Sri C. Achutha Menon Government College

Sri C. Achutha Menon Government College is situated in Kuttanellur, in Thrissur city of Kerala in India. The college is affiliated to the University of Calicut and has hostel facilities. The college provides bachelor's degree courses in various streams like arts, commerce and science.

History
Thrissur Government College was established in 1972 in response of strident demands from various sections of the society to have a Government College in Thrissur, the cultural capital of the state. The goals were to promote excellence in the sphere of higher education and cater for the aspirations of the less privileged sections of society. The college started functioning in the present Government Training College premises on 14 August 1972 with 200 students and 9 teachers. Prof. Subbayyan T R was the first principal. The courses offered were one Pre – Degree batch each for the 3rd and 4th Groups and Degree courses in History and Economics. The college, affiliated to the Calicut University, was formally inaugurated by the then Chief Minister, the Late C. Achutha Menon on 28 October 1972. Two more courses, viz. B.A English and B.Com were started in 1976 and 1978respectively. The introduction of the M.Com course in 1984 added  a feather to the cap of the college,  elevating the institution to the level of a Post-graduate college.

In recognition of the good performance of the college and its potential for development it was resolved to shift the college to a 25-acre land campus of its own at Kuttanellur. The foundation stone for the new building was laid by Sri. K. Karunakaran, the then Chief Minister, on 20 April 1985. In 1991, the college shifted to the new campus. After the shifting of the college, it started three new Post-Graduate courses of History, Economics and English in 1995, 1996 and 1998 respectively. In the year 1997, which was its Silver Jubilee year, the college was renamed Sri. C Achutha Menon Govt. College, after the late Chief Minister.

Departments
 Commerce and Management Studies
 Economics
 English
 History
 Hindi
 Malayalam
 Sanskrit
 Statistics
 Political Science
 Physical Education
 Computer Science
 Psychology
 Maths

Academic courses
This college offers both under graduate and post graduate courses.

Under-Graduate Courses
 B A Economics
 B A English
 B A History
 B B A
 B.Com
 Bsc Computer Science
 Bsc Psychology
Bsc Statistics

Post-Graduate Courses
 M A Economics
 M A English
 M A History
 M.Com
Msc Psychology

Notable alumni

 K.R.Thomas (1981)
 R.K.Kochaniyan (1992)
 Nandhakishor Nellikckal, Actor
 Hameed Hamdan, Comedian

References

External links

Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut
Category:Colleges in Thrissur
Category:1972 establishments in India
Category:Educational institutions established in 1972


OpenDocument standardization

The Open Document Format for Office Applications, commonly known as OpenDocument, was based on OpenOffice.org XML, as used in OpenOffice.org 1, and was standardised by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) consortium.

Process

OpenDocument 1.0
The first to initiate the standardisation of what became the OpenDocument standard was the DKUUG standardisation committee on its meeting the 28th August 2001. The first official OASIS meeting to discuss the standard was December 16, 2002; OASIS approved OpenDocument as an OASIS standard on May 1, 2005.

The group decided to build on an earlier version of the OpenOffice.org XML format, since this was already an XML format with most of the desired properties, and had been in use since 2000 as the program's primary storage format. Note, however, that OpenDocument is not the same as the older OpenOffice.org XML format.

According to Gary Edwards, a member of the OpenDocument TC, the specification was developed in two phases. Phase one (which lasted from November 2002 through March 2004), had the goal of ensuring that the OpenDocument format could capture all the data from a vast array of older legacy systems. Phase Two focused on Open Internet based collaboration.

OASIS is one of the organizations which has been granted the right to propose standards directly to an ISO SC for "Fast-Track Processing". This process is specifically designed to allow an existing standard from any source be submitted without modification directly for vote as a 'Draft International Standard (DIS) (or Draft Amendment (DAM)). Accordingly, OASIS submitted the OpenDocument standard to JTC 1/SC 34 Document description and processing languages a joint technical committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for approval as an international ISO/IEC standard.  It was accepted as ISO/IEC DIS 26300, Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.0 draft International Standard (DIS), and it was published November 30, 2006 as ISO/IEC 26300:2006 Information technology -- Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.0.

Gary Edwards, a member of the OpenDocument TC, says that after ISO standardization, "there is no doubt in my mind that OpenDocument is heading to the W3C for ratification as the successor to HTML and XHTML.". The W3C has not made any public statements supporting or denying this statement, however.

OpenDocument 1.1
Since Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.0 was accepted as an ISO/IEC standard, OASIS have updated their standard to v1.1 in 2007. This update includes additional features to address accessibility concerns. It was approved as an OASIS Standard on 2007-02-01 following a call for vote issued on 2007-01-16. The public announcement was made on 2007-02-13. This version was not initially submitted to ISO/IEC, because it is considered to be a minor update to ODF 1.0 only, and OASIS were working already on ODF 1.2 at the time ODF 1.1 was approved. However, it was some years later submitted to ISO/IEC (as of March 2011 it was in "enquiry stage" as Draft Amendment 1 - ISO/IEC 26300:2006/DAM 1) and published in March 2012 as ISO/IEC 26300:2006/Amd 1:2012 - Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.1.

OpenDocument 1.2
OpenDocument v1.2 includes additional accessibility features, RDF-based metadata, a spreadsheet formula specification based on OpenFormula, support for digital signatures and some features suggested by the public.  OpenDocument 1.2 consists of three parts: Part 1: OpenDocument Schema, Part 2: Recalculated Formula (OpenFormula) Format and Part 3: Packages.  It was approved as an OASIS Committee Specification on 17 March 2011 and as an OASIS Standard on 29 September 2011.

In October 2011, the OASIS ODF Technical Committee expected to "start the process of submitting ODF 1.2 to ISO/IEC JTC 1 soon". In May 2012, the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34/WG 6 members reported that "after some delay, the process of preparing ODF 1.2 for submission to JTC 1 for PAS transposition is now in progress". In October 2013, after a one-month review period for OASIS members, the OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) Technical Committee requested that OASIS submit ODF 1.2 to the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC1) for approval as a proposed International Standard under JTC1's "Publicly Available Specification" (PAS) transposition procedure.  This submission happened in late March 2014.  As of 3 April 2014, ODF 1.2 had reached the enquiry stage of ISO's ratification process. As a DIS, it has received unanimous approval by the national bodies in September 2014, as well as a number of comments that need to be resolved. It was published as an ISO/IEC international standard on 17 June 2015.

OpenDocument version history

Participants
The standardization process included the vendors of office suites or related document systems, including (in alphabetical order):
 Adobe (Framemaker, Distiller)
 Corel (WordPerfect)
 IBM (Lotus 1-2-3, Workplace)
 KDE (Calligra, former KOffice)
 Sun Microsystems (StarOffice/OpenOffice.org)

Document-using organizations who initiated or were involved in the standardization process included (alphabetically):
 Boeing
 Intel (they are developing sample documents as a test suite) (Bastian, 2005)
 National Archives of Australia
 New York State Office of the Attorney General
 Novell (Berlind, October 25, 2005)
 Society of Biblical Literature
 Sony
 Stellent

As well as having formal members, draft versions of the specification were released to the public and subject to worldwide review. External comments were then adjudicated publicly by the committee.

See also
Standardization of Office Open XML

References

External links
OASIS OpenDocument Technical Committee coordinates the OpenDocument development and is the official source for specifications, schemas, etc.
OASIS OpenDocument Specifications

Category:Document-centric XML-based standards
Category:ISO standards
Category:LibreOffice
Category:Markup languages
Category:Open formats
Category:OpenDocument
Category:OpenOffice


Yaguarón District

Yaguarón is a district in Paraguarí Department, Paraguay. The district seat is the town of Yaguarón. The name of the district and the town means "big dog" in Guaraní language.


Backyard Party

"Backyard Party" is a song by American R&B singer R. Kelly. was released on August 21, 2015 as the first single of his thirteenth studio album The Buffet.

Music video
The official audio for the single was uploaded to VEVO August 21, 2015. Rolling Stone also talked about it on their magazine too. The music video features cameo appearances from Chance the Rapper and Snoop Dogg. It shows R. Kelly singing along with his "friends" wearing family reunion shirts. It also shows them riding self-balancing scooters. Once the song ends in the music video the sound comes on and you can hear people actually singing his Backyard Party song. Then after, the song changes to another one of his songs on his album The Buffet called Marching Band. Backyard Party is a groovy funk, song that has an upbeat tempo to it. This song has the same type of feel as his previous song Step in the Name of Love, but it sounds more like the remix than the original.

Remixes
On December 6, 2015, the first official remix of the song was released titled Christmas Party. This was released on SoundCloud.

Live performance
R. Kelly performed this song for the first time on Soul Train Awards 2015. and then later on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon. R. Kelly also performed a part of the song on Good Morning America. He also sang one of his most famous hits Ignition (Remix).

Critical reception
"Backyard Party" has received positive ratings from critics and fans alike. It reached 27th on the U.S. R&B/Hip-Hop charts.

Track listing
Download digital
Backyard Party — 3:31

Charts

Weekly charts

References

Category:R. Kelly songs
Category:2015 songs
Category:2015 singles
Category:RCA Records singles
Category:Songs written by R. Kelly
Category:Song recordings produced by R. Kelly


Naloučany

Naloučany is a village and municipality (obec) in Třebíč District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic.

The municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 174 (as at 3 July 2006).

Naloučany lies approximately  east of Třebíč,  south-east of Jihlava, and  south-east of Prague.

References
Czech Statistical Office: Municipalities of Třebíč District

Category:Villages in Třebíč District


Journal of Regional Science

The Journal of Regional Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell.  Established in 1958, it was the first journal in the field of Regional science. The current editors-in-chief are Marlon G. Boarnet (University of Southern California), Steven Brakman (University of Groningen), Mark D. Partridge (The Ohio State University) and Gianmarco I.P. Ottaviano (The London School of Economics and Political Science). Contributors hold positions in a variety of academic disciplines: economics, geography, agricultural economics, rural sociology, urban and regional planning, and civil engineering. Articles are usually empirical, occasionally methodological or theoretical, but always quantitative.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 1.743, ranking it 19th out of 55 journals in the category "Planning & Development".

References

External links

Category:Economics journals
Category:Geography journals
Category:English-language journals
Journal of Regional Science
Category:Publications established in 1958
Category:Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
Category:5 times per year journals


Carmanova

Carmanova (, Karmanove; , Karmanovo) is a commune in the Grigoriopol District of Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of four villages: Carmanova, Cotovca (Котівка, Котовка), Fedoseevca (Федосіївка, Федосеевка) and Mocearovca (Мочарівка, Мочаровка). It is currently under the administration of the breakaway government of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic.

References

Category:Communes of Transnistria
Category:Kherson Governorate


Fencing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Cadet male sabre

These are the results of the cadet male sabre competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics. The competition was held on August 15.

Results

Pool Round

Pool 1

Pool 2

Bracket

Final standings

References

Category:Fencing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics


Yves Tumor

Sean Bowie, best known by the recording alias Yves Tumor, is an American producer of experimental electronic music, born in Miami, Florida and currently based in Turin, Italy.

Life and career
Raised in Knoxville, Tennessee, Tumor started making music at age 17 as an outlet away from "dull, conservative surroundings." He taught himself to play drums, bass, guitar, and keyboards. Describing his experience growing up in Tennessee as unpleasant, he moved at age 20 to San Diego, and after college to Los Angeles, where he met Mykki Blanco in 2012, whom he later toured with for two and a half years throughout Europe and Asia.

In the early 2010s, Tumor recorded as Teams, and made music which AllMusic described as "post-chillwave". He debuted its Yves Tumor project in 2015 with an EP for Berlin's experimental club label Janus, and another one for Blanco's label, Dogfood MG. That same year, he self-released his first album, When Man Fails You (which would later be re-released by Apothecary Compositions on April 29, 2016).

In September 2016, Tumor signed with PAN Records and released its label debut, Serpent Music. He had worked on the album for three years after moving to Leipzig, Germany. The album was recorded between Miami, Leipzig, Los Angeles and Berlin. In Pitchforks review of the album, critic Andy Beta compared Tumor's musical style to James Ferraro and Dean Blunt, and noted their use of "unsettling percussive loops and field recordings to create a mood as if lost in a strange urban landscape".

In September 2017, Tumor released a compilation album titled Experiencing the Deposit of Faith for free. Later that week, it was revealed through a tour announcement that Tumor had signed to Warp Records. Following the announcement, he embarked on a tour with a new audiovisual show.

In September 2018, Tumor released his Warp debut, Safe in the Hands of Love, with no prior announcement. It was preceded by the singles "Noid" on July 24, "Licking an Orchid" featuring James K on August 29, and "Lifetime" on September 3. The album received universal acclaim from music critics. Pitchforks Jayson Greene stated in his review that the album "dwarfs everything the artist has released by several orders of magnitude. The leap is so audacious it's disorienting."

Musical style
Tumor cited Throbbing Gristle as a major influence, saying: "There's something about their music, like the hypnotic trance vibes, that really influenced me."

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

Guest appearances

Remixes

Notes

References

Category:Ambient musicians
Category:American electronic musicians
Category:American experimental musicians
Category:Living people
Category:Musicians from Tennessee
Category:21st-century American musicians
Category:People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Category:Warp (record label) artists
Category:American expatriates in Italy
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Gawharshad University

Gawharshad University (GU) is an institution of higher education in Kabul, Afghanistan.

History
People and government of Afghanistan, after overthrow of the Taliban regime in 2001, started reconstruction and rebuilding in different aspects including higher education section. According to the policy of present government, private sectors are allowed to participate in different section including the higher education, in this context more than 80 private universities are active in Kabul and many other provinces such as Mazar-e- Sharif, Herat, Jalabad, Qandahar, Ghazni etc. Gawharshad University is the most successful and well known one, and its activities are under the Afghan Ministry of Higher Education.
GU was established as a small non-profit private University in 2010 by Dr.Sima Samar; the current head of Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC). The vision of this institute was to provide quality education to the down-trodden and the underprivileged segments of society. Therefore, GU started its journey in providing quality higher education at a very affordable rate. It started giving a special discount to all female students. The vision seemed adventurous given the difficult situation in the country and very meager resources. However, now after four years of continued institutional survival and the demonstration of expansion and growth, it has been obvious that GU has well started moving forward towards a successful future of further striving for progressive social development.

Board of trustees
 Dr. Sima Samar, former Vice President and former Minister of Women Affairs and the current head of Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC)
 Dr. Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai, the former Finance Minister, and the current President of Afghanistan
 Dr. Dadfar Spanta, the former Foreign Affairs Minister, and the present Head of National Security Council
 Dr. Azam Dadfar,  the former Ministry of Higher Education
 Dr. Ehsan Zia,  the former Rural Rehabilitation and development Minister
 Dr. Zaher Fahimi, the current professor of Shahed Rabeni (Education Pedagogy) University
 Professor Hamid Layan
 Professor Azam Banwal
 Dr. Alama
 Dr. Mohammad Ibrahim Atmer a bussnissman in afghanistan.

Faculties
GU has four faculties: first one is Faculty of Law and Political science, which combined from two separate departments; Law and political science, and the second is faculty of Economic management that also has two departments; department BA and Economics management. Third one is Civil Eng. and the forth one is Computer Science which combined of two departments of Information Technology and Software Eng..More than 1600 students are studying in Gawharshad and nearly 35% of them are women. All courses in Gawharshad are offered in two times; morning and evening. According to the rules of Higher Education Ministry, every student can choose between 17 credits and 21 credits in every term. According to this program, the total time needed for graduation is about four years. Gawharshad has planned to develop the faculties and departments.

Instructors and curriculum
All lecturers who are teaching in GU are experienced instructors; they have obtained their master's or doctorates from the US, Europe, South and Central Asia, and the Middle East countries. Almost 100 lecturers are working with GU, including almost 25 full-time and 75 part-time lecturers. Gawharshad has an international credit-based educational standards and curriculum. GU has a platform which works on curriculum towards the country's needs and is based on international standards.

Women empowerment center
As a non-profit university with a social advancement focus, one of the most important goals of its establishment was providing a good condition for women and girls, particularly those who are unable to pay their education fees, but they are interested in higher education. In order to obtain this goal, Gawharshad has founded a special center called women empowerment center. This center has made a good communications with many internal and external donors to receive funds and support poor and motivated women. Up to now more than 100 women have received scholarships.

Research Unit
GU has provided a unit for development researches methods on different issues. This unit has plans to conduct some researches particularly for preparing the university's textbooks. In addition this unit has provided for debate and dialogues by organizing regular seminars, public lectures and conferences.

References

Category:Universities and colleges in Kabul
Category:Private universities in Afghanistan
Category:2010 establishments in Afghanistan
Category:Educational institutions established in 2010


Open science

Open science is the movement to make scientific research (including publications, data, physical samples, and software) and its dissemination accessible to all levels of an inquiring society, amateur or professional. Open science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks. It encompasses practices such as publishing open research, campaigning for open access, encouraging scientists to practice open notebook science, and generally making it easier to publish and communicate scientific knowledge.

Open Science can be seen as a continuation of, rather than a revolution in, practices begun in the 17th century with the advent of the academic journal, when the societal demand for access to scientific knowledge reached a point at which it became necessary for groups of scientists to share resources with each other so that they could collectively do their work. In modern times there is debate about the extent to which scientific information should be shared. The conflict that led to the Open Science movement is between the desire of scientists to have access to shared resources versus the desire of individual entities to profit when other entities partake of their resources. Additionally, the status of open access and resources that are available for its promotion are likely to differ from one field of academic inquiry to another.

Background

Science is broadly understood as collecting, analyzing, publishing, reanalyzing, critiquing, and reusing data. Proponents of open science identify a number of barriers that impede or dissuade the broad dissemination of scientific data.
These include financial paywalls of for-profit research publishers, restrictions on usage applied by publishers of data, poor formatting of data or use of proprietary software that makes it difficult to re-purpose, and cultural reluctance to publish data for fears of losing control of how the information is used.

According to the FOSTER taxonomy Open science can often include aspects of Open access, Open data and the open source movement whereby modern science requires software in order to process data and information.
 Open research computation also addresses the problem of reproducibility of scientific results. The FOSTER Open Science taxonomy is available in RDF/XML and high resolution image.

Types
The term "open science" does not have any one fixed definition or operationalization. On the one hand, it has been referred to as a "puzzling phenomenon". On the other hand, the term has been used to encapsulate a series of principles that aim to foster scientific growth and its complementary access to the public. Two influential sociologists, Benedikt Fecher and Sascha Friesike, have created multiple "schools of thought" that describe the different interpretations of the term.

According to Fecher and Friesike ‘Open Science’ is an umbrella term for various assumptions about the development and dissemination of knowledge. To show the term’s multitudinous perceptions, they differentiate between five Open Science schools of thought:

Infrastructure School

The infrastructure school is founded on the assumption that "efficient" research depends on the availability of tools and applications. Therefore, the "goal" of the school is to promote the creation of openly available platforms, tools, and services for scientists. Hence, the infrastructure school is concerned with the technical infrastructure that promotes the development of emerging and developing research practices through the use of the internet, including the use of software and applications, in addition to conventional computing networks. In that sense, the infrastructure school regards open science as a technological challenge.  The infrastructure school is tied closely with the notion of "cyberscience", which describes the trend of applying information and communication technologies to scientific research, which has led to an amicable development of the infrastructure school. Specific elements of this prosperity include increasing collaboration and interaction between scientists, as well as the development of "open-source science" practices. The sociologists discuss two central trends in the infrastructure school:

1. Distributed computing: This trend encapsulates practices that outsource complex, process-heavy scientific computing to a network of volunteer computers around the world.  The examples that the sociologists cite in their paper is that of the Open Science Grid, which enables the development of large-scale projects that require high-volume data management and processing, which is accomplished through a distributed computer network. Moreover, the grid provides the necessary tools that the scientists can use to facilitate this process.

2. Social and Collaboration Networks of Scientists: This trend encapsulates the development of software that makes interaction with other researchers and scientific collaborations much easier than traditional, non-digital practices. Specifically, the trend is focused on implementing newer Web 2.0 tools to facilitate research related activities on the internet. De Roure and colleagues (2008) list a series of four key capabilities which they believe define a Social Virtual Research Environment (SVRE):
 The SVRE should primarily aid the management and sharing of research objects. The authors define these to be a variety of digital commodities that are used repeatedly by researchers.
 Second, the SVRE should have inbuilt incentives for researchers to make their research objects available on the online platform.
 Third, the SVRE should be "open" as well as "extensible", implying that different types of digital artifacts composing the SVRE can be easily integrated.
 Fourth, the authors propose that the SVRE is more than a simple storage tool for research information.  Instead, the researchers propose that the platform should be "actionable". That is, the platform should be built in such a way that research objects can be used in the conduct of research as opposed to simply being stored.

Measurement school

The measurement school, in the view of the authors, deals with developing alternative methods to determine scientific impact. This school acknowledges that measurements of scientific impact are crucial to a researcher's reputation, funding opportunities, and career development. Hence, the authors argue, that any discourse about Open Science is pivoted around developing a robust measure of scientific impact in the digital age.  The authors then discuss other research indicating support for the measurement school. The three key currents of previous literature discussed by the authors are:

 The peer-review is described as being time-consuming.
 The impact of an article, tied to the name of the authors of the article, is related more to the circulation of the journal rather than the overall quality of the article itself.
 New publishing formats that are closely aligned with the philosophy of Open Science are rarely found in the format of a journal that allows for the assignment of the impact factor.

Hence, this school argues that there are faster impact measurement technologies that can account for a range of publication types as well as social media web coverage of a scientific contribution to arrive at a complete evaluation of how impactful the science contribution was. The gist of the argument for this school is that hidden uses like reading, bookmarking, sharing, discussing and rating are traceable activities, and these traces can and should be used to develop a newer measure of scientific impact. The umbrella jargon for this new type of impact measurements is called altmetrics, coined in a 2011 article by Priem et al., (2011). Markedly, the authors discuss evidence that altmetrics differ from traditional webometrics which are slow and unstructured. Altmetrics are proposed to rely upon a greater set of measures that account for tweets, blogs, discussions, and bookmarks. The authors claim that the existing literature has often proposed that altmetrics should also encapsulate the scientific process, and measure the process of research and collaboration to create an overall metric. However, the authors are explicit in their assessment that few papers offer methodological details as to how to accomplish this. The authors use this and the general dearth of evidence to conclude that research in the area of altmetrics is still in its infancy.

Public School

According to the authors, the central concern of the school is to make science accessible to a wider audience. The inherent assumption of this school, as described by the authors, is that the newer communication technologies such as Web 2.0 allow scientists to open up the research process and also allow scientist to better prepare their "products of research" for interested non-experts. Hence, the school is characterized by two broad streams: one argues for the access of the research process to the masses, whereas the other argues for increased access to the scientific product to the public.

 Accessibility to the Research Process:  Communication technology allows not only for the constant documentation of research but also promotes the inclusion of many different external individuals in the process itself.  The authors cite citizen science- the participation of non-scientists and amateurs in research. The authors discuss instances in which gaming tools allow scientists to harness the brain power of a volunteer workforce to run through several permutations of protein-folded structures. This allows for scientists to eliminate many more plausible protein structures while also "enriching" the citizens about science. The authors also discuss a common criticism of this approach: the amateur nature of the participants threatens to pervade the scientific rigor of experimentation.
 Comprehensibility of the Research Result: This stream of research concerns itself with making research understandable for a wider audience. The authors describe a host of authors that promote the use of specific tools for scientific communication, such as microblogging services, to direct users to relevant literature. The authors claim that this school proposes that it is the obligation of every researcher to make their research accessible to the public.  The authors then proceed to discuss if there is an emerging market for brokers and mediators of knowledge that is otherwise too complicated for the public to grasp effortlessly.

Democratic school

The democratic school concerns itself with the concept of access to knowledge. As opposed to focusing on the accessibility of research and its understandability, advocates of this school focus on the access of products of research to the public. The central concern of the school is with the legal and other obstacles that hinder the access of research publications and scientific data to the public. The authors argue that proponents of this school assert that any research product should be freely available. The authors argue that the underlying notion of this school is that everyone has the same, equal right of access to knowledge, especially in the instances of state-funded experiments and data.  The authors categorize two central currents that characterize this school: Open Access and Open Data.

 Open Data: The authors discuss existing attitudes in the field that rebel against the notion that publishing journals should claim copyright over experimental data, which prevents the re-use of data and therefore lowers the overall efficiency of science in general. The claim is that journals have no use of the experimental data and that allowing other researchers to utilize this data will be fruitful. The authors cite other literature streams that discovered that only a quarter of researchers agree to share their data with other researchers because of the effort required for compliance.
 Open Access to Research Publication: According to this school, there is a gap between the creation and sharing of knowledge. Proponents argue, as the authors describe, that even scientific knowledge doubles every 5 years, access to this knowledge remains limited. These proponents consider access to knowledge as a necessity for human development, especially in the economic sense.

Pragmatic School

The pragmatic school considers Open Science as the possibility to make knowledge creation and dissemination more efficient by increasing the collaboration throughout the research process. Proponents argue that science could be optimized by modularizing the process and opening up the scientific value chain. ‘Open’ in this sense follows very much the concept of open innovation. Take for instance transfers the outside-in (including external knowledge in the production process) and inside-out (spillovers from the formerly closed production process) principles to science. Web 2.0 is considered a set of helpful tools that can foster collaboration (sometimes also referred to as Science 2.0). Further, citizen science is seen as a form of collaboration that includes knowledge and information from non-scientists. Fecher and Friesike describe data sharing as an example of the pragmatic school as it enables researchers to use other researchers’ data to pursue new research questions or to conduct data-driven replications.

History
The widespread adoption of the institution of the scientific journal marks the beginning of the modern concept of open science. Before this time societies pressured scientists into secretive behaviors.

Before journals
Before the advent of scientific journals, scientists had little to gain and much to lose by publicizing scientific discoveries. Many scientists, including Galileo, Kepler, Isaac Newton, Christiaan Huygens, and Robert Hooke, made claim to their discoveries by describing them in papers coded in anagrams or cyphers and then distributing the coded text. Their intent was to develop their discovery into something off which they could profit, then reveal their discovery to prove ownership when they were prepared to make a claim on it.

The system of not publicizing discoveries caused problems because discoveries were not shared quickly and because it sometimes was difficult for the discoverer to prove priority. Newton and Gottfried Leibniz both claimed priority in discovering calculus. Newton said that he wrote about calculus in the 1660s and 1670s, but did not publish until 1693. Leibniz published "Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis", a treatise on calculus, in 1684. Debates over priority are inherent in systems where science is not published openly, and this was problematic for scientists who wanted to benefit from priority.

These cases are representative of a system of aristocratic patronage in which scientists received funding to develop either immediately useful things or to entertain. In this sense, funding of science gave prestige to the patron in the same way that funding of artists, writers, architects, and philosophers did. Because of this, scientists were under pressure to satisfy the desires of their patrons, and discouraged from being open with research which would bring prestige to persons other than their patrons.

Emergence of academies and journals
Eventually the individual patronage system ceased to provide the scientific output which society began to demand. Single patrons could not sufficiently fund scientists, who had unstable careers and needed consistent funding. The development which changed this was a trend to pool research by multiple scientists into an academy funded by multiple patrons. In 1660 England established the Royal Society and in 1666 the French established the French Academy of Sciences. Between the 1660s and 1793, governments gave official recognition to 70 other scientific organizations modeled after those two academies. In 1665, Henry Oldenburg became the editor of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the first academic journal devoted to science, and the foundation for the growth of scientific publishing. By 1699 there were 30 scientific journals; by 1790 there were 1052. Since then publishing has expanded at even greater rates.

Popular Science Writing
The first popular science periodical of its kind was published in 1872, under a suggestive name that is still a modern portal for the offering science journalism: Popular Science. The magazine claims to have documented the invention of the telephone, the phonograph, the electric light and the onset of automobile technology.  The magazine goes so far as to claim that the "history of Popular Science is a true reflection of humankind's progress over the past 129+ years".  Discussions of popular science writing most often contend their arguments around some type of "Science Boom". A recent historiographic account of popular science traces mentions of the term "science boom" to Daniel Greenberg's Science and Government Reports in 1979 which posited that "Scientific magazines are bursting out all over. Similarly, this account discusses the publication Time, and its cover story of Carl Sagan in 1980 as propagating the claim that popular science has "turned into enthusiasm". Crucially, this secondary accounts asks the important question as to what was considered as popular "science" to begin with. The paper claims that any account of how popular science writing bridged the gap between the informed masses and the expert scientists must first consider who was considered a scientist to begin with.

Collaboration among academies
In modern times many academies have pressured researchers at publicly funded universities and research institutions to engage in a mix of sharing research and making some technological developments proprietary.  Some research products have the potential to generate commercial revenue, and in hope of capitalizing on these products, many research institutions withhold information and technology which otherwise would lead to overall scientific advancement if other research institutions had access to these resources. It is difficult to predict the potential payouts of technology or to assess the costs of withholding it, but there is general agreement that the benefit to any single institution of holding technology is not as great as the cost of withholding it from all other research institutions.

Coining of phrase "OpenScience"
The exact phrase "Open Science" was coined by Steve Mann in 1998 at which time he also registered the domain name openscience.com and openscience.org which he sold to degruyter.com in 2011.

Politics
In many countries, governments fund some science research. Scientists often publish the results of their research by writing articles and donating them to be published in scholarly journals, which frequently are commercial. Public entities such as universities and libraries subscribe to these journals. Michael Eisen,  a founder of the Public Library of Science, has described this system by saying that "taxpayers who already paid for the research would have to pay again to read the results."

In December 2011, some United States legislators introduced a bill called the Research Works Act, which would prohibit federal agencies from issuing grants with any provision requiring that articles reporting on taxpayer-funded research be published for free to the public online. Darrell Issa, a co-sponsor of the bill, explained the bill by saying that "Publicly funded research is and must continue to be absolutely available to the public. We must also protect the value added to publicly funded research by the private sector and ensure that there is still an active commercial and non-profit research community." One response to this bill was protests from various researchers; among them was a boycott of commercial publisher Elsevier called The Cost of Knowledge.

The Dutch Presidency of the Council of the European Union called out for action in April 2016 to migrate European Commission funded research to Open Science. European Commissioner Carlos Moedas introduced the Open Science Cloud at the Open Science Conference in Amsterdam on
April 4–5. During this meeting also The Amsterdam Call for Action on Open Science was presented, a living document outlining concrete actions for the European Community to move to Open Science.

Standard setting instruments

There is currently no global normative framework covering all aspects of Open Science. In November 2019, UNESCO was tasked by its 193 Member States, during their 40th General Conference, with leading a global dialogue on Open Science to identify globally-agreed norms and to create a standard-setting instrument . The multistakeholder, consultative, inclusive and participatory process to define a new global normative instrument on Open Science is expected to take two years and to lead to the adoption of a UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science by Member States in 2021.

Two UN frameworks set out some common global standards for application of Open Science and closely related concepts: the UNESCO Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers, approved by the General Conference at its 39th session in 2017, and the UNESCO Strategy on Open Access to scientific information and research, approved by the General Conference at its 36th session in 2011.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Arguments in favor of open science generally focus on the value of increased transparency in research, and in the public ownership of science, particularly that which is publicly funded. In January 2014 J. Christopher Bare published a comprehensive "Guide to Open Science". Likewise, in 2017, a group of scholars known for advocating open science published a "manifesto" for open science in the journal Nature.

Advantages
Open access publication of research reports and data allows for rigorous peer-review
An article published by a team of NASA astrobiologists in 2010 in Science reported a bacterium known as GFAJ-1 that could purportedly metabolize arsenic (unlike any previously known species of lifeform). This finding, along with NASA's claim that the paper "will impact the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life", met with criticism within the scientific community. Much of the scientific commentary and critique around this issue took place in public forums, most notably on Twitter, where hundreds of scientists and non-scientists created a hashtag community around the hashtag #arseniclife. University of British Columbia astrobiologist Rosie Redfield, one of the most vocal critics of the NASA team's research, also submitted a draft of a research report of a study that she and colleagues conducted which contradicted the NASA team's findings; the draft report appeared in arXiv, an open-research repository, and Redfield called in her lab's research blog for peer review both of their research and of the NASA team's original paper. Researcher Jeff Rouder defined Open Science as "endeavoring to preserve the rights of others to reach independent conclusions about your data and work".

Publicly funded science will be publicly available

Public funding of research has long been cited as one of the primary reasons for providing Open Access to research articles. Since there is significant value in other parts of the research such as code, data, protocols, and research proposals a similar argument is made that since these are publicly funded, they should be publicly available under a creative commons licence.

Open Science will make science more reproducible and transparent

Increasingly the reproducibility of science is being questioned and the term "reproducibility crisis" has been coined. For example, psychologist Stuart Vyse notes that "(r)ecent research aimed at previously published psychology studies has demonstrated--shockingly--that a large number of classic phenomena cannot be reproduced, and the popularity of p-hacking is thought to be one of the culprits." Open Science approaches are proposed as one way to help increase the reproducibility of work as well as to help mitigate against manipulation of data.

Open Science has more impact

There are several components to impact in research, many of which are hotly debated. However, under traditional scientific metrics parts Open science such as Open Access and Open Data have proved to outperform traditional versions.

Open Science will help answer uniquely complex questions

Recent arguments in favor of Open Science have maintained that Open Science is a necessary tool to begin answering immensely complex questions, such as the neural basis of consciousness. The typical argument propagates the fact that these type of investigations are too complex to be carried out by any one individual, and therefore, they must rely on a network of open scientists to be accomplished. By default, the nature of these investigations also makes this "open science" as "big science".

Disadvantages
Arguments against open science tend to focus on the advantages of data ownership and concerns about the misuse of data.

Potential misuse

In 2011, Dutch researchers announced their intention to publish a research paper in the journal Science describing the creation of a strain of H5N1 influenza which can be easily passed between ferrets, the mammals which most closely mimic the human response to the flu. The announcement triggered a controversy in both political and scientific circles about the ethical implications of publishing scientific data which could be used to create biological weapons. These events are examples of how science data could potentially be misused. Scientists have collaboratively agreed to limit their own fields of inquiry on occasions such as the Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA in 1975, and a proposed 2015 worldwide moratorium on a human-genome-editing technique.

The public may misunderstand science data

In 2009 NASA launched the Kepler spacecraft and promised that they would release collected data in June 2010. Later they decided to postpone release so that their scientists could look at it first. Their rationale was that non-scientists might unintentionally misinterpret the data, and NASA scientists thought it would be preferable for them to be familiar with the data in advance so that they could report on it with their level of accuracy.

Low-quality science

Post-publication peer review, a staple of open science, has been criticized as promoting the production of lower quality papers that are extremely voluminous. Specifically, critics assert that as quality is not guaranteed by preprint servers, the veracity of papers will be difficult to assess by individual readers. This will lead to rippling effects of false science, akin to the recent epidemic of false news, propagated with ease on social media websites. Common solutions to this problem have been cited as adaptations of a new format in which everything is allowed to be published but a subsequent filter-curator model is imposed to ensure some basic quality of standards are met by all publications.

 Entrapment by platform capitalism

For Philip Mirowski open science runs the risk of continuing a trend of commodification of science   which ultimately serves the interests of capital in the guise of platform capitalism .

Actions and Initiatives

Open-science Projects

Different projects conduct, advocate, develop tools for, or fund open science.

The Allen Institute for Brain Science conducts numerous open science projects while the Center for Open Science has projects to conduct, advocate, and create tools for open science. Other workgroups have been created in different fields, such as the Decision Analysis in R for Technologies in Health (DARTH) workgroup], which is a multi-institutional, multi-university collaborative effort by researchers who have a common goal to develop transparent and open-source solutions to decision analysis in health. Open science is stimulating the emergence of sub-branches such as open synthetic biology and open therapeutics.

Organizations have extremely diverse sizes and structures.  The Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) is a global organization sharing large data catalogs, running face to face conferences, and supporting open source software projects.  In contrast, Blue Obelisk  is an informal group of chemists and associated cheminformatics projects.  The tableau of organizations is dynamic with some organizations becoming defunct, e.g., Science Commons, and new organizations trying to grow, e.g., the Self-Journal of Science.  Common organizing forces include the knowledge domain, type of service provided, and even geography, e.g., OCSDNet's concentration on the developing world.

The Allen Brain Atlas maps gene expression in human and mouse brains; the Encyclopedia of Life documents all the terrestrial species; the Galaxy Zoo classifies galaxies; the International HapMap Project maps the haplotypes of the human genome; the Monarch Initiative makes available integrated public model organism and clinical data; and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey which regularizes and publishes data sets from many sources.  All these projects accrete information provided by many different researchers with different standards of curation and contribution.

Mathematician Timothy Gowers launched open science journal Discrete Analysis in 2016 to demonstrate that a high-quality mathematics journal could be produced outside the traditional academic publishing industry. The launch followed a boycott of scientific journals that he initiated. The journal is published by a nonprofit which is owned and published by a team of scholars.

Other projects are organized around completion of projects that require extensive collaboration.  For example, OpenWorm seeks to make a cellular level simulation of a roundworm, a multidisciplinary project. The Polymath Project seeks to solve difficult mathematical problems by enabling faster communications within the discipline of mathematics.  The Collaborative Replications and Education project recruits undergraduate students as citizen scientists by offering funding.  Each project defines its needs for contributors and collaboration.

Another practical example for open science project was the first "open" doctoral thesis started in 2012. It was made publicly available as a self-experiment right from the start in order to examine whether this dissemination is even possible during the productive stage of scientific studies. The goal of the dissertation project: Publish everything related to the doctoral study and research process as soon as possible, as comprehensive as possible and under an open license, online available at all time for everyone. End of 2017, the experiment was successfully completed and published in early 2018 as an open access book.

Advocacy

Numerous documents, organizations, and social movements advocate wider adoption of open science.  Statements of principles include the Budapest Open Access Initiative from a December 2001 conference and the Panton Principles. New statements are constantly developed, such as the Amsterdam Call for Action on Open Science to be presented to the Dutch Presidency of the Council of the European Union in late May, 2016.  These statements often try to regularize licenses and disclosure for data and scientific literature.

Other advocates concentrate on educating scientists about appropriate open science software tools.  Education is available as training seminars, e.g., the Software Carpentry project; as domain specific training materials, e.g., the Data Carpentry project; and as materials for teaching graduate classes, e.g., the Open Science Training Initiative.  Many organizations also provide education in the general principles of open science.

Within scholarly societies there are also sections and interest groups that promote open science practices. The Ecological Society of America has an Open Science Section. Similarly, the Society for American Archaeology has an Open Science Interest Group.

Journal Support

Many individual journals are experimenting with the open access model: the Public Library of Science, or PLOS, is creating a library of open access journals and scientific literature. Other publishing experiments include delayed and hybrid models. There are experiments in different fields:

 F1000Research provides open publishing and open peer review for the life-sciences.
 The open-science initiative of the Empirical Software Engineering Journal encourages authors to submit a replication package which is assessed with an open science badge.
 The Open Library of Humanities is a non-profit open access publisher for the humanities and social sciences

Journal support for open-science does not contradict with preprint servers:
figshare archives and shares images, readings, and other data; and Open Science Framework preprints, arXiv, and HAL Archives Ouvertes provide electronic preprints across many fields.

Software

A variety of computer resources support open science.  These include software like the Open Science Framework from the Center for Open Science to manage project information, data archiving and team coordination; distributed computing services like Ibercivis to utilize unused CPU time for computationally intensive tasks; and services like Experiment.com to provide crowdsourced funding for research projects.

Blockchain platforms for open science have been proposed. The first such platform is the Open Science Organization, which aims to solve urgent problems with fragmentation of the scientific ecosystem and difficulties of producing validated, quality science. Among the initiatives of Open Science Organization include the Interplanetary Idea System (IPIS), Researcher Index (RR-index), Unique Researcher Identity (URI), and Research Network. The Interplanetary Idea System is a blockchain based system that tracks the evolution of scientific ideas over time. It serves to quantify ideas based on uniqueness and importance, thus allowing the scientific community to identify pain points with current scientific topics and preventing unnecessary re-invention of previously conducted science. The Researcher Index aims to establish a data-driven statistical metric for quantifying researcher impact. The Unique Researcher Identity is a blockchain technology based solution for creating a single unifying identity for each researcher, which is connected to the researcher's profile, research activities, and publications. The Research Network is a social networking platform for researchers.

A scientific paper from November 2019 examined the suitability of blockchain technology to support open science. The results of their research showed that the technology is well suited for open science and can provide advantages, for example, in data security, trust, and collaboration. However, they state that the widespread use of the technology depends on whether the scientific community accepts it and adapts its processes accordingly.

Preprint Servers

Preprint Servers come in many varieties, but the standard traits across them are stable: they seek to create a quick, free mode of communicating scientific knowledge to the public. Preprint servers act as a venue to quickly disseminate research and vary on their policies concerning when articles may be submitted relative to journal acceptance. Also typical of preprint servers is their lack of a peer-review process – typically, preprint servers have some type of quality check in place to ensure a minimum standard of publication, but this mechanism is not the same as a peer-review mechanism. Some preprint servers have explicitly partnered with the broader open science movement. Preprint servers can offer service similar to those of journals, and Google Scholar indexes many preprint servers and collects information about citations to preprints. The case for preprint servers is often made based on the slow pace of conventional publication formats. The motivation to start Socarxiv, an open-access preprint server for social science research, is the claim that valuable research being published in traditional venues often times takes several months to years to get published, which slows down the process of science significantly. Another argument made in favor of preprint servers like Socarxiv is the quality and quickness of feedback offered to scientists on their pre-published work. The founders of Socarxiv claim that their platform allows researchers to gain easy feedback from their colleagues on the platform, thereby allowing scientists to develop their work into the highest possible quality before formal publication and circulation. The founders of Socarxiv further claim that their platform affords the authors the greatest level of flexibility in updating and editing their work to ensure that the latest version is available for rapid dissemination. The founders claim that this is not traditionally the case with formal journals, which instate formal procedures to make updates to published articles. Perhaps the strongest advantage of some preprint servers is their seamless compatibility with Open Science software such as the Open Science Framework. The founders of SocArXiv claim that their preprint server connects all aspects of the research life cycle in OSF with the article being published on the preprint server. According to the founders, this allows for greater transparency and minimal work on the authors' part.

One criticism of pre-print servers is their potential to foster a culture of plagiarism. For example, the popular physics preprint server ArXiv had to withdraw 22 papers whence it came to light that they were plagiarized. In June 2002, a high-energy physicist in Japan was contacted by a man called Ramy Naboulsi, a non-institutionally affiliated mathematical physicist. Naboulsi requested Watanabe to upload his papers on ArXiv as he was not able to do so, because of his lack of an institutional affiliation. Later, the papers were realized to have been copied from the proceedings of a physics conference. Preprint servers are increasingly developing measures to circumvent this plagiarism problem. In developing nations like India and China, explicit measures are being taken to combat it. These measures usually involve creating some type of central repository for all available pre-prints, allowing the use of traditional plagiarism detecting algorithms to detect the fraud . Nonetheless, this is a pressing issue in the discussion of pre-print servers, and consequently for Open Science.

See also

 Citizen science
 GeneLab
 Journalology
 Metascience
 Open data
 Open science data
 Open access
 Open education
 Open peer review
 Open research
 Open source
 Open government
 Open Energy Modelling Initiative
 Open Synthetic Biology
 Plan S
 Trial registration

References

Category:Open science
Category:Open access (publishing)
Category:Academic publishing
Category:Data publishing
Category:Metascience


Manuel Escudero

Manuel Escudero Zamora (born 1946) is a Spanish economist and politician.

Biography
Born on 29 March 1946 in San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa. He graduated in Business Sciences at the Universidad de Deusto, and obtained a PhD at the London School of Economics. Between 1987 and 1991, he worked as coordinator of the "Programa 2000" of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). He was professor of Macroeconomis at the IE Business School in Madrid between 1991 and 2005 as well as the director of the Global Compact Research Center at the Levin Institute. Linked within the PSOE to the figure of Josep Borrell, in 2003 he became member of the Congress of Deputies in representation of Madrid covering the vacant seat left by José Quintana Viar. Escudero, who take a step back from the political activity, returned to the PSOE and he was appointed secretary responsible for the Area of Economic Policy and Employment of the PSOE.

Following the accession of Pedro Sánchez to the post of Prime Minister in June 2018, Escudero was appointed Chief Ambassador of the Spanish Delegation to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), replacing José Ignacio Wert.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Members of the 7th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Category:Spanish economists
Category:Ambassadors of Spain to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Category:1946 births


Farnsworth House (disambiguation)

The Farnsworth House is a Ludwig Mies van der Rohe-designed house in Plano, Illinois, US.

Farnsworth House also may refer to:

United States
 Samuel Farnsworth House, West Hartford, Connecticut, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut
 Farnsworth House (North Bridgton, Maine), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Cumberland County, Maine
 Julia Farnsworth House, Beaver, Utah, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Beaver County, Utah

See also
 Farnsworth Homestead, Rockland, Maine, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Knox County, Maine
 Julia P. M. Farnsworth Barn, Beaver, Utah, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Beaver County, Utah
 Farnsworth Apartments, Ogden, Utah, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Weber County, Utah


Domhnall Ua Máille

Domhnall Ua Máille, Lord of Ui Mail and Chief of the Name, died 1176.

Ua Máille was lord of the area around Clew Bay in what is now County Mayo. According to Knox, his pedigree is as follows:

Domnall mac Muiredhach mac Domnall Finn mac Muiredhach mac Dubhdara mac Muiredhach mac Dubhdara mac Dubhdara mac Flannabhra mac Seachnusach mac Maille mac Conall.

Domhnall himself is given a son, Brian, who had sons Domnall Ruadh Ó Máille (died 1337) and Diarmait.

See also

 Gráinne Ní Mháille, c.1530-c.1603, "Pirate Queen of Connacht."
 Óró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile

Family tree

    Domhnall Ua Máille, died 1176.
    |
    |
    Brian
    |
    |
    Diarmait
    |
    |
   Eoghan mac Diarmait Ó Máille
     |
     |_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
     |         |       |      |      |       |           |            |        |       |      |         |
     |         |       |      |      |       |           |            |        |       |      |         |
  Diarmait  Domnall  Conor  Maine  Brian  Ruaidhri  Maelsechlainn  Donchadh  Tomas  Maghnus  Aedh  Tadhg Ballach
     |         |       |
     |         |       |__________________________________________
     |         |       |             |           |             |
     |         |       |             |           |             |
     |         |      Dubhgall   Muiredhach   Tuathal   Maelsechlainn (died 1396)
     |         |
     |         |______________________________________________________________
     |         |                           |       |          |             |
     |         |                           |       |          |             |
     |       Cormac Cruinn Ó Máille  Eoghan  Brian  Cormac Buadhach   Ruaibh
     |             died 1384.
     |
     |___________________________________________
     |           |          |         |        |
     |           |          |         |        |
     Cormac   Diarmait    Eoghan   Dubhdara   Tadhg

External links
 http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005C/

References

 The History of Mayo, pp. 388–89, T.H. Knox, 1902.

Category:Medieval Gaels from Ireland
Category:12th-century Irish people
Category:Monarchs from County Mayo
Category:Irish lords
Category:1176 deaths
Category:Year of birth unknown


Qapaghan Qaghan

Qapaghan Qaghan or Qapghan Qaghan (, meaning "Conqueror", , Xiao'erjing: ٿِيًا شًا, Dungan: Чяншан, ) was the second Khaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate during Wu Zetian's reign and was the younger brother of the first kaghan, Ilterish Qaghan.

Name
His personal name Mochuo is Chinese transcription of his Turkic name Bögü, () meaning "wise". The same name occurs in the Sogdian version of the Karabalsagun inscription (821 AD). He used the name Bögü Chor Shad (also spelled Bôgô Cor) during Ilterish's reign. His regnal name Qapaghan (in Turkish sources Kapgan, Kapagan or Kapağan) comes from the Old Turkic verb "kap-" meaning "to conquer", which the derivative Qapaghan means "the Conqueror".

Early years
He was born around 664. In 681, he assisted his brother, Ilterish Qaghan, in a revolt against Tang dominion, and succeeded in reviving the Eastern Turkic Khaganate.

In 689, he led a raid to frontier areas. In reaction, Empress Wu sent Huaiyi to fortify. He advanced to Zi River (紫河, a tributary of the Yellow River) but did not encounter Tujue forces. He erected a monument at Chanyu Tower (單于臺, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) before withdrawing.

Reign
In 692, he succeeded his brother as khagan. His succession was seen as usurpation in China.

In 694, Qapaghan attacked Ling Prefecture (roughly modern Yinchuan, Ningxia), and Wu Zetian commissioned Huaiyi, assisted by the chancellors Li Zhaode and Su Weidao, to defend against Qapaghan attack, but before the army could set out, Qapaghan withdrew, and therefore Huaiyi's army never launched.

In summer 696, The Khitan chieftains Li Jinzhong and Sun Wanrong, brothers-in-law, angry over the mistreatment of the Khitan people by the Zhou official Zhao Wenhui (趙文翽), the prefect of Ying Prefecture (, roughly Zhaoyang County, Liaoning), rebelled, with Li assuming the title of Wushang Khan. Armies that Wu Zetian sent to suppress Li and Sun's rebellion were defeated by Khitan forces, which in turn attacked Zhou proper. Khagan encouraged the Khitan's Li-Sun Rebellion (696–697) to eventually attack and plunder successful Khitan on their rear, to his full benefit.

Meanwhile, Qapaghan Qaghan offered help and yet was also launching attacks against Zhou and Khitan—including an attack against Khitan base of operations during the winter of 696, shortly after Li's death, that captured Li's and Sun's families and temporarily halted Khitan operations against Zhou. Sun, after taking over as khan and reorganizing Khitan forces, again attacked Zhou territory and had many victories over Zhou forces, including a battle during which Wang Shijie was killed. Wu Zetian tried to allay the situation by making peace with khagan at fairly costly terms—the return of Turkic people who had previously submitted to Zhou and providing Turks with seeds, silk, tools, and iron. In summer 697, Qapaghan launched another attack on Khitan's base of operations, and this time, after his attack, Khitan forces collapsed and Sun was killed in flight, ending the Khitan threat. Empress Wu gave him the title Ilterish Da Chanyu (頡跌利施大單于), Ligong Baoguo (立功報國), Generalissimo of the Left Guards (左衛大將軍) as well as Duke of Guiguo (歸國)  and Qianshan Khagan (迁善可汗), literally meaning "Good moving khagan" in 695.

After securing Chinese border, in winter, he turned his attention to further expansion to north, notably subjugating Yenisei Kyrgyz and killing their khagan. While preparing an attack on Turgesh forces, his khatun died, so invasion had to be called off.

In 698, Qapaghan demanded a Tang dynasty prince for marriage to his daughter, part of a plot to join his family with the Tang, displace the Zhou, and restore Tang rule over China under his influence. When Wu Zetian sent a member of her own family, grandnephew Wu Yanxiu (武延秀), to marry Qapaghan's daughter instead. Zhang Jianzhi opposed, stating, "In ancient times, no Chinese imperial prince had ever married a barbarian woman as his wife." This opposition drew displeasure from Wu Zetian, as she wanted peace with Turks, and she demoted Zhang to be the prefect of He Prefecture (合州, modern northern Chongqing). Khagan nevertheless rejected the prince. He had no intention to cement the peace treaty with a marriage; instead, when Wu Yanxiu arrived, he detained Wu Yanxiu and then launched a major attack on Zhou, advancing as far south as Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei). He created Chinese general Yan Zhiwei (阎知微) as Southern Khagan (南面可汗) persuaded Yan to help invade cities of Zhaozhou and Dingzhou. Zhou general Murong Xuanjiao (慕容玄皦) also submitted to Qapaghan with 5000 soldiers.

In August 698, Qapaghan attacked Dingzhou, captured and killed its governor Sun Yangao (孙彦高), burning the city alongside. Wu Zetian angered to the point that she issued a proclamation that if anyone killed the khagan would be granted title Prince. She subsequently renamed him Zhanchuo (斩啜, meaning "chopped head") as a play on his name Mochuo.

In September, Zhaozhou was also attacked, deputy governor Tang Boruo (唐波若) handed over the keys and governor Gao Rui (高睿) was immediately executed.

In October, khagan let Yan Zhiwei (阎知微) to go back to China, who was captured and executed on charges of treason.

Reforms
In 699, he appointed his younger brother Ashina Duoxifu as Tölös shad, meaning governor eastern wing, his nephew Ashina Mojilian as governor of western wing with each of them commanding 20000 men, also putting his son Bögü as their overseer, creating him as lesser khagan. He was also given command of Onoq with 40000 men.

Later reign
In 703, he sent Tonyukuk for another marriage proposal. Wu Zetian accepted the proposal; in exchange, Wu Yanxiu was released on khagan's order. However, Emperor Zhongzhong's accession changed political climate.

In 705, Tujue forces commanded by Mojilian entered Lingwu, defeating Shazha Chongyi (沙吒忠义), he was dismissed from service. Angered Zhongzhong declined marriage proposal and proclaimed prize for anyone willing to kill khagan.

In 711, khagan sent a marriage proposal to Ruizong, this time intending to marry a Tang Princess. Emperor Ruizong accepted and created a daughter of Li Chengqi, the Princess Jinshan (金山公主). Excited khagan sent his son Ashina Yangwozhi (阿史那楊我支) to Changan. However, the decision was soon reversed by newly enthroned Xuanzong.

Later that year Turgesh forces were crushed by Tonyukuk in Battle of Bolchu. Certain Bars Beg (or probably Suluk) was appointed chief of Turgesh and married Mojilian's daughter. In 713, Karluks were defeated by combined forces of Kapaghan, Mojilian and Kul Tegin.

In 714, February Inel, Tonga Tegin and khagan's brother-in-law Huoba Elteber Ashibi attacked Beiting, during the siege Tonga Tegin was killed, while Ashibi fled to Tang in fear, where who would be renamed Huoba Guiren (火拔歸仁) and created a general.

In 715, due to his cruelty, some his men and a number of tribes, including his Korean son-in-law Gao Wenjian (高文簡) and Ashide son-in-law Ashide Hulu (阿史德胡禄) submitted to Tang. Rebellions of tribes followed later.

Death
Khagan was on his way back from suppressing the revolting Tiele tribes of Huihe, Tongluo, Baixi, Bayegu and Pugu, was ambushed killed by a Bayegu tribesman named Xiezhilue (颉质略) on July 22, 716 while passing through a forest. His severed head was sent to Changan.

Family
According to Cuisenier, he married El Bilga Khatun, a widow of his brother. He had a number of issues:

 Inel Khagan
 Tonga Tegin (d. 713, Beiting)
 Mo Tegin (Left Wise Prince)
 Bilge Tegin (Right Wise Prince)
 Ashina Yangwozhi (阿史那楊我支) (d. 715)
 Kuchluk Bilge Khatun (698-723) was married to Ashide Hulu (阿史德胡禄)
 Unnamed daughter was married to Gao Wenjian (高文簡)

In popular culture
 Portrayed by Kang Jae-ik in the 2006-2007 KBS TV series Dae Jo Yeong.

See also
 Gokturk
 Turks in the Tang military

References

Category:716 deaths
Category:Göktürk rulers
Category:Military personnel killed in action
Category:7th-century births
Category:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire
Category:8th-century Turkic people


Sony FE 85mm F1.4 GM

The Sony FE 85mm F1.4 GM is a premium short telephoto full-frame prime lens for the Sony E-mount, released by Sony on February 3, 2016.

The lens is Sony's first native lens offering for the 85mm focal length. Though designed for Sony's full frame E-mount cameras, the lens can be used on Sony's APS-C E-mount camera bodies, with an equivalent full-frame field-of-view of 127.5mm.

Build quality
The lens features a weather resistant plastic exterior over plastic internals with a matte black finish. It showcases recessed front lens element, focusing ring, and aperture ring. On the side of the lens is a programmable focus-hold button, Autofocus-Manual focus switch, and the red G-Master branding.

Image quality
The lens is one of Sony's sharpest offerings for their E-mount cameras. The lens suffers from almost no vignetting, visible distortion or chromatic aberration. The Bokeh produced by the lens at its maximum aperture is smooth.

See also
List of Sony E-mount lenses
Sony FE 85mm F1.8
Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8

References

Category:Camera lenses introduced in 2016
85


Food security in India

Food security entails ensuring adequate food supply to people, especially those who are deprived of basic nutrition. Food security has been a major concern in India. According to UN-India, there are nearly 195 million undernourished people in India, which is a quarter of the world's hunger burden. Also roughly 43% children in India are chronically undernourished. India ranks 74 out of 113 major countries in terms of food security index. Though the available nutritional standard is 100% of the requirement, India lags far behind in terms of quality protein intake at 20% which needs to be tackled by making available protein rich food products such as eggs, meat, fish, chicken, etc. at affordable prices

Laws
In order to provide the Right to food to every citizen of the country, the Parliament of India, enacted a legislation in 2013 known as the National Food Security Act, 2013. Also called as the Right to Food Act, this Act  seeks to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.33 billion population. It was signed into law on 12 September 2013, retroactive to 5 July 2013.

Schemes by government

Central Initiatives
 The National Food Security Act,2013 (NFSA 2013) converts into legal entitlements for existing food security programmes of the Government of India. It includes the Midday Meal Scheme, Integrated Child Development Services scheme and the Public Distribution System. In 2017-18, over Rs 1500 billion (7.6% of the government's total expenditure) have been allocated to provide food subsidies under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).
 The NFSA 2013 also recognizes maternity entitlements. Pregnant women, lactating mothers, and certain categories of children are eligible for daily free cereals.

State Initiatives
 Karnataka has launched 'Indira Canteen', which serves breakfast lunch and dinner at very low price. This scheme was brought by Congress govt led by Siddaramaiah as CM so that no-one in the state should is hungry and everyone gets a healthy food.

 Tamil Nadu has launched 'Amma Unavagam' (Mother's canteen), or more commonly known as Amma canteen.. The genesis of this program could be traced to the scheme proposed by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute in 2012.
 The State of UP in 2013 passed a food bill. Food that is going to be wasted from parties will be preserved and distributed to poor and needy people.
 The Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012 law was enacted by the Chhattisgarh government. It was passed on 21 December 2012, by the State Assembly unopposed to ensure "access to adequate quantity of food and other requirements of good nutrition to the people of the State, at affordable prices, at all times to live a life of dignity.’’

In the country of India, food availability is not that reliable. Their population right now is 1.3 billion and by 2030, it is estimated that their population will increase to 1.5 billion. The challenge to produce more and more for the growing population is becoming increasingly hard for a country of its size and economic growth. Since the land in India is a shrinking resource for agriculture, the production rate for agriculture needs to be higher per unit of land and irrigation water. Over 60% of the Indian population depend on the agriculture for their daily meals. India produces around 100 million tonnes of rice every year. To access food in India can be considered as not as easy as Australia. It is really hard to get hands on fresh fruit and vegetables. While there might be enough food for the whole population of India, many families and especially children in India don't have access to food because of financial problems. Thus, this is the cause of millions  of malnourished children around India. The cultural knowledge in India allows them to have a very nutritional and balanced diet. Nearly the whole of the Indian population have rice at least once a day which allows them to have carbohydrates in their system. Since India is most commonly known for producing and exporting rice to other countries, their lifestyle will be mainly dominated by rice.

Technological solutions
India needs to concentrate on methods to improve the availability and affordability of protein rich food products using the latest environmental friendly technology without the need of additional land and water. Biogas or natural gas or methane produced from farm/agro/crop/domestic waste can also be used in addition to mined natural gas for producing protein rich cattle/fish/poultry/pet animal feed economically by cultivating Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria culture in a decentralized manner near to the rural / consumption areas with tiny land and water foot print.

See also
 Food security
 Welfare schemes in India

References

India


Thanh Trường

Thanh Trường is a ward (phường) of Điện Biên Phủ in Điện Biên Province in northwestern Vietnam.

Category:Communes of Điện Biên Province
Category:Geography of Điện Biên Province
Category:Dien Bien Phu


Hugh de Cressy

Hugh de Cressy (died 1189) was an Anglo-Norman administrator and nobleman. Little is known of his ancestry and he first served two brothers of King Henry II of England before becoming a royal official. He was rewarded with a marriage to an heiress for his service to the king. In England he often served as a royal justice and witnessed documents, which showed his closeness to the king. On the continent, he recruited mercenaries for the royal army and was named constable of the castle of Rouen in the royal lands in France. He died in 1189 after giving lands to various monasteries before his death.

Background and early life
Hugh's family was from Cressy, in Normandy, and his parents were named Roger and Eustacia. Nothing further is known about his parents, but he had a brother Berengar, who married Isabel of Gressenhall, daughter of Wimar the Sewer. Hugh served William fitzEmpress, the brother of King Henry II of England from the mid 1150s. William gave Hugh the manor of Harrietsham in Kent.

After William's death in 1164, Hugh passed into royal service, while also serving as seneschal to the new Earl of Surrey, Hamelin, the illegitimate half-brother of King Henry II. On the Cartae Baronum in 1166 he held one knight's fee in the barony of Giffard. In 1167 Hugh paid a fine that is recorded in the pipe rolls for the custody of his nephew's lands at Tickhill. In 1170, he was present at the coronation of Henry the Young King in June at Westminster Abbey, when Henry II had his heir crowned as a king during the elder Henry's lifetime. During the Revolt of 1173–74 by King Henry's sons, Hugh was a partisan of the king. The revolt was brought about by the desire of Henry's three oldest sons to gain some power during Henry's reign, and by mid 1174 the revolt had been defeated by the king. During the Revolt, Hugh fought at the Battle of Fornham near Fornham St Martin in Suffolk, a victory for royalist forces, but otherwise took little part in the revolt's suppression.

Royal service
Hugh was close to King Henry II, witnessing a large number of royal charters and serving as a royal justice. In 1175 along with Ranulf de Glanville, Hugh served as a royal justice in northern England. He also took part of the great eyre of 1176 that was commanded after the Council of Northampton. Also in 1176, Henry II summoned Roger as a Serjeant-at-law, one of the first identifiable members of that order in the historical record. During the last 10 years of Henry's reign, Hugh witnessed 15 royal charters.  In 1180 he was in charge of Rouen in Henry's possession of Normandy, being named constable of the Tower of Rouen. Later, in 1184, he further served the king by hiring mercenaries in Normandy for service with King Henry II's campaign in Poitou. He appears to have led military forces for the king as well, being recorded several times as a commander of part of the royal forces in Potiou. He is last recorded in England during the period around 1187.

Hugh married Margaret, one of the daughters and heiresses of William de Chesney, the founder of Sibton Abbey. Margaret was one of three daughters, but she inherited the bulk of her father's estates. Although Margaret was the eldest daughter, the reason she received the bulk of the estates was King Henry's desire to reward Hugh, as the king arranged the marriage as well as ensuring that most of her father's lands went to her. Through Margaret, Hugh gained the barony of Blythburgh in Suffolk, which he had control of by 1174. He also acquired lands at Rottingdean in Sussex from Margaret.

Death and legacy
Hugh died in 1189 around Easter at Rouen. His heir was his son Roger de Cressy, who died in 1246. Towards the end of his life, sometime between 1186 and 1189, Hugh gave a church at Cressy to the priory at St Lo in Rouen. On his deathbed he granted lands at Walberswick to Blythburgh Priory for the salvation of the souls of his parents and other ancestors as well as the souls of King Henry and Henry's brother William fitzEmpress. Margaret survived Hugh and married Robert fitzRoger and lived until at least 1214, when she paid a fine to the king for the right to her inheritance after the death of her second husband.

Notes

Citations

References

Category:Anglo-Normans
Category:1189 deaths
Category:Year of birth unknown


1977–78 Division 1 season (Swedish ice hockey)

1977-78 was the third season that Division 1 operated as the second tier of ice hockey in Sweden, below the top-flight Elitserien (now the SHL).

Division 1 was divided into four starting groups, based on geography.  The top four teams in the group would continue to the playoffs to determine which clubs would participate in the qualifier for promotion to Elitserien. The bottom one/two teams in each group were relegated to Division 2 for the 1978–79 season.

Regular season

Northern Group

Western Group

Eastern Group

Southern Group

Playoffs

North/West

First round
 IF Björklöven - Strömsbro IF 2:0 (7:2, 2:1 OT)
 IFK Kiruna - Fagersta AIK 2:1 (3:0, 3:4, 5:1)
 Mora IK - Kiruna AIF 2:0 (5:2, 10:0)
 KB Karlskoga - Bodens BK 2:0 (7:3, 5:0)

Second round
 IF Björklöven - KB Karlskoga 2:0 (11:3, 5:4)
 IFK Kiruna - Mora IK 2:0 (6:5, 5:3)

South/East

First round
 Örebro IK - Nybro IF 2:1 (7:0, 3:6, 5:1)
 Huddinge IK - IFK Bäcken 2:0 (9:2, 7:2)
 Tingsryds AIF - Väsby IK 2:0 (7:3, 9:0)
 HV71 - Hammarby IF 1:2 (4:8, 4:1, 3:6)

Second round
 Örebro IK - Hammarby IF 2:1 (3:5, 2:0, 4:3)
 Huddinge IK - Tingsryds AIF 2:0 (7:2, 8:5)

Elitserien promotion

External links
Historical Division 1 statistics on Svenskhockey.com

Category:Swedish Division I seasons
2
Swe


Proetidae

Proetidae is a family of proetid trilobites. The first species appeared in the Upper Ordovician, and the last genera survived until the Middle Permian. However, if the closely related family Phillipsiidae is actually a subfamily of Proetidae, then the proetids of Proetidae survive until the end of the Permian, where the last perish during the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

Genera
Proetidae ostensibly contains these following genera, though many may be placed in Phillipsiidae if the latter is, indeed, a distinct family.

Aayemenaytcheia
Aceroproetus
Alaskalethe
Altajaspis
Anambon
Anglibole
Angustibole
Anujaspis
Appendicysta
Aprathia
Archaeocoryphe
Ascetopeltis
Astroproetus (syn=Xiushuiproetus, Zhejiangoproetus)
Australokaskia
Bailielloides
Bapingaspis
Basidechenella
Beleckella
Belgibole
Benesovella
Bitumulina
Blodgettia
Bohemiproetus
Bolivicrania
Boliviproetus
Bollandia
Bonnaspidella
Borelia
Brevibole
Burgesina
Calybole
Camsellia
Carbonoproetus
Carlopsia
Carniphillipsia
Ceratoproetus
Chauffouraspis
Chaunoproetoides
Chaunoproetus
Chiides
Chiops
Chlupacula
Chuanqianoproetus
Clavibole
Comptonaspis
Coniproetus
Conophillipsia
Constantina
Coombewoodia
Craspedops
Crassibole
Crassiproetus
Cyphinioides
Cyphoproetus
Cyrtodechenella
Cyrtoproetus
Cyrtosymbole
Cystispina
Daihuaia
Dayinaspis
Dechenella
Dechenelloides
Dechenellurus
Deinoproetus
Deltadechenella
Diabole
Diacoryphe
Drevermannia
Dudu
Dushania
Effops
Ejinoproetus
Elegenodechenella
Elimaproetus
Elliptophillipsia
Endops
Engelomorrisia (syn=Capricornia)
Ensecoryphe
Eocyphinium
Eocyrtosymbole
Eodrevermannia
Eomicrophillipsia
Eopalpebralia
Eosoproetus
Eowinterbergia
Erbenaspis
Erbenites
Evagena
Exochops
Flexidechenella
Formonia
Francenaspis
Franconicabole
Frithjofia
Fuscinipyge
Ganinella
Gapeevella
Geigibole
Georhithronella
Gerastos
Gitarra
Globusia
Globusiella
Globusoidea
Gomiites
Gracemerea
Hassiabole
Hedstroemia
Helioproetus
Helmutia
Helokybe
Humeia
Humilogriffithides
Hunanoproetus
Hypaproetus
Jinia
Karginella
Kaskia
Kathwaia
Kerpenella
Khalfinella
Kolymoproetus
Kosovoproetus
Krambedrysia
Kulmiella
Kulmogriffithides
Lacunoporaspis
Laevibole
Langgonbole
Latibole
Latiglobusia
Latiproetus
Lauchellum
Lichanocoryphe
Linguaphillipsia
Liobole
Liobolina
Longilobus
Longiproetus
Lophiokephalion
Lugalella
Luojiashania
Macrobole
Mahaiella
Malayaproetus
Malchi
Mannopyge
Megaproetus
Menorcaspis
Merebolina
Metaphillipsia
Mezzaluna
Microspatulina
Mirabole
Monodechenella
Moravocoryphe
Moschoglossis
Myoproetus
Namuraspis
Neogriffithides
Neokaskia
Nitidocare
Nodiphillipsia
Oehlertaspis
Oidalaproetus
Orbitoproetus
Ormistonaspis
Omlistonia
Ormistoniella
Osmolskia
Otodechenella
Paladin
Palaeophillipsia
Paleodechenella
Palpebralia
Panibole
Parachaunoproetus
Paradechenella
Parafrithjofia
Paraglobusia
Paragriffithides
Paramirabole
Parangustibole
Parapalpebralia
Paraproetus
Parawarburgella
Particeps
Parvidumus
Paryfenus
Pedinocoryphe
Pedinodechenella
Perexigupyge
Perliproetus
Phillibolina
Philliboloides
Phyllaspis
Planilobus
Planokaskia
Plesiowensus
Podoliproetus
Pontipalpebralia
Praedechenella
Pragoproetus
Prantlia
Prodiacoryphe
Proetocephalus
Proetus
Pseudobollandia
Pseudocyrtosymbole
Pseudodechenella
Pseudodudu
Pseudogerastos
Pseudoproetus
Pseudosilesiops
Pseudospatulina
Pseudowaribole
Pudoproetus
Pulcherproetus
Pusillabole
Raerinproetus
Reediella
Rhenocynproetus
Rhenogriffides
Richterella
Rijckholtia
Rosehillia
Rugulites
Schaderthalaspis
Schizophillipsia
Schizoproetina
Schizoproetoides
Schizoproetus
Semiproetus
Sevillia
Silesiops
Simaproetus
Sinobole
Sinocyrtoproetus
Sinopaladin
Sinoproetus
Sinosymbole
Skemmatocare
Skemmatopyge
Spatulata (syn=Spatulina )
Spergenaspis
Spinibolops
Struveproetus
Sulcubole
Tawstockia
Taynaella
Tcherkesovia
Tetinia
Thaiaspella
Thalabaria
Thebanaspis
Tropidocare
Tschernyschewiella
Typhloproetus
Unguliproetus
Vandergrachtia
Vittaella
Wagnerispina
Waideggula
Waigatchella
Warburgella
Waribole
Weberiphillipsia
Westropia
Weyeraspis
Winiskia
Winterbergia
Witryides
Xenadoche
Xenoboloides
Xenocybe
Xenodechenella
Xiangzhongella
Xiushuiproetus
Yanshanaspis
Yichangaspis
Yishanaspis
Yuanjia (syn=Haasia)
Zhegangula
Zhejiangoproetus

References

Category:Proetida
Category:Trilobite families
Category:Ordovician trilobites
Category:Silurian trilobites
Category:Devonian trilobites
Category:Permian trilobites
Category:Carboniferous trilobites
Category:Late Ordovician first appearances
Category:Guadalupian extinctions
Category:Prehistoric arthropod families


Santa Barbara School of the Arts

Santa Barbara School of the Arts was a college of art founded in Santa Barbara, California, by artist Fernand Lungren (1857–1932) in 1920. It closed in 1933.

References

Category:1920 establishments in California
Category:1933 disestablishments in California
Category:Art schools in California
Category:Buildings and structures in Santa Barbara, California
Category:Educational institutions established in 1920
Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1933


Aleksei Belkin

Aleksei Vladimirovich Belkin (; born 25 November 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.

Club career
He played two seasons in the Russian Football National League for FC Tom Tomsk and FC Oryol.

References

External links

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Russian footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:FC Torpedo Moscow players
Category:FC Dynamo Vologda players
Category:FC Tom Tomsk players
Category:FC Oryol players
Category:FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
Category:FC Lukhovitsy players
Category:FC Astana players
Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players
Category:Russian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan


Botts

Botts is a surname of European origin. The name refers to:
Baker Botts International law firm named for James Addison Baker and Confederate Colonel Walter Browne Botts
Chantal Botts (b. 1976), South African Olympic badminton player
Elbert Dysart Botts (1893–1962), American highway engineer
Jason Botts (b. 1980), American professional baseball player
John Botts (1802–1869), American politician from Virginia; U.S. representative 1839–49
Lee Botts (b. 1928), American environmentalist and conservationist
Mike Botts (1944–2005), American rock drummer
Timothy Botts (contemporary), American calligrapher and illustrator

See also

 Bott
 Gasterophilus intestinalis or horse botfly: infestation of a horse's stomach by maggots of this insect is known as "the botts"


Street theatre

Street theatre is a form of theatrical performance and presentation in outdoor public spaces without a specific paying audience. These spaces can be anywhere, including shopping centres, car parks, recreational reserves, college or university campus and street corners. They are especially seen in outdoor spaces where there are large numbers of people. The actors who perform street theatre range from buskers to organised theatre companies or groups that want to experiment with performance spaces, or to promote their mainstream work. It was a source of providing information to people when there were no sources of providing information like television, radio etc. Nowadays, street play is used to convey a message to the crowd watching it. Street play is considered to be the rawest form of acting, because one does not have a microphone or loud speakers.

Sometimes performers are commissioned, especially for street festivals, children's shows or parades, but more often street theatre performers are unpaid or gather some income through the dropping of a coin in a hat by the audience.

The logistics of doing street theatre necessitate simple costumes and props, and often there is little or no amplification of sound, with actors depending on their natural vocal and physical ability. This issue with sound has meant that physical theatre, including dance, mime and slapstick, is a very popular genre in an outdoor setting. The performances need to be highly visible, loud and simple to follow in order to attract a crowd.

Street theatre should be distinguished from other more formal outdoor theatrical performances, such as performances in a park or garden, where there is a discrete space set aside (or roped off) and a ticketed audience.

In some cases, street theatre performers have to get a licence or specific permission through local or state governments in order to perform. Many performers travel internationally to certain locations of note.

Street theatre is arguably the oldest form of theatre in existence: most mainstream entertainment mediums can be traced back to origins in street performing, including religious passion plays and many other forms. More recently performers who, a hundred years ago, would have made their living working in variety theatres, music halls and in vaudeville, now often perform professionally in the many well-known street performance areas throughout the world. Notable performers that began their careers as street theatre performers include Robin Williams, David Bowie, Jewel and Harry Anderson.

Street theatre allows people who might not have ever been to, or been able to afford to go to, traditional theatre. The audience is made up of anyone and everyone who wants to watch and for most performances is free entertainment.

Reasons for staging work on the street

Performance artists with an interest in social activism may choose to stage their work on the street as a means of directly confronting or engaging the public. For example, multimedia artist Caeser Pink and his group of performers known as The Imperial Orgy staged a piece titled Our Daily Bread that brought performers onto the streets of the New York's financial district to ceremoniously lay loaves of Wonder Bread along the sidewalks, each with an advertisement from Satan offering to buy people's souls in exchange for material possessions. The performance caused an uproar when police were called out and bomb-sniffing dogs were brought in to inspect the loaves of bread for explosives.

Other artists consider a paying, theatre-going public to be unrepresentative of the public to whom they are trying to communicate, and performing to 'the man on the street' may be considered a more democratic form of dissemination.

Some contemporary street theatre practitioners have extensively studied pre-existing street and popular theatre traditions, such as Carnival, commedia dell'arte etc. and wish to present them in a situation close to their original context.

Whatever the reason for choosing the street, the street is a place with a different set of possibilities than the conventional theatre space. Sue Gill of Welfare State International argues that a street theatre performance is not a lesser form than an indoor performance, nor is it simply taking what you do on stage and placing it outdoors, but a form with an energy and an integrity of its own.

Many companies are politically motivated and use street theatre to combine performance with protest. This has occurred through the guerrilla theatre of San Francisco Mime Troupe, The Living Theatre, the carnivalesque parades of Bread and Puppet Theatre, and the work of Ashesh Malla and the Sarwanam Theatre Group of Nepal.

A character-based street theatre which developed in the 1960s and 1970s was developed by groups like Lumiere and Son, John Bull Puncture Repair Kit, Exploded Eye and Natural Theatre Company. The performances were unannounced and featured characters who acted out a pre-arranged scenario, looking beautiful or surreal or simply just involving passers by in conversation. They did not seek to trick in a Candid Camera way, but rather invited the audience to pretend along with them. No amount of planning or rehearsal could dictate what would happen.

Another example would be Natural Theatre's Pink Suitcase scenario. A number of smartly dressed people carrying bright pink suitcases enter a set of streets or buildings. They search for and miss their companions. In their search they get on buses, hail cabs, end up in shop windows, etc. By the time they meet up at a pre-arranged spot with the help of passers-by, perceptions of the area have changed and shopping has ceased for at least a few moments. The humour is universal and this piece has been seen in nearly seventy countries. It is usually performed by four or five actors, but has been done with twenty-five.

See also

 Carros de foc
 Close-Act Theatre
 Freak show
 Medicine show
 One-Mensch-Theater
 Royal de luxe
 Sideshow
 Street musician

Notes

Further reading
  — Discusses buskers in a number of cities, focusing on their reasons for street performing; the dedication, skill, and discipline required to develop an act; and unpleasantries with hasslers and the law.

External links

 Street Theatre and Other Outdoor Performance Online Book (preview only) Street Theatre and Other Outdoor Performance By Bim Mason Published by Routledge, 1992 ,

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