Wretched of the Earth

Wretched of the Earth is an activist coalition based in the United Kingdom, representing the interests of the Global South and people of color in response to climate change. They seek to challenge environmental organizations by asking groups like Extinction Rebellion to think critically about class, capitalism, and use of activist tactics that draw risk to people of color.

Activist Work
The organization's demands include universal health care, the right to free education, corporate accountability, and demilitarization. Coalition members include Black Lives Matter UK, Migrants Rights Network, Peoples Climate Network, Algeria Solidarity Campaign, Argentina Solidarity Campaign, Black Dissidents, Colombia Solidarity Campaign, Environmental Justice North Africa, Global Afrikan People’s Parliament, Global Justice Forum, Indigenous Environmental Network, Kilombo U.K, London Mexico Solidarity, Movimiento Ecuador Reino Unido (MERU), Movimiento Jaguar Despierto, PARCOE, The London Latinxs, South Asia Solidarity Group, Science for the People, and This Changes Everything UK.

In 2015, Wretched of the Earth was removed from its previously designated position at the front of London's People’s Climate March of Justice and Jobs by organizers of the event March organizers saw the group's focus on ant-imperialism as too political. The group responded with an open letter to the march's organizers, highlighting the repetition of colonialism in suppressing indigenous and people of color voices.

Wretched of the Earth issued an open letter in May 2019 asking Extinction Rebellion to reconsider strategies that would be harmful to black, brown, and indigenous activists and to rethink the way its activist tactics build on white priviledge. This open letter posits that efforts to combat climate change will be meaningless unless they include and build on the experiences of people of color. Taking a decolonial perspective on climate justice, the organization states that environmental issues described as a current climate crises date back to 1492, when European settlers landed in the Americas.

The collective took part in a September 2019 march as part of the Global Climate Strike, calling for use of indigenous knowledge and experience in fighting climate change, and making a case for aligning the migrant justice movement with the climate justice movement.

References

Category:Environmental protests in the United Kingdom
Category:2019 protests
Category:2015 protests
Category:Decolonisation
Category:Social movements


Laurent Porchier

Laurent Porchier (born 27 June 1968) is a French competition rower and Olympic champion.

Porchier won a gold medal in the lightweight coxless four at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1968 births
Category:French male rowers
Category:Olympic rowers of France
Category:Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic gold medalists for France
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic medalists in rowing
Category:Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Category:World Rowing Championships medalists for France


The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences

"The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences" is the title of an article published in 1960 by the physicist Eugene Wigner. In the paper, Wigner observed that the mathematical structure of a physical theory often points the way to further advances in that theory and even to empirical predictions.

The miracle of mathematics in the natural sciences

Wigner begins his paper with the belief, common among those familiar with mathematics, that mathematical concepts have applicability far beyond the context in which they were originally developed. Based on his experience, he says "it is important to point out that the mathematical formulation of the physicist's often crude experience leads in an uncanny number of cases to an amazingly accurate description of a large class of phenomena". He then invokes the fundamental law of gravitation as an example. Originally used to model freely falling bodies on the surface of the earth, this law was extended on the basis of what Wigner terms "very scanty observations" to describe the motion of the planets, where it "has proved accurate beyond all reasonable expectations".

Another oft-cited example is Maxwell's equations, derived to model the elementary electrical and magnetic phenomena known as of the mid 19th century. These equations also describe radio waves, discovered by David Edward Hughes in 1879, around the time of James Clerk Maxwell's death. Wigner sums up his argument by saying that "the enormous usefulness of mathematics in the natural sciences is something bordering on the mysterious and that there is no rational explanation for it". He concludes his paper with the same question with which he began:

The miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics for the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful gift which we neither understand nor deserve. We should be grateful for it and hope that it will remain valid in future research and that it will extend, for better or for worse, to our pleasure, even though perhaps also to our bafflement, to wide branches of learning.

The deep connection between science and mathematics

Wigner's work provided a fresh insight into both physics and the philosophy of mathematics, and has been fairly often cited in the academic literature on the philosophy of physics and of mathematics. Wigner speculated on the relationship between the philosophy of science and the foundations of mathematics as follows:

It is difficult to avoid the impression that a miracle confronts us here, quite comparable in its striking nature to the miracle that the human mind can string a thousand arguments together without getting itself into contradictions, or to the two miracles of laws of nature and of the human mind's capacity to divine them.

Later, Hilary Putnam (1975) explained these "two miracles" as being necessary consequences of a realist (but not Platonist) view of the philosophy of mathematics. However, in a passage discussing cognitive bias Wigner cautiously labeled as "not reliable", he went further:

The writer is convinced that it is useful, in epistemological discussions, to abandon the idealization that the level of human intelligence has a singular position on an absolute scale. In some cases it may even be useful to consider the attainment which is possible at the level of the intelligence of some other species.

Whether humans checking the results of humans can be considered an objective basis for observation of the known (to humans) universe is an interesting question, one followed up in both cosmology and the philosophy of mathematics.

Wigner also laid out the challenge of a cognitive approach to integrating the sciences:

A much more difficult and confusing situation would arise if we could, some day, establish a theory of the phenomena of consciousness, or of biology, which would be as coherent and convincing as our present theories of the inanimate world.

He further proposed that arguments could be found that might

put a heavy strain on our faith in our theories and on our belief in the reality of the concepts which we form. It would give us a deep sense of frustration in our search for what I called 'the ultimate truth'. The reason that such a situation is conceivable is that, fundamentally, we do not know why our theories work so well. Hence, their accuracy may not prove their truth and consistency. Indeed, it is this writer's belief that something rather akin to the situation which was described above exists if the present laws of heredity and of physics are confronted.

Peter Woit, a theoretical physicist, believes that this conflict exists in string theory, where very abstract models may be impossible to test in any foreseeable experiment. If this is the case, the "string" must be thought of either as real but untestable, or simply as an illusion or artifact of either mathematics or cognition.

Responses to Wigner's original paper

Wigner's original paper has provoked and inspired many responses across a wide range of disciplines. These include Richard Hamming in computer science, Arthur Lesk in molecular biology,  Peter Norvig in data mining,  Max Tegmark in physics, Ivor Grattan-Guinness in mathematics and Vela Velupillai in economics.

Richard Hamming
Richard Hamming, an applied mathematician and a founder of computer science, reflected on and extended Wigner's Unreasonable Effectiveness in 1980, mulling over four "partial explanations" for it. Hamming concluded that the four explanations he gave were unsatisfactory. They were:

1. Humans see what they look for. The belief that science is experimentally grounded is only partially true. Rather, our intellectual apparatus is such that much of what we see comes from the glasses we put on. Eddington went so far as to claim that a sufficiently wise mind could deduce all of physics, illustrating his point with the following joke: "Some men went fishing in the sea with a net, and upon examining what they caught they concluded that there was a minimum size to the fish in the sea."

Hamming gives four examples of nontrivial physical phenomena he believes arose from the mathematical tools employed and not from the intrinsic properties of physical reality.
 Hamming proposes that Galileo discovered the law of falling bodies not by experimenting, but by simple, though careful, thinking. Hamming imagines Galileo as having engaged in the following thought experiment (the experiment, which Hamming calls "scholastic reasoning", is described in Galileo's book On Motion.):

Suppose that a falling body broke into two pieces. Of course the two pieces would immediately slow down to their appropriate speeds. But suppose further that one piece happened to touch the other one. Would they now be one piece and both speed up? Suppose I tie the two pieces together. How tightly must I do it to make them one piece? A light string? A rope? Glue? When are two pieces one?

There is simply no way a falling body can "answer" such hypothetical "questions." Hence Galileo would have concluded that "falling bodies need not know anything if they all fall with the same velocity, unless interfered with by another force." After coming up with this argument, Hamming found a related discussion in Pólya (1963: 83-85). Hamming's account does not reveal an awareness of the 20th century scholarly debate over just what Galileo did.

The inverse square law of universal gravitation necessarily follows from the conservation of energy and of space having three dimensions. Measuring the exponent in the law of universal gravitation is more a test of whether space is Euclidean than a test of the properties of the gravitational field.
The inequality at the heart of the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics follows from the properties of Fourier integrals and from assuming time invariance.
Hamming argues that Albert Einstein's pioneering work on special relativity was largely "scholastic" in its approach. He knew from the outset what the theory should look like (although he only knew this because of the Michelson–Morley experiment), and explored candidate theories with mathematical tools, not actual experiments. Hamming alleges that Einstein was so confident that his relativity theories were correct that the outcomes of observations designed to test them did not much interest him. If the observations were inconsistent with his theories, it would be the observations that were at fault.

2. Humans create and select the mathematics that fit a situation. The mathematics at hand does not always work. For example, when mere scalars proved awkward for understanding forces, first vectors, then tensors, were invented.

3. Mathematics addresses only a part of human experience. Much of human experience does not fall under science or mathematics but under the philosophy of value, including ethics, aesthetics, and political philosophy. To assert that the world can be explained via mathematics amounts to an act of faith.

4. Evolution has primed humans to think mathematically. The earliest lifeforms must have contained the seeds of the human ability to create and follow long chains of close reasoning.

Max Tegmark
A different response, advocated by physicist Max Tegmark, is that physics is so successfully described by mathematics because the physical world is completely mathematical, isomorphic to a mathematical structure, and that we are simply uncovering this bit by bit. The same interpretation had been advanced some years previously by Peter Atkins. In this interpretation, the various approximations that constitute our current physics theories are successful because simple mathematical structures can provide good approximations of certain aspects of more complex mathematical structures. In other words, our successful theories are not mathematics approximating physics, but mathematics approximating mathematics.
Most of Tegmark's propositions are highly speculative, and some of them even far-out by strict scientific standards, and they raise one basic question: can one make precise sense of a notion of isomorphism (rather than hand-waving "correspondence") between the universe – the concrete world of "stuff" and events – on the one hand, and mathematical structures as they are understood by mathematicians, within mathematics? Unless – or optimistically, until – this is achieved, the often-heard proposition that ‘the world/universe is mathematical’ may be nothing but a category mistake.

Ivor Grattan-Guinness
Ivor Grattan-Guinness finds the effectiveness in question eminently reasonable and explicable in terms of concepts such as analogy, generalisation and metaphor.

Related quotations

See also

References

Further reading

, a piece of "mathematical fiction".

Category:Philosophy of mathematics literature
Category:1960 in science
Category:1960 documents
Category:Works originally published in American magazines
Category:Works originally published in science and technology magazines
Category:Works about philosophy of physics
Category:Thought experiments in physics


AERONET

AERONET - the AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) is a network of ground-based sun photometers which measure atmospheric aerosol properties. The measurement system is a solar-powered CIMEL Electronique 318A spectral radiometer that measures Sun and sky radiances at
a number of fixed wavelengths within the visible and near-infrared spectrum. There is one sea-based reading location aboard the E/V Nautilus, the exploration vessel operated by Dr. Robert Ballard and the Sea Research Foundation. Two readings per day are taken aboard the ship while it is in operation.

AERONET provides continuous cloud-screened observations of spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD), precipitable water, and inversion aerosol products in diverse aerosol
regimes. Inversion products are retrieved from almucantar scans of radiance as a function of scattering angle and include products such as aerosol volume size distribution, aerosol complex refractive index, optical absorption (single scattering albedo) and the aerosol scattering phase function. All these products represent an average of the total aerosol column within the atmosphere.

The aerosol properties are retrieved via an inversion algorithm developed by Dubovik and King (2000).
Further algorithms were developed, for example, by Dubovik et al. (2006) to take into account non-spherical shapes of aerosol particles such as mineral dust.

AERONET is an observing system in the NOAA Observing System Architecture.

See also
Aerosol
Angstrom exponent

References

Holben B.N., T.F. Eck, I. Slutsker, D. Tanré, J.P. Buis, A. Setzer, E. Vermote, J.A. Reagan, Y. Kaufman, T. Nakajima, F. Lavenu, I. Jankowiak, and A. Smirnov, 1998: AERONET - A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Rem. Sens. Environ., 66, 1-16.

Dubovik, O. and M. D. King, 2000: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20 673-20 696.

Dubovik, O., A. Sinyuk, T. Lapyonok, B. N. Holben, M. Mishchenko, P. Yang, T. F. Eck, H. Volten, O. Munoz, B. Veihelmann, W. J. van der Zande, J-F Leon, M. Sorokin, and I. Slutsker, 2006: Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust. J. Geophys. Res., 111, .

External links
NASA Goddard AERONET site

Category:Meteorological data and networks
Category:Aerosol measurement


Kasafoni

Kasafoni is a town in northeastern Sierra Leone in the mountainous area near the Guinea border.

Mining

The area is prospective for iron ore.

References

Category:Populated places in Sierra Leone


Frente de Todos (2019 coalition)

The Frente de Todos (translated to "Front of All" in English) is a coalition supporting the Argentine President Alberto Fernández. At primary elections on Sunday 11 August 2019 the Frente de Todos presidential coalition headed by presidential candidate Alberto Fernández and vice presidential candidate Cristina Fernández de Kirchner took 47% of votes, going into the general election against Mauricio Macri in October 2019. The coalition re-uses the name of an earlier coalition from 2001–2009.

History
The Frente de Todos is a coalition that seeks to create a union of all sectors of Peronism (including Kirchnerism), progressivism and radicalism, including political parties of the centre-left and left-wing, in order to avoid the continuation of the Mauricio Macri presidency. The front has the support of the General Confederation of Labor.

Members
 Justicialist Party
 Intransigent Party
 Renewal Front
 Communist Party
 Communist Party (Extraordinary Congress)
 Humanist Party
 Broad Front Party
 Party of Victory
 Solidary Party
 Kolina
 New Encounter
 Federal Commitment
 FORJA
 Proyecto Sur
 Movimiento Nacional Alfonsinista
 Revolutionary Communist Party
 Popular Unity
 Somos
 Green Party

References

Category:Provincial political parties in Argentina


Educational Museum Gama D'Eça

The Educational Museum Gama D'Eça is located in the center of Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The current headquarters of the museum, located at Rua do Acamapamento Street, 81. The schedule of visits to the Museum is from Monday to Friday from 8am to 12am and from 1pm to 5pm.

Building
The building was built in 1913 by Dr. Astrogildo Cesar de Azevedo. This house was designed by architect and German Theodor Viederspalm construction work accompanied by engineer Henry Schultz. The imposing building occupies an area of  divided between its two floors.

Symbol of the museum
The symbol of the Museum is the Rhynchosaur (Scaphonyx fischeri), because through this reptile, first found in Santa Maria, in 1902 by Dr. Jango Fischer, the distinguished English paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward determined the age of Santa Maria Formation dated Mesozoic Era, Upper Triassic period (about 220 million years). The name Scaphonyx Fischer was given in honor of its discoverer. This gave the initiative to study geopark of paleorrota.

Patron of the museum
GAMA d'EÇA, Jose Maria Coelho da Gama Lobo d'Eça, Baron of Saican, was born in Frame of Alagoinha, Santa Catarina, on 15 September 1793. Son of Brigadier Jose Coelho da Gama Lobo d'Eça and D. Elisa Joaquina da Conceicao Coimbra. For the forums of nobility built square in the Rules under the command of his father, as a cadet at 5 years of age, at 15 years participated in the campaign as Campanha Cisplatina, at 17 assumed the command of Colonel and Grenadier Company of the militia. He came to Santa Maria, ordered by the Viscount de Castro, to establish their headquarters here.

Photos

External links
Museum Educational Gama D'Eça

Category:Houses completed in 1913
Category:Geology museums in Brazil
Category:Natural history museums in Brazil
Category:Culture in Rio Grande do Sul
Category:Museums in Rio Grande do Sul
Category:Fossil museums


Curnonsky

Maurice Edmond Sailland (October 12, 1872, Angers, France – July 22, 1956, Paris), better known by his pen-name Curnonsky (nicknamed 'Cur'), and dubbed the Prince of Gastronomy, was the most celebrated writer on gastronomy in France in the 20th century. He wrote or ghost-wrote over 65 books and enormous numbers of newspaper columns.  He is often considered the inventor of gastronomic motor-tourism as popularized by Michelin, though he himself could not drive. He was a student of Henri-Paul Pellaprat.

Name
The name "Curnonsky" comes from the Latin cur + non "why not?" plus the Russian suffix -sky, as all things Russian were in vogue in 1895, when he coined it.  He once said that this nickname was "my tunic of Nessus, as I am neither Russian, nor Polish, nor Jewish, nor Ukrainian, but just an average Frenchman and wine-guy [sacavin]".

He was often called the prince-elect of gastronomy (Prince-élu de la Gastronomie) or of gastronomes, and he had in fact been duly elected in a poll of 3,000 chefs held by Paris-Soir in 1927.  There was at the time a series of 'Princes', including André de Lorde, the Prince of Terror, and so on.

Philosophy
A celebrated aphorism of Curnonsky's was:

La cuisine, c'est quand les choses ont le goût de ce qu'elles sont.
Good cooking is when things taste of what they are.

He advocated simple food over complicated, rustic over refined, and often repeated the phrase

Et surtout, faites simple!
And above all, keep it simple!

which was probably due to Escoffier.

Chronology
Curnonsky was a ghostwriter for 'Willy', Colette's husband.

According to his biographer Arbellot, he coined the name Bibendum for the Michelin Man in 1907—because "Michelin tires drink [i.e. 'soak up' or 'eat up'] everything, even obstacles"—, and wrote Michelin's weekly column "Les Lundis de Michelin" in Le Journal starting on November 25, 1907.  It was originally signed "Michelin" but starting on March 2, 1908, it was signed "Bibendum".  Michelin had used the phrase "Nunc est bibendum" ("Cheers!" in Latin) on a poster in 1898, showing the Michelin Man swallowing a glass full of nails, but it is unclear when the word "Bibendum" became applied to this character.

In 1921, he started the publication of La France Gastronomique with Marcel Rouff.

He was named a knight of the Légion d'Honneur in 1929, and promoted to officer in 1938.

In 1930, he co-founded the Académie des gastronomes, modelled on the Académie Française, and served as its first president, until 1949.  In 1947, he started the magazine Cuisine et Vins de France along with Madeleine Decure. In 1950, he was a co-founder of the Confrérie de la Chaîne des Rôtisseurs.

To honor his eightieth birthday, eighty restaurants marked his favorite table with a copper plaque reading:
Cette place est celle
de Maurice Edmond Sailland-Curnonsky
Prince élu des gastronomes
Défenseur et illustrateur de la Cuisine française
Hôte d'honneur de cette maison
This led to the legend that eighty restaurants reserved a table for him every night in case he should show up, though by that point, he rarely went out at all.

Curnonsky died by falling out of the window of his apartment. He was dieting at the time, and hence it was speculated that he had fainted. A year later a commemorative plaque on nr. 14 of the place Henri-Bergson, Paris 8e was installed and a booklet published on this occasion.

See also
 Marcel Boulestin

Notes

Partial bibliography

By Curnonsky
with Marcel Rouff, La France Gastronomique: Guides des merveilles culinaires et des bonnes auberges françaises Paris, 1921–28, in 13 volumes.
with Austin de Croze, Le Trésor gastronomique de la France, 1933.
Cuisine et Vins de France. Paris, 1953.  A collection of recipes collected by Curnonsky from restaurants.  New edition, with preface and updates by Robert Courtine, Paris: Larousse, 1974 .
Souvenirs Littéraires et Gastronomiques, Paris: Albin Michel, 1958.
Curnonsky: Prince des Gastronomes, Simon Arbellot, Paris: Les Productions de Paris, 1965. Biography.
Curnonsky et ses amis, Association des amis de Curnonsky, Paris: Librairie Edgar Soete, 1979.  A collection of reminiscences.
 Curnonsky – à la carte... Munich: Edition Curnonska, 2007
 Curnonsky – en route... Munich: Edition Curnonska, 2007
 Curnonsky – souvenirs gastronomiques... Munich: Edition Curnonska, 2007

In 2003, German art historian Inge Huber discovered five boxes with letters of Curnonsky, and authored a biography "Curnonsky. Oder das Geheimnis des Maurice-Edmond Sailland" 2010, Rolf Heyne Editor.

External links
Bibliography of French food books, including many by Curnonsky

Category:1872 births
Category:1956 deaths
Category:French food writers
Category:Cookbook writers
Category:French male non-fiction writers


Michel Hidalgo

Michel Hidalgo (; born 22 March 1933) is a French former football player and manager. He was the coach of the French national team from 1976 to 1984.

Career
Hidalgo grew up in Normandy, where he started playing football. He was named after Mexican patriot Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. He was champion of Normandie Juniors in 1952 with US Normande, before signing up to Le Havre's books for two seasons, later playing for Reims, with whom he played and scored a goal in the 1956 European Cup final 4–3 defeat by Real Madrid.

Under the wing of Rocher, who signed him for Monaco, he won two Ligue 1 titles and two national cup titles. Between 1964 and 1970, he presided the UNFP, a players' syndicate.

On 27 March 1976, he was appointed national team coach, replacing Stefan Kovacs and during a time when France were having difficulty in major tournaments. Included in his side was Michel Platini, who helped the side turn a new page in their book and get back to winning ways. In the 1982 FIFA World Cup he got to the semi-finals, where he lost to the West German side on penalties. In 1984, he won the European Football Championship beating Spain.

After his victory, he passed the reins over to Henri Michel and got a job as the Technical Director, where he remained until 1986, afterwards choosing a managerial position at Marseille. He is considered an idol among the Marseille supporters. He strayed from the limelight after 1991, taking a sidelining role as a football pundit on Demain, c'est foot, a football show on TMC Monte Carlo.

Honours

Player
 Reims
French Division 1: 1954–55
Trophée des champions: 1955
European Cup: Runner-up 1955–56

Monaco
French Division 1: 1960-61, 1962-63
Coupe de France: 1959-60, 1962-63
Trophée des champions: 1961

Manager
France
 UEFA European Championship: 1984
 FIFA World Cup: 4th place 1982

Individual
French Manager of the Year: 1982
European Coach of the Year—Sepp Herberger Award: 1984
World Soccer Magazine World Manager of the Year: 1984

References

Category:1933 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Nord (French department)
Category:French footballers
Category:Le Havre AC players
Category:Stade de Reims players
Category:AS Monaco FC players
Category:Ligue 1 players
Category:France international footballers
Category:French football managers
Category:France national football team managers
Category:French people of Spanish descent
Category:1978 FIFA World Cup managers
Category:1982 FIFA World Cup managers
Category:UEFA Euro 1984 managers
Category:UEFA European Championship-winning managers
Category:Expatriate football managers in the Republic of the Congo
Category:Congo national football team managers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:French expatriate sportspeople in the Republic of the Congo


Olympia Scott

Olympia Scott, formerly known under her married name of Olympia Scott-Richardson, is an American former professional basketball player in the WNBA, and a former college coach. She is also co-founder of an online parenting education company called "Super Parenting LLC" and of a coaching company called "A Wonderful Life! Coaching".

She was born Olympia Ranee Scott on August 5, 1976 in Los Angeles, California.

High School and Stanford University

Scott was named a Kodak High School All-American by the WBCA. She participated in the WBCA  High School All-America Game in 1994, scoring eight points. Olympia was named Parade Magazine'''s Second Team All-America during her senior year at St. Bernard High School in Playa del Rey, California. Olympia was also the youngest player to participate in the US Olympic Festival in a team sport in 1994 while playing for the West team. She also posted the single-game shot-block record in the Festival that year, with four blocks. Scott also led St. Bernard High School of Playa del Rey, CA to its first 2 girls' basketball state championships her junior and senior years.

While attending Stanford University on full scholarship, Scott played on their women's basketball team (known as the Cardinal'') for four years (1994 to 1998).  She averaged 12.9 points and 6.4 rebounds per game during her four-year Stanford career.  As a senior, she was a Naismith "Player of the Year" finalist and named an Associated Press honorable mention All-American and was a Kodak All-Region selection.  She also was selected to participate in the inaugural Women's Basketball Coaches Association All-Star game after leading the Cardinal in steals (48) and blocked shots (14) in 1998.  She was named to the All-Pac-10 first team in both 1997 and 1998. She competed with USA Basketball as a member of the 1995 Jones Cup Team that won the Bronze in Taipei and the 1997 World University Games Team that won the Gold Medal In Sicily, Italy. Scott also led the Stanford Cardinal as a four-year starter to four Pac-10 Conference Championships, including back-to-back undefeated in conference seasons, and only 2 conference losses her entire four years. She also led the Cardinal to 3 NCAA Final Four appearances.

A member of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority, Scott graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Sociology.

Professional career

In the 1998 WNBA Draft, Scott was selected by the Utah Starzz in the second round (#11 overall).

She missed most of the following season, due to the birth of her daughter on April 7, 1999.  She returned to play in four games for the Starzz before she and teammate Wendy Palmer were traded on July 29 to the Detroit Shock, in exchange for Korie Hlede and Cindy Brown.

She played for the Shock until just prior to the 2001 season, when she was traded to the Indiana Fever.  Having been being used as a utility player since her WNBA debut, Scott became a member of the Fever's starting lineup for the 2001 and 2002 seasons. Scott was named team captain of the Indiana Fever and awarded the Community Assist award for excellence in community service and leadership by the WNBA and the Fever. Started 31 games in her second season with the Fever, averaging career highs of 9.4 ppg and 6.8 rpg...in her best game ever as a professional, she led the Fever in scoring, rebounding, assists and blocked shots vs. Utah, 7/10...against the Starzz, she scored a career-high 31 points (11-17 FG, 9-11 FT) to accompany nine rebounds, four assists and two blocked shots in 39 minutes...she finished the season ranked 11th in the WNBA in rebounds per game...she hauled in the 500th rebound of her WNBA career vs. Charlotte, 7/22...she had five games with 10+ rebounds and posted three double-doubles, including consecutive games vs. Miami (14 points, 11 rebounds), 7/12, and vs. L.A. (12 points, 10 rebounds), 7/17...she was eighth in the WNBA in field goal percentage, shooting 48.7 percent from the floor.

After sitting out the 2003 season due to a knee injury, she signed a free agent contract with the Charlotte Sting, for the 2004 season.  After that season, she was traded along with her Charlotte teammates Nicole Powell and Erin Buescher, to the Sacramento Monarchs in exchange for Tangela Smith and a 2006 WNBA Draft second-round pick.

She spent the 2005 season with the Monarchs in a reserve role, but enjoyed the team's success as they went on to win the WNBA Championship, defeating the Connecticut Sun three games to one, in a best-of-five playoff.

On February 3, 2006, Scott, who had been a free agent after the 2005 season ended, signed a contract to return to the Indiana Fever.  She played one year with the Fever, then was traded again in March 2007 to the Phoenix Mercury where she enjoyed winning a second WNBA Championship.

Olympia Scott is the first woman in WNBA history to win two WNBA Championships with two different teams.

Scott also served several years on the Women's National Basketball Players' Association (WNBPA) Executive Committee as the Secretary/Treasurer as well as an active member of the Negotiating Committee, participating in the last 2 Collective Bargaining Agreements between the WNBA and the WNBPA.

Scott has yet to officially retire from the WNBA where she has played a total of 10 seasons.

Olympia has also played in 6 different European countries for a total of 11 seasons including Russia for the Dynamo Moscow Region team; in Turkey for Mersin Buyuksehir, Istanbul University, Erdemir and the Ceyhan clubs; in Ibiza, Spain; Alcamo and Schio, Italy; Thessaloniki, Greece; and Yerevan, Armenia.

She retired from professional basketball in 2011.

Coaching career
Scott once served as an assistant coach at the College of the Sequoias in Visalia, California, and has also coached AAU basketball as well as numerous camps and clinics.

In October 2004, she was named the head coach of the women's basketball team at William Smith College.  Scott led her team to the Liberty League regular season and tournament championships, an appearance in the NCAA Division III regional semifinals, and the program's first 20-win season (20 wins against eight losses) since the 1999-2000 season.  The team's efforts resulted in Scott and her coaching staff being voted by the conference as the Liberty League Coaching Staff of the Year.

However, after her Sacramento Monarchs team won the WNBA championship by defeating the Connecticut Sun, Scott resigned from her coaching position to devote herself full-time to her playing career.

Corporate career
In 2003, she co-founded, together with her mother, Jacqueline Parker Scott, Ed.D, MBA, an online parenting education company named "Super Parenting LLC". In 2007, she founded a coaching company called "A Wonderful Life! Coaching".

Notes

External links

Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:American women's basketball coaches
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Greece
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Italy
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Russia
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Spain
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
Category:American women's basketball players
Category:Centers (basketball)
Category:Charlotte Sting players
Category:Delta Sigma Theta members
Category:Detroit Shock players
Category:Indiana Fever players
Category:Parade High School All-Americans (girls' basketball)
Category:Phoenix Mercury players
Category:Sacramento Monarchs players
Category:Stanford Cardinal women's basketball players
Category:Utah Starzz draft picks
Category:Utah Starzz players
Category:Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Category:Universiade medalists in basketball


Outline of Liechtenstein

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Liechtenstein:

Liechtenstein – tiny, doubly landlocked alpine country located in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland to its west and by Austria to its east.  Mountainous, it is a winter-sport destination. It is also a tax haven. Despite this, it is not heavily urbanised. Many cultivated fields and small farms characterise its landscape both in the north (Unterland) and in the south (Oberland). It is the smallest German-speaking country in the world.

General reference

 Pronunciation:
 Common English country name:  Liechtenstein
 Official English country name:  The Principality of Liechtenstein
 Common endonym(s):
 Official endonym(s):
 Adjectival(s): Liechtenstein
 Demonym(s):
 Etymology: Name of Liechtenstein
 ISO country codes:  LI, LIE, 438
 ISO region codes:  See ISO 3166-2:LI
 Internet country code top-level domain:  .li

Geography of Liechtenstein

Geography of Liechtenstein
 Liechtenstein is...
 a country
 an alpine country
 a landlocked country
 a doubly landlocked country
 a sovereign state
 a microstate
 a European microstate
 a landlocked country  and a European microstate
 Location:
 Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere
 Eurasia
 Europe
 Central Europe
 Western Europe
 Time zone:  Central European Time (UTC+01), Central European Summer Time (UTC+02)
 Extreme points of Liechtenstein
 High:  Grauspitz
 Low:  Rhine
 Land boundaries:  76 km
 41 km
 35 km
 Coastline:  none
 Population of Liechtenstein: 35,365 (December 31, 2007)  – 204th most populous country
 Area of Liechtenstein: 160 km2
 Atlas of Liechtenstein

Environment of Liechtenstein

 Climate of Liechtenstein
 Renewable energy in Liechtenstein
 Geology of Liechtenstein
 Protected areas of Liechtenstein
 Biosphere reserves in Liechtenstein
 National parks of Liechtenstein
 Wildlife of Liechtenstein
 Fauna of Liechtenstein
 Birds of Liechtenstein
 Mammals of Liechtenstein

Natural geographic features of Liechtenstein
 Glacial alpine valley
 Alpine Rhine
 Mountains of Liechtenstein
 Rivers of Liechtenstein
 Eschnerberg
 World Heritage Sites in Liechtenstein: None

Demography of Liechtenstein

Demographics of Liechtenstein

Regions of Liechtenstein

Regions of Liechtenstein

Ecoregions of Liechtenstein

List of ecoregions in Liechtenstein
 Ecoregions in Liechtenstein

Administrative divisions of Liechtenstein

Administrative divisions of Liechtenstein
 Municipalities of Liechtenstein

Municipalities of Liechtenstein

 Capital of Liechtenstein: Vaduz
 Cities of Liechtenstein

Government and politics of Liechtenstein

Politics of Liechtenstein
 Form of government: parliamentary representative democratic monarchy
 Capital of Liechtenstein: Vaduz
 Elections in Liechtenstein

 Political parties in Liechtenstein
 Taxation in Liechtenstein
 2008 Liechtenstein tax affair

Branches of the government of Liechtenstein

Government of Liechtenstein

Executive branch of the government of Liechtenstein
 Head of state: Prince of Liechtenstein, Hans-Adam II
 Head of government: Prime Minister of Liechtenstein, Klaus Tschütscher
 Cabinet of Liechtenstein

Legislative branch of the government of Liechtenstein

 Landtag of Liechtenstein (unicameral)

Judicial branch of the government of Liechtenstein

Court system of Liechtenstein
 Supreme Court of Liechtenstein (Oberster Gerichtshof)
 Princely Superior Court of Liechtenstein (Fürstliches Obergericht)
 Princely Court of Liechtenstein (Fürstliches Landgericht)

Foreign relations of Liechtenstein

Foreign relations of Liechtenstein
 Diplomatic missions in Liechtenstein
 Diplomatic missions of Liechtenstein
 Liechtenstein–Switzerland relations
 Liechtenstein–United States relations

International organization membership
The Principality of Liechtenstein is a member of:

Council of Europe (CE)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Criminal Court (ICCt)
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
United Nations (UN)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
World Confederation of Labour (WCL)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)

Law and order in Liechtenstein

Law of Liechtenstein
 Constitution of Liechtenstein
 1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein
 Crime in Liechtenstein
 Human rights in Liechtenstein
 LGBT rights in Liechtenstein
 Recognition of same-sex unions in Liechtenstein
 Freedom of religion in Liechtenstein
 Law enforcement in Liechtenstein
 Capital punishment in Liechtenstein

Military of Liechtenstein

Military of Liechtenstein
 Command
 Commander-in-chief: None, Defence is the responsibility of Switzerland
 Ministry of Defence of Liechtenstein: None, Defence is the responsibility of Switzerland
 Forces
None, Defence is the responsibility of Switzerland
 Military history of Liechtenstein
 Military ranks of Liechtenstein

Local government in Liechtenstein

Municipalities of Liechtenstein

History of Liechtenstein

History of Liechtenstein

Timeline of the history of Liechtenstein
Current events of Liechtenstein
 Military history of Liechtenstein

Culture of Liechtenstein

Culture of Liechtenstein
 Architecture of Liechtenstein
 Castles in Liechtenstein
 Art in Liechtenstein
 Art in Liechtenstein
 Cinema of Liechtenstein
 Literature of Liechtenstein
 Music of Liechtenstein
 Theatre in Liechtenstein
 Cuisine of Liechtenstein
 Liechtenstein wine
 Festivals in Liechtenstein
 Languages of Liechtenstein
 Media in Liechtenstein
 Television in Liechtenstein
 National symbols of Liechtenstein
 Coat of arms of Liechtenstein
 Flag of Liechtenstein
 National anthem of Liechtenstein
 People of Liechtenstein
 Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Liechtensteins
 Prostitution in Liechtenstein
 Public holidays in Liechtenstein
 Records of Liechtenstein
 Religion in Liechtenstein
 Buddhism in Liechtenstein
 Christianity in Liechtenstein
 Hinduism in Liechtenstein
 Islam in Liechtenstein
 Judaism in Liechtenstein
 Sikhism in Liechtenstein
 World Heritage Sites in Liechtenstein: None

Sports in Liechtenstein

Sports in Liechtenstein
 Liechtensteiner National Badminton Championships
 Football in Liechtenstein
 Liechtenstein at the Olympics

Economy and infrastructure of Liechtenstein

Economy of Liechtenstein
 Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 147th (one hundred and forty seventh)
 Agriculture in Liechtenstein
 Banking in Liechtenstein
 National bank of Liechtenstein
 Communications in Liechtenstein
 Internet in Liechtenstein
 Companies of Liechtenstein
Currency of Liechtenstein: Frank/Franc
ISO 4217: SUS
 Energy in Liechtenstein
 Energy policy of Liechtenstein
 Oil industry in Liechtenstein
 Health care in Liechtenstein
 Mining in Liechtenstein
 Liechtenstein Stock Exchange
 Tourism in Liechtenstein
 Visa policy of Liechtenstein
 Transport in Liechtenstein
 Airports in Liechtenstein
 Rail transport in Liechtenstein
 Liechtenstein Bus
 Roads in Liechtenstein

Education in Liechtenstein

Education in Liechtenstein

See also

Index of Liechtenstein-related articles
List of Liechtenstein-related topics
List of international rankings
Member state of the United Nations
Outline of Europe
Outline of geography

References

External links

www.liechtenstein.li - Official site by the Principality of Liechtenstein
 Tourism Liechtenstein - The official tourism page of Liechtenstein
 Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein - The national Gallery of Liechtenstein
 Hochschule Liechtenstein - University of Applied Sciences Liechtenstein
History of Liechtenstein: Primary documents

 Photos of Liechtenstein
 "Arukikata" Liechtenstein, Traveller's guide written in Japanese/English
Russian Portal about Principality of Liechtenstein
Harry's Mountain Walks in Liechtenstein The only English language guide to routes up and among Liechtensteins fabulous Alpine peaks; also available in German.
Sarah Lyall, "For Rent: One Principality. Prince Not Included." New York Times, 25 March 2003

Liechtenstein


Virginia Mary Kendall

Virginia Mary Kendall (born January 25, 1962) is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. President George W. Bush appointed her to the bench on January 3, 2006. In addition to serving on the bench, Judge Kendall is also a noted expert on child exploitation and human trafficking, as well as an adjunct law professor and author.

Education and early career
Born in Evanston, Illinois, Kendall graduated from Northwestern University with her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1984. She received a Master of Arts degree in Writing from Northwestern in 1987 and her Juris Doctor from Loyola University Chicago School of Law in 1992 where she attended night school while raising her three preschool-aged children. Following law school graduation, she worked as a law clerk for Judge George M. Marovich of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois from 1992 to 1995.

U.S. Department of Justice
Prior to joining the bench, Kendall worked for the United States Attorney's Office in Chicago and tried numerous federal jury trials involving white collar crime, insurance fraud, police corruption, public corruption, child molestation, and racketeering. While at the United States Attorney's Office in Chicago, she served as Deputy Chief in the Criminal Division, Child Exploitation Coordinator, and Coordinator of Project Safe Neighborhoods. Kendall helped to create and then served on the Attorney General's Advisory Committee which reviewed all child exploitation cases that impacted multiple jurisdictions.

Federal judicial career
Kendall was nominated to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois on September 28, 2005, by President George W. Bush. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 21, 2005 on a voice vote and received her commission on January 3, 2006. Kendall served for six years on the Judicial Conference's Judicial Codes of Conduct Committee where she was responsible for drafting changes to the Codes of Conduct in a number of areas, most notably on social media. Kendall holds leadership roles in numerous bar organizations including the Federal Bar Association, the International Bar Association, the American Bar Association and the Federal Circuit Bar Association. Her leadership positions have included Co-Chair of the Human Trafficking Committee, the Jury Innovations Committee, and the Access to Justice Committee with the Litigation Section of the ABA; co-chair of the Human Trafficking Committee with the Criminal Justice Section of the ABA; serving on the presidential task force for both the ABA and the IBA; and serving on the Federal Judiciary Committees of both the Federal Bar Association and the Federal Circuit Bar Association. Kendall also serves on the Executive Committee of the Federal Judges Association. Kendall is committed to opening her courtroom regularly to students where she encourages young students to strive to practice law through her role on the Judicial Advisory Committee of Just the Beginning Foundation, the Cristo Rey Network, and numerous local schools dedicated to integrating students of color and of other underrepresented groups into the practice of law. Kendall is an active member of Cornell University’s Avon Global Center for Women and Justice, as well as the Vital Voices Global Partnership, an organization dedicated to the empowerment of women in impoverished and politically underrepresented environments around the world.

Domestic and international training
Kendall travels extensively both domestically and internationally to train judges, trial attorneys and investigators in the areas of trial law, rule of law, ethics, terrorism trials, crimes against women and children, human trafficking and public corruption. Internationally, she has traveled through the State Department, the Department of Justice, Lawyers Without Borders, and various bar associations to Kenya, Zambia, Liberia, Cyprus, India, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Italy, the UK, and Japan to teach judges and trial attorneys. Domestically, she created a human trafficking training module for task forces and for judges and she regularly holds seminars to educate them and the public. She also regularly presents ethics training to the federal judiciary and judicial employees.

Teaching and writing
Kendall has been an adjunct professor of law for over twenty years and currently teaches law courses in trial practice, federal litigation, and human trafficking at University of Chicago Law School, Northwestern University School of Law and Loyola University Chicago School of Law. She has authored numerous articles on a variety of topics including international human rights, human trafficking, and transnational investigations. Kendall is the co-author of the treatise, Child Exploitation and Trafficking: Examining the Global Challenges and U.S. Responses. Aside from her own writing, she also serves as an editor of Litigation Magazine and is a member of the American Law Institute where she is currently working as an Advisor to the drafting of a model penal code for sexual offenses. She currently lectures extensively both domestically and internationally in the areas of trial practice, public corruption, ethics, electronic discovery, patent litigation, social media, internet and computer investigations, intellectual property case management, child exploitation, human trafficking and judicial training.

Awards and honors
For her work as a federal prosecutor, Kendall received the Chicago Crime Commission's Star of Distinction Award in 2005; the Department of Justice's Service Award in 2003; and the FBI Director's Letter of Recognition in 1998.

Kendall has received numerous other awards including both the St. Robert Bellarmine Award and the Damen Award from Loyola University for her distinguished legal work and her service to the community; the Rape Victim Advocate’s Visionary Award for her work with victims of sexual violence; the Eleanor Roosevelt Leadership Award for her being a courageous and compassionate role model, the Women and Gender Rights Leadership Award from DePaul University School of Law, and an honorary degree from Dominican University which she received with her husband for their dual work serving the community. Judge Kendall also received the 2015 Women of Achievement award from the YWCA Lake County for her role in combating human trafficking.

References

Sources

Category:1962 births
Category:Living people
Category:American women judges
Category:Assistant United States Attorneys
Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
Category:Loyola University Chicago School of Law alumni
Category:Loyola University Chicago School of Law faculty
Category:Northwestern University alumni
Category:United States district court judges appointed by George W. Bush
Category:21st-century American judges
Category:People from Evanston, Illinois
Category:Women legal scholars


Qazi Massarrat Hussain

Qazi Massarrat Hussain (born 16 March 1935) is a Pakistani field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics, winning the silver medal.

References

Category:1935 births
Category:Living people
Category:Pakistani male field hockey players
Category:Olympic field hockey players of Pakistan
Category:Field hockey players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Olympic silver medalists for Pakistan
Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey
Category:Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics


Steyer (name)

Steyer is a German-language surname. Notable individuals with the surname include:

  (born 1946), German actor and musician
  (1842–1900), German politician, MdL
  (1834–1887), German politician, MdL
  (1909–1944), German footballer
 Heinz-Steyer-Stadion, a football and athletics stadium in Dresden
 Jim Steyer (born 1956), American child advocate
  (1630–1692), Czech Jesuit, preacher, educator, translator and author
  (1839–1907), German landowner and politician, MdL
 Sebastian Steyer (born 1980), Polish professional darts player
 Tom Steyer (born 1957), American asset manager, philanthropist and environmentalist
 Włodzimierz Steyer (1892–1957), Polish naval officer and a Counter Admiral of the Polish Navy

See also
 Steyr
 Steyrer
Steer (surname)

Category:German-language surnames


Tassimo

The Tassimo Hot Beverage System is a consumer single-serve coffee system that prepares one-cup servings of espresso, regular coffee, tea, hot chocolate, and various other coffee drinks, notably those including milk such as latte or cappuccino. The brand is owned by Jacobs Douwe Egberts.

History
Tassimo was first introduced in France in 2004 and is now also available in Andorra, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Russia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The machines were originally developed by Kraft Foods. The original machines were manufactured by Saeco and distributed by Braun.  In early 2008, Procter & Gamble, the parent company of Braun, began phasing out sales of Braun kitchen appliances in North America. In August 2008, it was announced the new generation of Tassimo machines would be manufactured by Bosch. At the same time, Kraft announced double-digit growth for the second quarter in a row for its Tassimo coffee T-Disc sales.

T-Discs

The Tassimo system utilizes proprietary non-reusable plastic beverage pods, called T-Discs, which are produced and distributed by Mondelēz.  A bar code on top of each T-Disc instructs the machine to use the proper brewing settings. It will then change the water temperature, the amount of water, and the brew time and strength. This allows the Tassimo pod maker to brew a variety of hot drinks: filtered style coffee, cappuccino, short espresso, tea, and hot chocolate.  The brewing process takes between 30–60 seconds. Discs containing milk use UHT milk, not powdered milk.

Tassimo T-Discs are currently offered under brands owned by Mondelēz or Kraft Foods, including Gevalia, Maxwell House, Mastro Lorenzo, Nabob, Carte Noire, Jacobs, Suchard and Twinings. Not all brands are available in all markets (for example, Kraft-owned Nabob T-Discs are only available in Canada, while Mondelēz-owned Kenco T-Discs are available in the British Isles).  In some markets, Tassimo has entered into partnerships with third parties to market T-Discs from non-Kraft and non-Mondelēz brands.  In the United Kingdom, T-Discs with the Costa Coffee brand have been sold since September 2012. In Canada, T-Discs are sold under the coffee shop brands Second Cup, Tim Hortons, McCafé as well as private label supermarket brands like Irresistibles, Our Finest and President's Choice.

Current machines
Tassimo offers five models of single-cup coffee maker compatible with the "home-use" T-discs. However the T46 and T65 are no longer offered for sale in the US. These models are the T20, T46, T47, T55 and T65.  While varying in price, color, availability of filter/display - they are functionally equivalent in that each maker will produce the same beverage from the same t-disc.

Tassimo machines T12, T47+ and T55+ are sold in Canada.

There is also a Tassimo Professional model designed for office and trade use. T DISCs designed for use in this model can't be used in domestic Tassimo machines.

Recall
On February 9, 2012 about 835,000 coffee makers were recalled in the United States and another 900,000 in Canada after reports of the brewers spraying hot liquid, coffee grounds or tea leaves onto people. Reports from the Consumer Product Safety Commission say that there have been 140 reports on the maker, 37 of those cases involve second degree burns. The Commission has also recalled 4 million T-Discs over reports that they can burst while brewing.

Customers who participate in the coffee maker recall are shipped a replacement component which will help prevent the contents of a defective T-Disc from spraying if the T-Disc bursts.  The component is shipped free of charge, including instructions to allow customers to insert the new component themselves.

See also

 Single-serve coffee containers
 Caffitaly
 Flavia
 Keurig
 Lavazza
 Nespresso
 Saeco
 Senseo
 Kenco Singles

References

External links
 https://www.tassimo.co.uk/country-selection/s-1638/
 https://www.tassimo.co.uk

Category:Mondelēz brands
Category:Espresso machines
Category:Single-serving coffee makers
Category:Products introduced in 2004
Category:Coffee brands


Wall, Staffordshire

Wall is a small village and civil parish in Staffordshire, England, just south of Lichfield. It lies on the site of the Roman settlement of Letocetum.

The nearby junction of the A5 and A5127 roads and the M6 Toll motorway is often referred to as Wall junction.

The parish includes the small villages of Pipehill, Hilton, Chesterfield and the tiny hamlet of Aldershawe, which is about  north of the village of Wall.

Wall has an infrequent bus service operated by Arriva Midlands, numbered 35B. It operates every 2 hours Monday to Saturday. The route goes from Walsall to Lichfield via Aldridge, Stonnall and Shenstone.

History

Letocetum

The earliest evidence of settlement in Wall is the discovery of flints dating to the Neolithic period found in the upper part of Wall village.
The first detailed evidence of human settlement comes in the 1st century. A Roman fort named Etocetum (reflecting an indigenous name reconstructed as *Lētocaiton or "Greywood") was established at Wall in or soon after AD 50 to accommodate Legio XIV, then advancing towards Wales. A fort was certainly built in the upper area of the village near to the present church in 50s or 60s and Watling Street was constructed to the south in the 70s. A bath house and mansio was built on the lower ground south west of the fort in the late 1st century for use by its soldiers. It was later used by the inhabitants of a civilian settlement which grew up around Watling Street. In the 2nd century the settlement covered approximately  west of the later Wall Lane. By the 1st or 2nd century there was a burial area beyond the western end of the settlement. The settlement was mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary.

In the late 3rd or early 4th century the eastern part of the settlement of approximately , between the present Wall Lane and Green Lane and straddling Watling Street, was enclosed with a stone wall surrounded by an earth rampart and ditches. Civilians continued to live inside the settlement and on its outskirts in the late 4th century. The settlement appears to have declined rapidly soon after the Romans left Britain in AD 410 and the focus of settlement shifted to Lichfield. Despite this shift of population, Ford identifies the community as the  ("Fort Grey Woods") listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his History of the Britains, previously identified with Lincoln or Lichfield.

Modern Wall
Development of Wall since the Romans has been slow, and it has never developed beyond a small village. The earliest medieval settlement may have been on the higher ground around Wall. Wall House on Green Lane, although dating from the 18th century, is probably on the site of the medieval manor house. Wall Hall to the south also dates from the mid 18th century but replaced a house which existed in the 17th century. By the late 18th century several dwellings were built on Watling Street west of Manor Farm and formed the lower part of the village.

In 1837 the church was built, which in 1843 was consecrated as the Parish Church of St John. The  architects were George Gilbert Scott and William Moffatt. The church consists of a nave, a chancel and a west steeple.  The steeple has a three-stage tower with diagonal buttresses and a west door.  It is square at the base, it rises to become octagonal, and is surmounted by a spire with lucarnes.  The east window has three lights and is in Perpendicular style.

The Trooper Inn existed by 1851. In the 1950s ten council houses were built on a road called The Butts. The re-routing of the A5 around Wall, as the Wall By-pass in 1965, relieved the village of traffic, re-establishing its quiet nature.

Geography
Topography

The upper part of Wall village lies at an elevation of 114 m on the edge of a plateau; the lower part to the south of Watling Street lies 16 m lower. At Aldershawe the land lies at 130 m, and it is the same level at Pipehill and Muckley Corner.

Geology

The north of the parish including Pipehill, Aldershawe and east parts of Wall are underlain with Bromsgrove Sandstone. The south of the parish including west Wall, Hilton and Chesterfield are underlain by Wildmoor Sandstone. A narrow gravel terrace runs north west from Wall to a point south of Pipehill where it merges into an area of Boulder Clay. South of Wall glaciofluvial deposits overlie the area including, Hilton and Chesterfield.

Hydrology

Black brook runs below the gravel terrace west of Wall. Crane brook runs through Hilton and Chesterfield and is the source for Hilton's main street name of 'Cranebrook Lane'.   A spring south of Pipe Grange feeds a stream which flows east to Leamonsley Brook. A spring rising in Aldershawe was used for centuries as the source for drinking water for the city of Lichfield. Conduits were dug from Aldershawe to Lichfield where they supplied water from various conduits around the city.

See also
Listed buildings in Wall, Staffordshire

References

External links

 St John's Church, Wall

Category:Villages in Staffordshire
Category:Lichfield District
Category:Civil parishes in Staffordshire


Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico

Sabana Grande () is a municipality of Puerto Rico located north of Lajas and Guánica; south of Maricao; east of San Germán; and west of Yauco. Sabana Grande is spread over seven wards and Sabana Grande Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Germán-Cabo Rojo Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
The municipality's name comes from the extensive plain that occupies the southern part of the municipality, better known as Sabana Grande Abajo. According to historian Mario Villar Roces, before 1808 there was a community with its own church on the land today known as Sabana Grande Arriba. Evidence of this is the oldest baptismal registry preserved from the area, as Sabana Grande was originally a sector of the municipality of San Germán.

Because the community was so far from the center of San Germán, residents felt a need to build a church, which was established as an auxiliary to the San Germán parish. The church was built and was devoted to San Isidro Labrador and Santa María de la Cabeza.

During Spanish rule, in order for a town to be established, the following had to take place: A group of vecinos ("neighbors" or citizens) that wanted to found a town had to grant a power of attorney to one or more other vecinos to represent them before the governor and viceroy. This person could authorize the founding of the town and the establishment of a parish. The grantors of the power of attorney had to be a majority in the given territory and more than ten in number. Once the case had been made, the governor appointed a "capitán poblador" or settlement official to represent the vecinos and one or more delegates, who usually lived in nearby cabildos, or hamlets. Proof was required that the settlement was so far from a church that it was very difficult for the settlers to partake of sacraments and municipal services. In general, proof was provided of the absence or bad condition of roads and bridges. If the petition was approved, it was required that the vecinos mark off the new municipality and build public works such as a church, a parish house, a government house (Casa del Rey), a slaughterhouse, and a cemetery, and to set aside land for the town square or plaza and the commons (ejidos). The vecinos were expected to cover the cost of building these works by levying special assessments. Usually one of the land owners donated some land for the founding. Once the requirements had been met, the governor authorized the founding of the town and the parish, and he appointed a Lieutenant at War who usually was the same capitán poblador.

There is some debate as to when Sabana Grande was founded. Some say that it was established in 1808, while others say it was established in 1813, a year after the town was politically established in 1812. Historian Villar Roces posits that although the exact date of the founding of the town is not found in any document in the municipal archives, 1813 should be considered the year it was legally founded because it coincides with the date of the first registry document. In entry number 23 in the third book of marriages, dated July 1, 1813, the priest is identified as "Priest Ecónomo of the Sabana Grande Parish Church," while previous entries were called "Attending Priests" or "Coadjutants of the Villa of San Germán."

Sabana Grande became an independent parish, under its own jurisdiction, in June 1813, with the first parish priest of the San Isidro Labrador y Santa María de la Cabeza Church being Martín Antonio Borreli.

On December 21, 1814, the first captain general of Sabana Grande, Pedro de Acosta, took office. Some local historians assert that he donated seventy cuerdas of land where the Kings House, priests house, a plaza, a butcher shop and a cemetery were established. Others say that this land was donated by Joaquín P. Rodríguez de la Seda y Almodóvar. Villar Roces adds that Juan Francisco de Acosta, brother of the mayor and parish priest of Sabana Grande, donated his house to the town so it could be used as the Kings House or council house.

The first families of Sabana Grande were the Vélez Borrero, García Almodóvar, Nazario de Figueroa, Acosta, Sanabria, Lugo, Rivera, Sepúlveda, del Toro, Montalvo, Irizarry, Borreli, Ramírez, Torres, Matos, Pabón, Dávila, Quiñones, Rodríguez de la Renta, Soltero, Segarra, Ortiz de la Renta, Ortiz de la Peña, Saavedra families and others. Also, Catalan families with the surnames of Busigó, Malaret and Serra, and a group of Greek immigrants with the surname Soto, all settled in the town from the time of its founding.

Geography

Sabana Grande is on the south west side. There are a number of rivers there: Río Guanajibo and its tributaries, Coco River, Flores River, and Río Grande.

Hurricane Maria
Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017 triggered numerous landslides in Sabana Grande with the significant amount of rainfall.

Barrios

Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Sabana Grande is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a barrio referred to as .

Machuchal
Rayo
Rincón
Sabana Grande barrio-pueblo
Santana
Susúa
Tabonuco
Torre

Economy

Agriculture
Fruits, sugar and cattle on a small scale.

Special Communities Program

Spearheaded by then governor Sila María Calderón, Law 1-2001 was passed in 2001, to identify Puerto Rico's marginalized communities. In 2017, then governor Ricardo Rosselló created a new government agency to work with the Special Communities of Puerto Rico Program. Of the 742 places on the list of , the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Sabana Grande: Santana, Cerro Gordo, El Burén, Molinas and Susúa.

Demographics

Tourism

Landmarks and places of interest
The following are some of the well-known places of interest in Sabana Grande:
 San Francisco Estate, in , also known as , is a historic sugar mill complex with an hacienda house, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
 Museum of Art, City Hall
 The Sanctuary of the Virgin of the Rosary of the Well, , a  Catholic mission with millions of people in twenty countries
Susúa State Forest
Barco House
Orlando López Recreational Center
 Igualdad Lodge #23
 Masonic Cemetery, , is of countrywide significance under Criterion A in the area of Social History as the property is associated with a very important pattern of social and political events that took place during the nineteenth century in Puerto Rico. The construction of the cemetery came out as a result of the struggles among the Spanish political establishment and its ideological partner, the Roman Catholic Church, against the presence of the philosophical brotherhood commonly known as the Freemasons.
Placita de la Recordación

Culture

Festivals and events

Patron Celebrations
Virgen del Pozo Marathon - May
Petate Festival - December
 Carnaval Interentidades

Government

Like all municipalities in Puerto Rico, Sabana Grande is administered by a mayor. The current mayor is Miguel Ortíz Vélez, from the Popular Democratic Party (PPD). Ortíz was elected at the 1992 general election.

The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district V, which is represented by two Senators. In 2012, Ramón Ruiz and Martín Vargas Morales, from the Popular Democratic Party, were elected as District Senators.

Transportation
There are 27 bridges in Sabana Grande.

Symbols

Flag
The flag of Sabana Grande has four squares, two green and two yellow, alternating. In the center is the municipal coat of arms. The meaning of the flag comes from the coat of arms.

Coat of arms
The municipality's coat of arms contains the elements that represent the town's patron saints. The shovel and rake allude to San Isidro Labrador. It is believed this representation arose from the faith of the workers in the Sabana Grande countryside. When a bad drought came, they made promises in the hopes that their patron saint would save their crops. The urn represents the domestic tasks of Santa María de la Cabeza, the wife of San Isidro.

In the center is the leaf of the petate palm as an icon of a traditional industry of Sabana Grande. Above is the crown wall which, as a symbol of solidarity, civic unity and common defense, is a heraldic tribute that is part of the coat of arms of towns. The motto on the coat of arms is "Town of the Prodigies."

Education
Sabana Grande boasts several public and private schools within its territory. Public education is handled by the Puerto Rico Department of Education.

Some of the local schools are:

 Jose A. Castillo Elementary
 Jose Celso Barbosa Elementary
 Rosendo Matienzo Cintron Elementary
 Francisco Vazquez Puello Elementary
 David Antorgiorgi Cordova Elementary and Middle School
 Juan I. Vega Elementary and Middle School
 Blanca Malaret Middle School
 Luis Negron Lopez High School
Jose R Gaztambide elementary

Private:
 The Academy of Saint Agustin and the Holy Spirit
 Santa Ana Bilingual School
 Christian Academy
 Baptist Academy

Famous people

 Augusto Malaret (Author)
 Dr. Manuel Quevedo Báez (author)
 Luis Negrón López (politics)
 Radames Vega - Gold Medallist of 1978 Juegos Centroamericanos
 Confesor Acosta Ocasio (Liso)
 Santos Colón Vega cantante
 Félix Rigau Carrera - First Puerto Rican pilot and the first pilot to fly on air mail carrying duties in Puerto Rico.
 Ángel Rigau Ramos (poet)
 Aníbal González Irizarry (TV)
 Adalberto Rodríguez "Machuchal" (Comedian)
 Adrián Nelson Ramírez Vega (painter and poster artist)
 Ángel Gregorio Martínez (First Puerto Rican to die in World War II)
 Fidel Vélez (Patriot) (Intentona de Yauco)
 Godless (Black Metal Band)
 Calixto Carrera Montalvo (poet)
 John Ruiz (boxing-First Hispanic Heavyweight World Champion)
 Jose Vidro MLB All-Star
 Francis Rosas Comidian/Actor
 Jose "Witito" Martinez - Puerto Rico Baseball Legend
 Jonathan Sánchez MLB Pitcher, No Hitter, World Series Champion
 Sebastian "Papo" Marchany - Photography

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
History of Puerto Rico
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico
Did you know-Puerto Rico?

References

External links
 Puerto Rico Government Directory - Sabana Grande
 Nueva Isla  - Sabana Grande

Category:Municipalities of Puerto Rico

Category:Populated places established in 1813
Category:San Germán–Cabo Rojo metropolitan area


Bijjur

Bijjur (Kannada) is a small village of gokarna in  Uttar Kannada district are neighbouring villages in a valley in the south western section of Karnataka, India. Together they form a community of people from different castes and religions.

Just to the north of the village, the Gangavali River joins the Arabian Sea. The town of Gokarna is just to the south of the village. The surrounding Sahyadri Mountains hug the Arabian sea; the open fields provide recreational opportunities to the locals. It has creeks and shallow ponds and bridges vulnerable to rainy seasons.

Location
The village is 515 km from Bangalore, 232 km north of Mangalore and 63 km from Karwar. It is between the Gangavali and Agnashini rivers and situated along the Karwar coast by the Arabian Sea. It is near to college towns ankola, Kumta, Suratkal and Manipal.

Climate

Summer : March - mid June,
Rainy  : mid June–October
Winter : November–February.

Since the town is located on the coast, it has a moderate climate, with temperatures in the range of 28c to 36c during summer and 26c to 20c during winter.
The rainy season has heavy rains by the south-west Monsoon. The average annual rainfall is about 3000 mm.

Community festivals

Suggihabba of the surrounding communities
Shri Sadguru Swami Shamanand Maharaj Jayanti Utsav
Bijjur is famous for the cultural activities like Yakshagana and dramas from the localites.
Tabloids and Well known HAGARANA are their cultural richness in suggihabba

Schools
Primary school - rudrapada

Religious Significance
Samadhi Mandir of Shri Sadguru Swami Shamanand Maharaj

Shri Sadguru Swami Shamanand Maharaj was born in the year 1927 near Udupi in Karnataka in ‘Padhmanabh Vaishnavpathith Brahman’ family. In the Year 1940 Swami left his home in pursuit of spiritual awakening (DIKHSA); which was offered to him when he was about 18 Years Old.

Swami Shamanand Ji continued his Sadhana for years, achieved furthermore enlightenments, sacred power, bliss and his Prasad (religious offering consumed by worshippers) have healing power.
Swami Ji returned to Karnataka in the Year 1975 and took shelter in a shed at Mr. Gandadhar Joglekar’s Baug for some years, then founded ASHRAM in Bijjur, Karnataka.

Swami Ji’s godliness & miracles brought all followers together as one family irrespective of their religion, caste and social status. In his teaching he encouraged people to believe in Sakhol Satya (Pure Truth) and Simplicity, he wanted people to work for the betterment of society and not to achieve fame.

Until Shri Swami Shamanand Ji took SAMADHI (Dated 23 January 1989, Time: 04:20 Minutes) he stressed on the importance of sharing; knowledge, water the thirsty, food to hungry and clothes to the needy, he repeatedly encouraged the followers to offer at least 5% of their earnings towards charity.

Category:Villages in Uttara Kannada district


Joshua Dawson

Joshua Dawson (1660-1725) was an Irish public servant, land developer and politician of the Kingdom of Ireland.

He was appointed clerk to the Chief Secretary of Ireland, Matthew Prior, in 1697.  In that role he petitioned for the establishment of a Paper & Patent Office.  He became the Collector of Dublin in 1703, and held the office of Chief Secretary for Ireland to the Lords Justices from 1710 under Queen Anne.  He was a Member of Parliament (M.P.) in the Irish House of Commons for Wicklow Borough from 1705 to 1714.

He developed an area of Dublin in 1705-1710 which included the setting out and construction of the streets of Dawson Street, Anne Street, Grafton Street and Harry Street.  These were named after, respectively, himself, Queen Anne (widow of William III), and Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Grafton (the son of Charles II and cousin of Queen Anne).  This development included the construction of the Mansion House in Dawson Street in 1710 which was purchased in 1715 to be the official residence of the Mayor of Dublin - which it has remained for 300 years.

Dawson resided in County Londonderry and Dublin.  Dawson’s ancestral family had owned land and lived in the area where he founded Dawson’s Bridge in 1710  (named after the bridge over the River Moyola), which was to become present-day Castledawson.  In his estate he built Moyola House in 1713.

Personal life
Dawson was born in 1660 at the family seat (which became Castledawson, County Londonderry), the son of Thomas Dawson, Commissary of the Musters of the Army in Ireland.  He married Renea Carr, in January 1695/96 and had six children: Mary, William, Charles, Anne Elizabeth, Eleanor, Arthur, Joseph and Arabella.  He died on 3 March 1725.  Notable relatives included Henry Richard Dawson, Robert Dawson, Sackville Hamilton, Henry Hamilton (governor) and Henry Hamilton (politician).

References

Category:1660 births
Category:1725 deaths
Category:Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Wicklow constituencies
Category:Irish MPs 1703–1713


Wrestling at the 2019 European Games – Men's freestyle 86 kg

The men's freestyle 86 kilograms wrestling competition at the 2019 European Games in Minsk was held on 25 to 26 June 2019 at the Minsk Sports Palace.

Schedule
All times are in FET (UTC+03:00)

Results

 Legend
 F — Won by fall
 R — Retired

Main bracket

Repechage

References

External links
 Official website
 UWW Official website
 Competition Sheet

Category:Wrestling at the 2019 European Games


Tatev (disambiguation)

Tatev refers to the Tatev monastery (Տաթևի վանք)

Tatev may also refer to:
Tatev (village) (Տաթև) is a village and rural community in the Syunik Province of Armenia, home to the Tatev monastery
Wings of Tatev (Տաթևի թևեր. Tatevi tever) cableway between Halidzor and the Tatev monastery
Tatev Hydroelectric Power Station near the village of Tatev
Tatev Abrahamyan (1988) Armenian born U.S. women's chess player


2006 Newfoundland child pornography ring

Two separate but interlocking child pornography and prostitution rings operating out of fast food restaurants in Newfoundland said by police investigators to have abused "dozens" of girls were broken up in 2006.  The investigation, named "Operation Rescue," was carried out jointly by the  Royal Newfoundland Constabulary and the Newfoundland Child, Youth and Family Services Department.

Newman case
Shawn James Newman (32) of Mount Pearl, Newfoundland, was convicted and sentenced to eight years in prison.  Newman was charged with having "made, printed, published or possessed child pornography for the purpose of publishing."

Newman was the pimp for some of the child victims photographed by Mehnad Mahmoud Shablak at his Big Bite Pizza Shop.

Shabak case
In a separate case, Mehnad Mahmoud Shablak (32), of St. John's, Newfoundland, a Canadian naturalised citizen originally from Kuwait, was charged with making and owning child pornography.  Shabak met his victims at the Big Bite Pizza shop.

At a trial in Shablak pleaded guilty to eight counts involving making and owning child pornography, six charges of making child pornography and two counts of owning it. Shablak admitted to paying six girls— who were all between 13 and 16 at the time— with money or drugs. On one occasion, he gave a girl some pizza and soda.

Shablak was released following his trial with the judge ruling that the 11 months served in custody while awaiting trial was sufficient.

Aftermath
Following the trial, a survivor of Shablak's abuse known as "Sarah" - whose identity had been concealed under the Criminal Code as she was a minor when the abuse took place — has begun a campaign to allow her identity to be revealed in public. The woman making her claims on CBC Radio show The Current claims she has nothing to be ashamed of and has the "right to be named".  A feature story published by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation explored the impact of Shabak's abuse of very young girls on his victims.

References

External links
 Survivors of child exploitation in St. John's pizza place share their stories, CBC video, 16 March 2018.

Category:Child sexual abuse in Canada
Category:People convicted of child pornography offenses
Category:Prisoners and detainees of Canada
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:2006 crimes in Canada
Category:History of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Category:2006 in Newfoundland and Labrador
Category:Living people


Kim Chul-soo (footballer)

Kim Chul-soo (Korean: 김철수; born July 6, 1952 South Korea) is a former South Korean footballer who plays as a Defender.

He started professional career at POSCO FC in 1975. He was squad of South Korea national football team in 1976 AFC Asian Cup qualification.

He taught Lee Young-pyo, Park Ji-sung in elementary School.

He started abroad coaching career in Philippines since 2006.

References

External links

 Kim Chul-soo – National Team Stats at KFA

Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Pohang Steelers players
Category:K League 1 players
Category:South Korean footballers
Category:Hanyang University alumni
Category:South Korea international footballers


Jouet-sur-l'Aubois

Jouet-sur-l’Aubois is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

Geography
An area of forestry and farming comprising the village and a few hamlets situated by the banks of the rivers Aubois, Loire and the Loire lateral canal, some  east of Bourges at the junction of the D12, D26 and the D920 roads.

Population

Sights
 The church of St. Germain, dating from the nineteenth century.
 The remains of a 12th-century chapel.
 A medieval motte.
 Some Gallo-Roman remains.
 An old disused factory and forge.

See also
Communes of the Cher department

References
INSEE

External links

Jouet-sur-l’Aubois on the Quid website

Category:Communes of Cher (department)


Żegary

Żegary  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sejny, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania. It lies approximately  north-east of Sejny and  north of the regional capital Białystok.

References

Category:Villages in Sejny County


Adam Lazarowicz

Major Adam Lazarowicz (noms de guerre "Klamra", "Pomorski", "Zygmunt", "Jadzik", "Aleksander", 1902 – March 1, 1951) was a Polish military officer who played a prominent role in the Polish resistance movement in the German-occupied Poland in the Second World War.

After the war, Lazarowicz remained in hiding and become a member of the anti-Communist organization Wolnosc i Niezawislosc, fighting for Polish independence from the Soviet Union. He was imprisoned by the Soviet imposed Communist authorities in Poland and executed on March 1, 1951, in the Mokotów Prison in Warsaw.

Early years
Adam was born in 1902 in the village of Berezowica Mała (near Zbaraz, now in Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine) to Franciszek Lazarowicz and Wanda, née Ojak.

At the age of 17, Lazarowicz joined the Polish Army. In 1919 he fought the Ukrainians in Volhynia during the Polish-Ukrainian War. Then he took part in the Polish-Soviet War and was wounded during the battle of Ostrołęka. After this conflict, he graduated from a gymnasium in Jasło, and later from the History Department of Kraków’s renowned Jagiellonian University.

Due to an unknown sickness, Lazarowicz was dismissed from the Army and took up the job of a teacher in a school in the village of Gumniska, a few kilometers from Dębica. However, he remained in the reserve, and in 1936 was promoted to Colonel.

World War II

1939 Campaign
During the Polish September Campaign Lazarowicz volunteered again, and he became military commandant of the town of Dębica. When Dębica’s garrison withdrew to the east he joined troops fighting Germans in the area of Rawa Ruska. In October 1939, after the hostilities ended, he returned to Gumniska where he organized an underground elementary school.

Anti-German resistance
In 1940 Lazarowicz became engaged in the anti-German Sluzba Zwyciestwu Polsce organization, then joined the Zwiazek Walki Zbrojnej. Later, he was promoted to commander of Dębica (“Deser”) District of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and remained on this post until spring of 1944. He was a skillful organizer, under his leadership the Home Army in Dębica and vicinity thrived and due to his decision, headquarters of the District were moved from dangerous Dębica to the relatively safe village of Gumniska. The Germans never found out about it.

Lazarowicz’s work was highly appreciated by the Regional Command of the Home Army in Rzeszów. He organized 10 outposts of the organization, in several locations of the Dębica County (e.g. in Pilzno and Ropczyce). Due to his efforts, Dębica District of the Home Army was regarded as the best organized of the whole Rzeszów Command.

In 1943 Lazarowicz was promoted to Captain, then to Major. A year later, together with his men he worked out the German Army firing ground at the village of Blizna, where V-2 rockets were tested (see also Home Army and V1 and V2). In the spring of 1944 he became inspector deputy of the Rzeszów Inspectorate of the Home Army, and during  Operation Tempest, he was commander of Dębica's 5th Mounted Rifles Regiment of the Home Army, which numbered some 1200 soldiers.

In February 1944 Lazarowicz's men organized an unsuccessful attack on a train carrying Hans Frank. As a reprisal, the Germans shot 54 Poles. A monument commemorating this event is located by the rail track in Dębica.

After World War II
In late 1944, when the area of Dębica was captured by the Red Army, the Soviets awarded Lazarowicz the Red Star Order, as a gesture of appreciation of his efforts. However, he refused to accept it and in February 1945 moved to Rzeszów, where he became commander of the Rzeszow District of Wolnosc i Niezawislosc, an anti-communist Polish underground organization. Later, Lazarowicz moved to Wrocław, organizing the WiN in these parts. In December 1946 he became deputy of Łukasz Ciepliński.

Arrest and execution
Lazarowicz was arrested by the Urząd Bezpieczeństwa (Polish secret police) in Żnin on December 5, 1947. After a brutal investigation, he was transported to Warsaw and placed in the Mokotów Prison. In October 1950, he was sentenced to death. His execution took place on March 1, 1951.

Aftermath
For fifty years, Lazarowicz's story was censored from all publications by the Soviet imposed Communist government of the People's Republic of Poland. In 1992, after the collapse of the Communist system, the Military Court of the Warsaw District issued a decree which voided the 1951 sentence.

A memorial plaque commemorating Lazarowicz can be found on the school in Gumniska. Also, since 1993 there has been a street named after him in Dębica.

See also
 Cursed soldiers
 1951 Mokotow Prison execution

References
  Wojciech Trębacz, Losy Polaków - historia rodziny Lazarowiczów, Nowe Życie, 11/2001
  Elżbieta Jakimek-Zapart, Bez walki i przemocy, IPN Kraków
  Major Adam Lazarowicz, official page of gmina Dębica
 WiN | Freedom and Independence - A Historical Brief by Dr. Janusz Marek Kurtyka, Ph.D., Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, IPN, Poland

External links
  Zrzeszenie "Wolność i Niezawisłość" (WiN)

Category:1902 births
Category:1951 deaths
Category:People from Zbarazh Raion
Category:Nonpersons in the Eastern Bloc
Category:Polish People's Republic rehabilitations
Category:People executed by the Polish People's Republic
Category:Dębica
Category:Cursed soldiers
Category:Armia Krajowa members
Category:Executed military personnel
Category:Executed Polish people


Ashfield (UK Parliament constituency)

Ashfield is a Nottinghamshire constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament most recently by Lee Anderson of the Conservative Party.

Constituency profile
Until the Conservatives winning the 2019 general election, almost always a Labour Party seat since its creation for the 1955 general election, the Ashfield constituency has been served by a former Secretary of State, Geoff Hoon, and since its creation until now, for only two years has been served by one member of another party, Tim Smith of the Conservative Party, from 1977 to 1979. Ashfield's 2019 results indicate quite large Conservative majorities. In 2010, the seat had a marginal majority of only 192 over the Liberal Democrats, but this was increased to 8,820 in 2015 after a collapse in the Liberal vote, with the Conservatives finishing second. In 2017, there was another narrow margin of victory for Labour after an 8.9 swing to the Conservatives, who squeezed most of the fairly substantial UKIP vote from two years earlier, and also a large vote for the Ashfield Independents candidate of nearly 10%, but Labour on that occasion did just enough to hang on by just over 400 votes. In 2019, the Independent candidate Jason Zadrozny, who had come close to winning the seat for the Liberal Democrats nine years earlier, came second with a substantial vote, and the Conservatives took the seat despite achieving fewer votes and a smaller percentage of the total vote than in 2017.

Boundaries
1955–1974: The Urban Districts of Eastwood, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, and Sutton-in-Ashfield, and in the Rural District of Basford the parishes of Annesley, Bestwood Park, Brinsley, Felley, Linby, Newstead, Papplewick, and Selston.

1974–1983: The Urban Districts of Hucknall, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, and Sutton-in-Ashfield, and in the Rural District of Basford the parishes of Annesley, Felley, and Selston.

1983–2010: The District of Ashfield wards of Jacksdale, Kirkby-in-Ashfield Central, Kirkby-in-Ashfield East, Kirkby-in-Ashfield West, Selston, Sutton-in-Ashfield Central, Sutton-in-Ashfield East, Sutton-in-Ashfield North, Sutton-in-Ashfield West, Underwood, and Woodhouse, and the Borough of Broxtowe wards of Brinsley, Eastwood East, Eastwood North, and Eastwood South.

2010–present: The District of Ashfield wards of Jacksdale, Kirkby-in-Ashfield Central, Kirkby-in-Ashfield East, Kirkby-in-Ashfield West, Selston, Sutton-in-Ashfield Central, Sutton-in-Ashfield East, Sutton-in-Ashfield North, Sutton-in-Ashfield West, Underwood, and Woodhouse, and the Borough of Broxtowe wards of Brinsley, Eastwood North and Greasley Beauvale, and Eastwood South.

Members of Parliament
The former Cabinet minister Geoff Hoon represented the seat for the Labour Party from 1992, when he succeeded the three-term Labour member Frank Haynes, to 2010 when he retired. Ashfield is now represented by Conservative MP Lee Anderson. Formerly, Gloria De Piero came close to losing the seat after a 17.2% swing to the Liberal Democrats in 2010 but increased her majority again in 2015, only for it to be reduced to 441 in 2017.

Elections

Elections in the 2010s

The Liberal Democrats had again selected Jason Zadrozny, but he was suspended by the Liberal Democrat party after being arrested and questioned for historic child sex abuse allegations.  He was later removed from the election a few weeks prior to the election and was replaced by Philip Smith.

Elections in the 2000s

Elections in the 1990s

Elections in the 1980s

Elections in the 1970s

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in the 1950s

See also
 1977 Ashfield by-election
 List of Parliamentary constituencies in Nottinghamshire

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources
 Youngs, Frederic A., Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol II, Northern England, London, 1991

Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Nottinghamshire
Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1955


List of shipwrecks in December 1826

The list of shipwrecks in December 1826 includes some ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during December 1826.

1 December

2 December

3 December

4 December

5 December

6 December

7 December

8 December

9 December

10 December

12 December

15 December

16 December

17 December

19 December

20 December

21 December

23 December

24 December

27 December

28 December

31 December

Unknown date

References

1826-12


Vincula tendina

Within each osseo-aponeurotic canal, the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus are connected to each other, and to the phalanges, by slender, tendinous bands, called vincula tendina.

Structure
There are around three to seven vincula for each flexor tendon. Vincula tendina can be classified into two types according to their morphology.

The vincula brevia (short), which are two in number in each finger, and consist of triangular bands of fibers, one connecting the tendon of the flexor digitorum superficialis to the front of the first interphalangeal joint and head of the first phalanx, and the other the tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus to the front of the second interphalangeal joint and head of the second phalanx.

The vincula longa (long and slender), one which connects the flexor digitorum superficialis to the base of the first phalanx, and the other which connects the under surfaces of the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus to those of the subjacent flexor digitorum superficialis after the tendons of the former have passed through the latter.

Function
The vincula tendina carry blood supply to the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons. The vincula breve helps facilitate digital flexion following injury to the distal flexor digitorum profundus tendon.

Additional images

References

Category:Upper limb anatomy


Midger

Midger () is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest straddling the border of Gloucestershire and South Gloucestershire, notified in 1966 and renotified in 1984. Since the last revision in 1974, the size has been reduced to a  site. It lies east of Hillesley, Gloucestershire and north of Hawkesbury Upton, South Gloucestershire. It is at the head of the Kilcott Valley.

There are six units of assessment.

Part of the site () is part owned (and managed) by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust.

The Wildlife Trust reserve

Fuller information is available from the Wildlife Trust reserves handbook, the Midger reserve publication and the Nature Reserves Guide for 2011. The reserve comprises Midger Wood which was purchased by the trust in 1965, Back Common, Whitewell Wood, Twizzle Well Piece, Wedgewood and Saddlewood Roughs, which is part of the Badminton Estate.

Woodland
This is ancient woodland and has a canopy comprising mainly ash (including coppiced stools), pedunculate oak and field maple, and some crab apple and holly.  There has been some interplanting with beech, Scots pine, spruce and larch.  The understorey is dominated by hazel.  This also contains goat willow and dogwood.

Plants
The ground layer includes herb paris, green hellebore and lily-of-the-valley which grow amongst bluebell, yellow archangel, wood anemone, ramsons (wood garlic), wood-sorrel and many ferns.

The stream (Kilcott Brook). which is one of the features of the reserve, is edged by opposite-leaved golden-saxifrage and pendulous sedge. It has small waterfalls. Some of them are petrified with calcaerous tufa deposits. The damp valley bottom below Saddlewood Roughs supports butterbur in the spring and meadow saffron in the autumn.

There are small glades in the hawthorn and blackthorn thickets in Back Common which indicates this area's past use as common grazing land. The rough banks in the north of the reserve have a typical limestone grassland flora including wild thyme, common rock-rose and early-purple orchid.

Other species
There are good populations of butterflies including chalkhill blue, marbled white, green hairstreak and the Duke of Burgundy fritillary. The bird life is supported by the diverse habitat.  In the woods treecreeper, little owl, lesser spotted woodpecker, nuthatch, marsh tit, wood warbler and goldcrest have been recorded.  In the stream area dipper and grey wagtail have been recorded.  In the rough grassland areas meadow pipit and yellowhammer have been recorded.

Other notable species are yellow-necked field mouse, common dormouse and fallow deer.  Nest boxes support the dormouse population.

Conservation
Conservation work in the reserve includes coppicing of hazel, thinning of young ash, and clearing of invasive scrub such as hawthorn, blackthorn and oak in areas designated as open grassland.

Items of interest
In March 1995 the Prince of Wales visited the Midger SSSI reserve, being one of the protected woodland reserves in the county. The guided walk included a demonstration of the production of barbecue charcoal from coppiced and fallen timber, a new Wildlife Trust venture at that time.

Publications

 Kelham, A, Sanderson, J, Doe, J, Edgeley-Smith, M, et al., 1979, 1990, 2002 editions, 'Nature Reserves of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation/Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust'
 (undated), mid-late 1980s, 'Midger Reserve Kilcot', Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation
 'Midger Nature Reserve – Wonderful ancient woodland in a hidden valley', (undated), Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust

References

SSSI Source
 Natural England SSSI information on the citation
 Natural England SSSI information on the Midger units

External links
 Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust
 Natural England (SSSI information)

Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Avon
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1966
Category:Nature reserves in Gloucestershire
Category:Forests and woodlands of Gloucestershire


Pareek College

Pareek College is located in Jaipur city in Rajasthan state in India, in the Bani Park area. It offers undergraduate courses.

The college was set up in 1805 by freedom fighter Shri Swaroop Govind Narain Tiwari and Shri Kahaniya Lalji Tiwari (Pareek Caste). He was a man of few words and a humanitarian philanthropist. He invested not only his money but himself for the betterment of the future of young minds.

The project cost 7.5 million rupees in 1905. By adjusting to inflation in 2013, the cost was estimated to be 1300 crore rupees (USD 300 million).

The institution later donated the college to the Pareek community.

The college is affiliated to the University of Rajasthan.

External links
 Pareek College
 SSG Pareek College Jaipur

Category:Universities and colleges in Jaipur
Category:University of Rajasthan
Category:Educational institutions established in 1965


Gene density

In genetics, the gene density of an organism's genome is the ratio of the number of genes per number of base pairs, usually written in terms of a million base pairs, or megabase (Mb). The human genome has a gene density of 12-15 genes/Mb, while the genome of the C. elegans roundworm is estimated to have 200.

Seemingly simple organisms, such as bacteria and amoebas, have a much higher gene density than humans. Bacterial DNA has a gene density on the order of 500-1000 genes/Mb. This is due several factors, including that the fact that bacterial DNA has no introns. There are also fewer codons in bacterial genes.

See also
 C-value enigma

References

Category:Genes


Turbonilla inca

Turbonilla inca is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

References

External links
 To USNM Invertebrate Zoology Mollusca Collection
 To World Register of Marine Species

Category:Pyramidellidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1926