Start, Louisiana

Start is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Richland Parish, Louisiana, United States. In 2010, it was named as a census-designated place with a population of 905. On September 8, 2018, Start held a community wide celebration in recognition of its centennial year as the named place of Start.

Geography
Start is located at  (32.48639, -91.85917). Start is located near the Boeuf River to the east and Lafourche Diversion Canal to its west. A small tributary called Crew Lake flows through the community.

Major highways
 I-20, Exit 132
 Louisiana Highway 80
 Louisiana Highway 132

The Kansas City Southern Railway also passes through the community, running east and west.

Community
Start is a small, rural, farming community. There are four churches, including Start Baptist Church, Crew Lake Methodist Church, Faith Baptist Church, and Start Assembly of God. The Start Post Office, Start Fire Department, and Start Water System each serve the residents in this community. The Start Fire Department has two stations, located on the north and south side of the railroad.

Start Elementary School, which is operated by the Richland Parish School Board, is a public school for kindergarten through the sixth grade.

History

Prior to the creation of Richland Parish in 1868, The area now recognized as Start was situated in Morehouse Parish. After the new parish of Richland was formed, this area was  often referred to as Ward 3, Crew Lake, Charleston, or Wynn Island. Start officially derived its name in 1918 when the United States Postal Service officially accepted it as new name of the community. Charleston was originally submitted, but this name was rejected. The owner of a small mercantile store in Start named James M. Morgan was granted permission to receive mail at his store, but the area would need a permanent name. James Morgan's daughter, Rachel, suggested that they name the community Start, because they were making a new Start. This name was officially approved by the USPS on September 7, 1918.]Louisiana Public Broadcasting aired a segment in 2006 on Louisiana: The State We're In, detailing how the community came up with the name of Start. In the summer on 1923, the Richland Parish School Board passed a motion to advertise for bids on a new high school building, to be known once constructed as Start High School. Marie Robinson was the sole graduate of Start's first graduating class, held in the spring of 1925.

Up until November 29, 1930 mail was continually delivered to both Start and Crew Lake, (located directly west of Start.) After this date, Crew Lake ceased to also serve as a post office location, and the primary hub for mail became Start.

In 1937, Congressman Newt V. Mills announced that the Resettlement Administration, (a New Deal program initiated under President Franklin D. Roosevelt), had purchased the 3,000 acre Millsaps Plantation. This program provided for approximately 40 new families to move in to the Start community.

Notable people
Tim McGraw, returned to his hometown for an outdoor concert on September 7, 2002, where more than 40,000 people were in attendance on the site of the C.W. Earle cotton gin. The concert was broadcast nationwide NBC in November 2002.

Mcgraw was raised in Start and grew up believing his stepfather, Horace Smith, was his father and until he met his biological father, McGraw's last name was Smith.  At age 11, McGraw discovered his birth certificate while searching in his mother's closet to look for a picture for a school project.  Following the discovery, McGraw learned from his mother who his biological father was and took him to meet the elder McGraw for the first time. Tug McGraw denied the parentage for seven years until McGraw was 18 years old.  After that time, the two formed a relationship and remained close until the former baseball star's death in 2004.

Community Gallery

References

Category:Census-designated places in Louisiana
Category:Unincorporated communities in Richland Parish, Louisiana
Category:Unincorporated communities in Louisiana


USA-47

USA-47, also known as GPS II-4 and GPS SVN-19, was an American navigation satellite which formed part of the Global Positioning System. It was the fourth of nine Block II GPS satellites to be launched, which were the first operational GPS satellites to fly.

USA-47 was launched at 09:31:01 UTC on 21 October 1989, atop a Delta II carrier rocket, flight number D188, flying in the 6925 configuration. The launch took place from Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-47 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor.

On 21 November 1989, USA-47 was in an orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , a period of 717.9 minutes, and 54.7 degrees of inclination to the equator. It operated in slot 5 of plane A of the GPS constellation. The satellite had a mass of , and generated 710 watts of power. It had a design life of 7.5 years, and ceased operations on 11 September 2001.

References

Category:GPS satellites
Category:USA satellites
Category:Spacecraft launched in 1989


Artantica

Artantica is the fifth and last album by Dutch band Urban Dance Squad. The album marked the return of DJ DNA, who had been absent on the band's two previous recordings. Stylistically the album is very diverse (as are most by UDS), with vocalist Rudeboy often singing and rapping in the same song. The single "Happy Go Fucked Up" became a minor hit in Europe. Not long after the release of the album, the band broke up.

Track listing

 Step Off  (5:20)
 Happy Go Fucked Up  (4:55)
 Letter To Da Better  (4:45)
 Bank Stock 6 Zeros  (4:44)
 Hard-Headed Headstrong  (4:19)
 Craftmatic Adjustable Girl  (4:16)
 Fearless  (3:59)
 Ghost Called Loneliness  (3:44)
 Limousine  (4:00)
 Artantica  (3:47)
 Chain-Locked To Nowhere  (5:01)
 Q & A's On An O.D.  (3:50)
 Modern Woman (2:01)
 Music Entertainment  (5:07)

References

External links
 http://www.discogs.com/Urban-Dance-Squad-Artantica/release/458519

Category:1999 albums
Category:Urban Dance Squad albums
Category:Virgin Records albums
Category:Rap metal albums


Bodley Gallery

The Bodley Gallery was a prominent art gallery in New York City, United States, from the late 1940s through the early 1980s. The Bodley specialized in contemporary and modern art. David Mann was director of the gallery during its heyday and Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Braun (a.k.a. Georgie Duffee), were the owners.

Upper East Side haven for new and modern art

Several of Andy Warhol's earliest exhibitions in New York were at the Bodley during the 1950s, starting with two in 1956. David Mann, the Bodley's director, had previously been manager of the Hugo Gallery, assistant to director Alexander Iolas, when the Hugo mounted Warhol's first solo exhibition in 1952    . Apparently David Mann was not the first director of the Bodley Gallery, which seems to have existed already in the late 1940s; but the period of David Mann's directorship includes the most important years of the Bodley's existence, judging from exhibition catalog records and other published historical material. According to at least one source, Mann was still director of the Bodley as late as 1981.

Max Ernst had a major solo exhibition at the Bodley Gallery in 1961, after his works were exhibited together with those of Yves Tanguy in a 1960 Bodley Gallery show. Also in 1960, Roberto Matta had a solo show at the Bodley, entitled "Matta, from 1942 to 1957". Many other notable artists had showings at the Bodley under Mr. Mann's directorship, including Victor Brauner, Charles Bunnell, Clarence Holbrook Carter, Thomas Chimes, Louis Delsarte, Jane Frank, Charlotte Gilbertson, Eugenio Granell, Shirley Hendrick, Hank Laventhol,  Mina Loy, Larry Rivers, Ethel Schwabacher, Bettina Shaw-Lawrence, Thomas Sills, and Ahmed Yacoubi.

Although the gallery emphasized the work of living artists, exhibits were not limited to such works - as evidenced by its showing of paintings by Tanguy in 1960, and by the exhibition catalogue listed below for a 1970 show including works of René Magritte, who had died in 1967. A 1971 exhibition entitled "Modern Master Drawings" included works by  Klee, Léger, Matisse, and Picasso. The Bodley exhibition record, as evidenced by listed catalogues, shows a general preponderance of surrealists (including Jorge Noceda Sanchez) among the artists featured.

Early Warhol exhibitions at the Bodley Gallery

"Drawings for a Boy-Book" : February 14 - March 3, 1956
"The Golden Slipper Show or Shoes Shoe in America" : December 3–22, 1956
"A Show of Golden Pictures" : December 2–24, 1957
"Wild Raspberries" : December 1–24, 1959

Location

According to many sources (including warholstars.com and the 1961 Max Ernst  exhibition catalogue listed below), the Bodley Gallery was located (through the 1950s and until at least November 1963, according to the catalogue for a 1963 Jane Frank show) at 223 East 60th Street, in Manhattan's wealthy Upper East Side neighborhood. This would place it between Second and Third Avenues. Presently the storefront is occupied by Dejavu Boutique & Gallery, a luxury fashion boutique selling mostly European clothing. To acknowledge the building’s past, the boutique preserved the 2nd floor of the space as an Art Gallery to showcase artwork by established artists and the interior is lined with décor by Mackenzie-Childs.

As of no later than April 1964, the Bodley Gallery had relocated to 787 Madison Avenue (an ad on page 15 of the April 1964 issue of Art in America gives this address). This put it in an even more exclusive section of the Upper East Side, at Madison and 67th Street. That is now the address of Jacadi, which sells upscale children's clothing.

A third address, 1063 Madison Avenue (at 80th Street), seems to have been in effect by about 1975, if not earlier (but no earlier than 1967; see references and external links). 1063 Madison is now the address of a women's fashion boutique called Agnes B.

It is possible, of course, that the Bodley owned or rented more than one location simultaneously.

See also

Andy Warhol
Max Ernst
Rene Magritte
Yves Tanguy
Mina Loy
Jane Frank
Roberto Gari
Stephen Polin
Louis Delsarte
Bettina Shaw-Lawrence
Joseph Wolins
Jorge Noceda Sanchez
Thomas Sills

References

Books
Art in America, Vol. 52, no. 2, April 1964.  (advertisement on page 15 gives the second of the three known addresses: 787 Madison Avenue)
Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Max Ernst : paintings, collages, drawings, sculpture : October 30-November 25, 1961 : Bodley Gallery, 223 East 60, New York (exhibition catalogue and commentary; published by the gallery, 1961) OCLC 54157692
Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Modern master drawings 1971 : [exhibition] February 16-March 6, 1971 (New York, N.Y. : The Gallery, 1971) OCLC: 37498294
Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/83413477&referer=brief_results Thomas Sills: February 29 -March 11, 1972]
 Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Matta, from 1942 to 1957 (New York : Bodley Gallery, 1960) OCLC 78760494
Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Granell (New York : The Gallery, 1965) OCLC 78760528
Victor Brauner : paintings, encaustics, drawings ; 1932 - 1959 / Bodley Gallery <New York, NY> New York, 1961. – 2 Faltbl. : zahlr. Ill. (See "external links" for electronic record of this catalog in German archive.)
Carter, Clarence Holbrook; James A. Michener;  Gimpel & Weitzenhoffer (New York, N.Y.);  Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Clarence Carter : a joint exhibition 30 April through 1 June, 1974 Gimpel & Weitzenhiffer Gallery ... and Bodley Gallery (New York : Gimpel & Weitzenhoffer)
 Ernst, Max;  René Magritte;  Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Max Ernst, Magritte : February 17-March 14, 1970 (New York : Bodley Gallery) OCLC: 18858894
 Frank, Jane. Jane Frank (pub. New York, N.Y. : Bodley Gallery, 1963) [gives address as 223 East 60th street, with exhibition dates given as Oct. 22 - Nov. 9th]. OCLC 80892120 (Also available at MICA: see 'External links' for access help.)
 Gilbertson, Charlotte; Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.); Charlotte Gilbertson (exhibition): Bodley Gallery, New York City (New York : The Gallery, 1971) OCLC 10480617
 Hausman, Fred. Hausman, the human pattern II : (exhibition), Bodley Gallery, 787 Madison Avenue, New York City, October 24-November 5, 1966 (New York : The Gallery, 1966) OCLC: 14274993
Loy, Mina; and Julien Levy. Constructions, April 14-25, 1959 (New York : Bodley Gallery, 1959) OCLC: 11251843
 Perutz, Dolly; Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.). Dolly Perutz : (1908-1979) : the last 25 years of her work : sculpture·graphics·encaustics : January 27 through February 14, 1981 : Bodley Gallery. (New York : The Gallery, 1981) OCLC 80195043
 Schwabacher, Ethel;  Jeanne Reynal;  Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Of people : Ethel Schwabacher, pastels : Jeanne Reynal, mosaics. (New York : Bodley Gallery, 1976) OCLC: 48706042
Stanton, Phoebe B., "The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank" (A.S. Barnes: South Brunswick, New Jersey, and New York City, 1968)  (The book lists two exhibitions for Jane Frank at the Bodley Gallery, in 1963 and 1967).
"Goings On About Town." The New Yorker Vol. 51, May 5, 1975, p. 8a; listing exhibition "through May 17th" and shows the gallery's location at 1063 Madison Ave at 80th.)

Other
"What's New in Art", The New York Times; Sunday, April 2, 1967; listing art openings for Monday (April 3) including "JANE FRANK - Bodley Gallery, 787 Madison Avenue. Paintings. To April 21." (This verifies that the gallery was still located at 787 Madison Avenue as late as April 1967.)

External links
Andy Warhol art chronology at warholstars.org
Larry Rivers Catalogue at artnet.com. This page lists reviews for Larry Rivers, including "Bodley gallery,  Art International,  v. 21. December, 1977, p. 73. "
Yves Tanguy expositions (website in French: under Tanguy exhibitions for 1960, this pages lists "New York, Bodley Gallery. Yves Tanguy. Max Ernst'', 18 janvier - 13 février.)
Obituary of Eugenio Granell in Britain's The Guardian newspaper (November 10, 2001) recording that "Granell showed in numerous group and one-man exhibitions at the Bodley Gallery and the Museum of Modern Art..."
Auction catalogue from Tajan, Paris, showing Victor Brauner mixed media work with provenance information including: "Expositions: Victor Brauner, Bodley Gallery, New York 1961." (This is a pdf file: see pp. 74–75)
Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte - OPAC: German archive listing of exhibition catalogue: "Victor Brauner : paintings, encaustics, drawings ; 1932 - 1959" / Bodley Gallery; New York, 1961.
Steven Glucksberg profile page, listing a 1975 show at the "Bodley Gallery, Madison Avenue"
Stephen Polin bio listing Oct. 1978 exhibition at "BODLEY GALLERY 1063 Madison Avenue, N,Y, (80th St.) 10028"
Another Stephen Polin exhibition, September 1975, Bodley Gallery, "1063 Madison Avenue".
Essie Pinsker website, listing a 1981 exhibition at the Bodley Gallery, with "David Mann, Director"
Maryland Institute College of Art, vertical file listings: includes copies of the catalogue for the 1963 Jane Frank show, verifying gallery address as of Nov. 1963.
Artnet.com: information on Charles Bunnell (Charles Ragland Bunnell), another important artist who had a solo show at the Bodley Gallery (in 1955)
Dolly Perutz artwork ad, describing a verso that reads "Bodley Gallery/1063 Madison Avenue, New York"
Information on the artist Thomas Chimes at the Philadelphia Museum of Art: "By the early 1960s Chimes had enjoyed successful solo shows at the Avant-Garde and Bodley Galleries in New York, resulting in sales to many prominent collectors. Alfred H. Barr, Jr. purchased two of his paintings for the Museum of Modern Art’s collection in 1961 and 1963 respectively...."
Alfred H. Barr, Jr. papers in the Museum of Modern Art Archives, listing file headed "Mann, David (Bodley Gallery)" in section 1.510, mf 2196:1179

Category:Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Category:Cultural history of New York City
Category:Defunct art galleries in Manhattan


Inara (goddess)

Inara, in Hittite–Hurrian mythology, was the goddess of the wild animals of the steppe and daughter of the Storm-god Teshub/Tarhunt. She corresponds to the "potnia theron" of Greek mythology, better known as Artemis. Inara's mother is probably Hebat and her brother is Sarruma.

Myths
After the dragon Illuyanka wins an encounter with the storm god, the latter asks Inara to give a feast, most probably the Purulli festival. Inara decides to use the feast to lure and defeat Illuyanka, who was her father's archenemy, and enlists the aid of a mortal named Hupasiyas of Zigaratta by becoming his lover. The dragon and his family gorge themselves on the fare at the feast, becoming quite drunk, which allows Hupasiyas to tie a rope around them. Inara's father can then kill Illuyanka, thereby preserving creation.

Inara built a house on a cliff and gave it to Hupasiyas. She left one day with instructions that he was not to look out the window, as he might see his family. But he looked and the sight of his family made him beg to be allowed to return home. It is not known what happened next, but there is speculation that Inara killed Hupasiyas for disobeying her, or for hubris, or that he was allowed to return to his family.

The mother goddess Hannahanna promises Inara land and a man during a consultation by Inara. Inara then disappears. Her father looks for her, joined by Hannahanna with a bee. The story resembles that of Demeter and her daughter Persephone, in Greek myth.

See also

Hittite mythology
Hurrian mythology
Inanna

Notes and references

Category:Animal goddesses
Category:Hurrian deities
Category:Hittite deities


The Painted Lady (1924 film)

The Painted Lady is a 1924 American drama film directed by Chester Bennett and written by Thomas Dixon Jr.. The film stars George O'Brien, Dorothy Mackaill, Harry T. Morey, Lucille Hutton, Lucille Ricksen and Margaret McWade. The film was released on September 28, 1924, by Fox Film Corporation.

Plot

Cast
George O'Brien as Luther Smith
Dorothy Mackaill as Violet
Harry T. Morey as Captain Sutton
Lucille Hutton as Pearl Thompson
Lucille Ricksen as Alice Smith
Margaret McWade as Mrs. Smith
John Miljan as Carter
Frank Elliott as Roger Lewis
Lucien Littlefield as Matt Logan

References

External links

Category:1924 films
Category:American films
Category:English-language films
Category:American drama films
Category:1920s drama films
Category:Fox Film films
Category:Films directed by Chester Bennett
Category:American silent feature films
Category:American black-and-white films


B2 First

B2 First, previously known as Cambridge English: First and the First Certificate in English (FCE), is an English language examination provided by Cambridge Assessment English (previously known as Cambridge English Language Assessment and University of Cambridge ESOL examinations).

B2 First shows that learners have the language skills needed to communicate confidently in an English-speaking environment. It is targeted at Level B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR).

B2 First is one of the examinations in Cambridge English Qualifications, each of which aligns with a particular level of the CEFR.

There are Cambridge English Qualifications for schools, general and higher education, and business. B2 First is offered in two versions, B2 First for Schools, for school-aged learners, and B2 First, for general and higher education adult learners.

History

B2 First (previously known as the Lower Certificate in English (LCE), First Certificate in English (FCE) and Cambridge English: First) was originally launched in 1939.

The arrival of thousands of refugees from the Spanish Civil War and occupied Europe into the UK had created a growing need for language assessment. One hundred and forty-four students sat the first LCE exam on 21 June 1939. The exam was divided into three sections:
 Oral (Dictation, Reading Aloud, and Conversation)
 English Composition and Language (2 hours for a free composition on a choice of subjects and various tests on the correct use of simple English)
 Prescribed Texts (2 hours on Dickens, Swift, Shaw and/or the Oxford English Course book).

By 1943, the exam included a choice between ‘either prescribed texts or a paper in translation from and into English’. By 1944, 18 languages were catered for in the translation paper, including Polish, Arabic, Hebrew, Czech, Persian and Swedish.

Many of those who took the exam served on active duty during World War II. The December 1943 exam pass list includes candidates from the Polish Army, the Polish Institute of Air Force Technology (RAF), the Netherlands Fleet Air Arm, and the Czechoslovakian RAF Squadron. On one day in 1948 over 2,500 men and women of the Polish Resettlement Corps took the exam.

A special version of the exam was also made available to prisoners of war detained in Britain and in occupied Europe. The test was made available to 1,500 prisoners of war in Britain, 900 of them Italians. In Germany, the test was offered at seven prisoners of war camps, with Indian prisoners of war encouraged to take the exam and/or School Certificate exams.
After the war, the exam proved to be the most popular Cambridge English exam of the time, with over 4,000 candidates in 1947, compared to 2,028 candidates for the Certificate of Proficiency in English, now known as C2 Proficiency.

In 1975, driven by evolving principles of communicative language teaching and testing, the exam was revised.  The qualification was further updated in 1984 and 1996. Following the 1996 revision, the exam covered a greater range of writing, listening and speaking micro-skills. Its Speaking test format used two candidates and two examiners and the five papers were equally weighted, each representing 20% of the available marks.

In January 2015, another set of revisions were introduced. The main changes were: the overall exam is now 30 minutes shorter; there are four exam papers, instead of five; and the Reading and Use of English papers have been combined into a single paper.

B2 First and B2 First for Schools

B2 First is available in two versions:
 B2 First, designed for adult learners. B2 First is one of the exams that make up Cambridge English Qualifications for general and higher education.
 B2 First for Schools, designed for school-aged learners. B2 First for Schools is one of the exams that make up Cambridge English Qualifications for schools.

B2 First and B2 First for Schools both have the same exam format (e.g. number of papers, number of questions, time allowance), both support learners to develop real-life communication skills, and both versions lead to the same certificate.

The exams use different topics and content:
 B2 First is targeted at the interests and experiences of adult learners and is designed to support learners whatever their goals – whether they want to get into university, start their own business or develop their career.
 B2 First for Schools is designed specifically for school-aged students and is informed by research into how children develop language skills. The topics and tasks in the exam are designed to reinforce the learning students do in class.

Format

Both versions of the exam (B2 First and B2 First for Schools) are made up of four papers, which cover all the key language skills (Reading and Use of Language, Writing, Listening, and Speaking).

The Speaking paper is taken face-to-face. Candidates have the choice of taking the Reading and Use of English paper, Writing paper and Listening paper on either a computer or on paper.

1. Reading and Use of English (1 hour 15 minutes)

The Reading and Use of English paper has seven parts and 52 questions. The paper contains texts totalling approximately 3,000 to 3,500 words and candidates are expected to understand different types of text, such as fiction, newspapers and magazines, promotional and informational materials.

In Parts 1–4, candidates read a range of texts and complete tasks that test their knowledge of grammar and vocabulary.
 Part 1 has eight multiple-choice questions related to vocabulary in a text.
 Parts 2 and 3 involve completing gaps in a text (i.e. choosing / forming the correct word for each gap).
 Each question in Part 4 has a sentence and a ‘key’ word, which must be used to complete a second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first sentence.

In Parts 5–7, candidates read a range of texts and complete tasks that test their reading ability.
 Part 5 involves answering multiple-choice questions about a text, with candidates expected to be able to read a text for detail, opinion, tone, purpose, main idea, implication and attitude.
 Part 6 involves choosing paragraphs to fill the gaps in a text, with candidates expected to demonstrate understanding of the structure and development of a text.
 Part 7 involves matching statements to the correct part of a text or several short texts, with candidates expected to demonstrate reading for specific information, detail, opinion and attitude.

2. Writing (1 hour 20 minutes)
The Writing paper has two parts.

Part 1 has one compulsory question and involves writing an essay.

In Part 2, candidates are given three options and are asked to write one of the following using between 140 and 190 words: an article, email/letter, report, or review.

3. Listening (approximately 40 minutes)
The Listening paper has four parts and includes a mixture of monologues and dialogues from a range of familiar sources, such as news programmes, radio broadcasts, speeches and public announcements.

Candidates are expected to demonstrate a wide range of listening skills needed for real-life purposes, such as understanding the gist of an extract, listening for specific information, and understanding a speaker's opinion, attitude or feeling.

In Part 1, candidates listen to a series of unrelated recordings (approx. 30 seconds each) and answer one multiple-choice question for each recording.

In Part 2, candidates listen to a monologue or a dialogue with two or more speakers (approx. 3 minutes) and complete sentences on the question paper using the information they heard in the recording.

In Part 3, candidates listen to a series of statements and related monologues (approx. 30 seconds each) and choose which statement best matches what each speaker says.

In Part 4, candidates listen to a recording with two or more speakers (approx. 3 minutes) and answer seven multiple-choice questions.

4. Speaking (14 minutes)
The Speaking test has four parts and is conducted face-to-face, with one or two other candidates and two examiners. Candidates are expected to be able to participate in discussions, express opinions, exchange ideas and reach decisions through negotiation.

Part 1 is a short conversation with the examiner. The examiner will ask the candidate some questions about their lives, focusing on areas such as work, leisure activities and plans. Candidates are expected to respond to the examiner's questions, give basic personal information about themselves and use general social and interactional language.

Part 2 (1 minute ‘long turn’ for each candidate, plus a 30-second response from the second candidate) involves speaking for 1 minute without interruption. Each candidate is asked to compare two colour photographs and comment about the photographs in response to a task read out by the examiner and a quick question written above the photographs. The listening candidate is also asked to comment briefly after their partner's long-turn.

Part 3 (3 minutes) is a two-way conversation between the candidates. The candidates are given spoken instructions and visual stimuli, which are used in a decision-making task. There is no right or wrong answer to the task. The candidates are expected to express and justify opinions, evaluating and speculating, in order to work towards a negotiated decision.

Part 4 (4 minutes) is a discussion between the candidates and the examiner on topics related to the collaborative task in Part 3. The examiner directs the interaction by asking questions which encourage the candidates to broaden and discuss further the topics introduced in Part 3. The questions ask primarily for evaluation rather than for information and give candidates an opportunity to show they can discuss issues in more depth than in earlier parts of the test.

Scoring

In January 2015, Cambridge English Scale scores replaced the candidate profile and standardised scores used for pre-2015 results. All candidates (pre- and post-2015) receive a Statement of Results, with those scoring high enough also receiving a certificate.

Scoring from January 2015

From 2015, the Statement of Results and the Certificate have the following information about the candidate's performance:
 A score on the Cambridge English Scale for each skill (Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking) and for Use of English
 A score on the Cambridge English Scale for the overall exam
 A grade (A, B, C, Level B1) for the overall exam
 A CEFR level for the overall exam.

The certificate also contains the UK National Qualifications Framework (NQF) level.

The candidate's overall score is averaged from the individual scores for each skill (Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking) and for the use of English.

B2 First is targeted at CEFR Level B2, but also provides reliable assessment at the level above B2 (Level C1) and the level below (B1). The following scores are used to report results:

Scores between 122 and 139 are also reported on the Statement of Results but candidates will not receive a certificate.

Scoring pre-2015

Pre-2015, the Statement of Results had the following information, reflecting the total combined score from all four papers:
 A grade (A, B, C, Level B1) for the overall exam
 A score (out of 100) for the overall exam
 A CEFR level for the overall exam.

Pre-2015, the Statement of Results also had a Candidate Profile, which showed the candidate's performance on each of the individual papers against the following scale: exceptional, good, borderline and weak.

Pre-2015, candidates who achieved a score of 45 or more (out of 100) received a certificate.

Timing and results

Candidates take the Reading and Use of English, Writing and Listening papers on the same day. The Speaking paper may be taken on the same day, but is more usually taken a few days before or after the other papers.

The paper-based exam and computer-based exam are offered at test centres throughout the calendar year.

Successful candidates receive two documents: a Statement of Results and a Certificate. Universities, employers and other organisations may require either of these documents as proof of English language skills.

An online Statement of Results is available to candidates four to six weeks after the paper-based exam and two weeks after the computer-based exam. Successful candidates (those scoring above 140 on the Cambridge English Scale) receive a hard-copy certificate within three months of the paper-based exam and within six weeks of the computer-based exam.

Usage
B2 First demonstrates language proficiency at Level B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) and is used for study and work purposes.

It is an upper-intermediate qualification used to demonstrate that a candidate can use everyday written and spoken English for work and study purposes.

A significant number of higher education institutions accept B2 First for admissions or exemption purposes. This includes universities based in:
 Australia (e.g. Box Hill Institute)
 Canada (e.g. Thompson Rivers University)
 Germany (e.g. Freie Universität Berlin)
 Hong Kong (e.g. City University of Hong Kong)
 Netherlands (e.g. University of Amsterdam)
 USA (e.g. The Illinois Institute of Art, Chicago).

Many companies worldwide accept B2 First as part of their recruitment processes or use it for training and development. These include Deloitte, Ernst & Young, HSBC, Marks & Spencers, and Nestlé.

See also
 Cambridge Assessment English
 Cambridge English Qualifications
 A2 Key
 B1 Preliminary
 C1 Advanced
 C2 Proficiency

References

External links
 Website for B2 First
 Website for B2 First for Schools

Category:Standardized tests for English language
Category:English-language education
Category:English language tests
Category:University of Cambridge examinations


List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1969–74)

The following are the members of the Dewan Undangan Negeri or state assemblies, elected in the 1969 state election and by-elections. Also included is the list of the Sabah state assembly members who were elected in 1971.

Perlis

Kedah

Kelantan

Trengganu

Penang

Perak

Pahang

Selangor

Negri Sembilan

Malacca

Johore

Sabah

1971–76

Sarawak

Notes

References

Abdullah, Z. G., Adnan, H. N., & Lee, K. H. (1997). Malaysia, tokoh dulu dan kini = Malaysian personalities, past and present. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Anzagain Sdn. Bhd. (2004). Almanak keputusan pilihan raya umum: Parlimen & Dewan Undangan Negeri, 1959-1999. Shah Alam, Selangor: Anzagain.
Chin, U.-H. (1996). Chinese politics in Sarawak: A study of the Sarawak United People's Party. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Faisal, S. H. (2012). Domination and Contestation: Muslim Bumiputera Politics in Sarawak. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Hussain, M. (1987). Membangun demokrasi: Pilihanraya di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Karya Bistari.
Ibnu, H. (1993). PAS kuasai Malaysia?: 1950-2000 sejarah kebangkitan dan masa depan. Kuala Lumpur: GG Edar.
Surohanjaya Pilehanraya Malaysia. (1972). Penyata pilehanraya umum Dewan Raʻayat dan Dewan Undangan Negeri bagi Negeri² Tanah Melayu, Sabah dan Sarawak, tahun 1969. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Chetak Kerajaan.
Vasil, R. K. (1972). The Malaysian general election of 1969. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

*
Category:1969 elections in Malaysia


Hostyle Takeover

Hostyle Takeover  is the fourth album from Hostyle Gospel. Hostyle Gospel Ministries released the project on October 14, 2016. The Christian hip hop group worked with Tone Jonez, Lamorax, John Givez, Gemstones, Fred Lynch, Marty B, Laquisha Burries and Jonathan Jackson on the production on this album.

Hostyle Gospel is very forthright when talking about their faith on this project and they make sure that it's conveyed that they are representing God in their music. The group also addresses social issues, their marriages, grief and hardship in their lives on this project.

Reception

Specifying in a nine star review by Cross Rhythms, Lins Honeyman responds, "Hostyle Gospel's success lies in an ability to offer up some truly creative and challenging wordplay delivered with technical brilliance and stylistic diversity.

Track listing

Music videos

 "Skittles & Iced Tea" (featuring John Givez)
 "Clap" (Gemstones)

Personnel

Performance

 Hostyle Gospel - primary artists

Featured artists

 John Givez
 Gemstones
 Lamorax
 Tone Jonez
 Fred Lynch

Production and engineering

 Fontaine Pizza - engineer, producer
 Raynard Glass - engineer, producer
 Demetrius Morton - producer
 King Son - producer

References

Category:2016 albums
Category:Hostyle Gospel albums


Field hockey at the 1962 Asian Games

Field hockey was contested for men only at the 1962 Asian Games at the Senayan Hockey Stadium in Jakarta, Indonesia. In this tournament, 9 teams played in the men's competition.

Medalists

Draw
The draw for hockey competition was held on 14 August 1962.

Group A

Group B

Results

Preliminary round

Group A

Group B

Final round

Semifinals

Bronze medal match

Final

Final standing

References

 Results

Category:1962 Asian Games events
1962
Asian Games
1962 Asian Games


Andrew Crowell

Andrew Crowell (born 15 August 1977) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League. He played 44 games with Adelaide before rupturing his ACL while playing in the SANFL.  He was delisted at the end of the 2003 season.

After working with the Adelaide Crows post retirement he was involved in the AFL Foundation Ladder program, which aims to fight youth homelessness.

Then after working with the AFL Players Association, Andrew accepted a role with the Brisbane Lions Football Club, as Head of Personal Excellence & Wellbeing.

References

External links

Category:Adelaide Football Club players
Category:Woodville-West Torrens Football Club players
Category:Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people


Mary Anne Butler

Mary Anne Butler is an award-winning Australian playwright living in Darwin in the Northern Territory.

In 2016 she won the $100,000 Victorian Premier's Literary Awards for literature for her play Broken. It was the first time a script had won the award. Broken also won a Northern Territory Literary Award for best playscript in 2014.

In June 2014, Butler was awarded a Churchill Fellowship to study theatre practice in Dublin, Ireland.

Bibliography

 2014 - Broken
 2014 - Highway of Lost Hearts
 2012 - Hopetown
 2010 - Dragons
 2009 - Half Way There

References

External links
 Official website

Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Australian women dramatists and playwrights


Celeste Troche

Celeste Troche (pronounced "say-LESS-tay TROH-shay") (born 13 February 1981) is a Paraguayan professional golfer.

Troche was born in Asunción. She attended Auburn University in the United States, and was a two time All-American. She was the co-medalist at the 2001 U.S. Women's Amateur.

Troche turned professional in 2003 and has played on the LPGA Tour since then, but has struggled to hold on to full LPGA Tour status so she has had to spend time on the Futures Tour. In 2007, Troche and her Paraguay team partner Julieta Granada won the Women's World Cup of Golf.

She graduated from Springwood School and returned to teach Spanish in later years.

Other achievements
 2000 Southeastern Conference (SEC) Freshman of the Year
 2001 SEC-ACC Shootout winner
 2001 Trans-National Championship winner
 2001 SEC Player of the Year
 2007 Women's World Cup of Golf winner (with Julieta Granada)

Team appearances
Professional
World Cup (representing Paraguay): 2007 (winners), 2008

External links

Category:Paraguayan female golfers
Category:Auburn Tigers women's golfers
Category:LPGA Tour golfers
Category:Paraguayan expatriates in the United States
Category:Sportspeople from Asunción
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people


Balaruc-les-Bains

Balaruc-les-Bains  is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hérault department
Balaruc
Étang de Thau

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Hérault


McGlashan Everist

McGlashan Everist was an Australian architectural partnership founded in 1955 by David McGlashan and Neil Everist. Their designs were characterized by low-spread houses with flat roofs and walls of tall, timber framed windows. Although their last project under the original two architects was completed in 1976, the firm continues to offer architectural and planning services in the Melbourne area.

History
David McGlashan (1927-1998) and Neil Everist (1929-2016) met while studying architecture at the University of Melbourne and formed the architectural firm McGlashan and Everist in 1955 in Melbourne. "The company commenced with residential commissions before turning to commercial building designs in the late 1960s. McGlashan and Everist received numerous accolades for their innovative design, and in 1963 were awarded the Victorian Architecture Medal for Grimwade House, and in 1968, the Bronze Medal of the Victorian Chapter ‘for outstanding Architecture,’ for the design of Heide II. The firm continues, now operating under the name McGlashan Everist. The last house the two original partners completed was the Mylius House II in 1976."

Design
Typifying their designs were low-spread houses with flat roofs, which they would step down sloping sites, and walls of tall, timber-framed windows that did not open. Instead, ventilation was provided through flywire screens and glazed doors throughout, and narrow, glazed clerestories (strips of sliding glass between the beams, just below the ceiling). The light-filled living areas were open plan, with few partitions, hallways or passages. Outside, overhanging, timber-battened eaves and pergolas, provided shade during summer.   "We tried to design houses that were without a time scale," says Everist. Influenced by international design ideas, McGlashan and Everist believed in the importance of connecting site and architecture, and aimed to create houses specifically for the Australian landscape.

Significant projects

The Grimwade House

"The Grimwade House was designed by David McGlashan and Neil Everist and constructed in 1961-62 for Geoffrey Holt Grimwade (1902-1961), his wife and their four daughters. It was built as a retirement home that could also serve as a holiday house, on a large block of land at Rye, surrounded by natural bush of melaleucas and casuarinas. It is located on a sandy ridge half kilometre from Port Phillip."
"The house, designed on a 10 foot (3.048 m) module, comprises five flat-roofed pavilions, linked by covered ways, which create a variety of sheltered outdoor courtyards between the wings." The main house forms an L-shape, consisting of bedrooms and living area connected by a large north-east facing terrace.

Sliding doors and screens that allow spaces to change and adjust according to the weather or the needs of family life and the connection of the indoor and outdoor spaces are reminiscent of Japanese residential architecture.
The floors are terracotta tile, the walls are clad in western red cedar and the ceiling is a cream coloured Vermiculite, to help with the acoustics of a predominantly tiled space. Limestone, quarried on the site, is used for external, and one internal wall. David McGlashan also designed a large part of the original furniture including tables, benches and sofas.

"The Grimwade House was published in Architecture in Australia in 1964, following the awarding of the Victorian Architecture Medal for 1963 in the same year. It led directly to other commissions, including John and Sunday Reed's house at Aspendale, and then Heide II."  Geoffrey Grimwade's untimely death in 1961 prevented the house becoming his retirement home, but it continues to be owned and used by the Grimwade family.

Heide II, Museum of Modern Art

Originally Heide House designed by David McGlashan, commissioned in 1963 by John and Sunday Reed. Now stands as an exhibition space of the Heide Museum of Modern Art.
"The Reed’s brief to McGlashan specified that Heide be invested with a sense of romance and agelessness; to have the mysteriousness of a ruin but function as ‘a gallery to be lived in’."
David McGlashan designed Heide with art in mind. The site itself is steeped in the art history of Australia, situated by the Yarra River, a favoured location of Heidelberg School painters from the late 19th century.
"the resultant building successfully accommodates the clients engagement with both art sheltered within and the evocative natural setting beyond its walls."

McGlashan approached his design as a work of abstract art, ‘dynamically arrayed walls served to connect inside and outside.’ Through these techniques McGlashan "offered a distinct spatial interpretation of the Reed’s more general desire, expressed in the brief, for internal walls ‘extending into the garden’ " .
McGlashan designed a home where the physical experience of moving through the space portrays a direct relationship between the house, the site and the art. Techniques of framing, obscuring and directing your experience through his design speak to all these elements.

"When looking at these works, the walls keep the landscape out of sight. Glare is removed, but the precision with which McGlashan overlaps the walls suggests that he was not merely solving a functional problem but also establishing a separation between the realms of nature on the one hand and art and architecture on the other."

Upon completion in 1967 Heide was awarded the RAIA Bronze Medal for the Best Building in all categories for Victoria in 1968. Heide has been described as "Australia’s pre-eminent example of International modernism" .

Elliston Estate
In 1971 Merchant Builders Pty Ltd assembled a consultant team of award winning domestic architects together with landscape architect Ellis Stones

Awards

Mr John Reed Heide II, Bulleen (now Museum of Modern Art)
Royal Australian Institute of Architects, Victorian Architecture Medal 1968

Grimwade House, Rye
Royal Australian Institute of Architects, Victorian Architecture Medal 1963

References

Category:Architecture firms of Australia
Category:Architecture firms based in Victoria (Australia)
Category:Modernist architects
Category:Modernist architecture in Australia


Oracle Enterprise Manager

Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM or EM) is a set of web-based tools aimed at managing software and hardware produced by Oracle Corporation as well as by some non-Oracle entities.

Releases
Oracle Enterprise Manager includes three releases:

Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control
Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control, the oldest and arguably the best-known release, aims to manage Oracle databases. It originated as a Java client able to configure and manage databases.

Oracle Enterprise Manager Application Server Control
Oracle Application Server also has a web-interface to manage the application server.

Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control
For managing lots of databases and application servers (according to Oracle Corporation, preferably in a grid solution) one could use the Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control. It can manage multiple instances of Oracle deployment platforms; the most recent edition also allows for management and monitoring of other platforms such as Microsoft .NET, Microsoft SQL Server, NetApp filers, BEA Weblogic and others. Partners and IT organizations can build extensions to Oracle Enterprise Manager, and make them available to other Enterprise Manager users via on Oracle hosted web site called Oracle Enterprise Manager Extensibility Exchange.

System monitoring features include monitoring functionality that supports detection and notification of impending IT problems. It monitors Oracle Database instances, Oracle Real Application Clusters, and Oracle Application Server Farms and Clusters. OEM Grid Control comes with a set of performance and health metrics that allow monitoring of technology components such as applications, application servers, databases, as well as the back-end components on which they rely, such as hosts, operating systems and storage.

The architecture of the OEM for Grid Control has three distinct components:
 the collection agent (Oracle Management Agent or OMA)
 the aggregation agent (Oracle Management Server or OMS)
 the repository agent (Oracle Management Repository or OMR)
The OMA runs on the target host and collects information on the hardware, operating system, and applications that run on the target. The OMS runs on one or two servers and collects the data generated by the OMAs. The OMS pulls the information from the OMAs and aggregates the collections into the repository. The OMS also acts as the user-interface — by generating web-pages for database administrators to view the status of systems and services. The OMR comprises an instance of the Oracle database that stores the data collected by the OMS. Installers can make the OMR highly available or fault-tolerant by running it on an Oracle RAC instance across multiple nodes.

Plug-ins on each of the OMAs can customise or manipulate the data presented by the OEM by extending the data that the OMAs collect. Administrators can customize the analysis of the data with "management packs" to look at specific collections of data to display a system's performance. The  release of OEM allows for the design and configuration of custom Plug-ins to monitor any application desired. OMAs collect the data using the custom-built plug-in and transmit the results in XML format back to the OMS, which then stores and analyzes the data as desired. Oracle Enterprise Manager continues to expand its monitoring scope by offering management plug-ins for non-Oracle components, that are both Oracle-developed and developed in partnership by third-party vendors. For example, Plug-ins for Veritas Storage Foundation, VMWare vSphere, and EMC Clariion are available.

Key features of OEM Grid Control:
 System Monitoring
 Managing Groups
 Job System
 Information Publisher
 Compliance Management
 Extending Enterprise Manager
 Managing Targets

Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
This is Oracle's release since 13c

Functionality
Oracle Enterprise Manager performs much of its activity through intelligent agents which Oracle Corporation refers to as Oracle Management Agents. These run as autonomous proxy processes on a managed node, and perform execution and monitoring tasks for Oracle Enterprise Manager, communicating using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP or HTTPS). By default, upon installation, the OMA enables several packs (Change Management, Performance & Tuning, Diagnostics and Configuration Management) without any regard to what a customer has licensed. Users need to de-select unlicensed packs after installing the agent on a target database.

Implementation
OEM uses by default the SYSMAN schema in an Oracle database as a super-administrator account/repository. Utility programs such as emctl or emdctl carry out actual functions. OEM also provides a command-line alternative, EMCLI (EM command line interface) with verbs to provide the same functionality as the UI-based EM.

Version history

 Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 13c Release 3 (13.3.0.0) - Jul 2018
Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 13c Release 2 Plug-in Update 1 (13.2.0.0)
 Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 13c Release 2 (13.2) October 2016
 Enterprise Manager 13c Release 1 (13.1.0.0) - December 2015 - ... support for Oracle applications, databases, middleware, hardware and engineered systems
 Enterprise Manager 12c(12.1.0.2) - November 2011 - In this edition, Oracle stressed hybrid environments, labeling the release 'Total Cloud Control', included the cloud-oriented Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control.
 Enterprise Manager 11g - June 2010 - In this edition, Oracle used the term 'grid' that they had been using to describe the concept that eventually became more popularly known as 'cloud'.  The release was labeled 'Grid Control'
 Enterprise Manager 10g Release 1 - March 2004 -
 Enterprise Manager 9i - June 2001 -

See also
 IBM Director
 System Center Operations Manager

References

External links

 Official Oracle Enterprise Manager Blog

 Product Information

Category:Database administration tools
Category:Oracle software
Category:Oracle database tools
Category:Sybase
Category:Systems management


South Africa at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics

South Africa competed at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics from August 27 to September 4 in Daegu, South Korea.

Team selection

Athletics South Africa announced the final team of 26 athletes to represent the country
in the event, including the established names such as Khotso Mokoena, LJ van Zyl, Caster Semenya and Mbulaeni Mulaudzi.

The final team on the entry list comprises the names of 33 athletes.

The following athletes appeared on the preliminary Entry List, but not on the Official Start List of the specific event, resulting in a total number of 32 competitors:

Medalists
The following competitors from South Africa won medals at the Championships

| width="78%" align="left" valign="top" |

Results

Men

Decathlon

Women

References

External links
Official local organising committee website
Official IAAF competition website

Category:Nations at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics
World Championships in Athletics
Category:South Africa at the World Championships in Athletics


Chrysocharodes

Chrysocharodes is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

References
 Key to Nearctic eulophid genera
 Universal Chalcidoidea Database

Category:Eulophidae
Category:Taxa named by William Harris Ashmead


Bolbol Safai

Bolbol Safai (, also Romanized as Bolbol Şafā’ī) is a village in Jaydasht Rural District, in the Central District of Firuzabad County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

References

Category:Populated places in Firuzabad County


Takin' It All Off

Takin' It All Off is a 1987 straight-to-video release from Ed Hansen and Robert T.Gervasoni's Hansen / Gervasoni productions company, and provided a quick sequel to Hansen and Gervasoni's popular 1985 feature Takin' It Off. The cast includes Kitten Natividad, cult actor George 'Buck' Flower, adult actress Jean Poremba and the British glamour model Gail Harris.

Plot
A school for striptease artists  is in financial trouble. The students audition for the owner of the Chez Bob A Ree Bob, a renowned strip club, except the glamorous newcomer, Allison, can't bring herself to take her clothes off in public. Veteran stripper Betty Big Ones suggests hypnotism, and although this helps Allison to shed her shyness, and her clothes, it has the unfortunate side-effect of making her strip whenever she hears the film's theme song - which, as you might expect, gets played everywhere.

Cast
 Kitten Natividad as Betty Big Ones
 Candie Evans as Allison
 Farley Maynard as Murray
 Becky LeBeau as Becky

External links
Big Ass Movie Reviews' review
The British video release sleeve
Amazon.com: Customer Reviews
Screenshots from the film (no nudity)
IMDB.com: Takin' It Off
IMDB.com: Takin' It All Off

Category:1987 films
Category:1980s comedy films
Category:1987 direct-to-video films


Lawrence Mintoff

Lawrence Mintoff is a Maltese judge.

References

External links
http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2019-05-12/newspaper-letters/Shocking-sentence-by-Judge-Lawrence-Mintoff-6736207951
http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2014-07-22/opinions/mr-justice-lawrence-mintoff-5927075842/

Category:Maltese judges
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Maltese people
Category:21st-century Maltese people
Category:20th-century judges
Category:21st-century judges
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Paul Odlin

Paul Odlin (born 19 September 1978) is a New Zealand professional racing cyclist, best known for winning the 2012 New Zealand national championship in the individual time trial. Odlin currently runs the coaching business Odlin Cycle Coaching, helping New Zealand cyclists gain success.

Major results
Sources:

2003
 9th Time trial, National Road Championships
2005
 1st Stage 4 Tour de Vineyards
2007
 2nd Main Divide Cycle Race
 3rd Overall Tour of Canterbury
1st Stage 1
 3rd  Road race Oceania Cycling Championships
 4th Time trial, National Road Championships
2008
 1st Stage 1 Tour de Vineyards
 1st Stage 5 New Zealand Cycle Classic
 8th Overall Tour of Southland
 National Road Championships
2nd Time trial
10th Road race
 Oceania Cycling Championships
3rd  Road race
4th Time trial
2009
 4th Time trial, National Road Championships
2010
 6th Time trial, National Road Championships
2011
 6th Time trial, National Road Championships
 9th Overall Tour of Southland
2012
 1st  Time trial, National Road Championships
 Oceania Cycling Championships
1st   Road race
2nd Time trial
2013
 Oceania Cycling Championships
1st   Time trial
 1st Sprint classification New Zealand Cycle Classic
 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
2014
 4th Time trial, National Road Championships
2015
 7th Time trial, National Road Championships
2016
 5th Time trial, National Road Championships
2017
 8th Time trial, National Road Championships
2018
 5th Time trial, National Road Championships
 8th Overall Tour of Southland

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand male cyclists
Category:1978 births
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Krzywólka, Gmina Szypliszki

Krzywólka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szypliszki, within Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania.

References

Category:Villages in Suwałki County


Meteorite

A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originated in outer space and survived its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object enters the atmosphere, various factors such as friction, pressure, and chemical interactions with the atmospheric gases cause it to heat up and radiate energy. It then becomes a meteor and forms a fireball, also known as a shooting star or falling star; astronomers call the brightest examples "bolides". Once it settles on the larger body's surface, the meteor becomes a meteorite. Meteorites vary greatly in size. For geologists, a bolide is a meteorite large enough to create an impact crater.

Meteorites that are recovered after being observed as they transit the atmosphere and impact the Earth are called meteorite falls. All others are known as meteorite finds. , there were about 1,412 witnessed falls that have specimens in the world's collections. , there are more than 59,200 well-documented meteorite finds.

Meteorites have traditionally been divided into three broad categories: stony meteorites that are rocks, mainly composed of silicate minerals; iron meteorites that are largely composed of metallic iron-nickel; and stony-iron meteorites that contain large amounts of both metallic and rocky material. Modern classification schemes divide meteorites into groups according to their structure, chemical and isotopic composition and mineralogy. Meteorites smaller than 2 mm are classified as micrometeorites. Extraterrestrial meteorites are such objects that have impacted other celestial bodies, whether or not they have passed through an atmosphere. They have been found on the Moon and Mars.

Naming
Meteorites are always named for the places they were found, where practical, usually a nearby town or geographic feature. In cases where many meteorites were found in one place, the name may be followed by a number or letter (e.g., Allan Hills 84001 or Dimmitt (b)). The name designated by the Meteoritical Society is used by scientists, catalogers, and most collectors.

Fall phenomena

Most meteoroids disintegrate when entering the Earth's atmosphere. Usually, five to ten a year are observed to fall and are subsequently recovered and made known to scientists. Few meteorites are large enough to create large impact craters. Instead, they typically arrive at the surface at their terminal velocity and, at most, create a small pit.

Large meteoroids may strike the earth with a significant fraction of their escape velocity (second cosmic velocity), leaving behind a hypervelocity impact crater. The kind of crater will depend on the size, composition, degree of fragmentation, and incoming angle of the impactor. The force of such collisions has the potential to cause widespread destruction. The most frequent hypervelocity cratering events on the Earth are caused by iron meteoroids, which are most easily able to transit the atmosphere intact. Examples of craters caused by iron meteoroids include Barringer Meteor Crater, Odessa Meteor Crater, Wabar craters, and Wolfe Creek crater; iron meteorites are found in association with all of these craters. In contrast, even relatively large stony or icy bodies like small comets or asteroids, up to millions of tons, are disrupted in the atmosphere, and do not make impact craters. Although such disruption events are uncommon, they can cause a considerable concussion to occur; the famed Tunguska event probably resulted from such an incident. Very large stony objects, hundreds of meters in diameter or more, weighing tens of millions of tons or more, can reach the surface and cause large craters but are very rare. Such events are generally so energetic that the impactor is completely destroyed, leaving no meteorites. (The very first example of a stony meteorite found in association with a large impact crater, the Morokweng crater in South Africa, was reported in May 2006.)

Several phenomena are well documented during witnessed meteorite falls too small to produce hypervelocity craters. The fireball that occurs as the meteoroid passes through the atmosphere can appear to be very bright, rivaling the sun in intensity, although most are far dimmer and may not even be noticed during the daytime. Various colors have been reported, including yellow, green, and red. Flashes and bursts of light can occur as the object breaks up. Explosions, detonations, and rumblings are often heard during meteorite falls, which can be caused by sonic booms as well as shock waves resulting from major fragmentation events. These sounds can be heard over wide areas, with a radius of a hundred or more kilometers. Whistling and hissing sounds are also sometimes heard but are poorly understood. Following the passage of the fireball, it is not unusual for a dust trail to linger in the atmosphere for several minutes.

As meteoroids are heated during atmospheric entry, their surfaces melt and experience ablation. They can be sculpted into various shapes during this process, sometimes resulting in shallow thumbprint-like indentations on their surfaces called regmaglypts. If the meteoroid maintains a fixed orientation for some time, without tumbling, it may develop a conical "nose cone" or "heat shield" shape. As it decelerates, eventually the molten surface layer solidifies into a thin fusion crust, which on most meteorites is black (on some achondrites, the fusion crust may be very light-colored). On stony meteorites, the heat-affected zone is at most a few mm deep; in iron meteorites, which are more thermally conductive, the structure of the metal may be affected by heat up to  below the surface. Reports vary; some meteorites are reported to be "burning hot to the touch" upon landing, while others are alleged to have been cold enough to condense water and form a frost.

Meteoroids that experience disruption in the atmosphere may fall as meteorite showers, which can range from only a few up to thousands of separate individuals. The area over which a meteorite shower falls is known as its strewn field. Strewn fields are commonly elliptical in shape, with the major axis parallel to the direction of flight. In most cases, the largest meteorites in a shower are found farthest down-range in the strewn field.

Meteorite types

Most meteorites are stony meteorites, classed as chondrites and achondrites. Only about 6% of meteorites are iron meteorites or a blend of rock and metal, the stony-iron meteorites. Modern classification of meteorites is complex. The review paper of Krot et al. (2007) summarizes modern meteorite taxonomy.

About 86% of the meteorites are chondrites, which are named for the small, round particles they contain. These particles, or chondrules, are composed mostly of silicate minerals that appear to have been melted while they were free-floating objects in space. Certain types of chondrites also contain small amounts of organic matter, including amino acids, and presolar grains. Chondrites are typically about 4.55 billion years old and are thought to represent material from the asteroid belt that never coalesced into large bodies. Like comets, chondritic asteroids are some of the oldest and most primitive materials in the solar system. Chondrites are often considered to be "the building blocks of the planets".

About 8% of the meteorites are achondrites (meaning they do not contain chondrules), some of which are similar to terrestrial igneous rocks. Most achondrites are also ancient rocks, and are thought to represent crustal material of differentiated planetesimals. One large family of achondrites (the HED meteorites) may have originated on the parent body of the Vesta Family, although this claim is disputed. Others derive from unidentified asteroids. Two small groups of achondrites are special, as they are younger and do not appear to come from the asteroid belt. One of these groups comes from the Moon, and includes rocks similar to those brought back to Earth by Apollo and Luna programs. The other group is almost certainly from Mars and constitutes the only materials from other planets ever recovered by humans.

About 5% of meteorites that have been seen to fall are iron meteorites composed of iron-nickel alloys, such as kamacite and/or taenite. Most iron meteorites are thought to come from the cores of planetesimals that were once molten. As with the Earth, the denser metal separated from silicate material and sank toward the center of the planetesimal, forming its core. After the planetesimal solidified, it broke up in a collision with another planetesimal. Due to the low abundance of iron meteorites in collection areas such as Antarctica, where most of the meteoric material that has fallen can be recovered, it is possible that the percentage of iron-meteorite falls is lower than 5%. This would be explained by a recovery bias; laypeople are more likely to notice and recover solid masses of metal than most other meteorite types. The abundance of iron meteorites relative to total Antarctic finds is 0.4%.

Stony-iron meteorites constitute the remaining 1%. They are a mixture of iron-nickel metal and silicate minerals. One type, called pallasites, is thought to have originated in the boundary zone above the core regions where iron meteorites originated. The other major type of stony-iron meteorites is the mesosiderites.

Tektites (from Greek tektos, molten) are not themselves meteorites, but are rather natural glass objects up to a few centimeters in size that were formed—according to most scientists—by the impacts of large meteorites on Earth's surface. A few researchers have favored tektites originating from the Moon as volcanic ejecta, but this theory has lost much of its support over the last few decades.

Meteorite chemistry
In March 2015, NASA scientists reported that, for the first time, complex organic compounds found in DNA and RNA, including uracil, cytosine and thymine, have been formed in the laboratory under outer space conditions, using starting chemicals, such as pyrimidine, found in meteorites. Pyrimidine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar dust and gas clouds, according to the scientists.

In January 2018, researchers found that 4.5 billion-year-old meteorites found on Earth contained liquid water along with prebiotic complex organic substances that may be ingredients for life.

In November 2019, scientists reported detecting sugar molecules in meteorites for the first time, including ribose, suggesting that chemical processes on asteroids can produce some organic compounds fundamental to life, and supporting the notion of an RNA world prior to a DNA-based origin of life on Earth.

Meteorite recovery

Falls

Most meteorite falls are recovered on the basis of eyewitness accounts of the fireball or the impact of the object on the ground, or both. Therefore, despite the fact that meteorites fall with virtually equal probability everywhere on Earth, verified meteorite falls tend to be concentrated in areas with high human population densities such as Europe, Japan, and northern India.

A small number of meteorite falls have been observed with automated cameras and recovered following calculation of the impact point. The first of these was the Přibram meteorite, which fell in Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic) in 1959. In this case, two cameras used to photograph meteors captured images of the fireball. The images were used both to determine the location of the stones on the ground and, more significantly, to calculate for the first time an accurate orbit for a recovered meteorite.

Following the Pribram fall, other nations established automated observing programs aimed at studying infalling meteorites. One of these was the Prairie Network, operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory from 1963 to 1975 in the midwestern US. This program also observed a meteorite fall, the Lost City chondrite, allowing its recovery and a calculation of its orbit. Another program in Canada, the Meteorite Observation and Recovery Project, ran from 1971 to 1985. It too recovered a single meteorite, Innisfree, in 1977. Finally, observations by the European Fireball Network, a descendant of the original Czech program that recovered Pribram, led to the discovery and orbit calculations for the Neuschwanstein meteorite in 2002.
NASA has an automated system that detects meteors and calculates the orbit, magnitude, ground track, and other parameters over the southeast USA, which often detects a number of events each night.

Finds

Until the twentieth century, only a few hundred meteorite finds had ever been discovered. More than 80% of these were iron and stony-iron meteorites, which are easily distinguished from local rocks. To this day, few stony meteorites are reported each year that can be considered to be "accidental" finds. The reason there are now more than 30,000 meteorite finds in the world's collections started with the discovery by Harvey H. Nininger that meteorites are much more common on the surface of the Earth than was previously thought.

The Great Plains of the US
Nininger's strategy was to search for meteorites in the Great Plains of the United States, where the land was largely cultivated and the soil contained few rocks. Between the late 1920s and the 1950s, he traveled across the region, educating local people about what meteorites looked like and what to do if they thought they had found one, for example, in the course of clearing a field. The result was the discovery of over 200 new meteorites, mostly stony types.

In the late 1960s, Roosevelt County, New Mexico in the Great Plains was found to be a particularly good place to find meteorites. After the discovery of a few meteorites in 1967, a public awareness campaign resulted in the finding of nearly 100 new specimens in the next few years, with many being by a single person, Ivan Wilson. In total, nearly 140 meteorites were found in the region since 1967. In the area of the finds, the ground was originally covered by a shallow, loose soil sitting atop a hardpan layer. During the dustbowl era, the loose soil was blown off, leaving any rocks and meteorites that were present stranded on the exposed surface.

Antarctica

A few meteorites were found in Antarctica between 1912 and 1964. In 1969, the 10th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition found nine meteorites on a blue ice field near the Yamato Mountains. With this discovery, came the realization that movement of ice sheets might act to concentrate meteorites in certain areas. After a dozen other specimens were found in the same place in 1973, a Japanese expedition was launched in 1974 dedicated to the search for meteorites. This team recovered nearly 700 meteorites.

Shortly thereafter, the United States began its own program to search for Antarctic meteorites, operating along the Transantarctic Mountains on the other side of the continent: the Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ANSMET) program. European teams, starting with a consortium called "EUROMET" in the 1990/91 season, and continuing with a program by the Italian Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide have also conducted systematic searches for Antarctic meteorites.

The Antarctic Scientific Exploration of China has conducted successful meteorite searches since 2000. A Korean program (KOREAMET) was launched in 2007 and has collected a few meteorites. The combined efforts of all of these expeditions have produced more than 23,000 classified meteorite specimens since 1974, with thousands more that have not yet been classified. For more information see the article by Harvey (2003).

Australia
At about the same time as meteorite concentrations were being discovered in the cold desert of Antarctica, collectors discovered that many meteorites could also be found in the hot deserts of Australia. Several dozen meteorites had already been found in the Nullarbor region of Western and South Australia. Systematic searches between about 1971 and the present recovered more than 500 others, ~300 of which are currently well characterized. The meteorites can be found in this region because the land presents a flat, featureless, plain covered by limestone. In the extremely arid climate, there has been relatively little weathering or sedimentation on the surface for tens of thousands of years, allowing meteorites to accumulate without being buried or destroyed. The dark colored meteorites can then be recognized among the very different looking limestone pebbles and rocks.

The Sahara

In 1986–87, a German team installing a network of seismic stations while prospecting for oil discovered about 65 meteorites on a flat, desert plain about  southeast of Dirj (Daraj), Libya. A few years later, a desert enthusiast saw photographs of meteorites being recovered by scientists in Antarctica, and thought that he had seen similar occurrences in northern Africa. In 1989, he recovered about 100 meteorites from several distinct locations in Libya and Algeria. Over the next several years, he and others who followed found at least 400 more meteorites. The find locations were generally in regions known as regs or hamadas: flat, featureless areas covered only by small pebbles and minor amounts of sand. Dark-colored meteorites can be easily spotted in these places. In the case of several meteorite fields, such as Dar el Gani, Dhofar, and others, favorable light-colored geology consisting of basic rocks (clays, dolomites, and limestones) makes meteorites particularly easy to identify.

Although meteorites had been sold commercially and collected by hobbyists for many decades, up to the time of the Saharan finds of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most meteorites were deposited in or purchased by museums and similar institutions where they were exhibited and made available for scientific research. The sudden availability of large numbers of meteorites that could be found with relative ease in places that were readily accessible (especially compared to Antarctica), led to a rapid rise in commercial collection of meteorites. This process was accelerated when, in 1997, meteorites coming from both the Moon and Mars were found in Libya. By the late 1990s, private meteorite-collecting expeditions had been launched throughout the Sahara. Specimens of the meteorites recovered in this way are still deposited in research collections, but most of the material is sold to private collectors. These expeditions have now brought the total number of well-described meteorites found in Algeria and Libya to more than 500.

Northwest Africa

Meteorite markets came into existence in the late 1990s, especially in Morocco. This trade was driven by Western commercialization and an increasing number of collectors. The meteorites were supplied by nomads and local people who combed the deserts looking for specimens to sell. Many thousands of meteorites have been distributed in this way, most of which lack any information about how, when, or where they were discovered. These are the so-called "Northwest Africa" meteorites. When they get classified, they are named "Northwest Africa" (abbreviated NWA) followed by a number. It is generally accepted that NWA meteorites originate in Morocco, Algeria, Western Sahara, Mali, and possibly even further afield. Nearly all of these meteorites leave Africa through Morocco. Scores of important meteorites, including Lunar and Martian ones, have been discovered and made available to science via this route. A few of the more notable meteorites recovered include Tissint and Northwest Africa 7034. Tissint was the first witnessed Martian meteorite fall in over fifty years; NWA 7034 is the oldest meteorite known to come from Mars, and is a unique water-bearing regolith breccia.

Arabian Peninsula

In 1999, meteorite hunters discovered that the desert in southern and central Oman were also favorable for the collection of many specimens. The gravel plains in the Dhofar and Al Wusta regions of Oman, south of the sandy deserts of the Rub' al Khali, had yielded about 5,000 meteorites as of mid-2009. Included among these are a large number of lunar and Martian meteorites, making Oman a particularly important area both for scientists and collectors. Early expeditions to Oman were mainly done by commercial meteorite dealers, however international teams of Omani and European scientists have also now collected specimens.

The recovery of meteorites from Oman is currently prohibited by national law, but a number of international hunters continue to remove specimens now deemed national treasures. This new law provoked a small international incident, as its implementation preceded any public notification of such a law, resulting in the prolonged imprisonment of a large group of meteorite hunters, primarily from Russia, but whose party also consisted of members from the US as well as several other European countries.

The American Southwest

Beginning in the mid-1960s, amateur meteorite hunters began scouring the arid areas of the southwestern United States. To date, thousands of meteorites have been recovered from the Mojave, Sonoran, Great Basin, and Chihuahuan Deserts, with many being recovered on dry lake beds. Significant finds include the three tonne Old Woman meteorite, currently on display at the Desert Discovery Center in Barstow, California, and the Franconia and Gold Basin meteorite strewn fields; hundreds of kilograms of meteorites have been recovered from each.
A number of finds from the American Southwest have been submitted with false find locations, as many finders think it is unwise to publicly share that information for fear of confiscation by the federal government and competition with other hunters at published find sites.
Several of the meteorites found recently are currently on display in the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, and at UCLA's Meteorite Gallery.

Meteorites in history
Meteorite falls may have been the source of cultish worship. The cult in the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, possibly originated with the observation and recovery of a meteorite that was understood by contemporaries to have fallen to the earth from Jupiter, the principal Roman deity.
There are reports that a sacred stone was enshrined at the temple that may have been a meteorite. The Black Stone set into the wall of the Kaaba has often been presumed to be a meteorite, but the little available evidence for this is inconclusive. Although the use of the metal found in meteorites is also recorded in myths of many countries and cultures where the celestial source was often acknowledged, scientific documentation only began in the last few centuries.

The oldest known iron artifacts are nine small beads hammered from meteoritic iron. They were found in northern Egypt and have been securely dated to 3200 BC.

In the 1970s, a stone meteorite was uncovered during an archaeological dig at Danebury Iron Age hillfort, Danebury England. It was found deposited part way down in an Iron Age pit (c. 1200 BC). Since it must have been deliberately placed there, this could indicate one of the first (known) human finds of a meteorite in Europe.

Some Native Americans treated meteorites as ceremonial objects. In 1915, a  iron meteorite was found in a Sinagua (c. 1100–1200 AD) burial cyst near Camp Verde, Arizona, respectfully wrapped in a feather cloth. A small pallasite was found in a pottery jar in an old burial found at Pojoaque Pueblo, New Mexico. Nininger reports several other such instances, in the Southwest US and elsewhere, such as the discovery of Native American beads of meteoric iron found in Hopewell burial mounds, and the discovery of the Winona meteorite in a Native American stone-walled crypt.

Indigenous peoples often prized iron-nickel meteorites as an easy, if limited, source of iron metal. For example, the Inuit used chips of the Cape York meteorite to form cutting edges for tools and spear tips.

Two of the oldest recorded meteorite falls in Europe are the Elbogen (1400) and Ensisheim (1492) meteorites. The German physicist, Ernst Florens Chladni, was the first to publish (in 1794) the idea that meteorites might be rocks that originated not from Earth, but from space. His booklet was "On the Origin of the Iron Masses Found by Pallas and Others Similar to it, and on Some Associated Natural Phenomena". In this he compiled all available data on several meteorite finds and falls concluded that they must have their origins in outer space. The scientific community of the time responded with resistance and mockery. It took nearly ten years before a general acceptance of the origin of meteorites was achieved through the work of the French scientist Jean-Baptiste Biot and the British chemist, Edward Howard. Biot's study, initiated by the French Academy of Sciences, was compelled by a fall of thousands of meteorites on 26 April 1803 from the skies of L'Aigle, France.

One of the leading theories for the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that included the dinosaurs is a large meteorite impact. The Chicxulub Crater has been identified as the site of this impact. There has been a lively scientific debate as to whether other major extinctions, including the ones at the end of the Permian and Triassic periods might also have been the result of large impact events, but the evidence is much less compelling than for the end Cretaceous extinction.

There are several reported instances of falling meteorites having killed people and livestock. The most well-known reported fatality from a meteorite impact is that of a dog killed by the fall of the Nakhla meteorite in Egypt, in 1911. This meteorite fall was identified in the 1980s as Martian in origin. A meteorite known as Valera (Venezuela 1972, see Meteorite fall) reportedly hit and killed a cow upon impact, nearly dividing the animal in two, but the fall was not reported for several decades and no evidence was preserved. There are similar unsubstantiated reports of a horse being struck and killed by a stone of the New Concord fall. Shortly after the 2007 Carancas impact event, there were rumors of a goat and lama being killed by the impact. Again, these claims could not be verified.  Throughout history, many first- and second-hand reports of meteorites falling on and killing both humans and other animals abound. One example is from 1490 AD in China, which purportedly killed thousands of people. John Lewis has compiled some of these reports, and summarizes, "No one in recorded history has ever been killed by a meteorite in the presence of a meteoriticist and a medical doctor" and "reviewers who make sweeping negative conclusions usually do not cite any of the primary publications in which the eyewitnesses describe their experiences, and give no evidence of having read them".

The first known modern case of a human hit by a space rock occurred on 30 November 1954 in Sylacauga, Alabama. A  stone chondrite crashed through a roof and hit Ann Hodges in her living room after it bounced off her radio. She was badly bruised. The Hodges meteorite, or Sylacauga meteorite, is currently on exhibit at the Alabama Museum of Natural History.

Another claim was put forth by a young boy who stated that he had been hit by a small (~3-gram) stone of the Mbale meteorite fall from Uganda, and who stood to gain nothing from this assertion. The stone reportedly fell through banana leaves before striking the boy on the head, causing little to no pain, as it was small enough to have been slowed by both friction with the atmosphere as well as that with banana leaves, before striking the boy.

Several persons have since claimed to have been struck by "meteorites" but no verifiable meteorites have resulted.

Meteorite weathering

Most meteorites date from the oldest times in the solar system and are by far the oldest material available on the planet. Despite their age, they are fairly vulnerable to terrestrial environment: water, salt, and oxygen attack the meteorites as soon they reach the ground.

The terrestrial alteration of meteorites is called weathering. In order to quantify the degree of alteration that a meteorite experienced, several qualitative weathering indices have been applied to Antarctic and desertic samples.

The most known weathering scale, used for ordinary chondrites, ranges from W0 (pristine state) to W6 (heavy alteration).

Fossil meteorites
"Fossil" meteorites are sometimes discovered by geologists. They represent the deeply weathered remains of meteorites that fell to Earth in the remote past and were preserved in sedimentary deposits sufficiently well that they can be recognized through mineralogical and geochemical studies. One limestone quarry in Sweden has produced an anomalously large number (more than a hundred) fossil meteorites from the Ordovician, nearly all of which are deeply weathered L-chondrites that still resemble the original meteorite under a  petrographic microscope, but which have had their original material almost entirely replaced by terrestrial secondary mineralization. The extraterrestrial provenance was demonstrated in part through isotopic analysis of relict spinel grains, a mineral that is common in meteorites, is insoluble in water, and is able to persist chemically unchanged in the terrestrial weathering environment. One of these fossil meteorites, dubbed Österplana 065, appears to represent a distinct type of meteorite that is "extinct" in the sense that it is no longer falling to Earth, the parent body having already been completely depleted from reservoir of Near Earth Objects.

Acfer 049, a meteorite discovered in Algeria in 1990, was shown in 2019 to have ice fossils inside it – the first direct evidence of water ice in the composition of asteroids.</blockquote>

Notable meteorites

Allende – largest known carbonaceous chondrite (Chihuahua, Mexico, 1969).
Allan Hills A81005 – First meteorite determined to be of lunar origin.
Allan Hills 84001 – Mars meteorite that was claimed to prove the existence of life on Mars.
 The Bacubirito Meteorite (Meteorito de Bacubirito) – A meteorite estimated to weigh .
Campo del Cielo – a group of iron meteorites associated with a crater field (of the same name) of at least 26 craters in West Chaco Province, Argentina. The total weight of meteorites recovered exceeds 100 tonnes.
Canyon Diablo – Associated with Meteor Crater in Arizona.
Cape York – One of the largest meteorites in the world. A 34-ton fragment called "Ahnighito", is exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History; the largest meteorite on exhibit in any museum.
Gibeon – A large Iron meteorite in Namibia, created the largest known strewn field.
Hoba – The largest known intact meteorite.
Kaidun – An unusual carbonaceous chondrite.
Murchison – A carbonaceous chondrite found to contain nucleobases – the building block of life.
Nōgata – The oldest meteorite whose fall can be dated precisely (to 19 May 861, at Nōgata)
Orgueil – A famous meteorite due to its especially primitive nature and high presolar grain content.
Sikhote-Alin – Massive iron meteorite impact event that occurred on 12 February 1947.
Tucson Ring – Ring shaped meteorite, used by a blacksmith as an anvil, in Tucson AZ. Currently at the Smithsonian.
Willamette – The largest meteorite ever found in the United States.
 2007 Carancas impact event – On 15 September 2007, a stony meteorite that may have weighed as much as 4000 kilograms created a crater 13 meters in diameter near the village of Carancas, Peru.
 2013 Russian meteor event – a 17-metre diameter, 10 000 ton asteroid hit the atmosphere above Chelyabinsk, Russia at 18 km/s around 09:20 local time (03:20 UTC) 15 February 2013, producing a very bright fireball in the morning sky. A number of small meteorite fragments have since been found nearby.
Block Island meteorite and Heat Shield Rock – Discovered on Mars by Opportunity rover among four other iron meteorites. Two nickel-iron meteorites were identified by the Spirit rover. (See also: Mars rocks)

Apart from meteorites fallen onto the Earth, two tiny fragments of asteroids were found among the samples collected on the Moon; these were the Bench Crater meteorite (Apollo 12, 1969) and the Hadley Rille meteorite (Apollo 15, 1971).

Notable large impact craters

 Acraman crater in South Australia ( diameter)
 Ames crater in Major County, Oklahoma  diameter
 Brent crater in northern Ontario ( diameter)
 Chesapeake Bay impact crater ( diameter)
 Chicxulub Crater off the coast of Yucatán Peninsula ( diameter)
 Clearwater Lakes a double crater impact in Québec, Canada ( in diameter)
 Lonar crater in India ( diameter)
 Lumparn in the Åland Islands, in the Baltic Sea ( diameter)
 Manicouagan Reservoir in Québec, Canada ( diameter)
 Manson crater in Iowa ( crater is buried)
 Meteor Crater in Arizona, also known as "Barringer Crater", the first confirmed terrestrial impact crater. ( diameter)
 Mjølnir impact crater in the Barents Sea ( diameter)
 Nördlinger Ries crater in Bavaria, Germany ( diameter)
 Popigai crater in Russia ( diameter)
 Siljan (lake) in Sweden, largest crater in Europe ( diameter)
 Sudbury Basin in Ontario, Canada ( diameter).
 Ungava Bay in Québec, Canada ()
 Vredefort Crater in South Africa, the largest known impact crater on Earth ( diameter from an estimated  wide meteorite).

Notable disintegrating meteoroids
 Tunguska event in Siberia 1908 (no crater)
 Vitim event in Siberia 2002 (no crater)
 Chelyabinsk event in Russia 2013 (no known crater)

See also

 Atmospheric focusing
 Glossary of meteoritics
 List of impact craters on Earth
 List of Martian meteorites
 List of meteorite minerals
 List of rocks on Mars
 List of possible impact structures on Earth
 Meteor shower
 Meteorite classification
 Meteorite fall
 Meteorite find
 Micrometeorite

References

External links

 Current meteorite news articles
 The British and Irish Meteorite Society
 The Natural History Museum's meteorite catalogue database
 Meteoritical Society
 Earth Impact Database
Every Recorded Meteorite Impact on Earth from Tableau Software
Meteor Impact Craters Around the World

Category:Geophysics


North Korea at the 1964 Winter Olympics

North Korea competed as North Korea at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.  It was the first time that the nation was represented at any Olympic Games. Han Pil-hwa is the first Winter Olympic medalist from either Korea before South Korea won its first winter medals in 1992 starting with Kim Ki-hoon.

Medalists

Cross-country skiing

Men

Women

Speed skating

Men

Women

References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
 Olympic Winter Games 1964, full results by sports-reference.com

Korea, North
1964
Category:1964 in North Korea


Licor 43

Licor 43, or Cuarenta y Tres (Spanish for "43"), is the top selling Spanish liqueur, made only in Cartagena, Spain. It was invented in 1946 by Diego Zamora, along with his brother and sister, Angel and Josefina Zamora, and Emilio Restoy, Josefina's husband. The Licor 43 website states they based their recipe on the Liqvor Mirabilis (marvellous liquid), a golden, aromatic elixir produced and infused from local fruits and herbs in Carthago Nova during the 3rd century. Liqvor Mirabilis was encountered by the Romans when they conquered the region in 209 BC; despite the Romans banning its production and consumption, the Carthaginians continued producing in secret. This legend served as the inspiration for the Zamora's invention of Licor 43.

The name of the modern-day liqueur originates from its use of 43 different ingredients; while its recipe is a closely guarded secret by the Zamora family, it is known to contain citrus and fruit juices, and to be flavoured with vanilla, among other aromatic herbs and spices. It is 31% abv (62 proof) and is a sweet liqueur that is thick-bodied with a dense mouthfeel when sipped neat at room temperature. Visually it is golden-yellow. The aroma is sharp, warm, and complex; the initial scent of citrus and vanilla is balanced by nuances of tangy fruit, subtle notes of cocoa, and an aged rum-like warmth. The taste is warm, creamy, and smooth, with flavours similar to the aroma: an emphatic vanilla beginning, hints of cocoa and other intermixed spices, sweet fruits, and tangy citrus, all carried by a flavour akin to aged rum. It has a long, sweet finish on the tongue, with persistent notes of vanilla, toffee, dark chocolate and fresh fruit.

It is said to be the most sold liqueur in Spain. As of 2011, it is now the fastest growing premium liqueur in the world in its category, and is present in more than 60 countries. During a 2015 inquiry into the best-selling alcohols in the The World's 50 Best Bars (the bar version of William Reed's The World's 50 Best Restaurants), Licor 43 was ranked as the 9th best-selling digestif worldwide. According to the International Wines and Spirits Record (IWSR), a data analytics company that tracks alcoholic beverage trends and measures country, category, and brand performance, Licor 43 was the fastest growing liquor of scale globally in 2017.

Méxican carajillos specifically call for "licor del 43" as the alcohol combined with espresso and ice. In the Canary Islands, it is an essential ingredient for a Barraquito, a variant of the highly popular cortado condensada (espresso with condensed milk) coffee.

A "mini-beer" is a Licor 43 cocktail designed to visually imitate a beer. A miniature pint glass is mostly filled with Licor 43 and topped with a chilled dairy-based liquid, such as heavy cream or Irish Cream. The colour of Licor 43 mimics the amber colour of a pale beer, and the dairy product mimics the white colour of a beer's foamy head.

References

External links
 http://www.licor43.com
 http://www.licor43.es
 http://www.zadibe.es/

Category:Cartagena, Spain
Category:Curaçao culture
Category:Spanish liqueurs
Category:Vanilla liqueurs


Terry Luck

Terry Lee Luck (born December 14, 1952) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League. He played for the Cleveland Browns. He played college football for the Nebraska Huskers.

References

Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football quarterbacks
Category:Cleveland Browns players
Category:Nebraska Cornhuskers football players


Yorkshire South Premier League

The Yorkshire South Premier League was formed in early 2016 as part of the restructuring of club cricket in Yorkshire, and is an ECB Premier League.  Of the twelve initial teams competing, seven came from the now disbanded Yorkshire ECB County Premier League - Appleby Frodingham, Barnsley, Cleethorpes, Doncaster Town, Rotherham Town, Sheffield and Phoenix United, and Sheffield Collegiate.  Four came from the South Yorkshire Premier League - Aston Hall, Treeton, Whitley Hall, and Wickersley Old Village - while Wakefield Thornes came from the Central Yorkshire League.

A process of promotion and relegation is in operation with the bottom two teams being replaced each season by the top two teams from the South Yorkshire Championship, as the South Yorkshire Premier League is now known.

The league winners qualify to take part in the Yorkshire Championship, together with the winners of the Bradford Premier League and the Yorkshire Premier League North, and the leading Yorkshire club in the North Yorkshire and South Durham Cricket League.  Wakefield Thornes won the Yorkshire Championship in 2016 and 2018.

The competing teams for 2019 are: Aston Hall, Barnsley Woolley Miners, Cleethorpes, Doncaster Town, Elsecar, Hallam, Sheffield Collegiate, Tickhill, Treeton, Wakefield Thornes, Whitley Hall, and Wickersley Old Village.

Winners

Performance by season from 2016

 — Barnsley entered into a merger after the 2016 season and became Barnsley Woolley Miners

References

External links

Category:English domestic cricket competitions
Category:ECB Premier Leagues


Togatus Barberini

Togatus Barberini is a Roman marble sculpture from around the first-century AD that depicts a full-body figure, referred to as a togatus, holding the heads of deceased ancestors in either hand. It is housed in the Centrale Montemartini in Rome, Italy (formerly in the Capitoline Museums). Little is known about this sculpture and who it depicts, but it is speculated to be a representation of the Roman funerary practice of creating death masks.

Speculation of identity
Little is known about the identity of those depicted in the sculpture, but it is known that the type of shoes the middle figure is depicted to wear distinguishes them as a member of the Roman noble class. From this small bit of information, many theories have risen in speculation of the true identity of the center figure, but little evidence has been provided to back up many of these claims and as such they remain only theories.

Recent research has suggested that represents a patrician senator, holding the heads of his ancestors. The head on the right is that of a famous general, which is evident thanks to the palm-tree support. Furthermore, it is now known that the head and body of the middle figure do not, in fact, belong to each other, evident due to the marble of the head and body being of different types and colors (the head being a white marble and the body being a yellow). This is made more evident due to the toga's finish from behind and the evidence  of the restoration of the nose and ears.

According to some, the figure is supposed to represent Brutus, holding the severed heads of his two sons, while others claim that instead it is the portrait of a sculptor. Other still believe the prominent figure to be that of Julius Caesar, while many simply claim that the figure is an unknown Roman senator.

References

Category:1st-century Roman sculptures
Category:1st century in Italy
Category:Marble sculptures in Italy
Category:Capitoline Museums collection