Vietnam national football team

The Vietnam national football team () represents Vietnam in international football and is controlled by the Vietnam Football Federation, the governing body of football in Vietnam.

Vietnam has a long history of football, as a result of the sport being introduced by the French in the 19th century. However, due to various conflicts that occurred in the country throughout the 20th century, development of Vietnamese football was significantly hampered during these times.

While Vietnam was split into North and South Vietnam, two national teams existed and both were controlled by separate governing bodies. After the two countries unified in 1976, the separate governing bodies was combined and renamed to the Vietnam Football Federation.

Since the 1990s when Vietnam rejoined global world football, the sport soon became part of Vietnamese society and a weapon to fight the negative reputation of the country due to the traumatic Vietnam War and later conflicts. This made the national team become part of Vietnamese nationalism and contributed to passionate support worldwide. Vietnamese supporters are dubbed to be some of the best and most passionate fans, renowned for large celebrations over the team's achievements, regardless if it is a senior or youth side.

History

Early history (1896—1955)

The introduction of football into Vietnam traced its roots in 1896 during the era of colonial French Cochinchina. At the early stage, the sport are only played among French civil servants, merchants and soldiers. The French then encouraged local Vietnamese to played football and several other sports that were introduced to them to divert their interest from politics which resulting the sport being spread to other regions, mostly the northern and central region. On 20 July 1908, the newspaper Southern Luc Tan Van reported the match between two local Vietnamese teams for the first time. A first football guidebook then published in 1925 by a local Vietnamese doctor named Pham Van Tiec to attract the interest among Vietnamese youngsters. By 1928, the Vietnamese had established the Annamite Sports Bureau and in the same year they sent a Vietnamese football team to compete in Singapore. More local football clubs then established in both northern and southern Vietnam although it was not until after the World War II that football clubs in the region started to become more organised. It was the time Vietnam played their first ever international match, against Korea in Saigon which they lost 2–4.

Two Vietnam national teams (1956—1989)

Two national football teams then existed when Vietnam was divided into South Vietnam and North Vietnam. The team from the South participated in the first two AFC Asian Cup finals (1956 AFC Asian Cup and 1960 AFC Asian Cup) and finished in fourth place both times. They won the first Southeast Asian Games in 1959 in Thailand. The team also entered qualification for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, beating Thailand 1–0 to qualify the classification matches before losing their group opening matches by 0–4 to Japan and 0–1 to Hong Kong. The team played their last game against Malaysia in 1975 where they lost 0–3. Meanwhile, the team from the North was less active, not being a member of either AFC and FIFA, often playing against other Communist states between 1956 and 1966. They had their first match against China PR where they lost 3–5 under head coach Truong Tan Buu. They participated in the first GANEFO (Games of the New Emerging Forces) competitions at Indonesia in 1962 and Cambodia in 1966. Both team ceased to exist when the North and South regions were combined together into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam following the end of the Vietnam War, but North Vietnam remained not a member of AFC and FIFA before 1975. Due to South Vietnam was a member of FIFA, the later unified Vietnam team is classified as successor of South Vietnam by FIFA.

The development of football during this era for both Vietnams was marked with stagnation as the Vietnam War occurred at the same time. The Vietnam War, a war that occurred between two states, had a tremendous impact and delayed the development of football in the country. Because of the war, Vietnam, by then, a major football force in Asia, started losing its reputation as the war ruined the country. Thus, the conflict had greatly reduced Vietnamese football ability and weakened the country seriously. However, the following Cambodian–Vietnamese War and Sino-Vietnamese War, and global sanctions against the country, had depleted the nation's football team and turned Vietnam into one of the weakest teams in the world and Asia overall. For this reason, Vietnamese football can be still considered as new and unknown for the rest of the world, in spite of its long standing history as Vietnam only rejoined global football in 1991.

Post Vietnam War and redevelopment era (1990—2013)

Vietnamese professional football league known as the All Vietnam Football Championship was launched in 1980 to redevelop Vietnamese football after a long period of civil war. In 1989, following the Đổi Mới reforms, a new football federation was formed. Vietnamese sports began to return to international events. After three months of preparation, in August 1989, the First Congress of the new football federation took place in Hanoi, declaring the formation of the Vietnam Football Federation. Trịnh Ngọc Chữ, deputy minister of General Department of Sports, was elected as the first president of VFF. The reunified Vietnam national football team then played their first match against the Philippines in 1991 where they had a draw.

Vietnam participated in the country's first ever FIFA World Cup qualification in 1994 World Cup campaign for the first time as an unified nation, having participated in 1974 qualification as South Vietnam. The national side at the time was not successful in World Cup campaigns, failing in both 1994 and 1998 qualifications with only one single win.

In 1996, Vietnam participated in the first Tiger Cup where they finished in third place and hosted the second Tiger Cup in 1998 where they lost 0–1 to Singapore in the final. From 2000 to 2007, Vietnam continued their quest to win the Southeast Asian trophy, but often ended short by losing semi-finals or eliminated in the group stage.

Vietnam was the host of the 1999 Dunhill Cup, a friendly tournament for both senior and U-23 players. Since it was categorized as a mingled senior and U-23 competition, some national teams had decided to participate using its senior reserve side. In this competition, Vietnam created a promising performance, including a shock win over then-1994 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1996 participant Russia 1–0 and drew with 1998 FIFA World Cup participant Iran 2–2 and topped the group. Vietnam was then eliminated in the semi-finals after a 1–4 defeat to the hand of China.

2002 FIFA World Cup qualification was some few bright of Vietnam during these World Cup campaigns, with the team won three and drew one, both played in Dammam. However, with the team failed to Saudi Arabia, Vietnam didn't qualify for the World Cup. The 2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification was also unsuccessful, with Vietnam fell to South Korea and Oman, but managed to create a shock 1–0 win to 2002 FIFA World Cup's fourth-place South Korea in Muscat, which remained as one of Vietnam's greatest football feats since unification. The 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification had been extremely depressing for Vietnam, with the team once again failed, falling behind South Korea and Lebanon, and only stayed above Maldives by goal differences.

During that shortcoming era, Vietnam hosted the 2007 AFC Asian Cup along with Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand; despite failure to qualify for previous Asian Cup since 1990s. The team was ranked second lowest only after Malaysia, but in the group stage, Vietnam created shock by defeating the UAE 2–0, drew 1–1 with another Gulf team, Qatar, before lost 1–4 to Japan yet were the only Southeast Asian and host team to reach quarter-finals, where they lost to eventual champions Iraq 0–2. The amazing journey of Vietnam began the first renaissance of Vietnamese football.

Vietnam won the first AFF Championship title in 2008, which they were held in Group B with Thailand, Malaysia and Laos. After losing Thailand 0–2 in the opener, Vietnam defeated Malaysia 3–2 and Laos 4–0. In semi-finals, Vietnam hold the defending champion Singapore by 0–0 in home match before winning 1–0 away. Vietnam met Thailand again in the finals and defeated them 3–2 aggregated, won the away match 2–1 then drew 1–1 at home. This would be the team's first international honour since rejoining global football, and it took 10 years until the team repeated this feat.

Vietnam almost managed a successful 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification when Vietnam performed well against Syria and Lebanon, as well as against China; but the shortcoming on scoring goals once again proved to be instrumental on denying Vietnam's qualification to 2011 AFC Asian Cup, as the team finished third with only a single 3–1 home win over Lebanon and two draws away to both Levant opponents Syria and Lebanon.

Decline and rebuilding (2014—2016)

Vietnam participated in 2010, 2014 World Cup qualifiers and 2011, 2015 Asian Cup qualifiers, but were unsuccessful, as the team's shortcoming contributed to its early elimination.

The national team of Vietnam started to witness significant changes under the tenure of Toshiya Miura, who took charge of Vietnam from 2014–16. The Japanese coach was accredited for rebuilding the national team of Vietnam after the failed 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification, and had a significant impact on the improvement of the team's performances. One of the most renowned achievement under Miura's era was with the youth team, when U-23 side managed to cruise U-23 Iran, a major Asian force, in 2014 Asian Games with an unthinkable 4–1. Many of these young players nurtured by coach Miura would be brought to senior side, where the team managed a fine performance in 2014 AFF Championship, but Vietnam failed to progress beyond the semi-finals after suffering a shock 2–4 defeat to Malaysia right at home, in spite of winning 2–1 away before. Vietnamese police had sought to investigate this match, but found no evidence of rigged bribery or corruption as also stated in the findings of Swiss-based international supplier betting services Sportradar.

Miura led Vietnam in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers when Vietnam was grouped together with Thailand, Indonesia, Chinese Taipei and Iraq; Indonesia later withdrew. Vietnam managed a fine performance, drawing Iraq 1–1 at home. However, two disappointing defeats to Thailand away 0–1 and humiliating 0–3 home loss to the same opponent had put the team under heavy criticism. Toshiya Miura, despite improvement, was sacked by the VFF after the U-23 side's failure to qualify for 2016 Rio Olympics.

Hope was put into new coach, Nguyễn Hữu Thắng, some of the first fine Vietnamese managers during the era. Under Thắng, Vietnam once again progressed to the semi-finals of 2016 AFF Championship, but the team had to bow down to Indonesia in another thrilling semi-finals, being held 2–2 at home and previously lost 1–2 away to the same rival. The team's disappointment somehow relieved a little, as the Golden Dragons participated in 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification for finishing third in their World Cup qualification group. The Vietnamese side managed two draws in their opening run against Afghanistan in Tajikistan and a goalless draw to Jordan in Ho Chi Minh City. However, with the U-22 side was shockingly eliminated in the group stage of 2017 SEA Games, coach Nguyễn Hữu Thắng was relieved from duty, and the team faced a tremendous crisis of confidence as fans have lost their will to support the team. Interim coach Mai Đức Chung was appointed to help Vietnam in two crucial Asian Cup qualification match against neighbour Cambodia, in which coach Chung was able to revive some of the team's lost spirit, beating Cambodia 2–1 away and a thrashing 5–0 win at home. These wins allowed Vietnam to join top two for final tickets.

2017—present: beginning of new dawn

Park Hang-seo, former assistant of Guus Hiddink during the 2002 FIFA World Cup, was appointed as new coach of Vietnam in 2017 after an attempt to negotiate with Takashi Sekizuka was unsuccessful; previously the VFF also tried contact with American manager Steve Sampson with no avail. Upon his arrival to Vietnam, Park Hang-seo was greeted with skepticism and jeers from Vietnamese.

Park's first match as coach of Vietnam was in the same 2019 Asian Cup qualification, where Vietnam held Afghanistan at home in a 0–0 draw, thus allowed Vietnam to qualify for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, their first ever Asian Cup since 2007. Park himself, though, was criticized. However, the mood changed after the performance in the 2018 AFC U-23 Championship; Park Hang-seo was also coach of the U-23 team. With the same U-23 players, he formed the squad of Vietnamese senior in a meaningless 1–1 draw to Jordan in 2019 Asian Cup qualification, which both teams qualified together. Also with these young players, the 2018 AFF Championship became Vietnam's second AFF Championship title. In Group A, Vietnam managed 3 victories against Laos, Malaysia, Cambodia and a draw with Myanmar. In the semi-finals, they defeated the Philippines twice, and in the finals defeated Malaysia 3–2 aggregated, drawing 2–2 away and winning 1–0 home.

But only the 2019 AFC Asian Cup that Vietnam truly began to gain international recognition. With entire of squad made up with the successful U-23 players, the youngest squad in the tournament, Vietnam beat Yemen in their final group matches to become the last best-fourth place team to qualify for the round of sixteen. Then, they surprised everyone by defeating favored Jordan which had previously defeated defending champions Australia and earlier played a friendly match against 2018 FIFA World Cup runners-up Croatia, winning 4–2 in penalty shoot-out. The win sent million of Vietnamese into the street for celebrations. In the quarter-finals, Vietnam met Japan but failed to continue the success after their opponent being awarded a penalty kick which being decided through the video assistant referee (VAR), resulting to a 0–1 score by Ritsu Doan until the final whistle being blown.

Vietnam was grouped in the 2022 World Cup qualification group G with three other Southeast Asian rivals, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia, along with United Arab Emirates. Vietnam was not given much of a chance, but the Vietnamese started with a 0–0 away draw over Thailand before defeating Malaysia 1–0 at home and then achieving the first ever Vietnamese victory against Indonesia, in Indonesian soil, in any major competition. In November, Vietnam faced up the United Arab Emirates at home soil with attempts to break 12-year winless streak to the opponent. In spite of facing struggle in early minutes, a following red card to the UAE gave the Vietnamese an advantage, eventually managed to beat the Emirates 1–0. Then, Vietnam moved to a thrilling encounter against neighbor and fellow powerhouse Thailand at home, where both teams played out in another goalless draw, including a crucial Akinfeev-penalty save by Đặng Văn Lâm and two disallowed goals of Vietnamese side, to foster Vietnam's no.1 position in the FIFA World Cup qualification group G.

Team image
Vietnam's current kit sponsor is Grand Sport. The contract started in January 2015 which will end by the end of December 2019 but extended until 2023. Vietnam was also previously sponsored by Adidas, Li-Ning and Nike. The tradition home colour for the Vietnamese team is all red with yellow trim and the away colour is all white with red trim ever since they started the contract with Nike. With Adidas, it was just red and white. Occasionally, the team wore blue and yellow jerseys.

Nicknames
The national team of Vietnam has been known in several nicknames, the most commonly are "Rồng Vàng" (Golden Dragons) which is influenced from the history of Vietnam including the legend of Lạc Long Quân, the dragon King in Vietnamese folk story who gave the Vietnamese identity for his people, and also appeared in former emblems of Vietnamese dynasty as well as South Vietnam. Another nickname is the "Những chiến binh sao Vàng" (Golden Star warriors) which is derived from the national flag of Vietnam. The local media and people in Vietnam also refer the national team as simply as "Tuyển" (The Selection).

Kit suppliers

Logo
Unlike many national teams in the world, Vietnam is one of the few football team to not feature the logo of the Vietnam Football Federation, but rather the national flag, the other few AFC members to not feature logo includes Syria, North Korea, Singapore and Iraq; and is the only Southeast Asian teams alongside Singapore to not feature the logo. Despite the country has recently unveiled a logo for the national football team in 2017, the logo has yet to be incorporated to the national jersey due to majority negative response from fans, though it has been changing to a more positive opinion.

Supporters
There are two major supporters for the national team, namely Vietnam Football Supporters or VFS () which was founded in 2014 and Vietnam Golden Stars or VGS () which was founded in 2017.

When the national team won big matches, the streets are often overwhelmed by large Vietnamese crowds, demonstrating nationalist chants, singing Vietnamese nationalist songs. Vietnamese passionate supporters have been witnessed during 2007 AFC Asian Cup when the team defeated the UAE 2–0 and later, the lone Southeast Asian side to sneak into the quarter-finals. During the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, Vietnamese fans had gone wild to celebration after beating Jordan in the round of sixteen.

Even in smaller tournaments, Vietnamese fans are also noted for large celebration, such as when Vietnam won the 2008 AFF Championship and 2018 AFF Championship, and recently 2018 AFC U-23 Championship which their Olympic team finished second after losing the final.

Sponsorship
Primary sponsors include: Honda Vietnam, Yanmar, Grand Sport, Suzuki Vietnam, Sony Vietnam, Z.com, VPMilk, Vina Acecook, Coca-Cola, Vinamilk and Kao Vietnam.

Stadiums

Vietnamese national team plays mainly in Mỹ Đình National Stadium, though some other venues are also being used.

Training centre
In the previous past, Vietnamese football team did not have any major football centre and had to practice in sporadic centres, contributed to its lack of successes. However, since 2017, the country first ever football training centre, known as PVF Training Centre, was established in Hưng Yên to improve the national team's performance. Former Manchester United star and current Wales coach, Ryan Giggs was appointed as the first director of the centre alongside Paul Scholes.

Competitive record

FIFA World Cup

AFC Asian Cup

Vietnam holds a spectacular distinction in the competition by having tendency of facing future finalists of the AFC Asian Cup, having implemented so in all four editions, with South Korea and Iraq emerged winners after facing Vietnam, and Japan finished runners-up.

Asian Games
Since 2002, the Asian Games Football tournament uses the Olympic team. See: Vietnam national Olympic football team

AFF Championship

Southeast Asian Games
Since 2001, the SEA games football competition uses the Olympic team. See: Vietnam national Olympic football team

Vietnam Football Federation Cup

All-time head-to-head record
Include the results of  before 1975

1 includes the results of
2 includes the results of
3 includes the results of  and

Results and fixtures

2019

2020

Players

Current squad
The following 23 players were called up for the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against United Arab Emirates on 14 November 2019 and against Thailand on 19 November 2019
 Caps and goals are as of 19 November 2019 after the match against Thailand.

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Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the Vietnam squad within the last 12 months.

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Notes:
[a] Withdrew from squad.
 SUS Player suspended.
 INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
 RET Retired from the national team.
 WD Player withdrew from the squad for non-injury related reasons.
 PRE Preliminary squad.

Previous squads

AFC Asian Cup
 1956 AFC Asian Cup squads
 1960 AFC Asian Cup squads
 2007 AFC Asian Cup squads
 2019 AFC Asian Cup squads

AFF Championship
 1996 AFF Championship squads
 1998 AFF Championship squads
 2000 AFF Championship squads
 2002 AFF Championship squads
 2004 AFF Championship squads
 2007 AFF Championship squads
 2008 AFF Championship squads
 2010 AFF Championship squads
 2012 AFF Championship squads
 2014 AFF Championship squads
 2016 AFF Championship squads
 2018 AFF Championship squads

Coaching staff

Records

List of managers

Coaches by years since 1991
.

Most capped players

Top goalscorers

Honours
Include the results of  before 1975

Continental
 Asian Games
 Fourth place (1): 1962
 Quarterfinals (1): 1958
 AFC Asian Cup
 Fourth place (2): 1956, 1960 (both as South Vietnam)
 Quarterfinals (2): 2007, 2019

Regional
 2016 AYA Bank Cup
 Champion (1): 2016
 VFF Cup
 Runner-up (3): 2004, 2006, 2009
 Third place (1): 2012
 Fourth place (1): 2010
 Merdeka Tournament
 Champion (1): 1966
 King's Cup
 Runner-up (2): 2006, 2019
 Third place (2): 1969, 1971
 AFF Championship
 Champion (2): 2008, 2018
 Runner-up (1): 1998
 Third place (2): 1996, 2002
 Fourth place (1): 2000
 Semi-finalists (4): 2007, 2010, 2014, 2016
 Southeast Asian Games (as national team until 1999, since 2001 only under-23 team participating)
 Champion (1): 1959 (as South Vietnam),
 Runner-up (4): 1967, 1973, 1995, 1999
 Third place (4): 1961, 1965, 1971, 1997

See also

 Vietnam Football Federation
 Vietnam national under-23 football team
 Vietnam national under-22 football team
 Vietnam national under-21 football team
 Vietnam national under-20 football team
 Vietnam national under-17 football team

Notes

References

External links

  official site
  from FIFA website

Category:Asian national association football teams

Football


Oleksianka

Oleksianka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Latowicz, within Mińsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Latowicz,  south-east of Mińsk Mazowiecki, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Oleksianka


Cyclone Cliff (disambiguation)

The name Cliff has been used for one tropical cyclone in the Australian region.
Cyclone Cliff (1981), struck Queensland on February 14

The name Cliff has been used twice in the South Pacific Ocean
Cyclone Cliff (1992), did not make landfall
Cyclone Cliff (2007), caused severe damage on Fiji

Category:South Pacific cyclone disambiguation pages
Category:Australian region cyclone disambiguation pages


Chemical Playschool 3 & 4

Chemical Playschool 3 & 4 is a 1983 album by The Legendary Pink Dots.

Track listing
 "The Light in My Little Girl's Eyes"
 "The Top"
 "Neon Gladiators #1"
 "Obsession"
 "The Waiting Game"
 "Ego Tripper"
 "Malhazka"
 "Curse - The Sequel"
 "She Said"
 "Film Of The Book"
 "Tower 1"
 "Lullaby For Charles's Brother"
 "Collapse"
 "Tower 2"
 "Glad He Ate Her"
 "Barbed Obituary"
 "Tower 3"
 "Espresso Curfew"
 "Surprise, Surprise"
 "The Bride Wore Green"
 "When The Clock Strikes 13"
 "Just Passing Over, Lovey..."
 "Premonition 10"
 "Grind"
 "Choke"
 "The Plasma Twins"
 "Apocalypse Soon"
 "Apocalypse Gone"
 "Cherry Lipstick"
 "It's Raining... Again"
 "The Glory, The Glory"

Credits
Vocals/Keyboards/Treatments: Edward Ka-Spel
Keyboards: Phil Harmonix (Phil Knight)
Keyboards/Voice: April Iliffe
Guitar: Stret Majest (Barry Gray)
Drums: Keith Thompson
Bass: Roland Calloway
Flute: Sally Graves
Violin: Patrick Q Paganini

Notes
The original cassette edition was supposed to be limited to 83 copies, but more than 100 copies were made. The track "Ego Tripper" does not appear on the CD re-release, which also renames "Premonition 10" to "Premonition 10 (Stages I/II/III)".

Category:1983 albums
Category:The Legendary Pink Dots albums


Lunar (song)

"Lunar" is a song by French disc jockey and record producer David Guetta in collaboration with Dutch music producer and DJ Afrojack, from Guetta's fifth studio album, Nothing but the Beat. The instrumental track was released digitally on 15 August 2011, as the second of three promotional singles from the album, following the song Titanium.

Track listing

Charts

Release history

References

Category:2011 singles
Category:David Guetta songs
Category:Songs written by David Guetta
Category:Afrojack songs
Category:Songs written by Afrojack
Category:Instrumentals


Legacy (Gerald Wilson album)

Legacy is an album by the Gerald Wilson Orchestra recorded in 2011 and released on the Mack Avenue label.

Reception

AllMusic rated the album with 4½ stars; in his review, Ken Dryden noted: "This outstanding recording adds to the already substantial discography of the great Gerald Wilson". In JazzTimes Bill Beuttler wrote: "Gerald Wilson’s new album, Legacy, is aptly titled. His son Anthony Wilson and grandson Eric Otis each contribute a composition to the project, which is anchored by Wilson’s own seven-part suite "Yes Chicago Is…", a celebration of his home through much of the 1940s. Wilson, who turns 93 in September, conducted a standout band of 20 for the session". On All About Jazz Raul D'Gama Rose noted: "Aside from the sophistication of the music—putting it in a stellar region all its own—Wilson digs ever so deeply into his own heart and soul, and finds the magical element of the blues in its most visceral and elemental form. That and the almost vanishing aspect of great jazz: swing".

Track listing
All compositions by Gerald Wilson except where noted.
 "Variation on a Theme by Igor Stravinsky" - 3:34
 "Virgo" (Anthony Wilson) - 9:58
 "Variations on Clair de Lune" - 7:35
 "Variation on a Theme by Giacomo Puccini" - 6:20
 "September Sky" (Eric Otis) - 7:05
 "Yes Chicago Is...(Suite):"
 "A Jazz Mecca" - 2:09
 "A Night at the El Grotto" - 3:42
 "Riffin' at the Regal" - 1:55
 "Cubs, Bears, Bulls, and White Sox" - 3:09
 "47th St. Blues" - 1:06
 "Blowin' in the Windy City" - 1:01
 "A Great Place to Be" - 2:17

Personnel
Gerald Wilson - arranger, conductor
Frank Greene, Freddie Hendrix, Sean Jones, Tony Lujan, Jeremy Pelt - trumpet, flugelhorn
Luis Bonilla, Alan Ferber, Dennis Wilson - trombone
Douglas Purviance - bass trombone
Antonio Hart, Dick Oatts - alto saxophone, flute
Ron Blake, Kamasi Washington - tenor saxophone
Gary Smulyan - baritone saxophone
Renee Rosnes - piano
Anthony Wilson - guitar
Peter Washington - bass
Lewis Nash - drums

References

Category:Gerald Wilson albums
Category:2011 albums
Category:Mack Avenue Records albums
Category:Albums arranged by Gerald Wilson
Category:Albums conducted by Gerald Wilson


WEOW

WEOW, is a commercial radio station broadcasting at 92.7 FM with a Top 40 (CHR) branded as "WEOW 92.7" (Pronounced as "wow"). The station is currently owned by Robert Holladay, through licensee Florida Keys Media, LLC, and is the southern-most Top 40 (CHR) station in Continental United States. Its 100,000 watt signal covers an area from Key Largo, Fl, to Havana, Cuba.

History

Early history
Originally WFYN-FM, this was the Florida Keys' first FM radio station when Gayle Swofford's Florida Keys Broadcasting Corporation began airing on February 20, 1967 at 92.5 FM with a Beautiful Music format. In 1982 the format was updated to Adult Contemporary and in the mid-80s the call sign was changed to WEOW and the station became known as "WOW 92.5".

WEOW 92.5/92.7
In 1990, WEOW dropped its Adult Contemporary format for Top 40 (CHR) but retained the "Wow 92.5" branding. During this time, the station featured popular personalities such as Paul Joffe, Chris Wolfe & JR in the Morning and Bill Bravo, who remains to this day.

In the early 2000s, Clear Channel Communications purchased WEOW and ended up moving the station up the dial to 92.7.

On January 25, 2008, it was announced that WEOW was one of several Clear Channel radio stations to be sold, in order to remain under the ownership caps following the sale of Clear Channel to private investors. The station, along with its sister stations, was put into the Aloha Stations Trust until November 2013 when they were purchased by newly formed Florida Keys Media. The sale was finalized on February 28, 2014 at a price of $650,000, and WEOW began restructuring its on-air lineup, dropping all of Clear Channel's Premium Choice jocks for live and local talent.

On April 1, 2014, WEOW brought back station vets Rude Girl & Molly Blue for mornings.

On-air lineup
The current lineup (As of July 7, 2014) is as follows

Morning Show (6am-10am): Rude Girl & Molly Blue - Rudey “Rude Girl” Gee & Molly Blue
Mid-Days (10am-2pm): Courtney Cruise
Afternoon Drive (2pm-7pm): Bill Bravo
Nights (8pm-10pm): Rudey's back
Nights (10pm-12am): Courtney Cruise

External links
WEOW 92-7
Keys Radio

Category:Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
EOW
Category:1967 establishments in Florida
Category:Radio stations established in 1967


Serge Lofo Bongeli

Serge Lofo Bongeli Senge (born October 13, 1983 in Kinshasa) is a DR Congolese football player.

Career
Lofo began his career on the youth side with AS Paulino Kinshasa and was in 1999 promoted to the senior team. After three years with AS Paulino, he joined in winter 2002 to TP Mazembe and played there two season before in January 2004 he was scouted by Angolan top club Atlético Sport Aviação. He had three successful seasons with AS Aviação and signed than in February 2007 for Sagrada Esperança, but after one season with the team and four years in Angola turned back to his hometown Kinshasa, who signed with AS Vita Club. On 5 February 2010, he left AS Vita Club together with Tychique Ntela Kalema to sign with the German club Rot Weiss Ahlen, but this wasn't a big breakthrough for Serge. On 6 September 2010 he signed a one-year contract with the Belgian club FC Brussels.

In 2013, he was arrested in Israel on suspicion of murder, but he was released after his friend suspected his did murder.

International career
Lofo has been capped nine times by the Congo DR national football team.

Honours
 2008: Linafoot Top Scorer

International goals

References

External links

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Kinshasa
Category:Atlético Sport Aviação players
Category:AS Vita Club players
Category:G.D. Sagrada Esperança players
Category:Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Category:Rot Weiss Ahlen players
Category:TP Mazembe players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Angola
Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany
Category:Expatriate footballers in Israel
Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo footballers
Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo international footballers
Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriates in Angola
Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriates in Germany
Category:Girabola players
Category:Israeli Premier League players
Category:Association football forwards


Fort of the Maré

The Fort of the Maré (), ruins of a 16th-century fortification located in the civil parish São Mateus da Calheta, in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo, along the southern coast of Terceira, Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

History
Its construction remotes from the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, sometime between 1579 and 1581, when attacks by pirates in the mid-Atlantic threatened the safety and security of New World treasure ships. The Corregedor of the Azores, Ciprião de Figueiredo e Vasconcelos initiated the construction of several forts that ringed the coasts of Terceira, using the plans of Italian military engineer Tommaso Benedetto as its basis.

Architecture
The fortification dominated the coastal stretch of São Mateus.

By the end of the 20th century there little more than ruins of this fortification, and the remains of its foundations.

References

Notes

Sources

Fort Mare
Mare


Arthur Marshall (composer)

Arthur Owen Marshall (November 20, 1881 – August 18, 1968) was an African-American composer and performer of ragtime music.

Early life and education
Marshall was born on a farm in Saline County, Missouri, the son of Emily Marshall, a washerwoman, and Edward Marshall, who had no discernible career, on November 20, 1881. A few years later his family moved to Sedalia, Missouri because black children were allowed to attend school nine months a year there as opposed to the three months allowed blacks elsewhere, and the Sedalia townspeople were reportedly more accepting of African Americans. The Marshalls lived at 135 West Henry Street.  Marshall attended elementary school in Sedalia. He was only fifteen years old when Scott Joplin first arrived in Sedalia. Joplin took up residence with the Marshall family, and before long both Marshall and Scott Hayden, a Lincoln High School classmate of Marshall, became Joplin's protégés. Marshall had already taken some private lessons in classical music years before, and was versed with piano technique and a gift for syncopation. Joplin also helped get Marshall a job at the Maple Leaf Club during its single year of existence in 1899. In the club on October 1, 1899, Marshall got into a fight with a young man named Ernst Edwards over Edwards's girlfriend. They took their fight outside, Marshall pummeled Edwards with his cane, Edwards drew a gun, and Marshall ran away.

Career
At Joplin's suggestion, Marshall then continued to study music at George R. Smith College, learning music theory. Marshall graduated from the Teacher's Institute with a teaching license, however, it seems that he chose to pursue a career as a performer. He earned a reputation as an outstanding local musician. While still in college, he traveled with McCabe's Minstrels for nearly two years, playing during intermissions. Marshall also helped cover his school expenses by playing ragtime in public venues and for dances and special occasions. He also played where work was available; in the brothels, where substantial tips regularly exceeded his standard wage by a great deal.

During 1901 and 1902, Marshall lived in the Joplin home in St. Louis, along with Scott Hayden, Hayden's wife Nora, Joplin's wife Belle, and Joplin's brother Will. During this time, Nora and Will died.

Marshall continued to play in various tours and contests, both in St. Louis and at places such as Chicago. In 1903, despite flagrant racial discrimination, Marshall worked at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis World's Fair), playing piano at the Spanish Cafe where he earned $12 per week plus tips until he was replaced by a band.  At some point after mid-1905, he moved with his wife to Chicago. They lived in an apartment at 2900 South State Street above Beau Baum's Saloon, across the street from the Pekin Theater. Marshall played at several local spots; the Wintergarden at 3047 South State Street, Lewis's Saloon and the Eureka Saloon.

Marshall collaborated with Scott Joplin on two ragtime compositions, "Swipesy Cake Walk" (copyrighted July 21, 1900) and "The Lily Queen" (copyrighted November 7, 1907), and produced several solo efforts, including "Kinklets", "Ham and !", and "The Peach". It appears that for these three solo compositions Marshall received $50 and 3-cent royalties from his publisher John Stillwell Stark, a deal which Marshall felt was fair. However, he struggled to come to terms with Stark in 1906, possibly for his rag "The Pippin", and finally settled on a non-royalty offer of $10 and 200 copies of the music.

Later life and death
Marshall retired from the music business in 1917, but later in life he participated in ragtime revivals. Arthur Marshall died in Kansas City, Missouri.

Personal life
Marshall apparently married four times during his life.
Latisha (or Letitia) Howell, in St. Louis circa 1904
Maude McMannes, in St. Louis
Julia Jackson, in Chicago, with whom he had three children, two girls (one being Mildred Steward) and one boy. Julia died in childbirth in 1916.
Odell Dillard (Childs), in Kansas City on November 25, 1919

List of compositions

See also

 List of ragtime composers

References

Further reading

 De Stefano, Gildo, Around Ragtime and Jazz, Préface by Amiri Baraka, Introduction by Gianni Minà, Sugarco Editions, Milan 2007

Category:1881 births
Category:1968 deaths
Category:African-American classical composers
Category:People from Saline County, Missouri
Category:People from Sedalia, Missouri
Category:Ragtime composers
Category:Scott Joplin
Category:St. Louis World's Fair


Carl Bonnevie

Carl Emil Christian Bonnevie (28 April 1881 – 26 September 1972) was a Norwegian jurist and peace activist. He also served as a Member of the Norwegian Parliament.

Biography
Bonnevie was born in Trondheim as the son of Jacob Aall Bonnevie (1838-1904) and his second wife, Susanne Bryn (1848-1927). He was the younger brother of physician Kristine Bonnevie (1872-1948) and judge Thomas Bonnevie (1879-1960).

He took his artium at Aars and Voss School  in 1900.  He was a reserve officer in the Norwegian Army, attaining the rank of Second Lieutenant in 1901. He was awarded his  Cand. jur. in 1904. In 1905, he became a magistrate in Moss in Østfold. The following the year, he became   deputy proxy at Vinger and Odalen in Hedmark . He was a prosecutor in Kristiania (now Oslo) from 1907-1910. He was a lawyer at Kristiania Court of Appeal from 1915. From 1923-1929 he was a District Court Judge  in Kristiania. He was assigned to the Agder Court of Appeal in 1936, Eidsivating Court of Appeal from 1949 and Borgarting Court of Appeal in 1950.

From 1917-1919, he was editor of the journal Folkefred. He was a board member of the Norwegian Peace Association (Norges Fredsforening)  from 1916-1924 and chaired the organization from 1926 to 1929.
He served as a member of the Parliament of Norway from Bodø and Narvik (Bodø og Narvik) in Nordland with the Labour Party from 1913 to 1915 and for Nordland fylke from 1934 to 1936.

References

Category:1881 births
Category:1972 deaths
Category:People from Trondheim
Category:Norwegian Army personnel
Category:Norwegian jurists
Category:Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Category:Members of the Storting
Category:Norwegian anti-war activists
Category:Norwegian people of French descent
Category:Burials at Vår Frelsers gravlund
Carl


Herbert Carpenter

Herbert Arthur Carpenter (12 July 1869 – 12 December 1933) was an English first-class cricketer and umpire who played principally for Essex in a career which spanned from 1893 to 1920.

Cricket career
Carpenter came from a cricketing family and was the son of Cambridgeshire's Robert Carpenter. He made his Essex debut in 1888 and his consistent batting helped the county achieve first-class status in 1894. Carpenter scored 1000 runs in a season on six occasions. In 1900, he amassed 1468 runs including four centuries. His career at Essex spanned 26 years scoring 13,403 runs in 264 matches at an average of 29.50.

References

Category:1869 births
Category:1933 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from Cambridge
Category:Essex cricketers
Category:English cricketers of 1890 to 1918
Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Category:Players cricketers
Category:North v South cricketers
Category:Cambridgeshire cricketers
Category:English cricket umpires
Category:Earl De La Warr's XI cricketers


Battle of Mycale

The Battle of Mycale (; Machē tēs Mykalēs) was one of the two major battles that ended the second Persian invasion of Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars. It took place on or about August 27, 479 BC on the slopes of Mount Mycale, on the coast of Ionia, opposite the island of Samos. The battle was fought between an alliance of the Greek city-states, including Sparta, Athens and Corinth, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I.

The previous year, the Persian invasion force, led by Xerxes himself, had scored victories at the battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium, and conquered Thessaly, Boeotia and Attica; however, at the ensuing Battle of Salamis, the allied Greek navies had won an unlikely victory, and therefore prevented the conquest of the Peloponnese. Xerxes then retreated, leaving his general Mardonius with a substantial army to finish off the Greeks the following year.

In the summer of 479 BC, the Greeks assembled a huge army (by contemporary standards), and marched to confront Mardonius at the Battle of Plataea. At the same time, the allied fleet sailed to Samos, where the demoralised remnants of the Persian navy were based. The Persians, seeking to avoid a battle, beached their fleet below the slopes of Mycale, and, with the support of a Persian army group, built a palisaded camp. The Greek commander Leotychides decided to attack the Persians anyway, landing the fleet's complement of marines to do so.

Although the Persian forces put up stout resistance, the heavily armoured Greek hoplites again proved themselves superior in combat, and eventually routed the Persian troops, who fled to their camp. The Ionian Greek contingents in the Persian army defected, and the camp was assailed and a large number of Persians slaughtered. The Persian ships were then captured and burned. The complete destruction of the Persian navy, along with the destruction of Mardonius's army at Plataea (allegedly on the same day as the Battle of Mycale), decisively ended the invasion of Greece. After Plataea and Mycale, the allied Greeks would take the offensive against the Persians, marking a new phase of the Greco-Persian Wars. Although Mycale was in every sense a decisive victory, it does not seem to have been attributed the same significance (even at the time) as, for example the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon or even the Greek defeat at Thermopylae.

Background

The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499-494 BC. The Persian Empire was still relatively young, and prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples. Moreover, Darius was a usurper, and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule. The Ionian revolt threatened the integrity of his empire, and Darius thus vowed to punish those involved (especially those not already part of the empire). Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece. A preliminary expedition under Mardonius, in 492 BC, to secure the land approaches to Greece ended with the re-conquest of Thrace and forced Macedon to become a client kingdom of Persia. An amphibious task force was then sent out under Datis and Artaphernes in 490 BC, successfully sacking Naxos and Eretria, before moving to attack Athens. However, at the ensuing Battle of Marathon, the Athenians won a remarkable victory, which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia.

Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece. However, he died before the invasion could begin. The throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I, who quickly resumed the preparations for the invasion of Greece, including building two pontoon bridges across the Hellespont. In 481 BC, Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece asking for earth and water as a gesture of their submission, but making the very deliberate omission of Athens and Sparta (both of whom were at open war with Persia). Support thus began to coalesce around these two leading states. A congress of city states met at Corinth in late autumn of 481 BC, and a confederate alliance of Greek city-states was formed (hereafter referred to as 'the Allies'). This was remarkable for the disjointed Greek world, especially since many of the city-states in attendance were still technically at war with each other.

The Allies initially adopted a strategy of blocking the land and sea approaches to southern Greece. Thus, in August 480 BC, after hearing of Xerxes's approach, a small Allied army led by the Spartan king Leonidas I blocked the Pass of Thermopylae, whilst an Athenian-dominated navy sailed to the Straits of Artemisium. Famously, the vastly outnumbered Greek army held Thermopylae against the Persians army for six days in total, before being outflanked by a mountain path. Although much of the Greek army retreated, the rearguard, formed of the Spartan and Thespian contingents, was surrounded and annihilated. The simultaneous Battle of Artemisium, consisting of a series of naval encounters, was up to that point a stalemate; however, when news of Thermopylae reached them, they also retreated, since holding the straits of Artemisium was now a moot point.

Following Thermopylae, the Persian army had proceeded to burn and sack the Boeotian cities which had not surrendered, Plataea and Thespiae, before taking possession of the now-evacuated city of Athens. The allied army, meanwhile, prepared to defend the Isthmus of Corinth. Xerxes wished for a final crushing defeat of the Allies to finish the conquest of Greece in that campaigning season; conversely the allies sought a decisive victory over the Persian navy that would guarantee the security of the Peloponnese. The ensuing naval Battle of Salamis ended in a decisive victory for the Allies, marking a turning point in the conflict.

Following the defeat of his navy at the Salamis, Xerxes retreated to Asia with, according to Herodotus at least, the majority of the army. Herodotus suggests that this was because he feared the Greeks would sail to the Hellespont and destroy the pontoon bridges, thereby trapping his army in Europe. He thus left Mardonius, with handpicked troops, to complete the conquest of Greece the following year. Mardonius evacuated Attica, and wintered in Thessaly; the Athenians then reoccupied their destroyed city. Over the winter, there seems to have been some tension among the Allies. In particular, the Athenians, who were not protected by the Isthmus, but whose fleet were the key to the security of the Peloponnese, felt hard done by, and demanded an allied army march north the following year. When the Allies failed to commit to this, the Athenian fleet refused to join the Allied navy in spring. The navy, now under the command of the Spartan king Leotychides, thus skulked off Delos, whilst the remnants of the Persian fleet skulked off Samos, both sides unwilling to risk battle. Similarly, Mardonius remained in Thessaly, knowing an attack on the Isthmus was pointless, whilst the Allies refused to send an army outside the Peloponnese.

Mardonius moved to break the stalemate by trying to win over the Athenians and their fleet through the mediation of Alexander I of Macedon, offering peace, self-government and territorial expansion. The Athenians made sure that a Spartan delegation was also on hand to hear the offer, and rejected it:  The degree to which we are put in the shadow by the Medes' strength is hardly something you need to bring to our attention. We are already well aware of it. But even so, such is our love of liberty, that we will never surrender. Upon this refusal, the Persians marched south again. Athens was again evacuated and left to the Persians. Mardonius now repeated his offer of peace to the Athenian refugees on Salamis. Athens, along with Megara and Plataea, sent emissaries to Sparta demanding assistance, and threatening to accept the Persian terms if not.  According to Herodotus, the Spartans, who were at that time celebrating the festival of Hyacinthus, delayed making a decision until they were persuaded by a guest, Chileos of Tegea, who pointed out the danger to all of Greece if the Athenians surrendered. When the Athenian emissaries delivered an ultimatum to the Spartans the next day, they were amazed to hear that a task force was in fact already en route; the Spartan army was marching to meet the Persians.

In response, the Athenian navy under Xanthippus joined with the Allied fleet off Delos. They were then approached by a delegation from Samos, who suggested that the Ionian cities would revolt if the Allied fleet successfully engaged the Persian fleet. They furthermore pointed out the poor morale and reduced seaworthiness of the Persian fleet. Leotychides decided to attempt this, and sailed for Samos.

Prelude

When the Persians heard that the Allied fleet was approaching, they set sail from Samos towards the Ionian mainland. According to Herodotus, this was because they had decided in council that they could not beat the Allies in a naval battle. They sent the Phoenician ships away (Herodotus does not explain why), and then sailed to the shore near Mount Mycale. Xerxes had left an army there, under the command of Tigranes, to guard Ionia. The Persians beached their ships, built a palisade around them, and prepared to guard the makeshift fort.

Finding the Persian fleet gone from Samos, the Allies were thrown into uncertainty. Eventually they resolved that they would sail to the mainland, and equipped themselves for a naval battle. However, when the Allies approached Mycale, the Persians did not attempt to engage them, and remained guarding their camp. Leotychides therefore sailed as close to the camp as possible, and had a herald make an appeal to the Ionians: "Men of Ionia, you who hear us, understand what I say, for by no means will the Persians understand anything I charge you with when we join battle; first of all it is right for each man to remember his freedom and next the battle-cry Hebe: and let him who hears me tell him who has not heard it."  Herodotus suggests that the purpose of this message was twofold; firstly to encourage the Ionians, unbeknownst to the Persians, to fight for the Allies (or at least not to fight against them); or, if the message became known to the Persians, to make the Persians mistrust the Ionians.

Following this appeal, the Allies also beached their ships, and began to prepare to assault the camp. The Persians, guessing that their Samian contingent would support the allies, took away their armour.  Furthermore, they sent the Milesians to guard the passes over Mycale, suspecting that the Milesians might also defect.  Thus rid of two potential internal threats, the Persians left their camp, and prepared for battle. It is probable that the relatively small number of marines that the Allies had disembarked for the battle made them overconfident, encouraging the Persians to leave the safety of their camp.

Herodotus reports that as the Allies approached the Persian camp, rumour spread amongst them of an Allied victory at Plataea; Diodorus also claims that Leotychides informed the Allies of victory at Plataea before the battle began. Their morale boosted by this omen, they set forth to win their own victory. Various explanations have been attempted to explain this occurrence, and also the alleged fact that Plataea and Mycale took place on the same day. Green suggests that following the victory at Plataea, the Allied commander Pausanias took control of the Persian beacon system that Xerxes had used to communicate with Asia, and used it to send tidings of Plataea to the Allied fleet. This would explain the rumour of victory and near simultaneous attack, but is only one possible theory.

Opposing Forces

The Persians

The number of Persian ships and men involved with the battle is, as so often in the Greco-Persian Wars, somewhat problematic. It is clear that the Persian fleet did not dare conduct operations against the Greeks, and thus must have been approximately equal to, or smaller than the Greek fleet. Herodotus gives the size of the Persian fleet at 300 ships; the Greeks had 378 at Salamis, but must have suffered significant losses, and so they probably also had around 300 in total (though not necessarily all these ships formed part of the allied fleet for 479 BC). The Phoenician ships were dismissed from the Persian fleet before the battle, which reduced its strength further.

Diodorus tells us that to guard the camp and the ships the Persians gathered 100,000 men in total,
while Herodotus suggests that there were 60,000 men in the army under the command of Tigranes. Squaring these two accounts, might suggest that there were c. 40,000 men with the fleet. Given that the Persian fleet appears to have been undermanned in the aftermath of Salamis, 200-300 ships would indeed give this number of naval personnel (using Herodotus's standard complement of 200 men per ship). However, this total of 100,000 is probably too high; to accommodate 100,000 men and 200+ ships, the Persian camp would have to have been enormous. Estimates made of Mardonius's huge camp at Plataea, which was planned and built with plenty of time, suggest it might have accommodated 70,000-120,000 men; it is improbable that such a large camp could have been built at Mycale in the time-frame that Herodotus suggests. It is therefore possible that the 60,000 quoted by Herodotus is actually the total number of Persians present at Mycale; the Persians certainly outnumbered the Allies, emerging from the palisade in confidence after seeing the smaller number of the Allied troops.

The Persian force of 60,000 most likely consisted of spearmen and archers from the various contingents of Persians, Medes, and Red Sea Islanders, though a small force of Persian cavalry was also recruited into the army. In addition to the Persians, Medes, and Red Sea Islanders, there were also some contingents of Greek mercenaries in the Persian army at Mycale, but Herodotus wrote that these later defected over to the Greeks during the main battle outside the Persian camp of Mount Mycale.

The Greeks
Numbers of ships and men for the Allies are also somewhat problematic. Herodotus claims that Leotychides had 110 triremes under his command. However, the previous year, the allies had fielded 271 triremes at the Battle of Artemisium, and then 378 at the Battle of Salamis. We are also told that the Allies had "command of the sea" after Salamis, which implies that they could at least equal the Persian fleet. Diodorus, on the other hand, tells us the allies had 250 ships, which is more consistent with their force levels of the previous year. These two numbers can be reconciled by assuming that Leotychides had 110 triremes under his command before being joined by Xanthippus and the Athenian ships, after the Allied army had marched out from the Peloponnesus. This is the approach taken by Holland, and gives a naval force which might well match the remnants of the Persian fleet.

Although the Athenians had sent 8,000 hoplites to Plataea, they would still have had ample manpower to man a large fleet of triremes, especially since rowers tended to be of the lower classes (the thetes) who could not afford the equipment to fight as hoplites. The standard complement of a trireme was 200 men, including 14 marines. In the second Persian invasion of Greece, each Persian ship had carried thirty extra marines, and this was probably also true in the first invasion when the whole invasion force was apparently carried in triremes. Furthermore, the Chian ships at the Battle of Lade also carried 40 marines each. This suggests that a trireme could probably carry a maximum of 40–45 soldiers—triremes seem to have been easily destabilised by extra weight. Combining these numbers  yields a range of 22,000–58,000 men for the Allies, with 3,300–11,250 more heavily armoured marines. Estimates of around 40,000 men are given in some sources, which is approximately the median of the possible range, and seems as likely a number as any. However, since only the marines were expected to fight hand to hand, the rowers in the Allied fleet were probably not equipped to fight in a land battle; it is likely therefore that it was only the marines who contested the battle.

Strategic & tactical considerations
From a strategic point of view, battle was not necessary for either side; the main strategic theatre was mainland Greece itself. Although destroying the enemy navy would result in a clear strategic advantage for both sides, attempting this risked the loss of their own navy. The actions of the two sides thus reflect more upon their morale and confidence than on any strategic considerations. The Persians, seeing little to gain in battle, demoralised and riven with dissent, thus sought to avoid a naval battle. Conversely, the Allies, who had initially been as nervous of a battle as the Persians, sought to press home their morale advantage once they were informed of the state of the Persian fleet.

Tactically, the Persian fleet should have held the advantage at sea, since the Athenian part of the Greek fleet was, despite their efforts at Artemisium and Salamis, still raw in seamanship. However, whether because of their low morale, or because they were in fact outnumbered, the Persians sought instead the tactical advantage of joining up with the army under Tigranes, and fortifying a position. However, when the Greeks chose to fight on land, the Persians then threw away the advantage of their fortifications by emerging to fight the Greeks in the open field. Furthermore, as Marathon and Thermopylae had shown, large numbers conferred little advantage against the more heavily armoured hoplites; thus, as the battle began, it was the Greeks who had the tactical upper hand.

The battle

The Allies seem to have formed into two wings; on the right were the Athenians, Corinthians, Sicyonians and Troezenians, and on the left were the Spartans with other contingents. The right wing marched across level ground straight towards the Persian camp, whilst the left wing attempted to outflank the Persians by passing through more broken ground. The right wing thus began fighting with the Persians while the left wing was still approaching. Herodotus reports that the Persians fought well at first, but that the Athenians and the contingents with them wished to win the victory before the Spartans arrived, and thus attacked ever more zealously.

Although the Persians stood their ground for a while, they eventually broke and fled to the palisade. The soldiers of the right wing followed them into the camp, at which point many of the Persian army fled from the camp, except the ethnic Persian troops, who grouped together and fought the Allied soldiers who entered the camp. Finally, the left wing arrived, outflanking the camp and falling on the rear of the remaining Persian forces, thereby completing the rout.

Herodotus tells us that, on seeing the outcome of the battle hung in the balance, the disarmed Samians had joined in on the side of the allies, doing what they could. This inspired the other Ionian contingents to turn on the Persians as well. At which stage in the battle this happened is not clear; the Samians were presumably not in the main battle line (being disarmed), so it may have been after the Persians retreated to the camp. Meanwhile, the Milesians who were guarding the passes of Mycale also turned on the Persians. At first they misdirected the fleeing Persian contingents so that they ended up back amongst the Allied troops; then, perhaps seeing the outcome of the battle was certain, they began killing the fleeing Persians.

Herodotus does not mention specific figures for casualties, merely saying that losses were heavy on both sides. The Sicyonians in particular suffered, also losing their general Perilaus. On the Persian side, the admiral Mardontes and the general Tigranes were both killed, though Artayntes escaped. Herodotus says that a few Persian troops escaped the battle and made their way to Sardis. Diodorus claims that there were 40,000 Persian casualties, and also suggests that the survivors made their way to Sardis.

Aftermath

When the Spartans arrived, the Persian camp was looted and their beached ships destroyed. Returning to Samos they then discussed their next moves. Leotychides proposed that they evacuate the cities of the Ionian Greeks and bring the population to the Greek mainland, since it would be difficult to defend Ionia against further Persian attacks. Xanthippus however vehemently objected to this, since the Ionian cities were originally Greek colonies. The Ionian Greeks later joined the Athenians in the "Delian League" against Persia.

With the twin victories of Plataea and Mycale, the second Persian invasion of Greece was over. Moreover, the threat of a future invasion was abated; although the Greeks remained worried that Xerxes would try again, over time it became apparent that the Persian desire to conquer Greece was much diminished.

After the victory at Mycale, the Allied fleet sailed to the Hellespont to break down the pontoon bridges, but found that this was already done. The Peloponnesians sailed home, but the Athenians remained to attack the Chersonesos, still held by the Persians. The Persians in the region, and their allies, made for Sestos, the strongest town in the region, and the Athenians laid siege to them there. After a protracted siege, Sestos fell to the Athenians, marking the beginning of a new phase in the Greco-Persian Wars, the Greek counterattack. Herodotus ended his Histories after the Siege of Sestos. Over the next 30 years, the Greeks, primarily the Athenian-dominated Delian League, would expel (or help expel) the Persians from Macedon, Thrace, the Aegean islands and Ionia. Peace with Persia finally came in 449 BC with the Peace of Callias, finally ending the half-century of warfare.

Significance

Mycale and Plataea have great significance in ancient history as the battles which decisively ended the second Persian invasion of Greece, thereby swinging the balance of the Greco-Persian Wars in favour of the Greeks. The Battle of Salamis saved Greece from immediate conquest, but it was Mycale and Plataea which effectively ended that threat. However, neither of these battles is as well known as Thermopylae, Salamis or Marathon. The reason for this discrepancy is not entirely clear; it might however be a result of the circumstances in which the battle was fought. The fame of Thermopylae certainly lies in the doomed heroism of the Greeks in the face of overwhelming numbers; Marathon and Salamis perhaps because they were both fought against the odds, and in dire strategic situations. Conversely, the Battles of Plataea and Mycale were both fought from a relative position of Greek strength, and against lesser odds; perhaps the Greeks were even expecting to win and had certainly seen the opportunity to deal the final blow.

Militarily, the major lesson of both Mycale and Plataea (since both were fought on land) was the repeated confirmation of the superiority of the hoplite over the more lightly armed Persian infantry, as had first been demonstrated at Marathon. Taking on this lesson, after the Greco-Persian Wars the Persian empire started recruiting and relying on Greek mercenaries.

Sources

The main source for the Greco-Persian Wars is the Greek historian Herodotus. He gives an account of the battle of Mycale in Book Nine of his Histories.

The Sicilian historian Diodorus Siculus, writing in the 1st century BC in his Bibliotheca Historica, also provides an account of the Battle of Mykale, derived directly from the earlier Greek historian Ephorus. This account is fairly consistent with Herodotus's. Archaeological evidence, such as the Serpent Column, also supports some of Herodotus's specific claims.

See also
 Battle of Plataea
 Battle of Salamis
 Delian League
 Greco-Persian Wars
 Leotychides
 Second Persian invasion of Greece
 Xanthippus

References

Bibliography

Ancient sources
 Herodotus, The Histories Perseus online version
 Ctesias, Persica (excerpt in Photius's epitome)
 Diodorus Siculus, Biblioteca Historica
 Plutarch, Aristides
 Xenophon, Anabasis

Modern sources
 Holland, Tom. Persian Fire. Abacus, 2005 ()
 Green, Peter. The Greco-Persian Wars. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970; revised ed., 1996 (hardcover, ); 1998 (paperback, )
 Lazenby, JF. The Defence of Greece 490–479 BC. Aris & Phillips Ltd., 1993 ()
 Fehling, D. Herodotus and His "Sources": Citation, Invention, and Narrative Art. Translated by J.G. Howie. Arca Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers, and Monographs, 21. Leeds: Francis Cairns, 1989
 Connolly, P. Greece and Rome at War, 1981

External links
 Livius Picture Archive: Mycale (Dilek Dagi)

Mycale
Category:Battles involving the Achaemenid Empire
Category:479 BC
Category:470s BC conflicts


Tennessee Board of Regents

The Tennessee Board of Regents (TBR) is one of the two systems of public higher education in Tennessee. It was authorized by an act of the Tennessee General Assembly passed in 1972.  The TBR supervises all public community colleges and technical colleges in the state, dealing with over 100,000 students annually.

It was founded as the State University and Community College System of Tennessee. The TBR comprises 40 institutions: 13 community colleges and 27 Tennessee Colleges of Applied Technology, which are listed below. The Colleges of Applied Technology were added to TBR control in 1982. Unlike the situation in most states, TBR component institutions do not have their own board of directors, board of trustees, or similar bodies at the campus level; the TBR hires institution presidents and directors and approves the promotions of senior faculty and staff.  In 2015 Tennessee governor Bill Haslam announced a plan for the six universities of the TBR system to gain their own governing boards, while noting that "TBR would continue to provide key administrative support to the six state universities."

The professional head of the TBR system is referred to as its Chancellor. The chancellor is responsible for guiding the TBR system in accordance with the board's direction and for managing the TBR central office in a manner consistent with the central office's mission and vision. Operational responsibilities and processes include day-to-day management of the system and the central office; board coordination, communication and logistics; presidential searches; and dealing with the media and the general public, including handling complaints and general information requests.

The leaders of TBR universities, community colleges, and TCATs are referred to as Presidents.

The Board of Regents is supported by the Tennessee Higher Education Commission, which serves to coordinate the activities and goals of both the TBR and the University of Tennessee system (UT System). THEC provides the funding formula for institutions.

Member institutions

Community colleges
 Chattanooga State Community College
 Cleveland State Community College
 Columbia State Community College
 Dyersburg State Community College
 Jackson State Community College
 Motlow State Community College
 Nashville State Community College
 Northeast State Community College
 Pellissippi State Community College
 Roane State Community College
 Southwest Tennessee Community College
 Volunteer State Community College
 Walters State Community College

Tennessee Colleges of Applied Technology (TCATs)

 Athens
 Chattanooga
 Covington
 Crossville
 Crump
 Dickson
 Elizabethton
 Harriman
 Hartsville
 Hohenwald
 Jacksboro
 Jackson
 Knoxville
 Livingston
 McKenzie
 McMinnville
 Memphis
 Morristown
 Murfreesboro
 Nashville
 Newbern
 Onedia
 Paris
 Pulaski
 Ripley
 Shelbyville
 Whiteville

State universities

Six universities were managed by TBR until 2017, when the state overhauled its public higher education system by creating an independent governing board for each university. The Tennessee legislature in 2016 passed the Focus on College and University Success Act, which separated the universities from the TBR, and Gov. Haslam followed with ceremonial signings of the law at the separated universities.

The six universities formerly managed by TBR are:

 Austin Peay State University
 East Tennessee State University
 University of Memphis
 Middle Tennessee State University
 Tennessee State University
 Tennessee Technological University

Governance

Chancellors
 Dr. C. C. Humphreys, 1972–1975
 Dr. Roy S. Nicks, 1975–1985
 Mr. Thomas J. Garland, 1986–1990
 Dr. Otis L. Floyd, Jr., 1990–1993
 Dr. Charles E. Smith, 1994–2000
 Dr. Charles Manning, 2000–2010
 Mr. John Morgan, 2010–2016
 Mr. David Gregory (interim) 2016–2017
 Dr. Flora Tydings, February 1, 2017–present

Board
The Tennessee Board of Regents system is governed by 18 board members. The board meets four times each year at regularly scheduled meetings, and the chairman may call additional meetings during the year as needed. The 18 members of the board consist of:  12 lay citizens appointed for six-year terms by the governor, with one each from the state's nine congressional districts and three grand divisions; one faculty member from among the system institutions appointed by the governor for a one-year term; one student from among the system institutions appointed by the governor for a one-year term ; and four ex officio members—the Governor of Tennessee, the Commissioner of Education, the Commissioner of Agriculture, and the Executive Director of the Tennessee Higher Education Commission, who is a non-voting member.

Current members
The Honorable Bill Lee, Governor (Ex Officio)
VACANT, 7th Congressional District
Gregory Duckett, Vice-Chair, 9th Congressional District, 2006–2012
Nicholas Russell, Student Regent, 2015–2016
Deanna Wallace, Faculty Regent, 2013–2014
John Farris, At-Large West Tennessee, 2008–2014
Tom Griscom, 3rd Congressional District, 2010–2011
The Honorable Julius Johnson, Commissioner of Agriculture (Ex Officio)
Jonas Kisber, 8th Congressional District, 2008–2014
Fran Marcum, 4th Congressional District, 2010–2016
Paul W. Montgomery, 1st Congressional District, 2007–2013
John S. "Steve" Copeland, DVM, 6th Congressional District, 2009–2012
Richard Rhoda, Executive Director, Tennessee Higher Education Commission (Ex Officio)
Howard Roddy, At-Large, East Tennessee, 2010–2016
Emily J. Reynolds, At-Large, Middle Tennessee, 2010–2012
Robert P. Thomas, 5th Congressional District, 2009–2015
Danni B. Varlan, 2nd Congressional District, 2010–2013

See also
Tennessee Blue Book
List of colleges and universities in Tennessee

References

External links

Category:1972 establishments in Tennessee
Category:Government of Tennessee
Category:Governing bodies of colleges and universities in the United States


Arthur (season 20)

The 20th season of Arthur began broadcast on PBS in the United States on October 10, 2016, and finished on June 1, 2017. In this season, Oasis Animation took over animation from 9 Story Media Group.

Christian Distefano is the new voice of D.W., replacing Andrew Dayton. Distefano was previously the voice of James in Seasons 18 and 19. Jacob Ursomarzo replaced William Healy as Arthur, and Samuel Faraci and Devan Cohen replaced Jacob Ewaniuk and Jake Sim as Timmy and Tommy Tibble.

Episodes

References

External Links

Category:2016 American television seasons
Category:2017 American television seasons
Category:Arthur (TV series) seasons
Category:2016 Canadian television seasons


The Two Stars

The Two Stars or The Stars or The Two Little Stars (aka Les Deux étoiles) is an Anacreontic ballet in 1 act, with choreography by Marius Petipa, and music by Cesare Pugni. Libretto by Marius Petipa, based on an ancient Greek myth.

First presented by the Imperial Ballet on January 31/February 6 (Julian/Gregorian calendar dates), 1871 at the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, St. Petersburg, Russia. Principal Dancers- Ekaterina Vazem (as the First Star), Alexandra Virginia (as The Second Star), and Pavel Gerdt (as Apollo)

Revivals/Restagings

 Restaging by Marius Petipa for the Ballet of the Moscow Imperial Bolshoi Theatre as The Two Little Stars. First presented on February 25/March 3, 1878 in Moscow, Russia.
 Revival by Ivan Clustine for the Ballet of the Moscow Imperial Bolshoi Theatre as The Stars. First presented on January 14/26, 1897 in Moscow, Russia. Principal Dancers - Ekaterina Geltzer (as the First Star), Adelaide Giuri (as the Second Star), and Vasily Tikhomirov (as Mars).
 Revival by Enrico Cecchetti for the Imperial Ballet, with Riccardo Drigo making additions and revising Cesare Pugni's original score. First presented at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre on November 1/14 1900 in St. Petersburg, Russia. Principal Dancers - Olga Preobrajenskaya (as the First Star), Nadezhda Bakerkina (as the Second Star), Nikolai Legat as Apollo, and Sergei Lukianov (as Mars)

References

 The Two Stars was the final work of the composer Cesare Pugni before he died on January 26, 1870.
 The 1870 premiere of The Two Stars was given as a benefit performance for the Imperial Ballet's Premier danseur Pavel Gerdt.

Category:Ballets by Marius Petipa
Category:Ballets by Cesare Pugni
Category:1871 ballet premieres
Category:Ballets premiered at the Bolshoi Theatre, Saint Petersburg


Mohammadabad-e Do Ziyarati

Mohammadabad-e Do Ziyarati (, also Romanized as Moḩammadābād-e Do Zīyāratī and Moḩammadābād-e Dozīyārtaī) is a village in Nehzatabad Rural District, in the Central District of Rudbar-e Jonubi County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 850, in 143 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Rudbar-e Jonubi County


Yo maté a Juan Charrasqueado

Yo maté a Juan Charrasqueado ("I Killed Juan Charrasqueado") is a 1949 Mexican film. It was directed by
Chano Urueta.

External links

Category:1949 films
Category:Mexican films
Category:Spanish-language films
Category:Films directed by Chano Urueta

Category:Mexican black-and-white films


2007 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 10,000 metres

The women's 10,000 metres event at the 2007 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Amman, Jordan on July 25.

Results

References
Final results

Category:2007 Asian Athletics Championships
Category:10,000 metres at the Asian Athletics Championships
Category:2007 in women's athletics


Sayer

Sayer is a surname, and may refer to:

 Andrew Sayer (born 1949), British social scientist and philosopher of science
 George Sayer (1914–2005), English teacher and biographer
 George Sayer (MP) (1655–1718), English politician, MP for Canterbury
 Gerry Sayer (1905–1942), British pilot and air force officer
 Guillaume Sayer (c.1801–c.1849), Métis fur trader
 Ian Sayer (1945–present), English writer and businessman
 John William Sayer (1879–1918), English non-commissioned officer in World War I and Victoria Cross recipient
 Leo Sayer (1948–present), British singer-songwriter
 Malcolm Sayer (1916–1970), British aircraft and car designer
 Paul Sayer (born 1955), English novelist
 Peter Sayer (born 1955), Welsh professional footballer
 Phil Sayer (1953-2016), British voice artist
 Richard Sayer, English politician, MP for Grampound, 1588–1589
 Roger Sayer, British organist
 Sylvia Sayer (1904–2000), English conservator
 William Sayer (1857–1943), Australian lawyer and politician

See also
 Sayers (surname)
 Sawyer
Sayer (podcast)


Kickback

Kickback or The Kickback can refer to:

 Kickback (bribery), a form of bribery in which payment is received for services rendered
 Kickback (gaming platform), an online gaming site
 Kh-15, a Russian air-to-surface missile also known as the "Kickback"
 Kickback, another term for recoil in a gun
 Kickback (pinball), a ball-saving mechanism in a pinball table

Entertainment
 The Kickback (band), a band from Vermillion, South Dakota
 The Kickback (album), an album by Cali Swag District
 The Kickback (film), a 1922 film
 Kickback (Transformers), a character that is part of The Transformers toy line

Other
Chainsaw kickback, in which a chainsaw encounters hard wood and violently surges upward.
 Steering kickback, movement in a vehicle's steering wheel when it encounters an obstacle.


Saint-Léonard underground lake

Saint-Léonard underground lake (French Lac souterrain de Saint-Léonard) is located at Saint Léonard in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. It is formed where a bed of Triassic gypsum, emplaced within impervious Carboniferous strata, has been dissolved by groundwater. With a length of 300 and a width of 20 m it is the largest underground lake in Europe. It was discovered in 1943 by Jean-Jacques Pittard. Prior to 1946 the water-level was much higher, but an earthquake with a force of 5.6 on the Richter-scale opened additional fissures in the cave on January 25, 1946 made it more readily navigable. Its water is constantly at . The lake is accessible by the public since 1949. Visits are organized daily from March 15 to November 1, from 9 am to 5 pm. The visit is about half an hour long, and is held in English, French, German and Italian. Ticket-prices are 10 CHF for adults and 5 CHF for children.

Access to the lake was closed from 2000 to June 2003, whilst the stability of the site was improved by the addition of more than 5000 bolts driven into the ceiling.

References

External links

Website of the lake
Subterranean lake comes back from the dead

Category:Caves of Switzerland
Category:Show caves in Switzerland
Category:Lakes of Valais
Category:Underground lakes
Category:Gypsum caves
Category:Tourist attractions in Valais
Category:Landforms of Valais


List of Mount Everest guides

Mount Everest guides are people who help people to climb Mount Everest in the Himalayas.

Guides can, for example, set fixed lines of rope for others to use, organize rescues in times of trouble, or use communication tools to call in helicopter evacuations. Another job on Mount Everest is as an "icefall doctor" using ladders and ropes to make a path across the Khumbu Icefall, which guides might do themselves or delegate to others. Guides, especially if they are guiding for a mountaineering or adventure company, often call the people they help up "clients".

Another task on Everest is helping people with medical problems, although the work can be dangerous. When potentially deadly health conditions strike, the guides can sometimes lose their clients or abort the climb. One mother of two died after developing a health problem at the Everest base camp.

Mount Everest guides assist climbers on what are called "guided" climbs, and guided ascent can cost double an unguided one.The Cost$ of Climbing Everest, 2010 Many climbers in more recent times are unguided but can get some support from a Sherpa, which, though more similar to an Alpinist porter, is much cheaper and also called a guide. The term guide can mean something along the lines of an assistant all the way to a World-famous mountaineer.

Guides
Adrian Ballinger
Andy Harris
Andy Tyson Andy Tyson Stephen Henderson Apr 16, 2015
Anatoli Boukreev
Andrew Lock
Arnold Coster
Bill Allen
Dan Nash
Daniel Mazur
Dave Hahn
David Breashears
David Hamilton
David Morton
Jacob Schmitz
Dean Staples
Eric Simonson
Garrett Madison
Gheorghe Dijmărescu
Kenton Cool
Lydia Bradey
Mark Whetu
Mark Woodward
Michael Horst
Michael Groom
Mike Roberts
Neal BeidlemanPBS - Everest Facts
Phil CramptonNDTV - Phil C
Phil Ershler
Rob Hall
Russell Brice
Scott Fischer
Sean James
Todd BurlesonPBS - Everest Facts
Tim Mosedale
Vernon Tejas
Wally Berg
Ryan Waters
Willie Benegas
Zac Poulton
Alexander Abramov
Steve Bell
Scott Woolums

Nepali guides

Some examples:
Ang Rita (Angrita Sherpa)
Ang Dorje Sherpa
Ang Tharkay
Apa Sherpa
Babu Chiri Sherpa
Kami Rita Sherpa (with Alpine Ascents)
Lakpa Gelu
Lopsang Jangbu Sherpa
Mingma Tenjing Sherpa (with International Mountain Guides)
Nawang Gombu
Pem Dorjee Sherpa
Pertemba (Pertemba Sherpa)
Phurba Tashi
Sungdare Sherpa
Temba Tsheri
Tashi Tenzing
Tenzing Norgay

Guide firms and organizations

Alpenglow Expeditions
Started by Adrian Ballinger after 2012
Alpine Ascents International.
Altitude Junkies
Arnold Coster Expeditions (see also Arnold Coster)
Adventure Consultants
Asian Trekking
Started by Ang Tshering (b. 1953) in 1982 Asian Trekking is based out of Kathmandu, Nepal.
Himex (Himalayan Experience)
International Mountain Guides
Jagged Globe
Mountain Madness
Mountain Trip
Mountain Trip lead guides include Scott Woolums (7 Everest summits), Bill Allen (3 Everest summits) and Jacob Schmitz (3 Everest summits)
Peak Freaks
Peak Freaks was started in 1983 Marty Schmidt was a Peak Freak guide in 2013, though he  died later that year with his son on K2 due to an avalanche.
Mountain Professionals
Satori Adventures and Expeditions
7 Summits Club

Examples of Guide firms in 2017[http://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2017/12/08/how-much-does-it-cost-to-climb-mount-everest-2018-edition/
Adventure Consultants, Adventure Peaks, Adventure Global, Altitude Junkies, Alpenglow, Alpine Ascents International (AAI), Arnold Coster, Furtenbach Adventures, Himalayan Experience (Himex), International Mountain Guides (IMG), Jagged Globe, Kobler & Partner, Madison Mountaineering, Mountain Trip, Mountain Professionals, Benegas Brothers, RMI, Tim Mosedale, 7 Summits Club, Summit Climb
Nepali firms: Ascent Himalaya, Asian Trekking, Arun Treks (India Transcend Adventures), Dreamers Destination, Seven Summits Treks, Satori, TAGnepal, Expedition Himalaya, Himalayan Ascent

See also
List of summiters of Mount Everest
List of people who died climbing Mount Everest
1996 Mount Everest disaster
Nepal Mountaineering Association

References

External links
Alan's page on guides

Category:Mount Everest
Category:Mountaineering
Category:Climbing and mountaineering-related lists


St Stanislas College, Delft

St Stanislas College (Dutch, Stanislascollege) is a conglomerate of high schools in Delft, Pijnacker, and Rijswijk. Saint Stanislas college itself was founded in Delft as a Gymnasium in 1948 by the Society of Jesus in the Netherlands. When other surrounding schools needed to work together to secure funding they joined to form a conglomerate. In 2007, there were 4253 students. It is the third largest school in Delft, after the Christian Lyceum Delft and Grotius College. The college is part of the international network of Jesuit schools.

History
When the college was founded,  it was one of seven Jesuit schools in the Netherlands. The others were: St Willibrord College in Katwijk, which became Catholic Comprehensive School, Breul; Ignatius Gymnasium in Amsterdam; Maartenscollege, Groningen; Aloysius College, The Hague; and Canisius College, Nijmegen. The group had the acronym 'WIMACS'. In the 1980s and 1990s, with the exception of St Stanislas College, control of the schools was transferred to the local government, and because of mergers with other conglomerates, eventually those other schools lost their affiliation with the Jesuits.

Locations
The conglomerate has seven schools:
 Westplantsoen in Delft is the main location where Saint Stanislas College was founded by the Jesuits. Lessons there are taught at the Hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs (HAVO) and Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs (VWO) levels. It has about 1800 students.
 Reinier de Graafpad teaches the Voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs (VMBO) and the HAVO for the first three years. After taking the HAVO, students can transfer to another secondary school. It has approximately 750 students.
 Krakeelpolderweg teaches the VMBO and has about 440 students.
 Pijnacker teaches the VMBO, HAVO, and VWO and has about 1250 students.
 Lodewijk Makeblijde College in Rijswijk has been part of the organization since 2008.

Chapel
St Stanislas Chapel (Dutch Sint Stanislaskapel) is outside the front entrance to the  college. The foundation stone was laid on 21 June 1955. It was consecrated on 13 November 1956, the anniversary of St Stanislas, by the Bishop of Rotterdam, Martinus Jansen. The architect of the chapel, which was designed in the style of the Bossche School, was Jan van der Laan.

Alumni
 Hans van Heijningen (graduated 1972), Socialist Party politician
 Peter Tetteroo (graduated 1981), journalist
 Theo Verbey (graduated 1977), composer
 Jessie Jazz Vuijk (graduated 2011), model

Gallery

See also
 Society of Jesus
 Education in the Netherlands
 Delft

References

External links
 St Stanislas College site

Delft, Stanislas
Delft, Stanislas
Category:Buildings and structures in Delft
Category:Schools in South Holland


Yakima Peak

Yakima Peak is a  summit located on the eastern border of Mount Rainier National Park. It is also on the shared border of Pierce County and Yakima County in Washington state. Yakima Peak is situated northwest of Tipsoo Lake and west of Chinook Pass on the crest of the Cascade Range. Its nearest higher peak is Deadwood Peak,  to the north. The name Yakima Peak honors the Yakima Tribe of eastern Washington state. From Chinook Pass, a short scramble up a gully on the north side leads to a flat summit with unobstructed views of Mount Rainier and Naches Peak.

Climate
Yakima Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range (Orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger. Yakima Peak is a major triple divide point with precipitation runoff draining into tributaries of the White River, Cowlitz River, and Yakima River.

References

See also
 Geography of Washington (state)

External links
 Weather forecast: Yakima Peak
 National Park Service web site: Mount Rainier National Park

Category:Cascade Range
Category:Mountains of Pierce County, Washington
Category:Mountains of Washington (state)
Category:Mountains of Yakima County, Washington


China Clipper flight departure site

The China Clipper flight departure site is listed as California Historical Landmark number 968. It is the site from which Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) initiated trans-Pacific airmail service on November 22, 1935.  A flying boat named China Clipper made the first trip, and the publicity for that flight caused all flying boats on that air route to become popularly known as China Clippers. For a few years, this pioneering mail service captured the public imagination like the earlier Pony Express, and offered fast luxury travel like the later Concorde.

Location
In 1927, wetlands on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay were filled to form an airport with an east/west runway, three hangars, an administration building, and a yacht harbor.  By 1930, United States Army Air Corps operations referred to the site as Benton Field.  Pan Am used the yacht harbor as their California terminal for trans-Pacific flights beginning in 1935.  On 1 June 1936, the city of Alameda, California gave the airport to the United States government a few months before the Army discontinued operations from the field.  Congressional appropriations for construction passed in 1938 and allowed naval air station operations to begin on 1 November 1940.  Pan Am shifted their terminal to Treasure Island for the duration of the Golden Gate International Exposition in anticipation the island would become San Francisco's airport following the exposition.  The United States Navy took over Treasure Island when the exposition ended, and San Francisco municipal airport was built at Mills Field; so the Pan Am flying boat Clippers used Navy terminal facilities for the remainder of their service lives. The site is now part of the Alameda Naval Air Station.

Peacetime
The initial flight carried only air mail, but passenger service began in October 1936, with three Martin M-130 flying boats named Hawaii Clipper (NC14714), Philippine Clipper (NC14715), and China Clipper (NC14716).  The route from San Francisco Bay, via Pearl Harbor, Midway Atoll, Wake Island, and Guam to Manila Bay required six days with approximately sixty hours of flying time at a cruising speed of 130 miles per hour.  Each flying boat offered spacious accommodation for approximately a dozen passengers and typically carried two crews, with the second crew being trained by the first in oceanic navigation and flight procedures.  One-way fare was approximately $700.

Pilot of the initial airmail flight, Ed Musick, died two years later when Sikorsky S-42 Samoan Clipper exploded over Samoa in January, 1938.  Hawaii Clipper disappeared westbound from Guam to Manila in July, 1938.  There were unsubstantiated rumors of Japanese involvement, similar to those arising from the disappearance of Amelia Earhart a year earlier.  Earhart's navigator, Fred Noonan, had been navigator aboard China Clipper during the initial airmail flight.  Boeing 314 flying boats Honolulu Clipper (NC18601) and California Clipper (NC18602) joined the surviving Martin M-130s in 1939, and Pacific Clipper (NC18609) and Anzac Clipper (NC18611) extended service to New Zealand and Australia in 1941.

Wartime
Philippine Clipper returned to Wake when it received news of the attack on Pearl Harbor and was strafed floating on the lagoon when Japanese planes attacked Wake.  Despite 96 bullet holes, the Clipper successfully returned to California.  Pacific Clipper was in Auckland, New Zealand at the time of the attack, and its crew opted to return to the United States westbound rather than retrace its normal route.  Its January 1942 arrival in New York marked the first circumnavigation of the globe by commercial aircraft.

The United States Navy assumed control of the Clippers in 1942, although Pan Am crews continued to fly the aircraft.  Clippers flew between California and Hawaii and to Australia via Canton Island, Fiji, Nouméa, and New Zealand while the Western Pacific was controlled by Japan.  Clippers would sometimes divert to Clear Lake Outlying Field when weather was unsuitable for landing on San Francisco Bay.  Philippine Clipper crashed southwest of Ukiah, California, while carrying Pacific Fleet Submarine Force commander Robert English and his senior staff from Pearl Harbor to San Francisco during a January 1943 storm.  It took search crews more than a week to locate the aircraft crash site on a mountain near Boonville, California.  China Clipper, last of the three Martin M-130s, crashed in Trinidad in January 1945.  Honolulu Clipper, the first of twelve Boeing 314s built, was still flying for the Navy in November 1945 when it successfully landed 650 miles east of Oahu after losing power in two engines.  Aircraft mechanics from the escort carrier Manila Bay were unable to repair the engines at sea.  The seaplane tender San Pablo attempted to tow the flying boat into port; but Honolulu Clipper was damaged in a collision with the tender and intentionally sunk by perforating the hull with 1200 20mm Oerlikon shells after salvage was deemed impractical.

End of Service
Surviving Clippers returned to civilian ownership after the war, but the era of the long-range commercial flying boat had passed.  Large runways had been constructed around the world for heavy bombers, and military bomber technology was rapidly adapted for commercial airline service without the dangers and inconvenience of water landings.

See also
Alameda Mole

References

Category:Alameda, California
Category:Pan Am
Category:Seaplane bases in the United States
Category:California Historical Landmarks
Category:History of Alameda County, California


Sultan Abu Bakar Museum

The Sultan Abu Bakar Museum () is a museum in Pekan District, Pahang, Malaysia. It showcases the native people relics found in the country.

History
The museum building was constructed in the 1920s during British Malaya. Since then, the building has been used for the official residence for British government, army barracks and official palace of Sultan Abu Bakar. The building was then converted to a museum after 4 years of renovation. It was finally opened by Sultan Ahmad Shah on 21 October 1976.

Exhibitions
The museum exhibits collection of ancient Chinese glassware and ceramics.

Opening time
The museum opens everyday except Mondays from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

See also
 List of museums in Malaysia

References

Category:Museums in Malaysia
Category:Buildings and structures in Pahang
Category:1976 establishments in Malaysia
Category:Museums established in 1976


Radyyon Zhuk

Radyyon Zhuk (; ; born 6 March 1983) is a Belarusian former professional footballer.

External links

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Belarusian footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk players
Category:FC Starye Dorogi players
Category:FC Neman Grodno players
Category:FC Smorgon players
Category:FC Granit Mikashevichi players
Category:FC Slutsk players


Frank Hartmann (footballer, born September 1960)

Frank Hartmann (born 27 September 1960) is a German football coach and a former player.

Honours
 Bundesliga runner-up: 1981–82
 DFB-Pokal winner: 1982–83, 1989–90

References

External links

Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:German footballers
Category:German football managers
Category:Bundesliga players
Category:2. Bundesliga players
Category:1. FC Köln players
Category:FC Schalke 04 players
Category:1. FC Kaiserslautern players
Category:SG Wattenscheid 09 players

Category:Association football midfielders