Manuela Stellmach

Manuela Stellmach (born 22 February 1970 in Berlin) is a former freestyle swimmer from East Germany, who was a member of the women's relay team that won the gold medal in the 4×100 m freestyle relay at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. At the same tournament she captured the bronze medal in the individual 200 m freestyle. Four years later, when Barcelona, Spain hosted the Summer Olympics, Stellmach ended up third (bronze) with the women's relay team from the Unified Germany.

References
 databaseOlympics

Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic swimmers of East Germany
Category:Olympic swimmers of Germany
Category:Female freestyle swimmers
Category:Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic gold medalists for East Germany
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Germany
Category:Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Berlin
Category:People from East Berlin
Category:World record setters in swimming
Category:Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Category:World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Category:European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Category:Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
Category:Recipients of the Silver Laurel Leaf
Category:Olympic gold medalists in swimming


Narnia (country)

In C. S. Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia series of novels, Narnia is the country around which the books revolve. It is one of several lands in the Narnian world.

Geography

Narnia is a land of rolling hills rising to low mountains in the south. It is predominantly forested except for marshlands in the north. The country is bordered on the east by the Eastern Ocean, on the west by a great mountain range, on the north by the River Shribble, and on the south by Archenland.

The economic heart of the country centres on the Great River of Narnia, which crosses the country from the northwest on an east-southeasterly course to the Eastern Ocean. The seat of government is Cair Paravel, at the mouth of the Great River. Other communities along the river include (from east to west):

 Beruna: One of four named towns in the country of Narnia. Beruna grew as a strategic location because of the fords on the Great River that were located there. When Narnia was conquered by the Telmarines, a town was built at the Fords of Beruna and a bridge over the river was constructed. In Prince Caspian, Susan Pevensie and Lucy Pevensie accompany Aslan to the bridge, and Bacchus destroys it at the request of the river-god ("Loose my chains").
 Beaversdam: A community named for the dam in the area built by Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, helped to escort the four Pevensie children (Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy) to the Stone Table to meet Aslan. (LWW) The name kept alive memory of the beavers, though in later times they became extinct in Narnia. The community was likely developed before the Telmarine conquest (unless the Telmarines named it after the "Old Narnian" story of the Pevensies', which is unlikely), but it still existed under the Telmarine rule, and seemed to have hosted a majority of the Telmarine-descent population. At the time when the usurper Miraz purged the aristocracy of anyone who might threaten his rule, two brothers who were the lords of Beaversdam were locked up as "madmen" (PC)
 Chippingford: One of four towns named in the country of Narnia. It is mentioned briefly at the start of The Last Battle when Shift the Ape sends Puzzle the donkey there to buy oranges and bananas. It is a British English name, made up as if derived from the Anglo-Saxon Cēapungford which means "market ford". (LB)

History

Inhabitants

The Kings and Queens of Narnia

Regnal history
While only some kings and queens are named in the book, the custom of Narnians to name sons after fathers, as well as a timeline that Lewis wrote outside of the series proper, helps create a fairly complete list of monarchs in the world of Narnia. This table gives the regnal years of the monarchs, as determined by the timeline and clues in the books themselves.

Titles
When monarchs are installed on the throne of Narnia, they receive the following titles:
 King/Queen of Narnia
 Emperor/Empress of the Lone Islands (first acquired by Gale of Narnia) & Dragon Island
 Lord/Lady of Cair Paravel
 Lord/Lady of Telmar (from Caspian I to Tirian)

They may also receive the following titles:
 Knighthood of the Order of the Lion
 Knighthood of the Order of the Table
 Duke/Duchess of the Lantern Waste
 Duke/Duchess of Galma and the Seven Isles
 Baron/Baroness of Ettinsmoor (acquired by Caspian X)
 Count/Countess of the Western Marches

Narnia and Narni (Italy)
C. S. Lewis took the name from the Italian town of Narni, whose Latin name was in fact Narnia. Concerning Narnia and Narni Roger Lancelyn Green writes about C.S. Lewis and Walter Hooper:

See also
 Outline of Narnia

References

Narnia
Category:Fictional kingdoms


Bridgeville Public Library

Bridgeville Public Library was housed in a historic library building located in Bridgeville, Sussex County, Delaware.  It was built in 1866, and is a 1 1/2-story, three bay, frame structure in the Gothic Revival style. It has a steeply pitched gable roof. There is a one-story gable roofed wing and one-story rear addition. To the front there is a two-story, gable-roofed bell tower and a gable-roofed Colonial Revival open portico. It was originally built to provide a place of worship for the First Presbyterian Church of Bridgeville.  In 1917, the Tuesday Night Club bought the building.  In 1919, the club's Literary Guild organized a circulating library and in 1964, the Tuesday Night Club signed the building over to the Town of Bridgeville for use as a library. The new 13,500 square foot library was opened in 2009.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

References

Category:Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware
Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Delaware
Category:Cultural infrastructure completed in 1866
Category:Buildings and structures in Sussex County, Delaware
Category:1866 establishments in Delaware
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Sussex County, Delaware


Stiomrabhaig

Stiomrabhaig is an abandoned crofter's village on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides.

History
The United Kingdom Census 1851 shows that the village consisted of 16 dwellings and supported a population of 81. By 1858 there were none. Clearances had been well underway in the area during the first half of the 19th century; many of them brutal and uncaring. The residents of Stiomrabhaigh were better placed than most having leases directly with the land owner but when these expired they accepted an offer of crofts in Leumrabhagh.

Lewis was relatively prosperous right up until World War I, which put an end to the herring trade with Russia and Eastern Europe, and in spite of the clearances the increasing population put pressure on land. There were numerous requests to resettle Stiomrabhaigh all of which were resisted by the landowners and it was not until 1921 when Lord Leverhulme abandoned his ambitious plan for Lewis that crofters returned to the township. Even the resettlement was marked with tragedy as two young men were drowned while transporting household goods from Calbost.

These settlers were never officially recognized as crofters by the government; they received no help and no road was built to the township. Given the difficulties of living without facilities over the next twenty years a number of the families drifted back to Leumrabhagh. At the start of World War II only two families remained and by the end of the 1940s Stiomrabhaigh was once again deserted.

Today

Today there is much of the township to be seen; its ruined buildings, lazy beds and field walls standing in splendid isolation between the moor and the sea.

References

External links
RCAHMS Site Record for Stiomrabhaig

Category:Cleared places in the Outer Hebrides


Emrax 228

The Emrax 228 is a Slovenian electric motor for powering electric aircraft and other applications, designed and produced by Emrax d.o.o of Kamnik. The company was formerly called Enstroj and based in Radomlje.

Design and development
The Emrax 228 is a brushless 130 volt design producing a peak of ,  continuous, with an outrunner coil. It has a 98% efficiency. The low working rpm of the engine means that it can turn a propeller at efficient speeds without the need for a reduction drive.

Specifications (Emrax 228)

See also

References

External links

Category:Aircraft electric engines


Arablu, Hamadan

Arablu (, also Romanized as ‘Arablū) is a village in Sangestan Rural District, in the Central District of Hamadan County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 430, in 123 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Hamadan County


Bjoernstadia kasuluensis

Bjoernstadia kasuluensis is a moth in the family Cossidae, and the only species in the genus Bjoernstadia. It is found in the Albertine Rift region of Tanzania.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Category:Metarbelinae


Short Creek (Ohio River)

Short Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a tributary of the Ohio River.

Short Creek was so named on account of its relatively short watercourse.

See also
List of rivers of West Virginia

References

Category:Rivers of Brooke County, West Virginia
Category:Rivers of Marshall County, West Virginia
Category:Rivers of Ohio County, West Virginia
Category:Rivers of West Virginia


Chris Okafor

Chris Okafor (born April 4, 1970 in Benin City, Nigeria), is a Christian minister, televangelist and faith healer. He is leader and founder of Mountain Of Liberation and Miracle Ministry, also known as Liberation City.

Besides his primary spiritual assignment, Okafor works to empower the underprivileged with skills acquisition and scholarship via The Chris Okafor Humanity Foundation. He has received numerous recognitions, notably The Most accurate Seer of the Year.

Okafor is known across Africa through Chris Okafor World Outreach Ministry (COWOM), which has taken the message of liberation to countless homes in crusades and via the Liberation TV.

Publications
 Changing Family Altars and Patterns Volume 1
 Changing Family Altars and Patterns Volume 2
 Dealing with Enemies Behind The Scene
 The Jinx Breaker

References

"Chris Okafor's Foundation empowers 150 Trained artisans with Cash"/ Chikeroonline.com (2015-07-29)

External links
Full Length messages by Dr Chris Okafor/ The Official Liberation City YouTube Channel

Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Faith healers
Category:People from Benin City
Category:Nigerian Christian clergy
Category:Protestant religious leaders
Category:Television evangelists


Yankee Bond

A Yankee Bond is a bond issued by a foreign entity, such as a bank or company, but is issued and traded in the United States and denominated in U.S. dollars. For instance, Company ABC is headquartered in France. If Company ABC issues bonds in the United States that are denominated in U.S. dollars, the bonds are Yankee bonds. Yankee bonds are normally issued in tranches, a large debt structure financing arrangement  into a lot of portion, each portions have different level of risk, interest rates and maturities, and the value of investment grouping might be extremely high, as much as $1 billion. U.S. investors buy Yankee bonds to branch out into overseas markets. Yankee bonds are same with other bonds which will require the borrower to pay a certain interest rate and principal amount according to the terms of the indenture. Yankee Bonds are administered by the Securities Act of 1933. A non-American company will sell bonds in United States to raise capital from American investors. Therefore, the issuers from non-American company have to register Yankee Bonds with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) before offering the bond for sale. Hence, U.S. investors can purchase the securities issued by the foreign entity without worrying about the price fluctuation created by changes in currency exchange rates. Yankee bond prices are mostly influenced by the variations of interest rates in U.S. and the financial condition of the issuer.

Return
If current interest rates in a foreign company’s own country are higher than the comparable bond rates in the United States, investors are able to obtain financing capital at a lower cost. A Yankee bond is issued by a non-United State entity in the United State market. Thus, when the size of United State bond market increases and there is more trading activity by U.S. investors, it will bring higher returns to the issuers. Besides, Yankee bonds have few potential advantages for foreign firms seeking to raise new capital.

Risk
Yankee bond can represent a win-win opportunity for both issuers and investors. According to Bell (2011), the higher credit risk, the higher the yield bonds, this reflects on the Yankee bond risk. Yankee Bonds frequently offer higher yields for U.S. investors to the yields available on comparable, or even lower-rated of bond issues from U.S. issuers. The foreign investors face credit risk and interest rate risk, due to the fact that exchange rates can change quickly and dramatically. Hence, they affects the total return for non-U.S. investors. Yankee bonds avoid from currency risk by issuing in dollars.

Reverse Yankee Bond
Yankee bonds have been a backbone of the U.S. fixed-income market for several decades. Since 2003, a type of bonds called Reverse Yankee Bond emerged in the worldwide market. In general, the Reverse Yankee Bond is a bond, mostly of a higher grade, issued by a U.S. company outside the U.S., and denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar. This bond is governed by Securities Act of 1933, and later on registered under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). U.S. companies issued a record €45 billion of euro-denominated bonds in the first seven months of 2015 by taking the advantage of low pricing relative dollars and Europe’s increasing accessibility to international borrowers. The Trump administration has made clear its aim to change the regulatory landscape for businesses, and if the rumoured end to the tax-deductibility of interest expense on debt becomes reality, it would likely lead to further expansion of the reverse-Yankee market. This is because American firms would be incentivized to issue bonds offshore in much the same way that many currently try to book profits overseas, in order to minimize the tax burden on their onshore profits. There are also three further growth that drives this type of bonds: Globalisation, Currency Volatility and issuing euro-denominated debt.

Reverse Yankee Bond dominate Euro Bond market
Reverse Yankee Bonds enter into European market by foreign issuers, which has emerged for the current year in spite of prosaic name. This is because United State (US) organizations are offering a large and traded into Euro- denominated bonds to reflect diverging monetary policy on either side of the Atlantic. Besides, US bonds yields sitting well over those in the Euro zone, a large number of blue-chip organizations have sold Reverse Yankees bonds to lock in lower borrowing costs. According to (Merkle, 2016), in year 2015 and year 2016 US based issuers issued record volume of Reserve Yankee Bonds to take benefit of low yields in Europe and the disadvantages of the euro. In 2015, the United States was the biggest source of issuers in the Euro bond market. As reported by Dealogic, U.S. backers represented 23% of all euro-designated bond issues in 2016.

References

Category:Bonds in foreign currencies


Shin Young-jun

Shin Young-Jun  (; born 6 September 1989) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a forward for Busan IPark.

External links

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football forwards
Category:South Korean footballers
Category:Jeonnam Dragons players
Category:Pohang Steelers players
Category:Gangwon FC players
Category:Sangju Sangmu FC players
Category:Busan IPark players
Category:Korea National League players
Category:K League 1 players
Category:K League 2 players


Ascot railway station

Ascot railway station serves the town of Ascot in Berkshire, England. It is  down the line from . The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by South Western Railway. It is at the junction of the Waterloo to Reading line with the Ascot to Guildford line.

The station has three tracks and four platform faces. The London-bound track is a single track with platform faces on either side, both of which are called Platform 1. Until some time prior to 2008, both faces could be used to board London-bound trains, but now only the doors on the ticket office side of the train open, possibly due to safety worries relating to the third rail being on the other side or the ability of staff to monitor both sides of departing trains. Platform 2 serves the -bound line, and Platform 3 serves the  line for trains starting and terminating their journeys at Ascot. Where trains are running from London through to Guildford, or vice versa, they use Platform 2. All lines are bi-directional.

History
The Staines, Wokingham and Woking Junction Railway opened the station when it reached Ascot on 4 June 1856. On 9 July the line was extended to . On 18 March 1878 Ascot became a junction when the line towards  was opened. Later the London and South Western Railway took over the SWWJR. In the Grouping of 1923 the L&SWR became part of the Southern Railway, which electrified both lines using a third rail system on 1 January 1939. Under nationalisation in 1948 Ascot station became part of the Southern Region of British Railways.

The L&SWR opened Ascot Race Course Platform or Ascot West in 1922 to serve Ascot Racecourse. BR closed it in 1965.

Ascot had four signal boxes until the 1960s - "A" and "B" boxes controlled the main station, West box controlled the racecourse station and "Drake & Mount's Siding" the carriage sidings east of the station.  The line through the station is now under the control of the panel box at .

When BR sectorised itself in the 1980s, the station was made part of Network SouthEast.

In 1982 a fire severely damaged the station buildings on the "up" (London-bound) side.

Services
Ascot is served by trains between  and  with a basic service every 30 minutes Monday to Sunday (there are more frequent trains in the morning and evening peaks – around 4 per hour). Trains to Aldershot operate every 30 minutes Monday to Saturday and every 60 minutes on Sundays (to Guildford). Most of these trains start or terminate at Ascot, but there are through trains from London Waterloo to Aldershot during Monday to Friday peak periods.

During Royal Ascot week, train services from London Waterloo to Reading through Ascot are significantly increased, with trains running every 15 mins in either direction.

Notes

References

External links

 Station on navigable Ordnance Survey map

Category:Railway stations in Berkshire
Category:Former London and South Western Railway stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 1856
Category:Railway stations served by South Western Railway


French Institute of Administrative Sciences

The French Institute of Administrative Sciences was created in 1947 by René Cassin.
The association was recognized of public utility and is a member of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences. Linked to the French Conseil d'Etat, the president of IFSA is traditionally the vice-president of the Conseil d'Etat.

Description
The French Institute of Administrative Sciences aims at developing administrative law in France.

Since its creation in 1947, the Institute organized numerous conferences and participated to the works of the French doctrine in administrative law.

The Institute has more than 300 members with different backgrounds: high civil servants (French State Councillors, Members of the Supreme financial court, Inspectors), university professors but also representatives of private companies.

The Institute is located in the French Council of State, place du Palais-Royal in Paris.

Activities
The IFSA organizes each year two conferences:
 an actuality conference,
 an historical conference.

Actuality conferences
Here are examples of themes of actuality conferences:
 The theme of the 2009 actuality conference organized by the IFSA is "Public security: partnership between public power and private actors"
 Management delegations in the public service
 France-Télécom-la Poste : new public firms? A new public service?
 The administration of national education
 Administration and new tools to help decision-makers
 Expectations and demands of citizens towards the administration
 State and private firms

Historical conferences
IFSA in partnership with the French Practical School of High Studies organizes each year an historical conference on diverse themes :
 Administration and justice
 State and theater
 State and sport
 State and crime

International activities
IFSA participates actively in the works of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IISA).
A delegation of the IFSA participated for instance in the third international conference of the IISA in Beijing. IFSA also participated in the meeting in Quebec on “General states of public administration.”
In 1998, IFSA organized in Paris the 24th International Congress of administrative sciences on the theme : “citizen and administration.” The Congress took place in Paris in the UNESCO palace.

Board of directors

 President : Jean-Marc Sauvé, vice-president of the French State Council
 Secretary general : Terry Olson, State councillor and delegate for foreign relations in the Council of State
 Treasury : Bruno Rémond, Councillor in the French Financial Supreme Court and teacher in the Paris Institute of political studies  (Sciences Po Paris)

IFSA’s board of directors gathers regularly to give the Institute its main objectives..

Regional sections

At regional scale, IFSA is divided in 8 sections:
 I.F.S.A Languedoc-Roussillon
 I.F.S.A Nord-Pas-de-Calais
 I.F.S.A Picardie
 I.F.S.A Centre-Poitou-Limousin
 I.F.S.A  West Section
 I.F.S.A Rhône-Alpes
 I.F.S.A Est
 I.F.S.A Haute-Normandie

International section
IFSA is the French section of the IISA: International Institute of Administrative Sciences based in Bruxelles.

Links with the French State Council
IFSA’s president is traditionally the vice-president of the French Council of State.

Famous members
 Renaud Denoix de Saint Marc, former president of IFSA, former vice-president of the French State Council, member of the French Constitutional Council
 Franck Moderne, famous French law teacher
 Jacqueline Morand-Deviller, famous law teacher in Sorbonne, author of Lessons of administrative law .
 Anicet Le Pors, former secretary of State
 Roland Drago, famous French law teacher

Publications
 The administrative judge and Europe: Dialogue of judges, proceedings of the conference  for the 50th anniversary of administrative tribunals by IFSA and Henri Oberdorff et Boleslaw Lukaszewicz, January 2004
 Renawal and land settlement, by IFSA and Jacques Fialaire, January 2002
 Public service and social link by IFSA and   Severine Decreton, January 1999
 The administrative judge at the beginning of the 21st century: proceedings of the conference for the 40th anniversary of administrative tribunals, conference organized the 11th and 12 March 1994 by IFSA, Henri Oberdorff, Guy Gardavaud Book - January 1995
 International juridical cooperation: sixth national day of law by IFSA and the National Association of law studies (France, January 1994)
 The administration of national education by IFSA, January 1992
 Decision making in the national education by IFSA and Gerard Marcou, Claude Durand-Prinborgne, Jean-Paul Costa, January 1992
 Evolution of relationships between the administration and citizens by IFSA and Celine Wiener, January 1991
 Rationality, Efficiency, and Productivity: Concepts and Applicability in Public Administration of Developing Countries by l'UNESCO and IFSA, Sathaban Bandit Phatthanaborihansat, Juree Namsirichai Vichit-Vadakan, Francois Poulin, January 1989
 State’s budget by IFSA, January 1988

See also
 Administrative law

References

External links
 The official website of the French Institute of Administrative Sciences
 Website of the IISA : International Institute of Administrative Sciences

Category:French administrative law
Category:Legal research institutes
Category:French public law


Berengar of Berga

Berengar () (died 1093), the third son of Wilfred II of Cerdanya and Guisla, was the count of Berga in 1050 from the death of his brother Bernard I until he renounced the county later the same year to become bishop of Girona until his death. The county passed to his elders brother Raymond I of Cerdanya.

Category:11th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:1093 deaths
Category:Year of birth unknown


Three Tough Guys

Three Tough Guys (also known as Tough Guys) is a 1974 crime-action film directed by Duccio Tessari.   It may be regarded as an example of the Blaxploitation genre.  It stars Lino Ventura, Fred Williamson and Isaac Hayes, who also composed the soundtrack. It is a coproduction between United States, Italy (where it was released Uomini duri) and France (where is known as Les Durs). The film was shot in Chicago.

Plot
Roman Catholic priest Father Charlie and former police officer Lee solve a bank robbery mystery that stretches across the city. After Lee is removed from the force due to $1,000,000 being stolen from the bank, Father Charlie helps him to gain revenge for the loss of one of his friends.

Cast
Lino Ventura - Father Charlie
Isaac Hayes - Lee
Fred Williamson - Joe Snake
Paula Kelly - Fay
William Berger - Captain Ryan
Vittorio Sanipoli - Mike Petralia
Lorella De Luca - Anne Lombardo
Mario Erpichini - Gene Lombardo
Jess Hahn - The Bartender
Jacques Herlin - Mike Petralia
Guido Leontini - Sgt. Sam
Luciano Salce - The bishop
Nazzareno Zamperla as Snake's henchman

Production
Three Tough Guys was filmed as Vasca Navale in Rome and on location in Chicago between September 4 and October 1973. The film was Isaac Hayes' acting debut.

Release
Three Tough Guys opened in New York on March 15, 1974. was released in France under the title Les durs on May 29, 1974. It was released in Italy under the title Uomini duri where it was distributed by Titanus. It grossed a total of 761.271 million Italian lire. Italian film historian and critic Roberto Curti said this gross was "moderate, but not outstanding success" as it had grossed less than half of Enzo G. Castellari's Street Law.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed, conducted and performed by Isaac Hayes, with string arrangements performed by the Memphis Symphony Orchestra and rhythm tracks performed by Isaac Hayes' band, The Movement.  The original LP record, Tough Guys, was released by Enterprise Records, an imprint of Stax Records.

The main theme of Three Tough Guys would be used in Quentin Tarantino's Kill Bill Vol. 2. “Hung Up on My Baby” was sampled for the Geto Boys song Mind Playing Tricks on Me.

Original Track listing
Side one
 "Title Theme" - 2:32
 "Randolph & Dearborn" - 4:24
 "The Red Rooster" - 4:04
 "Joe Bell" - 4:57

Side two
 "Hung Up On My Baby" - 6:15
 "Kidnapped" - 2:40
 "Run Fay Run" - 2:45
 "Buns O' Plenty" - 4:37
 "The End Theme" - 1:13

Notes

References

External links

Category:1974 films
Category:1970s buddy films
Category:1970s crime action films
Category: Blaxploitation films
Category:Films about Catholic priests
Category:Films directed by Duccio Tessari
Category:Films produced by Dino De Laurentiis
Category:Films set in Chicago
Category:Italian films
Category:Italian action films
Category:Italian buddy films
Category:French films
Category:English-language French films
Category:Isaac Hayes soundtracks
Category:Stax Records albums
Category:Films scored by Isaac Hayes
Category:French crime action films
Category:French buddy films
Category:Titanus films


Thermal paper

Thermal paper (sometimes referred to as an audit roll) is a special fine paper that is coated with a material formulated to change color when exposed to heat. It is used in thermal printers, particularly in inexpensive or lightweight devices such as adding machines, cash registers, and credit card terminals.

The surface of the paper is coated with a solid-state mixture of dye and a suitable matrix; a combination of a fluoran leuco dye for example. When the matrix is heated above its melting point, the dye reacts with the acid, shifts to its colored form, and the changed form is then conserved in a metastable state when the matrix solidifies back quickly enough. The reactant acid in thermal paper is often bisphenol A (BPA).

Usually, the coating will turn black when heated, but coatings that turn blue or red are sometimes used. While an open heat source, such as a flame, can discolor the paper, a fingernail swiped quickly across the paper will also generate enough heat from friction to produce a mark.

Multicolor thermal paper first became available in 1993 with the introduction of the Fuji Thermo-Autochrome (TA) system. This was followed in 2007 by Polaroid's development of the Zink ("zero-ink") system. Both of these methods rely on multi-layer coatings with three separate colorizing layers, with different methods used for independent activation of each layer.

History
The earliest direct thermal papers were developed by NCR Corporation (using dye chemistry) and 3M (using metallic salts). The NCR technology became the market leader over time, although the image would fade rather rapidly compared with the much more expensive, but durable 3M technology.

Texas Instruments invented the thermal print head in 1965, and the Silent 700, a computer terminal with a thermal printer, was released in the market in 1969. The Silent 700 was the first thermal print system that printed on thermal paper. During the 1970s, Hewlett-Packard integrated thermal paper printers into the design of its HP9800 series desktop computers, and integrated it into the top of the 2600-series CRT terminals as well as in plotters.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, Japanese producers (such as Ricoh, Jujo, and Kanzaki), using similar dye-based chemistry, formed partnerships with barcode printer manufacturers (such as TEC, Sato, and others) and entered the emerging global bar code industry, primarily in supermarkets. U.S. producers such as Appleton (NCR's licensee), Nashua Corporation, Graphic Controls, and others fought to gain market share. Leading pressure-sensitive label producers such as Avery Dennison became major consumers of direct thermal paper for label applications.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, thermal transfer, laser printing, electrophotography, and, to a lesser extent, ink jet printing began to take away industrial and warehouse barcode applications due to better durability.  Direct thermal made a strong comeback with point of sale receipts (gasoline pumps, cash registers, rental car receipts, etc.).

During 1998, Nintendo used thermal paper technology for their Game Boy Printer.

In 2006, NCR Corporation's Systemedia division introduced two-sided thermal printing technology, called "2ST".

Chemistry
Four different types of imaging chemicals are used in thermally sensitive papers: leuco dyes, developers, sensitizers and stabilizers.

Leuco dyes
The leuco dyes used in direct thermal paper are usually triaryl methane phthalide dyes, such as Yamamoto Blue 4450, or fluoran dyes, such as Pergascript Black 2C. A third widely used leuco dye is Crystal violet lactone. Red or magenta color can be achieved with dyes such as Yamamoto Red 40. Yellow can be produced by the protonation of a triaryl pyridine, such as Copikem Yellow 37.  These dyes have a colorless leuco form when crystalline or when in a pH neutral environment, but become colored when dissolved in a melt and exposed to an acidic environment.

Developers
Leuco dyes, in general, provide little color when melted unless they are melted in conjunction with one or more organic acids.  Examples of organic acids suitable for thermochromic papers are phenols such as Bisphenol A (BPA) and Bisphenol S (BPS). Other suitable acidic materials are sulfonyl ureas such as BTUM and Pergafast 201. Zinc salts of substituted salicylic acids, such as zinc di-tert-butylsalicylate have also been commercially used as developers.

Sensitizers
A leuco dye and a developer, when melted together, are enough to produce color. However, the thermal threshold of the coated layer containing the colorizing components is determined by the lowest melting component of the layer. Furthermore, developers and leuco dyes often mix poorly upon melting.  To optimize the colorization temperature and to facilitate mixing, a third chemical called a sensitizer is commonly added to the imaging layer. Sensitizers are commonly simple ether molecules such as 1,2-bis-(3-methylphenoxy)ethane or 2-benzyloxynapthalene. These two materials melt at approximately 100C, which is a practical lower limit for thermal coloration. These low-cost ethers are excellent low viscosity solvents for leuco dyes and developers, and this facilitates color formation at a well-defined temperature and with minimum energy input.

Stabilizers
Dyes in thermally sensitive paper are often unstable and return to their original colorless, crystalline forms when stored in hot or humid conditions.  To stabilize the metastable glass formed by the leuco dye, developer and sensitizer, a fourth type of material called a stabilizer is often added to thermal papers.  Stabilizers often share similarities with developers and are often complex multifunctional phenols that inhibit recrystallization of the dye and developer, thereby stabilizing the printed image.

Multicolored papers

Zink
In the early 2000s, Polaroid developed the Zink "zero-ink" technology.  The paper is used in compact photo printers. It has several layers: a backing layer with optional pressure sensitive adhesive, heat-sensitive layers with cyan, magenta and yellow pigments in colorless form, and overcoat. Zink technology allows the printing of full-color images in a single pass without requiring ink cartridges.

The color addressing is achieved by controlling the heat pulse length and intensity.

The color-forming layers contain colorless crystals of amorphochromic dyes. These dyes form microcrystals of their colorless tautomers, which convert to the colored form by melting and retain color after resolidification.

The yellow layer is the topmost one, sensitive to short heat pulses of high temperature. The magenta layer is in the middle, sensitive to longer pulses of moderate temperature. The cyan layer is at the bottom, sensitive to long pulses of low temperature. The layers are separated by thin interlayers, acting as heat insulation, moderating the heat throughput.

Protective coating
Most direct thermal papers require a protective top-coating to:
 reduce fading of the thermal image caused by exposure to UV light, water, oils, grease, lard, fats, plasticizers, and similar causes
 reduce print head wear
 reduce or eliminate residue from the thermal coating on the thermal print heads
 provide better anchorage of flexographic printing inks applied to the thermal paper
 focus the heat from the thermal print head on the active coating.

Health and environmental concerns
Some thermal papers are coated with BPA, a chemical considered to be an endocrine disruptor.  This material can contaminate recycled paper. BPA can transfer readily to the skin in small amounts:

The chemical bisphenol A (BPA) is used for thermal paper coatings because of its stability and heat-resistance. This allows inkless printing for receipts from cash registers. People who often are in contact with BPA coated receipts do have a higher level of BPA in their bodies than people with average contact. Therefore, the New York Suffolk County signed a resolution to ban BPA in thermal receipt papers. Violation of this new law, the "Safer Sales Slip Act", involves a US$500 penalty. The law became effective beginning January 3, 2014.

Recently, bisphenol S (BPS), an analog of BPA that has been shown to have similar in vitro estrogenic activity to BPA, has been used in thermal paper coatings. The recycling of thermal paper coated with BPS can introduce BPS into the cycle of paper production and cause BPS contamination of other types of paper products.

References

External links
 Texas Instruments-Computers & Software and Industrial Controls
 Silent 700 Electronic Data Terminals, 1976(PDF)
 2ST Two-Sided Thermal Printing National Cash Register

Category:Coated paper


Aditya Bhushan Pant

Aditya Bhushan Pant is an Indian toxicologist, neurobiologist and a scientist at the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research. He is known for his studies in the fields of developmental toxicology, in vitro experiments as well as pesticides and is a member of the Neurobiology Task force of the Department of Biotechnology. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles has listed 121 of them. Besides, he has contributed chapters to books published by others and is an associate editor of the Annals of Neurosciences journal of the Indian Academy of Neurosciences. He is a recipient fof the  Shakuntala Amir Chand Prize of the Indian Council of Medical Research in 2007. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2012.

Selected bibliography

Chapters

Articles

See also

 Apoptosis
 Omentum

Notes

References

External links

Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients
Category:Indian scientific authors
Category:Living people
Category:Indian medical researchers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Indian toxicologists
Category:Indian neuroscientists
Category:Scientists from Lucknow


Multivariate analysis of variance

In statistics, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is a procedure for comparing multivariate sample means. As a multivariate procedure, it is used when there are two or more dependent variables, and is often followed by significance tests involving individual dependent variables separately.

Relationship with ANOVA
MANOVA is a generalized form of univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), although, unlike univariate ANOVA, it uses the covariance between outcome variables in testing the statistical significance of the mean differences.

Where sums of squares appear in univariate analysis of variance, in multivariate analysis of variance certain positive-definite matrices appear.  The diagonal entries are the same kinds of sums of squares that appear in univariate ANOVA.  The off-diagonal entries are corresponding sums of products.  Under normality assumptions about error distributions, the counterpart of the sum of squares due to error has a Wishart distribution.

MANOVA is based on the product of model variance matrix,  and inverse of the error variance matrix, , or .  The hypothesis that  implies that the product .  Invariance considerations imply the MANOVA statistic should be a measure of magnitude of the singular value decomposition of this matrix product, but there is no unique choice owing to the multi-dimensional nature of the alternative hypothesis.

The most common  statistics are summaries based on the roots (or eigenvalues)  of the  matrix:
 Samuel Stanley Wilks'  distributed as lambda (Λ)
 the Pillai-M. S. Bartlett trace,
 the Lawley-Hotelling trace,
 Roy's greatest root (also called Roy's largest root),

Discussion continues over the merits of each, although the greatest root leads only to a bound on significance which is not generally of practical interest. A further complication is that, except for the Roy's greatest root, the distribution of these statistics under the null hypothesis is not straightforward and can only be approximated except in a few low-dimensional cases.
An algorithm for the distribution of the Roy's largest root under the null hypothesis was derived in  while the distribution under the alternative is studied in.

The best-known approximation for Wilks' lambda was derived by C. R. Rao.

In the case of two groups, all the statistics are equivalent and the test reduces to Hotelling's T-square.

Correlation of dependent variables
MANOVA's power is affected by the correlations of the dependent variables and by the effect sizes associated with those variables. For example, when there are two groups and two dependent variables, MANOVA's power is lowest when the correlation equals the ratio of the smaller to the larger standardized effect size.

See also
Discriminant function analysis
Repeated measures design
Canonical correlation analysis

References

External links

 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) by Aaron French, Marcelo Macedo, John Poulsen, Tyler Waterson and Angela Yu, San Francisco State University

Category:Analysis of variance
Category:Design of experiments


U-12 Baseball World Cup

The U-12 Baseball World Cup is the under-12 baseball world championship sanctioned by the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) and its predecessor the International Baseball Federation (IBAF), and is the most elite and highest level of competition in its age category. The U-12 Baseball World Championship is scheduled to be held every two years and launched in 2011 in Taipei, Taiwan as the "12U Baseball World Championship".

Unlike other youth international competitions like the Little League World Series, which involve local clubs, the U-12 Baseball World Cup is the only global event across baseball—and all of sport—to feature national teams in this age group (11 to 12 years-old).

The U-12 Baseball World Cup is played under the IBAF's International Rules. Dimensions of regulation U-12 Baseball World Cup ballparks (distance to the outfield fence, pitching mound, base paths, etc.) are significantly increased compared to local youth leagues, due to the superior nature and strength of the players involved.

Because the U-12 Baseball World Cup is considered a "world championship" event, the results of the tournaments affect the IBAF World Rankings.

The inaugural tournament took place in July 2011 and was won by its host Chinese Taipei. The tournament was slated to include 13 national teams and crowned the first ever world champion. Through this tournament, the IBAF looked to assume a leadership position for this age bracket in conjunction with major youth baseball organizations to further develop and promote baseball across the world. The tournament was hosted in Taipei City, one of the prominent tournament venues for international competitions.

Results

1Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, due to complicated relations with People's Republic of China, is recognized by the name Chinese Taipei by most of the international organizations. For more information, please see Cross-Strait relations.

Medal table

See also
Baseball awards#World

under
Category:Youth baseball competitions
Category:World youth sports competitions
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2011


Bidentalia

Bidentalia is a group of dicynodont therapsids. Bidentalia was one of the first names used to describe dicynodonts; the group was established in 1876, while the name "bidentals" dates back as far as 1845. With the increasing prominence of phylogenetics, the group was redefined as a clade in 2009. Bidentalia is now considered a stem-based taxon that includes all taxa more closely related to Aulacephalodon bainii and Dicynodon lacerticeps than Emydops arctatus.

History
In 1845, South African geologist Andrew Geddes Bain described the first known dicynodonts as "bidentals" for their two prominent tusks. "Bidental" was the first name ever used for a group of non-mammalian synapsids. The name Dicynodontia, which is more commonly used to refer to these animals, was erected by English paleontologist Richard Owen in 1860. Realizing that Bain's "bidentals" predated his "dicynodonts", Owen named Bidentalia in 1876 as a replacement name for Dicynodontia. Owen described Bidentalia as reptiles with "a long ever-growing tusk in each maxillary; premaxillaries connate, forming with the lower jaw a beak-shaped mouth, probably sheathed with horn. Sacrum of more than two vertebrae; trunk-vertebrae amphicoelian; limbs ambulatory." At this time, Bidentalia included three main species: Dicynodon lacerticeps, Dicynodon bainii, and Ptychognathus declivis. The two Dicynodon species were named in 1845, just before Bain described his bidentals. Ptychognathus was named in 1859, and is now called Lystrosaurus. In the following years Dicynodontia became the preferred name for these reptiles and Bidentalia quickly fell out of use.

Bidentalia was reinstated as a clade in 2009. It was used to include all therochelonians more closely related to Dicynodon than to emydopoids (a group of more basal dicynodonts). As a clade, Bidentalia forms a more inclusive group than it did under Owen's use. Owen's Bidentalia was equivalent to Dicynodontia, which today is used as a much larger group encompassing all dicynodonts. In its current use, Bidentalia includes two major subgroups, Cryptodontia and Dicynodontoidea.

Evolution

Bidentalia originated in the Guadalupian epoch of the Permian and quickly spread worldwide, with early species known from both Brazil and Russia. However, they were conspicuously absent from Africa despite its well-known Permian fauna until the late Permian. The oldest and most basal known bidentalian is Rastodon.

Phylogeny

Bidentalia is divided into two major groups, the Cryptodontia and the Dicynodontoidea, as well as a small number of basal genera such as Elph and Rastodon However, the Cryptodontia may be paraphyletic. Below is a cladogram showing the phylogeny of Bidentalia from a recent study, Kammerer et al. (2011):

References

Category:Dicynodonts
Category:Guadalupian first appearances
Category:Early Cretaceous extinctions


Thet

Thet Oo Maung may refer to:

 Thet people, a Burmese  people from Myanmar
 Eth, a letter (Ð, ð)
 River Thet, a river in Norfolk, England


(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World

"(How Does it Feel to Be) on Top of the World" is a song by the British supergroup England United – formed by Echo and the Bunnymen, Ocean Colour Scene, Space and the Spice Girls. The song was written by Echo and the Bunnymen frontman Ian McCulloch and Johnny Marr and released as official theme of the England national football team for the 1998 World Cup. According to Official Charts Company the single has sold a total of 94,000 copies.

Background and release
In 1998 Universal Music Group and the UEFA European Championship called a group of artists to record the official theme of the England national football team for the 1998 World Cup. The supergroup, credited as England United, was formed by the Spice Girls, Echo and the Bunnymen, Space and Ocean Colour Scene. The song was the final single by the Spice Girls released with Geri Halliwell's vocals, until the group's reunion in 2007.  It was overshadowed however by "Three Lions 98" and "Vindaloo". It was released on 2 CD single formats on the same day, the first featuring the standard versions of the song, including an instrumental. The second featuring remixes by Perfecto and an alternative instrumental version. The sleeve designs were of the white home kit (CD1) and the away red kit (CD2).

Reception
Although the song was a substantial chart hit in the UK, peaking at #9, critical reception to the song was largely negative. Chris Evans was quoted as saying: "It is a good pop song, but you can't sing it on the terraces. You can't really get your teeth into the lyrics." Charlie Porter in The Times said that it was "a snivelling apology for an official song" that "washes over you". Matthew Wright, writing in The Daily Mirror quoted footballers Ian Wright and Rio Ferdinand describing it as "bollocks" and "rubbish" respectively. In 2006 Guardian readers voted it the second worst England football song ever, after 1982's "This Time (We'll Get It Right)". BBC reporter Mark Savage describes the song as "clumsy and boring". When it was played at Wembley Stadium, it was booed by fans.

Live performances
The song was first performed on TFI Friday. It was also performed on Top of the Pops on 5 June 1998.

Music video
An official music video was released featuring footballers of the National Team, including David Beckham, Ian Wright and Rio Ferdinand.

Track listing
CD one / Cassette
 "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World" – 4:50
 "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World (Instrumental)" – 4:47

CD two
 "(How Does It Feel To Be) On Top Of The World (Perfecto Edit)"
 "(How Does It Feel To Be) On Top Of The World (Perfecto Remix)" – 6:00
 "(How Does It Feel To Be) On Top Of The World (Match Of The Day Instrumental)"

CD (International)
 "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World (Radio Edit)" – 4:31
 "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World" – 4:50
 "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World (Instrumental)" – 4:47

Charts

References

Category:England national football team songs
Category:1998 singles
Category:Songs written by Ian McCulloch (singer)
Category:Songs written by Johnny Marr
Category:Echo & the Bunnymen songs
Category:Spice Girls songs
Category:Space (English band) songs
Category:Ocean Colour Scene songs
Category:Football songs and chants
Category:1998 songs
Category:England at the 1998 FIFA World Cup


Olga FitzRoy

Olga Fitzroy is a recording and mix engineer at Associated Independent Recording (AIR) studios and campaigner for shared parental leave and fair pay.

Education
Fitzroy was born in Berlin and educated at a Madras College in  St Andrews, Scotland. She initially wanted to be a drummer in a punk rock band, but completed a Tonmeister degree at the University of Surrey which included a placement as a runner at Associated Independent Recording (AIR) studios.

Career
Fitzroy works for Associated Independent Recording (AIR) studios in Hampstead, London. She has worked with George Michael, Paul McCartney on the Love album, Chris Martin from Coldplay, Dave Grohl from the Foo Fighters, Matt Bellamy from Muse and Hans Zimmer. She has mixed music for the London 2012 Olympics.  her recent projects include The Crown, Ghost Stories by Coldplay and Doctor Who seasons 11 & 12. She has served as a member of the board of directors of the Music Producers Guild (MPG).

Campaigning
Fitzroy stood as prospective parliamentary candidate for the Labour party in Croydon South in the 2019 General Election against the winning conservative incumbent Chris Philp.
She is the founder of Parental Pay Equality and co-founder of Pregnant Then Screwed.

Awards and honours
Fitzroy was named recording engineer of the year at the Music Producers Guild (MPG) awards in 2016. She was recognised by the BBC on Woman's Hour power list in 2018 for her successful campaign for shared parental leave and maternity allowance for self-employed and freelance staff. Fitzroy won the 2019 campaigner of the year award at Music Week's women in music awards.

References

Category:Alumni of the University of Surrey
Category:People educated at Madras College
Category:People from Berlin
Category:People from Glasgow
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates


Active Shipbuilding Experts' Federation

The Active Shipbuilding Experts' Federation (ASEF) is an international non-governmental organization. ASEF's purpose is to cotriburte sound development of international maritime transportation and further enhancement of the world maritime safety, marine environment protection and maritimesecurity, through communication and cooperation among the shipbuilding industry on thchnical agenda especially in International Maritime Organaization(IMO). ASEF's activities cover matters in relation to newbuilding ships as well as repair conversions, offshore units.

Members
ASEF has 10 members. which are constructiong more than 90% of global share of new ship deliveries. ASEF's members are national shipbuilders' associations or a major shipbuilder in the absence of an association.
 China Association of the National Shipbuilding Industry (CANSI)
 Shipyard Association of India (SAI)
 Indonesia Shipbuilding and Offshore Industry Association (IPERINDO)
 The Shipbuilders' Association of Japan (SAJ)
 Korea Offshore & Shipbuilding Association (KOSHIPA)
 Association of Marine Industries of Malaysia (AMIM)
 Colombo Dockyard PLC (CDPLC in Sri Lanka)
 Thai Shipbuilding and Repairing Association (TSBA)
 Turkish Shipbuilders' Association (GISBIR)
 Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (SBIC in Vietnam)

Notes and references

External links
 Active Shipbuilding Experts' Federation

Category:Marine engineering organizations
Category:Organizations based in Seoul


Stilling

Stilling is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Benedict Stilling (1810–1879), German anatomist and surgeon
Harald Conrad Stilling (1815–1891), Danish architect
Jakob Stilling (1842–1915), German ophthalmologist

See also
Viggo Stilling-Andersen (1893–1967), Danish fencer
Stillings
Global terrestrial stilling


Amazing (Francesca Michielin song)

"Amazing" is a song performed by Italian singer Francesca Michielin. The song was released as a digital download on 28 March 2014 through Sony Music Entertainment Italy. The song peaked to number 74 on the Italian Singles Chart. The song, entirely composed in English was written by Michielin with Fausto Cogliati and Negin Djafari for the Italian version of the soundtrack of The Amazing Spider-Man 2.

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Amazing" was first released onto YouTube on 11 April 2014 at a total length of three minutes and forty-five seconds.

Track listing

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Release history

References

Category:2014 songs
Category:2014 singles
Category:Francesca Michielin songs
Category:Songs written for films
Category:Songs written for animated films
Category:Songs from Spider-Man films


Watertown Municipal Airport

Watertown Municipal Airport may refer to:

 Watertown Municipal Airport (Wisconsin) in Watertown, Wisconsin, United States (FAA: RYV)
 Watertown Regional Airport (formerly Watertown Municipal) in Watertown, South Dakota, United States (FAA: ATY)

See also
 Watertown Airport (disambiguation)


Art doll

Art dolls are objects of art, rather than children's toys, created in a wide variety of styles and media, and may include both pre-manufactured parts or wholly original works.

History
Art dolls production demand a wide range of skills and technologies, including sculpting, painting, and costuming. They are often multimedia objects made from materials such as fabric, paperclay, polymer clay, wax, wood, porcelain, natural or synthetic hair, yarn, wool, and felt. As works of art, art dolls can take weeks or months to finish.

One-Of-A-Kind (OOAK) art dolls may command prices in the thousands of dollars; publications featuring established and emerging doll artists support collection, and artist groups, such as the National Institute of American Doll Artists, promote the art form. Art Doll Quarterly by Stampington & Company is one example of a print publication exclusively dedicated to engaging doll artists and collectors.

There is an entire industry related to the mediums used in creating art dolls. Sculpting from clay is very prevalent. There are many varieties including air-dry, polymer clay, modeling clay to paperclay. Some top brands include ProSculpt, Sculpey, La Doll, and Creative Paperclay.

Selected examples
2008's Melbourne Fringe Festival featured the work of Rachel Hughes and curator Sayraphim Lothian, amongst others. The elaborate ball-jointed ceramic dolls of Marina Bychkova fetch prices from $5,000 to $45,000, and are collected by the likes of Louis Vuitton designers. In 2010, Facebook banned images of an art doll by Bychkova posted by Sydney jeweller Victoria Buckley; included were images of a semi-naked doll used to display jewellery in her shop window. In 2014 celebrity repaint doll artist, Noel Cruz, repainted a Barbie in the likeness of Jennifer Lawrence’s character from  The Hunger Games that sold at auction on eBay for $2,500. Eco-designer, Ryan Jude Novelline, created a commemorative art doll from a vintage Barbie recognizing  marriage equality in the United States in June 2015.

References

See also

 Hans Bellmer
 Repaint
 OOAK

External links
 National Institute of American Doll Artists
 Art Dolls Only
 Original Doll Artists Council of America
 Art Doll Quarterly
 OOAK Doll Art

Category:Dolls


John Kosmina

Alexander John Kosmina (born 17 August 1956), known as John Kosmina, is an Australian former football (soccer) player and manager, who is currently the Senior Coach of the Brisbane City club. He is a member of the Football Federation Australia Football Hall of Fame.

Club career
Kosmina is of Polish Australian ethnicity. He played for Polonia and then West Adelaide, before signing for English side Arsenal in February 1978. However, he only played one first-team league game for the Gunners (as a substitute against Leeds United on 19 August 1978), along with 3 appearances (2 as a substitute) in that season's UEFA cup. As of 2017, he's the only Australian to represent Arsenal. He returned to Australia in May 1979.

On his return, he went on to become one of the National Soccer League's most prolific scorers, with stints at Adelaide City, West Adelaide (for a second time), Sydney City, Sydney Olympic and A.P.I.A. Leichhardt Tigers before retiring in 1989. The most successful of these was with Sydney City, being part of their 1981 and 1982 championship winning teams, as well as being the league's top scorer in 1982.

Managerial career
After retiring, he began coaching the Warringah Dolphins in the New South Wales state leagues, before coaching NSL side Newcastle Breakers, followed by a stint at the Brisbane Strikers. Both stints were largely unsuccessful, his sides reaching the finals only once.

Adelaide United

In 2003, he became the inaugural coach of Adelaide United. Kosmina coached United to an impressive 3rd in the final season of the NSL. Maintaining his job for the inaugural season of the A-League, Kosmina led his side to the Minor Premiership but a poor finals series saw them finish 3rd overall. The next season saw mixed results for Kosmina and Adelaide United.

Finishing 2nd on the table behind Melbourne Victory, Adelaide managed to reach the grand final, only to be thrashed 6–0. Kosmina's criticism of the refereeing of that match, coupled with the devastating loss and a touchline ban earlier during the season for a scuffle with Victory captain Kevin Muscat, saw him forced to resign by the Adelaide board.

He was then appointed by Socceroos coach Graham Arnold as his assistant for the 2007 Asian Cup.

Sydney FC

After the sacking of Branko Culina by the Sydney Football Club Board, Kosmina was confirmed on 24 October 2007 as the new Sydney FC coach. Since signing with Sydney FC Kosmina made an immediate impact; winning his first game with Sydney 3–2 against rivals Central Coast Mariners at the Sydney Football Stadium.

Sydney FC beat the LA Galaxy 5–3 at Sydney's Telstra Stadium in a friendly, and also won a thrilling 5–4 victory against the Central Coast Mariners at Bluetongue Stadium. Following Sydney FC's poor run in the 2008/2009 season (missing the finals for the first time), John Kosmina had his contract terminated in late January 2009.

Adelaide Raiders
He was announced the manager of the Adelaide Raiders, a semi-professional club playing in the FFSA Super League. On 1 September 2011, it was announced he had signed as senior coach of FFSA Super League club Croydon Kings after more than 35 years away from the club. It was announced on 18 December 2011 that Croydon Kings had agreed to released Kosmina from his coaching contract so he could accept the Adelaide United manager position.

Return to Adelaide United
On 18 December 2011 he signed as caretaker coach with Adelaide United for the remainder of the 2011–12 A-League season. On 22 March 2012 it was announced he had signed a one-year contract with the club to stay on for the 2012–13 A-League season. On 28 January 2013 he stood down as manager of Adelaide United, citing a lack of trust at the club.

Brisbane City
In August 2015, Kosmina was appointed senior coach and football leader at National Premier Leagues Queensland club Brisbane City, signing a three-year contract. In November 2018, it was announced that he would join the coaching staff at St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, taking responsibility for the Open First and Second XI teams, as well as the Year 10 and 11 teams, as part of a partnership between the college and Brisbane City.

Media
He occasionally appears on Fox Sports as a commentator and football analyst. Kosmina co-hosts a weekly Internet television show about football on Australia Live TV with Ross Aloisi, Two Up Front and the episodes are on AustraliaLiveTV.com.

International goals
Scores and results list goal tally first.

Honours

Player
Sydney City
NSL Championship: 1981, 1982
NSL Cup: 1986

Individual
 FFA Hall of Fame: 1999
 NSL Top Scorer: 1982
 NSL Under 21 Player of the Year: 1977

Manager
Adelaide United
A-League Premiership: 2005–2006

Kosmina Street in the Sydney suburb of Glenwood is named for him.

John Kosmina Medal

The award given to the player of the match in the National Premier Leagues  Grand Final each year is named in his honour.

References

External links
 FFA – Hall of Fame profile
 Sydney FC profile
 Oz Football profile
 Two Up Front

Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Adelaide
Category:Australian people of Polish descent
Category:Australian soccer players
Category:Australian expatriate soccer players
Category:Australia international soccer players
Category:Olympic soccer players of Australia
Category:Footballers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Australian soccer coaches
Category:Football Federation Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Croydon Kings players
Category:West Adelaide SC players
Category:Arsenal F.C. players
Category:Sydney Olympic FC players
Category:Adelaide United FC managers
Category:Sydney FC managers
Category:National Soccer League (Australia) players
Category:Sutherland Sharks FC players
Category:A-League managers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Hakoah Sydney City East FC players


Walter Krüger

Walter Krüger may refer to:

Walter Krueger (1881–1967), United States Army general  during World War II and military historian
Walter Krüger (architect) (1888–1971), German builder of public monuments, including Tannenberg Memorial
Walter Krüger (SS general) (1890–1945), German SS officer and military commander during World War II
Walter Krüger (Heer general) (1892–1973), German military commander during World War II; leader of Panzer division
Walter Krüger (athlete) (born 1930), German track and field athlete

See also
Kruger


Lambertian reflectance

Lambertian reflectance is the property that defines an ideal "matte" or diffusely reflecting surface. The apparent brightness of a Lambertian surface to an observer is the same regardless of the observer's angle of view. More technically, the surface's luminance is isotropic, and the luminous intensity obeys Lambert's cosine law. Lambertian reflectance is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert, who introduced the concept of perfect diffusion in his 1760 book Photometria.

Examples
Unfinished wood exhibits roughly Lambertian reflectance, but wood finished with a glossy coat of polyurethane does not, since the glossy coating creates specular highlights. Freshly fallen snow and charcoal are approximately Lambertian surfaces of high and low reflectance respectively. Though not all rough surfaces are Lambertian, this is often a good approximation, and is frequently used when the characteristics of the surface are unknown.

Spectralon is a material which is designed to exhibit an almost perfect Lambertian reflectance.

Use in computer graphics

In computer graphics, Lambertian reflection is often used as a model for diffuse reflection. This technique causes all closed polygons (such as a triangle within a 3D mesh) to reflect light equally in all directions when rendered. In effect, a point rotated around its normal vector will not change the way it reflects light. However, the point will change the way it reflects light if it is tilted away from its initial normal vector since the area is illuminated by a smaller fraction of the incident radiation. The reflection is calculated by taking the dot product of the surface's normal vector, , and a normalized light-direction vector, , pointing from the surface to the light source. This number is then multiplied by the color of the surface and the intensity of the light hitting the surface:

,

where  is the intensity of the diffusely reflected light (surface brightness),  is the color and  is the intensity of the incoming light. Because

,

where  is the angle between the directions of the two vectors, the intensity will be the highest if the normal vector points in the same direction as the light vector (, the surface will be perpendicular to the direction of the light), and the lowest if the normal vector is perpendicular to the light vector (, the surface runs parallel with the direction of the light).

Lambertian reflection from polished surfaces are typically accompanied by specular reflection (gloss), where the surface luminance is highest when the observer is situated at the perfect reflection direction (i.e. where the direction of the reflected light is a reflection of the direction of the incident light in the surface), and falls off sharply. This is simulated in computer graphics with various specular reflection models such as Phong, Cook-Torrance. etc.

Other waves

While Lambertian reflectance usually refers to the reflection of light by an object, it can be used to refer to the reflection of any wave.  For example, in ultrasound imaging, "rough" tissues are said to exhibit Lambertian reflectance.

See also
 List of common shading algorithms
 Gamma correction

References

Category:Radiometry
Category:Photometry
Category:Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
Category:Shading


Jelonki, Gryfino County

Jelonki  is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Chojna, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border.

Before 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The settlement has a population of 4.

References

Jelonki


Ordospora colligata

Ordospora colligata is an intracellular parasite belonging to the Microsporidia. It is an obligatory gut parasite with the crustacean Daphnia magna as its only host. So far it has been reported from Europe and Asia.

The life cycle of O. colligata consists of two different stages, the merogonial stage with immature spores and the sporogonial stage with mature spores.

Transmission
Ordospora colligata is transmitted horizontally from living hosts. Vertical transmission has not been observed. The spores are released with the faeces and float in the water until a new host ingests them while filter feeding. With this direct waterborne transmission the parasite easily infects other hosts, therefore, the prevalence is typically high and can reach up to 100% in natural populations.

Virulence
When female D. magna are infected with O. colligata, their reproductive success is about 20% lower, and the normal lifespan of 60 days is shortened to about 50 days. In comparison with other endoparasites of Daphnia, O. colligata is rather avirulent and does not drive infected host populations to extinction. The infections are difficult to detect due to the lack of external signs. The complete development of this intracellular parasite takes place in the gut epithelium. Therefore, the host needs to be dissected and its gut epithelium examined under a phase contrast microscope, to confirm infection. A magnification of 200-400x is necessary for visualizing the spores.

Life cycle
O. colligata lives in epithelial gut cells in a large parasitophorous vacuole, which is formed by the host at the time of infection. The host nucleus is shifted to a more lateral position. The vacuoles are filled with mature spores in the centre and immature presporal stages at the periphery. When these epithelium cells with parasitophorous vacuoles are shed in the gut, the parasite spores leave the host together with the faeces.

All life cycle stages of the parasite have isolated nuclei and the merogonial (immature) and sporogonial (mature) stages occur together in the vacuole.

Merozoites
The immature presporal stages, which are called merozoites, have a round or ovoid shape and measure 2.8 µm in diameter. During merogony, small plasmodia with four nuclei are produced and the shape changes to an elongated form with 1.6 µm width. The fact that merogonial and sporogonial stages co-occur suggests the existence of repeated merogonial divisions. The last division of merozoites results in sporonts, but meiosis has not been observed.

In comparison to the merozoites the sporonts have a less dense cytoplasm. Electron-dense secretions create a thick layer on the surface and tubular material (63-65 nm in diameter) is produced. The earliest sporonts are elongated oval cells with two nuclei and these sporogonial stages occur often pairwise. This pairwise structure leads to the interpretation of two sporoblast mother cells, which have failed to separate during the first division of the sporont. After another nuclear division, each sporoblast mother cell turns into a chain of four sporoblasts. Since the separation of the initial division has failed to complete, the two chains are still connected, leading to chains of eight mature spores. These eight spores are not only externally linked but also via cytoplasmic bridges.

Spore morphology
Mature spores are pear-shaped, have a pointed anterior pole and contain a vacuole at the posterior end. The size of unfixed spores is 1.33-2.29 x 2.32-3.69 µm. There are three different layers building the spore wall resulting in a thickness of 106-132 nm. The spore wall is significantly thinner at the anterior pole, where also the polar filament is attached to an anchoring disc. The polar filament has a diameter of 150 nm and extends into the centre of the spore for a third of the entire spore length, then turning off laterally in the direction of the spore wall, but ending before it touches the layers of the spore wall.

Genome
O. colligata has 10 chromosomes, and it is estimated to have a total genome size of 3 Mbp. The predicted number of open reading frames is 1820 with a mean gene length of 1041 bp. The gene density is 0.82 genes/kbp.

On chromosome 8 in the low-GC region is a protein located, which has a homology to genes of D. pulex and D. magna. These genes code for the protein septin 7, which is important for the endocytosis-based invasion process of a fungal pathogen. The O. colligata genome has acquired these genes from its Daphnia host by horizontal gene transfer. It is suggested, that the parasite uses the acquired septin to induce its incorporation in a host cell by mimicking host receptors. However, there is no evidence of the gene retaining its function after the host-to-parasite horizontal gene transfer.

O. colligata, like other Microsporidia, has undergone an extreme reduction in their genome. The reduction has happened before the origin of the present species and with that before their adaption to vertebrate hosts.

In contrast to other Microsporidia, O. colligata is not capable of producing RNA interference.

Etymology
“Ordospora” is derived from the Latin noun ordo; line of similar specimen and the Latin noun spora; seed.

The word “colligata” is derived from the Latin verb colligo; bind together, which refers to the connected sporoblasts and spores.

References

Category:Parasites of crustaceans
Category:Microsporidia
Category:Endoparasites


Alexander Lucian Dade

Alexander Lucian Dade (18 July 1863 – 8 January 1927) was a United States military officer. He took part in a number of U.S. military conflicts, including the Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War.

Early life and education
Dade was born in Hopkinsville, Kentucky on 18 July 1863. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1887, where he was a classmate of future generals William Weigel and George Owen Squier. Later Dade graduated from the Infantry and Cavalry School in 1893 and from the Army War College in 1910.

Military career
After graduating from West Point in 1887, Dade was commissioned Second Lieutenant of the 13th Infantry. In 1888, Dade was transferred to the 10th Cavalry where he participated in the later stage of the Apache Wars. In 1895 he was promoted to First Lieutenant of the 2nd Cavalry before being transferred to the 3rd Cavalry. As part of the 3rd Cavalry, Dade served in Cuba during the Spanish–American War, taking part in the Santiago Campaign (1898). On 9 September 1899 Dade became Major in the 47th Volunteer Infantry and took part in the subsequent Philippine–American War, joining the 38th Volunteer Infantry. While in the Philippines, Dade served on the staff of General Samuel Baldwin Marks Young as an inspector during expeditions in the Northern Luzon region. In 1901, Dade was promoted to Captain and in 1902 became an inspector in the Philippine Constabulary; Dade served in this capacity until 1905, when he returned to the United States and was assigned to the 9th Cavalry. In 1913, Dade was the base port inspector at Galveston, Texas and then inspector of the 2nd Division during the Vera Cruz Expedition (1914). Dade took part in the Mexican Punitive Expedition (1916–1917) during which he was promoted to Colonel and served with the 7th Cavalry. Following the United States' entry into World War I, Dade was assigned to organize and head the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps on 11 April 1917. The following year he was director of aviation training at the Central Department Headquarters in Chicago and promoted to Brigadier General. On 3 May 1918, Dade was honorably discharged and subsequently served in the office of Inspector General in Chicago and department inspector in the Central Department until he retired due to disabilities in 1920.

Personal life and death
Dade married Josephine Worth, daughter of General William J. Worth, and had two children: daughter Margaret and son Alexander Lucian Jr. He died on 8 January 1927 in his hometown of Hopkinsville, Kentucky.

References

Category:United States Army generals

Category:1863 births
Category:1927 deaths
Category:United States Military Academy alumni
Category:People from Hopkinsville, Kentucky
Category:United States Army generals of World War I


John Browne, 6th Baron Kilmaine

John Francis Archibald Browne, 6th Baron Kilmaine, CBE (22 September 1902 – 26 July 1978) was an Anglo-Irish hereditary peer and building conservationist.

Browne was the son of  John Browne and Lady Aline Kennedy, the daughter of the Marquess of Ailsa. Browne's family spent the early part of his life living in Gaulston, Mayo before moving to Kent when he was in his twenties. He was educated at Winchester and Magdalene College, Oxford. At Winchester he was awarded the English Speech Prize and excelled at shooting, eventually representing Ireland in the sport. After working for the British Xylonite Company from  1925 to 1929 he was Secretary to University College, Southampton until 1933.  In 1933, he became a founder member of the Oxford Society and acted as Secretary until 1940. For the duration of the Second World War he served in the Royal Army Service Corps attaining the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel  and was twice mentioned in despatches. In 1946, Browne succeeded as the 6th Lord Kilmaine, succeeding his father and grandfather, who both died by suicide.

In 1945, Browne became Secretary of the Pilgrim Trust.  During his tenure as secretary, the Pilgrim Trust broadened its objects, and began to focus more on cultural heritage. As secretary, Kilmaine called for the establishment of a national organisation to organise fundraising for church repair. Kilmaine then acted as trustee of the Historic Churches Preservation Trust which was founded following the publication of the Church Assembly's report The Preservation of Our churches. In 1949 he was made chairman of the Oxford Society and served in this capacity until 1973. As chairman he organised an exhibition of items from the collections of the Ashmolean and the Bodleian in Goldsmiths' Hall, London, to coincide with the Coronation of Elizabeth II and the twenty-first anniversary of the Society. In 1956 he was appointed a CBE for his services to the nation. In 1972 he was awarded an honorary doctorate in civil law from the University of Oxford in recognition of his work. In his other roles as public servant he was a Vice-President of the Friends of Lambeth Palace Library, as well as a Trustee of the Dulverton Trust. He also served as the High Steward of Harwich from 1966 to 1976.

References

Category:1902 births
Category:1978 deaths
Category:People educated at Winchester College
Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Category:Barons in the Peerage of Ireland
Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Royal Army Service Corps officers
Category:British Army personnel of World War II
John
Category:Anglo-Irish people


Aristotelia australasica

Aristotelia australasica, the mountain wineberry, is a shrub in the family Elaeocarpaceae. It grows in or near cool rainforest areas in northern New South Wales, Australia.

References

australasica
Category:Flora of New South Wales


Ihsan Nuri

Ihsan Nuri, also known as Ihsan Nuri Pasha (), 1892 or 1893, Bitlis – 25 March 1976, Tehran) was a Kurdish soldier and politician, former officer of the Ottoman and Turkish Army, and one of the leaders of the Ararat rebellion as the generalissimo of the Kurdish National Forces.

Early life
Ihsan Nuri was born in the house of his father Elî Qulî in Bitlis in 1893. He came from a branch of the Jalali tribe. After finishing primary education at Gök Meydan mosque in Bitlis, he was registered to Erzincan Military School (Erzincan Askerî Rüştiyesi ). After completing secondary education, he entered to Ottoman Military Academy. In 1910, he graduated from this academy as lieutenant and joined the Ottoman Army. He participated in the counterinsurgency operations in Albania. And then he was sent to Yemen and served there for 33 months. After returning from Yemen, he was appointed the aide-de-camp of Ottoman 93rd Infantry Regiment and was sent to Beyzon. In the early stage of the First World War, he was injured at Nerman and sent back to rear area for treatment. On the way to Erzincan, he suffered from frostbite near Karaburun. After treatment in Erzincan, he was assigned to the Ottoman Ninth Army, and then he was appointed the member of the administration committee of Ozurgeti in Georgia, briefly occupied by the Turkish troops during the Caucasus Campaign of 1918 and served as the commander of the mobile gendarmerie of the town. After the First World War, he got in contact with the Society for the Rise of Kurdistan. He wrote an article about Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and this was published on March 30, 1919 in Jîn magazine. When he arrived at Trabzon, Rushdi Bey, who was the commander of the 9th Caucasian Division, sent him to Baku to meet authorities of the Red Army.

Republic of Ararat
Kurdish nationalists met in October 1927 and not only proclaimed the independence of Kurdistan, but also formed Xoybûn (Independence), a “supreme national organ … with full and exclusive national and international powers”.

Cognizant of the need for a proper military structure, Xoybûn promoted Ihsan Nuri to general (pasha) and nominated him Commander-In-Chief of the Kurdish National Army. Ihsan Nuri, besides being a former Kurdish member of the Young Turks, showed his allegiance to the Kurdish cause when he led the mutiny within the Turkish military prior to the Sheikh Said rebellion.

By 1928, Ihsan Nuri had assembled a small group of soldiers armed with modern weapons and trained in infantry tactics. This force initiated the Xoybûn revolt, marching towards Mount Ararat. Ihsan Nuri and his men not only achieved success in reaching Mount Ararat, but they were able to secure the towns of Bitlis, Van provinces, and most of the countryside around Lake Van, establishing a notable area of Kurdish resistance.

By the end of summer 1930, the Turkish air forces were bombing Kurdish positions around Mount Ararat from all directions. According to General Ihsan Nuri, the military superiority of Turkish air forces demoralized Kurds and led to their capitulation.

As refugee
During the 1930s, İhsan Nuri arrived as a refugee in Tehran. The government restricted his movements during his years in Tehran. In the summer of 1976, he was injured when he was hit by a motorcycle directly in front of his home at around 10:00 am. He was taken to a local hospital where he died of his wounds during the day. The culprit driving the motorcycle that hit him was never identified or apprehended.

Sources

External links
 Ağrı Dağı İsyanı'nın lideri İhsan Nuri Paşa'yı anlatıyor, Navenda Lêkolînan Kurdistan

Category:1893 births
Category:1976 deaths
Category:Kurdish people of the Ottoman Empire
Category:People from Bitlis
Category:Ottoman Military Academy alumni
Category:Ottoman Army officers
Category:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
Category:Turkish Kurdish people
Category:Turkish Army officers
Category:Turkish military personnel of the Turkish–Armenian War
Category:Turkish Kurdish politicians
Category:Ararat rebellion
Category:Generalissimos
Category:Pashas
Category:Road incident deaths in Iran
Category:Kurdish nationalists
Category:Pedestrian road incident deaths


Fan Fawr

Fan Fawr (Welsh 'big peak') is a mountain in the Fforest Fawr section of the Brecon Beacons National Park, in Powys, Wales and over 734 m (2,408 ft) high.

The summit overlooks the steep eastern face and is marked by a cairn. Unusually, the trig point on this hill does not sit at the summit but 600 m to the south-west on a subsidiary spur. The hill is drained to the west by streams flowing into the Afon Dringarth and to the east by streams draining into the Taf Fawr. The Dringarth is dammed to the west to form Ystradfellte Reservoir as is the Taf Fawr east of the hill to form Beacons Reservoir. To the north-east water flows into the Afon Tarell, a tributary of the River Usk whilst to the south the headwaters of the Afon y Waun conduct water to the Afon Hepste and eventually to the River Neath.

Geology
The hill is largely formed from sandstones of the Brownstones Formation of the Old Red Sandstone which were laid down during the Devonian period.  On the southern slopes of the hill, sandstones of the overlying Plateau Beds Formation occur.
In common with other hills in the Brecon Beacons National Park Fan Fawr was subject to glacial action in the ice ages. The western cwm contains a fine late-glacial moraine known as Cefn Bach. The hill is within the Fforest Fawr Geopark designated in 2005 in recognition of the area's geological heritage.

Access
The entire hill is open country, enabling walkers to wander at will, although most choose to take a line up from the car parks beside the A470 at Storey Arms and Pont ar Daf.

References

External links
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Fan Fawr and surrounding area

Category:Marilyns of Wales
Category:Hewitts of Wales
Category:Nuttalls
Category:Fforest Fawr
Category:Mountains and hills of Powys


Callarge occidentalis

Callarge occidentalis is a  butterfly found in the East Palearctic (West China and Japan) that belongs to the browns family.

Description from Seitz

C. sagitta. Whitish, yellowish beneath, with dark veins, longitudinal shadows at the costal and hind margins, and feeble
angle-shaped markings before the margin. On the Yang-tse-kiang. Two forms are known: sagitta Leech (41a),from Chang-Yang on the middle Yang-tse-kiang, is the light-coloured form, while occidentalis Leech, the western form from Wa-su-kow, has the ground-colour slightly shaded with ochreous and bears strong dark vein-streaks, the distal area of both wings being shaded with fuscous.According to Leech the nymotypical form appears to be very abundant at Chang -Yang.

References

Category:Satyrinae


Beatrice Sanders

Beatrice Helen Sanders (1874 – 29 November 1932) was a British suffragette.

Born Beatrice Martin, her mother was a hairdresser and she worked as an assistant in her fathers' tobacconist shop before marrying a progressive social politician, William Stephen Sanders. A keen women's suffrage activist, from 1904 until 1914, she was employed, at a salary of £3 a week, as the financial secretary of the Women's Social and Political Union.  Annie Kenney recalled in her memoirs Sanders strong control of members' expenses, as they would be expected to correct errors or deficits "out of our own pocket".

Sanders worked closely with Sylvia Pankhurst, and was imprisoned for her activities on multiple occasions. On one occasion, she was sentenced to fourteen months for taking part in the events at the House of Commons in February 1907, and for  a month for throwing stones on Black Friday in November 2010. By 1913, as financial secretary of the Women's Social and Political Union, she was arrested with Harriet Kerr after a struggle with police which was front-page news in The Suffragette, when the premises at Clement's Inn was raided, the sentence was fifteen days. She went on hunger strike and was temporarily released under the terms of the Cat and Mouse Act, and although her sentence was never annulled, she was not re-arrested.

Sanders was given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour' by WSPU.

Sanders and her husband were longstanding members of the Fabian Society, and during the 1920s served as chair of the Fabian Women's Group. For a period when her husband was working in Geneva, she became an organiser in the Swiss women's movement.

References

Category:1874 births
Category:1932 deaths
Category:English suffragettes
Category:Members of the Fabian Society
Category:Women's Social and Political Union


Cheryl Hayashi

Cheryl Y. Hayashi is a Hawaii-born biologist who is curator, professor, and Director of Comparative Biology Research at the American Museum of Natural History. Hayashi specializes in the genetic structure of spider silk. A Yale alumnus, she was previously a professor at University California Riverside, and was a 2007 MacArthur Fellow.

Education
Hayashi is a biologist who graduated from Iolani School in 1985, and was a member of the school's first co-educational class.  She continued her studies at Yale University, gaining a Bachelor of Science in 1988, Master of Science in 1990, and a Master of Philosophy in 1993. She worked with Catherine Craig, including field work in Panama, becoming interested in spiders when she had the job of hand-feeding the professor's colony of tropical spiders.

She was awarded a PhD in 1996, with a dissertation on spiders' ribosomal DNA.

Career
After working as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Wyoming (1996-2001), Hayashi was a professor at UC Riverside from 2001 to the end of 2016.

Her UC Riverside laboratory's work characterized spiders in the spidroin gene family, including how silk is encoded and studying the basis of molecular diversity in spiders. A variety of techniques, including whole-gene cloning, genomics, biochemistry, and biomechanics, were used to study the evolution of spider silk. Hayashi worked with engineers and biomechanics to understand spider silk, and to develop biomaterials based on spider genetic information.

Hayashi was a speaker at TED 2010 Conference. She became curator, professor and Leon Hess Director of Comparative Biology Research at the American Museum of Natural History in January 2017.

Awards
She was the recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship Program in 2007.

References

External links
 "TED 2010 | Cheryl Hayashi: Smooth — and Strong — as Silk", Wired, Kim Zetter, February 10, 2010

Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Yale University alumni
Category:University of California, Riverside faculty
Category:MacArthur Fellows
Category:Women biologists
Category:21st-century American biologists


Chief Yowlachie

{{Infobox person
| name        = Chief Yowlachie
| image       = Gary Gray-Chief Yowlachie in The Painted Hills.jpg
| image_size  =
| caption     = Chief Yowlachie (right) with Gary Gray in a promotional poster for the 1951 film The Painted Hills
| birth_name  =
| birth_date  = August 15, 1891
| birth_place = Yakima, Washington, U.S.
| death_date  =
| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| death_cause =
| resting_place = Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, California
| other_names =Daniel Simmons (birth name)
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| occupation  =Actor, Opera singer
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| nationality = Native American
}}
Chief Yowlachie  (born Daniel Simmons; August 15, 1891 – March 7, 1966) was a Native American actor from the Yakama tribe in the U.S. state of Washington, known for playing supporting roles and bit parts in numerous films. He is perhaps best known for playing Two Jaw Quo, Nadine Groot's assistant cook, in the classic 1948 Western Red River.

Biography

He was born in Yakima, Washington, and died in Los Angeles, California. He is buried in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, California.

Some of his television appearances include "War Horse", an episode of The Lone Ranger and "Rope of Lies", an episode of The Virginian. He appeared twice on the early series, The Range Rider, starring Jock Mahoney and Dick Jones. He appeared as the Apache Geronimo in the 1950s syndicated television series Stories of the Century.In 1962, Chief Yowlachie played "The Great Chief" in the episode "The Black Robe" of NBC's western series The Tall Man. In the story line, Governor Lew Wallace of the New Mexico Territory, played by Robert Burton, tries to thwart a  French foreign agent from supplying arms to the Mescalero Apaches in a murky plot to reoccupy Mexico. Slim Pickens appears in this episode as Starr and Martin Landau as Father Gueschim, a Roman Catholic priest.

Selected FilmographyKentucky Days (1923) - Indian ScoutTonio, Son of the Sierras (1925) - TonioElla Cinders (1926) - Indian (uncredited)Moran of the Mounted (1926) - Biting WolfThe Scarlet Letter (1926) - Indian (uncredited)Forlorn River (1926) - Modoc JoeWar Paint (1926) - Iron EyesSitting Bull at the Spirit Lake Massacre (1927) - Chief Sitting BullHawk of the Hills (1927, Serial) - Chief Long HandThe Red Raiders (1927) - Lone WolfThe Glorious Trail (1928) - High WolfHawk of the Hills (1929) - Chief White WolfThe Invaders (1929)Tiger Rose (1929) - Indian (uncredited)The Santa Fe Trail (1930) - Brown BeaverThe Girl of the Golden West (1930) - Billy JackrabbitThe Thundering Herd (1933) - Indian (uncredited)Man of Conquest (1939) - Cherokee Tribesman (uncredited)Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe (1940, Serial) - King of the Rock People [Chs. 7-9] (uncredited)Winners of the West (1940, Serial) - Chief War Eagle [Chs. 1, 5, 7, 9-10, 13]North West Mounted Police (1940) - Indian (uncredited)White Eagle (1941, Serial) - Chief Running DeerThe Round Up (1941) - Chief Blackhawk (uncredited)Saddlemates (1941) - Council Chief (uncredited)This Woman Is Mine (1941) - Chief One-Eye Comcomly (uncredited)Outlaws of Cherokee Trail (1941) - Indian Poker Player (uncredited)Ride 'Em Cowboy (1942) - Chief Tomahawk (uncredited)King of the Stallions (1942) - Chief MatapotanDawn on the Great Divide (1942) - Indian (uncredited)Frontier Fury (1943) - Nuyaka (uncredited)Canyon Passage (1946) - Indian Spokesman (uncredited)The Strange Woman (1946) - Indian Guide (uncredited)Wild West (1946) - Chief Black FoxSingin' in the Corn (1946) - Indian (uncredited)Oregon Trail Scouts (1947) - Indian (uncredited)The Hucksters (1947) - Indian (uncredited)Bowery Buckaroos (1947) - Big Chief Hi-OctaneThe Prairie (1947) - MatoreehThe Senator Was Indiscreet (1947) - IndianThe Gallant Legion (1948) - Indian Medicine Man (uncredited)The Dude Goes West (1948) - Running WolfRed River (1948) - QuoYou Gotta Stay Happy (1948) - Indian (uncredited)The Paleface (1948) - Chief Yellow FeatherYellow Sky (1948) - Colorado (uncredited)El Paso (1949) - Paiute Pete (uncredited)Ma and Pa Kettle (1949) - CrowbarTulsa (1949) - Charlie Lightfoot (uncredited)Canadian Pacific (1949) - Indian Chief (uncredited)The Cowboy and the Indians (1949) - Chief Long Arrow (uncredited)My Friend Irma (1949) - Indian (uncredited)Mrs. Mike (1949) - AtenouThe Traveling Saleswoman (1950) - Sam (uncredited)Young Daniel Boone (1950) - Indian Guide (uncredited)Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Town (1950) - Crowbar (uncredited)A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950) - PawneeKill the Umpire (1950) - Indian (uncredited)Annie Get Your Gun (1950) - Little Horse (uncredited)Winchester '73 (1950) - Indian at Rifle Shoot (uncredited)My Friend Irma Goes West (1950) - Hiawatha - Indian Chief (uncredited)Indian Territory (1950) - Indian Chief (uncredited)Cherokee Uprising (1950) - Gray EagleThe Last Outpost (1951) - Cochise (uncredited)The Painted Hills (1951) - Bald EagleCavalry Scout (1951) - Indian Chief (uncredited)Warpath (1951) - ChiefLone Star (1952) - Mangas Colorado (uncredited)Buffalo Bill in Tomahawk Territory (1952) - Chief White CloudThe Half-Breed (1952) - Apache Chief (uncredited)Son of Geronimo: Apache Avenger (1952, Serial) - Geronimo [ch 15]Thunderbirds (1952) - Chief Whitedeer (uncredited)The Pathfinder (1952) - Eagle FeatherRose Marie (1954) - Black EagleGunfighters of the Northwest (1954, Serial) - Chief Running ElkDrums Across the River (1954) - Medicine Man (uncredited)The Wild Dakotas (1956) - Indian (uncredited)Hollywood or Bust (1956) - Chief Running Water (uncredited)The Spirit of St. Louis (1957) - Indian (uncredited)The Buccaneer (1958) - Choctaw Indian (uncredited)The FBI Story (1959) - Harry Willowtree (uncredited)Yellowstone Kelly (1959) - Medicine Man (uncredited)Heller in Pink Tights (1960) - Indian (uncredited)Nevada Smith'' (1966) - Medicine Man (uncredited) (final film role)

References

External links

Category:1891 births
Category:1966 deaths
Category:Male actors from Washington (state)
Category:Native American male actors
Category:People from Yakima, Washington
Category:20th-century American male actors
Category:Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
Category:Yakama


Polespear

A polespear (hand spear or gidgee) is an underwater tool used in spearfishing, consisting of a pole, a spear tip, and a rubber loop. Polespears are often mistakenly called Hawaiian slings, but the tools differ. A Hawaiian sling is akin to a slingshot or an underwater bow and arrow, since the spear and the propelling device are separate, while a polespear has the sling (rubber loop) attached to the spear.

Description
The pole is usually between four feet and ten feet long and made of fiberglass, carbon fibre, aluminum, graphite, or wood. Longer versions often break down into two or more pieces that screw together. The tip is either threaded to accept different kinds of spear tips or already has a fixed tip attached. The most popular spear tip on polespears are the paralyzer (often called a three-prong), and the Tahitian shaft (a single pivoting barb). Some more serious hunters will equip the polespear with a slip-tip (tip removes from the end and tethers to a fixed point). At the butt end of the spear is an elastic loop, usually made of surgical tubing or a band of rubber (a bicycle inner tube, for example).

The spear is operated by placing the rubber loop in the crook of the thumb, then reaching up the spear shaft to stretch the elastic band and grabbing the polespear to hold the band in tension. On flimsy spears, it's useful to twist the spear as the band stretches to keep the spear from bending. Shooting the spear involves releasing the grasp of the hand but still using the hand to guide the spear like a barrel to a gun. The firing distance of a polespear can be divided into two ranges. First, there is the overall distance of the stretch or the 'travel range'. This second range is the distance that most are interested in as it is more relevant to penetrating fish. For this reason, it is called the 'penetrating range.' Not all the travel of the spear being fired has the 'punch' to penetrate through fish. Depending on the polespear's attributes such as mass, drag, band strength, band stretch, etc., the penetrating range can be from a scant few inches to several feet. Other factors may include fish orientation, fish width, density, skin composition, etc. One would need to take all the attributes into account before firing a polespear towards a target. For example, the band pull on a 10-foot polespear may stretch up to 6-feet of the polespear. It actually requires about 8-feet of polespear, measured from the rear, to do this because the stretch doesn't start till the band begins to provide tension (typically, about 2-feet loop length on a 10-footer). However, the penetrating range may only be half of the pull. This equals about 3' for a 10 footer. Some fish, however, are thicker/denser and may require much closer shots.

The more mass a polespear contains, the more band power it will require to move the same speed as a polespear with less mass. However, some fiberglass or extremely lightweight polespears will have so little mass that there is little velocity or 'punch' behind them when it hits a fish.

A hybrid polespear combines aluminum with a more flexible material such as a fiberglass rod. These polespears offer rigidity for loading, but still some flexibility in the front end to absorb the lateral movements of a fish once it is attached to the end.

External links

Category:Fishing equipment