Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

Not to be confused with the similarly-named Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations

The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, or the Graduate Institute (in French: Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement (previously known as Institut des hautes études internationales), abbreviated IHEID (previously HEI, IHEI, or IUHEI) is a government-accredited postgraduate institution of higher education located in Geneva, Switzerland.

The institution counts one UN secretary-general (Kofi Annan), seven Nobel Prize recipients, one Pulitzer Prize winner, and numerous ambassadors, foreign ministers, and heads of state among its alumni and faculty. Founded by two senior League of Nations officials, the Graduate Institute maintains strong links with that international organisation's successor, the United Nations, and many alumni have gone on to work at UN agencies. The school is a full member of the APSIA.

Founded in 1927, the Graduate Institute of International Studies (IHEI or HEI) is continental Europe's oldest school of international relations and was the world's first graduate institute dedicated solely to the study of international affairs. It offered one of the first doctoral programmes in international relations in the world. In 2008, the Graduate Institute absorbed the Graduate Institute of Development Studies, a smaller postgraduate institution also based in Geneva founded in 1961. The merger resulted in the current Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.

Today the school enrols close to a thousand postgraduate students from over 100 countries. Foreign students make up nearly 90% of the student body and the school is officially a bilingual English-French institution, although the majority of classes are in English. With Maison de la Paix acting as its primary seat of learning, the Institute's campuses are located blocks from the United Nations Office at Geneva, International Labour Organization, World Trade Organization, World Health Organization, International Committee of the Red Cross, World Intellectual Property Organization and many other international organisations.

It runs joint degree programmes with universities such as Smith College and Yale University, and is Harvard Kennedy School's only partner institution to co-deliver double degrees.

History

The Graduate Institute of International Studies was co-founded in 1927 by two scholar–diplomats working for the League of Nations Secretariat: the Swiss William Rappard, director of the Mandates Section, and the Frenchman Paul Mantoux, director of the Political Section.  A bilingual institution like the League, it was to train personnel for the nascent international organisation. Its co-founder, Rappard, served as director from 1928 to 1955.

The Institute's original mandate was based on a close working relationship with both the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization. It was agreed that in exchange for training staff and delegates, the Institute would receive intellectual resources and diplomatic expertise (guest lecturers, etc.) from the aforementioned organisations. According to its statutes, the Graduate Institute was "an institution intended to provide students of all nations the means of undertaking and pursuing international studies, most notably of a historic, judicial, economic, political and social nature."

The institute managed to attract a number of eminent faculty and lecturers, particularly from countries mired in oppressive Nazi regimes, e.g.,  and Georges Scelle for law, Maurice Bourquin for diplomatic history, and the rising young Swiss jurist, Paul Guggenheim. Indeed, it is said that William Rappard had observed, ironically, that the two men to whom the Institute owed its greatest debt were Mussolini and Hitler. Subsequently, more noted scholars would join the Institute's faculty. Hans Kelsen, the well-known theorist and philosopher of law, Guglielmo Ferrero, Italian historian, and Carl Burckhardt, scholar and diplomat all called the Graduate Institute home. Other arrivals, similarly seeking refuge from dictatorships, included the eminent free market economy historian, Ludwig von Mises, and another economist, Wilhelm Ropke, who greatly influenced German postwar liberal economic policy as well as the development of the theory of a social market system.

After a number of years, the Institute had developed a system whereby cours temporaires were given by prominent intellectuals on a week, semester, or yearlong basis. These cours temporaires were the intellectual showcase of the Institute, attracting such names as Raymond Aron, René Cassin, Luigi Einaudi, John Kenneth Galbraith, G. P. Gooch, Gottfried Haberler, Friedrich von Hayek, Hersch Lauterpacht, Lord McNair, Gunnar Myrdal, Harold Nicolson, Philip Noel Baker, Pierre Renouvin, Lionel Robbins, , Count Carlo Sforza, Jacob Viner, and Martin Wight.

Another cours temporaire professor, Montagu Burton Professor of International Relations at Oxford University, Sir Alfred Zimmern, left a particularly lasting mark on the Institute. As early as 1924, while serving on the staff of the International Council for intellectual Cooperation in Paris, Zimmern began organizing international affairs summer schools under the auspices of the University of Geneva, 'Zimmern schools', as they became known. The initiative operated in parallel with the early planning for the launch of the Graduate Institute and the experience acquired by the former helped to shape the latter.

Despite its small size, (before the 1980s the faculty never exceeded 25 members), the Institute boasts four faculty members who have received Nobel Prizes for economics – Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich von Hayek, Maurice Allais, and Robert Mundell. Three alumni have been Nobel laureates.

For a period of almost thirty years (1927–1954) the school was funded predominantly through the support of the Rockefeller Foundation. Since then the canton of Geneva and the Swiss Federal Council bear most of the costs associated with the Institute. This transfer of financial responsibility coincided with the 1955 arrival of William Rappard's successor as director of the institute, Lausanne historian Jacques Freymond. Freymond inaugurated a period of great expansion, increasing the range of subjects taught and the number of both students and faculty, a process that continued well after his retirement in 1978. Under Freymond's tenure, the Graduate Institute hosted many international colloquia that discussed preconditions for east-west negotiations, relations with China and its rising influence in world affairs, European integration, techniques and results of politico-socioeconomic forecasting (the famous early Club of Rome reports, and the Futuribles project led by Bertrand de Jouvenel), the causes and possible antidotes to terrorism, Pugwash Conference concerns and much more. Freymond's term also saw many landmark publications, including the Treatise on international law by Professor Paul Guggenheim and the six-volume compilation of historical documents relating to the Communist International.

The parallel history of the Graduate Institute of Development Studies (French: Institut universitaire d’études du développement, IUED) also involves Freymond, who founded the institution in 1961 as the Institut Africain de Genève, or African Institute of Geneva. The Graduate Institute of Development Studies was among the pioneer institutions in Europe to develop the scholarly field of sustainable development. The school was also known for the critical view of many of its professors on development aid, as well as for its journal, the Cahiers de l'IUED It was at the center of a huge international network.

Recent merger

In 2008, the Graduate Institute of International Studies (), absorbed the Graduate Institute of Development Studies (), to create the current Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID).

Academics
Admission to the Graduate Institute's study programmes is highly competitive, with only 14% of applicants attending the Graduate Institute in 2014. The Institute awards its own degrees.
It does not award undergraduate degrees.

Ranking
As a small institution offering exclusively master's and PhD programmes, the institute does not participate in popular university ranking.

In Foreign Policy'''s 2014 Inside the Ivory Tower ranking of best international relations schools in the world, the Graduate Institute's master's program was ranked 24th among Master's Programs for Policy Career in International Relations. It ranked 29th in 2018.
In 2012, The Graduate Institute was listed among the Foreign Policy Association's "Top 50 International Affairs Graduate Programs."

The LL.M. in international dispute settlement, offered jointly with the University of Geneva, was ranked second worldwide according to a 2012 survey of law firms conducted by the Global Arbitration Review. This same LL.M. also featured in the top 10 LL.M. for alternative dispute resolution by the specialised website LLM-guide.

The Graduate Institute's LL.M. in international law also featured in the top 10 LL.M. for public international law compiled by LLM-guide.

Finally, the Geneva Academy's LL.M. in international humanitarian law and human rights—a joint programme between the Graduate Institute and the University of Geneva—also featured in LLM-guide's top 10 LL.M. programmes for human rights law.

 Degree programmes

 Master of Arts in International Affairs (MIA)
The MIA is an intensive two-year interdisciplinary Master programme which begins with a rigorous foundation in quantitative and qualitative methods and in all the disciplines of the Institute. Courses follow in three thematic tracks: Trade & International Finance; Global Security; and Environment, Resources & Sustainability. All students undertake independent interdisciplinary research towards a dissertation. Applied Research Seminars expose them to stakeholders beyond academia and develop skills to design and execute research projects in partnership with them. Specialized, interactive, hands-on workshops help enhance professional skills, while internships for credit allow students to develop work skills and experience.

 Master of Arts in Development Studies (MDEV)

 Disciplinary Master's degree (MA/MPhil equivalent)
An advanced disciplinary two-year master's programme is offered by each of the Graduate Institute's five academic departments: International Relations & Political Science, International History, International Law, International Economics, and Anthropology & Sociology. The programme includes a significant taught portion and students dedicate a full semester on their master's thesis under supervision during the programme. In addition, a number of students transition during the MPhil to PhD status by way of the Fast Track programme.

 Doctorate (PhD)
PhD students specialize in one disciplinary field. PhD candidates who wish to carry out bi-disciplinary research choose a main discipline (a major) and a second discipline (a minor).

 Executive masters
Executive education programmes include masters in International Law, International Negotiation and Policy-Making, Development Policies and Practices, International Oil and Gas Leadership.

 Partnerships

The Graduate Institute has established joint or dual degree programmes with: the MPA programme at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government; the LLM in Global Health Law programme at the Georgetown University's Law Center; the BA programme at Yale University's Jackson Institute for Global Affairs; the BA programme at Peking University; the BA programme at Smith College; the BA programme at the University of Hong Kong, and with the University of Geneva's LLM in International Dispute Settlement, LLM in International Humanitarian Law, Master's in Transational Justice, Master's of Advanced Studies in Humanitarian Action, Master's in Global Health, and Master's in Asian Studies.

Apart from the dual/joint degree programmes, students also have the option to spend an exchange semester at Georgetown Law School, Harvard Law School, Michigan Law School, UCLA School of Law, Boston University School of Law, Yale University, the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University, the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, School of International Service at American University in Washington D.C., Northwestern University, University of Toronto, Sciences Po Paris – Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris, the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin, Bocconi University in Italy, Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli in Italy, the Graduate School of International Studies at Seoul National University, the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, the Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies at Waseda University, University of Hong Kong, Tsinghua University, Fudan University, Peking University, KIMEP University, Gadjah Mada University, the School of International Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University, University of Malaya, the American University in Cairo, Boğaziçi University in Turkey, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, El Colegio de México, the University of Ghana, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Stellenbosch University, as well as the University of St. Gallen and ETH Zürich in Switzerland.

Furthermore, the Graduate Institute is an active member of the following associations and academic networks:
APSIA – Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs: The world’s main academic institutions specialising in international relations and international public policy are represented among APSIA’s thirty-odd members.
European University Association: Represents and supports more than 850 institutions of higher education in 46 countries, providing them with a forum for cooperation and exchange of information on higher education and research policies.
Europaeum: Created at the initiative of the University of Oxford, the Europaeum is composed of ten leading European institutions of higher education and research.
European Consortium for Political Research: The ECPR is an independent scholarly association that supports the training, research and cross-national cooperation of many thousands of academics and graduate students specialising in political science and all its sub-disciplines.
European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes: The EADI is the largest existing network of research and training institutes active in the field of development studies.
Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie: The AUF supports the build-up a French-language research area between French-speaking universities. The Institute is one of 536 members belonging to the AUF and takes part in its exchange programmes in the fields of teaching and research.
Swiss University Conference: The SUC is a governmental organisation tasked with accrediting officially recognized Swiss universities.

 Campus

The Campus de la paix is a network of buildings extending from Place des Nations (the United Nations Headquarters in Geneva) to the shores of Lake Geneva, spanning two public parks –  and .

 Maison de la paix
The Graduate Institute's main campus is the Maison de la paix ("House of Peace"), which opened in 2013. The Maison de la Paix is a 38,000 meter-square glass building distributed into six connected sections. It contains the Davis Library, which holds 350,000 books about social sciences, journals and annual publications, making it one of Europe's richest libraries in the fields of development and international relations. It is named after two Institute alumni—Ambassador Shelby Cullom Davis and his wife Kathryn Davis, following the Davis' $10 million donation to the Institute. The neighboring Picciotto Student Residence was completed in 2012 and provides 135 apartments for students and visiting professors.

In addition to serving as the Institute's main campus, the Maison de la paix also houses policy centres and advocacy groups with close ties to the Institute such as the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, Interpeace, the International Institute of Humanitarian Law and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development.

 Historic villas
Another section of the campus are two historic villas situated by Lake Geneva, Villa Barton and Villa Moynier. Villa Barton served as the Institute's main campus for most of the school's history. It now mostly houses administrative staff. Villa Moynier, created in 2001 and which opened in October 2009, houses the Institute-based Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. The building holds a symbolic significance as it was originally owned by Gustave Moynier, co-founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross, and subsequently used by the League of Nations and as the headquarters of the ICRC between 1933 and 1946.

 Campus expansion
Expansion projects include the construction of the Portail des Nations (or Gate of Nations) near the Palace of Nations. The new building will house a series of conference rooms for students and host exhibitions on the role of Geneva in world affairs. The school has also partnered with the University of Geneva to open a center for international cooperation at the historic . And in 2017, the school announced it had retained the services of Japanese architect Kengo Kuma to build a 700-bed student housing building.

 Research
The Institute's research activities are conducted both at fundamental and applied levels with the objective of bringing analysis to international actors, private or public, of main contemporary issues. These research activities are conducted by the faculty of the Institute, as part of their individual work, or by interdisciplinary teams within centres and programmes whose activity focus on these main fields:
Conflict, security, and peacebuilding
Development policies and practices
Culture, religion, and identity
Environment and natural resources
Finance and Development
Gender
Globalisation
Governance
Migration and refugees
Non-state actors and civil society
Rural development
Trade, regionalism, and integration
Dispute settlement
Humanitarian action

Furthermore, IHEID is home to the Swiss Chair of Human Rights, the Curt Gasteyger Chair in International Security and Conflict Studies, the André Hoffmann Chair in Environmental Economics, the Pictet Chair in Environmental International Law, the Pictet Chair in Finance and Development, the Yves Oltramare Chair on Politics and Religion, the Swiss Chair of International Humanitarian Law, and the Pierre du Bois Chair Europe and the World.

 Programmes and research centres

The centres and programmes of the Institute distribute analysis and research that contributes to the analysis of international organisations headquartered in Geneva:
The Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding is the Graduate Institute’s focal point for research in the areas of conflict analysis, peacebuilding, and the complex relationships between security and development.
The Centre for International Environmental Studies was established in 2010 for the purpose of developing political, legal and economic discourse on problems related to the global environment. It is dedicated to the better understanding of the social, economic and political facets of global problems related to the environment.
The Centre for Trade and Economic Integration brings together the research activities of eminent professors of economics, law and political science in the area of trade, economic integration and globalization. The Centre provides a forum for discussion and dialogue between the global research community, including the Institute's student body and research centres in the developing world, and the international business community, as well as international organisations and NGOs.
The Centre for Finance and Development's research deals with finance and development at three levels: international finance, and development finance in particular, including the role played by the international financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank; financial development, including banking and financial sector development in emerging and developing countries, both from contemporary and historical perspectives; microeconomics of finance and development.
The Global Governance Centre provides a forum for scholars of governance and international organisations to interact with practitioners from the policy world in order to analyse global governance arrangements across a variety of issues.
The Global Health Programme's activities focus on two pillars, namely global health governance and global health diplomacy.
The Global Migration Centre focus on the transnational dimensions of migration and its interdisciplinary orientation. It combines inputs from lawyers, political scientists, economists, historians, anthropologists and sociologists.
The Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy explores the "plurality of democratic experiences and aspirations in an interdisciplinary and comparative perspective".
The Programme on Gender and Global Change produces research on the workings of gender in development and international relations and serves as a channel for the dissemination of such knowledge in both the anglophone and the francophone worlds.
The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project that serves as the principal international source of public information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence and as a resource for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activists.

 Publications
Refugee Survey Quarterly – Published by Oxford University Press and based at the Graduate Institute, the Refugee Survey Quarterly is a peer-reviewed journal focusing on the challenges of forced migration from multidisciplinary and policy-oriented perspectives.
Journal of International Dispute Settlement – Established by the Graduate Institute and the University of Geneva in 2010, the JIDS is dedicated to international law with commercial, economic and financial implications. It is published by Oxford University Press.
International Development Policy – A peer-reviewed e-journal that promotes cutting-edge research and policy debates on global development.
European Journal of Development Research – The European Journal of Development Research is a co-publication of the Graduate Institute and the European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes with a multi-disciplinary focus.
Medicine Anthropology Theory – Medicine Anthropology Theory is an open-access journal that publishes scholarly articles, essays, reviews, and reports related to medical anthropology and science and technology studies.
Relations Internationales – Relations Internationales publishes research on international relations history ranging from the end of the 19th century to recent history.

 Organisation

 Legal status

IHEID is constituted as a Swiss private law foundation, Fondation pour les hautes études internationales et du développement, sharing a convention with the University of Geneva. This is a particular organisational form, because IHEID is constituted as a foundation of private law fulfilling a public purpose. In addition, the political responsibility for the Institute shared between the Swiss Confederation and the canton of Geneva. Usually in Switzerland, it is the responsibility of the cantons to run public universities, except for the Federal Institutes of Technology (ETHZ and EPFL). IHEID is therefore something like a hybrid institution, in-between the two standard categories.

 Foundation Board
The Foundation Board is the administrative body of the Institute. It assembles academics, politicians, people of public life and practitioners. It includes among others: Carlos Lopes, currently UN under secretary general and executive secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa, Julia Marton-Lefèvre (former director general of the International Union for Conservation of Nature),  (journalist), and Tamar Manuelyan Atinc, (a former World Bank vice president).

 Administration
The Institute is headed by Philippe Burrin and his deputy Elisabeth Prügl.

 Notable alumni

The Graduate Institute has more than 18,000 alumni working around the world.
Kofi Annan – former secretary-general of the United Nations and 2001 Nobel Peace Prize recipient
Mohamed ElBaradei – Egyptian jurist and diplomat, former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency and 2005 Nobel Peace Prize recipient
Leonid Hurwicz – Polish-American economist and mathematician, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2007
Micheline Calmy-Rey – former president of the Swiss Confederation
Kurt Furgler – former president of the Swiss Confederation
Michel Kafando – interim president of Burkina Faso
Alpha Oumar Konaré – ex-president of Mali
Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete – fourth president of Tanzania

 Gallery

 Nobel laureates

Kofi Annan (DEA 1962), former secretary-general of the United Nations and 2001 Nobel Peace Prize winner
Mohamed ElBaradei (DEA 1964), Egyptian jurist and diplomat, former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 1997–2009, and 2005 Nobel Peace Prize winner
Leonid Hurwicz (1940), Polish-American economist and mathematician, 2007 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics

 Business

Ralph D. Crosby Jr. (DEA 1976), chairman and CEO of Airbus Group, Inc. (formerly EADS North America), 2002–2009
Jean-Marc Duvoisin (DEA 1985), CEO of Nespresso
Nobuyuki Idei, founder and CEO of Quantum Leaps Corporation; chairman and group CEO of Sony Corporation, 1999–2005
Daniel Jaeggi, co-founder of Mercuria Energy Group
Martin Kupka, chief economist of Československá obchodní banka.
Rick Gilmore (PhD 1971), president and CEO of the GIC Group and Council on Foreign Relations scholar
Philipp Hildebrand (DEA 1990), vice-president of BlackRock, former president of the Swiss National Bank
Baron Léon Lambert, Belgian banker and art collector, whose bank was merged into the powerhouse Drexel Burnham Lambert
Lynn Forester de Rothschild (fellow 1978–1979), CEO of E.L. Rothschild
Yan Lan (PhD 1993), managing director of Lazard China
Frank Melloul (licence 1999), CEO of i24news
Christopher Murphy-Ives (DES 1990), vice-president and deputy general counsel for Europe, Middle East and Africa, Latin America and Canada at Hewlett-Packard
Muriel Schwab, Chief financial officer of the Gunvor (company) Group.
Brad Smith (DEA 1984), president and chief legal officer, Microsoft
Rafael Tiago Juk Benke, global head of corporate affairs of Brazilian multinational Vale
G. Richard Thoman, American businessman and former president and CEO of Xerox Corporation
Bernard Zen-Ruffinen, president of Europe, Middle East and Africa at Korn Ferry International
Carl Zimmerer, founder and CEO of InterFinanz

 Diplomacy

Rubén González Sosa (DEA), ambassador, under-secretary of foreign affairs, 1971–1976, and acting foreign minister of Mexico, 1970–1975
Walid Abdel Nasser, ambassador of Egypt to the United Nations Office in Geneva
Imran N. Hosein, Islamic scholar-specialist in Islamic Eschatology; foreign service officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago
Ochieng’ Adala, Ambassador of Kenya, executive director of the Africa Peace Forum
Félix Baumann (DEA 1995), ambassador of Switzerland to the United Nations in Geneva
William M. Bellamy (Certificate), Ret. US ambassador
Térence Billeter (DEA), ambassador of Switzerland to China
Jean-Marc Boulgaris (1970), former Swiss ambassador to Colombia and Denmark
Linus von Castelmur (1992), ambassador of Switzerland to India
Shelby Cullom Davis (PhD 1934), US ambassador to Switzerland, 1969–1975; philanthropist
Elyes Ghariani, Tunisian ambassador to Germany
Erwin Hofer (1976), Swiss ambassador to Russia
María Teresa Infante (PhD 1980), Chilean ambassador to the Netherlands
Claude Heller (DEA), ambassador of Mexico to the United Nations
Tamara Kunanayakam (DEA 1982), ambassador of Sri Lanka to the United Nations Office in Geneva; chairperson-rapporteur of the United Nations Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on the Right to Development, Human Rights Council
A.H.M. Moniruzzaman (certificate '89), ambassador of Bangladesh to Belgium, Switzerland, and Luxembourg
Robert G. Neumann (1937), American ambassador and politician
François Nordmann (DEA 1972), Swiss ambassador to France
Assad Omer, ambassador of Afghanistan to France
Marcial Perez Chiriboga (PhD 1965), former ambassador of Venezuela to the US
Michael Reiterer (1985), ambassador of the European Commission to Switzerland
Oswaldo de Rivero, permanent representative of Peru to the United Nations in New York
Jean-Daniel Ruch, ambassador of Switzerland to Israel
Zalman Shoval (DEA 1952), former Israeli ambassador to the US
Luis Solari Tudela, ambassador of Peru to the United Kingdom
Mohamed Ibrahim Shaker (PhD 1975), Egyptian amabassador
Jeno Stahelin, first Swiss Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York
Tuomas Tapio (PhD 2003), Ambassador of Finland to the OECD
Nikolaos Vamvounakis (Diploma 1975), Greek ambassador in Bangkok and non-resident ambassador to Singapore, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar
Christian Wenaweser, ambassador of Liechtenstein to the United Nations

 Law, politics and government

 Heads of state

Micheline Calmy-Rey (Licence 1968), former president of the Swiss Confederation
Kurt Furgler (1948), former president of the Swiss Confederation and member of the Swiss Federal Council
Michel Kafando (1972), interim president of Burkina Faso, 2014–2015
Alpha Oumar Konaré, former president of Mali, 1992–2002; chairperson of the African Union Commission, 2003–2008
Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1980)

 Cabinet ministers

Delia Albert, former secretary of foreign affairs of the Philippines
Lourdes Aranda Bezaury, Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico
Youssouf Bakayoko (Certificate 1971), Foreign Minister of Côte d'Ivoire and ambassador
Davit Bakradze (1998), chairman of the Georgian Parliament and former foreign affairs minister
Sibusiso Bengu (PhD 1974), former minister of education of South Africa; first black vice-chancellor of a South African university (Fort Hare University)
István Bibó (PhD 1935), former minister of state of Hungary
Martin Coiteux (PhD), minister responsible for Government Administration of Quebec; chair of the Treasury Board of Quebec
Joseph Cuthbert, Minister of Education, Culture, External Affairs of Trinidad and Tobago, 1971–1986
Patricia Espinosa (DEA 1987), Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico
Abul Fateh (Fellow 1962–1963), first Foreign Minister of Bangladesh
He Yafei (DEA 1987), Assistant Foreign Minister of China
Manouchehr Ganji (PhD 1960), Iranian human rights activist and former education minister
Bonaya Godana (PhD 1982), Foreign Minister of Kenya, 1998–2001
Parker T. Hart (Certificate 1936), former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs
Jafar Hassan (PhD 2000), Jordanian Minister of Planning and International Cooperation, 2009–2013
Annemarie Huber-Hotz (1975), former federal chancellor of Switzerland, 2000–2007
Sandra Kalniete (1995), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, 2002–2004, current Member of the European Parliament
Patti Londono Jaramillo, deputy foreign minister of Colombia, vice-minister of multilateral affairs, 2010–2013
Paul Martin Sr., former foreign minister of Canada, 1963–1968
Yōichi Masuzoe, former governor of Tokyo, former Japanese Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare, 2007–2009, former member of the Japanese House of Councillors
Omer Tshiunza Mbiye (DEA 1967), former minister of economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Robert McFarlane (Licence), United States National Security Advisor, 1983–1985
Teodor Meleșcanu (PhD 1973), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania, former director of the Foreign Intelligence Service and former minister of defense
Ram Niwas Mirdha, former cabinet minister in India
Kamel Morjane (DEA 1976), minister of public service of Tunisia, former defence minister and foreign minister
Saïd Ben Mustapha, former foreign minister of Tunisia, 1997–1999
Kristiina Ojuland (1992), former foreign minister of Estonia and current Member of the European Parliament
Andrzej Olechowski, former minister of finance and minister of foreign affairs of Poland
Marco Piccinini, former minister of finance and economy of Monaco
Francisco Rivadeneira (1995), Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Integration of Ecuador
Haroldo Rodas (DEA), former foreign minister of Guatemala
Shri Shumsher K. Sheriff, secretary-general of the upper house of the Parliament of India
André Simonazzi (Licence 1992), vice-chancellor of the Swiss Federal Council
Albert Tévoédjrè, former minister of information of Benin
Tôn Thất Thiện (PhD 1963), former cabinet minister and public intellectual in Vietnam
Omar Touray (DEA 1992, PhD 1995), former secretary of foreign affairs of the Gambia
Joseph Tsang Mang Kin, former minister of arts and culture of Mauritius; poet
Henry Tumukunde (MA), former minister of national security in the cabinet of Uganda.

 Judges

Ann Aldrich, United States federal judge
Marc Bossuyt (PhD 1975), member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration
Giorgio Malinverni (PhD 1974), judge at the European Court of Human Rights
Fatsah Ouguergouz (PhD 1991), judge at the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
Christos Rozakis (visiting scholar 1985–1986), first vice-president of the European Court of Human Rights
Max Sørensen (PhD 1946), former judge at the European Court of Justice, 1973–1979, and the European Court of Human Rights, 1980–1981
Nina Vajić (DEA), judge at the European Court of Human Rights
Abdulqawi Yusuf (PhD 1980), president of the International Court of Justice

 Members of Parliament

Rep. Michael D. Barnes (DEA 1966), US Congressman, 1979–1987
Tarcísio Burity, former governor of Paraíba, Brazil
Jacques-Simon Eggly, Swiss Member of Parliament
Mauricio Mulder (DEA 1985), member of Peruvian Congress
Jacques Myard (PhD), member of the National Assembly of France
Hans-Gert Pöttering (PhD), former president of the European Parliament, 2007–2009
Meta Ramsay, Baroness Ramsay of Cartvale, former British intelligence officer and member of House of Lords
Emrys Roberts, president of the British Liberal Party, 1963–1964
Henri Schmitt, Swiss Member of Parliament and Member of the European Parliament
Alexandra Thein, German politician and Member of the European Parliament

 Public officials

Luis Marco Aguiriano Nalda (Licence), Secretary of State for the European Union
Shara L. Aranoff (Fulbright 1984–1985), chairman of the U.S. International Trade Commission
Tennent H. Bagley (PhD 1950), Deputy Chief of the CIA's Soviet Bloc Division during the 1960s; author
Signe Krogstrup (PhD), assistant governor and head of economics and monetary policy at Danmarks Nationalbank.
Andréa Maechler (DEA 1994), Swiss National Bank's first female board member; Deputy Division Chief in the International Monetary Fund's Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Jean-Pierre Roth (PhD 1975), former chairman of the Swiss National Bank
Robert-Jan Smits, director-general for research at the European Commission
Marcelo Zabalaga (1977), president of the Central Bank of Bolivia

 United Nations and international organisations

Arnauld Antoine Akodjènou (PhD '88), head of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)
Catarina de Albuquerque, UN Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation
Hédi Annabi, former special representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Haiti
Anthony Banbury  (DEA 1993), United Nations assistant secretary-general for field support, deputy ebola coordinator and operation crisis manager
Marcel André Boisard (PhD), under-secretary general to the United Nations and former executive director of United Nations Institute for Training and Research
Arthur E. Dewey, former assistant UN secretary-general
Arthur Dunkel, director-general of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 1980–1993
Rafael Grossi, director-general of the International Atomic Energy Agency
Kamil Idris (PhD 1964), director-general of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 1997–2008
C. Wilfred Jenks, director-general of the International Labour Organization, 1970–1973
Jakob Kellenberger (1974–1975), president of the ICRC, 2000–2012
Pierre Krähenbühl, commissioner-general of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
Olivier Long (PhD 1943), director-general of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1968–1980
Carlos Lopes (DEA), UN under secretary-general and executive secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa
Jonathan Lucas (PhD 1998), head of the International Narcotics Control Board
Jacques Moreillon (PhD 1971), former director-general of the ICRC
Cornelio Sommaruga (PED 1961), former president of the ICRC from 1987 to 1999.
Eric Suy, UN under secretary-general for legal affairs and director-general of the European Office of the United Nations in Geneva
Mervat Tallawy, Egyptian politician, former UN under-secretary and executive secretary of ESCWA
Laura Thompson Chacón (DEA), deputy director-general of the International Organization for Migration and Costa Rican Ambassador
Sérgio Vieira de Mello, former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
René-Jean Wilhelm (PhD 1983), co-author of the Geneva Conventions
Ralph Zacklin, UN assistant secretary-general for legal affairs

 Academia

 Economics

Victoria Curzon-Price (PhD), economist and former director of the Mont Pelerin Society
Paul Demeny (1957), economist who pioneered the concept of Demeny voting
Paul Dembinski, scholar specialized on finance and ethics
Rüdiger Dornbusch (Licence 1966), international economics scholar at MIT
Marcus Fleming, Scottish economist, former deputy director of the research department of the International Monetary Fund
Rikard Forslid (PhD 1994), professor of economics at Stockholm University
Asher Hobson (PhD 1931), agricultural economist
Urban Jermann (PhD 1994), professor of international finance at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
Lewis Webster Jones, president of the University of Arkansas, 1947–1951; president of Rutgers University, 1951–1958
Karl William Kapp (PhD 1936), founding father of ecological economics and a leading institutional economist
Gianmarco Ottaviano (Diploma 1994), professor of economics at the London School of Economics and Political Science
Smita Srinivas, economics development professor at Columbia University

 History

Norma Breda Dos Santos, professor of history at the Institute of International Relations at the University of Brasilia
Cary Fraser, historian of international relations; president of the University of Guyana
Saul Friedländer (PhD 1963), Israeli historian of Germany and Jewish history at UCLA, winner of the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction
Piero Gleijeses (PhD 1972), Italian historian of U.S. foreign relations at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), best known for his scholarly studies of Cuban foreign policy under Fidel Castro
Robert A. Graham (PhD 1952), Jesuit, church historian and authority on papal diplomacy
Peter Hruby (PhD 1978), historian of central and eastern Europe
William Lazonick (PhD 1975), business historian, winner of the 2010 Schumpeter Prize
John Joseph Mathews, historian who became one of the Osage Nation's most important spokespeople and writers
Arno J. Mayer, Luxembourg-born American Marxist historian, Dayton-Stockton Professor Emeritus of History at Princeton University
Gerhard Menk (1969), German historian and honorary professor at the University of Giessen
Miklós Molnár (PhD 1963), Hungarian historian
Boris Mouravieff (PhD 1951), Russian historian
André Reszler (Licence 1958, PhD 1966), scholar of the history of ideas
Davide Rodogno (PhD 2001), professor of international history and head of the International History Department at the Graduate Institute

 International law

Georges Abi-Saab (PhD), Egyptian international law specialist
Jean Allain (PhD), professor of international law and associate dean, Monash University's faculty of law.
Bartram S. Brown (PhD), professor of international law, member of the Council on Foreign Relations and member of the board of directors of Amnesty International, USA
Laurence Boisson de Chazournes (PhD 1991), professor of international law at the University of Geneva
Michael Bothe (diploma 1966), professor of public law, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, and chair of the Commission for International Humanitarian Law
Ion Diaconu, professor of international law at the University of Bucharest
Cleopatra Doumbia-Henry, president of the World Maritime University
Willem Thomas Eijsbouts (DEA 1971), professor of European law at Leiden University
Ossip K. Flechtheim, German jurist credited with coining the term "Futurology"
Robert Kolb (PhD 1998), professor of international law at the University of Geneva
Frédéric Mégret, professor of international law at McGill University, Canada Research Chair in the Law of Human Rights and Legal Pluralism
Steven Ratner (DEA), professor of international law at the University of Michigan's International Institute
Cesare P.R. Romano, international law professor at Loyola Law School Los Angeles
Lyal S. Sunga (PhD 1991), ex-OHCHR official; affiliated professor, Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law; special advisor on human rights and humanitarian law, International Development Law Organization; Head, Rule of Law programme, The Hague Institute for Global Justice; human rights, humanitarian law, and international criminal law expert
Jorge E. Viñuales (Licence and DEA), Harold Samuel Professor of Law and Environmental Policy at the University of Cambridge
Patricia K. Wouters, founding director of the Dundee UNESCO Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science and professor of international law at the University of Dundee

 International relations and political science

Pontus Braunerhjelm (PhD 1994), professor of economics at the Royal Institute of Technology
Andrew W. Cordier (1930–1931), former president of Columbia University, 1968–1970
Wolfgang F. Danspeckgruber (PhD 1994), Austrian political scientist at Princeton University, expert on self-determination
Marwa Daoudy (PhD), assistant professor of international relations specializing in the Middle East at Georgetown University
André Donneur (PhD 1967), Canadian political scientist
Osita C. Eze (PhD 1975), former director-general of the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs
A.J.R. Groom (PhD), professor emeritus of international relations, University of Kent at Canterbury
Sieglinde Gstöhl (PhD 1988), director of the department of EU international relations at the College of Europe in Bruges
Thierry Hentsch (PhD 1967), Swiss-Canadian political philosopher
John H. Herz (Diploma 1938), American scholar of international relations and law
Shireen Hunter (PhD 1983), research professor at Georgetown University, member of the Council on Foreign Relations and scholar on Iran
Dimitri Kitsikis (1962), Greek Turkologist
Bahgat Korany (PhD 1974), fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and professor at the American University in Cairo; winner of the International Studies Association's 2015 Distinguished Scholar Award
Urs Luterbacher (PhD 1974), political scientist specializing in game theory
Zidane Meriboute (PhD 1983), SOAS scholar specializing in Islam
Kristen Monroe (junior year), American political scientist specializing in political psychology and ethics
Hans Joachim Morgenthau (post-graduate work 1932), leading political scientist of international relations
Philippe Regnier (PhD 1986), professor at the School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa
Philippe C. Schmitter (Licence 1961), emeritus professor of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute
Pierre de Senarclens (PhD 1973), international relations theorist
Hsueh Shou-sheng (Licence, PhD 1953), vice-chancellor of Nanyang University in Singapore, 1972–1975 and founding rector of the University of Macau
Peter Uvin, professor of government at Claremont McKenna College
Thomas G. Weiss, international relations scholar recognized as an authority on the United Nations system, professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York
Francis O. Wilcox, former dean of the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies
Andrew Williams, British professor of international relations, University of St Andrews

 Linguistics

George W. Grace (Licence 1948), linguist specializing in Oceanic languages of Melanesia

 Broadcasting, journalism and literature

Frédéric Bastien (PhD), Canadian author and historian
Robert Albert Bauer (1931), anti-Nazi radio broadcaster with Voice of America
René Cruse, French public intellectual, writer
Carlos Fuentes (1950), Mexican novelist, essayist and former diplomat
Eric Hoesli, Swiss journalist
Michel Jeanneret (Licence), editor-in-chief of L'IllustréElizabeth Jensen (DES '83), ombudsman and public editor of NPR
Beat Kappeler (PhD 1970), Swiss journalist
Helen Kirkpatrick (DEA), American war correspondent during the Second World War
Esther Mamarbachi (DEA 1992), Swiss broadcast journalist
Selim Matar, Iraqi novelist and sociologist
Derek B. Miller (PhD 2004), American novelist
Malika Nedir (Diploma), Swiss news anchor
Jean-Pierre Péroncel-Hugoz (PhD 1974), French journalist and essayist
Nicolas Rossier (1995), American filmmaker and reporter
Pierre Ruetschi (Licence '83), Swiss journalist
Jon Woronoff (Licence 1965), American writer and East Asian specialist

 Nobility

Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza and pretender to the throne of Portugal
Princess Nora of Liechtenstein
Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

 Public policy

Allison Anderson (DEA), former director of the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies
Antony Alcock (PhD 1968), Ulster Unionist politician
Svein Andresen (PhD), secretary-general of the Financial Stability Board
James Bevan (MA), founder of Conflict Armament Research
Jennifer Blanke (PhD 2005), Chief Economist, World Economic Forum
Pontus Braunerhjelm (PhD 1994), secretary-general of the Swedish government's Globalization Council
Julius E. Coles, former president of Africare
Laurent Goetschel, director of swisspeace
Stephanie T. Kleine-Ahlbrandt (DEA), Asia-Pacific director at United States Institute of Peace and Council on Foreign Relations scholar
Edward Kossoy (PhD 1975), Polish lawyer and activist for victims of Nazism
Gerhart M. Riegner, secretary-general of the World Jewish Congress, 1965–1983; in 1942, he sent the so-called Riegner Telegram
Riadh Sidaoui, Tunisian political scientist and director of Geneva's Centre Arabe de Recherches et d'Analyses Politiques et Sociales
Hernando de Soto, Peruvian economist and president of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy
Matthias Stiefel, founder of Interpeace
Trevin Stratton (PhD 2013), chief economist of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce
Fred Tanner (Licence), ambassador and former director of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy
John Ulanga (DPP 2013), executive director of the Foundation for Civil Society, Tanzania
Tek Vannara (DPP 2007), executive director of the NGO Forum on Cambodia
Scott Vaughan (IEP 2014), president and chief executive officer of the International Institute for Sustainable Development
Willem de Vogel (Licence), chairman of The Jamestown Foundation
René Wadlow, president and representative to the UN of the Association of World Citizens
Laure Waridel , Canadian social activist, writer and executive director of the Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en opérationnalisation du développement durable (CIRODD)
Leicester Chisholm Webb, Australian political scientist, public servant and journalist
Béatrice Wertli (licence), secretary-general of the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland
Theodor H. Winkler (Licence 1977, PhD 1981), director of the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
Samuel A. Worthington (Fulbright 1985), CEO of InterAction
Saadia Zahidi, head of Gender Parity and Human Capital of the World Economic Forum

 Other

Jack Fahy, US government official and suspected spy during World War II
Jacques Piccard, deep-sea explorer and inventor
Kathryn Wasserman Davis, American philanthropist

 Academic awards and prizes conferred

The Paul Guggenheim Prize in International Law is sponsored by the University of Geneva in 1979, and is awarded to young practitioners of international law on a biannual basis.

 Notable faculty

 Former Faculty

Georges Abi-Saab – International law specialist, currently chairman of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization.
Maurice Allais – French economist and recipient of the 1988 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.
Lucius Caflisch – Swiss international law specialist, member of the United Nations International Law Commission.
Kemal Dervis – professor of economics, former head of the United Nations Development Programme and former minister of economic affairs of Turkey.
Saul Friedländer –  Israeli historian of Germany and Jewish history at UCLA, 2008 Pulitzer Prize recipient.
Paul Guggenheim - Swiss international jurist.
Harry Gordon Johnson –  Canadian economist who made many contributions to the development of Hecksher-Ohlin theory.
Friedrich von Hayek –  Prominent Austrian school economist, co-recipient of the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.
Hans Kelsen – Noted international jurist and legal philosopher.
Dimitri Kitsikis – Noted Greek Turkologist.
Olivier Long – Swiss international law specialist and former director-general of the GATT (1968–80).
Patrick Low – Chief Economist at the World Trade Organization.
Theodor Meron – Former president of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Ludwig von Mises – Prominent Austrian school economist, philosopher, and classical liberal.
Robert Mundell – Canadian international economist and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.
Gunnar Myrdal –  Swedish economist and co-recipient of the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.
William Rappard – economic historian, director of the League of Nations Mandate Section (1920–1925), and Swiss delegate to the ILO (1945–1956).
Wilhelm Röpke – International economics and spiritual father of the German social market economy.
Jacob Viner – Canadian international economics and early member of the Chicago School of Economics.
Jean Ziegler – Swiss sociologist, author and public intellectual.

 Current Faculty

Jean-Louis Arcand – professor of international economics, director of the Centre for Finance and Development
Richard Baldwin – acclaimed international trade economist
José Manuel Barroso – Visiting professor, chairman at Goldman Sachs International., the 11th president of the European Commission (2004–14) and the 115th Prime Minister of Portugal (2002–2004).
Thomas J. Biersteker – Curt Gasteyger Professor of International Security, Council on Foreign Relations scholar and former director of the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University.
Gilles Carbonnier – professor of development economics and vice-president of the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Andrew Clapham  professor of international law, former representative of Amnesty International at the United Nations, and former adviser on international humanitarian law to the Special Representative of the UN secretary-general in Iraq.
Tim Flannery – Segré Foundation Distinguished Visiting Professor, Australian of the Year 2007, mammalogist, palaeontologist, environmentalist and former chief commissioner of the Federal Climate Commission.
Michael Goebel – Holder of the Pierre du Bois Chair Europe and the World.
Jakob Kellenberger – Visiting professor, former head of the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Ilona Kickbusch – Adjunct professor, leading thinker in the fields of health promotion and global health.
Robert B. Koopman – Adjunct professor and chief economist of the World Trade Organization.
Nico Krisch – professor of international law specializing in constitutional theory, and global governance.
Keith Krause – professor of international relations, director of the Small Arms Survey.
Jussi Hanhimäki – professor of international history, recipient of the 2002 Bernath Prize for his book The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy.
Susanna Hecht – professor of international history whose early work on the deforestation of the Amazon led to the founding of the subfield of political ecology.
Anna Leander – professor of international relations well known for her work in critical security studies and international political sociology.
Giacomo Luciani – Leading scholar on the geopolitics of energy.
Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou – professor of international history, former foreign minister of Mauritania and acclaimed Al Qaeda specialist.
Nicolas Michel – honorary professor of international law, former under-secretary-general for legal affairs and United Nations legal counsel.
Alessandro Monsutti – Leading expert on the Hazaras.
Ugo Panizza – Pictet Professor of Development and Finance.
Joost Pauwelyn – professor of international law, famous scholar in WTO law and public international law.
Timothy Swanson – André Hoffmann Professor of Environmental Economics.
Jordi Tejel – professor of international history specialized in Kurdish state-building and Syrian Kurds.
Jorge E. Viñuales – Adjunct professor of environmental law and Harold Samuel Professor of Law and Environmental Policy at the University of Cambridge.
Beatrice Weder di Mauro – professor of international macroeconomics and president of the Centre for Economic Policy Research
Charles Wyplosz –  professor of international economics, regular columnist in the Financial Times, Le Monde, Libération, Le Figaro, Finanz und Wirtschaft, and Handelsblatt.

 References

 Bibliography The Graduate Institute of International Studies Geneva: 75 years of service towards peace through learning and research in the field of international relations'', The Graduate Institute, 2002.

External links

 01
Category:Universities and colleges in Switzerland
Category:Maison de la Paix
Category:Research institutes in Switzerland
Category:Schools of international relations
Category:Educational institutions established in 1927
Category:1927 establishments in Switzerland


Deivathin Deivam

Deivathin Deivam () is 1962 Indian, Tamil Drama film, written and directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan, with music by G. Ramanathan. It stars S. S. Rajendran, C. R. Vijayakumari, Kumari Manimala and S. V. Ranga Rao in the lead roles.

Cast

 S. S. Rajendran
 C. R. Vijayakumari
 Kumari Manimala
 S. V. Ranga Rao
 M. V. Rajamma
 T. K. Balachandran
 N. N. Kannappa
 Nagesh
 Manorama
 K. Natarajan
 Sandhiya
 R. M. Sethupathi
 Radha Bai
 A. M. Maruthappa
 Udaya Chandrika
 Karikol Raju

Dance
Geetanjali (Song:Kannan Mananilaiyai)

Crew
 Art: P. Anagmuthu
 Stills: P. K. Natarajan
 Publicity: Elegant
 Process: V. D. S. Sundaram by Vijaya Lab
 Audiography (dialogue): G. Mohan
 Audiography (Song): P. V. Kodieswara Rao
 Choreography: Vempatti Sathiyam and B. Jayaraman

Production
The film was heavily inspired by the short story Jadam by Bila Hari, that was published in Ananda Vikatan Magazine.

Soundtrack
Music by was G. Ramanathan and lyrics were written by Subramania Bharathi, Kannadasan, A. Maruthakasi, Panju Arunachalam, Ra. Pazhanisamy and Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam.Kannan Mananilayai thangame thangam song - a ragamallika, the first ragam name being Abheri Playback singers are S. Janaki, P. Susheela, Renuka, T. M. Soundararajan, P. B. Srinivas and A. L. Raghavan. The song Kannanum Driver-um Onnu was released only on gramophone record.

Reception
The film had a fairly successful run and Vijayakumari as Kanmani excels, while S. S. Rajendran is equally brilliant with his dialogue delivery. Kumari Manimala, popular in Telugu cinema, is impressive too. Nagesh and Manorama provide comedy relief, while S. V. Ranga Rao is his usual debonair self as the rich man.

Trivia
The film was G. Ramanathan's last completed film. He died of a heart attack in the midst of composing for his next film Arunagirinathar (film). T. R. Papa completed it.

References

External links

Category:1962 films
Category:1960s Tamil-language films
Category:Indian black-and-white films
Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan
Category:Films set in 1962
Category:1960s drama films
Category:Indian films
Category:Films based on short fiction
Category:Indian drama films
Category:Films about women in India
Category:Films about Indian weddings
Category:Films about widowhood in India


Kerman

Kerman (; also romanized as Kermān, Kermun, and Kirman), also known as Carmania, is the capital city of Kerman Province, Iran.  At the 2011 census, its population was 821,394, in 221,389 households, making it the 10th most populous city of Iran.

It is the largest and most developed city in Kerman Province and the most important city in the southeast of Iran. It is also one of the largest cities of Iran in terms of area. Kerman is famous for its long history and strong cultural heritage. The city is home to many historic mosques and Zoroastrian fire temples. Kerman became the capital city of Iranian dynasties several times during its history. It is located on a large, flat plain, 800 km (500 mi) south-east of Tehran, the capital of Iran.

History

Kerman was founded as a defensive outpost, with the name Veh-Ardashir, by Ardashir I, founder of the Sasanian Empire, in the 3rd century AD. After the Battle of Nahāvand in 642, the city came under Muslim rule. At first the city's relative isolation allowed Kharijites and Zoroastrians to thrive there, but the Kharijites were wiped out in 698, and the population was mostly Muslim by 725. Already in the eighth century the city was famous for its manufacture of cashmere wool shawls and other textiles. The Abbasid Caliphate's authority over the region was weak, and power passed in the tenth century to the Buyid dynasty, which maintained control even when the region and city fell to Mahmud of Ghazni in the late tenth century. The name Kerman was adopted at some point in the tenth century.

Under the rule of the Seljuq Turks in the 11th and 12th centuries, Kerman remained virtually independent, conquering Oman and Fars. When Marco Polo visited Kerman in 1271, it had become a major trade emporium linking the Persian Gulf with Khorasan and Central Asia. Subsequently, however, the city was sacked many times by various invaders. Kerman expanded rapidly during the Safavid dynasty. Carpets and rugs were exported to England and Germany during this period.

In 1793 Lotf Ali Khan defeated the Qajars, and in 1794 he captured Kerman. But soon after he was besieged in Kerman for six months by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar. When the city fell to Agha Mohammad Khan, angered by the popular support that Lotf Ali Khan had received,many of the male inhabitants were killed or blinded, and a pile was made out of 20,000 detached eyeballs and poured in front of the victorious Agha Mohammad Khan. Many women and children were sold into slavery, and in ninety days the city turned into ruins. However, the Zoroastrians of Kerman who had been strong supporters of Lotf Ali Khan suffered the wrath of the founder of Qajar dynasty the most during this period.

The present city of Kerman was rebuilt in the 19th century to the northwest of the old city, but the city did not return to its former size until the 20th century.

Geography
Kerman is located on a high margin of Kavir-e Lut (Lut Desert) in the south-central part of Iran. The city is surrounded by mountains. Kerman is also located along the Saheb Al Zman mountain. The city is 1,755 m (5,758 ft) above sea level, making it third in elevation among provincial capitals in Iran. Winter brings very cold nights to Kerman. Mountains in the south and southeast Jftan Joopar and Plvar and Kerman have snow all year round. Kerman is located at latitude 30.29 and longitude 57.06.

Climate
Kerman has a cold desert climate (BWk, according to the Köppen climate classification), with hot summers and cool to cold winters. Precipitation is scarce throughout the year.

The city's many districts are surrounded by mountains that bring variety to Kerman's year-round weather pattern. The northern part of the city is located in an arid desert area, while the highland of the southern part of the city enjoys a more moderate climate. The mean elevation of the city is about  above sea level.

The city of Kerman has a moderate climate. The average annual rainfall is 142 mm. Otherwise, its climate is relatively cool (by Iranian standards).

Geological characteristics
For Iranian paleontologists, Kerman has always been considered a fossil paradise. The discovery of new dinosaur footprints in 2005 renewed hopes for better understanding the history of this area.

Economy

The economy of Kerman is mostly based on farming, notably nut farming and also mining. Sarchashmeh Copper mine is the second biggest copper mine in the world after the one located in Chile. Pistachios are an important part of the economy in Kerman, with Kerman Province being the largest producer of pistachios in Iran and the world.

Carpet weaving is one of the main industries of the city, and the carpets produced there are renowned internationally. Carpet weaving is a very old tradition in Kerman. The oldest carpet discovered in Kerman, dates from about 500 years ago. Cotton textiles and goats-wool shawls are also manufactured.

A number of modern establishments such as textile mills and brickworks also have been constructed. The province's mineral wealth includes copper and coal.

Culture

Kerman is among several cities in Iran with a strong cultural heritage, which is expressed in the local accent, poetry, local music, handicrafts and customs that Kerman has introduced to the world.

The only anthropology Iran museum of Zoroastrians in the world, which showcases the ancient history of Zoroastrians, is in Kerman’s Fire Temple. The idea of launching the museum along with the library of Kerman’s Zoroastrian Society came to light in 1983, when the head of the society, Parviz Vakhashouri, and the former head of the library, Mehran Gheibi, collected cultural heritage artifacts of Kerman’s Zoroastrian community. These two officials added many other objects to this collection. The museum was officially inaugurated during Jashn-e Tirgan in 2005 by Iran’s Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO).

Jashn-e Tirgan or Tiregan is an ancient Iranian rain festival observed on July 1. The festivity refers to archangel Tir (literally meaning arrow) or Tishtar (lightning), who appear in the sky to generate thunder and lightning for providing much needed rain.

The Sadeh ceremony is celebrated every year in Kerman.

Also, the archeological ancient areas of Jiroft and Tappe Yahya Baft are located south of Kerman. Rayen Castle is also located in Rayen town, southeast of Kerman.

Some of the handicrafts and souvenirs of the province of Kerman are traditional embroidery known as pateh, carpets, rugs, jajeems, Kilims (a coarse carpet), satchels, and other hand woven articles. Caraway seeds and pistachio of Rafsanjan and Kerman are best of the main items of this province.

Demography
The people of Kerman are Persians, and most are  Muslims (Both Sunni and Shi'a). Kerman has a small but culturally significant Zoroastrian minority.

The population of the city in 1996 was 385,000 and in 2006 was 515,414; the current population is 621,374, including 312,873 male and 308,501 female.

Population development
Some of these figures are estimates only, official census results are indicated with (¹).

¹ official census results

Government
Politics in Kerman are influenced by the former President Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, his brother and Vice President Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani and Hossein Marashi, both from nearby Rafsanjan. Mohammad Javad Bahonar was born in Kerman. He was an Iranian scholar, Shiite theologian and politician who served as the Prime minister of Iran from 15to 30August 1981 when he was assassinated by Mujahideen-e Khalq (MEK).

Colleges and universities
 Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman is one of Iran's technological institutions.
 Kerman University of Medical Sciences is the 8th largest medical university in Iran.
 Kerman Graduate University of Technology is a graduate-level degree-granting institution.
 Shahid Chamran Technical College of Kerman
 Payam Noor University of Kerman
 Islamic Azad University of Kerman
 Kerman Khaje-Nasir Higher Education Center

Sport
The city is home to many athletic teams representing different sports. Mes Kerman is the major football team of the city. It was promoted to Iran's top league, the Persian Gulf Pro League, in the 2005–06 season. The team is named after and sponsored by Kerman's copper industries. This team has a history of participating in the AFC Champions League. The team now competes in the Azadegan League. Also, many famous soccer players were born in Kerman.

MES handball team is in the top league.
MES cycling team is in the top league of cycling in the country.
MES chess team is in the first league of the country.
The city's baseball team, known as the Boshra Baseball Academy, won the country's baseball cup for the first time in 2013.

In October 2013, Kerman was host to the qualifying Group D of AFC U-19 Championship 2014.

Kerman sport venues

15,000-seat Shahid Bahonar Stadium
30,000-seat dedicated MES soccer team stadium (under construction)
Salimi Kia Stadium
Sports Complex of Imam Ali
Sirch Ski Resort
Kerman Horseback Riding Club
International Kart racing track: This track is one of the most standard Kart racing tracks in Iran.
international Large track cycling (under construction)

Media
Kerman is the media hub of the Kerman Province. Several newspapers are published in the city, such as Kerman Emruz (Kerman Today) and Bidari. Hadis–Pasargad is a weekly newspaper. Kerman has a 24-hour TV channel known as the Kerman Channel or Channel 5. The city also has a radio station.

Transportation

Kerman is on the Tehran, Bandar Abbas and Zahedan route. Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani Airport is considered one of Iran's main airports. It has daily and weekly flights to Tehran, Ahwaz, Yazd, Esfahan, Bandar Abbas, Mashhad and Shiraz. Also, the Trans-Iranian Railway passes through this city. Kerman's newly built bus terminus, Adineh, opened in May 2013.

Mahan Air airline
The international company Mahan Air was established in 1992 and has its headquarters in Kerman. Flights between Kerman and the remotest parts of Iran and the world are handled by Mahan Air.

Metro
Kerman's Metro had been approved by the government cabinet and was meant to cover large parts of the metropolitan area in Kerman, but the project's operations were cancelled due to several issues. Later it was heard that a tram project would replace the Metro project, but this project has not been launched yet.

Chabahar–Zahedan Railway
In May 2016, during Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's trip to Iran, agreement was signed to develop two berths at Port of Chabahar and to build new Chabahar–Zahedan railway, as part of North–South Transport Corridor, by Indian Railways' public sector unit Ircon International.

The establishment of the port of Chabahar's connection to the country’s railway plan, is under study and consideration. With the completion of the Kerman–Zahedan railway and its connection to the port of Chabahar, this port will connect to the Trans-Iranian Railway.

Health

Kerman is one of the leading cities in Iran in the field of health and many people from neighboring provinces such as Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan  visit the city for medical care.

The city has several hospitals. The well known ones are: Afzalipour hospital, Doctor Bahonar Hospital, Raziye Firoz Hospital, and Mehregan Hospital.

Famous people

 Al-Mahani (9th century mathematician and astronomer)
 Khwaju Kermani (14th century poet from the 14th century)
 Shah Nimatullah Wali (14th century Sufi Master and poet)
 Ganj Ali Khan (16th century Kurdish governor of Kerman. Responsible for defining Kerman's historic center and architectural style with the many buildings erected during his reign). See also: Ganjali Khan Complex
 Mirza Reza Kermani (Iranian revolutionary who assassinated the Shah of Persia)
 Qasem Soleimani (Commander of the Qods Force, a division of the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps)
 Mohammad Javad Bahonar (the Prime minister of Iran from 15 to 30 August 1981 when he was assassinated by Mujahideen-e Khalq)
 Mohammad-Reza Bahonar (the conservative First Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Iran)
 Mohammad Mehdi Zahedi (the former Iranian minister of Science and Technology and Mathematics full professor)
 Majid Namjoo (Iranian politician who was the Minister of Energy in the 9th government)
 Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi
 Houshang Moradi Kermani (writer)
 Muhammad Ali Sheikh Bahaei (Son of the temporary Imam of Friday prayer)
 Ilya Salmanzadeh, Swedish-Iranian music producer
 Keikhosrow Shahrokh
 Peyman Soltani, conductor of Melal Orchestra
 Saeed Nafisi (writer)
 Arash Borhani (soccer player)
 Zahra Nemati (paralympic archery gold medallist at the 2012 Summer Paralympics)
 Roohollah Khaleghi
 Ali Movahedi-Kermani
 Mahnaz Afkhami (founder and president of Women's Learning Partnership (WLP) )
 Ahmad Madani (Iranian politician, Commander of Iranian Navy (1979))
 Dr. Javad Nurbakhsh, previous Master of the Nimatullahi Sufi Order)
 Ahmadreza Ahmadi
 Mozzafar Baghai
 Ali Akbar Abdolrashidi
 Parviz Shahriari (mathematician, author, translator and political activist)
 Tahereh Saffarzadeh, poet and writer

Gallery

Surrounding municipalities

See also

 Kerman Bazaar
 Kerman carpet
 Ganjali_Khan_Bathroom
 List of Safavid governors of Kerman
 Shazdeh Garden
 Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
 Jabalieh
 Pateh
 Arg e Bam(bam castle)

References

Bibliography

External links

 Google Map: Kerman
 Kerman's Weather
 Kerman's city map
 Mahan Air
 Kerman's portal
 Kerman's tourist portal
 Kerman Disaster Management Center
 Kerman's job agency
 Kerman Zoroastrian Association
 Kerman Travel Video

Category:Tourist attractions in Iran
Category:Populated places in Kerman County
Category:Cities in Kerman Province


1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion

The 1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion (1 NGIB) was a battalion of the Australian Army during World War II. One of four infantry battalions raised in New Guinea, 1 NGIB was formed in March 1944. In late 1944, the battalion began deploying company-sized elements in support of combat operations on Bougainville, New Britain and on mainland New Guinea. It later became part of the Pacific Islands Regiment before being disbanded in June 1946.

History
Earlier efforts by the Australian Army to raise infantry from local Papuan and New Guinean personnel for service against the Japanese during World War II had resulted in the creation of the Papuan Infantry Battalion (PIB) in 1940. This unit had first seen combat in 1942, and as a result of its successes in November 1943 the Australian Army authorised the establishment of another battalion, recruited from New Guinea. This battalion, the 1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, was formed in March 1944 in the territory of New Guinea. Formed as part of the Australian Army, its soldiers were primarily natives of New Guinea, under the command of Australian officers and NCOs. The New Guinea battalions each had an establishment of about 77 Europeans and 550 native soldiers. Its roles included reconnaissance, harassment and mopping up operations.

Although it was raised late in the war the battalion would ultimately serve in a number of the Allied campaigns in New Guinea, including during the offensives on New Britain and Bougainville. After forming in the Markham Valley, the battalion concentrated at Camp Diddy, located near Nadzab in August 1944, where they were formed into several rifle companies, which were supported by a depot company for training purposes. In November 1944, the PIB along with the 1st and 2nd New Guinea Infantry Battalions were amalgamated to form the Pacific Islands Regiment. Further units would later be raised as the role of New Guinea troops was to be expanded. The 3rd and 4th New Guinea Infantry Battalions joined the Pacific Islands Regiment in 1945, although 4 NGIB was soon disbanded. A further battalion, the 5th New Guinea Infantry Battalion—although authorised—was never raised.

The battalion's operations were devolved down to company level, and in November 1944 the battalion began deploying its companies in support of combat operations. The majority of the battalion was deployed in support of operations on New Britain. 'B' Company deployed there in November, and was joined by 'D' Company the following month. 'B' Company was assigned the southern sector around Jacquinot Bay, patrolling towards Wide Bay in support of the 6th Brigade, while 'D' Company undertook the drive on the northern coast towards Open Bay alongside the 36th Battalion as the Australians established a defensive line between Wide Bay and Open Bay, to confine the Japanese to their base around Rabaul. From March 1945, offensive operations were curtailed and largely focused upon collecting information.  Around this time, advanced elements of battalion headquarters moved from Diddy Camp to Rile.

Elsewhere,  'A' Company was sent to Bougainville in November 1944, initially concentrating around Cape Torokina. Several platoons were sent to support the 29th Brigade's southern drive towards Buin, carrying out reconnaissance and patrol operations, while another platoon supported the 11th Brigade in the centre of the island along the Numa-Numa trail. As these brigades were in turn rotated to the rear for rest, the platoons continued to support the replacement brigades (the 7th, 15th and 23rd). 1 NGIB troops were involved in numerous small scale skirmishes during the course of the campaign. In December 1944 alone, these patrols killed 41 Japanese and captured eight others in several engagements, while the battalion also detached guides to the Australian infantry battalions, earning a reputation of being able move silently through the bush and locate Japanese patrols and ambushes. Close to the end of the month, a patrol crossed the Adele River to form a base for further operations, and then held off a Japanese attack around the Hupai River, before withdrawing towards Tavera. In late January 1945, a long range patrol was moved by sea to Motupena Point, from where they attacked a Japanese outpost.  The following month, a patrol exploited towards Mosigetta. On 29 March 1945, a platoon from 1 NGIB attacked a Japanese camp around Buritsiotorara, killing seven Japanese with machine gun fire and grenades. The next day, the platoon exploited further along the Wakunai River to Aviang, where another three Japanese were killed.

The battalion undertook operations on Bougainville until May 1945, when the PIB relieved 'A' Company, which was subsequently sent to New Britain to join other elements of the battalion. Meanwhile, 'C' Company moved to Salamaua in November 1944, and carried out patrols around Hansa Bay, looking for small pockets of Japanese resistance that had been left behind following the main operation to clear the area, before linking up with the 8th Brigade to patrol around the Sepik River. Detachments were also contributed to the Australian troops holding Annanberg. The area was relatively quiet during this time, although there were some raids by Japanese troops on the forward areas around Marangis. On 19 January 1945, a 1 NGIB patrol attacked a platoon-sized Japanese force around Bosman, killing 22 and capturing a large quantity small arms and a machine gun. Over the period of two months, patrol operations by Australians and New Guineans resulted in 91 Japanese being killed. In March 1945, the company was transferred to Jacquinot Bay on New Britain, travelling from Madang to join the rest of the battalion.

Battalion headquarters main arrived on New Britain in June 1945 and established itself around the Tol Plantation. During this time, the battalion was under the command of the 5th Division, but was later transferred to the 11th Division. Upon their arrival, 'A' Company concentrated around Wide Bay with 'B' Company, while 'C' Company linked up with 'D' Company at the Mavelo Plantation around Open Bay. Operations continued until the fighting came to an end in mid-August 1945. The final months of the battalion's service on New Britain saw some unrest amongst the soldiers over pay and treatment, which later resulted in criticism from the unit's commander about how the troops had been employed on New Britain. Following the end of the war, the demobilisation process began and the battalion disbanded in June 1946.

Battle honours
World War II: Liberation of Australian New Guinea.

Commanding officers
The following officers commanded the battalion during the war:
 Major W.M. Edwards (1944)
 Lieutenant Colonel B.G. Dawson (1944–1945)
 Lieutenant Colonel J.S. Jones (1945)

Decorations
Members of 1 NGIB received the following decorations:
3 Military Medals (MM)
6 Mentioned in Despatches (MID)

Casualties
The battalion's casualties amounted to:
15 killed, 1 missing, 17 died, 25 wounded.

Notes

References

External links

Australia-Japan research project
Australian War Memorial – Pacific Islands Regiment

N
Category:Military units and formations of Papua New Guinea
Category:Military units and formations established in 1944
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
Category:Infantry units and formations of Australia
Category:Papua New Guinea in World War II


Andrea Mainardi

Andrea Mainardi, also known as il Chiaveghino, (active 1590–1613) was an Italian painter of the late-Renaissance period, active in Cremona.

Mainardi and his nephew Marcantonio, were pupils of  Bernardino Campi in Cremona. He painted the main altarpiece depicting Christ healing the Blind for the church of San Facio. He opened a school or studio with Giovanni Battista Trotti in Cremona. Among the pupils at this school were Giovanni Battista Tortiroli and Carlo Natali. Marcantonio was still active in 1628.

References

Category:16th-century births
Category:17th-century deaths
Category:People from Cremona
Category:16th-century Italian painters
Category:Italian male painters
Category:17th-century Italian painters
Category:Cremonese painters
Category:Renaissance painters


Rodney Maxwell Davis

Rodney Maxwell Davis (April 7, 1942 – September 6, 1967) was a non-commissioned officer in the United States Marine Corps who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism above and beyond the call of duty in 1967, during the Vietnam War.

Davis joined the Marine Corps in 1961, and was ordered to the Republic of Vietnam in 1967. In September 1967, during a search and destroy exercise as part of Operation Swift, Davis's company was attacked by enemies. When Davis's platoon retreated into a trench, Davis ran up and down his company's line and encouraged the men to fight, returning fire at the same time. When an enemy grenade came close to several men, Davis jumped on the grenade, saving his men's lives.

Biography
Davis was born on April 7, 1942, in Macon, Georgia, to Gordon N. Davis and Ruth A. Davis.  He attended elementary school and high school there and graduated from Peter G. Appling High School, May 29, 1961.

Shortly after graduation, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in his hometown, August 31, 1961; then reported for recruit training with the First Recruit Training Battalion Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina.  Upon completion of recruit training in December 1961, he was transferred to the Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, and underwent Individual Combat Training with the Second Battalion, First Infantry Training Regiment, graduating the following February.

He then joined Company K, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines, 2nd Marine Division, FMF, at Camp Lejeune and served as a rifleman until May 1964.  While stationed at Camp Lejeune, he was promoted to private first class, April 1, 1962, and to lance corporal, January 1, 1964.

As a lance corporal, Davis was ordered to London, England, for a three-year tour of duty as Guard with the United States Marine Detachment, Naval Activities.  He was promoted to corporal on January 1, 1966, and to sergeant on December 1, 1966.

Ordered to the Republic of Vietnam in August 1967, he was assigned duty as a Platoon Guide with Company B, First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine Division.  On September 6, 1967, he was operating with his unit in the Quảng Nam Province on a search and clear mission during Operation Swift, when they were attacked by a large North Vietnamese force.  Elements of the platoon were pinned down in a trench line by mortars, heavy automatic and small arms fire.  He went from man to man encouraging them on and also returning fire at the same time.  An enemy hand grenade fell in the trenches his men were fighting from and without hesitation he threw himself upon the grenade.  He saved his fellow Marines in this selfless act and thus earned the nation's highest military decoration: the Medal of Honor.

Presentation of the medal was made posthumously to his widow, Mrs. Judy P. Davis, by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew in his office. The presentation is "in the name of the Congress of the United States."

Davis was survived by his wife, Judy P. Davis and two daughters Nichola Davis and Samantha J. Davis-Steen.

After death
The City of Macon did not allow black decedents to be buried inside the city limits in 1967. He was buried in an all black cemetery outside the city.  About 2010, several marines (who were white) were driving by Macon, including 1 who was saved by Rodney.  They stopped to pay their respects at his grave site and were angered to find that the wooden monument to Rodney was rotting and the cemetery was covered in weeds and had many head stones falling over.  They removed all the weeds around Rodney's grave and many graves around it and cleaned up a section of the cemetery before leaving.  The 1st Battalion, 5th Marines Association was informed and donations arranged. Civilians (white as well as black alike) and other marines, families and surviving spouses accumulated over $60,000 and a large, granite monument was built at Rodney's grave site. Several times a year, a gathering is organized and the entire cemetery is weeded and taken care of. Donations continue to be accumulated and are now used mainly for scholarships of deserving children.

Military awards
Davis' decorations and awards include:

Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
SERGEANT RODNEY M. DAVIS
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
for service as set forth in the following

CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as the right guide of the Second Platoon, Company B, First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine Division, in action against enemy forces in Quang Nam Province, Republic of Vietnam, on September 6, 1967.  Elements of the Second Platoon were pinned down by a numerically superior force of attacking North Vietnamese Army Regulars.  Remnants of the platoon were located in a trench line where Sergeant Davis was directing the fire of his men in an attempt to repel the enemy attack.  Disregarding the enemy hand grenades and high volume of small arms and mortar fire, Sergeant Davis moved from man to man shouting words of encouragement to each of them firing and throwing grenades at the onrushing enemy.  When an enemy grenade landed in the trench in the midst of his men, Sergeant Davis, realizing the gravity of the situation, and in a final valiant act of complete self-sacrifice, instantly threw himself upon the grenade, absorbing with his own body the full and terrific force of the explosion.  Through his extraordinary initiative and inspiring valor in the face of almost certain death, Sergeant Davis saved his comrades from injury and possible loss of life, enabled his platoon to hold its vital position, and upheld the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service.  He gallantly gave his life for his country.

/S/ RICHARD M. NIXON

Legacy
The frigate  was named in his honor.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

References

Sources

External links

Category:1942 births
Category:1967 deaths
Category:American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War
Category:United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
Category:Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Category:United States Marines
Category:People from Macon, Georgia
Category:Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor


1986 Gabonese presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Gabon on 9 November 1986. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Gabonese Democratic Party as the sole legal party. GDP leader and incumbent president Omar Bongo was the only candidate, and was re-elected unopposed. Voter turnout was reported to be 99.9%.

These were the last one-party elections in Gabon, as the country returned to multi-party democracy in 1990.

Results

References

Category:1986 in Gabon
Category:1986 elections in Africa
1986
Category:One-party elections
Category:Single-candidate elections


Micești

Micești is a commune in Argeș County, in southern central Romania. It is composed of four villages: Brânzari, Micești, Păuleasca and Purcăreni.

References

Category:Communes in Argeș County


Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang

Xinhua District () is one of eight districts of the prefecture-level city of Shijiazhuang, the capital of Hebei Province, North China, located in the northwest of the urban core of Shijiazhuang.

Sanlu, when it existed, had its headquarters in Xinhua.

Administrative divisions
There are 11 subdistricts, 2 towns, and 2 townships.

Subdistricts:
Gexin Subdistrict (革新街道), Xinhua Road Subdistrict (新华路街道), Ning'an Subdistrict (宁安街道), Dongjiao Subdistrict (东焦街道), Xiyuan Subdistrict (西苑街道), Hezuo Road Subdistrict (合作路街道), Lianmeng Subdistrict (联盟街道), Shigang Subdistrict (石岗街道), Wuqi Subdistrict (五七街道), Tianyuan Subdistrict (天苑街道), Beiyuan Subdistrict (北苑街道)

Towns:
Daguo (大郭镇), Zhaolingpuxi (赵陵铺西镇)

Townships:
Sanzhuang Township (三庄乡), Dubei Township (杜北乡)

References

External links

Category:County-level divisions of Hebei
Category:Shijiazhuang


Andy Warrington

Andrew Clifford Warrington (born 10 June 1976) is an English former professional footballer and the current first team goalkeeping coach at Rotherham United F.C..  He played as a goalkeeper for York City, Doncaster Rovers, Bury, Rotherham United, Buxton and Grimsby Town.

Playing career

York City
Warrington's first professional club was York City, whom he joined in 1994 as a YTS trainee. Most notably, he was on the bench when they famously beat Manchester United in a League Cup tie at Old Trafford. An injury to York City's then first choice goalkeeper, Dean Kiely, meant Warrington was required to make his debut for the Minstermen in the return fixture at Bootham Crescent. While York City eventually lost the game 1–3, to a Manchester United team containing Schmeichel, Beckham, Giggs, Scholes, Cole and Cantona amongst others, it was enough to see the Yorkshire side into the next round.

The following season saw Warrington involved again as York City pulled off another League Cup shock with a 3–2 victory over Everton at Bootham Crescent, after the first game at Goodison Park ended in a 1–1 draw.

During the five years he spent with the club he made 61 appearances.

Doncaster Rovers
In 1999, Warrington joined another Yorkshire club Doncaster Rovers. Arguably, his best days were spent at Rovers, and Warrington was an ever-present in his first season at the club.  Then, after breaking his jaw in a game at Southport, the following season, he was forced to spend several months on the sidelines.

He was part of the team that won the 2003 Football Conference Playoff Final held at the Britannia Stadium, after saving two crucial penalty kicks in the shoot-out against Chester City to decide the semi-final. The following year, with Warrington as first choice goalkeeper, Doncaster Rovers went on to win the 2003–04 Third Division title.

On 21 September 2005, during extra time in a League Cup tie against Premier League side Manchester City, Warrington was again seriously injured after a collision with City's Nedum Onuoha. While Rovers went on to win the game, Warrington would never play a competitive game again for the South Yorkshire side.
He was a fans' favourite at the club, where he made 196 league appearances during an incredible eight years at Belle Vue.

Bury
In November 2006, Bury agreed a loan deal for Warrington from Doncaster Rovers, however he only made one league appearance. The following year, in January 2007, Bury then signed him on a permanent basis where he would make a further 19 appearances in the season before moving on from Gigg Lane.

Rotherham United
In 2007, Rotherham United moved in for Warrington. Within the first two years of his arrival at the club, Warrington had already made 97 appearances, firstly at Millmoor and then at the Don Valley Stadium. Issues off the field at the time, however, meant that Warrington's, and the team's, excellent performances on it were left unrewarded. The club were deducted 10 points during the 2007–08 season and 17 points prior to the start of 2008–09 season, without which playoff qualification would have been achieved.

The culmination of the 2009–10 season, however, saw Warrington and his Rotherham United teammates play at Wembley Stadium, as they narrowly missed out on promotion to League 1, following defeat in the League 2 Playoff Final.

On 26 January 2013, Warrington made his 200th league appearance for Rotherham United against his former team York City at the New York Stadium, as he continued to keep summer signing Scott Shearer out of the team, following his recall earlier in the campaign. During the 2012–13 season, in what proved to be his last with Rotherham United, Andy made 27 league appearances, as The Millers achieved promotion to League 1, finishing in 2nd place in League 2.

On 2 May 2013 Rotherham manager Steve Evans announced the club had decided to release the fans' favourite with immediate effect, describing it as "as tough a decision as I have had to make in my managerial career"

Buxton
On 27 July 2013, Warrington signed a contract with Northern Premier League outfit Buxton for the 2013–14 season, after featuring for The Bucks during their pre-season fixtures. He began his Northern Premier League career at Silverlands by keeping four clean sheets in his first 10 games.

Coaching career
Warrington completed the UEFA 'B' football coaching licence in 2013.

It was announced in July 2015 that Andy had accepted the role of full-time Goalkeeping Coach at Grimsby Town in the National League. Manager Paul Hurst confirmed on Grimsby's 'Mariners World' on 16 July 2015, that Warrington would also be No 2 while youth Callum Bastock continues his rehabilitation from a knee cruciate ligament injury and deputise for first choice goalkeeper James McKeown.
Grimsby having already won a play-off spot; Warrington played in the final game of the 2015–16 season against Tranmere Rovers.

Warrington was a member of the squad that eventually gained promotion with Grimsby's 3–1 victory over Forest Green Rovers in the 2016 National League play-off Final at Wembley, seeing Grimsby promoted to League Two after a six-year absence from the Football League. On 21 June 2018 Warrington left Grimsby.

On 10 July 2018 Warrington joined Lincoln City.

Honours
Doncaster Rovers
 Football Conference playoff winner: 2002–03
 Football League Division Three winner: 2003–04

Rotherham United
 Football League Two runner-up: 2012–13

Grimsby Town
 National League Play-offs Winners (1): 2015–16

References

External links

Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Sheffield
Category:Footballers from Sheffield
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Northern Premier League players
Category:National League (English football) players
Category:English Football League players
Category:York City F.C. players
Category:Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Category:Bury F.C. players
Category:Rotherham United F.C. players
Category:Buxton F.C. players
Category:Grimsby Town F.C. players
Category:Grimsby Town F.C. non-playing staff
Category:Lincoln City F.C. non-playing staff


Skin repair

Protection from mechanical injury, chemical hazards, and bacterial invasion is provided by the skin because the epidermis is relatively thick and covered with keratin. Secretions from sebaceous glands and sweat glands also benefit this protective barrier. In the event of an injury that damages the skin's protective barrier, the body triggers a response called wound healing. After hemostasis, inflammation white blood cells, including phagocytic macrophages arrive at the injury site. Once the invading microorganisms have been brought under control, the skin proceeds to heal itself. The ability of the skin to heal even after considerable damage has occurred is due to the presence of stem cells in the dermis and cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis, all of which can generate new tissue.

When an injury extends through the epidermis into the dermis, bleeding occurs and the inflammatory response begins. Clotting mechanisms in the blood are soon activated, and a clot of scab is formed within several hours. The scab temporarily restores the integrity of the epidermis and restricts the entry of microorganisms. After the scab is formed, cells of the stratum basale begin to divide by mitosis and migrate to the edges of the scab. A week after the injury, the edges of the wound are pulled together by contraction. Contraction is an important part of the healing process when damage has been extensive, and involves shrinking in size of underlying contractile connective tissue, which brings the wound margins toward one another. In a major injury, if epithelial cell migration and tissue contraction cannot cover the wound, suturing the edges of the injured skin together, or even replacement of lost skin with skin grafts, may be required to restore the skin.

As epithelial cells continue to migrate around the scab, the dermis is repaired by the activity of stem cells. These active cells produce collagenous fibers and ground substance. Blood vessels soon grow into the dermis, restoring circulation. If the injury is very minor, the epithelial cells eventually restore the epidermis once the dermis has been regenerated.

In major injuries, the repair mechanisms are unable to restore the skin to its original condition. The repaired region contains an abnormally large number of collagenous fibers, and relatively few blood vessels. Damaged sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, muscle cells, and nerves are seldom repaired. They are usually replaced by the fibrous tissue. The result is the formation of an inflexible, fibrous scar tissue.

See also
Wound healing

References

Category:Skin physiology