Butrint

Butrint (; from ) was an ancient Greek and later Roman city and bishopric in Epirus. Perhaps inhabited since prehistoric times, Buthrotum was a city of the Epirote tribe of the Chaonians, later a Roman colony and a bishopric. It entered into decline in Late Antiquity, before being abandoned during the Middle Ages after a major earthquake flooded most of the city. In modern times it is an archeological site in Vlorë County, Albania, some 14 kilometres south of Sarandë and close to the Greek border. It is located on a hill overlooking the Vivari Channel and is part of the Butrint National Park. Today Bouthrotum is a Latin Catholic titular see and also features the Ali Pasha Castle.

The city is considered as one of the most important archaeological sites in Albania. On the strength of the immense wealth of cultural, historical and natural value with a considerable history, Butrint was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1992 and further a National Park in 2000.

History

Ancient Greek period

Bouthroton (modern day Butrint) was originally one of the major centres of the Epirote tribe of the Chaonians, part of the northwestern Greek group of tribes. They had close contacts to the Corinthian colony of Corcyra (modern Corfu). According to the Roman writer Virgil, its legendary founder was the seer Helenus, a son of king Priam of Troy, who had moved West after the fall of Troy with Neoptolemus and his concubine Andromache. Both Virgil and the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus recorded that Aeneas visited Bouthroton after his own escape from the destruction of Troy.

The earliest archaeological evidence of settled occupation dates to between 10th and 8th centuries BC, although some claim that there is earlier evidence of habitation dating from the 12th century BC.

Excavation at Bouthroton has yielded Proto-Corinthian pottery of the 7th century and then Corinthian and Attic pottery of the 6th century, however there are no indications of a prehistoric settlement. Bouthroton was in a strategically important position due its access to the Straits of Corfu, and its location at the crossroads of mainland Greece and Magna Graecia, the Greek and the "barbarian" worlds. Thus, it became one of the two ancient ports in lower Chaonia, the other being Onchesmos (modern Sarandë).

The acropolis was erected on a hill on the bank of a lake Butrint (or lake Bouthrotum). The first extension of the 7th century BC acropolis occurred during the 5th century BC. During the first years of the second Peloponnesian War (413-404 BC) the Corkyreans built fortifications stretching from Ksamil to Buthrotum. Buthrotum being previously an independent city, became subject to nearby Corfu.

By the 4th century BC it had grown in importance and included a theatre, a sanctuary dedicated to Asclepius and an agora. The acropolis of Bouthrotum was protected by three circuit walls. The last and outer wall was erected around 380 BC enclosing and area of 4ha. This 870m-long wall included bastions and five gates. Two of the most important gates were known as Scean and Lion gate. Moreover, the agora, the stoas, the residential zone and the theatre were located in a separate walled area.

Several inscriptions in Buthrotum describe the organization of the Chaonians in the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC. which show that they too had an annual leader called Prostates ( Protector). The Greek calendar of Bouthroton appears in the oldest known computer, the so-called Antikythera Mechanism (c. 150 to 100 BC).

The theatre is known for the impressive number of inscriptions carved on its stones. Most of them deal with manumissions and give a great amount of details on the city during the Hellenistic era. The names of those slaves were almost exclusively Greek with a few exception of Latin ones which bore Greek family names.

In 228 BC Buthrotum became a Roman protectorate alongside Corfu. In the middle of the second century BC Buthrotum was the centre of an independent state, possibly the "Koinon of the Prasaiboi", as listed in the list of the theorodokoi at the Oracle of Delphi.

Ancient Roman period

In the next century, it became a part of a province of Macedonia. In 44 BC, Caesar designated Buthrotum as a colony to reward soldiers who had fought for him against Pompey. Local landholder Titus Pomponius Atticus objected to his correspondent Cicero who lobbied against the plan in the Senate. As a result, only small numbers of colonists were settled.

In 31 BC, Roman Emperor Augustus fresh from his victory over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium renewed the plan to make Buthrotum a veterans' colony. New residents expanded the city and the construction included an aqueduct, a Roman bath, houses, a forum complex and a nymphaeum. During that era the size of the town was doubled. A number of new structures were built next to the existing ones especially around the theatre and the temple of Asklepeios.

In the 3rd century AD, an earthquake destroyed a large part of the town, levelling buildings in the suburbs on the Vrina Plain and in the forum of the city centre. Excavations have revealed that city had already been in decline. However, the settlement survived into the late antique era, becoming a major port in the province of Old Epirus. The town of late antiquity included the grand Triconch Palace, the house of a major local notable that was built around 425.

Byzantine and Slavic period

The walls of the city were extensively rebuilt, most probably at the end of the 5th century, perhaps by Byzantine Emperor Anastasius. The Ostrogoths under Indulf raided the Ionian coast in 550 and may have attacked Buthrotum. In the end of 6th century groups of Slavs possibly arrived at Buthrotum.
Evidence from the excavations shows that importation of commodities, wine and oil from the Eastern Mediterranean continued into the early years of the 7th century when the early Byzantine Empire lost these provinces. During the period of Slavic invasions and population movements in the wider region Butrotum was one of the few cities in Epirus that survived and retained its status as a seat of a bishopric without interruption. Because of the scarcity of sources, it is difficult to assess whether Buthrotum was controlled by Slavs or Byzantines between the 7th to 10th centuries.

The Grand Basilica of Buthrotum was built during the first half of the 6th century on the northeast side of the settlement. Other monuments include the Acropolic Basilica (4th century), the Triconch Palace (6th century), the Baptistery with a large, complex mosaic (6th century), the Lake Gate church (9th century) and the Baptistery church (9th century). Arab traveller Muhammad al-Idrisi noted in the 12th century that Buthrotum is a densely populated city with a number of markets.

It remained an outpost of the Byzantine empire fending off assaults from the Normans until 1204 when following the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine Empire fragmented, Buthrotum falling to the breakaway Despotate of Epirus. In the following centuries, the area was a site of conflict between the Byzantines, the Angevins of southern Italy, and the Venetians.

Between Angevins, Byzantine Empire and Despotate of Epirus

The fortifications were probably strengthened by Byzantine Emperor Michael I.

In 1267, Charles of Anjou took control of both Buthrotum and Corfu, leading to further restorations of the walls and the Grand Basilica. In 1274, Byzantine forces re-entered Buthrotum, an act which caused conflict between the Byzantines and the Despotate of Epirus, because Despot Nikephoros considered the site to be his domain. Despite deep religious differences between the Catholic Charles of Anjou and the staunchly Orthodox Nikephoros, the two allied against Byzantine Emperor Michael, and together drove the Byzantines from the area in 1278. Then, pressed by Charles, Nikephoros ultimately ended up recognizing Charles' rights to all the town that Michael II had awarded to Manfred of Hohenstaufen as part of his wife Helen's dowr, as Charles was his successor, thus ceding to him Buthrotum as well as the entire Acroceraunian Coast from Vlora to Buthrotum.

As part of the Angevin Regnum Albaniae

Buthrotum remained under Angevin rule until 1386, with only two other interruptions: in 1306, and in 1313-1331. In 1305-1306 it was controlled by the Despot of Epirus, Thomas I Komnenos Doukas. Buthrotum became Catholic after it was conquered by the Angevins, and remained so throughout the fourteenth century.

Hodges argues that the "episodic" defensive investment in Buthrotum as a town during this period demonstrates that it still possessed an active urban population, although not one urban dwelling had been identified at the time of writing. Hodges argues this indicates that dwellings were concentrated on the slopes of the northern citadel. The Orthodox Bishopric was transferred to nearby Glyki in 1337 or 1338. The town was reduced in size during the end of the 14th century, due to the tumultuous unrest in the region.

Between Venice and the Ottoman Empire
The dogal Republic of Venice purchased the area including Corfu from the Angevins in 1386; however, the Venetian merchants were principally interested in Corfu and Buthrotum once again declined.

By 1572 the wars between Venice and the Ottoman Empire had left Buthrotum ruinous and the acropolis was abandoned, while at the order of Domenico Foscarini, the Venetian commander of Corfu, the administration of Buthrotum and its environs was shifted to a small triangular fortress associated with the extensive fish weirs. The area was lightly settled afterwards, occasionally being seized by the Ottoman Turks, in 1655 and 1718, before being recaptured by the Venetians. Its fisheries were a vital contributor to the supply of Corfu, and olive growing together with cattle and timber were the principal economic activities.

The Treaty of Campo Formio of 1797 split between France and Austria the territory of the Republic of Venice, which France had just occupied and abolished, and under article 5 of the treaty, Butrinto and the other former Venetian enclaves in Albania came under French sovereignty.

However, in 1799, the local Ottoman governor Ali Pasha Tepelena conquered it, and it became a part of the Ottoman Empire until Albania gained its independence in 1913. By that time, the site of the original city had been unoccupied for centuries and was surrounded by malarial marshes.

Modern Albania

In 1913, after the end of the First Balkan War, Butrint was ceded to Greece but Italy challenged the decision and in the Treaty of London the region was given to the newly created Albania. As such Butrint was located near the southern border of the newly established Albanian state in a largely Greek-speaking terriroty. The local Greek population was enraged and created an Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, for six months, before it was reluctantly ceded to Albania, with peace assured by Italian peacekeeping force until 1919. Italy rejected the decision because she didn't want Greece to control both sides of the Straits of Corfu.

Ecclesiastical history

Residential bishopric

In the early 6th century, Buthrotum became the seat of a bishopric and new construction included the Buthrotum baptistery, one of the largest such paleochristian buildings of its type, and a basilica. The diocese of Buthrotum was initially a suffragan of the Metropolis of Nicopolis, the metropolitan capital of Epirus Vetus and in the papal sway, but in the 9th and 10th centuries it is listed with the suffragans of Naupaktos, which succeeded ruined Nicopolis as provincial capital and metropolis of the new Byzantine theme of Nicopolis, bringing it in the sway of the Byzantine Patriarchate of Constantinople. After the 14th century, it was under the jurisdiction of the Metropolis of Ioannina.

Two of its Byzantine (pre-Eastern Schism) bishops are mentioned in extant documents:
 Stephanus signed the joint letter of the bishops of Epirus Vetus to Emperor Leo I the Thracian in the aftermath of the killing of Patriarch Proterius of Alexandria in 458
 Matthaeus signed the synodal letter of the bishops of the province to Pope Hormisdas in 516 concerning the ordination of Metropolitan John of Nicopolis. It became a Latin Church see under Angevin and Venetian rule.

Latin residential bishopric
A Latin see was established circa 1250 under the Italian name Butrinto, functioning under Angevin and Venetian rule, but suppressed circa 1400. The 6th-century basilica was rebuilt by king Charles I of Naples in 1267.

Known Latin bishops
 Nicola, O.P. (? – 1311.02.15)
 Nicola, O.P. (1311.05.23 – ?)
 Nicola da Offida, O.F.M. (? – 1349.06.15)
 Francesco (? – ?)
 Arnaldo Simone (? – 1355.02.13)
 Giacomo, O.P. (1356.10.12 – ?)
 Lazzarino, O.F.M. (1366.02.09 – ?)

Catholic titular see
Buthrotum is today listed by the Catholic Church as a Latin titular see  since the diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as titular bishopric of Buthrotum (Latin) / Butrinto (Curiate Italian) / Butrint (Albanian).

Following titular bishops have been nominated:
 Louis-Bertrand Tirilly, SS.CC. (1953.11.16 – 1966.06.21) as last Apostolic Vicar of Marquesas Islands
 George Frendo (7. 7. 2006 – 17. 11. 2016), O.P., Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Tiranë–Durrës (Albania) (7. 7. 2006 – 17. 11. 2016), also Secretary General of Episcopal Conference of Albania (2016.05.05 – ...)
 Friar Giovanni Salonia, O.F.M. Cap., (10. 2. 2017 – resigned 27. 4. 2017) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Palermo
 Zdeněk Wasserbauer (* 16. 6. 1965), Auxiliary Bishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague, since 19. 5. 2018

Archaeological excavations

The first modern archaeological excavations began in 1928 when the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini's Italy sent an expedition to Butrint. The aim was geopolitical rather than scientific, aiming to extend Italian hegemony in the area. The leader was an Italian archaeologist, Luigi Maria Ugolini who despite the political aims of his mission was a good archaeologist. Ugolini died in 1936, but the excavations continued until 1943 and the Second World War. They uncovered the Hellenistic and Roman part of the city including the "Lion Gate" and the "Scaean Gate" (named by Ugolini for the famous gate at Troy mentioned in the Homeric Iliad).

After the communist government of Enver Hoxha took Albania over in 1944, foreign archaeological missions were banned. Albanian archaeologists including Hasan Ceka continued the work. Nikita Khrushchev visited the ruins in 1959 and suggested that Hoxha should turn the area into a submarine base. The Albanian Institute of Archaeology began larger scale excavations in the 1970s. Since 1993 further major excavations have taken place led by the Butrint Foundation in collaboration with the Albanian Institute of Archaeology. Recent excavations in the western defences of the city have revealed evidence of the continued use of the walls, implying the continuation of life in the town. The walls themselves certainly seem to have burnt down in the 9th century, but were subsequently repaired.

After the collapse of the communist regime in 1992, the new democratic government planned various major developments at the site. The same year remains of Butrint were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. A major political and economic crisis in 1997 and lobbying stopped the airport plan and UNESCO placed it on the List of World Heritage in Danger because of looting, lack of protection, management and conservation. Archaeological missions during 1994–9 uncovered further Roman villas and an early Christian church.

Directions
The site of Butrint is accessible from Sarandë, along a road first built in 1959 for a visit by the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. This road was upgraded during the summer of 2010. The construction was somewhat of an environmental disaster and may yet threaten Butrint's World Heritage Site status. The ancient city is becoming a popular tourist destination, attracting day-trippers from the nearby Greek holiday island of Corfu. Hydrofoils (30 minutes) and ferries (90 minutes) run daily between the New Port in Corfu Town and Saranda. Many visitors from Corfu use chartered coach services to visit Butrint from Sarandë, and additionally, a regular public bus service runs between Sarandë port and Butrint. Others arrive from the Qafe Bote border crossing with Greece near Konispol and cross the Vivari Channel by the cable ferry at Butrint.

Gallery

Notable locals
 Saint Therinus, 3rd-century saint
 Donatus of Euroea, 4th-century saint

See also
 Butrint National Park
 List of Catholic dioceses in Albania
 List of cities in ancient Epirus
 Excavations of the Roman Forum at Butrint

References

Sources and external links

 GCatholic with incumbent bio links

General information
Butrint National Park
The Butrint Foundation
Butrinti 2000 International Festival of Theater
Photo Albums
Visiting Butrint
Butrint in Albania

History articles
More information on Butrint from The History Channel
Rome and Albanian history from Albania.com
Albania's Long-lost Roman City, BBC
In Pictures: Sights of Butrint, BBC
176 photos from the archeological site of Butrint
Coins from Butrint: Numismatic research on archaeological excavation - The British Museum

Further reading
Ceka N., Butrint: A guide to the city and its monuments (Migjeni Books) Tirana 2005)
Crowson A., "Butrint from the Air", in Current World Archaeology 14 (2006).
Hansen, Inge Lyse and Richard Hodges, eds., Roman Butrint: An Assessment. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007.

Richard Hodges and Matthew Logue, "The Mid-Byzantine Re-Birth of Butrint", Minerva 18, #3 (May/June 2007): 41–43.
 A. M. Liberati, L. Miraj, I. Pojani, F. Sear, J. Wilkes and B. Polci, ed. by O. J. Gilkes. The Theatre at Butrint. Luigi Maria Ugolini's Excavations at Butrint 1928-1932, (Albania Antica IV) (Supplementary volume no. 35.  Published by the British School at Athens, 2003).
Jarrett A. Lobell, Ages of Albania (Archeology magazine March/April 2006)
Ugolini L. M., Butrinto il Mito D'Enea, gli Scavi. Rome: Istituto Grefico Tiberino, 1937 (reprint Tirana: Istituto Italiano di Cultura, 1999)

Category:Albanian Ionian Sea Coast
Category:World Heritage Sites in Albania
Category:Cities in ancient Epirus
Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Albania
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Category:Populated places in Sarandë
Category:Chaonia
Category:Roman sites in Albania
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Category:Protected areas established in 2005
Category:Buildings and structures in Vlorë County
Category:Tourist attractions in Vlorë County
Category:Geography of Vlorë County
Category:Butrint National Park
Category:Populated places in ancient Epirus


Jennie Vee

Jennie Vee is a songwriter, guitarist and bassist from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. She has played bass with Courtney Love, supported Echo and The Bunnymen and the Manic Street Preachers and played with Tamaryn.

Vee grew up listening to Hole, The Cure and Jane's Addiction and taught herself guitar. She quit high school and relocated to Southsea, England, where she recorded her first demo with her musical mentor Jim Shaw from the band Cranes. She returned to Canada and formed a band, Tuuli, who released an EP on Sympathy for the Record Industry, an LP on Linus  and her songs were featured on Comedy Central and Degrassi: The Next Generation. She released her solo EP Die Alone in 2014 and was subsequently discovered by Love who recruited her to play bass for the Endless Summer tour with Lana Del Rey. Her first full-length album, Spying, was released the following year.

She lives in Los Angeles, California and is a touring member of Eagles of Death Metal. She has described herself as a "recovering goth", and she has cited New Order's Peter Hook as an influence on her playing, adding "I love adding a texture ... rather than sticking with the root note."

Discography
 Die Alone (EP) (2014)
 Spying (LP) (2015)
 Suffer (LP) (2017)

References

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Category:Living people
Category:Canadian female songwriters
Category:Canadian rock bass guitarists
Category:Musicians from Greater Sudbury
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Category:Female bass guitarists


Qri

Lee Ji-hyun (; born December 12, 1986), better known by her stage name Qri,  is a South Korean singer and actress. She debuted as a member of girl group T-ara in July 2009, who went on to become one of the best-selling girl groups of all time.

Early life and education

Lee Ji-hyun was born on December 12, 1986. She has studied at Juyeob High School, and then attended Myungji University, enrolling in the Department of Theatre and Visual Arts, the same class as fellow group member, Boram. She was a model, bassist of the rock band Six Color, and a famous ulzzang before her debut as a T-ara member.

Music career

T-ara

Qri was the last of the three new members to be added to the group after two former members Jiae and Jiwon quit in mid-2009. It was later mentioned on tvN's Taxi that she was introduced to the CEO of Core Contents Media by her original company.

In July 2013, Qri became the new leader of T-ara under the group's rotating leadership system.

QBS

Qri, Boram and Soyeon formed a subgroup called QBS in May 2013, focused on the Japanese market. The subgroup released their debut single titled "Kaze no You ni" (風のように, Like the Wind) on June 26, 2013.

Acting career
In September 2009, Qri made her acting debut in the drama Queen Seondeok as Kim Yu-shin's wife. She made a cameo appearance alongside other members of T-ara in the drama Master of Study in 2010, and was then given a lead role on KBS's drama Southern Trader Kim Chul Soo's Update. Qri also made a cameo appearance alongside group member Soyeon in SBS' drama Giant.

She was cast alongside groupmate Eunjung for KBS' drama King Geunchogo in 2011, starting from episode 47.

Discography

Filmography

Film

Television series

Variety shows

Awards

References

External links

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Lewis McCann

Lewis McCann (born 7 June 2001) is a Scottish football player who plays as forward for Dunfermline Athletic. He has represented Northern Ireland at under-19 level.

Early and personal life
McCann and his brother Alistair (also a footballer) were born in Scotland to a Northern Irish father and an English mother.

Career

Club
Born in Edinburgh, McCann played youth football with Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale, Heart of Midlothian and Fife Elite Football Academy, before signing his first professional contract with Dunfermline Athletic in May 2018. His first appearance for the side came in July 2018 as a second-half substitute in a Scottish League Cup game against Peterhead.

International
McCann said of his international eligibility, "
“Northern Ireland were the first country that came to me. I don’t really have a preference what country I play for. My dad’s from Northern Ireland, my mum’s from London and I was born here in Scotland."

McCann has represented Northern Ireland at under-19 level.

Personal life
McCann attended Royal High School in Edinburgh.

Career statistics

References

External links

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Category:Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players


Yeshiva Shaarei Torah

Yeshiva Shaarei Torah or  Yeshiva Shaarei Torah of Rockland is a mesivta (Orthodox Jewish high school) in Suffern, New York.

History
The school was originally established in 1968 as Monsey Mesivta High School in Monsey, New York. Nine years later it was taken over by Berel Wein, when it became known as Yeshiva Shaarei Torah. Wein served as its rosh yeshiva (dean), and Emanuel Schwartz was the English studies principal, until the latter stepped down from that position in 1994, remaining at the school to focus on teaching precalculus.  Wein left the school in 1997, when it was taken over by Martin Wolmark who then became dean.

On October 10, 2013, the yeshiva was raided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in connection with the dean's involvement with the New York divorce coercion gang.

Campus
Shaarei Torah is situated on a 5-acre campus on West Carlton Road in Suffern, New York. It consists of a main educational building and a student residence hall.

See also

 Torah study

References

External links
 Yeshiva Shaarei Torah Official website
 Shaarei Torah expansion dinner featuring speeches by Elya Kanarek and Martin (Mordechai) Wolmark on Yeshiva World News

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San Vicente (volcano)

San Vicente (also known as Chichontepec or Las Chiches) is a stratovolcano in central El Salvador. It is located next to the town of San Vicente (hence the name) and is the second highest volcano in El Salvador. In the indigenous language Nahuat, Chichontepec means the mountain of the two breasts, because its double summit resembles a woman's bosom. The volcano has two craters, one located in each summit, although not exactly at the top. Dense vegetation covers both summits. Numerous hot springs and fumaroles are found on the northern and western flanks of the volcano. To the northeast, at 820 metres in a ravine of 180 metres longitude, there are fumaroles—fountains of clear and muddy water or small volcanoes of mud.

The last significant eruption occurred more than 1,700 years ago. The volcano may have had a very long history of repeated, and sometimes violent, eruptions, and at least once a large section of the volcano collapsed in a massive landslide.

On August 9, 1995, Aviateca Flight 901 crashed at the volcano, killing all 65 people on board.

See also
 List of volcanoes in El Salvador
 List of stratovolcanoes
 Breast-shaped hill

References

Category:Mountains of El Salvador
Category:Stratovolcanoes of El Salvador


Diablo IV

Diablo IV  is an  upcoming online dungeon crawler action role-playing game developed by Blizzard Entertainment, the fourth title in the Diablo series. The game was officially announced at BlizzCon 2019 on November 1, 2019. A release date has not been announced by Blizzard Entertainment, however some estimates predict the release some time during 2021.

Gameplay
Three classes have been announced -- the Sorceress, Barbarian, and Druid. Two more classes are due to be revealed. The Druid class can shapeshift into wolves and bears. It can conjure animal allies and use natural phenomenon such as tornadoes. The Sorceress employs the three schools of elemental magic found in her Diablo II incarnation: fire, lightning, and frost. Barbarians are designed around weaponry. Skill trees exist allowing for ability customization.

The game is unable to be played offline and will require an internet connection. In addition to this, the game possesses an MMO-like, shared world. Difficulties are removed due to this, though a Hardcore mode will remain. Similarly to Blizzard's World of Warcraft, dungeons are instanced to solo or party play. Players may choose the difficulty level of these dungeons. Player versus Player combat is possible in the game-world, and several zones are dedicated areas to this.

Player population in the world will shift depending on the area. Large settlements will display large populations, while to enforce a sense of desolation, more wild zones will change the amount of players shown to others. The world is open and mounts are available to travel. Mounts may also wear equipment which alters their functionality, and engage in combat. Terrain is three-dimensional and may be interacted with and destroyed, such as climbable rocks. The world will scale to player level but some areas are designed to be more challenging.

Areas of the game such as dungeons will be procedurally generated like in previous Diablo games.

While Diablo III introduced different genders for classes, Diablo IV will allow for more extensive player appearance customization, such as choosing a character portrait or the skin color of their character. Mount appearance can also be customized.

Plot
The daughter of Mephisto, Lilith, is the primary antagonist. She is the Queen of Succubi (female demons) and creator of the world of Sanctuary along with the angel Inarius. After the events of previous games, the forces of demons and angels alike have been depleted, allowing an opening for Lilith to establish power in Sanctuary.

References

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Category:Diablo video games
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Pedro López Quintana

Pedro López Quintana (born 27 July 1953 in Barbastro, Spain) is a Catholic archbishop and diplomat of the Holy See.

Biography
His parents were from Galicia. He entered the Compostelano seminary where he did his ecclesiastical studies and graduated in theology, he was ordained as a priest on 15 June 1980 by Pope John Paul II and after his ordination began his priestly ministry in the Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela.

He later continued his studies in Rome, earning a licentiate in Dogmatic Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University and a doctorate in Canon Law from the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (the Angelicum).

On 27 August 1986 Pope John Paul II appointed him a chaplain of His Holiness with the title monsignor.

Since 22 July 1997, he was adviser to the Secretary of State of the Holy See, until 12 December 2002 when Pope John Paul II appointed him as new titular Archbishop of Acropolis, receiving episcopal consecration on 6 January 2003 from Pope John Paul II. On 8 February of that year, he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to India and Nepal. On 10 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him nuncio to Canada, a post he resigned on 28 September 2013.

On 8 March 2014, Pope Francis appointed him apostolic nuncio to Lithuania. On 22 March 2014, Pope Francis also appointed him nuncio to Estonia and to Latvia.  This continues the recent practice of having a single apostolic nuncio representing the Holy See in the Baltic states but residing at the nunciature in Vilnius.

On 4 March 2019 Francis named him Apostolic Nuncio to Austria.

References

External links
 catholic-hierarchy.org
 Most Rev. Pedro Lopez Quintana

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Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Initiative

Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Initiative (KARI) is an initiative of the United States government under the supervision of the United States Department of Justice that helps U.S prosecutors in the control and forfeiture of laundered funds or assets located abroad, take legal actions in U.S courts to help foreign governments obtain control and forfeiture of assets of foreign government officials in the United States.

The initiative was setup in 2010 with five U.S prosecutors initially but the number increased within the coming years.

Notable investigations

 Embezzlement of funds looted by Ex-Nigerian Head of State Sani Abacha and Dan Etete, Former Minister of Petroleum (Malabu oil deal) -  $1.3billion
 Embezzlement of Over $3.5billion by Prime Minister Najib Razak from 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal)

References

Category:United States Department of Justice agencies


Liljevalchs konsthall

Liljevalchs konsthall (Swedish for "Liljevalch's Art Gallery") is an art gallery located on the Djurgården island in Stockholm, Sweden.  Designed by architect Carl Bergsten (1879–1935) and inaugurated in March 1916, it is today owned by the City of Stockholm.

Behind the entrance on the north-western corner is a small vestibule.  To the right of the latter is a large sculpture hall leading to two large galleries with skylights intended for paintings, flanked by series of smaller exhibition spaces.  The eastern end of the building has a large-scale portico facing a small park surrounded by the large windows of a small restaurant.

One of the most appreciated exhibition spaces in Sweden, Liljevalch is renowned for its well-proportioned spaces in a range of sizes and its restaurant Blå porten ("Blue Gate").  The concrete pillars and beams forming the structural framework of the building are left exposed as pilasters and mouldings in the façade with brick walls and a horizontal row of windows filling the spaces between them.  In front of and above the main entrance is a sculpture and a relief by Carl Milles.

History

Bergsten had attempted a career as an avant-gardist architect throughout the early 20th century, influenced by Austrian Art Nouveau architect Otto Wagner.  After a trip through continental Europe in 1907, he instead became inspired by traditional architecture, especially in Turkey and Denmark.  When Bergsten won the competition for the art gallery in 1913, he had thus given up his early experimental style to embrace a Classicism which he combined with his preference for reduced volumes and modern concrete construction techniques.  Bergsten always had a constructive approach to architecture and at Liljevalch his design used basic functional demands as a departure point to create series of multi-purpose spaces.  Several details, including the large stairs of the sculpture hall, suggest an inspiration from Heinrich Tessenow's rational Classicism where light is used to emphasis simple sculptural volumes.  While the indoor courtyard was also used at this time by Ragnar Östberg at the "Blue Hall" in the Stockholm City Hall, at Liljevalch Bergsten managed to combine traditional details with the newest concrete construction technique, and the art gallery was thus a forerunner to the modern architecture still to come.

However, the design was criticised (by August Brunius) for being "too new" and the simplicity was interpreted as a shortage of dignity and monumentality—in short a "slightly careless style applied to a earnest and permanent building".  To Brunius, who was open to modern trends but thought they demanded an historical robe to attain the symbolic values architecture was supposed to deliver, Bergsten's reduction in the exterior thus meant a boundary was trespassed; in the interior, however, Brunius was very pleased.  Nevertheless, in a modern perspective, Liljevalchs konsthall is interpreted as more timeless than any other contemporary architecture, a structure where modernity and tradition co-exist without conflict or contradiction.  The building avoids the "style" of Neoclassicism but becomes "classical" by confining itself to simplicity and honesty as a constructive principle.

Liljevalchs konsthall features on the video of the song “Tick Tick Boom” by the Swedish band The Hives. The video directed by Kalle Haglund stars the Hives as giant statues who eventually destroy the museum on the song's final "Boom".

Notes

References

External links

Category:Art museums and galleries in Stockholm
Category:Art museums established in 1916
Category:1916 establishments in Sweden


Phongsali

Phongsali or Phongsaly () is the capital of Phongsali Province, Laos. It is the northernmost among provincial capitals in Laos opposite Attapeu in the south. The town has about 6,000 inhabitants and is located at approximately 1,430 meters on the slopes of Mount Phu Fa (1,625 meters). Phongsali has pleasant summer temperatures around 25-30 °C, but it has frequent rain. In winter from November to March it is, however, fairly cool, with daytime temperatures between 10-18 °C, but still mostly sunny.

In the centre of the town are houses built in Yunnanese style with ornate wooden fronts. This is quite rare as the preserved city was not destroyed like other cities in northern Laos during the Vietnam War by bombing.

A 400-year-old tea plantation is about 18 kilometers away in the village of Ban Komaen, which according to some tea experts has some of the oldest tea trees in the world. The large root system of the old trees extends deep into the mineral-rich soil and gives the "Phongsali tea" a distinct aroma and taste.

Languages

Climate
Phongsali has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification: Cwb).

References

Further reading
 Kingsadā, Thō̜ngphet, and Tadahiko Shintani. 1999 Basic Vocabularies of the Languages Spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
 Shintani, Tadahiko, Ryuichi Kosaka, and Takashi Kato. 2001. Linguistic Survey of Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
 Kato, Takashi. 2008. Linguistic Survey of Tibeto-Burman languages in Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

Category:Populated places in Phongsaly Province


Condado de Huelva

Condado de Huelva is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines located in the south-east of the province of Huelva (Andalusia, Spain). The wines known as the Wines of the Discovery of America are produced there.

The winegrowing area that is currently covered by the Denominación de Origen Protegida Condado de Huelva  and Vinagre del Condado de Huelva includes 18 municipalities, of which Bollullos Par del Condado, Almonte, Chucena, La Palma del Condado, Manzanilla, Moguer, Rociana del Condado, San Juan del Puerto and Villalba del Alcor are authorised for winegrowing by the DOP Regulatory Council.

The protected area is approximately 6,000 ha, with an average grape production of 40 million kg, equivalent to 320,000 hl of must. There are approximately 3,100 grape-growers in the area, either members of cooperatives or independent.

Surroundings
The grape-growing lands covered by the DO is mainly flat or slightly undulating. In general, the soils are neutral or slightly alkali and are of average fertility. Some areas are optimal for grape growing. The average height of the vineyards is 25 m above sea level, and the soils tend to be sandy with a high lime content.

The climate in the Condado de Huelva is ideal for grape growing: mild in Winter and Spring with long hot summers tempered by the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The average temperature is around 18°C, a relative humidity of between 60% and 80%, and an average annual rainfall of around 700 mm.

History
The first documented and trustworthy reference to grape growing in the area is from the 14th century, even though there are legends referring to barter between the Tartessos and the Ancient Greeks, shipments of wine sent to Ancient Rome, and of the tolerance of the Muslims towards grape growing and winemaking.

The repopulation of Andalusia after the Reconquest in the 14th century would make the first cultivation of vines be in the Condado de Niebla, the origin of the current Condado. Don Juan Mestre, Master of the Order of Calatrava, was involved in the repopulation of Villalba de Alcor in 1327. Eight years later, he donated one hundred "aranzadas" of hillsides to Don Romero Díaz with the condition that in the space of one year, he would clear this land and plant it with vineyards. However, as the work proved to be too much, the deadline was extended and authorization was given for the land to be cultivated by colonists. At this point the wealth of the Condado began to grow.

During the 14th century the importance of the villages in the Condado increased both socially and economically. Such was the quality and quantity of the wines produced that the city of Seville - which extended to the municipality of Manzanilla - was obliged to pass new protectionist laws to protect its own market. However, due to the prestige and quality of the wines from Bollullos, Villalba, Almonte and La Palma, they continued to be sold in the Sevillian market. The golden age continued during the 15th century. The areas under cultivation grew, aging techniques were improved, and Manzanilla wine overtook common bulk wine in volume. Exports to England and the Netherlands of all types of wine increased especially through the ports of Palos de la Frontera and Moguer. Without a doubt, after the wines, the vines themselves were also exported, as many of the Conquistadores that accompanied Cristopher Columbus on his voyages were from these villages.

The Discovery of America Wines
There are historical documents which date the first shipment of wine from the Condado de Huelva to the West Indies in January 1502. This wine was worth 1,422 "maravedíes" and left Seville for La Española in the same fleet as Fray Nicolás de Ovando. This exporting tradition was to last for several centuries, reaching a peak in the 16th century.

The second half of the 18th century marked the start of the decline of wine trade to the West Indies from the port of Seville, due to the transfer of the Casa de Contratación to Cadiz. The wines of the Condado were now sent to the ports of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Puerto de Santa María and Sanlúcar, from where they were shipped to the Americas.

The end of the century saw the start of the arrival and settling down of many wine families from La Rioja, among them that of Juan Ramón Jiménez, who were to usher in a new period of prosperity which would last for most of the 19th century. At the end of this century however, the phylloxera plague reached the Condado, along with the rest of Europe, and the area would remain depressed until the 1920s.

A recovery started once resistant rootstock began to be used but the wines of the area had lost their prestige of the previous centuries and had to make do supplying domestic demand until well into the 20th century.

Nevertheless, conscious of the need to produce quality wine and in an attempt to recover the reputation of former times, the Huelva Denominación de Origen was created on 10 May 1962, and in 1963 by order of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture the Statutes of the Condado de Huelva D.O. were approved, with the aim of promoting the excellence of the Wines of the Discovery Of America.

Another step on the road to wine quality and tradition in the Condado de Huelva was the recent creation of the Vinagre del Condado de Huelva D.O., approved on 31 July 2002. On the same date the statutes of the 40-year-old Condado de Huelva D.O. were updated.

Authorised Grape Varieties
The authorised grape varieties are:

 Red: Merlot, Syrah, Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet Franc

 White: Zalema, Palomino, Listán de Huelva, Garrido Fino, Moscatel de Alejandría, Colombard, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, and Pedro Ximénez

Of these varieties, Zalema is by far the most common one and represents 86% of the total planted.

With regard to the planting systems, the most common one is low vines with a maximum density of 2,500 vines/ha. For high vines trained along wires, the maximum authorised density is 3,000 vines/ha. For pruning methods in the Condado de Huelva, the most common one is the one known as "en vaso", and for the Palomino Fino and Listán de Huelva varieties, the system used is the one known as "vara y pulgar".

References

External links
 DOP Condado de Huelva and Vinagre del Condado de Huelva official website
 Spanish wine: Wine regions, wineries, and their wine Information about Spanish DOCa and DOP wine regions
 Food and wines from Spain website

Category:Geography of Andalusia
Category:Wine regions of Spain
Category:Spanish wine
Category:Appellations
Category:Wine classification


David Bianco (producer)

David Bianco (1954 – June 20, 2018) was an American Grammy Award-winning record producer, who worked with such artists as Tom Petty, Bob Dylan, Lucinda Williams, Fleetwood Mac, Ozzy Osbourne, Danzig, AC/DC, Cathedral, Primal Scream, Teenage Fanclub, Buffalo Tom, The Posies, The Caulfields, Black Lab, The Damned, Buckcherry, Dropkick Murphys, Big Head Todd and the Monsters, Masters of Reality, Mick Jagger, Failure, Rollins Band and John Mellencamp.

He won a Grammy Award for the Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical, being Wildflowers by Tom Petty.

Bianco died in June 2018, from a stroke.

References

Category:1950s births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:American record producers
Category:Grammy Award winners
Category:Deaths from cerebrovascular disease


Emily O'Brien (politician)

Emily O'Brien is a Republican member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from the 42nd district. The 42nd district is located in the northern portion of Grand Forks and includes the University of North Dakota.

References

External links
 Profile at the North Dakota Legislative Assembly

Category:21st-century American politicians
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the North Dakota House of Representatives
Category:North Dakota Republicans
Category:Politicians from Grand Forks, North Dakota
Category:University of North Dakota alumni
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Clwyd North West (UK Parliament constituency)

Clwyd North West () was a parliamentary constituency in Clwyd, North Wales. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom by the first past the post system.

History
The constituency was created for the 1983 general election, and abolished for the 1997 general election.

From 1983 to 1992, it was represented by Conservative MP Anthony Meyer, who unsuccessfully tried to challenge the leadership of prime minister Margaret Thatcher in late 1989. As a result, he was de-selected by fellow Conservative MP's as the party's candidate for the next general election, which was ultimately held on 9 April 1992 and saw the Tories hold the seat with new MP Rod Richards.

Boundaries
The constituency covered a section of the North Wales coast that stretched between the resort towns of Colwyn Bay and Rhyl.

Members of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1980s

Elections in the 1990s

See also
List of Parliamentary constituencies in Clwyd

Notes and references

Category:Clwyd
Category:Historic parliamentary constituencies in North Wales
Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1983
Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies disestablished in 1997


Alf Miller

Alfred George Abraham Miller (25 March 1917 – 2 August 1999), also known as Dusty Miller, was an English professional footballer and coach who played as a wing half in the Football League for Southport and Plymouth Argyle.

Miller began his career with his hometown club Portsmouth but never appeared for the first-team. He ventured into non-League football before being handed another opportunity in the Football League by Bristol Rovers. Again, he failed to break into the first-team, but a move to Southport saw him make his professional debut in 1937. Two years with Southport amounted to 32 appearances and a move to Plymouth Argyle, but World War II broke out before Miller could make any appearances for the club.

Miller spent the war years making guest appearances for Aldershot, and finally made his debut for Plymouth in 1946. After injury interrupted his return, he made a move to Colchester United in 1948, where he played just twice before becoming a member of the club's coaching staff. He was briefly caretaker manager with Claude Orrin in early 1955.

Career
Born in Portsmouth, Miller was on the books of his hometown club Portsmouth as late as 1935, but after failing to break through into the first-team, he moved into non-League football with Ryde Sports. He later made appearances for Margate before Bristol Rovers signed him in 1936.

After again failing to make a breakthrough, Miller was on the move, this time to Southport ahead of the 1937–38 season. He scored two goals in 32 appearances for the club.

Miller was signed by Plymouth Argyle in 1939, but with the outbreak of World War II he had to wait until 1946 to get his first taste of first-team football with Plymouth. Because Plymouth did not play football during the war years, Miller made guest appearances for Aldershot, playing approximately 25 times between 1942 and 1945.

Once the war was over, Miller was named captain of Argyle and made his long-awaited debut in a 3–1 win against West Ham United on 31 August 1946. He played the first eight games of the season, but injury ruled him out of the remainder of the campaign. He made just one appearance in 1947–48 and was released at the end of the season.

With injury limiting his playing time, Miller made just two appearances for his next club, Colchester United, both games within three days of one another in September 1948. Colchester kept Miller on at the end of the season as a coach, replacing the outgoing Jack Kearton. Miller and club secretary Claude Orrin took charge of first-team affairs in January 1955 after Jack Butler had tendered his resignation after suffering ill health. The pair were in charge until a new manager was appointed in Benny Fenton in March.

After leaving the game, Miller returned to his native Portsmouth, going into the grocery business.

References

Category:1917 births
Category:1999 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from Portsmouth
Category:Association football wing halves
Category:English footballers
Category:Portsmouth F.C. players
Category:Ryde Sports F.C. players
Category:Margate F.C. players
Category:Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Category:Southport F.C. players
Category:Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Category:Aldershot F.C. wartime guest players
Category:Colchester United F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Southern Football League players
Category:Colchester United F.C. managers
Category:English Football League managers
Category:English football managers


Indium gallium arsenide phosphide

Indium gallium arsenide phosphide (x1−xy1−y) is a quaternary compound semiconductor material, an alloy of gallium arsenide and indium phosphide. This compound has applications in photonic devices, due to the ability to tailor its band gap via changes in the alloy mole ratios, x and y.

Indium phosphide-based photonic integrated circuits, or PICs, commonly use alloys of x1−xy1−y to construct quantum wells, waveguides and other photonic structures, lattice matched to an InP substrate, enabling single-crystal epitaxial growth onto InP.

Many devices operating in the near-infrared 1.55 μm wavelength window utilize this alloy, and are employed as optical components (such as laser transmitters, photodetectors and modulators) in C-band communications systems.

See also
 Gallium arsenide
 Gallium phosphide
 Indium gallium phosphide
 Aluminium gallium arsenide phosphide
 Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide

References

External links
 http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/GaInAsP/

Category:III-V semiconductors


William Duval (ice hockey)

William James "Peg" Duval (August 3, 1877 – June 7, 1905) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Ottawa Hockey Club and the Pittsburgh Victorias in the late 1890s and early 1900s. He was a member of the Canadian champion 1901 Ottawa team and captain of the Ottawa team for the 1902 season. He was one of the first professional players in ice hockey.

Playing career
Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Duval played intermediate hockey for the Ottawa Aberdeens and Ottawa Atlantic Railway teams before joining the Ottawa Hockey Club in the 1899–1900 season. He played two further seasons for Ottawa, and was named captain prior to the 1902 season. He then turned professional with the Pittsburgh Victorias of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League (WPHL) in 1902–03, before joining the Pittsburgh Pros of the International Professional Hockey League for 1904–05.

Duval died due to alcoholism on June 7, 1905. Duval had been acting in an unusual manner in the weeks previous, and had been drinking heavily. The reason for the heavy drinking was not fully disclosed publicly, however, a letter arrived at his boarding house after his death from his sister, advising Duval that the "girl and the baby were doing well and that he should not be downcast." Duval had been suspended in December 1904 without pay by the Pros team for not being in condition to play although he returned to the team in time to score the winning goal in a game against Hod Stuart's Calumet team on January 7, 1905. He was released by the team in February 1905 for being unable to stay in condition to play. A Pittsburg Press newspaper report at that time said that "'Peggy' when in condition can hold his end up with any of them, but the wine when it is red seems to have a fascination for him, hence his downfall." At the time of death, Duval was working for the Pennsylvania Railroad. Duval had previously worked for the Canada Atlantic Railway in Ottawa.

Statistics

Statistics per Society for International Hockey Research at sihrhockey.org

References

Category:1877 births
Category:1905 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from Ottawa
Category:Ottawa Senators (original) players
Category:Pittsburgh Professionals players
Category:Pittsburgh Victorias players
Category:Ice hockey people from Ontario
Category:Canadian ice hockey defencemen


List of awards and nominations received by Switchfoot

The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Switchfoot, an American alternative rock band.

ASCAP Awards
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) honors its top members in a series of annual awards shows in seven different music categories: pop, rhythm and soul, film and television, Latin, country, Christian, and concert music.

|-
| align="center"| 1997
| Switchfoot
| Best New Artist
|
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | 2006
| Jon Foreman
| Impact Award awarded "to celebrate the success and influence of his songs in mainstream rock music"
|
|-
| "Dare You to Move"
| Top 50 list of Most Performed Song of 2005
|
|-

GMA Dove Awards
GMA Dove Award is an accolade by the Gospel Music Association (GMA) of the United States to recognize outstanding achievement in the Christian music industry.

|-
| align="center" rowspan="3"| 2004
| "Ammunition"
| Rock Recorded Song of the Year
|
|-
| The Beautiful Letdown
| Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year
|
|-
| "Meant to Live"
| Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year
|
|-
| align="center" rowspan="4"| 2005
| Switchfoot
| Artist of the Year
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| "Dare You to Move"
| Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year
|
|-
| Short Form Music Video of the Year
|
|-
| Live In San Diego
| Long Form Music Video of the Year
|
|-
| align="center"| 2006
| "Stars"
| Short Form Music Video of the Year
|
|-
| align="center"| 2010
| "Mess of Me"
| Rock Recorded Song of the Year
|
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2"| 2012
| "Dark Horses"
| Rock Recorded Song of the Year
|
|-
| Vice Verses
| Rock Album of the Year
|
|-
| align="center"|2013
| "Afterlife"
| Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year
|
|-
| align="center"rowspan="3"| 2014
| Switchfoot
| Artist of the Year
|
|-
| "Love Alone Is Worth the Fight"
| Rock/Contemporary Song of the Year
|
|-
| Fading West
| Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year
|
|-
| align="center"rowspan="3"| 2019
| "Native Tongue"
| Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year
|
|-
| Native Tongue
| Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year
|
|-
| Native Tongue
| Recorded Music Packaging of the Year
|
|-

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry. Switchfoot has received two Grammy nominations for their albums, and won once in 2011.

|-
| align="center"| 2001
| Learning to Breathe
| Best Rock Gospel Album
|
|-
| align="center"| 2011
| Hello Hurricane
| Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album
|
|-

Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards

|-
| align="center"| 2001
| Jon Foreman
| Les Paul Horizon Award (for the most promising up-and-coming guitarist)
|
|-

Rock on Request Awards
The Rock on Request Awards are an American annual music awards held by the music webzine Rock on Request.

|-
| 2009
| Switchfoot
| Best Christian Artist
|
|-

San Diego Music Awards
San Diego Music Awards are held annually in San Diego, California to recognize the best bands and artists in local music.

|-
| align="center"|  1997
| Switchfoot
| Best New Artist
|
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2"| 2001
| Switchfoot
| Best Pop Artist
|
|-
| Learning to Breathe
| Best Pop Album
|
|-
| align="center"| 2002
| Switchfoot
| Best Adult Alternative Artist
|
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | 2003
| rowspan="2" | The Beautiful Letdown
| Best Pop Album
|
|-
| Album of the Year
|
|-
| align="center"| 2004
| "Dare You to Move"
| Song of the Year
|
|-
| align="center"| 2006
| Switchfoot
| Artist of the Year
|
|-
| align="center"| 2007
| Oh! Gravity
| Album of the Year
|
|-
| align="center"| 2010
| Hello Hurricane
| Album of the Year
|
|-
| align="center"| 2011
| Switchfoot
| Artist of the Year
|
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2"| 2012
| Switchfoot
| Artist of the Year
|
|-
| "Afterlife"
| Song of the Year
|
|-

References

Awards
Switchfoot


Prakash Sharan Mahat

Prakash Sharan Mahat is the former minister for foreign affairs of Nepal. He assumed his office on 26 August 2016. Born in Nuwakot district of Nepal on 5 November 1959, Mahat has an active political career of more than three decades. He actively participated in democratic movement, conflict resolution, and the peace process of the country and is keen on advancing inclusive economic development agenda.

Since 2002, Mahat is working as a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Nepali Congress, major Democratic Party of Nepal. He began his political career by being actively involved in the student politics from 1970s. From 1983 to 1987, he served as general secretary of Nepal Students’ Union. He was a Member of Action Committee on behalf of Nepali Congress during the People's Movement of 1990. He also served as a Member of Central Economic Policy Committee in the Nepali Congress from 1998 to 1999.

Mahat has served in the legislature and executive branches of Nepal in different periods in various capacities. He was a Member of Interim Legislative-Parliament from 2006 to 2008. He was a member of the 1st Constituent Assembly from May 2008 to May 2012 and also a member of the 2nd Constituent Assembly since November 2013.

He played a vital role in the Constitution drafting process as a member of the Constitution Drafting Committee of the 2nd Constituent Assembly, which has now been transformed into the Legislature-Parliament after the promulgation of Constitution of Nepal on 20 September 2015. He has also served in different parliamentary committees, including the State Affairs Committee as well as the Special Parliamentary Hearing Committee.

Mahat was Minister for Energy from 2010 to 2011. He was State Former Minister for Foreign Affairs from June 2004 to February 2005. He was also a member of National Planning Commission from April 2002 to October 2002 and an advisor to the prime minister of Nepal from September 2001 to May 2002.

He was Member Secretary of High Level Committee constituted by Nepal Government in 1999 for the Resolution of Maoist insurgency. Similarly from 2006 to June 2007, he served as Member of National Peace Committee, which was constituted for facilitating dialogue and helping government to work on peace deal and preparation of peace accord. He was also entrusted with the responsibility to negotiate with different agitating groups in Nepal as one of the members of Government Dialogue Team from August 2007 to June 2008.

A PhD in economics from Southern Illinois University at Corbondale, Illinois, US, Mahat also holds a degree of Master of Science in policy economics from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and master's degree in economics from Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu.

He remains active in the academic field, contributing policy papers, research analyses and newspapers articles particularly on economic development, peace process and contemporary political development.

In his various official capacities, he has participated in several international conferences and summits as well as various bilateral, regional and multilateral meetings.

Mahat is married to Bina Mahat, and they have two children. He left the office in June 2017.

References

External links
 Personal Website Of Prakash Sharan Mahat
 http://parliamentwatch.org.np/member/1291.htm

Category:1959 births
Category:Living people
Category:Government ministers of Nepal
Category:Foreign Ministers of Nepal


Listed buildings in Outwoods, East Staffordshire

Outwoods is a civil parish in the district of East Staffordshire, Staffordshire, England.  The parish contains two listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  Both the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".  The parish is to the northwest of Burton upon Trent, and the listed buildings are mileposts of different styles.
__NOTOC__

Buildings

References

Citations

Sources

Category:Lists of listed buildings in Staffordshire
 Outwoods


Centrum Praw Kobiet

Centrum Praw Kobiet (in English Centre for Women's Rights) is a non-governmental organization in Poland that supports women's rights and the prevention of violence against women.

About
Centrum Praw Kobiet works to promote women's equality in Polish society and also is involved in preventing violence against women. Branches are located in Wrocław, Łódź and Gdańsk. A specialist center is available where women can receive legal and mental health information and services. In 2017, CPK provided 650,850 women with legal and psychological help.

History
The Centrum Praw Kobiet (CPK) was founded by Urszula Nowakowska in 1995.

Starting in 2015, the CPK stopped receiving government money. The reason given for refusing to fund CPK was that it focuses on violence against women, not against men and women both. In 2017, the Polish Government raided the offices of the CPK in several cities. The group  had participated in pro-choice protests, organized by the Polish Women's Strike, a week prior to the raid. Along with taking computers and interfering with the organization's business, files containing sensitive information about victims of abuse. Those involved called the raids an "abuse of power."

References

External links
 Official site (in Polish)
 #JESTEMZNIĄ (video in Polish)

Category:1995 establishments in Poland
Category:Women's rights organizations
Category:Feminist organisations in Poland


Broadway Mansions

Broadway Mansions () is a nineteen-floor Art Deco five-star hotel in Shanghai, China. and was for over five decades one of the primary symbols of Shanghai.

Completed in 1934, the same year as the 19 feet taller Park Hotel. Upon its completion it became the tallest apartment building in Shanghai and remained so for several decades. Located near the confluence of Suzhou Creek and the Huangpu River, as well as the northern end of The Bund, it was built by the architectural and engineering firm of Palmer and Turner, and its completion in 1935 signalled the commencement of the high-rise building era in Asia. It was Shanghai's "closest approach to a modern American skyscraper." It commands possibly the best view of the Bund and Huangpu.

Originally labelled as "The Broadway Mansions", it was renamed Shanghai Mansions by the Shanghai Municipal Council in 1951, but reverted to its original name after China opened up again to the West. The Broadway Mansions has been owned and operated by the Shanghai Hengshan (Group) Holdings Company (上海市人民政府直属的上海衡山集团) since at least 1985.

Location
The Broadway Mansions Hotel is located at 20 Bei Suzhou Road (formerly 1 Broadway), Shanghai in the North Bund area of the Hongkou District. It is at the northern end of the Waibaidu Bridge (Garden Bridge). It is at the corner of Bei Suzhou Road, Huangpu Road, and Daming Road (formerly Broadway), and is less than thirty metres from the Suzhou Creek, close to its confluence with the Huangpu River. It is also bounded by Haining Road at the rear, and Wusong Road South on the west. It is across Daming Road from the Astor House Hotel. Before the mansions were constructed a building owned by the British firm Shanghai electric construction company stood on its site.

History

Broadway Mansions (1934-1951)

Construction for the Broadway Mansions was started in 1930, and completed by October 1934, and cost $10 million (Mexican) (approximately US$3.4 million at that time). The Mansions was "originally built in 1934 as an exclusive residential hotel by the British." The Mansions was built by Ye Guang Estate Property Company, for the Shanghai Land Investment, Company controlled by Sir Victor Sassoon. Additionally, Sassoon owned the Cathay Mansions, another apartment building in the French Concession. Along with the two other tallest buildings in Shanghai, (the Palace Hotel and Sassoon House), these skyscrapers were all owned by Baghdadi Jews. The chairman of the board was Harry Edward Arnhold (born 16 January 1879 in Hong Kong), a Briton of German ancestry who had been educated in Britain, the chairman of the Sassoon-controlled Arnhold & Company, a former  Chairman of the British Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai (1923);
and the sometime chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC). The primary developer and financer of the Broadway Mansions was Dr. Maurice Benjamin who had "financed and built much of the Shanghai coast". Benjamin, who was one of the more prominent landowners and businessmen in Shanghai, considered an expert on real estate, was also a leading board member of the Shanghai Land Investment Company, and a former member of the Shanghai Municipal Council (1920–1921), According to Maisie Meyer, "Broadway Mansions was hailed as Maurice Benjamin's masterpiece."

In the years before the Second Sino-Japanese War, "Honkew's only outstanding building was the Broadway Mansion." On its completion, "this monumental pyramid was one of Shanghai's two tallest buildings." From its inception, it "had been a headquarters for Japanese commercial activity,"  due to its proximity to Shanghai's Little Tokyo, comprising the Yangpu and Hongkou districts. In 1932 Little Tokyo comprised  out of the entire  of the International Settlement, and had about 30,000 Japanese residents, while there about 20,000 other foreigners in both the International Settlement and French Concession combined. The area was dominated and controlled by the Japanese military. After the surrender of non-foreign Shanghai in November 1937, the International Settlement north of the Suzhou Creek, became almost exclusively Japanese in population.

Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
The Japanese military commandeered the Broadway Mansions at 11.00am on 17 August 1937, with all non-Japanese residents were ordered to evacuate from the Broadway Mansions by Japanese military sailors, often at the point of a bayonet. Soon the Japanese flag fluttered over the Broadway Mansions, to the great delight of Japanese admiral Isoroku Yamamoto who toured Shanghai in April 1938. The Mansions became a de facto Japanese possession. The Journal of the American Chamber of Commerce in the Philippines in discussing accommodation in Shanghai indicated: "Broadway Mansions? No. That's out. It is ... mostly empty and in darkness. Some Japanese military are there, that is  all. It is a British property, Shanghai's newest and best apartment hotel. Another indemnity is accumulating." Within a year most of the Mansions was rented to Japanese tenants. According to testimony presented to a US Congress sub-committee, "Broadway Mansion is the "brain" of all Japanese control in Shanghai. Here most of the important combined policy meetings are held." The Mansions was used as the headquarters of the Japanese Army Liaison Office. Before December 1941, the Japanese military government held weekly (and later bi-weekly) press conferences at the Broadway Mansions, and had offices there, including its transportation office. Foreigners who transgressed the Japanese rules of the territory occupied by Japan were held for questioning in the Mansions.

After December 1938, as a result of a meeting of Japanese military authorities and the Japanese-appointed puppet regime Reformed Government of the Republic of China led by Liang Hongzhi in Nanjing, which led to the formation "the Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Anhui Opium Suppression Bureau (Su Zhe Wan jinyanju) on the fifth floor of the Broadway Mansions....They were empowered to control the import and distribution of opium, to enforce licensing conditions for opium hongs and smokers, and to collect revenues from opium sales.... All fifty-eight licensed opium hongs in Shanghai ... had to pick up their opium requisitions from the bureau on the fifth floor of the Broadway Mansions." The Reformed Government (and its successor, the Reorganized Government of Wang Jingwei) had its Foreign Affairs Bureau on the fourth floor of the Broadway Mansions.

Sale of Broadway Mansions (March 1939)
In an unsuccessful endeavour to increase the number of Japanese ratepayers and thus gain a majority on the Shanghai Municipal Council, which governed the International Settlement, a Japanese joint stock company purchased the Broadway Mansions by 21 March 1939  at a considerable loss to its owners for $5,000,000, with the considerable hesitation of H.E. (Harry) Arnhold, the chairman of the board. At that time The China Weekly Review reported: "One of the most luxurious hotels in Shanghai, Broadway Mansions has 156 hotel suites, 56 apartments, and eight offices and stores." Many non-missionary foreigners were interned at the Broadway Mansions after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941.

Highlights (1945-1949)

US Military occupancy (1945-1949)
After the Japanese surrender in August 1945, and the subsequent evacuation of its Japanese tenants and occupants, the Shanghai Municipal Council assumed ownership of the Broadway Mansions. The Council leased part of the Mansions to the foreign correspondents and the remainder to the United States military, where it became the headquarters for the American Military Mission that advised Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalist government of the Republic of China. The first five or six floors of the Broadway Mansions was occupied by officers of the U.S. Military Aid Group in China (MAGIC) and their dependents, with 400 billets being provided at the Mansions. The ground floor hosted a small American army hospital. American fighter pilot Bill Dunn, one of the first to occupy the Mansions in August 1945, recalled: "In Shanghai we were billeted at the Broadway Mansions, a beautiful European-style hotel. There was only one problem: the rooms had no beds. Japanese officers had been billeted there, and they didn't use our type of bed, just sleeping mats. We got in touch with the hotel manager, who soon had a flock of Chinese setting up beds for us." About this time the manager was Michael Alexis Melgunow, a White Russian émigré, who had previously been the head chauffeur. After the alleged rape of two Chinese girls by American marines, approximately 5,000 anti-American Chinese university students marched on 1 January 1947 on the Broadway Mansions, at that time home for 200 U.S. servicemen and their dependents, demanding the American military (which they likened to the British imperialists and the Japanese aggressors) leave China.
The American-owned China Weekly Review attributed the cause of the Chinese hostility to the "outrageous conduct" of American military police and other Army and Marine" personnel.

Foreign Correspondents' Club of China (1945-1949)
Also immediately after World War II, the Mansions hosted the Foreign Correspondents' Club of China, which had been founded in Chongqing on 18 May 1943, in its upper four floors, and billeted its members and their families, until soon after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in October 1949. American journalist John Robinson Beal explained: "It's easy to understand why the correspondents prefer Shanghai. One lives comfortably at the Broadway Mansions, ... one of the Far East's finest hotels, waited on hand and foot by servants," making it "the most decorous press club in Asia". Journalist Richard Hughes joked that "Most of the correspondents lived there, incestuously".

The bar was located in the penthouse on the 17th floor. The parties held in the Foreign Correspondents' Club were notorious. While there was intense fighting in the rural areas of China during the escalating Chinese Civil War, this "did not prevent the parties in the foreign correspondents' club atop the eighteen-story Broadway Mansions, where dancing went on under gaily colored lights." "on its top floor foreigners and their White Russian mistresses used to dance the sultry Shanghai nights away." At these parties, "White Russian mistresses mingled with the American wives and black market speculators with military personnel", who all cursed the Chinese, including both the Communists and Chiang Kai-shek. Along with the decline in value of the Chinese currency, both gambling and opium-smoking increased, as did concerns about what to do with their White Russian mistresses should the Communists triumph and evict them from China. The Mansions also hosted a popular brothel in this period of American occupancy.

While Edward Ward in 1947 considered the Mansions to be "one of the most modern luxury blocks of flats", Harrison Forman, noticing the changes in the Mansions since its halcyon days before the war, reflected on his return, "Now it looked rundown and motheaten." American Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Keyes Beech described the Broadway Mansions as "a steel and concrete apartment hotel that shot eighteen stories up from the bank of Soochow Creek, an American pillar of plenty", but indicated that "the best thing about the Broadway Mansions was the view". In May 1949 the Broadway Mansions was still the tallest apartment building in Shanghai, but described as a "building with dull red brick."

The Battle of Broadway Mansions (25–27 May 1949)
From 25 May 1949, during the Chinese Civil War, one of the few significant battles in Shanghai was, what foreign residents called, "The Battle of Broadway Mansions", where for two days there was fierce fighting in the vicinity of the Broadway Mansions between the forces of the Guómíndǎng and the People's Liberation Army. From 30 April 1949 retreating Nationalist soldiers took possession of the Broadway Mansions, the nearby Central Post Office and the Embankment apartment complex. One hundred regulars from the army of the Republic of China commanded by a major, occupied the Broadway Mansions, as part of their defence of Shanghai against invasion by the People's Liberation Army. Eventually, just over one thousand Nationalists defended the Broadway Mansions, where they had entrenched themselves on the upper floors, where they could shoot from the windows and from the roof.  From the roof of Broadway Mansions, just above the Foreign Press Club, the Guómíndǎng snipers could rake the approaches to the Waibaidu Bridge by the advancing Communist forces. There about two hundred foreigners trapped within the Mansions during the battle, who were terrified for their safety. Peter Townsend recalls: "When you go out on the parapet of Broadway Mansions a bullet whistles above your head and you duck and crawl back on your hands and knees."

Journalist Edwin Palmer Hoyt, whose apartment was in the Broadway Mansions, described the defeat of the Guómíndǎng: "The rot of the Guomindang was definitely showing, nowhere more tragically than on Suzhou Creek, just below the windows of the Broadway Mansions Hotel, the press hotel for the correspondents. From the windows of their comfortable apartments, they could look out at the steaming mass of humanity crowded" beneath." Townsend reported during the final stages of the battle, "They're hanging on at Broadway Mansions ... for nothing." According to Brown and Pickowicz, "The thousand or so Nationalists defending Broadway Mansions could have been subdued by the Communists in an hour if the latter had wanted to do so." The hoisting of the red flag with five yellow stars of the People's Republic of China on the roof of the Broadway Mansions on 27 May 1949 signified the final conquest of Shanghai by the People's Liberation Army.

Highlights (1949-1951)
After the surrender of Shanghai to the People's Liberation Army on 27 May 1949, and especially after the declaration of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, the circumstances changed dramatically for the residents of the Broadway Mansions. According to Ross Terrill, "Foreign journalists drifted out of China to other assignments. The Foreign Correspondents Club in Broadway Mansions unraveled. Its Chinese staff were paid off; waiters were given leftover mustard....Today there are no dances, but you can get a good view" from the roof. On 20 June 1949 the remaining 11 foreigners residing in the Broadway Mansions were ordered to leave to make room for political and military workers. By 1950 the Shanghai branch of the Chinese Government Information Office, had its headquarters in the Broadway Mansions.

Shanghai Mansions (1951-1969)
On 1 May 1951 the Shanghai Municipal Council, who had assumed ownership in 1945, renamed the Mansions as "'Shanghai dasha' or the Grand Building of Shanghai", or as more popularly known in English, "the Shanghai Mansions". Apparently, in 1957, the Mansions was also known as the 'Golden River Hotel', which The Times journalist James Bertram (1910–1980) described as "an elaborate Western-style hotel-cum-apartment-house that has survived the war years and the Japanese occupation without visible change." In 1956 British novelist and film producer Rubeigh James Minney, who visited Shanghai in 1956, referred to the Shanghai Mansions' store on the ground floor: "On the ground floor there is a very superior general store", where, "the atmosphere was much more elegant: by contrast one might say it was on the Harrods level."

In 1965 the Mansions was described as "the huge ugly building in Shanghai." Belgian journalist Jacques Marcuse concurred with that assessment, describing the Mansions in 1967 as "that tall yet squat ugly building." while in the same year, Sally Backhouse, after describing "slab-like buildings that towered above the rest, holed by myriad windows and grimy with dirt, like dry old discolored cheese," indicated that "the largest of these was the famous 'Broadway Mansions', in capitalist days a block of luxury flats and rented buildings." Another resident described the Mansions in the mid-1960s as a huge hotel, but "Shanghai Mansion is not the most luxurious hotel in Shanghai."

Shanghai Mansion Incident (23–24 February 1967)
On 23 February 1967, a "grave incident" occurred at the Shanghai Agricultural Department, that became known as the Shanghai Mansions Incident. During the period of the Shanghai Revolution (or January Revolution) of January 1967, which led to the short-lived Shanghai People's Commune, on 20 February, men "were sent to the Shanghai mansion to urge the [striking] workers to go back to their agricultural production posts." On 23 February 1967, an "expatriate rebel group which had set up headquarters in the Shanghai Mansions, staged an assault on the  Revolutionary Committee's economic department." On 24 February 1967, the evening the Shanghai Commune was renamed the Shanghai Municipal Revolutionary Committee at the instigation of Mao Zedong, "the committee sent some 'representatives' on a 'fact-finding investigation' to ... the Shanghai Mansion, the site of an apparently large but undetermined colony of returnees from the countryside." These 'counter-revolutionary" forces were suppressed, and the ring leaders were punished. However, after this incident "they continued to deploy large numbers around the Shanghai Mansions day and night, beating up public security personnel."

Anti-Imperialism Building (ca. 1969-1972)
During the Cultural Revolution, the Mansions was renamed the Anti-Imperialism Building by Chinese Red Guards.

Shanghai Mansions Hotel (ca. 1972 to ca. 1996)
By 1973, the Mansions was renamed in English the Shanghai Mansions Hotel, but retained its Chinese name. By 1973 the Mansions was the third-choice accommodation provided for Overseas Chinese: "If there isn't enough room at these two hotels, then Overseas Chinese are put into the sky scraping Shanghai Mansions Hotel overlooking the Bund. During the 1970s the Mansion was also the primary residence for "foreign experts". Edoarda Masi, an Italian language teacher, who lived at the Mansions for a year from 1974, described the Mansions as "a mastodon among the low buildings that surround it; walls, plumbing, closets are all solid." Referring to the Mansion's popularity, Masi indicated: "Depending on the time of year, this large room is half empty or crowded with tourists. The Dasha, which is known in English as Shanghai Mansions, for long stopovers. By 1978 the Mansions was used increasingly as a hotel for visitors from Third World countries, thus improving the accommodation situation in Shanghai.

An American academic who stayed at the Mansions in the summer of 1982, said: "With its somewhat shabby decor, the hotel lobby at Shanghai Mansions was a hangout in the evenings for the African and Middle Eastern students of Shanghai." By 1984, "The Shanghai Mansions, consisting of a main and a side building, is a hotel accommodating foreign tourists, businessmen, overseas Chinese." At that time the Mansions had 370 guest rooms (including some deluxe suites) and 1,468 beds. In 1985 one visitor referred to the "Thirties fortress of Shanghai Mansions, its thick brick walls pocked by black windows. The General Manager of the Mansions from 1985 to at least 1999 was Tao Pei Tai (born 1 August 1946), who was also Deputy General Manager of Hengshan Group Holding Co., the owner of the Mansion. In 1989 a double room in the Mansions was US$50 per night. One 1991 Chinese travel guide extolled the service ethic of the Mansion: "The Shanghai Mansions adheres strictly to the guideline of "guests first, service first, courtesy first and tidiness first". However, after September 1993 the Mansions was no longer the dominant landmark in the Shanghai landscape:
The announcement of the metropolis has also changed. It is no longer the magnificent art deco silhouette of the Shanghai Dasha [Shanghai Mansions] or the Waibaidu metallic bridge which marks the beginning of the center city and the Bund but, much further upstream, the Yangpu stayed-girder bridge. Completed in 1993, it has become the huge waterway entrance into the city, as role reclaimed, the Nanpu Bridge located downstream.

While acknowledging that "the view to the river from the rooftop terrace ... is breathtaking", one 1993 Guidebook warned, "Unfortunately, its location can become a drawback in the evening, as the sonorous horns of the river barges pose a constant challenge to sleep." In 1995 the Shanghai Mansions was evaluated by the State Tourism Bureau, and named one of the twelve national best star hotels.

Broadway Mansions Hotel (ca. 1996 to today)
By 1996, the Mansions was again renamed - this time a reversion to a name similar to its original name - the Broadway Mansions Hotel, reflecting the increased openness to the West as a result of the reforms of Deng Xiaoping, and the shift from providing long-term residential apartment accommodation to that of a hotel. At that time the Mansions was described as "rather dull compared to other Shanghai hotels."

The Hotel was partially renovated in 2003,

Ownership
The Broadway Mansions has been owned and operated by the Shanghai Hengshan (Group) Holdings Company (上海市人民政府直属的上海衡山集) since at least 1985. The current president is Mr. Mu Xiangyang. The Hengshan Hotels and Resorts owns five other hotels in Shanghai,  including the Astor House Hotel, across the road from the Broadway Mansions.

Amenities
The Broadway Mansions was the first hotel in Shanghai to have a restaurant on the top of the building. Today the Broadway Mansions Hotel has six restaurants, and is famous for its Huaiyang cuisine.

Architecture
According to Professor Anne Warr,
Despite the uncertainties of the 1930s, in particular the increasing Japanese control over Chinese territory, the growing influence of the Communist Party, and the corruption of the Nationalist Government, Shanghai boomed. The first American style Art Deco skyscraper appeared on The Bund just as the American economy collapsed and Shanghai was about to enter its most dynamic decade. At the end of the 1920s as Europe and America went into financial depression, shiploads of unemployed foreigners arrived in Shanghai seeking their fortune. In three years, Shanghai’s foreign population almost doubled, from 36,500 in 1930 to 70,000 in 1933. Architects abandoned the Beaux-Arts styles of earlier decades and whole-heartedly embraced Art Deco and Modernism....During this period, clashing concepts of nationalism, imperialism and internationalism were reflected in the architecture. Internationalism from New York permeated Shanghai in the form of skyscrapers and the latest Hollywood movies, while Japanese imperialism filtered into every corner.

The Broadway Mansions was designed by Mr. B. Flazer, and the structural engineer who supervised construction was John William Barrow, both of the architectural firm of Palmer & Turner. Palmer & Turner, who designed many of Shanghai's major buildings (13 buildings on the Bund alone), was one of the oldest architectural firms in the world, and was founded by British architect William Salway (1844–1902) in Hong Kong in 1868. British architect Clement Palmer (1857–1952) joined the firm in 1883, while structural engineer Arthur Turner (born 1858) joined the next year. Palmer and Turner became partners in 1891. In 1912 they established a branch in Shanghai managed by British architect, George Leopold "Tug" Wilson (1881–1967). Palmer & Turner designed many of the buildings on The Bund, including the Neo-Renaissance style Union Building (1916), its first work in Shanghai, and the first building in Shanghai to use a steel structure; the Neo-Renaissance Mercantile Bank of India, London and China building (1916); the Yokohama Specie Bank Building (1920s); and the neo-classical HSBC Building (1921–1923); the neighbouring Greek Revival neo-classical Customs House (1927). Wilson had supervised construction of the majority of British buildings along The Bund until their new client, Sir Victor Sassoon tilted them towards Art Deco and Modernism at the end of the 1920s, and such buildings as the Art Deco Sassoon House (1926–1929); the Yangtze Insurance Building; the Broadway Mansions (1934); and subsequently the Old Bank of China Building, Shanghai (1937).

The Broadway Mansions is "a brick patterned Art Deco apartment block...[that] would not have looked out of place in Manhattan", and is an example of the Art Deco or Streamline Moderne style of architecture that emerged in the 1920s and flourished in the 1930s The Broadway Mansions is a steel-framed red brick building "in the stepped skyscraper mode", that is 78 metres in height, with a total floor space of 24,596 square metres. Steel-framed structures were used in Shanghai from 1916 onwards, originally for eight- to ten-storey buildings, but by the 1930s for up to twenty-four storeys. The building's floor plan was modeled after the Chinese character for the number eight, which is a symbol of luck and prosperity. The facade of the Broadway Mansions was one of its distinctive features. The design of the Mansions was "influenced by modernism," and like "most apartment buildings in Shanghai featured a simple and modern style of exterior."

According to Peter Rowe and Seng Kuan, after describing the Metropole Hotel and Hamilton House, also designed by Palmer & Turner about the same time: "A similar approach to both architecture and place making was taken almost simultaneously by B. Flazer, with the curved symmetric stepped-back facade of the Broadway Mansions....The firm of Palmer and Turner was to continue with curvilinear plan forms in the organic layout of the large Embankment Building of 1933. The Mansions had a roof top garden, and even a squash court. Initially the Mansions had 370 guest rooms, and also housed offices and shops." According to Fiona Shen, "part hotel, part apartment block, it also catered to that fixture of Shanghai economic life during the Concession period - the young, single expatriate - with its 99 stylish and compact bachelor pads." Broadway Mansions Hotel was the first hotel in Shanghai that had an indoor parking facility, a structure that had four levels with 80 spaces. The phone system was built at the time of its construction, and its phone number (46260) has remained unchanged.

Reviews

The Broadway Mansions is considered "one of the finest architectural examples in Shanghai, and the ideal starting point for an art deco walking tour of the city, ... an unashamedly Gotham-esque structure with a commanding location to the north of the Bund." Soon after its opening, the Mansions was described as a "prominent, tall white structure", Professor Lancelot Forster was enthusiastic in his assessment of the newly completed Broadway Mansions in 1936. After describing its contemporary, the Cathay Hotel, which "seems to point to loftier things, ... defying the smug security of the earth as it soars upwards, and yet not so blatantly as the new Broadway Mansions which, abandoning all restraint ... lifts its optimistic head from its broad substantial shoulders and shouts to the settlement."

Canadian Gordon Sinclar, described the Mansions "as posh an apartment house as anything in Toronto or Montreal." One travel guide described the Mansions as "a 22-story brick ziggurat." Harold Conant, who lived in Shanghai for ten years from 1931, depicted the Mansions: "The Broadway Mansions, which seems to be so constructed that the wind always whistles through it (which is very cheering on a hot summer day), seems to have been shown quite frequently in American newspapers". Gary Jones indicates, "the 22-floor ochre-brick structure is now dwarfed by twinkling skyscrapers that have sprung up in recent years, and yet still exudes a menacing solidity and here-to-stay confidence.

Notable people

Guests
According to its official website, Broadway Mansions Hotel has accommodated hundreds of leaders and government delegates from different nations around the world. Some of these include:
 New Zealand-born William Lancelot Holland (28 December 1907 - May 2008),  Research Secretary and later Executive Secretary of the Institute of Pacific Relations (1928–1960), and editor of its periodical, Far Eastern Survey and Pacific Affairs, stayed at the Broadway Mansions for several months from July 1937;
 American aviator Royal Leonard (1905–1962), the personal pilot of Chiang Kai-shek, was staying at the Broadway Mansions during the initial days of the Second Sino-Japanese War, and was able to then fly to Hong Kong after the regular air service had been terminated due to aerial combat between Japanese and Chinese forces;
 Canadian socialist James Gareth Endicott (1898–1993), a controversial former United Church of Canada missionary,  former advisor to Chiang Kai-shek, but from 1945 a supporter of the Communist Party of China and friend of Zhou Enlai, and founder in 1949 of the Canadian Peace Congress, and a 1952 winner of the Stalin Peace Prize, stayed at the Shanghai Mansions on a return visit to China in 1952 with his wife, Mary Austin Endicott;
 Swiss photojournalist Fernand Gignon, one of few non-Communist reporters permitted to enter the People's Republic of China in the early 1960s, stayed on the 3rd floor of the Shanghai Mansions, "le plus grand complexe locatif de la métropole."
 American businessman and human rights campaigner John Kamm spent a week at the Shanghai Mansions in January 1976 when he was a representative of the National Council for US-China Trade. His account was published as a part of a series in the Hong Kong Economic Journal.

Residents
 Cornelius Vander Starr (15 October 1892 – 20 December 1968), an American businessman and Office of Strategic Services operative who founded the American International Group (AIG) insurance corporation in Shanghai in 1919, occupied the penthouse of the Broadway Mansions until the outbreak of World War II;
 American journalist Hallett Edward Abend (born 15 September 1884 in Portland, Oregon; died 28 November 1955 in Sonora, California), correspondent for The New York Times, had a long term lease, and lived and worked from Apartment G, "a luxurious penthouse", on the 16th floor, from 1935 until July 1940. On the evening of 19 July 1940, Abend was robbed and tortured by two Japanese men in his room, who "next morning again wore the uniform of officers of the Imperial Army of Japan." The next morning Abend moved "to another apartment in an area supervised by the Americans and British. In August 1937, after all tenants had been evacuated from the Mansions by Japanese forces, Abend's apartment was searched by men believed to be associated with the Japanese consulate;
 Italian Amleto Vespa (1888 – c. 1940), a mercenary and secret agent for Manchuria and later reluctantly for the Empire of Japan, lived at the Mansions from 1937;
 Japanese ultra-nationalist yakuza figure and convicted Class A war criminal Yoshio Kodama (児玉誉士夫 18 February 1911 – 17 January 1984), stayed at the Broadway Mansions during the Second Sino-Japanese War;
 American Robert Shaplen, foreign correspondent for The New Yorker, resided at the Broadway Mansions for two years immediately after the conclusion of World War II;
 American Jack Birns, one of Life magazine's staff photo journalists, resided at the Broadway Mansions from 15 December 1947;
 French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson (22 August 1908 – 3 August 2004), considered to be the father of modern photojournalism, and co-founder of Magnum Photos, an international photographic cooperative, lived in the Broadway Mansions for a year from the middle of 1949, covering the fall of the Nationalist government and the creation of the People's Republic of China;

References

Further reading

 Allen, Rewi. The People Have Strength. The Author, 1954.
 Brown, Jeremy and Paul Pickowicz. Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China. Harvard University Press, 2007.
 Boyle, John Hunter. China and Japan at War, 1937-1945: The Politics of Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 1972.
 Cameron, Clyde. China, Communism and Coca Cola. Hill of Content, 1980.
 Fletcher, Banister and Dan Cruickshank. Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture, 20th ed. Architectural Press, 1996. Pages 1558 and 1560.
 Forman, Harrison. Changing China. Crown publishers, 1948.
 Gu, Gan. Touring Metropolitan Shanghai. The Publishing House, 1984. See pages 127, 230.
 Guillain, Robert. The Blue Ants: 600 million Chinese Under the Red Flag. Secker & Warburg, 1957. Page 180.
 Hauser, Ernest O. Shanghai: City for Sale. Harcourt, Brace and company, 1940.
 Henriot, Christian and Wen-Hsin Yeh. In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai under Japanese Occupation. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
 Johnston, Tess and Dongqiang Er. A Last Look: Western Architecture in Old Shanghai. 3rd ed. Old China Hand Press, 1993. Page 106.
 Kamm, John. "Shanghaied at the Feather and Down Minifair," Hong Kong Economic Journal 2 April 2011.
 Landman, Amos. Profile of Red China. Simon and Schuster, 1951.
 Lee, Leo Ou-fan. Shanghai Modern: The Flowering of a New Urban Culture in China, 1930-1945. Harvard University Press, 1999.
 Malloy, Ruth Lor. Travel Guide to the People's Republic of China. Morrow, 1975. Page 75.
 Moorad, George. Lost Peace in China. E. P. Dutton, 1949.
 Nideros, Eric. "Wartime Shanghai: A Tycoon Triumphs Over the Emperor".  World War II magazine (September 2006).
 Pan, Lynn. Shanghai Style: Art and Design Between the Wars. Long River Press, 2008.
 Pan, Lynn; Li-yung Hsüeh; Liyong Xue; and Zonghao Qian. Shanghai: A Century of Change in Photographs, 1843-1949. Hai Feng Pub. Co., 1993.
 Perry, Elizabeth J. and Xun Li. Proletarian Power: Shanghai in the Cultural Revolution. Westview Press, 1997. Page 122.
 Purvis, Malcolm. Tall Stories: Palmer & Turner, Architects and Engineers: The First 100 Years. Hong Kong, Palmer & Turner, 1985.
 Roth, Cecil and Mira Wilkins. The Sassoon Dynasty. London: R. Hale, 1941.
 Rowan, Roy. Chasing the Dragon: A Veteran Journalist's Firsthand Account of the 1946-9 Chinese Revolution. The Lyons Press, 2008.
 Schell, Orville. "Watch out for the Foreign Guests!": China Encounters the West. Pantheon Books, 1980.
 Tang, Zhenchang, Yunzhong Lu, and Siyuan Lu, Ssu-yüan Lu. Shanghai's Journey to Prosperity, 1842-1949. Commercial Press, 1996.
 Tata, Sam and Ian McLachlan. Shanghai: 1949 : The End of an Era. Batsford, 1989.
 Theroux, Paul. Riding the Iron Rooster: By Train Through China. Putnam's, 1988.
 Topping, Seymour. Journey Between Two Chinas. Harper & Row, 1972.
 Warr, Anne. Shanghai Architecture. Watermark Press, 2008.
 Wei, Betty Peh-Tʻi. Old Shanghai. Oxford University Press, 1993.
 Widmer, Ellen and Dewei Wang. From May Fourth to June Fourth: Fiction and Film in Twentieth-Century China. Harvard University Press, 1993.
 Wu, Liang and Foster Stockwell. Old Shanghai: A Lost Age. Trans. Mingjie Wang. Foreign Language Press, 2001.
 Yeh, Wen-Hsin. Wartime Shanghai. Taylor & Francis, 1998. Page 115 for photo in context of the other major buildings on The Bund.

Notes

External links

 Broadway Mansions Hotel
 Broadway Mansions - Emporis
 January 1935 Fortune article on "The Shanghai Boom"

Category:Art Deco architecture in Shanghai
Category:Hongkou District
Category:Hotels in Shanghai
Category:Landmarks in Shanghai
Category:Ziggurat style modern architecture
Category:Hotels established in 1934
Category:1934 establishments in China