Leafield

Leafield is a village and civil parish about  northwest of Witney in West Oxfordshire. The parish includes the hamlet of Langley,  west of Leafield village. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 945.

The village is  above sea level in the Cotswold Hills. It was the highest point in Oxfordshire until the 1974 county boundary changes enlarged the county.

Archaeology
There are a number of tumuli in the parish, including Leafield Barrow, locally called Barry's Hill Tump, on top of the hill just to the north of the village.

History
The parish is within the former limits of the Wychwood forest. The area of forest south of Langley was cleared in 1857–58, leaving straight, regular field boundaries typical of the 18th and 19th century enclosures.

The village has the remains of a medieval preaching cross. The steps and lower part of its base are old. A new Gothic Revival shaft and top were added in 1873 in thanksgiving for the village escaping a smallpox epidemic.

King James I stayed at Langley in August 1605.

Leafield was a dependent chapelry of the ecclesiastical parish of Shipton-under-Wychwood until the 19th century. Leafield's Church of England parish church of Saint Michael and All Angels was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, built in 1859 and consecrated in 1860. The bell tower was completed in 1874 and has a ring of six bells, all cast that year by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough. St. Michael's is now a member of the Forest Edge Benefice.

Leafield Church of England Primary School opened in 1839. It was expanded by the building of additional classrooms in 1871, 1897 and 1904. The 1871 classroom was designed by the architect C.C. Rolfe. Leafield's school district was expanded in 1873 to include Asthall, Langley and Wychwood. Leafield C of E School resisted Oxfordshire County Council's attempts to reorganise it as a junior school until after the Second World War. The school's catchment area was expanded in 1986 to include Ascott-under-Wychwood.

Leafield Technical Centre

A large radio transmission station was sited at Langley from 1912 until 1986. British Telecom redeveloped the site as a training college, but then closed the site in 1993. It was then used by Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR) as a motorsport development centre for the Arrows Formula One team, until the team's demise in the 2002 season. From the 2006 season until the 2008 season Leafield Technical Centre was the headquarters of the now-defunct Super Aguri F1 team.

Menard Competition Technologies is now based at Leafield Technical Centre. MCT has made the engines for Norton Motorcycles' range of Commando 961 models since 2009.

In January 2012 Caterham F1 announced that they would be moving to Leafield from their original base at Hingham, Norfolk.

Amenities

Leafield has two public houses: The Fox and The Pearl. The Fox was closed for 15 months after Greene King Brewery shut it in January 2010. An independent lessee reopened it in April 2011 and it is now a free house. The Pearl used to be the Spindleberry and is now a Chinese restaurant, takeaway and bar.

The Wychwood Way, a  circular walking trail, passes through Leafield Lower End.

References

Sources

External links

Category:Civil parishes in Oxfordshire
Category:Villages in Oxfordshire
Category:West Oxfordshire District


Justice Turner

Justice Turner may refer to:

Abe W. Turner, an Associate Justice of the Utah Supreme Court
Bates Turner, an Associate Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court
Edward Turner (judge), an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi
Edward C. Turner, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio
George Turner (Nevada judge), an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada
George Turner (U.S. politician), an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Washington
Henry Gray Turner, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia
Jesse Turner (Arkansas), an Associate Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court
Josiah Turner (judge), an Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
Mark Turner (judge), a judge of the High Court of England and Wales
Otis H. Turner, an Associate Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court
Timothy Turner, a Chief Justice of South Wales


Louis-Charles Foucher

Lt-Colonel The Hon. Louis-Charles Foucher (September 13, 1760 – December 26, 1829) was Solicitor General for Lower Canada and elected to the  2nd Parliament of Lower Canada for Montreal West, and afterwards for York and Trois-Rivières. His final position held was Judge of the Court of King's Bench at Montreal. His home from 1820, Piedmont, was one of the early estates of the Golden Square Mile.

Background

Born 1760, at Rivière-des-Prairies, Quebec, he was the son of Antoine Foucher (1717-1801) and his first wife Marie-Joachim Chénier (1723-1786), daughter of Jean-Baptiste Chénier (1684-1760), of Lachine, Quebec. Antoine Foucher's father had come to New France as a young man but had returned to his native Bourges in France, where Louis-Charles' father was born, before he too came to Montreal in 1739. Originally a baker, Antoine Foucher had a successful career as a notary at Terrebonne, but he is best remembered as the owner of the first Francophone theatre (staging in 1774 the first production of Molière with various English officers at his home in Montreal) to which he dedicated his small fortune. Louis-Charles' mother's family had been settled in New France since at least 1651.

Career

From 1773 to 1780, Louis-Charles Foucher studied at the Collège Saint-Raphaël. From 1780, he was part of Fleury Mesplet's Enlightenment Circle. Foucher qualified to practice as a notary in 1784 and was admitted to the Bar of Montreal in 1789, setting up his own legal practice with Joseph Bédard. Just six years later in 1795, Foucher was named Solicitor General for Lower Canada. The following year, in 1796, he was elected to the 2nd Parliament of Lower Canada in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal West; he had also run unsuccessfully for Effingham County. In 1800, he was defeated again in Effingham but elected in York County. He was elected in Trois-Rivières in 1804. In 1803, Foucher was appointed Puisne judge in the provincial court for Trois-Rivières district and, in 1812, he was named to the Court of King's Bench at Montreal.

Unusually for a Francophone, politically Foucher was a Tory. In 1817, the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, led by the Parti patriote, brought charges against him for misdemeanor and delinquency in the exercise of his functions, and demanded his dismissal. The matter was referred to the Prince Regent, who in 1819 decided in his favour, and as such he kept his judicial seat.

Private life and family

During the War of 1812, Foucher served as a Lieutenant-Colonel in the militia. In 1820, he moved into Piedmont, one of the early estates of the Golden Square Mile, which after his death was sold to John Frothingham.

In 1787, he had married Marie-Élizabeth, daughter of Pierre Foretier, Seigneur d'Île Bizard. Madame Foucher's sister was married to The Hon. Denis-Benjamin Viger, Joint Prime Minister of the Canadas. Foucher died at Montreal in 1829. His daughter Marie-Léocadie married her first cousin The Hon. Hugues Heney, who had inherited their grandfather's Seigneury at Île Bizard.

References

External links

Category:1760 births
Category:1829 deaths
Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
Category:Lower Canada judges
Category:People from Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles


Rock, Kansas

Rock is an unincorporated community in Cowley County, Kansas, United States. Rock is located at .

History

19th century
The post office was established August 12, 1870. The nearby Bucher Bridge is on the National Register of Historic Places.

In 1877, the Florence, El Dorado, and Walnut Valley Railroad Company built a branch line from Florence to El Dorado, in 1881 it was extended to Douglass, and later to Arkansas City.  The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.  The line from Florence to El Dorado was abandoned in 1942.  The original branch line connected Florence, Burns, De Graff, El Dorado, Augusta, Douglass, Rock, Akron, Winfield, Arkansas City.

20th century
On Aug 24, 1978, the town was evacuated when a major oxidizer spill at a Titan II ICBM site (533-7) 2.5 miles south of the town.  The spill resulted in the deaths of 2 airmen that were based out of the 381st Strategic Missile Wing, McConnell Air Force Base, approximately 20 miles away.

21st century
In 2010, the Keystone XL Pipeline was constructed about 2.5 miles west of Rock, north to south through Butler County, with much controversy over tax exemption and environmental concerns (if a leak ever occurs).  A pumping station named Rock was built along the pipeline.

References

Further reading
County
 History of Cowley County Kansas; D.A. Millington / E.P. Greer; Winfield Courier; 162 pages; 1901. (Download 16MB PDF eBook)
Kansas
 History of the State of Kansas; William G. Cutler; A.T. Andreas Publisher; 1883. (Online HTML eBook)
 Kansas : A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc; 3 Volumes; Frank W. Blackmar; Standard Publishing Co; 944 / 955 / 824 pages; 1912. (Volume1 - Download 54MB PDF eBook), (Volume2 - Download 53MB PDF eBook), (Volume3 - Download 33MB PDF eBook)

External links
 History of Rock, Kansas
 Keystone Oil Pipeline, Detailed system map (near Rock)

Category:Unincorporated communities in Cowley County, Kansas
Category:Unincorporated communities in Kansas


Conversin' with the Elders

Conversin' with the Elders is the fourth album by saxophonist  James Carter recorded in late 1995 and early 1996 and released on the Atlantic label. The album features guest appearances by Lester Bowie, Larry Smith, Harry "Sweets" Edison, Hamiet Bluiett and Buddy Tate.

Reception

AllMusic awarded the album 3½ stars with its review by Scott Yanow stating, "Switching between tenor, alto, baritone and bass clarinet, Carter makes each of his guests feel at home while pushing them to stretch themselves. A consistently colorful and generally swing-oriented set". Critic Robert Christgau rated the album an "A" saying, "A jazz album, absolutely. But one any rock and roller who can abide a saxophone could love".

Track listing
 "Freereggaehibop" (Lester Bowie) - 8:10
 "Parker's Mood" (Charlie Parker) - 6:29
 "Lester Leaps In" (Lester Young) - 4:57
 "Naima" (John Coltrane) - 7:09
 "Blue Creek" (Buddy Tate) - 6:13
 "Centrepiece" (Harry "Sweets" Edison, John Handy) - 6:35
 "Composition #40Q" (Anthony Braxton) - 6:41
 "Moten Swing" (Bennie Moten, Buster Moten) - 7:44
 "Atitled Valse" (James Carter) - 8:22
Recorded at Power Station, NYC on October 2, 1995 (tracks 1 & 9), January 30, 1996 (tracks 3, 5, 6 & 8) and February 5, 1996 (tracks 2, 4 & 7)

Personnel
James Carter - tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, baritone saxophone, bass clarinet
Craig Taborn - piano
Jaribu Shahid - bass
Tani Tabbal - drums
Lester Bowie (tracks 1 & 9), Harry "Sweets" Edison (tracks 3 & 6) - trumpet
Larry Smith - alto saxophone (track 2)
Buddy Tate - tenor saxophone (tracks 5 & 8)
Hamiet Bluiett - baritone saxophone (tracks 4 & 7)

References

Category:1996 albums
Category:James Carter (musician) albums
Category:Atlantic Records albums


Iya Nla

Ìyá Nlá is the primordial spirit of all creation in Yoruba cosmology. She is believed to be the source of all existence.

Etymology
Iya Nla literally means “Great Mother” in the Yoruba language (Ìyá: Mother;  Nlá: Big or Great).

Description
In The Gẹ̀lẹ̀dẹ́ Spectacle: Art, Gender, and Social Harmony in an African Culture, art historian Babatunde Lawal reveals that Ìyá Nlá in Yoruba cosmology is the orisha who is the “Mother of All Things, including the deities.”  Lawal also asserts that the female principle in nature has been personified as Ìyá Nlá (The Great Mother), whereby human beings can relate to one another as children of the same mother.”  Teresa N. Washington’s Our Mothers, Our Powers, Our Texts: Manifestations of Àjẹ́ in Africana Literature, states that Ìyá Nlá — the Mother of All, who is also known as Yewájọbí, Odù, Odùduwà, and Àjẹ́ — is not merely an orisha; Ìyá Nlá is the primordial force of all creation.

References

Recommended Reading

Drewal, Henry John and Margaret Thompson Drewal. Gẹlẹdẹ: Art and Female Power among the Yoruba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.

Fatunmbi, Awo Fá’lokun.  Ìwa-pẹ̀lẹ́: Ifá Quest: The Search for the Source of Santería and Lucumí. Bronx: Original, 1991. .

Lawal, Babatunde. The Gẹ̀lẹ̀dẹ́ Spectacle: Art, Gender, and Social Harmony in an African Culture. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996.  .

Oduyoye, Modupe. “The Spider, the Chameleon and the Creation of the Earth.” In Traditional Religion in West Africa. Ed. E. E. Ade Adegbola. Accra: Asempa, 1983. 374–388. .

Washington, Teresa N. The Architects of Existence: Àjẹ́ in Yoruba Cosmology, Ontology, and Orature. Ọya’s Tornado, 2014.  .

Washington, Teresa N. Our Mothers, Our Powers, Our Texts: Manifestations of Àjẹ́ in Africana Literature. 2005. Revised and expanded edition, Ọya’s Tornado, 2015. .

Category:Yoruba mythology
Category:Yoruba words and phrases


Canoas River (Mampituba River)

The Canoas River, also known as Sertão River, is a river of Santa Catarina state in southeastern Brazil. It is one of two branches formed by the Praia Grande River, which recombine to form the Mampituba.

See also
List of rivers of Santa Catarina

References

Category:Rivers of Santa Catarina (state)


Radiator King

Adam Silvestri, known professionally as Radiator King, is an American punk/blues singer-songwriter and guitarist from Boston, Massachusetts. He is the lead vocalist and sole member of the act, occasionally using a supporting band while on tour and in studio. When asked about the name Radiator King, Silvestri stated that it came from when he "titled a friend’s painting and it was suggested to him that he use that name for his next band".

Silvestri has been recognized for his "rough, heart-wrenching vocals" and gritty sound. Established officially in 2011, Radiator King has released three studio albums, Launching Day, Document Untold, and A Hollow Triumph After All.

Radiator King most recently toured this summer in support of A Hollow Triumph After All. During off days, Silvestri wrote and recorded new songs for a future release. Independent record label, SoundEvolution Music (SI, NY) will be releasing three of these tracks on an upcoming 7" vinyl single.

Band members
 Adam Silvestri - vocals, guitar

Touring members
 Shaul Eshet - piano, organ, vibraphone, synth
 Adam Moses - drums, percussion
 Ed "Harlem Wolverine" Goldson - bass

Discography
 A Hollow Triumph After All (2017)
 Document Untold (2015)
 Launching Day (2012)

References

External links

Category:Singers from New York (state)


Fengle Sculpture Park

The Fengle Sculpture Park () is an urban park in Nantun District, Taichung, Taiwan.

History
The park was opened in 1994.

Architecture
The park spans over an area of 6 hectares. It features the 52 outdoor sculpture works.

Transportation
The park is accessible within walking distance north of Daqing Station of Taiwan Railways.

See also
 List of parks in Taiwan

References

Category:1994 establishments in Taiwan
Category:Parks in Taichung


Hidaka-mitsuishi Station

is a railway station on the Hidaka Main Line in Shinhidaka, Hokkaido, Japan, operated by the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido).

Services on the 116 km section of the line between  and  have been suspended indefinitely since January 2015 due to storm damage.

Adjacent stations

History
The station opened on 15 December 1933. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR Hokkaido.

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

Category:Railway stations in Hokkaido Prefecture
Category:Railway stations opened in 1933


Ian Crookenden

Ian Sinclair Crookenden (born 10 December 1943) is a former professional tennis player from New Zealand. He is a member of the Intercollegiate Tennis Hall of Fame.

Biography
Crookenden first represented the New Zealand Davis Cup team in 1962, for a tie against Denmark in Copenhagen. It came soon after he had finished runner-up to Rod Laver at the 1962 British Hard Court Championships in Bournemouth. He also competed at the French Championships and Wimbledon that year, making the third round of the latter.

In 1963 he won the Newport Casino Invitational and also finished runner-up in the All England Plate.

He played collegiate tennis in the United States for UCLA from 1963 to 1967 and won two NCAA Division I doubles titles. In 1965, his third year, he was a member of the championship winning team. He also partnered Arthur Ashe to win the NCAA doubles title, then in 1966 claimed the doubles again, to become the second UCLA player to achieve this feat. On this occasion he teamed up with Charlie Pasarell. His final year in 1967 was served as captain and he steered UCLA to second place in the championships. He earned All-American selection in each of his last three seasons.

During his time at UCLA he continued to represent the New Zealand Davis Cup team in international competition. He made his last Davis Cup appearance in the 1965 competition and finished with a 4/9 record from five ties.

Crookenden reached the fourth round of the 1966 U.S. National Championships, which was the furthest he went in singles at a Grand Slam tournament. He did however make the semi-finals in men's doubles with countryman Lew Gerrard at the 1964 Wimbledon Championships.

He continued competing professionally in the 1970s in both singles and doubles events. His best singles performances were semi-final appearances at Grand Prix tournaments in the Omaha Open and Calgary Indoor in 1974. He also won a set against world number one Jimmy Connors when they met in a Washington quarter-final that year. In doubles he won one Grand Prix title, at Hampton in 1975, with Ian Fletcher.

A coaching pro for many years, Crookenden joined Wake Forest University in 1984 as the head men's tennis coach and indoor tennis club director, a role he held for 12 years. From 1997 to 2008 he served as director of tennis at the Philadelphia Cricket Club. He returned to collegiate tennis in 2008 when he was appointed head coach of the tennis programs at Saint Joseph's University.

Grand Prix career finals

Doubles: 2 (1–1)

See also
List of New Zealand Davis Cup team representatives

References

External links

Category:1943 births
Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand male tennis players
Category:New Zealand tennis coaches
Category:New Zealand emigrants to the United States
Category:UCLA Bruins men's tennis players
Category:Sportspeople from Lower Hutt
Category:Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's tennis coaches
Category:Saint Joseph's Hawks men's tennis coaches


Albert-Auguste Fauvel

Albert-Auguste Fauvel (7 November 1851, in Cherbourg – 3 November 1909, in Cherbourg) was a French naturalist, known for providing the first detailed description of the Chinese alligator.

In 1872 he joined the Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Peking. Later on, he was based in Chefoo, from where he spent several years investigating the natural history of Shantung province. In 1877 he relocated to Shanghai, and in 1882–84 was stationed in Hankou. Afterwards, he served as inspecteur des services of the Messageries Maritimes in Paris.

Selected works
 "The province of Shantung: its geography, natural history &c." (published in English, 1875).
 "Trip of a naturalist to the Chinese Far East" (published in English, 1876).
 "The wild silk-worms of the province of Shan-tung" (published in English, 1877).
 "Alligators in China: their history, description and identification" (published in English, 1879).
 "Unpublished documents on the history of the Seychelles Islands anterior to 1810" (published in English, 1909).

References

Category:1851 births
Category:1909 deaths
Category:People from Cherbourg-Octeville
Category:French naturalists
Category:French zoologists


Arctic methane emissions

Arctic methane release is the release of methane from seas and soils in permafrost regions of the Arctic.  While it is a long-term natural process, methane release is exacerbated by global warming. This results in  negative effects, as methane is itself a powerful greenhouse gas.

The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane. Global warming accelerates its release, due to both release of methane from existing stores, and from methanogenesis in rotting biomass. Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits, permafrost, and as undersea clathrates. Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming. Other sources of methane include submarine taliks, river transport, ice complex retreat, submarine permafrost and decaying gas hydrate deposits.

Concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere are higher by 8–10% than that in the Antarctic atmosphere. During cold glacier epochs, this gradient decreases to practically insignificant levels. Land ecosystems are considered the main sources of this asymmetry, although it has been suggested that "the role of the Arctic Ocean is significantly underestimated."  Soil temperature and moisture levels have been found to be significant variables in soil methane fluxes in tundra environments.

Contribution to climate change

The release of methane from the Arctic is in itself a major contributor to global warming as a result of polar amplification. Recent observations in the Siberian arctic show increased rates of methane release from the Arctic seabed. Land-based permafrost, also in the Siberian arctic, was estimated in 2013 to release 17 million tonnes of methane per year – a significant increase on the 3.8 million tons estimated in 2006, and estimates before then of just 0.5 million tonnes. This compares to around 500 million tonnes released into the atmosphere annually from all sources.

Shakhova et al. (2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks. They conclude that "release of up to 50 Gt of predicted amount of hydrate storage [is] highly possible for abrupt release at any time". That would increase the methane content of the planet's atmosphere by a factor of twelve.

In 2008 the United States Department of Energy National Laboratory system identified potential clathrate destabilization in the Arctic as one of the most serious scenarios for abrupt climate change, which have been singled out for priority research. The US Climate Change Science Program released a report in late December 2008 estimating the gravity of the risk of clathrate destabilization, alongside three other credible abrupt climate change scenarios.

Study findings based on NASA's CARVE mission concluded in 2015, that methane emissions in the Arctic during the cold season are higher than previously thought. The press release by JPL explained:

Hong et al. (2017) studied the seepage from large mounds of hydrates in the shallow arctic seas at Storfjordrenna, in the Barents Sea close to Svalbard. They showed that though the temperature of the sea bed has fluctuated seasonally over the last century, between 1.8 and 4.8 °C, it has only affected release of methane to a depth of about 1.6 meters. Hydrates can be stable through the top 60 meters of the sediments and the current rapid releases came from deeper below the sea floor. They concluded that the increase in flux started hundreds to thousands of years ago well before the onset of warming that others speculated as its cause, and that these seepages are not increasing due to momentary warming. Summarizing his research, Hong stated:

Further research by Klaus Wallmann et al. (2018) found that the hydrate release is due to the rebound of the sea bed after the ice melted. The methane dissociation began around 8,000 years ago when the land began to rise faster than the sea level, and the water as a result started to get shallower with less hydrostatic pressure. This dissociation therefore was a result of the uplift of the sea bed rather than anthropogenic warming. The amount of methane released by the hydrate dissociation was small. They found that the methane seeps originate not from the hydrates but from deep geological gas reservoirs (seepage from these formed the hydrates originally). They concluded that the hydrates acted as a dynamic seal regulating the methane emissions from the deep geological gas reservoirs and when they were dissociated 8,000 years ago, weakening the seal, this led to the higher methane release still observed today.

Arctic sea ice

A 2015 study concluded that Arctic sea ice decline accelerates methane emissions from the Arctic tundra. One of the study researchers noted, "The expectation is that with further sea ice decline, temperatures in the Arctic will continue to rise, and so will methane emissions from northern wetlands."

Ice sheets
A 2014 study found evidence for methane cycling below the ice sheet of the Russell Glacier, based on subglacial drainage samples which were dominated by Proteobacteria. During the study, the most widespread surface melt on record for the past 120 years was observed in Greenland; on 12 July 2012, unfrozen water was present on almost the entire ice sheet surface (98.6%). The findings indicate that methanotrophs could serve as a biological methane sink in the subglacial ecosystem, and the region was, at least during the sample time, a source of atmospheric methane. Scaled dissolved methane flux during the 4 months of the summer melt season was estimated at 990 Mg CH4. Because the Russell-Leverett Glacier is representative of similar Greenland outlet glaciers, the researchers concluded that the Greenland Ice Sheet may represent a significant global methane source. A study in 2016 concluded that methane clathrates may exist below Greenland's and Antarctica's ice sheets, based on past evidence.

Loss of permafrost

Sea ice loss is correlated with warming of Northern latitudes.  This has melting effects on permafrost, both in the sea, and on land.  Lawrence et al. suggest that current rapid melting of the sea ice may induce a rapid melting of arctic permafrost.  This has consequential effects on methane release, and wildlife. Some studies imply a direct link, as they predict cold air passing over ice is replaced by warm air passing over the sea.  This warm air carries heat to the permafrost around the Arctic, and melts it. This permafrost then releases huge quantities of methane.  Methane release can be gaseous, but is also transported in solution by rivers. New Scientist states that "Since existing models do not include feedback effects such as the heat generated by decomposition, the permafrost could melt far faster than generally thought." Analyses of data from an expedition to remote outposts in the Canadian Arctic in 2016 indicated that permafrost is thawing 70 years earlier than predicted.

There is another possible mechanism for rapid methane release.  As the Arctic Ocean becomes more and more ice free, the ocean absorbs more of the incident energy from the sun. The Arctic Ocean becomes warmer than the former ice cover and much more water vapour enters the air.  At times when the adjacent land is colder than the sea, this causes rising air above the sea and an off-shore wind as air over the land comes in to replace the rising air over the sea.  As the air rises, the dew point is reached and clouds form, releasing latent heat and further reinforcing the buoyancy of the air over the ocean.  All this results in air being drawn from the south across the tundra rather than the present situation of cold air flowing toward the south from the cold sinking air over the Arctic Ocean.  The extra heat being drawn from the south further accelerates the warming of the permafrost and the Arctic Ocean with increased release of methane.

Sinkholes discovered in the Yamal Peninsula in Siberia, Russia beginning in July 2014 are believed by Russian researchers to have been caused by methane released due to permafrost thawing. Near the bottom of the first sinkhole, air contained unusually high concentrations of methane, according to tests conducted by the researchers. This hypothesis points to the destabilization of gas hydrates containing huge amounts of methane gas.

According to researchers at Norway's Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate (CAGE), through a process called geothermal heat flux, the Siberian permafrost which extends to the seabed of the Kara Sea, a section of the Arctic Ocean between the Yamal Peninsula and Novaya Zemlya, is thawing. According to a CAGE researcher, Aleksei Portnov,

In April 2019, Turetsky et al. reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted, and was happening even to thousands years old soil; They estimated that abrupt permafrost thawing could release between 60 and 100 gigatonnes of carbon by 2300, they mentioned gaps in the research and that abrupt permafrost thawing should have priority research and urgency. Climate models considering only gradual permafrost thaw are substantially underestimating carbon emissions from thawing permafrost.

Methane hydrate is leaking in an area of at least 7500 m2. In some areas gas flares extend up to . Prior to their research it was proposed that methane was tightly sealed into the permafrost by water depths up to . Close to the shore however, where the permafrost seal tapers to as little as , there are significant amounts of gas leakage.

Clathrate breakdown

Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilise methane deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming.  Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.

Even with existing levels of warming and melting of the Arctic region, submarine methane releases linked to clathrate breakdown have been discovered, and demonstrated to be leaking into the atmosphere. A 2011 Russian survey off the East Siberian coast found plumes wider than one kilometer releasing methane directly into the atmosphere.

According to monitoring carried out in 2003/2004 by Shakhova et al., the surface layer of shelf water in the East Siberian Sea and Laptev Sea  was supersaturated up to 2500% relative to then present average atmospheric methane content of 1.85 ppm. Anomalously high concentrations (up to 154 nM or 4400% supersaturation) of dissolved methane in the bottom layer of shelf water suggest that the bottom layer is somehow affected by near-bottom sources. Considering the possible formation mechanisms of such plumes, their studies indicated thermoabrasion and the effects of shallow gas or gas hydrates release.

Research in 2008 in the Siberian Arctic has shown clathrate-derived methane being released through perforations in the seabed permafrost.

The climatic effects of a potential release of methane from global ocean clathrates may be significant on timescales of 1–100 thousand years, depending on the water temperature.

See also

 Arctic dipole anomaly
 Arctic peat fires
 Atmospheric methane
 Clathrate gun hypothesis
 Clathrate hydrate
 Gas hydrate pingo
 Methane chimney
 Methane clathrate
 Long-term effects of global warming
 Permafrost Carbon Cycle
 Soil respiration

References

External links
 Methane hydrates and global warming, RealClimate from December 12, 2005
 Arctic Methane Emergency Group UK Based 'Arctic Methane Emergency Group' calling for action on Arctic methane crisis
 Last Hours Film Short film about potential for massive release of arctic methane
 Methane Tracker   Online tools to visualize atmospheric methane releases
 Film Arctic Methane: Why The Sea Ice Matters Featuring James Hansen, Peter Wadhams, and Natalia Shakhova
 Exclusive new pictures INSIDE Siberian crater Siberian Times, 2014
 7,000 underground gas bubbles poised to 'explode' in Arctic Siberian Times, 2017
 Climate Change in the Arctic and Model Projections (Video)
Arctic permafrost is thawing fast. That affects us all. National Geographic, 2019
Why the Arctic is smouldering, BBC Future, by Zoe Cormier, 2019

Category:Arctic Ocean
Category:Climate feedbacks
Category:Effects of global warming
Category:Environment of the Arctic
Category:Methane
Category:Permafrost
Category:Greenhouse gas emissions


CMAS (gene)

N-acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CMAS gene.

Function

The enzyme encoded by this gene catalyzes the activation of Neu5Ac to Cytidine 5-prime-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac), which provides the substrate required for the addition of sialic acid. Sialic acids of cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids play a pivotal role in the structure and function of animal tissues. The pattern of cell surface sialylation is highly regulated during embryonic development, and changes with stages of differentiation. Studies of a similar murine protein suggest that this protein localizes to the nucleus.

References

External links

Further reading

Category:Enzymes


Janet Peckinpaugh

Janet Peckinpaugh (born 1950) is an American television anchor, reporter, business owner, and two-time political candidate in Connecticut.

Personal life
Peckinpaugh was born in Muncie, Indiana and grew up in Canton, Ohio. Her father was a small business owner. She had a brief marriage during college that ended in divorce. Janet married Elliot Gerson in 1987 and their son, Alex was born in 1988. That marriage ended in divorce in 1993.

Television career
After college Peckinpaugh worked briefly for National Airlines. She moved to Washington, D.C. and was a staffer for Senator Richard Stone (D) FL before starting her television career. In 1978 she moved to Richmond, VA and started her career at WWBT-TV as a weather anchor and news reporter. In 1981, she crossed the street to work at WXEX as a co-anchor. Three months later the other stations in the market also had female co-anchors and all the on-air people had contracts. Peckinpaugh's agent Ken Lindner landed a job for her at WTNH in 1984. News of her arrival made it to the front page of The Hartford Courant, and she quickly became a popular figure in Connecticut and in television. In 1987, Peckinpaugh moved to Channel 3 WFSB, based in Hartford. She was a successful evening news anchor with a six figure salary. In 1995, Peckinpaugh's contract was breached when she was taken off the 6pm news. She left at the end of her contract and filed a discrimination lawsuit for breach of contract, oral and written, sex discrimination (her news director said two women could not anchor together when he took her off both the noon and 5:30 news with Gayle King in 1995 and replaced her with a much younger man) and age discrimination. Peckinpaugh won the multimillion-dollar lawsuit against the Washington Post Company on all counts except age discrimination. Peckinpaugh worked as an anchor for WVIT
from 1995 until her retirement in December, 2006. Peckinpaugh is still regarded as a popular figure and is said to have been one of the most well-known TV anchors in Connecticut, with name recognition somewhere between 80 and 90 percent in Connecticut. During her career, she interviewed four U.S. presidents.

Post-television career
After leaving NBC, Peckinpaugh started a media marketing business in Essex, CT. The business, Peckinpaugh Media Group, was designed to advise, guide, and create media productions, such as commercials, for various businesses. She is also a realtor with William Pitt Sotheby's International Realty in Essex, and writes a weekly real estate column for the Shoreline Times. Peckinpaugh served as the marketing director for her friend Lisa Wilson-Foley’s LW Holdings.

Political career
In the early months of 2010 Peckinpaugh took an interest in politics when her good friend, Wilson-Foley, decided to run for Lieutenant Governor. Peckinpaugh was her campaign manager through the Republican Convention. She entered the political arena herself as a candidate for Congress from the 2nd district just a few weeks before the Convention but picked up enough votes to wage a primary. Peckinpaugh is a fiscal conservative and social moderate. Until the August primary, Peckinpaugh focused on meeting voters, raising money, and visiting all of the towns in the district. She quickly became a popular Republican candidate. On August 10, she defeated Daria Novak and Doug Dubitsky to become the Republican nominee. She was the only political candidate in Connecticut to beat the party-endorsed candidate. Following the primary, she went on to challenge the two-term incumbent, Democrat Joe Courtney. She continued to travel the district and meet voters and raised a quarter of a million dollars in six months but it was not enough to wage battle with the incumbent who had $1.4M to spend against her. The two frequently debated and sparred, and both had support from different groups. However, given the strong Democratic tendencies of the state's 2nd district, Peckinpaugh picked up 40% of the vote on November 2. In January 2011, she declared her candidacy for the Connecticut House of Representatives to fill a vacancy in a February special election. The seat she ran for had been vacated by Democrat Jamie Spallone. She ran a very strong campaign against Essex four term, first selectman Phil Miller, and lost by 80 votes.

Charitable work
Peckinpaugh has always been very active in charities in Connecticut. She currently serves on the board of directors for the Girl Scouts of Connecticut Girl Scouts, the CT Women's Hall of Fame and the Hartford Art School at the University of Hartford. She has been a corporator for Children's Hospital and was a fellow for Calhoun College at Yale University.
Currently she is the Chair of the Economic Development Commission for Essex and is on the Board of Governors at the Essex Yacht Club.

References

http://www.yourpublicmedia.org/content/wnpr/where-we-vote-janet-peckinpaugh-vs-joe-courtney
https://web.archive.org/web/20110718041806/http://www.cpbn.org/profile/janet-peckinpaugh
http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/nyregion/anchor-wars-around-the-state-s-tv-stations.html
http://www.wtnh.com/dpp/news/hartford_cty/peckinpaugh-congress
http://janetpeckinpaugh.com/
http://www.nhregister.com/video-archive/news/recent/11/32/

Category:American television personalities
Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:Connecticut Republicans
Category:Candidates in the 2010 United States elections
Category:21st-century American politicians
Category:Essex, Connecticut
Category:University of Hartford people


P. J. Kelly (Fenian)

P. J. Kelly (Fenian) 1843 – 18 April 1908.

Kelly was one of six children, raised in Grange Park, Killeenadeema, Loughrea. His mother, Winifred Taylor of Kilchreest, was a member of the Church of Ireland. All of his brothers emigrated to Australia. He married Sabina Conway and had seven sons and two daughters. His sons Larry, John and Joe later joined the I.R.A..

He was jailed several times for Fenian and Irish Republican Brotherhood activities, in prisons such as Ballykinlough.
He was instrumental in the founding of the G.A.A. He and a several other Galway men asked Bishop Patrick Duggan to be the patron of the nascent G.A.A. He declined the offer but suggested they approach Archbishop Thomas Croke of Cashel instead. Kelly was present in Hayes Hotel in Thurles the night the G.A.A. was founded.

He went on to become the 3rd President of the G.A.A. and is the only full-time farmer to have held the post
In addition, Kelly was Honorary Secretary of the Galway GAA and Chairman of the Loughrea District Council.

References

 Killeenadeema Aille: History and Heritage/Stair agus Oidhreacht, ed. Pat O'Looney, Killeenadeema Historical and Heritage Society, 2009.

Category:People from Loughrea
Category:Politicians from County Galway
Category:GAA people from County Galway
Category:Protestant Irish nationalists


Asayish (Rojava regions)

The Internal Security Forces (, ), also known as the Asayish (, , , Kurdish for Security) outside the Raqqa, Tabqa, Deir ez-Zor and Manbij regions, is the police force of the autonomous regions within the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. Formed in the early stages of the Syrian Civil War, it had initially been established to police areas controlled by the Kurdish Supreme Committee. In October 2013, the Asayish claimed to have 4,000 members; by 2017, the number had reportedly risen to over 15,000.

Structure

Organization
According to the Constitution of North and East Syria, policing is the responsibility of the autonomous sub-regions. Overall, the local Asayish forces are composed of 26 official bureaus that aim to provide security and solutions to social problems. The six main units of the Asayish are Checkpoints Administration, Anti-Terror Forces Command (, HAT), Intelligence Directorate, Organized Crime Directorate, Traffic Directorate and Treasury Directorate. By 2016, 218 Asayish centers were established and 385 checkpoints with 10 Asayish members in each checkpoint were set up. 105 Asayish offices provide security against ISIL on the frontlines across the region. Larger cities have general directorates that are responsible for all aspects of security including road controls. Each sub-region has a HAT command and each Asayish center organizes itself autonomously. Overall chief of the police is the former journalist Cowan Ibrahim.

In the Jazira Region, the Asayish are further complemented by the Assyrian Sutoro police force, which is organized in every area with Christian population, and provides security and solutions to social problems in collaboration with other Asayish units. Though the Sutoro is officially subordinate to the Asayish, and represented on the Asayish executive board, it operates largely autonomous in regard to its internal affairs. Thus, it patrols the Christian neighborhoods of Qamishli without interference by the Asayish, and when the Sutoro members want appoint someone, they don't need the approval of the Asayish. The Assyrian Khabour Guards and Nattoreh also provide security in towns along the Khabur River.

On 17 May 2017, the Raqqa Internal Security Forces were established for policing in Raqqa.

On 25 May 2017, a female branch of the Asayish was established in Al-Shaddadah.

On 4 July 2018, a conference of the Internal Security Forces took place in Raqqa. At the conference, two flags were adopted for the ISF; one saying only Internal Security Forces in Arabic, used in the Raqqa, Tabqa, Deir Ezzor, and Manbij regions, and one saying Asayish as well, used in the Jazira, Afrin, and Euphrates regions.

Strength, composition and payment
The Asayish police has around 15,000 personnel: 10,000 in the Jazira Region, 3,000 in the Afrin Region, and 2,000 in the Euphrates Region. Ethnically, Kurds dominate the Asayish, though half of the active personnel in Jazira Region is Arab, while around 300 Turkmens have also enlisted, mostly in Tell Abyad. About 30% of the Asayish are women. Members of the force are paid $120 monthly salaries, which is above the average monthly salaries of Syrian civil servants, so that Asayish employment is rather attractive.

Involvement in Military Operations
While Asayish is primarily a police, the forces of Asayish were involved in tensions against the National Defense Forces, a pro-government militia. The tensions led to the Battle of Hasakah, on August 2016. Ultimately, the Syrian Arab Army was forced to give-up neighborhoods in the city. In course of the Raqqa campaign, the Asayish established the Raqqa Internal Security Forces.

Gender equality

As with other institutions in the autonomous region, the Asayish are striving for a force based on gender equality. An estimated 25% of Asayish members are women, and the local Asayish forces are co-led by a man and woman. In addition to protecting civilians from armed attacks, the Asayish has created a special branch composed solely of women which is dedicated to gender-based violence, family disputes between women and protection of women during protests, and public celebrations. Their objective is to take care of every case in which a woman gets involved, from gender-based violence to a bank robbery.

Female members of the force face additional risk from attacks by radical Islamists. However, joining the Asayish is perceived as a huge act of personal and societal liberation from an extremely patriarchical background, for ethnic Kurdish and ethnic Arab women alike.

Citizen-led policing
Throughout the region, the municipal Civilian Defense Forces (HPC) and the regional Self-Defense Forces (HXP) also serve local-level security.

According to the pro-PYD Peace in Kurdistan Campaign, the region's government is working towards providing all citizens with Asayish training. The ultimate hope is that once the vast majority of citizens have been trained, security can be maintained amongst the citizens and the Asayish itself can be dissolved.

Training
In addition to the use of weapons, Asayish members are also trained in "mediation, ethics, the history of Kurdistan, imperialism, the psychological war waged by popular culture and the importance of education and self-critique."

See also
Raqqa Internal Security Forces - the security force in Raqqa
Sutoro – complementary Assyrian police force in the Jazira Region
Law enforcement in Syria

References

Category:Anti-government factions of the Syrian Civil War
Category:Kurdish organisations
Category:Afrin Region
Category:Jazira Region
Category:Euphrates Region
Category:Politics of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
Category:Law enforcement in Syria
Category:Organizations based in Syria


Phantom Head

Phantom Head is the seventh album by English rock group The Scaramanga Six.

Background

In 2012, The Scaramanga Six used a crowd-sourcing initiative to raise funds to travel to Chicago and record with Steve Albini. For these sessions, the band expanded to a sextet for the first time since 2002, with the usual quartet of the Morricone brothers, Julia Arnez and Gareth Champion augmented by a second drummer (Steve Gilchrist, who'd played stints with the band on previous occasions) and James Kenosha on piano (who'd previously both produced and drummed for the band)

In keeping with Albini's audio verité production ethos, the band recorded live to two-track tape. The session involved few overdubs. A follow-up session was recorded later in the year, with further vocals being recorded. The completed Phantom Head was released in April 2013. The six-piece lineup of The Scaramanga Six played concerts to support the album before reverting to the standard quartet lineup in 2014.

Reception

The album was well received by press. In the national media, The Sun gave Phantom Head a four-out-of-five rating and said "this self-styled evil pop-group persist in producing great albums that demand loudly – to be heard.″ The Quietus described it as "another great album from a band that really deserve a much bigger audience." Louder Than War wrote "the guitars are tight, the melodies are memorable and effective and the production is spot on."

Vibrations hailed the album as a release which "must surely rank amongst their finest work to date". Splizz Magazine noted "dark sounding art rock songs that sound like Nick Cave crossed with The Editors" while Pure Rawk said: "think bands like Magazine and Wire or even Bowie's Berlin output with a fixation on death, murder and dystopia and you wouldn’t be far off the mark. Unsettling, but brilliant stuff." Soundsphere wrote that "The Scaramanga Six produce a sound which conveys similarities to The Stranglers at their best and vocals as powerful as Bowie back in the day."

Unpeeled described Phantom Head as "a top notch, modern rock record." <ref>[http://www.unpeeled.net/albums.html Review of Phantom Head in 'Unpeeled]</ref> while Contact Music said "if you like your music somewhat dark and bizarre, Phantom Head has a great deal to offer you." and Counterfeit Magazine said: "from smooth keys to dirty rock guitars, dark soundscapes to edgy punk, there’s something for everyone... Highly recommended."Entertainment Focus described the album as "one huge, often sad, dark and angry rant... and it’s something that we love."Soundblab commented "the album’s energy-levels are frequently manic, and you can positively feel the intelligence of its makers behind the riffs." My Dad Rocks said: "It’s this kind of touch and skill, in both delivery and recording, that means this album rates highly amongst the swathe of indie rock offerings out recently." Awarding eleven marks out of thirteen, Room 13 congratulated the band on "eclectic brilliance″ while 7 Bit Arcade concluded "while some bands falter with age, and some just fade away, there’s no such fate for the Morricones & Co., who simply go from strength to strength." Beat 2 a Chord'' observed "for lovers of punk/rock/metal and everything in between, Scaramanga Six have a clear talent for genre-blending and story-telling throughout their music" and congratulated the band for "continuing to push their boundaries and deliver something fresh years after their formation. Hats off to them."

Track listing

Personnel
Paul Morricone – vocals, guitars, baritone saxophone
Steven Morricone – vocals, bass guitar, tenor saxophone
Julia Arnez– guitars, vocals
James Kenosha – piano
Gareth Champion - drums
Steve Gilchrist - drums

References

Category:2013 albums
Category:The Scaramanga Six albums


Elateia (Epirus)

Elateia or Elatia (), also Elatreia or Elatria (Ἐλατρία), was a town of the Cassopaei in Thesprotia, in ancient Epirus, mentioned by Strabo, along with Batiae and Pandosia. It is said to have been a colony of Elis (in the Peloponnese, Greece).

Its location is believed to be at the foot of Mount Zalongo, north of the modern village of Paliorophoro. This site was settled from prehistoric times. Archaeologists suggest that the settlement was fortified with a polygonal wall of  in circumference, which enclosed an area corresponding to a population of about 3,800.

References

See also
List of cities in ancient Epirus

Category:Populated places in ancient Epirus
Category:Greek colonies
Category:Former populated places in Greece


Kaun Jeeta Kaun Haara

Kaun Jeeta Kaun Haara () is a 1987 Hindi drama film directed and produced by Rakesh Kumar. The film features Aruna Irani, Kishore Kumar and Amrish Puri as main characters.

Cast
Kishore Kumar
Aruna Irani
Madhu Kapoor
Amrish Puri
Siraj Khan
Amitabh Bachchan... Himself (Guest Appearance)
Dinesh Hingoo
Pinchoo Kapoor
Jagdeep
Shobha Khote
Vikas Anand
Aruna Irani
Mohan Sherry

Music

The music of the film was composed by Usha Khanna and the lyrics were penned by Kulwant Jani.

References

External links

Category:1980s Hindi-language films
Category:Indian films
Category:1987 films
Category:Films scored by Usha Khanna


Tord

Tord is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Tord Andersson (born 1942), retired Swedish diver
Tord Bernheim (1914–1992), Swedish film actor
Tord Bonde (c. 1350s–1417), medieval Swedish magnate
Tord Boontje (born 1968), industrial product designer
Tord Filipsson (born 1950), Swedish former cyclist
Tord Ganelius (1925–2016), Swedish mathematician
Tord Asle Gjerdalen (born 1983), Norwegian cross-country skier
Tord Godal (1909–2002), Norwegian theologian and bishop
Tord Grip (born 1938), retired Swedish football coach and manager
Tord Gustavsen (born 1970), jazz pianist and composer
Tord Hagen (1914–2008), Swedish diplomat and ambassador
Tord Hall (1910–1987), Swedish mathematician
Tord Henriksson (born 1965), retired Swedish triple jumper
Tord Holmgren (born 1957), retired Swedish footballer
Tord Johansson (1955–2015), Swedish businessman
Tord Lien (born 1975), Norwegian politician
Tord Linnerud (born 1974), Norwegian rallycross driver
Tord Lundström (born 1945), retired Swedish professional ice hockey player
Tord Magnuson (born 1941), Swedish business executive
Tord Øverland Knudsen (born 1982), Norwegian musician
Tord Palander (1902–1972), Swedish economist
Tord Sahlén (born 1937), Swedish sprint canoer
Tord Stål (1906–1972), Swedish film actor
Tord Wiksten (born 1971), former Swedish biathlete
Tord Larsson (born 1989)
Norwegian actor in Eddworld


Ed Wildberger

Ed Wildberger is a former Democratic member of the Missouri House of Representatives.  He represented District 27 from 2003 to 2009, and even served as Minority Caucus Chairman.  On November 2, 2009, Missouri Governor Jay Nixon appointed Wildberger as the Recorder of Deeds for Buchanan County, Missouri.   Wildberger was replaced in the State House by Democrat Pat Conway after a special election.  He then went on to win reelection to the Recorder position in 2010.

Wildberger is also a small business owner, and a retired fire department member.  He resides in St. Joseph, Missouri, with his wife, Connie.

He was born in St. Joseph, graduated Lafayette High School in 1968, and attended Johnson County Community College.  He was a member of the St. Joseph Fire Department for 29 years, during which time he was promoted up to battalion chief.  He served as St. Joseph's emergency management director from 1991–2002, and was named the St. Joseph Employee of the Year for 1993, for leading the city's response to the Great Flood of 1993.

He is a member of the Missouri State Western Advisory Board, the Moila Shrine Temple Charity Lodge, the IAFF Local #77, and the Missouri State Council of Firefighters.

He was first elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 2002, and won reelection in 2004 and 2006.  As a member of the House he sat on the following committees:
Administration and Accounts,
Appropriations - Public Safety and Corrections, and
Budget.

References

Official Manual, State of Missouri, 2005-2006.  Jefferson City, MO: Secretary of State.

External links
Buchanan County Recorders Office
Missouri House of Representatives - Edward Wildberger  official MO House website
Project Vote Smart - Representative H. Edward 'Ed' Wildberger (MO) profile
Follow the Money - Ed Wildberger
2006 2004 2002 campaign contributions

Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:Politicians from St. Joseph, Missouri
Category:Members of the Missouri House of Representatives
Category:Missouri Democrats
Category:Johnson County Community College people


PJ DeBoy

Paul J. "PJ" DeBoy (born June 7, 1971) is an American actor and talk show host.

Early life
DeBoy was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He shares his name with his cousin, actor Paul DeBoy. He and Paul are cousins of Delegate Steven J. DeBoy Sr.

Career
DeBoy started his career in New York, where he performed with Miss Coco Peru and Kiki and Herb. He moved to Toronto in 1998. There, he hosted the show Locker Room on PrideVision and the late-night talk show Last Call on Toronto 1, and has appeared in various feature films such as Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001), DoUlike2watch.com (2003), and Shortbus (2006).

References

External links

Category:American male film actors
Category:American television talk show hosts
Category:Gay actors
Category:Male actors from Maryland
Category:LGBT entertainers from the United States
Category:Living people
Category:1971 births
Category:Radical Faeries


Hunter Eats Hunter (song)

"Hunter Eats Hunter" is the second single from Chevelle's seventh studio album, La Gárgola. The song debuted on June 24, 2014.

Track listing

Charts

References

Category:2014 songs
Category:2014 singles
Category:Songs written by Pete Loeffler
Category:Epic Records singles
Category:Chevelle (band) songs
Category:Songs written by Sam Loeffler


Pidvolochysk Raion

The Pidvolochysk Raion () is a raion in Ternopil Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Pidvolochysk. It has a population of 46 309.

See also
 Subdivisions of Ukraine
 Ternopil Oblast

Category:Raions of Ternopil Oblast
Category:Pidvolochysk Raion


Ajiyoshi Station (Meitetsu)

is a railway station in the city of Kasugai, Aichi Prefecture,  Japan, operated by Meitetsu. It is close to Ajiyoshi Station of the same name, but which is one the Jōhoku Line, operated by a different company, the Tōkai Transport Service Company.

Lines
Ajiyoshi Station is served by the Meitetsu Komaki Line, and is located 3.7 kilometers from the starting point of the line at .

Station layout
The station has one island platform connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station has automated ticket machines, Manaca automated turnstiles and is unattended..

Platforms

Adjacent stations

|-
!colspan=5|Nagoya Railroad

Station history
Ajiyoshi Station was opened on February 11, 1931.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 4894 passengers daily.

Surrounding area
Chita Junior High School
Ajiyoshi Junior High School
Ajiyoshi Elementary School

See also
 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

External links

 Official web page

Category:Railway stations opened in 1931
Category:1931 establishments in Japan
Category:Railway stations in Aichi Prefecture
Category:Stations of Nagoya Railroad
Category:Kasugai, Aichi


Primitive (philately)

In philately, primitives, also called natives, are postage stamps that were crudely designed and printed as compared with the sophisticated productions of industrialized countries such as the United Kingdom or the United States.  A number of such stamps were produced in the classic stamp period in remote or undeveloped locales such as Mauritius.   Due to their charm and sometimes rarity, primitives are among the most popular stamps with stamp collectors.

Several well known primitives copied the designs of standard postage stamps of major countries.  For example, the early stamps of Mauritius were crude, locally produced copies of the then current postage stamps of the United Kingdom.  Similarly, the stamps of Corrientes, a province in northern Argentina, were inept imitations of earlier stamps of France, depicting the agricultural goddess Ceres.   Other primitives are of their own unique design.

Other primitives include the following:

British Guiana "Cottonreels", 1850–51.
Cape of Good Hope Wood block triangle stamps of 1861.
 India stamps of 1854.
 Various Indian Native Feudatory State stamps.
 Some early stamps of Mexico
New Caledonia Napoleon III, 1859.

References

Category:Philatelic terminology
Category:Postage stamps


Pi Sigma Epsilon

Pi Sigma Epsilon (ΠΣΕ) is a professional fraternity for students and industry professionals in Marketing and Sales Management. It was founded in 1952 at Georgia State University.

History
Pi Sigma Epsilon was founded at Georgia State University (then Atlanta Division of the University of Georgia) in the fall of 1951. The idea of a professional fraternity for the fields of Marketing, Sales Management, and Selling was proposed by educator and businessman Lloyd Antle and advanced by Henry G. Baker and William G. Harris from the College and Lewis F. Gordon, a founder of the Atlanta Sales Executives Club.

The first organizational meeting was on November 1, 1951 and at that meeting the purpose was set out. Alpha Chapter was established at the college on June 2, 1952.

Purpose
As originally set out:

To create a collegiate brotherhood of men who are interested in the advancement of marketing, sales management, and selling as a career and a profession; to promote the study of marketing, sales management, selling and related subjects in colleges and universities; to bring together academically qualified students who express a desire to enter these career fields; to encourage in colleges and universities the establishing of courses preparing men for such careers; to stimulate research and improved methods and techniques in these fields; to install in its members the highest possible ethical standards of the profession.

Chapters
Chapters include the following. * indicates the chapter is active (as of 2009).

References

External links

Category:Student organizations established in 1952
Category:Professional fraternities and sororities in the United States
Category:Professional Fraternity Association
Category:1952 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)


Convoy SC 48

SC 48 was a North Atlantic convoy of the SC series which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in World War II.

It was notable for being the occasion of the Kearny incident, which brought the United States one step closer to war with Germany.

Prelude

SC 48 was an east-bound convoy of 52 ships, carrying war materials and sailed  from Sydney, Cape Breton on 5 October 1941 bound for Liverpool. It was under the command of Commodore HM Sanders in the MV Castalia.

It was escorted by a Canadian escort group consisting of the   (Lt Cdr SW Davis as Senior Officer Escort), and seven s; , , , , ,  and the Free French Naval Forces' Mimosa.

Opposing this force was the patrol line Mordbrenner, which was to have comprised eight U-boats and was in the process of forming south of Iceland near the Mid-Ocean Meeting Point. This was the point at which North Atlantic convoys were handed over between the Ocean and the Western Approaches escorts at this stage of the Atlantic campaign.

Allied intelligence became aware of the presence of Mordbrenner, and started to divert the convoys then at sea, but a loss of Ultra intelligence on 12/13 October left SC 48 in the dark; and on the night of 14/15 October it was sighted by U-553 (K/L Karl Thurmann).

At this point in time SC 48 was in some disarray; 11 of its ships, including Castalia,  were straggling following heavy weather on the night of 9/10 October. Columbia and two of the corvettes, Camrose and Rosthern, were detached looking for them. A third corvette, Shediac was also separated by the storm and out of radio contact.
On 14 October SC 48's escort comprised just four corvettes; Wetaskiwin (as Acting SOE), Baddeck, Gladiolus and Mimosa.

Action

15 October 1941
In the early hours of 15 October Thurmann of U-553 reported his contact to U-boat Command (BdU) and was ordered to shadow, whilst other U-boats were gathered for the attack. However Thurmann chose to attack that night, and succeeded in sinking two ships, Silvercedar, which lost 21 crew, and Ila, most of whose crew were saved. U-553 was sighted by Silverhelm, the next ship in the column, which attempted to ram, but failed; U-553 was also sighted by WC Teagle, but she was unable to bring her gun to bear before U-553 escaped.

On 15 October Enigma was re-acquired and Western Approaches Command realized a major attack was building; a number of escorts from nearby convoys were diverted to reinforce SC 48.
First a force of US destroyers (DesRon 13), detached from ON 24; two Royal Navy destroyers ( and HMS Broadwater) from TC 14;  two Royal Navy corvettes ( and ) from ON 25; and a RCN corvette () from Iceland.

Later on 15 October Columbia rejoined, while U-553 was joined by two more boats;  (Günther Krech) and  (Joachim Preuss). As U-553 continued to shadow, she was sighted by Columbia, who attacked her, driving her away, but with no damage; U-553 fired a torpedo at Columbia, which missed.
During the day U-558 joined, having encountered the ship Vancouver Island sailing independently ; she was sunk with the loss of all 73 crew and 32 passengers. Before nightfall U-568 also arrived, and the three boats prepared to attack.

As darkness fell on the night of 15/16 October the U-boats attacked again. U-568 attacked and sank Empire Heron, Gladiolus counter-attacked, and U-568 was driven off. Gladiolus then detached to pick up survivors, but never rejoined the convoy; she was lost with all hands, reportedly by U-568 on the 17th, but more probably on the 16th by U-432.

16 October 1941
After midnight on 15/16 October, SC 48 made an emergency turn to port, followed before dawn by a turn to starboard, in an attempt to shake off pursuit; this was initially successful, but the pack regained contact in the afternoon of 16th and again closed in.

Also that afternoon of 16 October the first reinforcements arrived, in the form of DesRon 13; this comprised the destroyers , , and ,  led by  (Capt L Thebaud).  These were joined later by Thebaud's fifth destroyer, , accompanied by HMCS Pictou. As senior officer present Thebaud assumed command of the escorts; however although he had seniority Thebaud had little experience in escort work, and a number of mistakes were made allowing the U-boats to mount a successful attack that night.

By nightfall on 16 October BdU had gathered ten U-boats for the attack; the three Mordbrenner boats plus seven newcomers, ( , , , , ,  and )

During the night of 16/17 October the pack attacked, closing in with little interference from the escorts.
U-553 sank Bold Venture at about 8pm. U-558 sank WC Teagle about an hour later; Erviken was attacked and sunk as she stopped to pick up survivors and Rym was also sunk as she slowed to do the same. U-432 sank  Evros and Barfonn just before midnight.

Just after midnight U-568 hit a destroyer which had stopped to avoid a collision with a corvette; this was USS Kearny. She was severely damaged, with 11 killed and 22 wounded,  but was saved by effort of the crew. She was detached to Iceland, escorted by Decatur and Greer.

In the early hours of 17 October more warships arrived; HMS Highlander and Broadwater from TC 14, and HMS Abelia and Veronica from ON 25. With this reinforcement further attacks were warded off, but the pack remained in contact, awaiting  a further opportunity.

17 October 1941
At dawn on 17 October the convoy was joined by Western Approaches escort; This was EG 3, comprising four destroyers (, ,  and HMS Georgetown) and one corvette (), with two trawlers and a rescue ship. The RCN group departed at this point, being low on fuel; also DesRon 13 left to follow Kearny to Iceland.

The pack was still in contact, but all further attacks were frustrated by the escort. Veronica made a determined attack on a contact and claimed a kill, but no U-boat loss was confirmed. A Catalina flying air cover also bombed U-558 which was damaged, but continued to shadow until the attack was called off.

18 October 1941
On the night of 17/18 October the pack tried again; all attacks were repelled but U-101 fired on Broadwater, causing her mortal damage; she remained afloat for another 12 hours, but had to be abandoned and sunk.

On 18 October BdU ordered the attack discontinued. Mordbrenner, which had never completely formed, was dissolved, the remaining boats being sent west to form a new patrol line off the coast of Canada. The remaining boats were moved east to form a new patrol line, Reisswolf, south-east of Greenland.

22 October 1941
SC 48 continued without further loss, the 31 ships arriving at Liverpool on 22 October 1941. The 11 stragglers which had become separated in the storm on 10 October had been gathered up by Camrose and Rosthern. Led by Commodore Sanders in Castalia and with just two corvettes as escort this group was able to make the crossing without interference, arriving in Britain 10 days after the main body.

Conclusion

This was undoubtedly a victory for the U-boat arm; SC 48 lost nine ships of 51,093 tons, while the escort lost two ships sunk and or damaged; no U-boats were lost. Some of the losses, in the face of a large and powerful escort force, can be attributed to Captain Thebaud's inexperience in convoy escort duty. This, and other cases, led to the practice of leaving the escort group commander of the convoy in charge of its defence, regardless of seniority; a major break with tradition. The attack on Kearny and the loss of American lives was seen as an affront to the United States, and was another step out of her isolation in World War II.

Tables

Allied ships sunk

Allied warships hit

U-boats hit

References
Clay Blair : Hitler's U-Boat War Vol I  (1996)
Bernard Edwards : Donitz and the Wolf Packs (1996)
Arnold Hague : The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 (2000)  (Canada).  (UK)
Samuel Eliot Morison History of United States Naval operations in World War II : Vol I Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1943 (1947)     ISBN (none)
Stephen Roskill : The War at Sea 1939–1945  Vol I  (1954)  ISBN (none)

External links
SC 48 at convoyweb
SC 48 at uboatnet

SC048
Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Canada
C


Blankiet Estate

Blankiet Estate is a California wine estate owned by Claude and Katherine Blankiet.  Located in the foothills of the Mayacamas Mountains in the Napa Valley, the estate produces a portfolio of wines from their Paradise Hills Vineyard.

History
The winery was created in 1996 on 46 acres ranging over several volcanic hills above the town of Yountville with the goal of producing wines of First Growth quality.  In the 1990s, the best California wines became known as "Cult Wines" and a prominent winemaker making such wines was Helen Turley.   She believed the Paradise Hills Vineyard had the potential to produce world class wines and accepted the position as Blankiet Estate's winemaker.   Wine critics Stephen Tanzer, Simon Woods, Robert M. Parker Jr and Antonio Galloni validated her assessment.  Tanzer listed Blankiet along with Harlan, Bond and Screaming Eagle as one of Napa’s most spectacular wines, "Simon Woods ranks California's cult Cabernets" listed Blankiet as a First Growth wine and Robert Parker stated in his Wine Buying Guide “The goal to produce world-class wines at Blankiet Estate has been accomplished, combining the extraordinary power of the site with unbelievable elegance and definition”.  David Abreu, a well known viticulturist, was hired to develop the land, which Claude described as a “puzzle of microclimates and terroirs”.   Volcanic soils were planted in Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot, while the gravelly-clay alluvial soils were planted in Merlot.   The winery connected to a deep underground network of caves, was designed by architect John Lail.  The tasting room is located in the renaissance period castello that was built over the course of five years by a team of regional and international artisans.  Helen Turley made eight vintages for Blankiet Estate.  Martha Levy-McClelland was the consulting winemaker for the 2006 to 2008 vintages, assisted by enologist Michel Rolland.  For the six following years Denis Malbec, the former cellar master at Chateau Latour, took the helm at Blankiet Estate as Director of Viticulture and Winemaking.  Unfortunately, Denis Malbec lost his life in a tragic car accident in April 2016.  A young emerging Napa Valley Winemaker, Graeme MacDonald, was hired to take over the position of Denis Malbec, and in just three years brought the wines to an even higher-level, garnishing four 100 point ratings to the Estate portfolio.

In 2006 Blankiet became a forerunner in the fight against wine counterfeiting.  The unspoken scourge of the wine world ballooned with China's increasing demand for wine.   In order to provide their customers the ability to authenticate their wines, Blankiet teamed up with Prooftag,  a French company that designed a unique Bubble tagTM security device.  Microscopic bubbles are imbedded randomly in silver film strip applied to the neck of the bottles, providing a unique fingerprint to each bottle.  This technology has since become the standard among Bordeaux and Burgundy First Growth producers.

Wine Production
Blankiet Estate produces annually about 1000 cases of flagship wines under three labels. "Blankiet Estate Proprietary Red", a bordeaux blend of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot and Petit Verdot.  A 100% Cabernet Sauvignon under the label "Mythicvs" and a Pomerol blend of Merlot and Cabernet Franc under the label "Rive Droite".  They also produce about 1500 cases of “Prince of Hearts Red Wine” classified by Robert Parker’s Wine Advocate as a “Napa Valley Super-Second”.  All varietals are grown, vinified and bottled at the estate.

References

Category:Wineries in California


Stock Car Brasil

Stock Car Brasil, also known as Stock Car V8, is a touring car auto racing series based in Brazil. It is considered the major South American motorsports series.

History

1970s
The series was created in 1979 to be an alternative to the former Division 1 championship that competed with Chevrolet Opala and Ford Maverick. The dominance of Chevrolet over Ford models was causing a lack of public interest and sponsors. General Motors then created a new category, with a name reminiscent of the famous NASCAR with standardized performance and improvements for all the competitors. The first race was run on 22 April 1979 at the Autódromo Internacional de Tarumã, Rio Grande do Sul with 19 cars competing, all of them 6-cylinder Chevrolet Opalas. The pole position was held by José Carlos Palhares, and the race was won by Affonso Giaffone.

1980s

This decade saw the emergence of several rivalries between drivers. In 1982 two races were held for the first time at the Autodromo do Estoril, Portugal.

The first major change in the Stock Car standard occurred in 1987. With the support of General Motors, a fairing designed and built by coachbuilder Caio was adopted, which was adapted to the Opala's chassis. The car exhibited improved aerodynamics and performance. Safety equipment become more sophisticated.

1990s

In 1990 General Motors renewed its interest in the category and built a prototype intended to replace the Caio/Hidroplas model.

In 1991 new rules were established and the races were disputed in double rounds on the weekends, with two drivers per car, but the series continued to lose ground with the public, sponsors and television networks to other championships with many manufacturers involved, such as Campeonato Brasileiro de Marcas e Pilotos that included the involvement of Chevrolet, Fiat, Ford and  Volkswagen, as well as the always popular Formula racing championships.

In 1994 the championship returned to the old rules and Chevrolet announced that the Chevrolet Omega would be introduced as the new standard model. As part of a marketing strategy and in order to reduce costs, the tickets were free and the races were now held in double rounds sponsored by Brazilian Formula Chevrolet in an event called Chevrolet Challenger. This decade marked a dominant era for Ingo Hoffmann with eight titles, three in partnership with Ângelo Giombell. His only serious challenges came from Paulo Gomes in 1995 and Chico Serra in 1999.

2000s

From 2000 on, General Motors departed the series and Vicar Promoções Desportivas, owned by former racing driver Carlos Col, took over the organization. This ushered in a period of modernization and improved security as the category started to use a tubular chassis designated JL G-09. The project engineer was Edgardo Fernandez, who did something similar for the Argentina category Top Race V6, inspired by both NASCAR and the DTM. The chassis was built by Zeca Giaffone's JL Racing.

In 2003 the category replaced the Chevrolet 6-cylinder engine used with modifications since 1979 with a Chevrolet V8 imported from the United States by JL Racing, similar to the engines used by the NASCAR Busch Series. General Motors participated in the series with the Vectra.

In 2005 Mitsubishi entered the series with the Mitsubishi Lancer. 30 October of that same year marked the first race held in Argentina at Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez, alongside the TC 2000 category. Attendance was 70,000. Giuliano Losacco was the winner, with Mateus Greipel second and Luciano Burti coming in third.

In 2006, Volkswagen entered in the series with the Bora and the championship adopted a point system similar to the one used in NASCAR, as well as a new system with 16 teams and 32 drivers. At the end of the season, the 10 best drivers were automatically qualified to run the 4 final races, called Super Final, similar to the Chase for the Sprint Cup. In 2007, the category gained another manufacturer with the entrance of Peugeot with its 307 Sedan. Volkswagen announced it was withdrawing from the category in 2008, with two-time champion Mitsubishi doing the same one year later.

2010s

For 2010 the category will use ethanol as fuel and engines with electronic injection.

In 2011, Peugeot re-entered the championship announced with the 408 sedan model, replacing the 307. In 2012, Chevrolet introduced the Chevrolet Sonic as its competing model. The category announced changes for 2012 season, dropping the Super Final system. The scoring system was also changed, with the top twenty drivers in each race being awarded points. For the 2016 season, General Motors announced the Chevrolet Cruze as the replacement for the Sonic. In 2017, Peugeot announced its retirement from the competition leaving Chevrolet as the lone automaker to compete in the series in which all drivers now use identical Cruze models, making it a one-make style championship in South American stock car racing.

Support races
Created in 1992, the Brazilian Formula Chevrolet was the Series' main support category. It used the same chassis as Formula Opel until 1994, subsequently switching to a Techspeed chassis until 2002, which was the same year the category was retired.

The Stock Car Light second tier was created in 1993, and reformulated in 2008 to become the Copa Vicar. After a merger with Pick-up Racing Brasil, the Copa Chevrolet Montana was established and standardized around the Chevrolet Montana model. Pick-up Racing Brasil was a category created in 2001 but only became part of the Stock Car Brasil programme until 2006.

The Stock Car Jr. third tier was created in 2006. It was intended for young and amateur drivers moving from Kart racing. In 2010 the category was replaced with the Mini Challenge Brasil. After three seasons it was cancelled.

Manufacturer representation

Scoring systems

Speed records

Drivers

Notable drivers

 Affonso Giaffone Filho (1979–1980s) – The winner of the first race in 1979, and the champion of the 1981 season. The father of Affonso Giaffone, a former IndyCar Series driver.
 Paulo Gomes (1979–2003/2007) – The winner of the first season in 1979, also 4-time champion.
 Chico Serra (1999–2009) – 3-time champion (1999, 2000 and 2001)
 Ingo Hoffmann (1979–2008) – 12-time champion (1980, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2002) and the driver with the most series wins overall. He competed from 1979 to 2008.
 Cacá Bueno (2002–) – 5-time Champion: (2006, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012). Runner-up: 2003, 2004 and 2005. He is the son of the sports commentator Galvão Bueno.

Former Formula One drivers
Currently in the series
 Antônio Pizzonia (2007–)
 Ricardo Zonta (2007–)
 Rubens Barrichello (2012–)
 Nelson Piquet Jr. (2014–2015, 2018–)
 Lucas di Grassi (2014–2015, 2018–)

Formerly in the series
 Ingo Hoffmann (1979–2008)
 Raul Boesel (1979, 2003–2005)
 Chico Serra (1980s – 2007 / 2009 / 2014)
 Tarso Marques (2005–2011)
 Roberto Moreno (2005)
 Jacques Villeneuve (2011 / 2015)
 Alex Ribeiro (1980s)
 Wilson Fittipaldi (1980s – early 1990s)
 Christian Fittipaldi (2005–2007 / 2010)
 Luciano Burti (2005–2018)
 Enrique Bernoldi (2007 / 2009 / 2014–2015)
 Esteban Tuero (2005)
 Luiz Bueno (1982)
 Bruno Senna (2013–2014)
 Ricardo Rosset (2014–2015)
 Roberto Merhi (2014)
 Jaime Alguersuari (2015)
 Vitantonio Liuzzi (2015)
 Jérôme d'Ambrosio (2018)
 Felipe Massa (2018)

Champions
All champions are Brazilian-registered.

Circuits
Races are held mostly on road courses, although a race was held on a street circuit in Salvador for the first time in 2009. The tracks for the 2019 season are:
 Autódromo José Carlos Pace (Interlagos), São Paulo, SP
 Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba, Pinhais, PR
 Autódromo Internacional de Tarumã, Viamão, RS
 Autódromo Internacional de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS
 Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel, Cascavel, PR
 Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura, Campo Grande, MS
 Autódromo Velo Cittá, Mogi Guaçu, SP
 Velopark, Nova Santa Rita, RS
 Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Goiânia), Goiânia, GO
 Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina), Londrina, PR

Former circuits include:

 Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora, Fortaleza, CE (last race: 1979)
 Autódromo do Estoril, Portugal (last race: 1982)
 Autódromo José Carlos Pace (Interlagos), São Paulo, SP (old 8 km track. last race: 1989)
 Autódromo Internacional de Guaporé, Guaporé, RS (last race: 2002)
 Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Jacarepaguá), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (full course. last race: 2005)
 Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Jacarepaguá), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (short circuit. last race: 2012)
 Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet, Brasília, DF (last race: 2014)
 Salvador Street Circuit, Salvador, BA (last race: 2014)
 Ribeirão Preto Street Circuit, Ribeirão Preto, SP (last race: 2015)
 Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez, Argentina (last race: 2017)
 Circuito dos Cristais, Curvelo, MG (last race: 2017)

Fatal accidents
There have been five fatal accidents:

 In 1985, Zeca Greguricinski, died at Interlagos from burns suffered after a crash.
 In June 2001, Laércio Justino, died at Nelson Piquet Circuit of Brasília after losing control of the car and crashing at the pit lane entrance.
 In September 2003, Raphael Lima Pereira, a 19-year-old photographer, was hit by Gualter Salles at Campo Grande circuit and died. He was near the safety area at the time of the accident.
 On 9 December 2007, Rafael Sperafico, of the Sperafico racing family, died during the final race of the Stock Car Light 2007 season at Interlagos. His cousins Rodrigo and Ricardo Sperafico compete in the top-level series. It was the first fatal accident in the Stock Car Light series.
 On 3 April 2011, Gustavo Sondermann, competing in a Copa Chevrolet Montana race, was killed at Interlagos in an accident almost identical to that of Sperafico four years earlier.

Video games
The first official video game was Game Stock Car in 2011, Stock Car Exterme was launched in 2013. In 2016 Automobilista featured the full car grid and circuits, all games were developed by Reiza Studios.

See also
Copa Truck
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
NASCAR
TC 2000 Championship
World Touring Car Cup

References

External links

 Official website of the Stock Car Brasil

Category:Touring car racing series
Category:1979 establishments in Brazil


Hull speed

Hull speed or displacement speed is the speed at which the wavelength of a vessel's bow wave is equal to the waterline length of the vessel.  As boat speed increases from rest, the wavelength of the bow wave increases, and usually its crest-to-trough dimension (height) increases as well.  When hull speed is exceeded, a vessel in displacement mode will appear to be climbing up the back of its bow wave.

From a technical perspective, at hull speed the bow and stern waves interfere constructively, creating relatively large waves, and thus a relatively large value of wave drag.  Though the term "hull speed" seems to suggest that it is some sort of "speed limit" for a boat, in fact drag for a displacement hull increases smoothly and at an increasing rate with speed as hull speed is approached and exceeded, often with no noticeable inflection at hull speed.

The concept of hull speed is not used in modern naval architecture, where considerations of speed/length ratio or Froude number are considered more helpful.

Background
As a ship moves in the water, it creates standing waves that oppose its movement. This effect increases dramatically in full-formed hulls at a Froude number of about 0.35 (which corresponds to a speed/length ratio (see below for definition) of slightly less than 1.20 knot·ft−½) because of the rapid increase of resistance from the transverse wave train. When the Froude number grows to ~0.40 (speed/length ratio ~1.35), the wave-making resistance increases further from the divergent wave train. This trend of increase in wave-making resistance continues up to a Froude number of ~0.45 (speed/length ratio ~1.50), and peaks at a Froude number of ~0.50 (speed/length ratio ~1.70).

This very sharp rise in resistance at speed/length ratio around 1.3 to 1.5 probably seemed insurmountable in early sailing ships and so became an apparent barrier. This led to the concept of hull speed.

Empirical calculation and speed/length ratio

Hull speed can be calculated by the following formula:

where
 is the length of the waterline in feet, and
 is the hull speed of the vessel in knots

If the length of waterline is given in metres and desired hull speed in knots, the coefficient is 2.43 kn·m−½. The constant may be given as 1.34 to 1.51 knot·ft−½ in imperial units (depending on the source), or 4.50 to 5.07 km·h−1·m−½ in metric units, or 1.25 to 1.41 m·s−1·m−½ in SI units.

The ratio of speed to  is often called the "speed/length ratio", even though it is a ratio of speed to the square root of length.

Hull design implications
Wave making resistance depends dramatically on the general proportions and shape of the hull: many modern displacement designs can easily exceed their hull speed without planing.

These include hulls with very fine ends, long hulls with relatively narrow beam and wave-piercing designs. Such hull forms are commonly realised by some canoes, competitive rowing boats, catamarans, fast ferries and other commercial, fishing and military vessels.

Vessel weight is also a critical consideration: it affects wave amplitude, and therefore the energy transferred to the wave for a given hull length.

Heavy boats with hulls designed for planing generally cannot exceed hull speed without planing.

Light, narrow boats with hulls not designed for planing can easily exceed hull speed without planing; indeed, once  above hull speed, the unfavorable amplification of wave height due to constructive interference diminishes as speed increases. For example, world-class racing kayaks can exceed hull speed by more than 100%, even though they do not plane.  Semi-displacement hulls are usually intermediate between these two extremes.

Ultra light displacement boats are designed to plane and thereby circumvent the limitations of hull speed.

See also
 Ship resistance and propulsion
 Wave making resistance

References
A simple explanation of hull speed as it relates to heavy and light displacement hulls
Hull speed chart for use with rowed boats
On the subject of high speed monohulls, Daniel Savitsky, Professor Emeritus, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology
Low Drag Racing Shells

External links

 Converter: knots > km/h  &  km/h > knots

Category:Marine propulsion
Category:Fluid dynamics
Category:Water waves


Long Trail State Forest

Long Trail State Forest protects  around a portion of the Long Trail, a  hiking trail in Vermont. The forest runs through Belvidere, Eden, Lowell, Johnson, Montgomery, Waterville and Westfield in Franklin, Lamoille and Orleans counties. The forest is managed by the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation in partnership with the Green Mountain Club.

References

External links

Category:Vermont state forests
Category:Protected areas of Franklin County, Vermont
Category:Protected areas of Lamoille County, Vermont
Category:Protected areas of Orleans County, Vermont


Sulejman Bargjini

Sulejman Pasha Bargjini (also known in , ) was an ethnic Albanian general and Governor of the Ottoman Empire. He was originally from Bargjin, but he settled in the village of Mullet, Albania and probably served as a Janissary, he was given the title Pasha. As an ethnic Albanian, he had fought for the Ottomans against the Safavids in Persia. After that he had built a mosque (the Sylejman Pasha Mosque), a bakery and a hammam ( islamic sauna). He founded the existing settlement of Tirana, now the capital of Albania, in 1614 as an oriental-style town of those times. According to some legends, he named the town he founded after Tehran, the capital of Persia (nowadays Iran) but most of these legends are not proven. Tirana soon became the center of Albanian art, culture and religion (especially with the Spread of Islam and the Bektashi Sufism), it became famous because of its strategic position at the heart of Albania.

His resting place, the Suleyman Pasha Tomb, got destroyed during the Communist dictatorship. A statue of Sulejman Pasha stands in the square named after him in downtown Tirana. A small street in another part of Tirana also bears his name.

See also
 Molla Bey of Petrela
 Etëhem Bey Mollaj

References

Category:Albanian Pashas
Category:Ottoman Army personnel
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Year of death unknown
Category:People from Tirana
Category:City founders
Category:16th-century Albanian people
Category:17th-century Albanian people


Hitler: A Study in Tyranny

Hitler: A Study in Tyranny is a 1952 biography of the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler by the British historian Sir Alan Bullock.

Description
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny was the first major historical study of the life of the Nazi dictator, Adolf Hitler. In 1992, The New York Times wrote: "First published in 1952, Alan Bullock's "Hitler: A Study in Tyranny" remains the standard biography of the dictator and a widely respected work on the Nazi movement in general". In 1998, Hitler expert Ian Kershaw described the book as a "masterpiece". In his 2007 book Cultural Amnesia, critic Clive James wrote: "Books about Hitler are without number, but after more than 60 years, the first one to read is still Alan Bullock's Hitler A Study in Tyranny."

A revised version was published in 1962.

See also
List of books by or about Adolf Hitler
Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler

References

Category:1952 non-fiction books
Category:Books about Adolf Hitler
Category:Books by Alan Bullock
Category:English-language books
Category:English non-fiction books


The Willow Copse

The Willow Copse is an English play by Dion Boucicault adapted from the French play La Closerie des Genêts by Frédéric Soulié.

It debuted in England at the Adelphi Theatre on November 26, 1849 with a cast included Madame Céleste as Rose Fielding and Henry Hughes as Luke Fielding.  The original bill identified that it was written by "two popular authors," the second of which has been credited as Charles Lamb Kenney.  It ran for 91 consecutive performances through March 16, 1850.

The play had its American debut in May 1852 at the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, with Celeste, and also with Charles Walter Couldock playing the role of Luke Fielding, and who later toured widely playing the same role for a number of years (with his daughter eventually playing the role of Rose Fielding), still reviving the role as late as 1885.

A September 1859 revival at the Adelphi played for thirty-six consecutive nights, and featured Benjamin Nottingham Webster as Luke Fielding, Sarah Woolgar as Meg, and John Lawrence Toole as  Augustus de Rosherville.

References

External links
 The Willow Copse: A Drama. In Five Acts (Boston, 1855) (via Google books)

Category:1849 plays


Paul Näcke

Paul Adolf Näcke (born 23 January 1851 St. Petersburg, Russian Empire; died 18 August 1913 Colditz) was a German psychiatrist and criminologist. Näcke is known for his writings on homosexuality, and coining the term narcissism in 1899 to describe someone who treated his body as a sexual object.

Career
He received his doctorate in 1873 in Würzburg, titled (English title translated): "About intestinal perforation and typhoid abdominalis". He worked in various Parisian hospitals; later he took an interest in psychiatry. In 1912 he became the director of the psychiatric hospital at Colditz Castle. Näcke, along with Hans Gross, a professor of criminology, founded the archive of criminal anthropology and criminology in Dresden in 1898. In 1884 Näcke wrote the first monograph on women's crime in Germany. He suggested a "sensible emancipation of women", which was groundbreaking for the time, but did not mean equal rights. Näcke is considered a strong opponent of Positive criminology, that was founded by Cesare Lombroso. Näcke described Lombroso's work as marked by "arbitrariness, exaggerations, [and] jumping to conclusions"  According to Näcke, criminals are the product of external influences, and not only biological influences as thought by Lombroso. This does not mean that Näcke disapproved of a biological basis for crime altogether. His argument is that every human being is a "latent criminal". Näcke was one of the first advocates of the sterilization of "degenerate criminals" and "degenerates" in general. He saw it as a public duty to make "degenerates" infertile. By 1900, he published a work entitled The castration of certain classes of degenerates as an effective way of social protection (title translated) Näcke wrote on the subject of a Jewish character, which was described only in vague and general features, and considered that character as a reason for crimes committed by Jews. Näcke stated his position in 1899: "the State has the holy duty to intervene... and to prevent through legislation the increase of the degenerated elements. Such an intervention would aim at the removal of a big cancer in our national body". He asserted that only castration could guarantee that this task was fulfilled both effectively and in the "easiest, cheapest way". In 1912, Näcke wrote against the then common diagnosis of "moral insanity". He developed the idea that homosexuality should not be regarded as a mental illness, but as an innate natural property. He described male menstruation as clear evidence of a continuum between male and female sexuality.

Personal life
Paul Näcke was born in 1851, the son of a German father and a French mother. Näcke is said to have mastered seven languages. Näcke was married since 1886 and had several children. Throughout his life he suffered from a neurasthenia, also known as Effort syndrome. Näcke died on 18 August 1913 of heart failure due to atherosclerosis .

Bibliography

Crime and madness in the woman, 1894
On Criminal Psychology, 1896
Literature report. Criminal anthropology and prison science / journal for criminal science, 1897
Criminal Anthropology / Annual Report for Neurology and Psychiatry, 1898
Castration in Certain Classes of Degenerates as an Effective Social Protection / Archive for Criminal Anthropology and criminology, 1900
The accommodation of mentally ill criminals, 1902
About so-called "Moral Insanity", 1902
 Émile Zola.  His relationship to crime anthropology and sociology / Archive for Criminal Anthropology and criminology, 1903
Are the signs of degeneration really worthless?  Quarterly Journal of Judicial Medicine and Public Sanitation, 1905
On the alleged degeneration of Romanesque peoples, 1906
About family murder by mental patients, 1908
Classification of Homosexuals / General Journal of Psychiatry, 1908
About Homosexuality in Albania, 1908
The brain surface of paralytic, 1909
The Diagnosis of Homosexuality, 1909
On the Shakespeare Bacon Question, 1910
Warning about the sudden adoption of sadism and masochism / Archive for Criminal Anthropology and criminology, 1911
Auto-Sadism and Suicide / Archive for Criminal Anthropology and criminology 1911

References

Category:German psychologists
Category:German sexologists
Category:1851 births
Category:1913 deaths
Category:People from Saint Petersburg


Gustavo Gianetti

Gustavo Cabral Narciso Gianetti (born May 21, 1979) is a Brazilian male model and beauty pageant contestant who was elected Mister World in 2003. He entered the pageant as Mister Brazil 2001.

Biography
He studied law at the University of Juiz de Fora, with the ambition of becoming an international tax lawyer. He is also a model and has appeared in several television programmes including Britain's Next Top Model and Miss Brazil 2004 Gianetti has won prizes as a Capoeira fighter.

In 2007, Gianetti appeared on 'Britain's Next Top Model'.  The models were sent to Brazil for their international destination during which they were given an acting challenge.  Gianetti played their love interest in short scenes where the models had to speak Portuguese, and kiss and push Gianetti away.

External links

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Belo Horizonte
Category:Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Category:Brazilian people of Italian descent
Category:Mister World winners
Category:Brazilian male models
Category:Brazilian capoeira practitioners
Category:Male beauty pageant winners
Category:Brazilian beauty pageant winners


2010 Cellular South Cup – Doubles

Victoria Azarenka and Caroline Wozniacki were the defending champions, but they chose to compete in 2010 Dubai Tennis Championships instead.Vania King and  Michaëlla Krajicek won in the final 7–5, 6–2 against Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Meghann Shaughnessy.

Seeds

Draw

Draws

External links
Main Draw Doubles

Category:2010 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup
Cellular South Cup - Doubles