Howling IV: The Original Nightmare

Howling IV: The Original Nightmare is a 1988 direct-to-video horror film directed by John Hough from a screenplay by Freddie Rowe and Clive Turner. Starring Romy Windsor, Michael T. Weiss, Antony Hamilton, Susanne Severeid and Lamya Derval. The Original Nightmare is the fourth entry in the series of seven stand-alone films with loose continuity and not so much a sequel, but, a more faithful adaptation of Gary Brandner's source novel The Howling (1977).

International Video Entertainment (IVE) released this film directly to home video in 1988. Platinum Disc Corporation (now Echo Bridge Home Entertainment) released it on DVD in 2004 and it has been released numerous times since. It was filmed on location in South Africa.

Plot
After experiencing visions of a nun, author Marie Adams (Romy Windsor) is in the middle of a meeting with her agent, Tom Billings (Antony Hamilton), when she has another vision of a wolf-like creature lunging from a fire, and begins to scream hysterically. Marie's husband, Richard (Michael T. Weiss), discusses her condition with her doctor, agreeing that Marie's overactive imagination is leading her into some dangerous territory. The doctor advises Richard to take Marie away from the pressures of her life for a few weeks. Richard locates a cottage in the small town of Drago, some hours from Los Angeles. Tom drives Marie there, but then departs quickly in the face of Richard. Marie looks around the cottage and declares it to be perfect; but that night, while she and Richard are making love, Marie is disturbed by the sound of howling out in the woods.

The next day, Marie and Richard look around Drago, where they meet the mysterious Eleanor (Lamya Derval), a local artist who owns a shop of antiques and knick-knacks, and the Ormsteads, who run the local store. Marie takes her dog for a walk, and becomes distressed when he runs off. That night, Marie dreams of wolves, of herself running through the woods, and of the same nun of whom she had visions. Richard drives into Los Angeles for a meeting, and Marie spends time chatting with Mrs. Ormstead, who tells her about the previous couple to occupy the cottage, and that they left town without a word. Marie is walking home through the woods when, suddenly, she sees before her the nun of her visions. She runs after her – but it turns out to be Eleanor in a dark cape. Eleanor points out a shortcut to the cottage, which Marie takes. She discovers a cave on the way, and what's left of her dog.

In horror, Marie runs through the woods, suddenly aware that she is being pursued. At the cottage, Richard quiets his hysterical wife and checks outside, but sees nothing; not even the dark figure nearby. The next morning, Marie witnesses a strange apparition: an elderly man and woman who appear in her living-room and who warn her to go away. Marie is momentarily distracted by a car pulling up outside, and the next instant her ghostly visitors are gone. The newcomer is Janice Hatch (Susanne Severeid), who is holidaying in the area and is a fan of Marie's writing. Marie invites her in and, as they are talking, mentions the howling that she hears at night.

After some hesitation, Janice reveals that she used to be a nun, and that her closest friend, Sister Ruth (Megan Kruskal), disappeared over a year ago, only to be found in Drago speaking incoherently of the devil, and a bell, and the sound of howling. After a long illness, Ruth died without ever being able to explain what happened to her; and Janice, determined to discover the truth, left the convent. Marie is disturbed by the mention of a nun, and becomes even more so when Janice shows her a photograph of Sister Ruth: it is the nun from her visions. Meanwhile, Richard, becoming frustrated with Marie's instability and visions, becomes drawn to Eleanor and sleeps with her.

Marie eventually learns that all the inhabitants of the village are werewolves and Sister Ruth was babbling "Werewolves here" rather than "We're all in fear" as everyone had assumed. When she tells Richard what she's learned, he angrily dismisses her claims and goes for a walk in the woods by their house. As he's walking, he sees Eleanor seemingly waiting for him. As the two begin to get intimate, the evil Eleanor transforms into a werewolf, bites Richard, and runs off. He stumbles back to the house and tells Marie he saw the werewolf. But that night after being examined by the town doctor, he claims he just fell down. Richard begins acting strangely and the next night as he's walking in the woods, transforms into a werewolf as the villagers, who are also revealed as werewolves look on and then attempt to attack Marie.

Marie escapes and following the storyline of the original folk tale she lures the inhabitants to the local church using its bell and then burns them all alive, including Richard. The film ends with a burning werewolf lunging at Marie out of the fire just as she had foretold in her vision.

Production
Shooting took place in South Africa.

Music
The film's theme song "Something Evil, Something Dangerous" was performed by Justin Hayward, lead singer of The Moody Blues.

Reception
In Horror Films of the 1980s, author John Kenneth Muir rated it 1.5/4 stars.  Scott Aaron Stine wrote in The Gorehound's Guide to Splatter Films of the 1980s that the film is "completely generic" and a rehash of the original.  Mike Mayo, who wrote The Horror Show Guide: The Ultimate Frightfest of Movies, called it unsuspenseful and said the film's only connection to the series is its title.  Craig J. Clark of The A.V. Club wrote the script, low budget, and poor special effects prevent the film from becoming suspenseful.

Sequels
Co-writer Clive Turner appears in the film as a tow truck driver. Turner also worked on the subsequent Howling V: The Rebirth, Howling VI: The Freaks and wrote and directed the seventh film in the "Howling" series, The Howling: New Moon Rising.

References

External links

Category:1988 films
Category:1988 horror films
Category:American films
Category:American supernatural horror films
Category:American independent films
Category:English-language films
Category:Howling series
Category:Direct-to-video horror films
Category:Films based on horror novels
Category:Direct-to-video sequel films
Category:Werewolves in film
Category:Films directed by John Hough


Clyde C. Holloway

Clyde Cecil Holloway (November 28, 1943 – October 16, 2016) was an American politician, small business owner, and member of the Republican Party who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and served as one of five members of the Louisiana Public Service Commission. After seven years in office he did not seek reelection to the PSC in 2016.

Holloway previously was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from the since defunct Alexandria-based 8th congressional district from 1987 to 1993.

Background
Holloway was one of seven children born in the small town of Lecompte in southern Rapides Parish to James Cecil Holloway (October 15, 1909 – September 26, 2006), formerly from Arizona, and the former Ever Christina Barker (December 7, 1912 – December 11, 2006). The Holloways later moved to Forest Hill just west of Lecompte and south of Alexandria, the largest city in central Louisiana. James Holloway earned his livelihood as an electrician at Camp Claiborne and was later employed at the Meeker Sugar Cooperative. He retired as a Rapides Parish school bus driver. The senior Holloways were married for seventy-one years; he preceded her in death by some ten weeks. Ever Holloway was the daughter of Charlie and Emma Barker. The senior Holloways are interred at Butters Cemetery in Forest Hill. Clyde Holloway's surviving siblings, Carl, Virginia, Charlie, Vivian, Claude, and Lillian reside in the Forest Hill area.  Charlie Holloway is a former member of the Rapides Parish School Board.

Clyde Holloway attended the National Aeronautics School in Kansas City, Kansas. He worked as a civilian employee at the United States Army base Fort Polk while establishing his Clyde Holloway Nursery, one of the oldest and largest commercial horticultural operations in Forest Hill, which generated some $1.7 million in annual receipts. The company continues to operate since Holloway's death.

Holloway was a former chairman of the board of the private Forest Hill Academy, originally Forest Hill Neighborhood School. Holloway was married to Catherine F. K. "Cathie" Holloway (born October 1943), a Roman Catholic and a native of Long Island, New York, whom he met while working in New York City as an airline ticket agent. The couple has two sons, Timothy Andrew Holloway (born December 1969) of Rapides Parish and Mark R. Holloway (born 1971) of Portland, Oregon; two daughters, Rebecca H. Ebert (born 1975) and husband Randy of Carol Stream, Illinois, and Sara H. Bruner (born 1979) and husband, Bryan, of Fort Worth, Texas, and nine grandchildren. Holloway was a long-term member of the Elwood Baptist Church in Forest Hill.

U.S. House of Representatives

1980 election
Holloway first ran for Congress in 1980 against Democratic incumbent Gillis William Long. Holloway depicted himself as a Reaganite and a conservative and as an opponent of Republican U.S. District Judge Nauman Scott's cross-parish school busing orders, because the busing would have effectively destroyed the local public school, a nucleus and critical unifying factor in their small rural town of Forest Hill. Holloway summarized his opposition to forced busing by pointing out that "parents of both black and white children opposed the forced busing and he saw the fight as essentially being about the "right of a small, rural community like Forest Hill to exist." Robert Henry Mitchell (born 1945), also of Forest Hill, the Republican loser to Long in the 1978 race, ran again. Long prevailed with 75,433 votes (68.9 percent) to Holloway's 27,816 (25.4 percent) and Mitchell's 6,243 (5.7 percent).

As it turned out, Holloway was laying the groundwork in the 1980 campaign for his eventual three elections to the U.S. House. Holloway and Long were actually both residents of Rapides Parish so many were stunned when Holloway actually defeated the long-time powerful incumbent Long in their home parish.

In January 1981, Holloway, along with State Representative Woody Jenkins, an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate on three occasions, spoke at a rally in Alexandria to voice support of two proposed constitutional amendments, which have never come to fruition. One sought to ban forced school busing for purposes of racial integration. Another called for the election of federal judges, rather than appointment by the president and confirmation by the U.S. Senate. At the rally, Holloway said "the only way Americans can turn around and go in the right direction is if middle-class people like us will show ... how we feel."

1985 special election
In 1985, Gillis Long died on the day of Reagan's second inauguration. A special election was held on March 30 to fill out his term, and Holloway entered the race as the lone Republican candidate. Long's widow, Catherine Small Long and Alexandria attorney John W. "Jock" Scott, a State Representative in his third and final term, also ran. "Cathy" Long, a native of Dayton, Ohio, was a landslide winner, with 59,836 votes (55.4 percent). Scott finished second with 26,573 (24.6 percent), and Holloway trailed with 17,920 votes (16.6 percent).

1986 election
In 1986, in his third attempt to gain a seat in Congress, Holloway was the lone Republican in the nonpartisan blanket primary to succeed Mrs. Long in the majority African-American district. His principal opponent was E. Faye Williams, an African-American woman attorney from Alexandria, a graduate of Howard University Law School who supported abortion and expanded federal-state social programs. Toward the end of the campaign, it was disclosed that Williams' estranged husband, Stan Duke, a black television broadcaster in Los Angeles, California, shot to death a white college professor and political activist, Averill Berman, whom Williams had been dating. The news damaged Williams, who had been leading handily in pre-election polls though she explained that she was in this tragedy a crime victim, not a criminal.

The other contenders were Morgan Godeau, State Senator Joe Sevario of Prairieville in Ascension Parish, and Carson K. Killen, of St. Amant, also in Ascension Parish. Killen had been an aide to Gillis Long and had been groomed as Long's long-term successor. Williams led Holloway in the primary, 46,025 (26 percent) to 41,618 (23 percent), a margin of 4,407 votes. Goudeau was third with 36,304 ballots (20 percent), followed by Sevario with 34,847 votes (19 percent), and Killen with 21,116 votes (11.8 percent).

Polls indicated that Williams would defeat Holloway in the general election in part because the district was 90 percent historically Democratic. High turnout, particularly in the large black community, was expected to benefit Williams until the disclosure that her former husband had shot to death her paramour changed the dynamics of the race. Holloway hence pulled an upset. He received 102,276 votes (51.4 percent) to Williams' 96,864 (48.6 percent). He was heavily dependent on his native Rapides and neighboring Avoyelles parishes.
Holloway was estimated to have received 73 percent of the ballots of whites and 1 percent of the black vote. Holloway appeared to play into the racialized politics, giving an interview on the eve of the election that discussed Dr. Williams' violent assault and suggested that Averill Berman may have been a communist.

1988 election
In 1988, Williams and Holloway, as the two leaders in the primary, again squared off in the general election. Holloway was helped in his second congressional victory by the presence of the successful Republican presidential nominee, Vice President George H. W. Bush, who won the state by a comfortable margin. This time, Holloway defeated Williams, 116,241 votes (56.8 percent) to 88,564 (43.2 percent). After her defeats, Williams left Alexandria and relocated to Washington, D.C. Other candidates in the 1988 primary were former Alexandria Mayor John K. Snyder, who received only 1,205 votes (less than 1 percent), and former Lieutenant Governor Bobby Freeman, who polled 14,814 votes (11 percent).

1990 election
In 1990, Holloway defeated two state senators in the primary, Cleo Fields, an African American from Baton Rouge, and the previously mentioned Joe McPherson, Jr., of Holloway's own Rapides Parish. Holloway polled 113,607 votes (56.4 percent) to 59,511 (29.6 percent) for Fields, and 28,170 (14 percent) for McPherson.

1991 gubernatorial election
Holloway's three consecutive House victories, two with more than 55 percent of the vote, made him feel secure in running for governor in 1991; he could run statewide in an off-year from congressional races without surrendering his House seat. He won the endorsement of state Republican delegates against the sitting Republican governor, Buddy Roemer, who had been elected as a Democrat in 1987 in the primary. In the 1991 primary, Holloway finished fourth, with 82,683 (5.3 percent) but did place ahead of Roemer in Evangeline and St. Landry parishes. One reason that Holloway supporters rejected Roemer was the outgoing governor's support for abortion. Previously considered pro-life, Roemer reversed himself and vetoed three bills which would have restricted access to abortion in Louisiana.

Instead, the 1991 gubernatorial general election featured unendorsed Republican David Duke and former Governor Edwin Edwards. Holloway refused to endorse either Duke or Edwards, who won a landslide victory for a fourth nonconsecutive term in part because the third-place candidate, Roemer, endorsed Edwards in the showdown with Duke, who was unpopular with moderate voters because of his Ku Klux Klan ties.

1992 election
After his gubernatorial loss, Holloway mapped plans in 1992 to seek re-election to Congress. Louisiana lost a congressional district as a result of the 1990 census, and Holloway's Alexandria-based Eighth District was eliminated. His home in Forest Hill was drawn into a revised Sixth District stretching from Baton Rouge on the south to Alexandria on the north. He faced two opponents, fellow Republican Representative Richard Baker and the Democratic mayor of Alexandria, Edward Gordon "Ned" Randolph, Jr., who coincidentally died in 2016 twelve days before the passing of Holloway. In the nonpartisan blanket primary, Holloway led with 52,012 votes (37 percent) to Baker's 46,990 (33 percent), and Randolph's 42,819 (30 percent).

In the general election held on the day of the presidential election in which Bill Clinton unseated George H. W. Bush, Holloway won fifteen of seventeen parishes in the Sixth District. However, Baker polled clear majorities in the two largest parishes of Livingston and his home base, East Baton Rouge. That was enough for Baker to win the seat, 123,953 votes (50.6 percent) to Holloway's 121,225 (49.5 percent). Had Holloway been able to hold down Baker's margin in East Baton Rouge, he would have secured a fourth House term.

Tenure
In the U.S. House, Holloway was considered a "protectionist" and an opponent of "free trade" policies, which he believed contributed to economic troubles in Louisiana. Unlike Long, however, he was an ardent fiscal and social conservative. He voted to cut government spending. He was skeptical of international organizations that he felt undermined American sovereignty. His voting record consistently reflected his middle class beliefs. He advocated rolling back "big government" by cutting taxes and also wanted to restore school prayer and end abortion.

Unsuccessful election campaigns

1994 congressional election
Holloway waged further determined campaigns to return to Congress. In the heavily Republican year of 1994, he moved to the Lafayette-based Louisiana's 7th congressional district in southwestern Louisiana to oppose Democratic Representative Jimmy Hayes. Hayes polled 72,424 votes (53 percent) to Holloway's 54,253 (39.7 percent). Another 7.3 percent of voters supported a candidate who ran as "No party."

1996 congressional election
In 1996, Holloway entered the race for the revised (again) Fifth District, which covers the northeast quadrant of Louisiana, stretching to south of Alexandria to include his Forest Hill residence. Holloway ran third in the primary to fellow Republican John Cooksey, a Monroe ophthalmologist, and Democratic State Representative and later State Senator Francis C. Thompson, a popular large landowner in Delhi in Richland Parish.

Cooksey polled 60,853 ballots (34 percent) to Holloway's 48,226 (27 percent). Thompson, with 50,144 votes (28 percent), hence went into the 1996 general election with Cooksey. Two other Republican candidates, Ben Marshall and Tim Robinson, polled more than 12,000 critical primary votes, some potentially at Holloway's expense. Holloway's weak showing in Ouachita Parish, fewer than five thousand votes, kept him from proceeding to the second round of balloting, just as his weak showing in East Baton Rouge Parish had doomed him in 1992. Thwarted once more, Holloway endorsed Cooksey, with whom he shared a similar conservative philosophy, and helped him to raise money. Cooksey in turn won the seat handily, 135,990 (58.3 percent) to the more liberal Thompson's 97,363 (41.7 percent).

2002 congressional election
When Cooksey decided to run for the U.S. Senate against Democrat Mary Landrieu in 2002, Holloway entered the race to succeed him in the House. For a time, Holloway appeared strong. He had the support of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Dennis Hastert of Illinois, and the Majority Whip, Tom DeLay of Texas. But he finished third in the nonpartisan blanket primary with 42,573 votes (23 percent). Leading the pack was the eventual winner, Democrat Rodney Alexander, with 52,952 votes (29 percent). Newcomer Dewey Lee Fletcher, a Republican advertising entrepreneur from Monroe, who had previously been an aide to Cooksey, finished second in the primary with 45,278 (25 percent). A switch of 2,705 votes from Fletcher to Holloway would have placed Holloway in the second round of balloting against Alexander. A fourth candidate, Republican State Senator Robert J. Barham of Oak Ridge in Morehouse Parish, had 34,533 votes (19 percent). Three other candidates shared the remaining but critical 9,000 votes (5 percent).

Alexander then defeated Fletcher in the general election by only 974 votes, 86,718 (50.3 percent) to 85,744 (49.7 percent).

2003 Lieutenant governor's race
In 2003, Holloway ran for Lieutenant Governor but was defeated by the Democrat Mitch Landrieu, younger brother of Senator Mary Landrieu. He originally ran on an intraparty ticket with the then-chairman of the PSC, Jay Blossman, of St. Tammany Parish. When Blossman withdrew from the gubernatorial race in light of weak poll numbers, Holloway remained a candidate for Lieutenant Governor. He polled 249,668 votes (19 percent) to Landrieu's 674,803 (53 percent). The other 28 percent was shared by several other candidates, including the late African-American businessman Kirt Bennett of Baton Rouge and Melinda Schwegmann, the Democratic lieutenant governor from 1992 to 1996, who while serving as a state representative from Orleans Parish switched in 2003 to the Republican Party. Announcing his candidacy only one month prior to the election and spending less than $10,000, Holloway still scored majorities in La Salle, Caldwell, and West Carroll parishes, re all sparsely populated areas in north Louisiana. He scored pluralities in Avoyelles and Evangeline parishes, both from his defunct Eighth Congressional District.

Rural development director
On October 19, 2006, Holloway was named Louisiana state director for the Office of Rural Development in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In making the appointment, Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns, currently a U.S. Senator from Nebraska, said that Holloway, who had been a member of the House Agriculture Committee during his six years in Congress, "brings a wealth of knowledge to USDA." The agency seeks to increase economic opportunity and to improve the quality of life in rural communities. The agency has invested some $72 billion since 2001 to provide equity and technical assistance to finance and foster growth in homeownership, business development, and critical community and technology infrastructure. The agency claims to have created or saved some 1.2 million jobs nationwide. The Holloway appointment expired on January 20, 2009, with the incoming Barack Obama administration.

Election to the Public Service Commission

In 2009, Holloway emerged the plurality leader in a special election for the Public Service Commission post vacated by the resignation of Dale Sittig of Eunice. The other candidate in the runoff, which had been scheduled for May 2, Democratic State Senator Joe McPherson, of Woodworth, formerly from Pineville, no longer a legislator, dropped out on April 13. Holloway narrowly led a three-candidate field in the special election held on April 4. McPherson had lost the previous regular PSC election to Sittig. Democrat-turned-Republican Gil Pinac, a hospital administrator and a former state representative from Crowley in Acadia Parish, finished a weak third in the April 4 balloting. McPherson explained his concession as an anticipation that most of Pinac's supporters would switch to Holloway and give the Republican an insurmountable lead. Holloway polled 32,258 votes (43.5 percent) to McPherson's 31,610 (42.63 percent). Pinac trailed with the critical 10,280 ballots (13.86 percent). McPherson's greatest strength was in populous Calcasieu Parish, where he led with 11,178 (50.4 percent) to Holloway's 7,873 (35.5 percent), and Pinac's 3,127 (14.1 percent). Ironically, Holloway's tabulation in Calcasieu – centered on Lake Charles – was also his single greatest parish total. Rapides Parish, the home of both candidates, voted in a low turnout: 6,527 for Holloway to 5,327 for McPherson, and 791 for Pinac.

As results were still being tabulated, Pinac conceded and endorsed Holloway. Republican Governor Jindal had raised funds for the Democrat McPherson, but had otherwise been silent on the PSC race.

Numerous people described McPherson, a businessman, as "anti-business", and the state Republican Party endorsed Holloway. Thus the runoff would have pitted the Republican committee's pick, Holloway, against the beneficiary of Republican Governor Bobby Jindal's fundraising largesse, McPherson. By withdrawing, McPherson removed a political embarrassment for Jindal. Meanwhile, the Jindal-endorsed Lee Domingue lost the special election for a Louisiana State Senate seat on April 4 to another Republican, Dan Claitor, scion of the Claitor's Publishing Company of Baton Rouge.

In replacing Democrat Sittig, Holloway's addition to the PSC (even including the forerunner Louisiana Railroad Commission) gave the body its first-ever Republican majority. Commissioners Scott Angelle and Eric Skrmetta are, like Holloway, Republican; and the PSC has just five seats. The Democratic PSC members are Foster Campbell of Bossier City (an unsuccessful gubernatorial candidate against Jindal in 2007) and Lambert C. Boissiere, III. The PSC is also the first electoral body in Louisiana to develop a Republican majority since Reconstruction.

Holloway was unopposed for a full term on the PSC in the nonpartisan blanket primary held on August 28, 2010. On July 13, 2010, Holloway noted as a guest on The Moon Griffon Show, based in Monroe, that the August 28 contest was his first ever unopposed race and his thirteenth time to appear on a ballot.

2013 congressional election
Holloway surprised political observers on August 21, 2013, when he filed to run in Louisiana's 5th congressional district special election held on October 19, to choose a successor to Republican Rodney Alexander, who resigned from Congress on September 26 to fill a temporary position in the Jindal administration. Holloway said that his candidacy for the seat was motivated by suspicions that Alexander and Jindal were attempting to engineer the election of Republican State Senator Neil Riser of Columbia to succeed Alexander, who became the director of the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs. Holloway said: "This thing stinks ... I feel like we tried to have an appointed congressman by the governor and by Rodney... Without any doubt, I think they've been orchestrating this for months."

Early in the campaign, Holloway endorsed President Barack Obama's call for American military intervention in Syria, a position in sharp contrast to that of several opponents, including fellow Republican rivals Riser and Jay Morris, a state representative from Monroe, who finished the race in a weak sixth place.

With 11,250 votes (11 percent), Holloway finished in fourth place in the special congressional election. He polled a plurality only in St. Landry Parish and finished second in his own Rapides Parish, where Riser led the balloting. The top two candidates overall, Riser (32 percent) and the Monroe-area businessman and political newcomer Vance McAllister (18 percent), met in the runoff election on November 16. Holloway endorsed McAllister, who won the runoff.

2014 congressional race

In filing once again for Congress, Holloway said that he considers himself the only candidate who can defeat McAllister, whose reputation was damaged by a scandal earlier this year when a video was published showing the married congressman kissing a former female staffer and the wife of a friend of McAllister's. He said: "I was disappointed in McAllister and still am. He had a golden opportunity and blew it. We need someone who can serve the district with integrity, and I believe I'm the best one for the job."

In the November 4 election, Holloway received 7.46 percent of the vote. The district was ultimately settled in a runoff election between Republican Ralph Abraham and Democrat Jamie Mayo. In the runoff, Abraham won with 64.2 percent of the vote.

PSC tenure

Holloway was elected to the Louisiana Public Service Commission on April 4, 2009 and assumed the role on April 27, 2009. His current term ends on December 31, 2016. He indicated that he will seek another full term in the 2016 election. He is expected to receive a tough challenge from a Democratic candidate.

On January 22, 2015, Holloway was named by his colleagues as the chairman of the PSC for the following two years. Holloway said he will work in the next two years to make "certain that infrastructure needed for industry growth is in place without an adverse effect on ratepayers." He noted that Louisiana has the lowest electrical utility residential rates in the nation, and "I want to work to make certain we maintain that advantage."

On March 28, 2016, Holloway was the only dissenting public service commissioner to oppose the sale of Cleco, an energy company based in Pineville, to a group of foreign investors: Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets, British Columbia Investment Management Corporation, John Hancock Financial, and other infrastructure investors. In his opposition, Holloway expressed fear for "the long term consequences of Cleco's captive ratepayers. Cleco as we know it has ceased to exist. It is now owned by a private foreign investment company that plans to flip it in eight to ten years. And that same private foreign investment company is financing the deal with a massive amount of debt and ratepayers' tax money. ...I am proud of my 'No' vote and will continue to work hard for those folks who can't walk away."

Death and aftermath

Holloway died on October 16, 2016, of complications from pneumonia at his home in Forest Hill, Louisiana. Services were held at 11 a.m. on October 22, 2016, at the Forest Hill festival grounds in the center of town. Eulogies were delivered by the Reverend James Cooper, a retired pastor and longtime Holloway family minister; younger son Mark Holloway, Richard "Dick" Fiorenza, a friend and colleague at National Airlines; Marcia Young, a fellow nursery owner in Forest Hill who worked with Holloway in the formation of the former Forest Hill Academy; John Sharp, a long-time friend; Stephen LeBlanc, former congressional press secretary; Royal Alexander, former Holloway congressional staff member and unsuccessful candidate in 2007 for Attorney General of Louisiana, and Karen Haymon, Holloway's PSC chief of staff. Helen Mills, Holloway's high school classmate and the pianist at Elwood Baptist Church, played for the funeral. Tamara Brooks, a family friend, sang "Because He Lives", and Clyde Lea James, a Holloway cousin, sang "It Is Well with My Soul". The congregation joined in singing "America the Beautiful", led by the Reverend Michael Evans, pastor of Elwood Baptist Church. A private burial at Butters Cemetery followed with a public reception at the Forest Hill Town Hall. Holloway's colleagues on the Public Service Commission, including former commissioner Jimmy Field, were his honorary pallbearers.

Holloway died three weeks before the November 8 general election in which his PSC successor was chosen. The easy winner in that race was former Louisiana Republican Party state chairman Mike Francis of Crowley, who defeated another Republican, Reldon R. Owens of Alexandria, and a Democrat, Mary Leach Werner, daughter of the former U.S. Representative Buddy Leach of Louisiana's 4th congressional district, for the right to succeed Holloway. Meanwhile, the day before Holloway's funeral, Governor John Bel Edwards, a Democrat, named former Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives Charles W. DeWitt Jr. of Rapides Parish to finish the two months left in Holloway's term.

References

External links

Category:1943 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:20th-century American businesspeople
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:21st-century American politicians
Category:American horticulture businesspeople
Category:Baptists from Louisiana
Category:Businesspeople from Louisiana
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Louisiana Republicans
Category:Members of the Louisiana Public Service Commission
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
Category:People from Forest Hill, Louisiana
Category:American gardeners
Category:Farmers from Louisiana
Category:Politicians from Alexandria, Louisiana
Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:United States Department of Agriculture officials
Category:American conservative people


On-board

On-board may refer to:
 On Board (film), a 1998 Turkish film directed by Serdar Akar
 Onboarding, the mechanism through which new employees acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviors to become effective organizational members and insiders
 On-Board Diagnostics
 On-Board Data Handling


Crema (dairy product)

Crema, sometimes referred to as crema espesa (English: "thick cream"), and referred to as crema fresca (English: "fresh cream") in Mexico, is a Mexican and Central American dairy product prepared with heavy cream and buttermilk. Salt and lime juice may also be used in its preparation. Its fat content can range from 18 percent to 36 percent. In Mexico, it is sold directly to consumers by ranches outside large cities, and is available in Mexican and Latino grocery stores in the United States. Crema is used as a food topping, a condiment and as an ingredient in sauces. It is similar in texture and flavor to crème fraîche and sour cream.

Production
Away from the larger cities in Mexico, crema is sold directly to consumers by ranches that prepare the product. In the United States, commercial preparations of crema are typically pasteurized, packaged in glass jars, and sold in the refrigerated section of Mexican and Latino grocery stores.

Uses
Crema is used as a topping for foods and as an ingredient in sauces. It can be dolloped or drizzled atop various foods and dishes. For example, crema is added as a condiment atop soups, tacos, roasted corn, beans and various Mexican street foods, referred to as antojitos. Its use can impart added richness to the flavor of foods and dishes. It may have a mildly salty flavor. In Mexican cuisine, rajas are roasted chili peppers that are traditionally served with crema. The creaminess of crema can serve to counterbalance the spiciness of dishes prepared with roasted chili peppers, such as chipotle.

Similar foods
Crema is similar to crème fraîche in flavor and consistency. Compared with sour cream, crema has a softer and tangier flavor, and has a thinner texture. Some recipes that call for the use of crema state that sour cream or crème fraîche can be used as a viable substitute.

See also

 Clotted cream
 List of dairy products
 Smetana

Notes

References

Category:Condiments
Category:Dairy products
Category:Guatemalan cuisine
Category:Honduran cuisine
Category:Mexican cuisine
Category:Salvadoran cuisine


That Travelin' Two-Beat

That Travelin' Two-Beat is a duet album by Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney recorded in 1964  and released on Capitol Records in 1965.

With its world tour theme, it was a revisitation of the concept explored in the duo's acclaimed RCA Victor album, Fancy Meeting You Here, released in 1958. That album had been arranged by Billy May, and he was called upon again to write the charts for this sequel.

As its title implies, the album took popular songs from around the world, but then set them all to Dixieland two-beat arrangements.
The songwriters Jay Livingston and Ray Evans supplied the title track and added new lyrics and countermelodies to the other, more-established songs.

Crosby and Clooney were friends, who often performed together on television, radio and stage.  That Travelin' Two-Beat was re-released on CD in 2001 on the Collectors' Choice label, combined with another Crosby album from 1965 (this time without Clooney), Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits.

Reception
Variety commented: "This parlay of Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney results in fair session of Dixieland music pegged to a musical Cook’s tour. While the sound is traditional, the repertoire is definitely offbeat, setting some surprising material into a two-beat format. The duo works with some amusing ideas in the title song, “Knees Up, Mother,” “Roamin’ in the Gloamin’,” “The Daughter of Molly Malone,” “The Poor People of Paris” and “I Get Ideas,” plus a takeout on a Strauss waltz, “New Vienna Woods.” This was the last session produced by Capitol's a&r exec, the late Si Rady."

Record producer, Ken Barnes, wrote: "This second album, teaming Bing with the delightful Rosemary Clooney, is far less sophisticated than the 1958 classic Fancy Meeting You Here (RCA), but it is enjoyable nonetheless. Like the previous album, Crosby and Clooney have decided to retain the “travel” theme—with songs like “Poor People of Paris,” “Roamin’ in the Gloamin’,” and a clever, up-dated variation of Strauss’s “New Vienna Woods.” The only shortcoming—and with twelve songs it is a considerable one—is that everything is tied to a two-beat Dixieland format. Despite these limitations, Billy May's tongue-in-cheek backings raise a smile or two. The adaptations and lyrics by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans are very effective. Miss Clooney responds happily to Bing's bouncy phrasing. If the treatments had been a little more varied and the sound balancing a shade more sympathetic to the voices, this could have been just as good as Fancy."

In Ken Crossland's and Malcolm Macfarlane's book about Rosemary Clooney, Late life Jazz, they reviewed the album saying: "So, the old firm of Crosby and Clooney went to work late in 1964 and over three sessions, recorded That Travellin’ Two-Beat. The album lifted much from its predecessor from six years before. It had the same theme, travel, and the same arranger (Billy May) and where the first had been the brainchild of one songwriting partnership (Cahn and Van Heusen), Two-Beat relied on another pairing, that of Jay Livingston and Ray Evans. The result was a spirited and lively album but, as with many follow-ups, one that never quite matched the original. Livingston and Evans composed some new material, including the title track, as well as providing some updated lyrics for some of the older material that Bing and Rosemary chose to include. Thus, the 1883 song about a Dublin fishmonger, “Molly Malone” became an updated “Daughter of Molly Malone”. A classical piece, Johann Strauss's “Tales from the Vienna Woods” became the “New Vienna Woods”, whilst the Latin standard “Cielito Lindo”” became “Adios, Senorita”.

Critical response to the album was lukewarm and few reviewers thought that it matched its predecessor. Some said the Livingston and Evans re-workings were too elaborate and complicated. Others thought that May's typically bombastic arrangements, complete with bells and whistles, owed more to a marching band or circus act than it did to the purported Dixieland theme. Perhaps the greatest difference however was in the duet performances of Bing and Rosemary. Until the Two-Beat album, they had always appeared as equal partners, working in a genuinely collaborative style. Two-Beat however was Crosby's show. His voice opens virtually every track and makes almost all the running. The reason, it later emerged, was that the duets, like Rosemary's outing with Sinatra the year before, were studio creations. Crosby put down his vocals first with Rosemary filling in the gaps later. The emergence of a rehearsal recording in which Jay Livingston sang Rosemary's part (“You’re very brave, Mr. Livingston,” said Crosby at the end of the session) was the first indication that the duets were spliced together."

Track listing

References

Category:1965 albums
Category:Bing Crosby albums
Category:Rosemary Clooney albums
Category:Albums arranged by Billy May
Category:Capitol Records albums
Category:Vocal duet albums
Category:Concept albums


Dalma (name)

Dalma may refer to the following people
Given name
Dalma Gálfi (born 1998), Hungarian tennis player
Dalma Kovács (born 1985), Romanian pop/jazz singer
Dalma Mádl (born 1932), former First Lady of Hungary
Dalma Rushdi Malhas (born 1992), Saudi Arabian equestrian
Dalma Sebestyén (born 1997), Hungarian swimmer
Dalma Ružičić-Benedek (born 1982), Hungarian-born Serbian sprint canoer

Surname
Rubi Dalma (1906–1994), Italian actress
Sergio Dalma (born 1964), Spanish singer
Tia Dalma, fictional character from the movie Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest


Nightwatchman (cricket)

In the sport of cricket, a nightwatchman is a lower-order batsman who comes in to bat higher up the order than usual near the end of the day's play. The nightwatchman's job is to maintain most of the strike until the close of play (remaining in overnight after the end of the day's play, hence the name) and so protect other, more capable batsmen from being out cheaply in what may be a period of tiredness or in poor light at the end of the day, and then again the following morning when the batsmen have not yet ‘got their eye in', or when the early-morning conditions may favour the bowlers. The theory is that losing two top-order batsmen in quick succession would be worse than losing one top-order batsman and a tailender.

However the nightwatchman's effort is not considered to be wasted, nor are they expected to play foolishly; otherwise they would not last very long. The role of nightwatchman is generally given to players who emphasise defensive technique over quick run-scoring.  However, there have been occasions when nightwatchmen have made a big score, and six have made centuries in test matches. Generally speaking, the nightwatchman plays conservatively on the night, but the next day may be allowed a freer role to score runs.

The tactic has its drawbacks - if the nightwatchman gets out before the end of the day, the batting team may need to send out a more capable batsman to prevent the loss of further wickets, thereby costing the team a wicket while negating any benefit from using the nightwatchman; and even if the nightwatchman does survive until the end of the day, the beginning of the next day's play will see refreshed bowlers with better light facing a less capable batsman. As a result, not all captains use the tactic; Steve Waugh, for example, abandoned the tactic during his captaincy of Australia.

The nightwatchman is not to be confused with the pinch hitter, a middle to lower order batsman who is promoted up the order in limited-overs games, or in first-class games where their team is looking for a quick declaration, in the pursuit of quick runs without too much concern for their wicket.

Test centuries by nightwatchmen

There have been six test centuries by nightwatchmen (), as recognised by ESPNcricinfo:

There has been debate about whether Nasim-ul-Ghani (who later opened in a Test) and wicketkeeper Boucher were genuine nightwatchmen – however, in the matches in question they both came in at No. 6, at the end of the day, ahead of more recognised batsmen, and Cricinfo considers them to have been nightwatchmen.

Alex Tudor of (England) was close to making a century as a nightwatchman; he made 99 not out against New Zealand in 1999 at Edgbaston, and was stranded one run short of his maiden test century when Graham Thorpe got the total to the point where a boundary was needed for the win with Tudor being on 95 runs, needing a six to reach his century. Tudor then hit the winning runs with a four, leaving him on 99*.

Also close was Harold Larwood. In the final Test of the 1932–33 Ashes, Larwood made 98 as a nightwatchman, the highest innings made in the role up to that time.

References

External links
 The Nightwatchman in Test Cricket: A Follow-up Analysis – A review on the effectiveness of using nightwatchmen
 The Myth of the Nightwatchman – Statistical analysis aiming to debunk the concept of nightwatchman

Category:Batting (cricket)
Category:Cricket terminology


Mamerto Urriolagoitía

Mamerto Urriolagoitia Harriague (December 5, 1895 – June 4, 1974) was President of Bolivia from 1949 to 1951.

Biography
Of privileged background, he studied in France and later joined the Bolivian diplomatic service. In 1947 Urriolagoitia was elected Vice-President to Dr. Enrique Hertzog and endured the constant pressures for reform emanating from the poorest sectors of society. A hard-liner when it came to dealing with the opposition, he was preferred by the threatened conservatist elites, who in 1949 forced President Hertzog to resign. Thus, Urriolagoitia became chief executive and immediately stepped up the repression of the reformist movement which was growing around the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (Nationalist Revolutionary Movement) of Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Juan Lechín, Hernán Siles Zuazo, and others. A counter-reaction took place and a series of violent nationwide rebellions catalyzed the so-called Civil War of May–September 1949. The Urriolagoitia government barely regained control of the situation, but the die was cast on the moribund "Oligarchic State" of 1880–1936, resuscitated only temporarily (1940–43 and 1946–52) by the economic and mining interests that upheld it.

In the 1951 presidential elections, time finally caught up with the old system, and the opposition party, led by Víctor Paz Estenssoro, was declared the winner, despite the fact that under the law only about 200,000 privileged, educated, and propertied Bolivians could vote.

Urriolagoitia refused to give power to Paz Estenssoro. Instead he installed the head of the Bolivian military, General Hugo Ballivián Rojas as President on May 16, 1951 thus inflicting a coup against the democratic order. This came to be known as the "Mamertazo" of 1951. With the elections annulled and Ballivián firmly installed in the Palacio Quemado, Urriolagoitia left the country. Retired from politics, he returned in later years and died in his native Sucre on June 4, 1974, at the age of 78.

Mamerto Urriolagoitia is best remembered for his inflexibility — and for being the last Constitutional President of the largely oligarchic social and political order that reigned in the country until the advent of the 1952 Bolivian National Revolution.

References

Mesa José de; Gisbert, Teresa; and Carlos D. Mesa, "Historia de Bolivia", 3rd edition., pp. 579–587.

External links

Category:1895 births
Category:1974 deaths
Category:People from Sucre
Category:Bolivian people of Basque descent
Category:Presidents of Bolivia
Category:Vice Presidents of Bolivia
Category:Presidents of the Senate of Bolivia


Women's Refuge

Woman's Refuge may refer to:

A Women's shelter
Women's Refuge (film), a 1946 Argentine film


Circipania

Circipania () was a medieval territory in what is now northeastern Germany. The name derives from Latin circum (around) and Pane (the Peene River). The region was enclosed roughly by the upper Recknitz, Trebel and Peene rivers, the western border ran east of Güstrow. The region developed in the 10th and 11th centuries, when it was the tribal territory of the Circipanes (), a West Slavic tribe which along with the neighboring tribes was a part of the Lutici federation. The main burghs were Teterow, Malchin, and Demmin.

In 936, the Circipania was incorporated into the Billung March of the Holy Roman Empire. The Circipanes were one of the four constituent tribes of the Lutici federation centered on Rethra, which started a successful uprising in 983. Rid of the empire's overlordship, the Circipanes stayed with the Liutizians until the federation broke apart due to internal struggles in the 1050s, culminating dissolution in 1057. The Redarians and Tollensians opposed the Circipanes and Kessinians struggling for more influence within the federative administration, and allied with the Obodrites. The Obodrites successfully invaded Circipania and made it a province of their realm. The internal struggles had weakened the area, such that in the following year it became the target of numerous expeditions of an expansive Holy Roman Empire during their Wendish Crusade in 1147), then by Denmark in the raid of 1170, and finally by the Duchy of Pomerania which subdued and incorporated the area into Pomerania-Demmin in the late 12th century. The last of the territory was invaded by Mecklenburg and subdued in the early 1230s.

The 1230s marked the end of Circipania as a distinct territory as well as the end of the Circipanes. Pomerania-Demmin was in a miserable position and lost most of the territory to the Margrave of Brandenburg in the Treaty of Kremmen in 1236. Thus, Pomerania-Demmin could not counter the Mecklenburgian advance led by Borwin III of Rostock. Circipania would stay divided with Mecklenburg controlling the western bulk with Güstrow and Teterow, and Pomerania controlling the eastern smaller part around Demmin. Later the Mecklenburg part divided into Mecklenburg-Rostock and Mecklenburg-Werle, and the name Circipania dropped out of use.

Though Circipania vanished as a name from political maps, it was still visible on Roman Catholic ecclesiastic maps as the Pomeranian province of the Diocese of Cammin, because the borders of this province did not differ from that of Circipania and remained as they were before the conquest.

The Circipanes, whose numbers already dwindled due to the previous warfare, were assimilated by the German settlers called in by Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania before the Mecklenburg conquest, and by Mecklenburg knights during the Ostsiedlung.

See also
List of medieval Slavic tribes

Sources
Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 23ff,
Joachim Herrmann et al., Die Slawen in Deutschland

Category:History of Pomerania
Category:Lechites


Angelia Trinidad

Angelia "Angel" R. Trinidad (born September 17, 1990) is an American businesswoman and social entrepreneur. She is the founder and CEO of Passion Planner.

References

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century American businesspeople
Category:American people of Filipino descent
Category:People from San Diego
Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni


I Kinda Like It When a Lotta People Die

I Kinda Like It When a Lotta People Die is the 20th and final album by American stand-up comedian George Carlin, released posthumously.

The album contains unreleased material, opening with a home recording done in 1957 to an entire show recorded live from the MGM Grand Las Vegas on September 9 and 10, 2001; this show would be shelved by Carlin due to the September 11 attacks.

The title of the album stemmed from the title of the original show, which would be re-tooled, re-titled Complaints and Grievances and recorded at the Beacon Theatre in New York City two months later. The title was later planned to be re-used for a special in 2004, but was again discarded due to Hurricane Katrina. That special was later called Life Is Worth Losing, and features a re-tooled version of the "Uncle Dave" bit originally recorded during the 2001 show.

The album features liner notes written by comedian Lewis Black, plus interviews with former manager Jerry Hamza and longtime comedy special producer Rocco Urbisci. The album streamed on SiriusXM’s Comedy Greats channel two weeks prior to its release.

Track listing

Charts

References

External links

 George Carlin's Official Website

Category:2010s comedy albums
Category:2010s spoken word albums
Category:Spoken word albums by American artists
Category:2016 live albums
Category:Eardrum Records live albums
Category:George Carlin live albums
Category:Live albums published posthumously
Category:Albums recorded at the MGM Grand Las Vegas


2015–16 Wessex Football League

The 2015–16 Wessex Football League season (known as the Sydenhams Football League (Wessex) for sponsorship reasons) was the 30th in the history of the Wessex Football League since its establishment in 1986.

The league consisted of two divisions: the Premier Division and Division One. The constitution was announced on 23 June 2015.

Premier Division
The Premier Division featured 21 teams, the same as last season, after Petersfield Town and Winchester City were promoted to the Southern League, and Christchurch and Totton & Eling were relegated to Division One.

Four teams joined the division:
Cowes Sports, runners-up in Division One.
Salisbury, a new club formed after the liquidation of Salisbury City.
Sholing, demoted from Southern League Division One South & West for ground grading reasons.
Team Solent, champions of Division One.

Four clubs applied for promotion to Step 4: AFC Portchester, Andover Town, Blackfield & Langley and Salisbury. AFC Portchester and Blackfield & Langley failed the ground grading requirements.

League table

Division One
Division One featured 18 teams, increased from the 15 teams which competed last season, after Cowes Sports and Team Solent were promoted to the Premier Division.

Five clubs joined the division:
A.F.C. Stoneham, promoted from the Hampshire Premier League, rejoining after leaving in 2007.
Alton Town, transferring from the Combined Counties League.
Christchurch, relegated from the Premier Division.
Portland United, promoted from the Dorset Premier League, rejoining after leaving in 2006.
Totton & Eling, relegated from the Premier Division.

League table

References

External links
 Wessex Football League official site

Category:Wessex Football League seasons
9


Sam Willard

Samuel Steven Willard (born September 9, 1988) is an American former professional basketball player who last played for Toyama Grouses in Japan. He played college basketball for Pacific.

Career statistics

|-
| align="left" |  2012-13
| align="left" | Sendai
| 50 || 50 || 35.4 || .532 || .250 || .667 || 14.0 || 2.2 || 1.2 || 0.6 ||  10.4
|-
| align="left" |  2013-14
| align="left" | Toyama
| 52 || 52 || 32.7 || .522 || .318 || .708 || 12.5 || 1.7 || 1.0 || 0.7 ||  11.2
|-
| align="left" |  2014-15
| align="left" | Toyama
| 52||52 || 33.3|| .518|| .304|| .741|| 12.0|| 2.4|| 1.4|| 1.0||  13.2
|-
| align="left" |  2015-16
| align="left" | Toyama
|49 || 48||33.3 ||.524 ||.374 ||.682 ||13.1 ||2.4 ||1.0 ||0.9 ||15.4
|-
| align="left" |  2016-17
| align="left" | Toyama
|60 || 54||27.7 ||.505 ||.243 ||.771 ||9.6 ||1.6 ||1.1 ||0.7 ||12.1
|-
| align="left" |  2017-18
| align="left" | Toyama
|58 || 48||24.4 ||.436 ||.345 ||.844 ||8.2 ||2.0 ||0.8 ||0.7 ||10.4
|-

References

External links
Pacific Tigers bio

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Japan
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Latvia
Category:American men's basketball players
Category:Basketball players from Ohio
Category:Basketball players from South Dakota
Category:BK VEF Rīga players
Category:Centers (basketball)
Category:Pacific Tigers men's basketball players
Category:People from Elyria, Ohio
Category:People from Pierre, South Dakota
Category:Power forwards (basketball)
Category:Sendai 89ers players
Category:Toyama Grouses players


Tom Swift Among the Fire Fighters

Tom Swift Among the Fire Fighters, Or, Battling Flames From the Air, is Volume 24 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap.

Plot summary

While Tom and Ned Newton are reviewing financial records, a fire breaks out at the fireworks factory in town. Assisting the firemen, they rescue Josephus Baxter, Mr. Baxter is developing a new dye formula, and has hired out laboratory space at the factory. During the mayhem created by the fire and the rescue, Mr. Baxter loses the formula, but he is positive that the owners of the factory have stolen it. Tom feels pity on the man, and allows him use of the labs at the Swift Construction Company.

While observing the blaze, Tom wonders that there is not a more efficient way to fight fire, especially having troubles with multi-storied buildings or skyscrapers. These thoughts lead him to develop a new fire suppressant chemical, and an air-borne system to deliver the new chemicals to the upper stories of skyscrapers.

Tom also rescues a small boat in distress, with the aid of a naphtha launch.

Inventions & Innovation

The bulk of inventions are centered on various chemical compounds which will be used to suppress fire. Tom has several iterations of a promising chemical, which basically delivers carbon dioxide into the blaze in such quantity as to suffocate the fire in a very short period of time. The formula is contained in special carboys which Tom terms grenades, designed to be dropped (either manually or automatically) from the air.

When the formula is considered ideal, the next step will be to develop a delivery system using airships. A four-passenger airship is built, with sufficient storage to carry an unspecified amount of the fire-fighting grenades. To aid in dropping grenades, Tom builds a bombsight, which, when mechanically adjusted for altitude, air speed, wind, and the weight of the grenades, will permit accurate placement of the grenades over the target.

 Tom Swift Among the Fire Fighters e-text at Project Gutenberg

Category:1921 American novels
Category:Tom Swift
Category:American young adult novels


Útgarða-Loki

In Norse mythology, Útgarða-Loki (Anglicized as Utgarda-Loki, Utgard-Loki, and Utgardsloki) was the ruler of the castle Útgarðr in Jötunheimr. He was one of the Jötnar and his name means literally "Loki of the Outyards", to distinguish him from Loki, the companion of Thor.

Prose Edda
In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning (chapter 44), the enthroned figure of Third reluctantly relates a tale in which Thor, Loki and Thor's servants, Þjálfi and Röskva are traveling to the east. They arrive at a vast forest in Jötunheimr, and they continue through the woods until dark. The four seek shelter for the night and discover an immense building. Finding shelter in a side room, they experience earthquakes through the night. The earthquakes cause all four to be fearful, except Thor, who grips his hammer in defense. The building turns out to be the huge glove of Skrýmir, who has been snoring throughout the night, causing what seemed to be earthquakes. The next night, all four sleep beneath an oak tree near Skrýmir in fear.

Thor wakes up in the middle of the night, and a series of events occur where Thor twice attempts to destroy the sleeping Skrýmir with his hammer. Skrýmir awakes after each attempt, only to say that he detected an acorn falling on his head or that he wonders if bits of tree from the branches above have fallen on top of him. The second attempt awakes Skrýmir. Skrýmir gives them advice; if they are going to be cocky at the castle of Útgarðr it would be better for them to turn back now, for Útgarða-Loki's men there won't put up with it. Skrýmir throws his knapsack onto his back and abruptly goes into the forest and "there is no report that the Æsir expressed hope for a happy reunion".

The four travelers continue their journey until midday. They find themselves facing a massive castle in an open area. The castle is so tall that they must bend their heads back to their spines to see above it. At the entrance to the castle is a shut gate, and Thor finds that he cannot open it. Struggling, all four squeeze through the bars of the gate, and continue to a large hall. Inside the great hall are two benches, where many generally large people sit on two benches. The four see Útgarða-Loki, the king of the castle, sitting.

Útgarða-Loki says that no visitors are allowed to stay unless they can perform a feat. Loki, standing in the rear of the party, is the first to speak, claiming that he can eat faster than anyone. Loki competes with a being named Logi to consume a trencher full of meat but loses. Útgarða-Loki asks what feat the "young man" can perform, referring to Þjálfi. Þjálfi says that he will attempt to run a race against anyone Útgarða-Loki chooses. Útgarða-Loki says that this would be a fine feat yet that Þjálfi had better be good at running, for he is about to be put to the test. Útgarða-Loki and the group go outside to a level-grounded course.

At the course, Útgarða-Loki calls for a small figure by the name of Hugi to compete with Þjálfi. The first race begins and Þjálfi runs, but Hugi runs to the end of the course and then back again to meet Þjálfi. Útgarða-Loki comments to Þjálfi that he will have to run faster than that, yet notes that he has never seen anyone who has come to his hall run faster than that. Þjálfi and Hugi run a second race. Þjálfi loses by an arrow-shot. Útgarða-Loki comments that Þjálfi has again run a fine race but that he has no confidence that Þjálfi will be able to win a third. A third race between the two commences and Þjálfi again loses to Hugi. Everyone agrees that the contest between Þjálfi and Hugi has been decided.

Thor agrees to compete in a drinking contest but after three immense gulps fails. Thor agrees to lift a large, gray cat in the hall but finds that it arches his back no matter what he does, and that he can only raise a single paw. Thor demands to fight someone in the hall, but the inhabitants say doing so would be demeaning, considering Thor's weakness. Útgarða-Loki then calls for his nurse Elli, an old woman. The two wrestle but the harder Thor struggles the more difficult the battle becomes. Thor is finally brought down to a single knee. Útgarða-Loki said to Thor that fighting anyone else would be pointless. Now late at night, Útgarða-Loki shows the group to their rooms and they are treated with hospitality.

The next morning the group gets dressed and prepares to leave the keep. Útgarða-Loki appears, has his servants prepare a table, and they all merrily eat and drink. As they leave, Útgarða-Loki asks Thor how he thought he fared in the contests. Thor says that he is unable to say he did well, noting that he is particularly annoyed that Útgarða-Loki will now speak negatively about him. Útgarða-Loki, once the group has left his keep, points out that he hopes that they never return to it, for if he had an inkling of what he was dealing with he would never have allowed the group to enter in the first place. Útgarða-Loki reveals that all was not what it seemed to the group. Útgarða-Loki was in fact the immense Skrýmir, and that if the three blows Thor attempted to land had hit their mark, the first would have killed Skrýmir. In reality, Thor's blows were so powerful that they had resulted in three square valleys.

The contests, too, were an illusion. Útgarða-Loki reveals that Loki had actually competed against wildfire itself (Logi, Old Norse "flame"), Þjálfi had raced against thought (Hugi, Old Norse "thought"), Thor's drinking horn had actually reached to the ocean and with his drinks he lowered the ocean level (resulting in tides). The cat that Thor attempted to lift was in actuality the world serpent, Jörmungandr, and everyone was terrified when Thor was able to lift the paw of this "cat", for Thor had actually held the great serpent up to the sky. The old woman Thor wrestled was in fact Old Age (Elli, Old Norse "old age"), and there is no one that old age cannot bring down. Útgarða-Loki concludes by telling Thor that it would be better for "both sides" if they did not meet again. Upon hearing this, Thor takes hold of his hammer and swings it at Útgarða-Loki but he is gone and so is his castle. Only a wide landscape remains.

Gesta Danorum

In Gesta Danorum a ship meets strong winds and sacrifices are made to various gods to obtain favorable weather, including to one called Utgarthilocus. With vows and propitiations to him a beneficial spell of weather is obtained. Later an expedition to the land of the giants comes upon this figure.

As a proof of their accomplishments, the men bring back a hair pulled from the giant's beard, stinking so harshly that several men drop dead on smelling it.

Apart from the name of the giant there is little that reminds of Snorri's Útgarða-Loki. The bound giant figure is more reminiscent of the bound Loki who likewise lies chained and tortured in a cave.

Popular culture
The Danish animated film Valhalla (Peter Madsen and others, 1984) is based on the Útgarða-Loki story from the Prose Edda. Útgarða-Loki serves as the villain and Elli is described as his mother.

In the Marvel Comics continuity, Utgard-Loki is an enemy of Thor. He had attempted to lead a cadre of Frost Giants against a weakened Asgard but was defeated by a small force of its defenders.

Utgarda-Loki also makes an appearance as the final boss in the video game Ragnarok Odyssey.

Skrymir also appears in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer novel Spike and Dru: Pretty Maids All In A Row.

Utgard-Loki appears as a supporting character in Rick Riordan's Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard series.  He is stated to be king of the mountain giants and the most powerful sorcerer in Jotunheim.

Notes

References

Davidson, Hilda Ellis (ed.) and Peter Fisher (tr.) (1980). Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes: Books I–IX.
Lindow, John (2001). Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press.

Category:Jötnar


Matteo Lanzoni

Matteo Lanzoni (born 18 July 1988) is an Italian professional footballer who most recently played for Cambridge United as a defender.

Lanzoni was born in Como and began his career at local club Calcio Como, before joining Sampdoria as a trainee in 2005; signing his first professional contract three years later. Lanzoni failed to make a first-team appearance for Sampdoria but spent several loan spells with Bari, Sambenedettese, Mantova, Portogruaro, Foggia and Carrarese before being released in 2013. After his release Lanzoni signed a short-term deal for English Football League One side Oldham Athletic.

Career

Sampdoria
Lanzoni spent most of his early career at Serie A side Sampdoria. After several loans to various clubs throughout Italy he was released by Sampdoria after five years at the club.

Oldham Athletic
Lanzoni went on trial at English League One club Oldham Athletic in 2013. After impressing manager Lee Johnson he was offered a four-month contract with the club, which he signed on 29 August 2013 to officially become an Oldham Athletic player.

Lanzoni made his debut for the Latics within a couple of days after signing his contract, starting against Tranmere at right-back following an injury to right-back Connor Brown. Lanzoni played the whole 90 minutes and received the Man of the Match award.

On 14 September 2013, against Rotherham United, Lanzoni scored his first goal for the club, scoring Oldham's second goal of the game from close range.

On 31 December 2013, it was announced that he had left Oldham after turning down a new contract from the club. He had made 15 appearances for the club, scoring twice.

Yeovil Town
On 2 January 2014, Lanzoni signed for Yeovil Town on an 18-month contract.

Cambridge United
On 28 August 2014, Lanzoni left Yeovil by mutual consent and signed for Cambridge United. At the end of the 2014-15 season the club did not offer him a new deal when his contract expired.

References

External links

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Como
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Italian footballers
Category:Italy youth international footballers
Category:Italian expatriate footballers
Category:Como 1907 players
Category:U.C. Sampdoria players
Category:S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio players
Category:Mantova 1911 S.S.D. players
Category:Calcio Foggia 1920 S.S.D. players
Category:Carrarese Calcio players
Category:Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Category:Yeovil Town F.C. players
Category:Cambridge United F.C. players
Category:Serie C players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Expatriate footballers in England


List of Pakistani breads

This is a list of Pakistani breads. Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking. Throughout recorded history it has been popular around the world and is one of humanity's oldest foods, having been of importance since the dawn of agriculture. Pakistan is a sovereign country in South Asia. Pakistani cuisine is a refined blend of various regional cooking traditions of South Asia. Pakistani cuisine is known for its richness and flavour. Within Pakistan, cuisine varies greatly from region to region, reflecting the country's ethnic and cultural diversity.

Pakistani breads of Central Asian origin, such as Naan and tandoori roti, are baked in a tandoor. Naan is usually leavened with yeast.

Most flat breads from Pakistan are unleavened and made primarily from milled flour, usually atta or maida, and water. Some flatbreads, especially paratha, may be stuffed with vegetables and layered with either ghee or butter.

Pakistani breads

 Afghan bread – the national bread of Afghanistan
 Roghni Naan
 Aloo paratha
 Bakarkhani
 Bhatoora
 Chapati
 Kaak
 Kulcha
Makki di roti
 Naan
 Papadum
 Phitti
 Puri
 Roti
 Rumali Roti
 Sheermal
 Taftan (bread)
 Tandoor bread

See also

 Pakistani breads
 Chili parotha
 List of baked goods
 List of breads
 List of Pakistani spices
 List of Pakistani condiments
 Lists of prepared foods

References

Category:Pakistani breads
Category:Lists of breads
Breads


Oleg Dmitriyev (footballer, born 1973)

Oleg Vladimirovich Dmitriyev (; born 31 March 1973) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his professional debut in the Soviet First League in 1990 for FC Zenit Leningrad.

Post-playing career
After his retirement he works as a firefighter.

Honours
 Russian Cup winner: 1999 (played in the early stages of the 1998/99 tournament for FC Zenit St. Petersburg).

References

Category:1973 births
Category:Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg
Category:Living people
Category:Soviet footballers
Category:Russian footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
Category:FC Rubin Kazan players
Category:FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg players
Category:FC Metallurg Lipetsk players
Category:FC Petrotrest players
Category:Russian Premier League players
Category:Russian firefighters


Daisy Harcourt

Daisy Harcourt was an English comedian who appeared on the vaudeville circuit during the early 20th century. An orphan, she advertised for a stage mother in March 1906. She wanted someone who could shield her from the difficulties of a theatrical career. Harcourt is significant for having an enduring stage career which she followed up as a radio presenter.

Actress and singer
A 1906 billing at Hammerstein's Victoria Theater
included Harcourt, as did a January 1909 theatrical show at the American Theater in New York City. She played the role of Kar-Mi, a conjurer, in vaudeville entertainment which celebrated the fourteenth anniversary of Hammerstein's Victoria Theater, in September 1914.

A versatile performer, she performed songs on WMSG 1350 AM, New York City, in 1929.

References

External links
Daisy Harcourt photo at University of Washington digital collection

Category:Vaudeville performers
Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Year of death missing
Category:English radio personalities
Category:English female singers
Category:English stage actresses
Category:English women comedians


Lincolnton Commercial Historic District

Lincolnton Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Lincolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina. It encompasses 62 contributing buildings and 2 contributing objects in the central business district of Lincolnton.  It includes a variety of commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings dating between about 1900 and 1955.  Located in the district are the separately listed Classical Revival style Lincoln County Courthouse and First United Methodist Church.  Other notable buildings include the Frank Beal House (c. 1910), Karl L. Lawing House (c. 1905), Reinhardt Building, Carolina First National Bank, Central Candy and Cigar Company, Jonas Building (c. 1950), Wampum Department Stores (c. 1905), Rhodes and Corriher Company building, and Coca-Cola Bottling Company building.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

References

Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Category:Neoclassical architecture in North Carolina
Category:Buildings and structures in Lincoln County, North Carolina
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, North Carolina


1957 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team

The 1957 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1957 Big Ten Conference football season. In their fourth year under head coach Murray Warmath, the Golden Gophers compiled a 4–5 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 201 to 188.

Quarterback Dick Larson received the team's Most Valuable Player award. Fullback Dick Borstad, offensive lineman Perry Gehring and offensive lineman Mike Svendsen were named Academic All-Big Ten.

Total attendance at five home games was 314,769, an average of 62,953. The largest crowd was against Purdue.

Schedule

References

Minnesota
Category:Minnesota Golden Gophers football seasons
Minnesota Golden Gophers football


Directional sound

See sound from ultrasound for a beam of ultrasound that makes audible sound in a restricted target area without a receiving set.
Directional Sound refers to the notion of using various devices to create fields of sound which spread less than most (small) traditional loudspeakers.  Several techniques are available to accomplish this, and each has its benefits and drawbacks.  Ultimately, choosing a directional sound device depends greatly on the environment in which it is deployed as well as the content that will be reproduced.  Keeping these factors in mind will yield the best results through any evaluation of directional sound technologies.

Systems which guide evacuees during an emergency by the emission of pink noise to the exits are often also called "directional sound" systems.

Basic theory
In all wave-producing sources, the directivity of any source, at maximum, corresponds to the size of the source compared to the wavelengths it is generating:  The larger the source is compared to the wavelength of the sound waves, the more directional beam results . The specific transduction method has no impact on the directivity of the resulting sound field; the analysis relies only on the aperture function of the source, per the Huygens–Fresnel principle.

The ultrasonic devices achieve high directivity by modulating audible sound onto high frequency ultrasound. The higher frequency sound waves have a shorter wavelength and thus don't spread out as rapidly.  For this reason, the resulting directivity of these devices is far higher than physically possible with any loudspeaker system.  However, they are reported to have limited low-frequency reproduction abilities.  See sound from ultrasound for more information.

Speaker arrays

While a large loudspeaker is naturally more directional because of its large size, a source with equivalent directivity can be made by utilizing an array of traditional small loudspeakers, all driven together in-phase.  Acoustically equal to a large speaker, this creates a larger source size compared to wavelength, and the resulting sound field is narrowed compared to a single small speaker.  Large speaker arrays have been used in hundreds of arena sound systems to mitigate noise that would ordinarily travel to adjoining neighborhoods, as well as limited applications in other applications where some degree of directivity is helpful, such as museums or similar display applications that can tolerate large speaker dimensions.

Traditional speaker arrays can be fabricated in any shape or size, but a reduced physical dimension (relative to wavelength) will inherently sacrifice directivity in that dimension.  The larger the speaker array, the more directional, and the smaller the size of the speaker array, the less directional it is.  This is fundamental physics, and cannot be bypassed, even by using phased arrays or other signal processing methods.  This is because the directivity pattern of any wave source is the Fourier Transform of the source function.  Phased array design is, however, sometimes useful for beamsteering, or for sidelobe mitigation, but making these compromises necessarily reduces directivity.

Acoustically, speaker arrays are essentially the same as sound domes, which have also been available for decades; the size of the dome opening mimics the acoustic properties of a large speaker of the same diameter (or, equivalently, a large speaker array of the same diameter).  Domes, however, tend to weigh much less than the weight of comparable speaker arrays (15 lbs vs. 37 lbs, per the manufacturer's websites), and are far less expensive.

Other types of large speaker panels, such as electrostatic loudspeakers, tend to be more directional than small speakers, for the same reasons as above; they are somewhat more directional only because they tend to be physically larger than most common loudspeakers.  Correspondingly, an electrostatic loudspeaker the size of a small traditional speaker would be non-directional.

The directivity for various source sizes and shapes is given in.  The directivity is shown to be a function only of the source size and shape, not of the specific type of transducer used.

See also
Loudspeaker
Parabolic loudspeaker
Sonic weaponry
Sound from ultrasound

References

Category:Sound
Category:Acoustics
Category:Ultrasound


Saskatchewan Highway 668

Highway 668 is a highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 365 near Watrous until it becomes Highway 396. Highway 668 is about 34 km (21 mi.) long.

Highway 668 also intersects Highway 761.

668


Shema (disambiguation)

Shema may refer to:

Shema Yisrael, a Jewish prayer
Shema, variant name for Shama, Ghana
Shema, videogame character in Quest for Glory
Ibrahim Shema, Nigerian lawyer and politician

See also
Shima (disambiguation)
Shama (disambiguation)
Shemaiah (disambiguation)
Shim'a


HMS Vulcan (1849)

HMS Vulcan was an iron-hulled screw frigate of the British Royal Navy. Launched in 1849, she was converted to a troopship in 1851, and sold in 1867 as the barque Jorawur. Weighing 1,747 tons she had 14 gunports, was fitted with fore, main and mizzen masts, a funnel, a stump bowsprit, and a figurehead depicting a male figure holding a hammer. Following a trial on a target representing the side of the ship, it was decided that iron vessels were unsuitable for war purposes, and so Vulcan was completed as a transport.

Ship history
From 1852 until 1855 she was under the command of Edward Pelham Brenton von Donop.

Edward Sholto Douglas, R.N., son of the late Major Sholto Douglas, and nephew of the Marchioness of Queensberry, master of , from which ship he was invalided at Rangoon, was lost from HMS Vulcan off Ascension Island on 27 February 1853. His body was recovered and he was buried on the island.

During the Crimean War, Vulcan operated in the Black Sea, transporting wounded troops from the battle of the Alma to Constantinople in September 1854, and returning with reinforcements in November. A year later, in November 1855, she was taking Russian prisoners to Constantinople.

In May 1858 HMS Vulcan carried 18 officers, 30 sergeants, 16 drummers, and 499 men (also 37 women and 38 children) of the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot (The Buffs), from England to Malta.

Augustus Chetham Strode was appointed to command her in 1859 to serve in the East Indies and China Station, seeing action in combined operations under the command of Brigadier general Charles William Dunbar Staveley during the Taiping Rebellion in 1862.

References

Category:1849 ships
Category:Troop ships of the Royal Navy


Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting)

Daniel in the Lions' Den is a 1614–1616 painting by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC.

The subject is from the Book of Daniel, 6:1–28. Rubens modelled the lions on a Moroccan subspecies, examples of which were then in the Spanish governor's menagerie in Brussels. In 1618 he acquired more than a hundred pieces of classical sculpture, in exchange for this painting, eight others and a sum of money.

Although the painting shows Daniel as a young man, according to the biblical chronology Daniel would have been over eighty years old at the time of the incident depicted.

References

External links

Daniel in the Lions' Den

category:Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
category:1615 paintings
Category:Lions in art
Category:Daniel (biblical figure)
category:Collections of the National Gallery of Art
Category:Paintings depicting Hebrew Bible prophets


Anna Yegorova

Anna Alexandrovna Timofeyeva-Yegorova (; 23 September 1916 – 29 October 2009) was a pilot in the Soviet Air Force during the Second World War. She flew a total of 277 sorties that included liaison, reconnaissance and ground-attack missions before she became a prisoner-of-war when her Il-2 was shot down. She was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1965.

Early years

Anna Yegorova was born into a peasant family in the village Volodovo (now in Tver Oblast). Eight of her fifteen siblings died when they were infants. Her father, Aleksandr Yegorov, fought in the First World War as well as the Russian Civil War as a Bolshevist. Combat stress and other hardships deteriorated his health, and in 1925 he died at 49 years of age.

After seven years of school, Yegorova joined Mosmetrostroy, where she worked as a steelman, and then as a tiler on the construction of Krasnye Vorota station. Her construction job allowed her to study at the Mosmetrostroy aeroclub.

In 1938, she was recommended to attend the Ulyanovsk flight school, but was soon expelled due to her brother's arrest as an "enemy of the people".

After her expulsion, Yegorova worked as a bookkeeper's assistant at a weaving factory in Smolensk, while tutoring members of the factory's aero club. She was then sent to attend the Kherson flight school, which she graduated from in 1939. Soon afterwards, Yegorova became a flight instructor for the Kalinin municipal aero club.

Military career
After the start of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the USSR by Germany, Yegorova volunteered for combat service. From 1941 to 1942, Yegorova flew 236 reconnaissance and delivery missions for the 130th Air Liaison Squadron in a Polikarpov Po-2, and was subsequently awarded the Order of the Red Banner for distinguished service.

After an aircrash, which was determined to be pilot error, Yegorova was transferred to a training air regiment. In 1943, Yegorova was transferred to the 805th Attack Aviation Regiment and flew 41 missions in the Ilyushin Il-2. These missions included the battles above the Taman Peninsula, Crimea, and Poland.

During a mission on 22 August 1944, while in an attack formation of ten aircraft over the Magnuszew bridgehead near Warsaw, Yegorova's plane was hit by anti-aircraft fire. Her gunner, Yevdokiya "Dusya" Alekseyevna Nazarkina was killed in the attack. With her gunner killed, and the plane heavily damaged, Yegorova exited the aircraft while the plane was inverted, and suffered serious thermal burns. Yegorova's parachute only partially opened, and was seriously wounded again upon landing.

Yegorova was captured by the German Army and taken to a prisoner of war camp where her wounds were treated by Dr. Georgy Sinyakov. Back at her air base, Yegorova was presumed dead and was recommended for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, but she did not receive the title until 1965.

On 31 January 1945, Soviet forces overran the Küstrin prisoner camp where she was being held. Yegorova was interrogated as a potential traitor for eleven days at an NKVD filtration camp for returning Soviet prisoners. Eventually, she was released from custody, but was discharged into the reserve soon after.

Postwar
After being discharged from the armed forces she married Vyacheslav Timofeev, the commander of her air division, and bore two sons named Pyotr and Igor. She was the subject of a feature article in the Literaturnaya Gazeta in 1961, and in 1965, she was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Awards and honors
 Hero of the Soviet Union (6 May 1965)
 Order of Lenin (6 May 1965)
 Two Orders of the Red Banner (20 February 1942 and 26 May 1943)
 Two Orders of the Patriotic War 1st class (23 February 1948 and 11 March 1985)
 Medal "For Courage" (4 May 1943)
 Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (1960)

See also

 List of female Heroes of the Soviet Union
 Tamara Konstantinova
 Lyolya Boguzokova

References

Bibliography

Category:1918 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:People from Kuvshinovsky District
Category:People from Novotorzhsky Uyezd
Category:Soviet Air Force officers
Category:Russian female aviators
Category:Women air force personnel of the Soviet Union
Category:Soviet women in World War II
Category:Soviet World War II pilots
Category:Soviet prisoners of war
Category:Shot-down aviators
Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union
Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Category:Recipients of the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class
Category:Recipients of the Medal "For Courage" (Russia)
Category:Recipients of the Medal of Zhukov
Category:Knights of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland


Solanum aviculare

"Kangaroo Apple" redirects here. This name is also used for related species of Solanum.

Solanum aviculare, commonly called poroporo (New Zealand), kangaroo apple, pam plum (Australia), or New Zealand nightshade, is a soft-wooded shrub native to New Zealand and the east coast of Australia.

Taxonomy and systematics
Solanum aviculare was first described by German naturalist Georg Forster in 1786, from a collection in New Zealand.

Solanum aviculare is similar to Solanum laciniatum, with which it has been confused. Compared to S. laciniatum, S. aviculare has smaller, flowers (usually pale blue, sometimes dark purple, white or striped blue / white) with acute corolla lobes, it has smaller seeds, up to  long, and a different chromosome number (2n = 46) and is found on the Kermadec Islands, North Island, northern South Island and Chatham Islands of New Zealand, while S. laciniatum has much larger, rotate, darker purple flowers with broad, flared (ruffled) corolla lobes with rounded apices, larger seeds that are  long, and a different chromosome number (2n = 92). It is mostly found south of Auckland and is very common in the southern North Island, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands. Solanum laciniatum is the most commonly found species overseas where it is often incorrectly called S. aviculare.

In addition to this two varieties of S. aviculare have been named. S. aviculare var. albiflorum is a minor genetic sport of S. aviculare and is generally not regarded as distinct but S. aviculare var. latifolium has a different growth habit, much broader, usually entire leaves and larger flowers, and in New Zealand (where it is endemic) it is still accepted as distinct by many botanists.

 Solanum aviculare var. albiflorum Cheeseman
 Solanum aviculare var. latifolium G.T.S.Baylis

Description
Solanum aviculare is an upright shrub that can grow up to  tall.  The leaves are,  long, lobed or entire, with any lobes being  long.

Its hermaphroditic (having both male and female organs) flowers are white, mauve to blue-violet,  wide, and are followed by berries  wide that are poisonous while green, but edible once orange.

Distribution and habitat
Solanum aviculare grows in rainforests, wet forests and rainforest margins on clay soils. Associated species include the rainforest plants Golden sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), black wattle (Acacia melanoxylon), and lillypilly (Acmena smithii), and wet forest species brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata) and turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera).

Ecology
Bees are thought to pollinate the flowers.

Uses
The leaves and unripe fruits of S. aviculare contain the toxic alkaloid solasodine. S. aviculare is cultivated in Russia and Hungary for the solasidine which is extracted and used as a base material for the production of steroid contraceptives.

The plant is also used as a rootstock for grafting eggplant.

The orange berries are an edible form of bush tomato either fresh or dried.

Australian Aboriginals used the fruit as a poultice on swollen joints. The plant contains a steroid which is important to the production of cortisone.

References

External links

Plants of New Zealand S. aviculare

aviculare
Category:Edible Solanaceae
Category:Solanales of Australia
Category:Flora of New South Wales
Category:Flora of the North Island
Category:Flora of Norfolk Island
Category:Flora of Queensland
Category:Flora of South Australia
Category:Flora of Victoria (Australia)
Category:Eudicots of Western Australia
Category:Crops originating from Australia
Category:Crops originating from New Zealand
Category:Plants described in 1786


St. Mary's Church, Grodno

St. Mary's Church (, , ) was a parish church (fara) in the city of Grodno (modern Hrodna, Belarus). It was founded by Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania before 1389. Because of its founder, it was commonly referred to as Vytautas' Church (, , ). Rebuilt as a Gothic church around 1494, it was one of the principal catholic churches of Hrodna until the advent of Soviet rule after World War II. Neglected, it was finally demolished in 1961.

History
The exact date of its consecration remains unknown, it was first mentioned in a royal privilege for the local Jewish community issued in 1389. The original church was a wooden structure, one of several dozens of such churches founded throughout Lithuania by newly-Christianised rulers of the state. As such, the church was to spread Catholic faith in a predominantly-Orthodox city. In 1494 Grand Duke (and later King of Poland) Alexander Jagiellon demolished the old wooden structure and erected a new church on its place. Its Gothic features continued to be visible despite numerous reconstructions carried out later. The first of such reconstructions took place in 1551, when Bona Sforza, queen consort of Poland, financed the Renaissance reconstruction of the interior.

The church became a de facto royal chapel in 1584, when king Stefan Batory of Poland moved his seat to the Grodno castle and spent his last years there. It was him to completely demolish the wooden structure and build a new church there, this time brick-made. The works, carried over by the Jesuits, were completed in 1587. The project is attributed to Ioseph Roiten, though the attribution is not certain, while the master supervising the construction works was Antoni de Greta. It was in this church that Batory's body was first interred for several months before it was moved to the Wawel Cathedral in Krakow.

During The Deluge, between 1655 and 1661, the city was occupied by Muscovy and the church was badly damaged. Burnt from the inside, it was partially demolished. Local bishop of Grodno Aleksander Chodkiewicz financed the reconstruction and by 1674 the church regained its former look. However, in the 18th century the church was again destroyed during the Great Northern War. The king of Poland financed the reconstruction, but it is not clear whether the works were finished when in 1753 a fire struck the city and the church was yet again badly damaged. It took 5 years to rebuild it. Local priest Józef Chrebtowicz hired a renowned German architect Johann Mezer to supervise the works. The church was once again consecrated on April 18, 1758.

Another fire struck the city in 1782 – and again the church was badly damaged. King Stanisław August Poniatowski dispatched his court architect Giuseppe de Sacco to prepare a project of reconstruction. However, lack of funds and constant wars meant that the works went slow and in 1793 the church was described as a ruin. Following the Partitions of Poland Grodno became part of the Russian Empire. In 1804 the tsar confiscated the church and gave it to Orthodox Church. The interior was redesigned to suit the needs of a new rite and in 1810 the church was renamed to Saint Sophia's church. The façade and the tower were rebuilt in neo-classicist style in 1870. In 1892 however it was burnt down again and was rebuilt. In the late 19th century the church was completely refurbished and rebuilt in a new, pseudo-Russian style, with the project prepared by a renowned Russian architect Nikolai Mikhailovich Chagin around 1870.

After Poland regained independence in 1918, the church was returned to the Catholic Church and once again became the principal Catholic church in the city. Between 1919 and 1923 the church was repaired from the damages it suffered during World War I and the Polish-Soviet War. Soon afterwards a new reconstruction was started, this time in accordance with a Gothic revival project prepared by Oskar Sosnowski. The works continued until 1935. The shrine became a garrison church, serving both the inhabitants of the city and the local units of the Polish Army.

Following the Invasion of Poland of 1939, the city was occupied by the Soviet Union and the church was nationalised and closed for public. During the German occupation of the city it was briefly restored to the Catholics, but after World War II the town was permanently annexed by the Soviet Union and the communist authorities turned the church into a warehouse. Finally on November 29, 1961 it was blown up.

References

External links

Category:Churches in Grodno
Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1961
Category:14th-century churches
Category:Roman Catholic churches in Belarus
Category:Gothic architecture in Belarus
Category:Demolished churches in the Soviet Union


Tame Te Rangi

Tame Te Rangi is a New Zealand civil servant, administrator and sport commentator. Of Māori descent, he identifies with the  Ngāti Whātua iwi. He has held roles relating to the  New Zealand Qualifications Authority, Te Māngai Pāho, Ngati Whatua  and Hato Petera College.

In the 1990s Te Rangi worked for the New Zealand Qualifications Authority, where he establish contacts which later got him a job at Te Māngai Pāho, working for chief executive Trevor Moeke. Conflicts of interest between his Te Māngai Pāho roles and later-developed sports commentating roles for Maori Sports Casting International  (which received funding overseen by Te Rangi from Te Māngai Pāho) were revealed as part of a campaign against Te Māngai Pāho by politician Rodney Hide. The affair cost both Te Rangi, Moeke and chairman Toby Curtis their jobs.  It also emerged that in the early 1990s Te Rangi was convicted of fraud for stealing almost $40,000 from a Ngāti Whātua trust and served five months in jail; Te Rangi had not been asked about previous criminal convictions prior to being offered a full-time job.

In 2015 Te Rangi chaired the selection panel for Auckland Council's Independent Maori Statutory Board, which was involved in a high-profile legal and political battle with Auckland Council and candidate Willie Jackson.  Jackson and Te Rangi are both on the board of Hato Petera Trust.

References

Category:Ngāti Whātua
Category:New Zealand public servants
Category:New Zealand fraudsters
Category:New Zealand broadcasters
Category:Living people
Category:People from Auckland
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Schwartziella floridana

Schwartziella floridana is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Zebinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico.

Description
The maximum recorded shell length is 4.5 mm.

Habitat
Minimum recorded depth is 0 m. Maximum recorded depth is 48 m.

References

 Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.

floridana
Category:Gastropods described in 1953


Margaret Catchpole Public House

The Margaret Catchpole Public House is a public house in Cliff Lane, Ipswich. Built in 1936 by the local architect Harold Ridley Hooper for Tolly Cobbold brewery, it is a Grade II* listed building. Most of its interior features have remained unaltered since the 1930s, making it one of the finest examples of this period in England. Since 2003 it has been part of the Holywells Park Conservation Area.

Margaret Catchpole

The building was named after Margaret Catchpole, previously a servant of the writer Elizabeth Cobbold. After providing good service to the Cobbold's, she left their employ. However, in 1797 she stole a horse from them to ride to London to find her lover. She was arrested and after being found guilty in a trial she was sentenced to death, subsequently commuted to transportation to Australia. Her story was subsequently turned into a novel by Elizabeth's son, Richard Cobbold, in 1845 and has remained popular ever since.

References

Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Ipswich
Category:Pubs in Ipswich
Category:Cobbold pubs


Who You Are

Who You Are may refer to:

 Who You Are (Cary Brothers album), 2007
 Who You Are (Desperation Band album), 2006
 Who You Are (Jessie J album), 2011
 "Who You Are" (Jessie J song)
 "Who You Are" (Pearl Jam song), 1996
 "Who You Are", a song by Oomph! from Ego
 "Who You Are", a song by Unspoken from Get to Me EP, 2012
 "Who You Are" (Damien Leith song), 22 Steps single

See also
 Who Are You (disambiguation)


Humburky

Humburky () is a village and municipality in the Czech Republic located on left bank of the Cidlina River about 2 km southeast of Nový Bydžov.

External links

 Municipal website

Category:Villages in Hradec Králové District