Middleton, Eastern Cape

Middleton is a hamlet in the Blue Crane Route Local Municipality of the Sarah Baartman District Municipality in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Middleton is situated on the banks of the Fish River off the N10 road and is about 30 km south of Cookhouse.

History

Middleton was first established in 1850 as an Anglican mission station when the Anglican Church set aside glebe land to members of its congregation, many of whom were former slaves. In 1879 a train station was built in Middleton as a layover point between larger towns. This old train station has now been converted into a pub. The Noupoort Christian Care Center owns the hamlet of Middleton. This center runs a rehabilitation center for people suffering from substance addiction. The center provides recovering addicts with jobs in maintaining the grounds and establishments of Middleton.

Buildings
The most notable building in Middleton is the old train station, which has now been converted into a pub. The train station was in 1879, and is the oldest standing building in the small hamlet. Another notable building is the All Saint's United Church, a stone church first built as an Anglican congregation in 1903. The architecture of the older buildings in Middleton are distinctly Victorian, especially the train station-turned-pub.

Attractions

The old station pub offers usual pub fare along with a play area and petting zoo for children. Next to the stone church is the Country Kitchen Padstal which serves locally made preserves and baked goods. Middleton also has B&B and camping facilities such as the Hunters Lodge and the B&B at the Manor.

Travellers consider Middleton a quaint stopover on their way to other attractions. The Addo Elephant and Shamwari national parks are less than an hour's drive south along the N10 highway from Middleton. Grahamatown is an hour's drive southeast. Two hours to the northeast are the towns Graaff-Reinet and Nieu-Bethesda, which are home to many attractions including the Camdeboo National Park, the Nieu-Bethesda Owl House, and the Kitching Fossil Exploration Centre. An hours drive to the south will take travellers to Port Elizabeth and on to the Garden Route on the south coast.

See also
 List of heritage sites in Graaff-Reinet
 George, Western Cape
 Knysna
 Plettenberg Bay
 Mossel Bay
 Bloukrans Bridge Bungy
 Tsitsikamma

References

External links

 Official website

Category:Populated places in the Camdeboo Local Municipality
Category:Populated places established in 1875
Category:Karoo


Mount Strange

Mount Strange () is a partly ice-free mountain 4 nautical miles (7 km) east-northeast of Mount Isherwood, standing at the east side of Simmons Glacier in the Kohler Range, Marie Byrd Land. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959-66. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Joe F. Strange, USGS topographic engineer, member of the Marie Byrd Land Survey Party, 1966-67.

Category:Mountains of Marie Byrd Land


3 (Netsky album)

3 (stylised as III) is the third studio album by Belgian drum and bass musician Netsky. It was released on 3 June 2016 as a digital download through Sony Music in the UK and Europe, and through Ultra Records in the United States. It was also released physically on 10 June 2016 through Epic Records on CD and through Hospital Records on vinyl. The album includes the singles "Rio", "Work It Out", "Higher", and promotional singles "Forget What You Look Like" and "TNT". It became Netsky's second album to top the Belgian Albums Chart.

3 is also Netsky's first album since signing to Sony Music, having previously been exclusively under Hospital Records.

Singles
"Rio" was released as the album's official lead single on 5 July 2015. It features vocals from London-based music producer and songwriter Digital Farm Animals (real name Nick Gale). The track was premiered one month earlier through BBC Radio 1 as Annie Mac's Friday Night Special Delivery for 12 June. The official music video for "Rio" premiered on 6 July, the day after its release. The cartoon-style clip was directed and designed by animation collective Powster. It features both artists as animated versions of themselves on an adventure through the title city.

In 2016 "Work It Out", which also featured Digital Farm Animals, was released as the follow-up single from the album on 22 January. It was premiered the day before as Annie Mac's Hottest Record in the World on 21 January 2016. The official music video, described as "an everyday tale of high schoolers with giant cartoon heads and telekinetic powers", premiered one month later on 23 February 2016. The interactive video, created by Powster in association with Vevo, enables the viewer from their devices to manipulate objects within the video in real time as you are given the power of telekinesis. The video was directed by Leo Bridle for Powster with live action footage directed by Charlotte Regan for xFilm. Both artists make a cameo appearance from the previous music video.

"Higher", a collaborative track with Los Angeles-based DJ/producer Jauz, was initially released as a promotional single on 25 March (along with the release of "Forget What You Look Like"). The collaboration was premiered two days prior as Zane Lowe's World Record through his Beats 1 radio show. A fan music video was premiered through Vevo on 13 May. It features a performance by Belgian dance crew Battledroids filmed in one shot by Richard Van der Vieren of An Overdose Of Awesomeness (AOOA) TV. "Higher" later became the third official single from the album on 20 May (the same day as the release of "TNT"), supported with a remix by British drum and bass duo The Prototypes.

"Forget What You Look Like" was released as a promotional single on 25 March 2016, following the announcement of the album. It featured vocals from Canadian singer Lowell, which were sampled from her 2015 collaboration with German DJ Alle Farben, titled "Get High".

"TNT" was released as a promotional single on 20 May 2016, the album's original intended release date. It features Dave 1, one-half of electro-funk outfit Chromeo, and was co-written by singer-songwriter Sam Frank (who previously collaborated with Netsky providing vocals on the song "Without You"). The track was heavily inspired by Prince — more specifically, his 1979 hit song "I Wanna Be Your Lover". Netsky, who named Prince as one of his musical heroes, recorded the song months before the musician's death.

Track listing

Notes
 signifies an additional producer.
 "Higher" is not featured on the vinyl release.

Personnel
 Elizabeth Lowell Boland – vocals (10. "Forget What You Look Like")
 Jonny Coffer – additional production, strings, guitar (1. "Thunder")
 Boris "Netsky" Daenen – production, mixing (all tracks), mastering (all tracks except 3. "Rio")
 DC – vocals (uncredited) (11. "Bird of Paradise")
 Leon Else – vocals (12. "Higher")
 Sam Frank – backing vocals (8. "TNT")
 Nicholas "Digital Farm Animals" Gale – additional production (4. "Leave It Alone", 6. "Go 2"), vocals (2. "Work It Out", 3. "Rio", 6. "Go 2")
 Teddy Geiger – additional production (2. "Work It Out")
 Sara Hartman – vocals (7. "High Alert")
 Stuart Hawkes – mastering (3. "Rio")
 Dave Macklovitch (Dave 1) – lead vocals (8. "TNT")
 Saint Raymond – vocals (4. "Leave It Alone")
 Paije Johannes Lamarill Richardson – vocals (5. "Who Knows")
 Arlissa Ruppert – vocals (9. "Stay Up With Me")
 Emeli Sandé – vocals (1. "Thunder")
 Joshua Thompson – additional production, background vocal (12. "Higher")
 Sam "Jauz" Vogel – production, mixing (12. "Higher")

Credits adapted from liner notes.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

See also
 List of number-one albums of 2016 (Belgium)

References

External links

 3 at Hospital Records

Category:2016 albums
Category:Dance-pop albums by Belgian artists
Category:Epic Records albums
Category:Hospital Records albums
Category:Netsky (musician) albums
Category:Ultra Records albums
Category:Electropop albums
Category:Breakbeat albums


Sheykh Amer Rural District

Sheykh Amer Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in Chah Varz District, Lamerd County, Fars Province, Iran.

References

Category:Rural Districts of Fars Province
Category:Lamerd County


Great Night Out

Great Night Out is an upbeat British comedy-drama based in Stockport, North-West England that aired on ITV in early 2013.

Background
The series follows the misadventures of four thirty-something former school friends from Stockport, Matthew 'Beggsy' Begg (William Ash), Paddy 'Hodge' Hodgkinson (Lee Boardman), Glyn Thwaite (Craig Parkinson), and Darren 'Daz' Taylor (Stephen Walters). All four love football and are lifelong fans of Stockport County. Hodge has been married for five years prior to the first episode, whilst Daz is in a long-term relationship. Glyn and Beggsy both get girlfriends as the series progresses. They frequent their local pub, the Admiral Nelson, where they often tease and banter with the landlord Warren Peterson (Ricky Tomlinson).

Actor Stephen Walters, who plays Daz in the series, described the show by saying: "Great Night Out is a positive and upbeat comedy drama series and audiences love that sort of escapism. People don't always want to sit though something dark and hard-hitting and depressing. There's a place for those sort of shows, but at a time when people are tightening their belts this series is all about warmth, friendship and pure escapism."

Jimmy Mulville, Executive producer on the series, said: “I hope we do justice to the brilliant scripts and wonderful cast. This is a laugh-out-loud comedy about friendship, love and Stockport!”

Characters

Hodge (Lee Boardman)
Paddy Hodgkinson, a.k.a. "Hodge", sees himself as the leader of the group, although his friends don't see him that way. He speaks with the voice of authority on most subjects, even though his knowledge is often lacking. He is very Humorous and lovable, Hodge often banters with both Beggsy and local pub landlord Warren. Whilst he thinks of himself as the man of the house, his penchant for avoiding responsibility and spending money leave his wife Kath in charge of their household. Boardman describes his character as "lovable and overweight",

Beggsy (William Ash)
Matthew Begg, a.k.a. Beggsy, often rubs Hodge up the wrong way and winds him up. Overall though he's a friendly man, happy being single with the odd one night stand. Divorced for a year, he still pines after his ex-wife Mandy who left him a year ago, running off to Australia to live with her new husband Wayne and taking their eleven-year-old daughter Kelly with her. At the beginning of the series he's the only one without a partner and he's in a bit of a relationship funk.

Glyn (Craig Parkinson)
Glyn Thwaite is a lovable underdog. He's a sensitive man and a nice hard-working guy who's unfortunately always one sentence behind and forever playing catch-up. Glynn works for "Mad Tony" who is known for his hot-temper; in episode 6 he has to look after Tony's house, but the lads decide to have a party there when Stockport County F.C. play Manchester United. He meets his high-school crush Julie played by Christine Bottomley, and yearns after her, but seems to embarrass himself every-time he attempts to talk to her, despite taking the advice of the others in the group. He eventually does win her heart and she becomes his girlfriend.

Daz (Stephen Walters)
Darren Taylor, a.k.a. Daz, is the fourth member of the gang who is described as the eternal pessimist of the group. He's the first to pull Hodge up on his sometimes questionable fashion sense, and the first to put a negative on a situation. He often performs strange actions, such as climbing on the roof of a house in episode 2 and claiming it was 'tranquil'. In an on-again/off-again relationship with Colleen (Naomi Bentley), Daz can't seem to live with her as much as he can't live without her. Walters describes his character as "...an underdog, the eternal pessimist of the group".

Kath (Rebekah Stanton)
Hodge's wife Kath often has the final say with Hodge, who is intimidated by her, but they really do love each other. She works a stressful job at the local bowling alley during the day and many of Hodge's poor choices and mistakes in the evening. Stanton says of her character, "I play Mrs Hodge. It says in the script that I wear the trousers. I like to think it's more the shirt and tie and trousers and jacket".

Colleen (Naomi Bentley)
Naomi Bentley plays Colleen, Daz's long-suffering girlfriend.They share a very On-again, off-again relationship, and no-one can understand why they are still together. Bentley describes Daz and their on-screen relationship as: "He's just a miserable git really who's set in his ways and it drives Colleen crazy. They're like that couple that everyone knows - you can't understand why they're still together because one minute they're on, the next they're off and it's really passionate. Whether it's off or on they commit to whatever state they're in, so it's quite volatile. When we first meet them they're very much off."  Quick and with a dry sense of humor, Colleen tend towards brutal honesty. She shares a flat with an incompetent roommate Bev (Isy Suttie), who does not get along with Daz.

Julie (Christine Bottomley)
The female trio is completed by Christine Bottomley who plays Julie, a nurse and Glyn's love interest. Glyn's high school crush, she is now a gorgeous young single woman who seems to be out of his league. Following a chance meeting at a nightclub a will-they-won't they relationship ensues. Julie visibly finds Glyn attractive and refreshing, but their relationship takes time to develop. Bottomley says of her character: "She takes a little warming up, because she's quite shy really. That was a challenge for me to play. I'm quite gobby! Julie is a warm character and instantly loyal".

Warren (Ricky Tomlinson)
Warren is the landlord of the Admiral Nelson Pub and will do anything he can to keep the boys coming in and spending money. A father figure who nurses a secret admiration for the four leads, he also enjoys playing pranks on them and participating in banter. In an effort to draw customers and make more money, Warren has quiz nights and bingo, like other local pubs. Tomlinson describes Warren as "a know-all landlord who does anything he can to get them boys coming in...He enjoys playing pranks on them and kidding around but his main purpose it to get them to spend as much money as possible".

Pam (Susie Blake)
Pam is Beggsy's Mum and her sole objective is to ensure her son's happiness. The perfect mum, until she realizes she could make herself happy if she had a man. Now her goal is for Beggsy to find someone else rather than chasing after his ex-wife, who he obviously still loves. She doesn't interfere exactly, but he is always at her house even though he doesn't live there. Blake says of their relationship: "They go over things at meal times and I identify with that because I'm like that with my own son. He's 33 and married but he rings me up to talk about his problems and that's lovely."

Bev (Isy Suttie)
Bev is Colleen's eccentric housemate who is madly in love with Beggsy. She and Daz have an intense feud, but they put up with each other for Colleen's sake. She loves cats and baking cakes, and the secret ingredient to her cake recipes is 'anger'. She says that lederhosen and animal cruelty are some of the things that make her angry. She has also sniffed marker pen at some point, as stated by Colleen in episode 6.

Tony (Connor McIntyre)
Tony (nicknamed 'Mad Tony' by Warren) is a local gangster who lives in a huge mansion in the surrounding countryside. He is Glyn's boss, and owns a dog called Napoleon, which the lads find out about rather unpleasantly the first time they visit Tony's house.

Episodes

Series One (2013)

Ratings

Series 1

International broadcast
 — The programme premiered on BBC First on 29 January 2015.

References

External links

Category:2010s British comedy-drama television series
Category:2013 British television series debuts
Category:2013 British television series endings
Category:ITV television dramas
Category:British comedy-drama television programmes
Category:2010s British television miniseries
Category:Television shows set in Greater Manchester
Category:Television series by Hat Trick Productions
Category:English-language television programs


2014 IPP Open – Singles

Jarkko Nieminen was the defending champion, but he lost in the first round to Jürgen Zopp, who won the title, defeating Dudi Sela in the final, 6–4, 5–7, 7–6(8–6).

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom Half

References
 Main Draw
 Qualifying Draw

IPP Open - Singles
2014 Singles


Tarmoola Gold Mine

The Tarmoola or King of the Hills  gold mine is located 29 km north-west of Leonora, Western Australia. The mine was placed in care and maintenance from September 2004, when a pit wall failure forced its closure. It is owned by Saracen Mineral Holdings Limited.

The Tarmoola mine was developed and opened in May 1990 by Mt Edon Gold Mines Australia NL. It is now known as King of the Hills, the original name for the area from its discovery in 1897, and is owned and operated by Saracen Mineral Holdings Limited.  Saracen commenced underground mining operations at King of the Hills in July 2016.

History

The mine, opened in May 1990, was discovered and developed by Mount Edon Mines until April 1997, when it was taken over by jointly by Camelot Resources and Teck Corporation through Reachwest Pty Ltd for A$158 million.

Camelot Resources was renamed Pacmin Mining in June 1998 and took control of all assets of the two companies in Australia. Pacmin was then taken over by Sons of Gwalia in October 2001 for A$210 million, the mine thereby becoming part of the company's Leonora operations, together with the Gwalia mine. This merger also secured the Carosue Dam mine for Sons of Gwalia.

In February 2004, a pit wall failure caused disruptions to the mine, leading to its eventual closure in September 2004.

In retrospect, the purchase of Pacmin and Tarmoola was seen as very expensive, especially in the light of gold reserve write downs and operational difficulties at the mine.

Sons of Gwalia went into administration on 30 August 2004, following a financial collapse, with debts exceeding $800 million after suffering from falling gold reserves and hedging losses. Sons of Gwalia was Australia's third-largest gold producer and also controlled more than half the world's production of tantalum.

St Barbara purchased the mine from insolvent Sons of Gwalia in March 2005 but has not reopened the mine since. The company placed the mine on the market in 2007, seeing little value in operating the mine because of high costs of production. St Barbara estimated that it would cost A$700 per ounce to mine at Tarmoola, at an average grade of 1.1 g/t. However, the sale of Tarmoola did not eventuate.

St Barbara has been reviewing the option of underground mining at Tarmoola in 2009 and processing the ore at Gwalia.

King of the Hills has since been sold to Red 5 Limited; production restarted in January 2018 with Pit N Portal as the contractor.

Production
Production of the mine:

 1 2002 results for January to November only.
 2 Combined result for the Leonora operations, consisting of Gwalia and Tarmoola. The Gwalia mine closed in December 2003.

Sources
 The Australian Mines Handbook: 2003-2004 Edition, Louthean Media Pty Ltd, Editor: Ross Louthean
 Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2008 Page 34: Principal Mineral and Petroleum Producers - Gold

References

External links
 St Barbara website - Leonora operations
 MINEDEX website
 How sons of Lalor built, then sank, Sons of Gwalia The Sydney Morning Herald - Article on the collapse of Sons of Gwalia

Category:Gold mines in Western Australia
Category:Surface mines in Australia
Category:Goldfields-Esperance


Thomas Edward Gill

Thomas Edward Gill (March 18, 1908 – November 11, 1973) was a Roman Catholic titular bishop of Lambaesis and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle. He is the first Seattle-born priest to be ordained a bishop.

Born in Seattle, Washington, Gill was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Seattle on June 10, 1933, after completing his studies at St. Patrick's Seminary in Menlo Park, California. In 1939, Father Gill became the director of Catholic Charities of the Diocese of Seattle, which was incorporated the following year in 1940 and coordinated orphanages as well as homes for the elderly and troubled youths.

On April 11, 1956, Gill was appointed bishop, and was consecrated on May 31. As auxiliary bishop, Gill built Catholic Children's Services into the largest private child‐care agency in Washington state and served as the pastor of St. James Cathedral in Seattle.

Bishop Gill died of a heart attack while checking into the Statler Hilton Hotel for a meeting of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops.

Notes

Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Category:People from Seattle
Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle
Category:American titular bishops
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:1908 births
Category:1973 deaths
Category:Religious leaders from Washington (state)
Category:Catholics from Washington (state)


Førde, Hordaland

Førde or Førde i Hordaland is a village in Sveio municipality in Hordaland county, Norway.  The village is located at the southern end of the Førdespollen bay, off of the main Bømlafjorden.  The European route E39 highway runs through the village on its way between the cities of Stavanger and Bergen.  The village is the site of Førde Church.

References

Category:Villages in Hordaland
Category:Sveio


List of Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players

This is a list of known American football players who have played for the Baltimore Colts (1947–50) of the All-America Football Conference and later the National Football League. It includes players that have played at least one match with the team.

A
 Lee Artoe
 Sisto Averno

B
 Dick Barwegan
 Bill Baumgartner
 Hub Bechtol
 Pete Berezney
 Warren Beson
 Blondy Black
 George Blanda
 Ernie Blandin
 Lamar Blount
 Hardy Brown
 George Buksar
 Adrian Burk

C
 Leon Campbell
 Ernie Case
 Jim Castiglia
 Herb Coleman
 Rip Collins
 Don Colo
 Ken Cooper
 Bert Corley
 Bob Cowan
 Armand Cure
 Hal Crisler

D
 Lamar Davis
 Spiro Dellerba
 Art Donovan
 Andy Dudish

F
 Frank Filchock
 Ollie Fletcher
 Aubrey Fowler
 Barry French

G
 Lu Gambino
 Bill Garrett
 Gorham Getchell
 Ed Grain
 Rex Grossman
 George Groves

H
 Dick Handley
 George Hekkers
 Luke Higgins
 Billy Hillenbrand

J
 Chick Jagade
 Jon Jenkins
 Bob Jensen
 Ralph Jones

K
 Mike Kasap
 Bob Kelly
 Eddie King
 Wayne Kingery
 Vito Kissell
 Al Klug
 Joe Kodba
 Floyd Konetsky

L
 Jim Landrigan
 Jake Leicht
 Bill Leonard
 Augie Lio
 Bobby Livingstone

M
 Elmer Madar
 Chick Maggioli
 Vic Marino
 Lew Mayne
 Geno Mazzanti
 Len McCormick
 John Mellus
 Bus Mertes
 Gil Meyers
 Gerry Moersdorf
 Earl Murray
 Chet Mutryn
 Rudy Mobley

N
 Bob Nelson
 Steve Nemeth
 John North
 Bob Nowaskey

O
 Charlie O'Rourke
 Bob Oristaglio
 Jim Owens

P
 Paul Page
 Bob Perina
 George Perpich
 Bob Pfohl
 Mike Phillips
 Ollie Poole
 Felton Prewitt

R
 Herb Rich
 Ralph Ruthstrom

S
 Paul Salata
 John Schweder
 Wilson Schwenk
 Al Sidorik
 Sig Sigurdson
 Jack Simmons
 Frankie Sinkwich
 Joe Smith
 Frank Spaniel
 Jim Spavital
 Art Spinney
 Jim Spruill
 Ralph Stewart
 Billy Stone
 Johnny Sylvester

T
 Ray Terrell
 Al Tillman
 Y. A. Tittle
 Ivan Trebotich

U
 Mitch Ucovich

V
 Sammy Vacanti
 Johnny Vardian

W
 Herman Wedemeyer
 Joel Williams
 Win Williams
 John Wright

Y
 Bill Yanchar
 Frank Yokas

Z
 Ernie Zalejski
 George Zorich

References
 1947 Colts roster
 1948 Colts Roster
 1949 Colts roster
 1950 Colts roster

Baltimore Colts (1947-50)
Baltimore Colts (1947-50)
Category:Baltimore-related lists


Cromer railway station

Cromer is a railway station in the English county of Norfolk. Because the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway (M&GNJR) line approached Cromer from the west, following the coastal clifftops, it avoided the steep escarpment which had prevented the earlier line from Norwich running all the way into the town. Consequently, it became possible to build a far more conveniently located station, near to the town centre and the beach. The station opened as Cromer Beach on 16 June 1887 and was renamed Cromer on 20 October 1969, following the closure of Cromer High station in 1954. It is  down the line from .

Buildings
To cater to the heavy leisure traffic at the end of the 19th century, Cromer Beach had a large station building in a half-timbered style, and a large goods yard. The station originally included a bar, which was closed in 1966. Following the introduction of conductor-guard working, the ticket facilities were no longer needed and the building fell into disuse; it was renovated and reopened as a public house in 1998. A large supermarket was built on the site of the goods yards in 1991.

Cromer is one of only two former M&GNJR stations to remain operational on Network Rail, the other being the neighbouring West Runton.

Services
The station is currently served only by local services operated by 'Greater Anglia' on the Bittern Line from Norwich to Sheringham.

There is generally an hourly service to Sheringham (8 minutes) and to Norwich (55 minutes), with more frequent services during the morning and evening peak travel times. On Sundays, trains run every two hours to Sheringham and Norwich. In 1997 a single daily through train to and from London Liverpool Street to Sheringham via Cromer was introduced; it was not heavily used and the service was consequently discontinued. All of these services are run by bi mode Class 755 units

Because of its historical position as the terminus of the line from Melton Constable and Sheringham to the west, trains running via Cromer reverse direction on leaving the station.

The following services currently call at Cromer:

See also
 Railway stations in Cromer

References

External links
 Cromer's railway stations on navigable 1946 O. S. map

Category:Railway stations in Norfolk
Category:Former Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 1887
Category:Greater Anglia franchise railway stations
Category:DfT Category F1 stations
Category:Cromer


Coleman Junction Formation

The Coleman Junction Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Category:Permian geology of Texas


B. G. Kolse Patil

B. G. Kolse Patil [Marathi: बी. जी. कोळसे-पाटिल] is an Indian social activist and former judge of the Bombay High Court in India. He recently joined the Janata Dal (Secular) as the State Secretary of Maharashtra State.

Early life and education

Patil was born on 18 September 1942, in the village of Guha, Ahmednagar (in present-day Maharashtra state). His parents were landless farm laborers, who worked on the fields of the local landlord for daily wages. He attended a local primary school till 7th grade, after which he dropped out because his parents couldn't afford the high school fees. He worked as a farm-hand for five years and rejoined high school when the government high school in Ahmednagar started providing free secondary education. He completed his education till 12th grade and thereafter attained a B.Sc. degree, supporting his education by working as a daily wage worker and doing several odd jobs. After B.Sc., he secured an appointment as a school teacher in Khadakwasala near Pune. While working as a teacher, he completed his Bachelor of Laws degree from the Law College in Pune and specialized in criminal law thereafter.

Legal career
His career as a lawyer was fairly successful and he gained fame due to his role in a few high-profile trials like the Manwath murder case and the Joshi-Abhyankar serial murder trial. He joined the Pune bar council in 1973. In that capacity, he raised the issue of relaxing the judicial entry age limit by ten years for backward castes and five years for all categories. He was appointed district public prosecutor in 1981 by the government of Maharashtra and continued in that role till 1985. In 1985, at the age of 43, he was appointed as judge of the Bombay High Court.

During his judicial tenure, he delivered strict judgments against tax and octroi evaders. His judgement in "Kanjilal Premjit vs Range Forest Officer" led to an amendment to the Forest Act which held saw-mill owners liable to punishment for buying illegally chopped timber. Another of his notable judgments was in the case of "Associated Bearings Pvt. Ltd. vs the Union of India"; he held that taxes evaded by exploiting loopholes should not be retrospectively refunded by the government to corporations because the corporations do not refund the consumers and effectively pass the tax burden to them. His difference of opinion with Justice Shah, in that case, is widely cited in the legal literature. He was also instrumental in getting the government to institute the Aurangabad bench of the Bombay High Court.

He resigned prematurely from the judiciary in 1990 to pursue social activism full-time.

Activism
After leaving the judiciary, he founded the Lokshashan Andolan (People's Democratic Movement). He has been associated with another former judge-turned-activist Justice P.B. Sawant (former judge of the Supreme Court of India). He spearheaded various grassroots movements throughout Maharashtra. Most of the movements were for social and economic justice for rural, Adivasi, small farmers and displaced people. Notable movements among them include:

 Anti Enron protests in Maharashtra in the late 1990s. In 1997, he was arrested under section 151 of the CrPC to prevent him and his associates from taking part in the planned hunger strike against Dhabol Power project.
 Movement of farmers and Adivasis against the Alibag SEZ in the 2000s
 Protest against the Dow chemicals plant in Shinde-Vasuli near Pune
 Movement against the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Konkan

Besides popular movements, he has been part of fact-finding teams which have investigated several matters of civil rights and social justice, such as:

 Fact-finding team investigating Khairlanji murder case in 2006
 Rehabilitation and resettlement of Manibeli Oustees Sardar Sarovar project inquiry report (Inquiry into the status of Manibeli Oustees conducted by him on behalf of Indian People's Tribunal on Environment & Human Rights)
 Concerned Citizens Inquiry on the Nanded blast in February 2007

For his role in these people movements, he was kept under surveillance and profiled by the private surveillance company Stratfor, which had been hired by Dow Chemicals. This was revealed when WikiLeaks released the Stratfor papers.

Politics
In March 2019, he announced his candidature for the 2019 Lok Sabha election from Aurangabad constituency on behalf of the opposition alliance called Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi (Front of the Deprived Majority) on a Janata Dal (Secular) ticket with support from the Congress.

References

Category:1942 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian politicians
Category:Janata Dal (Secular)
Category:Indian lawyers


Rościnno

Rościnno  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skoki, within Wągrowiec County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Skoki,  south of Wągrowiec, and  north-east of the regional capital Poznań.

References

Category:Villages in Wągrowiec County


Attacus

Attacus is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae. The genus was erected by Carl Linnaeus in his 1767 12th edition of Systema Naturae.

The genus contains the Atlas moth (Attacus atlas), the second largest known moth.

Species
Attacus atlas (Linnaeus, 1758) (Oriental region) – Atlas moth
Attacus aurantiacus W. Rothschild, 1895 (Kai Archipelago)
Attacus caesar Maassen, 1873 (Philippines)
Attacus crameri C. Felder, 1861 (Buru, Seram, Ambon)
Attacus dohertyi W. Rothschild, 1895 (Sumba, Timor, Roma, and Damar)
Attacus erebus Fruhstorfer, 1904 (Sulawesi)
Attacus inopinatus Jurriaanse & Lindemans, 1920 (Sumbawa, Flores)
Attacus intermedius Jurriaanse & Lindemans, 1920 (Tanimbar Archipelago, Babar Archipelago)
Attacus lemairei Peigler, 1985 (Palawan)
Attacus lorquinii C. & R. Felder, 1861 (Philippines)
Attacus mcmulleni Watson, 1914 (Andamans)
Attacus paraliae Peigler, 1985 (Banggai Archipelago, Sula Archipelago)
Attacus paukstadtorum Brechlin, 2010 (Lombok)
Attacus philippina Bouvier, 1930 (Philippines)
Attacus selayarensis Naumann & Peigler, 2010 (Selayar)
Attacus siriae Brechlin & van Schayck, 2016 (Buru)
Attacus suparmani U. & L. Paukstadt, 2002 (Alor)
Attacus taprobanis Moore, 1882 (Sri Lanka, southwestern India)
Attacus wardi W. Rothschild, 1910 (northern Australia)

References

External links

Category:Saturniinae
Category:Moth genera


Nurpur Noon

Nurpur Noon is a village situated near Bhalwal in Sargodha District, Punjab,  Pakistan.

Nurpur Noon is inhabited by over 8,000 people mostly of the Noon subcaste of Jatts.

Prominent people from Nurpur Noon
Nurpur Noon has produced some prominent political figures in the past, such as Malik Mohammad Hayat Noon and his son,  Malik  Sir Feroz Khan Noon who served in the Viceroy's Council of India before independence and later, after the creation of Pakistan, served as country's Foreign Minister and then Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1958.

References

Category:Populated places in Sargodha District


John Elley

Lieutenant-General Sir John Elley  KMT KSG (9 January 176423 January 1839) was a British soldier who joined the cavalry as a private, and rose to general officer rank. He fought with distinction during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and later served as the last Governor of Galway and as Colonel of the 17th Lancers.

Biography

Early life
Information about Elley is scarce, perhaps partly because of his humble origins. He was born in Leeds in 1764. His father ran an eating-house at Furnival's Inn. Apprenticed to Mr. John Gelderd, a tannery owner of the village of Meanwood near Leeds, West Yorkshire, he became engaged to his masters daughter Anne. After her untimely death, he enlisted, in 1789, as a trooper in the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, and saw service in the Flanders Campaign (1793–1795).

Army career
Elley made his first step out of the ranks by becoming a Cornet in his regiment on 14 June 1794. On 30 January 1796 he was promoted to Lieutenant, and 11 January 1800 was made a Captain-Lieutenant. Elley acquired promotion to Captain by Purchase on 17 March 1801 to Major on 15 December 1804, and to Lieutenant-Colonel on 11 March 1806.

One famous act of heroism occurred at the Battle of Talavera (1809), as he led the charge riding a white horse across unknown terrain.  A chasm suddenly appeared before him and he was forced to jump it at full gallop.  As he wrote in a letter to his sister Mrs Ellis, dated 30 July 1809:
"More fire I was never in, nor more perils did I escape. I led on one Squadron to the Charge as a forlorn hope and out of 80 men I had not a dozen left – a very severe List of Killed and Wounded you will see by the Gazette – It will be great Satisfaction to my good old Father to Know that I had during the action a very conspicuous share, and in which I had the good Fortune to Succeed to the intense Satisfaction of the General Officers..."

Waterloo Campaign
As a Colonel in the 1st Regiment of Life Guards Sir John was appointed Deputy Adjutant-General of Cavalry at the start the Waterloo Campaign. He led the charge of the Life Guards during the holding action at Genappe on the 17th during the Anglo-allied retreat from Quatre Bras to Waterloo. He was severely wounded during the subsequent battle. Sir Walter Scott, in Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk, described his feats at the attack on the escarpment of Mont-Saint-Jean, a ridge to the south of the village of Waterloo:
"Sir John Elley, who led the charge of the heavy brigade, was himself distinguished for personal prowess.  He was at one time surrounded by several of the cuirassiers; but, being a tall and uncommonly powerful man, completely master of his sword and horse, he cut his way out, leaving several of his assailants on the ground, marked with wounds, indicating the unusual strength of the arm which inflicted them.  Indeed, had not the ghastly evidence remained on the field, many of the blows dealt upon this occasion would have seemed borrowed from the annals of knight-errantry, for several of the corpses exhibited heads cloven to the chine, or severed from the shoulders."

On 2August 1815 Elley was made a Commander of the Order of Maria Theresa by the Emperor of Austria.

Post-war career
Harry Smith remembered Sir John as his mentor in this extract from his autobiography from 1818:
"The celebrated Cavalry officer, Sir John Elley, a very tall, bony, and manly figure of a man, with grim-visaged war depicted in his countenance, with whiskers, moustaches, etc. like a French Pioneer, came over to Dover during the time of our occupation of France. He was walking on the path, with his celebrated sword belted under his surtout. As the hooking up of the sword gave the coat-flap the appearance of having something large concealed under it, a lower order of Custom officer ran after him, rudely calling, "I say, you officer, you! stop, stop, I say! What's that under your coat?" Sir John turned round, and drawing his weapon of defence in many a bloody fight, to the astonishment of the John Bulls, roared out through his moustache in a voice of thunder, "That which I will run through your d—d guts, if you are impertinent to me!"

Sent to Ireland following the war, he was promoted to Major-General in August 1819, and was presented with the Order of the Bath by King George IV at Dublin Castle in August 1822.

He was appointed the Commander of Connaught, and then Governor of Galway from 1826  – this position was not filled after his death. On 23 November 1829 he was appointed Colonel of the 17th Lancers (Woolwich Depot), replacing Lord Edward Somerset.

At the state funeral of George IV on 15 July 1830 Elley was one of the group of senior Army and Naval officers who supported the canopy of purple velvet over the body of the King as it was taken to St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, for the funeral service.

He was elected Member of Parliament for Windsor in Robert Peel's Tory government. In 1836 the Eton & Windsor Gazette complained of the undue influence of the Castle on elections for that seat:
"It is well known in this Borough there are a number of Electors who hold situations in the Royal Establishment, but who reside in the town. At the election of Members of Parliament those men – footmen, pages, and other – have been generally rendered subservient to Tory purposes. They are men who are permitted to have no opinion of their own, but are commanded by some one or other of their superiors in the Establishment of Their Majesties, to vote in a certain way. This it was that occasioned the return of Sir John Elley at the last election, who is frequently a guest at the Castle, and who of course obtains the influence of the many Tory hangers-on of the Court."

Elley was promoted to Lieutenant-General on 10 January 1837.

Death and legacy
Sir John Elley died on 23 January 1839 at Cholderton Lodge at East Cholderton, part of Amport in Hampshire and was buried at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, not far from another of his properties at Burghfield Hill.  His tomb includes a bust in black and white marble.  His portrait, held by the National Portrait Gallery, was painted about 1837 as a study for the famous William Salter painting Waterloo Banquet At Apsley House, 1836, which depicts a commemorative banquet held by the Duke of Wellington at his London home on the anniversary of the battle.

Though unmarried, Sir John was believed to have fathered at least one illegitimate son, who, legend has it, emigrated to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania).

In his will, dated 6 April 1838, Sir John left nothing to any member of his family. However, an Isabella Elizabeth Elley, daughter of the Reverend William Gifford Cookesley, of Eton College, was to receive a legacy of £300. The main beneficiary of the will was Sir John's housekeeper, Jane Carter. She was to receive a sizable portion of the contents of his home, a legacy of £2,000 and £300 a year for life. Jane's sister, Mary, was left a sum of £200 and £50 per year and her brother Edward £100 and £25 per year. The Officers Mess of the Horse Guards was to receive a legacy of £300 for the purchase of plate. Various charities also benefited from the will, as follows:
...to the Magdalen Asylum on the Blackfriars Road £300; to the Blind Asylum, London Road £300; to the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, Old Kent Road £300; to the Orphan Asylum, Clapton £300; to the Female Orphan Asylum, Westminster £300; to Saint Georges Hospital, Grosvenor Place £300; to the Westminster Lying-in Hospital £300; to the Bethlem Diameter Hospital, Lambeth £500; to the Society for the Refuge of Destitute Women, Sackville Road £200; to the Institute for the cure of Cancers in the Kent Road £250; to the Rector and Corporation of New Windsor £1,000, to be given as loans to necessitous shopkeepers and tradespeople. A further £2,000 was to be used for the support of six poor persons of 54 or more years of age.

References

External links
Medals
The Cholderton Estate, including the Lodge
Jpeg of The Waterloo Banquet by William Salter

|-

Category:1764 births
Category:1839 deaths
Category:British Army generals
Category:British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Category:Knights Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order
Category:Royal Horse Guards soldiers
Category:Royal Horse Guards officers
Category:UK MPs 1835–1837
Category:People from Leeds
Category:People from Test Valley
Category:People from Burghfield
Category:Recipients of the Waterloo Medal


Pierre Huylebroeck

Pierre Huylebroeck (born 13 October 1922) was a Belgian speed skater. He competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics, the 1952 Winter Olympics and the 1956 Winter Olympics.

References

Category:1922 births
Category:Possibly living people
Category:Belgian male speed skaters
Category:Olympic speed skaters of Belgium
Category:Speed skaters at the 1948 Winter Olympics
Category:Speed skaters at the 1952 Winter Olympics
Category:Speed skaters at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Brussels


Wolani

Wolani may refer to:
Wolani people, a people of the Papua province of Indonesia
Wolani language, the language of the Wolani people


Robert W. Jordan

Robert W. Jordan (born October 9, 1945) is an American lawyer and diplomat. He served as the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 2001 to 2003, under President George W. Bush.

Biography

Early life
Jordan received his B.A. degree from Duke University in 1967, his M.A. from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1971 while serving in the U.S. Navy, and his J.D. from the University of Oklahoma College of Law in 1974.

Career
Jordan was a partner in the Dallas, Texas office of Baker Botts, the law firm of James Baker.  In the early 1990s, he represented George W. Bush in the investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission into possible insider trading in Bush's sale of stock in Harken Energy.  Jordan was the president of the Dallas Bar Association in 1999.

In 2001, Bush, who had become President of the United States, appointed Jordan as Ambassador to Saudi Arabia.  He held that post from October 2001 through October 2003.  When Jordan resigned his ambassadorship, he returned to Baker Botts and is currently a senior partner of the firm.  Jordan is currently partner-in-charge of the firm's Middle East offices and divides his time between Dubai and the United States.

Jordan is a member of the American Arbitration Association Commercial Panel of Arbitrators, the National Panel of Distinguished Neutrals of the CPR International Institute for Conflict Prevention & Resolution, and The London Court of International Arbitration. A member of the Council on Foreign Relations, he serves as president of the Dallas Committee on Foreign Relations and as vice chairman of the board of directors of the John Goodwin Tower Center for Political Studies at Southern Methodist University. Jordan also serves on the executive committee of the board of directors of the Center for American and International Law and the advisory board of the Center's Institute for Transnational Arbitration.

Jordan serves as Diplomat in Residence and adjunct professor of political science at Southern Methodist University, where he teaches a course on the Middle East. In 2007, he received the Fellows Award presented by the Dallas Bar Foundation.

References

Further reading
Jordan, Robert W., and Steve Fiffer. Desert Diplomat: Inside Saudi Arabia Following 9/11. Lincoln: Potomac Books, an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press, 2015.

External links
 Biography on Baker Botts website

Category:Duke University alumni
Category:University of Oklahoma alumni
Category:American lawyers
Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia
Category:Living people
Category:1945 births


Baisha, Putian

Baisha () is a town of Hanjiang District, Putian, Fujian, China. , it has one residential community and 12 villages under its administration.

References

Category:Township-level divisions of Fujian
Category:Putian


Chevigny

Chevigny is a commune in the Jura department in Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References
 INSEE statistics

Category:Communes of Jura (department)


Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī

Ali ibn Mohammed ibn Abbas (923–1023) () also known as Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī () was one of the most influential intellectuals and thinkers of the 10th century.
Yaqut Al-Hamawi described him as "the philosopher of litterateurs and the litterateur of philosophers." However, he was neglected and ignored by the historians of his era. This neglect continued until Yaqut wrote his book Muʿjam al-Udabā’ (), which contained a biographical outline of at-Tawhidi, relying primarily on what al-Tawhidi had written about himself.

Origin
There are differing views on the dates of al-Tawhidi's birth and death, and his origins. According to Tarikh-i Sistan, he was born in 923 Near Baghdad or Fars, and died in 1023 in Shiraz. Al-Tawhidi had a difficult childhood. He was born into a poor family that sold dates called Tawhid (hence his surname), and spent much of his childhood as an orphan in the care of his uncle, who treated him poorly.

Works
In spite of the incident of burning his books collectively (which was symbolic of course) by himself, he has left a set of literary, philosophical, and Sufi works, which were distinctive in the history of the Arabic literature. Perhaps the most important works are:
Al-Baṣā’ir wa al-Dhakhā’ir
Al-Hawamil wa al-Shawamil
Al-Imtāʿ wa al-Mu’ānasa, with a chapter on zoology perhaps based on Timotheus of Gaza's book on animals.
Al-Isharat al-Ilahiyya
Al-Muqabasat
Al-Sadaqa wa al-Sadiq
Mathalib al-Wazirain

References

Salah NATIJ, "La nuit inaugurale d'al-Imatâ' wa l-mu'ânasa d'Abu Hayyân al-Tawhidi,une leçon magistrale d'adab", Revue Arabica, Vol. 55, No.2, 2008 = http://maduba.free.fr/Sur_Tawhidi.pdf
I. Keilani, Abú Hayyán al-Tawhidi (in French), Beirut, 1950.

Category:923 births
Category:1023 deaths
Category:Islamic philosophers
Category:Writers from Baghdad
Category:Zoologists of medieval Islam


Agonopsis asperoculis

Agonopsis asperoculis is a fish in the family Agonidae (poachers). It was described by William Francis Thompson in 1916. It is a tropical, marine fish which is known from off the coasts of Argentina and the Falkland Islands, in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. It is known to dwell at a depth range of 18–20 metres.

References

Category:Agonidae
Category:Fish described in 1916


Henry Grube

Henry Grube (died 1582), of Devizes, Wiltshire, was an English politician.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Devizes in 1572. He was Mayor of Devizes in 1568 and 1573.

References

Category:Year of birth missing
Category:1582 deaths
Category:People of the Tudor period
Category:People from Devizes
Category:English MPs 1572–1583
Category:Mayors of places in Wiltshire


Saba Valadkhan

Saba Valadkhan () is an Iranian American biomedical scientist, and an Assistant Professor and RNA researcher at Case Western Reserve University. In 2005, she was awarded the GE / Science Young Scientist Award for her breakthrough in understanding the mechanism of spliceosomes - "akin to finding the Holy Grail of the splicing catalysis field"  - a critical area of research, given that "20 percent or 30 percent of all human genetic diseases are caused by mistakes that the spliceosome makes".

Valadkhan qualified as a medical doctor in Iran, before moving to America to pursue post-graduate study at Columbia University in New York.

The main focus of her research is elucidating the structure and function of the catalytic core of the spliceosome by taking advantage of a novel, minimal spliceosome she recently developed. This minimal system, which consists of only two spliceosomal snRNAs, catalyzes a reaction identical to the splicing reaction. In addition to providing direct evidence for RNA catalysis in the spliceosome, and thus, settling the longstanding and central question of the identity of the catalytic domain, the minimal system provides a novel and powerful tool for studying the structure and function of the spliceosome.

See also
 List of famous Iranian women

References

External links
Interview
Interview
Departmental website
Faculty page
Young Scientist Award report

Category:Women molecular biologists
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Iranian women scientists
Category:Iranian women physicians
Category:Iranian emigrants to the United States
Category:Columbia University alumni
Category:Case Western Reserve University faculty
Category:Iranian biologists
Category:Molecular biologists
Category:Iranian expatriate academics
Category:20th-century Iranian physicians


Biomass to liquid

Biomass to liquid (BtL or BMtL) is a multi-step process of producing synthetic hydrocarbon fuels made from biomass via a thermochemical route. Such a fuel has been called grassoline.

Main processes
According to a study done by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Energy, the United States can produce at least 1.3 billion tons of cellulosic biomass each year without decreasing the amount of biomass needed for our food, animal feed, or exports.

Fischer–Tropsch process
The Fischer–Tropsch process is used to produce synfuels from gasified biomass. Carbonaceous material is gasified and the gas is processed to make purified syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen). The Fischer–Tropsch polymerizes syngas into diesel-range hydrocarbons. While biodiesel and bio-ethanol production so far only use parts of a plant, i.e. oil, sugar, starch or cellulose, BtL production can gasify and utilize the entire plant.

Flash pyrolysis
Flash pyrolysis—producing bio-oil (pyrolysis oil), char and gas at temperatures between 350–550 °C and residence times < 1 second (also called anhydrous pyrolysis).

Catalytic fast pyrolysis
Catalytic fast pyrolysis is a fast process in which the cellulose is broken down to a liquid biofuel. In this approach the cellulose is heated to 500 degrees Celsius in less than one second in a chamber to break apart the oxygen molecules. The catalyst forms chemical reactions that remove oxygen bonds and form carbon rings. After the reaction takes place gasoline is formed along with water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide.

AFEX treatment
The Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) pre-treat process, hot concentrated 15 M ammonia is used to break down sugar molecules, cellulose and hemicellulose significantly more efficiently than enzymes. After, the rapid pressure release cools and ends the treatment. The result is minor biomass degradation with high yields. The process was patented by Bruce Dale, Michigan State University professor. AFEX is generally done in one step, making it more efficient than other processes.
AFEX Process Conditions
 Pressure: 20–30 atm
 Temperature: 70–140 C
 Residence time: 5–10 minutes
 Ammonia: biomass loading: 0.3 – 2.0 to 1 w/w
 Water: biomass content: 0.2 – 2.5 to 1 w/w

Catalytic depolymerization
Catalytic depolymerization is the use of heat and catalysts to separate usable diesel fuel from hydrocarbon wastes.

Regional Biomass Processing Center
Regional Biomass Processing Center is a conceptual place where the AFEX treated biomass can go to biorefineries, farms and forests, and animal feeders. This will improve the value of cellulosic biomass for animals and biofuel production. This will reduce the density of the biomass for easier transport, simplify contract issues, and increase the land use for biofuels

The process uses the whole plant to improve the carbon dioxide balance and increase yield.

Potential energy grasses
Plant material is cheaper than oil on both energy and mass basis and certain plant material have potential to be energy grasses.

Switchgrass
Switchgrass is a bunch grass native to North America that grow naturally under warm weather with wide adaptation capability and easy germination, allowing the switchgrass to grow quicker; however, it has a low relative yield compared to other energy crops

Sorghum
Sorghum are cultivated in warmer climates, mostly in the tropical regions. Sorghum has the potential to be an energy grass because it requires low water usage and can make a large yield. Sorghum, however, has an annual cultivation and is difficult to establish to an area and requires a lot of input from fertilizers and pesticides.

Miscanthus
Miscanthus are native to the tropical regions of Africa and Southern Asia. Miscanthus can grow up to 3.5 meters and has been trialed as a biofuel since the 1980s. The benefits of using miscanthus is it can live more than two years and requires low input eliminating the need for extra irrigation, fertilizer and pesticides. The problems with miscanthus arise from the time it takes to establish to an area.

Grassoline
Grassoline is a term coined in 1991 by Matthew Scoggins, a graduate student of Bruce Dale, to capture the idea of taking plant material and converting it into oil.

Cost of change
The cost for petroleum to change to grassoline would depend on how fast the use of grassoline grows. Change will also be needed in automobiles to be compatible with grassoline. UC Berkeley's Somerville (professor of alternative energy) estimates that a large investment over $325 billion will be needed to build biofactories that can produce the 65 billion gallons of biofuel needed to meet 2030 national goals.

See also

Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
Bioenergy
Biofuel
Bioliquids
Biomass
Biomass gasification
Biomass heating systems
Bioproduct
Biorefinery
Coal to liquid
DMF fuel
Gas to liquid
Gasification
NExBTL—despite the name BtL, the feedstock is plant oil, not whole plants.
Non-food crops
Renewable energy
Sustainable energy
Synthetic fuel
Thermal depolymerization
Vegetable oil refining
Wood fuel

References

External links
 EUROBIOREF : European Multilevel Integrated Biorefinery Design for Sustainable Biomass Processing
 SWAFEA : Sustainable Way for Alternative Fuels and Energy for Aviation
 "Synthetic Diesel May Play a Significant Role as Renewable Fuel in Germany" at USDA FAS website
 Enzymatic Hydrolysis at DOE EERE website
 NSF article on the work of Huber and others towards plant based fuel

Category:Biomass
Category:Synthetic fuel technologies
Category:Fuel production


Goodman, Lieber, Kurtzberg & Holliway

Goodman, Lieber, Kurtzberg & Holliway is a fictional law firm appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The firm is commonly depicted in the pages of the She-Hulk comic books - named after Marvel Founders Martin Goodman, Stan Lee, under his birth name Stanley Lieber, and Jack Kirby, using his birth name Jacob Kurtzberg.  Created by Dan Slott, senior GLK&H law partner Holden Holliway first appeared in She-Hulk #1 (May 2004), where he hired the titular heroine to be a lawyer for his law firm, but as Jennifer Walters.

As a law firm specializing in superhuman law, they represent superhumans whenever they need any sort of legal help.  These cases can run from libel lawsuits (such as the one launched by Spider-Man against J. Jonah Jameson in She-Hulk #4) to defending superheroes from damages (such as in She-Hulk #10, where The Constrictor sued Hercules for $168,000,000). Their legal cases also run into the outer-worldly territory, such as across time, space, and the mortal plane.

To help with legal precedents, actual Marvel Comics (especially those published with the approval of the Comics Code Authority) are routinely cited as legal documents.  As a result, their library basement consists entirely of comic books, although they were forced to change over to trade paperbacks when the law offices were destroyed in She-Hulk #11 (March 2005).

Initially representing heroes, the law firm began representing villains, which leads to some conflicts of interest, considering Jennifer Walters's status as a superheroine.

In She-Hulk #21 (2007), the firm name becomes Goodman, Lieber, Kurtzberg & Book.

The main offices of the firm are in Timely Plaza (a reference to Timely Comics) in New York City, which, according to Dan Slott, is near the New York Supreme Court.

Personnel Roster
Goodman, Lieber, and Kurtzberg (first names all unknown), the first three senior law partners of GLK&H. Their names are based on founding members of Marvel Comics, namely Martin Goodman (the first publisher at Marvel), Stan Lee (born Stanley Lieber), and Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg).
Holden Holliway.  The only regularly seen partner at GLK&H.  He is currently on sabbatical while he tracks down his delinquent granddaughter, Sasha Martin (a.k.a. the teen supervillain, Southpaw).
Awesome Andy, formerly the Awesome Android, used to be the robotic lackey of Mad Thinker.  He gained self-awareness and is now a general office worker at GLK&H, doing heavy lifting and other menial tasks.  He was also responsible for Mallory Book's rehabilitation and developed a crush on her, although he left the firm after she rejected him. He was last seen returning to his creator, his memory apparently wiped by himself.
Mallory Book, another lawyer at GLK&H.  Is antagonistic towards Jennifer Walters for reasons not yet fully understood.  She was left using a wheelchair when the law offices were destroyed, although she has since recovered. She is also the Leader's attorney during his trial (She-Hulk v.2#19). She now heads up the firm and rehired She-Hulk, provided she work as Jennifer Walters. Her "Ultimate plan" whatever it was, was revealed by RTZ9 as ultimately not important in the great scheme of things and petty.
Stu Cicero, works in the law library basement.  He was almost killed by Boomerang, but because of the shift from comics to trade paperbacks, they were thick enough to prevent a weaponized boomerang from stabbing him. He is also in possession of an official No-Prize from Marvel Comics.  He was shot and appeared to be disintegrated by Arthur Zix in She-Hulk #10 (October 2006) upon discovering Zix' true identity. However, he had been merely teleported to Duckworld, pseudo-homeworld of Howard the Duck (She-Hulk v.2 #19). Now back he's taken up a job at Marvel Comics.
Ditto, the shape-shifting process server, who assumes the form of trusted individuals to serve legal notices.  After he gave up the whereabouts of Jennifer Walters to Titania, his then-roommate Awesome Andy ceased communications with him. Discovering the murder of Stu by Zix, Ditto has been forced to take Stu's place, despite his lack of knowledge of comics. (In a typical in-joke, when Ditto claims to know nothing of comic continuity, Zix responds "From what I've heard of comics these days, that shouldn't be a problem.")
Sasha Martin, who is also known as the supervillain Southpaw.  A glimpse into the future reveals that she will become a lawyer herself, influenced by her grandfather. Currently on the run.
Augustus "Pug" Pugliese, Jennifer Walters' roommate, colleague, and occasional work-out partner.  Holds an unspoken crush on her, although she's married to John Jameson. He took a potion from a witch and now only sees She-Hulk as a friend and is that witch's indentured servant.
Two-Gun Kid, the time-displaced former Avenger who was initially brought in as a lawyer, but due to him needing to catch up on over 100 years of changes in the justice system, he decided to focus on more of a bailiff-type role, which allows him to keep his guns.
Jennifer Walters, also known as She-Hulk, she was recruited at GLK&H due to her experience in the superhuman community.  As Holliway hired Jennifer Walters (as opposed to She-Hulk), one of the terms of her employment is that she comes to work in her normal form, a policy that has since been relaxed with Arthur Zix in charge. Now he's gone and after a brief leave she is back on the payroll.
Whiz Kid, a superfast courier in the firm's mail room. She was a member of the Liberteens, but was apparently killed saving her teammates.
Arthur Zix.  The mysterious lawyer who first appeared in the second She-Hulk series, he is left in charge at GLK&H while Holliway is on sabbatical.  He has a much more relaxed approach to law and allows Jennifer Walters to come into work as She-Hulk.  He put in changes at the law firm to allow them to start defending the supervillain community. Ultimately revealed to be a disguised RT-Z9 (or simply "Z9"), She-Hulk's robotic recorder and bailiff while she works for the Magistrati (agents of the Living Tribunal).  A more complete version of his name is "Rigel Type Zeta 9".  He appears to be a variant of the Rigellians' Recorders. He is now destroyed, having been used by a villain in his attempts to find a safe place to plot his attack on creation.

References


Warwasi

Warwasi is a  Paleolithic rockshelter site located at north of Kermanshah in western Iran. It was excavated by Bruce Howe under direction of late Robert Braidwood in the 1960s. This site contains a rich archaeological sequence from Middle Paleolithic to late Epipaleolithic.

References

Braidwood, R. J. (1960) Seeking the World's First Farmers in Persian Kurdistan: A Full-Scale Investigation of Prehistoric Sites Near Kermanshah. The Illustrated London News  no. 237, pp. 695–97.

Dibble, H.L., & S.J. Holdaway (1993).  The Middle Paleolithic Industries of Warwasi. In The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus, edited by D.I. Olszewsky and H.L. Dibble, pp. 75–99. Philadelphia: University Museum Symposium Series, Volume 5, University of Pennsylvania.

Olszewski, D.I.  (1993). The Late Baradostian Occupation at Warawsi Rockshelter, Iran. In The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus, edited by D.I. Olszewsky and H.L. Dibble, pp. 187–206. Philadelphia: University Museum Symposium Series, Volume 5, University of Pennsylvania.

Olszewski, D.I. (1993). The Zarzian Occupation at Warwasi Rockshelter, Iran. In The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus, edited by D.I. Olszewsky and H.L. Dibble, pp. 207–236. Philadelphia: University Museum Symposium Series, Volume 5, University of Pennsylvania.

External links
 Paleolithic hominin remains from Eshkaft-e Gavi (southern Zagros Mountains, Iran): description, affinities, and evidence for butchery

Category:Archaeological sites in Iran
Category:Buildings and structures in Kermanshah Province
Category:Former populated places in Iran
Category:Rock shelters


HarbourFront Bus Interchange

HarbourFront Bus Interchange is located within HarbourFront along Seah Im Road off Telok Blangah Road in Bukit Merah planning area, Singapore. The interchange serves the nearby residential estates of Telok Blangah and Bukit Purmei and also the HarbourFront commercial district, including HarbourFront Centre and VivoCity. The interchange is directly connected to Seah Im Food Centre and HarbourFront MRT station. It is the southernmost bus interchange in Singapore.

History
The interchange commenced operations on 13 January 1985 with 5 services and was initially named 'World Trade Centre Bus Terminal' until it was subsequently renamed to its present name in 2003, alongside the renaming of the World Trade Centre to HarbourFront.

Bus Contracting Model

Under the new bus contracting model, all the bus routes buses were split into 6 route packages - 855, 963 and 963e under Sembawang-Yishun, 188 and 188e under Choa Chu Kang-Bukit Panjang, 124 under Bishan-Toa Payoh, 80 under Sengkang-Hougang, 65 under Tampines and the rest are under Bukit Merah Bus Packages.

References

External links
 Interchanges and Terminals (SBS Transit)
 Interchange/Terminal (SMRT Buses)

Category:Bus stations in Singapore
Category:Bukit Merah
Category:Buildings and structures in Central Region, Singapore


Fischeria (plant)

Fischeria  is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1813. It is native to South America, Central America, southern Mexico, and the West Indies.

Species

formerly included

References

External links

Category:Asclepiadoideae
Category:Apocynaceae genera


Culture of South Africa

The culture of South Africa is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity. The South African majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives. It is among these people, however, that cultural traditions survive most strongly; as South Africans have become increasingly urbanized and Westernised, aspects of traditional culture have declined. Urban South Africans usually speak English or Afrikaans in addition to their native language. There are smaller but still significant groups of speakers of Khoisan languages, not included in the eleven official languages, but are one of the eight other officially recognised languages. There are small groups of speakers of endangered languages, most of which are from the Khoisan family, that receive no official status; however, some groups within South Africa are attempting to promote their use and revival.

Members of middle class, who are predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of people of colour, have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe, North America and Australia.

Indian South Africans preserve their cultural heritage, languages and religious beliefs, being either Christian, Hindu or Muslim and speaking English, with Indian languages like Hindi, Telugu, Tamil or Gujarati being spoken less frequently as second languages. A post-apartheid wave of South Asian (including Pakistani) immigration has also influenced South African Indian culture.

Art

The oldest art objects in the world were discovered in a South African cave. Dating from 75,000 years ago, these small drilled snail shells could have no other function than to have been strung on a string as a necklace. South Africa was one of the cradles of the human species. One of the defining characteristics of our species is the making of art (from Latin 'ars' meaning worked or formed from basic material).

The scattered tribes of Khoisan peoples moving into South Africa from around 10,000 BC had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings. They were superseded by Bantu and Nguni peoples with their own vocabularies of art forms. In the 20th century, traditional tribal forms of art were scattered and re-melded by the divisive policies of apartheid.

New forms of art evolved in the mines and townships: a dynamic art using everything from plastic strips to bicycle spokes. The Dutch-influenced folk art of the Afrikaner Trekboer and the urban white artists earnestly following changing European traditions from the 1850s onwards also contributed to this eclectic mix, which continues to evolve today.

Contemporary South Africa has a stellar art scene, with artists receiving international recognition. The recent 'Figures and Fictions' exhibition of South African photography at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London included the work of Mikhael Subotzky, Zanele Muholi, David Goldblatt, Zwelethu Mthethwa and Guy Tillim. Contemporary South African artists whose work has been met with international acclaim include Marlene Dumas and William Kentridge.

Art Market
According to the data compiles by Global Africa Art Market Report, South Africa is the leading marketplace for modern & contemporary African art inside the continent.

Architecture

The architecture of South Africa mirrors the vast ethnic and cultural diversity of the country and its historical colonial period. In addition, influences from other distant countries have contributed to the variety of the South African architectural landscape.

Herbert Baker, among the country's most influential architects, designed the Union Buildings in Pretoria. Other buildings of note include the Rhodes memorial and St George's Cathedral in Cape Town, and St John's College in Johannesburg.

Cape Dutch architecture was prominent in the early days (17th century) of the Cape Colony, and the name derives from the fact that the initial settlers of the Cape were primarily Dutch. The style has roots in medieval Holland, Germany, France and Indonesia. Houses in this style have a distinctive and recognizable design, with a prominent feature being the grand, ornately rounded gables, reminiscent of features in townhouses of Amsterdam built in the Dutch style.

The rural landscape of South Africa is populated with traditional and European-influenced African architecture.

Literature

There are 11 national languages in South Africa. South Africa's unique social and political history has generated a rich variety of literatures, with themes spanning pre-colonial life, the days of apartheid, and the lives of people in the "new South Africa".

Many of the first black South African print authors were missionary-educated, and many thus wrote in either English or Afrikaans. One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was Solomon Thekiso Plaatje's Mhudi, written in 1930.

Notable white English-language South African authors include Nadine Gordimer who was, in Seamus Heaney's words, one of "the guerrillas of the imagination", and who became the first South African and  the seventh woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1991. Her novel, July's People, was released in 1981, depicting the collapse of white-minority rule.

Athol Fugard, whose plays have been regularly premiered in fringe theatres in South Africa, London (The Royal Court Theatre), and New York City. Olive Schreiner's The Story of an African Farm (1883) was a revelation in Victorian literature: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form.

Alan Paton published the acclaimed novel Cry, the Beloved Country in 1948. He told the tale of a black priest who comes to Johannesburg to find his son, which became an international best-seller. During the 1950s, Drum magazine became a hotbed of political satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to urban black culture.

Afrikaans-language writers also began to write controversial material. Breyten Breytenbach was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid. Andre Brink was the first Afrikaner writer to be banned by the government after he released the novel A Dry White Season about a white South African who discovers the truth about a black friend who dies in police custody.

John Maxwell (JM) Coetzee was also first published in the 1970s, and became internationally recognize in 1983 with his Booker Prize-winning novel Life & Times of Michael K. His 1999 novel Disgrace won him his second Booker Prize as well as the 2000 Commonwealth Writers' Prize. He is also the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2003.

English writer J. R. R. Tolkien, author of The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion, was born in Bloemfontein in 1892.

Poetry

South Africa has a rich tradition of oral poetry. Several influential African poets became prominent in the 1970s such as Mongane Wally Serote, whose most famous work, No Baby Must Weep, gave insight into the everyday lives of black South Africans under apartheid. Another famous black novelist, Zakes Mda, transitioned from poetry and plays to becoming a novelist in the same time period. His novel, The Heart of Redness won the 2001 Commonwealth Writers Prize and was made a part of the school curriculum across South Africa.

Cinema

While many foreign films have been produced about South Africa (usually involving race relations), few local productions are known outside South Africa itself. One exception was the film The Gods Must Be Crazy in 1980, set in the Kalahari. This is about how life in a traditional community of San (Bushmen) is changed when a Coke bottle, thrown out of a plane, suddenly lands from the sky. The late Jamie Uys, who wrote and directed The Gods Must Be Crazy, also had success overseas in the 1970s with his films Funny People and Funny People II, similar to the TV series Candid Camera in the US. Leon Schuster's You Must Be Joking! films are in the same genre, and hugely popular among South Africans.

Arguably, the most high-profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was "District 9". Directed by Neill Blomkamp, a native South African, and produced by Peter Jackson, the action/science-fiction film depicts a sub-class of alien refugees forced to live in the slums of Johannesburg in what many saw as a creative allegory for apartheid. The film was a critical and commercial success worldwide, and was nominated for Best Picture at the 82nd Academy Awards.

Other notable exceptions are the film Tsotsi, which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards in 2006 as well as U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha, which won the Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival.

Music

There is great diversity in music from South Africa. Many black musicians who sang in Afrikaans or English during apartheid have since begun to sing in traditional African languages, and have developed a unique style called Kwaito. Of note is Brenda Fassie, who launched to fame with her song "Weekend Special", which was sung in English. More famous traditional musicians include Ladysmith Black Mambazo, while the Soweto String Quartet performs classic music with an African flavour. White and Coloured South African singers are historically influenced by European musical styles.

South Africa has produced world-famous jazz musicians, notably Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, and Sathima Bea Benjamin. Afrikaans music covers multiple genres, such as the contemporary Steve Hofmeyr and the punk rock band Fokofpolisiekar. Crossover artists such as Verity (internationally recognised for innovation in the music industry) and Johnny Clegg and his bands Juluka and Savuka have enjoyed various success underground, publicly, and abroad.

The South African music scene includes Kwaito, a new music genre that had developed in the mid-1980s and has since developed to become the most popular socio-economic form of representation among the populace. Some may argue that the political aspects of Kwaito have diminished after Apartheid, and the relative interest in politics has become a minor aspect of daily life. Others argue that in a sense, Kwaito is in fact a political force that shows activism in its apolitical actions.

Today, major corporations like Sony, BMG, and EMI have appeared on the South African scene to produce and distribute Kwaito music. Due to its overwhelming popularity, as well as the general influence of DJs, who are among the top 5 most influential types of people within the country, Kwaito has taken over radio, television, and magazines.

South African rock music is a very popular subculture, especially within the Johannesburg region. The alternative rock band Seether gained international popularity in the early 2000s, with four of their albums achieving Gold or Platinum certification in the United States. Two other alternative bands, KONGOS and Civil Twilight, also achieved success abroad in the late 2000s.

Cuisine

The cuisine of South Africa is heavily meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as a braai. A variation of the barbecue, braais often feature boerewors or spicy sausages, and mielies (maize) or Mielie-meal, often as a porridge, or pearl millet, a staple food of black South Africans. Pastries such like koeksisters and desserts like melktert (milk tart) are also universally popular.

Indian food like curry is also popular, especially in Durban with its large Indian population. Another local Indian Durban speciality is the 'bunny' or bunny chow, which consists of a hollowed-out loaf of white bread filled with curry.

The Portuguese community has also made its mark, with spicy peri-peri chicken being a favourite. The South African Portuguese-themed restaurant chain Nando's now has restaurants in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Malaysia, Kenya and the United Arab Emirates.

Wine

South Africa has developed into a major wine producer, with some of the best vineyards lying in valleys around Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl and Barrydale. South African wine has a history dating back to 1659, and at one time Constantia was considered one of the greatest wines in the world. Access to international markets has unleashed a burst of new energy and new investment. Production is concentrated around Cape Town, with major vineyard and production centres at Paarl, Stellenbosch and Worcester.

There are about 60 appellations within the Wine of Origin (WO) system, which was implemented in 1973 with a hierarchy of designated production regions, districts and wards. WO wines must be made 100% from grapes from the designated area. "Single vineyard" wines must come from a defined area of less than 5 hectares. An "Estate Wine" can come from adjacent farms, as long as they are farmed together and wine is produced on site. A ward is an area with a distinctive soil type and/or climate, and is roughly equivalent to a European appellation.

Education

Learners have twelve years of formal schooling, from grade 1 to 12. Grade R is a pre-primary foundation year. Primary schools span the first seven years of schooling. High School education spans a further five years. The Senior Certificate examination takes place at the end of grade 12 and is necessary for tertiary studies at a South African university.
See: Matriculation in South Africa; High school in South Africa

Public universities in South Africa are divided into three types: traditional universities, which offer theoretically oriented university degrees; universities of technology (formerly called "Technikons"), which offer vocational oriented diplomas and degrees; and comprehensive universities, which offer both types of qualification. Public institutions are usually English medium, although instruction may take place in Afrikaans as well. There are also a large number of other educational institutions in South Africa – some are local campuses of foreign universities, some conduct classes for students who write their exams at the distance-education University of South Africa and some offer unaccredited or non-accredited diplomas.
See: List of universities in South Africa; List of post secondary institutions in South Africa; :Category:Higher education in South Africa

Public expenditure on education was at 6.1% of the 2016 GDP.

Under apartheid, schools for blacks were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called Bantu Education which was only designed to give them sufficient skills to work as labourers. Redressing these imbalances has been a focus of recent education policy; see Education in South Africa: Restructuring.

Social mores

Gender roles

In general, all racial and ethnic groups in South Africa have long-standing beliefs concerning gender roles, and most are based on the premise that women are less important, or less deserving of power, than men. Most African traditional social organisations are male centred and male dominated. Even in the 1990s, in some rural areas of South Africa, for example, wives walk a few paces behind their husbands in keeping with traditional practices.  A minority of ultra-conservative Afrikaners' religious beliefs, too, include a strong emphasis on the theoretically biblically based notion that women's contributions to society should normally be approved by, or be on behalf of, men.

In the 20th century, economic and political developments presented South African women with both new obstacles and new opportunities to wield influence. For example, labour force requirements in cities and mining areas have often drawn men away from their homes for months at a time, and, as a result, women have borne many traditionally male responsibilities in the village and home. Women have had to guarantee the day-to-day survival of their families and to carry out financial and legal transactions that otherwise would have been reserved for men.

Sexual orientation

South Africa enacted same-sex marriage laws in 2006 allowing full marriage and adoption rights to same-sex couples. Although the Constitutional and legal system in South Africa theoretically ensures equality, social acceptance is generally lacking, especially outside of urban areas. Lesbian women from smaller towns (especially the townships) are often victims of beating or rape. This has been posited, in part, to be because of the perceived threat they pose to traditional male authority. Although evidence of hatred may influence rulings on a case-by-case basis, South Africa has no specific "hate crime" legislation; human rights organisations have criticised the South African police for failing to address the matter of bias motivated crimes.

For example, the NGO ActionAid has condemned the continued impunity and accused governments of turning a blind eye to reported murders of lesbians in homophobic attacks in South Africa; as well as to so-called "corrective" rapes, including cases among pupils, in which cases the male rapists purport to raping the lesbian victim with the intent of thereby "curing" her of her sexual orientation.

Science and technology

Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa. The first human-to-human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in December 1967. Max Theiler developed a vaccine against Yellow Fever, Allan McLeod Cormack pioneered x-ray Computed tomography, and Aaron Klug developed crystallographic electron microscopy techniques. These advancements were all (with the exception of that of Barnard) recognised with Nobel Prizes. Sydney Brenner won most recently, in 2002, for his pioneering work in molecular biology.

Mark Shuttleworth founded an early Internet security company Thawte, that was subsequently bought out by world-leader VeriSign.

South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. It hosts the Southern African Large Telescope, the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. South Africa is currently building the Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for the $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project to be built in South Africa and Australia.

Sports

The most popular sports in South Africa are association football, rugby and cricket. Other sports with significant support are hockey, swimming, athletics, golf, boxing, tennis and netball. Although association football commands the greatest following among the youth, other sports like basketball, surfing, and skateboarding are increasingly popular.

Famous boxing personalities include Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani Bungu, Welcome Ncita, Dingaan Thobela, Gerrie Coetzee and Brian Mitchell. Footballers who have played for major foreign clubs include Lucas Radebe and Philemon Masinga, (both formerly of Leeds United), Quinton Fortune (Atlético Madrid and Manchester United), Benni McCarthy (Ajax Amsterdam, F.C. Porto, Blackburn Rovers and West Ham United), Aaron Mokoena (Ajax Amsterdam, Blackburn Rovers and Portsmouth), Delron Buckley (Borussia Dortmund) and Steven Pienaar (Ajax Amsterdam and Everton). South Africa has also produced 1979 Formula One World Champion, Jody Scheckter, along with his son, two time Indycar Series race winner, Tomas Scheckter, who led the most laps in both his first two Indianapolis 500 starts during the 2002 and 2003 running of the race. Durban Surfer Jordy Smith won the 2010 Billabong J-Bay competition making him the No.1 ranked surfer in the world. Famous current cricket players include Herschelle Gibbs, Graeme Smith, Jacques Kallis, JP Duminy, etc. Most of them also participate in the Indian Premier League.

South Africa has also produced numerous world class rugby players, including Francois Pienaar, Joost van der Westhuizen, Danie Craven, Frik du Preez, Naas Botha and Bryan Habana. South Africa hosted and won the 1995 Rugby World Cup and won the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France as well as the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan. It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup by hosting the 1996 African Cup of Nations, with the national team going on to win the tournament. It also hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup, the 2007 World Twenty20 Championship, and it was the host nation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which was the first time the tournament was held in Africa. FIFA president Sepp Blatter awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event.

In 2004, the swimming team of Roland Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend and Ryk Neethling won the gold medal at the Olympic Games in Athens, simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4x100 freestyle relay. Penny Heyns won Olympic Gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games.

In golf, Gary Player is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time, having won the Career Grand Slam, one of five golfers to have done so. Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Trevor Immelman and Louis Oosthuizen.

Scouting
South Africa has also had a large influence in the Scouting movement, with many Scouting traditions and ceremonies coming from the experiences of Robert Baden-Powell (the founder of Scouting) during his time in South Africa as a military officer in the 1890s-1900s. Scouts South Africa (then known as Boy Scouts of South Africa) was one of the first youth organisations to open its doors to youth and adults of all races in South Africa. This happened on 2 July 1977 at a conference known as Quo Vadis.

See also
List of South Africans
List of heritage sites in South Africa
Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities

References


Jack Devlin (Australian politician)

John Joseph "Jack" Devlin (6 January 1900 – 26 May 1957) was an Australian politician. Born at Violet Town, Victoria, he was educated at state schools before becoming a farmer. He served on Violet Town Shire Council from 1927 to 1957, and as President for some of that time. In 1946, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator for Victoria. He died in 1957; Charles Sandford was appointed to replace him.

References

Category:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Category:Members of the Australian Senate
Category:1900 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:20th-century Australian politicians


Grinton Lodge

Grinton Lodge is a 19th-century former shooting lodge that has been a youth hostel since 1948.  A Grade II listed building, it is situated above the village of Grinton, in Swaledale, North Yorkshire, England.

History
The lodge was built in 1817 for James Fenton of Doncaster, but by the middle of the century it had been sold first to the Wentworth family of Wakefield and then to John Charlesworth Dodgson-Charlesworth, also of Wakefield.  The property remained with the Charlesworth family until after the Second World War, when following the death of the owner, Barney Charlesworth, his widow sold the property to the Youth Hostels Association.  During the stewardship of the Charlesworth's the property was extensively modified to allow use by Albany Charlesworth, who used a wheelchair following a hunting accident. Since 1948 it has been used continuously as a youth hostel.

Construction
The Lodge is built around a courtyard; the main ranges are the north and east each of which have two storeys with a third storey tower on the southern end of the east range. Nowadays these two ranges and the west range form the youth hostel accommodation. The south range originally the stable block now forms classrooms for educational use.  Throughout the buildings are of rubble build covered with pebble dash.  Door and window surrounds are ashlar sandstone with a mixture of classical and gothic styles used.

References
Notes

Sources

Category:Youth hostels in England and Wales
Category:Houses completed in 1817
Category:Grade II listed buildings in North Yorkshire
Category:Swaledale
Category:Hunting lodges in England


Azerbaijan National Independence Party

The National Independence Party of Azerbaijan () is a centre-right political party in Azerbaijan.

History
NIPA was founded on July 3–4, 1992 and was officially registered at the Justice Ministry on July 17 the same year, reestablishing multi-party system in Azerbaijan after 70 years of Soviet rule.

NIPA was the first political organization to struggle for political power and its party leader Etibar Mammadov was one of the leading figures of the Azerbaijani national freedom movement.

While holding a press conference in Moscow City on January 26, 1990 on the massacres committed by the Soviet Union in Baku January 20, 1990, Etibar Mammadov was arrested and detained in the Lefortovo prison.

NIPA has taken part in all elections held in the country since independence. In the 1992 presidential election, Etibar Mammadov took back his candidacy, but three years later,  NIPA cleared the 8% barrier in 1995 parliamentary elections and thereby got represented in the supreme legislative body, despite all the obstacles set up by the more and more undemocratic government.

In the presidential election of 1998,Etibar Mammadov came second. NIPA did also participate in 2000, 2005 and 2010 parliamentary elections.

In 2003, Etibar Mammadov participated at the elections as the candidate of the election bloq “Qelebe” (victory), established within NIPA October 15, 2003. The results of elections were falsified.

NIPA which joined 2004 municipal elections occupied the second place after New Azerbaijan Party, the ruling party, for number of municipal members.

Ideology and political positions
The main purpose of the party is to combine the principles of Azebaijanism and modernization in thought; conservatism in tradition and morality; liberty in economy; justice in social life, as well as achieving unity and integrity of the society and state.

The party struggles for building democracy and establishing rule of law in the country, something that has exposed its supporters to various forms of punishments from the current regime.

Organization
NIPA is one of the leading political parties in Azeri politics, playing an important role in public and social life, with local branches in 73 regions and more than 40 000 members.

International networks
The party has a well-developed international network, as a member of the International Democrat Union IDU, a working association of over 82 centre-right parties from over 63 countries. In 1996 NIPA became associative member of the union and is a full member since May, 1999. The leader of the party, Etibar Mammadov is one of the vice-chairmen of IDU.

Leaders
Senior Officials of the party:

Party Leader: Mammadov Etibar Salidar oglu

Secretary General: Arzukhan Alizada

Chairman of Central Council: Aydın Aliyev

Secretary on Organizational Issues: Nazim Aleskerov

Secretary on International Relations: Elshan Mustafayev

Secretary on Financial Issues: Vagif Mammadov

Deputy Chairman of NIPA Central Council: Nigar Alijanova

Chairman of Central Disciplinary Commission: Maarif Abbasov

Chairman of Youth Organization: Aykhan Etibaroghlu

Chairman of Women Organization: Amina Veliyeva

External links

Category:1992 establishments in Azerbaijan
Category:Azerbaijani democracy movements
Category:Conservative parties in Asia
Category:Conservative parties in Europe
Category:Liberal conservative parties
Category:Liberal parties in Azerbaijan
Category:Political parties established in 1992
Category:Political parties in Azerbaijan


Taj Mahal (1999 film)

Taj Mahal is a 1999 Tamil romantic drama film directed by Bharathiraja. The film featured the director's son, Manoj, alongside fellow debutant Riya Sen in the lead roles, with an ensemble supporting cast including Revathi, Radhika and Ranjitha. The film's story was written by Mani Ratnam while music was composed by A.R.Rahman and B. Kannan handled the camera. The story of the film revolved around two clashing communities and two lovers caught in the vortex of their rivalry. The film fared poorly at the 1999 Deepavali releases box office.

Plot
Thiruppaachi and Sengulam are neighboring villages with a history of enmity between them. Maayan (Manoj) and Machakanni (Riya Sen) meet on the day of her engagement and its love at first sight. Her marriage itself gets called off when the groom and his family insult Machakanni's family and her romance with Maayan continues. But when her brother finds out about him, all hell breaks loose. The turned-down bridegroom is still itching for revenge and figuring out that the only way to extract it is to marry Machakanni, he pleads for forgiveness and succeeds in melting her brother's heart. The marriage is finalised but Maayan's friends swear to unite the star-crossed lovers. There is also a subplot of Maayan's aunt (Radhika) trying to get her daughter married off to Maayan.

Cast
Manoj as Maayan
Riya Sen as Machakanni
Revathi as Maayan's mother
Radhika as Maayan's aunt
Ranjitha Machakanni's sister in law
Manivannan
Manobala
Raj Kapoor
Theni Kunjarammal
Theni K. Murugan
Balakrishnan

Production
Bharathiraja introduced his son Manoj as an actor with the film, stating that his son should appear as an actor before fulfilling his dreams of working as a part of the crew. Riya Sen, daughter of Hindi actress Moon Moon Sen was signed on to play the leading female role. Leading film-maker Mani Ratnam wrote the story for the film, while Rajiv Menon was also involved in initial script discussions but opted out after the film became a village-centric project. A. R. Rahman was signed to score the music while veteran cinematographers B. Kannan and Madhu Ambat also signed the project, ending a long hiatus in Tamil films. The team started pre-production work in late 1997 and shooting began in 1998, with the project becoming Janani Cine Arts' most expensive production til date.

During production, Bharathiraja considered giving his son a stage name of Manibharathi, but ultimately opted against doing so. An exact replica of the Taj Mahal on Marina beach in Madras for a song sequence. The film was shot across areas including Kulu Manali, Badhami, Hampi, Bellari and Poomparai.

The film was initially slated to face a box office battle with several other big films notably Kamal Haasan's Hey Ram, Mani Ratnam's Alaipayuthey, Rajiv Menon's Kandukondain Kandukondain and Shankar's Mudhalvan, but the delay of the first three gave Taj Mahal a possible leeway to become a success.

Release
The New Indian Express gave the film a mixed review citing that it was "vintage Bharatiraja at his best", while also adding that Riya Sen "shines in spite of an alien language and the totally strange cultural milieu in which she is placed". The reviewer adds that "song picturisation is brilliant and Revathy and Radhika, both favourite ex-heroines of the director, put up an impressive show." The critic also labels that the "only eyesore is hero Manoj" and that "Bharatiraja has been a little over-ambitious here and could have edited at least 20% of the film, including many unnecessary action scenes."

The film became a financial failure at the box office and Manoj's career failed to take off despite a high-profile launch. The film was also set to be dubbed and released in Telugu under the same name, but the financial losses suffered had deterred the version.

Soundtrack

The acclaimed soundtrack features 10 songs composed by A. R. Rahman and lyrics by Vairamuthu. The songs were noted for the extensive use of traditional instruments. Rahman introduced several singers into the Tamil music scene, the most notable being Palakkad Sreeram. He sang a dappan koothu style song "Thirupaachi", which went on to become a huge chartbuster. The other songs, especially "Chotta Chotta", "Kulirudhu Kulirudhu" and "Eechi Elemichhi", also became hits.

References

External links

Category:Tamil-language films
Category:Indian films
Category:1999 films
Category:1990s romantic drama films
Category:Films directed by P. Bharathiraja
Category:1990s Tamil-language films
Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman
Category:Indian romantic drama films


Clarkia epilobioides

Clarkia epilobioides is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name canyon clarkia. It is native to California, Arizona, and Baja California, where it grows in shaded habitat in woodland and chaparral. It is an annual herb producing a slender, erect stem sometimes exceeding half a meter in height. The leaves are narrowly to widely lance-shaped and less than 3 centimeters long. The top of the stem is occupied by the inflorescence. Each hanging bud has four red sepals which remain fused all together or in pairs as the petals emerge during blooming. The petals are one half to one centimeter long, oval in shape, solid white or cream in color, often fading pink as they age. There are eight protruding stamens and one stigma.

External links
Jepson Manual Profile
Photo gallery

epilobioides
Category:Flora of Arizona
Category:Flora of Baja California
Category:Flora of California
Category:Plants described in 1840