Oji-Cree language

The Severn Ojibwa or the Oji-Cree language (ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓂᓃᒧᐏᐣ, Anishininiimowin; Unpointed: ᐊᓂᔑᓂᓂᒧᐏᐣ) is the indigenous name for a dialect of the Ojibwe language spoken in a series of Oji-Cree communities in northern Ontario and at Island Lake, Manitoba, Canada. Ojibwa is a member of the Algonquian language family, itself a member of the Algic language family.

The language is often referred in English as Oji-Cree, with the term Severn Ojibwa (or Ojibwe) primarily used by linguists and anthropologists. Severn Ojibwa speakers have also been identified as Northern Ojibwa, and the same term has been applied to their dialect.

Severn Ojibwa speakers use two self-designations in their own language. The first is Anishinini 'ordinary person' (plural Anishininiwag)  This term has been compared to Plains Cree ayisiyiniw 'person, human being.'  The term Anishinaabe 'ordinary man,' which is widely used as a self-designation across the Ojibwa dialect continuum, is also used and accepted by Severn speakers.

The term Anishininiimowin is the general word used in Severn Ojibwa to refer to the language itself (noun Anishinini 'ordinary person,' suffix -mo 'speak a language,' suffix -win 'nominalizer').  A similar term Anishinaabemowin with the same structure would be expected but has not been documented in published sources.

Anishininiimowin was one of only six aboriginal languages in Canada to report an increase in use in the 2001 Canadian census over the 1996 census.

Relationship to other Ojibwa dialects

Although sometimes described as a separate language, Severn Ojibwa is most accurately described as a dialect of the larger Ojibwe language complex with a number of distinctive innovations in addition to an increment of vocabulary borrowed from Cree and a modest amount of Cree morphology.

Valentine has proposed that Ojibwe dialects are divided into three groups: a northern tier consisting of Severn and Algonquin; a southern tier consisting of "Odawa, Chippewa, Eastern Ojibwe, the Ojibwe of the Border Lakes region between Minnesota and Ontario, and Saulteaux; and third, a transitional zone between these two polar groups, in which there is a mixture of northern and southern features."

It has been noted that, along with Algonquin and Odawa, Severn Ojibwa "…show[s] many distinct features, which suggest periods of relative isolation from other varieties of Ojibwe."  However, while each of these dialects has undergone innovations that make each of them distinctive in some respects, their status as part of the Ojibwa language complex is not in dispute. Many communities adjacent to these relatively sharply differentiated dialects show a mix of transitional features, reflecting overlap with other nearby dialects.

Cree influence

Cree has historically had a significant cultural influence on Severn Ojibwa and its speakers. Cree Anglican catechists evangelized Severn Ojibwa speakers in the late nineteenth century. For example, Cree missionary William Dick established an Anglican mission in Severn Ojibwa territory at Big Trout Lake, where he served from the late nineteenth century until the early twentieth century (approximate dates 1887-1917).  Although their language is clearly a dialect of Ojibwe, in the late 1970s, it was noted that "The northern bands of Northern Ojibwa prefer to be called Cree, a usage that has confused students and government officials: the Trout Lake, Deer Lake, and Caribou Lake bands of Northern Ojibwa are not distinguished from their Cree-speaking neighbors to the north in Canadian government publications …"

Referring specifically to grammatical features in Severn Ojibwe, research indicates that "… the amount of Cree influence on Ojibwe grammar actually appears rather small. The common designation of northern Ojibwe linguistic varieties [i.e. as 'Oji-Cree'] is profoundly misleading in terms of the relative grammatical representation of each language in that these varieties are decidedly Ojibwe in structure."

Several different Cree dialects appear to have been sources of Severn Ojibwa vocabulary. For example, a layer of vocabulary items in Severn appears to be of Plains Cree origin, despite the fact that Severn speakers are at a significant distance from Plains Cree speakers. Valentine  has suggested that "The logical means by which Plains Cree could exert an influence on Severn Ojibwe is through the Cree Bible, and other liturgical materials, which are used widely and extensively in the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches in the Severn region."  The liturgical language of many of these communities is Plains Cree, a separate mutually unintelligible language.

Severn Ojibwa Sub-Dialects

A number of core Severn speaking communities have been identified. Dialect research in the 1970s suggested a relatively shallow set of differences that distinguish a core Big Trout Lake subgroup (itself further divided into two minor subgroups), and a Deer Lake area subgroup.

"Nichols 1976 determined that there exist two minor subdialects of Severn Ojibwe, one designated the Big Trout Lake area and the other the Deer Lake area. The Big Trout Lake area is divided into two subgroups, Western, composed of communities situated in the Severn River system, and Eastern, made up mostly of communities in the drainage area of the Winisk River."

(A) Big Trout Area

(i) Western Big Trout (Severn River System)
 Bearskin Lake
 Big Trout Lake
 Muskrat Dam
 Sachigo Lake

(ii) Eastern Big Trout (Winisk River System)
Angling Lake
 Kasabonika
 Kingfisher Lake
 Webequie
 Wunnumin Lake

(B) Deer Lake Area
 Deer Lake
 North Spirit Lake
 Sandy Lake

The Keewaywin community is a group that recently broke off from the main Sandy Lake community; their dialect is the same as Sandy Lake.

A number of communities around the periphery of the core Severn Ojibwa area share some Severn features, but also share features of other dialects and have been described as transitional communities. These include Round Lake, Lansdowne House, Ogoki Post, Fort Hope, and Summer Beaver.

Island Lake, Manitoba

The Island Lake community in northern Manitoba consists of a series of adjacent settlements: Garden Hill, Red Sucker Lake, St. Theresa Point, and Wasagamack First Nation, referred to collectively as Island Lake.

As with Severn Ojibwa communities in northwestern Ontario, "According to Canadian Government sources (Canada, 1970), the Island Lake people speak "Cree" and they are in no way distinguished from the Cree of Oxford House, Gods Lake, or Norway House."

Island Lake speech has been described by residents and outsiders alike as containing features of Ojibwe and Cree. A dialect study conducted in the early 1970s concluded that  "the speech of Island Lake is Ojibwa with an admixture of Cree."  Available information indicates as well that Island Lake Ojibwe shares Severn features: "The dialect affiliation of Island Lake Ojibwa is with Severn Ojibwe. Consistent informant responses indicate almost complete intelligibility with Severn Ojibwa on the one hand, and reduced intelligibility with Berens River, Bloodvein, Little Grand Rapids, and Pikangikaum…"

A review of Island Lake family history indicates that approximately 50% of families listed in 1909 documents originated in the Deer Lake-Favourable Lake area and approximately 25% in the Sandy Lake-Big Trout Lake areas of northwestern Ontario. A complex migration history includes the return of a number of these migrants to their original communities with a subsequent migration of some back to Island Lake.

Vocabulary Examples
Oji-Cree words are shown in both Oji-Cree syllabics and Saulteaux-Cree Roman (with the Hybrid Double Vowel Roman in parentheses). Along with the Oji-Cree words, for comparison, Swampy Cree in Western Syllabics and Salteaux-Cree Roman, and Northwestern Ojibwa in Eastern Ojibwe Syllabics and Saulteaux-Cree Roman (with Fiero Double Vowel Roman in parentheses) are also shown. Translations of the words are also given.

See also

 Ojibwe dialects

Notes

References

 Auger, Donald J.; Beardy, Tom; and Hudson, Joshua. 199X. Glossary of Legal Terms Translated into Oji-Cree (with Translation Back into English). Thunder Bay, Ont: Nishnawbe-Aski Legal Services Corp.
Baraga, Frederic. 1978. A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English. A New Edition, by a Missionary of the Oblates. Part I, English-Otchipwe; Part II, Otchipwe-English. Montréal: Beauchemin & Valois. Reprint (in one volume), Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1966, 1973.
Beardy, Tom. 1996. Introductory Ojibwe: Parts One and Two in Severn Dialect. Thunder Bay: Native Language Instructors' Program, Lakehead University.
Bishop, Charles. 1981. "Territorial Groups Before 1821: Cree and Ojibwa." June Helm, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic, pp. 158–160. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1958. Eastern Ojibwa: Grammatical Sketch, Texts and Word List. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Canada. 1970. Linguistic and Cultural Affiliations of Canadian Indian Bands. Ottawa: Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Indian Affairs Branch.
De Beers Canada Inc. and Ojibway-Cree Cultural Centre. 2003. Mining and environmental terminology glossary English/Cree/Oji-Cree/Ojibway. Toronto, Ont: De Beers Canada.
Ellis, C.D.. 1983. Spoken Cree. Revised Edition. Edmonton: Pica Pica Press.
Fiero, Charles. 1976. "Style Manual for Syllabics." Barbara Burnaby, ed., Promoting Native Writing Systems in Canada, pp. 95–104. Toronto: OISE Press.
Jacasum, John Paul. 2005. English, Cree, Oji-Cree, and Ojibway Political Terminology Glossary. Timmins, Ont: Ojibway and Cree Cultural Centre
Nichols, John. 1996. "The Cree Syllabary." Peter Daniels and William Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems, pp. 599–611. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nichols, John and Earl Nyholm. 1995. A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. St. Paul: University of Minnesota Press.
ᐅᔥᑭᒪᓯᓇᐃᑲᓐ ᑲᐊᓂᔑᓇᐯᒧᒪᑲᒃ  Oshkimasina'ikan KaaAnihshinaapemoomakahk. 1988. Toronto: Canadian Bible Society. [New Testament in Roman orthography and Cree syllabics. Chapters in Sandy Lake Ojibwe: Luke, Acts, Philemon; other chapters in Pikangikam Ojibwe]
Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd. 1981. "Subarctic Algonquian Languages." June Helm, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic, pp. 52–66. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
Rogers, Edward. 1962. The Round Lake Ojibwa. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum.
Rogers, Edward and J. Garth Taylor. 1981. "Northern Ojibwa." June Helm, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic, pp. 231–243. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
Rogers, Jean. 1964. "Survey of Round Lake Ojibwa Phonology and Morphology." National Museum of Canada, Bulletin No. 194, Contributions to Anthropology, 1961–62, Part II, pp. 92–154. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
Sugarhead, Cecilia. 1996. ᓂᓄᑕᐣ / Ninoontaan / I Can Hear It: Ojibwe Stories from Lansdowne House Written by Cecilia Sugarhead. Edited, Translated and with a Glossary by John O'Meara. Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics.
Todd, Evelyn. 1970. A Grammar of the Ojibwa language: The Severn Dialect. PhD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Upper, Mary and McKay, Modina. Acquisition of Oji-Cree As a First Language: A  Preliminary Study of Children's Language Development, Phase 1. ONTERIS documents series, Ontario. Ministry of Education. Research and Information Branch,4263. 1984.
Upper, Mary and McKay, Modina. 1987. "The Acquisition of Oji-Cree as a First Language: A Preliminary Study." Freda Ahenakew and Shirley Fredeen, eds. Seventh Annual Native American Languages Institute: Our languages: Our survival: Proceedings, pp. 169–196. Saskatoon: Sask.: Saskatchewan Indian Languages Institute.
Valentine, J. Randolph. 1994. Ojibwe Dialect Relationships. PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
Valentine, Lisa Philips. 1990. Work to Create the Future You Want: Contemporary Discourse in a Severn Ojibwe Community. PhD dissertation. University of Texas, Austin.
Valentine, Lisa Philips. 1995. Making It Their Own: Severn Ojibwe Communicative Practices Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Walker, Willard. 1996. "Native Writing Systems." Ives Goddard, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages, pp. 158–184. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
Wolfart, H. Christoph. 1973. "Boundary Maintenance in Algonquian: A Linguistic Study of Island Lake, Manitoba." American Anthropologist 75 (5): 1305-1323.
Wolfart, H. Christoph. "Les paradigmes verbaux ojibwa et la position du dialect de Severn." W. Cowan, ed., Actes du Huitième Congrès des Algonquinistes,pp. 188–206. Ottawa: Carleton University.
Wolfart, H. Christoph and Shrofel, Salina M. . "Aspects of Cree Interference in Island Lake Ojibwa." W. Cowan, ed., Actes du Huitième Congrès des Algonquinistes,'' pp. 156–167. Ottawa: Carleton University.

External links
 Anishininimowin language at LanguageGeek.com
 Anishininimowin language resources at knet.ca, including dictionary prototype and downloadable syllabic font
 OLAC resources in and about the Severn Ojibwa language

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Category:Anishinaabe languages
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
Category:First Nations languages in Canada


National Apprenticeship Act

The National Apprenticeship Act (also known as the Fitzgerald Act), is a federal law in the United States which regulates apprenticeship and on-the-job training programs.

Apprentice programs in the U.S. were largely unregulated until 1934. After passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), industry, trade unions and the National Recovery Administration cooperated to fashion various "industry codes" to govern competition, wages, working conditions and quality of products and services. One aspect of the general construction industry code was a set of rules regulating apprenticeship programs in the construction industry.

The NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in May 1935.

To continue the work for the construction industry code authority in regard to apprenticeship programs, United States Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins established the Federal Committee on Apprenticeship. Composed of representatives from federal government agencies, Perkins tasked the committee to recommend federal policies regarding apprenticeships.

In 1937, the Congress passed the National Apprenticeship Act (29 U.S.C. 50), also known as "the Fitzgerald Act." The Act established a national advisory committee whose task was to research and draft regulations to establish minimum standards for apprenticeship programs. The Act was later amended to permit the United States Department of Labor to issue regulations protecting the health, safety and general welfare of apprentices, and to encourage the use of contracts in the hiring and employment of them.

The Fitzgerald Act is administered by the Employment and Training Administration in the Department of Labor. The standards governing apprenticeship programs are located in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations at Title 29, CFR Part 29.  Regulations banning racial, ethnic, religious, age and gender discrimination in apprenticeship programs are located at Title 29, CFR Part 30.

References
"Apprenticeship history." Michigan Carpenter & Millwright Apprenticeship Program. no date.

External links
Office of Registered Apprenticeship, U.S. DOL
Text of the original National Apprenticeship Act.
Employment & Training Administration, U.S. DOL

Category:1937 in law
Category:75th United States Congress
Category:United States federal labor legislation
Category:United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes
Category:Internships
Category:Apprenticeship
Category:1937 in the United States


Joint Network Node

The Joint Network Node system, or JNN as it is commonly called, is a communications system the United States Military uses for remote, satellite-based communication.  It is described by General Dynamics and the US Army Signal School as "the next generation of battlefield communications."

The JNN is a system developed to replace the Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) for the United States Military. It provides Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) capabilities for the Warfighter.

The JNN system includes communication equipment mounted in shelters on HMMWVs, called JNN shelters, satellite terminals mounted on trailers, and communication equipment mounted in transit cases. There are two classes of transit case equipment: Brigade Cases and Battalion Cases.

The system's core is a Promina switch and cisco routers, with NIPRNet and SIPRNet capabilities, plus secure and non-secure voice systems, VTC, and the ability to link in older "legacy" systems, such as MSE, into the global network.

References

Category:Military electronics of the United States


István Hasznos

István Hasznos (8 December 1924 – 7 May 1998) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.

He was born and died in Szolnok.

Hasznos was part of the Hungarian team which won the gold medal in the 1952 tournament. He played two matches and scored seven goals.

External links

Category:1924 births
Category:1998 deaths
Category:Hungarian male water polo players
Category:Olympic water polo players of Hungary
Category:Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Category:Olympic medalists in water polo
Category:Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics


Nassibiki

Nassibiki is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region  of north-western Togo.

References

External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com

Category:Populated places in Kara Region
Category:Bassar Prefecture


Termioptycha albifurcalis

Termioptycha albifurcalis is a moth in the family Pyralidae. It is found in India and Sri Lanka.

References

Category:Pyralidae


List of sister cities in Florida

This is a list of sister states, regions, and cities in the U.S. state of Florida. Sister cities, known in Europe as town twins, are cities which partner with each other to promote human contact and cultural links, although this partnering is not limited to cities and often includes counties, regions, states and other sub-national entities.

Florida jurisdictions often partner with foreign cities through Sister Cities International, an organization whose goal is to "promote peace through mutual respect, understanding, and cooperation". Sister cities interact with each other across a broad range of activities, from health care and education to business and the arts.

Sisters of Florida State, cities and counties
The lists below were compiled from the official Sister Cities International website (unless noted), corrected on orthography and region listed. Sister Cities will recognize cities only when the partnership is filed with them and remove relationships when one of the involved cities makes a formal request. Partnerships can be active, inactive (no actions taken from any of the partners for some time) or officially canceled. The list below has relationships in all three statuses. Examples of canceled partnerships are Hialeah-Managua and West Miami-León, Nicaragua, canceled because of political differences during the Sandinista regime; Hollywood-San Salvador, canceled as a protest against the Salvadoran Civil War; and Boca Raton-Spandau Borough, Berlin. Years can be approximate; in this case the number is followed by "~". The year listed will be the first date that the relationship is mentioned in media articles.

Florida state

Florida cities and counties

<onlyinclude>

See also
 List of twin towns and sister cities

References
General

Specific

Florida

Cities


Kitsap Transit

Kitsap Transit is a public transit agency serving Kitsap County, Washington, part of the Seattle metropolitan area. The system is based in Bremerton and operates bus service on 40 fixed routes, a foot ferry, a vanpool system, worker-driver services, and dial-a-ride services. The Kitsap Fast Ferries are also operated by Kitsap Transit.

In 2015, Kitsap Transit carried a total of 3,813,509 passengers across all its services.

History

Beginning in 1971, the city of Bremerton operated a municipal transit system that had been bought out from a private company.

A countywide public transportation benefit area (PTBA) was formed in 1978 to explore a transit system for Kitsap County as a whole. A 0.2 percent sales tax was put before voters in May of that year for a countywide system, but was rejected. A second attempt was put on the September 27, 1982 ballot, with a 0.3 percent sales tax and a limited PTBA serving Bremerton, Gorst, Port Orchard, Poulsbo and Silverdale. The PTBA was approved by 55.6 percent of voters, and service began in January 1983, taking over the Bremerton municipal system.

In 1992, Kitsap Transit became the first transit agency in the United States to install a traffic signal preemption system for bus priority, beginning with 40 buses and 42 traffic signals in a year-long trial of the "Opticom" system.

Kitsap Transit formed a public-private partnership with Kitsap Ferry Company to operate a passenger ferry service between Bremerton and Seattle in 2004, replacing a former Washington State Ferries passenger run that was suspended the previous year. The service was suspended in 2007, after voters rejected a sales tax increase to fund the ferry's rising fuel costs. Kitsap Transit, looking to revive the service, placed a 0.3 percent sales tax on the November 2016 ballot to fund fast ferry service, which was passed by voters. The new Kitsap Fast Ferries service began operation on July 10, 2017, traveling 28 minutes between Bremerton and Seattle. A second fast ferry route, connecting Kingston to Seattle, began operating in November 2018.

In 2002, Kitsap Transit purchased Horluck Transportation, the operators of a foot ferry from Bremerton to Port Orchard and Annapolis, for $1.52 million.

During a period of declining sales tax revenue following the Great Recession, Kitsap Transit made major service cuts to make up for a budget shortfall. Sunday and holiday service was discontinued in February 2009, low-performing routes were consolidated or eliminated later that year. Fares were raised twice to $2, and employees were laid off.

In 2015, Kitsap Transit tested a double-decker bus from Alexander Dennis on routes serving ferry runs. The agency debuted a new battery electric bus manufactured by Proterra in April 2018.

Services
Kitsap Transit oversees the operations of these services:

 Routed bus service (40 routes; 120 buses)
 Foot ferry service (Bremerton to Port Orchard and Annapolis)
 Fast ferry service (Bremerton and Kingston to Seattle)
 ACCESS (Door-to-door/curb-to-curb service for elderly and disabled)
 Worker/Driver (Commuter routes operating between various points in Kitsap County and either the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton or Naval Submarine Base Bangor. Drivers are full-time employees at the Navy installations who are also employed as part-time Kitsap Transit operators.)
 Vanpool
 TIP (Transit Incentive Program), a program for employees at federal work sites.
 SCOOT (Smart Commuter Option of Today), a carsharing program in the urbanized areas of Kitsap County.

Kitsap Transit participates in the ORCA Card program.

Kitsap Transit routes connect to Jefferson Transit, Mason Transit Authority, Pierce Transit and the Washington State Ferries terminals in Bremerton, Bainbridge, Kingston and Southworth.

Administration

Kitsap Transit is overseen by a ten-member executive board composed of the three county commissioners, the mayor of Bremerton, a Bremerton City Council member, appointed representatives from the cities of Bainbridge Island, Bremerton, Port Orchard, and Poulsbo, an at-large member from the three smaller cities, and a non-voting member representing the agency's labor unions.

Current fleet

References

External links
Official website

Category:Bus transportation in Washington (state)
Category:County government agencies in Washington (state)
Category:Intermodal transportation authorities in Washington (state)
Category:Ferry companies based in Washington (state)
Category:Transportation in Kitsap County, Washington
Category:Transportation in Seattle
Category:Sound Transit
Category:1983 establishments in Washington (state)


Ellsborough Township, Murray County, Minnesota

Ellsborough Township is a township in Murray County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 198 at the 2000 census.

History
Ellsborough Township was organized in 1874, and named for Knut Ellingson, a pioneer settler.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which  of it is land and  of it (2.01%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 198 people, 66 households, and 52 families residing in the township. The population density was 5.6 people per square mile (2.2/km²). There were 73 housing units at an average density of 2.1/sq mi (0.8/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 94.95% White, 1.52% African American, and 3.54% from two or more races.

There were 66 households out of which 40.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.2% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.32.

In the township the population was spread out with 34.3% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 124.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $34,688, and the median income for a family was $36,667. Males had a median income of $25,833 versus $19,167 for females. The per capita income for the township was $10,551. About 18.3% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under the age of eighteen and 13.3% of those sixty five or over.

Politics
Ellsborough Township is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, represented by Mankato educator Tim Walz, a Democrat. At the state level, Ellsborough Township is located in Senate District 22, represented by Democrat Jim Vickerman, and in House District 22A, represented by Republican Doug Magnus.

References

Category:Townships in Murray County, Minnesota
Category:Townships in Minnesota


Maryland Route 611

Maryland Route 611 (MD 611) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland.  Known as Stephen Decatur Highway, the state highway runs  from Assateague Island north to U.S. Route 50 (US 50) in West Ocean City.  MD 611 is named for Stephen Decatur, the U.S. naval officer of the early 19th century who was born in nearby Berlin.  The state highway provides access to Assateague State Park and Assateague Island National Seashore via the Verrazano Bridge named for Giovanni da Verrazzano.  MD 611 was first paved in West Ocean City in the mid-1930s.  The highway was extended south to MD 376 at Lewis Corner in the 1940s.  A ferry crossed Sinepuxent Bay to Assateague Island from the southern end of the county highway that continued south from Lewis Corner until MD 611 was extended across the Verrazano Bridge in the mid-1960s.

Route description

MD 611 begins at the parking lot of Assateague State Park on Assateague Island.  The state highway immediately intersects Bayberry Road, which is the access road to Assateague Island National Seashore.  MD 611 heads northwest as a two-lane road and crosses Sinepuxent Bay on the Verrazano Bridge flanked to the south by a pedestrian bridge.  Upon reaching Sinepuxent Neck, the state highway passes the Assateague Island National Seashore visitor center on the southbound side before it curves to the northeast and intersects South Point Road, which leads to Rum Pointe Golf Course and the Ocean City Golf and Yacht Club.  MD 611 passes the entrance to the historic homes Williams Grove and Henry's Grove before passing through the hamlet of Lewis Corner.  In Lewis Corner, the state highway intersects MD 376 (Assateague Road), and passes Frontier Town Amusement Park and another historic home, Fassitt House.  MD 611 continues northeast, with residential and commercial development increasing as the highway passes Ocean City Municipal Airport and enters West Ocean City.  After passing MD 707 (Old Bridge Road), the state highway expands to four lanes shortly before reaching its northern terminus at US 50 (Ocean Gateway). MD 611 serves as the access road to the Maryland section of Assateague Island, with traffic from points north and west using the route south of MD 376.

History
MD 611 was paved from US 213 (now MD 707) to near the Sinepuxent Road intersection on the southern end of West Ocean City by 1935.  By 1946, the state highway extended north to the US 213 divided highway and south to MD 376 at Lewis Corner.  A ferry began service between the southern end of South Point Road and Assateague Island in 1957; this ferry reached the island at what is now Ferry Landing Road.  The ferry was discontinued following the completion of the Verrazano Bridge in 1964.  MD 611 was extended south from Lewis Corner to the eastern end of the Verrazano Bridge in 1967.  The state highway was extended south along Bayberry Road to Ferry Landing Road in 1969 but was retracted to its present southern terminus by 1995.

Junction list

See also

References

External links

MDRoads: MD 611

611
Maryland Route 611


John Brocklehurst (politician)

John Brocklehurst, DL, MP (30 October 1788 – 13 August 1870), known as John Brocklehurst the younger, was an English silk manufacturer, banker and Liberal Party politician from Macclesfield in Cheshire.  He sat in the House of Commons for 36 years, from 1832 to 1868.

Brocklehurst was the second of three sons of John Brocklehurst, of Macclesfield and Lea-hall in Cheshire, and became a partner in one of the most successful banking and silk-manufacturing companies in Macclesfield.

Under the Reform Act 1832, the town gained the right to elect two Members of Parliament (MPs), and Brocklehurst was elected at the 1832 general election as one of the first two MPs for the newly enfranchised borough of Macclesfield. He held the seat through nine further elections until he retired from Parliament at the 1868 general election, when his eldest son William Coare Brocklehurst was elected in his place.  He attended the House of Commons regularly, and although rarely spoke in the chamber, he was held in great respect by advanced Liberals. He was both a magistrate and a Deputy Lieutenant of the County Palatine of Cheshire.

Family
Brocklehurst married Mary Coare, with whom he had four daughters and four sons in 1814. His daughter Marianne Brocklehurst (1832-1898) was a noted traveller and collector of Egyptian antiquities who, along with her brother  Philip Lancaster Brocklehurst (1827-1904) donated her collection to the West Park museum in Macclesfield. His son Henry (1816-1870) was the father of John Brocklehurst, 1st Baron Ranksborough.

References

External links

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Category:1870 deaths
Category:People from Macclesfield
Category:English bankers
Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Category:UK MPs 1832–1835
Category:UK MPs 1835–1837
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Category:UK MPs 1857–1859
Category:UK MPs 1859–1865
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Category:Brocklehurst family


Chitsū

was a priest of the Hosso School of Japanese Buddhism.

Exegesis
The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism (2002) in mentioning Chitatsu, Hsyan-tsang, Tz'u-en, Dosho, Yamato Province, states that Chitsū was:
A priest of the Dharma Characteristics (Hosso) school in Japan. In 658, together with Chitatsu, he went to China and studied the doctrine of the Dharma Characteristics school under Hsyan-tsang and his disciple Tz'u-en. They brought the doctrine back to Japan. This is known as the second transmission of the doctrine to Japan, following that of Dosho, who went to China in 653 and studied under Hsyan-tsang. Chitsubuilt Kannon-ji temple in Yamato Province to spread the Dharma Characteristics doctrine. In 672 he was appointed administrator of priests.

See also
Yogacara

Notes

Category:Buddhism in China
Category:Buddhism in Japan
Category:History of Buddhism
Category:Asuka period Buddhist monks


Cherokee Lake

Cherokee Lake, also known as Cherokee Reservoir, is a reservoir in Tennessee formed by the impoundment of the Holston River behind Cherokee Dam.

The reservoir has a surface area of about , a flood-storage capacity of , and nearly  of shoreline. In a normal year, the lake water level fluctuates over a range of about .

Cherokee Dam is a Tennessee Valley Authority dam intended for hydroelectric generation and flood control. The dam was built on a crash schedule; construction started August 1, 1940, and was completed on December 5, 1941.

Public access areas, Panther Creek State Park and other public parks, commercial boat docks and resorts, and a state wildlife management area on the shores of the lake attract extensive recreational use.

In order to maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations in the river below the dam at levels that will support aquatic life, perforated hoses suspended above the bottom of Cherokee Reservoir are used to inject oxygen into the reservoir water and devices which resemble large underwater fans located just above the dam are used to push warm oxygenated water downward to the depths where water is released for hydroelectric generation.

References

External links
Fishing Map of Cherokee Reservoir

Category:Holston River
Category:Protected areas of Grainger County, Tennessee
Category:Protected areas of Hamblen County, Tennessee
Category:Protected areas of Hawkins County, Tennessee
Category:Protected areas of Jefferson County, Tennessee
Category:Tennessee Valley Authority
Category:Reservoirs in Tennessee
Category:Bodies of water of Grainger County, Tennessee
Category:Bodies of water of Hamblen County, Tennessee
Category:Bodies of water of Hawkins County, Tennessee
Category:Bodies of water of Jefferson County, Tennessee
Category:1941 establishments in Tennessee


W.A.R. (We Are Renegades)

W.A.R. (We Are Renegades) is the third studio album of American hip hop artist Pharoahe Monch released on March 22, 2011 under Duck Down Records. Producers include Lion's Share Music Group, Exile, Marco Polo, M-Phazes, Mike Loe, Fatin "10" Horton, Diamond D, Samiyam, and Fyre Dept.'s Adam Deitch and Eric Krasno, while vocal features are contributed by Idris Elba, Immortal Technique, Vernon Reid of Living Colour, Showtyme, Styles P of The LOX, Phonte (formerly of Little Brother), Mela Machinko, Mr. Porter, Jean Grae, Royce da 5'9", Citizen Cope and Jill Scott. Scratches are provided by DJ Boogie Blind of The X-Ecutioners.

Background
The album's release date was announced during Pharoahe Monch's tour alongside supergroup Slaughterhouse, during early 2010. Featured guests were confirmed in July 2010 along with the track listing of the album. The original release date was October 26, 2010. Since then, track listing and features have been slightly changed.

Singles
Thus far, the album has four singles: the first one, "Shine", a collaboration with Mela Machinko was released on July 27, 2010. The song was produced by Diamond D.

The second promotional single, "Clap (One Day)", was released on January 18, 2011. Produced by M-Phazes, the song features Showtyme & DJ Boogie Blind, who have collaborated with Pharoahe Monch on various occasions. A ten-minute extended music video was released on March 8, 2011, depicting "a police raid gone dramatically wrong". It was directed by Terence Nance, with a score by Lion's Share Music Group, and appearances from Gbenga Akinnagbe (known for his portrayal of Chris Partlow in HBO's award-winning drama series The Wire), Kim Howard and Josiah Small.

A third promotional single, "Black Hand Side", has been released on March 3, 2011. It was produced by Mike Loe and features Phonte (formerly of Little Brother) and Styles P of The LOX. Pharoahe Monch and Styles P have collaborated before, on Styles P's 2002 Ayatollah produced single "My Life"

On March 15, 2011, the fourth promotional single, "Assassins", was released. Australian producer M-Phazes crafted the beat, while featured guest verses were provided by Jean Grae and Royce da 5'9".

Reception

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number 54 on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 9,600 copies in the United States.  In its second week, it sold 4,600 copies and dropped to number 149 on the Billboard 200.

Critical response

We Are Renegades received a perfect 5 star rating from HipHopGame.com and an average score of 77 out of 100,on the review site Metacritic, based on 18 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews" Nathan S. of DJBooth.net awarded the album four out of five stars, hailing it as "...nothing but quality."

Track list
The track listing has been confirmed by iTunes US, featurings and producers were confirmed via HipHopDX, and writing credits per Allmusic.

Charts

References

Category:Pharoahe Monch albums
Category:Albums produced by Marco Polo
Category:Albums produced by Diamond D
Category:Albums produced by Exile (producer)
Category:2011 albums


Labdia cyanodora

Labdia cyanodora is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in India.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Category:Labdia


Mönsterås

Mönsterås () is a locality and the seat of Mönsterås Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 6,352 inhabitants in 2012.

Mönsterås is associated with the Swedish poet Carl Boberg, particularly his 1885 writing of the lyrics for the eminent hymn "O Store Gud" (or "How Great Thou Art" by its common English title).

References

Category:Municipal seats of Kalmar County
Category:Swedish municipal seats
Category:Populated places in Kalmar County
Category:Populated places in Mönsterås Municipality
Category:Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea


Manduca reducta

Manduca reducta is a moth of the  family Sphingidae. It is known from Peru and Bolivia.

There are probably multiple generations per year.

References

Category:Manduca
Category:Moths described in 1930


Eucalyptus urnigera

Eucalyptus urnigera, commonly known as urn tree, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to Tasmania. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped or elliptical leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and urn-shaped fruit.

Description
Eucalyptus urnigera is an evergreen tree that typically grows to a height of , although specimens up to  have been recorded in sheltered lower altitude positions. The spread of the tree is typically to . The tree has a lignotuber and often a gnarled appearance in exposed areas, however, in more sheltered and lower altitude sites it grows tall and straight. The bark is smooth, mottled grey, orange-tan to olive green over cream and is shed in flakes and the branchlets are often glaucous. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves that are sessile, heart-shaped to round,  long and  wide, arranged in opposite pairs with stem-clasping bases and finely notched or scalloped edges. The leaves range from being dark green in sheltered environments to glaucous in exposed areas. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of green on both sides, lance-shaped to broadly lance-shaped or elliptical,  long and  wide, tapering to a petiole  long. The lateral veins diverge at angles of 25-60 degrees.

The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three on a down-turned peduncle  long, the individual buds on pedicels  long. Mature buds are cylindrical or urn-shaped and often glaucous,  long and  wide with a flattened hemispherical, slightly beaked operculum that is wider than the floral cup at the join. Flowering occurs in most months with a peak from April to July, and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, urn-shaped capsule  long and  wide with the valves below rim level.

Variation in leaf colour
Unlike many eucalypts, E. urnigera displays a morphological unity across the species with one important exception. There is a significant variation in the level of glaucicity (waxiness) between E. urnigera in lower altitude shady forest and those trees in the more exposed higher altitude sites. This was studied by Barber and Jackson in 1957 and followed up in later studies. E. urnigera at lower altitudes (560-670 m) and in sheltered sites are uniformly green whereas at higher altitude (950-1050 m), E. urnigera is uniformly glaucous. The transition from one phenotype to the other is most clearly seen on a steep section of walking track below the Chalet on the Pinnacle Road. Within 200 m altitude the transition is made.
It is believed that the lower light conditions of the relatively closed sub-alpine forest favours the green leaved phenotype, being able to more efficiently photosynthesize in lower light conditions than the glaucous phenotype. However, at the more exposed higher altitude where there is more direct sunlight the glaucous phenotype is favoured. The wax coating reflects infra redlight and probably assists in protecting the tree from frost. Further research has explored reflectance of ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the nineteenth century English botanist, Joseph Hooker, in William Jackson Hooker's London Journal of Botany in 1847, from specimens collected by the colonial botanist Ronald Campbell Gunn from Mount Wellington and Lake Echo. The specific epithet (urnigera) comes from the Latin urna, meaning "urn" and gero, meaning "to bear". It relates to the distinctive urn shaped buds and seed capsules.

Distribution and habitat
Eucalyptus urnigera is an endemic Tasmanian alpine eucalypt of the sub genus Symphomyrtus and is the dominant eucalypt species at altitudes from  on moist but well drained dolerite slopes and talus. It is restricted to the mountains of south eastern Tasmania, the Mount Wellington range, Mount Field and isolated pockets from Tylers Hill near Southport,  south of Hobart, north to Alma Tier near Interlaken and Mount Seymour east of Oatlands in central Tasmania and a small population on the eastern side of Maria Island off the east coast. Typically, it is found below the range of E. coccifera (snow gum) and above the mixed and wet sclerophyll forests of the lower slopes although it will grow within both vegetation types.

Ecology
The flowers of E. urnigera are pollinated by birds such as yellow-throated honeyeater (Lichenostomus flavicollis), black-headed honeyeater (Melithreptus affinis) and strong-billed honeyeater (Melithreptus validirostris).

Use in horticulture
Eucalyptus urnigera does not have any commercial use as a timber tree in Tasmania but it is prized as a specimen tree in cooler regions of the United States of America and in the British Isles. Grafton Nursery in Worcestershire (UK) considers it superior to E.gunni, a eucalypt commonly grown in the UK. Its colourful bark and foliage make it a valuable as a garden ornamental. Its lignotuber enables coppicing and is proposed as one of the varieties for United Kingdom firewood production.

See also
List of Eucalyptus species

References

Footnotes
Williams, K.J, and Potts, B.M., The Natural Distribution of Eucalyptus Species in Tasmania,  Cooperative Research Centre for Temperate Hardwood Forestry, Department of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001,p 115, based on description in Curtis, W. M., & Morris, D. L., The Students Flora of Tasmania, Part 1, second edition 1975, Hobart, p 217
Reid, J.M., Hill,R.S., Brown, M.J., Hovenden, M.J. Eds, Vegetation of Tasmania, Hobart, 2005, p 203 quoting work of Savva, M., Potts, B. M., Reid, J.B. (1988). The breeding system and gene flow in Eucalyptus urnigera. In ‘Pollination’ ‘88’. (Eds R.B. Knots, M.B. Sing and J.L. Troiani) pp 176–182 (Plant Cell Biology Research Centre: Melbourne.)
Close, D.C., Davidson, N.J., Shields, C.B., and Wiltshire, R.,  Reflectance and Phenolics of green and glaucous leaves of Eucalyptus urnigera, Australian Journal of Botany 55(5) 561-567
Barber, H.N., and Jackson,.W. D. (1957), Natural Selection in Eucalyptus, Nature 179, pp 1267–1269, cited in Vegetation of Tasmania.
 Birdlife of Wellington Park

Category:Trees of Australia
urnigera
Category:Myrtales of Australia
Category:Flora of Tasmania
Category:Plants described in 1847
Category:Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker


Weak symbol

A weak symbol denotes a specially annotated symbol during linking of Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) object files. By default, without any annotation, a symbol in an object file is strong. During linking,  a strong symbol can override a weak symbol of the same name. In contrast, two strong symbols that share a name yield a link error during link-time. When linking a binary executable, a weakly declared symbol does not need a definition. In comparison, (by default) a declared strong symbol without a definition triggers an undefined symbol link error.

Weak symbols are not mentioned by the C or C++ language standards; as such, inserting them into code is not very portable. Even if two platforms support the same or similar syntax for marking symbols as weak, the semantics may differ in subtle points, e.g. whether weak symbols during dynamic linking at runtime lose their semantics or not.

Syntax

The GNU Compiler Collection and the Solaris Studio C compiler share the same syntax for annotating symbols as weak, namely a special #pragma, #pragma weak, and, alternatively, a function and variable attribute, __attribute__((weak)).

Pragma

// function declaration
#pragma weak power2

int power2(int x);

Attribute

// function declaration

int __attribute__((weak)) power2(int x);

  // or

int power2(int x) __attribute__((weak));

// variable declaration;
extern int __attribute__((weak)) global_var;

Tools support

The nm command identifies weak symbols in object files, libraries, and executables. On Linux a weak function symbol is marked with "W" if a weak default definition is available, and with "w" if it is not. Weakly defined variable symbols are marked with "V" and "v". On Solaris "nm" prints "WEAK" instead of "GLOB" for a weak symbol.

Examples

The following examples work on Linux and Solaris with GCC and Solaris Studio.

Static example

:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include "power_slow.h"

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  fprintf(stderr, "power3() = %d\n", power3(atoi(argv[1])));
  return 0;
}

power_slow.h:
#ifndef POWER2_SLOW_H
#define POWER2_SLOW_H

// alternative syntax
// #pragma weak power2
int
  __attribute__((weak))
    power2(int x)
      // alternatively after symbol
      // __attribute__((weak))
  ;

int power3(int x);

#endif
:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "power_slow.h"

int power2(int x)
{
  fprintf(stderr, "slow power2()\n");
  return x*x;
}

int power3(int x)
{
  return power2(x)*x;
}

:
#include <stdio.h>
int power2(int x)
{
  fprintf(stderr, "fast power2()\n");
  return x*x;
}

Build commands:

 cc -g -c -o main.o main.c
 cc -g -c -o power_slow.o power_slow.c
 cc -g -c -o power.o power.c
 cc  main.o power_slow.o         -o
 cc  main.o power_slow.o power.o -o fast

Output:
$ ./slow 3
slow power2
power3() = 27
$ ./fast 3
fast power2
power3() = 27

When removing the weak attribute and re-executing the build commands, the last one fails with the following error message (on Linux):

 multiple definition of `power2'

The second-last one still succeeds, and ./slow has the same output.

Shared example

Taking main.c from the preceding example and adding:

#ifndef NO_USER_HOOK
void user_hook(void)
{
  fprintf(stderr, "main: user_hook()\n");
}
#endif

Replacing power_slow.c with:

#include <stdio.h>
#include "power_slow.h"

void __attribute__((weak)) user_hook(void);
#ifdef ENABLE_DEF
void user_hook(void)
{
  fprintf(stderr, "power_slow: user_hook()\n");
}
#endif

int power2(int x)
{
  if (user_hook) // only needed ifndef ENABLE_DEF
    user_hook();
  return x*x;
}

int power3(int x)
{
  return power2(x)*x;
}

Build commands:
cc -g -c -o main.o main.c
cc -g -fpic -c -o power_slow.po power_slow.c
cc -shared -fpic -o libpowerslow.so power_slow.po
cc  main.o power_slow.po -L`pwd` -Wl,-R`pwd` -lpowerslow -o main

cc -g -DENABLE_DEF -fpic -c -o power_slow.po power_slow.c
cc -shared -fpic -o libpowerslow.so power_slow.po
cc  main.o power_slow.po -L`pwd` -Wl,-R`pwd` -lpowerslow -o main2

cc -g -DNO_USER_HOOK -c -o main.o main.c
cc -g -fpic -c -o power_slow.po power_slow.c
cc -shared -fpic -o libpowerslow.so power_slow.po
cc  main.o power_slow.po -L`pwd` -Wl,-R`pwd` -lpowerslow -o main3

cc -g -DNO_USER_HOOK -c -o main.o main.c
cc -g -DENABLE_DEF -fpic -c -o power_slow.po power_slow.c
cc -shared -fpic -o libpowerslow.so power_slow.po
cc  main.o power_slow.po -L`pwd` -Wl,-R`pwd` -lpowerslow -o main4

Output:
$ ./main 3
main: user_hook()
power3() = 27
$ ./main2 3
main: user_hook()
power3() = 27
$ ./main3 3
power3() = 27
$ ./main4 3
power_slow: user_hook()
power3() = 27

Removing the weak attribute and re-executing the build commands does not yield build errors and leads to the same output (on Linux) for main and main2. The build commands for the main3 lead to following warning and error messages (on Linux):

warning: the address of ‘user_hook’ will always evaluate as ‘true’
libpowerslow.so: undefined reference to `user_hook'

The warning is issued by the compiler because it can statically determine that in if (user_hook) the expression user_hook evaluates always to true, because it contains an ELF jump table entry. The error message is issued by the linker. The build for main4 includes the same warning but no link error.

Use cases

Weak symbols can be used as a mechanism to provide default implementations of functions that can be replaced by more specialized (e.g. optimized) ones at link-time. The default implementation is then declared as weak, and, on certain targets, object files with strongly declared symbols are added to the linker command line.

If a library defines a symbol as weak, a program that links that library is free to provide a strong one for, say, customization purposes.

Another use case for weak symbols is the maintenance of binary backward compatibility.

Limitations

On UNIX System V descendent systems, during program runtime the dynamic linker resolves weak symbols definitions like strong ones. For example, a binary is dynamically linked against libraries libfoo.so and libbar.so. libfoo defines symbol f and declares it as weak. libbar also defines f and declares it as strong. Depending on the library ordering on the link command line (i.e. -lfoo -lbar) the dynamic linker uses the weak f from libfoo.so although a strong version is available at runtime. The GNU ld provides the environment variable LD_DYNAMIC_WEAK to provide weak semantics for the dynamic linker.

When using constructs like

#pragma weak func
void func();

void bar()
{
  if (func)
    func();
}

, depending on the compiler and used optimization level, the compiler may interpret the conditional as always true (because func can be seen as undefined from a standards point of view). An alternative to the above construct is using a system API to check if func is defined (e.g. dlsym with RTLD_DEFAULT). The above check may also fail for other reasons, e.g. when func contains an elf jump table entry.

Using weak symbols in static libraries has other semantics than in shared ones, i.e. with a static library the symbol lookup stops at the first symbol – even if it is just weak and an object file with a strong symbol is also included in the library archive. On Linux, the linker option --whole-archive changes that behavior.

The weak function attribute is supposed to be used on function declarations. Using it on a function definition may yield unexpected results, depending on the compiler and optimization level.

In Solaris, the weak symbols are also used within kernel. The generic part of kernel (called genunix) specifies weak functions that are overriden in platform specific part of the kernel (called unix) such as Virtual memory routines. The kernel runtime linker sets the addresses of these functions when the kernel is combined together in memory during boot. This does not work for kernel loadable modules though - weak symbol in the kernel is not replaced with kernel module symbol when the module is loaded.

Related methods

C preprocessor (CPP) conditional constructs can also be used to switch between different versions of a symbol. The difference from weak symbols is that weak symbols are interpreted by the linker. The CPP is run during the compilation of each translation unit before the C compiler.

The build process (e.g. make) can be implemented in a conditional way such that just different versions of a symbol are created or different (specialized) libraries are used and linked depending on the target.

See also
 Dynamic linking
 Link editor
 Program loader

References

Category:Data types
Category:Debugging


Tenarunga

Tenarunga or Tenania, previously Narunga and formerly Minto Island is a low, wooded and uninhabited atoll in the Acteon Group in the southeastern part of the Tuamotu Islands in French Polynesia. It is administratively a part of the Gambier Islands.

Geography
Tenarunga is located  northwest of Matureivavao,  west of Vahanga and  southeast of Tahiti. It has a land area of  and a total area (lagoon inclusive) of . There are some buildings and a dock located on the north-east side of the island, indicating former and/or seasonal habitation.

The atoll's lagoon is not accessible from the sea.

History
The first recorded sighting of this atoll was made during the Spanish expedition of the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernández de Quirós on 5 February 1606 under the name Las Cuatro Coronadas (the "four crowned" (by coconut palms)), however, these observations were not fully documented. As such, the first unambiguous approach to the island was made on 14 March 1828 by the explorer Hugh cumin in his ship the Discoverer captained by Samuel Grimwood.  The next visit was in 1833 by the navigator Thomas Ebrill on his merchant's vessel Amphitrite and again in 1837 by Lord Edward Russell, commander of the H.M.S Actaeon, the name given to the group. It was previously owned by  a man named Captain Nicholas but was redeemed in 1934.

Flora and fauna
The island is home to many rare species including the Tuamotu sandpiper.

See also
Matureivavao
Tenararo
Vahanga
Acteon Group

References

Sailing Directions, Pub 126, "Pacific Islands" NIMA 2002; page-12

External links
Atoll list (in French)
Google Maps

Category:Atolls of the Tuamotus
Category:Islands of the Gambier Islands
Category:Uninhabited islands of French Polynesia


East Montlake Park

East Montlake Park is a park in the Montlake neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, USA. The park is bounded on the north by the Montlake Cut, on the east by Union Bay, on the south by Washington State Route 520, and on the west by East Park Drive E.

The 1971 Montlake Cut Waterside Trail runs through the park past the 40-foot totem pole shown at right on its way to West Montlake Park. A plaque at the bottom of the totem pole states that it was carved in 1937 by John Dewey Wallace, a Haida chief, in Waterfall, Alaska. The dedication ceremony for the donated totem pole took place in May 1983.

Before construction of the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge replacement, McCurdy Park, formerly home to the Museum of History and Industry, existed to the south and east.

External links
 East Montlake Park at Seattle Parks and Recreation

Category:Parks in Seattle
Category:Montlake, Seattle


The Thin Line (1966 film)

is a 1966 film directed by Mikio Naruse. The writer, Toshirō Ide, based it on the 1951 novel The Thin Line by Edward Atiyah, so the film is also known by the novel's title in some English sources. The film starred Keiju Kobayashi, Michiyo Aratama, and Mitsuko Kusabue.

Cast
Keiju Kobayashi as Isao Tashiro
Michiyo Aratama as Masako Tashiro
Mitsuko Kusabue as Yumiko Kato
Tatsuya Mihashi as Ryukichi Sugimoto
Akiko Wakabayashi as Sayuri Sugimoto
Teruko Nagaoka as Eiko Tashiro
Toshio Kurosawa as Bartender
Daisuke Katō as Bar Owner

Release
The Thin Line was distributed by Toho and received a roadshow theatrical release on January 25, 1966. The film was released with English subtitles in the United States by Toho International in July 1967.

Reception
At the Mainichi Film Concours, Tatsuya Mihashi won the award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the film.

See also
Just Before Nightfall (1971)

References

Footnotes

Sources

External links

Category:1966 films
Category:Japanese films
Category:Japanese-language films
Category:Toho films
Category:Films based on British novels


2010 Korean Grand Prix

The 2010 Korean Grand Prix (formally the 2010 Formula 1 Korean Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 24 October 2010 at the Korea International Circuit in Yeongam, South Jeolla, South Korea. It was the seventeenth round of the 2010 Formula One season and the first Korean Grand Prix. The 55-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Fernando Alonso, who started from third position. Lewis Hamilton finished second for McLaren and Alonso's teammate Felipe Massa was third.

The race began behind the safety car but was stopped after three laps because of a large amount of standing water on the circuit. After a 45-minute delay, the race was restarted and the safety car was withdrawn after thirteen laps. Pole sitter Sebastian Vettel maintained his lead going into the first corner. A second safety car deployment caused by the collision of Mark Webber and Nico Rosberg on lap nineteen closed up the field but Vettel retained the lead. Alonso maintained second position until a botched pit stop during a third safety-car period caused him to drop to third. At the restart on lap thirty-five, Hamilton ran wide at the first corner, allowing Alonso back into second place. Vettel's engine failed eleven laps later, promoting Alonso to the lead, which he maintained to win the race.

The victory was Alonso's fifth of the season; the result elevated him to the lead of the Drivers' Championship, eleven points ahead of Webber, who had dropped to second after failing to finish the race. Hamilton moved into third and Vettel's retirement demoted him to fourth. Jenson Button remained in fifth position. In the World Constructors' Championship, McLaren reduced the points deficit to Red Bull to twenty-seven points behind. With two races of the season remaining, Ferrari was a further twenty-five points adrift.

Background
The Grand Prix was contested by twelve teams with two drivers each. The teams (also known as constructors) were Red Bull, Mercedes, McLaren, Ferrari, Renault, Williams, Force India, Sauber, Toro Rosso, Lotus, Hispania and Virgin. Tyre supplier Bridgestone provided four types of tyres to the race; two dry compounds (soft "options" and hard "primes") and wet-weather compounds (intermediate and full wet). The soft compounds were denoted by a green stripe on their side-walls; the wet compound tyres were identified by a green line at the bottom of their central groove. The rules of the 2010 Grands Prix races stipulated that all cars should use both types of tyre during the race unless the driver used any one of the two wet-weather compounds. Each driver was limited to eleven sets of dry tyres for the weekend.

Before the race, Red Bull driver Mark Webber led the Drivers' Championship with 220 points; he was ahead of Fernando Alonso and Sebastian Vettel, who were tied for second place on 206 points. Lewis Hamilton was in fourth with 192 points and Hamilton's teammate Jenson Button was fifth on 189 points. Seventy-five points were available for the three remaining races, which meant Hamilton or Button could still win the title. Both drivers would mathematically stay in contention if Alonso or Vettel won the race and neither McLaren driver finished in a points-scoring position. Red Bull led the Constructors' Championship with 426 points; McLaren and Ferrari were second and third with 381 and 334 points respectively, while Mercedes on 176 points and Renault on 133 contended for fourth place. Red Bull, McLaren and Ferrari had so far won races in the previous sixteen rounds of the season. Felipe Massa (twice) and Robert Kubica had finished in second place, and Nico Rosberg, Massa (twice), Kubica (once) had all finished in third.

With three races remaining in the Championship and a fourteen-point advantage, Webber said he would continue his pursuit of the title; "I need to keep racing hard and going for victories. Clearly, if my rivals have a rough weekend it makes it a bit harder for them and it gives me a bit more scope, but I'm not looking to abuse that because it can all go pear-shaped very fast." Vettel said his season had been fraught with car problems but he remained positive about his chances; "I think it's normal to have ups and downs – and sometimes you have more, sometimes less – but, as I said, the expectation was probably to be in a position to fight for the championship and I think we're in a very strong and very good position." Alonso urged his teammate Massa to help him in his title bid and said the Korean Grand Prix could become "decisive" for his championship rivals. He favoured Hamilton to win the Korean Grand Prix. With Hamilton twenty-eight points behind Webber and with Button a further three points behind his teammate, McLaren's team principal Martin Whitmarsh said his drivers would keep their focus in the season's remaining three races and produce consistent performances. Karun Chandhok, who raced for Hispania in the first ten races of the season, said Red Bull were the favourites to win, and that he thought the circuit's three long straights would suit the McLaren cars.

Following increased hostilities between North Korea and South Korea in the wake of the sinking of the South Korean corvette  in March 2010, Formula One Group chief executive Bernie Ecclestone said the race would be in jeopardy if political tensions continued to escalate, and it would be abandoned if the North Korean army crossed the border. The revival of the French Grand Prix at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours was mooted as an alternative if the Korean Grand Prix was cancelled. Although hostilities between the two nations eventually relaxed, the race was further threatened by delayed construction. On 27 September 2010, Ecclestone said he doubted the circuit would be ready despite the laying of tarmac. A final inspection of the circuit took place on 11 October; Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) safety delegate Charlie Whiting certified that the circuit was ready on 12 October. The top layer of the track was completed ten days before the race; there was not enough time for the elements to remove the oils and bitumen chemicals in the tarmac. Circuit designer Hermann Tilke said the surface would be slippery, making the race challenging for drivers and exciting for fans.

The layout of the track received a mostly positive response from the drivers. Adrian Sutil of Force India said he felt it was a "real pleasure" to be racing on the track and praised it for having "a lot of character". Mercedes driver Michael Schumacher said the asphalt improved during the Friday free practice sessions and that the track was "very demanding and tricky which provides a challenge that I like a lot". Kubica said although the first sector was "boring" he felt the entire track layout was "ten times better than Abu Dhabi". The drivers raised concerns about the entry of the pit lane at turn seventeen—a corner taken at . Kubica said, "It might be quite tight if someone's pitting" and Lotus driver Jarno Trulli said he was "worried about someone going into the back of him" when he was forced to pit because his car's gears were stuck in position. He also said the drivers would raise the point with Whiting.

Some teams modified their cars in preparation for the event. Red Bull and Williams revised their brake ducts. Williams team changed their brake ducts at the front to improve airflow inside the tyres and direct the duct towards their car's central section more efficiently. Red Bull's brake ducts, which had been changed for the third consecutive Grand Prix, reintroduced a small fin seen at the Singapore Grand Prix; for Korea two aerodynamic fins were fitted and a larger duct was introduced. McLaren modified a version of their front wings first introduced in Singapore. The team added a vertical gurney flap and an additional vertical slot at the front wing endplate to improve airflow outside the front tyres and increase the amount of downforce and therefore grip produced by the bodywork. The team also brought a new rear wing and tested a new revision of their F-duct system that débuted at the Japanese Grand Prix in Suzuka. Ferrari revised their diffuser with curved profiles and one large middle plate designed to improve the extraction of air from the bottom of the F10. As in Suzuka, Toro Rosso ran an F-duct system in the Friday practice sessions.

Practice

Three practice sessions—two on Friday and a third on Saturday—were held before the main Sunday race. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted ninety minutes. The third session was held on Saturday morning and lasted an hour. The track was dusty when the first practice sessions were held; grip was poor and some drivers were forced onto the run-off areas after they slid off the track. Hamilton paced the first practice session with a time of 1 minute and 40.887 seconds; almost one-tenth of a second quicker than Kubica. Rosberg and Michael Schumacher set the third- and sixth-fastest times respectively for Mercedes; they were separated by Vettel and Button. Webber, Nick Heidfeld and the two Williams drivers completed the top ten; Nico Hülkenberg ahead of Rubens Barrichello. Hispania driver Bruno Senna spun at turn nine after his left rear suspension failed and stopped on the track without hitting a barrier. Grip was improved for the second practice session, in which Webber set a time of 1:37.942—the quickest of the day—despite spinning late in the session. Alonso was second-quickest and Hamilton third. Kubica set the fourth-quickest time. Button, who was sidelined for most of the session with an overheated exhaust, was fifth. Massa, Vettel, Vitaly Petrov, Rosberg and Kamui Kobayashi composed the rest of the top ten. Sakon Yamamoto in the other Hispania car caused the session to be suspended after spinning and stopping his car at turn sixteen.

After discussions with Whiting during a Friday night drivers' briefing, the height of an apex at turn sixteen was increased and the wall in the area was moved back. A new apex kerb at turn eighteen was built to stop dirt and stones from accumulating on the circuit, which was extensively cleaned. Drivers were told they could enter the pit lane from the racing line without incurring a penalty. Bridgestone had reported heavy tyre graining during the Friday practice sessions; its Motorsport Tyre Development director Hirohide Hamashima said drivers would face a challenge of looking after their tyres if track conditions had not changed before the race. Kubica was quickest in the final practice session; his late lap of 1:37.354 was 0.048 seconds quicker than Hamilton's in second. Alonso and Webber were third and fourth. Rosberg, who was fifth, slowed at turn fifteen during the session's closing stages; he narrowly avoided a collision with Alonso. The incident was subject to a stewards' investigation; the stewards decided not to penalise Rosberg. Massa, Button, Hülkenberg, Schumacher and Sutil completed the top ten ahead of qualifying. Vettel was sixteenth; the result of running onto the grass.

Qualifying

Saturday afternoon's qualifying session was divided into three parts. The first part ran for twenty minutes and eliminated the cars that finished eighteenth or lower. The second session lasted fifteen minutes and eliminated cars that finished in positions eleven to seventeen. The final session determined pole position to tenth. Cars which competed in the final session were not allowed to change tyres before the race; these started the race fitted with the tyres with which they set their quickest lap times. It was held in overcast weather conditions. Tyre degradation on the soft compound tyres was heavy; the drivers set their laps on the hard tyres during the first session and switched to softs for the two remaining sessions.

With a lap of 1:35.585, Vettel set the fastest time in the final session on his second timed run at the end of the period, achieving his ninth pole position of the season—his first at the Korea International Circuit. Although he was delighted to get pole position, he felt he lost time in the middle sector after making a mistake. Vettel's teammate Webber was also on the front row of the grid; he recorded a lap time 0.076 seconds slower. Webber was not happy with his first set of option tyres; he chose to do two more timed laps on a new set of option tyres in the third session. Alonso qualified third; he said his starting position had realised Ferrari's "maximum potential". He also aimed to ensure that he finished the race because rain had been forecast. Alonso had been the fastest driver during most of the third session until Vettel set his pole position lap. Hamilton set the first session's fastest time of 1:37.113; he almost did not challenge for the pole position because he avoided making contact with the wall at the pit lane entry. He fell to fourth overall in the final part of qualifying. In the faster of the two Mercedes, Rosberg secured fifth place; Massa in the slower Ferrari placed sixth. Massa was not happy because he would start the race on the dirty side of the grid, having encountered traffic during the third session. Button complained about the lack of grip and that he could not get his tyres to the optimum temperature; he managed seventh position but was happy to start on the clean side of the grid. Kubica recorded the eighth-fastest time and struggled with oversteer, which prevented him from setting a faster lap time. Schumacher in the slower Mercedes took ninth place ahead of Barrichello in tenth. Barrichello was angry with Schumacher because he had blocked Barrichello during the second session. Schumacher went to Barrichello to apologise and was subsequently reprimanded by the stewards.

Hülkenberg, who qualified eleventh, was the fastest driver not to advance into the final session. His best time of 1:37.620 was 1.5 seconds slower than Webber's pace in the second session. He said eleventh place was a "good position to start from" despite losing the rear of his car in turn twelve, which caused him to abort one of his quick laps. Hülkenberg was followed in the times by the BMW Sauber drivers Kobayashi in twelfth and Heidfeld in thirteenth, followed by Sutil in the quickest of the two Force India cars. Petrov, who qualified in fifteenth, was penalised five positions on the grid because he had caused an avoidable accident with Hülkenberg at the start of the previous race at Suzuka. Petrov was aiming for a top ten grid position to minimise the effects of his grid penalty but he spun on his final timed lap after hitting a kerb; he was unable to set a quicker lap time because his tyres had become dirty. Hence, Jaime Alguersuari inherited 15th position, ahead of his teammate Sébastien Buemi who opted to run one flying lap with a light fuel load for his last run of the second session but made minor mistakes which cost him time. Vitantonio Liuzzi, Trulli and Timo Glock were the quickest drivers unable to advance beyond the first session. Liuzzi complained the tyre wear on his soft compound tyres was so excessive it created a large amount of oversteer for half a lap. The tenth row of the grid was filled by Heikki Kovalainen (Lotus) and Lucas di Grassi (Virgin). The two Hispania drivers completed the final two positions on the grid; Yamamoto in twenty-third was 0.8 seconds faster than his teammate Senna in twenty-fourth.

Qualifying classification
The fastest lap in each of the three sessions is denoted in bold and the winner of pole position is indicated by a .

Notes:
 – Renault's Vitaly Petrov was given a retroactive five-place grid penalty for causing an avoidable accident with Williams's Nico Hülkenberg at the start of the .

Race

The track was wet before the race because rain had fallen the previous night. The air temperature was  and the track temperature was . Approximately 80,000 people attended the race. Ferrari discovered a water leak in Alonso's car, which was repaired in the hour before the event started. While on their reconnaissance laps, Massa, Senna and Glock left the circuit but avoided damage to their cars as drivers tested wet tyre compounds. The race was scheduled to start at 15:00 Korea Standard Time (UTC+9) but rain continued to fall. A new start time of 15:10 local time was planned. Standing water on the track caused heavy spray and impaired visibility, meaning the race would start behind the safety car. All cars were required to use the full wet tyres.

The race began without a formation lap and despite the slow speed, drivers struggled for grip on the wet surface. After three laps under the safety car, conditions were unchanged; drivers reported on the circuit's condition via radio and the race was suspended. Light rain prevented the resumption of the Grand Prix for over forty-five minutes until the marshals and road sweeping trucks removed some of the excess water and dirt on the track. Resin on the newly laid track surface had prevented water from soaking into the ground. The rain had eased slightly during the suspension. Teams were allowed to change the set-up of their cars, which were largely optimised for dry weather conditions.

The race was restarted behind the safety car with the drivers in the positions held before the suspension. The safety car remained out for fourteen laps, during which the standing water was reduced as the cars circulated the track. Schumacher, Liuzzi and Yamamoto left the circuit during this period but were all able to rejoin. Di Grassi made a pit stop for new tyres three times under safety car and Senna made a pit stop at the end of the first lap. Once the safety car drove into the pit lane, cars were allowed to overtake. Vettel maintained his pole-position lead going into the first turn with Webber close behind. Further back, Schumacher passed Kubica for eighth place. Senna and Trulli spun off onto the run-off area but both drivers were able to continue. Rosberg passed Hamilton by taking the inside line to take fourth place at the third corner. Button tried to overtake Massa heading into turn four but ran wide. He momentarily lost the advantage and fended off Schumacher's attempts to pass him.

At the end of the first racing lap, Vettel led by 2.8 seconds from Webber, who was followed by Alonso, Rosberg, Hamilton, Massa, Button, Schumacher, Kubica, Hülkenberg, Sutil, Barrichello, Kobaysahi, Heidfeld, Alguersari, Liuzzi, Buemi, Glock, Petrov, Kovalainen, Yamamoto, Trulli, Senna and di Grassi. Alonso chose a cautious approach and lost four to five seconds while building up his pace slowly in the early stages. Sutil ran off the circuit but continued after losing his position to both Williams drivers. Webber lost grip on the next lap after running across the outside kerbing and spinning across the track onto the wall between turns twelve and thirteen; he slid back onto the circuit and collected Rosberg, forcing both drivers to retire. The debris on-track from the accident called the safety car to be deployed. Kobayashi, Petrov, Heidfeld and Buemi all made pit stops for intermediate tyres during the safety car period.

The safety car pulled off the track at the end of lap twenty-three and the race resumed with Vettel leading from Alonso and Hamilton. Vettel began to gradually pull clear from the rest of the field. On the twenty-fourth lap while battling with Senna for twenty-first place, Trulli collided with Senna after attempting a passing manoeuvre around the inside; Trulli's front wing was knocked off. Trulli drove to his garage for repairs. Button, who was in fifth, started to place Massa under pressure on the same lap. Kobayashi passed Yamamoto on lap twenty-six but ran wide and fell down the order, while Trulli rejoined the race. Di Grassi lost control of his car at turn fourteen after trying to pass Yamamoto on lap twenty-seven; he made light contact with the wall which caused him to retire.

Schumacher moved up a position as he passed Button for fifth position at turn three on the same lap. On lap twenty-eight, Trulli drove back to his garage to retire with a hydraulics failure that was caused by his power steering becoming heavy during the safety car period. Vettel set a new fastest lap of the race of 1:54.098, extending his lead over Alonso to 3.5 seconds. Button, who was under pressure from Hülkenberg and Kubica, made a pit stop at the end of lap twenty-eight for intermediate tyres and rejoined in fifteenth place. Kovalainen was sent into a spin by Buemi, having been passed by Petrov two laps later.

On lap thirty-one, Buemi tried to pass Glock on the outside heading into turn three but lost control of his car under braking and rammed into the side of Glock. Buemi sustained a broken left, front suspension and front wing damage, causing him to retire. The incident called for the race's third safety car period. During the safety car deployment, most of the drivers made pit stops for intermediate tyres. Alonso, who was called in by Ferrari when Vettel changed his strategy, had a pit stop that proved problematic. He arrived into his pit box sideways after locking his tyres. One of his mechanics could not fit his front right wheel because he dropped a wheel nut; he was required to fit a spare wheel nut onto the tyre, causing Alonso to be stationary for longer than usual. He lost third place to Hamilton.

Ferrari ordered Massa to reduce his car speed on his out-lap to help Alonso minimise the effects of losing second position. Glock drove back to his pit box where his mechanics examined his car for damage and decided to retire him from the race. Kubica avoided making contact with Sutil when his lollipop man stopped him before he could drive away from his pit box. It was the second time that season Kubica and Sutil were involved in an incident in a pit lane; Kubica had made contact with Sutil when the latter was driving into his pit box in the Hungarian Grand Prix. The safety car drove into the pit lane at the end of the thirty-fourth lap and Vettel led at the restart. Hamilton ran deep, heading into the first corner and allowing Alonso to retake second position and immediately came under attack from Massa. Kubica took eighth place from Hülkenberg by taking the inside line at the third corner. Sutil took to the inside line and passed Button for twelfth on lap thirty-six. Button was pushed wide onto the run-off area and fell to fifteenth position.

As Vettel maintained his lead, the stewards informed the Lotus team that Kovalainen had been caught speeding in the pit lane, for which he was served with a ten-second stop-and-go penalty that was taken on lap thirty-nine. Alonso set a new fastest lap and closed the gap to 1.2 seconds behind Vettel at the start of lap thirty-seven. Further back, Sutil overtook Heidfeld for twelfth on the following lap. Sutil tried to pass Kobayashi on lap thirty-eight at turn three but out-braked himself, allowing Kobayashi to retake the position. He passed the Kobayashi because of his higher straight line speed, but Sutil braked later and slid off the track, rejoining in fourteenth. One lap later, Alonso was told by his team to drive less aggressively through turns seven and eight in an effort to preserve tyre life because he was spinning his tyres under acceleration. At the conclusion of lap thirty-nine, all of the drivers had made pit stops. Vettel was leading Alonso, who was followed by Hamilton, Massa, Schumacher, Barrichello, Petrov, Hülkenberg, Kubica, Liuzzi, Kobayashi, Heidfeld, Alguersari, Sutil, Button, Senna, Kovalainen and Yamamoto. A dry line began to emerge on lap forty-one as Petrov lost control of the rear-end of his car between turns seventeen and eighteen; he slid sideways into the tyre barrier at the pit lane entry.

Alonso had reduced Vettel's lead to 1.1 seconds as Alonso set the event's fastest lap of 1:50.257 on lap 42. By lap forty-four, darkness reduced visibility and Vettel reported he could not see the braking point in turn one, while Hamilton told his team the light level was "fine". Drivers were dazzled and blinded by the gear-shift lights on their steering wheels as a consequence. Vettel lost half of his engine capacity through turn seventeen on lap 45 and felt strong vibrations. At the start of the forty-sixth lap, Vettel slowed with his engine problems and Alonso passed him around the inside to take the lead. Vettel then pulled into a gap at the main straight wall with smoke billowing from his engine, and retired. Sutil tried to overtake Kobayashi on lap forty-seven but he slid into the side of the Sauber; Sutil went off the track to retire with suspension damage. Kobayashi continued. Hülkenberg spun off the track on lap fifty-two and made a pit stop for new tyres because his engineer on the pit-wall told him one of his tyres had developed a slow puncture. Barrichello ran wide on the same lap and fell to seventh behind Kubica and Liuzzi.

Alonso opened a gap of fourteen seconds to Hamilton, who was suffering from wear on his tyres, as the drivers struggled for grip and crossed the finish line on lap fifty-five; it was Alonso's fifth victory of the season in a time of 2'48:20.810, at an average speed of . Hamilton finished in second place, 14.9 seconds behind, ahead of Massa in third. Schumacher, who explored the best places on the circuit for grip, equalled his best result of the season at the races in Spain and Turkey in fourth. He was followed by Kubica in fifth, Liuzzi in sixth, Barrichello in seventh, Kobayashi eighth, Heidfeld ninth and Hülkenberg passed Alguersuari on the final lap to round out the points-scoring positions in tenth. Button was the last driver on the lead lap, with Kovalainen in thirteenth. Hispania teammates Senna and Yamamoto were the last of the classified finishers in fourteenth and fifteenth, which was the team's best race finish of the season.

Post-race

The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and spoke to the media at a later press conference. Alonso said the Grand Prix was "one of the best races of the year" for the Ferrari team and that the wet weather conditions made the victory more difficult; "I think it's one of the most tricky conditions' victories I've ever had, probably, because we started with very extreme conditions, red flag, then a couple of laps behind the safety car". Alonso said he would not alter his driving style in the final two rounds of the season. Hamilton said finishing in second was "a great result" and that he was "very happy". He also said he lost time to other drivers in the final third of the lap because of braking problems. Massa said that despite the poor visibility he endured he was happy to finish third. He also said he struggled with his rear tyres, which caused him to slow.

Petrov said he had mixed feelings after the race, having been in seventh position before his race-ending crash on lap forty-one, "I am disappointed to end the race in the wall and not in the points, but it was encouraging to be running in the top ten". Barrichello, placed fifth before he ran wide on lap fifty-two and was passed by Kubica and Liuzzi, said, "I was lucky with the timing of the safety car and we were running in a good position right up until the closing stages. Unfortunately, I just ran out of tyre in the last five laps which cost us two places in the end."

Webber said he was at fault for causing the accident between himself and Rosberg on lap nineteen; "I thought I'd managed to catch it but I lost the car and made contact with the wall. Then Nico hit me, which wrecked his race as well. It was my mistake and it wasn't my day." Rosberg was puzzled over the incident; he said, "I don't understand why Webber didn't hit the brakes. It was crazy to roll back across the track like that." Gerhard Berger, who raced in Formula One for thirteen years, courted controversy when he accused Webber of crashing deliberately and claimed Webber planned to take out either Alonso or Hamilton. Red Bull team principal Christian Horner defended Webber in an interview with The Daily Telegraph, saying it was "absurd" that Webber attempted to take out another competitor and stated the car suffered heavy damage with the collision with the wall. Webber later went to Rosberg and apologised for the crash on the Friday before the Brazilian Grand Prix.

Vettel said Red Bull "did more or less, a perfect job" in the race until his retirement from an engine failure on the forty-sixth lap. Renault principal engineer Fabrice Lom apologised to Red Bull for Vettel's engine failure. It was later revealed by Vettel that the engine was not to have been used in future races had it not failed. Horner subsequently said Red Bull would not be favouring Vettel or Webber for the Drivers' Championship. In 2011, Red Bull advisor Helmut Marko said he had considered retirement from the sport after Vettel and Webber failed to finish because he believed Red Bull had lost the possibility to win the title in 2010. After Webber and Vettel retired, members of the McLaren and Ferrari teams celebrated the events. Sauber team principal Peter Sauber told Blick it was "very unsporting" and that "they were scenes that didn't please me at all". Button said problems with his front tyres caused him to lock up under braking. He later described his race as "sad". Button also told journalists he believed he was unable to defend the Drivers' Championship though said he would not assist Hamilton unless Button was mathematically ruled out.

Buemi and Sutil were summoned to the stewards for the roles in their respective accidents and incurred five-place grid penalties for the next race at Interlagos. Sutil was fined $10,000 (£6,400) for driving in the manner that was performed, despite knowing of a problem with his brakes. Sutil said he struggled with excessive brake force, which caused him to lock his tyres; he was unhappy with his performance. Kobayashi said he saw Sutil in his mirror and believed he would not complete the manoveure. Buemi said his accident with Glock was caused by him braking late and said he felt "sorry" for Glock.

The use of a safety car to start the race had a mixed response within the sport. Massa thanked Whiting in the media; he said he felt Whiting "did an excellent job of managing the situation, making the right decisions as to when to start the race and when to bring in the Safety Car at the right moment". Schumacher, Petrov, Sutil and Buemi also agreed with the decision to start under safety-car conditions. Hamilton said he felt the length of time under safety-car conditions was not "good for the spectators and it's not fun for the drivers". He additionally felt the track was dry enough for a normal restart. BBC commentator and former driver Martin Brundle said he felt the race should have started earlier, while Button said he thought it should have been stopped before visibility deteriorated. Nevertheless, the Grand Prix was awarded the Race Promoters Trophy at the FIA Gala Awards held in Monte Carlo in December 2010.

As a consequence of the race, Alonso returned to the lead of the Drivers' Championship on 231 points. Webber's failure to score dropped him to second, eleven points behind Alonso. Hamilton's second-place finish moved him ahead of Vettel, with Button still in fifth. Red Bull retained the led the Constructors' Championship despite not getting both cars to the finish. McLaren remained in second with 399 points; Ferrari had caught up to McLaren, the gap between the two teams reduced to 25 points with two races of the season remaining. Given Alonso's new lead, Vettel acknowledged his team had the fastest car in the season's two remaining races and said he remained confident of winning the Drivers' Championship. After the conclusion of the championship in Vettel's favour by four points, Webber's manager Flavio Briatore highlighted the Korean Grand Prix as one of Webber's most obvious lost opportunities in his bid to win the title.

Race classification
Drivers who scored championship points are denoted in bold and by a .

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
 Bold text indicates competitors who still had a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion.

References

External links

2010
Formula One Grand Prix
Korean Grand Prix
Korean Grand Prix


Sverre Kråkenes

Sverre Kråkenes (born 11 March 1931) is a Norwegian competition rower. He competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics. His brothers Harald and Thorstein are also Olympic competition rowers.

References

External links

Category:1931 births
Category:Living people
Category:Norwegian male rowers
Category:Olympic rowers of Norway
Category:Rowers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Category:Rowers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Bergen


Jacob Katz

Jacob Katz  (Hebrew: יעקב כ"ץ) (born 15 November 1904 in Magyargencs, Hungary, died 20 May 1998 in Israel) was a Jewish historian and educator. He established the history curriculum used in Israel's High Schools.

Katz described "traditional society" and deployed sociological methods in his study of Jewish communities, with special attention to changes in halakhah (Jewish law) and Orthodoxy. He pioneered the modern study of Orthodoxy and its formation in reaction to Reform Judaism.

Years 1945-1950
In the year 1945 Jacob Katz presented to a conference of historians his article "Marriage and Sexual Relations at the close of the Middle Ages" which was published that year in the periodical Zion. Katz, who lived at that time in Tel Aviv and worked as a lecturer at College of Education, had already been credited with a few articles in the fields of education, psychology, and pedagogy, and their publication had given him a good reputation in the field. However, this reputation alone did not make him happy; he even suspected that it might distance him from what he craved most of all: to get back to engagement in history research. It was Ben-Zion Dinur who encouraged Katz not to give up on his research even in the absence of an academic post. Indeed, despite the difficulty of setting aside time for research, Katz succeeded in completing the article mentioned. Its publication in the pages of Zion gave rise to favourable responses, and even won Katz an invitation to the first International Congress of Jewish studies in Jerusalem in 1947. With hindsight it is possible to claim that Katz's article on "Marriage and Sexual Relations" in Zion paved the way for his joining the faculty of Hebrew University. At the approach of the academic year 1949-1950, the University invited Katz to serve as an adjunct instructor, offering him 25% of a full-time post.

Katz became a specialist in Jewish-gentile relations, the Jewish Enlightenment, or Haskalah, anti-Semitism, and the Holocaust. His works in Hebrew provide much of the basis for scholarly analyses of anti-Semitism.

Awards
 In 1980, Katz was awarded the Israel Prize, for "history of the Jewish people.

Published works

 Tradition and Crisis: Jewish Society at the End of the Middle Ages
 From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700-1933
 Exclusiveness and Tolerance: Studies in Jewish-Gentile Relations in Medieval and Modern Times
 The Darker Side of Genius
 Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770-1870
 The "Shabbes Goy"
 Divine Law in Human Hands
 A House Divided: Orthodoxy and Schism in Nineteenth-Century Central European Jewry

See also
List of Israel Prize recipients

References

External links
 Brief biography at Jacobkatz.co.il and a bibliography of more than 300 works

Category:Jewish historians
Category:Hungarian historians
Category:Israeli historians
Category:Historians of the Holocaust
Category:Scholars of antisemitism
Category:Israel Prize in history recipients
Category:Israel Prize in history of the Jewish people recipients
Category:Hungarian Jews
Category:German Jews
Category:Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Category:People from Veszprém County
Category:1904 births
Category:1998 deaths
Category:20th-century historians


Frank Martin (footballer, born 1887)

Francis Martin (3 January 1887 – 5 July 1967) was an English professional football left half and right back who played in the Football League for Grimsby Town, Hull City and Aberdare Athletic.

Personal life
Martin was married with two children and worked as a stonemason. Martin served as a private with the 17th (Service) Battalion of the Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment) during the First World War. He was shot in the jaw near Beaumont-Hamel in April 1916 and remained in France until November 1916, before returning to Britain for recuperation and being medically discharged in August 1917.

Career statistics

References

Category:English footballers
Category:English Football League players
Category:British Army soldiers
Category:British Army personnel of World War I
Category:Middlesex Regiment soldiers
Category:1887 births
Category:Sportspeople from Gateshead
Category:Hull City A.F.C. players
Category:Grimsby Town F.C. players
Category:Aberdare Athletic F.C. players
Category:Cleethorpes Town F.C. players
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Association football fullbacks
Category:1967 deaths
Category:Stonemasons


Chamade

In war, a chamade was a certain beat of a drum, or sound of a trumpet, which was addressed to the enemy as a kind of signal, to inform them of some proposition to be made to the commander; either to capitulate, to have leave to bury their dead, make a truce, etc. Gilles Ménage derives the word from the Italian chiamate, from Latin clamare, to cry.

References

Category:Laws of war
Category:Military diplomacy


Sunland Derby

The Sunland Derby is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually at Sunland Park Racetrack in Sunland Park, New Mexico. Inaugurated in 2003, the race is open to three-year-olds willing to race one and one-eighth miles on the dirt and is sponsored by WinStar Farm of Versailles, Kentucky. Held in March, the Sunland Derby currently offers a purse of $800,000.

In its 11th year in 2013, it received Grade III status from the American Graded Stakes Committee for the first time in 2010. It is listed as an official Kentucky Derby prep race.

The 2016 running of the Sunland Derby was cancelled due to an outbreak of Equine herpesvirus 1.

Records
Speed  record:
 1:46.94 - Cutting Humor (2019) (at current distance of 9 furlongs)
 1:42.84 - Excessivepleasure (2003) (at former distance of 8.5 furlongs)

Most wins by a jockey:
 2 - Victor Espinoza (2006, 2007)
 2 - Martin Garcia (2013, 2014)

Most wins by a trainer:
 3 - Bob Baffert (2006, 2013, 2014)

Most wins by an owner:
 2 - Michael E. Pegram (2006, 2013)

Winners

See also
Road to the Kentucky Derby

References

The 2009 Sunland Derby at the NTRA

External links
Sunland Derby website

Category:2003 establishments in New Mexico
Category:Horse races in New Mexico
Category:Sunland Park Racetrack & Casino
Category:Flat horse races for three-year-olds
Category:Triple Crown Prep Races
Category:Graded stakes races in the United States
Category:Grade 3 stakes races in the United States
Category:Recurring events established in 2003
Category:Sports in New Mexico


1958 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

The 1958 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 25th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and National League (NL), the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball. The game was held on July 8, 1958, at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland, the home of the Baltimore Orioles of the American League.

This was the first Major League Baseball All-Star Game without an extra base hit.

For this Diamond Jubilee game, the ceremonial first pitch was thrown by U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon, who became President 10 years later.  The attendance was 48,829.  The game was broadcast on the NBC television and radio networks.

The first hit of the game was by legendary center fielder Willie Mays. The last scoring came in the sixth inning when the American League team took the lead after an error by third baseman Frank Thomas led to a single by Gil McDougald. Early Wynn was the winning pitcher as the American League scored a 4-3 victory.

Several players were named to the team but did not get into the game.  These included Billy Pierce, Tony Kubek, Harvey Kuenn, Sherm Lollar, Rocky Bridges, Ryne Duren, Whitey Ford, and Elston Howard for the American League. For the National League team, Johnny Antonelli, Richie Ashburn, George Crowe, Eddie Mathews, Don McMahon, Walt Moryn, Johnny Podres, Bob Purkey, and Bob Schmidt were on the roster but did not play.

The next All-Star Game to be played in Baltimore was in 1993; that edition was aired on both CBS TV and radio, and played in Oriole Park at Camden Yards, with a special commemoration of this game's 35th anniversary.

Opening Lineups

Rosters

Umpires

Line Score

References

Major League Baseball All-Star Game
Category:Major League Baseball All-Star Game
Category:Sports competitions in Baltimore
Major League Baseball All Star Game
Category:July 1958 sports events
Category:1950s in Baltimore