Thurbrand the Hold

Thurbrand (; fl. 1010s), nicknamed "the Hold", was a Northumbrian magnate in the early 11th-century. Perhaps based in Holderness and East Yorkshire, Thurbrand was recorded as the killer of Uhtred the Bold, Earl of Northumbria. The killing appears to have been part of the war between Sweyn Forkbeard and Cnut the Great against the English king Æthelred the Unready, Uhtred being the latter's chief Northumbrian supporter. Thurbrand may also have attested a charter of 1009 and given a horse to Æthelred's son Æthelstan Ætheling. The killing is the first known act, if it did not initiate, a bloodfeud between Thurbrand's family and Uhtred going into the time of Earl Waltheof. It is possible that Holderness took its name because of Thurbrand's presence or ownership of the peninsula.

Background

Thurbrand's floruit lay in the reigns of Æthelred (978–1016), Sweyn Forkbeard (1013–1014) and Cnut (1016–1035). The Historia Regum and Chronicle of John of Worcester say that Thurbrand was a "Danish nobleman" (nobilo et Danico viro) His title, that of "Hold", derives from an office said by the Norðleoda laga ("Law of the North People") to have been equal in wergild to a royal high-reeve, above a thegn but below an ealdorman. There is a strong possibility that Thurbrand ruled Holderness (see below).

In a charter of 1009, recording King Æthelred's grant of land in Derbyshire to a thegn named Morcar, the 26th thegn on the witness list is named Thurbrand (Þurbrand). In the will of Æthelstan Ætheling, dating to 1014, a Þurbrand is said to have given the ætheling a horse. It is possible that either or both are Thurbrand the Hold.

According to the late 11th- or early 12th-century Durham tract called De Obsessione Dunelmi, Thurbrand was the "leading enemy" of Styr son of Ulf. The same source says that Styr was a "wealthy citizen", perhaps of the city of York, and he was notable according to the Historia de Sancto Cuthberto and the Libellus de Exordio for giving  Darlington and other lands to the church of Durham. De Obsessionee says that the Earl of the Northumbrians Uhtred the Bold married Styr's daughter Sige on the condition that he would kill Thurbrand, becoming "a kind of contract killer" [Fletcher]. It becomes apparent however that Uhtred failed to carry out his task—although it is presumed he tried—as Thurbrand lives to slay Uhtred.

Killing of Uhtred
De Obsessione relates that Uhtred had taken King Æthelred's daughter Ælfgifu as his new wife, perhaps as part of a deal made by the king in order to ensure Uhtred's loyalty against Sweyn Forkbeard and Cnut or else as a reward for loyalty already proven. De Obsessione goes on to describe Earl Uhtred's death at the hands of Thurbrand: After King Æthelred's death, when Cnut had laid hands upon the whole kingdom of England, he sent to the earl ordering him to come to him as his new lord. He did so, having accepted safe conduct for his journey and return. On the appointed day, he entered the king's presence at Wiheal to discuss terms of peace; through the treachery of a powerful king's thegn, Thurbrand, known as "Hold", the king's soldiers who had hidden behind a curtain spread across the width of the hall, suddenly sprang out in mail and slaughtered the earl and forty of his chief men who had entered with him. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle versions C D and E, John of Worcester's Chronicle and the Historia Regum add that one of the nobles killed with Uhtred was Thurcytel son of Nafena. The sources indicate that Cnut had been behind the killing, following it up with the appointment of Eric of Hlathir as earl.

The killing has been dated to 1016, as this is the year it falls under in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Chronicle of John of Worcester and the Historia Regum. Historian A. A. M. Duncan has argued that this date is unreliable. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, reflecting closely the source for the Historia Regum and the Worcester Chronicle on this entry, does not say that Uhtred died in this year, merely adding as an aside that Uhtred and Thurcytel were later killed despite having submitted to Cnut in this year. The location of this killing is given as Wiheal. This has been identified as Wighill, a place just north-west of the Roman road north of Tadcaster but south of York. This identity however is far from secure, an alleged weak point being that the early spellings of Wighill (e.g. Wichele) do not resemble De Obsessione'''s Wiheal very closely. Another possibility is Worrall near Sheffield, spelled Wihala and Wihale in the Domesday Book.

Death and legacy
If De Obsessione is to be believed, Thurbrand met his death at the hands of Uhtred's son, Ealdred. This is thought to have occurred around 1024. One son of Thurbrand is known, Carl. Carl was known to have had four sons; two of them, Cnut and Sumarlithr, are known definitely by name, and the eldest is thought to have been Thurbrand of Settrington, whose land was taken by Berengar de Tosny after the Norman conquest of Northumbria. As some of Thurbrand's descendants, Cnut in particular, held land in the East Yorkshire peninsula of Holderness, it has been suggested that Thurbrand may have been the hold from whom the peninsula gained its name, "Cape of the Hold".

Ealdred was killed by Carl, and two of Carl's sons in turn were killed by Ealdred's grandson Earl Waltheof. The multi-generational feud allegedly behind all these killings are the subject of Richard A. Fletcher's Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England'', published in 2002 by Penguin Books. Fletcher's fellow historian William E. Kapelle had argued that these events do not signify a pre-existing bloodfeud at all. Kapelle thought that the dispute between Uhtred and Thurbrand was a result of Uhtred's attempt to control Yorkshire, and this led to the later bloodfeud. Fletcher rejected Kapelle's arguments, claiming that Kapelle misunderstood the context and created a false distinction between social and political conflict. William M. Aird and other historians have held that Thurbrand represented a "Scandinavian party", and Uhtred a "Wessex faction", while the dispute in general is taken as evidence of tension between ["English"] Northumbria north and ["Danish"] Northumbria south of the River Tees.

Notes

References

External links
 ; see also

Category:1020s deaths
Category:11th-century English people
Category:Anglo-Norse people
Category:Anglo-Saxon thegns
Category:People from Yorkshire
Category:Year of birth unknown


Ralph Koltai

Ralph Koltai CBE, RDI (31 July 1924 – 15 December 2018), was a German-born, naturalised British stage designer, who worked as associate designer of the Royal Shakespeare Company, and latterly as a sculptor.

Early life
Koltai was born on 31 July 1924, in Berlin, Germany, to a family of Jewish descent. He was the only child of a Hungarian-born doctor Alfred and his wife Charlotte (née Weinstein) Koltai who was German. Their son was on the Kindertransport from Brussels to England in 1939. His parents survived the Holocaust; his mother was able to settle in Britain, while his father began again in Cuba. Koltai worked as a translator at the Nuremberg trials and later for the British Intelligence Corps as an investigator of war crimes. His military service ended in 1948.

From 1943, Koltai trained to a commercial artist at Epsom School of Art before he entered the military. From 1948 to 1951, he studied at the Central School of Arts and Crafts (now Central Saint Martins) where he was later the head of theatre design between 1965 and 1972.

Career as a set designer
Soon after his graduation, his designs for Sadler's Wells Opera, Covent Garden Opera and Ballet Rambert began to gain notice.

Koltai was influenced by European theatre practitioners such as Bertolt Brecht and Vsevolod Meyerhold. "What I wanted to do was to find a single image which would express what the author was saying, rather than just provide illustrations," he said of his design principles. "I wanted to show the idea, the concept." He told critic Michael Billington in 1984 that he attempted to find "a style that seeks to find the right metaphor for each work." In 1963, for the RSC at the Aldwych Theatre, London, he set Rolf Hochhuth's The Deputy (also known as The Representative), about Pope Pius XII's connection to the Nazis. He later commented: "My concept was to set it in a gas chamber that was also the Pope’s study—it showed that the Vatican and the extermination chambers were part of each other." His first work for the RSC had been the previous year's production of Brecht's The Caucasian Chalk Circle.

In 1984, when an RSC production of Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac was being performed on Broadway, he told critic Michael Billington that he saw himself as a painter who treats the play as an art object. He commented that he did not "respond well to being told what is wanted. I like to make a conceptual contribution where you half need to direct the play yourself."

In later life he lived in France taking found objects on local farms made of wood, metal and turning them into sculptures. One of these creations, a tree root, was surrounded by water in his stage design for Samuel West's revival of Howard Brenton's  The Romans in Britain at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, in 2006. In 2010 his metal collage sculptures were exhibited at the Royal National Theatre.

National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C1173/01) with Hudson in 2002–2003 for its An Oral History of Theatre Design collection held by the British Library. Koltai also took part in Rambert's 90th anniversary oral history project, talking about his work for dance.

The year before his death, Koltai was interviewed for TheatreVOICE at the Victoria and Albert Museum by Heather Neill. Of his career, he said “Whatever talent I had, it was instinct; I’ve never made a decision. I often arrive at the resolution by accident. The talent that I have is to recognise the accident when it happens.”

Honours
Koltai was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1983 New Year Honours and was recognised as a Royal Designer for Industry (RDI) by the Royal Society of Arts in 1984. He appeared as a "castaway" on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 23 August 1998.

Death
Koltai died on 15 December 2018 at the age of 94.

Bibliography

References

External links

 Ralph Koltai at the British Film Institute

Category:1924 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:People from Berlin
Category:Theatre designers
Category:English sculptors
category:english Jews
category:Jewish sculptors
Category:English male sculptors
Category:German emigrants to England
Category:Alumni of the Central School of Art and Design
Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Category:English designers
Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Category:Laurence Olivier Award winners


Itutinga

Itutinga is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Minas Gerais. The city belongs to the mesoregion of Campo das Vertentes and to the microregion of Lavras.

See also
 List of municipalities in Minas Gerais

Category:Municipalities in Minas Gerais


Valet Records

Valet Records was an Australian independent record label established in O'Connor, Western Australia by Matt Wardle in 2005. The label manager, Jaun-Paul Rebola, was the vocalist and guitarist for the band, Calerway. In August 2005 the label issued an extended play and its associated DVD for Brisbane-based group, Avalon Drive.

Artists

 Avalon Drive: Avalon Drive (EP, 2005) The City of Burnt Out Lights (EP, 2006), "Get Up" (2006)
 Calerway: A Letter of Creedence (EP, 1 May 2006) "Loaded" (2005), "Always Always" (2005)
 Fifty Six: Gunpowder Office (EP, 6 November 2006) (Mmvr002) "Let It Ride" (2006)

See also

List of record labels

References

External links

Category:Record labels established in 2005
Category:Australian independent record labels
Category:Rock record labels


Prozac Nation (film)

Prozac Nation is a 2001 drama film directed by Erik Skjoldbjærg, starring Christina Ricci, Jason Biggs, Anne Heche, Michelle Williams, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, and Jessica Lange. It is based on the 1994 autobiography of the same name by Elizabeth Wurtzel, which describes Wurtzel's experiences with atypical depression. The title is a reference to Prozac, the brand name of an antidepressant she was prescribed.

Plot
Elizabeth "Lizzie" Wurtzel is a 19-year-old accepted into Harvard with a scholarship in journalism. She has been raised by her divorced mother since she was two years old and hasn't seen her father at all in the last four years. Despite his lack of interest and involvement, Lizzie still misses her father, a contributing factor to her depression. Through a series of flashbacks, it is clear that there was a total communication breakdown between Lizzie's parents, which is soon reflected in Lizzie's own relationship with her mother.

Soon after arriving at Harvard, Lizzie decides to lose her virginity to an older student, Noah. Lizzie proceeds to alienate Noah by throwing a loss-of-virginity party immediately afterwards with the help of her roommate Ruby. Although she and Lizzie begin as best friends, Ruby soon becomes another casualty of Lizzie's instability. Although Lizzie's article for the local music column in The Harvard Crimson is presented an award by Rolling Stone early into the semester, Lizzie soon finds herself unable to write, stuck in a vicious cycle with substance abuse. She begins a relationship with another student, Rafe, but after travelling to his home in Texas and discovering that his sister has an intellectual disability, Lizzie accuses Rafe of being 'a creepy voyeur' who gets off on witnessing the pain of others. Rafe breaks up with her.

Lizzie's promising literary career is at risk, as is her mental and physical health. Her mother sends her to expensive psychiatric sessions towards which her father, pleading poverty, implacably refuses to contribute anything at all. After a long period of treatment under medication and a suicidal gesture, Lizzie stabilizes and begins to adjust to her life.

Cast
Christina Ricci as Elizabeth Wurtzel
Jason Biggs as Rafe
Anne Heche as Dr. Sterling
Michelle Williams as Ruby
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Noah
Jessica Lange as Mrs. Sarah Wurtzel
Jesse Moss as Sam
Nicholas Campbell as Donald, Elizabeth's father
Lou Reed as himself
Zoe Miller as the young Elizabeth Wurtzel

Release
The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2001; distribution rights were acquired by Miramax Films with the intent of giving the film a wider theatrical release. Months of subsequent test screenings and re-edits of the film never led to a broad commercial release. The film was released in Norway, Skjoldbjærg's native country, in August 2003, but it never had a national release in the U.S. market. It premiered on the Starz! channel in March 2005, and was released on DVD that following summer.

Frank Deasy, who co-wrote the screenplay, offered his opinion to The Guardian on Miramax's failure to release the film:

Reception
The film received generally negative reviews, scoring a 29% on the film aggregate site, Rotten Tomatoes.

Soundtrack
What follows is a list of the songs that were played according to the end credits.

 "The Promise" – Bruce Springsteen
 "Mystery Achievement" – The Pretenders
 "I Will Dare" – The Replacements
 "Perfect Day" – Lou Reed
 "Sweet Jane" – Lou Reed
 "Keep the Promise" – The Pontiac Brothers
 "Ivory Tower" – The Long Ryders
 "Who Is Who" – Adolescents
 "The Real West" – Thin White Rope
 "Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse" – Propaganda

References

External links

Category:2000s psychological drama films
Category:2001 films
Category:American films
Category:American psychological drama films
Category:Eli Lilly and Company
Category:English-language films
Category:Films about bipolar disorder
Category:Films about depression
Category:Films about virginity
Category:Films based on biographies
Category:Films directed by Erik Skjoldbjærg
Category:Films set in Harvard University
Category:Films shot in Boston
Category:Films shot in London
Category:Films shot in New Jersey
Category:Films shot in Vancouver
Category:German drama films
Category:German psychological films
Category:German films


Köthen (Anhalt)

Köthen (Anhalt) () is a city in Germany. It is the capital of the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld in Saxony-Anhalt, about  north of Halle.

Köthen is the location of the main campus and the administrative centre of the regional university, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences/Hochschule Anhalt which is especially strong in information technology. The city is conveniently located at the hub of the Magdeburg–Leipzig, Dessau–Köthen and Köthen–Aschersleben railways.

Köthen is situated in a fertile area with rich black soil suitable to the cultivation of sugar-beets. Industry includes high-tech engineering, manufacture of cranes, as well as chemicals, printing, and foodstuffs.

In English, German place-name is often spelt anachronistically as Cöthen, a practice that has become standard in the literature relating to the life and work of Johann Sebastian Bach, who resided and worked there from 1717 to 1723.

History

Owing to the fertile soil of the region, the area of Köthen is unusually rich in archaeological discoveries.  The earliest signs of human habitation date from the early Stone Age about 250,000 years ago and evidence of every succeeding historical period may be found in the collections of the local Prehistorical Museum.

The first documentary mention of "Cothene" dates to 1115; by 1194 it was already known as a market town, becoming a seat of the princes of Anhalt.  Köthen was chartered in 1200.  For over two centuries (1603–1847) it was the capital of the independent principality (from 1806, duchy) of Anhalt-Köthen.

The town has long been known to classical music enthusiasts as the place of origin of Johann Sebastian Bach's best-known secular works, including the Brandenburg concertos and the Well-Tempered Clavier.  Bach worked in Köthen from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for Prince Leopold von Anhalt-Köthen.  It is also the birthplace of the composer Carl Friedrich Abel who, together with Johann Christian Bach, founded the popular "Bach-Abel Concerts" in London, the first subscription concerts in England.

Schloss Köthen has been fully restored except for a small side wing bombed in 1944. Its Hall of Mirrors where Bach's music is now often performed is a popular attraction.  It can be seen on DVD in the Freiburg Baroque Orchestra's recording of the Brandenburg concertos. Since 1967 a bi-annual Bach Festival has been held at Köthen, in the various halls of the palace as well as the local churches. Another concert hall was opened in 2008 in the palace complex.

Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homoeopathy, practised in Köthen from 1821 to 1834, and during this period he published many of his best-known works. In 1855 his disciple Arthur Lutze opened a palatial homoeopathic clinic. Hahnemann's home is now open to tourists, and includes an actual working homoeopathic practice. The city has become the national center of homeopathy, location of congresses, and the seat of the new European Homeopathic Library.  In 2013, the international homoeopathic medical society, Liga Medicorum Homoeopathica Internationalis, relocated its main operations to Köthen, so the city now is kind of a "world's capital of homoeopathy".

The pioneering ornithologist Johann Friedrich Naumann was born near Köthen and was employed at the ducal court for more than two decades (c. 1810-1835). His well-renowned collection of almost 1300 specimen and drawings of European birds is now the main part of an ornithological museum that is also situated in the palace.

Geography

Location
Köthen located to the south of Magdeburg, north of Halle (Saale), west of Dessau and east of Bernburg (Saale).
In the north of the [[Anhalt-Bitterfeld],] district begins the Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve. The Ziethe flows through the north part of the town.

Subdivisions
Administrative subdivisions (dt.: Ortsteile) of the municipality are:

The town of Köthen with its subdivisions Porst and Elsdorf (since 1961) and Merzien, Zehringen, and Hohsdorf (since 1994)
With the administrative restructuring in 2004, the following villages were incorporated:
Baasdorf with its subdivisions Arensdorf and Gahrendorf
Dohndorf
Löbnitz a der Linde
Wülknitz

Main sights

 St. Jakob Church (~1400), with baptismal font designed by Bertel Thorvaldsen; crypt with sarcophagi of the reigning princes; organ by Friedrich Ladegast (1872); the towers were added in the late 19th century; site where the funerary services were held for prince Leopold on 23 and 24 March 1729 at which Johann Sebastian Bach performed his Cantata Klagt, Kinder, klagt es aller Welt, BWV 244a.
 St. Agnus Church (~1699), where Johann Sebastian Bach worshipped.  "Last Supper" by Lucas Cranach the Younger (1565); donor portrait by Antoine Pesne (1713); organ by Wilhelm Rühlmann
Catholic St. Mary Church (~1830), build by Gottfried Bandhauer, it is one of the most prominent sacral buildings of the 19th century in northern Germany; organ by Anton Feith (1872–1929); crypt with the sarcophagus of the last reigning duke of Anhalt-Köthen
 Schloss Köthen, palace of the reigning princes (the main structure was built 1597–1660, with additions in the 18th century), now a museum — features a Versailles-style Hall of Mirrors (1722), the music school and the former ducal chapel as well as the actual rooms where much of J. S. Bach's secular music was first performed.
 Naumann Museum of ornithology and Prehistorical Museum, both are also situated in different wings of the palace.
 Zoo (Tierpark Köthen) and city parks
 Historical Museum for city and district.
 City hall, the main part of which was built in the early 20th century
 remnants of the medieval city wall with two prominent towers at the former gates to Halle and Magdeburg, respectively.
 Bach House, now a senior residence
 Homes of Eichendorff and Hahnemann
 Monuments to prince Ludwig I, J.S. Bach, Hahnemann, Naumann, Angelika Hartmann, Fritz Weineck, and Yuri Gagarin.

Notable personalities born in Köthen

 Carl Friedrich Abel (1723–1787), composer
 Hans Hermann Behr (1818–1904), physician and entomologist
 Hans-Ulrich Brand (born 1930), a former member of the Bundestag
 Roland Brückner (born 1955), gymnast
 Wilhelm Albert von Brunn (1911–1988), archaeologist
 Hans Elwenspoek (1910–1989), actor
 Carl Christoph Wilhelm Fleischer (1727–1787), architect
 Nicolaus Gallus (1516–1570), Protestant reformer
 Gisela Agnes (1669–1740), princess consort of Anhalt-Köthen, regent in lieu of her son Leopold, 1704-1715
 Robert Friedrich Goetze (1881–1940), architect
 Werner Haase (1900–1950), Hitler's personal physician
 Angelika Hartmann (1829–1917), a reformist educationist of the late 19th and early 20th century
 August Klughardt (1847–1902), composer and conductor
 Georg Krause (1849–1927), founder of the influential journal of chemical science, „Chemiker-Zeitung“
 Leopold (1694–1728), prince of Anhalt-Köthen, employer of J.S. Bach
 Ludwig I (1579–1650), prince of Anhalt-Köthen, co-founder of the Fruitbearing Society
 Julius Naue (1835–1907), painter and archeologist
 Michael Naumann (born 1941), journalist, German federal Secretary of culture (1998–2001)
 Christian Prokop (born 1978), handball player and coach, Heinz Prokop's son
 Heinz Prokop (born 1952), handball player and coach
 Walter Rauff (1906–1984), NSDAP-politician and participant of the Nazi eugenics crimes
 Eduard von Rindfleisch (1836–1908), pathologist
 Johann Friedrich Schweitzer (1625–1709), physician, grandfather of Claude Adrien Helvétius
 Gerhard Thielcke (1931–2007), ornithologist
 Leberecht Uhlich (1799–1872), theologian
 Manfred Wekwerth (1929–2014), theatre and film director
 Wolfgang (1492–1566), prince of Anhalt-Köthen, Protestant reformer of the principalities of Anhalt
 Karin Ritter (born 1954), television personality
 Norman Krüger (born 1985), television personality
 Andy Ritter (born 1986), television personality
 Christopher Kaufmann (born 1987), television personality
 Jasmin Ritter (born 2000), television personality

Sister cities

Köthen is twinned with two cities:
 Siemianowice, Upper Silesia, Poland (since 1993) and
 Wattrelos, Picardie, France (since 1990)

Köthen also has partnerships (Städtefreundschaften) with two fellow German cities:
 Langenfeld, North Rhine-Westphalia (since 1990) and
 Lüneburg, Lower Saxony (since 1990)

References

External links

 Official website

Category:Anhalt-Bitterfeld
Category:Duchy of Anhalt
Category:Bezirk Halle

sr:Кетен


39th meridian

39th meridian may refer to:

39th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian
39th meridian west, a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian


Junction, Mendocino County, California

Junction (also, Glenblair Junction) is a former settlement in Mendocino County, California. It was located on the railroad  southwest of Glenblair.

The spur rail line to Glenblair left the main line at the place.

References

Category:Former settlements in Mendocino County, California
Category:Former populated places in California


Shanti Bahini

The Shanti Bahini (; meaning "Peace Force") was the armed wing of the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts) in Bangladesh. It is considerend an insurgent group in Bangladesh. The Shanti Bahini was made out of mostly members from the Chakma tribe.

History
Following the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Manabendra Narayan Larma founded the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS) on 15 February 1972, seeking to build an organization representing all the tribal peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Larma was elected to the Bangladesh Jatiya Sangsad, the national legislature of Bangladesh as a candidate of the PCJSS in 1973. When Larma's continued efforts to make the government recognize the rights of the tribal peoples through political discussions had failed, Larma and the PCJSS began organizing the Shanti Bahini (Peace Corps), an armed force operating in the Hill Tracts area. It was formed in 1972 and fought for many years against the government.

Shanti Bahini began attacking Bangladesh Army convoys in 1977. They carried out kidnappings and extortion. Larma subsequently went into hiding from government security forces. Factionalism within the PCJS weakened Larma's standing and he was assassinated on 10 November 1983. On 23 June 1981 the Shanti Bahini attacked a camp of Bangladesh rifles, killing 13 people. They later captured and executed 24 members of the Bangladesh rifles. In the 1980s the Government of Bangladesh started to provide land for thousands of landless Bengali . Many Bengali were forced to move to secure regions because of the insurgency, abandoning their land to the tribal communities. On 29 April 1986, Shanti Bahini massacred 19 Bengali. On 26 June 1989 the Shanti Bahini burned down villages where inhabitants had voted in Bangladeshi elections. In 1996 Shanti Bahini abducted and killed 30 Bengali. On 9 September 1996, the Shanti Bahini massacred a group of Bengali woodcutters, who were under the impression they'd been called to a meeting. Members of Shanti Bahini extorted some four million dollars from the local population in the name of toll collection.

The Shanti Bahini abandoned militancy when the Bangladesh Awami League negotiated the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord between the government and the PCJSS on 2 December 1997. Members of Shanti Bahini surrendered their weapons in a stadium in Khagrachari. The treaty saw the lifting of nighttime curfew and the return of 50 thousand refugees. However, some members opposed to the peace deal formed a dissident group. Some of those who opposed the peace treaty formed the United People's Democratic Front as an alternate to the PCJSS. The treaty was also criticised by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and has not been fully implemented. Some members of Shanti Bahini became police officers after the peace treaty. On November 2012, two of those members of Bangladesh police were arrested for stealing ammunition from the police. On August 2014 Indian security forces arrested members of Shanti Bahini, two Bangladeshi and three Indian nationals, with weapons in Mizoram.

Alleged foreign help
The spokesman for the Shanti Bahini, Bimal Chakma alleged Indian involvement by stating that after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the removal of Bangladesh Awami League from power in 1975, India provided support and shelter to the members of Shanti Bahini. Members of Shanti Bahini were trained in Chakrata, India.

See also
 Chittagong Hill Tracts
 Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord
 Demographics of Bangladesh

References

Category:Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict
Category:Paramilitary organisations based in Bangladesh
Category:History of Bangladesh
Category:History of Chittagong Division
Category:Separatism in Bangladesh
Category:1972 establishments in Bangladesh


Grossite

Grossite is a calcium aluminium oxide mineral with formula CaAl4O7. It is a colorless to white vitreous mineral which crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system.

Grossite was first described 1994 for an occurrence in the Hatrurim Formation of Israel. It was named for Shulamit Gross (1923–2012) of the Geological Survey of Israel.

It occurs within high temperature metamorphosed impure limestone of the Hatrurim Formation and also within calcium-aluminium rich inclusions in chondritic meteorites. Associated minerals in the Hatrurium include brownmillerite, mayenite and larnite. In meteorites it occurs with perovskite, melilite, hibonite, spinel and calcium rich pyroxene.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

Category:Oxide minerals
Category:Monoclinic minerals
Category:Meteorite minerals


Salem Township, Pennsylvania

Salem Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania:

Salem Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania
Salem Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Salem Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania
Salem Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania
Salem Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania

Category:Pennsylvania township disambiguation pages


NGC 4519

NGC 4519 is a barred spiral galaxy located about 70 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. NGC 4519 was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 15, 1784. It has companion galaxy known as PGC 41706 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

Physical characteristics
NGC 4519 has an asymmetric structure that contains a well-defined bar.

See also
 List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
 NGC 4498

References

External links

Category:Virgo (constellation)
Category:Barred spiral galaxies
4519
41719
7709
Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
Category:Virgo Cluster
Category:Discoveries by William Herschel


Fabian Nicieza

Fabian Nicieza (born December 31, 1961) is an American comic book writer and editor who is best known for his work on Marvel titles such as X-Men, X-Force, New Warriors, Cable, Deadpool, and Thunderbolts, for all of which he helped create numerous characters.

Early life
Nicieza was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the son of Omar and Irma Riguetti Nicieza. He was four years old when his family moved to the United States. Growing up in New Jersey, Nicieza learned to read and write from comic books. He lived first in Sayreville, New Jersey and moved to Old Bridge Township, where he attended Madison Central High School, from which he graduated in 1979. He studied at Rutgers University, interning at the ABC television network before graduating in 1983 with a degree in advertising and public relations. His brother is Mariano Nicieza, also a comic book writer and editor.

Career
Until 1985, Nicieza worked for the Berkley Publishing Group, starting in the production department and becoming a managing editor.

Marvel Comics
In 1985, Nicieza joined the staff at Marvel Comics, initially as a manufacturing assistant, later moving to the promotions department as an advertising manager. During this period he began to take his first freelance work for Marvel, writing short articles for Marvel’s promotional magazine Marvel Age.

Nicieza's first published comics story came with Psi-Force No. 9 (July 1987), a title in Marvel's short-lived New Universe imprint. This led to his becoming that title's regular writer from #16 (Feb. 1988) until #32 (June 1989), the final issue. This led to fill-in work on titles such as Classic X-Men, for which he provided backup stories, and in the Marvel Annuals' 1989 summer crossover "Atlantis Attacks".

After Tom DeFalco, then Marvel's editor-in-chief, created the superhero team the New Warriors, using existing characters, in Thor No. 412 (Dec. 1989), he selected Nicieza to write the spin-off series. Nicieza recalled "I took the assignment for two reasons. First, I saw a lot of potential in these characters that had already been deemed useless. And secondly, I really wanted to write a monthly book." Collaborating with pencilers Mark Bagley and later Darick Robertson, primarily, Nicieza went on to write the title for most of its first 53 issues (July 1990 – November 1994). Years later, Nicieza said that he considers the first 25 issues of New Warriors to be the best work of his career.

Also in 1990 Nicieza began short runs on comics such as Alpha Flight (#87–101), Avengers (#317–325) and Avengers Spotlight, as well as the miniseries Nomad, which in turn led him to write the ongoing series Nomad vol. 2 in 1992. That year, Nicieza became editor of Marvel's children's imprint, Star Comics. Shortly afterward, he left the Marvel staff and began freelance writing for the company.

Nicieza's projects in this period included the first four issues of National Football League-approved superhero NFL SuperPro (Oct. 1991 –  Feb. 1992), and, with penciler Kevin Maguire, the four-issue  miniseries Adventures of Captain America (also known by its cover-logo treatment, The Adventures of Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty) (Sept. 1991 – Jan. 1992), an origin-story retelling set in the 1940s.

The X-Men
In 1991, Nicieza joined with artist Rob Liefeld in co-plotting and writing the final three issues of the New Mutants. In those issues Liefeld and Nicieza created the characters  Deadpool and Shatterstar as well as the super team, X-Force. Liefeld and Nicieza then produced an ongoing X-Force title. Nicieza initially worked on the title as scripter; after the departure of Liefeld in No. 12 he became its full writer, which he remained until 1995. By the end of 1992, Nicieza became regular scripter for X-Men vol. 2, beginning with No. 12 (Sept. 1992), working primarily with penciler Andy Kubert throughout his run. For the next three years, Nicieza was among the writers and editors of one of Marvel's most popular superhero franchises during a time of such popular, multi-series crossover story arcs as "X-Cutioner's Song", "Phalanx Covenant" and "Age of Apocalypse".

During this period Nicieza wrote the first Cable miniseries as well as the first few issues of the character's subsequent ongoing series. He also wrote the first solo Deadpool series, Deadpool: the Circle Chase in 1993. These series expanded the characters' personalities and established key background information for both characters, all things which were later used by other writers on those characters’ subsequent ongoing books.

However in 1995, in a dispute with then editor-in-chief Bob Harras over the future direction of his plotlines on X-Force, Nicieza was fired from the X-titles, leaving X-Force with No. 43 and X-Men with No. 45. He later remarked, "I never wanted to leave [X-Force], and never felt my firing was justified. ... I don't recall being given a reason [for being fired], and I also don't recall asking for one. ... Considering it was a Top 10 selling title at the time, I felt it was a wholly unjustified decision."

Acclaim Comics
After 1995, Nicieza wrote short runs of Captain Marvel  (vol. 2, 1995),  Spider-Man: The Final Adventure (1995) and stories for Mighty Morphin Power Rangers before leaving the company in 1996. That year Nicieza did his first work for rival publisher DC Comics, co-writing Justice League: Midsummer Nightmare with Mark Waid which relaunched the Justice League as the JLA. He also worked for Twist and Shout Comics writing and pencilling back-up stories in X-Flies Special #1 and Dirtbag #7.

Later in 1996 Nicieza joined Acclaim Comics as senior vice-president and editor-in-chief. He was charged with revamping the companies intellectual properties which had previously formed Valiant Comics' Valiant Universe. Nicieza as editor oversaw the new version, dubbed "VH2", which re-imagined characters such as Solar, X-O Manowar, and Ninjak.

Nicieza himself wrote the Turok title as well as a new series, Troublemakers. Turok met with success as a video game adaptation, and Nicieza was promoted to president and publisher of Acclaim Comics in 1997. He also wrote a Turok novella during this period. However, after staff cuts and most of the lines' cancellation, Nicieza left Acclaim in 1999.

Freelance work
Returning to freelance work, Marvel and the X-Men, Nicieza co-wrote the Magneto Wars crossover through Uncanny X-Men #366–367 and X-Men vol. 2, #86–87, with artist Alan Davis in 1999. This led to the successive Magneto limited series Magneto Rex (1999) and Magneto: Dark Seduction (2000), as well as an ongoing Gambit (1999) series which he wrote for the first 24 issues of its 25-issue run.

Also in 1999, Nicieza began writing Thunderbolts with #34. He continued to write the book (initially with old partner Mark Bagley on art, later with Patrick Zircher and Chris Batista) up until No. 75 when the title was revamped. The revamp was unsuccessful, and in 2004 the original version of the team was resurrected, initially in an Avengers/Thunderbolts miniseries, then later in the  New Thunderbolts series with Nicieza again as writer.

Nicieza also worked on several limited series at Marvel and DC around the turn of the century. At Marvel he wrote Citizen V (2001), Citizen V and the V Battalion: Everlasting (2002), X-Men Forever (2001), and X-Force vol. 2, as well as the short-lived ongoing series Hawkeye (2003); while at DC, he wrote the six-issue miniseries Supermen of America (1999) and the Elseworlds project JLA: Created Equal (2000), as well as some issues of the children's comic Justice League Adventures.

In 2003 Nicieza co-created, with artist Stefano Raffaele, the horror miniseries The Blackburne Covenant, published by Dark Horse Comics. That same year he returned to two of his old characters with the Marvel series Cable and Deadpool, of which he wrote all 50 issues.

In 2006, Nicieza returned to DC with a three-issue arc in Action Comics #841–843 (July–Sept. 2006), co-written with Kurt Busiek. Nicieza also wrote JSA Classified #28.  He is also one of the co-writers for The 99, an "Islamic culture-based comic book" with Kuwaiti Naif Al-Mutawa, Other late-2000s DC work includes Nightwing and Robin, both titles being cancelled in connection with "Batman R.I.P." and Nicieza then wrote an Azrael : Death's Dark Knight mini-series, part of the Battle for the Cowl storyline which dealt with the "Batman R.I.P." aftermath. After Death's Dark Knight concluded, Nicieza wrote the new Azrael ongoing series from issue #1–13 (December 2009 – December 2010).

Nicieza began writing the DC series Red Robin from issues #13-26, the final issue  (Aug. 2010 - Aug. 2011). DC announced Nicieza would be writing Legion Lost, a spinoff of Legion of Superheroes as part of DC's line wide relaunch initiative in September 2011. Nicieza wrote the first six issues before leaving the title. In 2016, for the comics company Shatner Singularity, he adapted a Stan Lee poem into the graphic novel Stan Lee's 'God Woke'''. That work won the 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards' Outstanding Books of the Year Independent Voice Award.

Non-comics work
In non-comics works, Nicieza co-scripted the direct-to-DVD animated feature Hot Wheels World Race, and the  computer-animated DVD feature The Black Belt Club'', based on the Scholastic book series.

References

External links

 Fabian Nicieza at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

 Comicon.com: The Pulse interview with Nicieza
 "Interview with Fabian Nicieza", BigShinyRobot.com, December 19, 2008

Category:1961 births
Category:American comics writers
Category:Argentine comics writers
Category:Living people
Category:Writers from Buenos Aires
Category:Marvel Comics people
Category:Old Bridge High School alumni
Category:People from Old Bridge Township, New Jersey
Category:People from Sayreville, New Jersey
Category:Rutgers University alumni


Mycobacterium smegmatis

Mycobacterium smegmatis is an acid-fast bacterial species in the phylum Actinobacteria and the genus Mycobacterium.  It is 3.0 to 5.0 µm long with a bacillus shape and can be stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method and the auramine-rhodamine fluorescent method. It was first reported in November 1884 by Lustgarten, who found a bacillus with the staining appearance of tubercle bacilli in syphilitic chancres.  Subsequent to this, Alvarez and Tavel found organisms similar to that described by Lustgarten also in normal genital secretions (smegma). This organism was later named M. smegmatis.

Virulence
M. smegmatis is generally considered a non-pathogenic microorganism; however, in some very rare cases, it may cause disease.

Use in research
M. smegmatis is useful for the research analysis of other Mycobacteria species in laboratory experiments.  M. smegmatis is commonly used in work on the Mycobacterium genus due to its being a "fast grower" and non-pathogenic. M. smegmatis is a simple model that is easy to work with, i.e., with a fast doubling time and only requires a biosafety level 1 laboratory.  The time and heavy infrastructure needed to work with pathogenic species prompted researchers to use M. smegmatis as a model for mycobacterial species. This species shares more than 2000 homologous genes with M. tuberculosis and shares the same peculiar cell wall structure of M. tuberculosis and other mycobacterial species. It is also capable of oxidizing carbon monoxide aerobically, as is M. tuberculosis.

The discovery of plasmids, phages, and mobile genetic elements has enabled the construction of dedicated gene-inactivation and gene reporter systems. The M. smegmatis mc2155 strain is hypertransformable, and is now the work-horse of mycobacterial genetics. Furthermore, it is readily cultivatable in most synthetic or complex laboratory media, where it can form visible colonies in 3–5 days. These properties make it a very attractive model organism for M. tuberculosis and other mycobacterial pathogens. M. smegmatis mc2155 is also used for the cultivation of mycobacteriophage. The complete genome of M. smegmatis  has been sequenced by TIGR, and microarrays have been produced by PFGRC program (http://pfgrc.tigr.org/descriptionPages.shtml), adding further to its use as a model system to study mycobacteria.

Transformation
Transformation is a process by which a bacterial cell takes up DNA that had been released by another cell into the surrounding medium, and then incorporates that DNA into its own genome by homologous recombination (see Transformation (genetics)).  Strains of M. smegmatis that have particularly efficient DNA repair machinery, as indicated by their greater resistance to the DNA damaging effects of agents such as UV and mitomycin C, proved to be the most capable of undergoing transformation.  This suggests that transformation in M. smegmatis is a DNA repair process, presumably a recombinational repair process, as it is in other bacterial species.

Conjugation
Conjugal DNA transfer in M. smegmatis requires stable and extended contact between a donor and a recipient strain, is DNase resistant, and the transferred DNA is incorporated into the recipient’s chromosome by homologous recombination.  However, in contrast to the well-known E. coli Hfr conjugation system, in M. smegmatis all regions of the chromosome are transferred with comparable efficiencies and mycobacterial conjugation is chromosome, rather than plasmid based.  Gray et al. reported substantial blending of the parental genomes resulting from conjugation and referred to this blending as reminiscent of that seen in the meiotic products of sexual reproduction (see Origin of sexual reproduction).

DNA repair
M. smegmatis relies on DNA repair pathways to resist DNA damage. Double-strand breaks are especially threatening to bacterial viability.  M. smegmatis has three options for repairing double-strand breaks; homologous recombination (HR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), and single-strand annealing (SSA).  The HR pathway of M. smegmatis is the major determinant of resistance to ionizing radiation and oxidative DNA damage.  This pathway involves exchange of information between a damaged chromosome and another homologous chromosome in the same cell.  It depends on the RecA protein that catalyzes strand exchange and the ADN protein that acts as a presynaptic nuclease.  HR is an accurate repair process and is the preferred pathway during logarithmic growth.

The NHEJ pathway for repairing double-strand breaks involves the rejoining of the broken ends. It does not depend on a second homologous chromosome.  This pathway requires the Ku protein and a specialized poly-functional ATP-dependent DNA ligase (ligase D).  NHEJ is efficient but inaccurate.  Sealing of blunt DNA ends within a functional gene sequence occurs with a mutation frequency of about 50%.  NHEJ is the preferred pathway during stationary phase, and it protects M. smegmatis against the harmful effects of desiccation.

SSA is employed as a repair pathway when a double-strand break arises between direct repeat sequences in DNA.  SSA involves single-strand resection, annealing of the repeats, flap removal, gap filling and ligation.  In M. smegmatis the SSA pathway depends on the RecBCD helicase-nuclease.

References

External links
 Information and photo from NCBI
 MicrobeWiki page on M. smegmatis
Type strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

smegmatis
Category:Bacteria described in 1899


Strange Adventures of Mr. Smith

Strange Adventures of Mr. Smith is a 1937 British comedy film directed by Maclean Rogers and starring Gus McNaughton, Norma Varden and Eve Gray. It was a quota quickie made at the Nettlefold Studios in Walton for release by RKO Pictures.

Cast
 Gus McNaughton as Will Smith / Black Patch
 Norma Varden as Mrs. Broadbent
 Eve Gray as Mrs. Maidie Smith
 Aubrey Mallalieu as Mr. Broadbent
 Bill Shine (actor) as Rodney Broadbent
 Hal Walters as Lobby
 Isobel Scaife as Birkenstraw
 Michael Ripper as Undetermined Role
 John Singer as Boy

References

Bibliography
 Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
 Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986.

External links

Category:1937 films
Category:British films
Category:British comedy films
Category:1930s comedy films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films shot at Nettlefold Studios
Category:Films directed by Maclean Rogers
Category:Quota quickies
Category:British black-and-white films


Year Zero (song)

"Year Zero" is a song by the Swedish rock band Ghost. The track was released as the second single from the group's second studio album Infestissumam.

Background and release
Tobias Forge claimed that "Year Zero" and "Zenith" are the only two Ghost songs that he was not the main author of, the two songs instead being the ideas of guitarist Martin Persner. Although, Forge did write the former's lyrics in addition to revising, arranging and giving instrumentation to both.

On March 12, 2013, Ghost began providing fans with a free streaming of "Year Zero" if they promoted the band on Facebook, by endorsing its frontman to be elected the next Pope of the Catholic Church. The 10" vinyl version of the single includes the B-side "Orez Raey", which as the title suggests is the A-side played backwards.

The single’s cover art is an homage to John Martin’s famous engraving, Satan Presiding at the Infernal Council.

Music video
A music video for the song directed by Amir Chamdin was unveiled on March 25, 2013. A censored version was uploaded to YouTube two days later.

Reception
Loudwire referred to "Year Zero" as possibly the standout track of Infestissumam. About the song, Spin wrote that "Satanic-choir hooks flow into comparatively restrained, melodic verses that are somehow even more sinister." Metal Forces called it one of the album's best with its "eerie chants that sound as if they’ve been lifted from the local monastery" and its infectious drum beat.

Loudwire named the "Year Zero" music video the Best Metal Video of 2013, while Revolver named it seventh on their list of the year's best in all genres. "Year Zero" and its music video were nominated for Best Metal Song and Best Metal Video in the 2013 Loudwire Music Awards.

Track listing

Personnel
 Papa Emeritus II − vocals
 Nameless Ghouls – all instrumentalists: lead guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, drummer, rhythm guitarist
 Mattias Frisk – artwork

References

External links
Music Video on Vevo

Category:Ghost (Swedish band) songs
Category:2012 songs
Category:2013 singles
Category:Songs written by Tobias Forge


Field telephone

Field telephones are telephones used for military communications. They can draw power from their own battery, from a telephone exchange (via a central battery known as CB), or from an external power source. Some need no battery, being sound-powered telephones.

Field telephones replaced flag signals and the telegraph as an efficient means of communication. The first field telephones had a wind-up generator, used to power the telephone's ringer & batteries to send the call, and call the manually operated telephone central. This technology was used from the 1910s to the 1960s. Later the ring signal has been made electronically operated by a pushbutton, or automatic as on domestic telephones. The manual systems are still widely used, and are often compatible with the older equipment.

Shortly after the invention of the telephone attempts were made to adapt the technology for military use. Telephones were already being used to support military campaigns in British India and in British colonies in Africa in the late 1870s and early 1880s. In the United States telephone lines connected fortresses with each other and with army headquarters. They were also used for fire control at fixed coastal defence installations. The first telephone for use in the field was developed in the United States in 1889 but it was too expensive for mass production. Subsequent developments in several countries made the field telephone more practicable. The wire material was changed from iron to copper, devices for laying wire in the field were developed and systems with both battery-operated sets for command posts and hand generator sets for use in the field were developed. The first purposely-designed field telephones were used by the British in the Second Boer War. They were used more extensively in the Russo-Japanese War, where all infantry regiments and artillery divisions on both sides were equipped with telephone sets. By the First World War the use of field telephones was widespread.

Field telephones operate over wire lines, sometimes commandeering civilian circuits when available, but often using wires strung in combat conditions. At least as of World War II, wire communications were the preferred method for the U.S. Army, with radio use only when needed, e.g. to communicate with mobile units, or until wires could be set up. Field phones could operate point to point or via a switchboard at a command post. A variety of wire types are used, ranging from light weight "assault wire", e.g. W-130 —— with a talking range about , to heavier cable with multiple pairs. Equipment for laying the wire ranges from reels on backpacks to trucks equipped with plows to bury lines.

Field telephones used by the United States Army

EE-8, World War II era through Vietnam War.
TA-1 4 mile range self powered no batteries
TA-43
TA-312
TA-838, includes touch-tone key pad.

Torture of POWs

According to the Army's Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files, field telephones were sometimes used in Vietnam to torture POWs with electric shocks during interrogations.

Field telephones of the Soviet Union

УНА "Unified unit" (Унифицированный аппарат)
ТАИ-43 field telephone set (Полевой Телефонный Аппарат)
ТА-57 field telephone set (Полевой Телефонный Аппарат)

Field telephones used by the Royal Norwegian Defence Forces

TP-6N Developed in Norway for the armed forces early 1970s.
TP-6NA Versions of TP-6N A to C
M37 Swedish field telephone used by the Norwegian Civil Defence. This phone is fully interoperable with the EE-8, TA-1, TA-43 and TA-312 series of US Field Phones.
EE-8 A part of The Marshall Plan (from its enactment, officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) The EE-8* was used in USA from World War II to late seventies, and in Norway from World War II until the TP-6 could replace it.
FF33 This phone was widely used from mid 1950s until it was replaced by TP-6 (after the EE-8) FF33 was left by the Germans when World War II ended, but was not used immediately due to political reasons.
 Mod 1932 Developed by Elektrisk Bureau for the Norwegian forces, approved in 1932 (as the 1st std. field telephone), but never made in great numbers, due to bureaucracy and the start of World War II. Based on a model made for the Turkish Army by Elektrisk Burau.

Field telephones used by the Finnish Defence Forces

TA-57, made in the Soviet Union
P78, made in Sweden by L.M. Ericsson
P90, made in the UK by Racal Acoustics Ltd.
ET-10, made by Terma A/S

Field telephones used by the German Defence Forces

 FF33
 FF OB/ZB
 SFT800

References

External links

 Gordon L. Rottman (2010): "World War II Battlefield Communications (Elite)", Osprey Military,  .
TA-312 Field Phone
TP-6 Norwegian Field Telephone
EE-8 Field Phone
FF33 Field Phone
Norwegian mod. 1932 Field Phone

Category:Military communications
Category:Telephony equipment


Murtygit

Murtygit () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Murtygitsky Selsoviet of Tyndinsky District, Amur Oblast, Russia. The population was 340 as of 2018. There are 3 streets.

References

Category:Rural localities in Amur Oblast


Mount Deception (Washington)

Mount Deception is a peak in the Olympic Mountains of Cascadia. It is in Olympic National Park on the Olympic Peninsula in the U.S. state of Washington.

Description

At  high Mount Deception is the second highest peak of the Olympic Mountains, after Mount Olympus. It is the highest peak of the eastern Olympics. Mount Deception's prominence is , making it the 17th most prominent peak in Washington. Its nearest higher peak is Mount Olympus at  to the west.

Mount Deception is located in the northeast portion of the Olympics Mountains just northeast of Mount Mystery between Deception Creek and Royal Creek. The region is known as Royal Basin and includes the upper reaches of Royal Creek. Mount Deception lies at the head of Royal Basin. This location puts it in the rain shadow of the Olympics, resulting in far less precipitation than Mount Olympus and the western Olympics receive. Although Mount Deception is the highest peak in the eastern Olympics, it is not visible from Seattle.

Radiating northward from the shoulders of Mount Deception are Gilhooley Tower, The Needles, Mount Clark (), Mount Walkinshaw (), and the northeasterly running spur known as Gray Wolf Ridge. To the east and south are Mount Fricaba, Hal Foss Peak, Mount Mystery, and Little Mystery. Two small glaciers hug the mountain's north-facing basalt slopes.

Mount Deception sits on the boundary between the drainage basins of the Dungeness River, to the north, and the Dosewallips River, to the south and east. Deception Creek, a tributary of the Dosewallips River, drains the southern slope of Mount Deception. Gray Wolf Pass is located about  west of Mount Deception. The pass connects the Dungeness and Dosewallips drainage basins.

History
Mount Deception had been given the name Mount Holmes by the Seattle Press Expedition in honor of John H. Holmes of the Boston Herald. Later, G.A. Whitehead of the U.S. Forest Service renamed it Mount Deception due to the difficulty mountaineers had in locating climbing routes on the often cloud-covered peak.

Recreation

Unlike the peaks of Gray Wolf Ridge, which are scalable for fit and determined day hikers, mountaineering skills are necessary for Mount Deception itself. While not a particularly technical climb it is steep and exposed. If a climber falls and does not arrest immediately, loose rock and rotten snow may make it difficult to stop falling for some distance. Fatalities have occurred on Mount Deception and the National Park Service recommends climbers be experienced in self-arrest skills, rock climbing, and route-finding.

The adjacent Needles are typically regarded as providing better, and somewhat more difficult, mountaineering objectives in the Royal Basin area.

Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Deception is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Olympic Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Olympic Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall (Orographic lift). As a result, the Olympics experience high precipitation, especially during the winter months. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. In terms of favorable weather, the best months for climbing are June through September.

Geology

The Olympic Mountains are composed of obducted clastic wedge material and oceanic crust, primarily Eocene sandstone, turbidite, and basaltic oceanic crust. The mountains were sculpted during the Pleistocene era by erosion caused by glaciers advancing and retreating multiple times.

See also

 Olympic Mountains
 Geology of the Pacific Northwest
 Geography of Washington (state)
 List of mountains of the United States
 List of mountains by elevation

References

External links

 Mount Deception weather: Mountain Forecast
 Mt. Deception photo: Flickr

Category:Mountains of Washington (state)
Category:Olympic Mountains
Category:Mountains of Jefferson County, Washington
Category:Landforms of Olympic National Park


Esperanza Zabala

Esperanza Zabala (Eibar, Gipuzkoa, 1974), is a Spanish Basque artist. She works on painting, sculpture, graphic design and installations.

She learned the rudiments of art in Liceo di Brera, in Milan. After studying graphic design in San Sebastian, she graduated in fine arts at the University of Salamanca. Esperanza Zabala has taken part in many individual and collective exhibitions.

Painting

Esperanza Zabala's paintings can be considered neo-expressionists. Her style could be considered close to Jose Luis Zumeta's, German expressionists', CoBrA's or Basquiat's. Her paints, which at a first glance seem to be semiabstract, hide figurative images. She uses deep and powerful colours, and mixes oil, acrylic and other medias in her works. Sometimes, she uses embroidered bed sheets instead of regular canvas.

Sculpture

Her sculpture covers topics such as feminism, body, sex, religion, death and fashion. She has taken three main lines.
On the one hand, works based on objects, toys, religious images or everyday items. Through this work invites the social analysis, criticism and reflection of quotidian -fashion, consumerism, etc..
Another line is formed by her polyurethane foam sculptures, following the technique she learned from Enrique Marty. Composed by sculptures of people in real size -some of them fragmented- and anthropomorphic pieces of organic textures. These sculptures cover topics such as the process of construction-deconstruction of the body, defragmented body, skin, etc. Some of these works can be related to those by Damien Hirst or Gunther von Hagens.
From 2014 she begins to combine sculpture with Wi-Fi technologies and streaming. Through these conceptual works, in addition to treat the network as an artwork, she calls for reflection on the consciousness of the body.

Other disciplines

Among the works of Esperanza Zabala can be found a series of installations and performances of action painting in which she uses her own body as a tool. In those works she prints on paper her body previously smeared with red paint, following lines of work such as Ana Mendieta and Yves Klein.
In addition, the artist has also made artist's books and serigraphs.

References

Bibliography

Category:Basque painters
Category:Spanish painters
Category:Spanish Expressionist painters
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:University of Salamanca alumni
Category:Date of birth missing (living people)


The Lost House

The Lost House is a lost 1915 American short drama film directed by  Christy Cabanne and starring Lillian Gish.

Cast
 Lillian Gish as Dosia Dale
 Wallace Reid as Ford
 F. A. Turner as Dosia's uncle
 Elmer Clifton as Cuthbert
 Allan Sears as Dr. Protheroe (as A.D. Sears)

See also
 Lillian Gish filmography
 Wallace Reid Filmography

References

External links

Category:1915 films
Category:1910s short films
Category:1910s drama films
Category:American films
Category:American silent feature films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by Christy Cabanne
Category:Films with screenplays by Anita Loos
Category:American drama films
Category:Films based on short fiction


Richard A. Kirchhoffer

Richard Ainslie Kirchhoffer (June 28, 1890 – May 31, 1977) was seventh bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Indianapolis, serving from 1939 to 1959.

References

Diocesan website

Category:1890 births
Category:1977 deaths
Category:Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America


Buk Pomorski

Buk Pomorski  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonowo Pomorskie, within Brodnica County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies  north of Jabłonowo Pomorskie,  north-west of Brodnica, and  north-east of Toruń.

References

Buk Pomorski


Sanxia History Museum

The Sanxia History Museum () is a museum of local history in Sanxia District, New Taipei, Taiwan.

History
The museum building was originally built as the township office during the Japanese rule in 1929. The reconstruction process to make the museum from the former building started in 1999 for 4 years.

Architecture
The museum is a two-story building. The first floor has an exhibition area that periodically hosts art activities. The second floor has an exhibition area of Sanxia historical items, old time implements and memorabilia.

Transportation
The museum is accessible southeast from Yingge Station of Taiwan Railways.

See also
 List of museums in Taiwan

References

Category:2003 establishments in Taiwan
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1929
Category:Local museums in Taiwan
Category:Museums in New Taipei
Category:Museums established in 2003


Kuwanimyia

Kuwanimyia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

Species
K. afra Cerretti, 2009
K. atra Cerretti, 2009
K. capensis Cerretti, 2009
K. conspersa Townsend, 1916

References

Category:Exoristinae
Category:Diptera of Asia
Category:Diptera of Africa
Category:Tachinidae genera
Category:Taxa named by Charles Henry Tyler Townsend


Julio Guzmán

Julio Armando Guzmán Cáceres (born July 31, 1970, Lima, Peru) is a Peruvian economist, politician, and leader of the Purple Party. He was formerly the leader of the All for Peru political party, running for president for the party in Peru's 2016 elections, but was disqualified.

Biography

Julio Armando Guzman Caceres was born on July 31, 1970, in Lima. He is the second youngest of 12 children. His father, an architect by profession, came to Lima from the rural province of Anta in the Cusco Region. His mother is from Celendin in the Cajamarca Region.

Guzman attended Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta high school in Lima.

Guzman joined the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, where he studied economics and started a career teaching mathematics. Then he studied for a Master's in Public Policy at Georgetown University and continued graduate studies at the University of Oxford before completing his PhD in Public Policy from the University of Maryland.

Professional and political life
He has been an adjunct professor at the School of Public Policy at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., and the nearby campus of the University of Maryland.

Guzmán worked for 10 years at the Inter-American Development Bank as an economist in integration and trade. He left to work as a deputy minister in Peru's Ministry of Labor in the government of Ollanta Humala. In 2012, he was appointed secretary general of Peru's Cabinet under Prime Minister Juan Jiménez Mayor. Guzmán resigned from the government in February 2013.

Later he worked as a representative of the international firm Deloitte in Peru.

2016 election campaign
Guzman announced he was running for president of Peru in July 2015. He rose in the polls throughout the final months of 2015 until registering 5% of the vote in January. By February he had risen to 20% of the vote, second to leading candidate Keiko Fujimori, daughter of Alberto Fujimori. In March the National Elections Jury barred him from the election after it found irregularities in the party's internal processes.

2021 election campaign
In 2016, Guzman separated from All for Peru and founded the Purple Party. Guzman registered the party in Peru seeking to participate in the 2021 presidential elections. Following allegations surrounding Peruvian officials being involved in the Odebrecht scandal, Guzman stated that the "Odebrecht case is the meteor that will extinguish the dinosaurs" of Peru's political realm.

Personal life
In 2003, Guzmán married Ximena Caceres del Busto, with whom he had two daughters. They divorced in 2009.

In 2011, he married American citizen Michelle Ertischek, with whom he has a daughter.

References

Category:Peruvian economists
Category:Peruvian politicians
Category:1970 births
Category:Living people


The Railway Dragon

The Railway Dragon is a 1989 American television animated film. Leslie Nielsen featured as the narrator.

Plot
A little girl named Emily knows that there is something special in the railway tunnel close to her home, despite no one else thinking so. One day she decides to see for herself, exploring around the tunnel. After a brief scare due to a large rat, she tries to give it some food but the rat instead runs down a burrow. Emily accidentally slides down the burrow while investigating it and is amazed when she comes face to face with a centuries-old dragon. The dragon is at first grouchy and not happy with her being in his lair, which is full of 'treasure', although this is mainly discarded items from the trains. As the two talk more, they begin to become friends.

Later, the dragon reveals there were once many other dragons long ago but there are now only a few left as they were hunted down by humans, as humans feared dragons because of their size. He also reveals that it is the 'Day of Tidings', a secret celebration for dragons, but that he will not be going as it is too dangerous to travel and that the Tidings are too far away. Emily, however, convinces him to go to the Tidings, with the dragon agreeing and also stating he will take Emily with him, much to her delight. However, she then realizes that she missed her dinner with her grandmother. Although she leaves, she agrees to meet the dragon at the mouth of the tunnel at moonrise so they can go together.

Upon returning home, Emily is immediately sent to her room by her parents for missing her grandma's visit, although she later escaped and meets the dragon on top of the railway tunnel, although he states they won't be flying when there are 'better ways'. A few moments later, the pair jump off the tunnel and begin to ride on the roof of a train, with Emily going inside and getting some smoked meat sandwiches for the Dragon (due to him saying earlier there was nothing he savoured more than smoked meat, with him hating the new diesel trains making the meat taste like paraffin)
Emily nearly gets in trouble when the Conductor appears and asks for her ticket, but the Dragon (unseen by the conductor) gives him a pair of out-of-date tickets which distracts him as Emily and the Dragon escape off the train.

After hiding from two hunters (a father and son) and their bloodhounds, the pair continue on foot while continuing conversation. They soon reach the location, with the Dragon convincing the others (who have hidden because of being spooked by Emily) to show themselves, showing Emily how to shout tidings. Both Emily and the Dragons have a fun time playing various party games, dancing and eating popcorn.

Later, Emily convinces the old dragon to fly after watching one of the other dragons flying, with him taking her for a fun ride in the sky despite having not flown for 100 years. With storm clouds approaching, the pair head for home. However, the dragon is shot in the wing by the hunters and crashes outside the railway tunnel, knocking Emily unconscious. Putting her out of harm's way, the Dragon scares off the hunters and their dogs before slumping down against the tunnel wall and seemingly disappearing.

Emily's father finds her later on and brings her home. In the days that follow, she fails to convince everyone about the dragon because she fainted. Soon after, Emily searches the tunnel and the dragon's lair but is sad when she cannot find him, even after shouting tidings numerous times. However, the dragon re-appears (after using the camouflage trick the other dragons used with the trees earlier) and the two friends share a hug, with the narrator stating that it doesn't matter what others think, as things are true, if they are true in our hearts.

Cast
Chuck Collins as Dragon #1 / Hunter
Noel Counsil as Father / Conductor
Rick Jones as French Chef / Hunter's Son
Tracey Moore as Emily
Barry Morse as The Railway Dragon
Leslie Nielsen as Narrator
Beverley Wolfe as Mother

Sequel

A sequel to the film, called The Birthday Dragon, was broadcast on television in 1992 before been released on VHS in 1993 by Family Home Entertainment. Tracey Moore and Barry Morse were the only ones who reprised their roles for the film.

External links

Category:1988 films
Category:1988 animated films
Category:American films
Category:American television films
Category:Animated films about dragons
Category:English-language films
Category:1980s American animated films


Benjamin Kern

Benjamin Kern (born 5 November 1983) is a German footballer, who plays for TSG Young Boys Reutlingen.

Career
He has played for FC Augsburg. After being released he signed a loan contract for Rot Weiss Ahlen in January 2010.

References

External links

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:German footballers
Category:SV Darmstadt 98 players
Category:FC Augsburg players
Category:MSV Duisburg players
Category:2. Bundesliga players
Category:Association football midfielders


Herman Sokol

Herman Sokol (October 14, 1916 – June 22, 1985) was an American chemist who was a co-discoverer of tetracycline. He was president of Bristol-Myers Company from 1976 to 1981.

Biography
He was born on October 14, 1916. He was president of the Bristol-Myers Company from 1976 to 1981. He died on June 22, 1985, at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in Manhattan, New York.

Legacy
Montclair State University established Margaret and Herman Sokol Institute for Pharmaceutical Life Sciences.

References

Category:1917 births
Category:1985 deaths
Category:20th-century American chemists
Category:Bristol-Myers Squibb people


Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement

The Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement (ODCE; ) in Ireland was set up by the Irish Government on November 28, 2001 as a consequence of the proceedings and the conclusions of various review groups, courts, tribunals of inquiry and parliamentary committees in recent years.  These have revealed evidence that provisions in Irish company law and other legislation have been regularly breached and that some entities and individuals have not been called to account.  The result is that various parties, e.g., the State, other businesses and consumers, have borne the cost of this misbehaviour and the associated business risks.  Following a fundamental review, the Irish Government determined inter-alia that there were insufficient resources and legal instruments available to the State to supervise and enforce adherence to the requirements of company law and that it was necessary to correct these deficiencies in the public interest.

The current Director is Ian Drennan.  His 30-person team comprises accountants, lawyers and detectives from the National Economic Crime Bureau (GNECB). He is legally responsible for:

 encouraging compliance with company law
 investigating and enforcing suspected breaches of the legislation
 bringing to account those who disregard the law

The Director and his team operate on an independent basis with the aim of reducing personal and business risk and improving the overall standard of public compliance.  The powers of the Office are set out in the Company Law Enforcement Act 2001 and has an annual operating budget of approximately €3 million. Many of the initiatives of the Office are taken in the general public interest.

Compliance role

The Director seeks to foster compliance with the law and the consequences of non-compliance through presentations, public communication, consultation with professional bodies and engagement with all branches of government that facilitate compliance.

Enforcement role

The investigative and enforcement role is quite extensive and encompasses:

 the initiation of fact-finding company investigations.  There were 2,111 new cases in 2005 (1,577 in 2004)
 prosecutions related to breaches of company law.  There were 69 legal proceedings in 2005 (61 in 2004)
 the supervision of companies in liquidation or insolvent
 the supervision of liquidators and receivers
 the regulation of undischarged bankrupts acting as company officers

References

See also
 European corporate law (EU)
 Financial Conduct Authority (UK)

External links
 Office of the Director of CorporateEnforcement OCDE)
 OCDE 2005 Annual Report
 British and Irish Legal Information Institute Decisions of Courts and Tribunals

Category:Government agencies of the Republic of Ireland
Category:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
Category:Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland
Category:Financial regulation
Category:Corporate social responsibility
Category:Regulation in Ireland


Non-abelian class field theory

In mathematics, non-abelian class field theory is a catchphrase, meaning the extension of the results of class field theory, the relatively complete and classical set of results on abelian extensions of any number field K, to the general Galois extension L/K. While class field theory was essentially known by 1930, the corresponding non-abelian theory has never been formulated in a definitive and accepted sense.

History

A presentation of class field theory in terms of group cohomology was carried out by Claude Chevalley, Emil Artin and others, mainly in the 1940s. This resulted in a formulation of the central results by means of the group cohomology of the idele class group. The theorems of the cohomological approach are independent of whether or not the Galois group G of L/K is abelian. This theory has never been regarded as the sought-after non-abelian theory. The first reason that can be cited for that is that it did not provide fresh information on the splitting of prime ideals in a Galois extension; a common way to explain the objective of a non-abelian class field theory is that it should provide a more explicit way to express such patterns of splitting.

The cohomological approach therefore was of limited use in even formulating non-abelian class field theory. Behind the history was the wish of Chevalley to write proofs for class field theory without using Dirichlet series: in other words to eliminate L-functions. The first wave of proofs of the central theorems of class field theory was structured as consisting of two 'inequalities' (the same structure as in the proofs now given of the fundamental theorem of Galois theory, though much more complex). One of the two inequalities involved an argument with L-functions.

In a later reversal of this development, it was realised that to generalize Artin reciprocity to the non-abelian case, it was essential in fact to seek a new way of expressing Artin L-functions. The contemporary formulation of this ambition is by means of the Langlands program: in which grounds are given for believing Artin L-functions are also L-functions of automorphic representations.  As of the early twenty-first century, this is the formulation of the notion of non-abelian class field theory that has widest expert acceptance.

Notes

Category:Class field theory


3rd Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Greece)

The 3rd Mechanized Infantry Brigade "RIMINI" (3η Μηχανοκίνητη Ταξιαρχία «ΡΙΜΙΝΙ») is a mechanized infantry brigade of the Hellenic Army based at Kavyli, Orestiada.

History
The brigade was established on 1885 at Trikala as a regiment and took part in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in the aftermath of World War I. It also participated in the Asia Minor Campaign under the command of Nikolaos Plastiras.

The unit remains at Orestiada since 1977 as a regiment and after a Hellenic Army's  wide re-organization became a brigade and took the honourable name 'Rimini', continuing the tradition of the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade of World War II.

Structure

 HQ Company (ΙΣΤ/3ης Μ/Κ ΤΑΞ ΠΖ) based at Kavyli.
 311th Armored Battalion (311 ΕΜΑ) at Orestiada.
 502nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion (502 M/K ΤΠ) at Kavyli.
 503rd Mechanized Infantry Battalion (503 M/K ΤΠ) at Nea Vyssa.
 616th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (616 M/K ΤΠ) at Lepti.
 105th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (105 Μ Α/K ΠΒ) at Kavyli.
 3rd Antitank Company (3 ΛΑΤ)
 3rd Engineer Company (3 ΛΜΧ)
 3rd Signal Company (3 ΛΔΒ)
 3rd Support Battalion (3 ΤΥΠ)

Category:Mechanized infantry brigades of Greece


3rd Battalion, 23rd Marines

3rd Battalion, 23rd Marine Regiment (3/23) is a reserve infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps located throughout the Midwestern United States consisting of approximately 800 Marines and Sailors.  The battalion was first formed in 1943 for service in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II, taking part in a number of significant battles including those at Saipan and Iwo Jima before being deactivated at the end of the war. In the early 1960s, the unit was reactivated as a reserve battalion.  The battalion is headquartered in Saint Louis, Missouri, with outlying units throughout the Midwestern United States.  3/23 falls under the command of the 23rd Marine Regiment and the 4th Marine Division.  Recent operations have included tours in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Current units

Mission

The unit's mission is to provide a well-trained and credible force, capable of rapidly mobilizing to augment or reinforce active duty Marine Corps forces participating in missions ranging from humanitarian/peacekeeping operations to major conflicts, in time of war, national emergency or contingency operations and during peacetime to provide operation tempo relief for active forces throughout the spectrum of operations including Joint and Combined Operations. Infantry battalions are the heart and soul of the ground combat element. The mission of locating, closing with, and destroying the enemy with fire and maneuver and repelling the enemy's assault with fire and close combat lies with the "grunts". Marine infantry battalions often have limited organic equipment outside of small arms (maneuvering by foot as light infantry, and must be supplemented with additional trucks to become motorized infantry or Amphibious Assault Vehicles to become mechanized infantry).

Organization
A Marine infantry battalion is organized into three rifle companies, a weapons company, and a headquarters company. The rifle company has three or four rifle platoons and a weapons platoon with medium machineguns and mortars. The weapons company includes a heavy machinegun platoon, a mortar platoon, and an assault platoon. Sometimes, the commander will mix these into Combined Anti-Armor Teams. The headquarters company includes all command, administration, intelligence, operations, logistics, and communication Marines and equipment, as well as the battalion's Surveillance and Target Acquisition teams (which include scout snipers).

History

World War II
3rd Battalion, 23rd Marines was activated on July 22, 1942, at what is now Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina.  In July 1943, the battalion relocated to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. In August 1943, they were assigned to 4th Marine Division. This division was formed by the organization and redesignation of several other units. The 23rd Marine Regiment began as infantry detached from the 3rd Marine Division, and an artillery battalion of the 12th Marines became the genesis of the 14th Marines and engineer elements of the 19th Marines formed the nucleus of the 20th Marines. In March the 24th Marine Regiment was organized, and then in May it was split in two to supply the men for the 25th Marines.

This war-time shuffling provided the major building blocks for 4th Marine Division. The units were originally separated, however, with the 24th Marines and a variety of reinforcing units (engineer, artillery, medical, motor transport, special weapons, tanks, etc.) at Camp Pendleton in California. The rest of the units were at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. This East Coast echelon moved to Pendleton by train and transit of the Panama Canal in July and August 1943. When all the units were finally together, the 4th Marine Division was formally activated on August 14, 1943, with Major General Harry Schmidt in command.

After intensive training, 23rd Marines shipped out on 13 January 1944, and in 13 months made four major amphibious assaults, in the battles of Kwajalein (Roi-Namur), Saipan, Tinian, and Iwo Jima, with the division suffering more than 17,000 casualties.

Roi-Namur
An account of 23rd Marines attack during the battle of Roi-Namur: As dawn broke on D plus 1 (February 1, 1944), the LVT's waddled out of the jaws of the LST's and took up their circling, while the air strikes and naval bombardment mounted in fury. Originally, 1000 had been designated as H-hour, but, due to unforeseen difficulties (such as the lack of usable LVT's), it was changed to 1100. As It was, the first waves did not land till nearly 1200. RCT 23 attacked Roi with its strategic airfield. After the earth-shaking barrage of naval shells and aerial bombs, climaxed by a deluge of rockets fired from LCI's, opposition on Roi was comparatively light, and the 0-1 line was reached at 1217. After pulling back some over-extended units and reorganizing, RCT 23 continued the attack about 1530. The twisted steel skeletons of the hangars and the shattered remnants of the Jap planes were overrun, and the northern edge of the island was reached by 1800. All that remained was mopping up the enemy snipers who were still hiding in the drainage ditches.   This was completed by the next morning, February 2, and at 0800 Roi was declared secure. The third battalions Shore Party was the Seabees of 3/20.

Saipan
For Saipan the 23rd landed on beaches blue 1 & 2.  Shore party for 3/23 was the third battalion 20th Marines( 121st Seabees).

Iwo Jima

For Iwo 3/23 was commanded by Col. Shelton Scales and was the reserve Assault Battalion for yellow beach.  They landed from APA 154 the USS Lowndes.  Their assigned Shore Party was C Co. 133rd Seabees.

23rd Marine Regiment was awarded two Presidential Unit Citations and a Navy Unit Commendation, and then deactivated on November 10, 1945.

Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm
3rd Battalion, 23rd Marines was activated in Nov 1990 and deployed to Saudi Arabia for Desert Shield.  3/23 was commanded by LtCol Ray Dawson, of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and attached to the 8th Marine Regiment of the 2nd Marine Division and deployed along the Kuwait/Saudi Arabian border conducting patrolling and security operations.  2 days before G-Day, 3/23 attacked into Kuwait at Umm Gudair to secure forward artillery positions for the support of the attack into Kuwait.  With this action, 3/23 became the first unit of the 2nd Marine Division to enter combat since World War II.  3/23 continued to advance as part of 8th Marines, fighting actions into Kuwait City when the ceasefire was called.

Detailed synopsis of 3/23 Desert Storm Assault
3d Battalion, 23d Marines was assigned the G-Day missions of (1) providing security in the division zone forward of the Saudi defensive berm, which was located on the Saudi-Kuwait border, prior to G-Day; (2) passing through the breach lanes, and: (3) clearing its zone of action to support the attack north, and (4) screening to the northeast in order to allow 3d Battalion, 10th Marines (3/10) to establish artillery firing positions to provide preparation fires for offensive operations. Phase One was the conduct of the route reconnaissance by TOWs, heavy machine guns (HMG), combat engineers, snipers, and artillery reconnaissance assets. Phase Two was the introduction of one motorized infantry company, the battalion command element, and the 81 mm mortar platoon in the forward sector. The motorized company would be placed in a blocking position oriented northwest, facing possible Iraqi units being flushed out by 2nd LAR screening to the northwest. The teams were tasked to position themselves between the Iraqi defenses and friendly artillery to screen the Iraqi forward defensive belt, and orient to the northeast. Phase Three would be the movement of the artillery units to their firing positions on 23 February 1991, G-1, under the cover of darkness.

On 22 February 1991 (G-Day minus two), 3/23 commenced combat operations as bulldozers cut three gaps in the Saudi berm to allow 3/23 and 3/10 to execute their missions. Approximately halfway through Phase One, the 8th Marines further tasked 3/23 to provide a Forward Air Controller close to the Iraqi defenses to control an air strike on a pumping station in the Umm Gudair oil field, which had been determined to be a high priority target. This required the 81 mm mortar element to move forward of their assigned position in order to range the target for back-up marking capability. A number of Iraqi infantry and trucks were observed in and around the Iraqi trench line. In the waning daylight of 22 February 1991, the Iraqis were engaged by the forward 3/23 81 mm mortars. Simultaneously, the 3/23 Forward Air Controller (FAC) attempted to direct close air support (CAS) onto the assigned target. However, smoke and haze from the burning oil field obscured the target from the FAC, making laser designation impossible. Company I 3/23 quickly and effectively searched and cleared a large compound located forward of the Iraqi defenses discovering that, although unoccupied, it had been recently used by Iraqi forces as a major supply cache and observation point. The compound was prepared for demolition by combat engineers, and subsequently completely destroyed. Artillery fire was requested on the Iraqi defenses and Battery F, 2/14 responded as well as organic 3/23 81 mm mortar fire. The direct fire capability of 3/23 combined with the indirect fire destroyed five BTR-60s, three BDRMS, eight tanks (T-55/T-62) and inflicted approximately 52 Iraqi KIAs. 10-20 Iraqis emerged from their trenches and made their way through their minefields to members of the 81 mm mortar platoon, 3/23 quickly mobilized enemy prisoners of war (POW) processing teams which sped the POWs to the rear. The POWs were determined to be from the Iraqi 1st Battalion, 83d Brigade, 29th Infantry Division. Ultimately, the battalion captured 238 POWs, to include an Iraqi Battalion Commander, and sustained no friendly casualties.

At 0615 on 25 February 1991, G+1, 3/23 passed through the breach with 8th Marines, with the bulk of the battalion mounted on M923 5-ton trucks. During the execution of this part of the operation, Company H capture 20 POWs, sustaining no friendly casualties. 3/23 was directed to continue the movement to contact north with 8th Marines as the motorized battalion reserve. The 8th Marine Regimental Commander's intent was to utilize 3/23 for an envelopment, blocking force, MOUT operations, MSE security, flank screen/security, or POW security. As the tactical situation developed during the movement to contact on G+1, it became evident that 2d Marine Division was outdistancing 1st Marine Division, creating a gap between the two divisions. 3/23 was assigned the mission of providing flank security for the eastern flank of 2d Marine Division and 1/5 on the western flank of 1st Marine Division. As the battalion continued north to re-establish contact with 1/8 after being slowed down by NBC alerts, the main body of the battalion received fire from a farm complex to its right front. Upon receiving incoming small arms rounds, Company H deployed to clear its zone of sniper and harassing fire. The Iraqis broke contact and the battalion prepared to continue its movement north. Upon observing armored vehicles through the TOW thermal sights, the thermal signatures of at least nine Iraqis were identified. 3/23 was cleared to engage and destroy. Direct fire weapons were used to destroy a number of enemy vehicles. The exact number of kills could not be determined due to the darkness, smoke, and numerous secondary explosions; however, it was readily apparent that these vehicles had been well stocked with munitions.

At 2330 on 26 February 1991, 3/23 was subsequently directed to continue clearing the farm complex from which fire had been received the previous day. The number of Iraqi troops in the area was still undetermined due to the large number of bunkers and buildings in the complex. 8th Marine Regimental headquarters dispatched tanks from Company C, 4th Tank Battalion, and directed that the tanks lead the infantry sweep order to minimize possible friendly casualties. At 1400, the tank platoon engaged at least eight enemy tanks. The secondary explosion of an enemy vehicle caused one WIA and one KIA from 4th Tank Battalion. The operation was ceased and the battalion was directed to be prepared to execute the clearing mission in Al Shadadiyah, Kuwait the following day. The total Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) at the farm complex to that point was the destruction of 12 BMPs, two BRDMs, 9 T-62 tanks, two T-72 tanks, and one ammunition bunker. 3/23 moved further northeast to an assembly area in preparation for execution of the Al Shadadiyah MOUT operation. On their way, the lead element of the main body, Company I, came under sniper and RPG fire. Company I immediately returned fire. Company H, in the rear of the column, was immediately directed to conduct an infantry sweep of the area from which fire had been received. At 0800 on 28 February 1991, G+4, offensive hostilities were officially suspended. 3rd Battalion 23rd Marines were directed by 8th Marines to return to the farm complex with an infantry force, sweep the area, and then move combat engineers in to destroy the balance of remaining enemy equipment.

Global War on Terror

Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003-2008

3/23 was mobilized for Operation Enduring Freedom on March 5, 2003, and deployed to Iraq with the 2nd Marine Division's Task Force Tarawa located in Al Kut.  Commanded by LtCol David Couvillon of Brusly, Louisiana, 3/23 conducted a relief-in-place with Task Force Tarawa, becoming responsible for the entire Wassit Province of Iraq.  Subsequently attached to the 1st Marine Division, 3/23 conducted Stability and Security Operations (SASO) through August, 2003.  LtCol Couvillon, acting also as Military Provincial Governor, and the Marines of 3/23 (supported by Marine and Army Civil Affairs Groups, as well as an Army Military Police Company) set about reestablishing government services, security actions, humanitarian actions, border security (Iraq/Iran), and general governance until relieved by a Ukrainian Infantry Brigade in September, 2003.

3/23 was mobilized for Operation Iraqi Freedom on May 17, 2007. They were then stationed in Camp Lejeune, NC to begin training for upcoming Combat Operations in Al Anbar, Iraq. 3/23 and all supporting units deployed to Haditha, Iraq, in late September, 2007, conducting Counter-IED Operations, patrols, convoys, raids, and basic Support and Stability Operations throughout Haditha and surrounding Al Anbar areas until April, 2008, when they returned to the United States and demobilized.

Africa 2009
3/23 deployed to Morocco and the Republic of Benin, West Africa, during May and June (2009) for annual training. They participated in Exercise African Lion and Shared Accord 2009. The mission of the Marine Corps, under command of Marine Forces Africa (United States Africa Command), was to provide security for humanitarian operations and train side-by-side with their Moroccan counterparts, the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces, and the Republic of Benin Armed Forces. Exercise African Lion is an annually scheduled, joint, combined U.S.-Moroccan exercise. It brings together nearly 2,000 U.S. service members from locations throughout Europe and North America with more than 900 members of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces. It is the largest exercise within the U.S. Africa Command area of responsibility, and is designed to promote interoperability and mutual understanding of each nation's military tactics, techniques and procedures.

Hurricane Katrina

The headquarters for 3rd Battalion, 23rd Marine Regiment, was caught in the middle of Hurricane Katrina in late 2005. The majority of the battalions members were authorized to provide security for their families and leave the immediate area. A contingent of Marines from 3/23 volunteered to stay behind and assist the local community, as well as act as a liaison for the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit, who was deployed to the region to assist with disaster relief.

Notable former members
Private First Class Clinton M. Adcock, Navy Cross
Private First Class Josiah Scott Bell, Navy Cross
Private First Class Douglas T. Jacobson, Medal of Honor
Howard Johnson, killed in action during the Battle of Iwo Jima
Jamey Johnson
Frank Gambino, Navy Cross
Gunnery Sergeant Addies S. McGinn, Jr., Navy Cross
John H. Yancey, circa 1946-1950

Awards

  Presidential Unit Citation (World War II)(I MEF Iraq 2003)
  Navy Unit Commendation with three Bronze Stars (World War II, Desert Storm, II MEF Iraq 2007)
  National Defense Medal with two Bronze Stars (World War II, Desert Storm, War on Terror)
  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with 4 Arrowheads (World War II)
  World War II Victory Medal
 Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation 1990-91
  Southwest Asia Service Medal with two Bronze Stars (Desert Shield, Desert Storm)
  Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal (Iraq 2003)
  Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
  Iraq Campaign Medal with three Bronze Stars (2003-2008)
  Kuwait Liberation (Saudi Arabia)
  Kuwait Liberation (Kuwait)
Combat Action Ribbon (Desert Storm)
Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon (Desert Storm)

See also

List of United States Marine Corps battalions
Organization of the United States Marine Corps
23rd Marine Regiment (United States)
Headquarters Company 23d Marines (HQ/23) - San Bruno, California
1st Battalion, 23rd Marines (1/23) - Ellington Field, Texas
2nd Battalion, 23rd Marines (2/23) - Pasadena, California
2nd Battalion, 24th Marines (2/24) - Chicago, Illinois
Truck Company 23rd Marines - Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada
Combat Logistics Battalion 23 formerly 4th Landing Support Battalion (aka the 4th Pioneers)
Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133
Seabees

Notes

References

Web

 3/23's official website
  RazorbackMarines.com - India Company's online forum

External links

 Report on 3/23 in Iraq from NOLA.com
 globalsecurity.org
 marineparents.com
 lewrockwell.com

Category:4th Marine Division (United States)
Category:Infantry battalions of the United States Marine Corps
Category:1942 establishments in North Carolina
Category:Military units and formations of the Iraq War
Category:Military units and formations of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present)


Carlton, Washington

Carlton the "Mediterranean of the Methow" is an unincorporated community in Okanogan County, Washington, United States. Carlton is located on the Methow River and Washington State Route 153,  south of Twisp. Carlton has a post office with ZIP code 98814.

See also
Carlton Complex Fire
Methow River
Twisp, Washington
Winthrop, Washington
Mazama, Washington

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Okanogan County, Washington
Category:Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)
Category:Populated places in the Okanagan Country