Prevx

Prevx is a discontinued anti-malware utility. There are separate real-time and on-demand versions. It can remove low-risk adware for free, but the user has to purchase and enter a license key if it is more serious. Scanning can take anywhere from less than two minutes to five minutes.

Reception
Tony Zaitoun, of About.com, liked the utility except that he had some confusion about configuring the interface and that key protection was disabled by default. The issue referenced has since been corrected.

Awards
Editors' Choice by PC Magazine
Platinum & Standard Checkmark  by West Coast Labs

History
Prevx Limited was formed in March 2001 in the UK and registered under the name “Immunify”, changing its name to “TrustCorps” later that year and finally re-branded as “Prevx” in 2003. The founder team was led by Nick Ray as CEO and Paul Stubbs as COO.

Originally positioned as a Host Intrusion Prevention System, the company's initial software product was designed to protect UNIX / Linux servers from advanced malware threats without reliance on malware signatures, thus providing protection from unknown or “Zero-Day” threats.   The software was positioned the last line of defence against threats that had bypassed or overcome firewall, network security and any installed anti-virus or other host-based protection systems.

This early product monitored the behaviour of executables in real-time and would block system calls that breached its rules, thus providing protection.  It offered protection against buffer overflow attacks  and could successfully detect rootkits that attempted to hide themselves in memory or on disk.

At the end of 2002, the company received investment from South East Growth Fund and in early 2003 from private investors through an angel network, Hotbed.

In 2003, the company rebranded to Prevx and in June 2004 launched its first product for the Windows platform, “Prevx Home - Beta”, offered as a freeware download.  Prevx Home 1.0 (also free) followed in September 2004.  Prevx Home 2.0 launched in October 2004 and incorporated functionality to report the security events it detected to a central database, operated by Prevx, which would allow Prevx to monitor new virus outbreaks and detect and block spyware.  By the end of 2004, 6 months after launching, over 1m copies of Prevx had been downloaded.  Subsequent versions included Prevx 3.0, Prevx Edge and Prevx CSI.

Controversy
Prevx stirred up controversy amongst the internet communities when they announced on November 27, 2009 that a recent Windows update was causing a "Black Screen of Death", affecting users of Windows XP, Vista and 7.  They claimed this bug rendered the machine unusable.  It was later discovered that the black screen was caused by a malware infection (with Daonol), unrelated to the Windows update. Prevx then apologized for its earlier claims.

Acquisition
In 2005, Prevx was acquired in an all share offer by Retento Limited, an investment vehicle owned by serial entrepreneur Mel Morris, who had joined the Prevx board in June 2003 and was an investor in Prevx introduced by Hotbed.  Retento was subsequently renamed Prevx Group Limited.

In November 2010, Prevx was acquired by US-based Internet security company Webroot. The full conditions of the deal were not released but the announcement was made that Webroot will fully integrate Prevx's behaviour-based antivirus technology into their existing software and also make Mel Morris, founder and chief executive of Prevx Group, the vice president of Webroot's Prevx division.  Webroot has since discontinued the Prevx product line although the technology and concepts continue to underpin Webroot products.

References

Category:Windows security software
Category:Antivirus software


Bellows Free Academy, Fairfax

Bellows Free Academy, Fairfax or BFA is a public K-12 school in Fairfax, Vermont. About 800 students attend, with an average graduating class of 80, from Fairfax and the surrounding towns of Fletcher, Georgia, Fairfield, and Westford.

Academics

Tuition was $9,870 in 2009-2010. This tuition was paid by towns sending students to the school, sometimes from outside the school district.

History
Hiram Bellows bought  of land and left money for the construction of a free school in Fairfax, Vermont. Bellows Free Academy Fairfax and Saint Albans was built from the money earned in stocks willed to the town by Mr. Bellows. The stocks were invested in the Chicago Rock Island Railway. When the stocks earned $250,000, the school was constructed.

The original school burned on January 14, 1941.

Athletics
The school's team name is The Bullets. It competes as a Division III school. School colors are maroon and white.

Footnotes

Category:Public high schools in Vermont
Category:Public middle schools in Vermont
Category:Public elementary schools in Vermont
Category:Schools in Franklin County, Vermont
Category:Buildings and structures in Fairfax, Vermont


Southern Methodist University Press

Southern Methodist University Press (or SMU Press) was a university press that is part of Southern Methodist University.  It was established in 1937 and was the oldest academic publisher in Texas.  The press released eight to ten titles each year and was known for its literary fiction.  It was scheduled to suspend operations on June 1, 2010. The provost of SMU announced in 2011 plans to reorganize the press with a smaller budget and different goals. It closed again in 2015.

History
The first book published by the press was Samuel Wood Greiser's Naturalists of the Frontier (1937). However, the unofficial start of the SMU Press was in 1924, when the Southwest Review was moved from Austin to Dallas. John H. McGinnis served as the unpaid, unofficial editor-in-chief of the Southwest Review from 1927 to 1943 and played an essential role in founding the press. McGinnis acted as the unofficial director of the press during its first five years, in which only three titles were published. In 1939 Maxwell Allen was the first to become a paid employee of the press. From 1942 to 1945, Allen served in the Navy and then returned on January 1, 1946 as the director of the SMU Press. He continued as director until his retirement in 1981. The press reached its 100th title published in 1964.

References

External links
Southern Methodist University Press
Southern Methodist University Press records

Press
Category:University presses of the United States
Category:Publishing companies established in 1937
Category:Book publishing companies based in Texas


Bocage's weaver

The Bocage's weaver (Ploceus temporalis) is a species of bird in the family Ploceidae.
It is found in riparian zones of Angola, southern Democratic Republic of the Congo and northwestern Zambia.

The common name and Latin binomial commemorate the Portuguese naturalist José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage, who described the species in 1880.

References

External links

 Bocage's weaver -  Species text in Weaver Watch.

Bocage's weaver
Category:Birds of Central Africa
Bocage's weaver
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Athletics at the 2010 South American Games – Men's 400 metres

The Men's 400m event at the 2010 South American Games was held on March 20, with the heats at 11:30 and the Final at 18:45.

Medalists

Records

Results
Results were published.

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

†: Not eligible for the South American Under-23 Championships.

Final

†: Not eligible for the South American Under-23 Championships.

See also
2010 South American Under-23 Championships in Athletics

References

External links
Heat 1
Heat 2
Final

400M


List of railway routes in Baden-Württemberg

The List of railway routes in Baden-Württemberg provides a list of all railway routes in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. This includes Intercity-Express, Intercity, Regional-Express, Regionalbahn and S-Bahn services. The information is up to date to June 2019.

Regional services
The following Interregio-Express, Regional-Express and Regionalbahn services run through Baden-Württemberg:

Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn

Stuttgart S-Bahn

See also
List of scheduled railway routes in Germany

References

External links
kursbuch.bahn.de Timetables for all railway routes in Germany

Baden-Württemberg
Category:Transport in Baden-Württemberg
Category:Baden-Württemberg-related lists
Baden-Württemberg


John Stinton

John Stinton (jnr) (1854–1956) was a British ‘Royal Worcester’ painter best known for his ‘Highland Cattle’ scenes.

John Stinton (jnr) was one of a long line of the Stinton family who painted for the Worcester firm for some 160 years. The family tradition started with Henry Stinton who was employed from 1805 at the Grainger family's factory at St.Martins Gate in Worcester and would later become part of the ‘Royal Worcester’ group. John Stinton (snr) born in 1829, was Henry Stinton's son and started his apprenticeship at the Grainger factory when eleven years old, remaining there until his retirement in 1895. John (snr) was an accomplished artist and soon became a respected member of the Grainger staff. He discovered that oil of cloves would prevent his paints from drying out too quickly. John (snr)produced five sons, three following in their father's footsteps and becoming painters at the Worcester factories.

Stinton was the eldest son, but did not take up china painting until the rather late age of thirty five. Besides Highland cattle, he depicted English cattle and produced many fine images of British castles on his plates and a large number of watercolour landscapes. He was an enthusiastic gardener, and built a heated greenhouse where he grew the tobacco for his constant pipe-smoking.

Four of John Stinton (jnr)'s children followed him into ceramic painting: Arthur Stinton, eldest son and born in 1878, joined the Grainger factory shortly after its amalgamation with Royal Worcester and then went on to the Locke factory where his uncle Walter was employed as a flower painter. Annie Stinton, born in 1882, also joined the Grainger factory and went on to the Royal Worcester works. Kate Stinton also born in 1882 worked at the Royal Worcester factory. Harry Stinton born in 1883 also painted Highland cattle scenes. He was a sickly child but grew to be a respected figure after joining the firm in 1896.

References

Category:1854 births
Category:1956 deaths
Category:19th-century English painters
Category:English male painters
Category:20th-century English painters
Category:Porcelain painters
Category:Landscape artists
Category:Animal artists


Lee Seung-ho (baseball, born 1976)

Lee Seung-Ho (Hangul: 이승호, Hanja: 李承浩) (born August 23, 1976 in Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean baseball relief pitcher for the SK Wyverns of the KBO League. He bats and throws left-handed.

References

Category:SK Wyverns players
Category:LG Twins players
Category:KBO League pitchers
Category:South Korean baseball players
Category:1976 births
Category:Living people


Algo Más

Algo más may refer to:

"Algo Más" (Camilo Sesto song), 1973
"Algo Más" (La 5ª Estación song), 2004
Algo más (es),  1973 album  Camilo Sesto
Algo más (es),  1983 album   Los Secretos


Adam Studziński

Fr. Adam Studziński (2 June 1911 – 2 April 2008) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest (of the Dominican Order). Studzinski served as chaplain of the Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II.

Biography
Studziński was first ordained as a Dominican priest in 1937. He served with the Polish forces in Palestine. He later took part in the Italian Campaign with Polish forces during the World War II, including the Battle of Monte Cassino. For his service as a Polish chaplain during the war, Fr. Studziński was honored with several Polish military and state honors, including the Cross of Valour (Poland), Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari, Cross of Merit with Swords and the Commander's Cross with Star of Polonia Restituta (Order of Reborn Poland). He was also awarded with several British honors as well.

Adam Studziński studied art conservation at the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków. He worked to renovate the Dominican monastery and St. Guy's Catholic Church, both of which are located in Krakow.

Studziński was made an honorary citizen of Krakow in 1999. He was promoted to the rank of general in 2006. He authored several publications, including a guide to Polish war cemeteries in Italy and a book about his memories of World War II. He remained active in Polish veteran organizations, including for Polish Scouting, where he had ranked Harcmistrz.

Fr. Adam Studziński died in Krakow on April 2, 2008, at the age of 97.

References

External links

 o. Adam Studziński (1911-2008) - sylwetka
 o. Adam Studziński - Byłem kapelanem pod Monte Cassino
  o. Adam Studziński - pierwszy proboszcz na Służewie
   Zmarł o. Adam Studziński - dominikanie.pl
   o. Adam Studziński nie żyje - serwis eKAI
   o. Adam Studziński (2.06.1911-2.04.2008) - nekrolog Urzędu do Spraw Kombatantów i Osób Represjonowanych oraz fotografie z lutego 2008 r.

Category:1911 births
Category:2008 deaths
Category:People associated with Scouting
Category:Polish generals
Category:Polish Roman Catholic priests
Category:Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Category:Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Category:Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Category:Recipients of the Cross of Merit with Swords (Poland)
Category:Polish military chaplains
Category:World War II chaplains
Category:Conservator-restorers
Category:Polish Dominicans
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic priests


2012 United States House of Representatives election in the United States Virgin Islands

The 2012 United States House of Representatives election in the United States Virgin Islands was held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 and elected the non-voting Delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the United States Virgin Islands.  The election coincided with the elections of other federal offices, including a quadrennial presidential election.

The non-voting delegate is elected for two-year terms.  Democratic incumbent Donna Christian-Christensen, who has represented the district since 1997, won  re-election.

Primary elections were held on September 8, 2012.

Democratic primary

Candidates
 Donna Christian-Christensen, incumbent Delegate
 Stacey Plaskett, attorney and former Congressional staffer

Republican primary

Candidates
 Vince Danet, Republican nominee for Delegate in 2010
 Holland Redfield, radio talk show host and former Virgin Islands Senator

General election

Candidates
 Guillaume Mimoun (I), perennial candidate
 Warren Mosler (I), perennial candidate
 Norma Pickard Samuel (I)

General election results

See also
 United States House of Representatives election in the United States Virgin Islands, 2010

References

External links
 Donna Christensen campaign website
 Holland Redfield campaign website

United States Virgin Islands

2012
Category:2012 United States Virgin Islands elections


University of Technology and Business

The University of Technology and Business (Universidad Tecnología y Empresa) is a private university in Madrid, Spain with campuses in both Madrid and Toledo. It is the second largest private university in Spain, presenting a student body of over 8,000.

, the university offered forty-six bachelor's degrees and, through the Leadership School of Thought graduate program, twenty-three master's degrees and five doctorates.

History
The university originated in ETEA, the Faculty of Economic and Business Sciences of Córdoba, a higher education centre founded in 1963. The establishment of the Universidad Tecnología y Empresa was approved by the Parliament of Spain on 23 November 2009. The first promotion enrolled in 2009.

Faculties and schools
The university contains three undergraduate faculties and schools and two postgraduate schools:

Undergraduate
Faculty of Economic and Business Sciences
Faculty of Social, Law and Education Sciences
 Higher Technical School of Engineering
Postgraduate
Leadership School of Thought
Doctoral School

See also

 List of early modern universities in Europe

References

 http://srv.aneca.es/ListadoTitulos/search/site/Universidad%2520Tecnolog%25C3%25ADa%2520y%2520Empresa

See also
Official Website

Category:Private universities and colleges in Spain


Robert Murray (merchant)

Robert Murray (1721–1786), a prominent merchant, was born in County Armagh, Ireland, arriving with his father in Pennsylvania in 1732. Originally a Presbyterian, he became a Quaker after marrying Mary Lindley, daughter of a Quaker politician, in Pennsylvania in 1744. The couple arrived in New York City in 1754 after a short residence in North Carolina. The Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan derives its name from the Murray family, whose business interests were mainly concerned with shipping and overseas trade.

Robert quickly established himself and about 1762 rented land from the city for a great house and farm, which Robert called Inclenberg, Dutch for beautiful hill. The total area was just over 29 acres (117,000 m2). In today's terms, the farm began a few feet (metres) south of 33rd Street and extended north to the middle of the block between 38th and 39th Street. At the southern end, the plot was rather narrow but at the northern end it went from approximately Lexington Avenue to a spot between Madison and Fifth Avenues. The great house was built on a since-leveled hill at what is today Park Avenue and 36th Street.

His eldest child, Lindley Murray (1745–1826) was perhaps the most illustrious member of the family. An author of school textbooks, he was the largest-selling author in the world in the first half of the 19th century. Raised in New York City, Lindley was forced to move out of the country as a loyalist after the American Revolution, settling in York, England. He sold some 20 million books, including about 16 million in the United States and four million in Britain. His best-known title was his "English Reader," which Abraham Lincoln called the finest book ever put in the hands of an American youth.

Mrs. Robert Murray (Mary Lindley Murray) is credited with delaying William Howe and his army during General Washington's retreat from New York in 1776.  As the story goes, Mrs. Robert Murray invited the group to tea at her mansion, Inclenberg, and, through feminine wiles, and her husband's prominence among the Tory party, succeeded in delaying the British troops for a period sufficient to allow a successful American retreat.

See also
 Province of New York
 Murray Hill, Manhattan

References

The Murrays of Murray Hill by Charles Monaghan, Brooklyn: Urban History Press, 1998

Category:1721 births
Category:1786 deaths
Category:Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Category:American businesspeople in shipping
Category:Converts to Quakerism
Category:Murray Hill, Manhattan
Category:People from County Armagh
Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Category:American Quakers
Category:Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Category:People of colonial Pennsylvania
Category:People of colonial New York


Athar

Athar may refer to:
 Faisal Athar (born 1975), Pakistani cricketer
 Sohaib Athar, Pakistani computer scientist
 Athar (Planescape), a faction of Sigil in the Planescape campaign setting
 Ittar or athar, an essential oil used as perfumes


List of National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli people

This list of National Institute of Tecnology Tiruchirappalli people is a selected list of notable past staff and students of the National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli.

Alumni

Academics

Rajkumar Chellaraj, CFO and Associate Dean, Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University
V. John Mathews, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University
Nagi Naganathan, President, Oregon Institute of Technology
Krishna Palem, Professor of Computing, Rice University
S. K. Ramesh, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State University, Northridge
Nagarajan Ranganathan, Distinguished University Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida
Ramesh R. Rao, Director of California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego
Guruswami Ravichandran, Chair of Engineering Division, California Institute of Technology
Vallabh Sambamurthy, Dean of the Wisconsin School of Business, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Nambirajan Seshadri, Professor of Practice of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego
Chetan Sankar, Emeritus Professor of Raymond J. Harbert College of Business, Auburn University
Venkat Selvamanickam, Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Physics, Director of Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston
Madhavan Swaminathan, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Baba C. Vemuri, Professor of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida
Krishnaswamy Nandakumar, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University
Suresh Sitaraman, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology

Business and corporate

 Jessie Paul, CEO and founder, Paul Writer Strategic Advisory marketing firm

 Mahesh Amalean (Sri Lankan businessman), Chairman, MAS Holdings
 Natarajan Chandrasekaran, Chairman, Tata Sons, Tata Motors and Tata Global Beverages; former CEO, Tata Consultancy Services
 Rajesh Gopinathan, CEO and Managing Director, Tata Consultancy Services
 T. V. Narendran, CEO and Managing Director, Tata Steel
 R. Ravimohan, former Executive Director, Reliance Industries; former Chairman and Managing Director, Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited
 T. Sankaralingam, Member of the Board of Directors, Power Mech Projects Ltd; former Managing Director, BGR Energy Systems Ltd and NTPC
 K. R. Sridhar, CEO and founder, Bloom Energy
 Shyam Srinivasan, CEO and Managing Director, Federal Bank
 Sidin Vadukut, Columnist, Blogger, Writer and former Managing Director, Mint

Media and artists

Satish Chakravarthy, Indian music composer; produces film scores and soundtracks in the Tamil film industry
Vanitha Rangaraju, Animator, DreamWorks Animation; Technical Lighting Director for Shrek (winner of 2001 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay)

Politicians

Palanivel Thiagarajan, MLA at Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

Scientists

 Balu Balachandran, Distinguished Scientist, Argonne National Laboratory

See also
 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli
 Institutes of National Importance

References

External links
 University website
Category:National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli
Category:National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli alumni
National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli people


Alex Murray (footballer)

Alex Murray (26 December 1885 – 12 January 1947) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Notes

External links

Category:1885 births
Category:1947 deaths
Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Category:Richmond Football Club players


Town Hall, Colombo

The Town Hall of Colombo is the headquarters of the Colombo Municipal Council and the office of the Mayor of Colombo. Built in front of the Viharamahadevi Park, Colombo, Sri Lanka, it is the meeting place for the elected municipal council.

In 1921 renowned Scottish town planner, Professor Patrick Geddes, recommended that the Council should construct a large central and dignified municipal building to house the council, a public reception hall, the mayor's office and a public library. The need for the Colombo Public Library was addressed by a philanthropic donation of a building by Dr. W. Arthur Silva in 1925. This building, Sirinivasa, is now the official residence of the mayor.

In 1922 the Colombo Municipal Council held an international architectural design competition and in November that year of the 32 plans submitted, the winning design was drawn by S. J. Edwards, of the architectural firm Ralph Booty & Co. In awarding the prize the Government Architect of the Ceylon Public Works Department, Austin Woodeson, wrote:

The foundation stone for the town hall was laid on 24 May 1924, by the Mayor of Colombo, Thomas Reid, CCS. The construction of the building was undertaken by A. A. Gammon & Co and four years later on 9 August 1928 it was formally opened by the Governor Sir Herbert Stanley KCMG. The cost of the new town hall was met largely by revenue generated by the Council, without taking out any loans from the central government and as a result, for years Municipal finances were depleted.

Architectural design

Edwards' design draws heavily from L'Enfant's neoclassical style Capitol Building in Washington, D. C.

The Council chamber is located in the centre of the block on the first floor surmounted by a dome. On either side and on the longitudinal axis is an open courtyard surrounded on each floor by the different departments of Council. The main entrance and staircase hall is situated at the centre of the front façade, facing directly onto Viharamahadevi Park, with the two staff entrances being at the two remote corners of the façade in the rear. There are six corinthian columns in the main porch, six on either side to the front and ten columns on either side of the building. The columns are each  in height. The building is  in length and  in width and the total height of the building equals its width.

Although many alterations have been made to the original design, the building still possesses a few characteristics that have not been touched by modern renovations. The council chamber and its furniture, including the original lamps and lamp bases are still intact. All the doors and windows of the building are original, as well as the ornamental lamps on the staircase leading to the second floor from the lobby.

References

External links

Category:Buildings and structures in Colombo
Category:Landmarks in Colombo
Category:City and town halls in Sri Lanka
Category:Colombo Municipal Council
Category:British colonial architecture in Sri Lanka
Category:1927 establishments in Ceylon


Ouyang Xiadan

Ouyang Xiadan (; born 28 July 1977) is a Chinese news anchor for China Central Television, the main state announcer of China.

She won the Golden Mike Award in 2007, and received Golden Eagle Award for Best Programme Host in 2008.

Biography
Ouyang Xiadan was born in July 1977 in Qixing District of Guilin, Guangxi, she secondary studied at Guilin High School (), she entered Communication University of China in 1995, majoring in broadcasting, where she graduated in 1999.

After graduation, she joined the Shanghai Television, and she anchored the Shanghai Morning and Evening News for four years. Ouyang Xiadan joined the China Central Television in October 2003, she anchored the First Time between 2003 and 2009. She hosted the Focus on since August 2009 and anchored the Xinwen Lianbo since August 8, 2011. Ouyang was also one of the hosts of the CCTV New Year's Gala in 2010.

Works

Television
 Evening News ()
 Shanghai Morning ()
 First Time ()
 Focus on ()
 Xinwen Lianbo ()

Awards
 First Time - 2007 Golden Mike Award.
 2008 Golden Eagle Award for Best Programme Host

References

Category:1977 births
Category:People from Guilin
Category:Communication University of China alumni
Category:Living people
Category:CCTV newsreaders and journalists


Alberto Korda

Alberto Díaz Gutiérrez, better known as Alberto Korda or simply Korda (September 14, 1928 – May 25, 2001), was a Cuban photographer, remembered for his famous image Guerrillero Heroico of Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.

Early life
Korda, whose real name was Alberto Díaz Gutiérrez, was born on 14 September 1928 in Havana, Cuba. He got his first taste of photography when he took his father's Kodak 35mm and began taking pictures of his girlfriend. Korda was the son of a railway worker, and took many jobs before beginning as a photographer's assistant. Korda began his career as a photographer who shot pictures at banquets, baptisms and weddings.  He would run back to his studio to develop the film, then return to the event and sell his photographs as a souvenir. The quality of Korda’s work as a beginner was very poor; after a few months the image became blurry and the paper yellowed. When he opened his first studio, Korda had an opportunity to learn from his mistakes and to stop the yellowing process by using the right chemicals for the correct durations of time. In 1953, Korda opened his first studio with a photographer named Luis Pierce. Initially, Korda and Pierce took a variety jobs ranging from fashion to advertisements.

Most of the jobs were photographed by his studio partner, in order to keep their business going. It was the money generated by these jobs that allowed Korda to develop his unique style of looking at an image from another angle, different from the traditional photographer’s studios. It was this style that Studios Korda quickly became identified with achieving. In the early years, Korda was most interested in fashion because it allowed him to pursue his two favorite things, photography and beautiful women. Korda became Cuba's premiere fashion photographer.
Korda disliked artificial lighting he said it was "a travesty of reality" and only used natural light in his studio. He was master of black-and-white photography who looked for perfect composition and framing.
Korda had unique creative ambition that he used to rise above in style when compared to the unimaginative cultural perspective of traditional Cuban photography. This unique creativity turned the Korda Studio into something more than just a prosperous business; it became an art studio. "My main aim was to meet women", he once confessed. His second wife, Natalia (Norka) Menendez, was a well known Cuban fashion model.

Cuban Revolution
The relationship between Fidel Castro and Korda could not be defined by one label or title. For Castro, Korda was more than an official photographer, a friend or personal photographer. They never discussed salary or title, their relationship wasn't boss and worker. Thus, Korda was very relaxed, and interested in everything and everyone. Every photo he took was a symbol of the revolution, instead of a documentary of the events of the revolution. The Cuban Revolution was the turning point in Korda's career. His career plans were completely changed with the success of the revolutionaries. In 1959 the newly established newspaper offered the largest space for photographers to display their photographs, and Korda became part of the revolutionary cause. Korda Says, “Nearing 30, I was heading toward a frivolous life when an exceptional event transformed my life: The Cuban Revolution. It was at this time that I took this photo of a little girl, who was clutching a piece of wood for a doll. I came to understand that it was worth dedicating my work to a revolution which aimed to remove these inequalities.” He got caught up in the ideals of the revolution and began photographing its leaders. As Revolution photographer Korda always worked at his own photographic tempo. He wasn't pushed by the press or by any other requests. Wherever the revolution took Castro, Korda followed. One of Korda’s most recognizable images was of Castro's visit to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., in April 1959. Castro’s travels took Korda all around Cuba, overseas, and the Soviet Union. In 1963 photos of Fidel and Nikita Khrushchev, taken by Korda, illustrated the differences in both men that were evident in their respective politics.

In 1959 Fidel went back to the Sierra Maestra, the remote mountain region, where the revolutionary army began its attacks on the army of the Fulgencio Batista regime. Korda’s style was to move to the front of whatever group Fidel was leading in order to get the shots he wanted. When Korda came back to his home, his daughter couldn’t recognize him. His hair and beard were long and hadn’t showered for months. Korda took many pictures for the newspaper and called the series “Fidel Returns to the Sierra.” Fidel always liked Korda’s photos and never stopped him when he attempted to take his picture. He worked freely without thinking about political consequences in order to get what he wanted in his photos.

Korda was a photographer for the Cuban newspaper Revolución when he produced on March 5, 1960, the iconic image of Che Guevara that became a worldwide symbol of revolution and rebellion. He never received any royalties for the image, because Castro did not recognize the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. In 2000, he sued Smirnoff (Lowe Lintas) over the use of the image in advertisement. Commenting on the illicit use of his photograph, the artist said, "As a supporter of the ideals for which Che Guevara died, I am not averse to its reproduction by those who wish to propagate his memory and the cause of social justice throughout the world, but I am categorically against the exploitation of Che's image for the promotion of products such as alcohol, or for any purpose that denigrates the reputation of Che". His out-of-court settlement of US $50,000 was donated to the Cuban healthcare system. He said, "If Che were still alive, he would have done the same". However, he told a BBC World Service reporter that he did approve of the 1999 Che Jesus adaptation of the image used by the Churches Advertising Network to promote church attendance in the UK. The truth is that Korda gave the picture for free to Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, an Italian publisher who had published Doctor Zhivago and went on to publish Castro's diaries.

After the revolution, Korda became Fidel Castro's personal photographer for 10 years, accompanying Castro on trips and in meetings with foreign personalities. During this time he also took pictures of demonstrations, sugar cane harvests and factory scenes. Other less-known Fidel Castro images by Korda include shots of Castro staring warily at a tiger in a New York zoo, playing golf and fishing with Che Guevara, skiing and hunting in Russia, and with Ernest Hemingway. Korda's work also includes pictures of Castro's rebels riding into Havana after their triumph, and one known as The Quixote of the Lamp Post showing a Cuban wearing a straw hat and sitting on a lamp post against a sea of people during a rally.

Later life and death
From 1968 to 1978 he concentrated on underwater photography until a Japanese exhibition in 1978 stimulated international interest in his work. He appeared briefly in the pre-title sequence of Wim Wenders' film Buena Vista Social Club in 1999, although he was uncredited.

Korda suffered a fatal heart attack in Paris in 2001 while presenting an exhibition of his work.  He is buried in the Colon Cemetery, Havana.

He was featured in a full feature documentary titled Kordavision directed by Hector Cruz Sandoval in 2006 which was selected by AMPAS 2007 documentary series.

In September 2016 the 'Leica' camera that Korda's used for his famous photo of Che Guevara was auctioned through online auction house Catawiki for 18,100 euros.

Notable photos by Korda
 La Niña de la Muñeca de Palo (1958)
 Entrada de Fidel a La Habana (1959)
 El Quijote de la farola (1959)
 Fidel in Washington (1959)
 Guerrillero Heroico (1960)
 Miliciana (1962)

Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions of his works have been held in Helsinki, Finland, 1962; the Galleria H. Diafragma Canon, Milan, Italy, 1985; Galería Servando Cabrera, Havana, 1986; Roy Boyd Gallery, Chicago, 2000; COEX, Seoul, Korea, 2011.

Group exhibitions of his works include: in 1962, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Havana; 1967, Expo’67, Pabellón Cubano, Montreal; 1980, Consejo Mexicano de Fotografía, Mexico City; 1980, Centro de Arte Internacional, Havana; 1983, Westbeth Gallery, New York; 1999, Centro de Desarrollo de las Artes Visuales, Havana; 2000, C. Grimaldis Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland; 2000, Royal National Theatre, London; 2002, Museum of Art, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.

Awards
He was awarded the Cuban "Palma de Plata" in 1959; named Best Photoreporter of the year, Revolución Journal, Havana, 1960–1963; awarded the 5th International Award of Submarine Photografie "Maurizio Sana”, Italy; awarded National Culture Distinction, Ministry of Culture, Cuba; 1994.

Collections
His works are in the collections of Casa de las Américas, Havana, Cuba; Center for Cuban Studies, New York, NY; Centro Studi e Archivio della Comunicazione, Parma University, Parma, Italy; Fototeca de Cuba, Havana, Cuba; Galleria IF, Milan, Italy; Galleria Il Diafragma Kodak, Milan, Italy; Maison de la Culture de la Seine Saint-Denis, Paris, France; Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Havana, Cuba.

References

External links

Alberto Korda, by Bill Lasarow
BBC: News report on Korda's death
BBC: "Guevara's Image Saved from Drink", September 15, 2000
Frontline: On Alberto Korda, the photographic chronicler of the Cuban revolution
Guerrillero Heroico – A discussion on Korda's best-known photograph
The story of Korda's Che Guevara Image
Korda's Che Guevara Image. Che Guevara aniverary in "La Patria Grande Caracas
 Sun Sentinel: Exhibit: "Korda, Known. Unknown" now in Havana November 10, 2008
Washington Post: Cuba by Korda – Photo Collection
 History of a portrait Articles on Alberto Korda picture of Che, taken March 5, 1960
 Korda Photos of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara – slideshow by BBC News
 Photos of early days of Cuban Revolution by Alerto Korda

Category:1928 births
Category:2001 deaths
Category:Che Guevara
Category:Cuban photographers
Category:Cuban communists
Category:Underwater photographers
Category:Portrait photographers


Choja

Choja  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zbuczyn, within Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Zbuczyn,  east of Siedlce, and  east of Warsaw.

The village has a population of 160.

References

Choja


1999 Carlow County Council election

An election to Carlow County Council took place on 10 June 1999 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 21 councillors were elected from five electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.

Results by party

Results by Electoral Area

Borris

Carlow No.1

Carlow No.2

Muinebheag

Tullow

External links
 Official website

Category:1999 Irish local elections
1999


Telmatochromis brachygnathus

Telmatochromis brachygnathus is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika.  This species can reach a length of  SL.

References

brachygnathus
Category:Fish described in 2003
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


2004 Hajj stampede

The 2004 Hajj stampede resulted in the deaths of at least 251 pilgrims on 1 February 2004 during the Hajj in Mecca. The incident took place during the ritual stoning of three pillars in the Mina valley, close to Mecca, on the final day of Hajj ceremonies. More than 200 people were injured, and the incident became the worst tragedy during the Hajj since 1990.

See also
Incidents during the Hajj

References

Category:2004 in Saudi Arabia
Category:20th century in Mecca
Category:Disasters in religious buildings and structures
Category:Incidents during the Hajj
Category:Human stampedes in 2004
Category:Human stampedes in Saudi Arabia


Sara Banzet

Sara Banzet (8 July 1745 – 24 April 1774) was a French educator and diarist. She was an educational pioneer, the founder of day cares in France. She is also known for her preserved diary, which is regarded as an important historical document of her contemporary France.

References

 Marc Lienhard, « Sara Banzet a “inventé” les écoles maternelles », in « Des femmes qui œuvrent sur le plan religieux, social, culturel voire politique », in Les Saisons d'Alsace, hors-série, hiver 2016-2017, p. 57

Category:1745 births
Category:1774 deaths
Category:French diarists
Category:18th-century French educators
Category:18th-century French women writers
Category:18th-century French writers
Category:Women diarists


Pavol Hnilica

Pavol Hnilica, S.J. (March 30, 1921 in Uňatín – October 8, 2006) was a Slovak Roman-Catholic bishop and Jesuit.

He was a clandestine priest and bishop (since January 2, 1951). He consecrated Ján Chryzostom Korec. In 1952 he fled from Slovakia and studied and worked mainly in Rome.  He held the title of Titular Bishop of Rusadus, but never held an official post for the Church after his emigration to Italy.

Banco Ambrosiano scandal
In 1992, Bishop Hnilica was charged with receiving stolen documents in connection with the Banco Ambrosiano scandal of the 1980s.  He was convicted in 1993 of money laundering after he paid $2.8 million in an attempt to obtain evidence that would allegedly clear officials of the "Vatican bank", the Institute for Works of Religion, of blame in the affair.

See also

Notes

Category:1921 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:People from Krupina District
Category:Slovak Jesuits
Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Slovak Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Roman Catholic titular bishops


Landvik Church

Landvik Church () is a parish church in Grimstad municipality in Aust-Agder county, Norway.  It is located just south of the village of Roresand in the Landvik area.  The church is part of the Landvik parish in the Vest-Nedenes deanery in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in 1824 by an unknown architect.  The church was built in a cruciform style and it seats about 400 people.  The church has a graveyard located in the yard surrounding the church.  The churchyard has no more room for graves, so another graveyard was built in nearby Roresand.

History
The first church at Landvik was probably built between the years 1150 to 1200.  The church is first seen in existing historical records in a letter dated 1376, but it was not a new church at that time.  It was a stone church and over time it became too small for the parish, so in 1823 it was torn down.  Some of the old stones were used in the construction of the new church which was built in 1824 on the same site.  A small addition was built on the northern cross arm in 2000.  In 2014, a new pipe organ was purchased and installed in the balcony above the altar instead of in the back balcony where the previous organ was located.

See also
List of churches in Aust-Agder

References

Category:Churches in Aust-Agder
Category:Grimstad
Category:Wooden churches in Norway
Category:19th-century Church of Norway church buildings


Naduvannur

Naduvannur is a Census town   in Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India and a part of Kozhikode Urban Agglomeration.
The name Naduvannur denotes that it was the centre of the territory of Kurumbranad. 'Nadu' means centre and ur(oor) means place.

Naduvannur is about 28 km away from Kozhikode city. Kozhikode-Kuttiyadi SH passes through here. Nearby towns are Koyilandy, Balusseri and Perambra.

Education
Govt: Higher secondary school Naduvannur and Naduvannur higher secondary school Vakayad, Kavumthara AUP School  are the major educational institutions.

Demographics
 India census, Naduvannur had a population of 24648 with 12004 males and 12644 females.

Transportation
Naduvannur village connects to other parts of India through Kozhikode and Koyilandy towns. The nearest airport is Kozhikode. The nearest railway station is at Koyiandy. State Highway 38 passes through Naduvannur which starts from Puthiyangadi in Kozhikode and ends in Chovva in Kannur.

See also
 Kottur,_Kerala
 Moodadi
 Chengottukavu
 Arikkulam
 Thikkodi
 Chemancheri
 Kappad
 Atholi
 Ulliyeri
 Cheekilode
 Nochad
 Koyilandy

References

Category:Koyilandy area


Santa Eulalia Bajera

Santa Eulalia Bajera is a village in the province and autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. The municipality covers an area of  and as of 2011 had a population of 130 people.

References

Category:Populated places in La Rioja (Spain)


Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya)

Communist Party of Nepal, also referred to as Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya) was a communist party in Nepal. It emerged from a split in the original Communist Party of Nepal in 1962. The Communist Party of Nepal had been ravaged by internal conflicts, due to the Sino-Soviet split and differences of how to relate to political changes in the country.

In April 1962 the radical sector of the Communist Party of Nepal convened a 3rd party convention in Varanasi, India. But the preparation of the congress had been full of controversy. The congress approved the programme of National Democratic Revolution proposed by Tulsi Lal Amatya, and elected Tulsi Lal as general secretary. In an attempt to maintain the unity of the party, Pushpa Lal Shrestha and Tulsi Lal were to share central leadership responsibilities. Keshar Jung Rayamjhi, the leader of the pro-Soviet faction of CPN was expelled. However, the Rayamajhi-led section did not recognize the convention. Rayamjhi's followers continued to function as a separate party, also using the name Communist Party of Nepal.

However, between Amatya and Pushpa Lal there were political differences. Amatya favoured the idea of 'National Democracy' whereas Pushpa Lal advocated the line of 'People's Democracy'. From 1963 onwards, the two worked separately. In 1968 the section of Pushpa Lal organized a separate convention in Gorakhpur, India. This led to the founding of a separate party, with Pushpa Lal as general secretary. The majority of the party leadership followed Pushpa Lal in joining his splinter group. This party became known as Communist Party of Nepal (Pushpa Lal).

In 1971 a group of CPN leaders (Manmohan Adhikari, Shambhu Ram and Mohan Bikram Singh) were released from jail. They formed the Central Nucleus, which tried to unify with Pushpa Lal's group. That unity proved impossible and the Central Nucleus gave way to new parties. Adhikari formed his own CPN, Communist Party of Nepal (Manmohan). This party developed close relations to the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). Singh's group became known as Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Convention).

The Amatya-led Communist Party was reduced to become one of many clandestine communist factions in Nepal, and it was readily outgrown by several of its splinter groups. The party was generally identified as part of the pro-Soviet Union stream within the Nepalese communist movement, although it maintained some independence towards Moscow.

In 1989 the party took part in the formation of the United Left Front, to struggle against the autocratic regime. Following the overthrow of the regime and the democratic opening, the party contested the 1991 parliamentary election. The party put up 14 candidates, who together mustered 4846 votes. None of the candidates of the party were elected.

Soon after the 1991 general election the party had merged itself with two other groups to form the Communist Party of Nepal (United). However, that unity turned short-lived. Tulsi Lal Amatya broke away from CPN (United) and reconstituted his own party. In 1994 CPN (Amatya) joined the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist).

See also
 List of communist parties in Nepal

References

Category:Defunct communist parties in Nepal
Category:Political parties established in 1962
Category:1962 establishments in Nepal
Category:Political parties disestablished in 1991
Category:1991 disestablishments in Nepal


Bungaree FC

The Bungaree Football & Netball Club is an Australian rules football club from Bungaree, Victoria which competes in the Central Highlands Football League. The Demons are one of the founding members of the CHFL and most widely recognised through their best export, former St Kilda captain, Victorian representative and media personality Danny Frawley.
The Demons play their home games at the Bungaree Recreation Reserve which underwent a full redevelopment in 2012, with the changeroom facility being named the Danny Frawley Pavilion.

Bungaree emerged from a lean decade in the 2000s to play four preliminary finals in a row from 2012–15, culminating in their first premiership in 23 years in 2014 with a 9-goal thrashing of arch rivals Springbank. The Reserves were also able to break their 34-year drought with a comprehensive win over Waubra FC.

Premierships
Seniors- 1919, 1922, 1924, 1947, 1949, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1991, 2014

Reserves- 1972, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 2014

U18- 1972, 1980, 1989, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2015

U15- 1988, 2005

Champion Club
THE CHFL awards the Merv & Mary Howard Champion Club award at the conclusion of each home and away season to the club that has performed the best across 4 grades of football and 6 grades of netball. Bungaree have won the award on 10 occasions, double that of the next most successful club.

CHFL Merv & Mary Howard Champion Club- 1979, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012

References

Category:Australian rules football clubs in Victoria (Australia)
Category:1904 establishments in Australia
Category:Sports clubs established in 1904


Raymond Beazley

Sir Charles Raymond Beazley (3 April 1868 – 1 February 1955) was a British historian. He was Professor of History at the University of Birmingham from 1909-1933.

Born in Blackheath, he was the son of Rev. Joseph and Louisa Beazley. He was educated at St Paul's School, King's College London and Balliol College, Oxford. His academic career was as a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, until his chair at Birmingham.

Associated with a pro-German tendency within the British political and intellectual establishment in the inter-war years, Beazley was a regular contributor to the Anglo-German Review, established in 1936. He subsequently sat on the National Council of the Link, a pro-German organisation.

Works
 James of Aragon (1890)
 Henry the Navigator (1895)
 The Dawn of Modern Geography (vol. 1, 1897; vol. 2, 1901; vol. 3, 1906)
 John and Sebastian Cabot (1898)
 The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea. Written by Gomes Eannes de Azurara (1899) translator with Edgar Prestage
 An English Garner: Voyages and Travels mainly during the 16th and 17th Centuries (1902) two volumes
 Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen. Select Narratives from the Principal Navigations of Hakluyt (1907) edited with Edward John Payne
 A Note-book of Mediaeval History AD323–AD1453 (1917)
 Russia From The Varangians To The Bolsheviks (1918) with Nevill Forbes and G. A. Birkett
 Nineteenth Century Europe (1922)
 The Road to Ruin in Europe (1932)
 The Beauty of the North Cotswolds (1946)

References

External links

 Page includes a biography

Category:1868 births
Category:1955 deaths
Category:People educated at St Paul's School, London
Category:Academics of the University of Birmingham
Category:Alumni of King's College London
Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Category:British historians
Category:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
Category:Knights Bachelor


Montchanin Historic District

Montchanin Historic District is a national historic district located at Montchanin, New Castle County, Delaware.  It encompasses 19 contributing buildings centered on the triangular area which was the original village of Montchanin.  Notable buildings include the frame, stick-style railroad station (1889), stuccoed stone schoolhouse (1890), a stone bank barn, the blacksmith shop, and various cottages, dating from circa 1840 through the early-20th century.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

References

Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware
Category:Historic districts in New Castle County, Delaware
Category:National Register of Historic Places in New Castle County, Delaware


Leke Oyede

Leke Oyede (born 7 May 1986) is a Nigerian cricketer. He played in the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Six tournament. In May 2019, he was named in Nigeria's squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier tournament in Uganda. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut for Nigeria against Kenya on 20 May 2019. In October 2019, he was named in Nigeria's squad for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates.

References

External links

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Nigerian cricketers
Category:Nigeria Twenty20 International cricketers
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Saurita phoenicosticta

Saurita phoenicosticta is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Guatemala.

References

Category:Moths described in 1898
Category:Saurita


Norberto Font y Sagué

Norberto Font y Sagué (1874–1910) was a Spanish geologist, naturalist and writer.

Category:1874 births
Category:1910 deaths
Category:Catalan-language writers
Category:Spanish geologists


Xavier College, Santiago de Compostela

Xavier College, Santiago de Compostela, situated in the center of the historic pilgrimage town of northwestern Spain, was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1961. Classes covered are infant (age three) through secondary (ESO).

References

Category:Jesuit secondary schools in Spain
Category:Catholic schools in Spain
Category:Jesuit secondary schools
Category:Educational institutions established in 1961


Jim Shearer

Jim Shearer (born January 3, 1974) is a VJ and was host of the VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown and was the "music expert" on VH1's morning show Big Morning Buzz Live. Currently, Shearer is a host on Sirius XM's VOLUME channel.

Shearer was hired by MTV in 2002 after catching the eye of the executive vice president of MTV with a homemade audition tape.

From 2009-14, Shearer was the host of the VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown. He has also hosted the shows Advance Warning, 120 Minutes,Subterranean, Video Mods, Summer Gig, as well as other shows on both MTV and MTV2. In addition, Shearer hosted VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and VH1's 100 Greatest Videos of All Time. Shearer works for IFC on a blog called "Indie Ear", hosts the Pittsburgh Penguins blog on YouTube called Yinz Luv 'Da Guins, and a Pittsburgh Steelers blog on YouTube called Yinz Luv 'Da Stillers.! His wife, Victoria Shearer, is fluent in Spanish and is a Spanish teacher in their native Pittsburgh. He also has a brother named Matt Shearer. Shearer graduated from Waynesburg College (now Waynesburg University).  Shearer’s catchphrase is "I will see yinz later."
Shearer's favorite music artists are The Beastie Boys, and he plays in a rock band called Deck of Jack.

References

External links

 Indie Ear blog on IFC.com

Category:VJs (media personalities)
Category:1974 births
Category:Television personalities from Pittsburgh
Category:Television personalities from New York City
Category:Living people


Cascade, Jamaica

Cascade is a settlement in Jamaica. Cascade is located at .

References

External links
 Geographical location at Cascade, Jamaica at Maplandia

Category:Populated places in Hanover Parish


Women in law

Women in law describes the role played by women in the legal profession and related occupations, which includes lawyers (also called barristers, advocates, solicitors, attorneys or legal counselors), paralegals, prosecutors (also called District Attorneys or Crown Prosecutors), judges, legal scholars (including feminist legal theorists), law professors and law school deans.

Representation and working conditions

United States

The American Bar Association reported that in 2014, women made up 34% of the legal profession and men made up 66%. In private practice law firms, women make up 20.2% of partners, 17% of equity partners and 4% of managing partners in the 200 biggest law firms.  At the junior level of the profession, women make up 44.8% of associates and 45.3% of summer associates. In 2014 in Fortune 500 corporations, 21% of the general counsels were women and 79% were men. Of these 21% of women general counsels, 81.9% were Caucasian, 10.5% were African-American, 5.7% were Hispanic, 1.9% were Asian-American/Pacific Islanders, and 0% were Middle Eastern. In 2009, women were 21.6% of law school Deans, 45.7% of Associate, Vice-Deans or Deputy Deans and 66.2% of Assistant Deans. Women have better representation on law school Law Reviews. In the top 50 schools as ranked by US World and News Reports in 2012-2013, women made up 46% of leadership positions and 38% of editor-in-chief positions.

In 2012, women held 27.1% of all federal and state judge positions, while men held 73.9%. In 2014, three of nine Supreme Court justices were women (33%), 33% of Circuit Court of Appeals judges and 24% of federal court judges. Women held 27% of all state judge positions.

During the 2012-2013 academic year, women made up 47% of Juris Doctor (JD) students, people of color made up 25.8% of JD students. In 2009 in the US, women made up 20.6% of law school deans. In the US in 2014, 32.9% of all lawyers were women. 44.8% of law firm associates were women in 2013. In the 50 "best law firms for women" in the US, "19% of the equity partners were women,
29% of the nonequity partners were women, and 42% of... counsels were women.

A survey indicates that 96% of US law firms state that their highest paid partner is male.
"Only 24.1% of all federal judgeships were held by women, and only 27.5% of state judgeships were held by women.: Women lawyers' salaries were "83% of men lawyers’ salaries in 2014".

In the US, while women made up 34% of the legal profession in 2014, women are underrepresented in senior positions in all areas of the profession. There has been an increase in women in the law field from the 1970s to 2010, but the increase has been seen in entry level jobs. In the United States, 60% of attorneys are women; however, the percent of female equity partners is 15%. Women of color are even more underrepresented in the legal profession. In private practice law firms, women make up just 4% of managing partners in the 200 biggest law firms. In 2014 in Fortune 500 corporations, 21% of the general counsels were women, of which only 10.5% were African-American, 5.7% were Hispanic, 1.9% were Asian-American/Pacific Islanders, and 0% were Middle Eastern. In 2009, 21.6% of law school Deans were women. Women held 27.1% of all federal and state judge positions in 2012. In the US, "[w]omen of color were more likely than any other group to experience exclusion from other employees, racial and gender stereotyping." There are few women law school deans; the list includes Joan Mahoney, Barbara Aronstein Black at Columbia Law School, Elena Kagan at Harvard Law School, Kathleen Sullivan at Stanford Law School, and the Hon. Kristin Booth Glenn and Michelle J. Anderson at the City University of New York School of Law.

Women of color

Representation
The National Association for Law Placement (NALP) found that every year since 2009 there has been a decline of African-American associates—“from 4.66 percent to 3.95 percent." According to a November 2015 NALP press release, at just 2.55 percent of partners, minority women remain the most underrepresented group at partnership level.

Treatment
In a 2008 survey, by the National Association of Women Lawyers (NAWL), the report found that women of color view their workplace as racially/ethnically stereotypical and exclusionary as a result. Women of color also felt that law firms were not taking enough action to increase diversity and when actions were taken they were not executed effectively. The America Bar Association Commission on Women in the Profession released a report which was a culmination of a study meant to address the decline of women of color in the legal profession. In the study, women of color were given the opportunity to express concern over the negative effects they faced in the workplace and how those effects carried into their personal life. Women of color reported feelings of exclusion, isolation, and as though they were receiving more unwanted critical attention than their counterparts. The American Bar Association Commission on Women in the Profession when looking at reports on the treatment of women of color in the legal profession were disappointed with the patterns they noticed which led the American Bar Association Commission on Women in the Profession to undertake their own research in 2003, the Women of Color Research Initiative. In both law firms and corporate legal departments the findings were that women of color “receive less compensation than men and white women; are denied equal access to significant assignments, mentoring and sponsorship opportunities; receive fewer promotions; and have the highest rate of attrition.” There is a ripple effect within the treatment of women of color. Women of color are put at a disadvantage early on making “the ultimate result that women of color miss opportunities to get better work assignments, more client contact, and more billable hours.” Women of color’s treatment within the legal profession and their feelings about this treatment have affected the retention of women of color in the legal profession. Women of color leave law firms at a high rate, “nearly 75 percent leave by their fifth year, and nearly 86 percent leave before their seventh year." These women are leaving because they feel the only way to escape exclusion in the workplace is to leave the workplace.

Strategy
ABA's Commission on Women in the Profession released a report aimed at identifying challenges faced by women of color in law firms and found that “to overcome systemic discrimination against women of color, firms must recognize that the experiences of women of color are different from those of other groups; implementing changes to reflect this difference is necessary for retention. Firms and corporations must initiate active mentorship programs and encourage organization-wide discussions about issues concerning women of color, and constructive feedback is required.”  After the release of this report, several law firms have attempted the recommendations set forth by the report. Law firms began initiatives that focus on recruiting women of color as well as ensuring the retention of women of color as well. Recruiting of minority women has been increased through law firms finding summer associates by doing interviews “at the Southeast Minority Career Fair, MCCA/Vault Career Fair, Specialty Bar Association, Lavender Law Career Fair, and at schools such as Howard University School of Law and North Carolina Central School of Law.”

Canada
In 2010 in Canada, "there were 22,261 practicing women lawyers and 37,617 practicing men lawyers."  Canadian studies show that "50% of lawyers said they felt their firms were doing "poorly" or "very poorly" in their provision of flexible work arrangements." More women lawyers found it "difficult to manage the demands of work and personal/family life" than men, with 75% of women reporting these challenges versus 66% of men associates. A 2010 report about Ontario lawyers from 1971 to 2006 indicates that "...racialized women accounted for 16% of all lawyers under 30, compared to 5% of lawyers 30 and older in 2006. Visible minority lawyers accounted for 11.5% of all lawyers in 2006. Aboriginal lawyers accounted for 1.0% of all lawyers in 2006.

As well, "...racialized women accounted for 16% of all lawyers under 30" in 2006 in Ontario and women Aboriginal lawyers accounted for 1%.

Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
In 2010, a study found the estimated proportion of female lawyers in 210 countries. The study included Algeria (28%), Bahrain (27%), Egypt (26%), Iran (30%), Iraq (28%), Israel (43%), Jordan (33%), Kuwait (30%), Lebanon (29%), Morocco (22%), Oman (25%), Palestine (26%), Qatar (29%), Saudi Arabia (31%), Syria (25%), Turkey (35%), United Arab Emirates (28%), and Yemen (22%).

Lawyers and law professors in the Middle East believe the beginning of the 21st century allowed for an increased interest in the field of law, whereas some researchers believe part of the increase is due to the 2011 Arab Spring revolts. Researcher Rania Maktabi noticed that compared to other nations in MENA, women's issues in Morocco, Lebanon and Kuwait have been addressed less violently and also have the highest rates of female employment in the region. Female lawyers in these three nations tackle the patriarchal legal system by introducing reforms in family law, criminal law, and nationality law. Maktabi argues in her research that the increased number of female lawyers involved in women's legal issues in Morocco, Lebanon, and Kuwait has a direct impact on the strengthening of women's rights in those states.

Organizations

Center for Women in Law (US)
The Center for Women in Law is a US organization set up and funded by women, says it is "devoted to the success of the entire spectrum of women in law ... serves as a national resource to convene leaders, generate ideas, and lead change".  It combines theory with practice, addressing issues facing individuals and the profession as a whole. The Center is a Vision 2020 National Ally. The Center was founded in 2008 by a group of women, many of whom were alumnae of The University of Texas School of Law, and many of whom graduated from law school in earlier decades when it was not common for women to pursue law as a career.  The group began discussing the issues faced by women lawyers and became determined to understand fully and address effectively the underlying causes of the barriers to advancement faced by women lawyers. The Austin Manifesto calls for specific, concrete steps to tackle the obstacles facing women in the legal profession today. The center holds summits and meetings on issues affecting women in the legal profession.

National Women's Law Center (US)
The National Women's Law Center (NWLC) is a United States non-profit organization founded in 1972 and based in Washington, D.C. The Center advocates for women's rights through litigation and policy initiatives. It began when female administrative staff and law students at the Center for Law and Social Policy demanded that their pay be improved, that the center hire female lawyers, that they no longer be expected to serve coffee, and that the center create a women's program. Marcia Greenberger was hired in 1972 to start the program and Nancy Duff Campbell joined her in 1978. In 1981, the two decided to turn the program into the separate National Women's Law Center.

Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (Canada)
Women's Legal Education and Action Fund, referred to by the acronym LEAF, is the "...only national organization in Canada that exists to ensure the equality rights of women and girls under the law.". Established on April 19, 1985, LEAF was formed in response to the enactment of Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to ensure that there was fair and unbiased interpretation of women’s Charter rights by the courts. LEAF performs legal research and intervenes in appellate and Supreme Court of Canada cases on women's issues . LEAF has been an intervener in many significant decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada, particularly cases involving section 15 Charter challenges. In addition to its legal work, LEAF also organizes speaking engagements and projects that allow lawyers interested in women’s rights to educate one another, to educate the public, and to create collective responses to legal issues related to women’s equality. LEAF was created by founding mother Doris Anderson and other women.

Women in Law and Litigation (India)
Women in Law and Litigation (WILL) was formed in India in 2014 by women lawyers, judges and legal professionals to deal with gender discrimination faced by women in the field of law. The litigating public prefers to deal with male lawyers. The society was formed under the supervision of Supreme Court of India and the justice of Supreme Court of India, Ranjana Desai. WILL was formed to provide professional support, advocacy skills, and a platform for discussion on ways for development of women lawyers. Justice Hima Kohli of the High Court (Delhi) defined WILL as the society would be a "way to give back to the system for senior lawyers and legal practitioners who have "reached high positions".

Feminist perspectives
Feminist legal theory, also known as feminist jurisprudence, is based on the belief that the law has been fundamental in women's historical subordination. The project of feminist legal theory is twofold. First, feminist jurisprudence seeks to explain ways in which the law played a role in women's former subordinate status. Second, it is dedicated to changing women's status through a reworking of the law and its approach to gender. In 1984 Martha Fineman founded the Feminism and Legal Theory Project at the University of Wisconsin Law School to explore the relationships between feminist theory, practice, and law, which has been instrumental in the development of feminist legal theory.

The liberal model of equality under the law operates from within the liberal legal paradigm and generally embraces liberal values and the rights-based approach to law, though it takes issue with how the liberal framework has operated in practice. The difference model emphasizes the significance of gender differences and holds that these differences should not be obscured by the law, but should be taken into account by it. The dominance model views the legal system as a mechanism for the perpetuation of male dominance. Feminists from the postmodern camp have deconstructed the notions of objectivity and neutrality, claiming that every perspective is socially situated. See equality feminism, difference feminism, radical feminism, and postmodern feminism for context.

Notable scholars include:
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Catharine MacKinnon
Martha Fineman
Mari Matsuda

Feminist philosophy of law
Feminist philosophy of law "...identifies the pervasive influence of patriarchy on legal structures, demonstrates its effects on the material condition of women and girls, and develops reforms to correct gender injustice, exploitation, or restriction."  Feminist philosophy of law uses approaches drawn from "...feminist epistemology, relational metaphysics, feminist political theory, and other developments in feminist philosophy to understand how legal institutions enforce dominant masculinist norms." In the contemporary era, feminist philosophy of law also takes account of approaches such as "...human rights theory, postcolonial theory, critical legal studies, critical race theory, queer theory, and disability studies."  As with feminism in general, there are many subtypes of feminist philosophy of law, including "...radical, socialist and Marxist, relational, cultural, postmodern, dominance, difference, pragmatist, and liberal approaches."  Feminist philosophers of law argue that "... law makes systemic bias (as opposed to personal biases of particular individuals) invisible, normal, entrenched, and thus difficult to identify and to oppose."  Feminist philosophers of law view laws as "...patriarchal, reflecting ancient and almost universal presumptions of gender inequality."  Some of the legal issues analyzed by feminist philosophers of law include marriage, reproductive rights (e.g., pertaining to laws on abortion), the "commodification of the body" (as in sex work) and violence against women.

History

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the first woman to pass a law degree was Eliza Orme, who graduated from University College London in 1888. She was not allowed to qualify to practice as either a solicitor or a barrister. It was not until 1919, with the passage of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 that women could enter the legal profession. This had been challenged in 1914 in a case known as Bebb v Law Society, in which the Court of Appeal found that women did not fall within the legal definition of "persons" and so could not become lawyers. The 1919 Act also allowed women to serve on juries for the first time.

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, along with several other Gulf countries, has decided to put an emphasis on promoting jobs rather than oil production to help their economy. The Saudi government took initiatives to boost female participation in the labor force. Historically, women were not encouraged to participate in professional academic concentrations, including law.

However, in 2004, the government allowed law degree programs to be studied in women's universities. Four years later, the first female students graduated with law degrees, but could not practice in courts, which consisted of an all-male judiciary. Women with law degrees could only work as "legal consultants," which barred them from representing clients.

In 2011, amongst the political uprising climate in the Middle East, female lawyers pushed a social media campaign called ''I am a female lawyer." The campaign brought attention to the discriminatory treatment of women who were not allowed to practice law in their own countries, despite their degrees. In October 2012, King Abdullah announced his acceptance of a petition by a group of female law graduates. The 3,000 signatures permitted the registration by women for law licenses. However, the Ministry of Justice acted otherwise and refused to process registration applications from female law graduates.

In April 2013, the Justice Ministry allowed a King Abdulaziz University graduate from Jeddah, Arwa al-Hujaili, to become the first female legal trainee in Saudi Arabia. As a trainee, she was allowed to practice law, similar to a "legal consultant," but given a full license after three years of apprenticeship.

In October 2013, a new policy passed allowing all women to seek a legal license to practice law after receiving a university degree in law and three years of apprenticeship.

On October 6, 2013, Bayan Mahmoud Al-Zahran received the first license from the Justice Ministry, thus becoming the first licensed female lawyer in Saudi Arabia. Zahran began her legal career with dedication to domestic violence issues, then focused on criminal law. The following month, Zahran represented a client, the first time for a Saudi woman, amongst the General Court in Jidda. In January 2014, Zahran opened the first female law firm. Her firm focuses on women's issues.

As of November 2015, thousands of Saudi women have degrees in law, but only sixty-seven are licensed to practice. In 2017, Saudi female students attended universities at a gross enrollment rate higher than Saudi male students, at 97.5% and 41.6%, respectively.

Notable individuals

United States
Annette Abbott Adams (1877–1956) was an American lawyer and judge who was the first woman to be the Assistant Attorney General in the United States. She obtained her law degree in 1912.  Before beginning her legal career, she  was one of the first female school principals in California. In 1950, she served by special assignment on a case in the California Supreme Court, becoming the first woman to sit on that court.
Florence Ellinwood Allen (1884 – 1966) was an American judge who was the first woman to serve on a state supreme court and one of the first two women to serve as a United States federal judge. She finished a master's degree in Political Science from Western Reserve in 1908.  and took courses in constitutional law. She wanted to do a law degree, but at that time, Western Reserve's law school did not admit women.  Allen attended the law school at the University of Chicago for a year, and then transferred to New York University. In 1913, she got her law degree, graduating with honors.  She became interested in politics, and more committed to the cause of women's suffrage.  She began challenging local laws that limited women's participation in the political process. She argued one case that went all the way to the Ohio Supreme Court. In 1919, she was appointed the assistant prosecuting attorney for Cleveland's Cuyahoga County. By 1920, she was elected as a Common Pleas judge. In 1922, Allen was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court. She was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in 1934, making her one of the first women federal judges.

Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander (1898 – 1989), was the second African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in the United States, and the first woman to receive a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School. She was the first African-American woman to practice law in Pennsylvania.  She was the first African-American woman appointed as Assistant City Solicitor for the City of Philadelphia.
Helen Elsie Austin (1908–2004) was an American attorney and US foreign service officer who was among the first African Americans admitted to the practice of law in the United States. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1928 and a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1930 from the University of Cincinnati, becoming the first black woman to graduate from the UC Law School. Austin was on the staff of the Rocky Mountain Law Review and of the Cincinnati Law Review.  In 1938 she received a Doctor of Laws degree from Wilberforce University. She was the first black woman to serve as Assistant Attorney General in Ohio (1937–38) and became legal advisor to the District of Columbia government in 1939.
Elreta Melton Alexander-Ralston (1919–1998) was a black female American lawyer and judge in North Carolina at a time when there were only a handful of practising female or black lawyers in that state. She was a trial attorney and District Court Judge. She has remained largely unrecognized. She was the first black woman admitted to Columbia Law School in 1943 at the age of twenty-four. In 1947, Alexander became the first black woman to practice law in North Carolina. In 1968, Alexander became the first black judge elected in North Carolina and only the second black woman to be elected as a judge in the United States.
Bella Abzug (1920–1998), nicknamed "Battling Bella", was an American lawyer, U.S. Representative, social activist and a leader of the Women's Movement. In 1971, Abzug joined other leading feminists such as Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan to found the National Women's Political Caucus. She was appointed to chair the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year and to plan the 1977 National Women's Conference by President Gerald Ford and led President Jimmy Carter's commission on women.
Joan Mahoney (born 1943) is a legal scholar and former dean of two law schools. She served as Dean at Wayne State University Law School in Detroit, Michigan, from 1998 to 2003, the first woman law school dean in Michigan and one of the very few women in the United States to have held the deanship at two different law schools. Prior to her tenure as Dean at Wayne State, she served from 1994 to 1996 as Dean of Western New England College School of Law in Springfield, Massachusetts. (Women law school deans remain a distinct minority; others have included Barbara Aronstein Black at Columbia Law School, Elena Kagan at Harvard Law School, Kathleen Sullivan at Stanford Law School, and the Hon. Kristin Booth Glenn and Michelle J. Anderson at the City University of New York School of Law).  She received her B.A. and M.A. degrees at the University of Chicago, attended Wayne State Law School and received her J.D. there, and received a PhD. from Wolfson College, University of Cambridge in England. A distinguished legal scholar, she has published widely on reproductive rights, constitutional law, legal history, comparative civil liberties, and bioethics.
Linda Addison (born 1951) is an American lawyer, business executive and author. Addison is Managing Partner, U.S. of Norton Rose Fulbright, chairs the U.S. Management Committee, and serves on its Global Executive Committee. Crain's New York Business named Addison one of the "50 Most Powerful Women in New York" in 2015. She is a founder and Past President of the Center for Women in Law, and co-chaired the New York State Bar Association’s Task Force on the Future of the Legal Profession.
Anita L. Allen (born 1953) is the Henry R. Silverman Professor of Law and professor of philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. She is also a senior fellow in the bioethics department of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, a collaborating faculty member in African studies, and an affiliated faculty member in the women’s studies program. In 2010 President Barack Obama named Allen to the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. She is a Hastings Center Fellow. Allen holds a B.A. from New College of Florida. Allen received her M.A. and Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Michigan. Allen was one of the first African-American women to earn a PhD in Philosophy, along with Adrian Piper.  She is the first African-American woman to hold both a J.D. and Ph.D. in philosophy. Allen received her J.D. from Harvard Law.

Canada

At the end of the nineteenth century, Canadian women were barred from participation in, let alone any influence on or control over, the legal system–women could not become lawyers, magistrates, judges, jurors, voters or legislators. Clara Brett Martin (1874 – 1923) became the first female lawyer in the British Empire in 1897 after a lengthy debate in which the Law Society of Upper Canada tried to prevent her from joining the legal profession. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1891, Martin submitted a petition to the Law Society to become a member. Her petition was rejected by the Society after contentious debate, with the Society ruling that only men could be admitted to the practice of law, because the Society's statute stated that only a "person" could become a lawyer. At that time, women were not considered to be "persons" in Canada, from a legal perspective. W.D. Balfour sponsored a bill that provided that the word "person" in the Law Society's statute should be interpreted to include females as well as males.  Martin’s cause was also supported by prominent women of the day including Emily Stowe and Lady Aberdeen. With the support of the Premier, Oliver Mowat, legislation was passed on April 13, 1892, which permitted the admission of women as solicitors.

Helen Kinnear  (1894 – 1970) was a Canadian lawyer who was the first federally appointed woman judge in Canada. She was the first woman in the British Commonwealth to be created a King's Counsel and the first in the Commonwealth appointed to a county-court bench and the first female lawyer in Canada to appear as counsel before the Supreme Court in Canada in 1935. Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain  (born 1924) is a Quebec lawyer, judge and politician who was the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, the first woman appointed a Cabinet minister in Quebec, the first woman appointed acting premier, and the first woman judge to serve in the Quebec Provincial Court. Marlys Edwardh CM (born 1950) is a Canadian litigation and civil rights lawyer who was one of the first women to practice criminal law in Canada. Roberta Jamieson C.M. is a Canadian lawyer and First Nations activist who was the first Aboriginal woman ever to earn a law degree in Canada, the first non-Parliamentarian to be appointed an ex officio member of a House of Commons committee and the first woman appointed as Ontario Ombudsman. Delia Opekokew is a Cree woman from the Canoe Lake First Nation in Saskatchewan, who was the first First Nations lawyer  admitted to the law societies in Ontario and in Saskatchewan as well as the first woman ever to run for the leadership of the Assembly of First Nations. Opekokew graduated from Osgoode Hall in 1977, and was admitted to the Bar of Ontario in 1979 and to the Bar of Saskatchewan in 1983.

Beverley McLachlin  (born 1943) is the 17th and current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, the first woman to hold this position, and the longest serving Chief Justice in Canadian history. In her role as Chief Justice, she also serves as a Deputy of the Governor General of Canada. When Governor General Adrienne Clarkson was hospitalized for a cardiac pacemaker operation on 8 July 2005, Chief Justice McLachlin served as the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada and performed the duties of the Governor General as the Administrator of Canada. In her role as Administrator, she gave royal assent to the Civil Marriage Act, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in Canada.

Some Canadian lawyers have become notable for their achievements in politics, including Kim Campbell, Mélanie Joly, Anne McLellan, Rachel Notley and Jody Wilson-Raybould.

Notable Canadian legal professionals include:
Louise Arbour  (born 1947) was the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, a former justice of the Supreme Court of Canada and the Court of Appeal for Ontario and a former Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. She made history with the indictment of a sitting head of state, Yugoslavian president Slobodan Milošević, as well as the first prosecution of sexual assault under the articles of crimes against humanity.
Kim Campbell  (born 1947) is a Canadian politician,  diplomat, lawyer and writer who served as the 19th Prime Minister of Canada, from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993. Campbell was the first, and to date, only female prime minister of Canada. She earned an LL.B. from the University of British Columbia in 1983.
Catherine Fraser (born 1947) was appointed as Chief Justice of Alberta and Chief Justice of Northwest Territories in 1992. She was named as the Chief Justice of the Nunavut Court of Appeal on March 24, 1999.
Jennifer Stoddart (born 1949) was the sixth Privacy Commissioner of Canada. In 1980 she received a licence in civil law from McGill University. As a lawyer she worked to modernize regulations and remove barriers to employment based on gender or cultural differences. She headed the Quebec Commission on Access to Information and held senior positions at the Quebec Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission, the Canadian Human Rights Commission and the Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women.
Martha Hall Findlay (born 1959) is a Canadian businesswoman, entrepreneur, lawyer and politician from Toronto, Ontario. She was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Liberal Party of Canada's candidate in a Toronto riding.
Beth Symes   Queen's University alumna is a Canadian lawyer who fought the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA, formerly known as Revenue Canada) all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada in order to deduct childcare expenses she incurred to earn income as a partner in her law firm. Symes practised law full-time as a partner in a law firm from 1982-1985. During that period she employed a nanny to care for her children, and deducted the wages paid to the nanny as a business expense on her personal income tax return. Revenue Canada initially allowed these deductions, but later disallowed them. Symes objected to the re-assessment, but CRA denied the objection. Symes appealed to the Federal Court, which ruled that the expenses were valid and legitimate business expenses. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC), which ruled in Symes v. Canada [1993] that her childcare expenses were not deductible as business expenses.

Marie Henein is a Canadian lawyer. She is a partner of Henein Hutchison LLP, a law firm in Toronto. Henein has developed a reputation in Toronto as one of the most "respected and feared criminal lawyers in the country." The National Post called her the "most high profile criminal defence lawyer in the country." In 2011, Canadian Lawyer magazine named her one of the "Top 25 Most Influential" saying she was "one of the most sought-after criminal lawyers in the country" and "a key go-to lawyer for high-profile accused in Toronto."
Anne McLellan   (born  1950) is a Canadian lawyer, academic and politician. She was a cabinet minister in the Liberal governments of Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin, serving as Deputy Prime Minister of Canada. On February 26, 2015, she was appointed chancellor of Dalhousie University effective May 25. She was a professor of law at the University of New Brunswick and the University of Alberta Faculty of Law where she served at various times as associate dean and dean.  In 2009, McLellan was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada for her service as a politician and law professor, and for her contributions as a community volunteer.
Rachel Notley (born 1964) is a Canadian politician and the 17th and current Premier of Alberta, since 2015. Notley's career before politics focused on labour law, with a specialty in workers' compensation advocacy and workplace health and safety issues.
Mélanie Joly   (born 1979) is a Canadian lawyer, public relations expert, and politician. She is a Liberal member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Ahuntsic-Cartierville and also serves as the Minister of Canadian Heritage in the Cabinet, headed by Justin Trudeau.
Jody Wilson-Raybould  (born  1971) is a Kwakwaka’wakw Canadian politician and the Liberal Member of Parliament for the riding of Vancouver Granville. She was sworn in as Minister of Justice of Canada on November 4, 2015; the first Indigenous person to be named to that post. Before entering Canadian federal politics, she was a provincial Crown prosecutor, B.C. Treaty Commissioner and Regional Chief of the B.C. Assembly of First Nations. She earned a law degree from the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law.

United Kingdom

 Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond was the first, and only, Lord Justice of Appeal in Ordinary, and following the creation of the new Supreme Court, she became the first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court. In 2017, she was appointed as the President of the Supreme Court. She was also the first woman to be appointed to the Law Commission.
 Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, Baroness Butler-Sloss was the first woman to be appointed to the Court of Appeal as a Lord Justice of Appeal.
 Ivy Williams was the first woman to be called to the bar, and the first woman to teach law at a British university.
 Carrie Morrison was the first woman solicitor in the United Kingdom.
 Helena Normanton was the first woman to become a barrister in the United Kingdom.
 Eliza Orme was the first woman to graduate with a law degree, in 1888. Women were not allowed to enter the legal profession until 1919 with the passage of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919.

Middle East and North Africa

 Suat Hilmi Berk was the first female judge in Turkey (1925).
 Süreyya Ağaoğlu was the first female lawyer in Turkey (1927).
 Freda Slutzkin was the first female lawyer in Mandatory Palestine (1930).
 Rosa Ginossar was the first female lawyer in Israel (1930).
 Nina Trad was the first female lawyer in Lebanon (1932).
 Naima Ilyas al-Ayyubi was the first female lawyer in Egypt (1933).
 Emily Bisharat was the first female lawyer in Jordan.
 Zakia Hakki was the first female judge in Iraq (1959).
 Shirin Ebadi was the first female judge in Iran (1969).
 Suad al-Jassim was the first female lawyer in Kuwait (1973).
 Lulwa Al Awadhi and Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa were the first female lawyers in Bahrain (1979).
 Kamilia al Busaidy was the first female registered lawyer in Oman (1997).
 Haifa al-Bakr was the first female lawyer in Qatar (2000)
 Sheikha Maha Mansour al-Thani was the first female judge in Qatar (2010).
 Arwa al-Hujaili was the first female legal trainee in Saudi Arabia (2013).
 Bayan Mahmoud Al-Zahran was the first female licensed lawyer in Saudi Arabia (2013).

See also
 First women lawyers in the United States
 List of first women lawyers by nationality [International]
 Timeline of women lawyers in the United States

References

Further reading
Bartlett, K., 1990. "Feminist Legal Methods," Harvard Law Review, 1039(4): 829–888.
Bartlett, K. and R. Kennedy (eds.), 1991. Feminist Legal Theory, Boulder: Westview Press.
Chamallas, M., 2003. Introduction to Feminist Legal Theory, 2d edition, Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Law & Business.
Frug, M.J., 1992. "Sexual Equality and Sexual Difference in American Law," New England Law Review, 26: 665–682.
Gould, C., 2003. "Women's Human Rights & the U.S. Constitution," in S. Schwarwenbach and P. Smith (eds.), *Women and the United States Constitution, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 197–219.
MacKinnon, C., 2006. Are Women Human?, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Olsen, F. (ed.), 1995. Feminist Legal Theory, New York: New York University Press.
Manji (eds.), International Law: Modern Feminist Approaches, Oxford and Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.
Scales, A., 2006. Legal Feminism:  Activism, Lawyering and Legal Theory, New York: New York University Press.
Schwarzenbach, S. and P. Smith (eds.), 2003. Women & the United States Constitution, New York: Columbia University Press.
Sen, A., 1995. "Gender Inequality & Theories of Justice," in M. Nussbaum and J. Glover (eds.) 1995, pp. 259–273.
Smith, P., 2005. "Four Themes in Feminist Legal Theory: Difference, Dominance, Domesticity & Denial," in M. Golding and W. Edmundson, Philosophy of Law & Legal Theory, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 90–104.
–– (ed.), 1993. Feminist Jurisprudence, New York: Oxford University Press.
Stark, B., 2004. "Women, Globalization, & Law," Pace International Law Review, 16: 333–356.

Category:Employment discrimination
Category:Legal professions

Category:Women judges
Category:Women in society


FEMTO-ST Institute

The FEMTO-ST Institute (Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies) is a mixed research unit associated with CNRS (UMR 6174) and attached simultaneously with:
 The University of Franche-Comté (UFC),
 École nationale supérieure de mécanique et des microtechniques (ENSMM),
 Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM).
FEMTO-ST is therefore a part of the association, University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté (UBFC).

History
This institute was created on 1 January 2004 from the merger of  five different laboratories of unique fields including: mechanics, optics and telecommunications, electronics, time-frequency, energetics and fluidics.

In January 2012, the LIFC laboratory of the University of Franche-Comté partnered with FEMTO-ST to form a seventh department: Department of Complex Systems Computing (DISC). Two years later, as a part of the TEMIS Science project, the extension works in the cleanroom was completed, by increasing its area on 865 m² more to its initial extension. In 2014, the second part of the project is completed by the inauguration of the new building which hosts the headquarters and the departments of Optics and MN2S.

FEMTO-ST has become also one of the biggest research institute in the field of science of engineering in France. It has presence over Franche-Comté on the three geographical sites Besançon, Belfort and Montbéliard.

Departments
FEMTO-ST Institute is formed by 7 departments.

Energy department
It studies the production systems of conversion and storing of thermal and electric energy.
 SHARPAC : Systèmes électriques Hybrides, ActionneuRs électriques, systèmes Piles A Combustible
- Static converters

- Fuel cell systems

- PHIL – Power Hardware in the Loop

- Control and Management of Energy

- Electric actuators
 THERMIE (Thermal Science) : THermique Ecoulements instRuMentatIon et Énergie
- Metrology and Instrumentation in Fluidics and Thermal Science

- Thermal Science in energy systems

- Heat engines

- Complex flows

Micro Nano Sciences and Systems Department (MN2S)
The MN2S is a department of FEMTO-ST specialized in the research on micro and nano instrumentation, nanoscience, micro and nano acoustics, microsystems and multiphysics and the micro and nanomaterials and surface. The department is located in Besançon, Montbéliard and Belfort.

Research teams :
 BioMicroDevices
 Micro-Nano-Materials and Surfaces (MINAMAS)
 Micro-Opto-Electro Mechanical Systems (MOEMS)
 Nanosciences
 Phononics and Microscopy

Complex Systems Computer Science Department (DISC)
The research performed at the department are focused on E-health, micro and nanosystems dedicated to health, information safety on the complex systems, MiDi Micro and distributed intelligent nanosystems, and the transport and mobility services. The department is located in Besançon, Montéliard and Belfort.

Research teams :
 Distributed Numerical Algorithms (AND)
 Distributed Algorithmic Collaboration, Networks, Optimization and Scheduling (CARTOON)
 Optimization, Mobility, Networking (OMNI)
 Verification and validation of software and embedded systems (VESONTIO)

Time and Frequency Department
This department is specialized on high stability oscillators, acoustical-electronicals and piezoelectrics, and time-frequency metrology.
It is composed by three teams:
 ACEPI : Acoustic-electronics and piezoelectrics
 CoSyMA :Composants et Systèmes Micro-Acoustiques
 OHMS : Ondes, Horloges, Métrologie et Systèmes

Automatic Control and Micro-Mechatronic Systems Department
This department is specialized in robotics, mechatronics, automatic control and artificial intelligence.

It is composed of four teams :
 Control and Design (CODE)
 Biomedical Microrobotics (MiNaRoB)
 Prognostics and Health Management (PHM)
 Sensing strategies, Perception and Characterization at the Micro-Nanoscales (SPECIMEN)

Applied Mechanics Department
The Applied Mechanics Department is focus on two main areas, which are :
 Micromechanics : materials and processes
 Structures : integration and functionalization
It then counts 11 teams, working on these 2 research areas.

Optics Department
The Optics Department works on nanometrology, near-field microscopy, integrated optics in lithium niobate, ultrafast optics, nonlinear optics and opto-electronic dynamics.

Research groups :
 Nano-Optics (NO)
 Nonlinear Optics group (ONL)
 Optoelectroncs, Photonics and Telecommunication Optics (OPTO)
 Photonics for Medical Instrumentation (PIM)

Research quality evaluation
The institut has got an A+ score from an evaluation performed by AERES in 2010, placing the institute in the list of the 30% heading research laboratories for engineering science in France.

References

External links

Category:Research institutes established in 2004
Category:Education in Besançon
Category:French National Centre for Scientific Research


160P/LINEAR

160P/LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet came to perihelion on 18 September 2012, and reached about apparent magnitude 17.

References

External links
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
 160P on Seiichi Yoshida's comet list
 Elements and Ephemeris for 160P/LINEAR – Minor Planet Center

Category:Periodic comets
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