Cardinals–Cubs rivalry

The Cardinals–Cubs rivalry, also called the Route 66 rivalry and The I-55 rivalry, refers to the rivalry between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs of the National League (NL), one of the most bitter rivalries in Major League Baseball and in all of North American professional sports. The Cardinals have won 19 NL pennants, while the Cubs have won 17. However, the Cardinals have a clear edge when it comes to World Series success, having won 11 championships to the Cubs' 3. Games between the two clubs see numerous visiting fans in either St. Louis's Busch Stadium or Chicago's Wrigley Field. When the NL split into two divisions in , and later three divisions in , the Cardinals and Cubs remained together.

The Cubs lead the regular season series 1,237–1,180–19.   The teams' lone MLB playoff meeting occurred in the 2015 National League Division Series, which the Cubs won, 3–1.

In May 2019, MLB announced that the Cubs and Cardinals would play a two-game series in London in June 2020, as the 2020 MLB London Series.

First meetings in 19th century World Series
In his book, Before They Were Cardinals, Jon David Cash speculates that the economic trade rivalry between the cities of Chicago and St. Louis led to the formation of the St. Louis Brown Stockings in 1875 to compete with the Chicago White Stockings. The Brown Stockings would later fold and reemerge in 1882 when the Cardinals (as the Browns), met the Cubs (as the White Stockings), in a pair of pre-World Series matchups between American Association champion St. Louis and NL champion Chicago.

First meeting

The first series meeting between the two teams was actually played in four cities – not only St. Louis and Chicago, but also Pittsburgh and Cincinnati. On October 15, Browns manager Charles Comiskey pulled his team off the field in the 6th inning in protest of umpire Dave Sullivan's call. The White Stockings were in the lead at the time 5-4 and were declared a winner on forfeit. Behind pitcher Dave Foutz, St. Louis defeated Chicago 13-4 in Game 7. The Browns claimed the Game 2 forfeit didn't count and therefore claimed the championship. The two clubs split the $1000 prize.

The $15,000 slide

The first series played in 1885 ended in dispute with no winner making the rematch a year later more heated. Game 2 saw the Browns win in a 12-0 romp. Bob Caruthers pitched a one-hitter, and left fielder Tip O'Neill smacked two inside-the-park home runs. It was the first two-home-run game by a player in a World Championship game. Despite the win, the White Stockings had won Games 1 and 3 and took the series lead into St. Louis. Oddities happened in Game 5. With Jim McCormick and Jocko Flynn lame and John Clarkson tired‚ Chicago tried to use a minor league recruit in the pitcher's box‚ only to be refused by the Browns. Shortstop Ned Williamson and right fielder Jimmy Ryan ended up having to pitch. The Browns won easily 10-3. The sixth and final game began at an earlier time of 2:18 PM, so the full nine innings could be played. Pitching his fourth game in six days‚ Clarkson held St. Louis hitless for six innings as Chicago built a 3-0 lead. However, in the 8th, the Browns finally got to Clarkson to tie the game at 3, with Arlie Latham hitting a 2-run triple. In the 10th, Curt Welch scored on the "$15‚000 slide" after a wild pitch to win it in front of a fired-up St. Louis home crowd.

Cardinals join the National League

Early Cubs dominance
After the dissolution of the American Association, the Browns franchise moved to the National League in 1892 and become known as the Cardinals in 1900. (The Browns name was later used by an AL team that had previously been known as the Milwaukee Brewers, and is now the Baltimore Orioles.) St. Louis would not achieve much success in its early years in the NL. On the other hand, the Cubs won three straight pennants from 1906–1908 and two World Series during that time. The Cubs would also go on to win seven more pennants from then until 1945.

The tide turns
The Cardinals would eventually put together a team to win the pennant and World Series in . It would be their first National League pennant and first championship since defeating the White Stockings. Although the Cubs would also win a few pennants, their championship run stopped in . Eventually, the Cubs' pennant wins would also stop in 1945, and they did not win another until , when they also won the World Series. The Cardinals have won the World Series 11 times, the most of any National League team and second New York Yankees (27) in all of MLB.

Hack Wilson's riot

Cubs' Slugger Hack Wilson had a combative streak and frequently initiated fights with opposing players and fans. On June 22, 1928, a riot broke out in the ninth inning at Wrigley Field when Wilson jumped into the box seats to attack a heckling fan. An estimated 5,000 spectators swarmed the field before police could separate the combatants and restore order. The fan sued Wilson for $20,000, but a jury ruled in Wilson's favor.

Modern period

"The Sandberg Game"
One game in particular was cited for putting Cubs second baseman Ryne Sandberg, as well as the 1984 Cubs in general, "on the map", a NBC national telecast of a Cardinals–Cubs game on June 23, . The Cubs had been playing well throughout the season's first few months, but as a team unaccustomed to winning, they had not yet become a serious contender in the eyes of most baseball fans.

Sandberg had played two full seasons in the major leagues, and while he had proven himself to be a top-fielding second baseman and fast on the basepaths (over 30 stolen bases both seasons), his .260-ish batting average and single-digit home run production were respectable for his position but not especially noteworthy, and Sandberg was not talked about outside Chicago. The Game of the Week, however, put the sleeper Cubs on the national stage against their regional rival, the St. Louis Cardinals. Both teams were well-established franchises with a strong fan base outside the Chicago and St. Louis area.

In the ninth inning, the Cubs trailed 9–8, and faced the premier relief pitcher of the time, Bruce Sutter. Sutter was at the forefront of the emergence of the closer in the late 1970s and early 1980s: a hard-throwing pitcher who typically came in just for the ninth inning and saved around 30 games a season. (Sutter was especially dominant in 1984, saving 45 games.) However, in the ninth inning, Sandberg, not yet known for his power, slugged a home run to left field against the Cardinals' ace closer. Despite this dramatic act, the Cardinals scored two runs in the top of the tenth. Sandberg came up again in the tenth inning, facing a determined Sutter with one man on base. As Cubs' radio announcer Harry Caray described it:

The Cubs went on to win in the 11th inning. The Cardinals' Willie McGee (who had hit for the cycle that day) had already been named NBC's player of the game before Sandberg's first home run. As NBC play-by-play man Bob Costas (who called the game with Tony Kubek) said when Sandberg hit that second home run, "Do you believe it?!" The game is sometimes called "The Sandberg Game". The winning run for the Cubs was driven in by a single off the bat of Dave Owen.

McGwire/Sosa home run chase

In 1998, the teams were connected by the Mark McGwire-Sammy Sosa home run race, credited by many with revitalizing the sport following the players' strike which cancelled the 1994 World Series and the first part of the 1995 season.

In early September the teams met for a two-game series in St. Louis. In the first game, McGwire hit his record-tying 61st home run off pitcher Mike Morgan in the first inning as part of a 3–2 Cardinals victory. The following day, McGwire broke the record with #62 off Steve Trachsel in the fourth inning as part of a 6–3 victory. In a show of sportsmanship, Sammy Sosa embraced and congratulated his rival and on-field opponent after McGwire rounded the bases. McGwire would finish the year with 70 home runs and Sosa with 66. However, the Cubs won the National League wild card, making the playoffs for the first time in nine years, while the Cardinals missed the playoffs. Sosa eventually became the NL MVP that season.

Sosa dedicated each of his 66 home runs that season to the memory of Cubs (and former Cardinals) broadcaster Harry Caray, who died in February that year.

After the chase
A somber showing of acknowledgment between the two teams happened in  when Cubs catcher Joe Girardi addressed the fans at Wrigley Field in a choked up way that the game between the two teams had been cancelled and that the fans should pray for the St. Louis Cardinals family. However, there were fans who booed. Later, a press conference was held where an emotional Girardi addressed the death of Cardinals pitcher Darryl Kile. Girardi, who played for both the Cubs and the Cardinals, addressed the fans in a regional broadcast on Fox.

In 2005, Cubs first basemen Derrek Lee Cardinals first baseman Albert Pujols were locked in an MVP race. Lee led the NL in hits and batting average and bested Pujols in home runs. For his part, Pujols led the league in runs scored and had the edge on Lee in RBIs. Lee was awarded both the Gold Glove and Silver Slugger as the best NL first baseman on both defense and offense, respectively. However, with the Cardinals winning 100 games and the division and the Cubs finishing 21 games back in fourth place, Pujols won the  MVP honors.

On June 4 and 5,  Pujols, in his final season with the Cardinals, won back to back games against the Cubs with walk-off home runs.

In recent years, tragedies in the Cardinals organization have caused two games between these teams to be postponed. In 2002, after Cardinals pitcher Darryl Kile was found dead in a Chicago hotel room, a game between the teams in Wrigley Field was postponed. Then in 2007, another Cardinals pitcher, Josh Hancock, was killed in a car crash while driving intoxicated, causing a game in St. Louis to be postponed.

Former Cubs shortstop Ryan Theriot, who was acquired by the Cardinals on November 30, 2010, told a St. Louis radio station that he was "finally on the right side of the Cardinals-Cubs rivalry" and that he was happy to be with an organization that emphasized winning World Series championships instead of being "an afterthought".  Cubs pitcher Carlos Zambrano called him "the enemy now." The Cardinals won the World Series that season.

The two clubs played each other in the postseason for the first time in the 2015 National League Division Series, as a result of the Cubs' 4–0 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates in the NL Wild Card Game. The Cubs defeated the Cardinals 3–1 to advance to the National League Championship Series.

The rivalry was further heated after John Lackey and Jason Heyward signed with the Cubs after the 2015 season and Dexter Fowler signed with the Cardinals after the Cubs' 2016 championship season.

Season-by-season results

Stadiums

Cubs
When the Tribune Company bought the Cubs, they immediately started pressing for night baseball, threatening to abandon Wrigley Field otherwise. Night baseball was finally added in 1988, and after some further negotiations with the city, in the winter of 2005–2006 they expanded Wrigley's bleachers for the first time since 1938.

Wrigleyville, a part of the Lakeview neighborhood, surrounds the Cubs' stadium, and comprises middle- and upper-middle-class housing, as well as many restaurants, bars and music venues for fans to visit before and after games.

Cardinals
Busch Stadium (also referred to informally as "New Busch Stadium" or "Busch Stadium III") is the home of the St. Louis Cardinals. The stadium has a seating capacity of 43,975, and contains 3,706 club seats and 61 luxury suites.

The ballpark opened on April 4, 2006 with an exhibition between the minor league Memphis Redbirds and Springfield Cardinals, both affiliates of the St. Louis Cardinals, which Springfield won 5-3 with right-hander Mike Parisi recording the first win. The first official major league game occurred on April 10, 2006 as the Cardinals defeated the Milwaukee Brewers 6–4 behind an Albert Pujols home run and winning pitcher Mark Mulder.

A commercial area, dubbed Ballpark Village, is adjacent to the stadium over the remainder of the former stadium's footprint.

Territorial rights

In his book Three Nights in August, Buzz Bissinger compared the Cardinals–Cubs rivalry to another famous rivalry in MLB: "The Red Sox and Yankees is a tabloid-filled soap opera about money and ego and sound bites. But the Cubs and Cardinals are about... geography and territorial rights."

One of the "territories" in question is central Illinois, which receives both radio broadcasts of Cardinals games on KMOX, while WGN radio & WGN television,(including WGN-TV's superstation) broadcasts Cubs games. Both KMOX and WGN radio are traditional "clear channel" AM radio stations, and both teams fought for fans in the Western states prior to Major League expansion. Also prior to Major League expansion, the Cardinals traditionally claimed huge parts of the Lower Midwest and the South in their territory, while the Cubs claimed the Upper Midwest.

Loyalties to the two teams divided friends, families, and co-workers, and shaped the locals in various ways, as George Will noted in a 1998 commencement address at Washington University in St. Louis: "I grew up in Champaign, Illinois, midway between Chicago and St. Louis. At an age too tender for life-shaping decisions, I made one. While all my friends were becoming Cardinals fans, I became a Cub fan. My friends, happily rooting for Stan Musial, Red Schoendienst, and other great Redbirds, grew up cheerfully convinced that the world is a benign place, so of course, they became liberals. Rooting for the Cubs in the late 1940s and early 1950s, I became gloomy, pessimistic, morose, dyspeptic and conservative. It helped out of course that the Cubs last won the World Series in 1908, which is two years before Mark Twain and Tolstoy died. But that means, class of 1998, that the Cubs are in the 89th year of their rebuilding effort, and remember, any team can have a bad moment."

The rivalry between the two teams is an important regionalism in the Netflix show Ozark. In order to establish Jason Bateman's character, Marty Byrde, as a Chicago native now moved to Lake Ozark, Missouri, the show writers included several references to the rivalry through the first seasons. This often manifests as negative comments from Byrde to a southern Missouri Cardinals fan. One says to him "I was raised to hate the Cubs," to which he fires back "And I was raised to hate the Cardinals."

Notable personalities

Many players have played for both teams, including Hall of Famer Rogers Hornsby, who holds several single season hitting records for both clubs. Notably, Hall of Famer Lou Brock was traded from the Cubs to the Cardinals early in his career for pitcher Ernie Broglio. This is widely considered one of the most one-sided trades in baseball history. Other Hall of Famers who played/managed with both clubs include Grover Cleveland Alexander, Clark Griffith, Burleigh Grimes, Bruce Sutter, Roger Bresnahan, Dizzy Dean, Dennis Eckersley, Rabbit Maranville, Hoyt Wilhelm, and Leo Durocher.

Legendary announcer Harry Caray began his career in St. Louis, broadcasting on KMOX radio for 24 seasons, before moving to Chicago in 1971, announcing 11 seasons for the White Sox before moving to the North Side and becoming a staple of WGN radio and television broadcasts for the Cubs from 1982 until his death before the 1998 season.

The rivalry between the two clubs intensified following the hiring of Dusty Baker to manage the Cubs following in 2003. In 2002, when Baker was managing the San Francisco Giants, he and Cardinals manager Tony La Russa had run-ins during that year's National League Championship Series, with the animosity carrying over to Baker's tenure with the Cubs. According to Baker, part of the intensity stems from the close relationship of the two. "It's very intense...When you play 18 times against a team that's had a long-time rivalry, and my former manager and my former confidant, that just increases things." Baker played for La Russa in 1986 as a member of the Oakland Athletics.

Some say that the feud between the two managers added to the rivalry between the two teams. "Both managers are fiercely protective of their players. Both believe in old-school baseball protocol. Neither will sit by idly and watch an opponent show up their team. Both are fierce competitors with enormous pride…. Fans don’t usually buy tickets to watch managers manage . . . but this tactical showdown added something to the Cubs-Cards series."

After the Cubs fired Baker in 2006, they replaced him with Lou Piniella. Coincidentally, Piniella and La Russa both grew up in Tampa and faced each other in the 1990 World Series as managers of the Cincinnati Reds and Oakland Athletics, respectively.

Statistical comparison
As of the beginning of the 2019 MLB Season

Championships and Playoff Appearances

Award Winners
As of the beginning of the 2019 MLB Season

Single season records

Hall of Fame plaques with team logo
Cardinals – (12)
Lou Brock (1985)
Rogers Hornsby (1947)
Dizzy Dean (1953)
Bob Gibson (1981)
Whitey Herzog (2010)
Stan Musial (1969)
Red Schoendienst (1989)
Ted Simmons (2020)
Enos Slaughter (1985)
Ozzie Smith (2002)
Bruce Sutter (2006)
Billy Southworth (2008)

Cubs – (12)
Ernie Banks (1977)
Frank Chance (1946)
Kiki Cuyler (1968)
Johnny Evers (1946)
Gabby Hartnett (1955)
Billy Herman (1975)
Ferguson Jenkins (1991)
Ryne Sandberg (2005)
Ron Santo  (2012)
Lee Smith (2019)
Billy Williams (1987)
Hack Wilson (1979)

See also
Major League Baseball rivalries
Blackhawks–Blues rivalry – equivalent in the National Hockey League
1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase

References
Inline citations

Bibliography

Category:Major League Baseball rivalries
Category:Chicago Cubs
Category:St. Louis Cardinals
Category:Sports in the Midwestern United States


The Ballad of Boogie Christ

The Ballad of Boogie Christ is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Joseph Arthur, released on June 11, 2013 on Real World and Lonely Astronaut Records. A concept album, The Ballad of Boogie Christ follows "a fictionalized character loosely based on [Arthur’s] own journey," and was funded by a PledgeMusic campaign.

The album features a re-recording of the track, "I Miss the Zoo", which appeared on Arthur's previous album, Redemption City (2012).

Background and recording
The Ballad of Boogie Christ'''s songs originated as poems, with Joseph Arthur noting, "It all came from words and poems like seeds that bloomed into songs which themselves fathered some of the richest music I've made in seventeen years of putting together records." According to Arthur, "Boogie Christ is unlike anything I've ever done before. It’s a big production with horns and soul singers; a psychedelic soul record about redemption and what happens after you find it and lose it."

Writing and compositionThe Ballad of Boogie Christ is a loose concept album, based on Arthur's life. Regarding the album's narrative, Arthur noted, "I don't know that there's a beginning, middle and end to the story, but there are definitely experiences, situations and perspectives that point in those directions. I wanted to let the listener fill in some of the blanks without telling the whole story in a straight-ahead way." Arthur elaborated, "I've heard David Bowie talk about how Ziggy Stardust and some other records were the beginnings of screenplays that he just never finished. I could really see this becoming something deeper and bigger than just an album. Chuck Prophet reminded me that there's always the Great American Novel, and that really stuck in my head about Boogie Christ. That's what I've been wanting to achieve with this album. He encouraged me that it was okay to dream big."

Release

PledgeMusic campaign
In order to release the album, Joseph Arthur started a PledgeMusic campaign. Receiving 1107 pledges, Arthur reached 117% of his total goal - surpassing his initial request. Regarding his campaign, Arthur stated: "It’s not without much thought that I’ve decided to go ahead and do a Pledge campaign. I’ve had it cued up with the folks over there several times but backed out each time, I think from some kind of knee-jerk pride that didn’t want to ask you for help. But I think with the music business being what it is nowadays, unless you break out big or become a license darling, there are precious few alternatives to fund one’s work. Some say it’s sad that it has come to this but I’m optimistic that new ways of doing things can lead to new forms of creativity and a smaller world community for artists to get to know their fans or for fans to become a more vital part in the process of artists creating their diamonds."

Critical reception

Allmusic's Thom Jurek gave the album a positive review, writing: "[Arthur's] always tried so hard to capture the heat of the moment in the studio, that he can get sloppy, thus blunting impact. The Ballad of Boogie Christ changes that. [...] To say that The Ballad of Boogie Christ is inspired is an understatement. It was written, performed, cut, and mixed with great care, and as such delivers Arthur's creative vision with abundant emotional power." Megan Pacella, writing for American Songwriter, also gave the album a positive review, stating: "The Ballad of Boogie Christ" weaves beautiful narratives in and out of folksy numbers and rock songs, adding a layered palette of horn solos and soulful back-up singers. In short, there’s a reason why Arthur calls this album one of the “richest” projects he’s worked on during his 17-year career." PopMatters gave the album a mostly positive review, but stated: "The Ballad of Boogie Christ'' remains a very good Joseph Arthur record, but it lacks the immediate virtues of his greatest albums. It’s a worthy addition to his discography, but likely not to go down in the upper tier of his best recordings."

Track listing
"Currency of Love" - 3:14
"Saint of Impossible Causes" - 4:32
"The Ballad of Boogie Christ" - 4:13
"I Used to Know How to Walk on Water" - 4:46
"Wait for Your Lights" - 3:12
"I Miss the Zoo" - 4:52
"It's Ok to Be Young/Gone" 3:18
"Still Life Honey Rose" - 4:23
"Black Flowers" - 2:41
"King of Cleveland" - 4:33
"Famous Friends Along the Coast" - 5:40
"All the Old Heroes" - 7:13

Personnel

Joseph Arthur - lead vocals, backing vocals, guitar (2-12), bass guitar (2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 and 12), keyboards and piano (1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10 and 12), percussion (2-11), drums (7, 10 and 11), sitar (2)
Garth Hudson - keyboards and piano (4 and 9)
Catherine Popper - bass guitar (3, 4, 8 and 9)
Chris Seefried - guitar, piano, strings and backing vocals (1)
Ben Harper - backing vocals (4), slide guitar (4 and 11)
Jim Keltner - drums and percussion (12)
Joan Wasser - violin and backing vocals (3 and 4)
Paul Cantelon - violin and piano (12)
Greg Wieczorek - drums and percussion (3, 4, 8, 9 and 12)
David Immerglück - guitar (1)
John Flaugher - bass guitar (1)
Sam Cohen - guitar (8 and 9)
Jessy Greene - violin (3, 9 and 11)
Rami Jaffee - organ (3, 11 and 12)
Kraig Jarret Johnson - guitar and backing vocals (5), additional bass guitar (11)
James King - horns (1)
Jenni Muldaur - backing vocals (3, 8 and 9)
Juliette Lewis - backing vocals (2)
John "Scrappy" Sneider - trumpets, flugelhorn and horn arrangements (3, 4 and 9)
Sebastian Steinberg - bass guitar (1)
Aaron Sterling - drums (1)
Damara Stolfo - backing vocals (8)
C.C. White - backing vocals (3, 9, 11 and 12)

References

Category:2013 albums
Category:Joseph Arthur albums
Category:Concept albums
Category:Albums produced by Chris Seefried
Category:Real World Records albums
Category:Lonely Astronaut Records albums


Law of Laos

The Law of Laos is not determined by a democratic parliament or by legal precedent, but by the arbitrary rule of Laos's single party.

Civil liberties and human rights

The Laos criminal justice system is controlled by the party and the government. There are few legal restraints on government actions, including arrests, which are often arbitrary in nature. Dissent is frequently handled by suppressing basic civil rights. Although the constitution provisions of the mid-1990s cover freedom of worship, expression and press, citizens by December 2010 were not free to exercise these rights fully. There were no legal safeguards and arrests were commonly made on vague charges.
A penal code and a constitution which guarantee civil liberties have been proposed.  Implementation is another matter, particularly in the area of freedom of political expression. The media is state-controlled.

Nonetheless, there is a system for prosecuting criminal behavior. Common crimes are evaluated at the local village level. More serious cases, especially politically sensitive ones, are referred to higher authorities. Tribunals operate at district and provincial levels with judges appointed by the government.

Both Laotian journalists and Western officials are critical of the limitations on personal freedoms. In 1987, a Laotian journalist living in Thailand noted that there was little popular support for the government, but that most Laotians accepted its authority because they had little choice. In 1988, a Laotian journalist protested that open criticism of the government was forbidden and one of his friends was imprisoned after he complained about the continuing lack of a constitution. The same year, Western diplomats reported that hundreds or thousands of individuals were being held in detention centers in Laos and that citizens were being arrested and held for months without being charged.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the government instituted the New Economic Mechanism, a series of sweeping economic reforms geared toward establishing a market-oriented economy. Along with these economic reforms came a slight opening to the West, which provided some opportunity for scrutiny of human rights violations. However, few foreign journalists are allowed to visit Laos, and travel by diplomats and foreign aid workers is restricted. Both domestic and foreign travel by Laotians also is subject to scrutiny and restriction.

Criminal justice system
The Ministry of Interior is the main instrument of state control and guardianship over the criminal justice system. Ministry of Interior police monitor both Laotians and foreign nationals who live in Laos; there is a system of informants in workplace committees and in residential areas. According to the United States Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, both the party and state monitor various aspects of family and social life through neighborhood and workplace committees. These committees are responsible for maintaining public order and reporting "bad elements" to the police, as well as carrying out political training and disciplining employees.

The criminal justice system is deficient in the area of legal precedent and representation. Trials are not held in public, although trial verdicts are publicly announced. Although there is some provision for appeal, it does not apply to important political cases. Under the constitution, judges and prosecutors are supposed to be independent with their decisions free from outside scrutiny. In practice, however, the courts appear to accept recommendations of other government agencies, especially the Ministry of Interior, in making their decisions. Theoretically, the government provides legal counsel to the accused. In practice, however, defendants represent themselves without outside counsel.

The National Assembly enacted a criminal code and laws establishing a judiciary in November 1989 and a new constitution was adopted by the National Assembly in 1991.

In 1992 the government launched a campaign to publicize the latter. The leadership claims efforts at developing a legal system with a codified body of laws and a penal code. However, as of mid-1994, there had been little, if any, progress in implementing the freedoms provided for in the constitution and the legal codes still had not been implemented with individuals still being held without being informed of charges or their accusers' identities.

Detention centers

In Laos, there are four categories of persons held in confinement by the State. Aside from common criminals, there are also political, social, and ideological dissidents.  These are people who the government feels are a threat to their control, most commonly because of their public objection to governmental policies or actions.  Commonly the specific crimes for which these dissidents are arrested and confined are vague at best.  Their arrests are typically arbitrary and their length of confinement ambiguous and indefinite.

The LPDR established four different types of detention centers: prisons, reeducation centers or seminar camps, rehabilitation camps, and remolding centers. Social deviants or common criminals were considered less threatening to the regime than persons accused of political crimes, who were considered potential counterrevolutionaries; social deviants were confined in rehabilitation camps. According to MacAlister Brown and Joseph J. Zasloff, prisons were primarily reserved for common criminals, but political prisoners were also held there for usually six to twelve months. Ideologically suspect persons were sent to remolding centers. Reeducation centers were for those deemed politically risky, usually former RLG officials. Political prisoners usually served three- to five-year terms or longer. At the prisons, inmates worked hard under rugged conditions and had limited supplies of food. Bribery in order to secure food and medicine was reported.

In 1986, Brown and Zasloff also reported that prisoners were not tried but were incarcerated by administrative fiat. Former inmates said that they were arrested, informed by the security officials that they had been charged with crimes, and then sent off to camps for indeterminate periods. Typically, prisoners were told one day prior to their release to prepare for departure.

The status of the detention centers is also vague. In 1984, Vientiane declared that all reeducation centers had been closed. At that time, Amnesty International estimated that 6,000 to 7,000 political prisoners were held in these centers. The government acknowledged that there were some former inmates in remote areas but claimed that their confinement was voluntary. In the late 1980s, the government closed some of the reeducation centers and released most of the detainees.

In 1989, Laos took steps to reduce the number of political prisoners, many of whom had been held since 1975. Several hundred detainees, including many high-ranking officials and officers from the former United States-backed RLG and Royal Lao Army, were released from reeducation centers in the northeastern province of Houaphan. Released prisoners reported that hundreds of individuals remained in custody in as many as eight camps, including at least six generals and former high-ranking members of the RLG. These individuals reportedly performed manual labor such as log cutting, repairing roads, and building irrigation systems. In 1993, Amnesty International reported human rights violations in the continued detention of three "prisoners of conscience" detained since 1975 but not sentenced until 1992, as well as those held under restrictions or, according to international standards, the subjects of unfair trials.

As of 1993, reports indicated that some high-ranking officials of the RLG and military remained in state custody. Those accused of hostility toward the government were subject to arrest and confinement for long periods of time. Prison conditions were harsh, and prisoners were routinely denied family visitation and proper medical care.

See also
 Human rights in Laos

References

Category:Laotian law


Hirata

Hirata may refer to:

Places
Hirata, Fukushima, former village in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan
Hirata, Gifu, former town in Gifu Prefecture, Japan
Hirata, Shimane, former city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan
Hirata, Yamagata, former town in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan

Other uses
Hirata (surname)
Hirata Station (disambiguation), multiple train stations in Japan


List of Larry King Now episodes

The following is a list of episodes of the American talk show web series Larry King Now hosted by Larry King. The series is available on Ora TV, Hulu and RT.

Season 1
Season 1

Season 2
Season 2

Category:Lists of web series episodes


Mayor of Sukkur

Nazim-e-Sukkur (Urdu: ) is the Mayor who heads the Sukkur Municipal Corporation (SMC) which controls the Local Government system of Sukkur.

Sukkur Municipal Corporation
There are 26 Union Councils in Sukkur Municipal Corporation(SMC), the body which controls local government of Sukkur. The Union Councils elect their Chairmen and Vice Chairmen who then elect their Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively.

List of Mayors
Following is the list of Mayors of Sukkur in recent times

Mayor elections History

Mayor elections 2015

As a result, PPP mayor and deputy mayors were elected as Mayors of Sukkur. They took oath on August 30, 2016.

See also

 Mayor of Karachi
 Mayor of Hyderabad

References

Category:Lists of mayors of places in Pakistan


Entomophily

Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of  flowering plants, is distributed by insects. Flowers pollinated by insects typically advertise themselves with bright colours, sometimes with conspicuous patterns (honey guides) leading to rewards of pollen and nectar; they may also have an attractive scent which in some cases mimics insect pheromones. Insect pollinators such as bees have adaptations for their role, such as lapping or sucking mouthparts to take in nectar, and in some species also pollen baskets on their hind legs. This required the coevolution of insects and flowering plants in the development of pollination behaviour by the insects and pollination mechanisms by the flowers, benefiting both groups.

Coevolution

History

The early spermatophytes (seed plants) were largely dependent on the wind to carry their pollen from one plant to another, and it was around 125 to 115 million years ago that a new pollination strategy developed and angiosperms (flowering plants) first appeared. Before that, insect involvement in pollination was limited to "pollination assistants", insects which inadvertently carried the pollen between plants merely by their movements. The real relationship between plants and insects began in the Early Cretaceous, with beetle-pollinated gymnosperms. The morphology of the first fossil basal angiosperms is similar to modern-day plants that are also fertilised by beetles. It seems likely that beetles led the way in insect pollination, followed by flies. Among the twelve living families of basal angiosperms, six are predominantly pollinated by flies, five by beetles and only one by bees. Nevertheless, traits such as sapromyophily (emitting the odour of carrion to attract flies) have evolved independently in several unrelated angiosperm families.

The plant's needs

Wind and water pollination require the production of vast quantities of pollen because of the chancy nature of its deposition. If they are not to be reliant on the wind or water (for aquatic species), plants need pollinators to move their pollen grains from one plant to another. They particularly need pollinators to consistently choose flowers of the same species, so they have evolved different lures to encourage specific pollinators to maintain fidelity to the same species. The attractions offered are mainly nectar, pollen, fragrances and oils. The ideal pollinating insect is hairy (so that pollen adheres to it), and spends time exploring the flower so that it comes into contact with the reproductive structures.

Mechanisms
Many insects are pollinators, particularly bees, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), wasps, flies, ants and beetles. On the other hand, some plants are generalists, being pollinated by insects in several orders. Entomophilous plant species have frequently evolved mechanisms to make themselves more appealing to insects, e.g., brightly coloured or scented flowers, nectar, or appealing shapes and patterns. Pollen grains of entomophilous plants are generally larger than the fine pollens of anemophilous (wind-pollinated) plants, which has to be produced in much larger quantities because such a high proportion is wasted. This is energetically costly, but in contrast, entomophilous plants have to bear the energetic costs of producing nectar.

Butterflies and moths have hairy bodies and long proboscides which can probe deep into tubular flowers. Butterflies mostly fly by day and are particularly attracted to pink, mauve and purple flowers. The flowers are often large and scented, and the stamens are so-positioned that pollen is deposited on the insects while they feed on the nectar. Moths are mostly nocturnal and are attracted by night-blooming plants. The flowers of these are often tubular, pale in colour and fragrant only at night. Hawkmoths tend to visit larger flowers and hover as they feed; they transfer pollen by means of the proboscis. Other moths land on the usually smaller flowers, which may be aggregated into flowerheads. Their energetic needs are not so great as those of hawkmoths and they are offered smaller quantities of nectar.

Inflorescences pollinated by beetles tend to be flat with open corollas or small flowers clustered in a head with multiple, projecting anthers that shed pollen readily. The flowers are often green or pale-coloured, and heavily scented, often with fruity or spicy aromas, but sometimes with odours of decaying organic matter. Some, like the giant water lily, include traps designed to retain the beetles in contact with the reproductive parts for longer periods.

Unspecialised flies with short proboscides are found visiting primitive flowers with readily accessible nectar. More specialised flies like syrphids and tabanids can visit more advanced blooms, but their purpose is to nourish themselves, and any transfer of pollen from one flower to another happens haphazardly. The small size of many flies is often made up for by their abundance, however they are unreliable pollinators as they may bear incompatible pollen, and lack of suitable breeding habitats may limit their activities. Some Pterostylis orchids are pollinated by midges unique to each species. A decline, for whatever reason, to one side of this partnership can be catastrophic for the other.

Flowers pollinated by bees and wasps vary in shape, colour and size. Yellow or blue plants are often visited, and flowers may have  ultra-violet nectar guides, that help the insect to find the nectary. Some flowers, like sage or pea, have lower lips that will only open when sufficiently heavy insects, such as bees, land on them. With the lip depressed, the anthers may bow down to deposit pollen on the insect's back. Other flowers, like tomato, may only liberate their pollen by buzz pollination, a technique in which a bumblebee will cling on to a flower while vibrating its flight muscles, and this dislodges the pollen. Because bees care for their brood, they need to collect more food than just to maintain themselves, and therefore are important pollinators.
Other bees are nectar thieves and bite their way through the corolla in order to raid the nectary, in the process bypassing the reproductive structures.

Ants are not well adapted to pollination but they have been shown to perform this function in Polygonum cascadense and in certain desert plants with small blossoms near the ground with little fragrance or visual attraction, small quantities of nectar and limited quantities of sticky pollen.

Plant-insect pairings

Some plant species co-evolved with a particular pollinator species, such as the bee orchid. The species is almost exclusively self-pollinating in its northern ranges, but is pollinated by the solitary bee Eucera in the Mediterranean area. The plant attracts these insects by producing a scent that mimics the scent of the female bee. In addition, the lip acts as a decoy, as the male bee confuses it with a female that is visiting a pink flower. Pollen transfer occurs during the ensuing pseudocopulation.

Figs in the genus Ficus have a mutualistic arrangement with certain tiny agaonid wasps. In the common fig, the inflorescence is a syconium, formed by an enlarged, fleshy, hollow receptacle with multiple ovaries on the inner surface. A female wasp enters through a narrow aperture, fertilises these pistillate flowers and lays its eggs in some ovaries, with galls being formed by the developing larvae. In due course, staminate flowers develop inside the syconium. Wingless male wasps hatch and mate with females in the galls before tunnelling their way out of the developing fruit. The winged females, now laden with pollen, follow, flying off to find other receptive syconia at the right stage of development. Most species of fig have their own unique commensal species of wasp.

Etymology

The word is artificially derived from the Greek: εντομο-, entomo- "cut in pieces, segmented", hence "insect"; and φίλη, phile, "loved".

Taxonomic range

Wind pollination is the reproductive strategy adopted by the grasses, sedges, rushes and catkin-bearing plants. Other flowering plants are mostly pollinated by insects (or birds or bats), which seems to be the primitive state, and some plants have secondarily developed wind pollination. Some plants that are wind pollinated have vestigial nectaries, and other plants like common heather that are regularly pollinated by insects, produce clouds of pollen and some wind pollination is inevitable. The hoary plantain is primarily wind pollinated, but is also visited by insects which pollinate it. In general, showy, colourful, fragrant flowers like sunflowers, orchids and Buddleja are insect pollinated. The only entomophilous plants that are not seed plants are the dung-mosses of the family Splachnaceae.

See also
List of crop plants pollinated by bees

References

Category:Botany
Category:Pollination
Category:Insect ecology
Category:Evolutionary biology
Category:Plants
Category:Insects in culture

it:Impollinazione#Impollinazione entomogama


Algirdas Budrys

Professor Algirdas Budrys (born March 3, 1939) is a Lithuanian musician and head of the wind department of the Lithuanian Music Academy.

Primarily a clarinetist, Budrys has recorded more than 50 LPs and has made over a hundred radio recordings with a repertoire that included all the principal classical and chamber ensemble works for clarinet from Mozart to contemporary composers.

Budrys has given concerts in all former Soviet republics, as well as in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Finland, France, Egypt, Great Britain and the United States.

For his efforts to improve Lithuanian culture and art, Budrys was awarded a fourth-degree Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas in 1999.

Footnotes

References
  prof. Algirdas Budrys, klarnetininkas. Lithuanian Music Academy. Retrieved 2010-12-21.

Category:Living people
Category:Clarinetists
Category:Music educators
Category:1939 births
Category:Musicians from Vilnius
Category:Officer's Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
Category:Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre faculty
Category:21st-century clarinetists


Clarrie Isaacs

Clarence Frederick "Clarrie" Isaacs also known as Yaluritja and Ishak Mohamad Haj (9 April 1948 – 26 November 2003) was an Australian Aboriginal activist.

Life and career
Isaacs attended Perth Modern School where he studied technical drawing. He later attended the Clyde Cameron College in Albury, a union-backed training centre. After converting to Islam Isaacs undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca, earning the right to use the honorific title Haj.

In the early 1990s Isaacs was among a number of activists including Michael Mansell who formed the Aboriginal Provisional Government. At various times Isaacs styled himself as the President of the Aboriginal Government. Isaacs, with other activists, travelled to Libya using Aboriginal passports issued by a group that later became known as the Aboriginal Provisional Government. Attempting to use the passports on their re-entry to Australia, they were initially refused entry to Australia by immigration officials.

Isaacs was a prominent figure in protests against development of the Swan Brewery site in Perth during the late 1980s. He was also prominent in efforts to return the pickled head of 19th Century Noongar warrior Yagan from Britain.

In 1991 Isaacs was a founding member of the short-lived New Left Party, considered a successor of the Communist Party of Australia. In the 1993 Western Australian state election Isaacs stood for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Fremantle. Isaacs stood as a candidate for Racism No! in the 1996 Western Australian state election for the Legislative Council in the South Metropolitan Region. At the 2001 Australian federal election Isaacs was a candidate for the Australian Senate, however he only received 260 votes.

He served as chairman of the Derbal Yerrigan Health Service and was a Western Australian delegate to the National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation. Isaacs was a Justice of the Peace.

Isaacs died 26 November 2003 in Dunsborough, Western Australia. He was buried on 12 December 2003 at Pinnaroo Cemetery in Perth.

References

Category:1948 births
Category:2003 deaths
Category:Australian indigenous rights activists
Category:Australian trade unionists
Category:People educated at Perth Modern School
Category:People from Perth, Western Australia
Category:Noongar people


David Crumb

David Crumb (born May 21, 1962) is an American contemporary composer born into a musical family. His father is composer George Crumb, and his sister is singer Ann Crumb. His music is not as avant-garde or experimental as his father's; it has been called "attractive, accessible, imaginative, well-crafted" by the Chicago-Sun Times, and "expressive and beautiful" by the American Record Guide: reviews listed on the Presser bio.

Life
Crumb received his B.M. from the Eastman School, and his M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. His most prominent composition teachers were Samuel Adler, Richard Wernick, Chinary Ung, Stephen Jaffe, Jay Reise, Mark Kopytman, Lukas Foss and Oliver Knussen.

He is associate professor of composition at the University of Oregon (on faculty since 1997).

Crumb has received numerous awards.

Selected works
Kinetikus for large percussion ensemble (2009)
Hearing Bells for soprano, flute, oboe, cello, percussion and piano (2004–2005)
Improvisations on an English Folk Tune for flute, clarinet, violin, cello and piano (2004)
Suspended Blue for brass quintet (2003)
Primordial Fantasy for piano and chamber ensemble (2002)
September Elegy for violin and piano (2001)
Harmonia Mundi for 2 pianos and 2 percussion (2001)
Variation on "Round Midnight" for solo piano (2001)
Awakening for trumpet and percussion (2001)
The Whisperer for 2 pianos and 2 percussion (1999)
Piano Quartet for piano, violin, viola and cello (1999)
Vestiges of a Distant Time for orchestra (1996, revised 2003)
Soundings for clarinet, bassoon and piano (1994)
Variations for cello and chamber ensemble (1993)
Clarino for orchestra (1991, revised 1993, 1996)
Joyce Songs for mezzo-soprano, flute, clarinet and cello (1990, revised 1996)
Miniatures for clarinet (1989)
Piano Sonata (1988)
Metamorphosis for violin, cello, harp, 2 percussion, piano and celesta (1987)
Movement for string quartet (1985)

Reviews and discussions
 List of Reviews on a University of Oregon Webpage
 Comparison of George and David Crumb
 Review of the Cello Variations

References
Presser. https://web.archive.org/web/20070711120929/http://www.presser.com/Composers/info.cfm?Name=DAVIDCRUMB
Inside Oregon. http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/newscenter/4.2.05-MusicToday.html
University of Oregon. http://www.uoregon.edu/~drcrumb/honors.html

Notes

External links
David Crumb homepage on University of Oregon Website
Bio of Presser Online

Category:1962 births
Category:American male classical composers
Category:American classical composers
Category:21st-century classical composers
Category:University of Oregon faculty
Category:Living people
Category:Eastman School of Music alumni
Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Pupils of Samuel Adler (composer)
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:21st-century American composers
Category:21st-century American male musicians


Autoneum

Autoneum (legal name Autoneum Holding AG) is an internationally active Swiss automotive supplier headquartered in Winterthur, Switzerland. Autoneum is one of the leading manufacturers in vehicle acoustic and thermal management solutions for vehicles and supplies the majority of global automobile manufacturers. Autoneum was founded in 2011 as a spin-off of Rieter Holding AG, currently operates 55 production facilities and employs around 13,000 people worldwide. Autoneum Holding AG is listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange.

History
In 1984, machine factory Rieter took over Unikeller AG, a manufacturer of noise control and thermal insulation systems for vehicles, thus laying the foundation stone for Autoneum. Unikeller AG became a fully owned subsidiary of Rieter Holding AG.

This was followed in 1988 by the acquisition of the CHG Group in Rossdorf-Gundernhausen, Germany, AGFK in Sevelen, Switzerland and Sipavel in Setúbal, Portugal.

In 1994, Firth Furnishings UK, a producer of vehicle carpets, was taken over, and one year later, in 1995, vehicle component manufacturer Globe Industries, USA. Together with this acquisition Rieter also took on UGN, a joint venture of Globe Industries with Japanese automotive supplier Nihon Tokushu Toryo (Nittoku). The Unikeller division was renamed Rieter Automotive Systems in the same year.

The last vehicle component manufacturers from Italy and Brazil were purchased in 1996/97 and a joint venture was launched with Magee Carpet Company in the USA.

A further joint venture with Nittoku was created in China in 2003 and a Development and Acoustic Center was opened in 2008 in Shanghai, China.

The Board of Directors decided to split the Rieter Group in March 2011. The Rieter Automotive Systems division was spun off in May 2011 and entered as a stock-listed automotive supplier under the name Autoneum.

In 2012, Autoneum and the Japanese automotive suppliers Nittoku and Toyota Boshoku agreed to collaborate in the development of interior systems for hybrid vehicles.

In 2013, Autoneum opened a plant in the Russian city of Ryazan. As part of a move to adjust production capacities to the decline in demand on the European market, the subsidiary Autoneum Italy with plants in Desio, Pignataro, Santhià and Vicolungo was sold in the same year. It was also in 2013 that Autoneum engaged in a joint venture with its long-standing partner Nittoku and Chinese supplier TGPM Automotive Industry Group (TGPM). The joint venture company Wuhan Nittoku Autoneum Sound-Proof operates a production site in the Chinese city of Wuhan for the manufacture of thermal and acoustic management components.

Autoneum established a further joint venture in 2014 with Korean automotive supplier SH Global. Autoneum Korea Ltd. has its registered office in Incheon, South Korea.

In June 2015, the German Federal Cartel Office imposed fines totaling 75 million euros on five automotive suppliers, including the German subsidiary of Autoneum due to illegal price fixing in the period from 2005 to 2013. Autoneum paid a fine of 29.5 million euros.

A new Autoneum plant commenced operations in 2016 in the Mexican city of San Luis Potosí. Together with the production facilities in Hermosillo and Silao (site of subsidiary UGN), the company therefore has three plants in Mexico and a sales and engineering office in Mexico City.

Autoneum founded its “Competence Center New Mobility” in the Californian city of Sunnyvale, USA, in 2017, where among other things acoustics and thermal management components for electric vehicles are being developed. In the same year, the company opened its new North America Headquarters in Novi (Michigan), USA. Also in 2017, Autoneum expanded the existing collaboration with Nittoku and Toyota Boshoku with the foundation of a joint venture for research and development in vehicle acoustics.

With new plants in Yantai, Changsha, Pinghu and Shenyang Tiexi, the automotive supplier expanded its production capacities in China in 2017 and 2018 to a total of ten locations. Autoneum opened a further production facility in Komárom, Hungary, in 2018. The plant manufactures lightweight components for acoustic and thermal management and is the company’s sixth Eastern European production site. Production also started in the same year at a second plant in San Luis Potosí so that Autoneum is now represented with a total of five locations in Mexico.

Products
Autoneum develops and produces lightweight components for acoustic and thermal management for vehicles. These include engine encapsulations, carpet systems and inner dashes for the passenger compartment, underbody systems, wheelhouse outer liners and heatshields as well as dampers.

References

Category:Companies based in Winterthur
Category:Auto parts suppliers of Switzerland
Category:Companies listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange


Sally Noble

Sally Noble was the last speaker of the Chimariko language. She worked with linguist and ethnologist J.P. Harrington to record what she remembered of the language.

References

Noble
Category:Native Americans in California


2017 China Open – Men's Doubles

Pablo Carreño Busta and Rafael Nadal were the defending champions, but chose not to participate this year.

Henri Kontinen and John Peers won the title, defeating John Isner and Jack Sock in the final, 6–3, 3–6, [10–7].

Seeds

Draw

Draw

Qualifying

Seeds

Qualifiers
  Wesley Koolhof /  Artem Sitak

Qualifying draw

References
 Main Draw
 Qualifying Draw

China Open - Men's Doubles
Men's Doubles


Kawasaki Zephyr

The Kawasaki Zephyr is a range of retro-styled naked superbikes made in the 1990s in Kawasaki's Z series. All models have transverse air-cooled dual overhead camshaft inline-four engines. There were a number of Zephyr models, in four engine capacities, .

The 400 was produced for the Japan market starting in 1989.

Zephyr styling is roughly based on the old Kawasaki Z1, with twin shock rear suspension, a relatively upright riding position and air-cooled power units. The 400, 550 and 750 engines were developed from the old Z400/500/550/650/750/900 series. The 1100 engine is based on the air-cooled DOHC, eight-valve inline-four that traces its roots back through the GPz1100 to the Z1000. It is the only Zephyr built with two spark plugs per cylinder.

The Zephyr started the naked/retro bike boom in the UK and Europe in the early 1990s and for a while moved Kawasaki to the 2nd best selling manufacturer of motorcycles in the UK Market.

The Zephyr Z750 engine reappeared in the late 1990s in the short lived ZR7.

The Zephyr 1100 had a Z1 restyle in its last year of sale including a return to wire wheels. Wire wheels also appeared on the 750. It was replaced in the Kawasaki UK range by the popular Z1100R styled Kawasaki ZRX1100 (1997–2005).

The ZRX series of motorcycles had a great impact on the growing market for retro style motorcycles, particularly in the United States. It was modeled after Kawasaki's superbike championship winning KZ1000R-S1 that propelled Eddie Lawson to Superbike dominance in the early 1980s.

References

Zephyr
Category:Standard motorcycles


Conahan

Conahan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Daniel Conahan (born 1954), murderer
 Michael Conahan (born 1952), jurist and felon
 Walter Conahan (1927–2015), politician


Arthur V. Loughren

Arthur V. Loughren (September 15, 1902 – December 14, 1993) was an American electrical engineer who played a prominent role in the development of NTSC television.

Loughren was born in Rensselaer, New York, and received his BA (1923) and EE (1925) degrees from Columbia University. He then worked at General Electric in its vacuum tube engineering department 1925-1927; radio engineering department 1927-1929; RCA engineering department 1930-1934; and radio receiver engineering section 1934-1936. In 1936 he joined Hazeltine Corporation, during World War II helped develop IFF equipment for the Navy, and afterwards directed its research on color television. He died at his home in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii.

Loughren was a fellow of the Institute of Radio Engineers, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. He received the 1953 SMPTE David Sarnoff Medal Award "for his contributions to the development of compatible color television, including his active work on the principle of constant luminance; for his participation in color video standards activities; and for his guidance in compatible color television", and the 1955 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for his leadership and technical contributions in the formulation of the signal specification for compatible color television". Loughren was president of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1956.

References

External links
 IEEE Obituary
 "Arthur V. Loughren, Director, 1953", Proceedings of the IRE, volume 41, issue 12, December 1953, pages 1698-1698.
 Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, Volume 26, Number 5, May 1938
 Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000, McFarland & Company, 2003, page 44. ISBN

Category:1902 births
Category:1993 deaths
Category:American electrical engineers
Category:Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Category:People from Rensselaer, New York
Category:Engineers from New York (state)
Category:20th-century American engineers


Bishopton RFC

Bishopton RFC is a rugby union side based in Bishopton, Renfrewshire, Scotland. The club was founded in 1994. They play their home games at Holmpark, formerly the Royal Ordnance Factory playing fields. The club's crest reflects that Ordnance history.

History

The club runs two senior XV men's sides; and junior sides for boys and girls. The club has also launched a women's side.

Bishopton Community Trust received a cheque for £300,000 from British Aerospace to help develop the sporting infrastructure at Bishopton including the Bishopton rugby clubhouse and pitches. The club are now looking to develop a 3G pitch. The club has built new clubhouse facilities.

The rugby club has its own tartan, which was designed to celebrate the club's Silver anniversary.

Notable Former Players

References

Category:Rugby union in Renfrewshire
Category:Scottish rugby union teams
Category:Rugby clubs established in 1994


2009–10 RK Zamet season

The 2009–10 season is the 53rd season in RK Zamet’s history. It is their 2nd successive season in the Dukat Premier League, and 33rd successive top tier season.

First team squad

Goalkeeper
 1  Dino Slavić
 12  Marin Ðurica
 16  Valter Matošević

Wingers
RW
 6  Dario Černeka
LW
 2  Damir Vučko
 4  Mateo Hrvatin

Line players
 7  Milan Uzelac (captain)
 14  Marin Zubčić
 15  Krešimir Kozina

Back players
LB
 5  Luka Tandara
 17  Nikola Babić
CB
 3  Marin Sakić
 9  Bruno Kozina
 18  Matija Golik
RB
 11  Marin Kružić
 13  Luka Kovacević
 19  Luka Bracanovic

Source: rukometstat.com

Source: rijekadanas.com

Technical staff
  President: Zlatko Kolić
  Vice-president: Željko Jovanović
  Sports director: Aleksandar Cupić
  Head Coach: Damir Čavlović
  Assistant Coach: Marin Mišković
  Goalkeeper Coach: Valter Matošević
  Fitness Coach: Branimir Maričević
  Tehniko: Williams Černeka

Competitions

Overall

Dukat Premier League

League table

Source: SportNet.hr

Matches

Croatian Cup

West Region Cup – Qualifiers

Matches

Friendlies

Transfers

In

Out

Sources
HRS
Sport.net.hr

Category:RK Zamet seasons
Category:Handball in Croatia


Nativity of the Virgin

Nativity of the Virgin may refer to:

Nativity of Mary, birthday of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Nativity of the Virgin (Altdorfer), a 1520 painting
Nativity of the Virgin (Master of the Osservanza Triptych), a painting
Nativity of the Virgin (Pietro Lorenzetti), a painting


Hauser, Oregon

Hauser is an unincorporated community in Coos County, Oregon, United States. It is along U.S. Route 101,  south of Lakeside and  north of North Bend. Hauser is on the edge of the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area near North Slough, a tributary of Coos Bay once known as the North Inlet of Coos Bay. It is a station on the Central Oregon and Pacific Railroad (formerly the Southern Pacific).

Hauser was originally named "North Slough" but it was decided the name was unsuitable. It was renamed after Eric V. Hauser of Portland, who, with his sons, had a construction contract on the railroad in about 1914. Hauser is also the namesake of the library at Reed College in Portland and he once owned the Multnomah Hotel. Hauser post office ran from 1915 to 1957.

Charles D. McFarlin of Massachusetts built the first known cranberry bog on the West Coast in what is now Hauser in 1885.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Coos County, Oregon
Category:1915 establishments in Oregon
Category:Unincorporated communities in Oregon


Mizuj

Mizuj (, also Romanized as Mīzūj) is a village in Eqbal-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 120, in 32 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Qazvin County


Streptomyces crystallinus

Streptomyces crystallinus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces crystallinus produces hygromycin A.

Further reading

See also
 List of Streptomyces species

References

External links
Type strain of Streptomyces crystallinus at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

crystallinus
Category:Bacteria described in 1961


Quedlinburg

Quedlinburg () is a town situated just north of the Harz mountains, in the district of Harz in the west of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. In 1994, the castle, church and old town were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Quedlinburg has a population of more than 24,000. The town was the capital of the district of Quedlinburg until 2007, when the district was dissolved. Several locations in the town are designated stops along a scenic holiday route, the Romanesque Road.

History

The town of Quedlinburg is known to have existed since at least the early 9th century, when there was a settlement known as Gross Orden on the eastern bank of the River Bode. It was first mentioned as a town in 922 as part of a donation by King Henry the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler). The records of this donation were held by the abbey of Corvey.

According to legend, Henry had been offered the German crown at Quedlinburg in 919 by Franconian nobles, giving rise to the town being called the "cradle of the German Reich".

After Henry's death in 936, his widow Saint Matilda founded a religious community for women (Frauenstift) on the castle hill, where daughters of the higher nobility were educated. The main task of this collegiate foundation, Quedlinburg Abbey, was to pray for the memory of King Henry and the rulers who came after him. The Annals of Quedlinburg were also compiled there. The first abbess was Matilda, a granddaughter of King Henry and St. Matilda.

The Quedlinburg castle complex, founded by King Henry I and built up by Emperor Otto I in 936, was an imperial Pfalz of the Saxon emperors. The Pfalz, including the  male convent, was in the valley, where today the Roman Catholic Church of St. Wiperti is situated, while the women's convent was located on the castle hill.

In 973, shortly before the death of Emperor Otto I, a Reichstag (Imperial Convention) was held at the imperial court in which Mieszko, duke of Polans, and Boleslav, duke of Bohemia, as well as numerous other nobles from as far away as Byzantium and Bulgaria, gathered to pay homage to the emperor. On the occasion, Otto the Great introduced his new daughter-in-law Theophanu, a Byzantine princess whose marriage to Otto II brought hope for recognition and continued peace between the rulers of the Eastern and Western empires.

In 994, Otto III granted the right of market, tax, and coining, and established the first market place to the north of the castle hill.

The town became a member of the Hanseatic League in 1426. Quedlinburg Abbey frequently disputed the independence of the town, which sought the aid of the Bishopric of Halberstadt. In 1477, Abbess Hedwig, aided by her brothers Ernest and Albert, broke the resistance of the town and expelled the bishop's forces. Quedlinburg was forced to leave the Hanseatic League and was subsequently protected by the Electorate of Saxony. Both town and abbey converted to Lutheranism in 1539 during the Protestant Reformation.

In 1697, Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony sold his rights to Quedlinburg to Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg for 240,000 thalers. Quedlinburg Abbey contested Brandenburg-Prussia's claims throughout the 18th century, however. The abbey was secularized in 1802 during the German Mediatisation, and Quedlinburg passed to the Kingdom of Prussia as part of the Principality of Quedlinburg. Part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia from 1807–13, it was included within the new Prussian Province of Saxony in 1815. In all this time, ladies ruled Quedlinburg as abbesses without "taking the veil"; they were free to marry. The last of these ladies was a Swedish princess, an early fighter for women's rights, Sofia Albertina.

During the Nazi regime, the memory of Henry I became a sort of cult, as Heinrich Himmler saw himself as the reincarnation of the "most German of all German" rulers. The collegiate church and castle were to be turned into a shrine for Nazi Germany. The Nazi Party tried to create a new religion. The cathedral was closed from 1938 and during the war. The local crematory was kept busy burning the victims of the Langenstein-Zwieberge concentration camp. Georg Ay was local party chief from 1931 until the end of the war. Liberation in 1945 brought back the Protestant bishop and the church bells, and the Nazi-style eagle was taken down from the tower.

During the last months of World War II, the United States military had occupied Quedlinburg. In the 1980s, upon the death of one of the US military men, the theft of medieval art from Quedlinburg came to light.

Quedlinburg was administered within Bezirk Halle while part of the Communist East Germany from 1949 to 1990. It became part of the state of Saxony-Anhalt upon German reunification in 1990.

During Quedlinburg's Communist era, restoration specialists from Poland were called in during the 1980s to carry out repairs on the old architecture. Today, Quedlinburg is a center of restoration of Fachwerk houses.

Geography

Location
The town is located north of the Harz mountains, about 123 m above NHN. The nearest mountains reach 181 m above NHN. The largest part of the town is located in the western part of the Bode river valley. This river comes from the Harz mountains and flows into the river Saale, a tributary of the river Elbe. The municipal area of Quedlinburg is . Before the incorporation of the two (previously independent) municipalities of Gernrode and Bad Suderode in January 2014 it was only .

Neighbouring communities

Climate
Quedlinburg has an oceanic climate (Cfb) resulting from prevailing westerlies, blowing from the high-pressure area in the central Atlantic towards Scandinavia. Snowfall occurs almost every  winter. January and February are the coldest months of the year, with an average temperature of 0.5 °C and 1.5 °C. July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 17 °C (63 °F) and 18 °C (64 °F). The average annual precipitation is close to 438 mm with rain occurring usually from May to September. This precipitation is one of the lowest in Germany, which has an annual average close to 700 mm. In August 2010, Quedlinburg was the driest  place in Germany, with only 72,4 l/m2.

Demographics

Governance
The mayor is Frank Ruch (CDU).

Town twinning

Quedlinburg is twinned with:
 Aulnoye-Aymeries, France, since 1961
 Herford, Germany, since 1991
 Celle, Germany, since 1991
 Hameln, Germany, since 1991
 Hann. Münden, Germany, since 1991

Attractions

In the centre of the town are a wide selection of half-timbered buildings from at least five different centuries (including a 14th-century structure, one of Germany's oldest), while around the outer fringes of the old town are examples of Jugendstil buildings, dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Since December 1994, the old town of Quedlinburg and the castle mount with the Stiftskirche (collegiate church) are listed as one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. Quedlinburg is one of the best-preserved medieval and Renaissance towns in Europe, having escaped major damage in World War II.

In 2006, the Selke valley branch of the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways was extended to Quedlinburg from Gernrode, giving access to the historic steam narrow gauge railway, Alexisbad and the high Harz plateau.

The castle and Stiftskirche St. Servatius still dominate the town like in the early Middle Ages. The church is a prime example of German Romanesque style. The treasure of the church, containing ancient Christian religious artifacts and books, was stolen by an American soldier but brought back to Quedlinburg in 1993 and is again on display here.

The former Stiftskirche St. Wiperti was established in 936 when the Kanonikerstift St. Wigpertus (of male canons) was moved from the castle hill to make way for what became Quedlinburg Abbey. The church was built at the location of the first Ottonian Royal palace at Quedlinburg. Around 1020, a three-aisled crypt was added to the basilica. The crypt, which survived all later alterations to the church, is also a designated stop on the Romanesque Road today.

Infrastructure

Transport

Air
The  nearest airports to Quedlinburg are Hannover,  northwest, and Leipzig/Halle Airport,  southeast. Much closer, but only served by a few airlines, is Magdeburg-Cochstedt. An airfield is located at Ballenstedt-Assmussstedt for general aviation.

Railway

Regional trains operated by Deutsche Bahn and the private Transdev company run on the standard-gauge Magdeburg–Thale line connecting Quedlinburg station with Magdeburg, Thale, and Halberstadt.

In 2006, the Selke Valley branch of the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways was extended into Quedlinburg from Gernrode, giving access via the historic steam-operated narrow-gauge railway to Alexisbad and the High Harz plateau.

Bus
Quedlinburg is connected by regional buses to the surrounding villages and small towns. Additionally, there are long distance buses to Berlin.

Notable people

Andreas Werckmeister (1645-1706), German theorist, organist, organ examiner and composer
Dorothea Erxleben (1715-1762), was the first female medical doctor in Germany.

Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (1724-1803), German poet and contemporary of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
 Johann Gerhard (1582-1637), theologian, mean Denter representatives of Lutheran orthodoxy
 Wilhelm Homberg (1652-1715), naturalist, born apparently during a trip in Batavia / Jakarta, but parents living in Quedlinburg
 Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths (1759-1839), father of German gymnastics
 Carl Ritter (1779-1859), founder of scientific Geography
 Julius Wolff (1834-1910), Freeman, poet and writer

 Gustav Albert Schwalbe (1844-1916), anatomist and anthropologist
 Carl Schroeder (1848-1935), cellist, composer, conductor and Hofkapellmeister
 Georg Ay (1900-1997), politician (NSDAP), member of Reichstag 1933-1945
 Fritz Grasshoff (1913-1997), poet, painter, pop lyricist
 Bernhard Schrader (1931-2012), chemist, pioneer of experimental Raman - and infrared spectroscopy
 Peter Kramer (born 1933), physicist
 Leander Haussmann (born 1959), film and theater director (e.g. "Sun Alley (film) Sonnenallee", "Herr Lehmann", "NVA ")
 Petrik Sander (born 1960), football coach
 Petra Schersing (born  Muller;   1965), sprinter and Olympic silver medalist
 Dagmar Hase (born 1969), swimmer and Olympic champion
 Sascha Ring (born 1978), electronic musician known as Apparat

References

Further reading

External links

 The town's official website
 UNESCO page on Quedlinburg
 Pictures and information about timber frame houses in Quedlinburg
 The Quedlinberg Art Affair

Category:World Heritage Sites in Germany
Category:Art and cultural repatriation
Category:Landmarks in Germany
Category:Romanesque Road
Category:Members of the Hanseatic League
Category:Province of Saxony
Category:Bezirk Halle


Motorola 6800 family

The 6800 family of 8-bit microprocessors (µPs) and microcontrollers (µCs) is based upon the Motorola 6800 CPU. The architecture also inspired the MOS Technology 6502, and that company started in the microprocessor business producing 6800 replacements.

The chips primarily competed against Intel's 8-bit family of chips (such as the 8080, or their relations, the ZiLOG Z80 range).

 Motorola 6800
 Motorola 6801 (includes RAM and ROM)
 Motorola 6802 (includes RAM and an internal clock oscillator)
 Motorola 6803 (includes RAM)
 Motorola 6805
 Motorola 6808
 Motorola 6809
 Hitachi 6309
 Motorola 68HC05
 Freescale 68HC08
 Freescale 68HC11
 Freescale 68HC12 (16-bit)
 Motorola 68HC16 (16-bit)

See also
 Instruction set

References

Category:Motorola microprocessors


Harrow Crown Court

Harrow Crown Court is a crown court at Hailsham Drive, London HA1, which deals with criminal cases.

In 2014, cases at the court were delayed after barristers staged a protest outside against cuts in government funding for Legal Aid to defendants.

References

Category:Crown Courts
Category:Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Harrow
Category:Court buildings in London


Framingham State University

Framingham State University is a public university in Framingham, Massachusetts.  It offers undergraduate programs in a range of subjects, including art, biology, and communication arts, and graduate programs, including MBA, MEd, and MS.

History

As the first secretary of the newly created Board of Education in Massachusetts, Horace Mann instituted school reforms that included the creation of an experimental normal school, the first one in the United States, in Lexington, in July 1839. Cyrus Peirce was its first principal or president. A second normal school was opened in September 1839 in West Barre (the school later moved to Westfield) followed by Bridgewater State College the next year. Growth forced the first normal school's relocation to West Newton in 1843, followed in 1853 by a move to the present site on Bare Hill in Framingham.

In 1922, the Framingham Normal School granted its first Bachelor of Science in Education degrees in conjunction with a four-year study program. Ten years later, with degreed teachers becoming the norm, the normal schools were renamed State Teachers Colleges.  The name was changed in 1960 to the State College at Framingham when Bachelor of Arts degrees were added. At present, Masters' of Education, Arts, and Science degrees are granted as well. In 2007, the college began offering the Master's of Business Administration (MBA) degree. In October 2010, seven of the state colleges became state universities, unaffiliated with the University of Massachusetts system. The measure was signed into law by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick on July 28, 2010.

Timeline of name changes
The school has had several names in the past:
 1839 opened as The Normal School in Lexington
 1844 designated The Normal School in West Newton
 1845 designated The State Normal School in West Newton
 1853 designated The State Normal School in Framingham
 1865 designated The Framingham Normal School
 1889 designated The Framingham State Normal School
 1932 became State Teachers College at Framingham
 1945 became Framingham State Teachers College
 1960 became State College at Framingham
 1965 became Framingham State College
 2010 became Framingham State University

Campus

The 73-acre campus is located in Framingham, Massachusetts. Seven residence halls house over 1,500 students. The Henry Whittemore Library has over 200,000 volumes, Wi-Fi, access to over 70,000 electronic journals, and includes Archives and Special Collections.

Sustainability
In 2007, the school signed the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment. That year, Massachusetts issued Executive Order No. 484, which mandated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption for all state agencies and institutions. Greenhouse gases must be reduced 80% by 2050.  In 2010, the school adopted a plan to convert its heating plant to natural gas and to
convert its central chilled water plant to electric chillers.

Framingham State University was named a "Green College" by the Princeton Review in 2010 and 2011. It was one of 22 schools in Massachusetts to receive the distinction, and one of 311 nationwide. It was named to the list again in 2013.

Organization
Framingham State University is led by an eleven-member Board of Trustees. The governor appoints nine trustees to five-year terms, renewable once.  The Framingham State University Alumni Association elects one trustee for a single five-year term. Finally, the student body elects one student trustee for a one-year term. In addition to five full board meetings each year, which are open to the public, the board also meets in standing committees.

The University's annual budget is $105 million, and the school has 775 full and part-time employees.

Student life
Framingham State University has an Office of Student Involvement and Leadership Development. It has a relatively small campus which sits on roughly 77 acres.

Athletics

All Framingham State University teams compete at the NCAA Division III level. All teams compete in the Massachusetts State College Athletic Conference. Men's programs include baseball, cross country, football, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer. Women's programs include cross country, lacrosse, softball, basketball, field hockey, soccer, and volleyball. All teams compete on campus, except for the baseball and softball teams who play on fields off-campus, as well as the ice hockey team who skates at the Loring Arena in Framingham. The university also offers a wide variety of intramural programs that include everything from badminton, to golf, to dodgeball. There is also a state-of-the-art athletic and recreation center that includes basketball courts, a volleyball court, and a weight room.

In 2007, the women's soccer team was awarded the NCAA Sportsmanship Award.

The Framingham State football program has seen several successful seasons in recent years. The Rams won the Massachusetts State College Athletic Conference regular season championship four straight years (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013). In 2011, 2012, and 2013 the team also took the title as New England Football Conference Bogan Division champions, and outright champions in 2012. In 2010, the program won its first ECAC Northeast Bowl. The Rams participated in the 2013 NCAA Division III Football Championships, losing to SUNY Cortland in the first-round.

Notable alumni
Anna Brackett, nineteenth century philosopher, educator
Olivia A. Davidson, co-founder of Tuskegee Institute and wife of Booker T. Washington
Jennie Howard, member of a pioneering group of educators who founded normal schools in Argentina
Paul J. LeBlanc, President of Southern New Hampshire University; former President of Marlboro College
Christa McAuliffe (Class of 1970), astronaut, part of teacher in space died in Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Center and memorial on campus in McAuliffe's honor.
Brian J. Moran, Chair of the Democratic Party of Virginia
Rebecca Pennell, first woman college professor in the United States, and niece of Horace Mann
Charlotte Champe Stearns, mother of T. S. Eliot.
Richard Thompson, Member of the Maine House of Representatives
Ruth Graves Wakefield, inventor of the chocolate chip cookie
Electa Nobles Lincoln Walton (1824-1908), educator, lecturer, writer, and suffragist

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Category:Educational institutions established in 1839
Category:Framingham State University
Category:Framingham, Massachusetts
Category:Liberal arts colleges
Category:Public universities and colleges in Massachusetts
Category:Universities and colleges in Middlesex County, Massachusetts


Siddonsburg, Pennsylvania

Siddonsburg is an unincorporated community in Monaghan Township, York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located in about 2 miles south of Messiah College.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in York County, Pennsylvania
Category:Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania


What Happened at Midnight

What Happened at Midnight is Volume 10 in the original The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories published by Grosset & Dunlap.

This book was written for the Stratemeyer Syndicate by Leslie McFarlane in 1931. Between 1959 and 1973 the first 38 volumes of this series were systematically revised as part of a project directed by Harriet Adams, Edward Stratemeyer's daughter. The original version of this book was rewritten in 1967 by Tom Mulvey resulting in two different stories with the same title.

Plot summary (revised edition)
Joe and Frank are asked by their father Fenton Hardy to break into the house of a scientist and retrieve a secret invention and keep it safe from being stolen while he is away. The brothers successfully retrieve the device while at the same time thwarting an attempted burglary. The device turns out to be a small transistor-type radio with remarkably clear reception; their father sends a message to guard it carefully, so they hide it in the trunk of their car. The next day at an antique airplane show, Chet steps on the toe of a blonde-haired man who becomes angry but flees when an onlooker states that the man was trying to eavesdrop on their conversation. Later, the brothers see the blonde man, who accidentally dumps his briefcase contents when fleeing them.

From here the plot parallels in many ways the original plot, with minor changes and updates.  At a party at Chet's later that night, the boys observe someone snooping around their car. Joe goes to investigates and disappears as the clock strikes midnight. As in the original, Frank and Chet search for Joe, but the trail eventually grows cold until a tip from Aunt Gertrude (of all people) leads to the caves along the bay off Shore Road. In this version, the bad guys are recast as both jewel smugglers and electronic thieves.

The New York sequence follows much as in the original version as well, although in 1967 the Hardys are less shy about calling family for help and thus do not have to hitch-hike back to Bayport after being robbed. Once the boys are back to Bayport, they find the gang's head honcho is working at the local jewelry store, and as in the original version they follow him to the airport. The use of bi-planes in the original is maintained in the new version by the device of having the Hardys contact an acquaintance who has an antique plane to help them chase Taffy Marr. Their parachute escape from the plummeting biplane, one of the dramatic set-pieces of the original version, is thus maintained in the new book.

As in the first book, Marr and the rest of the gang are rounded up late at night on the beach trying to bring in a load of hot diamonds.

Plot summary (original edition)
This story opens with Chet Morton giving the Hardy boys and their chums a lesson on how to use the new automat which just opened in their hometown of Bayport.  While jostling one another the boys bump into a blonde haired man.  Later, while wrestling with the boys from Crabb Corners, Joe Hardy falls against the blonde man again causing him to drop his package which is later revealed to contain diamonds he is smuggling.

That evening the Hardy boys attend a party at the Morton's farm.  While the clock is striking midnight Joe Hardy disappears without a trace. At first Frank thinks his brother is playing a joke on him but when he does not reappear Frank gets worried.  A while later Frank and his chums manage to locate Joe who has been kidnapped and kept hostage in a cave along the Shore Road.

The rest of the story deals with Frank and Joe traveling to New York City to unravel the mystery of the blonde man.  In New York they are pick pocketed and have to spend a night sleeping in a park, while listening to the clock strike midnight.  While hitchhiking back from New York, the boys meet two Department of Justice men who are investigating a case of diamond smuggling.  When they return to Bayport the Hardy brothers locate who they believe to be Taffy Marr, the diamond smuggler.  The Hardy boys chase him to the airport and then hire a plane to continue the chase, however the plane they hired has mechanical problems and crashes.  After again returning to Bayport they locate Taffy Marr again, and send a message for the Department of Justice men to come and help them make the arrest.  Together with help from the Department of Justice men, the Hardy brothers manage to arrest Taffy Marr and the men he's been working with.

The story concludes with an informal party at the Morton's farm again, with the boys recounting their adventures for their friends, while the clock strikes midnight again.

References

Category:The Hardy Boys books
Category:1931 American novels
Category:1931 children's books
Category:1967 American novels
Category:1967 children's books
Category:Grosset & Dunlap books


Unlimited Sunshine Tour

The Unlimited Sunshine Tour is an American traveling music festival headlined by alternative rock band Cake, and featuring an eclectic mix of bands from multiple musical genres. The 2002 tour featured Cake, De La Soul, The Flaming Lips, Modest Mouse,  Kinky, and The Hackensaw Boys. The 2003 tour featured Cake, Cheap Trick, garage rockers The Detroit Cobras, bluegrass rebels The Hackensaw Boys, and country legend Charlie Louvin (of the Louvin Brothers). In January 2006, the Unlimited Sunshine Tour returned with Cake, Gogol Bordello, Tegan and Sara, and Eugene Mirman. The 2007 lineup continued to headline Cake with the Brazilian Girls, Oakley Hall (band), Detroit Cobras, King City, Agent Ribbons and The Saltex Brujo.

External links
Official website (no longer online)
Cake's official website
Category:Concert tours
Category:Music festivals in the United States


Will E. Neal

William Elmer Neal (October 14, 1875 – November 12, 1959) was a physician and U.S. Representative from West Virginia.

Born on a farm near Proctorville, Ohio, Neal attended the public schools.
He graduated from Proctorville High School in 1894.
He taught school in Ohio and Kentucky for six years.
He graduated from National Normal University, Lebanon, Ohio, in 1900 and received a medical degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1906.
He commenced the general practice of medicine in Huntington, West Virginia, in 1907.
Neal served as mayor of Huntington 1925-1928.
He served as member of Huntington Park Board 1931-1952, and West Virginia Public Health Council 1936-1940.
He was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1951 and 1952.

Neal was elected as a Republican to the Eighty-third Congress (January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955), defeating the incumbent Congressman and former Marshall professor Maurice G. Burnside. Burnside sought a rematch in 1954, and defeated Neal for reelection to the Eighty-fourth Congress.
He served as medical consultant to Foreign Operations Administration in Afghanistan from February 17, 1955, to June 20, 1955.

Neal challenged Burnside a third time in 1956 and was elected to the Eighty-fifth Congress (January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1959). Neal did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957. He was defeated for reelection in 1958 by another Marshall professor, Ken Hechler, to the Eighty-sixth Congress. A Republican would not retake this Huntington-based seat, now numbered as the 3rd District, until 2014.

He died in Huntington, West Virginia, November 12, 1959 and was interred there in Spring Hill Cemetery.

See also
 List of United States Representatives from West Virginia
 List of mayors of Huntington, West Virginia

Sources

External links
One of the Oldest-Known Freshman Members, Dr. Will Neal of West Virginia. Office of the Historian of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Category:1875 births
Category:1959 deaths
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from West Virginia
Category:Physicians from West Virginia
Category:Members of the West Virginia House of Delegates
Category:West Virginia Republicans
Category:National Normal University alumni
Category:Mayors of Huntington, West Virginia
Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives


Chris Madsen

Chris Madsen (February 25, 1851 – January 9, 1944) was a lawman of the Old West who is best known as being one of The Three Guardsmen, the name given to Madsen and two other Deputy US Marshals who were responsible for the apprehension and/or killing of several outlaws of that era. The Three Guardsmen consisted of Madsen, Bill Tilghman, and Heck Thomas.

Background
Chris Madsen was born Christen Madsen Rørmose in Denmark. After his graduation from Kauslunde Agricultural School, the bright young man started a criminal career, resulting in several convictions for fraud and forgery. Upon emigrating to the United States in 1876, he dropped the last name, Rørmose. He later claimed to have been a soldier in the Danish Army and the French Foreign Legion.  Arriving in New York City, Madsen enlisted in the U.S. Army on January 21, 1876, and served fifteen years in the Fifth Cavalry. He was quartermaster sergeant of the Fifth Cavalry and fought in many major Indian campaigns. Later, in 1883, he became President Chester A. Arthur's guide to Yellowstone.

Law career
Discharged on January 10, 1891, Madsen became a deputy U.S. marshal under Marshal William Grimes in Oklahoma Territory. He had joined the US Marshals as a Deputy Marshal with the priority of policing the vast Oklahoma Territory. Over 300 outlaws were either apprehended or killed by Madsen, Thomas and Tilghman, thus leading to their nickname, The Three Guardsmen. The three lawmen were largely responsible for bringing down outlaw Bill Doolin and his Doolin Dalton gang. Madsen was personally responsible for the killings of Doolin gang members Dan "Dynamite Dick" Clifton, George "Red Buck" Waightman, and Richard "Little Dick" West.

In 1898, he joined Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders, serving as Quartermaster Sergeant. After the Spanish–American War, Madsen returned to Indian Territory and served as deputy U.S. marshal. In 1911 he was appointed U.S. Marshal for the entire state of Oklahoma. While in his sixties he was appointed Chief of Police for Oklahoma City. From 1918 to 1922 he served as a special investigator for the governor of Oklahoma. He eventually settled in Guthrie, Oklahoma, and at the outset of World War I he tried to enlist in the U.S. Army but was rejected due to his age.

Personal life
He was married to Margaret Bell Morris (1871-1898). They were the parents of Marion (1889) and Christian (1890). Chris Madsen died at the age of ninety-three in Guthrie, Oklahoma and was buried in the Frisco Cemetery in Yukon, Oklahoma.

See also
The Passing of the Oklahoma Outlaws

References

Additional Sources
Croy, Homer (1958) Trigger Marshal: The Story of Chris Madsen (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce)
Samuelson, Nancy B. (1998) Shoot From The Lip: The Lives, Legends, and Lies of the Three Guardsmen of Oklahoma and U.S. Marshal Nix (Eastford, Conn.: Shooting Star Press)
Reasoner, James  (2003) Draw: The Greatest Gunfighters of the American West  (Penguin Putnam Inc; Berkley Trade)

External links

Category:1851 births
Category:1944 deaths
Category:Danish emigrants to the United States
Category:United States Army soldiers
Category:United States Marshals
Category:Lawmen of the American Old West
Category:Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
Category:Danish soldiers
Category:People from Guthrie, Oklahoma
Category:Rough Riders


Edmundson Acres, California

Edmundson Acres is a census-designated place in Kern County, California. It is located  north-northeast of Arvin, at an elevation of . Edmundson Acres' ZIP code is 93203. The population was 279 at the 2010 census.

Demographics

The 2010 United States Census reported that Edmundson Acres had a population of 279. The population density was 4,195.6 people per square mile (1,619.9/km²). The racial makeup of Edmundson Acres was 108 (38.7%) White, 5 (1.8%) African American, 3 (1.1%) Native American, 1 (0.4%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 143 (51.3%) from other races, and 19 (6.8%) from two or more races.  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 225 persons (80.6%).

The Census reported that 279 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 71 households, out of which 32 (45.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 35 (49.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 13 (18.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 8 (11.3%) had a male householder with no wife present.  There were 4 (5.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 9 households (12.7%) were made up of individuals and 5 (7.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.93.  There were 56 families (78.9% of all households); the average family size was 4.20.

The population was spread out with 89 people (31.9%) under the age of 18, 41 people (14.7%) aged 18 to 24, 69 people (24.7%) aged 25 to 44, 48 people (17.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 32 people (11.5%) who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 27.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.9 males.

There were 80 housing units at an average density of 1,203.0 per square mile (464.5/km²), of which 42 (59.2%) were owner-occupied, and 29 (40.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.3%.  155 people (55.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 124 people (44.4%) lived in rental housing units.

References

Category:Census-designated places in Kern County, California
Category:Census-designated places in California


339th Bombardment Squadron

The 339th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  Its last was assigned to the 96th Bombardment Wing, stationed at Dyess Air Force Base, Texas.  It was inactivated on 15 March 1963.

History
Established as a B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber squadron; trained under Second Air Force. Deployed to European Theater of Operations (ETO), assigned to VIII Bomber Command in England, Flew combat missions over Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe until the German capitulation in May 1945.

Activated as a reserve B-29 Superfortress squadron, 1947.  Not equipped or manned; inactivated due to budget reductions, 1949.

Reactivated in 1953 as a Strategic Air Command B-47 Stratojet squadron.  Performed global deployments and training until inactivated in 1963.  With the phaseout of the B-47 the training aircraft sent to storage at Davis–Monthan and the squadron was inactivated.

Lineage
 Constituted 339th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
 Activated on 15 July 1942
 Inactivated on 19 December 1945
 Redesignated 339th Bombardment Squadron (Very Heavy) on 13 May 1947
 Activated in the reserve on 29 May 1947
 Inactivated on 27 June 1949
 Redesignated 339th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 6 November 1953
 Activated on 18 November 1953.
 Inactivated on 15 March 1963.

Assignments
 96th Bombardment Group, 15 July 1942 – 15 December 1945
 96th Bombardment Group, 29 May 1947
 384th Bombardment Group, 8 October 1947 – 27 June 1949
 96th Bombardment (later Strategic Aerospace) Wing, 18 November 1953 – 15 March 1963

Stations

 Salt Lake City Army Air Base, Utah, 15 July 1942
 Gowen Field, Idaho, 6 August 1942
 Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington, 16 August 1942
 Rapid City Army Air Base, South Dakota, 29 September 1942
 Pocatello Army Airfield, Idaho, 1 November 1942
 Pyote Army Air Base, Texas, 3 January-16 April 1943

 RAF Great Saling (AAF-485), England, 12 May 1943
 RAF Snetterton Heath (AAF-138), England, 12 June 1943 – 11 December 1945
 Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, 17–19 December 1945
 Jackson Army Air Base, Mississippi, 29 May 1947 – 27 June 1949
 Altus AFB, Oklahoma, 18 November 1953

Aircraft
 B-17 Flying Fortress, 1943–1945
 B-47 Stratojet, 1955–1963

References

External links

Category:Bombardment squadrons of the United States Air Force
Category:Military units and formations in Oklahoma
Category:Bombardment squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces
Category:Military units and formations established in 1942