Richmond, London

Richmond is a suburban town in south-west London,  west-southwest of Charing Cross. It is on a meander of the River Thames, with a large number of parks and open spaces, including Richmond Park, and many protected conservation areas, which include much of Richmond Hill. A specific Act of Parliament protects the scenic view of the River Thames from Richmond.

Richmond was founded following Henry VII's building of Richmond Palace in the 16th century, from which the town derives its name. (The palace itself was named after Henry's earldom of Richmond, North Yorkshire.) During this era the town and palace were particularly associated with Elizabeth I, who spent her last days there. During the 18th century Richmond Bridge was completed and many Georgian terraces were built, particularly around Richmond Green and on Richmond Hill. These remain well preserved and many have listed building architectural or heritage status. The opening of the railway station in 1846 was a significant event in the absorption of the town into a rapidly expanding London.

Richmond was formerly part of the ancient parish of Kingston upon Thames in the county of Surrey. In 1890 the town became a municipal borough, which was later extended to include Kew, Ham, Petersham and part of Mortlake (North Sheen). The municipal borough was abolished in 1965 when, as a result of local government reorganisation, Richmond was transferred from Surrey to Greater London.

Richmond is now part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, and has a population of 21,469 (consisting of North Richmond and South Richmond wards). It has a significant commercial and retail centre with a developed day and evening economy. The name Richmond upon Thames is often used, incorrectly, to refer to the town of Richmond: in fact (unlike nearby Kingston upon Thames), the suffix should properly be used only in reference to the London Borough.

History

The town's name
Until 1501, Richmond was known as Shene. Shene was not listed in Domesday Book, although it is depicted on the associated maps as Sceon, its Saxon spelling. Henry VII had a palace built there and in 1501 he named it Richmond Palace in recognition of his earldom and his ancestral home at Richmond Castle in Yorkshire. The town that developed nearby took the same name as the palace.

Royal residence

Henry I lived briefly in the King's house in "Sheanes". In 1299 Edward I, the "Hammer of the Scots", took his whole court to the manor house at Sheen, a little east of the bridge and on the riverside, and it thus became a royal residence; William Wallace was executed in London in 1305, and it was in Sheen that the Commissioners from Scotland went down on their knees before Edward.

Edward II, following his defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, founded a monastery for Carmelites at Sheen. When the boy-king Edward III came to the throne in 1327 he gave the manor to his mother Isabella. Edward later spent over £ 2,000 on improvements, but in the middle of the work Edward himself died at the manor, in 1377. Richard II was the first English king to make Sheen his main residence, which he did in 1383. Twelve years later Richard was so distraught at the death of his wife Anne of Bohemia at the age of 28 that, according to Holinshed,  the 16th-century English chronicler, he "caused it [the manor] to be thrown down and defaced; whereas the former kings of this land, being wearie of the citie, used customarily thither to resort as to a place of pleasure, and serving highly to their recreation". It was rebuilt between 1414 and 1422, but destroyed by fire in 1497.

Following that fire Henry VII built a new residence at Sheen and in 1501 he named it Richmond Palace. There are unconfirmed beliefs that Shakespeare may have performed some plays there. When Elizabeth I became queen she spent much of her time at Richmond, as she enjoyed hunting stags in the "Newe Parke of Richmonde" (now Old Deer Park). She died at the palace on 24 March 1603.  The palace was no longer in residential use after 1649, but in 1688 James II ordered its partial reconstruction: this time as a royal nursery. The bulk of the palace had decayed by 1779; but surviving structures include the Wardrobe, Trumpeters' House (built around 1700), and the Gate House, built in 1501. This has five bedrooms and was made available on a 65-year lease by the Crown Estate Commissioners in 1986.

18th- and 19th-century development

Beyond the grounds of the old palace, Richmond remained mostly agricultural land until the 18th century. White Lodge, in the middle of what is now Richmond Park, was built as a hunting lodge for George II and during this period the number of large houses in their own grounds – such as Asgill House and Pembroke Lodge – increased significantly. These were followed by the building of further important houses including Downe House, Wick House and The Wick on Richmond Hill, as this area became an increasingly fashionable place to live. Richmond Bridge was completed in 1777 to replace a ferry crossing that connected Richmond town centre on the east bank with its neighbouring district of East Twickenham. Today, this, together with the well-preserved Georgian terraces that surround Richmond Green and line Richmond Hill to its crest, now has listed building status.

As Richmond continued to prosper and expand during the 19th century, much luxurious housing was built on the streets that line Richmond Hill, as well as shops in the town centre to serve the increasing population. In July 1892 the Corporation formed a joint-stock company, the Richmond (Surrey) Electric Light and Power Company, and this wired the town for electricity by around 1896.

World Wars

Like many other large towns in Britain, Richmond lost many young people in the First and Second World Wars. In the Second World War, 96 people were killed in air raids, which also resulted in the demolition of 297 houses. The Richmond War Memorial, which now commemorates both wars, was installed in the 1920s at the end of Whittaker Avenue, between the Old Town Hall and the Riverside.

Governance

Current
The town of Richmond is in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames and forms part of the Richmond Park constituency for the UK Parliament. The Member of Parliament, elected in 2019, is Sarah Olney for the Liberal Democrats. Richmond is also part of the South West constituency for the London Assembly. For elections to the European Parliament it is part of the London constituency.

Historical
Richmond, earlier known as Shene, was part of the large ancient parish of Kingston upon Thames in the Kingston hundred of Surrey. Split off from Kingston upon Thames from an early time, the parish of Richmond St Mary Magdalene formed the Municipal Borough of Richmond from 1890. The municipal borough was expanded in 1892 by the addition of Kew,  Petersham and the North Sheen part of Mortlake; in 1933 Ham was added to the borough. In 1965 the parish and municipal borough were abolished by the London Government Act 1963, which transferred Richmond  to Greater London. Together with the former Municipal Borough of Twickenham and the Municipal Borough of Barnes it formed a new borough, the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.

Geography

Richmond sits opposite East Twickenham on what is technically the south bank of the River Thames, but owing to the way this stretch of the river's meanders, the town is immediately north and north-east of its nearest stretch of river. The Thames curves around the town, and then Kew, in its course; starting from Petersham it reverts to a more definitively west-east axis. The river is still tidal at Richmond, so to allow major passenger and goods traffic to continue to operate during low tide, a half-tide lock was opened in 1894 and is used when the adjacent weir is in position. This weir ensures that there is always a minimum depth of water of 5 ft. 8in. (1.72 m) toward the middle of the river between Richmond and Teddington whatever the state of the tide. Above the lock and weir there is a small footbridge.

Richmond is well endowed with green and open spaces accessible to the public. At the heart of the town sits Richmond Green, which is roughly square in shape and together with the Little Green, a small supplementary green stretching from its southeast corner, is 12 acres (0.05 km²) in size. The Green is surrounded by well-used metalled roads that provide for a fair amount of vehicle parking for both residents and visitors. The south corner leads into the main shopping area of the town; at the west corner is the old gate house which leads through to other remaining buildings of the palace; at the north corner is pedestrian access to Old Deer Park (plus vehicle access for municipal use). The park is a  Crown Estate landscape extending from the town along the riverside as far as the boundary with the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This contains wide green lawns and sports facilities, and the Grade I listed former King's Observatory erected for George III in 1769. The town's main shopping street, George Street, is also named after the king.

The town centre lies just below 33 ft (10m) above sea level. South of the town centre, rising from Richmond Bridge to an elevation of 165 ft (50m), is Richmond Hill. To its south rises Richmond Park, an area of 2,360 acres (9.55 km2; 3.7 sq mi) of wild heath and woodland originally enclosed for hunting, and now forming London's largest royal park. It is about three times the size of Central Park in New York. The park is a national nature reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation and is included, at Grade I, on Historic England's Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England.  It was created by Charles I in 1634 as a deer park and now has 630 red and fallow deer. The park has a number of traffic and pedestrian gates leading to the surrounding areas of Sheen, Roehampton, Putney, Kingston and Ham.

Nearest places

Barnes
Brentford
East Sheen
Ham
Hampton
Hounslow
Isleworth
Kew
Kingston
Mortlake
Petersham
Roehampton
St. Margarets
Strawberry Hill
Teddington
Twickenham
Whitton
Wimbledon

Economy
The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, of which Richmond North and South make up two of its wards, has the least poverty in London. The town of Richmond has the largest commercial centre in the borough and is classified a major centre according to the London Plan. It is an established up-market shopping destination Its compact centre has approximately 50,000m2 of retail floor-space that is largely focused on George Street, The Quadrant and Hill Street. It comprises almost exclusively high street chains, the largest of which are House of Fraser (formerly Dickins & Jones), Marks & Spencer, Boots, Tesco Metro and Waitrose. A Whole Foods Market with 20,000 ft2 of floor space within a new development opened in 2013. The remaining town centre stores are largely single units.

Mostly independent businesses line the narrow alleyways running off George Street towards Richmond Green and up Richmond Hill and there is a farmers' market in Heron Square on Saturdays. Richmond has one large stand-alone supermarket, Sainsbury's, with parking for 420 cars to the east of the town, near North Sheen railway station.

A range of convenience shopping, restaurants and cafes can be found on the crest of Richmond Hill lining Friars Stile Road, as well as along Kew Road towards the Botanical Gardens, and on Sheen Road, which comprise the third tier of the shopping hierarchy.

Richmond also offers a wide variety of office accommodation and is the UK/European headquarters of several multi-national companies including eBay, PayPal and The Securitas Group, as well as head office to a number of national, regional and local businesses. London's Evening Standard has described Richmond as "the beating heart of London's growing technology industry".

Places of interest

Richmond Riverside

The Thames is a major contributor to the interest that Richmond inspires in many people. It has an extensive frontage around Richmond Bridge, containing many bars and restaurants. The area owes much of its Georgian style to the architect Quinlan Terry who was commissioned to restore the area (1984–87). Within the river itself at this point are the leafy Corporation Island and the two small Flowerpot Islands. The Thames-side walkway provides access to residences, pubs and terraces, and various greens, lanes and footpaths through Richmond. The stretch of the Thames below Richmond Hill is known as Horse Reach, and includes Glover's Island. There are towpaths and tracks along both sides of the river, and they are much used by pedestrians, joggers and cyclists. Richmond is now serviced by the London River Services with boats sailing daily between Westminster Pier and Hampton Court Palace.

Richmond Green

Richmond Green, which has been described as "one of the most beautiful urban greens surviving anywhere in England", is essentially square in shape and its open grassland, framed with broadleaf trees, extends to roughly twelve acres. On summer weekends and public holidays the Green attracts many residents and visitors. It has a long history of hosting sporting events; from the 16th century onwards tournaments and archery contests have taken place on the green, while cricket matches have occurred since the mid 18th century, continuing to the present day. Until recently, the first recorded inter-county cricket match was believed to have been played on Richmond Green in 1730 between Surrey and Middlesex. It is now known, however, that an earlier match between Kent and Surrey took place in Dartford in 1709.

To the west of the Green is Old Palace Lane running gently down to the river. One of the oldest roads in Richmond, it was  originally a route from the river, where goods were loaded and unloaded by crane, to the "tradesman's entrance" to Richmond Palace. Adjoining to the left is the renowned terrace of well-preserved three-storey houses known as Maids of Honour Row. These were built in 1724 for the maids of honour (trusted royal wardrobe servants) of Queen Caroline, the queen consort of George II. As a child, Richard Burton, the Victorian explorer, lived at number 2.

Today the northern, western and southern sides of the Green are residential while the eastern side, linking with George Street, is largely retail and commercial. Public buildings line the eastern side of the Little Green and pubs and cafés cluster in the corner by Paved Court and Golden Court – two of a number of alleys that lead from the Green to the main commercial thoroughfare of George Street. These alleys are lined with mostly privately owned boutiques.

Richmond Hill

Partway up Richmond Hill is the Poppy Factory, staffed mainly by disabled ex-servicemen and women, which produces the remembrance poppies sold each November for Remembrance Day.

The view from the top westward to Windsor has long been famous, inspiring paintings by masters such as J. M. W. Turner and Sir Joshua Reynolds and also poetry. One particularly grand description of the view can be found in Sir Walter Scott's novel The Heart of Midlothian (1818). It is a common misconception that the folk song "Lass of Richmond Hill" relates to this hill, but the young woman in the song lived in Hill House at Richmond in the Yorkshire Dales.

Apart from the great rugby stadium at Twickenham and the aircraft landing and taking off from Heathrow, the scene has changed little in two hundred years. The view from Richmond Hill now forms part of the Thames Landscape Strategy which aims to protect and enhance this section of the river corridor into London.

A broad, gravelled walk runs along the crest of the hill and is set back off the road, lined with benches, allowing pedestrians an uninterrupted view across the Thames valley with visitors' information boards describing points of interest. Sloping down to the River Thames are the Terrace Gardens that were laid out in the 1880s and were extended to the river some 40 years later.

A commanding feature on the hill is the former Royal Star and Garter Home; in the 2010s it was sold for development and converted into residential apartments. During World War I an old hotel on this site, the Star and Garter, which had been a popular place of entertainment in the 18th and 19th centuries but had closed in 1906, was taken over and used as a military hospital. After the war it was replaced by a new building providing accommodation and nursing facilities for 180 seriously injured servicemen. This was sold in 2013 after the charitable trust running the home concluded that the building no longer met modern requirements and could not be easily or economically upgraded. The trust has opened a new home in Solihull, West Midlands; and the remaining residents moved in 2013 to a new purpose-built building in Surbiton.

Richmond Park

At the top of Richmond Hill, opposite the former Royal Star and Garter Home, sits the Richmond Gate entrance to Richmond Park. The park is a national nature reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, and a Special Area of Conservation. The largest of London's Royal Parks, it  was created by Charles I in 1634 as a deer park and now has over 600 red and fallow deer. Richmond Gate remains open to traffic between dawn and dusk.

King Henry's Mound, a Neolithic burial barrow, is the highest point within the park. From the mound,  there is a protected view of St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London over 10 miles (16 km) to the east which was established in 1710. At various times the mound's name has been connected with Henry VIII or with his father Henry VII. However, there is no evidence to support the legend that Henry VIII stood on the mound to watch for the sign from St Paul's that Anne Boleyn had been executed at the Tower and that he was then free to marry Jane Seymour.

King Henry's Mound is in the grounds of Pembroke Lodge. In 1847 this house became the home of the then Prime Minister, Lord John Russell, who conducted much government business there and entertained Queen Victoria, foreign royalty, aristocrats, writers (Dickens, Thackeray, Longfellow, Tennyson) and other notable people of the time, including Garibaldi. It was later the childhood home of Lord John Russell's grandson, the philosopher, mathematician and social critic Bertrand Russell. It is now a popular restaurant with views across the Thames Valley. Pembroke Lodge is Grade II listed.

Also in the park and Grade II listed is Thatched House Lodge, a royal residence. Since 1963 it has been the home of Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. During the Second World War it was the home of General Dwight D Eisenhower, who later became President of the United States.

Museums and galleries

The Museum of Richmond, in Richmond's Old Town Hall, close to Richmond Bridge, has displays relating to the history of Richmond, Ham, Petersham and Kew. Its rotating exhibitions, education activities and a programme of events cover the whole of the modern borough. The museum's highlights include 16th-century glass from Richmond Palace and a painting, The Terrace and View from Richmond Hill, Surrey by Dutch draughtsman and painter Leonard Knyff (1650–1722), which is part of the Richmond upon Thames Borough Art Collection. Admission to the museum is free.

The Riverside Gallery, also at the Old Town Hall,  has a year-round programme of exhibitions by local artists including paintings, prints and photographs. Admission is free.

Theatres and cinemas

Richmond has two theatres. The Richmond Theatre at the side of Little Green is a late Victorian structure designed by Frank Matcham and restored and extended by Carl Toms in 1990. The theatre has a weekly schedule of plays and musicals, usually given by professional touring companies, and pre-West End shows can sometimes be seen. There is a Christmas and New Year pantomime tradition and many of Britain's greatest music hall and pantomime performers have appeared here.

Close to Richmond railway station is the Orange Tree Theatre which was founded in 1971 in a room above the Orange Tree pub. As audience numbers increased there was pressure to find a more accommodating space and, in 1991, the company moved to its current premises within a converted primary school. The 172-seat theatre was built specifically as a theatre in the round. Exclusively presenting its own productions, it has acquired a national reputation for the quality of its work for staging new plays, and for discovering undeservedly forgotten old plays and neglected classics.

The town has two cinemas, the arthouse Curzon in Water Lane and an Odeon cinema with a total of seven screens in two locations, the foyer of one having the accolade of being the only high street building visible from Richmond Bridge, and the second set being situated nearby in Red Lion Street.

Pubs and bars
Richmond is home to numerous public houses and bars scattered throughout the town centre, along the river and up the hill, with enough variety to cater to most tastes. One of the oldest is The Cricketers, serving beer since 1770, though the original building was burned down in 1844. It was soon replaced by the present building shown here. Samuel Whitbread, founder of Whitbread Brewery, part-owned it with the Collins family who had a brewery in Water Lane, close to the old palace. Grade II listed pubs include the White Cross, the Old Ship and the Britannia.

Restaurants and cafes
Many of the major restaurant chains can be found within 500 metres of Richmond Bridge. There are also plenty of privately owned restaurants with culinary offerings from around the world, including French, German, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish and Thai.

The Bingham Riverhouse hotel was awarded its first Michelin star in 2010. The hotel, which overlooks the Thames, is in a Grade II listed building that dates from about 1760.

Societies

The Richmond Local History Society explores the local history of Richmond, Kew, Petersham and Ham. It organises a programme of talks on historical topics and visits to buildings of historical interest. The Society publishes a newsletter three times a year, an indexed annual journal (Richmond History) and other publications.

The Richmond Society is a civic society and conservation group which was founded in 1957 by a group of local residents, originally to fight against the proposal to install modern lamp posts around Richmond Green. It acts as a pressure group concerned with preserving Richmond's natural and built environment, monitoring and influencing development proposals and presenting annual awards for buildings and other schemes which make a positive contribution to Richmond. It also organises meetings on topics of local interest and a programme of guided walks and visits, and publishes a quarterly newsletter. Professor Ian Bruce , Bamber Gascoigne , Sir Trevor McDonald , Ronny, Baroness van Dedem and Lord Watson of Richmond  are the Society's patrons.

Richmond Opera (formerly Isleworth Baroque) holds rehearsals in Richmond and gives performances in the local area.

Leisure activities
With a third of the borough being green and open space – five times more than any other borough in London – Richmond has much to offer in the way of leisure activities.

Field sports
In Old Deer Park the Pools on the Park leisure centre, run by the borough council, includes 33m indoor and outdoor pools and a fitness centre. Nearby, the park also provides open recreation areas, football, rugby and other pitches; in addition there is the Richmond Athletic Ground, home to Richmond F.C. and London Scottish rugby clubs. An additional sports ground is home to both the Richmond Cricket Club and the London Welsh Rugby Union club, as well as tennis courts and a bowling green. The Royal Mid-Surrey Golf Club is also there with both golf and pitch and putt courses.

The Prince's Head Cricket Club holds fixtures on Richmond Green throughout the summer.

Cycling
Richmond is part of the London Cycle Network, offering on and off-road cycle paths throughout the area, including along the Thames Towpath and in Richmond Park.

Equestrian

Richmond Park also has bridle paths and horses can be rented from a number of stables around the perimeter of the park.

Ham Polo Club is on the Petersham Road at the bottom of Richmond Hill. The club was established in 1926 and is now the only polo club in London; it is popular with picnickers during the summer months.

Boating
Skiffs (fixed seat boats) can be hired by the hour from local boat builders close to the bridge, with opportunities to row upstream towards the historic properties Ham House and Marble Hill House. In addition, Richmond Canoe Club, founded in 1944 and now Britain's biggest canoe club, is also on the towpath south of Richmond Bridge.

Education

Richmond University – a private institution, also known as Richmond, the American International University in London – is based here. Its degrees are accredited in the US and validated in the UK.

Demography and housing

In 2011, Richmond was 66.5% White British, 1.2% Black, 6.3% Asian, 3.5% Mixed and 18.6% Other White.

German residents
The town and the borough of Richmond have been popular destinations for German expatriates and German British since at least the 19th century. The German-born businessman Sir Max Waechter donated Glover's Island to the local council in 1900. The German School London opened in nearby Petersham in 1971, continuing the popularity of Richmond for German families settling in London.

Transport

Thirty per cent of Richmond households do not have a car or van. This figure is well above the borough average of 24% which may be related to the excellent transport links in the area and the lower proportion of families as reported in the 2001 census. A half of households have one car in line with the borough average.

Tube/trains

Richmond station
District line towards  Kew Gardens and Upminster
London Overground towards Kew Gardens, Willesden Junction and Stratford
Waterloo to Reading line and three branch line services call at the station en route to Windsor and Weybridge. One service calls at Richmond station on its return to the central London terminus via Kingston upon Thames
North Sheen station
Waterloo to Reading line

Buses

London Buses routes 33, 65, 190, 337, 371, 419, 490, 493, H22, H37, R68, R70, N22 and N65 serve Richmond.

Roads

Richmond's main arterial road, the A316, running between Chiswick and the M3 motorway, bisects Old Deer Park and the town to its north. The town's only dual carriageway, it was built in the 1930s, cutting off Richmond from Kew and entailing the construction of Twickenham Bridge. This road expands into three lanes and motorway status three and five miles west respectively.

The town centre is on the A307, which used to be the main link between London and northwest Surrey, and was previously one of the main routes of the Portsmouth Road before it was diverted.

Nearest hospitals
 Kingston Hospital
 West Middlesex Hospital, Isleworth
 Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton

Places of worship

Almshouses

Richmond has eight groups of almshouses. They are all managed by Richmond Charities, which also manages Candler Almshouses in Twickenham. Six are of historical interest and some were founded in the 16th century:

A seventh set of almshouses, Benn's Walk (now with five almshouses), was built in 1983.

An eighth set of almshouses is 10–18 Manning Place (with nine almshouses), just off Queen's Road. The property  was built in 1993 and was purchased by The Richmond Charities in 2017.

Local newspapers
Now Richmond's only local newspaper, the Richmond and Twickenham Times has been published since 1873.

Notable residents
For centuries, Richmond was home to the country's royal family. It also has a long list of famous residents, both past and present.
 List of current and former residents of Richmond upon Thames

Film locations

Richmond is  a popular filming location. Richmond Park has featured in many films and TV series.

 A locomotive runs through the park and crashes into a tree in the film The Titfield Thunderbolt (1955).
 In the 1968 film Performance, James Fox crosses Richmond Park in a Rolls-Royce car.
 The park was the backdrop for the classic historical film Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), with Richard Burton and Geneviève Bujold, which looks back to Richmond Park in the 16th century. The film tells the story of King Henry VIII's courtship of Anne Boleyn and their brief marriage.
 An Indian dust storm was filmed in the park for the film Heat and Dust (1983).
 The Royal Ballet School in Richmond Park featured in the film Billy Elliot (2000).
 In 2010, director Guy Ritchie filmed parts of Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows in the park with Robert Downey, Jr. and Jude Law.
 Some of the scenes from Into the Woods (2014), the Disney fantasy film featuring Meryl Streep, were filmed in the park.

As well as a location for films, Richmond Park is regularly featured in television programmes, corporate videos and fashion shoots. It has made an appearance on Blue Peter, Inside Out (the BBC regional current affairs programme) and BBC Springwatch. In 2014 it was featured in a video commissioned by The Hearsum Collection and in 2017 in a television film featuring and narrated by David Attenborough, which was produced by the Friends of Richmond Park.

The village green, divided into The Green and Little Green, has Georgian splendour, stately listed buildings and paved alleyways leading to the high street. It is a magnet for film crews, particularly when recreating a city square or row of townhouses of bygone years.  In 2011, The Crimson Petal and the White was filmed there, as was Downton Abbey in July 2014. Many TV shows have featured The Green or Little Green, including Agatha Christie's Poirot, Simon Schama's Power of Art and Peter Rabbit 2.

Richmond Theatre ranks as a major film location; it has featured in the Peter Sellers comedy The Naked Truth (1957), Bugsy Malone (1976), The Krays (1990), Evita (1996), Bedazzled (2000), The Hours (2002), Finding Neverland (2004), and The Wolfman (2010).

See also

List of people in Richmond town and Richmond Park

Notes

References

Further reading

 Cloake, John (1990). Richmond's Great Monastery: The Charterhouse of Jesus of Bethlehem of Shene. Richmond Local History Society. .
Cloake, John (1991). Richmond Past: A Visual History of Richmond, Kew, Petersham and Ham. London: Historical Publications. . Recounts the history of the Richmond area – including Kew, Petersham and Ham – from 1501 and is illustrated with drawings, paintings and photographs.
Cloake, John (1995). The Palaces and Parks of Richmond and Kew 1: The Palaces of Shene and Richmond. Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd.  . .
Cloake, John (1996). The Palaces and Parks of Richmond and Kew 2: Richmond Lodge and the Kew Palaces. Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd. . . OL 8627654M.
Cloake, John (2001). Cottages and Common Fields of Richmond and Kew. Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd. .
 Cloake, John (2001). Richmond Palace: Its History and Its Plan. Richmond Local History Society. .

Richmond Local History Society (Third edition, 2019). The Streets of Richmond and Kew. .
 Robinson, Derek; Fowler, Simon (2017). Old Palace Lane: Medieval to Modern Richmond. Richmond Local History Society and Museum of Richmond. .

External links

 The Richmond Society
 Richmond Local History Society
 Royal Richmond timeline

Category:1501 establishments in England
Category:Areas of London
Category:Districts of London on the River Thames
Category:Districts of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Category:Major centres of London


Hisako Mori

Hisako Mori (born 4 May 1964) is a Japanese badminton player, born in Kanagawa Prefecture. She competed in women's doubles with team mate Kimiko Jinnai at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

References

External links

Category:1964 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Kanagawa Prefecture
Category:Japanese female badminton players
Category:Olympic badminton players of Japan
Category:Badminton players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Category:Asian Games medalists in badminton
Category:Badminton players at the 1990 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan
Category:Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games


List of World War II aces from Slovakia

This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Slovakia. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country.

B

C

D

G

H

J

K

M

O

P

R

S

Z

References

World War II flying aces
Slovakian
*Flying aces


His Way (disambiguation)

His Way could refer to:

His Way (film) - documentary film about Jerry Weintraub
"His Way" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
His Way,  a biography of Frank Sinatra by Kitty Kelley
His Way: The Very Best of Frank Sinatra, 4 CD Collection

See also
His Way, Our Way - a Frank Sinatra tribute album


Marc Picard

Marc Picard (born April 25, 1955) is a politician in the province of Quebec, Canada.  He currently represents the Chutes-de-la-Chaudière district at the National Assembly of Quebec as a member of the CAQ.

Born in Saint-Raphaël (Bellechasse), Quebec, Picard has a college diploma in business administration for the Cégep de Lévis-Lauzon and worked for the Quebec Ministry of Revenue for 25 years as a research officer. He also studied accounting at Université Laval. He also worked for the Canadian Mental Health Association and the Saint-Jean-Chrysostome Helping Agency

In 1999, Picard was elected to the council of the town of Saint-Jean-Chrysostome.  Two years later, the provincial government merged a number of municipal governments including the one of Saint-Jean-Chrysostome to the city of Lévis.  Picard served on the new city council until he won a seat to the provincial legislature for the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ).

Picard was first elected as a Member of the National Assembly in the 2003 election.

In 2007, Picard was easily re-elected with 59% of the vote.  Parti Québécois (PQ) candidate and former Bloc Québécois member of the House of Commons of Canada, Yvan Loubier, finished second with 18% of the vote.

On May 8, 2007, Picard became Third Deputy Speaker of the House.

In the 2008 election, Picard won re-election with 45% of the vote, even though his party's support sharply declined.

On August 22, 2009, he issued his support for Éric Caire in the leadership race of the ADQ. Following Caire's defeat, he and Caire left the ADQ, complaining of the attitude of victor Gilles Taillon. On December 19, 2011 he joined the CAQ.

External links
 Official website

Footnotes

Category:1955 births
Category:Action démocratique du Québec MNAs
Category:French Quebecers
Category:Independent MNAs in Quebec
Category:Living people
Category:People from Lévis, Quebec
Category:Coalition Avenir Québec MNAs
Category:Vice Presidents of the National Assembly of Quebec
Category:21st-century Canadian politicians


24ore.tv

24ore.tv was a financial-news TV channel in Italian founded by Il Sole 24 Ore in 2001.

It was also launched on web TV, on Hotbird and on digital television in Italy on Mediaset multiplex.

It  broadcast financial news bulletins, talk shows and documentaries. During the night, it was shown on Radio 24.

It was closed in 2007 due to low-revenue and technical problems.

Category:Business-related television channels
Category:Defunct television channels in Italy
Category:Italian-language television stations
Category:Television channels and stations established in 2001
Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2007
Category:Media in Milan
Category:24-hour television news channels in Italy
Category:2001 establishments in Italy
Category:2007 disestablishments in Italy


Ramón Monzant

Ramón Segundo Monzant Espina (January 4, 1933 – August 10, 2001) was a ,  right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the New York and San Francisco Giants in parts of four seasons spanning 1954–60.

Career
Monzant was born in Maracaibo, Venezuela. A curveball specialist, he was slated to join a pitching rotation which included veterans Johnny Antonelli, Rubén Gómez and Sal Maglie. Unfortunately, he disappointed the Giants' great expectations for him. His main problem was staying focused in the game, and deciding whether to pitch for the Giants or stay in his homeland longer after the winter season. As a result, he was consistently late in reporting to spring training, claiming a variety of excuses.

His best performance took place on April 29, 1956, in a Giants 8–1 complete game victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, when a one-out, first inning-inning single by Del Ennis cost him a no-hitter.

In a four-season career, Monzant compiled a 16–21 record with a 4.38 ERA and 201 strikeouts in 316 innings.

See also
Players from Venezuela in MLB

References

External links

Retrosheet
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics

Category:1933 births
Category:2001 deaths
Category:Caribbean Series players
Category:Danville Leafs players
Category:Indios de Oriente players
Category:Lácteos de Pastora players
Category:Major League Baseball pitchers
Category:Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Category:Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Category:Navegantes del Magallanes players
Category:New York Giants (NL) players
Category:Sportspeople from Maracaibo
Category:San Francisco Giants players
Category:Shelby Farmers players
Category:Tacoma Giants players
Category:Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States


Wilson Cepeda

Wilson Fernando Cepeda Cuervo (born September 2, 1980 in Paipa, Boyacá) is a professional road racing cyclist from Colombia.

Major results

2002
1st Stage 5 Vuelta al Tolima
2003
1st Stage 3 Vuelta a Cundinamarca
2005
1st Stage 4 Vuelta a Ávila
2008
1st Overall Clasica Alcaldía de Pasca
2009
1st Stage 4 Vuelta a Colombia

References

Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Colombian male cyclists
Category:Vuelta a Colombia stage winners
Category:People from Boyacá Department


Nakahata Station

is a train station in Fuchū, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
West Japan Railway Company
Fukuen Line

Adjacent stations

|-
!colspan=5|JR West

Category:Railway stations in Hiroshima Prefecture
Category:Railway stations opened in 1963


Jim Redman

James Albert Redman,  (born 8 November 1931) is a British-born Rhodesian former professional motorcycle racer. He is a six-time Grand Prix world champion road racer.

History

Born in London, England, he emigrated to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1952, where he began his racing career. He met with John Love who was changing from motorcycle racing to single-seat cars. Redman enthusiastically helped Love prepare and maintain his Cooper F3 with a Manx Norton 500 cc engine. In recognition for Redman's assistance, Love allowed Redman to ride his Triumph Grand Prix including use of his riding gear for his first racing experiences.

Redman acquired more experience on his home tracks, culminating in winning the 350 cc Rhodesian Championship, after which he aspired to European racing, starting at Brands Hatch in the company of Geoff Duke and a young, rising Mike Hailwood. After changing his riding style to better-suit the European circuits, Redman achieved some success, but retired from motorcycle racing and returned to Rhodesia in 1959. Still wanting to race, Redman returned to Europe where he hoped to secure a contract riding for Walter Kaaden's MZ team in 125 cc and 250 cc classes. He unexpectedly gained factory rides in selected races with Honda for part of the 1960 season due to an injury suffered by regular rider Tom Phillis, and became himself contracted for the 1961 season.

Redman would go on to claim four consecutive 350cc World Championships from 1962 to 1965. In 1962 and 1963 he claimed double championships winning both the 250cc and 350cc World Championships. In 1964, he became the first rider in history to claim 3 Grand Prix victories in one day, the only other rider to achieve this being Mike Hailwood in 1967. After being injured at the 1966 Belgian Grand Prix, Redman made the decision to retire.

Redman was also a six-time Isle of Man TT winner, taking double wins in 1963, 1964 and 1965 in the Lightweight & Junior TT Races. He achieved a total of 45 Grand Prix victories. Redman was awarded the MBE for his achievements.

Personal life
In 1966, Jim Redman published a book about his racing career, Wheels of Fortune. In 2013, he published his book, Jim Redman: Six Times World Motorcycle Champion – The Autobiography.

Grand Prix motorcycle racing results

(key) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† The 1963 350cc Japanese Grand Prix was a non-championship event.

References

External links

Redman images at Roy Hesketh Circuit motorcycle gallery

Category:Rhodesian motorcycle racers
Category:500cc World Championship riders
Category:350cc World Championship riders
Category:250cc World Championship riders
Category:125cc World Championship riders
Category:Isle of Man TT riders
Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire
Category:1931 births
Category:Living people
Category:English motorcycle racers
Category:British emigrants to Rhodesia
Category:White Rhodesian people


Muhammad of Negeri Sembilan

Tuanku Muhammad ibni Almarhum Tuanku Antah  (25 April 1865—1 August 1933) was the seventh Yamtuan Besar of Seri Menanti, who ruled from 1888 to 1933. During his reign, Negeri Sembilan came under British protection in 1889 and became a Federated Malay State in 1895. Three years later, Sir Tuanku Muhammad Shah was duly elected the first Yang-di-Pertuan Besar of modern Negri Sembilan. He died in 1933 after a reign of 45 years, aged 68. He was buried at the Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum at Seri Menanti.

Honours
 Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)-1925
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)-1931  (KCMG-1916)  (CMG-1894)

References

Category:Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan
Category:Founding monarchs
Category:1865 births
Category:1933 deaths
Category:Royal House of Negeri Sembilan
Category:People of British Malaya
Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Category:Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia
Category:20th-century Malaysian politicians


Mean Old Man

Mean Old Man is the 40th studio album by rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis. Like his previous album Last Man Standing, this album features duets with famous artists.

Track listing
"Mean Old Man" (with Ronnie Wood) (2:46)
"Rockin' My Life Away" (with Kid Rock & Slash) (2:16)
"Dead Flowers" (with Mick Jagger) (3:52)
"Middle Age Crazy" (with Tim McGraw & Jon Brion) (3:44)
"You Can Have Her" (with Eric Clapton & James Burton) (2:37)
"You Are My Sunshine" (with Sheryl Crow & Jon Brion) (3:35)
"Hold You In My Heart" (with Shelby Lynne) (2:41)
"Swinging Doors" (with Merle Haggard & James Burton) (2:40)
"Roll Over Beethoven" (with Ringo Starr, John Mayer, James "Hutch" Hutchinson, Jim Keltner & Jon Brion) (2:45)
"Sweet Virginia" (with Keith Richards) (3:50)
"Railroad to Heaven" (with Solomon Burke) (3:55)
"Bad Moon Rising" (with John Fogerty) (2:17)
"Please Release Me" (with Gillian Welch) (3:39)
"Whiskey River" (with Willie Nelson) (3:19)
"I Really Don’t Want to Know" (with Gillian Welch) (3:03)
"Sunday Morning Coming Down" (5:07)
"Will the Circle Be Unbroken" (with Mavis Staples, Robbie Robertson & Nils Lofgren) (3:48)
"Miss the Mississippi and You" (3:25)
"Here Comes That Rainbow" (with Shelby Lynne) (2:06)

Chart performance

External links

 Mean Old Man at All Music

Category:2010 albums
Category:Jerry Lee Lewis albums
Category:Vocal duet albums
Category:Verve Records albums
Category:Covers albums
Category:Albums produced by Steve Bing
Category:Albums produced by Jim Keltner


Malawicze Górne

Malawicze Górne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokółka, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately  east of Sokółka and  north-east of the regional capital Białystok.

The village has a population of 70.

References

Category:Villages in Sokółka County


Product sample

A product sample is a sample of a consumer product that is given to the consumer free of cost so that he or she may try a product before committing to a purchase.

Free samples
A free sample or "freebie" is a portion of food or other product (for example beauty products) given to consumers in shopping malls, supermarkets, retail stores, or through other channels (such as via the Internet). Sometimes samples of non-perishable items are included in direct marketing mailings. The purpose of a free sample is to acquaint the consumer with a new product, and is similar to the concept of a test drive, in that a customer is able to try out a product before purchasing it.

Although an expensive method of targeting customers, conversions to sales can be as high as 90% making it one of the main marketing strategies for certain markets. With effective sampling, marketers can create brand loyalty and assist in the launch of a product through the word of mouth.

Many consumer product companies now offer free samples through their websites, to encourage consumers to use the products regularly, and to gather data for mailing lists of potentially interested customers. Paint chips are samples of paint colors that are sometimes offered as free samples.

Companies such as C.A. Courtesy, Costco, Sam's Club, Food Courts and Grocery Stores give out free samples to customers to persuade a customer to buy the product.

The expansion of online marketing with regards to promotional giveaways has facilitated the rise of "Freebie sites" that seek to aggregate all promotional free sample offers in one place. These sites will often compile free product samples from all over the World Wide Web and categorize them by type. Some product sample offers may require consumers to complete a survey or refer a friend in order to qualify for the freebies. When all requirements are fulfilled, the product samples are shipped to the consumer.
Some sample products might be digital goods, where sample might be closely related to a product trial.

History
19th century soap manufacturer Benjamin T. Babbitt was one of the first known people, though not the first ever, to offer free samples of his products.

Innkeepers are portrayed offering free samples in the 14th-century poem Piers Plowman: "Tauerners 'a tast for nouht' tolden the same" (Innkeepers said the same thing, 'A taste for free!').

In 1987 C. A. Courtesy became the first demonstration company to secure exclusivity with a retailer.

Other samples

It is also possible to purchase products in small "trial size" containers. This is common with toiletries such as shampoo, which are useful for vacations or other travel, where large bottles or other containers would be impractical (or more recently, not permitted for air travel). These are also often provided in hotel and motel rooms for the guests. Samples may also be loaned to the customer if they are too valuable to be given for free, such as samples of a countertop or of carpet to be used for remodeling.
Sometimes companies in b2b market will offer sample of data or service for free before engaging business relationship.

Other type of samples may include industrial samples, such as in the plastic industry, provided to companies for trial molding to see if the selected material is suitable for manufacturing the application (testing). Such samples may or may not be free of charge.

See also

International Convention to Facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Material
Sample (material)
Mailing list
Test drive
Shareware

References

Category:Sales promotion
Category:Free goods and services


Víctor Ángel Pagán

Víctor Ángel Pagán (born 20 February 1939) is a Puerto Rican weightlifter. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1939 births
Category:Living people
Category:Puerto Rican male weightlifters
Category:Olympic weightlifters of Puerto Rico
Category:Weightlifters at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Category:Weightlifters at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Category:Weightlifters at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Aguadilla, Puerto Rico


Enyo Krastovchev

Enyo Krastovchev (; born 7 February 1984) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a striker.

Career

Marek Dupnitsa
Krastovchev was raised in Marek Dupnitsa's youth teams. He made his official debut in A PFG at 18 years old in 2002. Between 2003 and 2005 Krastovchev played in Bulgaria national under-21 football team. In July 2006 Krastovchev was training with Litex Lovech, but then he decided to return to Dupnitsa. Between 2002 and 2008 the forward had 90 matches and 19 goals for Marek.  He returned to his hometown club in 2013 but left in July 2018.

Levski Sofia
He was invited by Levski Sofia to join trial period. which began on 19 February 2008. He played for Levski for 46th in a friendly match against Vidima-Rakovski Sevlievo on 20 February 2008. Then on 26 February 2008, he finally joined PFC Levski Sofia.

He made his official debut for Levski on 2 March 2008 against Vihren Sandanski. On the same match he scored his first goal for Levski in the 64th minute. The result of the match was 1:0 with a home win for Levski.

On 9 April 2007 Krastovchev played an awesome match against his ex-team Marek Dupnitsa. Krastovchev scored 4 goals – in 21st, 31st, 37th and 53rd minute. The result of the match was 0:4 with a guest win for Levski. Krastovchev played a full match and was the best player, scoring all goals of the match.

Krastovchev played awesome again at his first Eternal Derby against CSKA Sofia on 10 May 2008. The result of the match was 1:1 with a guest draw for Levski. Krastovchev scored the goal for Levski in the 44th minute. He was injured during a match for Levski in the beginning in the season 2008–2009 and will return either in late March or in the new season.

He became a Champion of Bulgaria in 2009, after a contradictory but great season under the coaching of Emil Velev. Despite the bad results during the autumnal part of the season, after great matches in the spring, Levski Sofia fulfilled the plan before the term had set and became a champion for 26 time, before the last round has been played. Unfortunately, for Krastovchev, he played only three matches during the season because an injure.

On 15 June 2009, it was announced that Krastovchev will continue his career at PFC Slavia Sofia. Anyway, the transfer did not became a fact, because Krastovchev wanted a higher salary.

All in all, for 2009/2010 season, Krastovchev started training with the second team of the Blues. However, after scoring 2 goals in 1 match for the doubles, on 23 July 2009, Krastovchev returned the first team.

Krastovchev scored his first goal for Levski in 09/10 season on 8 August 2009 against Botev Plovdiv. The result of the match was 5:0 with a home win for Levski.

During 2009/2010 season, the Levski's team started their European campaign with 9:0 (on aggregate) in the second Qualifying round of Champions League against UE Sant Julià. On the next round, Levski Sofia faced FK Baku. The blues eliminated the team from Azerbaijan with 2:0 (on aggregate). In the play-off round Levski was eliminated by Debreceni VSC with 4:1 (on aggregate). However, Levski qualified for UEFA Europa League.

At the beginning same season, Levski had a serious problem with scoring goals, but Krastovchev helped Levski to dissolve it.

Due to Georgi Hristov's bad patch of form over a number of games, Krastovchev gradually managed to establish himself as the first choice forward for Levski Sofia, scoring a number of important goals like in the 3:2 away win against FC Sportist Svoge. On 25 November 2009, he was sent off in the 2:2 home draw with Litex Lovech for a second bookable offense.

In 2009/2010 season, after couple of bad games and results, Levski however achieved qualifying for UEFA Europa League becoming 3rd in the final ranking.

Playing style
Krastovchev is not very fast, but he is also very creative. He plays awesomely with his head. Krastovchev can also play very well when he is not in front of the goal-line. Krastovchev plays with all his heart.

Club career statistics
This statistic includes domestic league, domestic cup and European tournaments.

Last update: 14 April 2010

Awards
 Champion of Bulgaria 2009

References

External links

 Profile at LevskiSofia.info

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Dupnitsa
Category:Bulgarian footballers
Category:First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Category:Second Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Category:Azerbaijan Premier League players
Category:PFC Marek Dupnitsa players
Category:PFC Levski Sofia players
Category:AZAL PFK players
Category:Keşla FK players
Category:PFC Spartak Varna players
Category:Bulgarian expatriate footballers
Category:Bulgarian expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
Category:Expatriate footballers in Azerbaijan
Category:Association football forwards


Gelechia farinosa

Gelechia farinosa is a moth of the family Gelechiidae first described by Karl August Teich in 1899. It is found in Lithuania.

References

Category:Moths described in 1899
Category:Gelechia


Pedro Verdugo, 2nd Count of Torrepalma

Pedro Verdugo y Ursúa, 2nd Count of Torrepalma (1657–1720) was a Spanish noble and academician.

Life and career
He was a knight of the Order of Alcantara since 1668, and on the death of his father Alonso Verdugo y Albornoz (1623–1680) he became the second count of Torrepalma. Between 1715 and 1720 he was a member of the Real Academia Española de la Lengua, the organization charged with setting standards for the Spanish language, which had been founded only three years prior in 1712 by King Philip V of Spain.

He was born in Carmona, in the province of Sevilla, and baptised in Seville on November 22, 1657. He was the father of Alonso Verdugo de Castilla (1706–1767), the third count of Torrepalma, who was also a member of the royal academy from 1740 to 1767.

Category:1657 births
Category:1720 deaths
Category:Counts of Spain
Category:Spanish academics
Category:People from Campiña de Carmona


Guraleus kamakuranus

Guraleus kamakuranus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

Description
The length of the shell attains 5.5 mm, its diameter 2 mm.

(Original description) The shell is very small. Its color is white with a brown spot in the middle of the lip varix. The spire is terraced, the lower half conic. The sculpture consists of slightly curved obliquely longitudinal ribs, 11 on the body whorl, the last one, behind the lip, much larger. These are crossed by spaced spiral threads, with, smaller threads between them, the intervals still more finely striate spirally. The shell contains 5 whorls (the embryonic ones broken off), strongly angular near the middle, flattened and sloping above the angle, contracting below it. The body whorl is similarly angular, convex below the angle, contracted near the base. The aperture is oblong. The columellar margin is concave above the middle. The outer lip is thick, with a moderately deep rounded sinus above; smooth within.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off Japan and Korea.

References

External links
  Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1-1295.

kamakuranus
Category:Gastropods described in 1904


Coleophora hieratica

Coleophora hieratica is a moth of the family Coleophoridae.

References

hieratica
Category:Moths described in 1994


Pierre Dudan

Pierre Dudan (1916–1984) was a Russian-born Swiss actor and singer. He was born in Moscow to a Russian mother and a Swiss father. He married four times.

Selected filmography
 Night Warning (1946)
 The Lyons in Paris (1955)
 If Paris Were Told to Us (1956)
 A Touch of the Sun (1956)
 The Roots of Heaven (1958)
 Certains l'aiment froide (1960)
 Dans l'eau qui fait des bulles (1961)
 Sentimental Education (1962)
 Thank You, Natercia (1963)

References

Bibliography
 Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

External links

Category:1916 births
Category:1984 deaths
Category:Swiss male film actors
Category:Swiss singers
Category:People from Moscow
Category:Russian emigrants to Switzerland
Category:20th-century singers


The Secret of Bacchus

The Secret of Bacchus () is a 1984 Romanian comedy film directed by Geo Saizescu.

Cast
 Emil Hossu - Mirea
 Ștefan Mihăilescu-Brăila - Bachus
 Dem Rădulescu - Sterea
 Gheorghe Dinică - Cercel
 Sebastian Papaiani - Grig Stevie
 Jean Constantin - Bulbuc
  - Pica Barbu
 Octavian Cotescu - Vladimir Cocea

References

External links

Category:1980s comedy films
Category:Romanian films
Category:Romanian comedy films


Minuscule 1582

Minuscule 1582 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering). It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the four Gospels. It is dated 948. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents the Alexandrian text-type as a core member.

See also
 List of New Testament minuscules
 Textual criticism
 Biblical manuscript

References

Category:Greek New Testament minuscules
Category:10th-century biblical manuscripts


Wilson Reservoir (Nevada)

Wilson Reservoir is a man-made lake in Elko County, Nevada in the United States. The reservoir was initially created in 1954 by the construction of Wilson Reservoir Dam. The Petan Ranch owns the reservoir, water rights, and a cabin, but public land surrounding the reservoir is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. The reservoir impounds the Wilson Creek for irrigation storage. It is located 83 miles north-northwest of Elko.

See also
List of dams in the Columbia River watershed

References

Category:Dams in Nevada
Category:Reservoirs in Nevada
Category:Buildings and structures in Elko County, Nevada
Category:Dams completed in 1954
Category:Lakes of Elko County, Nevada


Victor A. Brumberg

Victor A. Brumberg (born February 12, 1933) is a Russian theoretical physicist specializing in relativistic celestial mechanics and astrometry. He worked as a chief-scientist at the Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. He is noted for his work on general relativity applied to celestial mechanics and ephemerides. He is currently living in the United States of America.

Brumberg has served on the scientific committees for projects under the IAU Commission 4: Ephemerides, Commission 7: Celestial Mechanics & Dynamical Astronomy (President), Commission 31: Time, and Commission 52: Relativity in Fundamental Astronomy. He is also a member of the Academy of Europe. Until 2005, he served as Assistant Editor of the Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy Journal. He held visiting positions at the Observatoire de Paris (1991), National Astronomy Observatory of Japan (1992-1993), Tuebingen Technical University (1993-1994), Bureau des Longitudes, and Darmstadt Technical University (2000).

Brumberg has over 100 publications and 6 books, two of which are the highly influential Essential Relativistic Celestial Mechanics (1991) and Analytic Techniques of Celestial Mechanics (1995).

He received the 2008 Brouwer Award from the Division of Dynamic Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society. The Brouwer Award was established to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of Dynamical Astronomy, including celestial mechanics, astrometry, geophysics, stellar systems, galactic and extragalactic dynamics. In 1993, he was visiting professor at the Technische Universität Darmstadt.

Contributions to celestial mechanics

One major contribution to the three body problem was Brumberg's construction of a series of polynomials converging for any real time moment. Brumberg also worked on the theory of special functions of celestial mechanics and perturbation theory, constructing compact analytic theories in purely trigonometric forms.

Brumberg's main contribution was in the formation, development, and use of the general theory of relativity in celestial mechanics. He was the leading developer of methods for recording relativistic effects in the motion of celestial bodies, the propagation of light, and in optical and radio observations. He showed that the relationship between calculated and observed quantities is independent on the choice of coordinates as long as the calculations and observations are with respect to the same coordinate system. Brumberg was also one of the creators of a unified relativistic theory of the motion of planets, a necessary step for the generation of Russian experiments in space. He received the USSR State Prize for this work. In 1994-1997, Brumberg led a group of the IAU that discovered inaccuracies in the IAU resolutions of 1991, and subsequently recommended more accurate implementations of relativistic report systems that were approved in 1997.

Legacy
Brumberg advised 4 Doctors of Science and 18 Candidates of Science, who have gone on to do their own influential research.

Sergei Kopeikin, one of his former students, writes in the book Frontiers in Relativistic Celestial Mechanics, "A key figure of relativistic celestial mechanics of the second half of twentieth century has been Victor A. Brumberg, a scholar who presently lives in Boston (USA) and who is still active in research. Victor A. Brumberg has made a significant contribution to general relativity and the science of relativistic planetary ephemerides of the solar system. He mentored and inspired many researchers around the globe (including the Editor of this book) to start working in the field of relativistic celestial mechanics. The very term "relativistic celestial mechanics" was introduced by Victor A. Brumberg in his famous monograph "Relativistic Celestial Mechanics" published in 1972 by Nauka (Science) - the main scientific publisher of the USSR - in Moscow. For the next two decades this monograph remained the most authoritative reference and the source of invaluable information for researchers working on relativistic equations of motion and experimental testing of general relativity."

Main-belt asteroid 4916 Brumberg, discovered at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in 1970, was named in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 August 1997 ().

Publications (selection)
 V.A. Brumberg, Essential Relativistic Celestial Mechanics. Adam Hilger, London (1991).
 V.A Brumberg, Analytical Techniques of Celestial Mechanics. Springer-Verlag, UK, (1995).
 Dmitry V. Brumberg & V.A. Brumberg, Derivative of Kaula's inclination function. In Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (1995), Springer, Netherlands.
 V.A. Brumberg & Eugene V. Brumberg, Celestial Dynamics at High Eccentricities. Advances in Astronomy and Astrophysics (1999), Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, UK.
 Georgij A. Krasinsky and V.A. Brumberg, Secular Increase of Astronomical Unit from Analysis of the Major Planet Motions, and its Interpretation. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 90: 267–288, (2004).

References

Category:Russian physicists
Category:Living people
Category:1933 births
Category:People from Moscow
Category:Technische Universität Darmstadt faculty


Bergmann Mars

The Bergmann Mars was Theodor Bergmann's first successful military pistol design.  The pistol was originally designed for the 7.63 Mauser cartridge, but was soon changed to the proprietary 9mm Bergmann cartridge.

Military service
The Mars was adopted by the Spanish government in 1905, however, later they  were evidently not delivered or fielded.  Prototype Mars pistols in .45 ACP were submitted for military testing by the United States in 1906, but were not selected for adoption.

References

Shideler, Dan. 2008 Standard Catalog of Firearms.  Krause Publications, 2008.  .

Category:Semi-automatic pistols 1901–1909


Great Bridge, West Midlands

Great Bridge is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell. It is situated in Tipton, near the border of West Bromwich, and it is within the metropolitan county of the West Midlands.

Origins and history
The place name, Great Bridge comes from Old English 'grēot' (grit or gravelly - meaning a stream with a gravelly bed), with the later addition of 'Bridge' - when a bridge was first built over the stream. There are several watercourses in England with the name 'Greet', all from this origin. The stream is thought to be the Oldbury arm of the River Tame, known to the early English in this area as 'grēot' (Greets Green also gets its name from the watercourse).

For most of the 20th century Great Bridge was the home of numerous factories (including an ice cream factory opened by Italian immigrant Guiseppi Bonnacorsi) and foundries. However, by the end of the 1990s most of the factories had long since been closed and been demolished. These include Ratcliff's on Eagle Lane, which closed in 1989, and John Thompson's on Horseley Road, which closed in 1991.

It has been home to a historic market place for several centuries. It boasts 2 markets, a recently relocated purpose-built outdoor market managed by the local council, as well as an indoor market which is in poor condition. It was opened by the performer Larry Grayson.

Modern day
Many new housing developments have sprung up in Great Bridge since the early 1990s, mostly on the sites of old factories.

A 24-hour two-storey Asda superstore opened in May 1998. The surrounding shopping area is notable for the large number of fast food restaurants including McDonald's, KFC (both of which sprung up in the mid 1990s), numerous fish and chip shops and curry houses, along with numerous off-licences along the high street.

A smaller supermarket in the old village was opened in December 1986 and occupied by Kwik Save until the retailer went into liquidation in 2007. Wilkinson's took the building over in May 2008.

Recreation
The Sheepwash Urban Park (now Sheepwash Nature Reserve) lies within the Great Bridge Area. It is a local beauty spot where fishing can be carried out and wild birds such as herons, ducks, swans and Canada geese can be seen. It is encircled by a path which both walkers and cyclists  use.

World War II bombings
In the early hours of 17 May 1941, an air raid by the German Luftwaffe destroyed the Tipton Tavern house on the corner of New Road and Horseley Road, killing six people; two brothers aged three and seven years, a 36-year-old male air raid warden, a middle aged married couple and a 42-year-old woman.

New Road Methodist Church was also destroyed in the same attack and a number of nearby houses were damaged.

Transport
There were two railway stations (Great Bridge North railway station and Great Bridge South railway station) in the Great Bridge area, but both stations were closed in the 1960s due to the Beeching Axe. Great Bridge South Station was situated on the line between Great Bridge and West Bromwich, which was dismantled during the 1970s. Great Bridge North Station was situated on the South Staffordshire Line between Walsall and Stourbridge, which closed to passengers in the 1960s but remained open for goods trains until the Walsall - Round Oak section was closed in 1993. It is set to re-open during the 2010s as an extension to the Midland Metro, seeing a return of passenger trains to the area after an absence of almost 50 years. The new light rail passenger link will possibly share a track with goods trains.

The main island in the centre of Great Bridge is decorated with two lions that came from the old showroom of Roman mosaic that was located on the nearby Burnt Tree Island.

Great Bridge already has direct bus links with Tipton, Dudley, and West Bromwich (via the 74 number bus that runs from Dudley and onto Birmingham) and also has direct bus links to Wednesbury.

Since 1995, Great Bridge has been served by the Black Country Spine Road which gives a quick dual carriageway route to Bilston and Wednesbury in one direction and West Bromwich as well as the M5 motorway in the other. This opened up several square miles of previously inaccessible land for industrial and commercial use, bringing jobs to Great Bridge in the aftermath of the 1970s and 1980s de-industrialisation.

See also
Sandwell
West Midlands

References

Category:Areas of Sandwell
Category:Tipton


I Was a Fool (disambiguation)

"I Was a Fool" is a 2013 song by Tegan and Sara

I Was a Fool may also refer to:
"I Was A Fool", song by Elmore James and His Broomdusters, E. James & Josea	1955
"I Was a Fool", song by June Christy 1953, Dan Belloc and His Orchestra,  Watson, Belloc, Douglas 1953
"I Was A Fool", song by Frankie Vaughan,  Frank Abelson 	1960
"I Was A Fool", song by The Impalas,  Dominic Chiaiavalli	1959
"I Was A Fool", song by Johnnie Allan 1978, originally written Tommy Stiglets	1959, Johnny Fairchild and The  Nite Riders
"I Was A Fool", song by Roy Orbison, written Orbison, from Roy Orbison's Sun Recordings 1957 covered by Ken Cook 1958
"I Was A Fool", song by Larry Williams,	Williams 1958
"I Was A Fool", song by Rockhouse, Bob Plumb 1980
"I Was A Fool", song by Roland Stone, Fairchild, Angle	1962
"I Was A Fool", song by Ted Herold  	-	1988
"I Was A Fool", song by Tom Jones,  Myron, Byron	1965
"I Was a Fool (To Let You Go)", song by Barry Manilow from Even Now (Barry Manilow album)


34th Infantry Division (United States)

The 34th Infantry Division is an infantry division of the United States Army, part of the National Guard, that participated in World War I, World War II and multiple current conflicts. It was the first American division deployed to Europe in World War II, where it fought with great distinction in the Italian Campaign.

The division was deactivated in 1945, and the 47th "Viking" Infantry Division was later created in the division's former area. In 1991 the 47th Division was redesignated the 34th. Since 2001, division soldiers have served on homeland security duties in the continental United States, in Afghanistan, and in Iraq. The 34th has also been deployed to support peacekeeping efforts in the former Yugoslavia and elsewhere.

The division continues to serve today, with most of the division part of the Minnesota and Iowa National Guard. In 2011, it was staffed by roughly 6,500 soldiers from the Minnesota National Guard, 2,900 from the Iowa National Guard, about 300 from the Nebraska National Guard, and about 100 from other states.

World War I

The division was established as the 34th Division of the National Guard in August 1917, consisting of units from Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. On 25 August 1917, it was placed under the command of Maj. Gen. Augustus P. Blocksom, who was succeeded by Brig. Gen. Frank G. Mauldin briefly on 18 September 1917, but was back in command by 10 December 1917.

The division initially included the 67th Infantry Brigade, formed in August 1917 in the Iowa and Nebraska National Guards and the 68th Infantry Brigade. The 67th Brigade comprised the 133rd Infantry Regiment and the 134th Infantry Regiment. The 68th Brigade comprised the 135th Infantry Regiment and the 136th Infantry Regiment.

The division takes its name from the shoulder sleeve insignia designed for a 1917 training camp contest by American regionalist artist Marvin Cone, who was then a soldier enlisted in the unit. Cone's design evoked the desert training grounds of Camp Cody, New Mexico, by superimposing a red steer skull over a black Mexican water jug called an "olla." In World War I, the unit was called the "Sandstorm Division." German troops in World War II, however, called the U.S. division's soldiers "Red Devils" and "Red Bulls," the division later officially adopted the divisional nickname Red Bulls.

Brig. Gen. Frank G. Mauldin took command. The 34th Division arrived in France in October 1918, but it was too late for the division to be sent to the front, as the end of hostilities was near, an armistice being signed the following month.

Brig. Gen. John Alexander Johnston took command 26 October 1918, and some personnel were sent to other units to support their final operations.  Charles Dudley Rhodes took command in December and led the division until its departure for the United States in January 1919. The 34th was disbanded on 18 February 1919 at Camp Grant, Illinois.

Between the world wars

The units of the 34th Division returned to their home stations and reverted to their state designations, to prepare for the reorganization of the National Guard in the early 1920s. On 17 January 1921, the Observation Squadron, Minnesota National Guard was federally recognized as the first aviation unit in the Minnesota National Guard. Per War Department naming conventions, he squadron was re-designated the 109th Observation Squadron on 25 January 1923.

Per the National Defense Act of 1920, the 34th Division was allotted the states of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, and assigned to the VII Corps in 1921. War Department policy mandated that National Guard division headquarters could not be organized and federally recognized until 75 percent of their intended subordinate units had been organized and federally recognized; the headquarters of the 34th Division was organized and federally recognized on 14 July 1924.

On 16 May 1934, the truck driver's union initiated a strike (Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934), which quickly degenerated into open violence in the streets of Minneapolis. Minnesota Governor Floyd B. Olson activated the National Guard and 4,000 guardsmen to suppress the chaos. Utilizing roving patrols, curfews, and security details, the 34th quickly restored order, thus enabling negotiated settlement of the labor dispute.

On 18 June 1939, a tornado hit Anoka, Minnesota, and Governor Harold E. Stassen called on the Guard again. 300 Guardsmen patrolled the streets and imposed a quasi-martial law while the community was stabilized.

Prelude to World War II
The expanding war in Europe threatened to draw a reluctant United States into the conflict. As the potential of U.S. involvement in World War II became more evident, initial steps were taken to prepare troops what for lay ahead through "precautionary training." The division was deemed one of the most service-ready units, and Ellard A. Walsh was promoted to major general in June 1940, and then succeeded to division commander in August, following month-long command tours intended to honor senior generals Lloyd D. Ross (Iowa), George E. Leach (Minnesota), and David S. Ritchie (North Dakota) before their retirements.
Gamer

The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was signed into law 16 September, and the first conscription in U.S. history during peacetime commenced.

The 34th was subsequently federalized on 10 February 1941, with troops from North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Iowa. The division was transported by rail and truck convoys to the newly constructed Camp Claiborne in Rapides Parish, Louisiana near Alexandria.

The soldiers started rigorous training including maneuvers in Alexandria starting 7 April 1941. The climate during the summer was especially harsh. The division then participated in what became known as the Louisiana Maneuvers, and became a well-disciplined, high-spirited, and well-prepared unit.

In the early phase of the maneuvers, General Walsh, who suffered from chronic ulcers, became too ill to continue in command, and was replaced by Major General Russell P. Hartle on 5 August 1941.

World War II

Order of battle

Headquarters, 34th Infantry Division
133rd Infantry Regiment
135th Infantry Regiment
168th Infantry Regiment
 Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 34th Infantry Division Artillery
 125th Field Artillery Battalion (125th FAB) (105 mm)
 151st Field Artillery Battalion (151st FAB) (105 mm)
 175th Field Artillery Battalion (175th FAB) (105 mm)
 185th Field Artillery Battalion (185th FAB) (155 mm)
 109th Engineer Combat Battalion (109th ECB)
 109th Medical Battalion
 34th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (34th CRT) (Mechanized)
 Headquarters, Special Troops, 34th Infantry Division
 Headquarters Company, 34th Infantry Division
 734th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company (734th OLMC)
 34th Quartermaster Company
 34th Signal Company
 Military Police Platoon
 Band
 34th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment (34th CCD)

In common with other U.S. Army divisions during World War II the 34th was reorganized from a square to a triangular division before seeing combat. The division's three infantry regiments became the 133rd, 135th, and 168th Infantry Regiments, together with supporting units.

Combat chronicle

On 8 January 1942, the 34th Division was transported by train to Fort Dix, New Jersey to quickly prepare for overseas movement. The first contingent embarked at Brooklyn on 14 January 1942 and sailed from New York the next day. The initial group of 4,508 men stepped ashore at 12:15 hrs on 26 January 1942 at Dufferin Quay, Belfast, Northern Ireland. They were met by a delegation including the Governor (Duke of Abercorn), the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (John Miller Andrews), the Commander of British Troops Northern Ireland (Lieutenant General Sir Harold Franklyn), and the Secretary of State for Air (Sir Archibald Sinclair).

While in Northern Ireland, Hartle was tasked with organizing an American version of the British Commandos, a group of small "hit and run" forces, and promoted his aide-de-camp, Captain William Orlando Darby to lead the new unit. Darby assembled volunteers, and of the first 500 U.S. Army Rangers, 281 came from the 34th Infantry Division. On 20 May 1942, Hartle was designated commanding general of V Corps and Major General Charles Ryder, a distinguished veteran of World War I, took command of the 34th Division. The division trained in Northern Ireland until it boarded ships to travel to North Africa for Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, in November 1942.

The 34th, under command of Major General Ryder, saw its first combat in French Algeria on 8 November 1942. As a member of the Eastern Task Force, which included two brigades of the British 78th Infantry Division, and two British Commando units, they landed at Algiers and seized the port and outlying airfields. Elements of the 34th Division took part in numerous subsequent engagements in Tunisia during the Allied build-up, notably at Sened Station, Sidi Bou Zid and Faid Pass, Sbeitla, and Fondouk Gap. In April 1943 the division assaulted Hill 609, capturing it on 1 May 1943, and then drove through Chouigui Pass to Tebourba and Ferryville. The Battle of Tunisia was won, and the Axis forces surrendered.

The division skipped the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) and instead trained intensively for the invasion of the Italian mainland, with the main landings being at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September 1943, D-Day, to be undertaken by elements of the U.S. Fifth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Mark Clark. The 151st Field Artillery Battalion went in on D-Day, 9 September, landing at Salerno, while the rest of the division followed on 25 September. Engaging the enemy at the Calore River, 28 September, the 34th, as part of the VI Corps under Major General John Lucas, relentlessly drove north to take Benevento, crossed the winding Volturno three times in October and November, assaulted Monte Patano, and took one of its four peaks before being relieved on 9 December.

In January 1944, the division was back on the front line battering the Bernhardt Line defenses. Persevering through bitter fighting along the Mignano Gap, the 34th used goat herds to clear the minefields. The 34th took Monte Trocchio without resistance as the German defenders withdrew to the main prepared defenses of the Gustav Line. On 24 January 1944, during the First Battle of Monte Cassino they pushed across the Gari River into the hills behind and attacked Monastery Hill which dominated the town of Monte Cassino. While they nearly captured the objective, in the end their attacks on the monastery and the town failed. The performance of the 34th Infantry Division in the mountains has been called one of the finest feats of arms carried out by any soldiers during the war. The unit sustained losses of about 80 per cent in the infantry battalions. They were relieved from their positions 11–13 February 1944. Eventually, it took the combined force of five Allied infantry divisions to finish what the 34th nearly accomplished on its own.

After rest and rehabilitation, the 34th Division landed at the Anzio beachhead 25 March 1944. The division maintained defensive positions until the offensive of 23 May, when it broke out of the beachhead, took Cisterna, and raced to Civitavecchia and the Italian capital of Rome. After a short rest, the division, now commanded by Major General Charles Bolte, drove across the Cecina River to liberate Livorno, 19 July 1944, and continued on to take Monte Belmonte in October during the fighting on the Gothic Line. Digging in south of Bologna for the winter, the 34th manned the line opposite the German 65th Infantry Division. The Red Bull Division jumped off as part of the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, 15 April 1945, and captured Bologna on 21 April after hard fighting against the 65th. Pursuit of the routed enemy to the French border was halted on 2 May upon the German surrender in Italy and the end of World War II in Europe.

On 27 June 1944 the 16th SS-Panzer Grenadiers command post in San Vincenzo, Italy was overrun by the 1st Battalion of the 133rd Infantry Regiment. The command post was a town center apartment which had been commandeered, when the owners returned to their apartment they found a signed large leather-bound Stieler's Hand Atlas which had been left behind.

The division participated in six major Army campaigns in North Africa and Italy. The division is credited with amassing 517 days of front-line combat, second only to the 654 days of fighting by the 32nd Infantry Division. One or more 34th Division units were engaged in actual combat for 611 days.

Unit history
Activated: 10 February 1941 (National Guard Division from North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota)
Overseas: May 1942
Days of combat: 517
 Distinguished Unit Citations: 3
Awards:
 Medals of Honor: 11
 Distinguished Service Crosses: 98
 Distinguished Service Medals: 1
 Silver Stars: 1,153
 Bronze Stars: 2,545
 Legions of Merit: 116
 Soldier's Medals: 54
 Purple Hearts: 15,000
Foreign awards:
French Croix de Guerre
Casualties:
Killed in action: 2,866
Wounded in action: 11,545
Missing in action: 622
Prisoner of war: 1,368
Total battle casualties: 16,401
Commanders:
Major General Ellard A. Walsh (February–August 1941)
Major General Russell P. Hartle (August 1941 – May 1942)
Major General Charles W. Ryder (May 1942 – July 1944)
Major General Charles L. Bolte (July 1944 to inactivation)
Returned to U.S.: 3 November 1945
Inactivated: 3 November 1945
Reorganized in Iowa
Major General Ray C. Fountain (19 Nov 1946 – 31 Aug 1954)
Major General Warren C. Wood (1 Sept 1954 – 30 Nov 1962)
Major General Frank P. Williams (1 Dec 1962 – 31 Dec 1967)
Inactivated: 1968

Cold War to 2001

The 34th was inactivated on 3 November 1945. The division was reformed within the Iowa and Nebraska National Guards in 1946–7.

In 1960 its units comprised the 1 BG-133 Inf, 2 BG-133 Inf, 1 BG-134 Inf, 2 BG 134 Inf, 1 BG-168 Inf, 1st and 2nd Bns 168th Arty, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Battalions 185th Arty, 1st Bn 133rd Armor, 2nd Squadron 133rd Armor (Cav), 734th Ord Bn, 128th Engineer Battalion, 109th Med Bn, 234th Signal Bn, 234th Transportation Battalion, 34th QM Co., 34th Avn Co, 34th Admin Co., 34th Aircraft Maintenance Detachment.

It disbanded again in 1963, being replaced in part by the 67th Infantry Brigade. It also retained its Division HQ as a Command HQ to supervise training of combat and support units in the former division area for some years. The 47th Infantry Division was headquartered at St Paul, MN, by 1963, as the National Guard division covering the former 34th's area.

The division was reactivated as a National Guard division (renaming the 47th Division) for Minnesota and Iowa on 10 February 1991 upon the fiftieth anniversary of its federal activation for World War II. At that point the division transitioned into a medium division, with a required strength of 18,062 soldiers.

In 2000 the Minnesota Legislature renamed all of Interstate 35 in Minnesota the "34th Division (Red Bull) Highway," in honor of the division and its service in the World Wars.

Twenty-first century

Shortly after its rebirth in 1991, the division began a process of reorganization and change that has continued to the present. One of the most significant developments was transformation from its old brigade structure into brigade combat teams and the broadening of its multi-state base. The Rosemount-based 34th Red Bull Infantry Division provides command and control for 23,000 Citizen-Soldiers in eight different states. In Minnesota the 34th ID includes the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Combat Aviation Brigade, 84th Troop Command and the 347th Regional Support Group. Known as the Red Bulls, the 34th Infantry Division is capable of deploying its Main Command Post, Tactical Command Post, and Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion to provide command and control for Army brigades.

Outside Minnesota, the 34th Infantry Division provides training and operational guidance to the 1–112th Security & Support Battalion, ND National Guard; 1–183rd Aviation Battalion, Idaho National Guard; 1–189th Aviation Battalion, Mont. National Guard; 115th Fires Brigade, Wyo. National Guard; 116th Heavy Brigade Combat Team, Idaho National Guard; 141st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, ND National Guard; 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, Wis. National Guard; 196th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, SD National Guard; 2nd Brigade Combat Team, Iowa National Guard; and the 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Wis. National Guard. Combined, the division represents 23,000 Citizen-Soldiers in units stationed across eight different states.

Since October 2001, division personnel served in Operation Joint Forge in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Operation Joint Guardian in Kosovo. Other deployments during the same time period have included Operation Vigilant Hammer in Europe, the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, and Egypt, and Joint Task Force Bravo – Honduras.

The 34th Infantry Division has deployed approximately 11,000 soldiers on operations since October 2001. At home this has included troops deployed for Operation Noble Eagle; abroad, units and individual soldiers have deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq.

Afghanistan
2004  In May 2004, the 1st Battalion, 168th Infantry Regiment (augmented by Company D, 2nd Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment), 2nd Brigade, 34th Infantry Division, and with nearly 100 key positions filled by members of the 1st Battalion (Ironman), 133rd Infantry Regiment, 2nd Brigade, 34th Infantry Division, commenced combat operations at 13 Provincial Reconstruction Team sites throughout Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom, returning the 34th Infantry Division to combat after 59 years and becoming first unit in the division to wear the Red Bull patch as a right-shoulder combat patch since World War II. The 2011 book Words in the Dust by former 34th ID soldier Trent Reedy is a novel based on the experiences of the 34th ID soldiers assigned to the Farah, Afghanistan PRT.
2010  In August 2010, nearly 3,000 Iowa National Guard soldiers, with 28 hometown send-offs, left for a year-long deployment to Afghanistan, making it the largest deployment of the Iowa National Guard since World War II. Augmented by the 1–134th Cavalry Reconnaissance and Surveillance Squadron of the Nebraska National Guard, the brigade conducted pre-mobilization training in Mississippi and California. The troops partnered with Afghan security forces to provide security and assist in training.

Iraq

2003–2005 In November 2003, 34th ID's own D 216 ADA from Monticello, MN was activated for deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. From November 2003 through March 2004, the battery trained under the 81st Enhanced Separate Brigade (Armored) in preparation for the deployment at Ft. Lewis, Yakima Training Center, and Ft. Irwin/National Training Center (NTC). While training at NTC, D 216 ADA was reassigned to the 1st CAV, 2nd BCT, 4/5 ADA. In March 2004, the unit moved to Camp New York in Kuwait, then convoyed northward to Baghdad in early April 2004. From April 2004 through March 2005, the Battery performed a wide range of missions to quell a growing insurgency and secure areas of Baghdad ahead of Iraq's first elections. These missions included securing neighborhoods adjacent to Route Irish, maintaining a QRF force for Route Irish, conduct combat operations across a 100 km² area in the vicinity of Al Radwaniyah Presidential Complex (RPC), and gate/perimeter security across several locations on the perimeter of Victory Base Complex (VBC). In recognition of D 216 ADA's exemplary service, the unit was awarded the Valorous Unit Award.
2004–2006 In November and December 2004, two platoons of the 634th Military Intelligence Battalion of the 34th Infantry Division activated to train and deploy as AAI RQ-7 Shadow Unmanned Aerial Vehicle operators. The two platoons provided near real time video reconnaissance supporting units from various locations in northern Iraq from the Iran to the Syrian borders. The First platoon received an award for being one of the best shadow units in the army for their safe flight record and mission effectiveness. The units were activated for over 20 months spending only 12 in Iraq.
2005 In January 2005, Company A, 1st Battalion, 194th Armor Regiment (1/194 AR) arrived at Camp Ashraf (about 80 km north of Baghdad) to conduct security and convoy operations in the surrounding area and conducted joint operations with Iraqi Army ahead of the October 2005 Iraqi constitution ratification vote. The 151-man unit was formed from nearly all of the soldiers in the 1/194th and Company A was chosen to honor the unit's lineage of the soldiers who fought to defend the Philippines against the Japanese and the Bataan Death March that followed. The unit was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for its exceptional service.
2006  In March 2006, 1st Brigade, 34th Infantry Division commenced combat operations in central and southern Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, marking the largest single unit deployment for the 34th since World War II. Returning in July 2007, 1st Brigade served one of the longest consecutive combat operations by a United States National Guard unit (activated for 22 months total with 16 in Iraq). In an effort to recreate the Living Red Bull Patch from Camp Cody, NM, in 1918, the 1st Brigade made its own Living Patch on the parade field at Camp Shelby, MS prior to its deployment to Iraq for OIF 06-08. On 16 July 2009, three members of the Fighting Red Bulls were killed in Basra, Iraq.
2008–2009 More than 700 34th Combat Aviation Brigade soldiers deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan.
2009–2010 The 34th Red Bull Infantry Division deployed more than 1,200 soldiers to Basra, Iraq where they provided command and control for 16,000 U.S. military members and oversaw operations in nine of Iraq's 18 provinces. The highest-ranking suicide in Iraq occurred during this time. It was a Major and an officer of the 34ID.
2010 The Saint Cloud-based B, 2nd General Support Aviation Battalion, 211th Aviation Regiment, departed in November for a deployment in support of Operation New Dawn. Flying CH-47 Chinook cargo helicopters, the Company B mission is to provide aerial movement of troops, equipment and supplies for support of maneuver, combat and combat service support operations.
2011  In June 2011, 1st Brigade deployed to Kuwait, supplying troops for Operation New Dawn. The brigade was augmented with 1–180th Cavalry and 1–160th Field Artillery from the Oklahoma National Guard as well as the 112th Military Police Battalion from the Mississippi National Guard.
2013 Personnel from the 34th Infantry Division participated in the exercise Talisman Saber to collectively train within the U.S. Pacific Command Theater of Operations. Division Headquarters personnel focused on offensive and defensive operations while fostering relationships with I Corps, U.S. Army Pacific and the Australian Defense Forces.In May, the 34th Combat Aviation Brigade provided CH-47 and UH-60 helicopters and personnel to local government agencies to fight and contain three wildfires in northwest Minnesota. In 2013, the 34th Combat Aviation Brigade welcomed home the St. Cloud-based Company C, 2nd General Support Aviation Battalion, 211th Aviation Regiment from a deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom where they conducted more than 650 medical evacuation missions and flew 1,700 accident-free flight hours. The company also received six new CH-47F Chinook helicopters and trained more than 30 personnel in their operation.In June, the 34th DIV participated in a full-spectrum Warfighter Exercise with the 40th Infantry Division at Fort Leavenworth. During this exercise, the brigade staff was able to successfully integrate with different levels of command and adjacent units.

Current structure

34th Infantry Division exercises training and readiness oversight of the following elements, but they are not organic and include a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, one armored brigade combat team, two infantry brigade combat teams, a cavalry brigade combat team, a field artillery brigade, and several attached units:
 34th Infantry Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team (1st ABCT) (MN NG)
 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team (1st ABCT), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)
 1st Squadron, 94th Cavalry Regiment (Armored Reconnaissance)
 1st Battalion, 145th Armor Regiment
 1st Battalion, 194th Armor Regiment
 2nd Battalion, 136th Infantry Regiment
 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery Regiment (1-125th FAR)
 334th Brigade Engineer Battalion (334th BEB)
 134th Brigade Support Battalion (134th BSB)
 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2nd IBCT) (IA NG)
 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2nd IBCT), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)
 1st Squadron, 113th Cavalry Regiment, Reconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) (IA NG)
 1st Battalion, 133rd Infantry Regiment (IA NG)
 1st Battalion, 168th Infantry Regiment (IA NG)
 2nd Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment
 1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment (1-194th FAR)
 224th Brigade Engineer Battalion (224th BEB)
 334th Brigade Support Battalion (334th BSB)
 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (32nd IBCT) (WI NG)
 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (32nd IBCT), Headquarters and Headquarters Company  (HHC)
 1st Squadron, 105th Cavalry Regiment, Reconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA)
 1st Battalion, 128th Infantry Regiment
 2nd Battalion, 127th Infantry Regiment
 3rd Battalion, 126th Infantry Regiment
 1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment (1-120th FAR)
 173rd Brigade Engineer Battalion (173rd BEB)
 132nd Brigade Support Battalion (132nd BSB)
 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team (116th CBCT) (ID NG)
 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team (116th CBCT), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) (ID NG)
 1st Squadron, 221st Cavalry Regiment (Armored Reconnaissance) (NV NG)
 1st Squadron, 163rd Cavalry Regiment (Combined Arms) (MT NG)
 2nd Squadron, 116th Cavalry Regiment (Combined Arms) (ID NG)
 3rd Squadron, 116th Cavalry Regiment (Combined Arms) (OR NG)
 1st Battalion, 148th Field Artillery Regiment (1-148th FAR) (ID NG)
 116th Brigade Engineer Battalion (116th BEB)
 145th Brigade Support Battalion (145th BSB) (ID NG)
 Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB) (MN NG)
 34th Combat Aviation Brigade (34th CAB), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)
 1st Battalion, 112th Aviation Regiment (Support & Security) (ND NG) (1st Support & Security Battalion 112th Aviation Regiment)
 2nd Battalion, 147th Aviation Regiment (Assault) (MN NG) (2nd Assault Battalion 147th Aviation Regiment)
 1st Battalion, 183rd Aviation Regiment (Attack) (ID NG) (1st Attack Battalion 183rd Aviation Regiment)
 1st Battalion, 189th Aviation Regiment (General Support) (MT NG) (1st General Support Battalion 189th Aviation Regiment)
 834th Aviation Support Battalion (834th ASB) (MN NG)

Attached units
 115th Field Artillery Brigade (115th FAB) (WY NG)
 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment (1-121st FAR) (WI NG)
 1st Battalion, 147th Field Artillery Regiment (1-147th FAR) (SD NG)
 1st Battalion, 151st Field Artillery Regiment (1-151st FAR) (MN NG)
 2nd Battalion, 300th Field Artillery Regiment (2-300th FAR) (WY NG)
 960th Brigade Support Battalion (960th BSB) (WY NG)
 148th Signal Company (WY NG)
 141st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (141st MEB) (ND NG)
 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (157th MEB) (WI NG)
 347th Regional Support Group (347th RSG) (formerly 34th Division Support Command)
 347th Regional Support Group (347th RSG), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)
 147th Personnel Services Battalion (147th PSB)
 347th Personnel Services Detachment (347th PSD)
 34th Military Police Company (34th MPC)
 257th Military Police Company (257th MPC)
 114th Transportation Company
 204th Medical Company
 247th Finance Detachment
 34th Infantry Division Band
 Service Battery, 1st Battalion, 214th Field Artillery Regiment (Service Battery, 1-214th FAR) (GA NG)
 Companies A and B, 2nd Battalion, 123rd Armor Regiment (KY NG)

Commanders
Major General David H. Lueck
Major General Clayton A Hovda
Major General Gerald A. Miller
Major General Rodney R. Hannula
Major General Larry Shellito
Major General Rick D. Erlandson
Major General Richard C. Nash
Major General David Elicerio
Major General Neal Loidolt
Major General Jon Jensen
Major General Benjamin Corell
Brigadier General Michael Wickman

References

Bibliography

External links

34th Infantry Division webpage
34th Infantry Division Facebook page
34th Infantry Division Association
World War II Reenactors – 34th Infantry Division 133rd
34th Division in Italy, World War II
Wisconsin National Guard
UNIT DESIGNATIONS IN THE ARMY MODULAR FORCE
Camp Cody – 34th Division WWI
34th Division Soldiers respond to John Kerry comment

34th Infantry Division – Louisiana to Pisa (1945)
Major Russell Hartle, leading the 34th Division to Northern Ireland in 1942

034th Infantry Division, U.S.
Infantry Division, U.S. 034
Category:Divisions of the United States Army National Guard
Category:United States Army divisions of World War I
Category:Military units and formations in Minnesota
Category:Military units and formations in Iowa
Category:Military units and formations established in 1917