Personal jurisdiction in Internet cases in the United States

Personal jurisdiction in Internet cases refers to a growing set of judicial precedents in American courts where personal jurisdiction has been asserted upon defendants based solely on their Internet activities. Personal jurisdiction in American civil procedure law is premised on the notion that a defendant should not be subject to the decisions of a foreign or out of state court, without having "purposely availed" himself of the benefits that the forum state has to offer. Generally, the doctrine is grounded on two main principles: courts should protect defendants from the undue burden of facing litigation in an unlimited number of possibly remote jurisdictions (in line with the due process requirements of the Constitution), and courts should prevent states from infringing on the sovereignty of other states by limiting the circumstances under which defendants can be "haled" into court.

In the Internet context, personal jurisdiction cases often involve proprietors of websites or Internet-based services that either advertise or actively promote their businesses nationally, but argue that they do not have sufficient contacts within a particular state to subject them to litigation in that state. With the growth of the Internet, courts have faced the challenge of applying long-standing principles of personal jurisdiction to a borderless communication medium that enables businesses and individuals all over the world to instantaneously interact across state boundaries. This is a rapidly changing area of law without a Supreme Court precedent. There is however, a growing consensus among federal district courts as to how to determine when personal jurisdiction may be asserted in an Internet context.

Types of personal jurisdiction
Besides facing constitutional limitations on personal jurisdiction, a court must also comply with state long-arm statutes, which enable personal jurisdiction over a party who has committed a tort within the state. This personal jurisdiction is specific to the act, and a party cannot be sued for unrelated activity. In many instances, state long-arm statutes extend personal jurisdiction to the extent allowed by the U.S. Constitution.

There are two kinds of personal jurisdiction, general and specific jurisdiction:

General personal jurisdiction
Following the Supreme Court's decisions in Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown and Daimler AG v. Bauman, a company doing business on the Internet may be sued for any reason in the jurisdiction where it is "at home," typically its place of incorporation.  Because general jurisdiction is now quite limited, courts will often look to specific personal jurisdiction to determine whether a company is amenable to suit in a given jurisdiction.

Specific personal jurisdiction
In contrast, specific personal jurisdiction allows a defendant to be sued in a forum only on the basis of the defendant's contacts with the forum. A court can establish specific jurisdiction over a defendant only if he or she has  "certain minimum contacts" which give rise to the action in question in the forum such that the exercise of jurisdiction  "does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice."   Internet cases with an out-of-state defendant will often require the plaintiff to assert specific personal jurisdiction.

Where a civil action has been brought based on a defendant's Internet activities, courts have generally declined to assert personal jurisdiction solely on the basis of web advertising. Instead, courts have looked for more active contacts with a forum, such as Internet sales to the forum residents, conducting business in the forum state through numerous contacts, or entering into specific dealings with forum residents. The actual number of visitors to a defendant's website from citizens of the forum state has also sometimes been considered in an analysis of minimum contacts.

Standards for personal jurisdiction in Internet cases
In evaluating the assertion of personal jurisdiction in cases involving the Internet, courts have applied both traditional tests and standards customized to the online world.

Traditional tests of jurisdiction

Minimum contacts
The United States Supreme Court decided in 1945 in the case of International Shoe v. Washington that for a defendant to be hailed into court in a particular jurisdiction it must have at least a minimum level of contact with that state that it could reasonably expect to be sued in the courts of that state.

Following International Shoe, courts have generally applied a three-part test in evaluating minimum contacts sufficient for jurisdiction:

(1) The nonresident defendant must do some act or consummate some transaction with the forum or perform some act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and protections[;] (2) the claim must be one which arises out of or results from the defendant's forum-related activities[; and] (3) exercise of jurisdiction must be reasonable.

The "effects" or "Calder" test
Courts may also apply the "effects" test from Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984), in cases with insufficient interactivity or minimum contacts, but where an action is targeted at a particular forum. In Calder, a California resident in the entertainment business sued the National Enquirer, located in Florida, for libel based on an allegedly defamatory article published by the magazine. While the article was written and edited in Florida, the Court found that personal jurisdiction was properly established in California because of the effects of the defendants' conduct in that state.  As the article concerned a California resident with a career in California and relied on California sources, the Court found the defendants' "intentional, and allegedly tortious, actions were expressly aimed at California."

In the Internet context, the effects test can be used to examine the exact nature of a defendant's Internet activities to determine whether its out of state actions were directed at parties or entities within the forum state. This is referred to in the language of Calder v. Jones as "purposeful direction," which requires (a) an intentional action, that was (b) expressly aimed at the forum state, with (c) knowledge that the brunt of the injury would be felt in the forum state. If a court finds that a defendant's actions meets the standard of purposeful direction, then personal jurisdiction may be asserted based on Internet activities which do not meet the requisite level of interactivity or minimum contacts needed for other tests of personal jurisdiction in Internet cases.

"Sliding scale" or "Zippo" test
In Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., a federal court held that "the likelihood that general jurisdiction can be constitutionally exercised is directly proportionate to the nature and quality of commercial activity that an entity conducts over the Internet. This sliding scale is consistent with well developed general jurisdiction principles." The "sliding scale" or "Zippo" test has been generally accepted as the standard in federal courts in deciding personal jurisdiction in Internet cases. Such cases are now primarily decided based on a determination of the website's "interactivity". Courts have held that the greater the commercial nature and level of interactivity associated with the website, the more likely it is that the website operator has "purposefully avail[ed] itself" of the forum state's jurisdiction. Interactivity is measured through an examination of the website's features and intended uses. Websites designed to facilitate or conduct business transactions will often be characterized as interactive. In contrast, a passive website that simply makes the information available to the user will be less likely to have a basis for personal jurisdiction. Websites are thus effectively divided into three categories: websites that conduct business over the Internet, websites where users exchange information with the host computers, and websites that do little more than present information. Websites that do business over the Internet will yield a finding of purposeful availment, while websites that simply present information will not. Purposeful availment for the third type is determined by the level of interactivity and its commercial nature.

Criticisms of the Zippo test
The Zippo test has been cited by many courts as a standard of analysis for personal jurisdiction with regard to the Internet, but it has also undergone criticism. Zippo provides little guidance as to how much interactivity or commercialism is enough to justify purposeful availment.  Furthermore, courts have given little direction as to how those factors interact.  Additionally, there is no consideration built into the Zippo test for limiting the number of jurisdictions established. Once a website is sufficiently commercial and interactive beyond a threshold set by a court, jurisdiction may be established with every state.

Cases interpreting personal jurisdiction involving the Internet within the United States

Evolution of the case law
In the early 1990s, courts struggled with how to treat the Internet with regard to jurisdiction.  One of the first noteworthy cases arising in this early stage was Inset Systems, Inc. v. Instruction Set.  The Inset court likened the company's use of the Internet to a continuous advertisement targeting customers in all states, and established an extraordinarily broad approach for Internet jurisdiction cases.  Some early cases followed the Inset approach.  For example, the Inset reasoning was cited by the court in Maritz, Inc. v. Cybergold, Inc.  The court in Bensusan Restaurant Corp. v. King, however, deviated from Inset, and established its own more tailored standard.  Most notably, the court in Bensusan began looking into the nature of the website in question, holding that the website owned by the defendant was passive in nature.  This launched a separate line of reasoning with regard to jurisdiction in Internet cases focused on the specific characteristics of the web, and was cited by Hearst v. Goldberger.  Within the same year of the Bensusan decision, the Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com opinion created the widely adopted Zippo Test.  Cases such as Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc. and Mink v. AAAA Development L.L.C. followed the approach defined by Zippo.

However, more recent cases appear to be departing from the Zippo test and relying upon more traditional approaches to personal jurisdiction.  For example, the courts in Blakey v. Continental Airlines, Dudnikov v. Chalk & Vermilion, and Boschetto v. Hansing utilize the Calder test to establish the "minimum contacts" required by Int'l Shoe, a rule not tailored specifically toward Internet cases.

Brief summaries of notable cases
Pres-Kap, Inc. v. System One, Direct Access, Inc., 636 So.2d 1351 (Fla. App. 3 Dist. 1994).From New York, Pres-Kap leased System One's computerized airline reservation system that ran off of servers located in Miami, Florida. When Pres-Kap ran into problems with the system, it stopped payment and System One sued for breach of contract in Florida.

The Florida court held that a contract with an out of state party was not enough to establish minimum contacts for personal jurisdiction. The in-state server location was also not enough to establish this. Otherwise, any users of online services could be brought into court wherever the relevant servers happen to be located, which the court found to be an unreasonable result.Holding: remote usage of server physically located in a forum state is insufficient to establish minimum contacts.CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, 89 F.3d 1257 (6th Cir. 1996).Patterson, a shareware programmer and resident of Texas, distributed and marketed his shareware through CompuServe's shareware distribution service. When Patterson accused CompuServe of trademark infringement for allegedly selling substantially similar products of their own, CompuServe filed for a declaratory judgment in an Ohio federal district court asking for a declaration that it had not infringed Patterson's trademarks. Patterson replied with a motion to dismiss, claiming lack of personal jurisdiction.

The Sixth Circuit held that Patterson had sufficient contacts to constitute transaction of business in Ohio that would grant an Ohio court personal jurisdiction based on the Ohio long-arm statute. Specifically:
1. Patterson purposefully and repeatedly dealt with an Ohio company.
2. Patterson's CompuServe-based software sales, and CompuServe's alleged infringement occurred in Ohio where CompuServe was based.
3. Patterson's business contract with CompuServe should have given him notice that he might be required to answer lawsuits in Ohio.Holding: selling software through a company's online service is enough to establish minimum contacts in the state where that company is located.Inset Systems, Inc. v. Instruction Set, 937 F.Supp. 161 (D. Conn. 1996).Here, Inset Systems claimed that Instruction Set's website made an infringing use of Inset's registered trademark.

The Connecticut long-arm statute allows for out of state corporations to be sued by residents of Connecticut as long as the out of state corporation has conducted repeated solicitation for business in Connecticut "by mail or otherwise." The court held that this standard was met by Instruction Set's Internet presence, which it found to be at least as much of a case of solicitation as advertising through hard copy mailers and catalogs. The court also found there to be sufficient minimum contacts because Instruction Set should have realized that their nationally available phone number and Internet site could reach potential customers in Connecticut.Holding: solicitation by advertising through an Internet website is enough to establish minimum contacts anywhere. However, other courts have distanced themselves from this concept. See, e.g., Cybersell, Zippo.Maritz, Inc. v. Cybergold, Inc., 947 F.Supp. 1328 (E.D. Mo. 1996).Maritz brought action against Cybergold, seeking an injunction to enjoin alleged trademark infringement on Cybergold's website. Cybergold filed a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.

Missouri's long-arm statute provides for personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant that has transacted any business within the state or has committed a tortious act within the state. At common law in Missouri, a tortious act committed outside with a resultant injury within Missouri was sufficient to permit jurisdiction. See Peabody Holding Co. Inc. v. Costain Group PLC, 808 F.Supp. 1425, 1433–34 (E.D.Mo. 1992); May Dep't Stores Co. v. Wilansky, 900 F.Supp. 1154, 1159–60 (E.D.Mo. 1995).

Based on this and the following important factors, the court held that it could exercise personal jurisdiction over Cybergold.
1. nature and quality of contacts with the forum state – Cybergold was advertising and soliciting customers
2. quantity of contacts – Cybergold had made numerous contacts
3. relation of the cause of action to the contacts – Maritz's alleged injuries arose from Cybergold's website
4. interest of the forum state in providing a forum for its residents – interest established where a Missouri corporation's trademark is allegedly being infringed
5. convenience of the parties – Cybergold did not show it would be excessively burdened by the forumHolding: similar to Inset (solicitation by advertising through an Internet website is enough to establish minimum contacts anywhere).Bensusan Restaurant Corp. v. King, 126 F.3d 25 (2d Cir. 1997).In this case, Bensusan Restaurant Corp. claimed that King was infringing on Bensusan's registered trademark "The Blue Note", the name of Bensusan's successful jazz club in New York City, when he created a website for his Missouri club, also called The Blue Note.

New York law allows a non-resident who does not transact business in New York to be sued if the non-resident has committed a tortious act within the state of New York. Since King's website was created by a person physically in Missouri, there was no tortious act in New York and the court held that there was no personal jurisdiction over King.

New York law also allows jurisdiction over non-residents that have caused an injury in the state even if the tortious act was committed outside. However, this is limited to people who should have reasonably expected the act to have consequences in the state, and who derive substantial revenue from interstate commerce, something the court held was not shown here.Holding: an allegedly trademark-infringing website alone is not sufficient for personal jurisdiction where the website was created by someone physically located in another state.[[Hearst Corp. v. Goldberger|Hearst Corp. v. Goldberger, 96 Civ 3620, 1997 WL 97097, 1997 U.S. Dist. Lexis 2065 (S.D.N.Y. February 26, 1997).]]Hearst Corp., owner of Esquire magazine, brought a trademark infringement action against Goldberger for his "esqwire.com" website. Goldberger had created the website, but had not yet sold any products or services; the extent of his interaction with NY entities was limited to a few emails.

As in Bensusan, the New York long-arm statute allows a non-resident who does not transact business in New York to be sued if the non-resident has committed a tortious act within the state of New York, or if he commits such an act outside of the state with expected harm occurring within the state and he derives substantial revenue from interstate commerce.

The court found that his website amounted to nothing more than an advertisement, and even advertisements targeted at New York have been found inadequate for granting jurisdiction under the transaction of business standard. His emails were analogous to letters or phone calls into New York, which are again insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction. As for the tortious act branch of the long-arm statute, he was not physically within the state of New York when he created the website. Finally, the provision concerning tortious acts committed outside of the state was not applicable because Goldberger had not received any revenue from his website.Holding: Same as Bensusan. An allegedly trademark-infringing website alone is not sufficient for personal jurisdiction where the website was created by someone physically located in another state.Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F. Supp. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997).In Zippo Manufacturing v. Zippo Dot Com, the court considered state and federal trademark infringement and trademark dilution claims.

The plaintiff was Zippo Manufacturing, famous for their lighters. The defendant, Zippo Dot Com, operated a web portal and news service out of California. Dot Com offered three levels of service, the upper two of which required registration with the website and a payment of monthly fees. Dot Com had approximately 3,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania at the time the suit was commenced.

The Pennsylvania long-arm statute allowed the court to exercise personal jurisdiction for claims arising out of contracts to supply services in the state. The court found that Dot Com had contracts with the 3,000 subscribers and with seven Pennsylvania ISPs. Since Dot Com's website, unlike that in CyberGold, was an active website, garnering money from people in the state where they were being sued, the court held that it could properly exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant. The court also applied the three part Int'l Shoe test, finding that it could also exercise jurisdiction under that standard.Holding: A passive webpage is insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction, but an interactive site through which a defendant conducts business with forum residents, such as Zippo Dot Com's, is sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction.Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc., 130 F.3d 414 (9th Cir. 1997).Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc. arose out of a claim of trademark infringement.

The plaintiff corporation, in Arizona, sued a Florida corporation who was using the plaintiff's registered trademark on its website. The website created by the defendant was for a small company that advertised its website construction services under the name CyberSell. The website had no "active" parts, and simply offered a number for someone who viewed the webpage to call to get more information about the services offered. They had no toll-free number, only a local Florida number. Furthermore, there was no evidence that they ever advertised in Arizona, or had any contacts with Arizona. The court found that there was no evidence that the defendant's passive webpage purposefully availed itself of Arizona, and that the court could not exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant.Holding: Same as Zippo. A passive webpage, such as the one operated by defendant here, is not enough to establish personal jurisdiction.Mink v. AAAA Development L.L.C., 190 F.3d 333 (5th Cir. 1999).Plaintiff Mink discussed the possibility of marketing a software product he recently submitted a patent application for with a man named Stark.  Stark allegedly shared Mink's ideas with the defendants.  Mink brought suit in Texas to claim damages against defendants for conspiring to duplicate his software in violation of his patent-pending rights.  Mink was a Texas resident, whereas defendants were based in Vermont.  To the knowledge of the court, defendants had no dealings with Texas. The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas dismissed the case for lack of personal jurisdiction. Plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration, alleging that the defendant's website fulfilled the minimum contacts requirement for personal jurisdiction. The Fifth Circuit affirmed the trial court's decision, applying the Zippo test. It held that the defendant's website, which did not accept online orders, was little more than passive advertisement.  The court held that without greater interactivity between the website and the residents of Texas, personal jurisdiction would not be appropriate.Holding:  Same as Zippo. A passive webpage, such as defendants' here, is not enough to establish personal jurisdiction.Blakey v. Continental Airlines, 751 A.2d 538 (NJ 2000).Plaintiff Blakey filed suit against defendants for defamation, sexual harassment, and hostile work environment based on defamatory statements published by defendants on the company's web-forum.  The court reversed a dismissal based upon lack of personal jurisdiction granted by the lower court.

The court in this case applied the "minimum contacts" principle set forth by International Shoe and the "effects" test set forth by Calder.  It held that the defendants' statements were published with the knowledge or purpose of causing harm to the plaintiff in the forum state of New Jersey, and that this satisfied the "minimum contacts" requirement for proper jurisdiction.Holding: Personal jurisdiction for claims regarding a website require application of the Calder test to establish "minimum contacts" as defined by Int'l Shoe.Twentieth Cent. Fox Film Corp. v. iCraveTV, 53 U.S.P.Q.2d 1831 (W.D. Pa. 2000).iCraveTV was a Canadian Internet startup that offered real time streaming of television over the Internet. Twentieth Century Fox brought suit against the startup for copyright infringement.  Twentieth Century Fox obtained an injunction against iCraveTV from broadcasting within the United States.  The United States court asserted jurisdiction over the Canadian company with significant ease, utilizing the United States registrant address attached to the company's website domain name.  After issuance of the restraining order, iCraveTV decided to settle the lawsuit and discontinue its streaming service.Holding:  The United States has used a foreign company's website domain registration in the U.S. as justification for personal jurisdiction.Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et l'antisemitisme, 433 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc).In Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et l'antisemitisme (LICRA), the Ninth Circuit applied the Calder test to find that a California court could properly establish specific personal jurisdiction in a declaratory judgment action against two French civil rights organizations suing Yahoo! and Yahoo! France over the availability of Nazi content to French users of its services. Under the threat of substantial financial penalty, the French Court ordered Yahoo! in two interim orders to take "all necessary measures to dissuade and render impossible" access within France to sites displaying Nazi paraphernalia or other anti-Semitic content, and directed Yahoo! France to display an interstitial warning to users in France prior to enabling their access to Yahoo.com. While Yahoo! France substantially complied with the orders, Yahoo! resisted the French court's efforts to dictate changes to its US-based services. (Yahoo! later adopted a policy change addressing many of the French complaints, allegedly for independent reasons.)

In reviewing Yahoo's claim for declaratory relief, the Court applied a three-part version of the Calder test to determine if the effects of LICRA's action were sufficiently directed at California to establish personal jurisdiction, including whether the defendant: 1. committed an intentional act; 2. expressly aimed at the forum state, and 3. causing harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state. Focusing on the French Court's orders, the Ninth Circuit found that compliance would require Yahoo! to perform significant acts in California as the servers supporting yahoo.com, which would have to be modified for compliance, were located in that state, thus fulfilling the first two prongs of the test. Although the penalties contained within the orders had not been enforced and the companies were in substantial compliance, the court found that the threat of future enforcement and the "very existence" of the orders constituted "harm" under the third requirement of the Calder test.Holding: Personal jurisdiction under the Calder test can be established where a defendant's foreign court orders require modifying data located on servers in the forum state and the threat of financial penalty for not performing the modifications constitutes harm.  Note, however, that the court ordered the case dismissed because three of the judges (that believed personal jurisdiction was established) also believed that the case was not yet ripe and three other judges believed the court lacked personal jurisdiction, yielding a majority that favored dismissal, albeit for different reasons.Dudnikov v. Chalk & Vermilion, 514 F.3d 1063 (10th Cir. 2008).The Tenth Circuit overturned a dismissal granted by the District Court of Colorado due to lack of personal jurisdiction in a case involving a copyright dispute over an eBay auction.  The Court applied a five-part test that asked:
1. whether the defendants have committed an intentional action
2. that the action was expressly aimed at the forum state
3. that defendants had knowledge that the brunt of the injury would be felt in the forum state
4. that the plaintiff's injuries arose out of the defendant's forum related activities
5. and that traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice are not offended.
The court decided that there existed specific jurisdiction over the defendants due to their interactions with the plaintiffs via the Internet services operated by eBay.Holding: Personal jurisdiction is established if the criteria of the Calder test are met.Boschetto v. Hansing, 539 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir. 2008).Plaintiff Boschetto, a resident of California, purchased a vintage car through eBay from defendant car dealership in Wisconsin.  Upon receiving the car, plaintiff discovered many problems with the car which were counter to how the defendant described it.  After failing to resolve the issue through eBay, plaintiff brought suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.  The District Court granted a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and the Ninth Circuit affirmed this decision.  The court specifically rejected the reasoning of Cybersell, effectively refusing to apply the Zippo test.  Instead, the court applied a three-part test for establishing minimum contacts: (1) purposeful direction of activities toward the forum, (2) a claim arising out of or related to defendant's forum related activities, and (3) reasonableness, fair-play, and substantial justice.  The court ruled that the lone transaction for the sale of one item did not establish purposeful availment.Holding: The Ninth Circuit departed from the Zippo test and held that specific jurisdiction is found by "minimum contact" through a three-part test: purposeful direction, a forum related claim, and fairness.Attaway v. Omega, No. 11A01-0712-CV-608 (Ind. Ct. App. March 13, 2009).Defendants purchased a used car from plaintiffs through eBay.  The auction stated that winners must make their own delivery arrangements.  After the completed transaction, defendants filed a claim to rescind payment because they alleged that the car was not as described, and succeeded in doing so through MasterCard.  Plaintiffs brought suit for damages, and the defendants moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.  The motion was denied in the lower court, and the Indiana Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment.  The court noted that this case may be the first case within which an eBay seller sued a buyer for rescission of payment after the item had been picked up in the seller's state.

The court applied the minimum contacts rule outlined by Int'l Shoe as well as the purposeful availment principle from Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, which aligns with the Calder test.  It also rejected the Zippo test, declaring that eBay controls the interactivity of the website and not the seller.  The court cites Boschetto for its similar fact pattern, but distinguishes itself because the transaction in the present case went beyond the single online purchase of Boschetto.  Rather, the defendants had notice that their bid would result in an agreement to appear in Indiana to obtain the vehicle, whether in person or by representative.  The court thus ruled that this qualified as a purposeful availment of the privileges of the forum state on the part of the defendants, and that jurisdiction was proper.Holding: Personal jurisdiction is established through "minimum contacts" and purposeful availment by appearing (even through an agent) in the forum state to pick up an item sold through the Internet.Huggins v. Boyd, Georgia Court of Appeals 2010 (304 Ga. App. 563) In this case involving a permanent protective order prohibiting Jonathan Huggins from stalking Karen Boyd, Huggins appealed the trial court's denial of his motion to set aside the order, arguing that the trial court had no personal jurisdiction over him.  Because it was undisputed that Huggins (a South Carolina resident) engaged in the stalking conduct (sending e-mails) only outside Georgia, and because it was further undisputed that Huggins engaged in no other conduct (persistent or otherwise) in Georgia, the protective order was reversed.

See also
Personal jurisdiction

Further reading
 Recent Developments in the Law — Internet Jurisdiction: A Comparative Analysis, 120 Harv. L. Rev. 1031 (2007).
 Richard Freer, American and European Approaches to Personal Jurisdiction Based Upon Internet Activity, Emory Public Law Research Paper No. 07-15, (2007).
 Jonathan Zittrain, Be Careful What You Ask For: Reconciling a Global Internet and Local Law, Cato Institute, (2003).
 David G. Post, Personal Jurisdiction on the Internet: An Outline for the Perplexed, Temple University Law School/Cyberspace Law Institute (1998).
 Center for Democracy and Technology, CDT | Jurisdiction.

References

Category:United States civil procedure
Category:Jurisdiction
Category:History of the Internet
Category:United States Internet case law


EMG 60

The EMG 60 is an active humbucker guitar pickup manufactured by EMG. It is usually considered as a "rhythm" pickup for use in neck position, paired with EMG's 81 as a "lead" pickup in bridge position.

The EMG 60 can be recognized by a humbucker form-factor and gray embossed EMG logo.

History and design

The EMG 60 was originally designed for the Fender Tele-Elite Model in 1979 until Fender changed its plans. The EMG 60 features close aperture coils loaded with ceramic magnets. This produces a brighter attack than other humbuckers produced by EMG. It has a higher peak than other EMG models but a steeper resonance slope.

The EMG 60 is used primarily by rhythm guitarists who play heavy metal. The EMG 60 has lots of output and clarity giving it its distinctive crunch when used with lots of mid-range. For lead guitar, it has its own distinctive tone as a clear but fat sound. It is also often used for its clean tone, providing a very bright and almost single coil-like characteristic in the neck position.

As most other modern EMG pickups, EMG 60 has 3-wire quik-connect output, that comes as a 3-pin male connector on a pickup body and a 3-wire cable to connect it. Easy wire color code scheme that is the same for all EMG products simplifies soldering and installation.

Notable Guitars with EMG 60

 ESP JH-1 (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 ESP JH-2 (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 ESP Truckster (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 ESP LTD EC-1000 (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 ESP LTD EC-500 (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 ESP LTD EX-400 (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 ESP LTD KH-602 (since 2009 with EMG-81 in the bridge)
 ESP Eclipse Standard Series II (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 Fender Jim Root Telecaster (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 Fender Jim Root Stratocaster (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 Gibson Paul Landers Signature Les Paul (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 Ibanez MTM1 (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 Ibanez RGIR20FE Iron Label (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 Schecter Hellraiser Tempest (EMG-81 in the bridge)
 Schecter Hellraiser C1
 Schecter Hellraiser C1FR
 Ibanez ARZIR20

Category:Guitar pickups


Larra bicolor

Larra bicolor is a parasitoid wasp native to South America. It was introduced into Florida as a biological pest control of invasive mole crickets.

Description
Adult females of this species are about 22 mm long, with the males somewhat smaller. The head and thorax are black, with silver markings on the head; the abdomen is red. The wings are variable in color, of a dusky hue.

Life cycle
These wasps feed on nectar as adults, with the shrubby false buttonweed (Spermacoce verticillata) preferred. Females hunt mole crickets in the genus Scapteriscus, stinging them on the underside to paralyze them for several minutes. A single egg is deposited between the first and second pairs of legs. The wasp then flies off, and the cricket returns to its burrow. Nymphs as well as adult crickets are attacked, as long as they are large enough.

Upon hatching, the larva feeds upon its host, eventually killing it. It pupates within 12 to 30 days (depending on temperature), forming a cocoon in the remains of the cricket by gluing sand grains together. The pupal phase may be as short as 50 days, but the pupa may enter diapause in the winter, delaying emergence for months. Adults are solitary and do not form nests or colonies.

Other than the winter diapause mentioned above, there is no seasonal component to wasp activity. Several generations of wasps may occur in a year, one of the facets that allows these wasps to out-reproduce their hosts, an important attribute for a successful biological control agent.

Biological pest control use
Non-native mole crickets arrived in Puerto Rico, at least as early as the 18th century, probably by flight, and as early as 1899 in the southeastern United States, probably as contaminants of ship ballast. They became serious pests, damaging crops and pasture- and turfgrasses. Although the related L. analis attacks the native northern mole cricket, it does not attack non-native species. In an early example of biological pest control, L. bicolor was introduced into Puerto Rico in 1938, where it became successfully established. This suggested the possibility of its use on the mainland; however, failed attempts and the development of chlordane pesticide in the 1940s brought an end to these efforts.

When chlordane use on food crops was banned in 1978, the Florida legislature inaugurated a program at the University of Florida to find alternative controls for pest mole crickets. Budgetary limitations led to a repetition of the Puerto Rico to the mainland effort. But this population, which originated in Brazil, failed to establish itself except in an area around Fort Lauderdale. Research suggested that these wasps were insufficiently cold-tolerant, and a second effort in 1988-89 used wasps from Bolivia. This introduction was much more successful, and the wasps have gradually spread through most of the state and into neighboring states. They remain highly adapted to the non-native species and have not diversified to attack (for instance) the native northern mole cricket. Also, they are non-aggressive, and their sting is reported to be mild compared to more familiar wasps. The principal limitation in its use as a biological control agent has been the need to find appropriate nectar sources for the adults. Research has found that some other plants, especially pentas, are also found acceptable; nonetheless provision of suitable plants is necessary.

Citations

References
 Arévalo HA, Frank JH. 2005. Nectar sources for Larra bicolor (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), a parasitoid of Scapteriscus mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), in northern Florida. Florida Entomologist 88: 146-151.
 Frank JH, Parkman JP, Bennett FD. 1995. Larra bicolor (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), a biological control agent of Scapteriscus mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), established in northern Florida.  Florida Entomologist 78: 619-623.
 Frank JH, Vicente NE, Leppla NC. 2007. A history of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) in Puerto Rico.  Insecta Mundi (2007) 0004: 1-10.
 Frank JH, Leppla NC, Sprenkel RK, Blount AC, Mizell III RF. 2009. Larra bicolor Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae): its distribution throughout Florida.  Insecta Mundi (2009) 0063:1-5.
 Held DW. 2007.  Seasonal life history and suitability of horticultural plants as nectar sources for Larra bicolor, a parasitoid of mole crickets in the northern Gulf Coast. USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Summary.
 Portman SL, Frank JH, McSorley R, Leppla NC. 2009. Fecundity of Larra bicolor (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) and its implications in parasitoid: host interaction with mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus).  Florida Entomologist 92: 58-63.
Portman SL, Frank JH, McSorley R, Leppla NC. 2010. Nectar-seeking and host-seeking by Larra bicolor (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), a parasitoid of Scapteriscus mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Environmental Entomology 39: 939-943.

External links
 Larra wasps, mole cricket hunters on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

Category:Hymenoptera of South America
Category:Crabronidae
Category:Insects acting as insect pest control agents
Category:Biological pest control wasps
Category:Insects described in 1804


Sharma (medieval)

Sharma or Sharmah () was a medieval trading port in Ḥaḍramawt (South Arabia) on the Gulf of Aden. It was deeply involved in the Indian Ocean trade and was "one of the busiest harbours of the Indian Ocean" until its abrupt abandonment around 1180. Although known from texts, the location of the settlement was only discovered in 1996. Archaeological excavations began in 2001. They have revealed a large, heavily fortified port founded around 980 by merchants from Siraf on the Persian Gulf.

Sharma had a small permanent population of merchants and soldiers and served mainly as a transshipment point between East Africa and India. Nevertheless, its site possesses the richest assortment of Chinese ceramics from its period in the Islamic world.

Geography
Sharma was located on the Raʾs Sharma promontory about  east of  on a plain situated between two plateaus overlooking a sandy beach. It possessed a deep anchorage. There is another isolated plateau (Arabic jawl) at the tip of Raʾs Sharma. The settlement faces the west. The geography of the site makes it easily defensible, since the continental plateau rises  above the plain, which is accessible only by means of two narrow wadis. The plain itself is  higher than beach and accessible only by two pathways, while the isolated plateau west of the settlement was accessible by only one.

Sharma was an isolated settlement, over  from the nearest oasis or village. It has limited freshwater. The settlement had four cisterns and three wells, however, and may have cultivated the plateau.

History
Neolithic artefacts have been recovered from the plateau at the tip of Raʾs Sharma. Remains of a shell midden have also been found. Around the start of the first millennium, Sharma was probably a seasonal settlement. A Himyarite structure, probably a temple, has been found on the eastern plateau. Pre-Islamic artefacts from India, Oman and Persia have been recovered from the site, suggestive of a flourishing trade during Himyarite times. No evidence of Himyarite settlement beyond the temple has been found. The main period of settlement was the tenth through twelfth centuries, and that settlement, by far the most extensive in the history of the site, was created from scratch.

Sharma is mentioned in three works of medieval Islamic geography. Writing in 985, al-Muqaddasī records that Sharma and Lasʿā () were dependencies of the Ziyadid rulers of Zabīd on the Red Sea coast. About 1150, al-Idrīsī wrote that Sharma and Lasʿā on the coast of Ḥaḍramawt were stopovers on the sailing route from Aden to Mirbāṭ and were about one day apart. Around 1300, al-Dimashqī mentions Sharma for the last time, noting only that it and al-Shiḥr were the two harbours of Ḥaḍramawt. They operated independently of one another.

The foundation of Sharma should probably be linked to the earthquake that destroyed the Persian port of Siraf in 977. That Sharma was not founded by locals is certain. Local tribesmen lacked the connections to create a flourishing port ex nihilo and the wealth to defend it from the existing port of al-Shiḥr, which would certainly have opposed it. The most likely candidates for the founders are émigrés from Siraf. The extension of the Shiite Buyid emirate into Iraq (945) and of the Shiite Fatimid caliphate into the Red Sea may have provided propitious circumstances for the founding of a new trade emporium in southern Arabia. Likewise, the reemergence of the Mediterranean Sea as a major hub of international trade may have drawn merchants away from the Persian Gulf and towards the Red Sea. The error of al-Muqaddasī in placing Sharma on the Red Sea is best explained by the port's having been only just founded at the time of his writing.

The history of Sharma has been divided into six phases. The third phase is characterized by the construction of the main defensive wall. This may be linked to the campaigns of the Sulayhids to extend their authority into Ḥaḍramawt around 1063. It also corresponds with the fall of the Buyids. In 1053, too, the Seljuks had raided Sohar in Oman. The high point of Sharma was the fourth phase, roughly the second half of the eleventh century. The decline of Sharma from about 1150 may be linked to the rise of its obvious rivals, al-Shiḥr and Mirbāṭ, or to the aggressive policy of the Persian port of Kish. The final abandonment of the port may have come about only after an Ayyubid assault in 1180.

Sharma was partially occupied again in the late thirteenth century into the early fourteenth (the time of al-Dimashqī). This is considered the sixth phase of medieval Sharma. It was partially re-occupied a third and last time in the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries.

Archaeology
The settled area of Sharma encompassed five hectares. Despite the site's origin in a single act of foundation, there is little evidence of planning. Buildings are widely separated and the areas between them show signs of being used for refuse (potsherds and animal bones). The only hint of urbanism is a lane with small buildings on either side that may have been a suq (market). The port did produce glass. One (non-pottery) kiln has been identified as well as glass slag. There were two cemeteries located outside the town itself, one to the northeast and another to the southwest. These have not been excavated by archaeologists.

Sharma was a less a city than a fortified warehouse complex. Its buildings were mostly storehouses, perhaps each associated with a particular good or merchant. Its population was small, mainly administrators, soldiers and craftsmen.

Buildings
One hundred buildings have been identified by archaeologists within the settlement. Their stone foundations or basement walls survive, but the earthen (probably mudbrick) superstructures have long since disappeared. It is thus impossible to determine whether buildings had one or two storeys except in the case of the thickest foundations walls, which almost certainly supported two storeys. The building types have no known equivalents among medieval Ḥaḍramī archiecture, but are similar to ancient Sabaean types from the same region. The main large building type has an east–west hallway with three rooms to the north and three to the south. The buildings are devoid of architectural decoration.

Sharma was originally protected on the landward side by an earthen and stone wall  thick stretching from one plateau to the other. At some point this wall was destroyed or eroded and rebuilt. At some point the entire settlement may have been enclosed by walls, but this is not certain. Atop the plateau to the west of the settlement there was a citadel comprising two forts on the accessible eastern half separated by a gated wall  thick from another fort built over top of the ruins of the Himyarite temple. This last fort overlooked the harbour. It has been suggested that the forts may have been no more than watchtowers or lighthouses.

Sharma had one mosque that was rebuilt twice. The original mosque was little more than a single room  in area. The second mosque was built over top of the demolished original. It was  with a front courtyard (ṣaḥn). The third mosque is badly preserved, but it too was built over the earlier mosques. It had an interior area of . The mosque sat at the edge of the plain overlooking the beach and was visible from the sea.

Pottery
Only a few coins have been recovered from Sharma. Other objects include combs, weights, pearls and kohl sticks. Pieces of incense and small glass beads are common, but most significant is the large and varied corpus of imported ceramic and glass vessels. Sharma has the "richest" collection of imported Chinese ceramics "ever found on an Islamic site" of the eleventh century. Some Chinese styles found at Sharma have not been found at any other archaeological site in the Islamic world. Of the recovered pieces of pottery from the site, 4.3% are Chinese, 5.0% are glazed earthenware and 90.7% are unglazed. Pottery may have been produced at Sharma, but no evidence of its production has come to light. The nearest known kiln was at Yadhghat about  to the north and it seems to have provided some pottery to the port.

Among the types of Chinese pottery found at the site are qingbai and Ding porcelains and Yue and Yao stonewares. Objects from ten different Chinese kiln sites have been identified: Changsha, Dingzhou, Ganzhou, Jianyang, Jingdezhen, Jizhou, Tong'an, Xicun, Yaozhou and Yue. The earliest Chinese pieces were fired in the late ninth century and the latest in the early twelfth, but eleventh-century firings predominate.

The glazed earthenware of Sharma comes mostly in three sgraffiato styles imported from Persia. It is well known from Siraf and Tis in Persia and from Shanga in East Africa. In Siraf, its prevalence is associated with the city's decline. It was produced in Persia between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries. Earlier types of pottery, such as Persian lusterware, and later, such as Seljuk fritware, are rare compared to the sgraffiato. There are a few examples of what might be the earliest glazed ware produced in South Arabia at Aden and Zabīd, or else evidence of the thirteenth-century occupation.

The unglazed wares found at Sharma are varied and distinctive. Besides the probable local production and those from Yadhghat, there are types from India, Sindh, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea coast and the Swahili coast. Egyptian kegs (of a type known as siga) have been found dating to the late twelfth century, perhaps indicative of Ayyubid encroachment. The number of African imports is unusually high: 16.2% of all unglazed ceramics and perhaps as much as 21.5% in the first phase. They belong to the tradition known as Triangular-Incised Ware and items of the same type have been found at coastal sites of Shanga, Manda, Kilwa, Lamu and the Comoros. The most likely point of origin for the red-slipped pieces found at Sharma, however, is Pemba.

There is about one twentieth as much glass from vessels has been recovered from Sharma as ceramic. It is mostly of Persian origin, but some may be from Egypt or Syria. Some of the glass vessels were merely containers, but others were probably trade goods in their own right.

Crockery carved from soapstone and greenschist had also been found at Sharma. It may originate in the area, since these minerals are found in Arabia, but the style has also been found at Kilwa, with pieces originating in Vohemar in Madagascar. It is possible that it was brought to Sharma along the same routes as the African pottery.

Trade
Sharma probably imported much of its food. There is archaeobotanical evidence for the importation of wheat, rice, millet and sorghum. The rice was thought by its discoverers to have come from either Egypt or India, but it may have come from Madagascar, which is known to have exported rice to Kilwa that was then traded with Aden. There is also evidence—the pottery from Yadhghat—that Sharma traded with the Ḥaḍramī tribes of the interior, perhaps even forging alliances.

The Sharma "horizon" provides a brief glimpse at the trade networks of the entire western half of the Indian Ocean. The diversity of unglazed Indian pottery found at the site suggests that Indian merchants were present there. There may have been a permanent community of East African merchants importing familiar pottery for their own use. The African pottery and crockery may also be linked to grain importation. There may also have been Comorians or even Malagasy at Sharma (some of the copal may originate from Madagascar).

Sharma was mainly a transit entrepôt. It warehoused goods between their point of origin and point of sale. It may be seen as a northern extension of the "Swahili corridor". Its geographical position placed at the crossroads of the monsoons that led to and from East Africa and India. As for types of goods, the large number of stoneware jars indicates a high volume of trade in eastern perishables. Most of the incense recovered from the site is East African copal, which was certainly transited. Other incenses recovered from the site may have been imported. Circumstantial cases may be made linking Sharma with the trade in rock crystal from Madagascar and Dembeni, with the reprocessing of rough processed sugar cane from the Comoros, and with the Indian Ocean trade in African slaves. High-value African goods like ivory, rock crystal and gold were probably stored at Sharma for pickup by Indian merchants. There may have been African slaves resident in Sharma.

Notes

Sources

Category:Archaeological sites in Yemen
Category:Port cities in the Arabian Peninsula
Category:Ports and harbours of the Arabian Sea
Category:980s establishments
Category:12th-century disestablishments in Asia
Category:10th century in Yemen
Category:11th century in Yemen
Category:12th century in Yemen


Los Santos de Maimona

Los Santos de Maimona is a municipality in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. It has a population of 8,245 in 2012 and an area of 108 km².

References

Category:Municipalities in the Province of Badajoz
Category:Populated places in the Province of Badajoz


Come and sing

A come and sing event is a temporary choir ("scratch choir") that rehearses and/or performs choral music, often within a single day.

These events typically involve people who would otherwise be unable to commit to regular membership of a choir, or who wish to try choral singing for the first time. Usually the music is familiar mainstream classic works e.g. Handel's Messiah, Fauré's Requiem, Verdi's Requiem, though the programme may be chosen to coincide with a festival or other special occasion or time of year or day (e.g. Evensong, Nine Lessons and Carols).

See also
Sing-along

Category:Choirs
Category:Singing


Telugu-language radio

Telugu-language radio was first broadcast from AIR Chennai, Egmore (Then Madras or Chennapatnam) on 16 June 1938 at 16 08:15 pm when the Madras state Prime Minister Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu and Chief Minister C. Rajagopalachari delivered inaugural speeches. In 1933 a 200 W radio station, started by postal employee Mahbub Ali had gone on-air from Hyderabad, but in 1935 the Nizam of Hyderabad took control of it, and most programs were broadcast in Urdu.  In July 1939 it was renamed as Deccan Radio, On 1 April 1950 the Government of India took control from the Nizam and operated it as Akashavani. AIR vijayawada started on 1 December 1948.

For several decades, All India Radio (AIR) and Radio Ceylon were the only two sources for radio shows in the Telugu language. AIR operated Telugu-language stations in Hyderabad (1950), Vijayawada (1948), Visakhapatnam (1963) and Kadapa (1963) in Andhra Pradesh. Prior to 2006, only the Government of India operated radio stations in India. In the mid-2000s, a few private operators were given license to operate FM stations in several cities. In 2006, the FM airwaves were auctioned to private firms to operate FM stations in different cities. These cities were categorized by a letter grade (A-grade, Hyderabad; B-grade, Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam; C-grade, Kakinada etc.). This auction spawned stations such as Radio Mirchi.

Concurrent with FM radio in Indian languages, online audio broadcasting has begun with TeluguOne Radio on Internet, popularly known as TORi. Born on 1 July 2006, TORi is the first global Telugu broadcast service which offered original programming on a regular schedule in five different world time zones: Sydney (Australia EST); IST; UTC; US Eastern and US Pacific.

References

http://www.sakshi.com/news/opinion/chennai-in-the-telugu-voice-140131

External links
TeluguOne Radio
Telugu Radio stations

Category:All India Radio
Radio


2006 Players Championship

The 2006 Players Championship was a golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour, held  at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach, southeast of Jacksonville. It was the 33rd Players Championship.

Stephen Ames shot a final round 67 and completed the biggest win of his career by a comfortable margin, six strokes ahead of runner-up Retief Goosen. Ames was the 54-hole leader by a stroke over Sergio García and Vijay Singh.

A month earlier at the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship, Ames lasted only ten holes in the first round, falling to Tiger Woods 9&8.

Defending champion Fred Funk finished thirteen strokes back, in a tie for sixteenth place.

This was the final Players held in March until 2019; it moved to mid-May in 2007. The Players was moved back to March starting 2019 as the PGA Championship moves from August to May from 2019 onwards.

Venue

This was the 25th Players Championship held at the TPC at Sawgrass Stadium Course; five yards were added this year and its length was .

Past champions in the field

Made the cut

Score:

Missed the cut

Round summaries

First round
Thursday, March 23, 2006

Source:

Second round
Friday, March 24, 2006

Source:

Third round
Saturday, March 25, 2006

Source:

Final round
Sunday, March 26, 2006

Source:

Scorecard

Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par
{|class="wikitable" span = 50 style="font-size:85%;
|-
|  style="background:Red; width:10px;"|
|Eagle
|  style="background:Pink; width:10px;"|
|Birdie
|  style="background:PaleGreen; width:10px;"|
|Bogey
|  style="background:Green; width:10px;"|
|Double bogey
|  style="background:Olive; width:10px;"|
|Triple bogey+
|}

References

External links
The Players Championship website
Full Leaderboard

2006
Category:2006 in golf
Category:2006 in American sports
Category:2006 in sports in Florida
Category:March 2006 sports events in the United States


Meloe proscarabaeus

Meloe proscarabaeus is a European oil beetle. It lives in meadows, field margins and other warm sites in all but the far north of the continent. It lacks hind wings and the elytra are correspondingly reduced in size.

Life cycle
Eggs are laid in the soil by females. When the larvae hatch, they climb into a flower, and await visiting solitary bees. With their well-developed claws, the larvae attach themselves to the bee and return with it to its nest. Here, they feed on the bee's eggs and the pollen and nectar it had collected. The larva pupates in the bee's nest, and leaves the nest to seek a mate directly afterwards.
The beetle and its life cycle are described in detail by Gerald Durrell in his autobiographical book My Family and Other Animals.

Sources

External links
ARKive Images, video, text.
ZINRus Images
Images, information, identification guide, submit records to UK oil beetle survey.

Category:Meloidae
Category:Beetles of Europe
Category:Beetles described in 1758


Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle

Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.

Geography
The Veyle flows northwest through the southern part of the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ain department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Ain
Category:Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Alluvial (horse)

Alluvial (foaled 1969 in Kentucky) was an American Thoroughbred broodmare.

Background
Alluvial was sired by U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Buckpasser, who in turn was sired by the 1953 United States Horse of the Year, Tom Fool, out of the Hill Prince mare Bayou.  Alluvial was a half-sister, through Bayou, to the graded stakes race winning filly Batteur, who won the Santa Monica Handicap, Santa Margarita Handicap, Santa Maria Handicap, and Santa Barbara Handicap, as well as the New York Handicap.

Breeding record
Alluvial was unraced and is known for her success as a broodmare.  She is the dam of Belmont Stakes winner Coastal, by Majestic Prince, and champion Slew o' Gold, by Seattle Slew.

Her daughter Dokki is the dam of Aptitude, who was second in both the 2000 Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes, and stakes winner Sleep Easy.

On May 23, 1994, Alluvial died at Claiborne Farm due to the infirmities of old age.

Resources
 Pedgigree & Partial Stats

Category:1969 racehorse births
Category:1994 racehorse deaths
Category:Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Category:Racehorses trained in the United States
Category:Thoroughbred family 9-f


Athletics at the 1970 Summer Universiade – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay

The men's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 1970 Summer Universiade was held at the Stadio Comunale in Turin in September 1970.

Records

Results

Heats

Final

References

Category:Athletics at the 1970 Summer Universiade


List of Tasmania List A cricket records

The Tasmania cricket team's List A records.

Team totals

Highest team totals

Highest team totals against

Lowest team totals

Lowest team totals against

Greatest win margins (by runs)

Individual records

Most matches played

Most catches (fielder)

Most dismissals

Batting records

Highest individual scores

Most career runs

Most runs in a season

Highest batting averages

Most centuries

List A partnership records

Bowling records

Most career wickets

Most wickets in a season

Best career average

Best figures in an innings

Category:Lists of Australian cricket records and statistics
Category:Tasmania cricket team


When Patty Went to College

When Patty Went to College is Jean Webster's first novel, published in 1903. It is a humorous look at life in a women's college at the turn of the 20th century. Patty Wyatt, the protagonist of this story is a bright, fun-loving, imperturbable young woman who does not like to conform. The book describes her many escapades on campus during her senior year at college. Patty enjoys life on campus and uses her energies in playing pranks and for the entertainment of herself and her friends. An intelligent young woman, she uses creative methods to study only as much as she feels necessary. Patty is, however, a believer in causes and a champion of the weak. She goes out of her way to help a homesick freshman, Olivia Copeland, who believes she will be sent home when she fails three subjects in the examination.

The end of the book sees Patty reflecting on what her life after college might be like. She plays hooky from chapel and meets a bishop. In a chat with the bishop, Patty realizes that being irresponsible and evasive at a young age could adversely affect her character as an adult and decides to try to be a more responsible person.

This is Jean Webster’s earliest published work, and not as popular as her better-known novels Daddy-Long-Legs (1912) and Dear Enemy (1915). Webster later wrote Just Patty (1911), which describes Patty's school days, and predates this story by around five years.

External links
 Etext at A Celebration of Women Writers

Category:1903 American novels
Category:Debut novels
Category:American comedy novels


Frankie Chévere

Francisco "Frankie" Chévere was an attorney and the Executive Director of the Puerto Rico Trade and Export Company. Before his appointment at the Company, Chévere was a renowned lawyer in labor law. He was also an active participant in the Popular Democratic Party where he was a former candidate for mayor of Guaynabo and the biggest fundraiser for the gubernatorial campaign of Alejandro García Padilla, the governor of Puerto Rico.  His is te Executive Director at Catholic Charities of the Diocese of Palm Beach, Inc. Has a Bachelor in Arts from Georgetown University, a juris doctor degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School and one year study abroad GY-Program Master level courses in economics and political sciences at the University of Sussex.

References

Category:Attorneys from Ponce
Category:Political office-holders in Puerto Rico
Category:Georgetown University alumni
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Puerto Rican lawyers
Category:Puerto Rican Roman Catholics
Category:University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni


Hahalis Welfare Society

The Hahalis Welfare Society was a nativist movement on Buka Island, Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. The movement began in 1960 and was most active in the '60s and '70s. At its peak, the Society numbered half of the population of Buka Island as members. The Society is best known for refusing to pay the Head Tax to the colonial government of the time, the Port Moresby Administration, and its subsequent clash with police in 1962.

While the Society was mainly focused on anti-tax activism, the Port Moresby Administration classified it as a cargo cult. Former Police Inspector John Hihina described the Society this way: "In 1962 we had trouble at Hahalis on Buka Island, where John Teosin, Francis Bagai[sic], and the old Sawa started a cargo cult. About 2,000 members joined in and the situation was rather awkward".

History
The Hahalis Welfare Society was formed in 1960 by Catholics John Teosin and Francis Hagai. Initially, the movement was a breakaway from the East Coast Buka Society, which had been established for several years. Teosin and Hagai founded the Society on the principles of communal farming and self-help. They started the Society as a means to get the government to aid the Halia people, by building a school on the island. When this did not happen, the Halia people became unhappy, and became convinced that they no longer owed the government anything, if the government was not going to help them.

Heavy taxes imposed on the Halia people by the colonial government caused tension on Buka Island. These tensions came to a head in 1962, culminating in the Hahalis Welfare Society Rebellion.

Hahalis Welfare Society Rebellion
The Society was upset at the Head Tax imposed on them by the Port Moresby Administration, believing they weren't getting their fair share of the benefits from the tax. As a group, the Society vowed to pay the tax to their own organisation, rather than the Port Moresby Administration. The Port Moresby Administration responded in February 1962. They recruited 500 police officers from throughout Papua New Guinea. When the police officers were flown to Buka, they faced off against a crowd of 1,000 Society members, including men, women, and children. The ensuing confrontation ended with the injury of 40 Society followers and 25 police officers, as well as the arrests of Teosin, Hagai, and nearly 600 Society members. Following the mass arrest, many supporters were released on appeal, after which the Society agreed to begin paying the tax again. Tensions eased at that point, and the government left the Society alone afterward.

In 1975 Society membership numbered half the population of Buka Island, which was 25,000 at the time. That same year, the Society supported Bougainville separatism. After secession, the Society supported the provincial government into the 1980s.

References

Sources

Further reading

Category:Buka, Papua New Guinea
Category:Politics of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville
Category:Organisations based in Papua New Guinea
Category:Separatism in Papua New Guinea
Category:Organizations established in 1960
Category:Organizations disestablished in 1980
Category:1960 establishments in Papua New Guinea
Category:1980s disestablishments in Papua New Guinea


Mashiko ware

is a type of Japanese pottery traditionally made in Mashiko, Tochigi.

References

External links

 Mashiko Pottery Mashiko town tourist association

Category:Culture in Tochigi Prefecture
Category:Japanese pottery


Teodors Sukatnieks

Teodors Sukatnieks (born 1894, date of death unknown) was a Latvian athlete. He competed in the men's discus throw at the 1924 Summer Olympics. He died during World War II in a Soviet prison camp.

References

Category:1894 births
Category:1940s deaths
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Category:Latvian male discus throwers
Category:Olympic athletes of Latvia
Category:People who died in the Gulag
Category:Latvian people who died in Soviet detention
Category:Place of birth missing


Patrick D. Cupp Stadium

The Patrick D. Cupp Stadium (usually called Cupp Stadium) is a multi-use stadium located in Radford, Virginia on the campus of Radford University.

Cupp Stadium seats 5,000 with a roof over the premium seats. The lacrosse stadium is used by Radford's soccer and track and field teams.

External links
 Information at Radford University athletics

Category:Soccer venues in Virginia
Category:Radford Highlanders soccer


Ray Smolover

Itzchok Reev "Ray" Smolover (January 15, 1921 – September 11, 2015) was an American vocal pedagogist, voice teacher, tenor, opera librettist, opera director, and hazzan. He was a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University and Columbia University. One of his notable students was Richard Kiley. He is the author of several publications on the art of singing, including The Singer’s Handbook, Vocal Behavior Analysis and Modification, and Sing Your Best.

Smolover founded and directed the Opera Theatre of Westchester, which in the late 1950s and early 60s commissioned and produced six chamber operas on Jewish themes and performed them throughout the Midwest and East Coast of the United States. Smolover wrote the libretti and performed leading roles for all six operas. Included among the operas was Chelm (1956), as set to music by Robert Strassburg

Though a cantor and singer devoted primarily to performing music by others, Smolover composed a cantata, several art songs and liturgical settings, and: two folk rock sacred services: Edge of Freedom (a Sabbath eve service, 1967) and Gates of Freedom (a Torah service, 1970). As he explained in an oral history session, he was inspired by hearing Bob Dylan records that his son played at home. Certain aspects of Dylan's vocal delivery reminded him of the way Jews daven, or pray, in synagogue.

Smolover served as cantor for more than 40 years at Congregation Kol Ami in White Plains, New York. He was also the executive vice president of the American Conference of Cantors for over three decades. He died on September 11, 2015 in Scarsdale, New York.

References

Category:1921 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:Voice teachers
Category:American opera librettists
Category:American opera directors
Category:Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Category:Columbia University alumni
Category:American Jews
Category:Hazzans


2019 Samoa measles outbreak

The 2019 Samoa measles outbreak began in September 2019.  As of 6 January 2020, there were over 5,700 cases of measles and 83 deaths, out of a Samoan population of 200,874. Over three percent of the population were infected. The cause of the outbreak was attributed to decreased vaccination rates, from 74% in 2017 to 31-34% in 2018, even though nearby islands had rates near 99%.

A state of emergency was declared on 17 November, ordering the closure of all schools, keeping children under 17 away from public events, and vaccination became mandatory.

On 2 December 2019, the government imposed a curfew and cancelled all Christmas celebrations and public gatherings. All unvaccinated families were ordered to display a red flag or cloth in front of their homes to warn others and to aid mass vaccination efforts. Some families added messages like “Help!” or “I want to live!”.

On 5 and 6 December, the government shut down everything to bring civil servants over to the vaccination campaign. This curfew was lifted on 7 December when the government estimated that 90% of the population had been reached by the vaccination program.

On 14 December, the state of emergency was extended to 29 December.

Samoan anti-vaccination activist Edwin Tamasese was arrested and charged with "incitement against a government order".

Finally, as of 22 December, an estimated 94% of the eligible population had been vaccinated.

Background

Measles first arrived in Samoa in 1893, carried by a steamer from New Zealand. By the end of 1893, over 1,000 people (of a total population of 34,500 at that time) had died from the disease with more deaths the following year.

In the early part of 2019, measles has been spreading throughout the Pacific region, with outbreaks in Tonga, Fiji, the Philippines and New Zealand.

In March 2019, the WHO and UN children’s agency UNICEF warned the Pacific to take proactive measures and improve immunisation rates.

2019 outbreak
In August 2019, an infected passenger on one of the more than 80,000 annual flights between New Zealand and Samoa probably brought the disease from Auckland to Upolu.  A full outbreak began in October 2019 and continued for the next four months. As of 22 December, there were 79 deaths (0.4 per 1,000, based on a population of 200,874, a rate of 14.3 deaths per 1000 infected) and 5,520 cases (2.75% of the population) of measles in Samoa. 61 out of the first 70 deaths were aged four and under and all but seven were aged under 15.

At least 20% of babies aged six to 11 months have contracted measles and one in 150 babies have died.

As of 20 December, 94% of the population had been vaccinated. 95% is required to acquire herd immunity for measles. Measles is much more contagious compared to other infectious diseases such as polio, which only requires an 80% vaccination rate for the population to attain herd immunity.

Vaccine hesitancy
The outbreak has been attributed to a sharp drop in measles vaccination from the previous year.

In 2013, 90% of babies in Samoa received the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination at one year of age.

On 6 July 2018 on the east coast of Savai'i, two 12-month-old children died after receiving MMR vaccinations. The cause of death was incorrect preparation of the vaccine by two nurses who mixed vaccine powder with expired anaesthetic instead of the appropriate diluent. These two deaths were picked up by anti-vaccine groups and used to incite fear towards vaccination on social media, causing the government to suspend its measles vaccination programme. The government stopped its vaccination programme for 10 months, despite advice from the WHO. The incident caused many Samoan residents to lose trust in the healthcare system.

After the outbreak started, anti-vaxxers credited the deaths to poverty and poor nutrition or even to the vaccine itself, but this has been discounted by the international emergency medical support that arrived in November and December. There has been no evidence of acute malnutrition, clinical vitamin A deficiency or immune deficiency as claimed by various anti-vaxxers.

UNICEF and the World Health Organization estimate that the measles vaccination rate in Samoa fell from 74% in 2017 to 34% in 2018, similar to some of the poorest countries in Africa. Ideally, countries should have immunisation levels above 90%. Prior to the outbreak, vaccination rates had dropped to 31% in Samoa, compared to 99% in nearby Nauru, Niue, Cook Islands, and American Samoa.

Before seeking proper medical treatment, some parents first took their children to 'traditional healers' who used machines purchased from Australia that are claimed to produce immune-protective water.

Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji have all declared states of emergency to tackle their 2019 measles outbreaks. The high mortality rate in Samoa is attributed to the country's low vaccination rate (31%). In Tonga and Fiji, the lack of fatalities is explained by the far higher vaccination rates.

Government response
Initially, schools remained open after the outbreak was declared. The Samoan government initially did not accept humanitarian support.

A state of emergency was declared on 17 November, ordering the closure of all schools, keeping children under 17 away from public events, and making vaccination mandatory. UNICEF has sent 110,500 vaccines to Samoa. Tonga and Fiji have also declared states of emergency. Tonga closed all schools for several days, while American Samoa required all travelers from Tonga and Samoa to present proof of vaccination. In Fiji, vaccines are being prioritised for young children and people travelling overseas.

On 2 December 2019, the government imposed a curfew and cancelled all Christmas celebrations and public gatherings. All unvaccinated families were ordered to display a red flag or red cloth in front of their homes to warn others and to aid mass vaccination efforts. As part of aid efforts, the Royal New Zealand Air Force has transported medical supplies and equipment to Samoa. In addition, New Zealand, Australian, British, French Polynesian, and French medical teams have been assisting Samoan medical authorities.

On 5 and 6 December, the government shut down everything other than public utilities in order to assign all available civil servants to the vaccination campaign efforts.

Edwin Tamasese, an anti-vaccination activist with no medical training who is also the chair of a coconut farmers’ collective, was charged with "incitement against a government order". He had posted online comments like “Enjoy your killing spree.” He encouraged people to refuse immunisation, as he believed the vaccine caused measles, and even discouraged life-saving antibiotics.  Tamasese faces up to two years in prison.

The curfew was lifted on 7 December when the government estimated that 90% of the population had been reached by the vaccination program. Parliament passed a bill on 19 December to make measles vaccinations mandatory in 2020.

Nevertheless, as of 29 December a public inquiry into the government's role in suspending vaccinations had not been announced. Deputy director of health Gaualofa Matalavea Saaga stated, "Having our case blasted out to the world is the last thing we want." Samoa’s political opposition called for the health minister to be removed from his position.

On 31 December, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, the Prime Minister of Samoa, addressed the nation to ring in the New Year; the measles outbreak was a focus of his speech. He acknowledged the support of the Samoan diaspora and 49 medical teams from the following countries and organisations: Australia, China, France/French Polynesia, Fiji through UNFPA, Israel, United States/Hawaii, Japan, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Norway, United Nations Agencies, United Kingdom and UK Save the Children, Solomon Islands and Kiribati through the Pacific Community, American Samoa, Médecins Sans Frontières, Blacktown Doctors Medical Centre, and Samoan Doctors Worldwide.

International response
The low vaccination rate of Samoa came as a surprise to New Zealand's government. The Samoa Observer reported that New Zealand’s Minister for Pacific People, Aupito William Sio, was "'of the impression' that Samoa had high immunisation rates. So to learn they were in fact  low was a shock."

Since the outbreak, a number of organisations and countries have responded:
 Australian Medical Assistance Teams (AUSMAT) sent a team of nurses, doctors, and public health experts as well as medical equipment and supplies to Samoa and left on Jan 3rd, 2020 after eight weeks in Samoa in one of its longest-ever missions.
 New Zealand sent 3 rotations of the New Zealand Medical Assistance Team (NZMAT) of doctors, nurses and logistics specialists who supported Leulumoega Hospital and Faleolo Clinic to the west of Apia for 6 weeks.  NZ also sent a team of nurse vaccinators, 3,000 vaccination doses and vaccine fridges to Samoa in mid-November, and a small number of Intensive Care Clinicians.  Residents of Rotorua, New Zealand sent two dozen infant-size coffins decorated with flowers and butterflies to Samoan families. On 14 December 2019, New Zealand Foreign Minister Winston Peters announced $1 million in funds towards preventive efforts in the Pacific.
 The United Kingdom EMT sent two rotations of doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, an anaesthetist, and an epidemiologist for four weeks of support from end of November to December 2019.
 French Polynesia sent a team of paediatric nurses
 Israel sent Intensive Care teams to Samoa to help with relief efforts.
 Hawaii sent a medical mission of 75 doctors and nurses for two days at the beginning of the December to assist with the mass vaccination campaign.
 On 10 December, American Samoa declared a measles outbreak and closed public schools and park gatherings and suspended all entry permits for those travelling through Samoa and Tonga to American Samoa.
 UNICEF has sent 110,500 vaccines to Samoa.
 The World Bank gave a US$3.5 million grant to support the response to the outbreak and another US$9.3m grant over the next five years to improve the health system.
 Israel sent a team of two paediatricians, six nurses and one physiotherapist trained in disaster medicine from the Israel Center for Disaster Medicine and Humanitarian Response.

Others
As of 24 December, the following agencies had sent Emergency Medical Team personnel to assist with the outbreak:

Aftermath
Tuilaepa said he would propose legislation that would penalise parents who refused to vaccinate their children. The Samoan government allocated US$2.5 million for relief work.

Immunology experts are now questioning the role of social media, primarily Facebook, and how social media facilitated the spread of vaccination hesitancy during the lethal outbreak. The Immunisation Advisory Centre in New Zealand sees the Samoan crisis as a sign that social media needs to deal with dangerous misinformation.

As of January 25, 2020, Tuilaepa has so far resisted calls for an inquiry. Opposition MP Olo Fiti Va'ai continues to call for an inquiry and was "apologising on behalf of Parliament and telling the people of Samoa that the government had failed miserably."

See also

References

Measles outbreak
Category:2019 measles outbreaks
Category:2010s disasters in Oceania
2019 measles outbreak
Category:October 2019 events in Oceania
Category:November 2019 events in Oceania
Category:December 2019 events in Oceania


New York State Route 143

New York State Route 143 (NY 143) is a  state highway in Albany County, New York, in the United States. The highway runs from an intersection with NY 85 in the town of Westerlo to a junction with NY 144 in the hamlet of Coeymans. The entire route is two lanes wide. NY 143 follows the path of the Coeymans and Westerlo Plank Road, a plank road that operated from 1850 to the early 20th century. The road became a state highway by 1915 and was designated NY 143 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York.

Route description

NY 143 begins at an intersection with NY 85 (Delaware Turnpike) in the town of Westerlo. It proceeds south through the town as a two-lane highway, serving residential areas that become less densely populated as the route heads away from NY 85. The number of homes along the road rises slightly as NY 143 enters the small hamlet of Westerlo, located at the intersection of NY 143 and the eastern terminus of County Route 1 (CR 1, named Switz Kill Road). At CR 1, NY 143 turns eastward to serve Westerlo's central business district. The route passes north of Westerlo Town Park and intersects CR 412 (Airport Road) before leaving the hamlet on a winding, generally easterly alignment.

Continuing through the town of Westerlo, NY 143 passes south of a large airstrip located in a rural area between NY 143 and CR 412. The route remains on an eastward track for another half-mile (0.8 km), meandering through dense woods before turning southeastward into an open area with a handful of isolated homes. NY 143 soon enters the hamlet of Dormansville, where it intersects with the southern terminus of CR 312 and passes some small businesses ahead of a junction with NY 32 just east of the community. NY 143 joins NY 32, forming an overlap that takes both roads eastward toward Alcove Reservoir. The conjoined routes connect two sections of CR 411 and pass over Hannacrois Creek before crossing into the town of Coeymans as Indian Fields Road.

Not far from the town line, NY 143 and NY 32 begin to trend northeastward as they approach and eventually cross the Alcove Reservoir on a narrow causeway. The overlap ends just east of the crossing, with NY 32 bending northward along Indian Fields Road and NY 143 forking to the southeast on an unnamed highway. For the next , NY 143 runs along the eastern edge of the reservoir, passing by little more than dense forests. The route breaks from the shoreline at the hamlet of Alcove, which comprises several isolated homes connected by a handful of local streets. Here, NY 143 meets the northern terminus of CR 111 as it turns to follow Hannacrois Creek eastward along the base of a narrow, winding valley.

About  from Alcove, NY 143 reaches the hamlet of Coeymans Hollow, a residential community at the route's junction with CR 103 (Blodgett Hill Road). East of the community, the roadside homes give way to less developed areas of forests and fields as the highway intersects with CR 106 (Tompkins Road) in front of the Sycamore Country Club. The trend soon reverses, however, as NY 143 exits the creek valley and serves another stretch of homes ahead of an intersection with CR 102 (Starr Road). Here, NY 143 turns to the southeast, following Hannacrois Creek to the hamlet of Aquetuck, located about  north of the Greene County line. While the creek continues into Greene County, NY 143 curves northeastward toward the nearby village of Ravena as Martins Hill Road.

From Aquetuck, the route crosses a series of hills to reach Ravena, where it meets U.S. Route 9W (US 9W) in the southwestern part of the community. At this point, NY 143 changes names to Main Street as it runs generally east–west through Ravena's commercial center. While traversing the village, NY 143 crosses over a CSX-owned railroad line and passes crosses under the New York State Thruway (Interstate 87). Past the Thruway, the commercial buildings give way to homes as NY 143 transitions from the village of Ravena to the adjacent hamlet of Coeymans. The highway becomes known as Church Street for its final few blocks before descending into the Hudson River valley and ending at an intersection with NY 144 (Main Street) just west of the river. While NY 143 ends here, its right-of-way continues east towards the riverfront as Fourth Street.

History
Most of NY 143 follows the right-of-way of the Coeymans and Westerlo Plank Road, a plank road partially constructed in the early 19th century by the New Baltimore and Rensselaerville Turnpike, which ran from the Greene County town of New Baltimore to Rensselaerville in Albany County. The New Baltimore and Rensselaerville Turnpike Company suffered from financial troubles in the middle of the century, which led the company to sell the road to the Coeymans and Westerlo Plank Road Company, a new company incorporated in 1850. After purchasing the old New Baltimore–Rensselaerville road, the company built a  spur leading from the original plank road to the hamlet of Coeymans Landing (now Coeymans).

From Coeymans Landing, the newly established Coeymans Landing–Rensselaerville route proceeded generally southwestward through Ravena to Peacock's Corners, where the Coeymans Landing spur met the old road to New Baltimore. Here, the route turned to follow a northwesterly track through southern Albany County to the Delaware Turnpike (now part of NY 85) west of Westerlo. Six toll gates were installed along the route, with the easternmost of the stops positioned midway between Coeymans Landing and Ravena. The other five collection points were placed about  apart in Peacock's Corners, Coeymans Hollow, Indian Fields, Dormansville, and Westerlo. While most of the hamlets still exist in some form, Indian Fields was eventually abandoned to create the Alcove Reservoir.

The plank road operated for over 60 years, connecting farmers in Coeymans and Westerlo to the Hudson River at Coeymans Landing. The road was resurfaced with stone in 1860, and the company's 30-year charter was renewed in 1880 for another 30 years. By 1915, ownership of the highway had been transferred to the state of New York. While most of the old plank road was retained as a state highway, the piece west of Westerlo was abandoned by 1926 in favor of a north–south connection between the hamlet and the Delaware Turnpike. The Westerlo–Coeymans state road went unnumbered until the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, when it was designated NY 143.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

143
Category:Transportation in Albany County, New York


Poochakkoru Mookkuthi

Poochakkoru Mookkuthi () is a 1984 Indian Malayalam-language screwball comedy film written and directed by Priyadarshan. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Mohanlal, Shankar, Menaka, M. G. Soman, Nedumudi Venu, C. I. Paul, Sukumari, Jagathy Sreekumar, Kuthiravattam Pappu, Sreenivasan and Baiju Santhosh.

Poochakkoru Mookkuthi marks the directorial debut of Priyadarshan, the first collaboration of Priyadarshan and Mohanlal as director and actor. Their frequent collaborator M. G. Sreekumar made his Malayalam debut as a playback singer through the film.

The film was released on 17 March 1984 by Dinny Films. It was a commercial success at the box office. Poochakkoru Mookkuthi is regarded as one of the landmark films in Malayalam cinema. The success of the film triggered a deluge of screwball comedy films in Malayalam cinema in mid-1980s. Poochakkoru Mookkuthi was remade in four Indian languages.

Plot

Revathi (Menaka) comes to the city from a small town in search of a job and to have a good life and as it is with everyone, her problem starts with finding a house. Shyam (Shankar) wants to become a singer. His parents are against his wish to become a singer. So he runs away from home and needs a shelter. Revathi accidentally meets Shyam, who too is in search of a house through the common milk-boy, Chikku (Baiju). Chikku offers them both a house to rent if they are ready to pose as husband and wife in front of the landlord.

Supran (Poojappura Ravi), a miserly moneylender who doesn't trust his much younger wife Kousalya (Thodupuzha Vasanthi) is their landlord. Revathi in search of a job, meets Ravunni Menon (Nedumudi Venu), a rich man who owns a bungalow in the heart of the city. Ravunni Menon stays with his wife whose name too is Revathi (Sukumari).

Gopalakrishnan (Mohanlal) needs some investment to come up in business and life. But to get started, he ends up having to rob his stingy father (Sankaradi) of money that the latter had hidden away out of sight of tax authorities. He is in search of a rich woman he can marry. Accidentally, Revathi meets Gopalakrishnan who has come to Ravunni Menon's house to repair the electronic equipment, which he had sold to him.

Gopalakrishnan thinks that Revathi is Ravunni Menon's daughter and her beauty enchants him. Revathi comes to know that there is a job in Gopalakrishnan's showroom and manages to get a job with him by playing along with his mistaken belief that she is Ravunni Menon's daughter. She is aided in this subterfuge by the fact that she shares the same name as Ravunni Menon's wife and all of his business interests are named after "Revathi".

After office hours, Gopalakrishnan drops Revathi outside Ravunni Menon's house, thinking it to be her house. She always enters the bungalow through the front gate and skips out through the gate itself after hiding in the garden until Gopalakrishnan drives away. Ravunni Menon's wife, Revathi, sees her coming and going out of the bungalow and starts suspecting her husband of an affair.

Gopalakrishnan frequently visits the bungalow to visit Revathi, who is never there, and Ravunni Menon thinks his wife is having an affair with Gopalakrishnan. Further her encounter with "Thenga" Govindan Pillai (C. I. Paul) makes the older Revathi believe that her husband has sons and daughters out of wedlock and, thus, is quite capable of another affair now.

Shyam in the meantime begins falling in love with Revathi and to make her jealous, he pretends that he is attracted to Kousalya, who in turn thinks this to be true and is ready to elope with him after robbing her miser husband.

Cast
 Mohanlal as Gopalakrishnan
 Shankar as Shyam
 Menaka as Revathi
 Nedumudi Venu as Ravunni Menon
 Sukumari as Shankaramangalathil Revathi Amma, Ravunni Menon's wife
 M. G. Soman as Hari
 Jagathy Sreekumar as Chellappan
 Kuthiravattam Pappu as Kuttan ('Cherian' Nair)
 Baiju Santhosh as Chikku
 Soorya as Revathi's Friend
 Sankaradi as Adv. Sankaran Kutty, Gopalakrishnan's father
 Poojappura Ravi as Supran
 Mala Aravindan as "Shakthi" Raghavan Pillai, a Police Constable
 C. I. Paul as "Thenga" Govinda Pillai
 Sreenivasan as Narayanan
 Santhakumari as Kalyani, Gopalakrishnan's mother
 Thodupuzha Vasanthi as Kousalya, Supran's wife
 V. D. Rajappan as Keshu Pillai
 Santhosh as Ravunni Menon's son

Reception and legacy
The film was distributed by Dinny Films, it was a commercial success and ran for more than 100 days in the theatres. Poochakkoru Mookkuthi is regarded as one of the landmark films in Malayalam cinema. The success of the film triggered a deluge of screwball comedy films in Malayalam in mid-1980s.

Soundtrack

Remakes

References

External links

Category:Indian films
Category:1984 films
Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages
Category:1980s Malayalam-language films
Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan
Category:Directorial debut films


Debra DeLee

Debra DeLee (born 1948) was Chair of the Democratic National Committee from 1994 to 1995, and was the second woman to hold the post.  She also served as CEO of the Democratic National Committee.

She is currently President and CEO of Americans for Peace Now (APN), a national Zionist organization dedicated to enhancing Israel's security through peace and to supporting the Israeli Peace Now movement.  She was born in Chicago, Illinois, is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, Madison.  She was a superdelegate for the 2008 Democratic National Convention and endorsed United States Senator Hillary Clinton of New York in the primaries.

References

|-

Category:1948 births
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:20th-century American women politicians
Category:Democratic National Committee chairs
Category:Jewish American politicians
Category:Living people


1980 Avon Championships of Seattle

The 1980 Avon Championships of Seattle  was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Seattle Center Arena  in Seattle, Washington in the United States that was part of the 1980 Avon Championships Circuit. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from January 28 through February 3, 1980. Second-seeded Tracy Austin won the singles title and earned $30,000 first-prize money.

Finals

Singles
 Tracy Austin defeated  Virginia Wade 6–2, 7–6(7–1)
 It was Austin's 2nd title of the year and the 12th of her career.

Doubles
 Rosie Casals /  Wendy Turnbull defeated  Virginia Wade /  Greer Stevens 6–4, 2–6, 7–5

Prize money

References

External links
 International Tennis Federation (ITF) tournament edition details

Avon Championships of Seattle
Category:1980 in sports in Washington (state)
Category:1980 in American tennis
Category:Tennis in Washington (state)


Elkins Heliport

Elkins Heliport  is a private heliport located south of Salem in Marion County, Oregon, USA.

External links

Category:Heliports in Oregon
Category:Transportation in Salem, Oregon
Category:Airports in Marion County, Oregon