World Trade Center (film)

World Trade Center is a 2006 American survival disaster drama film directed by Oliver Stone and based on the September 11, 2001 attacks at the World Trade Center. It stars Nicolas Cage, Maria Bello, Michael Peña, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Stephen Dorff and Michael Shannon. The film was shot between October 2005 and February 2006, and released on August 9, 2006. The 2017 film 9/11, based on stage play Elevator, also features the towers on the same day in the attacks (similar to this film).

Plot

On September 11, 2001, Port Authority Police Officers John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno are patrolling the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan when they see a plane fly dangerously low overhead. As all of the Police return to the station, they see on TV that the North Tower of the World Trade Center has been hit by the plane. Sergeant McLoughlin assigns many of the officers to assist in a precautionary evacuation attempt of the North Tower and they board a Metropolitan Transit Authority bus. On the bus, they hear reports that the South Tower is also hit by another plane. When they arrive at the World Trade Center, they realize the extent of the disaster, and see one of the victims jump out of the towers to certain death. The men proceed to get safety equipment from Building 5 and enter the concourse between the towers.

The group consists of McLoughlin, Jimeno, Dominick Pezzulo and Antonio Rodrigues. Officer Christopher Amoroso appears to inform them of other events, such as the attack on the Pentagon, the second plane's hit on the South Tower and an attack on Israel though the group does not accept any of these as true. As the men prepare to enter the North Tower, the buildings begin to rumble. McLoughlin realizes that the South Tower is collapsing onto them and that their only chance of survival is to run into the service elevator shaft. Amoroso trips and does not have time to get up, and Rodrigues is unable to get to the shaft in time, resulting in both deaths. McLoughlin, Jimeno and Pezzulo manage to escape the huge amounts of dust and rubble flying down from the South Tower. However, as the rubble continues to crush the elevator shaft, the three are trapped. As the cascade of debris subsides, Pezzulo realizes he can free himself and manages to move closer to Jimeno in order to shift the debris covering his legs, but cannot make it to McLoughlin as he is trapped deeper in the rubble. Pezzulo tries but fails to shift the debris due to its weight, and is instructed by McLoughlin not to leave.

As Pezzulo becomes optimistic that they will live, the rumbling begins again as the North Tower starts to collapse. Although Jimeno and McLoughlin are not further harmed, Pezzulo is fatally injured when a concrete slab falls into the hole, crushing his torso. After he fires a gun through a gap in the rubble to try to alert rescuers to their position, he dies. Jimeno and McLoughlin spend hours under the rubble, in pain but exchanging stories about their lives and families. McLoughlin is particularly anxious to keep Jimeno from falling asleep and Jimeno also realizes that by straining to grab a metal bar above his body, he can make a noise that rescuers might hear. Two United States Marines, Dave Karnes and Jason Thomas, who are searching for survivors, do hear it and find the men, calling for help to dig them out. Jimeno is rescued first, and then hours later McLoughlin is lifted out of the debris, barely alive and in critical condition. They are then both reunited with their distraught families at the hospital. Two years after the attacks, McLoughlin and Jimeno attend a barbecue with their families: McLoughlin's wife Donna, Jimeno's wife Allison, daughter Bianca, and their newest addition Olivia.

The epilogue states that John and Will were 2 of the 20 people pulled out alive and are now retired from active duty. Dave Karnes re-enlisted in the Marines.

Cast

 Nicolas Cage as John McLoughlin
 Michael Peña as Will Jimeno
 Maria Bello as Donna McLoughlin
 Maggie Gyllenhaal as Allison Jimeno
 Stephen Dorff as NYPD ESU Rescueman Scott Strauss
 Jon Bernthal as Officer Christopher Amoroso
 Jay Hernandez as Officer Dominick Pezzulo
 Michael Shannon as Marine Sgt. Dave Karnes
 Donna Murphy as Judy Jonas
 Peter McRobbie as Allison's father
 Frank Whaley as Paramedic Chuck Sereika
 Jude Ciccolella as Inspector Lawrence Fields
 Nicholas Turturro as Officer Colovito
 Danny Nucci as Officer Giraldi
 William Mapother as Marine Sgt. Jason Thomas
 Wass Stevens as Officer Pat McLoughlin
 Armando Riesco as Officer Antonio Rodrigues
 Ned Eisenberg as Officer Polnicki
 Dara Coleman as Officer Boel
 Nick Damici as Lt. John Kassimatis
 Arthur Nascarella as FDNY Chief at Ground Zero
 Patti D'Arbanville as Donna's Friend
 Viola Davis as Mother in Hospital
 Will Jimeno as Port Authority Police Officer
 Aimee Mullins as Reporter
 Charles A. Gargano as Port Authority Policecommander

Production
The Port Authority police officers portrayed by Cage and Peña, John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno, and their wives, played by Bello and Gyllenhaal, were involved with the writing and overall production. McLoughlin and Jimeno said they wanted to have a film made to honor their rescuers and comrades who died on September 11, not for personal gain.

McLoughlin's wife Donna has said: "We got involved because we felt it needed to be done accurately. We wanted to do the right thing and I think the filmmakers wanted to do the right thing too." Both John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno appear at the end of the film during the barbecue scene.

The real ESU (Emergency Services Unit) police from New York who are depicted in the film—Scott Strauss and Paddy McGee—were on set as technical advisers. In addition, the firemen in the film were played by real FDNY members who served on 9/11. All of them enthusiastically supported the film and its intention to accurately portray the rescue of McLoughlin and Jimeno.

Jeanette Pezzulo, the widow of Port Authority police officer Dominick Pezzulo (who died in the attacks and is played by Jay Hernandez in the film), expressed anger with the film, criticizing McLoughlin's and Jimeno's participation in its production. She's quoted as saying, "My thing is: this man died for you. How do you do this to his family?" Staten Island resident Jamie Amoroso, whose husband also died during the rescue operation, also expressed her anger over the film and said she did "not need a movie" to tell her "what a hero" her husband was.

Many major American newspapers ran editorials accusing Stone of having his film examine 9/11 conspiracy theories because Stone was known for examining various conspiracy theories surrounding the Kennedy assassination in JFK. However, Stone has stated that the film does not explore the conspiracy theories surrounding 9/11. He, the producers, and the real McLoughlin and Jimeno, have said the film is a simple dedication to the heroism and sadness of the day with little-to-no political themes.

The film has been accused of not providing a fair portrayal of the character and motives of rescuer Dave Karnes and paramedic Chuck Sereika. They did not participate in the making of the film and felt their roles of being the first rescuers to reach the trapped men did not receive enough screen time. Sereika began treating and extricating Jimeno a full 20 minutes before officers from the New York City Police Department's Emergency Services Unit arrived.

Non-fictional characters
John McLoughlin graduated from the State University of New York at Oswego, where he was a member of the Sigma Tau Chi fraternity. He was rescued after 22 hours, the 19th of 20 people pulled out of the rubble alive. Doctors kept him in an induced coma for six weeks. He underwent 27 surgeries and spent nearly three months in the hospital and rehabilitation. Four months after their rescue, McLoughlin and Jimeno — who both have since retired — took part in a ceremony at Ground Zero to watch as the final column was removed. When all the uniformed officers walked out of The Pit, the last two were McLoughlin and Jimeno. On June 11, 2002, McLoughlin received the Port Authority's Medal of Honor. He resided in Goshen, New York.

Will Jimeno was born on November 26, 1967 in Colombia but immigrated to New York City as a boy with his family. At the time of the attacks, he was a rookie cop assigned to the Port Authority Bus Terminal. He was pulled out of the rubble after 13 hours, the 18th of 20 people pulled out alive. On June 11, 2002, Jimeno received the Port Authority's Medal of Honor. Jimeno and McLoughlin make a cameo in the film. On January 2, 2008, Jimeno appeared on the television game show Deal or No Deal and won $271,000.

Christopher Amoroso was born on June 1, 1972 and, raised in North Bergen, New Jersey where he attended North Bergen High School. Since 2010 the Chopper 2002 Foundation has presented their Annual Invitational Softball Tournament in North Bergen on the first weekend of June.

Dominick Pezzulo was born on August 15, 1965 in Italy to Dino and Victoria Pezzulo. He was named after his grandfather Domenico Pezzulo. Pezzulo taught auto repair, math and computer technology. After seven years as a teacher, Pezzulo became a police officer for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department 13 months before the attack. He was stationed at the Port Authority Bus Terminal. On September 9, 2005, all of the public safety officers killed on September 11, 2001, were posthumously awarded the 9/11 Heroes Medal of Valor by President George W. Bush. At the National 9/11 Memorial, Pezzulo is memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-29. In his birthplace of Giano Vetusto, Italy, a plaque has been erected on the door of the house he grew up in.

David W. Karnes was born  and spend 23 years in the Marine Corps infantry. He left his accounting office at Deloitte and Touche in Wilton, Connecticut on September 11, 2001 soon after witnessing the attacks on television to assist in the rescue efforts. Karnes spent nine days at the site before returning to his office. He then reenlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve and went on to serve in the Philippines and Iraq. He served for 17 months, including two tours of duty in Iraq. Karnes did not cooperate in the making of Stone's World Trade Center movie due to Stone's antipathy towards U.S. President George W. Bush. Some critics took issue with the portrayal in the film. Rebecca Liss of Slate magazine observed, "The film seems to overplay his zeal without conveying his motivations and reasoning."  It notes he is unfairly portrayed as "a robotic soldier of Christ—a little wacky and simplistic."

Jason Thomas was born ca. 1974 and was dropping his daughter off at the home of his mother on Long Island when she told him about the attacks. Despite having left active duty in August 2001, Thomas drove to Manhattan to assist in the rescue efforts, telling the Associated Press: Someone needed help. It didn't matter who. I didn't even have a plan. But I have all this training as a Marine, and all I could think was, 'My city is in need.'"  As of 2013, Thomas is serving in the United States Air Force as a medical technician. His portrayal by a white actor in the film generated controversy, although the producers claimed that they were unaware that the real Thomas was black until they had already started filming . On February 11, 2007, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition aired a special two-hour episode about Thomas and his family. Following the attacks, Thomas and his wife had moved their four children from New York to Columbus, Ohio. The house they bought began to deteriorate and the show intervened to help them. On September 2, 2013, Channel 4 broadcast The Lost Hero of 9/11  which detailed Thomas involvement in the rescue operation following the collapse of both towers. As of 2018, Thomas was living in Columbus with his wife Kirsti and their children. He worked as an officer for the Ohio Supreme Court. Thomas is in 15 Septembers Later which has appeared on the History Channel.

Reception

Box office
On opening weekend, it made approximately $18,730,762 in the U.S. and Canada. In total, the film grossed $70,278,893 at the North American box office, and over $162,970,240 worldwide.

Critical response
The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with a 67% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 232 reviews and an average rating of 6.66/10. The website's critical consensus states, "As a visually stunning tribute to lives lost in tragedy, World Trade Center succeeds unequivocally, and it is more politically muted than many of Stone's other works." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The producers met with all relevant September 11 victims groups, before production began, to inform them of the intent. After its release, they, the NYPD, and the FDNY were very pleased with it. Former mayor Rudy Giuliani, former Governor George Pataki and then-Fire Commissioner Nicholas Scopetta, as well as representatives from the NY Port Authority, were at the premiere of the film at the Ziegfeld Theatre in Manhattan.

Home media
The Region 1 DVD was released on December 12, 2006 with a Region 2 release following on January 29, 2007. A special 2-disc set was also released. A 3-disc deluxe edition was produced exclusively for Target stores. Although Paramount initially dropped its support of the Blu-ray format, it came to support Blu-ray again after HD DVD's demise. The film re-appeared on Blu-ray in May 2008.

See also
 List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks
 Collapse of the World Trade Center
 United 93, another 2006 film, directed by Paul Greengrass, which centered around the events aboard United Airlines Flight 93.
 List of firefighting films
 Whitewashing in film

Notes

References
 World Trade Center official site
 Article in truTV Crime Library
 Craig Armstrong – Movie Score Composer
 'World Trade Center' Movie Leaves Real Heroes Awestruck
 September 11th Remembered
 Images from the film
 Tribute to Will Jimeno

External links

 Interview with Oliver Stone & the cast of World Trade Center

Category:2006 films
Category:2000s disaster films
Category:2000s drama films
Category:Paramount Pictures films
Category:American films
Category:American disaster films
Category:Docudramas
Category:English-language films
Category:Films based on the September 11 attacks
Category:Drama films based on actual events
Category:Films set in New York City
Category:Films directed by Oliver Stone
Category:Films shot in New York (state)
Category:Films shot in New Jersey
Category:Films about firefighting
Category:Clifton, New Jersey
Category:World Trade Center
Category:Films scored by Craig Armstrong (composer)
Category:Films produced by Debra Hill


Próchenki

Próchenki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszanka, within Łosice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Category:Villages in Łosice County


Blue supergiant star

Blue supergiant stars are hot luminous stars, referred to scientifically as OB supergiants.  They have luminosity class I and spectral class B9 or earlier.

Blue supergiants (BSGs) are found towards the top left of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram to the right of the main sequence.  They are larger than the Sun but smaller than a red supergiant, with surface temperatures of 10,000–50,000 K and luminosities from about 10,000 to a million times that of the Sun.

Formation

Supergiants are evolved high-mass stars, larger and more luminous than main-sequence stars.  O class and early B class stars with initial masses around  evolve away from the main sequence in just a few million years as their hydrogen is consumed and heavy elements start to appear near the surface of the star. These stars usually become blue supergiants, although it is possible that some of them evolve directly to Wolf–Rayet stars. Expansion into the supergiant stage occurs when hydrogen in the core of the star is depleted and hydrogen shell burning starts, but it may also be caused as heavy elements are dredged up to the surface by convection and mass loss due to radiation pressure increase.

Blue supergiants are newly evolved from the main sequence, have extremely high luminosities, high mass loss rates, and are generally unstable. Many of them become luminous blue variables (LBVs) with episodes of extreme mass loss.  Lower mass blue supergiants continue to expand until they become red supergiants.  In the process they must spend some time as yellow supergiants or yellow hypergiants, but this expansion occurs in just a few thousand years and so these stars are rare. Higher mass red supergiants blow away their outer atmospheres and evolve back to blue supergiants, and possibly onwards to Wolf–Rayet stars. Depending on the exact mass and composition of a red supergiant, it can execute a number of blue loops before either exploding as a type II supernova or finally dumping enough of its outer layers to become a blue supergiant again, less luminous than the first time but more unstable. If such a star can pass through the yellow evolutionary void it is expected that it becomes one of the lower luminosity LBVs.

The most massive blue supergiants are too luminous to retain an extensive atmosphere and they never expand into a red supergiant. The dividing line is approximately , although the coolest and largest red supergiants develop from stars with initial masses of . It is not clear whether more massive blue supergiants can lose enough mass to evolve safely into old age as a Wolf Rayet star and finally a white dwarf, or they reach the Wolf Rayet stage and explode as supernovae, or they explode as supernovae while blue supergiants.

Supernova progenitors are most commonly red supergiants and it was believed that only red supergiants could explode as supernovae. SN 1987A, however, forced astronomers to re-examine this theory, as its progenitor, Sanduleak -69° 202, was a B3 blue supergiant. Now it is known from observation that almost any class of evolved high-mass star, including blue and yellow supergiants, can explode as a supernova although theory still struggles to explain how in detail. While most supernovae are of the relatively homogeneous type II-P and are produced by red supergiants, blue supergiants are observed to produce supernovae with a wide range of luminosities, durations, and spectral types, sometimes sub-luminous like SN 1987A, sometimes super-luminous such as many type IIn supernovae.

Properties

Because of their extreme masses they have relatively short lifespans and are mainly observed in young cosmic structures such as open clusters, the arms of spiral galaxies, and in irregular galaxies. They are rarely observed in spiral galaxy cores, elliptical galaxies, or globular clusters, most of which are believed to be composed of older stars, although the core of the Milky Way has recently been found to be home to several massive open clusters and associated young hot stars.

The best known example is Rigel, the brightest star in the constellation of Orion. Its mass is about 20 times that of the Sun, and its luminosity is around 117,000 times greater. Despite their rarity and their short lives they are heavily represented among the stars visible to the naked eye; their immense brightness is more than enough to compensate for their scarcity.

Blue supergiants have fast stellar winds and the most luminous, called hypergiants, have spectra dominated by emission lines that indicate strong continuum driven mass loss.  Blue supergiants show varying quantities of heavy elements in their spectra, depending on their age and the efficiency with which the products of nucleosynthesis in the core are convected up to the surface.  Quickly rotating supergiants can be highly mixed and show high proportions of helium and even heavier elements while still burning hydrogen at the core; these stars show spectra very similar to a Wolf Rayet star.

While the stellar wind from a red supergiant is dense and slow, the wind from a blue supergiant is fast but sparse. When a red supergiant becomes a blue supergiant, the faster wind it produces impacts the already emitted slow wind and causes the outflowing material to condense into a thin shell.  In some cases several concentric faint shells can be seen from successive episodes of mass loss, either previous blue loops from the red supergiant stage, or eruptions such as LBV outbursts.

Examples
 MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 (or Icarus) – most distant individual star detected
 Rigel (β Orionis), a blue-white (B-type) supergiant
 UW Canis Majoris (UW CMa), a blue (O-type) supergiant
 Zeta Puppis (Naos), a blue (O-type) supergiant

References

Category:Star types


WOUB

WOUB may refer to:

 WOUB (AM), a radio station (1340 AM) licensed to serve Athens, Ohio, United States
 WOUB-FM, a radio station (91.3 FM) licensed to serve Athens, Ohio
 WOUB-TV, a television station (channel 32, virtual 20) licensed to serve Athens, Ohio


Sobolev

Sobolev (masculine) and Soboleva (feminine) is a popular Russian surname, derived from the word "соболь" (sable). Notable people with the surname include:
Arkady Sobolev, Russian diplomat
Boris Sobolev, Canadian health services researcher
Leonid Sobolev (1844–1913), Russian general
Sergei Sobolev (politician) (b. 1961), Ukrainian politician
Sergei Sobolev (1908–1989), Russian mathematician
Vladimir Sobolev (disambiguation), several people
Yelena Soboleva (born 1982), Russian runner

Category:Russian-language surnames


Little Feller (nuclear tests)

Little Feller II and Little Feller I were code names for a set of nuclear tests undertaken by the United States at the Nevada Test Site on July 7 and 17, 1962 as part of Operation Sunbeam. They were both tests of stockpiled W54 warheads, the smallest nuclear warheads known to have been produced by the United States, used in both the Davy Crockett warhead and the Special Atomic Demolition Munition.

In Little Feller II (July 7), the warhead was suspended only three feet above the ground and had a yield equivalent to only 22 tons of TNT. In Little Feller I (July 17), the warhead was launched as a Davy Crockett device from a stationary 155 millimeter launcher and set to detonate between 20 and 40 feet above the ground (6-12 meters) around 1.7 miles (2.7 km) from the launch point, with a yield of 18 tons. This test was performed in conjunction with Operation Ivy Flats, a simulated military environment, and was observed by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and presidential adviser General Maxwell D. Taylor.

Little Feller I has the additional distinction of being the last near-ground atmospheric nuclear detonation conducted by the United States of America  (the high altitude
Fishbowl tests concluded in November 1962 with a detonation at around 21 km altitude).

All further tests were conducted under ground, in accordance with the Partial Test Ban Treaty. An additional footnote is Operation Roller Coaster. Although this later series of tests involved no true nuclear detonation, they did disperse radioactive material using conventional explosives and thus may alternatively be considered the last aboveground nuclear test.

References

External links
"The Davy Crockett" from the Brookings Institution
 Video of the M-388 Davy Crockett Nuclear Test
Operation Ivy Flats government film (1962)

Category:Nevada Test Site nuclear explosive tests
Category:1962 in Nevada
Category:July 1962 events


Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children

Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, located in Dallas, is a pediatric hospital specializing in the treatment of orthopedic conditions and sports injuries, as well as certain related arthritic and neurological disorders and learning disorders, such as dyslexia.

Hospital details

Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children opened its doors to the children of Texas in 1921. One of Dallas’s first orthopedic surgeons, W. B. Carrell, M.D., was approached by a group of Texas Masons who recognized a growing need to provide superior medical care to children suffering from polio regardless of the family’s ability to pay. With the introduction of the Salk and Sabin vaccines in the mid-1950s, which virtually eradicated polio in the Western Hemisphere, the hospital broadened its focus to other orthopedic conditions. The hospital was originally called Dallas Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children.

Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children treats thousands of children for orthopedic conditions, including scoliosis, club foot, congenital dislocated hip, Legg-Perthes, limb-length differences and hand conditions, as well as children with sports injuries.

The hospital’s Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research supports research at the hospital. Scottish Rite Hospital’s research efforts have yielded discoveries such as the TSRH® SILO™ 5.5 Spinal System, TRUE/LOK™ External Fixation System, and the first gene associated with idiopathic scoliosis.

Through the hospital’s Luke Waites Center for Dyslexia and Learning Disorders, specific learning disorders, such as dyslexia, are evaluated and treated. The hospital had 36,825 outpatient visits and performed 2,610 surgeries during fiscal year 2016. Physicians hold faculty appointments at UT Southwestern Medical School.

Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children is governed by a board of trustees who are members of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry in Texas. Scottish Rite Masons are affiliated with Freemasonry, a worldwide fraternal organization. Financial support from the Scottish Rite or broader Masonic groups is on an individual basis.

References

External links
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Pediatric Orthopedic Hospital

Category:Children's hospitals in the United States
Category:Hospitals in Texas
Category:Masonic buildings in Texas


Melville Wolfrom

Melville Lawrence Wolfrom (April 2, 1900 –  June 20, 1969) was an American chemist.

Early life, education, and career
Melville Wolfrom's grandfather Johann Lorenz Wolfrum immigrated to the United States from Aš in 1854, and was of Sudeten German descent. His son Friedrich (Frederick) Wolfrum married Maria Louisa Sutter. Melville Wolfrom was born on April 2, 1900, the youngest of nine children. His father died when Melville was seven years old. Three of his brothers acquired a patent for a horse harness snap, and as a teen, Melville helped manufacture them out of the family home. He graduated from Ohio's Bellevue High School in 1917 as salutatorian and began working for the National Carbon Company. A year later, Wolfrom enrolled at Western Reserve University. He dropped out of the university and the Students' Army Training Corps after November 1918. In 1919, Wolfrom returned to school at Washington Square College, only to drop out a second time. He was admitted to Ohio State University in 1920. Upon graduation in 1924, Wolfrom turned to graduate school at Northwestern University, where he earned a master's and doctoral degree in 1925 and 1927, respectively. Wolfrom's postdoctoral studies were funded by the National Research Council. Wolfrom worked with Claude Hudson and Phoebus Levene before returning to Ohio State in 1928.

Wolfrom formally joined the OSU faculty in 1929 as an instructor. He was promoted to assistant professor in 1930, followed by an associate professorship in 1936. Wolfrom was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1939, and attained full professorship in 1940. In 1950, Wolfrom became the first member of OSU's Department of Chemistry faculty to be elected to membership within the National Academy of Science. He was followed by Melvin Spencer Newman in 1956. Wolfrom was appointed to a Regents' Professorship in 1965.

Personal life and legacy
Wolfrom married Agnes Louise Thompson on June 1, 1926. The couple had five children. Frederick died in infancy, and was followed by Eva Magdalena, twins Anne Marie and Betty Jane, and Carl Thompson. Melville Wolfrom died of a heart attack on June 20, 1969 at Ohio State University Hospital. The Melville L. Wolfrom Award given by the American Chemical Society is named for him. The Newman and Wolfrom Laboratory of Chemistry at Ohio State University was named for Wolfrom and Melvin Spencer Newman on November 3, 1995.

References

Category:1900 births
Category:1969 deaths
Category:People from Bellevue, Ohio
Category:20th-century American chemists
Category:Scientists from Ohio
Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni
Category:Ohio State University alumni
Category:Ohio State University faculty
Category:New York University alumni
Category:American people of German descent
Category:People of Sudeten German descent
Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Category:Guggenheim Fellows


Cianjur Regency

Cianjur Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of West Java, Indonesia. The area of the regency is 3,840.16 km2 and its population at the 2010 Census was 2,171,281; the latest official estimate (as at January 2014) is 2,335,024. The town of Cianjur is its capital.  Northern parts of the regency form a valley (above the 'neck'), and are far more densely populated than southern regions.  As such, a portion of the northern valley was briefly included in a definition of Greater Jakarta called Jabodetabekjur (jur for Cianjur).

Administrative divisions
Cianjur Regency is divided into 32 districts (kecamatan), listed below with their populations at the 2010 Census.

Tourism

Mount Padang
A terracing structure, although local people mention it as a pyramid, lies on Mount Padang, 31 kilometer from Cianjur through Warung Kondang. It is the biggest Megalithic Site in Southeast Asia.

References


David Dowty

David Roach Dowty is a linguist known primarily for his work in semantic and syntactic theory, and especially in Montague grammar and Categorial grammar. Professor Dowty is a professor emeritus of linguistics at the Ohio State University, and his research interests mainly lie in Semantic and Syntactic Theory, Lexical semantics and Thematic roles, Categorial grammar, and Semantics of Tense and Aspect.

Major Publications
 Dowty D.R (1991). Thematic Proto-Roles and Argument Selection. Language 67: 547-619
 (with Robert E. Wall and Stanley Peters) Introduction to Montague Semantics
 Word Meaning and Montague Grammar (1979)

External links
David Dowty's home page at the Ohio State University Department of Linguistics

Category:Linguists from the United States
Category:Living people
Category:Ohio State University faculty
Category:Semanticists
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Common-method variance

In applied statistics, (e.g., applied to the social sciences and psychometrics), common-method variance  (CMV) is the spurious "variance that is attributable to the measurement method rather than to the constructs the measures are assumed to represent" or equivalently as "systematic error variance shared among variables measured with and introduced as a function of the same method and/or source". For example, an electronic survey method might influence results for those who might be unfamiliar with an electronic survey interface differently than for those who might be familiar. If measures are affected by CMV or common-method bias, the intercorrelations among them can be inflated or deflated depending upon several factors. Although it is sometimes assumed that CMV affects all variables, evidence suggests that whether or not the correlation between two variables is affected by CMV is a function of both the method and the particular constructs being measured.

Remedies

Ex ante remedies

Several ex ante remedies exist that help to avoid or minimize possible common method variance. Important remedies have been compiled and discussed by Chang et al. (2010), Lindell & Whitney (2001) and Podsakoff et al. (2003).

Ex post remedies

Using simulated data sets, Richardson et al. (2009) investigate three ex post techniques to test for common method variance: the correlational marker technique, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) marker technique, and the unmeasured latent method construct (ULMC) technique. Only the CFA marker technique turns out to provide some value, whereas the commonly used Harman test does not turn out to provide such value. A comprehensive example of this technique has been demonstrated by Williams et al. (2010). Kock (2015) discusses a full collinearity test that is successful in the identification of common method bias with a model that nevertheless passes standard convergent and discriminant validity assessment criteria based on a CFA.

References

External links

Category:Latent variable models
Category:Statistical deviation and dispersion
Category:Psychometrics


Skradin

Skradin (; ) is a small town in the Šibenik-Knin County of Croatia, with a population of 3,825 (2011 census). It is located near the Krka river and at the entrance to the Krka National Park,  from Šibenik and  from Split. The main attraction of the park, Slapovi Krke, is a series of waterfalls, the biggest of which, Skradinski buk, was named after Skradin.

History
It was a Liburnian city, named Scardon ().
Later it became a Roman town (Scardona in Latin) , as the administrative and military centre of the region. It was destroyed during the Migration Period, and had by the 9th century been settled by Slavs.

During the 10th century, it was one of the fortified towns in Croatia, as the centre of the Skradin županija.

Skradin under Šubić rule
In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, Skradin flourished as the capital of the Šubić bans, Paul I and Mladen II. The Šubić's built the Turina fortress on the hill overlooking the Skradin harbor. They elevated the settlement below the fortress to a free city, at which point it also became a commune, and was granted its own statute and administration. They further enriched the city by constructing several richly-endowed monasteries which housed the Dominicans, Franciscans and other Christian orders.

Decline and Ottoman conquest

Between 1522 and 1684 it was ruled by the Ottoman Empire, then again up to 1794 by the Republic of Venice.

In October 1683, the population of Venetian Dalmatia, principally Uskoks of Ravni kotari, took arms and together with the rayah (lower class) of the Ottoman frontier regions rose up, taking Skradin, Karin, Vrana, Benkovac and Obrovac.

Later, it was occupied by Napoleon as part of the French Empire, then Austria-Hungary.

In time it lost its importance as the centre of the region, which shifted to Šibenik, and so it stagnated - the Diocese of Skradin was abandoned in 1828.

Notable people
Rüstem Pasha

References

External links

Category:Cities and towns in Croatia
Category:Populated places in Šibenik-Knin County


Basler drum

The Basler drum is a two-headed rope-tension drum.  It takes its name from its origin in Basel. This percussion instrument is best known from the Carnival of Basel, where it is played by more than 2000 drummers. They are called Tambouren in Swiss German or Tambourins in French. There is no typical number of players for marching-bands including this instrument. Anything between three and fifty drummers may be seen in such a formation.

Drums of the same pattern are used throughout Switzerland in fife and drum (or drum only) societies as well as in Swiss Army bands. They are also known as 'Swiss drums' or 'Ordonance 82'.

Method of construction
Until the late 18th century drums were primarily made of wood. However, it has been demonstrated that brass frames were in use in Prussia  since the early 18th century. In the 19th century, copper, tin, and nickel silver were also used. Nowadays, the frame is usually made of chromed brass. There are also frames made from non-chromed brass, aluminum (weight advantage), and recently even carbon fiber. For some time, the wooden drum has been gaining popularity. Not only because of the look, but also because of its much lower weight. In addition, the drier sound of the wooden drum is perceived as pleasant by many drummers.

The counterhoops of the metal drums are mostly painted in black and white diagonal stripes – black and white being the heraldic colors of Basel. In other cantons (districts) of Switzerland other colors are used accordingly. The Swiss army uses red and white striped hoops. Colors of guilds or family crests are only rarely used today. The hoops on wooden drums are usually left natural. While the color scheme formerly strictly obeyed heraldry and an exception was tolerated only for wooden drums, today anything goes. However, chrome frames with black and white tires and black or white tugs continue to dominate the scene.

There are two drumheads, which are stretched over the two open ends of the frame (also called "kettle" or "bucket" in Basel). The heads are made of plastic or calfskin parchment. Calf skins are enjoyable to play on due to their softer rebound. However, natural drumheads can be used only in dry weather, otherwise they will be flabby. In practice, therefore, the player of a calfskin-headed drum needs to have access to a second drum with plastic heads.

The drumheads are held together and tuned by a rope, made of polyester or hemp, which passes through the holes in the hoops. Today, the hemp rope has a carbon core to minimize weather-related tension differences. In earlier times the rope was simply wrapped around the tires or attached by means of an iron hook on it. To tension the ropes, the hoops are compressed in a special 'manual, pneumatic press-system'.

Until the 19th century marching drums in Europe and the colonies in general had this type of construction. In the course of time, the ropes were replaced by tuning screws called "tension rods".

The snare-sound is produced by gut and metal strings, which vibrate against the bottom drumhead. The top batter head can be damped with a felt pad which is fixed under the skin. With the help of a wheel on the outside of the frame, the intensity of the damping can be adjusted. Another damping method involves a strip of felt, which is clamped transversely under the batter head.

The diameter of a Basler drum is measured on the outside of the frame and is usually 40 or 41 cm (about 16 inches), sometimes 42 or even 43 cm (up to 17 inches). The height of the frame generally corresponds to the diameter.

History
The oldest drum of this type dates back to 1571. It can be seen in the Basel Music Museum. In Switzerland church festivals, carnival parades, guild ceremonies, and public events incorporating dancing, games and entertainment have traditionally been accompanied by the sound of drums.

Playing
The drum is worn on a sling, which is carried over the right shoulder, down to the left hip. By mounting the drum on its hoop, it hangs down diagonally to the right, as seen by the drummer.
Owing to the diagonal position of the drum, the traditional grip must be applied.

External links
 Swiss 'drummers and fifers' association (English version)

Category:Drums
Category:Swiss music


Madurta railway station

Madurta railway station was located on the Adelaide-Wolseley line serving the Adelaide Hills suburb of Aldgate to the east of the Cricklewood Road level crossing. It was located 34.1 km from Adelaide station.

History
It is unclear when the station was opened. It consisted of one 67 metre platform with a waiting shelter. The shelter shed was not located on the platform, instead being located between the platform and the level crossing.

The station closed on 23 September 1987, when the State Transport Authority withdrew Bridgewater line services between Belair and Bridgewater. Both the platform and shelter shed were removed around 1994 when the line had gauge-convertible concrete sleepers installed in readiness for conversion from broad to standard gauge the following year.

References

South Australian Railways Working Timetable Book No. 265 effective 30 June 1974

Category:Disused railway stations in South Australia
Category:Railway stations closed in 1987
Category:1987 disestablishments in Australia