Sail components

Sail components include the features that define a sail's shape and function, plus its constituent parts from which it is manufactured. A sail may be classified in a variety of ways, including by its orientation to the vessel (e.g. fore-and-aft) and its shape, (e.g. (a)symmetrical, triangular, quadrilateral, etc.). Sails are typically constructed out of flexible material that is shaped by various means, while in use, to offer an appropriate airfoil, according to the strength and apparent direction of the wind. A variety of features and fittings allow the sail to be attached to lines and spars.

Whereas conventional sails form an airfoil with one layer of fabric, wingsails comprise a structure that has material on both sides to form an airfoil—much like a wing placed vertically on the vessel—and are beyond the scope of this article.

Classifications

Sails may be classified as either triangular, which describes sails that either come to one point of suspension at the top or where the sail comes to a point at the forward end, or quadrilateral, which includes sails that are attached to a spar at the top and have three other sides, or as square. They also may be classified as symmetrical (square sails and symmetric spinnakers) or asymmetrical (most other sails). Typically, asymmetrical sails perform better on points of sail closer to the wind than symmetrical sails and are designed for fore-and-aft rigs. Symmetrical sails perform best on points of sail that are further from the wind direction.

Triangular

Triangular sails have names for each of three edges and three corners. Rigs with such sails include Bermuda, cutter, lateen and vessels with mixed sail plans that include jibs and other staysails. Most triangular sails are classified as asymmetrical and fore and aft; symmetric spinnakers are symmetrical triangular sails that are designed for off-the-wind use.

Quadrilateral

Gaff, gunter, lug, junk and some sprit sails have four sides and are set fore and aft so that one edge is leading into the wind, forming an asymmetric quadrilateral shape. Naming conventions are consistent with triangular sails, except for the top edge and corners.

Square
A square rig is a type of sail and rigging arrangement in which the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal spars which are perpendicular, or square, to the keel of the vessel and to the masts—the sails themselves are not square but are symmetrically quadrilateral. These spars are called yards and their tips, beyond the last stay, are called the yardarms. A ship mainly so rigged is called a square-rigger.

Shape

The shape of a sail is defined by its edges and corners in the plane of the sail, laid out on a flat surface. The edges may be curved, either to extend the sail's shape as an airfoil or to define its shape in use. In use, the sail becomes a curved shape, adding the dimension of depth or draft.

Edges
The top of all sails is called the head, the leading edge is called the luff, the trailing edge is the leech, and the bottom edge is the foot.

Head – The head is the upper edge of the sail, and is attached at the throat and peak to a gaff, yard, or sprit. For a triangular sail the head refers to the topmost corner.
Leech – The aft (back) edge of a fore-and-aft sail is called the leech (also spelled leach). The leech is either  side edge of a symmetrical  sail—triangular or square.{{efn|name=oxford|The traditional terminology is for the two leaches of a square sail to be referred to as the "weather" and "lee", depending on the bracing of the yards, or "port" and "starboard". <ref>The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea," Peter Kemp, p. 739</ref>}} However, once a symmetrical sail has wind blowing along its surface, whether on a reach or close-hauled, the windward leech may be called a luff (see below).Luff – The forward (leading) edge of a fore-and-aft sail is called the luff, and may be attached along a mast or a stay. When on a reach, the windward leech of a spinnaker (symmetrical or not) is called the luff and, when on a reach or close-hauled, the windward leech of a square sail may be called the luff or the weather leech.Foot – The foot of a sail is its bottom edge. On a fore-and-aft mainsail, the foot is often attached, at the tack and clew, to a boom; on a square sail to a spar by clews on both ends; if no boom or spar is present, the sail is said to be "loose-footed".

Roach
A fore-and-aft triangular mainsail achieves a better approximation of a wing form by extending the leech aft, beyond the line between the head and clew in an arc called the roach, rather than having a triangular shape. This added area would flutter in the wind and not contribute to the efficient airfoil shape of the sail without the presence of battens. Offshore cruising mainsails sometimes have a hollow leech (the inverse of a roach) to obviate the need for battens and their ensuing likelihood of chafing the sail.Roach is a term also applied to square sail design—it is the arc of a circle above a straight line from clew to clew at the foot of a square sail, from which sail material is omitted. The roach allows the foot of the sail to clear stays coming up the mast, as the sails are rotated from side to side.

Corners

The names of corners of sails vary, depending on shape and symmetry.Head – In a triangular sail, the corner where the luff and the leech connect is called the head. On a square sail, the top corners are head cringles, where there are grommets, called cringles.Peak  – On a quadrilateral sail, the peak is the upper aft corner of the sail, at the top end of a gaff, a sprit or other spar. Throat – On a quadrilateral sail, the throat is the upper forward corner of the sail, at the bottom end of a gaff or other spar. Gaff-rigged sails, and certain similar rigs, employ two halyards to raise the sails: the throat halyard raises the forward, throat end of the gaff, while the peak halyard raises the aft, peak end.Clew –  The corner where the leech and foot connect is called the clew on a fore-and-aft sail. On a jib, the sheet is connected to the clew; on a mainsail, the sheet is connected to the boom (if present) near the clew. Clews are the lower two corners of a square sail. Square sails have sheets attached to their clews like triangular sails, but the sheets are used to pull the sail down to the yard below rather than to adjust the angle it makes with the wind. The corner where the leech and the foot connect is called the clew. In the case of a symmetrical spinnaker, each of the lower corners of the sail is a clew.  However, under sail on a given tack, the corner to which the spinnaker sheet is attached is called the clew, and the corner attached to the spinnaker pole is referred to as the tack. Tack – The tack is the corner on a fore-and-aft sail where the luff and foot connect and, on a mainsail, is located where the boom and mast connect. On a square sail underway, the tack is the windward clew and also the line holding down that corner.

Draft

Those triangular sails that are attached to both a mast along the luff and a boom along the foot have depth, known as draft or draught, which results from the luff and foot being curved, rather than straight as they are attached to those spars. Draft creates a more efficient airfoil shape for the sail. Draft can also be induced in triangular staysails by adjustment of the sheets and the angle from which they reach the sails.

Construction

Sails are constructed of fabrics that may be woven or manufactured as films. The sail are often assembled of multiple panels that are arrayed in a manner that transfers the load from the wind to the sail's attachment points—a combination of corners and edges—that transmits the load into the mast and powers the boat. Construction of such sails requires stitching, bonding, reinforcements and other features to achieve this. Other sails are constructed directly from fibers, filaments and films.

Materials

The characteristics of a sail are due to design, construction and the attributes of the fibers, which are woven together to make the sail cloth. There are several key factors in evaluating a fiber for suitability in weaving a sail-cloth:Initial modulus – The ability to resist stretching. Higher resistance is better for upwind sails.Breaking strength (tenacity) – Measured as a force per cross sectional area of fiber. Higher is better for sails.Creep – Describes the long term stretch of a fiber or fabric.  A material with creep may have a superior modulus, but lose its shape over time.Resistance to ultraviolet light – Strength loss from exposure to the Sun’s UV rays measured by a standardized exposure test.Flex strength – Strength lost due to bending, folding, or flogging, which is frequently measured with an industry standard 50 fold test.Cost-effectiveness – Both the initial cost and its durability of the material define its cost-effectiveness over time.
Traditionally, sails were made from flax or cotton canvas. Materials used in sails, as of the 21st Century, include nylon for spinnakers—where light weight and elastic resistance to shock load are valued—and a range of fibers, used for triangular sails, that includes Dacron, aramid fibers—including Kevlar, and other liquid crystal polymer fibers—including Vectran.

Woven materials, like Dacron, may be specified as either high or low tenacity, as indicated, in part by their denier count (a unit of measure for the linear mass density of fibers). High-tenacity Dacron comes in multiples of 220, 350 and 570 deniers, whereas low-tenacity Dacron comes in multiples of 150, 250, and 400 deniers. Sailcloth is typically heat-shrunk to tighten the weave and then receives a chemical bonding finish of melamine. Such cloth is typically specified by deniers for warp and fill (weft), e.g. 220/570.

Panels and laminations

Conventional sails comprise panels, which are most often stitched together, at other times adhered. There are two basic configurations, cross-cut and radial. Cross-cut sails have the panels sewn parallel to one another, often parallel to the foot of the sail, and are the less expensive of the two sail constructions. Triangular cross-cut sail panels are designed to meet the mast and stay at an angle from either the warp or the weft (on the bias) to allow stretching along the luff, but minimize strutting on the luff and foot, where the fibers are aligned with the edges of the sail.Radial sails have panels that "radiate" from corners in order to efficiently transmit stress and are typically higher-performance than cross-cut sails. A bi-radial sail has panels radiating from two of three corners; a tri-radial sail has panels radiating from all three corners. Mainsails are more likely to be bi-radial, since there is very little stress at the tack, whereas head sails (spinnakers and jibs) are more likely to be tri-radial, because they are tensioned at their corners.

Higher-performance sails may be laminated, constructed directly from multiple plies of filaments, fibers, taffetas, and films—instead of woven textiles—and adhered together.  Molded sails are laminated sails formed over a curved mold and adhered together into a shape that does not lie flat.

Where a sail may rub against a spreader on the mast, a spreader patch may be placed on a jib, when it overlaps with the mast, or on the mainsail, where it may interfere when furled or when the sail is backwinded against the mast.

Stitching and bonding
Conventional sail panels are sewn together. Sails are tensile structures, so the role of a seam is to transmit a tensile load from panel to panel. For a sewn, textile sail this is done through thread and is limited by the strength of the thread and the strength of the hole in the textile through which it passes. Sail seams are often overlapped between panels and sewn with zig-zag stitches that create many connections per unit of seam length. Measures for seam structural attributes—shown with a typical value for a sewn seam—include:Breaking force (newtons) – Elongation (percent) – 22%Strength (newtons/millimetre) – Modulus of elasticity (newtons/millimetre) –
Whereas textiles are typically sewn together, other sail materials may be ultrasonically welded—a technique whereby high-frequency ultrasonic acoustic vibrations are locally applied to workpieces being held together under pressure to create a solid-state weld.  It is commonly used for plastics, and especially for joining dissimilar materials.

Edge construction

Sails have a variety of treatments at their edges, either to attach the sail to a stay, spar or mast or to prevent a free edge from fluttering or fraying.Bolt ropes are sewn onto the edges of the sail to reinforce them, or to fix the sail into a groove in the boom, in the mast, or in the luff foil of a roller-furling jib.Leech lines are found on mainsails and large jibs to tighten the leech and prevent fluttering. They run through a sleeve on the leech from the head to the clew, where there is usually a clam cleat to tighten it. Occasionally, foot lines perform an analogous function on a loose-footed sail.UV protection panels are usually affixed to the leech and foot of roller furling jibs to prevent ultraviolet rays from reaching the sailcloth while the sail is not in use. These are typically a dark color to absorb the harmful rays.

Reinforcements at attachment points

The corners of triangular sails are typically areas of high stress and consequently often have reinforced layers and tape radiating from, whether cross-cut or radial in construction. Their corners are always attached to a shackle, attached to a line or spar—the halyard at the head, a shackle at the tack, and the outhaul at the clew. The connecting shackle runs through a grommet at each of these points. There are additional points where reinforcing and grommets may occur: at the cunningham, a downhaul used to flatten a mainsail (jibs may have a similar feature), and along the foot of a Genoa jib to allow a line to lift it out of the waves. The head of a triangular sail may have a rigid headboard riveted to it in order to transfer load from the sail to the halyard.

Square sails and gaff-rigged sails also have grommets at corners. Only the clews on a square sail take a comparatively large amount of stress, because the head is supported along the spar. Three sides of gaff-rigged sails are attached to a mast or spar.

Battens

A sail batten is a flexible insert in a fore-and-aft sail that provides added stiffness and definition to the sail's airfoil cross-section. The most common use of sail battens is in the roach of a mainsail. The batten extends the leech past the line that runs from the head and the clew of the sail to create a wider sail towards the top. Cruising sailboats may have four to six battens. Racing sailboats may have full-length battens, as well, that allow for better sail shape. Battens are also found in jibs of beach-cat catamarans. Most battens are fiberglass pultrusions with a thin, rectangular cross section.

Junk rigs feature full-length battens that facilitate short-handed sail handling, including reefing. The battens are attached loosely to the mast with lines called batten parrels that allow fore-and-aft motion as the sail is controlled by individual sheets leading to multiple battens.

Fittings

Sails usually have fittings attached to them that transmit force through a small area. These include grommets, which reinforce fabric at an attachment points and connections to lines; hoops and slides, which attach sails to spars; and reefing features, which may include reefing lines attached to the sail or grommets that have reefing lines running through them. Additional features include tell-tales, windows—used on dinghy sails—and lettering and other graphics that include sail numbers and manufacturers logos, etc.

Hardware
Where sails are attached to a mast, spar, or stay there is some kind of connection—often it's the bolt rope running through a groove in the mast, boom, or head foil—otherwise, there is a piece of hardware involved, e.g.:Gaff sails usually have hoops that slide up and down the mast.Bermuda mainsails may have slides attached to the luff that match tracks on the mast and boom. These may be attached to the luff through grommets with webbing or a nylon shackle or with webbing sewn directly on the sail.Jibs that are not roller-furling usually have hanks, clips that attach to the stay. This applies to other staysails, as well.
Other hardware includes cam cleats, used to tension luff and foot lines.

Reefing points

Different categories of sails are reefed (reduced in size) in different manners and therefore have different fixtures that achieve shortening of sail. Traditional canvas square and gaff-rigged sails have one or more rows of reefing lines that pass through the sail, which reach around the sail that has been gathered in to reduce its size and secure the remaining unreefed sail to the spar (square rig) or boom (gaff rig). Gaff-rigged sails require an extra set of lines to secure the part of the leech that becomes the new clew. These are called reef pendents that drop through a comb'' on the boom, where they are secured, as needed.

Mainsails on Bermuda rigs typically have paired grommets that secure the luff and leech to the boom, as the sail is lowered to reduce its area. These become the new tack and clew. A reefing line typically runs through the reef point on the luff to quickly secure the new clew. The grommet that becomes the new tack is typically hooked onto the boom. There may be grommets along the line between the new tack and clew that allow ties to pass through around the boom.

Tell-tales

Tell-tales are pieces of yarn, thread or tape that are affixed to sails to help visualize airflow over their surfaces. Typically, they are mounted near the luff of sails, but they are also found on the leach on some sails. To windward, a sagging tell-tale indicates still air, either from stalling (indicated on the leeward side, when the sail is sheeted in too far, compared to the apparent wind) or pinching (indicated on the windward side, when the sail isn't sheeted in far enough, compared to the apparent wind).

See also
 Beitass
 Forces on sails
 Glossary of nautical terms
 Point of sail
 Wingsail

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

 at Internet Archive

Category:Sailing rigs and rigging


Oxopropaline

Oxopropalines are novel cytocidal beta-carbolines isolated from Streptomyces.

References

Category:Beta-Carbolines


H4K12ac

H4K12ac is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein histone H4. It is a mark that indicates the acetylation at the 12th lysine residue of the histone H4 protein. H4K12ac is involved in learning and memory. It is possible that restoring this modification could reduce age-related decline in memory.

Nomenclature

H4K12ac indicates acetylation of lysine 12 on histone H4 protein subunit:

Histone modifications

The genomic DNA of eukaryotic cells is wrapped around special protein molecules known as histones. The complexes formed by the looping of the DNA are known as chromatin. The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome: this consists of the core octamer of histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) as well as a linker histone and about 180 base pairs of DNA. These core histones are rich in lysine and arginine residues. The carboxyl (C) terminal end of these histones contribute to histone-histone interactions, as well as histone-DNA interactions. The amino (N) terminal charged tails are the site of the post-translational modifications, such as the one seen in H3K36me3.

H4 histone

H4 modifications are not as well known as H3's and H4 have fewer variations which might explain their important function.

H4K12ac

Acetylation of histone H4K5 and H4K12 is enriched at centromeres.  H4K8ac and H4K12ac are associated with active promoters to form a backbone.  H4 localizes more to gene bodies promoters than other acetylations so H4K8ac facilitates transcriptional elongation.

H4K12ac is involved in learning and memory so it could help with reducing age-related decline in memory.

Lysine acetylation and deacetylation

Proteins are typically acetylated on lysine residues and this reaction relies on acetyl-coenzyme A as the acetyl group donor.  In histone acetylation and deacetylation, histone proteins are acetylated and deacetylated on lysine residues in the N-terminal tail as part of gene regulation. Typically, these reactions are catalyzed by enzymes with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, although HATs and HDACs can modify the acetylation status of non-histone proteins as well.

The regulation of transcription factors, effector proteins, molecular chaperones, and cytoskeletal proteins by acetylation and deacetylation is a significant post-translational regulatory mechanism These regulatory mechanisms are analogous to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by the action of kinases and phosphatases. Not only can the acetylation state of a protein modify its activity, but this post-translational modification may also crosstalk with phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, and others for dynamic control of cellular signaling.

Epigenetic implications

The post-translational modification of histone tails by either histone modifying complexes or chromatin remodeling complexes are interpreted by the cell and lead to complex, combinatorial transcriptional output. It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a particular region. The current understanding and interpretation of histones comes from two large scale projects: ENCODE and the Epigenomic roadmap. The purpose of the epigenomic study was to investigate epigenetic changes across the entire genome. This led to chromatin states which define genomic regions by grouping the interactions of different proteins and/or histone modifications together.
Chromatin states were investigated in Drosophila cells by looking at the binding location of proteins in the genome. Use of ChIP-sequencing revealed regions in the genome characterised by different banding. Different developmental stages were profiled in Drosophila as well, an emphasis was placed on histone modification relevance. A look in to the data obtained led to the definition of chromatin states based on histone modifications.

The human genome was annotated with chromatin states. These annotated states can be used as new ways to annotate a genome independently of the underlying genome sequence. This independence from the DNA sequence enforces the epigenetic nature of histone modifications. Chromatin states are also useful in identifying regulatory elements that have no defined sequence, such as enhancers. This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation.

Methods

The histone mark acetylation can be detected in a variety of ways:

1. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-sequencing) measures the amount of DNA enrichment once bound to a targeted protein and immunoprecipitated. It results in good optimization and is used in vivo to reveal DNA-protein binding occurring in cells. ChIP-Seq can be used to identify and quantify various DNA fragments for different histone modifications along a genomic region.

2. Micrococcal Nuclease sequencing (MNase-seq) is used to investigate regions that are bound by well positioned nucleosomes. Use of the micrococcal nuclease enzyme is employed to identify nucleosome positioning. Well positioned nucleosomes are seen to have enrichment of sequences.

3. Assay for transposase accessible chromatin sequencing  (ATAC-seq) is used to look in to regions that are nucleosome free (open chromatin). It uses hyperactive Tn5 transposon to highlight nucleosome localisation.

See also
 Histone acetylation

References

Category:Epigenetics
Category:Posttranslational modification


Viva la Mexico

"Viva La Mexico" is the season premiere of the second season of the American television drama series Hell on Wheels, which aired on August 12, 2012 on AMC. The eleventh episode of the series is written by Tony Gayton and Joe Gayton, and directed by David Von Ancken. In the episode, on the run for his crimes, Cullen Bohannon (Anson Mount) robs trains with a group of ex-Confederate soldiers, while Lily Bell (Dominique McElligott) and Thomas Durant (Colm Meaney) continue the Union Pacific Railroad's westward progress.

Plot
A band of masked robbers hijacks Thomas Durant's payroll train, though a guard shoots one of them in the shoulder. The wounded bandit takes off his mask as he flees to reveal it is Cullen Bohannon. Later, Hawkins (Ryan Robbins), leader of the robbers, gives him his cut of the stolen money. Cullen insists they save their money to start a Confederate colony in Mexico, but Hawkins thinks the men should celebrate their victory and rob more trains. Doc Whitehead (Grainger Hines), an old friend of Cullen's, extracts a bullet fragment from Cullen's shoulder and apologizes for involving him in the gang. The train robbers later drink at a trading post, where a pair of former Union soldiers provoke Cullen into a fight after their comments about Southerners.

At the railway office, Lily tells Durant that railroad construction has been slow and complains about the foreman. Elam (Common) informs Durant that the payroll train was robbed again. Outside, Durant speaks with the Swede (Christopher Heyerdahl), who is tending his wagon. The Swede offers to help restore order in town, but Durant thinks he should continue his new jobs as undertaker and custodian, having been tarred and feathered by the citizens of Hell on Wheels when he was in charge of security.

Nell (April Telek) finds one of the prostitutes murdered in bed, and a crowd watches silently as the Swede loads the body onto his wagon. Durant tells Lily about the murdered woman, a first for Hell on Wheels, and Lily insists they find and punish the killer, but Durant doesn't care, as she was a whore. Lily later gives the Swede money to ensure the dead woman receives a proper burial.

Spying on another train, Cullen recognizes Elam as the guard, then demands to be the first man on the train. As the bandits rob passengers on the train, Cullen barges into the payroll car and orders Elam to hand over the money, explaining that he is saving Elam's life. He refuses, and Cullen urges the robbers off the train, saying Elam overpowered him. Cullen urges the bandits to head straight to Mexico, but Hawkins wants to rob one more train and questions Cullen's motives. Cullen relents and agrees with Hawkins.

Durant chastises Elam for letting Cullen live, but Elam points out he was hired to only protect the payroll. He then offers to help get Hell on Wheels back on track, but Durant hesitates, on account of Elam's race, but says he will consider it. Sean and Mickey are now selling real estate in Hell on Wheels. Ruth approaches Sean with news that her father has been unable to preach for a few weeks and asks for more time on the rent. Sean proposes having dinner to discuss her affairs, but Ruth turns him down. At the brothel, Nell strikes a protection deal with Sean McGinnes (Ben Esler) for 10% of her profits. He later tells Mickey (Phil Burke) she agreed on the condition that they kill the whore's murderer. Standing at the edge of a river, Lily tells Durant that the Sioux tribe considers the land on the other side sacred and her husband Robert wanted to avoid it. Durant disregards her, says the Sioux will be the least of their troubles if they do not get the railroad under control.

Doc urges Cullen to forgo the heist and leave, saying the others are unhappy with him. Later, as the men rob the train, Cullen points his gun at one who is terrorizing a mother and child. The bandit knocks out a distracted Cullen, who wakes to find himself in a prison wagon, where he jokes with a ruffian (Mark Anderako), a fellow prisoner. Later, from his jail cell, Cullen watches a firing squad kill the ruffian, knowing he could be next.

Reception

Ratings
"Viva La Mexico" was watched by 2.45 million viewers and received a 0.6 rating among viewers aged 18-49.

Critical reception
The episode received fairly positive reviews. The A.V. Clubs Alasdair Wilkins gave the episode a B- grade, which was "somewhat provisional, my way of splitting the difference between all the problems of last season and the potential I still think the show has. This episode could look a lot better or a lot worse in retrospect, depending on how things proceed from here." Alan Sepinwall of HitFix also gave the episode a B- grade, calling it "a solid, meat-and-potatoes example of a genre (Westerns)". However, he added that while the cinematography was "beautiful to look at", most of the characters were "still thin and unengaging, even in their new stations." Their stories, he stated, "seem to be moving in circles, even as the railroad itself keeps moving forward." TV Fanatic's Sean McKenna rated the episode with 4 out of 5 stars, saying, "Maybe it wasn't a jaw dropping premiere or switched things up in a wild way, but it was engaging nonetheless and started off with plenty of promise, potential and pure Western fun."

References

External links

 TV.com: Viva La Mexico
 TV Guide: Viva La Mexico

Category:2012 American television episodes
Category:Hell on Wheels (TV series) episodes


Słębowo

Słębowo  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żnin, within Żnin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

References

Category:Villages in Żnin County


History of slavery in Kansas

While cotton never had a significant role in Kansas' early agrarian economy, a tiny portion of the population did engage in the ownership of slaves and plantations in the fertile grounds lining the Missouri River during the mid-19th century.

Armed civil conflict
The presence of slaveowners in Kansas, particularly slaveowners who had migrated from neighboring slave state Missouri in order to guarantee the future state's entry into the Union as a slave state, served as a motivating factor for Northern abolitionist movements to move into the Kansas territory in order to prevent such efforts from succeeding. This resulted in the armed conflict known as Bleeding Kansas.

External links
 Kansas Bogus Legislature

Category:History of Kansas
Kansas


Barkeria lindleyana

Barkeria lindleyana is a species of orchid.

References

External links

lindleyana
Category:Plants described in 1842


Kingship of Tara

The term Kingship of Tara () was a title of authority in ancient Ireland - the title is closely associated with the archaeological complex at the Hill of Tara. The position was considered to be of eminent authority in medieval Irish literature and Irish mythology, although national kingship was never a historical reality in early Ireland. The term also represented a prehistoric and mythical ideal of sacred kingship in Ireland. Holding the title King of Tara invested the incumbent with a powerful status. Many Irish High Kings were simultaneously Kings of Tara. The title emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries. In later times, actual claimants to this title used their position to promote themselves in status and fact to the High Kingship. Prior to this, various branches of the Uí Néill dynasty appear to have used it to denote overlordship of their kindred and realms.

The titles King of Tara and High King of Ireland were distinct and unrelated for much of history.

The following is a list of those accorded the title (or at least believed to be seated) in the Irish annals—the kings and legends. The dates and names of the early kings are uncertain and are often highly suspect. Several may be doubles of others, while composite characters may be entirely fictitious. Some may also be assigned to the wrong prehistoric kindred.

Legendary Kings of Tara

Prehistoric

Mythological:
Eochu Feidlech
Eochu Airem
Lugaid Riab nDerg
Crimthann Nia Náir
Feradach Finnfechtnach
Érainn and Dáirine (Corcu Loígde):
Eterscél Mór
Conaire Mór / Conaire Cóem
Dáire Doimthech
Mac Con / Lugaid Loígde
Eochaid Étgudach
Laigin:
Úgaine Mór
Lóegaire Lorc
Cobthach Cóel Breg
Labraid Loingsech
Cairbre Nia Fer
Nuadu Necht
Cathair Mór
Dál Cuinn (Connachta and Uí Néill):
(Fíachu Finnolach)
Tuathal Techtmar
Fedlimid Rechtmar
Conn of the Hundred Battles
Art mac Cuinn
Cormac mac Airt
Cairbre Lifechair

Late Prehistoric

Niall of the Nine Hostages
Lóegaire mac Néill
Coirpre mac Néill
Ailill Molt

Early Historic Kings of Tara

Mac Cairthinn mac Coelboth, died 546/547
Tuathal Maelgarb, d.544/549
Diarmait mac Cerbaill, before 558 – 565
Forggus mac Muirchertaig and Domnall mac Muirchertaig, 565–569?
Báetán mac Muirchertaig and Eochaid mac Domnaill, 569? – 572/573
Ainmuire mac Sétnai, 572/573 – 575/576
Áed mac Ainmuirech, 575/576, or 592 – 598
Fiachnae mac Báetáin (Fiachnae Lurgan), 589–626
Colmán Rímid mac Báetáin and Áed Sláine mac Diarmato, 598–604
Áed Allán mac Domnaill (Áed Uaridnach), "king of Temair", 604–?
Congal Cáech, died 637

Later Kings of Tara

Cathal mac Finguine, 713–742
Áed Allán, 730–738
Donnchad Midi mac Murchado, 763–797
Áed Oirdnide mac Néill, 797–819
Conchobar mac Donnchada, 819–833
Niall Caille mac Áeda, 833–846
Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid, 846–862
Áed Findliath mac Néill, 862–879
Flann Sinna mac Máelschnaill, 878–916
Niall Glúndub, 916–919
Donnchad Donn mac Flainn, 919–944
Ruaidrí Ua Canannáin, 944 – 30 November 950
Congalach Cnogba mac Máelmithig, 950–956
Domnall ua Néill, 956–980
Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, 980–1002

Baile Chuinn Chétchathaig

Togail Bruidne Dá Derga

See also
 Irish kings
 High King of Ireland
 List of High Kings of Ireland
 Cín Dromma Snechtai

Notes

References

Edel Bhreathnach and Kevin Murray, "Baile Chuinn Chétchathaig: Edition", in Edel Bhreathnach (ed.), The Kingship and Landscape of Tara. Dublin: Four Courts Press for The Discovery Programme. 2005. pp. 73–94
Edel Bhreathnach (ed.), The Kingship and Landscape of Tara. Dublin: Four Courts Press for The Discovery Programme. 2005.
Francis John Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Four Courts Press. 2nd revised edition, 2001.
Thomas Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland. Cambridge University Press. 2000.
Anne Connon, "A Prosopography of the Early Queens of Tara", in Edel Bhreathnach (ed.), The Kingship and Landscape of Tara. Dublin: Four Courts Press for The Discovery Programme. 2005. pp. 225–327
Lucius Gwynn, "De Síl Chonairi Móir", in Ériu 6 (1912): 130–43.
Bart Jaski, Early Irish Kingship and Succession. Four Courts Press. 2000.
Bart Jaski "The Vikings and the Kingship of Tara", in Perita, 311–351, vol. 9, 1995.
Ailbhe Mac Shamhráin and Paul Byrne, "Prosopography I: Kings named in Baile Chuinn Chétchathaig and the Airgíalla Charter Poem", in Edel Bhreathnach (ed.), The Kingship and Landscape of Tara. Dublin: Four Courts Press for The Discovery Programme. 2005. pp. 159–224
Gerard Murphy, "On the Dates of Two Sources Used in Thurneysen's Heldensage: I. Baile Chuind and the date of Cín Dromma Snechtai", in Ériu 16 (1952): 145–51. includes edition and translation.
T. F. O'Rahilly, Early Irish History and Mythology. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1946.

Annals

 The Annals of Ulster - http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/index.html
 The Annals of Inisfallen - http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100004/index.html
 Chronicon Scotorum -  http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100016/index.html
 The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland - http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100017/index.html
 Annals of the Four Masters - http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/index.html

External links

 Map of Tara

Category:Medieval Ireland
Category:Lists of Irish monarchs


List of Bar/None Records artists

New Jersey's largest record label, Bar/None Records, began in 1986 by releasing albums from artists native to the Hoboken region of New Jersey. NPR's radio program World Cafe recognizes Bar/None Records as being "small but influential," in comparison with multinational media groups, listing artists that first recorded with the label before signing with larger record labels, such as Ezra Furman, Freedy Johnston, Yo La Tengo, the Front Bottoms, the Feelies and They Might Be Giants. As of 2019, there have been over one-hundred and twenty artists signed to Bar/None Records.

Artists

Former and inactive artists

References
Citations

Bibliography

External links
Full catalog of Bar/None Records artists at bar-none.com

Bar/None Records
Category:Bar/None Records


Spilosoma danbyi

Spilosoma danbyi, or Danby's tiger moth, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Berthold Neumoegen and Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1893. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Washington and western Canada from British Columbia to Manitoba.

The wingspan is about 25 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July.

Taxonomy
The species was formerly considered a synonym of Spilosoma pteridis.

References

Category:Moths described in 1893
danbyi


Misty Mountains

The Misty Mountains are a fictional mountain range in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy setting of Middle-earth. The mountain-chain is less well known by its  alternative names. One of these is Hithaeglir (meaning mist-peak-line in Sindarin, one of the languages invented by Tolkien); this was misspelled as Hithaiglin on the original main map of The Lord of the Rings. Other alternative names are the Mountains of Mist or the Towers of Mist. The range stretched continuously for some 900 miles (1440 kilometres) across the continent of Middle-earth.

The Misty Mountains first appeared in print in Tolkien's 1937 book, The Hobbit. A vision of the mountains is invoked in the  first chapter: "Far over the misty mountains cold..."; they are encountered directly in chapter 4. Further information about the mountains was added in Tolkien's subsequent publications.

Middle-earth narrative

Geography

The Misty Mountains stretched continuously for some 900 miles: from Carn Dûm in the north to Dol Baran in the south, and were a formidable barrier between the large Middle-earth regions of Eriador and Wilderland.

The northernmost section of the Misty Mountains ran from Carn Dûm to Mount Gundabad, and was known as the Mountains of Angmar. Mount Gundabad was where Durin awoke according to legend, though it was later an abode of Orcs. Mount Gram, another Orc nest, was not far away. Mount Gundabad was on the eastern side of the range, where it nearly joined the westernmost extremity of the Grey Mountains. The strategic gap was about 10 miles wide.

The greatest Dwarf realm in Middle-earth, Khazad-dûm, was located at the midpoint of the Misty Mountains. The area's three massive peaks - the Mountains of Moria - were Caradhras (Redhorn and its pass), Celebdil (Silvertine) and Fanuidhol (Cloudyhead) — in Khuzdûl (aka Dwarvish) respectively named Barazinbar, Zirakzigil and Bundushathûr. Under Celebdil was the main part of Khazad-dûm; it included the Endless Stair, which the Dwarves built from the foundations of the mountain to its summit.

The southernmost peak of the Misty Mountains was Methedras (end-horn); from here the great range finally subsided into foothills, the last being Dol Baran. Here the southernmost foothills of the Misty Mountains looked across the Gap of Rohan to the northernmost foothills of the White Mountains.

Passes
The Misty Mountains had very few passes; these are presented in the following list. The most important were the High Pass and the Redhorn Pass.

a minor pass near the source of the Hoarwell
the High Pass, near Rivendell
Also called the Pass of Imladris and Cirith Forn en Andrath .
The Orc-stronghold of Goblin-town had an outlet onto the High Pass.
There were actually two alternative routes in the High Pass; the lower pass was more prone to being blocked by Orcs; hence most travellers used the higher pass, except during those rare interludes when the Orcs were suppressed.
a minor pass at the source of the Gladden
the Redhorn Pass near Moria
This pass was usually open year-round, even in winter.
Farther south there were no passes, until the Misty Mountains ended at the Gap of Rohan.

Valleys and rivers
Some of Middle-earth's notable valleys and dales lay in or close to the Misty Mountains:
Rivendell was hidden in the foothills near the western end of the High Pass.
Further south the eastern end of the Redhorn Pass led into the great Dimrill Dale in the arms of the Mountains of Moria.
This dale led down into Lothlórien: the Valley of Singing Gold.
At the southern end of the Misty Mountains, Fangorn forest reached right up into the eastern foothills; the deep dales there were filled with an ancient darkness.
Nearby lay Nan Curunír (the Wizard's Vale), where Isengard was built. It faced the Gap of Rohan.

Rivers originating in the Misty Mountains (north to south):

flowing West: Hoarwell, Bruinen, Sirannon, Glanduin, and Isen.
flowing East (all such rivers are tributaries of the Anduin): Langwell, Rushdown, Gollum's stream, Gladden, Silverlode, Nimrodel, Limlight, Entwash.

Underworld
Deep beneath the Misty Mountains lay a primordial underworld in perpetual darkness. It was inhabited by primitive creatures. These are reported in and near the underground lake below Goblin-town, and in the underworld of Moria. The Watcher in the Water was one of the creatures from Moria's underworld.

History
The Misty Mountains were raised by Melkor (Middle-earth's first Dark Lord) in a primeval epoch of the First Age, no later than the War of the Powers. He hoped to impede Oromë, one of the Valar who often rode across Middle-earth hunting. The Mountains were far taller in those days and had a more dreaded appearance.

However Oromë established the High Pass. He did this to assist the Eldar to cross the mountains on their Great Journey to the West. Even so, the Misty Mountains were still viewed as too formidable by a large number of the Elves; they forsook the great migration, and dwelt east of the mountains (i.e. in Wilderland). This was a major sundering of the Elves; the group who remained behind became the Nandor.

Dwarves began to use the High Pass later in the First Age. They connected their roads (the Great East Road and the Men-i-Naugrim through Mirkwood) with this pass, which reinforced it as the major gateway between Eriador and the regions to the east.

The great Dwarf realm of Khazad-dûm had been established beneath the Misty Mountains earlier in the First Age, and flourished for thousands of years, until the unearthing of the Balrog (Durin's Bane) in . The Dwarves then deserted Khazad-dûm, which then became known as Moria (the Black Pit), and it came to be occupied by Orcs and other creatures.

Later the High Pass was used by the army of Gil-galad and Elendil when they marched east to Mordor in the War of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men. After this war Isildur was slain by Orcs watching the way back towards the pass.

Third Age
Halflings had begun to migrate west across the Mountains by the year 1050 of the Third Age. They were the ancestors of Hobbits.

By , the Witch-king established the realm of Angmar at Carn Dûm. He was based there at the northern extreme of the mountains for several centuries.

During this time the Orcs spread through the Misty Mountains, and the High Pass became dangerous again. Only with the War of the Dwarves and Orcs (-93), which nearly wiped out all Orcs of the mountains, did it become safe again for a while. Nevertheless, by the time of the Quest of Erebor the goblins of Goblin-town had burrowed their way back to the pass, and thus captured Bilbo Baggins and Thorin Oakenshield's company of Dwarves.

The Fellowship of the Ring tried to cross the Redhorn Pass (after rejecting the High Pass leading to Wilderland as being watched by the Enemy, and the Gap of Rohan as taking the Fellowship too close to Isengard), but a blizzard forced the companions to go under the Misty Mountains instead of over them. There, in the subterranean realm of Moria, the Nine Walkers unexpectedly encountered the Balrog, Durin's Bane. Gandalf fell with the Balrog into the uttermost depths of Moria and fought the Balrog all the way up the Endless Stair, finally slaying it by throwing it from the peak of Celebdil, but sacrificing his own life in doing so.

Inhabitants

Eagles had eyries in the Mountains from the earliest times. It was also anciently the habitat of great bears, who were said to be the ancestors of Beorn. Stone-giants (also called mountain giants) were another race that inhabited the outside of the mountains. Sometimes, because of their size, a stone-giant could be mistaken for the side of the mountain itself; at times these creatures could reach heights of forty feet tall. These giants are described in the Hobbit in the chapter "Over Hill and Under Hill."

Various races made their homes underneath the Misty Mountains. The Dwarf realm of Moria flourished from the First Age well into the Third. In the early Second Age, escapees from the War of Wrath established subterranean lairs: Orcs (e.g. at Goblin-town, Gundabad) and (as far as is known) one Balrog (under Moria). The Balrog was destroyed by Gandalf the Grey.

From time to time the Orcs dominated the Misty Mountains. Their known leaders were Golfimbul, Azog, the Great Goblin and Bolg son of Azog.

Gollum was fascinated with the Misty Mountains as a youngster. When exiled from his original home, he followed a stream into the Mountains, and lived underneath them for over five centuries. His home there was an island in an underground lake near Goblin-town. With him resided the One Ring.

Sources and inspirations

The genesis of the Misty Mountains lay in the Poetic Edda, with which Tolkien was familiar. In particular, the protagonist in the Skírnismál notes that his quest will involve misty mountains, orcs, and giants.

Significant aspects of the Misty Mountains, including their visualization and some of the experiences of Tolkien's protagonists, were inspired by his travels in the Swiss Alps in 1911.

Namesakes and cultural references
The International Astronomical Union names all mountains on Saturn's moon Titan after mountains in Tolkien's work.  In 2012, they named a Titanian mountain range "Misty Montes" after the Misty Mountains.

The title of the 1971 Led Zeppelin song "Misty Mountain Hop" was based on Tolkien's mountain range.

Works cited

References

External links

 Misty Mountains at the Encyclopedia of Arda

Category:Middle-earth mountains

pl:Lista gór i wzgórz Śródziemia#Góry Mgliste
sv:Platser i Tolkiens värld#Dimmiga bergen


Heather MacNeil

Heather MacNeil is a professor at the Faculty of Information of the University of Toronto, Canada. She
teaches archives and record keeping related topics. She is a former General Editor of Archivaria (2014-2015) and helped develop the concept of the Archival bond.

Bill Landis, Head of Public Services, Manuscripts and Archives at Yale University Library, nominated MacNeil's 2005 paper "Picking Our Text: Archival Description, Authenticity, and the Archivist as Editor" as his favourite article from American Archivist, saying "Heather MacNeil does an incredible job of unpacking the hidden assumptions we've developed as a profession ...". In 2016 MacNeil was awarded the James J. Talman Award by the Archives Association of Ontario, which is given to individuals who have "demonstrated an outstanding level of imagination and innovation in contribution to the profession."

Selected publications

References

Further reading
 Millar, Laura. "Heather MacNeil (1954-)" in Encyclopedia of Archival Writers, 1515 - 2015 edited by Luciana Duranti and Patricia C. Franks, London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2019, pp.366-370. .

External links
 Heather MacNeil Profile at University of Toronto

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian archivists
Category:Female archivists
Category:Canadian women academics
Category:University of Toronto faculty


2013 Grand Prix GSB

The 2013 Grand Prix GSB was a one-day women's cycle race in the Grand Prix GSB series held in El Salvador on March 7, 2013. It ran from Plaza El Salvador del Mundo (The Savior of the World Plaza) in San Salvador City  to Juayúa over  and has an UCI rating of 1.1. The race was won by the Brazilian  Clemilda Fernandes Silva, beating the Be Pink pairing of Alena Amialiusik and Noemi Cantele.

References

Category:2013 in Salvadoran sport
Category:2013 in women's road cycling
Category:Grand Prix GSB


Guaranteed Minimum Pension

The Guaranteed Minimum Pension (GMP) is the minimum pension which a United Kingdom occupational pension scheme has to provide for those employees who were contracted out of the State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme (SERPS) between 6 April 1978 and 5 April 1997.  The amount is said to be 'broadly equivalent' to the amount the member would have received had they not been contracted out.

Originally, when the GMP became payable at State Pension Age, the cost-of-living increases associated with this element of a member's pension were paid by the state with the individual's state pension.  With regard to any GMP accrued from 6 April 1988, the occupational pension scheme is required to pay increases in line with the Consumer Price Index up to a maximum of 3%.  The change in rules led to a distinction between Pre 1988 GMP and Post 1988 GMP.

With effect from 6 April 1997, Guaranteed Minimum Pensions no longer accrued and the system was replaced by the Reference Scheme Test.

Example
The system therefore became increasingly complex and can be illustrated with an example.  Mr Jones was a member of his occupational pension scheme between 1980 and 1995 and was entitled to a pension of £500 per month on his retirement.  Because he was contracted out of SERPS, the government advised that he was entitled to a GMP of £110 per month, including £50 post 1988 GMP.  The non-GMP element of his pension—in this case £390 per month—is usually known as the 'excess' and his payment advice would give a breakdown as follows:

The complexity arises because different increases are applied to the various elements of the pension.  Supposing the scheme rules allow for annual increases of 3% and the Retail Prices Index increases by 4.5%.  The scheme would pay an additional £11.70 in respect of the excess pension (3% of £390), but nothing on the pre 1988 GMP.  They would be liable to pay 3% of the post 1988 GMP – in this case £1.50 per month.  The individual is, however, entitled to an increase of 4.5% on his total Guaranteed Minimum Pension, which amounts to £4.95 (4.5% of £110).  Therefore, an additional amount of £3.45 would be paid by the state, in addition to his State Pension (£4.95 less £1.50).

With effect from 6 April 1997, Guaranteed Minimum Pensions no longer accrued and the system was replaced by the Reference Scheme Test.  However, schemes were still liable to pay GMP for those members who had accrued it between 1978 and 1997.
Additionally some contracted out schemes whose pensions may have been based only on basic pay may have a GMP for 1978–1997 that is actually higher than the company pension for that period. In this case the company must pay the higher of company pension or GMP for 1978–97 PLUS any scheme pension accumulated after that date.

New rules from 6 April 2016

Since the example above was compiled, there has been a major change to GMP increases. People who reach state pension age on and after 6 April 2016 will no longer receive GMP increases via their state pension.
Teresa Pearse asked questions about GMP increases on 6 January 2016 and was told by Steve Webb the Pensions Minister "The Department for Work and Pensions does not pay increases on guaranteed minimum pensions (GMPs)."

A special concession has been made to people in the public sector, i.e. if they reached state pension age on and after 6 April 2016 and before 6 December 2018 they will have their GMP increases paid by their occupational pension scheme. The government will fully index public service pensions for workers reaching State Pension Age from April 2016 to 5 December 2018. In response to the introduction of the new State Pension in April 2016, the government will continue to price protect the Guaranteed Minimum Pension of public sector workers.
This means that those who reach State Pension Age on or after 6 April 2016 and before 6 December 2018 – when the State Pension Age equalises – will receive a fully indexed public service pension for their whole life.

A further announcement was made by the Treasury on 28 November 2016. This is still ongoing at 15 October 2017. If you read the article you will see that based on inflation of 3% the potential loss can be up to about £27,000 for a woman and £19,000 for a man. Note that using a lower inflation assumption gives a lower estimate of potential loss. These figures were calculated by the Government Actuaries Department.

Table 2.C: Estimated cumulative GMP loss from indexation (current terms) based on maximum GMP amounts in Table 2.B (including inherited rights)
Loss / CPI assumption Male Female
1% £6,000 £9,000
2% £13,000 £18,000
3% £19,000 £27,000
Source: Government Actuary's Department (GAD)

People who reached state pension age prior to 6 April 2016 continue to have all or part of their GMP increases paid via their state pension as described earlier on in this article.

On 29 September 2019 the Parliamentary Ombudsman declared the DWP guilty of maladministration as they had not told members of the Public that if they reached state pension age on and after 6 April 2016 they will no longer receive cost of living increases on part of their occupational pension known as Guaranteed Minimum pension (GMP) which are still payable to people who reached state pension age prior to 6 April 2016 with their state pension.

See article in Sunday Times dated 17 November 2019 (Despite Ombudsman’s ruling, thousands of pensioners will still lose out)
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/despite-ombudsmans-ruling-thousands-of-pensioners-will-still-lose-out-5g80mt0xq

See article in Corporate Adviser dated 19 November 2019 (Govt found guilty of maladministration over GMP state pension impact)
https://corporate-adviser.com/govt-found-guilty-of-maladministration-over-gmp-state-pension-impact/

See article FTAdviser 26 November 2019  (DWP 'not open' about contracting out impact
https://www.ftadviser.com/pensions/2019/11/26/dwp-not-open-about-contracting-out-impact/

References

External links
 Pensions Schemes Act 1993
 House of Commons Library
 Occupational Pension Schemes (Contracting-Out) (Amendment) Regulations 2009
 The Pensions Advisory Service - Final Salary Schemes
 The Pension Advisory Service - Revaluation and Guaranteed Minimum Pension (GMP)

Category:Pensions in the United Kingdom


Electoral district of Murray (disambiguation)

The Electoral district of Murray is a state electoral district of the New South Wales legislative assembly.

See also

New South Wales
 Electoral district of Murray-Darling, a former New South Wales electoral district, existing from 1999 to 2015
 Electoral district of United Counties of Murray and St Vincent, a former New South Wales electoral district, existing from 1856 to 1859

South Australia
 Electoral district of Murray (South Australia), a former South Australian electoral district, existing from 1902 to 1985
 Electoral district of The Murray (South Australia), a former South Australian electoral district, existing from 1857 to 1862

Victoria
 Electoral district of Murray Plains, a current electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, created in 2014
 Electoral district of Murray Valley, a former electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, existing from 1945 to 2014
 Electoral district of The Murray, a former electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, existing from 1856 to 1877
 Electoral district of Murray Boroughs, a former electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, existing from 1856 to 1877
 Electoral district of Murray (Victorian Legislative Council), a former electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Council, existing from 1851 to 1856

Western Australia
 Electoral district of Murray and Williams, a former electoral district of the Western Australian Legislative Council, existing from 1874 to 1890
 Electoral district of Murray-Wellington, the current name of the Western Australian electoral district, known as the Electoral district of Murray at times since 1890


Aqa Bagi

Aqa Bagi (, also Romanized as Āqā Bagī) is a village in Miyan Ab-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Shushtar County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 158, in 23 families.

References

Category:Populated places in Shushtar County


Recorda Me

"Recorda Me" (Remember Me) is a jazz standard by the saxophonist Joe Henderson. It was introduced on Henderson's debut album Page One, in 1963. This album also featured the first recording of the jazz standard "Blue Bossa", written by trumpeter Kenny Dorham.

History
The saxophonist wrote the composition at the age of 15 in a Latin style, but later modified it with a bossa nova rhythm. It was recorded by Henderson on subsequent albums, including an uptempo version named "No Me Esqueca" (Do Not Forget Me) on In Pursuit of Blackness and an arrangement named "Recuérdame" (Spanish) on the Big Band album. He recorded live versions on Joe Henderson Quintet at the Lighthouse and in the 1985 film and recording One Night with Blue Note with Freddie Hubbard, Herbie Hancock, Ron Carter and Tony Williams.
The composition is used widely in jazz education programs and jazz songbook compilations.

Chord changes
Chord changes for "Recorda Me":

 ‖: A–6   | A–6   | A–6   | A–6   |
 ‖  C–6   | C–6   | C–6   | C–6  F7  ‖
 ‖  Bmaj7   | B–7  E7  | Amaj7   | A-7  D7  |
 | Gmaj7   | G-7  C7  | Fmaj7   E79| E79   :‖

Other versions
"Recorda Me" has been covered by many other musicians including:
 Steps Ahead on Smokin' in the Pit (1980)
 McCoy Tyner on New York Reunion (1991)
 Art Farmer on Soul Eyes (1991)
 Greg Osby on New Directions (1991)
 Renee Rosnes on Black Narcissus: A Tribute to Joe Henderson (2008)
 Chick Corea on Trilogy (2013)
 Conrad Herwig on The Latin Side of Joe Henderson (2014) - nomination at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards

Notes

See also
List of post-1950 jazz standards

Category:1963 compositions
Category:Bossa nova jazz standards
Category:Hard bop jazz standards
Category:1960s jazz standards


Pain Management (album)

Pain Management is the fourth album by the American rapper Bubba Sparxxx. It was released on October 15, 2013, by Average Joes Entertainment and Backroad Records. It was his first album in seven years and has guest appearances by Colt Ford, Rodney Atkins, Danny Boone, Dan Rockett, Crucifix, Dirt Reynolds, Daniel Lee and The Lacs.

Track listing

Chart performance

References

Category:2013 albums
Category:Bubba Sparxxx albums
Category:Average Joes Entertainment albums


Iowa Library Association

The Iowa Library Association (1890) is a professional organization for Iowa's librarians and library workers.  It is headquartered in Des Moines, Iowa. It was founded on September 2, 1890, in Des Moines, Iowa at the State Library in the Iowa State Capitol, by Ada North, Librarian at the State University of Iowa in Iowa City; State Librarian Mary Miller, T.S. Parvin of the Iowa Masonic Library, Clara M. Smith of the Burlington Public Library, and Clara C. Dwight of the Dubuque Y.M. Library.

Mary H. Miller was elected as the first President by the five organizers and twelve other librarians. The fledgling organization borrowed its bylaws from the New York Library Association, which was founded earlier that same year. The original bylaws established dues of one dollar per year and required that the association hold an annual meeting during the week of the Iowa State Fair

The Association now has over 1600 members from over 500 public, academic, and special libraries all over the state.

References

External links
 Iowa Library Association website

Category:Library associations
Category:Organizations based in Iowa


Henry Fairfax (priest)

Henry Fairfax (1634–1702) was an English clergyman and academic, Dean of Norwich after the Glorious Revolution.

Life
He was a twin son (with John) of Charles Fairfax, and grandson of Thomas Fairfax, 1st Lord Fairfax of Cameron. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, where he matriculated 21 July 1653. He graduated B.A. in 1657, M.A. 1659, B.D. 26 April 1660, and D.D. 10 March 1680. He was elected a Fellow of Magdalen College in 1659.

He was senior fellow of Magdalen in 1687, when James II endeavoured to force on the college a president of his own choosing. Fairfax signed the petition to the king (9 April 1687) begging him to cancel his decree ordering the fellows to elect Anthony Farmer. When that appeal failed he voted for a second petition to the same effect (15 April), and on 17 April took a prominent part in electing John Hough to the presidency. With his colleagues he wrote to James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (19 April), asking  for his intervention with the king. On 6 June he was summoned before the court of high commission at Whitehall. On 13 June he was brought before George Jeffreys, president of the court, protested against the proceedings, denied their legality, and declined to sign any answer to the charges brought against him. Jeffreys abused him, and told him he was fit for a madhouse.

On 22 June 1687 the high court commissioners suspended Fairfax from his fellowship; but he disputed the validity of the act, and still resided in the college. When the royal commissioners first visited Magdalen on 20 October Fairfax absented himself, although he was in Oxford, whereupon he was pronounced contumacious (31 October) He appeared before the commissioners next day, and denied the right of the king's new nominee, Samuel Parker, to act as president. He would appeal, he said, to the court of king's bench, and with another fellow, Thomas Stafford, signed a protest against the proceedings of the Oxford visitors. On being warned of its dangers he withdrew the document; but he was finally expelled the college and his name struck off the books (25 October). On 11 November his fellowship was filled up. On 22 December he was included in the decree which disqualified all the expelled fellows of Magdalen from holding any ecclesiastical benefice.

After the abdication of James II Fairfax was restored to his fellowship (26 October 1689). A year later (23 October 1689) he was rewarded with the deanery of Norwich, and he died there on 2 May 1702, aged 68, being buried in the cathedral. He is one of the persons credited with the authorship of An Impartial Relation of the whole proceedings against St. Mary Magdalen Colledge in Oxon.... in 1687 (1688), usually claimed for Charles Aldworth, vice-president of the college.

Notes

References

Category:1634 births
Category:1702 deaths
Category:Deans of Norwich
Category:Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
Henry
Category:English academics
Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Category:Twin people from England
Category:17th-century English Anglican priests


Consume, be silent, die

The phrase "Consume, be silent, die'" embodies a critique of consumer culture,
capturing what Raoul Vaneigem called "the poverty of abundance".
Variants include "work, consume, be silent, die" and "work, buy, consume, die".
The phrase traces to 1970s environmental protests
but regained prominence during the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011.

Origins and popular culture

Some claim the phrase's origin is in 1970s graffiti. One of Benny Zable's GreeDozer costumes includes the phrase. Early photos of this costume are undated, but Hutton and Connors (1999, p. 153) report sightings in 1979. It was also familiar to train passengers in Sydney as graffiti on the wall of a tunnel approaching Central Station as early as 1972.

 The Belgian philosopher Raoul Vaneigem expressed a closely related sentiment in his 1967 book The Revolution of Everyday Life: "Work to survive, survive by consuming, survive to consume; the hellish cycle is complete."
 The poetry journal Moria published a photograph by the photographer Ana Viviane Minorelli of the phrase as graffiti.
 The punk band "Man Will Destroy Himself" have an album entitled Consume...Be Silent...Die....
 The Summer Camp Riot album Mole Patrol includes the song "Work Buy Consume Die (Ring The Frickin Bell Already)".

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120317070705/http://peternicholson.byteserve.com.au/poetry.html
 http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6073/371/1600/BennyZable.jpg
 http://www.nimbinaustralia.com/bennyzable/benny-zable-story.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20111129202945/http://ed-strong.com/consume-be-silent-die

Category:Environmentalism


Oleg Łatyszonek

Oleg Łatyszonek (, Aleh Latyshonak) (born  May 27, 1957 in Elbląg) is a historian from Białystok, Poland, of Belarusian ancestry. His interests and his Ph.D. are the research of early cultural identity of Belarusians and the building of the Belarusian nation. He is  with the Department of Belarusian Culture, University of Białystok.

Oleg Latyszonek was involved with the "Solidarity" political movement in 1980s and was imprisoned for assistance in publishing of illegal bulletins. In post-Communist Poland, Łatyszonek has been involved in setting up the Belarusian minority movement, the Association of Belarusians in Poland. He is one of the founders  of the Belarusian Historical Society, Poland.

Łatyszonek is the driving force of the "Radio Racja" ("Radio Reason") radio station that broadcasts from Bialystok in Belarusian language targeting the Belarusians in both in Poland and Belarus, as well as the Polish minority in Belarus.

In 2008 he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

Works
 „Bialoruskie formacje wojskowe 1917-1923” ["Belarusian Military Units 1917-1923"], Bialystok, 1995,   (book review, in Belarusian)
 (With E. Mironowicz) „Historia Bialorusi od polowy XVIII do konca XX wieku” ["History of Belarus from the Mid-18th to the End of the 20th Century"], Bialystok, 2002  (book review, in Belarusian)
 "From White Rus to Belarus", in: Annus Albaruthenicus, no. 5, 2004.

References

Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Elbląg
Category:Polish people of Belarusian descent
Category:Polish historians
Category:University of Białystok faculty
Category:Belarusian historians


Reg Gibb

Reginald Norman "Reg" Gibb (10 November 1892 – 15 July 1981) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood and Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Gibb was the third of three brothers to play for Collingwood. He made appearances beside his eldest brother Percy in 1913 but missed out on playing with his other brother Len by a year.

Debuting in round two of the 1913 VFL season, Gibb became a regular member of the Collingwood team and played 17 games, including a semi final. His time at Collingwood came to an end in 1914 when he received a 15 game suspension for striking Essendon half back flanker Roy Laing.

When he returned to league football midway through the 1915 season, it was at a new club, Melbourne. He played eight games and then had to sit out of football for three years while Melbourne were in a war imposed recess. In 1919 he resumed his career but only made three appearances before getting a clearance back to his original club Hawthorn, who competed in the Victorian Football Association. His son Ray Gibb would later play for Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League.

References

Category:1892 births
Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Category:Collingwood Football Club players
Category:Melbourne Football Club players
Category:Hawthorn Football Club (VFA) players
Category:Sportspeople from Melbourne
Category:1981 deaths


The Last Supper (opera)

The Last Supper is an opera with music by Sir Harrison Birtwistle to an English and Latin libretto by Robin Blaser.  Birtwistle composed the music over the period written in 1998-1999.  The world premiere was given by the Berlin State Opera on 18 April 2000, with the production directed by Martin Duncan and conducted by Daniel Barenboim.  It was subsequently performed by the Glyndebourne Touring Opera in October/November 2000 and the following summer at the 2001 Glyndebourne Festival. Many of the original cast returned for two concert performances at the Piccolo Teatro Studio Expo, Milan and the Teatro Valdocco, Turin on 4-5 September 2008 with the London Sinfonietta, conducted by Elgar Howarth as part of the Settembre Musica festival.

Roles
 Christ (baritone)
 Judas (tenor)
 Ghost (soprano)
 Little James (countertenor)
 James (countertenor)
 Thomas (tenor)
 Andrew (tenor)
 Simon (tenor)
 Bartholomew (tenor)
 Philip (baritone)
 John (baritone)
 Matthew (bass-baritone)
 Thaddeus (bass)
 Peter (bass)

Choral parts
 Chorus Mysticus (amplified); 3 sopranos, 3 mezzo-sopranos, 3 altos
 Chorus Resonus (pre-recorded); 3 sopranos, 3 mezzo-sopranos, 3 altos
 Chorus in Visions I-III (pre-recorded); 3 sopranos, 3 mezzo-sopranos, 3 altos, 3 tenors, 3 baritones, 3 basses

Original cast
 Christ: William Dazeley
 Judas: Tom Randle
 Ghost: Susan Bickley
 Little James: Stephen Wallace
 James: Andrew Watts
 Andrew: Colin Judson
 Simon: Hilton Marlton
 Bartholomew: Christopher Lemmings
 Philip: Adrian Powter
 John: Andrew Rupp
 Matthew: Paul Reeves
 Thaddeus: Simon Kirkbride
 Peter: Geoffrey Moses

Synopsis

The story is a contemporary retelling of the "Last Supper" story.  It involves a character (Ghost) who represents ourselves/the audience.  Ghost invites Christ and his disciples to supper.  The ensuing drama juxtaposes the old and new, Jewish and Christian to raise questions about the myth/story of the Last Supper and its meaning in our modern context.  The opera ends in the Garden of Olives with Christ asking, "Whom do you seek?" and then a cock crows.

References

External links
 Boosey & Hawkes page on the opera
 Matthew Rogers, on-line essay on Glyndebourne performance of the opera

Category:Operas by Harrison Birtwistle
Category:English-language operas
Category:Operas
Category:2000 operas
Category:Opera world premieres at the Berlin State Opera
Category:Operas based on the Bible
Category:Operas based on real people
Category:Operas set in the 1st century
Category:Portrayals of Jesus in music
Category:Latin-language operas
Category:Last Supper
Category:Multiple-language operas


Jia Yuping

Jia Yuping (born 3 May 1986) is a Chinese cross-country skier. She competed in the women's sprint at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

References

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chinese female cross-country skiers
Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of China
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Kidtoon Films

Kidtoon Films is a distributor of children's animated films in the United States. The company is a subsidiary of The Bigger Picture, a Cinedigm company.  It is currently owned by SD Entertainment which produced many of its earlier releases. The company is based in Woodland Hills, California.

Titles released under Kidtoon's program have an MPAA G rating, use Dolby Digital and/or DTS (and sometimes SDDS) tracks, and are shown digitally during weekend morning matinées at cinemas owned by National Amusements (Showcase Cinemas, Multiplex Cinemas, and Cinema de Lux), California's UltraStar, Carmike Cinemas, Rave Motion Pictures, B&B Theatres, Dipson Theatres, Emagine Entertainment, Studio Movie Grill, and some smaller chains and independent cinemas.

Due to New Kideo acquiring Kidtoon Films in January 2013, the program took a 4-year hiatus. In February 2016, the program returned to 18 Showcase Cinemas locations with the movie Barbie Spy Squad.

History
Kidtoon Films launched on September 25, 2004 with Tonka Tough Truck Adventures: The Biggest Show on Wheels.

September 2004 – December 2012 releases
Tonka Tough Truck Adventures: The Biggest Show on Wheels (September 2004, March 2006)
Spookley the Square Pumpkin (every October from 2004-2011)
Candy Land: The Great Lollipop Adventure (February 2005, January 2008, August 2011)
Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (March 2005)
The Golden Blaze (April 2005)
Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (September 2005, June 2006)
My Little Pony: A Very Minty Christmas (October 2005, November 2007)
Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (May 2005)
Noddy Saves Christmas (December 2005)
My Little Pony: The Princess Promenade (January 2006)
Roach Approach: Slingshot Slugger (February 2006)
Pinocchio 3000 (April 2006)
The Secret of the Sword (May 2006)
Arthur's Missing Pal (July 2006)
My Little Pony: The Runaway Rainbow (August 2006)
Holly Day (September 2006)
Strawberry Shortcake: The Sweet Dreams Movie (October 2006)
A Christmas Carol (December 2006)
My Little Pony: A Very Pony Place (January 2007, August 2009)
The Little Robots in the Big Show (February 2007)
Strawberry Shortcake: Berry Blossom Festival (March 2007)
Jakers!: Wish Upon a Story (April 2007)
Eloise in Hollywood (May 2007)
Holly Hobbie & Friends: Best Friends Forever (June 2007)
Kidtoon Comics (July 2007)
Care Bears: Oopsy Does It! (August 2007, June 2009)
Strawberry Shortcake: Let's Dance (September 2007)
The Santa Claus Brothers (December 2007)
Care Bears: Grizzle-ly Adventures (February 2008)
Easter In Bunnyland (March 2008)
Bob the Builder: On Site - Roads and Bridges (April 2008)
Sesame Street: Dinosaurs! (May 2008, July 2009)
National Geographic Kids Big Screen Safari (June 2008)
Thomas & Friends: The Great Discovery (July 2008, May 2009)
Sushi Pack: The Movie (August 2008)
Abby in Wonderland (September 2008)
Barbie in a Christmas Carol (November 2008)
Barney's Night Before Christmas: The Movie (December 2008)
PBS Kids Goes To The Movies (January 2009)
Bob the Builder: On Site - Skyscrapers (February 2009)
Barbie Presents: Thumbelina (March 2009)
Super Why! and WordWorld Celebrate Earth Day (April 2009)
Thomas & Friends: Hero of the Rails (September 2009, June 2011)
Barney's Jungle Friends (October 2009)
My Little Pony: Twinkle Wish Adventure (November 2009)
Curious George: A Very Monkey Christmas/Olivia's Winter Wonderland (December 2009)
Winter Day Dreams ft. Franny's Feet and Olivia (January 2010)
Super Why! Attack of the Eraser (February 2010)
Strawberry Shortcake: The Berryfest Princess Movie (March 2010)
Care Bears: To the Rescue (April 2010)
Barbie in A Mermaid Tale (May 2010)
Dinosaur Train (June 2010)
Sesame Workshop Summer Beach Party (July 2010)
Strawberry Shortcake: The Glimmerberry Ball Movie (August 2010)
Barbie: A Fashion Fairytale (September 2010)
Care Bears: Share Bear Shines (November 2010)
Curious George: A Very Monkey Christmas (December 2010)
The Adventures of Chuck and Friends/My Little Pony: Friendship & Adventures (January 2011)
Barbie: A Fairy Secret (February 2011)
The Little Engine That Could (March 2011)
The Strawberry Shortcake Movie: Sky's the Limit (April 2011)
Olivia and the Great Outdoors (May 2011)
Babar and the Adventures of Badou: Swing into Summer (July 2011)
Sid the Science Kid (September 2011)
Thomas & Friends: Day of the Diesels (November 2011)
Olivia: Wintertime Cheer! (December 2011)
Dino Dan (January 2012)
Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2 (February 2012)
The Gruffalo (March 2012)
Peppa Pig: Muddy Puddles and Other Stories (April 2012)
Sid the Science Kid: Backyard Campout (May 2012)
Strawberry Shortcake: Bloomin' Berry Garden (June 2012)
The Wiggles: Big Birthday (July 2012)
Thomas & Friends: Blue Mountain Mystery (August 2012)
The Gruffalo's Child (September 2012)
Chuggington: Traintastic Adventure (October 2012)
LazyTown: Welcome To LazyTown (November 2012)
Barbie: The Princess and the Popstar (December 2012) Note: This was the last Kidtoon Films feature shown before the original program ended.

February–November 2016 (Showcase Cinemas) releases
Barbie Spy Squad (February 2016)
Strawberry Shortcake: Sweet Sunshine Adventures (March 2016)
Blaze and the Monster Machines (April 2016)
Shimmer and Shine (May 2016)
My Little Pony: Equestria Girls (June 2016)
Transformers: Rescue Bots: Dinobots! (July 2016)
 Maya the Bee (2014 film) (August 2016)
Blinky Bill: The Movie (September 2016)
 Care Bears: Mystery in Care-A-Lot (October 2016)
Barbie and Her Sisters in A Puppy Chase (November 2016)
Thomas & Friends: The Great Race (November 2016)Cancelled releases
During the 2016 revival of the program at Showcase Cinemas, several films that were meant to be shown as part of the program were cancelled and changed.Octonauts (May 2016, cancelled for unknown reasons, and was replaced by Shimmer and Shine.)Dora and Friends: Into the City (June 2016, cancelled for unknown reasons and was replaced by My Little Pony: Equestria Girls.)Zack and Quack (July 2016, cancelled for unknown reasons, and was replaced by Transformers Rescue Bots: Dinobots!)Barbie Starlight Adventure (August 2016, cancelled due to the Fathom Events release of the film, and was replaced by Maya the Bee: The Movie.)Babar (September 2016, cancelled for unknown reasons and was replaced by Blinky Bill: The Movie)The Boxcar Children (film) (November 2016, cancelled because Kidtoon partnered with Mattel to show Barbie and Her Sisters in A Puppy Chase.)The Snowman'' (December 2016, likely canceled because Kidtoon showed 2 films in November.)

In addition, Kidtoons took a hiatus between December 2016 and February 2017.

References

External links

Twitter account
http://www.sdentertainment.net
http://www.cinedigm.com
Current Showcase Cinemas webpage for Kidtoons

Category:Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Category:Film distributors of the United States
Category:American animation studios
Category:Companies established in 2004


Ryan Miller (American football)

Ryan Miller (born July 6, 1989) is a former American football offensive guard. He attended the University of Colorado at Boulder. Miller was considered as one of the best offensive guards of his class.

High school career
Miller attended Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, where he played offensive tackle and defensive end.  He refused a starting position his sophomore year as playing varsity football was an overwhelming challenge. As a senior, he started all 14 games at offensive tackle, averaging well over 10 pancake blocks per game, did not allow a quarterback sacks, was flagged for just one penalty and had five direct touchdown blocks. On defense, he registered 31 tackles, 20 solo with 12 for losses including five sacks, with 10 hurries, four passes broken up, two fumble recoveries with one forced as a reserve. He was named Colorado's Gatorade Player of the Year, he earned a host of All-America honors for his senior season, including Parade, USA Today, SuperPrep, Rivals.com, PrepStar and MaxPreps. Miller was selected to play in the 2007 U. S. Army All-American Bowl in San Antonio, Texas, and he helped the West to a 24-7 win.

Regarded as a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Miller was listed as the No. 2 offensive tackle prospect in the class of 2007, behind only Josh Oglesby. He picked Colorado over scholarship offers from Miami (Fl.), Nebraska, Notre Dame, Oklahoma, and USC.

College career
In his true freshman year at Colorado, Miller played in 10 games and started seven, including the 2007 Independence Bowl, at right offensive tackle. He became the first tackle to play as a true freshman at Colorado since Bryan Campbell, who played as a reserve behind Mark VanderPoel on the 1989 and 1990 teams, and when he started, that made him just the ninth true freshman to start a game on the offensive line at Colorado since freshmen were allowed to play again in 1972. Miller earned first-team Freshman All-America honors from The Sporting News, second-team by Scout.com, and third-team by College Football News. TSN also selected him first-team Freshman All-Big 12.

After starting the first four games of his sophomore season at right tackle, Miller went down with a broken fibula on the second play of the second half against Florida State in Jacksonville, Florida. He was granted a medical hardship after missing the bulk of the 2008 season due to injury, thus he picked up an extra year of eligibility. Miller returned to the field in 2009, and started all 12 games, seven at right guard where he opened the season, and five at right tackle when the line was shuffled for assorted reasons.  His was a Walter Camp All American his senior year. He was also an Outland Trophy Candidate, given to the best lineman in college football.

Professional career

Cleveland Browns
Miller was drafted 160th overall by the Cleveland Browns in the 2012 draft.

On July 27, 2013, Miller sustained a head injury during blocking drills at the Browns' indoor facility. He was taken by ambulance to the Cleveland Clinic where he was treated. He played in 8 games as a rookie.

Denver Broncos
On December 31, 2013, Miller was signed to a future contract with Denver Broncos. He officially joined the Broncos' roster on March 11, 2014. He was later released from the practice squad on October 7, 2014.

San Diego Chargers
On November 12, 2014, he was signed by the San Diego Chargers to the practice squad, then to active roster. He suffered a torn groin and then a concussion after returning to the field. He was medically released on December 8, 2014.

Dallas Cowboys
On January 15, 2015, Miller was signed by the Dallas Cowboys to a future contract. On July 28, 2015, he was waived by the Cowboys. On the following day, he cleared waivers and was reverted to the Cowboys' injured reserve list. On September 15, 2015, he was released by the Cowboys with an injury settlement.

Personal life
After undergoing wrist surgery at the University of Colorado in 2008 with a broken fibula, Ryan used the removed bone from the wrist and made a necklace out of it. He continues to spend time in the outdoors hunting, fishing and camping. He lives in Colorado with his wife, Anna, whom he met at the University of Colorado, and their yellow Lab, Nash.

He now uses his barbecue business, Iron Spoke BBQ, to help veterans and first responders cope with mental-health issues.

References

External links

 NFL Combine bio
 Colorado Buffaloes bio

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Littleton, Colorado
Category:Players of American football from Colorado
Category:American football offensive guards
Category:Colorado Buffaloes football players
Category:Cleveland Browns players
Category:Denver Broncos players
Category:San Diego Chargers players
Category:Dallas Cowboys players


Talíře nad Velkým Malíkovem

Talíře nad Velkým Malíkovem is a 1977 Czechoslovak science fiction comedy film directed by Jaromil Jireš. The film starred Josef Kemr.

References

External links

Category:1977 films
Category:1970s science fiction comedy films
Category:Czech-language films
Category:Czechoslovak films
Category:Czechoslovak science fiction films
Category:Films directed by Jaromil Jireš
Category:Czech films
Category:Czech science fiction films


University of Georgetown

University of Georgetown may refer to:
 Georgetown University, in Georgetown, Washington, D.C.
 University of Guyana, in Georgetown, Guyana


Battle of Inverlochy (1431)

The Battle of Inverlochy (1431) (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Inbhir Lòchaidh) was fought after Alexander of Islay (Alasdair Ìle, Rìgh Innse Gall), Lord of the Isles and Earl of Ross, had been imprisoned by King James I. A force of Highlanders led by Donald Balloch, Alexander's cousin, defeated Royalist forces led by the Earls of Mar and Caithness at Inverlochy, near present-day Fort William. Over 1000 men were supposedly killed, among them the Earl of Caithness. Balloch then went on to ravage the country of Clan Cameron and Clan Chattan, who had been loyal to the king during the rebellion. King James himself soon after led an army into the Highlands, and the rebel forces disintegrated.

With the murder of King James 6 years later, Alexander was liberated, and renewed the campaign of vengeance against the Royalist supporters.

The pibroch The End of the Great Bridge is traditionally held to have been composed during the battle and Piobaireachd Domhnull Dubh, named for clan chief Donald Dubh Cameron, commemorates the battle.

See also
 Battle of Lochaber (1429)
 Battle of Inverlochy (1645)

Notes and references

 Bower, Walter, Scotichronicon, 1987–96.
 Brown, M., James I, 1994.
 MacDonald, Hugh, History of the MacDonalds, in Highland Papers, vol. I, 1914.

Category:1431 in Scotland
Category:15th-century Scottish clan battles
Category:Battles involving Scotland
Category:History of the Scottish Highlands
Category:Conflicts in 1431
Category:Lochaber


Alexander Arnold (actor)

Alexander Arnold (born 21 December 1992) is an English actor, singer, and musician, best known for his role as Rich Hardbeck in the E4 teen drama Skins.

Early life

Arnold was born in Ashford, Kent, the son of John and Jacqui Arnold.  He has a brother and a sister. He was educated at The Norton Knatchbull School in Ashford, where he pursued his interests in art and drama in his GCSE choices. Outside of school, he has been involved in several plays with Ashford Youth Theatre, has a great passion for bagels and was a member of the National Youth Theatre for two years.

Career

Acting
Arnold made his professional debut in the fifth and sixth series of the E4 teen drama Skins, playing the keen metalhead Rich Hardbeck. He got the role while still in the sixth form through the open audition process in London. In September 2011, he starred in the music video “Death Cloud” by Cloud Control. Directed by the award-winning Luke Snellin, it was shot in Spain over two days.

He starred in a two-part ITV drama called A Mother's Son, written by Chris Lang and first screened in September 2012. In 2013, he appeared in the BBC Three zombie drama In the Flesh, and in the third series of crime drama Vera. He also earned a starring role as Adam in the television series What Remains. In 2015, he joined the cast of Poldark, a new BBC series based on The Poldark Novels.

Arnold landed his first film role in the 2014 western The Salvation, shot in South Africa.

Music
Arnold enjoys playing the bass guitar, and is the lead singer of an indie band called Circuithouse.

Charity work
In April 2011, Arnold donated a painting of his childhood bear to The Bristol Autism Project, which helps autistic children of Bristol.

Filmography

Television

Feature film

Short film

Music videos

References

External links

Category:1992 births
Category:Autism activists
Category:English male television actors
Category:Living people
Category:Male actors from Kent
Category:National Youth Theatre members
Category:People from Ashford, Kent


Everybody Needs Love (Stephen Bishop song)

"Everybody Needs Love" is a song by American singer-songwriter Stephen Bishop. The song was the first of two singles from his second album, Bish, the other being "Looking for the Right One".

"Everybody Needs Love" peaked at number 32 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 29 on the Cash Box Top 100.  In Canada, the song peaked at number 29.

The song was a much bigger Adult Contemporary hit, peaking at number five in the U.S. and number two in Canada.

Personnel
 Stephen Bishop – lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar
 Paulinho Da Costa – percussion
 John Barlow Jarvis – acoustic piano
 Leah Kunkel – backing vocals
 Ray Parker Jr. – guitar
 Greg Phillinganes – synthesizer, electric piano
 Raymond Pounds – drums
 Michael Sembello – guitar
 Michael Staton – backing vocals
 Jeffrey Staton – backing vocals
 Nathan Watts – bass

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

Category:1978 songs
Category:1978 singles
Category:Stephen Bishop (singer) songs
Category:ABC Records singles
Category:Songs written by Stephen Bishop (singer)


Vitaly Milonov

Vitaly Valentinovich Milonov (; born 23 January 1974) is a Russian politician of the United Russia party. He has served as a Member of the State Duma since 2016. From 2007 to 2016 he was a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg.

Biography

After studying Local Governance Administration in the North-West Academy of Public Administration in St. Petersburg, from which he graduated in 2006, he completed a correspondence course at the Saint Tikhon's Orthodox University in Moscow.

His political career began in 1991, when he joined the Free Democratic Party of Russia. From 1994 to 1995, he was an assistant to Vitaly Viktorovich Savitsky, chairman in the 1990s of the existing Christian Democratic Union of Russia (CDU). During this time Milonov was also chairman of the "Young Christian Democrats", a political youth branch of the CDU Russia. Later he became a friend of the Russian politician Galina Starovoitova who supported him politically as well. After the murder of Starovoitova, he turned away from politics. In 2004 he began again his political career at the municipal level as a council member of the community "Dachnoe", in 2005 as head of the city administration of Krasnenkaya Rechka Municipal Okrug in St. Petersburg. In 2007 he successfully ran for election to the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg and was in his first term Chairman of the Committee for the establishment of the government, local government and territorial management structure. In 2009, he moved to the Chair of the Committee for legislation. In 2011 he was re-elected as an MLA. While in the legislature, Milonov was the principal sponsor of legislation criminalising "homosexual propaganda directed toward minors". In 2016 elections, he was elected to the State Duma representing United Russia.

Controversy

Homosexuality
In 2013, Milonov stated that gay athletes could be subject to arrest at the Sochi Olympics, if promoting homosexuality to minors. He stated, "If a law has been approved by the federal legislature and signed by the president, then the government has no right to suspend it. It doesn't have the authority."  Milonov also protested the Side by Side LGBT film festival in November 2013.

On October 30, 2014, Milonov spoke out about Apple CEO Tim Cook's homosexuality and said on the FlashNord website: “What could he bring us? The Ebola virus, AIDS, gonorrhea? They all have unseemly ties over there.”

Milonov is interviewed in the 2014 documentary film Campaign of Hate: Russia and Gay Propaganda.

Antisemitism
On 19 March 2014, Milonov reportedly made anti-Semitic statements to St. Petersburg legislative council. According to the svodka.net news website, Milonov stated that Jews "vilify any saint, it is in their tradition of 2,000 years, beginning with the appeals to crucify the Saviour, ending with accusations of anti-Semitism against St. John of Kronstadt." Regarding allegations that St. John of Kronstadt, a 19th-century religious leader, was a supporter of the Black Hundred, Milonov argued that this allegation was based on “complete lies, a modern neo-liberal fable with a sulfuric, deep history of Satanism."

Other controversies
In 2015, Milonov reported that he proposed to the Minister of Internal Affairs to introduce compulsory driving license for bicycle riders, since they behave improperly on the road.

On 15 June 2016, Milonov sent an official request to the Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, proposing to use the historic name Constantinople for Istanbul in all Russian media and maps.

In March 2018, Milonov denounced the British Government's claim that the Russian Government was "highly likely" responsible for the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal. Comparing the British Prime Minister Theresa May to Adolf Hitler, Milonov claimed that Britain was responsible for the attack and was pushing a "fantasy" for blaming Russia.

Personal life
Milonov was married to Eva Liburkina between 2008 and 2011, but is now divorced. They raised three children —daughter Marfa, son Nikolay and a foster-son. In 1991 he joined the Baptist church. Later, in 1998, he converted to the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2012, Milonov courted controversy by wearing a shirt bearing the slogan "Orthodoxy or death!".

Milonov is also known as a board games player. He frequently plays video game Hearthstone by Blizzard Entertainment.

References

External links

 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01jtqcb

Category:United Russia politicians
Category:1974 births
Category:Russian Orthodox Christians from Russia
Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Protestantism
Category:Former Baptists
Category:People from Saint Petersburg
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Category:21st-century Russian politicians