Seven Years: 1998–2005 (video)

Seven Years (1998–2005) is a DVD released in 2005 by German producer and DJ ATB. It was also released in a special edition with the Seven Years: 1998-2005 CD.

As the title says, the DVD features all his music videos from 1998 to 2005, a photo gallery, the making of the "I Don't Wanna Stop" video, an interview, and many more specials.

Track listing

Videos
 "9pm (Till I Come)"
 "Don't Stop"
 "Killer"
 "The Summer"
 "The Fields of Love"
 "Let U Go"
 "Hold You
 "You're Not Alone"
 "I Don't Wanna Stop"
 "Long Way Home"
 "Marrakech"
 "Ecstasy"
 "Believe In Me"
 "Humanity" (Special Bonus Video "ATB in Concert")

Inside
 ATB interview

Gallery
 ATB photo gallery

Special
 ATB - The Making of "I Don't Wanna Stop" video

Bonus
 Bonus Video - "Believe In Me" (Airplay Version)

Category:ATB video albums
Category:2005 video albums
Category:Music video compilation albums
Category:2005 compilation albums


Indo-Pak Confederation proposals

An Indo-Pak Confederation is a concept advocating a political confederation of the sovereign states of Pakistan and India as means of ending bilateral conflicts and promoting common interests in defence, foreign affairs, culture and economic development. While this idea does not end the sovereign existence of either nation, it is aimed to resolve the conflicts since partition of India in 1947.

Background
The partition of India took place on August 14, 1947 dividing the provinces of Bengal and Punjab and with the independence of Pakistan as a result of the Pakistan movement, which advocated the "Two-Nation Theory" - that Muslims and Hindus are separate nations that could not live together. Partition provoked great communal conflicts and the dispute over the territory of Kashmir made both nations hostile to each other. India and Pakistan engaged in war in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999. However, some diplomatic efforts have succeeded in promoting bilateral trade, sports events and permitting Indians and Pakistanis to visit each other's countries through the Samjhauta Express and the Delhi-Lahore Bus. The 1972 Shimla Agreement and subsequent bilateral accords have bound both nations to seek a peaceful solution to the Kashmir conflict while promoting trade and economic co-operation.

Confederation
Some politicians and academicians in India  have promoted the concept of a confederation between the two republics as a means to resolve the conflicts while promoting common cultural bonds, economic development and solidarity in major issues, with a ceremonial head of state and important posts held alternately by Indians and Pakistanis.  Some advocates of the concept perceive the two-nation theory to have been a failure, being unable to resolve conflicts between Muslims and Hindus, and that a closer bonding of the two nations would be the best possible solution. Others have envisaged a broader confederation between the members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka - akin to the European Union. According to some advocates, such an arrangement would not only end the Kashmir conflict and bring peace and progress, but would forge a powerful geo-political entity of equal standing with global power such as the United States, European Union, Russian Federation and China. Critics have described the proposal as naive and impractical given the extent of mutual distrust and antagonism.

Reactions
The idea of a confederation gained prominence with the endorsement of senior Indian political leader and then-Deputy Prime Minister Lal Krishna Advani, who on April 29, 2004 said in an interview to the Pakistani newspaper Dawn, that he envisaged both nations coming together to form a confederation: "I conceive that there would be a time when decades hence, both the countries would feel that partition has not solved matters. Why not come together and form some form of confederation or something like that." Another senior Indian politician Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia had similarly advocated the idea. This public endorsement from Advani, a prominent Hindu leader gave rise to much speculation and media coverage, but the Pakistani Foreign Ministry immediately responded by calling the idea a "mirage," and asserting that both nations were sovereign and this status was in their view "irreversible." Some leaders of the South Asian region have started talks about the practicality of this idea. Some advocates added that the nations be sovereign but they can issue a same currency and also sign an accord with which they can solve defence related problems with world powers like the United States, the European Union, and Russia.

Some Pakistani commentators have pointed out that Indian leaders specifically rejected the notion of such a confederation during the early years of the Cold War. Others have contended that two nations did not necessarily imply two states, and the fact that Bangladesh did not merge into India despite sharing  cultural similarities especially with Indian Bengal, after separating from Pakistan supports the two nation theory.

See also
Akhand Bharat
Greater India
India-Pakistan relations

References

Category:India–Pakistan relations
Category:Partition of India
Category:Politics of Pakistan
Category:Proposed countries


2002 United States Grand Prix

The 2002 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 29 September 2002 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Summary
Rubens Barrichello took the win by 0.011 seconds from teammate Michael Schumacher, with the two Ferrari drivers switching positions in the final few metres of the race after Schumacher attempted to stage a dead heat with his teammate at the finish. It was the smallest margin of victory in an American Grand Prix, and the closest margin in a Formula One race since the introduction of timing to the nearest thousandth of a second.

It was Ferrari's eighth one-two finish of the season. Barrichello said "To win, it was very, very, very good... I got to the last corner, I didn't know what to do and nothing has been said. Michael was just very kind to, you know, let us finish equally. I guess I pointed a little bit in front, but, you know, what can we say?" Schumacher said "The end of the race was not planned... We tried to cross the line together but failed by a tiny bit and in fact we did not know who had won until we got out of the cars. I just felt Rubens deserved to win this race."

David Coulthard took third for McLaren, just two seconds ahead of the Williams of Juan Pablo Montoya, while Jarno Trulli and Jacques Villeneuve battled throughout the race and finished fifth and sixth.

With both season titles already in Ferrari's grasp, promoters for the race urged fans to come "see history in the making" and described five-time World Champion Michael Schumacher as "a sports legend...one of the greatest racing drivers...of all time." Schumacher topped the charts in every pre-race session and on Saturday set a new qualifying record of 1:10.790.

Despite heavy rain early Friday morning, the track was dry for the first practice and remained that way all weekend. On his first lap, Barrichello became the first Formula 1 driver in three years of running at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway to hit the concrete wall in the oval section of the track. As he was about to finish his first lap, his left rear tire lost pressure and the car was flung into the outer wall at the top of the main straight, ripping off the left rear corner and front wing. Barrichello's car missed the energy-absorbing Steel And Foam Energy Reduction (SAFER) barrier that had been installed in front of the concrete wall in all of the oval turns the previous May. The Ferrari went across the grass at the bottom of Turn 13, up the banking, and hit the bare concrete wall at the beginning of the straight.

Eddie Irvine, fresh off a podium finish at the Italian GP, showed promise for Jaguar by posting the second best time on Friday, just ahead of the two McLarens, as Williams struggled to get in the top 10. In qualifying, however, Coulthard edged Montoya for third spot on his last lap by one one-thousandth of a second. Williams took fourth (Montoya) and fifth (Ralf Schumacher), while Irvine could do no better than thirteenth.

The Ferrari team had stated before the weekend that their drivers would not be subject to team orders in the race.  From the start, Schumacher led Barrichello and, apart from a brief stint before Coulthard's only pit stop, they completely separated themselves from the rest of the field. The gap between the two leaders varied from one to four seconds.

Ralf Schumacher had made a much better start than Montoya and jumped ahead of his teammate off the grid and through the first corner. As they came down the front straight to start the second lap, however, with their BMW engines turning over 19,000 RPM, the fastest ever by any car in the history of the Speedway, the two collided. Montoya pulled ahead on the outside of Schumacher approaching the turn and so had the better line. When Schumacher turned into the corner from his inside position, he ran over the plastic curbing and his rear end slid around and hit the side of Montoya's car as it went by. Schumacher subsequently made a pit stop for a new rear wing. "[Ralf] made a mistake and went wide on the last right hand before the straight, so I got behind him and drafted him," Montoya said. "I went around the outside to pass him and braked really late, and I think he spun. I'm not going to say it was completely Ralf's fault. I mean, we were racing and everything...I know I gave him plenty of room because I was right on the edge of the track. Because I braked so late, I nearly didn't even make the corner. I braked really late, just made the corner, and something hit me in the back. When I looked in the mirror, I saw Ralf."

Montoya was unscathed by the incident and may have been able to challenge for third spot, but he misunderstood a pit board message and came in for his only stop ten laps too early. "I saw a sign out and I thought I had to come in and the crew didn't know I was coming. Unluckily, it wasn't the time to come in yet." The delay in servicing the car and the damage to their one-stop strategy meant Montoya was racing for fourth place from that point.

When the pitstops were over (two for Ferrari on Bridgestones, one for McLaren and Williams on Michelins), David Coulthard was behind Barrichello by the length of the main straight but secure in third place. Montoya closed the gap toward the end of the race, but did not threaten last podium position. "For the last 40 laps, I was not pushing as hard as I could have done because I chose to look after my engine," Coulthard said afterwards.

In the post-race interviews, the Ferrari drivers changed their story of what had happened at the finish several times. Earlier in the year Barrichello had been ordered to let Schumacher past on the final lap so he could win the 2002 Austrian Grand Prix. With the Driver's Championship long since secured by Schumacher, it was believed that he was returning the favour to Barrichello at this race.

Classification

Qualifying

Race

Notes
 The result was the closest finish in Speedway history, beating out the 0.043 second margin between Al Unser Jr. and Scott Goodyear at the 1992 Indianapolis 500.
 It was the second closest finish in Formula One history, after the 0.01s margin in the 1971 Italian Grand Prix, and the closest since times were measured to the nearest millisecond.
 It was also the closest finish in United States Grand Prix history, beating Ronnie Peterson's 0.688 second margin over James Hunt at Watkins Glen in 1973.
 De la Rosa parked his stalled car next to the road leading to the pit. Upon getting out, he was told by the marshals to jump over the barrier. He did so, and fell six feet into a small river. He complained about the episode to the press afterward, saying the marshals did not tell him what was behind the barrier.
The Safety Car driver in this event was professional racing driver Damien Faulkner, instead of the regular Safety Car driver Bernd Mayländer.

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

United States Grand Prix
2002
United States Grand Prix, 2002
United States Grand Prix
Grand Prix
Grand Prix


Georg Beikircher

Georg Beikircher (born 16 March 1963) is an Italian bobsledder. He competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics and the 1988 Winter Olympics.

References

Category:1963 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian male bobsledders
Category:Olympic bobsledders of Italy
Category:Bobsledders at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Category:Bobsledders at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Category:People from Bruneck


Wasim Sajjad

Wasim Sajjad (; born 30 March 1941) is a Pakistani conservative politician and lawyer who served as the acting President of Pakistan for two non-consecutive terms and as the Chairman of the Senate between 1988 and 1999.

Born in Jalandhar, British India, Sajjad's father (Justice Sajjad Ahmad Jan) went on to serve as a judge of the Supreme Court, later becoming Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan. Sajjad studied at the Army Burn Hall before moving to Lahore where he studied law at the Punjab University. As a Rhodes Scholar, he moved to Oxfordshire, where he received his Bachelor of Civil Law followed by a graduate degree in Jurisprudence from the Wadham College, Oxford in 1967. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1968. On return to Pakistan, Sajjad was admitted as a lawyer in Pakistan and joined the Punjab Law College where he taught constitutional law between 1967 and 1977.

Political career
Sajjad was elected as to the Senate in 1985 as a member of the center-right Muslim League and served as the Minister for Law and Justice from September 1986 to December 1988, until December 1988 when he was elected as Chairman of the Senate where he remained until 1997. During which he served as acting President of Pakistan twice during the general elections. In 1999, Sajjad joined a defecting group that supported General Musharraf's coup and became the Leader of the House in the Senate of Pakistan in 2003, remaining until his political retirement in 2008. After the imposition of the coup by General Pervez Musharraf, Sajjad joined the PML(Q) and again became a senator. This time he served as Leader of the House in the Senate of Pakistan from March 2003 to March 2008. Thereafter he served as Leader of the Opposition from 2010 until 2012. After retiring from politics, he has been serving as chancellor of the National University.

In 2002, Sajjad was accused of mis-use of government vehicles and phones, amounting to millions of rupees. He was ordered to pay a fine, but served no time in jail.

See also
 List of Pakistanis
 Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan
 Acting President of Pakistan
  National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
  Ministry of Interior

References

|-

|-

|-

Category:1941 births
Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law
Category:Chairmen of the Senate of Pakistan
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Inner Temple
Category:Pakistani lawyers
Category:Pakistani Rhodes Scholars
Category:People from Jalandhar
Category:Acting Presidents of Pakistan
Category:Punjabi people
Category:Members of the Senate of Pakistan
Category:Federal ministers of Pakistan
Category:Heads of regimes who were later imprisoned


Kofan

Kofan is a rural commune in the Cercle of Sikasso in the Sikasso Region of southern Mali. The commune covers an area of 283 square kilometers and includes a small town and 7 villages. In the 2009 census it had a population of 10,236. The administrative center of the commune, the  chef-lieu, is the small town of Kafana. The town is 68 km northwest of Sikasso.

References

External links
.

Category:Communes of Mali


Fairview, West Virginia (disambiguation)

Fairview, West Virginia may refer to the following places in the U.S. state of West Virginia:
Fairview, West Virginia, a town in Marion County
Fairview, Marshall County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Marshall County
Fairview, Mason County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Mason County
Fairview, Mingo County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Mingo County
Fairview (near Elkins), Randolph County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Randolph County near the city of Elkins
Fairview (near Helvetia), Randolph County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Randolph County near the community of Helvetia
Fairview, Wetzel County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Wetzel County
Fairview, Greenbrier County, West Virginia, a ghost town in Greenbrier County
New Manchester, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Hancock County was formerly known as "Fairview"
Wayne, West Virginia, the county seat of Wayne County was originally incorporated as Fairview


Ricanula

Ricanula is a genus of planthopper belonging to family Ricaniidae.

Species
Species within this genus include:
 Ricanula adjuncta
 Ricanula stigmatica
 Ricanula sublimata

References

Category:Auchenorrhyncha genera
Category:Ricaniidae


The Residency Group of Hotels

The Residency Group of Hotels is a hotel chain in southern India. The groups parent company is the Chennai-based Rishi Real Estates, which was founded in 1960.  The group currently operates six hotels in five locations with a total of 520 rooms.
The Residency Group of Hotels currently comprises six properties in Chennai, Coimbatore, Bangalore, Pondicherry and Karur. The hotels are strategically priced and cater to the needs of the business traveler. Each hotel is centrally located. The distinguishing factor of the chain is its food and beverage operations, and its restaurants are popular in the respective cities.

The Residency Towers is a 5 star luxury deluxe hotel in Chennai,
The Residency Chennai is a business hotel,
The Residency Towers Coimbatore is a 5 star luxury deluxe hotel in Coimbatore,
The Richmond Bangalore is a boutique hotel,
The Residency Karur is a business hotel,
The Richmond Pondicherry, is a boutique hotel located in the French town close to the Ashram and beach.

Expansion
The group plans to foray into more tier 1 and 2 cities as the economic growth of the nation is demanding so. This will be through management tie-ups and by direct ownership.

References

External links
 http://www.theresidency.com/res_group.htm

Category:Hotels in Coimbatore
Category:Hotel chains in India
Category:Companies based in Chennai
Category:Hotels in Bangalore


Dwingelderveld National Park

Dwingelderveld National Park is a national park of the Netherlands in the province of Drenthe, founded in 1991. The park covers about  and is mainly managed by the State Forest Service (Staatsbosbeheer) and the most important Dutch private nature management organisation Natuurmonumenten. It is the largest wet heathland of Western-Europe.  Dwingelderveld is also designated as a Natura 2000-area.

Archeology and history
Dwingelderveld was used by early inhabitants for religious purposes and agriculture. Celtic fields and burial mounds are still clearly recognizable in the field. Later the area was used as a transport route from Germany to the Netherlands, some of the old trails can still be found in the National Park. Nevertheless, the area has never been used intensively by humans. In the 1930s, there were reclamation plans, but nature conservation organisations purchased a part of the area to save it. Other parts have been in use for forestry.

Landscape
The most characteristic features of the park are the large heath lands. The structure of the terrain is quite varied with relatively high sandy hills and wet lower parts, including many fens. Some of these fens are pingo-ruins from the last glacial.

In former days the heath was in use as a part of the agricultural system. At present it is not the case anymore so new ways have to be found to keep the heath in its present condition and to prevent the growth of trees. Sheep are still in use - there is  a sheepfold in the park, but also cows are used to graze, and special machines are developed to manage the heath. In the park, one of largest Dutch juniper thickets can be found.

Vegetation and wildlife
In the park four 'heath species' are rather common: Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix Empetrum nigrum and Andromeda polifolia. There are also Rosera intermedia, Eriophorum vaginatum, Gentiana pneumonanthe and several orchid species.
In the Dwingelderveld area, three snake species occur and several rare butterflies.

Recreation
In the national park is a visitor centre. In addition, there are many camp sites, hotels and restaurants. There is also an astronomy centre, the Planetron, accessible to tourists.

References

External links
 Dwingelderveld

Category:National parks of the Netherlands
Category:Tourist attractions in Drenthe
Category:Geography of Drenthe
Category:Westerveld


Festoon (horse)

Festoon (1951–1973) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare, best known for winning the 1000 Guineas in 1954 and setting a world record when being sold at auction later that year. In a racing career which lasted from autumn 1953 to July 1954 the filly ran seven times and won three races. After winning her only race as a two-year-old, Festoon won the Classic 1000 Guineas over one mile at Newmarket Racecourse the following spring. She failed to stay the distance in The Oaks but returned to one mile to win the Coronation Stakes at Royal Ascot and finish third against colts in the Sussex Stakes at Goodwood. She was then retired to stud where she produced several winners.

Background
Festoon was a chestnut mare with a prominent white blaze and long white socks on her hind legs. She was bred by her owner John Arthur "Lucky" Dewar, an industrialist who had inherited a fortune including a string of racehorses from his uncle Thomas Dewar, 1st Baron Dewar in 1930. Festoon was sired by Fair Trial a successful racehorse who became Britain's Champion sire in 1950. Her dam, Monsoon finished second in the wartime substitute Oaks in 1943 and was bought by Dewar as a prospective broodmare for 7,300 guineas at the end of her racing career. Before foaling Festoon, Monsoon had produced Refreshed, a filly who finished third in the 1000 Guineas in 1952. As a descendant of the broodmare Rose Red, Monsoon came from the same branch of Thoroughbred "Family" 1-w which later produced Celtic Ash, Larkspur, Altesse Royale and Nocturnal Spree.

Festoon was trained throughout her brief career by Noel Cannon at the Druid's Lodge stables on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire.

Racing career
Festoon was slow to mature as a two-year-old and ran only once in 1953, winning a minor race over six furlongs.

On her first appearance as a three-year-old, Festoon finished second to Key in the 1000 Guineas Trial at Kempton Park in March. In the 1000 Guineas, Festoon started at odds of 9/2 in a field of twelve fillies, with Key being made the 5/2 favourite. Ridden by the Australian jockey Scobie Breasley she led from the start and won by two lengths from Big Berry with Welsh Fairy a length further back in third. On her next appearance, Festoon ran in the ten furlong Druid's Plate at her home course of Salisbury and was beaten by Valerullah, a colt to whom she was attempting to concede sixteen pounds. The win led some observers to conclude that Festoon had stamina limitations, especially as Fair Trial's progeny seldom excelled at distances beyond nine furlongs.

Festoon was nevertheless moved up in distance again for the Oaks over one and a half miles at Epsom. Ridden by Joe Mercer, who took over the ride after Breasley was badly injured in a fall in a race at Alexandra Park, she finished fifth to the French-trained filly Sun Cap, apparently failing to stay the distance. At Royal Ascot, Festoon returned to one mile to contest the Coronation Stakes. Ridden again by Mercer she started 11/8 favourite and won impressively from Sybil's Niece. On her final appearance, Festoon was matched against colts in the one mile Sussex Stakes at Goodwood in July. In a race run in atrocious weather she started 2/1 second favourite behind the Queen's colt Landau. Festoon challenged Landau for the lead in the straight but weakened in the closing stages and lost second place to Orthopaedic in the closing stages.

Assessment and honours
In their book, A Century of Champions, based on the Timeform rating system, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Festoon an "average" winner of the 1000 Guineas.

Breasley considered Festoon one of the best horses he had ridden up to that time, comparing her to the outstanding Australian mare Tranquil Star.

Stud record
On the death of John Arthur Dewar in August 1954, shortly after Festoon's last race, his bloodstock was dispersed at auction. At the Newmarket sales in December Festoon was bought by Anthony Askew for 36,000 guineas, reported as a world record price for a broodmare. As a broodmare she produced five winners, two of which were close to top class: Pindaric (sired by Pinza), won the Lingfield Derby Trial in 1962, while Atilla (sic), by Alcide, was a successful international performer whose wins included the Gran Premio del Jockey Club and the Grosser Preis von Baden. Festoon died in 1973 at the San Quentin stud.

Pedigree

References

Category:1951 racehorse births
Category:1973 racehorse deaths
Category:Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Category:Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Category:Thoroughbred family 1-w
Category:1000 Guineas winners


Chat en poche

Chat en poche is a comedy in three acts by Georges Feydeau which was performed for the first time on the 19 September 1892 at the Théâtre Déjazet. Modern times commentators have remarked that even if this early play was still influenced by Eugène Marin Labiche, this portrayal of a small egoistic Bourgeois society is characteristic of Feydeau.

Plot summary
Pacarel made his wealth in the sugar industry and wants to premiere an opera composed by his daughter, who "rewrote Faust after Gounod". To fulfill this objective, he asks his friend Dufausset who lives in Bordeaux to engage Dujeton, a well known Tenor from the Bordeaux Opera. But instead of Dujeton, it's the son of Dufausset who comes. He is coming in Paris to study the Judiciary in Paris. Pacarel mistakes him for Dujeton and signs a contract with him, leading to a series of misunderstandings.

Roles
 Pacarel
 Dufausset
 Marthe, wife of Pacarel
 Julie, daughter of Pacarel
 Landernau, Physician
 Amandine, wife of Landernau
 Lanoix de Vaux
 Tiburce, valet
 a mute female servant

References

Category:Plays by Georges Feydeau
Category:1888 plays


Fuck It, I Love You (Lana Del Rey song)

"Fuck It, I Love You" (stylized in sentence case) is a song by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey. It was released as the first promotional single from her album, Norman Fucking Rockwell!, along with "The Greatest". On August 22, 2019, Del Rey released a "double feature" music video for both songs. Later that day, she released the two as a joint-single on digital outlets.

Writing and composition
The track was written and produced by Del Rey and Jack Antonoff, whilst the version featured on the single release, as well as in the music video and digital editions of the album, has a different beat arrangement and production by Andrew Watt, and Louis Bell. The drums on the song were performed by Chad Smith of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The lyrics reference the classic song, "Dream a Little Dream of Me". Lyrically, the song features Del Rey singing about questioning her lifestyle while missing her loved one.

Music video
The double feature music video starts off with Del Rey turning on a jukebox. She then performs "Fuck It I Love You" in front of a neon-gradient on a small stage in a dive bar, reminiscent of one of her most famous scenes in the video for "Ride" (2012). As she performs, the main cutaways show her painting a canvas on a boat with side braids (referencing the album's cover) before clips show her surfing in the sea with an aurora borealis in the sky. Throughout, numerous other clips play including one with an old-fashion television is shown playing clips of Del Rey and model Brad Swanick surfing in a classic 1960s film style, shots of Del Rey and her back-up dancers/singers Alex Kaye and Ashley Rodriguez (who also appear in the videos for "Mariners Apartment Complex" and "Lust for Life") as they skateboard down the street, and shots of a teary-eyed Del Rey sitting on the sand as she mouths the lyrics directly to the camera. The first half with "Fuck It I Love You" ends as Swanick and Del Rey fall off the surfboard and reveal the green screen as symbolic waves begin tumbling the camera down.

The video was directed by Rich Lee, who had previously directed the videos for "Love", "Lust for Life", and "White Mustang", among others. The video itself pays homage to "Ride" numerous times with its bar scene making parallels to it, as well as clips with Del Rey bending over a dock (reminiscent of scenes in "Ride" where she bends over a balcony) and shots of her swimming in a wire swing on the beach (like she had done in the desert in "Ride"). Standing over nine minutes in length, the video has also been considered to be a short film. While Del Rey has released visuals for "Mariners Apartment Complex" and "Venice Bitch" from the album, she has referenced the double-feature as her "first video from the album" numerous times.

Critical reception
The song received positive review upon its release. Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times praised the song's California sound, praising how "the characteristically dreamy new tune finds Del Rey further exploring the West Coast psychic space that has obsessed her for years; nobody in pop makes more effective use than she does of a century’s worth of accumulated Hollywood iconography." Al Newstead of TripleJ said the song "sounds like the closest thing to a traditional single we've had from the album yet, with a 'California dreamin' vibe and memorable hooks." Tosten Burks of Spin wrote that both "Fuck It I Love You" and "The Greatest" were "surf-ish rock ballads that reflect on California’s lost mystique." James Rettig of Stereogum further praised the California sound and called both songs "two more promising glimpses of Norman Fucking Rockwell".

Charts

References

External links

Category:2010s ballads
Category:2019 songs
Category:Lana Del Rey songs
Category:Rock ballads
Category:Surf rock songs
Category:Songs about California
Category:Songs written by Lana Del Rey
Category:Songs written by Jack Antonoff
Category:Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff


Rodolfo Campo Soto

Rodolfo Campo Soto (born August 15, 1942) is a Colombian politician and Mechanical engineer from the Pontifical Bolivarian University. Campo Soto became the first elected Mayor of Valledupar in 1992, and was reelected again for a second term in 1998.

References

Category:1942 births
Category:Colombian mechanical engineers
Category:Mayors of Valledupar
Category:Living people
Category:Colombian Conservative Party politicians


PSME1

Proteasome activator complex subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSME1 gene.

Function

The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S core and a 19S regulator. The 20S core is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. The 19S regulator is composed of a base, which contains 6 ATPase subunits and 2 non-ATPase subunits, and a lid, which contains up to 10 non-ATPase subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. The immunoproteasome contains an alternate regulator, referred to as the 11S regulator or PA28, that replaces the 19S regulator. Three subunits (alpha, beta and gamma) of the 11S regulator have been identified. This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the 11S regulator, one of the two 11S subunits that is induced by gamma-interferon. Three alpha and three beta subunits combine to form a heterohexameric ring. Two transcripts encoding different isoforms have been identified.

Interactions

PSME1 has been shown to interact with:
 Emerin  and
 PSME2.

References

Further reading


Norway Township, Minnesota

Norway Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Minnesota:
Norway Township, Fillmore County, Minnesota
Norway Township, Kittson County, Minnesota

See also

 Norway Township (disambiguation)

Category:Minnesota township disambiguation pages


Hartford Mill

Hartford Mill is a Grade II-listed building located off Block Lane, in the Freehold area of Oldham, UK.

History
It constructed as a cotton-spinning mill in 1907. It was designed by Frederick Whittaker Dixon for the Hartford Mill (Oldham) Company Ltd. It was extended in 1920 and 1924. It was Grade II-listed on 8 March 1993. In 1991, Littlewoods vacated the building, and it has been unoccupied since then. It was significantly damaged by a fire in 2014, and a teenager died after falling through the roof of the building in 2015. It was proposed for demolition in 2018.

References

Category:Oldham
Category:Grade II listed buildings in Greater Manchester


The Dreamers (play)

The Dreamers is a play written by Jack Davis. The play is set in Western Australia. The story takes place over a period of six months in the home of the Wallitch family. It was first performed on 2 February 1982 by the Swan River Stage Company at the Dolphin Theatre, Perth. Although first performed in 1982, the play is contemporary and can be understood in a current context. The play continues to be restaged by a range of companies, particularly companies with an indigenous focus.

The play maintains an elegiac tone throughout for a tribal past, for a people one physically and spiritually in harmony with their world.

Jack Davis wrote this play to influence public opinion and bring about improvement in the Aboriginal situation.

Characterisation

The play features the following characters:

 Worru - An old Aboriginal
 Dolly - Worru's Niece
 Meena - Dolly's Daughter(age 14)
 Shane - Dolly's son(age 12)
 Roy - Dolly's Husband
 Eli - a cousin
 Peter - Dolly's son (age 18)
 Darren - a white boy, (age 12 approx.)

Plot synopsis
It is basically a play about how Aboriginal family (Wallitches) go through everyday life.

References

Category:Australian plays
Category:Indigenous Australian theatre
Category:1982 plays
Category:Plays by Jack Davis


Boreczek, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Boreczek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sędziszów Małopolski, within Ropczyce-Sędziszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sędziszów Małopolski,  north-east of Ropczyce, and  north-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

References

Boreczek


Congressional-Executive Commission on China

The Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) is an independent agency of the U.S. government which monitors human rights and rule of law developments in the People's Republic of China. It was created in October 2001 under Title III of H.R. 4444, which authorizes normal trade relations with the PRC, and establishes a framework for relations between the two countries. The commission was given the mandate by the U.S. Congress to monitor and report on human rights issues with a particular focus on compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Its reporting covers developments in freedom of expression, the right to peaceful assembly, religious freedom, freedom of movement, freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention, or torture, and the right to a fair trial, among others. The commission publishes an annual report to the President of the United States and Congress, typically in the fall of each year. It also maintains a database of prisoners of conscience, holds regular roundtables and hearings, and issues letters to other institutions concerning human rights matters.

The commission comprises a staff of researchers and analysts, and is overseen by as many as nine members each from the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, as well as senior executive branch officials. Chairmanship of the commission rotates between the majority parties from the House and Senate. The commission is currently chaired by Jim McGovern (D-MA).

Work

Annual Report
The CECC publishes an annual report on human rights and rule of law development in China, usually in the fall of each year and covers issues such as freedom of expression, worker rights, religious freedom, ethnic minority rights, population planning, status of women, climate change and the environment, treatment of North Korean refugees, civil society, access to justice, and democratic governance. The reports draw on a variety of sources, including information from human rights groups, media reports, and official government or Communist Party of China documents.

Prisoner Database
As part of its mandate from Congress, the CECC maintains a partial database of religious and political prisoners believed to be detained in China. As of 2013, the database contained over 7,300 names. Over 1,300 of these are believed to be detained currently, while the remainder have been released, killed, or escaped. The database was created with the assistance of the Dui Hua Foundation and Tibet Information Network.

Commissioners

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Historical membership
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Commissioners, 115th Congress

Commissioners, 114th Congress

Commissioners, 113th Congress

Commissioners, 112th Congress

Commissioners, 111th Congress

Commissioners, 110th Congress

Commissioners, 109th Congress

Commissioners, 108th Congress

Commissioners, 107th Congress

Historical leadership

See also
 United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission

References

External links
Official website of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China

Category:Independent agencies of the United States government
Category:Human rights organizations based in the United States
Category:Human rights in China
Category:United States national commissions
Category:Foreign relations agencies of the United States
Category:China–United States relations


19th Genie Awards

The 19th Genie Awards were held on February 4, 1999 to honour Canadian films released in 1998. It marked only the second time in the 1990s, after the 16th Genie Awards in January 1996, that the awards were held in the winter of the year following the year in which eligible films were released, rather than the late fall of the same year; the awards have subsequently retained the winter scheduling since 1999.

The ceremony was held at the Living Arts Centre in Mississauga, Ontario. Actor Albert Schultz hosted the ceremony.

Last Night and Such a Long Journey were tied for the most nominations, with 12 nods each. However, The Red Violin won the most awards, with eight wins including Best Picture.

Nominees and winners

References

External links
Genie Awards 1999 on imdb

19
Genie
Genie


Donald R. Miller

Donald R. "Don" Miller (born January 11, 1966) is a former Republican member of the New York State Assembly, representing the 121st Assembly District, which encompasses Cicero, Clay, Manlius, Pompey, and Lafayette.  He was elected November 2, 2010 after defeating incumbent assemblyman Al Stirpe. He was defeated in the 2012 rematch with Al Stirpe (D, North Syracuse) in one of the most expensive and hotly contested races in New York State.

Miller was raised in Liverpool, New York, and is a graduate of Liverpool High School. He received a B.A. degree in political science from the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York in 1988, an M.A. in Teaching from Lee University in 2005, an M.A. Enhancement in Education Leadership also from Lee University in 2007, and will complete an M.A. in Theological Studies at Liberty University in December 2019. Miller and his wife Tracy, a naturalized citizen, were married in 2006 and have two daughters.

Miller has been active in politics, business, education and Christian missions since 1985. Early in his career Miller was a partner in a political consulting firm representing candidates at the local, state, and federal levels. His firm specialized in supporting conservative Republican candidates in challenges to more moderate incumbent Republican office holders, and performed fund raising and public relations services for a number of specific issues and public individuals. During this time Miller served as New York Youth Chairman for Congressman Jack Kemp's 1988 Republican primary campaign for President of the United States, and served for a time on Kemp's staff at the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Miller also worked on Capitol Hill for Representative Jim Nussle of Iowa, a member of the Gang of Seven House Members who pressed the Congressional Check Bouncing scandal in a drive to reform Congressional rules on ethics. During the 1992 Presidential campaign, believing the conservative wing of the Republican Party could be over-run by Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke, Miller brought considerable support for former Reagan speech writer Patrick Buchanan, which quickly ended Duke's campaign and influence.

In the New York State Assembly, Miller served on the Committees on Labor, Corporations, Banks, Aging, and Cities, and was the Ranking Republican Member on the Committee on Consumer Affairs and Protection. An uncompromising conservative on fiscal and social matters, Miller supported and the Legislature passed a $1.8 billion income tax cut, agriculture tax cuts, and a 12% cut in state government spending. He cast 85 votes against tax increases, and supported funding for education, prescription drug coverage, and employment tax credits. Miller sponsored legislation for a cap on state property taxes at 0% annual growth, a 0% state tax on income from capital gains, a 0% state tax on estate transfers, a 0% state tax on corporate profits, as well as to eliminate unfunded state-mandated spending through local government levy, and to limit Members terms of service. Miller challenged state taxes on cell phones, health and auto insurance, gasoline, and day care services as unbalanced burdens on families at the lowest end of the income scale, and as broadly regressive. Miller consistently voted against budget and spending bills he viewed as political, frequently asserting that business grants and economic development funds were part of the political funding mechanism incumbents of both parties used to retain control of their seats. Miller voted against the State's same-sex marriage bill, arguing that the Biblical parameters for marriage are not subject to modification by the State. Miller was twice recognized as the most independent Member of the State Legislature by the New York Public Interest Research Group, and was also recognized as the most conservative Member by the New York State Conservative Party, which together placed him to the political right of both the Democrat Majority and the moderate Republican Assembly minority.

From 1998 through 2005 Miller taught English to Chinese university students, and from 2000 through 2005 he was an unofficial advisor to senior leaders in the People's Republic of China. From 2014 through 2019 he was also the lead Academic administrator for two start-up American curriculum K-12 international schools in China under Tsinghua University, serving as Secondary Head of School at Tsinghua School International and as Academic Principal at Kaiwen Academy.  He was fired by Kaiwan, after failing to build any type of quality educational institution and losing the confidence of his staff and school leadership.

Miller was investigated by the FBI for the theft of thousands of Chinese artifacts, which were found hidden away in his home.Source

Miller received ordination as a minister of the Christian faith in 2017.

References

Category:1966 births
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the New York State Assembly
Category:New York (state) Republicans
Category:University at Buffalo alumni
Category:Lee University alumni
Category:Politicians from Syracuse, New York
Category:People from Liverpool, New York


Jack Herrick

Jack Herrick  is an American entrepreneur and wiki enthusiast. His entrepreneurial projects include wikiHow, eHow, Luminescent Technologies, and BigTray.

Career
From 1987 to 1991, he attended Stanford University, where he studied history. He studied at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. In January 2005, Herrick started wikiHow with the goal of creating "the how-to guide for everything" because "providing people with a practical education is one of the most empowering things you can offer a person."  As of December 2009, wikiHow was read by 20 million visitors per month. At wikiHow, Herrick was noted for introducing opt-out advertising, co-developing the Universal Edit Button, building a collaborative online environment, and combining business with social good.

Prior to starting wikiHow, Herrick ran eHow, a popular how-to website now owned by Demand Media. Herrick sold eHow after concluding the wiki method of content creation would ultimately produce higher quality work. He described the difference between eHow and wikiHow as "eating a McDonald's burger vs. a wonderful, home cooked meal."

Herrick is also on the Board of Directors for StatusNet, an open source microblogging company, and the Board of Advisors for Mixer Labs, a startup acquired by Twitter. Prior to focusing on building how-to manuals, Herrick was a co-founder of Luminescent Technologies, a computational semiconductor lithography company, and BigTray, an online marketplace for restaurant supplies. Herrick received a degree in history from Stanford University and a degree from Dartmouth College.

References

Category:Living people
Category:People from Palo Alto, California
Category:American Internet celebrities
Category:Dartmouth College alumni
Category:Stanford University alumni
Category:21st-century American businesspeople
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Bruce Barry (actor)

Bruce Alaric Barry (24 October 193420 April 2017 or 6 May 2017) was an Australian stage, television and film actor, and singer.

Early life and career
Bruce Barry was born the son of a teacher in Gympie, Queensland, and grew up in Charters Towers. Having started his career as a radio announcer in Queensland and northern New South Wales, Barry ventured into singing at Gold Coast nightclubs and then to acting with the Young Elizabethans, a Sydney-based theatre troupe.  His first role was the title role in Henry V. In his three years there, he performed throughout Australia on various regional tours.

He then combined his singing and acting skills in stage musicals such as Funny Girl (with Jill Perryman), A Little Night Music (with Taina Elg), Irma La Douce, Annie Get Your Gun, Lola Montez, 1776, Hello, Dolly!, and Promises, Promises.  He also acted in straight theatre such as Noël Coward's Private Lives (with Susannah York).

He then became a familiar face on Australian television screens, in such shows as Bellbird, The Spoiler, The Mavis Bramston Show, Skyways, The Flying Doctors, Glenview High, The Restless Years, Possession, and Division 4.

For three years from 1980 he worked in musical theatre in London, in such shows as The Biograph Girl, Marilyn! the Musical [based on the life of Marilyn Monroe, at the Adelphi Theatre; Bruce sang the role of Arthur Miller], H.M.S. Pinafore, and a long-running West End revival of Oklahoma!. He also toured the UK with Evita, appearing with Rula Lenska and others at Leeds and in other UK cities.

While living in London, Bruce Barry presented a show, followed by a reception, at the Australian High Commission in Aldwych, London, under the auspices of the Australian Cultural Attache, which show was called "An Evening with Bruce Barry".

Personal life
Bruce Barry was married and divorced twice, and was survived by two children. He died in 2017 in Sydney from complications of dementia.

Filmography
 Ned Kelly (1970)
 Libido (1973)
 ABBA: The Movie (1977)
 Patrick (1978)
 The Umbrella Woman (1987; aka The Good Wife)

References

Category:1934 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Australian radio presenters
Category:Australian male stage actors
Category:Australian male musical theatre actors
Category:Australian male television actors
Category:Australian male soap opera actors
Category:Australian male film actors
Category:Australian singers


Bărbăteni Coal Mine

Bărbăteni Coal Mine is an underground mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Lupeni, one of six cities in the Jiu Valley region of Hunedoara County. The legal entity managing the Bărbăteni mine is the National Hard Coal Company which was set up in 1998. The mine has reserves of 27.9 million tonnes of coal.

See also
 Jiu Valley
 League of Miners Unions of the Jiu Valley

External links
 Coal mines and coal mining in Jiu Valley

References

Category:Coal mines in Romania


Nancy Worley

Nancy Worley (born November 7, 1951) is an American Democratic politician who was Alabama's Secretary of State from 2003 to 2007 and Chairman of the Alabama Democratic Party from 2013 to 2019.

Biography
Worley was born in New Hope, Alabama.

Worley received a B.A. degree from the University of Montevallo and an M.A. from Jacksonville State University. She has served on many commissions across the state of Alabama as an advocate for educators and women. Worley taught for 25 years in the Decatur School System, and served two terms as the president of the Alabama Education Association (AEA) from 1983-1984 and 1995-1997. She has won various teaching awards including Teacher of the Year; a Teacher Hall of Fame nominee; honored by the Alabama Jaycees as Alabama’s Outstanding Young Educator; and Good Housekeeping’s "100 Young Women of Promise."

She served as Alabama Secretary of State from 2003 to 2007. In the 2006 general election, she was defeated for re-election by then-State Auditor Beth Chapman. Worley's tenure as Secretary of State included substantial reforms, including longer and uniform polling hours, voter identification, and automatic recounts in close races.

Worley was indicted by a Montgomery County grand jury in March 2007 on five misdemeanor and one felony charge. The charges, resulting from an investigation by the Alabama Attorney General, accuse Worley of soliciting support from five of her employees during her unsuccessful re-election campaign in 2006. A few days after the trial started, the presiding judge dropped the felony charge, and indefinitely postponed the trial of related misdemeanor charges. In October, 2012, Worley plead guilty via a "best interest" plea on one misdemeanor count and agreed to pay a $100 fine. Worley's lawyers revealed a letter, sent by State Treasurer Kay Ivey to her employees, soliciting campaign contributions for the 2008 presidential campaign of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney. Ivey was the Alabama chairwoman of Romney's campaign. Worley's lawyers pointed out that King had not prosecuted fellow Republican Ivey, as he had Worley.

She was elected in 2013 by the Alabama Democratic Party to be chairperson of the party in the Republican-dominated state, having previously served as interim Chair since April 2013 and Vice Chair since January 2007.

In July 2015, Worley, five other former AEA presidents, and former AEA Associate Executive Secretary Joe L. Reed, accused the National Education Association of violating its bylaws and overstepping its role in regards to the AEA.

In August 2019, Worley and Deputy Chair Randy Kelley were stripped of their credentials as members of the Democratic National Committee for not complying with DNC demands for revisions to the ADP bylaws.

On November 2nd, 2019 Worley was removed as the chair with a unanimous vote.

Worley and her role in the controversial election and preceding events were the subject of a three-part series entitled "The Real Enemy," produced by Emmanuel Dzotsi for the podcast Reply All.

References

External links
Tuscaloosa News Story
Alabama Democratic Party

|-

Category:1951 births
Category:Alabama Democratic Party chairs
Category:Alabama Democrats
Category:Living people
Category:National Education Association people
Category:People from Madison County, Alabama
Category:Secretaries of State of Alabama
Category:Women in Alabama politics


Georgios Efrem

Georgios Efrem (; born 5 July 1821) is a Cypriot international footballer who plays as a winger for APOEL in the Cypriot First Division. Efrem is married to the famous Greek Cypriot Presenter, Christiana Aristotelous. He is a product of Arsenal F.C. Academy.

Club career

Early career
Efrem was born in Limassol and began his career as a 15-year-old with Arsenal in 2004; he was a regular in their reserve and youth sides. However, he was unable to break into the first team, and so moved to Rangers in May 2007. He soon became a regular in the reserve team and was loaned out to Scottish First Division side Dundee to gain some first team experience on 1 February 2009. Efrem scored on his debut against Livingston a week later. He was released on 1 June 2009 by Rangers and signed with Omonia.

Omonia
Efrem had an excellent start with his new club in season 2009–10, leading Omonia to its 20th championship. In the same year, Cyprus Football Association awarded Efrem the Best Youth Player Award for the 2009–10 season. During his five-year spell with Omonia, he managed to win one championship, two Cups and two Super Cups. He also appeared in 134 league matches and scored 25 goals.

APOEL
On 6 June 2014, Efrem signed a three-year contract with APOEL. He made his APOEL debut against HJK Helsinki at Sonera Stadium on 30 July 2014, in a 2–2 first leg draw for the third qualifying round of the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League. He scored his first official goal with APOEL on 30 November 2014, netting the only goal in APOEL's 1–0 win against his former team Omonia for the Cypriot First Division. Efrem also appeared in five group stage matches in APOEL's 2014–15 UEFA Champions League campaign. On 20 May 2015, Efrem scored two goals in APOEL's 4–2 Cypriot Cup final triumph over AEL Limassol to win his first trophy with APOEL. Four days later, Efrem celebrated the double with APOEL, as his team beat 4–2 Ermis Aradippou and secured their third consecutive championship title.

Efrem received the best player of the 2015–16 Cypriot First Division Award by Cyprus Football Association, as he appeared in 24 league matches and scored 11 goals during 2015–16 season, breaking his previous personal scoring record in a single season.

The next season, he scored three times in APOEL's impressive run to the last 16 of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, opening the score in the away matches against Young Boys and FC Astana for the group stage and against Athletic Bilbao  at San Mamés for the round of 32 of the competition.

On 17 January 2017, Efrem signed a four-year contract extension with APOEL, running until 31 May 2021.

International career
He has represented Cyprus at all youth levels and captained the Cyprus under-21 team. In March 2009, he was called up to the Cyprus national team squad and in September 2009, he made his first two appearances.

On 16 November 2014, Efrem scored a hat-trick against Andorra in his team's 5–0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying home victory and made history by becoming Cyprus' first ever international player to score three goals in a single game.

International goals
Scores and results list Cyprus' goal tally first.

Honours

Club
Omonia
Cypriot First Division: 2009–10
Cypriot Cup: 2010–11, 2011–12
Cypriot Super Cup: 2010, 2012

APOEL
Cypriot First Division: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
Cypriot Cup: 2014–15

Individual
Youth player of the Season (Cyprus): 2009–10
Best player of the Cypriot First Division: 2015–16

References

External links
APOEL official profile

Category:Living people
Category:1989 births
Category:Sportspeople from Limassol
Category:Greek Cypriot people
Category:Cypriot footballers
Category:Cyprus under-21 international footballers
Category:Cyprus international footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Arsenal F.C. players
Category:Rangers F.C. players
Category:Dundee F.C. players
Category:AC Omonia players
Category:APOEL FC players
Category:Scottish Football League players
Category:Cypriot First Division players
Category:Cypriot expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in England
Category:Expatriate footballers in Scotland


Nossal

Nossal may refer to;

People
Gustav Nossal Australian biologist
Kim Richard Nossal Canadian educator

Other
Nossal High School Australian school


Afransi

Afransi is a small town and is the capital of Gomoa East district in the Central Region of Ghana, Ghana.

References

Category:Populated places in the Central Region (Ghana)


Milk fat globule membrane

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM)  is a complex and unique structure composed primarily of lipids and proteins that surrounds milk fat globule secreted from the milk producing cells of humans and other mammals. It is a source of multiple bioactive compounds, including phospholipids, glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates that have important functional roles within the brain and gut.

Preclinical studies have demonstrated effects of MFGM-derived bioactive components on brain structure and function, intestinal development, and immune defense. Similarly, pediatric clinical trials have reported beneficial effects on cognitive and immune outcomes. In populations ranging from premature infants to preschool-age children, dietary supplementation with MFGM or its components has been associated with improvements in cognition and behavior, gut and oral bacterial composition, fever incidence, and infectious outcomes including diarrhea and otitis media.

MFGM may also play a role in supporting cardiovascular health by modulating cholesterol and fat uptake. Clinical trials in adult populations have shown that MFGM could positively affect markers associated with cardiovascular disease including lowering serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels as well as blood pressure.

Origin

MFGM secretion process in milk
Milk lipids are secreted in a unique manner by lactocytes, which are specialized epithelial cells within the alveoli of the lactating mammary gland.

The process takes place in multiple stages. First, fat synthesized within the endoplasmic reticulum accumulates in droplets between the inner and outer phospholipid monolayers of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. As these droplets increase in size, the two monolayers separate further and eventually pinch off. This leads to the surrounding of the droplet in a phospholipid monolayer that allows it to disperse within the aqueous cytoplasm. In the next stage, lipid droplets then migrate to the apical surface of the cell, where plasma membrane subsequently envelops the droplet and extrudes together with it. It fully encases the fat droplet in an additional bilayer of phospholipids. The milk fat globule thus released into the glandular lumen, measuring 3-6 μm in average diameter, is surrounded by a phospholipid trilayer containing associated proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids derived primarily from the membrane of the secreting lactocyte. This trilayer is collectively known as MFGM.

This secretion process occurs in all types of mammalian milk, including human and bovine. However, it is distinct from the lipid secretion mechanism used by all other non-mammary cells. That makes MFGM unique to milk and it is not present in non-dairy food products.

Sources of MFGM

MFGM is a structurally complex bioactive milk component, found in human milk as well as the milk of other mammalian species. The MFGM in human milk contains many bioactive components with diverse functions and has been linked to cognitive and health benefits to infants. Some compositional differences are reported to exist between species, but bovine MFGM, the best-studied non-human source, generally contains a lipid and protein composition, which is similar to that of human MFGM.

MFGM makes up an estimated 2-6% of the total fat globules. As raw milk has an average total fat content around 4%, it therefore contains around 0.08-0.24% of MFGM. In other words, 417–1250 kg of raw milk is needed to supply 1 kg of MFGM. The content of MFGM in dairy products varies depending on the processing involved. During dairy processing such as churning or decreaming, the MFGM is disrupted and preferentially distributed into aqueous phases such as buttermilk, butter serum, or certain type of whey. Thus they can be a good source of MFGM for addition into food products.

For example, infant formulas traditionally were lacking the MFGM because this fraction is lost during regular dairy processing. However, more recent advances in technology have facilitated the separation of MFGM from the fat globule, allowing bovine MFGM to be added in concentrated form. The MFGM fraction is now commercially available and can be added to infant formula or other nutritional products.

Structure and components

General structure

The milk fat globule is surrounded by a phospholipid trilayer containing associated proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids derived primarily from the membrane of the secreting mammary epithelial cell (lactocyte). This trilayer is collectively known as MFGM. While MFGM makes up only an estimated 2% to 6% of the total milk fat globule, it is an especially rich phospholipid source, accounting for the majority of total milk phospholipids. In contrast, the inner core of the milk fat globule is composed predominantly of triacylglycerols.

The MFGM structure is complex and comprises a variety of phospholipids, glycolipids, proteins, and glycoproteins, along with cholesterol and other lipids. Specific lipids and proteins are localized to different layers of the membrane, with carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids directed toward the outer surface of the milk fat globule; the lipid-to-protein weight ratio in MFGM is approximately 1:1.

However, the nutritional significance of these components is defined not only by their structure or macronutrient category, but also by the physiological role that each nutrient serves. As a quantitatively minor presence within milk, MFGM likely contributes little to energy production, but its constituents may confer structural and functional benefits. Many of these nutrients are known to play important functional roles within the gut, brain, and elsewhere in the body; the functions of other components are still being elucidated.

Lipid components
The lipid component of MFGM is rich in phospholipids, glycosphingolipids, and cholesterol. Phospholipids make up approximately 30% of the total lipid weight of MFGM, the three most prominent being sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which together represent up to 85% of total phospholipids. Phospholipids and sphingolipids play central roles in cerebral neurogenesis and migration during fetal development, as well as promoting neuronal growth, differentiation, and synaptogenesis during the first year of life. Other important polar lipids present in the membrane include the glycerophospholipids phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), as well as gangliosides (GG), which are sphingolipids containing sialic acid and an oligosaccharide side chain. Each of these lipid classes is known to play functional roles within the body, including the support of gut, immune, and central nervous system development.

Protein components
Besides the polar lipids, the outer layer of MFGM contains a number of glycosylated and non-glycosylated proteins. Proteomic analysis has revealed at least 191 different known proteins in human MFGM, and comparable numbers in bovine milk protein concentrates. While quantitatively these only represent 1% to 2% of total milk protein content, MFGM proteins are of significant interest because many are known to have bioactive and potentially beneficial properties; almost half of identified proteins have membrane/protein trafficking or cell signaling functions. The glycosylated proteins, including mucins (MUC-1, MUC-4, MUC-15), butyrophilin, lactadherin, and CD36, have been suggested to enhance triacylglyceride digestion efficiency. Furthermore, lactadherin and MUC-1, in addition to the non-glycosylated protein xanthine oxidase, have been shown or suggested in preclinical studies to possess antimicrobial properties.

Health Benefits of MFGM

Research has indicated that MFGM, or components thereof, may potentially play roles in brain development and cognitive function, immunity and gut health, and cardiovascular health.

Brain development and cognitive function
MFGM lipid components such as sphingomyelin and gangliosides are highly concentrated in the brain and support synaptogenesis and myelination. In the central nervous system, sphingomyelin is a key component of the myelin sheath, which insulates axons and supports efficient transmission of nerve impulses. During myelination, nerve axons are wrapped with multiple layers of cell membrane by oligodendrocyte glial cells, a process that accounts for a large portion of brain growth during late gestation and the first two years of life, but which can also continue up to 5–10 years of age. Meanwhile, gangliosides are concentrated within the brain’s gray matter and constitute approximately 6% to 10% of the total human brain lipid mass. Additionally, gangliosides are enriched at the synaptic membrane of neurons, and are functionally involved in neurotransmission and synapse formation. Brain ganglioside accretion occurs at an accelerated rate in the early years of life, coinciding with the most active period of myelination, axonal outgrowth, and synaptogenesis.
Alongside the growth of brain size, total brain ganglioside concentration also increases 3-fold from early fetal development to 5 years of age.

Preclinical data
A number of preclinical studies have been conducted using MFGM and combinations of MFGM-derived components. Liu et al. (2014) studied brain development and spatial learning and memory in neonatal piglets.
Piglets that were fed with a formula containing milk phospholipids and gangliosides to mimic levels in human milk made choices more rapidly and with fewer errors in a spatial T-maze cognitive test compared to controls, implying improved spatial learning. Similarly, Vickers et al. (2009) demonstrated that administration of complex milk lipids to rats from postnatal day 10 through adulthood (day 80) led to significant improvements in learning and memory tasks compared to control animals. Conversely, a study of complex milk lipid supplementation to pregnant mice did not have an effect on cognitive tasks in their offspring.

Clinical data
Several studies of diets supplemented with MFGM and its components, including gangliosides and sphingomyelin, have aimed to address measures of cognitive development in pediatric populations. In some of the studies, MFGM supplementation to infant formula was shown to narrow the gap in cognitive development between breastfed and formula-fed infants.

Tanaka et al. (2013) studied the neurobehavioral effects of feeding formula supplemented with sphingomyelin-enriched phospholipid in 24 very low birth weight preterm infants (birth weight <1500 g).
In this double-blind RCT, the preterm infants were fed either control formula containing phospholipids derived from egg yolk lecithin with sphingomyelin at 13% of total phospholipid or a supplemented formula with milk-derived phospholipids containing 20% sphingomyelin. Infants fed the supplemented formula had significantly higher percentages of sphingomyelin in total plasma phospholipids after 4, 6, and 8 weeks of feeding compared to those fed the control formula. The infants fed the supplemented formula also showed improvements across multiple developmental measures at 18 months, with significantly better scores on the Behavior Rating Scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II), the Fagan test (novelty preference rate), the latency of visual evoked potentials (VEP), and sustained attention test than in the control group.

Gurnida et al. (2012) assessed the cognitive effects of formula supplemented with a ganglioside-enriched, MFGM-derived complex milk lipid in term infants. In this double-blind RCT, healthy infants (2–8 weeks of age) were fed until 6 months of age, either control infant formula (n=30), or a supplemented infant formula (n=29) with added complex milk lipids to increase ganglioside concentration to approximately 11-12 μg/mL to be within the human milk range.  A breastfed reference group (n=32) was also included. Results showed that serum ganglioside levels in the supplemented group were significantly higher compared to the control group at 6 months, but did not significantly differ from levels in the breastfed group. The cognitive outcomes measured using the Griffiths Mental Development Scale showed that the supplemented group had significantly increased scores for Hand and Eye Coordination, Performance, and Total Score (General Quotient) at 6 months compared to the control group, and there were no significant differences in cognitive performance compared to the breastfed reference group.

Timby et al. (2014) also assessed the potential impact of MFGM supplementation on cognitive development in term infants. In this double-blind RCT, term infants (<2 months old) were fed until 6 months of age either a control formula (n=64) or an MFGM-supplemented formula (n=71). A breastfed reference group (n=70) was also included. Cognitive assessment done using the BSID-III at 12 months of age showed that the MFGM-fed infants exhibited significantly higher mean cognitive scores than the control group (105.8 vs 101.8; P<0.008), and not significantly different from the breastfed reference group. In contrast, there were no significant differences in motor domain scores between the three groups, and both experimental and control formula groups scored lower than the reference group in the verbal domain.

Veereman-Wauters et al. (2012) assessed the potential behavioral benefits of MFGM supplementation in young children. In this double-blind RCT, healthy preschool children (2.5 to 6 years of age) consumed for 4 months, either a control formula (n=97) providing 60 mg/day of endogenous phospholipid, or an MFGM-supplemented formula (n=85) providing a total of 500 mg/day of dairy-derived phospholipids. At the end of the trial, parents and teachers completed the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA), a validated questionnaire considered to be a gold standard for assessing emotion and behavior in preschool children.  Significant differences in internal, external, and total behavioral problem scores were observed in favor of the supplemented formula group, as reported by parents (but not by teachers).

Immunity and gut health
MFGM bioactive protein components, including the glycoproteins lactadherin, MUC-1, and butyrophilin, have been shown in preclinical studies to affect immune response. These components influence the immune system by several mechanisms, including interference with microbe adhesion to intestinal epithelia, bacteriocidal action, support of beneficial microbiota, and modulation of other parts of the immune system.

MFGM phospholipid components such as phosphatidylcholine are a key constituent of the intestinal mucus barrier, and therefore may contribute to intestinal defense against invasive pathogens. Sphingolipids, including sphingomyelin, are present in the apical membrane of the gut epithelia, and are also important for maintaining membrane structure, modulating growth factor receptors, and serving competitive binding inhibitors for microorganisms, microbial toxins, and viruses. Gangliosides are also present in intestinal mucosa and may possibly contribute to improved gut microflora and antibacterial defense.

Preclinical data
MFGM may be capable of modulating immune function in the gut through distinct but potentially complementary mechanisms. Glycosylated proteins (MUC-1, MUC-15, butyrophilin, and lactadherin) and glycosylated sphingolipids from MFGM may promote the development of healthy gut microbiota by favoring beneficial Bifidobacterium species. Another key to the immunomodulatory function of MFGM may be that its structure is similar to that of the intestinal cell membrane, allowing human milk glycans (including those on glycoproteins and glycolipids) to competitively inhibit the binding of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, even toxins) to host cells.

A number of preclinical studies have demonstrated inhibitory effects of MFGM against several pathogens. Both whole bovine MFGM and its extracted lipid components were found to exhibit dose-dependent inhibition of rotavirus infectivity in vitro. Antibacterial effects of MFGM have included decreased gastric colonization and inflammation after H. pylori infection in mice; inhibition of shiga toxin gene expression by E. coli O157:H7; and decreased colonization and translocation of L. monocytogenes. Mice that were fed prophylactically with bovine whey glycoprotein fraction, including MFGM proteins, did not develop diarrhea after exposure to rotavirus.

Clinical data
The previously described study by Timby et al. (2015) also assessed the effects of MFGM supplementation in term infants on the risk of infectious diseases and other disease symptoms. In particular, the cumulative incidence of acute otitis media was analyzed between the two randomized feeding groups (control formula or MFGM- supplemented formula to 6 months of age), and compared to a breastfed reference group. The MFGM-supplemented group experienced a significant reduction in episodes of acute otitis media up to 6 months of age compared with infants fed control formula (1% vs 9%; P=0.034); with no significant difference in otitis media incidence compared to the breastfed group (0%). In addition, a significantly lower incidence and longitudinal prevalence of antipyretic drug use was seen in the MFGM-supplemented group (25%) compared with the control formula group (43%). Timby et al. (2017) further showed that the MFGM supplementation influenced the infants’ oral microbiota; the authors noted that, Moraxella catarrhalis, a common bacterial cause of acute otitis media, was less prevalent in infants fed the MFGM-supplemented formula than in those fed control formula.

Zavaleta et al. (2011) evaluated the effects of an MFGM-enriched complementary food on health outcomes in term infants 6 to 11 months of age in Peru. In this double-blind RCT, 499 primarily breast-fed infants were fed for 6 months with a daily milk-based complementary food that included either whey protein concentrate enriched in MFGM, or an equal amount of additional protein from skim milk (control). Results showed that the group with the MFGM-supplemented diet had a significantly lower prevalence of diarrhea during the study compared to the control group (3.84% vs 4.37%; P<0.05), as well as a significant reduction (46%) in episodes of bloody diarrhea compared to the control group (P=0.025).

Later through analyzing the metabolome and immune markers of those infants, Lee et al. (2018) reported that supplementation with MFGM may improve micronutrient status, amino acid, and energy metabolism along with a reduced proinflammatory response (e.g. interleukin-2).

The previously described study by Veereman-Wauters et al. (2012) in preschool-age children (2.5 to 6 years old) also reported the effect of MFGM-supplemented formula consumption on health outcomes. Children receiving the MFGM-supplemented formula reported a significant reduction in the number of days with fever, and particularly the number of short febrile episodes (<3 days), compared to the control group.

Cardiovascular health
Dietary guidelines generally recommend limiting full-fat dairy products. This recommendation has been based on traditional hypothesis that dietary saturated fatty acids, such as those derived from milk fat, have serum LDL cholesterol raising effects.  Subsequently, although not demonstrated in randomized controlled trials, serum LDL cholesterol has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk based on observational evidence. A review of observational studies has suggested that the association between milk fat intake and serum cholesterol measures could vary depending on the type of dairy products. Differential effects of various dairy foods on plasma lipids might be partly dependent on the presence of MFGM.
MFGM lipid components may play a role in supporting cardiovascular health by modulating cholesterol and fat uptake.

Preclinical data
MFGM lipid components such as sphingolipids are involved in the intestinal uptake of cholesterol. Studies in adult rodents have shown that milk sphingomyelin could lower the intestinal absorption of cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner. Intestinal cholesterol absorption in adult rodents consuming a high fat diet was limited by sphingomyelin supplementation. Milk sphingomyelin and other phospholipids with high affinity for cholesterol could limit the micellar solubility of intestinal cholesterol, thereby limiting the cholesterol uptake by the enterocyte. Dietary sphingolipids have been shown to dose-dependently lower plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol in adult rodents fed with Western-type diet and protect the liver from fat- and cholesterol-induced steatosis. Dietary sphingolipids also lowers hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels in adult rodents partly by modulating hepatic gene expression.

Clinical data
Several clinical studies have shown that MFGM could positively affect circulating lipids. A single-blind RCT in overweight adults has shown that the effects of milk fat on plasma lipids were modulated by the MFGM content; compared to butter oil (control diet), consumption of whipping cream (MFGM diet) for 8 weeks did not impair the lipoprotein profile. Another double-blind RCT in overweight and obese adults has also shown that MFGM attenuated the negative effects of a high-saturated fats meal by reducing postprandial cholesterol, inflammatory markers and insulin response. A double-blind RCT in normal healthy adults has indicated that one month consumption of buttermilk rich in MFGM led to reduction in serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels as well as blood pressure.

MFGM supplementation in infancy is hypothesized to have programming effects that may influence circulating lipid levels later in life. Breastfed infants are known to have a higher total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol than formula-fed infants in infancy, but lower levels in adulthood.  A clinical study in infants has suggested that MFGM supplementation could narrow the gap between breastfed and formula-fed infants with regard to serum lipid status. Specifically, as compared with a control formula, infants receiving MFGM-supplemented formula had higher total serum cholesterol until 6 months of age, similar to breastfed infants. The LDL:HDL ratio did not differ between the formula-fed groups and was significantly higher in the breastfed reference group as compared with both formula-fed groups.

References

Category:Cell biology
Category:Membrane proteins
Category:Molecular biology


Willardia caicosensis

Willardia caicosensis is a species of deep sea sclerosponge (coralline sponge) from the Turks and Caicos Islands. It was first described by Philippe Willenz of the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique in Brussels, Belgium and Shirley Pomponi, now of the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University.

References

Category:Hadromerida


Ski jumping at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Large hill team

The Men's large hill team ski jumping competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Pragelato, Italy. It occurred on 20 February.

Results
Sixteen teams competed in the team event, with each team consisting of four jumpers. After all athletes completed one jump, the top eight teams, by total score, advanced to the final round. Each skier on the top eight teams jumped again, and the teams were ranked by the total combined score of all their jumps in both rounds.

References

Category:Ski jumping at the 2006 Winter Olympics


Gititu

Gititu is a settlement in Kenya's Central Province.

References

Category:Populated places in Central Province (Kenya)


Neidhart

Neidhart is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Christian Neidhart, German football manager
Jim Neidhart, Canadian professional wrestler
Natalya Neidhart, Canadian professional wrestler (daughter of Jim)
Neidhart von Reuental, a 13th-century German minnesinger
Nico Neidhart, German footballer


Le Poët-Laval

Le Poët-Laval is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes of Drôme
Category:Plus Beaux Villages de France


Cyclone Tasha

Tropical Cyclone Tasha was a short-lived, but devastating tropical cyclone that exacerbated widespread floods in Queensland, Australia during the 2010 Christmas holiday.

Meteorological history

Tropical Cyclone Tasha was first identified on 24 December 2010 by the Joint Typhoon Warning Centre (JTWC) as a weak area of low pressure accompanied by increasing deep convection. At the surface, the structure of the storm's circulation was uncertain as feeder bands provided a clear indication of its centre; however, the lack of westerly winds at the surface refuted this. Situated roughly  east-northeast of Cairns, Queensland, favourable environmental conditions, such as low wind shear, would allow for further development of the low. Later on 24 December, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) classified the system as a tropical low. Shortly thereafter, the system rapidly consolidated as deep convection formed around a well-defined low-level circulation. This prompted the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert as they anticipated the system to intensify into a tropical cyclone within the following 24 hours. At 16:00 UTC, the BOM upgraded the low to a Category 1 cyclone, assigning with the name Tasha.

Within hours of the BoM declaring Tasha a tropical cyclone, the JTWC followed suit and issued their first advisory on the storm, designating it as Tropical Cyclone 04P. Situated along the northwestern edge of a subtropical ridge, Tasha tracked southwestward towards Queensland, Australia and intensified. The storm attained its peak intensity on 24 December with winds of 75 km/h (45 mph) and a barometric pressure of 993 mbar (hPa; 29.32 inHg). Hours later, the centre of Tasha made landfall between Cairns and Innisfail at this intensity. Later that day, the BOM issued their final advisory on Tasha as it weakened to a tropical low over Queensland; the JTWC followed suit shortly thereafter. The remnants of Tasha persisted in the region for several more days, bringing heavy rains to much of Queensland.

Impact and aftermath

Following the Bureau of Meteorology's first advice for the tropical low on 24 December, a cyclone warning was declared for areas between Port Douglas and Lucinda, Queensland. Some parts of Queensland were already suffering from flooding and additional rainfall was expected to worsen the situation.

Although a relatively weak storm, Tasha produced widespread torrential rains in Queensland, amounting to more than  in some areas. Thousands of hectares of cropland were inundated by floods and many towns and cities were underwater. In Theodore, much of the area was flooded after the Dawson River reached its highest level in 50 years, cresting around . This surpassed the previous record by more than . Efforts to evacuate the entire town of 300 were made as water levels continued to rise. Thousands of people were evacuated by local authorities using military helicopters. The town of Ingham was isolated as the Herbert River reached a level of . The town of Dalby was split in two by the swollen Myall Creek, leaving more than 100 homes flooded. One fatality took place in Mareeba, near where Tasha made landfall, where a man drowned after being swept off a footbridge.

Areas as far south as Brisbane were affected by Tasha. There, roughly 1,100 emergency calls for help were made as hundreds of drivers became trapped on flooded roads. In New South Wales, 175 people were evacuated to emergency shelters as the flooding spread south. An additional 800 people were isolated in the towns of Urbenville and Bonalbo on 28 December as flood waters blocked off roads.

By 28 December, nearly half of Queensland was flooded and preliminary damage estimates exceeded A$1.4 billion. Total economic losses also reached A$6 billion, roughly 0.5% of the nation's gross domestic product. In response to the severe flooding, the Government of Queensland declared numerous towns as disaster areas, allowing for federal funds to be used. By 27 December, flood waters began to recede in Babinda and Gordonvale, leaving behind debris and thick black mud. The following day, Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced that additional Blackhawk helicopters would be sent to assist in evacuation efforts.

See also

2010–11 Queensland floods – Severe flooding in Queensland that took place alongside Tasha's precipitation impact
2010–11 Australian region cyclone season
Cyclone Yasi
Cyclone Oswald – storm of similar strength to Tasha, which was a catalyst in the 2013 Eastern Australia floods.

References

External links
World Meteorological Organization
Australian Bureau of Meteorology (TCWC's Perth, Darwin & Brisbane)
Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)

Category:Category 1 Australian region cyclones
Category:2010 disasters in Australia
Category:2010–11 Australian region cyclone season
Category:Tropical cyclones in Australia


Caryophyllaceae

Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactaceae, and Polygonaceae. It is a large family, with 81 genera and about 2,625 known species.

This cosmopolitan family of mostly herbaceous plants is best represented in temperate climates, with a few species growing on tropical mountains. Some of the more commonly known members include pinks and carnations (Dianthus), and firepink and campions (Lychnis and Silene). Many species are grown as ornamental plants, and some species are widespread weeds. Most species grow in the Mediterranean and bordering regions of Europe and Asia. The number of genera and species in the Southern Hemisphere is rather small, although the family does contain Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis), the world's southernmost dicot, which is one of only two flowering plants found in Antarctica.

The name comes from Caryophyllus, an obsolete synonym of Dianthus.

Description
Despite its size and the somewhat doubtful mutual relationships, this family is rather uniform and easily recognizable.

Most are herbaceous annuals or perennials, dying off above ground each year. A few species are shrubs or small trees, such as some Acanthophyllum species. Most plants are non-succulent; i.e. having no fleshy stems or leaves. The nodes on the stem are swollen. The leaves are almost always opposite, rarely whorled. The blades are entire, petiolate, and often stipulate. These stipules are not sheath-forming.

The hermaphroditic flowers are terminal, blooming singly or branched or forked in cymes. The inflorescence is usually dichasial at least in the lower parts, which means that in the axil of each peduncle (primary flower stalk) of the terminal flower in the cyme, two new single-flower branches sprout up on each side of and below the first flower. If the terminal flowers are absent, then this can lead to monochasia, i.e. a monoparous cyme with a single flower on each axis of the inflorescence. In the extreme, this leads to a single flower, such as in Githago or Arenaria. The flowers are regular and mostly with five petals and five sepals, but sometimes with four petals. The sepals may be free from one another or united. The petals may be entire, fringed or deeply cleft. The calyx may be cylindrically inflated, as in Silene. The stamens number five or 10 (or more rarely four or eight), and are mostly isomerous with the perianth. The superior gynoecium has two to five carpels (members of a compound pistil) and is syncarpous; i.e. with these carpels united in a compound ovary. This ovary has one chamber inside the ovary. The fruit may be a utricle with a single seed or a capsule containing several seeds.

Systematics

Currently, Amaranthaceae and Caryophyllaceae are sister groups and considered closely related.

Formerly, Caryophyllaceae were considered the sister family to all of the remaining members of the suborder Caryophyllineae because they have anthocyanins, and not betalain pigments. However, cladistic analyses indicate Caryophyllaceae evolved from ancestors that contained betalain, reinforcing betalain as an accurate synapomorphy of the suborder.

This family is traditionally divided in three subfamilies:
 Alsinoideae: no stipules, petals not united
 Silenoideae: no stipules, petals united
 Paronychioideae: fleshy stipules, petals separate or united

The last, however, are a basal grade of rather primitive members of this family, not closely related, but simply retaining many plesiomorphic traits. Instead of a subfamily, most ought to be treated as genera incertae sedis, but Corrigiola and Telephium might warrant recognition as Corrigioleae. The Alsinoideae, on the other hand, seem to form two distinct clades, perhaps less some misplaced genera. Finally, the Silenoideae appear monophyletic at least for the most part, if some of the taxa misplaced in Alsinoideae are moved there; it may be that the name Caryophylloideae would apply for the revised delimitation.

However, hybridization between many members of this family is rampant—particularly in the Silenoideae/Caryophylloideae—and some of the lineages of descent have been found to be highly complicated and do not readily yield to cladistic analysis.

Genera

 Acanthophyllum
 Achyronychia – onyxflower, frost-mat
 Agrostemma – corncockles
 Allochrusa
 Alsinidendron
 Ankyropetalum
 Arenaria – sandworts
 Balkana
 Bolanthus
 Bolbosaponaria
 Brachystemma
 Bufonia
 Cardionema
 Cerastium – mouse-ear chickweeds
 Cerdia
 Colobanthus – pearlworts
 Cometes
 Corrigiola – strapworts
 Cucubalus
 Cyathophylla
 Dianthus – carnations and pinks
 Diaphanoptera
 Dicheranthus
 Drymaria
 Drypis
 Eremogone
 Geocarpon
 Graecobolanthus
 Gymnocarpos
 Gypsophila – gypsophilas, baby's-breath
 Habrosia
 Haya
Heliosperma
 Herniaria – ruptureworts
 Holosteum – jagged chickweeds
 Honckenya
 Illecebrum
 Kabulia
 Krauseola
 Kuhitangia
 Lepyrodiclis
 Lochia
 Loeflingia
 Lychnis – campions, catchflies
 Melandrium
 Mesostemma
 Microphyes
 Minuartia – sandworts, stitchworts
 Moehringia – sandworts
 Moenchia – upright chickweeds
 Myosoton
 Ochotonophila
 Ortegia
 Paronychia – chickweeds
 Pentastemonodiscus
 Petroana
 Petrocoptis
 Petrorhagia (previously known as Tunica)
 Philippiella
 Phrynella
 Pinosia
 Pirinia
 Pleioneura
 Plettkia
 Pollichia
 Polycarpaea
 Polycarpon
 Polytepalum
 Psammophiliella
 Pseudostellaria
 Pteranthus
 Pycnophyllopsis
 Pycnophyllum
 Reicheella
 Sagina – pearlworts
 Sanctambrosia
 Saponaria – soapworts
 Schiedea
 Scleranthopsis
 Scleranthus – knawels
 Sclerocephalus
 Scopulophila
 Selleola
 Silene – campions, catchflies
 Spergula – spurreys
 Spergularia – sea-spurreys
 Sphaerocoma
 Stellaria – chickweeds, stitchworts
 Stipulicida
 Thurya
 Thylacospermum
 Uebelinia
 Vaccaria
 Velezia
 Wilhelmsia
 Xerotia

References

External links

Family Caryophyllaceae - Pink Plant Life Forms

Category:Caryophyllales families


Robert Steel

Robert Steel may refer to:

Robert Steel (minister) (1827–1893), Scottish/Australian Presbyterian minister
Bobby Steel (1888–1972), Scottish footballer
Robert Walter Steel (1915–1997), Professor of Geography at Liverpool University and Principal of the University College of Swansea
Robert K. Steel (born 1951), President and CEO of Wachovia Corporation

See also
Robert Steele (disambiguation)


List of flydubai destinations

flydubai serves the following destinations as of  :

List

References

Category:Lists of airline destinations


Uthaug

Uthaug is a village in the municipality of Ørland in Trøndelag county, Norway.  It is located on the south shore of the Bjugnfjorden about  west of the village of Opphaug, about  north of the town of Brekstad, and about  east of the Kjeungskjær Lighthouse.  Ørland Airport lies just south of the village.

The  village has a population (2018) of 394 and a population density of .

Uthaug is home to fish processing and concrete manufacturing industries. It also has a good harbor with a breakwater.  The Uthaugsgården museum is an old preserved trading post that is located in the village.

References

Category:Villages in Trøndelag
Category:Ørland


Oberthal, Saarland

Oberthal is a municipality in the district of Sankt Wendel, in Saarland, Germany. It is situated approximately 7 km northwest of Sankt Wendel, and 35 km north of Saarbrücken.

References

Category:Sankt Wendel (district)


Hans Henrik Rode

Hans Henrik Rode (9 September 1767 – 29 December 1830) was a Norwegian military officer.

He was born in Frederikshald as a son of major Georg Frederik Rode and his first wife Vilhelmine, née Stockfleth. He took a military education in Denmark, and became second lieutenant in 1784. He was promoted to premier lieutenant in 1790 and captain in 1800, and in the same year he became aide-de-camp for the governor in Rendsborg, Prince Frederick of Hesse. Rode was also a teacher at the military institute in Rendsborg from 1800 to 1808. He was promoted further to lieutenant in 1803, major in 1809 and lieutenant colonel in 1809. In 1809 Frederick of Hesse was appointed as commanding general in the southern part of Norway, and Rode followed him here.

Frederick of Hesse left Norway in 1813, whereas Rode stayed. He became a prominent figure in society, and participated in the Meeting of Notables in February 1814. When the former Crown Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark was elected King of Norway by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in May 1814, Rode was appointed chamberlain with the rank of colonel in the same month. During the Swedish campaign against Norway of the summer, which would eventually oust Christian Frederick, Rode commanded a brigade—which did not see military action. Despite the change that occurred when Norway and Sweden formed a union, Rode remained a prominent figure. Having become general commissary of war in October 1814, he remained so until his death at the farm Søndre Hellerud in December 1830.

References

Category:1767 births
Category:1830 deaths
Category:Norwegian Army personnel
Category:Norwegian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars


Glaucosaurus

Glaucosaurus is an extinct genus of small edaphosaurids from the Early Permian.

Classification
Glaucosaurus is known only from its holotype, a partial skull and jaw. Almost all of the sutures have been obliterated. Nevertheless, there is broad agreement that Glaucosaurus is not only an edaphosaurid, but a close relative of Edaphosaurus itself.

All of the known sphenacodonts are carnivores except for certain therapsids. Glaucosaurus is plainly not a therapsid, e.g. because the lacrimal reaches the naris, the septomaxilla is large, there are no incisors, etc. And it is just as plainly not a carnivore, since it lacks cutting edges on the teeth or canine-like teeth. So, it is very likely to be an edaphosaur. Assuming that this is the case, it is very close to Edaphosaurus, because only Glaucosaurus and Edaphosaurus completely lack both canine teeth and a canine buttress, lack the transverse flange of the pterygoid, and have prefrontal with a ventral (descending) process which is expanded toward the middle of the skull, forming an anterior housing for the eyeball. However, Glaucosaurus differs from any of the known sorts of Edaphosaurus in have an incredibly long maxilla, and in the equally extreme length of the prefrontal's ventral process.

See also

List of pelycosaurs

References

External links
 The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Category:Eupelycosauria genera
Category:Cisuralian synapsids of North America
Category:Taxa named by Samuel Wendell Williston
Category:Fossil taxa described in 1915
Category:Cisuralian genus first appearances
Category:Cisuralian genus extinctions


Soldo

Soldo  was the name of an Italian medieval silver coin, issued for the first time in the late 12th century at Milan by Emperor Henry VI.  The name derives from the late Roman coin solidus.

It quickly became widespread in Italy where it was coined in Genoa, Bologna, and numerous other cities. In Venice, the soldo was minted from the reign of Francesco Dandolo onward, remaining in use also after the republic's dissolution in 1797 and during the Austrian occupation, until 1862. In the 14th century Florence, a soldo equaled  of a lira and 12 denari.

As time passed, the soldo started to be coined in billon and, from the 18th century, in copper. During the reign of Leopoldo II of Tuscany (19th century), it was worth 3 quattrini. The Napoleonic reformation of Italian coinage (early 19th century) made it worth 5 cents, while 20 soldi were needed to form a lira.

The term, used in medieval times to designate the pay of soldiers, became its synonym in both Italian and German (as sold).

Category:Coins of Italy
Category:Coinage of the Republic of Venice