Gelatine Manufacturers of Europe

The Gelatine Manufacturers of Europe (GME) is an association of European gelatine and hydrolyzed collagen manufacturers and was founded in 1974.

Structure
The eleven leading gelatine and collagen peptide manufacturers in Europe belong to GME. They account for more than 98% of the European and approximately 33% of worldwide gelatine/collagen peptide production. As an interface between its members and different EU Institutions, GME has its head office based in Brussels. GME is active throughout Europe and maintains a network of international contacts and partnerships, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. Currently Greet Hombroux is the association President and Marc Vermeulen is the General Secretary.

Members
The association has eleven members: Ewald Gelatine, Gelita and Reinert Gruppe Ingredients from Germany, Lapi Gelatine and Italgelatine from Italy, Rousselot, Jellice and Trobas Gelatine from the Netherlands, Gelatines Weishardt from France, PB Gelatins from Belgium and Juncá Gelatines from Spain.

Activities
The objective and main task of GME and its members is to further develop the products gelatine and hydrolyzed collagen as well as open up new markets.
GME is active in four permanent working committees. In these working committees, GME pursues its core task of ensuring that gelatine of a consistent high quality is made available to customers and consumers. Research and further development of technical standards, supporting the development of a new statutory framework for the gelatine industry and creating transparency are the cornerstones of its activities.

A key instrument for ensuring the observance of uniform quality standards is the gelatine monograph developed by GME. It defines the latest methods of analysis for all members. In order to establish uniform worldwide standards for gelatine, GME also works together with international institutions such as the FAO and the WHO. GME has been recognised and accepted as a responsible partner both by European and international public agencies.

Tasks of the Technical Committee:
Further development of the gelatine monograph that was drawn up by the association and which defines methods of analysis for gelatine. This monograph lays the groundwork for GME's cooperation with other associations, agencies and institutions with the goal of standardising test methods worldwide.
Ensure in regular independent ring testing that all relevant technical parameters of Gelatine are harmonized to ensure that customers and end consumers receive high quality products

Tasks of the Regulatory Committee:
 Providing legislators with comprehensive information about the food and pharmaceutical gelatine and hydrolysed collagen
 Providing impetus for a new statutory framework for the gelatine industry
 Carrying out scientific studies with reputable institutes to document the benefits of gelatine and hydrolysed collagen as healthy and natural foodstuffs

Tasks of the Public Relations Committee:
 Creating transparency
 Providing information worldwide
 Communicating the characteristics and benefits of our products: gelatin is natural, sustainable, non-GMO, clean label and non-allergenic.

Tasks of the Sustainability Committee
 Taking care of matters related to the environmental, social and economic dimension of the European gelatine industry.

External links

Website of the association of European gelatine manufacturers:
 http://www.gelatine.org

Category:Meat industry organizations
Category:Business organizations based in Europe
Category:Gelatin
Category:International organisations based in Belgium


Weddell Islands

Weddell Islands () is a group of small islands and rocks lying 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) south of Saddle Island and 4 5 nautical miles (9 km) north of the west end of Laurie Island, in the South Orkney Islands. Probably seen on the occasion of a joint cruise by Captain Nathaniel B. Palmer and Captain George Powell in December 1821. The name first appears on James Weddell's chart resulting from his exploration of the South Orkney Islands in 1823.

See also
 List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands

Category:Islands of the South Orkney Islands


Cellador

Cellador is a power metal band based in Denver, Colorado. Originally from Omaha, Nebraska, the band was founded in 2003 by Chris Petersen, the band's primary songwriter, as a direct contrast to the overcrowded metalcore and death metal scenes of the American Midwest. The band has had multiple lineup changes since its inception, but is now rounded out by founder Chris Petersen, drummer Nick McCallister, keyboardist Diego Valadez, and guitarist Eric Meyers. In 2005 the band signed to Metal Blade Records after playing a show with The Black Dahlia Murder.

Biography
Cellador's debut album Enter Deception was released in 2006. The band recorded the album at Erik Rutan's Mana Studios. In an article from the December 2006 issue of Metal Maniacs magazine, Chris Petersen says he created the band name in reference to a J.R.R. Tolkien essay which stated that the two words cellar and door have an appealing sound when combined. Petersen also said that the band was originally called "Apostate", but the name was later changed to Cellador because he felt it was more fitting for the band.

Cellador has toured across the United States, Canada and Mexico with bands such as Trivium, Bullet for My Valentine, All that Remains, Protest the Hero, The Human Abstract, The Sword, Behemoth, and Sonata Arctica.  They have also performed at the ProgPower USA festival in Atlanta, Georgia, as well as the LoudPark festival in Japan, among many others.

The band went into hiatus in the year 2009 after several members of the "Enter Deception" era lineup left the band. In 2011 after 2 years without any updates, the band quietly released 4 demo songs online from their upcoming EP entitled "Honor Forth." Led by guitarist/songwriter Chris Petersen, the band held continuous auditions for the entirety of 2009-2012 and ultimately reformed with bass player James Pickett, drummer Nick Mccallister, keyboardist Diego Valadez, and guitarist Caleb Delaet. Petersen officially took up the lead vocalist position in 2012.

In December 2012, the band announced new live shows beginning in 2013. They spent the entirety of the year establishing in the Colorado area, and playing one-off shows as guest openers for Havok, Into Eternity, Helloween, Shining, Vale of Pnath, Amaranthe, and others.

In early 2014 long time guitarist, Caleb Delaet, left the band, and afterwards the band began recording the second LP, Off the Grid, which Chris Petersen had to take full control over the guitars for the recording process. Recording for the album was wrapped up in the summer of 2015. In late 2015, guitarist Eric Meyers was brought in to fill the second guitar position. Afterwards they went on to play Denver shows for the remainder of the year. In 2016, Cellador was opening up for bands such as Huntress, Anvil, Queensryche, and more. During the summer of 2016 long time bassist, James Pickett, left the band. Shortly thereafter, Cellador went on to sign with Italian record label Scarlet Records.

In 2017, bassist Chris Davila was temporarily brought in to help with the promotion for their upcoming album, such as performing in live shows and a music video. Off the Grid was officially released on March 10. After their second LP release, Cellador shot a music video for one of the Off the Grid singles, Break Heresy. They went on to open up for acts such as Yngwie Malmsteen, and played in the 2017 Evoken Music Festival in Tokyo and Osaka, Japan. The band is currently in the process of writing and recording a third album.

Band members

Current members
 Chris Petersen – guitar, vocals (2004–present)
 Diego Valadez – synths (2011–present)
 Nick McCallister – drums (2011–present)
 Eric Meyers – guitar (2015–present)

Former members
 Sam Chatham – guitar (2004–2005)
 Valentin Rakhmanov – bass (2004–2007)
 Dave Dahir – drums (2004–2007, 2007–2009)
 Bill Hudson – guitar (2005–2008)
 Michael Gremio – vocals (2005–2009)
 Rick Halverson – drums (2007)
 Mika Horiuchi – bass (2007–2009)
 Yord – guitar (2008–2009)
 Caleb Delaet – guitar (2012–2014)
 James Pickett – bass (2011–2016)
 Chris Davila – bass (2017–2018)

Discography
The Burning Blue (Demo) (2004)
 Leaving All Behind (EP) (2005)
 Enter Deception (2006)
 Honor Forth (EP) (2011)
Off the Grid (2017)

References

External links
Cellador on Reverb Nation
 Official Cellador Homepage
Official Cellador Myspace
Official Cellador Forum
Metal Blade Records

Category:American power metal musical groups
Category:Musical groups from Omaha, Nebraska
Category:Musical groups established in 2004
Category:Heavy metal musical groups from Nebraska
Category:Metal Blade Records artists


1995 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards

The 18th Stinkers Bad Movie Awards were released by the Hastings Bad Cinema Society in 1996 to honour the worst films the film industry had to offer in 1995. When asked about their picks for the five worst movies of the 1990's, founders Mike Lancaster and Ray Wright both selected It's Pat for their lists. Lancaster also included Kids. While It's Pat received three nominations (one of which was a win), Kids got only a mere dishonourable mention for Worst Picture.

Listed as follows are the different categories with their respective winners and nominees, including Worst Picture and its dishonourable mentions, which are films that were considered for Worst Picture but ultimately failed to make the final ballot (30 total). The most notable change this year is swapping out Worst Resurrection of a TV Show temporarily for Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy. Both categories would appear next year, along with all the other categories listed below. All winners are highlighted.

Winners and Nominees

Worst Picture

Dishonourable Mentions

 Assassins (Warner Bros.)
 Clueless (Paramount)
 Congo (Paramount)
 Cutthroat Island (MGM/UA)
 Destiny Turns on the Radio (Savoy)
 Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (Savoy)
 Fair Game (Warner Bros.)
 First Knight (Columbia)
 Four Rooms (Miramax)
 Jade (Paramount)
 Jerky Boys: The Movie (Touchstone, Caravan)
 Johnny Mnemonic (TriStar)
 Judge Dredd (Hollywood)
 Jury Duty (TriStar)
 Kids (Shining Excalibur)
 Mallrats (Gramercy)
 Man of the House (Disney)
 Mortal Kombat (New Line)
 Operation Dumbo Drop (Disney)
 Safe (Sony)
 The Scarlet Letter (Hollywood)
 Something to Talk About (Warner Bros.)
 Species (MGM)
 Stuart Saves His Family (Paramount)
 Tank Girl (United Artists)
 To Wong Foo, Thanks For Everything, Julie Newmar (Universal)
 Tommy Boy (Paramount)
 Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (Warner Bros.)
 Vampire in Brooklyn (Paramount)
 Village of the Damned (Universal)

Other Categories

References

Category:Stinkers Bad Movie Awards
Category:1995 film awards


FAMEL

FAMEL - Fabrica de Produtos Metalicos Lda, was one of the largest Portuguese moped manufacturers between 1960s and 1980s.

Based in Águeda, the company built several models using Zündapp engines starting in 1962.
Their most popular motorcycle was the XF-17 started in 1975. Presented in 1975 and was sold till the mid-90's, it was a 5 speed  motorcycle copied from Suzuki Stinger T125 model produced from 1969 to 1971 that made  (claimed) @ 8,500rpm.

As the increased purchasing power in their home country Portugal made automobiles more and more popular, the moped market became smaller and the strong competition from European and Japanese imported models forced bankruptcy.

Their last product was the world's first electric scooter, developed in 1993.
FAMEL Electric or Electron, totally produced with Portuguese technology in partnership with EFACEC.
The entire (small) production was sold to La Poste before FAMEL stopped production.
The following year, Peugeot presented their Scoot'elec based on the same technology.

They declared bankruptcy in 2002. Then in 2014 they announced a revitalization and a future prototype. They announced  plans for production to be by 2017 or 2018.

References

External links
 Famel on the Portuguese Motorcycle Database

Category:Motorcycle manufacturers of Portugal
Category:Defunct companies of Portugal


Sammy Fain

Sammy Fain, (born Samuel E. Feinberg) (June 17, 1902 – December 6, 1989) was an American composer of popular music. In the 1920s and early 1930s, he contributed numerous songs that form part of The Great American Songbook, and to Broadway theatre.  Fain was also a popular musician and vocalist.

Biography
Sammy Fain was born in South Fallsburg, NY, United States, the son of a cantor.  In 1923, Fain appeared with Artie Dunn in a short film directed by Lee De Forest filmed in DeForest's Phonofilm sound-on-film process. In 1925, Fain left the Fain-Dunn act to devote himself to music. Fain was a self-taught pianist who played by ear. He began working as a staff pianist and composer for music publisher Jack Mills.

Later, Fain worked extensively in collaboration with Irving Kahal. Together they wrote classics such as "Let a Smile Be Your Umbrella" and "You Brought a New Kind of Love to Me," (co-written with Pierre Norman) and "I'll Be Seeing You." Another lyricist who collaborated with Fain was Lew Brown, with whom he wrote "That Old Feeling". His Broadway credits also include Everybody's Welcome, Right This Way, Hellzapoppin', Flahooley, Ankles Aweigh, Christine and Something More.

Fain also composed music for more than 30 films in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. He was nominated for the best Academy Award for Best Original Song nine times, winning twice, with "Secret Love" from Calamity Jane in 1954 and with "Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing" from the movie of the same title in 1955. He co-wrote both songs with Paul Francis Webster, another long-time collaborator. Fain wrote the second theme to the TV series Wagon Train in 1958, which was called "(Roll Along) Wagon Train". He also contributed to the song scores for the Walt Disney animated films Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, and The Rescuers.

In 1963, he collaborated with Harold Adamson, in writing songs for the movie The Incredible Mr. Limpet, which came out in 1964, and such songs as "I Wish I Were a Fish", "Be Careful How You Wish" and "Deep Rapture" enhanced his fame.

Recognition
In 1972, he was inducted into The Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Death
Fain died from a heart attack in Los Angeles, California, and is interred at Cedar Park Cemetery, in Emerson, New Jersey.

Work on Broadway
Everybody's Welcome (1931) - musical - composer
Right This Way (1938) - musical - featured songwriter for "I'll Be Seeing You"
Hellzapoppin' (1938) - revue - co-composer and co-lyricist
George White's Scandals of 1939 (1939) - revue - composer
Boys and Girls Together (1940) - revue - composer
Sons o' Fun (1941) - revue - co-composer and co-lyricist
Toplitzky of Notre Dame (1946) - musical - composer
Alive and Kicking (1950) - revue - co-composer
Flahooley (1951) - musical - composer
Ankles Aweigh (1955) - musical - composer
Catch a Star (1955) - revue - co-composer
Ziegfeld Follies of 1957 (1957) - revue - featured songwriter for "An Element of Doubt"
Christine (1960) - musical - composer
Something More! (1964) - musical - composer
Rock 'N Roll! The First 5,000 Years (1982) - revue - featured songwriter for "Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing"
Swing! (1999) - revue - featured songwriter for "I'll Be Seeing You"

References

External links

Category:1902 births
Category:1989 deaths
Category:20th-century American composers
Category:20th-century male musicians
Category:American male composers
Category:American musical theatre composers
Category:Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Category:Burials at Cedar Park Cemetery (Emerson, New Jersey)
Category:Jewish American composers
Category:Jewish American songwriters
Category:Musicians from New York City
Category:Songwriters from New York (state)
Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios people


Brent Krahn

Brent Krahn (born April 2, 1982 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He was drafted ninth overall by the Calgary Flames in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft and played a single game in the National Hockey League for the Dallas Stars.

Playing career
Brent Krahn enjoyed a very successful junior hockey career with the WHL's Calgary Hitmen before being drafted in the first round by Calgary in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. A highly regarded prospect at the time, he was the second goaltender selected in the draft, after Rick DiPietro, who was selected first overall. He subsequently spent time in the American Hockey League with the San Antonio Rampage, Lowell Lock Monsters, Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights, and the Quad City Flames. A recurring knee injury seriously hampered his development at the professional level, and Krahn is now widely regarded as a draft bust.

Following the 2007-2008 NHL season and after 8 years of development in the Flames organization, the team made the decision to not re-sign Krahn, and he became an unrestricted free agent. He was signed by the Dallas Stars on September 24, 2008.  Beginning the season with the AHL's Chicago Wolves, Krahn was recalled by the Stars in February 2009, and made his NHL debut on February 14 in relief of starter Marty Turco against the Chicago Blackhawks.

Krahn played for the Texas Stars of the AHL from 2009 until 2011. After the 2010-2011 regular season it was announced that he had been left off the Stars' Clear-Day roster and was therefore ineligible for the AHL playoffs.

He currently works at Pembina Pipelines.

Career statistics

See also
List of players who played only one game in the NHL

References

External links

Category:1982 births
Category:Calgary Flames draft picks
Category:Calgary Hitmen players
Category:Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Category:Chicago Wolves players
Category:Dallas Stars players
Category:Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Category:Las Vegas Wranglers players
Category:Living people
Category:Lowell Lock Monsters players
Category:National Hockey League first round draft picks
Category:Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights players
Category:Quad City Flames players
Category:San Antonio Rampage players
Category:Seattle Thunderbirds players
Category:Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Category:Texas Stars players


Walter Steins Bisschop

Walter Hermanus Jacobus Steins Bisschop SJ (1 July 1810 – 7 September 1881) was a Dutch Jesuit priest, Vicar Apostolic of Bombay, India (1860–1867), Vicar Apostolic of West Bengal (1867–1877) and (under the personal title of "Archbishop"), third Catholic Bishop of Auckland (1879–1881).

Early life
Walter Steins Bisschop was born in 1810 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. He was educated there, at St Acheul, Amiens and at Fribourg, Switzerland. In 1832 he entered the Belgian province of the Society of Jesus, was ordained a priest on 8 September 1842 (in Louvain), and made his final profession as a Jesuit in 1849.

Vicar Apostolic in India
Steins Bisschop obtained permission from his superiors to proceed to Borneo (at that time part of a Dutch colony) but went instead to Bombay where he exercised his priestly ministry until 29 June 1861 when he was consecrated a Bishop and assumed the office of Vicar Apostolic. He founded the college of St Francis-Xavier In 1867 he was translated to become Vicar Apostolic of West Bengal, based in Calcutta. He brought to Bengal the French religious order of the Daughters of the Cross, founded the St Vincent's home refuge and many schools and orphanages. He began also the Bengali mission and missions to the Santals and other eastern tribes. Because of ill-health caused by a fall he was advised to return to Europe and he spent time recuperating at Conflans-sur-Seine, the novitiate of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart in Paris.

Bishop of Auckland
Steins Bisschop recovered sufficiently to request a further appointment and on 16 May 1879 he was appointed as Bishop of Auckland. He arrived on 3 December 1879 and was 15 months in the country. He died on 7 September 1881 in Sydney, as he was, once again, returning to Europe. Archbishop Steins Steins Bisschop" ... was a distinguished theologian and linguist; broadminded and tolerant". He attended the First Vatican Council in 1870.

Notes

References/Sources

 E.R. Simmons, A Brief History of the Catholic Church in New Zealand, Catholic Publication Centre, Auckland, 1978.
 E.R. Simmons, In Cruce Salus, A History of the Diocese of Auckland 1848 – 1980, Catholic Publication Centre, Auckland 1982.

External links
 Archbishop Walter Herman Jacobus Steins SJ, Catholic Hierarchy website (retrieved 12 February 2011)

Category:1810 births
Category:1881 deaths
Category:19th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:New Zealand Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Dutch Jesuits
Category:People from the Auckland Region
Category:People from Amsterdam
Category:19th-century Roman Catholic priests


Nadira (actress)

Florence Ezekiel Nadira (5 December 1932 – 9 February 2006), commonly known as Nadira, was an actress in Indian cinema. She is best remembered for her performance in films in the 1950s and 1960s such as Aan (1952), Shree 420 (1955), Pakeezah (1972) and Julie (1975), which won her the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award.

Early life
Nadira was born to a Baghdadi Jewish family. She is survived by two brothers, one of whom lives in the United States and another in Israel. Nadira was introduced to the film industry by Sardar Akhtar, wife of film director Mehboob Khan, in the film Aan.

Career
Nadira rose to cinematic prominence with the 1952 film Aan, with her role as a Rajput princess. She did a bold scene in the movie. In 1955, she played a rich socialite named Maya in Shree 420. She played pivotal roles in a number of films such as Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai, Hanste Zakhm, Amar Akbar Anthony and Pakeezah. She worked alongside Shammi kapoor in Sipahsalar (1956). She was often cast as a temptress or vamp, and played opposite the chaste heroines then favoured by the Bollywood film industry.

Nadira won a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress, for her role as Julie's mother Margaret, 'Maggie', in the 1975 film Julie. During the 1980s and 1990s, she entered a new phase of her career, playing elderly women as a supporting actress.  Her last role was in the film Josh (2000). In her longtime career, because of her western attire, her character in most of her memorable movies was Christian or Anglo-Indian.  One notable exception can be found in the movie Aan, opposite Dilip Kumar, where she played a Rajput princess.  Also, in Shree 420 there was no religious affiliation shown explicitly: her character was named Maya, which is not necessarily a Christian name.  In fact, Maya is a quite common name in India, coming from the Sanskrit word for illusion.

She was well paid for her efforts and was one of the first Indian actresses to own a Rolls-Royce.

Personal life
For the last part of her life, she lived alone in Mumbai, as many of her relatives had moved to Israel, staying for the last three years in her condominium with only a housekeeper.

On 9 February 2006, Nadira died at the age of 73 at the Bhatia Hospital in Tardeo, Mumbai, India, following a prolonged illness.

Filmography

References

 Nadira: A woman ahead of her time Rediff.com
 "Veteran actress Nadira passes away" 9 February 2006

External links
 The Queens of Bollywood - When Jewish women were the leading ladies of Indian cinema. Audio podcast by Eric Molinsky discussing Nadira and other Jewish women in Indian cinema

Category:2006 deaths
Category:1932 births
Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema
Category:Indian film actresses
Category:Indian Jews
Category:Jewish actresses
Category:20th-century Indian actresses
Category:21st-century Indian actresses


Austfjorden (Svalbard)

Austfjorden is a fjord in Spitsbergen, Svalbard in Arctic Norway. The fjord (East Fjord), measuring 32 kilometres (20 miles in length) is located in the east of the Indre Wijdefjorden National Park.

References

Category:Fjords of Spitsbergen


Naval tactics in the Age of Steam

The development of the steam ironclad firing explosive shells in the mid 19th century rendered sailing ship tactics obsolete. New tactics were developed for the big-gun Dreadnought battleships. The mine, torpedo, submarine and aircraft posed new threats, each of which had to be countered, leading to tactical developments such as anti-submarine warfare and the use of dazzle camouflage. By the end of the steam age, aircraft carriers had replaced battleships as the principal unit of the fleet.

The development of tactics in the 19th Century
The interval of ninety years between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 was marked by no major naval war. There was fighting at sea, and there were prolonged blockades, but there were no campaigns between large and well-appointed navies.
During this period an entire revolution took place in the means of propulsion, armament and construction of ships. Steam was applied to warships, at first as an auxiliary force, in the second quarter of the 19th century. The Crimean War gave a great stimulus to the development of the guns. It also brought about the application of iron to ships as armour-plate. Very soon metal was adopted as the material out of which ships were made. The extended use of shells, by immensely increasing the danger of fire, rendered wood so inflammable that it was too dangerous for employment in a warship. Changes so sweeping as these could not take place without affecting all the established ideas as to propulsion, armament and construction.

Revival of ramming
Steam allowed the ship herself to be used as a projectile. Many thought that the use of the ram would again become common and the sinking of Re d'Italia by the Austrian Erzherzog Ferdinand Max at the battle of Lissa in 1866 seemed to give force to this supposition. Accidental collisions such as those between the British warships Vanguard and Iron Duke, Victoria and Camperdown showed how fatal a wound could be given by the ram of a steam warship. But even the sinking of Re d'Italia was largely an accident, and steam-powered ramming turned out to be impractical.

Between vessels both under full control, a collision was easily avoided where there was space to move. In a mêlée, or pell-mell battle, opportunities would occur for the use of the ram, but the torpedo and the mine soon made it very dangerous for one fleet to rush at another. The torpedo may be said therefore to have excluded the pell-mell battle and the use of the ram except on rare occasions.

Ramming as a tactic also invalidated the former need to concentrate guns on the broadside, which in any case was being made obsolete by the larger guns developed as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution and made necessary by the iron or steel armour now being used. Fewer of the large guns could be carried or mounted, and a wider arc of fire was required to compensate.

Since ships would be required to fight "end-on" when attempting to ram (or to rush into a pell-mell battle), many ships were designed to give as much fire ahead (and sometimes astern) as on the broadside. This was usually at the expense of seaworthiness, and in many cases firing directly ahead caused blast damage to superstructure, decks and fittings. This was another factor which made ramming invalid as a tactic.

Furthermore, a ship designed to have a ramming capability typically had a tumblehome hull design which would allow the ram to strike below the waterline.  This design of hull is inherently slower than almost any other hull design, giving an additional disadvantage to ships employing rams.

Development of the torpedo
As the 19th century drew to a close, another element of uncertainty was introduced by the development of the torpedo. A weapon which is a floating and moving mine, capable up to a certain point of being directed on its course, invisible or very hard to trace, and able to deliver its blow beneath the water-line, was so complete a novelty that its action was hard to foresee. The new weapon scored its first success in the 1891 Chilean Civil War, when the old Congressional battleship "Blanco Encalada" was sunk at anchor by the Balmacedist torpedo gunboat "Almirante Lynch" in the Battle of Caldera Bay.

The question arose whether the torpedo itself would not become the decisive weapon in naval warfare. It was undoubtedly capable of producing a great effect when its power could be fully exerted. A school arose, having its most convinced partisans in France, which argued that, as a small vessel could destroy a great battleship with a single torpedo, the first would drive the second off the sea. The battleship was to give place to the torpedo boat or torpedo-boat destroyer, which was itself only a torpedo boat of larger size.

But the early torpedo was subject to some disadvantages. It could not be used with effect at more than 2,000 yards. Water resistance rendered its course uncertain and comparatively slow, so that a moving opponent could avoid it, which was comparatively easy given that most early torpedoes left behind a tell-tale trail of bubbles in their wake. Torpedo boats were small and could easily be sunk by gunfire. By night the risk from gunfire was less, but the invention of the searchlight made it possible to keep the waters round a ship under observation all night.

From the torpedo sprang too the submarine, which aimed at striking below the surface, where it itself was, like its weapon, invisible, or nearly so.

The Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was the first test of the new concepts. The war was a stunning victory for Japan, opening with the blockade and gradual immobilization of the Russian Pacific Fleet at Port Arthur and culminating in the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905.

First use of torpedoes in battle

In the war between Russia and Japan the torpedo was at first used with success, but the injury it produced fell below expectations, even when allowance is made for the fact that the Russian squadron at Port Arthur had the means of repair close at hand. In the sea fights of the war it was of subordinate use, and indeed was not employed except to give the final stroke to, or force the surrender of, an already crippled ship.

Effectiveness of mines
The war also saw the first use of mines as an offensive, rather than purely defensive, weapon when the Japanese laid a minefield outside Port Arthur. On April 12, 1904, the Russian flagship Petropavlovsk ran into the minefield off Port Arthur and was sunk, while the battleship Pobieda was badly damaged. The Russians turned the same tactic on the Japanese who lost two of their six battleships, the Yashima and the Hatsuse, in a newly laid Russian minefield off Port Arthur a month later.

Sinking ships to block harbours
The Russo-Japanese War (and as much may be said for the war between the United States and Spain) confirmed an old experience. A resolute attempt was made by the Americans to block the entrance to Santiago de Cuba with a blockship. The Japanese renewed the attempt on a great scale and with utmost intrepidity, at Port Arthur; but though a steamship can move with a speed and precision impossible to a sailing ship, and can therefore be sunk more surely at a chosen spot, the experiment failed. Neither Americans nor Japanese succeeded in preventing their enemy from coming out when it wished.

Development of Dreadnoughts
As the 19th century came to a close, the familiar modern battleship began to emerge; a steel-armoured ship, entirely dependent on steam and carrying a relatively small number of large guns mounted in turrets, typically arranged along the centreline of the main deck. The revolutionary Dreadnought of 1906 was the first battleship to entirely dispense with smaller guns and used steam turbines for her main propulsion. The Dreadnought rendered all existing battleships obsolete, because she was larger, faster, more powerfully armed and more strongly protected than existing battleships, which came to be known as pre-Dreadnoughts. This sudden levelling of the field led to a naval arms race as Britain and Germany and, to a lesser extent, other powers like the United States, France, Russia, Japan, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina and Chile all rushed to build or acquire Dreadnoughts.

The First World War
The introduction of mines, torpedoes and submarines greatly increased the complexity of naval tactics during the First World War. Even so, the gun remained the principal naval weapon. It could still deliver its blows at the greatest distance in the greatest variety of circumstances.

Fleet tactics
The development of long-range guns mounted in turrets changed the nature of naval tactics. While concentration remained a fundamental objective of tactics, the increased range and field of fire of naval guns meant that admirals now sought to achieve concentration of fire, rather than concentration of ships. The aim of a skilful officer was to concentrate a superior force on a part of his opponent's formation.

In the age of sail, when the range of effective fire was a thousand or twelve hundred yards and guns could only be trained over a small arc because they were fired out of ports, concentration could only be effected by bringing a larger number of ships into close action with a smaller. By the early 20th century, when gunfire was effective at 7,000 yards or more, and when guns fired from turrets and barbettes had a far wider sweep, concentration could be effected from a distance. The power to effect it had to be sought by a judicious choice of position.

The "line ahead" had been imposed on sailing fleets by the need to bring each ship's broadsides into action. Experiments made during manoeuvres by steam navies, combined with the experience gained in the war of 1904–05 in the Far East, showed that no material change had taken place in this respect. It was still as necessary as ever that all the guns should be so placed as to be capable of being brought to bear, and it was still a condition imposed by the physical necessities of the case that this freedom could only be obtained when ships followed one another in a line. This allowed each ship to fire over wide arcs without firing over friendly ships. Steaming with the enemy off to the side enabled a ship to fire salvoes with both the forward and rear turrets, maximizing the chances for a hit.

When in pursuit or flight, or when steaming on the look-out for a still unseen enemy, a fleet may be arranged in the "line abreast". A pursuing fleet would have to run the risk of being struck by torpedoes dropped by a retreating enemy. But it would have the advantage of being able to bring all its guns which can fire ahead to bear on the rear ship of the enemy. When an opponent was prepared to give battle, and turns his broadside so as to bring the maximum of his gunfire to bear, he must be answered by a similar display of force – in other words, the line ahead must be formed to meet the line ahead. Each ship in the line generally engaged its opposite number in the enemy battle line.

Introduction of camouflage
Dazzle camouflage was intended to make it difficult to estimate a ship's speed and heading and thus prevent submarines from effectively firing torpedoes.  This was accomplished by painting striking designs along the ship, with long, bold lines frequently cutting across the hull and thus rendering the bow of the ship indistinct, which in turn prevented submarines from determining the heading or speed of the ships.  This innovation was short-lived, however, as the stark lines intended to confuse submarines only made ships into more visible targets for aircraft.  The final evolution of camouflage was into the now prevalent gray shades which almost all warships since WWII have been painted. In the US Navy this is known as "Haze Gray."

Development of the submarine
Tactically, submarines of the First World War were similar to privateers in the age of sail, because they were employed primarily to destroy the enemy's merchant traffic in an extremely opportunistic sense rather than engage in battle with enemy naval vessels.  Individually, submarines were only capable of sinking a small number of ships because of their limited supply of torpedoes and shells.

Anti-submarine tactics were in their infancy at the outbreak of the First World War. Surface warships lacked the means to detect submerged submarines or the weapons to attack them. Surface warships were reduced to hoping to sight the periscope of a submerged submarine or the wake of its torpedoes. Other than gunfire, the only way to sink a submarine was by ramming. Defensive anti-submarine tactics largely consisted of turning ships end-on to the submarine, to reduce the size of the target, by turning towards a submarine sighted off the bows and away from a submarine sighted off the stern.

By the end of 1914, German cruisers had largely been cleared from the oceans and the main threat to shipping came from U-boats. The British Admiralty was slow to respond to the change. Only in 1917, at the urging of the British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, did the British institute a convoy system. Losses to U-boats dropped to a fraction of their former level.

Development of aircraft

During WWI, the German forces occasionally employed Zeppelins to attack enemy shipping, but this never inflicted serious losses.

Towards the end of the war, the British began to develop the first aircraft carriers by adding flying off and then landing decks to the large light cruiser Furious.

The interwar years
Fearing another naval arms race, the big naval powers agreed to the Washington Naval Treaty and scrapped some of their battleships and cruisers while still on the slipways. In addition to this, the Washington Naval Treaty established limits on the total tonnage of the fleets of America, Japan and Britain.  It was decided in negotiations that a ratio of power would be established of 5:5:3, corresponding to America, Britain and Japan in that order.  This meant that the Japanese fleet would only be allowed a fraction of the power that was given to the American and British fleets, a fact which lead directly to the Japanese construction of super battleships. Although this treaty was extremely explicit in its governance of battleship and cruiser tonnage, it was lax in the area of carriers, a fact which all of the participants failed to take advantage of.
The growing tensions of the 1930s and the rise of aggressive nationalist governments in Japan, Italy and Germany restarted the building programs, with even larger ships than before; Yamato, the largest battleship ever, displaced 72,000 tons, and mounted 18.1-inch guns.

Emergence of the aircraft carrier
Shortly after the end of the war, the first aircraft carriers designed from the keel up were completed: the Japanese Hōshō and the British Hermes. Both ships were too small to be satisfactory.
Under the terms of the Washington Treaty, Britain, America and Japan were allowed to convert two ships that were due to scrap under the treaty into aircraft carriers. By luck as much as planning, the Americans and Japanese both developed large carriers that were capable of handling up to 90 aircraft, based on the hulls of battlecruisers due to be scrapped under the Washington Treaty. Both navies gradually began to develop new tactics for employing aircraft carriers in battle, although these tactics did not come into full fruition until the middle of the Pacific Campaign of WWII.

Development of new weapons

The Magnetic mine was a German development that allowed naval mines to become more deadly than ever; by detecting the magnetic charge of a large ship a mine could detonate without ever having to make contact with the craft, and it would be completely harmless to smaller ships, whose lack of a strong magnetic field allowed them to pass safely, saving the mine for more valuable targets.
The oxygen Long lance torpedo, which used pure oxygen instead of air for the oxidizer, was developed by the Japanese just prior to their full involvement in WWII.  Despite having more than twice the effective range of the best Allied torpedoes and lacking the tell-tale torpedo wake, the oxygen torpedo was not used to its fullest capacity by the Japanese Imperial Navy, mostly because of inefficient submarine deployment.

The Second World War
During the Second World War tactical developments became even more closely tied to the development of new weapons and technologies. The war saw the first large-scale tactical use of hydrophones, sonar (or ASDIC) and radar, and the development of new technologies such as high-frequency direction finding (HF/DF).

In the North Sea and Atlantic, Germany lacked the strength to challenge the Allies for command of the sea. Instead, German naval strategy relied on commerce raiding using capital ships, armed merchant cruisers, submarines and aircraft. The Allies immediately introduced a convoy system for the protection of trade that gradually extended out from the British Isles, eventually reaching as far as Panama, Bombay and Singapore.
In the Mediterranean, Britain and Italy fought a conventional naval war for command of the sea.

The need to provide capital ships with the anti-submarine protection of a destroyer screen and air cover from an aircraft carrier led to the increasing use of ad hoc task forces, composed of whichever ships were available for a particular operation.  Later in the war however, anti-submarine warfare was perfected to a large degree by the Allies, meaning that much more specialized ships and equipment were deployed in convoys with the express purpose of detecting and destroying German (and later Japanese) submarines.

Impact of aircraft on tactics
The development of air power led to further tactical changes, including the emergence of aircraft carriers and the development of naval air fleets. The employment of land-based and carrier-based aircraft during the Second World War showed that command of the seas rested in great part on control of the air above it.

Off Norway in the spring of 1940 and in the English Channel in the summer of that year, the German Luftwaffe demonstrated that the British could not maintain command of the sea in daytime without command of the air. In the following year, the arrival of Luftwaffe squadrons in the Mediterranean reversed the British ascendancy in the theatre by neutralizing the British dominance at sea.

Development of the wolf pack
With the immediate introduction of convoy by the Allies at the start of the Second World War, the German submarines (known as U-boats) operating against Allied trade in the Atlantic were driven to adopt new tactics.

Until the last year of the war, almost all U-boats were diesel-powered, relying on electric motors for propulsion while underwater. This design had important tactical implications. The electric motors were far less powerful than the diesel engines and had a short battery life. When submerged, most submarines were capable of about 10 knots, little more than the slowest merchantman. So a submerged submarine was not only much slower than when on the surface, but also unable to proceed at its maximum submerged speed for any length of time. Submarines of the Second World War were more submersibles than true submarines.

Under Admiral Karl Dönitz the U-boats further developed the tactics of surface night attacks that had first been used in the First World War and then refined in exercises in the Baltic before the Second World War. Rather than attacking in daylight while submerged, the German U-boat commanders developed a tactic for operating more like torpedo boats than submarines, attacking on the surface at night where they could use their higher surfaced speed. Approaching the convoys at night on the surface, they found that they could pass quite close to the escorts and yet remain undetected. Look outs high up on the bridges of the escort ships found it all but impossible to spot the low shape of the U-boat with the tiny silhouette of the boat's conning tower against the darkness of the water. But for the U-boats, the escorts and the merchantmen stood out starkly against the lightness of the sky.

The convoy battles of the First World War had taught the Germans that a single submarine had little prospect of success against a well defended convoy. Instead of attacking the Allied convoys singly, the German U-boats now began to work in packs co-ordinated centrally by radio. The boats spread out into a long patrol line that crossed the path of the Allied convoy routes. Once in position the boats used hydrophones to pick up the propeller noises of the convoys, or used binoculars to try to spot the tell-tale smoke of a convoy on the horizon. When one boat sighted a convoy, it followed it, broadcasting the convoy's position and waiting for other boats to come up before attacking. So instead of being faced by a single submarine, the convoy escorts had to cope with a group of U-boats attacking in a single night. The most daring commanders, like Otto Kretschmer, not only penetrated the convoy's screen but attacked from within the columns of merchantmen in the convoy. The escort vessels, which were too few in number and often lacking in endurance, had no answer to the lone submarine attacking on the surface at night as their ASDIC detection apparatus only worked against underwater targets.

Pack tactics were first used successfully in October 1940, to devastating effect in the battles of Convoys SC 7 and HX 79. Convoy SC 7, with a weak escort of two sloops and two corvettes, was overwhelmed, losing 59% of its ships. The battle for Convoy HX 79 was in many ways worse than SC 7. The loss of a quarter of the convoy without any loss to the U-boats despite a strong escort of two destroyers, four corvettes, three naval trawlers and a minesweeper demonstrated the utter inadequacy of the contemporary British anti-submarine tactics. The success of pack tactics against these two convoys encouraged Admiral Dönitz to adopt the wolf pack as his standard tactics.

The change in British tactics included the introduction of permanent escort groups to improve the co-ordination and effectiveness of ships and men in battle. Initially, the escort groups consisted of two or three destroyers and half a dozen corvettes. Since two or three of the group would usually be in dock repairing weather or battle damage, the groups typically sailed with about six ships.

The Germans also made use of long-range patrol aircraft to find convoys for the U-boat packs to attack, though this tactic rarely succeeded.

Towards the end of the war the Germans introduced homing-torpedoes that aimed for the noise made by a target's propellers. Although devastatingly effective at first, the Allied scientists soon developed countermeasures.

The American submarine campaign in the Pacific contains many parallels with the German submarine campaign in the Atlantic. Like the Germans, the Americans began the war with a flawed weapon – faulty torpedoes – that undermined morale and took more than a year to fix. American submariners developed the same preference for attacking on the surface at night and similar pack tactics, although American wolf packs rarely exceeded three boats. But in the Pacific, it was the submarines, not the escorts, that benefited from the introduction of new technologies like radar. By 1943 many US submarines were fitted with radar, which American submarines were routinely using to find convoys and track the positions of escorts at night.

Development of anti-submarine warfare
The primary anti-submarine weapon was the convoy escort, typically a destroyer, armed with sonar (or Asdic) and depth charges.

The capture of  in July 1941 gave the British a much greater understanding of the capabilities of the German U-boats. In particular, the British were astonished by the maximum safe diving depth of the U-boats, which was far below the deepest setting on Allied depth charges.

In the Pacific, the Japanese Navy failed to get a grip on the problems of convoy defence and failed to evolve effective anti-submarine tactics. With fewer escorts and many small convoys, the average number of escorts for a Japanese convoy was inevitably small and many were easily outmanoeuvred by the attacking submarines.

Eclipse of the battleship
The sinking of the British Prince of Wales and Repulse off Malaya on 10 December 1941 by Japanese aircraft marked the beginning of the end of the era of the battleship.

By the end of the Pacific War, the tactical role of battleships and cruisers had been reduced to providing anti-aircraft fire to protect the vulnerable carriers and bombarding shore positions. The Japanese battleships Yamato and Musashi were both sunk by aircraft long before they could come within striking range of the American fleet.

Dominance of the aircraft carrier
The British attack on the Italian naval base at Taranto in November 1940, in which one Italian battleship were was sunk and two others heavily damaged, first demonstrated the full potential of the aircraft carrier. But the successful attack on ships in harbour did not convince advocates of the battleship that their day was over.

It was the Japanese who really developed the tactical and strategic potential of aircraft carriers. Learning from their experiences in operations off the Chinese coast from 1937 onwards, the Japanese began to combine their carriers into permanent squadrons. While the British and Americans were still operating carriers on their own or sometimes in pairs, by 1941 the Japanese had organized a naval air fleet containing as many as six aircraft carriers.

 It was this force that struck the opening blow of the Pacific War at Pearl Harbor. The same carrier force then worked its way across the Pacific, attacking Allied forces at Rabaul, in the Netherlands East Indies, at Darwin and finally at Colombo and Trincomalee in Ceylon. The Allied forces in the East Indies were overwhelmed and the old battleships of the British Eastern Fleet forced to retreat as far as Kilindini on the African coast.

Despite these successes, many Japanese admirals still failed to grasp the tactical implications of the dominance of the aircraft carrier. Instead of using its battleships to escort the carriers, the Japanese Navy continued to husband its battleships for the decisive fleet action, which never came.

The Japanese success in sinking or damaging almost all the US Pacific Fleet's battleships at Pearl Harbor forced the Americans to base their tactics on the aircraft carrier (though they would possibly have developed such tactics anyway). The Americans quickly assembled a group of task forces, each based around a single carrier. Through a series of raids on Japanese-held islands, the American gradually grew more confident in their handling of aircraft carriers, learning that the right place for the task force commander was aboard a carrier, not one of the escorting cruisers, and developing tactics like having a single fighter direction officer for task forces operating in company. The four great carrier battles of 1942 – Coral Sea, Midway, Eastern Solomons and Santa Cruz – were all fought by aircraft without the ships on either side actually coming in sight of one another. The Japanese carriers were caught time and again by American aircraft with a light screen of cruisers and destroyers, contributing to the loss of six Japanese carriers in the four battles.

When the new American fast battleships began to arrive in the Pacific in the summer of 1942, they were allocated to the carrier task forces where their heavy anti-aircraft batteries could defend the vulnerable carriers, rather than being formed into separate battle squadrons. By 1943, as growing numbers of new carriers, battleships, cruisers and destroyers began to reach the Pacific, the Americans developed a fleet of fast carrier task forces that swept across the Pacific over the next two years, isolating, overwhelming and then destroying the Japanese island bases.

Sources & references
 Bacon, Admiral Sir Reginald. The Jutland Scandal (London 1925).
 Conway's History of the Ship. Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The steam warship 1815–1905.
 Evans, David C & Peattie, Mark R. Kaigun: strategy, tactics, and technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887 & 1941 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press 1997)
 Macintyre, Donald. The Battle of the Atlantic (London 1961).
 Rohwer, Dr. Jürgen. The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943 (London: Ian Allan 1977).

Specific

Further reading

See also
 Naval tactics
 Naval strategy
 Naval tactics in the Age of Sail

Tactics, steam
Age of steam
Category:Warfare of the Industrial era


Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections

The Department of Public Safety and Corrections (DPS&C) is a state agency of Louisiana, headquartered in Baton Rouge. The agency comprises two major areas: Public Safety Services and Corrections Services. The Secretary, who is appointed by the Governor, serves as the department's chief executive officer. The Corrections Services Deputy Secretary, Undersecretary, and Assistant Secretaries for the Office of Adult Services and the Office of Youth Development report directly to the Secretary. Headquarters Administration consists of centralized Divisions that support the management and operations of the adult and juvenile institutions, adult and juvenile probation and parole district offices, and all other services provided by the department.

Agency Overview
The three major divisions; Corrections Services, Office of Juvenile Justice, and Public Safety Services; operate and report to the Governor of Louisiana separately even though they are the same department according to the Louisiana Constitution.

Office of the Secretary

The Secretary is responsible for the functioning and control of all programs within the department. He formulates rules and regulations and determines policy regarding management, personnel, and total operations. He leads and supports staff, who are charged with carrying out the work of the agency.

As part of the secretary's office, the deputy secretary is responsible for special duties and functions as assigned by the Secretary. Primary among them are oversight of the Children's Initiative, coordination and management of the Department's Critical Incident Stress Management response, and support and facilitation of the Risk Review Panel process.

Other executive staff carry out long and short-term projects. The Legal Services Division represents and defends the department in litigation, including Civil Service matters. The Crime Victims Services Bureau coordinates the department's response to crime victims, including the process of registration and notification and support of a Restorative Justice initiative. The Deputy Secretary of the Department of Public Safety serves as Superintendent of the Louisiana State Police.

, James M. "Jimmy" LeBlanc is the secretary of the department. Gordon Russell and Maya Lau of The Baton Rouge Advocate wrote that the salary of Burl Cain, warden of Louisiana State Penitentiary from 1995 to 2016, was $167,211 per year, $30,000 higher than that of LeBlanc, a previous subordinate and personal friend of Cain; Russell and Lau stated that many observers considered Cain the de facto head of the department.

Office of Management and Finance

Under the authority of the Undersecretary, the Office of Management and Finance provides management support to all units in activities involving fiscal matters and grant management, information services, food services, maintenance and construction, performance audit, training, procurement and contractual review, human resources, and the Prison Enterprises Division. The Undersecretary serves as Chief of Staff for Headquarters operations.

Office of Adult Services

Under the direction of an assistant secretary, the Office of Adult Services (OAS) provides administrative oversight of and support for the operational programs of the adult institutions and provides technical assistance to local jail facilities. The assistant secretary leads and directs the department's operational audit teams, which conduct audits of all adult and juvenile institutions, non-secure contract facilities, and community work release centers and assist all units with matters relative to the maintenance of American Correctional Association (ACA) accreditation. OAS staff support the Administrative Remedy Procedure and disciplinary appeal processes, screen and recommend inmates for participation in work release, and maintain central office ACA accreditation. There are eleven adult institutions under the broad authority of the assistant secretary, including two operated under contractual agreements with private management corporations.

Office of Youth Development

Under the direction of an assistant secretary, the Office of Youth Development (OYD) has policy oversight and support responsibilities for state programs for youth who are adjudicated delinquent and many youth and their families ruled in need of services by courts of juvenile jurisdiction. OYD staff also support the Administrative Remedy Procedure and disciplinary appeal processes for juveniles and perform quality assurance activities for the juvenile institutions.

Additionally, the Division of Youth Services (DYS) provides probation and parole supervision and coordinates both residential and non-residential treatment services for delinquent youth and for status offenders and their families. DYS has offices located in Alexandria, Baton Rouge, Harvey, Hammond, Lafayette, Lake Charles, Monroe, Natchitoches, New Orleans, Opelousas, Shreveport, Tallulah, and Thibodaux. As of May 30, 2003, there were 6476 youth under supervision – 5630 as adjudicated delinquents and 846 as FINS (Families in Need of Services).

Division of Probation and Parole-Adult

The Division of Probation and Parole-Adult, comprising twenty-one district offices throughout the state and a Headquarters Office in Baton Rouge, functions as a community services division. Officers of the division supervise adult felony offenders who are released to the community on probation, parole, diminution of sentence, or medical furlough. They have a broad range of duties from drug screening offenders, to executing parole warrants. Officers are commissioned, P.O.S.T. certified, law enforcement officers with arrest powers. They supervise offenders living in the community serving felony sentences outside of incarceration. They also supervise inmates in ten community rehabilitation centers (CRCs) and the intensive parole cases from institutional IMPACT (Intensive Motivational Program of Alternative Correctional Treatment). Officers in the division provide investigative services to decision-makers in the criminal justice system, including judges, the Parole and Pardon Boards, and the Governor's Office. They oversee collection of various criminal justice fees, supervision fees, and victim restitution. District offices are located in Alexandria, Amite, Baton Rouge, Chalmette, Clinton, Covington, Harvey, Lafayette, Lake Charles, Leesville, Minden, Monroe, Natchitoches, New Iberia, New Orleans, Port Allen, Shreveport, Tallulah, Thibodaux, and Ville Platte. During FY 2002-03, officers supervised collection of more than $20,752,527. As of July 1, 2003, officers of the division were supervising 63,000 offenders.

Prison Enterprises Division

The Prison Enterprises Division (PE) helps to reduce the overall cost of prison operations and the operating costs of other state agencies, local government entities, and other tax-supported institutions primarily by operating self-supported industrial and agricultural businesses that employ inmates in meaningful jobs, teach them marketable skills and good work habits, and provide quality, cost-effective products and services. PE pays incentive wages for all inmates who are eligible. Farming operations include row crops and garden vegetables, range herds, a swinery, food processing, a feed mill, land leveling, hay production, and forestry. Industrial operations include the manufacture of license plates, mattresses, mops, brooms, chemicals, garments, and office chairs; a print shop; silkscreen operations; a plastic sign shop; metal fabrication; embroidery and furniture refurbishing; and janitorial services for other agencies.

Board of Pardons

The five members of the Board of Pardons are appointed by the Governor. The board meets on regularly scheduled, publicly announced dates to consider applications for pardon, sentence commutation, and restoration of rights and privileges of citizenship. All of the board's recommendations for clemency are forwarded to the Governor for final action.

Board of Parole

The seven members of the Board of Parole are appointed by the Governor. Board members function in three-person panels to grant or deny parole to inmates who are eligible for parole, set behavioral conditions for inmates released to parole by action of the board or by diminution of sentence, and hold hearings for inmates facing revocation for violating conditions of their release from incarceration.

Public Safety Services
Louisiana Department of Public Safety (LADPS) Public Safety Services has several divisions, including the Office of Management and Finance, the Louisiana Highway Safety Commission, and the Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office.

Corrections Services

Corrections Services (referred to as the Department of Corrections) is responsible for the custody of adult inmates across Louisiana. About 19,000 of Louisiana's 37,000 prisoners are assigned to the state’s 13 correctional facilities. The remaining incarcerated prisoners are assigned to parish facilities. The state's facilities do not have the capacity to house all offenders sentenced under state law, so the state reimburses local governments housing prisoners with state sentences.

History

In 1835, the first Louisiana State Penitentiary was built at the corner of 6th and Laurel Streets in Baton Rouge. In 1844, the penitentiary, including the prisoners, was leased to the private firm of McHatton Pratt and Company.  Union Troops occupied the penitentiary during the Civil War, and in 1869, the lease was awarded to a former Confederate Major by the name of Samuel James.  Major James oversaw the Louisiana Corrections system for the next 31 years.

From 1901 until 1916, Corrections was operated by the Board of Control, a three-member panel appointed by the Governor of Louisiana. One of the first actions taken by the new board was the purchase of the  Angola Plantation.  New camps were built and many new security officers were hired.

In 1916, the legislature abolished the Board of Control and appointed a General Manager of the penitentiary.  The new General Manager, Henry L. Fuqua, fired almost all of the officers at Angola and in their place put selected inmate "trusty guards". The manager also purchased an additional  of land, increasing the size of the State Penitentiary to .

In 2010, the agency announced that it may sell some prisons in order to generate funds.

Operations

Male inmates from all parishes enter the DOC system through the Hunt Reception and Diagnostic Center (HRDC) at Elayn Hunt Correctional Center. Prior to the 2010 redesignation of Forcht-Wade Correctional Center as a substance abuse facility, male inmates from northern parishes entered the DOC system through the Wade Reception and Diagnostic Center (WRDC) at Martin L. Forcht, Jr., Clinical Treatment Unit, which was a satellite of David Wade Correctional Center. Male inmates from southern parishes entered the DOC system through the HRDC. Male death row inmates are transferred directly from their parish of sentencing to the Louisiana State Penitentiary (Angola). Male inmates who have over 30 years to their earliest possible release dates and male inmates sentenced to life in prison typically are assigned to the Louisiana State Penitentiary. Some young inmates with life sentences go to Wade Correctional Center.

Prior to July 2012, Male inmates within seven years of their release who have positive behavior and work records and who are not inherently prohibited by the crimes they committed were eligible to be transferred to the minimum security J. Levy Dabadie Correctional Center, which is located on the grounds of Camp Beauregard.

Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women (LCIW) is the only state prison in Louisiana housing female offenders, and the facility houses females of all security levels, including female death row inmates. Women enter the DOC system through the Female Reception and Diagnostic Center (FRDC).

The state execution chamber is at Louisiana State Penitentiary.

Inmates in need of medical attention who require more than standard health care are taken to the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Health Care Services Division. Inpatient mental health care for men is provided at Louisiana State Penitentiary and Elayn Hunt Correctional Center. Inpatient mental health care for women is provided at LCIW.

Prior to July 2012, sex offenders may be housed in any Louisiana state prison except for J. Levy Dabadie. J. Levy Dabadie served as the transportation hub between the prisons of north Louisiana and the prisons of south Louisiana; out of Dabadie, prisoners were transferred to and from the Hunt and Wade reception centers.

As of 2007 some prisoners may elect to go to the Louisiana State Police Barracks in Baton Rouge; it houses a minimum security correctional facility not operated by the DOC.

Due to 2006 state legislation sponsored by Senator Rob Marionneaux prohibiting tobacco smoking in public places, prisons began to curtail the tobacco smoking on their property. Beginning on May 15, 2009, Avoyelles Correctional Center and Dixon Correctional Institute started a pilot program where tobacco smoking was limited to certain areas at certain times in their facilities. On August 15, 2009, tobacco smoking at Louisiana state prisons became limited.

Legislation limits payments to those wrongfully convicted to $15,000 just for each year served in prison with a maximum of $250,000. Further the amount is paid in ten annual payments. Those who have served very long unjust terms may die before being paid.

Facilities

 List of Louisiana state prisons

The Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections previously handled the care of juvenile prisoners. The juvenile centers that were operated by the department included:
 Bridge City Center for Youth (BCCY) - Bridge City, unincorporated Jefferson Parish
 Louis Jetson Center for Youth (JCCY) - unincorporated East Baton Rouge Parish, near Baton Rouge and Baker
 A. L. "Red" Swanson, Sr. Center for Youth (SCCY, later SCCY-MON) - Monroe
 Swanson Madison Parish Unit (SCCY-M, later SCCY-MAD) - Tallulah

In 2004 the juvenile system separated from the adult system. The Louisiana Office of Juvenile Justice now operates juvenile institutions.

The state of Louisiana has a guarantee that private prisons under the state authority will each have at least a 96% occupancy, and in the event such an occupancy is not met, the private prisons are paid as if they were at 96% occupancy.

Population
As of September 30, 2009, 39,726 adults were under the custody of the DOC. Of them, 19,013 adult inmates (51%) were in state prisons, 19,634 (49%) were in local jails, and 1,079 adults (less than 1%, rounding to zero) were in contract work release. Of the people in DOC custody, 93.4% were male and 6.6% were female. Of the population, 69.8% were Black, 29.9% were White, and .3% were other.

As of September 30, 2009, 4,310 offenders were incarcerated with life sentences in state prisons, representing 10.8% of the prison population. Of the people with life sentences, 73.2% were Black, 26.6% were White, and .2% were other. 97.1% were male and 2.9% were female.

As of September 30, 2009, 84 people, including 82 males and 2 females, were on death row for committing violent crimes. The death row population constituted .2% of Louisiana's incarcerated offenders. Of the death row offenders, 64.6% were Black, 34.1% were White, and 1.3% were other. The average age of a death row offender was 38.5 years, and the average age of conviction was 27.6 years.

Fallen officers
Since its inception, the Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections has lost seven officers in line-of-duty deaths.

See also

 List of law enforcement agencies in Louisiana
 List of United States state correction agencies
 Louisiana State Penitentiary
 Prison
 Richard Stalder

References

External links
 Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections website
 Louisiana Department of Corrections website
 Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola website

Category:State corrections departments of the United States
Category:Penal system in Louisiana
Category:State law enforcement agencies of Louisiana


Karaağaç, İpsala

For other places named Karaağaç/Karagatch, Qaraağac see Karaağaç (disambiguation).

Karaağaç is a village in the İpsala District of Edirne Province in northwestern Turkey. Together with the village of Bosna, it is one of the two Turkish settlements in East Thrace, part of whose territory is situated on the right bank of the Meriç River, therefore within Western Thrace.

References

Category:Geography of Edirne Province
Category:Populated places in İpsala District


Enteromius loveridgii

Enteromius loveridgii is a species of ray-finned fish in the  family Cyprinidae.
It is found only in Kenya.
Its natural habitat is rivers. Its status is insufficiently known.

Sources
 Vreven, E. 2005.  Barbus loveridgii.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 19 July 2007.

Category:Enteromius
Category:Fish described in 1916
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Juan de Bolas

Juan de Bolas originally Juan Lubolo (??-1664) was the one of the first chiefs of the Jamaican Maroons.

Background

When the English captured Jamaica from the Spanish in the 1655 Invasion of Jamaica, the latter freed their slaves, who fled into the mountainous forests of the interior, where they established free and independent communities, and fought a guerrilla war against the English.

Juan de Bolas and his Maroon community was based primarily around the town of Guanaboa Vale. The Spanish attempted to retake the island, and to this end Don Christobal de Ysasi relied on his alliance with the Spanish Maroons to secure this victory.

Juan switches sides

However, Governor Edward D'Oyley succeeded in persuading one of the leaders of the Spanish Maroons, Juan de Bolas, to switch sides and join the English along with his Maroon warriors. In 1660, when Ysasi realised that de Bolas had joined the English, he admitted that the Spanish no longer had a chance of recapturing the island, since de Bolas and his men knew the mountainous interior better than the Spanish and the English. Ysasi gave up on his dreams, and fled to Cuba.

The English named two rivers and a mountain after him to commemorate his assistance in expelling the Spaniards and bringing an end to Spanish Jamaica, as well as capturing hostile Maroons. The English appointed him Colonel of the Black Militia and guaranteed his palenque land and liberties "for ever".

War with other Maroons and Death

There was at least one other group of Spanish Maroons who did not agree to terms with the English authorities, led by a Maroon named Juan de Serras. The English called this group the Karmahaly Maroons, because they came from Los Vermejales. The English colonial authorities then used de Bolas and his "Black Militia" to hunt de Serras and his Maroons.

De Bolas was killed in an ambush by an unaligned palenque in 1664. Some historians believe that de Bolas was killed by Maroons from the group led by de Serras. Following the death of de Bolas, his group of Black Militia Maroons faded from history, while de Serras and his community continued to trouble the English authorities for years to come.

Legacy
De Bolas is mentioned in Segu, an historical novel from Guadeloupean author Maryse Condé.

Jamaican novelist Victor Stafford Reid wrote an historical novel entitled The Jamaicans in 1976, and the main character was Juan de Bolas.

See also
Juan de Bolas Mountain
Juan de Bolas River

References

Category:Jamaican Maroon leaders
Category:Jamaican Maroons
Category:1604 births
Category:1664 deaths
Category:People from Clarendon Parish, Jamaica
Category:History of the Colony of Jamaica
Category:Colony of Jamaica people
Category:Jamaican rebel slaves
Category:17th-century Jamaican people


2015 Townsville Blackhawks season

The 2015 Townsville Blackhawks season was the first in the club's history. Coached by Kristian Woolf and captained by Daniel Beasley, they competed in the Intrust Super Cup. The club won the minor premiership before losing in the grand final 20-32 to the Ipswich Jets.

Season summary
The Blackhawks played their first Intrust Super Cup game against the Mackay Cutters in Townsville, winning 30-16. They received their first loss the following week, losing 24-36 to the Ipswich Jets. The club then went on an 8-game winning streak before losing to the PNG Hunters at home. The Blackhawks finished the regular season as the minor premiers, winning 19 games. They qualified for the grand final, losing to the Ipswich Jets.

Milestones
 Round 1: The club played their first Intrust Super Cup game.
 Round 1: The club recorded their first Intrust Super Cup win.
 Round 1: Jahrome Hughes scored the club's first try.
 Round 2: The club recorded their first Intrust Super Cup loss.
 Round 4: Rhyse Martin became the first Blackhawks' player to score 4 tries in a game.
 Round 9: Kyle Feldt became the first Blackhawks' player to score 3 tries in a game.
 Round 10: The club recorded their longest winning streak with their 8th straight win.
 Round 25: The club defeated Redcliffe to secure their first minor premiership.
 Finals Week 2: The club defeated the PNG Hunters to qualify for their first grand final.

Squad List

2015 squad

Fixtures

Pre-season

Regular season

Finals

Statistics

Honours

Club
Player of the Year: Neville Costigan
Players' Player: Jahrome Hughes
Back of the Year: Jahrome Hughes
Forward of the Year: Daniel Beasley

League
Fullback of the Year: Jahrome Hughes
Centre of the Year: Kyle Feldt
Halfback of the Year: Michael Parker-Walshe
Prop of the Year: Daniel Beasley

References

Category:2015 in Australian rugby league
Category:2015 in rugby league by club
Category:Townsville Blackhawks


Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission

The Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission (KLWCC), also known as the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Tribunal (KLWCT), is a Malaysian organisation established in 2007 by Mahathir Mohamad to investigate war crimes. The KLWCC was instigated as an alternative to the International Criminal Court in The Hague, which Mahathir accused of bias in its selection of cases to cover.  The Tribunal is not recognised by the United Nations and its verdicts are only symbolic.

Governance
The governance body of the KLWCT was established to oversee and investigate complaints from victims of wars and armed conflict in relation to crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity and other like offences as recognized under International Law. Members of the governance body include:
Mahathir Mohamad (Chairman)
Alfred Webre
Richard Falk
Zacharia Yatim - retired judge of the Malaysian Federal Court
Tunku Sofiah Jewa - lawyer and scholar in international law
Salleh Buang - former Federal Counsel in the Attorney-General Chambers, Malaysia
Niloufer Bhagwat
Shad Saleem Faruqi - an academic

Convictions invoking universal jurisdiction
In November 2011 the tribunal purportedly exercised universal jurisdiction to try in absentia former US President George W. Bush and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, convicting both for crimes against peace because of what the tribunal concluded was the unlawful invasion of Iraq.

In May 2012 after hearing a testimony from victims of torture at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo, the Tribunal unanimously convicted in absentia the former US President George W. Bush, former US Vice President Dick Cheney, former US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, former US Deputy Assistant Attorneys General John Yoo and Jay Bybee, former US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, and former US counselors David Addington and William Haynes II of conspiracy to commit war crimes, specifically torture. The Tribunal referred their findings to the chief prosecutor at the International Court of Justice in the Hague.

In November 2013, the Tribunal found the State of Israel guilty of genocide of the Palestinian people and convicted in absentia former Israeli general Amos Yaron for crimes against humanity and genocide for his involvement in the Sabra and Shatila massacre.

Legitimacy of the Tribunal
The former United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, Param Cumaraswamy, has suggested that the Tribunal is a private enterprise with no legal basis, and questioned its legitimacy. The Tribunal does not have a UN mandate or recognition, no power to order arrests or impose sentences, and it is unclear that its verdicts have more than symbolic significance.

A statement on the Tribunal's website states: "In the event the tribunal convicts any of the accused, the only sanction is that the name of the guilty person will be entered in the Commission’s Register of War Criminals and publicized worldwide."

References

External links
 The Kuala Lumpur Foundation to Criminalise War (KLFCW) - Affiliated organization also founded by Mahathir Mohamad

Category:International criminal law
Category:Iraq War


Mixcoatlus barbouri

Common names: Barbour's montane pitviper., Barbour's pit viper.

Mixcoatlus barbouri is a venomous pit viper species endemic to Mexico. No subspecies are currently recognized.

Etymology
The specific name, barbouri, is in honor of American herpetologist Thomas Barbour.

Description
Adults of M. barbouri generally grow to 30–40 cm (11¾-15¾ inches) in total length (including tail), with a maximum recorded total length of 51.0 cm (20 in). The species is terrestrial and moderately stout.

The color pattern consists of a blackish ground color, overlaid with a vague dorsal zig-zag stripe that extends down the flanks, which looks like a series of triangular markings. The skin between the scales is rust-colored, as are the sides of the head.

Geographic range
Mixcoatlus barbouri is found in the highlands of the Sierra Madre del Sur in the state of Guerrero, Mexico.

The type locality given is "Omilteme [or Omiltemi], Guerrero, Mexico".

Habitat
The preferred habitats of M. barbouri are mountain areas at some 9,000 feet (2,740 m) elevation in rocky pine forests and clearings with bunch grass.

Conservation status
The species M. barbouri is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: B1ab(iii) (v3.1, 2001). A species is listed as such when the best available evidence indicates that the geographic range, in the form of extent of occurrence, is estimated to be less than 5,000 km² (1,930 mi²), estimates indicate the population is severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations, and a continuing decline has been observed, inferred or projected in the area, extent and/or quality of habitat. It is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. The population trend is down. Year assessed: 2007.

See also
List of crotaline species and subspecies

Snakebite

References

Further reading
Dunn ER (1919). "Two New Crotaline Snakes from Western Mexico". Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 32: 213-216. (Lachesis barbouri, new species, pp. 213–214).

Category:Crotalinae
Category:Snakes of North America
Category:Reptiles of Mexico
Category:Endemic fauna of Mexico
Category:Taxa named by Emmett Reid Dunn
Category:Reptiles described in 1919


Northland Utilities

Northland Utilities is an investor-owned company that, through two operating companies, provides electricity to customers in the Northwest Territories, Canada.

Northland Utilities is owned 14 percent by the Denendeh Development Corporation, 10 percent by Arctic Energy Investors, and 76 percent by ATCO Electric, part of the ATCO group of companies.

Northland Utilities (Yellowknife) Limited

Northland Utilities (Yellowknife) Limited, was established in 1993, and serves Yellowknife and N'Dilo. This company purchases electricity from Northwest Territories Power Corporation's Snare Lake dam. Northland purchased Centra Power Inc. in 1991, obtaining Centra's franchise agreement with the City of Yellowknife.

Northland Utilities (NWT) Limited

Northland Utilities (NWT) Limited was established in 1951 in Hay River. It provides electricity now to Hay River, Trout Lake, Kakisa, Dory Point, Fort Providence, Wekweti, Enterprise and to the Katl'odeeche First Nation. It buys power from the Taltson hydro system of Northwest Territories Power Corporation, and maintains a backup diesel generator in Hay River. In the small remote communities, Northland generates its own power for distribution.

See also

List of Canadian electric utilities

Category:Companies based in Yellowknife
Category:Electric power companies of Canada
Category:ATCO


Friern Barnet

Friern Barnet  is a suburban area within the London Borough of Barnet,  north of Charing Cross. Its centre is formed by the busy intersection of Colney Hatch Lane (running north and south), Woodhouse Road (taking westbound traffic towards North Finchley) and Friern Barnet Road (leading east towards New Southgate).

History

Friern Barnet was an ancient parish in the Finsbury division of Ossulstone hundred, in the county of Middlesex.

The area was originally considered to be part of Barnet, most of which was in Hertfordshire. By the 13th century the Middlesex section of Barnet was known as Little Barnet, before becoming Frerenbarnet and then Friern Barnet (sometimes spelt in other ways, such as "Fryern Barnett"). The "Friern" part of the parish's name derives from the French for "brother" and refers to the medieval lordship of the Brotherhood or Knights of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem.

Friern Barnet was mainly rural until the 19th century. The opening of Colney Hatch paupers' lunatic asylum in 1851, and of railway stations on the Great Northern and Metropolitan Railways, also in the mid-19th century, prompted its development as an outer London suburb. This process was accelerated by the arrival of electric trams in the 1900s.

Local affairs were administered by the parish vestry until 1875, when it was grouped with neighbouring parishes as part of Barnet Rural Sanitary District. In response to a petition by local ratepayers who wished the area to be removed from the Barnet RSD, the parish adopted the Local Government Act 1858 and formed a local board of health of nine members in 1883. Under the Local Government Act 1894 the local board's area became the Friern Barnet Urban District. This occupied an area of  in 1911 and had a population of 14,924. In 1961 it occupied an area of  and the population was 28,813. In 1965 it became part of the London Borough of Barnet.

Notable people
In order of birth:

 Lawrence Campe (died 1613), draper and citizen of the City of London, funded the building of almshouses in "Fryan Barnett".
 Charlotte Maria Tucker (1821–1893), pseudonym A.L.O.E. (A Lady of England), was born at Friern Hatch. She was a prolific writer and poet for children and adults, who tempered her didactic Evangelicalism with realistic depictions of the poor.
 Wilfred Kitching (1893–1977), 7th General of the Salvation Army, was educated at Friern Barnet Grammar School.
 Dorothy Lawrence (1896–1964), a reporter who posed as a man to join the army in World War I, was later confined in Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum (latterly Friern Hospital), where she died.
 Jack Cohen, founder of the Tesco retail chain, funded with his wife the Jewish care facility Lady Sarah Cohen House in Friern Barnet.
 Hazel Alden Reason (1901–1976), chemist and popular science writer, was born in Friern Barnet.
 H. G. H. Kearns (1902–1986), an entomologist with a strong knowledge of engineering, was born in Friern Barnet.
 Cyril Fletcher (1913–2005), comedian and actor, was educated at Friern Barnet Grammar School.
 Colin Pearson (1923–2007), a studio potter and art teacher, was born in Friern Barnet.
 Edgar Mann (1926–2013), a politician who chaired the Executive Council of the Isle of Man and then headed its government, was educated at Friern Barnet Grammar School.
 John Williams (born 1941), classical guitarist, was educated at Friern Barnet Grammar School
 Václav Jelínek (born 1944), Czech spy who was arrested in his flat in Friern Barnet on 22 April 1988, while in the process of receiving coded messages by radio.
 Neil 'Roberto' Williams (born 1978), a radio and TV presenter, was educated at Friern Barnet Grammar School.

Housing
The housing typically consists of late Victorian and early Edwardian properties, along with other large houses of later periods and many smaller semi-detached and terraced houses. Much of the property is owner-occupied, but in recent years many of the larger properties have been subdivided into flats and bedsitters. There are also some areas of modern housing, notably Princess Park Manor, a luxury redevelopment of the once-famous Victorian institution the Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum.

Friern Village
Adjacent to Princess Park Manor is a modern housing development called Friern Village. This was once the area farmed by the Colney Hatch Hospital residents. In 1998 the newly formed local residents' association held a ballot among the new residents to find a name for this new area. The name Friern Village was chosen and subsequently the resident's association changed its name to the Friern Village Residents' Association. A new public park in front of Princess Park Manor, in Friern Barnet Road, was named Friern Village Park.

Geography

Parks and open spaces

Friern Barnet is a leafy suburb of private gardens and trees and Friary Park. The area includes the North Middlesex Golf Club, whose main entrance is at the Whetstone end of Friern Barnet Lane, and Coppetts Wood nature reserve, a medium-sized green area of rare plants and wildlife including some types of small Bat and Great Crested Newts.

Architecture
The Church of England parish church of St John The Evangelist in Friern Barnet Road is Grade II* listed.

The Grade II listed former Town Hall in Friern Barnet Lane was built in 1939–41 to a design by Sir John Brown and A. E. Henson. The design owes much to that of Watford Town Hall, whose architect (Charles Cowles-Voysey) had played a pivotal role in judging the design competition. English Heritage lists it as "a good example of pared-down modernism... [whose] subtle form and pronounced sense of civic pride mark it out as an exceptional civic building, on this scale, of its day."

Education

Local schools and colleges include Coppetts Wood Primary School, Friern Barnet School, Dwight School London (being the former Friern Barnet Grammar School), The Compton School, Woodhouse College, St John's CE Primary School, Holly Park Primary School and the Wren Academy.

Transport
The North Circular Road bisects the southern part. The nearest London Underground stations are Arnos Grove and Finchley Central. The nearest National Rail station is New Southgate. The area is served by London Buses routes 34, 43, 134, 221, 232, 234, 382, 634 and 683.

Local newspapers
The local newspapers are as of 2011:

See also
 Friern Barnet & District Local History Society

References

External links

Friern Barnet Photo Archive
The Barnet Society
Friern Barnet & District Local History Society

Category:Districts of the London Borough of Barnet
Category:Friern Barnet
Category:Places formerly in Middlesex


Peter Lurie

Peter Hill Lurie (born January 16, 1962) is an American voice actor, sports anchor and television personality who has worked in several television shows, movies, and dubbed anime, since the mid-1990s. He is well known as the voice of Vulcan Raven in the Metal Gear video game series, Marvel Comics supervillain Sabretooth and Paxton Fettel of F.E.A.R. series. He currently works as an HRTV, TVG Network anchor, and as an in-house host for Hoosier Park, and for Indiana Grand Racetrack as well.

Biography

1980s
Lurie paid the bills as a tour guide at Universal Studios Hollywood. He didn't know it at the time, but this would prove to be the start of a larger career. While out on the back lot, Lurie was overheard by the owner of a recording studio; he thought Lurie should get into the voice-over business. Six months later, Lurie would land his first job recording for ABC's Wild World of Kids. During this time, he would also pursue his love of music with a band he co-founded called "Fourth Car Foreign". The band lasted 10 years but never caught on "commercially".

1990s
Lurie pursued another interest, that of a thoroughbred horse owner. He had been on or around the racetrack since age 4, so it only seemed natural that he would become actively involved in horse racing. In the late 90's Lurie and his thoroughbred partnership went into business with trainer Warren Stute, the Dean of California Horse Racing, and for five years enjoyed moderate success.

2000s
Lurie decided to pursue another occupation, this time as a jockey's agent. Once again, one career move has a funny way of leading to another. One morning at a workout, he was approached about a new horse racing channel, HRTV.  Lurie quickly accepted the on-air job and to date is a major part of the broadcast team. He has been there since its inception in 2002. In addition to his HRTV success, Lurie is enjoying a resurgence in the voice-over industry, including his role in the Academy Award-winning animated short film The ChubbChubbs! by Sony Pictures ImageWorks. He also works as an in-house host for Indiana Grand Racetrack since 2015.

Filmography

Anime dubbing

 Arc the Lad – Alfred
 Bleach – Jidanbou Ikkanzaka, Jirōbō Ikkanzaka
 Code Geass – Viceroy Calares
 Dinozaurs – Misc.
 Fist of the North Star – Jagi
 Fushigi Yugi – Additional voices
 Kikaider – Orange Ant
 Naruto – Kidomaru, Tobirama Senju
 Naruto Shippuden – Hashirama Senju, Young Danzo Shimura
 Nightwalker – Breed, Riho's Father
 Rave Master – King Gale Raregroove
 Rurouni Kenshin – Sobei Sumidaya
 The Big O – Dan Dastun
 Terraformars – Narrator, Jason Carlos Bourne
 Transformers: Robots in Disguise – Slapper
 Trigun – Additional voices
 Wolf's Rain – Chen

Animation

 American Dad! – Mysterious Man
 Black Panther – Juggernaut
 Brandy & Mr. Whiskers – Additional voices
 Crashbox – Jumpin' Johnny Jumble
 Jason and the Heroes of Mount Olympus – Additional voices
 Rocket Power – TV weather reporter (Ep. 5)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – Leatherhead
 The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy – Additional voices
 Ultimate Spider-Man – Sabretooth, additional voices
 Wolverine and the X-Men – Sabretooth

Film
 Cowboy Bebop: The Movie – Spy C, ISSP Delta Squad
 Street Fighter Alpha: The Animation – Professor Sadler
 The Little Polar Bear – Lemming #4

Video games

 Age of Mythology (Kamos the Minotaur)
 EverQuest II – Quartermaster Brennar, Golem, Zombie, Shadowman
 Grim Fandango – Celso Flores, Slisko
 F.E.A.R. – Paxton Fettel
 F.E.A.R. Extraction Point – Paxton Fettel
 F.E.A.R. Perseus Mandate – Paxton Fettel, Nightcrawler Commander
 F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin  – Replica Forces Commander
 F.E.A.R. 2: Reborn  – Paxton Fettel, Foxtrot 813
 F.E.A.R. 3 – Paxton Fettel
 Skylanders: Giants – Prism Break, additional voices
 Superman Returns – Riot

References

External links

Category:1962 births
Category:Living people
Category:American racehorse owners and breeders
Category:American male video game actors
Category:American male voice actors
Category:Male actors from Los Angeles
Category:American horse racing announcers
Category:American sports announcers
Category:20th-century American male actors
Category:21st-century American male actors


RNA-dominant disease

RNA-dominant diseases are characterized by deleterious mutations that typically result in degenerative disorders affecting various neurological, cardiovascular, and muscular functions. Studies have found that they arise from repetitive non-coding RNA sequences, also known as toxic RNA, which inhibit RNA-binding proteins leading to pathogenic effects. The most studied RNA-dominant diseases include, but are not limited to, myotonic dystrophy and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS).

Cause
The cause of these diseases has been found to conventionally be expanded repetitions of CNG or NCNG nucleotide sequences in non-coding RNA. For example, myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) results from the repetition of RNA base pairs CUG transcribed from a region of the DMPK gene, while myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is derived from an expanded CCUG sequence repeat. Similarly, FXTAS results from CGG repeats transcribed from a region in the FMR1 gene encoding protein, and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) results from CAG repetition transcribed in various genes. Furthermore, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been found to develop from the repeated GGGGCC sequence transcribed from an intron in the C90RF72 gene. These toxic RNA sequences consist of a varying number of repeats and have been observed to construct intermolecular hairpin structures which slow their decay and allow them the functionality to interact with proteins inducing irregular splicing. It is generally noted that overall variation in the expression of affected genes and the number of repeat sequences of the RNA have little to do with the pathogenic consequences, but rather it is the gain of organizational and catalytic functions of the mutant RNA, which is similar to that of mutant proteins, that causes the toxicity.

Treatment
There are currently no established treatments, but, one study, focused on myotonic dystrophy type 1, suggests that the use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) known as gapmers can aid in decreasing the mutant RNA repeat transcripts. In the study, the gapmers tested contained specific modified nucleic acids which target Ribonuclease and prompted H-mediated cleaving of intended RNA sequences. Specifically, the use of CAG gapmers showed significant decrease of toxic RNA in cell cultures and a slightly less significant decrease in a test of mouse skeletal muscle. The study also noted that ASO treatment can result in possible muscular damage, but had reason to suggest that further research of antisense technology would result in reduced effect.

Prognosis
Toxic RNA can lead to a vast range of medical effects including those of insulin resistance, tumors, muscular wasting seen in myotonic dystrophies, impairment of motor skills seen in FXTAS, a variety neurodegenerative syndromes, and more. Treatment has been suggested for some of these RNA-dominant diseases while others are still considered incurable.

References

Category:RNA
Category:Genetic diseases and disorders


1961 Titleholders Championship

The 1961 Titleholders Championship was the 22nd Titleholders Championship, held April 27–30 at Augusta Country Club in Augusta, Georgia. Mickey Wright won the first of two consecutive Titleholders, one stroke ahead of runners-up Patty Berg and Louise Suggs.

It was the fifth of Wright's thirteen major titles and her 22nd victory on tour.

Wright was tied with Kathy Cornelius for the 36-hole lead at 147 (+3).

Final leaderboard
Sunday, April 30, 1961

Source:

References

Category:Titleholders Championship
Category:Golf in Georgia (U.S. state)
Titleholders Championship
Titleholders Championship
Titleholders Championship
Titleholders Championship


Synuchus congruus

Synuchus congruus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by A. Morawitz in 1862.

References

Category:Synuchus
Category:Beetles described in 1862


Gornja Suvaja

Gornja Suvaja may refer to:

 Gornja Suvaja (Bosanska Krupa) in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Gornja Suvaja, Croatia, a village near Gračac


John Paul College, Canberra

St John Paul II College is a systemic Roman Catholic co-educational high school located in the Canberra suburb of Nicholls in the Australian Capital Territory of Australia. The school is named in honour of Pope John Paul II.

The school caters for boys and girls from years 7-12 who live in  the Gungahlin area and nearby regional areas in New South Wales. The school is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn.

Curriculum

St John Paul II College follows the Australian Curriculum.

In Year 7 students undertake six subjects, which through a middle school approach, encourages a smooth transition to high school. English, History, Geography and Civics & Citizenship are combined into Integrated Humanities, and Maths and Science are also combined into one subject. This is to make the transition to high school smoother for the students by limiting the number of different teachers and classes.

Subjects are:

 Religious Education
 Integrated Humanities (English, History, Geography, Civics and Citizenship)
 Integrated Maths and Science
 Physical Education and Health
 LOTE - French or Chinese
 four electives (one a term)

In Year 8 and 9, the integrated subjects are separated into single subjects.

Subjects studied are:

 Religious Education
 English
 Mathematics
 Science
 SOSE (History, Geography, Civics and Citizenship)
 Physical Education and Health
 LOTE - French or Chinese (elective in Year 9)
 four electives (one a term)

See also

 List of schools in the Australian Capital Territory
 Associated Southern Colleges

References

External links
 John Paul College Website

Category:Catholic secondary schools in the Australian Capital Territory
Category:2013 establishments in Australia
Category:Educational institutions established in 2013