William Bainbridge Reynolds

William Bainbridge Reynolds (London, 6 March 1855 – Brighton, 31 March 1935) was a British art metal worker and an architect who was active from 1870 to 1932.

Reynolds was born in the Duke of York's Royal Military School, Chelsea, where his father was a math professor. At the age of sixteen, he was articled to the ecclesiastical architect George Edmund Street, prominent in the Arts and Crafts movement particularly interested in metalwork. He subsequently moved to the office of John Pollard Seddon, who worked in the Gothic revival style. There, he befriended C.F.A. Voysey, whose designs he later implemented. He then worked for a while for the Royal Engineers as a draftsman before joining Gardner's metalworks in his late twenties.

About this time Reynolds met the architect Hugh Roumieu Gough who was subsequently to build the church of St Cuthbert's, Philbeach Gardens where Reynolds contributed to the design of the fittings over many years. Voysey, who wrote Reynolds' obituary for The Times, described him as having 'a profound reverence for ceremonial and symbolism'. His style slowly changed from neo-Gothic to early Art Nouveau. He became active in the Art-Workers' Guild which promoted the arts and crafts ideal of integrated art, life, and work.

His screen and lectern for St Cuthbert's was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as 'much more playful' than most arts and crafts designers.

He set up his own business, eventually creating the Manor House Metal Works, Clapham, describing himself as 'Art Metal Worker and Bronze Founder' in the 1911 census. He became very successful and his metalwork features in many cathedrals and churches. His patrons included almost every important architect of the period.

References

Category:1855 births
Category:1935 deaths
Category:19th-century English architects
Category:British metalsmiths
Category:19th-century English artists
Category:20th-century English  architects
Category:20th-century English  artists
Category:English male artists
Category:People from Chelsea, London
Category:Artists from London


List of colors: N–Z

Colors in alphabetical order N–Z

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See also

Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution (book)
Color blindness
Colors of the rainbow
Eye color
Index of color-related articles
List of colors: A–F
List of colors: G–M
List of color palettes
List of colors (compact)
List of Crayola crayon colors
List of fictional colors
Pantone colors
Pigment
Primary color
Secondary color
Tertiary color
Tincture (heraldry)
Valspar
X11 color names

References

C03


Lonar

Lonar is a town and municipal council in Buldhana district of Vidarbha region of the Indian state of Maharashtra. The town is the headquarter of Lonar taluka and is located near Mehkar.

Lonar is famous for Lonar crater and Lonar Lake, which is located at . It is a meteorite crater created in the Pleistocene Epoch. The crater contains salt water lake is 1.8 km in diameter and is about 137 m below the level of the crater rim. A small fresh water stream drains into the lake. Due to evaporite effects, the lake is mineral rich and salty and sodium and potassium salts are extracted from it.

Geography
Lonar is situated around 360 km from Nagpur, around 100 km from Buldhana, around 100 km from Akola, 550 km from Mumbai, around 160 km from Aurangabad and around 140 km southeast of the Ajanta Caves, about 4½ hours drive via Buldhana.

Lonar town is located at . It has an average elevation of 563 m (1847 feet).

Demographics
As of the 2001 Indian census, Lonar had a population of 20,082. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Lonar has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 58%. In Lonar, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Lonar crater

The Lonar crater is the world's only salt water lake in basaltic rock, believed to have been caused by a meteorite hitting Earth around 52,000 years ago. It is surrounded by forests with a large variety of birds, particularly peacocks, owls, red-wattled lapwings and ducks.

Flora and fauna
Lonar has its own ecological system. As the sun sets, the entire lake appears differently. The lake water sweeps across the shore like sea water, and the birds, wolves, peacocks and other creatures start making their presence felt. It is a wonderful scene to watch the sun rising or setting below the lake walls. The lake has a remarkable presence of splinters of glass confirming the meteorite's impact, which caused the enormous temperature rise thereby turning the sand into glass.

Ambar lake
This lake was formed by a small meteor which might have been separated from the main meteor.

Temples

Numerous temples surround the lake, around the rim of the crater and further down around the lake, most of which stand in ruins today, except for the temple of Daitya Sudan at the centre of the Lonar town, which was built in honour of Vishnu's victory over the giant Lonasur. It is a fine example of early Hindu architecture. Vishnumandir, Wagh Mahadev, Mora Mahadev, Munglyacha Mandir and Goddess Kamalaja Devia are the other temples found inside the crater.

Transport and tourism

The nearest train stations are Shegaon near Khamgaon and Malkapur near Bhusawal railway-junction, on the Mumbai-Bhusawal-Nagpur route of Central Railway of Indian Railways and is around 100 km from Lonar. Buses also run to Lonar from Nagpur, Akola, Buldhana, Malkapur and Jalna.

If travelling from Nagpur, one must take a bus till Mehkar near Washim and then head to Lonar. From Mumbai or Pune, the most convenient route is to first reach Aurangabad via bus (Mumbai and Pune) or train/flight (from Mumbai only) and then take a state transport bus to Lonar. From Pune, air-conditioned and regular buses run every hour from the Shivajinagar bus stand to Aurangabad.

Maharashtra Tourism runs a resort just 50 meters from the lake. This property is modern, well maintained and cheap. There also are several low cost and simple accommodations called lodges available in the town.

The food available in Lonar has influence from both Khandesh and Marathwada cuisines. It is unique and simple but spicy.

References

Category:Talukas in Maharashtra
Category:Cities and towns in Buldhana district


Palatobaena

Palatobaena is an extinct genus of baenid turtle. It was first named by Gaffney in 1972 and the type species is Palatobaena bairdi. It based on a fragmentary skull from the Fort Union Formation of the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. The two other species are P. gaffneyi (a complete skull from Eocene (Wasatchian North American Land Mammal Age)) and P. cohen which existed in Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota during the late Cretaceous period (Maastrichtian age).

References

Category:Baenidae
Category:Extinct animals of North America
Category:Paleocene turtles
Category:Prehistoric turtle genera
Category:Taxa named by Eugene S. Gaffney
Category:Extinct turtles


1917 Chesterton by-election

The Chesterton by-election, 1917 was a parliamentary by-election held on 27 July 1917 for the House of Commons constituency of  Chesterton also known as the Western Division of Cambridgeshire.

Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the appointment of the sitting Liberal MP, the Rt. Hon. Edwin Montagu as Secretary of State for India.   Under the Parliamentary rules of the day had to resign and fight a by-election.

Candidates
Montagu was re-selected to fight the seat by his local Liberal Association and as the wartime truce between the political parties was in operation no opposing candidate was nominated against him.

The result
There being no other candidates putting themselves forward Montagu was returned unopposed.

References

See also
List of United Kingdom by-elections
United Kingdom by-election records
1916 Chesterton by-election
1915 Chesterton by-election

Category:1917 elections in the United Kingdom
Category:1917 in England
Category:20th century in Cambridgeshire
Category:July 1917 events
Category:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Cambridgeshire constituencies
Category:Unopposed ministerial by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in English constituencies


Software engineer

A software engineer is a person who applies the principles of software engineering to the design, development, maintenance, testing, and evaluation of computer software.

Prior to the mid-1970s, software practitioners generally called themselves computer scientists, computer programmers or software developers, regardless of their actual jobs. Many people prefer to call themselves software developer and programmer, because most widely agree what these terms mean, while the exact meaning of software engineer is still being debated.

Education

Half of all practitioners today have degrees in computer science, information systems, or information technology. A small, but growing, number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987, the Department of Computing at Imperial College London introduced the first three-year software engineering Bachelor's degree in the UK and the world; in the following year, the University of Sheffield established a similar program.  In 1996, the Rochester Institute of Technology established the first software engineering bachelor's degree program in the United States, however, it did not obtain ABET accreditation until 2003, the same time as Rice University, Clarkson University, Milwaukee School of Engineering and Mississippi State University obtained theirs. In 1997, PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India was the first to start a five-year integrated Master of Science degree in Software Engineering.

Since then, software engineering undergraduate degrees have been established at many universities. A standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees was recently defined by the CCSE. , in the U.S., about 50 universities offer software engineering degrees, which teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first software engineering Master's degree was established at Seattle University in 1979. Since then graduate software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities.  Likewise in Canada, the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) of the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers has recognized several software engineering programs.

In 1998, the US Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) established the first doctorate program in Software Engineering in the world. Additionally, many online advanced degrees in Software Engineering have appeared such as the Master of Science in Software Engineering (MSE) degree offered through the Computer Science and Engineering Department at California State University, Fullerton. Steve McConnell opines that because most universities teach computer science rather than software engineering, there is a shortage of true software engineers. ETS (École de technologie supérieure) University and UQAM (Université du Québec à Montréal) were mandated by IEEE to develop the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), which has become an ISO standard describing the body of knowledge covered by a software engineer.

Other degrees
In business, some software engineering practitioners have MIS or computer information systems degrees. In embedded systems, some have electrical engineering, electronics engineering, computer science with emphasis in "embedded systems" or computer engineering degrees, because embedded software often requires a detailed understanding of hardware. In medical software, practitioners may have medical informatics, general medical, or biology degrees.

Some practitioners have mathematics, science, engineering, or technology (STEM) degrees. Some have philosophy (logic in particular) or other non-technical degrees. For instance, Barry Boehm earned degrees in mathematics. And, others have no degrees.

Profession

Employment

Most software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit organizations. Some software engineers work on their own as consulting software engineers. Some organizations have specialists to perform all of the tasks in the software development process. Other organizations separate software engineers based on specific software-engineering tasks. These companies sometimes hire interns (possibly university or college students) over a short time. In large projects, software engineers are distinguished from people who specialize in only one role because they take part in the design as well as the programming of the project. In small projects, software engineers will usually fill several or all roles at the same time. Specializations include:

 in industry (analysts, architects, developers, testers, technical support, managers)
 in academia (educators, researchers)

Impact of globalization
Most students in the developed world have avoided degrees related to software engineering because of the fear of offshore outsourcing (importing software products or services from other countries) and of being displaced by foreign visa workers. Although government statistics do not currently show a threat to software engineering itself; a related career, computer programming does appear to have been affected. Often one is expected to start out as a computer programmer before being promoted to software engineer. Thus, the career path to software engineering may be rough, especially during recessions.

Some career counselors suggest a student also focus on "people skills" and business skills rather than purely technical skills because such "soft skills" are allegedly more difficult to offshore.
Reasonable command over reading, writing & speaking English is asked by most of employers. It is the quasi-management aspects of software engineering that appear to be what has kept it from being impacted by globalization.

Prizes
There are several prizes in the field of software engineering:
 The Codie awards is a yearly award issued by the Software and Information Industry Association for excellence in software development within the software industry.
 Jolt Awards are awards in the software industry.
 Stevens Award is a software engineering award given in memory of Wayne Stevens.

Use of the title "Engineer"

Origin of the term
Margaret Hamilton promoted the term "software engineering" during her work on the Apollo program. The term "engineering" was used to acknowledge that the work should be taken just as seriously as other contributions toward the advancement of technology. Hamilton details her use of the term:When I first came up with the term, no one had heard of it before, at least in our world. It was an ongoing joke for a long time. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. It was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Not because of his acceptance of the new "term" per se, but because we had earned his and the acceptance of the others in the room as being in an engineering field in its own right.

Suitability of the term
One could argue that software engineering implies a certain level of academic training, professional discipline, adherence to formal processes, and especially legal liability that often are not applied in cases of software development. A common analogy is that working in construction does not make one a civil engineer, and so writing code does not make one a software engineer. Furthermore, because computing doesn't utilize the methods of mathematical physics common to all conventional engineering disciplines, it is more appropriate to call those engaged in this occupation as software developers or similar.

In 1978, computer scientist E. W. Dijkstra wrote in a paper that the coining of the term software engineer was not useful since it was an inappropriate analogy:

In each of the last few decades, at least one radical new approach has entered the mainstream of software development (e.g. Structured Programming, Object Orientation), implying that the field is still changing too rapidly to be considered an engineering discipline. Proponents argue that the supposedly radical new approaches are evolutionary rather than revolutionary.

Individual commentators have disagreed sharply on how to define software engineering or its legitimacy as an engineering discipline. David Parnas has said that software engineering is, in fact, a form of engineering. Steve McConnell has said that it is not, but that it should be. Donald Knuth has said that programming is an art and a science. Edsger W. Dijkstra claimed that the terms software engineering and software engineer have been misused  and should be considered harmful, particularly in the United States.

Regulatory classification

Canada
In Canada the use of the job title Engineer is controlled in each province by self-regulating professional engineering organizations who are also tasked with enforcement of the governing legislation. The intent is that any individual holding themselves out as an engineer has been verified to have been educated to a certain accredited level and their professional practice is subject to a code of ethics and peer scrutiny. It is also illegal to use the title Engineer in Canada unless an individual is licensed.

In Ontario, the Professional Engineers Act stipulates a minimum education level of a three-year diploma in technology from a College of Applied Arts and Technology or a degree in a relevant science area. However, engineering undergraduates and all other applicants are not allowed to use the title of engineer until they complete the minimum amount of work experience of four years in addition to completing the Professional Practice Examination (PPE). If the applicant does not hold an undergraduate engineering degree then they may have to take the Confirmatory Practice Exam or Specific Examination Program unless the exam requirements are waived by a committee.

IT professionals with degrees in other fields (such as computer science or information systems) are restricted from using the title Software Engineer, or wording Software Engineer in a title, depending on their province or territory of residence.

In some instances, cases have been taken to court regarding the illegal use of the protected title Engineer.

Europe
Throughout the whole of Europe, suitably qualified engineers may obtain the professional European Engineer qualification.

France
In France, the term  (engineer) is not a protected title and can be used by anyone, even by those who do not possess an academic degree.

However, the title  (Graduate Engineer) is an official academic title that is protected by the government and is associated with the , which is one of the most prestigious academic degrees in France.

Iceland
The use of the title  (computer scientist) is protected by law in Iceland. Software engineering is taught in Computer Science departments in Icelandic universities. Icelandic law state that a permission must be obtained from the Minister of Industry when the degree was awarded abroad, prior to use of the title. The title is awarded to those who have obtained a BSc degree in Computer Science from a recognized higher educational institution.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ), which licenses and regulates the country's chartered engineers (CPEng), recognizes software engineering as a legitimate branch of professional engineering and accepts application of software engineers to obtain chartered status provided they have a tertiary degree of approved subjects. Software Engineering is included whereas Computer Science is normally not.

United States
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) classifies computer software engineers as a subcategory of "computer specialists", along with occupations such as computer scientist, Programmer, Database administrator and Network administrator. The BLS classifies all other engineering disciplines, including computer hardware engineers, as engineers.

Many states prohibit unlicensed persons from calling themselves an Engineer, or from indicating branches or specialties not covered licensing acts. In many states, the title Engineer is reserved for individuals with a Professional Engineering license indicating that they have shown minimum level of competency through accredited engineering education, qualified engineering experience, and engineering board's examinations.

In April 2013 the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) began offering a Professional Engineer (PE) exam for Software Engineering. The exam was developed in association with the IEEE Computer Society. NCEES ended the exam in April 2019 due to lack of participation.

See also

 Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
 Bachelor of Software Engineering
 Consulting software engineer
 Release Engineer
 Software Engineering Institute

References

Category:Engineering occupations
*
Category:Software engineering
Category:Computer occupations
Category:Electronics engineers
Category:People in information technology


Information Research

Information Research: An International Electronic Journal is a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access academic journal covering the fields of information science, information management, and information systems. It was established in 1995 as an electronic journal by Thomas D. Wilson (University of Sheffield and University of Borås), who continues to act as editor-in-chief. The journal is supported by the University of Lund, which provides server space and technical assistance, and by the University of Borås, which provides administrative support for the deputy editor.The journal is produced entirely through voluntary work; there are no subscription or author charges. A 2012 reader survey revealed that 40% of readers are academic faculty members, 38% "information practitioners", and 22% students and post-graduate researchers.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.574.

References

Further reading

External links

Category:Information science journals
Category:Quarterly journals
Category:Publications established in 1995
Category:English-language journals
Category:Lund University


Electoral district of Cheltenham

Cheltenham is a single-member electoral district for the South Australian House of Assembly. Named after the suburb of the same name, it is a 17.5 km² suburban electorate in Adelaide's north-west, taking in the suburbs of Albert Park, Alberton, Beverley, Cheltenham, Findon, Hendon, Pennington, Queenstown, St Clair, Woodville, Woodville North, Woodville Park, Woodville South, Woodville West, and part of Rosewater. The Cheltenham electorate is inside the federal-level electorate of Port Adelaide.

Cheltenham was created in the 1998 electoral distribution as a safe Labor seat, replacing the abolished seat of Price. In August 2001 the 17-year Price incumbent Murray De Laine was defeated in a factional preselection in favour of future premier Jay Weatherill. De Laine subsequently contested the 2002 election as an independent with 9.7% of the primary vote.

In the 2016 electoral boundary redistribution, the suburbs of Beverley and Woodville Park were added to the seat from Croydon district, while Athol Park was lost to Croydon district, Royal Park was lost to Lee district and portions of Port Adelaide and Rosewater shifted into Port Adelaide district.

The current member is Joe Szakacs of the Labor Party. Szakacs was elected in the  2019 Cheltenham state by-election on 9 February, replacing former premier Jay Weatherill.

Members for Cheltenham

Election results

Notes

References
 ECSA profile for Cheltenham: 2018
 ABC profile for Cheltenham: 2018
 Poll Bludger profile for Cheltenham: 2018

Category:Electoral districts of South Australia
Category:1998 establishments in Australia


John Elmsley

John Elmsley (1762 – April 29, 1805) was Chief Justice of Upper Canada and afterwards Lower Canada. In both the Canadas he served as President of the Executive Council and Speaker of the Legislative Council. During the Hunter administration, he was the most powerful man in Upper Canada. In Lower Canada, from 1802 until his death he was second only in rank to the Lieutenant Governor.

Early life in England

In 1762, he was born in England at Marylebone, London.  He was the first son of Alexander and Anne (Elligood) Elmsley. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1786, MA in 1789, and entered the Inner Temple in 1790.

At London in July, 1796, he married Mary Hallowell, daughter of Captain Benjamin Hallowell (1723-1799) R.N., of Roxbury, Boston, by his wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Boylston.  Together they had at least one son, John Jr, who later followed him into the Executive Council of Upper Canada.  Mrs Elmsley's Loyalist father was His Majesty's Commissioner of Customs for the Port of Boston at the time of the Boston Tea Party, which led the excited revolutionaries to persecute and expel the family from Boston, on pain of death. Mrs Elmsley was a niece of Governor Moses Gill and her brothers included Admiral Sir Benjamin Hallowell-Carew, one of Nelson's Band of Brothers, and Ward Hallowell (better known as Ward Nicholas Boylston), the great benefactor of Harvard University. Her mother was a first cousin of Susanna Boylston, the mother of the 2nd President of the United States, John Adams, and grandmother of the 6th President, John Quincy Adams.

Upper Canada

In November 1796, Elmsley arrived at Niagara-on-the-Lake, soon after followed by his wife and father-in-law. Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe had left the province in July, choosing Peter Russell to act as administrator in his absence. Before he left Simcoe had ordered that the provincial capital was moved from Niagara to York (Toronto), and Russell was busy organising the unwelcome upheaval. For legal reasons, Elmsley objected strongly to the move which brought him into conflict with Russell throughout 1797.

In July, 1797, Parliament was held at York, but a compromise had been met with a bill passed to permit the courts to remain at Niagara-on-the-Lake for a further two years. Elmsley finally moved to York in the spring of 1798, building a large house that later became the Lieutenant-Governor's residence. The administrator (Russell) and the chief justice (Elmsley) continued to disagree about almost everything.

Concerning land grants and tariffs with Lower Canada, Elmsley was greatly influenced by his friend Richard Cartwright, generally supporting the Loyalist and merchant points of view. In legal matters, he tried to adapt English law to Canadian circumstances but was consistently opposed by Allcock, who believed that there should be absolutely no tampering with English law, procedures, and precedents. Elmsley was one of the few university graduates in the province, and was much given to elegant phrases and Latin quotations, a habit that may not have endeared him to all his colleagues.

Lower Canada and death

When the Duke of Portland had appointed Elmsley to the Chief Justiceship of Upper Canada, he had also promised him promotion to the Chief Justiceship of Lower Canada as soon as the post became vacant. In 1800, fearing he would lose money with another move, Elmsley withdrew his claim. Despite his reluctance, he was appointed to the Lower Canadian post in 1802, following the resignation of William Osgoode. The salary was increased from £1,000 to £1,500 a year, and he was to be called to the Executive and Legislative Councils of Lower Canada with a 'seat next in Rank to the Lieutenant Governor.'

He traveled to Montreal in February 1805 with plans to go to the United States after he had become seriously ill in November of the previous year. He died in Montreal on April 29, 1805.

Legacy
When the Fort York Government House was destroyed in the War of 1812 by an explosion from the British ammunition magazine, Chief Justice Elmsley's house was purchased on King Street and converted into the new Government House.  Despite this it was still called Elmsley House for a long period.

Personal

Elmsley's son Captain John Elmsley (1801-1863) was a member of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada and Executive Council of Upper Canada. Elmsley converted as a Roman Catholic and is buried at St. Michael's Cathedral (Toronto).

References

Category:1762 births
Category:1805 deaths
Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada
Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada
Category:Chief Justices of Lower Canada
Category:Chief Justices of Upper Canada


Gary Davies (boxer)

Gary Davies (born Gary Harding, 17 October 1982) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2002 to 2012. He held the British bantamweight title in 2009.

Boxing career

Early professional career
Davies boxing career began on 1 June 2002, at the M.E.N. Arena when he was defeated by journeyman Steve Gethin by technical knock-out in the second round. His second fight on 5 October 2002, against Jason Thomas resulted in a first win and the year was topped off with a victory against Simon Chambers at the Liverpool Olympia. Davies did not fight at all in 2003 and in 2004 only fought once, winning against Furhan Rafiq. One more solitary fight in 2005 resulted in a second career loss for him, stopped in the fourth round at York Hall by Rocky Dean.

On 24 February 2006, Davies travelled to Scarborough and stopped Chris Hooper in the first round to win the Central Area super bantamweight belt, his first professional title. Despite never defending the title, Davies embarked upon a five fight unbeaten run. The run which included a draw against Barrington Brown and a second round stoppage of former British bantamweight champion Martin Power, resulted in Davies being given a shot at the full British title on 3 April 2009.

British champion
His opponent for the vacant championship was Welshman, Matthew Edmonds at York Hall.  Edmonds came into the contest with a record of 10–2 against Davies 8-2-1..  The title had been vacated by Ian Napa following a victory over Carmelo Ballone which saw him lift the European title. Davies eventually defeated Edmonds after knocking him down three times in the seventh round. The fight was televised on Friday Fight Night on Sky Sports. Davies lost the belt in his very first defence against former champion Ian Napa. Despite a close fight, Napa's experience fighting at championship level won the day with Davies cornermen left ruing mistakes made in the last two rounds of the fight which were to prove pivotal.

Comeback
On 19 March 2010, Davies returned to the ring and defeated another former British champion in Andy Bell. Bell, a former champion down at super flyweight level, was coming off a period of inactivity and a loss to unbeaten Paul Edwards. The fight did not hear the bell at the end of the first round, when following two knockdowns the referee ruled it off handing victory to Davies.

References

External links

 Gary Davies profile at BritishBoxing.net

Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:English male boxers
Category:Bantamweight boxers
Category:Sportspeople from St Helens, Merseyside


Panfilo Nuvolone

Panfilo Nuvolone (1581–1651) was an Italian painter of the Mannerist period, who painted both religious and still life topics, active in Cremona and Mantua.

Born to a Mantuan gentleman, he was the father of a family of Cremonese painters. In that town, he apprenticed with Giovanni Battista Trotti (known as il Malosso). Afterwards he moved to Milan, where fresco church ceilings, and painted altarpieces and still lifes.

One of his few documented still lifes depict a bowl of peaches, and recalls the near-contemporary paintings of fruit bowls in Milan, including the 1594-98 painting in the Ambrosiana by Caravaggio and similarly themed paintings by Fede Galizia. His son, Carlo Francesco Nuvolone, also a prominent in painter in Lombardy. Panfilo's younger son Giuseppe Nuvolone also a painter. Giuseppe's son Carlo was a mediocre quadratura specialist active mainly around Cremona.

Sources

 Grove Encyclopedia entry
 ‘’Cain and Abel’’

External links
Painters of reality: the legacy of Leonardo and Caravaggio in Lombardy, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Nuvolone (see index)

Category:1581 births
Category:1651 deaths
Category:People from Mantua
Category:16th-century Italian painters
Category:Italian male painters
Category:17th-century Italian painters
Category:Milanese painters
Category:Italian Mannerist painters
Category:Italian still life painters


Siege of Freetown

The Siege of Freetown was a battle during the Sierra Leone Civil War. It began when Johnny Paul Koroma took over the power from Ahmad Tejan Kabbah and began a dictatorship. In response, ECOMOG troops, led by Nigeria, helped the Sierra Leone Army to attack and remove Koroma from power and Kabbah was elected back in post. In revenge, Koroma's allies, the RUF, assaulted the city but were forced to retreat.

In fiction
The battle was portrayed in the film Blood Diamond.

References

Bibliography
Mark Malan, 'Layered Response' To an African Conflict Or muddling through in Sierra Leone?

Category:Sierra Leone Civil War


Benjamin Labaree

Benjamin Labaree (June 3, 1801 – November 15, 1883) was a minister, professor and the longest serving president of Middlebury College from 1840 until 1866. Labaree was born in Charlestown, New Hampshire. He was an 1828 graduate of Dartmouth College as well as a recipient of graduate degrees from the University of Vermont and Dartmouth.

Category:1801 births
Category:1883 deaths
Category:Dartmouth College alumni
Category:American Christian clergy
Category:19th-century Christian clergy
Category:Presidents of Middlebury College
Category:University of Vermont alumni
Category:People from Charlestown, New Hampshire
Category:People from Walpole, New Hampshire


Chipita Rodriguez

Josefa "Chipita" Rodriguez (December 30, 1799 – November 13, 1863) was convicted of murder and hanged in San Patricio County, Texas, at the age of 63. More than a century later, on June 13, 1985, the Texas Legislature passed a resolution noting that Rodriguez did not receive a fair trial. She has been the subject of two operas, numerous books, newspaper articles, and magazine accounts.

Trial and execution
Rodriguez was reportedly born December 30, 1799, in Mexico. She was a Mexican-American woman from the South Texas town of San Patricio who furnished travelers with meals and a cot on the porch of her lean-to on the Nueces River. She was accused of robbing and murdering a trader named John Savage with an axe. However, the $600 of gold stolen from him was found down river, where Savage's body was discovered in a burlap bag. She and Juan Silvera (who was possibly her illegitimate son) were indicted on circumstantial evidence and tried before 14th District Court judge Benjamin F. Neal at San Patricio. Although Rodriguez maintained her innocence, she refused to testify in her defense and remained silent throughout the trial, perhaps, some have speculated, to protect her guilty son. Although the jury recommended mercy, Neal ordered her executed. She was hanged on Friday, November 13, 1863.  She was 63 at the time of her death. Her last words were quoted as being, "No soy culpable" (I am not guilty).
At least one witness to the hanging claimed to have heard a moan from the coffin, which was placed in an unmarked grave. Her ghost is said to haunt San Patricio, especially when a woman is to be executed. Rodriguez is depicted as a spectre with a noose around her neck, riding through the mesquite trees or wailing from the riverbottoms.

Cultural references
Chipita Rodriguez has become a folk legend, and since the 1930s, there have been numerous alleged sightings of her ghost along the Nueces River where she was hanged.

Rodriguez has been the subject of numerous books and newspaper articles. Rachel Bluntzer Hebert's epic-length poem "Shadows on the Nueces" and Teresa Palomo Acosta's  poem "Chipita" both portray Rodriguez as a heroine. In 1993, the University of Texas music department performed the opera Chipita Rodriguez, composed by Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi professor Lawrence Weiner. In 2010 a screenplay was written by Del Mar College and Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi student screenwriter Cary Cadena.

See also
 List of wrongful convictions in the United States
 Wrongful executions in the United States

References

Category:1799 births
Category:1863 deaths
Category:People executed by Texas by hanging
Category:Axe murder
Category:American people convicted of murder
Category:People convicted of murder by Texas
Category:People executed for murder
Category:People executed by the Confederate States of America by hanging
Category:19th-century executions of American people
Category:19th-century executions by the United States
Category:Executed American women
Category:American people of Mexican descent
Category:Executed Mexican people
Category:People wrongfully convicted of murder
Category:Wrongful executions
Category:Mexican ghosts
Category:Women sentenced to death
Category:Executed Mexican women
Category:1863 murders in the United States


Edith Soterius von Sachsenheim

Edith Jeanette Soterius von Sachsenheim (1887–1970) was a Transylvanian Saxon painter.

She was born on 26 December 1887, in Marienburg (present-day Feldioara), the daughter of Dr. med. Arthur Soterius von Sachsenheim (from the Transylvanian Saxon noble family Soterius von Sachsenheim) and of Wilhelmina, née Gust. From an early age, she displayed artistic talent in painting and her parents supported her wish to follow a career in this field. After completing a two-year course (1903–04) at Hermannstadt (Sibiu) Art College, her father brought her to stay with relatives in England, where she spent one year (1904–05) taking up English language instruction, followed by piano and art classes. She was granted permission by the National Gallery to copy museum works, and here she developed an interest in Turner's watercolours, a visible influence in her early works, as well as in a later period, from 1948. In July 1905, Edith was awarded a "distinction" grade on a piano exam at the London College of Music.

In 1907, her father decided that she should continue her studies in Munich, where she enrolled at the Royal College of Art and Crafts and developed an interest in portrait and anatomy art. A year later, she began visiting the artistic circle of Professor Moritz Heymann, where she met artists that had a close affinity to the Jugend group. Edith's works dating back to this period, e.g. Sitzender Halbakt ("Seated Semi-Nude") or the portrait of her friend Eleanor Garrett-Ward, reflect her ambition to overcome the dated artistic conceptions of the academy. In these, as in all the other works of this creative period, there appear elegant, flowing lines and the decorative extensive colourings of Art Nouveau. Apart from returning home for holidays she spent three years studying in Munich. In 1911, Edith returned to Transylvania where she had her first exhibition at the Brașov Galleries.

In 1912, she married Dr. med. Franz Herfurth and moved together with him to Austria, where she spent the First World War years, moving back to Kronstadt (Brasov) in 1918. She became the mother of three children, Editha, Günther and Eva, but the family obligations limited her artistic pursuits for some time. The marriage did not last; they divorced in 1926 and in the next year she married her childhood friend, Professor Ludwig Herbert. However he was also not conducive to her artistic work and Edith continued being a mother and started doing some work as an English teacher. Ludwig died of a heart attack aged 51 in 1936.

After this heartbreak, Edith moved to south Germany to be near her daughters who were living there, she also spent some time in Poland then back to south Germany for the remainder of World War Two. She painted where she could, producing mainly watercolours of the places she lived in and visited. This brought on a new phase in her artwork, she gave up any form of modernism and confined herself to a strictly objective, realistic representation of her subject. Up to 1946 she taught art in various schools and painted in her spare time. In January 1946, her son Günther died and in August the same year she moved with her eldest daughter to Graz, Austria. Another creative phase followed in 1948, when she produced a series of watercolours in the areas of Graz and on a visit to Zurich, these works are influenced to some extent by her formerly mentioned early encounter with Turner's art. In 1952, a landscape watercolour won the silver prize at Foyles Bookshop International Artists Competition.

In 1955, she moved to London, England, to live with her daughter Eva. Here she drew portraits (including those of her daughter's family) and painted mainly roses. In 1957, Edith submitted and had exhibited the drawing A little girl from Krakow at the Royal Society of Portrait Painters. The exhibition travelled all around the country.

Edith died in 1970, at the age of 83. In her lifetime, she created over 200 paintings, drawings and lithographs, now in several museums or in possession of friends and relatives across Europe. In 1998, the Transylvanian Museum from Gundelsheim, Germany staged a retrospective exhibition and bought 50 of her paintings, some of which are on permanent display in the museum. In 1999, The Gundelsheim collection was also exhibited in Munich at the Haus des Deutschen Ostens. In 2001, the Military History Museum of Vienna bought three portraits of World War One officers, to be displayed there.

Art contemporaries and friends
Arthur Coulin: A friend from Sibiu, he did an oil painting of Edith in 1907 in Sibiu when she was 19 years old. The portrait is in the Transylvanian Museum.
Ernst Honigberger: A friend from Sibiu also studying in Munich, he did a pencil drawing of Edith, aged 20, in 1908. This is now in the Gundelsheim Museum.
Robert Wellman: A friend from Sibiu, became a family friend and did a portrait of Edith's father Arthur Soterius von Sachsenheim. This is in the family home in London, England.
Trude Schullerus: A friend from Sibiu also studied in Munich, remained a friend of the family for life.

References

External links
Several paintings by Edith Soterius von Sachsenheim

Category:1887 births
Category:1970 deaths
Category:Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Category:Austrian watercolourists
Category:German watercolourists
Category:Romanian watercolourists
Category:Transylvanian-Saxon people
Category:Art Nouveau painters
Category:People from Brașov County
Category:Romanian emigrants to Germany
Category:Romanian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Category:German emigrants to England


Chengalpattu taluk

Chengalpattu taluk is a taluk of Chengalpattu district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Chengalpattu.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Chengalpattu had a population of 571254 with 288411  males and 282843 females. There were 981 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 77.56. Child population in the age group below 6 was 29492 Males and 28476 Females.

References

Category:Taluks of Kanchipuram district


Lidia Charskaya

Lidia Alekseyevna Charskaya (), January 31, 1875 – March 18, 1938, was a Russian writer and actress. Charskaya was her pseudonym; her real last name was Churilova.

Biography
Charskaya worked as an actress at the Alexandrinsky Theatre from 1898 to 1924. From 1901 to 1916 she published about eighty books, several of which became bestsellers. Her most popular work was the novel Princess Dzhavakha (1903). In the 1940s, when Boris Pasternak was writing his novel Doctor Zhivago, he said that he was "writing almost like Charskaya", because he wanted to be accessible and dreamed that his prose would be gulped down "even by a seamstress, even by a dishwasher."

Her novels fall into four general categories: stories that take place in boarding schools for elite girls; historical novels about women; autobiographical novels that follow the heroine from boarding school to a career; and detective and adventure stories. The main theme of most of her works is friendship among girls. The protagonists are usually independent girls and women who look for adventure or some kind of diversion from the everyday routine. Critics have commented that these characteristics account in large part for the wide popularity of Charskaya's works among young girls in early 20th century Russia.

Charskaya's reputation began to fade in 1912 after the critic Korney Chukovsky published an article in which he wrote that her books were formulaic, repetitious, and excessive with respect to female emotions. She stopped publishing in 1916, and in 1920 her works were banned. From 1924 until her death in 1938 she lived in poverty, supported mostly by friends. Throughout the Soviet period her work was lowly regarded, although there is plenty of evidence that young girls continued secretly to read her works, at least through the 1930s. In the late 1980s and 1990s Charskaya's works were revived in Russia, as several of her works appeared in new editions.

References

Category:1875 births
Category:1938 deaths
Category:Imperial Russian writers
Category:Soviet novelists
Category:Soviet short story writers
Category:20th-century Russian short story writers
Category:Soviet women writers
Category:Soviet writers
Category:Writers from Saint Petersburg
Category:Pseudonymous writers
Category:Pseudonymous women writers
Category:Imperial Russian actresses
Category:Soviet stage actresses
Category:Russian women short story writers
Category:Imperial Russian women writers
Category:Actresses from Saint Petersburg
Category:20th-century women writers
Category:Russian stage actresses
Category:Women novelists


Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna

Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna is a c.1618-1620 painting by Rubens and his pupil Antony van Dyck. It was painted for the Spanish royal court and remained in the royal collection in Madrid until the second half of the 18th century. It was then acquired by prince Kaunitz of Vienna and then in 1820 for the Esterhazy collection. It is now in the Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest).

Its subject is drawn from Livy 2:12 and its account of Mucius Scaevola's bravery before Lars Porsenna after the former's failed attempt to assassinate the latter. Initial oil sketches and drawings for the work date to before 1620 and are now in the Pushkin Museum and British Museum. These show that Rubens produced the overall composition, with van Dyck adding details and other elements and finishing the painting. The drawings now in the British Museum shows two men holding their nose at the smell of burning flesh, whereas van Dyck only included one, immediately behind Scaevola himself.

References

category:1618 paintings
category:1619 paintings
category:1620 paintings
category:Paintings by Anthony van Dyck
category:Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
category:Paintings of the Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)
category:History paintings


Medical practice consultants

Medical Practice Consultants or Healthcare Management Consultants typically advise licensed healthcare providers and health-systems on business and administrative issues, but not clinical issues.

These topics commonly include governance, operations, human resources, finance, billing, coding, transactions and marketing, but there are dozens of subcategories and specialties within the field.

More and more hospitals engage them as physician practices are acquired and more physicians are employed.  There are several trade association in the US for healthcare business consultants, the largest by-far being the National Society of Certified Healthcare Business Consultants (NSCHBC) that also serves dental, podiatric, chiropractic, physical therapy, and other subspecialty practice management consultants. NSCHBC offers a credential in the field; Certified Healthcare Business Consultant or "CHBC"; a directory searchable by specialty and state; and continuing education programs. Consulting rates vary from under $100 per hour to over $400 per hour.

Category:Health care occupations


JV Kapunan

Eduardo JV Arancillo Kapunan III (born July 23, 1990), known as Young JV, is a Filipino hip-hop recording artist and actor. He became famous for his first single in 2009, "That Girl" which was composed by himself. He produced his first album, Ready or Not under PolyEast Records and Doin' It Big Production. He performs on the variety show ASAP and is a member of an all-male group, A-pop, which is composed of JV himself, Sam Concepcion, Nel Gomez and Jaco Benin. He is a talent of ABS-CBN's Star Magic.

Personal life

JV was the youngest son of retired Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan, Jr. (PAF) and Elsa Arancillo Kapunan who also manages his career as an artist. He went to London at Cambridge University where he studied in high school but finished his studies at St. Joseph School in Iloilo. In college, he took up Comm Arts at Entrepreneurs School of Asia (ESA). JV is an active civic leader who helps soldier's families through his Lahing Bayani Foundation, Inc. which was set up for its main objective, to help children of soldiers who perished in the line of duty. In 2010, JV also launched "Ready Or Not: Dance Off", a nationwide multimedia competition in which the winners would form his new dance crew. Batang Mama was announced as the winner and got the chance to appear in his music video for "Can't Get Enough". He also took voice and dance lessons and is currently working on his acting skills.

Career
He first appeared in ASAP 09 in the D-Lite segment where he performed with Nikki Gil, Toni Gonzaga and Karylle.  Weeks after that episode, he had a duet with Sarah Geronimo singing his first single, "That Girl". The song had massive radio airplay. The music video was also premiered on Myx.  The video for "Don't Know You" is directed by Treb Monteras III. His first album highlighted random songs from a night life of partying to inspirational stories based from his dad's experiences as a soldier.

In 2010, he promoted another single, "Shake Shake" which was the official song used for the said competition. The music video was shot in a bar where a party theme was emphasized.

In 2011, "Kaibigan Lang" was the last single released from his first album where they shot the video at ESA (the school where he studied in college) together with Myx VJ 2011 finalist, Cara Eriguel and celebrity appearances from Gabriel Valenciano and Arron Villaflor. In the same year, he released his new single, "Alay" from his second album where he collaborated with Star Power finalist, Akiko Solon. He made his acting debut in the romantic comedy film, Won't Last a Day Without You with Sarah Geronimo and Gerald Anderson as its lead stars. Also, he performed as a support act in the Gravity Tour date in the Philippines by Irish pop vocal band Westlife.

In 2012, he starred in the primetime drama teleserye, Princess and I where he plays Jonas de Ocampo, the guy who courts Dindi, and entangled in a love triangle with his best friend Kiko, played by Khalil Ramos.

On August 29, 2012, Young JV eventually released his second studio album, Doin' It Big under a signed contract with Star Music. The lead single of the album, "Your Name", featuring Myrtle Sarrosa, was eventually chosen as soundtrack for the movie 24/7 in Love. The second single from the album was "Tanong", a midtempo acoustic love song, which also had an accompanying music video. His album featured collaboration with other artists such as Karylle and Yeng Constantino He also made an appearance at Myx Mo! 2013 where he performed "Your Name" with Sarrosa, which received a nomination for Favorite Urban Music Video.

In February 2013, he performed with Zia Quizon, Abra and Bamboo at the opening night of the Himig Handog songwriting contest, held at the SM Mall of Asia Arena. JV tweeted and posted in social media through Twitter and Facebook that a new single will be released entitled, Ngiti (smile) featuring Gary Valenciano on August 25, 2013 that will serve as the lead single (4th over-all) of his repackage album called, Doin' It Big: Platinum Edition.

In 2014, he took part on the third Philippine Popular Music Festival with former South Border lead vocalist Duncan Ramos as the interpreters for the song entry "Hang Out Lang" written by Allan Feliciano and Isaac Garcia.

He released his first single in 2015 entitle, Ale from his third album, YJV, on June distributed worldwide by Star Music.    February of the current year, he supported ABS-CBN Lingkod Kapamilya Foundation's eco-tourism and livelihood projects in Samar and Leyte, visited ALKFI's projects and had a concert for the Kapamilyas there.  March – April, he'd been busy supporting Green Thumb Coalition for its Green Thumb Electoral Campaign with its mission of challenging the candidates to include environmental protection on their political agenda. Young JV and his team #YJVteam went all over the Philippines for this.  July to September 2015, Young JV had 23 SM Supermalls Shows, promoting his YJV album.  His second single Flashback feat. Emmanuelle was launched at MOR 91.1 Iloilo, October 2015 and its music video was premiered on MYX the following day and had a Twitter Party with Younglings (Young JV's Official Fans Club).  We saw him December 2015 as "Tony" (Kathryn Bernardo's suitor) on Pangako Sa 'Yo (2015 TV series).

Young JV released his third single Got To Have You February 2016 and its music video is now hitting Pinoy MYX Countdown.  June 2016 onwards, we saw him again on ABS-CBN Primetime Bida, featured on Born For You as "Mix".  August 27, 2016 Young JV launched globally his new single Pasa Diyos featuring The Phenomenal Star Vice Ganda.  This song with its music video is not only proactive in these times but inspirational.  Pasa Diyos is available for download on iTunes, Amazon and Spotify, produced by Doin' It Big Production, distributed digitally worldwide by Star Music.

2017, Star Magic named him as JV KAPUNAN as he will focus more on his acting career.  He was featured on La Luna Sangre as Joshua, the Mole Vampire on SupremoRichard Gutierrez's core vampires.  He'd been also a part of Pusong Ligaw as Jake, one of Enzo Pineda's friends.  But then again at the end of the day, JV still loves composing, producing and performing OPM songs.  As trusted by his Manager and second dad, Mr. Johnny Manahan, JV composed the Star Magic's 25th Anniversary Theme Song, "Ikaw ang Magic ng Buhay Ko".  He also had released his hit digital single,Kulay and was launched on ASAP CHILLOUT on the day of his birthday.  Its music video featuring KissMarc (Kisses Delavin and Marco Gallo) was hitting MYX charts.  As advocate, JV had joined TV Patrol's TPV30 several times.  TPV30 is TV Patrol's way of giving back to our Kapamilya in the whole country, Philippines, in celebration of its 30th Anniversary.  And on the early month of year 2018, something exciting to watch out for will be announced by our dearest environmentalist and philanthropist, Ms. Gina Lopez and JV is part of this advocacy.  Ending the year with a bang!  A kilig interview on Tonight with Boy Abunda with Miho Nishida...

Achievements
2019: ABS-CBN Music's Spotify Wrapped: Most Streamed Track for the month of October 'Bet'
2019: Wave 89.1 Year End Countdown: #86 Ghost
2018: Wave 89.1 Year End Countdown: #88 123 feat. Miho
2018: Music Playlist 101 Sikat 50 OPM Hits: #33 123 feat. Miho
2017: PPop Awards 2017 Rising Pop Male Artist of the Year
2017: MOR 101.9 Pinoy Biga-10 Top 20 OPM Hits of 2017 "Kulay"
2017: Billboard PH's July 2017 Fresh Pick "Kulay"
2009: ASAP 09 Gold Record Awardee for "That Girl"
2009: Wave 89.1 1st Urban Music Awards, Best New Artist of the Year
2009: Monster Radio RX 93.1, Best New Artist of the Year at the Year-End Countdown
2010: Awit Awards, Best Performance by a New Male Recording Artist
2010: MYX Music Awards, Favorite New Artist
2011: Wave 89.1 2nd Urban Music Awards, Best Male Style Icon
2011: Wave 89.1 2nd Urban Music Awards, Best Music Video – "Can't Get Enough"
2011: ASAP Rocks Platinum Circle Awardee for Ready Or Not album
2013: ASAP 18 2Gold Record Awardee for "Doin' It Big" album

Television

Discography

Studio albums

Film

References

External links

Category:Filipino rappers
Category:Filipino male actors
Category:Filipino male singers
Category:Filipino male models
Category:Male actors from Iloilo
Category:Singers from Iloilo
Category:1990 births
Category:Star Magic
Category:Living people
Category:PolyEast Records artists
Category:Star Music artists
Category:Visayans
Category:Visayan people


Sanjeev Maria

Sanjeev Kumar Maria (born 2 September 1980) is a former Indian professional footballer who played as a defender. He played in both the National Football League and I-League for Mohun Bagan, Fransa-Pax, and Salgaocar. He also represented India internationally five times in 2006.

Career
Born in Chandigarh, Maria started his career with local side AG Haryana Audit before moving to Mohun Bagan in the National Football League. He made a defensive error in a NFL match against Sporting Goa on 28 December 2003 which allowed the match to end 2–2. After the season ended, Maria signed with Fransa-Pax. He stayed with the Goan side for a season before returning to Mohun Bagan and staying with the side for four seasons. While with the Kolkata club, Maria also represented West Bengal in the Santosh Trophy. He was part of the West Bengal side which were defeated in the final of the Santosh Trophy by Punjab on 25 October 2006.

Before the 2009–10 season, it was announced that Maria had signed with Salgaocar. He stayed with the Goan side for a season before ending his career with Peerless in the Calcutta Football League.

International
Maria represented India internationally five times in 2006.

Career statistics

International

References

Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian footballers
Category:Mohun Bagan A.C. players
Category:Fransa-Pax FC players
Category:Salgaocar F.C. players
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Footballers from Chandigarh
Category:I-League players
Category:India international footballers


Balassa

Balassa is a Hungarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Bálint Balassa, Hungarian poet (1554–1594)
 Balint Balassi Memorial Sword Award, Hungarian literary award
 Béla Balassa, Hungarian economist (1928–1991) who gave his name to the Balassa-Samuelson effect
 János Balassa, Hungarian surgeon (1815–1893)

Category:Hungarian-language surnames


Cenophengus debilis

Cenophengus debilis is a species in the family Phengodidae ("glowworm beetles"), in the order Coleoptera ("beetles").
It is found in North America.

References

Further reading
 Arnett, R.H. Jr., M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skelley and J. H. Frank. (eds.). (2002). American Beetles, Volume II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL.
 Richard E. White. (1983). Peterson Field Guides: Beetles. Houghton Mifflin Company.
 Ross H. Arnett. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press.
 Zaragoza Caballero, Santiago (1984). "Catálogo de la familia Phengodidae (Coleóptera)". Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Serie Zoología, vol. 55, no. 1, 307-324.

External links
NCBI Taxonomy Browser, Cenophengus debilis

Category:Phengodidae
Category:Bioluminescent insects
Category:Beetles described in 1881


Nájera

Nájera () is a small town, former bishopric and now Latin Catholic titular see, former capital of the Kingdom of Navarre, located in the "Rioja Alta" region of La Rioja, northern Spain, on the river Najerilla. Nájera is a stopping point on the French Way the most popular path on the Way of St James.

History
The area attracted the Romans, who built the town of Tritium on land which now falls within the boundaries of Nájera and the neighbouring municipality of Tricio. Subsequently, the area was under Muslim rule and the name Nájera (Naxara meaning "town between the rocks") is of Arabic origin.

The town, while still an Islamic possession  is the location of the legendary 3-day struggle between Roland, one of Charlemagne's nobles and the Islamic giant Ferragut.

The town was conquered by Ordoño II of Leon for Navarre in 923. Nájera was the capital city of the kingdom of Navarre until it was conquered by Castile in 1054 after the battle of Atapuerca. However, it continued to be multi-cultural. For example, in 1142 the French abbot Peter the Venerable used his visit to Spain to commission translations of important Islamic works, including the first translation of the Qur'an into a European language, and it has been suggested he met with his four translators at Nájera.

From the tenth century, Nájera had a prosperous Jewish community, which was granted relatively favorable legal status after the Christian conquest.

Edward, the Black Prince fought in the Battle of Nájera in 1367, intervening in a Castilian Civil War on behalf of Pedro of Castile.

See also Najara family, a Sephardic Jewish family, originally from Najera.

Ecclesiastical History
 Established in 923 as Diocese of Nájera, on territory split off from the suppressed Diocese of Calahorra.
 Gained territory twice : in 1077 from Diocese of Pamplona and Diocese of Osma, in 1088 from the suppressed Diocese of Álava.
 Itself Suppressed in 1170, its territory being used to establish the Diocese of Calahorra, to which its last incumbent was appointed.

Episcopal Ordinaries
(all Roman Rite)

''Suffragan Bishops of Nájera
 Gómez (1046–1064)
 Munio (1065–1080)
 Sancho (1080–1087)
 Sigefredo (1088–1089)
 Pedro (1089–1109)
 Sancho de Grañón (1109–1116)
 Sancho de Funes (1118–1146)
 Rodrigo de Cascante (1146–1170); later Bishop of successor see Calahorra (1170–1190)

Titular see
The diocese was nominally restored in 1969 as Latin Titular bishopric of Naiera (Curiate Italian and Latin; Latin adjective Naiaren(sis) / Nájera (Spanish).

It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :
 Patrick Vincent Ahern (1970.02.03 – death 2011.03.19) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of New York (USA) (1970.02.03 – retired 1994.04.26) and on emeritate
 Timothée Bodika Mansiyai, Sulpicians (P.S.S.) (2012.02.02 – 2016.11.19) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Kinshasa (Congo-Kinshasa) (2012.02.02 – 2016.11.19); later Bishop of Kikwit (Congo-Kinshasa) (2016.11.19 – ...)
 Bernard Edward "Ned" Shlesinger III (2017.07.19 – ) as Auxiliary Bishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta (USA)

Politics

Main sites

The church of Santa María la Real was founded by García Sánchez III of Pamplona in 1052. It is the burial-place of kings of Navarre.
The monks had to abandon the annexed monastic complex in the 19th century, as a result of the anti-clerical reforms of Juan Álvarez Mendizábal.

Other sights include :
 Bridge on the Najerilla river, rebuilt on Roman bridge foundations in 1090 by San Juan de Ortega and remade in 1880
 Excavations of the Alcázar (Moorish fort), abandoned in the 16th century
 Monastery of Valvanera,  from the town, built in the 11th century, but restored in Gothic style in the 15th century as it became a residence of queen Isabella I of Castile (Isabella of Spain).
 Convent of St. Helena (18th century)
 Najerillense Museum.

Notable people
 García Sánchez III of Pamplona
 Felix Morga
 Urraca López de Haro
 Diego López II de Haro
 Esteban Manuel de Villegas
 Pedro González de Salcedo
 Ángel Hidalgo Ibáñez

See also

 Municipal elections in Nájera
 Candidature of Najeran Independents
 Independent Municipal Democracy
 Najeran Alternative Forum
 Najara family, a Sephardic Jewish family, originally from Najera.
 Missal of Silos—oldest known document on paper, made at the monastery of Santa María la Real of Nájera.

Sources and external links

 GCatholic - ecclesiastical history

Category:Municipalities in La Rioja (Spain)


Brad Jacobs (curler)

Bradley "Brad" Jacobs (born June 11, 1985) is a Canadian curler from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. He is an Olympic champion skip, having led Canada to a gold medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics. Jacobs is also the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier championship skip and the 2013 World Championship runner-up. He is an eight-time (as of 2017) Northern Ontario provincial champion, and one time provincial junior champion.

Jacobs and his team are well known for their physical fitness. They have been described as "fitness freaks" and are "embracing curling's athletic evolution as much or more than any other team".

Career

Junior career
Jacobs began curling at age ten with a coach named Tom Coulterman in 1995. Coulterman saw potential in them and formed a team, Jacobs played third for   Ryan Harnden and was also joined by Matt Premo and Scott Sabrook.  As Jacobs entered high school, he entered competitive curling and took it seriously. He played second for Harnden in tournaments age 16 and under and played second for E. J. Harnden on the highschool team. In the fall, they formed a team together with E.J. as skip, Harnden as second, and Jacobs threw lead stones. They came third in the tournament. By Fall 2001, they added Caleb Flaxey at third. They were starting to feel comfortable enough as a team that they entered the Regal Capital Curling Classic men's bonspiel at their home club. The bonspiel included most of the best teams from the region, including one skipped by Al Harnden and featuring Eric Harnden. 1998 men's Olympic curling champion Patrick Hurlimann also was in the bonspiel. In the first draw, they were matched against Hurlimann. They won the game 5-3. "Once we got the lead, they were kind of shocked," Flaxey told the Sault Star. Hurlimann was sure that "they will have a bright future".

He had a successful junior career, winning the Northern Ontario Junior Men's Championship in 2005 with teammates Brady Barnett, Scott Seabrook and Steve Molodowich. This gave his team a berth at the 2005 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, representing the region. At the Canadian Juniors, he led the team to an 8–4 record, good enough for fourth place, but outside the playoffs.

Men's career
Jacobs was then picked up to play for his uncle, Al Harnden, with Jacobs throwing last rocks on the team. The team finished 5–6 at the 2007 Tim Hortons Brier. Jacobs participated in the 2008 Tim Hortons Brier as an alternate for another uncle, Eric Harnden. In 2008, Jacobs formed his own team with his cousins (Eric's sons) E. J. Harnden and Ryan Harnden as well as Caleb Flaxey. The team won the Northern Ontario provincial title in 2010, qualifying for the 2010 Tim Hortons Brier where they made the playoffs, the first team from Northern Ontario to do that since the 1993 Labatt Brier. Jacobs' team represented Northern Ontario again at the 2011 Tim Hortons Brier, where they finished with a 7–4 record, out of the playoffs. The team went to the Brier again in 2012, where they finished 5–6. The following year at the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier, they became the first team from Northern Ontario to win the Brier since 1985. The win gave them the right to represent Canada at the 2013 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. At the Worlds, Jacobs skipped the Canadian team to a silver medal, losing to Sweden's Niklas Edin in the final. Brad Jacobs also led his team to a 9-3 victory in the men's final of the 2014 Winter Olympics by defeating Great Britain.

Following their Olympic success, the Jacobs rink once again made it to the Brier in 2015. After posting a 10-1 round robin record in first place, they won the 1 vs. 2 game sending them to the finals against the defending Brier champions, Team Canada (skipped by Pat Simmons), which they lost. Later in the season the Jacobs rink won their first career Grand Slam event, winning the 2015 Players' Championship.

At the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier, the Jacobs rink once again tore through the round robin, going undefeated to finish in first place. However, they ran into trouble in the playoffs, losing to Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1 vs. 2 game and to Alberta in the semifinals. They did rebound in the bronze medal game, defeating Manitoba to finish third overall.

The 2016-17 season would be the best to date for the Jacobs rink on the World Curling Tour, winning two slams, the 2016 Boost National and the 2017 Humpty's Champions Cup. At the 2017 Tim Hortons Brier, the team would once again make the playoffs, after posting an 8-3 round robin record. However, they lost both of their playoff games, settling for fourth place.

Jacobs played in the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials attempting to head to the Olympics again, but his team would finish with a disappointing 3-5 record, missing the playoffs. The team again represented Northern Ontario at the 2018 Tim Hortons Brier, making it to the playoffs with an 8-3 record, but lost to Alberta's Brendan Bottcher rink in the 3 vs. 4 game.

The next season, the Jacobs rink won the 2018 Tour Challenge Grand Slam event. A month later, the team won the 2018 Canada Cup, their first Canada Cup title, defeating Kevin Koe's rink in the final. The team had Marc Kennedy playing third, filling in for Ryan Fry, who is on sabbatical following unsportsmanlike behaviour and excessive drinking at the 2018 Red Deer Curling Classic.
The team once again represented Northern Ontario at the 2019 Tim Hortons Brier. The team went 9-2 in the round robin and championship round combined. Jacobs lost the 1vs2 game to Kevin Koe and the semifinal to Brendan Bottcher resulting in the team getting the bronze medal.

The following season, the team officially added Kennedy to the line-up at third with Fry going to play with John Epping. In their first event, the 2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic, the team went undefeated up until the final where they would lose to former teammate Fry and Team Epping. Team Jacobs won three straight Grand Slam events, at the Tour Challenge, National and the Canadian Open. They would win the 2020 Northern Ontario Men's Provincial Curling Championship for the sixth year in a row.

Eight-ender
During the semifinal of The Dominion 2012 Northern Ontario Men's Curling Championship, Jacobs and team scored a rare eight-ender, in the sixth end to win the game 14–3.

Personal life
Jacobs was born on June 11, 1985 in Sault Ste. Marie. Jacobs holds a bachelor's degree in geography from Algoma University. He currently works as a senior marketing director for World Financial Group. He is married to Shawna Jacobs and has two children.

Teams

Grand Slam record

References

External links

 Olympic profile

Category:1985 births
Category:Sportspeople from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Category:Living people
Category:Curlers from Northern Ontario
Category:Brier champions
Category:Olympic curlers of Canada
Category:Curlers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Algoma University alumni
Category:Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Category:Olympic medalists in curling
Category:Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:Canadian male curlers
Category:Canada Cup (curling) participants


T. M. Karthik

T.M. Karthik Srinivasan, better known by his stage name T. M. Karthik who acted in stage plays and feature films. He made his acting debut in films with Guru (2007).

Career
Since 1994, Karthik has acted in over 60 productions and been on stage over 500 times to perform. Before becoming an actor, Karthik worked in the corporate world. TM Karthik is a part of the Evam group founded by Karthik Kumar. some of his films include Madrasapattinam,   Deiva Thirumagal,   Guru,   Life of Pi and he got his breakthrough as Ileana's price-tag fiancé in Nanban.

Controversy
As part of the Me Too movement in the Indian film industry, allegations of sexual harassment, sexual misconduct and inappropriate behaviour have been made against Karthik, in addition to others such as Vairamuthu.

Filmography

References

External links
T. M. Karthik on Twitter

Category:Indian male film actors
Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Tamil comedians


Michele Parrinello

Michele Parrinello (born 7 September 1945, Messina) is an Italian physicist particularly known for his work in molecular dynamics (the computer simulation of physical movements of atoms and molecules). Parrinello and Roberto Car were awarded the Dirac Medal and the Sidney Fernbach Award in 2009 for their continuing development of the Car-Parrinello method, first proposed in their seminal 1985 paper, "Unified Approach for Molecular Dynamics and Density-Functional Theory".

Life and career
Michele Parinello was born in Messina (Sicily) and received his Laurea in physics from the University of Bologna in 1968. After working at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, the IBM research laboratory in Zurich, and the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart, he was appointed Professor of Computational Science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich in 2001, a position he also holds at the Università della Svizzera italiana in Lugano. In 2004 he was elected to Great Britain's Royal Society. In 2011 he was awarded the Marcel Benoist Prize. In 2020 he received the Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) in Chemistry. He currently has an h-index of 142, which is one of the highest among all scientists.

Selected notable contributions
 Car–Parrinello Molecular Dynamics (the original paper on this is now the 5th most highly cited paper in Physical Review Letters)
 Parrinello-Rahman Algorithm
 Metadynamics

References

Further reading
Andreoni, W. ; Marx, D.; Sprik, M. (2005). "Editorial: a tribute to Michele Parrinello: from physics via chemistry to biology", ChemPhysChem, Volume 6, Issue 9 (Special Issue: Parrinello Festschrift)
Car, R. and Parrinello, M. (1985). "Unified Approach for Molecular Dynamics and Density-Functional Theory" Physical Review Letters, Vol. 55, Issue 22
Kühne, T. D.; Krack, M.; Mohamed, F. R. and Parrinello, M. (2007). "Efficient and Accurate Car-Parrinello-like Approach to Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics" Physical Review Letters, Vol. 98, 066401

External links
 Parrinello Research Group at ETH Zürich.

Category:1945 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian physicists
Category:People from Messina
Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Category:University of Lugano faculty
Category:Schrödinger Medal recipients
Category:Computational chemists
Category:Computational physicists


Judo at the 2010 Asian Games – Women's 78 kg

The women's 78 kilograms (half heavyweight) competition at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou was held on 13 November at the Huagong Gymnasium.

Schedule
All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00)

Results

Main bracket

Repechage

References

Results

External links
Draw

Women's 78


Stiftsgymnasium Melk

Stiftsgymnasium Melk () is a Roman Catholic Benedictine-run gymnasium located in Melk, Austria. The gymnasium is located within and run by the well-known monastery Melk Abbey. Founded in the 12th century as a monastic school, it is also the oldest continuously operating school in present-day Austria.

History

Medieval monastic school
The earliest documents proving the existence of a medieval monastic school at Melk Abbey are a parish register and some parchment scraps dating back to about 1140 and 1160 respectively. It is assumed that it was founded sometime in the first half of the 12th century, but it may already hung over from the monastery's establishment in 1089. In the 15th century, alongside the Melk Reform strongly influencing Austrian and Bavarian Benedictine religious life, the school flourished and gained reputation. So, for instance, in 1446 a monk called Simon wrote an education book for six-year-old King Ladislaus the Posthumous of Hungary. However, starting from around 1530 and mainly caused by the onset of the Protestant Reformation in the Habsburg Empire, the abbey suffered from a dramatic lack of personnel, and so did the school. In 1566, there were only six clergymen.

This crisis went on till the end of the 16th century, when in the wake of the Counter-Reformation more and more students from South German Jesuit Colleges attended the school. Those students, amongst them also poeta laureatus Laurentius Flenheintius, brought along very good education and raised the school's standard again. Therefore, in 1596 it was reshaped along the lines of a Jesuit College. Through this reform only the four lower classes remained in Melk, to finish school students had to do two further sessions in Vienna. In 1707, Abbot Berthold Dietmayr converted the school into a full, contemporary gymnasium.

Modern school 1707–1938
Starting from the beginning of the 1781/82 session, the Stiftsgymnasium due to Empress Maria Theresa’s education policies was referred to as gymnasium publicum, a type of school that was "partially open to the public". In 1787, Joseph II relocated it to Sankt Pölten since he had made the city a diocesan town three years before and thus wanted it to have an "appropriate" school, too. The school then did not return to Melk until 1804. In 1811, Abbot Anton Reyberger established the school’s boarding home, which was opened November 7. Moreover, a preparatory class (praeparanda) was introduced to facilitate pupils’ transition from their small village schools to gymnasium, it persisted till 1927. In 1850, the number of classes was raised to eight and hence in 1851 the first Matura exams could take place in Melk. At that time, the school’s scientific collections were constituted and exceptionally promoted.

According to the school’s annual report of 1861 in that year there was a total enrollment of 208, including 51 boarders. As from 1873 there were secular teachers in minors, from 1879/80 those taught chief subjects as well. In 1877/78 the school was structurally extended, so, for instance, a new physics room and a new refectory were built. In 1905, the Episcopal Seminary of Melk was unclosed, where till its closure in 2006 pupils of Stiftsgymnasium were housed. In order to distinguish them from the students who lived in the boarding home situated in the monastery (germ. Konvikt) and hence were called Konviktisten those seminary pupils were known as Seminaristen.

After Austria’s incorporation into the German Reich (Anschluss) Principal Fr. Wilhelm Schier by March 13, 1938, was deposed and replaced by Nazi-affiliated Fr. Coelestin Schoiko. In late 1938 the school was closed down completely and later converted into a National Political Institute of Education (commonly known as Napola).

Since 1945
After some reconstruction and clearing work was done it was possible to restore school life as early as by September 1945. In 1966, an annual student exchange program to Saint John's Preparatory School in Collegeville, Minnesota (also operated by a Benedictine abbey, Saint John's) was established, and is currently still operating. With appreciably declining enrollment numbers, Stiftsgymnasium was declared co-educational (admitting girls as well) by the session of 1967/68, and a modern-language branch ("neusprachlicher Zweig", focusing on French), as opposed to the "classical" branch ("humanistischer" or "altsprachlicher Zweig", focused on the teaching of Latin and Ancient Greek), was adopted. In 1972, Abbot Reginald Zupancic appointed Ernst Wegscheider principal; thereby, the office was held by a layman for the very first time. Since 1973 all teachers at Stiftsgymnasium are publicly funded, posing a markedly financial relief for the school.

Notable alumni
The Stiftsgymnasium's alumni as well as other former students are called Altmelkers. There is an alumni association named Verein der Altmelker und Freunde (Association of old Melkers and Friends), which furthermore awards scholarships to current students.
 Gregor Werner (1693–1766), composer
 Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (1736–1809), musician
 Friedrich Halm (1806–1871), dramatist and poet
 August Sicard von Sicardsburg (1813–1868), architect
 Karl Werner (1821–1888), theologian
 Carl Zeller (1842–1898), composer
 Karl Kautsky (1854–1938), political theoretician and philosopher
 Spiridon Gopčević (1855–1928), astronomer and historian
 Adolf Loos (1870–1933), architect
 Franz Blei (1871–1942), writer and critic
 Leopold Blauensteiner (1880–1947), painter
 Albert Paris Gütersloh (1887–1973), painter
 Leopold Vietoris (1891–2002), mathematician and supercentenarian
 Franz König (1905–2004), Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Vienna
 Wilhelm Beiglböck, internist, war-criminal
 Georg, Duke of Hohenberg (born 1929), heir presumptive to the Austrian throne and diplomat
 Josef Hader (born 1962), comedian and actor
 Otto Lechner (born 1964), musician
 Hermine Haselböck, mezzo-soprano

Notable teachers
 Bernhard Pez (1683–1735), historian and librarian
 Gabriel Strobl (1846–1925), entomologist

See also
List of the oldest schools in the world

References

External links
  (German)
 History of Stiftsgymnasium (German)

Category:Catholic schools in Austria
Category:Benedictine secondary schools
Category:Schools in Austria
Category:Buildings and structures in Lower Austria
Category:Educational institutions established in the 12th century
Category:Melk


Tanoa Visawaqa

Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa (pronounced ) (died on 8 December 1852) was a Fijian Chieftain who held the title 5th Vunivalu of Bau. With Adi Savusavu, one of his nine wives, he was the father of Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau, who succeeded in unifying Fiji into a single kingdom.

Installation
The son of Ratu Banuve Baleivavalagi, 3rd Vunivalu of Bau and his second wife, Roko Lewasaki. He was the father of the first Tui Viti, Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau, Ratu Tanoa was installed as Vunivalu upon the death of his elder brother Ratu Naulivou Ramatenikutu, who was involved in a fierce power struggle against the Roko Tui Bau, Ratu Raiwalui, which led to his death.

The idea of a Tui Viti was conceived in the reign of Tanoa but saw fruition in the reign of his son Seru.

The Wars of Bau
As the animosity intensified, Ratu Tanoa was forced into exile, firstly on Koro Island and then in Somosomo on Taveuni, where he remained until his son, Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau led a coup in 1837, reinstalling his father as Vunivalu until his death in 1852, whereupon Cakobau inherited the title. He had 9 wives (6 of whom were strangled to death in December 1852); amongst his issue were Ratu Tubuanakoro and Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau.

The Burner of Boats
It was before his exile that Tanoa was named Tanoa "Visawaqa" for his bloody campaign and slaying of the Roko Tui Bau, Ratu Raiwalui, he set fire to the War Canoes of the warriors of the Roko Tui Bau, and was thereafter called Tanoa — "Burner of boats", or figuratively, "excessive killer" — even though Ratu Naulivou sent his brother Tanoa on the mission to punish the Roko Tui Bau and his followers he did not expect the bloodbath that would follow, and Tanoa's actions greatly worried his brother.

References

 The Majesty of Colour: A Life of Sir John Bates Thurston - Page 44, by Scarr, Deryck - 1980, reference to Tanoa Visawaqa, his exile and restoration by his son seru.
  Apologies To Thucydides: Understanding History as Culture and Vice Versa - Page 249, by Marshall David Sahlins, reference to Tanoa and how his name came about.
 Fiji Handbook of the Colony: Special Wartime Issue - Page 77, by Leonard G Usher - 1943, Original from the University of Michigan. numerous references to Ratu Tanoa along with various details of his life and conquests

External links
 Vunivalu
 Museum of Victoria with picture of and reference to Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa

Category:Fijian chiefs
Category:Vunivalu of Bau
Category:1777 births
Category:1852 deaths
Category:Tui Kaba
Category:Monarchy in Fiji
Category:People from Bau (island)
Category:1820s in Fiji
Category:1830s in Fiji
Category:19th-century Oceanian people


Richmond Shreve

Richmond Harold Shreve (June 25, 1877 – September 11, 1946) was a Canadian-American architect.

Biography
He was born on June 25, 1877 in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, the son of Richmond Shreve, an Anglican priest, and Mary Catherine Parker Hocken. Shreve attended Cornell University, taught there from 1902 to 1906, and was a member of the Sphinx Head Society.

He was president of the American Institute of Architects from 1941 through 1943.

He died on September 11, 1946 in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.

Legacy
His company Shreve, Lamb and Harmon led the construction of the Empire State Building as well as several Cornell University buildings.  Shreve was also the lead architect for the landmark 1937 Williamsburg Houses housing development in Brooklyn.

He was profiled in the book The 100 Most Notable Cornellians.

Notes

External links
 Richmond H. Shreve, William F. Lamb and Arthur L. Harmon, photographed in 1941.

Category:1877 births
Category:1946 deaths
Category:Canadian architects
Category:Architects from New York (state)
Category:People from Annapolis County, Nova Scotia
Category:Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning alumni
Category:Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Category:Presidents of the American Institute of Architects


Prasat Thong

Prasatthong (, ; c.1600–1656; reigned 1629–1656) was the first king of the Prasat Thong dynasty, the 4th dynasty of the Siamese Ayutthaya kingdom.

Accounts vary on the origin of Prasatthong. While traditional Thai historians hold that he was an illegitimate son of King Ekathotsarot, Jeremias van Vliet's account states that he was the maternal cousin of King Songtham – his father was Okya Sithammathirat (), elder brother of the mother of King Songtham. He was born during the reign of King Naresuan around 1600 and was known to cause mischief in the royal court. He ruined the palace Agricultural Initiation Ceremony, royal ceremony of ploughing, and was threatened with imprisonment; only pleas from the queen of King Naresuan, Chao Khruamanichan, won a reduction of the punishment to five months imprisonment. He was later pardoned and given the title of Okya Siworawong (), or Phraya Siworawong – a high-ranking title of royal page.

Rise to power
The rise of Prasatthong to power was documented in van Vliet’s The Historical Account of the war of Succession following the death of King Pra Interajatsia (1650). As the king's maternal cousin, he held great influence. It is said that he was a very ambitious prince and wanted to become a king. King Songtham had had his brother Phra Phanpi Sisin or Phra Sisin (The Siamese chronicles say that Phra Sisin was one of the King Songtham's three sons.) as the Front Palace, technically his successor, but a palace faction including Prasatthong persuaded the king to give the throne instead to his son Prince Chetthathirat. When King Songtham died in 1628, Chetthathirat ascended the throne and a great purge of the mandarins who had supported Phra Sisin was instigated, including the Samuha Kalahom or Defence Minister. Prasatthong then replaced him as the Defence Minister with the new title of Okya Suriyawong ().

The King Maker
During the King Chetthathirat’s reign, Prasatthong had Yamada Nagamasa, the head of Japanese mercenaries then known as Okya Senaphimok (), as a supporter. After Chetthathirat accession to the throne, Phra Sisin escaped into monkhood to save his life. However, he was lured into the palace with his monastic robes off and with princely attire. He was arrested and then exiled to Phetchaburi where he was thrown into a well to be starved to death. The prince was narrowly saved by the local monks who had thrown a body into the well as substitute.  Phra Sisin then organized a rebellion in Petchaburi. Prasatthong  sent Okya Kamhaeng and Yamada Nagamasa to lead the Japanese troops to crush the rebels. Phra Sisin was captured and executed in Ayutthaya.

With the Phra Sisin gone, Prasatthong was in full power. In 1629, his father died. The funeral was held in grandeur and his father’s ashes were cremated twice – a practice reserved for royalty. On that day King Chetthathirat called for an audience with all the nobles but all of them had gone to the funeral – much to the king’s great anger. The king threatened to punish Prasatthong  but Okya Phraklang (the Minister of Trade who was Prasatthong's ally) managed to calm the king and convince him of Prasatthong's innocence. The king was unprepared when Prasatthong hurled armies into the palace. The king fled but was captured and executed. Prasatthong  installed the king’s brother – the eleven-year-old Prince Athittayawong – as the new puppet king with Prasatthong as the regent who crowned himself as the second king.

The Coup and rebellion
Prasatthong strived to eliminate his allies-turned-rivals – the Okya Kamhaeng who contested him for the throne and Yamada Nagamasa who objected to the takeover of the throne by Prasatthong. He quickly condemned Okya Kamhaeng for treason and execution followed. And he sent Yamada Nagamasa to the south as the governor of Ligor, away from Ayutthaya. As soon as the Japanese mandarin left the city, only about a month after his ascension, the child-king was deposed and subsequently executed. Suriyawong or Okya Suriyawong crowned himself as the full-fledged King of Siam.

Prasatthong had acted as "king-maker" before assuming the throne, by performing the double regicide of King Songtham's sons.  Yamada, Okya Seniphimok, heard of the coup at Ayutthaya and rebelled. Prasatthong had him poisoned and then expelled the remaining Japanese.

Reign
As a powerful and decisive leader, he promulgated many criminal laws and sometimes, according to Van Vliet, he even executed prisoners by himself.

Siam was a major trading center attracting Europeans merchants. Prasatthong was interested in controlling the towns in the southern peninsula, perhaps because of profits from overseas trade. Ayutthaya lost northern subjugated principalities such as Chiangmai.

Under Prasatthong, Cambodia became subject to Siam again.  He then built the capital city using Nakhon Thom as a model and built "places of temporary rest on the way to the footprint of the Buddha."

Succession
Upon King Prasatthong’s death in 1656, Chao Fa Chai, his eldest son, succeeded his father as King Sanpet VI.

Legacy
Prasatthong built the monastery Chumphon Nikayaram where his mother resided and a rest palace, Bang Pa-In Royal Palace, at Bang Pa-In.

References

Category:1656 deaths
Category:Prasat Thong Dynasty
Category:Kings of Ayutthaya
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:17th-century monarchs in Asia
Category:1600 births