Baghdad Bounedjah

Baghdad Bounedjah (, born 24 November 1991) is an Algerian professional footballer. He plays for Qatar Stars League side Al Sadd and the Algeria national team as a striker. Throughout his club career, he has played for Algerian sides RCG Oran and USM El Harrach, and Tunisian side Étoile du Sahel, before joining Qatari club Al Sadd in 2015. In the 2018–19 Qatar Stars League season, he scored a league record of 39 goals in one season, and was the world's leading goalscorer during the 2018 calendar year with 58 goals overall.

At international level, Bounedjah made his senior debut for Algeria in 2014 and has represented his nation at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and two editions of the Africa Cup of Nations. He was a member of the squad that won the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations and scored the winning goal in the final of the competition.

Club career

RCG Oran
Baghdad started his career in his native city with RCG Oran when he played in the all youth categories until he arrives in senior in 2009 when he played two seasons. In 2011, he joined USM El Harrach.

USM El Harrach
In the summer of 2011, Bounedjah signed a two-year contract with USM El Harrach, joining them from amateur club RCG Oran. On 10 September 2011, he made his professional debut for the club as a starter in the first-round game of the 2011–12 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 against MC Oran, scoring a goal in the 78th minute.

Étoile du Sahel
In June 2013, Bounedjah joined with the club of Sousse, Étoile Sportive du Sahel, with which he signed a three-year contract. This transfer will be made official a month later, when his former employer, who disputed this transfer. On 26 September 2013, He made his debut for the team in Tunisian Ligue Pro 1 against US Monastir, also scored his first goal with the club. He quickly became an essential part of the ES Sahel, and finished top scorer in the 2014 Tunisian Ligue Pro 1 in his first year, scoring 14 goals in 23 games. This earned him the extension of his initial three-year contract, an additional year, the link now to the club until June 2017. On 11 August 2013, Bounedjah, won his first title with Étoile du Sahel. The Algerian striker offered the 2013–14 Tunisian Cup to his club at the expense of CS Sfaxien, in the final at Rades. In the second season, Bounedjah continued to shine and On 25 September 2014, scored his first hat-trick in Tunisian Ligue Pro 1 against EGS Gafsa in 3–0 victory. to finish the Ligue Pro 1 with 11 goals in second place the same thing with Étoile du Sahel where they failed to win the championship, two points behind Club Africain. But again he won the Tunisian Cup for the second time in a row, this time against Stade Gabèsien and scored Bounedjah a hat-trick. Then continued to shine and this time in the CAF Confederation Cup and thus contributed to the victory of Étoile du Sahel title and achieved at the same time the title of the top scorer.

Al Sadd

2015–16 season
On 29 April 2015, Algerian striker Baghdad Bounedjah is transferred to Qatar's Al Sadd, but he remained at Étoile du Sahel for a six-month loan period. Indeed, the Qatari club having already reached its quota of foreign players, decided to leave the player on loan to the Sahelian training for the first part of the season before returning to his workforce. During his loan, Bounedjah was seriously injured. Ankle injury which kept him out for nearly three months On 7 March 2016, He made his debut for the team in Qatar Stars League against Al-Gharafa, later Bounedjah scored the winning goal against Al-Kharaitiyat his first goal with the club. and with the end of a difficult season for him and his team participated only in 10 games and scored 7 goals in all competitions.

2016–17 season
In his second season and On 7 December 2016, Bounedjah scored his first hat-trick in Qatar Stars League against Al-Rayyan in 5–0 victory. his 13 goals in Qatar this season. later on 16 February 2017 Bounedjah scored another hat trick this time against Al-Arabi In this match, Bounedjah scored five goals for the first time in his career. At the end of the season, his team failed to win the league title, two points behind Lekhwiya, but achieved the title of the top goalscorer in the Qatari Stars league with 24 goals alongside Lekhwiya's Youssef El-Arabi. With the end of the league, Bounedjah won his first title Qatar Crown Prince Cup after winning the final against El Jaish and also scored a goal. after which Bounedjah achieve his second title by winning the Emir of Qatar Cup against Al-Rayyan. before this final, in the quarter-finals Bounedjah scored a super-hat trick against Al-Kharaitiyat. As a result, Bounedjah finished the season with 30 goals. On 23 May 2017, After his big season he decided to extend his contract, which ends in 2018 For three seasons until 2021 despite the possibility of his professionalism in Europe.

2017–18 season
At the start of his third season at Al Sadd, the 2017–18 campaign On 9 September 2017, First game of the season, first "hat trick" and first title for Bounedjah, during the Qatar Super Cup after beating league champion last season, Al-Duhail 4–1. with the start of the league Bounedjah was aspiring to win the title and the start was good where he scored in 6 consecutive games until the match against Al-Duhail and defeat 4–2, after this game was exposed again, a difficult injury Shin fracture and kept him out for more than two months, This injury prevented him from competing for the title of goal scorer against his opponent last season Youssef El-Arabi, and after returning from injury and only in five matches Bounedjah scored 10 goals in Qatar Stars League including a super-hat trick against Al-Ahli The fourth goal is the 50 in all competitions with Al Sadd. In the AFC Champions League and after a 7-year absence from the group stage Al-Sadd placed its focus on it, as well as Bounedjah Where he was remarkably successful scoring nine goals in eight games, Including four binaries against Al-Wasl back and forth, Persepolis and Al-Ahli in the Round of 16. To finish the season strongly with 28 goals in all competitions.

2018–19 season
On 5 August 2018, Bounedjah scored a hat-trick in the first game of the season against Al-Kharaitiyat one week later, Bounedjah broke the Qatar Stars League single-game goal record, scoring 7 goals in a 10–1 win against Al Arabi. Bounedjah continued his success at the individual level by winning the top scorer of the 2018 AFC Champions League with 13 goals to become the first Algerian and the first player from a Qatari club to achieve this award, The Al-Sadd forward matched the all-time single tournament record held by Muriqui who netted the same tally by the conclusion of Guangzhou Evergrande's 2013 campaign. despite failing to reach the final after a semi-final elimination against Persepolis. And continue to pursue and score goals with the club and the national team and his arrival at the barrier 50 goals in 2018, newspapers in Qatar and Europe spoke about the offer from Olympique Marseille to the Algerian star in the winter transfer. Bounedjah said that, "if I get an offer from a good club I will leave Al Sadd but if it's the opposite I'll stay here". On 2 December 2018, Bounedjah scored another hat-trick, his fourth for the season and this time against Al-Gharafa in 8–1 victory. On 7 December 2018, Bounedjah set a new top goalscorer record for the Qatar Stars League with 28 goals after just 14 matches, breaking the record previously held by Brazilian striker Clemerson de Araújo, who scored 27 goals in 2007–08.

By the end of 2018, Bounedjah managed to beat several stars such as Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi as the world's top scorer after reaching goal 58, including 29 in Qatar Stars League this season, 10 last season in the same competition, 13 in the Champions League and 7 with the Algerian team. Bounedjah is also the first Algerian to have scored a total of 50 goals in a year and far ahead of his teammates in the selection Islam Slimani or Riyad Mahrez and even  who had exceeded 40 goals in 1986 with JS Kabylie. On 28 December 2018, Bounedjah decided to renew his contract until 2024 despite the offers he received from several European clubs. With the start of the new year, Bounedjah won another individual award, this time the best Algerian player of 2018, ahead of his teammates Riyad Mahrez and Yacine Brahimi, The award was conferred by the Brazilian star Roberto Carlos. Bounedjah is the first footballer based outside Europe and Algeria to win the award. On 23 February 2019, Bounedjah scored in the Qatari Classico against Al-Rayyan, bringing his tally with Al Sadd to 100 goal in all competitions, making him the first Algerian player based outside of Europe to claim this accolade with a single club. On 4 April 2019, Bounedjah scored his sixth hat-trick of the season (and 39th goal in total - a league record) against Al-Ahli to lead Al Sadd SC to win their first Qatar Stars League title in six seasons, is also the first league title for Bounedjah in its history.

2019–20 season
After the end of the Africa Cup of Nations, Bounedjah cut off his holiday early to prepare for the new league season, which had an early start. On 13 August 2019, Bounedjah and his team qualified to the quarter-finals of the AFC Champions League after winning against rivals Al-Duhail; he registered an assist for Afif in the second leg. After missing two games because of the penalty and in his first Qatar Stars League match against Al-Shahania scoring four goals in a 7–1 win. On 11 December, he scored the first goal at the 2019 FIFA Club World Cup and earned the Man of the Match award for his performance in his side's 3–1 First Round win over 2019 OFC Champions League winners Hienghène Sport. He ultimately scored a tournament-high three goals at the tournament as Al-Sadd ended sixth.

International career
In September 2011, Bounedjah was called by Azzedine Aït Djoudi up to the Algerian Under-23 National Team. He participated with the team in a pair of friendlies against USM Blida and NA Hussein Dey.

On 4 October 2011, Bounedjah received a surprise call-up to the Algerian National Team from Vahid Halilhodžić for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Central African Republic, replacing the injured Rafik Djebbour.

On 16 November 2011, he was selected as part of Algeria's squad for the 2011 CAF U-23 Championship in Morocco.

Bounedjah scored the only goal for Algeria against Senegal in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations Final in Egypt, a match which ended with a 1–0 win for Algeria. He was one of only a few Algerian international players who didn't play in Europe.

Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list Algeria's goal tally first.

With Algeria A'

With Algeria U23

Honours
Étoile du Sahel
 Tunisian Cup: 2014, 2015
 CAF Confederation Cup: 2015

Al Sadd
 Qatar Stars League: 2018–19
 Qatar Cup: 2017, 2020
 Emir of Qatar Cup: 2017
 Qatari Super Cup: 2017, 2019

Algeria
 Africa Cup of Nations: 2019

Individual
 CAF Team of the Year: 2015
 Goal Africa Team of the Year: 2018
 Algerian Footballer of the Year: 2018
 Tunisian Ligue Pro 1 Top Goalscorer: 2013–14
 CAF Confederation Cup Top Goalscorer: 2015
 Qatar Stars League Top Goalscorer: 2018–19
 Qatar Stars League Team of the Year : 2017–18, 2018–19
 AFC Champions League Top Scorer: 2018
 World Top Scorer: 2018
2019 FIFA Club World Cup  Top Goalscorer

Notes and references

Notes

References

External links

Category:Living people
Category:1991 births
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Footballers from Oran
Category:Algerian footballers
Category:Algerian expatriate footballers
Category:Algerian expatriate sportspeople in Tunisia
Category:Expatriate footballers in Tunisia
Category:Algeria international footballers
Category:Algeria under-23 international footballers
Category:Algeria youth international footballers
Category:Algeria A' international footballers
Category:2011 CAF U-23 Championship players
Category:Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic footballers of Algeria
Category:2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
Category:2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
Category:Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players
Category:Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players
Category:RCG Oran players
Category:USM El Harrach players
Category:Étoile Sportive du Sahel players
Category:Al Sadd SC players
Category:Qatar Stars League players


Fleur Kemmers

Fleur Kemmers (born 1977) is the Lichtenberg Professor for Coinage and Money in the Graeco-Roman World at Goethe University, Frankfurt.

Education

Kemmers undertook her undergraduate degree in archaeology in 1996 at the University of Amsterdam, and following her MA moved to Radboud University Nijmegen in 2000 to work on her PhD. Kemmers' doctoral work focused on Roman coins found at the legionary fortress of Nijmegen, examining the use and supply of coins in the Lower Rhine region in the first century AD. Kemmers completed her PhD in 2005 and the work was published as Coins for a legion. An analysis of the coin finds from the Augustan legionary fortress and Flavian canabae legionis at Nijmegen in 2006.

Career
During her PhD work at Radboud University Nijmegen, Kemmers worked as a Junior Researcher. In 2003, Kemmers also worked at the Royal Dutch Museum of Coins and Medals in Leiden, publishing coins from the auxiliary fort of Albaniana. Following her PhD, Kemmers continued to work at  Radboud University Nijmegen as a postdoctoral researcher working on Roman coins in the Severan period military, and as a university lecturer from 2008-9. In 2010, Kemmers joined the Classical Archaeology department at Goethe University Frankfurt as Lichtenberg Professor for Coinage and Money in the Graeco-Roman World, becoming a full professor in 2016.

In Frankfurt, Kemmers has continued to work on Roman coins, including an exhibition of coins in the collection of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in 2014.

Between 2016-2019 Kemmers directed a project Syria Antiqua: objects and their stories in numismatics to digitise the Graeco-Roman coins of Syria in the collection of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, examining circulation, provenance, and imagery.

In 2017 Kemmers presented research co-led with Dr Katrin Westner on the analysis of Roman silver coins proving a change in metal composition and the spread of silver from Spain following the defeat of Hannibal.

Kemmers has also appeared as a specialist on documentaries concerning Roman history and archaeology.

Awards and honours

 2005 Van-Es Prize for outstanding dissertation in Dutch Archaeology
 2006 Quadrennial award of the Koninklijk Belgisch Genootschap voor Numismatiek
 2007 X-ray Research Masterclass winner at the WISER (Women in Science, Education and Research) Festival, Maastricht

Publications
 Kemmers, Fleur. Coins for a legion. An analysis of the coin finds from the Augustan legionary fortress and Flavian canabae legionis at Nijmegen. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 2007.
 Kemmers, F., & Myrberg, N. (2011). Rethinking numismatics. The archaeology of coins. Archaeological Dialogues, 18(1), 87-108.
 Kemmers, Fleur. Coins for a legion. An analysis of the coin finds from the Augustan legionary fortress and Flavian canabae legionis at Nijmegen. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 2007.
 Kemmers, Fleur. "Out of the shadow: Geta and Caracalla reconsidered." Repräsentationsformen in severischer Zeit 77 (2011): 34.

References

Category:1977 births
Category:Dutch academics
Category:Dutch archaeologists
Category:Goethe University Frankfurt faculty
Category:Living people


Prairie Township, Kosciusko County, Indiana

Prairie Township is one of seventeen townships in Kosciusko County, Indiana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,651 and it contained 671 housing units.

History
Prairie Township was organized in 1838 and named from its setting upon the prairie.

The Hall Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which  (or 98.52%) is land and  (or 1.45%) is water.

Unincorporated towns
 Atwood at
 Clunette at
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

References

External links
 Indiana Township Association
 United Township Association of Indiana

Category:Townships in Kosciusko County, Indiana
Category:Townships in Indiana


Dolní Žukov

(Polish: , German: Nieder Zukau) is a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic. It was a separate municipality but became administratively a part of Czech Teschen in 1960. It has a population of 1,064 (2005).

The name of the village is possessive in origin derived from personal name Żuk (żuk means also a beetle).

History
The village of Žukov was first mentioned in the document of Pope Gregory IX issued for Benedictine abbey in Tyniec in 1229 as Zukow. Politically it belonged then to the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz, and since 1290 to the Duchy of Teschen. It was also a property of Benedictine monastery in Orlová founded around 1268. Probably because of financial problems the Benedictines sold part of the village, which later became known as Horní Žukov.

In 1526 the Duchy of Teschen became a part of the Habsburg Monarchy.

After Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political and legal district of Cieszyn. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the municipality grew from 692 in 1880 to 1,165 in 1910 with the majority being native Polish-speakers (between 96.8% and 99.5%) accompanied by a small German-speaking minority (at most 26 or 3.2% in 1890) and Czech-speaking (at most 9 or 0.8% in 1910). In terms of religion in 1910 the majority were Protestants (70.7%), followed by Roman Catholics (28.9%) and Jews (5 people). The village was also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect.

After World War I, fall of Austria-Hungary, Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Czechoslovakia. Following the Munich Agreement, in October 1938 together with the Zaolzie region it was annexed by Poland, administratively adjoined to Cieszyn County of Silesian Voivodeship. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Czechoslovakia.

See also
 Polish minority in the Czech Republic
 Zaolzie

Footnotes

References

Category:Villages in Karviná District
Category:Neighbourhoods in the Czech Republic
Category:Český Těšín
Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (Czech)


Michael Stürmer

Michael Stürmer (born September 29, 1938) is a right-wing German historian arguably best known for his role in the Historikerstreit of the 1980s, for his geographical interpretation of German history and for an admiring 2008 biography of the Russian politician Vladimir Putin.

Life and work
Born in Kassel, Germany, Stürmer received his education in history, philosophy and languages at the University of Marburg, at the Free University of Berlin and at the London School of Economics. From 1973 to 2003 he held a professorship at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and at various times has served as a guest lecturer at the Sorbonne, Harvard University, and the Institute for Advanced Study. Also, he is on the advisory board of OMFIF where he regularly participates in various meetings regarding the financial and monetary system.

In the 1980s Stürmer worked as an advisor and speech-writer to the West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl.  Stürmer works as chief correspondent for the newspaper Die Welt, published by the Axel Springer AG publishing group.

Stürmer specializes in the history of the Second Reich of 1871–1918. He began his career on the political left in the 1960s, but moved to the right during the course of the 1970s. The turning point occurred in 1974 when the Social Democratic Party of Germany Land government of Hesse attempted to abolish history as a subject in the Hesse educational system and to replace it with "social studies". Stürmer played a major role in campaigning for the defeat of the SPD government in the 1974 elections. Starting in the early 1980s Stürmer became a well-known figure in the Federal Republic, with frequent contributions to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung newspaper, his editorship of a number of popular book series entitled "The Germans and their Nation" and holding a series of lectures for the general public.

Stürmer argues that "the future is won by those who coin concepts and interpret the past". In a series of his essays published in book form in 1986 as Dissonanzen des Fortschritts (Dissonances of Progress), he claimed that democracy in West Germany cannot be taken for granted;  that though Germany does have a democratic past, the present system of the Federal Republic developed in response to past totalitarian experiences of both left and right; that geography has played a key role in limiting the options of German governments; and that given the Cold War, the ideas of neutrality for the Federal Republic or reunification with East Germany were not realistic.

Stürmer is arguably best known for his advocacy of a geographical interpretation of German history. In a geographical variant of the Sonderweg theory, he has argued that what he regards as Germany's precarious geographical situation in Central Europe has played the deciding role in the course of German history, and that coping with this has left successive German rulers no other choice but to engage in authoritarian government.
In Stürmer's opinion, the "belligerence" of the Reich came about through a complex interplay of Germany's location in the "middle of Europe" surrounded by enemies and of "democratic" forces in the domestic sphere.

Stürmer has asserted that Germany - confronted with dangers from a revanchist France and an aggressive Russia, and as the "country in the middle" - could not afford the luxury of democracy. He regards Imperial Germany as more democratic and less "Bonapartist" than historians such as Hans-Ulrich Wehler have claimed, and that these democratic tendencies came to the fore during the Revolution of 1918–1919. In Stürmer's view, it was too much democracy rather than too little that led to the end of the Kaiserreich as the "restless Reich" collapsed because of its internal contradictions under the pressures of World War I.

In the mid-1980s Stürmer sat on a committee - together with Thomas Nipperdey and Klaus Hildebrand - in charge of vetting the publications issued by the Research Office of the West German Ministry of Defense. The committee attracted some controversy when it refused to publish a hostile biography of Gustav Noske.

During the late 1980s, Stürmer played a prominent role in the Historikerstreit. Left-wing historians criticized him for an essay he wrote entitled "Land Without History" published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on April 25, 1986, in which he had claimed that Germans lacked a history to be proud of, and called for a positive evaluation of German history as a way of building national pride. He argued that Germans were suffering from a "loss of orientation" caused by the lack of a positive view of their history. In his view, the fall of the Weimar Republic was caused by "loss of orientation" due to the secularization of a previously religious country.

Stürmer argued that West Germany had an important role in the world to play, could not play that role because the lack of a past to be proud of was "seriously damaging the political culture of the country" and wrote that it was "morally legitimate and politically necessary" for Germans to have a positive view of their history. In his view, what was needed was a campaign by the government, the media and historians to create a "positive view" of German history.

In Stürmer's opinion, the Third Reich was a major block towards a positive view of the German past, and what was needed was a focus on the broad sweep of German history as opposed to the 12 years of Nazi Germany as a way of creating a national identity that all Germans could take pride in. He wrote that the "loss of orientation" caused by the absence of a German national identity led to a "search for identity". In his opinion this search was crucial because West Germany was "now once more a focal point in the global civil war waged against democracy by the Soviet Union". Because of the "loss of orientation", he argued that West Germans were not standing up well to the "campaign of fear and hate carried into the Federal Republic from the East and welcomed within like a drug". He claimed that Konrad Adenauer's policy in the 1950s of not prosecuting those responsible for crimes against humanity and war crimes during the Third Reich was a wise one and that it was a huge mistake to begin prosecutions in the 1970s as it destroyed any prospect of positive feelings about the German past.

Writing in 1986, Stürmer complained that recent opinion polls showed 80% of Americans were proud of being American, that 50% of the British were proud of being British, and 20% of West Germans were proud of being German, and argued until national pride could be restored, West Germany could not play an effective part in the Cold War.

At the 1986 Römerberg Colloquia (a gathering of intellectuals held annually in Frankfurt), Stürmer argued that Germans had a destructive "obsession with their guilt", which he complained led to a lack of a positive sense of German national identity. Likewise, he argued that the legacy of 1960s radicalism was an over-emphasis on the Nazi period in German history. He called for Sinnstiftung, to give German history a meaning that would allow for a positive national identity.

At the colloquia, Stürmer stated: "We cannot live by making our past...into a permanent source of endless guilt feelings". At the same gathering, he spoke of "the deadly idiocies of the victors of 1918", which led to a loss of a German national identity, and to the collapse of the Weimar Republic as Germans, confronted with the crises of modernity without a positive national identity, opted for the Nazi solution. At the same time he complained that the Allies had made the same mistake after 1945 as they had in 1918, laying a burden of guilt on Germans that prevented them from having positive feelings about their past. He complained that, "as Stalin's men sat in judgment in Nuremberg" proved, that what he regards as the self-destructive German obsession with Nazi guilt was the work of outsiders serving their own aims.

During the same session, Stürmer attacked those historians who argued that Germany started World War I in 1914, and instead blamed France and Russia for the First World War. Moreover, he argued that whatever Germany did to start the First World War was only a defensive reaction imposed by geography.

The sessions of the 1986 Römerberg Colloquia involving Stürmer were stormy When it became time to print the proceedings of the Colloquia, he refused to allow his contributions to be published, complaining of the "defamations and denunciations" he alleged to have been subjected to. When his contribution, the essay "Weder verdrängen noch bewältigen: Geschichte und Gegenwartsbewusstein der Deutschen" was published in the Swiss journal Schweizer Monatshefte, he edited it heavily to remove many of his more controversial statements about the need for Germans to forget about Nazi crimes in order to feel good about their past. Despite his editing of his essay, he refused to allow it to be published in an anthology about the Historikerstreit out of the concern it might damage his reputation as a historian. Stürmer's critic, the British historian Richard J. Evans stated that the remarks he quoted Stürmer as making at the 1986 Römerberg Colloquia came from a tape-recorded record at the Colloquia, and not from the edited version provided by Stürmer

Jürgen Habermas began his article “A Kind of Settlement of Damages” in the Die Zeit newspaper on July 11, 1986 with an attack on Stürmer. He took Stürmer to task for his statement that history served the purpose of integrating the individual into the wider community, and as such history had the need to provide a “higher meaning” to create the proper national consciousness in the individual, who otherwise would lack this national consciousness. Habermas accused Stürmer on marching to a “geopolitical drumbeat” with his depiction of German history determined by geographical factors requiring authoritarian government. He wrote Stürmer was trying to create a "vicarious religion" in German history intended to serve as a "...kind of NATO philosophy colored with German nationalism".

In response to Habermas’s essay, Stürmer in a letter to the editor of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung published on August 16, 1986 wrote that Habermas was confusing the “national question” with the “German question”, and argued that the German predicament was due to Germany’s geographical situation in the heart of Europe. He denied seeking to “endow” history with a “higher meaning”, accusing Habermas of seeking to do that. Stürmer charged that Habermas had created an “indictment that even fabricates its own sources”, and ended his letter with the remark about Habermas "It's a shame about this man who once had something to say".

Replying to Stürmer, Habermas in his "Note" of February 23, 1987 accused Stürmer of having the "chutzpah" to deny his own views when he wrote that he was not seeking to "endow" history with a "higher meaning", and quoted from Stürmer's book Dissonanzen des Fortschritts to support his contention. In response to Habermas, Stürmer in his "Postscript" of April 25, 1987 accused Habermas of being a Marxist who was responsible for "the invention of fact-free scholarship". Stürmer claimed that Habermas had played an "obscene role" in the West German election of 1987 by labeling anyone he disliked as a Nazi, and that the reasons for Habermas's attack on him were to help the SPD in the election. Stürmer charged that Habermas was guilty of misquotation, and of making confusing statements such as his claim that he was working to create a "NATO philosophy" while seeking to bring Germany closer to the West.

Many of Stürmer's critics in the Historikerstreit such as Hans-Ulrich Wehler and Jürgen Kocka, accused Stürmer of attempting to white-wash the Nazi past, a charge Stürmer vehemently rejected. In response to Stürmer's geographical theories about how Germany's "land in the middle" status had forced authoritarianism on the Germans, Kocka argued in an essay entitled "Hitler Should Not Be Repressed by Stalin and Pol Pot" published in the Frankfurter Rundschau on September 23, 1986 that “Geography is not destiny” Kocka wrote that both Switzerland and Poland were also "lands in the middle", and yet neither country went in the same authoritarian direction as Germany. Martin Broszat accused Stürmer of attempting to create an "ersatz religion" in German history that Broszat argued was more appropriate for the pre-modern era then 1986. Hans Mommsen wrote Stürmer's attempts to create a national consensus on a version of German history that all Germans could take pride in was a reflection that the German rightists could not stomach modern German history, and were now looking to create a version of the German past that German rightists could enjoy. Mommsen charged that to find the "lost history", Stürmer was working towards "relativizing" Nazi crimes to give Germans a history they could be proud of.

However, Mommsen argued that even modern right-wing German historians might have difficulty with Stürmer's "technocratic instrumentalization" of German history, which Mommsen claimed was Stürmer's way of "relativizing" Nazi crimes. In another essay, Mommsen argued that Stürmer's assertion that he who controls the past also controls the future, his work as a co-editor with the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung newspaper which had been publishing articles by Ernst Nolte and Joachim Fest denying the “singularity” of the Holocaust, and his work as an advisor to Chancellor Kohl should cause "concern" with historians.

Stürmer was attacked by Habermas and Wehler for writing the following:

Habermas accused Stürmer of believing that "a pluralism of values and interests leads, when there is no longer any common ground...sooner or later to social civil war". Hans-Ulrich Wehler called Stürmer's work "a strident declaration of war against a key element of the consensus upon which the socio-political life of this second republic has rested heretofore". Stürmer's defenders such as the American historian Jerry Muller argued that Wehler and Habermas were guilty of misquoting Stürmer, and of unjustly linking him with Ernst Nolte as a sort of guilt by association argument.

In response to his critics, Stürmer in an essay entitled "How Much History Weights" published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on November 26, 1986 wrote that France was a major power in the world because the French had a history to be proud of, and claimed that West Germany could only play the same role in the world if only they had the same national consensus about pride in their history as did the French. As the example of the sort of history that he wanted to see written in Germany, Stürmer used Fernand Braudel's The Identity of France volumes. Stürmer wrote that Braudel and the other historians of the Annales School had made geography the centre of their studies of French and European history while at the same time promoting a sense of French identity that gave the French a history to be proud of. Stürmer went on to argue that the German people had not had a really positive view of their past since the end of the First Reich, and this lack of a German identity to be proud of was responsible for all of the disasters of German history since then. Stürmer asserted "All of our interpretations of Germany had collapsed". As a result, he claimed that at present, the German people were living in historical "rubble", and that the Federal Republic was doomed unless the Germans once again had a sense of history that provided the necessary sense of national identity and pride

The classicist Christian Meier, who was president of the German Historical Association in 1986 wrote that Stürmer was seeking to make history serve his conservative politics by arguing that Germans needed a history capable of creating a national identity that would allow Germans to face the challenge of the Cold War with pride and confidence in their future. Meier argued that Habermas was correct in expressing his concerns about Stürmer’s work, but asserted that Habermas had wrongly accused the Atlanticist Stürmer of seeking to revive the original concept of the Sonderweg, that of Germany as a great Central European power that was neither of the West nor of the East. That aside, Meier felt that Stürmer’s claim that the future belonged to those who controlled the past, and that it was the duty of German historians to ensure the right sort of future by writing the right sort of history was troubling. Imanuel Geiss wrote that Stürmer was acting within his rights in expressing his right-wing views, and arguing against Habermas claimed there was nothing wrong in claiming that geography was a factor in German history

The British historian Richard J. Evans who was one of Stürmer's fiercer critics accused Stürmer in his 1989 book In Hitler's Shadow of being an apparent believer that:

Along the same lines, Evans criticized Stürmer for his emphasis on the modernity and totalitarianism of National Socialism, the role of Hitler, and the discontinuities between the Imperial, Weimar and Nazi periods. In Evans's view, the exact opposite was the case with National Socialism as a badly disorganized, anti-modern movement with deep roots in the German past, and the role of Hitler much smaller than the one Stürmer credited him with. Evans accused Stürmer of having no real interest in the collapse of Weimar, and only using the Nazi Machtergreifung as a way of making contemporary political points. Evans denounced Stürmer for writing a laudatory biography of Otto von Bismarck, which he felt marked a regression to the Great man theory of history and an excessive focus on political history. In Evans's opinion, a social historical approach with the emphasis on society was a better way of understanding the German past. In his 1989 book about the Historikerstreit, In Hitler's Shadow, Evans stated that he believed that the exchanges during the Historikerstreit had destroyed Stürmer's reputation as a serious historian.

Much of Stürmer's work since the Historikerstreit has been concerned with creating the sense of national identity he feels Germans are missing. In his 1992 book, Die Grenzen der Macht, Stürmer suggested that German history be viewed in the long-term starting from the 17th century to the 20th century to find the "national and trans-national traditions and patterns worth cherishing". Stürmer argued that traditions were tolerance for religious minorities, civic values, federalism and striking the fine balance between the peripheries and the center. In a July 1992 interview, Stürmer called his historical work a "bid to prevent Hitler remaining the final, unavoidable object of German history, or indeed its one and only starting point".

In 2004 Stürmer became a founding member of the Valdai Discussion Club. Stürmer's latest book, a biography of the Russian Prime Minister and former President Vladimir Putin, appeared in 2008. A British reviewer praised Stürmer for his refusal to hold Putin's KGB background against him and for his willingness to accept Putin for who he was.
Much of Stürmer's biography was based upon his interviews with Putin during the annual meetings of the Valdai group.

Work
Putin And The Rise Of Russia The Country That Came In From The Cold, London: Orion 2008
"Balance from Beyond the Sea" pages 145-153 from The Washington Quarterly, Volume 24, Number 3, Summer 2001
The German Empire, 1870-1918, New York : Random House, 2000 .
(Editor) The German Century London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999 .
Co-edited with Robert D. Blackwill Allies Divided : Transatlantic Policies for the Greater Middle East, Cambridge, Mass. ; London : MIT Press, 1997 .
Contributor to For the Friends of Nature and Art : the Garden Kingdom of Prince Franz von Anhalt-Dessau in Age of Enlightenment, Ostfildern-Ruit : G. Hatje ; New York : Distribution in the US DAP, Distributed Art Publishers, 1997 .
"History In a Land Without History" pages 16–17; “Letter to the Editor of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 16, 1986” pages 61–62; "How Much History Weighs" pages 196–197; and  "Postscript, April 25, 1987" pages 266-267 from Forever In The Shadow of Hitler? edited by Ernst Piper, Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1993.
Dissonanzen des Fortschritts, Piper Verleg, Munich, 1986.
Die Reichsgründung : deutscher Nationalstaat und europäisches Gleichgewicht im Zeitalter Bismarcks, München : Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1984 .
Review of Meisterwerke Fränkischer Möbelkunst: Carl Maximilian Mattern by Hans-Peter Trenschel & Wolf Christian von der Mülbe pages 565-567 from Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 47 Bd., H. 4, 1984.
Review of Les Meubles Français du XVIIIe siècle by Pierre Verlet pages 573-576 from Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 47 Bd., H. 4, 1984.
Review of Gebrauchssilber des 16. bis 19. Jahrhunderts by Alain Gruber pages 289-291 from Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 47 Bd., H. 2 1984.
Review of Artists and Artisans in Delft. A Socio-Economic Study of the Seventeenth Century by John Michael Montias pages 614-615 from The Business History Review, Volume 57, No. 4, Winter, 1983.
Das ruhelose Reich : Deutschland 1866-1918, Berlin : Severin und Siedler, 1983 .
Die Weimarer Republik : belagerte Civitas, Königstein/Ts. : Verlagsgruppe Athenäum, Hain, Scriptor, Hanstein, 1980 .
“An Economy of Delight: Court Artisans of the Eighteenth Century” pages 496-528 from The Business History Review, Volume 53, No. 4 Winter 1979.
“'Bois des Indes' and the Economics of Luxury Furniture in the Time of David Roentgen” pages 799-807 from The Burlington Magazine, Volume 120, No. 909, December 1978.
Review of Industrialisierung und Aussenpolitik: Preussen-Deutschland und das Zarenreich von 1860 bis 1890 by Horst Müller-Link pages 775-776 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 50, No. 4, December 1978.
“Caesar's Laurel Crown--the Case for a Comparative Concept” pages 203-207 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 49, No. 2 June 1977.
Regierung und Reichstag im Bismarckstaat 1871-1880 : Cäsarismus oder Parlamentarismus, Düsseldorf : Droste, 1974
Bismarck und die preussisch-deutsche Politik, 1871-1890, München : Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1970.
(Editor) Das kaiserliche Deutschland; Politik und Gesellschaft, 1870-1918, Düsseldorf, Droste 1970.

Notes

References
Barnouw, Dagmar. Review of Die Weimarer Republik pages 119–133 from The German Quarterly, Volume 57, No. 1, Winter, 1984.
Berger, Stefan “Historians and Nation-Building in Germany after Reunification” pages 187-222 from Past and Present, No. 148, August 1995.
Brockmann, Stephen “The Politics of German History” pages 179–189 from History and Theory, Volume 29, No. 2, May, 1990.
Burleigh, Michael & Wippermann, Wolfgang The Racial State : Germany, 1933-1945, Cambridge [England] ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1991
Cecil, Lamar Review of Regierung und Reichstag im Bismarckstaat 1871-1880 pages 405-407 from The American Historical Review, Volume 81, No. 2, April 1976.
Dorpalen, Andreas Review of Das kaiserliche Deutschland: Politik und Gesellschaft 1871-1918 pages 538-539 from The American Historical Review, Volume 77,  No. 2 April 1972.
Evans, Richard In Hitler's Shadow : West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past, New York : Pantheon Books, 1989, .
Evans, Richard "The New Nationalism and the Old History: Perspectives on the West German Historikerstreit" pages 761-797 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 59, No. 4, December, 1987.
Fletcher, Roger Review of Bismarck: Die Grenzen der Politik pages 148–149 from German Studies Review, Volume 11, No. 1 February 1988.
François, Etienne Review of Wägen und Wagen Sal. Oppenheim jr. & Cie. Geschichte einer Bank und einer Familie pages 115–116 from Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire, No. 29 January - March 1991.
Geary, Dick Review of Das Kaiserliche Deutschland. Politik und Gesellschaft 1870-1918 pages 450-452 from The Historical Journal, Volume 14, No. 2 June 1971.
Gilbert, Felix Review of Das ruhelose Reich: Deutschland 1866-1918 pages 161–163 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 57, No. 1, March 1985.
Heilbrunn, Jacob "Germany's New Right" pages 80–98 from Foreign Affairs, Volume 75, Issue #6, November–December 1996.
Heuser, Beatrice “Museums, Identity and Warring Historians-Observations on History in Germany” pages 417-440 from The Historical Journal, Volume 33, No. 2 June 1990.
Hirsch, Felix Review of Koalition Und Opposition in Der Weimarer Republik, 1924-1928 pages 646-647 from The American Historical Review, Volume 74, No. 2, December, 1968
Hirschfeld, Gerhard "Erasing the Past?" pages 8–10 from History Today Volume 37, Issue 8, August 1987.
Jarausch, Konrad Review of The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity by Charles S. Maier pages 859-860 from The American Historical Review, Volume 95, No. 3, June 1990.
Joll, James Review of Regierung und Reichstag im Bismarckstaat 1871-1880 pages 460-461 from The English Historical Review, Volume 93, No. 367 April 1978.
Kershaw, Ian The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of interpretation, London : Arnold 2000.
Lorenz, Chris “Beyond Good and Evil? The German Empire of 1871 and Modern German Historiography” pages 729-765 from Journal of Contemporary History, Volume 30, No. 4 October 1995.
Lyth, Peter Review of The Unmasterable past: History, Holocaust and German National Identity by Charles S. Maier pages 357-358 from German Studies Review, Volume 13, No. 2, May, 1990.
Maier, Charles The Unmasterable Past : History, Holocaust, And German National Identity, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1988, .
Minkenberg, Michael “Civil Religion and German Unification” pages 63–81 from German Studies Review, Volume 20, No. 1, February, 1997
Muller, Jerry "German Historians At War" pages 33–42 from Commentary Volume 87, Issue #5, May 1989.
Piper, Ernst (editor) Forever in the Shadow of Hitler? : Original Documents of the Historikerstreit, the Controversy Concerning the Singularity of the Holocaust, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1993 .
Broszat, Martin "Where the Roads Part" pages 125–129.
Habermas, Jürgen “A Kind of Settlement of Damages” pages 34–45.
Kocka, Jürgen "Hitler Should Not Be Repressed by Stalin and Pol Pot" pages 85–92.
Meier, Christian “Not a Concluding Remark” pages 177–183.
Roy, Sara Review of Allies Divided: Transatlantic Policies for the Greater Middle East pages 744-745 from The American Political Science Review, Volume 92, No. 3, September 1998
Sheenan, James Review of Regierung und Reichstag im Bismarckstaat, 1871-1880: Casarismus oder Parlamentarismus pages 564-567 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 48, No. 3 September 1976.

External links
 GERMANY: THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE GREATER MIDDLE EAST
 Profile of Michael Stürmer
 Behind the scenes of the Russian revival Review of Putin and the Rise of Russia by Michael Stürmer
 'Putin in Shades of Gray', review of Putin and the Rise of Russia in the Oxonian Review

Category:1938 births
Category:Living people
Category:German historians
Category:People from Kassel
Category:Harvard University staff
Category:University of Paris faculty
Category:University of Marburg alumni
Category:Free University of Berlin alumni
Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics
Category:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg faculty
Category:People from Hesse-Nassau
Category:German male non-fiction writers


High Sheriff of Staffordshire

This is a list of the sheriffs and high sheriffs of Staffordshire.

The sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown. The sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct so that its functions are now largely ceremonial. From 1204 to 1344 the High Sheriff of Staffordshire also served as Sheriff of Shropshire.

Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the office previously known as sheriff was retitled high sheriff. The high sheriff changes every March.

Sheriffs

11th century
 1086: Robert de Stafford
 1094: Nicholas de Stafford

12th century

13th century

14th century

15th century

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

High sheriffs

20th century

21st century

References

 London Gazette

  History of Staffordshire from British History Online

volume 2 (1835)
volume 3 (1835)
volume 4 (1835)

Staffordshire
Category:Local government in Staffordshire
Category:History of Staffordshire
Category:Staffordshire-related lists


Candle Records

Candle Records was an independent record label that operated from 1994 to 2007.  Candle Records was originally based in Melbourne, Australia and founded in September 1994 by Chris Crouch.

The label concentrated only on local bands with an "emphasis on strong lyrics and a wistful, often humorous Australian feel" and was run more like a co-op than a corporation. Bands on the label would help each other, promoting the label and CD releases, as well as doing shows together. The first release by the label was The Simpletons's EP, The Nod, in October 1994. This was followed later that year by The Lucksmiths' Boondoggle and Cuddlefish's Grap’s Fruity Elixir.

Candle went on to have over 100 releases. They took over independent record shop, PolyEster Records, on Melbourne's Brunswick Street and opened a Sydney office ran by Danielle Atkinson. Crouch decided to close the label down on 31 March 2007, citing "time for a change". The last release by the label was Darren Hanlon's single, "Elbows", in February 2007.

Just before closing down the record label, Candle put on a big farewell show that toured the east coast of Australia. Starting in Brisbane, and then moving to Sydney and finally Melbourne, the all-star show consisted of sets by regular Candle family members The Lucksmiths, Darren Hanlon, Anthony Atkinson and the Running Mates, The Girls From The Clouds, Mid-State Orange and The Small Knives. The Sydney gig, and the first of the two Melbourne shows, notably ended with an all-star cast performing an encore of Michael Jackson's "We Are The World".

Artists
 The Guild League
 Darren Hanlon
 The Lucksmiths
 Jodi Phillis
 Ruck Rover
 Anthony Atkinson
 Rob Clarkson
 Cuddlefish
 The Dearhunters
 Richard Easton
 The Girls From The Clouds
 Golden Rough
 The Mabels
 Mid-State Orange
 Tim Oxley
 The Simpletons
 The Small Knives
 Stella One Eleven
 Weave
 Jason Penna - 2019

Note
An unrelated record company with this name existed in Hobart in the 1970s and 1980s, with Nick Armstrong as the owner/manager. Ian Paulin was one of the artists to be associated.

See also
 List of record labels

External links
 Official site - Defunct
 Official site - Archived

References

Category:Australian independent record labels
Category:Record labels established in 1994
Category:Alternative rock record labels


Jinkaku-ji

is a Shingon temple in Bungo-ōno, Ōita Prefecture, Japan. Located within the Jinkakuji Serikawa Prefectural Natural Park, the temple is said to have been established in 570, during the reign of Emperor Kinmei. The Hondō (1369) and Kamakura-period Kongōrikishi have been designated Important Cultural Properties. The roof of the main hall was repaired in 1963.

See also
 Fuki-ji

References

Category:Buddhist temples in Oita Prefecture
Category:Kōyasan Shingon temples


List of American Championship Car winners

The following is a list compiling the total number of career victories in open wheel American Championship car racing. The list recognizes "Indy car" or "Champ car" victories under the following auspices:

American Automobile Association Contest Board (1905, 1916, and 1920–1955)
United States Automobile Club (1956–1997)
Championship Auto Racing Teams (1979–2007)
Indy Racing League/IndyCar Series (1996–present)

Sanctioning bodies

The AAA Contest Board began sanctioning races as early as 1904. In the early years of the sport, only two seasons (1905 and 1916) an official national championship was recognized and awarded. Individual events from 1904, 1906–1915, and 1917–1919 are specifically excluded from the table below, due to the fact that they were not part of an official "championship" season.

The national championship was re-instated by AAA for 1920 and beyond. Retroactively awarded titles for the other years were later researched, although most historians consider them to be revisionist, and do not deem them as suitable for official record. All racing was suspended from 1942 to 1945, due to WWII. The 1946 season is a source of a statistical anomaly. The AAA Contest Board included a substantial number of "Big Car" races in the national championship for 1946, swelling the season to 77 events (6 Champ Car races and 71 Big Car races). Some later texts chose to dismiss the 71 Big Car races from record, but reliable records and historians contend that the season should be regarded as the full 77-race schedule.

Note that victories in the Indianapolis 500 from 1979 to 1995 are listed under the heading of USAC. While CART sanctioned the primary year-long season of races, the Indianapolis 500 itself remained under the sanctioning of USAC.

For 1996–1997, victories in the Indianapolis 500 and Indy Racing League are listed solely under the heading of IndyCar. For the first nine races of its existence (five in 1996 and four in 1997), the Indy Racing League fell under the sanctioning umbrella of USAC. After two controversial races in early 1997, sanctioning abruptly switched to in-house oversight by the IRL. In 2010, the series retired the term "IRL" in favor of "IndyCar."

Non-points races such as the Race of Two Worlds, Marlboro Challenge, and the 2008 Nikon Indy 300 are not reflected in the totals below.

National Championships chart
Through 2019

Notes
The retroactively-awarded (unofficial) champions published by Haresnape & Means, and later Russ Catlin, are not reflected in the totals.
Winners of the largely ceremonial USAC Gold Crown Championship (awarded from 1981 to 1995) are not included. During that period, the CART series conducted the national championship. Except for a dwindling "rump" period from 1980 to 1982, the Gold Crown title consisted of only the Indianapolis 500. Therefore, the Indy 500 winner was the de facto Gold Crown champion.
Due to sanctioning body splits in the sport of American Open Wheel racing from 1979 to 2007, several years saw two separate champions awarded for separately sanctioned championship circuits. It is reflected in the table for 1979, and 1996–2007.
Buzz Calkins and Scott Sharp tied for the three-race 1996 Indy Racing League championship. No rule existed to provide for a tiebreaker, and the two were declared co-champions.

Race wins chart
Results current through the 2019 IndyCar Series season.
 Indicates active driver.

Winners of non-championship events
A substantial number of non-championship races were sanctioned by the AAA Contest Board, namely from the periods from 1902–1904, 1906–1915, and 1917–1920. That includes the Indianapolis 500 in 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, and 1919. Various other non-championship races have been conducted over the years by AAA, USAC, CART, and IRL from 1920–2008. The winners from those races are specifically not included in the main table above. Below is an abridged list of race winners from non-championship AAA races.

Ralph DePalma (19)
Bob Burman (6)
Hughie Hughes (4)
Ray Harroun (4)
Louis Disbrow (4)
Gil Andersen (3)
Bert Dingley (3)
Eddie O'Donnell (3)
Charlie Merz (3)
Cliff Durant (3)
Teddy Tetzlaff (3)
Bill Endicott (3)
Tom Alley (2)
Joe Dawson (2)
Harry Grant (2)
George Robertson (2)
Tom Kincaid (2)
Harvey Herrick (2)
Frank Lescault (1)

Eaton McMillan (1)
Howard Covey (1)
Frank Gelnaw (1)
Charles Bigelow (1)
George Joerimann (1)
Dave Buck (1)
William Sharp (1)
Charlie Arnold (1)
Joe Matson (1)
Bruce Keen (1)
Armour Ferguson (1)
Jules Goux (1)
William Taylor (1)
David L. Bruce-Brown (1)
George Hill (1)
Willie Knipper (1)
Jack Fleming (1)
Arthur See (1)
Len Zengel (1)

Louis Nikrent (1)
Ira Vail (1)
William Carlson (1)
Spencer Wishart (1)
Al Livingstone (1)
Joe Nikrent (1)
Don Herr (1)
Erwin Bergdoll (1)
Herbert Lytle (1)
Glover Ruckstell (1)
Johnny Jenkins (1)
Harris Hanshue (1)
Leigh Lynch (1)
Pete Henderson (1)
Mortimer Roberts (1)
Lewis Strang (1)
René Thomas (1)

Notes
The USAC Race of Two Worlds was considered a non-championship event. Likewise, the 1966 event at Fuji was a non-championship event. In some seasons, the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb was a championship event, and in some seasons it was not.
CART conducted the Marlboro Challenge all-star race from 1987–1992. This was considered a non-championship event.
Two INDYCAR races were abandoned as they were stopped before the legal definition of an official race by the sanctioning body, half distance plus one lap, unlike the FIA Code, which requires three green flag laps to be conducted for an official race.  The 1999 IRL VisionAire 500K at Charlotte Motor Speedway was cancelled after 79 laps, and struck from record, with no winner officially declared following a Lap 62 crash where a tire went into the grandstand, killing three spectators. Buddy Lazier was leading at the time of the Lap 61 caution, while Greg Ray was leading at the formal race abandonment after Lap 79.  The 2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship at Las Vegas Motor Speedway was halted and formally abandoned after 11 laps as a result of a multiple-car crash that involved the death of Dan Wheldon, with Tony Kanaan leading. Therefore, the total number of IRL/IndyCar races reflected in the chart is two fewer than the number of actual events. Both races are recognised as "cancelled events" with the box scores listed based on standings at the time of abandonment on Racing Reference.
In the aftermath of the open wheel unification in early 2008, due to a scheduling conflict, the 2008 Long Beach Grand Prix was contested with former Champ Car teams and chassis. It was uniquely regarded as the "final" Champ Car race. However, it was officially contested under IndyCar sanction, awarded points towards the IndyCar championship, and race winner Will Power is credited with an IndyCar victory to his credit from the event. Furthermore, the Nikon Indy 300 was included on the 2008 schedule as a non-points exhibition race. Therefore, race winner Ryan Briscoe was not credited with an official victory for that event.
In 1952, another open wheel series was formed alongside the AAA, the NASCAR Speedway Division. Only one full season, along with a second partial season, was held, and the division folded after only ten points races. Of the ten race winners, none of the drivers (seven total) managed to win any races under AAA or USAC sanctioning.

Race wins at different tracks
This is an overview of which drivers have achieved a win on which race track. Only the number of different racetracks is displayed. Several victories on a particular track are not highlighted. The number of wins per driver is therefore smaller than the total number of his career victories.

Paved Ovals

Permanent Road Courses

Temporary Street Courses

Notes

Race wins by nationality
All figures current through the 2019 IndyCar Series season.

Race wins by teams
Total all-time victories for Indy car teams (selected teams & active teams). All figures current through the 2019 IndyCar Series season.

Team Penske: 212
Chip Ganassi Racing: 108
Newman/Haas Racing: 107
Andretti Autosport: 64
Vel's Parnelli Jones Racing: 53
All American Racers: 51
Patrick Racing: 42
A. J. Foyt Enterprises: 38
Forsythe/Pettit Racing: 37
Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing: 28
Team Green: 23
Galles Racing: 21
Truesports: 18
Panther Racing: 15
Team Menard: 10
Hemelgarn Racing: 8
Shierson Racing: 7
KV Racing Technology: 7
Arrow McLaren SP: 7
Dale Coyne Racing: 6
Ed Carpenter Racing: 5
CFH Racing: 2
Harding Steinbrenner Racing: 2
Dreyer & Reinbold Racing: 1
Bryan Herta Autosport: 1
Sarah Fisher Hartman Racing: 1

External links
IndyCar.com – Official site
ChampCarStats.com

See also

List of Indianapolis 500 winners
List of all-time NASCAR Cup Series winners
List of Formula One Grand Prix winners

Winners
American Championship Car winners
American


Jack Caffery (runner)

John ("Jack") Peter Caffery (May 21, 1879 – February 2, 1919) was a Canadian track and field athlete who competed in the marathon at the 1908 Summer Olympics where he finished in 11th place. Caffrey was also a two-time champion of the Boston Marathon. He won with a time of 2:39:44.4 in 1900 and with a time of 2:29:23.6 in 1901, both of which were course records for the then 25-mile course.

Caffrey was the son of Irish immigrants. He was a teamster by trade and represented St. Patrick's Athletic Association/St. Patrick's Athletic Club. He was born in Hamilton, Ontario and died there from complications after falling ill with Spanish flu.

See also
List of winners of the Boston Marathon

References

External links
list of Canadian athletes

Category:1879 births
Category:1919 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ontario
Category:Canadian people of Irish descent
Category:Canadian male marathon runners
Category:Olympic track and field athletes of Canada
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Category:Deaths from Spanish flu
Category:Boston Marathon male winners


Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979

The Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (; also Statute of Sau, Estatut de Sau, after the location where the statute was first made) is a constitutional law defining the region of Catalonia as an autonomous community within the Kingdom of Spain. It was promulgated on 18 September 1979. It is one of seventeen such statutes granted, in various forms and capabilities, to the different autonomous communities of Spain since the Spanish transition to democracy of the 1970s. On 18 June 2006 a referendum altering the statute to expand the authority of the Catalan government was approved; it became effective on 9 August 2006.

Catalonia first obtained a Statute of Autonomy in 1932, during the Second Spanish Republic. This law was abolished by General Francisco Franco after the Spanish Civil War, largely because Catalonia had been a region opposed to the Nationalist forces, and during his rule Catalan culture, language, and self-rule were harshly suppressed.

Self-government under the statute
The Generalitat de Catalunya is the institution in which the self-government of Catalonia is politically organised. It consists of the Parliament, the President of the Generalitat and the Executive Council or Government of Catalonia.

The region has gradually achieved a greater degree of autonomy since 1979. The Generalitat holds exclusive jurisdiction in various matters of culture, environment, communications, transportation, commerce, public safety and local governments, but in education, health and justice, the region shares jurisdiction with the Spanish government. Catalonia has its own police force, the Mossos d'Esquadra (literally 'squad lads'), which is currently in the process of taking over most of the role within Catalonia of the Guardia Civil and Policía Nacional, which are under the authority of the Spanish national government, although the Spanish government will keep agents in the region for matters relating to terrorism and immigration. Most of the justice system is administered by national judicial institutions. The legal system is uniform throughout the Spanish State, with the exception of so-called "civil law", which is administered separately within Catalonia.

As an autonomous community of Spain, Catalonia has no official status or recognition at an international level.

See also
 Catalonia
 Generalitat de Catalunya
 Autonomous communities of Spain
 Spanish transition to democracy
 Statute of Autonomy

References

External links
Full text of the 1979 Statute
Full article in the Hiperenciclopedia
Amended text

Category:1979 in Catalonia
Category:1979 in law
1979

de:Autonomiestatut von Katalonien
es:Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña


Oliver Atkins Farwell

Oliver Atkins Farwell (13 December 1867, Dorchester, Boston, Massachusetts – 18 September 1944, Lake Linden, Michigan) was a herbarium curator, botanist, and drug inspector.

As a boy he moved with his family to Michigan, where he was educated at public schools and the Michigan State Normal School. He taught in 1889 and 1890 at Michigan state secondary schools and from 1890 to 1892 at Michigan State Normal School. In 1892 Farwell became a herbarium curator and drug inspector for Parke, Davis and Company and retired there in 1933. Rogers McVaugh, Stanley A. Cain, and Dale J. Hagenah (1908–1971) wrote a 101-page account of Farwell's life and work.

Selected publications

 1928

References

Category:19th-century American botanists
Category:20th-century American botanists
Category:Eastern Michigan University alumni
Category:Plant collectors
Category:1867 births
Category:1944 deaths


Tony Hale

Anthony Hale (born September 30, 1970) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his role in the Fox comedy series Arrested Development as the neurotic Buster Bluth. He also voiced Forky in the 2019 animated comedy Toy Story 4.  Hale played Gary Walsh on the HBO comedy Veep from 2012 until its conclusion in 2019, for which he won the 2013 and 2015 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. Hale also voices Archibald in the DreamWorks show, Archibald's Next Big Thing.

Early life

Hale was born in West Point, New York. His mother, Rita (née Garnett), worked as a staff assistant to State Representative Kathy Ashe, and his father, Mike Hale, taught nuclear and atomic physics and served in the military. Hale grew up in Tallahassee, Florida, where he attended the Young Actors Theatre and participated in numerous theatrical and musical productions. He graduated from Leon High School in 1988. He graduated from Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama, where he became a member of Sigma Chi fraternity, with a journalism degree in 1992. He completed graduate studies in 1995 from the School of Communication and the Arts of Regent University in Virginia. After graduating, he lived in New York City for nearly ten years. While in New York, Hale helped found The Haven, an artistically minded community of Christians that meets weekly. He also studied acting at The Barrow Group, as well as the William Esper Studio in the Professional Actor Training Program.

Career
Hale first obtained his Screen Actors Guild card when he appeared in a commercial for MCI Inc., though it never aired. He made minor guest appearances in TV shows such as Dawson's Creek, The Sopranos, and Sex and the City. He is often recognized for his role in the famous Volkswagen television commercial aired in 1999, in which he danced to the song "Mr. Roboto", which was later spoofed on the Fox sitcom Arrested Development. From 2003 to 2006, and returning to the role in 2013, Hale found success in television when he was cast as Buster Bluth, the hapless, neurotic son with "mother issues" on Arrested Development. Hale also appeared in a season ten episode of MADtv in a parody of COPS, where two British robbers try to stop a domestic dispute among the royal family.

In March 2006, Hale was cast in a co-starring role as the video store owner Simon in the NBC sitcom Andy Barker P.I., starring Andy Richter and co-created by Conan O'Brien. He appeared in minor roles in Stranger Than Fiction and Because I Said So. He was the voice of Furlough in The Tale of Despereaux, an animated children's film released in 2008. Hale had a recurring role as Emmett on Chuck, beginning in October 2008 and ending in January 2010. His departure made room for his starring role on the NBC web series Ctrl, which premiered on July 13, 2009. He appeared in a cameo in the second episode of the first season of Showtime's dramedy United States of Tara, as English teacher Oral Gershenoff. He joined the cast of Numbers in 2009, in the recurring role of Professor Russell Lazlo.

In 2012, Hale starred in the drama comedy Not That Funny. He also guest-starred on NBC's long-running show Law & Order: SVU as Rick Simms, a teacher who gets fired from his job after being accused of inappropriate behavior with a student.

In 2012, Hale was cast in the HBO comedy Veep as Gary Walsh, the personal assistant to Vice President-turned-President Selina Meyer (portrayed by Julia Louis-Dreyfus). On September 22, 2013, Hale won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his work in the show's second season. This was his first major award.  He earned his second nomination in 2014, but lost the award to Ty Burrell. However, Hale won his second Primetime Emmy Award with his third nomination in 2015, in the same ceremony where Veep won its first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series.

In 2017, Hale hosted the 9th Annual Shorty Awards at the PlayStation Theater in New York City. The next year, Hale began portraying Jerome Squalor on the second season of the Netflix comedy drama series A Series of Unfortunate Events.

Personal life
Hale married Emmy Award-winning makeup artist Martel Thompson on May 24, 2003.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Awards and nominations

Primetime Emmy Awards

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Critics' Choice Television Awards

References

External links

 Tony Hale at Rotten Tomatoes
 Tony Hale at TV.com

Interviews
 2006 Video Interview at About.com
 Interview with Tony Hale at burnsidewriters.com

Category:1970 births
Category:20th-century American male actors
Category:21st-century American male actors
Category:American male film actors
Category:American male television actors
Category:American male voice actors
Category:Living people
Category:Male actors from New York (state)
Category:Male actors from Tallahassee, Florida
Category:Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Category:People from West Point, New York
Category:Regent University alumni
Category:Samford University alumni


Seonangsin

Seonangshin (Hangul: 서낭신) is the patron deity of the village in Korean mythology. As the goddess of villages, boundaries, and war, the deity is one of the better-known Korean deities.

Worship

The goddess was believed to embody the Seonangdang, a stone tower, large stone, house, or holy tree where people prayed to Seonangshin. Travelers built Seonangdangs on trails, and other travelers added three stones to the Seonangdang. After adding three stones, the travelers prayed for safety on their journey. Other travelers left an object that he (or she) owned, or spat on the Seonangdang, before praying. She was regarded to defend against disease and misfortune and bring luck and plenty to the travelers or village.

Most Seonangshin are female; however, a few are a pair of female and male deities. In the Golmaegi Seonangdang, a Seonangdang in Gangwon Province, it is believed that two Seonangshin, a god and a goddess, reside as a family within one Seonangdang. The Seonangshins of the Golmaegi Seonangdang are also the gods of plenty.

In fishing villages, there is a deity called Baeseonang, the Seonangshin of boats. She is believed to defend the boats from sinking.

Certain records show the Malseonang, a characteristic male form of Seonangshin. The Malseonang is a war deity, with a large sword in one hand and reining a flying horse in the other. He is dressed in full armor from hear to toe, with a bow and quiver on his back and a helmet on his head. He was believed to kill Gwishin, or evil spirits, with his blade.

The Gut (ritual) dedicated to Seonangshin was done every three years; however, smaller rites were given to her annually. The Seonanggut was the second Gut in the Jeseok Bonpuli ritual (First: Bujeonggut, cleansing Gut, Second: Seonanggut, Gut of Seonang, Third: Josanggut, Ancestor Gut, Fourth: Seongjugut, Gut of Seongju, Fifth: Jishingut, Gut of Jishin, Sixth: Shijungut, Gut of Dangeum Agi, Seventh: Sanshingut, Gut of the Sanshin, Eighth: Yongwanggut, Gut of the Dragon King, Ninth: Chukwongut, Praying Gut, Tenth: Georipuli, Gut of the Gwishin)

In Mythology
According to the Seongjugut, the Seonangshin are the children of the evil Sojinhang. The patron of the house, the deity Seongjushin, made the children of Sojinhang turn into Seonangshin, who had to feed on saliva. This origin of Seonangshin shows that in Korean mythology, Seonangshin were considered to be one of the weaker deities, especially as the Seongjugut mentions that Seonangshin are 'lowly soldiers'.

References

Category:Korean mythology
Category:War goddesses
Category:Fertility gods


Trochilinae

Trochilinae is a subfamily of the hummingbird family (Trochilidae). Members of the subfamily Trochilinae are sometimes called typical hummingbirds. They typically display iridescent plumage in metallic reds, oranges, greens and/or blues. Strong sexual dimorphism in plumage and size is evident in many species.

Distribution
Hummingbirds in Trochilinae are found in America, from Alaska to the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego. There is great diversity in almost the entire Central American isthmus, Colombia, and Venezuela. The country with the greatest diversity of this species is Ecuador, which has 132 species equivalent to 40% of the world total, however the country with the highest number of these is Colombia with up to 165 species throughout its territory.

Reproduction

To court the interest of the female, the male performs a dance. After the females have been fertilized, they build a small nest lined internally with spider web, cotton, lichen or moss. The nest is often built in a low bush. The female lays two eggs in a period of two days and hatches within 14 to 19 days. Then, the hummingbirds feed their young for about three to four weeks at this time the female travels from the nest up to 140 times a day to feed her young.

Taxonomic list

See also
 Phaethornithinae (the other subfamily of Trochilidae)

External Links

Category:Pollinator birds
*
Category:Bird subfamilies


List of diplomatic visits to the Philippines

This is a list of diplomatic visits made to the Philippines for diplomatic reasons, which is classified by the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs as either a state visit, official visit, or working visit.

The scope of the list includes visits by:
heads of state and heads of government
The top leaders of international organizations whose membership compose of sovereign nations (e.g. United Nations, European Union)

Excluded are visits by (but not limited to):
Government ministers/secretaries, unless if the person makes the visit under the capacity stated above (e.g. Prime Ministers)
Government agency heads
Heads of sub-national jurisdictions (e.g. states, provinces, cities)
Members of royal families aside from the reigning monarch
Spouses of the head of states and governments

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei has the most visits, with 8, followed by President Sukarno of Indonesia, with 6. Representatives from Thailand have the most visits, with 25. Representatives from the United States have the most visits outside of Asian countries. Ban Ki-moon has the most visits via a Secretary General of the United Nations, with two visits. Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo's 1943 visit was the first state visit to the Philippines, while Sukarno's first visit in 1951 was the first visit since the Philippines was granted independence.

List of official dignitary visits

By leaders of sovereign nations

By leaders of international organizations

European Union

Sovereign Military Order of Malta

United Nations
By the Secretary-General of the United Nations

Gallery

See also
 List of diplomatic missions in the Philippines
 List of diplomatic missions of the Philippines
 List of international presidential trips made by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
 List of international presidential trips made by Benigno Aquino III
 List of international presidential trips made by Rodrigo Duterte

References

Bibliography
 Ho Khai Leong, Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China. (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009).
 IBP USA Staff, Philippines Diplomatic Handbook. (International Business Publications USA, 2009).
 Wilairat, Kawin. Singapore's Foreign Policy: The First Decade. (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1975).

Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines


Tom McGovern

Thomas McGovern was an Irish football wing half, best remembered for his time in the Southern League with Brentford, before, during and after the First World War. He also played in the Scottish League for Leith Athletic and in the Football League for Queens Park Rangers.

Honours
Brentford
 London Combination: 1918–19

Career statistics

References

Category:Year of death missing
Category:Brentford F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:1888 births
Category:Leith Athletic F.C. players
Category:Association football wing halves
Category:Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Category:Date of death missing
Category:Southern Football League players

Category:Republic of Ireland association footballers
Category:Sportspeople from County Roscommon


Steamboat Mountain

The USGS GNIS lists 12 mountains in the United States named Steamboat Mountain:


Let Me Rock You

Let Me Rock You is the third solo studio album released by American musician and former Kiss drummer Peter Criss.  Due to poor sales for his previous album, Out of Control, Let Me Rock You was not released in the United States until 1998, when it was reissued on CD.  The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who previously produced Criss's 1978 solo album (officially released as a Kiss album).  Let Me Rock You features the song "Feels Like Heaven", written by Criss's former bandmate, Gene Simmons. Vinnie Cusano also co-wrote a song for the album; at the same year the album was released, Cusano became known as Vinnie Vincent when he replaced Kiss guitarist Ace Frehley. The album cover features Peter Criss for the first time without his Kiss makeup, as he did not appear on the cover of his solo album Out of Control. One year later, Kiss also decided to take off their makeup for their Lick It Up album.

Only one single from the album was released—"Tears," with a cover of John Lennon's "Jealous Guy" as the B-side.

Track listing
"Let It Go" (Tommy Faragher, Davey Faragher, Brie Howard) – 4:05
"Tears" (Vinnie Cusano, Adam Mitchell) – 3:36
"Move on Over" (Peter Criss, Vini Poncia) – 3:48
"Jealous Guy" (John Lennon) – 3:58
"Destiny" (Charlie Midnight, Cash Monet, Jeff Schoen) – 4:11
"Some Kinda' Hurricane" (Russ Ballard) – 4:04
"Let Me Rock You" (Ballard) – 3:37
"First Day in the Rain" (Steve Stevens) – 3:32
"Feel Like Heaven" (Gene Simmons) – 3:43
"Bad Boys" (Criss, Jim Roberge) – 3:28

Personnel
Peter Criss – lead vocals, drums
Michael Landau – guitars
Steve Stevens – guitars
Steve Lukather – guitars
Caleb Quaye – guitars
Bob Messano – guitars, backing vocals
Phil Grande – guitars
John "Cooker" Lo Presti – bass
Davey Faragher – bass
Michael Braun – guest drums
Dennis Conway – guest drums
James Newton Howard – keyboards, synthesizer
Jai Winding – keyboards
Jim Roberge – keyboards
Ed Walsh – synthesizer
Vini Poncia – backing vocals
Gene Simmons – backing vocals
Rory Dodd – backing vocals
Eric Troyer – backing vocals
Mark Kreider – backing vocals
Suzanne Fellini – backing vocals

References

Category:1982 albums
Category:Peter Criss albums
Category:Albums produced by Vini Poncia
Category:Casablanca Records albums