Marion Cunningham (Happy Days character)

Marion Cunningham (née Kelp) is a fictional character played by Marion Ross on the sitcom Happy Days. She is one of the three characters to remain on the show for all 11 seasons. She is also one of three characters to be played by the same actors on Love American Style as well as Happy Days (the others being Richie and Potsie).

Bio
Marion Cunningham is the wife of Howard Cunningham and the mother of Richie, Joanie, and (briefly) Chuck Cunningham; she is also like a surrogate mother to Fonzie.  She is a housewife and does what housewife stereotypes normally do. She often calls Richie by his given name "Richard," and his friends by their real names, such as "Warren" (Potsie) and "Arthur" (Fonzie). The only character Marion does not call by his real name is Chachi. She is the only character in the show to address Fonzie by his real name "Arthur," which she always does affectionately.

Trivia
 Marion is referred to affectionately as "Mrs. C" by Richie's friends.
 Marion once became frustrated by her life as a housewife and fell out with Howard about it. Fonzie encouraged her to work at Arnold's as a waitress but she insulted Al's menu and interfered with people's orders (see "Marion Rebels" from Season 4).
 Marion became worried that Howard would leave her for a younger woman after she found out that one of her friends left his wife for a younger woman. She tries to prove to him that she is still young at heart but she goes completely over the top, Salome-style (see "Marion's Misgivings" from Season 5).
 Marion once went to jail after crashing Howard's beloved DeSoto into Arnold's ( see "Marion Goes to Jail" from Season 7).

References

Category:Happy Days characters
Category:Fictional characters from Milwaukee
Category:Television characters introduced in 1972


Los Angeles Media Fund

Los Angeles Media Fund (LAMF) is a leading entertainment and media company involved in producing and financing feature films, unscripted and scripted television, sports, music, theatre and live events.

Overview
Launched in 2014 by Jeffrey Soros and Simon Horsman, Los Angeles Media Fund is a multi-faceted entertainment company with a primary focus on the development, financing, and production of features, documentaries and television. We sponsor storytellers who create innovative content and challenge audiences. The firm also has several strategic investments with partners in scripted and unscripted television, live events, and recently launched a sports management firm.

Filmography

Completed

 {| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
|Shirley
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|Juliet, Naked
|-
|United Skates
|-
|Step Sisters
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|Shot in the Dark
|-
|The Space Between Us
|-
|The Bye Bye Man
|-
| rowspan="1" |2016
|Dark Crimes
|-
|}

References

Category:Film production companies of the United States
Category:Entertainment companies based in California
Category:Companies based in Beverly Hills, California
Category:American companies established in 2014
Category:Entertainment companies established in 2014
Category:2014 establishments in California


RNA silencing

RNA silencing or RNA interference refers to a family of gene silencing effects by which gene expression is negatively regulated by non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs. RNA silencing may also be defined as sequence-specific regulation of gene expression triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNA silencing mechanisms are highly conserved in most eukaryotes.  The most common and well-studied example is RNA interference (RNAi), in which endogenously expressed microRNA (miRNA) or exogenously derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) induces the degradation of complementary messenger RNA. Other classes of small RNA have been identified, including piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) and its subspecies repeat associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNA).

Background

RNA silencing describes several mechanistically related pathways which are involved in controlling and regulating gene expression. RNA silencing pathways are associated with the regulatory activity of small non-coding RNAs (approximately 20–30 nucleotides in length) that function as factors involved in inactivating homologous sequences, promoting endonuclease activity, translational arrest, and/or chromatic or DNA modification. In the context in which the phenomenon was first studied, small RNA was found to play an important role in defending plants against viruses. For example, these studies demonstrated that enzymes detect double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) not normally found in cells and digest it into small pieces that are not able to cause disease.

While some functions of RNA silencing and its machinery are understood, many are not. For example, RNA silencing has been shown to be important in the regulation of development and in the control of transposition events. RNA silencing has been shown to play a role in antiviral protection in plants as well as insects. Also in yeast, RNA silencing has been shown to maintain heterochromatin structure. However, the varied and nuanced role of RNA silencing in the regulation of gene expression remains an ongoing scientific inquiry. A range of diverse functions have been proposed for a growing number of characterized small RNA sequences—e.g., regulation of developmental, neuronal cell fate, cell death, proliferation, fat storage, haematopoietic cell fate, insulin secretion.

RNA silencing functions by repressing translation or by cleaving messenger RNA (mRNA), depending on the amount of complementarity of base-pairing. RNA has been largely investigated within its role as an intermediary in the translation of genes into proteins. More active regulatory functions, however, only began to be addressed by researchers beginning in the late-1990s. The landmark study providing an understanding of the first identified mechanism was published in 1998 by Fire et al., demonstrating that double-stranded RNA could act as a trigger for gene silencing. Since then, various other classes of RNA silencing have been identified and characterized. Presently, the therapeutic potential of these discoveries is being explored, for example, in the context of targeted gene therapy.

While RNA silencing is an evolving class of mechanisms, a common theme is the fundamental relationship between small RNAs and gene expression. It has also been observed that the major RNA silencing pathways currently identified have mechanisms of action which may involve both post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) as well as chromatin-dependent gene silencing (CDGS) pathways. CDGS involves the assembly of small RNA complexes on nascent transcripts and is regarded as encompassing mechanisms of action which implicate transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) and co-transcriptional gene silencing (CTGS) events. This is significant at least because the evidence suggests that small RNAs play a role in the modulation of chromatin structure and TGS.

Despite early focus in the literature on RNA interference (RNAi) as a core mechanism which occurs at the level of messenger RNA translation, others have since been identified in the broader family of conserved RNA silencing pathways acting at the DNA and chromatin level. RNA silencing refers to the silencing activity of a range of small RNAs and is generally regarded as a broader category than RNAi. While the terms have sometimes been used interchangeably in the literature, RNAi is generally regarded as a branch of RNA silencing. To the extent it is useful to craft a distinction between these related concepts, RNA silencing may be thought of as referring to the broader scheme of small RNA related controls involved in gene expression and the protection of the genome against mobile repetitive DNA sequences, retroelements, and transposons to the extent that these can induce mutations. The molecular mechanisms for RNA silencing were initially studied in plants but have since broadened to cover a variety of subjects, from fungi to mammals, providing strong evidence that these pathways are highly conserved.

At least three primary classes of small RNA have currently been identified, namely: small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA).

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

siRNAs act in the nucleus and the cytoplasm and are involved in RNAi as well as CDGS. siRNAs come from long dsRNA precursors derived from a variety of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) precursors, such as sense and antisense RNAs. siRNAs also come from hairpin RNAs derived from transcription of inverted repeat regions. siRNAs may also arise enzymatically from non-coding RNA precursors. The volume of literature on siRNA within the framework of RNAi is extensive.

microRNA (miRNA)

The majority of miRNAs act in the cytoplasm and mediate mRNA degradation or translational arrest. However, some plant miRNAs have been shown to act directly to promote DNA methylation. miRNAs come from hairpin precursors generated by the RNaseIII enzymes Drosha and Dicer. Both miRNA and siRNA form either the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) or the nuclear form of RISC known as RNA-induced transcriptional silencing complex (RITS). The volume of literature on miRNA within the framework of RNAi is extensive.

Three prime untranslated regions and microRNAs

Three prime untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) often contain regulatory sequences that post-transcriptionally cause RNA interference. Such 3'-UTRs often contain both binding sites for microRNAs (miRNAs) as well as for regulatory proteins. By binding to specific sites within the 3'-UTR, miRNAs can decrease gene expression of various mRNAs by either inhibiting translation or directly causing degradation of the transcript. The 3'-UTR also may have silencer regions that bind repressor proteins that inhibit the expression of a mRNA.

The 3'-UTR often contains microRNA response elements (MREs). MREs are sequences to which miRNAs bind.  These are prevalent motifs within 3'-UTRs. Among all regulatory motifs within the 3'-UTRs (e.g. including silencer regions), MREs make up about half of the motifs.

As of 2014, the miRBase web site, an archive of miRNA sequences and annotations, listed 28,645 entries in 233 biologic species.  Of these, 1,881 miRNAs were in annotated human miRNA loci.  miRNAs were predicted to have an average of about four hundred target mRNAs (affecting expression of several hundred genes).  Freidman et al. estimate that >45,000 miRNA target sites within human mRNA 3'UTRs are conserved above background levels, and >60% of human protein-coding genes have been under selective pressure to maintain pairing to miRNAs.

Direct experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique mRNAs. Other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).

The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression seem to be important in cancer. For instance, in gastrointestinal cancers, nine miRNAs have been identified as epigenetically altered and effective in down regulating DNA repair enzymes.

The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression also seem to be important in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorders.

piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)

piRNAs represent the largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules expressed in animal cells, deriving from a large variety of sources, including repetitive DNA and transposons. However, the biogenesis of piRNAs is also the least well understood. piRNAs appear to act both at the post-transcriptional and chromatin levels.  They are distinct from miRNA due to at least an increase in terms of size and complexity. Repeat associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNAs) are considered to be a subspecies of piRNA.

Mechanism

The most basic mechanistic flow for RNA Silencing is as follows:
(For a more detailed explanation of the mechanism, refer to the RNAi:Cellular mechanism article.)

1: RNA with inverted repeats hairpin/panhandle constructs --> 2: dsRNA --> 3: miRNAs/siRNAs --> 4: RISC --> 5: Destruction of target mRNA

 It has been discovered that the best precursor to good RNA silencing is to have single stranded antisense RNA with inverted repeats which, in turn, build small hairpin RNA and panhandle constructs. The hairpin or panhandle constructs exist so that the RNA can remain independent and not anneal with other RNA strands.
 These small hairpin RNAs and/or panhandles then get transported from the nucleus to the cytosol through the nuclear export receptor called exportin-5, and then get transformed into a dsRNA, a double stranded RNA, which, like DNA, is a double stranded series of nucleotides. If the mechanism didn't use dsRNAs, but only single strands, there would be a higher chance for it to hybridize to other "good" mRNAs. As a double strand, it can be kept on call for when it is needed.
 The dsRNA then gets cut up by a Dicer into small (21-28 nt = nucleotides long) strands of miRNAs (microRNAs) or siRNAs (short interfering RNAs.) A Dicer is an endoribonuclease RNase, which is a complex of a protein mixed with strand(s) of RNA.
 Lastly, the double stranded miRNAs/siRNAs separate into single strands; the antisense RNA strand of the two will combine with another endoribonuclease enzyme complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex), which includes the catalytic component Argonaute, and will guide the RISC to break up the "perfectly complementary" target mRNA or viral genomic RNA so that it can be destroyed.
 It means that based on a short sequence specific area, a corresponding mRNA will be cut. To make sure, it will be cut in many other places as well. (If the mechanism only worked with a long stretch, then there would be higher chance that it would not have time to match to its complementary long mRNA.) It has also been shown that the repeated-associated short interference RNAs (rasiRNA) have a role in guiding chromatin modification.

For an animated explanation of the mechanism of RNAi by Nature Reviews, see the External Links section below.

Biological functions

Immunity against viruses or transposons
RNA silencing is the mechanism that our cells (and cells from all kingdoms) use to fight RNA viruses and transposons (which originate from our own cells as well as from other vehicles). In the case of RNA viruses, these get destroyed immediately by the mechanism cited above. In the case of transposons, it's a little more indirect. Since transposons are located in different parts of the genome, the different transcriptions from the different promoters produce complementary mRNAs that can hybridize with each other. When this happens, the RNAi machinery goes into action, debilitating the mRNAs of the proteins that would be required to move the transposons themselves.

Down-regulation of genes
For a detailed explanation of the down-regulation of genes, see RNAi:downregulation of genes

Up-regulation of genes
For a detailed explanation of the up-regulation of genes, see RNAi:upregulation of genes

RNA silencing also gets regulated
The same way that RNA silencing regulates downstream target mRNAs, RNA silencing itself is regulated. For example, silencing signals get spread between cells by a group of enzymes called RdRPs (RNA-dependent RNA polymerases) or RDRs.

Practical applications
Growing understanding of small RNA gene-silencing mechanisms involving dsRNA-mediated sequence-specific mRNA degradation has directly impacted the fields of functional genomics, biomedicine, and experimental biology. The following section describes various applications involving the effects of RNA silencing. These include uses in biotechnology, therapeutics, and laboratory research. Bioinformatics techniques are also being applied to identify and characterize large numbers of small RNAs and their targets.

Biotechnology
Artificial introduction of long dsRNAs or siRNAs has been adopted as a tool to inactivate gene expression, both in cultured cells and in living organisms. Structural and functional resolution of small RNAs as the effectors of RNA silencing has had a direct impact on experimental biology. For example, dsRNA may be synthesized to have a specific sequence complementary to a gene of interest. Once introduced into a cell or biological system, it is recognized as exogenous genetic material and activates the corresponding RNA silencing pathway. This mechanism can be used to effect decreases in gene expression with respect to the target, useful for investigating loss of function for genes relative to a phenotype. That is, studying the phenotypic and/or physiologic effects of expression decreases can reveal the role of a gene product. The observable effects can be nuanced, such that some methods can distinguish between “knockdown” (decrease expression) and “knockout” (eliminate expression) of a gene. RNA interference technologies have been noted recently as one of the most widely utilized techniques in functional genomics. Screens developed using small RNAs have been used to identify genes involved in fundamental processes such as cell division, apoptosis and fat regulation.

Biomedicine
Since at least the mid-2000s, there has been intensifying interest in developing short interfering RNAs for biomedical and therapeutic applications. Bolstering this interest is a growing number of experiments which have successfully demonstrated the clinical potential and safety of small RNAs for combatting diseases ranging from viral infections to cancer as well as neurodegenerative disorders. In 2004, the first Investigational New Drug applications for siRNA were filed in the United States with the Food and Drug Administration; it was intended as a therapy for age-related macular degeneration. RNA silencing in vitro and in vivo has been accomplished by creating triggers (nucleic acids that induce RNAi) either via expression in viruses or synthesis of oligonucleotides. Optimistically many studies indicate that small RNA-based therapies may offer novel and potent weapons against pathogens and diseases where small molecule/pharmacologic and vaccine/biologic treatments have failed or proved less effective in the past. However, it is also warned that the design and delivery of small RNA effector molecules should be carefully considered in order to ensure safety and efficacy.

The role of RNA silencing in therapeutics, clinical medicine, and diagnostics is a fast developing area and it is expected that in the next few years some of the compounds using this technology will reach market approval. A report has been summarized below to highlight the many clinical domains in which RNA silencing is playing an increasingly important role, chief among them are ocular and retinal disorders, cancer, kidney disorders, LDL lowering, and antiviral. The following table displays a listing of RNAi based therapy currently in various phases of clinical trials. The status of these trials can be monitored on the ClinicalTrials.gov website, a service of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Of note are treatments in development for ocular and retinal disorders, that were among the first compounds to reach clinical development.  AGN211745 (sirna027) (Allergan) and bevasiranib (Cand5) (Opko) underwent clinical development for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration,  but trials were terminated before the compounds reached the market. Other compounds in development for ocular conditions include SYL040012 (Sylentis) and QPI-007 (Quark). SYL040012 (bamosinan) is a drug candidate under clinical development for glaucoma, a progressive optic neurdegeneration frequently associated to increased intraocular pressure; QPI-007 is a candidate for the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma and Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy; both compounds are currently undergoing phase II clinical trials. Several compounds are also under development for conditions such as cancer and rare diseases.

Main challenge
As with conventional manufactured drugs, the main challenge in developing successful offshoots of the RNAi-based drugs is the precise delivery of the RNAi triggers to where they are needed in the body. The reason that the ocular macular degeneration antidote was successful sooner than the antidote with other diseases is that the eyeball is almost a closed system, and the serum can be injected with a needle exactly where it needs to be. The future successful drugs will be the ones who are able to land where needed, probably with the help of nanobots. Below is a rendition of a table that shows the existing means of delivery of the RNAi triggers.

Laboratory
The scientific community has been quick to harness RNA silencing as a research tool. The strategic targeting of mRNA can provide a large amount of information about gene function and its ability to be turned on and off. Induced RNA silencing can serve as a controlled method for suppressing gene expression. Since the machinery is conserved across most eukaryotes, these experiments scale well to a range of model organisms. In practice, expressing synthetic short hairpin RNAs can be used to reach stable knock-down. If promoters can be made to express these designer short hairpin RNAs, the result is often potent, stable, and controlled gene knock-down in both in vitro and in vivo contexts. Short hairpin RNA vector systems can be seen as roughly analogous in scope to using cDNA overexpression systems. Overall, synthetic and natural small RNAs have proven to be an important tool for studying gene function in cells as well as animals.

Bioinformatics approaches to identify small RNAs and their targets have returned several hundred, if not thousands of, small RNA candidates predicted to affect gene expression in plants, C. elegans, D. melanogaster, zebrafish, mouse, rat, and human. These methods are largely directed to identifying small RNA candidates for knock-out experiments but may have broader applications. One bioinformatics approach evaluated sequence conservation criteria by filtering seed complementary target-binding sites. The cited study predicted that approximately one third of mammalian genes were to be regulated by, in this case, miRNAs.

Ethics & Risk-Benefit Analysis
One aspect of RNA silencing to consider is its possible off-target affects, toxicity, and delivery methods. If RNA silencing is to become a conventional drug, it must first pass the typical ethical issues of biomedicine. Using risk-benefit analysis, researchers can determine whether RNA silencing conforms to ethical ideologies such as nonmaleficence, beneficence, and autonomy.

There is a risk of creating infection-competent viruses that could infect non-consenting people. There is also a risk of affecting future generations based on these treatments. These two scenarios, in respect to autonomy, is possible unethical. At this moment, unsafe delivery methods and unintended aspects of vector viruses add to the argument against RNA silencing.

In terms of off-target effects, siRNA can induce innate interferon responses, inhibit endogenous miRNAs through saturation, and may have complementary sequences to other non-target mRNAs. These off-targets could also have target up-regulations such as oncogenes and antiapoptotic genes. The toxicity of RNA silencing is still under review as there are conflicting reports.

RNA silencing is quickly developing, because of that, the ethical issues need to be discussed further. With the knowledge of general ethical principles, we must continuously perform risk-benefit analysis.

See also
 RNAi
 siRNA
 miRNA
 piwiRNA
 rasiRNA

References

External links
 Nature Reviews animation explaining the mechanism of RNAi can be found  here.

Category:RNA
Category:Gene expression


2014 North Queensland Cowboys season

The 2014 North Queensland Cowboys season was the 20th in the club's history. Coached by Paul Green and co-captained by Johnathan Thurston and Matthew Scott, they competed in the NRL's 2014 Telstra Premiership.

Season summary
On February 16, the Cowboys won the first trophy in their club's history when they won the inaugural NRL Auckland Nines tournament held at Eden Park in Auckland defeating the Brisbane Broncos, 16-7, in the final. They won the trophy and a prize money cheque of $370,000. Winger Kyle Feldt was awarded the Breakout Player of the Tournament award, while Gavin Cooper, Kane Linnett, James Tamou and Antonio Winterstein were named in the Team of the Tournament. The Cowboys finished the NRL season in 5th place, defeating the Brisbane Broncos in the first week of the finals. They were eliminated a week later by the Sydney Roosters.

Milestones
Round 1: Paul Green recorded his first win as an NRL coach.
Round 1: Kane Linnett played his 50th game for the club.
Round 5: Matthew Wright made his debut for the club.
Round 6: Brent Tate scored the club's 2000th NRL try.
Round 7: Curtis Rona made his NRL debut.
Round 7: Curtis Rona scored his first NRL try.
Round 9: Cameron King made his debut for the club.
Round 10: Johnathan Thurston played his 200th game for the club.
Round 11: Ashton Sims captained the club for the first time.
Round 12: John Asiata made his NRL debut.
Round 17: Tautau Moga made his debut for the club.
Round 17: Sam Hoare made his NRL debut.
Round 17: Zac Santo made his NRL debut.
Round 17: Ben Spina made his NRL debut.
Round 17: Laurie and Ben Spina became the first father-son duo to play for the Cowboys.
Round 17: Jason Taumalolo played his 50th game for the club.
Round 17: Antonio Winterstein scored his 50th career try.
Round 21: Gavin Cooper played his 100th game for the club.
Round 22: Michael Morgan played his 50th game for the club.
Round 22: The Cowboys recorded their biggest ever win (def. Wests Tigers 64-6).
Round 22: The Cowboys recorded their highest ever score (64 points).
Round 26: Johnathan Thurston became the NRL's top point scorer for the 2014 season with 208 points.
Finals Week 2: Johnathan Thurston scored the most points in a season by a Cowboys' player with 234 points.

Squad List

Squad Movement

2014 Gains

2014 Losses

Re-signings

Ladder

Fixtures

Pre-season

NRL Auckland Nines

The NRL Auckland Nines is a pre-season rugby league nines competition featuring all 16 NRL clubs. The 2014 competition was played over two days on February 15 and 16 at Eden Park in Auckland, New Zealand. The Cowbous featured in Pool Yellow and played Canberra, Manly and the Warriors. The top two teams of each pool qualified for the quarter finals.

Pool Play

Finals

Regular season

Finals

Statistics

Source:

Representatives
The following players have played a representative match in 2014

Honours

League
Dally M Medal: Johnathan Thurston
Dally M Five-Eighth of the Year: Johnathan Thurston

Club
Paul Bowman Medal: Johnathan Thurston
Player's Player: Johnathan Thurston
Club Person of the Year: Ashton Sims
Rookie of the Year: John Asiata
Most Improved: Michael Morgan
Member's Player of the Year: Michael Morgan
NYC Player of the Year: Josh Chudleigh

Feeder Clubs

National Youth Competition
 North Queensland Cowboys - 12th, missed finals

Queensland Cup
 Mackay Cutters - 9th, missed finals
 Northern Pride - 1st, won Grand Final

References

Category:North Queensland Cowboys seasons
North Queensland Cowboys season


Zvonimir Ciglič

Zvonimir Ciglič (February 20, 1921 - January 21, 2006) in Ljubljana  was a Slovenian composer.

See also
List of Slovenian composers

Sources
Slovenian Wikipedia

Category:Slovenian composers
Category:1921 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:People from Ljubljana


Klik

Klik may refer to:

 KLIK Amsterdam Animation Festival, animation festival organised annually in Amsterdam, The Netherlands
 Klik & Play, software produced by French company Clickteam
 Klik (candy), an Israeli candy brand marketed by Unilever.


Flour kurabiye

Flour kurabiye (Turkish: Un kurabiyesi) is a kind of Turkish cookie that is made from butter, sunflower oil (or another mild flavored oil), baking powder, and the namesake ingredient flour. Generally, vanilla powder (commonly used as a substitute for vanilla extract in Turkish baked goods) is also added. Flour kurabiye is a variant of kurabiye.

See also
Acıbadem kurabiyesi

References

http://www.giverecipe.com/the-feast-of-sacrifice-and-flour-cookies.html

Category:Turkish pastries
Category:Cookies

Category:Shortbread


United Socialist Workers' Party (Argentina)

The United Socialist Workers' Party (Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores Unificado, PSTU) is the Argentine section of the International Workers' League (Fourth International) (LIT), a Trotskyist-Morenoist grouping.

It was formed in 2011 by the fusion of the FOS and the COI, two groups associated with the LIT.

It is backing the Workers' Left Front.

References

report on formation
Category:Communist parties in Argentina
Category:Trotskyist organisations in Argentina


Geography of Benin

Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south.

With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south, a distance of . Although the coastline measures , the country measures about  at its widest point.

It is one of the smaller countries in West Africa, about one eighth the size of Nigeria, its neighbor to the east. It is, however, twice as large as Togo, its neighbor to the west. A relief map of Benin shows that it has little variation in elevation, averaging  in elevation.

Biogeography
The country can be divided into four main areas from the south to the north. The low-lying, sandy, coastal plain which has a highest elevation of  is, at most,  wide. It is marshy and dotted with lakes and lagoons connected to the ocean. The plateaus of southern Benin, with an altitude ranging between , are split by valleys running north to south along the Couffo, Zou, and Oueme Rivers, an area that has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic ecoregion. Then an area of flat lands dotted with rocky hills whose altitude seldom reaches  extends around Nikki and Savé. Finally, the Atacora mountain range extends along the northwest border and into Togo with the highest point, Mont Sokbaro, at .

Benin has fields lying fallow, mangroves, and remnants of large sacred forests. In the rest of the country, the savanna is covered with thorny scrubs and dotted with huge baobab trees. Some forests line the banks of rivers. In the north and the northwest of Benin the Reserve du W du Niger and Pendjari National Park attract tourists eager to see elephants, lions, antelopes, hippos and monkeys. Previously Benin offered habitat for the endangered painted hunting dog, Lycaon pictus, although this canid is considered to have been extirpated from Benin, due to human population expansion. Woodlands comprise approximately 31 percent of the land area of Benin.

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Nigeria and Togo

Geographic coordinates:

Continent:
Africa

Area:
total:
112 622 km2
 country comparison to the world: 102
land:
110 622 km2
water:
2 000 km2

Area comparative
Australia comparative: about half the size of Victoria
Canada comparative: 1.5 times larger than New Brunswick
United Kingdom comparative: smaller than England
United States comparative: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:
total:
2 123 km
border countries:
Burkina Faso 386 km, Niger 277 km, Nigeria 809 km, Togo 651 km

Coastline:
121 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
200 nautical miles (370.4 km)

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Terrain:
mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Mont Sokbaro 658 m

Natural resources:
small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber

Land use:
arable land: 23.94%
permanent crops: 3.99%
other: 72.06% (2012)

Irrigated land: 230.4 km2 (2012)

'Total renewable water resources: 26.39 km3 (2011)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
 total: 0.13 cu km/yr (32%/23%/45%)
 per capita: 18.74 cu m/yr (2001)

Natural hazards:
hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in December to March

Environment - current issues:
inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching threatens wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

Sandbanks create difficult access to a coast with no natural harbors, river mouths, or islands.

Climate

Benin's climate is hot and humid. Annual rainfall in the coastal area averages , not particularly high for coastal West Africa. Benin has two rainy and two dry seasons. The principal rainy season is from April to late July, with a shorter less intense rainy period from late September to November. The main dry season is from December to April, with a short cooler dry season from late July to early September. Temperatures and humidity are high along the tropical coast. In Cotonou, the average maximum temperature is ; the minimum is . Variations in temperature increase when moving north through a savanna and plateau toward the Sahel. A dry wind from the Sahara called the harmattan blows from December to March. Grass dries up, the vegetation turns reddish brown, and a veil of fine dust hangs over the country, causing the skies to be overcast. It is also the season when farmers burn brush in the fields.

Extreme points

This is a list of the extreme points of Benin, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

 Northernmost point – the confluence of the Mékrou River and the river Niger on the border with Niger, Alibori Department
 Easternmost point – unnamed location on the border with Nigeria immediately east of the town of Néganzi, Borgou Department
 Southernmost point – the point at which the border with Togo enters the Atlantic Ocean, Mono Department
 Westernmost point - unnamed location on the border with Togo immediately south-west of Tiokossi in Datori, Atakora Department

References
 C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
Rebecca Kormos and Christophe Boesch. 2003. West African chimpanzees: status survey and conservation action plan, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, 219 pages  ,

Line notes

External links
 Soil Maps of Benin European Digital Archive on the Soil Maps of the world


Joel Eisenberg

Joel Eisenberg is a writer-producer, whose current eight-book fantasy saga with co-author Steve Hillard, The Chronicles of Ara, was sold to Ovation TV for an eight-hour miniseries. The deal was unique for a network in that the series was published by the independent Incorgnito Press, and was printed digitally on-demand. He is represented by CAA.

In 2001, Eisenberg co-wrote Out of the Black with Karl Kozak, an independent feature that won 17 national film festival awards. The film starred Tyler Christopher, Jason Widener, Dee Wallace Stone, Sally Struthers and Sally Kirkland.

In 2004, Eisenberg, an avid book collector, was hired by a private party to identify, organize and archive a substantial lot of unidentified handwritten materials. These materials were soon verified as original John Steinbeck writings considered "lost" to history, and have been since referred to by a noted historian as "one of the most important literary discoveries of the century.”

In 2005, he wrote the non-fiction inspirational tome, How to Survive a Day Job, which featured contributions from established public figures as to how they survived the day job experience, en route to working professionally within the arts. Contributors included Clive Barker, Stephen J. Cannell, director Robert Wise (in his final interview), Brad Meltzer, Laurell Hamilton, Larry Hagman and others. Later that year, he co-founded All Cities Media with partner Eric Shaw, an entertainment-centric networking group hosted by Paramount Studios, Warner Brothers Studios, Sunset-Gower Studios and more. The goal of ACM was to level the playing field between filmmakers and finance. Eisenberg concluded his participation in the group in 2014.

April Showers was a critically acclaimed feature film executive produced by Eisenberg, and released in 2009. Based on the Columbine School Shootings tragedy, April Showers was written and directed by Columbine survivor Andrew Robinson, and was awarded a special citation by the U.S. House of Representatives for its co-star Tom Arnold and his fight for the continuance of school safety standards.

He is developing several film projects, including the Alzheimer's-themed January Rain as co-writer and producer, and Louis vs Schmeling, a boxing biopic co-written with Gilbert Adler (producer of Superman Returns, Valkyrie, Constantine, Tales from the Crypt) to be directed by Bill Duke. Eisenberg is also Executive Producing Then Again with Herbie J Pilato, an Inside the Actor's Studio-type talkfest focused on classic television, for Decades Network, a CBS and Weigel Broadcasting station, and Shadow Show with Vincent Price, based on the bestselling anthology edited by Sam Weller and Mort Castle, and the subsequent IDW Comics adaptation.

For other networks, Eisenberg continues to develop several projects based on various pop-culture brands. Letters from a Drugstore Cowboy, based on the unpublished writings of James Fogle – the inspiration for the film, Drugstore Cowboy – was optioned to FOX Studios in 2013.

Since 2014, he has been penning the eight-volume The Chronicles of Ara fantasy novel series with Steve Hillard, a continuation of Hillard's book, Mirkwood: A Novel About J.R.R. Tolkien. Eisenberg and Hillard formed Mirkwood Partners, LLC in 2015, a feature film and television development company. In 2017, the company was renamed Council Tree Productions. Co-Production deals set up through Council Tree Productions include the reality-based "Race For Space" with Roddenberry Entertainment, "Farway Canyon" based on the independent comic book of the same name with Buffalo 8, and "Terror Talk" with the Roku station Terror TV.

Eisenberg has been writing professionally since 1986 in varied media, starting as a columnist for a series of national professional wrestling and martial arts periodicals. He has successfully marketed various projects to Public Television supporters for national and local program funding, including California's Gold with Huell Howser, American Playhouse, Masterpiece and The Puzzle Place.

Eisenberg supports Special Education programs and worked as a teacher for at-risk youth, including gang members, drug abusers and victims of physical abuse, in such avenues as Creative Writing. He is an in-demand speaker who offers his seminars, "How to Network Your Book into a Film or TV Deal" and "Catching the Muse: How to Claim Your Artistic Spirit" to conferences nationwide, including those for Writer's Digest.

References

External links

Category:Dark fantasy writers
Category:1964 births
Category:21st-century American novelists
Category:American screenwriters
Category:American film producers
Category:American television producers
Category:American motivational speakers
Category:American science fiction writers
Category:Living people
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)


Sadovo, Russia

Sadovo (, , ) is a village in the Krasnoznamensky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. Before World War II, it was part of German East Prussia.

Category:Rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast


Krisztián Géresi

Krisztián Géresi (born 14 June 1994) is a Hungarian football player who currently plays for MOL Vidi FC.

Club career
On 2 December 2015 he was signed by Nemzeti Bajnokság I club Videoton.

On 26 March it was announced by Marko Nikolić, manager of Videoton FC, that Géresi could not play in the remaining rounds of the 2017-18 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season.

Club statistics

Updated to games played as of 12 August 2017.

References

 Vidi.hu Official Website

 MLSZ

Category:1994 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Székesfehérvár
Category:Hungarian footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Fehérvár FC players
Category:Nemzeti Bajnokság I players


David Walsh (psychologist)

David Walsh is an American psychologist, educator, and author specializing in parenting, family life and the impact of media on children and teens.

Walsh was the president and founder of the National Institute on Media and the Family based in Minneapolis until it closed its doors in 2009.  All of the programs and products of the National Institute on Media and the Family have been transferred to the Search Institute.

Walsh has written eight books including the best seller Why Do They Act That Way? A Survival Guide to the Adolescent Brain for You and Your Teen (Free Press, 2004. ) and No, Why Kids - of All Ages - Need to Hear It and Ways Parents Can Say It. In 2010, he and his wife, Monica, and daughter, Erin, launched Mind Positive Parenting, which translates brain science into resources for parents and professionals.

Walsh received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Minnesota. He is currently on the faculty there and is also a consultant to the World Health Organization. He has been the recipient of many awards including the 1999 "Friend of the Family Award" presented by the Minnesota Council on Family Relations.

Walsh is also a public speaker and does presentations focused on brain development, adolescence, the impact of media on children and the factors that influence school performance, literacy and violence prevention.

Walsh has appeared on such television programs as 60 Minutes, Dateline NBC, The Early Show, NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, Good Morning America, The Today Show, the Jane Pauley Show and National Public Radio's All Things Considered. His work has been covered in major newspapers such as The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Time Magazine, Reader's Digest, and others. He has been featured in three nationally broadcast specials on PBS. He appeared in Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat, a documentary on violence in video games.

References

External links

 David Walsh, Ph.D.

Category:Living people
Category:University of Minnesota alumni
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:American psychologists
Category:American male writers


Joe Faust

Joseph Patrick "Joe" Faust (born September 21, 1942 in Los Angeles, California, United States) is an American track and field athlete known for the high jump. He extended his personal jumping flight interests into mathematics and aviation.

Track & Field Athletics: Running High Jumper
He represented the United States in the 1960 Summer Olympics.  He graduated in June 1959 from Culver City High School, at age 16; then he attended UCLA for a month; in the following semester he attended Occidental College and was there coached by Charles "Chuck" Coker (founder of Universal Gym Equipment); then at age 17 year 284 days, he became the youngest American to qualify for the Olympic high jump, just one day younger than Reynaldo Brown who qualified for the 1968 Olympics also from a Southern California high school.  In the Olympics, he qualified for the final by jumping 2 meters.  In the final, he cleared opening height 1.90 m; at the next height he missed three times and thus was first out for 17th place in the finals.  Faust was inducted in the Occidental College Hall of Fame.

Faust had cleared 7 feet (2.134m) for the first time in the Olympic Trials, which was the World Junior Record; his record only lasted about a month before it was surpassed by silver medalist Valery Brumel; Dumas was third in the Olympic Trials; Faust was second; Thomas was first while then breaking the world record.  In the interim between the trials and the Olympics, Faust had injured a couple of discs in his back and jumped in pain to prove his fitness to retain his spot in the Olympics.  Faust jumped for the Southern California Striders.  Class valedictorian in high school, he received the Clarence Addison Dykstra Award scholarship to UCLA, but quit after a month, instead ending up across town at Occidental College with a full academic scholarship.  Faust would improve his best to over 7'2.5" a couple of years later and continued to jump into the Masters division.  Bill Peck and others observed Faust's unofficial jump of 7' 4.75" in a third competition within a 24 hr period on the field of the Mt. San Antonio Relays; he jumped in the first two events officially; the third was an unofficial jumping session; the bar was wood and square cross-sectioned; the bar stayed up for about 8 seconds; at the moment the official world record by Brumel was less; Bill Peck (Joe's fellow track teammate at Occidental College; Bill was also a contestant at the Olympic Trials in 1960 at Stanford University) had been at the same Olympic Trials in 1960 when Faust broke the world junior record; Bill was one of the many witnesses in 1962 of Joe's life-best high jump; in background public address system, one could hear the Relays' officials crowning his future wife as Mt. SAC Relays Queen; she was on the same track team as Joe. Faust graduated that year from Mt. San Antonio College; he was coached by Hilmer Lodge; the stadium of Faust's best-ever jump was named after Mr. Lodge: Hilmer Lodge Stadium  Faust broke Charles Dumas' national junior college record with a clearance of 7' 1 1/4".

Faust's jumping ability was discovered while jumping in junior high school in 1953 by William O'Rourke; Faust was coached by O'Rourke in all six years, seventh through 12th grade.  At that time he set out with a goal of making the Olympics. Faust was noted in the Helms Athletic Foundation's Helm's Hall of Fame in Culver City for his age 15 leap of 6' 8 1/4" in an open Southern Pacific A.A.U. meet while he was a junior in high school; the jump was at a college he would later attend: Occidental College. En route, he finished second at the 1959 CIF California State Meet and fourth the year before.

Faust is the son of western actor Louis Robert "Bob" Faust, who separated from his family leaving Joe to grow up with a variety of homes each year; one home with his struggling mother in poverty with his six siblings, but also in a foster home in Culver City, California; his dad and mother together gathered their six children some years later; a seventh child was born from the same parents. Joe's foster home (Culver City with Milton Clifford Davis—former superintendent of Douglas Aircraft Company in Santa Monica, California, and wife) and family home were both open to him during his high jumping high school years. His natural father came on the field when Joe just cleared his first 7 ft jump at the Olympic Trials at Stanford University in 1960. The author David Maraniss of the book Rome 1960 publicly acknowledged that some Faust family history errors published are to be corrected in further editions.

Mathematics
Joe Faust graduated in 1988 from California State University, Los Angeles with a B.A. in pure mathematics. For four years he instructed mathematics at CSULA. He taught mathematics in the Los Angeles Unified School District in a middle school. He was published in 2002 for authoring a specific integer sequence A066526.

Aviation
Joe Faust founded Kite Information and Technology Exchange Society of America (K.I.T.E.S.A.), Self-Soar Association (S-SA), United States Hang Glider Association (co-founder with Bob Luthardt), EnergyKiteSystems, co-founded Airborne Wind Energy Industry Association (AWEIA). He was publisher of Low & Slow magazine, Hang Glider Weekly, Hang Glider Business Weekly, Hang Glider Magazine, and Lift e-zine. Faust's foster father, Milton Clifford Davis, who introduced him to higher mathematics and aircraft manufacturing, was in management at the Douglas Aircraft Company; Faust twice worked at the company's Santa Monica, California plant- briefly in 1963, and then after the company became McDonnell Douglas. Joe was lead actor and hang glider pilot for a Dial Soap TV commercial. Mike Wallace interviewed Faust as hang glider pilot for a 60 Minutes segment titled, 'Ever Since Icarus', initially aired on August 31, 1975. A photo of Faust hang gliding was on the first edition back cover of the book Hang Gliding by Dan Poynter. He co-founded Friends of Dockweiler Gliding Society on May 23, 2015. He founded United States Hang Gliding Rating System (USHGRS) to cover recreational hang gliding pilots who have used US airspace.

See also
 Hang Gliding
 Joe Faust

References

Category:Living people
Category:1942 births
Category:American male high jumpers
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic track and field athletes of the United States
Category:Track and field athletes from California
Category:People from Culver City, California


Leon County, Florida

Leon County is a county located in the Panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida. It was named after the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León. As of the 2010 Census , the population was 275,487.

The county seat is Tallahassee, which is also the state capital and home of many politicians, lobbyists, jurists, and attorneys.

Leon County is included in the Tallahassee metropolitan area. Tallahassee is home to two of Florida's major public universities, Florida State University and Florida A&M University, as well as Tallahassee Community College. Together these institutions have a combined enrollment of more than 70,000 students annually, creating both economic and social effects.

History

Originally part of Escambia and later Gadsden County, Leon County was created in 1824. It was named after Juan Ponce de León, the Spanish explorer who was the first European to reach Florida.

The United States finally acquired this territory in the nineteenth century. In the 1830s, it attempted to conduct Indian Removal of the Seminole and Creek peoples, who had migrated south to escape European-American encroachment in Georgia and Alabama. After many Seminole were forcibly removed from the area or moved south to the Everglades during the Seminole Wars, planters developed cotton plantations based on enslaved labor.

By the 1850s and 1860s, Leon County had become part of the "cotton kingdom" of the Deep South. It ranked fifth of all Florida and Georgia counties in the production of cotton from the 20 major plantations. Uniquely among Confederate capitals east of the Mississippi River, in the American Civil War Tallahassee was never captured by Union forces. No Union soldiers set foot in Leon County until the Reconstruction Era.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  are land and  (5.0%) are water. Unlike much of Florida, most of Leon County has rolling hills, part of north Florida's Red Hills Region. The highest point is , located in the northern part of the county.

Geology

Leon County encompasses basement rock composed of basalts of the Triassic and Jurassic from ~251—145 million years ago interlayered with Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The layers above the basement are carbonate rock created from dying foraminifera, bryozoa, mollusks, and corals from as early as the Paleocene, a period of ~66—55.8 Ma.

During the Eocene (~55.8—33.9 Ma) and Oligocene (~33.9—23 Ma), the Appalachian Mountains began to uplift and the erosion rate increased enough to fill the Gulf Trough with quartz sands, silts, and clays via rivers and streams. The first sedimentation layer in Leon County is the Oligocene Suwannee Limestone in the southeastern part of the county as stated by the United States Geological Survey and Florida Geological Survey.

The Early Miocene (~23.03—15.7 Ma) sedimentation in Leon County is Hawthorn Group, Torreya Formation and St. Marks Formation and found in the northern two-thirds of the county.

The Pliocene (~5.332—2.588 Ma) is represented by the Miccosukee Formation scattered within the Torreya Formation.

Sediments were laid down from the Pleistocene epoch (~2.588 million—12 000 years ago) through Holocene epoch (~12,000—present) and are designated Beach ridge and trail and undifferentiated sediments.

Terraces and shorelines
During the Pleistocene, what would be Leon County emerged and submerged with each glacial and interglacial period. Interglacials created the topography of Leon as it is known now.

Also See Leon County Pleistocene coastal terraces

Also see: Florida Platform and Lithostratigraphy

Geologic formations
Red Hills Region (North)
Cody Scarp (central)
Woodville Karst Plain (South)

Paleontology
Three sites within Leon County have yielded fossil remnants of the Miocene epoch. The Wikipedia article, "Leon County, Florida paleontological sites", provides more information about the Griscom Plantation Site, Seaboard Air Line Railroad Site, and Tallahassee Waterworks Site. It identifies fossils found at these sites by genus and species.

National protected area
 Apalachicola National Forest (part)

Bodies of water
Lake Miccosukee
Black Creek
Lake Bradford
Lake Ella
Lake Hall
Lake Iamonia
Lake Jackson
Lake Lafayette
Lake Talquin
Ochlockonee River
Lake Munson

Adjacent counties
 Grady County, Georgia - north
 Thomas County, Georgia - northeast
 Jefferson County - east
 Wakulla County - south
 Gadsden County - west
 Liberty County - west

Demographics

Race
As of the census of 2010, there were 275,487 people, and 108,592 households residing in the county. The population density was 413.2 people per square mile (159.5/km²). There were 123,423 housing units at an average density of 185 per square mile (71.4/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 63.0% White, 30.3% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 2.2% from two or more races. 5.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Age
There were 108,592 households out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.9% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the county, the population was spread out with 20.0% under the age of 18, 26.3% from 18 to 24, 22.7% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.57 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.03 males.

Education
The adult citizens of Leon County enjoy the highest level of education in the state of Florida followed by Alachua County with a total of 67.8%.

Source of above:

Income
The median income for a household in the county was $37,517, and the median income for a family was $52,962. Males had a median income of $35,235 versus $28,110 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,024. About 9.40% of families and 18.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.20% of those under age 18 and 8.20% of those age 65 or over.

Accolades
2007 National Association of County Park and Recreation Officials' Environmental and Conservation Award for exceptional effort to reclaim, restore, preserve, acquire or develop unique and natural areas. Leon County has  of open space, forest and woodlands between the Miccosukee Canopy Road Greenway and J.R. Alford Greenway.

Law, government, and politics

Politics

Following Reconstruction, white Democrats regained power in Leon County and voters have historically voted for Democratic Party candidates at the national level. Tallahassee is one of the few cities in the South known for progressive activism.

The county has voted Democratic in 24 out of the past 29 presidential elections since 1904. (Until the late 1960s, blacks were essentially disenfranchised in Florida and other Southern states.) Since the civil rights era, Tallahassee has elected black mayors and black state representatives. Its political affiliations likely draw from the high number of students, staff, and faculty associated with Florida State University, Florida A&M University, and Tallahassee Community College in Tallahassee, as well as the concentration of government employees in the capital city.

Leon County has had the highest voter turnout of all counties in Florida. In the 2008 general election, Leon County had a record setting early voting and vote by mail with a voter turnout of 85%.

As of December 2, 2018, there were 112,572 Democrats, 58,083 Republicans, and 44,007 with other affiliations out of a total of 214,662 voters in Leon County.

County representation

Map of County Commission Districts

State representation
Rep. Loranne Ausley (D), District 9, represents the northern half of Leon County, including most of Tallahassee. Rep. Jason Shoaf (R), District 7, represents the southern portion of the county. Shoaf was elected a special election. Rep. Ramon Alexander (D), District 8, represents a west-central portion of the county.

State Senator
All of Leon County is represented by Bill Montford (D), District 3 in the Florida Senate.

U.S. Congressional representation
Leon County is part of two congressional districts. The northern and eastern portion of Leon County, including 61% of Tallahassee, is part of the 5th Congressional District, a minority-majority district that extends across northern Florida. It is represented by Al Lawson (D). The remainder of the county (the southeastern corner and 39% of Tallahassee), is part of the 2nd Congressional District, which is represented by Neal Dunn (R).

Consolidation
Voters of Leon County have gone to the polls four times to vote on consolidation of Tallahassee and Leon County governments into one jurisdiction. This proposal would combine police and other city services with the already shared (consolidated) Tallahassee Fire Department, Tallahassee/Leon County Planning Department, and Leon County Emergency Medical Services. Tallahassee's city limits would (at current size) increase from  to . Roughly 36 percent of Leon County's 250,000 residents live outside the Tallahassee city limits.

The proponents of consolidation have stated that the new jurisdiction would attract business by its very size. Merging of governments would cut government waste, duplication of services, etc. However, Professor Richard Feiock of Florida State University said in a 2007 study that he could not conclude that consolidation would benefit the local economy.

Public services

Leon County sheriff
The Leon County Sheriff's Office provides police patrol, detective service, court protection, coroner service, and county prison operation for the unincorporated part of Leon County. Fire and Emergency medical services are provided by the Tallahassee Fire Department and Leon County Emergency Medical Services respectively.

Tallahassee Police Department
Tallahassee is the only incorporated municipality within Leon County. Its policing is provided by the Tallahassee Police Department. Established in 1826, TPD is recognized as being the third-longest accredited law enforcement agency in the country.

Education

Higher education

Florida State University
Florida State University (commonly referred to as Florida State or FSU) is an American public space-grant and sea-grant research university. Florida State is located on a 1,391.54-acre (5.631-km2) campus in the state capital of Tallahassee, Florida, United States. In 2017, it had nearly 42,000 students.

It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida. Founded in 1851, it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida.

The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers, facilities, labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study, including professional school programs. The university has an annual budget of over $1.7 billion. Florida State is home to Florida's only National Laboratory – the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol. Florida State University also operates The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art, the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum/university complexes in the nation.

The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). Florida State University is home to nationally ranked programs in many academic areas, including law, business, engineering, medicine, social policy, film, music, theater, dance, visual art, political science, psychology, social work, and the sciences. Florida State University leads Florida in four of eight areas of external funding for the STEM disciplines (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math).

For 2019, U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 26th best public university in the United States.

Florida Governor Rick Scott and the state legislature designated Florida State University as one of two "preeminent" state universities in the spring of 2013 among the twelve universities of the State University System of Florida.

FSU's intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). The Florida State Seminoles athletics program are favorites of passionate students, fans and alumni across the United States, especially when led by the Marching Chiefs of the Florida State University College of Music. In their 113-year history, Florida State's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships.

Florida A&M University

Founded on October 3, 1887, Florida A&M University (FAMU) is a public, historically black university that is part of the State University System of Florida and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. FAMU's main campus comprises 156 buildings spread over  on top of the highest geographic hill of Tallahassee. In 2016 it had more than 9600 students. The university also has several satellite campuses. Its College of Law is located at its site in Orlando, and its pharmacy program has sites in Miami, Jacksonville and Tampa. Florida A&M University offers 54 bachelor's degrees and 29 master's degrees. The university has 12 schools and colleges and one institute.

FAMU has 11 doctoral programs, which include 10 Ph.D. programs: chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, biomedical engineering, physics, pharmaceutical sciences, educational leadership, and environmental sciences. Top undergraduate programs are architecture, journalism, computer information sciences, and psychology. FAMU's top graduate programs include pharmaceutical sciences, along with public health, physical therapy, engineering, physics, master's of applied social sciences (especially history and public administration), business, and sociology.

Tallahassee Community College

Tallahassee Community College (TCC) is a member of the Florida College System. Tallahassee Community College is accredited by the Florida Department of Education and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Its primary campus is located on a 270-acre (1.092 km2) campus in Tallahassee. The institution was founded in 1966 by the Florida Legislature.

TCC offers Bachelor's of Science, Associate of Arts, Associate of Science, and Associate of Applied Sciences degrees. In 2013, Tallahassee Community College was listed 1st in the nation in graduating students with A.A. degrees. TCC is also the #1 transfer school in the nation to Florida State University. As of Fall 2015, TCC reported 38,017 students.

In partnership with Florida State University, Tallahassee Community College offers the TCC2FSU program. This program provides guaranteed admission into Florida State University for TCC Associate in Arts degree graduates.

List of other colleges
Barry University School of Adult and Continuing Education – Tallahassee Campus
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Flagler College – Tallahassee Campus
Keiser University – Tallahassee Campus
Lewis M. Lively Area Vocational-Technical School
Saint Leo University – Tallahassee Campus

Primary and secondary education
Public schools in Leon County are administered and under the operation of the Leon County School District. LCS is operated by a superintendent, 5 board members, and 1 Student Representative. There are:
25 Elementary Schools
10 Middle Schools
7 High Schools
8 Special / Alternative Schools
2 Charter Schools

List of middle schools

List of high schools

Libraries
Leon County operates the Leroy Collins Leon County Public Library, with 7 branches serving the county.

Leroy Collins Main Library
Northeast Branch Library
Eastside Branch Library
Dr. B.L. Perry, Jr. Branch Library
Lake Jackson Branch Library
Woodville Branch Library
Jane G. Sauls Fort Braden Branch Library

The Leon County Public Library was renamed in 1993 to honor LeRoy Collins, the 33rd Governor of Florida.

History of Library Services

The Carnegie Library of Tallahassee provided library services to the black community prior to desegregation.  This library was the first and only public library in the city of Tallahassee until 1955.  The philanthropist, Andrew Carnegie offered the city of Tallahassee money to build a public library in 1906. According to an article written in Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, The library was built on the campus of Florida A&M University because the city refused the donation based on the fact that it would have to serve the black citizens.  "The facility boasted modern amenities such as electricity, indoor plumbing and water supplied by the city. In later years, the Library served as an art gallery, religious center, and in 1976, became the founding home of the Black Archives Research Center and Museum. By functioning both as a repository for archival records and a museum for historical regalia, the center continues to render academic support to educational institutions, civic, political, religious and Museum. By functioning both as a repository for archival records and a museum for historical regalia, the center continues to render academic support to educational institutions, civic, political, religious and social groups, as well as, public and private businesses throughout Florida and the nation." The building was designed by noted architect William Augustus Edwards and was built in 1908. On November 17, 1978, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

The Carnegie Library of Tallahassee which only served the black community became the only free public library in the city until 1955.  According to the Leon County Public Library's website, the American Association of University Women formed the Friends of the Library organization in 1954.  The formation of the Friends of the Library was in direct response to the fact that "Tallahassee was the only state capital in the United States not offering free public library service."   One year later, the library was established in May by legislative action and was developed by citizens and civic groups.  In 1956 the first Leon County free public library opened on March 21.  The first building used to house the library was The Columns, one of the  oldest remaining antebellum homes in the Leon County area located at Park Avenue and Adams street (the building today is home of the James Madison Institute).

In order to expand library services the Junior League of Tallahassee donated a bookmobile to the library. The vehicle was later donated to the Leon County Sheriff's Office to be used as a paddy wagon for its Road Prison.
In 1962 the library moved to the old Elks Club building at 127 North Monroe Street. Public transit in the city of Tallahassee was desegregated by 1958, yet it would several more years before the public library system would experience integration.

In the early 70's Jefferson and Wakulla counties joined the Leon County Public Library System, forming the Leon, Jefferson, and Wakulla County Public Library System. According to the library's web site, "Leon County provided administrative and other services to the two smaller counties, while each supported the direct costs of their library services and their share of Leon's administrative costs."  In 1975 the system started a branch library in the Bond community, a predominantly black community on the city's Southside. Wakulla County left the library cooperative in 1975 to start its own library system and in 1978 the main library moved to a location in Tallahassee's Northwood Mall.  Jefferson County left the library cooperative in 1980 and the library reverted to the Leon County Public Library.  In 1989 "ground breaking was held on March 4 for a new $8.5 million main library facility with 88,000 feet of space. The site was next door to the library's original home, The Columns, which had been moved in 1971 to 100 N. Duval."  The new library had its grand opening in 1991 and was renamed in 1993 in honor of former Governor LeRoy Collins.

Points of interest

Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park
Apalachicola National Forest
Birdsong Nature Center
Bradley's Country Store Complex
Florida State Capitol
Florida Supreme Court
Florida State Archives
Florida Vietnam War Memorial
Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park
Leon County Fairgrounds
Leon County's 5 canopy roads
Mission San Luis de Apalachee
Museum of Florida History
Old Fort Park
Tall Timbers Research Station
Tallahassee Antique Car Museum
Tallahassee Museum
Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad Trail State Park

Transportation

Airports
Tallahassee Commercial Airport
Tallahassee International Airport

Major highways

 Interstate 10
 U.S. Highway 27
 U.S. Highway 90
 U.S. Highway 319
 State Road 20
 State Road 61
 State Road 155
 State Road 263
 State Road 267
 State Road 363

Communities

City
Tallahassee

Census-designated place
Woodville

Other unincorporated communities

 Baum
 Black Creek
 Bloxham
 Bradfordville
 Capitola
 Centerville
 Chaires
 Chaires Crossroads
 Felkel
 Fort Braden
 Gardner
 Iamonia
 Ivan
 Lafayette
 Lutterloh
 Meridian
 Miccosukee
 Ochlockonee
 Rose
 Wadesboro

Defunct entity
Bond-South City, a former census-designated place enumerated by the United States Census Bureau in 1950 & 1960.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Leon County, Florida

References

External links

Government links/Constitutional offices
Leon County Government / Board of County Commissioners
Leon County Clerk of Courts
Leon County Property Appraiser
Leon County Sheriff's Office
Leon County Supervisor of Elections
Leon County Tax Collector

Special districts
Leon County Public Schools
The Ochlockonee River Soil and Water Conservation District
Northwest Florida Water Management District

Judicial branch
Leon County Clerk of Courts
Public Defender, 2nd Judicial Circuit of Florida serving Franklin, Gadsden, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, and Wakulla counties
Office of the State Attorney, 2nd Judicial Circuit of Florida
Circuit and County Court, 2nd Judicial Circuit of Florida

Tourism links
http://www.VisitTallahassee.com

Category:Charter counties in Florida

Category:1824 establishments in Florida Territory
Category:Populated places established in 1824
Category:Tallahassee metropolitan area
Category:North Florida


List of IP version numbers

Packets that hold Internet Protocol data carry a 4-bit IP version number as the first field of its header. Currently, only IPv4 and IPv6 packets are seen on the Internet, having IP version numbers 4 and 6, respectively.

IP version numbers

As the version number is carried in a 4-bit field, only numbers 0-15 can be assigned.

History

During the development of the first version of the Internet Protocol, in the seventies of the previous century, the initial experimental versions 1 to 3 were not standardized. The first working version that was widely deployed was assigned version number 4.

A separate protocol based on reliable connections was developed, and assigned version 5.

IP version 7 was chosen in 1988 by R. Ullmann as the next IP version because he incorrectly assumed that version 6 was in use for ST-II. However, ST-II had reused version 5 of the original ST protocol.

When it became apparent, in the early nineties of the previous century, that IPv4 could not sustain routing in a growing Internet, several new Internet Protocols were proposed. The Internet Protocol that finally emerged was assigned version number 6, being the lowest free number greater than 4.

The PIP protocol and TUBA protocol used versions 8 and 9, following version 7 for TP/IX.

References

Category:Internet Protocol
IPv4 protocol numbers.


1905 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team

The 1905 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Nebraska as an independent during the 1905 college football season. In its sixth and final season under head coach Walter C. Booth, the team compiled a 9–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 316 to 83. The team played its home games at Antelope Field in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Before the season
Coach Booth, after the extremely successful 1902 and 1903 seasons, sought to return to dominance after the relatively disappointing 7–3 1904 season.  Last year's roster of 30 was reduced somewhat, with 26 players appearing in 1905.

Schedule

Roster

Coaching staff

Game summaries

Grand Island

The Cornhuskers opened the season without Coach Booth on the sidelines, as he was recovering from illness.  It seemed to matter little, as Nebraska rolled to their third win in three games against Grand Island in the last time these teams would meet.

Lincoln High

Ending another series, the University team defeated the Lincoln High School team for the 8th time in eight games, in this final exhibition game between the teams.

South Dakota

South Dakota's only points came on a fumble lost by Nebraska that the Coyotes returned the length of the field.  Except for that moment of excitement, the day belonged to the Cornhuskers, who pulled ahead of South Dakota 2–1 in the series.

Knox

Knox didn't put up much fight, but neither did Nebraska expend much effort in what was described as another early season walk through warm up game.  Nebraska's record over Knox advanced to 4–0.

Michigan

Nebraska met Michigan for the first time in Ann Arbor, in the last season that the Wolverines played at Regents Field.  This game had additional meanings, as it was Michigan who had been named Western Champion in 1902 over Nebraska, despite the Cornhuskers finishing the season with a perfect record of shutout victories.  In addition, former Cornhusker head coach Fielding H. Yost was at the helm of the Michigan team.  This was the first time Nebraska had faced one of its own former head coaches.
Any hopes held by the Cornhuskers to settle its affairs against Michigan were silenced, as both teams fought to a draw in the first half only for Michigan to break through and run up 31 unanswered points against the Cornhuskers in the second half.

Creighton

Coach Booth allowed the Cornhuskers to absolutely smash Creighton in the week after the crushing loss to Michigan.  Not holding back at all, Nebraska used trick plays and kept the pressure on throughout the entire game, scoring half again as much in the second half as the first.  This game set new records for total points scored and largest margin of victory, displacing the 76–0 downing of Hastings in 1898, as the Cornhuskers moved up to 2–0 against Creighton.

Iowa State

After a three-year break, Nebraska renewed the series with Iowa State when the Cyclones traveled to Lincoln.  The heavy rains kept scoring to a minimum, certainly there were less points scored by Nebraska than the previous week, but Iowa State scored no points at all and fell farther behind in the series, 2–5.

Colorado

The 4,000+ crowd counted at this game set a record for a non-Thanksgiving Day game crowd, as the Cornhuskers battled a determined Colorado team to emerge with the shutout win and move up in the series to 4–1.

Minnesota

Nebraska again traveled to Minneapolis to challenge the superiority of the Golden Gophers, who seemed to generally have Nebraska's number.  The same was true today, as the Minnesota squad blanked the visiting Cornhuskers and improved their series lead over Nebraska to 4–1.

Doane

Doane arrived in Lincoln after a two-year break in facing the Cornhuskers, but it was more of the same as Doane fell 5–43.  Nebraska had run out ahead by 37 before the half, and though Doane figured out the Cornhuskers enough to play them to a second half draw, those early points were of course far too much to overcome.  To Doane's credit, it was the first time in five games against Nebraska that they avoided the shutout.  Nebraska's daunting record over Doane was stretched to 9–2.  As Nebraska finished with wins against all in-state competition for the season, they recorded their second consecutive and sixth overall state championship.

Illinois

Nebraska again closed the season with a win against Illinois.  The Fighting Illini of 1905 were demoralized at this point, having been shut out in three of the previous four  games, and did not put up a serious fight.  Still winless in the series, Illinois was now down 0–4 against Nebraska.

After the season
Coach Booth finished the year at 8–2, an improvement over 1904's final tally, and compiled a Nebraska career record of 46–8–1 (.845), which was a slight drop in percentage from the previous year, but which improved the program's overall record to 87–33–5 (.716).  Coach Booth departed the program at the conclusion of the 1905 season, and does not appear to have continued his coaching career elsewhere.  After the high turnover of the early years, Nebraska had enjoyed success with a stable coaching staff over the past six years, but once again was in search of a head coach to lead the football team.

References

Nebraska
Category:Nebraska Cornhuskers football seasons
Cornhuskers


Aidalpur

Aidalpur is a village in Shahkot. Shahkot is a town in the district Jalandhar of the Indian state of Punjab.

About

The nearest main road to Aidalpur is Shahkot-Mogan at a distance of  and the nearest railway station is Shahkot Malkian at a distance of .

Post code
Aidalpur's Post office is Barsalian. It has no PIN code of its own, because it only services itself and/or a neighbouring village

References

Category:Villages in Jalandhar district


Erik Sullivan

Erik Thomas Sullivan (born August 9, 1972) is an American volleyball player. He played for the United States national team at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics.

References

Category:1972 births
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic volleyball players of the United States
Category:Volleyball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Category:Volleyball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from California
Category:People from Encinitas, California
Category:American men's volleyball players
Category:Volleyball players at the 2003 Pan American Games
Category:Pan American Games competitors for the United States


Lincoln (proposed Southern state)

The State of Lincoln (named for Abraham Lincoln) was proposed in 1869 after the American Civil War to be carved out of the territory of Texas from the area south and west of the state's Colorado River. Unlike many other Texas division proposals of the Reconstruction period, this one was presented to Congress, but like the others it failed.

See also
Jefferson (proposed Southern state)
Lincoln (proposed Northwestern state)
Texas divisionism

References

External links

Category:Proposed states of the United States
Category:Texas border disputes


Les Thompson (Australian footballer)

Les Thompson (30 April 1928 – 25 July 2018) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Notes

External links

Category:1928 births
Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Category:Collingwood Football Club players
Category:2018 deaths


United Nations Security Council Resolution 1667

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1667, adopted unanimously on March 31, 2006, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situations in Liberia and the subregion, particularly resolutions 1626 (2005) and 1638 (2005), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) until September 30, 2006.

Resolution

Observations
The Security Council recognised the important role that the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and African Union (AU) were playing in the Liberian process in addition to that of the international community. It welcomed the inauguration of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf as President of Liberia and the installation of a newly elected government, and acknowledged the existence of remaining challenges in the country.

Meanwhile, Council members welcomed the transfer of former President Charles Taylor to the Special Court for Sierra Leone.

Acts
Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council extended UNMIL's mandate and the temporary increase in its personnel size.  It reaffirmed its intention to authorise the Secretary-General Kofi Annan to redeploy troops between UNMIL and the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) on a temporary basis in accordance with Resolution 1609 (2005). In this context, a review would take place of UNOCI's tasks and troop level with a decision on its possible reinforcement.

Finally, the Secretary-General was asked to present his plans regarding the drawdown of UNMIL to the Security Council.

See also
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1601 to 1700 (2005–2006)
 Second Liberian Civil War

References

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

 1667
 1667
 1667
Category:2006 in Liberia
Category:2006 in Sierra Leone
Category:March 2006 events


USCGC Campbell (WMEC-909)

USCGC Campbell (WMEC-909) is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter based at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine. Campbell is the sixth Coast Guard Cutter to bear the name and is assigned to the Atlantic. The ship bears the distinction of having made some of the largest narcotics seizures in Coast Guard history as well as being the command ship for the TWA 800 recovery effort.

Construction and launch

The ship WMEC-909's name primarily commemorates, USCGC Campbell (WPG-32), was sunk as a training target in November 1984. A final message, broadcast as she went down almost completely intact following a strike from a Harpoon missile, proclaimed the birth of the USCGC Campbell WMEC-909. It concluded with the words "The Queen is dead. Long live the Queen.", a reference to the "Queen of the Seas" title bestowed on the prior Campbell during her 46 years of service.

The keel for WMEC-909 had been laid at the Derecktor shipyard in Middletown, Rhode Island on 10 August 1984. She was launched on 29 April 1986 and commissioned into service on 19 August 1988. The USCGC Campbell was the ninth of thirteen Famous-class cutters built by Derecktor to replace World War II and pre–World War II cutters.

Mission
The Campbell regularly patrols the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Maine to the Caribbean Sea. Like the other Famous-class cutters, she was designed and built for multi-mission tasks in law enforcement, search and rescue, marine environmental protection and military preparedness. Her mission is defined by the Coast Guard as "Search and Rescue, Enforcement of Laws and Treaties, Fisheries Law Enforcement, Drug Interdiction, Alien and Migrant Interdiction, Homeland Port Security".

In the course of fulfilling this mission, Campbell has received more than one USCG Meritorious Unit Commendation.

Major events
The first significant accomplishment of the new USCGC Campbell was the rescue of three survivors of the hurricane shipwreck of the S/V Moorings 38 after six days at sea in September 1991.

On 5 January 1992, the Campbell interdicted the freighter Harbour with 10,422 lbs of cocaine on board. The freighter's crew attempted to burn and scuttle the ship, but crewmen from the Campbell successfully salvaged the vessel and the evidence on board. Other cocaine seizures include 480 kilos in March 1996 dropped by air, over 1000 kilos from the M/V Sea Cliff in 1996, and 2.9 tons from the former US Navy tug Coshecton in January 1998.

In July 1996, the Campbell responded to the crash of TWA Flight 800 in the Atlantic, securing the area from intrusion and serving as on-scene command for the retrieval and initial investigation.

While engaged in flight operations off the coast of Honduras the evening of 29 January 2001, a large wave rocked the Campbell just as HH-6571, an HH-65 Dolphin helicopter was touching down. The helicopter rolled to its side, impacting the deck with its rotors. 8 people were injured in the accident.

Coat of arms
The US Army Institute of Heraldry designed a new coat of arms for USCGC Campbell. Using colors from the traditions of Clan Campbell, it features a six-point ship's wheel (a symbol of seaworthiness representing the six Campbells), on a blue shield (for defense and protection) with gold top that features a battering ram (to symbolize the World War II ramming of U-606 by the WPG-32), topped with a crown (recalling WPG-32's title "Queen of the Seas") accented with alternating blue and gold lightning bolts (representing fast-strike capability), held between two seahorses (found likewise on the crest of WPG-32) above a gold ribbon with the words "Tradition  Pride  Readiness" on a white background. Surrounding the image is a blue border with gold trim and gold words "USCGC Campbell  WMEC 909".

In popular culture
The Campbell was mentioned in John Ringo's 2013 book, Under a Graveyard Sky where it was found adrift following a zombie apocalypse.  The few survivors of the ship join their rescuers once all the afflicted crew members have been eliminated.

References

External links

 Campbell home page

Category:Famous-class cutters
Category:Ships built in New York (state)
Category:Ships of the United States Coast Guard
Category:1986 ships


Gordonia (synapsid)

Gordonia is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian of Scotland. Fossils have been found from the Elgin sandstone of Cutties Hillock Quarry in Elgin, Moray. These are among the many reptile fossils referred to as the Elgin Reptiles. Gordonia was named in 1893 with four species: G. traquairi, G. duffiana, G. huxleyana, and G. juddiana. Currently, the only recognized species is the type G. traquairi. All other species are considered synonyms of the type.

Description

Gordonia is known from several skulls and partial skeletons. It is small-bodied in comparison to other dicynodonts. It is distinguished by the rod-like shape of a ridge on its lower jaw called the lateral dentary shelf. Gordonia has a short snout with tusks that are angled slightly forward. The intertemporal region at the top of the skull is long and narrow and forms a raised sagittal crest. A long intertemporal region is usually associated with larger dicynodonts, making the skull proportions of Gordonia unusual.

History
Fossils of Gordonia were first found by Scottish naturalist Ramsay Heatley Traquair in 1885, who immediately identified them as belonging to a dicynodont. They included several partial skeletons and complete skulls. All of these remains were preserved as impressions in sandstone, and no fossilized bones were found. On the basis of these impressions, E. T. Newton named Gordonia in 1893. Gordonia was named alongside a similar dicynodont, Geikia, and the small parareptile Elginia. Newton named four species of Gordonia, including G. traquairi (named after Traquair), G. duffiana, G. huxleyana (named after Thomas Henry Huxley), and G. juddiana.

In 1922, Russian paleontologist Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii named two more species of Gordonia, G. annae and G. rossica. In 1926, G. annae and G. rossica were distinguished from the other species of Gordonia and transferred to the genus Dicynodon. Both species are now considered synonyms of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi.

In 1988, British paleontologist Gillian King synonymized all species of Gordonia with Dicynodon, creating the single species Dicynodon traquairi. This classification was widely accepted in the following years. In 2011, a phylogenetic analysis of Dicynodon species found D. traquairi to be only distantly related to other species. The name Gordonia was reinstated, although only one species, G. traquairi, was recognized.

Classification
Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic placement of Gordonia from Kammerer et al. (2011):

References

Category:Fossils of Scotland
Category:Dicynodonts
Category:Lopingian synapsids of Europe
Category:Fossil taxa described in 1893
Category:Elgin, Moray
Category:History of Moray


Deaf to Our Prayers

Deaf to Our Prayers is the fourth full-length album by the German extreme metal band Heaven Shall Burn. The title was inspired by the famous poem "The Silesian Weavers" by German poet Heinrich Heine. The first video released for this album was of the song "Counterweight".

Track listing

Personnel
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

 Heaven Shall Burn
 Marcus Bischoff – vocals
 Alexander Dietz – guitars, producer
 Maik Weichert – guitars, producer
 Eric Bischoff – bass
 Matthias Voigt – drums

Production
 Jacob Hansen – mixing, mastering
 Patrick W. Engel – co-producer, additional guitar and bass
  – artwork, layout
 Axel Jusseit – bandphoto

Additional musicians
 Ralf Müller – synths, piano
 Revenge Falls – backing vocals on "The Greatest Gift of God"

References

External links

Category:2006 albums
Category:Century Media Records albums
Category:Heaven Shall Burn albums


Ray Williams (footballer, born 1931)

Raymond Williams (1 May 1931 – September 2015) was a Welsh professional footballer who played as a right-back. He made appearances in the English Football League with Wrexham.

References

Category:1931 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:Welsh footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Holyhead Town F.C. players
Category:Wrexham A.F.C. players
Category:English Football League players


Leon Stein (writer and editor)

Leon Stein (1912 in Baltimore, Maryland – February 13, 1990 in Delray Beach, Florida) was an American writer and longtime editor of Justice, the official newspaper of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU).

Biography
Born in Baltimore, Leon Stein moved from New York City as a child and made his home there. By the time he was graduated from the City College of New York in 1934, he had worked in a laundry, for the subway, as a waiter in a Catskill resort and as a ladies' garment cutter, and after his graduation he returned to the garment industry as a cutter and patternmaker.

In 1939, Mr. Stein began writing a regular feature for Justice, the publication of the ILGWU, and soon was made copy editor and, later, assistant editor of the magazine; in 1952, he assumed responsibilities as editor, which he maintained until 1977.

Under Mr. Stein's editorship, Justice received many honors, including, in 1959, the distinction of being chosen by the University of California School of Journalism as the outstanding trade union publication in the country. He coedited, with Max Danish, a documentary history of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and helped edit an anthology of writing from the labor press.

References

This biography was adapted from the dust jacket of the 1962 edition of The Triangle Fire, written by Leon Stein, and published by J.R. Lippincott & Co.

External links
 Leon Stein interviews about Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
 Guide to the ILGWU. Leon Stein papers. 5780/087. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Martin P. Catherwood Library, Cornell University.
 Triangle Fire Open Archive: Leon Stein at NYU

Category:American trade unionists
Category:1912 births
Category:1990 deaths
Category:City College of New York alumni


Intelsat 706

Intelsat 706 (also known as IS-706 and Intelsat 7-F6) is a geostationary communication satellite that was built by Space Systems/Loral (SSL). It is located in the orbital position of 157 degrees east longitude and it is currently in an inclined orbit. The same is owned by Intelsat. The satellite was based on the LS-1300 platform and its estimated useful life was 15 years.

The satellite was successfully launched into space on May 17, 1995, at 06:34, using an Ariane 4 vehicle from the Guiana Space Centre, Kourou, French Guiana. It had a launch mass of 4,180 kg.

The Intelsat 706 is equipped with 26 transponders in C band and 10 in Ku band to provide broadcasting, business-to-home services and telecommunications. It was positioned over the Atlantic Ocean and has the transponder capacity to relay 110,000 telephone calls simultaneously.

Specifications
 Payload power: 3612 W
 Power: Equinox: 5326 W, Solstice: 4884 W
 Stabilization: 3-axis
 Solar array: 25.7 m span
 Propulsion: R-4D-11

Location in orbit
 56° W (May 1995 - June 1995)
 53° W (July 1995 - September 2004)
 50.25° E (October 2004 - April 2009)
 54.85° E (April 2009 - July 2010)
 72.1° E (August 2010 - October 2011)
 72.1° E inclined (October 2011 - August 2012)
 157° E inclined (February 2013 - November 2014)

Transponders
 Mass of the transponders:
 Mass of the antennas:

 C band
 Power: 10, 20 and 30 W
 Bandwidth: 10 transponders of 36 MHz, 2 transponders of 41 MHz and 16 transponders of 72 MHz
 EIRP: Global beam (36 & 41 MHz): 29 dBW / Hemispheric beam (8x72 MHz & 2x36 MHz): 33 dBW / Zone beam (8x72 MHz & 2x36 MHz): 33 dBW / Spot beam (36 & 41 MHz): 36.1 dBW
Polarization: circular R/L

 Power: 5 transponders of 49 W and 5 transponders of 73 W
 Bandwidth: 6 transponders of 72 MHz and 8 transponders of 112 MHz
 EIRP: Spot 1: 47 dBW, Spot 2: 47 dBW and Spot 3: 42.8 dBW
 Polarization: linear
 Frequency: Downlink 10.95 GHz - 11.20 GHz, 11.45 GHz - 11.70 GHz, 11.70 GHz - 11.95 GHz and 12.50 GHz - 12.75 GHz

See also

 1995 in spaceflight

External links
 Intelsat 706 TBS satellite
 Intelsat 706 SatBeams

References

Category:Spacecraft launched in 1995
Category:Intelsat satellites


Hae Gu

Hae Gu (? – 478) was a noble of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was a member of the Hae clan (解氏), one of the "Great Eight Families" (Daeseongpaljok, 大姓八族). He held the position of Minister of Defense (Byeong'gwan-jwa'pyeong, 兵官佐平) during the reigns of the 22nd king, Munju of Baekje and his son the 23rd king, Samgeun of Baekje.

In August, 476 during the second year of the reign of King Munju of Baekje he was appointed Minister of Defense (Byeong'gwan'jwa'pyeong, 兵官佐平). In July, 477, Hae Gu who had obtained more power killed Buyeo Gonji, the younger brother of Munju. The King failed to gain control over the nobility and in the midst of this instability, the chief general Hae Gu took control of the military. In September the same year (477) Hae Gu sent an assassin and killed King Munju.

The following year the 13 year old son of Munju, Samgeun was crowned king. Since he was not fit to oversee the military, the armies continued to be overseen by General Hae Gu, who maintained actual political control. In January, 478, Hae Gu made common cause with rebels based in Daedu Fortress led by Eunsol (恩率: 3rd official rank) Yeon Sin (燕信). Samgeun first sent the noble, the Sahei (佐平: 1st official rank) Jin Nam to capture the castle with 2,000 men, but he failed. He then sent the Dalsol (德率: 4th official rank) Jin Ro, who defeated the rebels with 500 men, whereupon Yeon Sin fled to Goguryeo. With this event, the Jin clan gained great strength in Baekje. Hae Gu was captured and executed.

Notes

References
 Hong, Wontack. (1994). Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan. Seoul: Kudara International.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061220223926/http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080827190959/http://www.himemiko.info/2006/01/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071113135549/http://www.kansai.gr.jp/culture_e/ibunka/monuments/siga/index.html

See also
Buyeo Gonji
Yeon Sin
Munju of Baekje
Samgeun of Baekje
List of Monarchs of Korea
History of Korea
List of Korea-related topics
Three Kingdoms of Korea
List of Baekje people

Category:Baekje people
Category:Year of birth unknown


Culbertson

Culbertson is the name reformed from Culberson and Culbert:

In places:
 Culbertson, Montana
 Culbertson, Nebraska

In people:
 Culbertson (name)
 Ely Culbertson (1891-1955), American contract bridge player, author and promoter, often referred to simply by his surname
 Culbertson four-five notrump, a slam-seeking convention devised by Ely Culbertson
 Culbertson system, the earliest dominant bidding system in contract bridge, devised by Ely Culbertson

In other uses:
 Culbertson Mansion State Historic Site, in New Albany, Indiana, USA
 Culbertson's Path, in Pennsylvania, USA
 Cordelia A. Culbertson House, a registered historic location in Pasadena, California

See also
 Culberson (disambiguation)