Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority

The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) administers the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park (HOST Park). NELHA was founded in 1974. At , HOST Park is perhaps the largest single green economic development project in the world solely devoted to growing a green economy. NELHA also administers a small site, , in Puna on the eastern side of the Island of Hawaii for geothermal research.

The original mission was for research into the uses of Deep Ocean Water in Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) renewable energy production and in aquaculture. It later added research into sustainable uses of natural energy sources such as solar energy.
Its administration offices are located in the HOST Park Keahole Point in the North Kona District.
The entrance is on the Hawaii Belt Road at coordinates , just south of the Kona International Airport.  The main administration office is in the 4 acre research campus at the end of the road along the coastline on Keahole Point.

The laboratory was founded in 1974 with , associated with the University of Hawaii. Large pipelines pump cold sea water from a depth of . For three months in 1979, a small amount of electricity was generated. A larger plant was constructed in the  Almost $250M was spent on Ocean thermal energy conversion, but by 1991, the research shifted to other areas. The adjacent Science and Technology Park was merged into the facility, expanding it to . A neutrino detector was partially constructed in the 1990s called Project DUMAND.

After four decades, NELHA is well on track to fulfilling its mission as an engine for economic development in Hawaii and the economic impact generated by HOST Park is approaching $150M annually with the creation of over 600 jobs statewide.  In 2002,  were leased to a commercial company which filters and bottles the water for sale in Japan.
Makai Ocean Engineering, working with Lockheed Martin, restarted OTEC research. Aquaculture, biofuel from algae, solar thermal energy, solar concentrating and wind power are some of the 40 tenants.

See also
West Hawai'i Explorations Academy, a charter school on the NELHA site

References

External links
 Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Official web site
 Friends of NELHA Web site describing the Hawaii Gateway Energy Center which is NELHA's visitor center

Category:Energy research institutes
Category:Buildings and structures in Hawaii County, Hawaii
Category:Research institutes in Hawaii
Category:Research institutes established in 1974
Category:1974 establishments in Hawaii


Maria Guerassimenko

Maria Guerassimenko (, born 20 March 1981) is a former competitive pair skater. Representing Slovakia with Vladimir Futáš, she competed in the final segment at three ISU Championships.

Career
Guerassimenko began learning to skate in 1987. She teamed up with Vladimir Futáš in 2001. In their first season together, they took silver at the Slovak Championships and placed 14th at the 2002 European Championships in Lausanne, Switzerland.

In their second season, Guerassimenko/Futáš took gold at the 2002 Ondrej Nepela Memorial and silver at the 2002 Golden Spin of Zagreb. They placed 11th at the 2003 European Championships in Malmö, Sweden, and 18th at the 2003 World Championships in Washington, D.C., United States. Vladimir Dvojnikov coached the pair in Bratislava.

Programs
(with Futáš)

Competitive highlights
(with Futáš)

References

External links

Category:Slovak female pair skaters
Category:Living people
Category:1981 births
Category:Sportspeople from Novosibirsk


Michel Sogny

Michel Sogny is a pianist, composer and doctor of philosophy who developed a new approach to teaching the piano. His method has enabled many students of all ages to enjoy practicing this instrument, as piano playing is generally considered to be unattainable if not taught during childhood

He first began teaching in his own school in 1974, which became a very popular place for many well known artists: Isabelle Aubret, Annie Cordy, Marie-Paule Belle, Alice Dona, Pierre Douglas, Françoise Hardy, Jeane Manson, Henri Salvador, William Sheller, Sylvie Joly, Sempé. His innovative and creative methods has been acclaimed by international media and eminent personalities in classical music: France Clidat, Aldo Ciccolini, Paul Badura Skoda, Alexis Weissenberg et Gyorgy Cziffra.</ref></ref>.

Many of his literary and musical works have been published by French publishing companies. Michel Sogny created in March 2000 his own foundation SOS Talents to support gifted young pianists, and still devotes efforts to developing their talent throughout his method.

SOS Talents Foundation organizes several gala concerts and festivals in Europe, which are broadcast live on TV and radio channels.

Published works
 L'admiration créatrice chez Liszt, ed. Buchet-Chastel (1975)
 Le solfège sans soupir, ed. Sirella (1984)
 Abrégé de solfège, ed. Sirella
 La méthode en question(s), ed. Sirella
 La méthode en action, ed. Sirella
 Initiation à l'art de la composition musicale, ed. Sirella
 Le pédagogue virtuose - livre de l'enseignant, ed. Sirella
 La Musique en Questions, entretiens avec Monique Philonenko Ed. Michel de Maule (2009)
 "L'adulte prodige - Le rêve au bout des doigts" Editions France-Empire (2013)
 De Victor Hugo à Dostoïevski - Entretiens philosophiques avec Alexis Philonenko, éditions France-Empire (2013)

Scores
 Œuvres choisies (sélection des principales œuvres du répertoire pianistique doigtées et commentées)
 Études pour piano - Séries I à VII
 Etudes de perfectionnement
 Deux Etudes de Concert
 Prolégomènes à une eidétique musicale pour piano 2 mains - Séries I à VII
 Prolégomènes à une eidétique musicale pour piano 2, 6 et 12 mains
 Pièces de concert pour piano (Triptyque, Aquaprisme, Furia, Réminiscentiel, Hommage à Franz Liszt, Deux études de concerts, 3 pièces dans le style hongrois,Un certain clair de lune )
 Dérive pour piano (enregistré chez Cascavelle par la pianiste Elisso Bolkvadze)
 Entrevisions 12 pièces pour piano crée sur Mezzo TV par la pianiste Elisso Bolkvadze (Éditions Durand)
 12 études pour piano dans le style hongrois Séries I à IV (Éditions Durand)
 12 pièces pour piano pour la main droite seule (dedicated to pianist France Clidat)
 Paralipomènes à une eidétique musicale 14 pièces pour piano Editions Musicales Artchipel
 Hommage à Liszt Editions Durand
 Aquaprisme      Editions Durand
 3 Pièces dans le style hongrois  Editions Durand

Honours and awards
 Order of Honor, Georgia (2017)
 Honorary Consul of Lituania in Switzerland
 UNSECO Diploma of Honour (1994)
 United Nations Peace Medal (1986)

Related links
 Michel Sogny Official Website
 Michel Sogny Academy
 Michel Sogny Personal Website
 SOS Talents Foundation
 Works at Artchipel

References

Category:French classical pianists
Category:French male pianists
Category:20th-century French composers
Category:École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
Category:Living people
Category:1947 births
Category:People from Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Category:21st-century classical pianists
Category:20th-century French male musicians
Category:21st-century French male musicians


Dipylon

The Dipylon (, "Two-Gated") was the main gate in the city wall of Classical Athens. Located in the modern suburb of Kerameikos, it led to the namesake ancient cemetery, and to the roads connecting Athens with the rest of Greece. The gate was of major ceremonial significance as the starting point of the procession of the Great Panathenaea, and accordingly it was a large, monumental structure, "the largest gate of the ancient world". Erected in 478 BC as part of Themistocles' fortification of Athens and rebuilt in the 300s BC, it remained standing and in use until the 3rd century AD.

History
The Dipylon gate was built, along with the neighbouring Sacred Gate, in 478 BC as part of Themistocles' fortification of Athens following the Persian Wars. The new circuit was much wider than the old one that was destroyed by the Persians, and many of the graves and monuments of the already existing Kerameikos cemetery were used in its construction, a fact which earned Themistocles the hostility of many Athenians whose relatives' tombs were despoiled. During the Peace of Nicias (421–416 BC), the wall was complemented by a moat and a secondary wall (proteichisma). The construction of the Pompeion in the empty space between the Dipylon and Sacred Gate began shortly after, but was not completed until the next century. The Themistoclean Wall was torn down after the Athenian defeat in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC, but in 394 BC, with the help of Persian funds, the Athenian statesman Conon restored it.

The gate was not only the principal gate for the city's communication with the rest of Greece—with roads leading both north to Boeotia and south to the Peloponnese, but also played an important part in the city's rituals, as the starting point (along with the adjacent Pompeion) of the ceremonial procession to the Acropolis of Athens during the Great Panathenaea. Outside the gate lay the Kerameikos cemetery and specifically the Demosion Sema, the state cemetery where the city buried its most honoured citizens. According to the 2nd-century AD writer Lucian, the walls of the gate were written over with graffiti such as love messages.

In its original state, it comprised a set of double gates set further back from the line of the walls, so that a square court was created that, covered by the walls and four towers set in its corners, served as a killing ground against attackers. The gate received its name in the 3rd century BC; before that—possibly in combination with the nearby Sacred Gate—it was known as the Thriasian Gates (Θριάσιαι Πύλαι), as it led to the Thriasian Plain. Repairs to the fortifications in the Kerameikos were carried out under Demosthenes after the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, but the wall and the Dipylon suffered heavy damage in an earthquake in subsequent years, so that they were rebuilt, following the original outline, in , when Athens was under the control of Demetrios Poliorketes. In 267–262 BC, Athens participated in the unsuccessful Chremonidean War against Macedon; lead tablets with the mark and price of horses and their owners that date to this period, probably a record of the Athenian cavalry, have been found in a well at the Dipylon.

In 200 BC, however, when Philip V of Macedon attacked Athens, the fortifications of the Dipylon helped the Athenians fend off the Macedonian king. In late Hellenistic times, a second wall with a double gate was added at the outer side of the court, thus creating a fully walled-off enclosure. The walls could not hold off the Roman general Sulla, however, who in 86 BC sacked the city. Plutarch reports that the slaughter in the city was so great, that "blood flowed through the gate and flooded the suburb". The wall was repaired soon after, so that the city was able to withstand the attacks of Quintus Fufius Calenus in 48 BC. In the Roman Imperial period, the city experienced a revival, and potters and metalworkers settled in the buildings around the Dipylon. During the long Pax Romana, the walls were allowed to fall into disrepair. With the onset of the barbarian invasions in the 3rd century, Emperor Valerian () restored the city wall, but this was not enough to prevent the sack of Athens by the Heruli in 267. In its aftermath, the city contracted to a small fortified core around the Acropolis of Athens, but gradually recovered and expanded again during Late Antiquity, so that Emperor Justinian I () restored the Themosticlean Wall. Shortly after, however, the Slavic invasions began, and the Dipylon and the entire area were abandoned, fell quickly into ruin, and were buried.

Archaeological excavations in the Kerameikos area began by the Greek Archaeological Society in 1870, under St. Koumanoudis. At the time, the site was covered by up to 8 m of soil. Since 1913, excavations in the area have been conducted by the German Archaeological Institute at Athens.

Layout and description

The Dipylon was the "largest gate of the ancient world", with a surface of  . Its extraordinary size points to its use not only as a city gate, but also its ceremonial significance and monumental role as the starting point of the Panathenaic procession.

Themistoclean structure
The original, Themistoclean-era gate largely established the final shape of the structure and covered the same area as the Hellenistic structure, and was built of clay bricks on top of a pedestal of Poros limestone blocks. Its general shape resembles a right-angled trapezoid, with the gates located on the cityward, right-angled lateral side. The bases were of unequal length, with the southern one projecting a bit. Square towers were located at each corner of the trapezoid.

Archaeological evidence shows traces of later repairs, possibly under Conon, when the pedestal was covered with flat limestone blocks. Parts of the Themistoclean wall are preseonly rved between the northwestern and southwestern towers, but the towers themselves preserved several Archaic-period funeral monuments that were used as spolia during their construction, and were recovered by archaeologists. The existence of two gates in the wall already during the Themistoclean phase is confirmed by preserved cart grooves; the southern gate is also crossed by a broad canal, which went parallel to the southern wall and then turned south, probably joining the Eridanos river nearby.

Hellenistic structure
The Hellenistic gate complex was an altogether more massive and elaborate affair, being built of large finely hewn ashlar blocks, comprising a breccia core and covered with fine Piraeus sandstone slabs. Apart from the north-eastern landward tower, the cores of the others survive to some height even today; originally they were probably covered with a tiled roof. The curtain wall connecting them, originally  high and  thick and crowned with crennelations, some of which survive on the southern wall. Access to both the walls and the towers was through staircases, one of which survives behind the cityward southeastern tower. The northern cityward gate is still visible, but the southern one has been destroyed through the construction of a modern canal. However, the remains of the gate frames show that the gates were rectangular, in contrast to the second set of gates added in the late Hellenistic period, which were surmounted by marble apses. The pedestal of the central pier of the later set was built of marble spolia; in front of it, facing outward from the city, is a square marble pedestal, which may have hosted an equestrian statue of a Roman emperor or general.

Well house
Just after the cityward gate, on the eastern side, between the gate and the stairway leading up to the wall, are the remnants of a well house, which was supplied with fresh water through underground aqueducts. The present structure was probably erected during the gate's reconstruction in 307/4 BC, but likely also had a Themistoclean antecedent, of which two pipes and a few Ionic column bases survive. The structure was rectangular, divided into an L-shaped basin with low walls into which water flowed, and a small entrance hall that was supported by three Ionic columns. The entrance was between the second and third column. The floor, which largely survives, was built of marble slabs from Hymettus.

Proteichisma
The proteichisma (προτείχισμα, "fore-wall"), which includes a wall as well as a moat in front of it, was erected during the Peloponnesian War, most likely as part of the repairs to the walls following an earthquake in 420 BC. They were extensively rebuilt under Conon, and again under Demetrios Poliorketes in the late 4th century. Traces of the proteichisma survive particularly intact in the Kerameikos area, including remnants of 4th-century BC pitfall traps against siege engines, consisting of  high pithoi let into the ground.

The proteichisma comprised an –high wall, placed some  in front of the main wall. As the ground sloped heavily between the two walls, the space had to be filled in, thus creating a flat surface that served as a ring road, that in the 4th century ran around the entire circuit of the wall and was used to connect the various quarters of the city. Following the reconstruction of the walls in 307/4 BC, however, this ceased to be the case, as the proteichisma received a roofed chemin de ronde, blocking the road. The late 4th-century BC proteichisma was built of fine ashlar breccia masonry.

See also
 Dipylon Master
 Funerary naiskos of Aristonautes

References

Sources

External links
 3d reconstruction of the city wall in the Keremikos area, by Ancient Athens 3D

Category:City gates
Category:Classical Athens
Category:Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens
Category:Kerameikos
Category:Ancient Greek fortifications in Greece
Category:City walls of Athens


Heliocheilus julia

Heliocheilus julia is a North American moth in the family Noctuidae.  Heliocheilus julia is attracted to lights.  Its life history and host plants are unknown.

Distribution
Heliocheilus julia ranges from central New Mexico west to eastern Arizona and south to Jalisco, Mexico.

Flight
This moth has one flight from late July to September.

References

Category:Moths of North America
Category:Heliocheilus


Criorhina nigriventris

Criorhina nigriventris is a species of syrphid fly in the family Syrphidae.

References

Category:Eristalinae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Insects described in 1911


Thaali Pudhusu

Thaali Pudhusu (English: New sacred thread) is a 1997 Indian Tamil drama film, directed by K. R., starring Ramki, Suresh and Kushboo in lead roles. The film, had musical score by Vidyasagar and Raj, and was released on 10 April 1997. The film is a remake of Telugu film Aame (1994).

Plot

Arun (Ramki) falls in love at first sight with a bank cashier Seetha (Kushboo). Arun begins to follow her everywhere. Seetha refuses his love and tells him her past.

In the past, Seetha was from a middle-class family. Seetha's brother-in-law (Thalaivasal Vijay) was a jobless son-in-law and lived with them. Balu (Suresh) was a bank manager and falls in love with Seetha. Mani (Manivannan), Balu's father, a miser, looked for a rich daughter-in-law. Finally, Balu married Seetha and the same day, Balu died in a crossfire. So Mani refused to keep Seetha in his house. Later, without money, Mani begged Seetha to come with him and she took her late husband job. Seetha's brother-in-law took his wife's thaali and tied the thaali to Seetha. She immediately removed the thaali.

Arun decides to marry her despite her past. The court cancels the marriage between Seetha and her brother-in-law. Seetha's sister beats her husband in spinal cord to save Seetha's marriage. In the end, Arun and Seetha get married.

Cast

Ramki as Arun
Suresh as Balu
Kushboo as Seetha
Rajesh as Seetha's father
Thalaivasal Vijay as Seetha's brother-in-law
Manivannan as Mani, Balu's father
Senthil as 'Leg' Dada
Venniradai Moorthy as a marriage broker
Sangeetha as Lakshmi, Seetha's mother
Kalaranjini as Kala, Seetha's sister
Pandu
Madhan Bob
R. S. Sivaji
Ennatha Kannaiya
Omakuchi Narasimhan
Sudha as Balu's father
Manager Cheena
Varna
Sriji
Natarajan
Karuppu Subbiah
Vellai Subbiah
Pasi Narayanan
Marthandan
MLA Thangaraj
Chelladurai

Soundtrack

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by film composer Vidyasagar and Raj. The soundtrack, released in 1997, features 2 tracks with lyrics written by Vasan. The critic give a negative review and he described the tracks as atrocious.

Reception
A critic from hindu.com cited : "there is really nothing new" but praised the comedy tracks.

References

External links

Category:1997 films
Category:Indian films
Category:Tamil-language films
Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films
Category:1990s Tamil-language films
Category:Tamil films scored by Vidyasagar
Category:Indian drama films


Battle of Wanjialing

The Battle of Wanjialing, known in Chinese text as the Victory of Wanjialing (), refers to the Chinese Army's successful engagement during the Wuhan theatre of the Second Sino-Japanese War against the Japanese 101st, 106th, 9th and 27th divisions around the Wanjialing region in 1938. The two and a half month battle resulted in heavy losses of the Japanese 101st and 106th Divisions.

Combatants

Chinese
The Chinese forces consisted of the 4th Army, the elite 74th Army, 66th Army, 187th Division, 91st Division, New 13th Division, 142nd Division, 60th Division, Reserved 6th Division, 19th Division, a brigade from the 139th Division and the New 15th Division, which totals up to 100,000 men. The chief commander in the frontline was the commander of the 9th Group Army Wu Qiwei. They were under the overall command of the supreme commander of the 9th Military Region Xue Yue.

Japanese
The Japanese forces consisted of the 106th Division, led by Lieutenant-General Junrokurō Matsuura. Under the 106th Division, there were the 111th Infantry Brigade (113th and 147th Infantry Regiments) and 136th Brigade (123rd and 145th Infantry Regiments), as well as regiments of cavalry, artillery, engineers and transport. During the battle, the 101st Division was also deployed. Later during the battle, the 9th and 27th divisions would also be deployed.

Battle

Under the orders of Yasuji Okamura, the Japanese 106th Division intended to cross the Wanjialing 萬家嶺 Region, hoping to cut through to the rear of De'an 德安 as a direct approach from Jiujiang 九江 along the railway line south and an approach by 101st Division by pushing through from the eastern foothills of Mount Lu was getting nowhere. The plan was discovered by Xue Yue, and the Chinese Army managed to surround the 106th Division with 16 divisions at Lushan. After capturing Jiujiang, the 106th Division tried to push south using the Jiujiang to Nanchang railway as the axis and capture De'an. It got a mauling at Shahe 沙河 just south of Jiujiang. On August 21, the Japanese 101st Division's Sato Detachment, (Major General Sato Shozaburo 佐藤正三郎, 101 Brigade), consisting of two infantry battalions supported by a battalion of artillery, captured Xingzi as part of the push to De'an, but faced fierce resistance from Wang Jingjiu's 25th Corps and Ye Zhao's 66th Corps. Although reinforced with Saeda's detachment (Major General Saeda Yoshishige 佐村義重, 101st division) both forces were still unable to break through the Chinese lines. The Japanese proceeded to unleash poison gas on the Chinese positions. Although the Chinese had a severe shortage of protective equipment against chemical weapons, they were still able to repel the Japanese attack.

At the beginning of September, Okamura ordered the 9th and 27th Divisions to relieve the 106th division, but they were halted by fierce Chinese resistance. On September 24, the Japanese Army finally managed to punch through the Chinese lines in the west, but were then confronted by Ou Zhen's 4th Corps and Yu Jishi's elite 74th Corps and were once again surrounded. Desperate to break open a safe path for their trapped ground forces, the Japanese conducted heavy aerial bombardment on the Chinese positions with incendiary bombs, resulting in many Chinese deaths.

On October 7, the Chinese suddenly launched co-ordinated series of fierce counter-attacks, forcing the remaining Japanese units that were still intact to hastily retreat. Combat ended on October 10, which was coincidentally the Chinese National Celebration Day. On October 13, the Chinese forces withdrew from the battlefield.

Aftermath
The two and a half month battle caused tremendous casualties for the Japanese army, especially their 101st and 106th divisions. These two divisions, which initially had a combined strength of over 47,000 troops, lost about 30,000 men in battle. The Japanese officer corps was hit particularly hard: the high casualty rate forced General Shunroku Hata to frequently airdrop replacement officers onto the bases of his besieged units throughout the battle.

For the Chinese, the successful defense of Wanjialing played a key role in the overall Wuhan campaign, halting the Japanese offensive drive towards Wuhan along the southern bank of the Yangtze River, and buying invaluable time for the Chinese government to evacuate its civilian population, war facilities, and industrial assets from the city and move them westward towards cities such as the new wartime capital of Chongqing.

References

Sources
Archives reveal China's key victory against Japanese aggressors
Battle of Wuhan
 Battle of Wuhan: Smash the Japanese Ambition!
 打破日军不可战胜神话：万家岭大捷血战16昼夜(1)

Wanjialing
Wanjialing
Category:1938 in China
Category:1938 in Japan
Category:History of Jiangxi
Category:August 1938 events
Category:September 1938 events
Category:October 1938 events


Strzelce Opolskie railway station

Strzelce Opolskie railway station is a station in Strzelce Opolskie, Opole Voivodeship, Poland. The building is located by 6 Dworcowa Street.

The modern-day railway station was built in 1935 to meet the then modern-day standards. The railway station was at its height in the Interwar period and during the Polish People's Republic, with trains heading to Fosowskie and Kędzierzyn-Koźle. Formerly, there also existed an industrial spur to the undustrial complex of Agromet-Pionier and Zakłady Wapiennicze. In the 1990s, when the Polskie Koleje Państwowe were hit by a general financial crisis, the railway station fell into ruins. The waiting room, baggage hold and public washrooms were closed due to the deteriorating state of the building. In 2000, the direct routes to Fosowskie and Kędzierzyn-Koźle were terminated.

Between 2013 and 2014, together with the modernisation of the Błotnica Strzelecka - Opole Groszowice railway line, the railway station platforms and tunnel were renovated. As a result, the railway station was revivied, with increasing Tanie Linie Kolejowe and PKP Intercity connections.

Connections

132 Bytom - Wrocław Główny
175 Zimna Wódka - Rozmierka.

References

Category:Strzelce County
Category:Railway stations in Opole Voivodeship


Brian K. Kennedy

Brian K. Kennedy is the former President and CEO of the Buck Institute for Research on Aging in Novato, California. Having started in July, 2010, Kennedy was asked to resign in October 2016. Kennedy's resignation raised serious questions about Buck Leadership.

Kennedy has published over 80 manuscripts in prestigious journals including Cell, Nature, Science, Genes & Development, and PNAS.  Potential public health benefits claimed in one study were questioned by the UK National Health Service in 2014.

Kennedy has served on the NIH Cellular Mechanisms of Aging and Development study section since 2006, acting as Committee Chair since 2010.  He has also served on the grant review committee for American Federation for Aging Research Grants since 2006.  He has acted as an Associate Editor for the Journal of Gerontology: Biological Science since 2006 and Cell Cycle since 2010.  Currently, he is co-Editor-in Chief of Aging Cell. Kennedy has served as a consultant for Biotech and Pharmaceutical companies and is a co-Founder of the Nuvita Animal Health Corporation, a now defunct dog food company. He is also Chairman of Mount Tam Biotechnologies, which is traded as a penny stock. In August 2016, Mount Tam Biotechnologies merged with Tabacalera Ysidron, a defunct cigar company which had failed in its plan to distribute Nicaraguan cigars.

References

External links
 Kennedy's Page at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging
 Kennedy's Page at LinkedIn

Category:Living people
Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Category:1967 births


Juan Charrasqueado

Juan Charrasqueado is a 1948 Mexican action film directed by Ernesto Cortázar and starring Pedro Armendáriz, Miroslava and Fernando Soto. The film's sets were designed by the art director Francisco Marco Chillet.

Cast
 Pedro Armendáriz as Juan Robledo / Juan Charrasqueado
 Miroslava as María
 Fernando Soto as El Trece
 Arturo Martínez as Luis Coronado
 Luis Aceves Castañeda as El Sota
 Fernando Casanova as Felipe
 Ángel Merino as Fernando
 Carlos Múzquiz as El Malilla
 Georgina Barragán as Charrita
 Silvia Rey
 Conchita Carracedo
 Fernando Curiel as Empleado de Luis
 Amada Dosamantes as Chica pueblerina
 Jaime Fernández as Espectador pelea gallos
 Emilio Garibay as Empleado
 Margarito Luna as Hombre en cantina
 Paco Martínez as Doctor
 Estela Matute as Zarca
 Francisco Pando as Don Pepe, cantinero
 Víctor Parra
 Luis Pérez Meza
 Matilde Sánchez as Cantante
 Ignacio Villalbazo as Hombre en cantina
 Ana María Villaseñor as Chica en cantina

References

Bibliography
 Agrasánchez, Rogelio. Mexican Movies in the United States: A History of the Films, Theaters, and Audiences, 1920-1960. McFarland & Company, 2006.

External links

Category:1948 films
Category:1940s action films
Category:Mexican action films
Category:Mexican films
Category:Spanish-language films
Category:Films directed by Ernesto Cortázar
Category:Mexican black-and-white films
Category:Mexican Western (genre) films


List of highest towns by country

This is a list of the highest settlements by country.  Only permanent settlements occupied year-round are included.  When possible, the highest point in the contiguous year-round settlement is listed, though average heights or the elevations of a central point may also be found.

The elevation of a towns or city affects the social and physical arrangement of the place. In many cases, the cold climate in winter necessitates a particular style of house; the type of agriculture practised and the domestic animals kept there are limited; or, the type of work carried on is specialised.

Sovereign, fully recognized countries

Countries with disputed sovereignty

Dependent countries and overseas territories

This section includes all countries and territories that are listed by ISO 3166-1 but not listed in the above sections.

See also
Extreme points of Earth
List of highest cities
List of European cities by elevation
List of South American cities by elevation
List of highest United States cities by state
List of capital cities by altitude
List of countries by highest point

Notes

 Highest
Towns
Highest


Swimming at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 50 metre butterfly

The women's 50 metre butterfly competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 29 with the heats and the semifinals and July 30 with the final.

Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.

Results

Heats
51 swimmers participated in 7 heats.

Semifinals
The semifinals were held at 18:19.

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Final
The final was held at 18:02.

References

External links
2011 World Aquatics Championships: Women's 50 metre butterfly start list, from OmegaTiming.com; retrieved 2011-07-23.

Butterfly 050 metre, women's
World Aquatics Championships
Category:2011 in women's swimming


Needmore, Pennsylvania

Needmore is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Fulton County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 170. Needmore was created on April 27, 1954.

Geography
Needmore is in south-central Fulton County, at the intersection of U.S. Route 522 (Great Cove Road) and Route 655 (Thompson Road) in Belfast Township. US 522 leads south  to Interstate 70 at Warfordsburg and northeast  to McConnellsburg, the Fulton County seat. PA 655 leads south  to the Maryland border (the Mason–Dixon line). Hancock, Maryland, is  south via PA 655 and  south via US 522.

The community is in the valley of Tonoloway Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Potomac River. The north end of Tonoloway Ridge rises just south of Needmore.

Geology
The Devonian geologic formation called the Needmore Formation is named after the town of Needmore.

In popular culture
A fictionalized version of Needmore appeared in the Season 1 finale ("Hiatus") of the NBC comedy program 30 Rock.

References

Category:Census-designated places in Fulton County, Pennsylvania
Category:Census-designated places in Pennsylvania


Carissa spinarum

"Currant bush" redirects here. Not to be confused with bush currant (Miconia calvescens).

Carissa spinarum, the conkerberry or bush plum, is a large shrub of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean. It is most well known in Australia, where it is also called currant bush or, more ambiguously, native currant or even black currant. It is, however, neither closely related to plums (Prunus) nor to true currants (Ribes), which belong to entirely different lineages of eudicots. In India, it is also called wild karanda /wild karavanda, referring to the related karanda (C. carandas). Carissa spinarum is often discussed under its many obsolete synonyms (see below).

It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub, 0.5 to 3 metres in height. The leaves are glossy green, opposite, narrow ovate to lanceolate and 1–5 cm in length. The branches bear thorns of 1–3 cm length. White, star-shaped flowers ~1 cm across are followed by ovate green berries, 1–2 cm in length, which turn black or dark purple when ripe.

Ecology

Carissa spinarum is most often found in semiarid coastal regions on fine-textured soils such as clays and clay-loams; in more arid regions the plant tends to be confined to areas of higher moisture such as at the base of hills or floodout areas. But it has a high ecological tolerance and can live in a wide range of habitats. In Australia for example, it is often found in association with Eucalyptus brownii, poplar box (E. populnea), gidgee (Acacia cambagei) or brigalow (A. harpophylla), in coastal rainforest, gallery forest and vine thickets in regions receiving in excess of 900 mm annual rainfall, as well as softwood scrubs and open eucalypt savannas receiving less than 700 mm annual rainfall.

Conkerberries are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavour, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous, as typical for the Apocynaceae. They are a popular bush tucker food for Australian Aborigines in Central Australia. The fruit is known as merne arrankweye in the Arrernte language, anwekety in Anmatyerr and nganango in Pintupi. The fruits are also a popular food for the Australian bustard, emu and many other birds in its range. Its leaves provide food for butterflies (e.g. Australian crow, Euploea core) and moths (e.g. some hawkmoths)

Carissa spinarum is frequently a weed in grazing land in northern Australia, choking out grasses, reducing the ability of livestock to feed, interfering with stock handling and providing a refuge for vermin. The plant is capable of reproducing rapidly by layering and is difficult to control mechanically and expensive to manage with herbicides. On the other hand, it has been used in attempts to restore small-bird habitat in disturbed dry rainforest in Queensland, Australia.

Parts of the plant are used medicinally for joint and muscle pain by the Maasai people of Kenya.

Synonyms
Well known for its fruit to locals and quite variable across its wide range and diverse habitat types, the conkerberry has been described time and again by botanists under a number of names. Robert Brown alone described it no less than four times under different names, and R.H. Beddome not only described it twice as a "new species" of Carissa, but believed two other growth-forms of it to be mere varieties of Karonda (C. carandas). The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia records the plant under the name Carissa Ovata and says "This little bush produces a very pleasant fruit, which is both agreeable and wholesome. It is like a sloe, egg-shaped, and about half-an-inch long. It exudes a viscid milky juice and contains a few woody seeds. "I can testify that the fruit is both agreeable
and wholesome, and I never knew an instance of any evil consequences, even when they were partaken of most abundantly." (Tenison-Woods, Vol. vii., 571., Proc. Lirin. Soc. N.S.W.)".

But in fact, C. spinarum was already named by Carl Linné in his 1771 Mantissa Plantarum, and thus all subsequent names are treated as junior synonyms. In Myanmar, it is known as .

The following list gives the names under which the conkerberry has been placed in Carissa. Apart from that, it has also been assigned, under various names, to Antura and Arduina (both now synonymized with Carissa), as well as Azima, Cabucala, Chapelieria, Damnacanthus, Strychnos, Carandas, and Jasminonerium.

 Carissa abyssinica R.Br.
 Carissa africana A.DC.
 Carissa axillaris Roxb.
 Carissa brownii F.Muell.
 Carissa campenonii (Drake) Palacky
 Carissa candolleana Jaub. & Spach
 Carissa carandas var. congesta (Wight) Bedd.
 Carissa carandas var. paucinervia (A.DC.) Bedd.
 Carissa cochinchinensis Pierre ex Pit.
 Carissa comorensis (Pichon) Markgr.
 Carissa congesta Wight
 Carissa coriacea Wall.
 Carissa cornifolia Jaub. & Spach
 Carissa dalzellii Bedd.
 Carissa densiflora Baker
 Carissa diffusa Roxb.
 Carissa dulcis Schumach. & Thonn.
 Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl
C. edulis var. septentrionalis is probably a valid species, Carissa septentrionalis
 Carissa hirsuta Roth

 Carissa horrida Pichon
 Carissa inermis Vahl
 Carissa lanceolata R.Br.
 Carissa laxiflora Benth.
 Carissa macrophylla Wall.
 Carissa madagascariensis Thouars ex Poir.
 Carissa obovata Markgr.
 Carissa oleoides Markgr.
 Carissa ovata R.Br.
 Carissa paucinervia A.DC.
 Carissa pilosa Schinz
 Carissa pubescens A.DC.
 Carissa revoluta Scott-Elliot
 Carissa richardiana Jaub. & Spach
 Carissa scabra R.Br.
 Carissa sechellensis Baker
 Carissa suavissima Bedd. ex Hook.f.
 Carissa tomentosa A.Rich.
 Carissa villosa Roxb.
 Carissa xylopicron Thouars
 Carissa yunnanensis Tsiang & P.T.Li

Footnotes

References

  [2009]: Synonyms of Carissa spinarum L.. Retrieved 2009-NOV-26.

External links
 Alice Springs Town Council
 Bush plum dreaming

Category:Bushfood
Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
spinarum
Category:Flora of Australia
Category:Flora of Asia
Category:Flora of Africa
Category:Plants described in 1771


Book of Sothis

The Book of Sothis is a document known mainly by transmission by George Syncellus (died after AD 810), purporting to have been written by the historian Manethon (who lived during the early 3rd century BCE). Modern scholars are nearly unanimous that the book was in fact written by someone other than Manethon, considering it a forgery written before the fifth century.  Its contents are consequently regarded as being of little value to Egyptology, although a classic of pseudepigraphy.

While the unknown author is considered to have displayed a thorough knowledge of Manethon, the best indication of forgery is the introductory dedication to Ptolemy II Philadelphus, referring to him as "σεβαστῷ" (sebastōi) — i.e. "august" or Augustus, a Roman title that was not used until centuries after Manethon's death.

However, since the original text hasn't been found, all claims of pseudepigraphy rely on the assumption that Syncellus' transcription of the text was equal to the original text, ruling out that he might have gotten an adapted version or that he might have paraphrased himself. Indeed, the main argument against it seems to be its controversial content, with the purported inconsistencies being merely auxiliary to the argument.

Syncellus states that Manethon included information from monuments in "the Siriadic land" (variously conjectured to be Assyria, Arabia or Egypt), that had been engraved before the Deluge, but afterward had been translated and stored in hieroglyphic books in Egyptian temples.

References

Category:Pseudoarchaeology
Category:Pseudepigraphy


Vaccaro (surname)

Vaccaro is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adolfo Vaccaro (b. 1927), Paraguayan football player and coach
Alessandra Melucco Vaccaro (1940–2000), Italian historian and archaeologist
Andrea Vaccaro (1600–1670), Neapolitan painter of the Baroque period
Angelo Vaccaro (b. 1981), Italian football player
Brenda Vaccaro (b. 1939), American actress
Cris Vaccaro (b. 1958), American professional soccer player
Domenico Antonio Vaccaro (1678–1745), Neapolitan painter, sculptor and architect
Francesco Vaccaro (c. 1636–1675), Bolognese painter and engraver of the Baroque period
Joan Vaccaro, physicist at Griffith University
Kenny Vaccaro, professional gridiron player
Laura Vaccaro Seeger, American children's books author and artist
Leopold Saverio Vaccaro, reconstruction figure in post-World War I Italy
Lorenzo Vaccaro (1655–1706), Neapolitan late-Baroque sculptor
Luigi Vaccaro (b. 1991), Belgian football player
Mike Vaccaro, sports columnist for The New York Post
Nicolò Maria Vaccaro (1659–1720), Italian Baroque painter
Sonny Vaccaro (b. 1939), American sports marketing executive
Todd Vaccaro, American modern artist
Tony Vaccaro (b. 1922), American photographer
Tracy Vaccaro (b. 1962), American model and actress
Vaccaro Brothers, Honduran banana businessmen


Adrian Conan Doyle

Adrian Malcolm Conan Doyle (19 November 19103 June 1970) was the youngest son of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and his second wife Jean, Lady Doyle or Lady Conan Doyle. He had two siblings, sister Jean Conan Doyle and brother Denis, as well as two half-siblings, sister Mary and brother Kingsley.

Adrian has been depicted as a race-car driver, big-game hunter, explorer, and writer. Biographer Andrew Lycett calls him a "spendthrift playboy" who (with his brother Denis) "used the Conan Doyle estate as a milch-cow".

He married Danish-born Anna Andersen, and was his father's literary executor after his mother died in 1940. He founded the Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Foundation in Switzerland in 1965. On his death, Jean took over as their father's literary executor.

Additional Sherlock Holmes stories
Adrian Doyle produced additional Sherlock Holmes stories, some with the assistance of John Dickson Carr. The basis of his production was to complete those tales referenced in his father's stories, which his father had never written. (Carr had published an "authorized" biography of Sir Arthur in 1949.) These additional Sherlock Holmes tales were written in 1952 and 1953, and a hardcover collection of the stories was published as The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes in 1954. They have been reissued subsequently, while other authors have also written Sherlock Holmes stories based on the same references within the original tales.

Discovery of unpublished Holmes story
On 12 September 1942, the Associated Press announced that an authentic, unpublished Sherlock Holmes story had been found by Adrian Conan Doyle. Supposedly written in his father's uniquely neat handwriting, the story was buried in a chest that contained family documents. (Actually, Jon Lellenberg reported in 1990, the manuscript was not in Sir Arthur's handwriting but typewritten.) Sir Arthur's daughter Jean said she knew the manuscript was not written by her father. Adrian Conan Doyle refused to publish it. A month later, The Baker Street Irregulars wrote a letter to the Saturday Review of Literature, insisting that the story be published.

In the United States, Cosmopolitan magazine obtained it and published it in their August 1948 issue under the uncharacteristic title "The Case of the Man who was Wanted". It was also published in London's
Sunday Dispatch magazine the following January. Sherlock Holmes expert Vincent Starrett doubted that the story was written by the elder Doyle and suggested that Adrian was the author.

In September 1945, a letter was received by Hesketh Pearson, a biographer of Sir Arthur. The letter stated, "My pride is not unduly hurt by your remark that 'The Man who was Wanted' is certainly not up to scratch for the sting is much mitigated by your going on to remark that it carries the authentic trade–mark! This, I feel, is a great compliment to my one and only effort at plagiarism." The letter was written by an architect named Arthur Whitaker who had sent the story to Arthur Conan Doyle in 1911 with a suggestion that they publish it as a joint collaboration. Doyle refused, but sent Whitaker a "cheque for ten guineas" in payment for the story. After seeing it attributed to Sir Arthur in the Sunday Dispatch, Whitaker wrote a letter to Denis Conan Doyle explaining the true authorship. Denis forwarded the letter to his brother Adrian, who became angry, demanded proof, and threatened legal action. Whitaker had retained a carbon copy and the Doyles admitted in 1949, after seeing the carbon copy and listening to people who had read it in 1911, that Whitaker was the author. The story that many people had accepted as the work of Sir Arthur has since been published as "The Adventure of the Sheffield Banker" in the collection The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.

Works about his father
Sir Arthur's widow Jean chose a spiritualist, the Rev. John Lamond, to write an authorised life of him, Arthur Conan Doyle: A Memoir (John Murray, 1931). The memoir emphasised his paranormal interests but was not what readers wanted, so after their mother's death Adrian and Denis grudgingly allowed Hesketh Pearson to write Conan Doyle: His Life and Art (Methuen, 1943). But Pearson's book offended Adrian and Denis by saying that the secret of their father's success was that he was the "common man". Adrian threatened criminal proceedings against Pearson's "fakeography", and wrote an article in protest, and later, a book: The True Conan Doyle (John Murray, 1945).

According to Lycett, "When the BBC commissioned an anniversary talk from Hesketh Pearson, Adrian announced that if it went ahead it would never broadcast another Sherlock Holmes story. The Corporation caved in."

Bibliography
The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes (1954, London, John Murray)
The True Conan Doyle, (1945, London, John Murray; written about Arthur Conan Doyle, with a preface by Sir Hubert Gough)

Sherlock Holmes stories
These stories were written by Adrian Doyle and John Dickson Carr except as stated. A number (at least six) of the Holmes stories were written by Adrian solely.
"The Adventure of the Seven Clocks"  (from: "A Scandal in Bohemia")
"The Adventure of the Gold Hunter"  (from: "The Five Orange Pips")
"The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers"   (from: "A Scandal in Bohemia")
"The Adventure of the Highgate Miracle"  (from: "The Problem of Thor Bridge")
"The Adventure of the Black Baronet"  (from: The Hound of the Baskervilles)
"The Adventure of the Sealed Room"  (from: "The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb") by Adrian Doyle solely
"The Adventure of the Foulkes Rath"  (from: "The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez")
"The Adventure of the Abbas Ruby"  (from: The Hound of the Baskervilles)
"The Adventure of the Dark Angels" (from: "The Adventure of the Priory School")
"The Adventure of the Two Women"  (from: The Hound of the Baskervilles)
"The Adventure of the Deptford Horror"  (from: "The Adventure of Black Peter")
"The Adventure of the Red Widow"  (from "A Scandal in Bohemia")

Non-Holmes works
 Heaven Has Claws (1952, London, John Murray)
 Tales of Love and Hate a short story collection (1960, London, John Murray). "The Lover of the Coral Glades" is a short story in it.
 Lone Dhow (1963, London, Murray)

References

Citation

External links
 The Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate, official website of one copyright holder
  Includes "Family Awaits a Message", Adrian on Sir Arthur's promise to communicate

Category:1910 births
Category:1970 deaths
Category:British expatriates in Switzerland
Category:English short story writers
Category:English mystery writers
Category:People from Crowborough
Category:People from Geneva
Adrian Conan Doyle
Category:Sherlock Holmes
Category:Place of birth missing
Category:Place of death missing
Category:19th-century British short story writers
Adrian Conan


Three Women (Boccioni)

Three Women () is a painting by Italian artist Umberto Boccioni, executed between  1909 and 1910. This painting is oil on canvas painted in the style of divisionism. Divisionism refers to the actual division of colors by creating separated brush strokes as opposed to smooth, solid lines. The painting contains three figures, one being Boccioni’s mother Cecilia on the left, another being his sister, Amelia on the right, and the third being Ines, his lover, in the center.

Transition
Art teacher and portraitist Giacomo Balla introduced Boccioni to the painting styles of divisionism. According to the Deutsche Bank and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, divisionism, which emerged in Northern Italy in the late 1880s, was the “painting method [that] was characterized by the juxtaposition of strokes of pigment to create the visual effect of intense single colors”. These individual strokes vary over the surface of the canvas, resembling “filament-like” threads.  Divisionists also believed in increased luminosity in their paintings. As Boccioni was making the transition from divisionism to futurism, he struggled with changing his pre-futuristic subjects of art. This is because typical divisionism depicts rural labor, tranquility, beauty, and landscape. When Boccioni started to draw futuristic paintings, including industrialized scenes and urban modernity, he did not make the smoothest of transitions.  Italian divisionism uses a variety of spectral colors to apply the paint in varied dots and strokes. However, divisionism varies from artist to artist; there are no guidelines. Sometime in the years between 1909 and 1910, Boccioni met Fillipo Tommaso Marinetti, the first futurist formulator. These two men, along with Carlo Carra, Luigi Russolo, Giacomo Balla, and Gino Severini decided to create The Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painters. This manifesto describes the theories that make up futurism as well as the guidelines that make a futuristic painting just that.

Description
Three Women is one of Umberto Boccioni’s paintings that portrayed evidence of his transformation from the divisionism style to the futurism style. Three Women is a painting that portrays raw emotion, with calmness and intimacy. The faces of the figures in the painting are dressed with melancholy tones. This painting is categorized as a divisionism painting, however there exists a futuristic style within it. The way that the light enters the room and affects the figures is an example of how this painting contains both divisionism and futurism.  A characteristic of futurism lies in the varying and visible strokes as well. This aspect of futurism is extremely evident in this painting; it is seen in the women’s dresses, the women’s hair, the luminescence, the walls in the background, the bed, and the women’s faces and skin.  Also, the luminescence mentioned above, according to Maurizio Calvesi, may be in relation to Einstein’s concepts of the physical properties of light, adding yet another futuristic aspect to Three Women, he says in 1967.  According to Ester Coen, Three Women "marks a moment of transition in the artist’s work, the bridge from the suburbs of Milan to the idealistic vision of The City Rises".

References

Sources
Braun, Emily. Boccioni's Materia: A Futurist Masterpiece and the Avant-garde in Milan and Paris. New York: Guggenheim Museum Publications, 2004. Print.
Clough, Rosa Trillo. Futurism: The Story of a Modern Art Movement, a New Appraisal. New York: Philosophical Library, 1961. Print.
Coen, Ester, and Calvesi, Maurizio. Boccioni. Milano: Electa, 1983. Print.
"Deutsche Guggenheim." Deutsche Guggenheim. N.p., n.d. Web. 22, Apr. 2015, http://pastexhibitions.guggenheim.org/boccioni/overview.html.
Fraquelli, Simonetta. "Italian Divisionism 1890–1910".  The Burlington Magazine [London] n.d.: n. pag. Cancer Weekly. The Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd., 24 Nov. 2009. Web. 24 Mar. 2015.
"International Balzan Prize Foundation." International Balzan Prize Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2015, http://www.balzan.org/en/prizewinners/maurizio-calvesi/research-project-calvesi.
Poggi, Christine. Inventing Futurism: The Art and Politics of Artificial Optimism. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2009. Print.
Rainey, Lawrence S., Christine Poggi, and Laura Wittman. Futurism: An Anthology. New Haven: Yale UP, 2009. Print.
Umberto Boccioni Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works. The Art Story. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2015, http://www.theartstory.org/artist-boccioni-umberto.htm.

External links

 Website discussing futurism in this specific painting

Category:1910 paintings
Category:Paintings by Umberto Boccioni
Category:Paintings in Milan


Nonconforming use

Nonconforming use is a type of zoning variance where a parcel of land may be given an exception from current zoning ordinances due to improvements made by a prior owner or before the current zoning ordinances made the desired use non-conforming under local law. Secondary suites are commonly permitted as a non-conforming use in the zoning district they are located in because the suite was developed prior to the zoning ordinance coming into effect.

Discontinuance

Intent
The landowner may explicitly intend to discontinue the use by agreeing to end the use

Implied intent exists if the landowner fails to exercise the nonconforming use.  If the landowner discontinues the nonconforming use after a specified period, commonly 21 years in many jurisdictions but shorter in many others, then the nonconforming use will be terminated and parcel will become subject to the zoning requirements of the area in which it is located. Such a discontinuance of the use implies the intent to abandon the use.

Partial destruction
In some jurisdictions, if the structure exercising the nonconforming use is destroyed beyond a certain percentage (usually 50%) it cannot be rebuilt or repaired.  Instead, the parcel becomes subject to the applicable zoning regulations thereby ending the nonconforming use's reprieve from the zoning regulations. In others, by statute usually allowed to rebuild within a limited period. If dwelling, usually permitted to rebuild.

Replacement of Non-conforming Mobile Homes

Local governments may, and often do, prohibit the replacement of older non-conforming mobile homes with newer non-conforming mobile homes because the replacement tends to perpetuate and extend the time the non-conforming use continues.  See e.g. Lincoln County North Carolina. Code §10.2.3; Linn County, Iowa Code Art. 3, sec.1 para.6; Davenport Florida City Code §5.01.04.

Amortization

Some states allow amortization of the nonconforming use whereby the nonconforming use's immediate value is amortized over the course of a set period and once the value of the nonconforming reaches zero the nonconforming use ends.  Normally such an ordinance is upheld unless it is arbitrary or discriminatory or unreasonable, and it is usually limited to certain uses and outside of those uses it may be an unreasonable exercise of police power.  A reasonable exercise of an amortization end of the nonconforming use allows for a complete return on the investment.

Many property-rights advocacy groups are critical of amortization, because it forces property owners to cease a previously lawful use without providing them with any compensation.. In some states, amortization of a nonconforming use is unconstitutional.

See also
Grandfather clause
Zoning
Zoning in the United States (land use)
Variance (land use)
Spot zoning
Special use permit

References

External links
Definition from Answers.com

Category:Zoning


Revoltosa

Revoltosa (English: Rebellious) is the second studio album by Spanish alternative rock band Bongo Botrako, produced by Amparo Sánchez and lead vocalist Uri Giné. It was released on November 12, 2012 in Spain, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg and Japan on Kasba Music.

Track listing

Personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Revoltosa.

Bongo Botrako
 Uri Giné – vocals, production
 Nacho Pascual – guitar
 Xavi Vallverdú – keyboard
 David Garcia – bass
 Gorka Robert – drums, percussion
 Xavi Barrero – trumpet
 Oscar Gómez – sax

Additional musicians
 Benjammin – vocals (track 3)
 Anita Kuruba – vocals (track 7)
 Chiki Lora – vocals (track 7)
 Amparo Sánchez – vocals (tracks 8,12)
 Joan Garriga – vocals (track 13)
 Jordi Mestres – guitar, bass
 Gerard Casajús – percussion
 Jose Alberto Varona – trumpet

Production
 Amparo Sánchez – production
 Gerard Casajús – additional pre-production
 Kaki Arkarazo – engineering, mixing, mastering

Design
 Robertiko Ramos – design, illustration

References

Category:2012 albums
Category:Bongo Botrako albums


Central Pacific Railroad

The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail company chartered by U.S. Congress in 1862 to build a railroad eastwards from Sacramento, California, to complete the western part of the "First Transcontinental Railroad" in North America.  Incorporated in 1861, CPRR ceased operation in 1885 when it was acquired by Southern Pacific Railroad as a leased line.

Following the completion of the Pacific Railroad Surveys in 1855, several national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South in 1861, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation in 1862 authorizing the central rail route with financing in the form of land grants and government railroad bond, which were all eventually repaid with interest. The government and the railroads both shared in the increased value of the land grants, which the railroads developed. The construction of the railroad also secured for the government the economical "safe and speedy transportation of the mails, troops, munitions of war, and public stores."

Authorization and construction
Planned by Theodore Judah, the Central Pacific Railroad was authorized by Congress in 1862. It was incorporated in 1861 by Judah and "The Big Four" (who called themselves "The Associates"): Sacramento, California businessmen Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins. Stanford was elected president (at the same time he was elected governor), Huntington vice-president in charge of fund raising and purchasing, and Hopkins treasurer. Crocker was in charge of construction, which began officially in 1863 when the first rails were laid in Sacramento. Construction proceeded in earnest in 1865 when James Harvey Strobridge, the head of the construction work force, hired the first Cantonese emigrant workers at Crocker's suggestion. The construction crew grew to include 12,000 Chinese laborers by 1868, when they constituted eighty percent of the entire work force. The "Golden spike", connecting the western railroad to the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah, was hammered on May 10, 1869. Coast-to-coast train travel in eight days became possible, replacing months-long sea voyages and lengthy, hazardous travel by wagon trains.

In 1885 the Central Pacific Railroad was acquired by the Southern Pacific Company as a leased line. Technically the CPRR remained a corporate entity until 1959, when it was formally merged into Southern Pacific. (It was reorganized in 1899 as the Central Pacific "Railway".) The original right-of-way is now controlled by the Union Pacific, which bought Southern Pacific in 1996.

The Union Pacific-Central Pacific (Southern Pacific) main line followed the historic Overland Route from Omaha, Nebraska to San Francisco Bay.

Chinese labor was the most vital source for constructing the railroad. Fifty Cantonese emigrant workers were hired by the Central Pacific Railroad in February 1865 on a trial basis, and soon more and more Cantonese emigrants were hired. Working conditions were harsh, and Chinese were compensated less than their white counterparts. Chinese laborers were paid thirty-one dollars each month, and while white workers were paid the same, they were also given room and board.

Financing
Construction of the road was financed primarily by 30-year, 6% U.S. government bonds authorized by Sec. 5 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. They were issued at the rate of $16,000 ($265,000 in 2017 dollars) per mile of tracked grade completed west of the designated base of the Sierra Nevada range near Roseville, CA where California state geologist Josiah Whitney had determined were the geologic start of the Sierras' foothills. Sec. 11 of the Act also provided that the issuance of bonds "shall be treble the number per mile" (to $48,000) for tracked grade completed over and within the two mountain ranges (but limited to a total of  at this rate), and "doubled" (to $32,000) per mile of completed grade laid between the two mountain ranges. The U.S. Government Bonds, which constituted a lien upon the railroads and all their fixtures, were repaid in full (and with interest) by the company as and when they became due.

Sec. 10 of the 1864 amending Pacific Railroad Act (13 Statutes at Large, 356) additionally authorized the company to issue its own "First Mortgage Bonds" in total amounts up to (but not exceeding) that of the bonds issued by the United States. Such company-issued securities had priority over the original Government Bonds. (Local and state governments also aided the financing, although the City and County of San Francisco did not do so willingly. This materially slowed early construction efforts.) Sec. 3 of the 1862 Act granted the railroads  of public land for every mile laid, except where railroads ran through cities and crossed rivers. This grant was apportioned in 5 sections on alternating sides of the railroad, with each section measuring  by . These grants were later doubled to  per mile of grade by the 1864 Act.

Although the Pacific Railroad eventually benefited the Bay Area, the City and County of San Francisco obstructed financing it during the early years of 1863–1865. When Stanford was Governor of California, the Legislature passed on April 22, 1863, "An Act to Authorize the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco to take and subscribe One Million Dollars to the Capital Stock of the Western Pacific Rail Road Company and the Central Pacific Rail Road Company of California and to provide for the payment of the same and other matters relating thereto" (which was later amended by Section Five of the "Compromise Act" of April 4, 1864). On May 19, 1863, the electors of the City and County of San Francisco passed this bond by a vote of 6,329 to 3,116, in a highly controversial Special Election.

The City and County's financing of the investment through the issuance and delivery of Bonds was delayed for two years, when Mayor Henry P. Coon, and the County Clerk, Wilhelm Loewy, each refused to countersign the Bonds. It took legal actions to force them to do so: in 1864 the Supreme Court of the State of California ordered them under Writs of Mandamus (The People of the State of California ex rel the Central Pacific Railroad Company vs. Henry P. Coon, Mayor; Henry M. Hale, Auditor; and Joseph S. Paxson, Treasurer, of the City and County of San Francisco. 25 Cal. 635) and in 1865, a legal judgment against Loewy (The People ex rel The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California vs. The Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco, and Wilhelm Lowey, Clerk 27 Cal. 655) directing that the Bonds be countersigned and delivered.

In 1863 the State legislature's forcing of City and County action became known as the "Dutch Flat Swindle". Critics claimed the CPRR's Big Four intended to build a railroad only as far as Dutch Flat, California, to connect to the Dutch Flat-Donner Pass Wagon Road to monopolize the lucrative mining traffic, and not push the track east of Dutch Flat into the more challenging and expensive High Sierra effort.  CPRR's chief engineer, Theodore Judah, also argued against such a road and hence against the Big Four, fearing that its construction would siphon money from CPRR's paramount trans-Sierra railroad effort. Despite Judah's strong objection, the Big Four incorporated in August 1863 the Dutch Flat-Donner Lake Wagon Road Company. Frustrated, Judah headed off for New York via Panama to raise funds to buy out the Big Four from CPRR and build his trans-Sierra railroad.  Unfortunately, Judah contracted yellow fever in Panama and died in New York in November 1863.

Museums and archives

A replica of the Sacramento, California Central Pacific Railroad passenger station is part of the California State Railroad Museum, located in the Old Sacramento State Historic Park.

Nearly all the company's early correspondence is preserved at Syracuse University, as part of the Collis Huntington Papers collection. It has been released on microfilm (133 reels). The following libraries have the microfilm: University of Arizona at Tucson; and Virginia Commonwealth University at Richmond. Additional collections of manuscript letters are held at Stanford University and the Mariners' Museum at Newport News, Virginia. Alfred A. Hart was the official photographer of the CPRR construction.

Locomotives

The Central Pacific's first three locomotives were of the then common 4-4-0 type, although with the American Civil War raging in the east, they had difficulty acquiring engines from eastern builders, who at times only had smaller 4-2-4 or 4-2-2 types available. Until the completion of the Transcontinental rail link and the railroad's opening of its own shops, all locomotives had to be purchased by builders in the northeastern U.S. The engines had to be dismantled, loaded on a ship, which would embark on a four-month journey that went around South America's Cape Horn until arriving in Sacramento where the locomotives would be unloaded, re-assembled, and placed in service.

Locomotives at the time came from many manufacturers, such as Cooke, Schenectady, Mason, Rogers, Danforth, Norris, Booth, and McKay & Aldus, among others. The railroad had been on rather unfriendly terms with the Baldwin Locomotive Works, one of the more well-known firms. It is not clear as to the cause of this dispute, though some attribute it to the builder insisting on cash payment (though this has yet to be verified). Consequently, the railroad refused to buy engines from Baldwin, and three former Western Pacific Railroad (which the CP had absorbed in 1870) engines were the only Baldwin engines owned by the Central Pacific. The Central Pacific's dispute with Baldwin remained unresolved until well after the road had been acquired by the Southern Pacific.

In the 1870s, the road opened up its own locomotive construction facilities in Sacramento. Central Pacific's 173 was rebuilt by these shops and served as the basis for CP's engine construction. The locomotives built before the 1870s were given names as well as numbers. By the 1870s, it was decided to eliminate the names and as each engine was sent to the shops for service, their names would be removed. However, one engine that was built in the 1880s did receive a name: the El Gobernador.

Construction of the rails was often dangerous work. Towards the end of construction, almost all workers were Chinese immigrants. The ethnicity of workers depended largely on the "gang" of workers/specific area on the rails they were working.

Preserved locomotives

The following CP engines have been preserved:
 Central Pacific 1, Gov. Stanford
 CP 233, a 2-6-2T the railroad had built, is stored at the California State Railroad Museum.
 Central Pacific 3, C. P. Huntington, later purchased by the Southern Pacific Transportation Company.
 Former Western Pacific Mariposa, Central Pacific's second number 31. Was sold to Stockton Terminal and Eastern in 1914 and renumbered 1. Currently at the Travel Town Museum in Los Angeles.
 Virginia and Truckee Railroad, though The Dayton was not built for, nor served on the Central Pacific, the engine was one of two locomotives built by the CP's Sacramento shops in preservation (the other being CP 233). Moreover, its specifications were derived from CP 173, and thus is the only surviving example of that engine's design.
 Central Pacific's numbers 60, Jupiter, and 63 Leviathan. Although both engines have been scrapped, and therefore technically do not count as having been preserved, there were exact, full size operating replicas built in recent years. The Jupiter was built for the National Park Service along with a replica of Union Pacific's 119 for use at their Golden Spike National Historic Site. Leviathan was finished in 2009, is privately owned, and travels to various railroads to operate.

Timeline
1861
 June 28, 1861: "Central Pacific Rail Road of California" incorporated; name changed to "Central Pacific Railroad of California" on October 8, 1864, after the Pacific Railway Act amendment passes that summer.

1862
 July 1, 1862: President Lincoln signs the Pacific Railway Act, which authorized the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific to build a railroad to the Pacific Ocean.
1863
 January 8, 1863: Ground-breaking ceremonies take place at Sacramento, California, at the foot of "K" Street at the waterfront of the Sacramento River.
 October 26, 1863: First rail laid at Sacramento.
1864
 April 26, 1864: Central Pacific opened to Roseville, , where it makes a junction with the California Central Railroad, operating from Folsom north to Lincoln.
 June 3, 1864: The first revenue train on the Central Pacific operates between Sacramento and Newcastle, California
 October 8, 1864: Following passage of the amendment to the Pacific Railroad Act, the company's name is changed to "Central Pacific Railroad of California," a new corporation.

1865
 February 1865: Central Pacific hired its first 50 Cantonese emigrant laborers on a trial basis.
 May 13, 1865: Central Pacific opened  to Auburn, California.
 September 1, 1865: Central Pacific opened  to Colfax, California (formerly known as "Illinoistown.")
1866
 December 3, 1866: Central Pacific opened  to Cisco, California.

1867

 August 28, 1867: The Sierra Nevadas were finally "conquered" by the Central Pacific Railroad, after almost five years of sustained construction effort by its mainly Chinese crew about 10,000 strong, with the successful completion at Donner Pass of its 1,659-foot (506 m) Tunnel No. 6 (a.k.a. the "Summit Tunnel").
 December 1, 1867: Central Pacific opened to Summit of the Sierra Nevada, .
1868
 June 18, 1868: The first passenger train crosses the Sierra Nevada to Lake's Crossing (modern day Reno, Nevada) at the eastern foot of the Sierra in Nevada.
1869
 April 28, 1869: Track crews on the Central Pacific lay  of track in one day. This is the longest stretch of track that has been built in one day to date.
 May 10, 1869: The Central Pacific and Union Pacific tracks meet in Promontory, Utah.
 May 15, 1869: The first transcontinental trains are run over the new line to Sacramento.
 September 6, 1869: The first transcontinental train reaches the San Francisco Bay at Alameda Terminal, achieving the first coast-to-coast railroad line.
 November 8, 1869: Central Pacific subsidiaries, Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870) and San Francisco and Oakland Railroad, complete the final leg of the route, connecting Sacramento to Oakland Pier.
1870
 June 23, 1870: Central Pacific is consolidated with the Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870), San Francisco and Alameda Railroad and San Francisco and Oakland Railroad to form the "Central Pacific Railroad Co." (of June 1870).
 August 22, 1870: Central Pacific Railroad Co. is consolidated with the California & Oregon; San Francisco, Oakland & Alameda; and San Joaquin Valley Railroad; to form the "Central Pacific Railroad Co.", a new corporation.
1876
 April 30, 1876: Operates the California Pacific Railroad between South Vallejo and Sacramento, Calistoga and Marysville until April 1, 1885 (see below).
1877
 July 16, 1877: Start of the Great railroad strike of 1877 when railroad workers on strike in Martinsburg, West Virginia, derail and loot a train; United States President Rutherford B. Hayes calls in Federal troops to break the strike.
1883
 November 18, 1883: A system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads was first implemented. The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within one year, 85% of all cities having populations over 10,000, about 200 cities, were using standard time.
1885
 April 1, 1885: Central Pacific is leased to Southern Pacific.
1888
 June 30, 1888: Listed by ICC as a "non-operating" subsidiary of Southern Pacific.
1899
 July 29, 1899: Central Pacific is reorganized as the "Central Pacific Railway".
1959
 June 30, 1959: Central Pacific is formally merged into the Southern Pacific.

Acquisitions

 Stockton and Copperopolis Railroad
 Stockton and Visalia Railroad
 Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870)

See also

 Rail transport in California
 Donner Pass (Sierra Nevada)

References

Further reading

  Questions whether promoters of the Central Pacific Railroad were oversubsidized. Confirms the traditional view that subsidies were not an economic necessity because they "influenced neither the decision to invest in the railroad nor the speed of its construction." Notes that estimates of rate of return for the railroad developers using government funds range from 71% to 200%, while estimates of private rates of return range from 15% to 25%.

  Shows how Chinese railroad workers lived and worked, and managed the finances associated with their employment. Concludes that CPRR officials who employed the Chinese, even those at first opposed to the policy, came to appreciate the reliability of this group of laborers. There are many quotations from accounts by contemporary observers.

  Analyzes the impact of land grants from 1864 to 1890 on rates of return from investment in the Central Pacific Railroad. Results suggest that even without land grants, rates of return were high enough to induce investment. Also, land grants did not pay for the construction of the railroad. Land grants, however, did produce large social returns in western states by accelerating construction of the system.
  Uses econometrics to determine the value of railroad land grants of the 19th century to the railroads and to society. The author summarizes and criticizes previous treatments of this subject, and discusses his own findings. Using the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific systems as the basis for his investigation, the author concludes that the railroad owners received unaided rates of return that substantially exceeded the private rate of return on the average alternative project in the economy during the same period. Thus, the projects were profitable, although contemporary observers expected that the roads would be privately unprofitable without the land grant aid. The land grants did not have a major effect, increasing the private rate of return only slightly. Nevertheless, he says the policy of subsidizing those railroad systems was beneficial for society since the social rate of return from the project was substantial and exceeded the private rate by a significant margin.
  Ong tries to resolve the apparent inconsistency in the literature on Asians in early California, with contradictory studies showing evidence both for and against the exploitation of Chinese labor by the CPRR, using monopsony theory as developed by Joan Robinson. Because CPRR set different wages for whites and Chinese (each group had different elasticities of supply) and used the two classes in different types of positions, the two groups were complementary, rather than interchangeable. Calculations thus show higher levels of exploitation of the Chinese than found in previous studies.

  Leland Stanford and the men who ran the CPRR paid lip-service to the idea of free competition, but in practice sought to dominate competing railroad and shipping lines. Analyzing the period 1869-1893, the author shows how Stanford and his associates repeatedly entered into pooling arrangements to prevent competition, bought out competitors, or forced rivals to agree not to compete. He concludes that Stanford and his partners viewed laissez-faire as applicable only to government controls, and not to businessmen's destruction of competition within the system.

External links

 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
 Railroads in California, handwritten report by L. M. Clement. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

Category:First Transcontinental Railroad
Category:Railway lines in the United States
Category:History of rail transportation in the United States
Category:History of the American West
Category:History of California
Category:History of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)
Category:Defunct California railroads
Category:Defunct Nevada railroads
Category:Defunct Utah railroads
Category:Predecessors of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company
Category:Rail lines receiving land grants
Category:Railway companies established in 1861
Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1899
Category:1860s in California
Category:American frontier
Category:American companies established in 1899
Category:1861 establishments in the United States


Oldest synagogues in the United Kingdom

Synagogues may be considered "oldest" based on different criteria. A number of synagogues that predate the expulsion of the Jews from England have been discovered by archaeologists or by historians in buildings that have been in use for other purposes for many centuries. A second set of synagogues post-dates the legal return of Jews to England in the seventeenth century. Some synagogues have been destroyed or demolished and rebuilt on the same site, so that, while the site or congregation may be very old, the building may be modern. Still other old synagogue buildings exist, but were sold by the congregation and are now used for other purposes, some as churches or mosques, others for everything from residences to school recital halls. And some very old synagogues have been in continuous use as synagogues for many centuries.

England

 Jew's Court, Lincoln, built between 1150 and 1180. A recent architectural survey  of the existing building has shown that there is very little medieval stonework above basement level in the existing building. Documentary evidence of 1290 when the Jewish community of Lincoln were expelled  now shows that the Jews' Court has always been divided into two houses.  A charter of 1316  mentions that a Jewish scola or synagogue had stood to the west in the tenement  behind these two houses.
 Guildford Synagogue, built around 1180.
 Bevis Marks Synagogue in London, built in 1701 is the oldest synagogue building in the United Kingdom in continuous use.
 The Plymouth Synagogue, built in 1762, is the oldest Ashkenazi synagogue building in the English-speaking world.
 The Exeter Synagogue, built in 1763 originally for a Sephardic Congregation.
 The Falmouth Synagogue, built in 1806, now inactive
 Chatham Memorial Synagogue, built in 1867
 West London Synagogue, built in 1870
 New West End Synagogue, built in 1877–1879

Scotland
 Garnethill Synagogue, built 1879–1881

Wales
The Merthyr Synagogue (1872) in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, is thought to be the oldest purpose-built synagogue still standing in Wales.

See also
 Oldest synagogues in the world
 Oldest synagogues in Canada
 Oldest synagogues in the United States

References

Category:Jewish English history


Harry Sharpe (cricketer)

Harry Wetherherd Sharpe (14 August 1901 – 8 July 1950) was an English first-class cricketer and Royal Navy officer.

Born at Wolstanton, Staffordshire in August 1901, Sharpe served in the Royal Navy. He was commissioned shortly after the First World War and by September 1921, he was a sub-lieutenant. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in September 1923. Sharpe made three appearances in first-class cricket for the Royal Navy in 1929, playing against the Marylebone Cricket Club, the British Army cricket team and the Royal Air Force. Playing as a wicket-keeper, he scored 35 runs and took six catches and made three stumpings. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander in September 1931 and later served in the Second World War. He was seconded to the Royal Indian Navy in 1944, with Sharpe retiring in 1947 with the rank of commander. He died in July 1950 at Stubbington, Hampshire.

References

External links

Category:1901 births
Category:1950 deaths
Category:People from Wolstanton
Category:Royal Navy officers
Category:English cricketers
Category:Royal Navy cricketers
Category:Royal Navy personnel of World War II


Merelina

Merelina is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Lironobidae.

Species
Species within the genus Merelina include:

 † Merelina avita Marwick, 1928
 Merelina cancellata Criscione & Ponder, 2011
 Merelina cheilostoma (Tenison Woods, 1877)
 Merelina cochleata Powell, 1927
 Merelina compacta Powell, 1937
 Merelina coronata (Powell, 1926)
 Merelina crassissima Powell, 1937
 Merelina crispulata Powell, 1937
 Merelina crossaeformis (Powell, 1926)
 † Merelina effodita Laws, 1950
 Merelina elegans (Angas, 1877)
 Merelina foliata (Suter, 1908)
 Merelina gracilis (Angas, 1877)
 Merelina harrisonae Powell, 1939
 Merelina hirta Criscione & Ponder, 2011
 † Merelina kaawensis Laws, 1936
 Merelina lacunosa (Powell, 1926)
 Merelina lordhowensis Criscione & Ponder, 2011
 Merelina lyalliana (Suter, 1898)
 Merelina manawatawhia Powell, 1937
 Merelina maoriana Powell, 1939
 Merelina norfolkensis Criscione & Ponder, 2011
 Merelina pagodiformis (G.B. Sowerby III, 1914)
 Merelina pauereques Powell, 1937
 Merelina petronella (Melvill & Standen, 1901)
 Merelina pisinna (Melvill & Standen, 1896)
 Merelina plaga Finlay, 1926
 Merelina queenslandica Laseron, 1956
 Merelina rubiginosa Ponder, 1967
 † Merelina saginata Laws, 1939
 Merelina superba Powell, 1927
 Merelina taupoensis Powell, 1939
 † Merelina telkibana Ladd, 1966
 Merelina tricarinata Powell, 1937
 † Merelina waiotemarama Laws, 1948
 Merelina waitangiensis Powell, 1933

 Species brought into synonymy
 Merelina corruga Laseron, 1956 : synonym of Manzonia corruga (Laseron, 1956)
 Merelina crassula Rehder, 1980 : synonym of Manzonia crassula (Rehder, 1980)
 Merelina cyrta Cotton, 1944 : synonym of Alvania hedleyi Thiele, 1930
 Merelina eminens Laseron, 1950 : synonym of Alvania fasciata (Tenison Woods, 1876)
 Merelina goliath Laseron, 1956 : synonym of Iravadia quadrasi (Boettger, 1893)
 Merelina granulosa (Pease, 1862) accepted as Manzonia granulosa (Pease, 1862)
 Merelina hewa Kay, 1979 : synonym of Manzonia hewa (Kay, 1979)
 Merelina hians Laseron, 1957 : synonym of Sansoniella minuta (Hornung & Mermod, 1927)
 Merelina humera Laseron, 1956 : synonym of Iravadia quadrasi (Boettger, 1893)
 Merelina longinqua Rehder, 1980 : synonym of Manzonia longinqua (Rehder, 1980)
 Merelina reversa Laseron, 1956 : synonym of Iravadia quadrasi (Boettger, 1893)
 Merelina sculptilis May, 1920 : synonym of Alvania sculptilis (May, 1920)
 Merelina solida Laseron, 1956 : synonym of Iravadia mahimensis (Melvill, 1893)
 Merelina subreticulata Laseron, 1950 : synonym of Alvania suprasculpta (May, 1915)
 Merelina sucina Laseron, 1956 a: synonym of Iravadia mahimensis (Melvill, 1893)
 Merelina tokyoensis (Pilsbry, 1904) : synonym of Manzonia tokyoensis (Pilsbry, 1904)
 Merelina wanawana Kay, 1979 : synonym of Manzonia wanawana (Kay, 1979)

References

 Ponder W. F. (1985). A review of the Genera of the Rissoidae (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda: Rissoacea). Records of the Australian Museum supplement 4: 1-221
 Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia. In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
 Criscione F. & Ponder W.F. (2011) A review of the Recent Australian species of Merelina Iredale, 1915 (Caenogastropoda: Rissoidae). Molluscan Research 31(2): 65-84. abstract

Category:Lironobidae
Category:gastropod genera


Johanne Morasse

Johanne Morasse (born March 12, 1957 in Duparquet, Quebec) is a Quebec politician and teacher. She was a Member of National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Rouyn-Noranda–Témiscamingue in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region from 2007 to 2008. She represents the Parti Québécois.

Morasse holds a bachelor's degree in political science from Université Laval. She went to the University of British Columbia and obtained a master's degree in forestry. She also went to study in Finland and received a doctorate in forestry and agriculture from the University of Helsinki.

She worked at the Faculty of Forestry and Geometrics at the Université Laval as a teacher, lecturer and research assistant. She also worked as a teaching assistant at the University of British Columbia. She was also a forestry engineer consultant and the Director of the Centre technologique des résidus industriels (Industrial Residual Technology Center). She was also an administration member at the Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue and was treasurer of the Regional Economique Development Council of the Abitibi-Témiscamingue.

Morasse won the seat in the 2007 elections by defeating Liberal incumbent MNA Daniel Bernard.

External links

 PQ webpage

Category:1957 births
Category:French Quebecers
Category:Living people
Category:Parti Québécois MNAs
Category:People from Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Category:Université Laval alumni
Category:University of British Columbia alumni
Category:Women MNAs in Quebec
Category:21st-century Canadian politicians
Category:21st-century Canadian women politicians


Welfare in New York

Food Stamps (SNAP)
Under the federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp program, low income individuals and families are provided financial assistance for purchasing food. This may also include Emergency Food Assistance and Expedited Benefits.

Temporary Assistance / Cash Assistance
The Welfare Reform Act of 1997 (the state response to the federal Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996) created two programs, Family Assistance (FA) and Safety Net Assistance (SNA), to be state-directed and county-administered implementations of the constitutional mandate to aid, care and support the needy.

Family Assistance (FA)
In the Family Assistance (FA) program, the state implementation of the federal Temporary Aid to Needy Families Program (TANF), eligible families may receive up to 60 months of cash assistance.

Safety Net Assistance (SNA)
Under the Safety Net Assistance (SNA) program, single individuals without children, and families who have already received cash assistance for 60 months, may receive benefits. An individual or family may receive SNA for up to 24 months unless exempt from work requirements or HIV-positive, after which the local government directly pays rent and utilities with a small cash allowance.

Medicaid / Child Health Plus
NY State of Health is the state health insurance marketplace and also determines eligibility for Medicaid and Child Health Plus.

Women, Infants, Children (WIC)

Child nutrition programs
The federal Food and Nutrition Service has several programs, administered by state agencies, that help fight hunger and obesity by reimbursing organizations such as schools, child care centers, and after-school programs for providing healthy meals to children:

 National School Lunch Program,
 School Breakfast Program,
 Child and Adult Care Food Program,
 Summer Food Service Program,
 Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program, and
 Special Milk Program.

See also
 Welfare in the United States
 Welfare in California
 Welfare in Puerto Rico

References

Further reading

External links
 myBenefits from the NYS Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance
 ACCESS NYC from the NYC Human Resources Administration