Herr's Snacks

Herr's is a Nottingham, Pennsylvania-based brand of potato chips and other snack foods. While their products are sold throughout the Eastern United States and Canada, their stronghold is the Mid-Atlantic region. Herr's products are sold in all 50 states in the U.S. and in over 40 countries.

History
In 1946, Jim Herr, then 21 years old, purchased a small potato chip company in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Initial sales averaged approximately thirty dollars a week.

In 1958, the company introduced flavored potato chips, and in 1974, switched to foil packaging from the traditional glassine bags. The 1970s and 1980s saw a growth in the snack food industry which prompted an expansion in the variety of products being manufactured, including corn chips, tortilla chips, and pretzels.  The 1980s also saw the addition of the Herr Angus Farm, a cattle farm which made use of potato waste products.

Jim Herr began transferring control of the company to his sons, Ed Herr and J. M. Herr, in the 1990s, with Ed taking over as company spokesman. Jim Herr retired as company chair in favor of J. M. Herr in January 2005, but remained on the board of directors until his death. Jim Herr died on April 5, 2012, at the age of 87. Ed Herr and J. M. Herr assumed the roles of president and executive chairman respectively.

Products
Herr's produces a wide variety of snack foods, including potato chips, pretzels, tortilla chips, cheese curls, popcorn, and onion rings. They produce, as of July 2016, 37 different potato chip varieties, with an emphasis on strong and spicy flavors. Among their offerings are ragin ranch, buffalo blue cheese, Old Bay, horseradish, baby back ribs, Kansas City steak, hot sauce, jalapeño, in addition to more traditional varieties such as barbecue, kettle cooked, sour cream & onion, cheddar & sour cream, salt & pepper, Ketchup, Habanero and Creamy Ranch, and salt & vinegar.

In January 2016, Herr's released a picture on social media previewing a new Crab Fries flavored potato chips in partner with Chickie's & Pete's, a sports bar also headquartered in the Philadelphia region. Herr's planned to release the chips to stores a couple of months after the announcement, however the chips were instead released one month later in February due to popular demand.

Herr's potato chips are sold in distinctive foil packaging.

In popular culture

A subplot of an episode of The Office (U.S. TV series) features Jim Halpert and Karen Filippelli spending the workday searching for a package of Herr's salt and vinegar chips. In a DVD exclusive for season 3, Kevin Malone makes a quesadilla out of Herr's chips and Cheez Whiz.

A bag of BBQ Herr's chips was being eaten by Dina and Cheyenne in an episode of Superstore during season 3.

Visitors' center

The Herr's Visitors' Center was constructed in 1989 and is adjacent to the plant in Nottingham, Pennsylvania. Tour guides lead visitors through both the visitors' center and the actual plant. The tours last approximately one hour.

References

External links
Official website

Category:Brand name snack foods
Category:Brand name potato chips and crisps
Category:American companies established in 1946
Category:Companies based in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Category:1946 establishments in Pennsylvania
Category:Food and drink companies established in 1946
Category:Tourist attractions in Chester County, Pennsylvania


Cirrhimuraena tapeinoptera

Cirrhimuraena tapeinoptera is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Pieter Bleeker in 1863. It is a tropical, marine eel which is known from the Indo-West Pacific.

References

Category:Ophichthidae
Category:Fish described in 1863


Mala Peća

Mala Peća (Cyrillic: Мала Пећа) is a village in the municipality of Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References

Category:Populated places in Bihać


Ecklak

Ecklak is a municipality in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

References

Category:Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Category:Steinburg


Roark, Kentucky

Roark is an unincorporated community located in Leslie County, Kentucky, United States. Main schools, Redbird Christian, Leslie, Stinnet Elementary, and Moutian View elementary. It is the birthplace of the Osborne Brothers.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Leslie County, Kentucky
Category:Unincorporated communities in Kentucky


Agile manufacturing

Agile manufacturing is a term applied to an organization that has created the processes, tools, and training to enable it to respond quickly to customer needs and market changes while still controlling costs and quality. It's mostly related to lean manufacturing

An enabling factor in becoming an agile manufacturer has been the development of manufacturing support technology that allows the marketers, the designers and the production personnel to share a common database of parts and products, to share data on production capacities and problems—particularly where small initial problems may have larger downstream effects.  It is a general proposition of manufacturing that the cost of correcting quality issues increases as the problem moves downstream, so that it is cheaper to correct quality problems at the earliest possible point in the process.

Agile manufacturing is seen as the next step after lean manufacturing in the evolution of production methodology. The key difference between the two is like between a thin and an athletic person, agile being the latter. One can be neither, one or both. In manufacturing theory, being both is often referred to as leagile.
According to Martin Christopher, when companies have to decide what to be, they have to look at the customer order cycle (COC) (the time the customers are willing to wait) and the leadtime for getting supplies. If the supplier has a short lead time, lean production is possible. If the COC is short, agile production is beneficial.

Agile manufacturing is an approach to manufacturing which is focused on meeting the needs of customers while maintaining high standards of quality and controlling the overall costs involved in the production of a particular product. This approach is geared towards companies working in a highly competitive environment, where small variations in performance and product delivery can make a huge difference in the long term to a company's survival and reputation among consumers.

This concept is closely related to lean manufacturing, in which the goal is to reduce waste as much as possible. In lean manufacturing, the company aims to cut all costs which are not directly related to the production of a product for the consumer. Agile manufacturing can include this concept, but it also adds an additional dimension, the idea that customer demands need to be met rapidly and effectively. In situations where companies integrate both approaches, they are sometimes said to be using "agile and lean manufacturing".
Companies which utilize an agile manufacturing approach tend to have very strong networks with suppliers and related companies, along with numerous cooperative teams which work within the company to deliver products effectively. They can retool facilities quickly, negotiate new agreements with suppliers and other partners in response to changing market forces, and take other steps to meet customer demands. This means that the company can increase production on products with a high consumer demand, as well as redesign products to respond to issues which have emerged on the open market.

Markets can change very quickly, especially in the global economy. A company which cannot adapt quickly to change may find itself left behind, and once a company starts to lose market share, it can fall rapidly. The goal of agile manufacturing is to keep a company ahead of the competition so that consumers think of that company first, which allows it to continue innovating and introducing new products, because it is financially stable and it has a strong customer support base.

Companies that want to switch to the use of agile manufacturing can take advantage of consultants who specialize in helping companies convert and improve existing systems. Consultants can offer advice and assistance which is tailored to the industry a company is involved in, and they usually focus on making companies competitive as quickly as possible with proved agile techniques. There are also a number of textbooks and manuals available with additional information on agile manufacturing techniques and approaches.

See also
Quality
Industrial Engineering

References
L. Goldman, R.L. Nagel and K Preiss, Agile Competitors and Virtual Organizations - Strategies for Enriching the Customer, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995.
Martin Christopher. "Logistics and Supply Chain Management"

External links
MESA - Manufacturing Enterprise Solutions Association
Category:Lean manufacturing
Category:Quality control
Category:Business terms


Embsay with Eastby

Embsay with Eastby is a civil parish and electoral ward in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England.

According to the 2001 UK census, Embsay with Eastby parish/ward had a population of 1,758, increasing to 1,871 at the 2011 Census.

References

Category:Civil parishes in North Yorkshire


Ochoża-Pniaki

Ochoża-Pniaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wierzbica, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately  south of Wierzbica,  north-west of Chełm, and  east of the regional capital Lublin.

References

Category:Villages in Chełm County


Aviation history of Hong Kong

The first privately owned airport in Hong Kong was located in Sha Tin. On 18 March 1911, the aeroplane of the Belgian pilot, Charles den Bron, successfully took off at the airport in Sha Tin on an aeroplane named Spirit of Sha Tin (). It was the first aeroplane that took off from the territory, using Kai Tak airport. A replica of the aircraft is hung at the new Chep Lap Kok airport above the arrivals hall.

Kai Tak and Chep Lap Kok

The year 1924 was a critical point of aviation history of Hong Kong, when the story of Kai Tak began. The location of Kai Tak belonged to two billionaire friends Ho Kai and Au Tak, who owned the land before the government acquired the land (the land originally did not have a name), which explains the name of the airport. First planned as an estate site, the land was given to the government after the plan failed. It soon became a small airport for the Royal Air Force, flying clubs and pilot training centre.

The first domestic airline company was set up in 1936. Later during the second World War, the runway was expanded. In 1962 the passenger terminal was completed, and Kai Tak became an international airport, renamed Hong Kong International Airport. But it continued to be referred to by its popular name, Kai Tak Airport. Within a couple of decades, it became clear that the current airport was inadequate. The airport itself was now surrounded by more private buildings, making further land acquisition and expansion impossible. To reduce the impact of noisy aircraft on nearby residents, there was a curfew in place. It was decided to look for a new area, which could fit a huge airport, built from scratch. In the early 90s, construction on a new airport outside the busy Hong Kong central area, began at Chep Lap Kok, 30 km to the west of Kai Tak. This new airport is built on reclaimed land and the reclamation process involved joining Lam Chau island with Chep Lap Kok island. The old airport at Kai Tak finally retired at midnight 5 July 1998, and the new Hong Kong International Airport and began service in the morning of the following day. Recently, a couple of new airport buildings were opened to help with the increasing number of travellers. There are many talks at present, to extend the current airport in the years to come.

Many aviation enthusiasts were upset with the demise of Kai Tak because of the unique approach. As private aviation is not allowed at Chek Lap Kok, some enthusiasts had lobbied to keep around 1 km of the Kai Tak runway for private aviation; this was permitted for a while, but later on the Government recommended that a new cruise terminal at Kai Tak be built. In the meantime, a golf course was built at the end of the runway, this was later removed, to make way for cruise terminal construction equipment.

Hong Kong International Airport handled some 73 million travellers in 2017. Just around 50% of them were coming to or from Hong Kong, while 20% were coming to or from surrounding areas in the Pearl River Delta, and 30% were transferred to other international or mainland flights. Around 2/3 of passengers are coming or going to the Mainland and Southeast and Northern Asia, with the rest on longer-haul routes.

History

Before the 1950s
1936 is a memorable year for Hong Kong commercial Aviation, the first commercial airline -Imperial Airline (British Airway) operated by DH-86A Propeller biplane departed from London via Marseille, Rome, Athens, Alexandra, Baghdad, Kuwait, Delhi, Calcutta, Rangoon, Penang, Saigon and finally arrived Hong Kong. Airplane Ticket price was 175 pound including hotel fee in each city, but this was a massive price at that time.

During the same period, Pam Am Airline. "Hong Kong clipper" operated a route from San Francisco to Hong Kong.

1950s to 1970s
On May 1st 1946, the Hong Kong civil aviation department was established and became a member of ICAO after it provided higher efficiency on flight control which increased airline capacity that attracted more airline settled routine to Hong Kong. September 20 of the same year, Cathay Pacific registered as the first Airline Company in Hong Kong.

There were 13 airlines running a business at that period; China Airlines (Air China), Central Air Transport, Cathay Pacific, Philippine Airline, Asian Airline, British Airways, Pam Am Airline, Pacific International Airline, Macau Airline, Air France, Thai Airways, Varna Air-Siam.

Due to competition, plane ticket price reduced. The highest Plane ticket price at that period was HKD 4211  from Hong to San Francisco. But this was still sky-pricing to most people. An international plane ticket could be a quarter of the price of a house.

1970s to 1990s
Many factors were bursting Hong Kong airline industry, such as the transformation of economic, wide-body jet aircraft like the Boeing 747 & DC-10 and the new terminal in Kai Tak airport. According to the civil aviation department statistics, both passenger flights and cargo freight doubled from 1975 to 1985.

Due to the 747 & DC-8 and more capacity of air routine allowance from ICAO, airline ticket prices reduced drastically. In 1980, Cathay Pacific, to obtain the freedom of air from London to Hong Kong, broke British Airways' monopoly, lowered the price to HKD 1000 as a quarter of original gave rise to traveling by plane.

See also
 Sha Tin Airfield
 Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force
 List of airports in Hong Kong

References

Category:History of Hong Kong
Category:Aviation in Hong Kong
Hong Kong


Church of Holy Trinity, Eltham

The Church of Holy Trinity is a Church of England parish church in Eltham, Royal Borough of Greenwich, London. The church is a grade II listed building. It is the location of the Gallipoli Memorial Chapel, which was dedicated in 1917 to those who had died in the Gallipoli Campaign.

History
From 1868 to 1869, the chancel, transepts, and the East bays of the nave were built, having been designed by G. E. Street. In 1908, a vestry, baptistery, and the Western part of the nave were added by Sir Arthur Blomfield and Sons. The church is Gothic Revival in style.

In 1909, Edith Gertrude Latter funded the building of the St Agnes Chapel. It was designed by Sir Arthur Blomfield and Sons, and was decorated by C. E. Kempe and Co. During the First World War, the vicar, Henry Hall, served as a military chaplain with the 29th Division, British Army. They fought in the Gallipoli Campaign, during which Hall was injured and invalided out of the army. Having returned to his parish, the vicar wanted to commemorate those who has lost their lives during the campaign. He converted the St Agnes Chapel into the Gallipoli Memorial Chapel; it was unveiled by General Sir Ian Hamilton on 25 April 1917.

On 8 June 1973, the church was designated a grade II listed building.

Present day
The parish of Holy Trinity, Eltham is located in the Archdeaconry of Lewisham & Greenwich in the Diocese of Southwark.

The parish stands in the Inclusive Catholic tradition of the Church of England. It is a member of Inclusive Church.

Notable clergy
 Charles Cockbill, assistant curate, later Archdeacon of St Albans
 Mike Harrison, vicar from 1998 to 2006, later Bishop of Dunwich
 Jeffrey John, vicar from 1991 to 1997, later Dean of St Albans
 Christopher Lowson, vicar from 1983 to 1991, later Bishop of Lincoln

References

External links
 Church website
 A Church Near You entry

Eltham
Eltham
Eltham
Eltham
Eltham
Eltham


Robert Pack (basketball)

Robert John Pack Jr. (born February 3, 1969) is an American professional basketball coach and former player. He serves as an assistant coach for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

High school and college career
Pack attended Alfred Lawless High School in New Orleans. He was a high school teammate of future NBA player Eldridge Recasner and graduated from Lawless in 1987. He then attended Tyler Junior College for two years, transferred to the University of Southern California in 1989, and graduated with a degree in sociology in 1991. He averaged 13.4 points per game and 5.3 assists in his two seasons at USC.

Professional career

Early career
Pack was not drafted by an NBA team, rather he began his career by being signed as a free agent by the Portland Trail Blazers on September 16, 1991. He made the team by beating out veteran Walter Davis and played 72 games for the Blazers as a rookie, averaging 4.6 points/game in 12.4 MPG as he was entrenched behind veterans Terry Porter and Danny Ainge. The Blazers went to the NBA Finals that year, before losing the series, 4–2, to the Chicago Bulls. During the 1992 off-season, after the Blazers signed free agent point guard Rod Strickland, Pack was traded to the Nuggets for a 1993 second-round draft pick.

Mid-career
Pack spent three seasons with the Nuggets from 1992–93 until 1994–95, with his minutes and games started increasing each season. He was part of a young Nuggets team starring Dikembe Mutombo, LaPhonso Ellis and Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf that became the first eighth-seeded team in NBA history to defeat the first-seeded team as the Nuggets defeated the Seattle SuperSonics in the first round of the 1994 Western Conference Playoffs. Pack was then traded to the Washington Bullets for Doug Overton and Don MacLean on October 30, 1995. Injuries slowed Pack during the prime years of his career, as he never played a full 82-game season. In 31 games for the Bullets, Pack averaged 18.1 ppg, 7.8 apg, 4.3 rpg and 2.00 spg in what was his best season statistically. Prior to the 1996–97 season he was signed by the New Jersey Nets before being traded mid-season to the Dallas Mavericks along with Shawn Bradley, Ed O'Bannon and Khalid Reeves for Sam Cassell, Chris Gatling, Jim Jackson, George McCloud and Eric Montross. Pack remained with the Mavericks through the end of the 1999–00 season, never playing more than the 54 games he played in 1996–97 as injuries slowed his career.

Late career
Pack returned to the Nuggets for the 2000–01 season after being traded by the Mavericks via the Boston Celtics. He played 74 games that season, starting 11 of them as a replacement for starting point guard Nick Van Exel. The Minnesota Timberwolves signed him in the off-season and he played 16 games for them in 2001–02. His final two seasons in the NBA were as a veteran backup point guard off the bench for the New Orleans Hornets (2002–03) and the New Jersey Nets (2003–04). On October 2, 2005, Pack signed a contract with the Toronto Raptors for a tryout with the team. His stint with the Raptors was short-lived as he was cut by the team on October 22.

He finished his NBA career and from 2004 to 2005 he played in Žalgiris Kaunas in Lithuania.

Coaching career
In August 2009, Pack joined the New Orleans Hornets as an assistant coach. He became an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Clippers the next season. On July 31, 2013, he became an assistant coach for the Oklahoma City Thunder.

On June 22, 2015, he returned to the now New Orleans Pelicans as an assistant coach.

On October 10, 2018, Pack joined the Washington Wizards as assistant coach.

Other
Pack was known as one of the game's better dunkers during the first half of the 1990s and one of the more spectacular in-game dunkers of all-time among smaller players, due largely to his outstanding vertical leap and lateral quickness. He finished second in the 1994 NBA Slam Dunk Contest during the NBA All-Star Weekend in Minneapolis, Minnesota, behind Isaiah Rider.

He achieved two triple-doubles in his career.

Philanthropy
In November 2016, Pack and Percy "Master P" Miller formed Team H.O.P.E. NOLA, an acronym for “Helping Our Players Excel.” Its players were twenty at-risk males between the ages of 12–15 and chosen from New Orleans-area schools.

See also
 List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game

References

External links
 Robert Pack profile on NBA.com
 NBA historical playerfile
 Basketball-Reference.com: Robert Pack Statistics

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:African-American basketball players
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Lithuania
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Spain
Category:American men's basketball players
Category:Basketball coaches from Louisiana
Category:Basketball players from Louisiana
Category:BC Žalgiris players
Category:Dallas Mavericks players
Category:Denver Nuggets players
Category:Liga ACB players
Category:Los Angeles Clippers assistant coaches
Category:Minnesota Timberwolves players
Category:New Jersey Nets players
Category:New Orleans Hornets assistant coaches
Category:New Orleans Hornets players
Category:New Orleans Pelicans assistant coaches
Category:Point guards
Category:Portland Trail Blazers players
Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Category:Sportspeople from New Orleans
Category:Tyler Apaches men's basketball players
Category:Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Category:USC Trojans men's basketball players
Category:Valencia Basket players
Category:Washington Bullets players
Category:Washington Wizards assistant coaches


Paul Pfeiffer (artist)

Paul Pfeiffer (born 1966 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American sculptor, photographer and video artist. Described by peer artist Gregory Volk as a clever manipulator of popular media, images and video technology, Pfeiffer is stated (by Volk) as one 'who excels at recasting well-known athletic and entertainment events with surprising open-ended nuances.'

Life
Pfeiffer was born in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1966. At the age of ten, he moved to Philippines with his parents who were classically trained musicians. He later moved out of the country at the age of fifteen. Pfeiffer earned his Bachelor of Fine Arts in printmaking from San Francisco Art Institute in 1987 and later earned his Master of Fine Arts degree from Hunter College, New York in 1994. Pfeiffer has lived and worked in New York City since 1990. Between the year of 1997 and 1998, Pfeiffer had also participated in the Whitney Museum of American Art independent Program. He is currently represented by Paula Cooper Gallery in New York City; carlier | gebauer in Berlin, Germany, Galerie Perrotin in Paris and Thomas Dane Gallery in London, UK.

Exhibition history
Pfeiffer has had museum solo shows and projects at Duke University Museum of Art, Raleigh-Durham, NC (2000), the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (2001), UCLA Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, CA (2001), the Barbican Arts Centre, London, United Kingdom (2001), Kunsthaus Glarus, Glarus, Switzerland (2001), the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, IL (2003), The Contemporary Museum, Honolulu, HI (2003), K 21 Kunstsammlung, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, Germany (2004), Middlebury College Museum of Art, Middlebury, VT (2005), National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia (2005), University of Iowa Museum of Art, Iowa City, IA (2007), Nationalgalerie im Hamburger Bahnhof – Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin, Germany (2009), Sammlung Goetz, Munich, Germany (2011), Blanton Museum of Art, Austin, TX (2012), Museum of Contemporary Art and Design, Malate Manila, Philippines (2015).

Awards and scholarships
In 1993, Pfeiffer was awarded as a Travel Grant Pilot by the National Endowment for the Arts and Arts International. In 1994, he was given the Project Grant by the Art Matters foundation. In 1994, Pfeiffer won a Fulbright-Hays Fellowship to the Philippines where he spent one year. In 1999, Pfeiffer participated in the World Trade Center Residency and was awarded the Public Art Fund. Pfeiffer was awarded the inaugural $100,000 Bucksbaum Award at the Whitney Biennial in 2000. In 2001, he was included in the 49th Venice Biennale; that same year, Pfeiffer participated in the MIT List Visual Arts Center Residency, which was jointly organized by the MIT List Visual Arts Center and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. Pfeiffer then participated in the Artspace Residency in San Antonio, TX in 2003. He was awarded The Alpert Award in the Arts, Visual Arts in 2009. In Fall 2011, Pfeiffer was a Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin.

Selected works
Pfeiffer's work is time-consuming and meticulous. "Pfeiffer makes a show of removing his subjectivity while investing himself intensely in his work: It can take him four months to produce a scant two minutes of video."
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (2000 - ): a series of photographic images of basketball games, from which all players except one have been edited out.
The Long Count (The Rumble in the Jungle) (2001): a video of Muhammad Ali and George Foreman fighting, from which the fighters have been digitally removed.
Live From Neverland (2007): a video installation, divided into two separate videos, depicting Michael Jackson's 2003 press conference, in which the icon addresses child-molestation allegations, but with the sound removed and replaced on a separate screen by 80 children reciting the King of Pop's words in the manner of a Greek chorus. Pfeiffer's deft editing alternately speeds up and slows down Jackson's tape to sync perfectly with the children's recitation.

References

External links
Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series Art:21 -- Art in the Twenty-First Century  - Season 2 (2003).
New York Times Review of Pirate Jenny at the Gagosian Gallery (2004)
carlier | gebauer Gallery: Paul Pfeiffer
Thomas Dane Gallery: Paul Pfeiffer
 Pfeiffer on the Board of Directors of Denniston Hill
 Paul Pfeiffer- Guggenheim Collection
 Paula Cooper Gallery: Paul Pfeiffer biography

Category:American video artists
Category:American photographers
Category:American sculptors
Category:San Francisco Art Institute alumni
Category:Hunter College alumni
Category:Living people
Category:1966 births


Franco Acosta

Franco Acosta Machado (born 5 March 1996) is an Uruguayan footballer who plays as a striker for Plaza Colonia on loan from Spanish club Villarreal CF B.

Club career
Born in Montevideo, Acosta joined Centro Atlético Fénix's youth setup in 2009, aged 13. On 23 November 2013 he made his first team debut, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 0–1 home loss against Liverpool F.C. for the Primera División championship.

Acosta scored his first professional goal on 16 February 2014, netting the second in a 3–0 away win against Racing Club de Montevideo. On 1 July he agreed a deal with S.C. Braga, but returned to Fénix in September.

Acosta was eventually included in the main squad and appeared in eight matches, scoring once. On 19 January 2015 he signed a -year contract with Villarreal CF, being assigned to the reserves in Segunda División B.

On 15 January 2018 Acosta joined Segunda Division B team Racing de Santander on loan until the end of the season. Acosta was then loaned out to Plaza Colonia for the 2019 season.

References

External links
Villarreal official profile

Category:1996 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Montevideo
Category:Uruguayan footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Uruguayan Primera División players
Category:Segunda División B players
Category:Club Plaza Colonia de Deportes players
Category:Centro Atlético Fénix players
Category:Villarreal CF B players
Category:Uruguay youth international footballers
Category:Uruguay under-20 international footballers
Category:2015 South American Youth Football Championship players
Category:Uruguayan expatriate footballers
Category:Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain


Lonjé Molen, Bolsward

Lonjé Molen or Tadema's Molen is a smock mill in Bolsward, Friesland, Netherlands which has been restored to working order. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 9861.

History
Lonjé Molen was built in 1824. The mill was also named Tadema's Molen after one of the millmen.  In 1933, the mill was fitted with Dekkerised sails. In 1948/49 it was proposed that an electric motor would be installed to drive the mill. This proposal was dropped in 1950. The sails were renewed in 1959. In 1967 an electric motor was installed, but arranged so the mill could still work too. The mill was restored in 1970/71. Further restoration work was done by millwrights Bouwbedrijf Hiemstra of Tzummarum in the early 2000s, at a cost of €100,000. The official reopening by Mayor Koopmans of Bolward took place on 18 September 2002.

Description

Lonjé's Molen is what the Dutch describe as an "achtkante grondzeiler" . It is a smock mill winded by a winch. There is no stage, the sails reaching almost to the ground. The mill has a single-storey brick base and a three-storey smock. The smock and cap are thatched. The four Common sails have leading edges streamlined with the Dekker system. They have a span of  and are carried in a cast-iron windshaft. This was cast by the Koninklijke Nederlandse Grof Smederij, Leiden, Noord Holland in 1897. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 47 cogs. This drives the wallower (28 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the crown wheel (35 cogs) drives the wooden Archimedes' screw via a gear wheel with 31 cogs. The Archimedes' screw has an axle diameter of  and is  diameter overall. It is inclined at an angle of 22°. Each revolution of the screw lifts  of water.

Public access
Lonjé Molen is open to the public by appointment.

References

Category:Windmills in Friesland
Category:Windmills completed in 1824
Category:Smock mills in the Netherlands
Category:Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Category:Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands


Park Yo-han

Park Yo-han (; born 16 January 1989) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a full back. He currently plays for Suwon FC.

External links

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football defenders
Category:South Korean footballers
Category:Gwangju FC players
Category:Chungju Hummel FC players
Category:Asan Mugunghwa FC players
Category:Suwon FC players
Category:K League 1 players
Category:K League 2 players
Category:Yonsei University alumni


CCI Phantom

The CCI Phantom is a Nelson-based pump action paintball marker developed and produced by Mike Casady. Production began in 1987 after about six months of prototype work. The name for the marker was derived from the much more stealth-oriented and drawn-out style of play that was typical when the game was first developing. The Phantom was designed to be powered by a single 12 gram CO2 powerlet, but larger tanks may also be used by removing the powerlet adapter or using a dummy powerlet. When first introduced the marker featured a fixed barrel assembly referred to as a "unibody" combined with a modified Crosman air pistol frame and brass bead sight. However, since roughly 1989 the body and barrel of the marker have been two distinct parts and no longer feature the bead style sight. The marker is also capable of supporting bulk gravity fed hoppers by using a different breech type. The Phantom is one of only a handful of readily available markers acceptable for use in the various forms of stock class paintball. However, because the Phantom is capable of auto-triggering and features barrel porting it is considered to be a modified stock class marker.

Component Concepts, Inc. (CCI) is located in Newberg, Oregon and was founded in 1979 to provide product design assistance and manufacturing expertise in dental equipment.

Operation

Compressed gas enters the valve of the Phantom, pressing the cup seal assembly against the retainer with the aide of the valve spring. This gas forces the valve to stay sealed and allows the gun to be cocked which prepares the hammer of the paintball marker for firing. Without the pressure of the gas in the valve the gun cannot be cocked. As indicated by the term pump action the first step in firing the marker is the pump stroke which uses the rod connecting the pump handle and bolt to cock the marker. The pump stroke consists of two parts; the backward pump stroke and the forward pump stroke. On the backward pump stroke the bolt moves back, compressing the main spring until the bolt and hammer are connected by the sear. At this time a single ball drops into the breech. Next, during the forward pump stroke, both the bolt and hammer move forward, chambering the paintball sealing the breech. Next, as the trigger is pulled, the sear pivots and releases the hammer from the bolt. The compressed main spring forces the hammer back until it reaches the rear of the power tube and provides enough energy to force the power tube back. As the power tube is pushed back the valve opens and compressed gas flows through the power tube and the tuned port compensator (TPC), projecting the paintball out of the barrel.

Design

The term Nelson-based lends itself from the Nelson Paint Company and its first marker, the Nel-Spot 007. The basic valve design found in these early markers laid the groundwork for many other manufacturers to develop their own paintball guns. The Nelson design is in-line which means that the bolt, hammer, and valve follow the barrel and form a line as opposed to being stacked. It fires from a closed bolt position meaning that when it fires the bolt is secured into the breech end of the barrel with a paintball loaded. In comparison, the bolt in an open bolt marker is not secured until the marker fires, at which point the paintball is chambered, fired, and the bolt is then re-opened. Another characteristic of the Phantom that varies within the Nelson-based family of markers is that it features the original breech drop design as opposed to the bore drop variation of the design, meaning that the paintballs drop into breech, or rear of the barrel, rather than dropping into the bore of the barrel.

Variants
Different breech layouts allow players to use larger hoppers that are more common among contemporary semi-automatic markers or horizontal feed tubes. There are two styles available for the Phantom; gravity feed and stock class. Another feature which may differ depending on user preference is the grip frame. The two most common grip frames available for the CCI Phantom paintball marker are the .45 style and M16 style. The .45 is an offshoot of the common grip structure for handguns chambered for the .45 ACP pistol cartridge such as the M1911 Colt pistol. However, the .45 grip frame is a purely visual replica of its firearm relative as the Phantom cannot be fed by a magazine. The standard grip on the .45 grip frame is the government model rubber grip with finger grooves produced by Hogue Inc. The M16-style grip frame is derived from the structure of the rifle of the same name, the M16 rifle. The M16-style grip used in the Phantom is produced by Ram-Line and is made of plastic. Players can also opt to use either 12 gram CO2 powerlets or a tank filled with CO2 or compressed air.

The first Phantom Revolution

The original Phantom Revolution was an unfinished semi-automatic paintball marker developed during the early 1990s. It featured an electrically powered rotary breech which was activated by an on-board computer system and microphone which responded to the sound of the marker being fired. Another notable innovation in the Revolution was its boltless design. The breech, which rotated on an axis in a similar fashion to that of the cylinder of a revolver, allowed a paintball to be fed into the breech which would then align with the firing chamber, creating a seal. The maximum rate of fire was 7 balls per second, or 14 with a two-hole breech. A few working prototypes were demonstrated at the 1996 National Professional Paintball League World Cup in Orlando, Florida by Mike Casady. However, production was halted indefinitely in 1996 due to a technical problem with the motor pinion drive. Additionally, there were several markers being produced or developed at the time which used a switch for a trigger and a circuit board to control the feed and/or the pneumatic firing sequence such as the Smart Parts Shocker. The sport of paintball saw explosive growth during this decade and as the industry became more lucrative, many patent disputes and lawsuits occurred. CCI effectively sidestepped them by focusing solely on the pump paintball market. All together enough parts for 50 prototypes were fabricated, 12 were assembled, and all but two have been accounted for by Casady.

The production Phantom Revolution
Around 2012, a pump-action marker was released under the Phantom Revolution moniker. It differs significantly from the 1996 prototypes, and is essentially a MQ-valved inline with an independent bolt.

References

External links
 The CCI Phantom Homepage
 The Phantom Owners Group
 Phantom Users Manual
 How Nelson Paintball Guns Work

Category:Paintball markers


Herman Fialkov

Herman Fialkov  (23 March 1922 – 21 February 2012) was an American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and philanthropist. He is best known for co-founding the General Transistor Corp. in 1954, a technology company that became a pioneer of microchips. He graduated from New York University Tandon School of Engineering, formerly known as the Polytechnic Institute of New York University.

Life and career
He was born on 23 March 1922 in Brooklyn, New York the son of two Jewish immigrants, Pearl (née Heinish) and Isidore Fialkov.  Growing up on welfare during the Great Depression, he delivered milk before school to earn money for the family.

He served in the U.S. Army during World War II, earning the Bronze Star Medal with two Oak leaf clusters during the Battle of the Bulge.  Thanks to the G.I. Bill he was able to earn a Bachelor's degree in administrative engineering from the Polytechnic University of New York in 1951.  He worked at Emerson Radio from 1946-1947, Mutual Broadcasting System from 1947-1949 and the Radio Receptor Company from 1949 - 1954.

In 1954 he co-founded General Transistor Corporation, a technology company that became a pioneer of microchips.  When General Transistor merged with General Instrument Corp. in 1960, Fialkov convinced General Instrument’s leadership to venture into cable television, purchasing Jerrold Electronics – a company that ultimately evolved into Comcast.

In 1968, Fialkov founded his own venture capital firm, Geiger and Fialkov and also set up several others, including Aleph Null and Polyventures. He served as a partner in the Jericho-based venture capital firm Newlight Associates until 2004.  In his more than 40 years in venture capital, Fialkov provided investments that helped finance the startup or early development of many international tech companies including Intel, Teledyne and Long Island-based Envision, Standard Microsystems and Globecomm Systems.

In 1999, global accounting firm Ernst & Young honored Fialkov with a lifetime achievement award for entrepreneurship. In 2004, the Long Island Capital Alliance named an annual award after him.

In 1942, he married the former Elaine Dampf (died 1998). They had two children, Carol and Jay.

References

Category:Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Category:1922 births
Category:2012 deaths


Seduction (2013 film)

Seduction is a 2013 Filipino thriller drama film directed by Peque Gallaga and starring Richard Gutierrez, Solenn Heussaff, and Sarah Lahbati. The film was produced by Regal Films and was released on January 30, 2013.

Cast
Richard Gutierrez as Ram
Solenn Heussaff as Sophia
Sarah Lahbati as Trina
Mark Gil as Fidel
Jay Manalo as Ervin
Yayo Aguila as Dolor
Vangie Labalan as Viring
Al Tantay as Lucas
Shyr Valdez as Yolanda
Jon Orlando as Marcel
Rodjun Cruz

Reception
Although reviews were mostly positive, the film was a Philippine box office bomb.

References

External links

Category:2013 films
Category:Philippine films
Category:2010s romantic drama films
Category:Tagalog-language films
Category:English-language films
Category:Regal Entertainment films


Thurgood Marshall High School (Ohio)

Thurgood Marshall High School is a  public high school in  Dayton, Ohio.  The school is named for the late African American pioneering civil rights attorney and Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall.

About
Thurgood Marshall High School was formed in 2007 after the merger of Colonel White High School and Nettie Lee Roth Middle School.  Roth had previously been a high school until it was converted to a middle school in 1982.  Thurgood Marshall was built on the former site of Roth and decided to use Colonel White's nickname of the "Cougars." The school colors are purple and gold, purple being from Roth's purple & white and the gold from Colonel White's green & gold.

Thurgood Marshall students select either the School of Humanities and Cultural Studies or Service and Leadership as ninth graders. The incoming freshmen apply for the admission into the AMA (Academic Magnet Academy) and are accepted based upon meeting the program's entrance requirements. These learning communities are designed to prepare students for entrance into a colleges and universities of higher learning. It is the mission of the small learning communities of Thurgood Marshall High School to prepare students to become active, functioning citizens by providing them with knowledge and skills in academics and humanities.

Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships

 Boys Basketball – 1976*, 1981*, 1982*, 1990+
 Boys Track and Field - 1976*, 1981*, 1982*

 * titles won by Nettie Lee Roth High School prior to that school closing
 + titles won by Colonel White High School prior to that school closing

References

External links
 Thurgood Marshall Website

Category:High schools in Dayton, Ohio
Category:Public high schools in Ohio


Deputy Chief Herald of Canada

Deputy Chief Herald of Canada is the title held by the deputy head of the Canadian Heraldic Authority. The office of Deputy Chief Herald of Canada was created in March 2006. It is to be held by an officer of arms and brings with it additional managerial responsibilities for the operations of the Canadian Heraldic Authority.

The office was first held by Claire Boudreau, who is now Chief Herald of Canada. It is currently held by Bruce Patterson, who is also Saint-Laurent Herald and Registrar of the Canadian Heraldic Authority.

See also
Heraldry
Royal Heraldry Society of Canada

External links
Deputy Chief Herald of Canada

Category:Offices of arms
Category:Canadian Heraldic Authority


MLS International Roster Slots

MLS International Roster Slots are an important piece of roster composition in Major League Soccer. MLS employs a variety of mechanisms to promote parity and domestic player development which include player entry drafts, expansion drafts, allocation drafts, weighted lotteries, and a limit on the number of international roster slots available for each team. The limit on the number of international roster slots makes each slot a valuable commodity for teams to utilize through player signings or trades with other teams.

The MLS roster rules for 2019 state:
 A total of 192 international roster slots are divided among the 24 teams. In 2008, each MLS team was given the right to have eight international players on its roster and each subsequent expansion teams were given the right to have eight international roster slots for its inaugural season. These roster slots are tradable, in full season increments, such that some teams may have more than eight and some teams may have fewer than eight. There is no limit on the number of international roster slots on each team's roster.
 For teams based in the United States, a domestic player is either:
 a U.S. citizen;
 a permanent resident (green card holder); or
 the holder of other special status (e.g., has been granted refugee or asylum status); or
 a player who qualifies under the Homegrown International Rule.
 For teams based in Canada, a domestic player is either:
 a Canadian citizen; or
 the holder of certain other special status (e.g., has been granted refugee or asylum status); or
 a player who qualifies under the Homegrown International Rule; or
 a U.S. Domestic Player.
 MLS teams based in Canada are required to have a minimum of three Canadian Domestic Players on their rosters.
 Homegrown International Rule: regardless of nationality, any player who meets the requirements to qualify as a Homegrown Player as a member of an MLS team academy, either in the U.S. or Canada, or has met similar requirements as a member of a Canadian Approved Youth Club, will count as a domestic player on both U.S. and Canadian team rosters provided that:
 the player became a member of an MLS team academy, either in the U.S. or Canada, or a Canadian Approved Youth Club in the year prior to the year in which he turns 16; and
 the player signs his first professional contract with MLS or an MLS team's USL affiliate.

Source:

Current international roster slots by team

Key
 DL - Player is on the disabled list (DL) and does not occupy international slot while on the DL
 L - Player is away on loan and does not occupy international slot while out on loan
 SEIL - Player is on the season-ending injury list (SEIL) and does not occupy international slot while on the SEIL

Active international roster slot trades

Future international roster slot trades

Expired international roster slot trades

1 Franchise was based in San Jose at the time of the trade.

References

Category:Major League Soccer
Category:Association football terminology


Pedavegi

Pedavegi is a village in West Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India, 10 km north of Eluru. It is administered under Eluru revenue division.  Pedavegi also serves as the mandal headquarters of Pedavegi mandal.

Etymology
It was formerly known as Vengipuram.

History

Eastern Chalukyas, or Chalukyas of Vengi was a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in present day Andhra Pradesh. Their capital was Vengi and their dynasty lasted for around 500 years, from the 7th century until c. 1130 C.E. when the Vengi kingdom merged with the Chola empire. The Vengi kingdom continued to be ruled by Eastern Chalukyan kings under the protection of the Chola empire until 1189 C.E., when the kingdom succumbed to the Hoysalas and the Yadavas. Their capital was originally at present day Vengi (Pedavegi) of the West Godavari district but was later changed to Rajamahendravaram (Rajamundry).

Economy
National Palm Oil Research Centre is located in Pedavegi.

Demographics

 Census of India, Pedavegi had a population of 11846. The total population consists of 6033 males and 5813 females with a sex ratio of 964 females per 1000 males. There are 1243 children in the age group of 0–6 years old. The average literacy rate stands at 71.18%.

See also
 West Godavari district

References

Category:Villages in West Godavari district


Romesh Ratnesar

Romesh Ratnesar (born June 11, 1975) is an American journalist and author. He is the Deputy Editor of Bloomberg Businessweek and former Deputy Managing Editor at TIME magazine, and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Early life

As a child, Ratnesar attended The College Preparatory School in Oakland, CA. He enrolled as an undergraduate at Stanford University, and worked for the Stanford Daily, writing a biweekly column. He later received a masters degree in history from Stanford in 1997.

Journalist

Immediately after graduating, Ratnesar was hired as a reporter-researcher at The New Republic, and occasionally contributed to Slate, Lingua Franca, The Washington Monthly, Mother Jones, and The Washington Post.

Ratnesar joined TIME in 1997 as a staff writer. He wrote more than 20 cover stories for the United States and international editions of the magazine, largely focusing on the 2003 Iraq War, global terrorism, the hunt for Osama bin Laden, and the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He was named World Editor in February 2004, the youngest person in the magazine's history to hold that position. He was eventually promoted to Deputy Managing Editor, the number two position in the magazine. Ratnesar won the 2004 National Headliner Award for Magazine Reporting for TIMEs 2003 "Person of the Year" story on the American soldier. He also won New York Press Club awards for feature writing in 2004 and spot news reporting in 2003.

In 2009, he published his first book, Tear Down This Wall: A City, A President, and the Speech That Ended the Cold War (Simon & Schuster). He left his managing position at TIME in 2010 to join the New America Foundation as its Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow'''. He still works as a contributing Editor-at-Large at TIME.Time

Bibliography
 Tear Down This Wall : A City, a President, and the Speech that Ended the Cold War'', Romesh Ratnesar, (Simon & Schuster; 2009)

References

External links

Category:American columnists
Category:American essayists
Category:American foreign policy writers
Category:American male writers
Category:American magazine editors
Category:Living people
Category:People from Hayward, California
Category:Stanford University alumni
Category:Time (magazine) people
Category:American people of Sri Lankan descent
Category:1975 births
Category:American male essayists
Category:Journalists from California
Category:New America (organization)


La'eng Kum Prolung

La'eng Kum Prolung is a 2008 Cambodian horror film starring Heng Bunleap and Keo Pich Pisey.

Category:Cambodian films
Category:2008 films
Category:2008 horror films


Issaouane Erg

The Issaouane Erg (also called Issaouane-N-Irrararene) is an approximately 38,000 km2 erg (sand sea) in Algeria's portion of the Sahara desert, located at .

Topography
The Issaouane Erg is located near the Ahaggar Mountains. It is part of a major dune field that extends from Issaouane Erg in the north to the Sudanese Erg in the south, flanked by the Libyan erg of Murzuq. In the north, the Issaouane Erg ends at the Tinrhert Plateau and in the south at the Fadnoun Plateau. To a large extent it follows the 500-m contour of the surrounding landscape, ergs mostly being confined to basins.

Sand in the Issaouane Erg, below the level of the sand dunes, has accumulated to a depth of 20 to 30 meters. It has barchan dunes as well as star dunes of 300 to 430 meters high. The presence of both barchan dunes (which form due to unidirectional winds) and star dunes (which form when winds from various directions deposit sand) "suggests that wind regimes have changed over time". NASA's Earth Observatory notes all three types of erg dunes are present in the photos of the Issaouane Erg taken from the International Space Station: stationary mega dunes, which can take hundreds of thousands of years to form; mesoscale dunes (including the stardunes), which form on the mega dunes; and yet smaller ones which migrate over the bigger ones. In the NASA images, the light-blue spots in the valleys between the dunes (which are red from iron oxide) are sabkhah, or salt flats, left after the evaporation of accumulated water.

Cultural history
Neolithic artifacts, sculptures and paintings have been found in the Issouane Erg from the Kiffian culture.

Natural resources
The Issaouane Erg contains oil; the Tifernine oilfield is explored by the Algerian state oil company Sonatrach, which began developing the oilfield with foreign assistance, including from Korea and Spain (Repsol signed an agreement to invest and explore in 1990). The oilfield has been in production since late 1998.

See also
Geography of Algeria
List of ergs

References

Category:Landforms of Algeria
Category:Ergs of Africa
Category:Natural regions of Africa


Vidane Arachchi

Vidane Arachchi was an influential post (ranked above an Arachchi but below a Muhandiram) in the native headmen system in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) during the colonial era. Appointed by the Government Agent.  The holder had much control over the people of the area and wielded quasi-judicial powers since he was responsible to keep the peace, carry out revenue collection and assist in judicial functions.

Appointments were non-transferable and usually hereditary, made to locals, usually from wealthy influential families loyal to the British Crown.

References

Category:British Ceylon period
Category:British Ceylon
Category:Defunct government positions in Sri Lanka
Category:Titles in Sri Lanka


Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management

Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management (AIIM) is an institute offering education in infrastructure management. Its campus is on Sarkhej-Gandhinagar highway near Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India).

Programme in infrastructure management
1. Two-Year PGDM (Infrastructure Management)-PGDM (Infrastructure Management) programme is an AICTE-approved Two-year Full-Time specialized residential programme for fresh or recent graduates.

Pedagogy

Courses offered in PGPIM employ a mix of pedagogical methods including case discussion and analysis, lectures, group exercises, simulations, presentations, role plays, project work and field visits.

Academics
2-year PGDM (IM)
Executive program in management
CE (continuing education)

Full-time faculty
Dr. Amit Shrivastava, PhD, PGDFM, MCom, B.Com., associate professor of finance and accounting
Prof. Pankaj Singh, professor of management practice, strategy & consulting
Prof. Devang Desai, professor of management practice, finance
Dr. Jallavi Panchamia, PhD, assistant professor of organization behaviour
Prof. Astha Agarwalla, fellow (urban management and public policy), assistant professor
Prof. Diti Vyas, PhD, associate professor
Prof. Aditya Sharma, PhD, MBA, M.Sc., associate professor of finance

Summer internship

In AIIM As part of the PGDM (IM) curriculum, each student has got an opportunity to work with the industry experts and institute mentors. The focus of the student is research, hands-on industry experience, application of the subjects in the office, get accustomed to the work environment and exposure to corporate.

References

Category:Universities and colleges in Ahmedabad
Category:Business schools in Gujarat
Category:Infrastructure in India
Category:Adani Group


2008 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament

The 2008 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Bright House Field in Clearwater, FL.  This was the twenty fourth annual Big East Conference Baseball Tournament, and second to be held at Bright House Field.  The  won their first tournament championship and claimed the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 2008 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.  Louisville joined the league prior to the 2006 season.

Format and seeding
The  Big East baseball tournament was an 8 team double elimination tournament in 2008. The top eight regular season finishers were seeded one through eight based on conference winning percentage only.  The field was divided into two brackets, with the winners of each bracket meeting in a single championship game.

Tournament

† - Indicates game was suspended after seven innings due to 10 run mercy rule.  ‡ - Indicates game was suspended after 8 innings due to 10 run mercy rule.

All-Tournament Team
The following players were named to the All-Tournament team.

Jack Kaiser Award
Chris Dominguez was the winner of the 2008 Jack Kaiser Award. Dominguez was a sophomore third baseman for Louisville.

References

Tournament
Big East Conference Baseball Tournament
Category:Baseball in Florida
Category:Big East Conference Baseball Tournament
Category:Sports in Clearwater, Florida


Last Adam

The Last Adam, also given as the Final Adam or the Ultimate Adam, is a title given to Jesus in the New Testament. Similar titles that also refer to Jesus include Second Adam and New Adam.

Twice in the New Testament an explicit comparison is made between Jesus and Adam. In Romans 5:12–21, Paul argues that "just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous" (Romans 5:19, NIV). In 1 Corinthians 15:22, Paul argues that "as in Adam all die, so in Christ all will be made alive," while in verse 45 he calls Jesus the "last/ultimate/final Adam".

John Henry Newman used the phrase "Second Adam" in his hymn "Praise to the Holiest in the height", first appearing in The Dream of Gerontius:
O loving wisdom of our God!
When all was sin and shame,
A second Adam to the fight
And to the rescue came.

The title "New Adam" is emphasised in the Recapitulation theory of atonement.

The Pauline representation

Paul the Apostle contrasted Adam and Christ as two corporate personalities or representatives (; 1 Cor. 15:20–3, 45–9) and saw human beings as bearing the image of both Adam and Christ (1 Cor. 15:49). Where Adam's disobedience meant sin and death for all, Christ's obedience more than made good the harm due to Adam by bringing righteousness and abundance of grace (). As a "life-giving spirit", the last Adam is risen from the dead and will transform us through resurrection into a heavenly, spiritual existence (1 Cor. 15:22, 45, 48–9). Thus Paul's Adam Christology involved both the earthly Jesus' obedience (Rom. 5) and the risen Christ's role as giver of the Spirit (1 Cor. 15).

The same symbol, used to express Christ as the corporate, representative personality (and Adam as his foreshadow or "type", per Rom. 5:14), was taken up to express Christ's being: he is "the last Adam" (1 Cor. 15:45), or the "second man from heaven", and one not made "from earth, of dust" (1 Cor. 15:47; see Gen. 2:7). Some scholars detect an Adamic reference in several other New Testament passages: for example, in the language about "the glory of Christ, who is the image (Gr.:eikōn) of God" (2 Cor. 4:4). Perhaps this is an echo of the language of  about Adam being created in the divine image. If so, Paul would be thinking here of Christ as the ideal Adam, with his humanity perfectly expressing the divine image. But this exegesis is not fully convincing. One may likewise be less than fully convinced by those who find a reference to Adam in two hymnic or at least poetic passages:  and .

Colossians 1:15
In , Christ is called "the image (eikōn) of the invisible God, the first-born of all creation". In isolation, this verse could be taken merely in an Adamic sense as referring to Christ as the first created being, the archetypal human being who visibly reflects God, the invisible Creator. However, the context suggests finding the background in personified wisdom, the perfect image of God () and the agent of creation (). The verses which follow speak of "all things" being "created through him and for him", of his being "before all things", of "all things holding together" in him, and of the plenitude of deity dwelling in him (). Any parallelism with Adam, who was simply made in the divine image and likeness, gets left behind here. On the contrary, every created thing, including the angelic "thrones, dominions, principalities, and authorities" (), is said to have originated through Christ (as creative agent) and for Christ (as final goal), who likewise is the principle of cohesion in holding the universe together. Further, it strains plausibility to argue that a mere Adamic model does justice to the language of "the fullness of God" dwelling in Christ (; cf. ).

The context of Colossians 1:15, therefore, prompts one to interpret "the image of the invisible God" as pointing to Christ being on the divine side and being the perfect revealer of God — a thought paralleled by  and 2 Corinthians 4:4. Like the hymn or poem in Colossians, Hebrews also portrays Christ as the exact (divine) counterpart through whom the Father speaks and is revealed, and who is the one that sustains the entire universe: "He reflects the glory of God and bears the very stamp of his nature, upholding the universe by his word of power"  ().

The whole context of  suggests a more than Adamic and human interpretation of "the first-born of all creation". Christ is the "first-born" in the sense of being prior to and supreme over all creation, just as by virtue of his resurrection from the dead he is supreme vis-à-vis the Church (). The emphatic and repeated "kai autos" (Gr. for "and he") of  underline the absolute "pre-eminence" of Christ in the orders of creation and salvation history; he is pre-eminent both cosmologically and soteriologically. He through whom the universe was created is the same Christ who formed the Church by rising from the dead. He has been active in both creation and redemption.

Philippians 2

In the hymn in , any Adamic interpretation of Christ's prior state of being "in the form of God" and enjoying "equality with God" () seems to be made doubtful by what follows. This divine status and mode of existence stand in counterpoint (the emphatic "but" of "but he emptied himself") to the subsequent state of "assuming the form of a slave", "being born in human likeness", and "being found in human form" (). It is what is said in v. 7 that first puts Christ with the community of human beings and their collective image, Adam. Christ belonged to the eternal sphere of divine existence () and joined the human (and Adamic) sphere only when he assumed another mode of existence () which concealed his proper (divine) being. Nevertheless, in talking of Christ as refusing to use for his own advantage or exploit for himself the godhead which was his, v. 6 might also be contrasting his humility (in becoming human and dying the death of a slave) with the presumptuous aspiration of Adam (and Eve) to enjoy illegitimate equality with God and become "like God" ().

Post-New Testament symbolism
Whether one accepts the wider circle of references to Adam or limits oneself to the clear references in  and 1 Corinthians 15, the New Testament used Adamic language to express the being of Jesus and, even more, his task and goal. In post-New Testament times, the symbol of Adam proved a valuable foil for Clement of Alexandria, Origen (d. c.254), St Athanasius of Alexandria (c.296–373), St Hilary of Poitiers (c.315–367), St Gregory of Nazianzus (329–389), St Gregory of Nyssa (c.330–395), and other Church Fathers, when they presented and interpreted the person and work of Christ. St Irenaeus (c.130–200), in particular, did much to elaborate further Paul's antithetical parallelism between Adam and Christ, the latter reversing the failure of the first. In a typical passage of his Adversus haereses, he wrote:
The Son of God... was incarnate and made man; and then he summed up in himself the long line of the human race, procuring for us a comprehensive salvation, that we might recover in Christ Jesus what in Adam we had lost, namely the state of being in the image and likeness of God" (3. 18. 1)

Islam
The Quran directly compares Jesus to Adam in terms of how he came into existence. Sura Al-Imran says, "Verily, the likeness of Jesus before Allah is the likeness of Adam. He created him from dust, then He said to him: 'Be!' – and he was."

See also
 Adam Kadmon
 Logos (Christianity)
 Paul the Apostle
 Old Testament and Adam
 Federal headship
 Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament

References

Bibliography

 Borgen, Peder. Early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism. Edinburgh: T & T Clark Publishing. 1996.
 Dunn, J. D. G., Christology in the Making, London: SCM Press. 1989.
 Essays in Greco-Roman and Related Talmudic Literature. ed. by Henry A. Fischel. New York: KTAV Publishing House. 1977.
 Ferguson, Everett. Backgrounds in Early Christianity. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. 1993.
 Freund, Richard A. Secrets of the Cave of Letters. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books. 2004.
 Greene, Colin J. D. Christology in Cultural Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons. Grand Rapids: InterVarsity Press. Eerdmans Publishing. 2003.
 Holt, Bradley P. Thirsty for God: A Brief History of Christian Spirituality. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 2005.
 Letham, Robert. The Work of Christ. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1993.
 Macleod, Donald. The Person of Christ. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1998.
 McGrath, Alister. Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 1998.
 Moore, Edwin. "Neoplatonism." in The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden. 2006. Available at iep.edu
 Neusner, Jacob. From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism. Providence, R. I.: Brown University. 1973.
 Norris, Richard A. Jr. The Christological Controversy. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1980.
 O'Collins, Gerald. Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus. Oxford:Oxford University Press. 2009.
 Pelikan, Jaroslav. Development of Christian Doctrine: Some Historical Prolegomena. London: Yale University Press. 1969.
 _______ The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1971.
 Robertson, J. A. T. Redating the New Testament. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. 1985.
 Schweitzer, Albert. Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of the Progress from Reimarus to Wrede. trans. by W. Montgomery. London: A & C Black. 1931.
 Tyson, John R. Invitation to Christian Spirituality: An Ecumenical Anthology. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999.
 Wilson, R. Mcl. Gnosis and the New Testament. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1968.
 Witherington, Ben III. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1995.
 _______ "The Gospel of John." in The Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. ed. by Joel Greene, Scot McKnight and I. Howard

Category:Christology
Category:New Testament words and phrases
Category:Adam and Eve


List of cosplayers

The following is a list of a notable people who have at one time been known to . Short for "costume play", it is an activity in which participants wear costumes and accessories to represent a specific character or idea from a work of fiction.

Notable cosplayers

References

Cosplayers


Methylobacterium dankookense

Methylobacterium dankookense  is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic and non-spore-forming bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from drinking water in Cheonan in Korea.

Further reading

References

External links
Type strain of Methylobacterium dankookense at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Category:Rhizobiales
Category:Bacteria described in 2013


Adams County, Wisconsin

Adams County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 20,875. Its county seat is Friendship. The county was created in 1848 and organized in 1853. Sources differ as to whether its name is in honor of the second President of the United States, John Adams, or his son, the sixth President, John Quincy Adams.

History
The founders of Adams County were from upstate New York.  These people were "Yankee" settlers, that is to say they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s.  They were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s.  Most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal and the end of the Black Hawk War.  They got to what is now Adams County by sailing up the Wisconsin River from the Mississippi River on small barges which they constructed themselves out of materials obtained from the surrounding woodlands.  When they arrived in what is now Adams County there was nothing but dense virgin forest, the "Yankee" New Englanders laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes.  They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education, establishing many schools as well as staunch support for abolitionism.  They were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church though some were Episcopalian.  Due to the second Great Awakening some of them had converted to Methodism and some became Baptist before moving to what is now Adams County.  Adams County, like much of Wisconsin, would be culturally very continuous with early New England culture for most of its early history.

In the late 1880s, German immigrants began to settle in Adams County, making up less than one out of thirty settlers in the county before this date.  Generally there was little conflict between them and the "Yankee" settlers, however when conflict did arise it focused around the issue of prohibition of alcohol.  On this issue the Yankees were divided and the Germans almost unanimously were opposed to it, tipping the balance in favor of opposition to prohibition.  Later the two communities would be divided on the issue of World War I in which, once again, the Yankee community would be divided and the Germans were unanimously opposed to American entry into the war. The Yankee community was generally pro-British, however many of the Yankees also did not want America to enter the war themselves.  The Germans were sympathetic to Germany and did not want the United States to enter into a war against Germany, but the Germans were not anti-British. Prior to World War I, many German community leaders in Wisconsin spoke openly and enthusiastically about how much better America was than Germany, due primarily (in their eyes) to the presence of English law and the English political culture the Americans had inherited from the colonial era, which they contrasted with the turmoil and oppression in Germany which they had so recently fled.
The area covered by present-day Adams County was historically part of several other counties. In 1840, when Wisconsin was still a territory, Adams County was the southwestern section of Brown County. In 1836, Portage County was created and included most of present-day Columbia County, including the city of Portage, Wisconsin. In 1846, Portage County was renamed Columbia County. The area from the northern boundary of Columbia County to Lake Superior was removed from Brown County and was then called Portage County. In 1848, the southern part of Portage County was renamed Adams County and included all of current-day Adams County and the northern section of Juneau County. Adams County was organized in April 1853. In 1858, The northwestern part of Adams County was joined with the northern part of Sauk County to form present-day Juneau County. At this time, Adams County took its current shape.

Friendship was founded by settlers coming from Friendship, New York. Today, Adams is the largest community in Adams County, but this was not always so. In the 1880s, there were plans for a railroad that connected Chicago and St. Paul to pass through Friendship. Once this was decided, local landowners increased their demands. Instead of paying more for the land in Friendship, the railroad placed the tracks two miles (3 km) south of Friendship. It was recorded that Emma Barnes, wife of "Appletree" Barnes, Friendship postmaster in the 1920s, wrote in 1957, "I believe that the people of Friendship should express their appreciation of two of the early citizens... J. B. Hill and J. W. Purves... for holding the price of their land so high that the great C&NW R.R. Co. would not purchase a right of way... for who would enjoy the smoke and the noise of a train running through this beautiful village?"

To house workers, boxcars were stacked to form housing, and the town of Adams was created. What is now the city of Adams the railroad originally called Friendship, but because there were two rail depot stops named "Friendship" on the rail-line, passengers were often confused and bought the wrong tickets, so it was suggested that the name be changed. The new name was determined by the citizens who chose between Adams, for President John Adams, and Nottingham. This stretch of track became the famous "400" route. Today the population of Adams is about three times that of Friendship.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (6.2%) is water.

Major highways
 Highway 13 (Wisconsin)
 Highway 21 (Wisconsin)
 Highway 23 (Wisconsin)
 Highway 73 (Wisconsin)
 Highway 82 (Wisconsin)

Airport
63C - Adams County Airport serves the county and surrounding communities.

Adjacent counties
Wood County – northwest
Portage County – northeast
Waushara County – east
Marquette County – east
Columbia County – southeast
Sauk County – southwest
Juneau County – west

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 18,643 people, 7,900 households, and 5,466 families residing in the county.  The population density was 29 people per square mile (11/km²).  There were 14,123 housing units at an average density of 22 per square mile (8/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 97.63% White, 0.27% Black or African American, 0.59% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races.  1.44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 39.3% were of German, 14.8% American, 9.2% Polish, 8.3% Norwegian, 8.0% Irish and 6.0% English ancestry. 96.1% spoke English, 1.8% Spanish and 1.1% German as their first language.

There were 7,900 households out of which 23.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.50% were married couples living together, 6.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.80% were non-families. 25.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the county, the population was spread out with 20.80% under the age of 18, 5.60% from 18 to 24, 24.30% from 25 to 44, 28.40% from 45 to 64, and 20.90% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 102.90 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.30 males.

In 2017, there were 131 births, giving a general fertility rate of 57.1 births per 1000 women aged 15–44, the 17th lowest rate out of all 72 Wisconsin counties. 51 of the births were to unmarried mothers, 80 were to married mothers. In 2017, 12.2% of the babies had a low birthweight, up from 7.8% in 2016 and the highest by percent in the state for 2017. In 71.0% of cases, prenatal care was deemed to be adequate, the 13th lowest in the state. Additionally, there were 10 induced abortions performed on women of Adams County residence in 2017.

Communities

Bracketed number refers to location on map, right

Cities
Adams (7)
Wisconsin Dells (also in Columbia County, Juneau County, and Sauk County) (9)

Village
Friendship (6) (county seat)

Towns

Adams
Big Flats
Colburn
Dell Prairie
Easton
Jackson
Leola
Lincoln
Monroe
New Chester
New Haven
Preston
Quincy
Richfield
Rome
Springville
Strongs Prairie

Census-designated places
Arkdale
Dellwood
Grand Marsh
Lake Arrowhead
Lake Camelot
Lake Sherwood

Unincorporated communities

Big Flats
Big Spring
Brookside
Brooks
Cottonville
Davis Corners
Easton
Monroe Center
New Rome
Plainville
Rome
Strongs Prairie
White Creek

Ghost towns/neighborhoods

Adams Center
Dell Prairie
Fordham
New Chester
Pilot Knob
Quincy
Roche a Cri
Springbluff

Politics

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Adams County, Wisconsin

References

Further reading
 Goc, Michael J. (ed.) From Past To Present: The History of Adams County. Friendship, Wis.: New Past Press, 1999.
 Memorial and Biographical Record and Illustrated Compendium of Biography ... of Columbia, Sauk and Adams counties, Wisconsin.... Chicago: Geo. A. Ogle, 1901.

External links
 Adams County official website
 Adams County map from the Wisconsin Department of Transportation
 Adams County Chamber of Commerce
 Adams County Historical Society

Category:1853 establishments in Wisconsin
Category:Populated places established in 1853


Missoula Maggots

The Missoula All Maggots RFC or the Missoula Maggots are an amateur Rugby football club based out of Missoula Montana. The Maggots were established in 1976 by former University of Montana rugby club players recently graduated from the  University of Montana in Missoula. The Maggots play competitive Rugby Union and Rugby Sevens versions of Rugby within the Montana Rugby Union which is affiliated with USA Rugby. The Maggots are traditionally a Rugby Union style team when they are in competition as the popularity of Rugby Sevens is much newer to Rugby overall. The Maggots also play against other Division I, Division II, and Division III men's and collegiate rugby clubs throughout the Pacific Northwest, United States, and Canada when not committed to Montana Rugby Union play. The Maggots are known to tour much more than other rugby clubs in the United States. The Maggots frequently take rugby road tours using their infamous club Maggotbus to domestic locations. As of the Fall of 2019 the Maggots are on their fifth Maggotbus since their founding in 1976. The Maggots typically tour several times each year across Western US states and Western Canada. In Maggot history the team has taken international tours to the Cayman Islands, New Zealand (3 occasions), Japan, England (2 occasions), France, Australia,and Ireland. Team colors are black and white. As of Fall 2019, The Maggots have 24 Montana Rugby Union titles since the Union was founded 43 years ago in 1977.

Maggotfest
The Maggots are also the host of the Annual Maggotfest social rugby tournament in Missoula which has been going on annually since 1977. Maggotfest annually attracts teams from throughout the United States, Canada, and the World to come and partake in its unique social rugby tournament offering. The non-elimination tournament focuses on the fun, social, and bonding aspects of the game. The tournament currently hosts 48 Rugby Union teams and over 2,000 individuals that come annually to play or simply just join the festivities. Maggotfest has strong Rugby Union participant loyalty as a majority attending come year after year for the annual festival. There are men's, old boys, and women's divisions, with teams of several varying rugby skill levels.

See also
Hellgate Rollergirls
Missoula Osprey

References

External links
 USA Rugby
 Montana Rugby Union

Category:American rugby union teams
Category:Sports in Missoula, Montana
Category:1976 establishments in Montana
Category:Rugby union in Montana
Category:Rugby clubs established in 1976


C18H21NO

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The molecular formula C18H21NO may refer to:

 Azacyclonol
 MBBA
 Pipradrol


Thomas Coleman (disambiguation)

Thomas Coleman (1598–1647) was an English clergyman and scholar.

Thomas Coleman may also refer to:
Thomas Coleman (New York) (1808–1894), New York politician
Thomas E. Coleman (1893–1964), Wisconsin politician
Thomas B. Coleman (1795–1848), American mayor of Nashville, Tennessee
Thomas Coleman, better known as Tommy Shades or Thomas Hart, Australian DJ and electronic music producer

See also
Tom Coleman (disambiguation)


Tom Harris

Tom Harris may refer to:

Tom Harris (announcer) (born 1962), American announcer and sportscaster
Tom Harris (Australian politician) (born 1940), Northern Territory MLA
Tom Harris (botanist) (1903–1983), palaeobotanist and academic at the University of Reading in the UK
Tom Harris (British politician) (born 1964), Scottish former MP
Tom Harris (film producer), producer of The Cross and the Switchblade
Tom Harris (footballer) (1905–1985), English footballer
Tom Harris (mechanical engineer) (born 1953), Canadian Executive Director, International Climate Science Coalition
Tom Harris (musician), bass player for Detroit rock band Frijid Pink
Tom Harris, known as Tattoo Tom (born 1983), British tattoo artist and activist
An alias of Whitey Bulger (1929–2018)

See also
 Thomas Harris (disambiguation)
 Tommy Harris (disambiguation)


1996 Legg Mason Tennis Classic

The 1996 Legg Mason Tennis Classic was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Washington, D.C. in the United States and was part of the Championship Series of the 1996 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from July 15 through July 21, 1996.

Champions

Men's Singles

 Michael Chang defeated  Wayne Ferreira 6–2, 6–4
 It was Chang's 2nd title of the year and the 25th of his career.

Men's Doubles

 Grant Connell /  Scott Davis defeated  Doug Flach /  Chris Woodruff 7–6, 3–6, 6–3
 It was Connell's 4th title of the year and the 21st of his career. It was Davis' only title of the year and the 25th of his career.

References

External links
 Official website
 ATP Tournament Profile

Legg Mason Tennis Classic
Category:Washington Open (tennis)
Category:1996 in sports in Washington, D.C.
Category:1996 in American tennis


Wainford Rural District

Wainford Rural District was a rural district in East Suffolk, England, between 1934 and 1974. It was created by a merger of the disbanded Wangford Rural District and parts of Blything Rural District, and contained the group of small villages collectively known as The Saints.

The district was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, and the area became part of the Waveney district.

Statistics

Parishes
Parishes formerly in Wangford RD: Stoven, Westhall, Wissett, , Barsham, Ellough, Flixton, Homersfield, Ilketshall (St Andrew, St John, St Lawrence, St Margaret), Mettingham, North Cove, Redisham, Ringsfield, Shadingfield, Shipmeadow, Sotterley, South Elmham (All Saints and St Nicholas, St Cross, St James, St Margaret, St Michael, St Peter), Weston, Willingham St Mary, Worlingham.

Formerly in Blything RD: Blyford, Brampton, Holton, Rumburgh, Sotherton, Spexhall

References

Category:Districts of England abolished by the Local Government Act 1972
Category:History of Suffolk
Category:Waveney District


Mushid

Mushid is:

the throne of an Indian princely state if occupied by a Muslim dynasty (the Hindu equivalent is gadhi 'cushion')
an African first name, as borne by some Rulers of Ruund (Luunda)


Desert Moon (song)

"Desert Moon" is a song written and performed by Dennis DeYoung, a former member of Styx, from his debut solo album of the same name in 1984. The song was originally intended to be a Styx song until the band broke up. The single reached the #10 position in the US Billboard Hot 100 during the fall of that year, and ended up at #97 on the Billboard top 100 hits for the year 1984.

The music video for the song, directed by Jack Cole, was filmed partly at the train depot and other historic buildings in and around Santa Paula, California.

Chart performance

References

Category:1984 singles
Category:1984 songs
Category:Dennis DeYoung songs
Category:Debut singles
Category:Songs written by Dennis DeYoung
Category:A&M Records singles


Laetare Medal

The Laetare Medal is an annual award given by the University of Notre Dame in recognition of outstanding service to the Catholic Church and society. The award is given to an American Catholic or group of Catholics "whose genius has ennobled the arts and sciences, illustrated the ideals of the church and enriched the heritage of humanity." First awarded in 1883, it is the oldest and most prestigious award for American Catholics.

Overview

The medal is an external award which can be given to a person from outside the University of Notre Dame. It is named the Laetare Medal because the recipient of the award is announced in celebration of Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday in Lent.
The Laetare Medal was conceived by University of Notre Dame professor James Edwards as an American version of the papal award the Golden Rose. It was approved of by the university's founder  Father Edward Sorin, C.S.C.. The Golden Rose has existed since the 11th century, and was customarily awarded to a royal person on Laetare Sunday, although this was rarely done during the 20th century. The university adapted this tradition — awarding a gold medal, instead of a rose — to a distinguished American Catholic on Laetare Sunday. The medal has the Latin inscription "Magna est veritas et praevalebit," meaning "Truth is mighty, and it shall prevail."

A candidate for the award must be a practicing American Catholic (though not necessarily one who accepts everything proposed by the Church regarding teaching on faith and morals) who has made a distinctively Catholic contribution in his or her professional or intellectual life, even if that contribution is at odds with Catholic teaching. A committee generally takes names of potential recipients from faculty and staff at the University of Notre Dame. They select two or three candidates from this group, which are voted on by the Officers of the University.

Recipients
John Gilmary Shea, a historian of the Catholic Church in the United States, was the first person to be awarded the Laetare Medal in 1883. The recipients of the Laetare Medal come from varied fields. Recipients include jazz musicians, Cardinals, philanthropists, ambassadors, authors, opera singers, Senators, doctors, generals, and a U.S. President.

2009 Laetare Medal
Harvard Law School professor and former United States Ambassador to the Holy See, Mary Ann Glendon, was chosen as the 2009 recipient but declined the award when the University, as part of its justification of its controversial decision to name Barack Obama as its commencement speaker and grant him an honorary degree, issued "talking points" stating that "President Obama won’t be doing all the talking. Mary Ann Glendon, the former U.S. ambassador to the Vatican, will be speaking as the recipient of the Laetare Medal. ... We think having the president come to Notre Dame, see our graduates, meet our leaders, and hear a talk from Mary Ann Glendon is a good thing for the president and for the causes we care about." In light of Obama's strong pro-choice policies, Glendon considered Notre Dame's decision to be in violation of a 2004 pronouncement from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops instructing Catholic institutions not to provide "honors, awards, or platforms" to "those who act in defiance of [Catholic] fundamental moral principles."  She also believed that the University's statements had placed her in an untenable position; as she wrote in her letter declining the medal, "A commencement, however, is supposed to be a joyous day for the graduates and their families. It is not the right place, nor is a brief acceptance speech the right vehicle, for engagement with the very serious problems raised by Notre Dame’s decision—in disregard of the settled position of the U.S. bishops—to honor a prominent and uncompromising opponent of the Church’s position on issues involving fundamental principles of justice." Notre Dame ultimately selected 1984 Laetare recipient Judge John T. Noonan, Jr. to speak in the spirit of the Laetare award, choosing not to award the 2009 medal.

References

External links

Category:American awards
Category:Awards established in 1883
Category:Catholic Church in the United States
Category:University of Notre Dame
*
Category:Catholic ecclesiastical decorations
Category:1883 establishments in the United States


Thermodynamic state

For thermodynamics, a thermodynamic state of a system is its condition at a specific time, that is fully identified by values of a suitable set of parameters known as state variables, state parameters or thermodynamic variables. Once such a set of values of thermodynamic variables has been specified for a system, the values of all thermodynamic  properties of the system are uniquely determined. Usually, by default, a thermodynamic state is taken to be one of thermodynamic equilibrium. This means that the state is not merely the condition of the system at a specific time, but that the condition is the same, unchanging, over an indefinitely long duration of time.

Thermodynamics sets up an idealized formalism that can be summarized by a system of postulates of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic states are amongst the fundamental or primitive objects or notions of the formalism, in which their existence is formally postulated, rather than being derived or constructed from other concepts.

A thermodynamic system is not simply a physical system. Rather, in general, indefinitely many different alternative physical systems comprise a given thermodynamic system, because in general a physical system has vastly many more microscopic characteristics than are mentioned in a thermodynamic description. A thermodynamic system is a macroscopic object, the microscopic details of which are not explicitly considered in its thermodynamic description. The number of state variables required to specify the thermodynamic state depends on the system, and is not always known in advance of experiment; it is usually found from experimental evidence. Always the number is two or more; usually it is not more than some dozen. Though the number of state variables is fixed by experiment, there remains choice of which of them to use for a particular convenient description; a given thermodynamic system may be alternatively identified by several different choices of the set of state variables. The choice is usually made on the basis of the walls and surroundings that are relevant for the thermodynamic processes that are to be considered for the system. For example, if it is intended to consider heat transfer for the system, then a wall of the system should be permeable to heat, and that wall should connect the system to a body, in the surroundings, that has a definite time-invariant temperature.

For equilibrium thermodynamics, in a thermodynamic state of a system, its contents are in internal thermodynamic equilibrium, with zero flows of all quantities, both internal and between system and surroundings. For Planck, the primary characteristic of a thermodynamic state of a system that consists of a single phase, in the absence of an externally imposed force field, is spatial homogeneity. For non-equilibrium thermodynamics, a suitable set of identifying state variables includes some macroscopic variables, for example a non-zero spatial gradient of temperature, that indicate departure from thermodynamic equilibrium. Such non-equilibrium identifying state variables indicate that some non-zero flow may be occurring within the system or between system and surroundings.

State functions

Besides the thermodynamic variables that originally identify a thermodynamic state of a system, the system is characterized by further quantities called state functions, which are also called state variables, thermodynamic variables, state quantities, or functions of state. They are uniquely determined by the thermodynamic state as it has been identified by the original state variables. A passage from a given initial thermodynamic state to a given final thermodynamic state of a thermodynamic system is known as a thermodynamic process; usually this is transfer of matter or energy between system and surroundings. In any thermodynamic process, whatever may be the intermediate conditions during the passage, the total respective change in the value of each thermodynamic state variable depends only on the initial and final states. For an idealized continuous or quasi-static process, this means that infinitesimal incremental changes in such variables are exact differentials. Together, the incremental changes throughout the process, and the initial and final states, fully determine the idealized process.

In the most commonly cited simple example, an ideal gas, the thermodynamic variables would be any three variables out of the following four: amount of substance, pressure, temperature, and volume. Thus the thermodynamic state would range over a three-dimensional state space. The remaining variable, as well as other quantities such as the internal energy and the entropy, would be expressed as state functions of these three variables. The state functions satisfy certain universal constraints, expressed in the laws of thermodynamics, and they depend on the peculiarities of the materials that compose the concrete system.

Various thermodynamic diagrams have been developed to model the transitions between thermodynamic states.

Equilibrium state
Physical systems found in nature are practically always dynamic and complex, but in many cases, macroscopic physical systems are amenable to description based on proximity to ideal conditions.  One such ideal condition is that of a stable equilibrium state.  Such a state is a primitive object of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics, in which it is called a thermodynamic state. Based on many observations, thermodynamics postulates that all systems that are isolated from the external environment will evolve so as to approach unique stable equilibrium states. There are a number of different types of equilibrium, corresponding to different physical variables, and a system reaches thermodynamic equilibrium when the conditions of all the relevant types of equilibrium are simultaneously satisfied. A few different types of equilibrium are listed below.

Thermal equilibrium: When the temperature throughout a system is uniform, the system is in thermal equilibrium.
Mechanical equilibrium: If at every point within a given system there is no change in pressure with time, and there is no movement of material, the system is in mechanical equilibrium.
Phase equilibrium: This occurs when the mass for each individual phase reaches a value that does not change with time.
Chemical equilibrium: In chemical equilibrium, the chemical composition of a system has settled and does not change with time.

References

Bibliography
Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, .

Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, .
 A translation may be found here. A mostly reliable translation is to be found at Kestin, J. (1976). The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.
Eu, B.C. (2002). Generalized Thermodynamics. The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and Generalized Hydrodynamics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, .
Jaynes, E.T. (1965). Gibbs vs. Boltzmann entropies,  Am. J. Phys., 33: 391–398.

Marsland, R. , Brown, H.R., Valente, G. (2015). Time and irreversibility in axiomatic thermodynamics, Am. J. Phys., 83(7): 628–634.
Planck, M., (1923/1927). Treatise on Thermodynamics, translated by A. Ogg, third English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London.
Prigogine, I., Defay, R. (1950/1954). Chemical Thermodynamics, Longmans, Green & Co, London.
Tisza, L. (1966). Generalized Thermodynamics, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge MA.
Zemanksy, M.W., Dittman, R.H. (1937/1981). Heat and Thermodynamics. An Intermediate Textbook, sixth edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, ISNM 0-07-072808-9.

See also
Excited state
Ground state
Stationary state

Category:Thermodynamics