The Beyoncé Experience

The Beyoncé Experience was the third concert tour by American recording artist Beyoncé. It was staged in support of her second studio album, B'Day (2006). The Beyoncé Experience consisted of 96 shows in 2007 over five legs, with concerts in Asia, Australia, North America, Europe and Africa. Fan-club tickets and VIP packages were on sale in early April and tickets sold officially on April 20, 2007. The tour began that month and finished that November. Knowles collaborated with America's Second Harvest on a campaign for people who fought with famine, holding pre-concert food drives at every stop during the tour asking from fans to bring food.

Rehearsals for the tour began in March 2007 and the performances featured music performed by an all-female band called Suga Mama chosen by Beyoncé Knowles and her father Mathew Knowles during auditions held before the release of B'Day. The set list of the concerts included songs from B'Day, Dangerously in Love, ten shortened versions of Destiny's Child's songs as well as "Listen", originally recorded by Knowles for the soundtrack of Dreamgirls (2006). Ten instrumentalists, three harmony vocalists and ten dancers backed Knowles onstage which also had disco balls hanging from the ceilings and color-changing stairs. For the wardrobe of the tour, Knowles collaborated with several designers; it consisted of silvery and sparkly dresses which received praise from critics.

The tour received positive reviews from music critics who praised Knowles' vocal abilities, dancing, choreography and energy on stage during the shows performed simultaneously. The performances of the slow-tempo songs and Destiny's Child's material during the concerts were highlighted by critics. Twenty-nine shows were submitted to Billboards boxscore grossing $24.9 million, with 272,521 fans attending the performances. Throughout the tour several incidents happened; the pyrotechnics meant for the stage injured two people in the audience, Knowles fell down a flight of stairs during a performance of "Ring the Alarm" and had a wardrobe malfunction. A show in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on November 1, 2007 was relocated to Jakarta, Indonesia due to Malaysia's strict rules surrounding the clothing worn by female performers. The performance at the Staples Center in Los Angeles was recorded on September 2, 2007 and was released on November 16, 2007 as a live DVD titled The Beyoncé Experience Live.

Background

Prior to the commencement of The Beyoncé Experience in support of her second solo studio album B'Day (2006), Beyoncé performed at the 2007 Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo with a guest feature from Slim Thug, who features on "Check on It"; she coined the show a "sneak preview" of The Beyoncé Experience. Fan-club tickets and VIP packages for the tour were made available for pre-order in early April on the website WeLoveBeyonce.com and the tickets officially went on sale on April 20, 2007. The tour kicked off on April 10 at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan, with the first leg ending in Nagoya. The second leg started in Sydney, Australia and finished in the same city. Knowles continued with the third leg in Europe, beginning in Frankfurt, Germany, going through countries such as Spain, Sweden and Portugal, ending the leg with two dates at The Point in Dublin. The US leg of the tour began on July 6 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, as part of the 2007 New Orleans Essence Music Festival, where Knowles headlined. The leg also stopped in Monterrey City, Mexico and finished in Winnipeg, Canada. She then embarked on a final leg of the tour in East Asia/Korea with the final concert taking place at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas on December 31, 2007. The Beyoncé Experience eventually visited ninety seven venues in total.

Knowles teamed with America's Second Harvest and Pastor Rudy Rasmus of St. John United Methodist Church for a pre-concert food donation drive which was part of The Beyoncé Experience at every stop. Food was collected for people who fought with famine. Knowles' organization The Survivor Foundation was also involved in the campaign. The first 1,000 fans who would drop off a minimum of three non-perishable food items would receive an autographed photo of Knowles and a raffle ticket for a chance to have an upgraded seat. For the food drive in Ethiopia, India and Turkey, Houston Chronicle collaborated with Knowles, creating a Virtual Aid Drive and asking people to send money to them. The funds were donated to the Global FoodBanking Network.

Development

Early before the release of B'Day in 2006, Knowles held a nationwide audition for female musicians which ended in Sony Music Studios where she and her father and collaborator Mathew Knowles were among the judges. The auditions searched for keyboard players, bassists, guitarists, horn players, percussionists and drummers with stops in New Jersey, Atlanta, Burbank, Chicago and Houston. The musicians were asked to re-create the performance of "Work It Out" from the live album Live at Wembley (2004) and be able to perform at least a one-minute solo. Knowles stated that her goal was to get together a group of "fierce, talented, hungry, beautiful" women and form an all-female band. Speaking about her tour and the decision to form a band, Knowles said, "I'm all about female empowerment. I'm all about pushing the envelope. I know it's my responsibility to do something different. I said, 'I want a band, I want something different.'" She further described the process of choosing the contestants during an interview, saying: "I had worldwide auditions; people flew in from Atlanta, Houston, Israel, all over the world. It was extremely difficult [choosing the winners]. [There are] so many talented women. I wanted only a nine-piece band, but the girls were so amazing, I couldn't decide. I think I'm going to wind up having 12 people so I have two [people playing] certain instruments, because [some of the contenders] were just brilliant. It's a thing called star quality, it's a thing you can't put your finger on, can't describe. When they were playing, I said, 'I want to see y'all battle.' I brought in two of every instrument and that's how I chose. You see the one that really wants it. It was so entertaining, the energy, seeing the girls battle ... God, it was the best. It was magical." Between segments of the show, Suga Mama performed periodic instrumental interludes, with every member giving a solo so Knowles could change her costumes seven times. Describing them as "fantastic", Eamon Sweeney of the Irish Independent noted that "the interval music works perfectly... but two excruciating drum solos are absolutely unnecessary".

Rehearsals for the tour began in March 2007. The set list of the shows included songs from the standard and deluxe edition of B'Day as well as songs from Dangerously in Love (2003). Ten shortened versions of Destiny's Child's songs were performed, as well as "Listen", a track performed by Knowles on the soundtrack of the 2006 musical drama film Dreamgirls, in which Knowles had starred. Twenty three people were present on stage with Knowles: ten instrumentalists, three harmony vocalists and ten dancers, from which only four were male. Anthony Venutolo from The Star-Ledger noted that the inclusion of female persons on stage was "a simple, effective way" to underscore the theme of female empowerment showcased during the concerts. Both Venutolo and Jon Pareles of The New York Times agreed that the shows used men only as dancers for the female audience. The conception and staging for the concert was done by Knowles, Kim Burse and Frank Gatson Jr. Gatson, Jonte Moaning, Ramone, Anthony Burrell and Danielle Polanco choreographed the dance routines. The tour was managed by Alan Floyd and its sponsors were Samsung and L'Oréal Paris. 75 stage and crew members and 60 tons of stage equipment, most of which was lighting, were present for the tour. 38 Sennheiser wireless channels were used for the shows and in a different frequency range, 38 backup wireless channels. The engineering team comprised James Berry who handled monitors for the band, Ramón Morales for Knowles, and Horace Ward at front of house. Sixteen of the wireless channels were devoted to personal monitor systems: 11 in stereo and five in mono. Knowles and the rest of the band members had a Sennheiser EK 300 IEM G2 monitoring receiver. Eleven of the channels provided wireless instrument support for guitar, bass and horns, using Sennheiser SK 500 G2 bodypack transmitters. The remaining channels covered Knowles' vocal microphone and those of her backup singers and guest vocalists. Sennheiser EM 3032-U and EM 550 G2 true-diversity receivers with Sennheiser A 5000-CP antennas and AC 3000 combiners rounded out the system. Knowles sang through a nickel Sennheiser SKM 5200 transmitter outfitted with a Neumann KK 105-S capsule. Ward commented that The KK 105-S was an "absolutely stunning microphone... [it] is beautifully smooth and captures every nuance of a talented vocalist's performance". He specified Sennheiser SKM 935 G2 microphones for the backup and guest vocalists because they sounded "excellent even under less-than-ideal conditions".

Wardrobe and fashion

Beyoncé's mother and designer Tina Knowles, House of Deréon, Giorgio Armani, Versace, Elie Saab and Herve Leger served as the designers for the outfits of the tour. Jon Pareles of The New York Times described the clothes as mainly silvery, ranging from miniskirts to formal dresses, flesh-toned bodysuit to bikini to negligee. Pareles further noted that "The wardrobe entices men, but it's also a means of self-assertion". J. Freedom du Lac of The Washington Post described the costumes during the show as "spangly". Lee Hildebrand of the San Francisco Chronicle praised the costumes saying that "every one [is] fabulously glamorous, most of them tailored to highlight the singer's ample cleavage and a pair of legs to rival Tina Turner's. At one point, when the legs were concealed by a long scarlet gown, wind blew from underneath to expose them." Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe praised the floor-length gown but disliked the tinfoil mini worn by Knowles. Lisnaree Vichitsorasatra of The Nation praised Knowles' look, saying that she was like a "glittering goddess in a revealing outfit". Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter also echoed her statements, "to say that Beyonce looks terrific is probably redundant. Her fashion parade of form-fitting, eye-catching costumes -- most notably a belly dancer's get-up in which she demonstrated some hip-shaking moves that indicated Shakira better watch her back -- provided ample opportunities for shameless leering." John Aizlewood of the Daily Mail described the fashion as "majestic". Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times commented that "the camouflage outfits her male dancers sometimes wore... felt right for a show that sometimes seemed like a military operation, expertly executed." Irish Independents Eamon Sweeney noted that Knowles looked "absolutely stunning" and added, "I have to confess that the sight of Beyoncé ripping off a short cocktail dress to reveal a barely there bodysuit will linger in my memory for years to come." A writer of The StarPhoenix wrote that Knowles looked like a "silver-clad siren rose" further saying that "it was almost surreal to see the woman who frequents the covers of fashion magazines in the same room". Tonya Turner from The Courier-Mail praised Knowles for looking "every bit the dream girl in a sparkling silver floor-length gown".

Concert synopsis
The show included many references such as to James Brown and Donna Summer as well as routines inspired by Sweet Charity and Marilyn Monroe. It opened in darkness, with Knowles emerging through a hole in the stage amidst smoke, sparkles and pyrotechnics to perform "Crazy in Love" with a snippet of Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" in a sparkling silver gown and walking to the front of the stage, as fifteen disco balls hung from the ceiling. Her background band started playing the music to the funk song and while singing, Knowles walked up a huge staircase which moved forward in two places where her all-female band and three backup singers were positioned. At the top of the staircase/mini-stage, she tore off the bottom of her dress and walked back down to the main stage. Her three backup singers came down as well and did the "uh-oh" dance from the song with her.

During "Freakum Dress" Knowles played an air guitar, while the stage's stairs were lit green during "Green Light" which she performed with six female dancers. She wore a belly-dancing outfit, including harem pants, while singing "Baby Boy". She descended the staircase holding an umbrella and was met by three guys wearing fatigues. A short section of the reggae classic "Murder She Wrote" was incorporated into "Baby Boy". During "Beautiful Liar", Knowles sang into a microphone that fell from the ceiling and performed a Shakira-styled dance similar to the song's music video; Shakira appeared on the video screen throughout the song. "Naughty Girl" was also sung with Donna Summer's "Love to Love You Baby" being incorporated and while performing she belly-danced on the song's beat. "Me, Myself and I" was performed at a slower tempo than the original recording, after which Knowles sang "Dangerously in Love 2" with a snippet of "He Loves Me" by Jill Scott. She cried during "Flaws and All" and showed her "imperfections" before being embraced by a dancer dressed as an angel. During the performance of the song, she sang wide-eyed in a video close-up. The show continued with Knowles performing a ten-song Destiny's Child medley which contained female solidarity-themed songs. Knowles sang "Speechless" while seated on a sofa designed like a pair of lips.

The intro to "Ring the Alarm" paid homage to the "Cell Block Tango" from the film Chicago, as women told of how they had been hurt by men and the performance saw Knowles wearing a red overcoat. During "Suga Mama", Knowles performed a pole dance. Afterwards Knowles' duets with Jay-Z,
"Upgrade U" and "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", were performed. During "Get Me Bodied" she removed the robot costume she was previously sporting to reveal a black and yellow dress to emulate a bee, and further led the crowd in a dance routine. "Check on It" was preceded by an instrumental of "The Pink Panther Theme", during which the stairs were colored pink. A Dreamgirls segment was performed, incorporating the title song and "Listen" from the 2006 musical film in which Knowles starred in. The final song on the tour's set list was "Irreplaceable"; it began with the audience singing the first verse to Knowles after she announced "I've been singing my heart out for over two hours. Now it's time for you to sing for me." Knowles asked from the crowd to sing along her during the song while video clips of the backing musicians showed them making the "to the left" motion which was a key part of the song. Confetti were also dropped on the stage. As the concert ended, Knowles was walking on the stage and pointing to individual fans saying "I see you!" and describing their clothes or the signs they held.

Critical reception

Entertainment Weekly Chris Willman awarded the show an A- rating, and commended Knowles' ability to sing and dance simultaneously. Similarly, Shaheem Reid of MTV News commented, "There are few (very few) ladies out there who can really sing, a lot who can dance, a lot more who look good — but really no other who can combine all three and add iconic star power like Miss Knowles, arguably the best all-around stage performer in the game right now." J. Freedom du Lac of The Washington Post praised the concert's fast pace and called it a "pure pop spectacle" further describing it as "brilliant... [and] fiery". He noted that the opening, was with a "dramatic, over-the-top entrance about which every aspiring diva dreams", but however he was disappointed in the show's ending. He further wrote, "Though Beyoncé owned the spotlight, this being her 'Experience' and all, her band co-starred in the show, playing hard and tight behind the singer and vamping expertly for sustained periods whenever Beyoncé left the stage to change." The Daily Mail John Aizleman was impressed with the high energy Knowles showed during the performance, and lauded the dance choreography, particularly that of "Bills, Bills, Bills". However, Aizleman criticized the appearance of a dancer dressed as an angel at the end of "Flaws and All" as being awkward, and wrote that that moment was reminiscent of a "misguided school nativity play". He further added, "Big, brave and bold, the Beyoncé Experience is how pop music would work if it were choreographed by Busby Berkeley... If anyone had the temerity to doubt Beyoncé's star quality and her place in the diva pantheon, they would doubt no more after last night." Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe wrote in her review that the tour title reminded her of a concert theme park rid and added "[it] was an elaborate affair. It was part Vegas review, part hard-edged rock concert, part sweaty funk and soul revival, part diva concert hall performance, and almost all fun to watch as the singer threw herself into the various settings and costumes". Eamon Sweeney from the Irish Independent described Knowles' performance as "the best pop show on the planet" adding that the title of the tour "does exactly what it says on the tin". David Schmeichel of Jam! wrote that the "Splashy Beyonce 'experience' gives a lesson in diva-hood for pop princesses everywhere", further praising her "goddess" like entrance, vocals and performance which he described as "tightly scripted as her film forays". Ashante Infantry of the Toronto Star noted that the concerts served as a testament to Knowles' talent and power and compared her with  Prince for the versatility and musicianship and Tina Turner for the sass and sheer power. Herald Sun Cameron Adams also compared Knowles' performing ability to that of Prince, and stated, "Beyoncé is an old-fashioned, all- round entertainer." Jim Harrington writing for San Jose Mercury News graded the tour as an A-plus affair. A writer of The StarPhoenix praised the show, writing that Knowles "set the stage on fire" for two hours. The writer also added that she had "an honest, God-given talent she's not afraid to share. Her songs, ranging from sultry to soulful were performed with all her heart... With a clear passion for showmanship and a voice not easily matched, Beyonce simply bypassed the mediocrity of most concerts and took her performance to another level." Arielle Castillo of Miami New Times heavily praised Knowles' performance, writing that "B performed like her life depended on it; fresh to death choreography, flawless vocals, crazysexy wardrobe and her trademark lioness mane all in A+ form... Beyonce gave the crowd all that they expected, and multiplied that by 1000." She concluded her review by writing that the concert was reminiscent of a Las Vegas show due to the elaborate costumes, sets, and "over-the-topness of the whole thing" further praising Knowles for acting, dancing and singing on stage.

The New York Times''' Jon Pareles wrote, "She's the woman with everything: the voice, the moves, the songs, the ideas and the clothes. Her two-hour set was a brilliant pop extravaganza that kept the songs at its center." He further noted that Knowles didn't need distractions from her singing, "which can be airy or brassy, tearful or vicious, rapid-fire with  staccato syllables or sustained in curlicued melismas. But she was in constant motion". Lee Hildebrand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave a very positive review for the concert and noted that Knowles performed "two fast-paced hours of terrific singing, solid musicianship, spectacular staging and some of the most imaginative choreography ever to have graced the stage of Oracle Arena." Hildebrand further noted that Knowles used "occasional bits of rasp to her ringing mezzo tones to emphasize key lines" while performing the ballads. He wrote that every "twitch, turn, slide and hip shake was in perfect sync" and praised the singer's constant motion most of the time which never left her "out of breath". While reviewing Knowles' concert in Bangkok, Thailand, Lisnaree Vichitsorasatra of The Nation praised her dancing which included "shaking, bouncing and belly dancing, mixed with hip-hop" further comparing it with Shakira's. She further noted that the highlight of the show was when Knowles sang the slow-tempo ballads. The Courier Mails Tonya Turner praised Knowles' "passionate and fiery" performance accompanied by "frantic booty popping and sexy R&B moves". Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Ann Powers noted that the tour was one of the "modern superstar spectacles that casts the artist's reality onto the level of myth". However, she noted, that "Beyoncé's 'Experience' plays off the performer's well-known struggles and triumphs to build a story that will make fans both gawk and relate. The maddening thing about this dazzling entertainment, though, is that the tale it tells is partly the wrong one." She concluded the review by saying, "Beyoncé is electric in concert yet reined in by her show's post-feminist theme. Why not just let it be about her musical prowess?". Jim Farber of the New York Daily News praised Knowles' energy and powerful performance on stage, writing "With her triumphant gait, statuesque figure and steely stare, the singer seemed primed not just to perform but to vanquish... Beyoncé sang with a fiery determination, stressing cries and shouts that had no use for subtlety and even less for vulnerability. She danced at an equally mad clip... hitting every mark with a vengeance... A Beyoncé show... has everything to do with power and nothing to do with nuance. It's the kind of thing meant to inspire awe, not intimacy... She sang her songs last night with the force of a rapper, stressing pieces from her two solo albums in a way that made every sound seem percussive." However, Farber criticized the unsure repertoire of songs performed, writing "Many of her tunes prove too skittish to sink in, and some of her rhythms are too robotic to find a groove." Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter noted that the snippets of other artists that Knowles included in her own songs were refreshing and included the fast-paced Destiny's Child medley and the performances of "Get Me Bodied" and "Listen" as highlights of the show. He further noted,
"It's not for nothing that they call this show 'The Beyonce Experience.' Like the summer blockbuster movies crowding theater screens, this tour by the pop/R&B icon resembles not so much a concert as a series of thrillingly staged set pieces. It's safe to say that her fans will not be disappointed by the two-hour extravaganza. From the diva-style opening, when she rises from beneath the stage amidst a blinding sparkler display, to the final audience sing-along on the female-empowering hit 'Irreplaceable,' the star delivers a crowd-pleasing spectacle that offers as much visual as musical stimulation."

Commercial performance
As reported by a writer of Jet in September 2007, the tour had been selling out in every city it appeared at. In October 2009, when Knowles was chosen for the Woman of the Year Award presented by Billboard magazine, the gross from her tours was revealed. Between April 21 and September 8, 2007 it was reported to the magazine that The Beyoncé Experience grossed $24.9 million and 272,521 fans attended the twenty nine shows which were submitted to the boxscore at that time. The highest-grossing concert of the tour was at the Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York with $2,744,345. The concert that garnered the most number of attendees was at Fort Bonifacio in Taguig, Philippines on November 7, 2007 with total of 70,000 people in attendance.

Incidents and cancelled shows

On July 8, 2007, during the concert in St. Louis, two people in the crowd who attended the show suffered burns after pyrotechnics meant for the stage tumbled into the audience; Knowles visited them in the hospital after the show. During the performance of "Ring the Alarm" at the Orlando, Florida show on July 24, Knowles fell down a flight of stairs. Her heel got caught in the bottom on her long coat and she tripped down; she quickly picked herself up and carried on with the show. After the incident Knowles jokingly asked the audience, not to post the footage on YouTube although she knew they would; several clips were posted on the video-sharing website and went viral. On July 26 YouTube removed many of the clips as they were infringing copyright terms. After an initial removal spree, clips of the incident reappeared on YouTube, and were uploaded to other content-sharing websites such as Dailymotion and eBaum's World. A spokesperson for the singer said she was not injured during the fall, which she described as a "mere spot on an otherwise sensational, flawless show" adding, "Miss Knowles picked herself right up, without missing a beat, showing to all that she is the best." When asked about the fall on CNN, Knowles said that she hit her head and chin and was bruised up. She further noted that she immediately started thinking to get up and continue performing the show harder as an athlete due to the adrenaline she had: "Whenever I do something like that I always perform really, really hard cause it makes me little mad at myself so I just go crazy. So they got a really good show in the end." During her performance in Toronto on August 25, while performing "Déjà Vu", Knowles had a wardrobe malfunction as her dress flew over her head and was speculated to reveal her breast. However, a spokesperson for the singer revealed that the speculations weren't true, "She's wearing a flesh-tone bra! Do you really think Beyoncé would go onstage like that?". The video which was uploaded to YouTube went viral. Powers of Los Angeles Times discussed about the incidents, saying: "As a pop queen, Beyoncé is almost too perfect. A tumble down the stairs onstage in Orlando and a subsequent 'wardrobe malfunction' in Toronto garnered far more attention than was warranted partly because these mistakes contradicted her fiercely athletic style."

Knowles intended to take The Beyoncé Experience to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on November 1, 2007, however the show was cancelled "due to a scheduling conflict" and relocated at Jakarta, Indonesia. It was speculated by several publications that Knowles shifted the show because of Malaysia's strict rules surrounding the clothing that female performers wear. The government demanded for female performers to cover up from the top of their chests to their knees, including their shoulders. Several publications reported that the news followed an uptick in protests by several conservative groups, including the nearly 10,000-strong National Union of Malaysian Muslim Students, urging the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Heritage to stop the concert from taking place. The statement addressed by Knowles' management team stated that the show was cancelled "with regret". The show on October 24 in Istanbul, Turkey was cancelled by the organizer, the sports club Fenerbahçe, due to attacks of Kurdistan Workers' Party in Hakkâri on September 21, 2007.

Broadcasting and recordings

The show on September 2 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, two days prior to Knowles' 26th birthday was filmed and later released as a DVD titled The Beyoncé Experience Live. During the show, Destiny's Child bandmates Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams appeared onstage to finish singing "Survivor"; Jay-Z also contributed his verse to "Upgrade U". At the end of the show Rowland and Williams led the audience in singing "Happy Birthday to You" to Knowles, to mark her birthday two days later. It was released on November 20, 2007 worldwide through Columbia Records. The Beyoncé Experience Live was shown at ninety-six cinemas across the United States on November 19, 2007, one day before its DVD release. Black Entertainment Television (BET) broadcast the show on Thanksgiving Day on November 22, 2007 and later on December 18 the same year. It was also broadcast to members of the United States Army serving in the Iraq War through AEG Network and 3sat aired the concert in Germany, Austria and Switzerland on December 31, 2008. The DVD was commercially successful earning five certifications in different countries, including 3× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling 300,000 copies.  The performance of "Irreplaceable" during the concert in Madrid was broadcast on the 2007 ALMA Awards through the American Broadcasting Company.

Opening acts
Chris Brown (Australia)
Lemar (Europe)
Katy Shotter (selected dates in the UK and the US)
Robin Thicke (selected dates in North America)
Sean Kingston (selected dates in North America)
Pekaso (Philippines)
Ludacris (Ethiopia)

Set list
Set list adapted as per The Beyoncé Experience booklet and The Beyoncé Experience Live'' DVD only for the North American leg of the tour.

"Crazy in Love" (contains elements of "Crazy")
"Freakum Dress"
"Green Light"
"Baby Boy" (contains elements of "Murder She Wrote", "Lost Ones" and "Ring the Alarm")
"Beautiful Liar"
"Naughty Girl"
"Me Myself and I"
"Dangerously in Love 2" (contains elements of "He Loves Me")
"Flaws and All"
"Independent Women Part 1"
"Bootylicious"
"No, No, No (Part 2)"
"Bug a Boo"
"Bills, Bills, Bills"
"Cater 2 U"
"Say My Name"
"Jumpin', Jumpin'"
"Soldier" (contains elements of "Crank That")
"Survivor"
"Speechless"
"Ring the Alarm"
"Suga Mama"
"Upgrade U"
"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
"Check on It"
"Déjà Vu"
"Get Me Bodied"
"Deena"
"Listen"

Encore
 "Irreplaceable"

Tour dates

Festivals and other miscellaneous performances
A This show was part of the Essence Music Festival.

Box office score data
Note that list and total only include 24 shows reported to Billboard Boxscore

Personnel
Personnel adapted as per The Beyoncé Experience booklet and The Beyoncé Experience Live DVD.

Suga Mama:
 Musical Director/Guitar: BiBi McGill
 Musical Director/Bass: Divinity Walker Roxx
 Drums: Nikki Glaspie
 Drums: Kim Thompson
 Keyboards/Assistant Musical Director: Rie Tsuji
 Keyboards: Brittani Washington
 Percussion: Marcie Chapa
 Tenor Saxophone: Katty Rodriguez-Harrold
 Alto Saxophone: Tia Fuller
 Trumpet: Crystal Torres
The Mamas (Background Vocalists):
 Montina Cooper
 Crystal "Crissy" Collins
 Tiffany Riddick

Dancers
 Anthony Burrell – Tour Dance Captain
 Milan Dillard – Tour Dance Captain
 Tyrell Washington
 Byron Carter
 Clifford McGhee
 Dana Foglia
 Heather Morris
 Yanira Marin
 Jamie Overla
 Ashley Everett
 Mykal Bean – Male Dance Understudy

Crew
 Conception and staging: Beyoncé Knowles, Kim Burse, Frank Gatson Jr.
 Choreographer: Frank Gatson Jr.
 Tour Wardrobe: Tina Knowles, House of Deréon, Giorgio Armani, Versace, Elie Saab, Herve Leger
 Tour Manager: Alan Floyd

References

External links

 Beyoncé Knowles' official website

Category:2007 concert tours
Category:Beyoncé concert tours


Hugh King

Hugh King may refer to:

 Hugh King (television producer), producer and host of the U.S. reality television series Biker Build-Off
 Hugh King (Medal of Honor) (1845–?), United States Navy sailor and Medal of Honor recipient

See also
 Hugh F. Locke King, British entrepreneur


Michael Bruxner

Lieutenant Colonel Sir Michael Frederick Bruxner  (25 March 1882 – 28 March 1970) was an Australian politician and soldier, serving for many years as leader of the Country Party (and its predecessors) in New South Wales. Born in the north of the state, Bruxner was educated at The Armidale School and started studies at University of Sydney but later dropped out to take up employment as a grazier and station agent in Tenterfield. After serving in the Citizen Military Forces from 1911, Bruxner enlisted into the Australian Light Horse upon the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Serving with distinction in Gallipoli, Egypt and Palestine, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

Returning to Australia in 1919, Bruxner sold his business and joined the Progressive Party, being elected to the Parliament of New South Wales for Northern Tablelands at the 1920 election. Bruxner came to political prominence when he led the rural "True Blues" faction of the Progressive Party that went against their Leader's decision to form a coalition in Sir George Fuller's short-lived government in 1921. Bruxner emerged as the leader of the reduced Progressive Party, which consisted of the members of his faction, but they nevertheless joined with Fuller's Nationalists to form government in 1922. Bruxner also became involved in the New England New State Movement. Bruxner resigned the party leadership, now for the renamed Country Party, at the end of 1925.

At the 1927 election, with the abandonment of proportional representation, he won the new seat of Tenterfield unopposed. Bruxner was included in new Premier Thomas Bavin's cabinet as Minister for Local Government, which included the responsibility for transport. He served until Labor won the 1930 election. In April 1932 Bruxner was elected again as the new Country Party Leader, which he would hold continuously until 1958. When Sir Philip Game dismissed Jack Lang and called upon the Leader of the Opposition Bertram Stevens to form a caretaker government in 1932, Stevens formed a coalition with Bruxner's Country Party and Bruxner was named as the first Deputy Premier of New South Wales. Bruxner was also sworn in as Minister for Transport and briefly resumed his former Local Government portfolio. Bruxner also worked with his long-time friend and Minister for Education David Drummond, to establish the New England University College in 1938, which was later to become the University of New England.

Bruxner was central in ensuring Alexander Mair became Premier after Stevens was defeated in the house in August 1939. The Coalition lost government at the 10 May 1941 election and Bruxner would never again serve in government. The rest of Bruxner's parliamentary career was to be on the opposition benches, leading the Country Party through five more elections and through the instability of the larger opposition parties that eventually united as the Liberal Party. On 6 May 1958, Bruxner formally resigned as Leader of the Country Party, having served continuously in that role since 1932. He continued to serve in his capacity as Member for Tenterfield for one more term before retiring from politics before the 1962 election. Bruxner was Knighted as a KBE in 1962, and thereafter served in various capacities on boards and continued his passion for horses before his death aged 88 on 28 March 1970.

Early life and military career
Bruxner was born in Tabulum, near the Clarence River in Northern New South Wales, the second son of English-born grazier Charles Augustus Bruxner (1851–1915) and his wife Sarah Elizabeth Barnes (1858–1941). Bruxner was initially educated in private tuition but was soon sent as a boarder first at St Mark's Crescent School in Darling Point, Sydney and then to The Armidale School, where he became School Captain in 1900. From 1901 to 1903, he studied arts and law at the University of Sydney while resident at St Paul's College, but was expelled for non-attendance of lectures.

Returning to home to work as a grazier, Bruxner eventually moved to Tenterfield and set up business as a Stock and station agent. He also purchased "Roseneath", a grazing property near Tenterfield, where he bred Hereford cattle. On 17 June 1908 at Christ Church, Kiama, he married Winifred Catherine Hay Caird. Bruxner became vice-president of the local agricultural society and of the Cricket and Rugby clubs in Tenterfield. Being a racehorse owner, Bruxner also rose to be President of the Tenterfield Jockey Club from 1909 to 1911. He was commissioned as a Justice of the Peace in 1914.

Bruxner started his military career when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 11 September 1911 in the 6th Australian (New England) Light Horse, Citizen Military Forces, which was redesignated the 5th the following year. When the First World War broke out in September 1914, Bruxner joined up soon after on 10 October 1914 with the 6th Light Horse Regiment in the Australian Imperial Force. Promoted to captain, Bruxner was sent with his unit to take part in the Gallipoli Campaign, being wounded several times. Later, in 1916, he commanded the 6th during part of the Battle of Romani and served with distinction in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, for which he was mentioned in despatches twice. On 30 May 1917 was appointed by the President of France, Raymond Poincaré, as a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur "in recognition of distinguished services during the campaign". Also in 1917, Bruxner was appointed to General Headquarters and rose to be assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general of the ANZAC Mounted Division. For his service he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in 1919.

In July 1919, he returned Australia and was discharged a month later in August. Bruxner then returned to Tenterfield, sold his stock and station agency and went back to his property as a grazier. They eventually raised a family, having a daughter, Helen Elizabeth Bruxner, and two sons, James Caird and John Michael Bruxner.

Early political career

As a prominent member of his local community, Bruxner became involved in emerging movements to have a political force for regional areas and joined and was convinced by friends to stand as a Progressive Party candidate in the 1920 New South Wales state election. Bruxner was elected under proportional representation with 23% as the second member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly district of Northern Tablelands alongside his friend David Drummond.

On 20 December 1920, the Labor Party Premier, James Dooley, and his cabinet resigned after having lost a vote in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly a week before. The Governor, Sir Walter Davidson, then commissioned the Leader of the Opposition, Sir George Fuller, as Premier. As Fuller did not have a majority, he initiated attempts to form a coalition with the Progressive Party. The Progressives split over whether to join the Fuller government into an urban wing, led by Leader Walter Wearne and Deputy Leader Thomas Bavin, which agreed to enter Fuller's coalition and a rural wing ("The True Blues"), led by Bruxner and Ernest Buttenshaw who offered Fuller only conditional support. After seven hours in government, still without a workable majority, Fuller requested a double-dissolution from Davidson. Davidson refused, on the basis that Dooley still had a majority in the lower house, and Fuller resigned.

Davidson then re-commissioned Dooley, who was then granted a dissolution for an election in March 1922. The Progressives were permanently divided and Bruxner and the "True Blues" who had opposed the coalition maintained their separate identity, while the urban members of the party joined Fuller's Nationalist Party. The Rural Progressives then elected Bruxner in 1922 as Leader for the election. The Progressives were reduced to nine rural members at the 1922 election and entered a Coalition with the Nationalists. Bruxner increased his margin to become the first electorate member with 39%. Bruxner also became involved in the New England New State Movement and helped pass a formal request to the Commonwealth by the Legislative Assembly to establish a new state in northern New South Wales. The request resulted in the 1924 Cohen Royal Commission into New States.

At the May 1925 election, Bruxner retained his seat with an increased margin of 41%, while the Nationalist/Progressive Government lost office to Jack Lang and the Labor Party. After the election, the Progressive party renamed themselves the Country Party, reflecting the electoral base of the party. Bruxner resigned the leadership at the end of 1925, citing the difficulty in balancing the needs of his family with the commitments of his political career, and was succeeded by Ernest Buttenshaw.

Minister of the Crown

At the 1927 election, with the abandonment of proportional representation, he won the new seat of Tenterfield unopposed. At the election, Lang's Labor Party was defeated and Bruxner was included in new Premier Bavin's cabinet as Minister for Local Government, which included the responsibility for transport. As Minister, Bruxner was responsible for the amendment to the Main Roads Act which gave more powers to the Main Roads Board and provided for the reclassification of the principal roads of the State. All the roads of the state were classified in accordance with their order of importance, which formed the basis for which road development was funded. His view that transport should be a public asset was reinforced when he brought through the passage of the Transport Act 1930, which regulated private bus services to prevent the collapse of government-owned tramways and railways. He remained as Minister until the Bavin Government was defeated by Lang at the 1930 election. At the election, Bruxner retained his seat with 59%. On 23 December 1930, Bruxner was granted by King George V retention of the title "The Honourable" for having served for more than three years as a Member of the Executive Council of New South Wales.

In 1931 Bruxner moved a motion to censure Sydney University Professor of Philosophy John Anderson for his statements that war memorials were "political idols". The motion was vigorously debated but did not pass.

As the political climate in New South Wales became more volatile after Lang's attempts to abolish the Legislative Council and conflict with the Federal Government over debts, Bruxner emphasised the need that the Country Party remain independent of the United Australia Party (which had succeeded the Nationalist Party) amidst calls for the opposition to unite. On 26 April 1932, Country Party Leader Buttenshaw notified the party of his intention to resign. Bruxner was then elected as the new party Leader.

Deputy Premier

Not long after, on 13 May Governor Sir Philip Game dismissed the Lang government and called upon the Leader of the Opposition and UAP Leader Bertram Stevens to form a caretaker government. Stevens formed a coalition with Bruxner's Country Party and immediately called an election. Lang's NSW Labor Party was heavily defeated and the Country Party gained eleven seats and held five seats on the cabinet. Bruxner retained his seat again unopposed (he would be elected unopposed a total of five times during his term). This time, the Country Party was an equal partner in the coalition and Bruxner was named as the first Deputy Premier of New South Wales. Sworn in on 16 May 1932 as Minister for Transport, Bruxner also briefly resumed his former Local Government portfolio during the caretaker period until 17 June 1932.

Insistent that his party take an equal role in the coalition government, Bruxner formed a good working relationship and long-lasting friendship with Stevens that would ensure the government's stability. The Stevens government had significant success, reducing Lang's 2 million pound deficit by 75%. However, one significant problem was that Stevens had trouble with an unruly backbench, and increasingly depended upon Bruxner and the Country Party. As Deputy Premier, Bruxner saw himself as loyal to Stevens, but still managed to push through several initiatives that specifically benefited rural areas, including another royal commission on the question of new States in 1935. The May 1935 election saw Stevens and Bruxner retaining government against a divided and fractious Labor opposition and Bruxner was returned unopposed again in his seat.

Bruxner detested the UAP Deputy Leader and Minister for Public Works and Local Government, Eric Spooner, whom Bruxner saw as trying to undermine confidence in Steven's leadership and reducing Country Party influence in the government. When Stevens went on a visit to London in March 1936 for six months until October, Bruxner became Acting Premier, with Spooner as Acting Deputy. The animosity between the two became most pronounced at this time, often over the most petty issues. In May 1937, Bruxner visited the United Kingdom as a member of the NSW parliamentary delegation to the coronation of King George VI. At the March 1938 election, the Stevens-Bruxner government retained power against Lang and the still-divided Labor Party. Bruxner was re-elected with 61% of the vote. Bruxner worked with his long-time friend, now Minister for Education David Drummond, to establish a regional tertiary education institution. After the 1938 election, they moved to establish the New England University College, a constituent college of the University of Sydney in the city of Armidale, and Bruxner was appointed to the first Advisory Council, on which he served until 1951.

In July 1939, Stevens and Colonial Treasurer Alexander Mair attempted to address Spooner's unwillingness to accede to cabinet decisions regarding ministerial expenditure by creating a committee of four, consisting of Mair, Stevens, Spooner and Bruxner, to approve all expenditure. Furious at this gesture, Spooner resigned on 21 July 1939 as Minister and Deputy Leader, citing a 'disagreement in government policy on relief works' as the reason. Despite Spooner's departure, the stability of the government was to be short. On 1 August 1939, Spooner carried a motion of no confidence in Stevens in the house, which unexpectedly passed by two votes, owing to the absence of several ministers. On 3 August Stevens tendered his resignation to the Governor, Lord Wakehurst, but was granted several days to remain until his successor was chosen.

Upon the resignation, Spooner was touted as Stevens' possible successor until Bruxner, who had always detested Spooner, refused to form a coalition government with him. At a UAP party meeting on 5 August, Spooner chose not to nominate and Steven's favoured candidate, Alexander Mair, defeated Athol Richardson 18 votes to 6, becoming Leader of the United Australia Party and was sworn in as Premier by Lord Wakehurst on the same day. Mair, who had got on well with Bruxner, ensured the survival of the coalition government. Mair attempted to shore up unity in his party to save the government. In the last months of government Bruxner was preoccupied with preparation for Australia's entry into the Second World War. He equipped railway workshops with modern machine tools and established National Emergency Services to deal with air raids.

However, despite the efforts of Mair and Bruxner, the controversy surrounding Stevens' departure and a resurgent Labor Party, now led by the moderate William McKell, ensured that the popularity of the government never recovered. At the campaign for the 10 May 1941 election, the government performed poorly, finding it difficult to distinguish themselves from the past and proposing policies but only promising action after the war. McKell's Labor Party did the opposite, leaving war matters to the federal government and promising current reforms. At the election, the Labor Party polled more than half the vote while Bruxner's Country Party lost nine seats and Mair's UAP lost twenty seats. Bruxner retained his seat with 56%. Bruxner would never again hold ministerial office and the conservative political forces would not take government again until Robert Askin and Charles Cutler won the 1965 election.

In opposition
The rest of Bruxner's parliamentary career was to be on the opposition benches, due largely to the disintegration of the larger opposition party, the UAP, after the 1943 Federal election. A large number of former UAP members then formed the Democratic Party in New South Wales, led by Mair, who continued as Opposition Leader. Mair resigned as Democratic Party Leader on 10 February 1944, to be replaced by former Assembly Speaker Reginald Weaver. At the 1944 election, Bruxner's stable leadership ensured that the Country Party retained all ten of its seats in the Legislative Assembly. Bruxner retained his seat with 67.73%.

Bruxner witnessed the fragmented opposition parties forming into the Liberal Party in 1945, under the leadership of Weaver, Mair and then former Justice Minister Vernon Treatt from March 1946. Bruxner led the party, again being elected unopposed, again at the May 1947 election, achieving an overall gain of 5 seats from independents and the Labor Party, now led by James McGirr. Recognising the importance of the larger Liberals to opposing Labor while also being responsive to the needs of the Country Party's rural voters, Bruxner maintained the Country Party's coalition with the Liberals as well as trying to prevent seat conflicts between the two parties. However, it was to be the persistence of these "tri-cornered" contested seats between Labor, Liberal and Country candidates that were to prove problematic not only for maintaining the coalition but also for attempting to wrest government from Labor.

Treatt and Bruxner led the Coalition at the 17 June 1950 election, which resulted in a hung parliament. The Country Party gained two seats for a total of 17 for a Coalition total of 46 seats. With the Labor Party also holding 46 seats, the balance of power lay with the two re-elected Independent Labor members, James Geraghty and John Seiffert, who had been expelled from the Labor Party for disloyalty during the previous parliament. Seiffert was readmitted and, with the support of Geraghty, McGirr and Labor were able to stay in power. Bruxner retained his seat with 60%. He sold his  "Roseneath" property in 1950 and in 1951 bought the homestead section of Old Auburn Vale station, dividing his time between there and his Sydney residence in Bellevue Hill.

The near loss of the election by Labor further weakened McGirr's position and he was replaced as premier by Joseph Cahill in April 1952.
Cahill had won popular support as a vigorous and impressive minister who had resolved problems with New South Wales' electricity supply and in his first 10 months as premier had reinvigorated the party. He brought order to the government's chaotic public works program. In addition, he attacked the increasingly unpopular federal Coalition government of Robert Menzies. All this, combined with Bruxner and Treatt constantly clashing over policy and candidate issues, contributed to the Liberal-Country Coalition again being defeated at the 14 February 1953 election. This amounted to a total loss of ten seats, three being Country Party seats, and a swing against them of 7.2%. Bruxner retained his seat with 60.15%.

Murray Robson replaced Treatt as Leader of the Opposition in August 1954. Like other senior members of the Liberals, after having no conservative government since Alexander Mair in 1941, Robson had no experience in government, he had little interest in policy except for Cold War anti-communism, ignored majority views of his party and fellow parliamentary colleagues and Robson's attempts to forge a closer alliance with Bruxner and the Country Party, failed dismally and alienated him from many in his party. Robson was replaced by Pat Morton as leader in September 1955. Bruxner, now aged 70 and having fallen ill several times, led the Country Party one last time at the March 1956 election, which resulted in another labour victory and Country Party regained the seat of Armidale, but overall the government's majority fell from twenty to six. Bruxner retained Tenterfield unopposed.

On 6 May 1958, Bruxner formally resigned as Leader of the Country Party, having served continuously in that role since 1932. He continued to serve in his capacity as Member for Tenterfield, retaining his seat one final time at the March 1959 election, with 68% of the vote. After a final term he retired from the assembly before the election in 1962.

Retirement and legacy
Upon his retirement, his youngest son, James Caird (Tim) Bruxner, who had served with distinction in the 2nd AIF and the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II, gained preselection for his father's vacated seat, allegedly against his parent's advice, and won it at the 1962 election. Tim Bruxner went on to become a member of the Askin, Lewis and Willis Cabinets from 1973–1976, including in his father's old portfolio as Minister for Transport and as Deputy Leader of the Country Party. His eldest son, John Michael Bruxner, having graduated from Sydney University with honours in law in 1935, was admitted to the Bar in 1936 and also served in the 2nd AIF as an officer. On 2 June 1954, he was appointed as a Judge of the District Court of New South Wales.

Upon retiring from politics, Bruxner was appointed as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1962 "For political and public services". On 2 November 1959, the Mains Roads Board named the highway spanning across Northern NSW as the "Bruxner Highway" in recognition of his services to transport and roads in NSW. Throughout his life, Bruxner had maintained his passion for horses, including as a member of the Australian Jockey Club and the Sydney Turf Club. From 1960 Bruxner was also Deputy President of the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales. His wife Winifred having died the year before in 1969, Bruxner died on 28 March 1970, survived by his daughter and both sons. His portrait by William Chandler is in the National Party offices in Sydney, and a sketch of him by George Washington Lambert is in the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.

Notes

References

External links

Category:1882 births
Category:1970 deaths
Category:Australian people of English descent
Category:Australian farmers
Category:Australian military personnel of World War I
Category:Australian Army officers
Category:Deputy Premiers of New South Wales
Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Category:National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Category:Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Australian politicians awarded knighthoods
Category:Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Category:20th-century Australian politicians


Mohamed Ameur

Mohamed Ameur (born November 11, 1984) is an Algerian race walker. Ameur competed in the 20 km Walk at the 2008 Olympic Games, he finished at a time of 1:32:21 and finished in 48th place.

Competition record

References

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Algerian male racewalkers
Category:Olympic athletes of Algeria
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 African Games
Category:African Games bronze medalists for Algeria
Category:African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)


Old English Hexateuch

The Old English Hexateuch is the collaborative project of the late Anglo-Saxon period that translated the six books of the Hexateuch into Old English, presumably under the editorship of Ælfric of Eynsham. It is the first English vernacular translation of the first six books of the Old Testament, i.e. the five books of the Torah (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) and Joshua.  It was probably made for use by lay people.

The translation is known in seven manuscripts, most of which are fragmentary. The best-known of those is a richly illuminated manuscript in the British Library, Cotton MS Claudius B.iv. Another copy of the text, without lavish illustrations but including a translation of the Book of Judges (hence also called the Old English Heptateuch), is found in Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud Misc. 509.

The whole manuscript is available online at the British Library website.

Cotton Claudius B.iv, British Library
Claudius B.iv. was probably compiled in the second quarter of the 11th century at St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury. It incorporates translations and a preface by Ælfric of Eynsham, while the remaining parts of the translation were carried out by anonymous authors. Peter Clemoes suggests that Byrhtferth of Ramsey was responsible for the compilation as well as for parts of the translation.  With 156 folios, it is largely complete, but does not include all the biblical text of the books.  Commentary and other material in Latin and Old English was added in the 12th century, often using blank areas in incomplete miniatures.

One or, more likely, several artists accompanied the narrative with 394 drawings in inks of various colours, most brightly coloured with washes, containing about 550 scenes.  Many of these are unfinished, at varying stages of completion. The settings do not attempt to represent Old Testament life as anything different from that of contemporary Anglo-Saxons, and so give valuable depictions of many aspects of the Anglo-Saxon world.  The extensive illustrations suggest that it was designed mainly for lay use.  It is the earliest illustrated manuscript of a large part of the bible in any vernacular language.

There are twelve full-page miniatures spread through the texts, and the other miniatures range from nearly full-page to about a quarter of a page.  Many pages have two or even three illustrations, and the majority of pages have a miniature, some of which combine two scenes in bordered compartments. The degree of completion with washes tends to diminish as the book goes on.  The colouring has some eccentricities; in particular many figures have blue hair, and the many tents are shown with boldly coloured stripes.  Opportunities offered by the text to show groups of animals are usually taken, and the Hand of God frequently appears.  The sheet size is 325 × 215 mm , with the text occupying 260 x 160 mm.  It was in the Cotton Library by 1621.

See also
Wessex Gospels

Notes

References
BL: British Library, Cotton MS Claudius B IV
Breay, Clare and Story, Joanna (eds), Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms: Art, Word, War, 2018, British Library (exhibition catalogue),
Dodwell, C. R., The Pictorial arts of the West, 800-1200, 1993, Yale UP,

Further reading

Editions
Dodwell, C. R. & Clemoes, Peter (eds.). The Old English Illustrated Hexateuch. Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile; 18. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1974. Facsimile edition of British Library, Cotton MS Claudius B.iv.
Crawford, Samuel J. (ed.). The Old English Version of the Heptateuch, Ælfric's Treatise on the Old and New Testament and His Preface to Genesis. Early English Text Society; 160. London: Oxford University Press, 1969. Critical edition of the text.
Marsden, Richard (ed.). The Old English Heptateuch and Ælfric's "Libellus de veteri testamento et novo". Early English Text Society; 330. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2008.

Secondary literature
Barnhouse, Rebecca, and Benjamin C. Withers (eds.). The Old English Hexateuch: aspects and approaches. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute, 2000.
Mellinkoff, Ruth. "Serpent Imagery in the Illustrated Old English Hexateuch." Brown, P. R., et al. (eds.) Modes of Interpretation in Old English Literature: essays in honour of Stanley B. Greenfield / edited by Phyllis Rugg Brown. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986.
Withers, Benjamin C. The Illustrated Old English Hexateuch, Cotton Claudius B.iv.: the frontier of seeing and reading in Anglo-Saxon England. Studies in Book and Print Culture. London: British Library, 2007. .
Withers, Benjamin C. "A 'secret and feverish genesis': the Prefaces of the Old English Hexateuch." The Art Bulletin; 81:1 (1999): 53-71.

External links

Category:11th-century illuminated manuscripts
Category:Later Anglo-Saxon illuminated manuscripts
Category:Bible translations into English
Category:Illuminated biblical manuscripts
Category:Old English literature
Category:Cotton Library


Ouango Fitini Airport

Ouango Fitini Airport is an airport serving Ouango Fitini  in Côte d'Ivoire.

Category:Airports in Ivory Coast
Category:Buildings and structures in Zanzan District
Category:Bounkani


Figure skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics

Figure skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics took place at the Olympiahalle in Innsbruck, Austria.

There were three events contested: men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating.

Medal table

Results

Men

Referee:
  Henry M. Beatty

Assistant referee:
  Oskar Madl

Judges:
  Adolf Walker
  Gérard Rodrigues Henriques
  Geoffrey S. Yates
  Sonia Bianchetti
  William Lewis
  Franz Wojtanowskyj
  Emil Skákala
  Ardelle Sanderson
  Sergei Vasiliev

Ladies

Referee:
  Elemér Terták

Assistant referee:
  Karl Enderlin

Judges:
  Ernst Bauch
  Néri Valdes
  Pamela Davis
  Masao Hasegawa
  Suzanne Francis
  C. Paul Engelfriet
  Edwin Kucharz
  Gunvor Toreskog
  Walter Fritz (CF only)
  Emil Skákala (FS only)

Pairs
At the 1964 Olympics, Kilius/Bäumler, Wilkes/Revell, and Joseph/Joseph placed second, third, and fourth respectively. In 1966, Kilius/Bäumler's results were invalidated after it was discovered that they had signed professional contracts before the Olympics.  At the time, only amateurs were allowed to compete in the Olympic Games. The silver medals were transferred to Wilkes/Revell and the bronze medals to Joseph/Joseph. The Germans were re-awarded the silvers in 1987, after appealing that other pairs had signed similar contracts but had not been exposed and disqualified. The placements of Wilkes/Revell and Joseph/Joseph remained unclear for many years. In December 2013, the IOC clarified that the Canadian pair had not been stripped of their silver after the Germans regained their medals. In November 2014, the IOC stated that both the German and Canadian pairs are the silver medalists and the Americans are the bronze medalists.

Referee:
  Ernst Labin

Assistant referee:
  Alexander D.C. Gordon

Judges:
  Erika Schiechtl
  Néri Valdes
  Michele Beltrami
  Suzanne Francis
  C. Paul Engelfriet
  Hans Meixner
  Walter Fritz
  Dagmar Řeháková
  Mary Louise Wright
  Sergei Vasiliev

References

External links
  (figure skating starts on page 130)
 Winter Olympic Memories: Men
 Winter Olympic Memories: Ladies
 Winter Olympic Memories: Pairs
 Skatabase: Men
 Skatabase: Ladies
 Skatabase: Pairs

Category:1964 Winter Olympics events
1964
Category:1964 in figure skating
Category:International figure skating competitions hosted by Austria


Moyobamba Airport

Moyobamba  is an airport serving the town of Moyobamba in the San Martín Region of Peru. The runway is just northwest of the town.

See also

Transport in Peru
List of airports in Peru

References

External links
OpenStreetMap - Moyobamba
OurAirports - Moyobamba

Category:Airports in Peru
Category:Buildings and structures in San Martín Region


Amra Ram

Amra Ram (Hindi: अमरा राम, born 5 August 1955) is an Indian politician and farmer leader, who was the President of All India Kishan Sabha from July 2013 to October 2017. Currently he is the Vice-President of All India Kishan Sabha since October 2017. He was a Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) in Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from 1993 to 2013. Amra Ram is a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Since 2014, he has been the State Secretory of CPI(M) Rajathan unit and CEC member of CPI(M).

Early life Education and First Job
Amra Ram was born into a farming family on 5 August 1955 to Rami Devi and Devi in Mundwara village, Sikar District, Rajasthan. He is the fourth child of seven siblings.  For schooling, he attended Govt. Primary School, Mundwara and Bajaj School, Kasi Ka Bas, Sikar, Govt. Shri Kalyan School, and Sikar for HSC. In 1973 Amra Ram joined Shri Kalyan Govt. College, there he studied for B.Sc. degree and in 1976 he went to Gorakhpur University, where he earned his Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree. In 1979, he returned to Shri Kalyan Govt. College and earned his M.Com degree in EAFM subject.

Amra Ram participated in the sport of Kabbadi, playing for Rajasthan in the National Open Championship held in Simoga, Karnataka in 1971.

After completing the college, he started the job of a government teacher in 1982. During this, He taught at the Dhod and Nagawa School. Soon he left the job and actively joined activism and politics.

Students Politics
While studying in college, he joined the Students Federation of India (SFI), the student organization of leftist ideology. He was elected Students Union President of Shri Kalyan Govt. College under the banner of SFI in 1979. At that time, Shri Kalyan Govt. College was the second largest college in Rajasthan on the basis of students strength. In the same year he was elected State Vice President of SFI's Rajasthan Unit.

Political career
 Sarpanch, Grampanchayat Mundwara- Amra Ram was elected Sarpanch of Mundwada twice from 1983 to 1993.
 In 1985, he contested for the first time for the legislator on CPI(M) ticket, and stood third place with 10281 votes.
 In 1993, he was elected Legislative Assembly Member for the first time, by defeating Congress's Ramdev Singh in the Assembly elections from Dhod constituency of Rajasthan Assembly.
 He was elected legislator (MLA) for three consecutive terms in the year 1993, 1998, and 2003 from Dhod.
 In 2008, he was elected Legislative Assembly Member for fourth time, by defeating Congress's Narayan Singh in the Assembly elections from Danta Ramgarh constituency of Rajasthan Assembly. It was his fourth consecutive term in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly on CPI(M) ticket.
 He lost the 2013 Assembly elections and stayed in third place, this time Narayan Singh of Congress won the seat.
 In 1996, he contested for the first time for Member of Parliament. He lost, receiving 56,452 votes in Sikar constituency of Lok Sabha (Lower house of Indian Parliament), trailing at third position behind Dr. Hari Singh (INC candidate, winner) and Subhash Maharia (BJP candidate).
 After 1996, he has contested for the Sikar Lok Sabha constituency seat 6 times but has not won.

Role in Vidhan Sabha
He was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly for four terms. Amra Ram is known for bringing farmer issues to the notice of Assembly.
 Farmers were agitating on 20 January 1997 for power supply for wells outside the Rajasthan assembly, Amra raised this demand of farmers in the House and sought solution. However, this was not discussed before the Governor's address commenced. Amra Ram, however, disrupted the governor's address and insisted that if the assembly won't look after the well being of the farmers, the assembly proceedings would/should be stopped. (Hindi: अमराराम ने कहा कि अगर किसान का कुआँ नहीं चलेगा तो विधानसभा भी नहीं चलेगी). For this incident, Amra Ram and 4 other MLAs were suspended from the assembly for 3 months. At that time Baliram Bhagat was the Governor and Bhairun Singh Shekhawat was the Chief Minister of Rajasthan.
 As an MLA, Amra Ram always opposed the proposals for the increase in wages and allowances of legislators.
 Amra Ram opposed the proposal of the Legislative Council in Rajasthan and demanded division of the house on the issue on 17 April 2012. He argued that doing so would give additional burden of Rs 500 crore annually to the people of the state. The proposal of the Legislative Council passed in the division of assembly by majority. Ruling Party and opposition were in favor of the proposal, Amra Ram and 4 other MLAs were against the proposal.

Movements

Sikar Kisan Movement 2017

A large farmer's movement started in Rajasthan on 1 September 2017 to promote farmer's loan waivers, minimum support price and other demands under the leadership of Akhil Bhartiya Kishan Sabha (AIKS). Kisan Sabha, President, Amra Ram, Former MLA Pema Ram, Hetram Benwal, Pawan Duggal, Mangal Singh Yadav, Bhagirath Netar, Sagar Mal Khachariya and others were leading the movement. Sikar was the center of movement, so it is known as "Sikar Kisan Andolan". Thousands of farmers gathered in Sikar Mandhi on 1 September, and said their Padav would continue until demands were accepted. Kishan Padav (Hindi: किसान पड़ाव) continued in Sikar and Other Districts including Bikaner, Nagaur, Jhunjhunu, Churu, Hanumangarh, Shri Ganganagar, Alwar till 10 September. During this, government imposed Section 144 and also blocked Internet services in Sikar. When the demands were not accepted, on 10 September, AIKS called a Statewide Indefinite Highway Strike.  After beginning from Sikar, this movement spread throughout Rajasthan, it had a widespread impact in 14 districts. Meanwhile, Sikar and other cities were also kept under strike. Traders and many organizations supported the Farmer's Movement. On 11th day, on the call of the Kisan Sabha, the farmers blocked highways and all other major and minor roads. Then the government invited the delegation of farmers for the talks on 11 September. After 2 days long talk government buckled on 13 September night and accepted the demand of farmers. The movement was withdrawn after the demands were accepted.

References

Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1998–2003
Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013
Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1993–1998
Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2003–2008
Category:Members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians
Category:1955 births
Category:Living people


Eftekhari

Eftekhari (, lit. "honorary") is an Iranian surname which – in its Latinized form – can also be found in the Iranian diaspora. Notable people with the surname include:

 Akbar Eftekhari (born 1943), former Iranian footballer
 Ali Eftekhari (born 1964), former Iranian footballer
 Ali Reza Eftekhari (born 1958), Iranian vocalist of Iranian classical and popular music
 Amir Eftekhari (born 1964), former Iranian footballer
 Jalil Eftekhari (born 1965), Iranian former cyclist
 Laleh Eftekhari (born 1959), Iranian conservative politician and former member of the Parliament of Iran
 Nazie Eftekhari (born 195?), Iranian-American health care chief executive

References

Category:Persian-language surnames


Houx

Houx is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France, located 79 km from Paris and 20 km from Chartres.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Eure-et-Loir


Cadet College Petaro

Cadet College Petaro is a military boarding school in Jamshoro District of the southern province of Sindh in Pakistan; about 20 miles (32 km) from Hyderabad which is under administration of Pakistan Navy.

It is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious boarding schools of Pakistan. Its campus occupies over 700 acres (2.8 km²) on the west bank of the Indus River on the road from Hyderabad to Dadu, Larkana and Quetta.

Notable alumni
Asif Ali Zardari, former President of Pakistan and Co-Chairperson Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)
Arbab Ghulam Rahim, former Chief Minister of Sindh
Liaquat Ali Jatoi, former Federal Minister of Industries and former Chief Minister of Sindh
Zulfiqar Mirza, former  Sindh Home Minister, Member of Sindh Provincial Assembly
Rizwan Ahmed, Federal Secretary to Government of Pakistan
Syed Arifullah Hussaini, Commander Pakistan Fleet
Khan Hasham bin Saddique, Vice Chief of Naval Staff (VCNS)
Allah Dino Khawaja, senior PSP officer
Nouraiz Shakoor, former Federal Minister, Govt of Pakistan
Younus Changezi, former Balochistan Minister of Forests and Environment
Masood Sharif Khan Khattak, former Director General of the Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan (DGIB)
Zaka Ashraf, former President Zarai Taraqqiati Bank, and former Chairman Pakistan Cricket Board
Kazi Zulkader Siddiqui, scholar, writer, educator, businessman and social worker
Shahid Iqbal, Chief of Staff (COS), Ex-DCNS (T&P), COMPAK, DCNS (O) and Commander CTF-150
Dr Zafar Ikram, former Director General of Punjab Health Department

History
The college was founded in August 1957 at Mirpurkhas, Sindh as a residential institution. The first batch of teachers joined the college on 5 August 1957 at Mirpurkhas while the college building was still under preparation. These five teachers were Mr. Abdullah Khadim Hussain, Mr. Feroz Yusuf Khan, Mr. Aziz Ahmed Farooqui, Mr. Hasan Masud Zuberi, and Mr. Syed Zahoorul Hasan. While the government had advertised for the position of Principal of the college, Mr. Mohammed Hasnain was appointed as the In Charge (Acting) Principal on 25 August 1957 for the initial few months. He was soon succeeded by Col.(retd) J.H.H. Coombes on 20 March 1958. The first batch of 30 students joined the college on 27 August 1957 in class VIII.

In 1958, a new site was sought in order to build a permanent campus for the college. A site was chosen at Petaro, a few miles up the river from Jamshoro. The construction of a purpose built campus began almost immediately. Mr. Habib-ur-Rehman, Minister of Education, laid the foundation stone of the college on 16 January 1959. The initial cost of construction of the buildings of the college sanctioned by the government of West Pakistan was Rs. 2,700,000. The college finally moved to its new premises at Petaro in August 1959. At the time of the move, the River Indus was in flood, and Petaro was also submerged under its waters. The building in Mirpurkhas that originally housed Cadet College Petaro was given over to the Government College Mirpurkhas.

The first principal of the college was Col.(retd) J.H.H. Coombes who retired from the college in 1965. He was followed by Cdr.(retd) Firoz Shah, who remained in charge until 1972. The previous principal was Cdre. M. Abid Saleem (2000–2007). The present principal is Cdre. Mehboob Ellahi Malik (2014-onwards).

The college is a residential institution for over 900 full-time students at present, providing education from Class 8 to Class 12 (Intermediate). At the time it was first constructed, it was designed to accommodate only 360 students in four houses (or hostels). The capacity was expanded to 570 with the construction of two more houses in the late 1960s.

The year 2007 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the college. Gen. Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan was the chief guest at the Golden Jubilee celebrations on 28 February 2007. On this occasion, President Musharraf announced the formation of a university in the vicinity of the college that will be sponsored by the Metupak Foundation.

Academics
The main body of students is admitted each year to Class 8. Until the academic year 1998-99, the college used to admit a small contingent of boys from the rural districts of Sindh to Class 7, to prepare them for competitive success with the new entry into Class 8. However, it was decided by the Board of Governors of the college to discontinue Class 7 from 1999 onwards. All Class 7 Cadets stayed in Shahbaz House. Shahbaz house became a full-fledge house in 2000; having a similar strength of all Classes like the other houses, and started participating in all Inter-House competitions to compete for the Championship.

College students have normally secured most of the top positions in the competitive Hyderabad Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education examinations every year. Further, the first batch of O-levels brought a fruitful result by bringing 4 A*, 33 As and 20 Bs in May/June CIE O-Level Examinations 2012 under the supervision of the O-levels co-ordinator and House Master 'Sachal House' Mr. Ahsan Ali Shah.

Houses
The college is subdivided into eight (08) houses.

 The house is currently Champion

 The house is currently Runner-Up

 The house homes the First Champions Trophy

Shahbaz House was created in as an entity in 1965, but a proper building for the house was constructed the year 1975. This was meant to be solely to house Class 7 cadets, to prepare them to become proper regular cadets a year later. This concept was developed to give opportunity to boys from underdeveloped rural areas. However, due to malpractices by college administration in later years, many sons of rich landlords availed this opportunity as they were unable to get in through competitive examinations. Therefore, in the year 2000, the Board of Governors decided to abolish this scheme as it did not benefit the segment of the population it was intended for. Shahbaz House was declared a regular house with cadets from all classes henceforth.

In 2007, on the occasion of Cadet College Petaro's golden jubilee, General Pervez Musharraf, who was the chief guest on the occasion, announced the construction of a new house, which was named Sachal Sarmast House after the famous Sufi poet from Sindh.

Campus
The campus is founded near the town Petaro, which is part of the District Jamshoro. The campus is practically a small township with its own electricity, water supply, sewerage, security and other infrastructure. The campus is divided into 4 parts, which are Staff Quarters, Cadets Area, Sports Grounds and College Premises. The college also has a parade ground, which hosts the Adjutant Parade and Principal Parade.

Administration
The college is governed by an autonomous board of governors, headed by the Commander Karachi (COMKAR) of the Pakistan Navy as its chairman. Since 1975, the principal of the college has been an officer of the Pakistan Navy as well. The adjutants have been either from Pakistan Army (1957-1970 and 2010 onwards) or Pakistan Navy (1970-2010)

Staff infrastructure
The college is controlled and patronised by the Pakistan Navy. Since 1975, the Principal posted is at least of the rank of a serving Captain of the Navy with experience of administration. His tenure is normally for 3 years. Likewise the Pakistan Navy provides an Adjutant of the rank of Lieutenant / Lieutenant Commander and other training staff like Chief Petty Officers, Petty Officers and Sailors for military training of the cadets. The current Adjutant of the college is
Lieutenant Shuhab Ali, Pakistan Navy, he is from Pak Marines branch of Navy. He is an ex-cadet of the same college with kit no: 200-2051 (L)

The college is staffed by 41 teachers (professors, assistant professors and lecturers) who have at least a master's degree. There are other officers like the medical officer, administrative officer, bursar, librarian and office superintendent. In addition, there are around 215 board employees and over 400 college employees.

The Petarian Association (TPA)

Founded in 1982, the Petarian Association has become the focal point of gathering for all Petarians, particularly those in Pakistan. The association is a successor of the Petaro Old Boys Association (POBA) that existed informally for a few years in the late 1960s, and then became defunct. The Petarian Association was registered under the Societies Registration Act-XXI of 1860 on 4 February 1982 under registration no. KAR-7210.

Over these years, the association has hosted numerous functions that provide a social meeting ground for the Petarians and their families. The association presently has over 900 life members.

The Commander Karachi (COMKAR) of the Pakistan Navy (who is the Chairman Board of Governors of Cadet College Petaro) has always been invited to be the Patron-in-Chief of the association. The principal of Cadet College Petaro is the patron of the association.

References

External links
Official Website
Comprehensive website with archives of Cadet College Petaro history

Category:Cadet colleges in Pakistan
Category:Schools in Hyderabad, Sindh

Category:Military in Sindh
Category:Boarding schools in Pakistan
Category:Pakistan Navy


Clarence B. Robinson

Clarence B. Robinson (1911–2002) was an educator and Tennessee state representative (1974–1992) from District 28, and was a founder of the Black Caucus in the Tennessee General Assembly. The C.B. Robinson Bridge (1981) over the Tennessee River in Chattanooga was named after him.

Robinson was succeeded as District 28 Representative in the state legislature by Tommie Brown.

References

Category:1911 births
Category:2002 deaths


Kołacin

Kołacin may refer to the following places in Poland:
Kołacin, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Kołacin, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Kołacin, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)


Hinawi

Hināwī are one of two major tribes of Oman, the other being the Ghāfirī. Characterized as two significant factions having distinct interests and organizations, their rivalry began approximately 2000 years ago; almost during the time Ghafiris arrived to Oman. The Hinawis, for the most part, resided in southeast Oman, while the Ghafiris predominated in the northwestern part of Oman. Several tribal groups make up the Hinawi alliance, such as, the Dhowahir, Beni Yas, and the Awamir, Beni Hina and the Harasis.  During the 18th century, serious conflicts occurred between the two factions. These conflicts only ended after many sub-tribes were united under one leader that belonged to one of the two factions. The Hinawis gathered under Khalaf bin Mubarak Alhinai from the Bani Hina tribe, while the Ghafiris gathered under Mohammed bin Nasir Alghafiri of the Beni Ghafir tribe. The almost equal strength of the two alliances led to the end of the feud. The rivalry played a decisive role in shaping the political history of Oman, with Omani tribes affiliating themselves historically with either the Ghafiri or Hinawi alliances.

History
When Arab tribes started to migrate to Oman, there were two distinct groups, one was the Azd from southwestern Arabia, of which Ibadi Hinawi creeds belong to, while the other was Nizari (Nejdi) from central and northern Arabia, of which the Sunni Ghāfirī creeds belong to. A segment of the Azd tribe migrated to Oman in 200 AD following the catastrophe caused by the failure of the Marib Dam in Yemen. Malik bin Fahm Alazdi was the first Arab settler in Oman. He first settled in Qalhat. Malik, with an armed force of more than 6000 men and horses, fought against Marzban of the Sasanian Empire in Oman in the battle of Salut, which he eventually won.

Election of the Imam of Oman in 8th century was secured by an agreement which included Hinawis and Ghafiris leadership. Frequent conflicts between the two groups came to the fore during the election of the Imamate in 1719, which was contested by one Hinawi and one Ghafiri candidate. The rivalry of the 18th century ended when the smaller tribes that constituted Ghafiris and Hinawis created almost equal in power alliances that resulted in peace. The rivalry ignited again during the 19th century but also ended after the two major tribes united under Imam Alkharusi in 1913 against British imperialism that started to develop in the Sultanate of Muscat.
The conflict between the Imamate and the Sultanate ended with the signing of the Treaty of Seeb, which resulted in a stable Oman and Muscat during the period of 1920-54. Although feuds still persist, the outburst is generally limited in the present day to football rivalry between the teams of both confederations.

Hinawi Federated Tribes
The following were recorded as Hinawi associated tribes in northern and central Oman:

 Al 'Awamir
 Al Harasis
 Al Hijariyin
 Al Hirth
 Al Wahibah
 Bani Hina

References

Bibliography

Category:Ethnic groups in Oman


Mary McGrory

Mary McGrory (August 22, 1918 – April 20, 2004) was an American journalist and columnist. She specialized in American politics, and was noted for her detailed coverage of political maneuverings.  She wrote over 8,000 columns, but no books, and made very few media or lecture appearances. She was a fierce opponent of the Vietnam War and was on Richard Nixon's enemies list. One reviewer said:

Career
She was born in Roslindale, Boston, Massachusetts to Edward and Mary McGrory, a tight-knit Irish Catholic family. Her father was a postal clerk and she shared his love of Latin and writing.
She graduated from the Girls' Latin School and Emmanuel College and began her career as a book reviewer at The Boston Herald.

She was hired in 1947 by The Washington Star and began her career as a journalist, a path she was inspired to take by reading Jane Arden comic strips.
She rose to prominence as their reporter covering the McCarthy hearings in 1954, portraying McCarthy as a typical neighborhood Irish bully.
McGrory won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1975, for her articles about the Watergate scandal.

The day after the Star went out of business in 1981, she went to work for The Washington Post.

In 1985, McGrory received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College.
In 1998, she won the Fourth Estate Award, from the National Press Club.

She died in Washington at the age of 85.

Friendship with the Kennedy Family
McGrory wrote extensively about the Kennedy presidency. She and JFK were close in age, both of Irish descent and from Boston. McGrory's exchange with Daniel Patrick Moynihan after the president's assassination was quoted widely: "We will never laugh again," said McGrory. Moynihan, who worked for President Kennedy responded, "Mary, we will laugh again. But we will never be young again."

McGrory was assigned by the Star to travel with Robert F. Kennedy during his ill-fated 1968 presidential campaign and became close to his wife Ethel at the time.

Urban legend
In a 1983 paperback, Wayne Coffey's 303 of the World's Worst Predictions, McGrory was falsely described as having "predicted" in her Washington Star column that George McGovern would win the 1972 presidential campaign "by a landslide".  As it turned out, the book's author, rather than McGrory, had written ineptly. McGrory's October 22, 1972, Star column had been about McGovern's showing in the state of Michigan, which she felt might be one of the few states McGovern could win. The column began, "Here in Michigan, they have failed to get the word about the Nixon landslide." Nevertheless, readers of Coffey's book were given the impression that the liberal McGrory had made the most erroneous "prediction" in political history.

Awards and honors
1975: Pulitzer Prize for Commentary

1995: The Four Freedoms Award for Freedom of Speech

Works

References

Further reading
 Allen, Henry. "Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary: Mary McGrory would conscript senators to mix drinks for copyboys and media stars to pass hors d'oeuvres," Wall Street Journal Oct. 9, 2015
 , a scholarly biography review; Washington Post review

External links
Columns from the Washington Post

Category:1918 births
Category:2004 deaths
Category:American columnists
Category:American people of Irish descent
Category:American women journalists
Category:Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award recipients
Category:Nixon's Enemies List
Category:Pulitzer Prize for Commentary winners
Category:The Washington Post people
Category:Washington Star people
Category:Writers from Boston
Category:Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Category:Women columnists
Category:People from Roslindale


Rajya Sabha TV

Rajya Sabha TV (RSTV) is a cable television network channel owned and operated by Rajya Sabha that covers the proceedings of Rajya Sabha (the Upper House of the Parliament of India). Apart from telecasting live coverage of Rajya Sabha proceedings, RSTV also brings incisive analysis of parliamentary affairs. While focusing on current national and international affairs, it provides a platform for knowledge-based programmes for the discerning viewer. The channel offers special attention to legislative business undertaken by the Parliament.

Conscious of its role as a public broadcaster, RSTV has conceptualised programmes on the basis of the vibrant relationship between the Parliament and the people of India. It aims at providing an objective perspective on national and international affairs to the people. RSTV touches upon all the aspects of political, economic, social and cultural life of the people, while promoting scientific temper among masses.

Currently, the CEO of Rajya Sabha TV is Manoj Pandey.

With a vision to document the story of how the Constitution of India was created, Rajya Sabha TV has produced the 10-part TV mini-series Samvidhaan, which was directed by the noted film director Shyam Benegal.

Rajya Sabha TV has also produced a tele-serial and film, Raag Desh, on the trial of Indian National Army officers during British rule. The serial/ film was directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia.

Programmes
Rajya Sabha TV is among a few bi-lingual channels in India, telecasting in the most popular language in India, i.e. Hindi (which is also India's official language) and English.

Rajya Sabha TV telecasts 7 news bulletins, 4 in Hindi and 3 in English. Rest of its programming consists of daily and weekly shows, and special programmes.

The following is a list of programmes that are telecast on daily/ weekly basis on Rajya Sabha TV:

Vishesh: daily (Mon-Fri) feature programme, which analyses a topical issue in detail, in Hindi.
In Depth: daily (Mon-Fri) feature programme, which analyses a topical issue in detail, in English.

Desh Deshantar: daily (Mon-Sat) programme, which discusses a topic of current national or international importance with experts in the field, in Hindi.
Big Picture: daily (Mon-Sat) programme, which discusses an important national or international current topic with experts in the field, in English.
Pulse: weekly audience-based programme on current issues, in English.
Sarokar: weekly audience-based panel discussion on current social issues, in Hindi.
Ayushman Bhav: weekly programme on health matters in which audience questions are also taken, in Hindi.
Aapkka Kanoon: weekly show in which legal experts discuss common legal issues and guide viewers how to deal with them. Audience queries are also taken during the programme, in Hindi.
Laws in the Making: weekly feature show on important bills in different stages of their journey in Parliament or its committees, in English.
Virasat: biopic series on the life and work of eminent personalities in the field of art, literature, culture and film, in Hindi.
Guftagoo: weekly talk show with eminent personalities in the fields of culture and music, in Hindi. Guftagoo, the only uninterrupted Bollywood celebrity show on Indian television. The other Irfan: host of a popular personality-based TV show: Syed Mohd Irfan .
Indian Standard Time: weekly interview-based show with visiting foreign dignitaries and intellectuals.
India's World: weekly programme covering major world events of the week, in discussion with diplomats and analysts, in English.
Policy Watch: weekly show featuring discussion of policy matters, in English.
Shakhsiyat: weekly show of conversation with eminent personalities in the fields of culture and music, in Hindi.
Arthniti: weekly interview-based show with key decision makers and analysts regarding topical subjects in the field of economy, in Hindi.
Sara Jahan: weekend television magazine of major international events of the week, in Hindi.
Security Scan: weekly discussion-based programme on defence matters, in English.

Important features and achievements
Rajya Sabha TV is a 'must carry' channel in India, and all television service providers (Direct to Home as well as cable TV providers) must carry this channel, as mandated in the advisory issued by the Indian government in 2015 and still in force.

In recent years, Rajya Sabha TV has gained prominence among Indian news and current affairs television channels. Its YouTube channel now has over 4 million subscribers, much ahead of other channels in the same/ similar niches. Now about a million subscribers are added every six months. Some of its shows have been viewed millions of times on YouTube.

On BARC, the audience measurement system for television channels in India, daily programmes of Rajya Sabha TV  figure among the top viewed programmes.

The telecast of live proceedings of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Indian parliament) done by Rajya Sabha TV is carried live by most other channels in their news telecasts, without cost or attribution unless used in programmes.

The audience of Rajya Sabha TV comprises mostly the youth interested in a balanced analysis of a current affairs topic, especially those appearing in top competitive examinations.

See also
 Lok Sabha TV
 Doordarshan
 Legislature broadcaster
 :Category:Legislature broadcasters

References

External links

Category:Rajya Sabha
Category:Indian television networks
Category:Legislature broadcasters
Category:Television stations in New Delhi
Category:Media companies based in Delhi
Category:Companies based in New Delhi
Category:Indian companies established in 2011
Category:Media companies established in 2011
Category:Parliament of India


Artificial lung

An artificial lung (AL) is a prosthetic device that provides oxygenation of blood and removal of carbon dioxide from the blood. The AL is intended to take over some of the functionality of biological lungs. It is different from a heart-lung machine in that it is external and designed to take over the functions of the lungs for long periods of time rather than on a temporary basis.

The heart-lung machine inspired the design of AL devices, however, modern ALs are optimised to minimize patient trauma. Following the development of the heartlung machine, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) was developed. This was intended to be used as a bridge to lung transplant (BTT), for patients too sick to wait until a donor lung was available. Mechanical Ventilation (MV) has also been used, however, it is damaging to the patient's lungs if used for extended periods of time. Both these therapies are expensive and are associated with poor quality of life, in part due to complex blood circuits required for these techniques to work.

Recent developments include simplifying the ECMO system, and devices that use 380 micron wide hollow fibers to simulate the function of alveoli have been developed. Several research groups, notably, the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Michigan, University of Maryland and Boston based groups are developing AL devices to bridge patients to lung transplant.

See also
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Heart-lung machine
Lung transplantation
Medical ventilator

References

Lung
Category:Implants (medicine)


Atopy (philosophy)

Atopy (Greek ατοπία, atopía - placelessness, unclassifiable, of high originality; Socrates has often been called "átopos") describes the ineffability of things or emotions that are seldom experienced, that are outstanding and that are original in the strict sense. The term depicts a certain quality (of experience) that can be observed within oneself or within others. It does not depict an ideal, although it has been abused to do so, for example by the genius-cult during the era of romanticism.

Phenomenon, origin

A human being in love, no matter at whom or what his adoration and affection is pointed at—be it a beloved person, a god in some mystical sense or an idol—is not able to reduce the "item" of his love down to certain characteristics, he claims his "obscure object of desire" to be unique and incomparable.

The attribution of characteristics from the banal everyday world would, in the eye of the one being seriously in love, mean betrayal (sacrilege) to the very own love itself. Up until now, no one has managed to describe and analyze this more strikingly than Roland Barthes in his famous and acclaimed collection of essays A Lover's Discourse: Fragments, published in 1977. But if you look at it more closely, this is an everyday phenomenon each and every mere mortal is encountering: parents can describe, praise or curse the relation between them and their children—but they realize at the same time that the depth and the profoundness of their feelings for their offspring are atopical, or ineffable.

Natural religions, like mysticism, therefore talk about "Tao", about the "original" and the "pristine"; in the field of ontological philosophy and  theology it is called "richness of being". The rather sensual, mundane and secular poetry speaks of cornucopia (also see: cornucopian), or, more prosaically of "inspiration". In the field of science, especially in psychological sciences, this phenomenon is being researched under the leading definition of creativity or as "Flow".

Occurrence

Most adults are familiar with atopy, having experienced the view on the world through "rose-tinted glasses" in phases of limerence. Art lovers know it as genius and as something auratic, readers as "Thou shalt not make for thyself an idol" in Max Frisch's "Stiller", which refers to the notion of God from the "Ten Commandments", or "Geschichten von Herrn Keuner" by Bertold Brecht.

Literature

 Roland Barthes: Fragments of a language of love, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M, 2003,
 Michel Guérin: Nietzsche. Socrate héroique, Grasset, Paris 1975,

Category:Philosophical anthropology
Category:Concepts in the philosophy of mind


Apoptozole

Apoptozole is a drug that acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of the heat shock protein Hsp70, and was one of the first compounds developed to act at this target. It induces apoptosis in susceptible cells, and displays anti-cancer, anti-malarial and antiviral activity. While apoptozole itself does not have suitable characteristics to be developed for medical use in humans, its promising activity in animal studies makes it likely that compounds with similar modes of action will be researched in future.

References

Category:Antivirals
Category:Trifluoromethyl compounds
Category:Imidazoles
Category:Amides