Antocha

Antocha is a genus of crane flies in the family Limoniidae. It was first described by Baron Carl Robert Osten-Sacken in 1860.

Species

Subgenus Antocha Osten Sacken, 1860
A. aciculifera Alexander, 1974
A. aegina Alexander, 1970
A. amblystyla Alexander, 1963
A. angusticellula Alexander, 1969
A. angustiterga Alexander, 1949
A. arjuna Alexander, 1969
A. attenuata Alexander, 1969
A. basivena Alexander, 1936
A. biacus Savchenko, 1981
A. biarmata Alexander, 1940
A. bidens Alexander, 1932
A. bidigitata Alexander, 1954
A. bifida Alexander, 1924
A. biobtusa Alexander, 1968
A. brevifurca Alexander, 1974
A. brevinervis Alexander, 1924
A. brevistyla Alexander, 1924
A. capitella Alexander, 1941
A. confluenta Alexander, 1926
A. constricta Alexander, 1932
A. dafla Alexander, 1969
A. decurvata Alexander, 1941
A. decussata Alexander, 1973
A. dentifera Alexander, 1924
A. dilatata Alexander, 1924
A. emarginata Alexander, 1938
A. exilistyla Alexander, 1969
A. flavidibasis Alexander, 1938
A. flavidula Alexander, 1936
A. fortidens Alexander, 1933
A. fusca Edwards, 1928
A. gladiata Alexander, 1974
A. globulosa Alexander, 1973
A. glycera Alexander, 1969
A. gracillima Alexander, 1924
A. hirtipes Savchenko, 1971
A. hyperlata Alexander, 1968
A. incurva Alexander, 1968
A. indica Brunetti, 1912
A. integra Alexander, 1940
A. javanensis Alexander, 1915
A. khasiensis Alexander, 1936
A. lacteibasis Alexander, 1935
A. latifurca Alexander, 1969
A. latistilus Torii, 1992
A. libanotica Lackschewitz, 1940
A. lindneri (Nielsen, 1963)
A. longispina Alexander, 1969
A. macrocera Alexander, 1970
A. madrasensis Alexander, 1970
A. mara Alexander, 1970
A. microcera Alexander, 1974
A. minuticornis Alexander, 1931
A. mitosanensis Torii, 1992
A. monticola Alexander, 1917
A. multidentata Alexander, 1932
A. mysorensis Alexander, 1974
A. nebulipennis Alexander, 1931
A. nebulosa Edwards, 1928
A. neoflavella Alexander & Alexander, 1973
A. nigribasis Alexander, 1932
A. obtusa Alexander, 1925
A. opalizans Osten Sacken, 1860
A. ophioglossa Alexander, 1954
A. ophioglossodes Alexander, 1968
A. pachyphallus Alexander, 1971
A. pallidella Alexander, 1933
A. parvicristata Alexander, 1971
A. peracuta Alexander, 1971
A. perattenuata Alexander, 1971
A. perobtusa Alexander, 1971
A. perstudiosa Alexander, 1958
A. phoenicia Thomas and Dia, 1982
A. pictipennis Alexander, 1949
A. picturata Alexander, 1936
A. platyphallus Alexander, 1935
A. platystylis Alexander, 1974
A. plumbea Alexander, 1936
A. postnotalis Alexander, 1974
A. prolixistyla Alexander, 1971
A. pterographa Alexander, 1953
A. quadrifurca Alexander, 1971
A. quadrirhaphis Alexander, 1971
A. ramulifera Savchenko, 1983
A. rectispina Alexander, 1954
A. retracta Edwards, 1933
A. sagana Alexander, 1932
A. satsuma Alexander, 1919
A. saxicola Osten Sacken, 1860
A. scapularis Alexander, 1968
A. scelesta Alexander, 1936
A. scutella Alexander, 1973
A. scutifera Alexander, 1973
A. setigera Alexander, 1933
A. shansiensis Alexander, 1954
A. sparsipunctata Alexander, 1936
A. spiralis Alexander, 1932
A. stenophallus Alexander, 1974
A. streptocera Alexander, 1949
A. studiosa Alexander, 1951
A. styx Alexander, 1930
A. subconfluenta Alexander, 1930
A. thienemanni Alexander, 1931
A. triangularis (Brunetti, 1912)
A. tuberculata Torii, 1992
A. turkestanica de Meijere, 1921
A. unicollis Alexander, 1968
A. unilineata Brunetti, 1912
A. vitripennis (Meigen, 1830)
A. yatungensis Alexander, 1963
Subgenus Orimargula Mik, 1883
A. almorae Alexander, 1970
A. alpigena (Mik, 1883)
A. australiensis (Alexander, 1922)
A. brevicornis Alexander, 1960
A. brevifurca Alexander, 1970
A. brevisector Alexander, 1970
A. brevivena (Edwards, 1928)
A. delibata Riedel, 1914
A. flavella (Alexander, 1926)
A. gracilicornis (Edwards, 1925)
A. gracilipes (Alexander, 1927)
A. griseipennis (Alexander, 1920)
A. hintoni Alexander, 1967
A. indumeni Alexander, 1956
A. intermedia (Edwards, 1928)
A. kraussi Alexander, 1955
A. longicornis (Alexander, 1921)
A. maculipleura Edwards, 1933
A. melina Alexander, 1957
A. mesocera Alexander, 1931
A. minuscula Alexander, 1963
A. multispina Alexander, 1956
A. nigristyla Alexander, 1956
A. papuensis Alexander, 1953
A. pauliani Alexander, 1953
A. pedekiboana Lindner, 1958
A. philippina (Alexander, 1917)
A. possessiva Young, 1994
A. praescutalis Alexander, 1936
A. prefurcata Alexander, 1950
A. quadrispinosa Alexander, 1963
A. salikensis Alexander, 1958
A. schmidi Alexander, 1958
A. setosa Alexander, 1960
A. simplex Alexander, 1970
A. sparsissima Alexander, 1974
A. tana Alexander, 1972
A. tanycera Alexander, 1963
A. tasmanica (Alexander, 1928)
A. transvaalia (Alexander, 1921)
A. venosa Alexander, 1964
Subgenus Proantocha Alexander, 1919
A. spinifer Alexander, 1919
A. uyei (Alexander, 1928)

References

Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World

Category:Limoniidae
Category:Tipuloidea genera


Sakar

Sakar may refer to:

Şəkər, Goychay, Azerbaijan
Şəkər, Khojavend, Azerbaijan
Sakar, Nepal
Sakar, Mali Zvornik, a village in Serbia
Sakar, Turkmenistan
Sakar District, Turkmenistan
Sakar International, an electronics and accessories company.
Sakar Island, Papua New Guinea
Sakar Mountain, Bulgaria

See also
 Saka (disambiguation)


Hwang Woo-suk

Hwang Woo-suk (, born January 29, 1953) is a South Korean veterinarian and researcher. He was a professor of theriogenology and biotechnology at Seoul National University (dismissed on March 20, 2006) who became infamous for fabricating a series of experiments, which appeared in high-profile journals, in the field of stem cell research. Until November 2005, he was considered one of the pioneering experts in the field, best known for two articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005 where he reported he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. He was called the "Pride of Korea" in South Korea.

Soon after the first paper was released, however, an article in the journal Nature charged Hwang with having committed ethical violations by using eggs from his graduate students and from the black market. Although he denied the charges at first, Hwang admitted the allegations were true in November 2005. Shortly after that his human cloning experiments were revealed to be fraudulent.

On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked. The Korea Times reported on June 10, 2007, that Seoul National University fired him, and the South Korean government canceled his financial support and barred him from engaging in stem cell research. While being charged with fraud and embezzlement, he has kept a relatively low profile at the Sooam Bioengineering Research Institute in Yongin, Gyeonggi Province, where he currently leads research efforts on creating cloned pig embryos and using them to make embryonic stem-cell lines.

Since the controversy subsided, despite the history and his lost credibility as a scientist, Hwang's lab has been actively publishing manuscripts, many of which have appeared on PubMed, the online database for biomedical research.  In February 2011, Hwang visited Libya as part of a $133 million project in the North African country to build a stem cell research center and transfer relevant technology. However, the project was canceled due to civil war.

Hwang was sentenced to a two years suspended prison sentence at the Seoul Central District Court on 26 October 2009, after being found guilty of embezzlement and bioethical violations but cleared of fraud. On this same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 admitted faking his findings, after questions of impropriety had emerged. He had his conviction upheld on 15 December 2010 by an appeals court in South Korea, which resulted in his suspended sentence being reduced by 6 months. In 2014 the South Korean Supreme Court upheld its 2010 ruling.

On November 2015, a Chinese biotech company Boyalife Group announced that it will partner with Hwang's laboratory, Sooam Biotech, to open the world's largest animal cloning factory in Tianjin as early as 2016.  The factory will aim to produce up to one million cattle embryos per year to meet the increasing demand for quality beef in China.

Timeline
Hwang first caught media attention in South Korea when he announced he successfully created a cloned dairy cow, Yeongrong-i in February 1999. His alleged success was touted as the fifth instance in the world in cow cloning, with a notable caveat: Hwang failed to provide scientifically verifiable data for the research, giving only media sessions and photo-ops. Hwang's next claim came only two months later in April 1999, when he announced the cloning of a Korean cow, Jin-i, also without providing any scientifically verifiable data. Despite the notable absence of any of the scientific data needed to probe the validity of the research, Hwang's several claims were well received by the South Korean media and public, who were attracted by Hwang's claim of immeasurable economic prospect that his research was said to be promising. Until 2004, Hwang's main area of research remained in creating genetically modified livestock that included cows and pigs. During that period, Hwang claimed to have created a BSE-resistant cow (which has not been verified) and also stated his intention to clone a Siberian tiger.

In February 2004, Hwang and his team announced that they had successfully created an embryonic stem cell with the somatic cell nuclear transfer method, and published their paper in the March 12 issue of Science. Although Hwang had already established himself as an expert in animal cloning and secured celebrity status in South Korea in the late 90s, his alleged sudden success came as a surprise because this was the first reported success in human somatic cell cloning. Until Hwang's claim, it was generally agreed that creating a human stem cell by cloning was next to impossible due to the complexity of primates. Hwang explained that his team used 242 eggs to create a single cell line.

In May, Nature magazine published an article stating that Hwang had used eggs taken from two of his graduate students, based on an interview with one of the students. The article raised the question of whether the students might have been pressured to give eggs and thus whether such a donation would have been "voluntary" as Hwang claimed in his scientific paper. At that time, Hwang denied that he had used his students' eggs.

Hwang's team announced an even greater achievement a year later in May 2005, and claimed they had created 11 human embryonic stem cells using 185 eggs. His work, published in the June 17 issue of Science, was instantly hailed as a breakthrough in biotechnology because the cells were allegedly created with somatic cells from patients of different age and gender, while the stem cell of 2004 was created with eggs and somatic cells from a single female donor. This meant every patient could receive custom-made treatment with no immune reactions. In addition, Hwang's claim meant that his team had boosted their success rate by 14 times and that this technology could be medically viable.

Hwang made further headlines in May 2005 when he criticized U.S. President George W. Bush's policy on embryonic stem cell research. Also, Time magazine named Hwang one of its "People Who Mattered 2004", stating that Hwang "has already proved that human cloning is no longer science fiction, but a fact of life."

Following on the earlier success, on August 3, 2005, Hwang announced that his team of researchers had become the first team to successfully clone a dog, which has been independently verified through genetic testing. The dog, an Afghan Hound, was named Snuppy.

Shortly after his groundbreaking 2005 work, Hwang was appointed to head the new World Stem Cell Hub, a facility that was to be the world's leading stem cell research centre. However, in November 2005, Gerald Schatten, a University of Pittsburgh researcher who had worked with Hwang for two years, made the surprise announcement that he had ceased his collaboration with Hwang. In an interview, Schatten commented that "my decision is grounded solely on concerns regarding oocyte (egg) donations in Hwang's research reported in 2004." Following an intense media probe, Roh Sung-il, one of Hwang's close collaborators and head of MizMedi Women's Hospital, held a news conference on November 21.

During the conference Roh admitted that he had paid women US$1,400 each for donating their eggs, eggs that were later used in Hwang's research. However, Roh claimed Hwang was unaware of this, while the South Korean Ministry of Health assured that no laws or ethical guidelines had been breached as there were no commercial interests involved in this payout. Hwang maintained that he was unaware that these actions were happening during the research and he resigned from his post.

On November 22, PD Su-cheop (PD Notebook), a popular MBC investigative reporting show, raised the possibility of unethical conduct  in the egg cell acquiring process. Despite the factual accuracy of the report, news media as well as people caught up in nationalistic fervor in their unwavering support for Hwang asserted that criticism of Hwang's work was "unpatriotic", so much so that the major companies who were sponsoring the show immediately withdrew their support.

On November 24, Hwang held a press conference in Seoul, in which he declared his intention of resigning from most of his official posts.

He also apologized for his actions. In the interview he said, "I was blinded by work and my drive for achievement."  He denied coercing his researchers into donating eggs and claimed that he found out about the situation only after it had occurred.

He added that he had lied about the source of the eggs donated to protect the privacy of his female researchers, and that he was not aware of the Declaration of Helsinki, which clearly enumerates his actions as a breach of ethical conduct.

After the press conference, which was aired on all major South Korean television networks, most of the nation's media outlets, government ministries, and the public gave support to Hwang. Sympathy for Hwang poured out, resulting in an increase in the number of women who wanted to donate their eggs for Hwang's research.

On December 29, 2005, the university determined that all 11 of Hwang's stem cell lines were fabricated. The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers on Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science retracted both of Hwang's papers on unconditional terms.

On January 12, 2006, Hwang held a press conference to apologize for the entire fiasco, but still did not admit to cheating. Instead, he explicitly put the blame on other members of his research project for having deceived him with false data and alleged a conspiracy, saying that his projects had been sabotaged and that there was theft of materials involved. He said that cloning human stem cells was possible and that he had the technology to do it, and if he were given six more months he could prove it. This is an extension of the ten days he said he needed to re-create the stem cells that he asked for back on December 16, 2005. Seoul prosecutors raided his home that day for files and evidence, to start a criminal investigation of Hwang.

On January 20, 2006, Hwang maintained that two of his 11 forged stem cell lines had been maliciously switched for cells from regular, not cloned, embryos. The allegation involves the lines Hwang claims to have created at Seoul-based MizMedi Hospital.

In November 22, 2016 Hwang received a certificate of patent on NT-1 technology by the Korean Intellectual Property Office.

Hwang's laboratory technique

In the late 1990s, the method that scientists used in cloning was somatic cell nuclear transfer, which is the same procedure that was used to create Dolly the sheep. This laboratory technique begins when an egg is taken from a donor and the nucleus is removed from the egg, creating an enucleated egg. A cell, which contains DNA, is then taken from the animal being cloned. The enucleated egg is then fused together with the nucleus of the cloning subject's cell using electricity. This creates an embryo, which is implanted into a surrogate mother through in vitro fertilization. If the procedure is successful, then the surrogate mother will give birth to a baby that is a clone of the cloning subject at the end of a normal gestation period. In 2014 researchers were reporting cloning success rates of seven to eight out of ten but in 1996 it took 277 attempts to create Dolly.

Hwang allegedly used this technique at his laboratory in SNU to clone dogs during his experiments throughout the early 2000s. He claimed that it was possible to clone mammals and that probability for success can be better than 1 in 277 attempts (as in similar cases such as Dolly). Hwang was the first in the world to clone a dog, an Afghan hound called Snuppy in 2005.  He described his procedure for cloning in the journal  Nature. Researchers from the Seoul National University and the US National Institutes of Health confirmed that Snuppy was a clone.  Since then Hwang and his associates have cloned many more dogs. In 2015 it was reported that Huang Woo-suk's company Sooam Biotech had produced 700 cloned puppies since 2005 with their owners paying about $100,000 each to have their dogs cloned.

Hwang's intention to develop better technique for cloning was focused on stem cells
because they are still at an early stage of development and retain the potential to turn into many different types of cell and when they divide, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function.

According to stem cell biologists, it might be possible to harness this ability to turn stem cells into a super "repair kit" for the body, theoretically to use stem cells to generate healthy tissue to replace that either damaged by trauma or compromised by disease.
The many conditions and illnesses that may eventually be treated by stem cell therapy include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, burns, and spinal cord damage.

In March 2012, it was announced that Hwang would collaborate with Russian scientists in an attempt to clone a woolly mammoth from remains found in Siberia. He had previously successful cloned eight coyotes in March 2011 using domestic dogs as surrogate mothers and grey wolves. However finding a mammoth sample fit for cloning has been unsuccessful as of 2015.

In 2015 the Chinese company BoyaLife announced that in partnership with the Hwang Woo-suk's company Sooam Biotech, they were planning to build a 200 million RMB (about US$32 million) factory in Tianjin, China to produce 100,000 cloned cattle per year, starting in 2016 to supply China's growing market for quality beef.

In 2015, Sooam Biotech cloned a male boxer puppy from a pet dog that had been dead for 12 days. This was the first time they had cloned a dog that had been dead for such a long time.

In 2016, Hwang's company was regularly cloning pigs which were genetically predisposed to certain diseases so that they could be used for testing pharmaceuticals and cloning cattle which were highly valued for their meat. In total Sooam Biotech was reported to be producing roughly 500 cloned embryos a day from various species. They were also reported to be attempting to clone the Ethiopian wolf, one of the world's rarest canids, of which there are only 500 in the wild, another endangered canid, the Dhole, of which there only about 2,500 adults and the Siberian musk deer which is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN.

Controversies

Until late November 2005, Hwang was criticized only for unpublicized ethical violations. Colleagues and media outlets asserted that he had paid female donors for egg donations and that he had received donations from two junior researchers, both of which were violations. Later controversies would center around scientific misconduct.

His team, which cloned the first human embryo to use for research, said they had used the same technology to create batches of embryonic stem cells from nine patients. According to Hwang, the result was much more efficient than they had hoped.
Hwang's integrity as a researcher was again put in doubt when it was revealed that PD Su-cheop scheduled a follow-up report questioning his achievement published in Science in June 2005, which stated he had cloned 11 lines of embryonic stem cells. This caused furious backlash among many South Koreans, and the reaction only intensified when it was discovered that Kim Sun-Jong, one of Hwang's researchers from MizMedi, was coerced by illegal means to testify against Hwang. As a result, the scheduled broadcast was canceled and the network even made a public apology to the nation, everyone more or less operating under the assumption that the show was at fault and not Hwang. Yet, other news outlets began to question Hwang's claims.

Close scrutiny revealed that several of the photos of purportedly different cells were in fact photos of the same cell. Hwang responded that these additional photos were accidentally included and that there was no such duplication in the original submission to Science. This was later confirmed by the journal.

Researchers raised questions about striking similarities between the DNA profiles of the cloned cells. Then collaborator Gerald Schatten asked Science to remove his name from the paper, stating as a reason that there were "allegations from someone involved with the experiments that certain elements of the report may be fabricated."

In the midst of national confusion, Hwang disappeared from public sight, to be hospitalized days later for alleged stress-related fatigue, while public opinion gradually began to turn against Hwang with even the major Korean companies who pulled their support from "PD Su-Cheop" reportedly now less than pleased with Hwang. Days later, Hwang started going to his laboratory while requesting Seoul National University to officially conduct a probe to the allegations surrounding him.

The scandal took a dramatic turn on December 15, when Roh Sung-il, who collaborated on that paper, stated to media outlets that nine of those eleven lines had been faked; specifically, DNA tests illustrated that those nine lines shared identical DNA, implying that they had come from the same source. Roh stated that "Professor Hwang admitted to fabrication", and that he, Hwang, and another co–author had asked Science to withdraw the paper. Adding fuel to the fire, MBC broadcast the content of the canceled PD Su-cheop show, which substantiated Roh's claim.

On the same day, The Seattle Times reported that Science had not yet received an official request from Hwang to withdraw the paper, and it had refused to remove Schatten's name from the paper, stating, "No single author, having declared at the time of submission his full and complete confidence in the contents of the paper, can retract his name unilaterally, after publication."

Several prominent scientists, including Ian Wilmut, who cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, and Bob Lanza, a cloning expert based in Worcester, Massachusetts, did call on Hwang to submit his paper to an outside group for independent analysis. Lanza noted, "You can't fake the results if they're carried out by an independent group. I think this simple test could put the charges to rest."

Two major press conferences were held on Korean networks on December 16, one with Hwang followed by the other with his former colleague, Roh Sung-il. Hwang started his press conference by claiming that the technology to make stem cells exists, which is not an explicit statement that the stem cell lines he featured in his paper to Science were not fakes. He, however, acknowledged the falsifications of research data in the paper, attributing them to unrecoverable "artificial mistakes." He said that there was a problem with the original lines caused by contamination, and if he were given ten more days he could re-create the stem cell lines. He accused Dr. Kim Sun-Jong, a former collaborator, of "switching" some of the stem cell lines.

Despite Hwang's claim, in another press conference held only minutes later, Roh Sung-il rebutted Hwang's accusation, saying Hwang was blackmailing MizMedi and Kim Sun-jong. He maintained that at least nine of the eleven stem cell lines were fakes and that Hwang is simply untrustworthy.

"Roh Sung-il, chairman of the board at Mizmedi Hospital, told KBS television that Hwang had agreed to ask the journal Science to withdraw the paper, published in June to international acclaim. Roh was one of the co-authors of the article that detailed how individual stem cell colonies were created for 11 patients through cloning. Roh also told MBC television that Hwang had pressured a former scientist at his lab to fake data to make it look like there were 11 stem cell colonies. In a separate report, a former researcher told MBC that Hwang ordered him to fabricate photos to make it appear there were 11 separate colonies from only three. [...] University of Pittsburgh researcher Gerald Schatten has already asked that Science remove him as the senior author of the report, citing questions about the paper's accuracy. Seoul National University announced this week it would conduct an internal probe into Hwang's research."

Some scientists have started questioning Hwang's earlier work published in Science in February 2004 in which he claimed to have cloned embryonic stem cells. Maria Biotech head Park Se-pill said, "Up until now, I have believed Hwang did derive cloned embryonic stem cells although he admitted to misconduct in his follow-up paper on patient-specific stem cells...Now, I am not sure whether the cloned stem cell really existed."

On July 26, 2006, Hwang said in testimony that he spent part of 500 million won in private donations in attempts to clone extinct Russian mammoths and Korean tigers.

Official probe by Seoul National University and the confirmation of fraud
An internal panel was set up in Seoul National University to investigate the allegation, and the probe was started on December 17, 2005. The panel sealed off Hwang's laboratory and conducted a thorough investigation, collecting testimonies from Hwang, Roh and other people that were involved with the scandal. On December 23, the panel announced its initial finding that Hwang had intentionally fabricated stem cell research results creating nine fake cell lines out of eleven, and added that the validity of two remaining cell lines is yet to be confirmed. The panel stated that Hwang's misconduct is "a grave act damaging the foundation of science." Hwang's claim of having used only 185 eggs to create stem cell lines was also denied by the panel, which indicated that more eggs may have been used in the research process.

The panel announced additional findings on December 29, and confirmed that there are no patient-matched embryonic stem cells in existence and that Hwang's team doesn't have the scientific data to prove any of the stem cells have ever been made.

In its final report published on January 10, 2006, the panel reaffirmed its previous findings while announcing additional discoveries. The panel found out that, contrary to Hwang's claim of having used 185 eggs for his team's 2005 paper, at least 273 eggs were shown to have been used according to research records kept in Hwang's lab. In addition, the panel discovered that Hwang's team was supplied with 2,061 eggs in the period of November 28, 2002 to December 8, 2005. Hwang's claim of not having known about the donation of eggs by his own female researchers was also denied by the panel; in fact, it was discovered that Hwang himself had distributed egg donation consent forms to his researchers and personally escorted one to the MizMedi Hospital to perform the egg extraction procedure.

The panel stated that Hwang's 2004 Science paper was also fabricated and decided the stem cell discussed in the paper may have been generated by a case of parthenogenetic process (which is itself a significant development, as mammals rarely reproduce by parthenogenesis; in addition, this would make Hwang's lab the first ever to successfully generate human stem cells via parthenogenesis, predating other research facilities' successes). Although Hwang's team didn't rule out the possibility of parthenogenetic process in the paper, the panel said, his team didn't make any conscientious effort to probe the possibility through the tests available.

Chung Myunghee, the head of the panel, said at a news conference that the panel is not in a position to investigate Hwang's claim of his stem cells having been switched with MizMedi's, but added that such a claim is incomprehensible when there is no data to prove any of the stem cells were ever made to begin with.

The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers and that it is "an act of deception targeted to both scientific community and general public." However, the panel confirmed that Hwang's team actually succeeded in cloning a dog they named Snuppy. (See also Nature 439:122-123)

Hwang's announcement of resignation and the official dismissal
On December 23, 2005 Hwang apologized for "creating a shock and a disappointment" and announced that he was resigning his position as professor at the university. However, Hwang maintained that patient-matched stem cell technology remains in South Korea, and his countrymen shall see it.

Seoul National University said Hwang's resignation request will not be accepted, citing a university regulation that dictates an employee under investigation may not resign from a post. This regulation is effected to prevent premature resignations by investigated employees, which would allow them to avoid full retributions according to the findings of the investigation (and perhaps avoid involuntary termination), while reaping the benefits of the more honorable and lucrative voluntary resignation.

On February 9, 2006, the university suspended Hwang's position as the university's professor, together with six other faculty members who participated in Hwang's team. Subsequently, Hwang was dismissed from the university on March 20, 2006.

The indictment of Hwang and five of his collaborators
On May 12, 2006, Hwang was indicted on charges of fraud, embezzlement and breach of the country's bioethics law, without physical detention. Prosecutors also brought fraud charges against the three stem cell researchers. He embezzled 2.8 billion won ($3 million) out of some 40 billion won in research funds for personal purposes and the illegal purchase of ova used in his experiments.

The prosecution also said Hwang's three associates involved in his stem cell research, Yoon Hyun-soo, Lee Byeong-chun and Kang Sung-keun, also misappropriated tens of millions of won in research money. Investigators have been tracking 24.6 billion won to find out how the research money was spent. It was part of Hwang's 36.9 billion won research funds raised through state support and private donations. Investigators said Hwang used bank accounts held by relatives and subordinates in 2002 and 2003 to receive about 475 million won from private organizations. He allegedly laundered the money by withdrawing it all in cash, breaking it up into smaller amounts and putting it back in various bank accounts. Hwang also withdrew 140 million won in August 2001 to buy gifts for his sponsors, including politicians and other prominent social figures, before Chusok holidays, according to prosecutors. He also allegedly misappropriated around 26 million won in research funds in September 2004 to buy a car for his wife. Hwang is suspected of embezzling 600 million won, provided by a private foundation, on multiple occasions from 2001 to 2005 for personal use. Prosecutors are also accusing him of illegally paying some 38 million won to 25 women who provided ova for his research through Hanna Women's Clinic in the first eight months of 2005. They also said Hwang gave several dozen politicians about 55 million won in political funds on numerous occasions from 2001 to 2005. He allegedly provided 14 million won to executives of large companies that provided financial support for his research. The prosecution added Hwang wired about 200 million won to a Korean American, identified only as Kang, in September 2005 and received the equivalent amount in U.S. currency from him when the scientist visited the United States two months later. Also in 2005, Hwang received one billion won each in research funds from SK Group and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation based on his fabricated stem cell research results. Meanwhile, investigators said Lee Byeong-chun and Kang Sung-keun, both professors of veterinary science at Seoul National University, embezzled about 300 million won and 100 million won each in state funds by inflating research-related expenses. Yoon Hyun-soo, a biology professor at Hanyang University, also embezzled 58 million won from the research fund managed by MizMedi Hospital.

Parthenogenesis

On August 2, 2007, after much independent investigation, it was revealed that Hwang's team succeeded in extracting cells from eggs that had undergone parthenogenesis. Hwang claimed he and his team had extracted stem cells from cloned human embryos. However, further examination of the cells' chromosomes shows the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research. The process may offer a way for creating stem cells that are genetically matched to a particular woman for the treatment of degenerative diseases.

The news of the breakthrough came just a month after an announcement from the International Stem Cell Corporation (ISC), a California-based stem cell research company, that they had successfully created the first human embryos through parthenogenesis. Although the actual results of Hwang's work were just published, those embryos were created by him and his team before February 2004, when the fabricated cloning results were announced, which would make them the first to successfully perform the process. Jeffrey Janus, president and director of research for ISC, agrees that "Dr. Hwang's cells have characteristics found in parthenogenetic cells" but remains cautious, saying "it needs more study."

South Korea's response to controversies

South Korean government's involvement in the scandal
After having acquired a celebrity status in South Korea, Hwang actively sought to establish every possible tie to political and economic institutions in the country. Hwang especially tried to win favor from the Roh Moo-hyun government, which in turn was suffering from a lack of popular support and wanted to demonstrate its competency by creating and promoting an exemplary policy success.

Hwang approached Park Ki-young, a former biology professor, then appointed as the Information, Science and Technology Advisor for the President, and put her as one of the co-authors in his 2004 Science paper. Ties with Park yielded a favorable environment for Hwang in the government, as a non-official group consisting of high-ranking government officials was created to support Hwang's research that includes not only Hwang and Park, but also Kim Byung-joon, Chief National Policy Secretary, and Jin Dae-je, Information and Communications Minister. The group was dubbed as "Hwang-kum-pak-chui", a loose acronym made from each member's family names, which means "golden bat" in Korean.

After Hwang's paper was published in Science in 2005, support for Hwang came in full swing. In June 2005, the Ministry of Science and Technology selected Hwang as the first recipient of the title Supreme Scientist, an honor worth US$15 million. Hwang, having already claimed the title of POSCO Chair Professor worth US$1.5 million, secured more than US$27 million worth of support in that year.

President Roh had been acquainted with Hwang since 2003, and made a number of comments intended to protect Hwang from potential bioethical issues. On June 18, 2004, Roh awarded Hwang a medal and said, "it is not possible nor desirable to prohibit research, just because there are concerns that it may lead to a direction that is deemed unethical." In another instance at the opening of World Stem Cell Hub on October 19, 2005, Roh remarked, "politicians have a responsibility to manage bioethical controversies not to get in the way of this outstanding research and progress."

On December 5, 2005, after PD Su-cheop stirred a national controversy, Cheong Wa Dae reaffirmed its unflinching support for Hwang and his research team. Roh said, "We'll continue to support Professor Hwang. We hope he will return to his research lab soon for the sake of people with physical difficulties and the public", according to presidential spokesman Kim Man-soo.

While implying the controversies over MBC-TV's forceful methods used to gather information from Hwang's former junior staff members, Roh said, "The disputes will be resolved gradually and naturally through following scientific research and study. We hope the ongoing disputes over Hwang's achievement will be settled without further trouble."

It was alleged that advisor Park Ki-young deliberately avoided to report Roh about details of Hwang's allegation for misconduct, while emphasizing a breach of journalist ethics by MBC. Park, after weeks of silence for her role in the controversy, announced her intent to resign from the advisor post on January 10, 2006.

On January 11, 2006, the national post office stopped selling post stamps commemorating Hwang's research. The title of Supreme Scientist awarded to Hwang was revoked on March 21, 2006, after Hwang was dismissed from Seoul National University the day before.

Lawmakers’ group supporting Professor Hwang Woo-suk
On December 6, 2005 a group of 43 lawmakers from the ruling and opposition parties  inaugurated a body to support  Hwang Woo-suk. Members of the group, dubbed the "lawmakers' group supporting Professor Hwang Woo-suk", pledged to help Hwang continue his experiments in pursuit of a scientific breakthrough.

"There are many lawmakers who, regardless of party affiliation, want to support Hwang. We will join forces to help Hwang devote himself to his studies", Rep. Kwon Sun-taik of the ruling Uri Party said in a news conference at the National Assembly, who was also the leader of the group.

He said the group will seek to establish bioethics guidelines and come up with supporting measures for biotechnology researchers in the country. Among those who have joined the group were Reps. Kim Hyuk-kyu, Kim Young-choon and Kim Sung-gon of the ruling party, Kim Hyong-o of the main opposition Grand National Party (GNP) and Kim Hak-won, chairman of the United Liberal Democrats.

Some female lawmakers participated in a civic group for voluntary egg donations for therapeutic research, which opened in November 2005 following the egg procurement scandal.

Reps. Song Young-sun and Chin Soo-hee of the GNP said they would provide their eggs to Hwang's research team. Meanwhile, the ruling and opposition parties called on the Korean Broadcasting Commission to thoroughly investigate the staffers of MBCs PD Notebook, which broadcast a documentary program critical of Hwang with coercive tactics in interviews, and reprimand them.

After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed fake on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.

Return of PD Notebook to the air in 2006
The investigative journalism show MBC PD Notebook (Korean: PD수첩) returned on air on January 3, 2006, and summarized the course of Hwang's scandal to date. The show had been cancelled under pressure after it aired its show on November 22 that accused Hwang of oddities in his research. The last show in 2005, aired on November 29, covered other topics. It remained off the air for five weeks. The second show in 2006, on January 10, dealt further with the Hwang affair, focusing on several instances of Hwang's media spinning tactics. It also covered the unwillingness on the part of a significant part of the public in South Korea to believe that someone who had almost achieved a status of a national hero committed such a shame.

Rallies supporting Hwang
The same day many South Korean citizens rallied outside Hwang's laboratory; as more than 1,000 women pledged to donate their eggs for the scientist's research. [ ... ] Hwang has been in seclusion since apologizing in November 2005, for ethical lapses in human egg procurement for his research. The symbolic event was as a gesture from Hwang's supporters that says they intend to donate their eggs with 1,000 of their members after they took egg-donation pledges online via their website. "Dr. Hwang will not be able to return to the lab, at least, until at the end of this week because he is extremely exhausted, mentally and physically", a key team member, Ahn Cu Rie, wrote in an e-mail to Reuters. [ ... ] At Hwang's lab at Seoul National University, women left bouquets of the national flower, a hibiscus called the Rose of Sharon, for the scientist along with notes of encouragement.

The stem cell research center that Hwang led before resigning said it hoped he would return, even though his lapses could hurt its efforts to work with other research institutions.

"So far more than 700 South Korean women have pledged to donate their eggs and the number is steadily rising", said Lee Sun-min, an official at a private foundation launched last week to promote egg donations. [ ... ] Thousands of patients have applied to participate in the research, hoping the technology could help treat damaged spinal cords or diseases such as Parkinson's. On Tuesday, an official at the lab said it was hoped that Hwang would return.

"We're waiting for Hwang to assume the leadership after some rest", Seong Myong-hoon told a news conference. But Seong said the controversy could hurt the lab. That conclusion was reached after one of Hwang's close research partners, Ahn Cu-rie, returned Tuesday after a 10-day trip to meet with scientists in the United States and Japan, Seong said.

"The reaction of foreign scientists was that they understand what Dr. Hwang disclosed, but they cannot accept that without criticism", Seong said. "We can never be optimistic about cooperation with foreign institutions."

Seong added: "Researchers of our country were newly awakened to the fact that we have to take every precaution to ensure we don't fall behind international ethics (guidelines) while researching."

"The only hope for us is Dr. Hwang. Don't trample on our one shred of hope", a woman whose son suffers from a severe kidney ailment told South Korean broadcaster YTN at the university. The woman also pledged to sell her eggs to Hwang.

Online ova donations
A website backed by Hwang's supporters began taking egg-donation pledges online since late November 2005 after Hwang resigned all his official posts at World Stem Cell Hub, relaying them to a clinic linked to Hwang's research team. The number of pledges had reached 725 by early December 2005.

Banners like "Please come back, Doctor Hwang. I'm already dying to see you, Professor Hwang", were put up on the homepage.

The site also carried a photo of Hwang and his cloned dog, Snuppy, trimmed with images of the rose of sharon, South Korea's national flower, in an apparent appeal for patriotism. The national anthem played as background music.

Those who applied to donate ova included those with incurable illnesses or their family members, who hope that Hwang's research will eventually lead to cures, as well as just ordinary young, healthy women.

See also
 List of geneticists and biochemists
 List of Korea-related topics
 List of Koreans
 Scientific misconduct, including a list of science scandals.
 Schön scandal
 Haruko Obokata
 List of scientific misconduct incidents

References

External links

Pubmed entry for the controversial paper on embryonic stem cells
Final report published by Seoul National University Investigation Committee (in Korean)
English summary of the SNU final report
South Korean policy failure and the Hwang debacle

Category:Living people
Category:1953 births
Category:2005 in biotechnology
Category:Academic scandals
Category:Changwon Hwang clan
Category:Hoaxes in science
Category:Korean nationalism
Category:People involved in scientific misconduct incidents
Category:Science and technology in South Korea
Category:Seoul National University alumni
Category:Seoul National University faculty
Category:South Korean biologists
Category:South Korean Buddhists
Category:South Korean criminals
Category:Stem cell researchers


Spangler, Pennsylvania

Spangler, Pennsylvania was a town, since merged, and former borough located in the northwest corner of Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is nestled in the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River between hills of the Appalachian Mountains of the Eastern United States.  The area was first settled by Europeans in the early-to-middle 19th century.  The presence of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River allowed loggers to move their harvest down river.  Small farms developed and the town came into existence in 1893 when mining of extensive bituminous coal fields in the area became the dominant industry.  The mining companies required skilled workers and many came from Great Britain and Eastern Europe.  Railroads were built to transport the coal and the town flourished from economic activity.

1922 mining disaster
A mining disaster occurred on November 6, 1922 at Reilly No. 1 Mine. 79 miners were killed when an explosion occurred at 7:20 a.m. as 112 men had begun work. The explosion blew out some stoppings and overcasts and also the side and end walls of the fan housing.  Help was called from other mines and from the Bureau of Mines at Pittsburgh. The fan housing was patched and the fan started, making the concrete-lined, 112 foot shaft an intake.  Recovery workers without apparatus encountered a live man making his way out to fresh air and brought him and four others out.  All were badly affected by mine gases, as were 18 of the rescuers.  Apparatus crews were then admitted, and 22 other survivors were rescued.  Five other men made their way out unassisted. Seventy-six bodies were found, and three of the rescued men died. The reasons for the explosion were explained. The mine had been rated gaseous in 1918, but at the insistence of the new operators it was rated as non-gaseous although a fireboss was employed and men burned by gas on at least four occasions. The low-volatile dust of the coal helped to spread the explosion. Gas that had accumulated in one or more rooms through open doors and deficient ventilation was ignited by the miners' open lights.  Fireboss examinations were neglected and incomplete. A monument constructed to the memory of those lost in this disaster stands in a park near the center of the town.

1971 Fire Claims Firefighter Lives
While a winter storm accumulated 11 inches of fresh snow and temperatures near 0 degrees, a fire broke out in Weaver's Variety Shop on January 1, 1971. More than 100 volunteer firefighters from Spangler and surrounding companies fought the fire under severe weather conditions. A wall collapsed killing two firemen, Frank Kinkead, 47, and John DeDea,32, both of nearby Patton, PA. Other firemen were injured. The fire destroyed three buildings, including the old Spangler Theater along the main street, Bigler Avenue.

Town planning
Because the town of Spangler was laid out with only one main street close to the Susquehanna's riverbed and only one to three parallel streets the town adopted the motto: "The Longest Little Town in the World" due to the length of the main street, Bigler Avenue. Spangler existed from 1893 until January 1, 2000 when it merged with the adjacent borough of Barnesboro to create the Borough of Northern Cambria. The local public school district is the Northern Cambria School District, whose athletic teams play under the nickname "Colts" and wear black and gold as the school colors. The current zip code of Northern Cambria is 15714.

Spangler is located at 40°39'21" North, 78°46'46" West (40.655813, -78.779472).

Notable residents

 Frank Brazill, baseball player, was born in Spangler.
 Chris Columbus, director of Home Alone , Mrs. Doubtfire, and the first two Harry Potter movies, was born in Spangler.
 George Magulick, player in the National Football League in 1944, was born in Spangler.
 Cheryl Strayed, memoirist, novelist and essayist portrayed by Reese Witherspoon in the film Wild, was born in Spangler.

References

External links
Northern Cambria community website
 History of Barnesboro, Spangler and Northern Cambria
 http://patheoldminer.rootsweb.ancestry.com/camreilly1.html Coal Miners Memorial

The Clearfield Progress, Clearfield, PA, Nov. 7, 1922. "Reilly No. 1 Mine, Spangler, PA; 79 Miners Killed"

The Indiana Gazette, Indiana, PA, 2 January 1971. "Spangler Blaze Kills Two Patton Firemen"

Category:Former municipalities in Pennsylvania
Category:Populated places established in 1893
Category:Geography of Cambria County, Pennsylvania
Category:Populated places disestablished in 2000


Koinadugu District

Koinadugu District is a district in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. It is the largest District in Sierra Leone in geographical area, and one of the least most densely populated. Its capital and largest city is Kabala, which is also one of the main cities in Northern Sierra Leone. The District of Koinadugu has a population of 404,097, based on the 2015 Sierra Leone national census; and has a total area of . Koinadugu District is subdivided into eleven chiefdoms.

The District of Koinadugu borders Bombali on the west, Tonkolili District to the south-west, Kono District to the south, Falaba District to the east, and the Republic of Guinea to north east. Diamond mining is a major economic activity in the district, as well as agricultural production of rice, mango, cacao, and coconut.

The population of Koinadugu district is almost entirely made up of five main ethnic groups: the Kuranko, Mandingo, Fula, Limba, and Yalunka. These five ethnic groups are politically and culturally  influential in Koinadugu District. Koinadugu District is overwhelmingly Muslim majority at just over 90%, and Islam dominates the religious and cultural practices in the district. There is also a small but significant minority Christian population in the district, and is mainly among the Limba people in the district

Government
The District of Koinadugu is governed with a district council form of government, which is headed by a District Council Chairman, who is responsible for the general management of the district and for seeing that all local laws are enforced. The District Council Chairman is elected directly by the residents of Koinadugu District. The Council Hall of Koinadugu District located in the district capital of Kabala. The current chairman of  Koinadugu district council is Sheku Samuel Kamara of the All People's Congress (APC).

Administrative divisions

Chiefdoms
The district is made up of eleven chiefdoms as the third level of administrative subdivision.

Dembelia Sikunia – Sikunia
Diang – Kondembaia
Folasaba – Musaia
Kasunko – Fadugu
Mongo – Bendugu
Neya – Krubola
Nieni – Yiffin
Sengbe – Yogomaia
Sulima – Falaba
Wara-Wara Bafodea – Bafodea
Wara-Wara Yagala – Gbawuria

Demography
Koinadugu District is by far the largest district in Sierra Leone and with an estimated population of 265,765. The major ethnic groups in the district are the Fula (who predominate in the district's largest city of Kabala), Kuranko (who predominate in the chiefdoms), Mandingo and Limba and Yalunka (predominant in Musaia and Falaba areas bordering the republic of Guinea (Conakry)).

Members of Parliament
Koinadugu District currently has 7 Representatives in the Parliament of Sierra Leone, of which one member wasn't elected to a 5-year term.

Economy
Gold mining is a major economic activity in the district, as well as agricultural productivity such as rice, mango, beans, cattle rearing, to name but few.

See also
Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20120518010418/http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=6&num=16694
https://web.archive.org/web/20110817161321/http://handokotantra.net/local-councils-a-pivotal-but-disappointing-role-in-sierra-leones-socio-political-and-economic-development-debate.html
http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/7_lib/7_2g_ku.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20070121122533/http://www.statehouse-sl.org/member-parliament.html
"The fight to save the last Ebola-free district in Sierra Leone" by Todd C. Frankel, Washington Post, October 10 2014

Category:Districts of Sierra Leone
Category:Northern Province, Sierra Leone


Diocese of Killala

Diocese of Killala may refer to:

Roman Catholic Diocese of Killala, a diocese in the west of Ireland
Diocese of Tuam, Killala and Achonry, a Church of Ireland diocese in the west of Ireland

See also
Bishop of Killala
Bishop of Killala and Achonry
Bishop of Tuam, Killala and Achonry


N-acetyltransferase 2

N-acetyltransferase 2 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase), also known as NAT2, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the NAT2 gene.

Function

This gene encodes a type of N-acetyltransferase. The NAT2 isozyme functions to both activate and deactivate arylamine and hydrazine drugs and carcinogens. Polymorphisms in this gene are responsible for the N-acetylation polymorphism in which human populations segregate into rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylator phenotypes. Polymorphisms in NAT2 are also associated with higher incidences of cancer and drug toxicity. A second arylamine N-acetyltransferase gene (NAT1) is located near NAT2.

Phenotype prediction

The NAT2 acetylator phenotype can be inferred from NAT2 genotype (a combination of SNPs observed in a given individual).

References

Further reading

External links

 PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2

Category:Human proteins


Kosovo national futsal team results

This is a list of Kosovo national futsal team results in its official matches:

Fixtures and results

Official
On 29 August 2016, Kosovo played its first international match as FIFA member, in the framework of a tournament against Finland and the match ended in a 1–3 win.

2016

2017

2018

2019

Kosovo versus other countries
Head-to-head records are included only matches as FIFA member.

References

External links

Kosovo (futsal) News about the team
Kosovo (futsal)'s UEFA profile

national futsal team results


Omelmont

Omelmont  is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department

Category:Communes of Meurthe-et-Moselle


Eunica monima

Eunica monima, the dingy purplewing, is a species of tropical brushfoot in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Caspar Stoll in 1782 and is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for Eunica monima is 4532.

References

 Pelham, Jonathan P. (2008). "A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature". Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, vol. 40, xiv + 658.

Further reading

External links

 Butterflies and Moths of North America
 NCBI Taxonomy Browser, Eunica monima

Category:Biblidinae


Lang Glacier

The Lang Glacier () is a  long glacier (2005) situated in the Bernese Alps in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. In 1973 it had an area of .

See also
List of glaciers in Switzerland
List of glaciers
Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Swiss Alps

External links
Swiss glacier monitoring network

Category:Glaciers of the Alps
Category:Glaciers of Valais


Brandon Barash

Brandon Joseph Barash (born October 4, 1979) is an American actor known for playing the role of Johnny Zacchara on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital.

From 2002 to 2004, Barash played Jamie, Paris Geller's boyfriend, in multiple episodes of The WB drama series Gilmore Girls.

Barash first appeared in the contract role of Johnny Zacchara on the ABC soap opera General Hospital in September 2007, and left in March 2013. He returned for several short stints from 2014 to 2016.

In 2015, Barash played Melrose Place actor Thomas Calabro in the Lifetime TV film The Unauthorized Melrose Place Story. He appeared in the recurring role of Detective Robby Oderno in multiple episodes of the TNT police procedural Major Crimes from 2014 to 2016. In 2017, Barash played Ernest Hemingway in the episode "The Lost Generation" of the NBC time travel TV series Timeless. In March 2019, Barash joined the cast of Days of Our Lives, replacing Tyler Christopher in the role of Stefan DiMera.

Barash has also played in the rock group "Port Chuck" along with his former General Hospital co-stars Steve Burton, Scott Reeves, and Bradford Anderson.

Personal life
Barash was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and is the son of Jerry L. Barash, President and CEO of Sysco Food Services of Ventura and his first wife Susan Gale. He has one brother, Jordan B. Barash, and one younger sister, Alison L. Barash. His family is Jewish. Barash has lived in Missouri, Texas, and California. He graduated from Memorial High School in Houston, Texas in 1998.

Barash was engaged to actress Natalie Hall in 2011.

In August 2013, Barash and his former General Hospital co-star Kirsten Storms told People that they had secretly wed in June, and were expecting their first child, a girl, in January 2014. In January 2014, Barash confirmed on Twitter that Storms had given birth to a baby girl. In April 2016, Barash and Storms announced that they had filed for divorce after more than 2 and a half years of marriage, citing irreconcilable differences and saying the separation is amicable.

Filmography

References

External links

Category:1979 births
Category:American male soap opera actors
Category:Jewish American male actors
Category:Male actors from St. Louis
Category:Living people
Category:USC School of Dramatic Arts alumni


Sa'id ibn Jubayr

Sa'id ibn Jubayr (665–714) (), also known as Abū Muhammad, was originally from Kufa, in modern-day Iraq. He was regarded as one of the leading members of the Tabi'in (d. ca. 712). Sa'īd is held in the highest esteem by scholars of the Shi'a and Sunni Islamic tradition and was considered one of the leading jurists of the time. He also narrated several hadith from Ibn Abbas.

Life
At the battle of Jamājim in 82 AH (699-701), Ibn al-Ash'ath and his followers, including 100,000 from amongst the mawāli, took on the army of al-Hajjāj (d. 714), the governor of the Iraqi provinces during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I. Within their forces was a group known as the 'Battalion of Qur'an Reciters' headed by Kumayl ibn Ziyad an-Nakha`i and including Sa`īd ibn Jubayr. The revolt was brutally put down and Sa`īd was forced to flee to the outskirts of Mecca. He persisted in travelling to Mecca itself twice a year to perform the hajj and `umrah and would enter Kufa secretly to help resolve peoples' religious issues.

Dialogue between Ibn Jubayr and al-Hajjaj
Sa'īd was finally apprehended and brought before al-Hajjāj. Excerpts from a transcript of their dialogue follows:Sa'īd ibn Jubayr entered upon al-Hajjāj, who asked his name (and he knew his name well):

Sa'īd: Sa'īd ibn Jubayr.

Al-Hajjaj: Nay, you are Shaqīy ibn Kusayr. (al-Hajjāj is playing with words here: Sa'īd means happy and Shaqī means unhappy; Jubayr means one who splints broken bones and Kusayr means one who breaks them.)

Sa'īd: My mother knew better when she named me.

Al-Hajjāj: You are wretched (shaqīta) and your mother is wretched" (shaqiyat). Then he told him: "By Allah, I will replace your dunya with a blazing Fire.

Sa'īd: If I knew you could do it, I would take you as a God.

Al-Hajjāj: I have gold and wealth.

Bags of gold and silver were brought and spread before Sa'īd ibn Jubayr in order to try him.

Sa'īd: O Hajjāj, if you gathered it to be seen and heard in showing off, and to use it to avert others from the way of Allah, then by Allah, it will not avail you against Him in any way. Saying this, he aligned himself towards Qiblah.

Al-Hajjāj: Take him and turn him to other than the Qiblah. By Allah, O Sa'īd ibn Jubayr, I will kill you with a killing with which I have not killed any of the people.

Sa'īd: O Hajjāj choose for yourself whatever killing you want, by Allah you will not kill me with a killing except that Allah will kill you with a like of it, so choose for yourself whatever killing you like.

Al-Hajjāj: Turn him to other than the Qiblah.

Sa'īd: Wherever you [might] turn, there is the Face of Allah.

Al-Hajjāj: Put him under the earth.

Sa'īd: From it (the earth) We created you, and into it We will return you, and from it We will extract you another time.

Al-Hajjāj was outdone and ordered the beheading of Sa'īd ibn Jubayr. Sa'īd was martyred in the month of Sha'bān, 95 AH (ca. May 714) at the age of 49. Al-Hajjāj is reported to have soon lost his senses and died within a month.

Play
A play based on this story, called "The Scholar and the Tyrant" can be viewed online

Legacy

Sunni view
 writes:

From him are recorded by Imams Bukhari, Muslim, al-Tirmidhi, al-Nasa'i, Abu Dawud, Ibn Maja, Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, and Imam Malik ibn Anas. Sa'id narrates 147 traditions in Sahih Bukhari and 78 in Sahih Muslim.

Shia view
According to Khulasat al-aqwal by Al-Hilli and  Rijal al-Kashshi by Muhammad ibn 'Umar al-Kashshi he was a Shia Muslim. They point out, among many, that Sa'id ibn Jubayr was a follower and companion of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, supported the Alid rebellion against the Sunni Umayyads, for which he was killed by the Umayyad appointed Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.

Sa'id was asked by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan to write a book concerning Quranic exegesis. His exegesis is mentioned by Ibn al-Nadim in his al-Fihrist under Shiite exegeses, without mentioning any other exegesis that is temporally prior to it.

His mausoleum is located in al-Hay city in the Wasit Province of Iraq. In Iraq, Rabi' al-Awwal 25 of every year is recognized as the anniversary of Sa'id ibn Jubayr's martyrdom. On this day people congregate in his mausoleum and honor the day. His mausoleum is a pilgrimage site for the Shia Muslims.

See also
Ibn Abbas
Kumayl ibn Ziyad

Notes

Bibliography
 al-Mufīd, Kitāb al-Irshād, Ansariyan Publications.
 al-Qarashi, B.S., The Life of Imam Zayn l-'Abidin, Ansariyan Publications, 2000.
 al-Sayyid, K., Saeed bin Jubayr, Ansariyan Publications, 1996.
 Jafri,S.H.M., The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam, Oxford University Press, 2001.
 Madelung, W., The Succession to Muhammad (A study of the early Caliphate), Cambridge University Press, 1997.
 Weststeijn. J.K. & de Voogt, A.J., "Dreams in Tabari: Husayn, Jubayr, and those in God's favor in the Umayyad period", Le Muséon: Revue d'études orientales 120:225–29, 2007.
 Weststeijn, Johan, & Alex de Voogt, "Sa'id b. Gubayr: piety, chess and rebellion", Arabica,  49/3 (2002): 383–6.

Category:Tabi‘un favored by Shias
Category:665 births
Category:714 deaths
Category:Iraqi imams


Marta Pavlisová

Marta Pavlisová, married Marta Kohoutová (29 July 1914 – 1953) was a Czechoslovak sprint canoer who competed in the 1930s and 1940s.

Together with her sister, Marie Zvolánková, born Pavlisová, she won a gold medal in the K-2 600 m event at the 1938 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Vaxholm.

Later she married, changing her family name to Pavlisová-Kohoutová.

Under a new name, she won a silver medal in the K-2 500 m event at the 1948 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in London.

References

Biography

Category:Czechoslovak female canoeists
Category:ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Category:1914 births
Category:1953 deaths


Cwm Nantcol

Cwm Nantcol is a valley in the Ardudwy area of the county of Gwynedd in Wales.

It lies in the Rhinogydd range of mountains in Snowdonia and carries the Afon Cwmnantcol. At the head of Cwn Nantcol is the Bwlch Drws Ardudwy pass, from where it is possible to negotiate the summits of Rhinog Fawr and Rhinog Fach.

External links
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Cwm Nantcol and surrounding area

Category:Valleys of Gwynedd


Haitong International

Haitong International Securities Group Limited known as Haitong International is a stock brokerage firm and investment bank based in Hong Kong.

It was known as Tai Fook Securities which was owned by Chow Tai Fook–New World Development group until 2009.

History
When the firm was known as Tai Fook Securities, it was accused that the firm lowered its commission below Stock Exchange of Hong Kong's minimum, by gifts from sister companies Chow Tai Fook Jewellery and New World Telephone in 1999.

Tai Fook Securities was then takeover by the Chinese firm Haitong Securities in 2009. Haitong Securities paid HK$1.82 billion to acquire the controlling stake of Tai Fook Securities from NWS Holdings. After the takeover, Tai Fook Securities was renamed to Haitong International Securities Group.

Haitong International is the first Chinese financial institution in Hong Kong to have been assigned a “BBB” long-term credit rating by Standard and Poor's. In November 2016 Haitong International Securities acquired Haitong Securities India from Haitong Bank, a sister company that formerly known as Banco Espírito Santo de Investimento.

References

External links

Category:Financial services companies of Hong Kong
Category:Financial services companies established in 1973
Category:Chinese brands
Category:1973 establishments in Hong Kong


Ben Villaflor

Benjamin Villaflor (born November 10, 1952) is a former boxer who was the WBA and lineal junior lightweight (now called super featherweight) champion during the 1970s.

Professional boxing career
According to records, Villaflor began his career as a professional boxer when he was only thirteen years old, on October 1, 1966, beating Flash Javier by decision in four rounds. Most of Villaflor's early bouts' records were not well kept, therefore, although October 1, 1966 appears to have been the date of Villaflor's professional debut, this is not known with certainty, and neither is the location where the fight took place. Villaflor ran a record of twelve wins without a loss, with eight knockouts before he suffered his first loss, against Roger Boy Pedrano, by an eight-round decision in a fight apparently held on July 1, 1967, at the Philippines.

After winning his next fight, he faced Pedrano and again lost by decision, in another fight without much documented data.

Villaflor had his first documented fight on February 1, 1968, at Manila. Villaflor and Rod Sario had a technical draw (tie) after four rounds. Villaflor would have a total of seven draws in his professional boxing career, a relatively large number in that category.

Although Villaflor won nine, lost two and drew two of his next thirteen bouts, his fighting in the Philippines exclusively represented a problem for him to become known overseas. He began the 1970s by losing two ten-round decisions in a row, to Pedro Martinez on March 7, 1970 and to Alfredo Avila, six weeks later.

Villaflor won his next seventeen bouts, however, eleven of them by knockout. He moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, so he could get more exposure in the United States and the rest of the world. Villaflor liked Honolulu so much that he still lives in the Hawaiian city. He beat Rafael López by a first-round knockout, on April 13, 1971, in what represented both his first fight in Honolulu and also his first fight abroad. He also beat former world champion Raul Cruz, beaten by knockout in ten rounds, November 11, 1971.

On April 25, 1972, Villaflor was given his first opportunity at a world title, when faced with WBA and Lineal Jr. Lightweight champion Alfredo Marcano of Venezuela. Villaflor became world champion by defeating Marcano by a fifteen-round unanimous decision at Honolulu.

Villaflor then engaged in a series of non-title bouts, including one against Roberto Durán world title challenger Jimmy Robertson, beaten by Villaflor by a ten-round decision on November 15 of that year. Prior to that, he had retained the title with a fifteen-round draw against Victor Echegaray, on September 25.

On March 12, 1973, Villaflor lost his title for the first time, being beaten on points by Japan's Kuniaki Shibata over fifteen rounds in Honolulu. But, after two knockout wins, Villaflor had a rematch with Shibata, also in Honolulu, and he recovered the WBA world Jr. Lightweight championship with a first-round knockout, on October 17, also at Honolulu.

Next for Villaflor was a widely expected fight across Asia, as he met Japan's top rated challenger, Apollo Yoshio, on March 14, 1974, at Toyama. The two boxers fought to a fifteen-round draw. After another non-title win, Villaflor met future world champion Yasutsune Uehara, on August 24 in Honolulu, knocking out Uehara in the second round. After that, Villaflor made his mainland United States debut, when he and perennial challenger Ray Lunny III fought to a six-round technical draw on November 14, a cut on Villaflor's head which had been caused by a headbutt being the determining factor for the fight to end with such result.

Villaflor retained the title twice more, then met Samuel Serrano for the first time, on April 13, 1976, in Honolulu, and the two combatants fought to a fifteen-round draw. The draw was so controversial that the WBA ordered an immediate rematch. After winning a non-title bout by knockout, Villaflor traveled to Puerto Rico for the rematch, held on November 16, at Hiram Bithorn stadium, in San Juan. Serrano outpointed Villaflor over fifteen rounds in what turned out to be Villaflor's last professional bout.

He is currently involved in managing other boxers' careers. Villaflor is the Sergeant At Arms for the Hawaii State Senate, a position to which he is appointed by a vote of the Senate each year. In that capacity he was a co-defendant in a lawsuit stemming from his unlawful arrest and alleged assault on Mitch Kahle, a protester against the  Legislature's violation of the First Amendment doctrine of the Separation of Church and State. Kahle was acquitted of all charges against him on April 29, 2010, and is currently pursuing legal action against everyone involved in his arrest, both in their official capacities and as private persons.

See also
List of super featherweight boxing champions
List of WBA world champions

References

External links

 Villaflor Bio at Ringside Report
Ben Villaflor - CBZ Profile

Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:Southpaw boxers
Category:World boxing champions
Category:World Boxing Association champions
Category:Boxers from Negros Occidental
Category:Filipino male boxers
Category:Super-featherweight boxers


2016 İstanbul Cup – Doubles

Daria Gavrilova and Elina Svitolina were the defending champions, but chose not to participate this year.
Andreea Mitu and İpek Soylu won the title by walkover when Xenia Knoll and Danka Kovinić withdrew from the final. Mitu and Soylu won the title by playing only two matches, since their semifinal opponents also withdrew.

Seeds

Draw

References
 Main Draw

Category:2016 in Istanbul
Category:2016 in Turkish sport
Istanbul Cup - Doubles
Category:İstanbul Cup
İstanbul Cup


Battle of the Badlands

The Battle of the Badlands was fought in Dakota Territory, in what is now western North Dakota, between the United States army led by General Alfred Sully and the Lakota, Yanktonai, and the Dakota Indian tribes. The battle was fought August 7–9, 1864 between what are now Medora and Sentinel Butte, North Dakota. It was an extension of the conflict begun in the Dakota War of 1862.  Sully successfully marched through the badlands encountering only moderate resistance from the Sioux.

Background

In the aftermath of the Dakota War of 1862, the U.S. government continued to punish the Sioux, including those who had not participated in the war.  Large military expeditions into Dakota Territory in 1863 pushed most of the Sioux to the western side of the Missouri River and made safer the frontier of white settlement in Minnesota and the eastern Dakotas. An important impetus to another military campaign against the Sioux was the desire to protect lines of communication with recently discovered goldfields in Montana and Idaho.  The lifeline for the American gold miners were steamboats plying the Missouri River through the heart of Sioux territory.

During the winter of 1863-1864, Sully's superior, Major General John Pope ordered Sully to establish several forts along the Missouri River and in the eastern Dakotas to secure the communication routes to the goldfields and to eliminate the Sioux threat to the settlers east of the Missouri River.  Sully's army was the largest ever assembled to combat the Plains Indians, comprising more than 4,000 men, many of them in support and supply roles along the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers.

Sully established Fort Rice on the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota on July 7, 1864.  From there, he led 2,200 men into western Dakota Territory. In the Battle of Killdeer Mountain on July 28, Sully defeated about 1,600 Sioux warriors.  After the battle the Sioux, along with their women and children, scattered into the Badlands west of Killdeer Mountain, near where the present-day South Unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park is located.  The Dakota badlands are characterized by "deep, impassable ravines" and "high rugged hills."

Although running short of rations, Sully decided to continue his pursuit of the Sioux.  A Blackfoot scout said he knew a route through the Badlands passable by Sully's wagon train.  After resting, Sully and his men plunged into the unknown terrain ahead. His objective was to continue to pursue the Sioux through the Badlands and then resupply his expedition by marching north to the Yellowstone River where two steamboats full of rations awaited him. Sully followed the Heart River upstream, entering the Badlands on August 5.  "One minute they were rolling along on what seemed like limitless prairie; the next men and horses were lost in a maze of narrow gullies and malevolent steeps." Traveling with Sully was an emigrant wagon train of miners and their wives and children.

Lakota leader Sitting Bull described the Indians in the Battle of the Badlands as Hunkpapas, Sans Arcs, and Miniconjou Lakota, Yanktonai, and others.

The battle

On August 6, Sully and his men camped on the banks of the Little Missouri River.  The next morning a small group of Sioux opened hostilities by raiding the horse herd of the Seventh Iowa Cavalry, and ambushing one company of the regiment.  Hundreds of Sioux warriors appeared on the hilltops near Sully's camp.  A few cannon shots dispersed them, but the soldiers spent a nervous night.  The next morning Sully and his column moved forward through the badlands. Sully took all precautions for defense, but a large number of Indians warriors—Sully estimated their numbers at 1,000—appeared on the bluffs and hills at his front and flanks.  The Indians showered arrows on the soldiers, and attempted to creep close enough to do serious harm to Sully's army, strung out over three or four miles in the rugged terrain.  Sully responded with cannon fire and sallies by some of his cavalry.  The assault by the Sioux was more desultory than determined.  Near the end of the day, Sully's Blackfoot guide was wounded.

Despite the opposition of the Sioux, Sully and his men advanced about 10 miles on August 8.  The next day, Sully was again confronted by a large number of Indians at his front who harassed his passage.  About noon Sully broke out of the Badlands onto a large, level plain. With room to maneuver and deploy artillery, he soon dispersed the Indians and the battle was over. Sully found the remains of a large, recently vacated Indian camp.  The Indians had apparently scattered in all directions.

Sully estimated the Indian loss in the battle at 100 killed.  That seems much exaggerated as the Indians remained at long distance.  Sully's losses were probably only the Blackfoot scout and a dozen soldiers wounded.

Aftermath

The Sioux strategy in the Battle of the Badlands, which was more of a running skirmish than a battle, appeared to have been to harass the soldiers, retard their advance, and deprive them and their horses of water.  That strategy came close to working after the end of hostilities as Sully and his men struggled across parched desert to reach the Yellowstone River, some 50 miles (80 km) distant. The men were on short rations and only a pint of coffee each, made with alkaline water, per day; the livestock of the expedition died of thirst in large numbers.  On August 12, the soldiers reached the Yellowstone and found there the two steamboats loaded with supplies.  With great hardship because of lack of grass for horses and low water, Sully then marched downstream, finding on his arrival at Fort Union at the junction of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers, that the Sioux had stampeded and stolen all but two of the horses belonging to the fort.  Lacking horses and with an army of worn-out men, Sully abandoned his plan to continue the expedition against the Sioux.

The Sully expedition of 1864 pushed the majority of the hostile Sioux west of the Missouri River into their last strongholds of the Powder River country and the Black Hills.  The U.S. would send another large army against them in 1865 in the Powder River Expedition, but they would successfully resist.

Opposing Forces

United States
Department of the Northwest: MG John Pope (not present in the field)

Native Americans

 Lakota (Hunkpapa, Sans Arc, Miniconjou), and Dakota (Yanktonai) Sioux: Sitting Bull

See also
 History of North Dakota
 Plains Indians Wars
 List of battles fought in North Dakota

Notes

the Badlands
Badlands
the Badlands
the Badlands
Category:1864 in the United States
Badlands
the Badlands
Category:August 1864 events


Clouding agent

Clouding agents or cloudifiers are a type of food additive used to make beverages such as fruit juices to look more cloudy, and thus more natural-looking and visually appealing, typically by creating an emulsion of oil droplets.

Natural fruit juices are often opalescent, due to protein, oil or pectin particles from plant cell fragments. To mimic this visual effect in low-juice content soft drinks, a clouding agent is added. Common clouding agents include palm oil, Arabic gum and extracts of citrus fruits, and titanium dioxide may be used to enhance their color strength. The illegal use of the plasticizer DEHP in clouding agents was reported in Taiwan in 2011.

References

Category:Food emulsifiers
Category:Food colorings
category:Food additives


Adventurers (land drainage)

Adventurers were groups of English engineers and wealthy landowners, who funded large scale land drainage projects in the seventeenth century, in return for rights to some of the land reclaimed.

Early entrepreneurs
Land drainage works were expensive, and were usually undertaken in sparsely populated areas. In the seventeenth century a number of such schemes were carried out by Adventurers, who acted under parliamentary sanction, but who financed the works carried out themselves. In return, they gained rights to the land reclaimed as a result of the civil engineering works.

One such scheme was the draining of the Bedford Levels. The Bedford Level Corporation was in charge of the works, which when conceived in 1630, would create large tracts of "summer lands", which would be suitable for grazing during the summer months, but would still be liable to flooding in the winter. Funds for the work were provided by the Earl of Bedford and thirteen other Adventurers. Of the land reclaimed, the fourteen men were to receive , to be shared between them, while  were to be given to the king, and another  were designated to provide income to maintain the works once they were completed. The Dutch engineer Cornelius Vermuyden was employed to carry out the work, and on 12 October 1637, it was judged to be complete, when the Court of Sewers met at St Ives. However, there was dissatisfaction with the decision, and the Royal Commission of Sewers overturned it in 1639, when they met at Huntingdon. An Act of Parliament passed in 1649 authorised the fifth Earl of Bedford to carry out further work, so that the land could be used throughout the year for agriculture. Another Act followed in 1660, but after initial improvements, the schemes gradually deteriorated, and the Bedford Level Corporation found it increasingly difficult to find anyone prepared to invest their money, when the outcome was so full of risk.

As well as the engineering challenges faced by the Adventurers, there was also opposition from those who judged that their livelihood was affected by the works. In 1631, a group of Adventurers led by Sir Anthony Thomas were authorised to drain the East Fen, the West Fen and the Wildmore Fen, to the north and west of Boston, Lincolnshire. They spent some £30,000 on the work, and received  of the drained land. They subsequently spent £20,000 on improvements and buildings, and the land generated some £8,000 per year in rent. The land had previously been extra-parochial, on which people from adjacent villages had grazing rights. After seven years, the Commoners rioted in 1642, breaking down the sluices, destroying crops, and demolishing houses. The Adventurers took their case to the House of Lords, who passed a bill for the "relief and security of the drainers", but the House of Commons were less supportive, refusing to take sides. They ordered that the Sheriff and the local Justices of the Peace should act to prevent and suppress riots. The Commoners then took their grievances to court, and won. The outcome was that when the monarchy was restored in 1661, management of the Fens returned to the Court of Sewers, and remained in a poor state until the mid eighteenth century.

To the south of Boston, the Earl of Lindsay and another group of Adventurers faced similar problems. Having reached an agreement with the Court of Sewers, they worked on draining the Lindsay Levels, the main feature of which was the South Forty-Foot Drain, running for  from Bourne to Boston. The land reclaimed was suitable for agriculture, and in 1636 they took possession of it, building houses and growing crops. Again, Commoners and Fenmen felt that they had been dispossessed, and attempted to get Parliament to rule in their favour. After three years, they gave up their attempts at a legal solution, and took direct action, destroying the drains, buildings and crops. In the political turmoil of the time, just prior to the start of the civil war, the Adventurers received no compensation for their loss.

See also
 Witham Navigable Drains
 Fen skating
 Twenty, Lincolnshire
 The Fens
 Reclaimed land
 Swamp
 Bedford Level Corporation

References

Inline citations

Works referenced

Category:Land drainage in the United Kingdom
Category:Hydraulic engineering


Mathaka Vol 1

Mathaka Vol 1 is a 1983 album by the Makgona Tsohle Band, the instrumental backing group for Mahlathini and the Mahotella Queens, all of whom were based as musicians in the Mavuthela Music subsidiary of Gallo Africa.

Mathaka Vol 1 was the first album by the Makgona Tsohle Band after reuniting in early 1983 - they had disbanded circa 1977, though each member continued to work in the music industry, either as session musicians, producers, or a combination of the two. Both guitarist Marks Mankwane and saxophonist West Nkosi became musician-producers; Nkosi in particular became one of the top producers at Mavuthela, producing acts such as Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Mpharanyana, and Amaswazi Emvelo among others, whilst Mankwane produced other high-selling groups like Abafana Baseqhudeni and Walter and the Beggers, in addition to being the sole mentor and arranger for the popular Mahotella Queens.

The idea to reunite came as a result of Nkosi's clinching a deal with the SABC to co-produce a possible television series for the newly introduced black service in the country. Nkosi got the idea of five friends working as auto-mechanics in a township garage, playing their music whenever the garage owner left the building. As such, Nkosi and his Makgona Tsohle Band mates Marks Mankwane, Joseph Makwela, Vivian Ngubane, and Lucky Monama, were the stars of the soap opera/musical comedy, Mathaka. The success of Mathaka led to Nkosi issuing this release.

Mathaka Vol 1 contained 1983 re-recordings of the band's 1960s and 1970s mbaqanga "heyday" hits, such as "Two Mabone", "Sikhulekile", "Vula Bops" and "Kupa Marama" (though none of the songs from this album were ever performed in the series). Also included is a recording of the popular tune "A Tear Fell".

The album was followed up the same year with Kotopo Vol 2 (which was composed entirely of songs that were performed in the series).

Track listing
 "A Tear Fell" (Comp: Burton/Randolph)
 "Two Mabone" (Nkosi)
 "Kalamazoo" (Nkosi)
 "Sikhulekile" (Mankwane)
 "Vula Bops" (Nkosi)
 "2 By 2" (Nkosi)
 "Duba Duba" (Nkosi)
 "17 Mabone" (Nkosi)
 "Tsatsawane" (Nkosi)
 "Stokvel Jive No. 1" (Nkosi)
 "Kupa Marama" (Mankwane)
 "X 14" (Makwela)

Category:Mahlathini and the Mahotella Queens albums
Category:1983 albums