DeGeneres

DeGeneres is a surname of French origin. Notable people with the surname include:

 Betty DeGeneres (born 1930), mother of Ellen DeGeneres and American activist.
 Ellen DeGeneres (born 1958), American stand-up comedian, television hostess, and actress.
 Vance DeGeneres (born 1954), American actor, older brother of Ellen DeGeneres.
 Portia de Rossi, or Portia DeGeneres (born 1973), wife of Ellen DeGeneres and American actress.


1932 College Football All-Southern Team

The 1932 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations for the 1932 Southern Conference football season. Tennessee won the Southern championship.

Composite eleven

The All-Southern eleven compiled by the Associated Press included:
David Ariail, end for Auburn. One source writes "Other than Jimmy Hitchcock, back, and "Gump" Arial, end, Auburn has no outstanding players." He was selected All-American by the "captain's poll," selected by the captains of major college football programs.
Johnny Cain, fullback for Alabama, All-American and later a coach. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1973.
Fred Crawford, tackle for Duke. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1973.
Beattie Feathers, halfback for Tennessee, inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955.
Pete Gracey, center for Vanderbilt, consensus first-team All-American.
Jimmy Hitchcock, halfback for Auburn, consensus first-team All-American. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954.
Thomas Hupke, guard for Alabama, later played in the National Football League (NFL).
Tex Leyendecker, tackle for Vanderbilt, later played in the NFL for the inaugural Philadelphia Eagles season.
Virgil Rayburn, end for Tennessee, later played in the NFL for the Brooklyn Dodgers.
John Scafide, guard for Tulane
Don Zimmerman, halfback for Tulane, consensus first-team All-American. "Zimmerman is probably the finest open field runner the South has seen in the past decade" wrote Henry McLemore announcing the United Press All-America team. On the season, Zimmerman posted then-school records with 1,885 yards total offense and a 5.5-yard rushing average. The latter mark still ranks second. He ended his Tulane career as the Green Wave's all-time leader in total offense (4,657 yards on 764 plays, an average of 6.1 yards per play)  and pass interceptions (12), setting records that lasted for 40 years. He also ranks fifth in career rushing yards with 2,369. Zimmerman is a member of the Tulane Athletics Hall of Fame and was elected to the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.

All-Southerns of 1932

Ends
Virgil Rayburn, Tennessee (AP-1, AL, WA)
Dave "Gump" Ariail, Auburn (AP-1, AS, WA)
Joe Rupert, Kentucky (AP-2, AL)
Harry Rossiter, Duke (AP-2)
Zollie Swor, Ole Miss (AS)

Tackles
Tex Leyendecker, Vanderbilt (AP-1, AL, AS)
Fred Crawford, Duke (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1, WA)
Bill Grinus, VPI (AP-2, AL, WA)
Malcolm Aitken, Tennessee (AP-2, AS)

Guards
Tom Hupke, Alabama (AP-1, AL, AS)
John Scafide, Tulane (AP-1)
Marion Talley, Vanderbilt (AP-2, AL, AS)
Eugene Hite, VPI (AP-2)
Roy Wilson, LSU (WA)

Centers
Pete Gracey*, Vanderbilt (AP-1, AL, AS, WA [as g])
Howard Neblett, Georgia Tech (AP-2)
Talmadge Maples, Tennessee (WA)

Quarterbacks
Jimmy Hitchcock*, Auburn (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1, AL, AS, WA [as hb])
Lowell Mason, Duke (AP-2)

Halfbacks

Don Zimmerman*, Tulane (AP-1, AL, AS, WA)
Beattie Feathers, Tennessee (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1, AL, AS)
Dixie Roberts, Vanderbilt (AP-2, AL, WA [as qb])
Buster Mott, Georgia (AP-2)

Fullbacks
John Lewis Cain, Alabama (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1, AL, AS, WA)
Ralph Kercheval, Kentucky (AP-2)

Key
Bold = Composite selection

* = Consensus All-American

AP = selected by coaches and sports writers, compiled by the Associated Press. It had a first and second team.

AL = selected by the football coaches at the University of Alabama.

AS = selected by the Anniston Star.

WA = selected by coach William Alexander of the Georgia Institute of Technology.

References

Category:1932 Southern Conference football season
Category:College Football All-Southern Teams


Starr and Company

Starr and Company was a BBC television drama series aired in 1958. It was a soap opera, aired two times a week, Monday and Thursday. 77 titles were made, of which only a single title (episode 1) is known to survive.

Most of the cast were not known before or after, but there were several well-known players:

either already established or later became well-known.

Episodes

Notes

References

External links

Category:1950s British television soap operas
Category:1958 British television series debuts
Category:1958 British television series endings
Category:BBC television dramas
Category:Black-and-white British television programmes
Category:British television soap operas
Category:English-language television programs
Category:Lost BBC episodes


Ingo Appelt (disambiguation)

Ingo Appelt (born 1961) is an Austrian bobsledder.

Ingo Appelt may also refer to:

 Ingo Appelt (comedian) (born 1967), German comedian


XML

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML.

The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures such as those used in web services.

Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, while programmers have developed many application programming interfaces (APIs) to aid the processing of XML data.

Applications
The essence of why extensible markup languages are necessary is explained at Markup language (for example, see Markup language § XML) and at Standard Generalized Markup Language.

Hundreds of document formats using XML syntax have been developed, including RSS, Atom, SOAP, SVG, and XHTML. XML-based formats have become the default for many office-productivity tools, including Microsoft Office (Office Open XML), OpenOffice.org and LibreOffice (OpenDocument), and Apple's iWork. XML has also provided the base language for communication protocols such as XMPP. Applications for the Microsoft .NET Framework use XML files for configuration, and property lists are an implementation of configuration storage built on XML.

Many industry data standards, such as Health Level 7, OpenTravel Alliance, FpML, MISMO, and National Information Exchange Model are based on XML and the rich features of the XML schema specification. Many of these standards are quite complex and it is not uncommon for a specification to comprise several thousand pages. In publishing, Darwin Information Typing Architecture is an XML industry data standard.  XML is used extensively to underpin various publishing formats.

XML is widely used in a Service-oriented architecture (SOA). Disparate systems communicate with each other by exchanging XML messages. The message exchange format is standardised as an XML schema (XSD). This is also referred to as the canonical schema. XML has come into common use for the interchange of data over the Internet. IETF :RFC:3023, now superseded by :RFC:7303, gave rules for the construction of Internet Media Types for use when sending XML. It also defines the media types application/xml and text/xml, which say only that the data is in XML, and nothing about its semantics.

RFC 7303 also recommends that XML-based languages be given media types ending in +xml; for example image/svg+xml for SVG. Further guidelines for the use of XML in a networked context appear in RFC 3470, also known as IETF BCP 70, a document covering many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language.

Key terminology
The material in this section is based on the XML Specification. This is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs that appear in XML; it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use.

 Character
 An XML document is a string of characters. Almost every legal Unicode character may appear in an XML document.

 Processor and application
 The processor analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an application. The specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The processor (as the specification calls it) is often referred to colloquially as an XML parser.

 Markup and content
 The characters making up an XML document are divided into markup and content, which may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules. Generally, strings that constitute markup either begin with the character < and end with a >, or they begin with the character & and end with a ;. Strings of characters that are not markup are content. However, in a CDATA section, the delimiters <![CDATA[ and ]]> are classified as markup, while the text between them is classified as content. In addition, whitespace before and after the outermost element is classified as markup.

 Tag
 A tag is a markup construct that begins with < and ends with >. Tags come in three flavors:
 start-tag, such as
;
 end-tag, such as
;
 empty-element tag, such as <line-break />.

 Element
 An element is a logical document component that either begins with a start-tag and ends with a matching end-tag or consists only of an empty-element tag. The characters between the start-tag and end-tag, if any, are the element's content, and may contain markup, including other elements, which are called child elements. An example is <greeting>Hello, world!</greeting>. Another is <line-break />.

 Attribute
 An attribute is a markup construct consisting of a name–value pair that exists within a start-tag or empty-element tag. An example is , where the names of the attributes are "src" and "alt", and their values are "madonna.jpg" and "Madonna" respectively. Another example is <step number="3">Connect A to B.</step>, where the name of the attribute is "number" and its value is "3". An XML attribute can only have a single value and each attribute can appear at most once on each element. In the common situation where a list of multiple values is desired, this must be done by encoding the list into a well-formed XML attribute with some format beyond what XML defines itself. Usually this is either a comma or semi-colon delimited list or, if the individual values are known not to contain spaces, a space-delimited list can be used.
Welcome!
, where the attribute "class" has both the value "inner greeting-box" and also indicates the two CSS class names "inner" and "greeting-box".

 XML declaration
 XML documents may begin with an XML declaration that describes some information about themselves. An example is <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>.

Characters and escaping
XML documents consist entirely of characters from the Unicode repertoire. Except for a small number of specifically excluded control characters, any character defined by Unicode may appear within the content of an XML document.

XML includes facilities for identifying the encoding of the Unicode characters that make up the document, and for expressing characters that, for one reason or another, cannot be used directly.

Valid characters

Unicode code points in the following ranges are valid in XML 1.0 documents:
 U+0009 (Horizontal Tab), U+000A (Line Feed), U+000D (Carriage Return): these are the only C0 controls accepted in XML 1.0;
 U+0020–U+D7FF, U+E000–U+FFFD: this excludes some non-characters in the BMP (all surrogates, U+FFFE and U+FFFF are forbidden);
 U+10000–U+10FFFF: this includes all code points in supplementary planes, including non-characters.

XML 1.1 extends the set of allowed characters to include all the above, plus the remaining characters in the range U+0001–U+001F. At the same time, however, it restricts the use of C0 and C1 control characters other than U+0009 (Horizontal Tab), U+000A (Line Feed), U+000D (Carriage Return), and U+0085 (Next Line) by requiring them to be written in escaped form (for example U+0001 must be written as  or its equivalent). In the case of C1 characters, this restriction is a backwards incompatibility; it was introduced to allow common encoding errors to be detected.

The code point U+0000 (Null) is the only character that is not permitted in any XML 1.0 or 1.1 document.

Encoding detection
The Unicode character set can be encoded into bytes for storage or transmission in a variety of different ways, called "encodings". Unicode itself defines encodings that cover the entire repertoire; well-known ones include UTF-8 and UTF-16. There are many other text encodings that predate Unicode, such as ASCII and ISO/IEC 8859; their character repertoires in almost every case are subsets of the Unicode character set.

XML allows the use of any of the Unicode-defined encodings, and any other encodings whose characters also appear in Unicode. XML also provides a mechanism whereby an XML processor can reliably, without any prior knowledge, determine which encoding is being used. Encodings other than UTF-8 and UTF-16 are not necessarily recognized by every XML parser.

Escaping
XML provides escape facilities for including characters that are problematic to include directly. For example:
 The characters "<" and "&" are key syntax markers and may never appear in content outside a CDATA section. It is allowed, but not recommended, to use "<" in XML entity values.
 Some character encodings support only a subset of Unicode. For example, it is legal to encode an XML document in ASCII, but ASCII lacks code points for Unicode characters such as "é".
 It might not be possible to type the character on the author's machine.
 Some characters have glyphs that cannot be visually distinguished from other characters, such as the non-breaking space ( ) " " and the space ( ) " ", and the Cyrillic capital letter A (А) "А" and the Latin capital letter A (A) "A".

There are five predefined entities:
 < represents "<";
 > represents ">";
 & represents "&";
 ' represents "";
 " represents ''.
All permitted Unicode characters may be represented with a numeric character reference. Consider the Chinese character "中", whose numeric code in Unicode is hexadecimal 4E2D, or decimal 20,013. A user whose keyboard offers no method for entering this character could still insert it in an XML document encoded either as 中 or 中. Similarly, the string "I <3 Jörg" could be encoded for inclusion in an XML document as I <3 Jörg.

� is not permitted, however, because the null character is one of the control characters excluded from XML, even when using a numeric character reference. An alternative encoding mechanism such as Base64 is needed to represent such characters.

Comments
Comments may appear anywhere in a document outside other markup. Comments cannot appear before the XML declaration. Comments begin with . For compatibility with SGML, the string "--" (double-hyphen) is not allowed inside comments; this means comments cannot be nested. The ampersand has no special significance within comments, so entity and character references are not recognized as such, and there is no way to represent characters outside the character set of the document encoding.

An example of a valid comment:

International use
XML 1.0 (Fifth Edition) and XML 1.1 support the direct use of almost any Unicode character in element names, attributes, comments, character data, and processing instructions (other than the ones that have special symbolic meaning in XML itself, such as the less-than sign, "<"). The following is a well-formed XML document including Chinese, Armenian and Cyrillic characters:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<俄语 լեզու="ռուսերեն">данные</俄语>

Syntactical correctness and error-handling

The XML specification defines an XML document as a well-formed text, meaning that it satisfies a list of syntax rules provided in the specification. Some key points in the fairly lengthy list include:
 The document contains only properly encoded legal Unicode characters.
 None of the special syntax characters such as < and & appear except when performing their markup-delineation roles.
 The start-tag, end-tag, and empty-element tag that delimit elements are correctly nested, with none missing and none overlapping.
 Tag names are case-sensitive; the start-tag and end-tag must match exactly.
 Tag names cannot contain any of the characters !"#$%&'()*+,/;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~, nor a space character, and cannot begin with "-", ".", or a numeric digit.
 A single root element contains all the other elements.

The definition of an XML document excludes texts that contain violations of well-formedness rules; they are simply not XML. An XML processor that encounters such a violation is required to report such errors and to cease normal processing. This policy, occasionally referred to as "draconian error handling," stands in notable contrast to the behavior of programs that process HTML, which are designed to produce a reasonable result even in the presence of severe markup errors. XML's policy in this area has been criticized as a violation of Postel's law ("Be conservative in what you send; be liberal in what you accept").

The XML specification defines a valid XML document as a well-formed XML document which also conforms to the rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD).

Schemas and validation
In addition to being well-formed, an XML document may be valid. This means that it contains a reference to a Document Type Definition (DTD), and that its elements and attributes are declared in that DTD and follow the grammatical rules for them that the DTD specifies.

XML processors are classified as validating or non-validating depending on whether or not they check XML documents for validity. A processor that discovers a validity error must be able to report it, but may continue normal processing.

A DTD is an example of a schema or grammar. Since the initial publication of XML 1.0, there has been substantial work in the area of schema languages for XML. Such schema languages typically constrain the set of elements that may be used in a document, which attributes may be applied to them, the order in which they may appear, and the allowable parent/child relationships.

Document type definition

The oldest schema language for XML is the document type definition (DTD), inherited from SGML.

DTDs have the following benefits:
 DTD support is ubiquitous due to its inclusion in the XML 1.0 standard.
 DTDs are terse compared to element-based schema languages and consequently present more information in a single screen.
 DTDs allow the declaration of standard public entity sets for publishing characters.
 DTDs define a document type rather than the types used by a namespace, thus grouping all constraints for a document in a single collection.

DTDs have the following limitations:
 They have no explicit support for newer features of XML, most importantly namespaces.
 They lack expressiveness. XML DTDs are simpler than SGML DTDs and there are certain structures that cannot be expressed with regular grammars. DTDs only support rudimentary datatypes.
 They lack readability. DTD designers typically make heavy use of parameter entities (which behave essentially as textual macros), which make it easier to define complex grammars, but at the expense of clarity.
 They use a syntax based on regular expression syntax, inherited from SGML, to describe the schema. Typical XML APIs such as SAX do not attempt to offer applications a structured representation of the syntax, so it is less accessible to programmers than an element-based syntax may be.

Two peculiar features that distinguish DTDs from other schema types are the syntactic support for embedding a DTD within XML documents and for defining entities, which are arbitrary fragments of text or markup that the XML processor inserts in the DTD itself and in the XML document wherever they are referenced, like character escapes.

DTD technology is still used in many applications because of its ubiquity.

Schema

A newer schema language, described by the W3C as the successor of DTDs, is XML Schema, often referred to by the initialism for XML Schema instances, XSD (XML Schema Definition). XSDs are far more powerful than DTDs in describing XML languages. They use a rich datatyping system and allow for more detailed constraints on an XML document's logical structure. XSDs also use an XML-based format, which makes it possible to use ordinary XML tools to help process them.

xs:schema element that defines a schema:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"></xs:schema>

RELAX NG
RELAX NG (Regular Language for XML Next Generation) was initially specified by OASIS and is now a standard (Part 2: Regular-grammar-based validation of ISO/IEC 19757 - DSDL). RELAX NG schemas may be written in either an XML based syntax or a more compact non-XML syntax; the two syntaxes are isomorphic and James Clark's conversion tool—Trang—can convert between them without loss of information. RELAX NG has a simpler definition and validation framework than XML Schema, making it easier to use and implement. It also has the ability to use datatype framework plug-ins; a RELAX NG schema author, for example, can require values in an XML document to conform to definitions in XML Schema Datatypes.

Schematron
Schematron is a language for making assertions about the presence or absence of patterns in an XML document. It typically uses XPath expressions. Schematron is now a standard (Part 3: Rule-based validation of ISO/IEC 19757 - DSDL).

DSDL and other schema languages
DSDL (Document Schema Definition Languages) is a multi-part ISO/IEC standard (ISO/IEC 19757) that brings together a comprehensive set of small schema languages, each targeted at specific problems. DSDL includes RELAX NG full and compact syntax, Schematron assertion language, and languages for defining datatypes, character repertoire constraints, renaming and entity expansion, and namespace-based routing of document fragments to different validators. DSDL schema languages do not have the vendor support of XML Schemas yet, and are to some extent a grassroots reaction of industrial publishers to the lack of utility of XML Schemas for publishing.

Some schema languages not only describe the structure of a particular XML format but also offer limited facilities to influence processing of individual XML files that conform to this format. DTDs and XSDs both have this ability; they can for instance provide the infoset augmentation facility and attribute defaults. RELAX NG and Schematron intentionally do not provide these.

Related specifications
A cluster of specifications closely related to XML have been developed, starting soon after the initial publication of XML 1.0. It is frequently the case that the term "XML" is used to refer to XML together with one or more of these other technologies that have come to be seen as part of the XML core.
 XML namespaces enable the same document to contain XML elements and attributes taken from different vocabularies, without any naming collisions occurring. Although XML Namespaces are not part of the XML specification itself, virtually all XML software also supports XML Namespaces.
 XML Base defines the xml:base attribute, which may be used to set the base for resolution of relative URI references within the scope of a single XML element.
 XML Information Set or XML Infoset is an abstract data model for XML documents in terms of information items. The infoset is commonly used in the specifications of XML languages, for convenience in describing constraints on the XML constructs those languages allow.
 XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language) is a family of languages used to transform and render XML documents, split into three parts:
 XSLT (XSL Transformations), an XML language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents or other formats such as HTML, plain text, or XSL-FO. XSLT is very tightly coupled with XPath, which it uses to address components of the input XML document, mainly elements and attributes.
 XSL-FO (XSL Formatting Objects), an XML language for rendering XML documents, often used to generate PDFs.
 XPath (XML Path Language), a non-XML language for addressing the components (elements, attributes, and so on) of an XML document. XPath is widely used in other core-XML specifications and in programming libraries for accessing XML-encoded data.
 XQuery (XML Query) is an XML query language strongly rooted in XPath and XML Schema. It provides methods to access, manipulate and return XML, and is mainly conceived as a query language for XML databases.
 XML Signature defines syntax and processing rules for creating digital signatures on XML content.
 XML Encryption defines syntax and processing rules for encrypting XML content.
 xml-model (Part 11: Schema Association  of ISO/IEC 19757 - DSDL) defines a means of associating any xml document with any of the schema types mentioned above.

Some other specifications conceived as part of the "XML Core" have failed to find wide adoption, including XInclude, XLink, and XPointer.

Programming interfaces
The design goals of XML include, "It shall be easy to write programs which process XML documents." Despite this, the XML specification contains almost no information about how programmers might go about doing such processing. The XML Infoset specification provides a vocabulary to refer to the constructs within an XML document, but does not provide any guidance on how to access this information. A variety of APIs for accessing XML have been developed and used, and some have been standardized.

Existing APIs for XML processing tend to fall into these categories:
 Stream-oriented APIs accessible from a programming language, for example SAX and StAX.
 Tree-traversal APIs accessible from a programming language, for example DOM.
 XML data binding, which provides an automated translation between an XML document and programming-language objects.
 Declarative transformation languages such as XSLT and XQuery.
 Syntax extensions to general-purpose programming languages, for example LINQ and Scala.

Stream-oriented facilities require less memory and, for certain tasks based on a linear traversal of an XML document, are faster and simpler than other alternatives. Tree-traversal and data-binding APIs typically require the use of much more memory, but are often found more convenient for use by programmers; some include declarative retrieval of document components via the use of XPath expressions.

XSLT is designed for declarative description of XML document transformations, and has been widely implemented both in server-side packages and Web browsers. XQuery overlaps XSLT in its functionality, but is designed more for searching of large XML databases.

Simple API for XML

Simple API for XML (SAX) is a lexical, event-driven API in which a document is read serially and its contents are reported as callbacks to various methods on a handler object of the user's design. SAX is fast and efficient to implement, but difficult to use for extracting information at random from the XML, since it tends to burden the application author with keeping track of what part of the document is being processed. It is better suited to situations in which certain types of information are always handled the same way, no matter where they occur in the document.

Pull parsing
Pull parsing treats the document as a series of items read in sequence using the iterator design pattern. This allows for writing of recursive descent parsers in which the structure of the code performing the parsing mirrors the structure of the XML being parsed, and intermediate parsed results can be used and accessed as local variables within the functions performing the parsing, or passed down (as function parameters) into lower-level functions, or returned (as function return values) to higher-level functions. Examples of pull parsers include Data::Edit::Xml in Perl, StAX in the Java programming language, XMLPullParser in Smalltalk, XMLReader in PHP, ElementTree.iterparse in Python, System.Xml.XmlReader in the .NET Framework, and the DOM traversal API (NodeIterator and TreeWalker).

A pull parser creates an iterator that sequentially visits the various elements, attributes, and data in an XML document. Code that uses this iterator can test the current item (to tell, for example, whether it is a start-tag or end-tag, or text), and inspect its attributes (local name, namespace, values of XML attributes, value of text, etc.), and can also move the iterator to the next item. The code can thus extract information from the document as it traverses it. The recursive-descent approach tends to lend itself to keeping data as typed local variables in the code doing the parsing, while SAX, for instance, typically requires a parser to manually maintain intermediate data within a stack of elements that are parent elements of the element being parsed. Pull-parsing code can be more straightforward to understand and maintain than SAX parsing code.

Document Object Model

Document Object Model (DOM) is an API that allows for navigation of the entire document as if it were a tree of node objects representing the document's contents. A DOM document can be created by a parser, or can be generated manually by users (with limitations). Data types in DOM nodes are abstract; implementations provide their own programming language-specific bindings. DOM implementations tend to be memory intensive, as they generally require the entire document to be loaded into memory and constructed as a tree of objects before access is allowed.

Data binding
XML data binding is the binding of XML documents to a hierarchy of custom and strongly typed objects, in contrast to the generic objects created by a DOM parser. This approach simplifies code development, and in many cases allows problems to be identified at compile time rather than run-time. It is suitable for applications where the document structure is known and fixed at the time the application is written. Example data binding systems include the Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB), XML Serialization in .NET Framework. and XML serialization in gSOAP.

XML as data type
XML has appeared as a first-class data type in other languages. The ECMAScript for XML (E4X) extension to the ECMAScript/JavaScript language explicitly defines two specific objects (XML and XMLList) for JavaScript, which support XML document nodes and XML node lists as distinct objects and use a dot-notation specifying parent-child relationships. E4X is supported by the Mozilla 2.5+ browsers (though now deprecated) and Adobe Actionscript, but has not been adopted more universally. Similar notations are used in Microsoft's LINQ implementation for Microsoft .NET 3.5 and above, and in Scala (which uses the Java VM). The open-source xmlsh application, which provides a Linux-like shell with special features for XML manipulation, similarly treats XML as a data type, using the <[ ]> notation. The Resource Description Framework defines a data type rdf:XMLLiteral to hold wrapped, canonical XML. Facebook has produced extensions to the PHP and JavaScript languages that add XML to the core syntax in a similar fashion to E4X, namely XHP and JSX respectively.

History
XML is an application profile of SGML (ISO 8879).

The versatility of SGML for dynamic information display was understood by early digital media publishers in the late 1980s prior to the rise of the Internet. By the mid-1990s some practitioners of SGML had gained experience with the then-new World Wide Web, and believed that SGML offered solutions to some of the problems the Web was likely to face as it grew. Dan Connolly added SGML to the list of W3C's activities when he joined the staff in 1995; work began in mid-1996 when Sun Microsystems engineer Jon Bosak developed a charter and recruited collaborators. Bosak was well connected in the small community of people who had experience both in SGML and the Web.

XML was compiled by a working group of eleven members, supported by a (roughly) 150-member Interest Group. Technical debate took place on the Interest Group mailing list and issues were resolved by consensus or, when that failed, majority vote of the Working Group. A record of design decisions and their rationales was compiled by Michael Sperberg-McQueen on December 4, 1997. James Clark served as Technical Lead of the Working Group, notably contributing the empty-element <empty /> syntax and the name "XML". Other names that had been put forward for consideration included "MAGMA" (Minimal Architecture for Generalized Markup Applications), "SLIM" (Structured Language for Internet Markup) and "MGML" (Minimal Generalized Markup Language). The co-editors of the specification were originally Tim Bray and Michael Sperberg-McQueen. Halfway through the project Bray accepted a consulting engagement with Netscape, provoking vociferous protests from Microsoft. Bray was temporarily asked to resign the editorship. This led to intense dispute in the Working Group, eventually solved by the appointment of Microsoft's Jean Paoli as a third co-editor.

The XML Working Group never met face-to-face; the design was accomplished using a combination of email and weekly teleconferences. The major design decisions were reached in a short burst of intense work between August and November 1996, when the first Working Draft of an XML specification was published. Further design work continued through 1997, and XML 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on February 10, 1998.

Sources
XML is a profile of an ISO standard SGML, and most of XML comes from SGML unchanged. From SGML comes the separation of logical and physical structures (elements and entities), the availability of grammar-based validation (DTDs), the separation of data and metadata (elements and attributes), mixed content, the separation of processing from representation (processing instructions), and the default angle-bracket syntax. Removed were the SGML declaration (XML has a fixed delimiter set and adopts Unicode as the document character set).

Other sources of technology for XML were the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative), which defined a profile of SGML for use as a "transfer syntax"; and HTML, in which elements were synchronous with their resource, document character sets were separate from resource encoding, the xml:lang attribute was invented, and (like HTTP) metadata accompanied the resource rather than being needed at the declaration of a link. The ERCS(Extended Reference Concrete Syntax) project of the SPREAD (Standardization Project Regarding East Asian Documents) project of the ISO-related China/Japan/Korea Document Processing expert group was the basis of XML 1.0's naming rules; SPREAD also introduced hexadecimal numeric character references and the concept of references to make available all Unicode characters. To support ERCS, XML and HTML better, the SGML standard IS 8879 was revised in 1996 and 1998 with WebSGML Adaptations. The XML header followed that of ISO HyTime.

Ideas that developed during discussion that are novel in XML included the algorithm for encoding detection and the encoding header, the processing instruction target, the xml:space attribute, and the new close delimiter for empty-element tags. The notion of well-formedness as opposed to validity (which enables parsing without a schema) was first formalized in XML, although it had been implemented successfully in the Electronic Book Technology "Dynatext" software; the software from the University of Waterloo New Oxford English Dictionary Project; the RISP LISP SGML text processor at Uniscope, Tokyo; the US Army Missile Command IADS hypertext system; Mentor Graphics Context; Interleaf and Xerox Publishing System.

Versions
There are two current versions of XML. The first (XML 1.0) was initially defined in 1998. It has undergone minor revisions since then, without being given a new version number, and is currently in its fifth edition, as published on November 26, 2008. It is widely implemented and still recommended for general use.

The second (XML 1.1) was initially published on February 4, 2004, the same day as XML 1.0 Third Edition, and is currently in its second edition, as published on August 16, 2006. It contains features (some contentious) that are intended to make XML easier to use in certain cases. The main changes are to enable the use of line-ending characters used on EBCDIC platforms, and the use of scripts and characters absent from Unicode 3.2. XML 1.1 is not very widely implemented and is recommended for use only by those who need its particular features.

Prior to its fifth edition release, XML 1.0 differed from XML 1.1 in having stricter requirements for characters available for use in element and attribute names and unique identifiers: in the first four editions of XML 1.0 the characters were exclusively enumerated using a specific version of the Unicode standard (Unicode 2.0 to Unicode 3.2.) The fifth edition substitutes the mechanism of XML 1.1, which is more future-proof but reduces redundancy. The approach taken in the fifth edition of XML 1.0 and in all editions of XML 1.1 is that only certain characters are forbidden in names, and everything else is allowed to accommodate suitable name characters in future Unicode versions. In the fifth edition, XML names may contain characters in the Balinese, Cham, or Phoenician scripts among many others added to Unicode since Unicode 3.2.

Almost any Unicode code point can be used in the character data and attribute values of an XML 1.0 or 1.1 document, even if the character corresponding to the code point is not defined in the current version of Unicode. In character data and attribute values, XML 1.1 allows the use of more control characters than XML 1.0, but, for "robustness", most of the control characters introduced in XML 1.1 must be expressed as numeric character references (and #x7F through #x9F, which had been allowed in XML 1.0, are in XML 1.1 even required to be expressed as numeric character references). Among the supported control characters in XML 1.1 are two line break codes that must be treated as whitespace. Whitespace characters are the only control codes that can be written directly.

There has been discussion of an XML 2.0, although no organization has announced plans for work on such a project. XML-SW (SW for skunkworks), written by one of the original developers of XML, contains some proposals for what an XML 2.0 might look like: elimination of DTDs from syntax, integration of namespaces, XML Base and XML Information Set into the base standard.

The World Wide Web Consortium also has an XML Binary Characterization Working Group doing preliminary research into use cases and properties for a binary encoding of XML Information Set. The working group is not chartered to produce any official standards. Since XML is by definition text-based, ITU-T and ISO are using the name Fast Infoset for their own binary infoset to avoid confusion (see ITU-T Rec. X.891 and ISO/IEC 24824-1).

Criticism
XML and its extensions have regularly been criticized for verbosity, complexity and redundancy. Mapping the basic tree model of XML to type systems of programming languages or databases can be difficult, especially when XML is used for exchanging highly structured data between applications, which was not its primary design goal. However, XML data binding systems allow applications to access XML data directly from objects representing a data structure of the data in the programming language used, which ensures type safety, rather than using the DOM or SAX to retrieve data from a direct representation of the XML itself. This is accomplished by automatically creating a mapping between elements of the XML schema XSD of the document and members of a class to be represented in memory. Other criticisms attempt to refute the claim that XML is a self-describing language (though the XML specification itself makes no such claim). JSON, YAML, and S-Expressions are frequently proposed as simpler alternatives (see Comparison of data serialization formats) that focus on representing highly structured data rather than documents, which may contain both highly structured and relatively unstructured content. However, W3C standardized XML schema specifications offer a broader range of structured XSD data types compared to simpler serialization formats and offer modularity and reuse through XML namespaces.

See also
 List of XML markup languages
 List of XML schemas
 Comparison of layout engines (XML)
 Comparison of data serialization formats
 Binary XML
 EBML
 WBXML
 XML Protocol

Notes

References

Further reading
 Annex A of ISO 8879:1986 (SGML)

External links

 W3C XML homepage
 XML 1.0 Specification
 Retrospective on Extended Reference Concrete Syntax by Rick Jelliffe
 XML, Java and the Future of the Web (1997) by Jon Bosak
 http://validator.w3.org/ The Official [W3C] Markup Validation Service
 The XML FAQ originally for the W3C's XML SIG by Peter Flynn

Category:Application layer protocols
Category:Articles with example code
Category:Bibliography file formats
Category:Computer file formats
Category:Data modeling languages
Category:Data serialization formats
Category:Markup languages
Category:Open formats
Category:Presentation layer protocols
Category:Technical communication
Category:World Wide Web Consortium standards


Karimabad, Kuhrang

Karimabad (, also Romanized as Karīmābād) is a village in Doab Rural District, Bazoft District, Kuhrang County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 35, in 6 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Kuhrang County


Glenmoor Gardens

'Glenmoor Gardens' is a neighborhood of nearly 1,900 homes in central Fremont, California and is Fremont's largest subdivision. The neighborhood is bounded, approximately, by I-880 on the west, Mowry Avenue to the south, Central Avenue to the north, and Fremont Boulevard on the east.

In the 19th century there were seven large farms in the Glenmoor area, including those of Garrett Norris, Herman Eggers, Robert Blacow, Martin Brophy, and Ashley Cameron.  Glenmoor Gardens was largely developed on the sites of the Norris, Eggers, Cameron, and Brophy farms. The lands of Norris and Eggers covered 275 acres between Blacow Road and Fremont Boulevard; the Cameron and Brophy farms covered 320 acres below Blacow Road.

The Glenmoor Companies
In the 1950s and 1960s, Glenmoor Gardens was developed as tracts of single family residences, with a neighborhood commercial area and several apartment buildings at its center, by Glenmoor Homes, Inc., and other businesses owned by James L. Reeder, Sr., James Meyer, and Ralph Cotter, Jr. They also built several apartment and shopping complexes in the Fremont area.

Glenmoor Gardens Homeowners Association

The Glenmoor Gardens Homeowners Association is a governing body of elected homeowners in the neighborhood. The association has a design review committee that oversees house appearance, lawn care, remodels, fencing and/or any visual impact from a property to the rest of the neighborhood.

The association owns two parks. Both Meyer Park and Alta Park have picnic areas and children's play areas open to all residents.

Glenmoor Gardens Swim and Tennis Club
Glenmoor Gardens Homeowners Association has two swimming pools, one at Meyer Park and one at Alta Park. also 3 lighted Tennis Courts at Alta Park with 2 Basketball Courts. All facilities are available to Glenmoor homeowners with a yearly subscription or for a daily fee.

Events
Major holidays are marked by festivities. There is a neighborhood Fourth of July parade, with bikes, strollers and even lawn mowers decked out and on parade. After the parade, the pool at Alta Park is open for a free swim and many residents participate in a BBQ cookout.

A  Redwood Tree in Meyer Park is lit to welcome the Christmas holiday season with caroling and a visit from Santa, too. Halloween carnivals, an Easter Bunny visit and an annual flea market (all volunteer coordinated and run) continue the festive, neighborhood spirit throughout the year.

Education
Glenmoor is in the Fremont Unified School District. Three of the District's schools are located in Glenmoor: Glenmoor Elementary School, Maloney Elementary School, and Mattos Elementary School. Glenmoor and Maloney are in the attendance area for Centerville Junior High School and Washington High School. Students in the Mattos attendance area go on to Walters Junior High School and John F. Kennedy High School. Glenmoor is also in the Ohlone Community College District.

Notes

External links
Glenmoor Gardens Homeowners Association Website

Category:Geography of Fremont, California


Japanese input method

Japanese input methods are used to input Japanese characters on a computer.

There are two main methods of inputting Japanese on computers. One is via a romanized version of Japanese called rōmaji (literally "Roman character"), and the other is via keyboard keys corresponding to the Japanese kana. Some systems may also work via a graphical user interface, or GUI, where the characters are chosen by clicking on buttons or image maps.

Japanese keyboards

Japanese keyboards (as shown on the second image) have both hiragana and Roman letters indicated. The JIS, or Japanese Industrial Standard, keyboard layout keeps the Roman letters in the English QWERTY layout, with numbers above them. Many of the non-alphanumeric symbols are the same as on English-language keyboards, but some symbols are located in other places. The hiragana symbols are also ordered in a consistent way across different keyboards.  For example, the Q, W, E, R, T, Y keys correspond to た, て, い, す, か, ん (ta, te, i, su, ka, and n) respectively when the computer is used for direct hiragana input.

Input keys

Since Japanese input requires switching between Roman and hiragana entry modes, and also conversion between hiragana and kanji (as discussed below), there are usually several special keys on the keyboard. This varies from computer to computer, and some OS vendors have striven to provide a consistent user interface regardless of the type of keyboard being used.  On non-Japanese keyboards, option- or control- key sequences can perform all of the tasks mentioned below.

On most Japanese keyboards, one key switches between Roman characters and Japanese characters.  Sometimes, each mode (Roman and Japanese) may even have its own key, in order to prevent ambiguity when the user is typing quickly.

There may also be a key to instruct the computer to convert the latest hiragana characters into kanji, although usually the space key serves the same purpose since Japanese writing doesn't use spaces.

Some keyboards have a mode key to switch between different forms of writing. This of course would only be the case on keyboards that contain more than one set of Japanese symbols. Hiragana, katakana, halfwidth katakana, halfwidth Roman letters, and fullwidth Roman letters are some of the options. A typical Japanese character is square while Roman characters are typically variable in width. Since all Japanese characters occupy the space of a square box, it is sometimes desirable to input Roman characters in the same square form in order to preserve the grid layout of the text. These Roman characters that have been fitted to a square character cell are called fullwidth, while the normal ones are called halfwidth. In some fonts these are fitted to half-squares, like some monospaced fonts, while in others they are not. Often, fonts are available in two variants, one with the halfwidth characters monospaced, and another one with proportional halfwidth characters. The name of the typeface with proportional halfwidth characters is often prefixed with "P" for "proportional".

Finally, a keyboard may have a special key to tell the OS that the last kana entered should not be converted to kanji.  Sometimes this is just the Return/Enter key.

Thumb-shift keyboards

A thumb-shift keyboard is an alternative design, popular among professional Japanese typists. Like a standard Japanese keyboard, it has hiragana characters marked in addition to Latin letters, but the layout is completely different. Most letter keys have two kana characters associated with them, which allows all the characters to fit in three rows, like in Western layouts. In the place of the space bar key on a conventional keyboard, there are two additional modifier keys, operated with thumbs - one of them is used to enter the alternate character marked, and the other is used for voiced sounds. The semi-voiced sounds are entered using either the conventional shift key operated by the little finger, or take place of the voiced sound for characters not having a voiced variant.

The kana-to-kanji conversion is done in the same way as when using any other type of keyboard. There are dedicated conversion keys on some designs, while on others the thumb shift keys double as such.

Rōmaji input

As an alternative to direct input of kana, a number of Japanese input method editors allow Japanese text to be entered using rōmaji, which can then be converted to kana or kanji. This method does not require the use of a Japanese keyboard with kana markings.

Mobile phones

Keitai input

The primary system used to input Japanese on mobile phones is based on the numerical keypad. Each number is associated with a particular sequence of kana, such as ka, ki, ku, ke, ko for '2', and the button is pressed repeatedly to get the correct kana – each key corresponds to a column in the gojūon (5 row × 10 column grid of kana), while the number of presses determines the row. Dakuten and handakuten marks, punctuation, and other symbols can be added by other buttons in the same way. Kana to kanji conversion is done via the arrow and other keys.

Flick input

Flick input is a Japanese input method used on smartphones. The key layout is the same as the Keitai input, but rather than pressing a key repeatedly, the user can swipe from the key in a certain direction to produce the desired character. Smartphone Japanese IMEs such as Google Japanese Input, POBox and S-Shoin all support flick input.

Godan layout

In addition to the industry standard QWERTY and 12 key layouts, Google Japanese Input offers a 15-key Godan keyboard layout, which is an alphabet layout optimized for romaji input. The letters fit in a five rows by three columns grid. The left column consists of the five vowels, in the same order as the columns in the Gojūon table (a, i, u, e, o), while the central and right column consists of letters for the nine main voiceless consonants of kanas, in the same order as the rows in the Gojūon table (k, s, t, n, [special]; h, m, y, r, w). Other characters are typed by flick gesture:
 The other twelve Latin consonants not needed for composing kanas (c, d, f, g, h, j, l, p, q, v, x, z) are composed on the voiceless consonants by swiping them up, or right, or even left (swiping k for q or g; swiping s for j or z; swiping t for c or d; swiping h for f, b or p; swiping m for l; swiping y for x; swiping w for v).
 The main voiced kanas are composed like in romaji, by typing (without swiping) the voiceless consonant on the two last columns, then swiping the vowel on the first column.
 The other voiced kanas letters (with handakuon or small forms) are composed by typing the voiceless consonant, then swiping the vowel, then swiping the [special] key (in the middle of the last row) to select the handakuon (swipe to the left or right) or small kana forms (swipe up).
 Small kana can be written by swiping to l or x, and then writing the wanted letter, e.g. inputs “fa” and “hu/fu, then la/xa” both give out ふぁ/ファ fa, as in ファミコン Famikon.
 Decimal digits are composed by swiping down the keys located on the first 3 rows (digits 1 to 9) or the middle of the fourth row (digit 0).
 The four main punctuation signs are composed by swiping r at end of the fourth row (swipe down for comma, left for the full stop, up for the question mark, right for the exclamation mark).
 Other signs or input controls may be composed by typing or swiping the other unused positions of other keys. But the tactile version of the layout adds keys in two additional columns for typing space, Enter, Backspace, moving the input cursor to the left or right, converting the previous character between hiragana and katakana, and selecting other input modes.
 Writing just c gives out か・く・こ when written with a, u and o respectively, and し・せ when with i and e, respectively.
 To write a sokuon before ち, the inputs WITH this character are: lt(s)u/xt(s)u, ti/chi. The input tchi doesn't work.
 [Special] consists of ゛, ゜ and 小 (dakuten, handakuten, small).

Unlike the 12-key input, repeating a key in Godan is not interpreted as a gesture to cycle through kana with different vowels, but rather it would be interpreted as a repeated romaji letter behaving the same as in the QWERTY layout mode.

Other

Other consumer devices in Japan which allow for text entry via on-screen programming, such as digital video recorders and video game consoles, allow the user to toggle between the numerical keypad and a full keyboard (QWERTY, or ABC order) input system.

Kana to kanji conversion

After the kana have been input, they are either left as they are, or converted into kanji (Chinese characters).  The Japanese language has many homophones, and conversion of a kana spelling (representing the pronunciation) into a kanji (representing the standard written form of the word) is often a one-to-many process. The kana to kanji converter offers a list of candidate kanji writings for the input kana, and the user may use the space bar or arrow keys to scroll through the list of candidates until they reach the correct writing. On reaching the correct written form, pressing the Enter key, or sometimes the "henkan" key, ends the conversion process.  This selection can also be controlled through the GUI with a mouse or other pointing device.

If the hiragana is required, pressing the Enter key immediately after the characters are entered will end the conversion process and results in the hiragana as typed. If katakana is required, it is usually presented as an option along with the kanji choices.  Alternatively, on some keyboards, pressing the  button switches between katakana and hiragana.

Sophisticated kana to kanji converters (known collectively as input method editors, or IMEs), allow conversion of multiple kana words into kanji at once, freeing the user from having to do a conversion at each stage. The user can convert at any stage of input by pressing the space bar or henkan button, and the converter attempts to guess the correct division of words.  Some IME programs display a brief definition of each word in order to help the user choose the correct kanji.

Sometimes the kana to kanji converter may guess the correct kanji for all the words, but if it does not, the cursor (arrow) keys may be used to move backwards and forwards between candidate words, or digit keys can be used to select one of them directly (without pressing cursor keys multiple times and pressing Enter to confirm the choice). If the selected word boundaries are incorrect, the word boundaries can be moved using the control key (or shift key, e.g. on iBus-Anthy) plus the arrow keys.

Learning systems

Modern systems learn the user's preferences for conversion and put the most recently selected candidates at the top of the conversion list, and also remember which words the user is likely to use when considering word boundaries.

Predictive systems

The systems used on mobile phones go even further, and try to guess entire phrases or sentences. After a few kana have been entered, the phone automatically offers entire phrases or sentences as possible completion candidates, jumping beyond what has been input.  This is usually based on words sent in previous messages.

See also

Japanese language and computers
Japanese typewriter
List of input methods for UNIX platforms
Wāpuro rōmaji
Wabun Code – Japanese Morse code
List of CJK fonts
Chinese input methods for computers
Wnn
Kotoeri
ATOK
Google Japanese Input

References

External links
 Microsoft (Office) IME CJK for Windows XP thru' Windows 7, see Windows#Multilingual support: IMEs and LIPs
 Online Japanese Virtual Keyboard
 Ajax IME: Web-based Japanese Input Method
 LiteType: Japanese Interactive Virtual Keyboard
  How to change between Japanese input methods (direct kana to rōmaji input) on Windows operating systems: ローマ字入力・ひらがな入力切替方法

Input methods
Input methods
Category:Han character input
Category:Keyboard layouts
Input methods


Marcus Browne (footballer)

Marcus Alexander Browne (born 18 December 1997) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Oxford United on loan from Championship club Middlesbrough. A product of the West Ham United youth academy, he can play in a central attacking midfield role and can also operate on both wings.

Club career

West Ham United
Browne joined West Ham United at the age of 8 and progressed through the academy at the club prior to signing his first professional contract on 12 November 2015.

On 18 August 2016, Browne made his senior debut in a Europa League fixture against Astra Giurgiu. The game finished 1–1 and Browne replaced Gökhan Töre in the 75th minute. After making a tackle in the middle of the pitch, Browne ran for around  before passing to teammate Michail Antonio before the right winger missed a clear chance to score.

On 20 January 2017, Browne joined struggling Championship club Wigan Athletic on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut and only appearance on 29 January, where he came on as a second-half substitute in their 4–0 FA Cup defeat to Premier League giants Manchester United. Wigan went on to suffer relegation to League One at the end of the divisional campaign.

On 24 July 2018, Browne joined established League One club Oxford United on a season-long loan. He made his league debut, coming on as a substitute, during a 2–0 home defeat to Fleetwood Town, their second game of the season. Browne scored his first goal for Oxford in a convincing 2–0 win against Coventry City on 14 August, in the first round of their EFL Cup campaign. His first league goal, which was referred to as a "superb solo goal", came in a 3–2 home defeat to Accrington Stanley a week later.

By the end of the season, Browne had scored 9 goals in 44 appearances throughout all competitions, 6 of which occurred in his 34 divisional appearances.

Middlesbrough
On 26 July 2019, Browne signed a four-year deal with Championship club Middlesbrough for an officially undisclosed transfer fee.

Browne re-joined Oxford United on 9 January 2020 on a loan deal until the end of the 2019–20 season.

Style of play
Oxford United manager Karl Robinson praised the player upon his arrival at the club, stating, "He is technically very good, he sees a pass and will score goals so he is very talented and we know there were a lot of clubs chasing him."

Upon his arrival at the Teesside-based club, Middlesbrough manager Jonathan Woodgate stated, "Marcus is an exciting, hungry young player who wants to come and play for this football club. He's just what we need. He can play in three different positions and he is quick. I watched a lot of games for Oxford last season and he's not only the type of player we want here, but he's also the type we can improve, and he will get better."

Career statistics

References

External links

Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:English footballers
Category:Footballers from Greater London
Category:Black English sportspeople
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:West Ham United F.C. players
Category:Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Category:Oxford United F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Middlesbrough F.C. players


Edward Turner Bale

Edward Turner Bale (1810 – October 9, 1849) was an English immigrant physician who built the Bale Grist Mill in Napa County, California.

Life
He arrived from England in Monterey, California in 1837 on the H.M.S. Harriet, having served as the ship's surgeon. He soon became Surgeon-In-Chief of the Mexican Army under General Mariano Vallejo, and on March 21, 1839, married Vallejo's niece Maria Ignacia Soberanes. After becoming a citizen of Mexico in March 1841, in June, Bale was granted the Rancho Carne Humana, which comprised the land between what is now Rutherford and Calistoga, California.

Construction of the Bale Grist Mill located between St. Helena and Calistoga was completed in 1846, the same year the Bear Flag Revolt claimed independence from Mexico. Bale's connection to the Bear Flag Party is uncertain, but there is evidence that they met at his mill before the capture of Sonoma. Several of Bale's acquaintances were members of the Bear Flag Party.

During the California Gold Rush, Bale tried his hand at mining, and eventually caught a fever from which he never recovered. He died on October 9, 1849.

Legacy
On December 26, 1860, his daughter Carolina married winemaker Charles Krug. Bale's wife made sure the daughter was protected in a prenuptial that allowed for her to keep  of land north of St. Helena, California, on which Krug planted a vineyard.

Bale, California is named for him.

References

 Napa County Chronology, based on information from the book From Golden Fields to Purple Harvest
 WineDay: How to Start a Winery by Fred McMillin
 reproduced at pashnit.com: Bale Grist Mill brochure
 Dean Albertson, 1949, Dr. Edward Turner Bale, Incorrigible Californio, California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Sep., 1949), pp. 259–269

Category:19th-century English medical doctors
Category:People of the Conquest of California
Category:Mexican people of the Mexican–American War
Category:American people of the Mexican–American War
Category:1810 births
Category:1849 deaths
Category:American emigrants to Mexico
Category:English emigrants to the United States
Category:Naturalized citizens of Mexican California
Category:People from Napa County, California
Category:History of Napa County, California


Fender Blues Junior

The Blues Junior is a tube guitar amplifier introduced in 1990 by the Fender Musical Instrument Corporation. It is aimed at achieving the warm, tube-driven tone common in many styles of American blues and blues rock dating back to the 1950s, while remaining both portable and affordable. Fender frequently releases limited editions of the Blues Junior. All have the same electronic components  and specifications but have cosmetic changes and often a different speaker, at varying prices. The Fender Blues Junior is most similar to the Fender Blues Deluxe, which adds a "drive" channel, an effects loop, and uses 6L6GC output tubes for 40 watts of rated output. The Fender Blues Junior was introduced after the Fender Pro Junior, but has entirely different circuitry and uses two EL84 output tubes rather than Pro's four, although both are rated at 15 watts.

Specifications
 single-channel 15-watt all-tube amplifier
 one 12-inch, 50-watt, 8-ohm driver (connected with 1/4-inch phone jack for external speaker option); model varies with edition:
 standard edition Blues Juniors ship with a Celestion A-Type speaker
 NOS Lacquer Tweed Limited Edition Blues Juniors ship with the Italian manufactured Jensen model C12N
 Tweed Relic Edition Blues Juniors ship with Jensen model P12R
 (other speaker models may be in use)
 Fender spring reverb (driven by a solid-state opamp)
 Bass, Middle and Treble tone controls
 "Fat" pushbutton switch boosts gain and midrange frequencies in preamp stage
 also operable with optional remote foot-switch (not included)
 independent preamp and master gain controls for tube overdrive management
 "chicken head" vintage styled control knobs
 three matched Groove Tubes 12AX7 preamp tubes (graded to Fender's specifications)
 two matched Groove Tubes EL84 power tubes (graded to Fender's specifications)
 fixed power tube bias
 solid-state rectifier
 single 1/4-inch input jack

Varying editions
Like many Fender amplifiers (particularly in the Hot Rod series), many limited edition versions of the Blues Junior have been manufactured since its introduction in 1995. The original circuit board underwent a major redesign in 2001, when production moved from the US to Mexico. The earlier circuit boards are green in color and are noted for a "darker," more bass-inflected tone. Many green board models have excessive noise in the reverb circuit, as the signal is inserted into the reverb after the master volume. The later circuit boards are cream or tan colored and sound "brighter" or more treble-oriented, with the reverb situated before the Master volume.

Lacquered Tweed editions, as the name implies, feature a cabinet upholstered with a lacquered tweed fabric.  Some of these have been artificially aged from the factory and are known as Lacquered Tweed "Relic" editions. The "Blonde" and "Brown Tolex" Blues Juniors feature traditional Fender Tolex upholstery in their respective colors, while the Sunburst Ash edition features an ash cabinet with a sunburst stain. One edition was issued with a forest green colored cabinet, had a United States flag on the cloth speaker grille, and had United States Air Force markings detailed on the cabinet in yellow.

The standard Blues Junior is dressed like a traditional black Fender amplifier, with black Tolex upholstery and a silver cloth speaker grille.

Although they differ in their external visual aesthetic, all variants of the Blues Junior for a given year are produced with the same electronics, apart from the speaker/driver. Limited editions may use varying driver models, such as the Jensen C12N found in the NOS Lacquered Tweed Blues Junior or the Jensen P12R found in the Relic edition. Fender does not always include these limited edition versions in their updated catalogs (or on their website) either because too few were produced (only a few hundred in some cases) or perhaps because of exclusive retailer agreements.

Blues Junior revision history
Fender introduced the Blues Junior in 1995 and has revised and updated the amp periodically since then. The Blues Junior history can be divided into two major categories: the early amps with green circuit boards and the later ones with cream-colored boards. The switch to the cream-colored boards reflects the change in where the amps were manufactured, from USA to Mexico. The cream-colored board is laid out entirely differently from the green board. The biggest change is the reworked reverb circuit. The older amps tend to sound darker, while the new ones are brighter with more emphasis on treble tones.

The table Below details the revision dates and the changes made on those dates.

Dating a Blues Junior
Fender adopted a two-letter dating code in 1990. The code can be found on the Quality Assurance label located inside the cabinet. The label is often located on the bottom next to the reverb tank, sometimes it is placed on the side. The codes can be handwritten, which can occasionally make the letters hard to decipher.

Fender discontinued date codes in 2003. There is no reliable way to date 2003–2005 amps other than to ask Fender customer support to look up the date from the serial number. Amps made in 2006 have a small metal "Fender 60th Anniversary" button on the back plate. Amps from 2007 are undistinguished.

Blues Junior III
In 2010 Fender updated their line of hot rod model amps and released the "Blues Junior III," adding many physical changes to the standard black tolex model. Notable differences include the Fender "lightning bolt" speaker, "sparkle" circuit modification, rattle-reducing shock absorbers, set-screw "chicken head" knobs, "dog bone" handle, larger Fender jewel light, black non-reflective control panel, and "Blues Junior" subtext on the logo plate.

Tube complement and bias setting
A set of three matched Groove Tubes 12AX7 preamp tubes and two matched Groove Tubes EL84 power tubes, graded according to Fender's specifications, are used in all factory Blues Juniors. The Blues Junior uses a nonadjustable power tube bias (no way to vary the bias point), but it is fairly "hot" and can accommodate most matched pairs on the market. However, because they "run hot", a common modification is to add a bias trim to enable adjustments to the idle current when switching tubes.

References

External links
 Fender Blues Junior Owner's Manual (PDF)
 Fender Musical Instrument Corporation Fender's official website
 Billm's Blues Junior Modification Pages contains a revision summary as well as historical and technical info
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Sidewalk Blues

Sidewalk Blues (subtitled Blues, Rags, Jazz & Spirituals) is an album by American guitarist Tim Sparks, released in 2009. It marks a return to 'roots' music for Sparks after three albums of klezmer and jazz recordings on the Tzadik Records label.

History
After three releases on the Tzadik Records label, Sparks decided to return to his musical roots of North Carolina. In a quote from a story in High Plains Reader, Sparks said “After Masada Guitars I wanted to revisit roots music. This record is something I’ve always wanted to make, but I needed the hindsight of thirty years to work on guitar to complete it... I reached a point where I realized I had a record here and that I had good arrangements of these songs.”

Sparks used a variety of guitars for the recording, including Collings, a custom-made Hoffman, Lakewood, 1954 Martin 00-17, and a 1917 Gibson L-3.

Reception

Guitar Player noted the wonderful sound of the various guitars used and the "great arrangements and virtuoso performances" wrote "If you think you might go for swinging fingerstyle arrangements of blues tunes... you should take this disc for a spin." Music critic Chip O'Brien praised the variety of the album, writing Sparks "plows, punctuates, and pulses his way through a well-chosen batch of ragtime, jazz, country blues, and gospel with an individual flair and spirit to burn... a master of the instrument. His arrangements and performances of Louis Armstrong, Fats Waller, Jelly Roll Morton, and Bix Beiderbecke compositions are flawless, at times playful, and always soulful... A must have for fans of Tim Sparks and for anyone who loves fingerstyle guitar playing."

Track listing
"Mississippi Blues" (Willie Brown) – 3:08
"Sidewalk Blues" (Jelly Roll Morton) – 2:44
"Oriental Blues" (Eubie Blake) – 3:58
"Potato Head Blues" (Louis Armstrong) – 2:43
"In a Mist" (Bix Beiderbecke) – 3:06
"The Alligator Crawl" (Fats Waller) – 2:46
"How Great Thou Art" (Traditional) – 3:49
"There Ain't No Sweet Man That's Worth the Salt O' My Tears" (Fred Fisher) – 3:10
"The Pearls" (Morton) – 3:09
"Maple Leaf Rag" (Scott Joplin) – 2:28
"This Great Caravan Keeps On Rolling Along" (Vep Ellis) – 4:21
"Goin' Back to Mississippi Blues" (Brown, Arrangement by Tim Sparks) – 2:52
"Carolina Shout" (James P. Johnson) – 2:57
"I'll Fly Away" (Albert Brumley) – 2:57
"Victory Rag" (Maybelle Carter) – 2:16
"Jelly Roll Blues" (Morton) – 3:42
"Amazing Grace" (Traditional) – :33

Personnel
Tim Sparks – acoustic guitar

Production notes
Produced by Tim Sparks
Recorded by Rod Volker, Steve Elliot, Bob Pierce, Bruce Muckala, Phil Kerr
Design by Lacey Koby
Photography by Gale Kass

References

External links
Guitar Player Magazine interview
Twin Cities Daily Planet interview
Tim Sparks discography

Category:2009 albums
Category:Tim Sparks albums


Gunton railway station

Gunton railway station is on the Bittern Line in Norfolk, England, serving the villages of Lower Street, Thorpe Market and Southrepps. It is  down the line from  and is situated between  to the south and  to the north.

There is no village named Gunton, the station actually being situated in the parish of Thorpe Market and closest to Lower Street. It was built primarily for the convenience of Lord Suffield, who lived at nearby Gunton Hall, a major investor in the original East Norfolk Railway which built the line from Norwich to Cromer.

The station buildings are preserved but are privately owned. The station is unstaffed and consists of a single platform with a basic shelter. Originally the location of a passing loop, the northbound platform and station buildings are no longer in the ownership of the railway. There is an unrestricted car park at the station that can accommodate about ten vehicles.

The station is managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all passenger trains that call.

Services

, the typical off-peak service at Gunton is one train every two hours in each direction between Norwich and Sheringham. At peak times, service frequency is increased to one train per hour. All services are formed of bi-mode Class 755 units

References

External links

Category:Railway stations in Norfolk
Category:Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 1876
Category:Greater Anglia franchise railway stations


T. J. Oshie

Timothy Leif "T. J." Oshie (born December 23, 1986) is an American professional ice hockey right winger for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the St. Louis Blues in the first round of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, as the 24th overall pick.  He then spent the first seven years of his NHL career with the Blues before being traded to the Washington Capitals in 2015. Oshie won the Stanley Cup in 2018 with the Capitals.

Early years
Born in Mount Vernon, Washington, Oshie was raised in Everett, north of Seattle, and was on ice at age five in the Seattle Junior Hockey Association, where he played for ten years. Following his parents' amicable divorce, he lived in Stanwood with his mother Tina and attended Stanwood High School for his freshman year. In 2002, Oshie moved to Warroad, Minnesota, where his parents were originally from, and lived with his father, Tim, and his father's cousin.

He attended Warroad High School, where he was a star player on the hockey team for three seasons, leading the club to two Minnesota State Class A titles in 2003 and 2005. He made the state's All-Tournament Team all three years. With 100 points (37 goals and 63 assists) in 31 games as a senior, he led all Minnesota high school players in scoring, subsequently being named to the 2005 Associated Press and Pioneer Press All-State First Team and finishing as a Minnesota Mr. Hockey Finalist.

At the completion of his senior season with the Warriors in 2004–05, he joined the Sioux Falls Stampede of the United States Hockey League (USHL) for 11 games. In the off-season, he was selected 24th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career

Amateur
Oshie started his career in the greater Seattle area, playing for Seattle Junior Hockey Association.  Then moved to Warroad, Minnesota when he was a bantam.  Following his draft, Oshie played for the University of North Dakota men's ice hockey team in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA) for three seasons. Scoring a team-leading 24 goals as a freshman, he added 21 assists for 45 points total. He also set a school record with nine game-winning goals in the season, which also led all NCAA players. At the end of his debut season, he was named to the WCHA All-Rookie Team and the WCHA Final Five All-Tournament Team.

In his sophomore year, Oshie improved to 52 points (17 goals and 35 assists), ranking second in team scoring. He earned Third Team All-WCHA and received the Fighting Sioux's Cliff "Fido" Purpur Award, given to the player who demonstrates hard work and determination while generating excitement on the ice. Following North Dakota's WCHA playoff run, Oshie led all players with eight points (four goals and four assists) in the 2006 NCAA Tournament, earning NCAA West All-Tournament honors. He played his last season with North Dakota as a junior, recording 45 points in 42 games.

St. Louis Blues
On May 13, 2008, Oshie opted to forgo his senior season at North Dakota and signed with the St. Louis Blues. He scored his first career NHL goal on October 22, 2008, against the Detroit Red Wings. Oshie quickly became a fan favorite due to his fast and energetic style of play. Playing in 57 games, he scored 14 goals and 25 assists for 39 points during his rookie year. At the end of the season, he won the NHL's 2008–09 "Goal of the Year" honors, a fan-voted contest on the NHL's website.

Oshie broke his ankle in a fight with Samuel Påhlsson during a blowout loss against the Columbus Blue Jackets early in the 2010–11 season, missing three months due to the injury.

In 2013–14, Oshie had 21 goals and 39 assists for a career-high 60 points.

Washington Capitals
On July 2, 2015, Oshie was traded by the Blues to the Washington Capitals in exchange for Troy Brouwer, Pheonix Copley and a third-round draft pick in 2016. Oshie wears number 77 for the Capitals, as his previous number 74 is currently worn by Capitals defenseman John Carlson.

Oshie had a successful first season with the Capitals, often finding himself playing on the Capitals' top line with Alexander Ovechkin and Nicklas Bäckström. Oshie finished the season with a career high 26 goals, helping the team win their second Presidents' Trophy. During Game 1 of the Capitals' second round series against the Pittsburgh Penguins, Oshie scored a hat trick, the third goal of which came in overtime, giving the Capitals a 4–3 win. Despite this, the Capitals would lose the series in six games. In 2016-17, Oshie would further extend his career-high in goals to 33 en route to a second consecutive President’s Trophy for the Capitals.

On June 23, 2017, Oshie signed an eight-year, $46 million contract with an annual average of $5.75 million to remain with the Capitals.

Oshie saw his production drop to 18 goals and 47 points in 72 games in 2017-18, but would play a crucial role in the Capitals 2018 Stanley Cup victory, scoring 8 goals (including 6 on the powerplay) and 21 points in 24 playoff games. On June 7, 2018, the Capitals defeated the first-year expansion Vegas Golden Knights in Game 5 of the 2018 Stanley Cup Final for their first Stanley Cup in franchise history. He is one of only 43 players to ever have 6 or more power play goals in a single playoffs.

In a November 7, 2018, game against the Penguins, Oshie was injured twice on the ice and came back to score the winning goal with 1:14 minutes left in the game. Oshie was sent to the training room twice, the first time requiring two stitches to a cut near his left eye created by an opponent's stick. He then took an shoulder check to the head from Evgeni Malkin. On November 14, in a 3–1 loss to the Winnipeg Jets, Oshie suffered a possible concussion when he was slammed down by the Jets' defenseman Josh Morrissey, who was later fined for unsportsmanlike conduct. Oshie has four reported concussions in his NHL career. After missing 11 games, he returned for a December 11, 2018 home game against the Detroit Red Wings, scoring a goal in the 6-2 Caps win.

On April 18, 2019, during Game 4 of the First Round series between the Capitals and the Carolina Hurricanes, Oshie was severely injured after being cross-checked into the boards by Hurricanes forward Warren Foegele. Later tests revealed the injury to be a broken collarbone, and Oshie was ruled out indefinitely. Oshie ultimately missed the remainder of the series, which the Capitals lost in 7 games.

On January 11, 2020,  Oshie was voted into the 2020 National Hockey League All-Star Game along with Mitch Marner, Quinn Hughes, and David Perron.

International play

Oshie represented the United States at the 2006 World Junior Championships in Vancouver. Following the Blues' elimination in the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs, he received his first senior national team callup for the 2009 IIHF World Championship, also competing in the 2010 Championship, scoring four goals and two assists in six games. In 2012, he was the last addition of the American roster after the Blues were eliminated in the first round of the 2012 playoffs.

On January 1, 2014, Oshie was named to the American roster for the 2014 Winter Olympics, along with Blues teammates David Backes and Kevin Shattenkirk. Oshie was a player on the "bubble," as he was one of several American-born players being considered for one of Team USA's final roster spots. Oshie was eventually chosen in large part due to his high success rate in shootouts. On February 15, in a preliminary-round game against Russia, Oshie was repeatedly selected by Team USA Head Coach Dan Bylsma to participate in a shootout that ultimately resulted in a 3–2 American victory. Oshie was the first of three shooters to face goaltender Sergei Bobrovsky in the shootout, followed by teammates James van Riemsdyk and Joe Pavelski. After the score remained tied after the first three rounds, international rules stipulated that coaches could re-use players as often as desired. Oshie was subsequently tabbed by Bylsma five consecutive times, ultimately converting four of six shot attempts, including the shootout-winner in the eighth round.

Profile
Barry Trotz, former coach of the Washington Capitals, describes Oshie in this way:

Oshie himself hopes his approach to ice hockey inspires others:

Personal life
Oshie has three siblings, a brother Taylor and two sisters, Tawni and Aleah Hangsleben. He attended the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks for three years, majoring in general studies. His first cousin, Gary Sargent, and second cousin, Henry Boucha, played in the NHL.

Oshie is from the Anishinaabe or Ojibwe Nation; his name in the Ojibwe language, or Anishnaabemowin, "Keeway Gaaboo," means "coming home." Giiwe translates roughly as "s/he returns home." If the -aaboo in Gaaboo refers to water, then this name may evoke the poetic image of water that, by traveling downhill inevitably will find its way home to a larger body of water, such as the Great Lakes or the sea. His father is Anishnaabe.

According to a 2009 interview, the nickname "T. J." was given to him by his mother after she saw the film The Champ, because Oshie reminded her of the main character's son, who is named T. J. Flynn.

In January 2007, Oshie and former North Dakota teammate Jonathan Toews received alcohol-related citations for being minors in a Grand Forks, North Dakota, tavern. Oshie and Toews pleaded guilty to the charges. The two were later placed on probation and ordered to perform community service.

Oshie and his wife Lauren Cosgrove Oshie have two daughters. The family resides in McLean, Virginia. Their first-born daughter had been born with gastroschisis, for which she required surgery.

Oshie's father, Tim, suffers from Alzheimers.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

References

External links

 T.J. Oshie on FightingSioux.com

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:American men's ice hockey centers
Category:Ice hockey people from Washington (state)
Category:Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:National Hockey League first round draft picks
Category:Native American sportspeople
Category:North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey players
Category:Ojibwe people
Category:Olympic ice hockey players of the United States
Category:People from Mount Vernon, Washington
Category:Sioux Falls Stampede players
Category:Stanley Cup champions
Category:St. Louis Blues draft picks
Category:St. Louis Blues players
Category:Washington Capitals players
Category:People from Stanwood, Washington
Category:People from Everett, Washington


Henry Bernstein

Henry Bernstein may refer to:

 Henri Bernstein (1876–1953), French playwright
 Henry Bernstein (sociologist), British sociologist
 Sir Henry Bernstein (died 1857), theologian, orientalist, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

See also
Harry Bernstein (1910–2011), British-born American writer


Ingrid Torrance

Ingrid Torrance (born 1969 in British Columbia) is a Canadian actor best known for her role as a spokesperson on NBCi.com.

She is a Canadian actor, acting instructor and author. She has been a television and movie actor since 1994, an acting teacher since 1995, and a coach since 1998. Ingrid is a voting member of the American Academy of Motion Pictures.  In 1998, she was nominated as Best Actress for a Leo Award and in March, 2001, she was featured in Entertainment Weekly as a "Breakout" Actress.

Filmography

Actor

Actor Coach

Director

Associate Producer

Casting Director

Author

References

External links

 Ingrid Torrance at TV.com
 Official website

Category:1969 births
Category:Canadian film actresses
Category:Canadian television actresses
Category:Living people
Category:People from New Westminster
Category:People from North Vancouver
Category:Actresses from British Columbia


Oenothera deltoides

Oenothera deltoides is a species of evening primrose known by several common names, including birdcage evening primrose, basket evening primrose, lion in a cage, and devil's lantern. It is native to the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it grows in sandy habitats from desert to beach.

The plant is grayish with basal, deltoid leaves. The large white flowers turn pinkish as they mature. When the plants die, the stems curl upward and form the "birdcage" for which the common name is derived.

There are five subspecies. One of these, the Antioch Dunes Evening Primrose (ssp. howellii), is a federally listed endangered species known from a few sandy spots in the Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge just inland from the San Francisco Bay Area in California.

References

Roadside plants of Southern California. Thomas J. Belzer. Mountain Press Publishing Company, 1984.

External links
Calflora Database: Oenothera deltoides (Birdcage evening primrose,  Desert lantern, Dune primrose)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Oenothera deltoides
UC Photos gallery − Oenothera deltoides

deltoides
Category:Flora of California
Category:Flora of Northwestern Mexico
Category:Flora of the Great Basin
Category:Flora of the Southwestern United States
Category:Flora of the California desert regions
Category:Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Category:Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
Category:Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Category:Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Category:Night-blooming plants


Tomie: Re-birth

is a 2001 Japanese horror film directed by Takashi Shimizu as the third installment of the Tomie film series, based on a manga of the same name by Junji Ito. The film was released in Japan on March 24, 2001, and screened at the Manila Eiga Sai (Japanese Film Festival) in Philippines on September 3, 2005.

Plot
An artist named Hideo is painting his girlfriend Tomie (Miki Sakai), but she dismisses it as a poor painting and he kills her in a jealous rage with an art knife and his two friends Shunsuke and Takumi help him bury her. When the three friends are at a party Tomie shows up and the artist kills himself in the bathroom. Tomie latches onto Shunsuke and his mother kills Tomie and they cut her up together in an unnatural ecstasy. They then burn her head, which has already started to regenerate and has some crude limbs for locomotion. The portrait of Tomie allows for her regeneration, as her supernatural blood mixed with the pigments. Takumi's girlfriend Hitomi gets possessed by Tomie, in a rather viral fashion. In a fit of jealousy, the two Tomies try to eliminate the other.

Hitomi doesn't want to become a monster, and so they decide to commit suicide. However, when at a waterfall, about to commit suicide, Tomie's head grows on the side of Hitomi's neck next to her head. They all die and then Takumi's sister comes and throws flowers into the water. A small facial mole can be seen directly beneath the sister's left eye, suggesting that, because Takumi gave her the portrait of Tomie, she was also possessed by her. Thus, the sister is the newest Tomie.

Cast
 Miki Sakai as Tomie Kawakami
 Satoshi Tsumabuki as Takumi Aoyama
 Masaya Kikawada as Shunichi Hosoda
 Kumiko Endô as Hitomi Kitamura
 Shugo Oshinari as Hideo Kamata
 Shin Kusaka as Masaru
 Mia Murano as Rie Aoyama
 Akira Yasuda as waiter
 Shunsuke Ito as Yutaka

Reception
Blogcritics made note of the film's slow pace, quiet sets, and lack of gore, and wrote that there even with its high body count, there appeared to be "a conscious effort to keep to decorum in the traditional sense of the word, which means to say even during a dismemberment there is still little to show for it except an artfully expanding pool of blood and Tomie’s severed head watching from a bowl."  In admitting he lacked the cultural references,  The reviewer felt that a viewer would "probably need to be a fan of the manga and the previous movies to get anything from this."  He wrote he appreciated the slow pace of a creeping horror film having the ability to give him "the heebie-jeebies", but that the pacing in this film seemed pointless, the representation of a "pixie-cute girl with the tittering laugh" was annoying, and he did not understand the interactions between the players.

The horror reviewing website 10,000 Bullets made note of the various Tomie films using different actresses for the character of Tomie, but that only the villain's name was consistent in each of them. They appreciated that director Shimizu was able to inject his personal style "without ever losing sight of the character's roots." They noted that while Re-Birth is "more disgusting than scary", the cast performances are the best in the series so far, making special note of Miki Sakai's performance as Tomie and how her "unnerving laugh and haunting her eyes tell so much more than any dialog could." The noted that some of the imagery from Replay was brought over into Re-Birth, and that the film "starts off strong before metamorphosing into something that is so strange it almost parodies itself".

Release
Tomie: Re-birth was released in Japan on March 24, 2001.

The film was released on DVD in an anamorphic widescreen format by Ventura in May 2004. DVD extras include trailers for films in the Tomie series, as well as interviews with the director and cast.

References

References

External links

 Review at SaruDama

Category:2001 films
Category:2001 horror films
Category:Films directed by Takashi Shimizu
Category:Japanese films
Category:Japanese horror films
Category:Japanese sequel films
Category:Live-action films based on manga
Category:Tomie


Sofular, Ağaçören

Sofular is a village in the District of Ağaçören, Aksaray Province, Turkey.

References

Category:Populated places in Aksaray Province
Category:Ağaçören District
Category:Villages in Turkey


Clipse Presents: Re-Up Gang

Clipse Presents: Re-Up Gang is the first official release by the Re-Up Gang. It was released through Koch Records. The group had previously appeared on the We Got It 4 Cheap mixtapes. The first single, "Fast Life" was produced by Scott Storch and it only featured half of the Re-Up Gang, Clipse.
The album features Clipse and the other two members of the Re-Up Gang, Ab-Liva and Sandman.

As of November 6, 2008, the album has sold 21,246 copies.

Track listing

References

External links
Clipse Presents: Re-Up Gang at Metacritic

Category:2008 debut albums
Category:Albums produced by Scott Storch
Category:Clipse albums
Category:Jive Records albums
Category:Entertainment One singles


Ripon College

Ripon College may refer to:

Ripon College (Wisconsin), a liberal arts college in Ripon, Wisconsin, United States
The former name of Outwood Academy Ripon, a school in North Yorkshire, England
Ripon College Cuddesdon, a theological college in Oxfordshire, England
Ripon College, Calcutta, the former name of Surendranath College, an undergraduate college in Kolkata, India, that is affiliated to the University of Calcutta
Ripon College of Education, a former teacher training college in North Yorkshire, England, now part of York St John University

See also
 Rippon College


Ambato Canton

Ambato Canton is a canton of Ecuador, located in the Tungurahua Province.  Its capital is the city of Ambato.  Its population at the 2011 census was 387,282.

The Ambato canton is known as the canton of "Fruits and Flowers" because of its agricultural activities.  Annually in February, this canton holds a Fruits and Flowers festival

References

Category:Cantons of Tungurahua Province


Antoine de Pluvinel

Antoine de Pluvinel (1552, Crest, Dauphiné - 24 August 1620) was the first of the French riding masters, and has had great influence on modern dressage. He wrote L’Instruction du Roy en l’exercice de monter à cheval ("instruction of the King in the art of riding"), was tutor to King Louis XIII, and is credited with the invention of using two pillars, as well as using shoulder-in to increase suppleness.

History
Antoine de Pluvinel was born in the town of Crest, then in the province of the Dauphiné in France. His date of birth is given as 1552 by Terrebasse, where it is based on the Mémoire of Pluvinel's son-in-law. It is given as 1555 by several other authors including Saurel, Christian, Mennessier, and Monteilhet, which according to Tucker does not coincide with other known details of his life. Antoine de Pluvinel left for Italy at the age of 10 or seventeen to begin studying horsemanship under Giovanni Battista Pignatelli, and trained under him until 1571 or 1572. He then returned to France to study under M. de Sourdis, before becoming the premier ecuyer to the Duc d'Anjou (who would later become Henri III) and accompanying him to his new throne in Poland. After the death of King Charles IX, Henri returned to France, taking Pluvinel with him.

He gave several honors to Pluvinel, continued by his brother-in-law, Henri IV, from 1589, including chamberlain, tutor to the Duc de Vendôme, governor of Grosse Tour de Bourges, and sub-governor to the dauphin Louis (the future Louis XIII) to whom he taught horse-riding. The diary of Jean Héroard (main witness of the childhood of Louis XIII) describes the relationships between the King and his sub-governor.

In 1594, Pluvinel founded the "Academie d'Equitation" near what is now Place des Pyramides, a long-time dream. There, the French nobility was trained not only in horsemanship, but also in all the accomplishments (dancing, fashionable dressing, etc.) It can be said that Pluvinel's influence on the aristocracy lasted from the late 16th century to the 17th century. Richelieu, the future Prime minister of King Louis XIII attended the Academie; so did William, duke of Cavendish.

Pluvinel died on 24 August 1620, leaving no male heir. His name passed on his nephews La Baume, who were authorized to add Pluvinel to their own name and later became marquesses of la Baume de Pluvinel (1693).

Pluvinel's book was published posthumously by the Dutch engraver Crispijn van de Passe the Younger and the royal valet de chambre J.D. Peyrol, first in 1623 under the name Le Maneige Royal, with magnificent engravings, but having never been edited. In 1625 the book was published in its complete form, having been edited by Pluvinel's friend Menou de Charnizay, under its definitive name L'Instruction du Roy en l'exercice de monter à cheval ("Instruction of the King in the exercise of horse riding").  It has since been re-printed several times, and translated into many languages.

Riding theories

Pluvinel is perhaps most well known for his kind, humane training methods. Unlike his Italian teacher Pignatelli, who often used harsh methods to gain obedience from the horse, Pluvinel used praise, careful use of aids, and softer bits (simple curb bits) to get the horse to work with him.

He is also credited with the use of the pillars (wrongly, for La Noue also has record of using them, as does the Greek Eumenes), and he used them extensively in his training of collection and levade. Additionally, he employed the two-track movements, such as shoulder-in, and voltes to supple the horse.

His theories include that the horse must take pleasure in work, due to gentle, understanding riding, and that such a horse will move much more gracefully if he enjoys being ridden.

Published works
Maneige royal ou l'on peut remarquer le defaut et la perfection du chevalier, en tous les exercices de cet art, digne des princes, fait et pratiqué en l'instruction du Roy, par Antoine Pluvinel, son escuyer principal ... Le tout gravé et représenté en grandes figures de taille-douce par Crispian de Pas ...  Paris: Guillaume le Noir et Melchior Tavernier, 1623
L'Instruction du Roy en l'exercice de monter à cheval, par messire Antoine de Pluvinel,... Enrichy de grandes figures en taille-douce... desseignées et gravées par Crispian de Pas le jeune Paris: Michel Nivelle, 1625

External links
Pluvinel-quotes at Artisticdressage

References

Category:1552 births
Category:1620 deaths
Category:People from Drôme
Category:Dressage trainers
Category:Classical horsemanship
Category:Writers on horsemanship


Fairhaven Bridge Light

Fairhaven Bridge Light was a lighthouse on the bridge from New Bedford to Fairhaven, Massachusetts, at the north end of New Bedford Harbor. From 1888 to 1891 it served as the rear light of a range to guide ships past Butler Flats on the west side of the harbor entrance. The front light of the range was Palmer Island Light. It was also known as "Fairhaven Bridge Range Light".

This light was discontinued in 1891; the range was obviated by the construction of the Butler Flats Light adjacent to the channel in 1898 The structure and the wooden bridge shown under it in the photo no longer exist.

References

Category:Lighthouses completed in 1888
Category:Buildings and structures in New Bedford, Massachusetts
Category:Lighthouses in Bristol County, Massachusetts


Louise Henry

Louise Henry may refer to:

 Louise Henry Hoover (1874–1944), maiden name of the wife of Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States
 Louise Henry (actress) (1911–1967), American film actress