De Lacey
Category:American silent feature films
Category:English-language films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Film Booking Offices of America films


Topolice, Łódź Voivodeship

Topolice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żarnów, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Żarnów,  south-west of Opoczno, and  south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

The village has a population of 310.

References

Category:Villages in Opoczno County


Romena Rollana (Kiev Light Rail)

Romena Rollana () is a station on the Kiev Light Rail. It was opened in 1977.

External links

Category:Kiev Light Rail stations


Bozhak

Bozhak is a village in Kardzhali Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

References

Category:Villages in Kardzhali Province


Kraisorn Sriyan

Kraisorn Sriyan (, born November 16, 1983) is a Thai retired professional footballer who plays as a striker.

Honours

Club
Buriram PEA
 Thai Premier League (1): 2008

External links

Category:Living people
Category:1983 births
Category:People from Sisaket Province
Category:Thai footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Thai League 1 players
Category:Buriram United F.C. players
Category:TTM Phichit F.C. players
Category:Army United F.C. players
Category:PTT Rayong F.C. players
Category:Thai League 2 players
Category:BBCU F.C. players
Category:Krabi F.C. players


Freehold Township, Warren County, Pennsylvania

Freehold Township is a township in Warren County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,402 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and  of it (0.11%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,402 people, 463 households, and 364 families residing in the township.  The population density was 39.4 people per square mile (15.2/km²).  There were 531 housing units at an average density of 14.9/sq mi (5.8/km²).  The racial makeup of the township was 98.79% White, 0.14% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.14% Asian, and 0.78% from two or more races.

There were 463 households out of which 40.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.2% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.47.

In the township the population was spread out with 35.7% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.3 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $34,479, and the median income for a family was $38,095. Males had a median income of $28,409 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the township was $13,103.  About 10.3% of families and 19.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.3% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.

References

Category:Townships in Warren County, Pennsylvania
Category:Townships in Pennsylvania


Mary Elizabeth Lee

Mary Elizabeth Lee (pen names, M.E.L. and A Friend; March 23, 1813 – September 23, 1849) was a writer from the Southern United States. She produced prose, poetry, children's fiction, and translations. Lee contributed many short stories and poems to The Rosebud and other publications.

Early years and education
Mary Elizabeth Lee was born at Charleston, South Carolina, March 23, 1813. She was the daughter of William Lee and niece of Judge Thomas Lee. She belonged to an old family of high social rank and intellectual culture of South Carolina.

On account of an extremely delicate organization and sensibility, Lee was carefully shielded from all rough contact with the world, not even being allowed to enter school until she was ten years of age. She was then placed in charge of Mr. A. Bolles, a successful teacher of young ladies, in Charleston. The advantages of the school-room seemed to unfold to her a new world of resource. Books became her passion. She made rapid progress in her studies, and gathered a store of varied knowledge for future use. About this time, she began to develop also great aptitude for the acquisition of languages, but her health gave way under the pressure of close application, and she was obliged to pursue a less systematic and rigorous course within the quiet precincts of her own home. But no obstacles checked her advancement in knowledge.

Career
At the age of twenty, Lee became a contributor to The Rose Bud, a periodical edited by Mrs. Gilman, and gradually growing into marked favor with the public. At the same age, she began contributing to The Southern Rose, attracting attention. She also became a frequent contributor to Graham's Magazine, Godey's Lady's Book, and the Southern Literary Messenger. Lee used the pen names "M.E.L." and "A Friend".

Her first volume, entitled Social Evenings, or Historical Tales for Youth, was published in 1840 by the Massachusetts Board of Education School Library Association, and proved to be one of the most attractive in the collection. "Correggio's Holy Family" was one of her best, but possibly "The Hour of Death", and "The Death Bed of Prince Henry" better show her characteristics as a writer. The best known of her poetical pieces is thought to be "The Blind Negro Communicant." She produced a number of translations.

Determined to maintain herself in strict independence, she continued to write for northern and southern periodicals, until her health utterly failed. That she was possessed of an indefatigable and truly heroic spirit, may be learned from the fact that when her right hand became helpless from paralysis, she grasped the pen firmly with the left hand, acquired a new style of chirography, and continued to write. After years of slow physical torture, Lee died in the midst of her family, at Charleston, September 23, 1849. The Poetical Remains of the late Mary Elizabeth Lee, with a Biographical Memoir by S. Gilman, D. D., was published after her death in 1851 (Charleston).

Style
She published many poetical translations from the French, German and Italian, besides original poems, chiefly in the balled style, founded on Southern traditions. Regarding The Poetical Remains of the late Mary Elizabeth Lee, with a Biographical Memoir by S. Gilman, D. D., a review by The Christian Examiner and Religious Miscellany (1851) commented:— "Lee's poems are characterized by heartiness and simplicity rather than by any brilliancy or genius. Their topics are naturally found in the common scenes of life, and are treated with a healthful tone and with a pure spirit."

References

Citations

Attributions

Bibliography

Category:1813 births
Category:1849 deaths
Category:Writers from Charleston, South Carolina
Category:Poets from South Carolina
Category:19th-century American poets
Category:19th-century American women writers
Category:American women poets
Category:Pseudonymous writers
Category:Pseudonymous women writers


Francine Allard

Francine Allard (born October 16, 1949) is a Quebec educator, novelist, poet, and visual artist.

She was born in Verdun, Quebec and was educated at the Université du Québec à Montréal and the Institut Pédagogique Marguerite Bourgeoys in Westmount. She also studied at the Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec.

Allard served as secretary-treasurer of the Union des écrivaines et des écrivains québécois and as president of the Association des écrivains québécois pour la jeunesse. She helped establish the Prix Cécile Gagnon to encourage the development of literature for young people. She has contributed to various literary magazines such as CV2, Moebius, Brèves, Art le Sabord and Nuit Blanche.

Selected works
 Ma Belle Pitoune en or, novel (1993)
 Le Mal mystérieux de la salamandre à quatre orteils, young adult novel (1995)
 Babyboom blues, stories (1997)
 Deux Petits Ours au milieu de la tornade, young adult novel (1999)
 Les Mains si blanches de Pye Chang, novel (2000)
 Le Cri du silence, novel (2002)
 Ambroise, bric-à-brac, young adult novel (2004)
 Au bout du quai, poetry (2008)
 La couturière: Les aiguilles du temps (2008), La vengeance de la veuve noire (2009), La persistance du romarin (2010), trilogy
 L'âme inconsciente du pétoncle, poetry (2012)

References

Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian poets in French
Category:Canadian novelists in French
Category:20th-century Canadian poets
Category:20th-century Canadian novelists
Category:21st-century Canadian poets
Category:Canadian short story writers in French
Category:Canadian women novelists
Category:Canadian women poets
Category:Canadian women short story writers
Category:Canadian writers of young adult literature
Category:People from Verdun, Quebec
Category:Women writers of young adult literature
Category:Writers from Montreal
Category:20th-century Canadian women writers
Category:21st-century Canadian women writers
Category:20th-century Canadian short story writers
Category:21st-century Canadian short story writers