Support double

The support double is a bridge convention used to distinguish between three-card and four-card support for partner's suit response to one's opening bid in the scenario where his response is either overcalled or doubled by the opponents. A  of two in partner's suit indicates four-card support and a call of double promises three-card support; if partner's suit bid is doubled instead of overcalled, a redouble serves the same meaning as double.  The convention was invented by Eric Rodwell in 1974.

For example, after
1 - (Pass) - 1 - (1)

 Double shows three-card heart support
 2 shows four-card heart support
 Pass or other bids: fewer than three hearts

A support redouble applies when Right Hand Opponent makes a take-out double of the response of one of a major:
1 - (Pass) - 1 - (Double)

 Redouble: three-card spade support
 2 shows four-card spade support
 Pass or other bids: fewer than three spades

The convention came as result of the scenario where in competitive auctions, the opening bidder would like to show his minimal three-card support for partner's suit on the possibility that partner has five or more cards in it. However, there would be a risk of a 4-3 fit, known as a  which does not play as well as eight-card fits. Since the need to distinguish between three- and four-card support occurs more frequently than those cases where the opening bidder would like to make a penalty double over the opponent's one-level overcall, the meaning of the double (and redouble) was modified to convey the conventional meaning of three-card support.

Usage
Take the following auction:

Playing support doubles, North, the opener, has shown three-card support for South's 1 call.  This is important because South might only have four hearts.  Based on the South no trump bid, it can be assumed that South doesn't have five or more hearts.

Hand in hand with the support double is the support redouble which also shows three card support.  Examine this auction, which is similar to the one above.

North has shown three-card support for South's heart suit. South uses this information to form the next bid.

Exceptions
Support doubles are not used (except by special agreement) by partner of an overcaller.

The assumption is that the overcaller must surely have at least five cards in the suit he has bid.  As such a simple raise is normally sufficient to show some points and support.  In such a situation, a double by the partner of the overcaller would be treated as either a Rosenkranz double, a snapdragon double, a responsive double or a penalty double based on partnership agreement.

At what level
The above examples show the support double's use over one-level overcalls. Partnerships usually decide to play support doubles through 2 Hearts or 2 Spades.
Here are several other less discussed examples but nonetheless valid examples of normal support doubles

Playing negative doubles or not, opener's double shows three spades. It is irrelevant that opener knows that partner has five spades (if playing negative doubles), the double shows three-card support. The principle is that you and your partner use the opponent's bidding to assist your bidding. Clarify right now if you have three- or four-card support unless you have something else very important to say.

In this case with a really competitive auction, someone is probably stretching their bid.

West has opened and his partner has shown five clubs and 10 points yet South is showing a limit raise
of Hearts.

The double is still support. It is particularly important in this instance. BTW: The most likely culprit is South.

Importance of nine-card fits
There is a lot of literature for advancing players on the importance of determining eight- versus nine-card fits. Here is one example of its importance:
As East, your hand is xxxxx, xx, void, KQxxxx
The auction is

Without knowing RHO's next bid, if East knows there is a nine-card spade fit, East can bid 4 Spades even in an IMP game and expect a good chance to make it. However think about the same auction if partner doubles showing exactly three spades, your bid now becomes a guess.

ACBL rules
In American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) tournaments, support doubles must be indicated on the convention card and must be Alerted. Additionally, when opener makes a call other than a support double (including Pass) when the support double is an option, an Alert should be made if the partnership agreement is that opener's failure to double or to raise denies three-card or longer support for responder's suit (normally, one would expect only four-card or longer support to be denied by failure to raise responder's major suit). Per the "Alert Procedures" page on the ACBL website: "In general, when the use of conventions leads to unexpected understandings about suit length by negative inference, a natural call becomes Alertable." While the ACBL does make an exception for agreements that "have become expected and are fairly common," the fact that the ACBL continues to require an Alert for the support double itself argues against applying this exception; the requirement to Alert implies that the support double is not considered "expected... and fairly common" to date.

Most bridge clubs require a partnership to employ active ethics, and the partnership should disclose all relevant agreements to the opponents.  Secret conventions are illegal.

See also
Negative double
Negative free bid
Takeout double

References

Category:Bridge conventions


Bob Hatch

James Arthur "Bob" Hatch (November 22, 1879 – July 25, 1944) was an American football coach.  He served as the head football coach at Colgate University for one season in 1903, compiling a record of 4–2–1. Hatch also served as the head football coach at his alma mater, Williams College, for one season in 1906.

Head coaching record

References

External links

Category:1879 births
Category:1944 deaths
Category:Colgate Raiders football coaches
Category:Williams Ephs football coaches
Category:Williams College alumni
Category:People from Chittenango, New York


Bufotes luristanicus

Bufotes luristanicus, the Lorestan earless toad or Lorestan toad (not to be confused with Luristan toad), is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Zagros Mountains in Iran and occurs at an altitude of , most often near rocky outcrops or freshwater ponds, which it also uses for breeding. Little is known about this species, but it is not considered threatened overall. Some local populations may be threatened by habitat loss from human activities or drought.

Adult B. luristanicus have a snout–to–vent length of  . It resembles its close relative B. surdus (Luristan (earless) toad). Both are relatively small, dull-coloured and with no or a tiny tympanum. Unlike most Bufotes species, the adults never have large and conspicuous green spots to the upperpart of their body. They have no greenish spots at all, except sometimes on their limbs, or small and often ring-shaped spots. In juveniles, the spots are relatively larger.

References

luristanicus
Category:Endemic fauna of Iran
Category:Amphibians of Iran
Category:Taxa named by Karl Patterson Schmidt
Category:Amphibians described in 1952
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Clement Payne Movement

The Clement Payne Movement (CPM) is a left-wing Barbados-based political party named in honour of a Trinidad-born man who led a 1937 uprising in Barbados. The Clement Payne Movement is generally seen by most Barbadians as more leftist in ideology when compared with either the more moderate BLP or DLP.

The CPM also seeks the global advancement of Pan-Africanism, and has a strong base in this area located in Barbados. The president of the party is David A. Comissiong and the general secretary is Bobby Clarke.

In the past, on several occasions the leaders of the CPM have publicly appealed to other Caribbean governments not to officially recognize the 2004 US-imposed interim government in Haiti. The party also officially opposes the process known as the Free Trade Area of the Americas.

History
The CPM was formed in 1988, when its leading figures included David Commissiong, Martin Cadogan, Leroy Harewood, Trevor prescod, David Denny and John Howell. The organization is named after Clement Payne, a pioneer in the Caribbean trade union movement, who in 1998 was officially recognized as one of the National Heroes of Barbados. CPM annually distributes a "Clement Payne Hero’s Award".

The CPM maintains close contacts with the Communist Party of Cuba, and supports normalised relations with the Republic of Cuba.

See also
People's Empowerment Party (CPM electoral front)
Pan-Caribbean Congress

References

External links
The lesson of Cuba, by David Comissiong
Clement Payne

Category:Communist parties in Barbados
Category:Pan-Africanist political parties in the Caribbean
Category:Political parties in Barbados


Irish Catholic Women's Suffrage Association

The Irish Catholic Women's Suffrage Association (ICWSA) was an organisation for women's suffrage which was set up in Dublin in November 1915. The association was established rather late in the struggle for women's suffrage (the Catholic Women's Suffrage Society was formed in the UK in 1911), despite the fact that most of Ireland's population was Catholic. Many also considered it risky to start a suffrage association with the potential of war looming over Ireland. Its founder members included Mary Hayden, a professor of modern Irish history at the University of Dublin and the first female to serve in the senate of the National University of Ireland (1909-1924), and Mrs. Gwynn (wife of Stephen Gwynn) who was the Honorary Secretary of the association. The association was non-party, non-militant, and was established to "organise Catholic women to fight for suffrage," educate public opinion, bring Catholic women to realise the need for the female vote, and do the "common good in the name of Catholicism".

Meetings
When the ICWSA was established, they operated from an office at 15 Ely Place in Dublin, Ireland. Their first meeting was on March 29, 1915 and all following meetings were held every two weeks. The ICWSA began with 60 members, all women, and their numbers steadily increased. In their first meeting, Mrs. Gleeson, an involved member, designed a badge for the group which featured a Celtic symbol in green, blue, and white. Members wore these badges at meetings and at public events. During their meetings, members supplied the afternoon tea which they drink while reading articles "concerning women’s interests". During their meetings Hon. Secretary Mrs. Gwynn and Mrs. Mary Hayden gave speeches on what they had accomplished and what they planned to do in the future. The members of the ICWSA also paired up with other suffrage groups to protest or petition the government.

Suffrage, temperance, and women’s rights efforts
In April 1915 the ICWSA paired up with other suffrage groups to petition the sale of alcohol in Ireland. They wanted the government to place limits on how much alcohol you could purchase. In October, the ICWSA held a public meeting in the Mansion House and gave a lecture on “Women teachers and the Vote”. Later that year, in November, they petitioned to the English and Irish prime minister to “demand inclusion of women” in certain bills and give them the right to vote. In December a member, Mrs. Cantwell, held a meeting at her home, where members could bring a friend or guest to participate or observe. Many of the visitors ended up joining the association. Early in 1916 the ICWSA petitioned the Home Office for the return of a female factory inspector to Ireland. The inspector was the only female inspector in Ireland and had been moved to England. The ICWSA claimed that they wanted her to return in order to “safeguard the rights of Irish factory girls”. Their petition was unsuccessful. That year they also printed two pamphlets called “The Irish Citizen” and “An American Priest on Votes for Women” which they handed out at polling booths during the election in Dublin. These pamphlets discussed why Irish women Should be able to vote.

End of the ICWSA
The ICWSA disbanded between 1916 and 1918 due to women getting the right to vote and the possibility of war (The Irish War of Independence).

“Looking back over the past year we are greatly encouraged by what has been accomplished. Looking forward we see far more to be done for when this calamitous war is over we must be prepared for our responsibility and claim our right to help in reconstructing dislocated social conditions.” - Hon. Secretary Mrs. Stephen Gwynn.

See also
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's rights activists
List of women's rights organizations
Timeline of women's suffrage
Elections in the Republic of Ireland
Feminism in the Republic of Ireland

References

Category:Women's suffrage in Ireland
Category:Organizations established in 1915
Category:Catholic organizations established in the 20th century
Category:Catholic Church in Ireland


List of dams and reservoirs in Czech Republic

List of dams in the Czech republic, larger than 2 square kilometres.

See also

 List of lakes in the Czech Republic
 List of ponds in the Czech Republic

Czech Republic
*
Dams
*


One Tour

The One Tour was the third concert tour by Canadian American recording artist, Alanis Morissette. The tour was a continuation of the previous Junkie Tour. In contrast to Alanis's previous tours, she performed in places she had never toured (or rarely toured) before across Europe, North America and parts of Asia. In each city, she selected an ambassador through a website contest on "Z.com", to show her around and teach her the culture.

The October 6 show at the Monument Valley, in Navajo Nation was filmed as a part of the "Music in High Places" series. The full show was released on DVD/VHS, titled "Live in the Navajo Nation", on August 27, 2002.

Setlist
This set list is representative of the performance in Zeebrugge. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.
"Building Steam with a Grain of Salt" (Intro)
"Baba"
"All I Really Want"
"Joining You"
"Would Not Come"
"Hand in My Pocket"
"So Pure"
"Sympathetic Character"
"Your House"
"You Learn"
"Forgiven"
"That I Would Be Good"
"You Oughta Know"
"Uninvited"
Encore 1
"Thank U"
"Wake Up"
Encore 2
"One"
"Ironic"

Tour dates

Festivals
This concert is a part of Belfort Festival
This concert is a part of Out in the Green Festival
This concert is a part of Monza Rock Festival
This concert is a part of Lucca Summer Festival
This concert is a part of Vilar de Mouros Festival
This concert is a part of Beach Festival

Personnel
 Alanis Morissette – vocals/guitar/harmonica
 Joel Shearer – guitar
 Jeffrey Young – keyboards
 Nick Lashley - guitar
 Chris Chaney – bass guitar
 Gary Novak – drums

References

Category:2000 concert tours
Category:Alanis Morissette concert tours


Gulf English School of Kuwait

The Gulf English School of Kuwait (GES) is a private, co-educational, international school that is currently located in the suburb of Salmiya, Kuwait. The school has a selective intake of students aged 4–18. Most teaching programmes are based on the National Curriculum of England.  Year 10 and 11 within exception of fast-track year 9 students undertake programmes of study leading to GCSE and IGCSE. Sixth form students work towards Edexcel AS and A Level examinations.

History

GES opened in 1980 in Salwa and moved to Rumaithiya a few years later. It moved again, this time to Salmiya in 2005 next to Laila Gallery and Salmiya Park. The new campus is a smaller campus than the previous campus in Rumaithiya, though it is more modern.

GES and ATIS are sister schools.

Top years
2012= 3 sports awards, school awards
2016= 4 sports awards, school awards, top Kuwaiti Students.

Awards and sports achievements

Sports
AUK Boys High School Football Tournament:
2012, 2013, 2014, 2016
AUK Girls High School Football Tournament:
2016
Kuwait Private Schools under-15 Boys Football League:
2012
Kuwait Private Schools Girls Primary Uni-hock Tournament:
2016
Kuwait Primary School Handball Tournament:
 2009, 2011
Dubai's Middle-East Schools Swimming Championship:
 2011
Skepls Football Academy Tournament:
 2013
 Boys U-12 uni-hock Private Schools Tournament:
 2010
 Boys U-16 Football Private Schools Tournament:
 2017
 ISSFK Boys Football Tournament:
 2017–18
 ISSFK Girls Primary Swimming Tournament:
 2019

Sports day titles

Mishref:8
 2005, 2006, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

Bayan:4
 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013

Sief:4
 2004, 2007, 2008, 2016

Dasman:1
 2008

Notes:
1. 2008 Sief and Dasman Drew First Place
2. 2016 Misref and Sief Drew First Place

External links
GES website
GSGI Top Schools

References

Category:International schools in Kuwait
Category:Schools in Kuwait
Category:Private schools in Kuwait
Category:British international schools
Category:1980 establishments in Kuwait
Category:Educational institutions established in 1980


Craig J. Nevius

Craig J. Nevius is an American playwright, screenwriter and film producer. He is the owner of Windmill Entertainment LLC, a television development and production company that specializes in both scripted and unscripted projects with pop culture appeal.

Career

Playwrighting

Born in Chicago. Nevius began his professional writing career at 17 while attending William Fremd High School in Palatine, Illinois. While a student there, he wrote a play called Class Dismissed about an idealistic but exasperated English teacher who holds his five toughest students hostage in the classroom to teach them a special lesson about life. The play was published by Samuel French Inc., making Nevius the youngest published playwright in history. Nevius subsequently authored two other plays: The Men's Room and Where the Heart Is; both of which were originally produced by Chicago's Group Theater and directed by Nevius.

Screenwriting
After studying playwrighting and directing at Carnegie Mellon University, Nevius moved to Hollywood to pursue film and television. He drew on his college and theater experience for his first screenplay, a romantic comedy called Happy Together which won the Columbia Pictures FOCUS Award and was produced by Apollo Pictures. The film starred Patrick Dempsey as an introverted playwright who is mistakenly assigned to the same dorm room as an extroverted actress played by Helen Slater. Happy Together is notable for featuring Brad Pitt (pre-"Thelma & Louise") in his first film role. Pitt was cast by Nevius when the producer and director could not decide between Pitt and another unknown actor.

Roger Corman
After Happy Together, Nevius began working with the noted low-budget producer and director Roger Corman. While working for Corman, Nevius also began a second career as a producer. He wrote and produced in several genres ranging from suspense thriller (Ladykiller (1996) starring Ben Gazzara and Death's Door starring David Carradine) to family comedy (Stepmonster (1993) starring Alan Thicke and "A Very Unlucky Leprechaun" (1998) starring Warwick Davis) to Gothic horror ("The Marquis De Sade" starring Nick Mancuso and "Hellfire" starring Ben Cross). Most were typical low-budget Corman exploitation films.

His most notable collaboration with Corman was The Fantastic Four (1994), the original film version of Marvel Comics' popular comic series of the same name. A longtime fan of superheroes, Nevius seized the chance to work on the film. Unfortunately, none of the production team knew that the film was ordered for legal reasons with no intent to ever distribute it. The owner of the film rights, Constantin Film, was about to lose its option on the property and the only way it could retain the rights was to make the movie—even if it would never be released. The film eventually found an audience as a bootleg, through internet sales and at comic book conventions. Some reviewers, while critical of the modest 1.5 million dollar budget, found it as good or better than the big budget 2005 studio "remake." Clint Morris of Film Threat magazine said, "[Y]es it's terribly low-budget and yes it's derisorily campy and feebly performed, but at the same time there's also something inquiringly irresistible about this B comic tale that makes you wonder why it didn't get a release somewhere along the line."

According to a Nevius interview with "The Sequential Tart", "The Fantastic Four" project was important in that it paved the way for Black Scorpion, a Batman-like character played by Joan Severance. It was produced by Corman and originally aired on Showtime. Its sequel, Black Scorpion 2: AfterShock also starred Joan Severance in the title role. Both films were popular with viewers and critics including David Bianculli, television critic of the New York Daily News, who called it "an imaginative mini-franchise."

The mini-franchise moved from Showtime to the Sci Fi Channel with 22 one-hour episodes of Black Scorpion. Joan Severance was replaced by the former Miss Kansas, Michelle Lintel, a then virtual-unknown in entertainment. The series also featured Adam West, television's original "Batman," as Black Scorpion's asthmatic arch enemy the Breathtaker. Nevius also wrote the part of Clockwise, another supervillain, for Frank Gorshin (TV's "Riddler") to play. The series was notable for also casting several Playboy Playmates and models as "Bad Girls" including Victoria Silvstedt, Patricia Ford and Julie McCullough. The series won a Golden Apple Award for Excellence in the Filmed Depiction of Science Fiction & Fantasy.

Windmill Entertainment
In 2004, with Nancy Valen Nevius started Windmill Entertainment which focuses on scripted and unscripted television projects with pop culture appeal.

Among the company's first productions was the critically acclaimed reality series Chasing Farrah (starring Farrah Fawcett and Ryan O'Neal) which set record ratings for TV Land. David Bianculli, the Television Critic of The New York Daily News, gave it three stars and said "In the genre called reality, it's a rarity."

To follow Farrah, Nevius and his company turned to another television icon: William Shatner. The result of the collaboration was "Shatner in Concert"—a hybrid of music and reality which intercut biographical songs written and performed by the Emmy Award- and Golden Globe-winning actor with scenes from his everyday life. The show included appearances by Leonard Nimoy, Candice Bergen and Patrick Stewart as well as musical performances by Ben Folds, Brad Paisley and Joe Jackson.

Among projects in development at Windmill Entertainment is the VH1 announced mini-series "The Brat Pack" which Nevius has described as "a pop culture period piece." The 1980s drama depicts the rise and fall of teen actors Molly Ringwald, Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Demi Moore, Judd Nelson, and Rob Lowe among others. Nevius also wrote "Baywatch Babes" for the network: a behind-the-scenes movie about the reality of being a fantasy for millions of men as told by the actresses who starred in the "most watched television series in the world."

Also in development is "Action Heroes Inc" for ABC and Fox TV Studios.The action-comedy is about three aging television heroes who are too old to play the parts that made them famous so they open a detective agency where they use their Hollywood knowledge of crimefighting on the real streets of Los Angeles with unexpected results. The project was developed with and for William Shatner, Lee Majors and Robert Wagner to star. Other projects with Shatner include the recently announced Christmas movie "Las Vegas Santa" with Shatner in the title role of a disgruntled St. Nicholas who relocates from the North Pole to Sin City. Nevius also worked with Shatner to adapt his best selling Sci Fi novels into a comic book series with Bluewater Comics called "The Tek War Chronicles."

On a more serious note, Nevius and his company produced Farrah's Story (a.k.a. "A Wing and A Prayer"). The documentary chronicled Farrah Fawcett's battle with cancer both in the USA and in Germany as well as her efforts to protect her privacy from the tabloids and paparazzi. The film gave NBC its best rating on a Friday night since the Summer Olympics and garnered Emmy nominations for both Fawcett and Nevius as executive producers in the category of Best Nonfiction Programming. The two-hour "video diary" was written by Fawcett and directed by Nevius.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Writers from Chicago
Category:American male writers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)


Kopytko Triangle

Scott M. Kopytko Triangle is a  public green space in the Flushing neighborhood of Queens, New York City. It is bound by 158th Street, Oak Avenue, and Quince Avenue.  The triangle’s shape is the result of two street grids intersecting with each other to form this small green space. To the park’s west, streets named after plants, such as Poplar, Quince, and Rose, recall Flushing’s past as America's premier horticultural center at the site of what is now Kissena Park. William Prince established the New World's first commercial nursery in Flushing 1735.

This triangle honors Scott Michael Kopytko (1968–2001) who once lived near this triangle. He was among the 343 members of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) killed in the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. In 2002, the City Council passed legislation to name the triangle for Kopytko.

A lifelong resident of Queens, Kopytko attended local schools, including St. Ann’s School, P.S. 163, Francis Lewis High School, and St. John’s University. He worked as a Commodities Broker in the World Trade Center, but changed his career in 1998, realizing his dream of becoming a New York City Firefighter. His assigned firehouse, Ladder Company 15 and Engine Company 4, is located on South Street in Manhattan’s Financial District, the neighborhood where he worked in his previous career. He was one of 12 men from his firehouse killed in the South Tower.

References

Category:Parks in Queens, New York
Category:Flushing, Queens
Category:Memorials for the September 11 attacks


B. Platt Carpenter

Benjamin Platt Carpenter (May 14, 1837 – December 24, 1921) was an American lawyer and politician from New York and Montana. He was Governor of the Montana Territory from 1884 to 1885.

Biography
Carpenter was born in Stanford, Dutchess County, New York. He graduated from Union College in 1857, and studied law. He was admitted to the bar and practiced in Poughkeepsie, New York. On November 24, 1860, he married Esther Thorn, and they had three children.

Carpenter was District Attorney of Dutchess County from 1864 to 1869; a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1867-68; a delegate to the 1868 and 1884 Republican National Conventions; a member of the New York State Senate (11th D.) in 1876 and 1877; and Judge of the Dutchess County Court from 1878 to 1882.

At the New York state election, 1882, he ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York on the Republican ticket with Charles J. Folger, but they were heavily defeated by Democrats Grover Cleveland and David B. Hill.

In December 1884, he was appointed by President Chester A. Arthur as Governor of the Montana Territory, and on December 31, 1884, he left Poughkeepsie for Helena, Montana. After a short tenure, he was removed from office by the new Democratic President, Grover Cleveland, but he stayed in Montana, and was a delegate to the Montana State Constitutional Convention of 1889.

On December 24, 1921, Carpenter died in Chula Vista, San Diego County, California.  He was buried at Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery.

His brother Jacob B. Carpenter (1826–1894) was Mayor of Poughkeepsie in 1875.

Sources
Jacob B. Carpenter His brother's obit in NYT on April 10, 1894
The Bockée Family (Boucquet) 1641-1897 by Martha Bockée Flint (page 93)
MONTANA TAKE WARNING; DON'T MAKE B. PLATT CARPENTER A SENATOR in NYT on December 4, 1889 (recalling the story of the 1882 New York state nominations)

Category:1837 births
Category:1921 deaths
Category:Politicians from Poughkeepsie, New York
Category:Governors of Montana Territory
Category:New York state senators
Category:Union College (New York) alumni
Category:Politicians from Helena, Montana
Category:County district attorneys in New York (state)
Category:New York (state) state court judges
Category:People from Chula Vista, California
Category:New York (state) Republicans
Category:Montana Republicans


Musa Demi

Musa Demi (1878-1971) was an Albanian revolutionary and writer. He was one of the main proponents of the Albanian National Awakening in the region of Filiates, Paramythia and Igoumenitsa (Çamëria).

Life
Musa Demi was born in Filiates, then a town of the Ottoman Empire in 1878. His father Hamit Demi was a local landowner of the region from the Demi family of Filiates. Musa Demi's grandfather had been Çafa Demi. He graduated from the local Ottoman rüşdiye (secular state school) and then continued his studies in Ioannina.

In the early 1900s he became one of the founders of the Vëllezëria association of Filiates and was the commander of one of the most important çetë (armed guerrilla groups fighting for independence of Albanians). On August 25, 1908 along with other rilindas he opened the first Albanian-language school of Filiates. Musa Demi, Rasih Dino along with other locals provided the funds for the construction of the school building.

During World War II, he is said to have had contact with the Albanian as well as the Greek Communist Party. However, it is contested that there was a 'socialist' movement around Musa Demi during this period His daughter Ballkëze Demi fought and died during the Albanian Resistance of World War II.

He was decorated in 1945 with the Patriot of National Awakening () medal. Musa Demi died in 1971. In 1978, for the 100th anniversary of the formation of the League of Prizren, he was posthumously decorated with the civil medal For Patriotic Activities ().

Sources

Category:1878 births
Category:1971 deaths
Category:People from Thesprotia
Category:People from Janina Vilayet
Category:19th-century Albanian writers
Category:20th-century Albanian writers
Category:Cham Albanians
Category:Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Category:Albanian resistance members
Category:National Liberation Front (Greece) members


Kate Trotter

Kate Trotter (born February 5, 1953) is a Canadian film, television and stage actress.

Career
Her television roles have included appearances in Wild Roses, Covert Affairs, Lost Girl, The Newsroom, Paradise Falls, Earth: Final Conflict, Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, The Jane Show, Republic of Doyle, Blue Murder, Murdoch Mysteries, Friday the 13th: the Series and Sue Thomas F.B. Eye, while her film roles have included Beyond Borders, Joshua Then and Now, Martha, Ruth and Edie, Murder in the Hamptons, Glory Enough for All, The First Season, Murder in Space, Taking a Chance on Love, Clarence and Tru Love. She won a Gemini Award for Guest Actress in a Dramatic Series in 2003 for Blue Murder.

Her stage roles have included Miss Havisham in Great Expectations, Madge Kendal in The Elephant Man, Alma in Summer and Smoke, Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, Hermione in The Winter's Tale, Katie in Quiet in the Land and Ann Whitfield in Man and Superman. She has been a three-time Dora Mavor Moore Award winner for her stage roles.

In addition to her own acting, Trotter has also taught acting at George Brown College and the Armstrong Studio, and works as a professional communication coach.

Personal life
She was briefly married in the 1980s to theatre director Guy Sprung.

References

External links

 Kate Trotter

Category:1953 births
Category:Canadian film actresses
Category:Canadian television actresses
Category:Canadian stage actresses
Category:Actresses from Toronto
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Canadian actresses
Category:21st-century Canadian actresses


Original Casuals

The Original Casuals, first known as The Casuals, were an American doo-wop trio from Dallas, Texas, United States. They had a charting hit with their version of "So Tough" in 1958. The Kuf-Linx also charted with their version of the song in 1958. The group included lead singer (Fred) Gary Mears, Paul Kearney and Jay Joe Adams and recorded with Back Beat Records of Houston. Paul Kearney accidentally shot himself fatally in 1960.

Discography
"So Tough" / "I Love My Darling" (1957)
"Ju-Judy" / "Don't Pass Me By" (1958)
"Three Kisses Past Midnight" / "It's Been A Long Time Girl" (1958)

References

Category:Doo-wop groups
Category:American musical trios
Category:Musical groups from Dallas


Rekeem Harper

Rekeem Harper (born 8 March 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for West Bromwich Albion.

Club career
Harper joined West Bromwich Albion at the age of 12. He made his professional Albion debut on 12 August 2017 as a second-half substitute in the club's 1–0 win over Bournemouth, in doing so becoming only the second Premier League player to have been born in the 2000s. On 31 August 2017, Harper signed his first professional contract with the club, a deal that will run for two years. Harper was then sent on loan to Blackburn Rovers upon signing the contract. He scored the first senior goal in his career on 27 April 2019, a 79-minute winner in Albion's final home game of the 2018–19 season, a 2–1 win over Rotherham United.

On 31 August 2017, Blackburn Rovers signed Harper on loan for the 2017–18 season.

He made his first start for Rovers on 12 September 2017 in the club's 1–0 win over Scunthorpe. He received a red card for a professional foul in an FA Cup tie against Crewe Alexandra and then returned to West Brom in the New Year.

In July 2019 he signed a new three-year contract with West Brom.

International career
In February 2017, Harper represented England U17 in matches against Portugal, Germany and the Netherlands. In September 2018, Harper started for England Under-19 against Belgium.

Career statistics

References

Category:2000 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
Category:English footballers
Category:England youth international footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Category:Premier League players
Category:English Football League players


Willanzheim

Willanzheim is a municipality in the district of Kitzingen in Bavaria in Germany.

References

External links

Category:Kitzingen (district)


The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews

The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews is the oldest and most prestigious golf club in the world. It is based in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, and is regarded as the worldwide "Home of Golf". Formerly, it was also one of the governing authorities of the game, but in 2004 this role was handed over to a newly formed group of companies, collectively known as The R&A.

History

The organisation was founded in 1754 as the Society of St Andrews Golfers, a local golf club playing at St Andrews Links, but quickly grew in importance.  In 1834, King William IV became its patron and the club became known under its present name.  In 1897, the Society codified the rules of golf, and, gradually over the next 30 years, was invited to take control of the running of golf tournaments at other courses.

Membership policy
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club (but not The R&A) had a male-only membership policy; in 2012, former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown called on the club to abandon this in favour of a non-discriminatory policy, as did  Louise Richardson; the Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of St Andrews.

On 18 September 2014, the club voted in favour of admitting female members. In February 2015 the club's first female honorary members were announced – Anne, Princess Royal, Laura Davies, Renee Powell, Belle Robertson, Lally Segard, Annika Sörenstam and Louise Suggs. At that time the club also announced, "In addition to the honorary members, a number of women have been admitted as members of the club with more set to follow in the coming months." Also in 2015, Lady Bonallack became the first woman to take part in a match as a member of the club; specifically, she was the first woman to play in the club's annual match against the Links Trust.

The R&A

The R&A is the ruling authority of golf throughout the world except in North America; the United States Golf Association (USGA) is the ruling authority of golf in the United States and Mexico, while Canada uses the rules of the R&A in addition to the USGA rules. It works in collaboration with national amateur and professional golf organisations in more than 110 countries.

Martin Slumbers of the organisation is CEO and has been since the year 2014. He officially took the role in October 2015, succeeding the retiring Peter Dawson.

The R&A cooperates with the USGA in producing and regularly revising the "Rules of Golf", and the two bodies have issued the rules jointly since 1952. The "Rules of Golf" are revised on a four-year cycle and with the revision that became effective on 1 January 2012 for the first time a single common set of Rules applied throughout the world.

The two bodies also collaborate on the corresponding rule interpretative work, "Decisions on the Rules of Golf", which is reviewed on a two-year cycle. Additionally, the R&A is involved in formulating technical specifications for golfing equipment. Steve Otto is the technical director at the R&A. The R&A is based in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland.

The R&A founded what is now the Official World Golf Ranking for male professionals in 1986, and the World Amateur Golf Ranking for male amateurs in 2007.

Committees of the R&A
The Rules Committee
The Course Management Committee
The Championship Committee
The Amateur Status Committee
The Golf Development Committee
The External Fund Committee
The General Committee
The Equipment Standards Committee

Championships
The R&A organises 21 championships and international matches. After the Ladies' Golf Union, the former governing body for women's golf in Great Britain and Ireland, merged into The R&A in late 2016, The R&A took over organisation of all events formerly under the auspices of the LGU.
The Open Championship: one of the four major championships in men's golf.
Women's British Open: one of the five major championships in women's golf. The 2017 edition was the first to be organised by the R&A.
The Amateur Championship: which was one of the four major championships before the professional game became dominant and is still one of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world.
Ladies' British Open Amateur Championship: one of the most prestigious women's amateur tournaments in the world.
Ladies' British Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship: similar to the above, except conducted exclusively at stroke play.
Boys Amateur Championship: for boys under the age of 18 at midnight on 1 January of the relevant year.
The Girls' British Open Amateur Championship: for girls under the age of 18 at midnight on 1 January of the relevant year.
Boys Home Internationals: a team competition for boys from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, with the Irish team selected on an All-Ireland basis.
Girls' Home Internationals: a team competition for girls from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland (also All-Ireland).
Ladies' Home International: a team competition for women from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland (also All-Ireland).
Ladies' Senior Home Internationals: a team competition for women aged 50 and above from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland (also All-Ireland).
Coronation Foursomes: a team competition for women's club golfers in Great Britain & Ireland, open to any (female) member of an affiliated golf club with an official handicap of 36 or under.
Seniors Open Amateur Championship: for male amateurs aged 55 or over on the first day of competition.
Ladies' Senior British Open Amateur Championship: for female amateurs aged 50 or over on the first day of competition.
Senior Open Championship: for men aged 50 and above. A major championship on PGA Tour Champions and the European Senior Tour.
Walker Cup: a biennial men's amateur team competition contested by Great Britain & Ireland and the United States (co-organised with the United States Golf Association).
Curtis Cup: a biennial women's amateur team competition contested by Great Britain & Ireland and the United States (also co-organised with the United States Golf Association).
Junior Open Championship: for boys and girls under the age of 16 at 00.00 hours on 1 January of the relevant year.
St Andrews Trophy: a biennial men's amateur team competition contested by Great Britain & Ireland and the Continent of Europe.
Vagliano Trophy: a biennial women's amateur team competition contested by Great Britain & Ireland and the Continent of Europe.
Jacques Léglise Trophy: an annual boys' amateur team competition contested by Great Britain & Ireland and the Continent of Europe. In years when the St Andrews Trophy is held, the Léglise Trophy is held in conjunction with it at the same venue.
Junior Vagliano Trophy: a biennial girls' amateur team competition contested by Great Britain & Ireland and the Continent of Europe.

The R&A formerly organised the British Mid Amateur Championship for amateurs aged 25 and over. This tournament was introduced to provide an elite competition for golfers who never turn professional, as the main Amateur Championship is dominated by future professionals in their late teens and early twenties, but The R&A discontinued it after its 2007 edition. In 2016, the event was relaunched with the blessing of The R&A as a new event on the Mid Amateur Golf Tour, which began operation in 2011 as a Great Britain-only circuit for mid-amateur golfers, though with a lower age limit of 35 instead of 25.

The R&A is also involved in the organisation of the two World Amateur Team Championships – the Eisenhower Trophy for men and the Espirito Santo Trophy for women – through its role in the International Golf Federation.

Golf club
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews itself is now simply a golf club although membership is by invitation only. It has 2,400 members from all over the world. Although the clubhouse is situated just behind the first tee of the Old Course, the club does not own any of the St Andrews courses, contrary to popular impressions as St. Andrews is a public golf course, and must share the tee times with members of other local clubs, residents and visitors alike. Responsibility for the management of the courses is undertaken by the St Andrews Links Trust, a charitable organisation that owns and runs seven golf courses at St Andrews.

See also
Golf in Scotland
St Andrews Links
British Golf Museum

References

External links

R&A website, including the Rules and Decisions of Golf
Open Championship website
The history of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews
St. Andrews course images
St Andrews Golf Blog - Information on golf in St Andrews and the surrounding area

Category:Golf associations
Category:Golf in Scotland
Golf
Category:Golf clubs and courses in Fife
Category:Sports governing bodies in the United Kingdom
Category:Golf in the United Kingdom
Category:St Andrews
Category:1754 establishments in Scotland
Category:Category B listed buildings in Fife
Category:Listed sports venues in Scotland
Category:Sports clubs established in the 1750s


Izgrev, Varna Province

Izgrev () is a village (село) in northeastern Bulgaria, located in the Suvorovo Municipality () of the Varna Province ().

Population
As of December 2017, the village of Izgrev has 274 inhabitants. Its population is increasing after declining for decades. The village is exclusively inhabited by ethnic Bulgarians (100%), who are Bulgarian Orthodox by faith.

Honours
Izgrev Passage in Antarctica is named after the village.

References

Category:Villages in Varna Province


Diving salvage warfare specialist

Diving salvage warfare specialist is a  United States Navy special warfare rating.

The diving salvage warfare specialist program is for active and reserve fleet diving communities. The program designation signifies a United States Navy diver has excelled in competency and professionalism, and formally recognizes initiative, technical competence, and readiness for increased responsibility.

References

See also
List of United States Navy ratings

Category:United States Navy ratings


Badminton at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's singles

The badminton men's singles tournament at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta took place from 23 to 28 August at Istora Gelora Bung Karno.

Schedule
All times are Western Indonesia Time (UTC+07:00)

Seeds
A total of 8 players were given seeds.

 (Round of 32)
 (Round of 16)
 (Quarter-finals)
 (Silver medalist)
 (Quarter-finals)
 (Round of 32)
 (Quarter-finals)
 (Bronze medalist)

Results

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

References
Schedule

Category:Badminton at the 2018 Asian Games


Petersburg Jail

The Petersburg Jail, at Main St. and 2nd St. in Petersburg in Boone County, Nebraska, was built in 1902 and was Petersburg's first freestanding municipal structure.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1902.

Description
It is a  brick structure.

History
It originally was a single room, then was split by metal bars in 1926 to separate a jail cell from a marshal's desk space, and the bars have since been removed.

References

External links

Category:Jails on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1902
Category:Buildings and structures in Boone County, Nebraska


Tourism in metropolitan Detroit

Tourism in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan is a significant factor for the region's culture and for its economy, comprising nine percent of the area's two million jobs. About 15.9 million people visit Metro Detroit annually, spending an estimated $4.8 billion. Detroit is one of the largest American cities and metropolitan regions to offer casino resort hotels. Leading multi-day events throughout Metro Detroit draw crowds of hundreds of thousands to over three million people. More than fifteen million people cross the highly traveled nexus of the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel annually. Detroit is at the center of an emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis. An estimated 46 million people live within a 300-mile (480 km) radius of Metro Detroit.

Detroit's unique culture, distinctive architecture, and revitalization and urban renewal efforts in the 21st century have given Detroit increased prominence as a tourist destination in recent years. The New York Times listed Detroit in its list of 52 Places to Go in 2017,  while travel guide publisher Lonely Planet named Detroit the second-best city in the world to visit in 2018.

Market overview

The metropolitan region's tourism industry depends on drawing large crowds with quality attractions and entertainment in order to positively impact the local economy. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the annual North American International Auto Show in January, a multi-day event. Other major multi-day events that reflect the region's culture such as the Motown Winter Blast and the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival, typically held the last week of June, can draw super sized-crowds of hundreds of thousands to over three million people. A 2007 poll, conducted by Selzer and Co., reported that about two-thirds of the millions of residents in the suburban area occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city of Detroit. In 2006, the four-day Motown Winter Blast drew a cold weather crowd of about 1.2 million people to Campus Martius Park area downtown. Metro Detroit is one of thirteen U.S. cities with teams from four major sports.
Besides its casino resort hotels, the region's leading attraction is The Henry Ford, America's largest indoor-outdoor museum complex, a National Historic Landmark museum entertainment complex with an IMAX theater next to the Automotive Hall of Fame in Dearborn. The Detroit Institute of Arts in the cultural center downtown is another leading attraction and national historic site.  The Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people. The Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak has an Arctic Ring of Wildlife exhibit with an underwater viewing tunnel that includes the largest polar bear exhibit in the U.S. Together, The Henry Ford, the Detroit Institute of Arts, and the Zoo attract about 2,500,000 visitors annually.  Detroit is also home to the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant.  Built in 1904 and now running as a museum, it is the oldest car factory building in the world open to the public and was the birthplace of the Ford Model T.

An estimated one million spectators attended the 2009 Woodward Dream Cruise held annually in  August. Another automotive attraction cataloging the history of the industry is the Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills. The mansions of the auto barons that are open to the public for guided tours include the Dodge-Wilson estate Meadow Brook Hall in Rochester Hills, Edsel and Eleanor Ford House in Grosse Pointe, Henry Ford's Fair Lane Estate in Dearborn, and the Lawrence Fisher Mansion in Detroit. Cranbrook House and Gardens in Bloomfield Hills, the estate of publisher George Gough Booth, is also open to the public for guided tours.  The New York Times listed Detroit among its 53 world travel destinations for 2008 and again in 2017.

Detroit's Greektown is a busy entertainment district. The city is a center for the major casino resort hotels - MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino, Greektown Casino, and Caesars Windsor just across the river in Canada - which support an active nightlife. The metropolitan region's potential to attract super-sized crowds should not be underestimated. Just across the river, Caesars Windsor attracts about six million visitors annually. Detroit is one of the largest American cities and metropolitan regions to offer casino resort hotels. The Detroit International Riverfront hosts an events including the Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival in late June with one of the nation's largest displays of fireworks and the Electronic Music Festival on Memorial Day weekend. More than fifteen million people cross the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel annually. Detroit is at the center of an emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis. An estimated 46 million people live within a 300-mile (480 km) radius of Metro Detroit. High-speed rail proposals between Chicago and Detroit and for the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor would further increase access to Metro Detroit. The U.S. Department of Transportation has awarded $244 M in grants for high-speed rail upgrades between Chicago and Detroit. The  Quebec City – Windsor Corridor contains over 18 million people, with 51% of the Canadian population and three out of the four largest metropolitan areas in Canada, according to the 2001 Census.
Movie studios in the metro area help establish the state as a legitimate contender in the 12-month-a-year film business.
Motown Motion Picture Studios (2009) with  will produce movies at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4,000 people in the metro area.

Cruise ships, hotels, and resorts

The Passenger Terminal and Dock of Detroit on Hart Plaza near the Renaissance Center receives cruise ships and tall ships. Cruise liners include vessels marketed by the Great Lakes Cruising Company: Yorktown, Grand Mariner, and Grand Caribe and has included Hapag-Lloyd's MS Hamburg operated by Plantours (formerly MS Columbus). The Great Lakes Cruising Coalition has attempted with limited success to support passenger ship cruises through a joint U.S-Canadian venture to Great Lakes ports and the St. Lawrence Seaway.  Passenger cruise liners depart from and journey to ports throughout the Great Lakes including Chicago, Detroit, Mackinac Island, Toronto, and Montreal. William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor in downtown Detroit offers public docks for boaters.

The city's hospitality industry, with thousands of hotel rooms, routinely hosts major conventions and sporting events. The Marriott corporation and Starwood Hotels (Westin and Sheraton) have a significant presence in the region.  In addition to its casino resort hotels, the area has many full service hotels and resorts including the historic flagship Westin Book Cadillac Hotel in Detroit's Washington Boulevard Historic District, restored in 2008, the historic Doubletree Guest Suites Fort Shelby Hotel downtown Detroit, restored in 2009, and the Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center on the waterfront which is one of the largest hotel conference facilities in the U.S. The centrally located Westin Southfield Detroit Hotel contains one of the region's major conference centers and Westin operates a hotel and conference center inside the Detroit Metropolitan Airport. Downtown Detroit has about 5,000 hotel rooms, with 4,000 in walking distance of the convention and exhibit facility Cobo Center. The suburb of Novi has about 5,300 hotels rooms within a  radius and the suburb of Pontiac has about 5,800 within a  radius.

Historic Inns and boutique hotels represent a popular hospitality investment.  The city's Midtown area includes restored Victorian bed and breakfasts such as the Inn on Ferry Street in the East Ferry Avenue Historic District adjacent to the cultural center near the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Inn at 97 Winder in Detroit's Brush Park Historic District near Comerica Park and Ford Field. Some notable historic Inns include The Dearborn Inn, a Marriott Hotel, near The Henry Ford, the Inn at St. John's golf resort in Plymouth, and Roberts Riverwalk Hotel Detroit. The Royal Park Hotel in Rochester, the Townsend Hotel in Birmingham, the Somerset Inn in Troy, the Athenium Suite Hotel in Greektown, and the Hotel St. Regis in the New Center are among the region's notable boutique hotels.

In 2003, General Motors completed a $500 million redevelopment of the Renaissance Center as its world headquarters. The east riverfront promenade development was planned at and additional $559 million, including $135 million from GM and $50 million from the Kresge Foundation. The International Riverfront is linked by the River Walk, a promenade along connecting the cruise ship dock on Hart Plaza to a series of parks, restaurants, retail shops, and other venues from the Marriott at the Renaissance Center to the Roberts Riverwalk Hotel on the historic Stroh's riverplace site. Compuware CEO Peter Karmanos played a role in the financing to reconstruct the city's historic restoration of Campus Martius Park which now hosts events such as the Motown Winter Blast in January attracting large crowds.

A nearly $300 million renovation and expansion project of Cobo Center convention and exhibit facility began July 2011 and is expected to be ready for the 2014 North American International Auto Show in January, with the remainder of the project scheduled to be completed by December 2014. The project will add meeting and exhibit space and glass walls to the exterior in order to provide views of the International Riverfront.

Shopping and restaurants

Several traditional street-side shopping districts with clusters of restaurants may be found throughout the region in addition to those surrounding enclosed shopping malls and open-air lifestyle centers. Downtown Detroit contains Greektown, the Lower Woodward Avenue Historic District (Merchant's Row), and the shops and restaurants at the Renaissance Center along the International Riverfront. The Eastern Market, a farmer's distribution center in the central east side neighborhood area of Detroit, is the largest open-air bedding flower market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.  On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market. Other notable street-side shopping districts include The Village on Kercheval Avenue in Grosse Pointe and the downtown areas of Birmingham, Royal Oak, Northville, Rochester, and Plymouth.

Metro Detroit has many major enclosed shopping malls and open-air lifestyle centers with many restaurants. The upscale Somerset Collection mall in Troy is among the top privately held mall properties in the U.S. with 2004 annual sales of about $600 million and sales per square foot at $620 compared to the national average of $341. The Mall at Partridge Creek is an upscale open-air lifestyle center located in Clinton Township. Another upscale open-air lifestyle center is The Village of Rochester Hills. Other notable enclosed shopping malls in Metro Detroit include Lakeside Mall in Sterling Heights, Laurel Park Place in Livonia, Twelve Oaks Mall in Novi, which was expanded in 2007 to include Nordstrom, and Great Lakes Crossing Outlets in Auburn Hills. Ann Arbor, a college town, contains traditional street-side shopping along with the enclosed Briarwood Mall.

The  Fairlane Town Center mall in Dearborn is about 15 minutes from downtown Detroit. A concept, the Pavilions of Troy, is mixed-use development design with an open-air lifestyle center envisioned for the Detroit suburb of Troy to complement the Somerset Collection mall.

Political impact

The city's mayor in the 1990s, Dennis Archer, also a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, supported a plan which resulted in new casino resort hotels as a catalyst for development.  Initially, Archer's plan was for a casino cluster along the east riverfront. In April 2005, after an eight-year legal battle over the bidding process, the courts cleared the way for the City of Detroit to permit its temporary casinos to build all new casino resort hotels, to open in late 2007. The settlement was further complicated by MGM's acquisition of Mandalay Bay, then owner of the Motor City Casino. Upon acceptance of the settlement, Detroit entrepreneur Marion Ilitch exercised her option to purchase Motor City Casino, outbidding other partners. The plan for the casino resort locations changed as the city decided instead to have a promenade of parks along the International Riverfront to spur residential development, thus freeing the casino companies to build in other areas of downtown. Upon completion, Detroit became the largest American city and metropolitan region to offer casino resort hotels.  Since 2000, the city has seen a general trend of increased tax revenues from the three casinos; in 2009, casino resort hotels in Detroit employed 8,122 people, paid $452.8 M in wages (not including tips and benefits), and contributed $320 M in taxes to the city and state.

In decade leading up to 2006, downtown Detroit gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors. In 2007, complementing the MGM Grand Detroit, DTE Energy announced a $50 million transformation of the area around its downtown headquarters into an urban oasis with parks, walkways, and a reflecting pool. Completion of the MGM Grand Detroit resort hotel in 2007 has opened new prospects for future development downtown with the west riverfront area and the area from MGM Grand Detroit to the Michigan Central Station. The question of how to finance a new convention facility to accommodate the expanding needs of the North American International Auto Show generated media attention and speculation with Oakland County Executive L. Brooks Patterson's proposal for a fourth casino resort hotel in Detroit to anchor the convention center following the example of the Las Vegas Sands Expo convention center which would need approval from a statewide referendum. Governor Jennifer Granholm ultimately signed legislation on July 2, 2009 that created a five-member board, appointed by the governor, the City of Detroit, and Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties to oversee the operation of the Cobo Center with the city retaining ownership in order to facilitate a major renovation. The nearly $300 million renovation of Cobo Center convention and exhibit facility includes the addition of glass walls to connect the complex with the waterfront.

Detroit's geographic proximity to Windsor, Ontario provides for spectacular views and nightlife, along with Ontario's 19-and-older drinking age.

A strategy entitled Pure Michigan resulted in the State's tourism website ranking as the busiest in the nation. Metro Detroit urban destinations such as The Henry Ford, the Detroit Institute of Arts, and the Detroit Zoo were also emphasized in the strategy. This led to support for proposals for increased funding in 2008 for the Travel Michigan budget from Detroit area legislators.

Cultural centers

The Midtown Detroit surrounds Wayne State University, while the adjacent New Center area contains the National Historic Landmarks Cadillac Place and the Fisher Building.  Midtown attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers. Other significant cultural centers include those in Dearborn, Bloomfield Hills, Birmingham, Grosse Pointe, Rochester, Royal Oak, and Ann Arbor. The fortunes of region's auto barons and business leaders continue to facilitate philanthropy for museums and cultural centers.

The Cultural Center Historic District in Midtown Detroit contains the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Rackham Education Memorial Building, the Detroit Historical Museum, the Detroit Science Center, and the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. The Detroit Public Library is part of the Cultural Center Historic District listed in the National Register of Historic Places adjacent to Wayne State University campus and across the street from the Detroit Institute of Arts.  Designed by Cass Gilbert, the Detroit Public Library (1921) was constructed with Vermont marble and serpentine Italian marble trim in an Italian Renaissance style. His son, Cass Gilbert, Jr. was a partner with Francis J. Keally in the design of the library's additional wings added in 1963. Cass Gilbert also designed the United States Supreme Court building in Washington, D.C..

Detroit Institute of Arts

The Detroit Institute of Arts is among the largest art museums in the United States and contains over 100 galleries. The museum houses the 1150-seat Detroit Film Theatre, also used to showcase famous collections.  Officials at the DIA have ranked the American paintings collection third among museums in the United States. Works by American artists began to be collected immediately following the museum's founding in 1883.

Entering the Detroit Institute of Arts' hallway, visitors pass the armor collection of William Randolph Hearst.  Through the entry way is a grand marble court lined along the upper and lower levels with Diego Rivera's Detroit Industry Murals, commissioned by Edsel Ford.  The French-American architect Paul Philippe Cret designed the Beaux Arts, Italian Renaissance  building which opened in 1927. Michael Graves served as the architect for a major renovation and expansion in 2007. The original building is flanked by north and south wings with the white marble as the main exterior material for the entire structure. The museum is part of the city's Cultural Center Historic District listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

The collections of the Detroit Institute of Arts include ancient Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Mesopotamian, and Egyptian material, as well as a wide range of Islamic, African and Asian art of all media. Other notable art museums in the metropolitan area include University of Michigan Museum of Art in Ann Arbor and the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills.

Entertainment
Theatre in Detroit is part of the Broadway theatre circuit. The Windsor-Detroit casino resorts have nightclubs, restaurants, and large performance centers for shows. Star performances in the city's theatre venue circuit complement major events such as North American International Auto Show. There are a number of popular nightclubs including the Necto in Ann Arbor, the three-level St. Andrews Hall in Detroit, and the nightclubs at the city's casino resort hotels.

Live music has been the prominent feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s bringing the city worldwide attention. The metropolitan area has two of the top live music venues in the United States: DTE Energy Music Theatre and The Palace of Auburn Hills  Theatre in Detroit is the U.S.A.'s second largest venue circuit after Manhattan's Broadway. Major performance centers include the Fox Theatre, Masonic Temple Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Fisher Theatre.  Detroit's Orchestra Hall at the Max M. Fisher Music Center is the home of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.  The city hosts several annual music events, including the Detroit International Jazz Festival, the Electronic Music Festival, the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz music festival.

Events

Sports and recreation

The area which has hosted several major sporting events in order to attract large crowds such as Super Bowl XL; in fact, Detroit is the only northern city to have hosted two Super Bowls. Ford Field hosted the 2009 NCAA Final Four, where North Carolina defeated Michigan State; in April 2007 it hosted WrestleMania 23. Major League Baseball's 2005 All-Star Game was held at Comerica Park, as were World Series games in 2006 and 2012 due to the Detroit Tigers's run of success in the late 2000s (decade) through the early 2010s. The 2005 All Star Game injected $52 million into the area economy, while Super Bowl XL injected $270 million. In 2008, the Detroit Tigers at Comerica Park reported 3.2 million visitors with a 98.6 percent attendance rate. Comerica Park and Ford Field stadiums are located near the Grand Circus Park Historic District.

The area has a  network of "metro parks" which receives about 9 million visitors annually Outdoor activities in the metro region include downhill and cross-county skiing at Alpine Valley Ski Resort, Mt. Brighton, Mt Holly, and Pine Knob Ski Resort, Huron River kayaking and canoeing available through the Huron-Clinton Metroparks, and fresh water beaches such as Metro Beach, Kensington Beach, and Stony Creek Beach. Golf is an important sporting activity in the metropolitan area with a variety of courses, country clubs, and resorts. The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife preserve in North America, uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along  of the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie shoreline.

Sites of interest

Access

See also

 Detroit celebrities
 Detroit-style pizza
 Frankenmuth, Michigan
 Images of Metro Detroit
 Michigan History magazine
 List of films set in Detroit
 Media in Detroit
 List of museums in Michigan
 Detroit-Windsor

Notes

Further reading
A&E with Richard Guy Wilson, Ph.D.,(2000). America's Castles: The Auto Baron Estates, A&E Television Network.

Wilson, Matilda Rausch Dodge, Debbie Patrick, ed., (1998).  A Place in the Country: Matilda Wilson's Personal Guidebook to Meadow Brook Hall, Rochester, MI: Oakland University Press.

External links

 Metro Detroit Convention and Visitors Bureau
Lake St. Clair Guide - Guides and Resources for Lake St. Clair and surrounding waterways
The New York Times listed Detroit on its list 53 places to visit in 2008. "The 53 Places to Go in 2008" cited the new Casino resorts and the Detroit Institute of Arts as tourist attractions.

Category:Economy of Detroit
Category:Tourism in Detroit
Category:Culture of Detroit
Category:Metro Detroit
Category:Tourist attractions in Metro Detroit
Detroit metropolitan area


Middleton, Mississippi

Middleton is a ghost town in Montgomery County, Mississippi, United States.

Originally located in Carroll County, Middleton was one of its earliest settlements.  Once a thriving commercial and educational center, little remains of the original settlement but a cemetery.

History
The first non-Native to settle at this site was Irelton C. DeVane, who in 1790 built a small log store used for trading with the Native people and with the occasional traveler.  Other settlers included William Pace and his wife, who came from Kentucky in the 1820s.

Mail was sent from the community by stagecoach as early as 1824.

Following the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek in 1830, and the subsequent removal of the Native Americans from the area, many new settlers began to arrive.  The "Little Log Store", located at the junction of the Carrollton and Shongalo roads, became a well-known trading post.

The town was originally incorporated in 1837 as "Irwin", but was changed to Middleton in 1840.  Unofficial names included "Oxford" and "Bowling Green".

Several businesses opened during the 1830s, included two general merchandise stores, two doctors offices, a tavern, a furniture maker, a shoe factory, a large store called "The Big Store", a tailor, and a clock shop.  Middleton's businesses were located around a town square, and the town had Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian and Christian churches.

By 1840, Middleton's population had grown to 2,900.

A newspaper called The Family Organ began publishing in 1843.  Later businesses included The Middleton Hotel, a photographers shop, a blacksmith shop, a carriage factory, and law offices.  On the outskirts of the town were a wool mill, flour mill, cotton mill, leather tannery, and cotton factory.  A stage coach ran from Holly Springs to Durant by way of Middleton.

The Middleton Cemetery is one of the oldest in the country, and was built with a deep ditch around it resembling a moat.  In 1992, the Winona Lion's Club restored the cemetery and many of its markers.

Two well-regarded private schools were established in Middleton. The Judson Institute was a female academy, and The Peoples Academy was a boys school.

Middleton was one of seven locations selected in 1841 as a possible site for the University of Mississippi, and it was also considered as a site for the Mississippi capitol.

Decline
In 1859, the Mississippi Central Railway (later Illinois Central) completed a rail line through Winona, located  east.  As a result, Middleton was abandoned in favor of the new railway town of Winona.  Many of Middleton's business and residents relocated there, though some families moved back to Tennessee and Kentucky, or to nearby Carrollton.

Civil War
During the Civil War, Confederate soldiers used many of the old town's mills to manufacture products for their army.  As well, Benjamin Grierson and about 1,000 Union soldiers camped near Old Middleton before traveling to nearby Vaiden on January 1, 1863, where they plundered the town.

References

Category:Former populated places in Montgomery County, Mississippi
Category:Former populated places in Mississippi


Writing and Difference

Writing and Difference () is a book by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. The work, which collects some of the early lectures and essays that established his fame, was published in 1967 alongside Of Grammatology and Speech and Phenomena.

Summary

Cogito and the History of Madness

The collection contains the essay Cogito and the History of Madness, a critique of Michel Foucault. It was first given as a lecture on March 4, 1963, at a conference at the Collège philosophique, which Foucault attended, and caused a rift between the two, possibly prompting Foucault to write The Order of Things (1966) and The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969).

Violence and Metaphysics
In "Violence and Metaphysics," Derrida comments on the writings of Emmanuel Levinas. He honors Levinas for his ethical philosophy of openness to the Other. Indeed, he goes along with the idea that to live for the Other is the highest good. But he challenges the idea that only face-to-face interaction can be ethical. Whereas Levinas sees written communication as dead and unresponsive, Derrida argues that writing can be just as valuable a space for ethical encounter. He writes, in characteristic support for writing: "Is it not possible to invert all of Levinas’s statements on this point? By showing, for example, that writing can assist itself, for it has time and freedom, escaping better than speech from empirical urgencies."

The Structuralist Controversy
Included in the collection is his 1966 lecture at Johns Hopkins University, which changed the course of the conference leading it to be renamed The Structuralist Controversy, and caused Derrida to receive his first major attention outside France. The lecture is titled Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences.

References

Category:1967 non-fiction books
Category:Éditions du Seuil books
Category:French non-fiction books
Category:Works by Jacques Derrida


Suaza

Suaza () is a town and municipality in the Huila Department, Colombia.

Category:Municipalities of Huila Department
Category:Populated places in the Huila Department


Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)

"Family Jewels" is the informal name used to refer to a set of reports that detail activities conducted by the United States Central Intelligence Agency. Considered illegal or inappropriate, these actions were conducted over the span of decades, from the 1950s to the mid-1970s. William Colby, who was the CIA director in the mid-1970s and helped in the compilation of the reports, dubbed them the "skeletons" in the CIA's closet. Most of the documents were publicly released on June 25, 2007, after more than three decades of secrecy. The non-governmental National Security Archive had filed a FOIA request fifteen years earlier.

Background
The reports that constitute the CIA's "Family Jewels" were commissioned in 1973 by then CIA director James R. Schlesinger, in response to press accounts of CIA involvement in the Watergate scandal—in particular, support to the burglars, E. Howard Hunt and James McCord, both CIA veterans. On May 7, 1973, Schlesinger signed a directive commanding senior officers to compile a report of current or past CIA actions that may have fallen outside the agency's charter. The resulting report, which was in the form of a 693-page loose-leaf book of memos, was passed on to William Colby when he succeeded Schlesinger as Director of Central Intelligence in late 1973.

Leaks and official release
Investigative journalist Seymour Hersh revealed some of the contents of the "Family Jewels" in a front-page New York Times article in December 1974, in which he reported that:
The Central Intelligence Agency, directly violating its charter, conducted a massive, illegal domestic intelligence operation during the Nixon Administration against the antiwar movement and other dissident groups in the United States according to well-placed Government sources.
Additional details of the contents trickled out over the years, but requests by journalists and historians for access to the documents under the Freedom of Information Act were long denied. Finally, in June 2007, CIA Director Michael Hayden announced that the documents would be released to the public at an announcement made to the annual meeting of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. A six-page summary of the reports was made available at the National Security Archive (based at George Washington University), with the following introduction:
The Central Intelligence Agency violated its charter for 25 years until revelations of illegal wiretapping, domestic surveillance, assassination plots, and human experimentation led to official investigations and reforms in the 1970s.
The complete set of documents, with some redactions (including a number of pages in their entirety), was released on the CIA website on June 25, 2007.

Content
The reports describe numerous activities conducted by the CIA during the 1950s to 1970s that violated its charter. According to a briefing provided by CIA Director William Colby to the Justice Department on December 31, 1974, these included 18 issues which were of legal concern:
 Confinement of a KGB defector, Yuri Ivanovich Nosenko, that "might be regarded as a violation of the kidnapping laws"
 Wiretapping of two syndicated columnists, Robert Allen and Paul Scott (see also Project Mockingbird)
 Physical surveillance of investigative journalist and muckraker Jack Anderson and his associates, including Les Whitten of The Washington Post and future Fox News Channel anchor and managing editor Brit Hume. Jack Anderson had written two articles on CIA-backed assassination attempts on Cuban leader Fidel Castro
 Physical surveillance of Michael Getler, then a Washington Post reporter, who was later an ombudsman for The Washington Post and PBS
 Break-in at the home of a former CIA employee
 Break-in at the office of a former defector
 Warrantless entry into the apartment of a former CIA employee
 Opening of mail to and from the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1973 (including letters associated with actress Jane Fonda) (project SRPOINTER/HTLINGUAL at JFK airport)
 Opening of mail to and from the People's Republic of China from 1969 to 1972 (project SRPOINTER/HTLINGUAL at JFK airport – see also Project SHAMROCK by the NSA)
 Funding of behavior modification research on unwitting US citizens, including unscientific, non-consensual human experiments (see also Project MKULTRA concerning LSD experiments)
 Assassination plots against Cuban President Fidel Castro; DR Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba; President Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic; and René Schneider, Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army. All of these plots were said to be unsuccessful
 Surveillance of dissident groups between 1967 and 1971 (see Project RESISTANCE, Project MERRIMAC and Operation CHAOS)
 Surveillance of a particular Latin American female, and of US citizens in Detroit
 Surveillance of former CIA officer and Agency critic Victor Marchetti, author of the book The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, published in 1974
 Amassing of files on 9,900-plus US citizens related to the antiwar movement (see Project RESISTANCE, Project MERRIMAC and Operation CHAOS)
 Polygraph experiments with the sheriff of San Mateo County, California
 Fake CIA identification documents that might violate state laws
 Testing of electronic equipment on US telephone circuits

Reactions to release
Then-President of Cuba, Fidel Castro, who was the target of multiple CIA assassination attempts reported in these documents, responded to their release on July 1, 2007, saying that the United States was still a "killing machine" and that the revealing of the documents was an attempt at diversion. David Corn of the liberal / progressive magazine The Nation wrote that one key 'jewel' had been redacted and remained classified. Writing for The New York Times, Amy Zegart wrote: "Given all the illegal activities actually listed in this document, the hidden sections are all the more disturbing."

Mafia involvement in assassination attempts on Fidel Castro

According to the Family Jewels documents released, members of the American mafia were involved in CIA attempts to assassinate Cuban leader Fidel Castro. The documents showed that the CIA recruited Robert Maheu, an ex-FBI agent and aide to Howard Hughes in Las Vegas, to approach Johnny Roselli under the pretense of representing international corporations that wanted Castro dead due to lost gambling interests. Roselli introduced Maheu to mobster leaders Sam Giancana and Santo Trafficante, Jr. Supplied with six poison pills from the CIA, Gianacana and Trafficante tried unsuccessfully to have people place the poison in Castro's food.

See also
 Black operation
 Church Committee
 COINTELPRO
 Human rights violations by the CIA
 Kerry Committee report
 Operation Northwoods
 Pike Committee
 Richard Helms
 United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States (Rockefeller Commission)

References

External links
 From the CIA Oral History Archives: Reflections of DCI Colby and Helms on the CIA's "Time of Troubles" (archived)

Category:Central Intelligence Agency
Category:Classified documents


Diego Torres (footballer, born 1990)

Diego Fabián Torres (born 6 November 1990 in Villanueva, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine footballer as a midfielder.

References

External links

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Argentine footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Chacarita Juniors footballers
Category:Estudiantes de Buenos Aires footballers
Category:Chilean Primera División players
Category:Deportes Iquique footballers
Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Category:Associação Chapecoense de Futebol players
Category:Argentine expatriate footballers
Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Category:Expatriate footballers in Chile
Category:Expatriate footballers in Brazil


Amy Atkins

Amy Atkins is an American journalist and university professor.

Career

Amy Atkins, a former correspondent for ABC's Good Morning America, has anchored newscasts and programs on MSNBC, CNBC, CNN, Court TV, and the Oxygen Network and she has reported for Oprah and The Daily Show.   For five years, Ms. Atkins was a weekend anchor and reporter at WNYW, Fox channel 5 in New York, where she hosted “Fox Style News,” a syndicated feature that focused on fashion, trends and ideas.   Amy Atkins received two New York Emmy awards while at Channel 5, for feature reporting and Outstanding On-camera Achievement.  Ms. Atkins was the host of USA Broadcasting's “The Times,” on WAMI-TV.    As a print journalist, Amy Atkins has contributed to Marie Claire, Paper Magazine, and City Magazine.   Ms. Atkins joined New York University as an adjunct professor of journalism in 1995.

Amy Atkins has appeared in several films, portraying reporters, including  “It Could Happen to You”, “The Opposite of Sex”, and “City Hall.”

References

CNN transcript

Marie Claire article

New York Times filmography

Awards

Emmy Award, On Camera Achievement, WNYW

Category:Living people
Category:New York University faculty
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:American television journalists


The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (SFE) is an English language reference work on science fiction, first published in 1979. In October 2011, the third edition was made available for free online.

History

The first edition, edited by Peter Nicholls with John Clute, was published by Granada in 1979. It was retitled The Science Fiction Encyclopedia when published by Doubleday in the United States. Accompanying its text were numerous black and white photographs illustrating authors, book and magazine covers, film and TV stills, and examples of artists' work.

A second edition, jointly edited by Nicholls and Clute, was published in 1993 by Orbit in the UK and St. Martin's Press in the US. The second edition contained 1.3 million words, almost twice the 700,000 words of the 1979 edition. The 1995 paperback edition included a sixteen page addendum (dated "7 August 1995"). Unlike the first edition, the print versions did not contain illustrations. There was also a CD-ROM version in 1995, styled variously as The Multimedia Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Grolier Science Fiction. This contained text updates through 1995, hundreds of book covers and author photos, a small number of old film trailers, and author video clips taken from the TVOntario series Prisoners of Gravity.

The companion volume, published after the second print edition and following its format closely, is The Encyclopedia of Fantasy edited by John Clute and John Grant.

All print and CD-ROM editions are currently out of print.

In July 2011, Orion Publishing Group announced that the third edition of The Science Fiction Encyclopedia would be released online later that year by SFE Ltd in association with Victor Gollancz, Orion's science fiction imprint. The "beta text" of the third edition launched online on 2 October 2011, with editors John Clute, David Langford, Peter Nicholls (as editor emeritus until his death in 2018) and Graham Sleight. The encyclopedia is updated regularly (usually several times a week) by the editorial team with material written by themselves and contributed by science fiction academics and experts. It received the Hugo Award for Best Related Work in 2012. Though the SFE is a composite work with a considerable number of contributors, the three main editors (Clute, Langford and Nicholls) have themselves written almost two-thirds of the 5.2 million words to date (September 2016), giving a sense of unity to the whole.

Contents
The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction contains entries under the categories of authors, themes, terminology, science fiction in various countries, films, filmmakers, television, magazines, fanzines, comics, illustrators, book publishers, original anthologies, awards, and miscellaneous.

The online edition of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction was released in October 2011 with 12,230 entries, totaling 3,200,000 words. The editors predicted that it would contain 4,000,000 words upon completion of the first round of updates at the end of 2012; this figure was actually reached in January 2013, and 5,000,000 words in November 2015.

Publications

See also

 The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
 The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

References

External links
 SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, 2014—current online edition
 Self-referential entry on the Encyclopedia, written by David Langford
 SF Encyclopedia Editorial Home (sf-encyclopedia.co.uk)—with data on multiple editions
 "Formats and Editions of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction at WorldCat
 1993 SF Encyclopedia Updates—"New Data, Typographical Errors, Factual Corrections, and Miscellanea; Last updated September 2002"—superseded by the 2011 edition

 "Q&A with the Founder of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, The Independent, 12 January 2012—Neela Debnath with Peter Nicholls

Category:Encyclopedias of literature
Category:British encyclopedias
Category:Online encyclopedias
Category:20th-century encyclopedias
Category:Science fiction books
Category:Science fiction studies
Category:Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book winning works
Category:1979 non-fiction books
Category:1993 non-fiction books
Category:British online encyclopedias


Centrolene hesperia

Centrolene hesperia is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae.
It is endemic to Peru.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

References

hesperia
Category:Amphibians of Peru
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Category:Amphibians described in 1990


North Shore Riverfront Park

North Shore Riverfront Park is a small municipal park along the north banks of the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers across from Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.

It is a parcel of Three Rivers Park, the city's urban waterfront park along its rivers that provides a continuous green trail link between existing and future riverfront destinations. Completed segments include South Shore Riverfront Park, Allegheny Riverfront Park, and Point State Park. It is owned by the Sports & Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County

Established in 2001, North Shore Riverfront Park stretches about one mile (1.6 km) between the Carnegie Science Center and the Three Sisters bridges—Roberto Clemente Bridge, Andy Warhol Bridge, and Rachel Carson Bridge. The park, which also skirts Heinz Field and PNC Park, offers walking and biking trails with unobstructed vistas of the cityscape.

The park is designed with both a riverwall and riverwalk, which create a trail along the water’s edge. Boat tie-ups are located along the park to encourage water recreation. In front of each stadium is a large cobblestone quay that handles canoes and kayaks, as well as larger vessels that usually transport sports fans.

A second park level includes large open spaces of grass and native landscaping, crossed by paths running in a southwest direction, mimicking the river. The largest of these panels, called the Great Lawn, is approximately three acres of grass. An esplanade runs at the top level of the park and features a broad walkway.

Other features include Kayak Pittsburgh, the Water Steps (an interactive fountain), and the Market Street Pier. North Shore Riverfront Park also houses three memorials: the Korean War Veterans Memorial, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and the Law Enforcement Officers Memorial.

The park is a project of the Pittsburgh Sports & Exhibition Authority with help from the Riverlife Task Force.

External links

 North Shore Riverfront Park
 Three Rivers Park website

References

Patricia Lowry (2007). Riverlife Task Force profile: story by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved May 14, 2007.

Category:Parks in Pittsburgh
Category:Allegheny River
Category:Ohio River


Principle of univariance

The principle of univariance states that one and the same visual receptor cell can be excited by different combinations of wavelength and intensity, so that the brain cannot know the color of a certain point of the retinal image. One individual photoreceptor type can therefore not differentiate between a change in wavelength and a change in intensity. Thus the wavelength information can be extracted only by comparing the responses across different types of receptors. The principle of univariance was first described by W. A. H. Rushton (p. 4P).

Both cone monochromats (those who only have 1 cone type) and rod monochromats (those with no cones) suffer from the principle of univariance.The principle of univariance can be seen in situations where a stimulus can vary in two dimensions, but a cell's response can vary in one. For example, a coloured light may vary in both wavelength and in luminance. However, the brain's cells can only vary in the rate at which action potentials are fired. Therefore, a cell tuned to red light may respond the same to a bright red light as to a dim yellow light. To avoid this, the response of multiple cells is compared.

References

Category:Visual system


John Barnhill (basketball)

John Anthony "Rabbit" Barnhill (March 20, 1938 – November 11, 2013) was an American former professional basketball player.

Barnhill, along with Porter Meriwether, led the Evansville Lincoln High School Lions to an undefeated regular season and the city co-championship in 1954–55.

Born in Sturgis, Kentucky, the 6'1" guard was raised in Evansville, Indiana; he attended Tennessee State University, where he won an NAIA championships in 1957, 1958 and 1959. Barnhill's 1957 TSU Tigers were notable as the first all-black team to win a major American basketball tournament. Meriwether joined him in time for the 1959 title.

He finished his career as the #2 scorer (1,253 points) behind Dick Barnett on the all-time TSU scoring list; today, he ranks #18. He was a 3 time NAIA All-American (1957, 1958 and 1959) and helped the Tigers to a 3-year record of 94-8 (.922).

After his 1st season with the Pipers, he was selected for an American All-Star that toured the Soviet Union; other members of the U.S. State Department-sponsored team included Jerry Lucas, Les Lane, Dan Swartz, Ben Warley, Roger Taylor, Jack Adams, Mike Moran, Jerry Shipp, Gary Thompson, Jim Frances and Tom Meschery.

From 1962 to 1969, Barnhill played in the National Basketball Association as a member of the St. Louis Hawks, Detroit Pistons, Baltimore Bullets, and San Diego Rockets. He averaged 8.6 points per game in his NBA career. Barnhill later spent time in the rival American Basketball Association, mainly as a member of the Indiana Pacers.  Additionally, Barnhill was selected in three separate NBA expansion drafts in three consecutive years, 1966 (Chicago Bulls), 1967 (San Diego Rockets), and 1968 (Phoenix Suns).

Following his playing career, Barnhill was an NBA assistant coach for the Los Angeles Lakers, assisting Bill Sharman; he acted as the Lakers' interim coach during the 1974–75 season, while Sharman's wife was ill with cancer.

Notes

Category:1938 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players
Category:American Basketball League (1961–62) players
Category:American men's basketball players
Category:Baltimore Bullets (1963–73) players
Category:Basketball players from Indiana
Category:Chicago Bulls expansion draft picks
Category:Denver Rockets players
Category:Detroit Pistons players
Category:Indiana Pacers players
Category:Phoenix Suns expansion draft picks
Category:San Diego Rockets expansion draft picks
Category:San Diego Rockets players
Category:Sportspeople from Evansville, Indiana
Category:St. Louis Hawks draft picks
Category:St. Louis Hawks players
Category:Tennessee State Tigers basketball players
Category:Guards (basketball)


Albunione

Albunione is a genus of Isopoda parasites, in the family Bopyridae, containing the following species:

Albunione australiana Markham & Boyko, 1999
Albunione indecora Markham, 1988
Albunione yoda Markham & Boyko, 2003

References

Category:Isopoda
Category:Cymothoida


Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's freestyle 72 kg

Women's freestyle 72 kg competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, was held on August 17 at the China Agricultural University Gymnasium.

This freestyle wrestling competition consisted of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists faced off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who lost to one of the two finalists moved into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.

Each bout consisted of up to three rounds, lasting two minutes apiece. The wrestler who scored more points in each round was the winner of that rounds; the bout finished when one wrestler had won two rounds (and thus the match).

Wang Jiao of China won the gold medal. She defeated Bulgaria's Stanka Zlateva in the final in three periods 0–1, 0–3, 0–4.

The bronze medals went to Japan's Kyoko Hamaguchi and Poland's Agnieszka Wieszczek.

Schedule
All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00)

Results
Legend
F — Won by fall

Main bracket

Repechage

Final standing

References
Results Book, Page 23

Category:Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Women's events at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olym


Thomas C. Gillmer

Thomas C. Gillmer (1911–2009) was a naval architect and the author of books about modern and historical naval architecture. He was born in Warren, Ohio on July 17, 1911. At his family's summer cottage near Lake Erie in Ohio, he learned to sail a 14-foot sloop by himself. He graduated from Warren High School, then attended the U.S. Naval Academy.

After graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1935, he served aboard the light cruisers USS Raleigh (CL-7) and USS Savannah (CL-42) in the Pacific and Mediterranean.

In 1941, he joined the Marine Engineering Department at the Naval Academy. During World War II, he served as an instructor of Ship Construction and Damage Control at the U.S. Naval Academy. He resigned his commission with the Navy in 1946 to join the Academy's faculty as a professor and became chairman of the First Class Committee of the Marine Engineering department. (Note: The Marine Engineering Department became the Division of Engineering and Weapons in 1970 which contained the Naval Systems Engineering Department. Naval Systems later became the current Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Department.) During the 1950s, Professor Gillmer established the Ship Hydromechanics Laboratory in Isherwood Hall which consisted of an 85' × 6' × 4' towing tank, an 18' × 22' × 4' intact and damaged stability demonstration tank and a small circulating water channel.

After retiring from the Naval Academy in 1967, Gillmer continued living in Annapolis, where he pursued a career as the architect of sailing vessels and an author on the subject. In 1969, he established the engineering firm Thomas Gillmer, Naval Architect, Inc. in Annapolis. His designs included modern yachts and replicas of historic sailing ships. He worked with artist Melbourne Smith on the design of the Pride of Baltimore in 1976, the Pride of Baltimore II in 1986, and the Kalmar Nyckel in 1997, and brought Capt.Iver Franzen into his firm in 1986 to assist with the latter two projects, among others. The Navy hired Gillmer and Franzen to evaluate the condition of the USS Constitution prior to the vessel's restoration in 1997.

The Allied Seawind Ketch, designed by Gillmer in 1962, was the first fiberglass-hulled yacht to circumnavigate the Earth.

Gillmer designed and built his own house in Annapolis in 1947, where he lived for more than 60 years. He was married for 62 years to the former Anna Derge. After her death in 1999, he married Ruth Newsome, who was his wife until he died on December 16, 2009.

Bibliography

Books

 Simplified Theory of Flight, with Erich Nietch, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. (1942)
 Clouds, Weather and Flight, with Erich Nietch, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. (1944)
 Fundamentals of Naval Construction and Damage Control, with Jamie Adair, U.S. Naval Institute Press (1949 and 1951)
 Fundamentals of construction and stability of naval ships, United States Naval Institute (1956, revised 1959)
 Working watercraft: a survey of the surviving local boats of America and Europe, International Marine Pub. Co. (1972),
 Brigs & Sloops of the American Navy, with Melbourne Smith, Admiralty Pub. House LTD (1973)
 Ships of the American Revolution, with Melbourne Smith, Admiralty Pub. House LTD (1973)
 Modern Ship Design, Second Edition, U.S. Naval Institute Press (1970, revised 1975)
 Cruising designs from the board of Thomas C. Gillmer, Seven Seas Press (1975)
 Introduction to Naval Architecture, with Bruce Johnson,  Naval Institute Press (1982),
 Chesapeake Bay Sloops, Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum (1982)
 Sailing With Pride, with Greg Pease (Photographer) and Barbara Bozzuto (co-author) (1990)
 Pride of Baltimore: The Story of the Baltimore Clippers, 1800-1990, International Marine Publishing (1992),
 Old Ironsides: the rise, decline, and resurrection of the USS Constitution, International Marine (1993),
 History of Working Watercraft of the Western World, the McGraw-Hill Companies (1994),
 Old Ironsides, International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press (1997),

Video
 Maritime archaeology and ship preservation, U.S. Naval Academy (1998), with Dana M. Wegman, Patrick Otton, Robert O. Dulin, William H. Garzke, Peter K. Hus, and Timothy J Runyan

Vessel designs

Historic sailing ship replicas

Sailboats

Source of table data:

References

External links
 www.KalmarNyckel.org Kalmar Nyckel website
 www.Pride2.org Pride of Baltimore website

Category:Naval architects
Category:American naval historians
Category:American male non-fiction writers
Category:1911 births
Category:2009 deaths