Culture of Finland

The culture of Finland combines indigenous heritage, as represented for example by the country's national languages Uralic Finnish and Germanic Swedish, the sauna, with common Nordic, and European culture. Because of its history and geographic location Finland has been influenced by the adjacent areas, various Finnic and Baltic peoples as well as the former dominant powers of Sweden and Russia. Finnish culture may be seen to build upon the relatively ascetic environmental realities, traditional livelihoods and a heritage of egalitarianism, (see e.g.: Everyman's right and universal suffrage) and the traditionally widespread ideal of self-sufficiency (see, e.g.: the predominant rural life but also more modern manifestations of such a life in the summer cottage).

There are still cultural differences between Finland's regions, especially minor differences in accents and vocabulary. Minorities, some of which have a status recognised by the state, such as the Sami, Swedish-speaking Finns, Romani, Jews, and Tatar, maintain their own cultural characteristics. Many Finns are emotionally connected to the countryside and nature, as large-scale urbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon.

Historical main aspects

Following the recession of the Scandinavian ice sheet, which covered most of northern Europe, from Great Britain to Moscow, around 8000 BC, people began arriving in what is today Finland, presumably mainly from the south and east although recent archaeological finds reveal a presence of the north-western Komsa culture in north Finland equally old to the earliest finds on the Norwegian coast.

The area of Finland belonged to the northeastern Kunda culture until around 5000 BC and Comb Ceramic culture from about 4200–2000 BC. The Kiukainen culture on the southwestern coast of Finland showed around 1200 BC.
From 1100 to 1200, the crown of Sweden started to incorporate Finland. However, Novgorod also attempted to gain control. Several wars were fought between Sweden and Novgorod and later Muscovy and Russia between 1400 and 1700. In 1721, the Nystad Peace Treaty was signed ending Swedish dominance in the Baltic region. In 1809, Finland was annexed by Russia. From 1809 to 1917, Finland was a Grand Duchy with the Russian Czar as the constitutional monarch. Karelia, where most of the Russo-Swedish conflicts occurred, was influenced by both cultures though mostly it remained peripheral to both epicentres of power. The verses in the Kalevala originate mainly from Karelia and Ingria.

The 19th century brought a feeling of national Romanticism and Nationalism throughout Europe. Finland's nationalism also grew where cultural identity and control of their land became a priority. Expression of Finnish identity by the University docent, A. I. Arwidsson (1791–1858), became an often quoted Fennoman credo: "Swedes we are not, Russians we do not want to become, let us therefore be Finns." Nationalism heightened and resulted in a declaration of independence from Russia on December 6, 1917, Finnish Independence Day. Notably, nationalists did not consider the Swedish-speakers members of a different (Swedish) nation; in fact, many Fennomans came from Swedish-speaking families.

People

The Finnish-speaking part of the population are called Finns, possibly including a subculture of Swedish-speaking Finns. The Finnish language is not an Indo-European language, and belongs to Uralic family of languages. Finns are traditionally divided to subgroups (heimo) according to dialect, but these groupings have only a minor importance due to 20th century urbanization and internal migration.

The Finnish society encourages equality and liberalism with a popular commitment to the ideals of the welfare state; discouraging disparity of wealth and division into social classes. Everyman's right (Ministry of Environment, 1999) is a philosophy carried over from ancient times. All citizens have access to public and private lands for agrarian activities or leisure. Finns value being close to nature; the agricultural roots are embedded in the rural lifestyle. Finns are also nationalistic, as opposed to self-identification with ethnicity or clan.

Religion began as paganism, mythology and magic. The traditions were partly indigenous, but also influenced by Baltic and Norse paganism. Song magic and bear worship are distinctive marks of the ancient religion. Prior to Christianisation in the 11th century, Finnish paganism was the primary religion. Christianity entered Finnish culture in the 12th century. As in 2016, 72.8% of Finns belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church and 1.1% belong to the Finnish Orthodox Church. In general, Finns are secular in their views.

With the emergence of reform, the Compulsory Education Act made education a civil right and available to all citizens, except for tertiary education, which is free of charge and admissions are based strictly on test scores. The beliefs of the Finns are future employment security necessitating higher education in today's increasingly technological world.

Native subcultures
Subcultures have been a part of Finnish history. The largest subculture is the Swedish-speaking Finns. The political party, Svenska Folkpartiet (literally The Swedish People's Party), has traditionally had a small but important part of the Swedish-Finnish culture. The daily newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet (meaning 'Capital City Paper') is the biggest Swedish Daily Newspaper in Finland and has its headquarters in Helsinki. The Swedish-speaking minority has been the target of harassment and discrimination in Finland. They are still considered the upper-class in Finland, especially in Helsinki, and have earned nicknames, such as "Svenska talande bättre folk" (Swedish speaking better people). Swedish-Finns are also sometimes referred to as "Ankkalampi" ("Ankdammen" or "The Duck Pond") due to their relative small number where everybody knows each other. Today, however, most differences are blurred (though rich, powerful Swedish-speaking families still exist) due to mixed marriages and inter-cultural homogenization and communication. The Swedish-Finnish group does have unique traditions distinct from the mainstream Finnish-speaking ones, but does not live in a different society. The group has various origins, both from language switching and from immigration.

The Lapland region of the North holds the Sami population. Up to around 1500, the Sami were mainly fishermen and trappers, usually in a combination, leading a nomadic lifestyle decided by the migrations of the reindeer. Traditionally, Sami people engaged in fishing, trapping and herding reindeer. They have traditionally organized their societies differently from the Finns due to their nomadic lifestyle. Their native language is not Finnish, but one of the three Sami languages spoken in Finland. However, modern times have brought most Sami to urban areas, where they assimilate to mainstream society and speak Finnish. 10% of Sami continue herding in Northern Finland. Currently, the Sami are a 5% minority in their native Finnish Lapland.

Another nomadic group is the Finnish Gypsies who have existed since the 17th century. For centuries Gypsy men were horse traders, where as in the post-war era they have turned to horse breeding and dealing in automobiles and scrap metal. Women traditionally engage in fortune telling and hand crafts. Gypsies have been the target of harassment and discrimination in Finland. "A permanent Advisory Commission on Gypsy Affairs was set up in 1968, and in 1970 racial discrimination was outlawed through an addition to the penal code. The law punished blatant acts such as barring Gypsies from restaurants or shops or subjecting them to unusual surveillance by shopkeepers or the police." Today, financial aid is provided to improve the standard of living for 5,000–6,000 Finnish Gypsies.

Gender equality
After examining the position of women around the world, the Washington-based Population Crisis Committee reported in 1988 that Finland, slightly behind top-ranked Sweden and just ahead of the United States, was one of the very best places in which a woman could live. The group reached this conclusion after examining the health, educational, economic, and legal conditions that affect women's lives.

When compared with women of other nations, Finnish women, who accounted for just over 50 percent of the population in the mid-1980s, did have a privileged place. They were the first in Europe to gain the franchise, and by the 1980s they routinely constituted about one-third of the membership of the Eduskunta (parliament) and held several ministerial posts. In the 1980s, about 75 percent of adult women worked outside the home; they made up about 48 percent of the work force. Finnish women were as well educated as their male counterparts, and, in some cases, the number of women studying at the university level, for example, were slightly ahead of the number of men. In addition to an expanding welfare system, which since World War II had come to provide them with substantial assistance in the area of childbearing and child-rearing, women had made notable legislative gains that brought them closer to full equality with men.

In 1972 the Council for Equality was established to advise lawmakers on methods for realizing full legal equality for women. In 1983 legislation arranged that both parents were to have equal rights for custody of their children. A year later, women were granted equal rights in the establishment of their children's nationality. Henceforth any child born of a Finnish woman would have Finnish citizenship. After a very heated national debate, legislation was passed in 1985 that gave women an equal right to decide what surname or surnames they and their children would use. These advances were capped by a law that went into effect in early 1987 forbidding any discrimination on the basis of sex and providing protection against it. Once these laws were passed, Finnish authorities signed the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, in 1986.

In a number of areas, however, the country's small feminist movement maintained that the circumstances in which Finnish women lived needed to be improved. Most striking was the disparity in wages. Although women made up just under half the work force and had a tradition of working outside the home, they earned only about two-thirds of the wages paid to men. Occupations in which women predominated, such as those of retail and office personnel, were poorly paid in contrast to those in which men constituted the majority. Despite the sexes' equal educational attainments, and despite a society where sexual differentiation played a smaller role than it did in many other countries, occupational segregation in Finland was marked. In few of the twenty most common occupations were the two sexes equally represented. Only in occupations relating to agriculture, forestry, and school teaching was a rough parity approached, and as few as 6 percent of Finns worked in jobs where 40 to 60 percent of workers were of the opposite sex. Studies also found that equal educational levels did not—in any category of training—prevent women's wages from lagging behind those paid to men. Women tended to occupy lower positions, while males were more often supervisors or managers. This was the case everywhere, whether in schools or universities, in business, in the civil service, or in politics at both the local level and the national level.

In addition to their occupying secondary position in the workplace, women had longer workdays because they performed a greater share of household tasks than did men. On the average, their workweek outside the home was several hours shorter than men's because a greater portion of them were employed only part-time or worked in the service sector, where hours were shorter than they were in manufacturing. Studies have found, however, that women spent about twice as much time on housework as men—about three hours and forty minutes a day, compared with one hour and fifty minutes for men. Men did twice as many household repairs and about an equal amount of shopping, but they devoted only one-third to one-fourth as much time to cleaning, cooking, and caring for children. Given that the bulk of family chores fell to women, and that they were five times more likely than men to head a single-parent family, the shortcomings of Finland's child day-care system affected women more than it did men.

The Equality Law that went into effect in 1987 committed the country to achieving full equality for women. In the late 1980s, there was a timetable listing specific goals to be achieved during the remainder of the twentieth century. The emphasis was to be equality for everyone, rather than protection for women. Efforts were undertaken not only to place women in occupations dominated by males, but also to bring males into fields traditionally believed to belong to the women's sphere, such as child care and elementary school teaching. Another aim was for women to occupy a more equal share of decision-making positions.

Etiquette
Finns are often stereotyped as being very introverted, having little interest in small talk and being very protective of their personal space.  This was the subject of a 2005 book Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf by Richard Lewis.  In October 2018. the BBC published an article on this subject entitled How the Finnish survive without small talk.

Family structure
The Finnish family life is usually understood to be centered on the nuclear family, rather than the extended family. There are usually one or two children in a family. Traditionally, men were the wage-earners and women remained in the home and cared for children. However, since the Second World War, gender roles have changed. Today, both men and women are dual wage-earners. The welfare system allows for generous parental leave with income-based benefits (Leitner, A. & Wroblewski, A., 2006). Finnish parents have the option to take partial or total leave they are entitled to. A majority of mothers opt to take longer leave, up to one year. Finland's divorce rate is 51% of marriages being dissolved (Statistics Finland, updated 5/07). Cohabitation is also common. Finland has the highest proportion of quarterlifers, (those in their twenties) who have left the nest (i.e. no longer live with parents) in Europe.

Festivities and traditions

Finnish holidays are similar to the Western Christian calendar and Protestant traditions. Holidays and traditions are a blend of the thousand-year old Christian presence and vestiges of old Finnish pagan traditions.

Notable among these is Juhannus, the Finnish Midsummer. A majority of Finns retreat to summer cottages (mökki) on any one of Finland's numerous lakes. Depending on the region, a bonfire at midnight celebrates the summer solstice, and in the Åland Islands, the Swedish-originated tradition of dancing around the Maypole is observed. The midsummer traditions also include different versions of pairing magic and folklore in the festivities.

The Finnish Christmas, Joulu, follows traditions of Christmas trees and the Advent calendars. Holidays start on December 23. Gift giving occurs on Christmas Eve with a visit from Joulupukki (Father Christmas, Santa Claus). Traditional meals are typically only eaten on Christmas followed by sauna. Christmas Day is reserved for a "quiet day" and the holidays end after the 26th, St. Stephen's Day (tapaninpäivä).

Easter is a combination of Christian and Pagan customs. Either on Palm Sunday or the Holy Saturday, children dress up as witches (noita) and go from door to door, giving away daffodil adorned branches of willow in exchange for sweets. This is similar to the celebration of Halloween in some countries (such as United Kingdom and United States). Burning Easter bonfires is a Pagan custom meant to keep witches at bay.

Vappu, or May Day is a national holiday, an event for Finns to emphatically welcome spring after several months of little daylight. It can be compared to Mardi Gras with parades and parties. Traditionally, the event begins on the eve of Vappu by former and current students putting on their student caps (graduation cap).

Finnish Independence Day is December 6 and a national holiday.

Sauna is a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland. The word is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sámi languages) dating back 7,000 years. The sauna's purpose is to bathe, and the heat (either dry or steam) opens pores in the skin and thoroughly cleanses the body. Cedar or birch branches can be tapped along the body to stimulate blood circulation. The sauna soothes sore and aching muscles. The Finns often use and have used the sauna to recover from hard physical labor. Sauna culture dictates subdued speech and time for thought to soothe the mind. Sauna is not to be rushed as it is essential to spiritual living. The structure of the sauna began as a small log building partially buried in the earth. A "smoke sauna" was used to cure meats in pre-industrial years as well as, to bathe or a sterile environment for childbirth, but this tradition has declined in favor of a modern invention, the continuously heated sauna, which is hotter, cleaner and faster to heat up. In Finnish saunas, temperature is set to about 60–100 °C (sometimes up to 120 °C), and small amounts of water thrown on rocks atop the stove emit steam, which produces a heat sensation. Some Finns prefer the "dry sauna" using very little steam, if any. Traditional sauna includes the process of perspiring and cooling several times. A part of the cooling process may be a swim in the lake before returning to the sauna for an additional sweat.

Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden, the Baltic States, Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna, or in multistory apartment houses, a timeshared sauna. Public saunas were previously common, but the tradition has declined when saunas have been built nearly everywhere (private homes, municipal swimming halls, hotels, corporate headquarters, gyms, etc.).

Finland has a great amount of summer festivals, the biggest being music festivals.

Literature

Though Finnish written language could be said to exist since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish in the 16th century as a result of the Protestant Reformation, few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century, which saw the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement. This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi and Eino Leino. Juhani Aho was nominated for the Nobel prize in literature twelve times.

After Finland became independent there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously Mika Waltari. Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939 – so far the only one for a Finnish author. The second World War prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna. Literature in modern Finland is in a healthy state, with detective stories enjoying a particular boom of popularity. Ilkka Remes, a Finnish author of thrillers, is very popular. Juha Vuorinen has received the Kultapokkari ("Golden Paperback") award for his humorous books, and in all has sold over 2 million books in Finland.

Visual arts

Innovative functionalist movements have distinguished design of furniture, ceramics, glass, and textiles as well the Finnish architecture. Finnish design combines local artistic themes with tools and materials adapted to demanding northern conditions.  Many artists and architects, from Akseli Gallen-Kallela to Alvar Aalto, have designed furniture and tableware during their career.

Forces, shapes, colors, and textures of the northern landscape and the human relationship to nature have strongly influenced also painting, sculpture, and other art forms. This is particularly evident in the representational  romantic nationalism  that blossomed at the end of the nineteenth century.

Abstract art movements did not gain a foothold until the 1950s. When Sam Vanni's monumental painting Contrapunctus (1959) won competition for mural in Helsinki, abstract art was considered to be accepted and established in Finland. In recent years, however, graphic artists have experimented with innovative processes of image production and multimedia technologies to create new forms of art that sometimes serve as critiques of society and technology.

The Finnish contemporary art scene became much more visible than before with the establishment of Kiasma, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Helsinki in 1998.

Architecture

The architecture of Finland has a notable history spanning over 800 years. As a land of predominating forests, wood provided the natural building material for both housing and public buildings up until the 20th century. The more limited history of stone buildings before the 19th century was realised, however, in various stone churches, castles and fortresses. Finnish architecture has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such as Jugenstil (or Art Nouveau), Nordic Classicism and Functionalism.

Three of the world's most noted figures in architecture history were Finns; Eliel Saarinen was a major influence in Art Nouveau architecture, with such buildings as the Helsinki Central railway station and, following his emigration to the US, the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan. His son, Eero Saarinen, though born in Finland is also regarded as an American architect, and created significant pieces of architecture throughout the US, including the TWA Flight Center at New York's Kennedy Airport and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis. The works of Finland's most noted modernist architect, Alvar Aalto, regarded as one of the major figures in the world history of modern architecture, has had significant worldwide influence; he was instrumental in bringing functionalist architecture to Finland, but also made his reputation for developing a more organic style of modernist architecture. Among his most famous buildings are Viipuri Library, Vyborg and the Baker House dormitory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture (e.g. the Paimio chair) and glassware (e.g. Savoy vase).

Music

Folk music
Much of the folk music of Finland is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs, less influenced by Germanic influence, in contrast to Finland's position between the East and the West. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades, and has become a part of popular music, for example the group Värttinä.

Sami music

The people of northern Finland, Sweden and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called Joik. The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect.

Classical and opera

The first Finnish opera was written by the German composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote Maamme/Vårt land (Our Land), Finland's national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo. He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed Finlandia, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation.

Today, Finland has a very lively classical music scene. Finnish classical music has only existed for about a hundred years, and many of the important composers are still alive, such as Magnus Lindberg, Kaija Saariaho, Aulis Sallinen and Einojuhani Rautavaara. The composers are accompanied by a large number of great conductors such as Sakari Oramo, Mikko Franck, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Osmo Vänskä, Jukka-Pekka Saraste, Susanna Mälkki and Leif Segerstam. Some of the internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians are Karita Mattila, Soile Isokoski, Sachithra Gimhan, Pekka Kuusisto, Réka Szilvay and Linda Brava.

Popular music
Modern Finnish popular music includes a renowned heavy metal music scene, in common with other Nordic countries, as well as a number of prominent rock bands, hip hop performers, pop music and dance music acts such as Bomfunk MCs, Darude and Waldo's People.
Jazz also plays a role on the Finnish Music scene. Some important Jazz Musicians are the brothers Heikki and Pekka Sarmanto, Jukka Linkola, Keith Hall (UK), Esko Linnavalli and Vladimir Schafranov (Russia). There are numerous Jazz Clubs in Finland, such as Storyville, The Hot Tomato and UMO Jazz Club (UMO is the acronym for Uuden Musiikin Orkesteri, meaning the"New Music Orchestra).
The producer JR Rotem, who has a Finnish and Israeli descent, is common in a lot of Finnish hit songs and in America. Finnish electronic music such as the Sähkö Recordings record label enjoys underground acclaim. Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning hit) is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentine music, is also popular. One of the most productive composers of popular music was Toivo Kärki, and the most famous singer Olavi Virta (1915–1972). Among the lyricists, Sauvo Puhtila (1928–2014), Reino Helismaa (died 1965) and Veikko "Vexi" Salmi are a few of the most notable writers. The composer and bandleader Jimi Tenor is well known for his brand of retro-funk music.

Dance music
Notable Finnish dance and electronic music artists include Jori Hulkkonen, Darude, JS16, DJ Proteus, Fanu, DJ Muffler, trance duo Super8 & Tab and DJ Orkidea. Finnish dance music is also known for Suomisaundi, a kind of freestyle psychedelic trance that originated in Finland around the mid-1990s.

Rock and heavy metal music

The Finnish rock music scene emerged in the 1960s, pioneered by artists such as Blues Section and Kirka. In the 1970s Finnish rock musicians started to write their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade some progressive rock groups, such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam, gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of the rock and roll group, Hurriganes. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally respected names including Terveet Kädet in 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that left perhaps a deeper mark in the history of popular music than any other Finnish group by being an influence for groups such as Guns 'n' Roses.

In 1990s Finnish rock and metal music started to gain international fame with such bands as The 69 Eyes, Amorphis, Children of Bodom, Ensiferum, Norther, Wintersun, HIM, Impaled Nazarene, Lordi, Negative, Nightwish, The Rasmus, Sentenced, Sonata Arctica, Stratovarius, and Tarja Turunen, a solo artist, who is popular for mixing classical music with Metal/Rock. In the late 1990s the cello metal group Apocalyptica played Metallica cover versions as cello quartettos and sold half a million records worldwide. Some of the Finland's most domestically popular rock groups are CMX and Eppu Normaali. Finland also helped bring Folk Metal music more popularity, through bands such as Turisas and Finntroll.

In the 2000s Finnish rock bands started to sell well internationally. The Rasmus finally captured Europe (and other places, like South America) in the 2000s. Their 2003 album Dead Letters sold 1.5 million units worldwide and garnered them eight gold and five platinum albums designations. But so far the most successful Finnish band in the United States has been HIM; they were the first band from Finland to ever sell an album that was certified gold by the RIAA. Most recently, the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest with a record 292 points, giving Finland its first ever victory. Rock bands such as The 69 Eyes, Indica and Reflexion enjoy cult following abroad.

Tuska Open Air Metal Festival, one of the largest open-air heavy metal music festivals in the world, is held annually in Kaisaniemi, Helsinki. Ruisrock and Provinssirock are the most famous rock festivals held in Finland.

Entertainment and games

Finland has a number of soap operas and television reality series, such as Salatut elämät and Vain elämää.

Madventures is a very popular Finnish travel documentary television series.

Sketches are a popular form of humor in Finland. Comedy has a strong representation, with some examples of popular artists being Kari Ketonen, Ville Myllyrinne, Ali Jahangiri, André Wickström, Ismo Leikola, Krisse Salminen and Pirjo Heikkilä.

In 2014 Ismo Leikola was named as the "Funniest Person in the World" in a stand-up comedy competition held by Laugh Factory in the United States.

YouTube videos and Video blogs have found their audience in second half of 2010s. Tubecon YouTube event gathers thousands of fans to meet the most popular Finnish YouTube creators.

Games are recognized as a form of culture in Finland. Professional game development has a strong basis in education, In 2015, there are over 20 educational institutions providing game education in all educational levels. The first commercial Finnish digital game was published in 1979 and the first globally distributed game in 1986.  In 2009, Angry Birds of  Rovio Entertainment became the big hit. Rovio  is a Finnish developer, publisher, distributor of video games and is an entertainment company headquartered in Espoo, Finland.

Cinema

Finland has a growing film industry with a number of famous directors such as Aki Kaurismäki, Timo Koivusalo, Aleksi Mäkelä and Klaus Härö. Hollywood film director/producer Renny Harlin (born Lauri Mauritz Harjola) was born in Finland.

Media and communications

Finland is one of the most advanced information societies in the world. There are 200 newspapers; 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines and 67 commercial radio stations, with one nationwide, six national public service radio channels (three in Finnish, two in Swedish, one in Sami); digital radio has three channels. Four national analog television channels (two public service and two commercial) were fully replaced by five public service and three commercial digital television channels on September 1, 2007.

Broadband access is a legal right, and by 2015 over 93% of population was online.

In 2015, 95% of Finns read a newspaper (in print or online) at least once per week - which was the highest value in countries compared by Reuters (including Denmark (87%) UK (73%) and USA (56%). The most read newspaper in Finland is Helsingin Sanomat, with a circulation of 267,000. The media group Sanoma behind Helsingin Sanomat also publishes the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat and commerce-oriented Taloussanomat. It also owns the Nelonen television channel. Sanoma's largest shareholders are Aatos Erkko's family foundation and Antti Herlin.  The other major publisher Alma Media publishes almost thirty magazines, including newspaper Aamulehti, tabloid Iltalehti and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti.  Finland has been at the top of the worldwide Press Freedom Ranking list every year since the publication of the first index by Reporters Without Borders in 2002.

In 2015, there were 765 public libraries, which were visited over 49 million times. Over 10,000 books and 46 daily (4-7 times a week) newspapers were published. 311 movie theatres showed 202 new films.

Finland's National Broadcasting Company YLE is an independent state-owned company. It has five television channels and 13 radio channels in two national languages. YLE is funded through a television license and private television broadcasting license fees. Ongoing transformation to digital TV broadcasting is in progress – analog broadcasts ceased on the terrestrial network August 31, 2007 and will cease on cable at the end of February 2008. The most popular television channel MTV3 and the most popular radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus Industrier). English news about Finland are provided in real-time via FinnSanomat.

The people of Finland are accustomed to technology and information services. The number of cellular phone subscribers as well as the number of Internet connections per capita in Finland are among the highest in the world. According to the Ministry of Transport and Communications, Finnish mobile phone penetration exceeded fifty percent of the population as far back as August 1998 – first in the world – and by December 1998 the number of cell phone subscriptions outnumbered fixed-line phone connections. By the end of June 2007 there were 5.78 million cellular phone subscriptions, or 109 percent of the population.

Another fast-growing sector is the use of the Internet.
Finland had more than 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007,
i.e., about 287 per 1,000 inhabitants. The Finns are not only connected;
they are heavy users of Internet services.
All Finnish schools and public libraries have been connected to the Internet for years.

Finland is also internationally known for major demoscene achievements, particularly due to largest annual demo party Assembly.

Cuisine

Traditional Finnish cuisine is a combination of European, Fennoscandian and Western Russian elements; table manners are European. The food is generally simple, fresh and healthy. Meat, berries, milk and ground vegetables are typical ingredients whereas spices are not common due to their historical unavailability. In years past, Finnish food often varied from region to region, most notably between the west and east. In coastal and lakeside villages, fish was a main feature of cooking, whereas in the eastern and also northern regions, vegetables and game were more common. In Finnish Lapland, reindeer was also important. The prototypical breakfast is oatmeal or other continental-style foods such as bread. Lunch is usually a full warm meal, served by a canteen at workplaces. Dinner is eaten at around 17.00 to 18.00 at home, and it is also common to have a supper later in the evening.

Modern Finnish cuisine combines country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary continental cooking style. Today, spices are a prominent ingredient in many modern Finnish recipes, having been adopted from the east and west in recent decades.

Public holidays

All official holidays in Finland are established by acts of Parliament. The official holidays can be divided into Christian and secular holidays, although some of the Christian holidays have replaced holidays of pagan origin. The main Christian holidays are Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, Ascension Day, Pentecost, and All Saints' Day. The secular holidays are New Year's Day, May Day, Midsummer Day, and the Independence Day. Christmas is the most extensively celebrated holiday: usually at least December 24 to 26 are holidays.

Sports

Various sporting events are popular in Finland. Pesäpallo (reminiscent of baseball) is the national sport of Finland, although the most popular sports in Finland in terms of media coverage and audience attendance are Formula One, ice hockey, track and field, football and harness racing. However, in terms of actually playing sports, the most popular ones in terms of people registered to a club are football and horse-riding.

The Finnish national ice hockey team is considered one of the best in the world and has won the world championships three times in 1995, 2011 and 2019. During the past century there has been a rivalry in sporting between Finland and Sweden, mostly in ice hockey and athletics (Finland-Sweden athletics international). Jari Kurri and Teemu Selänne are the two Finnish-born ice hockey players to have scored 500 goals in their NHL careers. Association football is also popular in Finland, though the national football team has never qualified for a finals tournament of the World Cup or the European Championships. Jari Litmanen and Sami Hyypiä are the most internationally renowned of the Finnish football players.

Relative to its population, Finland has been a top country in the world in automobile racing, measured by international success. Finland has produced three Formula One World Champions – Keke Rosberg (Williams, 1982), Mika Häkkinen (McLaren, 1998 and 1999) and Kimi Räikkönen (Ferrari, 2007). Along with Räikkönen, the other Finnish Formula One driver currently active is Valtteri Bottas (Williams). Rosberg's son, Nico Rosberg (Mercedes), is also currently driving, but under his mother's German nationality. Other notable Finnish Grand Prix drivers include Leo Kinnunen, JJ Lehto, Mika Salo and Heikki Kovalainen. Finland has also produced most of the world's best rally drivers, including the ex-WRC World Champion drivers Marcus Grönholm, Juha Kankkunen, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Timo Salonen and Ari Vatanen. The only Finn to have won a road racing World Championship, Jarno Saarinen, was killed in 1973 while racing.

Among winter sports, Finland has been the most successful country in ski jumping, with former ski jumper Matti Nykänen being arguably the best ever in that sport. Most notably, he won five Olympic medals (four gold) and nine World Championships medals (five gold). Among currently active Finnish ski jumpers, Janne Ahonen has been the most successful. Kalle Palander is a well-known alpine skiing winner, who won the World Championship and Crystal Ball (twice, in Kitzbühel). Tanja Poutiainen has won an Olympic silver medal for alpine skiing, as well as multiple FIS World Cup races.

Some of the most outstanding athletes from the past include Hannes Kolehmainen (1890–1966), Paavo Nurmi (1897–1973) and Ville Ritola (1896–1982) who won eighteen gold and seven silver Olympic medals in the 1910s and 1920s. They are also considered to be the first of a generation of great Finnish middle and long-distance runners (and subsequently, other great Finnish sportsmen) often named the "Flying Finns". Another long-distance runner, Lasse Virén (born 1949), won a total of four gold medals during the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics.

Also, in the past, Riku Kiri, Jouko Ahola and Janne Virtanen have been the greatest strength athletes in the country, participating in the World's Strongest Man competition between 1993 and 2000.

The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were held in 1952 in Helsinki, Finland. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics, among others.

Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include floorball, Nordic walking, running, cycling and skiing.

List of cultural aspects
List of Finns
Suuret suomalaiset – a list of the "100 Greatest Finns" of all time as voted by the Finnish people in 2004.
Below are listed some of the characteristics of Finnishness. The term "Finnishness" is often referred to as the national identity of the Finnish people and its culture.

{| cellspacing=3 cellpadding=0 border=0hi how areyou
|-
| Finnish Maiden
|   a figure of national personification symbolising Finland
|-
| Flying Finns
|   a nickname given to notable Finnish sportsmen (originated with Olympic medalist Hannes Kolehmainen)
|-
| Ice swimming
|   swimming in a body of water with a frozen crust of ice
|-
| Joulupukki
|   Father Christmas/Santa Claus
|-
| Kalakukko
|   traditional Savonian food
|-
| Kalevala
|   the national epic of Finland, and Finnish mythology in general
|-
| Kantele
|   traditional musical instrument
|-
| Karelian pasties
|   traditional pasties from the region of Karelia
|-
| Koskenkorva
|   Finnish vodka
|-
| Latin bastion
|   Finland has a reputation as a bastion of enthusiasm for Latin, thanks to such factors as the national broadcaster Yle's output of Nuntii Latini, a short weekly news service in Latin (from 1989 until the service was shut down in June 2019), and academic Jukka Ammondt's translation of songs by Elvis Presley into Latin.
|-
| Mämmi
|   traditional Easter food
|-
| Mustamakkara
|   traditional blood sausage from Tampere
|-
| Nordic walking
|   a recreational sport first popularized in Finland
|-
| Perkele
|   swear word (see Finnish profanity)
|-
| Puukko
|   traditional Finnish style woodcraft belt-knife
|-
| Reilu meininki
|   fair dealing
|-
| Sahti
|   traditional beer
|-
| Salmiakki
|   salty liquorice
|-
| Sauna
|   a Finnish national institution (see also Finnish sauna)
|-
| Sibelius
|   one of the most popular national figures (composer of the symphonic poem Finlandia)
|-
| Sisu
|   will, determination, perseverance, mental fortitude
|-
| Talkoot
|   community work
|}

See also

Architecture of Finland
Golden Age of Finnish Art
Holidays in Finland, Flag days in Finland, Namesdays in Finland
List of Finns
List of bands from Finland

Bibliography
The World Book Encyclopedia (1990). Finland (Vol. 7) p 117.

References

External links
What Finland can Teach America About True Luxury by Trevor Corson, The Christian Science Monitor, May 1, 2009
Discussion about Finnish Culture
http://uralica.com/earlyfin.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20080420045153/http://www.ut.ee/Ural/wel.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20091212050530/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/finland-country-profile.html
Statistics Finland, updated 5/07


Operation Thunderhead

Operation Thunderhead was a highly classified combat mission conducted by U.S. Navy SEAL Team One and Underwater Demolition Team 11 (UDT-11) in 1972. The mission was conducted off the coast of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War to rescue two U.S. airmen said to be escaping from a prisoner of war prison in Hanoi. The prisoners, including Air Force Colonel John A. Dramesi were planning to steal a boat and travel down the Red River to the Gulf of Tonkin.

Lieutenant Melvin Spence Dry was killed on the mission. He was the last SEAL lost during the Vietnam War. His father, retired Navy Captain Melvin H. Dry, spent the rest of his life trying to learn the circumstances surrounding his son's death. The details, however, were long shrouded in secrecy.

Mission
In April 1972, SEAL Team One left Subic Bay in the amphibious-transport submarine . The plan was to launch the team at night from the submerged submarine in a Swimmer Delivery Vehicle (SDV) piloted by two UDT-11 operators and head for a small island off the mouth of the Red River.

On 3 June 1972, Lieutenant Dry decided to conduct a clandestine reconnaissance mission that night. Shortly after midnight the team launched from Grayback but a combination of navigation errors and strong current took them off course. After an hour, the crew was compelled to abort the mission. They were unable to locate Grayback and they were forced to scuttle their underpowered SDV after its battery power was exhausted.

The next morning, the team was rescued a few miles off the coast. The four men were flown to the , Operation Thunderhead's command ship.

At 2300 hours on 5 June, the men were to be transported back to Grayback by helicopter. The team would perform a night water drop next to the submarine. During briefings with the pilots, Lt. Dry and Chief Warrant Officer (CWO) Martin emphasized the maximum limits for the drop were 20/20-- 20 feet of altitude at an airspeed of 20 knots, or an equivalent combination.

When the helicopter arrived near Grayback'''s expected position, they could not locate the submarine. As they desperately searched for the submarine's beacon, Lt. Dry and his men prepared to enter the water and lock into the submerged submarine.

According to CWO Martin, the drop was conducted downwind, adding another 15 to 20 knots of forward velocity when the jumpers hit the water. Lt. Dry died immediately of "severe trauma to the neck" caused by impact with the water, according to the Navy's death report. Two other team members were badly shaken, and one was seriously injured.

Several hours earlier, Grayback launched its second SDV but the team abandoned their mission when their air ran out; subsequently, they made an emergency free ascent to the surface. After seeing a strobe light and hearing voices, the two teams rendezvoused.

At about 0100, they found Lt. Dry's lifeless body, inflated his life vest, and held him in tow as they swam seaward to be rescued. An HC-7 helicopter rescued the men at dawn and returned them to the Long Beach.

On 12 June, the remaining team members were transferred back to Grayback''. With the likelihood of a successful prisoner escape by sea lessened by the recent U.S. mining of North Vietnam's ports and rivers, Operation Thunderhead was soon terminated.

Because the mission was classified, the Navy did not acknowledge Dry's death as a combat loss until February 2008, when he was posthumously awarded the Bronze Star for Valor.

References

External links
 U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command Website official site.
 USS Grayback 574
Category:Conflicts in 1972
Category:1972 in Vietnam
US Navy SEALs
Navy SEALs
Category:United States Naval Special Warfare Command
Category:United States Navy SEALs
Thunderhead
Thunderhead
Category:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1972


1970 Maine gubernatorial election

The 1970 Maine gubernatorial election took place on November 3, 1970. Incumbent Democratic Governor of Maine Kenneth M. Curtis chose to seek re-election. Curtis won a landslide victory in the Democratic primary. His general election opponent was Maine Attorney General James Erwin, the Republican nominee. Erwin had also easily won his respective party primary and received the Republican nomination for governor. Curtis narrowly defeated challenger  in one of the tightest elections in Maine history – the final margin of victory was a mere 890 votes. Curtis received 163,138 votes (50.14%), while Erwin had 162,248 votes (49.86%).

Background
Although Governor Curtis kept his promise not to raise taxes, his creation of a new income tax law in 1969 caused his approval rating to fall. As a result of the new taxes, the debate about the expansion of state government became the main issue of the campaign. During his tenure, Curtis proposed gun control legislation, which would deny ownership to convicted felons, drug addicts, and those in mental institutions. This was quite controversial and  irritated gun owners throughout the state of Maine. In January 1970, Curtis strongly pledged support for an oil refinery at Machiasport. Environmentalists, as well as the Maine Times – a recently established newspaper – opposed this proposal.

Prior to announcing his re-election candidacy, Curtis commissioned a poll of himself versus potential candidate James S. Erwin, conducted by consultant Oliver Quayle. The results of the poll showed Curtis trailing Erwin by a 28% margin. Quayle told Curtis that he had "never seen an incumbent in more trouble."

Democratic primary

Candidates
Kenneth M. Curtis, incumbent Governor of Maine
Plato Truman, perennial candidate

Incumbent Governor Kenneth M. Curtis was challenged by perennial candidate Plato Truman for the Democratic nomination. Nonetheless, Curtis defeated Truman in a landslide on the day of the primary, which was June 15, 1970. Curtis received 33,052 votes (63.18%) against Truman's 19,266 votes (38.83%). Winning a majority of the votes, Curtis became the Democratic gubernatorial nominee for the state of Maine in 1970 and avoided a run-off election.

Republican primary

Candidates
James S. Erwin, Attorney General and former State Senator
Calvin Grass
In mid-February 1970, James S. Erwin, a lawyer, Maine Senator, and World War II veteran declared his candidacy for the Republican nomination. Calvin Grass also entered the race. The primary election took place on June 15, 1970. Erwin defeated Grass in a landslide, with 72,760 votes (89.18%) versus 8,898 votes (10.9%), respectively. Winning a majority of the votes, Erwin became the Republican gubernatorial nominee for the state of Maine in 1970 and avoided a run-off election.

Campaign and results
An early poll conducted by the Dorr Research Corporation in Boston showed Erwin leading Curtis 46%–39%, with 15% undecided. The first debate between Curtis and Erwin was held on September 24, 1970, which was broadcast on Maine's Education Television Network. According to most observers, Erwin appeared "awkward and not in command", while Curtis was "more poised" and "straightforward." These observers, the Maine Times, and even Erwin himself noted that Curtis won the debate. Another poll conducted by Quayle in early October still showed Erwin ahead of Curtis, despite Curtis' gain in momentum.

In the general election held on November 3, 1970, Curtis defeated James S. Erwin by a mere 890 votes. Erwin blamed the media for his loss, claiming they were biased toward Curtis. Years later, Erwin noted, "I avoided the media. I didn't like them and they didn't like me, in retrospect, I wish I had formed a more beneficial relationship with the media. I think that really hurt my campaign." Curtis' victory has also been attributed to Edmund Muskie's coattails, a popular candidate for United States Senator from Maine that year.

Recount and aftermath
Due to the very small margin of victory, a recount was almost immediately conducted. The process lasted 40 days, from November 23 to December 15, with Republicans and Democrats and their lawyers present for the recount. Eventually incumbent Governor Kenneth M. Curtis was certified as the winner and was sworn-in for a second term on January 7, 1971. He remained in office until January 2, 1975, when he was succeeded by James B. Longley. James S. Erwin received the Republican nomination for governor again in 1974, but placed third against Longley and Democrat George J. Mitchell.

See also
Maine gubernatorial election, 1962

Notes

1970
Maine
Gubernatorial
Category:November 1970 events in the United States


Rudolf Schmitt

Rudolf Schmitt (August 5, 1830 – February 18, 1898) was a German chemist who together with Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe discovered the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction.

Biography

Schmitt was born in the small village Wippershain in the Hesse-Kassel as the second of eight siblings as son of a preacher. He moved several times during his childhood and entered the Gymnasium as boarding pupil in Marburg. He received his Abitur in 1853 and entered the University of Marburg the same year. He started studying mathematics, theology and chemistry, but later concentrated on chemistry. After 8 Semesters he joined Hermann Fehling at the University of Stuttgart but returned to work with Adolph Kolbe in 1857.

For his work on Sulfanilic acid he received his Ph.D in 1861 and for his work on Salicylic acid he received his habilitation in 1863.

He worked at the University of Kassel and later the commercial school in Nuremberg. Due to an explosion of a glass tube filled with hydrogen sulfide he lost his right eye in 1869.

He spent most of his academic career at the Dresden University of Technology which was promoted from to a Polytechnicum and in 1890 to a Technische Hochschule during his stay. He was elected Director of the University in 1891, but had to renounce due to his bad health. He stopped teaching in 1893 for the same reason. Schmitt died at his house in Radebeul in 1898.

References

Category:1830 births
Category:1898 deaths
Category:German chemists
Category:University of Kassel faculty


ALSA (bus company)

ALSA (Automóviles Luarca, S.A.) is a Spanish subsidiary of the UK company National Express, which operates bus and coach services in Spain and other countries across Europe, including Andorra, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Ukraine. It also has operations in Morocco and Puerto Rico.

ALSA also had operations in China and Chile, but these were retained by the previous owners of the company and are not owned by National Express.

History
When ALSA was incorporated in 1923, it was merely a regional operator based in Luarca and Oviedo, in the Spanish northern region of Asturias.

In the 1920s and 1930s the Alsa flagship service was the 170 km Oviedo-Luarca-Ribadeo route, northwest from Oviedo, with thirteen fixed and thirty occasional stops, a 10-hour journey. This was later extended to Coruña.

In the 1940s and 1950s ALSA extended its network through central and western Asturias. In 1962 the company started a route from Oviedo to Madrid, and in 1964 started its first international service from Oviedo to Paris and Brussels. The company expanded continually to become the leading Spanish road passenger transporter in the 1980s, and by 2000 covered most of Spain and Western Europe.

Towards the end of the 20th century, Alsa took over several Spanish operators, mainly Empresa Fernandez, based in León, Enatcar and Continental Auto.

In October 2005 National Express took a majority shareholding in ALSA, retaining the ALSA brand. National Express acquired ALSA's main Spanish rival, Continental Auto, in 2007.

ALSA has operated in Morocco since 1999 when it commenced operating in Marrakech. Other operations were subsequently added in Agadir in 2010, Tangier in 2013 and Khourigba in 2015. In June 2018, it was awarded a 15-year contract to operate services in Rabat, Salé and Temara in a joint venture with local company CityBus.

Fleet

In its early years the ALSA fleet was based mainly on NAG and Saurer vehicles, with some additional GMCs, and De Dion-Boutons, but in 1939/40 they bought around seven British ACLO normal control coaches, which in the early fifties were followed by eight forward control units of the Regal III model of the same make, with bodies by Seida of Bilbao.

Later, ALSA switched to an all-Pegaso buying policy, initially still with Seida bodies, and later with Monotral, Setra-Seida, Ayats and Irizar coachwork; to turn in the early 1980s to Mercedes-Benz O303 and O404 chassis with successively Maiso, Hispano Carrocera, Sunsundegui and Noge Spanish bodies.

Mercedes-Benz is still the main ALSA chassis provider, but the top-of-the-range three-axled Setras are the current flagships of the ALSA fleet, many of them in the Clase Supra top-class specification.

Most of the fleet is equipped with WIFI, onboard toilets, air conditioning and power outlets at every seat.

References

External links
Official website (English version)
Beijing ALSA
 Page on ALSA's ACLO buses

Category:Bus companies of Spain
Category:National Express companies
Category:Transport companies of Spain
Category:Transport in Asturias
Category:Bus transport in Spain


Platoon: Bravo Company

Platoon: Bravo Company (1998) is a Vietnam War memoir by Robert Hemphill (with foreword by Joe Galloway), who commanded B (Bravo) Company, 3rd Battalion, 22nd Infantry of the 25th Infantry Division (U.S. Army) in Vietnam from 1 October 1967 to 18 February 1968.

The book details Hemphill's experience as Captain of Bravo during the final months of 1967 and into the Tet Offensive of early 1968. The novel can be noted for its mostly positive outlook on the Vietnam War, in contrast to the bleak reputation and media portrayal of the conflict. The book has been both praised and criticized for its presentation from an officer's point of view, although in the book Captain Hemphill states that he is simply writing of the war as he remembers it. Platoon: Bravo Company, is also less popular than other books about the war, such as We Were Soldiers Once...And Young or Marine Sniper: 93 Confirmed Kills.

Hemphill explains the boredom of daily routine as an infantry soldier, leading his company through thick jungle and finding no signs of the enemy (Viet Cong), as well as moments, (and, in some cases, hours) of intense combat, especially during New Year's and the Tet offensive. Hemphill also talks about rescuing other units who have fallen into enemy ambushes because of incompetent commanders, and occasionally irresponsible soldiers, as well as having his own company rescued, despite his assurances that his men are "the best in Vietnam."

Category:Vietnam War books
Category:1998 non-fiction books


Russia Corners Historic District

Russia Corners Historic District is a national historic district located at the hamlet of  Russia in Herkimer County, New York. The district includes six contributing buildings.  They are the Russia Union Church (1820), Russia District School No. 5 (1816; modified in late 1880s), and four residences built between about 1803 and 1830.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

Gallery

References

Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Category:Historic districts in Herkimer County, New York
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Herkimer County, New York


The Shadows (album)

The Shadows is a 1961 rock album by British group The Shadows, which reached number one in the UK charts.

Track listing
Side 1
"Shadoogie" (Hank Marvin, Bruce Welch, Jet Harris, Tony Meehan)
"Blue Star" (Victor Young, Edward Heyman)
"Nivram" (Bruce Welch, Hank Marvin, Jet Harris)
"Baby My Heart" (Sonny Curtis) – (Vocal: Hank Marvin)
"See You in My Drums" (Tony Meehan) – Drum solo
"All My Sorrows" (Dave Guard, Bob Shane, Nick Reynolds) – (Vocal: Jet Harris)
"Stand Up and Say That" (Hank Marvin)

Side 2
"Gonzales" (Jet Harris, Bruce Welch, Hank Marvin)
"Find Me a Golden Street"  (Norman Petty)
"Theme from a Filleted Place" (Hank Marvin, Bruce Welch, Jet Harris)
"That's My Desire" (Helmy Kresa, Carroll Loveday) – (Vocal: Bruce Welch)
"My Resistance Is Low"  (Hoagy Carmichael)
"Sleepwalk" (Ann Farina, Santo Farina, Johnny Farina, Don Wolf)
"Big Boy" (Bruce Welch, Hank Marvin)

Chart positions

Personnel
 Hank Marvin – Lead guitar, piano and vocals
 Bruce Welch – Rhythm guitar and vocals
 Jet Harris – Bass guitar and vocals
 Tony Meehan – Drums and percussion
 Norrie Paramor – Producer
 Malcolm Addey – Engineer

Instruments
 Lead guitar: Fender Stratocaster (Fiesta Red), Gretsch Country Gentleman
 Rhythm guitar: Fender Jazzmaster, Fender Stratocaster (Fiesta Red), Gretsch 6120, Gibson J-200
 Bass guitar: Fender Precision Bass (4 string)
 Drums: Gretsch, Trixnam
 Amplifier: Vox AC30 × 3
 Piano: from EMI Abbey Road studios

Recording
The album was recorded at Abbey Road Studios (Studio 2) between 26 October 1960 and 21 June 1961. It was recorded on entirely analogue equipment in real time, with each track recorded on a one-track-per-day basis with no overdubs or edits on a 2 track recording machine. Rather than having a stereo mix being mixed down into a mono version, both stereo and mono mixes were recorded simultaneously but separately within the same session. Mistakes made during recording necessitated immediate retakes, and for that reason, multiple versions for some (if not all) tracks exist in EMI's tape vaults.

All of the tracks were recorded in several sessions over an eight-month period (nine session-days), during which singles were also recorded, including "Kon-Tiki", "She Wears Red Feathers" (unissued), "The Frightened City", "Wonderful Land", "36-24-36", "March of the Shadows" (unissued), "Peace Pipe", "The Savage", "Blues From an Unfurnished Flat" (unissued), "Happy Birthday to You" (unissued except in an overdubbed form on 21 Today), an LP by Cliff Richard.

The songs from the album were recorded in this order:
"Gonzales" – recorded 26 October 1960
"Baby My Heart" – recorded 27 January 1961
"Find Me a Golden Street" – recorded 27 January 1961
"Theme From a Filleted Place" – recorded 1 June 1961
"Blue Star" – recorded 18 February 1961
"Shadoogie" – recorded 20 April 1961
"Sleepwalk" – recorded 20 April 1961
"That's My Desire" – recorded 20 April 1961
"Big Boy" – recorded 12 May 1961
"See You in My Drums" – recorded 1 June 1961
"All My Sorrows" – recorded 13 June 1961
"Nivram" – recorded 13 June 1961
"Stand Up and Say That" – recorded 13 June 1961
"My Resistance is Low" – recorded 21 June 1961

Formats
Vinyl
1961: 1st – (Stereo) Light Green, and (Mono) Dark Green Columbia label
1963: 2nd – (Stereo) Blue/Black Green Columbia label
1970: 3rd – (Stereo) Black/Silver EMI label
Tape
1961: Reel to reel tape
1973: Cassette and 8 Track cartridge 2-fer ("The Shadows As Was!"): The Shadows/Out of the Shadows. EMI Double Executive Series label
1980: Cassette (MFP Label)
CD
1991: Normal. 2-fer (2-4-1) CD: The Shadows/Out of the Shadows. Jewel case
1997: Remastered. 2-fer (2-4-1) CD: (Mono and Stereo albums). Jewel case

Notes

The sleeve notes were written by Cliff Richard.

This album is cited by many highly influential and successful British rock/metal/heavy metal guitarists (e.g. Brian May of Queen) as being their no.1 favorite Shadows album thus influencing them in their career first choice in music.

Only Shadoogie, Nivram, All My Sorrows and Sleepwalk were used "live on stage" to promote this album in 1961-2. Nivram has been used as 1st choice Shadows bass solo for live concerts from 1962 right through to 2010. The track Gonzales was played live on a radio performance (late 1960) but never on stage until belatedly included on the final tour live set in 2004.

After three non-charting singles ("Feelin Fine", "Jet Black" and "Saturday Dance") followed by the massive number-one selling Apache single in June 1960, the group ostensibly merited an immediate debut album but in the UK at that time albums were of secondary importance to singles and EPs (the reverse was true in the US). Hence the year-long delay in releasing this important album. The UK's economy was still not sufficiently strong to enable the British record buying public to prioritise albums over singles in terms of purchasing choices. From the mid-1960s, the album would eventually predominate over the single in the UK.

This is the only Shadows album that features the original Shadows line up with Tony Meehan and Jet Harris. Meehan was sacked for persistent lateness in 1961 and Harris was constructively dismissed (resigned) in 1962. The only other early album of note featuring Harris and Meehan is the South African "Rockin Guitars" Shadows special compilation album.

The British public in 1960-61 anticipated an all instrumental debut album but the Shadows and Paramor wanted to produce an album showcasing their numerous diverse talents instead, hence the inclusion of two specialist instrumental "solos", Nivram (a bass feature) and See You In My Drums (an obviously drum-heavy track). The album was rounded out with three relatively unexpected vocals. By contrast, the debut album of The Ventures (seen to be their American counterpart) was an all-instrumental one.

This album reached the number-one slot in the UK albums chart in 1961. No singles were taken from it, though two "extract" Eps were compiled from its tracks: "The Shadows No. 2" and "The Shadows No. 3" - both in mono only. The group's first EP The Shadows (available in both mono and stereo) had been released in January 1961 and featured four original tracks: Mustang, Shotgun, Theme From Giant and Theme From Shane.

However, notwithstanding any minor criticisms, this very successful debut album features seven (out of fourteen) all new original compositions written by members of the Shadows in various permutations, thus contradicting many later British authors who erroneously claim that this period of British pop music "before the Beatles" was 100% influenced and dominated by "Tin Pan Alley" songwriters who wrote their material at offices in London's fashionable West End.

Bibliography
Books
 That Sound (From Move It on, the story of the magic sound of The Shadows), by R.Pistolesi, M.Addey & M.Mazzini. Publ: Vanni Lisanti. June 2000.
 Rock 'n' Roll - I gave you the best years of my life, Autobiography by Bruce Welch. Publ. Viking Penguin Inc., London. 1989.

See also
The Shadows discography
Hank Marvin
Bruce Welch
Cliff Richard
Jet Harris
Tony Meehan
Norrie Paramor

References

Category:1961 debut albums
Category:The Shadows albums
Category:Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios
Category:EMI Columbia Records albums
Category:Albums produced by Norrie Paramor


Brandon Hill, Bristol

Brandon Hill, also known as St Brandon's Hill, is a hill close to Bristol city centre, between the districts of Clifton and Hotwells, in south west England.

At the summit is the Cabot Tower, opened in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot's voyage from Bristol to Newfoundland in 1497.

The upper part of the hill is a steep park, divided into informal gardens, a small nature reserve and open grassland. The two-hectare nature reserve has been run since 1980 by the Avon Wildlife Trust who have their headquarters beside the park.  The wildflower meadow includes ox-eye daisies, yellow rattle and knapweed. A pond provides a breeding site for frogs, toads and smooth newts. The butterfly garden supplies food for caterpillars and many kinds of butterflies. Birds such as jay, bullfinch and blackcap are seen in the reserve. Native trees and shrubs have been planted, and the meadow is cut for hay in July.

The lower slopes of the hill were developed in the 18th and 19th centuries.  St George's Church lies on Great George Street on the eastern slope, Berkeley Square is on the northern edge, and the school buildings of Queen Elizabeth's Hospital are on the western side.

History
Brandon Hill was granted to the council in 1174 by the Earl of Gloucester and was used for grazing until 1625 when it became a public open space, possibly the oldest municipal open space in the country. Before the Reformation, a hermitage and chapel dedicated to the Irish saint Brendan stood at the summit of the hill, in which a series of hermits, including the anchoress Lucy de Newchurch, lived between 1314 and 1480. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century it was a popular venue for public meetings by reform groups like the Chartists. In 1832, the hill was the location of the Great Reform Dinner, which was famously gatecrashed.

From 1840 onward Brandon Hill was improved with walls and walks. A crowd of 30,000 watched the launch of SS Great Britain from the hill on 7 July 1843. It remained a site of popular protest however, with 20,000 unemployed workers gathering at the top the hill in January 1880 to protest their situation.

Popular culture

In the popular television series, Skins, Brandon Hill features on a number of occasions; including, Cassie's suicide attempt and as the rendezvous point for Sid and Cassie at the climax of the first series.

In the Rabbit Premier League, a Fantasy Football league hailing from Downers Grove, Illinois, a team in the Cottontail International Division is based in Bristol, specifically Brandon: The Brandon Hill Perlfees.

Marcus H / soiled wrote the track Brandon Hill Tandle Hill which featured on his album Splices and Phases.

See also
Parks of Bristol

References

External links

Category:Hills of Bristol
Category:Parks and open spaces in Bristol


Michael J. Sullivan (author)

Michael J. Sullivan is an American writer of epic fantasy and science fiction, best known for his debut series The Riyria Revelations, which has been translated into fourteen languages. In 2012 io9 named him one of the "Most Successful Self-Published Sci-Fi and Fantasy Authors". His books have been translated into French, German, Spanish, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Hungarian, Japanese, Georgian, Bulgarian, Russian, Portuguese, and Turkish.

Career
Sullivan started writing books at a young age, in order to entertain himself . He started The Riyria Revelations to teach his daughter, who suffered from dyslexia, how to read.

Sullivan has written three series. The Riyria Revelations and The Riyria Chronicles were published by Orbit Books (fantasy imprint of Hachette Book Group) and The Legends of the First Empire will be released by Del Rey Books (owned by Random House). The Riyria Revelations is a six-book epic fantasy series while the Riyria Chronicles is an ongoing series that centers on the early adventures of the two main protagonists of the former series. The Legends of the First Empire is a six-book epic fantasy series set in the same world as the Riyria books, but in the distant past, making it a standalone series. His first science fiction novel, Hollow World, was released by Tachyon Publications in April 2014.

Reception
Sullivan has two New York Times bestsellers (Age of War and Age of Legend), and three books on the USA Today bestseller list (Age of Swords, Age of War, Age Legend).He has had seven works selected for the Goodreads Choice Award 6 for Best Fantasy: The Emerald Storm in 2010, Percepliquis in 2012, and The Crown Tower in 2013, Age of Myth in 2016, Age of Swords in 2017,  Age of War in 2018 and 1 for Best Science Fiction: Hollow World in 2014. Theft of Swords was selected as one of Barnes & Noble's 2011 Best Fantasy Books, shortlisted for the 2013 Audie Award for Fantasy, and also one of Library Journal's 2011 Best SF/Fantasy Books. Age of Myth was a 2016 Amazon's Best Books of the Year selection in the Science Fiction and Fantasy category.

Bibliography

World of Elan (Publication order)

The Riyria Revelations

Royce Melborn, a skilled thief, and his mercenary partner, Hadrian Blackwater, are enterprising thieves who end up running for their lives when they're framed for the death of the king and get embroiled in larger political machinations.

The Crown Conspiracy, Self Published (2008)
Avempartha, Self Published (2009)
Nyphron Rising, Self Published (2009)
The Emerald Storm, Self Published (2010)
Wintertide, Self Published (2010)
Percepliquis, Self Published (2011)

Theft of Swords collects The Crown Conspiracy and Avempartha,  (2011)
Rise of Empire collects Nyphron Rising and The Emerald Storm,  (2011)
Heir of Novron collects Wintertide and Percepliquis,  (2012)

The Riyria Chronicles

A prequel series that explores the beginnings of Royce and Hadrian's partnership and first escapades.

 The Crown Tower (2013)
 The Rose and the Thorn (2013)
"The Jester" (2014)
"Professional Integrity" (2015)
The Death of Dulgath (2015)
The Disappearance of Winter's Daughter (2017)
Drumindor (Release Date TBA)

The Legends of the First Empire

Taking place in the same world as the Riyria Revelations/Chronicles, this is a prequel series that takes place thousands of years before those series and reveals the truths about the First Empire that were hinted at in the Riyria novels.

 Age of Myth (2016)
 Age of Swords (2017)
 Age of War (2018)
 Age of Legend (2019)
 Age of Death (February 4, 2020)
 Age of Empyre (May 4, 2020)

The Rise and the Fall

This series will bridge the gap between The Legends of the First Empire and Riyria Chronicles.

 Arrow of Death (Fall 2020)
 Farilane (Spring 2021)
Esrahaddon (Fall 2021)

World of Elan (Chronological Order)

The Legends of the First Empire

Age of Myth (2016)
Age of Swords (2017)
Age of War (2018)
Age of Legend (2019)
Age of Death (2020)
Age of Empyre (May 4, 2020)

The Rise and the Fall

Arrow of Death (Fall 2020)
Farilane (Spring 2021)
Esrahaddon (Fall 2021)

The Riyria Chronicles

The Crown Tower (2013)
The Rose and the Thorn (2013)
"The Jester" (2014)
"Professional Integrity" (2015)
The Death of Dulgath (2015)
The Disappearance of Winter's Daughter (2017)
Drumindor (Release Date TBA)

The Riyria Revelations

The Crown Conspiracy, Self Published (2008)
Avempartha, Self Published (2009)
Nyphron Rising, Self Published (2009)
The Emerald Storm, Self Published (2010)
Wintertide, Self Published (2010)
Percepliquis, Self Published (2011)

Theft of Swords collects The Crown Conspiracy and Avempartha,  (2011)
Rise of Empire collects Nyphron Rising and The Emerald Storm,  (2011)
Heir of Novron collects Wintertide and Percepliquis,  (2012)

Stand-alone novels
 Hollow World (2014, Tachyon Publications)

Short stories

Released individually

 The Viscount and the Witch, A Riyria short (Oct 2011)
 The Jester, A Riyria short (July 2014)
 Greener Grass, Time-travel Science Fiction (Oct 2012)

Released in Anthologies

 Traditions, included in Triumph Over Tragedy Anthology, (Jan 2013) from Terrene Press
 The Jester, included in Unfettered (June 2013) from Grim Oak Press
 Burning Alexandria, included in The End Anthology (Jan 2014) edited by N.E. White
 Be Careful What You Wish For, included in Help Fund My Robot Army (June 2014) edited by John Joseph Adams
 The Autumn Mists, included in Fantasy Faction Anthology (December 2014)
 Professional Integrity, included in Blackguards (April 26, 2015) from Ragnarok Publications

References

External links

 Michael J. Sullivan at Fantastic Fiction
 Interview

Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Fairfax, Virginia
Category:21st-century American novelists
Category:American fantasy writers
Category:American male novelists
Category:Self-published authors
Category:Writers from Detroit
Category:21st-century American male writers
Category:Novelists from Michigan


FC Lienden

FC Lienden is a football club from Lienden, Netherlands. The club, established on August 1, 1930.

In recent years, the club saw a rise through the Dutch football pyramid, upunder the guidance of former professional player Hans Kraay, Jr., who served as head coach from 2004 to 2011. He returned to Lienden in 2016.

On 12 November 2008 the club became famous nationwide by defeating Eredivisie squad Vitesse Arnhem by 1–0 in the third round of the Dutch domestic cup. In the round of 16 they were defeated 2–0 by Roda JC after extra time.

In 2010 the club was promoted to the Topklasse, the newly established semi-professional Dutch third tier. Starting in season the 2016-2017 the club played in the newly established Tweede Divisie. On 18 December 2018 Lienden withdrew from this competition due to financial difficulties but eventually found funds to continue.

Current squad
As of 1 February 2019

References

External links
Official website

Lienden
Category:Association football clubs established in 1930
Category:Sport in Gelderland
Category:1930 establishments in the Netherlands
Category:FC Lienden


List of endemic amphibians of Papua New Guinea

This is a list of the endemic amphibian species recorded in Papua New Guinea.

Species

Ceratobatrachidae
Cornufer adiastolus
Cornufer admiraltiensis, Admiralty Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer akarithymus, Pomugu Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer boulengeri, Boulenger's Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer citrinospilus
Cornufer elegans
Cornufer exedrus
Cornufer gigas
Cornufer gilliardi, Gilliard's Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer latro, Manus Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer macrosceles, Ti Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer magnus, Kavieng Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer malukuna
Cornufer mamusiorum, Mamusi Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer mediodiscus
Cornufer minutus
Cornufer montanus
Cornufer nakanaiorum, Nakanai Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer nexipus, Baining Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer schmidti, Schmidt's Wrinkled Ground Frog
Cornufer sulcatus
Cornufer vogti
Platymantis browni, Brown's Wrinkled Ground Frog
Platymantis bufonulus
Platymantis caesiops
Platymantis macrops, Aresi Wrinkled Ground Frog
Platymantis manus
Platymantis mimicus, Numundo Wrinkled Ground Frog
Platymantis myersi, Myers' Wrinkled Ground Frog
Platymantis parkeri, Parker's Wrinkled Ground Frog

Hylidae
Litoria albolabris, Wandolleck's White-lipped Tree Frog
Litoria auae
Litoria becki, Beck's Tree Frog
Litoria bibonius
Litoria bulmeri, Bulmer's Tree Frog
Litoria callista
Litoria chloristona
Litoria chrisdahli
Litoria contrastens, Barabuna Tree Frog
Litoria darlingtoni, Darlington's Madang Tree Frog
Litoria dorsalis, Dwarf Rocket Frog
Litoria dorsivena, Eastern Mountains Tree Frog
Litoria eschata
Litoria exophthalmia
Litoria flavescens
Litoria graminea, Northern New Guinea Tree Frog
Litoria hilli
Litoria hunti
Litoria impura, Southern New Guinea Tree Frog
Litoria jeudii
Litoria kumae
Litoria leucova, West Sepik Tree Frog
Litoria lodesdema
Litoria louisiadensis, Rossell Tree Frog
Litoria majikthise
Litoria multiplica, Kassam Tree Frog
Litoria nullicedens
Litoria oenicolen, Trauna Tree Frog
Litoria ollauro
Litoria pallidofemora
Litoria pronimia
Litoria prora, Efogi Tree Frog
Litoria robinsonae
Litoria rubrops
Litoria sauroni
Litoria singadanae
Litoria spartacus
Litoria spinifera, Spiny Tree Frog
Litoria timida, Menemsorae Tree Frog
Litoria vocivincens, Brown River Tree Frog
Nyctimystes avocalis, Loud Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes bivocalis
Nyctimystes calcaratus
Nyctimystes cheesmani, Cheesman's Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes cryptochrysos
Nyctimystes daymani, Dayman Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes disruptus, Madang Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes eucavatus
Nyctimystes foricula, Kaironk Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes gularis, Mondo Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes intercastellus
Nyctimystes kubori, Sandy Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes kuduki
Nyctimystes latratus
Nyctimystes myolae
Nyctimystes narinosus, Common Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes obsoletus, Simbang Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes ocreptus
Nyctimystes papua, Papua Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes perimetri, Archipelago Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes persimilis, Mine Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes semipalmatus, Kokoda Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes trachydermis, Morobe Big-eyed Tree Frog
Nyctimystes traunae
Nyctimystes tyleri
Nyctimystes zweifeli, Zweifel's Big-eyed Treefrog

Microhylidae
Aphantophryne minuta,  Myola New Guinea Frog
Aphantophryne pansa,  Scratchley New Guinea Frog
Aphantophryne sabini,  Guest House New Guinea Frog
Asterophrys leucopus,  Stolle New Guinea Bush Frog
Austrochaperina adamantina,  Nibo Land Frog
Austrochaperina alexanderi,  Alexander's Land Frog
Austrochaperina aquilonia,  Somoro Land Frog
Austrochaperina archboldi,  Archbold's Land Frog
Austrochaperina brevipes,  Victoria Land Frog
Austrochaperina guttata,  Spotted Land Frog
Austrochaperina hooglandi,  Hoogland's Land Frog
Austrochaperina laurae,  Laura's Land Frog
Austrochaperina mehelyi,  Mehely's Land Frog
Austrochaperina novaebritanniae,  New Britain Land Frog
Austrochaperina palmipes,  Dayman Land Frog
Austrochaperina parkeri,  Parker's Land Frog
Austrochaperina polysticta,  Morobe Land Frog
Austrochaperina rivularis,  Finalbin Land Frog
Austrochaperina septentrionalis,  Northern Land Frog
Austrochaperina yelaensis,  Yela Land Frog
Barygenys apodasta
Barygenys atra,  Gunther's Papua Frog
Barygenys cheesmanae,  Cheesman's Papua Frog
Barygenys exsul,  Zwefel's Papua Frog
Barygenys flavigularis,  Yellow-throated Papua Frog
Barygenys maculata,  Spotted Papua Frog
Barygenys nana,  Highland Papua Frog
Barygenys parvula,  Madang Papua Frog
Barygenys resima
Callulops comptus,  Ornate Callulops Frog
Callulops doriae,  Doria's Callulops Frog
Callulops eremnosphax
Callulops glandulosus,  Warty Callulops Frog
Callulops humicola,  Kotuni Callulops Frog
Callulops marmoratus,  Marbled Callulops Frog
Callulops mediodiscus
Callulops microtis
Callulops omnistriatus
Callulops robustus,  Robust Callulops Frog
Callulops sagittatus,  Binnie Callulops Frog
Callulops stictogaster,  Irumbofoie Callulops Frog
Callulops wilhelmanus,  Wilhelm Callulops Frog
Choerophryne allisoni,  Allison's Mountain Frog
Choerophryne alpestris
Choerophryne bickfordi
Choerophryne brevicrus
Choerophryne brunhildae,  Adelbert Rainforest Frog
Choerophryne bryonopsis
Choerophryne burtoni,  Burton's Mountain Frog
Choerophryne darlingtoni,  Darlington's Rainforest Frog
Choerophryne epirrhina
Choerophryne exclamitans
Choerophryne fafniri,  Mid-montane Rainforest Frog
Choerophryne gracilirostris
Choerophryne grylloides
Choerophryne gudrunae,  Kowat Rainforest Frog
Choerophryne gunnari,  Gunnar's Rainforest Frog
Choerophryne longirostris,  Menawa Mountain Frog
Choerophryne murrita
Choerophryne pandanicola
Choerophryne rhenaurum,  Moiyok Rainforest Frog
Choerophryne rostellifer,  Torricelli Mountain Frog
Choerophryne sanguinopicta,  Mount Simpson Rainforest Frog
Choerophryne siegfriedi,  Siegfried's Rainforest Frog
Choerophryne swanhildae,  Southern Highlands Rainforest Frog
Choerophryne tubercula,  Warty Rainforest Frog
Choerophryne valkuriarum,  Hidden Valley Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus albolineatus
Cophixalus amabilis
Cophixalus ateles,  Papua Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus bewaniensis,  Menawa Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus caverniphilus
Cophixalus cheesmanae,  Kokoda Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus clapporum
Cophixalus cryptotympanum,  Zweifel's Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus cupricarenus
Cophixalus daymani,  Dayman Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus desticans
Cophixalus interruptus
Cophixalus iovaorum
Cophixalus kaindiensis,  Kaindi Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus kethuk
Cophixalus linnaeus
Cophixalus melanops
Cophixalus misimae,  Misima Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus nexipus
Cophixalus nubicola,  Michael Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus parkeri,  Parker's Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus phaeobalius
Cophixalus pipilans,  Sempi Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus pulchellus,  Pretty Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus riparius,  Wilhelm Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus shellyi,  Shelly's Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus sphagnicola,  Morobe Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus tagulensis,  Tagula Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus tenuidactylus
Cophixalus timidus,  Simpson Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus tomaiodactylus
Cophixalus variabilis,  Pekopekowana Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus verecundus,  Myola Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus verrucosus,  Oroke Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus viridis,  Green Rainforest Frog
Cophixalus wempi
Copiula annanoreenae,  Anna Noreen's Mehely Frog
Copiula fistulans,  Lae Mehely Frog
Copiula lennarti,  Lennart's Mehely Frog
Copiula minor,  Milne Bay Mehely Frog
Copiula oxyrhina,  Misima Mehely Frog
Genyophryne thomsoni,  Thomson's Toothless Frog
Hylophorbus atrifasciatus
Hylophorbus infulata
Hylophorbus proekes,  Richard's Mawatta Frog
Hylophorbus rainerguentheri,  Huon Mawatta Frog
Hylophorbus richardsi
Hylophorbus sigridae,  Sigrid's Mawatta Frog
Liophryne allisoni,  Morobe Land Frog
Liophryne dentata,  Alotau Land Frog
Liophryne magnitympanum
Liophryne miniafia
Liophryne rhododactyla,  Owen Stanley Land Frog
Liophryne rubra,  Ruddy Land Frog
Liophryne similis,  Myola Land Frog
Mantophryne axanthogaster
Mantophryne insignis
Mantophryne louisiadensis,  Louisiade Archipelago Frog
Mantophryne menziesi,  Iarowari School Frog
Metamagnusia slateri,  Slater's Callulops Frog
Oreophryne albomaculata,  Speckled Cross Frog
Oreophryne ampelos
Oreophryne anamiatoi
Oreophryne anser
Oreophryne anthonyi,  Anthony's Cross Frog
Oreophryne aurora
Oreophryne banshee
Oreophryne brachypus,  Gazelle Cross Frog
Oreophryne brunnea
Oreophryne cameroni
Oreophryne curator,  Minder's Cross Frog
Oreophryne equus
Oreophryne ezra
Oreophryne flavomaculata
Oreophryne gagneorum
Oreophryne geislerorum,  Madang Cross Frog
Oreophryne geminus,  Twin Cross Frog
Oreophryne graminus
Oreophryne hypsiops,  Sempi Cross Frog
Oreophryne inornata,  Dull Cross Frog
Oreophryne insulana,  Goodenough Cross Frog
Oreophryne kampeni,  Moroka Cross Frog
Oreophryne lemur
Oreophryne loriae,  Port Moresby Cross Frog
Oreophryne matawan
Oreophryne meliades
Oreophryne notata,  Ialibu Cross Frog
Oreophryne oviprotector
Oreophryne parkopanorum
Oreophryne penelopeia
Oreophryne philosylleptoris
Oreophryne phoebe
Oreophryne picticrus
Oreophryne pseudunicolor
Oreophryne streiffeleri
Oreophryne terrestris,  Terrestrial Cross Frog
Oreophryne wolterstorffi,  Wolterstorff's Cross Frog
Oxydactyla alpestris,  Gomgale Land Frog
Oxydactyla coggeri,  Kaironk Land Frog
Oxydactyla crassa,  Papua Land Frog
Oxydactyla stenodactyla,  Piunde-Aunde Land Frog
Paedophryne amauensis
Paedophryne dekot
Paedophryne kathismaphlox
Paedophryne oyatabu
Paedophryne swiftorum
Paedophryne verrucosa
Xenorhina arboricola
Xenorhina brachyrhyncha
Xenorhina fuscigula,  Kaironk Fanged Frog
Xenorhina huon,  Morobe Fanged Frog
Xenorhina mehelyi,  Mehely's Fanged Frog
Xenorhina subcrocea,  Lae Fanged Frog
Xenorhina tillacki,  Tillack's Snouted Frog
Xenorhina tumulus,  Madang Fanged Frog
Xenorhina zweifeli,  Zweifel's Fanged Frog

Myobatrachidae
Mixophyes hihihorlo, Namosado Barred Frog

Ranidae
Papurana milneana, Milne Bay Frog
Papurana supragrisea, Papua Gray Frog
Papurana waliesa

See also
Fauna of New Guinea
List of endemic reptiles of Papua New Guinea
List of endemic fish of Papua New Guinea
List of birds of Papua New Guinea
List of butterflies of Papua New Guinea
List of mammals of Papua New Guinea

References

Papua New Guinea
Amphibians
Category:Endemic fauna of Papua New Guinea


Matanga

Matanga (Mātaṅga ) may refer to:

Godwin Matanga, Commissioner of the Zimbabwe Republic Police
Hilary Matanga (born 1984), Zimbabwean cricketer
Kasyapa Matanga (fl. 67 CE), Indian Buddhist monk
Matanga (moth), a genus of family Geometridae
Matanga Muni, author of the Brihaddeshi, an early treatise on classical Indian music
Matanga, Madagascar
Matanga (sage), a rishi who appears in the Ramayana
Matanga (yaksha), a spirit in Jainism, attendant of Suparshvanatha
Matangi, Tantric goddess


List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 1951

For the main article see Statutory Instruments.

This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 1951. This listing is the complete, 30 items, "Partial dataset" as listed on www.legislation.gov.uk (as at March 2014).

Statutory Instruments

1-999
The Merchant Shipping (Registration of Sierra Leone Government Ships) Order 1951 SI 1951/143
The Trading with the Enemy (Custodian) Order 1951 SI 1951/153
The National Assistance (Adaptation of Enactments) Regulations 1950 1951 SI 1951/174
The Superannuation (English Local Government and Isle of Man) Interchange Rules 1951 SI 1951/309
The Coal Industry (Superannuation Scheme) (Winding Up, No. 2) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/393
The Airways Corporations (Pilots Pensions) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/527
The Veterinary Surgeons (University Degrees) (Glasgow) Order of Council 1951 SI 1951/571
The Trading with the Enemy (Custodian) (No. 2) Order 1951 SI 1951/779
The Trading with the Enemy (Custodian) (No. 3) Order 1951 SI 1951/780
The Conveyance of Explosives Byelaws 1951 SI 1951/869
The Prevention of Damage by Pests (Application to Shipping) Order 1951 SI 1951/967
The National Insurance and Industrial Injuries (Reciprocal Multilateral Agreement) (France and the Netherlands) Order 1951 SI 1951/972

1000-2224
The Cupro-Nickel Coins (Carriers' Liability) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/1032
The Consular Conventions (Kingdom of Norway) Order in Council 1951 SI 1951/1165
The Administration of Children’s Homes Regulations 1951 SI 1951/1217
The Workmen's Compensation Rules 1951 SI 1951/1235
The Reserve and Auxiliary Forces (Protection of Civil Interests) Rules 1951 SI 1951/1401
The Reserve and Auxiliary Forces (Protection of Civil Interests) (Business Premises) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/1402
The Reserve and Auxiliary Forces (Protection of Industrial Assurance &c. Policies) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/1407
The Reserve and Auxiliary Forces (Protection of Friendly Society Life Policies) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/1408
The Tithe Fees Rules 1951 SI 1951/1534
The Corn Rent Annuities (Apportionment and Redemption) Rules 1951 SI 1951/1535
The Trading with the Enemy (Custodian) (No. 4) Order 1951 SI 1951/1625
The Trading with the Enemy (Custodian) no(No. 5) Order 1951 SI 1951/1626
The National Insurance and Industrial Injuries (Reciprocal Multilateral Agreement) (Belgium) Order 1951 SI 1951/1801
The Hill Farming Improvements (Settled Land and Trusts for Sale) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/1816
The Distribution of German Enemy Property (No. 2) Order 1951 SI 1951/1899
The Coal Industry (Superannuation Scheme) (Winding Up, No. 3) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/2010
The Superannuation (Local Government Staffs) (National Service) (Amendment) Rules 1951 SI 1951/2145
The Town and Country Planning (Construction and Improvement of Private Streets) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/2224

Unreferenced Listings
The following 3 items were previously listed on this article, however are unreferenced on the authorities site, included here for a "no loss" approach.
Luxembourg (Extradition) Order in Council 1951 SI 1951/1170
Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation of Buildings) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/1759
Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation of Ships) Regulations 1951 SI 1951/1760

References

External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk

See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom

Category:Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments


John Settle

John R. Settle (born June 2, 1965 in Reidsville, North Carolina), is currently the running backs coach for the Wisconsin Badgers. He is also a former professional American football player. A 5'9", 207-lb. undrafted running back from Appalachian State University, Settle attended Rockingham County High School where he still holds both the single game, single season, and career rushing records. He played for the Atlanta Falcons from 1987 to 1990. During the 1988 NFL season, he was selected as a first team All-Pro and to the 1988 Pro Bowl after rushing for a career-high 1,024 yards and 7 touchdowns. He was the first undrafted running back in NFL history to rush for over 1,000 yards in a season.

College Statistics
 1983: 135 carries for 613 yards with 4 TD
 1984: 185 carries for 795 yards with 5 TD
 1985: 254 carries for 1,340 yards with 14 TD
 1986: 317 carries for 1,661 yards with 20 TD

Settle is the running backs coach for the University of Wisconsin. While at Appalachian State, Settle was a founding member of the Pi Nu chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

Coaching Timeline
 1994  Appalachian State University (RB)
 1995 Cleveland Browns (OA)
 1996-1997 Baltimore Ravens (OA)
 1998-2005 Fresno State University (RB) - Some of the players he coached included: Jaime Kimbrough, Paris Gaines, Derrick Ward, Rodney Davis, Dwayne Wright, Bryson Sumlin, and Wendell Mathis.
 2006-2010 University of Wisconsin (RB) - Some of the players he coached included: P.J. Hill (2009-undrafted), John Clay (2011-undrafted), Montee Ball (2013-2nd rd), James White (2014-4th rd)
 2011-2012 Carolina Panthers (RB) - Some of the players he coached included: DeAngelo Williams, Jonathan Stewart, Mike Tolbert
 2013 Cleveland Browns (RB)
 2014 University of Pittsburgh (RB) - Some of the players he coached included: James Conner
 2015-Present University of Wisconsin (RB) - some of the players he coached included: Corey Clement, Dare Ogunbowale, Jonathan Taylor

References

Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football running backs
Category:Appalachian State Mountaineers football coaches
Category:Appalachian State Mountaineers football players
Category:Atlanta Falcons players
Category:Baltimore Ravens coaches
Category:Carolina Panthers coaches
Category:Cleveland Browns coaches
Category:Fresno State Bulldogs football coaches
Category:National Conference Pro Bowl players
Category:People from Reidsville, North Carolina
Category:Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
Category:Players of American football from North Carolina
Category:Wisconsin Badgers football coaches
Category:Settle family


Massapequa Creek

Massapequa Creek is a  long creek that runs through Nassau County, New York, and empties into South Oyster Bay. Most of the length of the creek exists within the Massapequa Preserve, a  wooded area that extends from the Southern State Parkway in the north to Merrick Road in the south. The creek's headwaters extend north to Farmingdale, draining an area of .

Like all other rivers on Long Island, Massapequa Creek is fed primarily by groundwater. The creek's three tributaries rise in South Farmingdale, two of which merge in a pond next to Farmingdale High School before crossing under the Southern State Parkway. It continues on the other side of the parkway, joined by the eastern tributary, and crosses Linden Street and into the Massapequa Preserve, passing through three ponds before reaching the Massapequa Reservoir. From there, a spillway takes it under Sunrise Highway into wetland areas, and then into the Massapequa Lake. Two spillways at the south end of the lake pass under Merrick Road into a canal, which leads into Massapequa Cove and South Oyster Bay.

List of crossings of Massapequa Creek
 Southern State Parkway
 Linden Street
 Clark Avenue
 Long Island Rail Road Babylon Branch
 Sunrise Highway
 Merrick Road

References
Town of Oyster Bay MASSAPEQUA CREEK WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND CORRIDOR RESTORATION PLAN, Dec.ny.gov
DOH Public Health Assessment LIBERTY INDUSTRIAL FINISHING CORPORATION, Albany.edu
Google Maps- Massapequa Cove, Google.com

Category:Rivers of New York (state)
Category:Bodies of water of Nassau County, New York


Nimeh Kareh Kani Rash

Nimeh Kareh Kani Rash (, also Romanized as Nīmeh Kāreh Kānī Rash) is a village in Khaneh Shur Rural District, in the Central District of Salas-e Babajani County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 372, in 72 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Salas-e Babajani County