The Mosquito

The Mosquito or Mosquito alarm is a machine used to deter loitering by young people by emitting sound at high frequency, in some versions so it can be heard mostly by younger people. The devices have attracted controversy on the basis of human rights and discrimination concerns.

The device is marketed as a safety and security tool for preventing youths from congregating in specific areas. As such, it is promoted to reduce anti-social behaviour, such as loitering,  vandalism, drug use, drug distribution, and violence. In the UK, over 3,000 have been sold, mainly for use outside shops and near transport hubs. The device is also sold in Australia, France, Denmark, Italy,  Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Canada and the USA.

Critics say that it discriminates against young people and infringes their human rights, while supporters argue that making the Mosquito illegal would infringe the rights of shopkeepers who suffer business losses when "unruly teenagers" drive away their customers. Mosquito distributors have said that they keep standards to ensure that the device is not abused, and Howard Stapleton who invented the device has asked European governments to legislate guidelines governing its use.

The newest version of the device, launched late in 2008, has two frequency settings, one of approximately 17.4 kHz that can generally be heard only by young people, and another at 8 kHz that can be heard by most people. The maximum potential output sound pressure level is stated by the manufacturer to be 108 decibels (dB), and the manufacturer's product specification furthermore states that the sound can typically be heard by people below 25 years of age. The ability to hear high frequencies deteriorates in most humans with age (a condition known as presbycusis), typically observable by the age of 18.

History

The Mosquito machine was invented by Howard Stapleton in 2005, and was originally tested in Barry, South Wales, where it was successful in reducing teenagers loitering near a grocery store. The idea was born after he was irritated by a factory noise when he was a child. The push to create the product was when Stapleton's 17-year-old daughter went to the store to buy milk and was harassed by a group of 12 to 15-year-olds. Using his children as test subjects, he determined the frequency of "The Mosquito".

The Mosquito was released to the mainstream market in 2005, through Stapleton's company Compound Security Solutions. The current device has two settings: the high frequency sound targeted at youth, and another that can be heard by everyone. The range of the sound is  with the sound baffle, and  without. It requires a 24-volt DC or 15-volt AC power supply.

A device installed in a Spar shop in Caerleon Road in Newport, South Wales was banned after three months by the Newport Community Safety Partnership, a partnership set up to meet the requirements of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, with members including Newport City Council, Gwent Police, Newport Local Health Board, South Wales Fire Service, representatives of Customs and Excise, and the Welsh Assembly Government. Despite the ban, another Spar shop in Newport installed the device. A Newport Community Safety Partnership spokesman said: "Any view expressed by the Partnership does not stop any business or private company from purchasing these devices. They must ensure these systems comply with the law."

In February 2008, in response to a national campaign launched by the Children’s Commissioner for England, Liberty, and the National Youth Agency, the government issued a statement insisting that "'Mosquito alarms are not banned and the government has no plans to ban them".

Teen Buzz ringtone

The sound was made into a mobile phone ringtone, which could not be heard by teachers if the phone rang during a class. Mobile phone speakers are capable of producing frequencies above 20 kHz. This ringtone became informally known as "Teen Buzz" or "the Mosquito ringtone" and has since been sold commercially.

Awards

The Mosquito won the Ig Nobel for Peace in 2006. The Ig Nobels celebrate the quirkier side of serious scientific endeavour, honouring "achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think".

Health effects

The German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health stated in a report on The Mosquito, entitled "Use of ultrasonic noise channels not entirely safe":

In a United Kingdom survey of the relevant studies of adults exposed to high frequency sound in an occupational context for the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in 2001, it was concluded that the studies were inadequate to establish guidelines for safe exposure. The Mosquito's manufacturer relies on these inconclusive adult studies to justify the safety of the device.

The National Autistic Society said in 2008 that it was "extremely concerned" about possible harmful effects of the devices upon people with autism. Since autism causes auditory hypersensitivity, individuals with this disability can have more intense reactions to this sound, especially if they are also under 25. Since autism can also affect communication skills, some individuals may not be able to communicate their discomfort to caregivers. A supermarket in Longridge, England, removed a mosquito device in 2008 after a campaign by a 19-year-old Paul Brookfield, who has autism. Brookfield stated that the device was causing him pain due to his hypersensitivity.

Other disabilities and conditions may be exacerbated by the device. In March 2009, a child who had recently undergone ear surgery reported that the device set off her tinnitus, causing significant pain.

Support of the Mosquito

The Mosquito has received support and endorsements from municipalities, school districts, property management companies, convenience stores and other organisations. Rochdale Safer Communities Partnership said the borough was committed to the continued use of the Mosquito:

"We feel totally justified in deploying Mosquito devices in the borough of Rochdale to give the community respite in cases of acute anti-social behaviour and youth nuisance," she said. "We use the devices when there are large groups of young people making life a problem for residents and businesses, as we are very keen not to let problems of anti-social behaviour escalate."

The Association of Convenience Stores (ACS) also supports the usage of the device, and so does British Retail Consortium (BRC), stating that "Not all young people are involved in violence, but given that some retail staff are facing a level of insolence [from teenagers] they have to have the option of doing what they can to protect themselves. They are entitled to discourage threatening groups from hanging around or in their shops."

At the Maple Ridge, Pitt Meadows and Vancouver west side school districts in British Columbia, Canada, the device has been credited with lowering exterior vandalism at one school by about 40%.

Opposition

Opposition categorises it as an indiscriminate sonic weapon which succeeds only in demonising children and young people and may breach their human rights.  The National Youth Rights Association has met with some success fighting the devices in the United States.

A UK campaign called "Buzz off" is calling for The Mosquito to be banned. Shami Chakrabarti, director of Liberty, has claimed that the sound is "untested [and] unregulated" and that it can be a "sonic weapon directed against children and young people." Albert Aynsley-Green, the former Children’s Commissioner for England, criticised the devices for indiscriminately targeting all children and babies regardless of their behaviour. He described such measures as "demonising children and young people", and creating a "dangerous and widening divide" between the young and the old.

The device was singled out for criticism in a joint report by children's commissioners for all parts of the UK, which formed part of a United Nations review of standards in the UK. A report for the Council of Europe called for a ban in 2010, suggesting use of the Mosquito may breach human rights law.

In January 2011, the device was banned on all Council and Partnership buildings in Sheffield following a successful campaign led by the then Member of UK Youth Parliament for Sheffield, Harrison Carter. Sheffield is the largest city in the country with such a ban in place. It was recognised by the UK Government in their Positive For Youth document, published by the Department for Education in January 2012. This strategy paper acts to set out a new-approach to cross government policy for young people aged 13–19. Although mentioned in the document, a national ban of the mosquito device was not in the Coalition Agreement, and is not part of current Government policy.

In July 2014, a new campaign was started in order to get a mosquito device removed from the public library in Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, and is ongoing.

In 2016, a shopping centre in Queensland, Australia removed the device after two years of campaigning by a local lawyer, due to it discriminating against young people. It had been installed in the centre for 10 years.

Legal status

Campaigners and authorities in many countries have stated that they believe the device to breach human rights and may even constitute assault. Liberty has expressed concern that the device may violate sections 8 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and the United Kingdom's Human Rights Act 1998.

The Committee on Culture, Science and Education of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe prepared a report stating that this device violates many articles of both the European Convention on Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and should be banned in Europe, because it is often "painful" and causes "degrading and discriminatory consequences for young people". In September 2008, Baroness Sarah Ludford MEP moved a motion to the European Parliament to ban the use of the Mosquito. It failed to get enough signatures from MEPs to proceed to a full debate.

In Belgium, a resolution was passed by the House in June 2008 asking the government to take all necessary measures to prohibit the use of devices like the Mosquito on Belgian territory. The legality of the device has also been tested in the French courts, where the Tribunal de Grande Instance de Saint-Brieuc prohibited the use of the Mosquito within its municipality, and ordered a private individual to pay €2,000 compensation after operating the device outside their house.

Under Ireland's Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act, 1997, anyone who "directly or indirectly applies force to or causes an impact on the body of another... without the consent of the other" (force including "application of [any] form of energy"), is guilty of committing assault. This issue has been raised in relation to the Mosquito device by Ireland's Ombudsman for Children following legal advice provided by Youth Work Ireland, but has yet to be tested in the Irish courts.

In the United Kingdom, the manufacturers claim that the tones are broadcast at 75 dB, meaning that the product falls within the government's auditory-safety limits, although the German news source Heise reported the device emits 85 dB, and websites selling the Mosquito claim it can go up to 95 dB with a special chip, which in reality allows the Mosquito to reach 104 dB. The government of the United Kingdom issued a statement in 2008 stating that "'Mosquito alarms are not banned and the government has no plans to ban them". The English county of Kent has chosen not to allow the usage of the Mosquito on council-owned buildings.

See also
 Acoustic deterrent
 Presbycusis, the age-related hearing loss
 Hearing range
 Absolute threshold of hearing
 Tinnitus

References

External links
Facebook group for Milford Haven Campaign
Petition for Milford Haven campaign
The Mosquito Device
 BBC article discussing its use in Wales
 NPR article with an mp3 download of the tone

Category:Crime prevention
Category:Discrimination
Category:Noise
Category:Torture
Category:Youth rights


World at War

World at War could be an alternative name for World War II

It may also refer to:

 Another name for the Darkness Series (2000–2005) by Harry Turtledove
 The World at War (film) (1942), propaganda film produced by the Office of War Information
 The World at War (1973–74), British television series documenting World War II
 Call of Duty: World at War (2008), video game developed by Treyarch
 A World at War (2003), World War II-themed board wargame by GMT Games
 Left Behind: World at War (2005), video film, second sequel to Left Behind
 World at War (2006–2010), a (now defunct) modification for the video game Half-Life 2


Bathing

Bathing is the washing of the body with a liquid, usually water or an aqueous solution, or the immersion of the body in water. It may be practiced for personal hygiene, religious ritual or therapeutic purposes. By analogy, especially as a recreational activity, the term is also applied to sun bathing and sea bathing.

Bathing can take place in any situation where there is water, ranging from warm to cold. It can take place in a bathtub or shower, or it can be in a river, lake, water hole, pool or the sea, or any other water receptacle. The term for the act can vary. For example, a ritual religious bath is sometimes referred to as immersion or baptism, the use of water for therapeutic purposes can be called a water treatment or hydrotherapy, and two recreational water activities are known as swimming and paddling.

History

Ancient world

Throughout history, societies devised systems to enable water to be brought to population centres.

The oldest accountable daily ritual of bathing can be traced to the ancient Indians. They used elaborate practices for personal hygiene with three daily baths and washing. These are recorded in the works called grihya sutras and are in practice today in some communities.

Ancient Greece utilized small bathtubs, wash basins, and foot baths for personal cleanliness. The earliest findings of baths date from the mid-2nd millennium BC in the palace complex at Knossos, Crete, and the luxurious alabaster bathtubs excavated in Akrotiri, Santorini. A word for bathtub asaminthos ἀσάμινθος occurs eleven times in Homer.  As a legitimate Mycenaean word (a-sa-mi-to) for a kind of vessel that could be found in any Mycenaean palace, this Linear B term derives from an Aegean suffix -inth- being appended to an Akkadian loan word with the root namsû ("washbowl, washing tub").  This luxurious item of the Mycenaean palace culture, therefore, was clearly borrowed from the Near East.  Later Greeks established public baths and showers within gymnasiums for relaxation and personal hygiene. The word gymnasium (γυμνάσιον) comes from the Greek word gymnos (γυμνός), meaning "naked."

Ancient Rome developed a network of aqueducts to supply water to all large towns and population centres and had indoor plumbing, with pipes that terminated in homes and at public wells and fountains. The Roman public baths were called thermae. The thermae were not simply baths, but important public works that provided facilities for many kinds of physical exercise and ablutions, with cold, warm, and hot baths, rooms for instruction and debate, and usually one Greek and one Latin library. They were provided for the public by a benefactor, usually the Emperor. Other empires of the time didn't show such an affinity for public works, but this Roman practice spread their culture to places where there may have been more resistance to foreign mores. Unusually for the time, the thermae were not class-stratified, being available to all for no charge or a small fee. With the fall of the Roman Empire, the aqueduct system fell into disrepair and disuse. But even before that, during the Christianization of the Empire, changing ideas about public morals led the baths into disfavor.

Medieval Japan
Before the 7th century, the Japanese likely bathed in the many springs in the open, as there is no evidence of closed rooms. In the 6th to 8th centuries (in the Asuka and Nara periods) the Japanese absorbed the religion of Buddhism from China, which had a strong impact on the culture of the entire country.  Buddhist temples traditionally included a bathhouse (yuya) for the monks. Due to the principle of purity espoused by Buddhism these baths were eventually opened to the public. Only the wealthy had private baths.

The first public bathhouse was mentioned in 1266. In Edo (modern Tokyo), the first sentō was established in 1591. The early steam baths were called iwaburo ( "rock pools") or kamaburo ( "furnace baths"). These were built into natural caves or stone vaults. In iwaburo along the coast, the rocks were heated by burning wood, then sea water was poured over the rocks, producing steam. The entrances to these "bath houses" were very small, possibly to slow the escape of the heat and steam. There were no windows, so it was very dark inside and the user constantly coughed or cleared their throats in order to signal to new entrants which seats were already occupied. The darkness could be also used to cover sexual contact. Because there was no gender distinction, these baths came into disrepute. They were finally abolished in 1870 on hygienic and moral grounds. Author John Gallagher says bathing "was segregated in the 1870s as a concession to outraged Western tourists".

At the beginning of the Edo period (1603–1868) there were two different types of baths. In Edo, hot-water baths (' ) were common, while in Osaka, steam baths ( ) were common. At that time shared bathrooms for men and women were the rule. These bathhouses were very popular, especially for men. "Bathing girls" ( ) were employed to scrub the guests' backs and wash their hair, etc. In 1841, the employment of yuna was generally prohibited, as well as mixed bathing. The segregation of the sexes, however, was often ignored by operators of bathhouses, or areas for men and women were separated only by a symbolic line. Today, sento baths have separate rooms for men and women.

Mesoamerica

Spanish chronicles describe the bathing habits of the peoples of Mesoamerica during and after the conquest.
Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes Moctezuma (the Mexica, or Aztec, king at the arrival of Cortés) in his Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España as being "...Very neat and cleanly, bathing every day each afternoon...".
Bathing was not restricted to the elite, but was practised by all people; the chronicler Tomás López Medel wrote after a journey to Central America that "Bathing and the custom of washing oneself is so quotidian (common) amongst the Indians, both of cold and hot lands, as is eating, and this is done in fountains and rivers and other water to which they have access, without anything other than pure water..."

The Mesoamerican bath, known as temazcal in Spanish, from the Nahuatl word temazcalli, a compound of temaz ("steam") and calli ("house"), consists of a room, often in the form of a small dome, with an exterior firebox known as texictle (teʃict͜ɬe) that heats a small portion of the room's wall made of volcanic rocks; after this wall has been heated, water is poured on it to produce steam, an action known as tlasas.  As the steam accumulates in the upper part of the room a person in charge uses a bough to direct the steam to the bathers who are lying on the ground, with which he later gives them a massage, then the bathers scrub themselves with a small flat river stone and finally the person in charge introduces buckets with water with soap and grass used to rinse. This bath had also ritual importance, and was vinculated to the goddess Toci; it is also therapeutic when medicinal herbs are used in the water for the tlasas. It is still used in Mexico.

Medieval and early-modern Europe

Christianity has always placed a strong emphasis on hygiene. Despite the denunciation of the mixed bathing style of Roman pools by early Christian clergy, as well as the pagan custom of women bathing naked in front of men, this did not stop the Church from urging its followers to go to public baths for bathing, which contributed to hygiene and good health according to the Church Father, Clement of Alexandria. The Church also built public bathing facilities that were separate for both sexes near monasteries and pilgrimage sites; also, the popes situated baths within church basilicas and monasteries since the early Middle Ages. Pope Gregory the Great urged his followers on value of bathing as a bodily need.

In the Middle Ages, bathing commonly took place in public bathhouses.  Public baths were also havens for prostitution, which created some opposition to them. Rich people bathed at home, most likely in their bedroom, as 'bath' rooms were not common. Bathing was done in large, wooden tubs with a linen cloth laid in it to protect the bather from splinters. Additionally, during the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation, the quality and condition of the clothing (as opposed to the actual cleanliness of the body itself) were thought to reflect the soul of an individual. Clean clothing also reflected one's social status; clothes made the man or woman.

Furthermore, from the late Middle Ages through to the end of the 18th century, etiquette and medical manuals advised people to only wash the parts of the body that were visible to the public; for example, the ears, hands, feet, and face and neck. This did away with the public baths and left the cleaning of oneself to the privacy of one's home.

The switch from woolen to linen clothing by the 16th century also accompanied the decline in bathing. Linen clothing is much easier to clean and maintain – and such clothing was becoming commonplace at the time in Western Europe. Clean linen shirts or blouses allowed people who had not bathed to appear clean and well groomed. The possession of a large quantity of clean linen clothing was a sign of social status. Thus, appearance became more important than personal hygiene. Contemporary medical opinion also supported this claim. Physicians of the period believed that odors, or miasma, such as that which would be found in soiled linens, caused disease. A person could therefore change one's shirt every few days, but avoid baths – which might let the "bad air" into the body through the pores. Consequently, in an age in which there were very few personal bathtubs, laundry was an important and weekly chore which was commonly undertaken by laundresses of the time.

Modern era

Therapeutic bathing

Public opinion about bathing began to shift in the middle and late 18th century, when writers argued that frequent bathing might lead to better health. Two English works on the medical uses of water were published in the 18th century that inaugurated the new fashion for therapeutic bathing. One of these was by Sir John Floyer, a physician of Lichfield, who, struck by the remedial use of certain springs by the neighbouring peasantry, investigated the history of cold bathing and published a book on the subject in 1702.
 The book ran through six editions within a few years and the translation of this book into German was largely drawn upon by Dr J. S. Hahn of Silesia as the basis for his book called On the Healing Virtues of Cold Water, Inwardly and Outwardly Applied, as Proved by Experience, published in 1738.

The other work was a 1797 publication by Dr James Currie of Liverpool on the use of hot and cold water in the treatment of fever and other illness, with a fourth edition published not long before his death in 1805.  It was also translated into German by Michaelis (1801) and Hegewisch (1807). It was highly popular and first placed the subject on a scientific basis. Hahn's writings had meanwhile created much enthusiasm among his countrymen, societies having been everywhere formed to promote the medicinal and dietetic use of water; and in 1804 Professor E.F.C. Oertel of Anspach republished them and quickened the popular movement by unqualified commendation of water drinking as a remedy for all diseases.

A popular revival followed the application of hydrotherapy around 1829, by Vincenz Priessnitz, a peasant farmer in Gräfenberg, then part of the Austrian Empire.
 This revival was continued by a Bavarian priest, Sebastian Kneipp (1821–1897), "an able and enthusiastic follower" of Priessnitz, "whose work he took up where Priessnitz left it", after he read a treatise on the cold water cure. In Wörishofen (south Germany), Kneipp  developed the systematic and controlled application of hydrotherapy for the support of medical treatment that was delivered only by doctors at that time. Kneipp's own book My Water Cure was published in 1886 with many subsequent editions, and translated into many languages.

Captain R. T. Claridge was responsible for introducing and promoting hydropathy in Britain, first in London in 1842, then with lecture tours in Ireland and Scotland in 1843. His 10-week tour in Ireland included Limerick, Cork, Wexford, Dublin and Belfast, over June, July and August 1843, with two subsequent lectures in Glasgow.

Public baths

Large public baths such as those found in the ancient world and the Ottoman Empire were revived during the 19th century. The first modern public baths were opened in Liverpool in 1829. The first known warm fresh-water public wash house was opened in May 1842.

The popularity of wash-houses was spurred by the newspaper interest in Kitty Wilkinson, an Irish immigrant "wife of a labourer" who became known as the Saint of the Slums. In 1832, during a cholera epidemic, Wilkinson took the initiative to offer the use of her house and yard to neighbours to wash their clothes, at a charge of a penny per week, and showed them how to use a chloride of lime (bleach) to get them clean. She was supported by the District Provident Society and William Rathbone. In 1842 Wilkinson was appointed baths superintendent.

In Birmingham, around ten private baths were available in the 1830s. Whilst the dimensions of the baths were small, they provided a range of services. A major proprietor of bath houses in Birmingham was a Mr. Monro who had had premises in Lady Well and Snow Hill. Private baths were advertised as having healing qualities and being able to cure people of diabetes, gout and all skin diseases, amongst others. On 19 November 1844, it was decided that the working class members of society should have the opportunity to access baths, in an attempt to address the health problems of the public. On 22 April and 23 April 1845, two lectures were delivered in the town hall urging the provision of public baths in Birmingham and other towns and cities.

After a period of campaigning by many committees, the Public Baths and Wash-houses Act received royal assent on 26 August 1846. The Act empowered local authorities across the country to incur expenditure in constructing public swimming baths out of its own funds.

The first London public baths was opened at Goulston Square, Whitechapel, in 1847 with the Prince consort laying the foundation stone.

Hot public baths

Traditional Turkish baths (a variant of the Roman bath) were introduced to Britain by David Urquhart, diplomat and sometime Member of Parliament for Stafford, who for political and personal reasons wished to popularize Turkish culture. In 1850 he wrote The Pillars of Hercules, a book about his travels in 1848 through Spain and Morocco. He described the system of dry hot-air baths used there and in the Ottoman Empire which had changed little since Roman times. In 1856 Richard Barter read Urquhart's book and worked with him to construct a bath. They opened the first modern hot water bath at St Ann's Hydropathic Establishment near Blarney, County Cork, Ireland.

The following year, the first public bath of its type to be built in mainland Britain since Roman times was opened in Manchester, and the idea spread rapidly. It reached London in July 1860, when Roger Evans, a member of one of Urquhart's Foreign Affairs Committees, opened a Turkish bath at 5 Bell Street, near Marble Arch. During the following 150 years, over 600 Turkish baths opened in Britain, including those built by municipal authorities as part of swimming pool complexes, taking advantage of the fact that water-heating boilers were already on site.

Similar baths opened in other parts of the British Empire. Dr. John Le Gay Brereton opened a Turkish bath in Sydney, Australia in 1859, Canada had one by 1869, and the first in New Zealand was opened in 1874. Urquhart's influence was also felt outside the Empire when in 1861, Dr Charles H Shepard opened the first Turkish baths in the United States at 63 Columbia Street, Brooklyn Heights, New York, most probably on 3 October 1863.

Soap promoted for personal cleanliness

By the mid-19th century, the English urbanised middle classes had formed an ideology of cleanliness that ranked alongside typical Victorian concepts, such as Christianity, respectability and social progress.  The cleanliness of the individual became associated with his or her moral and social standing within the community and domestic life became increasingly regulated by concerns regarding the presentation of domestic sobriety and cleanliness.

The industry of soapmaking began on a small scale in the 1780s, with the establishment of a soap manufactory at Tipton by James Keir and the marketing of high-quality, transparent soap in 1789 by Andrew Pears of London. It was in the mid-19th century, though, that the large-scale consumption of soap by the middle classes, anxious to prove their social standing, drove forward the mass production and marketing of soap.

William Gossage produced low-priced, good-quality soap from the 1850s. William Hesketh Lever and his brother, James, bought a small soap works in Warrington in 1886 and founded what is still one of the largest soap businesses, formerly called Lever Brothers and now called Unilever. These soap businesses were among the first to employ large-scale advertising campaigns.

Before the late 19th century, water to individual places of residence was rare. Many countries in Europe developed a water collection and distribution network. London water supply infrastructure developed through major 19th-century treatment works built in response to cholera threats, to modern large-scale reservoirs. By the end of the century, private baths with running hot water were increasingly common in affluent homes in America and Britain.

At the beginning of the 20th century, a weekly Saturday night bath had become common custom for most of the population. A half day's work on Saturday for factory workers allowed them some leisure to prepare for the Sunday day of rest. The half day off allowed time for the considerable labor of drawing, carrying, and heating water, filling the bath and then afterward emptying it. To economize, bath water was shared by all family members. Indoor plumbing became more common in the 20th century and commercial advertising campaigns pushing new bath products began to influence public ideas about cleanliness, promoting the idea of a daily shower or bath.

In the twenty-first century challenges to the need for soap to effect such everyday cleanliness and whether soap is needed to avoid body odor, appeared in media.

Purpose
One purpose of bathing is for personal hygiene. It is a means of achieving cleanliness by washing away dead skin cells, dirt, and soil and as a preventative measure to reduce the incidence and spread of disease. It also may reduce body odors, however, some people note that may not be so necessary as commonly thought.

Bathing creates a feeling of well-being and the physical appearance of cleanliness.

Bathing may also be practised for religious ritual or therapeutic purposes or as a recreational activity. Bathing may be used to cool or to warm the body of an individual.

Therapeutic use of bathing includes hydrotherapy, healing, rehabilitation from injury or addiction, and relaxation.

The use of a bath in religious ritual or ceremonial rites include immersion during baptism in Christianity and to achieve a state of ritual cleanliness in a mikvah in Judaism. It is referred to as Ghusl in Arabic to attain ceremonial purity (Taahir) in Islam. All major religions place an emphasis on ceremonial purity, and bathing is one of the primary means of attaining outward purity. In Hindu households, any acts of defilement are countered by undergoing a bath and Hindus also immerse in Sarovar as part of religious rites.
In the Sikh religion, there is a place at Golden Temple where the leprosy of Rajni's husband was cured by immersion into the holy sacred pool, and many pilgrims bathe in the sacred pool believing it will cure their illness as well.

Types of baths

Where bathing is for personal hygiene, bathing in a bathtub or shower is the most common form of bathing in Western, and many Eastern, countries. Bathrooms usually have a tap, and a shower if it is a modern home, and a huge water heating pot. People take water from the tap or the water-heating pot into a large bucket and use a mug to pour water on themselves. A soap and loofah is used to clean the body after, and then rinsed again using the mug. People most commonly bathe in their home or use a private bath in a public bathhouse. In some societies, bathing can take place in rivers, creeks, lakes or water holes, or any other place where there is an adequate pool of water. The quality of water used for bathing purposes varies considerably. Normally bathing involves use of soap or a soap-like substance, such as shower gel. In southern India people more commonly use aromatic oil and other home-made body scrubs.

Bathing occasions can also be occasions of social interactions, such as in public, Turkish, banya, sauna or whirlpool baths.

Sponge bath
When water is in short supply or a person is not fit to have a standing bath, a wet cloth or sponge can be used, or the person can wash by splashing water over their body. A sponge bath is usually conducted in hospitals, which involves one person washing another with a sponge, while the person being washed remains lying in bed.

Ladling water from a container

This method involves using a small container to scoop water out of a large container and pour water over the body, in such a way that this water does not go back into the large container.

In Indonesia and Malaysia, this is a traditional method referred to as mandi.

In the Indonesian language, mandi is the verb for this process; bak mandi is the large container, and kamar mandi is the place in which this is done. Travel guides often use the word mandi on its own or in various ways such as for the large container and for the process of bathing.

In the Philippines, timba (pail) and tabo (dipper) are two essentials in every bathroom.

Clothing
When bathing for cleanliness, normally, people bathe completely naked, so as to make cleaning every part of their body possible. This is the case in private baths, whether in one's home or a private bath in a public bathhouse. In public bathing situations, the social norms of the community are followed, and some people wear a swimsuit or underwear. For example, when a shower is provided in a non-sex segregated area of a public swimming pool, users of the shower commonly wear their swimsuit. The customs can vary depending on the age of a person, and whether the bathing is in a sex segregated situation. In some societies, some communal bathing is also done without clothing.

When swimming, not wearing clothing is sometimes called skinny dipping.

Bathing babies
Babies can be washed in a kitchen sink or a small plastic baby bath, instead of using a standard bath which offers little control of the infant's movements and requires the parent to lean awkwardly or kneel. Bathing infants too often has been linked to the development of asthma or severe eczema according to some researchers, including Michael Welch, chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics' section on allergy and immunology. A safe temperature for the bathwater is generally held to be .

Japanese bathing culture

Private baths

Today, most homes in Japan have a bathroom (ofuro), which was often not the case about 30 years ago. Bath water in Japan is much hotter than what is usual in Central Europe. The temperature is usually well above 40 °C. In medical literature, 47 °C is considered bearable. The heat is considered a prerequisite for complete relaxation. The custom is to thoroughly clean oneself with soap and rinse before entering the tub, so as not to contaminate the bath water. Until the 19th century, the Japanese did not use soap, but rubbed the skin with certain herbs, or rice bran, which was also a natural exfoliant.

Public baths

In public baths, there is a distinction between those with natural hot springs called, onsen (hot), and the other, the sento. Since Japan is located in a volcanically active region, there are many hot springs, of which about 2000 are swimming pools. Most onsen are in the open countryside, but they are also found in cities. In Tokyo, for example, there are about 25 onsen baths. Locations of known mineral springs spas are on the Western model.

An onsen, consists mostly of outdoor pools (rotenburo), which are sometimes at different temperatures. Extremely hot springs, where even experienced or frequent hot-spring bathers can only stay a few minutes, are called jigoku (hell). Many onsen also have saunas, spa treatments and therapy centers. The same rules apply in public baths as in private baths, with bathers required to wash and clean themselves before entering the water. In general, the Japanese bathe naked in bathhouses; bathing suits are not permissible.

Art motif

Bathing scenes were already in the Middle Ages a popular subject of painters. Most of the subjects were women shown nude, but the interest was probably less to the bathing itself rather than to provide the context for representing the nude figure. From the Middle Ages, illustrated books of the time contained such bathing scenes. Biblical and mythological themes which featured bathing were depicted by numerous painters. Especially popular themes included Bathsheba in the bath, in which she is observed by King David, and Susanna in the sight of lecherous old men.

In the High Middle Ages, public baths were a popular subject of painting, with rather clear depictions of sexual advances, which probably were not based on actual observations. During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the gods and nymphs of Greek mythology were depicted bathing in allegorical paintings by artists such as Titian and François Boucher, both of whom painted the goddess Diana bathing. Artists continued to paint Biblical characters bathing, and also sometimes depicted contemporary women bathing in the river, an example being Rembrandt's Woman Bathing.

In the 19th century, the use of the bathing scene reached its high point in classicism, realism and impressionism. Oriental themes and harem and turkish baths scenes became popular. These scenes were based on the artists' imagination, because access by men to Islamic women was not generally permitted. In the second half of the century, artists increasingly eschewed the pretexts of mythology and exoticism, and painted contemporary western women bathing. Edgar Degas, for example, painted over 100 paintings with a bathing theme. The subject of Bathers remained popular in avant-garde circles at the outset of the 20th century.

Notable artists who have represented bathing scenes:

 Lawrence Alma-Tadema
 Pierre Bonnard
 William-Adolphe Bouguereau
 François Boucher
 Paul Cézanne
 Gustave Courbet
 Lucas Cranach the Younger
 Edgar Degas
 Albrecht Dürer
 Anthony van Dyck
 Roger de La Fresnaye
 Paul Gauguin
 Jean-Léon Gérôme
 Albert Gleizes
 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
 Boris Kustodiev
 Max Liebermann
 Édouard Manet
 Jean Metzinger
 Pablo Picasso
 Pierre-Auguste Renoir
 Sebastiano Ricci
 Zinaida Serebriakova
 Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida
 Domenico Tintoretto
 Titian
 Anders Zorn

See also

 Balneotherapy
 Destination spa
 Navy shower
 Spas
 Thermae
 Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater

References

External links

 Russian baths
 Japanese Bath- Photographs of Willy Puchner
 The Japanese bathing ritual
 The Straight Dope: Is good personal hygiene a recent invention?
 Bathing Your Baby
 History of soap and bathing
 A virtual exhibition about bathing in art, from Cranach to Fellini
Tales of Toronto’s first Jewish shvitz

Category:Babycare
Category:Nudity
Category:Sauna


Harry Stonecipher

Harry C. Stonecipher (born May 16, 1936) is a former president and chief executive officer of American aerospace companies McDonnell Douglas and, later, The Boeing Company. Stonecipher orchestrated the merger between McDonnell Douglas and Boeing, and was widely credited with the seeming resurgence of Boeing after government procurement scandals. However, his tenure also included major decisions to change Boeing's design and sourcing process for the new 787 airliner.  These decisions later proved to be organizationally and financially disastrous for the company.  After a long and distinguished career, Stonecipher was forced to resign at Boeing following the disclosure of an affair with a fellow Boeing employee whom he later married.

Early life
Stonecipher was born in Robbins, Tennessee.

Education
In 1960, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics at the Tennessee Technological University.
In May 2002, Stonecipher received an Honorary Doctorate Degree of Science from Washington University in St. Louis, Mo.

Career
Stonecipher began his career at General Motors' Allison Division, where he worked as a lab technician and was influenced by Jack Welch.

He moved to General Electric's Large Engine Division in 1960, and began to move up the ranks. He became a vice president at GE in 1979, then a division head in 1984.

In 1987 he left for Sundstrand, where he became president and CEO in 1989.

McDonnell Douglas
In September 1994, Stonecipher was elected president and CEO of McDonnell Douglas, holding this post until its merger with Boeing in 1997. During this period he became much more of a public figure, and even began hosting the company's quarterly video report. He remained on the board following the successful completion of that transaction, serving as president and COO of the merged entity. In 2001, he was elected vice chairman and retired as president and COO the next year, while continuing to serve on the board as vice chairman.

Boeing
Stonecipher came out of retirement to lead Boeing, following the resignation of Chairman and CEO Phil Condit in December 2003 over several scandals. These scandals surrounded allegations of documents stolen from competitors and the hiring of a government procurement officer who at the time was involved in the United States Air Force's KC-767 contract. Stonecipher assumed the titles of president and CEO, which was not considered an interim appointment as there was no search initiated for a new chief executive, while Lewis Platt became non-executive chairman of the board.

Under Stonecipher's tenure, the air force had lifted a 20-month suspension of Boeing's Launching Systems Group, which had been involved in one of the scandals, allowing them to bid on Pentagon contracts again. He also oversaw the launch of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner in order to challenge Airbus. Although not fully evident at the time, the results of major changes to Boeing's airplane program design, sourcing and financing made during Stonecipher's and Condit's tenures would later prove disastrous.  Shares of the company traded as high as $58.74 in 2005, up 54 percent during his tenure.

Stonecipher submitted his resignation upon request of the Boeing Board of Directors on March 6, 2005, after an internal investigation revealed a consensual relationship with Boeing executive Debra Peabody. The probe found that Boeing business operations were unaffected, that Peabody's career and compensation were not influenced, and that there was no improper use of company expenses or property. Nonetheless, the board of directors decided that there would be "zero tolerance on breaches of ethics". His wife of 50 years, Joan Stonecipher, filed for divorce just days after news of his affair became public. Stonecipher was succeeded as president and CEO on an interim basis by Chief Financial Officer James A. Bell, until James McNerney was hired on a full-time basis.

Personal
In 1955, at age 18, Stonecipher married Joan in Rossville, Ga. Stonecipher and his wife have two children.

In 1995, Stonecipher and his wife Joan celebrated their 40th wedding anniversary in Chicago with friends.

In 2005, after the news broke regarding Stonecipher's affair with a Boeing employee, his wife Joan filed for divorce.

References

External links
 Harry C. Stonecipher bio at Boeing site
 Harry C. Stonecipher biography

Category:American chief executives of manufacturing companies
Category:1936 births
Category:Living people
Category:Boeing people
Category:General Electric employees
Category:McDonnell Douglas
Category:People from Scott County, Tennessee
Category:Tennessee Technological University alumni


Set Fire to the Rain

"Set Fire to the Rain" is a song by English singer-songwriter Adele from her second studio album 21. The song was Adele's third consecutive US number-one single from 21, and reached the top ten in a number of other markets.  The song was voted by readers of Billboard as their favorite number one hit of 2012. The song's live rendition from the DVD Live at the Royal Albert Hall won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.

Background and composition

"Set Fire to the Rain" was written by Adele and Fraser T Smith while the production was handled by Smith. "Set Fire to the Rain" was released as the third US single from the 21 album on 21 November 2011.

"Set Fire to the Rain" is written in the key of D minor with a tempo of 108 beats per minute, following three chord progressions and a passage progression of Progression #1: Dm(i)–F(III)–C(VII)–Gm(iv); Dm(i)–F(III)–C(VII)–Csus4(VIIsus4)–C(VII),Passage progression :Gm/B(iv)-Gm(iv)-Dm(i)-Dm7(i7)-B(VI)-C(VII),Progression #2: Dm(i)-C(VII)-Gm(iv)-Dm(i)-C(VII); Dm(i)-C(VII)-Gm(iv)-B(VI)-C(VII) ,Progression #3: B(VI)-F/A(III)-Am(v)-C(VII) , and Adele's voice spans A3-D5. The song describes the contradictory elements of a relationship, and the impossibility of letting go which is displayed in the lyrics "You and me together, nothing gets better/But there’s a side to you that I never knew, never knew/All the things you'd say, they were never true, never true/And the games you play, you would always win." One of the most pop-influenced of the album, the song is characterised by John Murphy of MusicOMH as a "power ballad". In contrast to the understated production of most songs on the album, the song features lush instrumentation and a swelling string arrangement over a mid-tempo rhythm, creating a wall of sound for the singer's mourning vocals. Dave Simpson of The Guardian in an article revealed that Adele got inspiration for the song "when mah lightah stopped workin' [sic]" in the wet.

Critical reception
The song has received critical acclaim from various critics with many complimenting on Adele's vocals but received comparisons to Bruno Mars's song "Grenade" due to the similar tempo, vocal range and scale. A writer for the magazine URB said that the song had "Starbucks-friendlier content" and further called it "melodramatic". Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly concluded that the song had "scorned-woman balladry" and it "surge[s] on the pure force of her titanic wail." The New York Times said "the vocal effects on 'Set Fire to the Rain,' produced by Fraser T Smith, the most pop-minded of the assembled team, are superfluous." John Murphy of MusicOMH gave a negative review towards the song calling it "real misfire" and "overproduced". However he added, "it's a decent enough song, but Adele's always sounded best when it's just a piano and a voice." Writing for the newspaper Herald Sun, Camreon Adams called the song a "triumphant radio-hit-in-waiting of next single" and concluded that "once the chorus kicks in, you're a goner." Gary McGinley of No Ripcord highlighted "Set Fire to the Rain" calling it "the catchiest song" on 21. Another writer of Daily Herald said that Adele sounds "epic" on the song.

Allison Stewart of The Washington Post found the song to be "galloping, out-of-place synth-rock number" and added that "even Adele can't save" the song. Nick Freed of Consequence of Sound said that "Set Fire to the Rain" finds Adele at "her strongest and most open." He further called the song "one of 21s angrier tracks" and concluded: "The chorus' hooks are crazy catchy, and by the final one Adele releases and her hurt slips through the anger to give you a damn real and forward show of emotion. I’d imagine seeing this song live or in a stripped down setting would make one bawl like a child. You’ll want to pump your fist and pound your chest. That’s a guarantee." Robert Copsey of Digital Spy praised the song saying, "'It was dark and I was over/ Until you kissed my lips and saved me,' she admits over a gloomy piano riff, before launching into a ballsy, hands-in-the-air chorus. 'I set fire to the rain/ and I threw us into the flames,' she belts with growly vocals against cinematic strings. Rounding out with a suitably breathtaking blast from her impressive pipes and the result sounds like classic, though it's anything but camp."

Chart performance
"Set Fire to the Rain" was very popular in Europe, where the song charted within the top 10 of Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, and Switzerland and topping the charts in South Africa, New Zealand, Belgium, Poland, Slovakia and the Netherlands. The song debuted at number 79 on the UK Singles Chart and it moved to number 44 the next week selling 6,286 copies. It later peaked at number 11 on the chart on the week ending 16 July 2011 and it stayed on the same position for two weeks selling another 24,978 copies.

Before being released as a single, the song charted on the Billboard Hot 100 for 6 weeks and re-entered 3 times, peaking at number 72 on 13 September.  On the issue dated 4 February 2012, "Set Fire to the Rain" peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Adele's third consecutive number one single from the album 21. With 21 also at number 1 on the Billboard 200, the song makes the set the first by a single artist to have led the Billboard 200 concurrently with three Hot 100 number one singles. It took 21 non-consecutive weeks for the song to reach the top spot in the United States. As of June 2013, it has sold 4,552,000 digital downloads in the United States. With this achievement, 21 became one of only six albums to yield at least three number one singles during the decade; sharing the honour with Katy Perry's Teenage Dream (5), Rihanna's Loud (3), Taylor Swift's 1989 (3), Justin Bieber's Purpose (3) and Drake's Scorpion (3).

Music video
No proper music video was shot for "Set Fire to the Rain" (as well as other singles from 21, "Rumor Has It" and "Turning Tables") as Adele had recently undergone vocal surgery. Instead, a live performance video was uploaded to her Vevo account and has received more than 555 million views as of January 2020.

Accolades

Live performances and usage in media

Adele performed the song live for the first time on 29 April on The Graham Norton Show. She also performed the track on 3 May at Jools Holland along with the selections "Rolling in the Deep", "Don't You Remember" and "Take It All". Adele also added the song to the set list of her second worldwide tour.

FX used "Set Fire to the Rain" to promote the final season of Rescue Me in addition to the show's series finale. The song was also featured in promotional ads for the TV series Ringer and Revenge, which brought it airplay in the United States without her label having to release it to radio stations. It was also used as an "insert theme" on the 2012 Fuji TV series Iki mo dekinai natsu.

Cover versions
 In 2012, Grammy Award-nominated Texan blues and folk musician, Ruthie Foster, covered "Set Fire To The Rain" on her album Let it Burn.
 On 20 May 2014, Josh Kaufman, the winner of The Voice season 6 covered "Set Fire to the Rain" in the finale.
 On 2 September 2014, Danielle Bradbery, Season 4 winner of The Voice covered "Set Fire to the Rain", published on Vevo and YouTube  which was praised by Rolling Stone, and which accumulated over 700,000 YouTube views by May 2019.
 On 26 October 2015, Jordan Smith, the Season 9 winner of The Voice covered "Set Fire to the Rain" in the Knockout rounds, and was published on YouTube

Track listing
Digital and downloads
"Set Fire to the Rain" –
"Set Fire to the Rain" (3LAU Bootleg) –

Digital and CD EP — remixes

"Set Fire to the Rain" (Thomas Gold Remix) –
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Thomas Gold Dub) –
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Moto Blanco Remix) –
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Moto Blanco Edit) –

Credits and personnel
Credits are taken from 21 liner notes.
Vocals – Adele
Songwriting – Adele Adkins, Fraser T Smith
Audio mixing, record producer, bass, guitar, piano – Fraser T Smith
Drums - Ash Soan
Recording engineer - Beatriz Artola
Assistant recording engineer - Isabel Seeliger-Morley
String section performed by - Wired Strings
String arrangements - Rosie Danvers
String section recording engineer - Steve Price

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

See also

List of best-selling singles
List of best-selling singles in the United States
List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2011
List of Ultratop 50 number-one singles of 2011
List of Ultratop 40 number-one singles of 2011
List of number-one singles of 2011 (Poland)
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2012
List of Adult Top 40 number-one singles of 2012
List of Mainstream Top 40 number-one hits of 2012 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2012 (U.S.)
List of number-one pop hits of 2012 (Brazil)

References

External links

 "Set Fire to the Rain" Lyrics

Category:2011 songs
Category:2011 singles
Category:2010s ballads
Category:Adele songs
Category:Pop ballads
Category:Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance
Category:Songs written by Adele
Category:Songs written by Fraser T Smith
Category:Songs about fires
Category:Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
Category:Single Top 100 number-one singles
Category:Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles
Category:Ultratop 50 Singles (Wallonia) number-one singles
Category:Number-one singles in Israel
Category:Number-one singles in Poland
Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Category:Billboard Adult Top 40 number-one singles
Category:Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles
Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Category:Columbia Records singles
Category:XL Recordings singles
Category:Soul ballads
Category:Song recordings with Wall of Sound arrangements


Shanderman District

Shanderman District () is a district (bakhsh) in Masal County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21,585, in 5,442 families.  The District has one city: Bazar Jomeh. The District has two rural districts (dehestan): Shanderman Rural District and Sheykh Neshin Rural District.

References

Category:Masal County
Category:Districts of Gilan Province


Bulbophyllum brachypetalum

Bulbophyllum brachypetalum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

References
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia

brachypetalum


Satsobek

Satsobek (also Sitsobek or Zatsobek; Daughter of Sobek) was an Ancient Egyptian queen with the titles Great Royal Wife and the one united with the white crown. She is so far only known from one scarab seal in a private collection. The scarab is datable on stylistical grounds to the Thirteenth Dynasty. Her husband remains unknown. Her name is written Sasobek, without the female t ending in Sat (daughter). This might be a simple mistake or short writing, but it is also possible that she used a male name Sasobek - (Son of Sobek). Male names for women are common in this period.

References
Wolfram Grajetzki: Ancient Egyptian Queens, London 2005, p. 42
Kim Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c.1800-1550 B.C. by Museum Tuscalanum Press, p. 36, fig. 5 (image of scarab), 39-40 (discussion of dating)

Category:18th-century BC women
Category:Queens consort of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt


2012 Carolina Challenge Cup

The 2012 Carolina Challenge Cup was the ninth staging of the Carolina Challenge Cup, a preseason soccer tournament hosted by USL Pro side, Charleston Battery. Held from February 25–March 3, the Cup featured three Major League Soccer clubs and one USL PRO club.

D.C. United of MLS, the two-time defending champions, successfully defended their title for the third consecutive year, after the tournament was cut short due to inclement weather.

Teams
Four clubs competed in the tournament:

Standings

Matches

Scorers
2 goals
Jose Cuevas (Charleston Battery)
Hamdi Salihi (D.C. United)
1 goal
Eddie Gaven (Columbus Crew)
Milovan Mirošević (Columbus Crew)
Federico Puppo (Chicago Fire)
Ryan Richter (D.C. United)
Maicon Santos (D.C. United)
Marcelo Saragosa (D.C. United)

See also
 Carolina Challenge Cup
 Charleston Battery
 2012 in American soccer

References

External links
 Carolina Challenge Cup release and schedule

2012
Carolina Challenge Cup


Coming to Terms with the Dead

Coming to Terms with the Dead () is a 1994 French drama film directed by Pascale Ferran. It won the Caméra d'Or at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival.

Cast
 Didier Sandre as Vincent
 Alexandre Zloto as young Vincent
 Catherine Ferran as Zaza
 Agathe De Chassey as young Zaza
 Audrey Boitel as Lili
 Charles Berling as François
 Mathieu Robinot as young François
 Didier Bezace as Rene
 Nadia Barentin as  The mother
 Jean Dautremay as The father
 Guillaume Charras as Jumbo
 Danièle Douet as Jumbo's mother
 Bruno Todeschini as Jumbo's father
 Guillaume Raynal as Bruno
 Dominique Constanza as Bruno's mother
 Alain Pralon as Dr. Le Bihan
 Emmanuelle Bach as The journalist
 Marc Betton as Zaza's doctor
 Jean Pélégri as an old man
 Muriel Mayette as Zaza's colleague

References

External links

Category:1994 films
Category:1990s drama films
Category:French-language films
Category:French drama films
Category:French films
Category:Films directed by Pascale Ferran
Category:Directorial debut films
Category:Pan-Européenne films
Category:Caméra d'Or winners


Ansbachersandstein

The Ansbachersandstein is a Mesozoic geologic formation in Germany. Indeterminate fossil ornithischian tracks have been reported from the formation.

See also

 List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
 List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks
 Indeterminate ornithischian tracks

Footnotes

References
 Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. .

Category:Carnian Stage
Category:Ichnofossiliferous formations


Yutaro Takahashi

is a former Japanese football player.

His elder brother Daisuke is also a former Japanese footballer.

Club statistics

References

External links

j-league

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Fukuoka University alumni
Category:Association football people from Fukuoka Prefecture
Category:Japanese footballers
Category:J1 League players
Category:J2 League players
Category:Vissel Kobe players
Category:Cerezo Osaka players
Category:Roasso Kumamoto players
Category:V-Varen Nagasaki players
Category:Association football forwards


Union Hall (Danforth, Maine)

Union Hall is a historic meeting hall near the junction of Depot and Central Streets in Danforth, Maine.  Built in 1890, the hall has served since then as a venue for private and public events, including town meetings and other municipal functions, and as a meeting point for fraternal organizations including the Masons and the Odd Fellows.  It is a prominent landmark in the village center. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

Description and history
Danforth's Union Hall is located in the village center, one block south of the junction of United States Route 1 and Maine State Route 169.  It is a tall two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation.  A three-story tower projects from the front facade, with a clock stage and open belfry capped by a pyramidal roof.  A gable-roofed porch extends across the center of the three-bay facade, sheltering the building entrance.  The entrances open to a vestibule that has ticket offices and stairs to either side rising to the gallery level of the auditorium, which occupies most of the first floor.  The upper level is taken up by the meeting spaces of the fraternal organizations.

The hall was designed by Gardiner-based Edwin E. Lewis, a prolific architect of the late 19th century in central and eastern Maine, and was built in 1890.  It was commissioned by the Union Hall Corporation, which operated the hall as a public benefit, hosting town meetings and other social, civic, and theatrical functions.  In 1906 the upper level was sold to local chapters of the International Order of Odd Fellows and Masons.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Maine

References

Category:Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Category:1890s architecture in the United States
Category:Buildings and structures in Washington County, Maine
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Maine


Sunil Uniyal

Sunil Uniyal 'Gama' is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand representing the Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2018 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election, he was elected as the mayor of Dehradun and defeated veteran Congress leader Dinesh Agrawal with a huge margin of 35,632 votes.

Elections contested

Dehradun Municipal Corporation

References

Category:People from Dehradun district
Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Predrag Gosta

Predrag Gosta (Cyrillic: Предраг Госта) is a Serbian-Croatian-American conductor, harpsichordist, and baritone.

Life and career
Predrag Gosta was born in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (present day Serbia), on 14 January 1972. His father was born to Serbian and German parents in Vojvodina and his mother to a large Croatian family in Herzegovina. He studied at the Belgrade Music Academy, London's Trinity College of Music, Georgia State University in Atlanta (USA), as well as the University of Oxford. He is the Artistic Director of an early music ensemble and baroque orchestra New Trinity Baroque, and the Music Director and conductor of the Gwinnett Ballet Theatre based in Atlanta, United States; the President of the international early music society Early Music Network. From 1991 to 1996 he was the Artistic Director of the Studio for Early Music Belgrade and the Belgrade International Early Music Festival. Since the festival's renewal in 2012 Maestro Gosta has been serving again as its Artistic Director. The Festival has since grown to one of the largest and most successful early music festivals in southern Europe - in 2017 it received an Award from the classical music magazine Muzika klasika as the best festival for classical music in Serbia, while Maestro Gosta received the Artist of the Year award from the Association of Musical Artists. Predrag Gosta is also the Artistic Director of the Belgrade Baroque Academy, which he founded in 2013 and co-directed until 2019 with Serbian-born contralto Marijana Mijanović.

Between 2008 and 2009 he was the Assistant Conductor of the National Philharmonic in Washington, D.C.. Since 2010 he is the President of the Makris Foundation in Washington D.C. and the Makris Music Society. He is also an Artistic Advisor and U.S. Director of Peter the Great Music Academy in St. Petersburg, Russia. In 2014 Gosta established the New Belgrade Opera,, which is focused on baroque opera. In 2015 he became the Music Director of the New Symphony Orchestra of Belgrade, which now bears the name of the Greek-American composer Andreas Makris and is now known as the Makris Symphony Orchestra. In 2019, under this orchestra, he founded a new international competition for conductors, where he acts as the President of the Jury.

Predrag Gosta has recorded several critically acclaimed CDs, including recording of Henry Purcell's opera Dido and Aeneas with British soprano Evelyn Tubb, and recording of Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances and Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition with the London Symphony Orchestra. Other musicians he collaborated with include baroque violinists Florian Deuter, Ilia Korol and John Holloway, Baroque harpist Andrew Lawrence-King, lutenists Anthony Rooley and Michael Fields, Dutch recorder virtuoso Marion Verbruggen, harpsichordists Steven Devine and Ottaviano Tenerani, Italian countertenor Carlo Vistoli, Serbian contralto Marijana Mijanovic, Polish mezzo-soprano Magdalena Wór and others, as well as orchestras and theatre houses such as the London Symphony Orchestra, the Russian National Orchestra in Moscow, the State Hermitage Orchestra in St. Petersburg, the St. Petersburg State Capella Glinka, the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, the Theatre of Biel-Solothurn Theatre, the Belgrade National Theatre and the Madlenianum Opera-Theatre, opera theatres in Ruse, Burgas and Stara Zagora (Bulgaria) and others. He appeared at the festivals such as the Boston Early Music Festival and Piccolo Spoleto (USA), Varazdin Baroque Evenings and Korkyra Baroque (Croatia), Budva Theatre City (Montenegro) and many others.

Predrag Gosta also served the affiliate guest lecturer at Georgia State University in Atlanta, and as a choir professor and artist-in-residence at Oxford College of Emory University  in Oxford, Georgia, USA.

Discography and Videography

Reviews
Mitridate, re di Ponto (Theater Solothurn 2018)

"...Der Eindruck, den die Produktion hervorruft, wäre nicht so nachhaltig, wenn sich nicht eine Riege von Könnern in ihren Dienst gestellt hätte. Das beginnt mit dem sehr beachtlichen Dirigat des Barockspezialisten Predrag Gosta, der bereits bei "Lucio Silla" vor einem Jahr eine Stimme veranlasst hatte, bei seinem Eintritt in den Orchestergarben nach der Pause "Bravo Maestro!" zu rufen. Dieser Ruf sei hiermit für "Mitridate" nachgeholt... Das Sinfonie Orchester Biel Solothurn, erfahren mit dem Stil des jungen Mozart, spielt engagiert, wach und federnd und führt die Zuhörer zu den überraschenden Schönheiten der Komposition mit der Beiläufigkeit souveräner Maestria. Das Orchester in Mailand kann nicht anders geklungen haben als das der Premiere in Solothurn. Jedenfalls nicht besser..." — Der Stimme der Kritik (Michel Schaer) 14 April 2018

Orfeo (New Belgrade Opera / Madlenianum)

"The Award for the Best Concert Performance in 2017 goes to "L'Orfeo" by Monteverdi, presented by the New Belgrade Opera and Opera-Theatre Madlenianum on November 18, 2017, conducted by Maestro Predrag Gosta." — Musica Classica 06 February 2018

Lucio Silla (Theater Solothurn 2017)

"...Das Sinfonie-orchester Biel-Solothurn unter der Leitung von Predrag Gosta lässt die Frische dieses selten gespielten Dreiakters in reichen Schattierungen erklingen und wirkt selbst nach zwei Stunden unverbraucht..." — Berner Zeitung (Peter Wäch) 25 April 2017

"...Dirigent Predrag Gosta dirigiert Mozarts Frühwerk leichtfüssig und so klug ausgehorcht, dass man die Ohren gar nicht tief genug in den Orchestergraben hineinstecken kann. Das Sinfonieorchester Biel Solothurn nimmt Gostas Ideen begeistert auf..." — NZZ am Sonntag (Christian Berzins), Zürich 30 April 2017

Piccolo Spoleto Festival 2011

"Each piece... was polished and sparkled like something new. The playing was technically elegant and warmed by loving interpretation infused with infectious personality..." — CVNC: An Online Arts Journal in North Carolina, June 2011

Bach's B-minor Mass

"...a thoughtful, energizing exception that gave the B-minor Mass a fresh sound. Under New Trinity founder and conductor Predrag Gosta, they illuminated the various madrigal-like choruses and operatic arias with individual attention... Emotionally heartfelt... strong performance... Saturday night at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal, which was filled to capacity... It's a special pleasure to hear a student choir sing at a high level with enthusiasm and clarity of purpose. ...The four vocal soloists were often compelling, more so in duets with the fine instrumentalists... Conductor Gosta kept it all pushing forward... His tempos were not overly fast, but they felt fleet and he ended sections with a crisp cutoff — a very pleasant sensation. The Serbian-born harpsichordist and conductor is audibly gaining in interpretive heft, in parallel with his nascent conducting career, from the Gwinnett Ballet to concerts in Russia and Eastern Europe..." — ArtsCriticAtl.com, March 2011

White Nights Festival 2010 with the State Capella Symphony Orchestra of St. Petersburg

"... the concert was a brilliant and unforgettable event of this season... The orchestra responded not only to every gesture and every movement of the conductor - it seemed that even their breaths were united. Predrag Gosta knew how to achieve a true creative atmosphere in the hall..." — St. Petersburg Times, Russia, June 30, 2010

Purcell's "Dido & Aeneas"

"...An excellent 2002 Edition Lilac recording [of Purcell's "Dido & Aeneas"] featuring Predrag Gosta leading the Atlanta-based Chorus and Orchestra of New Trinity Baroque... This is a wonderfully colorful yet always musical performance. It is what Noorman attempted but failed in the Parrott recording. Gosta's ensemble is excellent... the playing is so sensitive and secure. The choral work is excellent, too, with a true sense of character projected by the nameless witches, sailors, and attendants. This self-produced recording... is definitely well worth acquiring – a true sleeper... That's nine recordings of Dido and Aeneas and I haven't even scratched the surface. Which one is best? ...If I was forced to take one recording to a desert island, it would be the one by Lieberson and McGegan – but I would be sure to have Tubb with Gosta and Graham with Haim in my iPod." — Early Music America magazine, Fall 2009

References

External links
Predrag Gosta's web site
New Trinity Baroque's web site
Gwinnett Ballet Theatre's web site
Makris Symphony Orchestra's web site
Makris International Conducting Competition's web site
Makris Foundation's web site
New Belgrade Opera's web site
Belgrade Baroque Academy's web site
Belgrade International Early Music Festival's web site
Edition Lilac's web site
Early Music Network's web site

Category:Living people
Category:1972 births
Category:Serbian conductors (music)
Category:Croatian conductors (music)
Category:American male conductors (music)
Category:American male musicians
Category:People from Belgrade
Category:Musicians from Belgrade
Category:Serbian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Category:Alumni of Trinity College of Music
Category:Georgia State University alumni
Category:21st-century American conductors (music)
Category:21st-century American male musicians


Rockin' Rudolph

Rockin’ Rudolph is the third Christmas album by The Brian Setzer Orchestra, released on October 16, 2015, through Surfdog Records. Produced by Peter Collins, it is the band's first Christmas album in ten years.

Promotion
In support of the album, The Brian Setzer Orchestra embarked on the 12th Annual Christmas Rocks! Tour. In the midst of the tour they performed at an invitation-only event for SiriusXM at The Hard Rock Café in Times Square. The concert was broadcast across SiriusXM channels in the days that followed.

Critical reception

Rockin' Rudolph received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic rated the album three out of five stars and states: "Rockin' Rudolph deserves to sit proudly alongside the Brian Setzer Orchestra's other five Christmas albums because it serves up snazzy seasonal swingers, tunes that revel in their retro-kitsch."

Track listing
Source: iTunes

Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic:

Production
Brian Setzer - arranger
Peter Collins - producer
Steve Gibson - producer
Terry Christian - engineer, mixing
Don Cobb - mastering
Eric Conn - mastering
Dave Darling - additional production
Frank Comstock - arranger
Mark Jones - arranger
Dave Kaplan - executive producer
Tim Messina - music director
Jody Nardone - vocal arrangement
Kristen Carranza - production coordination
Joey Waterman - production coordination
Tyler Sweet - guitar technician
Derek Yaniger - cover art
Scott Anderson - layout

Musicians
Brian Setzer - guitar, vocals
Roy Agee - trombone
Sean Billings - trumpet
Ron Blake - trumpet
Mike Briones - trombone
Shannon Brown - vocals (background)
Barry Green - trombone
John Hatton - bass
Mike Haynes - trumpet
Robbie Hioki - trombone
Jamie Hovorka - trumpet
Paul Leim - drums
Sam Levine - saxophone
Jeremy Levy - trombone
Kerry Loeschen - trombone
Tim Messina - saxophone
Eric Morones - saxophone
Jody Nardone - vocals (background)
Steve Patrick - trumpet
Charlie Peterson - saxophone
Tony Pia - drums
Steve Reid - trumpet
Matt Rollings - piano
Julie Setzer - vocals (background)
Leslie Spencer - vocals (background)
David Spicher - bass
Jim Youngstrom - saxophone
Matt Zebly - saxophone

Chart performance

Release history

References

External links

Category:The Brian Setzer Orchestra albums
Category:2015 Christmas albums
Category:Christmas albums by American artists
Category:Surfdog Records albums
Category:Swing Christmas albums
Category:Albums produced by Peter Collins (record producer)


Biały Ług, Zwoleń County

Biały Ług  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Policzna, within Zwoleń County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Policzna,  north-east of Zwoleń, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Category:Villages in Zwoleń County


Axel Holmström (ice hockey)

Axel Holmström (born June 29, 1996) is a Swedish professional ice hockey forward, currently playing for HV71 of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). Holmström was drafted 196th overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career

Junior
During the 2013–14 season, Holmström recorded 15 goals and 23 assists in 33 games with Skellefteå AIK's J20 SuperElit team, as well as skating in four games for Skellefteå AIK. Holmström was ranked 90th by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau on their final list of the top draft-eligible European skaters leading into the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

Professional
During the 2014–15 season, Holmström recorded ten goals and ten assists in 44 games during the regular season. He was tied for second overall in the SHL among junior-aged players in scoring. Holmström helped Skellefteå AIK reach the SHL Finals, and led the league in postseason scoring with seven goals and 11 assists in 15 games, breaking the league record for playoff points by a junior player, previously held by Daniel and Henrik Sedin. On June 15, 2015, the Detroit Red Wings signed Holmström to a three-year entry-level contract.

During the 2016–17 season, Holmström recorded one goal and one assist in 16 games, while being limited by injury during the regular season. He recorded three goals and four assists in seven playoff games to lead his team in playoff scoring. On April 3, 2017, Holmström was reassigned to the Grand Rapids Griffins. During the 2018–19 season, Holmström recorded 12 goals and 13 assists in 65 games for the Griffins.

On April 30, 2019, Holmström returned to Sweden and signed a two-year contract with HV71 of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

International play
Holmström represented Sweden at the 2013 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament, where he recorded one assist in four games. He later represented Sweden at the 2014 IIHF World U18 Championships, where he was second-leading scorer during the tournament, recording three goals and eight assists in seven games. Holmström represented Sweden at the 2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where he recorded one goal and six assists in seven games. Holmström again represented Sweden at the 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where he recorded one goal and five assists in seven games.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

References

External links

Category:1996 births
Category:Living people
Category:Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Category:Grand Rapids Griffins players
Category:Skellefteå AIK players
Category:Swedish ice hockey centres


David Snow (American football)

David Snow (born November 9, 1989) is an American football offensive lineman who is currently a free agent. He was originally signed by the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent in 2012. He played college football at Texas. He is now director at a local Chick-Fil-A in Westlake, Texas.

Professional career

Buffalo Bills
Snow was signed by the Buffalo Bills on April 30, 2012. He was released by the Bills on October 15, 2012 and re-signed to the Bills' practice squad on October 16, 2012.
He was released by the Bills on August 30, 2013.

References

External links
Buffalo Bills bio
Texas Longhorns bio
Just Sports Stats

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Longview, Texas
Category:Players of American football from Texas
Category:American football centers
Category:American football offensive guards
Category:Texas Longhorns football players
Category:Buffalo Bills players
Category:Pittsburgh Steelers players


North Egremont Historic District

The North Egremont Historic District is a historic district in Egremont, Massachusetts.  It encompasses a crossroads village in the northern part of the town, where the north-south road, now Massachusetts Route 71, connects Kinderhook, New York to points further south, and the east-west road runs from Hillsdale, New York, toward Housatonic, Massachusetts.   The district encompasses some  along these and other roadways near their junction.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Description and history
Egremont was settled in the mid-18th century, in a basically dispersed rural agricultural pattern.  The village of North Egremont began to take shape after a turnpike (now Prospect Lake Road) was built between Hillsdale, New York and Alford, Massachusetts, and another (now Route 71) was built between South Egremont and Kinderhook, New York in 1803.  A tavern was built in the area in 1790, and it was served by saw and grist mills on nearby Prospect Lake.  A general store opened in 1814; it is still in operation as the Old Egremont Country Store.

The oldest property in the area, a house, has elements dating to 1764, and the district includes three historic church buildings, the oldest being a significantly altered Baptist meetinghouse from 1816.  The later churches are an 1887 Baptist church, built as a replacement for the first one, and a Methodist church built in the Renaissance Revival style in 1861.  The only other notable institutional building is the wood frame clapboarded North Egremont School, built in 1880.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkshire County, Massachusetts

References

Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Category:Egremont, Massachusetts


Menominee Indian Reservation

The Menominee Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation located in northeastern Wisconsin held in trust by the United States for the Menominee Tribe of Wisconsin. For the most part it is conterminous with Menominee County, Wisconsin and the town of Menominee. It is known in the Menominee language as Omāēqnomenēw-Otāēskonenan, "Menominee Thing Set Apart".

It has numerous small pockets of territory that are not considered to be part of the reservation. These pockets amount to 1.14 percent of the county's area; the reservation takes up about 98.86 percent of the county's area. The largest of these pockets is in the western part of the community of Keshena. A section of the reservation is located in the town of Red Springs, in Shawano County, Wisconsin. The reservation has a plot of off-reservation trust land of  in Winnebago County to the south, west of the city of Oshkosh. The reservation's total land area is , while Menominee County's land area is .

The non-reservation parts of the county are more densely populated than the reservation, with 1,337 (29.3%) of the county's 4,562 total population, as opposed to the reservation's 3,225 (70.7%) population in the 2000 census. (The plot of land in Winnebago County is unpopulated.) The most populous communities are Legend Lake and Keshena. The Menominee operate a number of gambling facilities.

Communities
Keshena (population 1,168)
Legend Lake (population 853)
Middle Village (population 35)
Neopit (population 637)
Zoar (population 106)

Education
The Menominee founded the College of the Menominee Nation, a tribal college, in 1993. It was accredited in 1998. The main campus is in Keshena.

Language

Both English as well as the Menominee language, part of the Algonquian language family, are used.

Economy

Lumber
The Menominee Indian Reservation contains a large forest that has been managed by the Menominee Tribe for over 150 years. About 15 million board feet are harvested by the forest every year. This forestry work has been recognized by the United Nations. Wood from the forest has gone to such places as the Milwaukee Bucks arena, Fiserv Forum. The types of trees harvested at the Menominee Indian Reservation include white ash, bigtooth aspen, quaking aspen, basswood, beech, eastern hemlock, eastern white pine, hard maple, pin oak, red oak, red pine, soft maple, and yellow birch.

Cannabis
An amendment to the 2014 Farm Bill authorized cultivation of industrial hemp. In addition, some states have authorized sale of medical cannabis, or marijuana.

In August 2015 the Menominee Indian Reservation held a vote on proposed measures to legalize medical and/or recreational cannabis. The Menonimee have the only American Indian reservation which falls only under federal law, rather than under the Wisconsin law Public Law 280. They are sovereign on their reservation.

In October 2015, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents raided the reservation, taking or destroying 30,000 plants. The Menominee said these were industrial hemp plants, the cultivation of which was authorized by federal law. The DEA contends it was marijuana.

References

Tiller, Veronica. Tiller's Guide to Indian Country: Economic Profiles of American Indian Reservations.  Bowarrow Publishing Company, 1996.
Menominee Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Wisconsin United States Census Bureau

External links
The Menominee Indian Tribe official website
Information on treaties between the United States and the Menominee
"Menominee Termination and Restoration", Milwaukee Public Museum

Category:American Indian reservations in Wisconsin
Category:Native American tribes in Wisconsin
Category:Menominee County, Wisconsin
Category:Shawano County, Wisconsin
Category:Winnebago County, Wisconsin
Category:Kenosha, Wisconsin
Category:Menominee tribe


List of King George V Playing Fields in West Sussex

References

West Sussex
Category:West Sussex-related lists
Category:Sports venues in West Sussex
Category:Parks and open spaces in West Sussex


Karajan: The Maestro and His Festival

Karajan: The Maestro and His Festival (German: Karajan – Der Meister und seine Spiele) is a documentary film about the creation and production of Richard Wagner's opera Die Walküre in 1967 by Herbert von Karajan, his favourite stage designer Günther Schneider-Siemssen and the 2017 recreation of his ground-breaking performance.

Whereas Karajan acted as conductor, stage director and producer at the time, in 2017 the opera was created by a team, the conductor Christian Thielemann in collaboration with stage director Vera Nemirova and stage designer .

Writer and director Hannes M. Schalle produced the documentary with his production company Moonlake Entertainment and joined with ORF/3sat to tell the story of both productions, set on one of the world's largest opera stages in the Großes Festspielhaus of the Salzburg Festival. The film, narrated by Senta Berger, was shot on locations in Salzburg, Anif, the Großes Festspielhaus, the Mozarteum and at the Semperoper in Dresden.

The film unveils the story of the foundation of Karajan's personal festival, his passion for Wagner's Ring and for building a historical monument together with Schneider-Siemssen. In 2017, the festival celebrates its 50th anniversary recreating the legendary Walküre production of 1967.

The making of the film was a collaboration of Hannes M. Schalle together with the Eliette and Herbert von Karajan Institute, the Salzburg Easter Festival, Unitel, Deutsche Grammophon, Sony Music and ORF/3sat.The documentary was released on DVD and digital on 21 July 2017 by Sony Music Entertainment.

Notes

External links

Category:Herbert von Karajan
Category:Documentary films about opera
Category:Salzburg Festival
Category:Richard Wagner
Category:2017 films


The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida

The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida is a 2001 book about the Ku Klux Klan by Michael Newton.

Overview
A look into the Invisible Empire of Ku Klux Klan activity in Florida, beginning with the days of Reconstruction and ending at the present day.

References

Category:2001 non-fiction books
Category:American non-fiction books
Category:Works about White Americans
Category:Racism in the United States
Category:Identity politics
Category:Books about race and ethnicity
Category:Books about Florida
Category:English-language books
Category:Works about white nationalism
Category:Books about the Ku Klux Klan


Van Schaik

Van Schaik is a Dutch toponymic surname meaning "from/of Schaik". Variants include Van Schaaik, Van Schaick, Van Schaïk, Van Schaijk and Van Schayk. While the latter two forms usually refer to an origin in Schaijk in North Brabant, the more common forms have an origin in multiple (small) places in the Rhine delta named Schaik (etc.), Schadijk, or the original Schadewijk (possibly "shaded place"). People with the surname include:

Andre van Schaik, Australian engineer
Carel van Schaik (born 1953), Dutch primatologist
Henri van Schaik (1899-1991), Dutch horse rider
Jarad van Schaik (born 1988), American soccer player
Josef van Schaik (1882–1962), Dutch politician, Minister of Justice and Deputy Prime Minister
Max van Schaik (born 1991), Dutch basketball player
 (born 1967), Dutch jazz singer
Sam van Schaik (born 1972), English Tibetologist
Steef van Schaik (1888–1968), Dutch politician, Minister of Infrastructure, brother of Josef
Van Schaaik
Erik van Schaaik (born 1968), Dutch animator
Van Schaijk / Van Schayk
Toer van Schayk (born 1936), Dutch ballet dancer, choreographer, and artist

See also
17980 Vanschaik, main-belt asteroid named after a science fair winning graduate school student (Katherine Van Schaik)
Van Schaick

References

Category:Dutch-language surnames
Category:Surnames of Dutch origin
Category:Toponymic surnames


Reflections (Minnesota band)

Reflections is an American metalcore band formed in Twin Cities, Minnesota in 2010.

History
Reflections released their debut album The Fantasy Effect on April 28, 2012, which was home-produced and recorded by the band using Mixcraft 4, a Windows music recording and mixing program. Soon after releasing The Fantasy Effect, Reflections were signed to record labels eOne and Good Fight. Reflections' second album and record label debut, titled Exi(s)t, was released October 22, 2013. The first single from Exi(s)t, titled "My Cancer," was released for download through iTunes and all other digital retailers on September 10, 2013. Reflections simultaneously released a lyric video for the single through their YouTube channel. Exi(s)t debuted at #179 on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 1,972 copies within the first week of being released.

It was announced that work for the band's third album would commence sometime in February 2015. On August 18, 2015, they released a music video for the song "Actias Luna" from the then upcoming album. Later, the album title was revealed as The Color Clear and was released through eOne and Good Fight on September 18, 2015. It was their best numbers and charting to date with a first week total of 3,025 copies sold and debuting at #6 on the Heatseekers Albums Chart, #15 on the Independent Albums and #96 on the Billboard 200 Chart

In late 2016 the band announced that they were to stop touring and take an indefinite hiatus. It is rumored that they are working on a new album.

In late 2019 the band announced the hiatus would be ending and releasing a song on 12/11/2019. Francis was welcomed back to the band along with new member Logan Young.

Musical style and influences
Reflections has been described as progressive metal, metalcore, and djent. They use seven-string guitars tuned to Drop F tuning (F–C–F–A–D–G–C).

Their influences include bands such as Pantera, August Burns Red, Gojira, The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza, After the Burial, Born of Osiris, Architects, Structures, and Veil of Maya.

Band members
Current
 Jake Wolf – lead vocals (2010–present)
 Patrick "Patty" Somoulay – guitar (2010–present)
 Logan Young - guitar (2019–present)
 Francis Xayana – bass (2010–2016, 2019–present)
 Nick Lona – drums (2014–present; touring 2013)

Former
 Boris "Bo" Blood – drums (2010–2011)
 Alex Curry - guitar (2010-2011)
 Cam Murray – drums (2012–2014)
 Charlie Caswell – guitar (2011–2014)

 Timeline

Tours

2012
Midwest Madness tour from October 7 – 14 with After the Burial and The Contortionist.

2013
 Goodfight North American Tour from March 30 – April 11 with The Contortionist, Within the Ruins, I Declare War and City in the Sea.
 Heavy MTL South of the border tour from July 30 – August 17 with All Shall Perish, Oceano, Within the Ruins, and Betrayal.
 Co-Headliner tour from October 19 – 30 with ERRA.
 Small east coast run from November 29 – December 7 with Within the Ruins, Sworn In and Legion.

2014
 Celebrate the Chaos tour from January 30 – February 23 with Chimaira, Iwrestledabearonce, Oceano and Fit for an Autopsy.
 they toured U.S.A from March 7 – 22 with Veil of Maya and ERRA.
 In May 15 – June 8 they toured U.S.A with For The Fallen Dreams, Obey The Brave, I The Breather and Sylar.
 In the Summer they toured North America from July 15 – August 21 with Scale The Summit, Glass Cloud, ERRA, and Monuments.
 In the Fall they toured from September 16 – October 9 with After the Burial, Texas in July, I Declare War and Come the Dawn.
 From November 9 – 20 they toured with Betraying the Martyrs and Invent, Animate. The remainder of the tour past November 14 was cancelled after Betraying the Martyrs were denied entry into Canada.

2015
 In September 5–24 the band did a headlining tour with Toothgrinder, Exalt and Yuth Forever.
 From November 5 – December 11 the band embarked on Texas in July's farewell tour with Invent, Animate and To The Wind.

2016
 The Fury Tour from April 2–15 alongside labelmates Unearth, Ringworm, Culture Killer and Hollow Earth.
 Japan Tour with Protest the Hero, Cyclamen and Sithu Aye.

Discography
Studio albums

Singles
 "Advance upon Me Brethren" (2011)
 "My Cancer" (2013)
 "Vain Words from Empty Minds" (2013)
 "Actias Lunas" (2015)
 "Shadow Self" (2015)
 "From Nothing" (2019)
 "Samsara" (2020)
 * "Help" (2020)

References

External links

Category:American progressive metal musical groups
Category:American metalcore musical groups
Category:American mathcore musical groups
Category:American deathcore musical groups
Category:Heavy metal musical groups from Minnesota
Category:Musical groups established in 2010


Richard Cawley

Richard Cawley (born 28 May 1947) is an English food writer, chef and fashion designer.

Biography
Cawley was born in the Yorkshire market town of Doncaster. He attended the local art school before gaining a place at the Ecole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne, a fashion school in Paris founded by the great couturiers to carry on their most treasured traditions. During his time in Paris, he also studied life drawing at the École des Beaux-Arts. After this introduction into the world of fashion, he moved on to London and after two more years of college was accepted into the Fashion School of the Royal College of Art.

Graduating with a master's degree with Distinction, Cawley was invited to work at the fashion house of Bellville Sassoon, designing couture and ready-to-wear collections, and clothes for many famous and royal ladies, especially Diana, Princess of Wales, for whom they designed many outfits including her engagement sailor suit and her going away outfit.

After the Royal wedding, Cawley began to look around for new heights to scale. He decided to leave Bellville Sassoon, and when in 1984 he won the Mouton Cadet cookery competition in the Observer newspaper, he overnight exchanged a career in fashion for one in food.

Cawley has published several cookery books: The New English Cookery, Octopus Books 1986, Not Quite Vegetarian, Orbis 1986, The Artful Cook, Macdonald Orbis 1988, which he also illustrated with his own drawings and paintings and That's Entertaining a Headline Book for Channel 4 1990. In 1993 he published Easy Oriental (originally for Marks and Spencer), Outdoor Eating, and Green Feasts, a book of vegetarian menus for 'everyone' all published by Conran Octopus. He was also one of six 'star' contributors to the new Sunday Times Cook's Companion (Ebury Press), his being the section on American cuisine, and The Creative Cook (Conran Octopus 1995) plus the best selling Ready Steady Cook 2 and Fast Fab Food (Headline 1998).

He has written countless food, cookery and travel articles for many magazines and was for two years the food editor of Options. For several years he wrote regularly for YOU, a section of The Mail on Sunday.

Cawley has travelled extensively, particularly in the Far East. In 1987, with three other artists, he spent three months travelling around China, culminating in a major exhibition at the Royal Festival Hall and A China Scrapbook, a 30-minute television programme for the BBC.

He has worked extensively in television, beginning in 1990, as a writer presenter, making six 30-minute programmes entitled That's Entertaining for Channel 4, and a 30-minute programme called Guess Who's Coming to Dinner for Channel 4 in 1991. He has appeared occasionally on Granada's This Morning, Six o'Clock Live and on Children's Saturday television Parallel Nine. He has appeared on the Travel Show, The Big Breakfast and cable television and had a weekly spot for six months on GMTV’s Top of the Morning. He has made a guest appearance, singing and dancing with Rustie Lee on a SKY telethon, has appeared as a guest in Delia Smith’s series The Winter Collection. He has also made a film for BBC Food and Drink in his own kitchen, and his home was the subject of Through the Keyhole.

Cawley cooked frequently on Can't Cook, Won't Cook and Mixing It and has appeared regularly on BBC’s cult programmes Ready Steady Cook.

He regularly appears in pantomime and has published a novel, The Butterfly Boy.

References

Category:Living people
Category:English fashion designers
Category:English food writers
Category:People from Doncaster
Category:LGBT writers from England
Category:LGBT fashion designers
Category:1947 births