178th Wing

The 178th Wing is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard, stationed at the Springfield-Beckley Municipal Airport ANG complex, Springfield, Ohio. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC), with elements of the wing gained by the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency (AFISRA).

The 178th Wing transitioned from a Fighter Wing to an Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing.  It supports MQ-1B Predator Unmanned Aerial Systems combat support sorties, which provide theater and national-level leadership with critical real-time intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance and air-to-ground munitions and strike capability. Also, the Air Support Operations Squadron provides terminal control for weapons employment in a close air support scenario integrating combat air and ground operations.

The Wing is under the control of the Air Combat Command. Pilots based in Springfield are able to fly MQ-1s on the other side of the world in Iraq or Afghanistan. The second component is under Administrative Control of the Ohio Air National Guard while Operationally Controlled by AFISRA Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency and Directly supporting National Air and Space Intelligence Center, (NASIC).

Units
The 178th Wing consists of four groups (178th Intelligence Group, 178th Operations Group, 178th Mission Support Group, and 178th Medical Group).

During the transition, the 178th Operations Group was re-designated as the 178th Reconnaissance Group and consists of the 162d Reconnaissance Squadron and the 178th Operational Support Squadron with 131 traditional and 81 full-time personnel.

The 178th maintenance group was re-designated as the 178th Intelligence Group with the Air Force ISR Agency (AFISRA) as the gaining major command.

In addition to its 900 personnel, the 178 Wing also supports 320 members of the Headquarters, 251st Communications Group, the 269th Combat Communications Squadron (both co-located with the 178 Wing), and the 123d Air Control Squadron, located in Cincinnati, Ohio.

History
On 15 October 1962, the Ohio Air National Guard 162d Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 178th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 162d TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 178th Headquarters, 178th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 178th Combat Support Squadron, and the 178th USAF Dispensary.

Tactical Air Command

Equipped with F-84F Thunderstreaks, the new group was assigned to the Ohio ANG 121st Tactical Fighter Wing at Lockbourne AFB, Ohio.  The 178th TFG was tasked with a tactical fighter-bomber mission in support of Tactical Air Command.

In 1967, the 162d TFS deployed to Hickam AFB, Hawaii for Tropic Lighting III, an exercise designed to assist in the training of Army ground units prior to their deployment to South Vietnam. This deployment required two over-water air refuelings in either direction.

1968 was the first time the 162d participated in a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) exercise. It deployed to Greece, participating in Operation Deep Furrow 68 at Larrossa Air Base.  On this exercise fourteen F-84Fs were deployed, staging though Lajes Field, Azores and Torrejon Air Base, Spain. During Deep Furrow, they performed air-to-ground maneuvers with the United States Navy's Sixth Fleet.  Upon their return, the 162d TFS deployed eight aircraft to Alaska in November for Operation Punch Card IV.

F-100 Super Sabre

In the spring of 1970, the F-84F Thunderstreaks were sent to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage, the squadron receiving Vietnam War Veteran F-100D/F Super Sabres.  Concentration on the qualifications of aircrews, munitions load crews and the attainment of a C-3 combat readiness rating were the primary objectives for 1971. The squadron achieved C-3 on 30 August, a "first" for F-100D-equipped Air Guard units. January 1972 saw the squadron in extensive practice for their pending 9th Air Force Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI). The ORI was conducted in March and the 9th Air Force did not agree with the unit's C-3 rating. A retake was scheduled in June, with the 162d coming away with the TAC-confirmed rating of C-1, the first F-100D squadron to achieve this feat.

During April 1973, the squadron participated in "Gallant Hand '73," a large-scale U.S. Readiness Command Joint Forces Training exercise at Fort Hood, Texas. Flying a 98 percent sortie rate. In August, the 162d took part in another joint training exercise called Operation Ember Dawn/Punch Card XIX at Eielson AFB, Alaska. In October, the TAC Unit Achievement Award was received for the fourth consecutive time, and the General Frank P. Lahm Air Safety Trophy was awarded for the second consecutive year.

31 May 1974 saw the 162d's accident-free flying streak end at 69 months when a pilot was forced to eject from his out-of-control F-100D. The unit participated in "Sentry Guard Strike V" at Volk Field, Wisconsin during July 13–27 the same year.  In September 1975, the 162d was selected as a replacement for another unit to participate in NATO's "Reforger '75" Cornet Razor exercise at Ramstein AB, West Germany as part of a series of NATO exercises called "Autumn Forge."  Deploying thirteen F-100D aircraft, 162d pilots provided close air support as the aggressor in exercise "Captain Trek," flying 121 sorties with 198 hours of flying time.

January 1976 saw the unit preparing for Operation Snowbird and the pending April ORI. "Snowbird" was conducted at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. and was designed to give pilots favorable weather locations for clear weather flying opportunities. To provide its pilots with proficiency for real combat conditions, the 162d took part in "Red Flag 77-9." Captain Edward J. Mechenbier, a former Vietnam War POW, was selected as the outstanding fighter pilot for 1977.

A-7D Corsair II

January 1978 initiated the conversion to the Vought Corporation's A-7D Corsair II attack aircraft. The conversion from the F-100 to the A-7 was accomplished in less than three months, the fastest ever for an Air Force or Air National Guard unit. The first major deployment with the A-7 was to Patrick AFB, Florida, on 12 August in support of Forward Air Controller training. Also in 1978, the 162d participated in "Red Flag 78-9" on September 23, and "Tequilla Shooter" at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, from November 14 to 20.

The first deployment in 1979 was "Operation Snowbird" again as 118 enlisted and 30 officers deployed to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. in support of the exercise. "Sabre Sluff 79-2," a locally generated version of "Red Flag" was conducted at Springfield during April 26–28, providing realistic training for the 162d's flying, communications, and radar control units. September 13–15 saw a second "Sabre Sluff" exercise, now known as "Buckeye Flag," carried out.

The 1980 exercise year started with "Empire Glacier" at Fort Drum, New York. The 162d was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its meritorious service from 1 March 1978 to 28 February 1979. In April, the 162nd was teamed with the Ohio ANG 166th Tactical Fighter Squadron in support of exercise "Cope Elite." The exercise which was carried out at NAS Barbers Point, Hawaii, involved combat training for U.S. Army and Air Force units based in Hawaii.

In February 1981, Major John Smith commanded a six-aircraft deployment to the 49th TFW at Holloman AFB, New Mexico for Dissimilar air combat training (DACT). In March, the squadron flew close air support (CAS) missions for opposing forces during "Eagle Strike I," an exercise involving two brigades for the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. During the May exercise "Maple Flag 7," support was given to the Ohio ANG 112th Tactical Fighter Squadron for a 30-day rotation TDY to Howard AFB, Panama. This deployment provided the only operational fighters in the Southern Command. In July, the 162nd participated in the Michigan-based combat readiness exercise "Sentry Buckeye XI," the first "Sentry Buckeye" to be flown from the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center.

1982 was a busy year with the unit taking part in eight individual exercises, including "Red Flag 82-4" at Nellis AFB, Nevada. The 162d won the annual Ohio ANG "Turkey Shoot" competition in October at the Jefferson Proving Ground air-to-ground range. The squadron also celebrated its 35th anniversary with an open house and a military ball.

More deployments were in store for 1983, starting with "Coronet Castle" in April. In June, the 162nd completed five and one-half years of accident-free flying and earned the Tactical Air Command Flight Safety Award.

1984's first deployment was the Panama rotation. In April, it was up to Canada for exercise "Maple Flag." The June "Sentry Buckeye" at Alpena Mich. pitted "friendly" forces against "aggressor" forces from the Missouri ANG 131st Tactical Fighter Wing, St. Louis. A deployment in December for another Operation Snowbird at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. rounded out the year. A "Red Flag" exercise at Nellis AFB, Nevada was the first deployment for 1985. "Solid Shield," a joint exercise with the 166th TFS was conducted in May at the Naval Air Station, Key West, Florida. In June, it was off to the Panama Canal Zone for a deployment involving 50 personnel and four aircraft.

In 1986, DACT missions were conducted from January to April at various locations. Also in April, CAS sorties were flown for the Canadian Forces Operation School. "Coronet Miami," a six-week NATO exercise, was begun at RAF Sculthorpe, England. There the 162nd trained with military elements of NATO and the U.S. Air Forces in Europe. In November, 14 aircraft and 149 personnel supported "Operation Snowbird." The final 162nd deployment for 1986 was at CFB Chatham, New Brunswick. There, CAS missions were provided for the school that trains forward controller for the Canadian Armed Forces. With all of the flying, the 162nd ended the year with the prestigious Tappan Memorial Trophy, awarded to Ohio's outstanding Air National Guard Unit.

On 28 February 1987, the 162nd deployed five A-7D aircraft and 41 personnel to MacDill AFB, Florida in support of the 9th Air Force FAC (Forward Air Controller Training). In March 1987, the 162nd rotated to support CORNET COVE XII, a 30-day mission to Howard AFB, Panama in which the 162nd maintained the only operational fighter in the Southern Air Command. Nine officers and 43 members deployed four A-7D aircraft to provide the 24th Composite Wing the support they needed.

In 1988, the 162nd took twelve aircraft to participate in SNOWBIRD for the December deployment that allowed the jets to schedule heavy air operations in Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. 1989 saw the 162nd participate in Panama for the 11th time in 19 years to support CORONET COVE. Nine officers and 46 enlisted provided five aircraft to support the 24th Composite Wing operations. In May 1989, the 162nd deployed in support of CORONET PINE I and II at RAF Sculthorpe, England.  After a series of groundings, the 162nd deployed five aircraft and 295 personnel to participate in the major NATO Exercise Central Enterprise at RAF Boscombe Down, England.

In 1990, Operation Desert Storm saw 93 unit members deploy to the Middle East, but the A-7D aircraft remained in Ohio as by then, they were considered second-line aircraft, being replaced by the A-10 Thunderbolt II in front-line combat service.  In September 1990, the 162nd deployed to the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Michigan for field training. The 162nd ended 1990 at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, in support of the December exercise SNOWBIRD. In March 1991, the 162nd deployed to the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi and flew a total of 219 sorties during the deployment exercise. In September 1991, the 162nd deployed seven aircraft to Nellis AFB, Nevada, to participate in AIR WARRIOR exercise. The 162nd deployed again to support SNOWBIRD at Davis-Monthan AFB in November 1991.  In 1992 the 162nd deployed to Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia to support practicing units for the William Tell Competition and then traveled to Otis Air National Guard Base, Massachusetts for DACT training soon after.

In May 1993 the 162nd hosted a farewell to the A-7D Corsair II. The SLUF Salute was an Air Force sanctioned event to say farewell to this great aircraft that the 162nd flew from 1978 to 1993. The 162nd flew the last public demonstration of the A-7D Corsair II in the United States. While assigned to the unit, the aircraft flew a total of 55,357.4 hours.

Air Combat Command
In March 1992, the unit adopted the USAF Objective Wing organization and the 178th Tactical Fighter Group became simply the 178th Fighter Group; the 162d as a Fighter Squadron. On 1 June of that year, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force re-organizing after the end of the Cold War. Air Combat Command (ACC) became the gaining major command for the 178th.

During May 1993 the squadron marked the end of 15 years of A-7D operations with the 162d Fighter Squadron. Later in the year the conversion to the Block 30 F-16C Fighting Falcon. The 162d took twelve F-16's, 20 pilots and over 600 personnel to Operation WINTERBASE at the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi, to perform flight training for the first big deployment with the new F-16Cs. During the month-long deployment, 30 aircrew certifications were attained and the sortie generation was the largest ever by the 178th Fighter Group. For LONGSHOT 94, the 162d launched four F-16's in support of the competition. The mission was for the aircraft to rendezvous with the various units fly to Nellis AFB, Nevada to drop ordnance on target and on time. Opposing Red Air Enemy attempted to thwart the attack. The 162d was part of the outstanding 3rd place team.

In 1995, Operation SNOWBIRD occurred in February, with the 162d flying 223 sorties for live weapons and desert combat simulations. Later in April 1995, the 162d provided RED AIR for Tyndall AFB, Florida air training in Dissimilar air combat training (DACT) called LONGSHOT 95. In June 1995, the 162d deployed to Karup Air Base, Denmark to participate in NATO exercises BALTOP 95 and CENTRAL ENTERPRISE. The 162d provided RED AIR for the BALTOP exercise and flew 225 sorties in CENTRAL ENTERPRISE with eight of the F-16 aircraft from the 162d.

On 11 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force One Base-One Wing directive, the 178th Fighter Group was expanded and changed in status to the 178th Fighter Wing. Under the Objective Wing organization, the 162d Fighter Squadron was assigned to the 178th Operations Group. Support groups to the wing were the 178th Maintenance Group, 178th Mission Support Group and the 178th Medical Group.  In December 1995, DACT training occurred again for the 162d at the Gulfport CRTC, Mississippi.

During the period of 1995 to 1998, the 162d took first place in the "Turkey Shoot" Competition in Indiana, taking on units from the Ohio ANG and other participating states showing the 162d skill and accuracy in air-to-ground employment.

In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.

In August 1996, the 162d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (162 EFS) was first formed from 178th personnel and aircraft and deployed to  Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait to support Operation Southern Watch and Operation Desert Strike with the mission to enforce the southern no-fly zone imposed by the United Nations over Iraq.  In 1997, the 162d Fighter Squadron deployed to Tyndall AFB, Florida for a COMBAT ARCHER exercise to perform supersonic air-to-air combat with drones.

In May 1997, the 162 EFS was again formed, deploying to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey to support Operation Northern Watch. Later in 1997, the 162d Fighter Squadron invited past members to attend the 50th Anniversary Celebration of the squadron at Springfield.  In 1998 the 162d deployed to Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska and underwent Exercise Cope Thunder arctic training.

Air Education and Training Command
In 1998 the mission of the 178th Fighter Wing was changed to become a flying training unit under Air Education and Training Command (AETC).  Its new mission was to skillfully train and support Active Duty, Guard and Reserve F-16 pilots as an Advanced Flight Training Unit. Its gaining command was officially changed from Air Combat Command to AETC on 17 March 1999. As part of the new mission, the 162d received Block 30 F-16D twin-seat trainers which provided the aircraft required for training. Courses included the Basic Course, or also known as the B-course, which was for students who have never flown a fighter aircraft, but are graduates of Air Force Undergraduate Pilot Training. Students were put through an 8.5 month training module. This included in class time, simulator training and in-flight training.

In 2000 the 162d took their F-16's to Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia for Annual Training. In 2001, the 162d went back to Hickam AFB, Hawaii for the first time in 20 years to participate in exercise SENTRY ALOHA 01.

In September 2001, while on Annual Training at the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Michigan, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon occurred. The 162d flew numerous missions in support of homeland defense and for Operation Noble Eagle.

BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations

Under the 2005 Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC), a decision came down that the parent 178th Fighter Wing would lose its sixteen F-16s and ultimately convert to a drone squadron. The Springfield aircraft would be distributed to the 132d Fighter Wing, Iowa Air National Guard, Des Moines IAP ANGS, IA (nine aircraft); the 140th Wing, Colorado Air National Guard, Buckley AFB, CO (three aircraft) and 149th Fighter Wing, Texas Air National Guard, Lackland AFB/Kelly Field, TX (four aircraft).  It was later revealed that the decision may have been a mistake as the 2005 BRAC decision did not take into account that the 162d FS was indeed a training squadron, however the decision stood.

In the interim, through the Foreign Military Sales program, the 178th was able to obtain another training mission with the Royal Netherlands Air Force.  In April 2007 the Dutch 306 Detachment from Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona moved to Springfield to provide a different training environment. The detachment was not associated directly to the 162d FS. However the Springfield facilities were F-16 ready so as a result, when the 162d FS shut down their F-16 operations, the Dutch detachment would leave shortly after. The current RNLAF training mission at Springfield ANGB ended in 2010 when the unit returned for Arizona. About 6 classes graduated out of the Dutch detachment while at Springfield.

The 162d FS graduated its final American F-16 Basic Course class on December 12, 2009. The class had started on 30 March 2009. In the squadron's tenure, as a training squadron, a total 77 pilots went through the B-course. Another 273 people went for pilots upgrading to operational or formal training instructor pilot. This made a total of 350 pilots that received any pilot training at Springfield.

Knowing the American training mission would be ending soon, the 178th pursued another foreign military training
mission with the Singapore Air Force. However, in 2009 it became apparent that mission would not be coming to Springfield due to economic limitations.

Just prior to the squadron closing out Viper operations, on April 22, 2010 the squadron had a more well received deployment in Hungary. The fifteen-day deployment allowed USAF F-16s to fly with Hungarian Air Force Saab JAS 39 Gripens, MiG-29s and the Mi-24s. The American pilots and Hungarian AF pilots had the opportunity to engage in various air-to-air scenarios.

For the 162d FS the final sortie was on July 30, 2010. To celebrate the squadron's history, F-16C #86-0364 was painted up in special markings and incorporated some markings from the famous Second World War P-51 Mustang 'Old Crow'. On the last flight four of the most senior pilots in the squadron with the most hours in the F-16 flew. The four pilots had a combined 100 years in fighters and topped out at 15,920 hours in fighters with 12,380 of those hours in the Viper.

Although the last sortie had been a few months earlier, the last American aircraft departed Springfield on 20 September 2010. This ended the manned flying mission of the 162d FS. The Dutch detachment was scheduled to return to Tucson AGB, Arizona by January 2011. Instead they pulled out early and were gone from Springfield by 15 November 2010 when the last Dutch F-16 departed.

Reconnaissance mission
On 7 May 2010 the DoD and the Air Force have decided to assign the 178th a new mission as a ground control station for the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator and an extension of the intelligence analysis mission from the National Air and Space Intelligence Center.

Conversion to the MQ-1 began in 2010. The mission is under the control of the Air Combat Command.  Pilots based in Springfield can fly MQ-1s on the other side of the world in Iraq or Afghanistan. A second component works under the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC).

Lineage

 Designated as the 178th Tactical Fighter Group and allotted the National Guard on 11 September 1962
 Activated and extended federal recognition on 15 October 1962
 Redesignated 178th Fighter Group on 18 March 1992
 Redesignated 178th Fighter Wing on 1 October 1995
 Redesignated 178th Wing on 1 July 2014

Assignments
 121st Tactical Fighter Wing (later 121st Air Refueling Wing), 15 October 1962
 Ohio Air National Guard, 11 October 1995

Gaining Command
 Tactical Air Command, 15 October 1962
 Air Combat Command, 1 July 1992 – present
 Elements gained by Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency, 10 June 2010 – Present

Components
 178th Operations (later Reconnaissance) Group, 11 October 1995 – present
 178th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group, 1 July 2014 – present
 162d Tactical Fighter Squadron (later 162d Fighter Squadron), 15 October 1962 – 1 October 1995

Stations
 Springfield Municipal Airport (later Springfield-Beckley Municipal Airport, Springfield Air National Guard Base), Ohio, 15 October 1962 – present

Aircraft

 F-84F Thunderstreak, 1962-1970
 F-100D/F Super Sabre, 1970-1978
 A-7D/K Corsair II, 1978-1993

 Block 30 F-16C Fighting Falcon, 1993-2010
 Block 30 F-16D Fighting Falcon, 1997-2010
 MQ-1 Predator, 2010–Present

References

 Notes

 New Reconnaissance mission of 178th Fighter Wing
 162d Fighter Squadron lineage and history
 Rogers, B. (2006). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978.
 178th Fighter Wing home page
 Donald, David (2004). Century Jets: USAF Frontline Fighters of the Cold War. AIRtime.
 McLaren, David. Republic F-84 Thunderjet, Thunderstreak & Thunderflash: A Photo Chronicle. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military/Aviation History, 1998. .

External links
 178th Wing

Category:Wings of the United States Air National Guard
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Category:Military units and formations in Ohio


Jan Rombouts the Elder

Jan Rombouts the Elder or Jan Rombauts the Elder (alternative first name: Johannes) (c. 1480 in Leuven – 1535 in Leuven), was a Flemish Renaissance painter, glass painter, draftsman, printmaker and glass designer of a religious-themed oeuvre.  Jan Rombouts was active in Leuven where he introduced the Renaissance innovations of Bernard van Orley and the Antwerp school.

Life
The details of the life of Jan Rombouts are sketchy.  He signed his work with a monogram which had been read by the 19th century city archivist of Leuven Edward van Even as representing the letters IVR.  As a result he identified the painter using this monogram with the Leuven city painter Jan van Rillaer.  When it was discovered that Jan van Rillaer was only born around 1520-1525 it became clear that he could not be identified with the monogrammist since the latter had already produced work in the period 1520-1525. It was subsequently understood that Edward van Even had misread the monogram, which should actually be read as IANR. Based on further evidence it was concluded that the monogrammist IANR had to be identified with Jan Rombouts the Elder.

The earliest known archival document in which Jan Rombouts is listed as 'Johannes Rombouts pictor' dates from 1508.  Jan Rombouts the Elder was the grandnephew of the glass painter Claes Rombouts.  He was mainly active in his hometown Leuven.

Rombouts married Barbele Roelants, with whom he had two children.  His son Jan Rombouts the Younger also became a painter.  His daughter Marie married Jan Willems, a painter in Leuven. Jan Rombouts was dean of Leuven's city administration from 1519 until his death in 1535 and also served on the board of governors of an Antonine chapel.

His son (ca. 1505–59) worked in his fathers workshop and also held public offices in Leuven, such as that of alderman. Only the son is documented as a glass-painter but the evidence seems to indicate that Jan Rombouts I was also a glass-painter.

Work

Jan Rombouts is regarded as an important modernizer through his complex compositions, moving figures, lively and colourful palette, meticulous eye for detail and pseudo-Renaissance architectural elements.  He thus introduced the innovations of Bernard van Orley and the Antwerp school in Leuven.  At the same time he remained faithful to the traditions of his famous fellow townsman Dieric Bouts.

His oeuvre is now believed to comprise four paintings (comprising three double-sided altarpiece wings and a single panel), seven engravings, a drawing on wood panel of The Judgment of Solomon, a vidimus drawing for a four-light church window (Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum) and more than two dozen painted glass windows, some of them believed to be after Rombouts’ design rather than by the master himself.

His earliest know painting is The birth of St. John the Baptist (circa 1515-1520, collection of the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh). This early work shows the painter still struggling with his figures. The neatly painted Renaissance architectural details indicate the artist's interest in contemporary artistic developments in Italy.  The result is a work rooted in the 15th century Flemish tradition of Early Netherlandish painting but with a focus on Italy and the mannerism of among others Bernard van Orley.  His principal panel works are the monogrammed wings of a dismembered altarpiece on the Conversion of Saint Paul and The Fall of Simon the Magus (now in the M - Museum Leuven) which are monumental and in a classicizing style.

His engravings reflect the influences of his contemporaries Albrecht Dürer and Lucas van Leyden.  His early prints lack technical and aesthetical finesse.  His later works the Virgin and Child and Pyramus and Thisbe show the artist had mastered the art of the print medium.

A monogrammed drawing The Judgment of Salomon dated 1528 (Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin) is a design for a glass-panel. The stained glasses from the former Carthusian monastery in Leuven (parts of which are now in New York’s Metropolitan Museum and the Riverside Church) have been attributed to Rombouts and his workshop.

References

Further reading
 Yvette Bruijnen, Jan Rombouts: The Discovery of an Early Sixteenth-Century Master in Louvain (Ars Nova 16). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers 2011, 312 pp, fully illustrated. .

External links

 Stained glass windows by Jan Rombouts I in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Category:1535 deaths
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Flemish Renaissance painters
Category:Flemish history painters
Category:Flemish stained glass artists and manufacturers


The Transatlantic Review

The Transatlantic Review (often styled the transatlantic review) was an influential monthly literary magazine edited by Ford Madox Ford in 1924. The magazine was based in Paris but was published in London by Gerald Duckworth and Company.

Although it published only 12 issues—one in each month in 1924—the magazine had an influential impact on early 20th-century English literature by publishing works such as an early extract from James Joyce's Finnegans Wake. The magazine also contained works by Djuna Barnes, Jean Cassou, Hilda Doolittle, Ernest Hemingway, Selma Lagerlöf, Jean Rhys, Gertrude Stein, and Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven. The magazine was funded by John Quinn, who had been persuaded by Ezra Pound to give money to Ford for the publication of a literary magazine. Ernest Hemingway was the guest editor of the August 1924 edition.

In 1959, Joseph F. McCrindle founded a literary magazine and named it the Transatlantic Review in honour of Ford's 1924 magazine.

References
Bernard J. Poli (1967). Ford Madox Ford and the Transatlantic Review (Syracuse University Press)

Category:1924 disestablishments in France
Category:1924 establishments in France
Category:Defunct British literary magazines
Category:Defunct magazines of France
Category:Ford Madox Ford
Category:London magazines
Category:French literary magazines
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Category:Magazines established in 1924
Category:Magazines disestablished in 1924
Category:Magazines published in Paris


2019 PEI Tankard

The 2019 PEI Tankard, the provincial men's curling championship for Prince Edward Island, was held January 9-13 at the Western Community Curling Club in Alberton, Prince Edward Island. The winning John Likely rink represented Prince Edward Island at the 2019 Tim Hortons Brier, Canada's national men's curling championship. The event was held in conjunction with the 2019 Prince Edward Island Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the provincial women's championship.

Teams Entered

Knockout draw brackets

A Event

B Event

C Event

Playoffs
As the winner of two events, the John Likely rink needed to be beaten twice.  Likely defeated MacKenzie in the first game, so a second game was not necessary.

Playoff #1
Sunday, January 13, 8:00am

References

External links
PEI
Category:2019 in Prince Edward Island
PEI Tankard
Category:Curling in Prince Edward Island
Category:Prince County, Prince Edward Island


Kemar Scott

Kemar Ronex Garland Scott (born 17 November 1987) is a Caymanian footballer who plays as a midfielder. He has represented the Cayman Islands during a World Cup qualifying match in 2011.

References

Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Living people
Category:1987 births
Category:Caymanian footballers
Category:Cayman Islands international footballers
Category:Cayman Athletic SC players


1947 Victorian state election

The 1947 Victorian state election was held in the Australian state of Victoria on Saturday 8 November 1947 to elect 65 members of the state's Legislative Assembly.

Results

Legislative Assembly

|}

See also
Candidates of the Victorian state election, 1947
1946 Victorian Legislative Council election

References

Category:1947 elections in Australia
Category:Elections in Victoria (Australia)
Category:1940s in Victoria (Australia)
Category:November 1947 events


Montgomery County, New York

Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 50,219. The county seat is Fonda. The county was named in honor of Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 at the Battle of Quebec.

Historically occupied by the Mohawk people, one of the original Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, the county was created in 1772 during the period of British colonial rule as Tryon County. In 1784, after the Americans gained independence in the War, it was renamed Montgomery County for one of the heroes.

Montgomery County comprises the Amsterdam, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area. The county borders the north and south banks of the Mohawk River.

History

This area was occupied by the Mohawk for hundreds of years prior to European colonization. Many warriors allied with the British during the war. When the British lost, they ceded all the Iroquois territory of the Six Nations (the Tuscarora had joined the confederacy in the 18th century) to the United States, without consulting the tribes or bringing them into negotiation.

In 1784, following end of the American Revolutionary War, the European-American settlers renamed Tryon County as Montgomery County. This change was to honor the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died in 1775 attempting to capture the city of Quebec during the Revolutionary War. It replaced the name that formerly honored the last provincial governor of New York.

In 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. The area of the new county was much larger than the present Ontario County, as it included the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Steuben, Wyoming, Yates, and part of Schuyler and Wayne counties.

In 1791, Herkimer, Otsego, and Tioga counties were split off from Montgomery.

In 1802, portions of Clinton, Herkimer, and Montgomery counties were combined to form St. Lawrence County.

In 1816, Hamilton County was split off from Montgomery.

In 1838, Fulton County was split off from Montgomery.

In 2012, Montgomery County voters approved a charter for government, making it the 21st county in New York state to do so. In 2013, Matthew L. Ossenfort was elected at-large as the first County Executive in the county's history. Ossenfort took office in 2014, the same year the charter went into effect.  Under the terms of the charter, the Board of Supervisors was replaced by a nine-member County Legislature, with members elected from single-member districts. Thomas L. Quackenbush, one of the members, was elected as the first Chairman of the new legislative body, which will be a circulating position.

Congressional districts
 1789-1797 - None
 1797-1803 - NY9
 1803-1809 - NY13
 1809-1813 - NY9
 1813-1823 - NY14
 1823-1833 - NY16
 1833-1843 - NY15
 1843-1853 - NY17
 1853-1873 - NY18
 1873-1875 - NY19
 1875-1893 - NY20
 1893-1913 - ?
 1913-1945 - NY30
 1945-1953 - NY31
 1953-1963 - NY32
 1963-1971 - NY35
 1971-1973 - NY28 & NY29
 1973-1983 - NY28 & NY31
 1983-1993 - NY23 & ?
 1993-2003 - NY21 & NY23
 2003-2012- NY21
 2013–present - NY19 & NY20

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.8%) is water.

Montgomery County is located in the central part of the state, west of the city of Schenectady and northwest of Albany.

Adjacent counties
 Fulton County - north
 Saratoga County - east
 Schenectady County - east
 Schoharie County - south
 Otsego County - southwest
 Herkimer County - west

The Erie Canal runs through Montgomery County parallel to the Mohawk River, connecting to the Wood River to the west, which leads to Lake Ontario. Overall, the canal connected Great Lakes shipping with the Hudson River and the port of New York on the Atlantic Ocean.  Several towns and villages developed along the canal, as it carried much trade and passenger traffic during its peak years. After the railroad was built through the state, along the same river plain, it superseded the canal, which was filled in some areas.

At the time of the canal's construction, Montgomery County was the only place where there was a break in the Appalachian Mountains.  Called 'The Noses' because of canal construction, it became known as "the gateway to the West". In the mid-twentieth century, the NYS Thruway was constructed parallel to the former east-west routes of the canal and railroad. Today the Erie Canal and its lock system is used primarily for recreational boat use among locals and tourists.

Montgomery County is located in the heart of the state's Mohawk Valley region. Foothills of the Catskill Mountains dot the southern part of the county, while foothills of the Adirondack Mountains dot the north.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 50,208 people, 20,073 households, and 13,131 families residing in the county.  The population density was 123 people per square mile (47/km²).  There were 22,522 housing units at an average density of 56 per square mile (21/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 92.87% (83.8% Non-Hispanic; 9.07 White Hispanic) White, 1.15% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.53% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 3.92% from other races, and 1.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.91% of the population. 19.0% identified as being of Italian, 15.9% German, 13.5% Polish, 9.8% Puerto Rican 9.1% Irish, 7.9% American and 6.4% English ancestry, according to Census 2010. 86.8% spoke English, 9.3% Spanish,1.8% Italian, and 1.1% Polish as their first language.

There were 20,038 households out of which 29.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.00% were married couples living together, 11.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.60% were non-families. 29.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the county, the population was spread out with 24.50% under the age of 18, 7.20% from 18 to 24, 26.30% from 25 to 44, 22.90% from 45 to 64, and 19.20% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 91.40 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $33,128, and the median income for a family was $40,688. Males had a median income of $31,818 versus $23,359 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,005.  About 9.00% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.80% of those under age 18 and 9.89% of those age 65 or over.

Politics and government

Western Montgomery County lies in New York's 19th Congressional District, while the Eastern half lies in New York's 20th Congressional District, the latter of which is represented in Congress by Paul Tonko, a lifelong resident of Amsterdam. While Democrats have been elected to local office, Republican candidates have a +5 margin in Presidential elections.

In 2012, voters approved a county charter under New York's municipal home rule law which established an independent county executive to head its executive branch and replacing the board of supervisors with a nine-seat county legislature.  Elections were held the next year and the county began operating under this charter on January 1, 2014.

Communities

City
 Amsterdam

Towns

 Amsterdam
 Canajoharie
 Charleston
 Florida
 Glen
 Minden
 Mohawk
 Palatine
 Root
 St. Johnsville

Villages

 Ames
 Canajoharie
 Fonda (county seat)
 Fort Johnson
 Fort Plain
 Fultonville
 Hagaman
 Nelliston
 Palatine Bridge
 St. Johnsville

Census-designated place
 Tribes Hill

Hamlet
 Auriesville
 Fort Hunter
 Freysbush
 Sprakers
 Sprout Brook
 Valley Brook

Notable people

Joseph Brant, Mohawk Indian, was a Mohawk military and political leader, based in present-day New York, who was closely associated with Great Britain during and after the American Revolution. He and his family were from Canajoharie, New York.
Charles Couch, Wisconsin state legislator, was born in Mohawk in Montgomery County in 1833.
Bud Fowler, African American baseball player.  He was the first African American professional baseball player. He was born in Fort Plain, New York.
Sheldon Jackson, Presbyterian missionary, was born in Minaville in Montgomery County in 1834.
 Cady Staley, 1st President of Case School of Applied Science (now Case Western Reserve University), was born in Minaville in Montgomery County in 1840.
Kirk Douglas actor.
George A. Mitchell, founder of Cadillac, Michigan
David Pietrusza author.

See also

 List of counties in New York
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, New York
 Fort Johnson Volunteer Fire Company

References

External links
 Montgomery County, NY

  Summary history of Montgomery County
 "Fulton-Montgomery Photo Archives"
 "Glovers and Tanners"

Category:1772 establishments in New York
Category:Populated places established in 1772


Anatole Broyard

Anatole Paul Broyard (July 16, 1920 – October 11, 1990) was an American writer, literary critic, and editor from New Orleans who wrote for The New York Times. In addition to his many reviews and columns, he published short stories, essays, and two books during his lifetime. His autobiographical works, Intoxicated by My Illness (1992) and Kafka Was the Rage: A Greenwich Village Memoir (1993), were published after his death. He had moved to Brooklyn, New York, with his family as a youth.

Several years after his death, Broyard became the center of controversy when it was revealed that he had "passed" as white as an adult. Moving to Greenwich Village, where there were other aspiring writers and artists who had moved from their pasts, he had wanted to be accepted as a writer, rather than a "black writer". Some friends said they always knew he had black ancestry. A Louisiana Creole of mixed-race ancestry, Broyard was criticized by some black political figures for his decisions, as he had acted as an individual during a period of increased communal political activity by African Americans. Since the late twentieth century, advocates of multiracial culture have cited Broyard as an example of someone insisting on an independent racial identity before it was widely popular in mainstream America.

Life and career
Anatole Broyard was born in 1920 in New Orleans, Louisiana, into a mixed-race Louisiana Creole family, the son of Paul Anatole Broyard, a carpenter and construction worker, and his wife, Edna Miller, neither of whom had finished elementary school. Broyard was descended from ancestors who were established as free people of color before the Civil War. The first Broyard recorded in Louisiana was a French colonist in the mid-eighteenth century. Broyard was the second of three children; he and his sister Lorraine, two years older, were light-skinned with European features. Their younger sister, Shirley, who eventually married Franklin Williams, an attorney and civil rights leader, had darker skin and African features.

When Broyard was a child during the Depression, his family moved from New Orleans to New York City, as part of the Great Migration of African Americans to the northern industrial cities. His father thought there were more work opportunities in that city.

According to his daughter, Bliss Broyard, "My mother said that when my father was growing up in Brooklyn, where his family had moved when he was six, he'd been ostracized by both white and black kids alike. The black kids picked on him because he looked white, and the white kids rejected him because they knew his family was black. He'd come home from school with his jacket torn, and his parents wouldn't ask what happened. My mother said that he didn't tell us about his racial background because he wanted to spare his own children from going through what he did."

They lived in a working-class and racially diverse community in Brooklyn. Having grown up in the French Quarter's Creole community, Broyard felt he had little in common with the urban blacks of Brooklyn. He saw his parents "pass" as white to get work, as his father found the carpenters union to be racially discriminatory.  By high school, the younger Broyard had become interested in artistic and cultural life; his sister Shirley said he was the only one in the family with such interests.

As writer and editor Brent Staples wrote in 2003, "Anatole Broyard wanted to be a writer – and not just a 'Negro writer' consigned to the back of the literary bus." The historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr. wrote: "In his terms, he did not want to write about black love, black passion, black suffering, black joy; he wanted to write about love and passion and suffering and joy."

Broyard had some stories accepted for publication in the 1940s. He began studying at Brooklyn College before the U.S. entered World War II. When he enlisted in the army, the armed services were segregated and no African Americans were officers. He was accepted as white at enlistment and he took that opportunity to enter and successfully complete officers school. During his service, Broyard was promoted to the rank of captain.

After the war, Broyard maintained his white identity. Staples later noted:
Those who had escaped the penalties of blackness in the military were often unwilling to go back to second-class citizenship after the war. One demographer estimated that more than 150,000 black people sailed away permanently into whiteness during the 1940s alone, marrying white spouses and most likely cutting off their black families.

Broyard used the GI Bill to study at the New School for Social Research in Manhattan. He settled in Greenwich Village, where he became part of its bohemian artistic and literary life.  With money saved during the war, Broyard owned a bookstore for a time. As he recounted in a 1979 column:
Eventually, I ran away to Greenwich Village, where no one had been born of a mother and father, where the people I met had sprung from their own brows, or from the pages of a bad novel... Orphans of the avant-garde, we outdistanced our history and our humanity.

Broyard did not identify with or champion black political causes. Because of his artistic ambition, in some circumstances he never acknowledged that he was partially black. On the other hand, Margaret Harrell has written that she and other acquaintances were casually told that he was a writer and black before meeting him, and not in the sense of having to keep it secret. That he was partially black was well known in the Greenwich Village literary and art community from the early 1960s.

During the 1940s, Broyard published stories in Modern Writing, Discovery, and New World Writing, three leading pocket-book format "little magazines". He also contributed articles and essays to Partisan Review, Commentary, Neurotica, and New Directions Publishing. Stories of his were included in two anthologies of fiction widely associated with the Beat writers, but Broyard did not identify with them.

He often was said to be working on a novel, but never published one. After the 1950s, Broyard taught creative writing at The New School, New York University, and Columbia University, in addition to his regular book reviewing. For nearly fifteen years, Broyard wrote daily book reviews for The New York Times. The editor John Leonard was quoted as saying, "A good book review is an act of seduction, and when he [Broyard] did it there was no one better."

In the late 1970s, Broyard started publishing brief personal essays in the Times, which many people considered among his best work.  These were collected in Men, Women and Anti-Climaxes, published in 1980. In 1984 Broyard was given a column in the Book Review, for which he also worked as an editor. He was among those considered "gatekeepers" in the New York literary world, whose positive opinions were critical to a writer's success.

Marriage and family
Broyard first married Aida Sanchez, a Puerto Rican woman, and they had a daughter, Gala. They divorced after Broyard returned from military service in World War II.

In 1961, at the age of 40, Broyard married again, to Alexandra (Sandy) Nelson, a modern dancer and younger woman of Norwegian-American ancestry.  They had two children: son Todd, born in 1964, and daughter Bliss, born in 1966. The Broyards raised their children as white in suburban Connecticut. When they had grown to young adults, Sandy urged Broyard to tell them about his family (and theirs), but he never did.

Shortly before he died, Broyard wrote a statement that some people later took to represent his views. In explaining why he so missed his friend the writer Milton Klonsky, with whom he used to talk every day, he said that after Milton died, "No one talked to me as an equal." Although critics framed the issue of Broyard's identity as one of race, Broyard wanted personal equality and acceptance: he wanted neither to be talked down to nor to be looked up to, as he believed either masked the true human being.

Sandy told their children of their father's secret before his death. Broyard died in October 1990 of prostate cancer, which had been diagnosed in 1989. His first wife and child were not mentioned in his The New York Times obituary.

Cultural references
Novelist Chandler Brossard, who knew Broyard in the late 1940s, based a character on him in his first novel, Who Walk in Darkness (1952). After the manuscript was submitted to New Directions Publishing, poet Delmore Schwartz read it and informed Broyard that the character Henry Porter was based on him; Broyard threatened to sue unless the novel's opening line was changed. It originally had read "People said Henry Porter was a 'passed Negro,'" which Brossard reluctantly changed to "People said Henry Porter was an illegitimate." Brossard restored his original text for a 1972 paperback edition.

Novelist William Gaddis, who likewise knew Broyard in the late 1940s, modeled a character named "Max" on Broyard in his first novel, The Recognitions (1955).

Given Broyard's stature in the literary world and discussions about his life after his death, numerous literary critics, such as Michiko Kakutani, Janet Maslin, Lorrie Moore, Charles Taylor, Touré, and Brent Staples, have made comparisons between the character Coleman Silk in Philip Roth's The Human Stain (2000) and Broyard.

Some speculated that Roth had been inspired by Broyard's life, and commented on the larger issues of race and identity in American society. Roth stated in a 2008 interview, however, that Broyard was not his source of inspiration. He explained that he had only learned about Broyard's black ancestry and choices from the Gates New Yorker article, published months after he had already started writing the novel. He, instead, said in the open letter that his inspiration was Melvin Tumin, a longtime friend.

Disclosure
In 1996, six years after Broyard's death, Henry Louis Gates criticized the writer, in a profile entitled "White Like Me" in The New Yorker, for concealing his African-American ancestry. Gates expanded his essay in "The Passing of Anatole Broyard", a piece published the next year in his Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man (1997). Gates felt that Broyard had deceived friends and family by "passing" as white, but also understood his literary ambition. He wrote,
When those of mixed ancestry—and the majority of blacks are of mixed ancestry—disappear into the white majority, they are traditionally accused of running from their "blackness." Yet why isn't the alternative a matter of running to their "whiteness"?

In 2007, Broyard's daughter Bliss published a memoir, One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life: A Story of Race and Family Secrets. (The title related to the "one-drop rule". Adopted into law in most southern states in the early twentieth century, it divided society into two groups, whites and blacks, classifying all persons with any known black ancestry as black.) Her book explored her psychological and physical journeys as she met members of her father's extended family in New York, New Orleans, and on the West Coast, and her developing ideas about her own identity and life.

Works
1954, "What the Cystoscope Said", Discovery magazine; this is one of his best-known short stories, also included in Intoxicated by My Illness (1992)

Books
1974, Aroused By Books, collected reviews, published by Random House
1980, Men, Women and Other Anticlimaxes, collected essays, published by Methuen
1992, Intoxicated by My Illness: and Other Writings on Life and Death
1993, Kafka Was The Rage: A Greenwich Village Memoir

References

External links

 Anatole Broyard, "A Portrait of the Hipster", Karakorak blog. Broyard's notable critical dissection of the hipster phenomenon.
 "Anatole Broyard, 70, Book Critic and Editor at The Times, Is Dead", The New York Times, Friday, October 12, 1990.
 Peter S. Canellos, "Literary critic left one topic untouched: Race was a closed chapter in a prominent life", The Boston Globe, May 19, 1996
 Jim Burns, "Anatole Broyard", Penniless Press, UK
 Bliss Broyard, One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets, New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2007.
 "Bliss Broyard: 'One Drop' and What It Means", Fresh Air from WHYY, National Public Radio, September 27, 2007.
 Craig Phillips, "Lacey Schwartz Uproots her Family Tree", Independent Lens. Lacey Schwartz – Denial
 Bliss Broyard

Category:1920 births
Category:1990 deaths
Category:Louisiana Creole people
Category:American literary critics
Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers
Category:Writers from Connecticut
Category:People from Fairfield County, Connecticut
Category:The New York Times editors
Category:African-American writers
Category:Writers from New Orleans
Category:Brooklyn College alumni


Calico Light Weapons Systems

Calico Light Weapons Inc. (CLWS) is an American privately held  manufacturing company based in Elgin, Oregon. It designs, develops and manufactures semi automatic firearms.  The company was established in 1982 in Bakersfield, California, and released its first production weapon in 1985. In 1998 the company's operations were moved to Sparks, Nevada, where replacement parts for existing weapons were produced.

In 2006, Calico was sold once again, and moved to Hillsboro, Oregon, where full production of firearms resumed. Calico implemented a CNC machining process and upgraded materials used in manufacture. Additionally, there were minor redesigns of some production models to increase durability and reliability.

Products Overview
CLWS produces a line of pistols and pistol-caliber carbines. Calico firearms feature a top-mounted, helical-feed, 50- or 100-round magazine that ejects spent shells from a port in the bottom, making a brass catcher practical in various situations. The Calico 9 mm pistols, carbines and submachine guns use the roller-delayed blowback principle used in the Heckler & Koch series of firearms.

At the 2012 SHOT Show, Calico exhibited a prototype 12 gauge shotgun with top-mounted helical magazine.

View

Although reviews of the product line were very favorable, Calico is working to secure military and law enforcement and export contracts. Calico firearms have appeared in several action and science fiction films for example ranging from Spaceballs, and I Come in Peace to James Bond due to their reliability, capacity and unique futuristic appearance.  The company tagline is A Revolution in Firepower!

Calico remains one of the largest manufacturers of large magazines for automatic and semi-automatic weapons (50 and 100 rounds).

Products
Current
.22 LR Pistols
Calico M110
.22 LR Rifles
Calico M100S & M-100 Tactical
M-100FS & M-100FS Tactical
9mm Pistols
Calico Liberty III & Liberty III Tactical
9mm Rifles
Liberty I and II
Liberty I and II Tactical
Calico M960 (military and law enforcement only)
Calico M960A

Discontinued
.22 LR Pistols
M-100P
9mm Pistols
M950
Carbines
M-900
M-951
Sub-machineguns
M-750
M-900A
M-950A

Cancelled
Shotgun
Calico 12 gauge shotgun

See also
 List of companies based in Oregon

References

External links
 Calico Official Web Site
 Modern Firearms Calico SMGs site

Category:Firearm manufacturers of the United States
Category:Companies established in 1982
Category:Privately held companies based in Oregon
Category:Union County, Oregon
Category:1982 establishments in California


Piperidine N-piperoyltransferase

In enzymology, a piperidine N-piperoyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

(E,E)-piperoyl-CoA + piperidine  CoA + N-[(E,E)-piperoyl]-piperidine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (E,E)-piperoyl-CoA and piperidine, whereas its two products are CoA and [[N-[(E,E)-piperoyl]-piperidine]].

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is (E,E)-piperoyl-CoA:piperidine N-piperoyltransferase. Other names in common use include piperidine piperoyltransferase, and piperoyl-CoA:piperidine N-piperoyltransferase.

References

Category:EC 2.3.1
Category:Enzymes of unknown structure


Fifth Bridge

Fifth Bridge () is a bridge in the city of Mosul, located in the province of Nineveh Governorate in Iraq over the Tigris River. The bridge was constructed in the 1980s and links the east and west sides of the city.

During the Battle of Mosul in 2016, all bridges into the city were booby trapped with explosives by ISIL, which had occupied the city since June 2014. The bridge was destroyed by U.S. coalition airstrikes on 3 November 2016.

See also

References

Category:Bridges in Iraq
Category:Bridges over the Tigris River


Quinn Pitcock

Quinn Michael Pitcock (born September 14, 1983) is an American football defensive tackle who is currently a free agent. He played college football for Ohio State University, and earned consensus All-American honors.  He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the third round of the 2007 NFL Draft, and played a single regular NFL season for the Colts.

Early years
Pitcock was born in Piqua, Ohio.  He attended Piqua High School, and played defensive tackle for the Piqua Indians high school football.  He received all-state honors as a senior in 2001, and was rated as a Top 100 college prospect by Scout.com.

College career
Pitcock attended Ohio State University, where he played for coach Jim Tressel's Ohio State Buckeyes football team from 2002 to 2006.  As a junior in 2005, he was a second-team All-Big Ten selection; as a senior in 2006, he was a first-team All-Big Ten selection and a consensus first-team All-American, and was awarded the Bill Willis Trophy.

Professional career
Pitcock was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the third round (98th overall) of the 2007 NFL Draft. He opted to retire after just one season in the NFL due to bouts of depression and video game addiction.

During his retirement, the Indianapolis Colts and Quinn's agents helped him to rehab after being diagnosed with mild depression and ADHD. The Colts considered letting him compete for a roster spot during their 2010 training camp, but felt it would be a distraction to the team.

After being waived from the reserve/did not report list by the Colts, Pitcock officially came out of retirement and signed with the Seattle Seahawks on August 4, 2010. However, he was waived by the Seahawks during final cuts on September 4, 2010.

On July 29, 2011, Pitcock signed with the Detroit Lions.

Pitcock was assigned to the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League in 2012. On January 16, 2014, Pitcock was traded to the Arizona Rattlers in exchange for LaMark Brown, Joe Gibbs, Arness Ikner and Justin Wells.

References

External links
 Seattle Seahawks bio

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Piqua, Ohio
Category:Players of American football from Ohio
Category:All-American college football players
Category:American football defensive tackles
Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football players
Category:Indianapolis Colts players
Category:Seattle Seahawks players
Category:Detroit Lions players
Category:Orlando Predators players
Category:Arizona Rattlers players


De gustibus non est disputandum

De gustibus non est disputandum, or de gustibus non disputandum est, is a Latin maxim meaning "In matters of taste, there can be no disputes" (literally "about tastes, it should not be disputed/discussed"). The phrase is commonly rendered in English as "There is no accounting for taste(s)." The implication is that everyone's personal preferences are merely subjective opinions that cannot be right or wrong, so they should never be argued about as if they were. Sometimes the phrase is expanded as De gustibus et coloribus... referring to tastes and colors.    The original quotation is an ancient Latin adage, i.e. Roman, and discussed by many philosophers and economists.

The saying is altered in Dostoyevsky's novel The Brothers Karamozov (part 4, book 11, section 4) to read: "De ideabus non est disputandum."

The phrase is misquoted in Act I of Anton Chekhov's play The Seagull. The character Shamrayev conflates it with the phrase de mortuis nil nisi bonum (in the alternate form: de mortuis, aut bene aut nihil: "of the dead, either [speak] good or [say] nothing"), resulting in "de gustibus aut bene, aut nihil", "Let nothing be said of taste but what is good."
The phrase is also quoted in Philip K. Dick's novel Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said.

See also
 List of Latin phrases

References

External links

Category:Latin words and phrases

sv:Lista över latinska ordspråk och talesätt#D


Marion Clinch Calkins

Marion Clinch Calkins (July 15, 1895 – December 26, 1968) was an American poet, author, and teacher who taught English and Art History at the University of Wisconsin and wrote about the labor movement, industrial espionage, and fascism in America.

Biography
Marion Clinch Calkins was born on July 15, 1895, in Evansville, Wisconsin, the daughter of Julia Clinch and Judson Wells Calkins. After graduation from the University of Wisconsin in 1918, Calkins worked in a Milwaukee artillery shell packing plant, before returning to her alma mater to teach English and art history. Around this time, Calkins entered the annual poetry competition held by the Nation, submitting her poem I Was a Maiden under the name of Clinch Calkins because she wanted her authorship to be gender neutral. Oswald Garrison Villard, the editor, awarded the poem third prize but did not publish it for fear that its content was too avant garde and would cost the magazine its mailing privileges. The poem was eventually published together with Calkins early collected verse in Poems (1928). Calkins poetry, as well as humorous rhymes under the name Majollica Wattles, was published in The New Yorker; and her short stories appeared in Town and Country Magazine.

During the mid-twenties, Calkins lived in New York City working as a vocational counselor and social worker at Lillian Walds Henry Street Settlement. In 1927, Calkins worked with art historian Richard Offner (1889-1965) in Florence, Italy, on what would become his magnum opus the Critical and Historical Corpus of Florentine Painting.

Although Calkins considered poetry to be her favorite literary medium, her most critically acclaimed book was Some Folks Wont Work (1930), a seminal document on the Depression, based on 300 individual case histories of the effects of unemployment. Published a year following the Wall Street Crash, the book received accolades on the front page of the New York Times Book Review, and brought Calkins national attention along with an invitation from Harry Hopkins to work with the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). Calkins traveled across country reporting on socio-economic conditions and ghost-writing for Hopkins.

In 1936, Calkins worked for Senator Robert La Follette's Civil Liberties Committee which investigated workers union civil rights. Calkins wrote the committees report and expanded her observations in Spy Overhead (1937), the first book to examine labor movement sabotage and industrial espionage. During the thirties, Calkins also became friends and worked closely with Henry Alsberg, director of the Federal Writers Project.

Other works of social commentary included the verse drama, State Occasion written in 1939 in response to American fascism. The play was optioned in 1943 by Broadway producer Lee Simonson, but was not performed until 1946, when it was produced and directed by Alan Schneider at Catholic University in Washington, D.C.

Following the Second World War, Calkins devoted much of her time assisting on a biography of the wireless and telegraph inventor Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937), authored by his daughter Degna. Calkins poetry continued to be published in the Botteghe di Oscure, and in a second collection, Strife of Love in a Dream (1965). She also published two novels satirizing the local Washington pastime of fox-hunting and socialite lifestyle: Lady on the Hunt (1950), and Calendar of Love (1952).

In 1929, Clinch Calkins married Charles Marquis Merrell, the grandson of Jacob Spencer Merrell, founder of J.S. Merrell Drug Company in St. Louis, Missouri. The business was later operated by the latters son George until it was sold to McKesson and Robbins. Mark Merrell headed the drug industry division of the National Recovery Act (NRA).

Calkins resided in McLean, Virginia, until her death on December 26, 1968.

Works or publications

Notes and references

Further reading

External links
 The Clinch Calkins Papers
 The Committee on Unemployed Youth
 The Katherine Biddle Papers

Category:1895 births
Category:1968 deaths
Category:People from Evansville, Wisconsin
Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Category:Poets from Wisconsin
Category:People from McLean, Virginia


Yvon Chouinard

Yvon Chouinard (born November 9, 1938) is an American rock climber, environmentalist, and outdoor industry billionaire businessman. His company, Patagonia, is known for its environmental focus.

Chouinard is also a surfer, kayaker, and falconer and is particularly fond of tenkara fly-fishing.  He has written about climbing issues and ethics and on mixing environmentalism and business.

Early life
Chouinard's father was a French-Canadian handyman, mechanic, and plumber. In 1947, he and his family moved from Maine to Southern California. His early climbing partners included Royal Robbins and Tom Frost. A Sierra Club member, in his youth he founded the Southern California Falconry Club, and it was his investigations of falcon aeries that led him to rock climbing. To save money, and make adaptations for the way he was climbing, he decided to make his own climbing tools, teaching himself blacksmithing, and eventually started a business.

In 1971, Chouinard met and married his wife, Malinda Pennoyer, who was an art and home economics student at California State University, Fresno. They have a son (Fletcher) and a daughter (Claire).

Yosemite rock climber to leading alpinist
Chouinard was one of the leading climbers of the "Golden Age of Yosemite Climbing." He was one of the protagonists of the film made about this era: Valley Uprising. He participated in the first ascent of the North America Wall in 1964 (with Royal Robbins, Tom Frost and Chuck Pratt), using no fixed ropes.  The next year, his and TM Herbert's ascent of the Muir Wall on El Capitan improved the style of previous first ascents.  Chouinard became the most articulate advocate of the importance of style, the basis of modern rock climbing.

In 1961, he visited Western Canada with Fred Beckey, and made several important first ascents, including the North Face of Mount Edith Cavell (Rockies), the Beckey-Chouinard Route on South Howser Tower in the Bugaboos (Purcell Mountains), and the North Face of Mount Sir Donald (Selkirk Mountains).  These climbs opened his eyes to the idea of applying Yosemite big-wall climbing techniques to mountain climbing, and his advocacy was important to modern, high-grade alpinism.  Also in 1961, he visited Shawangunk Ridge for the first time, freeclimbing the first pitch of Matinee (the hardest free climb done at Shawangunk Ridge at the time); and introducing chrome-molybdenum steel pitons to the area, which revolutionized climbing protection.  In 1968, he climbed Cerro Fitzroy in Patagonia by a new route (The Californian Route, 3rd overall ascent of the mountain) with Dick Dorworth, Chris Jones, Lito Tejada-Flores and Douglas Tompkins.

Chouinard has also traveled and climbed in the European Alps and in Pakistan.

Chouinard Equipment, Ltd.
In 1957, he bought a second-hand coal-fired forge, and started making hardened steel pitons for use in Yosemite Valley.  Between time spent surfing and climbing, he sold pitons out of the back of his car to support himself.  The improved pitons were a big factor in the birth of big-wall climbing from 1957 to 1960 in Yosemite. The success of his pitons caused him to found Chouinard Equipment, Ltd.

In the late 1960s, Chouinard and business partner Tom Frost began studying ice climbing equipment, and re-invented the basic tools (crampons and ice axes) to perform on steeper ice.  These new tools and his book Climbing Ice (1978) started the modern sport of ice climbing.

Around 1970, he became aware that the use of steel pitons made by his company was causing significant damage to the cracks of Yosemite.  These pitons comprised 70 percent of his income. In 1971 and 1972, Chouinard and Frost introduced new aluminum chockstones, called Hexentrics and Stoppers, along with the less successful steel Crack-n-Ups, and committed the company to the advocacy of the new tools and a new style of climbing called "clean climbing."  This concept revolutionized rock climbing and led to further success of the company, despite destroying the sales of pitons, formerly his most important product.

They applied for a U.S. patent on Hexentrics in 1974, and it was granted on April 6, 1976. These are still manufactured by Black Diamond Equipment.

In the latter 1960s, Chouinard attempted a number of significant technological and technique changes to ice climbing after trips to the Alps in Europe and Sierra Nevada ice gullies in autumn.  He removed the flex from crampons, making them more rigid for front-pointing.  He drew the taper of a rock hammer into a point for better ice purchase.  He increased the cross section of ice screws while also using lighter materials.  He experimented with pick and blade issues with ice axes. Prior to this, much of ice climbing was seen as mere step cutting. He attempted to replace hand ice picks (climbing type) with a small ice axe head called a Climaxe.

In 1989, Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. filed for bankruptcy protection in order to protect it from liability lawsuits. The hard assets of Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. were acquired by its employees through the Chapter 11 process, and the company was reestablished as Black Diamond Equipment, Ltd.

Patagonia and environmentalism
Chouinard is most known for founding the clothing and gear company, Patagonia.  In 1970 on a trip to Scotland, he purchased some rugby shirts and sold them with great success.  From this small start, the Patagonia company developed a wide selection of rugged technical clothing.

Recognizing that the financial success of the company provided the opportunity to also achieve personal goals, Chouinard committed the company to being an outstanding place to work, and to be an important resource for environmental activism.  In 1984, Patagonia opened an on-site cafeteria offering "healthy, mostly vegetarian food," and started providing on-site child care.  In 1986, Chouinard committed the company to "tithing" for environmental activism, committing one percent of sales or ten percent of profits, whichever is the greater.  The commitment included paying employees working on local environmental projects so they could commit their efforts full-time.

In the early 1990s, an environmental audit of Patagonia revealed the surprising result (at the time), that corporate cotton, although it was a natural material, had a heavy environmental footprint. In 1996, Chouinard committed the company to using all organic cotton.

In 2014, Patagonia supported the advocacy documentary film DamNation, which is about changing attitudes in America towards its dams.  Chouinard was the executive producer of the film, and he was also featured in the film commenting about dams. In 2018, in acknowledgment that sustainability and responsible practices are core to Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard was recognized with the Sierra Club's top award, the John Muir Award.

Publications

Chouinard, Yvon; Mathews, Craig; Mazzo, Mauro (2014) Simple Fly Fishing: Techniques for Tenkara and Rod & Reel. Patagonia Books.

Notable ascents
 1961 North Face, Mount Edith Cavell, Canadian Rockies (First ascent with Fred Beckey and Dan Doody).
 1962 Northeast Face, Disappointment Peak, Teton Range, Wyoming. (IV 5.9 A3) First ascent with Tom Frost.
 1964 North American Wall, El Capitan, Yosemite Valley - (VI 5.8 A5 3000') - First ascent with Royal Robbins, Tom Frost and Chuck Pratt.
 1965 Muir Wall, El Capitan, Yosemite Valley - (VI 5.10 A3) - First ascent with TM Herbert, June 1965.
 1968 Southwest Ridge aka California Route, Cerro Fitzroy, Patagonia  First ascent of route with Doug Tompkins, Lito Tejada-Flores, Chris Jones and Dick Dorworth, 3rd ascent of peak.
 1975 Diamond Couloir (direct finish) Mount Kenya, Kenya. First ascent of direct finish with Michael Covington, January 1975.

Related reading

References

External links
 Outdoor Business Pioneer Yvon Chouinard (NPR interview with Yvon Chouinard)

Category:Living people
Category:American billionaires
Category:American mountain climbers
Category:American rock climbers
Category:American environmentalists
Category:American people of French-Canadian descent
Category:Stanford University alumni
Category:1938 births
Category:People from Lewiston, Maine
Category:Sportspeople from Maine


Not Coming to a Theater Near You

Not Coming to a Theater Near You is a film review website. As its name suggests, the site shies away from new releases in favor of retrospective looks at older, lesser-known films.

History
Not Coming to a Theater Near You was founded as a printed column in 1998 and has been online-only since 2001. Since 2009, Not Coming to a Theater Near You has put on public screenings of select films at 92YTribeca in New York City. Stills, an offshoot of the site featuring a different still image from a film every day, was also launched in 2009.

In 2010, Film Comment, the Film Society of Lincoln Center's official journal, counted Not Coming to a Theater Near You as being among the top film criticism sites (alongside Moving Image Source, indieWIRE, Ain't It Cool News, and others), calling it "an ambitious online resource for reevaluations of forgotten and fringe cinema." David Hudson, writing for Mubi's The Auteurs Daily, included the site on a similar best-of list.

On May 14th, 2014, Not Coming to a Theater Near You ceased publication.

Content
In addition to standalone reviews, much of the content on Not Coming to a Theater Near You comes in the form of interviews, festival coverage, and features highlighting specific genres and directors. Examples include:
 31 Days of Horror, a month-long look at horror films, which has taken place annually since October 2004 and is currently in its seventh iteration;
 coverage of the South by Southwest, Sundance, Telluride, Toronto, and New York film festivals;
 interviews with such filmmakers and actors as Thom Andersen, Tommy Wiseau, and Frederick Wiseman;
 and spotlights on directors Michel Gondry, Stanley Kubrick, François Truffaut, Agnès Varda, etc.

In a contributors' poll on the best films of the 2000s, five films received five or more votes (from a total of 14 contributors): Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, In the Mood for Love, Mulholland Drive, There Will Be Blood, and Zodiac.

References

External links
 Official website

Category:American film review websites


Augustowo, Wyszków County

Augustowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Długosiodło, within Wyszków County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Długosiodło,  north-east of Wyszków, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Category:Villages in Wyszków County


Frank Holmes

Frank Holmes may refer to:

Sir Frank Holmes (economist) (1924–2011), New Zealand economist
Frank Holmes (geologist) (1874–1947), British geologist
Frank E. Holmes, chief executive and chief investment officer at U.S. Global Investors
Frank Holmes (athlete) (1885–1980), American track and field athlete
Frank J. Holmes, American painter
Frank Holmes (filmmaker) (1908–1990), producer and director of Seaport of the Prairies
Frank Holmes (footballer) (1900–1989), Australian rules footballer
Frankie Holmes, a co-host and subject of the documentary television series Dopesick Nation


AN/UYK-43

The AN/UYK-43 was the standard 32-bit computer of the United States Navy for surface ship and submarine platforms, starting in 1984. Some 1250 units had been delivered through 2000. The size of a refrigerator, it replaced the older AN/UYK-7, both built by UNISYS and shared the same instruction set. An enhancement to the UYK-43, the Open Systems Module (OSM), allows up to six VMEbus Type 6U commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) cards to be installed in a UYK-43 enclosure.

The UYK-43 is being replaced by commercial off-the-shelf systems. Retired systems are being cannibalized for repair parts to support systems still in use by U.S. and non-U.S. forces.

Architecture

The historic AN/UYK-43 architecture includes active redundancy. It includes multiple processors, multiple memory banks, and multiple input-output devices with interfaces for multiple disk drives. Power-on self test firmware incorporates features that reconfigure software loading in order to bypass failure. This allows it to run in degraded mode with failed processors, failed memory, failed disk drives, and failed input/output devices. Remote status boards perform fault reporting.

These features improve combat survivability and eliminate requirements for periodic diagnostic maintenance, which is the intent of condition-based maintenance.

The standardized computer programming language associated with UYK and AYK series computers is called CMS-2 developed by Rand Corporation.

References

See also
 AN/UYK-44 16-bit computer
 CMS-2 (programming language)
 Military computers

Category:Military computers
Category:Equipment of the United States Navy
Category:Military electronics of the United States

ja:アメリカ海軍のコンピュータ#第3・4世代


Christoph Kröpfl

Christoph Kröpfl (born 4 May 1990) is an Austrian footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for TSV Hartberg.

Club career
Born in Graz, Kröpfl started playing football with the ESV Austria Graz. Later he joined the Sturm Graz Akademie to make his professional debut for SK Sturm Graz in the 2007/2008 season against SV Ried. In summer 2009 he joined FC Red Bull Salzburg. There he plays for the second Team, Salzburg Juniors, at first. In December 2009 he gave his debut in the first squad playing versus FC Kärnten, where he came in minute 63 for Somen Tchoyi.

Since 2010 he is on loan in Kapfenberg playing for SV Kapfenberg.

He played for the Austrian soccer nationalteam from U-16 to U-21.

References

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Graz
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Austrian footballers
Category:SK Sturm Graz players
Category:FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Category:Kapfenberger SV players
Category:TSV Hartberg players
Category:Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Category:Austrian Football Second League players


Circle rules football

Circle rules football, commonly referred to as circle rules, is a sport played between two teams of six with a large spherical ball similar to a stability ball. Invented in New York City in 2006, the sport is currently played in cities across the United States, as well as in several international locations.

The game is played on a circular field with a central goal. The goal has no net, as the two teams score through the goal from opposing directions. Around the goal is a circular area called the “key,” which only the teams’ goalies may enter. Players outside the key may touch the ball with any part of their bodies, allowing them to dribble, kick, roll, carry, and throw the ball; however, they may not hold the ball in any way that restricts its movement. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins.

Gameplay
Each team consists of six players (excluding substitutes), one of whom is the goalkeeper. Teams may be coed, though they are not required to be. Two referees are on the field at all times; one watches over the key to call key violations and ensure the safety of the goalies, while the other moves freely around the field.

An official game consists of four fifteen-minute periods. Prior to the start of the game, a representative from each team participates in a "down-up." The two players stand opposite each other; on the referee's signal, they race to touch both shoulder blades to the ground and return to a stationary standing position. As in a coin toss, the winner of the down-up gets to choose which direction his team will score and whether his team will kick off or receive the ball at the start of the match.

The team that is kicking off gathers inside the key, while the other team takes up their positions outside. After the kick off, the kicking team must wait inside the key until a member of the other team has touched the ball; at this point the kicking team is released from the key, and no players except the goalies may reenter it until a goal has been scored. After each goal, the scoring team gathers inside the key and repeats this procedure.

Goals are scored by putting the ball through the goalposts in a team's designated direction. Each goal is worth one point. Outside the key, players may touch the ball with any part of their body; however, they cannot hold the ball with two hands or hold it against their body in a way that restricts the ball's movement. Players are free to dribble, kick, roll, carry, throw, and strike the ball, and they may move it in any direction around the field.

Physical contact between players on the field is limited. Incidental contact, as well as contact that is the result of a movement that causes contact with the ball before contact with another player, is generally not penalized. The referees' discretion plays a large role in determining the type and intensity of contact that is allowed on the field.

Inside the key, the goalies attempt to defend their own side of the goal, while allowing their team to score through from the opposite direction. Goalies have full contact with each other, allowing them to grapple; however, dangerous moves such as striking and contact above the neck are forbidden. Goalies may leave the key to pursue the ball, but they may not have contact with each other outside the key. Goalies may not score for their own teams.

The team with the most goals at the end of the match wins. In the event of a tie, two five-minute halves of overtime are played.

Field and equipment
The game is generally played on a circular field of grass or artificial turf, though it can also be played on other surfaces, including pavement and sand. The field is 50 meters in diameter. The goal (four meters wide and three meters high) sits in the center of the field, surrounded by a circular area called the key (8 meters in diameter).

The goalposts are typically constructed of 3/4 inch PVC piping, a common material found in most hardware stores.

The spherical ball (55 cm in diameter), made of a soft elastic, closely resembles a stability ball.

Penalties
The most common penalties are known as "key violations." Any non-goalkeeper who sets foot inside the key (at any time other than kickoff) receives a 30-second suspension from the game without a replacement. If a non-goalkeeper touches the ball while inside the key, the suspension is extended to 60 seconds. Any player who receives three key violations in one game will be suspended from the game for five minutes without a replacement.

Contact violations on the field are similar to soccer or basketball. Inadvertent violations result in a direct kick for the opposing team. Flagrant contact violations result in a 60-second ejection of the offending player and a direct kick. Malicious contact violations result in ejection from the game without replacement. Three violations within a game result in the player being ejected for the remainder of the game, however, they may be replaced after any ejection penalties if the final violation was not malicious.

A penalty may also be called on a player for holding the ball. The penalty for holding is an indirect free kick for the opposing team from the spot of the violation.

History
Circle rules football was created by Gregory Manley in 2006 as a senior thesis project for the Experimental Theater Wing, a division of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. The project aimed to highlight the similarities between drama and athletics, demonstrating that “everything inherent in theater is inherent in sports.”

The game has been played regularly in Brooklyn's Prospect Park since its inception. In the spring of 2009, Circle Rules Federation began running an official competitive league in Brooklyn. The first championship title was won by The Flying Mordecais.

Also in 2009, circle rules football was featured in the Come Out & Play Festival, where it won the "Most Original Sport" and "Best in Festival" awards; it was also featured at igfest 2009, where it was named "Best in Festival" and "Most Likely to be Played Again."

Official league play resumed in Brooklyn in 2010, and The Flying Mordecais successfully defended their title. In both the 2011 and 2012 seasons, upstart team The Rebel Rousers went undefeated and claimed the championship.

Variations
In casual matches, a slightly pared down version of the game, known as "small rules," is often played. Small rules is played without goalies, and the width of the goal and the key are reduced to two and six meters, respectively. In this version of the game, players may enter the key, but they still may not touch the ball inside the area—unless their last point of contact with the ground was outside the key (as in the case of a jump or dive). Small rules is typically played with four members per team on the field at a time.

Since fall 2007, an event called the Harvest Tournament has been held annually. For this tournament, a unique 3-on-3 version of small rules is played. The sixth Harvest Tournament took place in Prospect Park on Saturday, October 20, 2012.

In March 2010, an indoor variation of circle rules football was introduced in London.

References

External links
 Circle Rules Federation
 Feature on Good Morning America
 Feature on ESPN's SportsNation

Category:Ball games
Category:Team sports
Category:Sports originating in the United States
Category:Football codes
Category:Games and sports introduced in 2006


Sarah Azhari

Sarah Azhari (born 16 June 1978) is an Indonesian American attorney. She is the sister of  Indonesian actress Ayu Azhari. Her modeling work has caused a measure of controversy in Indonesia. Detractors have denounced some of Azhari's photo shoots along with those of Sophia Latjuba as trashy, though Azhari rejected the accusations and considers her work a form of art.

On July 12, 2005, Azhari was accused of assaulting a news reporter at SCTV in Jakarta. Although she was sentenced to four months in prison in 2006, the sentence was never carried out due to lack of evident Azhari indicated that she intended to appeal the case all the way to the Supreme Court of Indonesia.

Discography
 Peluk Aku Cium Aku  (1999)
 Sarah Azhari (2009)

Citations

External links
 Sarah Azhari at the Internet Movie Database

Category:Indonesian actresses
Category:Living people
Category:1977 births


2016 Pennsylvania Auditor General election

The Pennsylvania Auditor General election of 2016 was held on November 8, 2016. The primary election was held on April 26, 2016.

Democratic primary

Candidates
Eugene DePasquale, incumbent

Results

Republican primary

Candidates
John Brown, former mayor of Bangor and Northampton County executive

Results

General election

Results

References

Category:2016 Pennsylvania elections
Category:State auditor elections in the United States