Harper (publisher)

Harper is an American publishing house, currently the flagship imprint of global publisher HarperCollins.

History

J. & J. Harper (1817–1833)

James Harper and his brother John, printers by training, started their book publishing business J. & J. Harper in 1817.  Their two brothers, Joseph Wesley Harper and Fletcher Harper, joined them in the mid-1820s.

Harper & Brothers (1833–1962)

The company changed its name to "Harper & Brothers" in 1833.  The headquarters of the publishing house were located at 331 Pearl Street, facing Franklin Square in Lower Manhattan (about where the Manhattan approach to the Brooklyn Bridge lies today).

Harper & Brothers began publishing Harper's New Monthly Magazine in 1850.  The brothers also published Harper's Weekly (starting in 1857), Harper's Bazar  (starting in 1867), and Harper's Young People (starting in 1879).

George B. M. Harvey became president of Harper's on Nov. 16, 1899.

Harper's New Monthly Magazine ultimately became Harper's Magazine, which is now published by the Harper's Magazine Foundation. Harper's Weekly was absorbed by The Independent (New York; later Boston) in 1916, which in turn merged with The Outlook in 1928. Harper's Bazar was sold to William Randolph Hearst in 1913, became Harper's Bazaar, and is now simply Bazaar, published by the Hearst Corporation.

In 1924, Cass Canfield joined Harper & Brothers and held a variety of executive positions until his death in 1986. In 1925, Eugene F. Saxton joined the company as an editor, and he was responsible for publishing many well-known authors, including Edna St. Vincent Millay and Thornton Wilder. In 1935, Edward Aswell moved to Harper & Brothers as an assistant editor of general books and eventually became editor-in-chief. Aswell persuaded Thomas Wolfe to leave Scribner's, and, after Wolfe's death, edited the posthumous novels The Web and the Rock, You Can't Go Home Again, and The Hills Beyond.

Harper & Row (1962–1990)

In 1962 Harper & Brothers merged with Row, Peterson & Company to become Harper & Row. Harper's religion publishing moved to San Francisco and became Harper San Francisco (now HarperOne) in 1977. Harper & Row acquired Thomas Y. Crowell Co. and J. B. Lippincott & Co. in the 1970s; Crowell and the trade operations of Lippincott were merged into Harper & Row in 1980. Marshall Pickering was bought by Harper & Row in 1988. Also in 1988, Harper & Row purchased the religious publisher Zondervan.

HarperCollins (1990–present)

Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation (now News Corp) acquired Harper & Row in 1987, and William Collins, Sons in 1990.  The names of these two national publishing houses (Harper & Row in the United States and Collins in the United Kingdom) were combined (along with the Harper's torch icon and Collins' fountain icon) to create HarperCollins.  The company has since expanded its international reach with further acquisitions of formerly independent publishers. The Harper imprint began being used in place of HarperCollins in 2007.

Paperbacks
After the purchase of Harper & Row by News Corporation, HarperCollins launched a new mass market paperback line to complement its existing trade paperback Perennial imprint. It was known as Harper Paperbacks from 1990 to 2000, HarperTorch from 2000 to 2006, and Harper from 2007 to the present.

Authors and illustrators (selected)

 Robert C. Binkley
 Margaret Wise Brown
 Agatha Christie
 Paulo Coelho
 Stephen Fry
 Anna Godbersen
 John Gray
 Zane Grey
 John Gunther
 Thomas Hardy
 Syd Hoff
 Arthur Holmes
 Erin Hunter
 Aldous Huxley
 Henry James

 Crockett Johnson
 Bruce Judson
 Harper Lee
 Martin Luther King Jr.
 Barbara Kingsolver
 Ruth Krauss
 Ursula K. Le Guin
 Armistead Maupin
 André Maurois
 Herman Melville
 Caroline Pafford Miller
 Dick Morris
 Sarah Palin
 Lincoln Peirce
 Howard Pyle
 Leland M. Roth

 Laura Schlessinger
 Maurice Sendak
 Sara Shepard
 Shel Silverstein
 Betty Smith
 Lemony Snicket
 Howard Spring
 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
 Mark Twain
 Charles Dudley Warner
 E. B. White
 Simon Winchester
 Laura Ingalls Wilder
 Thornton Wilder
 Richard Wright

See also
 Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
 The Long Short Cut
 Brooks Thomas
 Books in the United States

References

Further reading

 Barnes, James J. "Edward Lytton Bulwer and the Publishing Firm of Harper & Brothers." American Literature (1966): 35-48. in JSTOR
 D'Amato, Martina. "'The Harper Establishment'; or, How a New York Publishing Giant Was Made."
 Exman, Eugene. The brothers Harper: a unique publishing partnership and its impact upon the cultural life of America from 1817 to 1853 (Harper & Row, 1965)

 Mellman, John A. (2017), "The Harper Torchbooks Series: A History and Personal Assessment", publishinghistory.com.

Primary sources

External links

Official website (US)
Official website (UK)
The Harper Brothers Founders of Harper Brothers Publishing

Category:Publishing companies established in 1817
Category:Book publishing companies based in New York (state)
Category:Publishing companies disestablished in 1962
Category:HarperCollins books


Eric H. du Plessis

Éric Hollingsworth du Plessis (born in France, September 19, 1950) is an author and educator living in Radford, VA. He is professor of French Studies at Radford University, Radford, Virginia and director of the Radford University's French Program at The Universite Catholique de l'Ouest in Angers, France Centre International Des Études Françaises.

Du Plessis has published books, articles, book chapters and encyclopedia entries on literature, linguistics, and historical/cultural studies in such journals and encyclopedias as Revue de Littérature Comparée, Poe Studies, European Studies Journal, Dalhousie French Studies, Cahiers du CIRhill, Short Story Criticism, The World Education Encyclopedia, ALFA and the World Press Encyclopedia.

Early life
Du Plessis was born to Jean-Pierre, a World War II veteran with the British SAS and architect, and Simone Jeanne, a therapist for dyslexic children. He moved to Richmond, Virginia and attended Virginia Commonwealth University, supporting himself by cleaning floors at Johnston-Willis Hospital, working as a waiter, a substitute teacher at an all-black school, and as a campus police officer for one summer. After graduating from VCU with a degree in philosophy, he studied at the University of Richmond, where he received a master's degree, and went on to the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, Virginia, where he obtained his Ph.D. He then relocated to College Station, Texas where he became an assistant professor at Texas A&M University.

Publications
 The Nineteenth-Century French Novel: A Reader's Path to Classic Fiction. Mellen, 2013. Reviewed by Jean Mazaheri in Romance Quarterly, Vol. 62, No. 2 (2014): 151-152, and by Kathryn Haklin in Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. 42, No. 3&4 (2014).
 Exiled From Paris: Growing up French in the 1960s. (Createspace and Amazon, 2009; revised, second edition 2012), reviewed by Mary Wellington in Modern and Contemporary France (Routledge, London), Vol. 18 (2010): 127-129, and in The University of Virginia Magazine, Vol. XCIX, No. 3 (2010): 58.
 An English Translation of Balzac's Novel Wann-Chlore. Mellen, 2005. Reviewed by Homayoun Mazaheri in Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. 35, No. 3 (2007): 676-677, and by Stephane Vachon in L'Annee Balzacienne Vol. XXIII (2008): 452-454.
 The NightCharmer and Other Tales of Claude Seignolle. Texas A&M University Press, 1983, with a preface by Lawrence Durrell. Reviewed by Jack Sullivan in The New York Times Book Review, Vol. 89. February 26, 1984, p. 22, and in Choice, Vol. 21 (1984): 985.
 Nietzsche en France, 1891-1915 with a preface by Michel Guerin. UPA, 1982. Reviewed by William Carter in The French Review, vol. 59. No. 1 (1985): 139-140, and by C.H. Moore in Canadian Review of Comparative Literature, Vol. X, No. 3 (1983): 447-450.

Education
 Former student, University of Paris Medical School
 B.A., Virginia Commonwealth University
 M.A., University of Richmond
 Ph.D., University of Virginia

References

External links
 Radford University:  Department of Foreign Languages and Literature — Dr. Eric H. du Plessis

Category:1950 births
Category:Living people
Category:French emigrants to the United States
Category:University of Paris alumni
Category:Virginia Commonwealth University alumni
Category:University of Richmond alumni
Category:University of Virginia alumni
Category:Radford University faculty
Category:French educators
Category:20th-century French educators
Category:21st-century French educators


To Blue Horizons

To Blue Horizons is the tenth studio album by German band Bad Boys Blue. It was released on 26 March 1994 by Intercord. Three singles were also released. The record includes two international hits: "Go Go (Love Overload)" and "Luv 4 U".

Background
On this record, the band left its long-time label Coconut Records and producers Tony Hendrik and Karin Hartmann. As Trevor Bannister retired from the band, Bad Boys Blue became a duo again. John McInerney performed ten songs, and Andrew Thomas one.

The US edition of this album includes two additional songs "Don’t Be So Shy" and "Family Beat". These songs were later featured in the band's next album Bang Bang Bang.

Track listing
"Luv 4 U (Radio Mix)" – 3:42
"Go Go (Love Overload)" – 3:45
"Take A Chance" – 3:58
"Is It You?" – 3:26
"What Else? (Radio Mix)" – 3:12
"Grand Illusion" – 3:42
"Prove Your Love" – 3:27
"One More Kiss" – 3:34
"It Was Only Love" – 3:41
"Say You'll Be Mine" – 3:44
"Love's Not Always Like Paradise" – 3:43

Chart performance
Finland — #25
Germany — #83

Personnel
Bad Boys Blue
John McInerney – lead vocal (tracks: 1 to 9, 11)
Andrew Thomas – rap parts (1, 3, 6), lead vocal (tracks: 10)

Additional personnel
Arranged By [Additional] – Pit Schönpflug
Bass – Michael Herzer
Executive Producer – Holger Müller
Guitar – Adax Dörsam, Olli Rosenberger
Keyboards – Horst Schnebel, Pit Schönpflug, Thomas Wörner
Producer – Horst Schnebel (tracks: 2 to 4, 6 to 11), Rico Novarini (tracks: 1 5)
Recorded By, Arranged By, Mixed By – Horst Schnebel
Vocals – Armin Ludäscher, Joana Terry, Joshi Dinier, Sandy Davis, Sheryl Hackett, Ute Berling

References

External links
ALBUM - To Blue Horizons
Bad Boys Blue – General Information

Category:1994 albums
Category:Bad Boys Blue albums


Mount Pleasant Caldera

The Mount Pleasant Caldera is a large eroded Late Devonian volcanic caldera complex, located in the northern Appalachian Mountains of southwestern New Brunswick, Canada. It is one of few noticeable pre-Cenozoic calderas, and its formation is associated to a period of crustal thinning that followed the Acadian orogeny in the northern Appalachian Mountains.
It sits relatively near to the coastline.

Geology
The large elliptical feature is dated back to the late Devonian Period, and is partially covered in the north by overlying Middle Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Period strata. The volcano is north-south trending in its elliptical shape, with minimum dimensions of  as outlined by regional gravitational and magnetic studies. The northern half of the volcano has since been covered by depositional rock strata. The caldera is bounded to the east and west by fused Ordovician to Silurian turbiditic metasedimentary rocks of the local Digdeguash and Flume Ridge geological formations.

Late Silurian to Devonian granitic rocks of the Saint George Batholith bound part of the southern margin of the caldera. Rocks within the summit itself date back to the Upper Devonian, and show multiple fill sequences late in its history.

The magma produced by Pleasant is rich in silica, as indicated by a large amounts of ignimbrite, tuff, rhyolite, and other igneous rocks rich in the mineral. Silica-rich magma does have a high viscosity, and therefore does not flow easily like basalt. As a result, gases tend to become trapped at high pressure within the magma.  When the magma approaches the surface of the Earth the rapid off-loading of overlying material causes the trapped gases to decompress rapidly triggering explosive destruction of the magma and spreading volcanic ash over wide areas.

Intrusion-related gold veins have recently  raised great interest among economic geologists. In southwestern New Brunswick, which is part of the Canadian Alleghenian orogeny, several gold deposits have been recorded in the past. The positive early results have created great interest for gold-finding efforts, and the Mount Meager massif has proven to be an ideal candidate.

Granitic intrusions within the caldera complex include the McDougall Brook Microgranite and the somewhat younger Mount Pleasant Granite. Gold quartz breccias and veins cut the McDougall Brook Microgranite and its volcanic wall-rock, while molybdenum-bismuth-tungsten and later polymetallic mineralization are related to the multiphase Mount Pleasant Granite.

The numerous felsic sections are associated with episodes of fractional crystallization in a high-level, zoned magma chamber. Fractionation was continually interrupted by eruption of material from the roof zone such that seven phases of caldera growth have been recognized.

Mount Pleasant lies along the southwestern margin of the caldera complex. Two mineralized zones, termed the Fire Tower Zone and the North Zone, occur within volcanic plugs about  apart. The volcanic necks are defined by magmatic-hydrothermal breccias.

Eruptive history
The eruptive history of the Mount Pleasant Caldera can be divided into three stages of activity: the exocaldera sequence, the intracaldera sequence, and the late caldera-fill sequence. These can further be subdivided into strata based on their depth below the surrounding rock.

The Intercaldera Sequence comprises formations that crop out from overlying flows in triangularly shaped area, and includes thick volcanic ash (tuff), thick breccia layers, and intermediate to felsic igneous rocks that tend to intrude the above layers and are typically located along caldera margin faults. The Exocaldera Sequence contains ash flow tuffs, mafic lavas, alluvial redbeds, and porphyritic felsic lavas that are distributed across five different layers. The late Caldera-Fill Sequence contains rocks that are similar to those of the outflows of the other, older layers, and comprises two formations and two relatively minor intrusive lava flows. The volcanic flows are generally mafic. The stratigraphic subdivision is supported by geochemical and mineralogical analyses, which indicate that the basaltic rocks are mantle-derived and have, unusually, relatively intraplate (or hotspot) type chemical affinities. The multiple andesite flows were probably derived from basaltic magma by the crystallization of the magma material. The relatively rare, more felsic flow units, are thought to have originated from high-end crystallization inside the magma chamber. The various stages of fractionation are continually interrupted by eruptions, and have allowed scientists to recognize seven stages of caldera development. The genesis of the caldera is related to a period of lithospheric thinning that followed the Acadian Orogeny in the northern Appalachians.

The relative position of the Exocaldera and Intracaldera sequences is based on several observations:
 The upper part of the Rothea formation (Exocaldera) contains about 1% biotite. The only intracaldera rocks with this much biotite is volcanic strata within sedimentary breccia of and a tuff unit near the Scoullar Mountain formation (Intracaldera).
 Andesitic strata occurs only in two flow units: the South Oromocto Andesite of the Exocaldera sequence, and the Scoullar Mountain formation of the Intracaldera sequence.
 The exocaldera Carrow formation contains clasts from the intracaldera Seelys formation.
 The exocaldera Bailey Rock Rhyolite intrudes and overlies the Carrow formation, but is intruded by the intracaldera McDougall Brook Granite formation.

Exocaldera sequence
The exocaldera sequence consists of, in ascending stratigraphic order, the Hoyt Station Basalt, Rothea Formation, South Oromocto Andesite, Carrow Formation and Bailey Rock Rhyolite. The first and last flow units have the least extent, evidence of erosional activity after their formation but before the next deposited layer.

The first and oldest layer is the Hoyt Station basalt formation, which is composed of at least two flow units. There are two types of rock associated with the basalt, conglomerate ranging in particle size from small pebbles to cobbles, and lithic lapilli-tuff (well-worn, consolidated volcanic ash). It is only directly exposed at the surface in one area, as a tuff on an extended solidified multi-age lava flow that extends northeast from the northern section of the volcano, colored green in the diagram at right.

The next oldest layer is the Rothea formation. It can be divided into three major lava flow layers. The lower member consists mainly of unwelded (unjoined), but heavily compacted, pumiceous lapilli-tuff and crystal tuff strata. The middle member consists of rock ranging from nearly aphyric tuff at the base to crystal tuff near the top. The top section of the middle unit contains pyroxene. The top member consists of a fine-grained, typically reddish lava flow and another lithic tuff unit. It can be found exposed in a limited region, encompassing the flank of the Hoyt Station basalt, colored light yellow in the diagram at right; it also peeks out closer to the volcano twice.

The next layer, the South Oromocto Andesite formation, is composed of at least three flow units, with basalt flows being the most extensive. Only one exhibits a porphyritic texture. Calcite veins and hematite bands near the top of the layer indicate that this was a period of degassing in the flow. It forms a thin band around the Rothea formation.

The Carrow formation is a predominantly fine-grained redbed (consisting of typically red sedimentary rocks) unit that has a grade ranging from pebbles and cobble in conglomerate at the base to mudstone laced with calcrete at the top. The flow is littered with abundant flows from the Seelys (in the intercaldera sequence) and Rothea (earlier) formation towards the southeast, but in the north metasedimentary rocks, which are sedimentary rocks exhibiting metamorphosis, predominate. The lower part of the formation consists of unwelded and highly compacted lapilli tuff with abundant amounts of pumice fragments. A basalt and basalt-clad mudflow occurs near the top if the formation in some places. A dated locality from the top of the formation has been dated to the Late Devonian, around 350 million years ago. The exposed part of the formation forms a long band around the South Oromocto Andesite formation, and is colored brown on the map.

The last formation in the later, the Bailey Rock Rhyolite formation, is composed of porphyritic lava, and is characterized by an absence of angular crystals and pumice derivatives. In places its rhyolite composition intrudes older stratas. This layer is unique for it bridges the exocaldera and intracaldera sequences. A layer of saprolite (chemically weathered rock) separates the Bailey Rock Rhyolite formation from the overlying Caldera-Fill Sequence-era rocks. The exposed part of the flow overlies part of the Carrow formation, and is colored pink in the diagram above-right.

Intracaldera sequence
The Intercaldera Sequence is divided into, in ascending order, the Scoullar Mountain formation, Little Mount Pleasant formation, Seelys formation, and McDougall Brook Granite formation. In addition, there are felsic dykes and one mafic dyke that intrude the Scoullar Mountain and Little Mount Pleasant formations, respectively.

The first sequence in the order is the Scoullar Mountain formation. The layer is characterized by sedimentary breccia and interbedded andesitic lava. In addition felsic pyroclastic rocks are very common in places and one sandstone-conglomerate lava flow can be found. The sedimentary breccia is dominated by pebble to boulder size angular metasedimentary stratas, and a few crystal tuff layers that contain about 1% biotite, the only such high amount of a typically trace mineral outside of Rothea formation in the Extracaldera sequence. A pumice-ridden lapilli-tuff section near the believed top section additionally has a 1% composition of the mineral amphibole. The exposed portion of the flows loosely flank the slopes of the volcano on the left and right, and are represented by bright orange on the map.

The next layer is the Little Mount Pleasant formation, which is composed of crystal tuff and banded rhyolite. The tuff is characterized by, recrystallized pumice with microscopic crystals and amphibole. The crystal structure inside the pumice are larger than those outside, indicating that significant mechanical breakage during the eruption in which they were deposited. The exposed part of this layer is located around the southern base of the main caldera, and is colored ochre (light orange) on the diagram.

The Seelys formation, next in the order, consists of lithic tuff and pumice-littered lithic lapilli-tuffs, banded, pumiceous, crystal tuff, and densely welded crystal tuff. The basalt contains clasts of both the Scoullar Mountain andesite and Little Mount Pleasant formation. Quartz and feldspar increase in size and abundance yoward the top. Biotite is virtually absent, but zircon is very common. The formation is colored the lightest orange on the map, and swathes across the main body of the caldera.

The McDougall Brook Granite formation consists mostly of porphyritic granite, a borderline feldspar (sometimes quartz) porphyry, and minor amounts of fine-grained quartz monzonite. The grain size of the porphyry and the size and abundance of feldspar increases inward. Amphibole with apatite is the main mineral phase in all three of the flows. Parts of the feldspar porphyry are hydrothermally altered. The deposit is extensively exposed, and is colored red on the map.

Late Caldera-fill sequence
The Late Caldera-Fill sequence includes the Mount Pleasant Porphyry, the Big Scott Mountain formation, and the Kleef formation. The ages of the rocks are not well-established, but they are most likely Late Devonian and Mississippian. In addition the Intracaldera sequence is cut into multiple intrusions of varying origins. Many of the intrusions are thought to have formed without eruption, when mineral deposits "leaked."

The Mount Pleasant Porphyry formation occurs as dykes and small rock areas that have been associated with local breccia. The dyke structures seem to indicate multiple periods of intrusion. Two types of breccias have been identified, and older and more common felsic series, and a younger neutral phase. The porphyries making up the rocks were emplaced at the pre-existing volcanic margin.

The Big Scott Mountain formation consists of rhyolite of variable composition, lapilli-tuff, and crystal tuff. Most of the rhyolites are characterized by large amounts of pyroxene. One rhyolite unit appears to overlie the McDougall Brook Granite formation. The tuff is littered by clasts from the Seelys and McDougall Brook Granite formations. The tuff also appears to be layered. It is colored dark orange on the map, and the exposed part partially rings the north of the volcano.

The final formation, the Kleef formation, includes redbed, basalt and pumice-ridden tuff. Pebble to cobble sized conglomerate is also seen complimenting the volcanic rock, and parts seem to come from older formations. The basalt is characterized by large crystals (up to ). The tuff are characterized by their reddish-brown color and abundant fossil-pumice. The formation is very rare exposed and of interest to economic geologists, as it contains many of the possibly gold-bearing intrusive areas. It is colored light blue on the map.

Mining

Mount Pleasant has a long history of exploration and development in mining. Tin was first discovered on the mountain in 1937. The focus of exploration over the years has shifted from tin-base metals to porphyry tungsten-molybdenum-bismuth deposits, and then to porphyry tin deposits, and now indium, a rare element that is important to new technologies such as LCD screens and solar cells, computers and smart phones.

The Mount Pleasant mine is located  south of Fredericton, the provincial capital. The mining company Adex Mining Inc. holds 102 prospective claims covering approximately 1,600 hectares (4,000 acres) and 405 hectares (1,000 acres) of surface rights at Mount Pleasant, dominating the local extraction rights. It is situate close to infrastructure and potential employees. With a population of 50,000, Fredericton is important to the mine, as is Saint John, with a population of 70,000, which lies about  o the southeast. Mount Pleasant is also only  from the Canada–United States border. When the mine was last producing - 1983 to 1985 - tungsten ore was regularly transported through Saint John by means of a provincial highway for shipment to Europe. The mine site is accessible via all-weather roads from Fredericton, Saint John and St. George. Electricity is provided by the New Brunswick transmission grid and water from a pump house located on the nearby Piskahegan River.

On September 25, 2005, the Society of Economic Geologists hosted a small field trip to the caldera and the nearby Mount Pleasant Mine and Clarence stream deposit. The trip was divided into three stages: the Mount Pleasant Caldera, the Mount Pleasant Mine, and the Clarence Stream deposits. The field crew described two trenches that seemed to outline the relationship between the volcanic rock and the possibly gold-rich intrusive areas.

On June 25, 2008, Geodex Minerals Ltd., a gold venture firm, announced the results of a 2007 - early 2008 diamond drilling program on the west side of Mount Pleasant. Along with the development of the Sisson Brook tungsten-molybdenum-copper project north of Fredericton, the area surrounding the former Mount Pleasant mine has been a major focus of the company. Research is ongoing, and focuses on the two most likely candidates: the McDougall Brook Granitic suite (MBG) and the Mount Pleasant Granitic suite (MPG).
In June 2011, the owners moved their corporate offices from Toronto to Fredericton with the intent of refocusing efforts onto getting the mine running again by 2012.

See also
 List of volcanoes in Canada
 Volcanology of Eastern Canada

References

Category:Calderas of Canada
Category:Volcanoes of New Brunswick
Category:Extinct volcanoes
Category:Devonian volcanoes
Category:Polygenetic volcanoes
Category:Landforms of Charlotte County, New Brunswick


Anaya (disambiguation)

Anaya may refer to the following:

People with the surname "Anaya"
 Alberto Anaya, a Mexican politician and senator
 Carlos Anaya, a Uruguayan politician and historian
 Elena Anaya, a Spanish actress
 Herbert Anaya, a president of the NGO Human Rights Commission of El Salvador
 Ignacio Anaya, a Mexican restauranteer
 James Anaya, US Indigenous Rights activist
 Jorge Anaya, a former Commander-in-Chief of the Argentine Navy
 Luis Anaya, a Salvadoran professional football player
 Pedro María de Anaya, a military officer
 Ricardo Anaya, a Mexican politician
 Romeo Anaya, a Mexican boxer
 Rudolfo Anaya, a Mexican-American author
 Toney Anaya, a U.S. Democratic politician

People with the given name "Anaya"
 Anaya Bathibak

Places
 Anaya, a municipality located in the province of Segovia
 General Anaya, one of the original 13 delegaciones of the Mexican Federal District

Music
 Anaya (album), a 2009 album by flutist Nicole Mitchell


Bravo (Romanian magazine)

Bravo was a Romanian teens' magazine, the Romanian version of the German original format. It was published bimonthly between 1997 and 2014.

History

The first issue of Bravo was published in 1997. The print edition of the magazine ceased publication in April 2014.

A third of the Bravo team has been involved in a new project Noizz.ro. The official Bravo website now redirects to the official website of Noizz.ro.

Content
The magazine covered most current news, gossips and rumours. It included the "Loser v Winner corner", in which there are presented some gestures or projects of fellow worldwide artists, comparing one to each other. It also featured the "Star - Duel", where the editors compare two artists, shows, films or series which are from the same domein.

Starting with August, 2009, the readers had the freedom to choose theirselfs' favourite artists to appear on a poster or wallpaper, by sending a text via SMS.

It featured an exclusive interview with an international superstar, such as Sugababes, Zac Efron or Justin Bieber. The magazine also included breaking news about the most recent or upcoming films and TV series, and new DVD releasings.

The BRAVO Top 20, or BRAVO CHARTS was the reader's chart. They can vote online on bravonet.ro their favourite songs, from a shortlist of 50 songs. The chart was mediated twice a month.

References

 Official Web Page

Category:1997 establishments in Romania
Category:2014 disestablishments in Romania
Category:Bauer Media Group
Category:Bi-monthly magazines
Category:Magazines established in 1997
Category:Magazines disestablished in 2014
Category:Romanian magazines
Category:Romanian-language magazines
Category:Youth magazines
Category:Celebrity magazines
Category:Defunct magazines of Romania


Julian Goldberger

Julian Goldberger is an independent film director based in Los Angeles.

Julian studied acting and directing at Florida State University's School of Theatre, afterwards completing New York University's Intensive Film Program and The AFI Conservatory's Directing Program.

His feature film directing debut, Trans, screened at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival, 1999 Sundance Film Festival, 1999 Berlin International Film Festival (READERS’ JURY PRIZE for BEST FILM), 1999 New Directors/New Films Festival at New York City's Museum of Modern Art, as well as various other international festivals.

Mr. Goldberger was honored as an Independent Spirit Award nominee for the Movado Someone To Watch Award, recognizing talented up-and-coming directors with a singular vision.

In 2000, he served as Filmmaker-in-Residence at Singapore's Centre for Film and Media Studies. In 2006, his second narrative feature, an adaptation of the Harry Crews novel The Hawk Is Dying (2006) a movie starring Paul Giamatti, Michael Pitt, and Michelle Williams, premiered in competition at the Sundance Film Festival, and will be appear at the Director's Fortnight Competition at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival.

Goldberger teaches at UCLA Extension, Writers Program.

Filmography
Trans (1998)
The Hawk Is Dying (2006)

References

External links
Official Site

Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:American film directors
Category:American educators
Category:American male screenwriters
Category:Screenwriting instructors


SC2000

In cryptography, SC2000 is a block cipher invented by a research group at Fujitsu Labs. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected. It was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, has been dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013.

The algorithm uses a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It operates on blocks of 128 bits using 6.5 or 7.5 rounds of encryption. Each round consists of S-box lookups, key additions, and an unkeyed two-round Feistel network. There are 3 S-boxes: a 4×4-bit one used at the beginning of each round, and a 5×5-bit one and 6×6-bit one used in the Feistel network.

No analysis of the full SC2000 has been announced, but a reduced version of 4.5 rounds is susceptible to linear cryptanalysis, and a reduced version of 5 rounds is susceptible to differential cryptanalysis.

In 2014 Alex Biryukov and Ivica Nikolić found a weakness in the key schedule of SC2000 which allows an attacker to find colliding keys which result in identical encryptions in just 239 time for 256 bit keys. They proved that there are 268 colliding key pairs and the whole set can be found in 258 time.<ref

References

External links
 256bit Ciphers - SC2000 Reference implementation and derived code

Category:Block ciphers


Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre rifle three positions

The women's 50 metre rifle three positions competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held on 20 September. The qualification round, consisting of 20 shots from each position, was fired between 09:00 and 11:30 Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10), and the final round of 10 additional shots standing at 12:15.

Records
The existing World and Olympic records were as follows.

Qualification round

Q Qualified for final

Final

References

Category:Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olymp
Category:Women's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics


Skjolds Plads Station

Skjolds Plads is an underground Copenhagen Metro station at Skjolds Plads in the Outer Nørrebro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is on the City Circle Line (M3), between Vibenshus Runddel and Nørrebro. The station is situated at the intersection of Tagensvej and Haraldsgade, and is in Zone 2.

History
The station opened on 29 September 2019 together with 16 other stations of the line.

Design
The station is located under Skjolds Plads but the main staircase is located in the central reservation of Haraldsgade, facing Tagensvej. A secondary staircase is located at Skjolds Plads, Fafnersgade. The escalator shaft is clad with structured glass panels is a grey colour which is a reference to the University of Copenhagen's nearby North Campus.

Service

References

Category:Copenhagen Metro stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 2019
Category:2019 establishments in Denmark


Jefferson Territory

The Territory of Jefferson was an extralegal and unrecognized United States territory that existed from October 24, 1859 until the creation of the Colorado Territory on February 28, 1861.  The Jefferson Territory included land officially part of the Kansas Territory, the Nebraska Territory, the New Mexico Territory, the Utah Territory, and the Washington Territory, but the area was remote from the governments of those five territories.  The government of the Jefferson Territory, while democratically elected, was never legally recognized by the United States government, although it managed the territory with relatively free rein for 16 months.  Many of the laws enacted by the Jefferson Territorial Legislature were reenacted and given official sanction by the new Colorado General Assembly in 1861.

Origins
On August 25, 1855, the Kansas Territory created Arapahoe County, a huge county that included the entire western portion of Kansas to the Rocky Mountains. The boundaries of Arapahoe County were defined as: beginning at the northeast corner of New Mexico, running thence north to the south line of Nebraska and north line of Kansas; thence along said line to the east line of Utah Territory; thence along said line between Utah and Kansas territories, to where said line strikes New Mexico; thence along the line between said New Mexico and the territory of Kansas to the place of beginning.

Occupied primarily by Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians with few white settlers, the county was never organized. The leaders of the Kansas Territory were preoccupied with the violent events of Bleeding Kansas, so little time or attention was available to attend to the needs of the far western portion of the territory. The question of whether to admit Kansas to the union as a slave state or free state dominated discussion in the populous eastern portion of the territory and led to three failed constitutional proposals between 1855 and 1858 (the Topeka, Lecompton and Leavenworth constitutions). The United States Congress was likewise preoccupied with threats of secession by the slave states.

In July 1858, the Pike's Peak Gold Rush began with the discovery of gold at the Dry Creek Diggings in Arapahoe County, Kansas Territory (now Englewood in Arapahoe County, Colorado).  The gold rush brought 100,000 gold seekers to the area known as the Pike's Peak Country, which included Arapahoe County as well as the unorganized southwestern corner of the Nebraska Territory and parts of the New Mexico and Utah territories.

Kansas, with a growing divide between the eastern commercial centers and the central agricultural populations, had concerns over how the gold rush and the influx of miners to the Rockies could shift the base of power from the northeastern side of Kansas to the mountainous region in the west of the state. Meanwhile, the miners, being  from the capital of the territory, felt that the legislature was out of touch with their needs. They thought a new territory or state would have the benefit of being responsive to their economic situation and consolidate the population that was currently spread across four territories. Denver area leaders decided to pursue both a relationship with Kansas and a bid for separation by sending delegates to the Kansas Territorial Legislature and the United States Congress.

On February 7, 1859 the Kansas Territorial Legislature replaced Arapahoe County with six new unorganized counties and appointed county commissioners for each. However, since the commissioners were not provided a salary, they never took office. The settlers in the region attempted to organize a county on their own and on March 28, 1859, an election was held to elect officers.  A total of 774 votes were cast, including 231 from Auraria and 144 from Denver City. A desire for a new territorial government kept the elected officials from taking their offices, as doing so would have given recognition to the Kansas Territorial government. In the meantime, Hiram J Graham, the local delegate to Congress, had successfully introduced a bill to establish a new territory in Pike's Peak Country. Though the bill did not pass, it nevertheless encouraged settlers to establish a separate government themselves.

Establishment
In April 1859, a small convention was held at Wootton's Hall in Auraria about the need for a local government.  The name Jefferson (in honor of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States who had authorized the 1803 Louisiana Purchase that included much of the proposed territory) was chosen and a constitutional convention was scheduled for June 6, 1859. The conventioneers met that day, and then adjourned until August 1, 1859, when 167 representatives from 37 districts met to draft a constitution for Jefferson State. The state constitution was subsequently rejected in a popular referendum on September 24 in favor of creating a territory, primarily because the organization of the territory would be funded by Congress while the organization of a state would be self-funded. The original authors determined to hold another convention on October 3 to draft a provisional constitution for the Territory of Jefferson.

The proposed Territory of Jefferson included all of the present State of Colorado, but it was 70 percent more extensive. The territory had the same southern boundary as the present State of Colorado, the 37th parallel north, but the northern boundary was set at the 43rd parallel north,  farther north than Colorado's current northern boundary, the 41st parallel north. In addition the eastern boundary was located about  farther east at the 102nd meridian west, and the western boundary about  farther west at the 110th meridian west.  The territory was divided into eight council districts and 19 representative districts.

On October 24, 1859, an election was held to approve the formation of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson and to elect officials for the territory.  The formation of a provisional government was approved by a vote of 1,852 to 280 and the following officials were elected:

On November 7, 1859, Governor Robert Williamson Steele opened the first session of the provisional Jefferson Territorial Legislature in Denver City with the following proclamation:

During this first session, the legislature organized 12 counties.  (The Colorado General Assembly would create 17 counties with somewhat similar boundaries in 1861.)  The legislature adjourned on December 7, 1859.

Many settlers from eastern Kansas preferred to be governed by that territory.  Those resistant to the self-government of Jefferson Territory held an election on December 8, 1859, and elected Captain R. Sopris as their representative to the Kansas Territorial Legislature.

Governor Steele called the second session of the provisional Jefferson Territorial Legislature to meet at Denver City on January 23, 1860.

Many disappointed gold seekers left the region in 1860.  The United States Census of 1860 counted approximately 35,000 persons in the region of the Jefferson Territory.  Governor Steele pointed out that many gold seekers were working claims in remote areas and estimated that the total number of people in the Jefferson Territory was 60,000.

Governor Steele attempted to reach accommodation with the officials of the Kansas Territory.  On August 7, 1860, Steele issued a proclamation requesting that the Provisional Government of the Jefferson Territory be merged into the Kansas Territory.  Kansas officials would have no merger with what they considered to be an outlaw government, so the stalemate continued.

On November 7, 1860, the U.S. presidential election produced a victory for Abraham Lincoln and precipitated the secession of seven slave states and the formation of the Confederate States of America.  These events eliminated any chance for federal endorsement of the Territory of Jefferson and any role in government for Governor Steele, a staunch pro-Union Democrat and vocal opponent of Lincoln and the Republican Party.

Seeking to augment the political power of the free states, the Republican led U.S. Congress hurriedly admitted the portion of the Territory of Kansas east of the 25th meridian west from Washington to the Union as the free State of Kansas on January 29, 1861.  Kansas statehood left the western portion of the now defunct Kansas Territory, which the Jefferson Territory also claimed, officially unorganized.  While the federal government refused to sanction the Jefferson Territory, it had effectively acknowledged the eastern border of the region.

Counties
On November 28, 1859, the Territory of Jefferson created 12 counties:
Cheyenne County evolved into Laramie County, Wyoming
St. Vrain County evolved into Weld County, Colorado
Arrappahoe County evolved into Arapahoe County, Adams County, and the City and County of Denver, Colorado
El Paso County evolved into El Paso County and Pueblo County, Colorado
Fountain County encompassed most of southeastern Colorado
Park County evolved into Park County, Colorado
Saratoga County evolved into Grand County and Summit County, Colorado
North County evolved into Jackson County, Colorado
Jefferson County evolved into Jefferson County, Colorado
Jackson County evolved into Boulder County, Colorado
Heele County evolved into Larimer County, Colorado
Mountain County evolved into Gilpin County and Clear Creek County, Colorado

Capitals
Denver City – October 24, 1859, to November 12, 1860.
Golden City – November 13, 1860, to June 6, 1861.
Most administrative affairs of the Territory of Jefferson were handled at the home of Governor Steele at Mount Vernon, Colorado and later Apex, Colorado.

Dissolution
On February 26, 1861, Congress passed a bill organizing the Territory of Colorado.  The bill was signed into law by U.S. President James Buchanan two days later on February 28, 1861.  On May 29, 1861, William Gilpin, newly appointed Governor of the Territory of Colorado, arrived in Denver City.  Most citizens of the region welcomed their new government.  On June 6, 1861, Governor Steele issued a proclamation declaring the Territory of Jefferson disbanded and urging all employees and residents to abide by the laws governing the United States.

See also
Colorado counties
Governor of the Territory of Jefferson
Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)
Jefferson (proposed Southern state)
Absaroka (proposed state)
Franklin (proposed state)
Lincoln (proposed Northwestern state)
Lincoln (proposed Southern state)
Superior (proposed U.S. state), proposed Midwestern state
Cascadia (independence movement)
List of U.S. state partition proposals
List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century

References

"Gold Fever in Kansas Territory: Migration to the Pike's Peak Gold Fields, 1858–1860" by Calvin W. Gower, Kansas Historical Quarterly, Spring, 1973 (Vol. 39, No. 1), pages 58 to 74

External links
The New Territory of Jefferson  New York Times, 25 August 1859
Fiftyniners' Directory: Colorado Argonauts 1858–1859  Denver Public Library

Category:History of the American West
.
Category:Kansas Territory
Category:New Mexico Territory
Category:Utah Territory
Category:Washington Territory
Category:Former regions and territories of the United States
Category:Pre-statehood history of Colorado
Category:Pre-statehood history of Wyoming
Category:Proposed states and territories of the United States
Category:Proposed states of the United States
Category:States and territories established in 1859
Category:States and territories disestablished in 1861
Category:1858 in Kansas Territory
Category:1858 in Nebraska Territory
Category:1858 in New Mexico Territory
Category:1858 in Utah Territory
Category:1861 in Colorado Territory
Category:1859 establishments in the United States
Category:1861 disestablishments in the United States


St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School

St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School is a Ghanaian public day senior high school for boys in the Osu, district of Accra in the Greater Accra Region. The school is currently located in Cantonments, a suburb of Accra. It was established mainly to provide education for boys of the Accra Archdiocese whose parents could not afford the high cost then of sending their male children to boarding schools. It was among five secondary schools established in 1952.

History
The Saint Thomas Aquinas Secondary School was established in the Greater Accra Region by the Catholic missionaries on 15th January  1952 in the present premises of St. Peter's Catholic Church.

The Roman Catholic missionaries were at the vanguard of establishing schools across Ghana to educate boys in the catholic tradition. It was in this direction that the Roman Catholic Bishop of Accra, the Most Rev. Adolph Alexander Noser, started the school in a two-storey house at Osu-Anohor, close to the littoral, with a limited number of fifty students.

The original staff comprised three Society of the Divine Word (SVD) Reverend Fathers, Father Alphonse Elsbernd (the first headmaster), Father George Wilson and Father Fisher, Mr Augustine Adu and Paul Baddoo. In March 1954, Father Clement Hotze took over the reins of administration of the school as Headmaster; with a student population of 130 and staff of 8. Hotze knew that the proper development of the school depended on two main projects, Assistance from the Government and recognition from the West African Examinations Council. He was never tired working on these projects, until his efforts were rewarded in January and April 1957

The school was recognized as government-assisted by the West African Examinations Council (WAEC) to present candidates for the Ordinary Level Examination in 1957, when Rev. Father John McKillip became headmaster. In November 1955, Fr Hotze presented the first candidate for the School Certificate Examination and had a 100% pass rate; one candidate was presented and one candidate passed; and this was a feather in his cap

First batch of enrollment and school-growth timelines
The first batch of students performed well in the West African Senior School Certificate Examination in 1957. In January 1957, Fr. John McKillip took over from Fr. Hotze as headmaster. Aquinas started a second stream. When Fr. Datig came into office in April 1957 he had to rearrange the classroom space to accommodate the growth of the double stream.
Aquinas made great strides in her development during the administration of Fr. Maurice Lesage. The school's headmaster in 1958, Rev. Father Maurice Lessage, a botanist whose love for reptiles led him to keep snakes on the school compound and who ultimately wrote a book entitled Snakes of West Africa, proved very indefatigable in his endeavor to develop the school. Assisted by colleague Catholic priests, Rev. Fathers Joseph Schorupka (popularly called Father Joe), Brother Burnes and Brother Kostkhar, the school grew in popularity as student population soared, creating inconveniences and enormous burden on classroom space. As a new and more suitable site was being contemplated, in September 1961, the chiefs of the Ga people finally released a parcel of about 10 hectares of land at Cantonment to serve that purpose. The founding fathers quickly procured the necessary resources coupled with the approval of the Ministry of Education to put up classrooms and science laboratories for the school. In 1968 Fr. Lesage had to resign because of ill health. But this was only after he had ploughed the ground and planted the seed for the future development of Aquinas

Conversant with the difficulties of the school's students securing places in the sixth form grade in other schools, the then-headmaster, Rev. Father John McKillip, applied for instituting sixth form at the school to enable students to partake in the Advanced Level Certificate Examination ('A' Level) to fast track their entry to tertiary-institutional levels. This materialized as the Ghananian Ministry of Education gave the approval and establishment in 1971. The teaching staff capacity was strengthened by the American Peace Corps and the British Overseas Volunteer Corps who were specialists in science, mathematics and English literature. As a result, the school attracted children of European and Asian expatriates residing in Accra.
Aquinas made its mark on the Ghanaian educational ladder when in early 1974, a circular from the Headquarters of the Ghana Education Service showing a survey of the percentage of passes at the School Certificate Level of all Government Assisted Schools in Ghana for the 1972 and 1973 academic years showed that Aquinas had the highest percentage of passes in the whole country. In other words, for three consecutive years Aquinas came first in academic excellence.
Mr. D.D. Dumfeh took over from Fr. Mckillip in 1978 but stayed for only two years. He was followed by Mr. C.K. Koomson in 1980. After the experiment of two lay heads, another priest was brought in the person of Fr. Samuel Batsa from Achimota College to head the school. He took over from Mr. Koomson in September 1985.
With the Educational Reform Programme coming into force in 1987 the entire outlook of the school also changed completely, from a four stream school to an eight stream school.
Gradually the number of streams startered increasing since the system was a community-based one. Presently the school has eight streams made up of the following programmes ;
Science/Agric, General/Visual Arts; and Business

Location
In September 1963, the school relocated to its present permanent site at Cantonment Street, Osu.

The school is situated opposite the European Union offices and the Civil Service Training School, laying between the Cantonment Police Station to its south and The Embassy of Togo to its north, with close proximity to the prime area of the commercial and administrative hub of Osu's Oxford Street.

Academics
The school runs nine streams and five academic programmes.

Affiliation
Aquinas has ties with its sister school, Accra Girls Senior High School, with a strong bond of students association, which is aimed at sharing entertainments, social activities, and educational exchange, called STAAGA (St. Thomas Aquinas Accra Girls Association).

Motto and slogan
The school's motto is Veritas Liberat, meaning "The truth sets you free", is a Latin variant of Veritas vos liberabit from the Gospel of John chapter 8 verse 32.

Its slogan is "beebɛ", a word in Ghana's native Ga language, meaning "There is no time to waste " or “waste no time”.

Uniform
The students wear a white shirt with the school crest christened Veritas Liberat, meaning, "only the truth can set you free", boldly engraved, tucked into a brown Khaki pair of shorts to match. In contemporary times, however, a light-blue shirt for final-year students and the school cloth which is textile, embossed with the school crest, have supplemented the traditional white shirt which was the choice of the founding fathers on Fridays.

Awards

For three consecutive years, 1972, 1973, 1974, the school led West Africa in the Advanced Level Certificate Examination according to statistical figures from the Education Ministry. In 2004, the school won the world cardet championship held in London.  In 2013, the school was deemed the Overall Best High School in Ghana. The same year, 2013, the school won the National Science and Maths Quiz Competition.

The school won the  National Science and Maths Quiz in 2013.

In 2013, the school came first in the maiden edition of the Science and Technology Fair organized by the Young Educators Foundation (YEF), an education oriented non-governmental organization.
In 2017, the school won the National Science and Technology Fair now sponsored by the government after a four-year hiatus.

In the 2014 West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE), the school maintained its 100 percent pass rate.

The school won the Moot Court Competition for the first time the program was introduced to the second educational cycle.

Chronological list of headmasters

Mr. Cyril Kwadzo Dadey|| January 2016 – August 2018

Mr Paul Akwesi November 2018 to date

Postdated accolades and achievements
By 2012, when the school celebrated its golden jubilee, academic programmes had expanded to include business studies, agricultural sciences and visual arts.

Staff bungalows began to spring up with a headmaster's accommodation, a one-storey block academic staff residence, a hostel facility and a canteen for students, all on campus.

Notable alumni

List of notable alumni

Academia, politics and religion
 Professor John Owusu Gyapong Vice Chancellor, The University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho and Former Pro Vice Chancellor, University of Ghana, Legon
 Professor George Hagan – academic and politician (Convention People's Party's presidential candidate, 2000 general elections, Ghana)
 Professor Abednego Feehi Okoe Amartey, Vice Chancellor of the University of Professional Studies
 Professor Nii Ashie Kotey – An academic and active justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana (2018–) and Former Chief Executive of the Forestry Commission of Ghana, Dean of the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon and Acting Director of the Ghana School of Law. He was a director of the Ghana Legal Literacy and Resource Foundation and the General Legal Council.
 Rt. Rev. D. S. M. Torto (1978 year group) – bishop, Anglican Diocese of Accra
 Vincent Boi-Nai – Catholic priest
Lord Oblitey Commey - Politician and Director of Operations at The Flagstaff House, the official residence and office of the President of Ghana
 DJ Vyrusky Kofi Amoako - Official DJ of Shatta Wale and Lynx Entertainment
 Kent Mensah – journalist
Laud Quartey - footballer
Kojo Nana Obiri-Yeboah - Ghanaian born Ugandan pastor
Elijah Amoo Addo - Chef and food stylist

See also

 Roman Catholicism in Ghana
 Education in Ghana
 List of senior high schools in Ghana

References

 http://graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/40597-st-thomas-aquinas-shs-marks-63rd-anniversary.html
 http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/education/201306/108195.php
 http://www.saintaquinasschool.com/index.php/aquinas-shs%20/about/chronology-of-heads
http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/st-thomas-aquinas-shs-wins-national-science-technology-fair.html

External links
, the school's official website

Category:1952 establishments in Gold Coast (British colony)
Category:Boys' schools in Ghana
Category:Divine Word Missionaries Order
Category:Educational institutions established in 1952
Category:Catholic secondary schools in Ghana
Category:Schools in Accra
Category:People educated at St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School


Flyy Girl

Flyy Girl is young adult/new adult literature and an urban fiction book written by Omar Tyree. The book was originally published by Mars Productions in 1993 and republished by Simon & Schuster for adults in 1996. The novel is regarded to be the genesis of the modern urban-fiction/street-lit movement that would later gain momentum in 1999 with the publication of Sister Souljah's The Coldest Winter Ever.

Summary
Flyy Girl is African-American coming-of-age story that follows Tracy Ellison from her sixth-birthday party in 1977 to her 17th birthday. Tracy grows up in the middle-class Philadelphia suburb of Germantown. The daughter of a dietitian and pharmacist, Tracy is beautiful, intelligent, and armed with self-esteem and a sassy mouth. Tracy is also boy crazy, which leads to sex in the indulgent, hip-hop 1980s and the effects of the cocaine economy flourishing in black communities.

Sequels
Tyree wrote two sequels to Flyy Girl: For the Love of Money (2001) and Boss Lady (2006). Both were published by Simon & Schuster.

Film adaptation
In July 2013, Lionsgate Entertainment's CodeBlack Films had acquired the rights to Flyy Girl with hopes of transforming the novel into a feature film. In February 2015, CodeBlack Films announced that Dear White People producer Effie Brown was hired to produce a film adaptation of the novel. Brown and her company, Duly Noted Inc., will oversee the film's development alongside Codeblack Films' Jeff Clanagan and Quincy Newell.

On June 17, 2015, it was announced that Sanaa Lathan would star in and executive produce the film adaptation of Omar Tyree's trilogy that starts with Flyy Girl. Lathan will portray Tracy Ellison, a successful businesswoman and workaholic who believes that money is always the key to happiness. Geoffrey S. Fletcher was hired to write the script.

References

Category:1993 books
Category:Urban fiction
Category:African-American literature
Category:English-language books


National Textile Association

The National Textile Association is the United States's oldest and largest association of fabric-forming companies. NTA members knit and weave fabric in the U.S.; supply fibers, yarns to the fabric-forming industry; or supply other materials or services to the American textile industry.

History
The National Textile Association traces its history to 1854, the founding date of the Hampden County (Massachusetts) Cotton Spinners' Association, subsequently renamed the New England Cotton Manufacturers' Association (1865). The organization was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on December 1, 1894. The organization became the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers (NACM) in April, 1906. The Northern Textile Association was founded April 17, 1953 by the NACM, in time for the 100th Annual Meeting of the Association in 1954. The NACM and NTA held joint meetings from April 17, 1953 to September 27, 1956. On December 7, 1956 the NACM filed the legal change of name to NTA. (On October 30, 1991, the legal name was changed to Northern Textile Association, Inc.) In 2002, by a vote of the Knitted Textile Association (founded in 1966) in August and the NTA in September, the Knitted Textile Association and the Northern Textile Association merged to form the National Textile Association.

Governance
The Association is governed by officers—chairman, vice chairman, president, vice president, treasurer and secretary—elected annually and a board of directors elected for three-year terms and divided into three classes so that one-third of the directors are elected each year. Roger Berkley of the company Weave Corporation is the current chairman of the Association.

References

External links
 NTA - 'Official website'

Category:Trade associations based in the United States
Category:Textile industry associations


BWI Business Partnership LINK Shuttle

The BWI Business Partnership LINK Shuttle is a free bus service provided by the BWI Business Partnership that circulates the BWI Business District surrounding the Baltimore–Washington International Airport, as well as military installations and defense contractors located at Fort Meade. The free shuttle provides last mile connections for employees and visitors in the area by connecting businesses and hotels to the BWI Rail Station, served by the MARC Penn Line and Amtrak, as well as the Baltimore Light Rail at the BWI Business District Light Rail station.

Established in 2016, the shuttle provides an essential link between numerous government agencies and businesses to public transport. Key landmarks served include the Friendship Annex, National Electronics Museum, Northrop Grumman, the National Security Agency, and others.

The shuttle bus operates approximately every 35 minutes Monday through Friday from 5:45 AM to 5:30 PM (excluding federal holidays).

External links
Website
Schedule

References

Category:Transportation in Baltimore
LINK Shuttle


Rhamphochromis

Rhamphochromis is a genus of East African haplochromine cichlids endemic to the Lake Malawi basin, including the main lake, Lake Malombe, Lake Chilingali, Chia Lagoon and upper Shire River. They mainly occur in offshore open waters (down to depths of ), but a few species also near the coast. They are piscivores that typically feed on lake sardines and small utaka cichlids.

They are elongated in shape and mainly silver or golden-silver in color, sometimes with yellow fins (especially pelvic and anal fins) and dark horizontal lines along the body. Depending on the species involved, they reach lengths of up to .

Although not closely related, they have sometimes been compared to piscivorous Bathybates cichlids of Lake Tanganyika.

Species
There are currently six recognized species in this genus, although the naming of these cichlids has been complicated. For example, FishBase states that Rhamphochromis lucius is almost certainly a synonym of R. woodi whereas the Catalog of Fishes states that it is a synonym of R. esox.
 Rhamphochromis esox (Boulenger, 1908)
 Rhamphochromis ferox Regan, 1922
 Rhamphochromis longiceps (Günther, 1864) (Tigerfish)
 Rhamphochromis lucius C. G. E. Ahl, 1926
 Rhamphochromis macrophthalmus Regan, 1922
 Rhamphochromis woodi Regan, 1922

The IUCN and the Catalog of Fishes recognise the following five species as valid within this genus:
 Rhamphochromis brevis Trewavas, 1935
 Rhamphochromis esox (Boulenger, 1908)
 Rhamphochromis ferox Regan, 1922
 Rhamphochromis longiceps (Günther, 1864)
 Rhamphochromis woodi Regan, 1922

References

Category:Haplochromini
Category:Fish of Africa
Category:Fishkeeping
Category:Cichlid genera
Category:Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan


Time in Argentina

Argentina is located at a longitude that would naturally put it in the UTC−04:00 or UTC−05:00 time zone; however, it actually uses the UTC−03:00 time zone. Argentina determines whether to observe daylight saving time on a year-by-year basis, and individual provinces may opt out of the federal decision. At present, Argentina does not observe daylight saving time.

The Argentine Hydrographic Service maintains the official national time.

History
The first official standardization took place on 31 October 1894.
The official time switched between UTC−04:00 and UTC−03:00 from 1920 to 1969, and then between UTC−03:00 and UTC−02:00 from 1974 to 1993. Historically, some or all of Argentina has observed daylight saving time in summer 1989–1990 to summer 1992–1993 and again in 2007−2009.On 7 March 1993, it was fixed at UTC−03:00, called Argentina Time (ART)

IANA time zone database
In the file zone.tab of the IANA time zone database Argentina has the following zones:
 America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires – Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
 America/Argentina/Cordoba – most locations (CD, CC, CR, ER, FO, MN, SF)
 America/Argentina/Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
 America/Argentina/Jujuy – Jujuy (JY)
 America/Argentina/Tucuman – Tucuman (TM)
 America/Argentina/Catamarca – Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
 America/Argentina/La Rioja – La Rioja (LR)
 America/Argentina/San Juan – San Juan (SJ)
 America/Argentina/Mendoza – Mendoza (MZ)
 America/Argentina/San Luis – San Luis (SL)
 America/Argentina/Rio Gallegos – Santa Cruz (SC)
 America/Argentina/Ushuaia – Tierra del Fuego (TF)
 America/Argentina/Santiago_del_Estero (SE)

References

 tz database – The tz database contains an extensive history of time zone and daylight saving time changes, with references to official sources for changes to time zones, for Argentina and the rest of the world.

External links
 Observatorio Naval Buenos Aires: National time

Category:Time in South America


Love Story (video game)

Love Story, stylized as Ø Story, is a Japanese exclusive adventure interactive movie video game developed by General Entertainment and published by Enix on April 27, 2000. It was the first Enix game published on the PlayStation 2, and was part of the campaign to promote the release of the console in Japan.

The player takes the role of a young man who dies in a motorcycle accident. He is sent back to earth as a ghost by Ai, the angel of love, who tells him that he may revive if he gains the love of a girl named Rina within six days. The female cast of the game is composed of Japanese television actresses and models. Reviews of the game range from average to negative, with criticism of the game's graphics and acting.

Gameplay

Love Story is an interactive movie in which the story is depicted in continuous full motion videos. The player can make various actions at set moments (such as communicating by writing on sand, chalkboards, or computer screens) which result in slightly different paths and scenes, although the direction of the story remains globally the same. Events similar to the quick time events featured in Sega's game Shenmue are also present. They require the player to trigger an action by quickly pushing a button when an "O" flashes on-screen.

The player can shoot arrows at Rina, which allow to read her mind in text dialogues or cutscenes. Minigames are present, including baseball and rhythm games. All these actions can increase or decrease the player's "love meter" depending on his success, and the objective of the game is to fill the love meter to 100 percent by the end of the sixth day.

Development
In August 1999, Enix' Chief of General Affairs Kouichi Hasegawa announced to Bloomberg News that four titles were in development in the company for the upcoming Sony PlayStation 2 console. While he had not revealed the names of the games, it was known that one of them would reportedly feature large quantities of full motion videos in DVD format.

Love Story was showcased in February 2000 with the presence of the game's actresses at the PlayStation Festival in Tokyo, as part of Sony's campaign to promote the soon-to-be-released PlayStation 2. The title was Enix' second adventure game in full motion video, following Murder on the Eurasia Express (1998). The cast recruited for Love Story includes Japanese actresses, television personalities, and models; notably Aya Hirayama and Kaori Manabe, who would later star in the Waterboys film and television series, respectively; and Erika Yamakawa.

A game demo was given to video game journalists in March, and the game was showcased a second time, at the Tokyo Game Show in April, where it was one of the most visited Enix attractions after Dragon Quest VII. The gaming website IGN attributes this popularity to the fact that, earlier in the year, screenshots of the game had shown two female characters about to kiss each other. However, the release of the game revealed that there is no lesbianism in the story and that one of the girl featured in the kissing scene is in fact possessed by the player's ghost.

The music of Love Story was composed by Konatsu Yuzunogi and includes two vocal songs, "Hello Again" and "Old Friend", both sung by Aya Hirayama with lyrics written by Haru Yuki. The original soundtrack of the game was published in Japan on May 17, 2000 by First Smile Entertainment. It comprises 36 tracks.

Reception

In Japan, Famitsu scored the game a 29 out of 40.

The game received mediocre reviews in English-speaking territories. Reviewers for IGN and GameSpot compared the game to Digital Pictures' Sega CD games and its storyline to the movie Ghost. GameSpot gave the game a 5.8 out of 10, stating that the video quality was good, despite occasional compression artifacts, while the few non-video sections were considered "more like average PlayStation graphics than those of a PlayStation 2 game". GameSpot noted that an understanding of the Japanese language is indispensable to play the game, and that even then non-Japanese players are likely to find Love Story odd due to the high amount of cultural references present in the game.

IGN, however, felt that the quality of the graphics varies greatly, with the worst instances being comparable to "a heavily-artifacted RealVideo file". IGN also stated that these artifacts are "awful" and detrimental in one of the minigame in which the player must search for a girl hiding in a large crowd. IGN also rated the acting as particularly bad, "on the same level as a good episode of Power Rangers", although some performances were seen as better than others. They also felt that the interactions between the real actors and the computer-generated image of the ghost were awkward. Regarding the sound quality, they remarked that all looped dialogues have a high-pitched frequency playing in the background, which can be annoying for sensitive hearing. Finally, they noted that the game is short and can be finished in 24 or 48 hours despite spanning two DVDs.

References

External links
 Love Story homepage at the Square Enix website
 Archive of Love Story homepage from Enix website

Category:2000 video games
Category:Adventure games
Category:Enix games
Category:Full motion video based games
Category:Interactive movie video games
Category:Japan-exclusive video games
Category:PlayStation 2 games
Category:PlayStation 2-only games
Category:Video games developed in Japan


Salvador Pirates

Salvador Pirates was the name given to the band of Confederate Navy sailors that attempted to seize a Panama Railroad coastal steamer on the high seas.  Their intent was then to arm her and attack the Pacific Mail steamers and the American whalers in the North Pacific.

In spring of 1864, the Confederate Navy ordered Captain Thomas Egenton Hogg and his command to take passage on board a coastal steamer in Panama City, seize her on the high seas, arm her and attack the Pacific Mail steamers and the whalers in the North Pacific.  In Havana, the American consul, Thomas Savage, learned about this conspiracy, and notified Rear Admiral George F. Pearson at Panama City.  The Admiral had the passengers boarding the steamers at Panama City watched and when Hogg's command was found aboard the Panama Railroad steamer Salvador, a force from  arrested them and brought them to San Francisco.

The Salvador Pirates as they came to be called, were tried for piracy by a military commission, convicted, they were sentenced to be hanged, but General Irvin McDowell commuted their sentences. To prevent any further attempts to seize Pacific coast shipping, General McDowell ordered each passenger on board American merchant steamers to surrender all weapons when boarding the ship and every passenger and his baggage was searched. All officers were armed for the protection of their ships.

References

External links
  Brainerd Dyer, Confederate Naval and Privateering Activities in the Pacific, Pacific Historical Review Vol. 3, No. 4, Dec., 1934 (pp. 433–443)

Category:Confederate States Navy
Category:California in the American Civil War
Category:United States Navy in the 19th century
Category:Anti-piracy battles involving the United States
Category:Maritime history of California
Category:19th-century pirates


Acmaeodera diffusa

Acmaeodera diffusa is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.

References

Further reading

diffusa
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Beetles described in 1969


Akhiezer's theorem

In the mathematical field of complex analysis, Akhiezer's theorem is a result about entire functions proved by Naum Akhiezer.

Statement
Let  be an entire function of exponential type , with  for real . Then the following are equivalent:

 There exists an entire function , of exponential type , having all its zeros in the (closed) upper half plane, such that

 One has:

where  are the zeros of .

Related results
It is not hard to show that the Fejér–Riesz theorem is a special case.

Notes

References

Category:Theorems in complex analysis


EXPEC Advanced Research Center

The Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center - Advanced Research Center (EXPEC ARC) is located in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. It is a research center that belongs to Saudi Aramco and is responsible for upstream oil and gas technology development. The center has over 250 scientists from various disciplines, spread across six technology teams and one laboratory division which tackle various aspects of oil and gas exploration, development, and production. These teams are: Geophysics Technology, Geology Technology, Reservoir Engineering Technology, Computational Modeling Technology, Production Technology, and Drilling Technology.

EXPEC ARC carries out cutting-edge upstream research and development at Saudi Aramco. EXPEC ARC researchers focus on developing innovative technologies and field testing them in the largest, most productive oil and gas fields in the world – those in Saudi Arabia. For many, the most exciting aspect of working at EXPEC ARC is the opportunity to put their far reaching research ideas, theories and developments into practice in these renowned oil and gas fields.
EXPEC ARC research teams develop a vast range of dynamic upstream technologies spanning from the nano-scale, as illustrated by reservoir nano-agents, Resbots, all the way to the giga-scale, as in the giga-cell reservoir simulation technology, GigaPOWERS, and many other bold new concepts in between.

EXPEC ARC is proactive in collaboration initiatives with scientific and research institutes and technology providers as well as independent researchers and developers from around the world.

EXPEC ARC is an integrated organization, where researchers, technologists and strategists work together as teams developing inventive and original solutions to the company’s upstream technical challenges. Pioneering ideas and research are also generated through collaborative partnerships with premier universities and technology providers as well as independent researchers and developers from around the world.

EXPEC ARC has developed ground-breaking services and products, especially in the areas of land seismic, simulation, and visualization. Regardless of the specialty, ideas are freely exchanged through mutual consultation and open discussion in an environment in which “pushing the technology envelope” is expected.

Scientists and researchers at EXPEC ARC have been granted numerous patents with many in process. Their work has been recognized with international awards, is widely published, and has several times been used as a foundation for further development by innovators, universities and research institutions throughout the world.

EXPEC ARC provides the cradle for the unique and leading technologies designed to meet the challenges of today and tomorrow’s world energy demands.

Category:Saudi Aramco


Carsten Jørgensen

Carsten Jørgensen (born 25 October 1970) is a Danish orienteering competitor and World champion. He won a gold medal in the 1997 World Orienteering Championships in Grimstad with the Danish Relay team. He received a bronze medal in the 1995 World Orienteering Championships in Detmold (classic distance).

He has been quite successful in cross country running competitions. He finished fourth at the 1996 European Cross Country Championships and went on to take the gold medal at the 1997 edition. He won the senior race at the Nordic Cross Country Championships consecutively in 1997 and 1998. He competed in the European Championships for a third time in 1998, finishing in fifth place. He was the 1999 winner of the men's race at the Eurocross in Luxembourg.

National merits
Jørgensen is 17 times Danish Orienteering Champion (various disciplines/distances). He has represented Denmark 59 times, on the Danish National Team. He set the Danish record in the 10,000 metres in 1998, and Danish record in the half marathon, also in 1998.

See also
 Danish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

Category:Living people
Category:1970 births
Category:Danish male long-distance runners
Category:Danish orienteers
Category:Male orienteers
Category:Foot orienteers
Category:World Orienteering Championships medalists
Category:European Cross Country Championships winners


Kevin Foxx

Kevin Foxx (born in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian comedian and radio host. He is best known as the host of the radio program The Kevin Foxx Show on CFRB in Toronto, Ontario.

Foxx performs regularly at comedy clubs across the country. He recently filmed his own one-hour special for CTV and The Comedy Network. He has done several stand-up performances for Madly Off in All Directions on CBC Radio, the Halifax Comedy Festival, Comedy at Club 54, Just for Laughs and the Global Comedy Festival.

External links
Kevin Foxx
http://www.straight.com/article/canwest-comedy-fest

Category:1970 births
Category:People from Montreal
Category:Canadian radio personalities
Category:Canadian male comedians
Category:Comedians from Quebec
Category:Anglophone Quebec people
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian people of Irish descent


Kappa Aquilae

Kappa Aquilae, Latinized from κ Aquilae, is the Bayer designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. It is a faint star at apparent visual magnitude +4.957, but bright enough to be seen with the naked eye in dark suburban skies. The annual parallax is only 1.94 mas, which equates to a distance of approximately  from Earth (with a 10% margin of error).

The spectrum of Kappa Aquilae matches a stellar classification of B0.5 III, where the luminosity class of III is typically associated with evolved giant stars. This is a star with 15.50 times the Sun's mass and 12.5 times the radius of the Sun. Massive stars like this blaze brightly; it is radiating 52,630-fold the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere with an effective temperature of 26,500 K, giving it the intense blue-white glow of a B-type star. It is only 11 million years of age and is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 265 km/s.

Etymology
In Chinese,  (), meaning Right Flag, refers to an asterism consisting of κ Aquilae, μ Aquilae, σ Aquilae, δ Aquilae, ν Aquilae, 42 Aquilae, ι Aquilae, HD 184701 and 56 Aquilae. Consequently, the Chinese name for κ Aquilae itself is  (, .)

This star, together with η Aql, θ Aql, δ Aql, ι Aql and λ Aql were consist Antinous, the obsolete constellation.

References

External links
 Image Kappa Aquilae
 HR 7446

184915
Aquilae, Kappa
Category:Aquila (constellation)
Category:B-type giants
096483
Aquilae, 39
7446
BD-07 5006


Bilingual search engine

A bilingual search engine provides multiple language search pages when users type keyword in one language. Obviously, this kind of search engine will give more detailed information for people who speak more than one language, although many mainstream search engines provide multiple languages services. However, the difference between a bilingual search engine and a multiple language search engine is a bilingual search engine will translate keyword from one language to another automatically. Google also published a plug-in (Bilingual Search Suggestion) for Chrome browser to meet the requirement of bilingual search, but it was canceled and unable be found in Chrome web store now.

List of bilingual search engines
sobotong.com
2lingual.com

Category:Search engine software


Yannis Bakos

Yannis Bakos is a professor at the Leonard N. Stern School of Business at New York University. His primary area of expertise is the economic and business implications of information technology, the Internet, and online media. He is the co-founder (with Chris F. Kemerer) of the Workshop on Information Systems and Economics (WISE), and the co-inventor of Flexplay DVDs.

Early life
Bakos holds a Ph.D. in Management and an MBA in Finance from the MIT Sloan School of Management. He also received a Masters in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and a B.S. in Computer Engineering from MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Before coming to NYU, Professor Bakos was on the faculty of the Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine and the Sloan School of Management at MIT.

Career
Bakos' early work showed that the internet would reduce the search costs of buyers and sellers, and that the resulting electronic marketplaces would result in lower prices and more competition among the sellers. He has more recently studied pricing strategies for information. For example, his work with Erik Brynjolfsson showed that Product bundling can be particularly effective for "digital information goods" with very low or zero marginal cost. In other recent work, he has been studying how reputation mechanisms, like the ones used by eBay, offer an alternative to traditional litigation as a way to settle disputes.

Bakos is the co-inventor of Flexplay DVDs, which are limited play DVDs that expire a preset period after the package is opened. Expiration is triggered when a special chemical layer in the DVD is exposed to oxygen in the air, and thus does not depend on the electronics of the DVD player. This invention received several U.S. and international patents. Dr. Bakos co-founded Flexplay Technologies, where he was Chairman of the Board from 2001 until the company was sold to the Convex Group in 2004. Disney released about 100 movies in the U.S. using this technology under the ez-D trade name, and the technology was used in Japan until 2010.

Notes
See Bundling and Competition on the Internet and Bundling Information Goods: Pricing, Profits and Efficiency by Yannis Bakos and Erik Brynjolfsson.

External links
Home page

Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Category:American economists
Category:New York University Stern School of Business faculty
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


George Duffield (disambiguation)

George Duffield (born 1946) is an English jockey.

George Duffield may also refer to:

 George C. Duffield, trail boss whose 1866 diary shaped the character Gil Favor (Eric Fleming) on the television series Rawhide
 George Duffield (Reverend) (1732–1790), Presbyterian minister, aka George Duffield II
 George Duffield (Presbyterian) (1794–1868), Presbyterian minister, aka George Duffield IV
 George Duffield Jr. (1812–1888), American hymn writer, aka George Duffield V
 George Duffield (film-maker), British film producer and wildlife photographer


Wedge Community Co-op

The Wedge Community Co-op or The Wedge is a food cooperative located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Located at 2105 Lyndale Avenue South, the Wedge derives its name from the popular nickname for the Lowry Hill East neighborhood, called "The Wedge" due to its shape. The Wedge is a member of the NCBA and the NCGA.

History

The Wedge was formed in 1974 in a basement apartment on Franklin Avenue in Minneapolis. It was formed after a group of neighbors met that summer to organize a cooperative store to provide themselves with whole and natural foods, preferably in bulk quantities to save money. In 1979, the Wedge moved to Lyndale Avenue. Wedge had a member labor program in place until 1992, when it built a new store in the lot adjacent to its store. An addition which doubled the retail space was built in 1997.

The Wedge was the first certified organic grocery store in Minnesota.

In 2015, the Wedge became the first consumer co-op in the Twin Cities metro area to unionize.

In 2016 the members voted to consolidate with Linden Hills Co-op, forming the Twin Cities Co-op Partnership (TCCP). The combined entity had 25,000 members and employed over 500 employees.

Warehouse
The Wedge Co-op has a wholesale distributor, the Co-op Partners Warehouse, which services retail co-ops, natural food stores and restaurants in the Upper Midwest. Co-op Partners Warehouse began as a produce wholesaler and has since expanded into organic milk, cheese and yogurt; soy products, fresh juices and smoothies; and a selection of dry grocery items. In April 2012, employees of the Wedge's Co-op Partners Warehouse formed a union to voice their dissatisfaction with wages and management decisions. In November 2015, employees of the Wedge Lyndale location voted 76 to 31 to unionize its retail location.

Gardens of Eagan
In January 2008, the co-op leased Gardens of Eagan, one of the oldest local certified organic produce farms in the Twin Cities area. The co-op has the option to purchase the land after five years, and has been running the operation since summer 2008. The Wedge put the farm up for sale in April 2015, deciding to concentrate on its retail operations.

Organic Field School
In 2008, the Wedge Co-op formed the Organic Field School (OFS) at Gardens of Eagan.  OFS is an on-farm facility with a focus on education and research for farmers, educators, policy makers and the public.

WedgeShare
Since 1997, The Wedge has administered a charitable giving program based on the 7th cooperative principle. The donations are given to community groups chosen by the Wedge membership by vote. In its history, WedgeShare has given nearly $240,000 to non-profit organizations.

IS4C

The Wedge uses IS4C, a Point of Sale (PoS) system for cooperatives. The program was developed by Tak Tang, an employee of The Wedge.

See also
 List of food cooperatives

References

External links
Official website
Co-op Partners Warehouse
Gardens of Eagan
Organic Field School

Category:Food and drink companies established in 1974
Category:Companies based in Minneapolis
Category:Food cooperatives in the United States
Category:Organic food retail organizations
Category:Supermarkets of the United States
Category:Consumers' cooperatives in the United States
Category:1974 establishments in Minnesota


Kabuliwallah

Kabuliwallah may refer to:
 Pashtun diaspora in India
 "Kabuliwala" (short story), an 1892 short story by Rabindranath Tagore
Kabuliwala (1957 film), a 1957 Indian Bengali film
 Kabuliwala (1961 film), a 1961 Indian Hindi film
Kabuliwala (film), a 2006 Bangladeshi film
Kabuliwala, part of the television series Stories by Rabindranath Tagore
 Kabooliwala, a 1993 Malayalam comedy drama film


Landulf Junior

Landulf of Saint Paul (floruit 1077–1137), called Landulf Junior to distinguish him from Landulf Senior, was a Milanese historian whose life is known entirely from his main work, the Historia Mediolanensis. He presents a unique and important point of view from the conflict-ridden years of 1097–1137 in Milan. He thrice sojourned in France while his ecclesiastical faction—the Pataria—was out of favour in Milan, and there learned under some of the leading philosophers of western Europe. After 1113, Landulf's primary ambition was to regain the priesthood in the church of San Paolo which he had lost, and to this end he communicated with popes and emperors. He played a role—large in his own account—in the election of Conrad of Hohenstaufen as King of Italy in 1128.

Life

Travels in France
Landulf's birth year can be approximated from his statement that he was "sixty years old" (sexagenariae aetatis) in 1136. He was a nephew and student of Liprando, a Milanese priest and one of the leaders of the Pataria in the last quarter of the eleventh century. Towards the end of the century, Landulf became an acolyte (acolitus), which was recognised as the highest-ranking of the minor orders in Milan at the time. He held this rank for the rest of his life. In 1095–96, Landulf studied under master Andrea Dalvolto, a priest of the church of San Tecla. Among his fellow students was Nazario Muricola, later his enemy. Later, probably in 1102, he went to Orléans to study under the masters Alfred and James. He may have been avoiding the conflict between the Patarenes, led by Liprando, and the new Papally-approved archbishop, Grosolanus. He was absent from Milan in 1103, when his uncle passed a trial by ordeal.

Landulf returned to Milan, but left for France again in 1106. There he stayed for a year and a half with the prominent reforming Milanese churchmen Anselmo della Pusterla and Olrico da Corte, perhaps acting as their secretary. In Tours he sat under the teaching of a master Alfred, perhaps the same one that had taught him half a decade earlier in Orléans, and in Paris he received lessons from the philosopher William of Champeaux. In 1107, Landulf returned again to Milan and escorted his uncle back from exile at Civate.

In 1109, Landulf's brother Antelmo died in the war between Milan and Lodi, and Landulf again went to France with Anselmo della Pusterla and Olrico da Corte. This time he stayed in Laon and learned under Anselm and his brother Ralph. This is the first trip abroad which Landulf characterises as an exile in his Historia, noting that the city magistrate suggested their long absence in order to keep the peace between factions.

Marginalisation in Milan
Landulf returned to Milan in 1110. He looked favourably upon the entry of the Emperor Henry V into Italy in 1111. That year he fell out with Olrico da Corte upon the latter's abandonment of the Patarene position when he was made an archpresbyter. In 1112–13 Landulf served in his uncle's former church of San Paolo in Compito, since lost, but remembered in the street named Via San Paolo. With his uncle, he founded a church dedicated to the Trinity at an unidentified place called "Pons Guinizeli". With Liprando and Andrea, primicerius and head of the decumani, Landulf also opposed the election of Jordan as archbishop in early 1112. When Jordan offered to make Landulf a subdeacon and cancel one of his debts in return for recognition of his legitimacy from the Pataria, Landulf refused.

With the death of Liprando in January 1113 and of Andrea shortly after, Landulf found himself marginalised. He was expelled from San Paolo and from the ranks of the decumani by Andrea's successor, Nazario Muricola. Thus forced to seek an income outside of the church, he became a teacher and scribe, even working for the municipal government as a "holder of public offices and notary of consular letters" (publicorum officiorum particeps et consulum epistolarum dictator). This is the earliest reference to consuls in medieval Milan.

For the rest of his life, Landulf tried to recover his office in San Paolo. According to him, Jordan made vague promises to get his support at the Lateran council of 1116, but reneged at an assembly (arengo) in 1117. Landulf obtained a letter of recommendation from Pope Gelasius II, which Jordan ignored, in 1118. He went to Rome to plead his case to Pope Callistus II in 1120, but the pope did not intervene. Only with the death of Jordan in October and his replacement by Olrico, Landulf's former companion, did the latter achieve some redress—he returned to the decumani, but was not reinstated in San Paolo. He attempted again to plead with Pope Callistus at the Lateran council of 1123–24, but could not get an audience. In 1125 he joined a Milanese embassy to Germany, hoping to plead his case to Emperor Henry, but the mission was cut short by the latter's death and never got further than Trent.

Return to power
In 1126, Olrico was succeeded as archbishop by Anselmo della Pusterla. Landulf's former travelling companion appointed him head of the archiepiscopal chapel, in which capacity he served as a secretary and counsellor. In 1127 Conrad of Hohenstaufen was elected king in Germany in opposition to the emperor-elect Lothair of Supplinburg. Archbishop Anselm charged Landulf with ascertaining whether the Milanese would support Conrad or Lothair, while he himself left the city. Landulf afterward claimed an important role in the choice of Conrad, who was crowned by Anselmo as King of Italy in 1128, first at Monza, where the Iron Crown was kept, then at Milan. In 1130, when Anselmo gave his support to the Antipope Anacletus II, Landulf followed him. In 1135, he was convinced by Bernard of Clairvaux to support Pope Innocent II, but when Anselmo was deposed and fled the city, Landulf was again pushed to the margins by a new archbishop, Robaldo di Alba.

In November 1136, Landulf renewed his claim on the church of San Paolo before Lothair of Supplinburg, now undisputed emperor, who was holding court at Roncaglia. The emperor refused to adjudicate the dispute, leaving it to the local authorities. According to Landulf, the machinations of Arnaldo di Rho, chief of a clan traditionally opposed to the Pataria, succeeding in blocking his ambitions once more. This is the last notice of Landulf's life. He was still alive in the summer of 1137: he records the Battle of Genivolta, a victory for Milan over Cremona early that year, and the flight of Bishop Oberto di Dovara of Cremona, who wound up a prisoner of the Milanese, some months later.

Historia Mediolanensis
The title Historia Mediolanensis, meaning "A Milanese History", is not contemporary. It was used as a source by several later medieval historians: Bonvesin da La Riva, Goffredo da Bussero, Benzo d'Alessandria and perhaps Galvano Fiamma. Nevertheless, it survives in only one manuscript tradition, at the font of which stands the fifteenth-century manuscript H.89.inf. in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan. Also at the Ambrosiana are N.296 sup., R.119 sup. and Trotti, 168; at the Biblioteca Trivulziana, also in Milan, is manuscript 348. All these are copies of H.89.inf., a low-quality manuscript littered with errors and gaps. The codex contains, besides the Historia of Landulf Junior, several other histories of Milan: the Historia of Landulf Senior, the Liber gestorum recentium of Arnulf of Milan and a Passio on the death of Arialdo in 1066, once thought to have been by Landulf Junior. In the manuscript, the Historia is titled "The Book of the Histories of the Milanese City by Landulf of St Paul" (Liber hystoriarum Mediolanensis urbis Landulfi de S. Paulo). Medieval writers referred to it as the Copia Landulfi ("Landulf's Store"), probably based on the last line of the manuscript, in hac mea copia. The term was sometimes applied to Arnulf's Liber gestorum recentium and the term Copia Arnulfi was sometimes applied to Landulf's Historia, suggesting perhaps that the four works of Milanese history were treated as a single collection.

Landulf's Historia begins with the disputed election of Anselmo da Bovisio to the see of Milan in 1097. The narrative, which coincides with Landulf's adult life, is compact and circular. It begins with the unjust intervention of a Papal officer, Hermann, in the affairs of the church of Milan and ends with the restoration of good relations between Milan and the Papacy by Bernard of Clairvaux. Landulf places the blame for the Milan's problems on Hermann, and notes with satisfaction that both Archbishops Anselmo III and Arnulf III refused to consecrate him after his election as bishop of Brescia. He also approves of King Conrad II's refusal to have anything to do with Anselmo da Bovisio or Hermann's consecration.

Although Landulf is a partisan narrator and his account judgemental as well as personal, it is historically valuable for its eyewitness testimony and its uncritical attitude. Landulf writes "without thorough understanding and remain[s] disturbed by the progressive breaking apart of the traditional order" that birthed the Milanese comune. The quality of Landulf's writing is unexpectedly poor for one who received an education from the leading philosophers of France.

The Historia received its editio princeps from G. A. Sassi, on behalf of Ludovico Muratori, in 1724. The standard critical edition is that of Ludwig Bethmann and Philipp Jaffé for the Monumenta Germaniae Historica in 1868.

Editions
Sassi, G. A.; Muratori, L. A., ed. Rerum italicarum scriptores, V (Milan, 1724), cols. 429–520
Bethmann, L.; Jaffé, P. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, XX (Hanover, 1868), pp. 17–49.
Castiglioni, C. Rerum italicarum scriptores, 2nd ed., V, 3 (Bologna, 1934).

Notes

Sources
Capitani, Ovidio. (1989). "Da Landolfo seniore a Landolfo iuniore: momenti di un processo in crisi". Milano e il suo territorio in età comunale (secc. XI–XII), Atti dell'XI Congresso internazionale di studi sull'Alto Medioevo, Milano, 26–30 ottobre 1987 (Spoleto), 589–622.
Chiesa, Paolo. (2004). "Landolfo Iuniore (Landolfo di S. Paolo)" Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 63. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
Cowdrey, H. E. J. (1968). "The Succession of the Archbishops of Milan in the Time of Pope Urban II". The English Historical Review 83, 327: 285–94.
Cowdrey, H. E. J. (1968). "The Papacy, the Patarenes and the Church of Milan". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fifth Series, 18: 25–48.

Category:1070s births
Category:People from Milan
Category:12th-century historians
Category:1137 deaths
Category:11th-century Italian writers
Category:12th-century Italian writers
Category:11th-century Latin writers
Category:12th-century Latin writers


Rybaki, Olsztyn County

Rybaki  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stawiguda, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Stawiguda and  south of the regional capital Olsztyn. It is located in Warmia.

Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, 1772–1871 Prussia, 1871–1945 Germany, and again Poland since 1945.

References

Rybaki


Kyle Williams

Kyle Williams may refer to:
Kyle Williams (defensive tackle) (born 1983), American football defensive tackle
Kyle Williams (offensive tackle) (born 1984), American football  offensive tackle
 Kyle Williams (footballer) (born 1987), association football player
 Kyle Williams (wide receiver) (born 1988), American football wide receiver
Kyle Williams, character in Legion (2010 film)